bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-Memory Interval Joins
Authors: Bouros Panagiotis , Mamoulis Nikos , Tsitsigkos Dimitrios , Terrovitis Manolis
Published: April 2021

The interval join is a popular operation in temporal, spatial, and uncertain databases. The majority of interval join algorithms assume that input data reside on disk and so, their focus is to minimize the I/O accesses. Recently, an in-memory approach based on plane sweep (PS) for modern hardware was proposed which greatly outperforms previous work. However, this approach relies on a complex data structure and its parallelization has not been adequately studied. In this article, we investigate in-memory interval joins in two directions. First, we explore the applicability of a largely ignored forward scan (FS)-based plane sweep algorithm, for single-threaded join evaluation. We propose four optimizations for FS that greatly reduce its cost, making it competitive or even faster than the state-of-the-art. Second, we study in depth the parallel computation of interval joins. We design a non-partitioning-based approach that determines independent tasks of the join algorithm to run in parallel. Then, we address the drawbacks of the previously proposed hash-based partitioning and suggest a domain-based partitioning approach that does not produce duplicate results. Within our approach, we propose a novel breakdown of the partition-joins into mini-joins to be scheduled in the available CPU threads and propose an adaptive domain partitioning, aiming at load balancing. We also investigate how the partitioning phase can benefit from modern parallel hardware. Our thorough experimental analysis demonstrates the advantage of our novel partitioning-based approach for parallel computation.
A Qualitative Analysis of the Needs and Experiences of Hospital-based Clinicians when Accessing Medical Imaging
Authors: Cronin Séan , Kane Bridget , Doherty Gavin
Published: April 2021

As digital imaging is now a common and essential tool in the clinical workflow, it is important to understand the experiences of clinicians with medical imaging systems in order to guide future development. The objective of this paper was to explore health professionals’ experiences, practices and preferences when using Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS), to identify shortcomings in the existing technology and inform future developments. Semi-structured interviews are reported with 35 hospital-based healthcare professionals (3 interns, 11 senior health officers, 6 specialist registrars, 6 consultants, 2 clinical specialists, 5 radiographers, 1 sonographer, 1 radiation safety officer). Data collection took place between February 2019 and December 2020 and all data are analyzed thematically. A majority of clinicians report using PACS frequently (6+ times per day), both through dedicated PACS workstations, and through general-purpose desktop computers. Most clinicians report using basic features of PACS to view imaging and reports, and also to compare current with previous imaging, noting that they rarely use more advanced features, such as measuring. Usability is seen as a problem, including issues related to data privacy. More sustained training would help clinicians gain more value from PACS, particularly less experienced users. While the majority of clinicians report being unconcerned about sterility when accessing digital imaging, clinicians were open to the possibility of touchless operation using voice, and the ability to execute multiple commands with a single voice command would be welcomed.
A fictional dualism model of social robots
Authors: Sweeney Paula
Published: April 2021

In this paper I propose a Fictional Dualism model of social robots. The model helps us to understand the human emotional reaction to social robots and also acts as a guide for us in determining the significance of that emotional reaction, enabling us to better define the moral and legislative rights of social robots within our society. I propose a distinctive position that allows us to accept that robots are tools, that our emotional reaction to them can be important to their usefulness, and that this emotional reaction is not a direct indicator that robots deserve either moral consideration or rights. The positive framework of Fictional Dualism provides us with an understanding of what social robots are and with a plausible basis for our relationships with them as we bring them further into society.
“Feeling like a Scientist”: Factors Affecting Students’ Selections of Technology Tools in the Science Classroom
Authors: Cairns Dean , Dickson Martina , McMinn Melissa
Published: April 2021

This research looked at the choices that children make in the classroom when offered manual and technological options to measure scientific variables. Over 170 school children were involved in science lessons designed in collaboration with school teachers and the research team as part of the planned curriculum. We found that approximately 25% of the students chose the manual measuring options, compared with 75% who chose the technological options. During the focus group interviews (n = 62) carried out immediately after the class, we found that some children who had selected the technological option had done so due to perceptions of the tool’s novelty and “accuracy.” Some later regretted their choice, reasoning that “real” scientists did not use technology, that it would have been more challenging to measure manually, and therefore that they would have “felt more like scientists” had they selected the manual option. Perceptions of ease of use sometimes lowered children’s intent to use the technology option. Similarly, students who chose the manual option alluded to the inauthenticity of the technology option: this is not “what scientists do.” Consequently, students who had selected the manual option were also more likely to describe feeling “like a scientist” when carrying out the measurements. The possible implications of the findings, in terms of a possible inversion of the technology acceptance model for students in the science classroom, are explored.
A note on non-symmetric flow: surface shrinking in mutually orthogonal directions
Authors: Merkin J. H. , Lok Y. Y. , Pop I.
Published: April 2021

