bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micropipes in silicon carbide crystals
Authors: Gutkin Mikhail Yu. , Sheinerman Alexander G. , Argunova Tatiana S.
Published: June 2009

We provide a brief review of our recent experimental observations, theoretical and computer models aimed at describing the interaction and transformations of micropipes – dislocated cylindrical pores – in growing bulk crystals of silicon carbide. We describe theoretically the interactions of micropipes with each other as well as with the free surface of the growing crystal. As a result, we explain the experimental observations of ramifying micropipes and calculate the conditions for micropipe split and possible further overgrowth. We also provide the results of our computer simulation of the evolution of a random ensemble of micropipes in the course of the growth of bulk SiC crystals. The simulation has confirmed the presence of both planar and twisted configuration of micropipes observed by means of synchrotron radiation X‐ray phase sensitive radiography. Finally, we consider the elastic interaction of micropipes with inclusions of minority polytypes in SiC bulk crystals. We demonstrate that micropipes are attracted to the minority polytype boundaries and can form pores that grow along these boundaries. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the strain‐relaxation induced defect creation on the leakage current of embedded Si1–xGex source/drain junctions
Authors: Gonzalez Mireia Bargallo , Simoen Eddy , Vissouvanadin Bertrand , Eneman Geert , Verheyen Peter , Loo Roger , Claeys Cor , Machkaoutsan Vladimir , Tomasini Pierre , Thomas Shawn
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of the strain‐relaxation processes on the leakage current of embedded SiGe S/D junctions. Current‐voltage (I‐V) and capacitance‐voltage (C‐V) characteristics were measured to further investigate the relaxation degree of embedded SiGe S/D junctions in the regime where partial relaxation by misfits dislocations is assumed, yielding a reduction of the leakage current density. Further, the impact of the ion implantation‐related defects on the electrical performance is discussed. The analysis is complemented with structural characterization based on High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Nomarski microscopy. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anisotropy of crack and dislocation formation in GaAs
Authors: Ratschinski Ingmar , Heyroth Frank , Fränzel Wolfgang , Leipner Hartmut S.
Published: June 2009

The dependence of cracking at Vickers indentations in (100) GaAs was investigated for different dopings by electron microscopy. Depending on the load, the formation of cracks was studied. In semiinsulating carbon‐doped GaAs, a clear anisotropy in the cracking pattern exists with cracks running preferentially along the ± [011] directions. In contrast, in n‐type as well as in p‐type GaAs little or no anisotropic crack pattern can be recognized. The formation and propagation of cracks does not correlate with the formation of the dislocation rosette. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time‐resolved measurements of dislocation‐related photoluminescence bands in silicon
Authors: Steinman E. A. , Kenyon A. J. , Tereshchenko A. N.
Published: June 2009

Dislocation related luminescence (DRL) in Si was analyzed using time‐resolved techniques. A set of samples exhibiting different spectral features in the range of the D1 band was prepared by plastic deformation and subsequent thermal treatment. For all samples the sequence of time constants texc < tD4 < tD1 < tD2 has been observed where texc, tD4, tD1, and tD2 denote the time decay constants for the TO phonon replica of the Si bound exciton (TO BE) and D4, D1, and D2 DRL bands, respectively. It should be noted that the relation between decay times of the D1 and D2 bands remained same for all sub‐bands in the D1 family. Our results imply that transitions of similar nature are responsible for the bands. On the other hand, the lack of correlation between D1/D2 decay times and contamination levels suggests that intrinsic properties of dislocations are responsible for the corresponding transitions. We analyzed this observation in comparison with previous results and propose a model of recombination between two shallow and one deep level for D1/D2 bands. Differences in decay times are attributed to different spatial separation of shallow traps from a common deep trap. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation of electrical and luminescence properties of a dislocation network with its microscopic structure
Authors: Mchedlidze Teimuraz , Wilhelm Thomas , Arguirov Tzanimir , Trushin Maxim , Reiche Manfred , Kittler Martin
Published: June 2009

The direct bonding of Si wafers reproducibly forms dislocation networks (DN) with a microscopic structure defined by the mutual crystallographic orientation between the pair of wafers used for the bonding procedure. This allows studying the electrical and optical properties of specific dislocations. In the present work three different DN structures were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL) and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). The results show close correlation between the structural, electrical and optical properties of dislocations and opens a possibility to identify structural peculiarities of the dislocations responsible for the high intensity of photoluminescence. Namely, the obtained results suggest that PL at ∼0.8 eV is related to screw dislocations in DN. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Proton backscattering by point and extended defects in ion‐implanted Si
Authors: Sobolev Nikolay , Sakharov Vladimir , Serenkov Igor , Kalyadin Anton , Vdovin Vladimir
Published: June 2009

