bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternative magnetic field exposure metrics: Relationship to TWA, appliance use, and demographic characteristics of children in a leukemia survival study
Authors: Foliart Donna E. , Iriye Richard N. , Tarr Kathleen J. , Silva J. Michael , Kavet Rob , Ebi Kristie L.
Published: August 2002

The ongoing Childhood Leukemia Survival Study is examining the possible association between magnetic field exposure and survival of children with newly diagnosed acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). We report the results of the first year 24 h personal magnetic field monitoring for 356 US and Canadian children by time weighted average TWA and alternative exposure metrics. The mean TWA of 0.12 μT was similar to earlier personal exposure studies involving children. A high correlation was found between 24 h TWA and alternative metrics: 12 h day TWA, 12 night TWA, geometric mean, 95th percentile value, percentage time over 0.2 and 0.3 μT, and an estimate of field stability (Constant Field Metric). Two measures of field intermittency, rate of change metric (RCM) and standardized rate of change metric (RCMS), were not highly correlated with TWA. The strongest predictor of TWA was location of residence, with highest TWAs associated with urban areas. Residence in an apartment, lower paternal educational level, and residential mobility were also associated with higher TWAs. There were no significant differences in the appliance use patterns of children with higher TWA values. Children with the highest field intermittency (high RCM) were more likely to sit within 3 feet of a video game attached to the TV. Our results suggest that 24 h TWA is a representative metric for certain patterns of exposure, but is not highly correlated with two metrics that estimate field intermittency. Bioelectromagnetics 22:574–580, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leptin signaling pathways in the central nervous system: interactions between neuropeptide Y and melanocortins
Authors: Rahmouni Kamal , Haynes William G.
Published: August 2002

No other hormone has drawn more attention than leptin in recent studies on the control of appetite, body weight and obesity. This hormone is produced by adipose tissue and enters the brain via a saturable specific transport mechanism. Leptin acts in the hypothalamus to modulate food intake and heat production as well as several other neuroendocrine pathways. The mechanisms through which leptin exerts its central nervous effects are now better understood. Proopiomelanocortin‐ and neuropeptide Y‐containing neurons in the hypothalamus have emerged as potent candidate mediators of leptin action. These two neuropeptides have been shown to exert opposing effects using different pathways. Recently, Cowley et al. (2001) described a new circuit in the regulation of neuronal activity by leptin with an interaction between these two pathways. These data add complexity to the mechanisms by which leptin achieves its effects in the central nervous system, but they also offer potential mechanisms to explain the phenomenon of leptin resistance observed in obesity. BioEssays 23:1095–1099, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Plant chromatin: Development and gene control*
Authors: Li Guofu , Hall Timothy C. , Holmes‐Davis Rachel
Published: August 2002

It is increasingly clear that chromatin is not just a device for packing DNA within the nucleus but also a dynamic material that changes as cellular environments alter. The precise control of chromatin modification in response to developmental and environmental cues determines the correct spatial and temporal expression of genes. Here, we review exciting discoveries that reveal chromatin participation in many facets of plant development. These include: chromatin modification from embryonic and meristematic development to flowering and seed formation, the involvement of DNA methylation and chromatin in controlling invasive DNA and in maintenance of epigenetic states, and the function of chromatin modifying and remodeling complexes such as SWI/SNF and histone acetylases and deacetylases in gene control. Given the role chromatin structure plays in every facet of plant development, chromatin research will undoubtedly be integral in both basic and applied plant biology. BioEssays 24:234–243, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/bies.10055
A national certification program for behavior analysts
Authors: Johnston J. M. , Shook Gerald L.
Published: August 2002

This paper describes a national certification program for behavior analysts and summarizes the background, content, policies, future development, and benefits of this program. The program focuses on applied behavior analysis in general and certifies behavior analysts at both baccalaureate and master's levels. Eligibility requirements to take either of the two examinations include both coursework and mentored or supervised experience. The paper details a number of benefits that may be expected from this professional credential, which are based on experiences in Florida, the source of the present examination. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoluminescence characteristics of sodium chloride salt‐stressed Indian mustard seedlings
Authors: Biswal A. K. , Dilnawaz F. , Ramaswamy N. K. , David K. A. V. , Misra A. N.
Published: August 2002

The thermoluminescence (TL) parameters in the intact leaves and the thylakoids isolated from leaves of NaCl treated seedlings showed different patterns of change. NaCl treatment brings about a destabilization of QA and QB, leading to a decrease in Q and B bands in the leaves. However, the Q and B band intensity of isolated thylakoids increased in NaCl‐treated seedlings. The differences in the TL intensities are described as the action of NaCl on the density of quinones per unit leaf area and on chlorophyll units in isolated thylakoids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circular dichroism spectroscopy reveals invariant conformation of guanine runs in DNA
Authors: Kypr Jaroslav , Vorlíčková Michaela
Published: August 2002

