bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ex Vivo Manipulation of Cell Subsets for Cell Therapies
Authors: Nordon Robert E. , Schindhelm Klaus
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Large‐scale cell separation and ex vivo expansion technologies will form the basis for development of new cellular products for the treatment of cancer and fatal viral diseases. The cell subsets that are likely to play a significant role in cellular therapy include hematopoietic stem cells, platelet and granulocyte precursors, cytotoxic lymphocytes, and genetically modified hematopoietic or lymphoid precursors. Cell enrichment techniques are required to eliminate tumor cells from autologous stem cell grafts and to reduce the size of culture systems required for expansion or gene transfection. The consumption of expensive culture components such as cytokines and serum may be reduced by the use of perfusion bioreactor devices. Methods that have been developed for the production of cell subsets for cellular therapy are reviewed. Key Words: Cell separation–Adoptive immunotherapy–Hematopoietic reconstitution–Somatic gene therapy–Large‐scale cell culture techniques.
Plasma Therapy at Klinikum Grosshadern: A 15‐Year Retrospective
Authors: Samtleben Walter , Blumenstein Matthias , Bosch Thomas , J. Lysaght Michael , Schmidt Baerbel
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Immediately after the availability of highly permeable membranes in 1979, membrane plasma separation was introduced as a mode of extracorporeal blood purification by the nephrology group at Klinikum Grosshadern of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (F.R.G.). The new therapy was applied primarily in the management of immunologically mediated renal and extrarenal disorders as well as in paraproteinemias. We also have witnessed a widespread application of this extracorporeal treatment as a last resort in otherwise refractory clinical conditions. Over the years, the group at Grosshadern has contributed to the development, as well as to the laboratory and clinical testing, of new plasma separation membranes, simplified plasmapheresis formats (e.g., spontaneous membrane plasma separation), and several plasma fractionation procedures (e.g., cascade filtration, adsorption). Whenever indicated and possible, plasma fractionation procedures, rather than unse‐lective plasma exchange, are performed in an appropriate clinical situation.
Pump Power Loss and Heat Generation in a Pivot Bearing‐Supported Gyro Centrifugal Pump (C1E3)
Authors: Takami Yoshiyuki , Nakazawa Tadashi , Makinouchi Kenzo , Glueck Julie , Ohara Yasuhisa , Benkowski Robert J. , Nosé Yukihiko
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Pump power loss is defined as input power that is not used for the output work of the pump. Less pump power loss means a higher pump efficiency. A common opinion is that the pump power loss is closely related to heat generation of the pump, which may affect not only the endurance of pump materials, but also blood damage in a blood pump. In this study, the relationship between pump power loss and heat generation in centrifugal blood pumps was investigated using the pivot‐bearing supported Gyro C1E3 pump (C1E3) and Bio‐Medicus pump (BP‐80) under four different total pressure head/flow conditions. A single special torque measuring driver motor was used for operating both the C1E3 and BP‐80 in the four conditions. The pump power loss was calculated from the measured motor torque and hydraulic power. The changes in blood temperature were measured while the pump was operated at room temperature (25C) to obtain the following findings: First, the C1E3 caused less pump power loss and less temperature increase in blood than the BP‐80 in all clinical simulated conditions that were tested; and second, the pump power loss and heat generation had a linear correlation with temperature rise from 22 to 25oC in both the C1E3 and BP‐80. During this period, approximately 30% of the pump power loss was transformed to heat, independent of the centrifugal blood pump type, provided that heat conduction through the pump housing and tubing was negligible during this particular period.o
Concept of Totally Biological Internal Coating for Newly Shaped Artificial Ventricles
Authors: Chatel Didier
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The need for improvement of artificial heart biocompatibility led to the design of new artificial ventricles with biological internal coating and new shapes and sizes. The internal coating of these artificial ventricles is made of a molded single‐piece, glutaraldehyde‐preserved pericardial sac. The pericardial sac was obtained from the entire intact pericardium of Yucatan pigs. The pericardium was molded and fixed in a 0.6% glutaraldehyde buffered solution and specifically cut to obtain a truncated egg shaped sac with specific dimensions and 110 cm total volume. Two pericardial sacs associated with one another form a biventricular device to create a new orthotopic total artificial heart. The compliance of this device to rules pertaining to total artificial heart concept and implantation makes plausible a new total artificial heart which given its biomaterials, shape, and dimensions can provide optimal anatomical, biological, and hemodynamic conditions.
Analysis of Nonlinear Properties of Immune Network Reactions
Authors: Hirayama Hirohumi , Nishimura Toshihiro , Fukuyama Yuzo
Published: November 2008

