bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Doxorubicin Efficacy by Bacopaside II in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Rad Sima Kianpour , Yeo Kenny K. L. , Li Runhao , Wu Fangmeinuo , Liu Saifei , Nourmohammadi Saeed , Murphy William M. , Tomita Yoko , Price Timothy J. , Ingman Wendy V. , Townsend Amanda R. , Smith Eric
Published: January 2025

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with limited treatment options and high resistance to chemotherapy. Doxorubicin is commonly used, but its efficacy is limited by variable sensitivity and resistance. Bacopaside II, a saponin compound, has shown anti-cancer potential. This study evaluates the effects of doxorubicin and bacopaside II, both individually and in combination, across TNBC subtypes to explore mechanisms of resistance and enhanced drug efficacy. Methods: The growth-inhibitory effects of doxorubicin and bacopaside II were assessed in four TNBC cell lines. IC50 values were determined using dose–response assays, and doxorubicin accumulation was measured via spectral flow cytometry. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter expression (ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC3, and ABCG2) was analyzed for correlations with drug sensitivity. In silico docking assessed the binding affinity of bacopaside II to ABC transporters. A 3D culture model simulated drug-resistant TNBC, and combination effects were evaluated with live-cell imaging. Results: Doxorubicin sensitivity varied across TNBC molecular subtypes, correlating to intracellular accumulation. Bacopaside II inhibited growth across subtypes, inducing apoptosis in sensitive cells and necrosis in resistant cells. Bacopaside II increased doxorubicin accumulation, independent of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), possibly through interactions with other ABC transporters. In drug-resistant 3D cultures, bacopaside II maintained efficacy and enhanced doxorubicin accumulation, counteracting ABC transporter-mediated resistance. The doxorubicin and bacopaside II combination showed synergistic growth inhibition. Conclusions: Bacopaside II enhances doxorubicin efficacy in TNBC by increasing drug accumulation and overcoming ABC transporter-mediated resistance, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant in TNBC treatment. These findings support further investigation of bacopaside II, particularly for resistant TNBC subtypes.
Characterization of the Sodium Multi-Vitamin Transporter in the Mosquito Anopheles stephensi and Its Capacity to Mobilize Pantothenate and Biotin
Authors: Isoe Jun , Riske Brendan F. , Dobson Megan E. , Kaylor Hannah L. , Brady Jessica C. , Debebe Yared , Saavedra Laura M. , Luckhart Shirley , Riehle Michael A.
Published: January 2025

Pantothenate (Pan), or vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of co-enzyme A (CoA), acetyl-CoA, and numerous downstream physiological processes. We previously demonstrated that Pan is not only essential for mosquito survival, but also for the development of malaria parasites within the mosquito, suggesting that targeting Pan and CoA biosynthesis may be a novel approach for malaria control. However, little is known about how Pan is acquired and mobilized within the mosquito. In this work, we examined Pan levels in the important human malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, including the abundance of Pan during immature development and adulthood. We also assessed the distribution of Pan in various adult tissues and examined the impact of provisioning Pan to the mosquito via a sugar or blood meal on mosquito survival and reproduction. Furthermore, we examined how Pan was mobilized in the mosquito via a putative Pan transporter, the A. stephensi sodium multi-vitamin transporter. We demonstrated that this transporter is capable of mobilizing both Pan and biotin (vitamin B7) in a dose dependent manner. We also assessed the distribution of A. stephensi sodium multi-vitamin transporter in the mosquito and its capacity to transport vitamins. This work establishes the basic physiology of Pan uptake and mobilization in the mosquito, providing essential information for Pan based malaria control strategies.
Affordable mRNA Novel Proteins, Recombinant Protein Conversions, and Biosimilars—Advice to Developers and Regulatory Agencies
Authors: Niazi Sarfaraz K.
Published: January 2025

mRNA technology can replace the expensive recombinant technology for every type of protein, making biological drugs more affordable. It can also expedite the entry of new biological drugs, and copies of approved mRNA products can be treated as generic or biosimilar products due to their chemical nature. The introduction of hundreds of new protein drugs have been blocked due to the high cost of recombinant development. The low CAPEX and OPEX associated with mRNA technology bring it within the reach of developing countries that are currently deprived of life-saving biological drugs. In this paper, we advise developers to introduce novel proteins and switch recombinant manufacturing to mRNA delivery, and we further advise regulatory authorities to allow for the approval of copies of mRNA products with less testing. We anticipate that mRNA technology will make protein drugs, such as natural and engineered proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines, accessible to billions of patients worldwide.
The Heterophil-to-Lymphocyte (H/L) Ratio Indicates Varying Physiological Characteristics in Nestlings Compared to Adults in a Long-Lived Seabird
Authors: Bråthen Vegard Sandøy , Skomsø Dagfinn Breivik , Bech Claus
Published: January 2025

