bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Left abomasal displacement
Authors: Wallace Charles E.
Published: March 2023

All 315 cases were in females. Amongst breeds the highest incidence of left abomasal displacement was in Holstein (82.9%) followed by Jersey (9.8%) cows. Nearly 56% of all cases were 4-6 years old (mean 5 years). Over 69% cases occurred between January and June. 97.5% cows were lactating and 91% were less than 6 weeks post-partum. The history was associated with other diseases including milk fever (12.4%), ketosis (42%), metritis (41%) and retained placenta (30%). Concurrent disease conditions included metritis (43.5%) and mastitis (19%). Right flank laparotomy revealed liver adhesions in 8% and peritonitis in 7.4% of cases. Of 312 surgically treated cows, 33 died; 10 had recurrence. Post-operative treatment often included systemic administration of sugar solutions and antibiotics. The most common post-operative complication was mastitis (7%). Casual factors are discussed.
Pre-service anestrous syndrome in New Zealand dairy cattle
Authors: Fielden E. D. , Macmillan K. L. , Moller K.
Published: March 2023

The causes and treatment of pre-service anoestrus are discussed. For 1028 cows showing pre-service anoestrus at 2 yr of age, 438 cows examined at 3 yr of age, and 808 cows examined at more than or equal to 4 yr of age resp., 85, 74 and 47% had inactive ovaries.Data on the relationship between body weight and 28-day submission rate (percentage of cows mated or inseminated during the first 4 wk of a mating programme) are tabulated, and the suggested target weights for yearlings at the start of breeding, for 2-yr-olds just before calving, and for mature females just before calving were 190, 300 and 375 kg resp. for Jersey females and 200, 350 and 400 kg for Holstein-Friesian X Jersey females .In a group of females with inactive ovaries, 85% showed signs of oestrus 3-5 days after an injection of 1500 IU PMSG. At day 12, these animals were examined, and found to have hyperstimulated ovaries. After treatment with 0.5 mg Estrumate, followed by inseminations carried out 72 and 96 h after injection, 3 out of 60 females were seen in oestrus, and only 1 female conceived.When females with inactive ovaries were treated with an injection of 40 mg progesterone followed 48 h later by an injection of 2 mg oestradiol benzoate, most animals showed signs of oestrus 24-72 h later, but only 3 out of 36 females inseminated at this heat conceived.
Prognostic significance of diarrhea in cows with left displacement of the abomasum
Authors: Wallace Charles E.
Published: March 2023

The recovery rate from surgical and medical therapy for left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) was much lower in 74 cows presented with diarrhoea. Severe concurrent disease was often present, but the incidence of metritis, mastitis and peritonitis was not significantly different from the entire group of 315 cows with LDA. There were more cases of peritonitis in cows with LDA showing diarrhoea than in cows with LDA not showing diarrhoea. The death rate was almost twice as great in cows with diarrhoea as in the entire group, and nearly 21/2 times greater than for cows not showing diarrhoea.
Hemoptysis in cattle
Authors: Breeze Roger G. , Pirie Hugh M. , Selman Ian E. , Wiseman Alasdair
Published: March 2023

The clinical signs, pathogenesis and diagnosis of haemoptysis in cattle are discussed and reviewed. Three clinical cases are described.
Chronic Bronchopneumonia in Cattle
Authors: Vestweber G. E. , Guffy M. , Kelly B. , Leipold H. W.
Published: March 2023

Twenty-five calves had the following clinical signs of chronic bronchopneumonia: depression, gaunt appearance, subnormal appetite, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, increased respiratory and heart rate, inspiratory or expiratory dyspnoea, infrequent cough, and an average rectal temperature of 103.5 deg F. On auscultation normal vesicular or harsh vesicular sounds were heard most commonly in the dorsal tripartition, moist or dry rales in the middle tripartition, and dry rales in the ventral tripartition. Changes associated with chronic bronchopneumonia decreased arterial blood pH, PO2, HCO3, total CO2, and base excess. These values (except oxygen tension) were also low in venous blood. Contrast bronchograms revealed extensive consolidation and atelectasis of the apical lobes and cardiac and diaphragmatic lobes ventral to the trachea. Angiograms revealed decreased blood supply to areas of the lung affected with chronic bronchopneumonia. Gross pathological changes were atelectasis and consolidation of the anterior ventral aspect of the lungs  and emphysema dorsally. Histological changes consisted of atelectasis, emphysema, fibrous thickening of alveolar septa, abscess formation, peribronchial lymphocytic hyperplasia, and obstructive bronchiolitis.
Causes of abortion in dairy cattle
Authors: Rowe Robert F. , Smithies Lois K.
Published: March 2023

From July 1976 to June 1977 paired serum samples and/or fetal and placental tissue samples were received from practitioners in Wisconsin. Among 1288 paired serum samples, 13.9% allowed a diagnosis of IBR/IPV virus and 7.5% bovine diarrhoea virus, while 78.6% did not permit a diagnosis. Of 475 tissue samples, with or without paired serum samples, 13.5% gave a diagnosis of IBR/IPV virus, 5.7% bovine diarrhoea virus, 3.8% Corynebacterium pyogenes, and 2.9% leptospirosis. No diagnosis was made in 64.4%.
Metabolic profile of grazing dairy cattle
Authors: Merrall M.
Published: March 2023

