bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turismo e participação social no contexto do Circuito Turístico Serras de Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais
Authors: Alves Monalisa Barbosa
Published: May 2021

No âmbito das políticas públicas de turismo no Brasil, uma importante questão que emerge é como responder ao compromisso de participação social frente ao desenvolvimento do turismo. Tendo em vista a necessidade de se avançar em novas reflexões sobre os desafios da participação social no âmbito do turismo, o presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar em que medida a participação, um dos princípios norteadores do Programa de Regionalização do Turismo, se efetiva no contexto do Circuito Turístico Serras de Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais. Trata-se de um estudo de caso fundamentado em uma abordagem interdisciplinar, a partir de análise qualitativa, baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental; pesquisa de campo composta por entrevistas semiestruturadas; e, análise de conteúdo. Os principais resultados revelaram que apesar do tema participação social ser ressaltado nas políticas públicas de turismo, os discursos veiculados estão distanciados das práticas efetivas. A política pública de regionalização do turismo é implementada em Minas Gerais por meio das Instâncias de Governança Regionais denominadas Circuitos Turísticos. No entanto, sob a ótica de análise da participação social, verificou-se que, que no Circuito Turístico Serras de Ibitipoca, existem diversos desafios para a efetivação de uma gestão participativa e descentralizada tal como proposto pela política, refletindo em uma baixa participação. Aponta-se, portanto, a necessidade de mudanças nos processos que levem ao aumento da participação dos atores locais, o que envolve a governança e pressupõe um processo educativo que vise sensibilizar e conscientizar a partir da realidade local.
Turismo no espaço rural como instrumento de valorização patrimonial em assentamentos de reforma agrária: o caso de Rosana, São Paulo
Authors: Moreira-Gonçalves Leonardo Giovane
Published: May 2021

Os traços culturais tradicionais vêm se reinventando frente ao anseio de inovar. Nessa conjuntura, o presente artigo teve como objetivo refletir e exemplificar sobre as possibilidades do turismo no espaço rural como instrumento de valorização do patrimônio cultural em assentamentos de reforma agrária, a partir dos casos dos assentamentos no município de Rosana, no estado de São Paulo. A fim de lograr esses objetivos, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental exploratória em livros, revistas, sites e documentos que abordassem os temas verticais e horizontais propostos. Além disso, utilizou-se relatos orais obtidos durante o processo de inventariação para o Museu do Assentado. Por meio dessa metodologia, tornou-se possível identificar o turismo no espaço rural como um agente mitigador do êxodo rural, diversificador econômico, mantenedor das paisagens e desmistificador de preconceitos. Sobretudo, observou-se que a prática de turismo em assentamentos rurais permite o despertar da comunidade quanto a valorização, salvaguarda e empoderamento a respeito de seu patrimônio cultural.
Students Perception About Digital Financial Services
Authors: Moreno-Garcia Elena , Garcia-Santillan Arturo , Campero Damaris Platas
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this research is to determine how the students from a Mexican university perceive the different digital financial services. For the study, the Durai and Stella (2019) test was used, which is made up of twelve indicators in a Likert format to assess the perception of digital services, based on their convenience, adaptability, affordability, security, user-friendliness, trailing fee, accurate timing, online monthly statement, quick financial decision making, interbank account accessibility and internet connectivity. The main findings point to the satisfaction that respondents feel towards digital financial services in the five dimensions that were studied: Internet Banking, Mobile Banking, Mobile Wallet, Credit Cards and Debit Cards. Student’s perception was extremely satisfactory towards Debit Card services, especially on the indicators of adaptability, affordability, security, user-friendliness, accurate timing, online monthly statement and portability. In addition, the Mobile Banking services had a positive impact on the Interbank account accessibility and Internet Connectivity. This could be explained by the way these current generations of young millennials easily handle technological use.
Do Medical Students Who Participate in a Research Gap Year Produce More Research During Residency?
Authors: Wright-Chisem Joshua , Cohn Matthew R. , Yang JaeWon , Osei Daniel , Kogan Monica
Published: May 2021

Background:

The research gap year has become increasingly popular among medical students. It is also a well-known factor in consideration for orthopaedic surgery residency programs. Although medical students who participated in a research gap year typically enter residency with more research experience than their counterparts, it is unknown whether this translates to increased research productivity during residency compared with their peers. The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) whether residents who participated in a research gap year during medical school publish more peer-reviewed publications than their peers during residency, (2) whether residents who participated in a research gap year during medical school publish more first-author publications than their peers during residency, and (3) which applicant characteristics are associated with a greater number of peer-reviewed publications produced during residency.

Methods:

The number of peer-reviewed journal publications before and during residency was determined by querying PubMed for 81 orthopaedic surgery residents at two academic institutions. Electronic residency application service applications and curriculum vitae were reviewed to evaluate the number of conference podiums and conference posters presented before residency and during residency. The research productivity of residents who participated in a research gap year during medical school was compared with that of residents who had not participated in a research gap year. Multivariate regression was done to determine predictors of publishing peer-reviewed journal publications during residency.

