bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographic and Clinical Profile of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Munde Anita , Nayak Pooja , Mishra Sunil , Karle Ravindra , Farooqui Anjum , Sawade Ruchira , Deshpande Anuja
Published: December 2021

Aims: Assessment of risk factors and the role of habit variables such as duration and frequency in the severity of OSMF and to ascertain the association of gender predilection for different habits and severity of OSMF.

Study Design: Descriptive retrospective study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rural Dental College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), Loni Bk. between January 2012 and December 2019.

Methodology: This descriptive retrospective study of 1790 OSMF patients was carried out at the tertiary level dental hospital in the rural population of Western Maharashtra. The clinicodemographic data including details of habits was collected for a period of 8 years.

Results: The average age of the patient in the study was 32.8 years, with 16.5:1 M:F ratio. Significantly higher proportions of females (69.6%) were illiterate and belonged to low socioeconomic status.There was a statistically significant increase for areca nut chewing (OR=0.135(0.054-0.342), P < 0.0001), gutkha chewing (OR=22.32(10.421-47.817), P < 0.0001),

tobacco chewing (OR= 0.111(0.04-0.308), p<0.0001), smoking habits (OR=30.791(7.472-126.89), P < 0.0001) and alcohol (OR=12.692(3.077-52.347, p < 0.0001) in males when compared with females.The maximum patients were seen in stage II (37%) and stage III (34%), followed by stage I (18.73%) and stage IV (10.3%) and the severity of OSMF was more in subjects who had the habits for longer duration.

Conclusion: There was a definite gender predilection for various habits and their variables (frequency, duration), educational and socioeconomic status, clinical features and disease severity. Significant correlation was also found between habit variables (duration, frequency) and severity of the disease.
Embolic Cerebral Infarction in Atrial Fibrillation: A Simple Review Article
Authors: Mohamed Ibrahim Ramdan , Albulayhid Saqer Bulayhid H. , Alrayes Fahad Hammad F. , Alrwaili Ahmad Saleh A. , Aldakhil Abdulrahman Rabia A. , Alotaibi Abeer Bakheet , Alrubayyi Sultan Faisal W.
Published: December 2021

Stroke is known worldwide as the leading cause of premature death and disability. Developing countries are  most  exposed to the dual burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases. Poor people are increasingly affected by stroke due to changing  risk factors in the population and, most tragically, not being able to afford the high costs of stroke treatment. Despite significant improvements in primary prevention and acute care over the last few decades, stroke remains a catastrophic illness. Unchangeable risk factors for stroke are some established and changeable risk factors for age, gender, race, ethnicity, heredity, and  ischemic stroke.
Exploring Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Towards Vitamin D among Arts and Commerce Students in Vistas Chennai
Authors: Rao M. Varaprasanna , Alam Mashhud
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Vitamin D is an essential nutrient and a group of fat-soluble pro-hormones with multiple functions in the body including bone health, regulation of serum calcium and phosphate levels, as well as roles in immune function, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The two major biologically inert precursors of vitamin D are vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Vitamin D3 is also formed when the skin is exposed to solar ultraviolet B and then converted to pre-vitamin D3 (Sunshine Vitamin). The severe vitamin D deficiency in adults and children’s causes softening of bones, muscle weakness and fractures.

Aim: The aim of the study is to explore knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Vitamin D among Arts & Commerce students in Vels University Chennai.

Methods and Materials: The study was a prospective cross-sectional, carried out in the department of arts and commerce students in VISTAS Chennai. The questionnaire then underwent a series of validation process that included content, face validity and exploratory part. Item response theory (IRT) analysis was utilized for the validation of the knowledge domain. Exploratory factor Analysis (EFA) used for attitude and practice validation. Institutional Ethical Committee (VISTAS-SPS/IEC/VI/2020/05) approval was obtained before conducting the study. Self-online questionnaires link was sent via mail after registration. The questionnaire was divided based on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice with 5 questions each. Completed questionnaires were reviewed, entered into a database (SPSS) and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results and Discussion: In our study, a total of 362 students were included where majority were males from first year commerce department around 18 to 19 years of age. Majority of the students had knowledge on vitamin D, attitude towards every day sun exposure and practice of using sun screens.

Conclusion: Our study concluded that the students’ knowledge on vitamin D is good. There was an inconsistent practices towards managing its deficiency. Despite widespread, concern about vitamin D, still attitude and practice towards Vitamin D is yet to known for young generations.
Evaluation of a Potential Association between Head Lice (Pediculus capitis) Infestation and Anemia among Female Primary School Students in Holy Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mohamed Khalil , Ali Amir Elmubarek , Gafer Mohand , Alsulami Muslimah , Albar Halah Tariq , Abdel-Fattaha Mohamed
Published: December 2021

Aims: This study aimed to determine if there was an association between head lice infestation and anemia among female primary schools students.

Study Design: Case-control study.

Place and Duration of Study: Holy Makkah, Saudi Arabia between August 2020 and November 2020.

