bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GC‐MS‐based metabolomics analysis reveals L‐aspartate enhances the antibiotic sensitivity of neomycin sulfate‐resistant Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Zhao Xianliang , Chen He , Jin Zhaohui , Li Li , Zhang Jie , Kong Xianghui
Published: September 2018

Neomycin sulfate, a kind of drug known as aminoglycoside antibiotic, can be used to treat external or internal bacterial infections. However, there are increasing signs that antibiotics use in aquaculture may have a long‐term and permanent potential to select for antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in the aquatic environment. In the present study, we aimed to identify key metabolic biomarker whose abundance is correlated with neomycin sulfate resistance in A. hydrophila by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Through bioinformatics analysis, L‐aspartate was identified as the most crucial biomarker in neomycin sulfate‐resistant A. hydrophila and a potential modulator of neomycin sulfate resistance. It was validated as a synergist that incubation of neomycin sulfate‐susceptible or ‐resistant A. hydrophila with exogenous L‐aspartate sensitized the bacteria to neomycin sulfate in vitro assay. Moreover, L‐aspartate also significantly improved the bactericidal efficacy of neomycin sulfate in Carassius auratus, and increased the survival rate of fish after A. hydrophila challenge. This study presents a novel approach in fighting against antibiotic‐resistant pathogens through exploration of antibiotic‐resistant biomarkers.
Differences in Perception of Extended Producer Responsibility and Product Stewardship among Stakeholders: An International Questionnaire Survey and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Tasaki Tomohiro , Tojo Naoko , Lindhqvist Thomas
Published: September 2018

Different perceptions of the concept of extended producer responsibility and product stewardship (EPR/PS) have tended to lead to prolonged policy disputes and have likely affected the design of EPR/PS policies. We therefore surveyed stakeholders’ perceptions of the concept of EPR/PS, including its aims, application, and rationales, and analyzed 376 responses with regression analysis and cluster analysis. The results clearly demonstrated the diversity in stakeholders’ perceptions and identified/confirmed several patterns between stakeholders’ perceptions and attributes. Concerning aims, our analysis showed that stakeholders from middle‐/low‐income countries placed more importance on proper treatment and waste reduction in EPR/PS policy, while those from Europe, North America, Japan, and the rest of Asia had different perceptions on seven aims of EPR/PS, especially for increasing collection and shifting responsibility to producers, and paid varying attention to upstream and downstream improvement (e.g., better product design and recycling, respectively). Our analysis also confirmed that respondents perceiving lack of capability of local governments regarding waste management advocated EPR/PS more and respondents positive about information acquisition put more importance on physical responsibility. The largest contributing variables to the perception of EPR/PS were 14 specific EPR/PS mechanisms/issues, suggesting that discussion about specific mechanisms of EPR/PS policy is a key if common and better understandings of the EPR/PS concept are to develop. The dominant rationale of EPR/PS agreed upon by the respondents was producers’ capability, but the concept of beneficiary bears was also supported by 58% of respondents, especially by national governments and North Americans. Finally, implications of the results for EPR/PS policy development were discussed.
The role of change in self‐criticism across young adulthood in explaining developmental outcomes and psychological wellbeing
Authors: Michaeli Yossi , Kalfon Hakhmigari Maor , Dickson Daniel J. , Scharf Miri , Shulman Shmuel
Published: September 2018

Objective

Past research has confirmed the role of self‐criticism in numerous forms of psychopathology and negative interpersonal outcomes. However, the majority of these studies were cross‐sectional and have not addressed the role of possible changes in self‐criticism across time for future outcomes. The current study investigated the degree to which changes in self‐criticism during young adulthood precede better psychological outcomes beyond the contribution of their baseline levels.

Method

A total of 168 Israeli emerging adults were followed for 12 years. Participants completed assessments of self‐criticism at age 23, 24, 26.5, and 29, and of developmental tasks and psychological adaptation at age 35. Analyses assessed the extent to which the intercept and linear slope of self‐criticism were associated with assessments of coping with age‐related tasks and psychological well‐being at age 35.

Results

Findings indicated that decreases in self‐criticism between the ages of 23 and 29 were associated with better coping with age‐related task outcomes and psychological health at age 35.

Conclusions

These findings are among the first to show that decreases in self‐criticism serve as important precursors of coping with age‐related tasks and psychological outcomes and point to the positive contributions of changes in personality attributes for future development.
When I say … embodied cognition
Authors: van der Schaaf Marieke , Bakker Arthur , ten Cate Olle
Published: September 2018

The authors explore the definition of embodied cognition and explain its relevance and importance to medical education and health care.
Sterol methyltransferase is required for optimal mitochondrial function and virulence in Leishmania major
Authors: Mukherjee Sumit , Xu Wei , Hsu Fong‐Fu , Patel Jigesh , Huang Juyang , Zhang Kai
Published: September 2018

