bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of tyramine on a spinal reflex in the anaesthetised chick
Authors: Bowman W C , Callingham B A , Osuide G
Published: April 2011

The effects of tyramine on polysynaptic spinal reflexes in anaesthetised chicks and cats have been studied. Very large intravenous doses of tyramine depressed the reflexly evoked contractions of skeletal muscles by an action exerted in the spinal cord. Since tyramine is normally present in the central nervous system, its function may be to exert some inhibitory controlling influence on muscular activity.
Gamma-irradiation of spores of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Cook A M , Roberts T A
Published: April 2011

Freeze-drying from a 5% aqueous solution of glucose produced a marked protection of spores of Bacillus subtilis subjected to spent fuel gamma-irradiation over the range 2·5–12·5 × 105 rads. Freeze-drying from aqueous suspension produced no protection. Irradiation in 5% aqueous glucose and in aqueous suspension gave log % survivor/dose regressions with similar slopes.
Hypoglycaemic agents
Authors: Hayman D F , Petrow V , Stephenson O
Published: April 2011

Various 3-substituted derivatives of 1-(p-vinylbenzenesulphonyl)urea, 1-[p-(2-chloroethyl)benzenesulphonyl]urea and 1-[p-(2-bromoethyl)benzenesulphonyl]urea are described. Several of the compounds possess noteworthy hypoglycaemic activity on oral administration in rabbits. In contrast, several related 5-substituted derivatives of 2-[p-(2-chloroethyl)benzenesulphonamido]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and -1,3,4-oxadiazoles were virtually inactive.
Spectrophotometric method for the estimation of guanethidine
Authors: Bose B C , Vijayvargiya R
Published: April 2011

A spectrophotometric method for the estimation of guanethidine sulphate, based on the development of blue colour in alkaline medium after reaction with lithium and sodium molybdophosphotungstate B.P. reagent, is described. The method is more sensitive and rapid than the existing British Pharmacopoeia methods. Both powder and tablets can be estimated by this method.
Urethane anaesthesia and pituitary-adrenal function in the rat
Authors: Spriggs T L B , Stockham M A
Published: April 2011

Urethane anaesthesia produced a prolonged hypersecretion of ACTH as shown by plasma and adrenal corticosterone and adrenal ascorbic acid changes. There was also a concurrent depletion of the adrenaline content of the adrenal gland. Adrenal demedullation did not prevent the steroid changes induced by the anaesthetic. Hyperactivity of the pituitary-adrenal axis for 24 hr in the urethane-anaesthetised rats did not prevent further alteration of steroid levels in response to a stress.
Inactivation of a bacteriophage by chemical antibacterial agents
Authors: Cook A M , Brown W R L
Published: April 2011

An extinction method has been used to examine the inactivation of coliphage T6r by a number of chemical antibacterial agents. A marked difference in the effect of concentration on inactivation efficiency has been shown for different agents, chloramine-T and formaldehyde having concentration exponents of approximately 2 and 3 respectively; crystal violet, cetrimide and phenol having concentration exponents of approximately 11, 13 and 15 respectively. It is suggested that a low concentration exponent is associated with inactivation of the phage by an effect on the protein coat of the particle and a high concentration exponent with an effect on its internal structure.
A phytochemical investigation of Trigonella corniculata Linn.
Authors: Atal C K , Sood S P
Published: April 2011

The extraction of ground seeds of Trigonella corniculata with light petroleum has yielded triacontane and 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol. Further extraction of the seeds with ethanol yielded choline and betaine. Trigonelline, the major alkaloid of Trigonella foenum-graecum was not found.
A specific method for the determination of amphetamine in urine
Authors: Beckett A H , Rowland M
Published: April 2011

A specific and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of amphetamine in urine, by gas chromatography, is described.
Determination of methyl salicylate in pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Stevens S G E , Warren B
Published: April 2011

A method based on gas-liquid chromatographic technique is described for the determination of methyl salicylate in pharmaceutical preparations. 10% carbowax 20M is used as a stationary phase to resolve mixtures containing amyl, ethyl and methyl salicylates, menthol and camphor. The determinations are based on the area triangulation method against a diphenyl reference standard.
The effect of Polysorbate (Tween) 80 on the growth rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Brown M R W , Richards R M E
Published: April 2011

Problems associated with growth rate measurement for Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been investigated. There is an apparent change in the rate of growth at an early stage when determined spectrophotometrically. This change is associated with cell clumping. The presence of polysorbate 80 in the culture medium eliminated this effect. The reproducibility of the growth rate measurement has been established.
The relationship between analgesic activity, acute toxicity and chemical structure in esters of 14-hydroxycodeinone
Authors: Buckett W R
Published: April 2011

Acylation of 14-hydroxycodeinone with long chain unbranched fatty acids produced compounds of varying analgesic potency, maximal activity being in 14-n-heptoyl-oxycodeinone. In 14-phenylalkyloxy derivatives maximal analgesic potency was found in 14-cinnamoyloxycodeinone. All codeinone derivatives studied had approximately one-third the duration of morphine in mice. Intravenous and subcutaneous toxicities in mice were generally similar in compounds causing death by convulsions, but differed widely in those causing death by respiratory depression.
A simple method for the evaluation of local anaesthetic activity using earthworms
Authors: Block B P , Potts D J , Finney R S H
Published: April 2011