The metabolic profile as it stands at the moment is not a valid tool for the diagnosis of nutritional balance on its own. It is useful, however, as part of a wider investigation of dairy cattle nutrition.  It is useful for research in the possible selection of genetically superior animals and for investigations on different types of management systems.  it is valuable as an aid in the diagnosis of clinical problems which have not been solved by conventional methods.
Role of DHI records in herd health programs
Authors: Stout Jack D.
Published: March 2023

Herd owners that insist on having herd health programs without including DHI reocrds as the criteria for measureing results are penalizing the veterinarian and themselves.  Herd health programs should be profitable to both dairymen and veterinarian. Many studies list veterinary and drug costs at $15 to $20 per cow per year.  A 100-cow herd on this basis would be a good addition to any verinarian's practice.  Likewise, if the dairyman reaps his proportionate increased returns, he should welcome the expenditure.  However, neither individual should plan programs without a means of measureing the results.  DHI records will furnish the answers you need for both parties.
Effect of intranasal IBR-PI3 vaccination of feeder cattle on arrival at a feedlot compared with vaccination at the start of an outbreak of acute respiratory tract disease
Authors: Mansfield M. E. , Crandell R. A. , Woods G. T.
Published: March 2023

A group of 6-9month old Hereford heifers were vaccinated intranasally with modified live IBR-PI3 vaccine on arrival at a feedlot. Of these, 35% subsequently required treatment for acute respiratory disease, with clinical symptoms including depression, anorexia, increased respiration rate, lacrimation, excess nasal discharge and rectal temperature of 104 deg F. Of the unvaccinated controls, 55% needed treatment, and of contact controls, 57% developed clinical symptoms. In another group of animals, vaccination was not given until respiratory disease occurred. Of these, 68% of the vaccinated animals and 50% of the unvaccinated controls required treatment for acute respiratory tract disease. From the results it is concluded that giving IBR vaccine before possible exposure to the virus is preferable to giving it when infection has already occurred, as vaccination of a sick animal is an additional stress.
Malignant catarrhal fever in two California dairy herds
Authors: Weaver L. D.
Published: March 2023

Two epizootics of malignant catarrhal fever in 1976 in Southern California were characterized by the peracute and acute form of the disease. In one herd of 1000 cows, 166 (17%) were affected. Clinical signs in acute cases were fever, diarrhoea, weakness, ocular and nasal discharge, erosions of the muzzle and buccal papillae, and rapid progression of symptoms until death. Diagnosis was confirmed by history, clinical signs, gross and microscopic pathology and transmission studies.
Oxytetracycline toxicity associated with bovine respiratory disease therapy
Authors: Griffin D. D. , Amstutz H. E. , Morter R. L. , Hendrix K. S. , Crandall R. A.
Published: March 2023

Three hundred and forty-two heifer calves were assigned to three treatments; (1) 30 calves exposed to IBR/IPV virus (2) vaccinated against IBR/IPV virus and bovine diarrhoea virus and (3) non vaccinated controls. Treatment groups were housed in separate facilities to prevent spread of disease between groups. Incidence of bovine respiratory disease was 49.1% in exposed calves, 20.2% in vaccinated calves and 14% in controls. Respiratory disease was treated by either high dose (33 mg/kg) or low dose (11 mg/kg) of oxytetracycline (OTC), unresponsive animals were treated with sulfonamides. Of 51 calves treated with low doses of OTC, 25 responded and needed no further treatment, and 4 failed to respond and died. There was no difference in response between treatment groups. Of 45 treated with high doses of OTC 20 failed to respond and died. There was no significant difference in response to treatment with high or low dose OTC between calves fed rations of different calorific value. PM examinations showed lung lesions which ranged in severity from mild bronchopneumonia to severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia. Most pasteurella strains isolated were resistant to tetracyclines and sulfonamides. Diffuse renal tubular epithelial necrosis and tubular casts were seen in 19 of 20 calves that died after high dose OTC.
Prevention of laminitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Weaver A. D.
Published: March 2023

Laminitis is a diffuse aseptic inflammation in the corium of the hoof. Severe acute laminitis presents a characteristic clinical picture, while milder forms may pass unnoticed in the peripartum period, uneasiness being attributed solely to local discomfort from the increased udder size and events directly associated with parturition. Acute laminitis may be a transient state, but is invariably followed by chronic laminitis of variable degree. A serious problem in itself, chronic laminitis is an important contributory factor to several other types of digital lameness including solar ulceration (pododermatitis circumscripta), white line abscessation and separation, and solear bruising and penetration. These secondary effects result from the change to a relatively flat wide bearing surface with poor strength at the important sole-wall junction area, the white line, and to poor quality horn.
Investigations on spontaneous and glucocorticoid induced glucosuria in the bovine animal
Authors: Schillinger D. , Klee W.
Published: March 2023

