bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-oxidative and DNA Protecting Effects of Flavonoids-rich Scutellaria Lateriflora
Authors: Lohani Madhukar , Ahuja Manuj , Buabeid Manal A , Schwartz Dean , Shannon Dennis , Suppiramaniam Vishnu , Kemppainen Barbara , Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan
Published: March 2019

Scutellaria lateriflora (American skullcap), a native plant of North America, has been used by Americans and Europeans as a nerve tonic for more than 200 years. In vivo studies have shown anxiolytic activity of S. lateriflora in animals and humans. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms of S. lateriflora are not fully understood. Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases such as anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and Parkinson's disease. Bioactive compounds present in various medicinal plants neutralize or scavenge toxic free radicals and thus suppress oxidative stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of S. lateriflora. The antioxidant potential of aqueous or ethanolic extracts of S. lateriflora was determined in mouse brain tissue using various biochemical assays. Protective effects of S. lateriflora against oxidative stress induced DNA fragmentation was determined using plasmid DNA. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts scavenged the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The ethanolic extract reduced tert-butyl peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides in the mouse brain homogenates. Furthermore, the ethanolic extract of S. lateriflora protected hydrogen peroxide-UV induced cleavage of supercoiled plasmid DNA. In conclusion, S. lateriflora exhibited significant antioxidant effects. The current findings posit S. lateriflora as one of the potential experimental herbal drugs that should be screened for its therapeutic potential against various oxidative stress associated mental disorders.
Cytotoxic Constituents of Pachyrhizus Tuberosus from Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Leuner Olga , Havlik Jaroslav , Budesinsky Milos , Vrkoslav Vladimir , Chu Jessica , Bradshaw Tracey D. , Hummelova Jana , Miksatkova Petra , Lapcik Oldrich , Valterova Irena , Kokoska Ladislav
Published: March 2019

Investigations into the chemical constituents of the seeds of the neglected tuber crop Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Leguminosae) resulted in the isolation of seven components: five rotenoids [12a-hydroxyerosone (1), 12a-hydroxydolineone (2), erosone (3), 12a-hydroxyrotenone (4) and rotenone (6)], a phenylfuranocoumarin [pachyrrhizine (5)] and an isoflavanone [neotenone (7)]. The compounds were isolated using several chromatography techniques and characterized and verified by NMR and HPLC/MS. The MTT assay was used to examine the selective cytotoxic effects of the methanolic P. tuberosus extract and isolated compounds in two human cancer cell lines [breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HCT-116)] and in non-transformed human fibroblasts (MRC-5); IC50 values were calculated. The methanolic P. tuberosus extract displayed respectable cytotoxic effects against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 7.3 and 6.3 μg/mL, respectively. Of the compounds, 6 exacted greatest cytotoxicity and selectivity towards the cancer cell lines tested, yielding IC50 values of 0.3 μg/mL against both MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells, and a 6-fold reduced activity against MRC-5 fibroblasts. Compound 4 also demonstrated cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HCT-116 (1.1 and 1.8 μg/mL, respectively), and reduced cytotoxicity towards MRC-5 cells (7.5 μg/mL). The results revealed from the in vitro cytotoxic MTT assay are worthy of further antitumor investigation.
Citriquinones A and B, New Benzoquinones from Penicillium Citrinum
Authors: Ranji P. K. Vinitha , Wijeyaratne S. Chandrani , Jayawardana K. Hector , Gunaherath G. M. Kamal B.
Published: March 2019

Two new benzoquinones, citriquinone A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the methanol extract of a soil fungus, Penicillium citrinum. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. Citriquinone A (1) exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus sp. and cell migration inhibitory activity (CMIA) against human cancer cell line HEp 2.
Antifungal and Antioxidant Pyrrole Derivative from Piper Pedicellatum
Authors: Tamuly Chandan , Dutta Partha P. , Bordoloi Manobjyoti , Bora Jayanta
Published: March 2019

In continuation of our search for efficient pest control natural products from the flora of the South Eastern Sub-Himalayan biodiversity region, we have investigated wild edible Piper pedicellatum C. DC (Piperaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India against five important plant pathogenic fungi through an activity guided method, and a new compound, pedicellamide, was isolated. The structure was determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic studies and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The compound exhibited antifungal activities against the phytopathogenic fungal organisms Rhizoctonia solani (MIC 38.4 ± 1.6 μg/mL), Fusarium oxysporum (MIC 29.7 ± 0.8 μg/mL), Aspergillus niger (MIC 48.6 ± 0.7 μg/mL), Puccinia gramini (MIC 46.8 ± 1.4 μg/mL) and Curvularia lunata (MIC 49.1 ± 0.1μg/mL). Additionally, the antioxidant potential of the compound was estimated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay and found to be 2.87 ± 0.20, 2.19 ± 0.13 and 3.96 ± 0.17 VCEAC (μM/g), respectively.
Quorum Sensing: A Non-conventional Target for Antibiotic Discovery
Authors: Naik Varsha , Mahajan Girish
Published: March 2019

