bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steady‐state population pharmacokinetics of terizidone and its metabolite cycloserine in patients with drug‐resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Mulubwa Mwila , Mugabo Pierre
Published: May 2019

Aims

Despite terizidone being part of the second‐line recommended drugs for treatment of drug‐resistant tuberculosis (DR‐TB), information on its pharmacokinetics is scarce. The aim of this study was to describe the steady‐state population pharmacokinetics (PPK) of terizidone and its primary metabolite cycloserine in patients with DR‐TB and determine the effect of patient characteristics.

Methods

This clinical study involved 39 adult DR‐TB patients admitted to Brewelskloof Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa for intensive treatment phase. Blood samples were collected at predose and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours after drug administration. The estimation of PPK parameters was performed using nonlinear mixed‐effects modelling software Monolix 2018R1. Free‐fat mass was used to perform allometric scaling on disposition parameters.

Results

A 1‐compartment model best described the pharmacokinetics of terizidone and cycloserine. A modified transit compartment model described the absorption of terizidone. The parameters of terizidone model were mean transit time (1.7 h), absorption rate constant (2.97 h−1), apparent volume of distribution (Vp/F: 13.4 L) and apparent total clearance (0.51 L h−1). In the joint model, apparent fraction of terizidone converted to cycloserine was 0.29 while apparent clearance of terizidone via other routes and apparent cycloserine clearance was 0.1 L h−1 and 2.94 L h−1, respectively. Serum albumin had significant effect on Vp/F.

Conclusions

The developed PPK model described well the concentration–time profile for terizidone and cycloserine in DR‐TB patients. High albumin concentration was associated with low Vp/F.
Teaching critical open GIS
Authors: Holler Joseph
Published: May 2019

Key Messages

Teaching critical open GIS has the potential to disrupt common GIS representations and bridge the divide between GIS and non‐GIS human geography curricula.

Open‐source GIS creates opportunities for critical GIS to effectively and affectively engage with GIS technology at the level of code.
The haemoglobin glycation index is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in healthy subjects
Authors: Yoo Jee Hee , Kang Yu Mi , Cho Yun Kyung , Lee Jiwoo , Jung Chang Hee , Park Joong‐Yeol , Ryu Ohk‐Hyun , Kim Hong‐Kyu , Lee Woo Je
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) quantifies interindividual variations in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and is associated with diabetic complications and metabolic diseases. However, information on the association between HGI and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in healthy subjects is limited, particularly in Asian populations. This study aimed to investigate the association between HGI and NAFLD in a healthy Korean cohort.

Design

Subjects were stratified in quartiles according to their HGI level. NAFLD was diagnosed by hepatic ultrasonography, hepatic steatosis index and fatty liver index. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between HGI quartiles and the risk of NAFLD.

Patients

Data from subjects without diabetes who underwent liver ultrasonography during routine health examinations were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Data from 14 465 subjects were included in the analysis. The prevalence of NAFLD increased significantly with each HGI quartile (24.8%, 29.7%, 32.6% and 40.6% in quartiles 1‐4, respectively; P < 0.001). In comparison with the lowest HGI quartile group, the highest quartile exhibited worse metabolic parameters, including body weight, waist circumference, body mass index and lipid profiles. Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for multiple factors showed that the odds ratio of having NAFLD was 1.564 (95% CI: 1.350‐1.813, P < 0.001) in the highest HGI quartile.

Conclusions

Elevated HGI levels are independently associated with NAFLD in a healthy Asian population.
The influence of deproteinised bovine bone mineral on dimensional changes in the maxillary second incisor socket
Authors: Raveendiran Nirushan , Chen Stephen , Davies Helen , Fitzgerald Wayne , Darby Ivan
Published: May 2019

Objectives

To investigate the dimensional changes following the extraction of maxillary second incisors and to evaluate the influence of deproteinised bovine bone mineral on the healing outcomes.

Materials and Methods

The second maxillary incisors in nine dogs were extracted bilaterally in a minimally traumatic manner. Deproteinised bovine bone mineral with collagen (DBBMC) and a collagen matrix (CM) was placed in one socket with the contralateral socket left to heal naturally. After 3 months of healing, the dogs were sacrificed and the pre‐maxilla resected. Cone beam computerised tomography scans (CBCTs) were obtained and the specimens prepared for histological preparation and analysis. Surface scans of study models taken pre‐ and post‐extraction were digitally subtracted to analyse volumetric changes.

Results

All dogs healed uneventfully without any complications. No inflammation was seen, and DBBMC was well integrated into a network of mineralised tissues, bone marrow and connective tissue. The horizontal width of the buccal crest was found to be significantly greater in grafted sockets, but the vertical height to be similar. No significant difference was seen in regard to volumetric changes in sockets over 3 months post‐extraction.

