bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Room Temperature Synthesis of Tri‐, Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles and Bis‐Analogues by Mercaptopropylsilica (MPS) in Aqueous Methanol: Application to the Synthesis of the Drug Trifenagrel.
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Chhanda , Tapaswi Pradip Kumar , Drew Michael G. B.
Published: October 2010

A modified procedure for the preparation of mercaptopropylsilica is developed and the catalyst is efficiently used for the synthesis of various title compounds including the novel potent platelet aggregation inhibitor trifenagrel (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient and Efficient Synthesis of C‐Carbamoyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles from Alkyl Bromide by a One‐Pot Sequential Addition: Conversion of Ester to Amide Using Zr(Ot‐Bu)4.
Authors: Yang Dongsik , Kwon Mihyun , Jang Yujin , Jeon Heung Bae
Published: October 2010

The microwave‐assisted one‐pot three‐step procedure involves in situ generation of alkyl azides,1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with ester (I) and amide formation.
ChemInform Abstract: New Functionalized Aminofurazans as Potential Antimitotic Agents in the Sea Urchin Embryo Assay.
Authors: Sheremetev Aleksei B. , Dmitriev Dmitrii E. , Lagutina Nataliya K. , Raihstat Mikhail M. , Kiselyov Alex S. , Semenova Marina N. , Ikizalp Natalie N. , Semenov Victor V.
Published: October 2010

A variety of new aminofurazans is designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antimitotic activity using a sea urchin embryo assay.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of 1,5‐Disubstituted Fluorinated Tetrazoles from 1,1‐Difluoroazides.
Authors: Polivanova Anna G. , Shkavrov Sergey V. , Churakov Andrei V. , Lermontov Anatoly S. , Lermontov Sergey A.
Published: October 2010

The reaction of difluoroazides with primary amines provides an excellent access to tetrazole products.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐4H‐chromen‐4‐yl Phosphonate Derivatives Using β‐Cyclodextrin as Reusable Catalyst in Water.
Authors: Murthy S. Narayana , Madhav B. , Reddy V. Prakash , Nageswar Y. V. D.
Published: October 2010

A simple and efficient protocol is developed for the synthesis of title compounds bearing a phosphonate group as biostere of the ester moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazolium‐Based Phosphinite Ionic Liquid (IL‐OPPh2) as Reusable Catalyst and Solvent for the Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction.
Authors: Valizadeh Hassan , Gholipour Hamid
Published: October 2010

A new method for the synthesis of (E)‐acrylates/benzylidenemalononitriles (III) and coumarins (VI) via Knoevenagel condensation of appropriate benz‐ or salicylaldehydes with active methylene compounds is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis and anti‐Tubercular Evaluation of 5‐(Aryl/cyclohexylsulfanyl)‐2‐alkoxy‐4,6‐diarylnicotinonitriles.
Authors: Manikannan Ramaiyan , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam , Yogeeswari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan
Published: October 2010

Thirty highly substituted pyridine derivatives of type (V) are prepared in a four‐component one‐pot reaction and evaluated for their antitubercular activities.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Selectively Substituted Phenanthridines by Sequential Aryl—Aryl and Heck Couplings, Aza‐Michael and Retro‐Mannich Reactions.
Authors: Della Ca Nicola , Motti Elena , Mega Antonio , Catellani Marta
Published: October 2010

In spite of many steps involved, the title reaction is very simple and allows the synthesis of phenanthridines such as (IV) or (VII) using a one‐pot protocol.
ChemInform Abstract: New Method for the Anellation of a Pyridine Ring on Derivatives of Imidazole and Benzimidazole.
Authors: Potikha L. M. , Turelyk A. R. , Kovtunenko V. A. , Turov A. V.
Published: October 2010

A simple method for the anellation of pyridine rings on imidazole or benzimidazole structures via base‐induced intramolecular cyclization reactions of quaternary (2,4‐diaryl‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenyl)imidazolium salts (I) is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic N‐Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 65. Ring Cleavage Reactions of Fused Furo[2,3‐c]isoquinolines and Related Compounds with Various Nucleophiles.
Authors: Okuda Kensuke , Deguchi Hiroshi , Hirota Takashi , Sasaki Kenji
Published: October 2010