The pathologic excretion of glucose in urine is encountered in a number of diseases in which either the glucose concentration in primary urine, due to an elevated blood glucose level, exceeds the reabsorption capacity of the kidney (e.g. diabetes mellitus and in other conditions where the so-called anit-insular hormones predominate), or the renal threshold is pathologically lowered (e.g. mercury and chromate intoxication) - so-called renal glucosuria. Some of these cases have already been described in the ruminant. Central nervous disorders (e.g. rabies) can also lead to glucosuria - presumably due to stimulation of the cerebral glucose regulatory center. Transient glucosurias were observed following therapeutic glucose infusions, glucocorticoid therapy, and after transport.In 1977, during routine examination of bovine patients upon admission to the II. Medizinische Tierklinik at the University of Munich Veterinary School, it was discovered, using quick-test-sticks, that 9% of the animals had glucosuria. Similar observations were made by MEHLS in the Klinik fur Rinderkrankheiten at the Veterinary College Hannover. In both clinics it was observed that tests for glucosuria had become negative after two days.Since the test sticks were originally intended for monitoring human diabetics, they have a lower limit of detection of around 50 mg/dl (2.78 mmol/1) urine glucose, as higher concentrations are considered pathologic in humans. These observations led the present investigation to ask whether a physiologic glucosuria can be expected in adult bovines, and whether application of trade name glucocorticoids in recommended dosages can lead to significant loss of glucose via the kidneys.
Relationship of age to first molar tooth eruption in bulls of the red coated beef breeds
Authors: Andrews A. H.
Published: March 2023

Observations on the relationship between the eruption of the maxillary first molar (fourth cheek) tooth and age have been made in groups of Hereford x Friesian steers. This work resulted in the definitions of varying stages of tooth eruption for the first molar tooth; the terms rostral and caudal are used in accordance with current anatomical terminology. The first molar tooth consists of four cusps which are grouped in pairs as rostral and caudal units or parts of the tooth. The cusps in each unit are separated by an infundibulum. It will be noted that the rostral part of the tooth was always in advance of the caudal part. The maxillary tooth was examined in preference to the mandibular counterpart because it was easier to observe in the live animal as it was not obscured by the tongue. The previous work had indicated that estimation of age by eruption of the cheek teeth in cattle might be of use. This study involved young bulls of three red-coated beef breeds being reared at a bull performance testing centre.
Bovine salmonellosis
Authors: Williams Bernard M.
Published: March 2023

The clinical signs and post morten lesions in bovine salmonellosis are described and the diagnostic procedures for confirmation of a clinical diagnosis are outlined. Epidemiological features of the disease, particularly in relation to S. dublin and S. typhimurium infection are discussed and treatment and control measures are considered.
Endometritis of dairy cattle
Authors: Miller Harold V. , Kimsey Paul B. , Kendrick John W. , Darien Benjamin , Doering Laura , Franti Charles , Horton John
Published: March 2023

An important cause of infertility in dairy cattle is uterine contamination, infection and inflammation that occur at the time of calving and persist until the time when the cow should be bred. Most cows have some post-partum uterine contamination and, under normal circumstances, the natural resistance of the uterus eliminates the contamination and inflammation and the uterus recovers. However, if infection remains, it is a cause of inflammation and infertility. The standard treatment for uterine infection is infusion of antibiotics into the uterus. This treatment is widely used in California. The purpose of this research was to determine the incidence of this condition and determine the efficacy of the treatment. In addition, observations were made on the identity of the bacterial contaminants of the uterus, their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics and the absorption and excretion of antibiotics, including determination of antibiotic residues in milk following infusion.
Clinical classification of pneumonias in cattle
Authors: Pierson R. E. , Kainer Robert A.
Published: March 2023

More beef cattle develop and subsequently die from respiratory diseases than from all other causes. In cattle under close confinement respiratory diseases cause 75% of the illnesses and 64% of the deaths. Pneumonias constitute 75% of the diagnoses of respiratory diseases.

Epizootics of respiratory disease are recognized by cattle owners who request and expect accurate diagnosis, but veterinarians experience difficulties making definitive diagnoses because of the similarity of signs in sick cattle and the many viral and bacterial pathogens recovered at necropsy.

Since a specific clinical diagnosis may be difficult to make in the field, the purpose of this paper is to simplify diagnoses by recommending a classification of pneumonias based on pathogenesis where major signs in each pneumonia are different and distinguishable.

To clarify this classification, each pneumonia will be discussed in relationship to etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical signs.
Effects of acute iodine toxicity on reproduction in a dairy herd
Authors: Morrow David A. , Edwards Lee
Published: March 2023

The feeding of supplemental 12 170 mg/cow/day iodine, (approximately 1000 times the daily requirement) to 60 high producing Guernsey cows for 30 days resulted in 12 abortions within a 68 day period following the initial date of iodine feeding. The 12 cows which aborted had a mean lactation length of 200 days and 87 day gestation length at the time of initial feeding. The annual abortion rate in the herd increased from 3% to 16% following the excessive iodine intake. The majority of the abortions occurred in cows which were in the first trimester of pregnancy when feeding began. The subsequent fertility was normal. The number of days open and services per conception were increased in the 20 open cows which were being bred during the period when the iodine intake was excessive. The maximum iodine intake recommended for lactating dairy cattle is 12 mg/day.
Plasma levels of a long-acting oxytetracycline in cattle
Authors: Breeze Roger , Gay Clive
Published: March 2023

This study was designed to follow blood levels of a longacting oxytetracycline given to yearling heifers in three treatment regimens.
Management and husbandry aspects of foot lameness in dairy cattle
Authors: Pinsent P. J. N.
Published: March 2023

There have always been cases of foot lameness in dairy cows. Even in prewar years there were lame cows, but the majority of these suffered from foul-in-the-foot (infectious pododermatitis), and from the complications of its neglect, whilst other developed pus-in-the-foot due to picked up nails and other penetrating foreign bodies. The incidence was relatively low, and the position of minor economic importance only.

