bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote-Sensing Image Classification Based on an Improved Probabilistic Neural Network
Authors: Zhang Yudong , Wu Lenan , Neggaz Nabil , Wang Shuihua , Wei Geng
Published: September 2009

This paper proposes a hybrid classifier for polarimetric SAR images. The feature sets consist of span image, the H/A/α decomposition, and the GLCM-based texture features. Then, a probabilistic neural network (PNN) was adopted for classification, and a novel algorithm proposed to enhance its performance. Principle component analysis (PCA) was chosen to reduce feature dimensions, random division to reduce the number of neurons, and Brent’s search (BS) to find the optimal bias values. The results on San Francisco and Flevoland sites are compared to that using a 3-layer BPNN to demonstrate the validity of our algorithm in terms of confusion matrix and overall accuracy. In addition, the importance of each improvement of the algorithm was proven.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS OF D‐RME‐E FUEL BLEND DURING ON‐FIELD TESTS
Authors: Raslavičius Laurencas , Bazaras Žilvinas
Published: September 2009

A detailed analysis of the characteristics of D‐RME‐E (diesel‐rapeseed methyl ester‐ethanol) was carefully performed fuelling an 18 kW capacity tractor unit equipped with the four‐stroke D21A1 diesel engine (combustion chamber consists of a dished piston). The conducted on‐field test demonstrated a positive effect on the dynamic and ecological characteristics of the tractor unit while fuelling the engine with biodiesel blend 70%D+30%RME (hereinafter ‐ B30) admixed with dehydrated ethanol additive (5% (v/v)). This compound did not affect a decrease in the diesel engine power, and in the range of experiment error, showed a tendency of ∼2% fuel economy compared to pure B30. A dramatic decrease in PM (40%), HC (25%) and CO (6%) emissions comparing to fossil diesel was observed when operating the tractor unit at maximum traction power which is a characteristic operating mode of the heavy duty transport means of agricultural purpose. NOx emission of the proposed D‐RME‐E blend showed a tendency to decrease to 4% compared to B30.
RESEARCH INTO THE QUALITY OF FUELS AND THEIR BIOCOMPONENTS
Authors: Matijošius Jonas , Sokolovskij Edgar
Published: September 2009

The article provides a closer look into the quality properties of fuels, analyses the merits and demerits of using biocomponents in petrol and diesel and overviews the ways of improving the quality of fuels. Work carried out by the authors covers the determination of the basic quality properties (density, kinematic viscosity and flash point) of petrol, diesel, methanol, ethanol, buthanol as well as rape methyl and rape ethyl esters. The paper investigates how these qualities influence the operational performance of the engine and puts forward the age‐dependence analysis of diesel quality properties.
Feasibility Study of Developing a University Course Selection Support System which uses Informal Peer Suggestions
Authors: Nakayama Minoru , Hoshito J.
Published: September 2009

The authors proposed a support system for university students to create their own course schedules with informal information using semantic web technology. The system provides course information, such as syllabus, students' assessment scores and informal peer reviews, while participants create their own course schedules. The informal peer reviews are studentsâ?? impression and comments. A prototype system was developed for course selections of two departments, and its effectiveness was determined. As a result, the number of courses selected increased significantly, and participants' subjective responses were encouraged when they consulted the system. Frequent access and system usability enhanced the number of courses selected using the system. These provide evidence that the semantic web function of a support system plays a significant role in university course selection.
Natural Compounds with Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Lupascu Tudor , Duca Gheorghe , Giurginca Maria , Vlad Pavel , Lupascu Lucian , Gromovoi Taras , Meghea Aurelia
Published: September 2009

Natural substances with polyphenolic structure exhibit remarkable antioxidant properties, being widely used in preventing various diseases. Among these, the oenotanins obtained from grapes seeds are proantocianidinic compounds with high molecular mass, water insoluble and as a result, rather difficult to be utilized. The aim of this paper was to produce their hydrosolubilization and the structure of the product resulted (enoxyl) has been investigated by MS, IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of oenotanins and enoxyl has been quantified by chemiluminescence technique, and the minimum concentration able to capture completely the free radicals has been also established.
TiO2: From Nanotubes to Nanopores by Changing the Anodizing Voltage in Floride-Glycerol Electrolyte
Authors: Manole Claudiu Constantin , Pirvu Cristian , Demetrescu Ioana
Published: September 2009

In the present work a study on the TiO2 ordered structures was pursued using an electrolyte with a low water content (glycerol containing 4% H2O). The results led to the determination of two distinct states of TiO2 matrix structure: one of nanotubes for lower values of applied voltage and another of nanopores for higher values of applied voltage. These results are interpreted using three key investigation methods: potentiostatic method for TiO2 growth, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for surface characterization.
Biochemical Investigation of Some Proteins from Human Primary Teeth to Evaluate Heavy Metal Pollution
Authors: Ciubar Ion R. , Ciofrangeanu C.M. , Galateanu B. , Manea Stef , Cimpean A. , Iordǎchescu D.
Published: September 2009

