bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antigen requirements and specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of canine IgG against canine distemper viral antigens
Authors: Bernard S. L. , Shen D. T. , Gorham J. R.
Published: February 2025

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detection of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) against canine distemper virus (cdv) antigens. Sucrose gradient separation of viral and cellular proteins was required to produce coating antigens for the elisa. The specificity of the elisa was demonstrated by blocking cdv-positive canine sera with cdv-specific antisera produced in goats and rabbits and adsorption of positive sera with cdv antigens.

A comparison of the elisa with the serum-neutralization technique for the detection of cdv antibodies was conducted. Anti-cdv IgG was detected in conventional dogs as early as 6 days after inoculation with a commercial vaccine to cdv. Paired sera from the immunized dogs were evaluated by both techniques and a statistically (P < 0.01) significant agreement between the elisa and the serum-neutralization technique was shown (r = 0.6121, n = 75).
Clinical trial of benzaldehyde in pets with solid tumors: Preliminary study
Authors: Grier Ronald L. , Merkley David F. , Roth James A. , Mouw Mary A.
Published: February 2025

Benzaldehyde in the form of an inclusion compound was administered orally to 8 dogs and 1 cat which had either inoperable or incompletely excised tumors. Tumor recurrence or progressive disease occurred in all animals during the 16-week trial. There was no clinical, hematologic, or biochemical evidence of toxicity during the study.
Comparison of electrocardiograms of chickens infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus and virulent avian influenza virus
Authors: Mitchell Bailey W. , Brugh Max
Published: February 2025

Electrocardiograms of chickens infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (ndv) or virulent avian influenza virus (aiv) were characterized and compared. The ecg were monitored by radiotelemetry and were recorded twice daily before virus infection and during the course of the infection. Thirteen lead II intervals, segments, and amplitudes were measured and analyzed. The ecg of ndv-infected chickens were characterized by lengthened (P ≤ 0.05) ST segments and increased (P ≤ 0.05) P amplitudes. The ecg of aiv-infected chickens were characterized by lengthened (P ≤ 0.05) RS intervals, ST segments, TP intervals, and PR segments and by increased (P ≤ 0.05) P amplitudes. The TP intervals and PR segments of ecg of aiv-infected chickens were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) longer than those of ndv-infected chickens. The pronounced conduction delays indicated in the ecg of aiv-infected chickens may have diagnostic importance.
Ciliary body temperatures during cyclocryotherapy in the clinically normal dog
Authors: Vestre William A. , Brightman Alan H.
Published: February 2025

Three cryosurgical units were compared on the basis of the ability of each unit to freeze the ciliary body of enucleated normal canine eyes. The coldest average temperatures reached were −13.4 C, −4.3 C, and −17.6 C.

One of the units was then used to freeze the ciliary body in the left eye of 25 dogs for 5 minutes. Ciliary body temperatures were monitored every 15 s during cyclocryosurgery. In 18 eyes in situ, the coldest average temperature reached was −13.4 C. In 7 proptosed globes, the coldest average temperature reached was −13.8 C. The results were not significantly different (P < 0.05).

The effects of the cryosurgery and centesis procedure were monitored daily by direct observation and Schiotz's tonometry. Histologic changes from the procedure were evaluated at 5 minutes, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after surgery. Intraocular pressure returned to the normal range within 1 to 2 weeks, the anterior uveitis subsided in 7 to 10 days, and ciliary body epithelium was histologically normal within 6 months after surgery.
Mechanical transmission of equine infectious anemia virus by deer flies (Chrysops flavidus) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)
Authors: Foil L. D. , Meek C. L. , Adams W. V. , Issel C. J.
Published: February 2025

Studies were conducted on the possible role that the deer fly (Chrysops flavidus) and the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) may have as mechanical vectors of equine infectious anemia virus. Mechanical transmission was successful with both deer flies and stable flies which had fed partially on acutely infected Shetland ponies and which were immediately transferred to susceptible recipient ponies for completion of the blood meal.
Effects of tissue antigen matching on the healing of fresh cancellous bone allografts in dogs
Authors: Stevenson Sharon , Hohn R. Bruce , Templeton Joe W.
Published: February 2025

The radiographic and histologic healing patterns of fresh cancellous bone allografts were compared with those of fresh cancellous autografts in dogs. Two groups of allografts were studied: 1 group of littermate pairs with minor histocompatibility mismatches, and 1 group of unrelated pairs with major histocompatibility mismatches. Pairs were chosen on the basis of preoperative serologic typing and mixed lymphocyte cultural assay of lymphocyte-defined compatibility. Generally, grafts with minor mismatches and autografts achieved bony union in 6 weeks with grafted bone serving as a scaffold for new bone formation. Grafts with major mismatches were resorbed and replaced by fibrocartilage. Healing of osteotomy sites grafted with mismatched bone occurred by ingrowth of host periosteal and endosteal new bone.
Comparison of an infective avirulent and canine virulent Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Goodnow R. A. , Causey S. C. , Geary S. J. , Wren W. S.
Published: February 2025

Two Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates, S-55 and D-2, were evaluated in dogs for inducement of (i) infection, (ii) clinical bordetellosis, and (iii) histopathologic changes on tracheal and bronchiole tissues. Further, each isolate was characterized for variance in (i) toxicity for mice and (ii) intracellular proteins. Both S-55 and D-2 were detectable in test dog groups during the 26-day test period, although 545 times more D-2 was recovered than was S-55. In dogs inoculated with D-2, clinical infectious tracheobronchitis appeared in 4 days and continued for 22 days. Bordetellosis was not observed in dogs given S-55 or in nonino-culated dogs.

