bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on a possible association between the acid mucopolysaccharides and lysozyme
Authors: Economou James S.
Published: February 2007

A method for total lysozyme extraction from mammalian connective tissue is presented. There seems to be a correlation in the anatomic distribution of lysozyme and the mucopolysaccharides in mammalian connective tissue. These constituents are found in the highest concentration in preosseous cartilage, among whose zones are additional concentration gradients. Because there are differences in cellularity among the connective tissues, a comparative study of lysozyme and the mucopolysaccharides is presented considering cellularity as well as tissue mass.
Liver and spleen scintigraphy in staging Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Hardin Virgil M. , Johnston Gerald S.
Published: February 2007

Liver–spleen scintigraphy is a useful adjunctive procedure in the diagnosis and staging of Hodgkin's disease. Scintigraphy is easily obtained for both the patient and the physician. It usually directs attention to a liver or spleen involved with the disease by revealing organomegaly with or without defects in concentration of radioactive colloid. The information may be diagnostic. Patients are presented who were studied with lymphangiography, diagnostic laparotomy with splenectomy, and liver–spleen scintigraphy among other tests for staging. The routine use of liver–spleen scintigraphy is recommended in the diagnosis and management of Hodgkin's disease.
Erythropoietin and renin release by isolated perfused canine liver—kidney preparation
Authors: Murphy G. P. , Mirand E. A.
Published: February 2007

A functional isolated bloodless perfused canine liver‐kidney preparation equilibrated with either 100% oxygen or 100% anoxic helium gas has been utilized to evaluate alterations in urine, bile, renal vein, and inferior vena cava specimens in renin, renin substrate, and erythropoietin (ESF) activity. Preparations were perfused with buffered saline or dilute plasma. Additional perfusions were completed with blood or with androgen pretreatment of the donor animals. Erythropoietin (ESF) is released from the kidney, and there is no significant hepatic extraction of ESF in this species. Significant levels can be found in the urine and reflect essential renal loss. The isolated kidney releases renin and acts on renin substrate in this preparation. Moreover, significant hepatic extraction of both renin and renin substrate occurs in these preparations as judged by the high bile concentrations.
Counteraction of leukopenia caused by mechlorethamine and azathioprine
Authors: Cook Elton S. , Nutini Leo G.
Published: February 2007

PCO, a deproteinized yeast extract of low toxicity, increases tissue respiration, offsets the toxicity of mechlorethamine hydrochloride (HN2) for mice with maintenance of antineoplastic activity in the systems studied, and is a useful adjuvant to azathioprine in dog renal allografts. The two latter effects appear to be related to the ability of PCO to protect against the leukopenia caused by these drugs. PCO increases the leukocyte count and offsets the leukocyte depression caused by HN2 in mice and rabbits, and protects against bone marrow damage due to HN2 (investigated only in mice). In dogs, PCO lowers the proportion of lymphocytes without significant effect on the total leukocyte count.
Integrated radiation and operation in the treatment of carcinoma of the head and neck: Experience in 101 patients
Authors: Rush Benjamin F. , Mooney Charles , Jewell William R. , Greenlaw Robert
Published: February 2007

We have reviewed the results of treatment in 101 patients with combined radiation‐operation therapy for lesions of the head and neck. We conclude that combined therapy‐does not significantly increase morbidity and mortality of treatment as long as certain features in the technique of radiation and operation are observed. Actuarial analysis of the 3‐year survivals was done. Preliminary conclusions are that there is an improvement in survival, especially in those patients with positive cervical nodes.
Polycythemia following renal transplantation unrelated to the allograft
Authors: Varkarakis M. J. , Sampson D. , Gerbasi J. R. , Bender M. A. , Mirand E. A. , Murphy G. P.
Published: February 2007

A case of polycythemia following renal transplantation is described. The polycythemia, which was associated with high erythropoietin levels, reverted to normal after bilateral nephrectomy of the patient's own glomerulonephritic kidneys. It is concluded that polycythemia following renal transplantation is not always due to the allograft.
Adenocarcinoma of the appendix vermiformis
Authors: Spann Joe L. , Lowbeer Leo , van Wormer Dale E.
Published: February 2007

Adenocarcinoma of the appendix is exceedingly rare. This paper adds reports of four appendiceal adenocarcinomas to the English language surgical literature. This small experience does not purport to establish the optimal surgical procedure for this disease. Rather, these cases epitomize the capricious behavior of this cancer, which is far more aggressive than generally thought. Recent survival studies have indicated improved prognosis if appendectomy is followed by right hemicolectomy. Case 1 reflects the highly lethal nature of some appendiceal cancers which progress despite early aggressive treatment. This appendiceal tumor was not ruptured, and seemingly an optimistic prognosis was warranted. The actual outcome was death in 3 1/2 years post‐operatively from hematogenous metastases to the lung, brain, and bone. Case 2 is is thought to be the first recorded instance of a correct preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma of the appendix. This carcinoma was treated by a primary right hemicolectomy, and the patient remains alive and well. Case 3 illustrates the benign course of this malignancy in some individuals. Though the treatment circumstances were so unfavorable as to simulate an experimental design to induce cancer spread, this patient has survived for 15 years without evidence of recurrent or metastatic cancer. Case 4 is a prototype of most reported adenocarcinomas of the appendix—a carcinoma in situ in an appendix removed at the time of pelvic surgery. This stage of appendiceal cancer is cured by a simple appendectomy. This fact is partially responsible for the controversy regarding the extent of bowel resection required to cure appendiceal cancer (Berman and Charles, 1967).
Perspective on skin cancer
Authors: Williams Ashbel C.
Published: February 2007

