bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extending Acrostic Poetry Into Content Learning: A Scaffolding Framework
Authors: Frye Elizabeth M. , Trathen Woodrow , Schlagal Bob
Published: March 2010

Acrostic poems make use of a keyword written vertically, where each line of the poem begins with a letter of the keyword. The structure of this formula poem combined with teacher modeling provides a scaffold for students, showing them how to think flexibly and develop ideas and choose interesting words. Moreover, encoding information in poetic form is a thought‐provoking way to capture and retain important content. This article describes an instructional framework for teachers to extend acrostic poetry into content areas.

يوجد نوع من القصائد تستخدم فيه كلمة مفتاح مكتوبة أفقياً بحيث كل بيت من القصيدة يبدأ بحرف الكلمة المفتاح. ويوفر جمع نظام هذه القصيدة مع تمثيل المعلم سقالة للطلاب يبين لهم كيف يفكرون بطريقة لينة مرونة ويطورون الأفكار ويختارون الكلمات المثيرة للانتباه. وفوق ذلك إن ترميز معلومات في قالب شعري هو طريقة لتثير الأفكار فيها من أجل الاستيلاء على مضمون المحتوى الهام والاحتفاظ به. لذا تشرح هذه المقالة إطاراً تعليمياً للمعلمين لتمديد هذا النوع من القصيدة إلى مجالات المحتوى.

离合诗使用垂直的英文字母写法把关键字词写出，使诗歌里每一行的首字母能组合成该关键字词。这样的公式化诗歌结构，结合教师的示范，能为学生提供一种支援，向他们展示如何灵活地思考、发展思路及选择有趣的关键字词。此外，把信息编码成诗歌形式，是一种捕捉及记忆重要内容的启发思考方法。本文描述一个教学框架，以便教师把离合诗写作延展到学科范畴的教学上。

Les poèmes acrostiches utilisent un mot clé écrit verticalement, où chaque ligne du poème commence par une lettre du mot clé. La structure de ce format de poésie associée à un modelage de la part de l'enseignant fournit un échafaudage aux élèves qui leur montre comment penser de façon souple, développer des idées et choisir des mots intéressants. En outre, encoder de l'information sous forme poétique est une façon intellectuellement provocante de capter et de mémoriser quelque chose d'important. Cet article présente un dispositif éducatif destiné aux enseignants en vue d'étendre la poésie acrostiche à différents domaines de connaissance.

Акростих – это стихотворение, где каждая строка начинается с определенной буквы, а вместе эти буквы составляют читаемое по вертикали ключевое слово. Учитель демонстрирует школьникам, как можно работать с этой стихотворной формой, благодатной для развития собственных идей и гибкости ума, а также для подбора интересных слов. Кроме того, чтобы облечь информацию в поэтическую форму необходимо глубоко вникнуть в содержание. В статье предложен метод применения акростихов в различных предметных областях.

En los poemas acrósticos, las letras iniciales de los versos forman un vocablo. La estructura de este formulario poético junto con demostraciones de la maestra crea una plataforma que les muestra a los estudiantes cómo pensar con flexibilidad, cómo desarrollar ideas y cómo usar palabras interesantes. Además, codificar información en un poema es una manera intelectualmente estimulante de capturar y recordar contenido importante. Este artículo describe un marco de instrucción para los maestros que quieran usar poemas acrósticos en áreas de contenido.
Elastic settlement of square footings on a two-layer deposit
Authors: Razouki S. S. , Al-Zubaidy D. A.
Published: March 2010

Two charts for elastic (immediate) settlement at the centerline of a flexible square footing on Burmister two-layer elastic system are presented in this paper. The charts are developed for different values of the modular ratio E1/E2 [where E1 refers to the modulus of elasticity of the first (top) layer and E2 corresponds to the second (bottom) layer] and relative layer thickness h/B (where h refers to the first layer's thickness and B to the side length of square footing ). The first chart is devoted to the case of a soft top layer on a stiffer bottom layer, while the second chart is for a stiff top layer over a softer bottom layer. The analytical solution for surface deflection was based on Burmister analysis and extended to the case of square footings. The paper reveals that the surface settlement at centerline decreases with increasing modular ratio for E1/E2 >1 and it increases with decreasing modular ratio for E1/E2 < 1 especially for the higher values of h/B.
Design and performance of a basement in Norwich, UK
Authors: Bowden A. , Lees A.
Published: March 2010

The design, construction and monitoring of a 12 m deep basement for the Chapelfield Shopping Centre, Norwich, UK are reviewed. The extent to which data and reports from similar nearby construction projects allowed cost savings and reduced risks, particularly regarding solution features in the chalk, has been assessed. By having robust engineering solutions and contingency measures agreed at the start of construction, geotechnical works for the project were completed without delays or significant additional costs. Back-analysis has shown a good fit between actual performance and that predicted using the soil parameters chosen. Using hindsight, an assessment is made of whether all potential benefits from the prior knowledge of the performance of similar excavations in the area were realised.
FRP strengthening of concrete road and rail bridges in the UK
Authors: Loudon N. , Bell B.
Published: March 2010

