bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transpulmonary pressure and lung elastance can be estimated by a PEEP‐step manoeuvre
Authors: LUNDIN S. , GRIVANS C. , STENQVIST O.
Published: December 2014

Background

Transpulmonary pressure is a key factor for protective ventilation. This requires measurements of oesophageal pressure that is rarely used clinically. A simple method may be found, if it could be shown that tidal and positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) inflation of the lungs with the same volume increases transpulmonary pressure equally. The aim of the present study was to compare tidal and PEEP inflation of the respiratory system.

Methods

A total of 12 patients with acute respiratory failure were subjected to PEEP trials of 0‐4‐8‐12‐16 cmH2O. Changes in end‐expiratory lung volume (ΔEELV) following a PEEP step were determined from cumulative differences in inspiratory‐expiratory tidal volumes. Oesophageal pressure was measured with a balloon catheter.

Results

Following a PEEP increase from 0 to 16 cmH2O end‐expiratory oesophageal pressure did not increase (0.5 ± 4.0 cmH2O). Average increase in EELV following a PEEP step of 4 cmH2O was 230 ± 132 ml. The increase in EELV was related to the change in PEEP divided by lung elastance (El) derived from oesophageal pressure as ΔPEEP/El. There was a good correlation between transpulmonary pressure by oesophageal pressure and transpulmonary pressure based on El determined as ΔPEEP/ΔEELV, r2 = 0.80, y = 0.96x, mean bias −0.4 ± 3.0 cmH2O with limits of agreement from 5.4 to −6.2 cmH2O (2 standard deviations).

Conclusion

PEEP inflation of the respiratory system is extremely slow, and allows the chest wall complex, especially the abdomen, to yield and adapt to intrusion of the diaphragm. As a consequence a change in transpulmonary pressure is equal to the change in PEEP and transpulmonary pressure can be determined without oesophageal pressure measurements.
Alterations in brain leptin signalling in spite of unchanged CSF leptin levels in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Maioli Silvia , Lodeiro Maria , Merino‐Serrais Paula , Falahati Farshad , Khan Wasim , Puerta Elena , Codita Alina , Rimondini Roberto , Ramirez Maria J. , Simmons Andrew , Gil‐Bea Francisco , Westman Eric , Cedazo‐Minguez Angel ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: December 2014

Several studies support the relation between leptin and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We show that leptin levels in CSF are unchanged as subjects progress to AD. However, in AD hippocampus, leptin signalling was decreased and leptin localization was shifted, being more abundant in reactive astrocytes and less in neurons. Similar translocation of leptin was found in brains from Tg2576 and apoE4 mice. Moreover, an enhancement of leptin receptors was found in hippocampus of young Tg2576 mice and in primary astrocytes and neurons treated with Aβ1‐42. In contrast, old Tg2576 mice showed decreased leptin receptors levels. Similar findings to those seen in Tg2576 mice were found in apoE4, but not in apoE3 mice. These results suggest that leptin levels are intact, but leptin signalling is impaired in AD. Thus, Aβ accumulation and apoE4 genotype result in a transient enhancement of leptin signalling that might lead to a leptin resistance state over time.
Allergen‐specific basophil reactivity exhibits daily variations in seasonal allergic rhinitis
Authors: Ando N. , Nakamura Y. , Ishimaru K. , Ogawa H. , Okumura K. , Shimada S. , Nakao A.
Published: December 2014

It remains poorly understood how symptoms in allergic rhinitis are most severe during overnight or early in the morning. The circadian clock consisting of a network of several ‘clock genes’ including Clock drives daily rhythms in physiology. This study showed that allergen‐induced surface CD203c expression on basophils in seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by Japanese cedar pollen exhibited a time‐of‐day‐dependent variation associated with temporal variations in canonical circadian clock gene expression. We also found that bone‐marrow‐derived basophils (BM basophils) generated from wild‐type mice exhibited a time‐of‐day‐dependent variation in IgE‐mediated IL‐4 and histamine production, which was not observed in BM basophils generated from Clock‐mutated mice. Therefore, allergen‐specific basophil reactivity shows daily variations depending on the circadian clock activity in basophils, which could partly explain temporal symptomatic variations in allergic rhinitis. Additionally, circadian variations in CD203c expression should be considered for interpretation of this biomarker in clinical research.
Zombies and Originals: How Cultural Theory Informs Stakeholder Management
Authors: Perrault Elise
Published: December 2014

The question of stakeholder salience has recently resurfaced in the suggestion that the ethical foundations of corporate cultures result in stakeholder cultures that largely explain how firms allocate resources among stakeholders. The present article seeks to complement this novel approach to understanding stakeholder management by adding insights from the multilevel influences that create the corporate culture in the first place, and ultimately affect managers in their stakeholder decisions. This article draws on cultural theory to examine how the individuals who compose firms present group and grid solidarity that results in cultural biases in the corporate culture. These cultural biases—individualism, hierarchy, fatalism, and egalitarianism—are then paired with the stakeholder cultures they enable, and inferences are extracted concerning the salience managers are likely to accord to various classes of stakeholders as a result. Future research and managerial implications stemming from this new view on stakeholder management conclude this article.
Ethical Issues that arise in Bankruptcy
Authors: Boettcher Jacques , Cavanagh Gerald , Xu Min
Published: December 2014

