bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT): A modern radiotherapy technique - A single institutional experience
Authors: Rashid Azhar , Ahmed Zaeem , Memom Muhammad Ali , Hashim Abdul Sattar M
Published: January 2021

Objective: To evaluate VMAT plans for conformity and homogeneity of radiation dose to the target in order to share our experience as a pioneering institute to use VMAT technology in Pakistan.

Methods: Since December 2014 to January 2018, 530 patients of various anatomical sites were treated by VMAT technique at Neurospinal Cancer Care Institute (NCCI) Karachi Pakistan. ERGO++ planning system (Version 1.7.2) was used to develop VMAT plans with single or multiple arcs by the rotation of couch and gantry. The plans were evaluated by calculating Conformity Index (CI) and Homogeneity Index (HI) and critical organ (OARs) doses of individual tumor sites.

Results: The average CI of various sites was 1.4 (range: 1.0–2.0) and average HI of various sites was 1.20 (range: 1.07–1.374), respective critical organ doses were adequately achieved.

Conclusions: VMAT treatment planning technique showed good conformal and homogeneous target coverage with sparing of organs at risk and reduced treatment delivery time. With these features, safety of VMAT technique may allow its routine clinical use, though it is still under investigation in many areas.

Abbreviations Used:CI: Conformity Index, HI: Homogeneity Index, GI: Gradient Index, SIB: Simultaneous Integrated Boost, SRS: Stereotactic Radiosurgery, SBRT: Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy, VMAT: Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy, MLCs: Multi-leaf Collimators, MU: Monitor Units, DAM: Dynamic Arc module, TV: Target Volume, MD: Maximum Dose, PD: Prescription Dose, RTOG: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Linac: Linear accelerator.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.2647

How to cite this:Rashid A, Ahmad Z, Memon MA, Hashim ASM. Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT): A modern radiotherapy technique-A single institutional experience. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):355-361.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.2647

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ένα τελευταίο ποτήρι; Αλκοόλ και αντιαλκοολισμός στην Ελλάδα (1870-1940)
Authors: Γκοτσίνας Κωστής
Published: January 2021

Η παρούσα μεταδιδακτορική έρευνα έχει ως αντικείμενο τη διάδοση του αλκοόλ και την ανάδυση της έννοιας του αντιαλκοολισμού στην ελληνική κοινωνία. Ως αφετηρία της παίρνει τη δεκαετία του 1870, κατά την οποία η αμπελοκαλλιέργεια πολλαπλασιάζεται θεαματικά στην Ελλάδα, διευρύνεται η συστηματική εγχώρια ποτοποιία και καταγράφεται αύξηση της κατανάλωσης του αλκοόλ. Ως καταληκτικό σημείο η μελέτη έχει τη δεκαετία του 1930, όταν τα κείμενα κατά του αλκοόλ πληθαίνουν και τα επιχειρήματα του σχετικού διαλόγου αποκρυσταλλώνονται.Σκοπός της έρευνας είναι να καταγράψει την ιστορία των αλκοολούχων ποτών σε μια περίοδο που διεισδύουν στον δημόσιο χώρο και τις καταναλωτικές συνήθειες, να αναζητήσει τις ποικίλες και συχνά αποκλίνουσες αναπαραστάσεις τους, και να εξερευνήσει το περιεχόμενο, την εμβέλεια, αλλά και τα όρια του αντιαλκοολικού λόγου. Προκειμένου να απαντηθούν τα προαναφερθέντα ερωτήματα, επιστρατεύονται μια σειρά από πρωτογενείς πηγές και αρχεία, σε συνεχή διάλογο με την ελληνική και ξενόγλωσση βιβλιογραφία επί του θέματος, ο οποίος επιτρέπει στην έρευνα να συνυπολογίσει τις πιο πρόσφατες μελέτες στο πεδίο του αλκοόλ και γενικότερα των ψυχοδραστικών ουσιών. Μέσα από τη μελέτη των πηγών και της βιβλιογραφίας, λοιπόν, η έρευνα αναλύει την αλληλεπίδραση του κρατικού μηχανισμού με τα δρώντα υποκείμενα και τις φυσικές ή τις περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες κατά την ανάπτυξη της οινοπαραγωγής και της ποτοποιίας, αναζητά καθημερινές πρακτικές με πρωταγωνιστή το αλκοόλ στην ελληνική κοινωνία του τέλους του 19ου και των αρχών του 20ού αιώνα, περιγράφει μορφές κοινωνικότητας στις οποίες έπαιζαν καταλυτικό ρόλο τα προϊόντα ζύμωσης και απόσταξης, και ανιχνεύει ακαδημαϊκά, εμπορικά και πολιτισμικά δίκτυα τόσο εντός, όσο και εκτός των ελληνικών συνόρων.
Transformation of Learning in the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Suvalova Tatyana , Suvalov O.
Published: January 2021

Employee development is a strategic asset for every successful company. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly transformed established learning technologies. The aim of the study is to analyze the education industry in the context of distance interaction. The article discusses options for educational technologies using virtual classes, ideas for the formation of sustainable memorization of material. The role of surveys for synchronizing online learning is emphasized. The importance of democratizing the relations between the teacher and students for the popularization of new ideas, developments and exchange of experience was noted. The post-learning technology for retaining the information received is considered. The most important resources for the development of positive leadership in the context of virtual communication have been identified. The increasing role of electronic resources for the effective development of company employees is noted.
Analysis of the Motivation System and Identification of Moving Motives of Employees’ Labor Activities by Example of a Gas Field
Authors: Aristova A. , Voronovich N.
Published: January 2021

