bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POSLOVNA IDEJA KAO INSPIRACIJA MLADIM LJUDIMA
Authors: Novak Gordana
Published: December 2016

Prvi korak u otpoĉinjanju vlastitog biznisa ili u teţnji da se unese neka promjena u postojeći vlastiti biznis ili kompaniju je razmišljanje o tome koja bi to mogla da bude vrsta biznisa, odnosno, da se doĊe do dobre poslovne ideje. Veliki broj poslovnih ideja su rezultat raznih okolnosti. Tako, neki preduzetnici se mogu odluĉiti da rade nešto što su radili ranije kada su bili zaposleni negdje drugo, neki mogu preuzeti neĉiju ideju, neki se mogu ukljuĉiti u već uhodani biznis i sliĉno. Kada se poĉne razmišljati o novim poslovima, treba se podsjetiti izreke "kupac je sve" i zato je najbolje odmah postaviti pitanje: Šta to ljudima treba, šta oni ţele?
JAVNI DUG BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Authors: Hasanbegović Erdin
Published: December 2016

Osnovni cilj ovog rada je da se sagleda koliki je ukupan javni dug Bosne i Hercegovine. Veliki broj nacionalnih ekonomija se suoĉava sa deficitom budţeta, pri ĉemu nastaje povećanje javnog duga, jer drţava nije u mogućnosti da na osnovu svojih ostvarenih prihoda finansira razne projekte, kao što su infrastrukturni podsticaji odreĊenim industrijskim granama, obrazovanju, pruţanje pomoći nezaposlenim i nezbrinutim licima. Servisiranjem javnog duga uspostavlja se dodatno ograniĉenje za nova zaduţenja u cilju fiskalne odrţivosti i za obavezu uravnoteţenja budţeta na svim nivoima vlasti kao pretpostavka makroekonomske stabilnosti, kao što je stabilnost valute, rast GDP-a, zaposlenost, inflacija itd.
DA LI TREBA UVODITI DIFERENCIJALNE POREZNE STOPE U SISTEM PDV BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Authors: Kumalić Jusuf
Published: December 2016

U januaru 2006. godine uveden je u porezni sistem BiH PDV. Razlozi njegovog uvoĊenja nisu samo ekonomske, već i politiĉke naravi. Tako se BiH znaĉajno pribliţava sistemu oporezivanja potrošnje u EU, a time i europskom integracijskom procesu. Kada se govori o stopama PDV-a obiĉno se misli na tri nivoa stopa: opću stopu koja se primjenjuje na najveći broj proizvoda, niţu stopu koja se primjenjuje na osnovne ţivotne namirnice, te višu stopu kojom se oporezuju luksuzni proizvodi. Struktura stopa jedna je od kljuĉnih odrednica sistema PDVa, te su se mnoge rasprave prilikom uvoĊenja ovog poreznog oblika vodile upravo o stopama. MeĊutim, rasprave o broju poreznih stopa PDV-a i danas su veoma aktualne. Naime, entitetske vlade smatraju da uvoĊenjem niţe porezne stope PDV-a će zaštiti standard graĊana sa niţim primanjima, dok pojedini ekonomisti to osporavaju i istiĉu da će se negativno odraziti na stabilnost fiskalnog sistema BiH, te znaĉajnije povećati poreznu evaziju. U prvom dijelu ovog rada bit će rijeĉi o evoluciji stopa PDV-a, dok će se drugi dio baviti nedoumicama o tome valja li upotrijebiti jednu ili više stopa PDV-a BiH.
EKONOMSKE SPECIFIĈNOSTI BERZANSKOG TRŢIŠTA NAFTE
Authors: Škrbić Vojislav , Marjanović Sanita
Published: December 2016

Nafta kao specifiĉan proizvod poprimila je u XX vijeku strateški karakter, kako po obimu upotrebe, razmjerama trgovanja i transporta, tako i po finansijskoj vrijednosti. Zbog njene specifiĉnosti kao prirodnog resursa, te ĉinjenici da nije ravnomjerno rasporeĊena, a da se troši na svim prostorima, dobila je karakter berzanske robe, uz odreĊene specifiĉnosti sa stanovišta standardizacije i tipizacije. Upravo zahvaljujući tim, ali i drugim karakteristikama razvila su se i svjetska berzanska trţišta nafte koja posluju po odreĊenim berzanskim propisima, uzansama i obiĉajima. Dvije glavne svjetske berze na kojima se trguje sirovom naftom danas su Njujorška (NYMEX) i Londonska (IPE), a osim njih postoje i druge berze, na primjer Singapurska, berza u Dubaiu i dr. Na Njujorškoj berzi kotira se svakodnevno cijena sirove nafte tipa WTI (West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil) u dolarima po barelu, dok se na Londonskoj kotira nafta tipa Brent (Brent Crude Oil) takoĊe u dolarima po barelu. Ove cijene se odnose na nivo spot i fjuĉers cijena, koje ĉine reperne cijene za utvrĊivanje ostalih cijena sirove nafte.
SPOLJNOTRGOVINSKI PROMET BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE SA DRŢAVAMA CEFTA
Authors: Škrbić Vojislav , Marjanović Sanita
Published: December 2016

Proces integracija drţava jugostoĉne Evrope prema Evropskoj uniji odvija se u duţem vremenskom periodu i u više faza. Ovi procesi zahtijevaju sprovoĊenje odreĊenih kontinuiranih aktivnosti u drţavama koje su ratifikovale Centralno-evropski sporazumom o vanjskoj trgovini - CEFTA 2006, a koje su u saglasju sa propisima Evropske unije. U kontekstu pomenutih aktivnosti odvija se i proces liberalizacije trgovine i usluga. Sporazum CEFTA pruţa mogućnosti povećanih regionalnih integracija i saradnje unutar ĉlanica. Istim se izmeĊu ostalog ukidaju sva koliĉinska ograniĉenja uvoza i izvoza i mjere jednakog efekta i neće se uvoditi nova ograniĉenja, te izvozne carine i ostale takse fiskalne prirode. Samo provoĊenje Sporazuma CEFTA svakako je pospješilo promet roba, usluga i investicija, te umanjilo tehniĉke i necarinske barijere, ali iste u odreĊenoj mjeri još uvijek postoje pogotovo od strane većih ka manjima. Naglasimo iz dosadašnjeg iskustva da se ĉlanstvo u CEFTA pokazalo kao "odskoĉna daska" za pristup Evropskoj uniji.
MODELI ZA OCJENE NIVOA IZVRSNOSTI ORGANIZACIJE
Authors: Šušić Ilija
Published: December 2016

