bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lay Theories of Emotion: 2. Interindividual and Intraindividual Variance in the Appraisal of Emotions
Authors: Ben-Artzi Elisheva , Mikulincer Mario
Published: May 2005

Consistency of lay theories of emotion across particular emotional states and the cognitive differentiation of those states was assessed. In Study 1, the Lay Theories of Emotion (LTE) questionnaires was completed with reference to four negative emotions. In Study 2, subjects answered the LTE with reference to four positive emotions. In Study 3, the LTE was filled out with reference to two negative emotions and two positive emotions. In Study 4, the LTE was filled out every day for a period of four weeks with reference to a person's current mood. Results indicated that subjects' scores in the LTE factors were found to be consistent across various positive and negative emotions. The findings also indicated that an emotion-specific component contributed to the explanation of intraindividual variance in the appraisal of different emotions. Specifically, individual differences in the appraisal process remained fairly stable over a variety of emotions and moods and the LTE factors were found to significantly discriminate among the various emotions assessed.
The Corporate Assault on the Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Nixon Ron
Published: May 2005

Current “regulatory reform” in the U.S. Congress is seeking to eliminate the Food and Drug Administration. The author discusses the forces behind this reform and traces the impact of campaign contributions from various industries opposed to FDA regulations, stock held by members of Congress in companies regulated by the FDA, and a variety of organizations with ties to House Speaker Newt Gingrich that have received donations from industries that Gingrich has helped in their efforts to loosen FDA regulations. The article also examines the myth that the FDA is an overzealous watchdog imposing unnecessary burdens on the companies that it regulates. The controversy over the cow hormone rBGH is given as an example.
New Labour and the Third Way in the British National Health Service
Authors: Powell Martin
Published: May 2005

The British Labour Party claims that its policies are based on a “third way,” new and distinct from both the old left and the new right. This article critically examines this claim with respect to health policy. After examining the Conservative legacy in the National Health Service and the evolution of Labour's health policy, the author introduces the concept of the “third way” and discusses the extent to which Labour's health policy can be seen in these terms, using the themes of spending, competition, accountability, and public health. There are many differences between the health policies of New and Old Labour, and some differences between those of New Labour and the Conservatives. Indeed, to a large extent Labour's health policy is built on the legacy of the Conservatives and is characterized by evolution. It is difficult to find any “big idea” or coherent philosophy behind the third way. Rather than being a new and distinctive approach rejecting both the old left and the new right, it seems to be a pragmatic pick and mix, attempting to combine the best from the market approach of the Conservatives and the hierarchical approach of Old Labour.
A Methodology for Confronting Science Misconceptions
Authors: Brna Paul
Published: May 2005

An approach is outlined to the problem of confronting students with the inconsistencies entailed by their own beliefs. A methodology is outlined that is generally applicable to science students. It is rooted in research into students' beliefs, the assumption that students need to face up to the problems involved in building their own mental models of events and situations and that computer-based modeling facilities can provide suitable means in promoting productive confrontations. The approach is illustrated with reference to the application of the methodology to two physics subdomains of distinct characters. Finally, both the advantages and disadvantages are briefly assessed.
Behavior Modification in the Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Ziesat Harold A.
Published: May 2005

This study examines the use of a behavior modification program as an adjunct to the medical treatment of essential hypertension. The subjects, outpatients with medically treated, but uncontrolled, essential hypertension, were exposed to group interaction (including such processes as peer reinforcement, peer competition, and cognitive dissonance), individual blood pressure monitoring, stimulus control, and direct social influence. The control subjects received only routine medical treatment for their hypertension. Results indicated that the experimental subjects significantly decreased their diastolic blood pressures between pre- and post-treatment measures (spanning a period of four weeks), whereas the control subjects showed no such change. Thus it appears possible to use behavior modification to help in the treatment of essential hypertension.
Integrating Technology: Attitudes as a Determinant of the Use of Microcomputers
Authors: Fann Gail L. , Lynch David H. , Murranka Patricia
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to investigate how attitudes affect students' use of microcomputers. Undergraduates ( N = 829) were surveyed before and after completing required assignments in business communication classes on the microcomputer. Data about students with the best and worst attitudes toward microcomputers were analyzed. Students with more computer experience are more likely to have positive attitudes toward computers than those with less experience. In addition, students with a more positive attitude 1) are more likely to complete assignments on microcomputers and 2) will more likely use microcomputers in the future than those with less experience. Types of training needs differ depending on students' level of microcomputer experience.
A Pediatric Near-Death Experience: Tunnel Variants
Authors: Serdahely William J.
Published: May 2005