Limited knowledge on the exact functions of ergostane‐based sterols has hampered the application of sterol synthesis inhibitors against trypanosomatid parasites. Sterol methyltransferase (SMT) is directly involved in the synthesis of parasite‐specific C24‐methylated sterols, including ergosterol and 5‐dehydroepisterol. While pharmacological studies hint at its potential as a drug target against trypanosomatids, direct evidence for the cellular function and essentiality of SMT is lacking. Here, we characterized the SMT knockout mutants and their complemented strains in Leishmania major, the causative agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Deletion of SMT alleles led to a complete loss of C24‐methylated sterols, which were replaced by cholestane‐based sterols. SMT‐null mutants were fully viable and replicative in culture but showed increased sensitivity to sphingolipid synthesis inhibition. They were not particularly vulnerable to heat, acidic pH, nitrosative or oxidative stress, yet exhibited high mitochondrial membrane potential and increased superoxide generation indicating altered physiology of the mitochondria. Despite possessing high levels of GPI‐anchored glycoconjugates, SMT‐null mutants showed significantly attenuated virulence in mice. In total, our study reveals that the biosynthesis of ergostane‐based sterols is crucial for the proper function of mitochondria and the proliferation of Leishmania parasites in mammals.
Multiple Regression in L2 Research: A Methodological Synthesis and Guide to Interpreting R2 Values
Authors: PLONSKY LUKE , GHANBAR HESSAMEDDIN
Published: September 2018

Multiple regression is a family of statistics used to investigate the relationship between a set of predictors and a criterion (dependent) variable. This procedure is applicable in a variety of research contexts and data structures. Consequently, and similar to quantitative traditions in sister‐disciplines such as education and psychology (see Skidmore & Thompson, 2010), second language researchers have turned increasingly to multiple regression. The present study employs research synthetic techniques to describe and evaluate the use of this procedure in the field. Five hundred and forty‐one regression analyses (K = 171) were coded for different models, variables, procedures, reporting practices, and overall variance explained (R2). Summary results reveal a number of inconsistencies (e.g., model types) as well as a lack of transparency (e.g., missing/unreported reliability estimates; see Larson–Hall & Plonsky, 2015). The distribution of R2 values (median = .32) is described to facilitate utilization and interpretation of regressions models. We also provide specific, empirically grounded recommendations for future research.
Plant responses underlying nonhost resistance of Citrus limon against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Authors: Chiesa María A. , Roeschlin Roxana A. , Favaro María A. , Uviedo Facundo , Campos‐Beneyto Laura , D’Andrea Rodrigo , Gadea José , Marano María R.
Published: September 2018

Citrus is an economically important fruit crop that is severely afflicted by citrus canker, a disease caused by Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (X. citri); thus, new sustainable strategies to manage this disease are needed. Although all Citrus spp. are susceptible to this pathogen, they are resistant to other Xanthomonas species, exhibiting non‐host resistance (NHR), for example, to the brassica pathogen X. campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) and a gene‐for‐gene host defence response (HDR) to the canker‐causing X. fuscans ssp. aurantifolii (Xfa) strain C. Here, we examine the plant factors associated with the NHR of C. limon to Xcc. We show that Xcc induced asymptomatic type I NHR, allowing the bacterium to survive in a stationary phase in the non‐host tissue. In C. limon, this NHR shared some similarities with HDR; both defence responses interfered with biofilm formation, and were associated with callose deposition, induction of the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway and the repression of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling. However, greater stomatal closure was seen during NHR than during HDR, together with different patterns of accumulation of reactive oxygen species and phenolic compounds and the expression of secondary metabolites. Overall, these differences, independent of Xcc type III effector proteins, could contribute to the higher protection elicited against canker development. We propose that Xcc may have the potential to steadily activate inducible defence responses. An understanding of these plant responses (and their triggers) may allow the development of a sustained and sustainable resistance to citrus canker.
Viola pluviae sp. nov. (Violaceae), a member of subsect. Stolonosae in the Pacific Northwest region of North America
Authors: Blaxland Kim , Ballard Harvey E. , Marcussen Thomas
Published: September 2018

As hirtherto circumscribed, the allo‐octoploid Viola palustris L. exists in three distinct races in North America. The race occurring in the Pacific Northwest of North America has previously been shown to have originated by polyploidy from a different set of ancestral tetraploids than the nominal, Amphi‐Atlantic race. These two races differ also in a number of morphological characters, which has been a historical source of confusion. We here propose a new name for the western plants, V. pluviae Marcussen, H.E. Ballard & Blaxland, and typify it with a specimen collected near Mt Rainier (USA, Washington) with known chromosome number. Distribution, phylogenetic history and taxonomy are discussed and an updated morphological key to the Pacific Northwestern species of Viola is presented.
Design and Synthesis of Coumarin–Imidazole Hybrid Chromophores: Solvatochromism, Acidochromism and Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Bhagwat Archana A. , Avhad Kiran C. , Patil Dinesh S. , Sekar Nagaiyan
Published: September 2018

