bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxin Profiling of
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains Involved in Varicella Superinfection
Authors: Raulin Olivia , Durand Géraldine , Gillet Yves , Bes Michèle , Lina Gerard , Vandenesch François , Floret Daniel , Etienne Jerome , Laurent Frédéric
Published: March 2010

The most common complications of varicella are bacterial skin and soft tissue infections, generally due to
Staphylococcus aureus
and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. The aim of this study was to characterize the toxin and antibiotic resistance profiles of
S. aureus
isolates involved in varicella complications. Between 2002 and 2007, the French Reference Centre for Staphylococci collected 58
S. aureus
isolates involved in varicella superinfection. All the isolates were characterized by screening for 12 toxin genes,
agr
typing, and
mecA
gene detection; some isolates were also studied by
spa
typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and resistance profiling. A major toxin gene was detected in 53% (31/58) of the isolates (genes for exfoliative toxins A and B, 17.2%; Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, 8.6%; toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene, 27.6%). Most clinical manifestations were directly compatible with the classical activity of these toxins. Nineteen isolates (33%) were resistant to methicillin, and 12 of these isolates belonged to an emerging
agr-2
, ST5 clone that harbors the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene. These data should be considered in the management and treatment of patients with varicella complicated by
S. aureus
superinfection. Antibiotics that decrease toxin production, such as clindamycin, may provide benefit, and their efficacy against bacterial superinfections in children with varicella should be studied.
First Report of Treatment of
Anaerobiospirillum s
ucciniciproducens
Bloodstream Infection with Levofloxacin
Authors: Kelesidis Theodoros , Bard Jennifer Dien , Humphries Romney , Ward Kevin , Lewinski Michael A. , Uslan Daniel Z.
Published: March 2010

The full extent of the clinical spectrum and optimal therapy of
Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens
infections remains to be determined. We describe the first case of bloodstream infection (BSI) due to
A. succiniciproducens
in an asymptomatic elderly male with poor dentition that was treated with levofloxacin.
C4 grasses from the boreal forest region of northwestern Canada
Authors: Schwarz A. G. , Redmann R. E.
Published: March 2010

Six C4 grasses (Distichlis stricta, Muhlenbergia glomerata var. cinnoides, M. mexicana, M. richardsonis, Spartina gracilis, S. pectinata) were found in grassy openings in the boreal forest of northwestern Canada. High carbon isotope ratios and Kranz anatomy confirmed that these northern populations are functionally C4 grasses. Muhlenbergia mexicana was assumed to be a C4 grass on the basis of published data. Recent collections of C4 plants tended to have more negative δ13C values than older collections from northern locations, which may reflect decreases in δ13C of atmospheric CO2 over time. In general, northern C4 species had lower δ13C values than those reported for their southern counterparts. The boreal climate in the north supports C4 species only where the mean minimum temperature for July is at least 7.5 °C. C4 grasses were found in microsites warmed by high irradiance or geothermal activity; many of the sites had saline substrates. Northern C4 populations are rare and unique in the boreal flora and deserve special protection.
Chemical changes in simulated raindrops following contact with leaves of four boreal forest species
Authors: Gaber Brigitte A. , Hutchinson Thomas C.
Published: March 2010

Simulated raindrops of pH 5.6 or 3.2 were sprayed on four boreal forest plant species in situ, and raindrops were subsequently collected from their leaves for chemical analysis. The purpose was to understand better the changes involved in foliar neutralisation of acidic raindrops. The species used were Cornus canadensis, Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum canadense, and Acer spicatum. Samples were analysed for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], Cl−, and F−, as well as pH. Changes in leaf raindrop ion concentrations were greater when sprayed with the pH 3.2 than with the pH 5.6 rain. Both increases and decreases in ion concentration were found, indicating leaching and (or) dissolution of particulates on the leaf or retention by the canopy, respectively. Rapid changes in ion concentrations suggest surface deposits play an important role in leaf raindrop neutralisation. Increases in [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] in raindrops with greater neutralisation are evidence that cation exchange may also be occurring (r2 = 0.170 and 0.321, respectively, at pH 3.2; p < 0.01). There were significant negative correlations between changes in [H+] and changes in[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] (r2 = 0.562, 0.525, and 0.297, respectively, at pH 3.2;p < 0.01). Most of the other ions measured also showed significant correlations with changes in [H+], but generally the correlation could account for only a small percentage of the observed results (low r2). Dry deposition was also measured.
Relations between photoperiod, temperature, abscisic acid, and fall dormancy in alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Chen Tony H. H. , Chen Frank S. C.
Published: March 2010

