bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water neutrality: A first quantitative framework for investing in water in South Africa
Authors: Nel D.C. , Marais C , Blignaut J.N.
Published: December 2008

The concept of water neutrality, based on its carbon equivalent, was first coined during the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. Since then the term has been loosely used, with little quantitative validation. Here we present a first quantitative framework for a water‐neutral scheme that allows a private water user to balance its water account through both demand‐ and supply‐side interventions. Such innovative voluntary mechanisms can provide benefits in a chronically water stressed and developing country, such as South Africa. This scheme seeks to harness private sector investment in water security, by allowing investors to balance quantitatively their water account based on sound scientific rationale. Investors are required to engage in a three‐step process of: reviewing their water usage, implementing a reduction strategy, and replenishment of water to hydrological systems through the investment in watershed services, equivalent to their water usage. Initially, the scheme allows participants to replenish quantitatively their water usage through investment in the clearing of water‐intensive invasive alien plants. The project, however, encourages the innovation and development of further quantitative mechanisms for investing in watershed services, and proposes an operational model for the promotion of a water‐neutral market in South Africa.
Root Cause Analysis of SI Nozzle Thermal Sleeve Breakaway Failures Occurring at PWR Plants
Authors: Jo Jong Chull , Jhung Myung Jo , Yu Seon Oh , Kim Hho Jung , Yune Young Gill
Published: December 2008

At conventional pressurized water reactors (PWRs), cold water stored in the refueling water tank of emergency core cooling system is injected into the primary coolant system through a safety injection (SI) line, which is connected to each cold leg pipe between the main coolant pump and the reactor vessel during the SI operation, which begins on the receipt of a loss of coolant accident signal. In normal reactor power operation mode, the wall of SI line nozzle maintains at high temperature because it is the junction part connected to the cold leg pipe through which the hot main coolant flows. To prevent and relieve excessive transient thermal stress in the nozzle wall, which may be caused by the direct contact of cold water in the SI operation mode, a thermal sleeve in the shape of thin wall cylinder is set in the nozzle part of each SI line. Recently, mechanical failures that the sleeves are separated from the SI branch pipe and fall into the connected cold leg main pipe occurred in sequence at some typical PWR plants in Korea. To find out the root cause of thermal sleeve breakaway failures, the flow situation in the junction of primary coolant main pipe-SI branch pipe and the vibration modal characteristics of the thermal sleeve are investigated in detail by using both computational fluid dynamics code and structure analysis finite element code. As a result, the transient response in fluid pressure exerting on the local part of thermal sleeve wall surface to the primary coolant flow through the pipe junction area during the normal reactor operation mode shows oscillatory characteristics with the frequencies ranging from 15Hzto18Hz. These frequencies coincide with the lower mode natural frequencies of thermal sleeve, which has a pinned support condition on the outer surface with the circumferential prominence set into the circumferential groove on the inner surface of SI nozzle at the midheight of thermal sleeve. In addition, the variation of pressure on the thermal sleeve surface yields alternating forces and torques in the directions of two rectangular axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of cylindrical thermal sleeve, which causes both rolling and pitching motions of the thermal sleeve. Consequently, it is seen that this flow situation surrounding the thermal sleeve during the normal reactor operation can induce resonant vibrations accompanying the shaking motion of the thermal sleeve at the pinned support condition, which finally leads to the failures of thermal sleeve breakaway from the SI nozzle.
Simplified Limit Load Estimation of Components With Cracks Using the Reference Two-Bar Structure
Authors: Adibi-Asl R. , Seshadri R.
Published: December 2008

Limit loads are determined in this paper by invoking the concept of equivalence of “static indeterminacy” that relates a multidimensional component configuration (with cracks) to a “reference two-bar structure.” Simple scaling relationships are developed that enable rapid determination of limit loads. The method is applied to different crack configurations, and the limit loads are compared with corresponding results obtained from inelastic finite element analysis.
Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Investigation of Tubesheet Structure
Authors: Qian C. F. , Yu H. J. , Yao L.
Published: December 2008

In order to investigate the possibility of numerical simulation for whole structures of heat exchangers, two finite element analysis models have been established for the fixed tubesheet structure composed of tubesheet, cylindrical shell, and tubes using different types of elements. Stresses and deformations produced by pressure load or thermal load are calculated, and the axial strain at the middle area of the cylindrical shell is experimentally measured. By comparing the numerical results with experimental measurements, it is found that both finite element analysis models can give satisfactory results. Considering the difficulties in modeling heat exchangers, beam and shell elements are recommended.
Probabilistic Prediction of Crack Depth Distributions Observed in Structures Subjected to Thermal Fatigue
Authors: Asayama Tai , Takasho Hideki , Kato Takehiko
Published: December 2008