Conclusion

Maxillary second incisor sockets of dogs grafted with DBBMC post‐extraction had significantly greater horizontal width at the ridge crest compared with ungrafted sockets. Volumetric analysis revealed no significant difference between grafted and non‐grafted sockets, suggesting possible soft tissue thickening post‐extraction to counteract osseous resorption.
Impact of self‐efficacy on risk aversion in the context of surgical weight loss decision scenarios
Authors: Turner Monique , Johnson Andrea C. , Lantz Paula
Published: May 2019

Obesity is prevalent among a third of US adults and a leading indicator for many chronic diseases. Self‐efficacy is important for non‐surgical weight loss interventions, but there is less information about the role of self‐efficacy in the candidacy phase when there are discussions of side effects and decisions for uptake. This study conducted an experiment set within an online survey assessing risk aversion towards bariatric surgery as a weight loss intervention. The survey asked about hypothetical weight loss scenarios for bariatric surgery among a national probability‐based sample of US adults aged 18 years and older. Participants answered their willingness to achieve different weight loss amounts within the context of bariatric surgery in varying risk scenarios. The analysis utilized a repeated‐measures linear mixed model. A three‐way interaction demonstrated that participants were more willing to take risks under ideal weight loss conditions even with the risk of death, particularly when considering self‐efficacy (𝛽 = 1.20, P = .05). Margin projections showed that those with lower self‐efficacy were more likely to take risks overall. This trend was significant for those with a body mass index of 30 and above in scenarios presenting one's ideal weight as the outcome of bariatric surgery. Adding a measure of self‐efficacy within patient assessments could identify those eligible patients who are most likely to adopt bariatric surgery, particularly among those who may have negative post‐surgical outcomes due to low self‐efficacy levels. Addressing self‐efficacy by way of providing support resources in tandem with candidacy consultations may enhance quality of life and post‐surgical outcomes.
Does early high body mass index influence onset of pediatric multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Gianfrancesco Milena A , Briggs Farren B S
Published: May 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Brenton et al. on pages 1289–1294 of this issue.
In search of thresholds in the household income inequality–growth relationship
Authors: Paleologou Suzanna‐Maria
Published: May 2019

This paper investigates the shape of the relationship between household income inequality and economic growth. More precisely we search for the existence of threshold values in this relationship by employing a dynamic panel smooth transition regression model to account for potential endogeneity problems. We find that there do exist threshold values (that are different for different groups of countries): below the threshold, household income inequality is growth enhancing, while above the threshold, inequality has a negative or no effect on economic growth.
The GRASP domain in golgi reassembly and stacking proteins: differences and similarities between lower and higher Eukaryotes
Authors: Mendes Luís F. S. , Fontana Natália A. , Oliveira Carolina G. , Freire Marjorie C. L. C , Lopes José L. S. , Melo Fernando A. , Costa‐Filho Antonio J.
Published: May 2019

The Golgi complex is part of the endomembrane system and is responsible for receiving transport cargos from the endoplasmic reticulum and for sorting and targeting them to their final destination. To perform its function in higher eukaryotic cells, the Golgi needs to be correctly assembled as a flattened membrane sandwich kept together by a protein matrix. The precise mechanism controlling the Golgi cisternae assembly is not yet known, but it is widely accepted that the Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Protein (GRASP) is a main component of the Golgi protein matrix. Unlike mammalian cells, which have two GRASP genes, lower eukaryotes present only one gene and distinct Golgi cisternae assembly. In this study, we performed a set of biophysical studies to get insights on the structural properties of the GRASP domains (DGRASPs) from both human GRASP55 and GRASP65 and compare them with GRASP domains from lower eukaryotes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans). Our data suggest that both human DGRASPs are essentially different from each other and that DGRASP65 is more similar to the subgroup of DGRASPs from lower eukaryotes in terms of its biophysical properties. GRASP55 is present mainly in the Golgi medial and trans faces, which are absent in both fungi, while GRASP65 is located in the cis‐Golgi. We suggest that the GRASP65 gene is more ancient and that its paralogue GRASP55 might have appeared later in evolution, together with the medial and trans Golgi faces in mammalians.
The geographically variegated connections of the Jakarta metropolitan area as produced by manufacturing firms
Authors: Indraprahasta Galuh Syahbana , Derudder Ben
Published: May 2019

Connectivity in urban networks is often deemed to be an important feature of economically vibrant cities. Under conditions of contemporary globalization, the importance and geographies of these connections are increasingly variegated. Accordingly, various attempts have been made to analyse the external relations of cities and metropolitan regions, often through the lens of multilocational firms. Our purpose in this paper is to address the to‐date limited empirical knowledge about whether firms originating from different regions (i.e., firms with different headquarter [HQ] locations) create different patterns of inter‐urban relations. Drawing on the interlocking network model and using the Jakarta metropolitan area (JMA) as a case study, this paper explores how manufacturing firms with HQs either inside (further differentiating between the JMA and other cities) or outside (further differentiating between East Asian and non‐East Asian countries) Indonesia produce different patterns of external relations. Our findings indicate that each category of firms generates unique configurations of interurban relations for the JMA at the global and national scales. We argue that these variegated networks patterns not only reflect different locational strategies of firms, but also Indonesia's evolving policy orientations which have complex relations with evolving patterns of economic globalization.
Evaluation of an automated chromogenic assay for Factor VIII clotting activity measurement in patients affected by haemophilia A
Authors: Novembrino Cristina , Boscolo Anzoletti Massimo , Mancuso Maria Elisa , Shinohara Sho , Peyvandi Flora
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The original one‐stage clotting assay is still the most widely used method to measure Factor VIII clotting activity (FVIII:C) in patients with haemophilia A (HA), although the use of chromogenic assays is increasing significantly.

