The Impact of COVID-19 on Mortality in Italy: Retrospective Analysis of Epidemiological Trends (Preprint)
Authors: Rovetta Alessandro , Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth 
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Despite the available evidence on its severity, COVID-19 has often been compared with seasonal flu by some conspirators and even scientists. Various public discussions arose about the noncausal correlation between COVID-19 and the observed deaths during the pandemic period in Italy.

OBJECTIVE

This paper aimed to search for endogenous reasons for the mortality increase recorded in Italy during 2020 to test this controversial hypothesis. Furthermore, we provide a framework for epidemiological analyses of time series.

METHODS

We analyzed deaths by age, sex, region, and cause of death in Italy from 2011 to 2019. Ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression analyses and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) were used to predict the best value for 2020. A Grubbs 1-sided test was used to assess the significance of the difference between predicted and observed 2020 deaths/mortality. Finally, a 1-sample <i>t</i> test was used to compare the population of regional excess deaths to a null mean. The relationship between mortality and predictive variables was assessed using OLS multiple regression models. Since there is no uniform opinion on multicomparison adjustment and false negatives imply great epidemiological risk, the less-conservative Siegel approach and more-conservative Holm-Bonferroni approach were employed. By doing so, we provided the reader with the means to carry out an independent analysis.

RESULTS

Both ARIMA and OLS linear regression models predicted the number of deaths in Italy during 2020 to be between 640,000 and 660,000 (range of 95% CIs: 620,000-695,000) against the observed value of above 750,000. We found strong evidence supporting that the death increase in all regions (average excess=12.2%) was not due to chance (t<sub>21</sub>=7.2; adjusted <i>P</i>&lt;.001). Male and female national mortality excesses were 18.4% (<i>P</i>&lt;.001; adjusted <i>P</i>=.006) and 14.1% (<i>P</i>=.005; adjusted <i>P</i>=.12), respectively. However, we found limited significance when comparing male and female mortality residuals’ using the Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test (<i>P</i>=.27; adjusted <i>P</i>=.99). Finally, mortality was strongly and positively correlated with latitude (<i>R</i>=0.82; adjusted <i>P</i>&lt;.001). In this regard, the significance of the mortality increases during 2020 varied greatly from region to region. Lombardy recorded the highest mortality increase (38% for men, adjusted <i>P</i>&lt;.001; 31% for women, <i>P</i>&lt;.001; adjusted <i>P</i>=.006).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings support the absence of historical endogenous reasons capable of justifying the mortality increase observed in Italy during 2020. Together with the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2, these results provide decisive evidence on the devastating impact of COVID-19. We suggest that this research be leveraged by government, health, and information authorities to furnish proof against conspiracy hypotheses that minimize COVID-19–related risks. Finally, given the marked concordance between ARIMA and OLS regression, we suggest that these models be exploited for public health surveillance. Specifically, meaningful information can be deduced by comparing predicted and observed epidemiological trends.