The application of risk-based technologies not only to in-service inspections but also to the design of components and systems, encompassing a plant life-cycle, is the way to be pursued for the improvement of design of new reactors such as fast breeder reactors. When doing so, it is necessary to develop an analytical method that is capable of estimating failure probabilities without a failure database that can only be established on the long-time accumulation of operational experiences. The prediction method should estimate failure probabilities based on actual mechanisms that cause failure. For this purpose, this study developed a structural reliability evaluation method using probabilistic prediction of crack depth distributions for thermal fatigue, which is one of representative failure modes to be prevented in components of nuclear plants. This method is an extension of probabilistic fracture mechanics approach but is capable of modeling crack initiation, crack propagation, and crack depth density distribution at a given cycle. To verify the methodology, crack depth distribution observed in thermal fatigue test specimens was evaluated, and it was shown that the method could reproduce the observed crack depth distributions fairly well. This is considered to explore the possibility that probabilistic fracture mechanics approach can be verified by experiments, which was deemed impossible so far. Further improvement such as explicit implementation of interaction mechanisms between adjacent cracks will allow this methodology to be applied to the procedure of optimization of in-service inspection planning, as well as to the optimization of safety factors in component design of nuclear plants.
Conformational Analysis of Eu(III)-(Ethylenedinitrilo)tetrakis(methylphosphonates) (EDTMP)
Authors: Smentek Lidia , Hess B. Andes
Published: December 2008

The optimal geometries obtained from DFT calculations are presented for Eu(III)-EDTMP (the parent system) and cages associated with the water molecules and carbonate and hydroxide ions. The numerical results demonstrate the existence of two conformers of each cage, which might explain the observation of two spectroscopic lines previously assigned to the electric dipole transition 7F0 ↔ 5D0 of Eu3+. It is also found that the water molecules are associated with the chelate via hydrogen bonds with the oxygens of the phoshonate arms, while the carbonate and hydroxide ions are chelated with the lanthanide ion due to strong electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged oxygen atoms and positively charged metal ion. The analysis is illustrated by the qualitative comparison of the energies and is concluded with the relative stability of various chelates and energetically favorable, hypothetical reactions.
Literary appreciation for medical students at International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur: the learner’s experience
Authors: DMani S S
Published: December 2008

Background:

A literature in medicine module was offered to second-year undergraduate medical students at the International Medical University. The general aim of this educational initiative was to enhance the selected medical students' understanding of medical practice through literature.

Objective:

This study was carried out to discover the selected students' learning experience through the literature in medicine module.

Methods:

A qualitative study was conducted by using two different semi-structured questionnaires which were administered respectively at the beginning and end of the course. The data were explored using grounded theory and by coding responses for emerging themes.

Results:

Students identified the following key benefits that enhanced their learning experience: “opportunity to identify, explore and develop self”; “gained patient's perspective of suffering and emotional needs”; “abilities to understand the mechanics and influences of society”.

Conclusion:

The literature in medicine selective has directed the selected students towards developing self, reflecting on the profession and understanding the dynamics of society. By diversifying the design and delivery of the module, the students have gained a holistic medical education. Therefore, this module has the potential for development, exploration and implementation within this region.
Dickens’ characters on the couch: an example of teaching psychiatry using literature
Authors: Douglas B C
Published: December 2008

The value of literature in medical education is widely accepted by medical teachers. There are examples of psychopathology in the characters of novels that provide illustrations of particular psychiatric diagnoses. Characters created by Charles Dickens, often eccentric, have been deemed to suffer from mental disorders. This may be because Dickens could draw on his extensive contact with Victorian psychiatry and interest in psychopathology to create authentic characters. He is widely acknowledged to have described many other medical conditions in his fiction and his writing is already used to teach medical students. This article reviews Dickens’ contact with psychiatry and outlines the mental disorders possibly suffered by the characters under ICD 10 diagnostic headings. These descriptions, while interesting in their own right, may also prove useful to clinicians and teachers.
Effects of Baduanjin Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status and Improving Quality of Life Among Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Hsu Mei-Chi , Wang Tsai-Shu , Liu Ya-Ping , Liu Chi-Feng
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Baduanjin exercise on oxidative stress, antioxidant status and quality of life in middle-aged women. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. Subjects were 31 middle-aged women. Subjects completed a supervised and standardized Baduanjin exercise program 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured and determined by using a spectrophotometer for oxidative stress. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) was measured for the antioxidant status. A 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate changes in quality of life. All outcome measures were collected before intervention and at the end of a 12-week intervention. The results suggest that there are significant differences in serum SOD level with Baduanjin exercise. SOD level was significantly increased after exercise ( p < 0.05). Baduanjin exercise contributed significantly to antioxidant status on these samples. However, a reduction in MDA level was observed. The t-test value was 2.03 with a p-value of 0.052. The changes may be meaningful at a 5% level. There are significant improvements in quality of life after the exercise program. Subjects had greater improvements in 4 dimensions of SF-36, namely physical function, body pain, social function and general mental health ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, Baduanjin exercise has beneficial effects on improving quality of life, increasing antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidative stress in middle-aged women. Reduction of MDA level may be more attributable to the increase in the antioxidant enzyme SOD.
Molecular Basis for Cold-Intolerant Yang-Deficient Constitution of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Wang Qi , Yao Shilin
Published: December 2008

