bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KESEMBUHAN LUKA SETELAH PEMBERIAN TOPIKAL ZINK PADA TIKUS DENGAN PAKAN LEMAK TINGGI
Authors: Anggraeni Devita , Adji Dhirgo , Murwanti Retno
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui peran zink pada kesembuhan luka dalam kondisi berat badan berlebih. Dalam penelitian digunakan 20 ekor tikus Sprague Dawley jantan berumur tiga bulan (150-200 g). Tikus dibagi secara acak menjadi empat kelompok (A, B, C, dan D), masing-masing kelompok terdiri atas lima ekor. Kelompok A dan B diberi pakan normal, sedangkan kelompok C dan D diberi pakan lemak tinggi. Setelah dua bulan perlakuan pakan, seluruh tikus dioperasi untuk membuat luka irisan pada kulit, kemudian luka ditutup dengan jahitan. Luka jahitan pada kelompok A dan C diberi aplikasi topikal unguenta vaseline album (tanpa zink), sedangkan luka jahitan pada kelompok B dan D diberi aplikasi topikal unguenta zink 10% dengan bahan dasar vaselin album. Lima hari setelah operasi, seluruh tikus diambil darahnya untuk dianalisis terhadap jumlah leukosit total kemudian diikuti pengambilan jaringan kulit untuk pemeriksaan histopatologis dan penghitungan jumlah leukosit di jaringan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya interaksi yang signifikan antara pakan dan aplikasi topikal terhadap jumlah leukosittotal dalam darah (P0,05). Jumlah leukosit di jaringan mengalami penurunan setelah aplikasi topikal zink, meskipun hasilnya tidak signifikan (P0,05). Analisis histopatologis menunjukkan epidermis sudah tertutup pada seluruh tikus perlakuan, namun demikian sebagian tikus masih menunjukkan dermis yang terbuka, yaitu kelompok A sebanyak 60%, kelompok B sebanyak 60%, kelompok C sebanyak 60%, dan kelompok D sebanyak 40%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses kesembuhan luka setelah pemberian topikal zink pada tikus yang diberi pakan lemak tinggi menunjukkan hasil yang baik, yaitu ditandai dengan penutupan lapisan epidermis dan dermis, serta menurunnya jumlah leukosit di jaringan.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MINYAK JINTAN HITAM (Nigella sativa L.) TERHADAP PENINGKATAN SPERMATOGENESIS TIKUS WISTAR YANG TERPAPAR ASAP ROKOK
Authors: Musfiroh Mujahidatul , Gustari Sri
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek minyak jintan hitam (Nigella sativa L.) terhadap spermatogenesis tikus Wistar yang terpapar asap rokok. Jenis penelitian adalah eksperimental murni dengan subyek 24 ekor tikus yang terpapar asap rokok selama 21 hari dan dirandomisasi dalam 4 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan dengan pemberian minyak jintan masing-masing 0,1; 0,2; dan 0,3 ml. Penegakan hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan Krusskal-Wallis dan Mann Whitney dengan batas derajat kemaknaan P≤0,05, interval kepercayaan 95%. Pemberian minyak jintan hitam dapat memperbaiki derajat spermatogenesis.
TINGKAT MATURASI IN VITRO PADA OOSIT SAPI SILANGAN SIMMENTAL PERANAKAN ONGOLE DAN LIMOUSIN PERANAKAN ONGOLE
Authors: Parera Hermilinda , Budiyanto Agung
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tingkat maturasi oosit sapi Simmental Peranakan Ongole (SimPO) dan Limousin Peranakan Ongole (LimPO) secara in vitro. Oosit dari Ovarium sapi yang berasal dari rumah potong hewan (RPH), dikelompokkan berdasarkan jenis sapi PO (kontrol), SimPO dan LimPO. Oosit diaspirasi dari ovarium dengan syringe 5 ml dan jarum 18 G. Oosit dengan kualitas A dan B yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Oosit dikultur dalam media maturasi TCM 199 100 µl drop dan dilapisi minyak mineral, diinkubasi pada suhu 38,5° C, CO2 5% dan kelembaban 95% selama 24 jam. Tingkat maturasi in vitro ditentukan dengan pewarnaan aceto orcein 1% untuk melihat tahapan maturasi dengan adanya perubahan konfigurasi kromosom dan membran inti berupa germinal vesicle, germinal vesicle breakdown, metafase I, anafase/telofase I, dan metafase II. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat maturasi in vitro oosit yang mencapai metafase II dari oosit sapi PO lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan sapi SimPO dan LimPO.
STUDI HISTOKIMIA LEKTIN TERHADAP JENIS DAN DISTRIBUSI GLIKOKONJUGAT ABOMASUM KERBAU RAWA (Bubalus bubalis) KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Nurliani Anni , Budi Pitojo Teguh , Kusindarta Dwi Liliek
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji efisiensi pencernaan kerbau rawa dengan mengidentifikasi jenis dan distribusi glikokonjugat  pada daerah abomasum kerbau rawa. Enam ekor kerbau rawa jantan 2,5 tahun dan berat badan 300-400 kg digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sampel diperoleh dari rumah potong hewan (RPH) Kabupaten Banjar, Kalimantan Selatan. Setiap bagian abomasum meliputi kardiak, fundus, dan pilorus diambil untuk pengamatan mikroskopis dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin-eosin (HE) dan alcian blue-periodic acid schiff (AB-PAS). Residu gula glikokonjugat pada abomasum dideteksi dengan pewarnaan histokimia lektin dengan menggunakan wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), concanavalin agglutinin (Con A), ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA), dan soybean agglutinin (SBA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah kardiak mengandung glikokonjugat D manosa/D glukosa, D galaktosa, dan N asetilglukosamin.  Daerah fundus mengandung D manosa/D glukosa, D galaktosa, L fukosa, N asetilglukosamin, dan N asetilgalaktosamin. Daerah pilorus mengandung glikokonjugat L fukosa dan N asetilglukosamin. Pola reaktivitas daerah kardiak, fundus, dan pilorus kerbau rawa terhadap pewarnaan histokimia lektin memiliki pola yang berbeda dengan ruminansia lain. Jenis glikokonjugat yang dimiliki oleh kerbau rawa tersebut diduga berkaitan dengan fungsi peningkatan kemampuan efisiensi pencernaan kerbau rawa. Setiap bagian abomasum kerbau rawa memiliki jenis glikokonjugat yang spesifik dengan pola distribusi khas sesuai dengan fungsinya.