The ratio of the innate heterophils to the acquired lymphocytes (the H/L-ratio) has been advocated as a good indicator of physiological stress. Little is known, however, about their development in wild birds. The present study investigates how leucocyte profiles develop in nestlings of a long-lived seabird, the Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). We counted blood leucocytes in nestlings of about 10 and 25 days of age (n = 23), and in breeding adults around the time of hatching (n = 40) and calculated the H/L-ratio for all three groups. We further investigated if any variation in the leucocyte counts could be explained by body condition or the stress-related hormone corticosterone. 10-day-old nestlings in better body condition showed greater investment in heterophils, which increased their H/L-ratio. The initial focus on innate immunity shifted towards acquired immunity by 25 days, aligning their H/L-ratio with that of adults. In adult Kittiwakes, however, better body condition correlated with lower H/L-ratio, the reverse of the pattern in young nestlings, and this variation was not linked to stress hormone (corticosterone) levels. Overall, our findings suggest that the H/L-ratio reflects the ontogeny of physiological traits and individual condition. As an indicator, values must be interpreted depending on age, in which its sensitivity may also vary. As such, the H/L-ratio may not always be a reliable indicator of physiological stress, in particular related to the release of glucocorticoid hormones.
Improving Anxiety Related to Chronic Pain Through a Sleep Circadian Intervention Program: A Pilot Study
Authors: López-Monzoni Sonia , Hernando Benito Gloria , Romero-Peralta Sofía , Silgado-Martínez Laura , Viejo-Ayuso Maria Esther , Álvarez-Balado Leticia , Rodríguez Matarranz Enrique , Forné Izquierdo Carles , Sánchez-de-la-Torre Manuel , Masa Juan Fernando , Barbé Ferrán , García-Río Francisco , Martínez-Nicolás Antonio , García-Mediano Belén , Solano-Pérez Esther , Mediano Olga
Published: January 2025

The limitations of pharmacological treatments for chronic pain have become increasingly evident: dependency, side effects, resistance, and diminishing efficacy. The urgent need for innovative solutions has become a compelling focus for improving patient outcomes. Innovative non-pharmacological approaches, such as sleep management, as a strategy to reduce opioid consumption and pain control are needed. The aim was to evaluate the impact of a Sleep and Circadian Intervention Program (SCIP) in the control of chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). This was a randomized clinical trial (NCT03646084), in which 49 CMP patients were assigned to SCIP (n = 15, mean age 51 years and 40% women) or non-SCIP groups (n = 26, 53 years and 61.5% women). Outcomes were evaluated after 6 months through self-reported questionnaires (pain intensity, physical function, depression/anxiety, and quality of life (QoL)). The SCIP group was assessed by polysomnography and specific questionnaires and was treated for diagnosed sleep disorders according to clinical guidelines. This population showed a moderate pain intensity at baseline, important deterioration of QoL and pathological anxiety/fear related to pain. Fifty percent of them presented restless leg syndrome, 60% moderate/severe insomnia, and 62.5% sleep apnea. During the follow-up, the SCIP group presented a greater reduction in the abnormal risk group for anxiety (from 73.3% to 46.7%) and depression (from 53.3% to 33.3%) on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale compared to the non-SCIP group (from 40% to 29.2% and 33.3% to 29.2%, respectively). Also, a positive significant effect on anxiety/fear related to pain was found in the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale multivariable model, with an important improvement in symptoms. The application of SCIP in CMP patients improved anxiety and controlled associated sleep disorders, highlighting the impact on insomnia. Larger studies are needed for better understanding of the sleep intervention in CMP control.
How Does Job Well-Being Optimize Audit Performance? The Moderating Effect of Passion
Authors: Cheng Kuo-Chih , Lin Yuan-Sheng , Yang Tung-Chin , Chuang Tsung-Fu , Lai Hsiu-Mei , Lin Lan-Hui , Chung Shao-Hsi
Published: January 2025

Most prior studies found that job well-being and job performance are in a linear relationship. Audit firms are a type of highly professional organization. Based on the affective events theory, this study argues that job well-being can accelerate the improvement of audit performance thus forming a curvilinear relationship. Additionally, auditing is a job that demands highly professional skills and responsibility. This study argues that an auditor’s passion for work can strengthen the relationship between job well-being and audit performance. The study employed a quantitative survey approach, collecting data from 178 auditors who are in a position of in-charge, deputy manager, and manager in the Big Four CPA firms in Taiwan. The empirical evidence confirmed that job well-being and audit performance are in a curvilinear relationship. In addition, the effect of job well-being on audit performance is greater in the presence of high passion and will diminish when the passion is low. According to the research results, the managerial implications for audit firms are provided.
A Campus Landscape Visual Evaluation Method Integrating PixScape and UAV Remote Sensing Images
Authors: Song Lili , Wu Moyu
Published: January 2025