This paper discusses the uses of fibre-reinforced composites by the Highways Agency and Network Rail in the UK to strengthen concrete bridges. The advantages of fibre-reinforced composites are well known and have been established in the aerospace and marine industries. However, there are still reservations about the use of composites such as glass, aramid and carbon fibre in construction. They are light and easily handled materials and not subject to corrosion, and are therefore a low-maintenance and durable option for bridge decking and strengthening of structures. There are, however, some potential disadvantages when using composites and areas of uncertainty such as longer-term durability. Nevertheless, the Highways Agency and Network Rail have successfully undertaken a number of projects using composites to strengthen existing structures. There have been two main applications – column strengthening and deck strengthening, primarily for impact loading and bending.
Shear design of short-span beams
Authors: Sagaseta J. , Vollum R.L.
Published: March 2010

Eurocode 2 presents two alternative methods for accounting for arching action in beams. The simplest option is to reduce the component of shear force owing to loads applied within 2d of the support by the multiple av/2d (where av is the clear shear span and d is the effective depth). Eurocode 2 also allows short-span beams to be designed with the strut-and-tie method (STM), raising the question of which method to use. This paper presents a simple strut-and-tie model for short-span beams. The stress fields used in the STM are shown to be broadly consistent with those calculated with non-linear finite-element analysis. The STM is shown to give good predictions of shear strength, particularly when the concrete strength is calculated in accordance with the recommendations of Collins and Mitchell. The accuracy of the simplified design method in Eurocode 2 is shown to be highly dependent on the stirrup index. The paper also presents data from eight beams tested by the authors which show that aggregate fracture has little if any influence on the shear strength of short-span beams.
The effect of constituent materials on the time development of the compressive strength of high-strength concrete
Authors: Saje D. , Lopatič J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of the constituent materials of different types of high-strength concretes, and the other characteristics of concrete mix, on the development of compressive strength has been studied. The measured values of the compressive strengths of concretes made using different types of cement and types of aggregate, as well as w/c ratios (water/(Portland cement + addition) ratios) and amounts of silica fume, have been compared and analysed. This investigation was performed with the emphasis on the early stages of maturing of such concretes. The results of measurements of compressive strength are shown from the initiation of the hardening process up to an age of 360 days. In the case of concretes containing cement with a high specific surface area and a predominant amount of alite, as well as in the case of concretes containing no silica fume or only a small amount of it, compressive strength increased rapidly in the early stage of hardening, whereas later its rate of increase was, in the majority of cases, practically insignificant.
Highway maintenance on England's principal roads – best value?
Authors: Taylor J.
Published: March 2010

Local authorities are under pressure to deliver cost-effective, sustainable highway maintenance, which meets the needs of all road users. This paper investigates whether the best value performance indicator for principal roads in England is assisting in provision of ‘best value’ to all stakeholders. Most local authorities who took part in research carried out by the author are dissatisfied with their highway maintenance budget allocation. In addition, a significant proportion of authorities are prepared to carry out surface treatment (resurfacing) as opposed to deeper treatments (structural maintenance), even though this may result in roads being treated more frequently. The main recommendations from the study are that local authorities should carry out network condition surveys in accordance with current guidelines, to obtain the best possible information regarding the condition of their road network. Also, authorities should consider applying thinner treatments to their road networks to spread maintenance budgets ‘as far as possible’. It is, however, noted that such treatments will not be appropriate in all situations. Fewer annual changes to the indicator (BVPI 223 until financial year 2007/08) should also prove beneficial in terms of consistency of the annual values calculated.
Renewal of Buenos Aires city waterfront
Authors: Faggi A.
Published: March 2010

This paper reports an analysis of the main phases and factors relevant to the renovation of the coastal area of the city of Buenos Aires. Since the early 1980s, and especially with the country's comeback of democratic life, that area developed along two different paths. The renovation of the docks followed a top–down process carried out by private–public enterprises; it was a successful and lucrative real-state transformation in which contemporary design and aesthetics had precedence. The ecological restructuring of the river front was, however, the outcome of a bottom–up process that involved many actors with conflicting interests quarrelling during two decades. Thanks to the non-government organisation ‘Ciudad’, who enabled the involvement of otherwise excluded social groups and had ample communitarian support behind its initiatives; the renovation of the coastal strip was successful. The ideologies and policies that have shaped this effort over the years are also discussed in this report.
Sustainable spatial management: an integrated approach
Authors: Olazabal M. , Urzelai A. , García G. , Herranz-Pascual K. , Abajo B. , Feliú Efrén , Santa-Coloma O. , Aspuru I.
Published: March 2010