Bankruptcy is designed to give the debtor another chance after a financial failure, and it is often an option that is both more ethical and more efficient than liquidation. We address some basic issues, such as whether Chapter 11 bankruptcy itself is ethical and what elements help one to decide if a particular bankruptcy is ethical. There are many chances for unethical acts during bankruptcy, such as the ethics of a firm that files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy yet has sufficient assets to meet its financial obligations, or the often exorbitant fees that bankruptcy professionals are allowed as well as the apparent partiality demonstrated in some bankruptcy courts.
Influence of the Duration of the Second Stage of Labor on the Likelihood of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury
Authors: Aiken Catherine E. , Aiken Abigail R. , Prentice Andrew
Published: December 2014

Background

Duration of the second stage of labor has been suggested as an independent risk factor for clinically detectable obstetric anal sphincter injury in low‐risk nulliparous women.

Methods

A retrospective 5‐year cohort study was conducted in a UK obstetrics center which included a high‐risk delivery unit and a low‐risk birthing center. The study included 4,831 nulliparous women with vertex‐presenting, single, live‐born infants at term, stratified according to spontaneous or instrumental delivery. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the association between duration of second stage and sphincter injury.

Results

Three‐hundred twenty‐five of 4,831 women (6.7%) sustained sphincter injuries. In spontaneously delivering women, no association between duration of the second stage and the likelihood of sphincter injury was recorded. Factors associated with increased likelihood of sphincter injury included older maternal age, higher birthweight, and Southeast Asian ethnicity. In contrast, for women undergoing instrumental delivery, a longer second stage was associated with an increased sphincter injury risk of 6 percent per 15 minutes in the second stage of labor before delivery.

Conclusions

For spontaneous vaginal deliveries, duration of the second stage of labor was not an independent risk factor for obstetric anal sphincter injury. The association between prolonged second stage and sphincter injury for instrumental deliveries is likely explained by the risk posed by the use of the instruments themselves or by delay in initiating instrumental assistance. Attempts to modify the duration of the second stage for prevention of sphincter injuries are unlikely to be beneficial and may be detrimental.
Azo pigments and quinacridones induce delayed hypersensitivity in red tattoos
Authors: Gaudron Sophie , Ferrier‐Le Bouëdec Marie‐Christine , Franck Frederic , D'Incan Michel
Published: December 2014

Background

Induction of delayed hypersensitivity reactions by red tattoos has been occasionally reported. Little is known about the inks used. Azo pigments have been implicated in some instances, but there is only one reported case involving quinacridones.

Objectives

To describe the clinical and pathological features and outcome of skin reactions induced by red tattoo pigments.

Patients, materials, and methods

Six patients with a cutaneous reaction induced by a red tattoo pigment underwent biopsy and prick and patch testing with the inks supplied.

Results

We observed seven reactions in the 6 patients. Histology showed various patterns: three lichenoid, two eczematous, and two pseudolymphomatous. Five reactions occurred with azo pigments, and two with quinacridones, in both cases with Violet 19 and Red 122. Four inks were tested. Only one patch test gave a positive result at a late reading (day 7). Prick tests gave negative results. The reactions required various treatments, including laser treatment for 2 patients. Activation of the reaction in 1 case was transient.

Conclusion

Azo pigments and quinacridones both triggered reactions with similar clinical aspects but with varying histological findings. Patch and prick test results were disappointing with both. Reactions occurred following laser use in 1 case.
Demography as the basis for understanding and predicting range dynamics
Authors: Normand S. , Zimmermann N. E. , Schurr F. M. , Lischke H.
Published: December 2014

Demographic processes and demographic data are increasingly being included in models of the spatio–temporal dynamics of species’ ranges. In this special issue, we explore how the integration of demographic processes further the conceptual understanding and prediction of species’ range dynamics. The 12 papers originate from two workshops entitled ‘Advancing concepts and models of species range dynamics: understanding and disentangling processes across scales’. The papers combine theoretical and empirical evidence for the interplay between environmental conditions, species interactions, demographic processes (births, deaths, dispersal), physiology, and evolution, and they point out promising avenues towards a better understanding and prediction of species’ range dynamics.
Carbon and macronutrient losses during accelerated erosion under different tillage and residue management
Authors: Beniston J. W. , Shipitalo M. J. , Lal R. , Dayton E. A. , Hopkins D. W. , Jones F. , Joynes A. , Dungait J. A. J.
Published: December 2014