The backscattering of 230‐keV protons, the depth dependences of the full width at the half minimum (FWHM) of proton angular scans and TEM were used to study the structural perfection of Si single crystals implanted with Er and Si ions at doses lower and higher than the respective amorphization thresholds. Implantation of 2‐MeV Er ions at a dose of 5x1013 cm–2 was found to produce high concentrations of point defects without amorphization of the Si layer. After the implantation of 100‐keV Si ions at a dose of 1x1017 cm–2 exceeding the amorphization threshold by two orders of magnitude, we observed a high density of extended defects but no amorphization. The dechanneling by point and extended defects was found to have different dependences (decreasing and increasing, respectively) of the scan FWHM on the scan depth. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of steps on dislocations in CVD diamond grown on {001} substrates
Authors: Martineau Philip , Gaukroger Mike , Khan Riz , Evans Dave
Published: June 2009

Single crystal CVD synthetic diamond samples grown on (001) substrates have been studied using X‐ray topography, photoluminescence imaging, cathodoluminescence imaging and transmission electron microscopy. X‐ray section topographs sampling a plane very close to the surface of a (010) cross‐sectional slice show contrast that is closely correlated with photoluminescence image contrast relating to differences in incorporation of point defects on step risers and terraces during growth. The point defect content is too low to influence X‐ray topography contrast and therefore the correlation suggests a difference between the dislocation content for terrace and riser growth. Dislocations imaged in cathodoluminescence have been observed to follow paths that are strongly influenced by step flow during growth. Transmission electron micrographs show [001] dislocations with sections of <110> 60° or edge dislocations in configurations consistent with formation as a result of step flow growth. It is proposed that a passing riser can cause dislocations to switch from [001] to [101] line direction when this minimises the increase in the energy associated with the dislocation as riser growth proceeds. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antidiarrhoeal and spasmolytic activities of the methanolic crude extract ofAlstonia scholarisL. are mediated through calcium channel blockade
Authors: Shah Abdul Jabbar , Gowani Saqib Ali , Zuberi Akber Jalil , Ghayur Muhammad Nabeel , Gilani Anwarul Hassan
Published: June 2009

This study was aimed to provide a pharmacological basis to the medicinal use ofAlstonia scholarisas an antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic by usingin vivoandin vitrotechniques. In thein vivostudy the crude extract ofAlstonia scholaris(As.Cr), which tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, provided 31–84% protection against castor oil‐induced diarrhoea in mice at 100–1000 mg/kg doses, similar to loperamide. In isolated rabbit jejunum preparation, the As.Cr caused inhibition of spontaneous and high K+(80 mm)‐induced contractions, with respective EC50values of 1.04 (0.73–1.48) and 1.02 mg/mL (0.56–1.84; 95% CI), thus showing spasmolytic activity mediated possibly through calcium channel blockade (CCB). The CCB activity was further confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with the As.Cr (0.3–1 mg/mL) caused a rightward shift in the Ca++concentration‐response curves similar to verapamil, a standard calcium channel blocker. Loperamide also inhibited spontaneous and high K+precontractions as well as shifted the Ca++CRCs to the right. These results indicate that the crude extract ofAlstonia scholarispossesses antidiarrhoeal and spasmolytic effects, mediated possibly through the presence of CCB‐like constituent(s) and this study provides a mechanistic base for its medicinal use in diarrhoea and colic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A DFT study on the hydrolysis mechanism of NH‐tautomeric antitumors of [HL][trans‐RuCl4L(dmso‐S)]
Authors: Chen Jin Can , Chen Lan Mei , Liao Si Yan , Zheng Kang Cheng , Ji Liang Nian
Published: June 2009

The hydrolysis process of Ru (III) complex [Htrz][trans‐RuCl4(1‐H‐1,2,4‐triazole)(dmso‐S)] 1, a potential antitumor complex similar to the well‐known anticancer agent [ImH][trans‐RuCl4(Im)(dmso‐S)] (NAMI‐A), has been investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) method, and the solvent effect was also considered and calculated by conductor‐like polarizable calculation model (CPCM). Meanwhile, the hydrolysis process of the NH‐tautomeric isomer, [Htrz][trans‐RuCl4(4‐H‐1,2,4‐triazole)(dmso‐S)] 2, was also modeled and predicted by the same methods. The structural characteristics and the detailed energy profiles for the hydrolysis processes of two isomers have been obtained. The analysis of thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of hydrolysis reaction suggests the following: for the first hydrolysis step, the Complex 1 has lower hydrolysis rate than the reported anticancer drug NAMI‐A, and the result is in accordance with experimental one. However, Complex 1 has obviously higher hydrolysis rate than its isomer Complex 2, and the result was reasonably explained in theory. For the second hydrolysis step, the formation of cis‐diaqua species is thermodynamic preferred to that of trans isomers. In addition, the trend in nucleophilic attack abilities (A) of hydrolysis products by pertinent biomolecules was revealed and predicted. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Membrane permeation continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry for on‐line carbon isotope ratio determination
Authors: Tremblay Patrice , Savard Martine M , Smirnoff Anna , Paquin Real
Published: June 2009