Reaction of fused 2,3‐dihydrofuro[2,3‐b]pyridines with various nucleophiles gives dihydrofuran ring cleaved products.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzo[a]phenanthrin‐5‐ones by Photoinduced Cycloaddition of 3‐Chloroisoquinolin‐1‐ones with Styrenes.
Authors: Li Bing , Han Bing , Shi Zong‐jun , Ren Yu‐wei , Lu Shen‐ci , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2010

Photoreactions of substrates (I) and (IV) with styrenes offers a short route to the target compounds via a photoinduced dechlorinative annulation.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of β‐Carbolines.
Authors: Tang Jian‐Guo , Liu Han , Zhou Zhong‐Yu , Liu Ji‐Kai
Published: October 2010

using the Pictet—Spengler reaction of tryptophan ester (I) with aldehydes (II) followed by aromatization using cyanuric chloride
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Efficient Approach to the Synthesis of 2‐Phenylquinazolines via sp3 C—H Functionalization.
Authors: Zhang Jintang , Zhu Dapeng , Yu Chenmin , Wan Changfeng , Wang Zhiyong
Published: October 2010

A wide range of bis‐, tri‐ and tetrasubstituted quinazolines is prepared in mostly good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Approach for the Synthesis of Five‐Membered‐Ring‐Fused Pyrazinones.
Authors: Gembus Vincent , Janvier Solenn , Lecouve Jean‐Pierre , Gloanec Philippe , Marsais Francis , Levacher Vincent
Published: October 2010

A new route to access important pharmaceutical intermediates for the synthesis of constrained fused pyrazinones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigations in the Field of Benzoxazines. Part 15. Tandem Heterocyclizations with the Participion of 2‐Formylbenzoic Acid. The Synthesis of Isoindolo[1,2‐b][1,3]‐ and ‐[2,1‐a][3,1]benzoxazinones.
Authors: Gromachevskaya E. V. , Pilipenko A. S. , Butin A. V. , Zavodnik V. E. , Krapivin G. D.
Published: October 2010

Title compounds (III) and (VI) are conveniently synthesized by heterocyclization reaction of 2‐formylbenzoic acids with binucleophiles (I) or (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropanation of Nitroso Diels—Alder Cycloadducts and Application to the Synthesis of a 2′,3′‐Methano Carbocyclic Nucleoside.
Authors: Ji Cheng , Miller Marvin J.
Published: October 2010

The title reaction gives exo‐cyclopropane products exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: Vicinal Functionalization of Propiolate Esters via Catalytic Carbocupration: Stereoselective Formation of Substituted Vinyl Silanes.
Authors: Mueller Hendrix Amanda J. , Jennings Michael P.
Published: October 2010

The amounts of a silylating agent (3.3 equiv.) and of the catalyst (5 mol%) are essential.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Schaefferals A (VIIIa) and B (VIIIb), Unusual Phenylhydrazine Derivatives from Mushrooms of the Genus Agaricus.
Authors: Kileci‐Ksoll Rengin , Winklhofer Christian , Steglich Wolfgang
Published: October 2010

The structures are unambiguously confirmed by a convenient five‐step total synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Four New ent‐Kaurane Diterpenoids from the Fruits of Annona cherimola.
Authors: Miyashita Hiroyuki , Nishida Makiko , Okawa Masafumi , Nohara Toshihiro , Yoshimitsu Hitoshi
Published: October 2010

Title substances (I) and (II) as well as eight known diterpenoids are found in A.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Elegansidiol, (.+‐.)‐Farnesiferol B, and (.+‐.)‐Farnesiferol D.
Authors: Yadav Jhillu Singh , Satyanarayana Kamani , Sreedhar Pamu , Srihari Pabbaraja , Shaik Thokhir Basha , Kalivendi Shasi Vardhan
Published: October 2010

Elegansidiol (Ia), farnesiferol B (Ib), and farnesiferol D (II) are screened for their effects on growth inhibition and cytotoxicity in two human cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Synthesis of New Cytotoxic Agents Structurally Related to Hemiasterlins.
Authors: Simoni Daniele , Lee Ray M. , Durrant David E. , Chi Nai‐Wen , Baruchello Riccardo , Rondanin Riccardo , Rullo Cinzia , Marchetti Paolo
Published: October 2010