Tracheal and bronchiole tissues from dogs inoculated with the S-55 and D-2 isolates were microscopically examined for lesions. Dogs inoculated with S-55 did not have tracheal or bronchiole lesions. Lesions were not observed in noninoculated dogs. Dogs inoculated with D-2 had marked lesions in the tracheal and bronchiole tissues.

The D-2 whole cells were an average 4.8 times as lethal as S-55 whole cells in mice (given intraperitoneal inoculation), whereas cell-free culture supernatants from S-55 and D-2 isolates were nontoxic. Cell-free sonicated extracts of S-55 and D-2 proved toxic to mice (intraperitoneal inoculation), but after the extracts were heated at 56 C for 30 minutes, both were nontoxic. Intracellular proteins of approximately 116,000 and 44,000 daltons were found in higher concentration in D-2 cells than in S-55 cells.
Analysis of the genomes of bluetongue virus serotype 10 vaccines and a recent BTV-10 isolate from Washington
Authors: Collisson E. , Roy P.
Published: February 2025

The 10 double-stranded RNA gene segments of 2 vaccinal strains of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 10 that are used in the United States (btv CA8 California and bt-8 Colorado), and a btv-10 isolate recently obtained from infected sheep in Washington (state) were characterized by oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses. It was determined that although the 2 btv-10 vaccinal strains are genotypically distinct, they are closely related both to each other and to the United States prototype btv-10 virus. The btv-10 field isolate appears to be a naturally occurring reassortment virus with genome segments derived from both United States prototype btv-10 and btv-11 viruses. However, one RNA segment of the isolate was totally unlike the corresponding segments of United States prototype btv-10, -11, -13 and -17 viruses.
Intramammary inoculation of the dairy cow with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis during the nonlactating period
Authors: McDonald J. S. , Anderson A. J.
Published: February 2025

The susceptibility of nonlactating mammary glands to intramammary inoculation with staphylococci was determined. Susceptibility was determined by inoculation of bacteria through the teat canal directly into the gland sinus.

In experiment 1, Staphylococcus aureus (Newbould 305, ATCC 29740) was inoculated into glands at various intervals throughout the nonlactating period. During the first month, 35 of 52 inoculated glands became infected (67.3%). During the month before parturition when 37 glands were inoculated, 36 became infected (97.3%).

In experiment 2, Staphylococcus epidermidis (A-44) was inoculated into mammary glands. During the first month of the nonlactating period, 35 glands were inoculated and only 6 glands became infected (17%). During the month before parturition, 36 of 38 inoculated glands became infected (94%).

It appears that the mammary gland is susceptible to staphylococcal infection during the nonlactating period, because all glands became infected when they were inoculated during the month before parturition.
Association of increased estradiol and progesterone blood values with altered bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte function
Authors: Roth James A. , Kaeberle Marlin L. , Appell Loren H. , Nachreiner Ray F.
Published: February 2025

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) function and serum concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol (hydrocortisone) were monitored concurrently in clinically normal cows during the estrous cycle. Five parameters were used to evaluate pmn function: (i) random migration under agarose, (ii) ingestion of 125I-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, (iii) nitroblue tetrazolium (nbt) reduction, (iv) iodination, and (v) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Increased serum estradiol concentrations were associated with enhanced random migration, but had no apparent effect on nbt reduction, iodination, or ingestion of S aureus by bovine pmn. Increased serum estradiol was also associated with increased serum cortisol. Increased serum progesterone values were associated with a depression of nbt reduction and iodination by pmn, but with enhanced random migration and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These results indicate that physiologic changes in steroid hormone values during the normal estrous cycle of the cow are associated with alterations in pmn function.
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: Evidence for general immunity
Authors: Kopecky K. E. , Pugh G. W. , McDonald T. J.
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted to determine whether acquired immunity to Moraxella bovis during episodes of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) was local or general. Twelve calves (principals) were exposed to M bovis in the left eye by conjunctival sac instillation on day 1 and in both eyes on day 21. Six calves exposed in both eyes at day 1 and six others exposed at day 21 served as controls.

The mean duration of infection in the right eyes of principal calves was significantly less (P < 0.001) than that in the left eyes of principal calves, as well as those of the control calves. There were no significant differences (P < 0.2) in the durations of infection between the 2 groups of the control calves or the duration of infection in the left eyes of principal calves. Five of 6 calves (7 of 12 eyes) in the day 1 controls and 4 of 6 calves (7 of 12 eyes) in the day 21 controls developed ibk. Ten of 12 of the principals developed ibk in the left eye when exposed on day 1, but only 1 of 12 principals developed ibk in the right eye when exposed on day 21.