Retention of the key employees through the formation of mechanisms of motivation and stimulation is one of the main tasks of management of any enterprise. The consequence of this fact is the setting of another important task for the management staff: the identification of the leading motives of the personnel of economic entities to carry out labor activities. It is highly important for oil and gas companies, since the extraction of minerals is a key sector of the development of the Russian economy. Their production performance depends on the level of employee motivation. The presented article will analyze the system of motivation and stimulation of labor on the example of the gas field "N", and also reveal the main motives for the implementation of labor activities of employees using the following methods: Test «Labor Motivation» Rean A.A.; Survey «Employee Attitudes Toward a Crisis Situation» Lusher M. Color Test.
Labor Markets and Modern Global Challenges: Crisis Vs New Opportunities
Authors: Svistunov Vasiliy , Konovalova Valeriya
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of changes in labor markets under the influence of global factors - the fall in oil prices, the Covid-19 pandemic and global digital transformation. The data confirming the general orientation of the selected factors towards the reduction of previously created jobs in different industries and spheres of activity, the threat of increasing inequality (in the zone of greatest risk - young people, older workers who are women), but at the same time, indicating a multidirectional and ambiguous the nature of their influence on the structural elements of the world and Russian labor markets. It is shown that global digital transformation threatens low-skilled jobs and routine tasks most susceptible to automation, but and contributes to the creation of new jobs, leads to a change in working conditions and a combination of skills that ensure success in the labor market, the development of which should become one of the priorities of the education system.
Features of Ensuring the Storage of Electronic HR Documents in the Organization
Authors: Zaharov D. , Kashtanova YEkatyerina
Published: January 2021

This article discusses the features of ensuring electronic storage of personnel documents in an organization. Basic terms have been defined, such as an automated system for maintaining an archive of electronic document management, access rights, and electronic business. The procedure for recording an electronic personnel document per storage unit has been laid out. The types of documents that can be stored in electronic form are indicated. The procedure for storing an electronic personnel document is considered in detail. The process of ensuring information security of personnel documentation, as well as the procedure for submitting electronic documents at the request of authorized organizations or the application of employees, is considered. The procedure for access of officials to electronic personnel documents is considered separately.
El Periodismo comunitario en la provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador. Análisis de Radio Amor y Sección “La Península”, de Diario Súper.
Authors: Armijos Triviño Norma Allyson , Estrella Tutivén Ingrid Viviana , Victoria Mas Juan Salvador
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo comienza fijando el concepto y algunas de las principales características principales características del “periodismo comunitario”. Este fenómeno viene desarrollándose ya desde hace varias décadas pero que sin duda ha cobrado nuevo vigor con el desarrollo y potencialidades de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Esta coyuntura generalizada en la sociedad actual hace posible en nuestro caso no sólo la multiplicación de las llamadas audiencias de los medios, sino también las posibilidades de éstas de contribuir a la construcción de sus contenidos, informaciones y opiniones, como expresión de ciudadanía y democracia. Además de una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica y documental, la investigación se vale de la aplicación del análisis de contenido para abordar la experiencia de dos medios paradigmáticos: la Emisora “Radio Amor” y la Sección “La Península” del Diario “Súper”, ambos de la provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador. Los datos evidencian comportamientos y resultados diferentes entre un medio y otro. El primero, constituye de hecho un medio doctrinal y de entretenimiento, bajo la influencia de la institución religiosa que guía y respalda su programación, cuyo contenido se centra en la difusión de temas musicales nacionales e internacionales, además de algunos espacios dedicados a asuntos y actividades propios de la iglesia patrocinadora; en cambio, la Sección Península de Diario “Super”, puede considerarse como un prototipo de medio centrado en los problemas, intereses, identidad y aportes propios de la comunidad que constituye su razón de ser.
Frontiers: Moment Marketing: Measuring Dynamics in Cross-Channel Ad Effectiveness
Authors: Liu Jia , Hill Shawndra
Published: January 2021