Abstract: On the basis of biochemical reaction dynamics, the temporal behavior of the immune network system was analyzed theoretically to promote the analysis of quantitative changes in the reactions of immune disorders and organ substitution. The idiotype immune network reaction system was expressed by 64 nonlinear differential equations that comprised four kinds of antibodies and B‐cell subpopulations. All four kinds of antibodies decreased rapidly. With the progress of the reactions, they have increased gradually. The single and double bound antibodies increased rapidly from the onset of the reaction. The single‐bound antibodies did not show a definite increase after the rapid increasing phase. The antibody‐antibody complex increased parallel with the double bound antibodies. The effects of rate constant expand to all the immune complexes in the network system. The double bound antibodies and antibody‐antibody complexes were oscillatory functions of a given antibody. Therefore, the idiotypic immune network system must be a chaotic one. The present theoretical method is available to evaluate the total ability of immune reaction system that operates as a network system.
Double Determinant Immuno‐Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detecting Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule‐1
Authors: Itoh Fumio , Suzuki Asako , Hinoda Yuji , Imai Kohzoh
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A sensitive method for the detection of antigens in sera, termed double determinant immuno‐polymerase chain reaction (DD1‐PCR), was developed using two monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) in which the antigens are sandwiched and a specific DNA molecule as a marker. Instead of the antigen itself, the first MoAb to bind the circulating antigens was immobilized. After the bio‐tinylated second MoAb was bound to the antigen, free streptavidin was used to attach a biotinylated DNA to the biotinylated second MoAb. The biotinylated DNA complexed with antigen‐antibody‐streptavidin was amplified by PCR. The PCR products were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization after agarose gel electrophoresis. Compared with the conventional ELISA usine soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) in the supernatant of cultured Panc‐1 cells as an antigen, our DDI‐PCR was 103 times more sensitive in detection limit. In both the culture medium and sera from gastric cancer patients of high sICAM‐1 titer, an approximately 103‐fold enhancement in detection sensitivity was obtained compared with ELISA. In addition, the DDI‐PCR system can detect the antigen in sera at a level below the detection limit of traditional ELISA methods with high sensitivity. Thus, DDI‐PCR has the significant advantage that it can be readily applied to any antigen‐antibody system with two MoAbs without making any original molecules.
Current Status in Extracorporeal Immunomodulation: Immune Disorders
Authors: Bosch Thomas
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Today, clinicians can choose from a variety of extracorporeal immunomodulatory procedures such as plasma exchange, double filtration, immunoadsorption, chemoadsorption, photopheresis, and cytoapheresis. The mechanisms underlying extracorporeal immunomodulation (ECIM) comprise removal of pathogenic antibodies and circulating immune complexes as well as reticuloendothelial system deblockage; modification of immune complex structure and processing can be induced by changing the antigen/antibody ratio and by modulation of immune complex solubility via complement activation. Finally, cellular components like lymphocyte subsets, can be modified. Clinical examples of ECIM include lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies‐mediated systemic vasculitis, myasthenia gravis, and, hypothetically, sepsis.
Extracorporeal Immunomodulation Relevant to Organ Substitutions
Authors: Agishi Tetsuzo
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Multiple administration of the generally called immunosuppressing agents is the usual fashion for suppressing/ameliorating the rejection reaction that inevitably occurs after organ allotransplantation. Although a definite mechanism of the rejection reaction has not been elucidated, evidence has accumulated that cellular components, such as T‐ and B‐lymphocytes, and humoral factors, such as antibodies and immune complexes, play a certain role. There also is a possibility that direct removal or functional revolution of those components and/or factors utilizing an extracorporeal procedure influence an immune mechanism of the rejection reaction. Some of the extracorporeal procedures, which have been developed from blood purification techniques, have been evidenced to modify an immune mechanism and, as a result, bring about better graft function to a considerable extent that may not be otherwise achieved by traditional immunosuppressant treatment. The term “extracorporeal immunomodulation” was given to such extracorporeal procedures.
Effects of Perfluorochemical‐Based Artificial Blood Compounds in Discordant Xenotransplantation
Authors: Wada Seishi , Kajihara Hiroki , Murakami Hironobu , Sueda Taijiro , Matsuura Yuichiro
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Fluosol‐DA and FC43 emulsion were developed as red blood cell substitutes. However, these perfluorochemical (PFC)‐based compounds are not very promising because of their immunosuppressive effects. Therefore we used these compounds as immunosuppressive agents in guinea pig‐to‐rat discordant heart xenotransplantations. In rats treated with these compounds (5 μl/g body weight), rhythmic beating of the hearts was maintained for 265.7 ± 50.3 min (Fluosol‐DA‐treated group) and 424.3 ± 40.1 min (FC43 emulsion‐treated group), respectively whereas the untreated heartbeat lasted for only 15.5 ± 6.6 min. In the xenografted heart treated with PFC compounds, no pathologic changes, such as multiple coronary thromboses due to hyperacute rejection, had occurred by 3–4 h after reperfusion, and the endothelial cells were well preserved. We conclude that these PFC compounds can prolong the survival time of guinea pig heart xenografts by inhibiting thrombus formation in the xenografted heart.
Pancreatic Islet Macroencapsulation: A New Device for the Evaluation of Artificial Membrane
Authors: Jesser Cathy , Kessler Laurence , Lambert Alain , Belcourt Alain , Pinget Michel
Published: November 2008