Quorum sensing (QS) is known to regulate different functions viz. pathogenesis, biofilm formation, and host colonization, along with other functions by regulating bacterial virulence determinants. Therefore, QS is deemed to be an interesting target to modulate pathogenesis. Also, there have been global reports of continuous emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes; hence, an alternative treatment that compliments antibiotic activity is highly desirable. One such approach is to look for QS inhibitors, which can quench the virulence phenotypes exerted by pathogenic bacteria and compliment antibiotic treatment. In the present study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain was used as the model organism which produces three pigments viz. pyocyanin, pyoverdin and pyorubin. Pyocyanin synthesis is reported to be QS dependent and is one of the virulence factors of P. aeruginosa. Hence, we envisage inhibition of pyocyanin pigment would indicate QS inhibition (QSI). Auto-inducers like N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL/3-oxo-C12-HSL) and N-butyryl-L- homoserine lactone (BHL/C4-HSL) were used to enhance the pyocyanin pigment production by the model strain at different doses and time points. BHL, at 25 μM was found to be a better inducer of pyocyanin. Tannic acid (TA) was tested to suppress this pigment synthesis and it was found to be effective when assessed at different time points. About 5.12 mg/mL TA was found to be the optimum concentration at which pyocyanin was inhibited by 77.3%. Thus, we confirm that TA can be used as a QSI, either in its purest form or in the crude form found in various plant species, and could be considered for development to compliment antibiotic therapy.
Glucosinolates in Two Endemic Plants of the Aurinia Genus and their Chemotaxonomic Significance
Authors: Blažević Ivica , De Nicola Gina Rosalinda , Montaut Sabine , Rollin Patrick
Published: March 2019

Glucosinolates (GLs) were characterized in the seed and root of Aurinia leucadea (Guss.) C. Koch and A. sinuata (L.) Griseb., and quantified according to the ISO 9167–1 official method based on the HPLC analysis of desulfo-GLs. Glucoalyssin (GAL, 1), glucobrassicanapin (GBN, 2) and glucoberteroin (GBE, 3) were the major GLs identified in A. leucadea and A. sinuata. GC/MS analysis of the volatile fractions obtained after enzyme hydrolysis showed that they mostly contain isothiocyanates (ITCs) originating from the parent GLs. On this basis and from previous reports, C-5 alkyl GLs 1, 2, and 3 can be considered as chemotaxonomic markers of the Aurinia genus.
Essential Oils Composition of Croton Species from the Amazon
Authors: Turiel Nathalie A. , Ribeiro Alcy F. , Carvalho Elisangela Elena N. , Domingos Vanessa D. , Lucas Flávia Cristina A. , Carreira Léa Maria M. , Andrade Eloisa Helena A. , Maia José Guilherme S.
Published: March 2019

The essential oils of leaves and twigs from the Euphorbiaceous Croton draconoides, C. urucurana and Julocroton triqueter were obtained and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. In total, 101 volatile constituents were identified, comprising an average of 90% of the oil, mostly made up of mono- and sesquiterpenes. The monoterpene hydrocarbons varied from 1.2 to 40.2%, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons from 34.0 to 49.6% and the oxygenated sesquiterpenes from 11.5 to 51.3%. The main compounds found in the oil of C. draconoides were β-pinene (16.9%), α-pinene (16.5%), curzerene (12.8%), germacrene D (9.0%), γ-elemene (4.7%), and elemol (4.4%). The oil of C. urucurana showed sesquicineole (23.0%), dehydro-sesquicineole (13.8%), β-caryophyllene (7.9%), β-bisabolol (5.0%), germacrene D (4.2%) and β-elemene (4.1%) as the chief compounds. The oil of J. triqueter was dominated by β-caryophyllene (16.3%), β-phellandrene (10.2%), spathulenol (5.1%), caryophyllene oxide (5.0%), δ-cadinene (4.3%), ( E)-nerolidol (4.3%), and α-copaene (4.1%).
Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Essential Oils of Mint (Mentha Haplocalyx)
Authors: Shu Yachun , Chen Yajun , Qin Kunming , Cai Hao , Wu Li , Li Huan , Xu Lijuan , Cai Baochang
Published: March 2019

The essential oils of fresh, shade-dried, sun-dried, and oven-dried mint of Mentha haplocalyx Brig., and the shade-dried herbs after one hour of soaking were analyzed by GC-MS to provide a scientific basis to regulate the drying methods. Fifty-nine compounds were isolated and identified, including 35 from fresh herbs, 25 from shade-dried herbs, 23 from sun-dried herbs, 17 from oven-dried herbs and 48 from shade-dried mint after one hour of soaking. Eighteen compounds were common to all five samples, including menthol, menthone, and isomenthone, which were the main components. Several of these significantly decreased in shade-dried mint soaked in water. Thus in cleaning and drying processes soaking mint in water should be avoided as far as possible, in case major components are extracted thus producing an inferior product that will undermine its curative effect.
Microwave-Assisted Techniques (MATs); a Quick Way to Extract a Fragrance: A Review
Authors: Kokolakis Antonios K. , Golfinopoulos Spyridon K.
Published: March 2019

In recent years Microwave-Assisted Techniques (MATs) have been introduced as a new process design and operation for essential oils extraction, representing a viable alternative to conventional old-type methods of distillation which are routinely used for the isolation of essential oils from herbs, flowers and spices prior to gas chromatographic analysis. The novelty of the technique lies in a microwave heating source generating a mixture of boiling solvent with the raw plant material settled above (or drenched inside). Several variations of distillation techniques are evaluated in terms of substantial energy saving, rapidity, product yield, cleanliness and product quality. Results confirm the effectiveness of MATs, which allow extraction of essential oils in shorter extraction time (up-to 9 times faster), using “greener” procedures and provide a higher quality essential oil with better sensory and antioxidant properties.
Three New Iridoid Glucoside Salts from Hedyotis tenelliflora Growing in Vietnam
Authors: Van Long Luu H. , Nga Vo Thi , Dam Nguyen Phuc , Hung Mai Anh , Dung Tu Duc , Quang Ton That , Phung Nguyen K. Phi
Published: March 2019