A set of linear and asymmetric coumarin–imidazole hybrid compounds having a N,N‐diethylamine at 7‐position and imidazole at 3‐position on the coumarin were synthesized. Insertion of thiophene π‐spacer between coumarin and imidazole moieties (5b, 5d) leads to redshifted absorption and emission compared to 5a and 5c. All the compounds show a noticeable response to trifluoroacetic acid with a redshifted absorption and an increase in emission intensity by twofold. The ratio of ground and excited state acidity constant was calculated using Förster energy cycle, and the ratios were found to be 0.25, 0.96, 0.52 and 1.87, respectively, for 5a‐5d. Due to the thiophene π‐spacer, elongation of π‐conjugation in 5b and 5d leads to high values of polarizability (α), first‐order hyperpolarizability (β) and second‐order hyperpolarizability (γ). Compound 5b exhibits a high value (895 GM) of two‐photon absorption cross section (σ2PA), measured using two‐level model.
Tranexamic Acid Ameliorates Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Induced by Long‐term Ultraviolet A Irradiation
Authors: Hiramoto Keiichi , Yamate Yurika , Sugiyama Daijiro , Matsuda Kazunari , Iizuka Yasutaka , Yamaguchi Tomohiko
Published: September 2018

To date, there have been no treatments developed to ameliorate nonmelanoma skin cancer induced by long‐term exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. In this study, we examined the effects of tranexamic acid (trans‐4‐aminomethyl cyclohexanecarboxylic acid) on long‐term UVA‐induced skin cancer. We exposed the dorsal skin of male hairless mice to UVA at a dose of 110 kJ m−2 using an FL20SBLB‐A lamp three times weekly for 15 weeks after application of 7,12‐dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA). During the experimental period, the mice were administered tranexamic acid (750 mg kg−1 day−1) three times weekly. We found that cancer development was ameliorated by administration of tranexamic acid. Furthermore, tranexamic acid treatment was observed to suppress increases in the plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and interleukin (IL)‐6, and skin expression of plasmin, CC chemokine 2, macrophages, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, cyclin D and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A that occurred in mice subjected to long‐term UVA irradiation. These results indicated that the nonmelanoma skin cancer induced by DMBA+UVA long‐term irradiation is ameliorated by tranexamic acid through regulation of the plasmin/macrophage/IL‐6/STAT3/cyclin D signal transmission pathway. In addition, this ameliorative effect against skin cancer may be mediated via inhibition of the IL‐6‐induced expression of VEGF‐A.
Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by 5‐aminolevulinic Acid Promotes the Upregulation and Modifies the Intracellular Expression of Surveillance Proteins in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Rosin Flávia Cristina Perillo , Teixeira Marina Gabriela , Pelissari Cibele , Corrêa Luciana
Published: September 2018

Expression of proteins related to cell surveillance has been described in tumors presenting resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT). The aim of this study was to verify whether there was upregulation of proteins related to resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) after PDT. OSCC was chemically induced in rats and treated after one cycle of PDT mediated by 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA‐PDT). Immunolabeling of p‐NFκB, Bcl‐2, survivin, iNOS, p‐Akt, p‐mTOR and cyclin D1 was performed after the treatment. There was increased expression of Bcl‐2 (P = 0.008), iNOS (P = 0.020), p‐Akt (P = 0.020) and p‐mTOR (P = 0.010) by surviving neoplastic cells after PDT when compared to the control. In conclusion, after one cycle of 5‐ALA‐mediated PDT, Bcl‐2, p‐Akt, p‐mTOR and iNOS were upregulated in neoplastic cells of OSCC, suggesting an activation of antiapoptosis and cell proliferation pathways. This fact must be considered in the establishment of PDT protocols for OSCC treatment, mainly those in which PDT will be combined with chemotherapy drugs targeted at the studied proteins.
Alteration of the affective modulation of the startle reflex during antidepressant treatment
Authors: Sen Zümrüt Duygu , Temucin Cagri Mesut , Başar Koray , Ulug Berna Diclenur , Gökcen Onur , Özer Suzan
Published: September 2018

Whereas the amplitude of the startle reflex varies with stimulus valence in the normal population, a lack of this affective modulation has been reported in patients with major depressive disorder. The present study sought to clarify blunted startle modulation as a feature of depression by comparing 16 patients diagnosed with major depression prior to and after 2 weeks of SSRI treatment, and 16 healthy controls. The affect‐modulated startle reflex paradigm and the Self‐Assessment Manikin were used to probe affective reactivity. In addition, a preliminary analysis of change in affective reactivity pattern was performed with depressed patients who could be assessed in the eighth week of treatment (n = 13). The control group showed a linear trend in response across valence categories, which was stable over sessions. Blunted affective reactivity was observed only in the patients and persisted after 2 weeks of treatment. Nevertheless, a linear trend could be detected in the eighth week of treatment. These findings confirm that the affective reactivity is blunted in depression and provide initial evidence for the lack of change in the early phase of SSRI antidepressant treatment. Nevertheless, in a small group, the emergence of a linear trend in response was evident later with treatment. Large‐scale studies are required to assess the relation between the treatment response and the change in affective modulation of the startle reflex, as a potential biomarker.
Peer victimization through a trauma lens: Identifying who is at risk for negative outcomes
Authors: Hong Irene K. , Wang Weijun , Pepler Debra J. , Craig Wendy M.
Published: September 2018