Gaseous membrane permeation (MP) technologies have been combined with continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry for on‐line δ13C measurements. The experimental setup of membrane permeation‐gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (MP‐GC/C/IRMS) quantitatively traps gas streams in membrane permeation experiments under steady‐state conditions and performs on‐line gas transfer into a GC/C/IRMS system. A commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane sheet was used for the experiments. Laboratory tests using CO2 demonstrate that the whole process does not fractionate the C isotopes of CO2. Moreover, the δ13C values of CO2 permeated on‐line give the same isotopic results as off‐line static dual‐inlet IRMS δ13C measurements. Formaldehyde generated from aqueous formaldehyde solutions has also been used as the feed gas for permeation experiments and on‐line δ13C determination. The feed‐formaldehyde δ13C value was pre‐determined by sampling the headspace of the thermostated aqueous formaldehyde solution. Comparison of the results obtained by headspace with those from direct aqueous formaldehyde injection confirms that the headspace sampling does not generate isotopic fractionation, but the permeated formaldehyde analyzed on‐line yields a 13C enrichment relative to the feed δ13C value, the isotopic fractionation being 1.0026 ± 0.0003. The δ13C values have been normalized using an adapted two‐point isotopic calibration for δ13C values ranging from −42 to −10‰. The MP‐GC/C/IRMS system allows the δ13C determination of formaldehyde without chemical derivatization or additional analytical imprecision. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodiversity‐ecosystem function research: Insights gained from streams
Authors: Lecerf A. , Richardson J. S.
Published: June 2009

In this review, we address the extent to which stream ecology has contributed to biodiversity‐ecosystem function (BEF) theory and empirical testing. BEF research first targeted the implications of the ongoing loss of biodiversity for ecosystems and humans. Terrestrial ecology has played a leading role in this field, whereas the contribution of riverine science to the debate has been more limited. Nevertheless, a considerable merit of stream ecology has been to consider a wide range of ecological groups (riparian litter producers, aquatic micro‐fungi, macroinvertebrates, and fishes). Through a meta‐analysis of these unique data, we show that the relative importance of species numberversusassemblage composition increases as we go towards higher trophic levels. Whether this pattern is general or specific to stream ecosystems needs to be evaluated through cross‐ecosystem comparisons looking more closely at mechanistic processes. It is evident from stream studies that trophic and non‐trophic (e.g. facilitation) interactions govern the functional consequences of biodiversity. These studies also indicate that richness‐function relationships are altered by a multitude of factors, such as evenness, non‐taxonomic diversity (genetic/phenotypic diversity), species extinction order, the environmental context, as well as experimental setups. This review highlights the relevance of stream ecology to BEF research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable development policy: goals, targets and political cycles
Authors: Quental Nuno , Lourenço Júlia M. , da Silva Fernando Nunes
Published: June 2009

This paper describes the global political milestones of greater importance to the emergence and evolution of sustainable development. In addition, it depicts the cyclical patterns of political activity dealing with sustainability and identifies the main sustainability goals and targets endorsed by several political initiatives. These tasks are accomplished through a literature review and an assessment of indicators dealing with political will. It is concluded that global sustainability governance followed an intermittent path characterized by two periods of significant accomplishments (until 1979; 1987–1995) and by two others less successful (1980–1986; 1995 onwards, interrupted by a peak around 2000). Peaks in political activity coincide with the decennial Earth Summits, suggesting their major influence as catalysts of more profound societal and political action. Sustainability concerns and goals shifted from an emphasis on pollution control and availability of natural resources to a more balanced position that puts human development at the center. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Scheduling for next generation WLANs: filling the gap between offered and observed data rates
Authors: Çiftçioğlu Ertuğrul Necdet , Gürbüz Özgür
Published: June 2009

In wireless networks, opportunistic scheduling is used to increase system throughput by exploiting multi‐user diversity. Although recent advances have increased physical layer data rates supported in wireless local area networks (WLANs), actual throughput realized are significantly lower due to overhead. Accordingly, the frame aggregation concept is used in next generation WLANs to improve efficiency. However, with frame aggregation, traditional opportunistic schemes are no longer optimal. In this paper, we propose schedulers that take queue and channel conditions into account jointly, to maximize throughput observed at the users for next generation WLANs. We also extend this work to design two schedulers that perform block scheduling for maximizing network throughput over multiple transmission sequences. For these schedulers, which make decisions over long time durations, we model the system using queueing theory and determine users' temporal access proportions according to this model. Through detailed simulations, we show that all our proposed algorithms offer significant throughput improvement, better fairness, and much lower delay compared with traditional opportunistic schedulers, facilitating the practical use of the evolving standard for next generation wireless networks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Aging: Challenges for Community Psychology
Authors: Cheng Sheung-Tak , Heller Kenneth
Published: June 2009