It was concluded that the resistance to infection after initial infection is probably due to a generalized immune response, rather than to a localized response.
Reduction of serum triacylglycerolr-rich lipoprotein concentrations in cows with hepatic lipidosis
Authors: Herdt T. H. , Liesman J. S , Gerloff B. J. , Emery R. S.
Published: February 2025

The hepatic and serum lipid concentrations in 49 dairy cows with displaced abomasum, 7 postpartum cows fasted for 6 days, and 14 healthy postpartum cows were studied. The cows with displaced abomasums were retrospectively allotted to 2 groups: those with greater than 15% liver fat (dahf) and those with with less than 15% liver fat (dalf). Liver total lipid concentrations were high in the dahf group, exceeding these values in the fasted cows by 30% and in the healthy and dalf cows by 63% on the average. In contrast, the liver phospholipid concentrations were low in the dahf group, intermediate in the fasted and dalf groups and high in the healthy group.

On a group basis, an inverse relationship was observed between serum and liver lipid concentrations. The serum concentrations of both total and dextran-sulfate-precipitable (dsp) lipids were high in the fasted cows and were less in the dalf and healthy cows and in the dahf cows (lowest). The between-group differences in serum total and serum dsp concentrations of triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipid followed the same quantitative pattern as the total lipids. However, the relative difference between groups was greater for each of the dsp lipid fractions. These results support the hypothesis that severe hepatic lipidosis in cattle occurs due to impaired hepatic lipoprotein synthesis and secretion.
Relationship between penetrability of the papillary duct (teat) and phagocytic capability in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Lefcourt A. M. , Paape M. J. , Dulin A. , Schultze W. D.
Published: February 2025

To determine whether there is a reciprocal relationship between penetrability of the papillary duct of the teat (streak canal) and phagocytic capability, 3 cows with highly penetrable papillary ducts and 3 with ducts highly resistant against penetration were identified, using a penetrability assay. Leukocytes harvested from milk from these cows were tested for their capability to phagocytose Staphylococcus aureus. Phagocytic capability was found to be independent of the ability of microorganisms to gain access to the interior of the mammary gland.
Lysates of turkey-grown Pasteurella multocida: Effects of solubilizing agents on the immunologic properties of membrane vesicles
Authors: Brogden K. A. , Rimler R. B.
Published: February 2025

Membrane vesicles from lysed suspensions of turkey-grown Pasteurella multocida were treated with various solubilizing agents to release protein that may contain cross-protection factor. Potassium thiocyanate, NaOH-glycine, lithium diiodosalicylate, guanidine hydrochloride, n-butanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, Triton X-100, and sodium lauryl sarcosinate were each tested as solubilizing agents. Vaccines made from combining solubilized membrane vesicles with complete lysate supernatant fluid produced various degrees of protection against challenge exposure with a heterologous serotype of P multocida in turkeys. Only vaccines prepared from membranes that were solubilized with potassium thiocyanate and sodium lauryl sarcosinate protected as well as complete lysate from turkey-grown P multocida. The amount of protein in each vaccine did not relate to protection. Distinct chemical differences were observed between lysates prepared from turkey-grown P multocida and lysates prepared from 41 C broth-grown P multocida. The external morphology of P multocida, after treatment with lysozyme and EDTA, was similar whether grown in broth or in turkeys.
Radiographic evaluation of pulmonary abnormalities after Aelurostrongylus abstrusus inoculation in cats
Authors: Losonsky John M. , Thrall Donald E. , Prestwood A. K.
Published: February 2025

Bronchial and focal alveolar lung disease was present in cats 3 to 6 weeks after Aelurostrongylus inoculation. More generalized alveolar lung disease was seen during first-stage larval production 5 to 21 weeks after inoculation. Bronchial and interstitial disease entities were seen on radiographs after partial resolution of alveolar disease. These changes were observed 17 to 40 weeks after inoculation.
Regional differences in body temperature in hypothermic and rewarmed young calves
Authors: Olson D. P. , South P. J. , Hendrix K.
Published: February 2025

One- to 7-day-old Holstein bull calves were anesthetized and cold-stressed until their core body temperature (cbt; colonic) was lowered by 10 C. The calves were then rewarmed in warm water, by heat pads or heat lamps, or allowed to recover naturally (unassisted). Temperatures of peripheral tissues, muscles, and the body core were recorded. The time required to lower the cbt of the cold-stressed calves was 168 ± 11.7 minutes (mean ± se). Cold exposure caused a linear decrease in blood, colonic, rectal, and oral temperatures, whereas temperature decreases in the thigh and pectoral muscles, dorsal and ventral thoracic regions, and the hock joint region were generally of greater magnitude and were curvilinear in pattern. By the time the cbt had decreased 1 C, tissue temperatures during cooling were less than (P < 0.01) the respective temperatures obtained before cooling. The mean time required to rewarm the calves in warm water (47.1 ± 3.5 minutes) was less than (P < 0.05) that for the other rewarming methods. The mean rewarming times for the heat pad (128 ± 12.8) and heat lamp (125.4 ± 10.9) methods were greater than (P < 0.05) that for the warm water method, but less than (P < 0.05) that for the unassisted calves (190.7 ± 23.1). In general, there was a linear increase in most of the tissue temperatures during recovery although temperatures in the hock joint region were variable. Temperature differences were observed between the thigh and pectoral muscles and between subcutaneous tissues during cooling and recovery. There was poor correlation between the ages of the calves and the time required to decrease their cbt during cooling and also the time required to increase their cbt, regardless of the rewarming method used.
Insulin kinetics in juvenile canine diabetics after glucose loading
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Chin H. P.
Published: February 2025

