bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Integration of Journalism and the Social Sciences
Authors: Luxon Norval Neil , Sutton Albert A. , Brinton James E. , Westley Bruce
Published: December 2011

How well have journalism schools succeeded in integrating their instructional programs with the social sciences, thereby enriching their curricula and providing their graduates with insights needed for high-level professional work? Four teachers of journalism examined this question at the 1955 AEJ convention
Cross-Cultural Application of Four Flesch Formulas
Authors: Carter Roy E.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Henry J. Taylor's Radio Talks: A Content Analysis
Authors: Shepard David W.
Published: December 2011

An experiment in content analysis of the 1945–50 radio addresses of Henry J. Taylor for General Motors shows that Taylor discusses controversial current issues in a manner largely favorable toward Republican and conservative policies, and relies upon unsupported assertions rather than upon factual proof.
Newspaper Librarianship: A Neglected Field
Authors: Weems Eddie
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
A Semantic Slant on “Objectivity” vs. “Interpretation”
Authors: Jolliffe H. R.
Published: December 2011

The idea that there is an essential conflict between these two types of reporting appears to be based upon a faulty concept, which semantic analysis helps to eliminate. The author, a professor of journalism at Michigan State University, gave the talk upon which this paper is based at the 1955 AEJ convention.
Wickham Steed as a Foreign Correspondent
Authors: Mathews Joseph J.
Published: December 2011

The one-time editor of the London Times looked upon journalism as “something larger than the getting and the publication of news.” The author of this article, a professor of history whose research for many years has centered on foreign and war correspondence, interviewed Steed shortly before the latter's death.
Ownership, Competition and Comment in 20 Small Dailies
Authors: Borstel Gerald H.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
The Investigator: The Impact of a Satirical Radio Drama
Authors: Berlo David K. , Kumata Hideya
Published: December 2011

Investigation of attitude change was conducted using a controversial program broadcast by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation satirizing Senator McCarthy. Attitudes toward congressional investigations became less favorable while attitudes toward the Senator became more favorable after exposure.
The Impact of Health News on Attitudes and Behavior
Authors: Cannell Charles F. , Macdonald James C. , Delchamps Winifred F.
Published: December 2011

A survey carried out in Ann Arbor by a team of University of Michigan researchers offers some evidence on the impact of mass media upon attitudes and behavior. The objective was to determine the effect of information supplied by the mass media regarding the possible relationship of smoking to cancer.
Eisenhower's February Decision: A Study of News Impact
Authors: Danielson Wayne A.
Published: December 2011

A before-and-after interview panel study made at the time of President Eisenhower's February 29 decision to run for reelection records changes in “effects” on voters. The article also describes how the news of Eisenhower's decision reached the panel members, and their images of the candidates.
How Free is the Press in “Free China”?
Authors: Culmsee Carlton
Published: December 2011

After a year as visiting professor of journalism in the Graduate School of National Chengchi University, Taipei, the author finds that the press in Taiwan is much different from that of a police state. Dr. Culmsee is dean of humanities and sciences as well as head of journalism at Utah State Agricultural College.
Journalism's Role in Technical Cooperation
Authors: Ellison Jerome
Published: December 2011

Technical cooperation with underdeveloped countries as an instrument of national policy needs “bolder” programming, and journalists should take a far more active part than they have thus far, the author declares. A wartime OWI editor, he is now assistant professor of journalism at Indiana University.
New Foreign Periodicals Show Interest in Research
Authors: Martin L. John
Published: December 2011

Interest in mass communications research is being increasingly demonstrated by scholars and research centers in Europe and Asia. The author, assistant professor of journalism at the University of Nebraska, summarizes the list of foreign publications available to American journalism educators and students.
Current “News Hole” Policies of Daily Newspapers: A Survey
Authors: Casey Ralph D. , Copeland Thomas H.
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes a study of space control policies of a sample group of metropolitan and non-metropolitan daily newspapers, procedures devised to meet present rising production costs and to systematize space allotments in terms of current needs of news and advertising.
State Advertising: Tourist and Industrial
Authors: Hileman Donald G.
Published: December 2011

The rise of state advertising and promotional programs designed to attract tourists, new residents and industries is traced in this summary of such developments since 1933, stemming from earlier community and regional efforts. The author is associate professor of journalism at Southern Illinois University.
How Durable is Radio?
Authors: Bormann Jim
Published: December 2011

A radio news director examines what is happening to radio, in the face of competition from television and as a result of a serious battle within the radio industry himself. He concludes that broadcasting of news is radio's greatest strength, and that those stations which report the news with integrity will survive.
Equality of Access for Radio in Covering Washington News
Authors: Koop Theodore F.
Published: December 2011

Broadcast newsmen have gained important concessions in covering Washington, both from officials and from newspapermen, and enjoy substantial equality of access. The author is Washington director of CBS news and public affairs and president of the Radio-Television News Directors Association.
What about Equipment for Teaching TV News?
Authors: Baldwin Benjamin H.
Published: December 2011