Abstract We propose a new device especially designed to test membranes for islet macroencapsulation. It is composed of three independent parts: a support made of three polytetrafluoroethylene rings, the membrane that forms the walls of the encapsulation chamber, and a collagen gel that immobilizes the islets. Studies of this device were performed with the AN69 membrane. After 2 months of implantation in the peritoneal cavity of rats, the empty device was found to be biocompatible, referred to as weak cellular adhesion. In vitro the encapsulation preserved the peak of insulin release in response to high glucose during a perifusion test (0.36 ± 0.02 |μU/ml/islet for free or encapsulated islets). As a result of the collagen gel, the morphological aspect and functional activity were still preserved after 7 days of culture. In vivo xenotransplantation into diabetic mice normalized the fasting gly‐cemia up to 30 days. Numerous macrophages adhered to the outer surface of the membrane, and a layer of cells emerging from the destruction of islets covered the inner surface. In addition, the morphological aspect of many islets was altered. By showing that the AN69 membrane was only partially efficient for islet xenotransplantation, this new device proved to be of interest for testing a variety of membranes.
A Volume‐Controlled Liquid Ventilator with Pressure‐Limit Mode: Imperative Expiratory Control
Authors: Baba Yuzo , Taenuka Yoshiyuki , Akagi Haruhiko , Nakatani Takeshi , Masuzciwa Tom , Tatsumi Eisuke , Wakisaka Yoshinari , Toda Koichi , Eya Kazuhiro , Tsukahara Kinji , Takano Hisateru
Published: November 2008

Abstract Liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbon (PFC) has been considered to offer advantages over gas ventilation to respiratory distress syndrome patients. We developed a volume‐controlled liquid ventilator with pressure‐limit mode; inspiration is performed mechanically with an actuator under the preset limit of the intratracheal pressure (Paw); expiration is performed by gravity assistance. Oxygenation and C02 removal of PFC are done with a membrane oxygenator. An endotracheal tube with a Paw monitor line was placed in 5 rabbits weighing 2.7 ± 0.6 kg, and liquid ventilation was conducted with the condition that the upper and lower limits of Paw were 20 and – 20 mm Hg, respectively. The best arterial pH and gas tension were examined. The averaged arterial pH, Pao2, Paco2, and Sao2 were 7.45 mm Hg, 369 mm Hg, 46.2 mm Hg, and 100% at the best values, respectively. Ventilatory conditions at the best values were as follows: ventilation rates, tidal volume peak Paw, average Paw, and trough Paw were 5–15 (11 ± 4) times/min, 13.3–17.3(15.6 ± 1.4) ml/kg, 5–18(12 ± 5) mm Hg, ‐7‐4 (‐1 ± 4) mm Hg, and ‐20–6 (‐13 ± 5) mm Hg, respectively. Pressure‐limit control of the system worked well, but in the initial 3 animals, fluorothrax, that is the leakage of PFC into thoracic cavity, was recognized at the Paw from 20 to 25 mm Hg after the upper pressure limit was raised to 25 mm Hg to improve Paco,. The fluorothrax seemed to be caused by excess end‐expiratory residual volume. An expiratory control mechanism appears to be imperative for further improvement of our liquid ventilator.
The Hemolysis Test of the Gyro C1E3 Pump in Pulsatile Mode
Authors: Tayama Eiki , Nakazawa Tadashi , Takami Yoshiyuki , Makinouchi Kenzo , Ohtsubo Satoshi , Ohashi Yukio , Andrade Aron J.P. , Glueck Julie , Mueller Juergen , Nosé Yukihiko
Published: November 2008

Abstract: While a centrifugal pump is generally used for nonpulsatile blood flow, it can also produce a pulsatile flow by alternating the impeller rotational speed (rpm) periodically. However, there is concern that this centrifugal pump pulsatile mode may induce added hemolysis as a result of the repeated acceleration and deceleration of rpm. Thus, a hemolysis study of the pulsatile modes of the Gyro C1E3 centrifugal pump (Gyro‐P) was conducted. The results were then compared with the nonpulsatile mode of the same Gyro pump (Gyro‐N) and the nonpulsatile BioMedicus BP‐80 (Bio‐N) pump. Three different conditions were simulated: left ventricular assist device (LVAD), cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS). The beating rate of the Gyro‐P was set at 40 bpm, with repetition of 2 different impeller speeds (the lower rpm being 70% of the higher speed). The 2 impeller speeds were set to obtain the same average flow as that of the nonpulsatile mode. The hemolysis results of the Gyro‐P were comparable to or better than those of the Bio‐N, and no excessive hemolysis was observed, compared to the Gyro‐N. In conclusion, the Gyro‐P had an excellent hemolytic characteristic and generated no excessive hemolysis in most clinical usage conditions. With the concern of hemolysis eliminated, this pulsatile mode may have various possible advantages.
In Vitro Thrombogenesis Study in the Gyro C1E3 for Vibration Assessment
Authors: Nakazawa Tadashi , Tayama Eiki , Takami Yoshiyuki , Glueck Julie , Nosé Yukihiko
Published: November 2008