Cutaneous diseases, including cancer, have attracted medical attention since ancient times, skin cancer being the first cancer for which a cause was demonstrated (by Percivall Pott in 1775). A number of definite physical and chemical causes of skin cancer are now known. The necessity of biopsy for diagnosis is pointed out, and the several present modalities of therapy (surgery, electrosurgery, radiation, cryosurgery, and chemo‐surgery) are enumerated. The high degree of success of these agents will be enhanced by the further development of topical chemotherapy and immune therapy, both of which have already added a new dimension to the treatment in certain cases. Mention is made of the hospital cancer programs and the importance of the dermatologist's taking part in his hospital's cancer program. A closer liaison between the dermatologist and the surgeon, the radiologist, and the pathologist is urged to bring about more effective therapy. The desirability of an oncologist as a part of every medical school faculty and in every sizable community in order to achieve maximum improvement of medical care for the cancer patient is stressed. Further advances are on the way, and the outlook for the future of cancer control is optimistic.
Effect of biopsy on the prognosis of melanoma
Authors: Epstein Ervin
Published: February 2007

Ruthless surgery in black cutaneous lesions leads to increased morbidity and mutilation. Only 2 percent of such black tumors are melanomatous. Clinical diagnosis is difficult and often erroneous. Investigations by others indicate that partial removal of nevi does not result in malignant transformation. Longevity in patients with true melanoma is not decreased by incomplete biopsy procedures followed by definitive, hopefully curative surgery even 1 week later. Seemingly, the prognosis is improved by prophylactic lymph node dissection, but since the herein reported study was conducted on localized melanomas only, it is possible that the apparent improved outlook resulted from the elimination of patients with microscopic metastases from this series. Therefore, the ideal amount of tissue to be removed in attacking an undiagnosed black neoplasm is the amount necessary to establish a histopathologic diagnosis.
Chemosurgery for the microscopically controlled excision of skin cancer
Authors: Mohs Frederic E.
Published: February 2007

Chemosurgery is a method by which cutaneous cancers can be excised under complete microscopic control by the systematic use of frozen sections. The technique consists of three main steps: (1) application of a zinc chloride fixative paste, (2) excision of a layer of fixed tissue, and (3) systematic microscopic scanning of frozen sections cut through the undersurface of the specimens. The procedure is repeated in the cancerous areas until a completely cancer‐free plane is reached. Advantages of the method are unprecedented reliability, conservatism, low operative mortality, excellent healing, and the fact that it extends operability to many patients with cancers too extensive for hope of cure by other methods. Special training is essential for optimal results. Though the method is used by over 50 physicians, more should be trained so that chemosurgery is available in every large population center.
Radiation therapy of skin carcinoma
Authors: Murphy Walter T.
Published: February 2007

Radiation therapy of basal or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin can be successful in most patients. This is true even in problem patients such as those with (1) lesions over 10 cm in greatest diameter, (2) lesions invading muscle, cartilage, or bone, (3) lesions in extremities, (4) lesions recurrent under surgical skin reconstruction, and (5) lesions in chronic radiodermatitis. The irradiation sources should be skillfully applied in customized fashion by clinicians trained in the radiotherapeutic aspects of skin cancer.
Topical therapy with 5‐fluorouracil
Authors: Jansen G. Thomas
Published: February 2007

Actinic keratoses are unsightly and may be precancerous. Solitary or localized lesions respond adequately to many forms of treatment. However, widespread multiple actinic keratoses can best be treated with topical 5‐fluorouracil. The exact mode of action is not known, but we can presume it is related to the clearly established effect of this drug upon RNA and DNA synthesis. This treatment is almost ideal, since it usually destroys the keratoses selectively, without significant alteration in normal skin. A 1 or 2 percent solution is made by diluting the 10 ml ampule with propylene glycol. This liquid is applied two times daily to the involved areas for a 2–4 week period. Lesions on the face and neck respond more quickly than those of the hands and arms. A brisk, painful, inflammatory reaction at the site of the keratoses is anticipated and used as an indicator of the end point of treatment. Once treatment is discontinued, the erythema usually subsides in 2 weeks and the skin becomes smooth and free of keratoses. Not all keratoses respond, and untoward reactions such as phototoxicity, irritation of the mucous membranes, contact sensitivity, and alteration of pigmentation can occur. Although resolution of the keratoses persists for years, should they return reapplication is usually effective again.
Review of a 3‐year experience with topical chemotherapy and immunotherapy of superficial cutaneous neoplasms
Authors: Cavins John A.
Published: February 2007

