bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stock Market Development And Economic Growth in Nigeria
Authors: Anyanwu John C.
Published: November 2015

Is the stock market development important for economic growth in Nigeria? One line of research argues that it is not; another line stresses the importance of stock market development in allocating capital, acquisition of information about firms, easing risk management, mobilization of savings, and exerting corporate control. Indeed, some theories provide a conceptual framework for the belief that larger, more efficient stock markets boost economic growth. This article examines whether there is a strong empirical association between Nigerian stock market development and long-run economic growth. Our empirical results suggest that the Nigerian stock market development is positively and strongly associated with long-term economic growth. This implies that Nigerian policymakers should make concerted efforts at removing obstacles to stock market development while creating and sustaining an enabling macroeconomic and political environment for the market’s development.
Iranian Islamic Revolution: Contemporary Perceptions, Proclivities and Prospects
Authors: Puri Madan Mohan
Published: November 2015

The spontaneous, swift, and a truly people's revolution that convulsed Iran towards the end of the 1970s was deliberately and coherently lead by a situational coalescing of forces that included grass-root clerics, religious leaders, small political groups, non-clerical individual political activists and propagandists, that were provoked by a pervasively corrupt, plundering, brazenly Westernising puppet regime of the Shah – who was quite simply seen as ‘America's Man in the Gulf and the Middle. East’ — that had totally alienated the masses by its crass insensitivity and brutal oppression, in which neither the military nor the peasants featured significantly. The US did not perceive it as a genuine urge of the Iranian people, the rest of the West took time to accept it as a fact to be adjusted to, while the Soviet Union and much of the Asiatic world showed a better understanding of the revolution to develop cordial relations with the new regime believing it to be closer to the people. Notwithstanding the alarm and anxiety that it may have caused in neighbourhood and elsewhere initially, there does not now seem to be much possibility of universalisation of the Islamic revolution, not only because the revolutionary process in Iran itself has made way for serious national development through economic liberalisation but also because the rest of the Islamic world, riven still by the eternal Shia-Sunni schism, is determined to resist penetration of Iranian ideas in their respective domains.
Iran's Macroeconomic Performance and Economic Liberalisation: 1990–2000
Authors: Hassani Mohammad
Published: November 2015

This article discusses the performance of the economy during the 1990s. Iran had to deal with restoring and sustaining economic growth; bringing about an increase in per capita income in spite of rapid population growth; expanding employment opportunities and promoting price stability. In the long-run, there was a need to change the nature of the economy and diversify away from heavy reliance on oil. In response to these challenges, the government launched an economic liberalisation programme. However, this article argues that the economic liberalisation plan could not overcome the internal and external imbalances that the economy was afflicted with. During the 1990s, inflation intensified and government foreign debt rose to high levels; and the main features of the Iranian economy such as oil and import dependency remained more or less unaffected. Thus, the measures adopted by the government were only able to partially correct the effects of macro imbalances.
Jawaharlal Nehru: Panchsheel and India's Constitutional Vision of International Order
Authors: Verma D.P.
Published: November 2015

The law of nations was not concocted by ‘bookworms’, ‘jurists’ or ‘professors’, but was created and elaborated by the deeds of statesmen, diplomats, generals, and admirals.1 This statement of the celebrated English jurist, Professor Holland, appears very much true, when attention is given to the achievements of the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. Being a world statesman, he projected India's constitutional vision of international order, which reflects in the doctrine of Panchsheel, as five principles of peace.

The aim of this paper is to study, in general, Nehru's contribution to the maintenance of peace, good neighbourliness and the idea of moral conduct in international relations. To keep this paper within limits, it is addressed to two objectives: First, a survey of the Constituent Assembly debates in order to provide an account of the thoughts of the framers of the Indian Constitution and to find out how far Nehru's ideas influenced the drafting of articles relating to India's international relations; and Second, an evaluation of the concept of Panchsheel that characterizes the development of International Law in Asia. It is also felt useful to take this opportunity to note Nehru's idea of peace and the Asian phase of his political thought. It will be concluded that Nehru's Panchsheel message reflected India's constitutional vision of world order, and it will be further submitted in respect of the doctrine that the contribution has, at least, at the normative level, strengthened the regime of the principles of International Law and peace. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part deals with Nehru's constitutional vision; the second discusses his idea of peace and the third analyses the doctrine. Finally, the fourth part is the conclusion.
African Socialism Re-Examined
Authors: Kagalkar Pratibha C.
Published: November 2015

Socialism has collapsed. The ideology is in utter chaos in eastern Europe. The Soviet Union is in none too happy condition either. Sharp edges of the ideological conflict between the two global systems have been blunted. Disarray was a gradual process which culminated in the events of 1989 in East Europe. Many have argued that there is no room any more for socialist thrust as the system had failed to deliver the goods. The bipolarisation of the world appears to be gradually fading. Meanwhile the market forces demonstrated their world wide application.