Landscape, as an important component of environmental quality, is increasingly valued by scholars for its visual dimension. Unlike evaluating landscape visual quality through on-site observation or using digital photos, the landscape visualization modeling method supported by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial photography, geographic information System (GIS), and PixScape has the advantage of systematically scanning landscape geographic space. The data acquisition is convenient and fast, and the resolution is high, providing a new attempt for landscape visualization analysis. In order to explore the application of visibility modeling based on high-resolution UAV remote sensing images in landscape visual evaluation, this study takes campus landscape as an example and uses high-resolution campus UAV remote sensing images as the basic data source to analyze the differences between the planar method and tangent method provided by PixScape 1.2 software in visual modeling. Six evaluation factors, including Naturalness (N), Normalized Shannon Diversity Index (S), Contagion (CONTAG), Shannon depth (SD), Depth Line (DL), and Skyline (SL), are selected to evaluate the landscape vision of four viewpoints in the campus based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. The results indicate that the tangent method considers the visual impact of the vertical amplitude and the distance between landscape and viewpoints, which is more in line with the real visual perception of the human eyes. In addition, objective quantitative evaluation metrics based on visibility modeling can reflect the visual differences of landscapes from different viewpoints and have good applicability in campus landscape visual evaluation. It is expected that this research can enrich the method system of landscape visual evaluation and provide technical references for it.
A Novel Full-Tension Crossed Cable-Truss Structure: Feasible Design and Forming Method
Authors: Xu Chenhao , Gao Zhanyuan , Xue Suduo , Zhang Renyuan , Li Xuanzhi
Published: January 2025

In order to avoid the instability of compression support in annular space cable truss structures, a novel full-tension crossed cable-truss structure (FCCTS) is studied. Firstly, according to the geometric shape of cables, the distribution law of cable force in the pre-stressed state is deduced and analyzed by theory. According to the characteristics of the cable force of vertical cables being much smaller than that of upper and lower chord cables, a forming method of tensioning vertical cables, namely, the vertical cable-shortening method (VSM), is proposed. Corresponding node connection devices are also designed and tested. Subsequently, the VSM process for establishing tension is elaborated in detail, and its feasibility is numerically simulated and validated. The results clearly show that VSM can effectively establish the pre-stress state in FCCTS. The VSM has the advantage of low applied tension, making it easier to form structural tension.
Challenging the Binary Classification of Endometrioid Endometrial Adenocarcinoma: The Evaluation of Grade 2 as an Independent Entity Based on Prognostic Characteristics and Recurrence Patterns
Authors: Zouridis Andreas , Kashif Ammara , Darwish Ahmed , Pappa Christina , Ferrari Federico , Smyth Sarah Louise , Sadeghi Negin , Sattar Alisha , Damato Stephen , Abdalla Mostafa , Kehoe Sean , Addley Susan , Soleymani Majd Hooman
Published: January 2025

Background: Although grade is a well-recognised prognostic factor for endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC), in more studies grade 1 (G1) and grade 2 (G2) EEC are combined and compared together with grade 3 (G3) tumours. The aim of our study is to separately investigate the outcomes, prognostic factors and recurrence patterns of G2 EEC and whether the differentiation between G1 and G2 EEC is clinically useful. Methods: we retrospectively reviewed 523 patients with EEC treated with primary surgery over a decade (March 2010–January 2020) at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, focusing on those with G2 disease. Results: Patients with G2 EEC had worse 5-year cancer-specific survival (93.3% vs. 98.5%, p < 0.01) compared to patients with G1 EEC, but a favourable prognosis compared to G3 EEG, both in terms of disease-free survival (91.6 vs. 83.8%, p = 0.04) and cancer-specific survival (93.3% vs. 78.5%, p < 0.01). Both stage and grade are independent risk factors for cancer-specific mortality in EEC. Cervical stromal involvement, parametrial involvement and distant metastatic disease are all independent risk factors for cancer-related mortality in G2 ECC. Only 12.5% of recurrences of G2 EEC were diagnosed with examination in routine follow up in asymptomatic patients. Conclusions: our results suggest that the grading system should continue to differentiate G1 EEC and G2 EEC for better prognosis interpretation.
One-Step Ball Milling Synthesis of Zr-Based Mixed Oxides for the Catalytic Study of Methyl Levulinate Conversion into γ-Valerolactone Under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Lázaro Noelia , Ronda-Leal Marina , Vargas Carolina , Ouyang Weiyi , Pineda Antonio
Published: January 2025

Several mixed oxides composed of Fe3O4, ZrO2, and Al2O3 with different molar ratios were synthesized through a direct and simple mechanochemical approach. Subsequently, their physicochemical properties were investigated using a wide range of techniques, including TEM (transmission electron microscopy), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and N2 adsorption/desorption, among others. These materials showed high surface areas and increased acidity compared to their respective counterparts. The catalytic activity of the synthesized materials was evaluated in the conversion of methyl levulinate (MEL) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) under microwave irradiation conditions, employing different alcohols as H-donor solvents (ethanol, 2-propanol, and 2-butanol). Due to their improved physicochemical properties originating from the ball-milling method, the as-synthesized materials (ZrFeOx 1:1, AlZrFeOx (5), and AlZrFeOx (10)) exhibited conversion rates of up to 99%, with complete selectivity for GVL after a relatively short reaction time of 30 min.
Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine with Graphene Oxide Carbon Dots Modified Electrodes
Authors: Torres-Soto Omar Isaac , Vega-Rios Alejandro , Dominguez Rocio B. , Osuna Velia
Published: January 2025

