bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mass transfer and reaction kinetics of soybean oil epoxidation in a formic acid‐autocatalyzed reaction system
Authors: Wu Zhenyu , Nie Yong , Chen Wei , Wu Lihang , Chen Ping , Lu Meizhen , Yu Fengwen , Ji Jianbing
Published: May 2016

In this study, the mass transfer and reaction kinetics of soybean oil epoxidation using concentrated hydrogen peroxide in a formic acid‐autocatalyzed reaction system were studied in detail. Studying the mass transfer of formic acid showed that the influence of reactant diffusion near the interface is eliminated when the stirring rate is > 120 rpm in a double‐stirred cell, and the mass transfer rate decreases greatly with the conversion of double bonds and a decrease of reaction temperature. A temperature increase has little impact on the equilibrium of formic acid in the oil/water system, while an increase of epoxidized soybean oil significantly increases the value of the partition coefficient of formic acid. Another important aspect in the kinetic study is the decomposition of performic acid, which can cause the reduction of H2O2 and formic acid during the reaction. Finally, a biphasic model, which considers all reactions in oil and aqueous phases, the equilibrium and mass transfer of reagents and products between the phases, and the evolution of proton concentrations with time, was developed to describe the epoxidation process.
Tuning the Electronic Properties of the Dative N−B Bond with Associated O−B Interaction: Electron Localizability Indicator from X‐Ray Wavefunction Refinement
Authors: Chęcińska Lilianna , Mebs Stefan , Ośmiałowski Borys , Zakrzewska Anna , Ejsmont Krzysztof , Kohout M.
Published: May 2016

Despite the immense growth in interest in difluoroborate dyes, the nature of the interactions of the boron atom within the N‐BF2‐O kernel is not yet fully understood. Herein, a set of real‐space bonding indicators is used to quantify the electronic characteristics of the dative N−B bond in difluoroborate derivatives. The atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) partitioning scheme is complemented by the electron localizability indicator (ELI‐D) approach, and both were applied to experimental and theoretical electron‐density distributions (X‐ray constrained wavefunction fitting vs. DFT calculations). Additionally, Fermi orbital analysis was introduced for small DFT models to support and extend the findings for structures that contain BF2.
Structural and Material Properties of Amyloid Aβ40/42 Fibrils
Authors: Dong Mingyan , Paul Thomas J. , Hoffmann Zachary , Chan Kwaichow , Hu Dingkun , Ai Hongqi , Prabhakar Rajeev
Published: May 2016

In this study, structural and mechanical properties of a series of models of Aβ42 (one‐ and two‐fold) and Aβ40 (two‐ and three‐fold) fibrils have been computed by using all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations. Based on calculations of the twist angle (θ) and periodicity (v=360d/θ), oligomers formed by 20, 11, and 13 monomers were found to be the smallest realistic models of three‐fold Aβ40, one‐fold Aβ42, and two‐fold Aβ42 fibrils, respectively. Our results predict that the Aβ40 fibrils initially exist in two staggered conformations [STAG(+2) and STAG(+1)] and then undergo a [STAG(+2)→STAG(+1)] transformation in a size‐dependent manner. The length of the loop region consisting of the residues 23–29 shrinks with the elongation of both Aβ40 and Aβ42 fibrils. A comparison of the computed potential energy suggests that a two‐fold Aβ40 aggregate is more stable than its three‐fold counterpart, and that Aβ42 oligomers can exist only in one‐fold conformation for aggregates of more than 11 monomers in length. The computed Young′s modulus and yield strengths of 50 GPa and 0.95 GPa, respectively, show that these aggregates possess excellent material properties.
Photoswitched Cell Adhesion on Azobenzene‐Containing Self‐Assembled Films
Authors: Bian Qing , Wang Wenshuo , Han Guoxiang , Chen Yupeng , Wang Shutao , Wang Guojie
Published: May 2016

Stimuli‐responsive surfaces that can regulate and control cell adhesion have attracted much attention for their great potential in diverse biomedical applications. Unlike for pH‐ and temperature‐responsive surfaces, the process of photoswitching requires no additional input of chemicals or thermal energy. In this work, two different photoresponsive azobenzene films are synthesized by chemisorption and electrostatic layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly techniques. The LbL film exhibits a relatively loose packing of azobenzene chromophores compared with the chemisorbed film. The changes in trans/cis isomer ratio of the azobenzene moiety and the corresponding wettability of the LbL films are larger than those of the chemisorbed films under UV light irradiation. The tendency for cell adhesion on the LbL films decreases markedly after UV light irradiation, whereas adhesion on the chemisorbed films decreases only slightly, because the azobenzene chromophores stay densely packed. Interestingly, the tendency for cell adhesion can be considerably increased on rough substrates, the roughness being introduced by use of photolithography and inductively coupled plasma deep etching techniques. For the chemisorbed films on rough substrates, the amount of cells that adhere also changes slightly after UV light irradiation, whereas, the amount of cells that adhere to LbL films on rough substrates decreases significantly.
Facile Synthesis of Fe3C@Graphene Hybrid Nanorods as an Efficient and Robust Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Rui , Li Junsheng , Cai Shichang , Zeng Yan , Zhang Haining , Cai Haopeng , Tang Haolin
Published: May 2016