In the post war years of intensive development in dairy managment, however, and particularly since the introduction of loose winter housing, the picture has changed and foot lameness has assumed alarming proportions, becoming a major economic problem in many dairy herds. It is estimated that 10% of all dairy cows in intensive management become lame each year, and that one half of these, i.e. 5%, are lame as a result of laminitis. A rough estimate suggests that lameness costs the dairy industry some £15,000,000 annually, but the true cost may be considerably higher, for many lame cows are recorded as culled due to the resultant poor milk yield, weight loss, or infertility, rather than to the primary lameness itself.

Until comparatively recently very few farmers or veterinary surgeons were genuinely interested in foot lameness, which, by and large, was regarded as an inescapable fact of life, however, the position is now far too serious to allow for futher complacency, and considerable efforts are being made to come to grips with this alarming problem, and to work out satisfactory preventive measures based on a study of the causative factors.
Congenital defects of current concern and interest in cattle
Authors: Leipold H. W.
Published: March 2023

Cattle breeders need the advice of veterinarians to recognize such defects in their cattle and the effects it may have upon their breeding programs. This paper reviews nature, cause and effect of congenital defects in cattle. Particular emphasis is placed in some new control procedures. In addition, some defects of recent interest and concern are discussed.
Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in an outbreak of neonatal diarrhea in dairy calves
Authors: McGuire S. J. , Castro A. E.
Published: March 2023

An outbreak of diarrhoea affected 13 of 20 calves in a herd of 260 cows and heifers. Faeces from 10 of the 13 calves were positive or doubtful for rotavirus group-specific (gs) antigens by ELISA. Faeces from 4 cows, including the dam of one affected calf, were all negative. Cell cultures of faeces from 3 affected calves were negative for rotavirus by immunofluorescence. Supernatant fluid from a culture of one calf was positive for gs antigens by ELISA. All 13 affected calves recovered after receiving antibiotics and colostrum. One calf, vaccinated against rotavirus at birth, had slight diarrhoea but recovered. ELISA is recommended for rapid diagnosis of rotavirus in calf diarrhoea.
Bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy ('weaver') of Brown Swiss cattle I
Authors: Stuart L. D. , Leipold H. W.
Published: March 2023

An epidemiological survey of this nervous disorder of the Brown Swiss breed in the USA did not implicate any geographical or environmental factors. There was no sex predilection. The number of recorded cases increased from four in 1972-76 to 46 in 1977-81. There were 32 cases in 1982-83. Breeding records from over half the cases indicated a familial pattern involving five sires. Studies on 32 affected purebred Brown Swiss cattle obtained from dairy farms throughout the USA are described. Owners supplied histories and breeding records, and blood typing was carried out to confirm parentage. The criteria used to establish a clinical diagnosis were: onset of bilateral hind leg weakness and ataxia between 5 and 8 months of age; deficient proprioceptive reflexes, normal motor and sensory reflexes, with no other clinically detectable neurological abnormality; and absence of clinically significant skeletal or muscular abnormality. Familial relationship was also taken into account. Laboratory studies included at least one blood count, routine serum chemistry, serum enzyme levels, and analysis of CSF, and selected cattle were screened for toxicological abnormalities. Three sires were incriminated in 48.6% of the cases, and one was incriminated in 31.4%. Laboratory analyses revealed no abnormal haematological parameters. Although increased activities of certain serum enzymes were found, these were not considered specific. CSF samples from two cases showed CPK activity. Toxicological analyses of cholinesterase activity and blood Cu levels were not significant.
Bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy ('weaver') of Brown Swiss cattle II
Authors: Stuart L. D. , Leipold H. W.
Published: March 2023

An epidemiological survey of this nervous disorder of the Brown Swiss breed in the USA did not implicate any geographical or environmental factors. There was no sex predilection. The number of recorded cases increased from four in 1972-76 to 46 in 1977-81. There were 32 cases in 1982-83. Breeding records from over half the cases indicated a familial pattern involving five sires. Studies on 32 affected purebred Brown Swiss cattle obtained from dairy farms throughout the USA are described. Owners supplied histories and breeding records, and blood typing was carried out to confirm parentage. The criteria used to establish a clinical diagnosis were: onset of bilateral hind leg weakness and ataxia between 5 and 8 months of age; deficient proprioceptive reflexes, normal motor and sensory reflexes, with no other clinically detectable neurological abnormality; and absence of clinically significant skeletal or muscular abnormality. Familial relationship was also taken into account. Laboratory studies included at least one blood count, routine serum chemistry, serum enzyme levels, and analysis of CSF, and selected cattle were screened for toxicological abnormalities. Three sires were incriminated in 48.6% of the cases, and one was incriminated in 31.4%. Laboratory analyses revealed no abnormal haematological parameters. Although increased activities of certain serum enzymes were found, these were not considered specific. CSF samples from two cases showed CPK activity. Toxicological analyses of cholinesterase activity and blood Cu levels were not significant.
Partial albinism (heterochromia irides) in Black Angus cattle
Authors: Strasia C. A. , Johnson J. L. , Cole D. , Leipold H. W.
Published: March 2023