Earthworms are immersed in local anaesthetic solution and tested for anaesthesia at 1 min intervals by dipping their tails into weak acid. The time of onset of anaesthesia is used as a measure of anaesthetic activity. The method is simple, inexpensive and has an end-point which is unmistakable.
Some observations on the effect of lubrication on the crushing strength of tablets
Authors: Shotton E , Lewis C J
Published: April 2011

The effect of mean compaction pressure, base particle size, lubricant particle size, and lubricant concentration, on crushing strength of tablets has been determined for crystalline aspirin, hexamine, sucrose and sodium chloride, and simple granulations of sucrose and of hexamine. Magnesium stearate powder was used as a lubricant. The lubricant decreased the strength of all tablets, the reduction being greatest for the crystalline materials. Variation of lubricant particle size had no effect on strength, and the behaviour of the granulations was not predictable from the characteristics of the crystalline materials. The results are compared with those of other workers.
The assay of nux vomica and its preparations
Authors: Perry H M , Sheppard M L
Published: April 2011

A method is proposed for the extraction of strychnine and brucine, from nux vomica and some of its preparations. An ammoniacal suspension of the drug is extracted with chloroform in a downward displacement liquid-liquid extractor. The strychnine and brucine are then extracted from the chloroform with normal sulphuric acid and the strychnine determined spectrophotometrically. In general the results are in good agreement with those obtained by official methods and the method effects a considerable saving of time.
Preparation and biological activity of some complexes of trypanocidal phenanthridinium compounds
Authors: Groves M J , Wilmshurst E C
Published: April 2011

The preparation and in vivo testing is described of complexes of some phenanthridinium trypanocides with polysaccharides and polymeric materials possessing strong anionic groups. The laminarin sulphate complex of Prothidium bromide [2-amino-7-(2-amino-6-methyl-4-pyrimidylamino)-9-p-aminophenylphenanthridium 10,1′-dimethobromide] shows enhanced prophylactic activity in mice challenged with Trypanosoma congolense (F.N.). When tested in cattle in East Africa the complex produced less local reaction at the site of injection but prophylactic activity was similar to that obtained with the equivalent dose of Prothidium bromide itself. Possible reasons for these results are discussed.
Reproducibility of extinctions measured on the slopes of absorption curves
Authors: Ismail M , Glenn A L
Published: April 2011

Errors in setting the wavelength scale of an ultra-violet spectrophotometer cause an increase in the variance of extinctions measured on the slope of an absorption curve. For a given instrument and operator, the coefficient of variation of extinctions measured on a steep slope was ten times the normal value for zero slope. A method is described for obtaining reasonably precise estimates of (E/), where “S” refers to the displacement of the wavelength scale. The coefficient of variation bears a linear relationship to (E), which is relevant to the choice of wavelengths for Vierordt’s method.
Mathematical treatment of oral sustained release drug formulations
Authors: Rowland M , Beckett A H
Published: April 2011

A mathematical model is described for an ideal sustained release dosage form in which there is a constant rate of release of drug from the maintenance dose. Kinetic equations related to this model are derived. The implications of these equations in the calculation of the dosage regimen for a sustained release product are considered.
Alkaloids of the leaves of Rauwolfia vomitoria Afz.
Authors: Patel M B , Poisson J , Pousset J L , Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

Leaves of Rauwolfia vomitoria, collected in Nigeria, contained at least six alkaloids, three are indole derivatives (aricine, tetrahydroalstonine, isoreserpiline) and three are isomers of α-oxindole type (carapanaubine, rauvoxine, rauvoxinine). Rauvoxine and rauvoxinine are new alkaloids. The leaves contained no reserpine.
Effect of adrenalectomy on cotton pellet granuloma formation in the rat
Authors: Ashford A , Penn G B
Published: April 2011

The development of granulomas over 3 days was inhibited in adrenalectomised rats when cotton pellets were implanted on the day of adrenalectomy and was potentiated when the pellets were implanted 7 days after adrenalectomy. The initial inhibitory effect of adrenalectomy was not observed when the granulomas were allowed to remain in situ for 7 days instead of 3 days and was completely reversed by treatment with corticosterone.
Cytological aspects of the mode of action of chlorhexidine diacetate
Authors: Hugo W B , Longworth A R
Published: April 2011

Electron microscopic examination of ultra-thin sections of Escherichia coli cells treated with various concentrations of chlorhexidine diacetate reveal two effects. In low drug concentrations many cells lose electron dense material leaving behind empty shells, in higher concentrations the appearance of the cytoplasm is significantly affected. These results are discussed in the light of biochemical findings under identical conditions.
Automatic apparatus for recording duration of narcosis in mice
Authors: Boura A L A , Harry E J R , Lewis B D
Published: April 2011

An apparatus for automatically recording the duration of narcosis in mice is described. Following induction of anaesthesia the animals may be left unattended for the remainder of the experiment.
The role of the nervous system in local inflammatory responses
Authors: Fearn H J , Karady S , West G B
Published: April 2011