This investigation is based on the premise that heavy metals are sequestered by the mineral phase of teeth [1,2], hydroxyapatite, during their formation and there is a relation between heavy metal pollution and progressive destruction of human primary tooth. Our study was carried out on temporary molars – sound and carious - extracted from children up to 6 year old, residing in an area of Romania known to be highly polluted with heavy metals (Pb and Cd). In carious dentin extracts we found increased levels of collagen type 1 and alkaline phosphatase activity that can be correlated with the remineralization processus during teeth decay. Gelatin zymography shown increased MMP-1 (type-I collagenase) and MMP-2 (gelatinase-A) activities only in dentin extract from carious teeth isolated from children residing in a highly polluted area, suggesting their role in pathological extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and degradation processes in the progression of carious decay.
Experimental Study on Point Grinding Technical Parameters Affecting Coolant Jet Parameters
Authors: Xiu Shi Chao , Geng Zhi Jie , Xiu Peng Bo
Published: September 2009

Point grinding is a new type of high and super-high speed grinding process with a point contact zone and less grinding force. Because of the lower grinding power, the grinding heat in point grinding process is much less than that of the conventional grinding process. Therefore, the less grinding coolant jet parameters can be used during point grinding process. That is very propitious to the environment and resource, as well as the green manufacturing. Based on the mathematic model of the edge contact area of point grinding, the simulations of the edge contact area with point grinding angles and depth of cut was performed to study the grinding power. In addition, the relations between the grinding power and the depth of cut and vertical grinding angle were investigated. The dynamic pressure and velocity distributions in the airflow layer around the wheel edge were analyzed more by means of experiment. The point grinding experiment for grinding coolant jet parameters was performed.
Experimental Study on Ultra-Precision ELID Grinding for Concave Spherical Surface of Carbide
Authors: Tong Fu Qiang , Zhang Yong , Zhang Fei Hu
Published: September 2009

This paper describes the current situation of spherical grinding for carbide material. The experiment of Concave spherical ELID grinding of generating method for carbide is conducted. Because dressing electrode can’t be installed in limited space due to the small space of concave spherical surfaces and carbide material has good conductivity, the workpiece material was used as dressing electrode in the ELID grinding experiment. According to negative effect of spark discharge in the process of grinding to surface roughness, two methods "ELIDⅡ" and "ELID Ⅲ" were designed. Comparing and analyzing the experimental results, it is confirmed preliminary that the spherical error and surface roughness of the workpiece after "ELIDⅡ" grinding were better than those after the "ELID Ⅲ" grinding. The ELID grinding method using micro diamond powder wheel and using carbide workpiece as dressing electrode is an effective way for spherical ultra-precision grinding for carbide.
Research of Surface Roughness of Fluid Piston Rod Based on the Abrasive Belt Grinding
Authors: Lv Zhi Ming , Huang Yun , Huang Zhi , Si Li Na
Published: September 2009

The method of abrasive belt finishing slender piston rod was proposed in this paper, which based on low surface roughness weaknesses of low rigidity slender piston rod in the grinding process. And the ralation between the surface roughness and the grinding parameters was analyzed by the experiment research. The research result has a reasonably guidance for the actual manufacturing process.
Studies on the Grinding Properties of Ultrasonic Assisted Creep Feed Grinding Using Grinding Wheel with Small Diameter
Authors: Zheng Jian Xin , Xu Jia Wen , Liu Chuan Shao
Published: September 2009

An ultrasonic grinding technology named NC-Contour Evolution Ultrasonic Assisted Creep Feed Grinding that using a simple shaped diamond grinding wheel with small diameter is presented to solve the machining problem of ceramic blade surfaces in integral impeller, which is similar to numerical control profile modeling milling. The grinding parameters of single grit in the grinding wheel are selected as the objective to make clear the grinding properties of creep feed grinding and ultrasonic grinding using grinding wheel with small diameter so as to explore the suitable processing parameters to machine ceramic blade surfaces in integral impeller in theory.
Modeling and Studying of Grinding Process Based on Autocad
Authors: Zhao Heng Hua , Su Chong
Published: September 2009

Grinding is one of the most extensive manufacture technics. Grinding process becomes very complex and difficult to analyze, because the distribution of abrasive grains is stochastic and abrasive grain geometrical shape is anomalistic. So the research on grinding locomotion gets into corner. The application of computer simulation in grinding process can availably analyze the effect brought by many complicated factors in the process. So the paper advances some suppositions and simulates the process based on AutoCAD & AutoLISP. An equation of process track is educed .The simulation makes the grinding process become intuitionistic. It is also very useful to the analysis of grinding.
Grinding Force and Surface Integrity on Dry Belt Grinding of TA15 Titanium Alloys
Authors: Huo Wen Guo , Xu Jiu Hua , Fu Yu Can
Published: September 2009

