bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total vascular hepatic exclusion for tumor resection: a new approach to the intrathoracic inferior vena cava through the abdominal cavity by cutting the diaphragm vertically without cutting the pericardium
Authors: Mizuno Shugo , Kato Hiroyuki , Azumi Yoshinori , Kishiwada Masashi , Hamada Takashi , Usui Masanobu , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Tabata Masami , Shimpo Hideto , Isaji Shuji
Published: May 2010

For the resection of advanced liver tumors in which the tumor thrombus extends into the intrathoracic inferior vena cava (IVC) above the diaphragm, surgeons need very skillful techniques and much experience. However, after detachment of the line of fusion of the pericardium to the diaphragm (LFPD), the intrathoracic IVC can be exposed easily. We herein present this novel surgical method, an approach to the intrathoracic IVC through the abdominal cavity. A 66 year‐old man was referred to our hospital because of high‐grade fever. Computed tomography revealed a large tumor of the left hepatic lobe with tumor thrombus extending into the intrathoracic IVC through the left hepatic vein. Laboratory data showed elevated levels of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) (726 ng/ml) and protein induced by vitamin K absence (114 AU/ml). The patient was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of the left hepatic lobe with tumor thrombus extending into the IVC. He underwent left hepatectomy with partial resection of the IVC and intravascular tumor thrombectomy under total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Before THVE, we approached the IVC through the abdominal cavity with vertical dissection of the diaphragm after detachment of the LFPD without cutting the pericardium or performing median sternotomy. This procedure could be very beneficial and helpful for many liver surgeons.
What family studies teach us about suicidal behavior: Implications for research, treatment, and prevention
Authors: Brent D.
Published: May 2010

Suicidal behavior is transmitted within families, above and beyond the transmission of psychiatric disorder. The familial phenotype of suicidal behavior includes suicide completion and attempts, but not suicidal ideation, the latter of which is transmitted along with depression. The familial transmission of early-onset suicidal behavior is co-transmitted with, and appears to be mediated by the transmission of impulsive aggression. Additionally, the familial transmission of suicidal behavior is, in part, mediated by the familial transmission of abuse. Moreover, high family loading for mood disorder and suicidal behavior are related to multi-generational abuse, impulsive aggression, and early-onset of mood disorder and of suicidal behavior.
Stress, genetics and epigenetic effects on the neurobiology of suicidal behavior and depression
Authors: Mann J.J. , Currier D.M.
Published: May 2010

Alterations in a number of neurobiological systems have been associated with suicidal behavior including the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Altered functioning of these systems may stem from both genetic and developmental causes. Adversity in early-life has developmental consequences on these systems that persist into adulthood. Genetic differences may also contribute to alterations in functioning of neurobiological systems. Moreover, the interaction of early-life experiences of adversity and genetic vulnerability is increasingly thought to play a role, including via epigenetic mechanisms.
Natural history of infections with high‐risk HPV in Chinese women with abnormal cervical cytology findings at baseline
Authors: Guo Yan‐li , You Ke , Qiao Jie , Zhao Yi‐ming , Liu Cong‐rong , Geng Li
Published: May 2010

Objective

To clarify the natural history of disease in Chinese women with benign cytologic observation and positive for high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV).

Method

From September 1, 2004, to June 30, 2008, this prospective study followed up 893 women positive for HR‐HPV who also had benign cytologic findings at baseline.

Results

After 3 to 57 months, the viral clearance rate was higher for patients younger than 30 years and for patients who had a low viral load at baseline than for those in their comparison groups. Conversely, the occurrence rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3 was higher for patients with persistent HR‐HPV infection, those who had CIN 1 at baseline, and those whose the second viral load was increased.

Conclusion

Age, viral load, and presence of CIN 1 at the first evaluation were the main factors affecting the natural history of HR‐HPV infection in women with benign baseline cytologic findings. The result(s) of the second HR‐HPV testing were independent indicators of histologic progression.
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative in Europe
Authors: Frisoni Giovanni B.
Published: May 2010

The North American Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) was originally conceived as a study to develop markers of disease progression, but has also become a strong technological platform for the multi‐centric collection of clinical data and imaging and biological markers. Because the ADNI platform was first imported in Europe, thanks to the pilot European ADNI, several ADNI‐related initiatives have flourished, funded by the European Commission's 7th Framework Programme, national governments, and the Alzheimer's Association aimed at: (i) collecting fresh data ADNI style (FP7 AddNeuroMed, Innovative Medicine Initiative Pharma‐Cog/European ADNI, Swedish ADNI, and Italian ADNI); (ii) developing standard operational procedures for the collection of markers (International Harmonization of CSF Abeta42 and tau, and European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium–ADNI Harmonization of Hippocampal Volumetry); and (iii) developing infrastructures for the treatment of ADNI data (FP7 neuGRID and outGRID, and the French Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement de l'Image). Although this fragmented scenario is not surprising given the structure of scientific funding in Europe, opportunities are being developed for high order networking and harmonization at the continental level (Joint Programming for Neurodegenerative Diseases).
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: Progress report and future plans
Authors: Weiner Michael W. , Aisen Paul S. , Jack Clifford R. , Jagust William J. , Trojanowski John Q. , Shaw Leslie , Saykin Andrew J. , Morris John C. , Cairns Nigel , Beckett Laurel A. , Toga Arthur , Green Robert , Walter Sarah , Soares Holly , Snyder Peter , Siemers Eric , Potter William , Cole Patricia E. , Schmidt Mark ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2010