In this work, the influence of surface functionalization due to synthesis conditions of graphene oxide quantum dots GOQDs was evaluated for dopamine (DA) detection. GOQDs were synthesized using HNO3 (6 M or 8 M) through a liquid-phase oxidation method. The characterization (HRTEM, FTIR, Raman, and XRD) and evaluation by amperometry (AMP) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed that GOQDs-8 synthesized with higher oxygen content were more sensitive and selective in DA detection than GOQDs-6. The synergistic effects of electrostatic attraction from glassy carbon electrode negatively charged surface, functionalization for inner-sphere mechanism, and edge effect from lower particle size resulted in amplified electrochemical signal achieving detection at nanomolar level using AMP and DPV. When evaluated using AMP, GCE/GOQDs-8 showed a sensitivity of 0.0422 μA μM–1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 17.6 nM, a linear range from 0.1 to 100 μM, and minimal interference for uric acid, levodopa, and acetaminophen. In contrast, using DPV, the GCE/GOQDs-8 exhibited a sensitivity of 0.0616 μA μM–1, a LOD of 506 nM, and a linear range from 0.1–30 μM with remarkable selectivity from all interferent species. The assay of GOQDs-8/GCE sensor in normal human serum proved to be feasible for the practical determination of DA. The recovery obtained was in the range of 94.1 to 112.8% with a relative standard deviation (RSD), n = 3 of less than 3.62%. The oxygen-rich material showed a promising performance that can be further improved with additional nanocarbon or conducting polymers supports.
Low-Power, High-Speed Adder Circuit Utilizing Current-Starved Inverters in 22 nm FDSOI
Authors: Dix Jeff
Published: January 2025

A low-power, high-speed adder circuit topology based on current-starved inverters is presented to provide a basic arithmetic function for low-power, high-frequency signal processing systems. The adder is designed in 22 nm FDSOI (Fully-Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator) technology and is suitable for operation up to 5 GHz (Giga-Hertz). The proposed adder utilizes current-starved inverters to implement low-power operation while still maintaining signal integrity for high-frequency sine signals. The circuit uses a differential input and output structure to mitigate potential noise coupling onto any high-frequency signal pathways. The proposed solution differs from standard adder architectures by utilizing a fully analog signal processing design, accepting analog inputs while outputting an analog signal, and offering suitable functionality at Giga-Hertz level signals as compared to other relevant works. The simulated experimental results show the power consumption to be approximately 150 nW at 0.8 V supply with an input-referred noise of 6.091 nV/Hz at 5 GHz.
1q21.1 Duplication Syndrome and Anorectal Malformations: A Literature Review and a New Case
Authors: Minelli Maria , Palka Bayard de Volo Chiara , Alfonsi Melissa , Capanna Serena , Morizio Elisena , Miscia Maria Enrica , Lisi Gabriele , Stuppia Liborio , Gatta Valentina
Published: January 2025

Background: Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are a common pediatric surgical problem with an incidence of 1:1500 to 1:5000 live births. The phenotypical spectrum extends from anal stenosis to imperforate anus with or without anal fistula to persistent cloaca. They can manifest as either non-syndromic or syndromic conditions. Various environmental and genetic risk factors have been elucidated. The widespread use of genetic screening tests for the investigation of developmental disorders increased the recognition of copy number variants (CNVs) of the 1q21.1 region. Duplications have also been associated with a multitude of congenital anomalies, such as heart disease, short stature, scoliosis, urogenital, and ARMs, and they have also been found in healthy individuals. The aim of this manuscript is to contribute to the definition of the phenotype associated with 1q21.1 duplications. Case presentation: The present case describes a male, referred to us for an ARM, in whom array—comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) identified 1q21.1 duplication inherited from his healthy mother. No other genetic test was performed on the patient. Conclusions: We propose considering genetic evaluation and analysis in patients with only one congenital malformation in order to eventually make an early diagnosis and a better quality of treatments.
A Shift in Conceptual Thinking of Panfacial Fracture Sequencing: The Major Fragment Theory
Authors: Wong Patrick , Atte Antonio , Powers David , Tiwana Paul
Published: January 2025

Study Design: A literature review of relevant publications regarding panfacial fracture sequencing. Objective: To review the current landscape of sequencing of panfacial trauma and propose the utilization of the Major Fragment Theory when conventional sequencing techniques are inadequate. Methods: We conducted a review of existing literature on panfacial fracture management, focusing on sequencing techniques. Additionally, we analyzed unique fracture patterns to identify instances where conventional sequencing may be insufficient. Results: Existing literature emphasizes directional-based sequencing techniques for panfacial fracture reduction. However, unique fracture patterns often necessitate deviation from these sequences. The Major Fragment Theory suggests prioritizing the reduction of larger fragments over conventional sequencing, particularly when dealing with complex fractures. Conclusions: While directional-based sequencing techniques provide a valuable framework for panfacial fracture management and almost any approach can be utilized successfully, the Major Fragment Theory offers a complementary approach for cases where conventional sequencing falls short. Incorporating this theory into practice may enhance outcomes in the treatment of panfacial fractures.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Following Secondary Velopharyngeal Insufficiency in Children with Non-Syndromic Cleft Palate: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chin Milton , Haj Mona , Versnel Sarah L. , de Gier Henriette H. W. , Wolvius Eppo B.
Published: January 2025