This paper was dedicated to elucidate an investigation of grinding force and workpiece surface of Titanium alloy TA15 in dry grinding by using zirconia alumina belts. The grinding forces were measured by KISTLER 9265B dynamometer. Machined surface morphology and the metallographic structure were observed using 3D viewer microscope. Surface roughness was measured using Mahr Perthometer M1 instrument. The surface microhardness for ground surface was detected by HVS-1000 instrument. The good results were obtained, as follows: low surface roughness, high surface hardness, no microstructural damage, in the form cracks or recrystallisation of the grinding surface, the stable grinding performance with zirconia alumina belts, the small plastic deformation depth of workpiece surface (≤5μm). Therefore belt grinding showed excellent performance during grinding titanium alloy.
The Effect of a Rotating Heat Pipe in a Brazed Diamond Grinding Wheel on Grinding Temperature
Authors: Ma Ke , Xu Hong Jun , Fu Yu Can
Published: September 2009

A new type of brazed diamond grinding wheel with a rotating heat pipe is developed to effectively remove the heat generated in the grinding zone meanwhile minimize the pollution and contamination of the environment. A grinding temperature-measurement experiment of titanium alloy was conducted to evaluate enhanced heat transfer effect of the rotating heat pipe on the grinding zone. The experiment results show that, when grinding using the wheel with heat pipe the grinding temperature decreases 30% than that using the wheel without heat pipe.
Effect of Ultrasonic on Grain Density of Electroplated Diamond Tools
Authors: Yu Ai Bing , Wang Xiu Zhi , Li Zhao , Tian Xin Li
Published: September 2009

Coating quality and electroplating efficiency can be improved by application of ultrasonic agitation. The nickel coatings and electroplated diamond tools were fabricated. The effects of ultrasonic agitation on tool fabrication processes were analyzed. Cathode polarization curves and coating hardness were measured. Diamond grains on tool substrate were observed with microscope. Alumina grinding experiments were carried out and grinding ratios were calculated. Experimental results show that cathode polarization degree reduced during ultrasonic electroplating processes. Before diamond grain tack-on operation, ultrasonic agitation can make grain dense and guarantee nice contact between substrate and grains. High grain density of diamond tool can be obtained in tack-on operation after above ultrasonic agitation operation. Ultrasonic agitation is not suitable for the tack-on operation of diamond grains. During buildup processes, some buildup time is needed to obtain enough thickness of nickel coating before ultrasonic agitation is applied. The diamond tools fabricated with ultrasonic agitation present better cutting ability. During tool fabricating processes, the reasonable application of ultrasonic agitation is necessary.
Investigation of Subsurface Damage Depth of Single Crystal Silicon in Electroplated Wire Saw Slicing
Authors: Gao Yu Fei , Ge Pei Qi , Li Shao Jie
Published: September 2009

Based on reciprocating electroplated diamond wire saw slicing single crystal silicon experiments, a bonded interface sectioning technique was used to measure the silicon subsurface damage (SSD) depth, and the influences of wire saw speed and feed speed on silicon SSD were studied. Moreover, based on the indentation fracture mechanics (IFM) theory, a theoretical model of relationship between SSD and surface roughness (SR) was established for predicting the SSD depth by measuring the SR. The results indicate that SSD depth decreases with the wire saw speed increase and feed speed decrease, within the range of experimental technical parameters. There exists monotone increasing non-linear correlation between SSD depth and SR (Rz) in wire saw slicing single crystal silicon, that is, SSD－SR+χSR3/4. And the experimental measure values coincide with the theoretical prediction values comparatively, therefore, the theoretical model can be used for predicting SSD depth rapidly, expediently and accurately.
Study on Electroplated Diamond Wire Saw Development and Wire Saw Wear Analysis
Authors: Ge Pei Qi , Gao Yu Fei , Li Shao Jie , Hou Zhi Jian
Published: September 2009

Development of high performance diamond impregnated wire is the key of application for fixed-abrasive wire sawing technology. In this paper, some experimental studies were done for development of electroplated diamond wire saw by employing the bright nickel bath. The wire saw electroplating process was developed, the effects of cathode current density and time at tack-on stage on diamond grits density and adhesion between saw matrix and plating coating were discussed. The wire saw cutting experiments were carried out for analysis the used wire wear using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results show the optimum tack-on current density to obtain the wire saw with good abrasive distribution and adhesion is 1.5~2.0A/dm2, and the time of pre-plating, tack-on and buildup is 6, 8~10 and 18min in turn. Diamond wire saw wear includes coating wear and grain-abrasion, and the primary wear form is grits pulled-out.
A Technological Study on Granite Grinding
Authors: Liu Zeng Wen , Huang Chuan Zhen
Published: September 2009

It is desirable that the precision of the shape and the dimension of stone products in top grade decoration is getting higher. Grinding is one of the main technology in machining stone which ensures the precision of the shape and the dimension of stone products, and influences the machining efficiency. This investigation aims to experimentally find out the reasons causing grinding wheel wear and the factors influencing smoothness. It is found that the wear of grinding wheel is mainly caused by the hardness and removal quantity of stone. The harder the stone, the shorter the life of grinding wheel. The greater the removal quantity of stone, the bigger the wear of grinding wheel. The surface smoothness of stone is mainly related to the size of abrasives and the spindle speed. The smaller the abrasives and the higher the speed, the higher the smoothness.
Study of Magnetic Finishing for an Internal Surface Using a Permanent Magnetic Pole
Authors: Yao Xin Gai , Ding Yan Hong
Published: September 2009