President Gorbachev's thought process embodied in the concepts like ‘glasnost’ and ‘perestroika’ unleased a revolutionary wave whose ripples reached far and wide. The declining Socialist surge had in turn led to increasing boost to the ideals like political pluralism. The pertinent point is whether the euphoria generated in the west by the sudden and unexpected turn of events in the eastern block of countries is really suggestive of the collapse of socialist thought and all that went with it. However, this writer believes that all is not over; what has happened is that only a particular variant of socialism has lost its luster. May be socialism in its extreme form has run amuck. It was the failure of its rapid ideological phase, its totalitarian and bureaucratic bungling.

At initial stages of Socialism in Russia and China and Eastern Europe it was a triumphant march. It eliminated feudalism, created more equal society and a basic industrial structure next only to United States. But it encountered situations that Marx and Lenin did not forsee. Any ideology that moves away from its central moorings can be counter-productive.
Towards a Theory of Timbre for Music Analysis
Authors: Tsang Lee
Published: November 2015

In this article, I explore ways of facilitating discourse about the timbral structures of musical pieces. I address three areas of timbral study: (1) dimensions, (2) auditory streaming and pitch, and (3) change rate and attentional focus. In (1) I draw upon psychoacoustical approaches to timbre, suggesting that dimensions may be divided into “analytical” and “holistic” types. In (2), I draw upon Parncutt'S pitch salience algorithm (1992) and Huron'S perceptual voice-leading Principles (2001) for stream salience estimations; and in (3), I offer notational and analytical preference rules for a theoretical model of timbral change.

In order to illustrate the usefulness of modes of inquiry (2) and (3), the article includes sample analyses, principally of bars 1–11 of Schoenberg'S Opus 16, No. 3 ( Farben). Although listeners generally have difficulty perceiving the canonic structure of Farben, application of Parncutt'S algorithm reveals that if Schoenberg had intended the moving canonic voices to be perceptually salient, his choice of pitches for the five-voice chords was well judged. I suggest that the divergence between listeners' perceptions and the Parncutt results may be attributed to various factors highlighted in Huron'S voice-leading Principles, and to the timbral change rate.

A theory of timbre must draw upon analytical techniques that are adaptable to many different contexts. The eclectic tool-set that I have offered here is based on perception. Application of the proposed perceptual tools provides insight into specific hearings and, perhaps more importantly, may enable listeners to hear in new ways.
The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis
Authors: Baroni Mario
Published: November 2015

Form in classical music is fundamentally a question of organising musical time in order to facilitate a listening corresponding to author's expectations. In the past this was obtained by coordinating different parameters towards a single goal. In twentieth century music, the more detached relationship between the composer and the listener meant that less importance was given to the idea of “correct” listening and to the coordination of parameters. This article is devoted to one of the extreme points in this process: A quartet by Bruno Maderna composed in 1956 under the influence of the ideologies of Darmstadt.

The quartet was examined by three different groups of analysts. The first group examined the score of the quartet, while the third group only had a recorded performance at its disposal; the second group analyzed both the score and the performance. The three groups had to describe the form of the piece in terms of three hierarchical levels: Its microform {i.e. the organisation of minimal units not divisible into smaller parts); its macroform (i.e. its division into the minimum possible number of parts); the medium form {i.e. a collection of minimal units that could also be interpreted as an acceptable division of the parts at a macroformal level). Two basic criteria were used: Segmentation (local parametric discontinuity between two adjacent parts) and similarity (coherence between the parameters within each part). The results of the three analyses were somewhat diverse, thus demonstrating the tendency to relax the sense of form in such a quartet, as well as the presence of different procedures used when listening to a performance and analysing a score.
L'oreille absolue partielle chez les musiciens: une compétence assez générale
Authors: Laucirica Ana
Published: November 2015

Pour un grand nombre d'auteurs l'oreille absolue constitue une modalité perceptive indépendante et opposée à l'audition relative. Il y a, cependant, d'importantes recherches qui au cours des dernières années ont découvert que l'audition musicale humaine présente une grande complexité et que les participants d'une ou autre tendance montrent des traits de la modalité perceptive opposée. L'existence de l'oreille absolue partielle, établie depuis les premières recherches sur cet objet, contribue de měme à ratifier l'idée d'une plus grande extension de l'audition absolue que ce qui jusqu'il y a quelques années avait été envisagé. Si nous considérons l'oreille absolue limitée par le registre, le timbre, les sons altérés ou les combinaisons de ces paramètres, la population musicale avec oreille absolue augmente de façon considérable. Ce travail expose un test d'identification tonale à 88 étudiants de niveau supérieur d'un conservatoire de musique et montrent un important pourcentage de personnes qui présentent quelque type d'oreille absolue. Ces résultats nous permettent de proposer une unification du traitement qu'on attribue aux paramètres du son qui touchent l'identification tonale dans le but d'utiliser cette information comme instrument d'évaluation pour l'amélioration des cours de développement auditive dans les conservatoires et écoles de musique.
Which Part of the Conductor's Body Conveys Most Expressive Information? A Spatial Occlusion Approach
Authors: WÖllner Clemens
Published: November 2015