Robust and efficient catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are required for the development of various energy storage and conversion devices. In this study, a durable and high‐performance Fe3C@graphene ORR catalyst has been developed by the carbonization of urea‐ and agar‐modified Fe2O3 nanorods. The influence of the carbonization temperature and annealing time on the activity and stability of the resulting Fe/C catalyst was studied in detail. The Fe/C catalyst synthesized at a temperature of 700 °C (holding time: 60 min) showed better ORR activity and improved stability compared to a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The improved ORR catalytic activity of the catalyst is due to its high Fe3C content and its good durability results from the unique microstructure of the Fe3C@graphene hybrid
Thirty-two essential questions for understanding the social–ecological system of forage fish: the case of pacific herring
Authors: Levin Phillip S. , Francis Tessa B. , Taylor Nathan G.
Published: May 2016

Forage fishes are ecologically and economically important low trophic level species, and in recent years interest in their biology and management has intensified. Pacific Herring are emblematic of the management issues facing forage species—they are central components of the Northeast Pacific pelagic food web and support important commercial fisheries. In addition, the importance of Herring to indigenous peoples have made them cultural keystone species. We employed a participatory process to promote collaborative priority-setting for this critical forage species. Working with managers, the fisheries industry, indigenous peoples, and scientists, we co-constructed a conceptual model of the Pacific Herring social–ecological system () in the Northeast Pacific. We then identified a set of questions, that, if answered, would significantly increase our ability to sustainably manage the Herring . Our objective was to generate a road map for scientists who wish to conduct useful forage fish research, for resource managers who wish to develop new research efforts that could fill critical gaps, and for public agencies and private foundations seeking to prioritize funding on forage fish issues in the Pacific. With this socio-cultural centrality comes complexity for fisheries management. Our participatory process highlighted the value of conceptualizing the full SES, overcame disciplinary differences in scientific approaches, research philosophy, and language, and charted a path forward for future research and management for forage species.
β1‐integrin restricts astrocytic differentiation of adult hippocampal neural stem cells
Authors: Brooker Sarah M. , Bond Allison M. , Peng Chian‐Yu , Kessler John A.
Published: May 2016

Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate cell‐extracellular matrix and cell–cell interactions. The β1‐integrin subunit is highly expressed by embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) and is critical for NSC maintenance in the developing nervous system, but its role in the adult hippocampal niche remains unexplored. We show that β1‐integrin expression in the adult mouse dentate gyrus (DG) is localized to radial NSCs and early progenitors, but is lost in more mature progeny. Although NSCs in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) normally only infrequently differentiate into astrocytes, deletion of β1‐integrin significantly enhanced astrocyte differentiation. Ablation of β1‐integrin also led to reduced neurogenesis as well as depletion of the radial NSC population. Activation of integrin‐linked kinase (ILK) in cultured adult NSCs from β1‐integrin knockout mice reduced astrocyte differentiation, suggesting that at least some of the inhibitory effects of β1‐integrin on astrocytic differentiation are mediated through ILK. In addition, β1‐integrin conditional knockout also resulted in extensive cellular disorganization of the SGZ as well as non‐neurogenic regions of the DG. The effects of β1‐integrin ablation on DG structure and astrogliogenesis show sex‐specific differences, with the effects following a substantially slower time‐course in males. β1‐integrin thus plays a dual role in maintaining the adult hippocampal NSC population by supporting the structural integrity of the NSC niche and by inhibiting astrocytic lineage commitment. GLIA 2016;64:1235–1251
Characterization of influenza activity based on virological surveillance of influenza‐like illness in tropical Singapore, 2010–2014
Authors: Ang Li Wei , Tien Wee Siong , Lin Raymond Tzer‐Pin , Cui Lin , Cutter Jeffery , James Lyn , Goh Kee Tai
Published: May 2016