Magnetic finishing is a new machining technology. It was widely developed for its high productivity and quality, especially its better flexibility and self-sharpness finishing tools. As a new material, Nd-Fe-B with high magnetic energy makes the internal finishing easier. Being used as permanent magnetic pole to finishing the surface of workpieces instead of solenoid, it makes the structure of magnetic pole more compact and the techniques adaptability better. Internal finishing using permanent magnetic pole is mainly discussed in this paper: a new technology to finishing the middle/small or deep hole using permanent magnetic pole is provided; a new kind of pole is developed, lots of experiments have been completed ,the roughness of internal surface is decreased from Ra0.8μm to about Ra0.3~0.1μm. The data prove that internal finishing using permanent magnetic pole is ideal technology.
Theoretical Research and Verification on the Porosity of Semi-Fixed Abrasive Tool
Authors: Wen Dong Hui , Lv Xun , Yuan Ju Long
Published: September 2009

Semi-fixed abrasive tool is a new developed grinding wheel which can adjust abrasive grain near the workpiece-abrasive interface according to the situation of the hard and large grits, damaged surface layer generated by the scratch or crack could be decreased when using semi-fixed wheel. Porosity, one of the most important parameters to evaluate trap effect, was studied based on the analysis of uniform scratch and it’s effect on the polishing time, contact models between circle abrasive grain, line boundary and circle boundary were deduced to investigate the relations between engagement depth and the ratio of normal force to normal elastic stiffness. Theoretical research results show that semi-fixed grinding wheel should be conditioned after it’s compaction for the boundary between abrasive grain and line boundary is unstable, the contact status is stable for internal abrasive grain, predicted porosity value agree well with that measured in the experiment, the shear strength of semi-fixed abrasive tool can meet the demand of lapping and polishing processes.
The Honing Technical Research of the Difficult-to-Cut Materials
Authors: Hai Peng , Bao Ze Fu
Published: September 2009

The problems occurring in deep hole honing are investigated for the difficult-to-cut materials such as Titanium alloy, high-temperature alloy and stainless steel，and carried out experiments and analyses to select the optimal abrasive honing stone, to improve the honing efficiency and to select rational honing process. The best honing stone types and technological process to those metallic materials have been obtained finally.
The Process Parameters Optimization Study of Nuclear Power High-Pressure Vessel Belt Grinding Base on ANN
Authors: Liu Ying , Huang Zhi , Huang Yun
Published: September 2009

The article established the experimental method for belt grinding process parameters of nuclear power high-pressure vessel, put forward the evaluation index and the main impact factors of material belt grinding capability for nuclear power high-pressure vessel shell surfacing layer, analyzed the influence to belt grinding capability of nuclear power high-pressure vessel with different abrasive, granularity, belt speed, grinding force, hardness of contract wheel and grooves, established and analyzed the non-liner relationship of the belt grinding capability and its influence factors for nuclear power high-pressure vessel, which based on the neural network. With the relationship established a process optimize model of efficient belt grinding which based on grinding efficiency, grinding quality, grinding cost, and the model preferably solved the multi-factor comprehensive optimization problem of nuclear power high-pressure shell surface efficient belt grinding process.C
Research on the Performance of the Copper Based Diamond Saw
Authors: Bi Xiao Qin , Zhu Jian Ye , Wang Jie
Published: September 2009

The copper based diamond saw was manufactured by the hot-pressure sintering. The WC and Cr were added in the bond. The effects of the sintering parameters and the components on the performance of the saw were investigated. The integration status between the bond and the diamond was discussed. It’s shown that the hardness and the bending strength of the saw improve with the increase of the content of Cr and WC. The WC particles come into agglomerating when the content of WC is too high. The sintering temperature and the heat-insulation time affect the bending strength obviously. The higher sintering temperature makes the integration status increased to a certain extent, but the longer heat-insulation time will lead to the accumulation of Sn. The hardness and bending strength of the saw sintered at 680°C are higher than those of the saw sintered at 580°C, and the performance of the saw heat-insulated for 5 minutes is higher than that of the saw heat-insulated for 12 minutes. Compared with the saw without diamond, the hardness of the saw with diamond is higher but the bending strength decreases obviously. The scheme optimized by variance analysis is 15wt%Cr /9wt%WC/680°C/5mins.
Brittle-Ductile Transition in the Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Vibration Grinding of Nanocomposite Ceramics
Authors: Wu Yan , Zhao Bo , Zhu Xun Sheng
Published: September 2009