The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) beginning in October 2004, is a 6‐year research project that studies changes of cognition, function, brain structure and function, and biomarkers in elderly controls, subjects with mild cognitive impairment, and subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A major goal is to determine and validate MRI, PET images, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/blood biomarkers as predictors and outcomes for use in clinical trials of AD treatments. Structural MRI, FDG PET, C‐11 Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) PET, CSF measurements of amyloid β (Aβ) and species of tau, with clinical/cognitive measurements were performed on elderly controls, subjects with mild cognitive impairment, and subjects with AD. Structural MRI shows high rates of brain atrophy, and has high statistical power for determining treatment effects. FDG PET, C‐11 Pittsburgh compound B PET, and CSF measurements of Aβ and tau were significant predictors of cognitive decline and brain atrophy. All data are available at UCLA/LONI/ADNI, without embargo. ADNI‐like projects started in Australia, Europe, Japan, and Korea. ADNI provides significant new information concerning the progression of AD.
Update on the biomarker core of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative subjects
Authors: Trojanowski John Q. , Vandeerstichele Hugo , Korecka Magdalena , Clark Christopher M. , Aisen Paul S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Blennow Kaj , Soares Holly , Simon Adam , Lewczuk Piotr , Dean Robert , Siemers Eric , Potter William Z. , Weiner Michael W. , Jack Clifford R. , Jagust William , Toga Arthur W. , Lee Virginia M.‐Y. , Shaw Leslie M. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2010

Here, we review progress by the Penn Biomarker Core in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) toward developing a pathological cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarker signature for mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as a biomarker profile that predicts conversion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and/or normal control subjects to AD. The Penn Biomarker Core also collaborated with other ADNI Cores to integrate data across ADNI to temporally order changes in clinical measures, imaging data, and chemical biomarkers that serve as mileposts and predictors of the conversion of normal control to MCI as well as MCI to AD, and the progression of AD. Initial CSF studies by the ADNI Biomarker Core revealed a pathological CSF biomarker signature of AD defined by the combination of Aβ1‐42 and total tau (T‐tau) that effectively delineates mild AD in the large multisite prospective clinical investigation conducted in ADNI. This signature appears to predict conversion from MCI to AD. Data fusion efforts across ADNI Cores generated a model for the temporal ordering of AD biomarkers which suggests that Aβ amyloid biomarkers become abnormal first, followed by changes in neurodegenerative biomarkers (CSF tau, F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) with the onset of clinical symptoms. The timing of these changes varies in individual patients due to genetic and environmental factors that increase or decrease an individual's resilience in response to progressive accumulations of AD pathologies. Further studies in ADNI will refine this model and render the biomarkers studied in ADNI more applicable to routine diagnosis and to clinical trials of disease modifying therapies.
Transtympanic Ringer's lactate application in the prevention of cisplatinum‐induced ototoxicity in a chinchilla animal model
Authors: Munguia Raymundo , Sahmkow Sofia I. , Funnell W. Robert J. , Daniel Sam J.
Published: May 2010

Objective

Ototoxicity is currently the most frequent dose‐limiting side effect of cisplatinum chemotherapy. To date, there is no protocol to prevent dose‐related ototoxicity, despite its prevalence and predictability. Previous animal studies have found lactate to be effective in the prevention of cisplatinum‐induced ototoxicity. The objective of this study was to test the protective benefits of transtympanic Ringer's lactate in the prevention of cisplatinum‐induced ototoxicity.

Study Design

A randomized prospective controlled trial was conducted in an animal model.

Setting

Animal care research facilities of The Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 44 chinchillas were exposed to systemic cisplatinum injected intraperitoneally in divided cycles to reach the targeted cumulative dosage of 16 mg/kg. Ototopical application of Ringer's lactate solution 0.2 mL twice per day during the chemotherapy cycles was performed. Each animal had one experimental (Ringer's) and one control ear. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were collected for a wide range of frequencies (between 1 and 16 kHz), and scanning electron microscopy was performed to evaluate the protective effects of Ringer's lactate.

Results

Ototopical application of Ringer's lactate solution in our established chinchilla animal model did not provide an otoprotective effect as measured by the DPOAE response and electron microscopy.