In this note, we extend the problem treated in (Lok, Math Modelling Anal 24:617–634 (2019)) to the case of permeable surface which is shrinking in mutually orthogonal directions. Both numerical and asymptotic solutions are obtained for two important governing parameters, $$\gamma $$
γ
the shrinking rate and S characterizing the fluid transfer through the boundary. In this problem, a restriction on S is required for a solution to exist.
This contrasts with the problem in (Lok, Math Modelling Anal 24:617–634 (2019)) where no restriction on S is needed. Numerical solutions show that for a fixed value of S, two critical points $$\gamma _c$$

γ
c

are observed for $$S > 2$$

S
>
2

. Conversely, two critical points $$S_c$$

S
c

are found for a given value of $$\gamma $$
γ
when $$S > 2$$

S
>
2

. A discussion on the nonexistence of solution for $$S = 2$$

S
=
2

is given and asymptotic solutions for S large and $$(S-2)$$

(
S
-
2
)

small are also presented.
Does Training Modality Predict Fidelity of an Evidence-based Intervention Delivered in Schools?
Authors: Combs Katie Massey , Drewelow Karen M. , Habesland Marian Silje , Lain Marion Amanda , Buckley Pamela R.
Published: April 2021

Training prior to implementing evidence-based interventions (EBIs) is essential to reach high levels of fidelity. However, the time and cost of in-person training are often barriers to implementation. Online learning offers a potential solution, though few studies examine the relationship between online training and fidelity of implementation. This study explored whether teachers trained online have similar levels of adherence, dosage, quality of delivery, and student responsiveness compared to teachers trained in-person on the Botvin LifeSkills Training (LST) middle school program, a universal prevention intervention proven to reduce substance use and violence, as part of a national dissemination project. This study involved a sample of 989 LST teachers across 114 school districts, representing 296 schools in 14 states. All teachers were first trained in LST implementation between 2016 and 2019. Hierarchical linear models were used to assess relationships between training modality and the four fidelity outcomes. Online training was associated with lower ratings of quality of delivery compared to in-person training, but no significant associations existed between online training and adherence to the curriculum, dosage, or student responsiveness. Findings from this study generally indicate that online training builds competencies important for school-based EBI implementation, while also highlighting potential shortcomings related to quality of delivery. Ensuring the inclusion of experiential learning activities (e.g., practice delivering content, receiving feedback on delivery) may be key to quality of delivery as online trainings for facilitators of school-based EBIs evolve.
The influence of frailty syndrome on quality of life in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bąk E. , Młynarska A. , Marcisz C. , Bobiński R. , Sternal D. , Młynarski R.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

There have been no comprehensive studies that assess the impact of frailty syndrome on quality of life (QoL) of patients with diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of frailty syndrome on QoL and depression symptoms of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

The study included 148 consecutive patients (aged ≥ 60y). The patients were divided into two groups according to the prevalence of the frailty syndrome: robust and frailty. For all of the patients that were included in the study, we used the Polish version of validated instruments: ADDQoL, TFI and BDI.

Results

In the study group, 43.2% had been diagnosed with frailty syndrome. An analysis of QoL assessment depending on the prevalence of the frailty syndrome showed that patients who were robust (without recognized frailty syndrome) assessed QoL significantly better than patients with coexisting frailty syndrome. Robust patients did not have any severe depressive symptoms, whereas in the group of patients with the frailty syndrome 43.8% of the patients had a depression. 70.2% of the patients without any depressive symptoms were robust patients, meanwhile only 14% of the patients had frailty syndrome recognized.

Conclusions

Frailty syndrome occurred in 43 percent of the patients with type 2 diabetes. This has a negative impact on QoL of patients. Depression is more common in patients with the frailty syndrome and diabetes.
Learning ultrasound rendering from cross-sectional model slices for simulated training
Authors: Zhang Lin , Portenier Tiziano , Goksel Orcun
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Given the high level of expertise required for navigation and interpretation of ultrasound images, computational simulations can facilitate the training of such skills in virtual reality. With ray-tracing based simulations, realistic ultrasound images can be generated. However, due to computational constraints for interactivity, image quality typically needs to be compromised.

Methods

We propose herein to bypass any rendering and simulation process at interactive time, by conducting such simulations during a non-time-critical offline stage and then learning image translation from cross-sectional model slices to such simulated frames. We use a generative adversarial framework with a dedicated generator architecture and input feeding scheme, which both substantially improve image quality without increase in network parameters. Integral attenuation maps derived from cross-sectional model slices, texture-friendly strided convolutions, providing stochastic noise and input maps to intermediate layers in order to preserve locality are all shown herein to greatly facilitate such translation task.