Aim

Evaluation of the analytical performance and diagnostic accuracy of BIOPHEN™ FVIII:C (HYPHEN BioMed, Neuville‐sur‐Oise, France) assay on Sysmex CS‐2400 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) analyser.

Methods

Sixty patients with haemophilia A (HA; any severity) and 120 healthy Italian subjects were included. All the assays were performed on citrate platelet‐poor plasmas stored at −80°C. Chromogenic BIOPHEN™ FVIII:C was compared with the one‐stage assay using Actin FS and Factor VIII deficient plasma (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) on Sysmex CS‐2400 and with another chromogenic automated assay (COAMATIC™ Factor VIII, CHROMOGENIX on ACL TOP analyzer; Instrumentation Laboratory, Milan, Italy).

Results

Intra‐assay and inter‐assay coefficient of variation were <6%. Linearity was good up to 1/128 dilution (r = 0.99); mean recovery was 91.7% and limit of detection was 0.2%. BIOPHEN™ FVIII:C assay showed a good correlation and diagnostic agreement with the chromogenic COAMATIC™ assay: the Spearmen's Rank correlation coefficient was 0.98 and the inter‐rate agreement K Cohen coefficient was 0.61. The K coefficient was 0.91 when BIOPHEN™ FVIII:C was compared with the historical classification of the patients, demonstrating an optimal diagnostic accuracy in HA.

Conclusions

BIOPHEN™ FVIII:C showed good analytical performance and diagnostic accuracy and could be considered suitable for the introduction in routine analytical panel of coagulation for the diagnosis of HA patients.
Effects of MTHFR C677T and A1298C Polymorphisms on Migraine Susceptibility: A Meta‐Analysis of 26 Studies
Authors: Liu Lijun , Yu Yongpeng , He Jian , Guo Lei , Li Hong , Teng Jijun
Published: May 2019

Background

Multiple studies have evaluated the associations between 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and migraine risk with conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted a meta‐analysis on this theme.

Methods

We searched the electronic databases of PubMed, EmBase, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library for all relevant studies published until April 6, 2018. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in allelic, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous models were calculated using random effects model to assess the strength of associations. We also performed subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity and migraine subtypes, respectively.

Results

Twenty‐six studies (20 in Caucasians, 3 in Asians, 2 in Indians, and 1 in Pakistanis) with 10,228 migraineurs and 28,608 controls were included in this meta‐analysis. In the overall population, the allele 677T and TT genotype were associated with an increased risk for total migraine and migraine with aura (MA) (total migraine: T vs C: OR = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.06‐1.33, P = .004; TT vs CC: OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.07‐1.64, P = .011; MA: T vs C: OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.09‐1.51, P = .003; TT vs CC: OR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.09‐2.08, P = .012), but not for migraine without aura (MO). Subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity revealed similar findings in Caucasians. In Asians, the association was detected only in recessive model in total migraine (TT vs CT + CC: OR = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.14‐2.85, P = .012). Results in Indians did not suggest any association in either total migraine or its subtypes. Pooled results of 5 studies (4 in Caucasians and 1 in Indians) on A1298C polymorphism indicated a significant association between the CC genotype and migraine risk (CC vs AA: OR = 1.78, 95%CI = 1.03‐3.07, P = .038), which only appeared for MO (CC vs AA: OR = 2.83, 95%CI = 1.30‐6.16, P = .009).

Conclusions

Our meta‐analysis suggested that allele 677T in MTHFR C677T polymorphism might be a genetic risk factor for MA in Caucasians, and genotype 1298CC might contribute to MO susceptibility.
Concordance of cribriform architecture in matched prostate cancer biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens
Authors: Hollemans Eva , Verhoef Esther I , Bangma Chris H , Schoots Ivo , Rietbergen John , Helleman Jozien , Roobol Monique J , van Leenders Geert J L H
Published: May 2019

Aims

Invasive cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma have been identified as independent adverse parameters for prostate cancer outcome. Little is known on biopsy undersampling of cribriform architecture. Our aim was to determine the extent of cribriform architecture undersampling and to find predictive factors for identifying false cribriform‐negative cases.

Methods and results

We reviewed 186 matched prostate biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens. Of 97 biopsy grade group 2 (Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7) patients, 22 (23%) had true cribriform‐negative (TN), 39 (40%) false‐negative (FN) and 36 (37%) true‐positive (TP) biopsies. Patients with FN biopsies had higher, although not statistically significant (P = 0.06), median PSA levels than patients with TP biopsies (12 versus 8 ng/ml). A PI‐RADS 5 lesion was present in nine of 16 (54%) FN and three of 11 (27%) TN biopsies (P = 0.05). Positive biopsy rate (P = 0.47), percentage Gleason pattern 4 (P = 0.55) and glomeruloid architecture (P = 1.0) were not different. Logistic regression identified PSA as an independent predictor (odds ratio = 3.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.2–9.4, P = 0.02) for cribriform architecture on radical prostatectomy, but not PI‐RADS score. The FN rate for large cribriform architecture at radical prostatectomy was 27%, which was lower than for any cribriform architecture (P = 0.01). During follow‐up (median 27 months), biochemical recurrence‐free survival of patients with TP biopsies was significantly shorter than that of those with FN biopsies (P = 0.03).