Conclusion

In our study, the intratympanic application of Ringer's lactate solution through a tympanostomy ventilation tube did not provide an otoprotective effect. Further studies are needed to better assess the otoprotective or ototoxic effects of Ringer's lactate and other antioxidants on animal and human hearing.
Are Survey Experiments Externally Valid?
Authors: BARABAS JASON , JERIT JENNIFER
Published: May 2010

Researchers use survey experiments to establish causal effects in descriptively representative samples, but concerns remain regarding the strength of the stimuli and the lack of realism in experimental settings. We explore these issues by comparing three national survey experiments on Medicare and immigration with contemporaneous natural experiments on the same topics. The survey experiments reveal that providing information increases political knowledge and alters attitudes. In contrast, two real-world government announcements had no discernable effects, except among people who were exposed to the same facts publicized in the mass media. Even among this exposed subsample, treatment effects were smaller and sometimes pointed in the opposite direction. Methodologically, our results suggest the need for caution when extrapolating from survey experiments. Substantively, we find that many citizens are able to recall factual information appearing in the news but may not adjust their beliefs and opinions in response to this information.
Fluid intake and nutritional risk in non-critically ill patients at hospital referral
Authors: Cereda Emanuele , Pedrolli Carlo , Lucchin Lucio , D'Amicis Amleto , Gentile Maria Gabriella , Battistini Nino Carlo , Fusco Maria Antonia , Palmo Augusta , Muscaritoli Maurizio
Published: May 2010

The association between hyporexia/anorexia, reduced food intake and disease-related malnutrition at hospital admission is well established. However, information on fluid intake according to nutritional risk has never been provided. Thus, we assessed the attitude and adequacy of fluid intake among case-mix hospitalised patients according to nutritional risk. A sample of 559 non-critically ill patients randomly taken from medical and surgical wards was evaluated. Nutritional risk was diagnosed by the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002. Usual fluid consumption the week before admission was assessed and categorised as < 5 and ≥ 5 cups/d (1 cup = 240 ml), with the acceptable intake being ≥ 5 cups/d. Prevalence of nutritional risk was 57·2 %, and 46·2 % of the patients reported a fluid intake < 5 cups/d. Multiple-adjusted logistic regression revealed that age ≥ 65 years (OR: 1·88 (95 % CI: 1·03, 3·43); P < 0·04), energy intake (for every 25 % increase in food intake compared with estimated requirements, OR: 0·37 (95 % CI: 0·25, 0·55); P < 0·001) and the number of drugs taken (every three-drug increase, OR: 0·63 (95 % CI: 0·44, 0·90); P < 0·02) were independently associated with inadequate fluid intake ( < 5 cups/d). A significant independent association was also found with nutritional risk (OR: 0·64 (95 % CI: 0·43, 0·95); P < 0·03). Nutritional risk appears to be positively associated with greater fluid intake in non-acute hospitalised patients, but both the reasons and the consequences of this relationship, as well as the impact on clinical practice, need to be explored. However, water replacement by oral nutritional support should take advantage of the patients' attitude to assuming a greater fluid intake, limiting at the same time fluid overload during the refeeding phase.
Effect of mild restriction of food intake on gene expression profile in the liver of young rats: reference data for in vivo nutrigenomics study
Authors: Saito Kenji , Ohta Yutaka , Sami Manabu , Kanda Tomomasa , Kato Hisanori
Published: May 2010

Recent transcriptomics studies on the effect of long-term or severe energy restriction (ER) have revealed that many genes are dynamically modulated by this condition in rodents. The present study was conducted to define the global gene expression profile in response to mild ER treatment. Growing rats were fed with reduced amount of diet (5–30 % ER) for 1 week or 1 month. Using DNA microarray analysis of the liver, seventy-two genes that were consistently changed through the different ER levels were identified. Many were related to lipid metabolism including genes encoding key enzymes such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and fatty acid synthase. Interestingly, a number of genes were altered even by 5 % ER for 1 week where no differences in weight gain were observed. The information obtained in the present study can be used as a valuable reference data source in the transcriptomics studies of food and nutrition in which subtle differences in food intake sometimes hinder appropriate interpretation of the data.
Dietary vitamin E deficiency does not affect global and specific DNA methylation patterns in rat liver
Authors: Fischer Alexandra , Gaedicke Sonja , Frank Jan , Döring Frank , Rimbach Gerald
Published: May 2010