Peer victimization is a chronic stressor that occurs within the context of peer interactions and has been robustly associated with numerous negative psychological and social adjustment problems. Although increased frequency of peer victimization has been linked to psychosocial problems, few researchers have studied the role of duration and pervasiveness of victimization (i.e., number of places it occurs). The objective of this study was to examine how frequency, duration, and pervasiveness of peer victimization are associated with youth adjustment. Canadian adolescents (N = 879), ages 12–18 completed an online survey about experiences with peer victimization. Youth also answered questions about internalizing problems, distress, relationship quality with family, friends, and adults in their school and community, as well as academic functioning. Data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression modeling. Both duration and pervasiveness of peer victimization were predictive of increased internalizing problems, distress, relationship problems, and academic difficulties. Duration and pervasiveness of peer victimization were identified as important factors to consider when predicting youth psychosocial adjustment. By asking questions about these situational factors, parents, teachers, and healthcare providers may more effectively identify youth who are at risk for experiencing mental health problems associated with peer victimization.
Sugar cane crop management by N‐fertilizer application affects the aromaticity of humic acid structures in the superficial layer in soil
Authors: Assunção S. A. , dos Anjos L. H. C. , Pereira M. G. , Lima E. , Paz González A. , de Oliveira A. P. P. , García A. C.
Published: September 2018

The nitrogen (N) applied to soil in a sugar cane field is prone to loss because of leaching, volatilization and/or mineralization. The interaction of the applied N‐fertilizers and the organic matter present in the most superficial layer of the soils has not been studied much. In this study, we evaluated the effects of application of N‐fertilizer ((NH4)2SO4) on the structural characteristics of the humic acids present in the surface layer of soil in a sugar cane field. The results show that the application of 100 and 120 kg/ha (NH4)2SO4 contributed to the formation of more aromatic humic acids. It also favoured the transformation of more labile structures, such as carbohydrates (CAlk‐di‐O), and preserved the chemically more stable and recalcitrant structures CArom‐(H,R) and CArom‐(O,N). Our results would help in the proper management of the application of N‐fertilizers for optimum yield.
HLA allele and haplotype diversity in the Croatian population: State of the art
Authors: Grubic Zorana
Published: September 2018

The aim of this report was to compare our data with data presented in the European Federation for Immunogenetics (EFI) catalogue (version 1.0) and to evaluate whether or not current (CUR) HLA alleles found in the Croatian population fall into the same categories of common (COM) or well‐documented (WD) HLA alleles as those listed in the EFI catalogue. Among 237 HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DRB1 alleles observed in the Croatian population so far, 181 alleles were observed ≥3 times. According to our criteria, 36 alleles at HLA‐A locus, 71 alleles at HLA‐B locus and 51 alleles at HLA‐DRB1 locus were characterised as CUR in Croatia (COM or WD in EFI catalogue), while 23 local HLA alleles are not listed at all among COM or WD alleles in EFI catalogue.
Transfusion practices and complications in thalassemia
Authors: Lal Ashutosh , Wong Trisha E. , Andrews Jennifer , Balasa Vinod V. , Chung Jong H. , Forester Craig M. , Ikeda Alan K. , Keel Siobán B. , Pagano Monica B. , Puthenveetil Geetha , Shah Sanjay J. , Yu Jennifer C. , Vichinsky Elliott P.
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

The severe forms of thalassemia are the most common inherited anemias managed with regular blood transfusion therapy. Transfusion policies and complications are critical to quality of life and survival, but there is a lack of standardized care.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A survey of 58 items was completed in 2016 by 11 centers in California, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona providing long‐term care for thalassemia. The questionnaire addressed demographic information, transfusion practices and complications, and educational needs.

RESULTS

The centers followed 717 patients with β‐thalassemia (314, 43.8%) or α‐thalassemia (394, 55%). One‐third (34.7%) of patients were transfusion‐dependent. Indications and goals of transfusion therapy differed between centers. Prestorage leukoreduction was universal, while routine irradiation of units was limited to one site. Red blood cell antigen phenotype was determined before the first transfusion and patients received Rh/Kell‐matched units. However, more than half of the transfused patients had received blood at multiple hospitals within or outside the United States. Alloantibodies were seen in 16.9% of transfused group, but management of such patients was variable. Unusual or emerging transfusion‐transmitted pathogens were not observed. Multiple educational needs were recognized, with iron overload as the biggest challenge; the approach to iron chelation varied within the group.

CONCLUSION

This study identified many patients not included in earlier surveys limited to major national centers, suggesting that the thalassemia population in the United States is vastly underestimated. Lack of evidence‐based guidelines is a barrier to optimal care, which should be addressed through regional consortia of thalassemia centers.
The Contribution of the Lesson Study to the Development of a Collaborative Framework for the Operation of the School: Results From a Pilot Implementation in Secondary Education in Greece
Authors: Kanellopoulou Eurydice-Maria , Darra Maria
Published: September 2018