Study design: Systematic review. Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a possible complication following secondary velopharyngeal insufficiency surgery in patients with repaired cleft palate. Various surgical techniques are used to treat secondary velopharyngeal insufficiency after cleft palate repair, but the optimal procedure remains debatable. This review provides an overview of the incidence of airway obstructive outcomes related to different surgical modalities. Methods: A systematic search was performed on the 1st of February following the PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022299715). The following databases were reviewed: Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library databases. Studies that included data on the occurrence of OSA following velopharyngeal surgery in children with a repaired non-syndromic cleft palate were included. Non-English articles and studies that included syndromic cleft palate patients were excluded. Results: Twenty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria. The surgical procedures are classified into three groups: pharyngeal flap procedure (PF), sphincter pharyngoplasty (SP), and palatal muscle repositioning (PMR). Incidence of post-operative OSA and symptoms of OSA were lowest after PMR compared to SP and PF (3%; 34%; 29%, respectively). Pharyngeal flap procedures resulted in the best speech outcomes. Conclusions: PMR results in fewer postoperative complications in terms of OSA and achieves a satisfactory reduction in hypernasal speech. PF procedure carries a higher risk of developing OSA postoperatively but seems to be superior in the reduction in hypernasality.
Application of Porous Materials in Photocatalytic Treatment of Wastewater
Authors: Nan Jian , Liu Xinyu , Zhang Di , Xu Rui , Zhang Yong
Published: January 2025

With the increasing environmental water pollution, there is an increasing demand for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. Photocatalysis, as an environmentally friendly oxidation technology, shows significant promise for the degradation and mineralization of organic pollutants in wastewater. Porous structured materials have received much attention from scientists for the photocatalytic treatment of wastewater due to their good dispersibility and high specific surface area. Based on the exploration of the recent research papers about various porous materials in photocatalytic degradation of wastewater, we summarize the synthesis of porous materials and methods of loading catalysts, explore the applications for treating different types of pollutants, and finally present the challenges and prospects of porous materials in photocatalytic wastewater treatment. We hope that this review will inspire more researchers to focus on this important field.
Posterior Dislocation of Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty—A Case Report and Review
Authors: de Ruvo Valentino , Strianese Alfonso , Chacra Lily , Rossetti Luca , Patelli Fabio , Fogagnolo Paolo
Published: January 2025

In this study, we describe a case of graft dislocation into the vitreous cavity after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), and review the risk factors and complications of posterior dislocation. A 70-year-old female with disruption of the iris–lens diaphragm experienced DSAEK graft dislocation into the vitreous cavity during air re-bubbling at 1 week postoperatively. The corneal opacity hindered adequate visualization of the vitreous cavity for the immediate retrieval of the graft. Five days after re-bubbling, vitrectomy and corneal tissue removal was performed using a temporary Eckardt keratoprosthesis, and penetrating keratoplasty was subsequently performed. Two weeks after graft removal, a retinal detachment occurred. Silicon oil was used as a tamponade to reattach the retina. Three months after the last procedure, the retina was attached, and the cornea was clear. Posterior dislocation of DSAEK graft is a rare complication. A disrupted iris–lens diaphragm and previous vitrectomy are the main risk factors. Severe vision loss is more likely to occur when corneal tissue removal is delayed. In cases of delayed removal, it is advisable to take precautions to prevent possible retinal detachment.
An Overview of Justicia adhatoda: A Medicinal Plant but Native Invader in India
Authors: Isha  , Kumar Pardeep , Singh Anand Narain
Published: January 2025

Justicia adhatoda, also known as Adulsa or Vasaka, is a notable member of the family Acanthaceae, with a broad geographic distribution across varied climatic conditions, and is known for its extensive medicinal properties for treating respiratory disorders, tuberculosis, malaria, and dysentery. It possesses several pharmacological activities, including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-cancerous ones. In addition to discussing its morphology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects, the present review also focuses on its several unexplored facets, such as pollination mechanism, cytology, molecular and genetic aspects, conservation, and ecological attributes. The literature survey indicates that, despite its medicinal value, J. adhatoda is also a strong invader in various ecosystems, suppressing associated species and cause vegetation homogenization. It also provides several ecosystem services, including soil stabilization, ecological restoration, and phytoremediation by removing contaminants such as chromium and mercury from wastewater. Additionally, its leaves increase the nitrogen content in compost, promote the proliferation of earthworms, and help suppress plant diseases. This highlights its potential for sustainable land management and integrated disease control. The urgency of this research is underscored by the significant gap in the literature regarding the ecological interactions of J. adhatoda, particularly its allelopathic effects on other plant species. The findings underscore the need for sustainable utilization and conservation strategies, emphasizing the dual importance of J. adhatoda as a medicinal resource and an ecological disruptor.
Impact of Buffer Layer on Electrical Properties of Bow-Tie Microwave Diodes on the Base of MBE-Grown Modulation-Doped Semiconductor Structure
Authors: Sužiedėlis Algirdas , Ašmontas Steponas , Gradauskas Jonas , Čerškus Aurimas , Šilėnas Aldis , Lučun Andžej
Published: January 2025