Inflammation produced in rats by three means has been investigated. The response produced by the external application of xylol seemed to be the result of stimulation of the axon reflex in the area of skin where the substance was applied; it was prevented by chronic denervation of the sensory nerves. The inflammatory response produced by dextran involved the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine; it was prevented by the prior treatment with specific antagonists. The inflammatory response produced by heat treatment did not involve the axon reflex and appeared to be the result of another mechanism, probably involving bradykinin.
The significance of an isoprenaline-like metabolite in the interpretation of the responses of blood vessels in skeletal muscle to adrenaline
Authors: Roberts D J
Published: April 2011

A depressor substance, which resembled isoprenaline in Rf value, was demonstrated after chromatography of plasma collected from chloralose-anaesthetised cats during the blood pressure responses to intravenous injections of adrenaline, but the results obtained did not substantiate the hypothesis of a functional metabolite. The amount of vasodilatation that the “metabolite” would have caused in the skeletal muscles of the hind limb could not, for example, be correlated with the increases in blood flow produced by the original intravenous doses of adrenaline. The fact that adrenaline was largely vasoconstrictor in acutely denervated hind limbs was taken to indicate that the original vasodilator effects were of reflex nervous origin. It is suggested that the afferent source of this and related reflexes involves the stimulation of chemoreceptors as opposed to mechanoreceptors and that increases in flow through denervated muscles in response to adrenaline are caused by a direct action on the walls of the blood vessels.
Macusine B: Further pharmacology
Authors: Leonard B E
Published: April 2011

Macusine B reduced the induction time and potentiated the barbiturate sleeping time of mice, possibly as a consequence of the hypothermia produced by the alkaloid. There was no evidence to suggest that macusine B affects the synthesis or metabolism of noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or γ-aminobutyric acid in the rat brain, nor was there any evidence to suggest that it affected the binding of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine within the brain. There is an indication that macusine B may act on central adrenergic receptors. The slight depression of the behavioural activity which occurs in rats and mice after the injection of macusine B was probably due to the hypothermia induced by the alkaloid.
On sympathetic regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver
Authors: Vizi E S , Pogátsa G , Káldor A
Published: April 2011

Glycogenolysis in the liver produced by isoprenaline was inhibited by β-receptor blocking agents using the perfusion technique. Dichloroisoprenaline also inhibited spontaneous glucose release, as did α-receptor stimulation by noradrenaline.
Histamine gastric ulceration in the guinea-pig. Some observations on a new method
Authors: Anderson W , Soman P D
Published: April 2011

Consistent gastric ulceration can be produced in suitable strains of guinea-pig, after high duodenal ligation under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, by the subcutaneous injection of a relatively low dose of aqueous histamine acid phosphate. The ulceration coincides with a dose of histamine which produces sub-maximal secretion volume and which is greater than that producing the maximum secretion. The method does not require antihistamine cover, and it is shown that antihistamines may complicate the true histamine response by the stomach. The results provide evidence that this type of ulceration follows the action of gastric juice on a functionally impaired mucosa.
Pharmacological properties of some West Indian medicinal plants
Authors: Hooper Patricia A , Leonard B E
Published: April 2011

Aqueous extracts of 47 West Indian medicinal plants have been tested for their pharmacological activity. Most of the extracts had slight activity only. Some extracts had more pronounced pharmacological properties and are discussed in greater detail.
Radiation-protection of Serratia marcescens by a thiolsulphonate related to cysteamine
Authors: Owen T C , Parker M S , Stern G M
Published: April 2011

A thiolsulphonate, 2-aminoethyl 2-aminoethanethiolsulphonate (also known as cystamine disulphoxide) affords significant protection to the micro-organism Serratia marcescens against the lethal effects of X-rays. The thiolsulphonate breaks down extensively at pH7, but the degree of protection given by it is much greater than can be accounted for by the action of decomposition products and is considered to be characteristic of the compound itself.
Twitch responses with acetylcholine in the isolated innervated and chronically denervated rat diaphragms and their modification by neuromuscular blocking agents
Authors: Paterson Gavin
Published: April 2011

The increased sensitivity to acetylcholine after chronic denervation was investigated by retrograde injection of the acetylcholine into the venous drainage of the isolated diaphragm of the rat set up in Krebs solution at 38°. Supersensitivity of the twitch response was observed 3 days after nerve section and developed further to reach a peak at the eighth to tenth day after denervation and then slowly declined with atrophy of the muscle. At the time of the onset of supersensitivity the degenerating peripheral nerve stump failed to respond to electrical stimulation and fibrillation of the muscle was observed. The muscle also responded to acetylcholine and other depolarising drugs by giving a contracture. After denervation, the response to injected acetylcholine was more sensitive to block by depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents but not to block by competitive blocking drugs. Tubocurarine did not cause a stimulation on injection into denervated muscle, while decamethonium gave an acetylcholine-like response. The significance of the observations is discussed.
Chemical fractionation of phosphorus-32 labelled cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus treated with chlorhexidine
Authors: Rye R M , Wiseman David
Published: April 2011