Three new sodium salts of iridoid acids, deacetylasperulosidic acid sodium salt (1), teneoside D (2), and teneoside E (3) were isolated from the leaves of Hedyotis tenelliflora Blume (Rubiaceae), together with seven known iridoids, 6α-hydroxygeniposide (4), 6β-hydroxygeniposide (5), 6- O-methyldeacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester (6), 6- O-methylscandoside methyl ester (7), 6α-methoxygeniposidic acid (8), daphylloside (9), and mollugoside methyl ester (10). Their chemical structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, as well as HR-ESI-MS analysis.
Revised Structures of Nardal and Nardin: Identity with Valerenal and Valerenic Acid
Authors: Kadam Shahuraj H. , Paknikar Shashikumar K. , Rao G. Venkateswara
Published: March 2019

Structure 2 assigned presently to nardin is revised to that of valerenic acid (4), and structure 1 assigned presently to nardal is revised to that of valerenal (3). The names valerenic acid and valerenal have priority so the names nardin and nardal should no longer be used.
Minor Ent-abietane Diterpenoids from Euphorbia guyoniana
Authors: Haba Hamada , Marcourt Laurence , Benkhaled Mohammed , Long Christophe
Published: March 2019

Three new abietane-type diterpenoids: ent-abieta-8,11,13-trien-16-ol (1), ent-abieta-8,11,13-trien-11,16-diol (2) and 11,12-dihydroxy-7-oxo- ent-abieta-8,11,13-trien-16-oic acid methyl ester (3), in addition to three known triterpenoids: euphol (4), 24,25-epoxycycloartanol (5) and β-sitosterol O-β-D-glucoside (6) were isolated from the chloroform extract of the roots of Euphorbia guyoniana. Structures of the isolated compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D homo and heteronuclear NMR experiments and ESIMS, and comparison with literature data.
5α,8α-Epidioxysterols from a Formosan Sponge, Axinyssa sp
Authors: Su Tzu-Rong , Liang Kai-Ju , Chiang Michael Y. , Lu Mei-Chin , Wu Yu-Jen , Su Jui-Hsin
Published: March 2019

One new 5α,8α-epidioxysterol, 3-acetylaxinysterol (1), along with one known sterol, axinysterol (2), were isolated from a Formosan sponge, Axinyssa sp.. The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods and the absolute configuration of 2 was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis for the first time. Compound 2 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against K562 and Molt 4 cancer cell lines.
Antioxidant Activity of Zyzzyanones and Makaluvamines from the Marine Sponge Zyzzya fuliginosa
Authors: Utkina Natalia K.
Published: March 2019

Antioxidant activities of zyzzyanones A-D (1–4) and makaluvamines C (8), E (5), G (6), H (9), and L (7) isolated from the marine sponge Zyzzya fuliginosa (Carter, 1879) were evaluated using 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) scavenging assay and AAPH (2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) induced autoxidation of linoleic acid. Zyzzyanones A, B (1, 2; TE = 0.3), C, D (3, 4; TE = 0.24) and makaluvamines 5–7 (TE = 0.6) displayed moderate activities in the ABTS assay and in the autoxidation of linoleic acid (61–66 % inhibition at concentrations of 0.1 mM). Makaluvamines C (8) and H (9) were essentially inactive in the both assays. Structure-activity relationships showed that antioxidant activities of tested compounds depended on the presence of a phenolic function in molecules. Makaluvamines 5–7 possessing a p-hydroxystyryl moiety were more active than zyzzyanones 1–4 possessing a p-hydroxyphenyl fragment. The presence of a charged side chain in 1 and 2 slightly increases their ABTS scavenging activity in comparison with compounds 3 and 4. Structural variations in a pyrroloquinoline skeleton of 5–7 and in a dipyrroloquinone core of 1–4 have no effect on activities.
Quantitative Analysis of Catechin, Flavonoid, and Saponin Constituents in “Tea Flower”, the Flower Buds of Camellia sinensis, from Different Regions in Taiwan
Authors: Morikawa Toshio , Lee I-Jung , Okugawa Shuhei , Miyake Sohachiro , Miki Yoshinobu , Ninomiya Kiyofumi , Kitagawa Niichiro , Yoshikawa Masayuki , Muraoka Osamu
Published: March 2019

Using the recently developed two analytical protocols, distributions were analyzed of five catechins (1–5), ten flavonoids (6—15), caffeine (16), and nine saponins (17—25) in 12 samples of flower buds of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, collected at different points in Taiwan. Characteristic tendencies with respect to the distribution of these constituents were observed according to the region of collection. Among the catechins, (–)-epigallocatechin 3- O-gallate (5) was the major constituent in all the samples. Notably, the content of 5 was higher in samples from the mountain regions in the middle and northern Taiwan than in samples from other regions. As for the principal flavonoids, the content of 10 was higher than that of 11 in most of the samples except those of Sijichun tea. For the saponin contents, the following trends were observed: (1) contents of chakasaponins I—III (17—19) were higher in samples from the mountain region in the middle and northern areas; and (2) contents of floratheasaponins A—F (20—25) were higher in the samples from central and southern areas.
Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts and Fractions from Aerial Parts of Selected Plants (Garcinia achachairu, Macrosiphonia velame, Rubus niveus and Pilea microphylla) Against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms
Authors: Melim Carla , Guimarães Karoliny , Martin-Quintal Zhelmy , Alves Aurea Damaceno , de Oliveira Martins Domingos Tabajara , Monache Franco Delle , Filho Valdir Cechinel , Cruz Alexandre Bella , Niero Rivaldo
Published: March 2019