A paucity of literature exists for pediatric near-death experiences with only thirteen cases reported thus far. Morse and his colleagues have called for additional well-documented cases to further our knowledge of children's near-death experiences. The present case study is of a boy who had an NDE due to nearly drowning when he was seven years old. Besides adding to the sparse pediatric NDE population, this case presents a variation of the tunnel experience not before reported in either the adult or the pediatric NDE literature. Instead of seeing deceased friends or relatives or sensing a presence while in the tunnel, this boy was comforted by two of his family's pets who had died prior to the near-drowning incident.
The Effect of Inservice Programs on Teacher Classroom Performance
Authors: Braskamp Larry A. , Klabenes Robert E. , Spencer Carl R.
Published: May 2005

Ninety-six elementary and secondary teachers participated in an inservice self-appraisal program. One-third of the teachers were videotaped four times; participants, using a standardized system for coding eight types of classroom behavior, interacted with an advisor (either a local administrator or an outside consultant), and analyzed each tape. Another one-third of the teachers also participated in micro-teaching and the remainder served as control teachers, being taped only. This voluntary program assisted teachers in modifying instructional behaviors, particularly, in providing students with more complex cognitive activities. When local school personnel systematically implemented the “Teacher Self-Appraisal” program, the outcome was just as effective as any achieved by specialized outside consultants.
Collaborative Interactivity and Integrated Thinking in Brazilian Business Schools Using Cognitive Flexibility Hypertexts: The Panteon Project
Authors: Lima Marcos , Koehler Matthew J. , Spiro Rand J.
Published: May 2005

In this article, we discuss how the Harvard Method of case study, Interactive Communication Technologies, and Cognitive Flexibility Theory may contribute to case-based learning about business decision-making. In particular, we are interested in designing learning environments that foster critical thinking, creativity, and reasoning that entertains multiple hypotheses from multiple perspectives. We posit a framework for implementation and evaluation based upon Jonassen, Peck, and Wilson's “Meaningful Learning” model and Iowa's “Integrated Thinking Model.” Based upon this framework, we describe the design and features of Panteon, a Web-based system for diagnosing complex business cases. We report the results of an evaluation of Panteon, utilizing focus group interviews, observations, and questionnaires to investigate participants' assessment of Panteon in comparison to the Harvard Case approach. Results indicate that both students and business experts favored Panteon for its affordances to stimulate higher order cognitive skills. The implications and limitations of the evaluation are discussed.
A Review of Data on the U.S. Health Sector March 2004
Authors: Hellander Ida
Published: May 2005

This report presents information on the U.S. health sector in early 2004. It provides data on the insured and uninsured and their access to health care; the increasing costs of care; the increasing social and economic inequalities in health and health care; and the role of corporate money in health care. The author then presents data on the recently passed Medicare prescription drug bill and some updates on Medicare HMOs. The article also includes updates on state legislative action, recent opinion polls on health care conducted among physicians and the general public, and health plans proposed by the presidential candidates (as of early 2004).
Adjustment among People who have Experienced Aids-Related Multiple Loss: The Role of Unsupportive Social Interactions, Social Support, and Coping
Authors: Ingram Kathleen M. , Jones David A. , Smith Nathan Grant
Published: May 2005

This study examined psychosocial factors that might explain individual differences in depression among people who have experienced AIDS-related multiple bereavement. We hypothesized that unsupportive responses received from others about the bereavement experience would be associated with increased depression. In a sample of 90 people who had lost two or more family members, lovers, spouses, or friends to AIDS-related death, bereavement-related unsupportive social interactions accounted for a significant amount of the variance in depression beyond the variance explained by the level of present grief. Moreover, unsupportive social interactions and positive social support made independent contributions to the level of depression, with unsupportive social interactions being significantly associated with increased depression and positive support being significantly related to decreased depression. Results also indicated that the level of bereavement-related unsupportive social interactions was positively associated with the use of avoidant coping, which, in turn, was associated with increased depression.
Psychological Vulnerability and Substance Abuse as Predictors of Suicide Ideation among Adolescents
Authors: Kirkpatrick-Smith Joyce , Rich Alexander R. , Bonner Ronald , Jans Frank
Published: May 2005

A stress-vulnerability model of suicidal behavior among college students was proposed by Bonner and Rich [1, 2]. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate and extend this model using a younger adolescent (i.e., high school) sample. A total of 613 students (328 females and 285 males) completed the self-report measures of life stress, depression, hopelessness, reasons for living, loneliness, alcohol and drug use, and suicidal ideation. These factors served as predictor variables in stepwise multiple regressions with suicidal ideation serving as the criterion variable. Four variables emerged as significant predictors of suicidal ideation: depression, hopelessness, few reasons for living, and problem substance use. The linear combination of these variables accounted for 52 percent of the variance in suicide ideation scores. The substance abuse variable accounted for variance in ideation scores independent of the other factors.
The Cognitive Effects of Computer Learning Environments
Authors: Mandinach Ellen B. , Linn Marcia C.
Published: May 2005