Three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars differing in fall dormancy were examined for endogenous abscisic acid content in relation to fall dormancy. The alfalfa cultivars studied were 'Beaver' (dormant type), 'Lahonton' (semidormant type), and 'Moapa 69' (nondormant type). Alfalfa seedlings were grown in controlled-environment chambers set at a 16-h photoperiod (16 h light: 8 h dark) and 20:15 °C (light:dark) for 55 days. They were cut and then regrown under environmental conditions simulating summer and fall in western Canada. In leaf samples, the ABA level increased from about 200 in 3-week-old plants to more than 1200 ng/g fresh weight in 8-week-old plants. After cutting, abscisic acid levels dropped abruptly and then increased gradually, reaching a peak level at the stage of the appearance of flower buds. The peak of abscisic acid content was highest in 'Beaver', next highest in 'Lahontan', and lowest in the nondormant type, 'Moapa 69'. At the 6th week of regrowth, abscisic acid content in 'Beaver' was found to be 2200 ng/g fresh weight, which is the highest reported level in nonstressed plants of any species. The analysis of variance suggests photoperiod, temperature, and photoperiod × temperature interaction all have a significant effect on alfalfa regrowth and on abscisic acid content. Under long days and cool temperatures, the amount of foliage regrowth and the characteristic of fall dormancy are manifestly correlated. There is no apparent link between endogenous abscisic acid content and fall dormancy.
Some studies relating to "independent" growth of vesicular–arbuscular endophytes
Authors: Mosse Barbara
Published: March 2010

In dual culture with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots nutrient conditions were sought that would totally suppress mycorrhizal infection while stimulating "independent" growth of vesicular–arbuscular endophytes. In this system fungal development in the agar was comparable in extent with that normally occurring only after mycorrhizal infection has become well established; it differed qualitatively from that characteristic of germinating spores and extramatrical mycelium in such cultures. There was profuse development of arbuscule-like branches, many anastomoses, and increased branching of extension hyphae. Biomass increased up to fivefold when the mycelium was detached in situ from the inoculum (root pieces or spores). Growth from explants was little more than residual and was hampered by extensive bacterial contamination at the desired pH, near neutrality. The rationale of this approach to the culture of vesicular–arbuscular endophytes is discussed.
The occurrence of polar structures in callus cultures from mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia)
Authors: MacDougall Susan C. , Ellis Shona M. , Taylor Iain E. P.
Published: March 2010

A somatic polar structure was observed in white callus cultured, in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (10−6 M) and benzylaminopurine (4 × 10−6 M), from leaf explants taken from mature lodgepole pine trees. The structure contained elongate, vacuolate cells and small cells arranged with some resemblance to the first zygotic embryo cells. We were not able to induce further development.
Line identifications and lifetime measurements in singly and doubly excited C IV and in C V
Authors: Jacques C. , Knystautas E. J. , Drouin R. , Berry H. G.
Published: March 2010

Forty-eight new uv lines have been observed and identified in the singly and doubly excited systems of C IV, and in C V. The beam-foil technique was used to excite the spectra and to measure radiative lifetimes for 16 levels. Good agreement is found with available theoretical predictions.
Green's function formalism for studying the electronic structure of atoms adsorbed on metals
Authors: Oxinos G. , Modinos A.
Published: March 2010

We present a Green's function formalism for studying the electronic structure of an atom adsorbed on the surface of a semi-infinite metal. The potential field seen by an electron is constructed by abruptly terminating the potential of the infinite crystal at the surface and by replacing the potential outside the crystal by a constant. The adsorbed atom is represented by a spherical potential of the muffin-tin type superimposed on the constant potential on the vacuum side of the metal–vacuum interface. We demonstrate the method by applying it to the simplest possible model of a metal–adatom system, i.e., we replace the potential inside the metal by a constant and the adatom potential by a spherical well with parameters that depend on angular momentum. For this model we present numerical results for the local density of states in the region of the adatom, when the valence state in the atom is an s-state, a p-state, or a d-state. We also examine the case of an adatom with adjacent-in-energy s- and p-states, similarly for s- and d-states. We find that the interaction of these states through the metal is considerable and may be of critical importance in the interpretation of available experimental data.
The simulation of a plasma confined in an electrostatically plugged spindle cusp
Authors: Shoucri M. , Matte J. P. , Gregory B. C.
Published: March 2010

A particle simulation code is used to study the dynamic evolution and the confinement of a non-neutral plasma in an electrostatically plugged magnetic spindle cusp configuration. The code assumes axial symmetry and functions in the electrostatic limit. The walls and electrodes of the actual experimental device are included. The electrons are found to be extremely well confined. The excess electron charge creates a potential well, which, after initial fluctuations, is found to be stable. At later times ions are found to leak out slowly through the point cusps, in contrast with the beginning where most ion losses are through the line cusp. This is due to electron shielding of the electrode potential, as predicted by an earlier theoretical model.
WEIGHTED COMPOSITION OPERATORS BETWEEN H∞ AND GENERALLY WEIGHTED BLOCH SPACES ON POLYDISKS
Authors: LI HAIYING , LIU PEIDE
Published: March 2010

Let Un be the unit polydisk of Cn, φ(z) = (φ1(z),φ2(z),…,φn(z)) be a holomorphic self-map of Un and ψ be a holomorphic function on Un. H∞(Un) is the space of all bounded holomorphic functions on Un and by a generally weighted Bloch space we mean [Formula: see text]. We give necessary and sufficient conditions of the boundedness and compactness of the weighted composition operator ψCφ between H∞(Un) and [Formula: see text].
COMPLETE CLASSIFICATION OF PARALLEL LORENTZIAN SURFACES IN LORENTZIAN COMPLEX SPACE FORMS
Authors: CHEN BANG-YEN , DILLEN FRANKI , VAN DER VEKEN JOERI
Published: March 2010