A new coat colour defect (heterochromia irides) is described in Black Angus cattle. The coat colour is brownish. The iris is light, two-coloured, with an outer faintly brown ring and an inner blue ring. The fundus of the eye is albinotic. The trait does not impair the ability to reproduce although photophobia is present. Gestation length and birth weights were not affected in F1 Hereford × Angus progeny. All progeny which resulted from this mating proved normal in every respect upon physical examination. The 52 normal F1 calves resulting from this mating suggest that this trait is transmitted as a simple autosomal recessive. Breeding an affected bull to three affected dams resulted in three affected calves (one female, two males). The F1 females resulting from similar matings must be considered viable commercial breeding cattle when due care is exercised in future sire selection.
Lipomobilization syndrome (fatty degeneration syndrome) in the dairy cow
Authors: Stober M. , Dirksen G.
Published: March 2023

On the basis of information in the literature a summary is presented of the actual problem in modern intensive dairy cow management (operations with a large number of animals, autcmated, diminished supervision of the individual animal as well as a generous allotment of feed), which may in many ways lead to important economic considerations.
Investigation of the plasma digitoxin concentration in cattle at different dosages
Authors: Benthe H. F. , Dirksen G. , Weissmuller A.
Published: March 2023

The stated dosages of digitoxin for treatment of myocardial insufficiency of cattle, as published in the available literature, are few and vary widely from one another. Some of these date back to very old sources (the uncovering of which would require an intensive study of veterinary history), and the others appear to be derived from dosage recommendations for other domestic animals and then have been cautiously set at much lower levels. As it has now become possible to measure even very low glycoside concentrations in plasma with radioimmunoassay, it seemed desirable to evaluate the previous empirical digitoxin dosage by measuring the plasma levels.
Reconstructive teat surgery for complete teat canal obstruction
Authors: Dzuba Lynne M.
Published: March 2023

A new surgical technique to reestablish teat canal patency in obstructed teats is described. The technique entails opening the teat canal and inserting a prosthetic tube to reestablish milk flow.
Observations on "nervous" coccidiosis in calves
Authors: Fanelli H. H.
Published: March 2023

The ten cases observed were in calves aged 7 months to a year in four herds in central Montana between December 1978 and January 1983. The animal may at first appear normal until disturbed, when it shows muscle tremors and ataxia. In advanced stages the animal is in lateral recumbency with pronounced nervous symptoms and will usually die within 1-4 days. Gross lesions were confined to the ileum, caecum and colon in most cases with varying degrees of mucusal necrosis, haemorrhage and fibronecrotic debris. Intracellular coccidia were observed microscopically, mainly in portions of the colon. Faecal samples all contained coccidial oocysts in varying numbers. Serum magnesium values varied from normal to above normal, while calcium values were all below normal. Liver and kidney samples from several calves were negative for lead. Initial treatment consisted of 250 ml of a commercial calcium, magnesium and dextrose solution i/v and an additional 250 ml s/c. Sustained release sulfamethazine boluses were given orally. Animals in convulsions were given 7% chloral hydrate i/v or a 6% chloral hydrate/magnesium sulphate solution i/v. Supportive therapy included balanced electrolyte solutions given orally or i/v as needed. The nervous symptoms paralleled those in cows with hypomagnesaemia. A mechanism is proposed which involves stresses (including intestinal damage by coccidia) causing depletion of tissue magnesium and lowering of serum calcium. The most logical approach to the problem is the prevention of all coccidiosis through good herd management, sanitation, reduction of stress, and use of anticoccidials.
Controlling contamination of milk and reducing udder infection using practical steps in dairy hygiene
Authors: Bushnell Robert B.
Published: March 2023

Hygienic procedures as practiced on the modern dairy play a primary role in maintaining high standards for quality in milk production and in reducing the incidence of mastitic infections which have become the major economic disease influencing dairy production profits.
Economic evaluation of the use of feedlot abortifacients
Authors: Edwards Alvin J. , Laudert Scott B.
Published: March 2023

A total of 169 pregnant heifers were divided into a control group (85) where no abortifacients were used and a treatment group where abortifacients (prostaglandins with or without dexamethasone) were administered. When the heifers were re-examined after 21 days, 14% of the controls had aborted compared to 95% of the treated heifers. After a 105-day feeding period, the heifers were slaughtered; 44% of the controls were pregnant and only 4% of the treated heifers. Carcass data from the two groups revealed an economic advantage of $17 per head for the aborted heifers over the controls.
Decision analysis in bovine practice
Authors: Dohoo Ian R.
Published: March 2023

Decision and analysis has been described as “A systematic articulation of common sense”. It represents a quantitative approach to the decision-making process and, as such, it is simply a means of enhancing, not replacing, clinical judgment. In bovine practice, decisions have to be made regularly and these decisions are often made under conditions of uncertainty. Decision analysis is a tool to help insure that appropriate decisions are made.