Methodology: We conducted a case-control study by comparing hemoglobin levels among study subjects with and without head lice infestation. Female students at 6 randomly selected primary schools were examined for the presence of head lice. Hemoglobin levels were obtained from each study subject; both those with and without head lice. Selected characteristics of study subjects were recorded and examined to determine associations between those factors and              anemia.

Results: A total of 82 subjects were included in the study; 44 subjects with head lice. The average (± standard deviation) age of subjects was 11 (± 2) (range: 6-11) years. We found a significant (p<0.028) association between the presence of head lice and hemoglobin level, the OR= 2.036 at 95% confidence interval 0.23 to 18.009. The mean of hemoglobin in subjects with lice was 13(±2) while the level in subjects without lice was 14.8(±2). Other factors significantly associated with the level of hemoglobin were being aged 10-11 years (p<0.05) and having a non-working mother (p<0.05).

Conclusion: In our study we found a significant association between head lice and level of hemoglobin among study subjects. Further studies are needed to determine the reason of this association in order to determine the appropriate management and prevention of this problem.
Etiology, Assessment and Management of WDHA (Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, and Achlorhydria) and VIPoma
Authors: Hussein Mohammed Salah , Shaqaqiq RIdha A. Bdulmohsen Al , Aldhuaina Khaled Mubarak , Al-qattan Azhar Abdullah , Qaysi Salwah Mohammed , Almutairi Abdulrahman Mubarak , Bensgayan Turki Bjad , Essa Nada Essa Al , Albaqami Fahad Mohammed , ALDoohan Fawaz Abduljabbar , Aljohani Afnan Abdullah Obeed , Alobaywi Yousef Naif
Published: December 2021

The syndrome of watery diarrhoea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria (WDHA syndrome) is an uncommon disorder marked by severe, watery diarrhoea caused by non–beta pancreatic islet cell oversecretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The onset of the disease is gradual, and diagnosis is often months or years later. Long-term dehydration, electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities, and chronic renal failure are all linked to morbidity. Pancreatic endocrine tumours are extremely rare, with less than 10 incidences per million people. VIPomas are uncommon tumours that affect between 0.05 and 2.0 percent of people. The most prevalent symptom is diarrhoea, which affects at least 89 percent of patients. VIPoma is treated with a combination of medicine and surgery The goal of first medical treatment is to reduce symptoms and restore fluids and electrolytes as quickly as possible
Quality of Life and Patient Satisfaction after Endodontic Treatment Performed in Three Hospitals in Jeddah, kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hassan Ragab Eid Saif , Alhamid Abdulrahman waseem hamid , Abdullah Alshuaybi Abdullah Abdlilwahid , Hamadallah Abdulaziz Osama Asaad
Published: December 2021

Aims: To evaluate the quality of life of patients after endodontic treatment, and their satisfaction toward the endodontic treatment in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Methodology: A cross sectional study, was conducted on 300 patients who underwent endodontic treatment from 6 months to a week ago. The study was performed using a self-administered questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using statistical analysis software SPSS v.26.

Results: In the OHRQoL items, the total degree of the oral health-related quality of life assessment was medium with (M = 2.72 out of 5, RII = 54.4%, SD = 0.67), the most affected was "Feeling an excruciating pain in the mouth" with (M = 3.37 out of 5, RII = 67.4%, SD = 0.77), while the least was  " Feeling irritable with others because of the teeth or mouth" with (M = 2.32 out of 5, RII = 46.4%, SD = 1.35). The total degree of the personal satisfaction assessment was high with (M = 3.78 out of 5, RII = 75.6%, SD = 0.67). "Postoperative Pleasantness" was the most satisfied part with (M = 3.86 out of 5, RII = 77.3%, SD = 0.87).

Conclusion: This study showed a moderate level of OHRQoL among patients after the endodontic treatment, and a high level of satisfaction among patients toward the endodontic treatment.
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Adolescent School Children of Manipur, India
Authors: Amarnath L. S. , Singh Loushambam Samananda , Devi Ksh. Gomti , Ranjit R. K.
Published: December 2021

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), one of the most common types of nutritional anemia worldwide is considered a major public health problem in developing countries. Prevalence in India remains alarmingly high. Population of Manipur, a small state in the north-eastern part of India, is different with distinct race, culture, socio-demographic pattern and dietary habits. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of IDA among apparently healthy school children of Manipur, India.

Methods: Three hundred and seventy-nine blood samples (163 males and 216 females) were collected randomly from urban and rural school children in the age group of 13 to 19 years from Imphal west and Thoubal districts of Manipur respectively. Eligible participants were subjected to haemoglobin (Hb) estimation and serum ferritin (SF) assay. Moreover, a questionnaire was designed to collect demographics, food and drink habits, hygienic practices and socioeconomic status. BMI of the students were also recorded.

Results: The overall prevalence of IDA was 23.2% (n = 88), of whom 81.81% were females (n = 72) and 18.18% were males (n = 16). Prevalence of IDA among the males and females was higher in the rural compared to urban schools but not statistically significant. Correlation between BMI and Hb was significant (p < 0.05) but not with serum ferritin status. Students belonging to the middle income group had the highest prevalence of ferritin deficiency followed by the high income group and low income group respectively. Both the Hb and serum ferritin levels of students who do hand wash before meals were significantly higher than those who do not. Both hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels do not differ significantly among students who prefer home-made traditional food and junk food.

