bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivation and Scale: a Method of Identifying Land Speculators in Upper Canada
Authors: Widdis Randy William
Published: March 2008

Land speculation played a major role in the settlement of Ontario. Its impact has been discussed in great detail but there always remained the problem of identifying individual speculators. Previous studies have identified land speculators solely on the basis of the amount of land held. This paper presents an alternative method of identifying speculators by calling attention to the motivations behind speculation and manifestations of these motivations as inferred in landholding behaviour. In addition, a typology of speculators is presented. Elizabethtown Township provides the setting for an application of the proposed method and a brief analysis of the speculative patterns that emerge.

Les achats speculatifs des terrains, ayant joué un rôle majeur dans la colonisation de l'Ontario, ont souvent été examinés en détail: le probléme de l'identité des speculateurs est pourtant resté sans solution. Dans des études déjà parues, ceux‐ci ont été discernés en ne tenant compte que de la superficie des terrains qu'ils detenaient. Cet essai presente une autre méthode pour identifier les spéculateurs en examinant les mobiles de la spéculation tels qu'ils sont révéles par la conduite de Tacheteur: nous avons aussi formulé une typologie des spéculateurs. Nous avons appliqué la méthode proposée à la ville d'Elizabethtown pour analyser brièvement les mouvements spéculatifs qui s'y présentent.
THE IMPACT OF INVESTMENT INCENTIVES ON MANUFACTURING CHANGE: THE GEORGIAN BAY REGION OF ONTARIO
Authors: CANNON JAMES
Published: March 2008

Relations between Canadian industrial location policy and manufacturing change in the Georgian Bay region of Ontario are examined. To span the pre‐ and post‐policy periods, a census of manufacturing establishments was constructed from 1961 to 1975. Its analysis reveals that incentives had a substantial immediate direct effect on the volume and structure of regional manufacturing, both in absolute terms and in relation to trends in the provincial economy. As a catalyst for self‐sustaining regional development and improved regional economic well‐being, however, the programme's results are more equivocal.

Ce travail examine les rapports entre la politique canadienne de la location des industries et les changements dans les manufactures dans la région de la Baie de Georgie. Afin de couvrir les périodes qui précèdent et suivent l' introduction de cette politique, nous avons fait un recensernent des etablissements industriels de 1961 à 1975. L' analyse de cette information démontre que les stimulants eurent de façon immédiate et directe des effets importants sur le niveau et la structure de l' industrie dans cette région; cela en termes absolus ainsi que par rapport aux tendances de l' économie provinciale. Cependant les effets à plus long terme du programme sont plus équivoques en ce qui concerne son efficacité comme catalyseur d' un développement régional qui se perpétue et d' une amélioration du bien‐être économique de la région.
THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ON THE MANITOBA ESCARPMENT
Authors: CARLYLE W.J.
Published: March 2008

The Manitoba Escarpment is an area of severe environmental problems caused by a combination of adverse physical characteristics and inappropriate land use. Government programmes to solve these problems have emphasized, in succession, water control, land acquisition and use, and a combination of the two. Evaluation of these activities is difficult because of a lack of basic data on precipitation, runoff, and rates of erosion. Work is currently being done to provide the required information and to use it as a basis for land and water management programmes in conservation districts.

L'escarpement du Manitoba est une région de grands problèmes du milieu, du fait des traits physiques et contraires combinés avec le mésusage de la terre. A fin dé resoudre ces problèmes, des programmes gouvernementaux ont souligné d'abord la réglementation de l'eau, ensuite l'obtention et l'usage de la terre, et enfin une combinaison des deux. Aucune évaluation de ces projets est difficile à cause d'une manque de données véritables du milieu, y compris dés détails de précipitation, de l'écoulement de l'eau, et du dégre d'érosion. On essaie actuellement de fournir les détails nécessaires pour s'en servir comme base des programmes de l'entretien de l'eau et de la terre dans les régions de conservation.
METROPOLITAN DOMINANCE AND FOREIGN OWNERSHIP IN THE CANADIAN URBAN SYSTEM
Authors: SEMPLE R. KEITH , SMITH W. RANDY
Published: March 2008

This paper examines the concept of metropolitan dominance as measured by the concentration of corporate activity in large urban centres in the Canadian urban system. Specifically, it explores the extent of corporate concentration in various sectors of the economy; isolates those urban centres in which that concentration occurs; and identifies the extent and location of international penetration of the Canadian economy.

Dans cette étude, nous examinons le concept de l'importance des métropoles en fonction de la concentration des diverses entreprises dans le systeme urbain du Canada. Plus spécifiquement, nous examinons le degré de cette concentration dans divers secteurs économiques; nous isolons les centres urbain ou a lieu cette concentration; nous identifions l'étendue et les points de pénetration internationale dans l'économie du Canada.
NITRATE‐NITROGEN FLUX AND UTILIZATION IN A STREAM ECOSYSTEM DURING LOW SUMMER FLOWS
Authors: HILL ALAN R.
Published: March 2008

Analysis of nitrate transport in the downstream reaches of Duffin Creek, Ontario, revealed an average daily loss of 45 kg nitrate‐N during low summer flows. The nitrate loss represents 50 per cent of the average daily input of total nitrogen and 75 per cent of the nitrate input received by these channel reaches. Nitrate uptake by benthic algae appears to account for a small portion of the NO3‐ removal. Laboratory experiments suggest that most of the nitrate disappearance from the river reaches is caused by bacterial denitrification and nitrate reduction in stream sediments.