An integrated methodology has been designed to assist sustainable decision-making processes managed by spatial planners and developers in public authorities and the private sector. It emphasises public participation at early stages of spatial planning for the integration of sustainability criteria. It also acts as an integrated decision-support system for use at the plans and programmes approval stages to validate and complement strategic environmental assessment. A toolbox using state-of-the-art planning and geographic information system-based methods is complemented by five modules – conceptual models, system indicators, multi-criteria analysis, database management and geographic information system framework – which may be integrated in stakeholder participation tools throughout the implementation process. The approach therefore facilitates coherent responses to the following questions: What is the best way to design an integrated sustainable planning system? What is the best method to integrate sustainability criteria at early stages of planning? How can sustainability yardsticks successfully integrate environmental, social and economical aspects? Finally, how can stakeholder interest and participation in the planning process be stimulated? A scenario-based case-study of spatial planning in urban and peri-urban areas of Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital of the Basque autonomous region in Spain, is chosen to report on the system validation.
Briefing: Newlands brownfield regeneration, UK
Authors: Jones K.
Published: March 2010

In the early part of this decade, north-west England had one of the largest areas of brownfield land in the country. A legacy of the industrial revolution, these derelict, underused and neglected spaces, often in the heart of local communities, have affected regional image, impacted on community spirit, attracted anti-social behaviour and discouraged investment. Newlands is a £59 million regeneration programme that is regenerating around 900 ha of targeted brownfield land; it is improving landscapes, encouraging investment and effectively becoming a catalyst for change. Launched in 2003, Newlands is a partnership between the Forestry Commission (managing and delivering the programme) and the Northwest Regional Development Agency (funding the programme), working with a wider group of local partners. Newlands places sustainability and long-term planning at its core. It provides 20 years of investment for projects rather than shorter term ‘development only’ grants. It seeks to deliver high levels of community engagement, understanding and local ownership to enable longer term economic, social and environmental benefits to be achieved.
Charge carriers and charge‐transfer reactions in OLED devices studied by electron paramagnetic resonance*
Authors: Pawlik Thomas D. , Kondakov Denis Y. , Begley William J. , Young Ralph H.
Published: March 2010

Abstract— Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used as a quantitative method to measure charge carriers that are present in OLED devices under various bias conditions. Charge‐transfer reactions that occur at the cathode interface through the interaction of charge‐injection layers and charge‐transport layers were investigated.
Optical characterization and ergonomical factors of near‐to‐eye displays
Authors: Järvenpää Toni , Pölönen Monika
Published: March 2010

Abstract—Near‐to‐eye displays (NEDs) have unique optical properties requiring different characterization techniques compared to direct‐view display measurements. Here, a new version of a NED measurement system is introduced, and optical measurements of five commercially available consumer NED products are discussed. Luminance, focal distance, qualified viewing space, angular properties, and interocular differences are among the values. In addition, these results are compared to extensive subjective studies. The main intention is not to benchmark between the different products, but to show that display measurements are important for NEDs. According to the results, the determination of NED's characteristics helps to predict the subjective experiences, but the nature of the relation between subjective and objective findings is rather complex and depends on several NED‐, user‐, and task‐related features. Measured characteristics indicate that with a conventional biocular NED system approach of using two microdisplays and their enlarging optics, it is a design and a manufacturing challenge to build an ergonomically satisfactory NED device that fits everyone.
Quantum chemistry and QSPR study on relationship between crystal structure and emission wavelength of Eu2+‐doped phosphors
Authors: Onuma Hiroaki , Yamashita Itaru , Serizawa Kazumi , Tanno Hiroaki , Suzuki Ai , Tsuboi Hideyuki , Hatakeyama Nozomu , Endou Akira , Takaba Hiromitsu , Kubo Momoji , Kajiyama Hiroshi , Miyamoto Akira
Published: March 2010

Abstract— The relationship between crystal structures and emission properties has been computationally investigated for Eu2+‐doped phosphors. The electronic structure of the Eu2+‐doped BaMgAl10O17 phosphor was analyzed by using the quantum chemistry method. The different effects of O and Ba atoms on the Eu 5d states were determined. The presence of O and Ba atoms increases and decreases the energy level of the Eu 5d orbital by forming anti‐bonding and bonding interactions, respectively. According to the electronic‐structure analysis, the structure index that represents the local geometrical information of the Eu atom was defined. The relationship between the crystal structures and the emission wavelengths of the 1 6 Eu2+‐doped oxide phosphors were studied by using the quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR). The QSPR model suggested that the both O and alkaline‐earth atoms around the Eu atom are of importance in the determination of the emission wavelength. The interaction between the Eu and the nearest O atoms make the Eu2+ emission wavelength short. On the other hand, the interaction from the alkaline‐earth atoms around the Eu atom lengthens the Eu2+emission wavelength. This evaluation method is useful in selecting the host material that indicates a desirable emission wavelength of the Eu2+‐doped phosphors.
Transmissive electrowetting‐based displays for portable multimedia devices
Authors: Giraldo Andrea , Aubert Jo , Bergeron Nicolas , Derckx Eric , Feenstra B. Johan , Massard Romaric , Mans Jurrien , Slack Anthony , Vermeulen Paul
Published: March 2010