This study investigated the perception of conductors' body movements under different viewing conditions with a multi-modal within-subjects design. Five conductors with different levels of experience each conducted four excerpts from a Beethoven symphony that varied in musical expressiveness. Video recordings were manipulated according to three occlusion conditions: a) only the face was visible, b) only the arms were visible and c) the whole body was visible in simulated peripheral vision. 127 musically trained or untrained participants first watched, without sound, randomly presented video sequences according to these conditions. For each sequence, they were asked to rate affective and communicative items. Complete video sequences with sound were then presented as a reference and rated similarly. Video sequences that presented the conductors' faces resembled the reference significantly better than the arms-only or the peripheral conditions in terms of expressiveness ratings. Sequences showing the arms were judged higher in amount of information. For the movements of all conductors, clear interpretation differences between the four musical excerpts appeared even for conditions without sound. Differences between conductors were related to their general affective behaviour and to evaluations of four conducting experts. The findings generally highlight the importance of facial affective behaviour for expressive conducting.
Effects of State Anxiety on Music Performance: Relationship between the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Subscales and Piano Performance
Authors: Yoshie Michiko , Shigemasu Kazuo , Kudo Kazutoshi , Ohtsuki Tatsuyuki
Published: November 2015

This study investigated the relationship between the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R, Cox, Martens, & Russell, 2003; Jones & Swain, 1992; Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990) subscales and the quality of music performance to compare the anxiety-performance relationship in pianists with that in athletes and to gain insights into the effective coping strategies for music performance anxiety (MPA). Fifty one students (15 women and 36 men) aged 18–26 years ( M = 20.6, SD = 2.3) completed the CSAI-2R just prior to their individual piano performances in a concert, followed by the self-evaluation of performance quality. The CSAI-2R demonstrated adequate psychometric properties when applied to MPA. Consistent with the previous findings in sport psychology, correlation analyses and multiple regression analyses showed that self-confidence intensity positively predicted global performance ( p < .001). Cognitive anxiety intensity negatively predicted technical accuracy ( p < .05), while cognitive anxiety direction positively predicted global performance ( p < .05). On the other hand, the correlation between somatic anxiety and performance was non-significant. We conclude that acquiring self-confidence, reducing pre-performance cognitive anxiety, and interpreting the symptoms of cognitive anxiety as being facilitative to the subsequent performance will improve performance quality. Based on the present findings, the effectiveness of mental skills training for athletes and some educational methods in treating MPA is discussed.
Performance Style in Elena Gerhardt's Schubert Song Recordings
Authors: Leech-Wilkinson Daniel
Published: November 2015

Performance style is conceptualised as a collection of small ‘expressive gestures’ consisting of changes in frequency, loudness or duration within or between notes or phrases. Collections differ somewhat between individuals (personal style) and change in content over time (period style). The changing style of Elena Gerhardt (1883–1965), as documented in her recordings of Schubert Lieder (1911–1939), is analysed through her habits of timbre, vibrato, scoops, portamento, tuning, and rubato. Beneath the general impression of consistency throughout her career, more detailed analysis of the data, especially concerning vibrato and rubato, reveals a process of gradual evolution consistent with the hypothesis that performance style changes in unrecognisably small steps which accumulate rapidly across a musical culture.
Playing with Tradition: Weighing up Similarity and the Buoyancy of the Game
Authors: Volioti Georgia
Published: November 2015

This paper seeks to interrogate some of the common uses and assumptions surrounding the musicological concept of tradition and its empirical study from recordings. In particular, I take issue with certain style-analytical approaches for investigating performance traditions from recordings. From a theoretical perspective, I consider how the operation of tradition resides beyond the substantive content of performance style, and how such an understanding of tradition fares against quantitative measurements of style and the historical periodization of performance practice. Through a series of empirical case studies based on two of Grieg's Lyric Pieces I investigate the relevance of tradition as an analytical category for studying the transmission of performance practices from recordings. Using beat tempo data extracted from these recordings as an empirical marker of transmission processes, the case studies illustrate how stylistic kinship between performers captures the operation of tradition in different contexts. Findings suggest that stylistic relationships function best as heuristic tools for tracing the presence of tradition in this repertoire: the data do not support the more conventional understanding of tradition as collective style or historically patterned trend, nor do stylistic similarities between performers always verify the operation of tradition. Finally, in seeking to understand tradition beyond the dimension of performance style, I turn to ethnographic data which reveal the operation of tradition as a subjective feeling of connection and ultimately as ontological potential.
Computations and interfaces: Some notes on the relation between the language and the music faculties
Authors: Tsoulas George
Published: November 2015

