bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causes of Reject and Repeat of Digital Radiographic Images: A Literature Review to Guide the Practice of Radiography in Zambia
Authors: Bwanga Osward
Published: November 2022

Background: Radiographers aim at always improving the quality of imaging services through the production of high-quality diagnostic images, whilst minimising the radiation doses to patients and reducing healthcare costs. One strategy used in achieving this is conducting periodical reject and repeat image analysis.

 Objective: The aim of this study was to review the causes of rejection and repetition of digital radiographic images to guide the practice of radiography in Zambia.

 Methodology: A literature search was conducted in January 2021 in PubMed/MEDLINE and ScienceDirect electronic databases. The search was extended to reference lists of eligible articles and radiography journals.

 Results: Seven research studies and clinical audits were identified to be relevant and included in this review. Six causes of rejection and repetition of digital radiographic images were identified: patient positioning errors, inappropriate selection of technical exposure factors, patient motion, presence of artefacts, improper collimation of the radiographic beam, and absence of permanent anatomical side marker (ASM). Amongst these factors, patient positioning error was the most common reason for rejecting and repeating digital images.

 Conclusion: The review found the overall image rejection rate to be within the acceptable range in digital radiography. This review’s findings can guide the practice of radiography in Zambia as the transition takes place from traditional film-based radiography to digital radiography (DR) imaging systems.
The Medical students’ knowledge on the use of ionising radiation during medical imaging procedures in Zambia
Authors: Siwila Boster Dearson , Siwila Boster Dearson , Chipeya Lucky N.R N. R , Mdletshe Sibusiso , Sichone James Maimbo , Siwila Boster Dearson
Published: November 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to explore and describe the medical students’ knowledge on the use of ionising radiation and its harmful effects during diagnostic imaging procedures in Zambia.

Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed. A census survey of all final year medical students from the University of Zambia (UNZA) was conducted. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using STATA version 13 and Graph Pad Prism 5.

Result: The overall results revealed that medical students had inadequate knowledge of the use of ionising radiation. Furthermore, most of the students revealed that the medical school curriculum was inadequate in equipping them with the necessary knowledge required for them to request diagnostic medical imaging procedures utilizing ionizing radiation.

Discussion: The results implied that the knowledge levels of the medical students were insufficient in the use and prescription of imaging procedures. It is suggested that the UNZA medical school curriculum is critically scrutinized and a radiation protection course is included. The inclusion would provide the medical students with the necessary knowledge about ionising radiation in order to prevent unnecessary referrals for diagnostic medical imaging procedures
The hidden monster of domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic in resource limited settings: a call to action
Authors: Chipare Mwakanyadzeni Abigail
Published: November 2022

The emergence of COVID-19 has seen an unprecedented increase in social and economic disruption worldwide. While measures such as lockdowns and directives to stay at home have helped ease the impact of the pandemic, there has been an upsurge of reported cases of intimate partner and domestic violence. This problem has disproportionately affected already socially disadvantaged communities especially those in low and middle income countries. This paper discusses domestic violence in the context of COVID-19 and proffers recommendations on how to address this growing burden.
Diagnostic Imaging of Non-Accidental Injury and Percutaneous Foreign Bodies: A Case Report from Zambia
Authors: Chanda Ernest , Bwanga Osward , Mutambo Suzyo , Chisha Mike , Mulenga Mulewa , Musuku John
Published: November 2022

This case report presents the role imaging played in the diagnosis and surgical removal of multiple percutaneous foreign bodies in a 5-year-old childwho presented with non-accidental injuries (NAI) to medical facilities in Zambia. Children are commonly referred for imaging with suspectedaccidental foreign bodies, but percutaneous foreign bodies due to NAI are rare. NAI is caused due to child physical abuse and therefore, imaging plays amajor role in the diagnosis and provision of legal evidence. In this case report, conventional radiography (plain film) of askeletal survey was the first imaging requested. This was supplemented with a computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax and abdomen.

Lastly, foreign bodies were removed under the guidance of the image intensifier. Although, the cases of NAI reported and presented in medical facilities in Zambia are rare, this caseshows that physical child abuse is practiced in ourcommunities. Thus, radiographers and radiologists should pay attention to such cases during imaging and reporting, respectively.
Effectiveness of Cefotaxime in the prevention of surgical site infections in children undergoing elective inguinal surgery at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Patel Azad , Bvulani Bruce
Published: November 2022

Introduction and objectives: Inguinal operations are the most performed surgeries in children. There is a divergent view on use of pre-operative antibioticprophylaxis to prevent Surgical site infections (SSI) after these surgeries. The aim of this study was to detect if the use of cefotaxime had a significantimpact on prevention of SSI in children under 8 years undergoing elective inguinal surgery at the University Teaching Hospitals (UTHs), Lusaka.