Da bi se mogle iskazati realne ukupne performanse rezultata poslovanja preduzeća neophodno je osim finansijskih koristiti i nefinansijske pokazatelje, jer za mjerenje performansi rezultata poslovanja tradicionalno su korišćeni finansijski pokazatelji poslovanja.Univerzalni pokazatelj poslovanja za sve aspekte uspješnosti ne postoji, pa preduzeća koriste mnoštvo razliĉitih kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih pokazatelja. Poslovna izvrsnost je savremeni oblik izraţavanja ukupnih performansi poslovanja. Izvrsni rezultati preduzeća postiţu se na temeljnom konceptu poslovne izvrsnosti koji se bazira na ukljuĉivanju svih zainteresovanih strana, partnerstvu i upravljanju znanjem. Poslovnu izvrsnost moguće je postići samo stalnim uravnoteţenjem i zadovoljenjem potreba svih stejkholdera. Stalnim razvojem industrijalizacije, potrošnje neobnovljivih prirodnih resursa i zagaĊivanjem ţivotne okoline stvorena je potreba za uspostavljanje balansa izmeĊu ekonomskog prosperiteta, društvene odgovornosti i zaštite ţivotne sredine. Za preduzeća to znaĉi obavezu finansiranja odrţivog razvoja u kojem se zadovoljavaju potrebe svih zainteresovanih strana.
REGULACIJA I SUPERVIZIJA BANAKA
Authors: Muratović Husein
Published: December 2016

U vom radu razmatrana je regulacija i supervizija banaka i kljuĉni razlozi koji dovode do potrebe da se one permanenno vrše. Aktuelizovano je i problematizovano pitanje zašto je bankarski sektor s jedne strane zaštićen, a s druge strane regulisan i kontrolisan od nadleţnih institucija, te koje bi bilansne pozicije banke trebalo da budu predmet supervizije i kakve standarde o dovoljnosti stopa kapitala ustanoviti na globalnom nivou.
RAZVIJANJE KOMUNIKACIONE KOMPETENTNOSTI U VISOKO-ŠKOLSKIM USTANOVAMA
Authors: Perić Vinko , Biočanin Rade , Gibača Stojanka , Tešić Mirko
Published: December 2016

Proces praćenja, merenja i analize kvaliteta visokoškolskog obrazovanja pruţa znaĉajne informacije o usklaĊenosti postojećeg organizacionog sistema sa planiranjem. Osnovne profesionalne kompetencije nastavnika su pedagoška, programska i komunikaciona kompetencija. Prouĉavana je komunikaciona kompetentnost nastavnika (ukljuĉenost u razgovor, stil rešavanja konflikata i stavovi prema radu u timu) i formativan uticaj nastavniĉke profesije na razvoj ove kompetencije. Ispitano je više inţenjera koji rade u nastavi (profesori tehniĉkih predmeta) i isto toliko inţenjera koji rade van nastave. Inţenjeri u nastavi i inţenjeri van nastave ispoljavaju sliĉne komunikacione karakteristike, a razlike su veoma retke. Rad u nastavi ne dovodi do spontane socijalizacije komunikacione kompetencije ka postizanju komunikacionog nivoa formativnog za uspešniju nastavnu interakciju. Potrebno je obuĉavati nastavnike komunikacionim veštinama i u toku inicijalnog obrazovanja za nastavni rad, i kontinuirano u toku profesionalnog delovanja. Cilj svih ovih aktivnosti je uspostavljanje celovitog sistema kvaliteta u našem obrazovanju. Ovim radom se ţeli naglasiti znaĉaj adekvatnog definisanja procesa za praćenje, merenje i analizu kvaliteta u visokoobrazovnim institucijama.
METODOLOŠKI PRISTUP ANALIZE CIJENE AKCIJA
Authors: Škrbić Vojislav , Marjanović Sanita
Published: December 2016

Osnovni cilj ovog radua je da se sagledaju metode za analizu cijena akcija, gdje je jedan od osnovnih problema vezanih za analizu kako odrediti akcijama fundamentalnu ili pravu vrijednost. Realna vrijednost još se naziva " unutrašnjom vrijednosti " ( intrisic value ). TakoĊe, realna vrijednost je izuzetno bitna za investitore u akcije, finansijske analitiĉare i sve druge zainteresovane subjekte. Metode za analizu cijena akcija kojima se dolazi do realne vrijednosti investitori mogu zasnivati svoje ponašanje i u donošenju investicijonih odluka. U samome radu obradili smo pet metoda zasigurno metod diskontovanja dividendi predstavlja najpouzdani i najviše korišteni metod za analizu cijene akcije.
PRAVNI OKVIR GARANTOVANJA I OSTVARIVANJA LJUDSKIH PRAVA
Authors: B. Aćić Vesna
Published: December 2016

