bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VACUUM POLARIZATION EFFECTS ON QUASINORMAL MODES IN ELECTRICALLY CHARGED BLACK HOLE SPACE–TIMES
Authors: PIEDRA OWEN PAVEL FERNANDEZ , de OLIVEIRA JEFERSON
Published: February 2010

We investigate the influence of vacuum polarization of quantum massive fields on the scalar sector of quasinormal modes in spherically symmetric black holes. We consider the evolution of a massless scalar field on the space–time corresponding to a charged semiclassical black hole, consisting of the quantum-corrected geometry of a Reissner–Nordström black hole dressed by a quantum massive scalar field in the large mass limit. Using a sixth order WKB approach we find a shift in the quasinormal mode frequencies due to vacuum polarization.
PHANTOM COSMOLOGY BASED ON PT SYMMETRY
Authors: ANDRIANOV ALEXANDER A. , CANNATA FRANCESCO , KAMENSHCHIK ALEXANDER YU , REGOLI DANIELE
Published: February 2010

We consider the PT-symmetric flat Friedmann model of two scalar fields with positive kinetic terms. While the potential of one "normal" field is taken real, that of the other field is complex. We study a complex classical solution of the system of the two Klein–Gordon equations together with the Friedmann equation. The solution for the normal field is real, while the solution for the second field is purely imaginary, realizing classically the "phantom" behavior. The energy density and pressure are real and the corresponding geometry is well defined. The Lagrangian for the linear perturbations has the correct potential signs for both the fields so that the problem of stability does not arise. The background dynamics is determined by an effective action including two real fields — one normal and one "phantom." Remarkably, the phantom phase in the cosmological evolution is transient and the Big Rip never occurs. Our model is contrasted with well known quintom models, which also include one normal and one phantom field.
ON NICHOLS ALGEBRAS OVER PGL(2, q) AND PSL(2, q)
Authors: FREYRE SEBASTIÁN , GRAÑA MATÍAS , VENDRAMIN LEANDRO
Published: February 2010

We compute necessary conditions on Yetter–Drinfeld modules over the groups PGL(2, q) = PGL(2, 𝔽q) and PSL(2, q) = PSL(2, 𝔽q) to generate finite-dimensional Nichols algebras. This is a first step towards a classification of pointed Hopf algebras with group of group-likes isomorphic to one of these groups.

As a by-product of the techniques developed in this work, we prove that any finite-dimensional pointed Hopf algebra over the Mathieu groups M20 or M21 = PSL(3, 4) is the group algebra.
MORPHIC ABELIAN GROUPS
Authors: CĂLUGĂREANU G.
Published: February 2010

An R-module RM is called morphic if M/ im α ≅ ker α for every endomorphism α of M, that is, if the dual of the Noether isomorphism theorem holds. Mostly all morphic Z-modules are determined leaving open some classes of nonsplitting mixed groups, which actually cannot be completely characterized. However, for these classes, comprehensive information including negative examples is given.
THE FREE ALTERNATIVE NIL-SUPERALGEBRA OF INDEX 3 ON ONE ODD GENERATOR
Authors: SCHOLTZOVÁ JIRINA , ZHUKAVETS NATALIA
Published: February 2010

A base of the free alternative nil-superalgebra of index 3 on one odd generator is constructed. In particular, its index of solvability is computed. We consider also the corresponding Grassmann algebra and show that the well-known Dorofeev's example of solvable non-nilpotent alternative algebra is its homomorphic image.
FINITE GROUPS THAT ARE THE UNION OF AT MOST 25 PROPER SUBGROUPS
Authors: GARONZI MARTINO
Published: February 2010

For a finite group G let σ(G) (the "sum" of G) be the least number of proper subgroups of G whose set-theoretical union is equal to G, and σ(G) = ∞ if G is cyclic. We say that a group G is σ-elementary if for every non-trivial normal subgroup N of G we have σ(G) < σ(G/N). In this article we produce the list of all the σ-elementary groups of sum up to 25. We also show that σ( Aut (PSL(2, 8))) = 29.
EXTERNALITIES AND THE SIX FACETS MODEL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS IN AGRIBUSINESS
Authors: LUXMORE STEPHEN R. , HULL CLYDE EIRÍKUR
Published: February 2010

The Six Facets Model of technology management has previously only been applied to process innovation at the firm and the industry level. In this article, the model is applied to product innovation for the first time. In the context of genetically-modified organisms in the agribusiness industry, we examine radical product innovation through the Six Facets Model. We propose, based on the history of genetically-modified organisms in agribusiness, that when applied to product innovation the Six Facets Model will benefit considerably from the inclusion of potential negative externalities and the reactions of external stakeholders.
HISTORICAL, ENTREPRENEURIAL AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY
Authors: JIANG WILLIAM Y. , QUAN XIAOHONG , ZHOU SHU
Published: February 2010