Bow-tie diodes on the base of modulation-doped semiconductor structures are often used to detect radiation in GHz to THz frequency range. The operation of the bow-tie microwave diodes is based on carrier heating phenomena in an epitaxial semiconductor structure with broken geometrical symmetry. However, the electrical properties of bow-tie diodes are highly dependent on the purity of the grown epitaxial layer—specifically, the minimal number of defects—and the quality of the ohmic contacts. The quality of MBE-grown semiconductor structure depends on the presence of a buffer layer between a semiconductor substrate and an epitaxial layer. In this paper, we present an investigation of the electrical and optical properties of planar bow-tie microwave diodes fabricated using modulation-doped semiconductor structures grown via the MBE technique, incorporating either a GaAs buffer layer or a GaAs–AlGaAs super-lattice buffer between the semi-insulating substrate and the active epitaxial layer. These properties include voltage sensitivity, electrical resistance, I–V characteristic asymmetry, nonlinearity coefficient, and photoluminescence. The investigation revealed that the buffer layer, as well as the illumination with visible light, strongly influences the properties of the bow-tie diodes.
Denoising X-Ray Diffraction Two-Dimensional Patterns with Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Ladisa Massimo
Published: January 2025

An X-ray diffraction pattern consists of relevant information (the signal) and noisy background. Under the assumption that they behave as the components of a two-dimensional mixture (bicomponent fluid) having slightly different physical properties related to the density gradients, a Lattice Boltzmann Method is applied to disentangle the two different diffusive dynamics. The solution is numerically stable, not computationally demanding, and, it also provides an efficient increase in the signal-to-noise ratio for patterns blurred by Poissonian noise and affected by collection data anomalies (fiber-like samples, experimental setup, etc.). The model is succesfully applied to different resolution images.
Relationship Between Diaphragm Function and Sarcopenia Assessed by Ultrasound: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Shinohara Takahiro , Yamada Toru , Ouchi Shuji , Mabuchi Suguru , Hanazawa Ryoichi , Nakagawa Kazuharu , Yoshimi Kanako , Mayama Tatsuya , Horike Ayane , Toyoshima Kenji , Tamura Yoshiaki , Araki Atsushi , Tohara Haruka , Hirakawa Akihiro , Kimura Takuma , Ishida Takeshi , Hashimoto Masayoshi
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The diaphragm is important for respiration, but the effects of age-related muscle loss and sarcopenia on diaphragm function are unclear. We evaluated the associations of sarcopenia and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) with diaphragm function. Methods: This study was conducted at three Japanese hospitals from May 2023 to September 2024. The participants underwent bioelectrical impedance for SMM assessment, as well as pulmonary function tests. Diaphragm ultrasound was used to measure the thickness at functional residual capacity (FRC), thickening fraction (TF), and diaphragm excursion (DE) during deep breathing (DB), and their associations with sarcopenia and low skeletal muscle index (SMI) were analyzed. Results: Overall, 148 patients (mean age 78.1 years; sarcopenia, n = 35; non-sarcopenia, n = 103) were included. No statistically significant differences in thickness(FRC), TF and DE were observed between the sarcopenia group and the non-sarcopenia group. The low SMI group had significantly lower thickness (difference −0.22, 95% CI; −0.41, −0.29) and DE (difference −9.2, 95%CI; −14.0, −4.49) than the normal SMI group. Multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and stature revealed no association between thickness (FRC) and sarcopenia (p = 0.98), but thickness (FRC) was negatively associated with low SMI (p = 0.034). DE during DB was negatively associated with sarcopenia (p = 0.024) and low SMI (p = 0.001). TF showed no associations. Conclusions: DE during DB was reduced in patients with sarcopenia and low SMI, and thickness (FRC) was reduced in those with low SMI without sarcopenia.
Clinical, Radiographic, and Molecular Analysis of Patients with X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets: Looking for Phenotype–Genotype Correlation
Authors: Olivas-Valdez Marco A. , Blanco-López Armando , Velázquez-Arestegui Daniela , Vera-Zazueta Teresita , Colmenares-Bonilla Douglas , Reyes-Morales Lilian , Blanco-Uriarte Miguel A. , Monterde-Cruz Lucero , Hidalgo-Bravo Alberto
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets (XLH) represents the most frequent type of rickets from genetic origin, it is caused by mutations on the PHEX gene. The main clinical manifestations are short stature and bone deformities. Phenotype variation is observed at the intrafamily and interfamily level. The bases for this variation are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a phenotype–genotype correlation in a cohort of patients with confirmed diagnosis of XLH. Methods: We recruited a total of 130 patients of Mexican Mestizo origin with confirmed molecular diagnosis of XLH; this is one of the largest cohorts reported. Results: Radiographies for calculating the rickets severity score (RSS) were available from 50 patients. A total of 56 different pathogenic variants were found among the study population; from them, 31 variants have not been previously reported. We compared the RSS values between individuals considering clinical and biochemical characteristics such as age, height, sex, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase in serum; no significant differences were observed. Then, we compared the RSS considering if the variant was intronic or exonic and considering the presence of a truncated protein or not. None of the two comparisons showed significant differences. Conclusions: We did not find a genotype–phenotype correlation in the study population. Despite the knowledge regarding the genetic cause of XLH, the mechanisms driving the intrafamily and interfamily variability remain elusive. More analyses looking for the genotype–phenotype correlation are necessary in other populations, especially considering the discovery of new mutations in patients from different origin.
The Validity of a Smartphone-Based Application for Assessing Cognitive Function in the Elderly
Authors: Min Jin-Young , Kim Duri , Jang Hana , Kim Hyunjoo , Kim Soojin , Lee Seungbo , Seo Yae-eun , Kim Ye-jin , Kim Jong-yoon , Min Kyoung-Bok
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The early detection of individuals at risk of cognitive impairment is a clinical imperative. With the recent advancement of digital devices, smartphone application-based cognitive assessment is considered a promising tool for cognitive screening and monitoring inside and outside the clinic. This study examined whether a smartphone-based cognitive assessment, Brain OK, was valid for evaluating cognitive performance and identifying people at risk of cognitive impairment. Methods: We recruited 88 study participants aged over 60. They completed two cognitive tests with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a validated paper-and-pencil cognitive screening tool, and Brain OK, a smartphone-based cognitive testing application. To examine convergent validity, we conducted analyses of Spearman correlations between MoCA and BrainOK, a Bland–Atman plot with regression analysis, and the area under the curve (AUC). Results: There was a significant positive association between Brain OK and the MoCA total score, with a coefficient of 0.9044 (SE = 0.057, t = 15.750, p < 0.001). The Bland–Altman plot represented a reasonable level of agreement between the two tests. We conducted the AUC analysis of Brain OK to compare the cognitively normal and impaired groups. The AUC value for the Brain OK score of 13.5 was the highest at 0.941. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.958 and 0.925, respectively. Conclusions: The smartphone app-based Brain OK test was feasible for assessing cognitive function and acceptable for identifying subjects with cognitive impairment. The results suggest Brain OK complements traditional in-person cognitive assessments and may help enhance cognitive health dialogue between doctors and patients.
On the Convergence Rate for the Longest at Most T-Contaminated Runs of Heads
Authors: Fazekas István , Fazekas Borbála , Fórián László
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we study the usual coin tossing experiment. We call a run at most T-contaminated, if it contains at most T tails. We approximate the distribution of the length of the longest at most T-contaminated runs. We offer a more precise approximation than the previous one.
Photoionization Impact on the Lightning Impulse Streamer Discharge of Rapeseed Insulating Oil: An Experimental Study
Authors: Qian Yihua , Wang Qing
Published: January 2025