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a 6-month dietary vitamin E (VE) deficiency on DNA methylation and gene expression in rat liver. Two enzymes, 5-α-steroid reductase type 1 (SRD5A1) and the regulatory subunit of γ-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase (GCLM), which are differentially expressed on the mRNA level, were analysed for promoter methylation in putative cytosine-phospho-guanine (CpG) island regions located at the 5′ end using base-specific cleavage and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight MS. A twofold increase in the mRNA level of SRD5A1 gene and a twofold decrease in the mRNA level of GCLM gene in VE-deficient animals were not associated with different CpG methylation of the analysed promoter region. Furthermore, global DNA methylation was not significantly different in these two groups. Thus, the present results indicate that the VE-induced regulation of SRD5A1 and GCLM in rat liver is not directly mediated by changes in promoter DNA methylation.
The Limits of Internalism: A Case Study
Authors: Freedman Karyn L.
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT: Looking at specific populations of knowers reveals that the presumption of sameness within knowledge communities can lead to a number of epistemological oversights. A good example of this is found in the case of survivors of sexual violence. In this paper I argue that this case study offers a new perspective on the debate between the epistemic internalist and externalist by providing us with a fresh insight into the complicated psychological dimensions of belief formation and the implications that this has for an epistemology that demands reasons that are first-person accessible.
Kant’s Derivation of the Formula of Universal Law
Authors: Mccarty Richard
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT: Critics have charged that there are gaps in the logic of Kant’s derivation of the formula of universal law. Here I defend that derivation against these charges, partly by emphasizing a neglected teleological principle that Kant alluded to in his argument, and partly by clarifying what he meant by actions’ “conformity to universal law.” He meant that actions conform to universal law just when their maxims can belong to a unified system of principles. An analogy with objects’ conformity to universal law in nature helps show how Kant was correct in deriving the formula of universal law from the premises of his argument.
Connaissance de Dieu et conscience de soi chez Descartes
Authors: Miles Murray
Published: May 2010

RÉSUMÉ: La méthode analytique par laquelle Descartes établit le premier principe de sa philosophie (cogito, ergo sum) consiste en un procédé cognitif associant intuition directe et inférence non-logique qui diffère significativement du modèle déductif que l’on prête depuis toujours au rationalisme du dix-septième siècle. Cet article démontre que ce même processus analytique est à l’œuvre dans la preuve de l’innéité de l’idée de Dieu, où, pourtant, il y a des doutes majeurs concernant sa légitimité.
Transcendental Idealism: What Jerusalem Has To Say to Königsberg
Authors: Glouberman Mark
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT: The Bible illuminates Kant’s distinction between appearances and things-in-themselves. The two biblical creation stories, in Genesis 1 and in Genesis 2, offer different ontological parsings, only the second of which, like Kant’s appearances, is relativized to the human case. But while Kant’s other region remains undercharacterized (it is either understood negatively, as differing from the realm of appearances, or else uninformatively, as the object of supra-human cognition), the Bible articulates quite fully the world as it is before the advent of men and women. The Bible treats this realm from the sub-human standpoint. This broadly anthropological approach to the idea of appearances clarifies transcendental idealism.
The Industrial Distribution of the Urban and Rural Workforces: Estimates for the United States, 1870–1910
Authors: Weiss Thomas
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this article was to present the estimates of the urban and rural workforces derived from census data. These censusbased estimates present a fairly consistent pattern of change over time, and appear useful even in their present state. These estimates should be tested further against other time series so that we will eventually have a sound urban and rural workforce series with which to better analyze the process of structural change. The limited use to which these estimates were put in the present article yielded some interesting results, as well as some suggestions for further research.

In terms of the United States workforce, changes in the industrial distribution reflect predominantly the relative shift in population from rural to urban areas, and little change in the workforce structure of either area. Indeed, at the sectoral level, there appears to have been more change occurring in rural than in urban areas. On the other hand, within the service sector there was more erratic change occurring in the rural areas than in the cities, but the differences may be easily reconciled. The urban sector experienced a more rapid increase and greater variability in the participation rate than did the rural sector. The pattern of variability was compared with the known evidence on unemployment, and variation in the former appears explicable in terms of variation in the latter.
On Taiwan's Agricultural Transformation Under Colonialism: A Critique
Authors: Ho Yhi-Min
Published: May 2010

Recently an article by Samuel Pao-San Ho appeared in this Journal, which, while using some of the data from my previous study of Taiwan's agriculture, criticizes the input series I compiled. Samuel Ho offers competing estimates of productivity change and its sources, and provides estimates of the transferred agricultural surplus and an interpretation of the transfer process. His estimates of the productivity change in Taiwan's agriculture during the colonial period are considerably lower than my own.
Writing History Backwards: Meiji Japan Revisited
Authors: Kelley Allen C. , Williamson Jeffrey G.
Published: May 2010

In following the paths of historical development … the analyst finds himself … engaged in the rather thankless task of trying to derive known from unknown or, at least, better-known from less well-known facts. Would it not be much more efficient to reverse this procedure? By establishing the base of his operations, that is, the principal store of primary factual information in the present or a very recent past, and then moving on backward with the help of theoretical weapons step by step toward the more and more distant past, the analytical historian could make most effective use of the limited amount of direct factual information to which he usually has access.
Stages in Corporate Stability and the Risks of Corporate Failure
Authors: Edwards Richard C.
Published: May 2010