Older persons are among the major marginalized, disenfranchised citizens worldwide, yet this group has generally been ignored in the community psychology literature. In this paper, we trace the demographic trends in aging worldwide, and draw the field's attention to the United Nations Program on Aging, which structures its policy recommendations in terms of concepts that are familiar to community psychologists. A central theme of the paper is that community psychology can have a role in producing the conceptual shifts needed to change societal attitudes now dominated by negative age stereotypes.
Adolescent Place Attachment, Social Capital, and Perceived Safety: A Comparison of 13 Countries
Authors: Dallago Lorenza , Perkins Douglas D. , Santinello Massimo , Boyce Will , Molcho Michal , Morgan Antony
Published: June 2009

In adolescence, children become increasingly independent and autonomous, and spend more time in neighborhood settings away from home. During mid‐to‐late adolescence, youth often become more critical about the place they live. Their attachment to home and even community may decrease as they explore and develop new attachments to other specific places. The aim of this study is to understand how 15‐year‐old students from 13 countries perceive their local neighborhood area (place attachment, social capital and safety), and how these different community cognitions are interrelated. We hypothesize that their place attachment predicts safety, and that the relationship is mediated in part by social capital. Result show that, despite cross‐cultural differences in neighborhood perceptions, the proposed theoretical model fits robustly across all 13 countries.
Spontaneous Posterior Iliac Crest Regeneration Enabling Second Bone Graft Harvest; A Case Report
Authors: Papadopoulos Elias C. , O'Leary Patrick F. , Pappou Ioannis P. , Girardi Federico P.
Published: June 2009

We present a case of a revision spinal fusion in which successful bone graft reharvesting was performed from the posterior iliac crest 4 years after initial intracortical harvesting. To date, only anterior iliac crest regeneration has been reported in orthopedic trauma patients. A 70-year-old man with a history of two prior instrumented lumbar fusion operations developed thoracolumbar kyphosis junctional to the lumbosacral fusion mass. His first operation was an instrumented posterolateral lumbar fusion L1 to L5, where bone graft was harvested from the right iliac crest using the intracortical harvesting technique. The second procedure was performed 18 months later and consisted of an extension of the fusion to the sacrum due to L5–S1 level derived symptoms. The bone graft for this procedure was taken with the same technique from the left iliac crest. The development of thoracolumbar junctional kyphosis necessitated the third operation, which consisted of a same-day anterior–posterior extension of the fusion to T10. Prior to this third procedure, a spinal computer tomography was performed that documented regeneration of the cancellous bone in the right iliac crest. This permitted reharvesting of almost 40 ml of cancellous bone using the intracortical bone harvesting technique from the right iliac crest. Histological analysis showed mature bone. Cancellous bone regeneration and restoration of the local anatomy of the ilium are possible after intracortical bone harvesting. This regeneration can provide autologous bone graft to assist fusion in subsequent operations.
Trioctylphosphine as Both Solvent and Stabilizer to Synthesize CdS Nanorods
Authors: Chen Shutang , Zhang Xiaoling , Zhang Qiuhua , Tan Weihong
Published: June 2009

High quality CdS nanorods are synthesized reproducibly with cadmium acetate and sulfur as precursors in trioctylphosphine solution. The morphology, crystalline form and phase composition of CdS nanorods are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD). CdS nanorods obtained are uniform with an aspect ratio of about 5:1 and in a wurtzite structure. The influence of reaction conditions on the growth of CdS nanorods demonstrates that low precursor concentration and high reaction temperature (260 °C) are favorable for the formation of uniform CdS nanorods with 85.3% of product yield.
Some Schiff Base Surfactants as Steel‐Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Aiad Ismail Abdelrhman , Negm Nabel A.
Published: June 2009

Two series of Schiff base amphiphiles were prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde or anisaldehyde with three different alkyl chain length fatty amines namely: dodecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl amine. The chemical structures of the prepared Schiff bases were confirmed by using different techniques, (elemental analysis, FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectra). The data of structural analysis for these compounds were confirmed by the purity of the synthesized amphiphiles. The synthesized Schiff bases were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for low carbon steel (mild steel) in various acidic media (HCl and H2SO4) using a weight loss technique. The corrosion inhibition measurements of these inhibitors showed high protection against corrosion process in the tested acidic media at different doses (50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) as well as their having a good biocidal effect against sulphate reducing bacteria. The discussion correlated the efficient corrosion inhibition of these inhibitors to their chemical structures.
From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda
Authors: BLATTMAN CHRISTOPHER
Published: June 2009