Results:

Residents who participated in a research gap year during medical school produced more peer-reviewed journal publications during residency than those who did not (22.0 ± 20 versus 16.5 ± 20, P = 0.025). However, residents who participated in a research gap year did not produce more first-author publications compared with their peers (7.6 ± 10.0 versus 7.9 ± 7.0, P = 0.12). Residents who produced more publications before residency produced more publications while in residency (R = 0.363, P < 0.001). The United States Medical Licensing Examination step 1 score, medical school ranking, and sex were not associated with any difference in the number of journal publications produced during residency.

Conclusion:

A dedicated research year during medical school is associated with an increase in the number of peer-reviewed publications produced during residency. However, students who completed a research year did not publish more first-author publications than their peers. The number of publications before residency was a strong predictor of research output as a resident.
From the annals of Tarnow’s rabbinate. Three documents from the year 1743
Authors: Kaźmierczyk Adam
Published: May 2021

The published documents with their explanatory introduction concern a brief episode in the history of the Jewish community in Tarnów, namely the conflict between the local rabbi and the land elder. They both came from influential families of the Jewish elite of Lesser Poland, or even the whole of Poland, and they were additionally related. At first glance, the disagreement between the two most important Tarnovian Jews seems to be a family feud, but in fact it was an element of a significantly broader conflict, taking place in the heart of Lesser Poland’s Jewish population. This was a dispute over land rabbinate, which involved not only Jews but also their Christian protectors. The conflict, which arose for reasons still not entirely clear, placed on opposite sides the rabbi, who was the brother of Dawid Szmelka, and the Landau family, who actively sought to remove Dawid and elect a new land rabbi. The documents show, incidentally, the functioning of the latifundium administration and allow us to understand the motives behind the actions of the owner, Paweł Karol Sanguszko. After a period of hesitation, he definitively settled the dispute in favour of one side, the then land elder, Jecheskiel Landau, which resulted in the Tarnovian rabbi losing his position. Despite his clear support of the new candidate, Sanguszko did not want to burn any bridges, and, even while removing the Tarnovian rabbi, he tried not to antagonize this part of the elite of Lesser Poland Jews.
Media and promotional campaigns of the 'PETA' organization for the protection of animals
Authors: Grubor Tatjana
Published: May 2021

This paper deals with the issue of the relationship between humans and animals in the past, from prehistory to the present day, and lays special emphasis on the ideas, goals, and achievements of the organization for the protection of animal rights PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). As people themselves do not problematize their behavior towards animals, there are organizations that try to point out the greatest problems of inhumane treatment of animals in research laboratories, farms, the entertainment industry, but also as the result of the behavior of each individual. Animal protection societies operate in two ways, fighting large industries globally, forcing positive laws, lobbying national governments and international alliances and organizations, but also at the level of each person, trying to take small steps towards developing awareness of the need to care for animals and change society's attitudes towards them. The world's largest organization for the protection of animal rights, PETA, is leading in that effort with its activities and campaigns. Using all means, often on the verging on the scandalous, this organization grabs as much media space as possible, and with the development of modern social networks, it finally has daily access to a large audience of interested people around the world.
Deconstructing UML, part 1 :
Authors: Breiner Spencer , Padi Sarala , Subrahmanian Eswaran , Sriram Ram D
Published: May 2021

In this paper we analyze elements of the Unified Modeling Language (UML), specifically the class diagram, and propose an simplified alternative language based on a branch of mathematics called category theory (CT). We argue that modeling in CT provides a richer and more precise formal structure than UML, while still supporting many of the intuitive and diagrammatic features which engineers appreciate in UML. Deep ties connect CT to formal logic, physics and computer science, helping to connect our CT-based models to simulation and implementation. We proceed by walking through the constructs of the class diagram and showing how the same information can be captured using CT constructions. As we do, we see that some UML constructs are redundant while others smuggle in assumptions which ought to be made explicit. Thus we argue that the use of CT in information modeling can make our models less ambiguous, more precise and more formal.
Le sexe comme champ d’investigation1 : réévaluer les outils et techniques d’analyse de la musique contemporaine2
Authors: Sofer Danielle , Rhéaume Martine
Published: May 2021

La musique a souvent servi de vecteur d’expression sexuelle. Mais dans un contexte musical saturé par de nombreux phénomènes sonores, les outils d’analyse musicale peuvent être limités dans leur capacité à mettre en évidence des actes sexuels, le plaisir ou la satisfaction. Centré sur l’expérience et la perception sonore, cet article remet en question le discours commun du théoricien de la musique désincarné et désintéressé. Il est y proposé que, plutôt que de négliger les discours sexuels, certains théoriciens de la musique partageant les mêmes idées ont plutôt établi un véritable champ fondé sur la conception commune selon laquelle le sexe et la musique sont (dans certains cas) interchangeables. L’article propose que la méta-théorisation de ces prises de position constitue une « épistémologie sociale » discursive, positionnant des contributions très diverses comme faisant partie de la « norme » musicale fondamentale de ce que l’on appelait autrefois la « théorie musicale dominante ».
Susciter l’engagement à l’adolescence au cours du processus de création en théâtre
Authors: Théberge Mariette
Published: May 2021