As part of the program of our research group to search for new and effective substances from the Brazilian biodiversity, the present work evaluates the antibacterial activity of four species from the Brazilian flora ( Garcinia achachairu, Macrosiphonia velame, Rubus niveus and Pilea microphylla) against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and S. saprophyticus (Gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacterium) and Candida albicans (yeast). The extracts of R. niveus and M. velame showed promising antibacterial activity with MICs, ranging from 1000 to 125 μg/mL. Bio-guided fractionation of M. velame yielded four compounds, with the highest inhibition being observed for compound 3, with a MIC of 125 μg/mL against S. aureus. The combinations of fractions 2 and 4 showed beneficial effect against Gram-positive bacteria (additive effect), suggesting a possible synergistic effect.
Characterization of cDNA Encoding Resveratrol Synthase and Accumulation of Resveratrol in Tartary Buckwheat
Authors: Kim Yeon Bok , Thwe Aye Aye , Kim YeJi , Yeo Sun Kyung , Lee Chanhui , Park Sang Un
Published: March 2019

Resveratrol synthase (RS) is the key enzyme for biosynthesis of resveratrol which come from coumaroyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and malonyl-CoA. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a RS gene and accumulation of resveratrol in tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum). FtRS was composed of 1173 bp open reading frame and 390 amino acid residues and had a theoretical molecular weight and isoelectric point value of 43.70 kDa and 6.24, respectively. The FtRS expression levels were examined in sprouts and different organs of two tartary buckwheat cultivars, Hokkai T8 (T8) and Hokkai T10 (T10). FtRS transcript levels and resveratrol contents were higher under the dark condition compared with light condition. The expression levels of different organs of T10 was not observed significant variations compared to different organs of T8. Interestingly, resveratrol was detected in the sprouts developmental stages, but no resveratrol could not detect in any other organs of both T8 and T10. Therefore, we suggest that the resveratrol content in tartary buckwheat sprouts may be attributed mainly to the dark condition. The characterization of FtRS will be helpful for better understanding of the resveratrol biosynthesis in tartary buckwheat.
Norbergenin Derivatives from Diospyros crassiflora (Ebenaceae)
Authors: Akak Carine Mvot , Nkengfack Augustin Ephrem , Tu Peng-Fei
Published: March 2019

From the ethyl acetate extract of the stems of Diospyros crassiflora Hiern, three new norbergenin derivatives, 4,11-di- O-galloylnorbergenin (1), 3- O-galloylnorbergenin (2), and 4- O-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybenzoyl)-norbergenin (3), were isolated along with ten known compounds (4–13). Their structures were established by mean of spectroscopic techniques namely 1- and 2-D NMR experiments, mass spectrometry and comparison with reported data. Isolates 1–9 were evaluated for their ability to protect PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide induced injury. Compounds with a galloyl group in their structure were found to prevent toxicity induced by H2O2 in PC12 cells.
Inhibitory Effects of Ethyl Acetate-Soluble Fraction from Morus alba on Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Cells
Authors: Park Hee-Sook , Shim Soon-Mi , Kim Gun-Hee
Published: March 2019

Fruits of mulberry ( Morus alba) have been widely used for therapeutic purposes in Asian countries for centuries. Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with ethanolic extracts of M. alba decreased adipocyte differentiation at 100 μg/mL by 18.6%. Treatment suppressed mRNA levels of PPARγ and C/EBPα expression in 3T3-L1 cells. However, the extract did not change free glycerol release from mature adipocytes. Thus, M. alba inhibited lipid accumulation by regulating transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without a lipolytic effect. Among the soluble- fractions, the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction had the highest anti-adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 cells. This fraction decreasing intracellular lipid accumulation by 38.5% in response to treatment with 100 μg/mL. In addition, HPLC analysis of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of M. alba contained 167.7 μM of protocatechulic acid in 1 mg/mL of fraction, which inhibited lipid accumulation by 44.8% in response to treatment with 100 μM. From these results, M. alba is a possible candidate for regulating lipid accumulation in obesity.
Neuritogenic and Neuroprotective Activities of Fruit Residues
Authors: Tadtong Sarin , Kanlayavattanakul Mayuree , Lourith Nattaya
Published: March 2019

Neuritogenic and neuroprotective activities of litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn., Sapindaceae) and salacca ( Salacca edulis Reinw., Arecaceae) pericarp, and sapodilla ( Achras sapota L., Sapotaceae) and tamarind Srichompu cultivar ( Tamarindus indica L., Caesalpiniaceae) seed coat extracts were evaluated on cultured cholinergic P19-derived neurons. All the extracts, at a very low concentration (1 ng/mL of litchi and salacca pericarp extracts, 10 ng/mL of sapodilla and 100 ng/mL of tamarind seed coat extracts), enhanced the survival of cultured neurons (% viability more than 100%) by XTT reduction assay. The extracts were further evaluated for their neuritogenicity by observing cell morphology by phase-contrast microscopy and neuroprotective activity in serum deprivation and pre- and co-administration of hydrogen peroxide models. The phase-contrast micrographs displayed that all of the extracts possessed neurogenic activity by promoting the neurite outgrowth of the cultured neurons. Moreover, these extracts can protect neurons from oxidative stress-caused cell death in a serum deprivation model, and prevent and protect neuron cells from the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide. In this study we assured that the neuritogenic and neuroprotective activities of these extracts derived from the phenolic components and flavonoids contained in the extracts by acting as signaling molecules to enhance neuron survival and promote neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that all of the extracts are potentially sources of neuritogenic and neuroprotective components which might be used either as pharmaceutical products or dietary supplements for neurodegenerative disorder patients, for example, those suffering from Alzheimer's disease.
Total Polyphenol Content, in vitro Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Callus Cultures from Inula crithmoides
Authors: Bucchini Anahi , Giamperi Laura , Ricci Donata
Published: March 2019