A 3‐year experience with topical chemo‐ and immunotherapy of superficial cutaneous neoplasms is reviewed. Agents used were 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), Trenimon (TEIB), and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The antitumor effect of FU is a result of direct cytostatic action, whereas that of TEIB and DNCB is mediated by delayed hypersensitivity. All drugs were prepared in a hydrophilic ointment base. The treatment of patients with diagnoses of solar keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma (in situ), utilizing the above agents either singly or in combination, is described. Complete response was noted in over 98 percent of the lesions treated. The interrelationship of this modality with surgical excision and radiotherapy is emphasized.
Tumors of the skin. XII. Topical 5‐fluorouracil for epidermal neoplasms
Authors: Klein Edmund , Stoll Howard L. , Milgrom Halina , Helm Frederick , Walker Mary J.
Published: February 2007

Our studies have been carried out in over 500 patients with an aggregate of more than 15,000 lesions for observation periods in excess of 5 years. Topical chemotherapy with 5‐FU was shown to result in selective eradication of premalignant and superficial malignant lesions of the skin. Since the action of 5‐FU is selective, it produces minimal or no effects on normal tissues adjacent to tumors. Healing therefore occurs with slight or no apparent scarring. Topical chemotherapy is indicated for solar keratoses and other precancerous lesions as well as for multiple superficial primary skin cancers when standard therapeutic measures are not suitable because large areas of the skin are involved by persistently developing tumors. Topical cancer chemotherapy induces the resolution of premalignant skin lesions and prevents their further development to the malignant stage. Early primary skin cancers and premalignant lesions react to topical antitumor agents before they are otherwise clinically detectable. These tumors can therefore be eradicated before they present significant clinical problems. Early detection and eradication of skin cancers and premalignant skin lesions furthermore result in the reduction of the subsequent incidence of clinically significant tumors. Local chemotherapy therefore appears to have prophylactic value. Local administration of 5‐FU results in high concentrations of the antitumor agent at the tumor site, although the total amount administered and the rate of absorption are relatively low. General toxicity such as bone marrow depression and other systemic side‐effects are therefore not encountered with local cancer chemotherapy. Superficially located neoplasms are suitable model systems for the study of tumor biology. Local chemotherapy indicates that differential and selective chemical effects can be produced in neoplastic cells and their normal counterparts. Studies on local chemotherapy demonstrate that the selective eradication of malignant disease in many by chemical means is feasible.
Topical chemotherapy of advanced cutaneous malignancy with 5‐fluorouracil creme
Authors: Litwin Martin S. , Ryan Robert F. , Reed Richard J. , Krementz Edward T.
Published: February 2007

Klein et al. have demonstrated that basal cell carcinoma responds favorably to topical applications of 5‐fluorouracil in an aquaphor creme base. In the present study 53 patients with advanced cutaneous basal cell and epidermoid carcinoma were treated with 5, 10, or 20 percent 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in an aquaphor creme base to determine whether this mode of therapy might be superior to surgical excision or irradiation therapy. Patients included in the study fulfilled at least one of the following criteria on which the diagnosis of advanced cutaneous malignancy was made: (1) Primary epidermoid or basal cell carcinoma of the skin—(a) 2.0 cm in diameter or larger, or (b) involving deeper structures such as cartilage on the ear or bone on the top of the head, or (c) occurring in an area that would require a major surgical procedure to cure, or (d) requiring extensive irradiation therapy to cure. (2) Recurrent lesion at a site where a previous malignant lesion had been adequately treated. (3) Repeated solitary lesions occurring at different anatomic sites. (4) Multiple lesions, at least one of which was malignant, occurring simultaneously over a wide cutaneous area. The appropriate concentration of 5‐FU creme was applied once daily for a minimum of 6 weeks and an average period of 9 weeks. One patient with a Marjolin's ulcer was treated in the hospital, and the remainder were treated on an outpatient basis. Pathologic diagnosis were as follows: basal cell, 35; epidermoid, 9; carcinoma in situ, 4; basal cell and epidermoid in the same patient, 3; and basosquamous, 2. In 50 patients progressive inflammation, gradual regression, disappearance, and healing were noted. Only malignant and premalignant tissue and its stroma appeared to be affected, while normal skin was affected only slightly or not at all. Healing occurred primarily with minimal or no scar formation. No local or invasive sepsis occurred. In three patients an apparently adequate inflammatory response was achieved, but the primary disease process was not eradicated; two of these patients had epidermoid carcinoma and one had basal cell carcinoma. Except for one patient who has been followed for 2 months since completing chemotherapy, the post‐treatment follow‐up period has ranged from 4 months to 2 years. The average follow‐up period is 9 mouths. These preliminary results seem to indicate that daily topical application of an appropriate concentration of 5‐fluorouracil in an aquaphor creme base for at least 6 weeks to advanced cutaneous basal cell or epiderrnoid Carcinoma is the treatment of choice when the diseaseis diffuse, there are no obvious metastases, and the procedure necessary to totally remove the involved area would be unusually mutilating.
A comparison of chemical peeling, dermabrasion, and 5‐fluorouracil in cancer prophylaxis
Authors: Spira M. , Freeman R. G. , Arfai P. , Gerow F. J. , Hardy S. B.
Published: February 2007