Cet article vise à faire la synthèse des approches privilégiées par le personnel enseignant pour favoriser la création théâtrale d’élèves du secondaire en considérant les modèles référentiels qui les sous-tendent. Dans ce contexte de formation, il y a lieu de se demander quelles sont les approches qui encouragent, à l’adolescence, un sens d’ouverture à la création théâtrale ainsi qu’une motivation et un engagement incitant à la persévérance malgré les défis à relever. L’interprétation, qui découle de l’analyse de notes de mon journal de bord, reflète le prisme de diverses approches et confirme l’importance qu’a le personnel enseignant en situation de création dans un contexte éducatif.
Le livre numérique : quelques millions de prêts plus tard
Authors: Breault Sylvie-Josée , Breton Maryse , Fortin Antoine , Gamache-Vaillancourt Geneviève
Published: May 2021

La lecture sur support numérique continue d’être populaire auprès des lecteurs québécois. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, comme plusieurs bibliothèques publiques québécoises, offre une collection de livres numériques à ses usagers. Pour faciliter l’accès à cette collection, les professionnels de l’information des Services à distance de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec offrent de l’assistance technique aux usagers. Cet article présente l’évolution de ce service au cours des dernières années. L’état actuel du service y est décrit, particulièrement le type de soutien offert. Les défis que représentent ce type d’accompagnement sont abordés, et différentes pistes envisagées pour les surmonter et améliorer l’offre de service sont évoquées.
JLSC Board Editorial 2021
Authors: Gilliland Anne , Kati Rebekah , Solomon Jennifer , Ghamandi Dave S. , Cirasella Jill , Lewis David , Dawson DeDe
Published: May 2021

It hardly needs to be said that 2020 was a difficult year for the world. COVID-19 has infected over 120 million people and killed over 2 million as of March 2021 (Johns Hopkins). At the same time, police violence against people of color continues, even as communities engage in long-overdue reckoning initiatives. Across the globe, researchers, governments, and communities needed quick, open, up-to-date information on testing for, treating, and preventing COVID-19. Our increased dependence on technology during lockdowns provided some with safety and continuity, while others experienced the widening of the digital divide. There is no greater urgency than the work of identifying and addressing issues of inequality and lack of equity and inclusivity.Although the results remain to be seen, the field of scholarly communications experienced disruption in 2020. The editorials below discuss these recent changes  and imagine what could come out of the pandemic. We hope that these reflections invite conversation and action.
Identification of Vitamin D-related gene signature to predict colorectal cancer prognosis
Authors: Bu Luping , Huang Fengxing , Li Mengting , Peng Yanan , Wang Haizhou , Zhang Meng , Peng Liqun , Liu Lan , Zhao Qiu
Published: May 2021

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant carcinomas worldwide with poor prognosis, imposing an increasingly heavy burden on patients. Previous experiments and epidemiological studies have shown that vitamin D and vitamin D-related genes play a vital role in CRC. Therefore, we aimed to construct a vitamin D-related gene signature to predict prognosis in CRC. The CRC data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was performed as the training set. A total of 173 vitamin D-related genes in the TCGA CRC dataset were screened, and 17 genes associated with CRC prognosis were identified from them. Then, a vitamin D-related gene signature consisting of those 17 genes was established by univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. Moreover, four external datasets (GSE17536, GSE103479, GSE39582, and GSE17537) were used as testing set to validate the stability of this signature. The high-risk group presented a significantly poorer overall survival than low-risk group in both of training set and testing sets. Besides, the areas under the curve (AUCs) for signature on OS in training set at 1, 3, and 5 years were 0.710, 0.708, 0.710 respectively. The AUCs of the ROC curve in GSE17536 for 1, 3, and 5 years were 0.649, 0.654, and 0.694. These results indicated the vitamin D-related gene signature model could effectively predict the survival status of CRC patients. This vitamin D-related gene signature was also correlated with TNM stage in CRC clinical parameters, and the higher risk score from this model was companied with higher clinical stage. Furthermore, the high accuracy of this prognostic signature was validated and confirmed by nomogram model. In conclusion, we have proposed a novel vitamin D-related gene model to predict the prognosis of CRC, which will help provide new therapeutic targets and act as potential prognostic biomarkers for CRC.
Development of a Yoga Module for Hypothyroidism
Authors: Venkatesh T , Ravikumar Itagi , Mani TL Alaka
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Prevalence of hypothyroidism is found high in India in the recent years and is more commonly seen in women. While treating the condition with pharmacological intervention, importance of exercise, diet and lifestyle modifications play a significant role in managing the condition. Yoga based techniques have shown positive impact in managing hypothyroid related symptoms. Yoga when considered as a therapeutically approach needs to be customised by considering specific yogic techniques for the targeted health condition and it is also essential to validate the yoga module for a given health condition. While there are a few validated yoga modules for managing obesity, backpain etc., there are no validated yoga modules for treating/managing hypothyroid condition. Aim: To develop an integrated yoga module for hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: Integrated yoga module has been designed based on traditional yoga literature and expert opinion. Based on the pancha kosha model (five layered existence), 53 yogic techniques were compiled and sent to 36 experts for content and face validation. Experts validated each technique by rating the relevance on a five point likert scale. Validated techniques were administered to a group of 35 women having hypothyroidism to assertain acceptance and the possibility of practice of said techniques. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the average of mean, mode and median of scores were calculated. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23. Results: Out of the 53 techniques, 41 techniques scored either CVR more than 0.5 or average of mean, median and mode more than 4. Conclusion: The developed integrated yoga module for hypothyroidism enjoys good face and content validity. Initial feasibility test confirms that the techniques are accepted and could be practiced by the hypothyroid patients. Further validation of the module using a pre-post study is warranted to confirm its efficacy.
Compositional Assessment of Selected Plant-based Substrates for Biogas Production
Authors: Nicholas Ugwu Tochukwu , Anuli Nwachukwu Augusta , Ekwutosi Ogbulie Toochukwu , Anayochukwu Anyalogbu Ernest
Published: May 2021