A series of structural analogues of the antimitotic tripeptides hemiasterlins is synthesized by a flexible approach using α‐bromoacid, e.g. (I), as starting material and an Ag2O‐promoted nucleophilic substitution as the key step Variation of (I), which is available from any diazotizable α‐amino acid and of the nucleophiles allows the generation of hemiasterlin libraries.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis and Assignment of the Side Chain Stereochemistry of LI‐F04a: An Antimicrobial Cyclic Depsipeptide.
Authors: Cochrane James R. , McErlean Christopher S. P. , Jolliffe Katrina A.
Published: October 2010

Preparation of both side‐chain epimers as well as spectral investigations establish the configuration at C‐3 of the natural substance as (R).
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of Five‐Membered Ring Carbasugars Based on Key Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Yang Ya‐Xi , Li Zheng , Feng Hui‐Jin , Chen Guo‐Rong , Li Yuan‐Chao
Published: October 2010

Readily available (R)‐2,3‐O‐isopropylidene glyceraldehyde is used as starting material for the preparation of chiral dienes (I), (III), and (V) which undergo ring‐closing metathesis to produce five‐membered ring carbasugars.
ChemInform Abstract: Penicinoline, a New Pyrrolyl 4‐Quinolinone Alkaloid with an Unprecedented Ring System from an Endophytic fungus Penicilium sp.
Authors: Shao Chang‐Lun , Wang Chang‐Yun , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Wei Mei‐Yan , Pan Jia‐Hui , Deng Dong‐Sheng , She Zhi‐Gang , Lin Yong‐Cheng
Published: October 2010

The new alkaloid penicinoline (I) is isolated from a mangrove endophytic fungus.
ChemInform Abstract: Antitrypanosomal Alkaloids from Polyalthia suaveolens (Annonaceae): Their Effects on Three Selected Glycolytic Enzymes of Trypanosoma brucei.
Authors: Ngantchou Igor , Nyasse Barthelemy , Denier Colette , Blonski Casimir , Hannaert Veronique , Schneider Bernd
Published: October 2010

The phytochemical study of stem barks of P.
ChemInform Abstract: New Pyrrolidine Alkaloids from the Roots of Pandanus amaryllifolius.
Authors: Tan Mario A. , Kitajima Mariko , Kogure Noriyuki , Nonato Maribel G. , Takayama Hiromitsu
Published: October 2010

Pandamarilactonine‐E (I), ‐F (II) (and its N‐oxide) and ‐G (III) are identified.
ChemInform Abstract: Untenolide A, a New Polyketide from an Okinawan Marine Sponge Plakortis sp.
Authors: Ishiguro Yuichiro , Kubota Takaaki , Fromont Jane , Shiro Motoo , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: October 2010

Preliminary studies do not reveal any cytotoxic effects.
ChemInform Abstract: New Rancinamycin Analogues from Streptomyces lincolnensis.
Authors: Kim Mi Ae , Kim Eun La , Kim Kyoung‐Ja , Hong Jongki , Bao Baoquan , Jung Jee H.
Published: October 2010

Lincitol A (Ia) and B (Ib) and the benzaldehyde derivative (II) are isolated from Streptomyces lincolnensis.
ChemInform Abstract: New Estrogenic Compounds Isolated from Broussonetia kazinoki.
Authors: Lee Da Yeon , Kim Do Hee , Lee Hwa Jin , Lee YoungJoo , Ryu Kwang Hee , Jung Bo‐In , Song Yun Seon , Ryu Jae‐Ha
Published: October 2010

Kazinol U (I) and kazinol I (II) are isolated from the title plant as new isoprenylated flavans together with the known compounds broussonin A and tupichinol C.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenanthrenes from Dendrobium nobile and Their Inhibition of the LPS‐Induced Production of Nitric Oxide in Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells.
Authors: Hwang Bang Yeon , et al. et al.
Published: October 2010

The new phenanthrene (I) is isolated from the stems of D.
ChemInform Abstract: Metabolites from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Phomopsis sp. (#zsu‐H76).
Authors: Yang Jianxiang , Xu Fang , Huang Caihuan , Li Jing , She Zhigang , Pei Zhong , Lin Yongcheng
Published: October 2010