Based on the theory of constitution of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the human population can be classified into nine constitutions including a balanced constitution and eight unbalanced constitutions (Yang-deficient, Yin-deficient, Qi-deficient, Phlegm-wetness, Wetness-heat, Stagnant blood, Depressed, and Inherited special constitutions). Generally, unbalanced constitutions are more susceptible to certain diseases than balanced constitutions. However, whether such constitution classification has modern genetic and biochemical basis is poorly understood. Here we examined gene expression profiles in peripheral white blood cells from eight individuals with Yang-deficient constitutions and six individuals with balanced constitutions using Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 expression array. Based on a q < 0.05 and fold-change ≥ 2 cutoff, we have identified that 785 genes are up-regulated and 954 genes are down-regulated in Yang-deficient constitution compared to a balanced constitution. Importantly, we found that the expression of thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) and several key nuclear receptor coactivators including steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1), steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC3), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) binding protein (CBP) and Mediator is significantly decreased. Such decreased expression of TR transcription complex may lead to impaired thermogenesis, providing a molecular explanation of the main symptom associated with Yang-deficient constitution, cold intolerance. Future studies are needed to validate these gene expression changes in additional populations and address the underlying mechanisms for differential gene expression.
Effect ofCordyceps MilitarisSupplementation on Sperm Production, Sperm Motility and Hormones in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Chang Ying , Jeng Kee-Ching , Huang Kuei-Fen , Lee Ying-Chung , Hou Chien-Wei , Chen Kuan-Hao , Cheng Fu-Yen , Liao Jiunn-Wang , Chen Yuh-Shuen
Published: December 2008

Cordyceps species have been traditionally used as for the enhancement of sexual function, but its direct evidence is lacking. We investigated the spermatogenic effect of Cordyceps militaris (CM) as supplementation with CM mycelium to 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Ninety rats (30 for each group) were selected to regular diet or diet supplemented with CM mycelium (1% and 5%) for 6 weeks. Epididymal sperm were collected from 6 animals per group at each interval of observation. They were allowed to recover for one week. The quality and quantity of sperm were compared in these rats. The CM supplementation resulted in an increase of serum cordycepin concentration ( n = 6, each group) that correlated with treatment time and the cordycepin level was significantly higher ( p < 0.05) in 5% group as compared to 1% group at the 5th and 6th week. Epididymal sperm count was enhanced significantly from the control, at the 5th week and peaked at the 6th week in both groups supplemented with CM (each time point, n = 6; p < 0.05) and maintained for 2 weeks after stopping the treatment. Increased serum testosterone and estradiol-17 (E2) concentrations were found in rats with the CM supplementation ( p < 0.05), but not other hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) or prolactin. Importantly, percentages of motile sperm cells were also enhanced significantly ( p < 0.05) paralleled the serum testosterone pattern from the supplement groups as compared to the control group. Taken together, these results indicate that supplementation with CM improves sperm quality and quantity in rats.
Anti-Aging Effects of Nanpao®, a Kampo Medicine, on Reproductive Functions in Female Rats
Authors: Ichihashi Masaru , Matsuda Aoi , Honda Tatsuya , Kokubun Chisato , Hashimoto Yoshikatsu , Yano Kouji , Nishida Atsuyuki , Kitamura Kazuyuki
Published: December 2008

The improvement effect of Nanpao, a Kampo medicine, on the age-related decline in reproductive function was evaluated in female rats given the test drug for a long-term period. Young rats were allocated to the cesarean section and natural delivery groups to examine reproductive performance (young rat groups). Five-month-old rats were allocated to the 3 groups (aged rat groups): 1 — control and 2 — Nanpao-treated groups. They were given orally in a dose of 0, 30 or 100mg/kg/day of the test drug, respectively. In aged rats, the first mating experiment was initiated at week 21 of dosing to evaluate reproductive performance by natural delivery and the second mating experiment at week 31 of dosing was evaluated by cesarean section. In the first and second mating experiments, various reproductive functions decreased in aged rats as compared to the young rats. On the other hand, loss of regular estrous cycles, decreases in delivery and pregnancy rates and mean fetal weights were inhibited in the treated groups as compared to the control group. In addition, decreases in the numbers of mean live offspring and fetuses were inhibited in the 100mg/kg/day group. In conclusion, Nanpao maintained normal embryo-foetal development in female rats.
Preliminary Study of Total Flavonoids fromLitsea coreanaLevl. on Experimental Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats
Authors: Wang Ting-Yu , Li Jun , Ge Jin-Fang , Li Chang-Yu , Jin Yong , Lü Xiong-Wen , Cheng Wen-Ming , Tang Ji-Hui
Published: December 2008