Conclusion

In conclusion, 40% of grade group 2 prostate cancer biopsies were FN for cribriform architecture. These patients had higher PSA levels and more frequent PI‐RADS score 5 lesions than men with TN biopsies.
Migration timing influences the responses of birds to food shortage at their refuelling site
Authors: Ke Wan‐Juan , He Peng , Peng He‐Bo , Choi Chi‐Yeung , Zhang Shou‐Dong , Melville David S. , Ma Zhijun
Published: May 2019

Because migration is highly time‐constrained and migration timing varies among individuals, the responses of migrants to food shortage at a refuelling site could differ between individuals that arrive early and late at the site. To test this hypothesis, we compared the stopover decision, in terms of occurrence and length of stay (LOS), of radiotagged Great Knots Calidris tenuirostris before (2012) and after (2015) a dramatic decline in food supply at a critical spring final pre‐breeding refuelling site in the northern Yellow Sea. The probability of occurrence at the refuelling site was consistent between the two years, whereas the average LOS significantly shortened in the year of food shortage in late‐arriving individuals. This suggests migration timing intensifies the influence of food shortage in late‐arriving individuals, which might be more sensitive and vulnerable to food shortage at refuelling sites compared with early‐arriving individuals.
Eggshell derived mesoporous biphasic calcium phosphate for biomedical applications using rapid thermal processing
Authors: Ganesan Vidhya , Devaraj Muthu , Govindan Suresh Kumar , Kattimani Vivekanand S. , Easwaradas Kreedapathy Girija
Published: May 2019

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) has received much interest for making various bone substitutes since its physicochemical properties can be easily tailored by tuning its phase composition. Due to high temperature processing, it is hard to prepare BCP with nanoscale characteristics. In the present study, we have made an attempt to optimize the heat treatment parameters for the synthesis of BCP with nanoscale characteristics from eggshell derived hydroxyapatite (HA) through rapid thermal processing (RTP). To accomplish this, eggshell derived HA was prepared by wet precipitation method and subjected to RTP at 750°C and 1150°C for 3 and 10 minutes. For comparison we have also studied conventional calcination at 750°C and 1150°C for 3 hours. XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, HRTEM, and BET analyses were used to understand the effect of RTP and conventional calcination on eggshell derived HA. Our results indicate that eggshell derived HA on RTP at 1150°C for 3 minutes and 10 minutes can offer nanoscale BCP with good dissolution, bioactivity, cytocompatibility, and mesoporous nature. Hence, RTP can be a potential method to prepare BCP with nanoscale features for biomedical applications.
Digital morphology analyzers in hematology: ICSH review and recommendations
Authors: Kratz Alexander , Lee Szu‐hee , Zini Gina , Riedl Jurgen A. , Hur Mina , Machin Sam ,   the International Council for Standardization in Haematology
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Morphological assessment of the blood smear has been performed by conventional manual microscopy for many decades. Recently, rapid progress in digital imaging and information technology has led to the development of automated methods of digital morphological analysis of blood smears.

Methods

A panel of experts in laboratory hematology reviewed the literature on the use of digital imaging and other strategies for the morphological analysis of blood smears. The strengths and weaknesses of digital imaging were determined, and recommendations on improvement were proposed.

Results

By preclassifying cells using artificial intelligence algorithms, digital image analysis automates the blood smear review process and enables faster slide reviews. Digital image analyzers also allow remote networked laboratories to transfer images rapidly to a central laboratory for review, and facilitate a variety of essential work functions in laboratory hematology such as consultations, digital image archival, libraries, quality assurance, competency assessment, education, and training. Different instruments from several manufacturers are available, but there is a lack of standardization of staining methods, optical magnifications, color and display characteristics, hardware, software, and file formats.

Conclusion

In order to realize the full potential of Digital Morphology Hematology Analyzers, pre‐analytic, analytic, and postanalytic parameters should be standardized. Manufacturers of new instruments should focus on improving the accuracy of cell preclassifications, and the automated recognition and classification of pathological cell types. Cutoffs for grading morphological abnormalities should depend on clinical significance. With all current devices, a skilled morphologist remains essential for cell reclassification and diagnostic interpretation of the blood smear.
Labour market enforcement in the 21st century: should whistleblowers have a greater role?
Authors: Lewis David
Published: May 2019