The potential cognitive consequences of computers in education are just starting to emerge. The power and capabilities of computers change rapidly. Researchers often working with outmoded computer learning environments have just begun to catalog and analyze the activities that occur in these situations. There is clear agreement that computers can help students learn to solve problems and that computers might help to ameliorate the dearth of problem-solving activities in classrooms. A useful way to think about the potential advantages of the computer learning environments is in terms of a chain of cognitive accomplishments culminating in problem-solving skill. Such a chain can be identified and used to assess instruction using computers for programming, simulations, and tools such as spreadsheets. The chain emphasizes the need for students to learn templates or stereotypic sequences of actions for solving problems. It also makes clear that planning and testing are central components of problem solving. The articles in this issue illustrate how far along the chain students in typical computer learning environments progress. They offer conjectures about why students fail to proceed further and suggestions about how the situation can be improved.
Gender, Experience and Attributions to the Computer
Authors: Hall Joan , Cooper Joel
Published: May 2005

This study was conducted to examine descriptive references to the computer for differences in interactive styles when reporting success and failure experiences while working with a computer. Some computer users refer to the computer in psychological terms while others employ objective, instrumental references. Results showed that these differences were related to gender and experience and were affected by the success or failure of the task. Generally, essays which described successful episodes while working on a computer were more often written using impersonal references to the computer; essays describing failure episodes contained more personal, intimate terms for the computer. Females made tool-like references more often than males. However, the hypothesis that people would view the computer more as a tool with increased experience was confirmed only for females. Males were more likely to identify with the computer in a more personal, intimate style in both successful and failure instances if they reported high experience. Personal or animate attributions to the computer, as an indication of a sense of control over the computer, are discussed.
The Drug Regulatory System of the United States Food and Drug Administration: A Defense of Current Requirements for Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Simmons Henry E.
Published: May 2005

The 1962 Amendments to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act have substantially increased the accountability of manufacturers of new drugs, both by raising standards for clinical testing as well as requiring, for the first time, a demonstration of proof of efficacy. Critics of the new regulatory system of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which imposes the requirements, have called for the repeal of the new standards on the grounds that they are stringent to the point of being counterproductive, reflect an unwarranted and excessive concern over drug safety, and have jeopardized the position of the U.S. in the worldwide development of new drugs. The author defends the regulatory system against these criticisms by demonstrating the importance of the scientific standards it has deemed essential for evaluating and approving new drug applications. Evidence of tragedy caused by inefficacious and unsafe drugs used in other countries but not in the U.S. supports FDA concern over safety and efficacy, and indicates that through its caution, the U.S. has doubtlessly been spared similar tragedy. Finally, worldwide trends in new drug development are investigated and it is shown that many factors are involved in the variation in the number and variety of drugs introduced in the marketplace of any given country which have nothing to do with its regulatory policies. It is concluded that FDA's regulatory system serves to assure the safety and efficacy of all drugs introduced into this country, while at the same time, continues to support and encourage the development of significant new drugs.
Future Directions in Simulation and Training
Authors: Swezey Robert W.
Published: May 2005

A discussion of potential future directions in the areas of simulation and training is presented. Advantages, disadvantages and problems associated with training-oriented simulations are discussed, and several areas including: holography, social processes, mnemonics, trance learning, and electrical and biochemical brain stimulation are presented as fertile areas for increased development in the future.
It is Easy to Communicate Electronically; It is Hard to Communicate Electronics
Authors: Sawyer Thomas M.
Published: May 2005

Electronic systems are difficult to describe and explain because: 1) electronic systems involve an unusual layering of several different languages, 2) electricity itself is invisible, and may be indefinable, 3) developments in electronics are occurring so rapidly that few people understand its history, and 4) electricity or electronics is impossible to dramatize and make human.
Psychosocial Coping Strategies and Cardiac Capacity before and after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Bruce Eleanor H. , Bruce Robert A. , Hossack Kenneth F. , Kusumi Fusako
Published: May 2005