L'analyse du transport de nitrate dans l'étendue en aval de Duffin Creek, Ontario, a révélé une perte journalière moyenne de 45 kg de nitrate‐N durant l'écoulement affaibli des flots du ruisseau en été. Cette perte de nitrate représente 50 pourcent de la moyenne journalière du total d'azote fourni et 75 pourcent du nitrate reçu par l'étendue de ce canal. Les algues agrostides ne semblent être responsable que d'une faible partie de ladisparition du NO3‐. Des experiences en laboratoire suggèrent que presque toute la disparition du nitrate dans la riviere est causée par la dénitrification bactérienne et la réduction d'azote dans les sédiments du cours d'eau.
Ambiance, Structure, Et Stratégie: Recherche Sur L'Appréciation Du Paysage Forestier Par Les Campeurs
Authors: Berdoulay Vincent , Phipps Michel , Poulin Ghislain
Published: March 2008

L'utilisation efficace des espaces consacrés aux loisirs et l'optimalisation de la satisfaction des usagers exigent la compréhension des relations entre ceux‐ci et leur environnement. Cet article explore les liens entre 1'attraction d'un site de camping en milieu forestier et I'ambiance qui y règne. On montre d'abord comment cette notion d'ambiance peut‐être mise en ceuvre à travers le concept écologique de structure de la végétation forestière. L'étude montre ensuite le rôle important que jouent ces caractéristiques structurelles dans le choix d'un site pour l'usager. Ce choix est le résultat de stratégies qui, tout en s'adaptant aux particularités du milieu, visent la satisfaction de certaines préférences fondamentales du campeur.

The most efficient use of a recreational area as well as the optimization of user satisfaction require the elucidation of the relationships between recreationists and their environment. This article investigates the links between the attractiveness of camping sites in a forest environment and the ambiance which characterizes these sites. It is first shown how the notion of ambiance can be operationalized through the ecological concept of forest structure. Then the study points out the role of this structural dimension of a forest environment as a factor of the user's choice. This choice results from strategies which are aimed at the satisfaction of some of the camper's fundamental preferences while, at the same time, being adapted to environmental characteristics.
The Niagara Fruit Belt: the Ontario Municipal Board Decision of 1981
Authors: Jackson John N.
Published: March 2008

In the preceding essay, Gayler has traced and explained part of the tortuous, long‐delayed progress towards an effective regional land use plan over the Niagara fruit belt. As population and expansion projections diminished, excessive amounts of land were requested by the several municipalities and by the regional council. These demands were not greatly reduced after lengthy Ontario Municipal Board (omb) hearings, but the board's decision offers some limited hope that the remaining lands will remain under agricultural uses. This proposition will be examined in this paper, with particular reference to the nature and character of the omb decision.
Zoning and Neighbourhood Change: the Annex in Toronto, 1900–1970
Authors: Moore Peter W.
Published: March 2008

Most models of neighbourhood change envisage an insignificant role for zoning, whereas contemporary analyses of the politics of land use change treat it as a major means of controlling change. In the Annex neighbourhood, where zoning was potentially able to prevent all major land use changes after 1900, it proved to be only a minor influence, whether in its enforcement or through new zoning restrictions. In the long run, zoning and the political control of zoning responded to, rather than modified, the dominant economic and social forces which produced change in the neighbourhood.

La plupart des modèles de changement de quartier envisagent un rr̂le peu important en ce qui concerne l'aménagement de tenitoire tandis que les analyses contemporaines de la politique du changement du développement des terrains le traitent comme un moyen principal de contrbler les changements. Dans le quartier Annex, après le début du siècle, l'aménagement du tenitoire aurait pu virtuellement empêcher tout changement en ce qui concemait le développement des terrains. Au contraire, l'aménagement du tenitoire n'est aujourd hui qu'une influence secondaire soit à cause de la manitre de son application soit h cause des nouvelles restrictions qu'il a entamées. En fin de compte, l'amknagement de temtoire aussi bien que son contrble politique ont suivi plutht que de modifier les forces économiques et sociales dominantes qui ont à leur tour produit des changements dans le quartier.
THE IDEALIST DISPUTE IN ANGLO‐AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY: A COMMENT
Authors: Guelke Leonard
Published: March 2008

Curry has raised some new and important issues concerning the value of the idealist philosophy in geography, and his paper makes a significant contribution to a clearer understanding of this approach. Although in his final judgment Curry comes down hard on my position, declaring it to be ‘fundamentally misguided,’ his actual view of idealism is more ambivalent and not nearly as clear‐cut as the words ‘fundamentally misguided’ might suggest. This is revealed by his defence of the position in the earlier part of the paper and his mild treatment of Collingwood, on whose book The Idea of History much of my own position is based.1 There are also parts of Curry's paper that would seem compatible with idealism as I understand it, and with some clarifications and modifications to both our positions a basis of broad agreement between us would appear to exist.
Edmonton's Wholesale Relationships With Northwest Canada
Authors: IRONSIDE R.G. , Peterson Dale D.
Published: March 2008

The paper addresses conceptual propositions by Burghardt on gateway cities and by Vance on wholesaling. Two objectives were sought: to measure the gateway role of Edmonton using wholesaler linkages; and to ascertain if Edmonton is still the unravelling point for distribution to northern markets. Evidence from a 1975 survey of the structure and linkages of the wholesaling industry in Edmonton and in northern communities proved that the city remains the main gateway to the north‐west despite a challenge from Vancouver. It is also the main unravelling point despite minor northern competitors.