Labour market enforcement can be achieved through a variety of mechanisms. On the basis that inspectorates in the UK have been under‐resourced historically and that reliance on self‐regulation is particularly objectionable in sectors that have a record of providing low pay and poor working conditions, this article explores the potential for using whistleblowing by both workers and non‐workers as a method of enforcing labour standards. The author believes that, in principle, policing by inspectors working in conjunction with unions is particularly important in industries where small firms are prevalent and individuals may feel particularly vulnerable to retaliation if they speak up. Nevertheless, given the low likelihood of government inspections and low levels of unionisation in the private sector, it is suggested that enhancing the protection given to whistleblowers who report suspected wrongdoing might deter employer non‐compliance and prove cost effective.
Ga‐Sb‐S‐I chalcohalide glasses and fibers for mid‐infrared applications
Authors: Sun Mingyang , Yang Anping , Zhang Xianghua , Ma Hongli , Zhang Mingjie , Tian Kangzhen , Feng Xian , Yang Zhiyong
Published: May 2019

In this work, environment friendly Ga‐Sb‐S‐I chalcohalide glasses and fibers are developed for mid‐infrared applications. The developed Ga8Sb32S60‐xIx (x = 0‐10) glasses have a transmission window of ~0.7‐14 µm, linear refractive indices (n0) of ~ 2.690‐2.751 at 1.55 µm, nonlinear refractive indices (n2) of ~10.5‐12.4 × 10−14 cm2/W at 1.55 µm, and zero dispersion wavelengths (λ0) of ~4.94‐5.25 µm. The developed Ga8Sb32S55I5/Ga8Sb31S56I5 (core/cladding) fiber can transmit infrared light from below 2 µm to ~8 µm, and shows the minimum loss of ~1.2 dB/m at ~6 µm. The wide transmission window, high optical nonlinearity and superior thermal stability against crystallization of the glasses, and the good 2‐8 µm transmission property of the fiber make these materials promising for mid‐infrared applications such as thermal imaging, nonlinear optics, and laser transmission.
A comprehensive study on frictional dependence and predictive accuracy of viscoelastic model for optical glass using compression creep test
Authors: Yu Jianwu , Luo Hong , Zhang Yingying , Nguyen Thai V. , Jiang Xiaomo , Hu Junzhi
Published: May 2019

Compression creep tests (CCTs) have been widely used in phenomenological characterization of viscoelastic materials such as glasses. However, disturbed by specimen‐tool interface friction, the real stress‐strain data regarding the pure viscoelastic deformation are frequently misestimated in conventional CCTs, causing decreased accuracies of the derived viscoelastic parameters. This study proposes a comprehensive CCT‐based approach to develop a viscoelastic model with weakened frictional disturbance and enhanced predictive accuracy. An integrated calculation procedure is first built to mathematically characterize the frictional and viscoelastic behaviors of glass during compression. Uniaxial CCTs of a typical borosilicate glass (L‐BAL42) are then performed at varied frictional conditions. The quantified coefficients of interface friction indicate that a minor frictional disturbance is achieved when Nickel foils are used as interfacial layers, whereby a more realistic viscoelastic constitutive relation of the glass is derived. The obtained frictional and viscoelastic constants are further incorporated into computational modeling of the CCT and precision molding processes. The demonstrated consistencies between the simulated and measured results (creep displacement and molding force) suggest that, by technically slashing the interface friction and theoretically correcting the friction‐involved stress in CCTs, the frictional disturbance to experimental stress‐strain data can be effectively weakened, and a viscoelastic model of enhanced predictive accuracy can be thus developed.
Novel insights into the genetic diversity and clonal structure of natural trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) populations: A transcontinental study
Authors: Latutrie Mathieu , Tóth Endre Gy. , Bergeron Yves , Tremblay Francine
Published: May 2019

Aim

Distribution‐wide trends in climate variability significantly influence the genetic diversity, differentiation and population structure of tree species. This study investigates the effects of disturbances such as fire, fragmentation and climate on modern‐day genetic patterns and clonal structures of trembling aspen at the transcontinental scale.

Location

North American boreal zone.

Taxon

Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.).

Methods

One thousand two hundred individuals in a 30‐site network (40 trees per location) were genotyped with neutral genetic markers and studied in relation to regional differences in climate and surrounding site conditions (aridity, fire cycle, fragmentation). Multiple linear regression models and variance analysis were used to test relationships between genetic indices, structural parameters and the surrounding site factors.

Results

Overall, a high percentage of single ramet clones (SRC) and clonal diversity was detected and assumed to be the consequence of multiple sexual reproduction events that took place at all sites, together with suckering, which shapes the clonal structure of populations. Neutral genetic diversity and clonal structure suggested no substantial differences among sites, which were categorized into climate moisture index (CMI) classes; aspen stands across Canada were highly similar from a genetic point of view. Allelic richness (AR) and the average number of alleles (Na) varied significantly among clonal organization groups, and landscape fragmentation and a higher frequency of fires showed a negative influence on the levels of genetic diversity.

Main conclusions

Our results are inconsistent with the idea that the genotypic diversity of trembling aspen is related to the intensity of disturbance within the boreal forest. It appears that species‐specific disturbance responses and post‐fire recruitment mechanisms are more important than dominant ecological factors, such as climate and fire regimes, in shaping distribution‐wide patterns of neutral genetic variation and clonal structure.
Atopic dermatitis and the metabolic syndrome: a cross‐sectional study of 116 816 patients
Authors: Shalom G. , Dreiher J. , Kridin K. , Horev A. , Khoury R. , Battat E. , Freud T. , Comaneshter D. , Cohen A.D.
Published: May 2019

Background

Data regarding the association between atopic dermatitis (AD) and the metabolic syndrome are controversial.