We demonstrate that the characteristic circular dichroism (CD) features of the parallel‐stranded DNA tetraplex of d(G4), especially the strong band at 260 nm, are characteristic for the B and A forms of the antiparallel duplex of d(C4G4). Hence, this band evidently originates from intrastrand guanine–guanine stacking, which is therefore very similar in the duplex and tetraplex DNA. In addition, the same type of the CD spectrum is provided by the ordered single strand of d(GA)10. This observation suggests that the ordered single strand of d(GA)10 is stabilized by a core of guanines stacked like in the parallel tetraplex. This view is used to start the modeling of the molecular structure of the ordered d(GA)10 single strand. Our studies suggest that guanine itself is strong enough to stabilize various secondary structures of DNA, which is a property relevant to thinking about the origin and evolution of molecular replicators. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 275–277, 2002
Metabolic oscillations in an E. coli fermentation
Authors: Andersen Dana C. , Swartz James , Ryll Thomas , Lin Norm , Snedecor Brad
Published: August 2002

Recombinant E. coli fermentations were observed to undergo regular, reproducible oscillations in oxygen uptake for several hours during a controlled fermentation process. Culture growth slowed during the period of oscillations, delaying induction of recombinant protein production. The oscillations were similar in 10‐L and 1,000‐L fermentors and also occurred with different feed control algorithms. Both observations support the hypothesis that the oscillations are metabolic in nature. Analysis of amino acid, ATP, and GTP pools suggests that the oscillations result from aberrant regulation of isoleucine biosynthesis leading to repeated starvation events in which protein synthesis and growth are impaired. Both a nutritional solution, isoleucine feeding, and a genetic solution, repair of an ilvG frameshift mutation in E. coli K‐12 strains, were found to eliminate the oscillations, further supporting the proposed mechanism for the behavior. These results illustrate the interesting and complicated physiological behavior which can be displayed in metabolic networks and provide another example of surprising problems that can arise in growing recombinant organisms in fermentors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 212–218, 2001.
Improved rapid sampling for in vivo kinetics of intracellular metabolites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lange H. C. , Eman M. , van Zuijlen G. , Visser D. , van Dam J. C. , Frank J. , de Mattos M. J. Teixeira , Heijnen J. J.
Published: August 2002

An integrated approach is used to develop a rapid sampling strategy for the quantitative analysis of in vivo kinetic behavior based on measured concentrations of intracellular metabolites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Emphasis is laid on small sample sizes during sampling and analysis. Subsecond residence times are accomplished by minimizing the dead volume of the sterile sampling system and by maximizing flow rates through application of vacuum to the sampling tubes in addition to the overpressure in the fermenter. A specially designed sample tube adapter facilitates sampling intervals of 4 to 5 s for various test tube types. Statistical analysis of the results obtained from enzymatic and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MSMS) analysis of the metabolite concentrations was used to optimize the sampling protocol. The most notable improvement is reached through the introduction of vacuum drying of the cell extract. The presented system is capable of reliably dealing with fermenter samples as small as 1‐g with a variation of less than 3%, and is thus ideally suited for intracellular measurements on small, lab‐scale fermenters. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 406–415, 2001.
Removal of toluene in a vapor‐phase bioreactor containing a strain of the dimorphic black yeast Exophiala lecanii‐corni
Authors: Woertz J. R. , Kinney K. A. , McIntosh N. D. P. , Szaniszlo P. J.
Published: August 2002

Stricter regulations on volatile organic compounds and hazardous air pollutants have increased the demand for abatement technologies. Biofiltration, a process in which contaminated air is passed through a biologically active bed, can be used to remove these pollutants from air streams. In this study, a fungal vapor‐phase bioreactor containing a strain of the dimorphic black yeast, Exophiala lecanii‐corni, was used to treat a gas stream contaminated with toluene. The maximum toluene elimination capacity in short‐term tests was 270 g m−3 h−1, which is 2 to 7 times greater than the toluene elimination capacities typically reported for bacterial systems. The fungal bioreactor also maintained toluene removal efficiencies of greater than 95% throughout the 175‐day study. Harsh operating conditions such as low moisture content, acidic biofilms, and nitrogen limitation did not adversely affect performance. The fungal bioreactor also rapidly reestablished high toluene removal efficiencies after an 8‐day shutdown period. These results indicate that fungal bioreactors may be an effective alternative to conventional abatement technologies for treating high concentrations of pollutants in waste gas streams.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 550–558, 2001.
Semiquantitative, bar code version of immunochromatographic assay system for human serum albumin as model analyte
Authors: Cho Joung‐Hwan , Paek Se‐Hwan
Published: August 2002