The technique is widely used in the business community and is rapidly gaining acceptance in the medical profession but has only recently started to find favour in veterinary medicine. One of the first examples of its use in veterinary medicine was the analysis of the use of heat mount detectors in dairy herds. Subsequently it has been used in bovine practice to evaluate time for treatment of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle and the use of metabolic and cellular profiles in beef feed lots.
Epidemiology and control of gastrointestinal parasitism in grazing cattle in Missouri
Authors: Brauer M. A. , Corwin R. M.
Published: March 2023

The derivation of a method using resident and tracer calves to determine whether or not Ostertagia ostertagi had arrested its development in cattle during the summer is described. Application of this method to the O. ostertagi population in calves in Missouri, USA, during winter 1980-81 showed insignificant numbers of arrested 4th-stage larvae. In late April 1981 herbage larval counts of pasture idle since December 1980 showed high levels of infective O. ostertagi larvae. Pasture larval counts declined steadily during the summer while in calves the number of arrested 4th-stage larvae significantly increased from April to August. Parasitized calves theoretically gained 0.2 kg less/day than control calves and the decrease in weight gain strongly correlated with resumption of the development of arrested larvae. A repeat study the following year produced similar results. Calves of cows given 10 mg/kg body weight fenbendazole just after calving had gained significantly more weight than calves of untreated cows by the beginning of July. The calves were also given fenbendazole (5 mg/kg) 3 weeks later (July 19) and by weaning had a 22.5 kg advantage over untreated calves, thus restoring about 75% of the weight lost through parasitism. Recommendations for deworming procedures are made.
Oculocutaneous hypopigmentation of Angus cattle
Authors: Cole D. , Leipold H. W. , Schalles R.
Published: March 2023

Congenital defects are abnomalities of structure or function present at birth. They may affect only a single anatomical structure such as the eye, an entire system, parts of several systems or involve several body systems, or combine functional and structural defects (syndrome). Many different congenital defects, either of genetic, environmental, or unknown cause, or due to environmentalgenetic interaction have been identified in cattle and other food producing animals and many more undoubtedly exist. Defects range from blemish to severe anomalies and may be manifested by embryonic mortality, fetal death, mummification, abortion, dysmaturity, premature birth, fullterm stillbirth, or nonviable or viable neonate. With increasing use of modern technology such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer in domestic animals, defects no longer are rare; all are important.

The majority of studies of pigmentation defects have taken place in the mouse. Since it is easy to handle, has low maintenance cost, and can produce a large number of generations in a short period of time, it is particularly suited for this research. Studies involving cattle necessarily take more time and money. This paper presents clinical, clinipathologic, gross, microscopic and electron microscopic studies of oculocutaneous hypopigmentation in Angus cattle.
Effect of Anti-Prostaglandin Therapy in an Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced in Experimental Cattle by the Oral Administration of 3, Methylindole
Authors: Selman I. E. , Allen E. M. , Gibbs H. A. , Wiseman A. , Dalgleish R. , Young W. B.
Published: March 2023

Paper presented at the Xlllth World Congress on Cattle Diseases, Durban, S. Africa, Sept. 17-21, 1984.   Ten yearling Friesian steers were given 0.1 g/kg 3MI by stomach tube. The respiratory distress syndrome that subsequently arose was alleviated by the administration of flunixin meglumine. After seven days there were still distinct clinical differences between test and control cattle. The initial therapeutic response was probably due to a reduction in the severity of pulmonary congestion and oedema; the latter benefits were probably due to the differences between test and control steers in the extent and severity of alveolar epithelial hyperplasia.
Bovine Pinkeye
Authors: Rosenbusch Richardo F.
Published: March 2023

Significant advances have been made in the clarification of the etiology and pathogenesis of bovine pinkeye. The well established role of Moraxella bovis as a causative agent of the disease is now further clarified by an understanding of predisposing causes commonly involved in this disease. Of importance are ocular mycoplasmal infections, particularly by Mycoplasma bovoculi which clearly enhance the colonization of cattle eyes by Moraxella bovis. Dual infections are always seen in natural cases of the disease, and further, dual experimental infections will reproduce pinkeye, even if low doses of these organisms are deposited on the unaltered corneas of experimental calves. Additional requirements to produce pinkeye experimentally are the use of strains of M. bovis expressing adhesive pili and a surface- bound hemolysin. In vitro models and mouse pathogenicity models developed to study these phenomena add to our knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease.
A Refined Hydrogeologic Framework Model for Gaines, Terry, and Yoakum Counties, Texas
Authors: Thomas Jonathan Van , Teeple Andrew P. , Payne Jason D. , Ikard Scott J.
Published: March 2023