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in a large group of patients with AD compared to a matched reference group.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of AD patients diagnosed by a dermatologist between 1998 and 2016, and a matched comparison group was performed. We analysed the association between AD and metabolic syndrome, its components and possible complications for the entire study population, adults (age > 18) and adults with moderate‐to‐severe AD.

Results

The study included 116 816 patients with AD and 116 812 comparison enrollees. AD in the entire group of patients and in the adult patients was associated with a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia and a lower prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Moderate and severe AD were associated, respectively, with higher prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome (17.0% vs. 9.4%), its components (obesity: 22.2% vs. 18.6%; diabetes: 15.9% vs. 9.2%; hypertension 27.9% vs. 15.3%; dyslipidaemia 47.1% vs. 28.5%, all P values < 0.001) and cardiovascular morbidity (all P values < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant overrepresentation of the metabolic syndrome in moderate‐to‐severe AD (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Severely affected patients with AD may have one or more undiagnosed components of metabolic syndrome.
Characteristics and predictors of adult frequent emergency department users in the United States: A systematic literature review
Authors: Giannouchos Theodoros V. , Kum Hye‐Chung , Foster Margaret J. , Ohsfeldt Robert L.
Published: May 2019

Study objective

We conducted a systematic literature review to identify and to update patient characteristics and contextual factors for adult frequent emergency department users (FEDUs) compared with non‐FEDU in an era where the US health care system underwent substantial changes.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE to identify all relevant articles after 2010 through July 2018 that describe FEDU. We included US studies on adult FEDU only and excluded studies on specific subgroups of FEDU. We included demographic, clinical, and health care utilization information, and two reviewers independently evaluated the studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool.

Results

The 11 studies included in the review indicated that FEDU were 4% to 16% of total ED users but accounted for 14% to 47% of ED visits, with six to nine visits per year on average. The majority of FEDU were young or middle‐aged adults, females, of low socioeconomic status and high school or less education, with public insurance, multiple primary care provider visits, and chronic conditions. Fair or poor self‐perceived health status, unemployment, unmet needs from primary care providers (PCPs), mental health, and substance abuse were predictors of FEDU.

Conclusion

FEDUs are disproportionally sicker and are also heavy users of non‐ED health care service providers. The limited data for non‐ED health services use in facility‐specific studies of FEDU may contribute to findings in such studies that complex and unmet needs from PCPs contributed to ED visits. This suggests the need for more comprehensive data analysis beyond a few sites that can inform systemic management approaches.
Prader‐Willi syndrome: A model for understanding the ghrelin system
Authors: Tauber Maithé , Coupaye Muriel , Diene Gwenaelle , Molinas Catherine , Valette Marion , Beauloye Veronique
Published: May 2019

Subsequent to the discovery of ghrelin as the endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, this unique gut peptide has been found to exert numerous physiological effects, such as appetite stimulation and lipid accumulation via the central regulating mechanisms in the hypothalamus, stimulation of gastric motility, regulation of glucose metabolism and brown fat thermogenesis, and modulation of stress, anxiety, taste sensation, reward‐seeking behaviour and the sleep/wake cycle. Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) has been described as a unique pathological state characterised by severe obesity and high circulating levels of ghrelin. It was hypothesised that hyperghrelinaemia would explain at least a part of the feeding behaviour and body composition of PWS patients, who are characterised by hyperphagia, an obsession with food and food‐seeking, and increased adiposity. Initially, the link between hyperghrelinaemia and growth hormone deficiency, which is observed in 90% of the children with PWS, was not fully understood. Over the years, however, the increasing knowledge on ghrelin, PWS features and the natural history of the disease has led to a more comprehensive description of the abnormal ghrelin system and its role in the pathophysiology of this rare and complex neurodevelopmental genetic disease. In the present study, we (a) present the current view of PWS; (b) explain its natural history, including recent data on the ghrelin system in PWS patients; and (c) discuss the therapeutic approach of modulating the ghrelin system in these patients and the first promising results.
Clinical and intra‐operative factors affecting the outcome of arthrocentesis in disc displacement without reduction: A retrospective study
Authors: Bas Burcu , Yuceer Ezgi , Kazan Dilara , Gurbanov Vugar , Kutuk Nukhet
Published: May 2019

Background

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a group of disease which affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and supporting tissues of the musculoskeletal structures. Arthrocentesis is an effective treatment modality for TMD, especially in patients who suffer from pain and limited mouth opening.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pre‐operative and intra‐operative variables on the clinical outcome of arthrocentesis therapy.

Methods

The records of 83 patients diagnosed as disc displacement (DD) without reduction according to DC/TMD, and treated with arthrocentesis were selected. Sex, age, bruxism history, pain intensity and maximum mouth opening (MMO) were recorded as pre‐operative variables. Extravasation and the amount of irrigation were recorded as intra‐operative variables. The success of the arthrocentesis procedure was determined as MMO <35 mm and pain intensity lower than 3, at third‐month follow‐up.