Singapore is situated in the tropics where the seasonality of influenza is not as well defined as that of temperate countries. We examined the circulation of influenza viruses in the community in terms of the characteristics of influenza activity. We reviewed laboratory‐confirmed virological data collected between 2010 and 2014 under the national influenza surveillance programme. Influenza activity was measured by the proportion of specimens from outpatients with influenza‐like illness tested positive for influenza virus based on 4‐weekly moving interval. Seasonal epidemics occurred around the end of previous year or the beginning and middle of the year. Increases in influenza positivity were more pronounced when there was a change in the predominant circulating influenza virus type/subtype to influenza A(H3N2). Influenza epidemics lasted about 12 weeks on average, with longer duration when there was a change in the predominant influenza type/subtype and especially when it was associated with influenza A(H3N2). Continuous influenza surveillance is important as it could provide early warning of imminent surges in virus transmission, and allow for timely implementation of public health prevention and control interventions to minimize influenza‐associated disease burden. J. Med. Virol. 88:2069–2077, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation of water content distributions in degenerated human intervertebral discs
Authors: Zhu Qiaoqiao , Gao Xin , Brown Mark D. , Temple H. Thomas , Gu Weiyong
Published: May 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of water content in intervertebral discs during degeneration and repair processes. We hypothesized that the patterns of water content distribution in the discs are related to the intensity patterns observed in T2‐weighted MRI images. Water content distributions in the mildly (e.g., 80% viable cells in the disc, 2.3% decrease in disc height) and moderately (e.g., 40% viable cells in the disc, 9.3% decrease in disc height) degenerated discs were predicted using a finite element model. The variation of water content in the degenerated discs treated with three biological therapies (i.e., increasing the cell density in the nucleus pulposus [Case I], increasing glycosaminoglycan synthesis rate in the nucleus pulposus [Case II], and decreasing glycosaminoglycan degradation rate in the nucleus pulposus [Case III]) were also predicted. It was found that two patterns of water content distributions, a horizontal region with lower water content at the mid‐axial plane of nucleus pulposus and a spot with higher water content at the posterior region, were shown during the degeneration progress for the disc simulated in this study. These two patterns disappeared after treatment in Case I, but in Case II and Case III. The implication of these patterns for the horizontal gray band and high intensity zone in T2‐weighted MRI images was discussed. This study provided new guidance to develop a novel method for diagnosing disc degeneration and assessing outcomes of biological therapies with MRI techniques. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:147–153, 2017.
The impact of damage accumulation on the kinetics of network strength recovery for a physical polymer gel subjected to shear deformation
Authors: Thornell Travis L. , Subramaniam Krithika , Erk Kendra A.
Published: May 2016

Shear rheophysical experiments were used to quantify the kinetics of strength recovery of model thermoreversible polymer gels that were fractured and ultimately sheared to different total magnitudes of strain (700 and 4000%) before resting for set periods of time. Relationships between the amount of strength recovered and the normalized ratio of resting times to characteristic relaxation times were developed. It was found that gels displayed fully healed networks within timescales that were 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than the gel's characteristic relaxation time. Gels deformed to 700% applied strain either healed slower at lower gel concentrations as compared to experiments at larger applied strains due to possible viscous heating, or healed faster from incomplete fracture propagation for higher gel concentrations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2016,54, 1693–1701
It takes a team: reflections on insecticide discoveries, toxicological problems and enjoying the unexpected
Authors: Wing Keith D
Published: May 2016

Absorption/distribution/metabolism/excretion (ADME)‐related studies are mandatory in agrochemical development/registration, but can also play a valuable role in the discovery process. In combination with target‐site potency, bioavailability/ADME characteristics determine agrochemical bioactivity and selectivity, and these concerns can dictate the fate of a discovery lead area. Bioavailability/ADME research was critical to the eventual commercialization of three different insecticide chemistries examined in this paper. In one situation, improved systemicity in anthranilic diamides was required to expand pest spectrum. In another, ADME tools were needed to improve the selective toxicity and non‐target safety of sodium channel blocker insecticides. Finally, differential ADME characteristics of two classes of hormone agonists dictated differential insecticidal activity, and were useful in optimizing the dibenzoylhydrazine ecdysone agonists. ADME discovery research will help companies to advance novel, efficacious and selective agrochemicals, but organizational patience and a desire to understand lead areas in depth are required. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation and characterization of palladium immobilized on silica‐coated Fe3O4 and its catalytic performance for Suzuki reaction under microwave irradiation
Authors: Luo Ming , Dai Chaoneng , Han Qingyue , Fan Guozhi , Song Guangsen
Published: May 2016

Supported palladium catalyst (Pd/Fe3O4@SiO2) was easily prepared by supporting PdCl2 on silica‐coated magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 in ethylene glycol. The as‐prepared sample was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The formation of active specie Pd(0) was confirmed by XRD and XPS, and the Pd loading for the fresh and recovered catalyst was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Pd/Fe3O4@SiO2 was employed for the synthesis of biphenyl derivatives via Suzuki reaction. In terms of the yield of biphenyl, the supported catalyst displayed nearly equal catalytic performance to that of homologous PdCl2 under microwave irradiation for 30 min but higher than that obtained by traditional heating method for 12 h. The catalytic performance of Pd/Fe3O4@SiO2 for Suzuki reactions involving various aryl halides and arylboronic acids were also examined. Impressive yield of biphenyl at 68.2% was obtained even in the presence of unreactive aryl chlorides. Pd/Fe3O4@SiO2 was recovered by a permanent magnet and directly reused in the next run, and no obvious deactivation was observed for up to 6 times. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Starch‐based films and food coatings: An overview
Authors: Versino Florencia , Lopez Olivia V. , Garcia Maria A. , Zaritzky Noemi E.
Published: May 2016