Conclusion: This study revealed that the majority of the students, especially females, have IDA that might become worse by malnutrition, lifestyle habits, and lack of awareness. Our results suggest that IDA can be prevented by providing proper knowledge on the healthful diet, improved lifestyle, and harmful effect of IDA to the students.
High-altitude Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Department: A Review
Authors: Sonbul Hisham Mohammed , Alwadani Abdu Saleh , Alharbi Bader Aziz , Mohammed D. Almaymuni, Saleh , Alkhalaf Abdulrazaq Abdulmohsen , Alkreedees Hajer Ali , Alkhars Darin Ahmednoor , Allift Mohammed Ali , Alyami Alyazeed Ali , Alshehri Abdullah Ali , Alshahrani Fahad Saeed , Aljefri Afnan Obaid Ahmad , Altowairqi Fahad M.
Published: December 2021

High altitude pulmonary Edema (HAPE) is a severe form of high-altitude disease that, if left untreated, can result in death in up to half of those who are affected. Lowlanders who rapidly go to elevations more than 2500-3000 m are more likely to develop high altitude pulmonary Edema (HAPE). Individual sensitivity owing to a low hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), quick pace of climb, male sex, usage of sleep medicine, high salt consumption, chilly ambient temperature, and intense physical effort are all risk factors. HAPE may be totally and quickly reversed if caught early and correctly treated. Slow climb is the most effective technique of prevention. A fall of at least 1000 meters, is the best and most certain treatment choice in HAPE. Supplemental oxygen, portable hyperbaric chambers, and pulmonary vasodilator medications (nifedipine and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors) may be beneficial. In this article we’ll be looking at the disease etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and management.
AN INTERNAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPLETE POSITIVITY FOR ELEMENTARY OPERATORS
Authors: Timoney Richard M.
Published: July 2002

Complete positivity of ‘atomically extensible’ bounded linear operators between $C^*$-algebras is characterized in terms of positivity of a bilinear form on certain finite-rank operators. In the case of an elementary operator on a $C^*$-algebra, the approach leads us to characterize k-positivity of the operator in terms of positivity of a quadratic form on a subset of the dual space of the algebra and in terms of a certain inequality involving factorial states of finite type I.

As an application we characterize those $C^*$-algebras where every k-positive elementary operator on the algebra is completely positive. They are either k-subhomogeneous or k-subhomogeneous by antiliminal. We also give a dual approach to the metric operator space introduced by Arveson.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46L05. Secondary 47B47; 47B65
ON SOME CLASSES OF OPERATORS DETERMINED BY THE STRUCTURE OF THEIR MEMORY
Authors: Drakhlin Mikhail E. , Ponosov Arcady , Stepanov Eugene
Published: July 2002

Two classes of nonlinear operators generalizing the notion of a local operator between ideal function spaces are introduced. The first class, called atomic, contains in particular all the linear shifts, while the second one, called coatomic, contains all the adjoints to former, and, in particular, the conditional expectations. Both classes include local (in particular, Nemytski\v{\i}) operators and are closed with respect to compositions of operators. Basic properties of operators of introduced classes in the Lebesgue spaces of vector-valued functions are studied. It is shown that both classes inherit from Nemytski\v{\i} operators the properties of non-compactness in measure and weak degeneracy, while having different relationships of acting, continuity and boundedness, as well as different convergence properties. Representation results for the operators of both classes are provided. The definitions of the introduced classes as well as the proofs of their properties are based on a purely measure theoretic notion of memory of an operator, also introduced in this paper.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 47B38; 47A67; 34K05
THE EULER CLASS OF A POINCARÉ DUALITY GROUP
Authors: Leary Ian J.
Published: July 2002

Under an extra hypothesis satisfied in every known case, we show that the Euler class of an orientable odd-dimensional Poincaré duality group over any ring has order at most two. We construct groups that are of type FL over the complex numbers but are not FL over the rationals. We construct group algebras over fields for which $K_0$ contains torsion, and construct non-free stably free modules for the group algebras of certain virtually free groups.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 19A31. Secondary 16S34; 20J05; 55N15; 57P10
EXPLICIT CAPELLI IDENTITIES FOR SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES
Authors: Kinoshita Kenji , Wakayama Masato
Published: July 2002

The main purpose of this paper is to obtain an explicit Capelli identity relating skew-symmetric matrices under the action of the general linear group $GL_N$. In particular, we give an explicit formula for the skew Capelli element in terms of the trace of powers of a matrix defined by the standard infinitesimal generators of $GL_N$.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 17B35. Secondary 17B10; 15A15; 20G05
ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF A NEUTRAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Authors: Tang X. H. , Zou Xingfu
Published: July 2002

