bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPECIAL CASES OF WATER SUPPLY INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY URBAN DEVELOPMENT NEAR TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA1
Authors: Jeffs Donald N. , Viirland Jaak
Published: June 2007

Since 1961, control over water‐supply interference problems in the Province of Ontario has been provided under The Ontario Water Resources Commission Act. A section of The Act requires persons taking more than 10,000 imperial gallons per day of water for purposes other than domestic, stock or fire‐fighting to have a permit and to take the water in accordance with specified terms and conditions. Construction of some new wells, sewers, and roads to meet the needs of urban development has caused interference with both ground‐ and surface‐water supplies. In cases of serious interference, the Commission has required that steps be taken to restore water supplies or prevent continued interference. Two cases are described where municipalities in the Toronto area restored supplies to overcome serious interference with several private wells and streamflow during testing and operation of a 500‐imperial gpm municipal well adjacent to a normally effluent stream, and varying degrees of interference with private wells caused by dewatering at rates up to 2000‐imperial gpm for the installation of a trunk sewer.
EFFECTS OF SIMULATED CLOUD SEEDING ON STREAMFLOW OF SELECTED WATERSHEDS IN PENNSYLVANIA1
Authors: Sopper William E. , Hiemstra L. A. V.
Published: June 2007

A mathematical model was developed to simulate the hydrologic behavior of five small watersheds in central Pennsylvania. Continuous hydrographs for the 6‐month period, April to September 1964, were simulated. Synthesized rainfall cycles consisting of increasing rainfall by 10, 20, and 30 percent to simulate the effects of cloud seeding were processed through the watershed model to determine the effects on low flow augmentation. Other rainfall cycles used consisted of increasing every third storm by 30 percent and of developing a rainfall cycle by processing daily radiosonde data through a mathematical cumulus cloud model to obtain a prediction of rainfall following seeding. A comparison of actual and predicted hydrographs indicated that simulated cloud seeding resulted in significant monthly and seasonal water yields. In general, the results of the study appear to indicate that on a theoretical basis cloud seeding would be a feasible method of augmenting low stream‐flow during the summer months on watersheds in the northern Appalachian region.
THE ISOLATION OF RANDOM ERRORS IN PERIODIC RAINFALL1
Authors: Nkemdivim Lawrence C.
Published: June 2007

This paper deals with the problem of isolating random errors from rainfall measurements in watersheds of relatively small size. The residual variance is shown to be a practical measure for assessing the error term. KEY WORDS: random errors; rainfall; watershed
FOREST HYDROLOGY AND EXTREME RAINFALL FREQUENCY1
Authors: Settergren Carl D.
Published: June 2007

Extreme rainfall frequency analysis provides one means to predict, within certain limits of probability, the average time interval between the recurrences of storms of a specified duration and magnitude. This in turn furnishes the forest hydrologist a valuable tool for engineering design and runoff and erosion forecast. A modification in the application of the annual maximum and annual exceedance series analysis described by V. T. Chow can, for special purposes, lead to an even more useful estimate of extreme events on a seasonal basis. This can be particularly important on small forested headwater watersheds where the runoff response to extreme rainfall may vary considerably with seasonal changes in canopy cover and soil moisture characteristics. Although the application of data covering a relatively short period of record has produced some inconsistencies among the frequency diagrams, under certain circumstances for short‐term recurrence interval forecast and for non‐critical application the analysis of extreme rainfall frequency from less than 20 years data seems justified.
A HYDROLOGIC INVENTORY SYSTEM1
Authors: Morisawa Marie
Published: June 2007

The decision making process in development of water resources has often been subjective. A scheme for inventorying the hydrologic properties of watersheds would be a powerful tool, providing objective criteria that can be used in judgments and which can be applied in surveys for water management or conservation purposes. Such an inventory was used in studying the Green River, Wyoming and Little Miami, Ohio. The classification system considered characteristics of the water budget, variability and reliability of flow, and water quality. Class ranks for water budget were based on amount of runoff and water loss. Regulation and variation in flow were ranked on impoundments, variability index, coefficient of variability, 90% flow duration and maximum flow index. The streams’ chemical and solid loads were also considered. Classification of the Green and Little Miami rivers pointed out distinctive differences between their hydrologic characteristics. The inventory can thus be examined to compare stretches of river or whole watersheds, objectively determining the best possible use.
A LOOK AT THE HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY1
Authors: Busby Mark W. , Darmer Kenneth I.
Published: June 2007