Cet exposé présente des propositions conceptuelles émises par Burghardt sur les villes servant de portes et par Vance sur la vente en gros. On a recherché deux objectifs: mesurer le rôle de porte joué par Edmonton en utilisant les liens de la vente en gros et vérifier si Edmonton est encore un unravelling point pour la distribution vers les marchés du nord. Une etude fut faite en 1975 sur la structure et les liens de l'industrie de la vente en gros à Edmonton et dans les communautks au nord. L'Cvidence obtenue par cette Ctude a démontré que la ville d'Edmonton reste la principale porte vers le nord ouest malgré le défi representé par Vancouver; l'ktude a aussi dkmontrt qu'Edmonton est le principal unravelling point malgré les compétiteurs moins importants situés au nord.
Grand Design on the Fringes of Empire: New Towns for British North America
Authors: Wood J. David
Published: March 2008

There was an increasing elaboration of a town model introduced by British authorities to the new American colonies in the second half of the eighteenth century. The simplest versions, in Nova Scotia (from 1749), gave way to ‘classic’ Charlottetown (1768) and eventually to excesses in Ontario (ca 1790). The model and its elaboration are clarified, the circuitous route for the planning inspiration is traced, and an explanation is offered for the over‐ambitious model bestowed on Ontario. Themes include late Renaissance ideas for new towns, the impact on colonial peripheries of a sophisticated imperial administration, ‘landscape by committee,’ and the diffusion of ideas.

Pendant la deuxième moitié du dix‐huitième siècle, il y eut dans les nouvelles colonies américaines une elaboration croissante du modele urbain introduit par les autoritCs britanniques. Les expressions les plus simples de ce modirle, en Nouvelle Ecosse (de 1749), cédèrent au style « classique » de Charlottetown (1768) et menirrent éventuellement aux excirs en Ontario (ca 1790). Nous clarifierons ce modele et son évolution; nous tracerons les multiples influences qui inspirerent cet urbanisme; et nous expliquerons le modele par trop ambitieux qui se manifesta en Ontario. Les themes de cet article incluent les idées sur les « new towns » qui eurent cours vers la fin de la Renaissance; l'impact d'une administration impenale raffinee sur les périphéries coloniales; la fabrication « par comité» du paysage urbain; et la diffusion des idtes.
Pioneer Life on the Bay of Quinte: an Evaluation of Genealogical Source Data in the Study of Migration
Authors: Widdis Randy William
Published: March 2008

The movement of people, goods, and ideas into new frontiers is one of the most important and prevalent themes in Canadian historiography.1 For all that emphasis, however, the literature on the historical demography of the Canadian frontier does little to address the dynamics of frontier migration at the family level or to draw out the contributions of successive generations of pioneer families to the movement of the frontier itself. The difficulty of obtaining data is an obvious explanation, although a few recent studies have shown the usefulness of such sources as church registers, newspapers, residence histories, and naturalization records.2 The purpose of the present essay is to draw further attention to the value of this approach by focusing on a specific Ontario example ‐ a volume entitled Pioneer Life on the Bay of Quinte.3 This book was published in 1904 and it contains data which permit the nineteenth‐century migrations of some Bay of Quinte families and their descendants to be traced.
FARM LAYOUTS IN MANITOBA
Authors: CARLYLE WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2008

The internal spatial arrangement of some 1,000 farms in Manitoba is examined. About three‐fifths of the farms comprise one or more separated pieces besides a farmstead piece. Efficiency of fanning appears to be the main factor governing the areal layout of both farmstead and separated pieces. Farmstead pieces tend to be large and to comprise side contiguous parcels. Separated pieces are generally close to each other and the farm headquarters, and larger pieces are preferred to smaller ones. Farms become more broken up with increasing farm size, but layouts vary little from region to region or among ethnic groups.

On examine la disposition interne et spatiale de quelque mille fermes du Manitoba. Environ trois cinquièmes de ces fermes comprennent une ou plusieurs parties de terre qui sont détachées de la partie principale. Il semble que l'éfficacité de l'agriculture est l'élément le plus important en ce qui concerne la disposition régionale d'une ferme et de ses parties détachées. Les parties principaux ont une tendance àêtre grandes et à comprendre des parties qui sont laterales et contiguës. En général les parties détachées avoisinent les unes les autres aussi bien que la partie principale, et les parties plus grandes sont préférées aux celles qui sont plus petites. Plus une ferme s'agrandit, plus ses parties deviennent dispersées, mais la disposition des fermes diffère peu d'une région à une autre ou parmi les groupes ethniques.
LES TRANSFORMATIONS DE L'ESPACE SOCIAL DE LA VILLE: UNE APPLICATION DE L'ANALYSE FACTORIELLE A TROIS ENTREES
Authors: Langlois André
Published: March 2008