Osnovne slobode i prava ĉovjeka i graĊanina su ustavna kategorija svake demokratske drţave. Savremeni ustavi garantuju ljudska prava, koja prelaze granice suverenosti i ustavnosti jedne drţave i postaju univerzalna kategorija zaštićena meĊunarodnim pravom. Sloboda ĉovjeka ograniĉena je samo slobodom drugih ljudi, pa ĉovjek, uţivajući slobodu, ima duţnost da poštuje i ne ugroţava slobodu drugih.Do Drugog svjetskog rata ljudska prava su se razvijala unutar nacionalnih drţava, da bi, nakon toga, vodeću ulogu u definisanju i unapreĊenju ljudskih prava imale Ujedinjene nacije. Ova prava su kodifikovana u meĊunarodnim i regionalnim ugovorima i instrumentima, koje je ratifikovala većina zemalja, te tako predstavljaju univerzalno priznati sistem vrijednosti. Ratifikovanjem meĊunarodnih akata o ljudskim pravima, njihovom primjenom i ugradnjom u pozitivno zakonodavstvo drţave ostvaruju se preduslovi za poštovanje, nesmetano uţivanje i zaštitu ljudskih prava.Univerzalna deklaracija o ljudskim pravima, zajedno sa MeĊunarodnim paktom o ekonomskim, socijalnim i kulturnim pravima i MeĊunarodnim paktom o graĊanskim i politiĉkim pravima, sa dva njena fakultativna protokola, predstavljaju univerzalni zakon o ljudskim pravima. Evropska konvencija o ljudskim pravima (i njeni protokoli) garantuje zaštitu ljudskih prava na regionalnom nivou.MeĊutim, uprkos normama, principima i standardima ljudskih prava, koji su uspostavljeni na meĊunarodnom nivou, glavni izazov još uvijek predstavlja primjena usvojenih standarda.
UTICAJ POVRŠINSKE EKSPLOATACIJE RUDNIKA OMARSKA NA KVALITET VODE
Authors: Milešević Tanja
Published: December 2016

Rudarstvo je vaţan segment u sektoru energetike i ekonomske strukture Republike Srpske i Bosne i Hercegovine. Rudnici ruda ţeljeza na podruĉju sjeverozapadne Bosne i Hercegovine su najveći po kapacitetu i rezervama u jugoistoĉnoj Evropi. „Rudnik Omarska“ koji pripada ljubijskoj metalogenetskoj oblasti je najveći rudnik i kao takav ima znaĉajan uticaj na ţivotnu sredinu.U ovom radu su analizirani neki faktori uticaja površinske eksploatacije „Rudnika Omarska“ na vodu. Opisani su uticaji na površinske, atmosferske, podzemne, fekalne i sanitarne vode, kao i vode iz tehnološkog procesa.Iako se u procesu pripreme ţeljezne rude ne koriste nikakvi aditivi, oneĉišćenje vode potiĉe od sedimentnih ĉestica. Kisele rudniĉke vode zagaĊene teškim metalima ugroţavaju vodne resurse, zemljište,ljude i graĊevine koje se nalaze na ugroţenom podruĉju.
ASERTIVNOM KOMUNIKACIJOM DO KVALITETNIJEG MENADŽMENTA
Authors: Zmijanjac Goran
Published: December 2016

Menadţment je kompleksna aktivnost, vještina upravljanja, teorija o upravljanju i struktura koja upravlja. Menadţment je vještina voĊenja poslova, sa ljudima i uz pomoć ljudi, radi ostvarivanja ciljeva organizacije. Ĉovjek je društveno biće, i komunikacija, posebno verbalna, ga i odreĊuje kao takvog. Da bi normalno funkcionisali u bilo kojoj oblasti ţivota ili rada, ljudi komuniciraju sa drugim ljudima. Kvalitet ţivota u velikoj mjeri zavisi od umješnosti da kaţemo šta mislimo, osjećamo, trebamo, da se informišemo, izrazimo slaganje, neslaganje ili da odbijemo nekoga, da uputimo pohvalu, kritiku i da se snaĊemo u konfliktu. No, koliko smo zadovoljni svojom umešnošću da se snaĊemo u tim situacijama?Asertivnost podrazumijeva izraţavanje misli, osjećanja i uvjerenja na direktan, pošten (iskren) i adekvatan naĉin, uz uvaţavanje prava drugih ljudi. Asertivna poruka izraţava, opisuje osobu i izreĉena je bez dominacije, poniţavanja ili degradiranja druge osobe. U ovom radu je prikazano kako se asertivnost uĉi i vjeţba, tehnike samokontrole i kako se asertivnost moţe povećati.
OKUPACIJA IZ UGLA MEĐUNARODNOG HUMANITARNOG PRAVA
Authors: Adžić Darija
Published: December 2016

Poslednjе decenije su okarekterisane porastom vanteritorijalnih vojnih intervencija. Zajedno sa kontinuitetom klasiĉnijih oblika okupacija, neke od ovih intervencija su dale nove oblike prisutnosti strane vojne sile na teritoriji jedne drţave, ponekad i uz saglasnost iste, ali najĉešće bez njene saglasnosti. Ovi novi oblici vojne prisutnosti na tuĊoj teritoriji su pokrenuli odreĊene debate što je dodatno uticalo na usmjerenje ekspertske, ali i šire javnosti na Zakon o okupaciji. Prvenstveni cilj ovog ĉlanak je da izdvoji i analizira neka pravna pitanja koja su se pojavila u vezi ovog specifiĉnog podruĉja meĊunarodnog humanitarnog prava.
NUŢNOST RAZVOJA OBRAZOVANJA KAO USLOV NAPRETKA DRUŠTVA
Authors: Kitonjić Ivana
Published: December 2016

Nijedna sfera ljudskog djelovanja nije tako konstantno pod lupom kao sfera obrazovanja. Ova konsta-tacija nije iznenaĊujuća s obzirom da je obrazovna djelatnost ipak jedna od kljuĉnih oblasti od koje zavise i koja u potpunosti proţima sve ostale. IznenaĊujuće je to što je praćenje ove problematike najĉešće svedeno na kritiz-erstvo , nipodoštavanje i vrlo ĉesto ignorisanje suštine problema. Samo pitanje suštine problema izuzetno je kompleksno pa ga je iz tog razloga teško definisati. Jedno ali moţda i najznaĉajnije pitanje je da li je u našem obrazovnom sistemu forma mnogo vaţnija od sadrţaja.
EKOLOŠKO OBRAZOVANJE I STVARANJE EKOLOŠKE SVIJESTI
Authors: Milešević Tanja
Published: December 2016