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the contribution of the lesson study to the formation of a collaborative framework for the operation of the school unit. Qualitative research was conducted from February 12 to April 1, 2016, in the second grade secondary school of Attica, with a total of 31 students and four teachers. The results of the survey show that the lesson study cultivates and strengthens the collaborative climate among the participating teachers, which has positive effects not only on their own but also on their students. In particular, research has highlighted the ways in which the lesson study builds co-operation among teachers, as well as the benefits of this collaboration for participating teachers and pupils. Also, the importance of collaboration and the development of collaborative culture, in the context of a fruitful and constructive dialogue, have emerged as the strengths of the lesson study.
Low‐dose administration of bleomycin leads to early alterations in lung mechanics
Authors: Headley Lauren , Bi Weizhen , Wilson Cory , Collum Scott D. , Chavez Melissa , Darwiche Tamara , Mertens Tinne C. J. , Hernandez Adriana M. , Siddiqui Saad R. , Rosenbaum Stephanie , Johnston Richard A. , Karmouty‐Quintana Harry
Published: September 2018

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

When do alterations in pulmonary mechanics occur following chronic low‐dose administration of bleomycin?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Remarkably, we report changes in lung mechanics as early as day 7 that corresponded to parameters determined from single‐frequency forced oscillation manoeuvres and pressure–volume loops. These changes preceded substantial histological changes or changes in gene expression levels. These findings are significant to refine drug discovery in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, where preclinical studies using lung function parameters would enhance the translational potential of drug candidates where lung function readouts are routinely performed in the clinic.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most widespread form of interstitial lung disease and, currently, there are only limited treatment options available. In preclinical animal models of lung fibrosis, the effectiveness of experimental therapeutics is often deemed successful via reductions in collagen deposition and expression of profibrotic genes in the lung. However, in clinical studies, improvements in lung function are primarily used to gauge the success of therapeutics directed towards IPF. Therefore, we examined whether changes in respiratory system mechanics in the early stages of an experimental model of lung fibrosis can be used to refine drug discovery approaches for IPF. C57BL/6J mice were administered bleomycin (BLM) or a vehicle control i.p. twice a week for 4 weeks. At 7, 14, 21, 28 and 33 days into the BLM treatment regimen, indices of respiratory system mechanics and pressure–volume relationships were measured. Concomitant with these measurements, histological and gene analyses relevant to lung fibrosis were performed. Alterations in respiratory system mechanics and pressure–volume relationships were observed as early as 7 days after the start of BLM administration. Changes in respiratory system mechanics preceded the appearance of histological and molecular indices of lung fibrosis. Administration of BLM leads to early changes in respiratory system mechanics that coincide with the appearance of representative histological and molecular indices of lung fibrosis. Consequently, these data suggest that dampening the early changes in respiratory system mechanics might be used to assess the effectiveness of experimental therapeutics in preclinical animal models of lung fibrosis.
Renal reactivity: acid‐base compensation during incremental ascent to high altitude
Authors: Zouboules Shaelynn M. , Lafave Hailey C. , O'Halloran Ken D. , Brutsaert Tom D. , Nysten Heidi E. , Nysten Cassandra E. , Steinback Craig D. , Sherpa Mingma T. , Day Trevor A.
Published: September 2018

Key points

Ascent to high altitude imposes an acid‐base challenge in which renal compensation is integral for maintaining pH homeostasis, facilitating acclimatization and helping prevent mountain sicknesses.

The time‐course and extent of plasticity of this important renal response during incremental ascent to altitude is unclear.

We created a novel index that accurately quantifies renal acid‐base compensation, which may have laboratory, fieldwork and clinical applications.

Using this index, we found that renal compensation increased and plateaued after 5 days of incremental altitude exposure, suggesting plasticity in renal acid‐base compensation mechanisms.

The time‐course and extent of plasticity in renal responsiveness may predict severity of altitude illness or acclimatization at higher or more prolonged stays at altitude.

Ascent to high altitude, and the associated hypoxic ventilatory response, imposes an acid‐base challenge, namely chronic hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis. The kidneys impart a relative compensatory metabolic acidosis through the elimination of bicarbonate (HCO3−) in urine. The time‐course and extent of plasticity of the renal response during incremental ascent is unclear. We developed an index of renal reactivity (RR), indexing the relative change in arterial bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]a) (i.e. renal response) against the relative change in arterial pressure of CO2 () (i.e. renal stimulus) during incremental ascent to altitude (). We aimed to assess whether: (i) RR magnitude was inversely correlated with relative changes in arterial pH (ΔpHa) with ascent and (ii) RR increased over time and altitude exposure (i.e. plasticity). During ascent to 5160 m over 10 days in the Nepal Himalaya, arterial blood was drawn from the radial artery for measurement of blood gas/acid‐base variables in lowlanders at 1045/1400 m and after 1 night of sleep at 3440 m (day 3), 3820 m (day 5), 4240 m (day 7) and 5160 m (day 10) during ascent. At 3820 m and higher, RR significantly increased and plateaued compared to 3440 m (P < 0.04), suggesting plasticity in renal acid‐base compensations. At all altitudes, we observed a strong negative correlation (r ≤ −0.71; P < 0.001) between RR and ΔpHa from baseline. Renal compensation plateaued after 5 days of altitude exposure, despite subsequent exposure to higher altitudes. The time‐course, extent of plasticity and plateau in renal responsiveness may predict severity of altitude illness or acclimatization at higher or more prolonged stays at altitude.
Diffusion-Tensor Imaging Versus Digitization in Reconstructing the Masseter Architecture
Authors: Falcinelli Cristina , Li Zhi , Lam Wilfred W. , Stanisz Greg J. , Agur Anne M. , Whyne Cari M.
Published: September 2018