A partir des armiés 60, la géographie urbaine voit se dessiner de l'intérieur un domaine qui ne cessera de s'affirmer par la suite jusqu'à devenir, au début des années 70, une quasi mini‐discipline possédant à la fois un object d'étude spécifique, la différenciation de l'espace urbain, et un cadre méthodo‐logique des mieux définis. L'écologie factorielle, puisqu'il s'agit d'elle, allait ainsi devenir la source de nombreuses études qui se donneront comme tâche de décrire, voire expliquer la structure socio‐économique de la ville.
THE ROAD LESS TRAVELLED: REFLECTIONS ON A CAREER IN GEOGRAPHY
Authors: Fraser J. Keith
Published: March 2008

‘The Road Not Taken’

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveller, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I ‐I took the road less travelled by, And that has made all the difference.
THE ORCHARD INDUSTRY'S RESPONSE TO LOW‐TEMPERATURE INJURY IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY
Authors: Krueger Ralph R.
Published: March 2008

Low‐temperature injury in both winter and spring has been a problem for the Okanagan orchard industry since its beginning. The nature and history of low‐temperature injury are described, and the response of the orchard industry is assessed. Three types of coping mechanisms are discussed: modifying the hazard, modifying the loss potential, and adjusting to the loss. Although or chardists are aware of the low‐temperature hazard, they do not feel strongly threatened by it and believe that they have modified the hazard and loss potential to a point where they can, with institutional assistance, adjust to the level of losses they experience.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION, AND REGIONAL REPERCUSSIONS: THE CASE OF BRITISH SHIPBUILDING
Authors: Todd Daniel
Published: March 2008

A variant of the structural contingency model is applied to the post‐war experience of the British shipbuilding industry to show how technological change has affected the market for ships and compelled shipbuilding firms to adopt a number of responses. These include changes in industrial organization and the promotion of government intervention. Some of the ensuing outcomes are explored in detail by focusing on the industrial impact of the introduction of large tankers and standard ship designs. The regions that have benefited from the interaction of technological change and market demand are also identified.
‘TEXAS (WHEN I DIE)’: NATIONAL IDENTITY AND IMAGES OF PLACE IN CANADIAN COUNTRY MUSIC BROADCASTS
Authors: Lehr John C.
Published: March 2008

As a nation linguistically and regionally fragmented, Canada faces unique problems of national unity and identity. The truth of Northrop Frye's observation that ‘Canada has passed from a pre‐national to a post‐national phase without ever having become a nation’ is illustrated by the trauma of partially sloughing the trappings of colonial status in 1982, 115 years after attaining de facto independence in 1867. National identity in Canada rests precariously on the shoulders of its peoples, for the fabric of national consciousness spun from myths and images is still being woven by its literati, bureaucrats, and politicians.

Not only does Canada have a small population and, as Mackenzie King put it, ‘too much geography,’ but the country is bordered by a culturally aggressive and dynamic English‐speaking nation outnumbering it by more than ten to one. If English Canadians are to formulate a distinctive cultural identity, to create their own images and myths of place, to come imaginatively into contact with the country, and to answer the fundamental question of ‘Where is Here?,’ they must do so on their own terms, not in a cultural vacuum but in a milieu protected in some measure from the onrush of values, attitudes, and beliefs emanating from beyond the borders of Canada.
Space, Sound, Culture, and Politics: Radio Broadcasting in Southern Ontario
Authors: Doucet Michael
Published: March 2008

Broadcasting is one renewable resource that has received little attention from geographers. Different segments of the broadcast spectrum display quite different space‐covering characteristics, and the regulation of signals that cross international boundaries is a matter of growing concern for the International Telecommunication Union. In this paper, spectrum management issues are examined for the am portion of the broadcast band in the southern Ontario region, am stations often have large but irregularly shaped coverage areas, especially at night. Spectrum saturation and the competition from American broadcasters pose problems for the region, not all of which can be solved with new technology.

Le spectre des radio‐fréquences est une ressource naturelle renouvable a laquelle les gkographes ont accordé jusqu’à présent peu d'attention. Les différentes bandes du spectre ont des caractéristiques de portée bien distinctes et les réglements regissant les télécommunications internationales deviennent de plus en plus importants pour l'Union internationale des télécommunications. Cette examine les problhes de gestion du spectre pour la bande radio‐diffusion MA dans la rkgion de l'Ontario du sud. Les stations de radio MA ont souvent de grandes, mais asymétriques, régions de reception, particulitrement la nuit. La saturation du spectre et la concurrence des stations amkricains posent des probltmes dam la region. La nouvelle technologie ne peut rksoudre tous ces problhes.
Winding Down in a Quebec Mining Town: a Case Study of Schefferville
Authors: Bradbury John H. , St‐Martin Isabelle
Published: March 2008

The pattern of decline in a mining region is examined using a case study of Schefferville. A critical examination is made of Lucas's model of youth to maturity in community development, and a further two stages are suggested ‐ winding down and closure of a town. The discussion centres on the characteristics of community and corporate winding down in Schefferville: the restructuring of the local workforce, disinvestment, relocation of capital, and company withdrawal from housing, municipal affairs, and public services.