One hundred patients, eighty-nine men and eleven women, with chronic stable angina who were previously selected for aortocoronary bypass grafting gave informed consent for non-invasive and invasive testing of hemodynamic responses to symptom-limited maximal exercise before surgery. Psychosocial coping strategies were evaluated preoperatively by structured interviews and assessment of patients perceptions of symptoms (Cornell Medical Index) and life changes (Holmes and Rahe Schedule of Recent Experiences). Preoperatively forty-one patients were “compartmentalized,” forty-two “generalized” and seventeen “vacillated” according to Josten's classification of coping strategies. The Berle Index of social assets was lower and the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms (Cornell categories M to R) was greater in the vacillators preoperatively. Despite less ischemic ST depression in vacillators, no other significant physiological differences were noted between these categories preoperatively. Postoperatively more of the vacillators refused follow-up evaluation, and of vacillators who returned, only one-half were adequately revascularized at operation. Of sixty-five reevaluated after surgery, eight improved, twelve worsened and forty-five did not change classification of coping strategies, yet physiological variables of cardiac function when invasively measured in sixty patients were significantly improved in all three groups. Amounts of improvement, both absolutely and relative to sex- and age-adjusted normal values, were least in vacillators with virtually normal cardiac capacity, and/or inadequate revascularization. Compartmentalized patients were more frequently working, yet only sixty-four in all psychosocial classifications worked before surgery. After this event only forty-five resumed working; none of the non-workers or retired returned to work. Both physiologic improvement and working status were independent of postoperative psychosocial status.
Network Commercials Promote Legal Drugs: Outnumber Anti-Drug PSA's 45-to-1
Authors: Fedler Fred , Phillips Mary , Raker Peggy , Schefsky Dallison , Soluri Jeff
Published: May 2005

During the week of September 16 to 22, 1990, commercials promoting drugs and alcohol outnumbered the networks' news stories, documentaries, and PSA's about illegal drugs by a ratio of almost 39-to-1. If you consider the PSA's alone, the commericals promoting drugs and alcohol outnumbered them by a ratio of almost 45-to-1.
Panic Disorder in Primary Care: Patients' Attributions of Illness Causes and Willingness to Accept Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Johnson Michael R. , Gold Paul B. , Siemion Laura , Magruder Kathryn M. , Frueh B. Christopher , Santos Alberto B.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This study assessed the causes that primary care patients with panic disorder (PD) attribute to their panic symptoms, and their acceptance of various psychiatric treatment options.

Methods:

In a cross-sectional assessment of 306 patients treated at two primary care clinics, 42 met criteria for DSM-IV PD in the past year. The authors classified these 42 PD-positive patients to one of two groups: those receiving both primary and specialty mental health care (PC+MH; n = 19) and those receiving only primary care (PC-only; n = 23). Patients rated the probability of four possible causes of their panic symptoms, and level of acceptability of three psychiatric and two medical treatments for PD. To place primary care patients' ratings into a broader context, a third contrast group of PD-positive patients, recruited from clinical trials of investigational PD pharmacotherapies ( n = 31), also rated causes and treatment acceptability.

Results:

Participants of the three treatment groups attributed psychiatric causes for their panic symptoms in approximately the same proportion (78 percent to 90 percent; p = ns). PC-only participants attributed medical causes for panic symptoms more frequently than PC+MH and PD Clinical Trials participants (48 percent vs. 5 percent and 32 percent; p = .01). Remarkably, the great majority of patients across all groups expressed willingness to see psychiatrists (84 percent to 94 percent) and psychotherapists (95 percent to 100 percent), and to take psychotropic medications (87 percent to 100 percent).

Conclusions:

In this study most patients attributed a psychiatric cause for panic symptoms and communicated strong acceptance of psychiatric treatment. Thus, we recommend that primary care clinicians more assertively inform their patients of PD diagnoses and recommend psychiatric treatments with less fear about stigmatizing and alienating them.
The Meaning of Heart-Valve Surgery to the Patient
Authors: Blacher Richard S.
Published: May 2005

Observations are presented about patients' psychological reactions to the experience of having a heart valve replaced or repaired. The importance of the patient's conceptualization of the cardiac valve and the surgical procedure is discussed. By understanding what such a procedure may mean to the patient, the medical staff can help make a terrifying experience more bearable.
Exploring the Relationship between Marital Status and Women's Retirement Satisfaction
Authors: Price Christine A. , Joo Eunjee
Published: May 2005

Increased divorce rates, declining marriage rates, and a predisposition to widowhood in later life all contribute to the heterogeneous marital histories of women approaching retirement. Existing research on retirement, however, has not considered the diversity in marital status that exists among retired women. The purpose of the present study was to explore the influence of marital status (i.e., married, remarried, widowed, divorced/separated, never-married) on women's retirement satisfaction. Using a purposive sampling method, self-administered questionnaires were distributed to retired women. Participants ( N = 331) were asked to report on their retirement satisfaction, psychological well-being, and perceived health. Results revealed retirement satisfaction and perceived health differed by marital status. Psychological well-being, however, did not differ significantly between marital groups. Future research exploring diversity in marital status among retired women is suggested.
Health Care Paper Chase, 1993: The Cost to the Nation, the States, and the District of Columbia
Authors: Hellander Ida , Himmelstein David U. , Woolhandler Steffie , Wolfe Sidney
Published: May 2005