Enormous quantities of plant biomass are generated annually, as agricultural wastes. Lignocellulose is the main structural constituent of plants and represents the primary source of renewable organic matter on earth. This study was carried out to evaluate the lignocellulose composition, proximate and selected physicochemical characteristics of some selected plant-based substrates for biogas production. The substrates were: Corn cobs, Rice straw and Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes). They were collected, cut, dried for 72 hours at 320C, milled and subjected to hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose compositional analyses, using the standard Sox let extraction method. Standard methods were employed for proximate and physicochemical analyses. Results of the compositional evaluation showed that corn cob has the highest percentages of cellulose (42.0%), while extractives content was least (2.18%) in Rice straw. For the proximate analysis, the percentage carbohydrates (24.22) and ash (24.40) were highest in rice straw, while fat content  had the least values of 0.65%  recorded in corn cobs. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that Rice straw had the highest values of TS (94.55%) and phosphorus (928.57mg/kg), Corn cob had the highest TVS (85.53%) and organic carbon (50.46%) while Water hyacinth recorded the highest Nitrogen content (2.33%). They are good substrates for energy generation, and lignocellulosic biomass holds a huge potential to meet the current energy demand of the modern world. The knowledge of the lignocellulosic composition of the biomass would help in choosing appropriate pretreatment measures to achieve better hydrolysis which would translate to higher biogas yield.
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana Isolates against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Kabole Mellon , Kilalo Dora , Muiru Maina , Coyne Danny
Published: May 2021

Callosobruchus maculatus FaB (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), is a major field-to-store post-harvest pest of in the tropics and worldwide.  They cause weight loss, decreased germination potential and reduction in commercial and aesthetic value as a result of physical contamination of grain by insects, eggs and excrement, decreased nutritional value. Entomopathogenic fungi have been employed in control of a number of storage pests and has been demonstrated to have potential in control of C. maculatus in cowpea during storage. Nine B. bassiana isolates were evaluated for effectiveness in controlling C. maculatus in cowpea grain under controlled laboratory conditions. Mortality of the bruchids was evaluated stepwise where the most effective isolate concentrations against C. maculatus were assessed. Initial assessment involved determination of the most effective concentration among the isolates following dilution. The isolates showed significant differences on the mortality of cowpea bruchids at the different concentrations. Isolate J35 had 98.2% mortality at 5 days after application during the first season and 88.3% during the second season, which was only lower to the formulated isolates BBC and BVT. The current study shows the pathogenic effectiveness of B bassiana on C. maculatus.
Study of Serum Milk Fat Globule-epidermal Growth Factor 8 (MFG-E8) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Madkour Yasmen Sabry , Watany Mona Mohamed , Ghali Azza Abbas , ElSheikh Ekhlas Hussein
Published: May 2021

Background: Milk Fat Globule-Epidermal Growth Factor 8 (MFG-E8) has been shown to be involved in various biological functions including the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, neovascularization and epithelial restitution. Recently, emerging studies have reported that MFG-E8 plays a role in inflammatory responses and inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of serum MFG-E8 in early diagnosis of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients.

Methods: The study included 80 patients with T2D; they were divided in to 4 groups depending on the value of clinical and laboratory parameters. Group A: included 20 patients free of any vascular complications. Group B: included 20 patients with subclinical atherosclerosis. Group C: included 20 patients with early microvascular complications without subclinical atherosclerosis. Group D: included 20 patients with both subclinical atherosclerosis and early microvascular complications. Serum (MFG-E8) was measured by ELISA technique.