This is the first report on the antioxidant and antifungal activities of callus cultures from Inula crithmoides L. (Asteraceae). Callus cultures were initiated from leaf sections, on initial culture MS basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) and IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and a 72% survival was achieved. Significant differences between the various auxins used as phytohormones on callus growth were found. Maximum callusing was noticed on the leaf explants grown on MS basal medium supplemented with 1 mgL–1 2,4-D. Subsequently the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract from calli were investigated. Antioxidant studies suggested that the methanol extracts of dark-grown and light-grown callus were able to reduce the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH). In the inhibition against lipid peroxidation, extracts of dark-grown callus showed the strongest effect with IC50 values better than those of the standards. The methanol extract of callus cultures had significant antifungal activity only against two of the fungi tested: Alternaria solani and Phytophthora cryptogea. Against all the other tested fungi, the I. crithmoides calli extracts showed fungistatic activity.
Novel Antiplasmodial Agents from Christia vespertilionis
Authors: Upadhyay Harish C. , Sisodia Brijesh S. , Cheema Harveer S. , Agrawal Jyoti , Pal Anirban , Darokar Mahendra P. , Srivastava Santosh K.
Published: March 2019

The roots, leaves and stems of Christia vespertilionis were separately and successively extracted with methanol and aqueous-methanol (1:4, v/v) and were evaluated in vitro for their antiplasmodial potential against Plasmodium falciparum NF-54. The aqueous-methanolic stem (AS) extract was the most active (IC50 7.5 μg/mL) followed by the methanolic leaf (ML) extract (IC50 32.0 μg/mL). The in vivo antimalarial activity of the combined plant extract of C. vespertilionis was also assessed in P. berghei infected mice, which showed 87.8% suppression of parasitaemia as compared with complete suppression by chloroquine on day 8. Finally, detailed chemical investigation of C. vespertilionis resulted in the isolation and characterization of fifteen compounds (1–15), of which two (1 and 4) are being reported for the first time from nature. The novel compound 1 possesses potent antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 9.0 μg/mL).
Antifungal Activity of Tetrasulfanes against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Czepukojc Brigitte , Leroch Michaela , Salm Franz , Viswanathan Uma M. , Burkholz Torsten , Hahn Matthias , Jacob Claus
Published: March 2019

Various natural polysulfanes (RSxR’, x ≥ 3, R ≠ H), such as diallyltrisulfide and diallyltetrasulfide from garlic, are mostly harmless to humans, higher animals and plants, yet highly active against diverse microbes, including several fungi. Such natural organic sulfur compounds (OSCs) possess considerable practical potential against a wide range of agricultural pests. Unfortunately, their use is often hampered due to the inherently offensive smell, chemical instability and low water solubility. However, since the biological activity of polysulfanes is primarily based on their unique sulfur-sulfur motif, it is possible to preserve this motif and to modify the side-chain(s). Ultimately, such changes result in synthetic polysulfanes which retain or even exceed the activity of their natural analogues, and also show improved physico-chemical properties. The resulting acid-, ether- and ester-based tetrasulfanes synthesized as part of this study are odorless and highly active against the grey mold fungus Botrytis cinerea. Some, but not all, of the synthetic polysulfanes are recognized by an active fungal efflux mechanism mediated by the ABC transporter AtrB. Remarkably, some of them even induce transcription of the AtrB-encoding gene, mediated by transcription factor Mrr1. Taken together, the activity of synthetic polysulfanes against B. cinerea, combined with a likely low ecotoxicity of such sulfur compounds, bodes well for possible future applications against this and eventually other agronomically important plant pathogens.
Crambe tataria: The Glucosinolate/Myrosinase System in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Piovan Anna , Filippini Raffaella , Caniato Rosy
Published: March 2019

The Crambe tataria glucosinolate/myrosinase system in seeds and leaves of in vivo and in vitro regenerated plantlets, and two callus cell lines was investigated. It was demonstrated that in all the extracts glucosinolates were present and the myrosinase system was operative. There appears to be no discrimination between the glucosinolates used as substrates, but the hydrolysis rates were different regardless of the nature of the side chain. This is one of the first studies demonstrating that undifferentiated cells are able to synthetize glucosinolates and have an operating myrosinase system.
Antimicrobial and Biofilm Effects of Herbs Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Lau Denny , Plotkin Balbina J.
Published: March 2019

Of the twenty-two components of tea decoctions commonly used to treat infections, only Scutellaria, Taraxacum, Tussilago and Glycyrrhiza exhibited antimicrobial activity. The activity, when present, was organism specific, i.e., anti- Staphylococcus aureus, including anti-MRSA activity under aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions. However, with the exception of Scutellaria, sub-inhibitory concentrations of the herbs exhibited a pattern of inducing enhanced production of biofilm.
Homologous Canavalia Lectins Elicit Different Patterns of Antinociceptive Responses
Authors: Pinto Nilson Vieira , Santos Cláudia Ferreira , Cavada Benildo Sousa , Nascimento Kyria Santiago do , Junior Francisco Nascimento Pereira , de Freitas Pires Alana , Assreuy Ana Maria Sampaio
Published: March 2019