Method: This was a cohort study. A total of 170 patients below 8 years of age undergoing elective inguinal herniotomy, orchidopexy or patent processus vaginalis (PPV) ligation at UTHs were enrolled. Group A with 85 patients received preoperative cefotaxime while group B with 85 patients did not receive any antibiotics. A data collection sheet was used to record pre-operative demographic details. Intraoperative variables and post-operative outcomes. No patient received post-operative antibiotics. Follow up to look for SSI was done at 2 weeks and 30 days.

Results: Out of 170 patients, 11(6.47%) had SSI. Six of the 85 that received surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) had SSI while 5 of the 85 that did not receive SAP had SSI (P=0.551). Deep SSI were seen in 2 patients that did not receive SAP(p=0.155) and grew Staphylococcus aureus in their cultures. Only 1 adverse allergic reaction to preoperative antibiotics was noted.

Conclusion: Despite a low risk of adverse reactions, there is no benefit of using pre-operative antibiotics to prevent SSI in children undergoing elective inguinal surgery.
Table of Contents, Medical Journal of Zambia Volume 48 Number 2
Authors: Zambia Medical Journal
Published: November 2022

The Medical Journal of Zambia is a peer-reviewed quarterly journal intended for the publication of papers from all specialities of medicine (Internal Medicine, Surgery, Paediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynaecology) and their subspecialties, basic sciences, public health, social medicine and medical politics.  The journal also welcomes contributions from experienced individuals describing the way they deal with particular problems (i.e. intended to pass on the art of medicine).
The Interactions of Public Health Organisational Leadership with its Environment: A Case Study of the Sally Mugabe Central Hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Kasu Tonderai Irvine , Mungure, Solomon , Menelik Girma , Mharakurwa Sungano
Published: November 2022

Introduction and Background: This paper presents a case study from Sally Mugabe Central Hospital; that examines the interactions of public health organisational leadership with its environment, within the context of Zimbabwe's unique social, economic and political circumstances.

Objective: To investigate how the local context and local environment of Zimbabwe's unique social, economic and political situation have interacted with the leadership of Sally Mugabe Central Hospital as a Zimbabwean public health institution.

Methods: A combination of semi-structured interviews and document analysis were used to conduct the research. Purposive sampling and expert sampling were used to select respondents for interviews. Content analysis of relevant administrative and management documents kept at the participating institution was carried out. This research is located within the theoretical framework of Health Policy and Systems Research (HPSR); and examines the institutional level or meso-level of the healthcare system.

Results and Discussion: Research findings are discussed under subheadings that correspond to the interactions of social, economic and political factors with public health institutional leadership.

Recommendations: Based on the research findings of this case study, recommendations are made on relevant and effective changes to practice, for the leadership of Zimbabwean public health institutions, recommendations that may have someapplicability elsewhere as well, on the basis of lessons learnt.

Conclusion: The problem of chronic underfunding; as well as the social, economic and political challenges that have been experienced at the institutional level in the Zimbabwean public health system; require innovative and adaptive public health leadership that can confront adversity in a complex environment.
Head and Neck Lymphatic Malformation Management Algorithm: An Experience from a Tertiary Centre in Tanzania
Authors: Sohal Karpal Singh , Mungia Abbas M , Moshy Jeremiah Robert , Owibingire Sira Stanslaus , Mtenga Arnold A , Berege Gemma Z
Published: November 2022

Background: Lymphatic malformations are localized areas of malformed lymphatic system that can either be congenital or acquired which commonly occur in the head and neck region. Several treatment options for lymphatic malformations have been proposed, despite this, there is no consensus as to optimal management.

Objective: To determine the pattern and management of head and neck lymphatic malformations in a tertiary health facility in Tanzania.

Material and Methods: This was a one-year crosssectional study that involved patients with head and neck lymphatic malformations treated in Muhimbili National Hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information including age and sex ofthe patient, chief complaint and, duration, size and site of the lesion. The treatment modalities were surgery and/or intralesional bleomycin injection (IL-Bleo) using a locally developed algorithm. A standard dose of bleomycin was 0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg per injection not exceeding 15 units per cycle with a maximum of 6 cycles.

Results: a total of 33 patients were included in the study. Males were 21 (63.6%) and the male to female ratio was 1.8:1. The age of patients ranged from 5 months to 28 years with a median age of 6 years. In 29 (87.9%) patients, the lesions were evident during birth. The median area covered by the lesion in 2 patients was 12.00 cm . Nine (27.3%) patients were managed by surgery alone, while majority (24, 72.7%) were given intralesional bleomycin (ILBleo), of whom majority (20, 83.3%) required surgical intervention subsequently. The overall outcome of management of patients was considered successful in 87% of patients.

Conclusion: Head and neck lymphatic malformations are more common in males. Most of the lymphangiomas are of congenital type. Combining IL-Bleo and surgery an effective way of managing head and neck lymphatic malformations.
Image Interpretation and Reporting by Radiographers in Africa: Findings from the Literature Review and their Application to Zambia
Authors: Bwanga Osward , Sichone James Maimbo , Sichone Phanny Nankonde , Kazuma Yakomba Biye
Published: November 2022

Background: The need for having reporting radiographers has been a part of the discussion in the last decade in Zambia. This is due to acritical shortage of radiologists, an increase in demand for imaging services, and the radiographers' desire for professional recognition in providing formal reportson radiographic images similar to those they undertake in ultrasonography.