This paper provides background information on the effect of tide waves upon the movement of water in the Hudson River estuary. Computations based on records from three continuous stage recorders and current‐meter discharge measurements made throughout a tidal cycle show that peak discharge rates in the estuary at Poughkeep‐sie may be as great as 500,000 cubic feet per second and that total daily tidal volumes as great as 20 billion cubic feet move in the estuary. Computation of water movement in the estuary requires precise field data and continued efforts are needed to perfect the data‐collection system and the computation procedure in order to adequately define water movement in the Hudson estuary.
OIL SLICK MOTION NEAR CHESAPEAKE BAY ENTRANCE1
Authors: Munday John C. , Harrison Wyman , Maalntyre William G.
Published: June 2007

Five‐to‐50‐gallon slicks of No. 6 (Bunker C) fuel oil were tracked for several hours on six different occasions. Slick motion was due mainly to surface currents. The slick wind factor varied with wind speed, showing a threshold at seven knots and approaching 2.0 percent at 20 knots. Published values of 2.3 to 5 percent did not exclude the effects of wind‐generated surface currents. Prediction of slick motion using wind and published tidal‐current data was deficient; accuracy will require extensive wind and surface‐current time‐series data.
POLLUTION SURVEILLANCE AND DATA ACQUISITION USING MULTISPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING1
Authors: Wezernak Chester T. , Polayn Fabian C.
Published: June 2007

Large scale water resource investigations and effective pollution surveillance programs require the development of additional instrumentation and techniques to supplement existing methods of data acquisition. As a result, interest is growing in the concept of remote sensing. Described in this paper is the multispectral sensor concept and its application in water resource studies.
INDUCED OXIDATION OF STREAMS AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL INSTITUTIONS1
Authors: Whipple William , Dittman Frank W. , Ju Shaw L.
Published: June 2007

The proof is rapidly mounting that instream aeration is a technically and economically feasible supplement to secondary treatment of wastes, an alternative to tertiary waste treatment. Some phenomena remain unexplained; and competing technologies, especially those employing molecular oxygen, are being explored vigorously. However, there are convincing arguments in favor of aeration on theoretical grounds, proved technology is available; and the first installations have already been made. While remaining questions are being further investigated, it is time to consider in more detail the broader aspects, as to the institutional, legal, and political hurdles to be overcome before advantage can be taken of the new technology. This paper first summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art as far as technology is concerned; and then outlines the institutional problem.
A SYSTEMS STUDY OF STORM RUNOFF PROBLEMS IN A NEW TOWN1
Authors: Mallory Charles W. , Boland John J.
Published: June 2007

A system study was conducted on the use of a large number of small reservoirs dispersed throughout an urban community as a means of storm water pollution control. The study was based on an area within the “new city” of Columbia, Maryland. Water collected and stored in the reservoirs is treated for release or use in meeting sub‐potable and potable water demands in the community. Design and performance criteria were developed for such a system. A simulation model and a computerized evaluation technique were used to select the optimal locations and system configurations. The results of this study indicated that such a system would be less expensive than a conventional engineering approach to storm water pollution control. Further, the benefits derived from use of the storm water as a water supply can offset a portion of the cost of pollution control. Several secondary benefits also result from this concept including erosion and sediment control, storm flow dampening, and recreational facilities. A program is now underway to demonstrate this concept in Columbia, Maryland.
THE CHANCE A FLOOD WILL BE EXCEEDED IN A PERIOD OF YEARS1
Authors: Markowitz E. Morton
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Much has been written about the chance that a hydrologic event, such as a flood peak of a given size or greater, will occur during a given period of years. Four variables are involved, and any one of the four can be the dependent variable: (1) the probability of encountering such an event in a single year, (2) the probability of encountering one or several of these events in a period of years, (3) the least number of times of encountering the event in that period of years, and (4) the number of years in the period involved. Most of these problems are not difficult to solve, but they are tedious to calculate, not well understood, and consequently seldom used in water resources planning and development. The most popular approach is based on the binomial distribution. Graphical procedures similar to those developed by Riggs [1961] were further elaborated and are presented here with illustrative examples to facilitate their use in solving the many related problems. The confidence that one can place in these probability estimates is also explained and illustrated by tables and further examples. To help assure proper use of these methods, commonly used terms such as “recurrence interval” and “partial duration series” are discussed. No new theory is developed: at issue is a deeper understanding of the significance of design levels and their ease of computation.
STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING FOR OPTIMUM RESERVOIR OPERATION1
Authors: Butcher William S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. For a multipurpose single reservoir a deterministic optimal operating policy can be readily devised by the dynamic programming method. However, this method can only be applied to sets of deterministic stream flows as might be used repetitively in a Monte Carlo study or possibly in a historical study. This paper reports a study in which an optimal operating policy for a multipurpose reservoir was determined, where the optimal operating policy is stated in terms of the state of the reservoir indicated by the storage volume and the river flow in the preceding month and uses a stochastic dynamic programming approach. Such a policy could be implemented in real time operation on a monthly basis or it could be used in a design study. As contrasted with deterministic dynamic programming, this method avoids the artificiality of using a single set of stream flows. The data for this study are the conditional probabilities of the stream flow in successive months, the physical features of the reservoir in question, and the return functions and constraints under which the system operates.
MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN RELEASES FROM SOUTHWESTERN IMPOUNDMENTS1
Authors: Gay Herman M. , Fruh E. Gus
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The objective of this investigation was to determine the selectivity of withdrawal which is possible in southwestern reservoirs. Two stratified flow solutions were examined to test their applicability under field conditions. Although both appeared capable of accurate prediction of the outflow velocity profile, the Bohan‐Grace solution, which required less input data, was utilized to predict the chemical constituents of single and simultaneous releases from several southwestern impoundments. Prediction of outflow water quality was within fifteen percent for southwestern reservoirs as shallow as fifty‐five feet. The withdrawal layer thickness for the subject Texas impoundments included the entire hypolimnion or epilmnion depending on outlet location. The sensitivity of the velocity profile to seasonal changes, reservoir discharge rate and withdrawal port dimensions also is illustrated.
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING APPLIED TO WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Criss Robert R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The growing social consciousness and concern with human well‐being has resulted in numerous water resource use and control programs, the results of which must be measured not in the customary monetary terms, but rather in terms of social and human welfare.