The U.S. health care payment system is an elaborate and increasingly wasteful paper chase. This article presents new state-by-state estimates of health care administrative costs in the United States, and savings that could be realized with single-payer reform. In 1993, health care bureaucracy will consume 24.7 cents of every health care dollar, a total of $232.3 billion. Administration's share of health spending is up from 23.9 percent in 1987, and from 21.9 percent in 1983. Reducing the cost of administration to Canadian levels by adopting a single-payer health care system would cut U.S. health care bureaucracy by more than half (50.7 percent), saving at least $117.7 billion in 1993. The savings achievable with a single-payer system could fund universal access for the uninsured and improve benefits for the tens of millions of Americans who currently have only partial coverage, without any increase in overall health spending. Reform measures such as electronic billing, insurance industry consolidation, and increased competition (including “managed competition”) would save little or nothing on administration. Only a single-payer reform that incorporates the “macro-management” approach to cost control, as in Canada, can achieve significant administrative savings.
Special Article: Death Anxiety Research: The State of the Art
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A.
Published: May 2005

Despite forty years of research in death attitudes, our understanding of the causes, correlates, and consequences of death related anxieties and fears remains less than comprehensive. However, clear gains have been made in the measurement of death concerns and competencies, leading to the development and validation of a handful of scales whose more extensive use could improve the conceptual yield of research in this area. In this article, I review these promising approaches to the assessment of death attitudes, as well as a number of theoretical, methodological, and practical issues surrounding their use. If investigators devote equal attention to the quality and quantity of future research, there is reason to hope that psychology could make a more profound and systematic contribution to our understanding of the human encounter with death.
Priority Setting for Problems, Solutions, and Projects by Means of Selected Criteria
Authors: Blum H. L.
Published: May 2005

In the deliberations of a health planning body, there is a constant need for setting priorities as to which problems are to be studied, which interventions are to be implemented, and which of various project proposals are to be approved. An attempt is made to provide criteria which reflect concerns from four sets of viewpoints. Technologic concerns, health concerns, general social concerns, and planning concerns are each accorded a battery of possible criteria; and the logic of weighting and then rating competing problems, interventions, or projects against these weighted criteria is developed. It is concluded that this is a practical, even if simplistic tool, and that it provides an excellent vehicle for educating and bringing planning boards to an appreciation of the complexities of priority–setting, and it is shown that much more is involved than a traditional cost–benefit approach.
The Relationship of Self-Perception and Stress in Adult Children of Alcoholics and Their Peers
Authors: Havey J. Michael , Boswell Donald L. , Romans John S. C.
Published: May 2005

Woititz identified thirteen generalizations which she asserts characterize adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) [1]. Her work, however, was based upon clinical populations and may not be generalizable to a non-clinical population. Using 442 undergraduate students, 2 × 3 multivariate analysis of variance (parental alcoholism by level of childhood stress) on students' perceptions of the applicability of Woititz's variables to them was conducted. No significant effects were found even though ACOAs experienced more childhood stress than their peers. Results do not support the generalization of Woititz's model to a non-clinical sample.
Visual Markers for Navigating Instructional Texts
Authors: Sullivan Patricia
Published: May 2005

The visual dimension of meaning is widely accepted in technical communication. But theories (and pedagogies) that direct the making of visual meaning are still under development. A guidelines approach, a design decisions approach, and an information/reader model approach are applied as lenses for viewing the marking of meaning on an instructional page. A case study invokes these approaches to describe the visual markers students employ as they write descriptive and instructional text. Although neither group described marked their texts thoroughly, beginning technical writing majors enrolled in a writing class used fewer illustrations and visual markers than technical majors used. The difference in beginning students' performance may be due to prior reading patterns, since the difference is more pronounced in the descriptions than in the instructions. Thus, the paper proposes a longitudinal approach to sensitizing writing majors to visual cues.
Participatory Action Research: A Protective Research Design
Authors: McPhaul Kate , Lipscomb Jane
Published: May 2005

This commentary briefly reviews the ethical considerations for protection of workers participating in research. We argue that many IRBs may not fully understand the nature of collaborative and participatory research methods; consequently, this may delay IRB approval or worse, reduce the effectiveness of IRB oversight. A U.S. workplace participatory action research (PAR) project with which we are involved illustrates how researcher-worker-employer teams can navigate human subject oversight procedures (IRB approval). By design, successful and effective PAR projects incorporate, and often exceed the ethical principles espoused by current IRB principles.
Age Differences in Levels of Overt and Covert Death Anxiety
Authors: Galt Cynthia P. , Hayslip Bert
Published: May 2005