Litsea coreana Levl., a traditional Chinese medicine, has long been used for its diverse benefits such as detoxification and detumescence. Total flavonoids from Litsea coreana Levl. (TFLC) are the effective fraction of L. coreana. This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of TFLC against Feund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis in rats. Arthritis was evaluated by secondary paw swelling, polyarthritis index, body weight and histopathologic analysis. Con A- or LPS-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and cytokine (IL-1 and IL-2) production were assessed by MTT assay and activated mouse cell proliferation assay, respectively. The results indicate that therapeutic administration of TFLC (50, 100, 200 mg/kg, ig × 12 days ) could significantly suppress secondary arthritis in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). In vivo, TFLC (50, 100, 200 mg/kg, ig × 12 days ) augmented splenocyte proliferation and increased IL-2 production in splenocytes, while reduced IL-1 activity in peritoneal macrophages (PMΦ) of AA rats. In vitro, TFLC at concentrations from 0.005 to 50 μg/ml exerted the same immunoregulatory effects on AA rats as those in vivo. In addition, an attractive feature of TFLC lies in its apparent lack of toxicity. These results suggest that TFLC without toxicity has a significant anti-arthritic effect on AA rats which could be associated with its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.
Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix Through Inhibition of the Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase andNOProduction
Authors: Kang Ok-Hwa , Chae Hee-Sung , Oh You-Chang , Choi Jang-Gi , Lee Young-Seob , Jang Hye-Jin , Kim Jong-Hak , Kim Youn Chul , Sohn Dong Hwan , Park Hyun , Kwon Dong-Yeul
Published: December 2008

The extract of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix has traditionally been used as an anti-noceptive remedy in China. In this study, the methanol extract of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (MEAD) was evaluated to determine if it has anti-noceptive and anti-inflammatory action. The anti-nociceptive activities of MEAD were evaluated by determining the writhing response and sleeping time, as well as by a formalin test. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activities of MEAD were evaluated by a vascular permeability test as well as by measuring the carrageenan-induced paw edema and conducting a myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. MEAD (600 and 1200 mg/kg) exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and MPO activity. Moreover, the results of the formalin test, the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time indicated that MEAD had anti-nociceptive effects that occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. To determine the mechanism by which MEAD exerted its effects on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the production of nitric oxide (NO) by treated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells was evaluated. Similar to the in vivo activities, both the iNOS expression and NO production were significantly suppressed by MEAD in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MEAD inhibited the activating phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These results provide a scientific basis that explains the mechanism by which Angelicae Dahuricae Radix relieves inflammatory pain.
Antioxidant Protection by American Ginseng in Pancreatic ß-Cells
Authors: Lin Elaine , Wang Yong , Mehendale Sangeeta , Sun Shi , Wang Chong-Zhi , Xie Jing-Tian , Aung Han H. , Yuan Chun-Su
Published: December 2008

Hyperglycemia in diabetic conditions may cause oxidative stress in pancreatic ß-cells, leading to their dysfunction and insulin resistance within peripheral tissues. Previous studies suggest that American ginseng berry extract may have hypoglycemic effects, as well as offer antioxidant protection. We examined effects of American ginseng berry extract and ginsenoside Re in a pancreatic ß-cell line, MIN-6, to determine if these two properties are related. Cells were exposed to oxidative stress via hydrogen peroxide incubation and oxidative stress was measured by oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. These cells showed a concentration-related response to hydrogen peroxide at 100–500 μM. In acute conditions where cells were treated with the extract for 10 min, we observed reduced oxidant injury suggesting direct scavenging effects. Chronic incubation of cells with the extract for 48 hours also demonstrated attenuation of oxidative stress. At high concentrations, Re showed a mild antioxidant effect in MIN-6 cells. Our insulin release observations also showed that the extract may help to increase insulin secretions from the cells. Our data suggest that the observed ability of ginseng to reduce blood glucose levels may be linked to its antioxidant effects on pancreatic ß-cells.
The Efficacy of Electroacupuncture Therapy for Weight Loss Changes Plasma Lipoprotein A, Apolipoprotein A and Apolipoprotein B Levels in Obese Women
Authors: Cabioglu Mehmet T. , Gündoǧan Nimet , Ergene Neyhan
Published: December 2008