What is the political legacy of violent conflict? I present evidence for a link from past violence to increased political engagement among excombatants. The evidence comes from northern Uganda, where rebel recruitment generated quasiexperimental variation in who was conscripted by abduction. Survey data suggest that abduction leads to substantial increases in voting and community leadership, largely due to elevated levels of violence witnessed. Meanwhile, abduction and violence do not appear to affect nonpolitical participation. These patterns are not easily explained by conventional theories of participation, including mobilization by elites, differential costs, and altruistic preferences. Qualitative interviews suggest that violence may lead to personal growth and political activation, a possibility supported by psychological research on the positive effects of traumatic events. Although the generalizability of these results requires more evidence to judge, the findings challenge our understanding of political behavior and point to important new avenues of research.
Should Peacemakers Take Sides? Major Power Mediation, Coercion, and Bias
Authors: FAVRETTO KATJA
Published: June 2009

This paper focuses on powerful third parties whose interests in a conflict are closely aligned with a single disputant's interests. I show that such third-party bias reveals private information about an intervener's willingness to secure an agreement using force. When a highly biased power intervenes in a crisis, a peaceful settlement is likely because warring parties are certain the third party will enforce an agreement by military means. When an intervener shows less favoritism, negotiations tend to fail because the disputants doubt that it is committed to use force. Peace is again more likely when the third party is unbiased because such a party behaves as a mediator, seeking agreements both adversaries find acceptable. These findings, coupled with evidence from U.S. and British interventions in the Balkans, suggest a possible explanation for why major power intervention can bring about drastically different outcomes.
Who Wants To Revise Privatization? The Complementarity of Market Skills and Institutions
Authors: DENISOVA IRINA , ELLER MARKUS , FRYE TIMOTHY , ZHURAVSKAYA EKATERINA
Published: June 2009

Using survey data from 28 transition countries, we test for the complementarity and substitutability of market-relevant skills and institutions. We show that democracy and good governance complement market skills in transition economies. Under autocracy and weak governance institutions, there is no significant difference in support for revising privatization between high- and low-skilled respondents. As the level of democracy and the quality of governance increases, the difference in the level of support for revising privatization between the high and low skilled grows dramatically. This finding contributes to our understanding of microfoundations of the politics of economic reform.
The Design of Montesquieu'sThe Spirit of the Laws:The Triumph of Freedom over Determinism
Authors: SAMUEL ANA J.
Published: June 2009

One of the perennial puzzles of Montesquieu'sThe Spirit of the Lawsis whether it has a coherent design. Although the dominant line of thinking is that this work has no unified structure, another believes it to have some organizing principle, even though proposals as to what it may be have failed to convince for lack of ability to account for various features of the work. I propose thatThe Spirit of the Lawsis organized in a dialectical way, juxtaposing the antitheses of human freedom and determination. The tension between these is manifest in the first half of the work and resolved in the middle, and human freedom worked out and advanced in the second half. This article solves the long-standing question of the design ofThe Spirit of the Lawsand reveals that the work's ultimate purpose is to champion human liberty over determination, contrary to the views of those who read the work as deterministic.
Palaeoscolecid scleritome fragments withHadimopanellaplates from the early Cambrian of South Australia
Authors: TOPPER TIMOTHY P. , BROCK GLENN A. , SKOVSTED CHRISTIAN B. , PATERSON JOHN R.
Published: June 2009

Phosphatized articulated palaeoscolecid scleritome fragments with attachedHadimopanellaGedik, 1977 plates are described from the lower Cambrian Mernmerna Formation of South Australia.Hadimopanellais principally known from single, isolated, button-shaped, phosphatic sclerites. The new articulated material from South Australia reveals for the first time the configuration of plates referable toHadimopanellawithin the scleritome. The scleritome fragments represent the main trunk sections of the cuticle with anterior and posterior terminations lacking. Each annulus on the trunk is ornamented by rows of irregularly alternatingHadimopanellaplates. The large majority of plates display a single, centrally located, conical node referable to the form speciesH. apicataWrona, 1982. However, individual plates display considerable morphological variation with plates situated along the flattened trunk margin identical to the form speciesH. antarcticaWrona, 1987. The South Australian material displays the detailed scleritome configuration of cuticular plates and platelets and demonstrates irrefutably that plates of the form speciesH. apicataandH. antarcticaoccur as mineralized cuticular elements on the same palaeoscolecid scleritome.
Attachment, reproduction, and life history trade-offs: A broader view of human mating
Authors: Beckes Lane , Simpson Jeffry A.
Published: June 2009

In this commentary, we attempt to broaden thinking and dialogue about how our ancestral past might have affected attachment and reproductive strategies. We highlight the theoretical benefits of formulating specific predictions of how different sources of stress might impact attachment and reproductive strategies differently, and we integrate some of these ideas with another recent evolutionary model of human mating.
Behavioural Analysis And Cognition
Authors: Burton Mark
Published: June 2009

Recent articles in this journal have argued for and against the admission of cognitive concepts in discussion of behavioural therapies. The intention of this article is to clarify some of the issues and hence to try and reduce some of the confusion.