Photoionization is a significant factor influencing the morphology and propagation characteristics of streamers in insulating oil, yet research on the impact of photoionization on streamer branching is almost nonexistent. In this study, we employed an ultraviolet absorber to regulate the photoionization behavior of streamer discharges in rapeseed insulating oil. A quantitative assessment was conducted on the propagation morphology, length, and temperature distribution of positive and negative streamers. The results indicated that the streamer branches propagated in a dendritic manner. When photoionization was suppressed by the ultraviolet absorber, the streamer tended to generate more radially propagating branches, thereby shortening the axial stop length of the streamer branches by 1~3 mm. In addition, suppressing photoionization caused the maximum temperature to rise by approximately 74~220 K, generating more high-temperature hot spots within the streamer branches and promoting the formation of more radially propagating branches in the streamer. The analysis results demonstrated that suppressing photoionization weakened the axial electric field strength in the head region of the streamer branches, thereby inhibiting the electron avalanche behavior at the head of the streamer and thus reducing the rate of axial propagation of the streamer branches.
Photovoltaic Farms: Economic Efficiency of Investments in South-East Poland
Authors: Żurakowska-Sawa Joanna , Gromada Arkadiusz , Trocewicz Anna , Wojciechowska Adrianna , Wysokiński Marcin , Zielińska Anetta
Published: January 2025

The main objective of this study was to identify the status and development opportunities and evaluate the economic viability of investments in large-scale photovoltaic installations in Southeastern Poland. The primary data sources used in the study were empirical materials from all photovoltaic installations implemented with support from the Regional Operational Program of the Lublin Voivodeship (ROP WL) for 2007–2013 (31 projects). The following indices were used to evaluate the economic efficiency of the investments studied: rate of return on investment (ROI), simple payback period (SPP), net present value of investment (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), discounted payback period (DPBT), and averaged unit cost of electricity generation (LCOE). They were carried out for three scenarios–baseline, conservative, and optimistic–in two variants, for actual capital expenditures considering financial support used and without subsidies. It was determined that the expected lifetime of the studied investments would be 25 years. The sensitivity analysis shows that, regardless of the adopted scenario, investments in solar thermal power with the level of support that took place under the 2007–2013 financial perspective were reasonable long-term investments. In the least favorable scenario (conservative) included in the analysis, the discounted payback period ranged from 8.1 to 22 years. In the optimistic scenario, DPBT values ranged from 5.6 years to more than 15 years. The payback period (both simple and discounted) for investments with the subsidy was, on average, almost twice as fast as for investments without the subsidy, while the average unit cost of electricity generation with the subsidy was about 30% lower than without it.
Introduction to ORC–VCC Systems: A Review
Authors: Suchocki Tomasz
Published: January 2025