This paper provides the first empirical evidence on whether and why TV-moment-based search advertising could be effective for optimizing sponsored search advertising for both TV-advertised brands and their competitors.
A metaftonímia presente na construção X virar Uber
Authors: Palomanes Ribeiro Roza Maria
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo tem como objeto de estudo a construção X virar Uber. O fenômeno da uberização, crescente no Brasil e que   levou desempregados a se cadastrarem como motoristas do aplicativo administrado pela empresa UBER resultou no surgimento da construção em estudo frequente na fala do brasileiro. O propósito da pesquisa é analisar a construção sob o viés teórico da Linguística Cognitiva, mais especificamente no que tange os processamentos metafórico e metonímico (Lakoff e Johnson (2002), Radden e kövecses, (2007),  Lakoff e Turner (1989), Croft (1993)  e Gossens (2002)). Para tanto, coletaram-se dados através da ferramenta de buscas GOOGLE, levando-se em conta as 100 primeiras ocorrências distribuídas nas 10 primeiras páginas de busca, optando-se por um tratamento qualitativo dos dados. Após seleção e análise dos dados coletados, chega-se à conclusão de que ocorre, neste caso estudado, o fenômeno da metaftonímia do tipo metáfora da metonímia, em que a entidade conceptual Empresa Uber provê acesso mental à entidade conceptual motorista de aplicativo, dentro do mesmo domínio, configurando o processo metonímico. E, ao mesmo tempo, se dá um   mapeamento entre domínios da experiência sustentados pela metáfora O HOMEM É UMA ENTIDADE NÃO HUMANA. Espera-se, com a pesquisa, contribuir para os estudos sobre metaftonímia.
A construção de atenuação do discurso com verbo suporte trazer: uma abordagem construcional baseada no uso
Authors: Costa Fábio Rodrigo Gomes da , Machado Vieira Marcia Dos Santos
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a construção de atenuação do discurso, que, no plano da forma, é representada pela estrutura [trazerVsuporte + _____ Elemento não-verbal predicante (com Ndeverbal)]predicador verbal complexo. Esta construção licencia subesquemas construcionais que ou envolvem SN com Ndeverbal ou SP com Ndeverbal no segundo slot, destinado a elemento não-verbal predicante. A construção e seus subesquemas construcionais estão interconectados em uma rede construcional por meio de links taxonômicos, horizontais, sintáticos e lexicais, conforme o modelo de rede proposto por Diessel (2015). As expressões observadas, coletadas no banco de dados do site eletrônico da Assembleia Legislativa do Rio de Janeiro (ALERJ), foram identificadas em discursos de deputados entre os anos de 2011 e 2019. O aparato teórico-metodológico desta análise é a Linguística Funcional-Cognitiva e da Gramática de Construções Baseada no Uso (GCBU). Da análise de dados, destacam-se estes resultados: (i) o preenchimento de elemento não-verbal por  SN com Ndeverbal viabiliza moldar o participante sujeito (que pode coincidir ou não com o enunciador) na figura de um porta-voz e (ii) seu preenchimento por SP com Ndeverbal viabiliza sobressair o papel do interlocutor no estado de coisas encaminhado pelo enunciador.
Propriedades funcionais da relativa livre introduzida por 'quem'
Authors: Bispo Edvaldo Balduino , Braga Aline Priscilla Albuquerque
Published: January 2021

Neste artigo, investigamos aspectos funcionais (semânticos, semântico-cognitivo e sociointeracionais) implicados no uso da oração relativa livre introduzida por quem no Português Brasileiro (PB). Fundamentamo-nos teoricamente na Linguística Funcional, conforme Givón (1984, 1995), Martelotta (2011), Furtado da Cunha e Bispo (2013), Furtado da Cunha, Oliveira e Martelotta (2015). Trata-se de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa de natureza interpretativista. Utilizamos como fonte de dados empíricos anúncios de jornal e cartas particulares produzidos no século XIX, provenientes da plataforma de corpora do projeto História do Português Brasileiro (PHPB). Os resultados indiciam que: (i) o pronome quem aponta para um referente caraterizado pelos traços semânticos [+ANIMADO], [+HUMANO], [+-DEFINIDO] e [+/-GENÉRICO]; (ii) não há restrição quanto aos tipos semânticos de verbo que podem predicar a relativa livre e a oração em que ela se encaixa; (iii) o quem pode exercer uma variedade de papéis semânticos; (iv) questões de natureza sociointeracional, a exemplo de subjetividade, intersubjetividade e inferência pragmática, motivam o uso da relativa livre nos dados analisados.
A metáfora conceptual como fator relevante para mudanças construcionais: um olhar sobre as microconstruções alto lá e toma lá dá cá
Authors: Rosa Flávia Saboya da Luz
Published: January 2021

No presente artigo, objetiva-se traçar relações de duas metáforas conceptuais reconhecidas nos estudos cognitivistas, DISCUSSÃO É GUERRA e DISCUSSÃO DEFINE UM CAMINHO, com os processos que resultam em mudanças construcionais das microconstruções alto lá e toma lá dá cá. A pesquisa fundamenta-se na Linguística Cognitivo-Funcional (TOMASELLO, 1998) ou Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso (adaptação de BYBEE, 2010). Este trabalho tem como base, sobretudo, a abordagem construcionalista de Traugott e Trousdale (2013) compatibilizada aos estudos sobre metáfora conceptual de Lakoff e Johnson (2003). Para a investigação pancrônica de alto lá (ROSA, 2019) valemo-nos do Corpus do Português e Corpus Tycho Brahe (século XIII ao XX), Diário do Congresso Nacional (séculos XX e XXI) e publicações contemporâneas da Web. Para o estudo sincrônico de toma lá dá cá (recorte de projeto em estágio inicial) foram coletados textos de 2000 a 2020 com uso da pesquisa avançada do Google. Por meio das análises dos contextos de mudança das microconstruções em foco, verifica-se o surgimento de novos conteúdos semânticos associados a conceptualizações socioculturalmente compartilhadas. Conclui-se, portanto, que a metáfora conceptual pode ser parte importante, junto a outros fatores tais como os históricos e os estruturais, nos processos de mudança e estabelecimento de construções linguísticas.
Reducing restrictive practice: a pertinent issue for children's services
Authors: Bynoe Sheena , Collin Jacqueline , Clark Louise L
Published: January 2021