There have been many studies on the effects of tillage on erosional losses from soil, but rarely have soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses been quantified simultaneously during a single erosion event. We applied a simulated rainfall event (70 mm hour−1) to plots within a gently sloping field (6%) in Ohio, USA, on which maize (C4) cultivation had replaced C3 vegetation several decades earlier. The plots were under different tillage management: (i) no till (NT100) for 42 years; (ii) NT100 plots from which 50% (NT50) or (iii) 100% (NT0) of crop residues were removed annually for 8 years; (iv) NT100 plots tilled 24 hours previously (TNT); and (v) conventional tillage (CT) for 28 years. Relationships between SOC, N and P concentrations and natural abundance 13C : 15N stable isotope values in the topsoils and sediments suggested that eroded SOC and TN were associated with the erosion of soil organic matter, whilst P losses were driven by the transport of the mineral fraction. Stable 13C isotope analyses revealed that tillage and residue removal both increased the proportion of older (C3), rather than new (C4, maize‐derived), SOC in eroded sediments. This study therefore demonstrated that a single tillage event after 42 years of continuous no‐till caused larger erosional fluxes than 8 years of continuous removal of all maize residues, and that long‐term conventional tillage resulted in the loss of a greater amount of older (> 28 years) SOC in eroded sediments, compared with continuous NT management.
Previous infection and the risk of ischaemic stroke in Italy: the IN2 study
Authors: Consoli D. , Vidale S. , Aguglia U. , Bassi P. , Cavallini A. , Galati F. , Guidetti D. , Marcello N. , Micieli G. , Pracucci G. , Rasura M. , Siniscalchi A. , Sterzi R. , Toni D. , Inzitari D.
Published: December 2014

Background and purpose

There is an increasing interest in new risk factors for ischaemic stroke. Acute and chronic infections could contribute to different aetiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis that lead to cerebrovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that previous infections and Chlamydia pneumoniae in particular increase the risk of ischaemic stroke in the population.

Methods

This was a prospective case−control study involving 11 Italian stroke units. Controls were age‐ and sex‐matched with cases, represented by patients admitted to hospital for acute ischaemic stroke. For each participant classical vascular risk factors and previous inflammatory and infectious events up to 1 month before were registered. Blood samples were collected to analyse inflammatory markers and titres of antibodies against C. pneumoniae.

Results

A total of 1002 participants were included (mean age 69 years) with 749 ischaemic stroke patients. Infections occurred within 1 month previously in 12% of the entire sample with a higher prevalence in the case group (14.4% vs. 3.9%). At multivariate analysis of the seropositivity of IgA antibodies against C. pneumoniae increased the risk of stroke significantly (relative risk 2.121; 95% confidence interval 1.255–3.584) and an early previous infection (up to 7 days before the event) contributed to a rise in probability of acute cerebral ischaemia (relative risk 3.692; 95% confidence interval 1.134–6.875).

Conclusions

Early previous infections and persistent chronic infection of C. pneumoniae could contribute to increase the risk of ischaemic stroke significantly, in the elderly especially.
Enchanting Gods and Dolphins: A Cross‐Cultural Analysis of Uncanny Encounters
Authors: Halloy Arnaud , Servais Véronique
Published: December 2014

The main thrust of our research is to provide a cross‐cultural definition of enchantment. Drawing on first‐hand accounts of spirit possession in an Afro‐Brazilian cult and on Dolphin encounters at sea, we compare the two settings to identify the common features in both people's experiences and the technologies of enchantment that make them possible. According to our findings, the main features of the experience of enchantment are: ontological uncertainty as to the entities involved and the experience itself; uncanny feelings; an attentional focus on inner bodily and mental states; dissociative and hypnoid states; and a shift in perceived agency. We define the technology of enchantment as an “in‐between space of practice” (Belin ), neither totally material, nor totally subjective, which enables the merging of unusual bodily states with imagination and culturally prepared expectations. Such merging is possible only if the individual is immersed in a sensorily organized environment (sensescape), made up of distributed perceptual saliences, and if a relation based on trust and benevolence is achieved.
Psoriasis: in between the skin and the fat
Authors: Ståhle Mona
Published: December 2014

Substantial epidemiological evidence indicates that psoriasis associates with a predisposition to develop metabolic dysregulation leading to obesity and insulin resistance. However, the nature of this association and the potential underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In a recent report, Gerdes et al. explored the hypothesis that wingless‐type MMTV integration site, Wnt5a, which has been linked to aberrant fat cell metabolism, may be driving this process. In this study, the authors compare circulating serum levels of Wnt5a in individuals with psoriasis and compare with healthy controls matched for age, gender and BMI. The bottom‐line results show higher levels of Wnt5a in psoriasis patients irrespective of BMI compared to the matched non‐psoriatic controls, indicating that psoriasis per se may result in increased secretion of Wnt5a into the circulation. In addition, there was a significant difference among patients with higher levels of Wnt5a in the obese psoriasis population. The study, even though being purely descriptive, may serve to inspire a more mechanistic approach exploring not only Wnt5a, but other inflammatory pathways in between the skin and the fat.
Coparenting Profiles in the Context of Mexican‐Origin Teen Pregnancy: Links to Mother–Daughter Relationship Quality and Adjustment
Authors: Perez‐Brena Norma J. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Jahromi Laudan , Guimond Amy
Published: December 2014