Objective: The study aimed at reviewing the evidence relating to image interpretation and reporting by radiographers in Africa and apply thefindings to Zambia.

Methodology: A literature review was used to bring together studies on image interpretation and reporting by radiographers in Africa. Online databases, radiography journals, cited references, grey literature, and the internet were searched for relevant studies.

Results: Thirteen studies were included in this review. The findings revealed that radiographers in Africa have a positive attitude towards image interpretation and reporting. In addition, their accuracy at image interpretation is comparable to radiologists. The main benefit identified by the establishment of reporting radiographers is improved access to imaging reports. The review also found that medical doctors are in support of the establishment of reporting radiographers. However, the main limitations are a lack of postgraduate courses in this speciality and the limitation of their scope of practice.

Conclusion: Reporting radiographers contribute significantly to the delivery of quality imaging services by assisting radiologists in reporting on radiographic images. There is a need for policymakers in Africa, including Zambia, to extend the scope of practice of radiographers and establish postgraduate image interpretation courses.
Management of patient with a ruptured pancreatic pseudocyst at Ndola Teaching Hospital, Zambia: Case report and literature review
Authors: Kazuma Seke Manase Ephraim , Musowoya Joseph , Kaela Boniface , Simunyama Luyando , Mundia Kamwi , Kaoma Donald , Lumbala Mukendi , Khumbolakhe Fisonga
Published: November 2022

A pancreatic pseudocyst (PP) is a localized collection of pancreatic juice in pancreatic tissue or peripancreatic space reach, in amylase and other enzymes, surrounded by a cyst wall composed of fibrous wall or granulation tissue, and a cyst wall lacking epithelium. A PP develops after acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic trauma, or obstruction of the main pancreatic duct.PP commonly presents with symptoms of abdominal pain, early satiety, nausea and vomiting in the setting of an abdominal mass. Diagnosis is based on clinical and laboratory tests (persistent high levels of amylase) and on imaging by abdominal ultrasound or computer tomography (CT) scan of a persistent pancreatic fluid collection present for at least 4 weeks. Pseudocysts cannot be removed until 6 weeks after an episode of pancreatitis, to allow the walls to thicken to at least 6mm and the pseudocyst to grow to at least 6cm in size; however, pseudocyst formation is difficult to date. We present a patient who had a ruptured PPand therefore underwent emergency laparotomy. The cyst wall was immature and therefore a cystenterostomy was not possible. PP excision was chosen because the PPwas already ruptured and had dense immature cyst-bowel adhesions, a thin wall and absence of abnormality of pancreatic main duct; in addition, expertise was available. Our patient recovered well without complications in the 90-day follow-up and was subsequently discharged.
Diagnosis of Hunter Syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II) in a Resource­ Limited Setting: A Case Report from Zambia
Authors: Nchimba Lweendo , Mpabalwani Evans Mwila , Inambao Muleya , Kawatu Nfwama
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Hunter syndrome is one of the Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), type II. It is a rare genetic disorder due to a deficiency in the enzyme Iduronate 2-sulphatase. This deficiency leads to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) dermatan sulphate and heparan sulphate. The GAGs accumulate both intracellularly and extracellularly, leading to abnormalities in different organ systems in the body. The definitive diagnosis of Hunter syndrome requires biochemical methods which can be a challenge in resource-limited settings, Zambia included.  Presented here is a case of Hunter Syndrome in a 12-year-old male child and highlight clinical acumen as the main ingredient in making the diagnosis and distinguishing different types.
Early versus late presentation in labour by parturient women at a tertiary facility in North Central Nigeria: A cross-sectional study
Authors: EZEOKE Grace G , Adesina Kikelomo T , Olabinjo Afusat O , Ogunlaja Olumuyiwa O , Fawole Adegboyega A , Adeniran Abiodun
Published: November 2022