Native and modified starches have received considerable attention for biodegradable films formulation due to their completely biodegradable nature, edible characteristics, and low cost. Development and characterization of starch films obtained by: (i) casting, (ii) blown extrusion and (iii) the thermo‐compression moulding process are described. The rheological properties of filmogenic suspensions, the barrier properties, and the mechanical resistance of the obtained films are reported. Addition of specific additives to the formulations modifies the film functionality transforming them into active materials. Diffusion of antimicrobial agents such as potassium sorbate from the active starch film, as well as their efficacy in dairy products is discussed. Likewise, reinforcing agents lead to composite materials with improved mechanical resistance. Starch‐based materials show higher permeability to carbon dioxide than to oxygen, which is useful to control the respiration rate of fruits and vegetables. The application of active starch‐based coatings to strawberries and Brussels sprouts in order to prolong their refrigerated storage life is analyzed. A detailed overview on the formulation and performance of starch‐based films employing industrial and lab‐scale methods, as well as the application of starch coatings to improve food quality is presented, with the aim of analyzing the possibility of development and application of such materials.
Modelling the effects of malaria infection on mosquito biting behaviour and attractiveness of humans
Authors: Abboubakar H. , Buonomo B. , Chitnis N.
Published: May 2016

We develop and analyse a deterministic population-based ordinary differential equation of malaria transmission to consider the impact of three common assumptions of malaria models: (1) malaria infection does not change the attractiveness of humans to mosquitoes; (2) exposed mosquitoes (infected with malaria but not yet infectious to humans) have the same biting rate as susceptible mosquitoes; and (3) mosquitoes infectious to humans have the same biting rate as susceptible mosquitoes. We calculate the basic reproductive number,

$$R_0$$

R
0

, for this model and show the existence of a transcritical bifurcation at

$$R_0=1$$

R
0

=
1

, in common with most epidemiological models. We further show that for some sets of parameter values, this bifurcation can be backward (subcritical). We show with numerical simulations that increasing the relative attractiveness of infectious humans, increases

$$R_0$$

R
0

but reduces the equilibrium prevalence of infectious humans; decreasing the biting rate of exposed mosquitoes increases

$$R_0$$

R
0

and the equilibrium prevalence of infectious humans and mosquitoes; and increasing the biting rate of infectious mosquitoes has no impact on

$$R_0$$

R
0

or the equilibrium prevalence of infectious humans, but decreases the infectious prevalence of infectious mosquitoes. These analyses of a simple malaria model show that common assumptions around the relative attractiveness of infectious humans and the relative biting rates of exposed and infectious mosquitoes can have substantial and counter-intuitive effects on malaria transmission dynamics.
Alcoholysis of Starch to Produce Alkyl Polyglycosides with Sub‐Critical Isooctyl Alcohol
Authors: Zou Mihua , Chen Jinyang , Wang Yingdi , Li Mingli , Zhang Chao , Yang Xuanyu
Published: May 2016

Alkyl polyglycosides are a type of green non‐ionic surfactants, and are synthesized from starch and isooctyl alcohol with a new eco‐friendly one‐step sub‐critical alcoholysis with the temperature ranging from 240 to 320 °C and autogenous pressure. Yellow alkyl polyglycosides were obtained through the oxidative decoloration of alcoholysis products at a temperature 80 °C for 2 h with a 5 % weight content of hydrogen peroxide. The alkyl polyglycoside product was determined to be isooctyl glucoside with HPLC, IR and NMR. The CMC and HLB of the produced isooctyl glucoside were 2.5 g/L and 17, respectively. With the weight ratio of isooctyl alcohol to starch at 10, a temperature of 260 °C and a reaction time of 2 h, the yield of isooctyl glucoside can attain 132.21 % versus a theoretical yield (defined as the final mass of isooctyl glycoside/initial mass of starch) of 183 %.
Paediatric Anaesthetic Emergency Data Manual
Authors: Armstrong James , King Hannah
Published: May 2016

This compact book contains colour coded sections of checklists and flow charts for the immediate management of a wide range of paediatric situations including resuscitation, trauma, anaesthetic and medical emergencies. The 'age-by-page' section consists of tables of commonly used anaesthetic and resuscitation drugs, pre-calculated for a specific weight within the WHO weight range, for that specific age. Each page includes medication doses, airway equipment including size of endotracheal tubes, laryngeal masks and airway adjuncts, resuscitation fluids including blood products and mannitol and stabilisation infusions such as sedatives and inotropes for ongoing management of the patient. In addition to the emergency guideline sections, the anaesthetic management of 50 common syndromes and congenital conditions are included and the drug formulary provides a convenient reference section of doses and indications of common paediatric medications. An essential quick-reference handbook for anaesthetists, intensive care and emergency department physicians, and trainees.
Broken Bones
Authors: Chew Felix S. , Maldijan Catherine , Mulcahy Hyojeong
Published: May 2016

Broken Bones contains 434 individual cases and 1,101 radiologic images illustrating the typical and less typical appearances of fractures and dislocations throughout the body. The first chapter describes fractures and dislocations of the fingers, starting with fractures of the phalangeal tufts and progressing through the distal, middle, and proximal phalanges and the DIP and PIP joints. Subsequent chapters cover the metacarpals, the carpal bones, the radius and ulna, the elbow and upper arm, and the shoulder and thoracic cage. The cervical spine and the thoracic and lumbosacral spine are covered in separate chapters, followed by the pelvis, the femur, the knee and lower leg, the ankle, the tarsal bones, and the metatarsals and toes. The final three chapters cover the face, fractures and dislocations in children, and fractures and dislocations caused by bullets and nonmilitary blasts.
Prime Numbers and the Riemann Hypothesis
Authors: Mazur Barry , Stein William
Published: May 2016