Abstract— Electrowetting‐based displays have been successfully demonstrated in reflective mode, showing video capability and high optical performance. However, because this technology is based on a high‐efficiency optical switch operating between a light‐absorbing state and a light‐transmitting state, the technology lends itself naturally to a transmissive mode enabling a complete range of applications. This paper describes the first active‐matrix full‐color transmissive electrowetting displays including its main technical and system aspects. Two architectures have been demonstrated: one uses color filters, the other field‐sequential‐color illumination. The paper also introduces alternative concepts for more efficient color transmissive electrowetting displays with multiple absorbing layers.
Early behavioral development of a free-ranging howler monkey infant (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in southern Brazil
Authors: Podgaiski Luciana Regina , Jardim Márcia Maria Assis
Published: March 2010

No abstract
Hunting strategy of the margay (Leopardos wiedii) to attract the wild pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor)
Authors: Calleia Fabiano Oliveira , Rohe Fabio , Gordo Marcelo
Published: March 2010

No abstract
Peruvian red uakari monkeys (Cacajao calvus ucayalii) in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve – a range extension across a major river barrier
Authors: Bowler Mark , Murrieta Javier Noriega , Recharte Maribel , Puertas Pablo , Bodmer Richard
Published: March 2010

No abstract
Comunicación vocal de un grupo de tití gris (Saguinus leucopus) en Mariquita, Colombia
Authors: Rueda Luz Helena , Ordóñez Enrique Zerda
Published: March 2010

No abstract
Acute toxicity of birch tar oil on aquatic organisms
Authors: HAGNER M. , PENTTINEN O-P. , PASANEN T.
Published: March 2010

Birch tar oil (BTO) is a by-product of processing birch wood in a pyrolysis system. Accumulating evidence suggests the suitability of BTO as a biocide or repellent in terrestrial environments for the control of weeds, insects, molluscs and rodents. Once applied as biocide, BTO may end up, either through run-off or leaching, in aquatic systems and may have adverse effects on non-target organisms. As very little is known about the toxicity of BTO to aquatic organisms, the present study investigated acute toxicity (LC50/EC50) of BTO for eight aquatic organisms. Bioassays with the Asellus aquaticus (crustacean), Lumbriculus variegatus (oligochaeta worm), Daphnia magna (crustacean), Lymnea sp. (mollusc), Lemna minor (vascular plant), Danio rerio (fish), Scenedesmus gracilis (algae), and Vibrio fischeri (bacterium) were performed according to ISO, OECD or USEPA-guidelines. The results indicated that BTO was practically nontoxic to most aquatic organisms as the median effective BTO concentrations against most organisms were >150 mg L-1. In conclusion, our toxicity tests showed that aquatic organisms are to some extent, invariably sensitive to birch tar oil, but suggest that BTO does not pose a severe hazard to aquatic biota. We deduce that, unless BTOs are not applied in the immediate vicinity of water bodies, no special precaution is required.;
The irrelevance of stated plans in predicting farm successions in Finland
Authors: VÄRE M. , PIETOLA K. , WEISS C.R.
Published: March 2010

This study estimates the value of farmers stated succession plans in predicting revealed succession decisions. The stated succession plan exists when a farmer answers in a survey questionnaire that the farm is going to be transferred to a new entrant within a five year period. The succession is revealed when the farm is transferred to a successor. The stated and revealed behaviour is estimated as a recursive Binomial-Probit- Model, which accounts for censoring of the decision variables and controls for a potential correlation between the estimating equations. The results suggest that the succession plans, as stated by elderly farmers in the questionnaires, do not provide information that is significant and valuable in predicting the true, revealed successions, once certain farm and farmer characteristics are controlled for.;
Birch tar oil is an effective mollusc repellent: field and laboratory experiments using Arianta arbustorum (Gastropoda: Helicidae) and Arion lusitanicus (Gastropoda: Arionidae)
Authors: LINDQVIST I. , LINDQVIST B. , TIILIKKALA K.
Published: March 2010

Populations of two molluscs, the land snail Arianta arbustorum and the Iberian slug Arion lusitanicus, have increased substantially in many places in the northern Fennoscandia in recent years. This has resulted in considerable aesthetic and economic damage to plants in home gardens and commercial nurseries. Birch tar oil (BTO), is a new biological plant protection product, and was tested against these molluscs. In this study we examined whether 2 types of BTO, used either alone, mixed together, or mixed with Vaseline®, could be applied as 1) a biological plant protection product for the control of land snails by direct topical spray application, 2) as a repellent against snails when painted on a Perspex® fence, and 3) as a repellent against slugs when smeared on pots containing Brassica pekinensis seedlings. Both the fences and the pots with seedlings were placed in each field with a high population of the target organism. When applied as a spray on snails, BTO did not act as a toxic pesticide but rendered the snails inactive for a period of several months. The BTO barriers were effective in repelling both snails and slugs. However, the repellent effect of BTO alone against the molluscs was short-term. Repeated treatments were required to keep the slugs away from the plants and we found that the interval between treatments should not exceed two weeks. A collar fastened around the rim of the pots, combined with the BTO treatment, did not give any additional benefit in hindering slugs from invading the plants. Most noticeably, the BTO+Vaseline® mixture prevented the land snails from passing over the treated fences for up to several months. The results of these experiments provide evidence that BTO, especially when mixed with Vaseline®, serves as an excellent long-term repellent against molluscs.;
Efficacy of fungicide tebuconazole in barley varieties with different resistance level
Authors: SOOVÄLI P. , KOPPEL M.
Published: March 2010