A discussion of selection, cost, installation and use of minimum equipment for the teaching of television news, based on the author's experience at Northwestern University. He concludes that without access to basic equipment items, schools should not attempt professional instruction in TV news.
Some Notes on Horace Greeley, Charles Dana and Karl Marx
Authors: Borden Morton
Published: December 2011

The New York Tribune kept Karl Marx in pocket money between 1851 and 1862, when the author of the Communist Manifesto served as one of the foreign correspondents developed by Charles A. Dana.
Economic Research and the Mass Media
Authors: Gerald J. Edward
Published: December 2011

The author discusses the application of the methodology of economics in studies of the mass media, and the problems arising out of the conflict between outside and inside points of view. Recent economic studies of the media are listed and topics for future research are suggested.
How Does Commercial Television Affect British Viewing?
Authors: Suchy John T.
Published: December 2011

Audience surveys reveal that, after two years of commercial TV, it has become increasingly more popular than its non-commercial, older competition in homes where both services can be received. Commercial TV had to reduce its “culture” to achieve viewer popularity. Is the non-commercial network doing so also?
News-Reading Behavior and Social Adjustment
Authors: Turner Mary Alice
Published: December 2011

In a study seeking to discover possible relationships between an individual's tension and adjustment in social roles and his newspaper reading, the author found six distinct reading types instead of the two general types expected. The work was done while she was an instructor in agricultural journalism at Wisconsin.
Journalism Research and Scientific Method: II
Authors: Westley Bruce H.
Published: December 2011

Continuing his discussion of behavioral science techniques in mass communications research, the author outlines the contributions of deductive and inductive methods and states the case for a broad scientific strategy that is both empirical and theoretical in its approach.
Mental Health Attitudes of Youth as Influenced by a Comic Strip
Authors: Rose Arnold M.
Published: December 2011

In this first study of attitudes of youth toward mental health problems, a University of Minnesota sociology professor analyzes reactions to the comic strip “Rex Morgan, M.D.” He reports the educational nature of the strip episode did not decrease readership, aided some in understanding.
Journalism in the Small Liberal Arts Colleges
Authors: Crist Lyle M.
Published: December 2011

Small liberal arts colleges do not pretend to compete with larger institutions offering professional journalism training, but they do give students some preparation for careers in the mass media. The author, on the staff of Mount Union College, analyzes survey returns from 42 colleges.
A Factor Analysis of Language Elements Affecting Readability
Authors: Brinton James E. , Danielson Wayne A.
Published: December 2011

A factor analysis of 20 language elements confirms the importance of word length and sentence length in readability formulae. The analysis indicates the existence and nature of at least two other factors, having to do with stylistic devices and sentence complexity, apart from sentence length.
The First Sunday Paper: A Footnote to History
Authors: Mott Frank Luther
Published: December 2011

The dean emeritus of the University of Missouri School of Journalism reports upon a new candidate for the “firsts” ranks in American journalism history—the first Sunday paper published regularly by a daily appeared in Boston, from the presses of the Globe, not in New York.
The Press in the Korean Republic: Its Status and Problems
Authors: Rowland D. Wayne
Published: December 2011

The greatest threat to freedom of the press in Korea is not governmental control but economic conditions, in the author's view. A nationally recognized school of journalism could do much to raise the level of the press, even though there is no shortage of personnel for journalistic enterprises.
The Soviet Press, the UN and Korea: A Case Study
Authors: Richards Edward B.
Published: December 2011

An original analysis of Soviet presstreatment of Korean affairs from 1945 to 1950 documents charges that the United States was discredited completely in the eyes of Russian readers, and that Pravda and Izvestia attempted to include the United Nations in the camp of the “reactionaries.”
A Strike Newspaper: Guildsmen as Publishers
Authors: Jones Robert L. , Barden James S.
Published: December 2011

St. Paul Newspaper Guild members set forth six major objectives when they established their own newspaper during a strike. The authors were able to compare those intentions with content produced and to measure audience reaction to the product. They found five of the six objectives were largely fulfilled.
General Sherman's War on the Press
Authors: Guback Thomas H.
Published: December 2011

“The newspapers are after me again,” General William T. Sherman wrote to his wife after Thomas W. Knox of the New York Herald criticized the campaign at Vicksburg. Sherman promised to have Knox executed as a spy. Failing in this, the Union general still won a victory over his harassers.
News Pictures, Captions and the Point of Resolution
Authors: Kerrick Jean S.
Published: December 2011

In this study of the meaning-change which results from combining pictures with captions, the author tested captions and pictures alone before combinations were tested. The judgments of pictures and captions alone permitted a test of the “point of resolution” in picture-caption combinations.
The Boston Gazette: A Community Newspaper
Authors: Cullen Maurice R.
Published: December 2011