Based on impulse theories and indentation fracture mechanics, the motion model of the contact between abrasive particle and workpiece in workpiece two-dimension ultrasonic vibration grinding (WTDUVG) was analyzed, and the critical condition of ultrasonic vibration grinding brittle-ductile transition was analyzed theoretically, furthermore the critical cutting depths of a grain under different grinding conditions were obtained by Matlab programs. In this work, the ultrasonic vibration and conventional diamond grinding of Al2O3/ZrO2 nanoceramics were performed in order to investigate the effect of workpiece ultrasonic vibration on the brittle-ductile transition mechanism, the effect of grit size, worktable speed and grinding depth on the critical depth of cut were studied by grinding experiments. the micro-topography of the grinding surface was observed by AFM and SEM. Experiment indicated that only when the grinding depth less than critical grinding depth, ductile regime grinding of ceramics can be realized, the appropriate grinding parameter on surface finish are suggested.
Research on a Colloid Jet Polishing Equipment and its NC Interpolation Algorithm for Rotary Symmetric Aspheric
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang Qing Quan , Song Xiao Zong , Zhang Guang Yu , Zhang Fei Hu
Published: September 2009

Colloid jet polishing (CJP) is a new technique for the ultraprecision machining of aspheric surfaces, especially for the ultrasmooth surfaces machining of small-radiused concave surfaces and freeform surfaces. In this paper, a colloid jet polishing equipment with 5 axes, four of which perform linkage movement was developed. According to characteristic of colloid jet polishing, NC interpolation algorithm for rotary symmetric aspheric based on this equipment was researched. The derivation process and computer simulation result of the algorithm was also presented. The interpolation error of this algorithm was analyzed and the calculation formula was also proposed. According to the result of analysis, the precision of the interpolation algorithm is high and the algorithm is very useful. Experiments show that high quality ultrasmooth surface can be achieved using this method and surface roughness Ra less than 1nm for K9 glass can be obtained stably.
Analysis of Influence Factors for White Layer in Grinding of Harden Steel
Authors: Huang Xiang Ming , Zhou Zhi Xiong , Jun Yang , Xia Qi Long
Published: September 2009

White layers formed in grinding process have negative effects on components. White layer will result in brittle surfaces, which will cause product failure. Since grinding parameters may influence white layer formation, it is necessary to study the relationship between white layer thickness and various grinding parameters. In this study, grinding experiments are carried out using harden AISI52100 steel as work material. Grinding parameters，such as wheel speed, workpiece speed, grinding depth, grinding wheel wear and cooling condition on the thickness of white layer have been studied. The specimens were analyzed using a micro hardness tester and SEM. The experiments indicate white layer depth varies with the different combinations of machining parameters. The depth of white layer increases with the grinding depth, wheel speed and wheel wear. There is a critical work table
Study on the Rheological Effect Models of Fluid Magnetic Abrasive
Authors: Sun Huan Wu , Yang Shi Chun
Published: September 2009

The fluid magnetic abrasives (FMA) are a new type of precision finishing abrasives which are developed on the basis of the phase transition phenomenon caused by magnetic field. The rheological effect of FMA is the basis to achieve its finishing function, and has a great impact on the finishing capabilities and the final surface roughness. In order to get a better understanding of FMA finishing mechanism, the rheological effect models of FMA are deduced for the first time, the simulations and the experimental results are discussed as well in this paper.
Research on the Surface/Subsurface Damages of ZTA Ceramics under Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Grinding
Authors: Yan Yan Yan , Zhao Bo , Liu Jun Li
Published: September 2009

ZTA ceramics is a kind of high performance structural ceramics, and its surface/subsurface damages after machining have great effect on reliability and long-service life of ceramic parts, so it introduces two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding (TUVAG) which is applied in the precision finishing of ZTA ceramic, mathematic motion model of abrasive grain during TUVAG is established, and the special machining path of abrasive grain during TUVAG is analyzed, and the surface/subsurface damages of ZTA ceramics after TUVAG are further discussed. Experimental results prove that TUVAG may make materials removed in a plastic state mostly, the probability of cracks formation and propagation becomes less, and obviously reduce surface damages of ZTA ceramics, and the grinding badness layer of ceramics after TUVAG is shallower than that after diamond grinding at the same grinding parameters.
Research on Wheel Wear in HIPSN Bearing Ring High Speed Grinding
Authors: Wang He , Wu Yu Hou , Zhang Ke , Li Song Hua
Published: September 2009

This paper reports on the wheel wear in high speed grinding silicon nitride used metal bond diamond wheels. The investigation focuses on the relation among grinding force, grinding ratio and wheel wear. Experiments have been performed to investigate the factor of wheel wear such as grinding ratio and grinding force. The results of these investigations are presented in this paper. With the application of this technology, a low cost production and high efficiency of ceramic bearing ring grinding can be realized.
Research on NC Grinding Accessories of Isometric Polygonal Profile
Authors: Wang De Sheng , Zhou Ai Ping , Zhao Yong Jun
Published: September 2009