Results

Given several quality metrics, the proposed method with only tissue maps as input is shown to provide comparable or superior results to a state-of-the-art that uses additional images of low-quality ultrasound renderings. An extensive ablation study shows the need and benefits from the individual contributions utilized in this work, based on qualitative examples and quantitative ultrasound similarity metrics. To that end, a local histogram statistics based error metric is proposed and demonstrated for visualization of local dissimilarities between ultrasound images.

Conclusion

A deep-learning based direct transformation from interactive tissue slices to likeness of high quality renderings allow to obviate any complex rendering process in real-time, which could enable extremely realistic ultrasound simulations on consumer-hardware by moving the time-intensive processes to a one-time, offline, preprocessing data preparation stage that can be performed on dedicated high-end hardware.
Two iterative methods for reverse image filtering
Authors: Belyaev Alexander G. , Fayolle Pierre-Alain
Published: April 2021

We consider the problem of recovering an original image $${\varvec{x}}$$

x

from its filtered version $${\varvec{y}}={\varvec{f}}({\varvec{x}})$$

y

=

f

(

x

)

, assuming that the internal structure of the filter $${\varvec{f}}(\cdot )$$

f

(
·
)

is unknown to us (i.e., we can only query the filter as a black-box and, for example, cannot invert it). We present two new iterative methods to attack the problem, analyze, and evaluate them on various smoothing and edge-preserving image filters.
The ground-level ozone concentration is inversely correlated with the number of COVID-19 cases in Warsaw, Poland
Authors: Wiśniewski Oskar , Kozak Wiesław , Wiśniewski Maciej
Published: April 2021

COVID-19, which is a consequence of infection with the novel viral agent SARS-CoV-2, first identified in China (Hubei Province), has been declared a pandemic by the WHO. As of September 10, 2020, over 70,000 cases and over 2000 deaths have been recorded in Poland. Of the many factors contributing to the level of transmission of the virus, the weather appears to be significant. In this work, we analyze the impact of weather factors such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and ground-level ozone concentration on the number of COVID-19 cases in Warsaw, Poland. The obtained results show an inverse correlation between ground-level ozone concentration and the daily number of COVID-19 cases.
Epigenetic Regulation of Neural Transmission after Cerebellar Fastigial Nucleus Lesions in Juvenile Rats
Authors: Helgers Simeon O. A. , Angelov Svilen , Muschler Marc A. N. , Glahn Alexander , Al-Afif Shadi , Al Krinawe Yazeed , Hermann Elvis J. , Krauss Joachim K. , Frieling Helge , Schwabe Kerstin , Rhein Mathias
Published: April 2021

Structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebellar midline region, including the fastigial nucleus, have been reported in neuropsychiatric disorders, also comprising the cerebellar cognitive affecting syndrome. In rats, early fastigial lesions reduce social interaction during development and lead to cognitive and emotional deficits in adults, accompanied by compromised neuronal network activity. Since epigenetic mechanisms are implicated in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, we investigated whether fastigial nucleus lesions in juvenile rats would impact epigenetic regulation of neural transmission. The fastigial nucleus was lesioned bilaterally in 23-day-old male rats. Sham-lesion and naïve rats served as controls. DNA methylation was investigated for target genes of the GABAergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic and oxytocinergic systems in brain regions with anatomic connections to the fastigial nucleus, i.e., medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, striatum, thalamus, and sensorimotor cortex. Protein expression was examined for the respective target genes in case of altered DNA methylation between lesion and control groups. Lesioning of the fastigial nucleus led to significant differences in the epigenetic regulation of glutamate decarboxylase 1 and the oxytocin receptor in the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex. No differences were found for the other target genes and brain regions. Our findings indicate that epigenetic dysregulation after lesioning of the fastigial nucleus may influence long-term recovery and the emergence of behavioral changes. Together with previous behavioral and electrophysiological investigations of this rat model, these observations can play a role in the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Estimating Ground-Level Hourly PM2.5 Concentrations Over North China Plain with Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Zhang Wenhao , Zheng Fengjie , Zhang Wenpeng , Yang Xiufeng
Published: April 2021

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has a considerable impact on the environment, climate change, and human health. Herein, we introduce a deep neural network model for deriving ground-level, hourly PM2.5 concentrations by Himawari-8 aerosol optical depth, meteorological variables, and land cover information. A total of 151,726 records were collected from 313 ground-level PM2.5 monitoring stations (spread across the North China Plain) to calibrate and test the proposed model. The sample- and site-based cross-validation yielded satisfactory performance, with correlation coefficients > 0.8 (R = 0.86 and 0.83, respectively). Furthermore, the variation in mean ground-level hourly PM2.5 concentrations, using 2017 data, showed that the proposed method could be applied for spatiotemporal continuous PM2.5 monitoring. This study will serve as a reference for the application of geostationary meteorological satellite to perform ground-level PM2.5 estimation and the utilization in atmospheric monitoring.
Approach to hand posture recognition based on hand shape features for human–robot interaction
Authors: Qi Jing , Xu Kun , Ding Xilun
Published: April 2021