An immunochromatographic assay system was devised that can express the concentration ranges of analyte (e.g., urinary human serum albumin) as distinct numbers of the ladder bar (bar coding) for semiquantitation. We constructed a model system consisting of five membrane pad strips partially superimposed in a length. Upon wicking of sample from the bottom, the medium dissolved two different biotinylated species, antibody to the analyte and conjugates of the antibody with colloidal gold, and antigen–antibody reactions took place in the hollow space of the glass fiber membrane. After eliminating unreacted biotinylated molecules at the next strip with an immobilized albumin, the immune complexes were transferred to the pad with streptavidin immobilized in a ladder bar pattern. Analytical conditions here were set for competition between the two biotinylated species for the streptavidin binding sites. The degree of such competition was proportional to the analyte concentration and, consequently, the bar signal number was elevated as the concentration increased. Under optimal conditions for sensitivity, the analytical system responded to the analyte doses at between 30 and 120 mg/dL by producing different bar codes within 5 min. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 725–732, 2001.
Stabilizing plasmid copy number to improve recombinant protein production
Authors: Grabherr Reingard , Nilsson Erik , Striedner Gerald , Bayer Karl
Published: August 2002

The key objective for recombinant protein production in bacteria is the maximum exploitation of the cell factory's potential, whereby often strong expression vectors are used to increase product yield. If the metabolic load caused by recombinant expression exceeds the host's capacity, the system exhausts itself, resulting in a loss of protein yield. Excessive plasmid replication is observed after inducing recombinant gene expression, which greatly contributes to metabolic overload of the host cell. The transcriptional and translational machineries are extremely overstrained. By abolishing sequence homology between ColE1 RNA I/RNA II and tRNAs, we were able to restore the plasmid's replication control mechanisms and to keep the plasmid copy number constant throughout the culture process, thereby prolonging metabolic activity and productivity of the bacterial expression system. Because the bacterial host cell is not being exploited beyond its tolerable potential with this method, the constancy of the plasmid copy number level throughout the whole period of the bioprocess provides novel strategies for bioprocess optimization. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 142–147, 2002.
Monitoring the aroma production during wine–must fermentation with an electronic nose
Authors: Pinheiro Carmen , Rodrigues Carla M. , Schäfer Thomas , Crespo João G.
Published: August 2002

This work discusses the feasibility of using the electronic nose for the on‐line and real‐time monitoring of the production of a complex aroma profile during a bioconversion process. As a case study, the formation of the muscatel aroma during the wine–must fermentation was selected. During wine–must fermentation, aroma compounds responsible for the organoleptic character are produced in the ppm range, while simultaneously one of the main metabolic products, ethanol, is produced in much higher quantities (up to 10% wt). Because the sensors of the electronic nose array are cross‐selective to different volatile compounds, it was investigated in detail how far the electronic nose was able to evaluate the aroma profile along the fermentation. This article discusses and evaluates subsequently the integration of a membrane separation process—organophilic pervaporation—for selectively enriching aroma compounds relative to ethanol, to improve sample discrimination. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 632–640, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10141
A key developmental switch during Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis is induced by withdrawal of growth regulators and is associated with cell death and extracellular acidification
Authors: Bozhkov Peter V. , Filonova Lada H. , von Arnold Sara
Published: August 2002

The biotechnology of somatic embryogenesis holds considerable promise for clonal propagation and breeding programes in forestry. To efficiently regulate the whole process of plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis, it is of outmost importance to understand early developmental events when somatic embryos are just formed. In Norway spruce, somatic embryos transdifferentiate from proembryogenic masses (PEMs). This work describes the developmental dynamics (frequency distribution of PEMs and early somatic embryos) of the whole embryogenic suspension culture growing in the presence and absence of plant growth regulators (PGRs), auxin and cytokinin. The experiments have shown that PEM‐to‐somatic embryo transition is a key developmental switch that determines the yield and quality of mature somatic embryos and ultimately plant production. This switch was induced by the withdrawal of PGRs in cell suspension leading to a rapid accumulation of early somatic embryos (to a maximum of 75% of the entire population of suspension culture) and concomitant degradation of PEMs. The latter was evident from increased level of cell death measured through spectrophotometric Evans blue staining assay. Proembryogenic mass‐to‐embryo transition and concomitant activation of cell death were mediated by strong extracellular acidification. Therefore, buffering PGR‐free culture medium at high (pH 5.8) or low (pH 4.5) levels of pH inhibited both PEM‐to‐embryo transition and cell death. The yield of mature somatic embryos on abscisic acid (ABA)‐containing medium was increased up to 10‐fold if the suspension culture had been pretreated for 1 to 9 days in unbuffered PGR‐free medium. In this case a large proportion (75%) of the total number of mature embryos was formed within a short, 5‐week, contact with ABA. The latter is practically important because prolonged contact with ABA suppresses the growth of somatic embryo plants. Based on these results, an improved method for regulating somatic embryogenesis was set up and tested for nine genotypes of Norway spruce. Over 800 plants regenerated from all tested genotypes demonstrated a good performance in the greenhouse and they were transferred to the field. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 658–667, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10228
Process monitoring of an industrial fed‐batch fermentation
Authors: Lennox B. , Montague G.A. , Hiden H.G. , Kornfeld G. , Goulding P.R.
Published: August 2002