Few would deny that the U.S. economy is today dominated by huge corporations. Much recent writing has proposed that these corporations form a stable and monopolistic (or oligopolistic) “core” around which a more competitive “peripheral” sector exists. Firms in the core are said to be “eternal,” while firms in the periphery demonstrate the mortality and high turnover expected in competitive industries. In another context, Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy emphasized the permanence of big corporations when they noted:

The real capitalist today is not the individual businessman but the corporation. …The giant corporation of today is an engine for maximizing profits and accumulating capital to at least as great an extent as the individual enterprise of an earlier period. But it is not merely an enlarged and institutionalized version of the personal capitalist. There are major differences between these types of business enterprise, and at least two of them are of key importance to a general theory of monopoly capitalism: the corporation has a longer time horizon than the individual capitalist, and it is a more rational calculator.
The Social Basis of English Commercial Expansion, 1550–1650
Authors: Brenner Robert
Published: May 2010

… for each period into which our economic history may be divided, there is a distinct and separate class of capitalists. In other words, the group of capitalists of a given epoch does not spring from the capitalist group of the preceding epoch. At every change in economic organization we find a breach of continuity. It is as if the capitalists who have up to that time been active, recognize that they are incapable of adapting …. They withdraw from the struggle and become an aristocracy, which if it again plays a part in the course of affairs does so in a passive manner only, assuming the role of silent partners. In their place arise new men.…
Discussion of Papers by Lang, DeCanio, Ellsworth, and Lindley
Authors: Danhof Clarence H. , McClelland Peter
Published: May 2010

It has been a pleasure to review recent Ph.D. theses and to conclude that our dicipline continues to be enriched by the work of new entrants. The reading also reconfirms a conviction that differing methodologies are not in conflict but contribute each in its own way.
The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100
Authors: Watson Andrew M.
Published: May 2010

The rapid spread of Islam into three continents in the seventh and eighth centuries was followed by the diffusion of an equally remarkable but less well documented agricultural revolution. Originating mainly in India, where heat, moisture and available crops all favored its development and where it had been practiced for some centuries before the rise of Islam, the new agriculture was carried by the Arabs or those they conquered into lands which, because they were colder and drier, were much less hospitable to it and where it could be introduced only with difficulty. It appeared first in the eastern reaches of the early-Islamic world—in parts of Persia, Mesopotamia and perhaps Arabia Felix—which had close contacts with India and where a few components of the revolution were already in place in the century before the rise of Islam. By the end of the eleventh century it had been transmitted across the length and breadth of the Islamic world and had altered, often radically, the economies of many regions: Transoxania, Persia, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Egypt, the Maghrib, Spain, Sicily, the savannah lands on either side of the Sahara, parts of West Africa and the coastlands of East Africa. It had very far-reaching consequences, affecting not only agricultural production and incomes but also population levels, urban growth, the distribution of the labor force, linked industries, cooking and diet, clothing, and other spheres of life too numerous and too elusive to be investigated here.
Conditions for the Diffusion of Agricultural Technology: An Asian Perspective
Authors: Hayami Yujiro
Published: May 2010

A unique aspect of agricultural production as a biological process is that it is basically conditioned by natural environments. Agricultural technology is so developed as to be efficient in the given environmental conditions in addition to being consistent with relative factor and product prices. In consequence, there is a tendency for agricultural technology to become location-specific, and its direct transfer is limited within a small area of similar environmental conditions.
Dorothy Stahl Brady, 1903–1977
Authors: Easterlin Richard A.
Published: May 2010

I am sitting here, despairingly, with four resumes of Dorothy Brady before me, which she herself prepared at different points in her career. What do they tell about her? The answer, I fear, is very little. They record her academic and professional accomplishments from the early 1920s onward—Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Reed College, Oregon; M.A., Cornell; Ph.D. in mathematics, Berkeley; home economics specialist at USDA; division chief at BLS, professorships at Illinois, Chicago, and Pennsylvania; Vice-President of the American Statistical Association and Economic History Association; Fellow of the American Statistical Association and Econometric Society; Chairman of the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth; numerous scholarly publications.
The Duke of Newcastle and the Financing of the Seven Years’ War
Authors: Browning Reed
Published: May 2010