Glucose and insulin kinetics were studied in 4 juvenile canine diabetics and 6 healthy controls. Diabetic dogs were glucose intolerant with delayed insulin response after glucose challenge. Total insulin secretion was near that of the controls, but was inadequate when compared with corresponding plasma glucose concentrations.
Delayed wound healing in mice associated with viral alteration of macrophages
Authors: Kenyon Alan J.
Published: February 2025

Mice acutely and chronically infected with Sendai virus had impaired healing of incisional wounds. This impairment could be overcome by instilling the macrophagestimulators zymosan and glucan into full-thickness incised wounds, whereas levamisole, an immunomodulator, had no effect on tensile strength of these wounds (breaking strengths). Another commonly occurring murine virus, murine hepatitis virus, also reduced wound tensile strength in infected mice. However, the murine strain of herpes simplex virus, type 1, which caused greater morbidity, did not reduce tensile strength. Although measurements of wound length and wound breaking strength clearly showed the adverse effect of viral infection, histologic evaluation of wounds did not consistently reveal a similar change in composition of wound “cell aggregation centers” for mice infected with the Sendai and murine hepatitis viruses.
Comparison of sulfobromophthalein and indocyanine green clearances in the cat
Authors: Center S. A. , Bunch S. E. , Baldwin B. H. , Hornbuckle W. E. , Tennant B. C.
Published: February 2025

Plasma disappearances of sulfobromophthalein (bsp) and indocyanine green (icg) given in single-dose iv injections to cats were measured. The bsp was given at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight; icg was given at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg of body weight. The half-life, disappearance rate (percent per minute) and clearance (ml/min/kg) were determined during the initial phase of plasma dye elimination. The half-life for bsp was 2.2 ± 0.7 minutes, and for icg, 3.8 ± 0.9 minutes. The disappearance rate for bsp was 34.7 ± 10.1, and for icg, 19.2 ± 4.5. The clearance for bsp was 26.3 ± 23.1 and for icg, 8.6 ± 4.1. The 30-minute percentage retention for bsp was 0.6 ± 0.8% and for icg, 7.3 ± 2.9%.

In the cat, icg was cleared from the plasma less rapidly than bsp. There were no significant differences between males and females for these values. For both bsp and icg, a significantly shorter half-life, faster disappearance rate, and lower 30-minute percentage retention were observed in the cat, compared with values observed in the dog given similar dye dosages. Clearance curves for bsp and icg in the cat were similar to those in the dog, indicating that the 2 species may have similar volumes of dye distribution and excretory mechanisms.

The results of the present study indicate that the 30-minute plasma level following a 5 mg/kg dose of bsp in normal cats is often too low for measurement, whereas the 30-minute plasma concentration of icg following a 1.5 mg/kg dose is adequate. For the 30-minute dye retention test in the cat, icg may be a preferred diagnostic agent.
Uterine involution in the mare after induced parturition
Authors: Bailey J. V. , Bristol F. M.
Published: February 2025

Histologic, bacteriologic, and scanning electron microscopic procedures were used to compare uterine involution between a group of 10 mares in which parturition had been induced prematurely (using prostaglandins) and the 2nd group of 10 mares which foaled naturally. Differences between the 2 groups could not be determined, and the subsequent conception rates were similar.
Iimmunity to pasteurellosis in compromised rabbits
Authors: Corbeil Lynette B. , Strayer David S. , Skaletsky Eileen , Wunderlich Annette , Sell Stewart
Published: February 2025

Pasteurellosis in the rabbit inoculated with a malignant variant of Shope fibroma virus (sfv-mv) is presented as a model for the study of immunosuppression and immunoprophylaxis in pasteurellosis. The rabbits, before the inoculation, were healthy carriers of Pasteurella multocida. They were intradermally inoculated with sfv-mv, and 3 to 6 days later, a primary tumor appeared at the site of inoculation. By postinoculation day (pid) 7 or 8, the rabbits had snuffles, conjunctivitis, and tumor metastases; death occurred on pid 10 to 14. Rabbits given the nonmalignant Patuxent strain of sfv developed local primary tumors, but not pasteurellosis nor metastases.

In sfv-mv-inoculated rabbits, there was decreased responsiveness of spleen lymphocytes to B and T cell mitogens by day 6, and of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes by day 10. In addition, sfv-mv antigen was detected (by immunofluorescence) in mononuclear phagacytes in all major organs and in epithelial cells of the conjunctiva and nasal mucosa. Both nasal and conjunctival epithelia showed squamous metaplasia as well. These changes did not appear in sfv-infected rabbits.

With sfv-mv-inoculated rabbits, we obtained partial protection against pasteurellosis by immunization with heat-killed P multocida or a cross-protective core lipopolysaccharide mutant of Escherichia coli (J5). Rabbits were immunized before the inoculation with sfv-mv which precipitated “spontaneous” pasteurellosis due to impaired defenses. Rabbits immunized with J5 or P multocida had less severe conjunctivitis and snuffles than nonimmunized controls, indicating that immunization with the J5 mutant may be useful as prophylaxis against pasteurellosis in compromised hosts.
Use of milk progesterone enzyme immunoassay for differential diagnosis of follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and cystic corpus luteum in cows
Authors: Nakao T. , Sugihashi A. , Saga N. , Tsunoda N. , Kawata K.
Published: February 2025

In 160 cows with ovarian cysts as determined by rectal palpation, differentiation was made of follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and cystic corpus luteum on the basis of milk progesterone concentrations estimated by an enzyme immunoassay before and at 10 days after cows were treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Cows having a progesterone concentration in skim milk <1.0 ng/ml were considered to have follicular cysts and those with concentrations of 1.0 ng/ml or higher were regarded as the cases of luteal cyst or cystic corpus luteum. Luteal cyst was characterized by progesterone values remaining high in the cows for 10 days after treatment, and cystic corpus luteum was characterized by a decrease in progesterone concentration after cows were treated. By the rectal palpation procedure it was impossible to differentiate luteal cyst and cystic corpus luteum from follicular cyst. The frequencies of follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and cystic corpus luteum were 65% 19%, and 16%, respectively.