Abstract: To clarify the correlation between vibration and thrombus formation in a centrifugal blood pump, a preliminary simulated thrombus study was conducted for possible detection of thrombus formation inside a pump. Additional in vitro thrombogenesis studies were performed to confirm the results of the preliminary study. The primary data acquisition equipment included an accelerometer (Isotron PE accelerometer, Endevco, San Juan Capistrano, CA, U.S.A.), a digitizing oscilloscope (TDS 420, Tektronix, Inc., MA, U.S.A.), and pivot bearing centrifugal pumps. The accelerometer was mounted to the top of the pump casing to sense radial and axial accelerations. For the preliminary study, a piece of Silastic was adhered to each of the 3 common areas of thrombus formation inside the pump. The results provided baseline information to speculate on the possibility of detecting thrombus formation by vibration signal changes. For the next studies, fresh bovine blood was harvested under sterile conditions and with strict avoidance of air contact, adding 1.0 U/ml of heparin. The sterilized test circuit consisted of 318 inch tubing (Tygon) and a soft reservoir. During the operating time, the activated clotting time (ACT) was maintained between 150 to 300 s using protamin. A restrictor on the outflow tube maintained the flow rates at about 4.5 Llmin. The pumps ran continuously for 6 h. Possible blood clot formation inside the pump was monitored by observing the vibration signal from the device for 6 h. These studies revealed that it was possible to distinguish between an impeller that did not form thrombus and ones that formed fibrogenous thrombus using vibration signal assessment. Vibration assessment is worthwhile as a thrombus monitoring tool for a centrifugal blood pump.
Magnetically Levitated Motor for Rotary Blood Pumps
Authors: Okada Yohji , Ueno Satoshi , Ohishi Tetsuo , Yamane †Takashi , Tan Chit Chiow
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The noncontact rotary pumps under development for use as artificial heart pumps are highly efficient and can prevent thrombus formation. In these pumps magnetic bearings have been widely used to support the rotors to avoid any physical contact. The use of magnetic bearings, however, has led to requirements for the control of a large degree of freedom and for a separate driving motor. This paper introduces 2 types of levitated motors. each of which uses a combination of a rotary motor and a magnetic bearing. These motors are suitable for use in artificial blood pumps because they are small in size and can replace contact components. The radial type levitated motor has the merit of being small in size and capable of controlling the 2 degrees of freedom in the xand ydirections. The axial type motor controls only one degree of freedom in the zdirection. This paper also introduces the theoretical background of the functions of the motor and magnetic bearing. Experimental results of tests of the proposed motor show a great potential for its application in rotary blood pumps.
Pulmonary Arterial Impedance Analysis by the Use of the Oscillated Assist Flow
Authors: Yambe Tomoyuki , Shizuka Kazuhiko , Izutsu Kenji , Sonobe Taro , Naganuma Shigeru , Kobayashi Shin‐ichi , Nanka Shunsuke , Hashimoto Hiroyuki , Yoshizawa Makoto , Tabayashi Kou‐ichi , Takeda Hiroshi , Nitta Shin‐ichi
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Pulmonary arterial impedance is an important and interesting characteristic that can be used to evaluate the physiological properties of the pulmonary vessel. However, power spectrum analysis of the pulmonary artery pressure and flow pattern have suggested that peak power in the relatively high frequency range (>10 Hz) is significantly low; thus, we cannot analyze the vessel properties in the high frequency range. In this study, we used the newly developed vibrating flow pump (VFP), which can generate oscillated blood flow with a relatively high frequency (10–50 Hz) for right heart bypass, to evaluate the pulmonary arterial impedance pattern in the high frequency range. Acute animal experiments of the right heart bypass from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery using 6 healthy adult goats were performed. The flow pattern and pressure of the pulmonary artery, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and arterial and right atrial pressures were continuously monitored during the experiments. Spectral analysis of the he‐modynamic parameters using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method was performed to evaluate the spectral properties. The coherence function, transfer function, and phase patterns were calculated to analyze the impedance pattern in the relatively high frequency area. Previously, various investigators had tried to analyze the impedance patterns of the pulmonary artery: however, they could not analyze the impedance patterns over 10 Hz because the spectral patterns of the pulmonary flow do not have high power at high frequencies. These physiological analyses may be useful in designing the optimal pulmonary circulation.
A Newly Developed Silicone‐Coated Membrane Oxygenator for Long‐Term Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Cardiac Support
Authors: Iida Mitsuru , Shiono Motomi , Orime Yukihiko , Nakata Kin‐ichi , Hata Mitsumasa , Sezai Akira , Yamada Hideaki , Kashiwazaki Satoshi , Nemoto Mitsuhiro , Kinoshita Jun‐ichi , Sezai Yukiyasu
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The surface of polypropylene hollow fiber was successfully coated with a very thin (0.2 μm) silicone layer. Experimental studies were performed in long‐term (6 h) normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using 10 goats. A conventional membrane oxygenator (Mera Exce‐lung HPO‐lSH, MERA, Tokyo, Japan) was used for 5 goats as a control (Group C) and a new silicone‐coated membrane oxygenator, which is of the same construction as that of the one used for Group C, for 5 (Group S). The O2transfer and CO2removal functions showed the same ranges. In the other parameters, there were no differences between the 2 groups. As for hemolysis, however, the plasma free hemoglobin of Group S was lower than that of Group C. Currently, 3 chronic percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) experimental models have been conducted, and there has been no evidence of thromboembo‐lism or deterioration of the oxygenator. In conclusion, this new oxygenator is suitable not only for CPB, but also for long‐term cardiac support.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Cell‐Saver Technique in Combined Oncologic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Akchurin R.S. , Davidov M.I. , Partigulov S.A. , Brand J.B. , Shiriaev A.A. , Lepilin M.G. , Dolgov I.M.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to work out an adequate operative technique for patients with malignant tumors who also need open heart surgery or procedures on major blood vessels. We had 8 such patients. In 6 of them, a tumor (3 cases hypernephroid cancer and 3 cases retroperitoneal sarcoma) had grown through the inferior vena cava (IVC) up to the right atrium. Two patients had lung cancer together with severe coronary artery disease. All of these patients were operated on using a heart‐lung machine (HLM) and cell saver (CS). In 6 patients the intra‐vascular portion of the tumor was extracted as much as possible through a right atrium approach (in 3 cases a nephrectorny was performed). Two patients had a one‐stage coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and a lobec‐tomy. All of the patients had uneventful postoperative periods and were alive when checked on l year after the procedures. During cytological investigation after each operation, tumor cells were found only on the internal surface of the HLM arterial filters with 20 μm holes. We suggest that special cardiovascular devices such as the HLM and CS might be used in borderline situations in oncology without increasing the risk of hematogenous tumor dissemination.
Flow Measurement at the Pump Head of Centrifugal Pumps: Comparison of Ultrasonic Transit Time and Ultrasonic Doppler Systems
Authors: Schima Heinrich , Huber Leopold , Schmallegger Helmut , Drost Cornelis J. , Droudt Andrew , Wieselthaler Georg , Losert Udo
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Determination of blood flow is essential for monitoring rotary blood pumps. However, accurate measurement directly adjacent to the pump housing is difficult because of the highly irregular flow profiles near the fast spinning rotor. Therefore, a specially adapted flow probe based on the ultrasound transit time (USTT) principle was designed to evaluate the flow in centrifugal blood pumps. The probe can be directly mounted at the housing and creates 2 crossed measuring ultrasound beams. The mean value, Qm, of the 2 output signals corresponds to the blood flow and the difference, Qd, correlates to the vorticity of the flow profile in the pump outflow tract. In vitro measurements obtained an accuracy for mean flow values of better than ±0.6 L/min in extreme working points and for vorticity values even as high as Qd= 3.5 L/min. Because of vorticity, however, the output signal contained considerable noise, and that required the application of a 10 Hz filter. Positioning of the ultrasound (US) beams parallel to the axial direction of the pump was superior to radial positioning. Additional measurement of the flow profile demonstrated that a large vorticity occurred (up to Qdequal to 3.5 L/min), and this vorticity was highly dependent upon the afterload of the pump. In vivo experiments demonstrated the reliability of the method. We concluded that USTT flow measurement can determine blood flow immediately adjacent to the pump housing with sufficient accuracy, and these measurements are superior to those from US‐Doppler systems (which cannot handle the vorticity accurately enough) and electromagnetic devices (which lack zero stability).
Use of Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Support System with Rotary Blood Pump in Graft Replacement of the Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aorta
Authors: Watanabe Sunao , Hayashi Kazuhide , Yamanishi Hideki , Tomioka Hideyuki , Minami Masaharu , Shindoh Noaki , Miyamoto Kohji
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Graft replacement of the descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta was successfully performed in 3 patients using percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass. Femoral inflow and outflow cannulas were inserted per‐cutaneously after induction of anesthesia with the patient in supine position, and low flow normothermic bypass was established before thoracotomy. Next the patient was placed in a right lateral position to create an operating field. With this body position and even an almost prone position, which was sometimes necessary for easy dissection of adhesion of lung to the aneurysmal wall, the bypass flow was easily maintained adequately. The bypass circuit was coated with heparin, and the activated clotting time (ACT) was controlled to be between 150 and 200 s during the entire operating period. Percutaneous insertion of the cannulas avoided local bleeding in the groin, and the low ACT made control of hemorrhage in the operating field easy. For descending aortic surgery, heparin‐coated percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass proved to be a useful adjunctive measure.
Flight and oviposition behaviour of the African stem borer, Busseola fusca, on various host plant species
Authors: Calatayud Paul‐André , Guénégo Hervé , Ahuya Peter , Wanjoya Antony , Le Rü Bruno , Silvain Jean‐François , Frérot Brigitte
Published: November 2008