Results

At 3‐month follow‐up, clinical evaluation showed a significant reduction in TMJ pain and an increase in MMO (P < 0.05). It was found that patients with an unsuccessful outcome are those who had a more restricted MMO and severe pain before the procedure. Extravasation was found to be a significant factor that affects the success of the procedure.

Conclusion

The success of arthrocentesis in TMJ DD without reduction is adversely affected by the severity of the pre‐operative clinical symptoms. Extravasation is also a factor that has a negative effect on the success of the procedure.
Assessment of the relationship between masticatory performance, occlusal contact area, chewing time and cycles, and gastric emptying scintigraphy in dentate subjects
Authors: Sumonsiri Pattra , Thongudomporn Udom , Paphangkorakit Jarin , Premprabha Teerapon
Published: May 2019

Background

Good mastication is thought to help digestion in the stomach, hence promoting the health of the gastrointestinal system. However, the correlation between masticatory and gastric function has been controversial. This is partly explained by different food types used to assess the performance of the two organs. Recently, frankfurter sausage has been proposed to be suitable for both masticatory performance and gastric emptying tests.

Objectives

To examine the relationship between masticatory performance, occlusal contact area, chewing time and cycles, and gastric emptying scintigraphy parameters in healthy dentate adults.

Materials and Methods

Forty healthy subjects (15 men: 25 women, age 23.9 ± 3.8 years) underwent masticatory performance tests and gastric emptying scintigraphy using frankfurter sausage as a test food. Masticatory performance was calculated as the median particle size (MPS) of chewed frankfurter sausage cubes after 30 chewing cycles. Gastric emptying scintigraphy was performed using frankfurter sausage mixed with technetium‐99 m‐labelled microwaved egg meal. Cumulative occlusal areas of contact‐near contact (cACNC) were determined by silicone bite registration and image‐analysed. Chewing time and cycles before swallowing were also recorded.

Results

No significant differences in MPS, cACNC, chewing time and cycles, or gastric emptying parameters were observed between gender. Bivariate correlation showed masticatory performance, occlusal contact area, chewing time and cycles were not correlated with gastric emptying parameters (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Using the same test food to assess the masticatory and gastric function in dentate subjects, the present study showed that masticatory performance, occlusal contacts, chewing time and cycles did not affect gastric emptying.
Factors explaining individual differences in taste sensitivity and taste modality recognition among Finnish adults
Authors: Puputti Sari , Aisala Heikki , Hoppu Ulla , Sandell Mari
Published: May 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the factors affecting interindividual variation in the sense of taste among Finnish adults. Two components of taste function were examined with five established taste modalities: taste sensitivity and capability to identify taste modalities. The potential explanatory factors for taste function included gender, age, BMI, and smoking. In total, 205 volunteers participated in the study at the sensory evaluation laboratory of Functional Foods Forum. Older age (>50 years) and male gender predicted a less sensitive sense of taste in general. For umami sensitivity, high BMI along with older age predicted lower sensitivity. Additionally, taste recognition and sensitivity were related in bitter and umami tastes. Older age was also associated with a poorer capability in taste recognition. Sour–bitter, umami–salty, and salty–umami were the most frequent taste confusions.

Practical applications

These results showed individual differences in taste perception among adult. This study can help to understand diversity in personal eating practices and food choices, which can be utilized in personal nutritional guidance and well‐being applications. We suggest that umami should be included in studies concerning taste function. There is high variation in umami perception and as umami may increase food palatability, it can be an important element in improving diet especially among elderly people. In sensory research, panelists' interindividual variation in taste perception can be wide and should be acknowledged by careful design of studies.
Gestures and Words in Naming: Evidence From Crosslinguistic and Crosscultural Comparison
Authors: Cattani Allegra , Floccia Caroline , Kidd Evan , Pettenati Paola , Onofrio Daniela , Volterra Virginia
Published: May 2019

We report on an analysis of spontaneous gesture production in 2‐year‐old children who come from three countries (Italy, United Kingdom, Australia) and who speak two languages (Italian, English), in an attempt to tease apart the influence of language and culture when comparing children from different cultural and linguistic environments. Eighty‐seven monolingual children aged 24–30 months completed an experimental task measuring their comprehension and production of nouns and predicates. The Italian children scored significantly higher than the other groups on all lexical measures. With regard to gestures, British children produced significantly fewer pointing and speech combinations compared to Italian and Australian children, who did not differ from each other. In contrast, Italian children produced significantly more representational gestures than the other two groups. We conclude that spoken language development is primarily influenced by the input language over gesture production, whereas the combination of cultural and language environments affects gesture production.
Effect of locally produced complementary foods on fat‐free mass, linear growth, and iron status among Kenyan infants: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Konyole Silvenus O. , Omollo Selina A. , Kinyuru John N. , Skau Jutta K.H. , Owuor Bethwell O. , Estambale Benson B. , Filteau Suzanne M. , Michaelsen Kim F. , Friis Henrik , Roos Nanna , Owino Victor O.
Published: May 2019