Of 104 cows with follicular cysts as defined by milk progesterone assay result, 73 (70%) responded to the treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the milk progesterone concentration increasing from 0.7 ± 0.2 ng/ml (mean ± sd) to 1.8 ± 1.1 ng/ml. The accuracy of rectal palpation 10 days after treatment for judgment of luteinization of follicular cyst confirmed by milk progesterone analysis was only 30% (48 cows of 160).
Characterization of short- and long-term cultured goat peripheral blood monocytes
Authors: Liggitt H. D.
Published: February 2025

Goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, using Ficoll-sodium diatrozoate. Monocytes were separated by adherence and maintained in culture for up to 50 days. By 24 hours of culture and after removal of nonadherent cells, there were 94.2 ± 5% of the adherent cells classifiable as monocytes based on nonspecific esterase staining. Greater than 98% of these cells were phagocytic. Approximately 94% had receptors for the Fc portion of bovine immunoglobulin G, and 86% had receptors for equine complement. Cytochemically, goat monocytes were positive for nonspecific esterase, acid phosphatase, glucuronidase, lactate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, and glycogen, regardless of culture duration when tested. Results for specific esterase, peroxidase, and Sudan black staining varied from faint to negative. The esterase staining pattern of cultured monocytes was characterized by light and electron microscopies. Ultrastructurally, esterase activity was limited to the cell membrane. Intracytoplasmic esterase activity was not recognizable in normal monocytes or in monocytes containing phagocytized particles.
Safety evaluation of fenbendazole in swine
Authors: Booze Thomas F. , Oehme Frederick W.
Published: February 2025

Thirty female pigs, average weight 32 kg, were given fenbendazole for 3 days to test the safety of the drug. Dosages of 0, 3, 9, 15, and 25 mg of active ingredient/kg of body weight were mixed with the feed. Chemical analysis, urinalysis, and hematologic, gross and microscopic pathologic, and bone marrow cytologic examinations revealed no significant adverse effect due to this drug.
Serologic survey for Bordetella bronchiseptica in Nebraska specific-pathogen-free pigs
Authors: Shashidhar B. Y. , Underdahl Norman R. , Socha T. E.
Published: February 2025

The frequency of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in Nebraska specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs was determined by serologic and bacteriologic cultural analysis. Serum samples from non-spf herds were tested for comparison. A total of 1,282 of 1,397 (92%) of the spf pigs tested had antibody to B bronchiseptica; 37 of 220 (17%) were culture-positive, and 67 of 4125 (1.6%) were considered suspicious for atrophic rhinitis during slaughter inspection. A higher percentage of the non-spf pigs had titers to B bronchiseptica (642 of 659 pigs or 97% of the pigs tested).

There was no relationship between the B bronchiseptica antibody titer, the isolation of B bronchiseptica, or the frequency of gross lesions of atrophic rhinitis from pigs within the herd. The serum agglutination test may be a more reliable procedure for determining the herd prevalence of B bronchiseptica than isolation of the organism by cultural methods.
In vivo survival of [14C]sucrose-loaded porcine carrier erythrocytes
Authors: DeLoach John R.
Published: February 2025

Porcine carrier erythrocyte survival was measured in adult pigs. [14C]Sucrose-loaded erythrocytes had a biphasic survival curve, with as much as 50% of the cells removed from circulation in the first 24 hours. The remaining cells had a 35-day half-life. Encapsulation values were measured for porcine erythrocytes and entrapment of [14C]sucrose was > 45%. Addition of inosine and glucose to the dialyzed cells and to the final wash buffer before reinjection of autologous cells did not improve their survival.
Measurement of tracheal mucous transport rate in the horse
Authors: Nelson Ron , Hampe David W.
Published: February 2025

Tracheal mucous transport rates were measured in 12 nonanesthetized horses after an intratracheal injection of 99mtechnetium-sulfur colloid. The transport rate of the subsequent bolus of radioactivity was determined, using a portable scaler rate meter fitted with a high-energy gamma-scintillation probe. A gamma-scintillation camera was used to verify bolus form and movement in 1 horse. The mean tracheal mucous transport rate was 1.66 ± 0.24 cm/min.
Cardiovascular and shivering responses in hypothermic and rewarmed young calves
Authors: Olson D. P. , South P. J. , Hendrix K.
Published: February 2025

Aortic blood pressure, ecg, electromyogram, and heart rate were recorded in cold-stressed and rewarmed young Holstein bull calves. The calves were anesthetized and then cold-stressed by immersion in cold water until their core body temperature (colonic) was lowered 10 C. Hypothermia was continued for 1 additional hour and then the calves were rewarmed by 3 external rewarming methods or were allowed to recover naturally (unassisted).