DEFORMASI SENDI TARSUS PADA PREPARAT KAKI BELAKANG KUDA DELMAN
Authors: Sukareksi Hazar , N Nurhidayat
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari deformasi sendi tarsus yang mengalami tarsitis kronis. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengamati  perubahan ukuran sendi tarsus pada preparat kaki belakang kuda delman dan deformasi skelet sendi tarsus pada kuda delman. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan adanya pembesaran di bagian medial tarsus kuda dan pembesaran pada lingkar tarsus kuda 3-7 cm dari bentuk normal dengan rata-rata lingkar tarsus kuda delman 23,18 cm dan rata-rata lingkar tarsus pada kuda yang mengalami tarsitis 27,83 cm. Kelainan berupa perlekatan tulang (ankylosis) dan pertumbuhan tulang baru (exostosis) pada permukaan tulang-tulang sendi tarsus kuda. Pada gambaran radiografiditemukan adanya penyempitan ruang sendi, kerusakan permukaan tulang dan pertumbuhan tulang baru yang abnormal. Deformasi yang terjadipada sendi tarsus preparat kaki belakang kuda delman diduga disebabkan oleh aktivitas yang berat semasa hidupnya.
AKTIVITAS GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN PADA OTAK MARMUT (Cavia porcellus) SEBAGAI MODEL PENYAKIT ALZHEIMER DENGAN DEPLESI HORMON TESTOSTERON
Authors: Purwandari K. Yuli , Handharyani Ekowati , Sajuthi Dondin , Sulistiawati Erni
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengarakterisasi marmut sebagai hewan model untuk penyakit Alzheimer dengan mengamati histopatologis otak dan aktivitas seluler glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) pada otak yang diakibatkan oleh deplesi hormon testosteron. Dua belas marmut dibagi dua kelompok berdasarkan umur, yaitu enam marmut umur 16-32 bulan dan enam marmut umur 32-48 bulan. Deplesi testosteron dilakukan dengan cara kastrasi. Dua marmut dari setiap kelompok dinekropsi untuk koleksi sampel otak pada waktu satu, tiga, dan lima bulan setelah kastrasi. Bagian otak yang diambil adalah korteks, lobus parietalis, temporalis, dan hipokampus. Sampel otak dilakukan evaluasi patologis dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin dan eosin dan immunohistokimia dengan antibodi GFAP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa deplesi testosteron dapat menyebabkan kerusakan otak yang ditandai oleh kematian sel neuron, peningkatan aktivitas sel-sel glia dan ekspresi GFAP pada jaringan otak.Kesimpulan penelitian adalah penurunan kadar testosteron dalam plasma darah menyebabkan terjadinya kematian sel neuron dan peningkatan aktivitas sel-sel glia pada otak.
BRIGHTNESS-MODE EKOKARDIOGRAFI DOMBA JAWA JANTAN EKOR TIPIS
Authors: Fakhrul Ulum Mokhamad , Utami Nur Fitri , Dwi Utami Nindya , Noviana Deni
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mencitrakan jantung domba jawa ekor tipis (DET) secara ekokardiografi. Domba ekor tipis jantan sebanyak lima ekor dengan berat 14-16 kg berumur 10-12 bulan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Domba dipegang dan dibaringkan pada meja khusus tanpa sedasi ataupun pembiusan. Organ jantung domba dicitrakan menggunakan ultrasonografi brightness-mode (B-mode). Transduser cembung dengan frekuensi 2,5-4 MHz digunakan untuk mencitrakan jantung pada posisi right parasternal (RPS) view dan left parasternal (LPS) viewdengan posisi long axis (LAx) dan short axis (SAx). Hasil pencitraan ekokardiografi menunjukkan bahwa bagian-bagian dari organ jantung yang tersusun atas cairan terkesan anechoic, sedangkan bagian yang tersusun atas jaringan lunak terkesan hypoechoic dengan derajat ekogenisitas yang bervariasi. Bagian-bagian struktur jantung dapat dibedakan menurut ruang jantung atrium kanan, ventrikel kanan, atrium kiri dan ventrikel kiri. Bagian-bagian jantung yang dapat dicitrakan seperti septa jantung, otot papilaris, katup jantung semilunaris, katup jantung mitralis, katup jantung trikuspidalis, pembuluh darah vena paru-paru dan aorta. Ekokardiografi B-mode pada organ jantung domba jawa ekor tipis dapat mencitrakan dengan baik struktur ruang, otot, katup dan pembuluh darah besar dengan derajat ekogenisitas yang bervariasi.
PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK EPIDIDIMIS BERPOTENSI MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS SPERMATOZOA KAMBING JANTAN LOKAL
Authors: Akmal Muslim , Siregar Tongku Nizwan , Wahyuni Sri , Hambal Muhammad , S Sugito , A Amiruddin , S Syafruddin , R Roslizawaty , Z Zainuddin , Adam Mulyadi , G Gholib , Iskandar Cut Dahlia , R Rinidar , Asmilia Nuzul , H Hamny , J Joharsyah , S Suriadi
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak epididimis (EE) terhadap peningkatan kualitas spermatozoa kambing jantan  lokal. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 12 ekor kambing jantan lokal, berumur 1,5 tahun dengan bobot badan 10-15 kg dan dibagi atas empat kelompok (K0, KP1, KP2, dan KP3). Kelompok K0, hanya diinjeksi dengan NaCl fisiologis sedangkan kelompok KP1, KP2, dan KP3 diinjeksi EE masing-masing 1, 2, dan 3 ml/ekor selama 13 hari berturut-turut. Pada hari ke-14, dilakukan pengambilan semen kambing dengan elektroejakulator dan selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan kualitas spermatozoa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian EE dengan dosis 1 dan 3 ml/ekor EE selama 13 hari berturut-turut menyebabkan peningkatan kualitas spermatozoa dibanding kelompok kontrol. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa EE berpotensi meningkatkan kualitas spermatozoa pada kambing jantan lokal.
Technology Focus: Deepwater Projects (May 2015)
Authors: Iversen Morten
Published: March 2016