Background: Adequate intrapartum care is important in modulating pregnancy outcome through prevention, early recognition and appropriate treatment of intrapartum complications.
Aim: To compare labour outcome following early to that of late presentation in labour.
Methods: A comparative study at a tertiary hospital in North central Nigeria. Participants were pregnant women who presented early (cervical dilatation ≤ 5cm) or late (cervical dilation 9 or 10cm) at the study site with singleton, live foetus at ≥28weeks gestation. Deliveries before arrival at the delivery room were excluded from the study. Data was obtained from the hospital delivery records while data management was performed with SPSS version 21.0; p-value <0.05 was significant.
Results: Out of the 8,645 deliveries, 5,809 (67.2%) presented early while 2,836 (32.8%) presented late in labour. Late presentation was higher among booked women (1716 vs. 1120; p<0.001) as well as prior treatment and presentation after onset of complications (1964 vs. 872; p<0.001). Labour interventions including augmentation of labour (2718 vs. 316; p<0.001), episiotomy (2319 vs. 949; p<0.001), assisted breech delivery, ventouse, forceps and caesarean deliveries were higher for early while obstructed labour (95 vs. 238) was higher for late presentation. The perinatal mortality was 78/1,000 and 192/1,000 live birth for early and late presentations in labour.
Conclusion: Late presentation in labour is associated with higher perinatal mortality; antenatal clinic health education should emphasize early presentation in labour while admissions into health institutions should be regulated based on available manpower and facilities for patient management.
The Pattern of Fracture Occurrence among Children Aged 1-17 Years Presenting At Solwezi General Hospital in Solwezi District, Zambia
Authors: Mwiinga Fair Banji
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Fractures in children represent a major global health problem and account for 10- 25% of all childhood injuries. Childhood fractures are caused by falls, domestic violence and road traffic accidents. Locally, there is a paucity of data on the pattern of fracture occurrence among children in Solwezi District.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the pattern of childhood fractures in terms of the causes, severity, circumstances and geographical location in which these injuries occur, and recommend strategies for preventing these mJunes.

Materials & methods: Data collection was done using a researcher assisted questionnaire in a cross­ sectional survey and analysed using the SPSS software version 20.0 for Windows. The Chi-square test was used to test association of variables at the 0.05 level of significance.

Results: The mean age of children with fractures under review was found to be 6.88 years (SE of mean=0.453). Fractures in children were found to occur more frequently in the pre-school age group (48.3%, n=43). A male predominance in childhood fracture occurrence was noted as these fracture injuries occurred in 60.7% (n=54) of the males and 39.3% (n=35) of the females. Fractures of the upper limbs (74.2%) were more frequent than those of the lower limbs (25.8%) with the Radius (51.7%) and Ulna (22.5%) being the most frequently fractured bones. No respondent had an open fracture. Falling was the most frequent cause of injury in 73% of the respondents followed by sports injuries (13.5%). Fifty-six percent (n=50) of the fractures in children were sustained at home followed by school (16.9%) and road (19.1%). Statistically significant associations were found between respondent's age group and mechanism of injury (p-value=0.004) as well as between respondent's area of residence and geographical location ofinjury (p-value=0.005).

Conclusion: Falls are the most frequent mechanism of injury in childhood fractures seen at Solwezi General Hospital with the Radius and Ulna being the most frequently affected bones. The majority of these fractures occur at home as a result of slight trauma events. Clinically, this implies that the home advice given to patients and guardians should be tailored towards the prevention of these injuries in the settings in which they occur. General safety guidelines and policies for prevention of childhood fractures at home and in schools should be developed.
The Obstetric outcomes associated with advanced maternal age at the University Teaching Hospitals Women and Newborn Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Simute Felix , Kasonka Lackson , Vwalika Bellington
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Pregnant women aged 35 years and above have traditionally been termed as of advanced maternal age. These women are considered to have a higher incidence of obstetric complications than younger ones

Objectives: To investigate socio-demographic characteristics and obstetric outcomes in women of advanced age who delivered at the Women and Newborn Hospital, in Lusaka, Zambia.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which a total of 226 postnatal women, both of advanced (35 years and above) and optimal age (20 - 34 years), that met the eligibility criteria were recruited. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit study participants and data was collected using a structured questionnaire, review of patient's hospital records, and the labour ward delivery registers. Statistical analysis was performed using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26 software.

Results: The prevalence of advanced maternal age was 14.1%. The mean ages were 38years (range 35 - 46 years) and 28 years in advanced and optimal maternal age groups respectively. Socio­ demographic characteristics that were found to be significantly associated with advanced maternal age included; education (P=0.036), occupation (P= 0.015), the cultural belief of large families (P=0.003), and contraception use (P= 0.001). There were more married women among advanced age women 105 (92.9%) than among optimal age women 99 (87.2%), however, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.262). Divorce (P=0.689), income (P=0.701), and history of subfertility P=0.291) were also not found to be different between the two groups. With regards to maternal outcomes, advanced maternal age was significantly associated with severe pre­ eclampsia (AOR 2.131; 95% CI 1.190 - 3.816; P=0.011), postpartum haemorrhage (AOR 1.400; 95% CI 0.187 - 0.855; P=0.018), caesarean deliveries (AOR 1.395; 95% CI 1.115 - 4.719; P=0.028) and antepartum haemorrhage (AOR 2.425; 95% CI 1.029 - 5.714; P=0.043). On foetal outcomes, advanced maternal age was significantly associated with NICU admissions (AOR 3.075; 95% CI 1.298 - 7.287; P=0.011). However, there was no association with APGAR score at 5 minutes (P=0.174), birth weight (P=l.000), gestation age at birth (P=0.676), and PROM (P=0.557)

Conclusion: Generally, women of advanced maternal age were associated with more adverse obstetric outcomes than women of optimal childbearing age. Hence, there is a need to sensitise these women and their spouses on the risk of advanced maternal age on obstetric outcomes and the need for not postponing conception until the late 3rd decade of life.
An Audit of Computed Tomography (CT) Services in Zambia
Authors: Kafwimbi Stefan , Bwanga Osward , Sichone James Maimbo
Published: November 2022

Background: In Zambia, Computed Tomography (CT) has been available since 1994 as part of the healthcare delivery pathway. Radiographers undertake CT examinations of the body to diagnose diseases, injuries and to plan for radiotherapy.