The African stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub‐Saharan Africa. As in many other lepidopteran insects, the ability of B. fusca to recognize and colonize a variety of plants is based on the interaction between its sensory systems and the physical and chemical characteristics of its immediate environment. In this study, we tried to identify the behavioural steps of B. fusca leading to host selection and oviposition. Three Poaceae species commonly cultivated in Kenya for human consumption and animal forage were used in this study: the two most preferred hosts, maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and one non‐preferred host, Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach). Wind tunnel observations revealed that volatiles produced by the different plant species did not appear to strongly influence the general orientation of B. fusca towards the plant, as similar behavioural steps were exhibited by the female moth regardless of the plant species involved. This indicated that the females were not able to recognize their preferred hosts from a distance. After landing, the female typically swept her ovipositor on the plant surface, simultaneously touching it with the tips of her antennae, and then oviposited. This behaviour was more frequently observed on maize and sorghum than on Napier grass, and indicated that both antennal and ovipositor receptors are used by the female moths to evaluate the plant surface before deciding to oviposit. As a result, the females laid more eggs on the two crops than on Napier grass. We conclude therefore that females recognized their preferred hosts only after landing. Tactile and contact‐chemoreception stimuli from the plants seemed to play a major role in oviposition decisions of B. fusca.
Intraoral intraductal papilloma: a case report
Authors: Chen Yuk‐Kwan , Chen Jing‐Yi , Hsu Han‐Ren , Wang Wen‐Chen , Lin Li‐Min
Published: November 2008