Technology Focus

As the oil and gas industry pushes into deeper water, more-complex environments, and frontier unproduced areas, the technical and nontechnical risks related to appraisal and development of deepwater projects are likely to continue to increase substantially.

While the technical challenges related to deepwater developments are significant— perhaps more significant and critical to the venture success—it is important that the nontechnical aspects of managing a new development in a frontier area be incorporated at the onset.

After the successful discoveries in deepwater basins across the globe in west Africa, the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, and elsewhere, operators are using the lessons learned and technologies developed in these fields to explore other frontier deepwater fields.

The exploration in deep water becomes complex on the basis of various factors, such as water depth, geological formations, weather conditions, lack of oilfield infrastructure, and material and tools availability.

The definition of deep water may vary with operators, but one definition of a deepwater field is any area of exploration where the water depth is greater than 150 m and there is a subsea blowout preventer. NORSOK defines deep water as water depth in excess of 600 m. Deep water may range from 600 to 3000 m, and ultradeep water is anything deeper than that.

Deepwater operations create several additional challenges that need to be addressed in the design phase. Some of these, such as low temperatures at seabed, shallow flow hazards, and possible hydrates, are problems that are most commonly associated with deepwater operations. Other challenges, such as low fracture gradients and proper mud removal for cement placement and zonal isolation, are also common in nondeepwater environments; however, these become more complex, more significant, and more difficult to manage in deep water.

There is no question that deepwater production will play a very important part in meeting the world’s future energy demand. The challenge for the oil and gas industry is to meet this demand safely, efficiently, and profitably.

This is not an easy challenge in deep water, given the limited margin for error. The technical complexity and multibillion-dollar development costs require a robust development strategy that allows a project to deliver the promised value within the constraints of time. JPT

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.

OTC 25135 Deepwater Development Strategy by Martijn Dekker, Shell, et al.

OTC 25443 50 Reservoirs, 48 Well Slots, and Two TLPs—Maximizing Recovery From the Deepwater Prolific Mars Field by Derek Newberry, Shell

SPE 169245 Overcoming Ultradeepwater Cementing Challenges.in.the Caribbean by N. Gupta,_Schlumberger, et al.

SPE 170286 A Novel Approach in Locating Single Loss Zone During Deepwater Drilling With Distributed- Temperature Measurement by Yuanhang Chen, The University of Tulsa, et al.
First-Ever Level-4 Multilateral Well in North Kuwait Improves Oil Production
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: March 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 171792, “First-Ever Level-4 Multilateral Well in North Kuwait Successfully Completed, Improves Oil Production,” by Meshal Al-Khaldy, Abhijit Dutta, Bijan Goswami, and Ali Al-Rashidi, KOC, and Leonque Rondon, Mohamed Warraky, and Mohamed Samie, Halliburton, prepared for the 2014 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 10–13 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

The first multilateral well in a North Kuwait field has been drilled recently. The intent is to improve oil production in productive layers subjected to water-coning problems by increasing reservoir exposure with Level-4 multilateral technology. The drilling process used a full suite of logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools, including azimuthal-deep-resistivity (ADR) technologies, to ensure the well path is precisely geosteered within the reservoir boundaries, and density/ porosity tools in real time combined with specialized modeling software, to position the well in the best possible reservoir.