Interdisciplinary research offers the greatest promise of yielding fruitful results in establishing planning methodology that would result in a maximum utilization of funds available for water resource programs. Working with the various social science disciplines, accountants have begun research in social measurement thus opening the door to a new field of accountancy known as socio‐economic accounting.

The development of social accounting systems will improve water resource management by projecting heretofore unmeasureable social values into the management decision making process.
MEASURING IMPACTS OF URBAN WATER DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Whitman Ira L. , Davis Richard M. , Goldstone Seymour E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The role of water resources in the urban economic and social environment, particularly in the inner city, has never been established to the degree necessary for making informed decisions on investments in urban waterway and shoreline improvements. The basic tools for measuring psychological and social impacts of waterway and shoreline developments in the inner city have not been fully developed and utilized to date. However, through a detailed analysis of the water resources in the urban core area of Cleveland, it appears that deliberate development of water‐based recreation and other environmental resources can lead to improvement in some of the social problems of the inner city. In recreation analysis, there is currently a great gap between methodologies that are conceptually sound and those that have been applied by urban and water‐resources planning agencies. New tools and methodologies can only be used successfully when public agencies are given the institutional and policy means for using them equitably in light of social needs. Present urban‐water planning practices have been found to be biased against the inner city, often unintentionally.
THERMAL GRADIENTS IN RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS DUE TO HEATED PLANT EFFLUENTS1
Authors: Shindala Adrian , Priest Melville S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The direction of heated effluents from large thermal power plants into streams and lakes has been a matter of public concern for some time, and the collection of prototype data related to the hydraulic aspects has taken on massive proportions. Unfortunately, most of the data are proprietary and not available for public analysis. The authors have endeavored to collect such data as are available to them for the initiation of steps toward generalization and the discussion of some of the more evident hydraulic considerations. The study is primarily concerned with rivers, including estuaries, with some interest in cooling ponds.
SOME CONJUNCTIVE DESALTING STUDIES EN THE UNITED KINGDOM1
Authors: Mower Patrick A. , O'Kane J. Philip J. , Sherrif Jerry D.F. , Wyatt Tim , Barrett J. David
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.Operating rule procedures are developed for the optimal use of desalination in conjunction with surface water impoundments. Results obtained from the use of hill‐climbing and dynamic programming methods are compared. Benefits to be obtained from the integrated use of desalination are demonstrated through a case study for the Barcelona area of Spain.
ALTERNATIVES FOR SALINITY MANAGEMENT IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Vincent James R. , Russell James D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The Colorado River Basin faces the dilemma of an increasing demand for water while presently struggling with salinity concentrations approaching critical levels for some water uses. Based upon projected development salinity concentrations are predicted to exceed 1200 mg/1 at Imperial Dam by the year 2010. Annual losses to the basin economy associated with increased salinity will exceed $50 million by the year 2010. Although methods of controlling salt discharges are relatively unrefined, certain conclusions, based upon Bayesian statistical methods, can be reached. Five basic alternatives for coping with the problem are presented and evaluated in this paper: (1) do nothing; (2) adopt arbitrary salinity standards; (3) limit development; (4) control salt discharges at a cost equal to the cost of doing nothing, or (5) minimize total costs to the basin. Total costs associated with any given alternative, or the given salinity resulting, are the sum of salinity detriments (cost to users for water of increased salinity plus economic multiplier effects) plus the cost of constructing salt discharge control works. These impacts upon basin economy and Colorado River water quality for each alternative are presented and related to questions of equity which will play a role in arriving at any long‐term solution to the Basin's problem.
ECOLOGICAL MODELS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES1
Authors: Puccini Donald S. P.
Published: June 2007