This paper studies the semiconductor industry from three perspectives: historical, entrepreneurial and supply chain management. After a brief introduction, the paper begins by tracing the history and evolution of the semiconductor industry including the two seminal enterprises: Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory and Fairchild Semiconductor. Starting from the invention of the transfer resistor (transistor) by three Nobel laureates (John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Shockley) and the founding of the "most successful failure" in Silicon Valley, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory and the Fairchild Eight, the paper discusses some earliest entrepreneurial attempts in the industry and how these attempts influenced over seventy semiconductor companies in Silicon Valley, including Intel Corporation, National Semiconductor and Advanced Micro Devices. The paper then examines the industry's developing business models, from the vertically integrated model to the integrated device manufacturing model to the development of the foundry model. Finally, the paper looks at the industry's growing trend of globalization together with its outsourcing/off-shoring and supply chain management developments. The authors believe that such a multi-disciplinary approach to study an industry provides valuable insights into the evolution and development of an entire industry and the approach can be generalized to study other industries to enhance understanding at the industry level.
TOWARDS A BUSINESS MODEL FOR COMMERCIALIZING INNOVATIVE NEW TECHNOLOGY
Authors: CORKINDALE DAVID
Published: February 2010

This review paper initially explains that the commercialization of an innovative new technology needs to be underpinned by an appropriate business model. The paper summarizes what has been previously proposed to be the components of a business model and makes the case that an extra one needs to be added and that two of them need interpreting in a special way in order to be appropriate for innovative technology commercialization. It is argued that the decision on what market to target may be crucial to the commercialization process as, often, initial failure may allow no second chances. A way of determining the most appropriate initial market is discussed as this market choice is a determinant of business model choice. Finally, conclusions are drawn on defining and devising business models for commercializing new technologies.
THE EVOLUTION OF SPIN-OFF VENTURES: AN INTEGRATED MODEL
Authors: DE CLEYN SVEN H. , BRAET JOHAN
Published: February 2010

The article aims to give an overview of the main models in the spin-off research field. The main evolution models known in literature will be analyzed. The evolution models will be discussed in increasing order of complexity. However, the existing models will prove to be inadequate to reflect the real-life situation. Therefore, a new integrative model will be discussed in detail, illustrated by using 17 case studies of Belgian academic spin-offs. The model incorporates the dynamic nature of academic spin-off evolution and the major peripheral aspects. It can be used by practitioners and academics to enhance reproducibility and decision making.
ANALYZING INFLUENCE FACTORS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER USING FUZZY SET THEORY
Authors: LAI WEN-HSIANG , TSAI CHIEN-TZU
Published: February 2010

In order to compete in the global environment, the ability and effectiveness of acquiring new technology are essential for firms, and most new technologies need and depend on the Technology Transfer (TT) from international firms and research institutes. Due to the complicity of influence factors of TT, such as features of industry, technology, organization, and talent, difficulties are encountered in evaluating the effectiveness of TT. This study develops a rule-based decision support mechanism using fuzzy set theory and the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the effectiveness of TT. The characteristic of adopting fuzzy set theory is to construct the membership function for those features of influence factors and differentiate the indistinct linguistic terms in order to match true conditions. Finally this study discusses the hierarchical influence factors of TT and provides suggestions for machinery firms with respect to TT effectiveness.
An increase in essential amino acid availability upregulates amino acid transporter expression in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Drummond Micah J. , Glynn Erin L. , Fry Christopher S. , Timmerman Kyle L. , Volpi Elena , Rasmussen Blake B.
Published: February 2010

Essential amino acids (EAA) stimulate skeletal muscle mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and protein synthesis. It has recently been reported that an increase in amino acid (AA) transporter expression during anabolic conditions is rapamycin-sensitive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an increase in EAA availability increases AA transporter expression in human skeletal muscle. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of seven young adult subjects (3 male, 4 female) before and 1–3 h after EAA ingestion (10 g). Blood and muscle samples were analyzed for leucine kinetics using stable isotopic techniques. Quantitative RT-PCR, and immunoblotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression, respectively, of AA transporters and members of the general AA control pathway [general control nonrepressed (GCN2), activating transcription factor (ATF4), and eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2) α-subunit (Ser52)]. EAA ingestion increased blood leucine concentration, delivery of leucine to muscle, transport of leucine from blood into muscle, intracellular muscle leucine concentration, ribosomal protein S6 (Ser240/244) phosphorylation, and muscle protein synthesis. This was followed with increased L-type AA transporter (LAT1), CD98, sodium-coupled neutral AA transporter (SNAT2), and proton-coupled amino acid transporter (PAT1) mRNA expression at 1 h ( P < 0.05) and modest increases in LAT1 protein expression (3 h post-EAA) and SNAT2 protein expression (2 and 3 h post-EAA, P < 0.05). Although there were no changes in GCN2 expression and eIF2α phosphorylation, ATF4 protein expression reached significance by 2 h post-EAA ( P < 0.05). We conclude that an increase in EAA availability upregulates human skeletal muscle AA transporter expression, perhaps in an mTORC1-dependent manner, which may be an adaptive response necessary for improved AA intracellular delivery.
Programming of rat adrenal medulla by neonatal hyperleptinemia: adrenal morphology, catecholamine secretion, and leptin signaling pathway
Authors: Trevenzoli I. H. , Pinheiro C. R. , Conceição E. P. S. , Oliveira E. , Passos M. C. F. , Lisboa P. C. , Moura E. G.
Published: February 2010