A surface of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold is called parallel if its second fundamental form is parallel with respect to the Van der Waerden–Bortolotti connection. Such surfaces are fundamental since the extrinsic invariants of the surfaces do no change from point to point. In this article, we completely classify parallel Lorentzian surfaces in Lorentzian complex space forms of complex dimension two.
CLASSIFICATION OF CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC STATIC SPACETIMES ACCORDING TO THEIR KILLING VECTOR FIELDS IN TELEPARALLEL THEORY OF GRAVITATION
Authors: SHABBIR GHULAM , KHAN SUHAIL
Published: March 2010

In this paper we classify cylindrically symmetric static spacetimes according to their teleparallel Killing vector fields using direct integration technique. It turns out that the dimension of the teleparallel Killing vector fields are 3, 4, 6 or 10 which are the same in numbers as in general relativity. In case of 3, 4 or 6 the teleparallel Killing vector fields are multiple of the corresponding Killing vector fields in general relativity by some function of r. In the case of 10 Killing vector fields the spacetime becomes Minkowski spacetime and all the torsion components are zero. The Killing vector fields in this case are exactly the same as in general relativity. Here we also discuss the Lie algebra in each case. It is important to note that this classification also covers the plane symmetric static spacetimes.
S-MATRIX AND WAVE FUNCTION METHODS FOR THE CALCULATION OF SMALL DECAY WIDTHS
Authors: SAHU BASUDEB , GAMBHIR Y. K. , SHASTRY C. S.
Published: March 2010

Most of the decaying systems namely α-decay and proton radio activity have extremely narrow widths and hence are termed as quasi-bound states. There are three methods available for the computation of very narrow widths. First, the analytic S-matrix method which treats resonance as a pole in complex energy plane with its real part representing resonance energy and the imaginary part the half width. Another two methods namely (i) direct (D) method and (ii) distorted wave (DW) method are based on the property of the quasi-bound state wave function which is quite similar to a bound state wave function in the interior region and is matched with an outgoing spherical wave representing decaying behavior. We make a comparative study of these methods by applying them to the α-decay systems whose experimental results of Q-value and decay half-lives are known recently. It is observed that all the three methods give practically the same results for widths calculated at the same Q-value and explain the experimental results of Q-values and half-lives in several α-decaying nuclei quite well with a proper Coulomb nuclear interaction potential for the α+daughter nucleus system.
DESCRIBING QUANTUM TELEPORTATION OF MIXED STATES WITH CONTINUUM VARIABLES BY THE ENTANGLED STATE REPRESENTATION
Authors: HU LI-YUN , FAN HONG-YI
Published: March 2010

By virtue of the entangled state representation, we show that the quantum teleportated state in Bob, after Alice makes an Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen measurement and Bob makes an appropriate unitary transformation on hearing Alice's measurement result via a classical channel, is described by [Formula: see text] where F(η)≡23〈η|ρ23|η〉23, ρ23 stands for a quantum channel in 2–3 modes, |η〉23 is the bipartite entangled state, and [Formula: see text] is a displacement transform performed by Bob.
ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES OF SOME TRENDS IN PROPERTIES OF METALLIC HYDRIDES
Authors: IVANOVIĆ NENAD , NOVAKOVIĆ NIKOLA , COLOGNESI DANIELE , RADISAVLJEVIĆ IVANA , OSTOJIĆ STANKO
Published: March 2010

Due to their extensive present, important and versatile potential applications, metal hydrides (MH) are among the most investigated solid-state systems. Theoretical, numerical and experimental studies have provided a considerable knowledge about their structure and properties, but in spite of that, the basic electronic principles of various interactions present in MH have not yet been completely resolved. Even in the simplest MH, i.e. alkali hydrides (Alk-H), some trends in physical properties, and especially their deviations, are not well understood. Similar doubts exist for the alkaline-earth hydride (AlkE-H) series, and are even more pronounced for complex systems, like transition metal-doped AlkE-H, alanates and borohydrides. This work is an attempt of explaining some trends in the physical properties of Alk-H and AlkE-H, employing the Bader analysis of the charge distribution topology evaluated by first-principle all-electron calculations. These results are related to some variables commonly used in the explanation of experimental and calculated results, and are also accompanied by simple tight-binding estimations. Such an approach provides a valuable insight in the characteristics of M-H and H-H interactions in these hydrides, and their possible changes along with external parameters, like temperature, pressure, defect or impurity introduction. The knowledge of these basic interactions and processes taking place in simple MH are essential for the design and optimisation of complex MH-systems interesting for practical hydrogen storage applications.
ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF TRANSITION METAL OXIDES Ln0.7A0.3TMO3, Ln= La, Pr; A = Ca, Sr AND TM = Mn, Co
Authors: DEAC I. G. , VLĂDESCU A. , BALASZ I. , TUNYAGI A. , TETEAN R.
Published: March 2010