Prime numbers are beautiful, mysterious, and beguiling mathematical objects. The mathematician Bernhard Riemann made a celebrated conjecture about primes in 1859, the so-called Riemann hypothesis, which remains one of the most important unsolved problems in mathematics. Through the deep insights of the authors, this book introduces primes and explains the Riemann hypothesis. Students with a minimal mathematical background and scholars alike will enjoy this comprehensive discussion of primes. The first part of the book will inspire the curiosity of a general reader with an accessible explanation of the key ideas. The exposition of these ideas is generously illuminated by computational graphics that exhibit the key concepts and phenomena in enticing detail. Readers with more mathematical experience will then go deeper into the structure of primes and see how the Riemann hypothesis relates to Fourier analysis using the vocabulary of spectra. Readers with a strong mathematical background will be able to connect these ideas to historical formulations of the Riemann hypothesis.
The Cambridge Double Star Atlas
Authors: MacEvoy Bruce , Tirion Wil
Published: May 2016

The Cambridge Double Star Atlas is back! It is the first and only atlas of physical double stars that can be viewed with amateur astronomical instruments. Completely rewritten, this new edition explains the latest research into double stars, and looks at the equipment, techniques and opportunities that will enable you to discover, observe and measure them. The target list has been completely revised and extended to 2500 binary or multiple systems. Each system is described with the most recent and accurate data from the authoritative Washington Double Star Catalog, including the HD and SAO numbers that are most useful in our digital age. Hundreds of remarks explain the attributes of local, rapidly changing, often measured or known orbital systems. The color atlas charts by Wil Tirion have been updated to help you easily find and identify the target systems, as well as other deep-sky objects. This is an essential reference for double star observers.
Women on the Run
Authors: Hayes Danny , Lawless Jennifer L.
Published: May 2016

Claims of bias against female candidates abound in American politics. From superficial media coverage to gender stereotypes held by voters, the conventional wisdom is that women routinely encounter a formidable series of obstacles that complicate their path to elective office. Women on the Run challenges that prevailing view and argues that the declining novelty of women in politics, coupled with the polarization of the Republican and Democratic parties, has left little space for the sex of a candidate to influence modern campaigns. The book includes in-depth analyses of the 2010 and 2014 congressional elections, which reveal that male and female House candidates communicate similar messages on the campaign trail, receive similar coverage in the local press, and garner similar evaluations from voters in their districts. When they run for office, male and female candidates not only perform equally well on Election Day - they also face a very similar electoral landscape.
Manuscript Circulation and the Invention of Politics in Early Stuart England
Authors: Millstone Noah
Published: May 2016

In the decades before the Civil War, English readers confronted an extensive and influential pamphlet literature. This literature addressed contemporary events in scathingly critical terms, was produced in enormous quantities and was devoured by the curious. Despite widespread contemporary interest and an enormous number of surviving copies, this literature has remained almost entirely unknown to scholars because it was circulated in handwriting rather than printed with movable type. Drawing from book history, the sociology of knowledge and the history of political thought, Noah Millstone provides the first systematic account of the production, circulation and reception of these manuscript pamphlets. By placing them in the context of social change, state formation, and the emergence of 'politic' expertise, Millstone uses the pamphlets to resolve one of the central problems of early Stuart history: how and why did the men and women of early seventeenth-century England come to see their world as political?
China–Japan Relations after World War Two
Authors: King Amy
Published: May 2016

A rich empirical account of China's foreign economic policy towards Japan after World War Two, drawing on hundreds of recently declassified Chinese sources. Amy King offers an innovative conceptual framework for the role of ideas in shaping foreign policy, and examines how China's Communist leaders conceived of Japan after the war. The book shows how Japan became China's most important economic partner in 1971, despite the recent history of war and the ongoing Cold War divide between the two countries. It explains that China's Communist leaders saw Japan as a symbol of a modern, industrialised nation, and Japanese goods, technology and expertise as crucial in strengthening China's economy and military. For China and Japan, the years between 1949 and 1971 were not simply a moment disrupted by the Cold War, but rather an important moment of non-Western modernisation stemming from the legacy of Japanese empire, industry and war in China.
The Hegemony of Growth
Authors: Schmelzer Matthias
Published: May 2016

In modern society, economic growth is considered to be the primary goal pursued through policymaking. But when and how did this perception become widely adopted among social scientists, politicians and the general public? Focusing on the OECD, one of the least understood international organisations, Schmelzer offers the first transnational study to chart the history of growth discourses. He reveals how the pursuit of GDP growth emerged as a societal goal and the ways in which the methods employed to measure, model and prescribe growth resulted in statistical standards, international policy frameworks and widely accepted norms. Setting his analysis within the context of capitalist development, post-war reconstruction, the Cold War, decolonization, and industrial crisis, The Hegemony of Growth sheds new light on the continuous reshaping of the growth paradigm up to the neoliberal age and adds historical depth to current debates on climate change, inequality and the limits to growth.
Microclimate and Local Climate
Authors: Barry Roger , Blanken Peter
Published: May 2016