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture treatment on lipoprotein A, apolipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B levels in obese subjects. Fifty-eight women were studied in 3 groups as follows: 1) Placebo acupuncture (n = 15; mean age = 41.47 ± 4.61, and mean body mass index {BMI} = 33.43 ± 3.10); 2) Electroacupuncture (EA) (n = 20; mean age = 40.55 ± 5.30, and BMI = 35.65 ± 3.84) and 3) Diet restriction groups (n = 23; mean age = 42.91 ± 4.02, and BMI = 34.78 ± 3.29). EA was performed using the ear points, Hungry, Shen Men and Stomach the body points, Hegu (LI 4), Quchi (LI 11), Tianshu (St 25), Zusanli (St 36), Neiting (St 44) and Taichong (Liv 3) for 20 days. Intragroup comparisons were made by using paired samples t-test whereas intergroup differences were investigated by the two-way variation analysis and LSD test. There was a 4.7% (p < 0.001) weight reduction in patients with electroacupuncture application, whereas patients in diet restriction had a 2.9% (p < 0.001) weight reduction. There were significant decreases in lipoprotein A (p < 0.05) and apolipoprotein B (p < 0.05) levels in the EA compared to the control group and no changes in apolipoprotein A levels was observed in EA, diet and placebo acupuncture groups. EA therapy may be a useful approach for the treatment of obesity for both losing weight and lowing the risk factors for cardiovascular disease associated with obesity, since this application may decrease the plasma lipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B levels.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity ofSchizonepeta tenuifoliathrough the Inhibition of MAPK Phosphorylation in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Kim Su-Jin , Kim Jung-Sun , Choi In-Young , Kim Dong-Hyun , Kim Min-Cheol , An Hyo-Jin , Na Ho-Jeong , Kim Na-Hyung , Moon Phil-Dong , Myung Noh-Yil , Lee Ju-Young , Jeong Hyun-Ja , Um Jae-Young , Shin Tae-Yong , Kim Hyung-Min , Hong Seung-Heon
Published: December 2008

Schizonepeta tenuifolia (ST) is a well-known herb to treat the cold and its associated headache. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ST in mouse peritoneal macrophages is not clear. In this study, we demonstrated that ST inhibited lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production. The maximal inhibition rate of TNF-α and IL-6 production by ST (2 mg/ml) was 48.01 ± 2.8% and 56.45 ± 2.8%, respectively. During the inflammatory process, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were increased in mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, treated with ST decreased the protein level of COX-2 and iNOS, as well as the production of PGE2and NO in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, ST inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPK. Taken together, the results of this study suggest an important molecular mechanism by which ST reduces inflammation, which may explain its beneficial effect in the regulation of inflammatory reactions.
Protective Effect of Rehmannia glutinosa on the UV-Induced Apoptosis in U937 Cells
Authors: Shin Seoung Woo , Park Chan Ik , Yang Chae Ha , Park Jeen-Woo
Published: December 2008

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been shown to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide in a variety of cells. These ROS have the potential to damage critical cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids and eventually result in physical and chemical damage to tissues that may lead to cell death. The steamed root of Rehmannia glutinosa (Saeng Jihuang, SJH) is reported to have an antioxidant activity. We investigated the effect of SJH on UV-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Upon exposure to UV, there was a distinct difference between untreated cells and cells pre-treated with 0.5–2 mg/ml SJH for 12 hours in regard to cellular redox status and morphological change to cells. SJH pre-treated cells showed significant suppression of apoptotic features such as DNA fragmentation, damage to mitochondrial function, and modulation of apoptotic marker proteins upon exposure to UV. This study indicates that SJH may play an important role in regulating the apoptosis induced by UV presumably through scavenging of reactive oxygen species.
Inhibitory Effect of TNF-α Produced by Macrophages Stimulated withGrifola frondosaExtract (ME) on the Growth of Influenza A/Aichi/2/68 Virus in MDCK Cells
Authors: Obi Nobuko , Hayashi Katsumi , Miyahara Tatsurou , Shimada Yutaka , Terasawa Katsutoshi , Watanabe Masataka , Takeyama Masahide , Obi Ryosuke , Ochiai Hiroshi
Published: December 2008

We investigated the inhibitory effect of the conditioned medium (CM) from P338D1 (D1) cells, a murine macrophage cell line, stimulated for 10 hours with a fixed dose (100 μg/ml) of the extracts from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (ME) or its ultra filtration-based fractions (MFs), on the growth of influenza A/Aichi/2/68 virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Direct addition of ME and 3 kinds of MFs (MF1, MF2 and MF3) to the infected cells had no obvious inhibitory effect. However, virus yields were reduced in the presence of CMs. Notably, the inhibitory effect of the CM prepared by using MF2 (molecular weight of 30 Kd to 100 Kd) was the strongest (28% reduction compared to the control). RT-PCR and ELISA assays showed that the CMs could induce the expression of TNF-α mRNA in D1 cells leading to production of TNF-α, known as an antiviral cytokine. These findings suggest that ME and MFs (especially MF-2) might induce the production of certain factors, including TNF-α, which are responsible for the inhibition of viral growth in vitro.
Antioxidant Evaluation of Three Adaptogen Extracts
Authors: Chen Tung-Sheng , Liou Show-Yih , Chang Yen-Lin
Published: December 2008