The uniform stability of the zero solution and the asymptotic behaviour of all solutions of the neutral delay differential equation

$$ [x(t)-P(t)x(t-\tau)]'+Q(t)x(t-\sigma)=0,\quad t\ge t_0, $$

are investigated, where $\tau,\sigma\in(0,\infty)$, $P\in C([t_0,\infty),\mathbb{R})$, and $Q\in C([t_0,\infty), [0,\infty))$. The obtained sufficient conditions improve the existing results in the literature.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34K20; 34K15; 34K40
THOMAS HOBBES AND THE BLACKLOIST CONSPIRACY OF 1649
Authors: COLLINS JEFFREY R.
Published: July 2002

In a jarring passage toward the conclusion of Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes endorsed the abolition of episcopacy and the establishment of an Independent religious settlement within England. Most historians have ignored this feature of Leviathan, or have dismissed it as an off-hand aside of no consequence. Others, more plausibly, have construed it as part of a royalist scheme (encouraged by Queen Henrietta Maria and her supporters) to secure a Stuart Restoration by allying with the English Independents. This article offers an alternative theory. It argues that Hobbes's attentions were probably drawn to Independency by the political machinations of a group of idiosyncratic Catholics gathered around the philosopher-priest, Thomas White (alias Blacklo). In 1649, White and his ‘Blackloist’ followers engaged in secret negotiations with Oliver Cromwell. In exchange for religious toleration for Catholics, the Blackloists promised allegiance to the Commonwealth and conformity to a Congregationalist religious settlement. This article examines Hobbes's close personal links with the leading Blackloists, documents similarities in their reactions to Independency, establishes the strong intellectual influence Leviathan had on Blackloist tracts, and demonstrates that royalists consistently linked Hobbes with the Blackloist treason. The article concludes that the Blackloist plot to betray the Stuart cause, rather than any royalist scheme to strike a deal with the Independents, provides the most compelling contextual explanation for Thomas Hobbes's endorsement of Independency.
THE BRITISH LABOUR PARTY AND THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC DURING THE ERA OF NON-RECOGNITION, 1949–1973
Authors: BERGER STEFAN , LILLEKER DARREN G.
Published: July 2002

The German Democratic Republic (GDR) became the focus of a recurrent and sometimes heated debate within the British Labour party before 1973. The official stance of the party followed an all-party consensus within parliament about the non-recognition of the second German state. Yet many on the left wing of the Labour party came, for various reasons, to perceive such an inflexible stance as governed not by reason but dictated by the West German government. Such ambivalence towards West Germany and the Adenauer government in particular led to ambiguities within the party's policy as a considerable minority, including some key figures within the party, offered alternative strategies for maintaining or improving relations with the GDR. The most radical alternative, official recognition of the GDR as a legal, political entity, was only propounded by a core of hard left campaigners both within and outside the party. This article examines why sections of the Labour left came to sympathize with the GDR and how successful it was in influencing official party policy during the whole period of non-recognition of the GDR between 1949 and 1973.
CATHOLICISM IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND: BOSSY AND BEYOND
Authors: HAIGH CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2002

The loyal opposition: Tudor traditionalist polemics, 1535–1558. By Ellen A. Macek. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. Pp. xvi+299. ISBN 0-8204-3059-5. £36.00.

Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England. By Lucy E. M. Wooding. Oxford: University Press, 2000. Pp. x+305. ISBN 0-19-820865-0. £40.00.

Robert Parsons and English Catholicism, 1580–1610. By Michael L. Carrafiello. London: Associated University Presses, 1998. Pp. 186. ISBN 1-57591-012-8. £27.00.

The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1541–1588: ‘our way of proceeding’. By Thomas M. McCoog SJ. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996. Pp. xxii+316. ISBN 90-04-10482-8. £67.90.

Newsletters from the archpresbyterate of George Birkhead. Edited by Michael C. Questier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, for the Royal Historical Society, Camden 5th ser., 12, 1998. Pp. xiv+307. ISBN 0-521-65260-X. £40.00.

Conversion, politics and religion in England, 1580–1625. By Michael C. Questier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv+240. ISBN 0-521-44214-1. £35.00.

Catholicism, controversy and the English literary imagination, 1558–1660. By Alison Shell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xii+309. ISBN 0-521-58090-0. £37.50.

Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, gender and seventeenth-century print culture. By Frances E. Dolan. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999. Pp. xiv+231. ISBN 0-8014-3629-X. £26.95.

Catholicism in the English Protestant imagination: nationalism, religion, and literature, 1660–1745. By Raymond D. Tumbleson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. x+254. ISBN 0-521-62265-4. £35.00.
Effect of high intensity pulsed electric fields and heat treatments on vitamins of milk
Authors: BENDICHO SILVIA , ESPACHS ALEXANDRE , ARÁNTEGUI JAVIER , MARTÍN OLGA
Published: July 2002