The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions has spurred significant interest in cogeneration technologies. This study introduces a novel integrated organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and vapor compression cycle (VCC) system, specifically designed to enhance energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in industrial applications and district heating systems. The key innovation lies in the development of an advanced coupling mechanism that seamlessly connects the ORC and VCC, enabling more efficient utilization of low-grade heat sources. By optimizing working fluid selection and implementing a shared shaft connection between the ORC turbine and VCC compressor, the system achieves dual functionality—simultaneous electricity generation and cooling—with higher efficiency than conventional methods. Thermodynamic analyses and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ORC–VCC system can significantly reduce operational costs and decrease reliance on fossil fuels by leveraging renewable energy sources and industrial waste heat. Additionally, the study addresses integration challenges by introducing specialized components and a modular design approach that simplifies installation and maintenance. This innovative system not only enhances performance but also offers scalability for various industrial applications. By providing a detailed evaluation of the ORC–VCC integration and its practical implications, this work underscores the system’s potential to contribute substantially to a sustainable energy transition. The findings offer valuable insights for future research and development, highlighting pathways to overcome existing barriers in cogeneration technologies.
Prototype Instrumentation for the Spatial and Temporal Characterisation of Voltage Supply Based on Two-Dimensional Higher-Order Statistics
Authors: González-de-la-Rosa Juan-José , Florencias-Oliveros Olivia , Sierra-Fernández José-María , Espinosa-Gavira Manuel-Jesús , Agüera-Pérez Agustín , Palomares-Salas José-Carlos , Pallarés-López Victor , Real-Calvo Rafael-Jesús , Santiago-Chiquero Isabel
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a proof-of-concept of a versatile Power Quality (PQ) analyser for tracking the voltage supply in industrial and residential sectors. It implements 2D Higher-Order Statistics (HOS) to assess voltage quality, based more on the sinusoidal waveform than on power fluctuations. Beyond the second-order parameters and permissible deviations regulated by the norm, EN 50160, the two-dimensional traces and probability density functions, along with a previously studied differential index, manage to identify different states of the electrical grid. Waveforms were measured in the wall plugs of a public building. In regard to analysing reliability and voltage waveform, the results corroborate that incorporating skewness and kurtosis indicators improves the characterisation, as well as extracting the customers’ supply behaviour under normal and anomalous operations. The instrument showed good behaviour in site characterisation, and the implemented method was considered as a probabilistic approach for the risk assessment of an installation. The prototype was tested in the facilities of a public building of the university, being able to detect deviations in 10 s traces of 3.9% in variance and 0.6% in kurtosis.
A Review of Advances in Brushless Synchronous Motor Drive’s Control Techniques
Authors: Mashiri Tapiwa , Muteba Mbika
Published: January 2025

In this paper, a review of the advances in brushless synchronous motors is presented because there has been an increasing interest in advanced motor control and to address the weaknesses of conventional motor control. The traditional motor control strategies, for example, proportional plus integral controllers (PIs), are simple and easy to maintain. On the contrary, they require accurate tuning and are affected by motor parameter variations. To address these challenges and many others (power factors, torque ripple, current limit, voltage limit, speed limit), advanced control methods are required to enhance the performance of the motor drive control. The advanced control techniques include model predictive control, slide mode control, reinforcement learning, and fuzzy logic control. This paper provides a comprehensive review of advances in control methods and addresses the challenges and limitations associated with their practical application.
Impact of Dried Stems on the Chemical Profile of Passito Wines: A Case Study of Four Veneto Varieties
Authors: Luzzini Giovanni , Colognato Loris , Vanzo Leonardo , Samaniego Solis Jessica Anahi , Prévide Bernardo Naíssa , Pascale Rosario , Perina Beatrice , Cristanelli Giacomo , Ugliano Maurizio , Slaghenaufi Davide
Published: January 2025

In winemaking, the use of stems during fermentation is rarely employed due to some undesirable side effects. While the effect of fresh stems on wine is extensively studied, to date limited information is available about the effect of dried stems. This study aimed to investigate the impact of dried stems on the chemical and sensory profile of passito wines. Four withered grape varieties were selected for winemaking: three red and one white from the Verona area. Grapes were fermented with and without withered stems. A major impact on enological parameters, in particular pH and total polyphenols, was observed. In terms of volatile compounds, no release of C6 alcohols—compounds with undesirable herbaceous odors—was detected. Varietal-dependent release of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) was also observed; however in most cases, the content was below the odor threshold. Furthermore, dried stems significantly decreased methanethiol content, likely due to adsorption phenomena. Minor differences were observed in acetate esters, terpenes, and norisoprenoids, though these were not consistent across all wine types. From a sensory point of view, a significant variety-dependent effect was observed, mostly due to IBMP, ethyl acetate, and β-damascenone.