The Boston Gazette is famed for its role as the center of Colonial resistance to British rule. But what was the run of its content apart from the big news? The author summarizes the news stories, the letters-to-the-editor, the humor and the advertisements which made the Gazette a hometown paper.
Newsgathering and the Right to Travel Abroad
Authors: Alfeld William W.
Published: December 2011

The State Department's continued restrictions on travel to Communist China by newsmen raise serious questions related to freedom of information and of the press. The author, a graduate student and part-time instructor at the University of Illinois, sees little hope for relaxation in the present international climate.
Becoming a Journalist in Poland
Authors: Schindzielorz Karol
Published: December 2011

Journalism is a glamorous profession in Poland, but the limited number of jobs has caused the University of Warsaw to restrict enrollment in its school of journalism and to increase the total period of study to six years. Newspapers are becoming more dependent upon advertising for revenue.
The Power and Responsibility of the Press
Authors: Wiggins J. R.
Published: December 2011

Newspapers have improved in reader service but not enough to meet reader needs, says the President of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. He believes the power of the newspaper to discharge its responsibilities is impaired both by slow progress within the press itself and by governmental restrictions.
Access to Information: Recent Legal Problems
Authors: Scher Jacob
Published: December 2011

Although the last decade has witnessed major gains in the struggle by the press for access to public records and public meetings, there is still confusion. The author discusses such issues as “executive privilege,” statutory definition of public records, and statutory provisions for enforcement of access.
Science Writing: Status and Needs
Authors: Light Israel
Published: December 2011

A specialist in the interpretation of medicine reviews the growth of science and technical writing as specialized fields, cites evidence of increasing public interest in science, and suggests a plan for the development of new, experimental science writing curricula in universities or colleges.
Principles of Selection of News Pictures
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: December 2011

Is there a defensible and preferable alternative to majority rule, when judges are used to select a roster of outstanding photographs? The research specialist who developed Q-methodology in factor analysis proposes an alternative selection procedure and describes its rationale and use.
Growth of Newspapers in Mexico's Provinces
Authors: Alisky Marvin
Published: December 2011

One large daily newspaper chain, other daily papers and “crusading” weeklies in small towns constitute the provincial press of Mexico. The author summarizes several kinds of evidence which suggest that these papers published outside the national capital are gaining in readership and influence.
New Shopping Centers May Force Changes in Dailies
Authors: McClure Leslie
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
News Services' Crowd Reporting in the 1956 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Rucker Bryce W.
Published: December 2011

In this study, 30 judges rated the “favorableness” to candidates of descriptions of “crowd reaction” which appeared in wire service stories. AP, UP and INS differed in their reports of reactions to candidates, in their over-all attention to crowd reports, and in their estimates of crowd size.
Literary Allusions in Selected Newspaper Editorials
Authors: Clay Roberta
Published: December 2011

A study of collections of editorials by William Allen White and Henry Watterson and of recent editorials in the Arkansas Gazette and Atlanta Constitution discloses differences in the use of literary references—across papers and through time. The author suggests that editorial writing may benefit from such allusions.
Economic Theory and Its Application to Newspapers
Authors: Currier Fred
Published: December 2011

The research manager of the Detroit Free Press takes issue with a recent Quarterly article by Landau and Davenport, who suggested that new economic theories are needed for the mass media. Currier urges more use of existing methods of analysis. Davenport and Landau, in a reply, reaffirm their position.
The Three-Way Struggle of Press, Radio and TV in Australia
Authors: Elliot Hugh
Published: December 2011

The rise of television since November 1956 has affected both radio and newspapers adversely. Newspapers have resorted to more sensationalism in presenting the news, and this has led to increased criticism by political leaders. The writer sees a problem common to the press in many other countries.
News Notes
Authors: Root Robert
Published: December 2011

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Root, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Notes for the next issue must reach him by July 1.
The Inter-City Daily in the United States
Authors: Rowland Howard Ray , Hileman Donald G.
Published: December 2011

With the recent increase in the number of single dailies serving two or more adjacent cities, newspaper ownership concentration has entered a new phase. The authors describe the phenomenon in the country as a whole and examine one notably successful intercity daily—the Southern Illinoisan— in detail.
High School Students' Attitudes toward Journalism as a Career: II
Authors: Kimbal Penn T. , Lubell Samuel
Published: December 2011

One out of every five students on high school publications from all parts of the country intends to make journalism a career. They rank it first in “interest of work” and high in “usefulness to society,” but give it relatively low rankings in prestige, financial reward, family life and economic security.
The Weekly Press' Contribution to a Sense of Urban Community
Authors: Edelstein Alex S. , Larsen Otto N.
Published: December 2011