Much of the confusion stems from a misunderstanding of behaviourism, particularly of the approach variously called radical, analytical, or systematic behaviourism. This approach, associated with Skinner in particular, must be clearly demarcated from methodological behaviourism which simply distinguishes between the public and the private, and then studies only the former, thus maintaining a dualist ontology between the physical and the mental. Analytical behaviourism, on the other hand, only accepts the existence of the physical, but also distinguishes between the public and the private (Skinner, 1945, 1953, 1964).
Goal Planning in Residential Care for the Severely Mentally Handicapped
Authors: Clements J. C.
Published: June 2009

Effecting change in any organisation is a difficult process (Watson, 1972; Georgiades & Phillimore, 1975), but this is particularly so in hospitals for the mentally handicapped. These are under considerable public pressure to change the aims of the organisation away from simply a caring role, and towards a teaching role aimed at the maximum development of each individual's abilities. Translating these demands into tangible changes presents enormous problems. Very often projects which demonstrate what can be done for the handicapped remain isolated examples of excellence, and do not translate into general service provision effecting the lives of large numbers of handicapped people. The gap between current knowledge and actual practice remains enormous. The particular programmes to be described here arose out of just a small scale “demonstration” project with a group of children on one ward in a mental handicap hospital (Clements, 1976). This programme which was highly staffed aimed at encouraging the all round development of a group of young profoundly, and multiply handicapped children. These children were part of a 30 bedded-ward for multiply handicapped children and young adults. The ages ranged from 12–23 years, no child was fully ambulant, none had any speech, none were continent, and only a few were able to feed themselves. After the success of the demonstration programme, it became necessary to find ways of applying the findings to the ordinary ward situation, where staff ratios were far less favourable. And if a method of sustaining a whole-ward programme were found, this would be of relevance to other wards within the hospital complex.
… and Teacher came too!
Authors: Burland P. M. , Burland J. R.
Published: June 2009

The use of behaviour modification techniques in educational settings is growing steadily in this country. (Ward, 1971; Atkinson, 1975; Tsoi and Yule, 1976; and Brown, 1977). Many teachers are being attracted to these techniques because of the logical approach, the verified principles from which they are derived, the possibility of objective evaluation, the general interest of children in their use and—importantly—the fact that techniques are only a more systemised version of teaching children than they have been using themselves for decades. Clarizio and Yelon (1967) have given several reasons why teachers are appropriate people to use behaviour modification. They note that behaviour modification focuses on behaviour as it presents, rather than on its causes which helps the teacher as he is not normally trained to probe for such causes, is rarely in a position to directly manipulate the cause to effect change and probably knows from experience that even when causes have been isolated and manipulated by other professionals, the behaviour may still persist in the classroom. Unfortunately in some descriptions of the use of behaviour modification not enough thought is given to distinguishing for the reader what are the essentials for experimental design and what are the essentials for a practising teacher in the classroom.
Token Economies and Other Token Programmes in the United States
Authors: Fernandez J.
Published: June 2009

Following the setting-up of the token economy programme (T.E.P.) in St. Brendan's Hospital, Dublin in 1968 (Fingleton and Mccutchan, 1969) and completion of the first series of studies (Fernandez, 1972, a) this author was awarded a Travelling Fellowship by the World Health Organization, Geneva; which enabled him to visit a number of T.E. Programmes in the United States. Following the above visit, a Final Report was submitted to the funding agency (Fernandez, 1972, c). This paper will concern itself with a summary of all observations made in the above Report, and where relevant, these observations have been up-dated in the light of recent research developments and with other informal observations not mentioned in the Final Report.
Increasing Engagement of Adult Psychiatric Patients in a Day-Hospital
Authors: Robertson Ian
Published: June 2009

To increase levels of activity of patients and residents in institutions is seen as an important aim. Work in old people's homes shows that this can be achieved by supplying residents with simple recreational activities. It has also been shown with profoundly mentally handicapped adults that training staff to pay attention to working residents and largely ignore non-active ones leads to increases in resident activity. This study replicates both these results with adult psychiatric day patients. Implications for staff training are discussed.
The “Emperor's Clothes”—revealed, or Social Skills vs. Research Skills. Which are needed most? A Comment on the BABP Symposium
Authors: Stravynski Ariel
Published: June 2009

On December 19th last year, the BABP sponsored a well-attended symposium on Social Skills Training. The size of the audience attests to the interest in this area, but the level of discussion was less sophisticated than they had the right to expect. The publicity posters posed two questions: “Who, if anyone, really benefits? How, if at all, should it be done?”. This implied that a critical look would be taken at the voluminous literature and that healthy scepticism was the keynote of the evening.
Bibliotherapy as an adjunct in the Behavioural Treatment of Sexual Problems
Authors: Liddell Andrée , Holley Sheila
Published: June 2009