Les auteurs entreprennent une étude du processus de déclin dans les régions minikres en se servant de l'exemple de Schefferville. En partant d'une critique du modtle fait par Lucas sur les stages d’évolution et de maturation d'une communauté, les auteurs proposent d'y ajouter deux autres Ctages, soit celui de déclin et celui de la fermeture définitive d'une ville. La période de déclin est donc caractérisée par la restructuration de la main d'ceuvre, par la diminution des investissements, par la relocalisation de capitaux, et par le retrait de la sociktk minikre au niveau du logement, des affaires municipales, et des services publics dans la ville.
COMPUTER CARTOGRAPHY IN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Guelke Leonard , Lai Poh Chin
Published: March 2008

The potential value of maps in historical geographical research has increased as a result of clearer understanding of the nature of maps and new developments in computer cartography. The computer has made possible the rapid transformation of appropriately organized sets of data into maps of many different types. The manipulation of such data sets replaces many time‐consuming drafting operations of conventional cartography and adds new flexibility to mapping operations. Maps of the early colonial settlement of the Cape Colony demonstrate the flexibility and value of computer cartography in historical geographical research.

La valeur potentielle des cartes pour la recherche en géographie historique a connu un essor considérable suite à une meilleure connaissance de la nature des cartes et les développements récents dans la cartographie automatisée. L'ordinateur a rendu possible la transformation rapide des ensembles de données organisés d'une facon appropriée en cartes de divers types. La manipulation de tels ensembles de données remplace un grand nombre d'opérations manuelles de la cartographie traditionnelle qui ont demandé beaucoup de temps, et elle a ajouté une nouvelle flexibilité aux opérations de cartographie. Des cartes du peuplement au début de l'époque coloniale du Cap démontrent la flexibilité et la valeur de la cartographie automatisée pour la recherche en géographie historique.
HOUSING RENOVATION BY RECENT MOVERS INTO THE CORE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF SASKATOON
Authors: Phipps Alan G.
Published: March 2008

One hundred and eighty‐five homeowning households who had moved into core neighbourhoods during 1975–80 were surveyed about their completed and planned interior and exterior home renovations. It was found that expenditures of less than $500 for cosmetic and minor repairs to the interior and exterior predominate. Discriminant analyses of subgroups of ‘no’ maintainer, normal maintainer, and large‐scale renovator households identify financial constraints as the primary hindrance to renovating. Policy implications of the low levels of home renovation in these inner‐city neighbourhoods are discussed.

Cent quatre‐vingt cinq ménages propriétaries de maison ayant emmd́nagé dans les quartiers du centre‐ville au cours de la période 1975–80 furent interrogd́s au sujet de leurs rénovations intérieures et extérieures, achevées et en projet. Les résultats montrent que les dépenses de moins de $500 pour réparations mineures et d'ordre esthétique prédominent. L’étude, effectuée a l'aide d'analyses discriminantes, de sous‐groupes comprenant respectivement, des ménages qui ne pratiquent aucun entretien, ceux qui pratiquent un entretien normal, et ceux qui effectuent des rénovations majeures, identifie les constraintes financières comme etant l'obstacle le plus important pour la rénovation. Les implications des deux niveaux de rénovation résidentielle pour les politiques de planification urbaine sont discutées.
IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES ON ISRAELI RURBAN COLONIZATION: THE WEST BANK AND GALILEE MOUNTAINS
Authors: Newman David
Published: March 2008

Settlement activity in the West Bank and Galilee mountain regions is examined to establish the extent to which the changing ideologies in Israeli society are reflected. While settlement location and settlement type are both seen to have influenced Jewish colonization over the past 100 years, it is the former that provides the dominant framework for understanding decision‐making in a situation of territorial conflict. The change in dominant ideology in Israel during the 1970s is evidenced by a process of modification in settlement policies, resulting in the development of new urban village types in a mountain environment.

Ce texte examine les colonies de peuplements en Cisjordanie et en Galilée afin d'établir dans quelle mesureellesrefletent éevolution idéologique delasociété israelienne. Si le lieu et le type des colonies semblent avoir influé sur la colonisation juive depuis 100 ans, c'est le lieu qui sert de cadre dominant permettant de comprendre les décisions prises en cas de conflit territorial. Le changement d'idéologie dominante en Israël durant les années 1970 est attesté par un processus de modification dans les politiques de colonisation, ce qui a entraîné l'aménagement de nouveaux types de villages urbains en milieu montagneux.
PHYSICIAN LOCATION BEHAVIOUR IN METROPOLITAN TORONTO
Authors: Rosenberg Mark W.
Published: March 2008

How physicians choose their places of practice within urban areas is a basic problem in understanding health care delivery systems. Using the results of a postal survey in metropolitan Toronto, location factors important to physicians are examined using several different categories of analysis. As a result, three locational situations are discussed for their importance in the physician location decision and as the basis for a policy to influence the location of physicians in urban areas.