The impact of quality complementary food products on infant growth and body composition has not been adequately investigated. This study evaluated the effect on fat‐free mass (FFM) accrual, linear growth, and iron status of locally produced complementary food products comparing to a standard product. In a randomized, double‐blind trial, 499 infants at 6 months received nine monthly rations of (a) WinFood Classic (WFC) comprising germinated amaranth (71%), maize (10.4%), small fish (3%), and edible termites (10%); (b) WinFood Lite (WFL) comprising germinated amaranth (82.5%), maize (10.2%), and multimicronutrient premix; or (c) fortified corn–soy blend plus (CSB+). Primary outcomes were changes in FFM, length, and plasma ferritin and transferrin receptors (TfR). FFM was determined using deuterium dilution. Analysis was by intention to treat, based on available cases. Compared with CSB+, there were no differences in change from 6 to 15 months in FFM for WFC 0.0 kg (95% CI [−0.30, 0.29]) and WFL 0.03 kg (95% CI [−0.25, 0.32]) and length change for WFC −0.3 cm (95% CI [−0.9, 0.4]) and WFL −0.3 cm (95% CI [−0.9, 0.3]). TfR increased in WFC group 3.3 mg L−1 (95% CI [1.7, 4.9]) and WFL group 1.7 mg L−1 (95% CI [0.1, 3.4]) compared with CSB+. Compared with the increase in Hb in CSB+ group, there was a reduction in Hb in WFC of −0.9 g dl−1 (95% CI [−1.3, −0.5]) and a lower increase in WFL −0.4 g dl−1 (95% CI [−0.8, 0.0]). In conclusion, the tested WinFoods had the same effect on FFM and length as CSB+, whereas Hb and iron status decreased, suggesting inhibited iron bioavailability from the amaranth‐based WinFoods.
Concept‐metacognition
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: May 2019

Concepts are our tools for thinking. They enable us to engage in explicit reasoning about things in the world. Like physical tools, they can be more or less good, given the ways we use them—more or less dependable for categorisation, learning, induction, action‐planning, and so on. Do concept users appreciate, explicitly or implicitly, that concepts vary in dependability? Do they feel that some concepts are in some way defective? If so, we metacognise our concepts. This article offers a preliminary taxonomy of different forms of metacognition directed at concepts and suggests that concept‐metacognition impacts on several different cognitive processes.
Mediastinal Mucormycosis: Case report, review of literature and treatment with continuous liposomal amphotericin B irrigation
Authors: Cooper Joseph D. , Gotoff Robert A. , Foltzer Michael A. , Carter Russell A. , Walsh Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

Mediastinal mucormycosis is an uncommon but lethal infection associated with an 83% mortality. We describe a case of fatal Rhizopus microsporus mediastinitis despite three exploratory mediastinal surgeries and complementary systemic and mediastinal irrigation with liposomal amphotericin B. We further review the literature on surgical and antifungal management of mediastinal mucormycosis.
Primary cervical spine AL‐κ amyloidoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Rotter Juliana , Dowlati Ehsan , Jha Ribhu T. , Deng Tom , Mason Robert B.
Published: May 2019

Of the myriad of variants of amyloidoses where abnormally folded proteins damage native tissue, primary cervical spine amyloidoma represents one of the rarest forms. Since clinical presentations and imaging findings appear similar to other pathologies, including abscesses, metastatic lesions, and inflammatory lesions, a definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy with specific immunohistochemical stains. We present the first known case of primary cervical amyloid light‐chain (AL)‐κ subtype amyloidoma and compare the clinical presentations, imaging findings, treatment options, and immunohistochemical subtypes of primary, hemodialysis, and multiple myeloma cervical amyloidomas. Our case is of a 58‐year‐old man who developed neck pain radiating to the left arm with bilateral upper extremity weakness over several months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a circumferential C1–C2 mass extending into the neural foramina inducing severe mass effect. The patient underwent C2 laminectomy and resection of the lesion which was discovered during surgery to be completely epidural. Postoperatively, his pain and weakness improved. A complete work‐up was negative for systemic amyloidosis or inflammatory conditions. In the setting of a long clinical history of hemodialysis, this patient required specific staining and laboratory testing to correctly diagnose his primary cervical AL‐κ subtype amyloidoma. Cervical amyloidomas comprise a very small minority of amyloid pathology with an exceptional prognosis following successful surgical resection and stabilization. It is recommended these patients undergo surgical resection with appropriate characterization and a complete work‐up to rule out systemic disease.
Using Ockham’s razor to redefine “nursing science”
Authors: Grace Pamela J. , Zumstein‐Shaha Maya
Published: May 2019

Confusion remains about the concept “nursing science.” Definitions vary, depending on country, context and setting. Even among nurse scholars and scientists there is disagreement about the content and boundaries of nursing science. There is an urgent need for an acceptable definition that can guide nursing knowledge development, education, and practice. In this article, we highlight the problems for the profession of this sort of conceptual ambiguity, arguing that it is an ethical responsibility for the profession to gain clarity about the meaning and apt focus of our knowledge development initiatives. We parse out nursing and science as separate concepts and synthesize from this analysis a simple yet comprehensive definition of nursing science. We propose that this definition is capable of unifying ongoing nursing endeavors and should serve as the basis for evaluating nursing's knowledge development and educational initiatives.