The current study explored the relationship between conscious (overt) and unconscious (covert) death anxiety and chronological age, wherein composite scores as well as factor scores were used in the comparison of younger and older adults. Results indicated that there were reliable age differences in both overt and covert levels of death fear. Contrary to previous literature, older adults evidenced higher levels of overt fear, while younger adults' covert fears were greater. These data further substantiate the distinction between overt and covert levels of death anxiety in adulthood, where cumulative differential loss experiences over the course of a lifetime most likely lessen the need to deny fears of one's own death, while sensitizing older persons to the loss of intimate relationships with others.
When Altruism Fails: Reactions of Unrelated Bone Marrow Donors When the Recipient Dies
Authors: Butterworth V. A. , Simmons R. G. , Schimmel M.
Published: May 2005

This article examines the responses of bone marrow donors to the death of the unrelated person to whom they donated. Data analyzed were 330 questionnaires and fifty in-depth interviews collected from donors in the National Marrow Donor Program at one year post-donation. Death of the recipient produced feelings of guilt and responsibility in the donors in only a few cases (2% of donors from questionnaire data and 2 of the 23 donors interviewed). Grief occurred often (22 of 23 donors interviewed) and was often surprisingly intense, given the fact that the recipient was a stranger. Intensity of grief varied depending on the perceived relationship with the recipient. Our data indicate that limiting contact and/or information about the recipient to the donor would be unlikely to result in more positive psychosocial outcomes. However, several strategies which might be useful in relieving donor guilt and/or grief are suggested.
Traumatic Symptomatology Characteristics of Adult Children of Alcoholics
Authors: Hall Cathy W. , Webster Raymond E.
Published: May 2005

Traumatic experience symptomatology, resiliency factors, and stress among young adults who had experienced alcoholism within their family of origin were assessed in comparison to adults who as children experienced traumatic life events other than alcoholism and those who indicated neither problem (parental alcoholism or traumatic life event) during their childhood. These three groups were compared on self-report measures of stress, resiliency, depressive symptomatology, and trauma symptoms. Results indicated adult children of alcoholics (ACOA) had more self-reported stress, more difficulty initiating the use of mediating factors in response to life events, and more symptoms of personal dysfunction than the control group. Results suggest ACOAs may develop less effective stress management strategies and present more clinically at-risk patterns of responses than their counterparts.
Why You Should Publish
Authors: Patterson T. T.
Published: May 2005

A few of the scientists and engineers do most of the publishing of technical papers. However, more people should publish because it is in the best interest of the person, and of his company. The author acquires prestige, and sometimes remuneration. The company contributes to and draws on the vast store of knowledge it can not afford to duplicate on its own.
Learner-Controlled Computing: A Description and Rationale
Authors: Milner Stuart D.
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses a use of technology in which the student controls the computer (e.g., computer programming) instead of it controlling the student (e.g., drill-and-practice). A description of the nature of this mode of computer use is provided, and some examples are given.

A rationale for learner control is discussed in terms of cognitive and affective outcomes of computing. The cognitive outcomes include relatively specific learning and thinking skills and more general systematic methods of problem solving. Affective outcomes include self-confidence, curiosity and exploratory behaviors, and motivation.
Assessing Age Differences in Spatial Orientation Tasks following Map Study
Authors: Bosco Andrea , Coluccia Emanuele
Published: May 2005

Aim of the present study is to investigate age effects on spatial orientation ability in a set of spatial orientation tasks following map study performed by three age groups: 20–30 years old, 60–69 years old and 70–80 years old. Results indicate that most of our tasks requiring landmark, route and survey knowledge are able to discriminate age decline. However, such discrimination ability is less evident when related to the level of performance between the two elderly groups. In previous research, tasks which seem to be particularly responsive in discriminating age decline are those showing a significant correlation with a set of Visuo-Spatial Working Memory (VSWM) measures. Such results suggest that age decline detected by our spatial orientation tasks following map study may be partially due to the associated decline of VSWM skills in elderly people.
The Archaeology of Mummy Valley, Salts Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky
Authors: Tankersley Kenneth B. , Frushour Samuel S. , Nagy Frank , Tankersley Stephen L. , Tankersley Kevin O.
Published: May 2005

In 1875, the desiccated remains of an Early Woodland boy were removed from Mummy Valley in Upper Salts Cave, Kentucky. Recent archaeological surveys in Salts Cave and forensic investigations of the mummy suggest that the boy was mortally wounded while mining cave minerals. Death resulted from an internal hemorrhage and apparently occurred in the cave. After death the boy was placed on the surface of a ledge in an area known as “Mumy” Hall.
Objectives and the Past—Community Health Education
Authors: Griffiths William
Published: May 2005