Accurate characterization of the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) skeleton using finite element (FE) modeling requires representation of complex geometries, heterogeneous material distributions, and physiological loading. Musculature in CMF FE models are often modeled with simple link elements that do not account for fiber bundles (FBs) and their differential activation. Magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) enables reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) FB arrangement within a muscle. However, 3D quantitative validation of DTI-generated FBs is limited. This study compares 3D FB arrangement in terms of pennation angle (PA) and fiber bundle length (FBL) generated through DTI in a human masseter to manual digitization. CT, MR-proton density, and MR-DTI images were acquired from a single cadaveric specimen. Bone and masseter surfaces were reconstructed from CT and MR-proton density images, respectively. PA and FBL were estimated from FBs reconstructed from MR-DTI images using a streamline tracking (STT) algorithm (n = 193) and FBs identified through manual digitization (n = 181) and compared using the Mann–Whitney test. DTI-derived PAs did not differ from the digitized data (p = 0.411), suggesting that MR-DTI can be used to simulate FB orientation and the directionality of transmitted forces. Conversely, a significant difference was observed in FBL (p < 0.01) which may have resulted due to the tractography stopping criterion leading to early tract termination and greater length variability. Overall, this study demonstrated that DTI can yield muscle FB orientation data suitable to representative directionality of physiologic muscle loading in patient-specific CMF FE modeling.
Thermal-Conductivity Enhancement of Microfluids With Ni3(μ3-ppza)4Cl2 Metal String Complex Particles
Authors: Suleimanov Baghir A. , Abbasov Hakim F. , Valiyev Fuad F. , Ismayilov Rayyat H. , Peng Shie-Ming
Published: September 2018

The thermal conductivity of microfluids comprising Ni3(μ3-ppza)4Cl2 metal string complex (MSC) microparticles in an aqueous glycerol solution was investigated using the transient hot-wire method. A comparative analysis of the thermal-conductivity enhancements of microfluids and nanofluids revealed that the best results were achieved using microparticles of monocrystalline MSCs Ni3(μ3-ppza)4Cl2 as well as Ni5(μ5-pppmda)4Cl2 micro- and copper nanoparticles. Compared to the base fluid, the thermal-conductivity enhancements were 72% for Ni3–water–glycerol, 53% for Cu–water–glycerol, and 47% for Ni5–water–glycerol. It is shown that the high thermal-conductivity enhancement achieved with Ni3 microfluids is a result of higher stability in compare with nanofluid due to the lower density of the microparticles and the formation of particle assemblies. Therefore, the formation of hydrogen bonds between the MSC particles (through their organic fragments) and water molecules, takes place. Colloidal structure of Ni3-microfluids has a significant impact on their thermophysical properties.
Temperature and Velocity of the Gas–Vapor Mixture in the Trace of Several Evaporating Water Droplets
Authors: Voytkov I. S. , Volkov R. S. , Strizhak P. A.
Published: September 2018

The optical techniques (particle image velocimetry (PIV), laser-induced phosphorescence (LIP), planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF)) are used to study unsteady and inhomogeneous temperature and velocity fields of a gas–vapor mixture forming in the immediate vicinity of rapidly evaporating water droplets. Experiments involve various arrangements of several (two, three, and five) water droplets in a heated air flow. We establish the dependencies of the temperature and velocity of a gas–vapor mixture in the trace of each droplet on the heating time, velocity and temperature of the air flow, initial dimensions, and droplet arrangement scheme. Distinctive features of the synergistic effect of a droplet group on their temperature and aerodynamic traces are identified. Longitudinal and transversal dimensions of the aerodynamic and thermal traces of evaporating droplets are established. The length of the temperature trace of one droplet equals 10–12 of its radii, and the width of the temperature and aerodynamic trace of a droplet is no larger than its diameter.
Experimental Investigation of the Feasibility of Using a Liquid Metal as a Variable Conductance Radiator for Space Applications
Authors: Kim Taegyu , Oh Hyun-Ung
Published: September 2018

The feasibility of using a liquid metal with a high thermal conductivity as a functional fluid for realizing a variable conductance radiator (VCR) for space applications was proposed and investigated. The variable thermal conductivity of the radiator can be achieved by moving the liquid metal using a magneto-hydraulic pump between the two reservoirs in accordance with the temperature requirements of the on-board equipment. The liquid metal radiator proposed in this study is much more effective for saving heater power under cold condition while effectively dissipating heat to deep space under hot condition. The thermal behavior of the liquid metal radiator was demonstrated using the ambient thermal tests under cooling and insulation modes of the radiator. The performance of the proposed VCR was evaluated by comparing it with that of the conventional radiator whose conductivity value is fixed. The proposed radiator using the liquid metal was more effective than conventional radiator for suppressing the rate of increase of temperature for the heat dissipation unit in the cooling mode and for saving additional heater power by removing the liquid metal in the insulation mode.
The Effect of the Nozzle Top Lip Thickness on a Two-Dimensional Wall Jet
Authors: McIntyre Rory , Savory Eric , Wu Hao , Ting David S.-K.
Published: September 2018