A method for the chemical fractionation of Micrococcus lysodeikticus into “cold trichloroacetic acid soluble”, alcohol soluble, ribonucleic acid and residual fractions is described. The results of applying this method to untreated and chlorhexidine-treated 32P labelled cells are discussed. In untreated cells the 32P content of the “cold trichloroacetic acid soluble” fraction, which constitutes the metabolic pool, increases at a rate dependent on temperature increase and there is a corresponding decrease in the 32P content of the ribonucleic acid fraction. At the highest temperature, 40°, the increase of 32P in the pool is followed by a decrease due to leakage from the pool. The release of 32P from chlorhexidine-treated cells maintained at 1 °, 20°, 30° and 40° has been measured after 0.5, 2 and 13 hr. There is an initial rapid release which is entirely from the “cold trichloroacetic acid soluble” fraction and a slower secondary release from the ribonucleic acid fraction. This secondary release is almost completely inhibited at 1° and by high (64 and 128 μ.g/ml) chlorhexidine concentrations.
The mechanism underlying potentiation of the pressor action of noradrenaline by some drugs which depress sympathetic tone
Authors: Karim S M M
Published: April 2011

The potentiation of the action of noradrenaline on the blood pressure of spinal cats by intravenously injected hexamethonium or bretylium and intrathecally injected procaine, all of which depress sympathetic tone, was accompanied by an increase in cardiac output but no significant change in total peripheral resistance. Acute cardiac sympathectomy itself caused increases in cardiac output and in the pressor action of noradrenaline which were similar to those produced by the drugs. After cardiac sympathectomy or after treatment of spinal cats with pronethalol, the blood pressure responses to noradrenaline were not further modified by bretylium, hexamethonium, or intrathecal procaine. It is concluded that potentiation of the pressor action of noradrenaline by these drugs in the spinal cat results from inhibition of cardiac sympathetic tone.
Potential reserpine analogues. Derivatives of reduced isoquinolines and of meconine
Authors: Khan Noorul Haq , Sharp L K
Published: April 2011

The syntheses of a series of eight 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methylisoquinolines substituted in positions 5 and 7 are described. In addition meconine-3-acetanilide and meconine-3-acetmorpholide have been prepared. None of the compounds caused any appreciable potentiation of barbiturate hypnosis in mice. Other tests for reserpine-like activity were not made.
Infrared identification of pharmaceutically important steroids with particular reference to the occurrence of polymorphism
Authors: Mesley R J , Johnson C A
Published: April 2011

The infrared absorption spectra of steroids, when compared with the spectra of Authentic Specimens, provide a simple and complete means of identification, provided that the effects of polymorphism are precluded. Of 35 substances examined, 16 showed no evidence of polymorphism and a further twelve were sufficiently soluble to be examined in solution. Specific solvent treatments, details of which are given, may be necessary with the remaining seven substances if the spectra of the sample and of the Authentic Specimen are not identical when first examined.
Simplified gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides from blood
Authors: Jain N C , Fontan C R , Kirk P L
Published: April 2011

A rapid method for the extraction and identification of 23 pesticides present in blood is described. The pesticides are extracted from blood with a mixture of acetone and ethyl ether in equal volumes. The extracts are evaporated to dryness, the residue dissolved in a known quantity of hexane and an aliquot injected directly into the gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. No purification of the acetone-ether extract is required. A glass column packed with 5% SE 52 on hexamethyldisilizane-treated chromosorb W 60/80 is used at a temperature of 190°. The method was successfully applied to blood from laboratory animals to which acute doses of six of the most common pesticides were given orally. The quantity of pesticides found is reported.
Diuretic effect of some adrenocortical steroids in the rat
Authors: D’Arcy P F , Howard E M
Published: April 2011

Cortisone, hydrocortisone and some of their Δ1- and fluorinated analogues have a pronounced diuretic effect in the rat; this is accompanied by increased urinary excretion of both Na+ and K+. Diuresis is maximal some 4 hr after oral administration, and in acute studies, the diuretic potency of some of the newer corticosteroids exceeds 100 times that of chlorothiazide.
Estimation of 1,3-dibenzyl-2-phenyl-tetrahydroimidazole in NN‘-dibenzylethylenediamine diacetate
Authors: Archer A W
Published: April 2011

A simple spectrophotometric method is described for the estimation of 1,3-dibenzyl-2-phenyltetrahydroimidazole in NN’-dibenzylethylenediamine diacetate. The imidaole is quantitatively hydrolysed by dilute sulphuric acid to benzaldehyde and NN’-dibenzylethylenediamine; the benzaldehyde is estimated spectrophotometrically after extraction into n-hexane.
Method for evaluating spasmolytic activity of drugs on the bile duct
Authors: Crema A , Benzi G , Frigo G M , Berté F
Published: April 2011

A method has been described for examining the spasmolytic activity of drugs on the bile duct of the guinea-pig in situ. The terminal bile duct was pulled away from its insertion into the duodenum and perfused with Tyrode solution containing either carbachol or barium chloride to produce spasm. Injected intravenously, atropine methonitrate, oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride, tropenziline bromide, phenetamine, papaverine hydrochloride or diprophylline were spasmolytic.
Bacteriostatic actions of some tetracyclines
Authors: Benbough J , Morrison G A
Published: April 2011