Na formiranje ekološke svijesti današnjeg ĉovjeka, djeluje ĉitav niz faktora: nauka, obrazovanje, praktiĉna aktivnost... Socijalni faktori (porodica, susjedstvo, predškolska ustanova, škola, vršnjaci, mas-mediji i drugo), smatraju se najvaţnijim faktorima koji utiĉu na ekološko vaspitanje i obrazovanje. Edukacijom mladih od najranijeg uzrasta formira se neophodan nivo ekološke svijesti. Ekološka svijest kod djece i omladine se razvija u procesu vaspitanja i obrazovanja, a najvaţniji faktor obrazovanja je škola. Krajnji cilj ekološkog vaspitanja i obrazovanja treba postaviti da sama liĉnost dosegne ekološku vaspitanost, neophodnu da bi se moglo pravilno odnositi prema ţivotnoj sredini. To znaĉi da moramo pronaći najbolje moguće nastavne programe, udţbenike, osposobiti nastavnike i predavaĉe u školama, uvesti vannastavne aktivnosti, javnu kulturu… odnosno, unaprijediti, poboljšati, prilagoditi sam školski ambijent u cilju razvoja ekološke svijesti i ekološkog vaspitanja od najranijeg uzrasta.
FAZE DONOŠENJA ODLUKA O BUDŢETSKOM FINANCIRANJU ZA RAD MALIH I SREDNJIH PREDUZEĆA ILI AKCIONARSKIH DRUŠTAVA
Authors: Čović Esad
Published: December 2016

Predmet istraţivanja je razvoj lokalne samouprave i njena uloga u razvijanju malih i srednjih preduzeća, struktura i organizacioni oblik lokalne samouprave i uprave u cjelini, kakva je i kolika njena uloga u razvoju malih i srednjih preduzeća, kompanija i akcionarska društva u zemljama razvoja, po uzoru modernih zemljama okruţenja i Evropske unije.Akcenat smo u ovom istraţivanju stavili na poljoprivredu, poljoprivredno preraĊivaĉke kapacitete, turistiĉka preduzeća iz raznih oblasti kao jedini mogući faktor oporavka preduzeća i razvoja privrede u Bosni i Hercegovini. Naravno za novonastale zemlje ovakav vid prestavlja mnoge poteškoće koje se moraju u privrednom razvoju i plasmanu boriti za nova trţišta, dok odreĊene meĊunarodne institucije vladaju kapitalom i utjeĉu na razvoj novih produkcionih saradnji.U ovom sluĉaju trţišna privreda je kapitalistiĉka i ima takmiĉarski duh na evropskom i svjetskom trţištu. Moramo imati na umu da se trţišna privreda odvija po principu navedene teorije igara pri ĉemu se dobit stavlja u isti kontekst ravnopravnosti pobjednik-gubitnik kao kod igre.Mala i srednja preduzeća u Bosni i Hercegovini nisu imuna na vanjske udare koji dolaze globalizacijom pa se to ukazuje kao neophodnost definisanja njihove razvojne strategije. Indikativno je da pojedine Evropske, pa i svjetske privredne organizacije koje utjeĉu na razvoj preduzeća zemalja u tzranziciji kakva je Bosna i Hercegovine, kao na primjer MMF i Svjetska banka imaju potpuno razliĉite pristupe u pogledu osnovnog koncepta razvoja, tako je MMF odredio pravilo za sve zemlje u tranziciji po kojem se moraju ravnati sve zemlje iz razliĉitih djelova Evrope i svijeta.Treba pomenuti da se za revitalizaciju preduzeća u krizi stvori ambijent u drţavnom sistemu a onda studiozno izradi pravac razvoja, ukljuĉujući i zahtjeve koji dolaze sa samog trţišta, što indikativno govori da je trţište glavni regulator na relacija ponuda i potraţnja pri ĉemu se moraju u obzir uzeti najniţi troškovi sirovine proizvodnje i plasmana.Svako preduzeće bez obzira dali je malo, srednje, veliko ili akcionarsko mora da vlada informacijama po svim pitanjima, tako ako se ovo uzme u obzir jednostavno se lako prepoznaju na trţištu jer u principu svijet je mali pa se za usluge ili proizvod brzo sazna u koliko je konkurentan i prihvatljiv po standardima i potrebama konzumenta.Zbog svega navedenog i realnih pretpostavki o racionalnoj realizaciji kod donošenja Odluka o budţetskom financiranju za razvoj i ulaganje u preduzeća moraju se donijeti jasni planovi kod donošenja Odluka...
An Unusual Presentation of Verrucous Carcinoma of the Foot with Bone Invasion
Authors: Lee Ho Min , Kim Young Sung , Kim Jong Pil , Lee Jong Im , Uhm Kyeong Soo
Published: December 2016

Verrucous carcinoma of the foot is a rare malignancy, and proper diagnosis can be delayed. Furthermore, misdiagnosis often results in delayed appropriate treatment. Herein, we present an unusual case of verrucous carcinoma of the fifth toe with bone invasion in a 63-year-old woman that was mistaken for a plantar wart for 3 years. The condition was treated by ray amputation. We emphasize the need for appropriate biopsy to achieve an accurate diagnosis.
Delayed Surgical Reconstruction of a Peroneal Tendon Rupture in an Accessory Os Peroneum
Authors: Evers Julia , Wähnert Dirk , Grüneweller Niklas , Raschke Michael J. , Ochman Sabine
Published: December 2016