Ductal papillomas have unique papillary features arising from the salivary gland duct system. It comprises three rare benign adenomas, namely, inverted ductal papilloma, sialadenoma papilliferum and intraductal papilloma. Here the first case of intraductal papilloma developed in the minor salivary gland of the vestibule of the oral cavity in a 71‐year‐old Chinese female living in a nursing home is described. This case is worthy of clinical investigation as it presents as an intraoral swelling and is mistakenly regarded as the result of a periapical pathosis. It also emphasises that a nurse or an oral hygienist who is usually the first‐line oral carer of the residents of a nursing home, should be trained to perform the daily dental check and request a dentist’s services when necessary.
Presidential‐Congressional Budget Agreement, 1949–1995
Authors: Shull Steven A. , Shaw Thomas C.
Published: November 2008

In this paper, presidential‐congressional budget agreement, measured as the percentage of presidential budget requests appropriated by Congress, is explained. Budget agreement reflects a pivotal point in the struggle between the president and the Congress to enact their respective preferences since funding brings such preferences to life. In order to explain budget agreement, the existing tandem institutions approach to studying presidential‐congressional relations is expanded by positing a multiple perspective encompassing a three environment model: executive, legislative and exogenous environments. Three variables tap each institutional environment, comprised of the executive and the legislative, and two variables are included in the exogenous environment. Findings reflect that a multiple perspectives approach better captures the complexities of presidential‐congressional relations than a strictly institutional approach. The institutional resources available to both the president and Congress contribute little, but the exogenous environment has the greatest influence on budget agreement. Differences in explanation are observed when budget agreement is divided by domestic and foreign policy.
A Comparison of National Effects on Individual U.S. Senate Elections
Authors: Lasley Scott , Stegmaier Mary
Published: November 2008

In this article a second look is taken at the effect that national conditions have on individual U.S. Senate elections. In doing so, the effects that presidential popularity, aggregate national economic conditions, and short‐term party evaluations have had on individual Senate contests from 1980 through 1996 are examined. In addition to assessing the comparative influence of these national factors, consideration is given to the question of whether open seat contests should be included in the same models as Senate races where the incumbent is seeking reelection. Analyses of results for national, state, and candidate data provide strong evidence that incumbent and open seat elections are sufficiently different in that each merit their own model rather than being included in the same one. In contests where incumbents are seeking reelection, national economic conditions are the dominant national influence on individual Senate races. By contrast, national factors play a very limited role in open seat contests.
All About Race? Electoral Politics in Mississippi
Authors: Beachler Donald W.
Published: November 2008

This article examines the degree to which county level voting patterns in Mississippi, the state with the largest African American population, are a function of race. It also tests V.O. Key's racial threat hypothesis in the context of Democratic and Republican general election contests in the state. Race remains the most important variable in explaining county level voting patterns in Mississippi. It is not, however, the only important variable in explaining county voting results. Racial threat remains an important factor in Mississippi elections. As Key hypothesized, as the percentage of African Americans in a county population increases, so does the propensity of the white electorate to vote conservatively.
Cumulative Voting Comes to the Amarillo Independent School District: A Research Note
Authors: Rausch John David
Published: November 2008

This paper examines the use of cumulative voting in the 2000 Amarillo Independent School District Board of Trustees election. As in many jurisdictions, cumulative voting was adopted to settle a lawsuit brought by minority residents of Amarillo and two minority membership organizations. Using data collected from the ballots cast, this paper illustrates the use of cumulative voting by Amarillo voters and identifies which candidates benefited from the new election system. The paper also adds to our limited knowledge of the dynamics of campaigns for local school boards.
The South Carolina Confederate Flag: The Politics of Race and Citizenship
Authors: Woliver Laura R. , Ledford Angela D. , Dolan Chris J.
Published: November 2008

