bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in Medical Technology and Creation of Disparities: The Case of Down Syndrome
Authors: Khoshnood Babak , De Vigan Catherine , Vodovar Véronique , Bréart Gérard , Goffinet François , Blondel Béatrice
Published: November 2006

Objectives. We assessed socioeconomic differences in probabilities of prena-tal diagnoses of Down syndrome and continuation of pregnancies after such diagnoses, along with the effects of these differences on disparities in live-birth prevalences of Down syndrome.

Methods. Using population-based data derived from 1433 cases of Down syndrome and 3731 control births, we assessed age-adjusted effects of maternal occupation and geographic origin on prenatal diagnoses, as well as overall and live-birth odds, of Down syndrome.

Results. Maternal occupation and geographic origin had significant effects on the probability of a prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome and on continuation of pregnancy after such a diagnosis. Women in lower-status occupational categories had higher odds of delivering a live-born infant with Down syndrome. In comparison with women in the highest-status occupational category, the age-adjusted odds ratio for a Down syndrome live birth among women without an occupation was 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7, 3.3). By contrast, there were no disparities in age-adjusted overall likelihood of Down syndrome.

Conclusions. Socioeconomic differences in use of prenatal testing have created disparities in the live-birth prevalence of Down syndrome. Overall Down syndrome risk does not vary according to socioeconomic status.
Comparative Study of Four Different Sperm Washing Methods Using Apoptotic Markers in Ram Spermatozoa
Authors: Martí Elena , Pérez‐Pé Rosaura , Muiño‐Blanco Teresa , Cebrián‐Pérez José A.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The accurate measurement of semen fertilizing potential is of great importance in determining the acceptability of processed semen for breeding purposes. A good sperm preparation technique results in a sample with high viability and motility and also takes into account other parameters such as the capacitation and apoptotic state which could compromise the ability to fertilize an oocyte. In this study, we investigate the effects of 4 sperm preparation techniques (a dextran/swim‐up procedure, discontinuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation, sucrose washing, and filtration) on ram sperm quality parameters. Besides the evaluation of viability and the capacitation state, we also analyzed the apoptotic status of the sperm samples by assessing the phosphatidylserine translocation and caspase‐3 and −7 activities. This is the first report, to our knowledge, that evidences the presence of active caspases in ram sperm. The results confirm the better ability of the dextran/swim‐up procedure to select nonapoptotic spermatozoa, in addition to viable and noncapacitated sperm, compared with other sperm preparation methods. This should be considered to enhance results of artificial insemination techniques in ovine reproduction.
Circulating Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Men With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Authors: Maggio Marcello , Blackford Amanda , Taub Dennis , Carducci Michael , Ble Alessandro , Metter E. Jeffrey , Braga‐Basaria Milena , Dobs Adrian , Basaria Shehzad
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in men. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is employed in the treatment of patients with metastatic or recurrent PCa, resulting in castrate levels of testosterone. Recent studies have shown that male hypogonadism is associated with increased levels of proinflammatory and diminished concentrations of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, which normalize upon testosterone treatment. Furthermore, an inflammatory state is associated with osteoporosis, sarcopenia and metabolic abnormalities. We examined 3 groups of men: 1) 20 men with PCa undergoing ADT for at least 12 months prior to the onset of the study (ADT group); 2) 18 age‐matched men with non‐metastatic PCa who had undergone local surgery and/or radiotherapy and had not yet received ADT and were eugonadal (non‐ADT group); and 3) 20 age‐matched healthy eugonadal men (control group). None of the subjects were suffering from any acute or chronic inflammatory conditions. Mean age was similar in the 3 groups (P = .41). Men in the ADT and non‐ADT groups had higher BMI compared to the control group (P = .0005 and P = .01, respectively). Men in the ADT group had significantly lower mean serum total (P < .0001) and free (P < .0001) testosterone and estradiol (P < .0001) levels compared to the other 2 groups. No significant differences in serum levels of pro‐inflammatory or anti‐inflammatory cytokines were observed between the 3 groups. These data suggest that men with PCa undergoing long‐term ADT do not have elevated levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines compared to age and disease matched controls. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate for any acute changes in these inflammatory markers that might occur after the initiation of ADT.
Differential Effects of GnRH and Androgens on Cres mRNA and Protein in Male Mouse Anterior Pituitary Gonadotropes
Authors: Sutton‐Walsh H. G. , Whelly Sandra , Cornwall Gail A.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The Cres gene defines a new subgroup in the family 2 cystatins of cysteine protease inhibitors. However, unlike typical cystatins, CRES does not inhibit cysteine proteases but rather inhibits the serine protease prohormone convertase 2, an enzyme with roles in proprotein processing in the neuroendocrine system. Cres is expressed in the gonadotropes and colocalizes with LHβ, suggesting a role in the regulation of gonadotrope secretion. Our present studies were carried out to examine the regulation of Cres mRNA and protein expression by GnRH and steroid hormones, thus providing clues regarding its role in gonadotropes. Castration profoundly reduced Cres mRNA, while replacement with estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) further decreased Cres, suggesting negative regulation by GnRH or steroid hormones. The administration of Antide, a GnRH antagonist, resulted in a 3‐fold increase in Cres mRNA, supporting a negative regulation by GnRH. Because all hormonal manipulations in vivo resulted in alterations in steroid hormones, organ culture was used to assess the effects of GnRH independent of steroids. Mouse pituitaries cultured in the absence of GnRH or steroids showed high Cres mRNA levels, while DHT or E2 resulted in decreases of 25% and 68%, respectively. However, an 85% decrease in Cres mRNA occurred following the administration of GnRH, demonstrating that GnRH, and to a lesser degree E2, negatively regulate Cres mRNA in gonadotropes. Examination of CRES protein by immunohistochemistry showed that levels were profoundly reduced following castration, while DHT and in part T, but not E2, restored CRES levels. Castrated mice treated with Antide showed little effect. However, castrated mice treated with Antide + DHT showed a dramatic recovery of CRES, suggesting that androgens act directly at the level of the gonadotrope to regulate CRES protein. Together, our studies suggest that Cres mRNA and protein are low at peak gonadotrope secretory activity, possibly as a means to allow proprotein processing events to occur that are integral to gonadotrope function.
Steering Debate and Initiating Dialogue: A Review of the Singapore Preschool Curriculum
Authors: Ling-Yin Lynn Ang
Published: November 2006