The reduction of restrictive practice has gained momentum in mental health services and it is now becoming evident in mainstream adult services. There remains confusion as to the definition of ‘restrictive practices’ across all sectors of health care, including the difference between ‘restrictive practices’ (such as attitudes of control, limit setting and unnecessary ward rules) and ‘restrictive interventions’ (including physical, chemical or mechanical restraint). This article highlights the relevance of restrictive practice to children's nursing and argues that the principles apply across all health provision. Acts of restrictive practice may result in challenging behaviour, or even restrictive interventions, strategies to minimise both restrictive practice and subsequent acts of challenging behaviour are explored. Behavioural support plans adopting a bio-psycho-pharmaco-social approach have been shown to be effective in both mental health and adult nursing and are recommended for use in children's nursing.
Positive obligations to protect against deprivation of liberty in the community
Authors: Griffith Richard
Published: January 2021

Richard Griffith, Senior Lecturer in Health Law at Swansea University, discusses the positive obligation to protect vulnerable people from unauthorised deprivations of liberty in various community settings
The Prevalence of Mobile Phone Use in The School Going Children in North Al Batinah Region of Oman: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Siddiqi Najam , Kamal Muhammad Humza , Moin Faisal , Rafei Mohammad Amir , Al-Shehi Fatma , Al-Maqbali Rana , Al-Battashy Aisha Salim , Al-Mujaini Arwa Abdullah , Al-Belushi Fatima Hassan , Gondal Samira Mohammad , Al-Maqbali Reem , Al-Sulitni Mira Abdullah , Mohammad Mariam Begum , Poli Bibi Amina , Al-Saadi Aliya Juma , Al-Mubaishi Alba Musabah , Al-Rawahi Anood Salim , Aamer Basant Samy
Published: January 2021

The use of mobile phones has become increasingly common among general population, but how much has it increased among the young school going population remains to be seen.Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of mobile phone use, during and after school hours, and its ownership in the primary and secondary section students in Oman.We surveyed 414 students in Cycle 1 and 1438 students in Cycle 2 in the city of Sohar, North Al Batinah region of Oman. Students completed a paper-based questionnaire about mobile phone use, the apps they use and whether their parents keep a check on their cell phone use. 86% of primary section students reported using a mobile phone whereas 91% of students in secondary section reported use of mobile phone. Most popular mobile use among the primary section students were playing games on mobile phones whereas, secondary section students mostly used their phones to access internet. 86.7% of primary section students said that their parents were aware of how they used their mobile phones compared to 83.4% students in secondary section. Smart phone ownership and its use in school going students in Oman have increased from the past and is now almost the same in the students of primary and secondary sections. Students now start using mobile at a much younger age;however, the parents are well aware of the contents on their children’s mobile devices and sometimes even take away their mobile phone as punishment.
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in Children with Multiple Neurological Disorder
Authors: D. Malarvizhi , G.V Gayathri , P.N Mohammed Aamir
Published: January 2021

A neurological disorder is a, structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain or spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Neurological disorders include mental retardation, cerebralpalsy, autism and down’ syndrome. Children with neurological disorders have a high incidence of respiratory problems. Many children with cerebral palsy have scoliosis, an irregular curvature of spine that can interfere with lungs ability to expand. Genetic condition including cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy can be associated with congenital airway abnormalities. The aim of the study is to find out peak expiratory flow rate in children with multiple neurological disorder. Study design non-experimental,15 subjects with age group of 7-17years was selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.(subjects:3-cerebral palsy,3-down syndrome,2-autism,7-mental retardation) were selected Maithree special school, East Tambaram. An informed consent was obtained from the parents and children with detailed explanation of the procedure. First the participant was asked to breath in and breath out normally and then breath in deeply as much as possible followed by quick expiration to the maximum into the device. Three trials have been done and best of the three is adopted as PEFR. The value on the meter was monitored and recorded. The training was stopped whenever the subject feels dizziness. The data on height, age, sex, weight, were registered. The peak expiratory flow rate of normal children ranges from 182-565 l/min.The mean value of PEFR in children with multiple neurological disorder was found to be cerebral palsy-121 l/ min, Down’s syndrome-130 l/min, autism-77.5 l/min, mentally retarded-145 l/min. For the data, complete action of PEFR measurement were performed in children with multiple neurological disorder. The PEFR values clearly depicts that the children with multiple neurological disorder have decreased PEFR. Our findings confirm that the peak expiratory flow meter is a well functioning instrument for measuring PEFR in children, giving reliable results, and an inexpensive tool. The study conclude that there was a decreased PEFR in children with cerebral palsy, down’s syndrome, autism and mentally retarded. The study was made simple and this can be done by giving interventions like respiratory muscle training.
Broadband terahertz generation from an epsilon-near-zero thin film
Authors: Jia Wenhe , Liu Meng , Lu Yongchang , Feng Xi , Wang Qingwei , Zhang Xueqian , Ni Yibo , Hu Futai , Gong Mali , Xu Xinlong , Huang Yuanyuan , Zhang Weili , Yang Yuanmu , Han Jiaguang
Published: January 2021

We experimentally demonstrate broadband THz emission, both in transmission and reflection configurations, from a commercially available indium tin oxide thin film, leveraging its unique epsilon-near-zero effect.
Spin Orbit Interaction Constraints in Scalar Perturbation Theories
Authors: Bhandari Ramesh
Published: January 2021

We report spin-orbit-interaction-induced validity constraints for scalar perturbation theories, recently developed to investigate the impact of slight fiber ellipticity and fiber bends on orbital-angular-momentum mode propagation in a fiber.
Enhancement of unidirectional transmission by chiral photon-emitter coupling in gap-plasmon-emitter systems
Authors: Shan Lingxiao , Zhang Fan , Ren Juanjuan , Zhang Qi , Gong Qihuang , Gu Ying
Published: January 2021