Leptin serum concentration in early life is an important factor for adequate future development of the offspring. Previously, we demonstrated that hyperleptinemia on lactation programmed for hyperleptinemia, central leptin resistance with lower expression of the long form of leptin receptor at hypothalamus, and higher medullary catecholamine levels with cardiovascular consequences at adulthood. The central objective of this study was to determine the direct effect of leptin on adrenal medullary function of adult rats that were leptin treated during lactation. Adrenal morphology was also accessed. Recombinant murine leptin was injected in the pups during the first 10 days of life (group L, leptin-programmed) or at adulthood during 6 days (group LC). The controls of both experiments received saline (groups C and CC). Both treatments resulted in hyperleptinemia at 150 days old (+78% and 2-fold increase, respectively; P < 0.05). Programmed animals showed hypertrophy of adrenal and higher adrenal catecholamine content at 150 days old (3-fold increase, P < 0.05), and no changes were observed in the LC group. However, LC rats had lower adrenal content of tyrosine hydroxylase (−17%, P < 0.05). Leptin-programmed rats had a lower response to leptin in vitro stimulation (−22%, P < 0.05) and lower expression of key proteins of the leptin signaling pathway, leptin receptor and janus tyrosine kinase 2 in the medullas (−61% and −29%, respectively, P < 0.05). However, they presented higher expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (+2-fold, P < 0.05). Leptin treatment at adulthood did not affect these parameters. The higher catecholamine synthesis and secretion in the leptin-programmed rats observed in our previous study does not seem to be a consequence of the direct effect of leptin on the medullas. We suggest that the hyperleptinemia of the programmed animals increases adrenal medullary function through sympathetic nervous system activation. In conclusion, high leptin levels on lactation program the activity of the sympathoadrenal system at adulthood that may contribute to the development of adult chronic diseases such as hypertension.
Glucose prevents the fall in ventromedial hypothalamic GABA that is required for full activation of glucose counterregulatory responses during hypoglycemia
Authors: Zhu Wanling , Czyzyk Daniel , Paranjape Sachin A. , Zhou Ligang , Horblitt Adam , Szabó Gábor , Seashore Margretta R. , Sherwin Robert S. , Chan Owen
Published: February 2010

Local delivery of glucose into a critical glucose-sensing region within the brain, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), can suppress glucose counterregulatory responses to systemic hypoglycemia. Here, we investigated whether this suppression was accomplished through changes in GABA output in the VMH. Sprague-Dawley rats had catheters and guide cannulas implanted. Eight to ten days later, microdialysis-microinjection probes were inserted into the VMH, and they were dialyzed with varying concentrations of glucose from 0 to 100 mM. Two groups of rats were microdialyzed with 100 mM glucose and microinjected with either the KATP channel opener diazoxide or a GABAA receptor antagonist. These animals were then subjected to a hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic glucose clamp. As expected, perfusion of glucose into the VMH suppressed the counterregulatory responses. Extracellular VMH GABA levels positively correlated with the concentration of glucose in the perfusate. In turn, extracellular GABA concentrations in the VMH were inversely related to the degree of counterregulatory hormone release. Of note, microinjection of either diazoxide or the GABAA receptor antagonist reversed the suppressive effects of VMH glucose delivery on counterregulatory responses. Some GABAergic neurons in the VMH respond to changes in local glucose concentration. Glucose in the VMH dose-dependently stimulates GABA release, and this in turn dose-dependently suppresses the glucagon and epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia. These data suggest that during hypoglycemia a decrease in glucose concentration within the VMH may provide an important signal that rapidly inactivates VMH GABAergic neurons, reducing inhibitory GABAergic tone, which in turn enhances the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia.
Neural Coding of Periodicity in Marmoset Auditory Cortex
Authors: Bendor Daniel , Wang Xiaoqin
Published: February 2010

Pitch, our perception of how high or low a sound is on a musical scale, crucially depends on a sound's periodicity. If an acoustic signal is temporally jittered so that it becomes aperiodic, the pitch will no longer be perceivable even though other acoustical features that normally covary with pitch are unchanged. Previous electrophysiological studies investigating pitch have typically used only periodic acoustic stimuli, and as such these studies cannot distinguish between a neural representation of pitch and an acoustical feature that only correlates with pitch. In this report, we examine in the auditory cortex of awake marmoset monkeys ( Callithrix jacchus) the neural coding of a periodicity's repetition rate, an acoustic feature that covaries with pitch. We first examine if individual neurons show similar repetition rate tuning for different periodic acoustic signals. We next measure how sensitive these neural representations are to the temporal regularity of the acoustic signal. We find that neurons throughout auditory cortex covary their firing rate with the repetition rate of an acoustic signal. However, similar repetition rate tuning across acoustic stimuli and sensitivity to temporal regularity were generally only observed in a small group of neurons found near the anterolateral border of primary auditory cortex, the location of a previously identified putative pitch processing center. These results suggest that although the encoding of repetition rate is a general component of auditory cortical processing, the neural correlate of periodicity is confined to a special class of pitch-selective neurons within the putative pitch processing center of auditory cortex.
Effect of Salicylate on KCNQ4 of the Guinea Pig Outer Hair Cell
Authors: Wu T. , Lv P. , Kim H. J. , Yamoah E. N. , Nuttall A. L.
Published: February 2010