 Objective: The aim of this study was to audit CT services in Zambia.

 Methodology: The study used a convergent parallel design in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently using an online questionnaire. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, whilst qualitative data were analysed by themes.

 Results: Out of the 23 facilities, a total of 22 responded. Results indicated that Western and Central provinces did not have CT scanners. Most CT facilities are in the Lusaka province. 59% (N=13) and 41% (N=9) were from the public and private sectors, respectively. In public hospitals, 46% (N=6) of CT scanners were functional with service contracts and 89% (N=8) were functional in the private hospitals with service contracts. 61.5 % (N=8) of public hospitals had maintenance schedules while 89% (N=8) of private hospitals had maintenance schedules. A total of 7 facilities reported having radiographers with a qualification in CT. 12 out of 22 facilities indicated having a radiologist with average patient waiting times for CT reports being 76 hours and 24 hours in public and private facilities, respectively.

 Conclusion: This audit revealed an unequal distribution of CT scanners characterised by poor maintenance and lack of service contracts, especially in public hospitals. The audit also revealed longer waiting times for CT reports in public than in private hospitals.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation among Nursing Staff At A Tertiary Health Facility: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Aina Monisola , Bolarinwa Oladimeji A , Adeniran Peace I , Oyedepo Dapo S , Adeniran Abiodun S
Published: November 2022

Background: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency life-saving care to restore blood circulation following cardiac arrest. Nurses are often the closest when cardiac arrest occurs, thus their competence and initiation of CPR could be life-saving.

Aim: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and willingness to initiate CPR among nurse practitioners.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted; participants were nursing staff at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Nursing students and other healthcare workers were excluded from the study. Multistage sampling method was used and all participants completed a self-administered questionnaire after informed consent. Data analysis was with SPSS version 21.0 and p<0.05 was significant.

Results: Among the 220 participants, 35(15.9%) were ≤5years post-qualification, 100(45.5%) had sub-specialty training, awareness about CPR was 100%, 66(30%) showed good knowledge on the practice of CPR, 154(70%) had formal training on CPR, 112 (50.9%) of the training were during schooling while 182(82.7%) showed good attitude towards initiating CPR when indicated. Hindrances to initiation of CPR included lack of training (56.2%), heavy workload (47.3%), inadequate knowledge (42.8%), lack of equipment (41.8%) and difficulty establishing diagnosis of cardiac arrest (13.9%). Competence grading for CPR was 48.4% for participants with surgical, 40.0% for medical subspecialty training and 44.2% for non-subspecialists. There was statistical significant relationship between competence in CPR and knowledge about it (p=0.026).  

Conclusion: Knowledge and practice of CPR among nurses was low; health institutions and the mandatory nursing professional development programs should prioritize post-qualification training of nurses in the life-saving skills of CPR.
Intermittent Testicular Torsion in an African Adult Patient: Sonographic Doppler findings of an uncommon and challenging diagnosis
Authors: Chinene Bornface
Published: November 2022

Testicular torsion is a well known urological emergency most common in the paediatric population. However, testicular torsion can be complete, partial or intermittent. Intermittent testicular torsion is rare in adults and difficult to diagnose. We present a rare case on intermittent testicular torsion in a 35 year old man that was initially misdiagnosed but was later diagnosed by Spectral Doppler ultrasound.
Knowledge and perspectives of health care providers towards clients with substance abuse at Solwezi General Hospital in Solwezi District
Authors: Mwiinga Fair Banji , Mwiza Twaambo , Banda Elezia Mercy
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Substance abuse is increasingly becoming a public health threat associated with varying health and social implications. Healthcare professionals are crucial in the management of substance abuse disorders, and their knowledge and perspectives towards substance abuse clients influences the care that these clients receive. Locally, there is scanty data on the knowledge and perspectives of health care providers towards substance abuse clients in Solwezi District. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess knowledge and perspectives of health care providers towards substance abuse clients at Solwezi General Hospital in Solwezi District. Materials & methods: A hospital-based cross sectional study was adopted for this study. Data collection was done using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire adapted from previous studies. The SPSS software version 20.0 for Windows was used for data analysis using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test for inference at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: The mean age of respondents was found to be 28.76 years. A female predominance over males was noted with a ratio of close to 5:1. Seventy-seven percent of respondents were Nurses by profession (77.3%), with the majority having attained Diploma as the highest level of education (60%). Overall, knowledge of substance abuse, screening tools and interventions for substance abuse was good. Variations in respondents’ perception of which health care provider was responsible for the assessment and management of substance abuse clients were noted. Priority on substance abuse cases was found to be low in 51% of the respondents, and several barriers to effective management of substance abuse were identified including lack of knowledge (41.4%), lack of manpower (20%), lack of specialized facilities (10%) and poor patient cooperation (16%). Statistically significant associations were found between respondent’s knowledge and interest to work with substance abuse clients; as well as between respondent’s education and priority placed on substance abuse cases. Conclusion: Health care providers exhibited adequate knowledge about substance abuse. However, low priority over substance abuse cases was reported, and attributed to a number of factors. This therefore calls for more training in substance abuse, particularly assessment and management of substance abuse clients in order to optimize health services rendered to substance abuse clients. Key words: Substance abuse, Clients, Knowledge, Perspectives, Health care providers
A Catamenial Pneumothorax: Role Of Serial Chest Radiographs In The Diagnosis Of ARare Entity .
Authors: Chinene Bornface
Published: November 2022