Building and expanding on an earlier study by Janowitz, the authors produce new evidence of the neighborhood paper's function as a “catalyst” which helps integrate individuals and groups into the community. They also describe the “communication system” provided by the weekly paper and by discussion of its content.
Psychological Satisfaction and Interest in News
Authors: Carlson Earl R.
Published: December 2011

Results of an experiment show that news interest is related to (1) perceived usefulness of an item in attaining goals and (2) importance of the goals to the reader. The experimenter discusses implications of his findings for those who seek to predict or influence reading behavior.
Muckraking and the Muckrakers: An Historical Definition
Authors: Grenier Judson A.
Published: December 2011

The term “muckrake” has meant many things to many people. It has evolved generally from a term of derision to one which many journalists today hold almost in reverence. The author, an instructor in journalism at El Camino (Calif.) College, traces the genesis of the term and identifies some of the “muckrakers.”
Semantic Differential Scales for Newspaper Research
Authors: Lyle Jack
Published: December 2011

Using a collection of adjectives actually applied to newspapers by their readers, along with word-pairs from earlier research, the author devised a special set of scales for measuring reader attitudes. Responses were highly correlated with scores on the “Stanford Test,” but different factors emerged.
The “Army and Navy Journal” before Two Wars
Authors: Phillips George H.
Published: December 2011

Was the Army and Navy Journal, as the nation's outstanding military periodical, able to predict the coming of the two world wars? What was the philosophy of its founder and long-time editor, William Conant Church, as evidenced from an analysis of its editorials?
The Effects of Bylines on Attitude Change
Authors: Greenberg Bradley S. , Tannenbaum Percy H.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
The Press of the Radical Right: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Wilcox Walter
Published: December 2011

In this study the author seeks to establish a method for defining and identifying the radical right press, as distinguished from the ultra-conservative press. He then reports on an intensive study of the themes of two bellwether radical right publications, Common Sense and The Cross and the Flag.
The Roaring Lyon of Vermont
Authors: Goldsmith Adolph O.
Published: December 2011

Matthew Lyon was convicted under the Sedition Act of 1798, was re-elected to Congress while in jail, and cast the vote which made Thomas Jefferson president instead of Aaron Burr in the disputed election of 1800. His stormy career is reviewed by a Louisiana State University journalism professor.
Early Press Reaction to Wilson's League Proposal
Authors: Startt James D.
Published: December 2011

How did American newspapers react initially to Woodrow Wilson's effort to carry the United States into the League of Nations? The author finds that the majority of dailies supported the League concept during early 1919, and traces the doubts and oppositions which led to Wilson's defeat.
A Comparative Study of Responsibility in Libel
Authors: Batroukha M. Ezzedin
Published: December 2011

Who is held responsible for libelous publication? The author examines American, French and Italian laws and then compares them with Egyptian law. He finds the Egyptian and Italian laws to be most severe in fixing responsibility, and American law the most free in its treatment of individuals.
Walt Whitman: Journalist
Authors: White William
Published: December 2011

For more than 20 years Walt Whitman worked as a reporter and editor of newspapers, mainly in the New York area and most prominently as editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. The author traces this journalistic career, almost obscured by Whitman's fame as a poet and author of Leaves of Grass.
An Experiment in Teaching Grammar by Testing
Authors: Marshall Donald W. , Shipman Robert O.
Published: December 2011

The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism has found that tests, drills and self-instruction can bring about marked improvement in the ability of mature students to write grammatically and to spell correctly. The authors, both members of the Columbia faculty, describe the method and offer further information.
The American Author and Foreign Copyright Protection
Authors: Mooradian Karlen
Published: December 2011

International copyright protection for authors is presently restricted primarily to English-speaking, West European and Latin American countries. This article traces the historical development of international copyright systems and tells the U.S. author what protection he may obtain in specific countries.
David Ross Locke and the Fight on Reconstruction
Authors: Harrison John M.
Published: December 2011

During early 1866 the editor of the Toledo Blade and his literary creation, Petroleum V. Nasby, offered a bridge between President Johnson and the vast majority of Republicans, still not won over to harsh Reconstruction policies. The author presents new evidence on Locke's attitude.
Communist Advertising: Its Status and Functions
Authors: Bryan Carter R.
Published: December 2011

The use of advertising in the Soviet Union has increased steadily the last few years, as traditional Communist dislike for advertising has waned in the face of a need to move some consumer goods in an improved economic climate. Trends in other Communist countries also are surveyed.
The Press as Reporter and Critic of Government
Authors: Hachten William A.
Published: December 2011

Pointing out how the press itself can utilize the machinery of government to bring about the continuing adjustments necessary to maintain its freedom and vigor, a Wisconsin scholar urges further studies so that the political theory of the government and the press may be restated in more realistic terms.
Ralph Keeler, Journalism's Mystery
Authors: Graham Philip
Published: December 2011