A guide to a highly selected list of books written by “experts” for the layman. The selection reflects the authors' own bias for experts whose approach relied primarily on sound scientific bases such as large scale and representative surveys, systematic or controlled observations.
Behavioural Analyses of Gambling
Authors: Saunders D. M. , Wookey P. E.
Published: June 2009

1978 was marked by the publication of two major reports on gambling, the Royal Commissioners Report (1978) and the Home Office Research Report by Cornish (1978). These are in many senses complementary publications. The Royal Commission presents a wealth of factual data on the various forms of gambling in the UK, and devotes only two pages to the psychology of gambling, in which reference is made to Cornish's report and endorsement given to the conclusion. Cornish offers an extensive and systematic review of psychological and sociological approaches to gambling with an interesting synthesis and suggestions for future research. The present paper is in no way attempting to parallel Cornish's exhaustive treatment of the subject, but rather to argue for and examine a specific approach to the problem of gambling.
Outcome Evauation Issues in the Behavioural Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Miller Peter
Published: June 2009

Since obesity is a persuasive health problem in our society one would expect that treatment outcome evaluation of weight control methods has received a great deal of attention. Unfortunately, nothing could be further from the truth. Weight control fads reach heights of widespread popularity despite the absence of extensive clinical evaluation. Follow-up evaluations that have been reported tend to be extremely brief. For example, the vast majority of behavior modification studies of obesity have reported follow-up data for only 6 to 8 weeks (Brownell, in press). In fact, in a recent report, Gotestam (1979) found only three behavior modification studies of obesity with a follow-up of one year or longer. This is a particularly crucial problem due to the high proportion of relapse observed during the first year after obesity treatment.
Social skills training with adolescent offenders: A review
Authors: Spence Sue
Published: June 2009

The prevention and modification of delinquent behaviour is an issue of increasing concern to society, both in Great Britain and the U.S.A. This concern is aggravated by a growing amount of evidence which suggests that the majority of intervention procedures are not successful in preventing further offending by juvenile offenders (Cornish and Clarke, 1975, Hood and Sparks, 1970, Feldman, 1976). This appears to be true of both penal methods such as fines, probation or imprisonment (Hood and Sparks, 1970) and psychotherapeutic approaches (Logan, 1972).
Components of Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment for Performance Anxiety
Authors: Thorpe Geoffrey L. , Burns Laurence E.
Published: June 2009

Research in cognitive-behaviour modification (CBM; Meichenbaum, 1978) continues apace, and a particularly important area is the study of the “crucial ingredients” of successful CBM programmes. However, findings reported to date are not unequivocal. For example, in a recent article, Glogower, Fremouw and McCroskey (1978) report that the rehearsal of coping self-statements was a more effective component of cognitive restructuring than imparting insight into unhelpful self-statements in reducing performance anxiety about speaking in a group. A treatment condition which combined both procedures was most successful in general, but was not significantly better than rehearsal alone. The study was well-designed and implemented, and the authors were able to support their conclusions by referring to both self-report and behavioural data. The results directly contrast with those of Thorpe, Amatu, Blakey and Burns (1976), who sought to test similar hypothesis in a similar experiment in Britain. Glogower et al. correctly point out the differences between the studies include the relative youth of subjects, brevity of treatment, and few kinds of coping self-statement used in the Thorpe et al. study. They further indicate that a combination group has fared well in studies other than their own (e.g. Fremouw & Zitter, 1978), but that in the Thorpe et al. study the combination procedure, similar to the instructional rehearsal procedure, was significantly less effective than “insight” on self-report measures.
Treatment of Chronic Blushing by Paradoxical Intention
Authors: Timms Michael W. H.
Published: June 2009

Two previous articles report the successful treatment of chronic blushing (Salter, 1952, Case 10; Gibbs, 1965). Both cases employed techniques which were designed to increase the patient's self-assertiveness. As an adjunct to his therapy, Salter instructed his patient in the use of paradoxical intention to diminish blushing behaviour. This technique derives from Dunlap's (1932) beta hypothesis on learning which states that “the occurence of a response lessens the probability that on the recurrence of the same stimulus pattern, the same response will recur” (page 78). The present case describes the treatment of blushing with paradoxical intention alone.
Social Skills training in an Infant School Setting
Authors: Frosh Stephen , Callias Maria
Published: June 2009

In recent years, a growing body of research has established that children who have poor peer relationships are particularly at risk for the development of later psychiatric and antisocial disorders — for instance, they are more likely to drop out of school, be later identified as juvenile delinquents, and have mental health problems in adult life (Asher et al., 1977). Children who are picked out by their peers as isolated or rejected are particularly vulnerable (Cowen et al., 1973; Roff et al., 1972). This finding has led researchers to evaluate “popularity” by sociometric tests which involve asking children who their friends are and who they dislike. Such sociometric scores have been shown to have moderate reliability (Roff et al., 1972), but much depends on the type of question asked (Oden & Asher, 1977). In particular, it is clear that sociometric acceptance has different correlates from sociometric rejection, the former being more an index of amount of social participation (Combs & Slaby, 1977), the latter of its quality.
Behaviour Modification and the Overjustification Effect
Authors: Ogilvie Lee , Prior Margot
Published: June 2009