Comment les médecins choisissent l'emplacement de leur cabinet dans les secteurs urbains s'avère être un problème fondamental pour comprendre les systèmes de prestation de soins de santé. En se servant des résultats d'un sondage postal effectué dans la métropole torontoise, les facteurs de location importants aux médecins sont examinés en utilisant diverses catégories d'analyse différentes. En conséquence, trois situations d'emplacement sont discutées d'après leur importance dans la décision du médecin concernant son choix de location. Elles servent également comme base à une politique pour influencer l'emplacement des médecins dans les secteurs urbains.
Canada: How Many Glaciations?
Authors: Ford D.C. , Andrews J.T. , Day T.E. , Harris S.A. , Macpherson J.B. , Occhietti S. , Rannie W.F. , Slaymaker H.O.
Published: March 2008

Editor's note: The first President's Symposium was held during the cag annual meeting at the University of Winnipeg in 1983. The idea was to air some broad and invigorating topic to which invited specialists from across the country could contribute under presidential direction. The inaugural topic selected by the president, Professor D.C. Ford, was ‘Canada: how many glaciations?’ The specialist contributors certainly learned a great deal, and the symposium was well received by the general membership whom the specialists wished to interest. This article consists of a summary of the presentations made by the various contributors and a concluding polemic.
Management of Industrial Parks: Australian Perspectives
Authors: Wadley David
Published: March 2008

Industrial parks have aroused high expectations among academics and practitioners. Using the product cycle concept, it is argued that the emphasis should now move from development to ongoing management to maintain park performance. This is illustrated by reference to a mature and successful Australian park: detailed evaluation of location, access, amenity, and zoning suggests changes to physical planning and management potentially beneficial to occupants. Given the downturn in Western manufacturing and the concentration of industrial activity in parks, park performance is now significant. Improvements at the micro‐level might assist industrial restructuring and recovery.

Les lotissements industriels ont provoquk de grands espoirs parmi thkoreticiens et gens de mktier. En utilisant le concept du cycle des produits, cet article affirme que, apr le dkveloppement mike, c'est la continuit6 de la gestion qui doit maintenant susciter les efforts si on veut maintenir les rksultats obtenus dans ces surfaces. L'exemple d'un lotissement industriel australien bien établi et prospkre vaservir A illustrer cette affirmation: l'evaluation detaillke du site, des points d'accks, de l'agrkment, de la repartition en zones suggkre des changements dans la planification physique et la gestion qui peuvent offrir des améliorations aux occupants. Etant donne le declin de l'industrie occidentale et la concentration de I'activite industrielle dans des lotissements Specialises, I'efficacitt de ces surfaces est importante. Des ameliorations de detail pourraient contribuer A la restructuration et A la relkve industrielles.
DOWNTOWN OR THE SUBURBS? A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO VANCOUVER HEAD OFFICES
Authors: LEY DAVID
Published: March 2008

Office location policy in Canadian cities has often emphasized the social costs of job‐residence separation. From a survey of two Vancouver corporations, one centrally located and the other relocated to Burnaby, it was found that employees in both head offices are equally satisfied with their job location, if for different reasons. As policy suggests, decentralization is associated with a shorter journey to work, especially for clerical staff; however, unforeseen by policy, management is more ambivalent about suburban relocation, primarily for business reasons. In addition, employees express significant differences in evaluating new and old head office buildings as a work environment.

La politique concernant la situation des bureaux dans les villes canadiennes a souvent insisté sur les coǔts sociaux entraǐnés par la distance séparant le lieu de travail du lieu de résidence. Une enquěte par sondage concernant la relation géographique entre les lieux de résidence et de travail évalue le degré de satisfaction des employés d'agences centrales de deux sociétés commerciales de Vancouver. Etant donné le besoin d'un nouvel emplacement, une des sociétés commerciales s'est décentralisée, alors que l'autre s'est maintenue en ville dans ses édifices traditionnels. L'ensemble des employés des deux sociétés sont également satisfaits de la location de leurs bureaux (quelquefois pour des raisons différentes). Comme le suggère la politique, la décentralisation est associée à un trajet plus court pour se rendre au travail, particulièrernent pour les employés de bureaux; cependant (et ceci nétait pas prévu par la politique), la direction est plus ambivalente en ce qui concerne la relocalisation en banlieues, principalement pour des raisons d'affaires. De plus, les employés expriment des différences significatives dans l'évaluation des nouveaux et des anciens édifices d'agence centrale en tant qu'en‐vironnement de travail.
KINSHIP AND SOCIETY IN THE UKRAINIAN PIONEER SETTLEMENT OF THE CANADIAN WEST
Authors: LEHR JOHN C.
Published: March 2008

The geography and internal structure of Ukrainian block settlements in western Canada illustrate the strength of social ties transferred from the homeland. Settlements were structured according to kinship, village, district, provincial, and national loyalties. In this respect the internal geography of Ukrainian block settlements in Canada replicated that of the western Ukraine in microcosm. Although Settlement within a familiar social‐ cultural milieu offered many advantages for the immigrant, the ultimate result was not always beneficial, since a determination to pursue social advantage in settlement led to the occupation of much agriculturally marginal land.