Efficacy of the fungicide tebuconazole was tested in 2 treatment regimes in 3 spring barley varieties over three years (20032005). The impact of the fungicide on the control of major barley pathogens Pyrenophora teres and Cochliobolus sativus, as well as kernel yield was studied in the course of field trials. The fungicide treatments had a strong impact on the control of infection of P. teres and increased kernel yield in variable disease infection conditions. For the more resistant genotype, fungicide application had relatively low returns because of the much higher level of biological resistance and small disease-related yield reductions. For the susceptible genotype, severe disease infection caused bigger yield reduction, not compensated by the use of fungicides. Use of fungicide demonstrated the highest economic return in the case of the moderately susceptible barley variety.;
Signaling and Indeterminacy of Equilibria in Unsecured Credit and Insurance Markets
Authors: Mishra Shreemoy
Published: March 2010

I study strategic behavior under credit-based insurance.' It is assumed that higher consumer credit scores are associated with lower risk for insurable losses. Even when default is costless, some borrowers repay loans as a signal of low risk-type to insurers. There are multiple equilibria and equilibrium refinement techniques have no bite. The equilibrium amount of debt is indeterminate. For low credit scores, equilibrium involves randomization between default and repayment. This can explain the hockey-stick' shape of interest rates observed in several markets. Perfect information about consumer risk-type can lead to credit-market failure and lower welfare.
Endogenous Two-Sided Markets with Repeated Transactions
Authors: Polanski Arnold , Winter Eyal
Published: March 2010

We consider homogeneous two-sided markets, in which connected buyer-seller pairs bargain and trade repeatedly. In this infinite market game with exogenous matching probabilities and a common discount factor, we prove the existence of equilibria in stationary strategies. The equilibrium payoffs are given implicitly as a solution to a system of linear equations. Then, we endogenize the matching mechanism in a link formation stage that precedes the market game. When agents are sufficiently patient and link costs are low, we provide an algorithm to construct minimally connected networks that are pairwise stable with respect to the expected payoffs in the trading stage. The constructed networks are essentially efficient and consist of components with a constant buyer-seller ratio. The latter ratio increases (decreases) for a buyer (seller) that deletes one of her links in a pairwise stable component.
The Impact of Internal Controls and Penalties on Fraud
Authors: Barra Roberta Ann
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT: Little prior research exists on the parameters of internal control activities. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX 2002) makes identifying the properties of these parameters under various conditions important. In this paper, an analytical/reliability engineering methodology is used to investigate the relative impact of penalties versus other types of internal controls on managerial and non-managerial employees’ propensity to commit fraud. Ceteris paribus, increasing required effort with internal controls and/or increasing employee penalties, increases the minimum amount stolen when a fraud incident occurs; that is, more net assets will be taken per fraud incident with controls than without controls. The findings show that the firm’s least-cost scenario with managerial employees is to enforce maximum penalties. The firm’s least-cost scenario with non-managerial employees is to utilize alternative internal controls while imposing minimum penalties. Further, the effectiveness of separation of duties is dependent on the detective controls in the internal control system.
How Do Investors Value IT? An Empirical Investigation of the Value Relevance of IT Capability and IT Spending Across Industries
Authors: Muhanna Waleed A. , Stoel M. Dale
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT: Drawing on the resource-based theory of the firm and using Ohlson’s (1995) residual income valuation framework, this paper investigates the relationships between IT capability and IT spending, and market value. We also assess whether these relationships differ based on the industry type (i.e., high-tech). Using publicly available ratings, and after controlling for firm-specific determinants as well as industry fixed-effects, we find that IT capability is value relevant (i.e., the stock market values of firms with superior IT capability are both economically and statistically higher than the values of a control sample), whereas the level of IT spending did not explain variation in market values. The results are shown to hold using two unique archival data sets representing the immediate pre-Internet (1992–1994) and the post-Internet commercialization (1999–2006) eras and are remarkably robust to variations in the control sample, sampling method, and model specifications. Consistent with these results, we also find that IT capability is associated with actual future earnings. Additionally, we find that IT capability is more value relevant for firms in high-tech industries in the post-Internet period. Overall, our analysis suggests that, on average, investors reward firms with superior IT capabilities through higher market values, consistent with the notion that IT capability contributes to the firm’s future prospects (the size and risk associated with the firm’s future income stream), and that market performance differential from IT rests less on IT spending, per se, and more on the firm’s IT capability. The implications of these findings for practice and research are discussed.
The Impact of Alternative Telework Arrangements on Organizational Commitment: Insights from a Longitudinal Field Experiment (Retracted)
Authors: Hunton James E. , Norman Carolyn Strand
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT: While the structure of telecommuting, or telework, varies across companies, most arrangements offer employees the option to perform their work responsibilities from various locations. A number of factors provide a compelling case for employers to consider such arrangements for their employees, such as motivating better performance and fostering commitment to the organization. Using data that were collected during the longitudinal experiment reported in Hunton (2005), the present study seeks to better understand how organizations might achieve these goals by examining the impact of alternative telework arrangements on the organizational commitment of employees and by evaluating the relationships among telework arrangements, organizational commitment, and task performance. Participants in three of the telework conditions exhibited significant increases in affective, continuance, and normative commitment, relative to a control group; however, in one of the telework conditions (working exclusively at home), organizational commitment was equivalent to the control group. While we postulated that participants with higher numbers of work location alternatives would exhibit greater increases across all three dimensions of organizational commitment, this expectation was only marginally supported. Finally, we report a positive association between organizational commitment and task performance across the treatment conditions and find that organizational commitment mediates the relationship between the telework arrangements and task performance.
Access to Physical Therapy Services Among Medically Underserved Adults: A Mixed-Method Study
Authors: McCallum Christine A.
Published: March 2010