Ralph O. Keeler had established a bright reputation as a magazine writer and New York Tribune correspondent when he mysteriously disappeared from a steamer off Cuba in 1873. The author makes Keeler come alive again as “the best loved freelance journalist” of his time.
America Meets Russia: 1854
Authors: Oliva L. Jay
Published: December 2011

The author, a member of the department of history at New York University, offers a survey of U.S. press reactions to Russia at the opening of the Crimean War, explaining the heavily anti-Russian spirit of American newspapers at a time of great public sympathy for Russia as she faced England in war.
Teacher Preference for News Items Used as Class Materials
Authors: Ellingsworth Huber W.
Published: December 2011

The newspaper as a resource for the classroom teacher has received increasing attention. This study describes some polarization of opinion among teachers concerning relative usefulness of various newspaper items, and offers some guidance to those engaged in newspaper-in-the-classroom projects.
What is the Oldest U.S. Newspaper?
Authors: Mott Frank Luther
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
The Outlook for Editorial Cartooning
Authors: Bender Jack H.
Published: December 2011

What role has the editorial cartoon had in influencing events, and what is its future? Here is gathered testimony from past and present leaders in cartooning: J. N. (Ding) Darling, Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, David Low, Bill Mauldin, Scott Long, Edmund Valtman and Interlandi. Some forsee a decline in “strong” editorial cartoonists.
Report on 1962 Graduate Research in Journalism and Communication
Authors: Price Warren C.
Published: December 2011

This report for the Council on Communications Research lists, with annotations, 13 doctoral dissertations reported by schools of journalism and communication as having been accepted during 1962; 29 titles approved for doctoral candidates, and 145 completed masters' theses.
Science in the Press: Newspapers vs. Magazines
Authors: Ubell Earl
Published: December 2011

The science writer must know what his audience is like, how much the public understands and wants to know about science, and how he can transmit his information most effectively. Here research findings on these three central problems are reviewed, with suggestions for improvement of newspaper and magazine techniques.
International Communication of Science Information
Authors: Metraux Rhoda
Published: December 2011

Given a world frame of reference, instead of a parochial point of view, it is possible that we might find new ways of formulating and presenting knowledge, and of using the modern system of communication effectively among peoples of all cultures.
To Print the News and Raise Hell: Wilbur F. Storey's Chicago Times
Authors: Walsh Justin E.
Published: December 2011

Wilbur Storey is remembered today as the most violent of Lincoln's detractors. Here are detailed other aspects of his 45-year career as a newspaperman and pioneer in popular, sensationalized journalism.
The News Magazines and the 1960 Conventions
Authors: Westley Bruce H. , Higbie Charles E. , Burke Timothy , Lippert David J. , Maurer Leonard , Stone Vernon A.
Published: December 2011

What biases did the three leading news magazines show toward candidates during the period of the 1960 presidential nominating conventions? The authors use Evaluative Assertion Analysis techniques to explore this question.
News Notes
Authors: Gilmore Gene , Price Frank James
Published: December 2011

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, faculty changes, curricular developments, research grants … should be sent to Professor Gilmore, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Illinois, Urbana, before the first of each January, April, July and October.
George F. Parker: A ‘Near Miss’ as First White House Press Chief
Authors: Moon Gordon A.
Published: December 2011

Grover Cleveland used George F. Parker's skills as press aide to win re-election in 1892, then failed to name him to the post of presidential press secretary. Parker later was a partner of Ivy Lee.
Balance and the Writer's Attitude in News Stories and Editorials
Authors: Kerrick Jean S. , Anderson Thomas E. , Swales Luita B.
Published: December 2011

Students who disagreed with a hypothetical editorial policy leaned over backwards in writing news stories and editorials. Their stories were the most one-sided and their editorials the most partisan.
Views of Prospective Teachers and Non-Teachers in a Journalism Graduate Class toward Teaching
Authors: Brenner D. J. , Crumley Wilma , Schores Daniel M. , Biddle Bruce J.
Published: December 2011

Stereotypes of teaching as a profession seemed to influence both teachers and non-teachers among the 46 students studied. Downgrading of teaching by the prospective teachers points to a need for corrective action.
Report on 1963 Graduate Research in Journalism and Communication
Authors: Pickett Calder M.
Published: December 2011

This report for the Council on Communications Research lists, with annotations, 35 doctoral dissertations completed during 1963; 34 titles approved for doctoral candidates, and 228 completed master's theses.
Some Correlates of Media Credibility
Authors: Westley Bruce H. , Severin Werner J.
Published: December 2011

What kinds of people place their greatest trust in television, or radio, or the newspaper, as a news medium? This study shows differences due to age, sex, education, place of residence and socioeconomic status. and socioeconomic status, as well as political preference.
News Diffusion: A Test of the Regularity Hypothesis
Authors: Hill Richard J. , Bonjean Charles M.
Published: December 2011