If we view health education historically, one finds that in the beginning, there were two components: school health education and community health education, the latter often referred to as public health education. Today our panel has identified three additional specialty health education areas but many more exist.
A Global Strategy for Labor
Authors: Faux Jeff
Published: May 2005

The rules of the global market were established to protect the interests of investors at the expense of workers and they shift benefits to investors, costs to workers. Globalization is measured by the interests of investors. But 20 years of investor protectionism show that growth has slowed and equality has gotten worse. The purpose of neo-liberal policies has been to discipline labor to free capital from having to bargain with workers over gains from rising productivity. But such bargaining is the essence of a democratic market. Uncontrolled globalization puts government's domestic policies on the side of capital. In an economy whose growth depends on foreign markets, rising domestic wages make it harder to compete internationally. There has been a general deterioration of labor's position relative to capital's. A global marketplace implies a global politics, and the real work happens when representatives of multi-national business privately negotiate the rules. Labor must change the framework in which the investor class pursues its interest across borders, while workers are constricted by borders. Labor unions are critical; they can deny the human resource necessary for profits. The strike is the ultimate threat to investors. One solution: a “grand bargain” linking development with broadly increased living standards connected to planning for sustainable development to create a global social contract. Workers have advantages: they are the majority and they are indispensable.
High School Athletes and Marijuana Use
Authors: Ewing Bradley T.
Published: May 2005

Identifying groups of young people that might be especially susceptible to marijuana use would aid in the design and implementation of drug policy programs. This article examines whether those who participated in high school athletics have a different pattern of marijuana use than comparable non-athletes. The results indicate that male athletes have a higher incidence of marijuana use than non-athletes. The same is not true for female athletes, who actually engage in less marijuana use than their non-athlete counterparts. However, female athletes are more likely than non-athletes to wait until their post-high school years to try the drug for the first time.
Telecommunications Services for Rural Educational Development
Authors: Kalba Kas , Mikes Donald F.
Published: May 2005

Education in rural America is saddled with a number of special problems, which are highlighted in this report. For the most part, they relate to the social and economic characteristics of rural regions as well as their general lack of educational facilities and services. The belief that a simple solution exists for these problems is untenable, for whatever that solution may be, it is likely to require more money, facilities and specialized manpower than can be supplied. The complexities of rural development make this perfectly clear. Nonetheless, through an examination of specific areas of concern, some new, problem-solving approaches within the capabilities of rural schools and communication technology can be conceived.
Teaching Techniques and Computerized Simulation in Early Childhood Classrooms
Authors: Powell Jack V. , Lee Seungyoun
Published: May 2005

In this study we investigated whether the “Teaching Techniques” component of a computerized simulation influenced choice of anticipated strategies for implementation before four weeks of field experience; and what methods appeared to have sustaining effects for future use. Chi-square, Somers'd, Gamma, Correlation, and Regression were used to analyze the data. As a result, significant differences were found with Somers'd test ( d = .343, p < .071), Gamma (.509, p < .071), Pearson's R (.501, p < .018), Spearman (.399. p < .066), and regression analysis ( b = .468, p < .018). The regression model explained 25.1% of overall variation in the dependent variable ( R2 = .251). Results indicate that preservice early childhood teachers who were exposed to a computerized simulation about teaching techniques before field experience tend to have a more positive perception relative to choice of appropriate techniques within actual classroom settings; and make decisions for potential techniques appropriate to employ in their future teaching practice. Qualitative analysis showed how these subjects used the computer simulation to change their self-perceptions and how the field experience influenced their perceptions on teaching techniques.
Processing and Memory of Color, Contour, and Pattern Found in Computer Digitized Color Pictures for Elementary Children
Authors: Marschalek Douglas G.
Published: May 2005

Children in grades one, three, and five participated in three experiments which examined the active processing and short-term memory (STM) of color, contour, and interior pattern of shapes found in computer digitized pictures. No age-related differences were found at the level of active processing and at the onset of STM (10 msec delay) for the three dimensions, while age-related differences occurred for color and contour information at a longer memory lag time (100 msec delay). The study provides insights to the role of processing and memory for specific types of information found in color pictures, which has implications for effecting higher order cognitive behaviors.
Erikson's “Components of a Healthy Personality” among Holocaust Survivors Immediately and 40 Years after the War
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Soriano Erin , McMurtry Donna Louise , Paterson Helen , Weiszbeck Tara L. , Krell Robert
Published: May 2005