Catamenial Pneumothorax is generally considered to be a rare entity. The lack of a clear cause means that diagnosis and treatment is challenging.  The objective of this case report is to increase awareness and highlight the role of serial chest radiographs in improving the diagnosis of the pathology. A 33-year-old mother of two presented at the radiology department with a history of recurrent right-sided chest pain that corresponded with her menstrual period. Previous chest radiographs performed in the preceding six months all showed the presence of a right-sided pneumothorax, with associated pleural effusion. In considering the patient’s age, spontaneous pneumothorax occurring in conjunction with the menstrual cycle, and in the absence of other respiratory diseases, a diagnosis of catamenial pneumothorax was made. The patient was commenced on oral contraceptive pills (oestrogen-progestogen) and she recovered.
Characteristics of pregnant women who seroconvert after an initial negative Human Immunodeficiency Virus test result at antenatal booking at selected hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia.
Authors: NYIRENDA MUYEREKA , Kasonka Lackson , Vwalika Bellington
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Objectives:  To examine the role of demographic, socio-economic, health and reproductive characteristics of pregnant women and study the impact of their utilization of health services in relation to seroconversion after an initial negative HIV test result in women attending ANC at selected hospitals in Lusaka.

Methods: This was a case control study conducted at the Women and Newborn Hospital and selected level 1 hospitals in Lusaka district between July 2018 and June 2019. Convenience sampling was used. Interviews were conducted using a structured interviewer administered questionnaire involving 47 women who seroconverted (as cases) and 140 women who did not seroconvert (as controls).

Results: The study found that monthly income, age at sexual debut, number of sexual partners in a lifetime, children with the same father, partners who did not test for HIV before ANC booking, partner perceived to be faithful, frequent travel in partner and less than four ANC visits were associated with HIV seroconversion. However, when these factors where adjusted in multivariate logistic regression for confounders, women who had sexual debut before the age of 16 years were seven times more likely to seroconvert (AOR=6.67, 95%CI=1.103-39.805, P=0.039), those whose partners tested for HIV before ANC booking were 72 percent less likely to seroconvert  (AOR=0.278, 95%CI=0.089-0.865, P=0.027), those who partners travelled out of town frequently were three times more likely to seroconvert (AOR=3.250, 95%CI=1.063-9.935, P=0.039) and those who attended less than four ANC visits were three times more likely to seroconvert (AOR=3.378, 95%CI=1.018-11.210, P=0.047).  

Conclusion: Pregnant women are at risk of seroconverting during pregnancy leading to MTCT of HIV. It is therefore imperative that HCT be strengthened during ANC and labour. Targeting adolescents with sexual and reproductive health education before they start engaging in sexual activities is key to keeping them HIV negative. Pre-exposure prophylaxis should be provided to pregnant women whose partners decline HCT or are HIV positive. Frequent travellers should be educated to practice safer sex. Lastly, there is need to implement the WHO 2016 ANC recommendation of at least 8 contacts during pregnancy.

Key words: HIV seroconversion, elimination of mother-to-child transmission, window period.
Influence of Life Patterns and Coping with Stress on Teacher Students’ Tobacco Purchasing Behavior in Bangkok
Authors: Polsorn Kanlapruk , Noklang Sumate , Netthip Worasorn , Prakongpan Peeradet
Published: November 2022

Teacher students’ tobacco-purchasing behaviors have been a problem among teacher students in Thailand. Life patterns and coping with stress levels have been perceived as the main contributors to these behaviors. Life pattern is based on the concepts of the lifestyles of a person. People tend to share similar lifestyle orientations when they are in similar social groups or have similar interests. This includes teachers students and their learning environment. Additionally, coping with stress is referred to as teacher students’ coping skills when they feel pressure in life. Therefore, this research article aimed to study how life patterns and coping with stress influence teacher students’ tobacco-purchasing behavior in Bangkok. The research questionnaire was a five-level Likert scale questionnaire. Data was collected through a survey with 900 teacher students from three universities in Bangkok. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Multiple Linear Regression by Enter technique. The data analysis indicated that life pattern positively influences the tobacco-purchasing behavior of teacher students in the Bangkok area with a coefficient of influence at .470 with significant at .01 level (P-Value <.001); while coping with stress had a negative influence over the purchasing behavior with a coefficient of influence at -.104 with statistical significant at .01 level (P-Value <.001). This suggested that when coping with stress increases by 1 unit, the level of tobacco purchasing behavior decreases by .104 units. The two variables were able to predict tobacco-purchasing behavior at 20.5 percent.
Exploratory Studies on the Technical Viability of Bioethanol Production from Fermented Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Starch
Authors: Mataranas Trecia Mae , Gallego Sahara Laurenne , Tado Neil Caesar
Published: November 2022