Results: There was a significant decrease in the mean value of serum MFG-E8 concentrations in groups C (T2D with early microvascular complications) and D (T2D with both early microvascular complications and subclinical atherosclerosis) when compared to those in groups A (T2D without any vascular complications) and B (T2D with subclinical atherosclerosis only). It negatively correlated with age, fasting and postprandial glucose level, HbA1C, urinary albumin excretion rate, hs-CRP and positively correlated with HDL-C while didn't correlate with body mass index, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-C or carotid intima media thickness.

Conclusions: Serum MFG-E8 may be used as an early diagnostic marker of microvascular complications in T2D. MFG-E8 seemed not to be a sensitive biomarker for early diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis in T2DM.
Improved Die Attribute Recognition via Colored Glass Wafer
Authors: Gablan Alyssa Grace , Dinglasan Jerome , Gomez Frederick Ray
Published: May 2021

The rise of various Wafer technologies has been developed based on industries and applications requirement. Highest quality of material characterization is complex and requires specialized process equipment and manufacturing procedures to meet defined design standards. The paper presents distinctive glass wafer-level fabrication technology that will enhance its properties with respect to pattern recognition system (PRS) at back-end manufacturing for industrial applications. Feasibility of colored glass wafer has been built into proposed conception to manufacture wafer-level packaging. The idea from transparent to colored glass wafer came from manufacturing key challenges that cutting sequence during pattern recognition cannot be distinguished. The proposed solution will mitigate high risk of misaligned cut at wafer sawing and its potential attachment on leadframe during die attach. glass wafer dice, transparent in nature, intermittently encountered multiple PRS assist during Wafer sawing and die attach as it hardly recognizes its cutting positions. Since dependent of machine capability limitations, misaligned cut is inevitable and usually happen occasionally. Addressing its unrecognizable characteristic, proposed colored glass wafer and with visible outline and saw lane fabrication was conceptualized instead of seeking ideal and high equipment model that can differentiate its opaque feature. The colored glass wafer and with visible outline and saw lane naturally creates segmentation visibly and will not be parameter dependent during manufacturing.
A Robust Approach of Maintaining Epoxy Position on Die Attach Process of Tapeless QFN Packages
Authors: Dinglasan Jerome J. , Saria Leandro D. , Gomez Frederick Ray I.
Published: May 2021

Epoxy quality contributes a great role in defining quality products of quad flat no lead multi row packages. In dealing with certain problems related to epoxy position shift caused by unoptimized design, innovation on the dispenser module is considered and focused at. This paper discusses the phenomenal issue of epoxy position shifting in die attach process and the solutions applied. The current design of dispenser module in die attach machine demonstrates flaws that need to be improved through design optimization. Innovative approach was applied, removing variables on the design that caused rejections during die attachment due to the shifted epoxy position. The improved design was able to address the issue as projected on the study, and helps not only the epoxy position performance, but also the set-up time of epoxy during syringe replacement. This design can be adapted by other manufacturing for process improvement and robustness.
Peripheral Decoration of Multi‐Resonance Molecules as a Versatile Approach for Simultaneous Long‐Wavelength and Narrowband Emission
Authors: Qi Yanyu , Ning Weimin , Zou Yang , Cao Xiaosong , Gong Shaolong , Yang Chuluo
Published: May 2021

High device efficiency and color‐purity are the two essentials for high‐quality organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Multi‐resonance (MR) molecules show great potentials for high color‐purity OLEDs due to their sharp emission bands. However, most MR molecules exhibit emission limited from deep‐blue to green spectral region. Herein, through peripherally decorating MR emitter with electron donors, a new approach enabling the emission spectra of MR emitters red‐shift while retaining narrowband emission is demonstrated. By manipulating the numbers and electron‐donating abilities of the peripheries, the first narrowband yellow emitter with emission maxima of 562 nm and a full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of 30 nm is realized. Highly efficient OLEDs with an external quantum efficiency of over 24% and excellent color purity are fabricated by employing these newly developed MR molecules as emitters.
Layered Intercalation Materials
Authors: Zhou Jingyuan , Lin Zhaoyang , Ren Huaying , Duan Xidong , Shakir Imran , Huang Yu , Duan Xiangfeng
Published: May 2021

2D layered materials typically feature strong in‐plane covalent chemical bonding within each atomic layer and weak out‐of‐plane van der Waals (vdW) interactions between adjacent layers. The non‐bonding nature between neighboring layers naturally results in a vdW gap, in which various foreign species may be inserted without breaking the in‐plane covalent bonds. By tailoring the composition, size, structure, and electronic properties of the intercalated guest species and the hosting layered materials, an expansive family of layered intercalation materials may be produced with highly variable compositional and structural features as well as widely tunable physical/chemical properties, invoking unprecedented opportunities in fundamental studies of property modulation and potential applications in diverse technologies, including electronics, optics, superconductors, thermoelectrics, catalysis, and energy storage. Here, the principles and protocols for various intercalation methods, including wet chemical intercalation, gas‐phase intercalation, electrochemical intercalation, and ion‐exchange intercalation, are comprehensively reviewed and how the intercalated species alter the crystal structure and the interlayer coupling of the host 2D layered materials, introducing unusual physical and chemical properties and enabling devices with superior performance or unique functions, is discussed. To conclude, a brief summary on future research opportunities and emerging challenges in the layered intercalation materials is given.
Block Copolymer Directed Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Novel Optical Devices
Authors: Alvarez‐Fernandez Alberto , Cummins Cian , Saba Matthias , Steiner Ullrich , Fleury Guillaume , Ponsinet Virginie , Guldin Stefan
Published: May 2021