Hand segmentation is the initial step for hand posture recognition. To reduce the effect of variable illumination in hand segmentation step, a new CbCr-I component Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is proposed to detect the skin region. The hand region is selected as a region of interest from the image using the skin detection technique based on the presented CbCr-I component GMM and a new adaptive threshold. A new hand shape distribution feature described in polar coordinates is proposed to extract hand contour features to solve the false recognition problem in some shape-based methods and effectively recognize the hand posture in cases when different hand postures have the same number of outstretched fingers. A multiclass support vector machine classifier is utilized to recognize the hand posture. Experiments were carried out on our data set to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The results showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared with other methods.
Thermal Properties of 3D-Printed Sand Molds
Authors: Saeidpour Mahsa , Svenningsson Roger , Gotthardsson Ulf , Farre Sten
Published: April 2021

Specific heat capacity (Cp), density (ρ), and thermal conductivity (λ) of phenolic-bonded 3D-printed sand (3DPS) molds have been determined in the temperature range of 20–1400 °C using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dilatometer, and hot wire method. The results have been used to simulate the thermal gradient in a sand mold during casting aluminum using a commercial simulation software. The simulated results have been compared with laboratory-measured results and simulated results using the software’s database for conventional mold making. Our results show that available database for sand thermal properties cannot explain the thermal gradient in 3DPS molds and this manufacturing process affects the thermal properties of the mold compared to traditional mold making. It is necessary to collect data for a variety of 3D-printed sand molds to ensure accurate modeling simulation in the foundry industry.
Underrecognized Tickborne Illnesses: Borrelia Miyamotoi and Powassan Virus
Authors: Della-Giustina David , Duke Charles , Goldflam Katja
Published: April 2021

Over the past 2 decades, tickborne disease has been increasingly recognized as a threat to humans as a result of the growing geographic range of ticks. This review describes 2 tickborne diseases, Borrelia miyamotoi and Powassan virus, that likely have a significant impact on humans, yet are underdiagnosed compared to most other tickborne diseases. We performed a literature search from 2015 to 2020. Borrelia miyamotoi is a tickborne pathogen that infects and co-infects ticks along with other pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi. Because B miyamotoi infects the same Ixodes ticks as B burgdorferi, B miyamotoi may cover a similar geographic range. B miyamotoi infection may be underdiagnosed for 2 reasons. First, a presumptive treatment approach to Lyme disease may result in B miyamotoi infection treatment without identification of the actual cause. Second, the absence of readily available testing and diagnostic criteria makes it difficult to diagnose B miyamotoi infection. Powassan virus is a tickborne flavivirus similar to the dengue virus. Powassan virus disease appears to have an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic presentation in most people but can cause devastating and fatal encephalitis. The Powassan virus may be transmitted in less than 15 min of tick feeding. Powassan virus disease is a difficult diagnosis because testing capabilities are limited and because there may be co-infection with other tickborne pathogens.
Uncertainty: Staple Credit and the Measurement of Later Medieval “Business Confidence”
Authors: GODDARD RICHARD
Published: April 2021

Business confidence is a measure of optimism or pessimism that managers feel about the commercial prospects for their organizations. This paper uses later medieval high-value English credit data as a proxy gauge of merchants’ business confidence or uncertainty. It discusses whether mercantile restriction of credit during the fifteenth-century recession reflects uncertainty, whereby merchants became increasingly risk-averse and so reduced the amount of credit they extended to their customers. It discusses the chronological trends in English lending between 1353 and 1532. This paper examines medieval debt restructuring and argues that this might similarly reflect merchants’ commercial confidence or uncertainty. In contrasting two sample years (1375 and 1433), the paper seeks to identify the motivations and influences that lay behind medieval merchants’ business decisions more fully. It argues that merchants’ investment behavior was guided more by local commercial circumstances than it was by profound economic shocks, such as plague and bullion famine.
The bifurcation locus for numbers of bounded type
Authors: CARMINATI CARLO , TIOZZO GIULIO
Published: April 2021

We define a family

$\mathcal {B}(t)$
of compact subsets of the unit interval which provides a filtration of the set of numbers whose continued fraction expansion has bounded digits. We study how the set

$\mathcal {B}(t)$
changes as the parameter t ranges in

$[0,1]$
, and see that the family undergoes period-doubling bifurcations and displays the same transition pattern from periodic to chaotic behaviour as the family of real quadratic polynomials. The set

$\mathcal {E}$
of bifurcation parameters is a fractal set of measure zero and Hausdorff dimension

$1$
. The Hausdorff dimension of

$\mathcal {B}(t)$
varies continuously with the parameter, and we show that the dimension of each individual set equals the dimension of the corresponding section of the bifurcation set