A field study made in Dallas after the Kennedy assassination lends some support to earlier findings but suggests that the regularity hypothesis holds only for stories of approximately the same news value.
Dogmatism and Performance of the Communicator under Cognitive Stress
Authors: Bettinghaus Erwin P. , Preston Ivan L.
Published: December 2011

Experimental results indicate people take longer to do an inconsistent task than a cognitively consistent one. The more closed minded of the subjects were most likely to follow that pattern.
Reader Characteristics and Content Preferences for a Denominational Magazine
Authors: Millard William J.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
Freedom in the World's Press: A Fresh Appraisal with New Data
Authors: Nixon Raymond B.
Published: December 2011

Analysis of experts' ranking of 117 countries on a 9-point scale from freedom to control indicates economic level is most significant factor. Comparison with earlier study shows more gains than losses in last five years.
The Prestige Press in Two Presidential Elections
Authors: Stempel Guido H.
Published: December 2011

A study of 15 leading dailies shows that as a group they gave almost equal news space to Democrats and Republicans in 1964 as they did in 1960. There were, however, marked individual differences.
Election Day Newscasts and their Effects on Western Voter Turnout
Authors: Fuchs Douglas A.
Published: December 2011

Is voting behavior changed by hearing computer predictions of election outcomes? This California study indicates a possible small effect adverse to Democratic party candidates last November.
Functions and Meanings of Mass Media for Wisconsin Farm Women
Authors: Bostian Lloyd R. , Ross John E.
Published: December 2011

Four types of measuring devices yield quite similar pictures of the functions and meaning of media. Availability of and time spent with the media prove to be unrelated to either function or favorability ratings.
The Inter American Press Association: A Brief History
Authors: Gardner Mary A.
Published: December 2011

Attacked by dictators from both right and left, IAPA has emerged as a professional organization with a program that goes beyond its defense of press freedom. Some journalists credit it with saving their lives.
Attitude Change as a Function of Open or Closed-Mindedness
Authors: Norris Eleanor L.
Published: December 2011

The data partially support the hypothesis of greater attitude change for close-minded persons in situations involving cognitive inconsistency. But research on other factors in the attitude change process is indicated as necessary.
Notes on the Sociology of Knowledge
Authors: Webb Eugene J. , Salancik Jerry R.
Published: December 2011

The contest is readily recognizable as a recurrent theme in the sociology of knowledge: it is David versus Goliath; the pink-cheeked country lad against the city slicker; it is reason and common sense in opposition to sophism and scholasticism in their contemporary guise. (Shubert, 1950, p. 550)
The Effects of Competition on One Daily Newspaper's Content
Authors: Rarick Galen , Hartman Barrie
Published: December 2011

Analysis of a single newspaper in periods of no, moderate and intense competition shows that as competitive pressures increase, the choice of local and immediate-reward items increases, as predicted.
Muckrakers — Then and Now
Authors: Geiger Louis G.
Published: December 2011

The muckrakers, who set out to create a general climate of reform, did not succeed, but the failure was as much a limitation of the media and the audience as it was the fault of the writers themselves.
Some Effects of Variations in Message Quality
Authors: Greenberg Bradley S. , Razinsky Edward L.
Published: December 2011

At least at extreme levels, error-laden copy produces effects on the evaluation given the message and its source, and on information imparted, but shows no effect on persuasion.
America Discovers Russia and Peter the Great
Authors: Mohl Raymond A.
Published: December 2011

The myth of Peter the Great, and an image of Muscovy during his reign, were firmly implanted in the minds of colonial American readers by their sole source of news, their weekly newspapers.
Comparison of Judgments about Agricultural Science News
Authors: Lassahn Pamela Henry
Published: December 2011

County editors and information specialists prove better predictors of the judgments of farmer audiences than other professionah in the system, suggesting that they function well as mediators.
National Sample Predictors of Mass Media Use
Authors: Greenberg Bradley S. , Kumara Hideya
Published: December 2011

Demographic variables prove to have almost no power to predict mass media use in this national sample survey except that all of them taken together account for about 27% of the variance in newspaper reading.
Vietnam: Report Card on the Press Corps at War
Authors: Johnson DeWayne B.
Published: December 2011

Vietnam war news is the subject of this evaluation of the U.S. press by academicians and newsmen. Given 12 assertions, the professors give the press six satisfactory grades, the newsmen eight.
Mass Media Believability: A Study of Receiver Judgments
Authors: Jacobson Harvey K.
Published: December 2011

Multivariate analysis of large N data on comparative believability of the media reveals subtle differences in their images; it also shows newspapers are seen as least objective, even by those who rate them most believable.
The Impact of Centralized Printing on the Community Press
Authors: Bowers David R.
Published: December 2011

Two conflicting trends emerge: chain or group ownership grows, but with it may come new newspapers and the revival of competition in one-newspaper communities.
Public Opinion and Press Opinion in Four Latin American Cities
Authors: Pierce Robert N.
Published: December 2011