The conduct of the British government's financial affairs during the Duke of Newcastle's tenure as First Lord of the Treasury has never to my knowledge been specifically investigated. This gap in our understanding of the eighteenth century is doubly puzzling: the period itself, during which Britain won a war and an empire, is pivotal in the kingdom's history; moreover, the sources for such a study are uncommonly rich for precisely those years in which the duke held the office. The lack of such an analysis, however, has not prevented several authorities from passing severe judgments on the duke's handling of financial affairs, and while these authorities speak from extensive knowledge of the Treasury and its complexities, I have come to conclude that their assessments are too harsh—a view I shall elaborate at the end of this essay. But even if the reader should conclude at that point that my flirtation with revisionism is itself ill-founded, there is yet another value in examining the Treasury under Newcastle: as in perhaps no other period we can sometimes see decisions at the Treasury actually being made, ideas being transmitted, and problems being analyzed. And above all we can see in some detail how Britain's remarkably successful governmental financial machine operated.
The Quantitative International Comparison of Financial Structure and Development
Authors: Goldsmith Raymond W.
Published: May 2010

The quantitative international comparison of financial structure and development involves three levels of problems: first, what is the purpose of such comparisons; second, given these objectives, what are the concrete features of the financial system to be compared; and, third, how are these comparisons to be carried out, that is, what data can be used and how should they be processed and arranged?
Agricultural Productivity Change in Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania
Authors: Ball D. E. , Walton G. M.
Published: May 2010

Our tentative estimates indicate that total factor productivity growth in the agricultural sector advanced at a rate between 0.2 and 0.3 percent per year during the colonial period and then remained constant for the remainder of the century, while labor productivity advanced at an average rate of about 0.4 percent over the colonial period. We point out the many difficulties encountered in making such estimates and hope that our contribution will serve as a guide for further research in early American agricultural history as well as help to increase our understanding of the rate and trend in growth of the early American economy.
The Indivisibility of Land: A Microanalysis of the System of Inheritance in Nineteenth-Century Ontario
Authors: Gagan David P.
Published: May 2010

Although they had recourse to both the perfectly partible and the perfectly impartible systems of inheritance, nineteenth-century Ontarion farmers commonly employed a unique English-Canadian variation on the perfectly impartible pattern. They devised their estates upon one, or occasionally two of their children, binding them to pay out of their inheritance or other resources the provisions for remaining survivors made in the will. The purpose of this system was to allow land rich and money poor agrarians to pass on their principal asset intact, and it reflects their belief that favorable man/land ratios were the essence of security and prosperity. At the same time, the system made the principal heir the instrument of the deceased parent's desire to treat all of his surviving dependents more or less equally in terms of the value of their inheritances. The system guaranteed that those who inherited land would acquire sufficient land to pursue time tested agricultural methods, but it promoted severe demographic and social dislocations.
Domestic and International Integration of the London Money Market, 1731–1789
Authors: Eagly Robert V. , Smith V. Kerry
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitatively-based description of the main trends in the domestic structure and international position of the London money market during the eighteenth century. Using monthly data for the years 1731 to 1789, the findings supported the general hypothesis of the existence of a trend toward increased association between the money markets during the course of the century, but at the same time indicated variation in the inter-market relationships between sub-periods.
Eastern Financiers and Institutional Change: The Origins of the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company and the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company
Authors: Haeger John Denis
Published: May 2010

This article examines the establishment in the 1830s of the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company and the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. Utilizing manuscript letters, company records, and government reports, the author contends that conservative financiers, exemplified by Isaac and Arthur Bronson of New York City, structured both firms in an effort to reform the speculative practices of commercial banks and to move capital into the agricultural sector, particularly in the West. The trust company's development also marked an important step in the financiers search for more efficient methods of capital mobilization and formation.
Family Limitation and the English Demographic Revolution: A Simulation Approach
Authors: Crafts N. F. R. , Ireland N. J.
Published: May 2010

This seeks to examine the thesis of family limitation in pre-industrial England proposed by E. A. Wrigley on the basis of birth intervals evidence in his famous 1966 paper, “Family Limitation in Pre-industrial England.” A simulation model of a stochastic reproductive system is used to investigate the possible effects of a variety offerees acting on birth intervals. It is argued that although the Wrigley hypothesis remains plausible it is likely that he has exaggerated the role of birth control.
Economies of Scale in Western River Steamboating
Authors: Haites Erik F. , Mak James
Published: May 2010

This paper analyzes 1850 cost data for a sample of 36 steamboats operating on five routes. The results indicate no economies or diseconomies of scale. Substantial differences in the cost per ton-mile are found between routes. These differences are largely explained by differences in capacity utilization.
American Neutrality and Prosperity, 1793–1808: A Reconsideration
Authors: Adams Donald R.
Published: May 2010

“Europe's misfortunes from 1790 to 1810 unquestionably re bounded [sic] to America's benefit. In the absence of warfare among the Europeans, American output and incomes would have been less.”
The Cost of World War II to the Soviet People: Two Five-Year Plans?
Authors: Saraydar Edward
Published: May 2010