Adaptogens are harmless herbs which have pharmaceutical benefits due to their balancing, regulative and tonic functions. However, despite these medicinal effects, the antioxidant potential of adaptogens is rarely mentioned. This study investigated the antioxidant potential of 3 adaptogen extracts, Rhodiola rosea (golden root), Eleutherococcus senticosis (Siberian ginseng) and Emblica officinalis (Indian gooseberry, Amla). The results of this study showed that R. rosea had the highest potential for singlet oxygen scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, ferric reducing, ferrous chelating and protein thiol protection than either of the other 2 extracts. E. senticosis, on the other hand, showed the best potential for hypochlorite scavenging. In addition, the polyphenol content in the 3 adaptogen extracts followed the order: R. rosea, E. officinalis and E. senticosis. Our data suggest that the antioxidant potential of the 3 adaptogen extracts was proportional to their respective polyphenol content. The supplementation of adaptogen extracts containing high levels of polyphenols may not only have adaptogen properties, but may decrease the risk of complications induced by oxidative stress.
Intrinsically Motivated Qigong Exercisers are More Concentrated and Less Stressful
Authors: Jouper John , Hassmén Peter
Published: December 2008

Low-intensity qigong exercise has been suggested as an alternative to more vigorous exercise when striving for health benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether self-determined motivation and perceived stress are related to concentration during exercise, and to the amount of exercise carried out. Leisure-time qigong exercisers ( n = 279) were assessed by using the Sport Motivation Scale, Stress and Energy Scale, and by self-rated Concentration. Exercise sessions per week, Session time, and ability to Set a time for exercise, and perceived Disturbance during exercise were also recorded. Participants who were in a Calm energy mood (low-stress, high-energy, able to set a time for exercise), displayed an increased Concentration on qi-flow ( R 2 = 0.13) during exercise. An elevated stress-level correlated negatively with Health, Energy, Concentration, Sessions per week, Session time, Sessions performed during the previous week, ability to Set a time for exercise, and feeling Undisturbed during exercise (all p < 0.01). Intrinsic motivation was positively correlated with Concentration (0.24, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with Stress (-0.19, p < 0.05). Individuals who adhere to a regular qigong exercise regimen are more intrinsically motivated, less stressed, and more concentrated while exercising than those who do not adhere to a regular regime. This suggests that health-professionals need to be aware of these factors when prescribing qigong exercise for health benefits.
Ferulic Acid Reduces Cerebral Infarct Through Its Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Following Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats
Authors: Cheng Chin-Yi , Ho Tin-Yun , Lee E.-Jian , Su Shan-Yu , Tang Nou-Ying , Hsieh Ching-Liang
Published: December 2008

Both Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (AS) and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (LC) have been used to treat stroke in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Ferulic acid (FA), a component in both AS and LC, plays a role in neuroprotection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of FA on cerebral infarct and the involvement of neuroprotective pathway. Rats underwent 2 hours and 24 hours of reperfusion after 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). The cerebral infarct and neurological deficits were measured after 24 hours of reperfusion. Furthermore, the expression of superoxide radicals, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) immunoreactive cells were assessed after 2 hours and 24 hours of reperfusion. Administration of 80 and 100 mg/kg of FA at the beginning of MCAo significantly reduced cerebral infarct and neurological deficit-score, similar results were obtained by 100 mg/kg of FA administered 30 min after MCAo. FA treatment (100 mg/kg i.v.) effectively suppressed superoxide radicals in the parenchyma lesion, and ICAM-1 immunoreactive vessels in the ischemic striatum after 2 hours of reperfusion. FA (100 mg/kg i.v.) reduced the expression of ICAM-1 and NF-κB in the ischemic cortex and striatum, also down-regulated MPO immunoreactive cells in the ischemic cortex after 24 hours of reperfusion. These results showed that the effect of FA on reducing cerebral infarct area and neurological deficit-score were at least partially attributed to the inhibition of superoxide radicals, ICAM-1 and NF-κB expression in transient MCAo rats.
SEMIACTIVE CONTROL OF SEISMICALLY ISOLATED BRIDGES
Authors: KORI JAGADISH G. , JANGID R. S.
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the application of semiactive devices for controlling the earthquake response of two highway bridges of different cross sections and pier heights. Each of the bridges consists of a three-span continuous deck supported on the piers and abutments. Semiactive devices such as the magnetorheological damper, the variable friction damper and the variable stiffness device are considered as the control devices. These devices are inserted between the deck and piers or abutments of the isolated bridge. The semiactive device changes its properties according to the structural response and adds control forces to the system. Each pier supporting the bridge is modeled as a linear lumped mass system. The optimum parametric values of the semiactive dampers are evaluated and considered in analysis of the bridge. A comparative study is performed for different semi-active devices installed on the bridges under different seismic loadings in the longitudinal direction. The behaviors of the bridges with different semiactive isolation devices are compared with the corresponding nonisolated ones. The semiactive dampers are observed as an effective protective device in reducing the displacements of the isolation bridges as well as the base shear of the piers.
DYNAMIC STABILITY OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE PYLONS
Authors: MICHALTSOS G. T. , RAFTOYIANNIS I. G. , KONSTANTAKOPOULOS T. G.
Published: December 2008