The recent world‐wide trend towards centralization of all environmental management functions into one regulatory agency has illustrated the necessity for resources management agencies to adopt a total systems viewpoint. Environmental systems are typically complex and multi‐dimensional in nature. Mathematical models for the management of air, water and land resources have found wide acceptance among planners and decision‐makers. Ecological models of life processes have not reached the same state of development or acceptance.

A general review of ecological systems theory and examples of the types of ecological models that have been developed to date arc presented in this paper. With this material as a background and given the vast literature on engineering and economic models, a conceptual framework for an approach to environmental studies and the analysis of polluted environmental systems is presented.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONS IN WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Drobny Neil L.
Published: June 2007

Applications of linear programming to water quality and water quantity problems are discussed, and a fairly comprehensive sample of recent literature in these areas is reviewed. Basic elements of linear programming are also discussed. Emphasis is placed on the elements of linear programming that make it a useful tool for analyzing water resource problems and the basic features of various water resource problems that render them amenable to meaningful analysis by linear programming.
OPTIMAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN THE EXPANSION OF AN EXISTING WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS1
Authors: O'Laoghaire D. T. , Himmelblau D. M.
Published: June 2007

The study of the optimal expansion of existing water resources systems is of continuing importance because of the rising demand and limited supply of water in many areas of the world, particularly in the southwestern part of the United States of America. This study is concerned with the investigation of the optimal expansion of a realistic water resources system to meet an increasing demand for municipal and industrial use, irrigation, energy, and recreation over a planning horizon of T years.

A number of possible dam sites are available for the further regulation of river (canal) flows in the basin and/or the regulation of imported waters into the basin. To maximize, over the set of alternative projects, the sum of discounted present value of net earnings subject to the demands and various institutional, physical and budgetary limits, an optimization problem (Problem I) was formed as a 0‐1 mixed integer programming problem and was decomposed into the set of all feasible combinations (Problem II). The economic return was determined for each combination (Problem III).