The effects of high intensity pulsed electric field (HIPEF) treatments at room or moderate temperature on water-soluble (thiamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid) and fat-soluble vitamins (cholecalciferol and tocopherol) were evaluated and compared with conventional thermal treatments. Vitamin retention was determined in two different substrates, milk and simulated skim milk ultrafiltrate (SMUF). Samples were subjected to HIPEF treatments of up to 400 μs at field strengths from 18·3 to 27·1 kV/cm and to heat treatments of up to 60 min at temperatures from 50 to 90 °C. No changes in vitamin content were observed after HIPEF or thermal treatments except for ascorbic acid. Milk retained more ascorbic acid after a 400 μs-treatment at 22·6 kV/cm (93·4%) than after low (63 °C-30 min; 49·7% retained) or high (75 °C-15 s; 86·7% retained) heat pasteurisation treatments. Retention of ascorbic acid fitted a first-order kinetic model for both HIPEF and thermal processes. First-order constant values varied from 1·8×10−4 to 1·27×10−3 μs−1 for the HIPEF treatments (18·3–27·1 kV/cm) and, for thermal processing ranged from 5×10−3 to 8×10−2 min−1 (50–90 °C). No significant differences were found between the results obtained after applying HIPEF treatments at room or moderate temperature. However, results depended on the treatment media. A beneficial effect of natural skim milk components, mainly proteins, was observed on the preservation of ascorbic acid, since skim milk retained more ascorbic acid than SMUF after HIPEF treatments.
Complement factor B and the alternative pathway of complement activation in bovine milk
Authors: RAINARD PASCAL
Published: July 2002

The contribution of the alternative pathway of complement activation to the capacity of normal milk to deposit C3 fragments on bacteria was tested by attempting to block C3 deposition with antibodies to the alternative pathway component factor B (fB). Factor B was purified and antibodies of the IgY class, which does not activate mammalian complement, were obtained from the egg yolk of immunized laying hens. These antibodies specifically inhibited the deposition of C3. This inhibition and the absence of deposition of C4 demonstrated that C3 deposition in normal milk resulted from the activation of the alternative pathway. Antibodies raised in rabbit were used to develop an ELISA for measuring fB concentrations in milk. The mean concentration of fB was 2·06 μg/ml (±0·18, SEM), 0·57% of the mean value found in serum (360 μg/ml). This proportion was comparable to that of serum albumin (0·63% of serum value) but less than the proportion of C3 in milk (2·71%). Nevertheless, fB was apparently not a limiting factor for the functioning of the alternative pathway, since addition of purified fB to normal milk did not improve C3 deposition. In serum, mild heat-treatment (56 °C for 3 min or 50 °C for 45 min) blocked the alternative pathway and destroyed fB, as shown by loss of antigenicity in ELISA. In milk, mild heat-treatment did not abrogate C3 deposition, and fB was protected, retaining its functionality and antigenicity. Heating at 56 °C for at least 45 min was necessary to completely inhibit C3 deposition in normal milk.
The drainage of a foam lamella
Authors: BREWARD C. J. W. , HOWELL P. D.
Published: July 2002

We present a mathematical model for the drainage of a surfactant-stabilized foam
lamella, including capillary, Marangoni and viscous effects and allowing for diffusion,
advection and adsorption of the surfactant molecules. We use the slender geometry
of a lamella to formulate the model in the thin-film limit and perform an asymptotic
decomposition of the liquid domain into a capillary-static Plateau border, a time-dependent
thin film and a transition region between the two. By solving a quasi-steady
boundary-value problem in the transition region, we obtain the flux of liquid from
the lamella into the Plateau border and thus are able to determine the rate at which
the lamella drains.

Our method is illustrated initially in the surfactant-free case. Numerical results
are presented for three particular parameter regimes of interest when surfactant is
present. Both monotonic profiles and those exhibiting a dimple near the Plateau
border are found, the latter having been previously observed in experiments. The
velocity field may be uniform across the lamella or of parabolic Poiseuille type, with
fluid either driven out along the centreline and back along the free surfaces or vice
versa. We find that diffusion may be negligible for a typical real surfactant, although
this does not lead to a reduction in order because of the inherently diffusive nature
of the fluid–surfactant interaction. Finally, we obtain the surprising result that the
flux of liquid from the lamella into the Plateau border increases as the lamella thins,
approaching infinity at a finite lamella thickness.
Experiments on the motion of gas bubbles in
turbulence generated by an active grid
Authors: POORTE R. E. G. , BIESHEUVEL A.
Published: July 2002

The random motion of nearly spherical bubbles in the turbulent flow behind a grid
is studied experimentally. In quiescent water these bubbles rise at high Reynolds
number. The turbulence is generated by an active grid of the design of Makita (1991),
and can have turbulence Reynolds number Rλ of up to 200. Minor changes in the
geometry of the grid and in its mode of operation improves the isotropy of the
turbulence, compared with that reported by Makita (1991) and Mydlarski & Warhaft
(1996). The trajectory of each bubble is measured with high spatial and temporal
resolution with a specially developed technique that makes use of a position-sensitive
detector. Bubble statistics such as the mean rise velocity and the root-mean-square
velocity fluctuations are obtained by ensemble averaging over many identical bubbles.
The resulting bubble mean rise velocity is significantly reduced (up to 35%) compared
with the quiescent conditions. The vertical bubble velocity fluctuations are found to
be non-Gaussian, whereas the horizontal displacements are Gaussian for all times.
The diffusivity of bubbles is considerably less than that of fluid particles. These
findings are qualitatively consistent with results obtained through theoretical analysis
and numerical simulations by Spelt & Biesheuvel (1997).
Coherent structure in the turbulent planar jet.
Part 2. Structural topology via POD
eigenmode projection
Authors: GORDEYEV S. V. , THOMAS F. O.
Published: July 2002