This article presents a discussion of the new kindergarten framework in Singapore. The recent launch of the framework indicates a step forward in the field of early years, with a clear recognition of the importance of the early childhood experience. However, it also raises pertinent issues about the social, cultural, and political maxims that surround the curriculum. Looking closely at the preschool context in Singapore, this article considers the conflicting paradigms that underpin the curriculum: the idealised aspirations of policy makers and early years professionals in creating a child-centred, interactional curriculum; the ideology of a Chinese, Confucian culture which extols scholastic achievements and the pursuit of academic, moral and cultural attainments; parental expectations; and the demands of a meritocratic, economically driven society which perceives education as a commodity to be obtained for financial success and social mobility. In seeking to initiate dialogue and steer debate, this article therefore forces readers to consider some of the tensions and conflicts that underpin the new kindergarten curriculum, and questions the ways in which the curriculum can be conceptualised by practitioners amidst these competing maxims.
Educators' Views of Pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten Readiness and Transition Practices
Authors: Gill Sukhdeep , Winters Dixie , Friedman Diane S.
Published: November 2006

The transition from pre-kindergarten (center-based programs for four-year-olds) to kindergarten is a critical milestone with far-reaching consequences for children and their families because positive transition and school readiness are integrally linked as predictors of future school success. This study was conducted to explore the existing kindergarten readiness and transition practices in a local county, to examine educators' perspectives regarding factors influencing readiness and transition, and to explore their perceptions of the parents' role in these domains. A semi-structured survey was mailed out to 129 school districts and pre-kindergarten programs in the county; 86 returned them. The results indicated that kindergarten and pre-kindergarten programs were equally focused on child readiness as far as development of academic skills was concerned. Compared to pre-kindergarten, kindergartens were more involved in information-sharing activities associated with school transition. The importance of the role of family as well as of the communication between family and school was noted as an area of challenge. Follow-up action and implications are discussed in light of these results.
The Translation of Western Teaching Approaches in the Hong Kong Early Childhood Curriculum: A Promise for Effective Teaching?
Authors: Pui-Wah Doris Cheng
Published: November 2006

This article reports data from a study about the challenges of teaching reform carried out by three in-service kindergarten teachers in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Intending to improve the quality of teaching and learning, these teachers adapted Western teaching approaches such as High Scope and Project approaches, which they had learnt about in their teacher education course, to Hong Kong classrooms. By tracking the enactment process of an implemented change for half a year, it was observed that teaching reform could not simply be achieved by just putting theories into practice. It requires the constant dialectical interplay of practice with theories in a continuous manner in the specified context. The findings highlight the difficulties of making pedagogical shifts and the merits of employing collaborative inquiry to support the use of effective pedagogies.
Teams and Collegiality in Educational Culture
Authors: Bovbjerg Kirsten Marie
Published: November 2006

In recent decades modern educational organisations have become heavily influenced by new management theories and their new ways of organising staff in teams. This trend started in private organisations with a new organisational agenda but has migrated to public organisations with the introduction of new public management (NPM) in state and municipal institutions. The working conditions for teachers have changed due to the organisational transformations and new demands for the teacher, such as flexibility, self-management and teamwork. In this article, the author suggests that, from her discussions with teachers, and her former work on personal development in work life, there seems to be a conflicting understanding of collaboration which could be grasped by exploring the distinction between the notion of teamwork and the notion of collegiality.
Influence of halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane on gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia in dogs
Authors: Wilson Deborah V. , Boruta Daniel T. , Evans A. Tom
Published: November 2006

Objective—To determine whether maintenance of anesthesia with halothane or sevoflurane is associated with a lower incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) than the use of isoflurane in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery.

Animals—90 dogs.

Procedures—Dogs were evaluated during elective orthopedic surgery. Dogs with a history of vomiting or that had received any drugs that would alter gastrointestinal tract function were excluded from the study. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include administration of acepromazine maleate and morphine prior to induction of anesthesia with thiopental. Dogs were allocated to receive halothane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane to maintain anesthesia. A sensor-tipped catheter was placed to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. Gastroesophageal reflux was defined as an esophageal pH < 4or > 7.5.

Results—51 dogs had 1 or more episodes of acidic GER during anesthesia. Reflux was detected in 14 dogs receiving isoflurane, 19 dogs receiving halothane, and 18 dogs receiving sevoflurane. In dogs with GER, mean ± SD time from probe placement to onset of GER was 36 ± 65 minutes and esophageal pH remained < 4 for a mean of 64% of the measurement period. There was no significant association between GER and start of surgery or moving a dog on or off the surgery table. Dogs that developed GER soon after induction of anesthesia were more likely to regurgitate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Maintenance of anesthesia with any of the 3 commonly used inhalant agents is associated with a similar risk for development of GER in dogs.
Trace analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics in bovine milk by MEKC with LIF detection
Authors: Serrano Juan Manuel , Silva Manuel
Published: November 2006