Aortic blood pressure began to decrease in cold-stressed calves by the time their core body temperature had decreased 2 C and continued to decrease during cooling. Heart rate initially increased then decreased with cooling. Blunting of the systolic blood pressure peaks and appearance of extraneous waveforms that obscured the normal component waveforms of the ecg complex were also observed during cooling.

Aortic blood pressure and heart rate of cold-stressed calves increased soon after the start of recovery and eventually returned to base line even though the rate of recovery varied depending on the method of rewarming. The component waveforms of the ecg complex became more discernible as rewarming of the cold-stressed calves progressed.
Effects of a Cassia occidentalis extract in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Graziano Michael J. , Flory Wayne , Seger Cameron L. , Hebert Charles D.
Published: February 2025

The effects of an orally administered Cassia occidentalis extract were studied in chickens. A 25 mM sodium bicarbonate solution effectively extracted the toxic principle. Toxic activity was reduced, but not eliminated, when the heated extract (90 C, 40 minutes) was administered. The toxic principle was in the pellet after centrifuging the extract at 38,000 × g. Daily administration of the extract produced weight loss and muscular weakness. Microscopic examination revealed skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and hepatocyte vacuolation. Electron microscopic examination revealed mitochondrial disruption. Respiratory studies on liver mitochondria isolated from treated chickens demonstrated lower phosphorylation ratios, lower respiratory control ratios, and lower rates of oxygen use.
Treatment of canine dirofilariasis: Pulmonary thromboembolism caused by thiacetarsamide—Microscopic changes
Authors: Keith James C. , Rawlings Clarence A. , Schaub Robert G.
Published: February 2025

Light and scanning electron microscopies were used to study the pulmonary embolism occurring in Dirofilaria immittis-infected dogs after treatment with thiacetarsamide. Lesions in control dogs (nontreated) which had been infected for 4 weeks with 9 Dirofilaria immitis adults were compared with lesions occurring in infected dogs at 2 weeks and at 4 weeks after they were treated with the adulticide. Extensive thromboembolism occurred in the caudal lobar pulmonary arteries of dogs at posttreatment weeks 2 and 4. Complicated villous proliferations were present at posttreatment week 2.

The characteristic myointimal proliferation of dirofilariasis showed resolution in the large pulmonary arteries of the dogs at week 4. However, the caudal lobar pulmonary arterial and lung lesions were more severe in the later group. The pathophysiology of adulticide-induced thromboembolism and associated lung parenchymal changes were discussed.
Coexistence of pulmonary adenomatosis and progressive pneumonia in sheep in the central sierra of Peru
Authors: Snyder S. P. , DeMartini J. C. , Ameghino E. , Caletti E.
Published: February 2025

A survey of sheep with chronic respiratory tract disease was conducted in the central sierra of Peru. Histopathologic examinations coupled with an agar-gel immunodiffusion test for ovine progressive pneumonia (opp) revealed that sheep pulmonary adenomatosis and opp were present in these flocks. Of 80 sheep examined, 22 had lesions of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, and 4 had metastases to regional lymph nodes. Four sheep had lesions consistent with opp and 9 had lesions indicating the coexistence of both diseases. The agar-gel immunodiffusion test revealed that at least 26% of the sheep had been exposed to the opp (or an antigenically similar) virus. A variety of other respiratory tract diseases complicated the evaluations of these sheep, including verminous pneumonia, hydatid disease, lung abscesses, and other nonspecific acute and chronic pneumonias.
Systolic time interval recordings in rabbits with congestive cardiomyopathy induced by chronic anthracycline administration
Authors: Long Harry J. , Diamond Sheldon S. , Burningham Richard A. , Raflo Charles P.
Published: February 2025

Systolic time interval recordings were performed serially on 104 healthy female New Zealand White rabbits and 51 rabbits with congestive heart failure (chf) induced by chronic anthracycline drug therapy. The results were analyzed and the comparisons were made with studies of systolic time interval recordings of chf in persons. In the rabbit, chf is manifested by prolongation of the isovolumic contraction time, the preejection period (pep), and by shortening of the left ventricular ejection time (lvet). The ratio of pep/lvet was a sensitive indicator of left ventricular failure, with values in excess of 0.466 reflecting significant cardiac dysfunction at the 95% confidence level. The mean pep/lvet = 0.337 ± 0.66 in healthy rabbits and pep/lvet = 0.502 ± 0.075 in rabbits with chf. The pep index increased from 0.057 ± 0.007 in healthy rabbits to 0.074 ± 0.007 in rabbits with heart failure. The lvet index decreased from 0.173 ± 0.007 in healthy rabbits to 0.166 ± 0.010 in rabbits with chf.
Effect of C31G, an antimicrobial surfactant, on healing of incised guinea pig wounds
Authors: Michaels Edwin B. , Hahn Edwin C. , Kenyon Alan J.
Published: February 2025