This study was conducted to assess the viability of production of bioethanol from Metroxylon sagu Rottb. The experimental setup included different levels of yeast and molasses in the substrate. There were nine treatments examined in this experiment. The YIM1 (50g yeast, 150g molasses), Y2M1 (100g yeast, 150g molasses), Y3M1 (150g yeast, 150g molasses), Y1M2 (50g yeast, 200g of molasses), Y2M2 (100g yeast, 200g molasses), Y3M2 (150g yeast, 200g molasses), Y1M3 (50g yeast, 250g molasses), Y2M3 (100g yeast, 250g molasses), Y3M3 (150g yeast, 250g molasses). Experiment was monitored by their brix, temperature and time of fermentation. The results shows that higher the brix measured, has high yield of ethanol produced, among the treatments Y2M3 (100g yeast, 250g of molasses) gained higher yield of ethanol with 40.33% produced during first distillation. On the other hand, the lowest yield was Y3M1 (150g yeast, 150g molasses) with 17% gained of distillate from the mixture and has longer fermentation period. Using Analysis of Variance, RCBD, the level of significance was determined.
Advanced Semiconductor Alloy Alxin1-Xp for Engineering and Medicine
Authors: Srivani Dr Alla , Vasanth Gurram , Sharma Dr. GVS Subbaroy , Rao M. Srinivasa , Ramesh Dr. P
Published: November 2022

Doped Advanced semiconductor materials with different properties are useful for early diagnosis and improved treatment in medical research. This is essential for advanced medical technology and lower mortality rates. New research on impurity-doped nano crystals is important. These dopants can directly affect electron transport in semiconductors, tune the optical properties of nano materials in desirable ways, and impart specific properties to the host. In this research report, we first discuss the factors that need to be considered to systematically control the production of these doped semiconductor materials, then describe various doped materials and typical synthetic approaches and techniques. Innovations in nanotechnology and materials design and their application in early diagnosis and treatment are believed to minimize the number of new cases of related diseases and reduce mortality.1,2,3 From natural to man-made materials, Doped semiconductor nanostructures, including inorganic and organic semiconductors, are increasingly attracting the attention of researchers and scientists worldwide
Haemagglutinin And Chitinase Activities Of Virulent Aeromonas Hydrophila Islolated From Cyprinus Carpio
Authors: kumari G. Sindhu , Rajila R. , Sujithra S. , Tamizharasi M.Jenifer , shiny D.Beula , Kumaran T.
Published: November 2022

In the present study the Hemeagglutination and Chitinolytic activity of extracellular products (ECP) secreted from Aeromonas hydrophila were examined. The present study showed infectivity experiments, incomplete creation of extracellular products and chitinase activity of the A. hydrophila. In haemagglutination assay in the present experiment, bacterial agglutination takes place in 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8,1:16,1:32 dilutions in the E.S-2 treated O blood groups and in 1:1,1:4 where as the ES -1and ES-3 failed to agglutinate. Generally, whole cells showed a wider range of enzymic activities than ECP. The results showed that extra cellular product chitin could be a promising source for pathogenic factor in microorganisms.
Hereditary Deficiency Of Blood Coagulation Factor Vii – Hypoproconvertinamia Republican Specialized Scientific And Practical Medical Center Of Hematology Of The Ministry Of Health Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan.
Authors: Tukhtapulatovna Juraeva Nodira , Dzhumanovna Mahmudova Aziza , Gazxanovna Madashova Anajon
Published: November 2022

Hypoproconvertinemia is a familial form of hemorrhagic diathesis caused by a deficiency of proconvertin (factor VII). Factor VII is a protein that migrates during electrophoresis between alpha and beta globulins. It is stable during storage, is not utilized in the process of blood coagulation, and therefore is found in both plasma and serum. Synthesized in the liver. The half-life in vivo is 4-6 hours. The disease is associated with a pathological gene located on the autosome and responsible for insufficient synthesis of proconvertin. Inheritance of proconvertin deficiency is recessive and not related to gender. Hemorrhagic diathesis caused by the presence of pathological factor VII, with structural changes in its molecule, is described. With hypoproconvertinemia of any etiology, the second phase of blood coagulation, the formation of thrombin, is disrupted, since factor VII takes part in the external mechanism of blood coagulation, contributing (together with tissue thromboplastin, factor V and calcium ions) to the activation of factor X, which converts prothrombin into thrombin.
Comparative Study of Student Chemistry Learning Results Using Problem Based Learning (Pbl) Model and Think Pair and Share (Tps) On Basic Law of Chemistry Materials At Sma Negeri 1 Gandapura
Authors: Lukman Isna Rezkia , Unaida Ratna , Setiawaty Sri
Published: November 2022