A fracture of the os peroneum is a rare cause of ankle and foot pain and is often overlooked and not assumed. Only a few case reports have discussed the different etiologies, options for diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions for acute cases. We present a case of delayed diagnosis of an os peroneum fracture due to a distortion of the ankle that occurred during air sports. Initial diagnostic testing with magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a rupture of the peroneus longus tendon with no pathologic abnormalities at the peroneus brevis tendon. During surgery, a combination of an os peroneum fracture and a peroneus brevis tendon split was found and was successfully treated with bone and tendon repair using a lasso stich technique.
Adipocyte‐specific disruption of mouse Cnot3 causes lipodystrophy
Authors: Li Xue , Morita Masahiro , Kikuguchi Chisato , Takahashi Akinori , Suzuki Toru , Yamamoto Tadashi
Published: December 2016

Lipodystrophy involves a loss of adipose tissue. In mice, disruption of adipose tissue Cnot3, a subunit of the CCR4‐NOT deadenylase complex, causes adipose tissue anomalies. In Cnot3ad−/− mice, white adipose tissue (WAT) decreases concomitantly with enhanced inflammation, whereas brown adipose tissue increases and contains larger lipid droplets. Cnot3ad−/− mice show hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance, and cannot maintain body temperature during cold exposure. Increased expression of inflammatory genes and decreased leptin expression also occur in Cnot3ad−/− WAT, achieving levels similar to those in lipodystrophic aP2‐nSrebp1c and Ppargldi/+ mice; thus, Cnot3ad−/− mice exhibit lipodystrophy.
Van Allen Probes observation of a 360° phase shift in the flux modulation of injected electrons by ULF waves
Authors: Chen X.‐R. , Zong Q.‐G. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Blake J. Bernard , Wygant J. R. , Kletzing C. A.
Published: December 2016

We present Van Allen Probe observation of drift‐resonance interaction between energetic electrons and ultralow frequency (ULF) waves on 29 October 2013. Oscillations in electron flux were observed at the period of ∼450 s, which is also the dominant period of the observed ULF magnetic pulsations. The phase shift of the electron fluxes (∼50 to 150 keV) across the estimated resonant energy (∼104 keV) is ∼360°. This phase relationship is different from the characteristic 180° phase shift as expected from the drift‐resonance theory. We speculate that the additional 180° phase difference arises from the inversion of electron phase space density (PSD) gradient, which in turn is caused by the drift motion of the substorm injected electrons. This PSD gradient adjusts the characteristic particle signatures in the drift‐resonance theory, which indicates a coupling effect between the magnetotail and the radiation belt and helps to better understand the wave‐particle interaction in the magnetosphere.
Climatology of high‐β plasma measurements in Earth's inner magnetosphere
Authors: Cohen Ross , Gerrard Andrew J. , Lanzerotti Louis J. , Soto‐Chavez A. R. , Kim Hyomin , Manweiler Jerry W.
Published: December 2016

Since their launch in August 2012, the Radiation Belt Storm Probe Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instruments on the NASA Van Allen Probes spacecraft have been making continuous high‐resolution measurements of Earth's ring current plasma environment. After a full traversal through all magnetic local times, a climatology (i.e., a survey of observations) of high‐beta (β) plasma events (defined here as β > 1) as measured by the RBSPICE instrument in the ∼45 keV to ∼600 keV proton energy range in the inner magnetosphere (L < 5.8) has been constructed. In this paper we report this climatology of such high‐β plasma occurrences, durations, and their general characteristics. Specifically, we show that most high‐β events in the RBSPICE energy range are associated with postdusk/premidnight sector particle injections or plasma patches and can last from minutes to hours. While most of these events have a β less than 2, there are a number of observations reaching β greater than 4. Other observations of particular note are high‐β events during relatively minor geomagnetic storms and examples of very long duration high‐β plasmas. We show that high‐β plasmas are a relatively common occurrence in the inner magnetosphere during both quiet and active times. As such, the waves generated by these plasmas may have an underappreciated role in the inner magnetosphere, and thus the study of these plasmas and their instabilities may be more important than has been currently addressed.
A dedicated H‐beta meridian scanning photometer for proton aurora measurement
Authors: Unick Craig W. , Donovan Eric , Connors Martin , Jackel Brian
Published: December 2016

An instrument designed to measure the location and brightness of auroral emissions from energetic proton precipitation is described. This photometer scans from the north to south horizon with a stepper motor and mirror. The scans are configured in software for a 30 s cadence with equally spaced samples along a meridian at constant altitude. Broadband light is separated into two channels with a novel optical splitter. This splitter uses a filter that has high transmission for the signal channel and high reflection on both the long‐ and short‐wavelength sides to reflect the combined background passbands, directing each channel to its respective detector. The half‐cone angle and angle of incidence of this splitter filter allow for an overall compact optical design that also provides superior sensitivity in both signal and background channels. The signal channel is 3 nm wide full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 486.1 nm, and the background channel comprises two 3 nm wide FWHM passbands at 480 nm and 495 nm created by a single filter. Both of these channels are measured with photomultiplier tubes in photon‐counting mode. Calibrations indicate a response of around 1000 c/s per rayleigh. Data are currently acquired in 5 ms bins with a Nyquist frequency of 100 Hz. The first system (Forty‐Eight Sixty‐One (FESO)‐1) has been operating at Athabasca University since February 2014, and the second system (FESO‐2) was deployed at Lucky Lake, Saskatchewan, in October 2015. The improved sensitivity over legacy instruments and the simultaneous measurement of signal and background enable operation during intervals with dynamic electron aurora and scattered moonlight.
North‐south asymmetries in cold plasma density in the magnetotail lobes: Cluster observations
Authors: Haaland S. , Lybekk B. , Maes L. , Laundal K. , Pedersen A. , Tenfjord P. , Ohma A. , Østgaard N. , Reistad J. , Snekvik K.
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we present observations of cold (0–70 eV) plasma density in the magnetotail lobes. The observations and results are based on 16 years of Cluster observation of spacecraft potential measurements converted into local plasma densities. Measurements from all four Cluster spacecraft have been used, and the survey indicates a persistent asymmetry in lobe density, with consistently higher cold plasma densities in the northern lobe. External influences, such as daily and seasonal variations in the Earth's tilt angle, can introduce temporary north‐south asymmetries through asymmetric ionization of the two hemispheres. Likewise, external drivers, such as the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field can set up additional spatial asymmetries in outflow and lobe filling. The persistent asymmetry reported in this paper is also influenced by these external factors but is mainly caused by differences in magnetic field configuration in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere ionospheres.
Magnetospheric and solar wind dependences of coupled fast‐mode resonances outside the plasmasphere
Authors: Archer M. O. , Hartinger M. D. , Walsh B. M. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: December 2016