In order to study the grinding technology of Isometric Polygonal Profile (IPP), NC grinding accessory of IPP is developed, which is driven by Program Logic Controller (PLC) and step-motors. On the basis of the principle of coordinate conversion and envelope curve, formative motions of IPP are discussed in detail. Because the relationship between the rotation of parts and synchronization motion in both x and y axes of coordinates frame is of the proportional transmission, and the synchronization motion is harmonic motion in both x and y axes of coordinates frame, the relationship of them is of the proportional transmission too, but the frequency of the synchronization motion is low and the displacement is small, so the eccentric mechanism is used in the grinding accessory. The grinding process of three axes linkage of IPP can be translated into process of two axes linkage between three coordinates on machine tools by means of combination of PLC and the eccentric mechanism. It has been found by grinding experiment that the NC grinding accessory is available used for grinding IPP and other polygonal profile.
Postindividualism: Fata Morgana and the Swindon Gout Clinic
Authors: Aling Michael
Published: September 2009

What might happen to Middle England if the retail and financial sectors were simply to melt away? Michael Aling casts a visionary eye on his hometown of Swindon and imagines a dystopian future of ‘post‐individualism’ in which retail mausoleums and gout clinics take the place of shopping malls and call centres. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergent Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of 4‐Hydroxypent‐2‐ynoic Acid Diphenylamide for a Thrombin Receptor Antagonist Sch 530348 and Himbacine Analogues
Authors: Zaks Alex , Tamarez Maria , Li Tao
Published: September 2009

Sch 530348 and many himbacine analogues were prepared by using 4‐hydroxypent‐2‐ynoic acid diphenylamide as the only chiral material. We developed deracemization methods to prepare both enantiomers of this propargyl alcohol. These methods involved a resolution followed by inversion. The objective for the resolution step was to obtain the desired enantiomer as an ester, and undesired enantiomer as an alcohol. With (R)‐selective lipase, this was achieved by transesterifcation for (R)‐alcohol, and ester hydrolysis for (S)‐alcohol. The undesired enantiomer was inverted through the corresponding tosylate to yield the desired enantiomer as the ester. Deprotection of the ester gave enantiopure alcohol as the product. These methods not only overcame the 50% yield limit in resolution, but also eliminated the need to remove the undesired enantiomer.
Hydroxypropyl‐α‐Cyclodextrin‐Capped Palladium Nanoparticles: Active Scaffolds for Efficient Carbon‐Carbon Bond Forming Cross‐Couplings in Water
Authors: Senra Jaqueline D. , Malta Luiz Fernando B. , da Costa Marcelo E. H. M. , Michel Ricardo C. , Aguiar Lúcia C. S. , Simas Alessandro B. C. , Antunes O. A. C.
Published: September 2009

A new approach for the preparation of palladium nanoparticles in water from a renewable source, 2‐hydroxypropyl‐α‐cyclodextrin (α‐HPCD), which acts both as a reductant and capping agent, is presented. The palladium nanoparticles were characterized by using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which revealed the formation of spherical particles in the size range of 2–7 nm. Further analysis by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and 1H NMR did not show covalent bonds between cyclodextrins and palladium nanoparticles, suggesting that α‐HPCD is only physically adsorbed on the nanoparticle surface, presumably through hydrophobic interactions which limit the mutual coalescence of nanoclusters. The catalytic activity was tested in Suzuki, Heck and Sonogashira reactions in neat water, providing good yields and selectivities of coupling products under very low Pd loadings (0.5–0.01 mol%). Remarkably, the nanocatalyst showed significant stability hence the aqueous phase remained active for four subsequent runs. The combination of a binding site for substrates (the HPCD cavity) and a reactive centre (Pd core) provides a potential to explore functional catalysis in aqueous medium.
(R,S)‐Azolides as Novel Substrates for Lipase‐Catalyzed Hydrolytic Resolution in Organic Solvents
Authors: Wang Pei‐Yun , Chen Ying‐Ju , Wu An‐Chi , Lin Yi‐Sheng , Kao Min‐Fang , Chen Jin‐Ru , Ciou Jyun‐Fen , Tsai Shau‐Wei
Published: September 2009

Azolides, that is, N‐acylazoles, as versatile acylation reagents are well characterized in the literature, in which the azole structure can not only act as a better leaving group but also make the carbonyl carbon more electrophilic and susceptible to nucleophilic attack. It is therefore desirable to combine this unique property and lipase resolution ability in the development of a new resolution process for preparing optically pure carboxylic acids. With the Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)‐catalyzed hydrolysis of (R,S)‐N‐profenylazoles in organic solvents as the model system, (R,S)‐N‐profenyl‐1,2,4‐triazoles instead of their corresponding ester analogues were exploited as the best substrates for preparing optically pure profens, i.e., 2‐arylpropionic acids. The structure‐reactivity correlations for the (R,S)‐azolides in water‐saturated methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) at 45 °C coupled with a thorough kinetic analysis were further employed for elucidating the rate‐limiting formation of a tetrahedral adduct without CN bond breaking or with moderate CN bond breaking concerted with CO bond formation in the acylation step. The advantages of easy substrate preparation, high enzyme reactivity and enantioselectivity, and easy recovery of the product and remaining substrate by aqueous extraction demonstrate the potential of using (R,S)‐azolides as novel substrates for the enzymatic resolution process.
Iron‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions of 2‐Halobenzenamines with Isothiocyanates Leading to 2‐Aminobenzothiazoles
Authors: Qiu Jing‐Wen , Zhang Xing‐Guo , Tang Ri‐Yuan , Zhong Ping , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: September 2009