6-Demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline, 6-methyleneoxytetracycline, 7-chlortetracycline and 7-chlor-6-demethyltetracycline inhibit Aerobacter aerogenes in glucose-mineral salt media, by two modes of action, I and II, shown by tetracycline and oxytetracycline (Jones & Morrison, 1962; 1963): Mode II by 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline is not detected by inhibition of growth of the organism but by inhibition of the anaerobic consumption of pyruvate which is also a consequence of Mode II. The chlorine-containing tetracyclines also inhibit the growth of the organism by a third mode of action (III) which is probably an interference with the provision of d-glutamate during aerobic growth. The inhibitions produced by a tetracycline are linearly related to the amount of the antibiotic in the molecular form present in the cultures. All three modes of action so far described are probably interferences with hydrogen transfer reactions. The bacteriostatic activities of six tetracyclines are compared.
Antagonism of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea-pigs by 8β-carbobenzyloxy-aminomethyl-1-methyl-10α-ergoline
Authors: Beretta C , Glässer A H , Nobili M B , SILVESTRI R
Published: April 2011

The drug 8β-carbobenzyloxyaminomethyl-1-methyl-10α-ergoline (mce) has been shown to have a potent and prolonged antagonism to 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea-pigs. 4–5 hr after 2 μg/kg of mce, given intraveneously, the effects of the 5-ht were still markedly inhibited (dose ratio more than 1:300). A subcutaneous dose of 150 μg/kg of the drug partially counteracted the effects of 5-ht for 4–7 days. Comparison between mce and l-methyl-(+)-lysergic acid butanolamide tartrate (methysergide, uml 491) revealed that the antagonism to 5-ht by mce developed more slowly but lasted longer than that elicited by methysergide. The results show that mce is a specific antagonist of 5-ht-induced bronchospasm in guinea-pigs as it does not antagonise the bronchospasm-inducing effects of acetylcholine, histamine and eledoisin.
Estimation of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine from single rat brains
Authors: Brownlee George , Spriggs T L B
Published: April 2011

A solvent extraction method was used to extract dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine from single rat brains. Spectrophotofluorimetric estimations of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine were completed 5½ hr after beginning the extraction procedure. The method was applied to the routine estimation of brain amines.
A preliminary investigation of the pharmacology of longitudinal muscle strips from human isolated jejunum
Authors: Whitney B
Published: April 2011

The effects of drugs on longitudinal muscle strips of human jejunum were studied in vitro. The muscarinic site of action of acetylcholine was demonstrated. The sympathomimetic amines phenylephrine, noradrenaline and isoprenaline each produced only a relaxation by an action on adrenergic α- and β-receptors. The presence of both types of receptor was demonstrated by selective adrenergic blockade with pronethalol or Hydergine. The ganglion stimulating agent dimethylphenyl-piperazinium produced a contraction by an action on intramural cholinergic nervous tissue. When the contractile response was blocked by hyoscine, a relaxation occurred, due to the stimulation of an adrenergic mechanism which could be either the sympathetic nerves of the intrinsic nerve plexus or adrenergic stores in the bowel wall. The contraction produced by histamine was not inhibited by hyoscine or hexamethonium but was blocked by mepyramine, thus indicating a direct effect of the drug on the smooth muscle. 5-Hydroxytryptamine produced a contraction by a direct action on the muscle, since the response was not inhibited by hyoscine or hexamethonium but was blocked by methysergide (UML 491).
Effect of choline on the release of acetylcholine and on its tissue stores in the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation treated with dyflos
Authors: Ledda F , Baldi Vanna
Published: April 2011

The release of acetylcholine from the guinea-pig phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation treated with different concentrations of dyflos during four successive stimulation periods, was detected. At 38°, after 50 and 200 μg/ml of dyflos, the amount of acetylcholine released fell abruptly after the first stimulation period; a less evident decrease in the output was observed from the preparations preincubated with 500 and 1,000 μg/ml of dyflos. A reasonably constant release was detected at 28° after 1,000 μg/ml of dyflos; at this temperature the initial output was about 40% of that at 38°. Choline chloride (3 μg/ml) added to the perfusion fluid prevented the decreasing output only in the preparations incubated with the anticholinesterase at concentrations of 500 and 1,000 μg/ml. Dyflos did not affect the time course of acetylcholine release at 28°, the initial output of acetylcholine and the release at rest under any experimental conditions or the tissue stores of acetylcholine at the end of the fourth period of stimulation. A probable impairment by dyflos of the choline transfer system is discussed.
The effect of humidity and temperature on the equilibrium moisture content of powders
Authors: Shotton E , Harb N
Published: April 2011

The equilibrium moisture content of maize, wheat and potato starches, alginic acid, tragacanth, acacia, lactose, dextrose, sucrose and hexamine has been determined at different relative humidities and temperatures. Samples were exposed to an atmosphere of controlled temperature and humidity until equilibrium was attained. The moisture content was determined by drying. The moisture content of each powder at equilibrium was dependent on the relative humidity.
Pharmacological properties of 3-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-o-tolylpropanol (SK&F 70463-A)
Authors: Barron D I , Hall G H , Natoff I L , Vallance D K
Published: April 2011

3-Dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-o-tolylpropanol hydrochloride (SK&F 70463-A) produces both stimulant and depressant effects in laboratory animals. In particular, it possesses marked anticonvulsant activity. Diuretic effects have also been observed.
Effect of storage on the heat resistance of bacterial spore papers
Authors: Cook A M , Brown M R W
Published: April 2011