Primary bioassays show that (I) accelerates the growth of subintestinal vessel plexus (SIV) branch markedly, whereas (IIb) shows inhibition of SIV.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Design and Synthesis of 4‐O‐Substituted Phenylmethylenethiosemicarbazones as Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitors.
Authors: Yi Wei , Cao Rihui , Chen Zhiyong , Yu Liang , Wen Huan , Yan Qin , Ma Lin , Song Huacan
Published: October 2010

A series of thiosemicarbazones is designed, synthesized, and evaluated as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetism in Fe‐Based Superconductors
Authors: Lumsden M. D. , Christianson A. D.
Published: October 2010

Review: 214 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Prediction of Activity Coefficients for Uni‐Univalent Electrolytes in Pure Aqueous Solution
Authors: Partanen J. I. , Salmimies R. K. , Partanen L. J. , Louhi‐Kultanen M.
Published: October 2010

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Different View of Coordination Chemistry: Bis(carbene) Adducts of (PN) and (PN)+
Authors: Weber Lothar
Published: October 2010

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dihydrogen Bonding, Proton Transfer and Beyond: What We Can Learn from Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Authors: Belkova Natalia V. , Epstein Lina M. , Shubina Elena S.
Published: October 2010

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metals@MOFs — Loading MOFs with Metal Nanoparticles for Hybrid Functions
Authors: Meilikhov Mikhail , Yusenko Kirill , Esken Daniel , Turner Stuart , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Fischer Roland A.
Published: October 2010

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐4 Inhibitors: A Brief Overview
Authors: Mulakayala Naveen , Reddy CH Upendar , Iqbal Javed , Pal Manojit
Published: October 2010

Review: ca. 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Reactive Oligonucleotides for Gene Targeting and Their Application to Gene Expression Regulation
Authors: Nagatsugi Fumi , Sasaki Shigeki
Published: October 2010

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Photovoltaics: A Chemical Approach
Authors: Delgado Juan Luis , Bouit Pierre‐Antoine , Filippone Savatore , Herranz M. Angeles , Martin Nazario
Published: October 2010

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Aspects of the Oxidative Amidation of Phenols.
Authors: Liang Huan , Ciufolini Marco A.
Published: October 2010

Review: 128 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New and Modified Classical Methods for the Synthesis of Quinoxalines
Authors: Saifina D. F. , Mamedov V. A.
Published: October 2010

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation, Biological Activity and Synthesis of Benzannulated Spiroketal Natural Products
Authors: Sperry Jonathan , Wilson Zoe E. , Rathwell Dominea C. K. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: October 2010

Review: 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐pyridone Alkaloids: Structures and Synthetic Approaches
Authors: Jessen Henning Jacob , Godemann Karl
Published: October 2010

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Marine Natural Products: Synthetic Aspects
Authors: Morris Jonathan C. , Phillips Andrew J.
Published: October 2010

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrazole and (Pyrazol‐1‐yl)metal Complexes as Carbon—Carbon Coupling Catalysts
Authors: Ojwach Stephen O. , Darkwa James
Published: October 2010

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Hydrazones Bearing Amide, Thioamide and Amidine Functions
Authors: Belskaya Nataliya P. , Dehaen Wim , Bakulev Vasiliy A.
Published: October 2010

Review: 174 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Predicting Solvation Energies for Kinetic Modeling
Authors: Jalan Amrit , Ashcraft Robert W. , West Richard H. , Green William H.
Published: October 2010

Review: 315 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid Mixtures of Ionic Liquids and Polymers as Solvent Systems
Authors: Rodriguez Hector , Rogers Robin D.
Published: October 2010

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combining Supramolecular Chemistry with Biology
Authors: Uhlenheuer Dana A. , Petkau Katja , Brunsveld Luc
Published: October 2010

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fast Repair of DNA Radicals
Authors: Zheng Rongliang , Shi Yimin , Jia Zhongjian , Zhao Chenyang , Zhang Qi , Tan Xiaorong
Published: October 2010

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Carbocation Continuum in Terpene Biosynthesis — Where Are the Secondary Cations?
Authors: Tantillo Dean J.
Published: October 2010

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Unraveling the Mechanism of the Singlet Oxygen Ene Reaction: Recent Computational and Experimental Approaches
Authors: Alberti Mariza N. , Orfanopoulos Michael
Published: October 2010