This book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive treatment of the variables and processes of microclimate and local climate, including radiation balance and energy balance. It describes and explains the climate within the lower atmosphere and upper soil, the region critical to life on Earth. Topics that are covered include not only the physical processes that affect microclimate, but also biological processes that affect vegetation and animals, including people. A geographic tour of the microclimates of the major ecosystems around the world is included. All major biomes and surface types, including urban areas, are examined, and the effects of climate change on microclimate are described. This book is invaluable for advanced students and researchers in climatology in departments of environmental science, geography, meteorology, agricultural science, and forestry.
The Battle of Jutland
Authors: Brooks John
Published: May 2016

This is a major new account of the Battle of Jutland, the key naval battle of the First World War in which the British Grand Fleet engaged the German High Seas Fleet off the coast of Denmark in 1916. Beginning with the building of the two fleets, John Brooks reveals the key technologies employed, from ammunition, gunnery and fire control, to signalling and torpedoes, as well as the opposing commanders' tactical expectations and battle orders. In describing Jutland's five major phases, he offers important new interpretations of the battle itself and how the outcome was influenced by technology, as well as the tactics and leadership of the principal commanders, with the reliability of their own accounts of the fighting reassessed. The book draws on contemporary sources which have rarely been cited in previous accounts, including the despatches of both the British and German formations, along with official records, letters and memoirs.
Toxic Torts
Authors: Cranor Carl F.
Published: May 2016

US tort law, cloaked behind increased judicial review of science, is changing before our eyes yet we cannot see it. While Supreme Court decisions have altered how courts review scientific testimony, the complexity of both science and legal procedures mask the resulting social consequences. Yet these consequences are too important to remain hidden. Mistaken court reviews of scientific evidence can decrease citizen access to the law, decrease incentives for firms to test their products, lower deterrence for harmful products, and decrease the possibility of justice for citizens injured by toxic substances. Even if courts review evidence well, increases in litigation costs and attorney screening of clients can impede access to the law. Newly revised and expanded, Toxic Torts, 2nd edition introduces these issues, reveals the relationships that can deny citizens just restitution for harms suffered, and shows how justice can be improved in toxic tort cases.
Cavitation structures formed during the collision of a sphere with an ultra-viscous wetted surface
Authors: Mansoor M. M. , Marston J. O. , Uddin J. , Christopher G. , Zhang Z. , Thoroddsen S. T.
Published: May 2016

We investigate the inception of cavitation and resulting structures when a sphere collides with a solid surface covered with a layer of non-Newtonian liquid having a kinematic viscosity of up to${\it\nu}_{0}=20\,000\,000$cSt. We show the existence of shear-stress-induced cavitation during sphere approach towards the base wall (i.e. the pressurization stage) in ultra-viscous films using a synchronized dual-view high-speed imaging system. For the experimental parameters employed, liquids having viscoelastic properties of$De\geqslant O(1)$are shown to enable sphere rebound without any prior contact with the solid wall. Cavitation by depressurization (i.e. during rebound) in such non-contact cases is observed to onset after a noticeable delay from when the minimum gap distance is reached. Also, the cavities created originate from remnant bubbles, being the remains of the primary bubble entrapment formed by the lubrication pressure of the air during film entry. Cases where physical contact occurs (contact cases) in 10 000 cSt${\leqslant}{\it\nu}_{0}\leqslant 1000\,000$cSt films produce cavities attached to the base wall, which extend into an hourglass shape. In contrast, strikingly different structures occur in the most viscous liquids due to the disproportionality in radial expansion and longitudinal extension along the cavity length. Horizontal shear rates calculated using particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements show the apparent fluid viscosity to vary substantially as the sphere approaches and rebounds away from the base wall. A theoretical model based on the lubrication assumption is solved for the squeeze flow in the regime identified for shear-induced cavity events, to investigate the criterion for cavity inception in further detail.
Acoustic boundary conditions at an impedance lining in inviscid shear flow
Authors: Khamis Doran , Brambley Edward James
Published: May 2016

The accuracy of existing impedance boundary conditions is investigated, and new impedance boundary conditions are derived, for lined ducts with inviscid shear flow. The accuracy of the Ingard–Myers boundary condition is found to be poor. Matched asymptotic expansions are used to derive a boundary condition accurate to second order in the boundary layer thickness, which shows substantially increased accuracy for thin boundary layers when compared with both the Ingard–Myers boundary condition and its recent first-order correction. Closed-form approximate boundary conditions are also derived using a single Runge–Kutta step to solve an impedance Ricatti equation, leading to a boundary condition that performs reasonably even for thicker boundary layers. Surface modes and temporal stability are also investigated.
On a conservative Bayesian method of inferring extinction
Authors: Alroy John
Published: May 2016