This paper deals with the stability of the pylons of a cable-stayed bridge under the action of time-dependent loads, due to the vibration of the bridge deck. The stability of such problems of cable-stayed bridges is solved by a technique developed in the Laboratory of Metal Structures and Steel Bridges, of National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), as well as Bolotin's technique for the solution of nonlinear problems of dynamic stability. Three cases are studied: pylons with damping, pylons under forced vibration, and pylons subjected to an arbitrary external dynamic load. Useful relations are established by the aforementioned solution method, examples for a variety of pylons are presented, and interesting results regarding the stability of each case are given in diagrams.
VIBRATION AND DAMPING STUDIES ON A HOLLOW SANDWICH BOX COLUMN WITH A VISCOELASTIC/ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL/MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID CORE LAYER BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: RAM KUMAR K. , GANESAN N.
Published: December 2008

In this paper, the vibration and damping of a hollow sandwich box column containing a viscoelastic layer (VEL) or an electrorheological (ER) or magnetorheological (MR) fluid core with a constraining layer are analyzed and a comparison of performance is made. The hollow sandwich box column comprises two skin plates and a VEL/ER/MR fluid core layer. The finite element method is used to study the vibration and damping behaviors of the column. The natural frequencies and modal loss factors are obtained by solving the complex eigenvalue problem. The modal dampings and natural frequencies of the column are calculated for various electric as well as magnetic fields and their performance is compared with that of the viscoelastic core layer for the clamped-free boundary condition. Effects of core thickness, electric voltage and magnetic field on the vibration behavior of the sandwich box column are investigated.
LARGE-AMPLITUDE FREE VIBRATIONS OF FLUID-CONVEYING PIPES ON A PASTERNAK FOUNDATION
Authors: WANG L. , NI Q.
Published: December 2008

The large-amplitude free vibration problem of uniform slender pipes conveying fluid on a Pasternak foundation is studied using the principle of conservation of total energy. The temporal equation governing the large-amplitude vibrations is directly obtained from this approach by assuming a suitable admissible spatial function that satisfies the boundary conditions of the pipes. It is solved by using a standard numerical integration scheme. The numerical results, in the form of the ratio of the fundamental nonlinear frequency to the linear frequency for both the simply supported and clamped pipes conveying fluid, are presented in tables and figures for various amplitude parameters, flowing velocities of the internal fluid, and the two stiffness parameters of the Pasternak foundation.
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIAL COMPOSITE BEAMS
Authors: HUANG C. W. , SU Y. H.
Published: December 2008

This paper is concerned with the dynamic characteristics of composite beams with partial shear connections. The governing equations of motion for partial composite beams are derived from the one-dimensional partial composite beam theory. By solving the corresponding characteristic equation, the natural frequencies and modal shapes for simple partial composite beams are obtained. The orthogonality condition between the natural modes is utilized to decouple the equations of motion. Closed-form solution for the simple partial composite beam subjected to a moving load is derived by the modal superposition method. Key parameters that govern the fundamental frequency and deflection impact factor of simple partial composite beams are identified. Numerical results show that the former is controlled by the composite connection and section combination parameters, and the latter by the fundamental frequency ratio. It was observed that the time-history response of a partial composite beam may differ significantly from that of a full composite beam in terms of amplitude, period, and overall shape, depending on the composition connection.
Knowledge Management in Tourism Industry: KMS for Tourist Information Counter in Malaysia
Authors: Suraya H. , Ahmad Hamidah
Published: December 2008

This paper is the concluding part of a series of two papers. The first paper deals with the requirement analysis of the study. The objective of this research paper is to discuss on the actual development of the Knowledge Management System (KMS) for Tourist Information Counter (TIC). Prior to that, a brief recap on the concept of KM, KM in tourism industry in Malaysia are covered as to provide some overview to enlighten readers with regards to this research work. Detail discussion of the system development methodology, system design, general design flow, and the TIC KMS architecture are discussed. In order to gauge the satisfaction level of the users, system testing to various levels of system users was conducted. The findings indicated that the TIC KMS is indeed helpful in realising the potential of knowledge management in an organisation and not only that, it would also be useful for the tourists, other tourism industry players such as hotel operators, transportation associations, travel agencies and also the general public to gather latest information and knowledge on tourism related events, and activities organised in the country.
Mediated learning experience and concept maps: a pedagogical tool for achieving meaningful learning in medical physiology students
Authors: González Hilda Leonor , Palencia Alberto Pardo , Umaña Luis Alfredo , Galindo Leonor , Villafrade M Luz Adriana
Published: December 2008