Large Purcell enhancement with effective nanoscale directional transmission is proposed in gap-plasmon-emitter systems. The transmission direction is controlled underfields with different helicities. It offers ways to non-reciprocal on-chip sources.
Integrated Photodetection Leveraging Plasmonic Radiation Pressure
Authors: Strait Jared H. , Haffner Christian , Song Junyeob , Holland Glenn , Zhou Wei , Agrawal Amit , Lezec Henri J.
Published: January 2021

We present novel integrated photodetectors based on the radiation pressure of a plasmonic mode. Light absorbed in a plasmonic or hybrid plasmonic/optical waveguide builds a voltage along the length of the waveguide via the photon-drag effect. We implement this device concept for the first time and investigate its potential for fast, broadband, and inexpensive optical detection in an integrated platform.
Optothermal Generation and Manipulation of Plasmons
Authors: Dias Eduardo J. C. , Yu Renwen , de Abajo F. Javier García
Published: January 2021

Nanoscale photothermal effects enable important applications in cancer therapy, imaging and catalysis. These effects also induce substantial changes in the optical response experienced by the probing light, thus suggesting their application in all-optical modulation. Here, we demonstrate the ability of graphene, thin metal films, and graphene/metal hybrid systems to undergo photothermal optical modulation with depths as large as >70% over a wide spectral range extending from the visible to the terahertz frequency domains.
Compact and Low-loss Silicon Photonic Hybrid Mode and Wavelength (De)Multiplexer
Authors: Binaie Ali , Jang Jun Hyek , Meng Xiang , Osgood Richard M. , Krishnaswamy Harish
Published: January 2021

A novel silicon photonic circuit for simultaneous Mode and Wavelength Division (De)Multiplexing is demonstrated via advanced simulation. This compact Si circuit uses optical phase shifters based on asymmetric waveguides.
19-Ring-Core Chalcogenide Fiber Supporting >2000 Radially Fundamental OAM Modes Across C and L Bands
Authors: Wang Yingning , Bao Changjing , Fang Yuxi , Geng Wenpu , Wang Zhi , Liu Yan-ge , Huang Hao , Ren Yongxiong , Pan Zhongqi , Yue Yang
Published: January 2021

A 19-ring-core As2S3 fiber is designed and optimized for supporting 2128 OAM modes with radially single mode condition across C and L bands. Furthermore, it features <-38 dB low level crosstalk after 100-km fiber propagation.
Tunable Spectral Singularities with Asymmetric Directional Response in PT-symmetric 2D Nanoantenna Array
Authors: Tapar Jinal , Kishen Saurabh , Emani Naresh Kumar
Published: January 2021

We investigate GaInP PT-symmetric 2D nanoantenna array and show that the proposed metasurface supports spectral singularities with highly asymmetric scattering response. Broader design parameter space allows to control wavelength, and scattering direction.
Ultrasensitive and Stable Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering by Plasmonic Hybrid Nanostructures with Two-dimensional Materials
Authors: Kim Na-Yeong , Leem Young-Chul , Hong Sang-Hyun , Park Jin-Ho , Yim Sang-Youp
Published: January 2021

We fabricated plasmonic hybrid nanostructures composed of metal nanostructures and two-dimensional materials for ultrasensitive and stable surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The hybrid platform showed long-term oxidative stability for over 80 days, and ultrahigh sensitivity.
Transverse Phase Measurements of Structured Multifilaments
Authors: Larkin I. , Goffin A. , Milchberg H. M.
Published: January 2021

Using a helium cell to terminate filaments mid-flight we investigate the phase evolution of structured multi-filaments such as those used in creating air waveguides.
Optical Fiber Evolution Over the Past 5 Decades
Authors: Li Ming-Jun
Published: January 2021

Corning’s first low loss optical fiber below 20 dB/km has revolutionized the telecommunications industry. This paper reviews optical fiber evolution over past five decades and presents new development trends in optical fibers.
Quantum optics of superradiant QDs in a photonic crystal waveguide
Authors: Grim Joel Q. , Carter Samuel G. , Bracker Allan S. , Yakes Michael K. , Tran Kha X. , Kim Mijin , Kim Chul Soo , Gammon Dan
Published: January 2021

We leverage local strain tuning and coherent excitation and transmission to control the quantum optics of a dot-waveguide system, demonstrating building blocks for a scalable integrated quantum-optics network.
Towards a Quantum Memory: Effects of Hyperfine Structure on Atomic Frequency Combs in Pr:YSO
Authors: Sharma Aditya N. , Ritter Martin , Singh Robinjeet , Goldschmidt Elizabeth A. , Migdall Alan L.
Published: January 2021

We experimentally prepare 120 MHz-bandwidth atomic frequency combs. High-quality comb formation – and thus high-efficiency retrieval of stored pulses – only occurs for certain tooth spacings, due to the hyperfine energy-level spacings.
Precision Glass molding for diffractive optics
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Zhou Wenchen , Spires Oliver , Kim Young Sik , Yi Allen , Liang Rongguang , Milster Tom D.
Published: January 2021

We proposed a comprehensive technical scheme addressing the fabrication limitation of diamond turning, coating stability and adhesion problem during molding process,to realize high performance of diffractive optics.
All-Dielectric Interference Coating for Sensing Applications
Authors: Niu Dikai , Zerrad Myriam , Lereu Aude , Aubry Vincent , Passian Ali , Zapien Juan Antonio , Amra Claude
Published: January 2021