Declining groundwater levels in Gaines, Yoakum, and Terry counties in the Southern High Plains have raised concerns about the amount of available groundwater and the potential for water-quality changes resulting from dewatering and increased vertical groundwater movement between adjacent water-bearing hydrogeologic units. More than 11,500 well records containing pertinent data were compiled, including data delineating the vertical extents of wells penetrating one or more of the units. Additional geophysical data were collected to improve the spatial coverage of available data across the study area and to reduce uncertainty regarding hydrogeologic unit extents. Across the study area, the average altitude of the base of the Ogallala Aquifer was approximately 1.7 feet lower compared to previous assessments of the altitude of the base of the aquifer, resulting in an increase in the saturated thickness by the same amount. Some of the largest increases in the altitude of the base of the Ogallala Aquifer were observed in central and east-central Gaines County where the units that compose the Edwards-Trinity Aquifer thin at approximately 136 feet and the largest decreases in altitudes are in Yoakum County at around 185 feet. Both the thickest and thinnest part of the Ogallala Aquifer is in Gaines County at just over 300 feet in west Gaines County and around 20 feet in northeast Gaines County.
 
Citation: Thomas JV, Teeple AP, Payne JD, Ikard SJ. 2019. A refined hydrogeologic framework model for Gaines, Terry, and Yoakum counties, Texas. Texas Water Journal. 10(1):1-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v10i1.7082.
An internet for water: connecting Texas water data
Authors: Rosen Rudolph , Hermitte Sam Marie , Pierce Suzanne , Richards Sarah , Roberts Susan V
Published: March 2023

The Connecting Texas Water Data Workshop brought together experts representative of Texas’ water sectors to engage in the identification of critical water data needs and discuss the design of a data system that facilitates access to and use of public water data in Texas. Workshop participants identified “use cases” that list data gaps, needs, and uses for water data and answered questions on who needs data, what data do they need, in what form do they need the data, and what decisions need to be made about water in Texas. They described desires for future water data management and access practices, and articulated key attributes of a comprehensive, open access, public water data information system. Next steps were described to include a subset of workshop participants meeting regularly to further define the goals of a Texas public water data hub, develop a strawman of the hub’s structure, characterize several use cases, and facilitate development of pilot projects that demonstrate the value of connected public water data for improved decision making.
Citation: Rosen RA, Hermitte SM, Pierce S, Richards S, Roberts SV. 2019. An Internet for Water: Connecting Texas Water Data. Texas Water Journal. 10(1):24-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v10i1.7086.
Transboundary Water Sharing: Risk Perceptions Held by Texas Border Decision Makers
Authors: Sansom Lindsay Catherine
Published: March 2023

Despite transboundary water resource management issues being a source of tension between neighboring states, little research has addressed what causes cooperation or conflict between differing governments along borders. For the most part, natural hydrological boundaries do not fall easily within political boundary delineations, so governance structures and management approaches are often very different once political jurisdictions are crossed, underscoring the importance of proper management of transboundary water resources. In order to better understand what drives cooperative or conflictual behavior among transboundary stakeholders, a cross-sectional study was conducted along the Texas-Mexico border. Questionnaires were collected (N=168) from Texas water managers along the southern border on issues related to their Mexican counterparts. The results revealed that a lack of trust for binational counterparts is correlated (p<0.001) with a decrease in willingness to cooperate; likewise, as trust decreased, perceptions of risk increased. This approach can help identify a plausible intervention strategy that could target activities that build trust between individuals on both sides of the border to mitigate individuals’ perceptions of risk.
Citation: Sansom L. 2019. Transboundary water sharing: risk perceptions held by Texas border decision makers. Texas Water Journal. 10(1):101-111. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v10i1.7095.
Dams are coming down, but not always by choice: the geography of Texas dams, dam failures, and dam removals
Authors: Dascher Erin D. , Meitzen Kimberly
Published: March 2023

This study examines spatial and temporal trends in Texas dams, dam failures, and dam removals. Dams were examined from a state-wide perspective and within 10 major river basins that collectively account for over 80% of all dams in the state. The state-scale and basin-scale analysis revealed similar patterns of dam occurrence, however there was greater variation in the patterns observed in both the purpose of dams and the timing for when most of the storage was created in each basin. Climate factors, mainly precipitation, influenced dam location. Population was not directly measured in this study but was an obvious influence on the spatial distribution of dams and their functions. While new dams are being built in Texas to secure future water supplies, documented dam incidents/failures have occurred in 15 of the 23 major river basins in Texas, with 328 total instances occurring since 1900. As the number of newly constructed dams and dam failures continue to grow across the state, so should the number of planned dam removals. Between 1983 and 2016, 50 dams have been removed across the state. The purpose for the majority of removals was to eliminate liability concerns associated with aging dams. Future dam removals will likely continue to occur based on the number of older, smaller dams with potential liability concerns. As Texas’ dam infrastructure continues to age, dam removal is a practical management option for mitigating potential dam-related hazards and improving the connectivity and ecological function of the river systems.
Citation: Dascher ED, Meitzen K. 2020. Dams are coming down, but not always by choice: the geograph of Texas dams, dam failures, and dam removals. Texas Water Journal. 11(1):89-129. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v11i1.7092.
Storage and Regulation of River Flows by Dams and Reservoirs
Authors: Wurbs Ralph A.
Published: March 2023