Even though comprehension of human physiology is crucial in the clinical setting, students frequently learn part of this subject using rote memory and then are unable to transfer knowledge to other contexts or to solve clinical problems. This study evaluated the impact of articulating the concept map strategy with the mediated learning experience on meaningful learning during the cardiovascular module of a medical physiology course at Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga. This research was based on the ideas of David Ausubel (meaningful learning), Joseph Novak (concept maps), and Reuven Feuerstein (mediated learning experience). Students were randomly allocated to either an intervention group (mediated learning experience articulated with concept mapping) or a control group (traditional methodology). The intervention group constructed concept maps related to cardiovascular physiology and used them to solve problems related to this subject. The control group attended traditional discussion sessions and problem-solving sessions. All students were evaluated with two types of exams: problem-solving and multiple-choice exams. The intervention group performed significantly better on the problem-solving exams, but the difference was not significant in the multiple-choice exam. It was concluded that intervention promoted meaningful learning that allowed the students to transfer this knowledge to solve problems. The implemented strategy had a greater impact on the students who came into the study with the lowest cognitive competence, possibly because they were empowered by the intervention.
Successful implementation of inquiry-based physiology laboratories in undergraduate major and nonmajor courses
Authors: Casotti G. , Rieser-Danner L. , Knabb M. T.
Published: December 2008

Recent evidence has demonstrated that inquiry-based physiology laboratories improve students' critical- and analytical-thinking skills. We implemented inquiry-based learning into three physiology courses: Comparative Vertebrate Physiology (majors), Human Physiology (majors), and Human Anatomy and Physiology (nonmajors). The aims of our curricular modifications were to improve the teaching of physiological concepts, teach students the scientific approach, and promote creative and critical thinking. We assessed our modifications using formative (laboratory exams, oral presentations, and laboratory reports) and summative evaluations (surveys, laboratory notebook, and an end of semester project). Students appreciated the freedom offered by the new curriculum and the opportunity to engage in the inquiry process. Results from both forms of evaluation showed a marked improvement due to the curricular revisions. Our analyses indicate an increased confidence in students' ability to formulate questions and hypotheses, design experiments, collect and analyze data, and make conclusions. Thus, we have successfully incorporated inquiry-based laboratories in both major and nonmajor courses.
Demand for interdisciplinary laboratories for physiology research by undergraduate students in biosciences and biomedical engineering
Authors: Clase Kari L. , Hein Patrick W. , Pelaez Nancy J.
Published: December 2008

Physiology as a discipline is uniquely positioned to engage undergraduate students in interdisciplinary research in response to the 2006–2011 National Science Foundation Strategic Plan call for innovative transformational research, which emphasizes multidisciplinary projects. To prepare undergraduates for careers that cross disciplinary boundaries, students need to practice interdisciplinary communication in academic programs that connect students in diverse disciplines. This report surveys policy documents relevant to this emphasis on interdisciplinary training and suggests a changing role for physiology courses in bioscience and engineering programs. A role for a physiology course is increasingly recommended for engineering programs, but the study of physiology from an engineering perspective might differ from the study of physiology as a basic science. Indeed, physiology laboratory courses provide an arena where biomedical engineering and bioscience students can apply knowledge from both fields while cooperating in multidisciplinary teams under specified technical constraints. Because different problem-solving approaches are used by students of engineering and bioscience, instructional innovations are needed to break down stereotypes between the disciplines and create an educational environment where interdisciplinary teamwork is used to bridge differences.
Antibodies as molecular mimics of biomolecules: roles in understanding physiological functions and mechanisms
Authors: Hill Rodney A. , Flint David J. , Pell Jennifer M.
Published: December 2008

Physiologists have routinely used understanding of the immune system to generate antibodies against regulatory molecules, growth factors, plasma membrane receptors, and other mammalian molecules in the development of analytical tools and assays. In taking this notion further, antibodies have been used in vivo to modulate physiological systems and to improve our understanding of their molecular interactions. To develop antibodies with physiological activity (efficacy), physiologists have worked with immunologists in developing interdisciplinary insights, requiring basic knowledge of immune system function in designing strategies to generate antibodies that interact with endogenous molecules of physiological interest, in vivo. Antibodies in different physiological systems have been shown to enhance or inhibit endogenous molecular functions. Two approaches have been used: passive and active immunization. Antibodies in these contexts have provided tools to develop further insights into molecular physiological mechanisms. Perhaps surprisingly, enhancing antibodies have been developed against a diverse set of target molecules including several members of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axes and those of the β2-adrenoceptor axis. Antibodies that inhibit the actions of somatostatin have also been developed. A further novel approach has been the development of antibodies that interact with adipose cells in vivo. These have the potential to be used in therapeutic antiobesity approaches. Antibodies with efficacy in vivo have provided new insights into molecular physiological mechanisms, enhancing our understanding of these complex processes.