Salicylate causes a moderate hearing loss and tinnitus in humans at high-dose levels. Salicylate-induced hearing loss has been attributed to impaired sound amplification by outer hair cells (OHCs) through its direct action on the OHC motility sensor and/or motor. However, there is a disparity of salicylate concentrations between the clinical and animal studies, i.e., extremely high extracellular concentrations of salicylate (from 1 to 10 mM) is required to produce a significant reduction of electromotility in animal studies. Such concentrations are above the clinical/physiological range for humans. Here, we showed that clinical/physiological concentration range of salicylate caused concentration-dependent and reversible reductions in IK,n (KCNQ4) and subsequent depolarization of OHCs. Salicylate reduced the maximal tail current of the activation curve of IK,n without altering the voltage-sensitivity ( Vhalf). The salicylate-induced reduction of IK,n was almost completely blocked by linopirdine (0.1 mM) and BaCl2 (10 mM). Consistent with the finding in OHCs, salicylate significantly reduced KCNQ4-mediated current expressed in Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells by comparable amplitude to OHCs without significantly shifting Vhalf. Nonstationary fluctuation analysis shows that salicylate significantly reduced the estimated single-channel current amplitude and numbers. Intracellular Ca2+ elevation resulting from cytoplasmic acidosis also contributes to the current reduction of IK,n (KCNQ4) of OHCs. These results indicate a different model for the salicylate-induced hearing loss through the reduction of KCNQ4 and subsequent depolarization of OHCs, which reduces the driving force for transduction current and electromotility. The major mechanism underlying the reduction of IK,n (KCNQ4) is the direct blocking action of salicylate on KCNQ4.
Distinctive patterns of age-dependent hypomethylation in interspersed repetitive sequences
Authors: Jintaridth Pornrutsami , Mutirangura Apiwat
Published: February 2010

Interspersed repetitive sequences (IRSs) are a major contributor to genome size and may contribute to cellular functions. IRSs are subdivided according to size and functionally related structures into short interspersed elements, long interspersed elements (LINEs), DNA transposons, and LTR-retrotransposons. Many IRSs may produce RNA and regulate genes by a variety of mechanisms. The majority of DNA methylation occurs in IRSs and is believed to suppress IRS activities. Global hypomethylation, or the loss of genome-wide methylation, is a common epigenetic event not only in senescent cells but also in cancer cells. Loss of LINE-1 methylation has been characterized in many cancers. Here, we evaluated the methylation levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of LINE-1, Alu, and human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) in 177 samples obtained from volunteers between 20 and 88 yr of age. Age was negatively associated with methylation levels of Alu (r = −0.452, P < 10−3) and HERV-K (r = −0.326, P < 10−3) but not LINE-1 (r = 0.145, P = 0.055). Loss of methylation of Alu occurred during ages 34–68 yr, and loss of methylation of HERV-K occurred during ages 40–63 yr and again during ages 64–83 yr. Interestingly, methylation of Alu and LINE-1 are directly associated, particularly at ages 49 yr and older (r = 0.49, P < 10−3). Therefore, only some types of IRSs lose methylation at certain ages. Moreover, Alu and HERV-K become hypomethylated differently. Finally, there may be several mechanisms of global methylation. However, not all of these mechanisms are age-dependent. This finding may lead to a better understanding of not only the biological causes and consequences of genome-wide hypomethylation but also the role of IRSs in the aging process.
Distinctive patterns of microRNA expression in extraocular muscles
Authors: Zeiger Ulrike , Khurana Tejvir S.
Published: February 2010

The extraocular muscles (EOMs) are a unique group of muscles that are anatomically and physiologically distinct from other muscles. We and others have shown that EOMs have a unique transcriptome and proteome. Here we investigated the expression pattern of microRNAs (miRNAs), as they may play a role in generating the unique EOM allotype. We isolated RNA and screened LC Sciences miRNA microarrays covering the sequences of miRBase 10.0 to define the microRNAome of normal mouse EOM and tibialis anterior (TA) limb muscle. Seventy-four miRNAs were found to be differentially regulated ( P value <0.05) of which 31 (14 upregulated, 17 downregulated) were differentially regulated at signal strength >500. Muscle-specific miRNAs miR-206 and miR-499 were upregulated and miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-133b were downregulated in EOM. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was used to validate the differential expression. Bioinformatic tools were used to identify potential miRNA-mRNA-protein interactions and integrate data with previous transcriptome and proteomic profiling data. Luciferase assays using cotransfection of precursor miRNAs with reporter constructs containing the 3′-untranslated region of predicted target genes were used to validate targeting by identified miRNAs. The definition of the EOM microRNAome complements existing transcriptome and proteome data about the molecular makeup of EOM and provides further insight into regulation of muscle genes. These data will also help to further explain the unique EOM muscle allotype and its differential sensitivity to diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and may assist in development of therapeutic strategies.
Myoglobin-deficient mice activate a distinct cardiac gene expression program in response to isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy
Authors: Molojavyi Andrei , Lindecke Antje , Raupach Annika , Moellendorf Sarah , Köhrer Karl , Gödecke Axel
Published: February 2010