The topology of the large-scale structure in the similarity region of a turbulent planar
jet is investigated experimentally. The large-scale structure is reconstructed in physical
space by projection of measured proper orthogonal decomposition eigenmodes
onto instantaneous flow-field realizations. The instantaneous flow-field realizations
are obtained by a spanwise aligned triple X-wire rake arrangement which is used
in conjunction with the linear stochastic estimation technique. Instantaneous
realizations are also acquired via a second triple rake arrangement which provides an
assessment of the effect of spatial aliasing on the resulting structural topology.
Results indicate that the self-similar large-scale structure in the planar jet consists of a
dominant planar component consisting of two lines of large-scale spanwise vortices
arranged approximately asymmetrically with respect to the jet centreline. This planar
component of the structure resembles the classic Kármán vortex street. There is a
strong interaction between structures on opposite sides of the jet in the form of
nearly two-dimensional lateral streaming motions that extend well across the flow. In
addition, results indicate that the effect of the nonplanar spanwise modes is to both
tilt and bend the primary spanwise vortex tubes and thereby redistribute large-scale
vorticity. The bending occurs primarily in the streamwise direction. The degree to
which the spanwise vortices are distorted varies greatly; in some cases they are nearly
streamwise oriented and in others only slight distortion of a spanwise vortex is noted.
Based upon the experimental results, prospects for low-order modelling of the jet
large-scale structure are discussed.
Nonlinear theory of resonant slow MHD
waves in twisted magnetic flux tubes
Authors: BALLAI I. , ERDÉLYI R.
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear dynamics of resonant slow MHD waves in weakly dissipative plasmas is investigated in cylindrical geometry with a twisted equilibrium
magnetic field. Linear theory has shown that the wave motion is governed by conservation laws and jump conditions across the resonant surface considered as a singularity – first derived in linear ideal MHD theory by Sakurai, Goossens and Hollweg
[Solar Phys.133, 227 (1991)]. By means of the simplified method of matched asymptotic expansions, we obtain the generalized connection formulae for the variables
across the dissipative layer, and we derive a non-homogeneous nonlinear partial
differential equation for the wave dynamics in the dissipative layer.
What has Cana to do with Capernaum?
Authors: RICHARDSON PETER
Published: July 2002

The significant differences on geographical matters between the Synoptics with their sources and John with its sources – especially the question of Jesus' ‘place’ – should not be resolved simply in favour of Mark. Cana as a place in John is almost as significant as Capernaum in Mark; this is the case in the first century, the gospel narratives and the pilgrim tradition. Both Cana and Capernaum show the continuing vitality of Jewish and Christian communities into the Byzantine period, so that the archaeological investigation of Khirbet Qana will be increasingly significant for historical questions.
A psychological constraint on obedience to God's commands: the reasonableness of obeying the abhorrently evil
Authors: RISSLER JAMES D.
Published: July 2002

Robert Adams, in Finite and Infinite Goods: A Framework for Ethics, suggests a moral constraint on our obedience to God's commands: if a purportedly divine command seems abhorrently evil, then we should infer that it is not really God so commanding. I suggest that in light of his commitments to God as the standard of goodness, to the transcendence of God, and to a critical stance towards ethics, Adams should be willing to consider the possibility of a good God commanding us to do something that seems abhorrently evil to us, but really is good according to His transcendent goodness. I suggest that the ought-to-is moral constraint that Adams advocates is only appropriate when we are not certain that it is God giving the command, and that an is-to-ought constraint based on psychological certainty should be the ultimate constraint on our obedience to purportedly divine commands. This constraint advocates that if one is certain upon reflection that a command is from God, then one should obey that command, regardless of how evil it seems. After responding to several objections to this psychological constraint, I offer my own qualification, according to which it is appropriate to disobey a command that one is certain is from God if one cannot conceive that the command is good. Finally, I offer some reason to think that, contrary to Adams's assertions, the project of considering how to react to a purportedly divine command that also seems abhorrently evil is worth both philosophic and spiritual energy.
Editorial: Ageing & Society in its majority
Authors: WARNES TONY
Published: July 2002