This work describes a straightforward and sensitive method for the multi‐residue analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics (kanamycin B, amikacin, neomycin B and paromomycin I) in bovine milk samples. The method involves the pre‐capillary derivatization of antibiotics with sulfoindocyanine succinimidyl ester (Cy5) and their separation and determination by MEKC with LIF detection. The optimum procedure includes a derivatization step of the antibiotics at 25°C for 30 min and direct injection for MEKC analysis, which is performed in about 20 min by using borate buffer (35 mM; pH 9.2) with 55 mM SDS as an anionic surfactant and 20% ACN as the organic modifier. Under these conditions, dynamic ranges of 10–500 µg/L and RSDs (within‐day precision) from 3.8 to 5.3% were obtained. These results indicate that the proposed MEKC‐LIF method is useful as a selective and sensitive tool for the determination of these antibiotics and surpasses other reported electrophoretic alternatives. Finally, the method was successfully applied to bovine milk samples after a simple solid‐phase extraction clean‐up and preconcentration procedure. The aminoglycosides were readily detected at 0.5–1.5 µg/kg levels with average recoveries ranging from 89.4 to 93.3%.
Estimation of the daily intake of nitrates and nitrites which children one to six years old, who attend State Nurseries in the City of Havanna, may consume
Authors: Garcíaroché M. O. , Bécquer A. , Arcia J.
Published: November 2006

The knowledge of the amounts of nitrates and nitrites consumed by the child population is of great importance due to three fundamental aspects: Reduction of nitrates to nitrites. Relation of these to methemoglobinemia. Carcinogenicity of the N‐nitroso compounds, of which nitrites are the precursors. In the present article information is given as to the estimated amounts of nitrates and nitrites, which about 10000 children between one and six years of age, who attend State Nurseries in the City of Havanna, may consume through the daily intake of food, milk and water offered by the Centralized Kitchen “Cuba‐Finland Friendship”.

The method of analysis used to determine nitrates and nitrites is that reported by the Mixed Committee FAO/OMS in 1976, using a reducing column containing cadmium described by FOLLET et al. in 1963. The statistical method employed is the t‐Test of the comparison of media.

Estimated quantities of nitrates and nitrites, which these children may consume according to the offer of food, milk and water they receive, are: 25.6 mg of NaNO3 and 1.04 mg of NaNO2 for children one to three years of age. and 36.1 mg of NaNO3 and 1.48 mg of NaNO2 for children four to six. These values lie under those recommended as admissible daily intake reported by the Mixed Committee FAO/OMS. Therefore, there does not seem to exist a risk to health through consumption of nitrates and nitrites by the population under investigation.
Einfluß des Hefestammes Candida utilis auf die Bildung von Carbonylverbindungen während der Reifung von zwei Sortimenten Rohwurst des Typs „Lukanka”︁
Authors: Gadieva D. , Miteva E. , Nestorov N. , Radeva M.
Published: November 2006

Es wurde der Einfluß der lipolytische Enzyme bildenden Hefekultur Candida utilis auf die Dynamik der Bildung von Gesamtcarbonylen, Gesamtmonocarbonylen, Methylketonen, Alkenalen, 2‐Enalen und 2,4‐Dienalen an zwei Rohwurstsortimenten untersucht. Die Carbonylverbindungen werden aus der Wurst als 2,4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazone isoliert. Ihre Einteilung in Klassen erfolgt durch die Säulenchromatographie, und sie werden quantitativ durch ihre Absorption im UV‐Licht bestimmt. Das maximale Wachstum der Hefekultur führt zur Bildung von größeren Mengen an Gesamtcarbonylen, Monocarbonylen und ihren entsprechenden Unterfraktionen. Die Anhäufung von gesättigten und ungesättigten Aldehyden verbessert die Aromaeigenschaften des Produktes.
On the thermodynamic compatibility of Vicia faba protein with agar‐agar in aqueous media
Authors: Andersson O. , Schmandke H.
Published: November 2006

Based on phenomenological studies the thermodynamic compatibility is described Ly a phase diagram. It shows the concentration conditions for mixtures of Vicia faba protein and agar‐agar in aqueous media leading to single‐phase systems in solution or gel. Complete compatibility was found for agar‐agar concentrations > 1.5% and Vicia faba protein concentrations ≤ 1 %. The same effect was observed for Vicia faba protein concentrations ≥ 1% and agar‐agar concentrations ≤ 0.4%.
Untersuchungen zur elektrischen Stimulation von Schaffleisch
Authors: Specht H. , Radespiel E. , Kunis J. , Sanshmjatawyn D. , Scharner E.
Published: November 2006

An ausgewählten Muskeln und ganzen Tierkörpern wurde der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Stimulationsbedingungen (Spannung, Frequenz, Impulsform, Stimulationsdauer) auf die Qualität schnellgekühlten Schaffleisches untersucht. Die generell positiven Wirkungen der Elektrostimulation sind von der Höhe der angelegten Spannung abhängig und zeigen sich insbesondere in beschleunigtem Verlauf des pH‐Abfalls und erhöhter Fleischzartheit post mortem.
Zur Aussagefähigkeit zweimonatiger Lebensmittelerfassungen in Personenhaushalten
Authors: Ulbricht G. , Möhr M. , Pose G.
Published: November 2006

Ganzjährige Erfassungen des Lebensmittelverbrauchs privater Haushalte sind mit erheblichen Aufwendungen verbunden. Vereinfachungen bieten sich durch Verkürzungen der Erhebungszeiten an. Auf der Grundlage von 712 Erhebungen des Jahres 1974 werden zwei Monate ermittelt (April und August), die gegenüber Ganzjahresbefragungen im Hinblick auf die gewünschten Aussagen zu einem minimalen Informationsverlust führen. Von den 45 einbezogenen Lebensmittelgruppen haben nur 5 (Speisekartoffeln, Frischgemüse, Frischobst, Südfrüchte und Zucker) besonderen Einfluß auf die Monate, die für die Erhebung auszuwählen sind.
Intestinalflora unter Streßbedingungen
Authors: Meng W. , Partala E. , Bernhardt H. , Knoke M.
Published: November 2006