Canavalia gladiata (CGL), C. maritima (ConM) and C. brasiliensis (ConBr) lectins were evaluated in nociception models. ConBr inhibited first (32%) and second (100%) phases of the formalin test; CGL inhibited only the first (74%) and ConM only the second (59%) phase. Hypernociception evaluated in the Von Frey test was inhibited by ConM (55%), CGL (41%) and ConBr (38%). Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing was reduced by ConBr (66%), CGL (52%) and ConM (60%). ConBr and CGL effects were reversed by the lectin association with its ligand sugar. The antinociceptive activity of the structural homologous lectins was differentiated by potency, efficacy and mechanisms.
Chemical Composition and In vitro Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oils of Stachys rupestris and Salvia heldreichiana, Two Endemic Plants of Turkey
Authors: Erdogan Elif Ayşe , Everest Ayşe , De Martino Laura , Mancini Emilia , Festa Michela , De Feo Vincenzo
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of the essential oils of two endemic plants of Turkey, Stachys rupestris Montbret et Aucher ex Benth. and Salvia heldreichiana Boiss. ex Benth., were obtained by hydrodistillation and studied by GC and GC–MS. In all, 46 compounds were identified, 22 for S. rupestris accounting for 94.6 % of the total oil and 30 for S. heldreichiana, accounting for 91.9 % of the total oil. The presence of diterpenoids (50.7%) characterized the oil from S. rupestris, while S. heldreichiana oil was rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (78.9%). The essential oils were evaluated for their in vitro potential cytotoxic activity on three human cancer cell lines. The oil of S. rupestris showed the higher antiproliferative activity against PC-3 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.
Human Body Scents: Do they Influence our Behavior?
Authors: Mildner Sophie , Buchbauer Gerhard
Published: March 2019

Pheromonal communication in the animal world has been of great research interest for a long time. While extraordinary discoveries in this field have been made, the importance of the human sense of smell was of far lower interest. Humans are seen as poor smellers and therefore research about human olfaction remains quite sparse compared with other animals. Nevertheless amazing achievements have been made during the past 15 years. This is a collection of available data on this topic and a controversial discussion on the role of putative human pheromones in our modern way of living. While the focus was definitely put on behavioral changes evoked by putative human pheromones this article also includes other important aspects such as the possible existence of a human vomeronasal organ. If pheromones do have an influence on human behavior there has to be a receptor organ. How are human body scents secreted and turned into odorous substances? And how can con-specifics detect those very odors and transmit them to the brain? Apart from that the most likely candidates for human pheromones are taken on account and their impact on human behavior is shown in various detail.
Inhibitory Effects against Pasture Weeds in Brazilian Amazonia of Natural Products from the Marine Brown Alga Dictyota menstrualis
Authors: Fonseca Rainiomar Raimundo , Filho Antonio Pedro Silva Souza , Villaça Roberto Campos , Teixeira Valéria Laneuville
Published: March 2019

Fractions of the acetone extract and a mixture of two diterpenes from the marine brown alga Dictyota menstrualis were prepared with the aim of identifying potential effects on the germination of seeds and on elongation of the radicle and hypocotyl of the weeds Mimosa pudica and Senna obtusifolia. The bioassay on seed germination was performed in controlled conditions of 25°C temperature and a 12 hour photoperiod, while the one concerning radicle and hypocotyl elongation was performed at the same temperature, though adopting a photoperiod of 24 hours. The results varied according to the receptor species, the fraction utilized, and its concentration. TLC analysis of the fractions and comparison with isolated products indicated that the diterpenes pachydictyol A and isopachydictyol A were the most abundant compounds in fraction HE, whereas the diterpene 6-hydroxy-dichotomano-2, 13-diene-16, 17-dial (3) was the most abundant compound in fractions DC and EA. Analysis of less polar fractions (in n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate) revealed values of less than 30% inhibition. On the other hand, the ethanol/water fraction was the most active in all instances. The biological activity of these fractions must be due to the presence of known diterpenes and/or sulfated polysaccharides isolated in earlier studies.
Isolation of the Plant Hormone (+)-Abscisic acid as an Antimycobacterial Constituent of the Medicinal Plant Endophyte Nigrospora sp
Authors: Clark Trevor N. , Ellsworth Katelyn , Li Haoxin , Johnson John A. , Gray Christopher A.
Published: March 2019

An extract of the endophytic fungus Nigropsora sp. (isolate TC2-054) from the Canadian medicinal plant Fragaria virginiana exhibited significant antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Bioassay guided fractionation revealed that linoleic acid derivatives and the plant hormone (+)-abscisic acid (ABA) were responsible for the observed antimycobacterial activity. This activity of ABA has not been previously reported.
New Cembranoid Diterpene from the South China Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton sp
Authors: Cao Fei , Zhou Jing , Xu Kai-Xia , Zhang Meng-Qi , Wang Chang-Yun
Published: March 2019

One new oxygenated cembranoid diterpene, named sarcophytol W (1), along with six known analogues (2–7) were isolated from a soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with previously reported data. The absolute configuration of 1 was assigned on the basis of the absolute configuration of the related congener 2, which was determined by application of the modified Mosher's method. All the compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifouling activities.
Development and Validation of a Modified Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method and a HPLC Method for the Quantitative Determination of Two Triterpenic Acids in Hedyotis diffusa
Authors: Yang Yu-Chiao , Wei Ming-Chi , Chiu Hui-Fen , Huang Ting-Chia
Published: March 2019