$\mathcal {E}$
.
Candidate Selection, Personalization and Different Logics of Centralization in New Southern European Populism: The Cases of Podemos and the M5S
Authors: Caiani Manuela , Padoan Enrico , Marino Bruno
Published: April 2021

In this article, we focus on the candidate selection processes of Podemos in Spain and the Movimento 5 Stelle (M5S – Five Star Movement) in Italy, processes which are related to intra-party democracy. With a mixed-methods approach (including novel data from the expert survey PoPES, 31 semi-structured interviews with party representatives and militants, and analysis of party documents, statutes and leader speeches) and a comparative perspective, we explore candidate selection in the context of the broader organizational party structures over time. We find that: (1) Podemos functions like a typical centralized party, whereas M5S is a deviant case with strong and centralized control over party organization but decentralized mechanisms for candidate selection; (2) both these logics of centralization of power undermine the parties’ democratic credentials but have different consequences in terms of cohesion (expulsions/departures in M5S and splintering in Podemos); and (3) in both cases, the parties’ organizational culture and symbolic tools legitimate their top-down features.
What Should We Know About the Origins of International Investment Law?
Authors: Alshahrani Sarah M.
Published: April 2021

International investment law, particularly the global backlash against investment treaties, has evolved recently. This article aims to clarify how international investment law evolved over history, from the early Arab traders in the 7th century to the Ottoman Empire, to understand its hidden aims. It investigates the practice of signing investment treaties, which appear first during the Fatimid Caliphate2and Mamluk Sultanate3periods. It then explains when control over foreign investment started to diminish during the Ottoman Empire period.4Further, it explains the links between the USA Friendship, Commerce and Navigation treaties (FCNs), and current investment treaties, explaining the impact of colonization and imperialism on drafting treaty provisions. Within this historical context, this article illustrates the need to understand the roots of international investment law in order to urge Arab countries to terminate or renegotiate current bilateral investment treaties (BITs) as a number of developing and developed countries have done.
Law and the Laboratory: The British Vivisection Inspectorate in the 1890s
Authors: Shmuely Shira
Published: April 2021

The 1876 British Cruelty to Animals Act introduced an unprecedented administrative system to supervise any experiment “calculated to give pain” to a living animal. The act, which was in force for a hundred years, established a tight system of control over animal experimentation, including a small, but vigorous, inspectorate. This article explores the relations between bureaucracy and the production of knowledge through the correspondences, memos, and notes taken by two principal inspectors under the act. The inspectors belonged to the worlds of both law and science. Coming from within the scientific profession, their close ties to medical social circles not only evoked critique but also helped them fulfill their tasks and gain access to research laboratories. Archival records examined here for the first time show that, although the inspectors downplayed animals’ pain in physiological laboratories, the inspectorate played an important role in shaping the experimental space and practice, thus facilitating the production of “ethical scientific facts.” The inspectors’ work modeled the new legal regime of animal experimentation regulation, making them indispensable agents in the act’s coproduction of knowledge and public order.
Italianness in the United States between migrants’ informal gardening practices and agricultural diplomacy (1880–1912)
Authors: Mazzoli Gilberto
Published: April 2021

During the Age of Mass Migration more than four million Italians reached the United States. The experience of Italians in US cities has been widely explored: however, the study of how migrants adjusted in relation to nature and food production is a relatively recent concern. Due to a mixture of racism and fear of political radicalism, Italians were deemed to be undesirable immigrants in East Coast cities and American authorities had long perceived Italian immigrants as unclean, unhealthy and carriers of diseases. As a flipside to this narrative, Italians were also believed to possess a ‘natural’ talent for agriculture, which encouraged Italian diplomats and politicians to propose the establishment of agricultural colonies in the southern United States. In rural areas Italians could profit from their agricultural skills and finally turn into ‘desirable immigrants’. The aim of this paper is to explore this ‘emigrant colonialism’ through the lens of environmental history, comparing the Italian and US diplomatic and public discourses on the potential and limits of Italians’ agricultural skills.
Naïve Style-Level Feedback Trading in Passive Funds
Authors: Broman Markus S.
Published: April 2021