Die Mikroflora im Duodenalsaft und im Stuhl wird bei gesunden Probanden unter der Einwirkung eines endokrinen Streß (Verabreichung von ACTH, Wachstumshormon und Triiodthyronin) untersucht. Insgesamt ansteigende Keimzahlen lassen sich im Duodenalsaft erst nach 3 Wochen Streßdauer nachweisen. Im Stuhl tritt eine Verminderung der aeroben Keime auf, was sich bei den Coliformen widerspiegelt, während die Anaerobier vermehrt sind. Das Streßmodell erscheint für derartige Untersuchungen geeignet.
Rotavirusnachweis bei Patienten mit Malabsorption
Authors: Fiehring C. , Körting H. J. , Jung G.
Published: November 2006

Anhand von Gewebsuntersuchungen sollten Häufigkeit und Krankheitswert von Rotaviren eingeschätzt werden. Dabei handelte es sich um 53 Gewebsproben aus dem Jejunum, die vor allem bei Kindern im Alter bis zu 15 Jahren saugbioptisch gewonnen worden waren. Die Patienten waren entweder seit Jahren wegen ihrer Malabsorption in spezieller gastroenterologischer Betreuung oder erst wegen Verdachtes auf Vorliegen einer solchen Erkrankung neu hinzugekommen. In 43% der Fälle konnte Rotavirusantigen immunhistologisch nachgewiesen werden, wobei nur der kleinere Teil der Patienten (Säuglinge und Kleinkinder) eine entsprechende Krankheitssymptomatik bot. Der größere Teil der Untersuchten war diesbezüglich unauffällig.
Metronidazol und Neomycin zur Wundinfektionsprophylaxe in der Colon‐ und Rectumchirurgie
Authors: Nowak W. , Erbe H.‐J.
Published: November 2006

An postoperativen Wundinfektionen nach Eingriffen am Dickdarm sind Anaerobier (z. B. Bacteroides) häufiger beteiligt, als früher angenommen. Eine chemotherapeutische Wundinfektionsprophylaxe ist mit Metronidazol und Neomycin möglich. Metronidazol wirkt ausschließlich auf anaerob wachsende Keime.
Biochemical activity of intestinal microflora in adult coeliac disease
Authors: Tamm A. O.
Published: November 2006

In order to answer up to now open questions regarding the role of the microflora in the pathophysiology of adult coeliac disease the excretion of bacterial metabolites in urine has been followed. Unusual high outputs of p‐cresol and/or phenol were found in almost all patients, whereas an increased excretion of indican could be observed in a few persons, only. The response to short‐term antibacterial therapy was variable.
Chemotherapeutikazusätze zur selektiven Anaerobieranzucht
Authors: Bernhardt H. , Knoke M.
Published: November 2006

Es wurden verschiedene Chemotherapeutika mit dem Ziel ausgetestet, ein Selektivmedium für die Kultur der grampositiven, sporenlosen Stäbchen zu finden. Durch Zusatz von 5 μg Metronidazol/ml zum Brainheart‐infusion‐supplemented‐Agar oder Auflage von Metronidazol‐Blättchen war es möglich, Teststämme selektiv anzuzüchten. Lincomycin (5 μg/ml), Clindamycin (5 μg/ml) und Novobiocin (5 μg/ml) hemmten fast alle Teststämme. Spectinomycin (5 μg/ml) und Neomycin (5 bzw. 10 μg/ml) ließen keine Hemmwirkung erkennen. Bei Einsatz von 100 μg Neomycin/ml waren die grampositiven Anaerobier deutlich gehemmt.
Beiträge zur Psychophysik des Süßgeschmacks 4. Mitt. Methodischer Nachtrag zum Einfluß der Versuchsanordnung und des Spülregimes bei Differenzprüfungen
Authors: Hoppe K.
Published: November 2006

Beim einfachen paarweisen Vergleich von Saccharoselösungen wenig unterschiedlicher Konzentration ist mit Wasserzwischenspülung des Mundes der Quotient aus Reaktionshäufigkeit und Konzentrationsdifferenz konstant. Dagegen trifft das ohne Wasserspülung für den Quotienten der z‐transformierten Reaktionshäufigkeit und der Konzentrationsdifferenz zu. Diese Wirkung der Wasserspülung wird durch Festhalten des Mittelwertes bei symmetrisch zur Basiskonzentration angelegten Vergleichskonzentration aufgehoben.

Damit wird der Einfluß des Spülregimes auf subjektive Bezugssystembildung zurückgeführt. Die Reaktionshäufigkeiten sind nur bei einfachem paarweisem Vergleich ohne Wasserzwischenspülung im Rahmen einer normalisierten Binomialverteilung zu erfassen. Für reproduzierbare Reiz‐Empfindungs‐Skalierungen im Fechner'schen Sinne sind nur aus solchen Reaktionshäufigkeiten berechnete Unterschiedsschwellen brauchbar. Abschließend werden für eine größere Zahl von Süßungsmitteln die Parameter dieser Skalierung zusammengestellt.
The application of multivariat mathematical‐statistical methods to the solution of problems in nutrition science, food economics and foodstuff technology Part 3. Statistical second order designs
Authors: Erhardt V. , Täufel A. , Seppelt B. , Ruttloff H.
Published: November 2006

The application of second order designs is dealt with in the case of the optimization of waffle production. A second order design with 3 explanatory variables (protease supply, reaction time, water addition) is worked out. The results are evaluated under four aspects:

– the computation of statistical data

– the crest‐line analysis according to Hoerl (optimization)

– the graphical presentation of results and

– the computation of further combinations.