Optical metamaterials are artificially engineered architectures that exhibit desired optical properties not found in nature. Bespoke design requires the ability to define shape, size, orientation, and composition of material structures on the nanometer length scale. Bottom‐up self‐assembly methods, such as block copolymer (BCP) templating, offer unique pathways to tailored features, at spatial resolution not routinely achieved by conventional top‐down techniques. In this review, the authors provide the general readership with basic concepts of the underlying fabrication processes and examine optical phenomena arising from BCP‐derived metamaterials and nanoresonators, with both dielectric and plasmonic characteristics. A number of diverse structural conformations designed by BCP templating and their implementation in optical devices is evaluated. The discussion includes 3D metamaterials, such as gyroidal and hyperbolic arrangements, as well as 2D metasurfaces. Based on recent developments in exploring these emerging structural and material configurations, the review further highlights unexplored opportunities offered by BCP self‐assembly for novel metamaterials and metasurface devices.
Electrospinning to Surpass White Natural Silk in Sunlight Rejection for Radiative Cooling
Authors: Park Bo Kyung , Um In Chul , Han Sang M. , Han Sang Eon
Published: May 2021

Natural white silk cocoons exhibit strong broadband optical scattering by Anderson localization within the silk fibers, providing a low‐light environment to the pupae inside. This scattering effect is due to thousands of densely packed parallel fibrillar nanovoids running within each fiber along the fiber axis. Herein, to enhance sunlight rejection from white silk, conventional diffusive optical transport without Anderson localization is used. For optical diffusion, natural white silk is restructured by electrospinning to destroy the fibrillar nanovoids. Sunlight rejection power of the electrospun structures is controlled by the fiber diameters. Relative to a nonwoven raw silk fabric, a restructured silk film with a mean fiber diameter of a quarter micron substantially increases optical scattering strength in the visible spectrum and emissivity in the mid‐infrared atmospheric transparency window. The restructured silk fibrous film can reduce the average temperature of a substrate, on which the film is coated, by 7.5 °C relative to a nonwoven raw silk fabric during daytime under solar radiation. The results suggest that artificially processed polymeric fiber mats can achieve substantially stronger sunlight rejection than natural silk, by using optical diffusion without Anderson localization. These polymeric mats are useful as sunshades in various applications.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted Oxy‐difluoroalkylation of Aryl Alkynes for the Synthesis of β‐Fluoroenones and α‐Difluoroalkyl Ketones
Authors: Zhang Zhong , Li Xiangqian , Shi Dayong
Published: May 2021

A method for the selective synthesis of (E)‐β‐fluoroenones and α‐difluoroalkyl ketones have been achieved. By employing water as oxygen source, potassium carbonate as base, tetrasubstituted β‐fluoroenones could be regio‐ and stereoselectively synthesized by oxy‐difluoroalkylation of alkynes under visible light irradiated with moderate to good yields. α‐Difluoroalkyl ketones could be obtained while using phenylpyridine as base. This transformation features mild condition, wide functional tolerance and step economy. The large‐scale transformations and further derivatization show its potential application in organic synthesis.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Synthesis of 2,3‐Difunctionalized Indoles via Migratory Insertion of Isocyanides in Batch and Continuous Flow
Authors: Chen Su , Oliva Monica , Van Meervelt Luc , Van der Eycken Erik V. , Sharma Upendra K.
Published: May 2021

We report, herein, a palladium‐catalyzed cascade comprising carbopalladation, migratory insertion of isocyanide and triple bond activation followed by a nucleophilic attack (OR−) to construct difunctionalized acyl indoles. The process involves multiple bond formations via key palladium‐chemistry steps, to construct these bis‐heterocycles containing two privileged scaffolds (indole and oxindole) in a single operational step, along with attempts to generate enantioselectivity at a quaternary carbon center. The methodology also demonstrates a continuous‐flow process to synthesize aryl isocyanides within minutes and using them in a telescopic manner.