A new refractive index sensor based on all-dielectric interference coating is presented. The sensor performance is experimentally demonstrated. It has been verified and quantified by experiment. It has potential be widely used in sensing application.
Qubit4Sync: a qubit-based synchronization system for quantum key distribution
Authors: Calderaro Luca , Stanco Andrea , Agnesi Costantino , Avesani Marco , Dequal Daniele , Villoresi Paolo , Vallone Giuseppe
Published: January 2021

Qubit4Sync is a synchronization method for quantum key distribution which uses the same qubits exchanged during the protocol; in the same spirit of classical communication protocols reling on clock recovery methods that uses the data stream itself.
Quantum random number generation with efficient processing of single photon detections
Authors: Stanco Andrea , Marangon Davide G. , Vallone Giuseppe , Burri Samuel , Charbon Edoardo , Villoresi Paolo
Published: January 2021

We present a technique to produce random numbers by processing the temporal degree of freedom of single photon. It allows to fully extract the entropy from a given system maximizing the final generation rate.
Directional asymmetry of quantum channels
Authors: Riccardi Gabriele , Antonelli Cristian , Jones Daniel E. , Brodsky Michael
Published: January 2021

We study the influence of propagation direction on the transmission of polarization entanglement in a channel affected by modal loss and decoherence. We demonstrate symmetric entanglement reduction and asymmetric nonlocal compensation.
Heralded Noiseless Attenuation for Quantum Optical Communication
Authors: Nunn Cory M. , Franson James D. , Pittman Todd B.
Published: January 2021

Motivated by potential applications in quantum communications, we review the process of noiseless attenuation, theoretically achievable with linear optics and post-selection, and describe experimental progress toward demonstrating this phenomenon in two physical systems.
Frequency-doubling characteristics of non-collinear Poincaré beams
Authors: Subith K. , Saripalli Ravi K. , Ghosh Anirban , Samanta G. K.
Published: January 2021

We report on the theoretical and experimental results on single-pass, second harmonic generation (SHG) of ultrafast, non-collinear Poincaré into blue. The lemon and star topologies of the SHG are twice that of the pump beam.
Cascade Four-wave Mixing in Picosecond Pumped Supercontinuum Triggered by a Tunable CW
Authors: Zhou Renlai , Li Qian , Fu H. Y.
Published: January 2021

We experimentally investigated the relationship between the cascaded four-wave mixing and CW-trigger wavelength in picosecond pumped SC generation. Numerical simulation is conducted to clarify the spectral evolution which is good agreement with the experimental result.
Identifying Optimal Photonic Crystal Sensor Designs with Machine Learning
Authors: Zhu Eric Y. , Qian Li , Levi Ofer
Published: January 2021

We train a neural network to predict the optical properties (center wavelength λ0, linewidth, sensitivity S) of photonic crystal slab structures. We are able to faithfully model the results to within 1% for λ0 and S.
Realization of a high-Q resonance by quasi-bound states in the continuum in a silicon metasurface with defects
Authors: Wang Baiming , Chen Yujie , Yu Siyuan
Published: January 2021

A metasurface supporting quasi-bound states in the continuum under normal excitation condition is designed by breaking symmetry of structures. The high-Q resonance in the proposed device may find applications in optical filters and novel lasers.
Dedicated processor for holography assisted by deep neural networks
Authors: Shimobaba Tomoyoshi , Yamamoto Yota , Nishitsuji Takashi , Hoshi Ikuo , Shiomi Harutaka , Kakue Takashi , Ito Tomoyoshi
Published: January 2021

We developed dedicated processors for holography named ‘HORN,” which accelerate hologram calculation by parallelizing many calculation units. If we reduce the calculation accuracy of the units, the circuit size of the units decreases, which in turn leads to an increase in the number of the units; however, owing to this the image quality degrades. In this study, we propose a dedicated processor with low accuracy units assisted by a deep neural network (DNN). After performing the hologram calculation in the processor, we restore a high accuracy hologram from the low accuracy one using the DNN.
Optimization of Λ-type Quantum Memories using Gaussian Control Fields
Authors: Shinbrough Kai , Hunt Benjamin , Lorenz Virginia O.
Published: January 2021

We optimize Λ-type ensemble quantum memories under the restriction of Gaussian optical fields, with particular focus on the Autler-Townes-splitting regime. We find significant enhancement of efficiency and provide an interpretation of the underlying physics.
Imaging with Squeezed Vacuum
Authors: Cuozzo Savannah , Prajapati Nikunjkumar , Cohen Lior , Siddiqui Elisha , Dowling Jonathan , Novikova Irina , Mikhailov Eugeniy
Published: January 2021

We image objects in the path of squeezed vacuum, by analyzing spatial-quantum noise statistics. Visibility and resolution of the image are linked to the squeezing mode size and the area of analyzed spatial correlations.
Diffractal Spatial Multiplexing for Free-space Communication with Roving Transceivers
Authors: Weng Xiaojing , Muminov Baurzhan , Vuong Luat T.
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate diffractal spatial multiplexing for wireless communication for moving transceivers. The approach leverages free-space diffraction with optical demodulation schemes. Exponentially-enhanced data rates are achieved without tracking.
Tomographic Reconstruction of a Sample in Diffuse Media via the Radon Transform
Authors: Holdsworth John L. , Groth Zachary T. , Velich Jordan V. , Walters Nigel P. , Sharafutdinova Galiya , Lamichhane Bishnu P.
Published: January 2021