The results of a clinical comparison among chemical peeling, dermabrasion, and topical application of 5‐fluorouracil show that the last treatment is the most efficacious, both as a treatment for actinic keratoses and as a prophylaxis against new lesions. The application of 5‐fluorouracil is also the easiest method to use and the most economical.
The effect of ‘aging’ of an inhibitor of spontaneous tumors in mice. II. Observations at aging from 101‐1346 days
Authors: Strong Leonell C. , Matsunaga Henry
Published: February 2007

In keeping with the policy established several years ago, the present article is considered to be a progress report. Much is already known on the control of spontaneous tumors of mammary gland origin in mice, but several final conclusions have not been reached. The most urgent present needs are (1) to identify, separate, and purify the ingredients of a liver emulsion known to contain an active inhibitor of spontaneous tumors (this program has been initiated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute), (2) to test out purified fractions on known malignant disease at the San Diego laboratory of Strong Foundation, and (3) to analyze genetically the nature of a transmissible entity already known to have an effect on spontaneous tumors in mice and possibly induced (?) by the injection of a liver emulsion containing a mixture which is at least partially known. Hence the conclusion is reached that the present problem for the control of spontaneous tumors in mice remains an immunogenetic problem. The present data verify a previous conclusion that the aging of a liver emulsion, at least up to 1346 days, increases significantly the biological effect of suppressing spontaneous cancerous growth in mice.
Synovial sarcoma: An analysis of its response to radiation
Authors: Kagan A. Robert , Friedman Nathan B. , Jaffe Henry L.
Published: February 2007

A case of synovial sarcoma with multiple metastatic lesions is presented. Histopathological analysis of the primary and metastatic lesions showed an evolution toward a spindle cell sarcoma. The exquisite tenderness and size of the metastatic masses responded slowly to relatively intense doses of radiations.
Pitfalls in the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma
Authors: MacKman Sanford , Korbitz Bernard C.
Published: February 2007

Case histories that are presented were indirect diagnostic studies that suggested that the patients had disseminated carcinoma, where, in actuality, they either had no malignancy or localized and still apparently curable malignancies. If these studies had not been questioned, these patients could have been treated incorrectly with palliative measures.
Cancer of the tongue in young persons
Authors: Goyanes Alfredo Die , Frazell Edgar L.
Published: February 2007

Carcinoma of the tongue in young persons is uncommon, A search of records of the Memorial Hospital revealed six such cases, and 13 others were encountered in the literature. The preponderance of females in this small series is not significant. The high survival rate (50%) is directly attributed to the infrequency of cervical metastasis and the favorable location (anterior two‐thirds) of the primary lesion.
The occurrence of SV40‐neutralizing antibodies in sera of patients with genitourinary carcinoma
Authors: Shah Keerti V. , Palma Loreto D. , Murphy Gerald P.
Published: February 2007

Neutralizing antibodies to simian virus 40 (SV40) were detected in sera of seven of 182 patients studied at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Four of 91 (4.4%) bladder tumor patients, two of 24 (8.3%) patients with prostatic carcinoma, and one of four patients with testicular tumors had antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies were demonstrable in repeated bleedings over a 5–11 month period. T antibodies were not detected in any of the sera. None of the antibody‐positive patients gave a history of immunization with (potentially SV40‐contaminated) poliovirus vaccines, the only known source of major human exposure to SV40 in the United States. These findings suggest that the seven antibody‐positive donors were infected with a virus cross‐reacting with SV40 or that infection with SV40 may have occurred in some unknown manner.
Psychological considerations in the attainment of esophageal speech
Authors: Dibartolo Russell
Published: February 2007

In view of the increasing incidence and decreasing mortality due to larynx cancer, the constant 2:1 ratio of esophageal speakers to nonspeakers among laryngectomees, and the widespread argeement that psychological factors are prime considerations in esophageal speech attainment, the investigation was designed to delineate certain psychological, physical, and sociological variables which might relate to attainment of alaryngeal speech. Ninety‐four male laryngectomees responded to the Tennessee Self‐Concept Scale, the IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, and a standardized personal interview including a voice recording. Five variables (self‐concept, body‐concept, anxiety level, age at surgery, and defensive distortion of self‐concept responses) were found to be significant in differentiating groups of nonesophageal, below‐average, average, and above‐average esophageal speakers. A significant difference in self‐concept and body‐concept appeared between the two high and the two low speaker groups. The below‐average speakers were more anxious than were the average speakers or the above‐average speakers. The above‐average speakers were younger in age at surgery than were the subjects in the other three groups. The higher self‐concept and body‐concept scores of the better speakers may have been a function of a defense mechanism, as indicated by their defensive distortion scores which were higher than those of the below‐average group. It was found that the variables of self‐concept, body‐concept, and anxiety were about three times more influential than those of age at surgery and defensive distortion in identifying groups of speakers. The conclusions warranted were that necessary psychological counseling and immediate postoperative use of an artificial larynx before the institution of esophageal speech therapy would help raise the ratio of esophageal to nonesophageal speakers.
Notes on streptozotocin in metastatic insulinoma
Authors: Vogel Thomas T.
Published: February 2007