The effect of the nozzle top lip thickness on a two-dimensional wall jet was examined experimentally in a wind tunnel using hot-wire anemometry. Lip thicknesses of 0.125b, 0.5b, 1b, and 2b, where b is the jet nozzle height, were considered at a Reynolds number of 30,700 based on the jet nozzle height and jet velocity. Noticeable differences in the flow profiles were observed at the jet outlet, but by 10b downstream these differences became insignificant. Different lip thicknesses resulted in different maximum velocity decay rates. The spread of the wall jet was found to be insensitive to the lip thickness.
The Perimeter Loop-Based Method for the Automatic Isomorphism Detection in Planetary Gear Trains
Authors: Yang Wenjian , Ding Huafeng
Published: September 2018

Planetary gear trains (PGTs) are widely used in transmission systems. The structural synthesis of PGTs is an effective way to create novel and excellent transmissions. In the structural synthesis of PGTs, the isomorphism detection (ID) is an essential and especially important process. The ID aims to avoid duplication and guarantee the uniqueness of each PGT. The reliability of the ID method directly determines the accuracy of the synthesis result. Unfortunately, when the existing ID methods are used to synthesize PGTs, the synthesis results are not consistent with each other. A very important reason is that the ID methods fail to work in some cases. This fact gives rise to the need of an extremely reliable ID method, which may resolve the contradiction in the existing synthesis results in the future. In this paper, our previous perimeter loop-based ID method, which is applicable for linkage kinematic chains and has been proved to be reliable and efficient, is improved to detect isomorphic PGTs. The improvements relative to our previous method are discussed in detail. The present method is fully automated with the aid of a computer program, and verified by the atlas of PGTs with up to six links, as well as some PGTs with seven, eight, and ten links.
Discontinuous Reinjection Probability Density functions in Type V Intermittency
Authors: Elaskar Sergio , del Río Ezequiel
Published: September 2018

This paper reports theoretical and numerical results about the reinjection process in type V intermittency. The M function methodology is applied to a simple mathematical model to evaluate the reinjection process through the reinjection probability density function (RPD), the probability density of laminar lengths, and the characteristic relation. We have found that the RPD can be a discontinuous function and it is a sum of exponential functions. The RPD shows two reinjection behaviors. Also, the probability density of laminar lengths has two different behaviors following the RPD function. The dependence of the RPD function and the probability density of laminar lengths with the reinjection mechanisms and the lower boundary of return are considered. On the other hand, we have obtained, for the analyzed map, that the characteristic relation verifies l¯≈ε−0.5. Finally, we highlight that the M function methodology is a suitable tool to analyze type V intermittency and there is a very high accuracy between the new theoretical equations and the numerical data.
Tribo-Dynamics of Nanocomposite Grease Lubricated Point Contact Under Elastohydrodynamics Lubrication Regime
Authors: Singh Jayant , Kumar Deepak , Tandon Naresh
Published: September 2018

Friction is usually induced when the contacts are in relative motion, leading to mechanical vibration and consequently heat generation. The reduction of these undesirable parameters is possible by the application of greases, which intends to increase the service life of the bearings. The present work incorporates the frictional and vibration behaviors of concentrated point contact lubricated with bare and nanocomposite greases. The nanocomposite greases were formulated by dispersing different categories of nano-additives like reduced graphene oxide (rGO), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and alumina (α-Al2O3) in bare grease (BG). The formulated nanocomposite greases are tested for film formation, frictional and vibrational response under a limited supply of greases. The use of transparent glass disk better analyses the profile of film thickness to understand the lubrication mechanism of the point contact. The microstructure of nano-additives and the formulated nanocomposite greases were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The presence of different functional groups in nano-additives and the formulated nanocomposite greases were characterized using Raman spectroscopy. The tribological contact operates under 3% and 30% slide-roll-ratio (SRR) for varying rolling speed (0.001–1 m/s) at a load of 30 N (Hertzian pressure, pH = 0.9 GPa). Film thickness, friction and vibration behavior were recorded to focus the tribo-performance, degree of starvation and dynamics of the tribological contact with slip varying from 3% to 30% SRR. The vibration level was refined to 32% with the addition of rGO nanosheets in BG. The incompatibility of α-Al2O3 with the grease structure results in disruption of tribo-dynamics behavior of the point contact.
Comparison Between Experimental and Heart Rate-Derived Core Body Temperatures Using a Three-Dimensional Whole Body Model
Authors: Banerjee Rupak K. , Kalathil Robins T. , Zachariah Swarup A. , Paul Anup K. , Bhattacharya Amit , Horn Gavin P. , Smith Denise L.
Published: September 2018