Papers impregnated with 104  Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in water and subsequently stored on the bench can lose heat resistance and viability. This loss of viability was accelerated with storage over silica gel. Papers containing more than about 106 spores retained significant heat resistance over long periods. The pH of the broth significantly affected recovery from heated spore papers.
The influence of pH upon the antifungal activity of phenol and benzoic acid
Authors: Winsley B E , Walters V
Published: April 2011

The toxicity of phenol and benzoic acid to spores of Aspergillus niger is due to the unionised molecules.
Effect of concentration and temperature on the inactivation of a bacteriophage by phenol
Authors: Brown W R L , Cook A M , Oduro-Yeboah J
Published: April 2011

The concentration of phenol affects not only the rate of inactivation of phage but also the shape of the survivor-time curves. The shape of the curves obtained indicates that phenol may inactivate phage in two suggested stages involving different components of the phage protein. The concentration exponent for the inactivation depends on the level of inactivation chosen. The temperature coefficient is independent of the level of inactivation. The temperature of incubation of phenol treated phage does not obviously affect the recovery of the phage.
Datura sanguinea R. and P., its seeds
Authors: Wallis T E
Published: April 2011

The seeds of the Peruvian plant Datura sanguinea R. and P. contain hyoscine and are used in Peru as stramonium is used in Britain. Their structure is described and is compared with that of the seeds of stramonium and of D. fastuosa with a view to their identification either unground or in powder.
Carvone in the developing fruits of Anethum graveolens L. and Carum carvi L.
Authors: Betts T J
Published: April 2011

The carvone content of the developing fruits of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) and Carum carvi L. (caraway) has been determined spectrophotometrically over three seasons. Three or four weeks after pollination, carvone in the fruits attains a level of 11–20 mg per 100 caraway fruits, or 4–9 mg per 100 dill fruits. Variations in the carvone content of the essential oils distilled from these fruits are probably due to variable quantities of limonene.
A limit test for p-chloroacetanilide and other impurities in paracetamol and phenacetin using thin-layer chromatography
Authors: Savidge R A , Wragg J S
Published: April 2011

A thin-layer chromatography procedure is described suitable as a limit test for p-chloroacetanilide in paracetamol and phenacetin. The sample is chromatographed on silica gel together with a standard using the solvent mixture cyclohexane: acetone: diisobutylketone: methanol: water (100:80:30:5:1) and detection is by irradiation with ultraviolet light 253.7 mμ followed by examination in light of wavelength 365 mμ. The procedure may be used to limit the p-chloroacetanilide content of tablets containing paracetamol or phenacetin. Other possible impurities in paracetamol and phenacetin are also detected and may be limited by similar procedures.
A comparison of tablet lubricant efficiencies for a sucrose granulation using an instrumented tablet machine
Authors: Lewis C J , Shotton E
Published: April 2011

Thirteen materials have been assessed as lubricants when added to a sucrose granulation and compressed on an instrumented tablet machine. Values of ejection force, force lost to die wall, and punch force ratio for each lubricated sample were compared, and the order of efficiency as lubricants was compared with the shear of lubricant powder compacts. The most efficient lubricants are those materials of lowest melting point, and not those with the smallest shear strength value as measured in a punch penetration test.
Identification and determination of ephedrine and its congeners in urine by gas chromatography
Authors: Beckett A H , Wilkinson G R
Published: April 2011

A sensitive and specific assay for ephedrine-type compounds in urine is described. The procedure involves the removal of neutral and acidic compounds, then extraction of the bases with ether. This extract, after concentration, is injected into a flame ionisation gas chromatograph equipped with a 2% polyethylene glycol 6000, alkaline treated, column at 165°. Linear detector response between 5 and 100 μg base/ml urine was observed (peak height with respect to an internal marker) and replicate analyses indicated good reproducibility. No interfering compounds have been encountered nor any “on column” decomposition. The amines were further identified by chromatography of their acetone derivatives.
Urinary excretion kinetics of methylamphetamine in man
Authors: Beckett A H , Rowland M
Published: April 2011

The urinary excretion of methylamphetamine and its metabolite, amphetamine, was studied after oral administration of (+)- and (–)-methylamphetamine hydrochloride to three male subjects. Fluctuations in the excretion rate of both amines occurred and were associated with changes in urinary pH. The fluctuations were abolished when the urine was maintained either acid or alkaline, by administration of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate respectively. The total amount of both amines excreted was lower under alkaline than acid urine conditions. N-Demethylation of methylamphetamine was small, but greater for the (+)- than the (–)-isomer.
Molecular interactions of caffeine with benzoic acid, o- and p- methoxybenzoic acids and o- and p- nitrobenzoic acids
Authors: Donbrow M , Jan Z A
Published: April 2011

The solubility of the complexes formed by caffeine with benzoic acid and substituted benzoic acids has been studied. An insoluble complex is formed by o-methoxybenzoic acid, whereas p-methoxy-, o- and p-nitrobenzoic acids and benzoic acid itself form soluble complexes. The phase diagrams have been analysed to evaluate the approximate stability constants for 1:1 interaction. The stabilities increase as the electron-withdrawing power of the benzoic acid substituent decreases, and there is a correlation between log K values and pKa values (or σ constants) of the acids. This indicates that the binding strength is related either to the polarity of the carboxyl group or to the electron density of the aromatic ring. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of complex-formation.
Adsorption studies on steroid powders
Authors: Chapman J H , Neustadter E L
Published: April 2011