We present a detailed magnetic study of the polycrystalline transition metal oxides Ln 0.7 A 0.3 TMO 3, Ln = La , Pr ; A = Ca , Sr and TM = Mn , Co at low temperatures including electrical resistance, magnetization and ac susceptibility measurements. The effect of the A-site and B-site substitutions on the properties of these compounds is discussed. The results of this analysis indicate that the electrical and magnetic behavior of these compounds have some reminiscences of the manganites having similar formula, but the spin disorder and the grain boundary effects control the properties of these materials.
WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF Cu OFHC MATERIAL PREPARED BY ORBITAL FORGING AND ECAP
Authors: BIDULSKÝ R. , ACTIS GRANDE M. , BIDULSKÁ J. , KVAČKAJ T. , DONIČ T.
Published: March 2010

The paper is focused on the wear mechanism of orbital forged and equal-channel angular extruded Cu OFHC (oxygen-free high thermal conductivity) material. The wear behaviour of the Cu OFHC material is investigated through pin-on-disc tests. Two different processing conditions have been used, equal-channel angular processing (ECAP) and orbital (radial) forging. The wear investigations in this orbital formed material are unique; additionally wear properties show interesting wear characteristics. Particular attention has also been paid to the friction coefficient and to the role of the wear rate.
ABSORPTION OF A HYDROGENIC DONOR QUANTUM DOT WITH MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: HUANG JINSHENG , YUAN JIANHUI
Published: March 2010

An investigation of the optical properties of a hydrogenic donor in a disc-like parabolic quantum dot with magnetic field has been performed by using the matrix diagonalization method. The optical absorption coefficient between the ground (L = 0) and the first excited state (L = -1) have been examined based on the computed energies and wavefunctions. We found that the linear optical properties of the hydrogenic donor in QDs are strongly affected by the confinement strength and the magnetic field strength.
Developmental aspects of cardiac Ca2+signaling: interplay between RyR- and IP3R-gated Ca2+stores
Authors: Janowski Einsley , Berríos Melissa , Cleemann Lars , Morad Martin
Published: March 2010

The dominant mode of intracellular Ca2+release in adult mammalian heart is gated by ryanodine receptors (RyRs), but it is less clear whether inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-gated Ca2+release channels (IP3Rs), which are important during embryogenesis, play a significant role during early postnatal development. To address this question, we measured confocal two-dimensional Ca2+dependent fluorescence images in acutely isolated neonatal ( days 1 to 2) and juvenile ( days 8– 10) rat cardiomyocytes, either voltage-clamped or permeabilized, where rapid exchange of solution could be used to selectively activate the two types of Ca2+release channel. Targeting RyRs with caffeine produced large and rapid Ca2+signals throughout the cells. Application of ATP and endothelin-1 to voltage-clamped, or IP3to permeabilized, cells produced smaller and slower Ca2+signals that were most prominent in subsarcolemmal regions and were suppressed by either the IP3R-blocker 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate or replacement of the biologically active form of IP3with its L-stereoisomer. Such IP3R-gated Ca2+releases were amplified by Ca2+-induced Ca2+release (CICR) via RyRs since they were also reduced by compounds that block the RyRs (tetracaine) or deplete the Ca2+pools they gate (caffeine, ryanodine). Spatial analysis revealed both subsarcolemmal and perinuclear origins for the IP3-mediated Ca2+release events RyR- and IP3R-gated Ca2+signals had larger magnitudes in juvenile than in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Ca2+signaling was generally quite similar in atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes but showed divergent development of IP3-mediated regulation in juveniles. Our data suggest that an intermediate stage of Ca2+signaling may be present in developing cardiomyocytes, where, in addition to RyR-gated Ca2+pools, IP3-gated Ca2+release is sufficiently large in magnitude and duration to trigger or contribute to activation of CICR and cardiac contraction.
A Comparative Electrochemical Study of AZ31 and AZ91 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Salman S. A. , Ichino R. , Okido M.
Published: March 2010

A comparative study has been carried out on AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloys in order to understand the electrochemical behavior in both alkaline and chloride containing solutions. The open circuit potential (OCP) was examined in 1 M NaOH and 3.5 mass % NaCl solutions. AZ31 magnesium alloy shows several potential drops throughout the immersion in 1 M NaOH solution, though AZ91 does not show this phenomenon. The specimens were anodized at a constant potential of 3 V for 30 minutes at 298 K in 1 M NaOH solution. The anticorrosion behavior of the anodized specimens was better than those of nonanodized specimens. The anodized AZ91 has better corrosion resistance compared to nonanodized specimen and anodized AZ31 magnesium alloy.
Factorial Design to Optimize Biosurfactant Production byYarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Fontes Gizele Cardoso , Fonseca Amaral Priscilla Filomena , Nele Marcio , Zarur Coelho Maria Alice
Published: March 2010