We investigate the magnetospheric and solar wind factors that control the occurrence probabilities, locations, and frequencies of standing Alfvén waves excited via coupled fast‐mode resonances (cFMRs) in the outer magnetosphere's dawn and dusk sectors. The variation of these cFMR properties with the observed magnetospheric plasma density profiles and inputs to the semiempirically modeled magnetic field from the numerical cFMR calculations of Archer et al. (2015) are studied. The probability of cFMR occurrence increases with distance between the magnetopause and the Alfvén speed's local maximum. The latter's location depends on magnetospheric activity: during high activity it is situated slightly outside the plasmapause, whereas at low activity it is found at much larger radial distances. The frequencies of cFMR are proportional to the Alfvén speed near the magnetopause, which is affected by both density and magnetic field variations. The location of the excited resonance, however, depends on the relative steepness of the Alfvén speed radial profile. The steeper this is, the closer the resonance is to the outer boundary and vice versa. The variation of the density profiles with solar wind conditions and activity is also shown.
Solar wind periodicities in thermal electrons at Saturn
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Rymer A. M.
Published: December 2016

Lomb periodogram analyses were applied to all thermal electron data from the Cassini Plasma Science instrument from mid‐2004 to mid‐2011. Very strong periods at ~26 days were observed in the fluxes of electrons with energies less than 1000 eV. At higher energies, such a strong solar wind period was not apparent, and numerous signals appeared between ~5 days and ~22 days for E > 100 eV. The amplitudes of all these signals greatly exceeded those recognized in the electrons at the ~10.7 h period related to planetary rotation. A simulation using Cassini orbits and a 2‐D model of electron fluxes indicate that the 5–22 day periods were caused by the spacecraft orbits into and out of electron radiation belts. Definitive signals do not exist at the periods of Saturn's moons.
First simultaneous multistation observations of the polar cap thermospheric winds
Authors: Wu Qian , Jee Geonhwa , Lee Changsup , Kim Jeong‐Han , Kim Yong Ha , Ward William , Varney Roger H.
Published: December 2016

Based on two northern (Eureka 80.0°N, 85.9°W, magnetic latitude (MLAT) 88, and Resolute 74.7°N, 94.8°W, MLAT 83) and one southern (Jang Bogo 74.7°S, 164.2°E, MLAT 77) polar cap stations, simultaneous thermospheric wind data during the northern (December) and southern (June) winter months were obtained and compared with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) simulations driven by the Weimer ion convection model. The TIEGCM simulation overestimates the thermospheric wind by 30 to 60%. The thermospheric winds at Eureka were larger than those at Resolute probably because Eureka is at high‐geomagnetic latitude. The observed ion drifts observed by Resolute Incoherent Scatter Radar North face at Resolute also show that the Weimer ion convection model overestimates the ion drift. The observation and simulation also appear to suggest that the ion convection pattern in the Weimer model may be too large. The observed thermospheric winds at Jang Bogo are smaller than the TIEGCM but mostly in the zonal component. The thermospheric winds are smaller at Jang Bogo than the two northern stations which are likely due to their lower magnetic latitude. The results indicate the presence of internal structure in the thermospheric winds inside the polar cap and call for more observations in the polar cap to be undertaken.
Mapping the nonstationary internal tide with satellite altimetry
Authors: Zaron Edward D.
Published: December 2016

Temporal variability of the internal tide has been inferred from the 23 year long combined records of the TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason‐1, and Jason‐2 satellite altimeters by combining harmonic analysis with an analysis of along‐track wavenumber spectra of sea‐surface height (SSH). Conventional harmonic analysis is first applied to estimate and remove the stationary components of the tide at each point along the reference ground tracks. The wavenumber spectrum of the residual SSH is then computed, and the variance in a neighborhood around the wavenumber of the mode‐1 baroclinic M2 tide is interpreted as the sum of noise, broadband nontidal processes, and the nonstationary tide. At many sites a bump in the spectrum associated with the internal tide is noted, and an empirical model for the noise and nontidal processes is used to estimate the nonstationary semidiurnal tidal variance. The results indicate a spatially inhomogeneous pattern of tidal variability. Nonstationary tides are larger than stationary tides throughout much of the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Stabilized Octahedral Frameworks in Layered Double Hydroxides by Solid‐Solution Mixing of Transition Metals
Authors: Lee Ji Hoon , Lee Hyeon Jeong , Lim Soo Yeon , Chae Keun Hwa , Park Sung Hyeon , Chung Kyung Yoon , Deniz Erhan , Choi Jang Wook
Published: December 2016

Pseudocapacitors have received considerable attention, as they possess advantages of both rechargeable batteries and electric double layer capacitors. Among various active materials for pseudocapacitors, α‐layered double hydroxides (α‐TM(OH)2, TM = transition metal) are promising due to their high specific capacities. Yet, irreversible α‐to‐β phase transitions of α‐TM(OH)2 hinder their long‐term cyclability, particularly when the TM is nickel. Here, it is reported that binary TM ion mixing can overcome the limited cycle lives of α‐TM(OH)2 by stabilizing the octahedral frameworks of α‐TM(OH)2. In particular, an α‐TM(OH)2 with equal amounts of nickel and cobalt exhibits long‐term capacity retention (89.0% after 2000 cycles) and specific capacity (206 mA h g−1), which are better than those of individual TM counterparts. A series of analyses reveals that the improved performances originate from the synergistic effects between the TM ions; the preferred trivalent state of cobalt ions stabilizes the octahedral framework by accommodating the detrimental Jahn–Teller distortion of Ni3+. The stabilized framework also widens the redox swing range of the nickel up to 4+, thus, increasing the specific capacity of the corresponding α‐TM(OH)2. This study indicates that proper mixing of TMs is a prolific approach in enhancing the vital properties of α‐TM(OH)2, a promising family of pseudocapacitor materials.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization Reactions of Isocyanides with α‐Diazocarbonyls as N‐Terminal Electrophiles: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Imidazolines and 1,1′‐Biimidazoles
Authors: Bu Xiu‐Bin , Yu Yang , Li Bin , Zhang Lu , Chen Jia‐Jia , Zhao Yu‐Long
Published: December 2016