A case of limited success with streptozotocin in overwhelming metastatic insulinoma is reported for illustration of clinical management and possible toxic effects of the drug. An initial dose of 1.5 g/m2 and an interval of administration no more frequent than 1–2 weeks is favored. Acute renal failure and bone marrow suppression followed the last and largest intravenous dose of 8 g/m2. Insulin immunoassay levels and glucose or caloric requirements were reduced, but the patient did not survive. Niacin‐amide and an intra‐arterial route of administration may avoid toxicity in clinical use of this valuable drug.
Growth characteristics of the stilbestrol‐induced hamster kidney tumor
Authors: Dekernion Jean B. , Fraley Elwin E.
Published: February 2007

The stilbestrol‐induced hamster kidney tumor retained hormone dependence in vivo. In order to elucidate the mode and site of hormone stimulation, tumors of the twelfth in vivo transplant generation as well as newly induced kidney tumors were explained to monolayer cell cultures. Various concentrations of diethylstilbestrol failed to stimulate cell growth or prolong viability, and cells died after two to eight subcultures. This was not secondary to in vitro selection of a hormone‐independent cell population, since hormone was required for growth of tumor recycled from cell culture to animals. The presence of an intact stroma seems to be a requisite for estrogen tumorigenesis in the hamster kidney.
Morphology of thymic grafts exposed to lymphomagenic virus
Authors: Hays Esther F.
Published: February 2007

Syngeneic thymic grafts in AKR mice were exposed in vitro to lymphomagenic virus, grafted subcutaneously or under the kidney capsule, and biopsied at intervals. No specific morphologic change was seen to precede the development of lymphoma in these grafts. Lymphoma was found to develop initially as foci of lymphoblasts in the cortex of a normal‐appearing thymus. Regeneration of syngeneic virus‐exposed thymic epithelial remnant grafts in AKR mice was compared to that of nonvirus‐exposed grafts in the same strain and to that in a low‐incidence lymphoma strain. All of the grafts were found to regenerate to the morphology of normal thymus with a characteristic sequence of cellular events. These results imply that lymphomagenic virus acts by a direct transformation of cells in the thymic cortex which is not dependent on any preceding structural alteration of this organ and that regeneration of grafts composed of epithelial reticular cells was not impaired or altered by the presence of the virus.
Effects of pig leukocytes on mouse lymphatic leukemia
Authors: Hill G. , Littlejohn K. , Kelly G. , Atkins R. , Greer J. , Eiseman B.
Published: February 2007

Sensitized leukocytes from live pigs and isolated, perfused pig spleens produced a significant immunotherapeutic effect in AKR mice injected with syngeneic BW 5147 lymphatic leukemia. Therapeutically useful leukocytes were obtained from tumor‐sensitized ex vivo perfused pig spleens and from both spleens and peripheral blood of tumor‐sensitized live pigs. Therapeutic benefit was achieved only when leukocytes were incubated with tumor cells prior to injection into mice. Normal pig leukocytes were relatively less effective against tumor cells. Normal mice tolerated two injections of 106 to 108 pig leukocytes without ill effect.
Radionuclide approach to tumor detection
Authors: Espinosa John L. , Johnston Gerald S.
Published: February 2007

A considerable amount of the nuclear medicine physician's attention is directed toward the screening of patients for tumor diagnosis or for the growth or metastasis of known tumor. Two basic techniques of radionuclide tumor detection are (1) rendering the normal tissue in an organ radioactive and looking for abnormal, nonradioactive areas which represent tumor involvement and (2) making the tumor itself radioactive and hence readily detectable in the relatively nonradioactive normal tissue. Liver, kidney, and thyroid scanning utilize the first method, while metastatic thyroid, brain, and bone tumor scans are examples of the second. The superiority of the technique for finding a hot or bright lesion in a cold or dark background has prompted attempts at extension of this method to the search for tumors. Among the newer agents which specifically label tumors and are being evaluated are Ga67‐citrate in lung carcinomas and lymphomas, Se75‐selenite in brain and bone tumors, radioiodinated antifibrinogen for various tumors, and radioiodinated iodoquine in malignant melanoma.
Pathophysiologic basis of soft tissue tumor scanning
Authors: Potchen E. James , Elliott A. John , Siegel Barry A. , Studer Rebecca , Evens Ronald G.
Published: February 2007

Mechanisms for localization of radionuclides in soft tissue tumors are discussed in relationship to a sequential observation of the label from the time it enters the intravascular space until the time it can be identified in a tumor in greater concentration than in surrounding normal structures. In the case of soft tissue lymphoma identification with gallium or other labeled compounds, it appears that the degree of positivity on a scan will depend upon the characteristic features that the tumor has which differ from the normal surrounding structure. These features include the relative blood volume in the tumor, the transcapillary transport of labeled protein within the tumor, the relative pinocytotic activity of tumor cells in relation to normal tissue, the relative affinity for the label of intracellular proteins in tumor cells vs. normal tissue, and finally the capacity of the tumor to retain the radioactive label due to poor lymphatic drainage or interstitial pressure different from surrounding tissue. By appreciating these possible mechanisms, we may now be able to search for those features which would lead toward positive tumor scans and predict the characteristic features of tumors which will make it possible to detect them by tracer methods. In recognizing these features, we may be able to develop tracer techniques to improve the identification of soft tissue neoplasms.
Computer applications in radionuclide imaging
Authors: Green Michael V.
Published: February 2007