Background and Objectives

This mixed-method case study examined access issues related to physical therapy services among medically underserved adults within an Ohio community.

Design

Three community health care clinics served as the units of analysis.

Methods

Eleven health care providers and 110 patients participated in the study, and documents from local, state, and national resources were reviewed.

Results

Results revealed that structural, utilization of care, and outcome barriers existed. A lack of accessible physical therapy providers for medically underserved adults and a lack of standardized screening or assessment processes to identify physical mobility problems among people with chronic health conditions were found. Inadequate knowledge about the full scope of physical therapist practice existed, which may impede access to those individuals most in need of services.

Conclusions

Opportunities are present for physical therapist involvement in screening, wellness and prevention, consultation, education, and program development among medically underserved adults. However, challenges exist due to a lack of human and financial resources and the current structure of our health care system, which focuses on acute and chronic care rather than prevention.
College Diversity Experiences and Cognitive Development: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bowman Nicholas A.
Published: March 2010

In light of rapid demographic shifts and legal challenges to affirmative action in the United States, the issue of diversity on college campuses is of increasing importance. Most syntheses of research on diversity interactions and educational outcomes have focused on attitude change, such as reductions in prejudice or racial bias. Despite the presence of numerous studies on college diversity experiences and cognitive development, no research has systematically reviewed the literature on this topic. The current study uses meta-analysis to examine this relationship systematically. The findings suggest that several types of diversity experiences are positively related to several cognitive outcomes, but the magnitude of the effect varies substantially depending on the type of diversity experience, the type of cognitive outcome, and the study design. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Effects of Full-Day Kindergarten on Academic Achievement and Social Development
Authors: Cooper Harris , Allen Ashley Batts , Patall Erika A. , Dent Amy L.
Published: March 2010

A meta-analysis found that attending full-day (or all-day) kindergarten had a positive association with academic achievement (compared to half-day kindergarten) equal to about one quarter standard deviation at the end of the kindergarten year. But the association disappeared by third grade. Reasons for this fade-out are discussed. Social development measures revealed mixed results. Evidence regarding child independence was inconclusive. Evidence was suggestive of a small positive association between full-day kindergarten and attendance and a more substantial positive association with the child’s self-confidence and ability to work and play with others. However, children may not have as positive an attitude toward school in full-day versus half-day kindergarten and may experience more behavior problems. In general, the research on full-day kindergarten would benefit from future studies that allow strong causal inferences and that include more nonacademic outcomes. The authors suggest that full-day kindergarten should be available to all children but not necessarily universally prescribed.
Histopathology indicates lymphatic spread of a pelvic retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy removed by robot‐assisted laparoscopy with temporary occlusion of the blood supply
Authors: PERSSON JAN , REYNISSON PETUR , MÅSBÄCK ANNA , EPSTEIN ELISABETH , SALDEEN PIA
Published: March 2010

Retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancies are extremely rare and a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge as an early diagnosis is difficult and all treatments entail a risk for severe bleeding. We present a case of a live completely retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy in the right obturator fossa. Following 3D color Doppler vaginal ultrasonography to evaluate the relation to larger blood vessels the pregnancy was completely removed by robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery. The hypogastric artery was temporarily occluded by removable vessel clips. Time for surgery was 126 minutes, no bleeding occurred. The postoperative course was uneventful and s‐βhCG normalized in five weeks. Histopathology of the intact specimen showed trophoblast surrounded by lymphatic tissue. We believe robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery is a feasible and safe technique for surgery of retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancies with similar or other locations allowing occlusion of the main supplying artery. Lymphatic spread may explain retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancies.
The Effect of an Ossicle of the Lateral Malleolus on Ligament Reconstruction of Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Kim Bom Soo , Choi Woo Jin , Kim Yong Sang , Lee Jin Woo
Published: March 2010