In order to improve biosurfactant production byYarrowia lipolyticaIMUFRJ 50682, a factorial design was carried out. A24full factorial design was used to investigate the effects of nitrogen sources (urea, ammonium sulfate, yeast extract, and peptone) on maximum variation of surface tension (ΔST) and emulsification index (EI). The best results (67.7% of EI and 20.9 mNm−1ofΔST) were obtained in a medium composed of 10 g 1−1of ammonium sulfate and 0.5 g 1−1of yeast extract. Then, the effects of carbon sources (glycerol, hexadecane, olive oil, and glucose) were evaluated. The most favorable medium for biosurfactant production was composed of both glucose (4% w/v) and glycerol (2% w/v), which provided an EI of 81.3% and aΔST of 19.5 mN m−1. The experimental design optimization enhancedΔEI by 110.7% andΔST by 108.1% in relation to the standard process.
Generalized Fuzzy Interior Ideals in Abel Grassmann′s Groupoids
Authors: Khan Asghar , Jun Young Bae , Mahmood Tahir
Published: March 2010

Using the notion of a fuzzy point and its belongness to and quasicoincidence with a fuzzy subset, some new concepts of a fuzzy interior ideal
in Abel Grassmann′s groupoids S are introduced and their interrelations and related properties are invesitigated. We also introduce the notion of a strongly belongness and strongly quasicoincidence of a fuzzy point with a fuzzy subset and characterize fuzzy interior ideals of S in terms of these relations.
Regrowth of Carbon Nanotubes Array on Al Layer Coated Substrate
Authors: Chiu Chien-Chao , Yoshimura Masamichi , Ueda Kazuyuki , Kamizono Yuya , Shinohara Hisanori , Ohira Yutaka , Tanji Takayoshi
Published: March 2010

Carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays have been synthesized by a repeated growth method using a custom‐fabricated plasma‐enhanced thermal chemical vapor deposition (PE‐thermal CVD) apparatus. The initial catalyst is a layered structure prepared by depositing 10 nm of Al followed by 3 nm of Fe on an oxidized silicon substrate. Following CNT growth, the CNT arrays are removed using an ultrasonic cleaner, and another CNT array is grown on the remaining Fe‐Al bimetalic nanoparticles without the addition of more catalyst. Annealing the catalytic substrate in air between growth cycles results in the removal of residual amorphous carbon along with the CNTs, and oxidation of the Fe‐Al nanoparticles. The diameter of CNTs is reduced with repeated growth‐annealing cycles, an effect of which is attributed to the diminishing size of the catalytically active nanoparticles with each cycle. After two growth cycles, SWNTs with the extraordinarily narrow diameter of 0.86 nm are synthesized. The ID/IG ratio derived from the Raman spectrum of these of the SWNT arrays shows the remarkably low value of 0.22.
Long-Lasting Endotamponades in Vitreoretinal Surgery
Authors: Wagenfeld Lars , Zeitz Oliver , Skevas Christos , Richard Gisbert
Published: March 2010

In modern vitreoretinal surgery, a variety of long-lasting endotamponades is available. These endotamponades differ in physical and chemical properties and their usage is based on certain pathological and surgical considerations. With modern endotamponades the treatment and prognosis for some severe diseases of the posterior segment was improved. Besides these supportive features of new endotamponades, the surgeon has to keep in mind that certain steps, like a complete removal of the vitreous and of any traction, are crucial for the success of an operation and that the most supportive step for the retina is complete endotamponade. This review gives an overview of longlasting endotampoandes in vitreoretinal surgery and of the indications for their usage.
Evaluation of Bromocriptine in the Treatment of Acute Severe Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sliwa Karen , Blauwet Lori , Tibazarwa Kemi , Libhaber Elena , Smedema Jan-Peter , Becker Anthony , McMurray John , Yamac Hatice , Labidi Saida , Struman Ingrid , Hilfiker-Kleiner Denise
Published: March 2010

Background—

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a potentially life-threatening heart disease that occurs in previously healthy women. We identified prolactin, mainly its 16-kDa angiostatic and proapoptotic form, as a key factor in PPCM pathophysiology. Previous reports suggest that bromocriptine may have beneficial effects in women with acute onset of PPCM.

Methods and Results—

A prospective, single-center, randomized, open-label, proof-of-concept pilot study of women with newly diagnosed PPCM receiving standard care (PPCM-Std; n=10) versus standard care plus bromocriptine for 8 weeks (PPCM-Br, n=10) was conducted. Because mothers receiving bromocriptine could not breast-feed, the 6-month outcome of their children (n=21) was studied as a secondary end point. Blinded clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic assessments were performed at baseline and 6 months after diagnosis. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed 4 to 6 weeks after diagnosis in PPCM-Br patients. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics, including serum 16-kDa prolactin levels and cathepsin D activity, between the 2 study groups. PPCM-Br patients displayed greater recovery of left ventricular ejection fraction (27% to 58%;
P
=0.012) compared with PPCM-Std patients (27% to 36%) at 6 months. One patient in the PPCM-Br group died compared with 4 patients in the PPCM-Std group. Significantly fewer PPCM-Br patients (n=1, 10%) experienced the composite end point of poor outcome defined as death, New York Heart Association functional class III/IV, or left ventricular ejection fraction <35% at 6 months compared with the PPCM-Std patients (n=8, 80%;
P
=0.006). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed no intracavitary thrombi. Infants of mothers in both groups showed normal growth and survival.