Computers for display, data manipulation, quantitation, diagnoses, and tomography offer the potential of improving the diagnostic efficacy of radionuclide imaging procedures. Although one may legitimately take issue over the question of expense vs. results using present computer systems and techniques, it remains an undeniable fact that if the demand for quantitative information and its manipulation increases, the computer must eventually come to play a central role in nuclear medicine. Indeed, as the phenomena taken under study increase in complexity, perhaps evolving into multiparameter studies, the computer will necessarily be required to present these data in a form meaningful to the physician. This refinement of technique is readily applicable to oncological studies.
Selenite (Se75) as a tumor‐scanning agent
Authors: Cavalieri Ralph R. , Steinberg Martin
Published: February 2007

Selenite (Se75) is a useful scanning agent for visualization of a wide variety of neoplasms in the brain, skeletal system, and chest. Although tumor specificity is not absolute, this agent shows a relatively high selectivity for lesions containing actively metabolizing cells. Other advantages include ready availability, low cost, long ‘shelf‐life,’ and convenient gamma‐energy spectrum for imaging. The major disadvantage is a relatively long biologic retention, which limits the size of the dose which can be administered. Selenite is recommended, therefore, as a secondary scanning agent, to be used in conjunction with shorter‐lived radiopharmaceuticals. When so used, Se75‐selenite often increases the diagnostic accuracy of scanning procedures.
The use of the brain scan in the diagnosis of intracranial neoplasia
Authors: Handmaker Hirsch , Schall Gerald L.
Published: February 2007

The brain scan has become a safe, efficient, and accurate method of screening patients who are suspected of having intracranial abnormalities. Tumor detection and localization are now possible in approximately 90% of patients seen, comparing favorably with results of angiography and pneumoencephalography. Improvements in radionuclides and detection equipment have made possible refinements of techniques to allow study of cerebral vasculature at the time of nuclide injection for the routine static studies. Certain tumors have been found to have specific characteristics on the dynamic and static brain scans and can be predicted with some certainty in many instances. Normal scan anatomy and the various histologic tumor types and their patterns are described.
Utility of combined hepatic scintiphotography and arteriography: Case examples of cirrhosis, hepatoma, and amebic abscess
Authors: Jones Alfred E. , Montgomery Johnny L.
Published: February 2007

The technique of hepatic scintiphotography is a simple, widely available, and useful procedure for the evaluation of the presence of hepatic lesions. This technique is limited both in accuracy and its ability to provide differentiation of the etiology of observed hepatic abnormalities. Hepatic angiography can provide a means of further evaluation of the abnormal hepatic scintiphoto.
Pathogenesis of the positive bone scan and its implications for the detection of metastatic osteosarcomas
Authors: Schall Gerald L. , Larson Steven M. , Delellis Ronald
Published: February 2007

The bone scan is a more sensitive indicator of bone involvement in primary or secondary neoplastic disease than the X‐ray. A positive scan is produced by the deposition of a radioactive, calcium‐mimetic tracer in the immature osteoid of rapidly growing bone. In metastatic bone tumors, the radionuclide is localized in the reactive bone formed in response to the destruction of normal tissue by the invasive neoplasm, whereas in primary bone tumors, specifically osteosarcomas, the tracer is deposited directly within the tumor. Metastatic osteosarcomas can be detected in a similar manner if they are at least 1‐2 cm in diameter and composed of viable tissue, although calcification is not required. Sr87m and F18 have theoretical advantages over Sr85 for the delineation of small metastases. Radionuclide scanning is a potentially valuable procedure for the initial diagnosis of primary and secondary osteosarcomas, for the therapeutic staging of patients with this tumor, and for evaluating the response of these lesions to radiation or chemotherapy in cases where surgery is contraindicated.
Combined therapy in breast cancer
Authors: Shanta V. , Krishnamurthi S.
Published: February 2007