Passive exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are ideally suited to style-level feedback trading because of their high liquidity, ease of short selling, and pure play on investment styles. I find strong evidence of short-term style-momentum trading in ETFs. Institutional investors that use ETFs do not act as arbitrageurs by trading against style momentum. Institutions, especially less sophisticated ones, are themselves style-momentum traders. Moreover, recent style-level demand predicts style-level return reversals. These findings suggest that uninformed positive feedback trading by less sophisticated market participants can destabilize financial markets in the short run.
Not all wh-dependencies are created equal: processing of multiple wh-questions in Romanian children and adults
Authors: Bentea Anamaria , Marinis Theodoros
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the acquisition and processing of multiplewho- andwhich-questions in Romanian that display ordering constraints and involve exhaustivity. Toward that aim, typically developing Romanian children (mean age 8.3) and adults participated in a self-paced listening experiment that simultaneously investigated online processing and offline comprehension of multiple wh-questions. The study manipulated the type of wh-phrase (who/which) and the order in which these elements appear (subject–object [SO]/object–subject [OS]). The response to the comprehension question could address the issue of exhaustivity because we measured whether participants used an exhaustive or a non-exhaustive response. Our findings reveal that both children and adults slow down when processingwho- as compared towhich-phrases, but only adults show an online sensitivity to ordering constraints inwho-questions. Accuracy is higher with multiplewho- thanwhich-questions. The latter pose more difficulties for comprehension, particularly in the OS order. We relate this to intervention effects similar to those proposed for singlewhich-questions. The lack of intervention effects in terms of reaction times indicates that these effects occur at a later stage, after participants have heard the whole sentence and when they interpret its meaning.
APROVECHAMIENTO DEL PAISAJE Y MANEJO DE LA FAUNA EN PALENQUE, CHIAPAS
Authors: Varela Scherrer Carlos Miguel , Liendo Stuardo Rodrigo
Published: April 2021

El estudio del aprovechamiento animal en las ciudades mayas de tierras bajas ha ido en considerable aumento durante los últimos años, incorporando metodologías que han permitido discernir prácticas de cacería, manejo, y cautiverio de algunas especies. En Palenque, los estudios zooarqueológicos poseen una tradición netamente biológica, los cuáles han sido relevantes para entender el aprovechamiento de la fauna en el sitio. Sin embargo, orientados casi en su totalidad en identificar las especies encontradas, carecen de un enfoque social. Desde 2016, el Proyecto Regional Palenque (PREP) ha llevado a cabo estudios zooarqueológicos en el Grupo IV de Palenque, un conjunto habitacional de élite del clásico tardío, en dónde a través de la flotación de sedimentos se ha recuperado una variada fauna, principalmente peces dulceacuícolas, así como restos botánicos que nos permite una interpretación más detallada de los paleopaisajes que rodeaban los asentamientos y discernir prácticas de manejo de poblaciones animales dentro y en los alrededores de las ciudades mayas.
Assessment of genetic variability amongst cultivated populations of Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulataBlanco) detected by ISSR
Authors: Kashyap Karishma , Bhagwat Rasika M. , Banu Sofia
Published: April 2021

Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulataBlanco) is a commercial mandarin variety grown in northeast India and one of the 175 Indian food items included in the global first food atlas. The cultivated plantations of Khasi mandarin grown prominently in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam, northeast India, have been genetically eroded. The lack in the efforts for conservation of genetic variability in this mandarin variety prompted diversity analysis of Khasi mandarin germplasm across the region. Thus, the study aimed to investigate genetic diversity and partitioning of the genetic variations within and among 92 populations of Khasi mandarin collected from 10 cultivated sites in Kamrup and Kamrup (M) districts of Assam, India, using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The amplification of genomic DNA with 17 ISSR primers yielded 216 scorable DNA amplicons of which 177 (81.94%) were polymorphic. The average polymorphism information content was 0.39 per primer. The total genetic diversity (HT= 0.28 ± 0.03) was close to the diversity within the population (HS= 0.20 ± 0.01). A high mean coefficient of gene differentiation (GST= 0.29) reflected a high level of gene flow (Nm= 1.22), indicating high genetic differentiation among the populations. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed 78% of intra-population differentiation, 21% among the population and 1% among the districts. The obtained results indicate the existence of a high level of genetic diversity in the cultivated Khasi mandarin populations, indicating the need for preservation of each existing population to revive the dying out orchards in northeast India.
How Reliable Are Nineteenth-Century Reviews of Concerts and Operas?: Félicien David'sLe Désertand His Grand OpéraHerculanum
Authors: Locke Ralph
Published: April 2021

The vast quantity of French-language music journalism and reportage in the nineteenth century can tempt us into citing one or another review that reflects our own view of the topic or work. We sometimes state or imply that a review stands for the attitudes and opinions of most musicians and music lovers of the day.

The idiosyncratic career of Félicien David was reported with great interest and vivacity by dozens of critics. Selected reviews reveal patterns that apply not just to David's works, but to nineteenth-century music generally. These patterns include: 1) the greater reliability of reviews by critics who were musically trained (e.g., Berlioz, Reyer, Gounod and Saint-Saëns), despite the possibility of bias; 2) critics sometimes conferring with each other before they wrote their review, or echoing each other's written opinions; 3) a willingness on the part of some critics to carry out a near-vendetta against a composer or work, whether for personal reasons (e.g., conflict of interest) or because of a deep-seated intolerance for any aesthetic and musical approaches that were at variance with the critic's own; 4) the sense of apositivemission, in writings by critics who were themselves prominent creative artists (see point 1); and 5) the power of a review to help determine the success or failure of a work, composer, or performer.