A highly practical method for the synthesis of 2‐aminobenzothiazoles has been developed through an iron‐catalyzed tandem reaction. The present tandem process allows the assembly of a wide range of 2‐aminobenzothiazoles by the reactions of 2‐halobenzenamines with isothiocyanates.
Evidence for the involvement of genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in the etiology of autistic disorders on high‐functioning level
Authors: Wermter Anne‐Kathrin , Kamp‐Becker Inge , Hesse Philipp , Schulte‐Körne Gerd , Strauch Konstantin , Remschmidt Helmut
Published: September 2009

An increasing number of animal studies advert to a substantial role of the neuropeptide oxytocin in the regulation of social attachment and affiliation. Furthermore, animal studies showed anxiety and stress‐reduced effects of oxytocin. First human studies confirm these findings in animal studies and implicate a crucial role of oxytocin in human social attachment behavior and in social interactions. Thus, the oxytocin system might be involved in the impairment of social interaction and attachment in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The human oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) represents a plausible candidate gene for the etiology of ASD. To analyze whether genetic variants in the OXTR gene are associated with ASD we performed family‐based single‐marker and haplotype association analyses with 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the OXTR and its 5′ region in 100 families with autistic disorders on high‐functioning level (Asperger syndrome (AS), high‐functioning autism (HFA), and atypical autism (AA)). Single‐marker and haplotype association analyses revealed nominally significant associations of one single SNP and one haplotype with autism, respectively. Furthermore, employing a “reverse phenotyping” approach, patients carrying the haplotype associated with autism showed nominally significant impairments in comparison to noncarriers of the haplotype in items of the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised algorithm describing aspects of social interaction and communication. In conclusion, our results implicate that genetic variation in the OXTR gene might be relevant in the etiology of autism on high‐functioning level. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage analysis of Tourette syndrome in a large utah pedigree
Authors: Knight Stacey , Coon Hilary , Johnson Michael , Leppert Mark F. , Camp Nicola J. , McMahon William M. ,   Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics
Published: September 2009

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics. The heritability of TS has been well established, yet there is a lack of consensus in genome‐wide linkage studies. The purpose of this study was to conduct a genome‐wide linkage analysis on a unique, large, high‐risk TS Utah pedigree. We examined a qualitative trait (TS1) where cases had a definitive diagnosis of TS as observed by a clinical interviewer (n = 66) and a quantitative phenotype based on the total Yale global motor and phonic tic severity scores (n = 102). Both parametric and non‐parametric multipoint linkage analyses based on MCMC methods were performed using a 10 cM spaced micro‐satellite autosomal marker set. Two regions of interest were identified under affecteds‐only recessive models; a LOD score of 3.3 on chromosome 1p for Yale tic severity and a LOD score of 3.1 on chromosome 3p for the TS1 phenotype. Twenty‐seven individuals shared linked segregating haplotypes for the 1p region. They had significantly higher Yale tic phonic scores than non‐sharers (P = 0.01). There were 46 haplotype sharers on chromosome 3p with significantly higher percentage of females among these individuals compared to the non‐sharers (P = 0.03). The significant linkage peaks on chromosomes 1p and 3p are in new areas of the genome for TS, and replication of these findings is necessary. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thioxanthone sensitized photodegradation of poly(alkyl methacrylate) films
Authors: Neumann Miguel G. , Schmitt Carla C. , Goi Beatriz E.
Published: September 2009

The thioxanthone‐sensitized photodegradation of poly(alkyl methacrylate) films [alkyl = methyl, ethyl, butyl, and hexyl] was studied using near UV‐vis light. The photooxidation process continued even after the total consumption of the sensitizer, possibly due to the excitation of the ketyl groups formed during the first stages of the process. The rate of oxidation, as well as the formation of hydroxy, peroxy, and ketyl groups was faster for polymers with larger ester groups. The decrease of the molecular weight of the degradated polymers was also larger for the hexyl substituted polymer. The side‐chain size effect was attributed to the larger amount of secondary hydrogens available for abstraction by the triplet state of thioxanthone, present in the larger ester groups. The lower glass transition temperature of the hexyl substituted polymer allows a better diffusion of oxygen to the deeper layers of the films that also contributes to the faster photodegradation rate. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The mechanical and rheological behavior of the PA/TPU blend with POE‐g‐MA modifier
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Tang , Chuang Chao‐Yin
Published: September 2009

In this research, we attempt to improve the impact strength and the viscosity of PA (polyamide) by blending two elastomers, TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane) and POE‐g‐MA (maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene‐octene elastomer), in PA matrix with twin screw extruder. The ratio of blending is 80PA/20TPU and 80PA/20TPU/20POE‐g‐MA (66.66PA/16.67TPU/16.67POE‐g‐MA). Results indicate that POE‐g‐MA improves the low viscosity of PA and TPU during the blending process, and also their compatibility. Thus, the 80PA/20TPU/20POE‐g‐MA blend has better tensile stress and elongation than 80PA/20TPU blend, and furthermore POE‐g‐MA significantly improves the impact strength of PA, even to super‐toughness grade. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Variability of Human Foramen Magnum Size
Authors: Gruber Philipp , Henneberg Maciej , Böni Thomas , Rühli Frank J.
Published: September 2009