In a recent paper in this Journal, James Millar and Susan Linz seek “to determine the reasonableness of the Soviet claim that World War II cost the Soviet economy two Five-Year Plans.” They argue that Soviet direct estimates of non-human war cost (capital loss plus direct war outlays plus wartime loss of national income), made by a postwar Extraordinary Commission, imply a cost per employed member of the 1940 population of 7.4 years' earnings. Their own indirect approximation of war cost—based on a construct which incorporates estimates of prewar and wartime propensities to consume and invest, a 30 percent capital loss claimed by the Soviets, and an assumed capital-output ratio of 3—is 3.9 years' earnings. After hypothesizing various values for their parameters, they conclude that “[t]he popular Soviet claim that World War II cost ‘two Five-Year Plans’ is, therefore, above the upper limit [6.0 years' earnings] of the range of the total war cost estimates calculated using Soviet national income data.”2 The implication is that their results cast significant doubt on “the reasonableness” of Soviet claims of war cost. This paper will demonstrate that if the Soviet direct estimate of war cost is properly expressed in Sovietmeasured 1940 consumption years, Millar-Linz's perceived divergence between the Soviet direct and their indirect estimate of war cost disappears.
The Work and Wages of Single Women, 1870 to 1920
Authors: Goldin Claudia
Published: May 2010

Single women dominated the U.S. female labor force from 1870 to 1920. Data on the home life and working conditions of single women in 1888 and 1907 enable the estimation of their earnings functions. Work in the manufacturing sector for these women was task-oriented and payment was frequently by the piece. Earnings rose steeply with experience and peaked early; learning was mainly on-the-job. Occupational segregation by sex was a partial product of the method of payment, and the early termination of human capital investment was a function of the life-cycle labor force participation of these women, although the role of the family was also critical.
Tariffs, Cartels, Technology, and Growth in the German Steel Industry, 1879 to 1914
Authors: Webb Steven B.
Published: May 2010

The steel industry of Wilhelminian Germany is especially known for its tariff protection; its anti-competitive collusion, and the rapid increases of its productivity and its output. This study analyzes the interdependence of these four phenomena. The tariffs and cartels were directly symbiotic in providing protection, which had substantial redistributive effects in favor of larger firms. The restriction of competition by tariffs and cartels may have contributed to the productivity advances of the German steel industry by reducing the riskiness of capital-intensive technologies. Productivity increases made a major contribution to the industry's growth.
On the diffusion of circular domains on a spherical vesicle
Authors: ALIASKARISOHI S. , TIERNO P. , DHAR P. , KHATTARI Z. , BLASZCZYNSKI M. , FISCHER TH. M.
Published: May 2010

Tracking the motion of lipid domains on a vesicle is a rheological technique allowing the measurement of surface shear viscosities of vesicular lipid phases. The ratio of surface to bulk viscosity defines a viscous length scale. Hydrodynamic interactions split the motion of the domains into different modes of diffusion. The measurability of surface shear viscosities from any mode of diffusion is limited to viscous length scales between the radius of the domains and the radius of the vesicle. The measurability of the surface shear viscosity results from the sensitivity of the diffusion to surface shear viscosities and from sufficient spatial resolution to resolve the diffusive motion. Switching between the various modes of diffusion is a trade between sensitivity gained and resolution lost by the hydrodynamic interactions leaving the measurability unchanged. Measurability drops with the number of domains making single-domain rheology the best technique to measure surface shear viscosities. Ultimately confinement of the domains to small vesicles renders measurements of surface rheological properties with domain-tracking rheology impossible. Experiments on domains in vesicles of a mixture of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmytoylphosphatidylcholin (DPPC) and cholesterol (Chol) exhibit diffusion that is entirely controlled by dissipation into the water. The diffusion is suppressed compared to the diffusion of isolated domains in a flat membrane due to confinement to the curved vesicle and by hydrodynamic interactions between the domains. Effects of surface shear viscosity can be neglected.
A Trematode Larva from Buccinum undatum and Notes on Trematodes from Post-Larval Fish
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: May 2010

On May 30th, 1916, a number of large Buccinum undatum were brought in from the trawling grounds ; 40 of these were examined and 34 were found to contain larval Trematodes. Another lot in the spring of 1917 contained about the same percentage of infected Mollusks. Two species of Trematodes were present, both contained in the digestive gland, which was absolutely riddled with them.
Exchanges of Professionals between the Public and Non-Governmental Sectors: Life-work Histories from Bangladesh
Authors: LEWIS DAVID
Published: May 2010