Review: about 60 refs.
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and COMPARE Analysis of Ferrocene and [3]Ferrocenophane Tetrasubstituted Olefin Derivatives against Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Görmen Meral , Pigeon Pascal , Top Siden , Hillard Elizabeth A. , Huché Michel , Hartinger Christian G. , de Montigny Frédéric , Plamont Marie‐Aude , Vessières Anne , Jaouen Gérard
Published: October 2010

Herein we report the antiproliferative effects of a series of 28 compounds against the MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell line, including the synthesis of seven new [3]ferrocenophanyl and four new ferrocenyl compounds. For each p‐R‐phenyl substitution pattern investigated, the [3]ferrocenophanyl derivatives were more cytotoxic than the corresponding ferrocenyl derivative, with the highest activity found for compounds with protic substituents. Theoretical calculations of the HOMO–LUMO gap for the molecules in the Fe3+ oxidation state suggest a higher reactivity for the [3]ferrocenophanyl derivatives. A lead compound from each series, a [3]ferrocenophanyl and a ferrocenyl compound, possessing two phenol groups, were screened against the NCI/DTP 60‐cell‐line panel. The mean activity over all cell lines was better than cisplatin for both compounds, and both compounds showed subpanel selectivity for leukemia, CNS cancer, and renal cancer. Low systemic toxicity and lack of interaction with DNA (when in the reduced form), suggest that the compounds may act as prodrugs.
Dynamic changes in 1H‐MR relaxometric properties of cell‐internalized paramagnetic liposomes, as studied over a five‐day period
Authors: Kok Maarten B. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Nicolay Klaas
Published: October 2010

Molecular imaging based on MRI requires the use of amplification strategies in order to achieve sufficient sensitivity for the detection of low‐level molecular markers. Recently, we described a combination of two amplification methods: (i) the use of paramagnetic liposomes that can be prepared with a high payload of Gd3+‐containing lipid; and (ii) targeting to a cell‐surface receptor that can undergo multiple rounds of nanoparticle delivery in the cell, followed by recycling to the cell membrane. Liposome uptake was monitored over a period of 24 h and was found to lead to massive delivery in subcellular compartments. The present study aimed to monitor the longer‐term fate of the cell‐internalized contrast material by studying its relaxometric properties over 5 days, following an initial 24 h loading period. Circa 25% of the Gd3+‐content delivered to the cells via integrin‐targeted liposomes was lost in the first 24 h, which led to 65 and 77% reductions in R1 and R2, respectively, as compared with the original R1 and R2 enhancements. This implies that the remaining cell‐associated gadolinium had relatively low effective r1 and r2 relaxivities. It is proposed that this is due to gradual release of Gd3+ from the chelate in the cell, followed by sequestration in an MR silent state. Most of the gadolinium internalized by cells following incubation with non‐targeted liposomes was released in the 5‐day follow‐up period. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing quantitative in vivo fluorescence imaging with near‐infrared quantum dots
Authors: Rosenblum Lauren T. , Kosaka Nobuyuki , Mitsunaga Makoto , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka
Published: October 2010

Quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent nanoparticles with broad excitation and narrow, wavelength‐tunable emission spectra. They are used extensively for in vitro fluorescence imaging studies and more recently for in vivo small animal and pre‐clinical studies. To date there has been little concern about the selection of QD size (and thus emission wavelength peak) and excitation wavelengths, as they have little relevance to the results of in vitro studies. In vivo imaging, however, poses additional constraints, such as the scattering and absorption by tissue, which may influence the signal intensity at the body surface. Here, we demonstrate that longer‐wavelength excitation and emission yield less quantization error in measured relative fluorescence intensity, using three near‐infrared QDs (QD655, QD705 and QD800) applied to in vivo lymphatic imaging, and a range of excitation wavelengths from the blue to the red. Statistically significant differences in quantization error were observed between nearly all pairs of excitation wavelengths (445–490, 503–555, 575–605, 615–665 and 671–705 nm). Similarly, quantization error decreased with longer emission wavelengths (655, 705 and 800 nm). Light absorbance and scattering were demonstrated to be more potent factors than absorbance efficiency of QDs in producing quantization error in the measured fluorescence intensity. As a result, while wavelengths can be adjusted for qualitative experiments, the longest possible wavelengths should be used if quantification is desired during QD imaging experiments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Product Study of the OH Radical and Cl Atom Initiated Oxidation of 1,3‐Dioxane
Authors: Moriarty Jennie , Wenger John C. , Sidebottom Howard W.
Published: October 2010