The tomographic reconstruction of an object embedded within gelatin has been undertaken applying the Radon transform to visible light scattering recorded by a fast optical scanner, allowing a successful reconstruction of the object.
Light manipulation in a monolithic silicon photonics platform leveraging 3D coupling and decoupling
Authors: Bian Yusheng , Jacob Ajey , Thomas Abu , Peng Bo , Rakowski Michal , Lee Won Suk , Augur Rod
Published: January 2021

We leverage phase-matching between front-end-of-line (FEOL)/middle-of-line (MOL) and back-end-of-line (BEOL) stacks for flexible light control in a monolithic Si photonics platform. The efficient vertical coupling/decoupling enables novel devices with unique functions.
An Integrated Photonic Platform for Rare-Earth Ions in Thin Film Lithium Niobate
Authors: Dutta Subhojit , Goldschmidt Elizabeth A. , Barik Sabyasachi , Saha Uday , Waks Edo
Published: January 2021

We present an integrated photonic platform for rare earth ions in thin film lithium niobate. The ions in the thin film presernve bulk-like optical properties. This paves the pathway for exciting integrated optoelectronic devices in both the classical and quantum regimes.
Spectroscopic study of structural alterations in gut tissues at the nanoscale level due to total body irradiation (TBI)
Authors: Adhikari Prakash , Shukla Pradeep K. , Alharthi Fatemah , Rao Radhakrishna , Pradhan Prabhakar
Published: January 2021

We developed finer focusing partial wave spectroscopy (PWS) that can probe precise scattering volume in tissues and has a wide range of applications. This state-of-the-art report PWS application to distinguish TBI effects on gut tissue.
OAM Sorting of Light at Low Light Levels Using an Interferometric Method
Authors: Ariyawansa Ashan , Figueroa Edward J. , Brown Thomas
Published: January 2021

The orbital angular momentum (OAM) provides a unique way of adding a degree of freedom to the information content of a photon. We show a method to sort the OAM content of a collimated laser beam at very low light levels by using spatial interference between the OAM beam and a strong local oscillator field. The resulting interferogram is analyzed in the Fourier domain. By further numerically filtering, the OAM content of the beam can be distinguished with a one-count standard deviation consistent with the quantum noise floor.
Design of Photonic Crystal Fiber for Thermal Sensing Applications using Thermo-Optical Liquids
Authors: Qiao Dun , Guang Zhe , Zhang Yani , Xue Lu
Published: January 2021

A temperature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber was designed with infiltrated thermo-optical liquids. Propagation properties with respect to temperature were simulated by the full vectorial-finite element method (FV-FEM).
Modal Properties of a Beam Carrying OAM Generated by a Circular Array of Multiple Ring-Resonator Emitters
Authors: Zhou Huibin , Song Hao , Zhao Zhe , Zhang Runzhou , Song Haoqian , Pang Kai , Liu Cong , Su Xinzhou , Hu Nanzhe , Bock Robert , Lynn Brittany , Tur Moshe , Willner Alan E.
Published: January 2021

We simulate and investigate the modal properties of an optical beam generated by a circular array of multiple ring-resonator emitters. The OAM spectrum of the beam for different array sizes, emitter numbers, and phase delays are studied.
Thermodynamic modeling of genome-wide nucleosome depleted regions in yeast
Authors: Kharerin Hungyo , Bai Lu
Published: January 2021

Nucleosome positioning in the genome is essential for the regulation of many nuclear processes. We currently have limited capability to predict nucleosome positioning in vivo, especially the locations and sizes of nucleosome depleted regions (NDRs). Here, we present a thermodynamic model that incorporates the intrinsic affinity of histones, competitive binding of sequence-specific factors, and nucleosome remodeling to predict nucleosome positioning in budding yeast. The model shows that the intrinsic affinity of histones, at near-saturating histone concentration, is not sufficient in generating NDRs in the genome. However, the binding of a few factors, especially RSC towards GC-rich and poly(A/T) sequences, allows us to predict ~ 66% of genome-wide NDRs. The model also shows that nucleosome remodeling activity is required to predict the correct NDR sizes. The validity of the model was further supported by the agreement between the predicted and the measured nucleosome positioning upon factor deletion or on exogenous sequences introduced into yeast. Overall, our model quantitatively evaluated the impact of different genetic components on NDR formation and illustrated the vital roles of sequence-specific factors and nucleosome remodeling in this process.
Seasonal and inter-annual drivers of yellow fever transmission in South America
Authors: Hamlet Arran , Gaythorpe Katy A. M. , Garske Tini , Ferguson Neil M.
Published: January 2021