Of 328 breast cancers seen between 1958 to 1963, 0.7% were stage 0, 2.2% were stage I, 23.3 % were stage II, 36.3% were stage III, and 27% were stage IV. The rest were recurrences after treatment elsewhere. All were histologically confirmed. Combined therapy (radical preoperative radiation and hormonal therapy followed by operation) was the treatment policy. The study was conducted to evaluate whether (1) preoperative radiation could alter the classical conceptions of operability, (2) preoperative radiation could appreciably enhance the 5‐year survival rate, especially in stages II and III and an occasional stage IV, (3) radiation per se could achieve total tumor resolution, and its effectiveness in sterilizing the primary tumor and metastatic nodes, and (4) the role of other factors (histology of primary tumor, hormonal status of patient, regional metastatic lymph node involvement, and excisional biopsy in the form of enucleation of primary tumor) influenced survival rate. It would appear in conclusion that combination therapy, as practiced, was of distinct value in stages II and III. In stage II, the 5‐year survival rate was 74.2%. In stage III, preoperative radiation enabled us to operate in cases which would have been routinely declared inoperable. The 5‐year survival rate in these cases was 40%. The overall local recurrence rate after operation in all cases was only 6%. Morbidity following post‐radiation surgical therapy was not very great.
The effect of androgens and estrogens on induced prostatic tumor in the hamster
Authors: Varkarakis M. J. , Sampson D. , Schoonees R. , Gaeta J. F. , Reynoso G. , Mirand E. A. , Murphy G. P.
Published: February 2007

The human adenovirus type 12 and the chemical DMBA inoculated into the prostate of adult hamsters show tumorogenic affects only in the presence of exogenous administration of estradiol or testosterone. The type of tumor observed was prostatic sarcoma, half of which were differentiated to fibrosarcoma. Castration did not change the incidence of the lesions. The pattern of hormonal influence was related to exogenous estrogen rather than androgen dependency when virus or DMBA were administered. Androgen dependency was found only in the presence of DMBA. Both stimuli together showed no potentiating effect in increasing prostatic tumor incidence.
5‐fluorouracil intravenous infusion for 48 hours, repeated every two weeks
Authors: Hill G. J. , Grage T. B. , Wilson W. , Ansfield F. J.
Published: February 2007

High dose, continuous intravenous (I.V.) infusion of 5‐FU was evaluated in a Phase I Study. Doses of 30, 40, 50 or 60 mg/kg/day were administered for 48 hours, and subsequent courses were given at two week intervals. Sixty‐six courses of therapy were evaluated in twenty‐six patients, the majority of whom had carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract (16) or breast (5). Only four patients failed to receive a second course of therapy. The median was 3 and the mean was 2.54 courses per patient. Serious leukopenia (WBC<2000) occurred in five patients, all of whom recovered. Other toxic reactions included nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, diarrhea, microscopic hematuria, phlebitis and thrombocytopenia. The toxicity of 5‐FU was dose related and 22 of 26 patients showed one or more toxic manifestations. Subjective improvement occurred in seven patients, and seven patients showed tumor progression during the study. This study suggests that 48 hour infusions of 30 mg/kg/day, repeated every two weeks, would be feasible.
Excretion of tritiated 3–2′ dimethyl‐4‐diphenylamine
Authors: Gerfo Paul Lo , Herter Frederic P.
Published: February 2007

Tritiated 3–2′Dimethyl‐4‐diphenylamine was prepared by catalytic exchange and studies were carried out in Wistar‐Furth rats following subcutaneous injection. Blood levels reached their peak in 12 hours and this correlated closely with the peak levels of label in the urine and bile. Ninety per cent of labelled compound was excreted within 5 days, less than 3% of the tritium excreted was in the form of tritiated water. Sixty‐five per cent of excreted label appeared in the stools, and 35% in the urine of intact animals. In animals with bile fistula, 85% of the label appeared in the bile and 15% appeared in the urine. This data suggested recirculation of the compound and radioautographs were done at 10 and 20 hours after injection of labelled carcinogen, to see if there was any preferred site of absorption in the G.I. tract. None was found. Radioautographs failed to show any preferred localization of the label in the cells of the G.I. tract, liver, kidney, or bladder.
The lognormal distribution of growth rates of soft tissue metastases of breast cancer
Authors: Lee Yeu‐Tsu N.
Published: February 2007

The gross growth rates of 158 soft tissue metastatic lesions of breast cancer in 54 patients seen at Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital were studied. The frequency distributions of both the linear diametric and exponential volumetric (doubling time) growth rates were lognormal and were analyzed statistically as such. Among the 66 untreated metastatic lesions, parasternal lymph node had the fastest growth rate, although this could be a reflection of the crudeness of the measurement method. Undifferentiated or poorly differentiated recurrent lesions in the chest wall appeared to consist of two heterogeneous groups: one group grew faster than the more differentiated cancers and the other group slower, suggesting tumor with more necrosis. This paper further documented the prevalence of lognormal distribution of events associated with human cancers.
Continuous intravenous fucose treatment of rat mammary tumor
Authors: Rosato F. E. , Mullen J. L. , Rosato E. F. , Steiger E. , Miller E.
Published: February 2007

Thirteen male, adult, 400‐gm Lewis‐Wistar rats received implants of a transplantable mammary tumor, which had arisen spontaneously in rats being treated with N‐N Dimethyl B‐Aziridino propionamide. Three rats (controls) received no treatment, five were given dextrose (8.7 mg/kg/day) and five given L‐fucose (7.6 mg/kg/day) for four days. The sugars were adminstered by continuous intravenous infusion through a catheter placed in the superior vena cava which was maintained in position with a swivel harness apparatus allowing complete freedom of motion during therapy. There was a 20% reduction in tumor size (mean diameter) during fucose infusion, while the controls increased by 5%. The fucose did produce a diuresis but no toxicity was encountered. At sacrifice, on the 23rd day of tumor growth, bone marrow, liver, kidney, and spleen were normal histologically. Tumor fucose was approximately doubled in those receiving fucose, as compared to the control and dextrose treated animals.
Childhood urogenital sarcoma
Authors: Weissman M. J. , Gaeta J. F. , Albert D. J.
Published: February 2007