In the present study, the oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) contents of Hedyotis diffusa and H. corymbosa were determined by a rapid, selective and accurate method combining modified ultrasound-assisted extraction (MUAE) and HPLC. Compared with traditional extraction methods, MUAE reduced the extraction time, the extraction temperature and the solvent consumption and maximized the extraction yields of OA and UA. Furthermore, the combined MUAE–HPLC method was applied to quantitate OA and UA in plant samples and exhibited good repeatability, reproducibility and stability. The mean recovery studies (one extraction cycle) for OA and UA were between 91.3 and 91.7% with RSD values less than 4.5%. The pioneer method was further applied to quantitate OA and UA in six samples of H. diffusa and five samples of H. corymbosa. The results showed that the OA and UA content in the samples from different sources were significantly different. This report is valuable for the application of H. diffusa and H. corymbosa obtained from different regions in clinical research and pharmacology.
Variation of Saponin Contents and Physiological Status in Quillaja saponaria Under Different Environmental Conditions
Authors: Angélica Grandón S , Miguel Espinosa B , Darcy Ríos L , Manuel Sánchez O , Katia Sáez C , Víctor Hernández S , José Becerra A
Published: March 2019

Quillaja saponaria (Quillay), an evergreen tree found in Chile, is one of the main sources of saponins. Quillaja saponins have hypocholesterolaemic, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant and pesticidal properties, and are used as adjuvants for vaccines. Samples of Quillay growing at three zones in O'Higgins Region, Chile (Coastal, Central and Mountain zones) were analyzed for content of saponins and physiological status. The results revealed differences in the content of saponins depending on the zone of sample collection. The highest contents were found in samples from the Mountain zone, where the highest saponin contents were accompanied by the lowest foliar nitrogen contents, the highest antioxidant activity and the highest carotenoid contents. The results suggest a physiological and adaptive mechanism of saponins in plants to survive under unfavourable environmental conditions. The results have important implications for a theoretical basis for the design of a reasonable harvest, to avoid the cost of poor quality material, and also to provide a sustainable use and conservation of this important species. Further research on the effects of stress will improve our understanding of the saponins production and their physiological functions in plants, whereas they have generally been studied for their biological and chemical applications.
Alkaloids from Boophone haemanthoides (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Nair Jerald J. , Rárová Lucie , Strnad Miroslav , Bastida Jaume , van Staden Johannes
Published: March 2019

In this study, the South African Amaryllid Boophone haemanthoides was examined for its phytochemical composition and cytotoxicity. In the process eight alkaloid structures, including the new compound distichaminol, were identified in bulb ethanolic extracts. Of the isolates, lycorine and distichamine exhibited strong activities against human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CEM), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells with IC50s ranging from 1.8 to 9.2 μM.
Supinidine Viridiflorates from the Roots of Chromolaena pulchella
Authors: Gómez-Hurtado Mario A. , Torres-Valencia J. Martín , del Río Rosa E. , Rodríguez-García Gabriela , Motilva Virginia , García-Mauriño Sofía , Cerda-García-Rojas Carlos M. , Joseph-Nathan Pedro
Published: March 2019

The alkaloid extract from the roots of Chromolaena pulchella provided two new pyrrolizidine alkaloids, elucidated as (-)-supinidine triviridiflorate (1) and (-)-supinidine diviridiflorate (2) based on their physical and spectroscopic properties. Their absolute configuration was determined by chemical correlation with (-)-supinidine (3) and (+)-viridifloric acid (4).
N-Containing Metabolites from the Marine Sponge Agelas clathrodes
Authors: Yang Fan , Ji Rui-Hua , Li Jiang , Gan Jian-Hong , Lin Hou-Wen
Published: March 2019

A new bisuracil analogue, 3,3-bis(uracil-1-yl)-propan-1-aminium (1), together with four known N-containing metabolites (2–5), were isolated from the South China Sea sponge Agelas clathrodes. Their chemical structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis and comparison with known compounds. Compound 1 is an unusual naturally occurring bisuracil analogue, and compound 2 was isolated from a natural source for the first time. Compounds 2 and 4 exhibit moderate cytotoxicity against cancer cell line SGC7901.
Two New Compounds and Anti-complementary Constituents from Amomum tsao-ko
Authors: Jin Jiahong , Cheng Zhihong , Chen Daofeng
Published: March 2019

Two new compounds, (2 R,3 R,4 R)–3′,5′-dimethoxy-3,4,7,4′-tetrahydroxy-flavan (1) and 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoyl)-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (2), together with 35 known phenolic compounds were obtained from the fruits of Amomum tsao-ko. Structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic means, including 2D NMR, and high-resolution MS analysis. The isolated compounds were tested in vitro for their complement-inhibitory properties against the classical pathway (CP) and alternative pathway (AP). The results showed that 14 compounds exhibited anti-complementary activities against the CP and AP with CH50 values of 0.42 - 4.43 mM and AP50 values of 0.53 −1.51 mM. Preliminary mechanism studies showed that 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)–4( E)-hepten-3-one (8) blocked C1q, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C9 components of the complement system, and hydroquinone (15) acted on C1q, C2, C3, C5 and C9 components.
Comparison of Total Phenolic Content, Scavenging Activity and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Profiles of Both Young and Mature Leaves and Stems of Andrographis paniculata
Authors: Chua Lee Suan , Yap Ken Choy , Jaganath Indu Bala
Published: March 2019