Past twenty-one years of age, a striking new cover and a new editor: is
Ageing & Society about to be radically transformed? Not at all, but over
the next five years it will aim to be even better at the things it has been
doing well. To stretch the life course analogy, having reached a
‘mature age’ and with an accomplished juvenilia, the paths that
promise most are well defined. The achievement to date has been
impressive, and the strong foundation creates a larger potential. It is in
this context and spirit that I take up the editorship in succession to Bill
Bytheway. The editorial policy will of course be frequently re-examined
and refined, but neither the editorial board nor I wish to see
the journal's core ambitions and values change. My aims are to help
authors achieve these to an even higher standard, and particularly to
raise the title's reputation for originality, for the quality of the research
that it reports, and for its standards of communication. The goal is to
raise the ‘impact’ of Ageing & Society, in citation indicators and, more
importantly, in its contributions to understanding and to the formation
of opinion and policy.
Simultaneous base and tool calibration for self-calibrated parallel robots
Authors: Yang Guilin , Chen I-Ming , Yeo Song Huat , Lim Wee Kiat
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we focus on the base and tool calibration of a self-calibrated parallel robot. After the self-calibration of a parellel robot by using the built-in sensors in the passive joints, its kinematic transformation from the robot base to
the mobile platform frame can be computed with sufficient accuracy. The base and tool calibration, hence, is to identify the kinematic errors in the fixed transformations from the world frame to the robot base frame and from the mobile platform frame to the tool (end-effector) frame in order to improve the absolute positioning accuracy of the robot. Using the mathematical tools from group theory and differential geometry, a simultaneous base and tool calibration model is formulated. Since the kinematic errors in a kinematic transformation can be represented by a twist, i.e. an element of se(3), the resultant calibration model is simple, explicit and geometrically meaningful. A least-square algorithm is employed to iteratively identify the error parameters. The simulation example shows
that all the preset kinematic errors can be fully recovered within three to four iterations.
Metaphors the English language lives by
Authors: Yajun Jiang
Published: July 2002

A discussion of the centrality of imagery in the promotion and use of English worldwide. Metaphor is traditionally considered a “figure of speech”, describing one thing by stating another with which it can be compared, as discussed by rhetoricians and grammarians, from Aristotle in his Poetics and Rhetoric to I. A. Richards in The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936) and Kenneth Burke in A Grammar of Motives (1945), a growing number of recent linguists have been trying to establish metaphor at a cognitive, conceptual level (such as Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Gibbs, 1994).
Multifractal formalisms for the local spectral
and walk dimensions
Authors: HAMBLY B. M. , KIGAMI JUN , KUMAGAI TAKASHI
Published: July 2002

We introduce the concepts of local spectral and walk dimension for fractals. For a
class of finitely ramified fractals we show that, if the Laplace operator on the fractal is
defined with respect to a multifractal measure, then both the local spectral and walk
dimensions will have associated non-trivial multifractal spectra. The multifractal
spectra for both dimensions can be calculated and are shown to be transformations
of the original underlying multifractal spectrum for the measure, but with respect
to the effective resistance metric.
Smooth cocycle rigidity for expanding maps, and an application to
Mostow rigidity
Authors: JENKINSON OLIVER
Published: July 2002

We give a variation on the proof of Mostow's rigidity theorem, for certain
hyperbolic 3-manifolds. This is based on a rigidity theorem for conjugacies between
piecewise-conformal expanding Markov maps. The conjugacy rigidity theorem is deduced
from a Livsic cocycle rigidity theorem that we prove for smooth, compact Lie
group-valued cocycles over piecewise smooth expanding Markov maps.
5th International Conference on Environmental Future: climate change and the future state of the world's aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Polunin Nicholas V.C.
Published: July 2002

The level of recognition of human impacts on climate, contained in the third assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2001), surely represents a turning point in human history. Some impacts can now be factored into predictions of future states of the world's ecosystems, and, though some powerful countries may for the moment indicate otherwise, it is certainly more difficult now to ignore the concept of global human impacts on the environment and doubt their seriousness. But there are potential pit-falls in this progression; it worries me that attention to incremental albeit significant rises in sea level, for example, may divert serious concern away from the consequences of the ongoing intensive and extensive growth of human population, the sizeable global impact of which on the environment and human society can scarcely either be debated. Environmental science is challenging; it aspires to holism, but the resources and scientific tools are such that it can only very rarely be holistic at anything other than very small scale. And different disciplines can be disappointingly inarticulate in truly interdisciplinary work. Environmental science tilts at comprehensive global understanding, but the problems of extrapolating to that scale are for the most part insuperable. The scientists, typically reticent about erring beyond the disciplinary or geographical boundaries of their work, yet those most trained to deliver objective information, risk becoming an undervalued resource. The danger is that awkward strategic decisions will be made with much less certainty or at least consensus than they should.
Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries
Authors: Kennish Michael J.
Published: July 2002