Problem II was solved by a branch and bound procedure which selected each feasible combination of dams while the optimal return for each such combination (Problem III) was found by a network analysis code.
A METHOD FOR INCORPORATING AGRICULTURAL RISK INTO A WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM PLANNING MODEL1
Authors: Conner J. R. , Freund R. J. , Godwin M. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Prior studies of water resource systems have considered risk from the point of view that only the system planners could react to the effects of the risk elements. However, users of water from a system also react to risk. When the quantity of water that a system can supply is subject to considerable variation, the reactions of the users of the water will often effect the benefits generated by the system and thus its optimal design characteristics. A simulation model of a reservoir‐irrigation system is developed which incorporates the water users' reactions to risk in such a manner as to reflect their influence on the optimal design characteristics. A risk (convex) programming algorithm is incorporated into the model to reflect the water users' reactions to various levels of aversion to risk and degree of uncertainty in water deliveries. Response surfaces are generated as a result of performing the simulation at different levels of the design variables. An examination of these surfaces reveals the importance of including water users' reactions to risk in water resource system planning. The effects of different levels of risk aversion on the irrigation farmers' choice of crop enterprises are also examined.
THE EFFECT OF PRICE ON LONG RUN WATER SUPPLY BENEFITS AND COSTS1
Authors: Gys Marshall
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The long‐term effects of presently used and alternatively proposed water pricing policies were studied using some tools of operations research and economics. A discrete deterministic dynamic programming model was structured and operated to determine the optimal water supply capacity expansion paths for a hypothetical residential community with a given water pricing policy. The objective of the model was the maximization of future discounted consumers'surpluses plus producer's revenues net of the long‐run cost of supply. State variables were the size of system capacity in MGD and stage variables were the times of feasible capacity increase in years. Demand curves, population sizes, and growth rates for various economic sectors of the community were assumed known, as well as short‐run production and capital construction costs. Several policies, including constant unit rates, decreasing or increasing block rates and summer differential rates were tested. It was concluded that price plays a major role in the short‐run allocation and long‐run planning and conservation of water supplies. Conservational pricing policies were advocated as means of lowering the long‐run cost of water, using the water price‐demand function as a planning tool. Further research in these areas was recommended.
ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS FOR WATER SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES1
Authors: Bishop A. Bruce , Hendricks David W. , Milligan James H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Providing adequate water supplies of good quality is becoming a serious problem in many areas of the United States. Some of the alternatives proposed for meeting the growing shortage of clean‐water or cheap‐water are reallocation, reuse, and importation. This paper outlines a methodology to assess all of these water supply alternatives by examining the amount and time‐staging for development of water sources. In conceptualizing the problem, sources of supply are classified in three categories: primary or base supplies, secondary or effluent supplies, and supplementary or imported supplies. A model of the water system is formulated as a “transportation problem” in linear programming depicting the possible sources of supply which can be used to satisfy the requirements of various water users. The optimizing objective in the model is to minimize the cost of water under various assumptions for operating the system. A case study of the Salt Lake Qty, Utah, area is used to illustrate the application of the model in obtaining optimal water supply allocations for projected future demands. Assessment of alternatives in the study include redistribution of supplies, time‐staging of supplies and related treatment facilities, and sensitivity of allocations to changes in costs.
ANNUAL, SEASONAL, AND MONTHLY CHANGES IN RUNOFF IN THE UNITED STATES1
Authors: Hidore John J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The runoff from a series of watersheds in the United States is examined to determine if there are distinct trends present. The data are examined for the period 1931‐1960 and the results compared with those obtained for the period from the beginning of record to 1960. A larger sample of streams with records of various lengths is also utilized. The data used are annual, seasonal, and monthly values. The streams are grouped geographically to determine if regional patterns exist. The runoff increased on the majority of streams for the period 1931‐1960, but for the period from the beginning of record to 1960 most streams exhibited a negative trend. When geographical distribution is considered, the streams located in the interior of the continent show greater similarity of trend than do those on the continental margins.
A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING RAINFALL POTENTIAL1
Authors: Woods Calvin E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The roles played by thermodynamic stability and precipitable water in the production of rainfall are of prime importance. These two variables have been combined into a “Rainfall Potential” function by the use of multivariate statistical techniques. Data from weather stations in southern New Mexico and southwest Texas were used in the study. The results appear promising for further investigation, possibly in relation to the occurrence of rare but extremely heavy rains
REAPPRAISAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESOURCES IN DELAWARE RIVER BASIN USING SYNTHETIC HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Shiao Yu , McSparran John E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The 60's drought (1961 1966) which hit the Northeastern United States, had its center over the Delaware River Basin and caused water supply shortages to New York City, Philadelphia, and many other towns and industries in the Basin. Until this event occurred, the existing water supply sources and those planned for the future had been considered adequate, as they were designed for the worst drought of record (usually the 1930‐31 drought). In view of this “change in hydrology,” the Delaware River Basin Commission authorized a study (DRBC Resolution 67‐4) to re‐evaluate the adequacy of existing and planned water supply sources of the Delaware River Basin and its Service Area (New York City and northern New Jersey).

Synthetic hydrology is a tool which can be used to overcome many of the limitations of the traditional approach. By analyzing generated streamflow traces in this study, it has been determined that there is a definite relationship between the accumulated rainfall deficiency during the drought and the return periods associated with various durations of runoff in the drought. This indicated that generated traces can be used to standardize the hydrology over an area where the intensity of drought varied. This represented an important facet in the study, because it provided a means to equalize the effects of this drought over the study area, and gave the Delaware River Basin Commission more information so that it could better plan and manage its water resources equitably, not only for the people within the Basin, but for the New York City and northern New Jersey areas as well.

Synthetic hydrology was used to determine yield‐probability relationships for 50‐year periods, and storage‐yield‐frequency relationships for existing and planned water‐supply reservoirs. It was also used to determine yield‐probability relationships for reservoir systems within the Basin. In the study, it was determined that monthly streamflow traces and uniform draft rates could be used in yield analysis because of the magnitude of the reservoirs and because seasonal variations of draft rate are small in the study area.