How well does editorial opinion in Latin American dailies reflect public reaction on international issues? This study analyzes the problems involved in finding the answer.
The Likability and Self-Interest of the Source in Attitude Change
Authors: Stone Vernon A. , Eswara Harrogadde S.
Published: December 2011

Likability and expertness were isolated as factors in “prestige.” The former but not the latter interacted with self-interest in producing persuasion, against expectations. Some implications of this result are discussed.
Press and Community Toleration: Wisconsin in World War I
Authors: Stevens John D.
Published: December 2011

As a whole, Wisconsin papers did little to quell rising mob spirit during 1918. But in eight counties, press tolerance of dissent correlated positively with citizen tolerance.
The Mandate of Heaven vs. U.S. Newsmen in China, 1941–45
Authors: Shewmaker Kenneth E.
Published: December 2011

Those who hold the “Mandate of Heaven” to rule must maintain “face”—and Chiang Kai-shek's regime found criticism by American correspondents dangerous indeed in 1941–45.
Communication among the Nsukka Igbo: A Folk-Village Society
Authors: Markham James W. , Axinn George H. , Axinn Nancy W.
Published: December 2011

Communication behavior data collected by diary and interview methods show minimal use of mass communication. Patterns vary by sex and age, but talk is the main channel.
Broadcasting's Expanding Social Role in Mexico
Authors: Markham James W. , Lowry Dennis T.
Published: December 2011

New border-to-border telecommunications network boasting a large satellite ground station will provide service to all population centers over 2,500; government educational and cultural programs aid national development.
Clover Leaf: The Good Luck Chain, 1899–1933
Authors: Evans James F.
Published: December 2011

One of the 10 earliest chains of dailies in the U.S., Clover Leaf grew with the help of Scripps and the expansion of rural free delivery. Ironically, it declined in the period of greatest chain newspaper growth.
Journalism: The Way it is, as Seen by Black Reporters and Students
Authors: Mencher Melvin
Published: December 2011

In his personal account, the author tells of finding few black newsmen, virtually none of whom admit to handling meaningful assignments. Students shun journalism, charge newspapers lack understanding of racial issue.
Christmas Card Selections as Unobtrusive Measures
Authors: Hill C. R.
Published: December 2011

Analysis over two years of the content of cards sent to one recipient provides insights into the choice of religious and non-religious themes, etc.; turnover analysis suggests that selection may be largely whimsical.
Middle-Class Democracy and the Press in Colonial America
Authors: Cullen Maurice R.
Published: December 2011

If the revolutionary experiment were a “class struggle,” the role of the press must have been minimal. Three aspects bearing on press role are explored toward challenging both premises.
Diffusion of a “Minor” Foreign Affairs News Event
Authors: Adams John B. , Mullen James J. , Wilson Harold M.
Published: December 2011

Cooperative study of news of Pope Paul VI's March 1967 Encyclical as received in 16 American cities confirms earlier hypotheses of age, education and sex as important variables and adds new dimensions to methodology.
A Study of the Effectiveness of Gun Control Advertising
Authors: Hiett Robert , Youngren Harrison , Fruend David , Kennerly Jay , Schanilec William , Wong Hong Teng , Rucker Bryce W.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
Wilson's Trip to Paris: Profile of Press Response
Authors: Startt James D.
Published: December 2011

When Wilson's press critics claimed he was acting contrary to press opinion, they erred. Of the 168 papers studied, 48% supported the trip, 25% opposed it and 27% remained uncommitted.
The Media, the Masses and Urban Management
Authors: Boynton Robert Paul , Wright Deil S.
Published: December 2011

Greater social awareness and action commitments should be expected and demanded of the Fourth Estate in reducing the gap between government and ghetto in the seventh decade.
What Community Press Councils Talk About
Authors: Starck Kenneth
Published: December 2011

Analysis suggests lively, germane issues can be discussed, that public knows little of media practices and that a compilation of specific matters of current concern might be useful to both media and audience.
The Armed Forces Broadcast News System: Vietnam Version
Authors: Moody Randall J.
Published: December 2011

The former news director of the American Forces Vietnam Network explains how the military command there is able TO violate Defense Department regulations and censor news for G.I.s, in the interest of “image.”
Wilmer Atkinson and the Early Farm Journal
Authors: Quebral Nora C.
Published: December 2011

Wilmer Atkinson's early Farm Journal policies were those that events proved entirely workable. His paper met the need for a low-priced source of information about U.S. agricultural problems.
The Two-Step Flow Theory: Cross-Cultural Implications
Authors: Bostian Lloyd R.
Published: December 2011

Assessing research on the 1940 Lazarsfeld, et al. hypothesis, the author finds little for explaining communication process, except in personal influence; advances propositions for testing it in developing countries.
The Meaning of Censorship and Libel in the Soviet Union
Authors: Hopkins Mark W.
Published: December 2011