Market demand places great emphasis in industry on product quality. Consequently, process monitoring and control have become important aspects of systems engineering. In this article we detail the results of a 2‐year study focusing on the development of a condition monitoring system for a fed‐batch fermentation system operated by Biochemie Gmbh in Austria. We also demonstrate the suitability and limitations of current state of the art technologies in this field and suggest novel modifications and configurations to improve their suitability for application to a fed‐batch fermentation system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 125–135, 2001.
High speed determination of beta‐receptor blocking agents in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Thevis Mario , Opfermann Georg , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: August 2002

Beta‐receptor blocking agents are present on the international market in a huge variety. The International Olympic Committee prohibits the use of these drugs in several sport sections and doping control laboratories analyse urine samples of high‐performance athletes with different techniques. Therefore, fast and reliable methods are required to enable a sensitive detection of many drugs and a high throughput of samples. In the present study a screening procedure is described using high speed liquid chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring to identify 32 beta‐receptor blocking agents extracted from human urine. Urine specimens (blank urine samples, spiked urine samples and specimens of excretion studies) were hydrolysed, extracted and analysed within 7 min. Quasi‐molecular ions (M+ + H) of the beta‐blockers are generated by means of an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface followed by collision‐induced dissociation in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and subsequent detection of daughter ions. Proposals for the origin of common and individual secondary ions are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

APCI

atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

IOC

International Olympic Committee

MBTFA

N‐methyl‐bis‐trifluoroacetamide

MBHFB

N‐methyl‐bis‐hepta fluorobutyramide

MSTFA

N‐methyl‐N‐trimethylsilylfluoroacetamide.
(Im)maturity of judgment in adolescence: why adolescents may be less culpable than adults*
Authors: Cauffman Elizabeth , Steinberg Laurence
Published: August 2002

A crucial step in the establishment of effective policies and regulations concerning legal decisions involving juveniles is the development of a complete understanding of the many factors—psychosocial as well as cognitive—that affect the evolution of judgment over the course of adolescence and into adulthood. This study examines the influence of three psychosocial factors (responsibility, perspective, and temperance) on maturity of judgment in a sample of over 1,000 participants ranging in age from 12 to 48 years. Participants completed assessments of their psychosocial maturity in the aforementioned domains and responded to a series of hypothetical decision‐making dilemmas about potentially antisocial or risky behavior. Socially responsible decision making is significantly more common among young adults than among adolescents, but does not increase appreciably after age 19. Individuals exhibiting higher levels of responsibility, perspective, and temperance displayed more mature decision‐making than those with lower scores on these psychosocial factors, regardless of age. Adolescents, on average, scored significantly worse than adults, but individual differences in judgment within each adolescent age group were considerable. These findings call into question recent arguments, derived from studies of logical reasoning, that adolescents and adults are equally competent and that laws and social policies should treat them as such. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychology of telling murder stories: do we think in scripts, exemplars, or prototypes?
Authors: Wiener Richard L. , Richmond Tracey L. , Seib Hope M. , Rauch Shannon M. , Hackney Amy A.
Published: August 2002

According to the story model of Pennington and Hastie, jurors collect information at trial and modify it with general knowledge to create case stories. Schank and Ableson argue that human memory is organized to tell and understand stories. However, Finkel and Groscup questioned the use of manipulated, experimenter‐constructed narratives to demonstrate the existence of multiple prototypical crime stories. We interviewed 76 jury eligible, death qualified citizens and asked them to imagine a first‐degree murder scenario, describing the events that led to the killing. We coded the presence of dichotomous variables in the resulting stories and identified at least three shared story prototypes using cluster and profile analysis. We conclude that people do not store crime stories as simple prototypes and comment on the implications of this finding for legal decision‐making. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adipose body of the orbit
Authors: Wolfram‐Gabel R. , Kahn J.L.
Published: August 2002