Background: Ossicles at the tip of the lateral malleolus are frequently found in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). However, the relationship between the presence or the size of an ossicle and the outcome of ligament reconstruction is poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an ossicle at the tip of the lateral malleolus on ligament reconstruction in CLAI. Materials and Methods: Seventy-four ankles with chronic lateral instability that received lateral ligament reconstruction using a modified Broström technique between January 2001 and March 2007 were included. The mean followup was 47 (range, 25 to 89) months. Ankles were divided into 2 groups: the ossicle group (26 ankles, 35.1%) and the non-ossicle group (48 ankles, 64.9%). Then, depending on the size, the ossicle group was subdivided into small (less than 10 mm, 14 ankles) and large ossicles (greater than 10 mm, 12 ankles). Pre- and postoperative Karlsson-Peterson ankle scores and findings on stress radiographs were compared between the groups. Results: Both the ossicle and non-ossicle groups improved significantly on stress radiographs without difference between the groups. Karlsson-Peterson ankle scores showed functional improvement in each group, however, the mean score at last followup was significantly lower in the ossicle group ( p = 0.01). The prevalence of an osteochondral lesion of the talus was significantly higher in the ossicle group ( p = 0.046). In ankles with large ossicles, varus stability was achieved but anterior displacement of the talus was not improved after ligament reconstruction. Conclusion: The surgeon should be aware of the inferior functional outcome in ankles with ossicles. Also, when the ossicle is large, excision and modified Broström technique may not be suitable to achieve mechanical anteroposterior stability. Therefore, fusing the ossicle to the fibular tip or using other methods of ligament reconstruction can be considered when performing ligament reconstruction in CLAI with associated large ossicles.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
Chronic Ankle Pain Secondary to Talus Partitus: Two Case Reports
Authors: Eichenbaum Matthew D. , Austin Luke S. , Raikin Steven M.
Published: March 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
The Catapult Technique for Arthrodesis and Nonunion Treatment in the Hind- and Midfoot
Authors: Marti René K. , Verheyen Cees C.P.M.
Published: March 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Surgical Strategies: Lateral Ligament Reconstruction as Part of the Management of Varus Ankle Deformity with Ankle Replacement
Authors: Coetzee J. Chris
Published: March 2010

Improved designs and surgical technique has led to much better mid-term and longer term outcomes than the first generation ankle replacements of the 1970's. However, there remains multiple recent papers discussing the many potential complications with total ankle replacement surgery. As we proceed into the future, one should be cognizant of the pitfalls and know how to deal with the difficult ankles, especially varus and valgus deformities. There should also be a clear understanding that the greater the varus or valgus, the more challenging the procedure, and the less predictable the outcome of a total ankle replacement.
From the Bonn to the Berlin Republic: The Twentieth Anniversary of German Unification: Introduction
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey
Published: March 2010

‘Tis the season of anniversaries in Germany. 2009 unfolded like a hit

parade of history. March ushered in the sixtieth anniversary of the founding

of the Federal Republic and May witnessed the sixtieth anniversary of

the end of the Berlin Blockade. After a summer lull, the seventieth

anniversary of Nazi Germany’s invasion of Poland fell on 1 September

and in October, the twentieth anniversary of the first Monday demonstration

in Leipzig took place. Finally, the month of November offered up a

major date—the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall—and a

lesser one, suited more for the political connoisseur: the fortieth anniversary

of the Social Democratic Party’s (SPD) ratification of the Godesberger

Program. 2010, of course, culminates in October with the twentieth

anniversary of unification.
The Federal Republic at Sixty: Popular Myths, Actual Accomplishments and Competing Interpretations
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: March 2010

Perhaps two generations after the modest beginning, the FRG's successes and failures have become amenable to a more balanced evaluation. From the vantage point of the "Berlin Republic," the key question has shifted from whether the second German democracy would survive at all, to the reasons for its relatively positive course and to the extent of its lingering problems. This chapter first delves into the emergence of popular myths that characterized the Federal Republic's difficult search for identity. Secondly, it takes a look at some of the West's actual accomplishments in problem-solving, because such a comparison helps explain the eventual collapse of the East. Finally, it scrutinizes several of the competing explanations so as to reveal their political agendas and discuss their analytical limitations. Instead of presenting a simple success story, this reflection therefore strives for a critical appreciation. The paper concludes that at sixty, the FRG has entered a comfortable middle age, leaving be hind some of its earlier drama, but exuding a sense of competent normalcy. The mythical challenges of postwar reconstruction and recovery of international respectability have receded, followed instead by everyday concerns that are much less exhilarating. There are still plenty of problems, ranging from an aging population to a lack of full-day childcare, but they are shared by other advanced industrial societies. Moreover, after a century of first arrogant and then dejected difference, the German Sonderweg has finally come to an end. As a result of the meltdown of the Anglo-American version of unrestrained capitalism, the German model of a socially responsive market economy has even regained some of its prior luster. Hence, the postwar record of cautious incrementalism inspires some confidence that the Germans will also manage to meet the unforeseen political and economic challenges of the future.
The Mastered Past? Collective Memory Trends in Germany since Unification
Authors: Langenbacher Eric
Published: March 2010