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Clinically Translatable Formulation Strategies for Systemic Administration of Nerve‐Specific Probes
Authors: Barth Connor W. , Shah Vidhi M. , Wang Lei G. , Antaris Alexander L. , Klaassen Alwin , Sorger Jonathan , Rao Deepa A. , Kerr Darcy A. , Henderson Eric R. , Alani Adam W. G. , Gibbs Summer L.
Published: May 2021

Nerves are extremely difficult to identify and are often accidently damaged during surgery, leaving patients with lasting pain and numbness. Herein, a novel near‐infrared (NIR) nerve‐specific fluorophore, LGW01‐08, is utilized for enhanced nerve identification using fluorescence guided surgery (FGS), formulated using clinical translatable strategies. Formulated LGW01‐08 is examined for toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics parameters in preparation for future clinical translation. Optimal LGW01‐08 imaging doses are identified in each formulation resulting in a 10x difference between the toxicity and imaging dose window. Laparoscopic swine surgery completed using the da Vinci surgical robot (Intuitive Surgical) demonstrates the efficacy of formulated LGW01‐08 for enhanced nerve identification. NIR fluorescence imaging enables clear identification of nerves buried beneath ≈3 mm of tissue that are unidentifiable by white light imaging. These studies provide a strong basis for future clinical translation of NIR nerve‐specific fluorophores for utility during FGS to improve patient outcomes.
Multidimensional Nonstoichiometric Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Yu Meng , Liu Fangming , Li Jinhan , Liu Jiuding , Zhang Yudong , Cheng Fangyi
Published: May 2021

Nonstoichiometry plays an important role in determining physicochemical properties such as conductivity, activity, and stability due to the composition‐induced change in phase, local atomic environment, and electronic structure. A variety of materials with nonstoichiometry have emerged in electrochemical energy conversion and storage, which necessitates a solid understanding of their formation mechanism and structure–function relationship. This review presents a summary of the progress made in this emerging field, starting from the introduction of the multiscale top‐down and bottom‐up strategies for generating nonstoichiometry and the related characterization methodologies. Then, representative nonstoichiometric materials (NMs) are discussed in properties and merits, with selected examples of each material category. A special focus is placed on the dimensionality from atomic sites to surface/interfaces, grains, microstructure, and hierarchical macroscale. After that, recent advances are overviewed for the use of exemplified NMs in electrocatalysis (i.e., oxygen reduction/evolution, hydrogen evolution, and nitrogen reduction) and batteries (i.e., Li/Na/Zn batteries). The review is concluded with a summary highlighting the beneficial effects of NMs and a perspective on further research to address remaining issues.
Evolution of apetaly in the cosmopolitan genusStellaria
Authors: Sharples Mathew T. , Bentz Philip C. , Manzitto‐Tripp Erin A.
Published: May 2021

Premise

Apetaly is widespread across distantly related lineages of flowering plants and is associated with abiotic (or self‐) pollination. It is particularly prevalent in the carnation family, and the cosmopolitan genusStellariacontains many lineages that are hypothesized to have lost petals from showy petalous ancestors. But the pollination biology of apetalous species ofStellariaremains unclear.

Methods

Using a substantial species‐level sampling (~92% of known taxonomic diversity), we describe the pattern of petal evolution withinStellariausing ancestral character state reconstructions. To help shed light on the reproductive biology of apetalousStellaria, we conducted a field experiment at an alpine tundra site in the southern Rocky Mountains to test whether an apetalous species (S. irrigua) exhibits higher levels of selfing than a sympatric, showy petalous congener (S. longipes).

Results

Analyses indicated that the ancestor ofStellariawas likely showy petalous and that repeated, parallel reductions of petals occurred in clades across much of the world, with uncommon reversal back to showy petals. Field experiments supported high rates of selfing in the apetalous species and high rates of outcrossing in the petalous species.

Conclusions

Petal loss is rampant across major clades ofStellariaand is potentially linked with self‐pollination worldwide. Self‐pollination occurs within the buds inS. irrigua, and high propensities for this and other forms of selfing known in many other taxa of arctic‐alpine habitats may reflect erratic availability of pollinators.
Northwest Indigenous Art and the Inspiring Spirits
Authors: Hall Judith G. , Taualii Maile M. , Speck Wedlidi
Published: May 2021

Indigenous Art often expresses the complex culture of their creators and provides insight into the origins, histories, and values of that culture. Two examples of Northwest Indigenous Art suggest deeper meanings and the “power” of congenital anomalies.
Interaction of amyloid and tau on cortical microstructure in cognitively unimpaired adults
Authors: Vogt Nicholas M. , Hunt Jack F. V. , Adluru Nagesh , Ma Yue , Van Hulle Carol A. , III Douglas C. Dean , Kecskemeti Steven R. , Chin Nathaniel A. , Carlsson Cynthia M. , Asthana Sanjay , Johnson Sterling C. , Kollmorgen Gwendlyn , Batrla Richard , Wild Norbert , Buck Katharina , Zetterberg Henrik , Alexander Andrew L. , Blennow Kaj , Bendlin Barbara B.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), a multi‐compartment diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) model, may be useful for detecting early cortical microstructural alterations in Alzheimer's disease prior to cognitive impairment.