Control experiments using the second order designs give 3% deviation, compared to 17% using the first order design. Hence it follows that the second order design describes the relationship between effect variable and explanatory variable exactly.
Zum enzymatischen Abbau des DDT 2. Mitt. Enzymatische Nebenreaktionen
Authors: Kujawa M. , Macholz R. M. , Engst R.
Published: November 2006

Neben den Veränderungen des DDT‐Moleküls durch enzymatische Reaktionen am Grundgerüst sind in letzter Zeit auch Modifizierungen der Phenylringe bekannt geworden. Insbesondere das DDE, das bislang als besonders stabil angesehen wurde, unterliegt der enzymatischen Hydroxylierung unter Bildung mehrerer Isomere. Weiterhin gelang es, Methylsulfonyl‐Derivate des DDE zu isolieren. Spaltungen des Phenylrings durch mikrobielle Einflüsse und dessen Verstoffwechslung werden ebenfalls beschrieben.
Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part XI. Simple multidetection procedure for determination of 11 mycotoxins in cereals
Authors: Grabarkiewicz‐Szczȩsna J. , Goliński P. , Chełkowski J. , Szebiotko K.
Published: November 2006

A simple method for the simultaneous detection of the 11 mycotoxins aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2), ochratoxin A, zearalenone, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, penicillic acid, T‐2 toxin and rubratoxin B is reported. The elaborated method was tested for all cited mycotoxins extracted from 5 cereal species (rye, barley, wheat, oats and corn) spiked with mycotoxins standards.

Different chromatoplates, developing solvents and spraying reagents were tested. New tests and modification of known confirmatory tests, recovery and detection limits are reported.
The fatty acid composition of Iraqi ewe's, goat's and cow's milk fat
Authors: Abo‐Elnaga I. G. , El‐Dahan A. S. , Ridha S. H.
Published: November 2006

The analysis of the fatty acid composition of 6 samples of the milk fat of each ewes and goats and of 3 samples of the milk fat of cows was accomplished using Hewlett‐Packard gas‐liquid chromatograph Model 5711 A, provided with an electronic integrator Model 3380. Separation of the methyl esters was performed on columns of 10% sailor on Chromosorb. Temperature programming between 100°C and 180°C was used.

The milk fats were qualitatively similar but differed quantitatively. Both ewe's and goat's milk fat had a greater amount of short‐chain fatty acids than cow's milk fat. Goat's milk fat contained a higher percentage of short‐chain fatty acids compared to that of ewe's milk fat and of goat's milk fat reported in the literature.
Some functional properties of oilseed proteins
Authors: Khalil M. , Ragab M. , Hassanien F. R.
Published: November 2006

Oilseeds have potential food uses because of their high protein content. Besides, these proteins when added to a type of foods, supply desirable functional properties, such as whipping capacity and viscosity, emulsification and water and oil holding capacities. Rapeseed and soybean protein isolates were found to possess whipping capacity followed by those of sunflower, peanut, sesame, cottonseed and safflower. The addition of sugar improved the whipping properties of oilseed proteins. The whipping capacity of oilseed proteins decreased due to heating at 100°C for time of 15 to 60 min.

Soybean protein had the highest emulsifying capacity compared with the other oilseed proteins. The heated oilseed proteins had emulsification properties similar to or better than the control.

Glandless cottonseed protein had high water and oil holding capacities. The water holding capacity of oilseed proteins decreased gradually as the duration of heating at 100°C was increased. On the other hand the heated oilseed proteins had oil holding capacities similar to or better than umheated proteins.
Thermodynamic compatibility of proteins in aqueous media. Part 2. The effect of some physicochemical factors on thermodynamic compatibility of casein and soybean globulin fraction
Authors: Polyakov V. I. , Popello I. A. , Grinberg V. Ya. , Tolstoguzov V. B.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made on the effect of temperature, sodium chloride, pH and cysteine on the thermodynamic compatibility of casein and soybean globulin fraction in aqueous medium. The section of miscibility gap characterizing the influence of the indicated factors on the compatibility of proteins has been determined. Assessment has been made of the influence of pH and cysteine on a) the effective molecular weights of casein and soybean globulin fraction and b) the difference in the intensity of interaction between each protein and a solvent. The experimental data obtained on the compatibility of proteins were found in good agreement with the theoretical concepts which establish the dependence of the compatibility of polymers on the ratio of their molecular weights, the intensity of interactions between polymers, as well as on the difference in the intensities of interaction between each of them and a solvent, i.e. on the difference of protein hydrophilicities.
Loss of white pickled cheese constituents ripened with and without salt whey
Authors: Hegazi Fakhreya Z.
Published: November 2006

There was not any relationship between the total protein content of old pickling whey examined and the salt concentration, but the soluble protein and acidity were inversely related. Calcium and phosphorus increased with increased acidity. Electrophoretic analysis of the old pickling whey samples, clarified by centrifugation, revealed the presence of only 2–4 protein peaks probably of the β‐lactoglobulin type.

Raw milk cheese ripened with its own salt whey lost 74.1 g milk dry matter (MDM), 44.7 g total protein (TP), 27.6 g soluble protein (SP), 2.2 g amino acid nitrogen, (AAN), 4.0 g Ca and 0.712 g P per kg cheese (fresh weight), at 7 months of age. When ripening occurred without whey, the loss were only 61.9, 32.7, 17.4, 2.4, 2.6 and 0.448, respectively.