This study aims to see the comparison of learning outcomes between PBL and TPS models. The type of research is quasi experimental research with non equivalent group pretest and posttest design. Sampling techniques in this study using purposive sampling. Sampel in this study is class X IPA1 as experimental class 1 that applies PBL learning model and X IPA2 as an experimental class 2 that applies TPS model which each class numbered 25 students. based on the results of data analysis, the average cognitive learning outcomes obtained in pretest-psttest in experimental class 1 were 24.28 and 71.72 while the average cognitive learning outcomes in Pretest-Posttest in experiment class 2 were 21.00 and 58.00. T-test is conducted by independent sample test using SPSS Software 18.0. significant value (2-tailed) is 0.00 < 0.05 which means H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Based on the research, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between students taught with PBL and TPS models on basic chemical legal materials.
Peer Leadership Skills and Practices in Reducing Bullying Cases
Authors: Manuel Leonard C.
Published: November 2022

Promoting a safe learning environment has been a crucial element in the crafting and implementation of school policies and programs to ensure students’ growth and development. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the peer leadership skills and the performance on the peer leadership skills of the students in reducing bullying cases. A survey questionnaire was used in gathering the data needed from the respondents in the public secondary schools in Narvacan, Philippines. The data were treated statistically using the weighted mean and one-way analysis of variance. It was found that the most common bullying cases the students encounter in school are verbal abuse specifically name-calling and persistent teasing and insult, physical abuse, and emotional abuse. This study also showed that the students possessed the necessary peer leadership skills in addressing bullying in school. However, their difficulty in expressing themselves and in training their peers to be leaders were noted as the least skill they possessed. Furthermore, the students were still developing their performance on peer leadership practices in reducing bullying cases in school. Although the result is very close to its significant level, it was found that there is no significant difference in the bullying cases between and among the students in the five public secondary schools. However, it was found that there is a significant difference between and among the students in the five secondary schools along with peer leadership practices and skills. The findings of the study serve as a basis for the school administrators to continuously explore alternative solutions or strengthen further the existing policies on bullying problems in school.
Comparative Assessment of the Knowledge and Prevalence of Health Related Disorder Associated with Living around the Abattoir Waste Dumpsite in Ogun-State, Nigeria. (A study of Ijebu-Ode and Ijebu-Igbo Local Government Area of Ogun-State, Nigeria)
Authors: Solaja Olatunde O. , Abiodun Abiodun S. , Adetoyi Helen. N. , Solesi Obafemi. A. , . Tolulope , Daini G.
Published: November 2022

Abattoirs are a major source of water, land and air pollution worldwide. This study is to compare the knowledge and prevalence of health related disorder associated with living near Abattoir waste dumpsite in Ijebu-Ode and Ijebu-Igbo, Ogun-State Nigeria. Multistage sampling method were adopted using a semi-structure questionnaire total 206 on household heads on ratio 1:1 to each study areas and data collected was analyzed electronically with Epi-Info 7.2.1 version. The respondents (99.0% of Ijebu-Ode and 97.1% of Ijebu-Igbo) had good knowledge of the health impact of living near the dumpsite while 80.6% and 48.5% of the respondents reported frequent sneezing in Ijebu-Ode and Ijebu- Igbo respectively. Data analyzes showed a significant difference in frequent sneezing (p=0.001). Again, 69.1% and 23.3% of respondents reported skin rashes with a significant difference (p=0.001). There were statistical significant difference on spitting, nausea and unpleasant odour with p-values of 0.001, 0.001 and 0.001 respectively. Common cold and cough reported had no significant difference (P=0.49; 0.06). Conclusively, abattoirs should be located away from human habitation.
Consequences Of Lockdown (COVID19) On Security And Life Of Northern Nigerian
Authors: Abdulkarim Jamil Hassan , Sule Ibrahim Friday , . Tamizhazhagan V
Published: November 2022

Purpose: The study was aimed at ascertaining death recordedduring COVID19 lock down, from March to June 2020, lock down which was, imposed with the view to contain the spread of COVID19 in the in northern Nigeria, this resultedto increase in banditry and boko haram attack on civilian Methodology: the research employed both qualitative and quantitative method and the research work on primary and secondary data. Result: the research result reveal the death recorded from banditry boko haram attack as a result of insecurity during the period of lockdown was slightly below death recorded as a result COVID 19 pandemic Conclusion: Nigeria is currently working hard to contain the spread in the country as the case of COVID19 is above 21,000,thousand, however banditry and boko haram attack has increase in the months under review in the northern Nigeria with increase in mortality, morbidity leaving number of children without parent(orphan) and number of women without husband(widow) leading to psychological trauma among the victim as this increase public health burden as well disease burden, it is high time Nigerian government go back to drawing board and address the issues of insecurity in the northern Nigeria. As matter of urgency.