La géographie et la structure interne des implantations en masse des Ukrainiens dans l' ouest du Canada montrent la force des liens sociaux transmis du pays ? origine. Ces implantations furent structurées en fonction d'affinityés provenant de liens soit de parenté ou de loyauté qui existaient à des niveaux diffgrents, tel que dans le village, ou dans le quartier, au même en province ou dans des coins lointains du pays. A cet égard, la géographie interne de ce type d'implantation au Canada fut la réplique en microcosme de celle de l' ouest de l' Ukraine. Bien que l' implantation au sein d'un milieu socio‐culturel connu ait offert beaucoup d'avantages à l' immigrant, le résultat final n'a pas toujours étéà son avantage, surtout lorsque la détermination de maintenir ces liens sociaux mena à l' occupation de nombreuses terres qui étaient faibles en rendements agricoles.
SOME DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DIFFUSION PATTERNS OF HUTTERITE COLONIES
Authors: EVANS S.M.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes some developments in the diffusion pattern of Hutterite colonies in North America. Today, there are more than 300 colonies distributed over the four western provinces of Canada and five states of the United States. The spatial behaviour of the three Hutterite clan‐groups is compared, and responses by the sects to the repeal of the Alberta Communal Property Act in 1973 are assessed. Finally, changes in the rate of diffusion and the management of colony division are examined.

Cette communication décrit quelques développements dans la diffusion des colonies ?Hutterites en Amérique du Nord. Aujourd'hui, il y a plus de 300 colonies dispersées dans les quatre provinces de ľoeust canadien et dans cinq états américains. Nous comparons le comportement spatial des trois groupes, ou clans, principaux ?Hutterites et nous évaluons les réactions des sectes àľabrogation de la législation, de 1973, de la loi pourtant sur la possession en commun de propriétés Finalement. on examine le gérance de la division des colonies, et les changements dans leurs taux de diffusion.
BODYSCAPE: THE BODY‐LANDSCAPE METAPHOR
Authors: Porteous J. Douglas
Published: March 2008

The metaphorical use of body imagery in relation to landscape is fundamental in the Western world. The Renaissance metaphor that understood the earth to be modelled on the human body has generally been regarded as a one‐way relation, ‘landscape as body. It finds its expression in generic landscape naming. In imaginative literature at least, the reverse relation, ‘body as landscape,’ is of frequent occurrence and continues well into the machine age. The body in question is generally female, and the culmination of the ‘body as landscape' metaphor is pornotopia.

L'utilisation de la métaphore reliant I'image du corps à celle du paysage est fondamentale dans notre culture occidental. Durant la Renaissance, on s'accordait sur le fait que la terre était modelée sur le corps humain; la métaphore symbolisait done une relation unidirectionel‐le: ‘paysage, image du corps. Cette idée est exprimée dans les noms génériques des paysages. Dans la litérature, au contraire, e'est la relatio inverse, ‘corps, image du paysage,’ qui a été souvent utilisée, persistant long‐temps dans I'ère de la machine. En général, s'agit du corps féminin et le point culminant de la métaphore ‘corps, image du paysage' est de la ‘pornotopie.
RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE LENDING IN METROPOLITAN TORONTO: A CASE STUDY OF THE RESALE MARKET
Authors: Murdie Robert A.
Published: March 2008

The incidence and spatial patterns of residential mortgage lending for a sample of resales in Metropolitan Toronto in 1976–7 are examined. The empirical evidence indicates a high level of private individual financing and a clear spatial differentiation of lender types. Regression analyses indicate the importance of ethnicity, in addition to income, in accounting for these spatial variations. The importance of ethnicity is verified by cross tabulations between source of mortgage funds and borrower ethnicity. Factors such as the legislative environment within which financial institutions operate, the policies of individual institutions, and the advantages of private mortgages are evaluated as possible explanations for the observed patterns and relationships.
GEOGRAPHY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF THE 1984 GULF OF MAINE BOUNDARY DISPUTE
Authors: Ricketts Peter
Published: March 2008

The October 1984 judgment of the International Court of justice delimiting the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine has important implications for geography as well as for Canada and the United States. Geography played an important role throughout the dispute, with each party adopting widely differing approaches to depicting the relevant geographical relationships. In its final judgment, the court declared that geography was the single most important factor in its determination of the boundary. An analysis of this judgment shows that it is a potential watershed for geography, creating the necessity for a more dynamic and realistic geographical analysis than has hitherto been applied to such disputes.
SNOW AS A RESOURCE AND HAZARD IN EARLY‐TWENTIETH‐CENTURY MINING, SELKIRK MOUNTAINS, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Gardner James S.
Published: March 2008

Snow as both a resource and a hazard is discussed in the context of early‐twentieth‐century mining in the southern Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia. This case study focuses on the Carpenter Creek region, a productive silver mining area during the period 1892–1930. Historical data sources including newspapers, government reports, anecdotal literature, and photographs, have been employed. As a resource, snow usually provided a plentiful water‐supply for domestic, industrial, and power‐generation purposes and served as the basis of ore transport from most minesites by the process of rawhiding. As a hazard, snow disrupted trail and rail transport and was the basis of an enduring avalanche risk that often resulted in deaths, injuries, and structural damage. Mining and related activities destroyed much of the natural forest cover, which led to an increased extent of avalanches. A variety of technological and behavioural adjustments were made to mitigate the hazards posed by snow. Other hazards such as forest fires and flooding, coupled with socioeconomic conditions, such as silver prices, labour shortages, and strikes, adversely affected the local economy throughout the period of study. However, the ultimate demise of the economy resulted from the collapse of world silver prices in 1929.
METROPOLITAN OUTMIGRATION PATTERN OF CANADIAN LABOUR FORCE ENTRANTS, 1971–76
Authors: Liaw Kao‐Lee , Kanaroglou Pavlos , Moffett Patricia
Published: March 2008