Although it was found that with the streamflow generating models (first order Markov) in common use today, it is not possible to definitely determine the actual frequency of a very severe historic drought, it is possible to place a drought in perspective by using synthetic hydrology. The study showed that it is a useful tool in determining water availability over a basin and is useful in studying water management problems such as interbasin transfers, and reservoir systems operations.
EFFICIENCY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS ROLE OF TYPE I AND II ERRORS1
Authors: Duckstein Lucien , Kisiel Chester C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The efficiency of hydrologic data collection systems is relevant to solution of environmental problems, scientific understanding of hydrologic processes, model‐building and management of water resources. Because these goals may be overlapping and non‐commensurate, design of data networks is not simple. Identified are four elements of error or risk in such networks: (a) choice of variables and mathematical model for the same process, (b) accuracy of model parameter estimates, (c) acceptance of wrong hypothesis or rejection of correct hypothesis and (d) economic losses associated with error. Of these four, the classical hypothesis testing problem is specifically evaluated in terms of costs of type I and II errors for simple and composite hypotheses; mathematical models for these economic analyses also include costs of sample data and costs of waiting while new data is obtained. An illustrative computational example focuses on the hypothesis that natural recharge might be augmented by a system of pumping wells along an ephemeral channel. The relationship of the hypothesis testing problem to Bayesian decision theory is discussed; it is felt that the latter theory offers a more comprehensive framework for design and use of hydrologic data networks.
UNDERSTANDING A WATERSHED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT1
Authors: Wagle R. F.
Published: June 2007

In watershed management the effects of plants on water cannot be considered a constant and forgotten because: plants of different sizes and forms use water at different rates and plants of the same size differ in their needs for water because of anatomical differences.

Many common denominators are present in all watersheds covered by vegetation. Forces exerted on the soil water by vegetation, climate and soil are the same kinds of forces. The differences between watersheds in water yield potential appear to be due to differences in the degree in which these forces are exerted. However, the influence of biotic factors are more individual.

The similarities and differences existing between watersheds suggest some principles that can be used as guides to understanding individual watershed problems and as possible guides to determining when, how, and where to treat a given watershed. Eleven principles are given and their application to the definition and solution of biological or vegetational problems of watershed management are discussed.
REASONABLY FULL HYDROLOGIC DEVELOPMENT OF RESERVOIR SITES1
Authors: Finck John A. , Lee William H.
Published: June 2007

The size of multipurpose reservoir development is usually determined by an economic analysis of reservoir capabilities and the present and projected water resources needs which can be satisfied. This analysis is referred to as project formulation, wherein optimum conditions are sought. In responding to multiple objectives, i.e., national economic development, regional development and environmental quality, which are being considered in river basin planning in recent years, reservoirs should provide for reasonably full hydrologic development. Additional storage will be needed to provide opportunities for economic development, as well as meet unexpected development. Also, it provides more flow regulation capability for quality of environment considerations.

An analysis has been made on twelve reservoir sites in the New York State portion of the Susquehanna River Basin to determine the so‐called “reasonably full hydrologic development of reservoir sites.” Hydrologic, economic, environmental and physical characteristics of the sites are taken into consideration. For normal conditions, it can be concluded that a yield equivalent to about 80 percent of the average discharge (runoff) can be considered as reasonably full hydrologic development for reservoir sites in the Susquehanna River Basin in New York. The same technique can be applied elsewhere to determine reasonably full hydrologic development of reservoir sites.
PROJECT 2000, A PLANNING IMPERATIVE1
Authors: Runkle Herbert M. , Perkins Thomas H.
Published: June 2007

Time is running out on this country's planners. Generally speaking, the art of planning has retrogressed since the time of Christ. If we are to survive, this will have to be drastically changed by the year 2000. To achieve this, we need to begin to change our thinking, today. We badly need wider social planning, giving us more alternatives‐more thought on where we are going. Reasonableness requires blending of planning and construction‐but a sharp line of independence is essential. We must think about all the consequences of a particular act. Through intensive professional development and achievement of professional expertise, many outstanding technicians often move into vital decision making positions within their respective agencies. As planners, they see a part of the action but miss the big picture. Problem solutions become restricted to agency or individual authorities and are not always the best alternative. Thus, the planning field is overflowing with solutions to our every problem but many solutions offer spot control, and while the black spot is removed from the garment the white spot remaining from the solution offers little consolation to the wearer.
ARE RIVER BASINS THE BEST FRAMEWORK FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT?
Authors: Brown Leonard R.
Published: June 2007

The author cites many discrepancies in using river basins as a framework for water resources planning, development, and management. He suggests that a national planning framework, an urban region framework, or increased attention to regional externalities might be viable. However, basically the author is seeking to elicit suggestions and recommendations from the readers.
WATER QUALITY PREDICTION WITHIN AN INTERBASIN TRANSFER SYSTEM1
Authors: White W. A. , Tischler L. F. , Austin T. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A methodology for predicting the spatial and temporal levels of conservative water quality constituents within a multibasin water resource system is presented. Dissolved solids, sulfates, and chlorides are the constituents used during this investigation; however, any other conservative ion or mineral can be incorporated into the simulation model. The methodology is tested on the proposed Texas Water System.