This study assessed the degree to which Holocaust survivors have dealt successfully with the eight psychosocial crises thought by Erikson (1959) to mark important stages in life-span development. In Study 1, 50 autobiographical interviews of survivors videotaped 30–50 years after the war were subjected to thematic content analysis. Relevant passages were coded as representing either a favorable or an unfavorable outcome as defined by Erikson. Survivors described significantly more favorable than unfavorable outcomes for seven of the crises; the exception was Trust vs. Mistrust. In Study 2, audiotaped Holocaust survivor interviews conducted in 1946 were scored in the same way and compared with the results of Study 1. There were several significant differences as well as similarities between the two data sets, the later interviews mostly showing changes in the positive direction.
Old Women and Widowhood: A Dying Status Passage
Authors: Howie Linsey
Published: May 2005

Widowhood for old women involves an orientation to an awareness that life is now limited and the timing of death, while uncertain, is now inevitable. In this context, old widowhood can be likened to a dying status passage. Removing the focus of widowhood for old women from a preoccupation with bereavement, to a concern for the social implications of the extended years of widowed life, is central to this discussion. Placing widowhood within the domain of the dying career is intended to increase understanding of the lived experience of widowhood for old women, and to achieve a more satisfying resolution to old age, dying, and death.
The Doctor-Patient Relationship in General Practice: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Loch Wolfgang
Published: May 2005

For several reasons, discussed here, the general practitioner is particularly suited to carry out effective brief psychotherapy within the framework of his surgery hours. Examples are given to demonstrate the possibility of diagnosis and treatment of pathogenic and unconscious mental factors in normal fifteen-minute office visits. The general practitioner could benefit from a broadening and deepening of his efficiency in dealing with emotional factors through training in psychological diagnosis and doctor-patient therapy. Such training, if incorporated into the general medical curriculum, would provide a sounder and more scientific basis for the treatment of psychosomatic and psychoneurotic problems.
A Supplementary Approach to Plain Language Comprehensibility Assessment: Document Legibility Analysis
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2005

Current research in the plain language movement has failed to establish definitive criteria for document comprehensibility. Analysis of conventional approaches to comprehensibility assessment reveals a dichotomy of values, one objective, the other subjective. Because these two approaches have fallen short of providing any cohesive frame of reference, the author proposes that future research efforts be directed into a potentially supplementary one: document legibility analysis. Legibility is integrally related to the concept of comprehensibility. Because legibility analysis provides a point of synthesis for the objective and subjective modes of traditional research, it may also provide new insight into the delineation of factors affecting document comprehensibility.
Archaeology and the Study of Assimilation: Some Suggestions and A Case Study
Authors: Ennes Mark J. , Staski Edward
Published: May 2005

Archaeologists should broaden their study of assimilation to include processes other than acculturation, merely one aspect of the assimilation process and not the most significant. In particular, structural assimilation should become the focus of our research. To do this, new methods are needed to archaeologically explore a number of sociological processes not easily revealed in patterns of material culture. In this article we suggest one way of doing so and present a case study with mortuary data from the Masonic Cemetery in Las Cruces, New Mexico. We conclude that structural assimilation is difficult but not impossible to observe from an archaeological perspective.
The Video-Computer Nexus: Towards an Agenda for Instructional Development
Authors: Allen Brockenbrough S.
Published: May 2005

Increasing integration of video and computer technologies will have a powerful influence on the development and distribution of products for entertainment and education. Random access and frame-by-frame selection of video imagery will allow unprecedented technical control and automation of instructional presentations. The proliferation of video-computer applications can be expected to include inexpensive portable devices and interactive TV networks. These two domains are likely to converge in compatibility and capability. Widespread availability of such technologies may create global markets for interactive video software and require new production techniques. Factors which will influence the social and economic benefits to be derived from this marriage of the computer and the television are outlined and the importance of instructional theory to its appropriate application is noted.
Small Group Interactive Techniques Utilizing Videofeedback
Authors: Gask Linda
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Development and evaluation of a method of training primary care providers in psychiatric skills which utilizes videofeedback of real and roleplayed consultations in a group setting.

Method:

The development of the basic training approach and additional material for teaching specific skills is described. Evaluation has addressed the impact of training on 1) clinician behavior and 2) measures of outcome.

Results:

Research over a number of years has demonstrated an impact on clinician behavior with some evidence of impact on clinical and economic measures and patient satisfaction.

Conclusions:

Videofeedback training appears to be most effective when it is provided with a clear model for the professional-patient interaction. Its effectiveness can be further enhanced by delineating sets of component microskills that can be learned using a combination of videotape modeling, role-play, and feedback. Challenges for future research include investment in randomized controlled trials for outcome, developing the training approach for a range of primary care workers, training sufficient group facilitators, and achieving widespread dissemination without subsequent dilution of effectiveness.