The adipose body of the orbit (ABO) fills most of the orbital cavity, surrounding the eyeball, muscles, nerves, and vessels. It was studied in histologic section in the three basic planes in the fetus, neonate, and adult. In the retrobulbar area, that is, posterior to the eyeball, adipose tissue occupies the space around the optic nerve and penetrates between the recti muscles, describing a four‐leafed clover pattern in frontal section. The fatty tissue of the retrobulbar area also includes the peripheral ring of fat that lies between the muscles and the walls of the orbit. In the part of the peribulbar area located between the muscular insertions on the eyeball anteriorly and the emergence of the optic nerve from the sclera posteriorly, the pattern of adipose tissue is identical to the peripheral ring of fat and the fat between the muscles in the retrobulbar area. External to the muscular insertions and the anterior part of the eyeball, there is a thin ring of histologically similar fatty tissue that is continuous anteriorly with the fatty bodies of the upper and lower eyelids. Histologic examination shows that the lobules are large in that part of the retrobulbar area within the muscle cone and that they are smaller with more fibrous septa in the remaining restricted regions, such as the area between the eyeball and muscles and in the rings around the muscles and around the eyeball. In no case was a septum found separating the peripheral adipose ring from the fat located within the muscle cone. Clin. Anat. 15:186–192, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rare variations of the mylohyoid muscle: Case study
Authors: Saadeh Faysal A. , El‐Sabban Marwan , Hawi Jihad S.
Published: August 2002

The mylohyoid is a muscular diaphragm in the floor of the oral cavity. Its superficial and deep surfaces have important anatomical relationships. The submandibular gland is uniquely related to both surfaces at the posterior free edge of the muslce. It is here that the submandibular and sublingual tissue spaces become continuous. This case report describes an unusual range of anatomical variations of the mylohyoid muscle and reviews their clinical significance. Clin. Anat. 14:285–287, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracranial branches of the middle meningeal artery
Authors: Kresimir Lukic Ivan , Gluncic Vicko , Marusic Ana
Published: August 2002

We present a case of unusual extracranial branches of the middle meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery originated from the medial side of the maxillary artery and entered the skull through the foramen spinosum. The posterior superior alveolar artery originated from the middle meningeal artery, gave rise to the pterygoid branch, and entered the maxilla. In addition, the bifurcation of the common carotid artery was at the level of the second cervical vertebra. The embryogenesis of such rare branching pattern of the middle meningeal artery is not clear, but the anatomical consequences may have clinical implications. Clin. Anat. 14:292–294, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical anatomy as the basis for clinical examination: Development and evaluation of an Introduction to Clinical Examination in a problem‐oriented medical curriculum
Authors: Boon J.M. , Meiring J.H. , Richards P.A.
Published: August 2002

Clinical anatomy is usually defined as anatomy applied to patient care. The question is asked whether students of a new horizontally and vertically integrated medical curriculum recognize the subject as the basis for clinical examination. A clinical anatomy practicum was developed in the special activity, “Introduction to Clinical Medicine,” held in the second year of the Pretoria medical curriculum. The practicum was conducted on a station basis to anatomically prepare the student for the inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, abdominal, and urogenital systems. A total of 23 stations consisting of eight cardiovascular, seven respiratory, and eight abdominal/urogenital stations were designed. Standardized patients, cadavers, skeletons, prosected specimens, x‐rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multimedia programs, and clinical case studies were used as resources. A Likert‐type questionnaire was used for student evaluation of the practicum. Most students realized the importance of surface anatomy for a family physician. More than two‐thirds thought the practicum improved their understanding of the anatomical basis for clinical examination. The minority of students were stimulated to do further reading on clinical examination. The students' response to their ability to integrate the clinical examination with the radiological anatomy was average. Most students were continuously aware of the appropriateness of the practicum for their future career. We conclude that medical students recognize the importance of anatomy as the basis for clinical examination when exposed to an appropriate integrated presentation format. Clin. Anat. 15:45–50, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allegations against foster carers: an in‐depth study
Authors: Minty Brian , Bray Sheila
Published: August 2002

This report is a small, in‐depth, descriptive study of allegations of maltreatment made against 22 foster carers, based on semi‐structured interviews with the foster carers, 18 family placement officers and all principal family placement officers in six local authorities in the North of England. Less than 10% (in fact, 2/22) of the allegations were eventually substantiated (i.e. found to be true on investigation) and roughly a quarter (six) were found to be untrue. The remainder were either pronounced ‘unsubstantiated’ (i.e. ‘unproven’—eight cases) or were not proceeded with (two) or never reached a conclusion (four). Less than a quarter of the children at the centre of the allegations remained in placement by the end of the investigation. Two‐thirds of the foster carers continued to foster. Seven (32%) of the carers had previously had allegations made against them. In three cases there was a second allegation of sexual abuse. In one of these the current outcome was ‘founded’, and in a second this probably would have been the outcome had the case not been dropped after the foster father's suicide. In certain respects foster carers seem to be judged more severely than birth parents, and they were almost routinely denied aspects of natural justice accorded birth parents, such as being clearly informed in writing of the allegation made against them and, subsequently, of the outcome of the investigation. Nor were they permitted to put their side of the story at case conferences and other serious incident meetings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and efficacy of the perclose suture–mediated closure device after diagnostic and interventional catheterizations in a large consecutive population
Authors: Kahn Zalman M. , Kumar Mukesh , Hollander Gerald , Frankel Robert
Published: August 2002