This paper analyses the 1971 ‐76 metropolitan out‐migration pattern of Canadian males in the labour force entrance age group. Migration is conceptualized within a three‐level choice framework, and statistical inference is based on a multinomial logit model. It was found (1) that the propensity to outmigrate and the destination choice pattern vary substantially among the 23 metropolitan areas; (2) that 83 per cent of the variation in the destination choice probabilities of metropolitanward migrants can be explained by only five variables (log of distance, cultural dissimilarity, temperature, employment growth, and population size); and (3) that housing conditions are essentially the results (rather than the causes) of intermetropolitan migration.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY IN A MULTILINGUAL WORLD: THE IMPLOSION OF RELEVANCE?
Authors: BARR Brentonm M.
Published: March 2008

Global social, political, and economic change during the past quarter‐century has been profound, particularly in major areas with languages different from those usually employed by Canadian geographers. Surveys by the author suggest that senior Canadian geography graduate students, however, are inadequately prepared to assimilate primary world sources of information, including the relevant research literatures (except those published in this country's two official languages), and that few geography departments any longer require competence in more than one language at any level of study. Nevertheless, geographers and their students could benefit in many ways from foreign language expertise. Suggestions are made whereby geography departments could reinforce their existing rigorous training programs with foreign linguistic and area competence.
A CITY OF TENANTS: HOMEOWNERSHIP AND SOCIAL CLASS IN MONTREAL, 1847–1881
Authors: Hertzog Stephen , Lewis Robert D.
Published: March 2008

Over the years 1847 to 1881, as Montreal industrialized, the rate of homeownership declined from 31.6 per cent to 14.7 per cent. From a selection of occupations representative of social classes, it is shown that the large working class was dispossessed, while homeownership increased among the bourgeoisie. Distinctive occupational profiles are reported for homeowners, absentee owners, and resident owners of duplexes and their tenants.

Au cours de la période d'industrialisation des années 1847 à 1881, Montréal est devenue une ville de loca‐laires. Le pourcentage de propriétaires‐occupants a chuté de 3 7,6 pour cent à 14,7 pour cent. A partir d'un èchantillon des occupations qui caractérisent chaque classe sociale, on découvre que chez les ouvriers le taux a fortement diminué, alors que dans la bourgeoisie il a augmenté. On trace le profil socio‐professionnel de plu‐sieurs catégories de propriétaires et de locataires, en dis‐tinguant le propriétaire‐occupant du non‐occupant, I'habitat unifamilial du duplex.
LES VILLES NOUVELLES FRANÇESES ET L'INNOVATION URBAINE, VINGTANS APRÉS
Authors: Ploegaerts Léon
Published: March 2008

Ledéveloppement des villes nouvelles françaises a été caractérisé par des approches innovatrices à l'organisation urbaine qui se sont manifestées principalement sur les plans urbanistique, architectural et technologique. Conçues à la fin des années soixante, dans un contexte de croissance économique en perte de Vitesse, les villes nouvelles n'ont pas échappéà la crise actuelle. Cepen‐dant leur existence n'est pas remise en question. On constate qu'elles constituent un vaste laboratoire d'ex‐périences urbaines nouvelles encore en rodage qui pourraient, à I'avenir, apporter des solutions aux nom‐breux problémes auxquels sont confrontés tous les milieux urbains.
MEASURING SUMMER SEA ICE SEVERITY IN EASTERN HUDSON BAY 1751–1870
Authors: CATCHPOLE A.J.W. , HALPIN JANET
Published: March 2008

The log‐books of the Hudson's Bay Company supply ships are the sources from which are derived annual indices of summer sea ice severity in eastern Hudson Bay in the period 1751–1870. The indices are based on two properties of the daily ice conditions described in the log‐books: lateness of occurrence and severity of ice. The annual ice index is obtained by comparing the ice conditions in each year from 1751 to 1870 with those in 1969. This year experienced the most severe late summer ice in this region during the period of present‐day ice observations.

Les livres de bord des bateaux d'approvisionnement de la Compagnie de la Bale d'Hudson constituent les sources desquelles sont derives les indices annuels de sévérité de la glace marine estivale, dans la partie est de la Baie d'Hudson, pour la période 1751–1870. Ces indices de la glace sont établis à partir de deux propriétés des conditions quotidiennes de la glace, telles qu'elles sont décrites dans les livres de bord. Ces propriétés sont la tardiveté d'apparition et la sévérité de la glace. On obtient l'indice annuel de la glace en comparant les conditions de la glace pour chaque année de la période 1751–1870 avec les conditions de la glace en 1969. Cette année se charactérise par la glace d'été tardive la plus sévére dans cette région au cour de la période contemporaine d'observations de la glace.