An anti-infective surfactant composition (C31G) promoted healing of infected and noninfected wounds in guinea pigs. In this animal model, histologic features of wounds treated topically with C31G revealed an increased rate of wound closure associated with decreased inflammatory response and increased C31G fibroblast infiltration and epithelialization. The effect of C31G on fibrin formation, the initial event of wound healing, was compared with effects of anionic and cationic surfactants that delay healing. The surfactants had different effects on clotting time, platelet activation, and cross-linkage of the stabilized clot. Seemingly, C31G increased the protein crosslinking of fibrin in clots containing fibronectin.
Enhancement of Moraxella bovis-induced keratitis of mice by exposure of the eye to ultraviolet radiation and ragweed extract
Authors: Gerber Jay D. , Frank Sandra K.
Published: February 2025

Effects of a ragweed extract and ultraviolet (uv) radiation on Moraxella bovis-induced keratitis of DBA/2J mice were investigated. Mouse eyes were exposed to ragweed extract and/or uv radiation during induction of keratitis. Pathogenesis was enhanced by exposure to ragweed extract alone and by exposure to uv radiation alone. It was enhanced most when eyes were exposed to ragweed extract and uv radiation.
Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in sheep
Authors: Guerrini V. H. , Filippich L. , English P. B. , Bourne D. W. A.
Published: February 2025

Five healthy adult Merino ewes were each given 2 g of cefotaxime by the iv, im, and subcutaneous (sc) routes. The serial plasma samples collected after each treatment were analyzed for cefotaxime by a new high-pressure liquid chromatographic method. Plasma concentration time profiles were characterized by a linear 2-compartment model after iv administration and the following mean values (± sd) were found: biological half-life, 23 ± 8 minutes; apparent volume of distribution, 5.5 ± 1.3 L; plasma clearance, 0.37 ± 0.09 L/min; elimination rate constant, 0.066 ± 0.014 minute−1; rate of diffusion into tissue, 0.013 ± 0.013 minute−1; and out of tissue, 0.035 ± 0.017 minute−1. Plasma cefotaxime concentrations in the ewes given the drug by the iv, im, and sc routes were 113 ± 32, 71 ± 20, and 38 ± 11 μg/ml, respectively, at 15 minutes; 2.31 ± 0.82, 11.3 ± 6.6, and 16.4 ± 3.7 μg/ml at 120 minutes; and 1.05 ± 1.22, 9.3 ± 5.2, and 14.9 ± 1.27 μg/ml at 150 minutes.

After cefotaxime was given sc and im, plasma values were higher for a longer time than they were after the drug was given iv, probably due to a slower release of drug from the former injection sites.
Radiographic diagnosis of canine pregnancy: Onset of fetal skeletal radiopacity in relation to times of breeding, preovulatory luteinizing hormone release, and parturition
Authors: Concannon Patrick , Rendano Victor
Published: February 2025

The onset and progression of canine fetal skeletal radiopacity were studied in relation to the times of mating, the preovulatory peak in serum luteinizing hormone (lh) levels, and parturition for each of 6 pregnancies. Lateral radiographs were obtained at 2- to 3-day intervals 30 days after mating and at 1- to 2-day intervals during the period fetal skeletons became radiopaque. Radiographs were assessed as to whether fetal elements were absent, barely discernible, distinct, or obvious. Fetal skeletal elements were 1st detected 20 to 21 days before parturition (42 to 52 days after mating and 44 to 47 days after the lh peak). Radiographs of fetal skeletons, sufficiently distinct for an unequivocal diagnosis of pregnancy, were obtained 17 to 20 days before parturition (43 to 54 days after mating and 46 to 49 days after the lh peak)
Scanning electron microscopic studies of adverse effects of ammonia on tracheal tissues of turkeys
Authors: Nagaraja K. V. , Emery D. A. , Jordan K. A. , Newman J. A. , Pomeroy B. S.
Published: February 2025

Effects of 10 and 40 μl of NH3/L of air (10 and 40 ppm) on the tracheal tissues of turkeys were examined under the scanning electron microscope. Turkeys maintained in the presence of either level of NH3 had deterioration of their normal mucociliary apparatus after prolonged exposure. Excessive mucous production, matted cilia, and areas of deciliation in the tracheal tissues were detected in birds exposed to NH3 concentrations as low as 10 μl/L.

The tracheal tissues of birds not exposed to NH3 appeared normal. The implications of respiratory tract damage caused by NH3 are discussed.
Orthovoltage radiation of normal canine nasal passages: Assessment of depth dose
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Johnston G. R. , Williamson J. F. , Jessen C. R.
Published: February 2025

Frozen heads of 9 clinically normal dogs were irradiated with orthovoltage x-rays. Surface doses and nasal cavity depth doses were measured, and the percentage of surface dose (depth dose) was calculated at random depths from the dorsal cutaneous surface in transverse planes through the medial and lateral canthi. Depth dose of 2 orthovoltage x-ray beams having half-value layers of 1.5 mm of Cu (96 keV) and 2.6 mm of Cu (134 keV) were compared with and found to resemble that reported in depth dose tables based on soft tissue equivalent material. Any differences (identified graphically) in depth dose, compared with that described using a uniform (soft tissue equivalent) phantom, were explained by the variations in tissue composition and the presence of air within the normal nasal and paranasal cavities.
Resistance of Rowett athymic (nude) rats to casein-induced amyloidosis
Authors: Vargas Karen J. , Stephens L. Clifton
Published: February 2025