The water quality model, QNET‐I, utilizes monthly canal and river flows and reservoir storage levels calculated by the Texas Water Development Board's systems simulation model. Discharge‐concentration relationships are developed for each source of water in the system, including significant waste‐water discharges. Reservoirs in the system are assumed to be completely mixed with respect to conservative constituents. A mass balance analysis is performed for each node and each month during the simulation period.

The output from the water quality simulation is a table of the concentrations of the conservative water quality constituents at each demand point in the system and in each reservoir and canal for every month the system is in operation. The desired quality of the water at the demand locations is used to determine the economic utility of transporting and mixing water from various sources.
AN APPLICATION OF NETWORK THEORY TO WATER MANAGEMENT IN POULTRY PROCESSING1
Authors: Ward Robert C. , Link David A. , Crosswhite William M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes a study employing a systems approach for analyzing one class of modifications within a poultry processing plant. The modifications considered were changes in water‐flow arrangements and process characteristics to reduce water intake of the plant and waste‐treatment costs. The object of the study was to develop a technique or techniques by which a combination of proposed modifications could be chosen to minimize water flow through the plant.

Existing and proposed flows were represented as a network, and linear programming was used to solve the minimum‐flow problem for the network. Application of the technique was made to an existing, typical plant in Durham, N.C. Results of the application showed fresh water intake could be reduced by 45% to 51%, and furthermore that annual returns of 62% to 494% could be obtained on investment in the optimum modification sets, as fresh water costs varying from 10 cents to $1.00 per 1000 gal.

Types of modifications of a poultry processing plant are classified by types, and the relative importance and effectiveness of each type are discussed.
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ON THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1
Authors: Jones O. R. , Schneider A. D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The effects of major water management practices on the pumping requirement from the Ogallala aquifer are discussed. Demand on the aquifer may be reduced as much as 15 percent by recycling irrigation runoff, 25 percent by recycling irrigation runoff and irrigating with water from playas, and 29 percent by recycling irrigation water in combination with irrigation from playas and artificial recharge of playa water to the aquifer. Other practices that can result in more efficient use of precipitation and groundwater are limited irrigation, land forming, soil profile modification, and improved irrigation systems, thereby reducing the pumping demand on the Ogallala. Additional water supplies can possibly be obtained by water harvesting, weather modification, and water importation. Conclusions reached were that the overdraft on the aquifer can be reduced by the application of sound water management practices on an area‐wide basis.
FORECASTING INDUSTRIAL WATER REQUIREMENTS IN MANUFACTURING1
Authors: Klimek John C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Procedures used to establish current and prospective manufacturing water withdrawals in a river basin are described. The needs study incorporated a computerized analysis of industrial requirements at basin, county and county subarea levels. Current usage in the universe of industries was examined preparatory to the determination of probable future withdrawals, to facilitate plan formulation with constraints involving large masses of data. In preparing the needs estimates, it was assumed that employment data on an establishment basis would provide a reasonably current, consistent and continuing basis for relating the water demands of an industry to the operating rate of its establishments, when changes in employment were related to the trend in output per employee, and intake per employee was related to water use technology by analysis of reuse, and use by function. The forecasting technique described employs a well‐defined data base, accounts for the major share of self‐supplied needs generally disregarded in per‐capita demand estimates, and differentiates between the “once‐through” and recycled components of initial withdrawal.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR EVALUATING THE CAPACITY OF WATERS FOR RECREATIONAL BOATING1
Authors: Ashton Peter G. , Chubb Michael
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The tremendous growth of participation in recreational boating has focused attention on the ability of surface waters to support different types of water‐based recreation under intensive use. An important factor in determining the capacity of recreational waters for boating is the satisfaction boaters derive from an area and its use. The recreational experiences of two groups of users as they were affected by levels of use were examined on three intensively used lakes in southeastern Michigan during the summer of 1969. The reactions toward levels of use were obtained from personal interviews with users at the access sites following participation and by self‐administered questionnaires distributed to shoreline property owner users. The level of use was recorded by aerial photography at hour intervals.