Few methods exist that put a posterior probability on the hypothesis that a thing is gone forever given its sighting history. A recently proposed Bayesian method is highly accurate but aggressive, generating many near-zero or near-one probabilities of extinction. Here I explore a Bayesian method called the agnostic equation that makes radically different assumptions and is much more conservative. The method assumes that the overall prior probability of extinction is 50% and that slices of the prior are exponentially distributed across the time series. The conditional probability of the data given survival is based on a simple, long-known combinatorial expression that captures the chance all presences would fall at random before or within the last sighting’s interval (L) given that they could fall anywhere. The same equation is used to compute the conditional probability given extinction at the start of each intervali, that is, the chance that all sightings would fall before or withinLgiven that none could equal or postdatei. The conditional probability is zero for all hypothesized extinction intervals throughL. Bayes’s theorem is then used to compute the posterior extinction probability. It is noted that recycling the mean posterior for a population as a prior improves the method’s accuracy. The agnostic equation differs from an earlier, related one, because it explicitly includes a term to represent the hypothesis of survival, and it therefore does not assume that the species has necessarily gone extinct within the sampling window. Simulations demonstrate that the posterior extinction probabilities are highly accurate when considered as a suite but individually indecisive, rarely approaching one. This property is advantageous whenever inferring extinction would have dangerous consequences. The agnostic method is therefore advocated in cases where conservative estimates are desired.
Regular-equivalence of 2-knot diagrams and sphere eversions
Authors: TAKASE MASAMICHI , TANAKA KOKORO
Published: May 2016

For each diagramDof a 2-knot, we provide a way to construct a new diagramD′ of the same knot such that any sequence of Roseman moves betweenDandD′ necessarily involves branch points. The proof is done by developing the observation that no sphere eversion can be lifted to an isotopy in 4-space.
Type-specific photoreceptor loss in pigeons after disruption of parasympathetic control of choroidal blood flow by the medial subdivision of the nucleus of Edinger–Westphal
Authors: REINER A. , WONG T.T. , NAZOR C.C. , DEL MAR N. , FITZGERALD M.E.C.
Published: May 2016

The medial part of the nucleus of Edinger–Westphal (EWM) in birds mediates light-regulated adaptive increases in choroidal blood flow (ChBF). We sought to characterize the effect of loss of EWM-mediated ChBF regulation on photoreceptor health in pigeons housed in either moderate intensity diurnal or constant light (CL). Photoreceptor abundance following complete EWM destruction was compared to that following a lesion in the pupil control circuit (as a control for spread of EWM lesions to the nearby pupil-controlling lateral EW) or following no EW damage. Birds were housed post-lesion in a 12 h 400 lux light/12 h dark light cycle for up to 16.5 months, or in constant 400 lux light for up to 3 weeks. Paraformaldehyde–glutaraldehyde fixed eyes were embedded in plastic, sectioned, slide-mounted, and stained with toluidine blue/azure II. Blinded analysis of photoreceptor outer segment abundance was performed, with outer segment types distinguished by oil droplet tint and laminar position. Brains were examined histologically to assess lesion accuracy. Disruption of pupil control had no adverse effect on photoreceptor outer segment abundance in either diurnal light or CL, but EWM destruction led to 50–60% loss of blue/violet cone outer segments in both light conditions, and a 42% loss of principal cone outer segments in CL. The findings indicate that adaptive regulation of ChBF by the EWM circuit plays a role in maintaining photoreceptor health and mitigates the harmful effect of light on photoreceptors, especially short wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors.
As Lava Flows, Refined Model Predicts a Path
Authors: Deatrick Elizabeth
Published: May 2016

Simulations that melded volcano topography, satellite observations, and virtual lava accurately anticipated the destruction of villages 18 months ago by Cape Verde's Fogo volcano.
Magnetic field controlled charge density wave coupling in underdoped YBa2Cu3O6+x
Authors: Chang J. , Blackburn E. , Ivashko O. , Holmes A. T. , Christensen N. B. , Hücker M. , Liang Ruixing , Bonn D. A. , Hardy W. N. , Rütt U. , Zimmermann M. v. , Forgan E. M. , Hayden S M
Published: May 2016

The application of magnetic fields to layered cuprates suppresses their high-temperature superconducting behaviour and reveals competing ground states. In widely studied underdoped YBa2Cu3O6+x (YBCO), the microscopic nature of field-induced electronic and structural changes at low temperatures remains unclear. Here we report an X-ray study of the high-field charge density wave (CDW) in YBCO. For hole dopings ∼0.123, we find that a field (B∼10 T) induces additional CDW correlations along the CuO chain (b-direction) only, leading to a three-dimensional (3D) ordered state along this direction at B∼15 T. The CDW signal along the a-direction is also enhanced by field, but does not develop an additional pattern of correlations. Magnetic field modifies the coupling between the CuO2 bilayers in the YBCO structure, and causes the sudden appearance of the 3D CDW order. The mirror symmetry of individual bilayers is broken by the CDW at low and high fields, allowing Fermi surface reconstruction, as recently suggested.
Marginal zone B cells exacerbate endotoxic shock via interleukin-6 secretion induced by Fcα/μR-coupled TLR4 signalling
Authors: Honda Shin-ichiro , Sato Kazuki , Totsuka Naoya , Fujiyama Satoshi , Fujimoto Manabu , Miyake Kensuke , Nakahashi-Oda Chigusa , Tahara-Hanaoka Satoko , Shibuya Kazuko , Shibuya Akira
Published: May 2016