Introduction

Drilling horizontal wells aggressively primarily using inflow-control-device (ICD) completion techniques has been prevalent in North Kuwait fields. Although some multilateral wells had been drilled in other areas, the technology had not yet been adopted in these fields. Following the successful ICD horizontal-well campaign in North Kuwait, the operator decided to implement multilateral drilling techniques in its northern fields. The initial objectives of the well are provided in the complete paper.

Multilateral-System Selection

Milled-window technology with control of window geometry (Fig. 1) was selected, rather than the conventional milling window. When the window is open in the casing without control, a roll-off effect occurs that generates distortion in the windows, which is likely to create operational problems during running of directional bottomhole assemblies or liners in the lateral.

After comparing the Technological Advancement of Multilateral (TAML) levels and design criteria in accordance with the specific geological features from the field, the TAML Level 4 was chosen. This decision was made on the basis of the need to isolate active zones in the new lateral drilled from the window and to avoid communication between the reservoir of interest and upper layers. The TAML Level 4 is characterized by running a liner, which could be completely cemented or stage cemented, with the upper section being cemented blank liners and the lower section being slotted liners with exposure in the reservoir.
Deepwater Gas-Zone Shutoffs With Wireline in Openhole-Gravel-Pack Completions
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: March 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 170789, “Deepwater Gas-Zone Shutoffs With Wireline in Openhole- Gravel-Pack Completions,” by Claudia Zettner, Hank Bensmiller, and Tom Lane, ExxonMobil, prepared for the 2014 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, 27–29 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

An operator successfully executed two wireline through-tubing gas-shutoff (GSO) workovers in high-angle openhole-gravel-pack (OHGP) completions to isolate high-gas/ oil-ratio (HGOR) zones, resulting in significantly increased oil production. This paper summarizes the GSO concept, completion modeling, job planning, completion-equipment testing, job execution, and production results from one of these two wells (the processes and results associated with the second well are detailed in the complete paper).

Introduction

All producers in the field of study were drilled from a 36-slot tension-leg platform (TLP) at a water depth of just over 1000 m. OHGPs are the preferred completion option in this field. It was recognized during the project-design phase that controlling unwanted gas and water in the future would be challenging. The well-work solution proposed and described in this paper can address that challenge by providing lower-GOR oil and additional reserves recovery.

Although the long-term depletion plans for most reservoirs in the field rely on waterflooding, some producing reservoirs have been used to store surplus gas until gas-export facilities were operational. As these injected gas caps expanded toward producers, GORs increased to the point at which processing facilities were gas constrained. Producer-well seriatims made on the basis of GOR are used to optimize oil production. The highest- GOR wells are typically cycled to manage GORs and then shut in when cycling is no longer effective.

Engineering principles and field experience have shown that gas breakthrough in any zone in a well can affect overall production significantly. High gas mobility, coupled with good injection support in the gas-producing interval, can result in an HGOR, and thus a noncompetitive, producer.

The completion diagram in Fig. 1 illustrates the general design of the lower completion. External shunt tubes prevented external casing packers (ECPs) on early wells. Later wells have internal shunt tubes that allow ECPs in the gravel-packed section of the well. Completions include gravel packs to minimize sand production from the unconsolidated reservoirs. Gravel-pack screens are shunted to help ensure gravel is transported and placed along the length of the screen. Gravel placement is generally effective, and sand production is rarely a problem in this field.

Oil producers are directionally drilled because most reservoir objectives are not directly underneath the TLP. Reservoir penetrations are often at a high angle from vertical to provide the permeability thickness necessary to deliver target rates.
What is the primary factor controlling trend of Glacier No. 1 runoff in the Tianshan Mountains: temperature or precipitation change?
Authors: Kong Yanlong , Pang Zhonghe
Published: March 2016

The internal relationship between summer temperature (ST), annual precipitation (AP), annual mass balance (AM) and annual runoff (AR) of Glacier No.1 from 1959 to 2006, a so-called ‘summer accumulation type’ glacier, was examined with several statistical methods including simple linear regression, the Mann–Kendall test and wavelet analysis. In total, ST, AP and AR increase with a rate of 0.02 °/year, 1.53 mm/year and 2.83 × 104 m3/year, respectively, while AM decreases at a rate of −14.5 mm/year. A step change of ST, AP, AM and AR was identified to have occurred in the mid-1990s. After that, ST and AR increase significantly. Meanwhile, the period of coherence changes from 4–8 years to 2–4 years, implying that when temperature increases greatly, the period tends to be shorter due to the fast response of the glacier. The increase of AR is caused by the loss of AM. The rise of ST is found to be responsible for the loss of AM, although the rise of AP is beneficial to the glacier accumulation. Our results on the dominant effect of temperature (rather than precipitation) on runoff of Glacier No. 1 could be used as the input to models in hydrology, geomorphology, climatology and paleoclimatology.
Evaluation of serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentrations as prognostic indicators for horses with colic
Authors: Westerman Trina L. , Foster Crystal M. , Tornquist Susan J. , Poulsen Keith P.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of the acute-phase proteins serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin as prognostic indicators in horses with colic with regard to the need for surgical intervention, development of complications, and hospitalization cost and duration.

DESIGN Prospective observational study.

ANIMALS 20 clinically normal horses and 42 horses with colic.

PROCEDURES Total WBC and neutrophil counts and plasma fibrinogen, SAA, and haptoglobin concentrations were compared between healthy (control) horses and horses admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital for colic. Clinicopathologic values were compared between medical and surgical colic cases to test the ability of acute-phase proteins to predict indication for surgical intervention, development of complications, and duration and cost of hospitalization.