Using recently-collected ethnographic life history data, this paper analyses in historical context the shifting boundary between governmental and non-governmental ‘worlds’ in Bangladesh. First, the paper explores the ways in which this boundary is an ambiguous one, and aims to show how it is constructed and maintained, through an analysis of new types of ‘boundary-crossing’ professionals who cross between the two sectors in the course of their career trajectories and their social relationships. Second, it suggests that such movements across this boundary throws light on changing professional identities in Bangladesh, such as what it means to work as a public servant or a development worker. High-achieving university graduates are now less likely to choose civil service careers than they once were, because new opportunities exist for them to work more flexibly as ‘non-governmental professionals’ in roles that may allow them to combine professional, consultant and activist identities.
New networked technologies and carers of people with dementia: an interview study
Authors: POWELL JOHN , GUNN LEE , LOWE PAM , SHEEHAN BART , GRIFFITHS FRANCES , CLARKE AILEEN
Published: May 2010

Dementia is one of the greatest contemporary health and social care challenges, and novel approaches to the care of its sufferers are needed. New information and communication technologies (ICT) have the potential to assist those caring for people with dementia, through access to networked information and support, tracking and surveillance. This article reports the views about such new technologies of 34 carers of people with dementia. We also held a group discussion with nine carers for respondent validation. The carers' actual use of new ICT was limited, although they thought a gradual increase in the use of networked technology in dementia care was inevitable but would bypass some carers who saw themselves as too old. Carers expressed a general enthusiasm for the benefits of ICT, but usually not for themselves, and they identified several key challenges including: establishing an appropriate balance between, on the one hand, privacy and autonomy and, on the other: maximising safety; establishing responsibility for and ownership of the equipment and who bears the costs; the possibility that technological help would mean a loss of valued personal contact; and the possibility that technology would substitute for existing services rather than be complementary. For carers and dementia sufferers to be supported, the expanding use of these technologies should be accompanied by intensive debate of the associated issues.
The relationship between coping, self-esteem and health on outdoor walking ability among older adults in Norway
Authors: BERGLAND ASTRID , THORSEN KIRSTEN , LOLAND NINA WAALER
Published: May 2010

Walking is an essential component of outdoor mobility, and recognised as one of the best forms of physical activity for older adults. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between socio-demographic factors, coping resources, self-esteem and health status with the outdoor walking ability of people aged 55–79 years living in the community. The hypothesis is that there is a positive association between outdoor walking ability and coping, self-esteem and health status. A nationally-representative sample of 3,069 women and men answered questions regarding socio-demographic attributes, coping resources, self-esteem, health status and outdoor walking ability. The mean age of the respondents was 65.6 years. Around one-half of the sample were women, and around one-half were aged 65 or more years. One-third (32.3%) of the sample were married or cohabiting. Regarding outdoor walking ability, only 0.7 per cent of the respondents were not able to walk at all, and 80.8 per cent could walk at least one kilometre without a pause. Binary logistic multivariate regression analyses showed that those who had good outdoor walking ability (one kilometre or more) were significantly younger than those who did not, and that they were predominantly men, partnered or married, not in paid work, experienced significantly little pain, had better self-reported health and higher perceived coping.
Living conditions and life satisfaction of older Europeans living alone: a gender and cross-country analysis
Authors: GAYMU JOËLLE , SPRINGER SABINE
Published: May 2010

This study focuses on the influence of objective living conditions on the life satisfaction of older Europeans living alone from a gender and cross-national perspective. The data were drawn from the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), which includes a single-item question for life satisfaction and a large set of health, family and socio-economic indicators. From a descriptive point of view, a lower proportion of women living alone declared themselves to be satisfied with life compared to men. When inequalities in living conditions were controlled for, the difference disappeared, but some determinants of life satisfaction differed for men and women and varied among countries. No limitations in daily activities, a high level of education, participation in leisure activities and an older age increased life satisfaction for both men and women living alone, but the existence of a child influenced only the life satisfaction of men, while income level (or home ownership) had an impact only for women. Moreover, a North–South gradient was clearly observable only for women living alone: all other things being equal, women had a higher probability of declaring themselves satisfied with life in northern European countries than in the South, and their determinants of life satisfaction were strongly linked to the socio-cultural context.
The last year of life in Europe: regional variations in functional status and sources of support
Authors: HANK KARSTEN , JÜRGES HENDRIK
Published: May 2010

This article aims to provide an initial account of the life circumstances of older people in 11 continental European countries during the year prior to their deaths. It focuses on regional variations in functional limitations and sources of support. Using logistic regression we analyse data from 523 end-of-life interviews in 2006–07, collected for the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (Wave 2) about the respondents who had died since the baseline data collection in 2004–05. The prevalence of functional limitations was found to be fairly consistent across Northern, Central and Southern Europe. Significant regional differences existed, however, with regard to the deceased respondents' main sources of support and the locations of their deaths. Northern Europeans were the least likely to receive help from their family only and the most likely to be supported by non-kin. They also exhibited the highest risk of dying in a nursing home. In Mediterranean countries, a pattern of exclusive family support and dying at home prevailed. The findings support the notion of a ‘mixed responsibility’ of families and welfare states as providers of support for older people in the last year of life.