The total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of Andrographis paniculata has been investigated to estimate the amount of phenolic compounds and diterpene lactones, respectively in the plant extracts. The stem extracts exhibited higher total phenolic content and scavenging activity than those of the leaf extracts from both young and mature plants. A range of 19.6–47.8 mg extract of A paniculata from different parts of the plant is equivalent to the scavenging activity exhibited by one mg of standard Trolox. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was also used to identify simultaneously the phytochemicals from the leaves and stems of both young and mature plant samples. Of the identified compounds, seven of the sixteen diterpene lactones, three of the six flavonoids, five of the six phenolic acids and two cyclic acids are reported here for the first time for this species. Multivariate statistical approaches such as Hierarchiral Component Analysis (HCA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) have clustered the plant extracts into the leaf and stem groups, regardless of plant age. Further classification based on the phytochemical profiles revealed that mostly phenolic acids and flavonoids were from the young leaf extracts, and diterpenoids and their glycosides from the mature leaf extracts. However, the phytochemical profiles for the stems of both young and mature plants were not significantly different as presented in the dendrogram of HCA and the score plot of PCA. The marker for mature plants might be the m/z 557 ion (dihydroxyl dimethyl 19-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-19-oxo-ent-labda-8(17),13-dien-16,15-olide), whereas the m/z 521 ion (propyl neoandrographolide) could be the marker for leaf extracts.
Xanthones from aerial parts of Hypericum laricifolium Juss
Authors: Ramírez-González Irama , Amaro-Luis Juan Manuel , Bahsas Alí
Published: March 2019

From the aerial parts of Hypericum laricifolium Juss., twelve compounds were isolated and identified. They were the xanthones: 1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-xanthone (1), 1,7-dihydroxy-xanthone (2), 2-hydroxy-xanthone (3), 6-deoxyisojacareubin (4), 1,3-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-xanthone (6), and 1,5,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-xanthone (7), together with β-sitosterol, betulinic acid, vanillic acid, isoquercitrin and a mixture of quercetin and isorhamnetin. All the compounds were characterized by spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods, and by comparison with literature data. Thisis the first report on the presence of xanthones in H.laricifolium. 1,3-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-xanthone has been previously synthesized, but this is the first report of its isolation from a natural source.
A New Xanthone from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana
Authors: Fu Manqin , Qiu Samuel X. , Xu Yujuan , Wu Jijun , Chen Yulong , Yu Yuanshan , Xiao Gengsheng
Published: March 2019

A new prenylxanthone, garcimangostanol (1), was isolated from the EtOAc-soluble partition of the ethanol extract of the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L., along with three known compounds, namely 8-deoxygartanin (2), 1-isomangostin (3), and garcinone C (4). The structure of compound 1 was elucidated on the basis of its 1D, 2D NMR and MS data. Compounds 1–4 exhibited either significant or moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7, A549, Hep-G2 and CNE human cancer cell lines in vitro with IC50 values from 4.0 ± 0.3 to 23.6 ± 1.5 μM by MTT colorimetric assay.
Involvement of Trypsin-Digested Silk Peptides in the Induction of RAW264.7 Macrophage Activation
Authors: Pyo Kyoung-Ho , Kim Min-Ki , Shin Kwang-Soon , Chun Hyang Sook , Shin Eun-Hee
Published: March 2019

The activation of macrophages by trypsin-digested silk peptides was investigated by considering CD11b and CD40 expression in the RAW264.7 cell, a murine macrophage. Silk protein hydrolysates were digested with trypsin, following by centrifugal purification using the Centriprep 30k concentrator. Trypsin-digested total silk peptides and its centrifugal fractions were tested for macrophage activation in vitro. The functional peptide of fractionated silk peptides was examined by LC/MS/MS analysis. Trypsin-digested and fractionated silk peptides of more than 30 kDa induced an increase in the activation markers CD11b and CD40 in RAW264.7 cells. These results are supported by morphological changes reflecting an increase in the number of dendrites in activated cells. The fractionated silk peptides examined by LC/MS/MS contained partial peptides of Bombyx mori fibroin. These results suggest that the activation of RAW264.7 macrophages may be induced not by sericin-derived peptides but by fibroin-derived ones.
Lipid Constituents of the Edible Mushroom, Pleurotus giganteus Demonstrate Anti-Candida Activity
Authors: Phan Chia-Wei , Lee Guan-Serm , Macreadie Ian G. , Malek Sri Nurestri Abd , Pamela David , Sabaratnam Vikineswary
Published: March 2019

Different solvent extracts of Pleurotus giganteus fruiting bodies were tested for antifungal activities against Candida species responsible for human infections. The lipids extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction significantly inhibited the growth of all the Candida species tested. Analysis by GC/MS revealed lipid components such as fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, ergosterol, and ergosterol derivatives. The sample with high amounts of fatty acid methyl esters was the most effective antifungal agent. The samples were not cytotoxic to a mammalian cell line, mouse embryonic fibroblasts BALB/c 3T3 clone A31. To our knowledge, this is the first report of antifungal activity of the lipid components of Pleurotus giganteus against Candida species.
Combined Analysis of the Root Bark Oil of Cleistopholis glauca by Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Ouattara Zana A. , Boti Jean Brice , Ahibo Coffy Antoine , Tomi Félix , Casanova Joseph , Bighelli Ange
Published: March 2019

The composition of root bark oil from Cleistopholis glauca Pierre ex Engler & Diels growing wild in Ivory Coast was investigated by GC (in combination with retention indices) and 13C NMR spectroscopy after partition of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds on silica gel. Thirty-one compounds have been identified. C. glauca produces a sesquiterpene-rich oil, patchoulenone (33.5%), cyperene (9.5%) and germacrene D (6.6%) being the main components. Special attention was paid to the identification and quantification of germacrene C (a heat-sensitive compound) and δ-elemene, which were achieved by a combination of GC(FID) and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The composition of C. glauca root bark and leaf oils differed drastically.