Myoglobin knockout mice (myo−/−) adapt to the loss of myoglobin by the activation of a variety of compensatory mechanisms acting on the structural and functional level. To analyze to what extent myo−/− mice would tolerate cardiac stress we used the model of chronic isoproterenol application to induce cardiac hypertrophy in myo−/− mice and wild-type (WT) controls. After 14 days of isoproterenol infusion cardiac hypertrophy in WT and myo−/− mice reached a similar level. WT mice developed lung edema and left ventricular dilatation suggesting the development of heart failure. In contrast, myo−/− mice displayed conserved cardiac function and no signs of left ventricular dilatation. Analysis of the cardiac gene expression profiles using 40K mouse oligonucleotide arrays showed that isoproterenol affected the expression of 180 genes in WT but only 92 genes of myo−/− hearts. Only 40 of these genes were regulated in WT as well as in myo−/− hearts. In WT hearts a pronounced induction of genes of the extracellular matrix occurred suggesting a higher level of cardiac remodeling. myo−/− hearts showed altered transcription of genes involved in carbon metabolism, inhibition of apoptosis and muscular repair. Interestingly, a subset of genes that was altered in myo−/− mice already under basal conditions was differentially expressed in WT hearts under isoproterenol treatment. In summary, our data show a high capacity of myoglobin-deficient mice to adapt to catecholamine induced cardiac stress which is associated with activation of a distinct cardiac gene expression program.
Simultaneous Distillation Extraction of Some Volatile Flavor Components from Pu‐erh Tea Samples—Comparison with Steam Distillation‐Liquid/Liquid Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction
Authors: Gu Xungang , Zhang Zhengzhu , Wan Xiaochun , Ning Jingming , Yao Chengcheng , Shao Wanfang
Published: February 2010

A simutaneous distillation extraction (SDE) combined GC method was constructed for determination of volatile flavor components in Pu‐erh tea samples. Dichloromethane and ethyl decylate was employed as organic phase in SDE and internal standard in determination, respectively. Weakly polar DB‐5 column was used to separate the volatile flavor components in GC, 10 of the components were quantitatively analyzed, and further confirmed by GC‐MS. The recovery covered from 66.4%–109%, and repeatability expressed as RSD was in range of 1.44%–12.6%. SDE was most suitable for the extraction of the anlytes by comparing with steam distillation‐liquid/liquid extraction and Soxhlet extraction. Commercially available Pu‐erh tea samples, including Pu‐erh raw tea and ripe tea, were analyzed by the constructed method. the high‐volatile components, such as benzyl alcohol, linalool oxide, and linalool, were greatly rich in Pu‐erh raw teas, while the contents of 1,2,3‐Trimethoxylbenzene and 1,2,4‐Trimethoxylbenzene were much high in Pu‐erh ripe teas.
Exergetic Optimization of a Solar Photovoltaic Array
Authors: Sarhaddi Faramarz , Farahat Said , Ajam Hossein , Behzadmehr Amin
Published: February 2010

An exergetic optimization is developed to determine the optimal performance and design parameters of a solar photovoltaic (PV) array. A detailed energy and exergy analysis is carried out to evaluate the electrical performance, exergy destruction components, and exergy efficiency of a typical PV array. The exergy efficiency of a PV array obtained in this paper is a function of climatic, operating, and design parameters such as ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity, PV array temperature, overall heat loss coefficient, open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, and PV array area. A computer simulation program is also developed to estimate the electrical and operating parameters of a PV array. The results of numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental measurements noted in the previous literature. Finally, exergetic optimization has been carried out under given climatic, operating, and design parameters. The optimized values of the PV array temperature, the PV array area, and the maximum exergy efficiency have been found. Parametric studies have been also carried out.
Kids, Adolescents, and Young Adults Cancer Study—A Methodologic Approach in Cancer Epidemiology Research
Authors: Link Nancy J. , Maurer Eva , Largent Joan , Kent Erin , Morris Rebecca A. , Sender Leonard S. , Anton-Culver Hoda
Published: February 2010

Advances have been made in treatment and outcomes for pediatric cancer. However adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer have not experienced similar relative improvements. We undertook a study to develop the methodology necessary for epidemiologic cancer research in these age groups. Our goal was to create the Kids, Adolescents, and Young Adults Cancer (KAYAC) project to create a resource to address research questions relevant to this population. We used a combination of clinic and population-based ascertainment to enroll 111 cases aged 0–39 for this methodology development study. The largest groups of cancer types enrolled include: breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and melanoma. The overall participation rate is 69.8% and varies by age and tumor type. The study included patients, mothers, and fathers. The methods used to establish this resource are described, and the values of the resource in studies of childhood and young adult cancer are outlined.
Observations of Sympatric Populations of Least Chipmunks (Tamias minimus) and Hopi Chipmunks (Tamias rufus) in Western Colorado, 1995–2006
Authors: Doty Jeffrey B. , Root J. Jeffrey , Calisher Charles H.
Published: February 2010