In the last 20 years yellow fever (YF) has seen dramatic changes to its incidence and geographic extent, with the largest outbreaks in South America since 1940 occurring in the previously unaffected South-East Atlantic coast of Brazil in 2016–2019. While habitat fragmentation and land-cover have previously been implicated in zoonotic disease, their role in YF has not yet been examined. We examined the extent to which vegetation, land-cover, climate and host population predicted the numbers of months a location reported YF per year and by each month over the time-period. Two sets of models were assessed, one looking at interannual differences over the study period (2003–2016), and a seasonal model looking at intra-annual differences by month, averaging over the years of the study period. Each was fit using hierarchical negative-binomial regression in an exhaustive model fitting process. Within each set, the best performing models, as measured by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), were combined to create ensemble models to describe interannual and seasonal variation in YF. The models reproduced the spatiotemporal heterogeneities in YF transmission with coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.43 (95% CI 0.41–0.45) for the interannual model and 0.66 (95% CI 0.64–0.67) for the seasonal model. For the interannual model, EVI, land-cover and vegetation heterogeneity were the primary contributors to the variance explained by the model, and for the seasonal model, EVI, day temperature and rainfall amplitude. Our models explain much of the spatiotemporal variation in YF in South America, both seasonally and across the period 2003–2016. Vegetation type (EVI), heterogeneity in vegetation (perhaps a proxy for habitat fragmentation) and land cover explain much of the trends in YF transmission seen. These findings may help understand the recent expansions of the YF endemic zone, as well as to the highly seasonal nature of YF.
The spatiality and driving forces of population ageing in China
Authors: Wu Lianxia , Huang Zuyu , Pan Zehan
Published: January 2021

Studying the spatial characteristics of China’s ageing and its influencing factors is of great practical significance because China has the largest elderly population in the world. Using 2000 and 2010 census data, this study explores the degree, pace, and pattern of population ageing and its driving mechanism using exploratory spatial data analysis and the geographically weighed regression model. Between 2000 and 2010, population ageing increased rapidly countrywide; yet, spatial differences between eastern and western China narrowed. The degree of provincial population ageing and its spatiality were determined by natural population growth, migration, and local economic development. Life expectancy and mortality were the primary long-term factors, and GDP per capita was the prime contributor in the early days of economic development; the migration rate was the dominant influence after 2010. China’s overall spatial differentiation of population ageing shifted from a north–south to an east–west division.
Call on me! Undergraduates’ perceptions of voluntarily asking and answering questions in front of large-enrollment science classes
Authors: Nadile Erika M. , Alfonso Emilie , Barreiros Briana Michelle , Bevan-Thomas William D. , Brownell Sara E. , Chin Megan R. , Ferreira Isabella , Ford Sariah A. , Gin Logan E. , Gomez-Rosado Jomaries O. , Gooding George , Heiden Alyssa , Hutt Airyn E. , King Meagan L. , Perez Shannon G. , Rivera Camacho Yasiel I. , Salcedo Flor , Sellas Christopher F. , Sinda Krystian A. , Stahlhut Katherine N. , Stephens Michelle D. , Wiesenthal Nicholas J. , Williams Keonti D. , Zheng Yi , Cooper Katelyn M.
Published: January 2021

Allowing students to voluntarily ask and answer questions in front of the whole class are common teaching practices used in college science courses. However, few studies have examined college science students’ perceptions of these practices, the extent to which students choose to engage in these practices, and what discourages students from participating. In this study, we surveyed 417 undergraduates at a research-intensive institution about their experiences asking and answering questions in large-enrollment college science courses. Specifically, students answered questions about to what extent they perceive voluntarily asking and answering questions in large-enrollment science courses is helpful to them and why. They also answered questions about to what extent they engage in asking and answering questions in large-enrollment college science courses and what factors could discourage them from participating. Using binary logistic regression, we examined whether there were differences among students of different demographic groups regarding their opinions about asking and answering questions. We found that overwhelmingly students reported that other students voluntarily asking and answering instructor questions is helpful to them. Notably, compared to continuing generation students, first-generation students were more likely to perceive other students asking questions to be helpful. Despite perceiving asking and answering questions to be helpful, over half of students reported that they never ask or answer questions in large-enrollment college science courses during a semester, and women were more likely than men to report never asking questions. We identified fear of negative evaluation, or students’ sense of dread associated with being unfavorably evaluated, as a primary factor influencing their decision to answer instructor questions. This work adds to a growing body of literature on student participation in large-enrollment college science courses and begins to uncover underlying factors influencing student participation.
CYP450 core involvement in multiple resistance strains of Aedes aegypti from French Guiana highlighted by proteomics, molecular and biochemical studies
Authors: Epelboin Yanouk , Wang Lanjiao , Giai Gianetto Quentin , Choumet Valérie , Gaborit Pascal , Issaly Jean , Guidez Amandine , Douché Thibaut , Chaze Thibault , Matondo Mariette , Dusfour Isabelle
Published: January 2021

Insecticide resistance is a worldwide threat for vector control around the world, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of several arboviruses, is a particular concern. To better understand the mechanisms of resistance, four isofemale strains originally from French Guiana were isolated and analysed using combined approaches. The activity of detoxification enzymes involved in insecticide resistance was assayed, and mutations located at positions 1016 and 1534 of the sodium voltage-gated channel gene, which have been associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti populations in Latin America, were monitored. Resistance to other insecticide families (organophosphates and carbamates) was evaluated. A large-scale proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins involved in insecticide resistance. Our results revealed a metabolic resistance and resistance associated with a mutation of the sodium voltage-gated channel gene at position 1016. Metabolic resistance was mediated through an increase of esterase activity in most strains but also through the shifts in the abundance of several cytochrome P450 (CYP450s). Overall, resistance to deltamethrin was linked in the isofemale strains to resistance to other class of insecticides, suggesting that cross- and multiple resistance occur through selection of mechanisms of metabolic resistance. These results give some insights into resistance to deltamethrin and into multiple resistance phenomena in populations of Ae. aegypti.