The current study explored the multifaceted nature of the mother–adolescent coparental relationship with data from 167 Mexican‐origin adolescent mothers and their own mothers at 10 months post childbirth. Profiles of mother–adolescent coparenting were created with latent profile analysis using adolescents’ reports of three dimensions of coparenting (communication, involvement, and conflict). Four profiles were identified: (a) Harmonious Coparents (equal involvement, high communication, low conflict); (b) Harmonious‐Adolescent Primary (adolescent is more involved than mother, high communication, low conflict); (c) Conflictual Coparents (equal involvement, high communication, high conflict); and (d) Conflictual‐Adolescent Primary (adolescent is more involved than mother, moderate communication, high conflict). Families characterized by high mother–daughter conflict and psychological control prior to childbirth were more likely to belong in the Conflictual Coparents profile. In addition, adolescents’ and mothers’ depressive symptoms and parenting efficacy after childbirth were linked to profile membership, such that the Harmonious‐Adolescent Primary profile reported the most positive adjustment patterns, whereas profiles with high coparental conflict (i.e., Conflictual Coparenting and Conflictual‐Adolescent Primary profiles) showed the least positive adjustment patterns. Discussion considers the applied implications of identifying precursors to healthy and problematic mother–daughter coparenting for families of adolescent mothers in the early years of parenting.
A Literature Review on College Choice and Marketing Strategies for Recruitment
Authors: Han Pingping
Published: December 2014

Recruiting enough qualified students is becoming an important topic for colleges and universities as the competition within the higher education market intensifies. Knowing the reasons prospective students choose which institution to attend is essential to develop effective marketing and recruiting strategies. The purpose of this study is to present current research and literature on the factors influencing the college choice process and marketing practices in recruiting.
Origin and dispersal of Potamophylax cingulatus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in Iceland
Authors: Gíslason Gísli M. , Hannesdóttir Elísabet R. , Munoz Sonia S. , Pálsson Snaebjörn
Published: December 2014

The earliest record of Potamophylax cingulatus in Iceland is from east Iceland in 1959. In the 1970s, the distribution of the species in Iceland was restricted to the east and north‐east. In a survey conducted from 2004 to 2008, P. cingulatus was found all over Iceland, except in the central highlands. The speed of dispersal has thus been around 7.3 km per year.

To study the origin of the population in Iceland, we assessed variation of the COI gene of the mtDNA of P. cingulatus in Iceland and from the neighbouring countries. Almost no variation was detected in the Icelandic population, and the flies were closely related to flies from the Faroe Islands, reflecting its most likely route of colonisation.

A wider survey of the variation within Europe showed a clear structure of three major lineages: an Atlantic or western lineage from Spain to Norway, a central or eastern lineage (Czech Republic and Austria) and a southern group from south‐east France. The phylogeographical patterns within Europe point to at least three refugia during the glacial periods of the Pleistocene.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of plasma‐derived factor XIII concentrate (human) in patients with congenital factor XIII deficiency
Authors: Nugent D. J. , Ashley C. , García‐Talavera J. , Lo L. C. , Mehdi A. S. , Mangione A.
Published: December 2014

Congenital factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is a rare condition with substantial risk for life‐threatening bleeding. Replacement of deficient FXIII with plasma‐derived FXIII concentrate is a treatment option. The current 12‐week study evaluated the steady‐state pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety profile of prophylactic infusions of FXIII concentrate (human) in patients with congenital FXIII deficiency. Patients received FXIII concentrate (human) 40 IU kg−1 on Days 0, 28, and 56. FXIII levels were assessed before and after each infusion; steady‐state PK parameters were assessed up to 28 days after the infusion on Day 56. Treatment effectiveness in maintaining trough FXIII activity levels ≥5% over 28 days and safety parameters were also assessed. Fourteen patients received FXIII concentrate (human) and 13 completed the study. Post‐infusion, FXIII activity levels increased to within the range found in patients without congenital FXIII deficiency without reaching supra‐therapeutic levels. Non‐baseline‐adjusted trough FXIII activity levels were maintained at or above 10% at all post‐baseline visits in all patients. Steady‐state PK parameters were baseline‐adjusted; maximum FXIII activity was 87.7% at 1.72 h post‐infusion, subsequently declining to a minimum of 5.0%. The half‐life was 6.6 days. FXIII concentrate (human) was generally well tolerated. Two patients had possibly treatment‐related adverse events. There were no reports of thromboembolism, viral transmission, bleeding events or treatment‐related hypersensitivity. These findings support use of FXIII concentrate (human) 40 IU kg−1 every 28 days as an appropriate regimen for routine, long‐term prophylaxis in children and adults with congenital FXIII deficiency. Clinical trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00883090.
Continuous infusion of recombinant factor VIII formulated with sucrose in surgery: Non‐interventional, observational study in patients with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Meijer K. , Rauchensteiner S. , Santagostino E. , Platokouki H. , Schutgens R. E. G. , Brunn M. , Tueckmantel C. , Valeri F. , Schinco P. C.
Published: December 2014