Cheese made of milk momentarily heated to 72°C and ripened with whey lost 60.7 g MDM, 42.9 g TP, 32.1 g SP, 0.866 g AAN, 2.9 g Ca and 0.477 g P per kg cheese. Ripening without whey resulted in a loss of 60.2, 33.8, 21.3, 1.4, 2.6 and 0.483, respectively.
Biotransformation von 2‐(2,4‐Dichlorphenoxy)‐isobuttersäure in Pflanzen und Zellsuspensionskulturen von Agrostemma githago
Authors: Schneider B. , Schütte H. R.
Published: November 2006

Der Metabolismus der 2‐(2,4‐Dichlorphenoxy)‐isobuttersäure (DIB) wurde in Pflanzen und Zellsuspensionskulturen von Agrostemma githago untersucht. Von den Pflanzen wird DIB gut aufgenommen und zum überwiegenden Teil zu Zuckerkonjugaten metabolisiert. Wichtigster Metabolit ist der Glucosylester. Darüber hinaus entstehen weitere Zuckerester der DIB, davon einige mit Oligosacchariden. In den Zellsuspensionskulturen ist das Wachstum der Zellen und der Grad der Metabolisierung stark von der Ausgangskonzentration der DIB abhängig. Es entstehen, mit einigen quantitativen Unterschieden, im wesentlichen die gleichen Biotransformationsprodukte wie in Pflanzen, die zu einem großen Teil wieder an die Nährlösung abgegeben werden.
Bacteria and food poisoning organisms in milk
Authors: Abo‐Elnaga I. G. , Hessain A. , Sarhan H. R.
Published: November 2006

Individual milk samples of 50 goats, 50 ewes and 50 cows were examined for the total viable count, coliform bacteria, staphylococci and salmonellae. Growth of enterotoxin A producing Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 10 652 in the milk of the three animal species was also studied. The average total count was 1.9 × 107 cells/ml for cow's, 7.7 × 106 for goat's and 2.7 × 106 for ewe's milk with micrococci staphylococci, rods and streptococci being the predominant organisms in the three milks, respectively. Goat's milk contained the lowest numbers of coliforms and ewe's milk the highest numbers. Staphylococcus aureus could not be detected in goat's milk, whilst 16 and 26% of the ewe's and cow's milk samples contained 100 and 80 cells/ml, respectively. Out of 39 coagulase positive staphylococci, 27 were thermonuclease positive, 18 produced lecithinase and 15 fermented mannitol. Red blood cells of sheep origin were much more resistant to lysis by ewe's strains compared to bovine strains. Growth curves of Staphylococcus aureus were nearly linear at 17°C but exponential at 31°C without lag phase. Hazardous numbers of about 106 cells/ml were readily reached at 31°C after 6 h and at 17°C after 18 h. Salmonellae could not be detected in any of the samples examined. Out of 19 enterobacteria suspected to be salmonellae 11 proved to be Proteus and 8 Citrobacter.
Determination of the decomposition products of Usal in model systems and determination of dioxopiperazine in soft drinks by HPLC
Authors: Prudel M. , Davídková E.
Published: November 2006

A HPLC method for the determination of Usal (Aspartame hydrochloride, L‐aspartyl‐L‐phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride) and its decomposition products was elaborated. Aspartic acid, phenylalanine, phenylalanine methyl ester, aspartyl‐phenylalanine, phenylalanyl‐aspartic acid, 5‐benzyl‐3,6‐dioxo‐2‐piperazineacetic acid (DOP) and Usal were separated on Separon SI C‐18. The mobile phase was: 0.5 M NaH2PO4 (pH 2.1) and methanol (85:15 v/v). The detection was carried out at 200 nm. The method for DOP determination was tested by the analysis of 10 types of soft drinks to which DOP was added. In two newly developed sorts of soft drinks sweetened with Usal the formation of DOP was followed during storage. The DOP increment after 34 days of storage reached 0.7 and 6 mg/l at 7 and 20°C, resp. The method is also suitable for DOP determination in the sweetener itself.
Nachweis und Bestimmung von Phosphaten in Milcherzeugnissen
Authors: Kirst E.
Published: November 2006

Es wird eine dünnschichtchromatographische Trennung der kondensierten Phosphate an Polyamid‐Stärke‐Schichten mit anschließendem Aufschluß der Substanzflecke und photometrischer Bestimmung der Phosphate dargestellt. Die Probenvorbereitung bei Käse und Kondensmilch erfolgt durch Gewinnung der Phosphatlösung nach Eiweißfällung mit Trichloressigsäure. Für reine Phosphatlösungen wurde eine Wiederfindungsrate von 95,9% ± 3,1% ermittelt, während die Wiederfindung zugesetzter Phosphate aus Schmelzkäse und Kondensmilch 82,7% ± 5,9% betrug.
Zum enzymatischen Abbau des DDT 3. Mitt. Metabolismus des DDT
Authors: Kujawa M. , Macholz R. M. , Plass R. , Knoll R. , Engst R.
Published: November 2006

An Ratten oral appliziertes DDT wird innerhalb von 30 min durch reduktive Dechlorierung in der Leber in DDD umgewandelt. Nach 6 h wurden nach einmaliger Applikation von 10 mg DDT pro Ratte in der Leber 60 mg DDD/kg nachgewiesen. DDT wird in der Nebenniere gespeichert; in den anderen Organen stellt sich auch bei weiterer Applikation offensichtlich ein Gleichgewicht ein. Die quantitativen Verhältnisse werden mitgeteilt. Es wird über die experimentellen Einzelheiten der DDT‐Bestimmung und – im Vorgriff auf folgende Arbeiten – über die Analytik der wichtigsten Metabolite berichtet.
Über die Qualität und Ausbeute von Proteinpräparaten aus Sonnenblumensamen beeinflussende Faktoren
Authors: Mieth G. , Roloff M.
Published: November 2006