The Federal Republic of Germany—both before and after 1989—has been influenced deeply by collective memories of the Nazi period and the Holocaust, a seemingly "unmasterable past." In a first phase after unification, memory trends, which had their origin in the mid 1980s, continued, but a second period, beginning around the 1999 move of the capital back to Berlin, however, witnessed the erosion of this older trend and the delayed rise of new memory dynamics. Substantively, there have been three vectors of memory concerning Nazi crimes, German suffering, and the period of division, especially regarding the German Democratic Republic. In this article, I outline the major collective memory dynamics and debates, first from a qualitative and then from a more quantitative perspective where I analyze the holdings of the German National Library. I conclude that an intense period of memory work characterized the postunification years, but the peak of concern was reached several years ago and the German future will be much less beholden to the past. Given inevitable normalizing trends and the unintended consequences of the hegemony of Holocaust memory, Germany's difficult historical legacy increasingly appears to be disappearing or even mastered.
Passing Time Since the Wende: Recent German Film on Unification
Authors: Prager Brad
Published: March 2010

This article addresses how recent German films depict unification, placing special emphasis on the question of cinematic time. In contrast with Germany's most internationally successful films about the East German past—including Das Versprechen (1994), which emerged in the un-reflected moments not long after the fall of the Wall, Das Leben der Anderen (2006), which portrayed daily life under the shadow of the Stasi, and even Good Bye, Lenin! (2003), which depicted the period immediately following the fall of the Wall—and with the intention of identifying an alternative mode of depicting the GDR past, this paper explores a post Wende cinema of disillusionment. It examines: the revaluation of the time of unification itself in Oskar Roehler's Die Unberührbare (1999); the time of demission subsequent to unification as portrayed in Robert Thalheim's Netto (2004); and, the forsaken time of the postunification present as depicted in Christian Petzold's Yella (2007). The article provides an overview of this cinematic tendency, and comments specifically on how these three films represent the difference between the passage of historical time and its subjective experience.
Gender Politics in the Berlin Republic: Four Issues of Identity and Institutional Change
Authors: Ferree Myra Marx
Published: March 2010

This article traces four contested identity claims that carry gender meanings into politics and express the gendered tensions awakened along specific dimensions of institutional change across the past twenty years. The cultural definition of the German nation in the face of immigration, the integration of the German state in a transnational project of making a single Europe, the economic restructuring of unification and its effects on the resources and opportunities available on each side of the former wall, and political changes in the representation of women in state offices, by parties and in national policy-making all reflect continuing struggles over the institutionalized boundaries of inclusion and exclusion as a nation, an imagined community. All of these processes engage passionate feelings about gender relations and have implications for the ordinary lives of women and men as citizens and family members in the new Berlin Republic.
Identification of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor (IGF-IR) Gene Promoter-Binding Proteins in Estrogen Receptor (ER)-Positive and ER-Depleted Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Sarfstein Rive , Belfiore Antonino , Werner Haim
Published: March 2010

The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) has been implicated in the etiology of breast cancer. Overexpression of the IGF-IR gene is a typical feature of most primary breast cancers, whereas low IGF-IR levels are seen at advanced stages. Hence, evaluation of IGF-IR levels might be important for assessing prognosis. In the present study, we employed a proteomic approach based on DNA affinity chromatography followed either by mass spectroscopy (MS) or Western blot analysis to identify transcription factors that may associate with the IGF-IR promoter in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-depleted breast cancer cells. A biotinylated IGF-IR promoter fragment was bound to streptavidin magnetic beads and incubated with nuclear extracts of breast cancer cells. IGF-IR promoter-binding proteins were eluted with high salt and analyzed by MS and Western blots. Among the proteins that were found to bind to the IGF-IR promoter we identified zinc finger transcription factors Sp1 and KLF6, ER-, p53, c-jun, and poly (ADP-ribosylation) polymerase. Furthermore, chromatin immune-precipitation (ChIP) analysis confirmed the direct in vivo binding of some of these transcription factors to IGF-IR promoter DNA. The functional relevance of binding data was assessed by cotransfection experiments with specific expression vectors along with an IGF-IR promoter reporter. In summary, we identified nuclear proteins that are potentially responsible for the differential expression of the IGF-IR gene in ER-positive and ER-depleted breast cancer cells.