Marginal zone (MZ) B cells produce a first wave of antibodies for protection from blood-borne pathogens. However, the role of MZ B cells in inflammatory responses has not been elucidated. Here we show that MZ B cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), and exacerbate systemic inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After intravenous injection of LPS or E. coli, mice deficient in MZ B cells or IL-6 only in MZ B cells have attenuated systemic inflammatory responses and prolonged survival compared with wild-type mice. LPS directly stimulates MZ B cells via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MyD88 pathways for IL-6 production. Furthermore, TLR4 requires physical and functional association with Fcα/μR (CD351) for its oligomer formation, NF-κB signalling and IL-6 production from MZ B cells; this association is responsible for systemic inflammatory responses and endotoxic shock. These results reveal a pro-inflammatory role of MZ B cells in endotoxic shock.
Colonization with the enteric protozoa Blastocystis is associated with increased diversity of human gut bacterial microbiota
Authors: Audebert Christophe , Even Gaël , Cian Amandine ,   The Blastocystis Investigation Group, Safadi Dima El , Certad Gabriela , Delhaes Laurence , Pereira Bruno , Nourrisson Céline , Poirier Philippe , Wawrzyniak Ivan , Delbac Frédéric , Morelle Christelle , Bastien Patrick , Lachaud Laurence , Bellanger Anne-Pauline , Botterel Françoise , Candolfi Ermanno , Desoubeaux Guillaume , Morio Florent , Pomares Christelle , Rabodonirina Meja , Loywick Alexandre , Merlin Sophie , Viscogliosi Eric , Chabé Magali
Published: May 2016

Alterations in the composition of commensal bacterial populations, a phenomenon known as dysbiosis, are linked to multiple gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, or to infections by diverse enteric pathogens. Blastocystis is one of the most common single-celled eukaryotes detected in human faecal samples. However, the clinical significance of this widespread colonization remains unclear, and its pathogenic potential is controversial. To address the issue of Blastocystis pathogenicity, we investigated the impact of colonization by this protist on the composition of the human gut microbiota. For that purpose, we conducted a cross-sectional study including 48 Blastocystis-colonized patients and 48 Blastocystis-free subjects and performed an Ion Torrent 16S rDNA gene sequencing to decipher the Blastocystis-associated gut microbiota. Here, we report a higher bacterial diversity in faecal microbiota of Blastocystis colonized patients, a higher abundance of Clostridia as well as a lower abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. Our results contribute to suggesting that Blastocystis colonization is usually associated with a healthy gut microbiota, rather than with gut dysbiosis generally observed in metabolic or infectious inflammatory diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract.
HIV-1 Infection-Induced Suppression of the Let-7i/IL-2 Axis Contributes to CD4+ T Cell Death
Authors: Zhang Yijun , Yin Yue , Zhang Shaoying , Luo Haihua , Zhang Hui
Published: May 2016

The mechanisms underlying HIV-1-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion are highly complicated. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a key cytokine that maintains the survival and proliferation of activated CD4+ T cells. IL-2 levels are disturbed during HIV-1 infection, but the underlying mechanism(s) requires further investigation. We have reported that cellular microRNA (miRNA) let-7i upregulates IL-2 expression by targeting the promoter TATA-box region, which functions as a positive regulator. In this study, we found that HIV-1 infection decreases the expression of let-7i in CD4+ T cells by attenuating its promoter activity. The reduced let-7i miRNA expression led to a decline in IL-2 levels. A let-7i mimic increased IL-2 expression and subsequently enhanced the resistance of CD4+ T cells to HIV-1-induced apoptosis. By contrast, the blockage of let-7i with a specific inhibitor resulted in elevated CD4+ T cell apoptosis during HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, by knocking down the expression of IL-2, we found that the let-7i-mediated CD4+ T cell resistance to apoptosis during HIV-1 infection was dependent on IL-2 signaling rather than an alternative CD95-mediated cell-death pathway. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel pathway for HIV-1-induced dysregulation of IL-2 cytokines and depletion of CD4+ T-lymphocytes.
Colorectal cancer risk genes are functionally enriched in regulatory pathways
Authors: Lu Xi , Cao Mingming , Han Su , Yang Youlin , Zhou Jin
Published: May 2016

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common complex disease caused by the combination of genetic variants and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed and reported some novel CRC susceptibility variants. However, the potential genetic mechanisms for newly identified CRC susceptibility variants are still unclear. Here, we selected 85 CRC susceptibility variants with suggestive association P < 1.00E-05 from the National Human Genome Research Institute GWAS catalog. To investigate the underlying genetic pathways where these newly identified CRC susceptibility genes are significantly enriched, we conducted a functional annotation. Using two kinds of SNP to gene mapping methods including the nearest upstream and downstream gene method and the ProxyGeneLD, we got 128 unique CRC susceptibility genes. We then conducted a pathway analysis in GO database using the corresponding 128 genes. We identified 44 GO categories, 17 of which are regulatory pathways. We believe that our results may provide further insight into the underlying genetic mechanisms for these newly identified CRC susceptibility variants.