Behaviour modification procedures have been subject to criticism by proponents of the cognitive evaluation theory using as an empirical base, the overjustification effect. In this paper some of the tenets of the theory as applied to behaviour modification and the parameters of the overjustification effect are examined. It is concluded that methodological problems in the reported research and the lack of comparability between overjustification experiments and commonly used behavioural procedures invalidate the claim that rewarding a behaviour will lead to a decline in intrinsic motivation to engage in that behaviour.
An Electronic System for Recording Ongoing Behavior in Real Time
Authors: Poole A. Desmond , Sanson-Fisher R. W. , Lowe Ian
Published: June 2009

A number of problems associated with the use of the commonly employed interval and event recording procedures are discussed and it is suggested that these problems may be overcome by the use of real time recording techniques. An electronic system for recording ongoing behavior is described. The Data Acquisition in Real Time II (DART II) system consists of an open-format, microprocessor-controlled coding unit which permits the recording of the onset and offset of discrete behaviors as they occur in real time. It is completely portable, totally silent in operation, allows up to 60 discrete behavioral categories to be coded, provides comprehensive feedback to the user, and can store data almost indefinitely in a form which allows for direct transfer to computer for analysis. While the DART II system may be employed for interval or event recording, its use in a two-channel configuration to record the interactions between a target subject and several input persons is described. Advantages of the system are discussed.
Estimation by Microcomputer of Interobserver Agreement in Duration Recording of Behaviour
Authors: Lambourne R. D. , Wheldall K.
Published: June 2009

A scheme is presented in which the level of agreement between two observers carrying out duration recording can be more accurately estimated than by conventional procedures. Each observer operates a push-button connected to a microcomputer to signal the presence of the behaviour to be measured and the duration of its occurrence. At the end of the measurement period, the computer reports each observer's rating of the proportion of time for which the behaviour was present, as well as various measures of the level of agreement between observers.
Attitude Change and Social Skills Training: Potential Techniques
Authors: Green David , Yeo Peter
Published: June 2009

At a recent British Association for Behavioural Psychotherapy (B.A.B.P.) conference* concerned with social skills training for adolescents, several speakers from both clinical and academic backgrounds pointed to the limitations of a purely behavioural approach to educating young people encountering difficulties in interpersonal relationships. More specifically, they questioned the analysis of social unease solely in terms of a skills deficit that can be countered by extending the behavioural repertoire of the person concerned. The expectation that, armed with this fresh weaponry, the client would willingly experiment, meet with significant success and change his attitudes accordingly, was exposed as a little naive. The general tenor of opinion was that changing the way the client thinks about himself and others should be a primary goal of social skills training. This is probably a legitimate analysis in all forms of social skills work, but is of singular relevance when dealing with adolescents for whom theorists of a range of persuasions have seen issues of identity and self-image, as of central developmental importance (Blos, 1967; Coleman, 1980; Erikson, 1968).
Cognitive Therapy of Depression: The Mechanisms of Change
Authors: Fennell Melanie J. V.
Published: June 2009

Evidence is now accumulating for cognitive therapy as a promising treatment for depression. However, there is as yet little indication as to how it achieves its effects. The paper addresses this issue as it relates to the immediate impact of therapy, the achievement of change over the course of treatment as a whole, and the maintenance of improvement and prevention of relapse.
Relaxation Training in the Reduction of Traumatic Headaches: A Case Study
Authors: Smith Timothy W. , Denney Douglas R.
Published: June 2009

Self-controlled relaxation training was combined with assertion training to treat a 22-year-old woman with a 2-year history of chronic headaches following a traumatic injury to her head and neck. There was a substantial drop in the frequency of headaches and medication use with the introduction of both components of treatment. Gains were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. The case is presented in the context of a general treatment plan for modification of traumatic headaches. The plan combines a focus on both antecedent (i.e. environmental stress) and consequent (i.e. pain behavior reinforcers) events as possible factors influencing chronic post-traumatic head pain.
Is a B.A.T. Therapeutic?
Authors: Rowland L. A. , Canavan A. G. M.
Published: June 2009

Recent years have seen a growing concern in the psychometric properties of behavioural assessment procedures. The present study addresses itself to the question of the possible reactivity of the behavioural assessment of fear, a situation predicted both by the experimental extinction and incubation models.

In a single case study it was found that a 50% reduction in self-reported fear was associated with the behavioural assessment, though there was no evidence of a reduction of fear associated with “verbal therapy”. It is suggested that:
(i) behavioural assessments of fear are reactive;
(ii) that they produce a reduction in fear; and
(iii) that this is consistent with an extinction model.