The dispersion of boats and area consumed by boats on the water surface areas over time were quantified and investigated individually and in combination for possible relationships describing the level of use. The satisfaction of users was defined in terms of an index calculated by dividing the number of unfavorable boater responses by the total number of responses for a given time and place. Definite mathematical relationships between levels of use and user satisfaction were established. Based on these relationships, a range of levels of satisfaction for various numbers and groupings of boaters was used to develop boating carrying capacity limits.
OPTIMIZING FLOOD CONTROL ALLOCATION FOR A MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIR1
Authors: Duren Fred K. , Beard Leo R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. In the last decade much research has been devoted to applying the systems analysis approach to water resources problems. A popular research goal has been determination of the “best” method of operating a multipurpose reservoir. The goal of this study was to derive the economically optimum flood control diagram for a multipurpose reservoir by systems analysis. The technique employed to optimize the flood control diagram was programmed so that the optimization process could be applied to other multipurpose reservoirs. Two computer programs developed at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Hydrologic Engineering Center were utilized with modifications to simulate the operation of Folsom Reservoir in central California. Economic analyses were incorporated along with an optimization technique into the reservoir operations program; and the resultant program was capable of routing a sequence of monthly reservoir inflows, computing benefits for various flood control diagrams (as dictated by the optimization procedure), and selecting the economically optimum flood control diagram. The univariate gradient technique was the optimization procedure employed. The two computer programs are on file at the Hydrologic Engineering Center in Davis, California.
SOCIAL‐PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO FORCED RELOCATION DUE TO WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Napier Ted L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Construction of water impoundment projects often necessitates relocation of numerous rural residents which can result in social disruption of established interaction patterns within affected groups. A research study was conducted within two communities in West Virginia and two communities in Ohio which had recently been subjected to watershed development. The objective of the research was to evaluate the social‐psychological response of local residents to the forced relocation and subsequent disruptive effects of the resettlement. The dependent variable used in the research was community alienation. The findings revealed that the affected community groups were not significantly different in terms of alienation from the non‐affected base groups. This finding suggests that forced relocation did not consistently lead to personal alienation from the changed community. It was noted, however, that negative attitudes were identifiable among the affected community members but the negative comments appeared to be directed toward the change agency and toward physical relocation rather than the community per se.
A PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPING ISOHYETS IN AN ARID AREA USING VEGETATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS1
Authors: Bamberg Samuel A. , Friesen Herbert N.
Published: June 2007

A technique is presented for developing an isohyet map for the Hualapai Valley, a closed hydrologic basin of about 315 square miles in the northwestern Great Basin in Nevada. In this basin there is practically no climatic data, and in the northwest Great Basin there are too few stations for determination of rainfall on a detailed basis.

Using a vegetational typing to represent a range in elevation and precipitation, an initial mean annual rainfall is determined for selected points on a grid pattern. This rainfall is then modified by using topographic parameters of slope, orientation, exposure, and rainfall shadow effect. The resulting point determinations of mean annual rainfall are then smoothed using a trend surface analysis, and an isohyetal map is drawn from the smoothed points. The technique provides an estimated accuracy of one inch of mean annual precipitation and one mile of resolution on isohyets.
MANGANESE IN LACUSTRINE ECOSYSTEMS: A REVIEW1
Authors: Kirchner W. B. , Grabowski S.
Published: June 2007

This paper serves as a literature review of manganese in fresh water. The major aspects of manganese occurrence discussed are: (1) sources, (2) geochemistry, (3) manganese‐iron relationships, (4) effects on the fauna and flora and (5) detection.
MULTIRESERVOIR ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER QUANTITY STUDIES1
Authors: Kerr J. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. This paper deals with the subject of applying different types of systems analysis tools to water quantity studies of multireservoir networks of increasing degrees of complexity. The object is to show how each tool can be used, modified and combined with other tools to solve specific problems and to indicate the degrees of complexity at which more sophisticated tools should be applied. Firstly, several applications and limitations of linear programming and dynamic programming are discussed. Secondly, it is shown that mass curve analysis is useful, can be extended to serve in computing reservoir rules for conventional multireservoir simulation models, and can be applied in conjunction with either historic or generated sequences of hydrologic input data. Thirdly, extended and limiting features of conventional time‐interval‐by‐time‐interval multireservoir simulation models are analyzed. And fourthly, a two‐model series for problems which defy analysis by more basic tools is described in detail, the first model using network analysis (Out‐of‐Kilter Algorithm) for all space and time arcs simultaneously and providing data for the second general‐purpose model using network analysis each time interval. The importance of efficient computer procedures is stressed. The background for the paper includes systems analysis of water availability and hydro‐thermal power studies carried out during the past six years in that part of Canada lying between the Great Lakes and the Rocky Mountain Divide.