In haemophilia A, continuous infusion (CI) of FVIII perioperatively provides a more constant FVIII level than conventional bolus injections, avoiding low trough levels that could increase bleeding risk. Due to the low number of surgical cases in clinical trials, especially in haemophilia, more information on the clinical practice of CI from observational studies is helpful. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of CI with recombinant factor VIII formulated with sucrose (rFVIII‐FS) in a typical surgery practice setting. This was a non‐interventional study in 12 centres. Patients with severe haemophilia A who received rFVIII‐FS by CI during and after surgery were included in this study if they had more than 150 exposure days (EDs) to any FVIII product and had no history of inhibitors before CI. Patients were observed during the entire course of CI, with monitoring up to 3 months thereafter. Twenty‐five patients with 28 surgeries were included in the analysis. Median age was 51.7 (range 10–75). Most (75%; 21/25) patients underwent orthopaedic surgeries. The median dose of rFVIII‐FS consumed during CI was 376 IU kg−1 (range 157.9–3605.6 IU kg−1) with a greater median dose for orthopaedic surgeries (424.0 IU kg−1) compared to non‐orthopaedic surgeries (278.5 IU kg−1). 95% of all FVIII measurements (214/224) were on target. Efficacy and tolerability were rated as good/excellent in 89.3% (25/28) of surgeries. No inhibitors were observed during or after surgery. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of CI with rFVIII‐FS during surgery in patients with severe haemophilia A in a clinical practice setting.
Controlled, cross‐sectional MRI evaluation of joint status in severe haemophilia A patients treated with prophylaxis vs. on demand
Authors: Oldenburg J. , Zimmermann R. , Katsarou O. , Theodossiades G. , Zanon E. , Niemann B. , Kellermann E. , Lundin B. ,   the Cross‐sectional MRI study investigators
Published: December 2014

In patients with haemophilia A, factor VIII (FVIII) prophylaxis reduces bleeding frequency and joint damage compared with on‐demand therapy. To assess the effect of prophylaxis initiation age, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate bone and cartilage damage in patients with severe haemophilia A. In this cross‐sectional, multinational investigation, patients aged 12–35 years were assigned to 1 of 5 groups: primary prophylaxis started at age <2 years (group 1); secondary prophylaxis started at age 2 to <6 years (group 2), 6 to <12 years (group 3), or 12−18 years (group 4); or on‐demand treatment (group 5). Joint status at ankles and knees was assessed using Compatible Additive MRI scoring (maximum and mean ankle; maximum and mean of all 4 joints) and Gilbert scores in the per‐protocol population (n = 118). All prophylaxis groups had better MRI joint scores than the on‐demand group. MRI scores generally increased with current patient age and later start of prophylaxis. Ankles were the most affected joints. In group 1 patients currently aged 27−35 years, the median of maximum ankle scores was 0.0; corresponding values in groups 4 and 5 were 17.0 and 18.0, respectively [medians of mean index joint scores: 0.0 (group 1), 8.1 (group 2) and 13.8 (group 4)]. Gilbert scores revealed outcomes less pronounced than MRI scores. MRI scores identified pathologic joint status with high sensitivity. Prophylaxis groups had lower annualized joint bleeds and MRI scores vs. the on‐demand group. Primary prophylaxis demonstrated protective effects against joint deterioration compared with secondary prophylaxis.
Alternative Regionalism from Below: Democratizing ASEAN's Migration Governance
Authors: Rother Stefan , Piper Nicola
Published: December 2014

Most literature on migration governance has addressed the global level, and it has done so primarily from a state‐centric and top‐down perspective, with little regard to the role of civil society organizations in shaping its direction. Moreover, in an institutional sense, except for the EU, the regional level has only received scant attention, which is surprising given the significance of intra‐regional migration flows elsewhere. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a case in point. Although there are few direct channels of engagement for civil society, the vibrant migrant rights community in Asia has been capitalizing on, and creating, opportunities at multiple levels including the regional. Our argument is that this creative use of channels of engagement in combined form at multiple levels can have democratizing potential.
Improving student nurses' aged care understandings through a supported placement
Authors: Lea E. , Marlow A. , Bramble M. , Andrews S. , Eccleston C. , McInerney F. , Robinson A.
Published: December 2014

Aim

The study aimed to identify the potential for aged care placements to deliver benefits for second year nursing students when conducted within a supportive framework with debriefing and critical reflection opportunities.

Background

Given the ageing population and complex care needs of aged care facility residents, exacerbated by the high prevalence of dementia, the healthcare workforce's ability to meet older people's care needs is paramount. Yet research shows that nursing students are disengaged from aged care.

Methods

Using a quasi‐experimental mixed method design within an action research framework, 40 students were allocated a 3‐week supported placement in 2011–2012 at one of the two intervention residential aged care facilities in Tasmania, Australia. Staff formed mentor action research groups in each facility and participated in a pre‐placement capacity‐building programme. Thirty‐nine students were placed across 14 control facilities. Data were collected via meetings with students and pre‐post placement questionnaires on placement experiences, attitudes and dementia knowledge.

Results

The intervention facility placement programme led to mentors and students being well prepared for the placement and to students experiencing enhanced teaching and learning derived from high levels of mentor support and increased autonomy. Students' knowledge, understanding and attitudes around aged care and dementia improved.