Unter dem Aspekt der Qualitätsverbesserung von Proteinpräparaten aus Sonnenblumensamen wird eine Übersicht über die Ursachen der unerwünschten Farbreversion und über prinzipielle Möglichkeiten zu ihrer Hintanhaltung gegeben; eigene Untersuchungen über diesbezügliche Effekte von Samenbestandteilen und Milieubedingungen werden vorgestellt. Daraus werden Empfehlungen für ein günstiges praxisrelevantes Verfahrensregime der Samenaufbereitung und ‐verarbeitung abgeleitet.
Fungi associated with the spoilage of stored yam chips and flour in Nigeria
Authors: Adisa V. A.
Published: November 2006

A study was carried out to investigate the organisms associated with the spoilage of yam chips and flour in many locations in 5 states of Nigeria. Monilinia fructicola, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium expansum, P. wortmanni, P. duponti, P. funiculosum, Rhizopus sexualis, Piricularia sp., Cladosporium cucumerinum, Helminthosporium sp. and Mucor sp. were isolated and found to cause spoilage of the yam products. Araecerus fasciculatus, Tribolium castaneum and Ahasverus advena were found on the yam chips as infesting insects. The yam chips or flour were either contained in exposed baskets or sealed in fibre bags in the market stalls. A. fumigatus had the highest occurrence. Most of the fungi were found not to sporulate heavily at a temperature of 10–15 °C while only spores of A. fumigatus, A. flavus and C. cucumerinum germinated at 32.5% relative humidity.
The application of multivariat mathematical‐statistical methods to the solution of problems in nutrition theory, nutritional economics and food technology Part 4. Optimization with n ≥ 2 effect variables
Authors: Erhardt V. , Handreck B. , Mitschka C. , Seppelt B.
Published: November 2006

The milling industry faces the task of saving energy without impairing the quantity and quality of the products. By applying experimental plans for the optimization of several effect variables, approximations (compromise solutions) between the cause variables (conditioning parameters) and the effect variables (quantity and quality parameters) are sought, which satisfy the aims laid down.
Bedeutung von Peptiden enzymatisch abgebauter Proteine als Bestandteile von Nahrungsmitteln
Authors: Behnke U.
Published: November 2006

Im Vergleich zu Proteinen kommen Peptide nur in sehr geringer Menge in Lebensmitteln vor. Eine Ausnahme bilden solche, bei denen im Verlauf eines natürlichen oder mikrobiellen Aufschluß‐ bzw. Reifungsprozesses Proteine in mehr oder weniger starkem Ausmaß partiell abgebaut werden. In neuerer Zeit finden Proteinasen zur Prozeßoptimierung oder Qualitätsverbesserung bei der Herstellung oder Verarbeitung von Lebensmitteln Anwendung. Der Proteinabbau ist hierbei in der Regel nur gering. Dabei können funktionelle Eigenschaften verbessert werden. Peptide weisen sehr häufig einen bitteren Geschmack auf und können damit den sensorischen Wert von Lebensmitteln begrenzen. Ursachen und Möglichkeiten zur Beseitigung des bitteren Geschmacks werden diskutiert

In der Diätetik haben für spezielle Indikationen proteinfreie Peptiddiäten Eingang gefunden. Sie enthalten Oligopeptide, die durch intensive enzymatische Hydrolyse von Proteinen hergestellt werden. Die intestinale Absorption kleiner Peptide unterscheidet sich von derjenigen freier Aminosäuren. Abschließend wird auf physiologische Wirkungen einiger Nahrungspeptide eingegangen (z. B. Peptide als Enzyminhibitoren, Cöliakie als Gliadinpeptidinduzierte Enteropathie, Exorphine als Neurotransmitter).
Isolates from faba bean and soybean with lowered content of phytic acid and activity of the trypsin inhibitors
Authors: Borowska J. , Kozlowska H.
Published: November 2006

For obtaining protein isolates, water, whey, and waste effluents from a potato processing plant were used as extraction solvents. Isolates obtained on laboratory conditions were subjected to chemical and organoleptic tests. It was shown that proper steering of the processing allowed for obtaining isolates with lower phytic acid content and decreased activity of the trypsin inhibitors, although the efficiency of the process decreased also. Modified processing was more efficient for elimination of the phytic acid from soybean isolates compared to faba bean. It was also shown that isolate neutralization considerably improved their solubility and decreased the activity of trypsin inhibitors.
List of chemical substances and uniform procedure for selection of panelists by their ability to recognize odours
Authors: Golovnya R. V. , Symonia L. A. , Yakovleva V. N. , Enikeeva N. G.
Published: November 2006

In order to provide a uniform procedure for selection of panelists by their ability to recognize odours 12 chemical compounds which can easily be purified and are stable in the pure form are selected; they are widely used in the food industry: diacetyl, isoamyl acetate, ethanol, vanillin, anisaldehyde, m‐cresol, acetic acid. n‐butyric acid, methylbutylsulphide, isoamyl alcohol, ammonia, camphor. A method for the preparation of aqueous and ethylene glycol solutions of these compounds and the samples for testing has been also developed. It ensures standard procedure for odour evaluation of the above‐mentioned compounds by candidates for the panel.
Small‐angle X‐ray scattering investigations on seed proteins
Authors: Plietz P. , Damaschun G. , Schwenke K. D. , Schlesier B.
Published: November 2006

The IIS globulins from sunflower and rape seeds as well as from broad beans were investigated by small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The proteins have molar masses of 3.0 × 105 g/Mol,3.0 × 105 g/Mol and 3.5 × 105 g/Mol, respectively. The shapes of the molecules are nearly spherical. They consist in each case of 6 similarly structured subunits, arranged in the molecule as a trigonal antiprism in the dihedral point group symmetry 32. This structure seems to be typical for all IIS globulins from dicotyledons.