A recently published letter by Berlioz (translated here for the first time) reveals how conscious this remarkable composer-critic was of his own biases and aesthetic commitments, and how willingly he allowed them to shape his reaction to a new work by a younger, lesser-known composer. The responses of Berlioz and others to two works of David,Le DésertandHerculanum, provide the primary material for discussion. These responses include an insightful and previously undiscussed review(ofHerculanum)by Ernest Reyer.
Low-insertion-loss Gysel power combiner with high power density and high isolation
Authors: Guo Song , Song Kaijun , Fan Yong
Published: April 2021

A suspended-stripline Gysel low-insertion-loss power combiner is presented in this paper. The multi-layer cavity structure reduces the circuit size and increases power density, composed of suspended strip lines and coaxial lines. The transmission-line theory is used to analyze this proposed power combiner, and the equivalent circuit model is developed to investigate the characteristics and design of the power combiner. The measured input return loss is greater than 20 dB from 7.15 to 9.35 GHz. The measured insertion loss is less than 0.36 dB, and the power-combining efficiency is greater than 92% from 7.39 to 9.19 GHz. The maximum power-combining efficiency is 98.8% at 8.1 GHz. Besides, the measured isolation is greater than 20 dB from 7 to 10 GHz. The power capacity is analyzed, and the cross-sectional power density is greater than 3.57 kW/cm2. The measured and simulated results show reasonable agreement with each other.
Causes of Enhanced Bromine Levels in Alpine Ice Cores During the 20th Century: Implications for Bromine in the Free European Troposphere
Authors: Legrand M. , McConnell J. R. , Preunkert S. , Chellman N. J. , Arienzo M. M.
Published: April 2021

Total bromine (Br) was investigated in seasonally resolved alpine ice cores covering the 20th century. Results revealed increased Br concentrations in summer (from 0.7 ng g−1 in the late 1940s to 1.6 ng g−1 in the mid 1970s), followed by a slight decrease to 1.25 ng g−1 during the last decade of the 20th century. In winter, a more moderate increase was observed from before 1950 (0.35 ng g−1) to the 1970–2000 period (∼0.50 ng g−1). Measurements of lead suggest that ∼75% of the bromine increase in summer alpine ice between 1930–1950 and 1965–1985 was from bromine‐containing aerosol (PbBrCl) emitted during the combustion of leaded gasoline. This contribution decreased to ∼27% in 2000 following the large decrease of lead additive content in gasoline used in western Europe. Summer ice bromine concentrations, not related to PbBrCl aerosol (denoted Bry*), increased by 40% from the late 1940s to the 1990–2000 decade. In winter, the contribution of leaded‐gasoline aerosol to total bromine levels was weaker than in summer, with the winter bromine trend mainly caused by enhanced Bry* levels (∼40%) after 1950. These Bry* variations in glacial ice are discussed in terms of past atmospheric reactive bromine (Bry) changes in the European troposphere, including anthropogenic CH3Br emissions and transport from the stratosphere.
Improvements to Flood Frequency Analysis on Alluvial Rivers Using Paleoflood Data
Authors: Reinders Joeri B. , Muñoz Samuel E.
Published: April 2021

Hydrologists and engineers routinely use flood frequency analyses to compute flood probabilities for mitigation, infrastructure planning, and emergency management. Conventional flood frequency analyses—in which annual discharge maxima from a stream gage are fit to a statistical probability distribution—often encounter large uncertainties when estimating extreme flood levels. Most gage records span relatively short periods of time (<100 years), and thus the most extreme and infrequently occurring flood events tend to be poorly represented in instrumental data sets. Here, we demonstrate how a new generation of paleoflood records derived from floodplain sediments can be used to improve the accuracy and precision of extreme flood probability estimates along alluvial rivers. We use a series of simulation experiments to show that incorporating large numbers of paleoflood events in flood frequency analyses can significantly reduce the uncertainty of extreme flood estimates when the paleoflood data are sufficiently accurate and precise. Our results illustrate that robust paleoflood records can improve the shape parameter of flood frequency distributions, which determine the thickness of distribution tails, when as many as 50 paleoflood events are incorporated. We conclude by demonstrating how an alluvial paleoflood data set reduces uncertainty in a flood frequency analysis for a gage on the lower Mississippi River. Finally, we provide recommendations for how to incorporate paleoflood information into flood frequency analysis to improve the accuracy of extreme flood probabilities.
Reduction of Water Evaporation from Dam Reservoirs Using Hydrophobic Silver‐Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Coating
Authors: Ghahramani Jajin Roza , Feizi Atabak , Ghorbanpour Mohammad
Published: April 2021