Estuaries exhibit a wide array of human impacts that can compromise their ecological integrity, because of rapid population growth and uncontrolled development in many coastal regions worldwide. Long-term environmental problems plaguing estuaries require remedial actions to improve the viability and health of these valuable coastal systems. Detailed examination of the effects of pollution inputs, the loss and alteration of estuarine habitat, and the role of other anthropogenic stress indicates that water quality in estuaries, particularly urbanized systems, is often compromised by the overloading of nutrients and organic matter, the influx of pathogens, and the accumulation of chemical contaminants. In addition, the destruction of fringing wetlands and the loss and alteration of estuarine habitats usually degrade biotic communities. Estuaries are characterized by high population densities of microbes, plankton, benthic flora and fauna, and nekton; however, these organisms tend to be highly vulnerable to human activities in coastal watersheds and adjoining embayments. Trends suggest that by 2025 estuaries will be most significantly impacted by habitat loss and alteration associated with a burgeoning coastal population, which is expected to approach six billion people. Habitat destruction has far reaching ecological consequences, modifying the structure, function, and controls of estuarine ecosystems and contributing to the decline of biodiversity. Other anticipated high priority problems are excessive nutrient and sewage inputs to estuaries, principally from land-based sources. These inputs will lead to the greater incidence of eutrophication as well as hypoxia and anoxia. During the next 25 years, overfishing is expected to become a more pervasive and significant anthropogenic factor, also capable of mediating global-scale change to estuaries. Chemical contaminants, notably synthetic organic compounds, will remain a serious problem, especially in heavily industrialized areas. Freshwater diversions appear to be an emerging global problem as the expanding coastal population places greater demands on limited freshwater supplies for agricultural, domestic, and industrial needs. Altered freshwater flows could significantly affect nutrient loads, biotic community structure, and the trophodynamics of estuarine systems. Ecological impacts that will be less threatening, but still damaging, are those caused by introduced species, sea level rise, coastal subsidence, and debris/litter. Although all of these disturbances can alter habitats and contribute to shifts in the composition of estuarine biotic communities, the overall effect will be partial changes to these ecosystem components. Several strategies may mitigate future impacts.
Geographic variation in the calling song of the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and its relevance to mate recognition and mate choice
Authors: Ferreira M. , Ferguson J. W. H.
Published: July 2002

For Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), a comparison was made of the prediction from species recognition theory that stabilizing selection acts on mate recognition traits and that of sexual selection that predicts diversifying selection on mate recognition traits. The calling songs and morphometrics of four populations of field crickets from South Africa were compared. Song characteristics generally showed less between‐population variation than did morphometric variation. This applied in particular to the song characteristics known to be important in species recognition. Within‐population variation of species recognition traits were significantly smaller than for other call traits as well as morphometric traits. This is consistent with the expectation that stabilizing selection occurs for species recognition traits within populations as well as throughout their geographical ranges. No song traits correlated significantly with body size. Our study suggests that the calling song traits involved in mate recognition lack the variation required for sexual selection to operate. However, the amount of variation inherent in some of the other song parameters of field crickets still has the potential to give rise to sexual selection based on traits other than body size.
The influence of density on post‐weaning growth in roe deer Capreolus capreolus fawns
Authors: Hewison A. J. M. , Gaillard J. M. , Angibault J. M. , Van Laere G. , Vincent J. P.
Published: July 2002

In temperate ungulates, the body weight of juveniles at the onset of winter is a crucial determinant of survival and can also influence subsequent reproductive success. However, growth may be retarded post‐weaning, during winter, as a result of resource restriction and/or the demands of thermoregulation in harsh climatic conditions. Post‐weaning growth rates of juveniles were compared in relation to varying density in two populations of roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Chizé, Dourdan) monitored for 10 and 15 years, respectively. Body growth of fawns continued over the post‐weaning stage of the juvenile period (October–March) at the rate of 0.017 kg/day at Chizé and 0.014 kg/day at Dourdan. Deer density had no influence on this post‐weaning growth rate of juveniles in their first winter. However, deer born in years of high density weighed less at a given date than those born in years of low density because of their smaller body size at the onset of winter, indicating density‐dependent rates of growth before weaning. At Chizé, the sexes grew at the same rate, but sexual dimorphism was apparent as males weighed about 1 kg (8%) more than females at a given date. At Dourdan, no significant sexual dimorphism was detected, although females tended to be heavier than males at a given date. We conclude that density influences juvenile body weight (through its effect on birth weight and/or post‐natal growth rate) before weaning in this species and, despite continued growth after weaning, during winter, roe deer whose early growth is limited through interspecific competition cannot compensate for this early restriction.
The ecology and feeding biology of two Polydora species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) found to ingest the embryos of host hermit crabs (Anomura: Decapoda) from the Philippines
Authors: Williams Jason D.
Published: July 2002

The ecology and feeding biology of two shell‐burrowing polydorids associated with hermit crabs from the Philippines were investigated. Polydora umangivora and P. robi were found in shells of 15 and 28 gastropod species, respectively, occupied by nine hermit crab species. Polydora umangivora constructs U‐shaped burrows in the outer shell while P. robi constructs burrows in the apex of the shell, extending to an opening along the columella of the upper body whorls. Polydora umangivora and P. robi preyed upon the embryos of three and seven species, respectively, of diogenid hermit crabs collected in the field. In laboratory feeding trials, P. robi ingested up to 230 developing eggs and 70 embryos of Calcinus gaimardii over a 6‐h period. The impact of embryo predation is more apparent in hermit crab species that produce small broods of eggs (Paguristes runyanae) than in species that produce large broods of eggs (Calcinus gaimardii). Polydora robi transports the embryos to the mouth by a combination of muscular and ciliary action of the palps; ingestion follows breakage of the attachment stalk between embryo and pleopod seta. Invertebrates known and suspected to feed on host hermit crab eggs are reviewed and the evolution of polydorid/hermit crab symbioses is discussed.