RESULTS Mean SAA concentration was significantly higher in the surgical group, compared with that for both the control and medical groups. Haptoglobin concentration did not differ significantly among groups. Horses with colic and an abnormally increased SAA concentration (> 5 μg/mL) were more likely to be managed surgically than medically (OR, 5.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 22.8). Horses with small intestinal lesions had significantly higher SAA concentrations than did control horses. Euthanasia due to a poor prognosis or the development of thrombophlebitis was more likely for horses with an SAA concentration > 5 μg/mL (OR, 7.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 52.4). A weak positive correlation (r = 0.30) was observed between cost of treatment and SAA concentration.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Horses with colic that had an abnormally increased SAA concentration were more likely to require surgical intervention, develop thrombophlebitis, or be euthanized because of a poor prognosis despite treatment.
Evaluation of Cauda Epididymal Semen Quality of Crossbred Bulls in the Tropics
Authors: Vettical Binoy S
Published: March 2016

The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of semen retrieved from cauda epididymis of crossbred bulls in the tropics.  Testes from one hundred and twenty six recently slaughtered cross bred bulls in the tropics were used for the analyais. The total and progressive motility percentage obtained for epididymal semen were 49.17±9.26 per cent and 27.5±9.11 per cent respectively.  The mean concentration obtained for epididymal semen was 37,175x106 ±7612x106 per ml.  The mean percentage of live and dead sperms was 84.5±8.02 per cent and 15.5±8.02 per cent respectively.  The mean percentage of normal spermatozoa, spermatozoa with abnormal heads, abnormal tails, spermatozoa with a proximal protoplasmic droplet and distal protoplasmic droplet were 35.67±2.30, 3.17±1.58, 2.33±0.61, 11.67±4.01 and 47.17±3.17 per cent respectively. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 130-132
Effect of Date of Sowing on Yield and Yield Attributes of Different Wheat Varieties under Conventional Tillage in Sub-Humid Condition of Chitwan District of Nepal
Authors: Marasini Dinesh , Marahatta Santosh , Dhungana Surya Mani , Acharya Ramesh
Published: March 2016

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy farm of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Rampur during winter season of 2014/2015 to find out the response of wheat varieties under different sowing dates. There was 9 treatments consisting three date of sowing (November 14, November29 and December 14) in main plot and three varieties namely Tillotama, Danfe and Vijay in sub-plot and were arranged in split plot design with three replications. The grain yield was significantly higher (3.09 tha-1) at November 14 whereas highest straw yield was recorded for November 29 sown wheat (5.61 t ha-1). Effective tiller (414) and number of grain per spike (34.34) were highest for November 29 sown wheat. The late sown wheat had more sterile floret (42.65%) while early sown wheat had highest thousand grain weight (51.23 g). Danfe had highest straw yield (5.87 t/ha). Effective tiller/m2 (419) and sterility percentage (43.35%) of Danfe was highest. Number of grains per spike (37.89) of Tillotama was highest and thousand grain weight (57.09 g) of Bijay was found highest. The grain yield of Bijay (3.30tha-1) was highest when it was sown at November 29. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 27-31
Tensile shear strength and elongation of FSW parts predicted by Taguchi-based fuzzy logic
Authors: Kulekci Mustafa Kemal , Esme Ugur , Ocalir Seref , Ustun Deniz , Kazancoglu Yigit
Published: March 2016

This paper represents the fuzzy logic model for modeling and prediction of tensile shear strength and percent elongation of parts produced by the friction stir welding (FSW) process. A Taguchi L16 orthogonal array is used to plan and select the parameters and their levels. Weld travel speed, pin diameter and tool rotation are used as input variables. Therefore, a three-input and two-output fuzzy model is used to correlate these variables to the responses of tensile shear strength and percent elongation using the fuzzy rules generated based on experimental results. Close agreement is obtained between the fuzzy predicted and experimental results with the correlation coefficients of 0.931 and 0.895 for tensile shear strength and elongation, respectively.
Review of Pedestrian Level of Service: Perspective in Developing Countries
Authors: Kadali B. Raghuram , Vedagiri P.
Published: March 2016

Analyses of pedestrian-related issues have been gaining much attention from researchers in recent years, particularly studies of pedestrian safety and pedestrian level of service (LOS) in developing countries. The focus for evaluating pedestrian LOS has shifted from quantitative methods to qualitative methods and factors to be considered have been changing. Crosswalks (namely, signalized, unsignalized, and midblock) are complex locations because of the interaction of pedestrians with the vehicle flow. Pedestrian LOS at crosswalks is quite different from that on sidewalks. A measure of effectiveness (MOE) is usually adopted for evaluation of pedestrian facilities, and the MOE changes with the type of facility. Pedestrian delay and space at the corner are considered as MOEs for signalized intersections. The MOE might depend on pedestrian safety, delay, available vehicle gaps (crossing difficulty), and behavior of pedestrians as well as that of vehicle drivers at unprotected midblock crosswalks. This study sought to identify the importance of pedestrian LOS in the context of developing countries, particularly at unprotected midblock crosswalks. To achieve this objective, a review of the literature was carried out on the pedestrian LOS at various facilities such as the sidewalk, intersection, and midblock crosswalk. The review highlighted the need for further pedestrian LOS studies at various facilities under mixed traffic.
Al Colegio en Bici: Bike-to-School Program in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Hidalgo Dario , Miranda Leonel , Lleras Natalia , Ríos Juliana
Published: March 2016