Rowett athymic (nude) rats (n = 18) were injected subcutaneously (36 to 86 injections) or intraperitoneally (10 to 56 injections) with 10% casein solution to attempt to induce amyloidosis. Neither the injected nor the control rats had gross or microscopic evidence of amyloid deposition. Serum β- and γ-globulin concentrations were significantly higher in the injected rats than in the control rats. There were no significant changes in blood urea nitrogen or serum alanine aminotransferase values of the experimental groups compared to the control groups. The relationship of amyloidosis to deficient cell-mediated immunity and the use of the nude rat for the study of the pathogenesis of amyloidosis are discussed.
Inhibitory and lethal activities of rosaramicin, erythromycin, and clindamycin against Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni and intestinalis
Authors: Smith John A. , Isaac-Renton Judith L. , Jellett Joanne F. , Chow Anthony W. , Ngui-Yen John
Published: February 2025

In a comparative study of the inhibitory and lethal effects of rosaramicin, erythromycin, and clindamycin on strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni and C intestinalis, C jejuni was more readily killed by rosaramicin and clindamycin than was C intestinalis. Erythromycin exhibited an equally lethal effect against both subspecies. However, it was the least active of the macrolides tested against both C jejuni and C intestinalis.
Development of colonies of Anaplasma marginale in the gut of incubated Dermacentor andersoni
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Holbert Donald , Ewing S. A. , Hair Jakie A. , Barron Selwyn J.
Published: February 2025

Three splenectomized dairy calves were inoculated with a Virginia isolate of Anaplasma marginale and were used as a source to infect laboratory-reared Dermacentor andersoni nymphs. One month after these had molted, groups of adult ticks were incubated at 37 C for 0, 1.5, 2.5, and 7 days. Tissue sections of gut were prepared from ticks in each incubation period in 3 trials and examined by light microscopy for colony density (No. of colonies/0.001 mm2 of gut tissue examined) and diameter and type of colonies of A marginale. The mean colony density for all trials of incubated ticks ranged widely from 2.23 to 7.32 colonies/0.001 mm2 of gut tissue examined. Despite this wide range, sections of gut from 345 of 346 ticks examined contained colonies. Both male and female ticks were infected in all experimental groups. Although variations of colony density among incubation groups of each trial were not statistically significant, the colony densities were greatest in the tick group incubated 7 days in trial 1 and in the groups incubated 2.5 days m trials 2 and 3.

The colonies were classified according to morphologic characteristics (colony types 1 to 5); all colony types were present in each incubation group from the 3 trials. Although distinct patterns of distribution of colony type were not apparent, there were fewer type 1 colonies (small electron-dense organisms) in the nonincubated tick groups of each trial than in any others, and type 1 colonies were most frequently observed in the 7-day incubated groups, especially in male ticks. In all 3 trials, type 3 colonies (electron-dense and reticulated organisms) were the most frequently observed type in ticks that were incubated 2.5 days. Mean diameter of each colony type became progressively larger in the 3 trials, ranging from 5.63 μm (for type 1) to 13.33 μm (for type 5). Usually, average diameters of colonies of all types were larger in male ticks than in female ticks.
Protection by oral administration of Brucella abortus strain 19 against an oral challenge exposure with a pathogenic strain of Brucella
Authors: Nicoletti Paul , Milward Francis W.
Published: February 2025

Twenty heifers were vaccinated orally with Brucella abortus strain 19. These heifers and 21 control heifers were challenge exposed in midgestation with strain 2308 by the oral route. Ten of 19 pregnant control heifers aborted and 14 were culture positive. Two additional heifers were seropositive at slaughter. Strain 2308 was recovered from 4 vaccinates at slaughter; none of the vaccinates aborted. Titers after oral vaccination persisted for less than 82 days.
Anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole against the bovine hookworm Bunostomum phlebotomum
Authors: Williams J. C. , Baumann B. A. , Hoerner T. J. , Knox J. W. , Snider T. G. , Fredotovich V. M.
Published: February 2025

A total of 35 beef calves (mixed breeding and both sexes) with mixed naturally occurring infections of gastrointestinal nematodes, including several harboring Bunostomum phlebotomum, were assembled for the drug-efficacy evaluation on Nov 15, 1979. All animals were experimentally inoculated with hookworm L3 at an infection rate of 30 L3/kg of body weight by placing the larval inoculum, in small volume, in the outer chamber of the ear and restraining the animal for 18 minutes to allow the parasite to penetrate the skin. The animals had not been treated with anthelmintic to remove natural infection before they were experimentally inoculated. Increased hookworm egg counts (fecal examination) at the appropriate time for patency of infection and uniformity of numbers of adult worms in nontreated controls at necropsy indicated success of the inoculation procedure.

When 30 animals were positive for hookworm infection (Feb 14, 1980; or 59 to 66 days after experimental inoculation), they were allotted to 3 equal groups of 10 and treated as follows: group I—nontreated controls; group II—drenched with fenbendazole (10% suspension) at dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight; and group III—drenched with fenbendazole (10% suspension) at dose of 10 mg/kg. Equal numbers of cattle from each group were killed daily at 6 to 8 days after treatment.

Fecal egg counts were near zero in treated animals. Efficacy of fenbendazole against immature and mature parasites in the abomasum was in excess of 97% at both drug dosages. Cooperia spp were most numerous in the intestinal tract of nontreated controls. Large numbers of adult hookworms, ranging from 34 to 375, were recovered from nontreated controls. Fenbendazole efficacy at the 2 dosages against genera of the intestinal tract, including B phlebotomum, was near 100%.