Determination of core body temperature (Tc), a measure of metabolic rate, in firefighters is needed to avoid heat-stress related injury in real time. The measurement of Tc is neither routine nor trivial. This research is significant as thermal model to determine Tc is still fraught with uncertainties and reliable experimental data for validation are rare. The objective of this study is to develop a human thermoregulatory model that uses the heart rate measurements to obtain Tc for firefighters using a 3D whole body model. The hypothesis is that the heart rate-derived computed Tc correlates with the measured Tc during firefighting activities. The transient thermal response of the human body was calculated by simultaneously solving the Pennes' bioheat and energy balance equations. The difference between experimental and numerical values of Tc was less than 2.6%. More importantly, a ± 10% alteration in heart rate was observed to have appreciable influence on Tc, resulting in a ± 1.2 °C change. A 10% increase in the heart rate causes a significant relative % increase (52%) in Tc, considering its allowable/safe limit of 39.5 °C. Routine acquisition of the heart rate data during firefighting scenario can be used to derive Tc of firefighters in real time using the proposed 3D whole body model.
Two new species of the genus Indotritia (Acari, Oribatida, Oribotritiidae) from China with a key to Chinese species
Authors: Pan Xue , Xu Nuoran , Liu Dong
Published: September 2018

Two new species of the family Oribotritiidae (Acari, Oribatida) from China are described: Indotritia spindleformis sp. nov. from the Hechi, Guangxi Province, and Indotritia bifurcata sp. nov. from the Qiongzhong, Hainan Province. An identification key to Chinese species of Indotritia is presented.
Probing covalency with oxidant K edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy of UF4 and UO2
Authors: Tobin J. G. , Yu S.-W. , Qiao R. , Yang W. L. , Shuh D. K.
Published: September 2018

There are some interesting discrepancies between what has been observed experimentally and the predictions of cluster theory. In particular, the F 1s x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of uranium tetrafluoride and the U 4d XAS branching ratio for oxidized uranium are two cases in point. These discrepancies may be driven by the overestimation of covalency in cluster calculations.
An Update on the Novel Genera and Species and Revised Taxonomic Status of Bacterial Organisms Described in 2016 and 2017
Authors: Munson Erik , Carroll Karen C.
Published: September 2018

Recognition and acknowledgment of novel bacterial taxonomy and nomenclature revisions can impact clinical practice, disease epidemiology, and routine clinical microbiology laboratory operations. The
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
(
JCM
) herein presents its biannual report summarizing such changes published in the years 2016 and 2017, as published and added by the
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
.
Cryptococcal Meningitis Diagnostics and Screening in the Era of Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing
Authors: Rajasingham Radha , Wake Rachel M. , Beyene Tafese , Katende Andrew , Letang Emilio , Boulware David R.
Published: September 2018

Over the past ten years, standard diagnostics for cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected persons have evolved from culture to India ink to detection of cryptococcal antigen (CrAg), with the recent development and distribution of a point-of-care lateral flow assay. This assay is highly sensitive and specific in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but is also sensitive in the blood to detect CrAg prior to meningitis symptoms.
Epidemiological study on intestinal volvulus without malrotation in VLBW infants
Authors: Yarkin Yasemin , Maas Christoph , Franz Axel R , Kirschner Hans-Joachim , Poets Christian F
Published: September 2018

Background

We conducted a monthly epidemiological survey in Germany to detect the prevalence of volvulus without malrotation (VWM) in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants and to identify factors for a better distinction between this rare and life-threatening event and other acute abdominal diseases in preterm infants.

Methods

Throughout 2014 and 2015, every paediatric department in Germany was asked to report cases of VWM in infants with birth weights <1500 g to the Surveillance Unit for Rare Paediatric Conditions in Germany. Hospitals reporting a case were asked to return an anonymised questionnaire and discharge letter.

Results

Of 36 cases reported, detailed information was submitted on 29, with 26 meeting entry criteria. With 9896 and 10 140 VLBW infants born in Germany in 2014 and 2015, respectively, we estimated a prevalence of 1.52/1000 VLBW infants for 2014 and 1.08/1000 in 2015. No specific early symptom could be determined. 10% died, and 21% of infants developed short bowel syndrome. Calculated from all verified VWM arise death in 8% and a short bowel syndrome in 15%.

Conclusion

VWM is a rare source of acute abdomen in VLBW infants. No specific signs and symptoms potentially facilitating an early recognition of VWM could be found from this survey. Because the rates of death and short bowel syndrome are high, VWM should always be considered early in an acute abdomen in a VLBW infant.
Obstructive urosepsis secondary to ureteric herniation into the sciatic foramen
Authors: Fadel Michael G , Louis Chandran , Tay Andrea , Bolgeri Marco
Published: September 2018

A 65-year-old female patient presented with a 2-day history of worsening right-sided abdominal pain and clinical signs of sepsis, on the background of a recent admission for pancolitis. Imaging revealed right ureteric herniation through the sciatic foramen with subsequent hydroureteronephrosis and radiological signs of severe pyelonephritis. The patient underwent emergency decompression with a percutaneous nephrostomy, followed by insertion of an antegrade stent to correct the ureteric hernia once the sepsis was appropriately treated. We describe the presentation and management of this unusual case of herniation of the right ureter into the sciatic foramen.
Fetishism in ADHD: an impulsive behaviour or a paraphilic disorder?
Authors: Masiran Ruziana
Published: September 2018

A boy with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) presented with a fetish for and the subsequent stealing of female undergarments. He was predominantly inattentive and had been a slow learner. Psychological tests showed that he had significant cognitive and inattention problems without significant hyperactivity, and was at risk of dyslexia as well as conduct disorder.