The foramen magnum is an important landmark of the skull base and is of particular interest for anthropology, anatomy, forensic medicine, and other medical fields. Despite its importance, few osteometric studies of the foramen magnum have been published so far. A total of 110 transverse and 111 sagittal diameters from Central European male and female dry specimens dating from the Pleistocene to modern times were measured, and related to sex, age, stature, ethnicity, and a possible secular trend. Only a moderate positive correlation between the transverse and the sagittal diameter of the foramen magnum was found. Surprisingly, neither sexual dimorphism, individual age‐dependency, nor a secular trend was found for either diameter. Furthermore, the relationship between the individual stature and foramen magnum diameters was weak: thus foramen magnum size cannot be used as reliable indicator for stature estimation. Further consideration of possible factors influencing the variability of human foramen magnum size shall be explored in larger and geographically more diverse samples, thus serving forensic, clinical, anatomical, and anthropological interests in this body part. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optic Foramen Morphology and Activity Pattern in Birds
Authors: Hall Margaret I. , Iwaniuk Andrew N. , Gutiérrez‐Ibáñez Cristián
Published: September 2009

The optic nerve is the sole output of visual information from the ganglion cell layer of the retina to the brain in vertebrates. The size of the optic nerve is predicted to be closely associated with activity pattern, and, in many birds, the size of the optic foramen approximates the size of the optic nerve. Specifically, nocturnal species should have relatively smaller optic foramina than diurnal species because of differences in retinal pooling between activity patterns. If optic foramen morphology varies predictably with activity pattern in birds, this variable may be useful for interpreting activity pattern for birds that do not have soft tissue available for study, specifically for fossils. Across 177 families (from 27 orders), we describe four different optic foramen morphologies, only one of which corresponds well with the size of the optic nerve and is therefore appropriate for activity pattern analyses. Here, we test our hypothesis that nocturnal species will have relatively smaller optic foramina than diurnal species, across all species that we measured that have a discrete optic foramen. Regression analyses using species as independent data points and using comparative methods yielded significant differences in optic foramen size between nocturnal and diurnal species relative to three variables: head length, orbit depth, and sclerotic ring inner diameter. Nocturnal species consistently exhibit significantly smaller relative optic foramen diameters than diurnal species. Our results indicate that optic foramen diameter, in combination with either the sclerotic ring or the orbit diameter, can be used to predict activity pattern. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Graphite‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Efficient Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Amines to Imines and N‐Substituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinolines to Amides: Synthetic Applications and Mechanistic Study
Authors: So Man‐Ho , Liu Yungen , Ho Chi‐Ming , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: September 2009

Selective oxidation of amines using oxygen as terminal oxidant is an important area in green chemistry. In this work, we describe the use of graphite‐supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/C) to catalyze aerobic oxidation of cyclic and acyclic benzylic amines to the corresponding imines with moderate‐to‐excellent substrate conversions (43–100 %) and product yields (66–99 %) (19 examples). Oxidation of N‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines in the presence of aqueous NaHCO3 solution gave the corresponding amides in good yields (83–93 %) with high selectivity (up to amide/enamide=93:4) (6 examples). The same protocol can be applied to the synthesis of benzimidazoles from the reaction of o‐phenylenediamines with benzaldehydes under aerobic conditions (8 examples). By simple centrifugation, AuNPs/C can be recovered and reused for ten consecutive runs for the oxidation of dibenzylamine to N‐benzylidene(phenyl)methanamine without significant loss of catalytic activity and selectivity. This protocol “AuNPs/C+O2” can be scaled to the gram scale, and 8.9 g (84 % isolated yield) of 3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline can be obtained from the oxidation of 10 g 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline in a one‐pot reaction. Based on the results of kinetic studies, radical traps experiment, and Hammett plot, a mechanism involving the hydrogen‐transfer reaction from amine to metal and oxidation of M‐H is proposed.
Investigating the simulation of cloud microphysical processes in numerical models using a one‐dimensional dynamical framework
Authors: Dearden Christopher
Published: September 2009

This paper describes the method by which the performance of a suite of microphysics schemes of varying levels of complexity can be compared within an idealised framework. The purpose is to establish the level of microphysical sophistication required for the successful simulation of liquid clouds in operational models, paying particular attention to the required level of coupling with aerosols. Initial results from a lagrangian parcel model are able to demonstrate the importance of the treatment of droplet activation in dual moment schemes for predicting droplet number qualitatively. Subsequent testing within a one‐dimensional (1D) column model using the existing factorial method (FM) will aim to quantify the importance of microphysical complexity on precipitation and cloud albedo relative to the effects of meteorology. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society