The reactions of α‐diazocarbonyls have been extensively studied and widely applied in organic synthesis acting as 1,3‐dipoles, metal carbene precursors and C‐nucleophiles. However, the utility of the electrophilic capability of their terminal nitrogen has been a challenging problem. Herein, a novel copper‐catalyzed cascade cyclization reaction of isocyanides with α‐diazocarbonyls as N‐terminal electrophiles has been developed for the first time. The reaction involves a sequential intermolecular nucleophilic addition/[3+2] cycloaddition/intramolecular cyclization‐ring‐opening/elimination procedure and provides a new and efficient method for the construction of imidazolines and biimidazoles in a single step from readily available starting materials under very mild conditions.

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Nickel‐Catalyzed Deoxygenative Deuteration of Aryl Sulfamates
Authors: Kuriyama Masami , Kujirada Shota , Tsukuda Kotaro , Onomura Osamu
Published: December 2016

The nickel‐catalyzed deoxygenative deuteration of aryl/heteroaryl sulfamates has been developed, and the effective incorporation of deuterium into a variety of aromatic compounds was achieved with sufficient catalytic efficiency and high deuteration degree. This process tolerated reducible functional moieties and heterocyclic structures. Additionally, a double introduction of deuterium also successfully gave a desired product with a high yield and deuterium content.

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Unraveling the droplet drying characteristics of crystallization‐prone mannitol – experiments and modeling
Authors: Har Chen Loon , Fu Nan , Chan Eng Seng , Tey Beng Ti , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: December 2016

Spray‐dried mannitol is a potential lactose replacement in pharmaceutical formulations, yet the drying behavior of individual mannitol droplets within the spray chamber has not been fully understood. This work explored the drying characteristics of mannitol by employing the reaction engineering approach (REA) in data analysis. A glass filament single droplet drying technique was used to monitor the changes in droplet temperature, mass, and diameter. The drying kinetics data obtained clearly demonstrated the droplet “wet‐bulb” period, the crust formation, and the crystallization phenomena. The master activation‐energy curves developed from REA modeling responded sensitively to varying drying temperatures, which could have led to different crystallization events. The deviation of these plots from the expected norms that do not encounter a phase change was used effectively to discern the physics involved. A REA kinetic model was proposed to assist in process optimization of large‐scale spray‐drying operations. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1839–1852, 2017
Caffeine alleviates progressive motor deficits in a transgenic mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia
Authors: Gonçalves Nélio , Simões Ana T. , Prediger Rui D. , Hirai Hirokazu , Cunha Rodrigo A. , Pereira de Almeida Luís
Published: December 2016

Objective

Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) is a neurodegenerative spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) associated with an expanded polyglutamine tract within ataxin‐3 for which there is currently no available therapy. We previously showed that caffeine, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, delays the appearance of striatal damage resulting from expression of full‐length mutant ataxin‐3. Here we investigated the ability of caffeine to alleviate behavioral deficits and cerebellar neuropathology in transgenic mice with a severe ataxia resulting from expression of a truncated fragment of polyglutamine‐expanded ataxin‐3 in Purkinje cells.

Methods

Control and transgenic c57Bl6 mice expressing in the mouse cerebella a truncated form of human ataxin‐3 with 69 glutamine repeats were allowed to freely drink water or caffeinated water (1g/L). Treatments began at 7 weeks of age, when motor and ataxic phenotype emerges in MJD mice, and lasted up to 20 weeks. Mice were tested in a panel of locomotor behavioral paradigms, namely rotarod, beam balance and walking, pole, and water maze cued‐platform version tests, and then sacrificed for cerebellar histology.

Results

Caffeine consumption attenuated the progressive loss of general and fine‐tuned motor function, balance, and grip strength, in parallel with preservation of cerebellar morphology through decreasing the loss of Purkinje neurons and the thinning of the molecular layer in different folia. Caffeine also rescued the putative striatal‐dependent executive and cognitive deficiencies in MJD mice.

Interpretation

Our findings provide the first in vivo demonstration that caffeine intake alleviates behavioral disabilities in a severely impaired animal model of SCA. Ann Neurol 2017;81:407–418
Long‐term study of CO2 absorption by PVDF/ZSM‐5 hollow fiber mixed matrix membrane in gas–liquid contacting process
Authors: Rahbari‐Sisakht Masoud , Fauzi Ismail Ahmad , Matsuura Takeshi , Emadzadeh Daryoush
Published: December 2016

In order to fabricate hollow fiber mixed matrix membrane (HFMMM) for long‐term CO2 absorption process, ZSM‐5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil–5) zeolite was modified using hexadecyltrichlorosilane for increasing hydrophobicity and then added to the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) spinning dope. The in‐house made HFMMMs were characterized in terms of gas permeance, overall porosity, average pore size, effective surface porosity, surface roughness, mechanical stability, and wetting resistance. The morphology of the HFMMMs was studied using SEM. The cross‐sectional SEM images indicated that the membrane structure has changed from sponge‐like to finger‐like by ZSM‐5 loading. The surface roughness increased by increasing ZSM‐5 concentration in the spinning dope. The HFMMM spun from the spinning dope with 0.5 wt % of ZSM‐5 zeolite showed that the CO2 absorption flux decreased 18.9% in the initial 115 h of the operation and then the absorption flux remained constant until the end of the operation. For plain PVDF HFM the absorption flux decreased 36% from the initial value in the first 15 h of the experiment. Thus it could be concluded that the long term stability of HFM was improved by the incorporation of ZSM‐5. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44606.
Experimental test of oyster restoration within eelgrass
Authors: Valdez Stephanie R. , Peabody Betsy , Allen Brian , Blake Brady , Ruesink Jennifer L.
Published: December 2016

Both seagrasses and oysters are foundation species valued for their wide range of ecosystem services, but their space competition sets a constraint on joint benefits. A reserve for native Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) was established in lower Hood Canal (Washington State, USA) more than a century ago but is now devoid of that species and dominated by native eelgrass (Zostera marina). This situation sets up a conservation conflict because management activities for one species are at odds with the protection of another.