Arterial puncture sites after cardiac catheterization are a troublesome cause of complications. Closure devices have been developed to improve on patient comfort and safety. We evaluated a suture‐mediated closure device, the Prostar‐Plus device, in a consecutive population of over 10,001 diagnostic and interventional catheterizations. A significantly higher complication rate was noted for both major and minor complications in the diagnostic catheterization patients treated with the Prostar‐Plus device compared to diagnostic catheterization patients treated with manual compression (2.6% major and 4.6% minor complication rate for the Prostar‐Plus treatment group vs. 0.2% major and 1.8% minor complication rate for the manual compression treatment group). For the interventional patients, there were no statistical differences noted for both major and minor complications between patients treated with the Prostar‐Plus device vs. manual compression. Subgroup analysis showed that older, thinner women were more likely to have complications related to the Prostar‐Plus device. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:8–13. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute coronary embolism: Angiographic diagnosis and treatment with primary angioplasty
Authors: Hernández Felipe , Pombo Marta , Dalmau Regina , Andreu Javier , Alonso Manuel , Albarrán Agustín , Velázquez María T. , Tascón Juan C.
Published: August 2002

Acute coronary embolism is rarely diagnosed and it may explain why normal coronary arteries are found after or even before an acute coronary event in patients with thromboembolic risk factors. Emergency coronary angiography was performed in three patients with prior normal coronary arteries and an acute myocardial infarction, followed by primary angioplasty with low‐pressure balloon inflations plus stenting and combined antiaggregation with aspirin, clopidogrel, and abciximab to disrupt the thrombi and protect distal circulation from microemboli. Angiographic success was achieved in 100%, and 6‐month follow‐up has been uneventful on oral anticoagulation and antiaggregation. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:491–494. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcatheter closure of large persistent left superior vena cava causing cyanosis in two patients post‐Fontan operation utilizing the Gianturco Grifka vascular occlusion device
Authors: Recto Michael R. , Elbl Francisco , Austin Erle
Published: August 2002

We report the successful transcatheter closure of a large persistent left superior vena cava draining into the pulmonary venous circulation causing cyanosis in two patients who had previously undergone the Fontan operation utilizing the Gianturco Grifka vascular occlusion device. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:398–404. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vertebral artery stenting
Authors: Jenkins J. Stephen , White Christopher J. , Ramee Stephen R. , Collins Tyrone J. , Chilakamarri Vijay K. , McKinley Kevin L. , Jain Suresh P.
Published: August 2002

The safety and efficacy of endoluminal stenting in treating atherosclerotic vertebral artery disease was evaluated in 38 vessels in 32 patients. Indications for revascularization included diplopia (n = 4), blurred vision (n = 4), dizziness (n = 23), transient ischemic attacks (n = 4), drop attack (n = 1), gait disturbance (n = 1), headache (n = 2), and asymptomatic critical stenosis (n = 1). Success (< 20% residual diameter stenosis, without stroke or death) was achieved in all 32 patients (100%). One patient experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) 1 hr after the procedure. At follow‐up (mean, 10.6 months), all patients (100%) were alive and 31/32 (97%) were asymptomatic. One patient (3%) had in‐stent restenosis at 3.5 months and underwent successful balloon angioplasty. Endoluminal stenting of vertebral artery lesions is safe, effective, and durable as evidenced by the low recurrence rate. Primary stent placement is an attractive option for atherosclerotic vertebral artery stenotic lesions. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:1–5. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sphingoid base metabolism in yeast: mapping gene expression patterns into qualitative metabolite time course predictions
Authors: Radivoyevitch Tomas
Published: August 2002

Can qualitative metabolite time course predictions be inferred from measured mRNA expression patterns? Speaking against this possibility is the large number of ‘decoupling’ control points that lie between these variables, i.e. translation, protein degradation, enzyme inhibition and enzyme activation. Speaking for it is the notion that these control points might be coordinately regulated such that action exerted on the mRNA level is informative of action exerted on the protein and metabolite levels. A simple kinetic model of sphingoid base metabolism in yeast is postulated. When the enzyme activities in this model are modulated proportional to mRNA expression levels measured in heat shocked yeast, the model yields a transient rise and fall in sphingoid bases followed by a permanent rise in ceramide. This finding is in qualitative agreement with experiments and is thus consistent with the aforementioned coordinated control system hypothesis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of plant cells during symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Authors: Trevaskis Ben , Colebatch Gillian , Desbrosses Guilhem , Wandrey Maren , Wienkoop Stefanie , Saalbach Gerhard , Udvardi Michael
Published: August 2002