Conclusions—

In this trial, the addition of bromocriptine to standard heart failure therapy appeared to improve left ventricular ejection fraction and a composite clinical outcome in women with acute severe PPCM, although the number of patients studied was small and the results cannot be considered definitive. Larger-scale multicenter and blinded studies are in progress to test this strategy more robustly.
Adenosine Activates A2b Receptors and Enhances Chloride Secretion in Kidney Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells
Authors: Rajagopal Madhumitha , Pao Alan C.
Published: March 2010

In the kidney, defects in the regulation of urine salt excretion can result in extracellular fluid volume expansion, leading to salt-sensitive hypertension. Previous studies have demonstrated that, when rats are maintained on a high sodium chloride (NaCl) diet, adenosine production increases in the renal medulla with parallel changes in adenosine receptor expression. These studies suggest that adenosine signaling in the kidney can respond to high NaCl loading; however, the functional consequences of these changes in adenosine signaling are not clear. We used the immortalized cell line mIMCD-K2, a murine model system for the renal inner medullary collecting duct, to study the direct effects of adenosine on NaCl transport across the inner medullary collecting duct epithelium with an Ussing chamber system. When epithelial Na
+
channels were inhibited, the addition of adenosine to the apical side of mIMCD-K2 cell sheets stimulated short-circuit current in a dose-dependent manner. This increase in short-circuit current was inhibited by a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl
−
channel inhibitor. Pharmacological studies with a panel of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists demonstrated that adenosine activates apical A2b adenosine receptors to enhance the short-circuit current. Furthermore, adenosine application to mIMCD-K2 cell sheets increased intracellular cAMP, whereas inhibition of protein kinase A completely blocked the adenosine response. Together, our findings indicate that adenosine stimulates Cl
−
secretion through the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in mIMCD-K2 cells by activating apical A2b receptors and signaling through cAMP/protein kinase A. We propose that this adenosine receptor pathway may provide one mechanism for enhancing urine NaCl excretion in the setting of high dietary NaCl intake.
Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet, Exercise, and Caloric Restriction on Neurocognition in Overweight Adults With High Blood Pressure
Authors: Smith Patrick J. , Blumenthal James A. , Babyak Michael A. , Craighead Linda , Welsh-Bohmer Kathleen A. , Browndyke Jeffrey N. , Strauman Timothy A. , Sherwood Andrew
Published: March 2010

High blood pressure increases the risks of stroke, dementia, and neurocognitive dysfunction. Although aerobic exercise and dietary modifications have been shown to reduce blood pressure, no randomized trials have examined the effects of aerobic exercise combined with dietary modification on neurocognitive functioning in individuals with high blood pressure (ie, prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension). As part of a larger investigation, 124 participants with elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure 130 to 159 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure 85 to 99 mm Hg) who were sedentary and overweight or obese (body mass index: 25 to 40 kg/m
2
) were randomized to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet alone, DASH combined with a behavioral weight management program including exercise and caloric restriction, or a usual diet control group. Participants completed a battery of neurocognitive tests of executive function-memory-learning and psychomotor speed at baseline and again after the 4-month intervention. Participants on the DASH diet combined with a behavioral weight management program exhibited greater improvements in executive function-memory-learning (Cohen’s D=0.562;
P
=0.008) and psychomotor speed (Cohen’s D=0.480;
P
=0.023), and DASH diet alone participants exhibited better psychomotor speed (Cohen’s D=0.440;
P
=0.036) compared with the usual diet control. Neurocognitive improvements appeared to be mediated by increased aerobic fitness and weight loss. Also, participants with greater intima-medial thickness and higher systolic blood pressure showed greater improvements in executive function-memory-learning in the group on the DASH diet combined with a behavioral weight management program. In conclusion, combining aerobic exercise with the DASH diet and caloric restriction improves neurocognitive function among sedentary and overweight/obese individuals with prehypertension and hypertension.
It Should Never Be Questioned
Authors: Ishøy Rikke
Published: March 2010

Weapon-bearers commit violations of international humanitarian law, whether in response to orders or on their own initiative. Not to say that they are the only ones, but when engaged in hostility, they can decide to use their force legally or in violation of the law. With Denmark's engagements in the wars in the Balkans, Iraq and Afghanistan, training in international humanitarian law has gone from being a theoretical exercise to highly relevant, as the likelihood of a soldier becoming engaged in hostilities has greatly increased. e article discusses the factors determining whether soldiers will respect international humanitarian law when engaged in hostilities. It is based on an interview with Captain Nicholas Brace Olsen, chief of operations of team four of the Danish ISAF contingent in Afghanistan.
War on Terror – Armed Conflict with Al-Qaida?
Authors: Lehto Marja
Published: March 2010

The US government has recently renounced the term 'Global War on Terror', pointing out that it does not describeaccurately the nature of the terrorist threat. While the change of terminology is a welcomed development, it should be noted that 'War on Terror' was not merely a political slogan. The war paradigm was accompanied with a number of legal arguments and claims which have a direct link to the perplexing policy outcomes of the Bush era. One of the trickiest questions before the Obama administration is related to the concept of an armed conflict.
The Copenhagen Process on Detainees: A Necessity
Authors: Winkler Thomas
Published: March 2010