In experimental enhancement plots, Olympia oysters were outplanted at low density, which successfully maintained eelgrass density and production. One method was used in 2013 (seeded cultch, 8% cover) and two additional methods in 2015 (anchored cultch and single oysters, the latter at 4% cover).

For all outplant methods, oysters experienced 99% annual mortality, associated with the attraction of non‐native and native predators. Shell cover remained steady for a year and then declined rapidly, as shell accumulation did not exceed sedimentation rates.

Eelgrass per se does not preclude Olympia oysters, given that the two species were observed to co‐occur at a coastal estuarine site (Willapa Bay, Washington). However, even when socio‐political constraints on restoration activities were overcome, ecological constraints remained from predation. Competition between these two protected species was avoided, but it may be the case that top‐down control on oysters was particularly acute owing to low oyster density and/or the environmental conditions of eelgrass beds.
Synthesis of Novel Pyrazolines, Their Boron–Fluorine Complexes, and Investigation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibition Activities
Authors: Kahriman Nuran , Haşimoğlu Zeynep , Serdaroğlu Vildan , Beriş Fatih Şaban , Barut Burak , Yaylı Nurettin
Published: December 2016

New 3,5‐disubstituted‐2‐pyrazoline derivatives (4–6), their boron‐fluorine complexes (boron (3‐(2′‐aminophenyl),5‐(2′‐/3′‐/4′‐pyridyl)pyrazoline, BOAPPY) (7–9) and boron 1,2′‐diazaflavone complex (BODAF) (11) were synthesized starting from azachalcones (1–3) to diazaflavone (10), respectively. Biological evaluation of compounds 4–9 and 11 showed remarkable antioxidant, antibacterial, and acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition activities. All newly synthesized compounds 4–9 and 11 showed respectable antibacterial effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations in the range of 4.7–150 μg/mL.
Clinical anatomy of the subacromial and related shoulder bursae: A review of the literature
Authors: Kennedy Marion S. , Nicholson Helen D. , Woodley Stephanie J.
Published: December 2016

The subacromial bursa (SAB) is the main bursa of the shoulder. It facilitates normal movement and is also commonly involved in shoulder disorders. Other shoulder bursae have been described but their anatomy has not been well studied. Anatomical variation of shoulder bursae has been suggested and this has implications for clinical practice. This article reviews current knowledge of the normal anatomy of the SAB and related shoulder bursae. A systematic review of the English and German literature was conducted using databases and a hand search of reference lists focusing on the clinical anatomy of the SAB, coracobrachial and subcoracoid bursae and subtendinous bursa of subscapularis. Twenty‐four original sources and 13 textbooks were identified. Fifteen studies described the general morphology of the shoulder bursae using cadaveric specimens, eight examined innervation, and one provided information about the blood supply of the SAB. The literature agrees that the SAB is consistent and well innervated with a lateral subdeltoid part and a variable subcoracoid portion. There is variability regarding the consistency, location, and communications of the coracobrachial and subcoracoid bursae and the superior part of the subtendinous bursa of subscapularis, and little information on their nerve and blood supply. Several bursae are present around the shoulder joint. Further research is warranted to understand the precise attachments, dimensions, and communications of the bursae, as well as their nerve and blood supply. This information will improve understanding of the clinical relevance of these bursae and inform appropriate assessment and treatment. Clin. Anat. 30:213–226, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical anatomy and surgical significance of the lingual foramina and their canals
Authors: He Puhan , Truong Mindy K. , Adeeb Nimer , Tubbs R. Shane , Iwanaga Joe
Published: December 2016

The lingual foramina and canals can be categorized as median or lateral based on their relation to the midline of the mandible. Investigation of the mandibular lingual region is often done with gross anatomical dissections of cadavers, 2D panoramic radiographic imaging, CT, and cone beam CT (CBCT). While gross studies are the most reliable at qualifying canal contents and course, CBCT proved to be superior to other radiographic techniques for visualizing lingual foramina and canals. The submental and sublingual arteries, and their branches are found in the lingual vascular canals. There is tremendous variation between individuals in terms of the course of the lingual canals and their anastomosis with other vascular canals. Performing the dental implantation procedures in the anterior and posterior regions of the mandible can result in perforation of the lingual cortex, which could injure the arteries that lie within the lingual canal. If hemorrhage occurs, it could lead to life‐threatening upper airway obstruction. Pre‐surgical investigation to identify the diameter of the lingual foramina and canal as well as their distance from the alveolar process might be necessary to prevent hemorrhage for all patients. Clin. Anat. 30:194–204, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities in DNA‐Encoded Library Research: An Academic Point of View
Authors: Yuen Lik Hang , Franzini Raphael M.
Published: December 2016

DNA‐encoded chemical libraries (DECLs) are pools of DNA‐tagged small molecules that enable facile screening and identification of bio‐macromolecule binders. The successful development of DECLs has led to their increasingly important role in drug development, and screening hits have entered clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the development and currently active research areas of DECLs with a focus on contributions from groups at academic institutes. We further look at opportunities and future directions of DECL research in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology based on the symbiotic relationship between academia and industry. Challenges associated with the application of DECLs in academic drug discovery are further discussed.