Water management in Texas is driven by dramatic spatial and temporal hydrologic variability, continual rapid population growth, declining groundwater supplies, and intensifying demands on surface water resources. Dams and reservoirs are essential for providing reliable water supplies and reducing flood risks. Numerous reservoir projects, most constructed during the 1940s through 1980s era of large scale water project construction nationwide, are operated throughout the state to store and regulate extremely variable river flows for beneficial purposes. This paper explores river system hydrology in Texas, operation of dams and reservoirs statewide to deal with extreme flow fluctuations, and associated complexities, issues, and water management strategies. The central focus of the paper is the role of large reservoirs in managing hydrologic variability and associated future uncertainty in an environment of growing demands on limited resources.
Received 18 October 2019, Accepted 5 January 2021, Published online 22 February 2021
Citation: Wurbs RA. 2021. Storage and regulation of river flows by dams and reservoirs. Texas Water Journal. 12(1):10-29. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v12i1.7106.
Best Management Practices for Firefighting in the Karstic Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer of South-Central Texas
Authors: Schindel Geary M , Rosen Rudolph A
Published: March 2023

Karst aquifers are highly vulnerable to hazardous contaminants and pollution that can rapidly harm drinking water supplies. This paper presents tools and best management practices designed to enable first responders to protect karst watersheds and important aquifer drinking water supplies from potentially catastrophic hazardous and polluting materials that can enter the aquifer in water or other liquids runoff from firefighting and other response to emergencies, including ordinary accidental fire and fire caused by arson, terrorist attack, flood, high wind, lightening, and explosion in structures and along transportation corridors.
Received 2 February 2020, Accepted 10 October 2020, Published online 1 February 2021. 
Citation: Schindel GM, Rosen RA. 2021. Best management practices for firefighting in the karstic Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer of south-central Texas. Texas Water Journal. 12(1):1-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v12i1.7110.
Extended Chronology of Drought in South Central, Southeastern, and West Texas
Authors: Cleaveland Malcolm K. , Votteler Todd H. , Stahle Daniel K. , Casteel Richard C. , Banner Jay L.
Published: March 2023

Short instrumental climatic records prevent appropriate statistical and historical characterization of extreme events such as the extent, duration, and severity of multiyear droughts. The best solution is to extend climatic records through well understood proxies of climate. One of the best such proxies is climate-sensitive annual tree rings, which can be dated precisely to the year, are easily sampled, and are widely distributed. We created 3 new baldcypress chronologies in South Central Texas and used them, along with existing Douglas-fir chronologies from West Texas and a composite post oak chronology in Central Texas, to calibrate 1931–2008 and reconstruct June Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) in Texas climate divisions 5 (Trans Pecos), 6 (Edwards Plateau), 7 (S. Central), and 8 (Upper Coast) 1500–2008. We validated the reconstructions against observed data not used in calibration.
Most water planners in Texas at present use the drought of the 1950s, 1950–1956, as a worst-case scenario. Our reconstructions show, however, that a number of extended droughts of the past were longer and/or more intense than the 1950s drought. Furthermore, extended droughts have been a consistent feature of southwestern climate since the 800s, including at least 4 megadroughts 15- to 30-years long centered in central or northern Mexico (Stahle et al. 2009; 2011b). This and previous studies indicate that severe decadal-scale droughts have occurred in Texas at least once a century since the 1500s. Current use by water planners of the 1950s drought as a worst-case scenario, therefore, is questionable. When water managers consider past droughts, population growth, and climate change, it becomes highly probable that the future poses unprecedented challenges.
Citation: MK Cleaveland, TH Votteler, DK Stahle, RC Casteel, JL Baner. 2011.Extended chronology of drought in South central, Southeastern, and West Texas. Texas Water Journal. 2(1): 54-96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v2i1.2049.
Estimating daily potential E. coli Loads in pural Texas watersheds using Spatially Explicit Load Enrichment Calculation Tool (SELECT)
Authors: Borel Kyna E. , Karthikeyan R. , Smith Patricia K. , Gregory Lucas F. , Srinivasan Raghavan
Published: March 2023

When developing a watershed protection plan (WPP) or a total maximum daily load (TMDL), it is often difficult to accurately assess pollutant loads and sources for a watershed because insufficient water quality monitoring data are available. According to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, there are 274 bacterial impairments in Texas water bodies out of a total of 438 impaired water bodies. Bacterial data are often sparse, which hinders the development of WPPs or TMDLs. To address this lack of data, the Spatially Explicit Load Enrichment Calculation Tool (SELECT) was used to develop WPPs for 3 rural watersheds in Texas that are impaired due to E. coli bacteria: Buck Creek, 5 subwatersheds of Little Brazos River, and Lampasas River. SELECT is an automated geographical information system tool that can assess potential bacteria sources and relative loads in watersheds using spatial factors such as land use, population density, and soil type. The results show how the SELECT methodology was applied and adapted to each watershed based on stakeholder concerns and data availability.
Citation: Borel KE, Karthikeyan R, Smith PK, Gregory LF, Srinivasan R. 2012. Estimating daily potential E. coli loads in rural Texas watersheds using Spatially Explicit Load Enrichment Calculation Tool (SELECT). Texas Water Journal. 3(1):42-58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v3i1.6164.