Developments in linguistic theory over the last 20 years have led to a view of the different components of language as a whole that consists in a computational system whose syntactically structured output is interpreted by (mind internal) external systems. This paper suggests that music and language share the computational system and differ in the nature of external systems and the basic units of the lexicon of each system. Furthermore it is suggested that so-called formal meaning in music should be considered (along with syntactically created meaning in language) as nonconceptual representational content.
Musicologie historique, ethnomusicologie, analyse: Une musicologie générale est-elle possible?
Authors: Nattiez Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2015

In the spirit of Irène Deliège's work, notably through enabling a good number of special issues of Musicae Scientiae, towards dismantling the barriers between the various branches of musicology, the author examines some of the reasons behind the fragmentation of our discipline and proposes some ways of building a unified, general musicology. He attributes the fragmentation to ontological issues, to the great variety of phenomena which emerge or of which one takes account in the 20th century, and to the diversity of methods and epistemological conceptualisations to which musicologists subscribe. Seeking to reunify the discipline, he begins by defining common ground, and identifying opportunities for complementarity between historical musicology and the anthropology of music. Then he examines the role of music analysis in these two disciplines. Ultimately, he proposes to found musicology, whatever type of music it concerns, on the distinction between immanent structures, compositional and perceptual strategies, and contextual interpretations - historical, social and cultural. To do this, he reaffirms the need for research on musical universals, notably by systematic development of typologies.
La Mélodie Solide Ou le Mythe de la Caverne Revisité
Authors: Hautbois Xavier
Published: November 2015

Cet article traite d'une approche de l'écriture qui développe l'hypothèse du principe d'organicité de la mélodie. A la différence des precédés habituels d'ecriture qui différencient le traitement des notes de celui du rythme, la prise en compte de ce principe se caracterise par une structuration forte régissant les notes et leurs positions respectives dans le temps. Son application se révèle par une représentation dans l'espace géométrique d'objets mélodiques, appelés mélodies solides par analogie avec notre espace visuel. Ces objets peuvent alors être observés et exploités par des outils de transformation mathématiques qui respectent leur structure interne ou, au contraire, la rompent. Une des fonctions particulièrement riche pour tirer profit de ce matériau musical sans le détériorer est la rotation. Son intérèt est multiple dans le cadre compositionnel. D'une part, elle généralise les quatre mouvements symétriques des cellules du contrepoint traditionnel. D'autre part, elle permet une connaissance minutieuse des objets mélodiques facilitée par la simplicité des processus mis en ceuvre. De cette fonction, enfin, découle la possibilité d'aborder une cinématique musicale á travers la succession d'images obtenues par des rotations d'un mème objet de base.
Towards a Generative Theory of Interpretation for Performance Modeling
Authors: Tanguiane Andranik Tangian
Published: November 2015

Performance structure is described in terms of segmentation and classification of segments. Types of segments are associated with specific execution techniques. Similarly to speech, segments are shown by “performance waves” in timing and dynamics with a single common peak. Performance waves are arranged in a hierarchy corresponding to the form of the piece which can be understood rather subjectively. The interpretation score may look as an orchestral arrangement, where segments are classified with respect to their type and/or execution techniques (as if played by different instruments). We apply our approach to theatrical interpretation as well. Each character is described by means of several “basic types” (love, hate, sincerity, hypocrisy, etc.) associated with specified intonation and gesture. Then the role is split into segments, each being associated with one of the basic types ( cf. with switching from one execution technique to another in a musical performance). It is a further development of the interpretation technique in the theater of Ancient Greece where the actors changed masks (of anger, joy, melancholy, etc.) to show emotions. The approach is intended for developing music software as well as for music and theatrical education.
Subcultural Values, Crime, and Negative Social Capital for Chinese Offenders
Authors: Liu Jianhong
Published: November 2015

Subcultural theories of crime have received decreasing attention over the past few decades because they have not held up well to empirical tests. Overall, a direct causal relationship between subcultural values and criminal behavior has not been found empirically. Given the importance of subcultural theories, this article proposes a theoretical modification to the causal relationship: Subcultural values cause deviant or criminal behavior under the condition that an offender has access to negative social capital. The article further proposes the notion of integrated measure to resolve the classical difficulty in independently measuring a subcultural value. The article provides a preliminary test of the modified theoretical relationship between violent subcultural values and criminal behavior using inmate self-report data from Tianjin, China. The analyses find that violent values increase the hazards of recidivism for Chinese gang members and co-offenders but not for non–gang members and single offenders.
Career Optimism Mediates the Effect of Personality on Teachers’ Career Engagement
Authors: McIlveen Peter , Perera Harsha N.
Published: November 2015