The 7S globulin from french beans has a molar mass of 1.45 × 105 g/Mol. The shape of the molecule is disk‐like. The molecule consists of three subunits separated by deep clefts filled with solvent. The molecule has a three‐fold symmetry axis perpendicular to the plane of the disk.
Enzymatic subunit splitting of lupine storage proteins
Authors: Durant M.
Published: November 2006

The purified vicilin‐like and legumin‐like proteins, major storage globulins of lupine seeds, undergo partial proteolytic breakdown when self‐incubated at 37 °C under moderately alkaline pH. The splitting preferentially involves the high molecular weight subunits of the globulins. The whole globulin extract and the purified globulin fractions split benzoylarginine‐p‐nitroanilide (BAPA), a known substrate for endopeptidases. Further purification of globulins 4 and 8 by gel filtration at high ionic strength or by adsorption chromatography on Concanavalin‐A Sepharose removes only partially this activity and does not abolish self‐digestion. This activity is attributed to an endogenous endopeptidase associated to each globulin. BAPAase is inactive in the conditions of protein extraction and isolation and no significant modifications of the subunits of the storage proteins occurred during these steps.
Enzymatic and chemical modification of animal blood
Authors: Krause W. , Ludwig E. , Rademacher I.
Published: November 2006

Hemoglobin from pig and bovine red blood cells would be available for human food if the heme‐group was separated from protein part. Chemical oxidation of heme or its extraction with polar organic solvents after dissociation from protein gives a light coloured high‐molecular product with a good water‐absorption capacity. By the enzymatic discolouration of hemoglobin with thermitase is yielded a heme‐free peptide composition with a very good water solubility. After plastein reaction of this hydrolyzate there is observed an increasing of hydrophobic amino‐acid content and a decreasing of polar amino‐acid content in the plastein product.
A comparison of interfacial behaviours of pea (Pisum sativum L.) legumin and vicilin at air/water interface
Authors: Dagorn‐Scaviner C. , Gueguen J. , Lefebvre J.
Published: November 2006

The interfacial behaviours of the two main pea globulins (legumin and vicilin) at water/air interfaces were studied in order to improve the general knowledge concerning the physicochemical basis of the foaming and emulsifying properties of these proteins. The surface tension (γ) was monitored by the WILHELMY plate technique till it reaches a constant value. The final concentration c of the proteins injected in the subphase was comprised between 0.3. 10−6 and 80. 10−6 g/ml. The adsorption kinetics γ = f(t) were analyzed using different mathematical relations given in the literature. Different phases can be distinguished, corresponding to the diffusion, penetration and rearrangement of protein molecules at the interface, each phase being characterized by a rate constant and an energy barrier.

The rate constants were generally higher in the case of vicilin; in consequence the equilibrium surface pressure π were reached more quickly. The isotherms πe = f(log c) showed that the concentration needed to reach the plateau value of πe, were respectively about 11.7. 10 6 g/ml and 18.5. 10−6 g/ml for vicilin and legumin air/water interface. The plateau value of πe, was about the same for both proteins at air/water interface (24.5 mN/m). For lower concentrations, vicilin gave higher values for ne. The areas per molecule in the adsorbed monolayer were about the same for vicilin (1.05 nm2) and legumin (1.04 nm2) at air/water interface.

By studying the surface properties of vicilin/legumin mixtures it was observed that πe increased with increasing relative concentration of vicilin and that inhibiting interactions occured between the two globulins, legumin adsorption being more disturbed by vicilin than the opposite.

According to these results, the differences between legumin and vicilin can be related to their molecular characteristics. Pea globulins and especially vicilin appeared to be efficient proteins as surface active agents.
Protein‐polysaccharide complexes as surfactants
Authors: Gurov A. N. , Nuss P. V.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made of surface pressure (π) and maximum shear stress (Ps) (at a constant shear rate) of decane‐water interface on which bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its complexes with dextran sulfate (DS) were adsorbed. The π values have been monitored by the WILHELMY plate technique. The Ps values have been measured with a surface viscoelastometer. The changes of π with time for BSA and BSA‐DS complexes in general takes place in two stages which can be attributed to two corresponding limiting factors: 1) diffusion of molecules (or particles) to the interface, and 2) rearrangements of adsorbed molecules. The diffusion‐controlled stage for the BSA‐DS complexes was found to be several times as long as for BSA. The relaxation time of the second stage is a function of protein concentration Cp, for the complexes having maximum value at Cp = 10−3 – 10−2 g/l. These maxima are coincident with midpoints of the surface pressure isotherms. The latter one of the BSA‐DS complexes is shifted towards greater protein concentrations in comparison with that of BSA. The Ps assumes maximum values at Cp corresponding to the midpoints of surface pressure isotherms. These values for the complexes are 15–20 times greater the that for free BSA.
Production and characterization of protein fractions isolated from biomass of Aspergillus niger A‐3
Authors: Stojanov Iv. , Panajotov Ch. , Atev A. , Dalev P. , Ilieva Sv. , Balutzov V. , Kolev E.
Published: November 2006

The shortage of traditional protein sources in national and global scale point the efforts of the investigators at inventing of new technologies and of nontraditional protein sources. In the last time the microbial protein is regard as a possible source for nutritive protein.

The aim of the present work is to examine the possibilities of producing of protein from biomass of a selected strain Aspergillus niger A‐3 cultivated on synthetic broth medium and on waste materials containing cellulose.