From 1995 through 2006, we studied a rodent community in western Colorado, observing weather conditions and their effects on least chipmunk (Tamias minimus) and Hopi chipmunk (T. rufus) populations. There are few studies that have assessed relative abundances of chipmunks over long durations and none have been conducted on least chipmunks or Hopi chipmunks. This study is unique in that it assesses abundances of sympatric populations of these chipmunks over a 12-year period. We captured 116 least chipmunks and 62 Hopi chipmunks during 47,850 trap nights of effort. Results indicated that year-to-year precipitation and temperature fluctuations had little effect on these chipmunk populations. However, the relative abundances of Hopi chipmunks and least chipmunks appear to have an inverse relationship with each other, suggesting the potential for resource competition between these congeners.
Cutaneous Scarring: A Clinical Review
Authors: Baker Richard , Urso-Baiarda Fulvio , Linge Claire , Grobbelaar Adriaan
Published: February 2010

Cutaneous scarring can cause patients symptoms ranging from the psychological to physical pain. Although the process of normal scarring is well described the ultimate cause of pathological scarring remains unknown. Similarly, exactly how early gestation fetuses can heal scarlessly remains unsolved. These questions are crucial in the search for a preventative or curative antiscarring agent. Such a discovery would be of enormous medical and commercial importance, not least because it may have application in other tissues. In the clinical context the assessment of scars is becoming more sophisticated and new physical, medical and surgical therapies are being introduced. This review aims to summarise some of the recent developments in scarring research for non-specialists and specialists alike.
Properties Evolution during Transient Liquid Phase Sintering of PM Alumix 431
Authors: Azadbeh Maziyar , Razzaghi Zahra Allafe
Published: February 2010

This paper reports a study on densification and microstructural changes, which were occurred during transient liquid phase sintering of Alumix 431. The objective was to find the optimum sintering temperature for obtaining higher densities and improved mechanical properties. For this purpose, the commercial Al powder mixture ECKA Alumix 431 was pressed at 400 MPa and sintered under pure nitrogen in a broad range of temperature between 580 and 620 ∘C for 30 minutes in N2. The effect of sintering temperature was evaluated by measuring sintered density, transverse rupture strength, dynamic Young′s modulus, and macrohardness. The optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy used for studying microstructural characterization and fracture surface of the resulting materials, respectively. It could be observed that the sintered density increases with higher sintering temperature up to a certain limit, rearrangement as well as pore elimination due to transient liquid phase sintering being helpful. On the other hand, too high sintering temperatures are unwelcome either apparently as a consequence of Zn evaporation and microstructural change such as grain growth. It was found that the maximum sintered density for Alumix 431 is attained by sintering at the range of 610 ∘C when the amount of liquid phase is satisfactory.
Some Properties and Regions of Variability of Affine Harmonic Mappings and Affine Biharmonic Mappings
Authors: Chen Sh. , Ponnusamy S. , Wang X.
Published: February 2010

We first obtain the relations of local univalency, convexity, and linear connectedness between analytic functions and their corresponding affine harmonic mappings. In addition, the paper deals with the regions of variability of values of affine harmonic and biharmonic mappings. The regions (their boundaries) are determined explicitly and the proofs rely on Schwarz lemma or subordination.
Earthworms and Plant Residues Modify Nematodes in Tropical Cropping Soils (Madagascar): A Mesocosm Experiment
Authors: Villenave Cécile , Rabary Bodo , Kichenin Emilie , Djigal Djibril , Blanchart Eric
Published: February 2010

Free-living nematodes present several characteristics that have led to their use as bioindicators of soil quality. Analyzing the structure of nematofauna is a pertinent way to understand soil biological processes. Earthworms play an important role in soil biological functioning and organic matter dynamics. Their effects on soil nematofauna have seldom been studied. We studied the effect of the tropical endogeic earthworm,Pontoscolex corethrurus, on nematode community structure in a 5-month field mesocosm experiment conducted in Madagascar. Ten different treatments with or without earthworms and with or without organic residues (rice, soybean) were compared. Organic residues were applied on the soil surface or mixed with the soil. The abundance of nematodes (bacterial and fungal feeders) was higher in presence ofP. corethrurusthan in their absence. The type of plant residues as well as their localisation had significant effects on the abundance and composition of soil nematodes. The analysis of nematode community structure showed that earthworm activity led to an overall activation of the microbial compartment without specific stimulation of the bacterial or fungal compartment.
Abundance and Diversity of Native Bumble Bees Associated with Agricultural Crops: The Willamette Valley Experience
Authors: Rao Sujaya , Stephen W. P.
Published: February 2010

There are widespread concerns about declining populations of bumble bees due to conversion of native habitats to agroecosystems. Certain cropping systems, however, provide enormous foraging resources, and are beneficial for population build up of native bees, especially eusocial bees such as bumble bees. In this review, we present evidence of a flourishing bumble bee fauna in the Willamette Valley in western Oregon which we believe is sustained by cultivation of bee-pollinated crops which bloom in sequence, and in synchrony with foraging by queens and workers of a complex of bumble bee species. In support of our perspective, we describe the Oregon landscape and ascribe the large bumble bee populations to the presence of a pollen source in spring (cultivated blueberries) followed by one in summer (red clover seed crops). Based on our studies, we recommend integration into conservation approaches of multiple agroecosystems that bloom in sequence for sustaining and building bumble bee populations.
Time‐Optimal Control of Systems with Fractional Dynamics
Authors: Tricaud Christophe , Chen YangQuan
Published: February 2010