Bike-to-school programs are aimed at improving the daily travel experience and safety for young commuters and constitute an opportunity for behavioral shifts toward sustainable mobility. However, only a few cases of bike-to-school programs have been documented. The lack of information is especially critical in rapidly growing cities of the global south. This study documented a promising bike-to-school program called Al Colegio en Bici, implemented in Bogotá, Colombia. The program began in 2013, after a year of planning, and has provided improved access to public schools to low-income populations and gives children the opportunity to travel safely while using a sustainable mode of transport. More important, Al Colegio en Bici is expected to influence travel behavior in young generations and thus may positively affect health and reduce harmful emissions in the long run. The program and its implementation are described, and this account is expected to help other cities that are considering such programs as part of their plans for sustainable mobility and access to education.
Economic Impact of High-Speed Rail on Household Income in China
Authors: Sun Feiyang , Mansury Yuri S.
Published: March 2016

Although developed only in the past 20 years, Chinese high-speed rail (HSR) has overtaken many of its forerunners in its unprecedented scale. However, such a scale raises questions about its implications for regional economic development. Previous studies have discussed the impact of HSR at the regional and city levels, but few have addressed its impact on the individual level, which is crucial for understanding the distribution of the impact. To fill the gap, this study focused on the economic impact of recent HSR development between 2009 and 2012 on Chinese household income and discussed its significance, magnitude, and distribution. The survey data from the China Family Panel Survey were used and a difference-in-differences approach was implemented. Two key explanatory variables, weighted average travel time and probability of living proximate to HSR stations, were included in the models to examine the direct and spillover impacts of HSR. The study shows that these impacts both contribute to the HSR impact but affect urban and rural regions and production sectors differently. In particular, the spillover effect or the agglomeration effect contributes the most and favors more urbanized regions with stronger service sectors. As a consequence, although HSR plays a positive role in stimulating the regional economy, it may further widen the gap between developed regions and underdeveloped regions. From the analyses, it is concluded that HSR projects need more comprehensive studies of the full spectrum of its impact to ensure both economic growth and regional balance and coordination.
Mapping the Jitney Network with Smartphones in Accra, Ghana: The AccraMobile Experiment
Authors: Saddier Simon , Patterson Zachary , Johnson Alex , Chan Megan
Published: March 2016

A data collection exercise is presented that was conducted by the Department of Transport of the Metropolitan Assembly of Accra, Ghana, to further its knowledge of transportation services placed under its jurisdiction. In order to map the city’s transportation network, a partnership was developed between local authorities and a Canadian university with the support of the French bilateral development agency. An innovative methodology based on the use of smartphones and digital technologies allowed the project team to collect and map 315 jitney routes in less than 2 months. Collectors equipped with GPS-enabled smartphones surveyed Accra’s formal jitney network in its entirety and transmitted data daily to a team overseas in charge of mapping and analysis. The first map of the city’s transportation network is presented here and preliminary conclusions are drawn from it. By mapping passengers’ boarding and alighting, this study also offers unique insights into the spatial distribution of the demand for transportation in Accra. This research opens both methodological and operational perspectives. It contributes to a growing body of literature on jitneys and transportation planning in developing countries. It also demonstrates that transportation data can be collected with limited time and resources through the use of mobile technologies. From a practical point of view, these data will assist the authorities in regulating, planning, and developing Accra’s transportation network.
When Walking Becomes Praying: Walking Environment Survey and Improvement for Circumambulation Paths in Lhasa, Tibet, China
Authors: Xiong Wen , Zhang Yuanyuan , Liang Yahan , Jiang Chao
Published: March 2016

Circumambulation paths are special circle streets where road users travel not only for destinations but also for pilgrimage practices. Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China, has many streets of this type, such as Nangkhor, Barkhor, Tsekhor, and Lingkhor. The recent sharp rise in car ownership in Lhasa has brought conflicts between drivers and pedestrians and pilgrimage practitioners. Because the situations on these streets are so unique, three customized survey methods were proposed and applied on Lingkhor Street as a case study to investigate problems of the walking environment: ( a) the passing-passenger-unit method, which quantifies the right-of-way distribution between road users; ( b) the quick-sketch method, which stratifies pedestrians’ needs into four levels—basic space, commute, rest, and religion; and ( c) the poker game method, which identifies the most needed improvements, including limiting the vehicle right-of-way, planting trees, offering rest areas, and providing Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) coverage. From the survey results, a plan to improve the walking environment in Lhasa was proposed.
Pedestrian Crossing Treatment Warrants for Midblock Crosswalks Under Mixed Traffic Conditions
Authors: Kadali B. Raghuram , Vedagiri P.
Published: March 2016