Retaining teachers in the workforce is a major social issue as this vital profession suffers from low levels of prestige and high levels of attrition. This article is a report on research into the psychological predictors of career engagement in preservice and practicing teachers ( N = 364). It was hypothesized that teachers’ conscientiousness and neuroticism would predict higher and lower career engagement, respectively, both directly and indirectly via career optimism. Structural equation modeling affirmed that career optimism mediated the relationships of conscientiousness and neuroticism with career engagement. The current findings highlight the need to investigate the contribution of career optimism to teachers’ career engagement to capitalize on adaptive personality processes and mitigate the deleterious effects of negative emotionality.
Pedobarographic and Musculoskeletal Examination of Collegiate Dancers in Relevé
Authors: Schon Lew C. , Edwards William H.B. , McGuigan Francis X. , Hoffman Jennifer
Published: November 2015

Twenty-one collegiate ballet pupils were evaluated via history/questionnaire, musculoskeletal assessment, and pedobarographs, focusing on factors (e.g., alignment of hip, knee, and foot) thought to affect the important and common second-position releve in dance. In a blinded manner, three observers classified the pedobarographs (obtained by an independent examiner) according to force distribution through the foot. Most dancers bore weight through the toes and transmitted force on both the medial and central metatarsal heads, and some transmitted force through only one of these rays, but none transmitted force through the lateral ray alone. This analysis provides a baseline for future assessment of normal or abnormal dance maneuvers.
Physiologic Axial Load, Frictional Resistance, and the Football Shoe—Surface Interface
Authors: Cawley Patrick W. , Heidt Robert S. , Scranton Pierce E. , Losse Gary M. , Howard Mark E.
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this investigation was to report on the interaction between different types of athletic shoes and playing surfaces using physiologic loads of 40 and 220 lbs. This is a continuation of our previous report using a load of 25 lbs. Nine shoes by three manufacturers were characterized as turf, court, molded cleat, or traditional cleat and tested on both natural grass and synthetic turf. A specially designed pneumatic testing device was used in order to measure translational resistance and rotational torque of the shoe-surface interface. Measurements were acquired for 1) force-X describing translational loading, 2) moment-Y describing the torque generated by linear translation, and 3) moment-Z describing the moment generated by axial rotation, and data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc comparison. It was found that increased the axial loads from 40 to 220 lbs significantly increased the frictional resistance ( p < .05) between the shoe and the artificial turf surface in a nonlinear fashion. Turf shoes demonstrated the most frictional resistance of any group for this condition. Increases in the forces generated in linear translation from the axial load of 40 to 220 lbs produced the most significant increases of any resistance test on the turf surface. The cleated shoes (both traditional and molded) generated the highest frictional and torsional resistance on the grass surface when compared to the other categories of shoes. Grass generated higher peak moments than turf for the cleated shoes. These results demonstrate the considerable differences between laboratory and physiologic conditions and that the increase in frictional resistance is nonlinear with increasing loads.
Editorial: Attitude
Authors: Lutter Lowell D.
Published: November 2015

“Attitude is the decision.”

Linda Bunker, Ph.D., Sports Psychologist 1
A Meta-analysis of Outcome Rating Scales in Foot and Ankle Surgery: Is There a Valid, Reliable, and Responsive System?
Authors: Button Gavin , Pinney Stephen
Published: November 2015

Background: Rating scales that are valid, reliable, and responsive communicate the severity of a functional problem, facilitate the accurate study of treatment modalities, and provide a common language for those involved in research. The purpose of this study was to determine which outcome rating scales are currently used in the foot and ankle literature and to identify rating scales with proven reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Method: A meta-analysis of the foot and ankle literature from 1990 to 2001 was done. All referenced rating scales were reviewed to determine if any had proven to be reliable, valid, or responsive. Results: Forty-nine different rating scales were identified. The most frequently referenced scales were the subscales of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS). No rating scale was identified that demonstrated reliability, validity, and responsiveness in patients with a variety of foot and ankle conditions. Conclusions: The development of a reliable, valid, and responsive rating scale would have value not only in assessing patient outcomes but also in reporting the results of clinical studies in foot and ankle surgery.
Human Strategies in the Control of Processes
Authors: Laughery K. Ronald , Drury Colin G.
Published: November 2015