The adsorption of hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polysorbate 80, glucose and sucrose, by steroid powders has been examined. Hydroxyethylcellulose and polysorbate 80 were adsorbed, but glucose, sucrose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose were not. Hydroxyethylcellulose, which can cross-link with the sedimented particles, caused most caking of the sediment.
The antifungal activity of some thiocyanatoaniline derivatives
Authors: CROSHAW BETTY , DAVIDSON J S , SPOONER D F
Published: April 2011

A series of derivatives of p-thiocyanatoaniline has been synthesised and tested in vitro for activity against dermatophytes; some structure-activity relationships are discussed. One of the more highly active compounds, 2,6-dichloro-4-thiocyanatoaniline, showed some activity against experimental dermatophyte infections when applied topically, was of low toxicity to animals, and did not sensitise them. In a clinical trial the compound also showed some therapeutic activity but caused skin sensitisation.
Evidence for a persistent central depressant action seen after recovery from anaesthesia
Authors: THURÁNSZKY K , RABLOCZKY G , KÉKES-SZABÓ A
Published: April 2011

The fate of the classical adrenaline reversal in anaesthetised and in conscious cats was investigated. It seems that anaesthesia has some late effects on pharmacological responses that can be demonstrated for up to 72 hr after recovery of consciousness. The adrenaline reversal typical of the anaesthetised cat persisted for up to 72 hr after recovery of consciousness, thereafter the response to intravenous adrenaline was entirely pressor.
Histidine decarboxylase in experimental tumours
Authors: HÅKANSON ROLF
Published: April 2011

Histidine decarboxylase activity has been demonstrated in some experimental tumours by direct enzyme assay. The kinetic properties of semi-purified preparations of the histamine-forming enzyme from Rous rat sarcoma and Walker rat mammary carcinoma were similar to those of the “specific” histidine decarboxylase of the foetal rat. Transplants from a malignant hamster melanoma had no “specific” histidine decarboxylase but high dopa decarboxylase activity. The lack of histidine decarboxylase in this tumour seems to indicate that a high histamine-forming capacity is not indispensable for tumour growth.
The effects of acetates of aliphatic alcohols on the cholinergic nerve structures and the acetylcholine receptor of the guinea-pig ileum
Authors: TAKAGI K , TAKAYANAGI I
Published: April 2011

Isoamyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, n-amyl acetate and n-propyl acetate produced contractions of the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig. These were inhibited by atropine, procaine and by cooling. These acetates and also s-butyl, t-butyl and n-octyl acetate behaved as inhibitors of acetylcholine at 14 ± 1°. The acetylcholine content in the organ bath fluid increased after 60 min incubation of the ileum with isoamyl acetate. The results indicated that the agonistic acetates produced contraction of ileum through the liberation of acetylcholine from the cholinergic nerve-endings. All the acetates behaved as inhibitors of acetylcholine when they combined with the acetylcholine receptor on the muscle.
Complexation of penicillins and penicilloic acids by cupric ion
Authors: CRESSMAN W A , SUGITA E T , DOLUISIO J T , NIEBERGALL P J
Published: April 2011

A kinetic method was developed to study the interactions between cupric ion and penicillins G and V. Complexation was found to occur with the intact penicillins, followed by rapid hydrolysis of the complex into the corresponding penicilloic acid-cupric ion complex. The logarithmic stability constants for the interaction between cupric ion and penicillins G and V were found to be 2·61 and 2·24, respectively. In addition, the method of continuous variation was used to determine the logarithmic stability constants for the cupric ion-penicilloic acid complexes. These were found to be 4·20 and 4·50, for penicilloic V and G acids respectively.
The determination of nonylphenol ethylene oxide detergents in wool grease
Authors: ANDERSON C A , GANLY R G , WOOD G F
Published: April 2011

The nonylphenol ethylene oxide nonionic detergent is extracted from wool grease by methanol under reflux and estimated from the infrared absorption at 1510 cm−1. The method estimates between 90 and 100% of the detergent present and is independent of the type of grease. Commercial wool greases recovered from nonionic-detergent wool-scouring liquors contained between 0·5 and 2·4% detergent.
The flow properties of granular magnesia
Authors: JONES T M , PILPEL N
Published: April 2011

Measurements have been made of the flow of granular magnesium oxide through circular orifices and the equation

has been derived. This is a particular form of a more general equation

which can be shown to apply to a wide range of materials, A and 1/n being functions of particle size and shape.