We introduce a formulation for the time‐optimal control
problems of systems displaying fractional dynamics in the sense of the
Riemann‐Liouville fractional derivatives operator. To propose a solution
to the general time‐optimal problem, a rational approximation based on
the Hankel data matrix of the impulse response is considered to emulate
the behavior of the fractional differentiation operator. The original problem is then reformulated according to the new model which can be solved
by traditional optimal control problem solvers. The time‐optimal problem is extensively investigated for a double fractional integrator and its
solution is obtained using either numerical optimization time‐domain
analysis.
The Prokinetic Face of Ghrelin
Authors: Sallam Hanaa S. , Chen Jiande D. Z.
Published: February 2010

This review evaluated published data regarding the effects of ghrelin on GI motility using the PubMed database for English articles from 1999 to September 2009. Our strategy was to combine all available information from previous literature, in order to provide a complete structured review on the prokinetic properties of exogenous ghrelin and its potential use for treatment of
various GI dysmotility ailments. We classified the literature into two major groups, depending on whether studies were done in health
or in disease. We sub-classified the studies into stomach, small intestinal and colon studies, and broke them down further into
studies done in vitro, in vivo (animals) and in humans. Further more, the reviewed studies were presented in a chronological order
to guide the readers across the scientific advances in the field. The review shows evidences that ghrelin and its (receptor)
agonists possess a strong prokinetic potential to serve in the treatment of diabetic, neurogenic or idiopathic gastroparesis and
possibly, chemotherapy-associated dyspepsia, postoperative, septic or post-burn ileus, opiate-induced bowel dysfunction and chronic
idiopathic constipation. Further research is necessary to close the gap in knowledge about the effect of ghrelin on the human
intestines in health and disease.
Generalized IFSs on Noncompact Spaces
Authors: Mihail Alexandru , Miculescu Radu
Published: February 2010

The aim of this paper is to continue the research work that we have done in a previous paper published in this journal (see Mihail and Miculescu, 2008). We introduce the notion of GIFS, which is a family of functions "Equation missing", where "Equation missing" is a complete metric space (in the above mentioned paper the case when "Equation missing" is a compact metric space was studied) and "Equation missing". In case that the functions "Equation missing" are Lipschitz contractions, we prove the existence of the attractor of such a GIFS and explore its properties (among them we give an upper bound for the Hausdorff-Pompeiu distance between the attractors of two such GIFSs, an upper bound for the Hausdorff-Pompeiu distance between the attractor of such a GIFS, and an arbitrary compact set of "Equation missing" and we prove its continuous dependence in the "Equation missing"'s). Finally we present some examples of attractors of GIFSs. The last example shows that the notion of GIFS is a natural generalization of the notion of IFS.
Robotic and Non‐Robotic Control of Astrophysical Instruments
Authors: Küveler Gerd , Dao Van Dung , Zuber Axel , Ramelli Renzo
Published: February 2010

We present a system of device control programs, developed for the solar observatory at Locarno/Switzerland (IRSOL). Because these programs are implemented as servers—clearly separated from the higher levels—scientific instruments, for example, telescopes, can be operated both in a user‐controlled mode (GUI, telnet) and in a fully automated mode by use of a script. Astronomical instruments such as telescopes or spectrographs will be responded to by ASCII command strings, which are the same for all clients. In case a device control software does not support multiclient operation or in case it is used together with other devices in a complex measuring procedure, it is worthwhile implementing an intermediate layer that relieves the individual device control servers of routine tasks and provides for a safer operational sequence. In addition, the system may make use of an easy‐to‐learn script language specialised for controlling fully automated processes.
Some Fixed Point Theorems on Ordered Metric Spaces and Application
Authors: Altun Ishak , Simsek Hakan
Published: February 2010

We present some fixed point results for nondecreasing and weakly increasing operators in a partially ordered metric space using implicit relations. Also we give an existence theorem for common solution of two integral equations.
Vitamin D Receptor Activation Mitigates the Impact of Uremia on Endothelial Function in the 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats
Authors: Wu-Wong J. Ruth , Noonan William , Nakane Masaki , Brooks Kristin A. , Segreti Jason A. , Polakowski James S. , Cox Bryan
Published: February 2010

Endothelial dysfunction increases cardiovascular disease risk in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study investigates whether VDR activation affects endothelial function in CKD. The 5/6 nephrectomized (NX) rats with experimental chronic renal insufficiency were treated with or without paricalcitol, a VDR activator. Thoracic aortic rings were precontracted with phenylephrine and then treated with acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside. Uremia significantly affected aortic relaxation (% in NX rats versus % in SHAM at 30 M acetylcholine). The endothelial-dependent relaxation was improved to –%, –%, and –% in NX rats treated with paricalcitol at 0.021, 0.042, and 0.083 g/kg for two weeks, respectively, while paricalcitol at 0.042 g/kg did not affect blood pressure and heart rate. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) suppression alone did not improve endothelial function since cinacalcet suppressed PTH without affecting endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation. N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester completely abolished the effect of paricalcitol on improving endothelial function. These results demonstrate that VDR activation improves endothelial function in CKD.
Parasitic Helminths: New Weapons against Immunological Disorders
Authors: Osada Yoshio , Kanazawa Tamotsu
Published: February 2010

The prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases is increasing in developed countries, possibly due to reduced exposure to microorganisms in childhood (hygiene hypothesis). Epidemiological and experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis is accumulating. In this context, parasitic helminths are now important candidates for antiallergic/anti-inflammatory agents. Here we summarize antiallergic/anti-inflammatory effects of helminths together along with our own study of the effects ofSchistosoma mansonion Th17-dependent experimental arthritis. We also discuss possible mechanisms of helminth-induced suppression according to the recent advances of immunology.
The Avian Proghrelin System
Authors: Richards Mark P. , McMurtry John P.
Published: February 2010

To understand how the proghrelin system functions in regulating growth hormone release and food intake as well as defining its pleiotropic roles in such diverse physiological processes as energy homeostasis, gastrointestinal tract function and reproduction require detailed knowledge of the structure and function of the components that comprise this system. These include the preproghrelin gene that encodes the proghrelin precursor protein from which two peptide hormones, ghrelin and obestatin, are derived and the cognate receptors that bind proghrelin-derived peptides to mediate their physiological actions in different tissues. Also key to the functioning of this system is the posttranslational processing of the proghrelin precursor protein and the individual peptides derived from it. While this system has been intensively studied in a variety of animal species and humans over the last decade, there has been considerably less investigation of the avian proghrelin system which exhibits some unique differences compared to mammals. This review summarizes what is currently known about the proghrelin system in birds and offers new insights into the nature and function of this important endocrine system. Such information facilitates cross-species comparisons and contributes to our understanding of the evolution of the proghrelin system.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR): Balance for Survival in Parasitic Infections
Authors: Chan Marion M. , Evans Kyle W. , Moore Andrea R. , Fong Dunne
Published: February 2010

Parasitic infections induce a magnitude of host responses. At the opposite ends of the spectrum are those that ensure the host's needs to eliminate the invaders and to minimize damage to its own tissues. This review analyzes how parasites would manipulate immunity by activating the immunosuppressive nuclear factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with type 2 cytokines and free fatty acids from arachidonic acid metabolism. PPARs limit the action of type 1 immunity, in which classically activated macrophages act through the production of proinflammatory signals, to spare the parasites. They also favor the development of alternately activated macrophages which control inflammation so the host would not be destroyed. Possibly, the nuclear factors hold a pivotal role in the establishment of chronic infection by delicately balancing the pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling mechanisms and their ligands may be used as combination therapeutics to limit host pathology.
Clearance In Vivo of Instilled [H]Cholesterol from the Rat Lung
Authors: Wyder Michael A. , Griffin Shannon M. , Worsham D. Nicole , Kaneshiro Edna S.
Published: February 2010

Phospholipids and lung surfactant proteins are known to be recycled within the lung alveolus mainly by uptake into type II epithelial cells that secrete lipid-enriched lung surfactant. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major component of lung surfactant lipids and cholesterol is the second most abundant. However, cholesterol turnover in vivo has not been measured and it is not known how long steroidal compounds persist in the lung in intact animals. Here we report on experiments in which radiolabeled cholesterol was instilled into the lungs of rats, then at various postinstillation periods, radioactive sterols in lavage fluid, and in postlavage whole lungs were measured in individual animals. Radioactive sterols in the lungs remained high for a week and were still detectable 46 days later. The clearance rate during the initial postinstillation week was approximately 10% per day. Both radioactive free and esterified sterols were recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and postlavage lungs.
An Ets2-Driven Transcriptional Program in Tumor-Associated Macrophages Promotes Tumor Metastasis
Authors: Zabuawala Tahera , Taffany David A. , Sharma Sudarshana M. , Merchant Anand , Adair Brett , Srinivasan Ruchika , Rosol Thomas J. , Fernandez Soledad , Huang Kun , Leone Gustavo , Ostrowski Michael C.
Published: February 2010

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are implicated in breast cancer metastasis, but relatively little is known about the underlying genes and pathways that are involved. The transcription factor Ets2 is a direct target of signaling pathways involved in regulating macrophage functions during inflammation. We conditionally deleted Ets in TAMs to determine its function at this level on mouse mammary tumor growth and metastasis. Ets2 deletion in TAMs decreased the frequency and size of lung metastases in three different mouse models of breast cancer metastasis. Expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in isolated TAMs established that Ets2 repressed a gene program that included several well-characterized inhibitors of angiogenesis. Consistent with these results, Ets2 ablation in TAMs led to decreased angiogenesis and decreased growth of tumors. An Ets2-TAM expression signature consisting of 133 genes was identified within human breast cancer expression data which could retrospectively predict overall survival of patients with breast cancer in two independent data sets. In summary, we identified Ets2 as a central driver of a transcriptional program in TAMs that acts to promote lung metastasis of breast tumors. Cancer Res; 70(4); 1323–33