Methods

Using neuroimaging (NODDI and T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker data (measured using Elecsys® CSF immunoassays) from 219 cognitively unimpaired participants, we tested the main and interactive effects of CSF amyloid beta (Aβ)42/Aβ40 and phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) on cortical NODDI metrics and cortical thickness, controlling for age, sex, and apolipoprotein E ε4.

Results

We observed a significant CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 × p‐tau interaction on cortical neurite density index (NDI), but not orientation dispersion index or cortical thickness. The directionality of these interactive effects indicated: (1) among individuals with lower CSF p‐tau, greater amyloid burden was associated with higher cortical NDI; and (2) individuals with greater amyloid and p‐tau burden had lower cortical NDI, consistent with cortical neurodegenerative changes.

Discussion

NDI is a particularly sensitive marker for early cortical changes that occur prior to gross atrophy or development of cognitive impairment.
Fluorescent Nanodiamond–Nanogels for Nanoscale Sensing and Photodynamic Applications
Authors: Wu Yingke , Alam Md Noor A , Balasubramanian Priyadharshini , Winterwerber Pia , Ermakova Anna , Müller Michael , Wagner Manfred , Jelezko Fedor , Raabe Marco , Weil Tanja
Published: May 2021

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) are carbon‐based nanoparticles with various outstanding magneto−optical properties. After preparation, NDs have a variety of different surface groups that determine their physicochemical properties. For biological applications, surface modifications are crucial to impart a new interface for controlled interactions with biomolecules or cells. Herein, a straightforward synthesis concept denoted “adsorption−crosslinking” is applied for the efficient modification of NDs, which sequentially combines fast noncovalent adsorption based on electrostatic interactions and subsequent covalent crosslinking. As a result, a very thin and uniform nanogel (NG) coating surrounding the NDs is obtained, which imparts reactive groups as well as high colloidal stability. The impact of the reaction time, monomer concentration, molecular weight, structure of the crosslinker on the resulting NG shell, the availability of reactive chemical surface functions, and the quantum sensing properties of the coated NDs are assessed and optimized. Postmodification of the NG‐coated NDs is achieved with phototoxic ruthenium complexes yielding ND‐based probes suitable for photodynamic applications. The adsorption−crosslinking ND functionalization reported herein provides new avenues toward functional probes and traceable nanocarriers for high‐resolution bioimaging, nanoscale sensing, and photodynamic applications.
Distinguishment of Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger States in Rydberg Atoms via Noncyclic Geometric Quantum Computation
Authors: Guo Fu‐Qiang , Zhu Xiao‐Yu , Yan Lei‐Lei , Feng Mang , Su Shi‐Lei
Published: May 2021

Since quantum entanglement plays a crucial role in quantum information processing, analyzing entangled states is indispensable for practical applications. Here a simple and direct protocol to distinguish arbitrary N‐qubit Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states by novel nonadiabatic noncyclic geometric quantum computation using Rydberg atoms is put forward. The Bell states can also be distinguished completely using this way. The protocol is justified by numerical simulation for Bell states and N‐qubit GHZ states, which evaluates the robustness and shows gratifying results. In addition, the idea is flexible, that is, available in any platform. Due to its simplicity and easy operation, the scheme would be very useful in quantum information science both theoretically and experimentally.
Mechanosynthesis of Higher‐Order Cocrystals: Tuning Order, Functionality and Size in Cocrystal Design**
Authors: Ng Zi Xuan , Tan Davin , Teo Wei Liang , León Felix , Shi Xiaoyan , Sim Ying , Li Yongxin , Ganguly Rakesh , Zhao Yanli , Mohamed Sharmarke , García Felipe
Published: May 2021

The ability to rationally design and predictably construct crystalline solids has been the hallmark of crystal engineering research. To date, numerous examples of multicomponent crystals comprising organic molecules have been reported. However, the crystal engineering of cocrystals comprising both organic and inorganic chemical units is still poorly understood and mostly unexplored. Here, we report a new diverse set of higher‐order cocrystals (HOCs) based on the structurally versatile—yet largely unexplored—phosph(V/V)azane heterosynthon building block. The novel ternary and quaternary cocrystals reported are held together by synergistic and orthogonal intermolecular interactions. Notably, the HOCs can be readily obtained either via sequential or one‐pot mechanochemical methods. Computational modelling methods reveal that the HOCs are thermodynamically driven to form and that their mechanical properties strongly depend on the composition and intermolecular forces in the crystal, offering untapped potential for optimizing material properties.
A panorama of medical education in Brazil: Anatomy in focus
Authors: Cabral Richard Halti , Masuko Telma Sumie
Published: May 2021

The scenario of Medical Education in Brazil is complex and diverse, like the very culture of our country. In this commentary, we reflect on the challenges and opportunities of progress while describing a panorama of the history, and the current scenario of Medical Education in Brazil. Moving our focus toward Anatomy, we review pedagogical strategies and methods, the role of the Brazilian Society of Anatomy, and share our experience on using of creativity and technology to make the teaching of Anatomy more modern, updated and significant for the future doctors.