The equation has been employed for predicting the flow rates of binary and ternary mixtures of magnesia with an accuracy of 5%.
The determination of liothyronine and thyroxine in thyroid preparations
Authors: LEMIEUX R , TALMAGE J M
Published: April 2011

A procedure is described for determining liothyronine and thyroxine in thyroid substances. This involves stepwise hydrolysis with barium hydroxide, extraction of combined iodinated amino-acids by n-butanol, separation and isolation of liothyronine and thyroxine by paper chromatography, subsequent ignition of their separated chromatograms by oxygen flask combustion and estimation of evolved iodine in benzene solution by spectrophotometric absorption at 295 mμ. The method is suitable for routine quality control of thyroid products.
A critical assessment of an accelerated storage test
Authors: COLE B R , LEADBEATER L
Published: April 2011

The accelerated storage test proposed by Rogers enables the rate constant (at a known temperature) and the energy of activation of a reaction occurring in solution to be calculated from a single experiment. This test has been applied to a number of first and second order reactions, including the heat inactivation of horse serum cholin-esterase. The theoretical and practical limitations of the technique are discussed. It is concluded that the test has an important role in determining the stability of pharmaceutical and related compounds in solution and in comparing the stabilities of different batches of the same preparation.
The interaction of benzoic acid and chloroxylenol with cetomacrogol
Authors: MITCHELL A G , BROWN K F
Published: April 2011

The interaction of benzoic acid with the non-ionic surfactant cetomacrogol 1000 has been examined by means of solubility and pH measurements, potentiometric titration and equilibrium dialysis. Solubility measurements and equilibrium dialysis have also been used to assess the interaction of chloroxylenol with cetomacrogol. Following earlier proposals, the interactions have been expressed both in terms of a distribution coefficient for the partition of preservative between the micelles and aqueous phase, and as a ratio of the total preservative concentration to the amount free in the aqueous phase. It is suggested that a more generally useful method is to express the degree of saturation of the aqueous phase with preservative as a function of the degree of saturation of the total system.
Some basic ketones with central nervous system depressant activity
Authors: HARPER N J , SIMMONDS A B , WAKAMA W T , HALL G H , VALLANCE D K
Published: April 2011

Some γ-(4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)-butyrophenones and related compounds have been prepared and screened for central nervous system depressant activity. One of the more active, γ-(4-p-chlorobenzyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)-p-fiuorobutyrophenone, was selected for further study and in experimental animals was found to have effects on the central nervous system similar to both those of chlorpromazine and of haloperidol.
Some size distributions of particulate contamination found in commercially available intravenous fluids
Authors: GROVES M J
Published: April 2011

The size distributions of particulate contamination found in some commercially available normal saline solutions and dextrose solutions have been determined using the Coulter Counter. Many of these solutions contain considerable numbers of particles larger than the equivalent volume diameter of erythrocytes. Earlier observations that most of the particulate contamination emanates from the rubber closure were confirmed by repeated autoclaving of saline in a rubber-plugged glass container. It is possible to prepare solutions substantially free of particles larger than 5 μ, and commercial material of this quality is available. A tentative standard is proposed and discussed.
The effect of chemical structure on chromatographic multiple spot formation by sympathomimetic amines in the presence of hydrochloric acid
Authors: BROADLEY K J , ROBERTS D J
Published: April 2011

Of 22 sympathomimetic amines chromatographed on paper from solution in distilled water or concentrated hydrochloric acid, nine in the presence of hydrochloric acid produce multispots which are not apparent when they are chromatographed from distilled water. The presence or absence of the multiple spot phenomenon depends upon the chemical structure of each amine.
The mathematics of drug-receptor interactions
Authors: MACKAY D
Published: April 2011

MOST pharmacological observations support the hypothesis that drugs produce their effects by interacting in a specific way with some component of the living cell. This component, which is likely to be either an enzyme or a site on a cell membrane, is called the receptor. Substances which act on receptors may be classified as agonists, which produce an observable response from a tissue, or as antagonists, which do not themselves produce an observable response but prevent the response to agonists. The concept of specific receptors is supported mainly by the ability of some antagonists to block selectively the response of tissues to certain agonists.
Inhibition of intestinal absorption by different samples of cetrimide and the homologous alkyl series C10-C20
Authors: HART S L , NISSIM J A
Published: April 2011

The effects of different samples of cetrimide on the intestinal absorption of D-glucose, sodium butyrate and DL-methionine were compared with those of homologous compounds C(10)-C(20) of the same alkyl series, by in vivo intraluminal perfusion in the mouse, rat and guinea-pig. Two samples of “cetrimide” had different inhibitory activities in the mouse and rat but were equiactive in the guinea-pig in which both samples caused glucose reversal. None of the homologues, C(10)-C(20), paralleled the activity of either of the cetrimide samples exactly. It is concluded that cetrimide should be assayed in the rat before its use in studies of absorption and protein binding.
The passage of drugs across the rat intestine in vitro
Authors: MISRA ANAND L , HUNGER ALFRED , KEBERLE HEINRICH
Published: April 2011

The in vitro methods of Smyth & Taylor (1957) and everted sac technique of Crane & Wilson (1958) have been evaluated for studying the passage of ferrioxamine-B hydrochloride and its derivatives, glutethimide, thalidomide, a polypeptide, salicylic acid, aniline and phenol red from the mucosal to serosal side of the rat intestinal barrier in vitro. The ferrioxamines were not significantly absorbed, glutethimide was more rapidly absorbed than thalidomide, the polypeptide was broken down rapidly and appeared as amino-acids in the serosal fluid, salicylic acid and aniline were found in the serosal fluid but phenol red was little absorbed. Although allowance must be made for differences in the transit pathways of in vivo and in vitro systems because of the non-functional nature of the capillary network in in vitro studies, our results suggest that these methods can supply useful information on the permeability characteristics of newly developed drugs through the intestinal barrier.