Pedestrian crossings are important for accessing the adjacent land use facilities in daily life. Improperly designed crossing facilities cause discomfort to pedestrians and may even jeopardize their safety as well as being a hindrance to the smooth flow of vehicle traffic. These problems exist especially in developing countries such as India, where mixed traffic conditions prevail and road discipline is essentially absent. Thus, the design of efficient crossing facilities considering the flow of both pedestrians and vehicles is of utmost importance in these countries. In this regard, the objective of the current study was to propose warrants for pedestrian crossing facilities in midblock sections under mixed traffic conditions. To achieve this objective, pedestrian–vehicle ( PV2) conflict analysis was carried out at eight different unprotected midblock crosswalks in Mumbai, India. Videographic surveys were conducted and vehicle and pedestrian volumes were extracted, along with pedestrian-crossing characteristics such as crossing difficulty, safety and traffic, and vehicle characteristics. The initial computed PV2-values were adjusted by different factors, and k-means cluster analysis was carried out to determine the threshold PV2-values for selection of a suitable crosswalk facility. The study also highlighted the importance of taking into consideration site characteristics for evaluation of a midblock crosswalk facility. The results of this study are expected to have a wide range of applications in the design of new crosswalk facilities or in the improvement of existing pedestrian crosswalk facilities under mixed traffic conditions.
Clustering of Several Typical Behavioral Characteristics of Commercial Vehicle Drivers Based on GPS Data Mining: Case Study of Highways in China
Authors: Wu Chaozhong , Sun Chuan , Chu Duanfeng , Huang Zhen , Ma Jie , Li Haoran
Published: March 2016

Some studies of driving behavior have been based on data mining to create a mechanism that relates data derived from vehicle monitoring, driver behavioral characteristics, and road safety to each other. To make the best of GPS data collected by transportation businesses and explore the potential rules of commercial vehicle driver behavioral characteristics, the parameters related to driving behavioral characteristics are extracted according to GPS data attributes based on factor analysis, and eight parameters of driving behavioral characteristics are transformed into a few aggregated variables containing clear information about driving behavior. With these variables as indicators, a cluster analysis of commercial vehicle driver behavioral characteristics in the selected case is carried out through hierarchical clustering. The results show that commercial vehicle driver behavioral characteristics can be effectively aggregated into four kinds: acceleration–deceleration, speeding-prone, acceleration, and deceleration. Of the four kinds, drivers with relatively serious acceleration–deceleration behavior are also characterized by three other relatively serious behaviors; such drivers have relatively high driving risks, so transportation businesses need to focus their supervision on those drivers. The research results have some relevance to the supervision and training of commercial vehicle drivers in China.
Association of Apo B, Apo A1 and lipid Profile with Early Onset Stroke
Authors: Malek Roksana , Hoque Mozammel , Shaha Purnima Rani , Hossain Md Sakhawat , Ahmed Afsana , Akhter Mahbooba
Published: March 2016

Background: Early onset of stroke is a devastating illness and dyslipidaemia are widely accepted risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). High Apolipoprotein B (Apo B), low Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) and the Apo B/Apo A1 ratio are used as the predictors of stroke for CHD.Objective: To evaluate the association of Apo B, Apo A1 and lipid profile with early onset stroke.Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from Jan2008 to Dec2008. Total 100 stroke patients of both sexes were included, diagnosed by CT scan and MRI. Fifty stroke patients of early onset (EOS-P; age d45 yrs) were included as case and 50 stroke patients of late onset (LOS-P; age >50 yrs) were taken as control. Serum lipid profile (TAG, TC, LDL-C & HDL-C), lipid ratios (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C & TAG/ TC), Apo B, Apo A1, and Apo B/Apo A1 ratio were measured in all patients. Mann Whitney U test, Odds Ratio, unpaired t-test were used for statistical analysis.Results: In this study, serum Apo A1, and TAG were significantly higher in EOS-P than those of LOS-P. Again, with respect of cut off value, odds ratio of 2.29 indicates that high serum Apo B concentration is associated whereas odds ratio of 0.38 indicates that low serum Apo A1 concentration is not associated with EOSConclusion: From this study it can be concluded that, higher level of TAG is a risk factors for early onset stroke and high Apo B is associated with early onset stroke.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2015, December; 10(2): 51-55
Molecular Catalysis for Precise Olefin Polymerization and ROP 2015
Authors: Redshaw Carl
Published: March 2016

The growth of emerging markets, particularly in the Far East, has fuelled the demand for new plastic materials.[...]
In Vitro DVS Approach to Evaluate Skin Reparation
Authors: Barba Clara , Alonso Cristina , Semenzato Alessandra , Baratto Giovanni , Coderch Luisa
Published: March 2016

The stratum corneum (SC), the most superficial layer of the skin, is directly responsible for the skin’s barrier function. The intercellular lipids in the SC play an important role in the regulation of the skin’s water-holding capacity. The modification of the intercellular lipid organization and composition may impair these properties. The aim of the present study is to describe a new in vitro approach of the repairing capacity evaluation of lipid formulations on skin with the use of absorption and desorption curves. The formulations were applied on lipid-extracted SC, and the possible SC reparation was assessed with the use of a thermogravimetric balance (DVS). Moisture absorption/desorption experiments proved to be adequate for the evaluation of the repairing capacity of formulations applied on damaged skin. Besides, freeze-substitution transmission electron microscopy (FSTEM) images showed some lipid bilayers, indicating a lipid bilayer reconstitution due to the applied formulations.
Generalized Einstein’s Equations from Wald Entropy
Authors: Parikh Maulik , Sarkar Sudipta
Published: March 2016