Evaporation is the natural process of vaporization of water from reservoirs, which exacerbates water scarcity. The authors aimed to provide a hydrophobic silver‐doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles coating to reduce the amount of water evaporation behind the dams. Accordingly, the silver‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles were first hydrophobized using stearic acid (SA). The produced material’s properties were identified under various analyses such as contact angle, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and total organic carbon (TOC). The results of the analyses indicated that the synthesized material was sufficiently hydrophobic. Then, the level of evaporated water was measured in three modes of uncoated water surface, water surface coated with hydrophobic silver‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles, and water coated with hexadecanol (as reference coating) under both experimental and environmental conditions. Comparison of the obtained results demonstrated that the water surface coated with hydrophobic silver‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles and water coated with hexadecanol reduced evaporation by 39% and 29% in experimental, and 30% and 23% in the environmental conditions, respectively. Additionally, the antibacterial and photocatalytic properties of these nanoparticles helped to improve the quality of water stored in the tank and create less water pollution.
The Productivity of Low‐Elevation Juniper Forests in Central Asia Increased Under Moderate Warming Scenarios
Authors: Chen Feng , Yu Shulong , Shang Huaming , Zhang Ruibo , Zhang Tongwen , Zhang Heli , Chen Youping , Satylkanov Rysbek , Ermenbaev Bakytbek , Kobuliev Zainalobudin , Ahmadov Ahsan , Kodirov Anvar , Maisupova Bagila
Published: April 2021

Clear trends of warming and wetting have occurred in Central Asia during the last 30 years, but how tree growth in low‐elevation mountainous areas has responded to climate warming remains unclear. In this paper, we investigated the relationships between Zeravschan juniper (Juniperus seravschanica) growth and climate factors based on 16 tree‐ring chronologies from low‐elevation mountainous areas across Central Asia and then used the resulting model to predict changes in Zeravschan juniper growth during the 21st century. Zeravschan juniper growth in our study region is mainly controlled by precipitation, which is predominantly influenced by tropical sea surface temperatures. The combination of increased precipitation and warm temperatures promoted the growth of Zeravschan juniper during the recent warm period. Our simulations suggest that Zeravschan juniper growth will still increase slightly under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in the next 30 years, possibly due to increased precipitation caused by climate warming; however, climate warming will initially show negative effects and is expected to have greater effects after the 2050s. Better knowledge regarding regional climate mechanisms and their likely influences on tree growth is useful for improving forest planning and management in Central Asia.
Anti‐Phase Strengthening of the South and East Asian Summer Monsoons During the Early Pliocene Driven by Southern Hemisphere Ice Volume
Authors: Wang Xiaoxue , Nie Junsheng , Saylor Joel E.
Published: April 2021

The East and South Asian summer monsoons affect billions of people but a multitude of potential variables have precluded definitive attribution of their controlling mechanisms and hindered models of their evolution in an anthropogenically warmed climate. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations were higher than modern during the early Pliocene and provide a potential analog for future climate. Therefore, understanding East and South Asian summer monsoons during the early Pliocene is instructive to understanding their forcing mechanisms and future variation. Here we report the first evidence for an anti‐phasing trend between the East and South Asian summer monsoons during early Pliocene time based on multiple lines of evidence. Comparison of our results with the paleoceanography records suggests that the strengthening of South Asian summer monsoons and weakening of East Asian summer monsoons during the early Pliocene were likely driven by the increase of Antarctic ice volume.
Economic choice between remifentanil and food in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Brown Samantha O. , Effinger Devin P. , Montoro Rodrigo A. , Daddaoua Nabil , Justinova Zuzana , Moerke Megan J. , Schindler Charles W. , Jedema Hank P. , Bradberry Charles W.
Published: April 2021

Traditional approaches for evaluating if compounds are reinforcing, and thus a risk for abuse, include preclinical self-administration procedures conducted in the absence of alternative reinforcers. While the track record of this approach for determining abuse potential is good, that for predicting efficacy of addiction treatments is not. An alternate approach would be economic choice between drug and nondrug rewards, with parametrically varied options from trial to trial. This would promote goal-directed decisions between reward modalities and should provide metrics that reflect changes in internal state that influence desirability of a given option. We report herein a high throughput economic choice procedure in which squirrel monkeys choose between a short-lived opiate, remifentanil, and a palatable food reward. Stimuli on touchscreens indicate the amount of each reward type offered by varying the number of reward-specific elements. The rapid clearance of remifentanil avoids accumulation of confounding levels of drug, and permits a large number of trials with a wide range of offers of each reward modality. The use of a single metric encompassing multiple values of each reward type within a session enables estimation of indifference values using logistic regression. This indifference value is sensitive to reward devaluation within each reward domain, and is therefore a useful metric for determining shifts in reward preference, as shown with satiation and pharmacological treatment approaches.