Nitrogen‐fixing symbioses between legumes and bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae
involve differentiation of both plant and bacterial cells. Differentiation
of plant root cells is required to build an organ, the nodule, which can feed
and accommodate a large population of bacteria under conditions conducive
to nitrogen fixation. An efficient vascular system is built to connect the
nodule to the root, which delivers sugars and other nutrients to the nodule
and removes the products of nitrogen fixation for use in the rest of the plant.
Cells in the outer cortex differentiate to form a barrier to oxygen diffusion
into nodules, which helps to produce the micro‐aerobic environment necessary
for bacterial nitrogenase activity. Cells of the central, infected zone of
nodules undergo multiple rounds of endoreduplication, which may be necessary
for colonisation by rhizobia and may enable enlargement and greater metabolic
activity of these cells. Infected cells of the nodule contain rhizobia within
a unique plant membrane called the peribacteroid or symbiosome membrane, which
separates the bacteria from the host cell cytoplasm and mediates nutrient
and signal exchanges between the partners. Rhizobia also undergo differentiation
during nodule development. Not surprisingly, perhaps, differentiation of each
partner is dependent upon interactions with the other. High‐throughput methods
to assay gene transcripts, proteins, and metabolites are now being used to
explore further the different aspects of plant and bacterial differentiation.
In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of plant
cell differentiation during nodulation that have been made, at least in part,
using high‐throughput methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd.
A European pathogenic microorganism proteome database: construction and maintenance
Authors: Pleißner Klaus‐Peter , Eifert Till , Jungblut Peter R.
Published: August 2002

A relational database structure based on MS‐Access and MySQL to store and
manage proteomics data was established. This system may be used to publish
two‐dimensional electrophoretic proteomics data, and also may be accessed
by external users who want to compare their own data with those in the databases.
The maintenance of the database is managed centrally. The producers of proteomics
data do not need to construct a database themselves. Users can introduce mass
spectra into the database, which allows the searching of peptide mass fingerprints
against their own protein sequence databases. The first release published
in January 2002 contains data from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter
pylori, Borrelia garinii, Francisella tularensis, Chlamydia
pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Jurkat T‐cells and mouse mammary
gland projects (http://www.mpiib‐berlin.mpg.de/2D‐PAGE/).
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the proteomes of three yeast wild type strains: CEN.PK2, FY1679 and W303
Authors: Rogowska‐Wrzesinska Adelina , Mose Larsen Peter , Blomberg Anders , Görg Angelika , Roepstorff Peter , Norbeck Joakim , John Fey Stephen
Published: August 2002

Yeast deletion strains created during gene function analysis projects very often show drastic phenotypic differences depending on the genetic background used. These results indicate the existence of important molecular differences between the CEN.PK2, FY1679 and W303 wild type strains. To characterise these differences we have compared the protein expression levels between CEN.PK2, FY1679 and W303 strains using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified selected proteins by mass spectrometric analysis. We have found that FY1679 and W303 strains are more similar to each other than to the CEN.PK2 strain. This study identifies 62 proteins that are differentially expressed between the strains and provides a valuable source of data for the interpretation of yeast mutant phenotypes observed in CEN.PK2, FY1679 and W303 strains. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A profile of childminding: implications for planning
Authors: Mooney Ann , Knight Abigail , Moss Peter , Owen Charlie
Published: August 2002

After friends and relatives, childminders are the most common form of child care. This paper reports the results from a postal survey of a nationally representative sample of over 1,000 childminders. Results are reported concerning childminders' training and employment histories, working conditions, motivation, commitment and satisfaction with their work. Two groups of childminders emerge; a group where childminding may be a passing phase in their employment career and a group who consider it as a long‐term career. The findings are discussed with reference to the aims of the National Childcare Strategy and the role of Early Years Development and Childcare Partnerships. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective Michael addition catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids
Authors: Szöllösi György , Bartók Mihály
Published: August 2002

Enantioselective Michael additions of cyclic β‐ketoesters to methyl vinyl ketone catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids were studied. The results revealed that the induced enantioselectivity was significantly influenced by both the structure of the catalyst and that of the substrate. Interesting differences in the effect of the structure of the alkaloid on the enantioselectivity of this reaction in the case of three β‐ketoesters were discovered. High enantioselectivities were obtained in the reaction of ethyl 2‐oxocyclopentanecarboxylate and ethyl 2‐oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (up to 83 and 80%, respectively) at a low cinchona:reactant ratio of 1:500. As the specific rotations of the product enantiomers were unknown, they were determined by optical rotation and chiral GC measurements and verified by NMR experiments. Chirality 13:614–618, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral C and S conformers of aromatic diimide triads
Authors: Gawroński J. , Gawrońska K. , Kacprzak K.
Published: August 2002