The interest group and social movement mobilizations to remove the Confederate flag, which had been flying since 1962, from atop the South Carolina State Capitol dome provides an instance where large, issue‐specific coalitions successfully expanded the scope of a conflict and framed an issue in a universalistic discourse of inclusive citizenship. The groups and movements seeking to keep the flag on the dome of the capitol experienced cascading defections in part based on a narrow vision of history, the political context, and goals for the future. Based on seventeen in‐depth interviews with interest group activists; key members of the South Carolina legislature: and educational, religious, and business leaders active in the issue along with observations at five pro and anti‐flag demonstrations and rallies, this study seeks to explain how the effort to remove the Confederate flag was partially successful. The analysis includes media attention from 1962 to 2000 in South Carolina regarding the Confederate flag and public opinion on the flag over time. Prior interest group work helped prepare the terrain for the mobilizing effects of several galvanizing events—the NAACP tourism boycott and national media attention during the highly contested 2000 Republican primary in the state, which in turn pressured institutions—parties, the legislature, and the governor—to respond. The struggle was an instance of applied philosophy.
The Leadership Styles of the German Chancellors from Schmidt to Schröder
Authors: Harlen Christine Margerum
Published: November 2008

Compared to the literature on the American presidency, the literature on the German chancellorship has focused less on leadership strategies and more on the constraints and resources of the position. This article improves on Karl‐Rudolf Korte's recent work by prioritizing German leadership strategies in order of their likely success. The article then analyzes the experiences of the last three chancellors: Helmut Schmidt, Helmut Kohl and Gerhard Schröder. In general, the article confirms the literature's view of the relative successfulness of different leadership strategies, but notes that chancellors had unexpected difficulty in using foreign policy as a resource. Furthermore, chancellors' initial leadership strategies generally built on those strengths that first enabled them to take office, allowing Kohl at first to use a promising strategy unavailable to Schmidt or Schröder. Nonetheless, the experience of these three chancellors indicates that leadership strategies and skill are important in the long run.
The Myth of the Strong Soviet State
Authors: Twigg Judyth L.
Published: November 2008

Studies of state‐society relations continue to assume that the Soviet Union was the quintessential “strong” state, able to dominate a weak society at every stage of the policy process. Evidence gleaned from the former Soviet defense industry, however, reveals that the Soviet state, at least since the Brezhnev era, had difficulty implementing some of its highest priority objectives. While the Soviet state may have possessed considerable despotic power, its infrastructural power was lacking in many areas. Soviet authorities never managed to construct policy levers that could consistently influence defense industrial managers to behave in the ways they desired.
The Battle Over America's VA Hospitals
Authors: Frantz Janet
Published: November 2008

This research puts efforts to close the Department of Veterans' Affairs (VA) medical centers under the microscope of termination scholarship in order to more completely understand the process of closing down public programs. Closure forces have clearly reached deep into the bag of strategies available to government when it wishes to change the behavior of either private citizens or, in this case, its own bureaucracies. The research, though unique in its details to VA, suggests much about the broader challenges of closing public programs. Closure efforts are ultimately political as well as managerial. Cost‐benefits analyses are not enough to lead to termination. Policy makers will find it essential to examine the political context of each targeted program and to craft strategies patiently, creatively, and carefully that progressively weaken the resolve and capabilities of beneficiaries and constituencies of the program. Only then will termination efforts succeed.
Will Vote for Food? Regime Type and Equity in the Developing World
Authors: Bowman Kirk S.
Published: November 2008

Competitive elections are now a common mechanism for gaining power in much of the developing world Many scholars, politicians, and citizens expect elections to lead to improved living conditions for the masses. This article tests the relationship between regime type and improvements in calorie consumption. Highly cross‐section dominant pooled time series regression is employed on a longitudinal data set of 173 cases. Democracy has a strong and significant effect on changes in food consumption, and the relationship is U‐shaped. Autocracies perform better than countries with a few years of democracy over a 15‐year period. Countries with twelve to 15 years of democracy perform best. The article also proposes that change in calorie consumption is a useful surrogate for equity.
Adversarial Jurisprudence: Legal Education and the Demise of the Consensual Norm
Authors: Davis Jeffrey
Published: November 2008

This paper examines the rise in Supreme Court dissent and concurrence rates, testing whether modern legal education contributes to the abandonment of the consensual norm. Scholars have pointed out that changing external conditions, changing enforcement mechanisms, and changing values may alter the conceptualization of a norm. Modern legal education trains lawyers to apply case law to conflicting arguments creatively in pursuit of desired outcomes. This paper tests the hypothesis that modern legal education has indoctrinated judges to freely pursue adversarial positions, supported by differing interpretations of precedent. This behavior would manifest itself in greater rates of dissents and special concurrences. Statistical tests examining Supreme Court decisions from 1801 through 1991 strongly support the hypothesis.
The Realignment of 1964?
Authors: Buchanan Scott E.
Published: November 2008