The traditional distinction between military and law enforcement operations is increasingly difficult to uphold. This gives rise to a number of difficult and complicated challenges in regard to the handling of detainees. Legal ambiguity may lead to operational uncertainty, which may hamper the efficiency of a given United Nations (UN)-mandated international military operation. It is in the interest of no one, not least the detained individual. The author argues that the Copenhagen Process on the Handling of Detainees in UN-mandated international military operations is a necessity to ensure the full protection of any individual detained during an UN-mandated international military operation and thereby ensuring the efficiency of the efforts of the international community to bring stability and peace to States and regions in dire need. On the key legal question concerning the relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law, it is necessary to conduct a thorough analysis of the relevant provisions of both bodies of international law in context. When this is done, most of the claimedincongruities between the two bodies of law disappear – and thereby also the basis for the sometime heateddiscussions between the advocates of one or the other body of law.
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law in Multinational Peace Operations
Authors: Engdahl Ola
Published: March 2010

The duty to respect international humanitarian law (IHL) in military operations requires effective tools of compliance. Peace operation forces are seldom involved in armed conflict and IHL applies formally only in a minorityof operations. The increasingly volatile environments in which peace operation personnel are required to work, and the trend of enforcement capabilities of such forces, will arguably make the question of compliance with IHL all the more important. Multinational peace operations often include a range of actors–such as the UN, another organisation leading the operation, troop contributing nations (TCNs) and the host state. Differences in training and education as well implementation of IHL in different TCNs makes compliance with IHL in multinational operations a challenging task. The use of special units with their culture of secrecy involves other complex questions. On a more general level, it is not clearly established how responsibility under international is dividedamong the main actors in a multinational peace operation. A number of practical measures are suggested to overcome challenges to an effective compliance of IHL.
The Dynamics of the West African Monsoon. Part V: The Detection and Role of the Dominant Modes of Convectively Coupled Equatorial Rossby Waves
Authors: Janicot Serge , Mounier Flore , Gervois Sébastien , Sultan Benjamin , Kiladis George N.
Published: March 2010

This study is the last in a series of papers addressing the dynamics of the West African summer monsoon at intraseasonal time scales between 10 and 90 days. The signals of convectively coupled equatorial Rossby (ER) waves within the summer African monsoon have been investigated after filtering NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data within a box delineated by the dispersion curves of the theoretical ER waves. Two families of waves have been detected in the 10–100-day periodicity band by performing a singular spectrum analysis on a regional index of ER-filtered OLR. For each family the first EOF mode has been retained to focus on the main convective variability signal.

Within the periodicity band of 30–100 days, an ER wave pattern with an approximate wavelength of 13 500 km has been depicted. This ER wave links the MJO mode in the Indian monsoon sector with the main mode of convective variability over West and central Africa. This confirms the investigations carried out in previous studies.

Within the 10–30-day periodicity band, a separate ER wave pattern has been highlighted in the African monsoon system with an approximate wavelength of 7500 km, a phase speed of 6 m s−1, and a period of 15 days. The combined OLR and atmospheric circulation pattern looks like a combination of ER wave solutions with meridional wavenumbers of 1 and 2. Its vertical baroclinic profile suggests that this wave is forced by the deep convective heating. Its initiation in terms of OLR modulation is detected north of Lake Victoria, extending northward and then propagating westward along the Sahel latitudes.

The Sahel mode identified in previous studies corresponds to the second main mode of convective variability within the 10–30-day periodicity band, and this has also been examined. Its pattern and evolution look like the first-mode ER wave pattern and they are temporally correlated with a coefficient of +0.6. About one-third of the Sahel mode events are concomitant with an ER wave occurrence. The main difference between these two signals consists of a stronger OLR and circulation modulation of the Sahel mode over East and central Africa. Thus, the Sahel mode occurrence and its westward propagation could be explained in part by atmospheric dynamics associated with the ER waves and in part by land surface interactions, as shown in other studies.
Impact of Multidecadal Fluctuations in the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation on Indo-Pacific Climate Variability in a Coupled GCM
Authors: Rashid Harun A. , Power Scott B. , Knight Jeff R.
Published: March 2010

Using a multicentury integration of the third climate configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (HadCM3), the authors show that naturally occurring fluctuations in the Atlantic’s thermohaline circulation (THC) drive small but statistically significant changes in surface air temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation over the Indo-Pacific region. The surface temperature component of these variations may be described as an interhemispheric seesaw (consistent with earlier studies), with changes in the Southern Hemisphere smaller than those in the Northern Hemisphere. Links between THC variability and variability related to the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) are evident: when the THC is strong (weak) the IPO variance decreases (increases) considerably, and cold (La Niña–like) IPO events tend to be stronger and more frequent when the THC is in a weak phase. This highlights the possibility that a small part of Indo-Pacific climate variability at multidecadal time scales, including some of the variability linked to the IPO, may be predictable.
Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Divergence Response to High Rainfall Events in the Tropics: Observations and Models
Authors: Mitovski Toni , Folkins Ian , von Salzen Knut , Sigmond Michael
Published: March 2010