Chiral triads composed of a central aromatic diimide moiety and two outer aromatic molecules connected by one‐ or two‐carbon linkers exist in an equilibrium of C and S conformers, as inferred from analysis of circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, as well as from molecular modeling. Chirality 13:322–328, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomimetic asymmetric hydrogenation
Authors: Börner Armin
Published: August 2002

Enzymes and synthetic organometallic catalysts utilize different approaches for the creation of chiral centers in prochiral substrates. While chiral organometallic catalysts realize the transfer of chirality mainly by repulsive interactions, several enzymes use preferentially stereodiscriminating hydrogen bonding. To investigate if hydrogen bonding within the catalyst‐substrate assembly can also have a benefit on the rhodium diphosphine‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation, some model metal complexes and substrates were investigated. As ‘biomimetically acting’ functionalities, hydroxy groups were incorporated in the chiral ligand. Three secondary interactions could be identified by different analytical methods which influence rate and enantioselectivity of the catalytic reaction: 1) HO/Rh‐interactions, 2) HO/HO‐interactions within the backbone of the ligand, and 3) hydrogen bonding between HO‐groups of the ligand and functional groups of an appropriate substrate. Due to the effect of the additional hydroxy groups, enantioselectivities by up to 99% ee could be induced in the hydrogenation product even with water as solvent. Chirality 13:625–628, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Over‐expression of βI tubulin in MDCK cells and incorporation of exogenous βI tubulin into microtubules interferes with adhesion and spreading
Authors: Lezama R. , Castillo A. , Ludueña R.F. , Meza I.
Published: August 2002

Little is known about the presence and distribution of tubulin isotypes in MDCK cells although essential epithelial functions in these monolayers are regulated by dynamic changes in the microtubule architecture. Using specific antibodies, we show here that the βI, βII, and βIV isotypes are differentially distributed in the microtubules of these cells. Microtubules in subconfluent cells radiating from the perinuclear region contain βI and βII tubulins, while those extending to the cell edges are enriched in βII. Confluent cells contain similar proportions of βI and βII along the entire microtubule length. βIV is the less abundant isotype and shows a similar distribution to βII. The effect of modifying tubulin isotype ratios in the microtubules that could affect their dynamics and function was analyzed by stably expressing in MDCK cells βI tubulin from CHO cells. Three recombinant clones expressing different levels of the exogenous βI tubulin were selected and subcloned. Clone 17‐2 showed the highest expression of CHO β1 tubulin. Total βI tubulin levels (MDCK+CHO) in the clones were approximately 1.8 to 1.1‐fold higher than in mock‐transfected cells only expressing MDCK β1 tubulin. In all the cells, βII tubulin levels remained unchanged. The cells expressing CHO β1 tubulin showed defective attachment, spreading, and delayed formation of adhesion sites at short times after plating, whereas mock‐transfected cells attached and spread normally. Analysis of cytoskeletal fractions from clone 17‐2 showed a MDCK βI/CHO βI ratio of 1.89 at 2 h that gradually decreased to 1.0 by 24 h. The ratio of the two isotypes in the soluble fraction remained unchanged, although with higher values than those found for the polymerized βI tubulin. By 24 h, the transfected cells had regained normal spreading and formed a confluent monolayer. Our results show that excess levels of total βI tubulin, resulting from the expression of the exogenous β1 isotype, and incorporation of it into microtubules affect their stability and some cellular functions. As the levels return to normal, the cells recover their normal phenotype. Regulation of βI tubulin levels implies the release of the MDCK βI isotype from the microtubules into the soluble fraction where it would be degraded. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 50:147–160, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plant profilin isovariants are distinctly regulated in vegetative and reproductive tissues
Authors: Kandasamy Muthugapatti K. , McKinney Elizabeth C. , Meagher Richard B.
Published: August 2002

Profilin is a low‐molecular weight, actin monomer‐binding protein that regulates the organization of actin cytoskeleton in eukaryotes, including higher plants. Unlike the simple human or yeast systems, the model plant Arabidopsis has an ancient and highly divergent multi‐gene family encoding five distinct profilin isovariants. Here we compare and characterize the regulation of these profilins in different organs and during microspore development using isovariant‐specific monoclonal antibodies. We show that PRF1, PRF2, and PRF3 are constitutive, being strongly expressed in all vegetative tissues at various stages of development. These profilin isovariants are also predominant in ovules and microspores at the early stages of microsporogenesis. In contrast, PRF4 and PRF5 are late pollen‐specific and are not detectable in other cell types of the plant body including microspores and root hairs. Immunocytochemical studies at the subcellular level reveal that both the constitutive and pollen‐specific profilins are abundant in the cytoplasm. In vegetative cell types, such as root apical cells, profilins showed localization to nuclei in addition to the cytoplasmic staining. The functional diversity of profilin isovariants is discussed in light of their spatio‐temporal regulation during vegetative development, pollen maturation, and pollen tube growth. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:22–32, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.