The study of the human as a controller of processes is becoming more important as industries become increasingly mechanized. This study attempts to model the human process controller when he is initiating or optimizing the process. A laboratory simulation of a two input variable and one output variable process is designed similar to that employed by Rigby (1972). Thirty-five (35) human subjects are run under several different conditions. Measures of human strategy along with system-state variables which humans might use to determine their strategy are developed and compared. On the basis of these data, a model is proposed of the human operator during the initial stages of controlling a process.
Seating, Console and Workplace Design: Seated Operator Reach Profiles
Authors: Roth J. Thomas , Ayoub Mohammed M. , Halcomb Charles G.
Published: November 2015

Traditional methods for the characterization of reach envelopes have been based upon systems designed for static measurement of reach and have been frequently less accurate than is desirable for design recommendations. This paper describes the development and validation of a methodology for dynamic measurement of reach envelopes, based upon a position-sensing potentiometric system. The characterization of reach envelopes for restrained and unrestrained male and female seated operators is also described. Anthropometric data of subject populations, example reach envelope contours and comparisons of data from the present study with previous reach envelope data are presented.
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Asian Adolescent Depression Scale and Construction of a Short Form: An Item Response Theory Analysis
Authors: Lo Barbara Chuen Yee , Zhao Yue , Kwok Alice Wai Yee , Chan Wai , Chan Calais Kin Yuen
Published: November 2015

The present study applied item response theory to examine the psychometric properties of the Asian Adolescent Depression Scale and to construct a short form among 1,084 teenagers recruited from secondary schools in Hong Kong. Findings suggested that some items of the full form reflected higher levels of severity and were more discriminating than others, and the Asian Adolescent Depression Scale was useful in measuring a broad range of depressive severity in community youths. Differential item functioning emerged in several items where females reported higher depressive severity than males. In the short form construction, preliminary validation suggested that, relative to the 20-item full form, our derived short form offered significantly greater diagnostic performance and stronger discriminatory ability in differentiating depressed and nondepressed groups, and simultaneously maintained adequate measurement precision with a reduced response burden in assessing depression in the Asian adolescents. Cultural variance in depressive symptomatology and clinical implications are discussed.
The Dissociative Subtype of PTSD Scale: Initial Evaluation in a National Sample of Trauma-Exposed Veterans
Authors: Wolf Erika J. , Mitchell Karen S. , Sadeh Naomi , Hein Christina , Fuhrman Isaac , Pietrzak Robert H. , Miller Mark W.
Published: November 2015

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual includes a dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder, but no existing measures specifically assess it. This article describes the initial evaluation of a 15-item self-report measure of the subtype called the Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (DSPS) in an online survey of 697 trauma-exposed military veterans representative of the U.S. veteran population. Exploratory factor analyses of the lifetime DSPS items supported the intended structure of the measure consisting of three factors reflecting derealization/depersonalization, loss of awareness, and psychogenic amnesia. Consistent with prior research, latent profile analyses assigned 8.3% of the sample to a highly dissociative class distinguished by pronounced symptoms of derealization and depersonalization. Overall, results provide initial psychometric support for the lifetime DSPS scales; additional research in clinical and community samples is needed to further validate the measure.
Subcortical Structures and Neuropsychiatric Illness
Authors: Salloway Stephen , Cummings Jeffrey
Published: November 2015

Subcortical structures play an important role in modulating mood, drive, memory, executive functions, and cognitive timing. Subcortical structures are intimately linked with the frontal lobe and limbic system. Key subcortical structures regulating behavior include the caudate nucleus, the ventral striatum, the ventral pallidum, and the dorsomedial and reticular nuclei of the thalamus. Some degenerative diseases affect subcortical nuclear and white matter structures, causing involuntary movements and abnormal behavior. Primary psychiatric illnesses, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, have been proposed to arise from dysfunction in the frontostriatal-thalamic circuits. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization of these subcortical systems mediating complex behaviors and the interactions between behavioral and motor systems are increasingly well understood. Undoubtedly, our newer understanding of subcortical systems will help us to unravel the pathophysiology of some neuropsychiatric disorders.
Metabolic Inhibition and Selective Axonal Injury
Authors: Fern Robert
Published: November 2015

The selective injury of CNS axons produced by exposure to Cd2+, an environmental contaminant, is a result of disruption of mitochondrial respiration (oxidative phosphorylation). An examination of the literature reveals some other poisons that have a similar effect upon oxidative phosphorylation and that also produce CNS lesions typified by damage of axons with selective sparing of neurons. These include cyanide, CO, CS2, arsenic, and azide. The neurological injuries produced by these toxins appear to constitute a distinct class of pathology in which axonal injury is dominant. Such an observation is paradoxical, considering that ischemia tends to produce selective injury of neurons with relative sparing of axons, the mirror image of the injury associated with disruption of oxidative phosphorylation by these toxins. This paradox may be resolved by considering the extent to which energy utilization is disrupted during these two classes of metabolic insult. It appears likely that low levels of cytochrome oxidase, which is required for oxidative phosphorylation, endow white matter with a relatively high sensitivity to insults that disrupt oxidative phosphorylation.
Cerebellar Involvement in Motor Learning
Authors: Mauk Michael D. , Steele Philip M. , Medina Javier F.
Published: November 2015