Discussion

Mentors working together within an action research framework can provide a supported residential aged care placement for nursing students that improves students' aged care attitudes and understandings.

Conclusion and Implications for Nursing and Health Policy

Provision of quality, supported aged care student placements is vital to prepare a new generation of nurses who will have to deal with the complex chronic healthcare needs associated with an ageing population.
Predisposing factors for musculoskeletal symptoms in intensive care unit nurses
Authors: Sezgin D. , Esin M.N.
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Intensive care unit nurses have more ergonomic risks than nurses working in other units in hospital.

Background

Although musculoskeletal disorders are common among intensive care nurses, studies on the prevalence of symptoms, as well as associated factors, are scarce.

Aim

This is a cross‐sectional study to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and associated factors in intensive care nurses.

Methods

The study population comprised 1515 nurses working in the intensive care units of public, private and university hospitals in Turkey. The study sample included 323 nurses selected by stratified random sampling. Data were obtained by a tailored data collection form, a workplace observation form and a Rapid Upper Limb Assessment tool to delineate ergonomic risks. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 21.0 software was used in the statistical analysis.

Results

The highest prevalence for the musculoskeletal symptoms of the nurses was in the legs, lower back and back. Most of the nurses had encountered musculoskeletal pain or discomfort related to the previous month. The risky body movements that were frequently performed by the nurses during a shift were ‘turning the patient’ and ‘bending down’.

Discussion

The final Rapid Upper Limb Assessment score for the patient turning movement was found to be higher than for the bending down movement.

Conclusions

Musculoskeletal symptoms, which may occur in any region of the body, are mainly associated with organizational factors, such as type of hospital, type of shift work and frequency of changes in work schedule, rather than with personal factors.

Implications for Nursing and Health Policy

Nursing administrators should determine the ergonomic risks of intensive care unit nurses by using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment tool. Health policy makers should develop occupational health teams, and ‘ergonomic risk prevention programs’ should be implemented throughout the units.
A note on the optimal pricing and production decisions with price‐driven substitution
Authors: Kim Sang‐Won , Bell Peter C.
Published: December 2014

Recently, Kim and Bell () developed a revenue managemnent pricing model with price‐driven substitution. The authors considered production decisions under unlimited production capacity and investigated the impact of price‐driven substitution on a firm's pricing and production decisions. The authors modeled the consumer demands for each market segment as linear additive demand function based on exogenous variables, where demand substitution occurred as a function of price differences between the two products. In this article, we extend this work to examine the impact of a production capacity constraint on the firm's joint pricing and inventory decisions. Based on this extended model, we investigate the impact of price‐driven substitution on a firm's pricing and production decisions where there is a limit on total capacity. We show how revenue managers should adjust prices and production levels to take into account price‐driven substitution under a capacity constraint setting. Both deterministic and stochastic models are developed, and the impact of price‐driven substitution and a capacity constraint on the optimal prices, production levels, and revenues is illustrated.
The constellation of dietary factors in adolescent acne: a semantic connectivity map approach
Authors: Grossi E. , Cazzaniga S. , Crotti S. , Naldi L. , Di Landro A. , Ingordo V. , Cusano F. , Atzori L. , Tripodi Cutrì F. , Musumeci M.L. , Pezzarossa E. , Bettoli V. , Caproni M. , Bonci A. ,   the GISED Acne Study Group
Published: December 2014

Background

Different lifestyle and dietetic factors have been linked with the onset and severity of acne.

Objective

To assess the complex interconnection between dietetic variables and acne.

Methods

This was a reanalysis of data from a case–control study by using a semantic connectivity map approach. 563 subjects, aged 10–24 years, involved in a case–control study of acne between March 2009 and February 2010, were considered in this study. The analysis evaluated the link between a moderate to severe acne and anthropometric variables, family history and dietetic factors. Analyses were conducted by relying on an artificial adaptive system, the Auto Semantic Connectivity Map (AutoCM).

Results

The AutoCM map showed that moderate‐severe acne was closely associated with family history of acne in first degree relatives, obesity (BMI≥30), and high consumption of milk, in particular skim milk, cheese/yogurt, sweets/cakes, chocolate, and a low consumption of fish, and limited intake of fruits/vegetables.

Conclusion

Our analyses confirm the link between several dietetic items and acne. When providing care, dermatologists should also be aware of the complex interconnection between dietetic factors and acne.
Disaggregating the Power Generation Sector for Input‐Output Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Vendries Algarin Jorge , Hawkins Troy R. , Marriott Joe , Scott Matthews H. , Khanna Vikas
Published: December 2014

The electric power industry plays a critical role in the economy and the environment, and it is important to examine the economic, environmental, and policy implications of current and future power generation scenarios. However, the tools that exist to perform the life cycle assessments are either too complex or too aggregated to be useful for these types of activities. In this work, we build upon the framework of existing input‐output (I‐O) models by adding data about the electric power industry and disaggregating this single sector into additional sectors, each representing a specific portion of electric power industry operations. For each of these disaggregated sectors, we create a process‐specific supply chain and a set of emission factors that allow calculation of the environmental effects of that sector's output. This new model allows a much better fit for scenarios requiring more specificity than is possible with the current I‐O model.
Differential behavior patterns in cynomolgus monkey Macaca fascicularis in home cage in response to human gaze
Authors: Zou Hong , Luan Yi , Liu Ming , Agre Lynn A. , Buyske Steven , Xie Qinglian , Cheng Zhiheng , Zhao Guoping , Jin Meilei , Guo Ning , Jin Gang Jason , Yu Lei
Published: December 2014

Background

Non‐human primates, when encountering human beings, show wariness and alertness. These behaviors differ when there is direct human gaze vs. when human averts his gaze.