Party management and glavlit's censorship have precluded attempts to put press operation within a legal framework; unlike in U. S., libel statutes do not provide for damages or for truth as a defense.
Family Communication Patterns and Source-Message Orientation
Authors: Stone Vernon A. , Chaffee Steven H.
Published: December 2011

The interaction is significant: Source expertness raises opinion change for the concept-oriented and inhibits it for those low in concept-orientation. The union of present-state and historical variables is supported.
Will Irwin's Pioneering Criticism of the Press
Authors: Hudson Robert V.
Published: December 2011

In 15 installments in Collier's, Irwin displayed fairness and used careful documentation in making discoveries and formulating principles for much of the modern criticism of the U.S. press.
Foreign News Selection is Non-Linear in Yugoslavia's Tanjug Agency
Authors: Robinson Gertrude J.
Published: December 2011

Testing a cybernetic model, findings locate decision power in the foreign desk and show government content-determining role is only auxiliary in a decentralized system, unlike usual Communist pattern.
Communication in Campus Crisis: A Study of Symbolic Interaction
Authors: Nwankwo R. L. Nwafo
Published: December 2011

Students use other students as a reference group when the usual sources fail; however those who think their views are like those of others prove to be less, not more sure of their judgments.
U.S. News and Sino-Indian Relations: An Extra Media Study
Authors: Smith Raymond F.
Published: December 2011

The New York Times reports Sino-Indian relations fairly accurately over a year, but less accurately when those relations are considered by month within the year.
Images and the Mass Media
Authors: Markham James W. , Maslog Crispin
Published: December 2011

A comparison of attitudes of Filipino and Indian students in the U.S. toward the mass media supports a general hypothesis that the media are many things to many people.
Content Analysis Shows Cigarette Advertising up Twofold in 14 Magazines
Authors: Feinberg Barry M.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
Philip Freneau's Crusade for Open Sessions of the U.S. Senate
Authors: Grotta Gerald L.
Published: December 2011

Although the final vote to provide “suitable galleries” came the year after the death of the National Gazette, editor Freneau played a major role in forcing open the doors of the Senate.
Ethnic and Social Class Differences in Communication Habits and Attitudes
Authors: Williams Frederick , Lindsay Howard
Published: December 2011

Survey of target audiences for a poverty newsletter—clients, social workers and community leaders—reveals sharp differences, but social class explains them better than ethnicity does.
Rough Justice on a Saigon Street: A Gatekeeper Study of NBC's Tet Execution Film
Authors: Bailey George A. , Lichty Lawrence W.
Published: December 2011

Step by step, person by person, decision by decision, the authors record the story of the filming and telecasting of General Loan's famed shot. The “organization” proved to be the gatekeeper.
Media Exposure and Modernization among the Appalachian Poor
Authors: Stephens Lowndes F.
Published: December 2011

Clear support is found in an Appalachian county for the same relationship Rogers found between antecedent and development variables in his Colombia study: mass media use is an ‘pintervenor.’
Communication, Stratification and International Affairs Information in a Developing Urban Society
Authors: McNelly John T. , Molina Julio R.
Published: December 2011

Differential relationships by socioeconomic status are found between media exposure and knowledge of international affairs in Lima, Peru. Results suggest significance of media as sources of informational mobility.
Interpersonal Communication and Cognitive Modernity: A Study of Socialization in Lima, Peru
Authors: Rush Ramona R.
Published: December 2011

Occupational experiences and interpersonal communication are found to be important explanatory factors linked to cognitive modernity.
Articles on Mass Communication in U. S. and Foreign Journals
Authors: Knight Robert P. , Delahaye Alfred
Published: December 2011

Bibliograhpers: Lionel C. Barrow, Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Chris J. Burns, Colorado; Jim Colson, Texas; Tim Counts, North Carolina; Wendell Crow, Southern Illinois; John Geldmacher, Missouri; Ed Klimuska, Missouri; Steve Lamoreux, Colorado State; John A. Lent, Penang (Malaysia); Mervin D. Lynch, Northeastern; Mack Palmer, Wisconsin; Michael Petrick, Maryland; Don S. Somerville, Colorado; Dwight L. Teeter, Wisconsin; Leonard P. Tipton, Kentucky.
Upton Sinclair and the Press: The Brass Check Reconsidered
Authors: Grenier Judson
Published: December 2011

The belatedly honored book may be more important to us historically as a catalyst for reform than as a valid survey of the press before 1920.
Trends in Appearance of Models in Ebony Ads over 17 Years
Authors: Gitter A. George , O'Connell Stephen M. , Mostofsky David
Published: December 2011

Analysis of models in Ebony advertisements for 17 years shows trend toward negroid features for males but not for females. Facial appearance of both tends to be Caucasian except for skin color.