Most prior research states that the 1964 presidential election was a critical realignment among a majority of southern white voters in the Deep South states. The thesis of this research is that an undetected long‐range secular realignment may have been at work in these five states. Past research has been based almost exclusively on survey data. While survey data is invaluable, it is limited to the questions asked of respondents. Using county‐level data, this article analyzes the 1960 and 1964 presidential elections in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. While this type of data has its limitations, it can give an indication of whether Republican voting was taking place in the Deep South before 1964. The findings of this research suggest that widespread Republican voting in Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina was present before 1964, while Alabama and Georgia were more characteristic of a rapid, critical realignment.
Getting Older, Getting Wiser? The Impact of Aging on Candidate Evaluation
Authors: Woods Neal D. , Tadlock Barry L. , Riggle Ellen D. B.
Published: November 2008

Domain‐specific measures, such as political ideology and sophistication, have been used in models of how citizens evaluate candidates for political office. Non‐domain‐specific factors, such as age, may have additional explanatory power in models of evaluations and affect the type of information processing strategies employed by citizens. Specifically, the use of person‐ and issue‐based information in evaluation strategies may be affected by the cognitive structure of aging, including the acquisition of person impression skills and resources. We test this hypothesis using the Pooled Senate Election Study (1988–92) and the 1974 American National Election Study. The analysis reveals that younger citizens base their evaluations mostly on issue‐based criteria, but as citizens age they add person‐based criteria to their evaluations. Implications for decision‐making models are discussed.
The South, Medium‐Sized Cities, and a New Look at the Determinants of African‐American Representation
Authors: Burns Peter F.
Published: November 2008

This paper examines the determinants of African‐American representation on city councils in medium‐sized urban areas to provide greater insight into the strategies African‐Americans use to achieve political incorporation and the extent to which traditionally excluded groups have access to elected positions in the United States. I argue that previous studies generate varied conclusions about the determinants of African‐American representation on city councils because scholars fail to recognize that minority political strategies may vary based on the relative and absolute size of the minority population. I examine the determinants of African‐American representation in medium‐sized cities to consider whether African‐Americans employ an electoral mobilization strategy when they make up a large percentage of the electorate but lack the large absolute numbers necessary to sustain demand‐protest activities. A regression analysis indicates that the percentage of African‐Americans in the electorate is the only factor that significantly affects African‐American descriptive representation. This finding supports the hypothesis that African‐Americans use an electoral strategy when they lack large absolute numbers. This research also confirms Guinier's (1994) claims that African‐Americans fail to achieve proportional representation in the current electoral system and suggests that the plurality system comes with high start‐up costs for a traditionally excluded group.
Contestation versus Replacement: Republican Party Gains in Southern State Legislative Elections
Authors: Leal David L. , Hess Frederick M. , Ali Syed A.
Published: November 2008

This study tests two theories of how support for Republican candidates has increased in Southern state legislative elections between 1968 and 1988. The first, called the rising tide hypothesis, asks how much of the Republican gains were due to a growing number of Southern Republican voters and, therefore, to growing support for Republican candidates over Democratic incumbents in general elections. The second, the replacement hypothesis, theorizes that incumbent Democrats receive consistently minor competition during their careers, yet Republican open seat candidates do increasingly well after Democratic incumbents retire. The data consists of an ICPSR dataset of state legislative elections from 1968 to 1988 in Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas. The results show that while both dynamics are at work, the replacement effect is over three times larger than the rising tide effect.
Municipal Government: Does Structure Make a Difference in Small Cities and Towns?
Authors: French P. Edward
Published: November 2008

This study is designed to present a comprehensive view of government in cities and towns with populations between 2,500 and 25,000 in order to determine that the council‐manager form of government has made a consequential difference in government at the local level. Two major forms of government in 559 municipalities are compared and contrasted regarding nine selected variables. Data are evaluated using the independent samples t‐test and regression analysis. Results from this research study demonstrate several differences in local government administration and its provision of municipal services. The data in this analysis show that a statistically significant level of differentiation between the council‐manager and non‐council‐manager forms of government can be seen regarding the education level of the chief administrative officer; the percentages of time this individual devotes to the policy, administrative, and political roles; and the per capita expenditure levels of the municipalities in cities and towns with populations between 2,500 and 25,000. However, the study does not indicate that form of government significantly affects the provision of municipal services and the influence of political activities and special interest groups on municipal decisions of cities and towns in this same population range.
Political and Economic Liberty in Latin America: Can They Coexist?
Authors: Alejandro San Francisco R. , Ángel Soto G.
Published: November 2008

The article refers to the process of consolidation of the democracy and the economy of the free market in Latin America, from the changes experienced in the continent in the last three decades of the twentieth century. Though the final results of the political and economic system success remain open, it is possible to observe a majority adhesion of the governments to the electoral processes, the state of law, and to economic responsibility.