Methods

We observed cynomolgus monkey in their home cage and studied their behaviors in response to human gaze. Four behaviors were analyzed: opening mouth, staring at observer, agitated activity, and approaching observer.

Results

Three behaviors appeared to be sensitive to human gaze between when the human observer gazed at the monkey and when the human observer looked away. Individual animals also displayed subpatterns of responses to human gaze.

Conclusions

These results indicate that, even in their home cage, monkeys display a heightened level of awareness when gazed upon by a human observer, suggesting that human gaze may elicit emotional reactions. Further, under the human gaze, distinct behavioral subpatterns were apparent within the monkey cohort in our study, indicative of subgroups within the cohort.
Identification of new Presenilin‐1 phosphosites: implication for γ‐secretase activity and Aβ production
Authors: Matz Alexandre , Halamoda‐Kenzaoui Blanka , Hamelin Romain , Mosser Sebastien , Alattia Jean‐René , Dimitrov Mitko , Moniatte Marc , Fraering Patrick C.
Published: December 2014

An important pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid‐beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain parenchyma, leading to neuronal death and impaired learning and memory. The protease γ‐secretase is responsible for the intramembrane proteolysis of the amyloid‐β precursor protein (APP), which leads to the production of the toxic Aβ peptides. Thus, an attractive therapeutic strategy to treat AD is the modulation of the γ‐secretase activity, to reduce Aβ42 production. Because phosphorylation of proteins is a post‐translational modification known to modulate the activity of many different enzymes, we used electrospray (LC‐MS/MS) mass spectrometry to identify new phosphosites on highly purified human γ‐secretase. We identified 11 new single or double phosphosites in two well‐defined domains of Presenilin‐1 (PS1), the catalytic subunit of the γ‐secretase complex. Next, mutagenesis and biochemical approaches were used to investigate the role of each phosphosite in the maturation and activity of γ‐secretase. Together, our results suggest that the newly identified phosphorylation sites in PS1 do not modulate γ‐secretase activity and the production of the Alzheimer's Aβ peptides. Individual PS1 phosphosites shall probably not be considered therapeutic targets for reducing cerebral Aβ plaque formation in AD.

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In this study, we identified 11 new phosphosites in Presenilin‐1 (PS1), the catalytic subunit of the Alzheimer's γ‐secretase complex. By combining a mutagenesis approach with cell‐based and cell‐free γ‐secretase assays, we demonstrate that the new phosphosites do not modulate the maturation and activity of γ‐secretase. Individual PS1 phosphosites shall thus not be considered therapeutic targets for reducing cerebral Aβ plaque formation in Alzheimer's Disease. Aβ, amyloid beta.
Kisspeptin Regulates Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurones and Prolactin Secretion in an Oestradiol‐Dependent Manner in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Ribeiro A. B. , Leite C. M. , Kalil B. , Franci C. R. , Anselmo‐Franci J. A. , Szawka R. E.
Published: December 2014

Prolactin (PRL) secretion is inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine. Kisspeptin controls luteinising hormone (LH) secretion and is also involved in PRL regulation. We further investigated the effect of kisspeptin‐10 (Kp‐10) on the activity of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurones and the role of oestradiol (E2) in this mechanism. Female and male rats were injected with i.c.v. Kp‐10 and evaluated for PRL release and the activity of dopamine terminals in the median eminence (ME) and neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary (NIL). Kp‐10 at the doses of 0.6 and 3 nmol increased plasma PRL and decreased 4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the ME and NIL of ovariectomised (OVX), E2‐treated rats but had no effect in OVX. In gonad‐intact males, 3 nmol Kp‐10 increased PRL secretion and decreased DOPAC levels in the ME but not in the NIL. Castrated males treated with either testosterone or E2 also displayed increased PRL secretion and reduced ME DOPAC in response to Kp‐10, whereas castrated rats receiving oil or dihydrotestosterone were unresponsive. By contrast, the LH response to Kp‐10 was not E2‐dependent in either females or males. Additionally, immunohistochemical double‐labelling demonstrated that TIDA neurones of male rats contain oestrogen receptor (ER)‐α, with a higher proportion of neurones expressing ERα than in dioestrous females. The dopaminergic neurones of periventricular hypothalamic nucleus displayed much lower ERα expression. Thus, TIDA neurones express ERα in male and female rats, and kisspeptin increases PRL secretion through inhibition of TIDA neurones in an E2‐dependent manner in both sexes. These findings provide new evidence about the role of kisspeptin in the regulation of dopamine and PRL.
Subsidizing Liquidity: The Impact of Make/Take Fees on Market Quality
Authors: MALINOVA KATYA , PARK ANDREAS
Published: December 2014