Radiosonde measurements and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall are used to construct composite anomaly patterns of temperature, relative humidity, and divergence about high rainfall events in the western Pacific. The observed anomaly patterns are compared with anomaly patterns from four general circulation models [Third and Fourth Generation Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM3 and AGCM4), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1), and European Center Hamburg Model version 5 (ECHAM5)] and two reanalysis products [40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and ERA-Interim]. In general, the models and reanalyses do not fully represent the timing, strength, or altitude of the midlevel congestus divergence that precedes peak rainfall or the midlevel stratiform convergence that occurs after peak rainfall. The surface cold pools that develop in response to high rainfall events are also either not present or somewhat weaker than observations. Surface cold pools originate from the downward transport within mesoscale downdrafts of midtropospheric air with low moist static energy into the boundary layer. Differences between the modeled and observed response to high rainfall events suggest that the convective parameterizations used by the models and reanalyses discussed here may underrepresent the strength of the mesoscale downdraft circulation.
A New Portable Instrument for In Situ Measurement of Atmospheric Methane Mole Fraction by Applying an Improved Tin Dioxide–Based Gas Sensor
Authors: Suto Hiroshi , Inoue Gen
Published: March 2010

A new portable instrument based on a tin dioxide natural gas leak detector was developed to monitor the atmospheric methane mixing ratio in areas lacking sufficient infrastructure to sustain a conventional measurement system, such as a large power source, carrier gas supply, and temperature-stabilized laboratory. The effect of water vapor, the dominant factor influencing the stable measurement of methane, was examined. Reducing water vapor to less than 10 ppm in the sample air enabled stable and sensitive detection of atmospheric methane. The selectivity of the sensor to other flammable gases was also examined and improved, without additional power consumption, by applying an additional catalytic layer made of platinum-black powder suspended in quartz wool. The developed system is small (W × D × H = 300 mm × 250 mm × 200 mm) and lightweight (4 kg). The normal power consumption of the detector unit, consisting of a detector, a heater for controlling temperature, and an electronic circuit for each device, is less than 10 W. The precision of the tin dioxide–based sensor system for methane measurement in ambient air was compared with that of a conventional system, a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Diurnal variations were clearly detected, and an excellent linear relationship was found between the two systems, with a standard deviation of 4 ppb (1σ).
Testing the Efficacy of an Integrative Model for Community Participation
Authors: Hung Kam , Sirakaya-Turk Ercan , Ingram Linda J.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of an integrative model for community participation in tourism development. Termed as motivation—opportunity—ability (MOA), the model integrated two streams of research, “means” and “ends” oriented studies, with the intent of providing a holistic view of community participation research. To test the hypothesized relationships, data were collected from a stratified random sample of households in Charleston, South Carolina. The data provided some support for the model; the findings suggest that the extent to which community members participate in the tourism development process depends on motivation, opportunity, and ability to participate. Practical and theoretical implications have been discussed within the general framework of community participation.
Visitor Loyalty at a Private South Carolina Protected Area
Authors: Weaver David B. , Lawton Laura J.
Published: March 2010

Visitor loyalty is necessary to generate a virtuous cycle of people—park symbiosis, but knowledge about loyalty expectations is insufficient. A survey of 300 repeat visitors to South Carolina’s Francis Beidler Forest, a private protected area, yielded a hierarchical pattern of loyalties, with positive overall place identity attitudes and positive intentions on site referrals, future visits, and engagement in advocacy. However, also evident were ambivalent place dependency attitudes, ambivalent intentions about donating and paying higher entry fees, and unwillingness to volunteer. Cluster analysis yielded exclusive loyalists (23%) preferring Beidler above other sites, nonexclusive loyalists (31%) not preferring the site, referral and repeat loyalists (33%), and ambivalent loyalists (13%) displaying low levels of loyalty uniformly. Attribute satisfaction levels were very high across clusters. Income, education, residency, and birding skill level all significantly differentiated the clusters. Implications for the marketing and product development of such sites are considered.
From Nationalization to Privatization: The Case of the IDF
Authors: Seidman Guy
Published: March 2010

In recent years the use of private military contractors to execute national security tasks in the U.S. military has finally come under public scrutiny. The main policy question is in three parts: What is the proper division of labor between the public and private sectors? Who decides which sector performs a specific task? If private operatives perform tasks that typically fall on the public side (combat, interrogation), what is the public oversight over the private actors, and how can they be held accountable for wrongdoings? In this article these questions are addressed in relation to the privatization process in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). The article has four parts: the first suggests that the Israeli baseline is unique as the IDF has historically been entrusted with a wide array of national-civilian missions; the second explains the economic realities that probably lie behind the privatization efforts; the third describes the slow and cautious privatization process currently under way; the fourth suggests that while there is little public debate, there is civilian oversight, there are some publicly exposed rationales, and there is public support in letting the IDF, the most trusted part of the executive branch, control the process.