A review of the five cases of urogenital sarcoma in childhood seen from 1960 to 1970 at Roswell Park Memorial Institute is presented. The courses of three patients with rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate is instructive in indicating the value of aggressive combination therapy. One patient is apparently free of disease three months after the completion of radiotherapy, dactinomycin and vincristine. The first reported case of leimyosarcoma of the testicle is presented, with the indications for retroperitoneal node dissection and radical local resection given. The 30 month survival supports the use of intensive chemotherapy for sarcoma of the scrotal contents. A cure is reported in a case of mesoblastic nephroma of the newborn. The entity is discussed and agreement indicated with the commonly held opinion that postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy are not necessary.
Isolation and radioimmunoassay of human transplantation antigens
Authors: Tanigaki N. , Miyakawa Y. , Kreiter V. P. , Pressman D.
Published: February 2007

A procedure has been developed for the isolation of relatively pure human transplantation antigens in high yield from established cultures of human hematopoietic cells. Several preparations of soluble cell fragments, each carrying as the evident activity one of the specificities, HL‐A1, HL‐A2, and HL‐A7, have been isolated in a state of high molecular purity and high specific activity. Cell particulates, obtained by the disruption of cells when they were agitated in buffer, were digested under carefully controlled conditions with papain in the presence of cysteine. The soluble fragments obtained were carried through a series of purification steps‐hypotonic dialysis, DEAE ion exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, and column elec‐trophoresis. The final preparations contained 30–37% of the total HL‐A activity present in the papain digest. All fragments carrying HL‐A activities had a molecular size of about 48,000 Daltons. Some of the HL‐A specificities were associated with differences in electrophoretic mobility of the fragments, and, on this basis, different specificites found in a single cell line could sometimes be separated from each other. The products were labeled with radioiodine without affecting the antigenic activity. These labeled antigens were used for a number of purposes. The chief application has been as a reagent in a sensitive radioimmunoassay method for HL‐A activity that is applicable to whole cells or particulates as well as to soluble antigens.
An appraisal of histiocytosis‐X
Authors: Kaplan Carl , Shamoto Mikihiro , Katoh Arthur
Published: February 2007

A case of Hand‐Schüller‐Christian disease with a nineteen year follow‐up is presented, with lesions localized to the skull and mandible. Three separate courses of irradiation therapy produced temporary recalcification of the cranial defects. A skull biopsy obtained nineteen years after onset from a recurrent skull lesion disclosed an eosinophilic granuloma. Electron microscopic examination of this tissue revealed Langerhans cell granules identical to those we had previously described in a fatal case of Letterer‐Siwe disease, and as reported in other cases of histiocytosis‐X.

The findings noted in this case support Lichtenstein's thesis of a probable common etiology for the group of syndromes he has designated as histiocytosis‐X, and also add support to Lieberman's findings of relatively benign disease in the reticuloendothelioses classified as eosinophilic granuloma.
Comparison of the effect of three nucleosides and a liver emulsion upon the inhibition of cancer in mice
Authors: Strong Leonell C. , Matsunaga Henry
Published: February 2007

The sum total of inhibition of growth capacities of spontaneous tumors in mice obtained with three nucleosides used separately is similar to, if not identical, with the amount of inhibition obtained by the use of the original liver emulsion. There is also clear evidence that most of this tumor inhibition is brought about by 5 methyl cytidine (0.02 molar concentration administered intraperitoneally three times weekly with a maximum injection of a volume of 0.05 cc). Adenosine is not only an inhibitor of cancer in mice but, under certain conditions, also a stimulator (0.05 molar percentage solution with maximal injections at any one time of 0.05 cc volume). This conversion of an inhibitor of cancer to a stimulator has been brought about by aging of the solution but how the conversion takes place is not known. However, this conversion of the effect of adenosine was obtained by the same procedure that the inhibitor of cancer in the liver emulsion can be converted to a stimulator of cancer.
Genetic predisposition to carcinoma of the breast: Multiple human genotypes for estrogen 16 alpha hydroxylase activity in caucasians
Authors: Lemon Henry M.
Published: February 2007

The ratio of administered estrioVestrone or estradiol 178 modifies the uterotropic action of estrogen upon uterine growth i n spayed rodents in vivo and the binding of tritiated estrone or estradiol to uterine and mammary estrogen receptor proteins in vivo and in vitro. Caucasian women with untreated breast cancer excrete significantly lower urinary ratios of estrioVestrone + estradiol (estriol quotient, Eq) compared to age‐matched noncancerous women. Pregnancy, which induces a 10‐fold augmentation of estriol production from fetoplacental sources above that of estrone and estradiol, significantly reduces human breast cancer risk.