For decades, cerebellar research has been guided by the central hypothesis that plasticity at synapses in the cerebellar cortex mediates motor learning. This hypothesis has been challenged especially strongly in recent years by data that contradict the original theories of cerebellar motor learning. These data form the basis for strong arguments to the contrary and have inspired new, non-motor theories of cerebellar function. We consider key data that are contrary to the motor learning hypothesis and develop the argument that both old and new data are best explained by extending, rather than rejecting, the basic tenets of the original motor learning theories of cerebellar function. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:303–313, 1997
Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Heat Shock Gene Expression
Authors: Snider B. Joy
Published: November 2015

Heat shock proteins were initially described as the predominant proteins expressed immediately after a thermal stress. These ubiquitously expressed proteins function as molecular chaperones; they aid in the folding, subcellular translocation, and assembly of other proteins. Although most of these proteins are expressed constitutively, enhanced expression, induced by stress or genetic manipulations, can reduce subsequent cellular injury in many cell types, including neurons and glia. Further understanding of how the expression of these proteins is controlled in the nervous system, and how they can be manipulated to attenuate injury, could provide therapeutic targets for cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders.
Molecular Pathology of Huntington's Disease: Animal Models and Nuclear Mechanisms
Authors: Mangiarini Laura , Sathasivam Kirupa , Bates Gillian P.
Published: November 2015

Huntington's disease (HD) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin, a protein of unknown function. Transgenic models expressing a portion or full-length human huntingtin have been generated to unravel the mechanism through which the mutation causes the symptoms and the selective cell death characteristic of HD. We review here advances in the understanding of HD made possible by transgenic models and the means by which they implicate polyglutamine aggregation in the pathology of triplet repeat disorders.
Determinants of Guidance within the Home
Authors: Schatz Eleanor M.
Published: November 2015

The challenge of guiding potentially gifted children toward the healthy realization and utilization of their gifts and talents belongs to all significant adults within their environment. Passow (1981) talks of four curricula of the gifted and talented which comprise a complete learning environment. The influence of parents falls within what Passow labels the “nonschool educative settings curriculum” (1981, p.6). The importance of parental awareness, understanding and support throughout the youngster's growing years must not be undervalued. Parents of the intellectually or creatively precocious child of preschool years may feel especially frustrated by the suddenness with which they find themselves in an “educator” role.
Realization of “The Dream”
Authors: Bostwick Alice , Burney Virginia , Karpicke Susan
Published: November 2015

Janice had been reading since she was 3 years old. Her preschool teacher told her mother that Janice didn't want to participate in many of the class activities; she just sat by herself “pretending” to read books. Since she was “slow to develop,” her teacher suggested that she delay entrance into kindergarten another year. Instead, Janie spent the next year in kindergarten at a preschool for gifted children. Janie thrived there, but where would she go for first grade?

The Smiths had visited several schools before making a decision about the best program for their bright children. One public school magnet program seemed to offer the greatest flexibility; but it was full with a waiting list. They tried a private school known for its nurturing staff, but there were so many “drill-type” activities that the children, who learned quickly, soon complained of boredom. Another school was said to offer individualization, but there was a lack of staff commitment to the concept. A friend of the family called to tell them a group was meeting to discuss the founding of a new school.

Learning excited Matt, and he eagerly looked forward to the day he could start school. What a disappointment! For 2 years his parents watched his excitement and enthusiasm diminish. Matt was sick and unhappy, and he didn't care if he went to school. Eventually Matt was chosen to participate in the district's new pull-out program for the gifted, and his teacher made a world of difference. When Matt's family discovered his teacher was planning to go to a new school for gifted children, they decided he should follow her.
A Paradox of Exceptionalities
Authors: Fall Janis , Nolan Linda
Published: November 2015

The term gifted learning disabled (GLD) is a relatively new idea in special education. The term elicits confusion among parents, educators, and the students themselves. A student with outstanding skills in one area and a significant deficit in another may not be succeeding in school, but still have talents far beyond his peers. This dichotomy leaves the student frustrated, his parents puzzled, and his teachers feeling helpless. There are programming strategies that can be effective for this type of student. The Autonomous Learner Model (Betts, 1985) has been adapted to provide activities to meet the diversified needs of these gifted and talented students with learning difficulties.
Differentiating Gifted Curriculum and Instruction in the Gymnasium
Authors: Westerhold Shelley Paul
Published: November 2015