We derive the gravitational equations of motion of general theories of gravity from thermodynamics applied to a local Rindler horizon through any point in spacetime. Specifically, for a given theory of gravity, we substitute the corresponding Wald entropy into the Clausius relation. Our approach works for all diffeomorphism-invariant theories of gravity in which the Lagrangian is a polynomial in the Riemann tensor.
How the Chlorine Treatment and the Stoichiometry Influences the Grain Boundary Passivation in Polycrystalline CdTe Thin Films
Authors: Bosio Alessio , Rosa Greta , Menossi Daniele , Romeo Nicola
Published: March 2016

The absorption coefficient of CdTe is large enough to assure that all of the visible light is absorbed in a thickness on the order of 1 µm. High efficiency devices are fabricated by using close-spaced sublimation (CSS)-deposited CdTe films with a thickness in the range of 6–8 µm. In order to decrease the thickness of the CdTe film, a novel approach has been used. On top of the CdTe film, whose thickness is reduced to 2–3 μm, another CdTe layer is deposited by RF sputtering, with a thickness of 100–200 nm. The purpose of this approach is to fill up the voids, which tend to form when a low thickness-CdTe film is deposited by close-spaced sublimation. Using this CdTe double layer, solar cells, with an efficiency greater than 15%, were reproducibly obtained. Since the CdTe layer deposited by the CSS technique shows a p-type behavior, whereas the layer deposited by sputtering is n-type, it is supposed that the formation of a p-n junction into the grain boundaries, which makes a mirror for the charge carriers, increases their mean lifetime. In order to also have this system after the essential chlorine treatment of the CdTe layer, a special cadmium-free halogen treatment was developed. This process was especially tuned for very thin (≤3 µm) CdTe film thickness and for not making use of cadmium-based chlorine salt while, producing high efficiency devices, meets a better economic and environmental sustainability.
The Driving Forces of Changes in CO2 Emissions in China: A Structural Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Xiao Bowen , Niu Dongxiao , Guo Xiaodan
Published: March 2016

Understanding the drivers of changes in CO2 emissions is vital for a range of stakeholders. Hence, this paper explores the main drivers of CO2 emissions in China using structural decomposition analysis based on constant price and non-comparative input-output tables. The driving forces at both nationwide and industrial levels are divided into nine effects. To investigate the effects from an energy perspective, all nine effects are further decomposed into three kinds of fossil fuels. Our empirical results show that the energy intensity effect can significantly stimulate emission reduction. Though the energy structure effect is weak, the trend of which over time shows that the energy structure is shifting to low carbon. Additionally, among final demand effect, the urban consumption, investment, and export expansion effects predominantly overwhelm other effects and contribute significantly to CO2 emissions. Although the short term Leontief effects fluctuate greatly, the total Leontief effect in 1997–2010 reveals that it can significantly contribute to CO2 emissions. Finally, detailed and concrete policy implications for CO2 emission reduction are provided.
Spider Silk/Polyaniline Composite Wire
Authors: Goto Hiromasa , Kikuchi Ryosuke , Wang Aohan
Published: March 2016

Polymerization of aniline in the presence of spider silk produces a natural fiber-based conducting polymer wire. We observed the fiber structure with polarizing optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This spider-silk/PANI, a biosynthetic composite, could be the basis for organic high-performance conducting wire.
1D Chains of Lanthanoid Ions and a Dithienylethene Ligand Showing Slow Relaxation of the Magnetization
Authors: Yatoo Mudasir , Cosquer Goulven , Morimoto Masakazu , Irie Masahiro , Breedlove Brian , Yamashita Masahiro
Published: March 2016

Three isostructural 1D lanthanoid complexes with the general formula {[Ln2(DTE)(H-DTE)(MeOH)2]·2H2O}n (Ln = Tb, Dy, and Yb; DTE = 1,2-bis(5-carboxyl-2-methyl-3-thienyl) perfluorocyclopentene) were synthesized. In the 1D chain structure of each complex, lanthanide ions are seven coordinate with a capped trigonal prism geometry. The 1,2-bis(5-carboxyl-2-methyl-3-thienyl) perfluorocyclopentene (DTE) ligand adopts a parallel configuration in these complexes, which results in the loss of the photo-isomerization ability of the ligand. From magnetic measurements, each complex undergoes slow relaxation of the magnetization via multiple processes in a dc field.
Miniaturized Rotary Actuators Using Shape Memory Alloy for Insect-Type MEMS Microrobot
Authors: Saito Ken , Iwata Kei , Ishihara Yuki , Sugita Kazuki , Takato Minami , Uchikoba Fumio
Published: March 2016

Although several types of locomotive microrobots have been developed, most of them have difficulty locomoting on uneven surfaces. Thus, we have been focused on microrobots that can locomote using step patterns. We are studying insect-type microrobot systems. The locomotion of the microrobot is generated by rotational movements of the shape memory alloy-type rotary actuator. In addition, we have constructed artificial neural networks by using analog integrated circuit (IC) technology. The artificial neural networks can output the driving waveform without using software programs. The shape memory alloy-type rotary actuator and the artificial neural networks are constructed with silicon wafers; they can be integrated by using micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) technology. As a result, the MEMS microrobot system can locomote using step patterns. The insect-type MEMS microrobot system is 0.079 g in weight and less than 5.0 mm in size, and its locomotion speed is 2 mm/min. The locomotion speed is slow because the heat of the shape memory alloy conducts to the mechanical parts of the MEMS microrobot. In this paper, we discuss a new rotary actuator compared with the previous model and show the continuous rotation of the proposed rotary actuator.