Facing increased competition over the last decade, many stock exchanges changed their trading fees to maker‐taker pricing, an incentive scheme that rewards liquidity suppliers and charges liquidity demanders. Using a change in trading fees on the Toronto Stock Exchange, we study whether and why the breakdown of trading fees between liquidity demanders and suppliers matters. Posted quotes adjust after the change in fee composition, but the transaction costs for liquidity demanders remain unaffected once fees are taken into account. However, as posted bid‐ask spreads decline, traders (particularly retail) use aggressive orders more frequently, and adverse selection costs decrease.
Foundations of invasion genetics: the Baker and Stebbins legacy
Authors: Barrett Spencer C. H.
Published: December 2014

Invasion genetics is a relatively new discipline that investigates patterns of genetic variation in populations of invasive species and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. Evolutionary biologists have a long‐standing interest in colonizing species, owing to their short life cycles and widespread distributions, but not until publication ofThe Genetics of Colonizing Species(1965), edited by H.G. Baker and G.L. Stebbins, was a synthesis on the genetics and evolution of colonizers available. Here, I make the case that the Baker and Stebbins volume is the foundational document for invasion genetics, and in conjunction with the increased use of genetic markers and development of invasion biology, resulted in the birth of this new field over the past two decades. I consider the historical origins and legacy of the Baker and Stebbins volume and review some of the key issues that were addressed. I provide biographical sketches of the two editors, emphasizing their contrasting backgrounds and personalities. I review examples from my own work on plant invasions that are relevant to issues discussed by contributors to the volume. These include the following: determinants of invasion success, life history trade‐offs, generalist vs. specialist strategies, general‐purpose genotypes, adaptive phenotypic plasticity, mating systems and the influence of bottlenecks on genetic variation. I conclude by posing several key questions in invasion genetics and argue that one of the main challenges that the area faces is to integrate experimental field studies of the ecology and demography of populations with the largely descriptive approaches that have tended to dominate most research to date.
Multiple histidines in the periplasmic domain of the Salmonella enterica sensor kinase SsrA enhance signaling in response to extracellular acidification
Authors: Mulder David T. , McPhee Joseph B. , Reid‐Yu Sarah A. , Stogios Peter J. , Savchenko Alexei , Coombes Brian K.
Published: December 2014

The two‐component regulatory system SsrA‐SsrB in Salmonella enterica controls expression of a virulence gene program required for intracellular survival in host cells. SsrA signaling is induced within the acidic host vacuole in which the bacteria reside; however, the mechanism by which SsrA senses this intracellular environment is unknown. Here, we show that the periplasmic sensor domain of SsrA is enriched in histidine residues that increase SsrA signaling below external pH of 6. While no single histidine accounted for the full acid‐responsiveness of SsrA, we localized the acid‐responsiveness principally to five histidines in the C‐terminal end of the periplasmic sensor domain, with input from additional histidines in the N‐terminal end of the senor. A sensor mutant lacking critical pH‐responsive histidines was defective for acid‐promoted activity, yet retained basal activity similar to wild type at neutral pH, indicating that the role of these histidines is to enhance signaling in response to acidification. In support of this, a pH‐blind mutant was insensitive to the vacuole acidification blocking activity of bafilomycin, and was attenuated for competitive fitness during infection of mice. Our data demonstrate that SsrA contains a histidine‐rich periplasmic sensor that enhances signaling in response to the innate host defense of vacuolar acidification.
Pokemon proto‐oncogene in oral cancer: potential role in the early phase of tumorigenesis
Authors: Sartini D , Lo Muzio L , Morganti S , Pozzi V , Di Ruscio G , Rocchetti R , Rubini C , Santarelli A , Emanuelli M
Published: December 2014

Objectives

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents about 90% of all oral neoplasms with a poor clinical prognosis. To improve survival of OSCC patients, it is fundamental to understand the basic molecular mechanisms characterizing oral carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes seems to play a central role in tumorigenesis, including malignant transformation of the oral cavity.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed the expression levels of the pro‐oncogenic transcription factor Pokemon through real‐time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry in tumor, and normal oral tissue samples obtained from 22 patients with OSCC. The relationship between tumor characteristics and the level of Pokemon intratumor expression was also analyzed.

Results

Pokemon was significantly downregulated in OSCC. In particular, both mRNA and protein levels (tumor vs normal tissue) inversely correlated with histological grading, suggesting its potential role as a prognostic factor for OSCC. Moreover, a significant inverse correlation was found between Pokemon protein expression levels (OSCC vs normal oral mucosa) and tumor size, supporting the hypothesis that Pokemon could play an important role in the early phase of tumor expansion.

Conclusion

This work shows that reduced expression of Pokemon is a peculiar feature of OSCC. Additional studies may establish the effective role of Pokemon in oral tumorigenesis.