Otters dive among the gently swaying ocean kelp, lasers leap, robots rock, children interact at the giant “computer” taped on the gymnasium floor. Architecture students build a domed arch with their bodies, measure the structure and convert the measurement to scale. Geneticists extricate an antigen from a hula hoop to create a vaccine for their Ebola virus. Welcome to “Bodies and Brains in Motion”! Students exercise their bodies and brains in the physical education curriculum at the Center for Creative Learning, which houses the gifted program for the Rockwood School District in St. Louis, MO.
Trauma-Informed Care for Children in the Child Welfare System
Authors: Sullivan Kelly M. , Murray Kathryn J. , Ake George S.
Published: November 2015

An essential but often overlooked component to promoting trauma-informed care within the child welfare system is educating and empowering foster, adoptive, and kinship caregivers (resource parents) with a trauma-informed perspective to use in their parenting as well as when advocating for services for their child. In this first evaluation of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network’s trauma-informed parenting workshop ( Caring for Children who Have Experienced Trauma, also known as the Resource Parent Curriculum), participant acceptance and satisfaction and changes in caregiver knowledge and beliefs related to trauma-informed parenting were examined. Data from 159 ethnically diverse resource parents were collected before and after they participated in the workshop. Results demonstrate that kinship and nonkinship caregivers showed significant increases in their knowledge of trauma-informed parenting and their perceived self-efficacy parenting a child who experienced trauma. Nonkinship caregivers increased on their willingness to tolerate difficult child behaviors, whereas kinship caregivers did not show a significant change. Participants also demonstrated high levels of satisfaction with the workshop. Although these preliminary results are important as the first empirical study supporting the workshop’s effectiveness, the limitations of this study and the directions for future research are discussed.
A Gendered Blogosphere? Portrayal of Sarah Palin on Political Blogs during the 2008 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Bradley Amy M. , Wicks Robert H.
Published: November 2015

This case study explores gender stereotyping by comparing the ways in which vice presidential candidates Sarah Palin and Joe Biden were portrayed on Internet blogs. Results suggest Palin did not suffer from a lack of attention. While she did receive a considerable amount of coverage focusing on her personality and personal life in comparison to Democratic candidate Joe Biden, that was likely a result of her unique candidacy and persona. Perhaps most important, the blogs did not play to traditional gender stereotypes concerning issue coverage even as a stereotypically male issue dominated the political agenda.
Neighborliness with Ethnic Groups in the United States: Modeling its News Antecedents and Health Outcomes
Authors: Beaudoin Christopher E.
Published: November 2015

The current study builds and empirically tests a theoretical model in which news use influences health outcomes directly and indirectly, as mediated by neighborliness with specific ethnic groups. With telephone survey data from 2007, a well-fitting structural equation model indicates direct and indirect effects of news use measures on two health outcomes: health status and stress. Effects of newspaper news use were more favorable than those via television and online news, and effects of neighborliness with whites and with Asians were more favorable on health outcomes than effects of neighborliness with blacks and with Hispanics.
Price Anomalies of the Mass Media
Authors: Landau Edmund , Davenport John Scott
Published: November 2015

Not a single mass medium sells its products or its services according to the principles involved in the laws of Supply and Demand or in the calculation of the different cost factors. The authors, who are both newspapermen and economists, urge more theory development in communications economics.
Five Letters of Charles A. Dana to Karl Marx
Authors: Borden Morton
Published: November 2015

Made available by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism in Moscow, these letters throw additional light on the relations between the managing editor of the New York Tribune and the father of modern socialism. They are printed to supplement Dr. Borden's earlier article on Dana, Marx and Greeley.
ADHD in the United Kingdom: Regional and Socioeconomic Variations in Incidence Rates Amongst Children and Adolescents (2004-2013)
Authors: Hire Adrian J. , Ashcroft Darren M. , Springate David A. , Steinke Douglas T.
Published: November 2015

Objective: To describe the incidence and distribution of ADHD within the United Kingdom, and to examine whether there was any association between ADHD incidence and socioeconomic deprivation. Method: The study used data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Patients diagnosed with ADHD before the age of 19 between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2013 were stratified according to the region in which their general practice was based. Practice Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) score was used as a surrogate measure of patients’ deprivation status. Results: ADHD incidence was relatively stable between 2004 and 2013, but peaked in the last 2 years studied. Statistically significant ( p ≤ .05) differences in incidence were observed between U.K. regions. In almost every year studied, incidence rates were highest among the most deprived patients and lowest among the least deprived patients. Conclusion: In the United Kingdom, ADHD may be associated with socioeconomic deprivation.