The products of the hydroxyl (OH) radical and chlorine (Cl) atom initiated oxidation of 1,3‐dioxane are determined under various reaction conditions in a 50 L teflon reaction chamber using FTIR spectroscopy for analysis. The major products detected in all experiments are (2‐oxoethoxy)methyl formate, formic acid and methylene glycol diformate with average molar yields of 0.50±0.05, 0.41±0.02 and 0.03±0.01 respectively for the OH initiated oxidation in the presence of NOx. The yields of these products do not vary significantly with O2 partial pressure or oxidising agent (OH or Cl). However, the yield of formic acid decreased by at least a factor of two in the absence of NOx. The results of these experiments are used to elucidate a simplified gas‐phase atmospheric degradation scheme for 1,3‐dioxane and also provide valuable information on the atmospheric fate of the cyclic and linear alkoxy radicals produced in these and similar reactions. The available experimental data suggests that the relative importance of the competing pathways (reaction with O2 and ring opening by CC or CO bond fission) is a strong function of the ring strain in the cycloalkoxy radicals.
Diagnostic utility of PAX8 and PAX2 immunohistochemistry in the identification of metastatic Müllerian carcinoma in effusions
Authors: Wiseman William , Michael Claire W. , Roh Michael H.
Published: October 2010

Morphologic distinction of Müllerian carcinomas from non‐Müllerian carcinomas in effusion specimens by cytomorphology alone can be diagnostically challenging. Therefore, immunohistochemical adjuncts can be useful in differentiating Müllerian from non‐Müllerian metastases. In this study, we evaluated the expression of PAX8 and PAX2 in malignant effusions collected from patients with known Müllerian and non‐Müllerian carcinomas. Sections from cell blocks prepared from 152 effusion specimens (54 and 98 cases representing metastases from Müllerian and non‐Müllerian primaries, respectively) were immunostained with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against PAX8 and PAX2. Immunopositivity was defined as the presence of strong nuclear staining in at least 25% of the tumor cells. Fifty‐two (96%) and 13 (24%) of the 54 Müllerian carcinomas were positive for PAX8 and PAX2, respectively. PAX8 positivity was seen in only four (4%) of 98 non‐Müllerian carcinomas; these represented metastasis from a large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. PAX2 positivity was not seen in any of the non‐Müllerian carcinomas. The results demonstrate that both PAX8 and PAX2 are highly specific markers for metastatic Müllerian carcinomas in cell block preparations from effusion specimens (96% and 100%, respectively). PAX8, however, is more sensitive than PAX2 in identifying Müllerian carcinomas in fluids (96% versus 24%). Overall, immunohistochemistry for PAX8 and PAX2 represent diagnostically useful adjuncts in identifying a Müllerian carcinoma as a source of a malignant effusion. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adrenal histoplasmosis: A diagnosis on fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Rana Chanchal , Kumari Niraj , Krishnani Narendra
Published: October 2010

Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease endemic in central and eastern states of United States, South America, Africa, and Asia. It may present as chronic pulmonary infection or in disseminated form of infection. The disseminated form of histoplasmosis frequently affects the adrenal gland and is more likely to affect imunocompromised patients as compared to immunocompetent individuals. There are very few cases of adrenal histoplasmosis diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology. In the present era when fine needle aspiration has become popular modality for diagnosis, adrenal fine needle aspiration is still a less commonly practiced technique. We report eight cases of adrenal histoplasmosis diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology in patients with bilateral adrenal masses. The present case series supports the role of fine needle aspiration cytology of adrenal gland infections where surgery can be prevented and a definitive diagnosis can be made on which treatment can be offered. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological diagnosis of sarcoidosis revisited: A state of the art review
Authors: Mehrotra Ravi , Dhingra Vishal
Published: October 2010

Diagnosis of sarcoidosis has never been an easy task. This is primarily because there is no single diagnostic test that can clinch the diagnosis. Demonstration of granulomas remains an essential criteria, but as granulomatous inflammation can be seen in host of conditions, it is necessary to exclude all possible causes, as well as to correlate with other findings, before arriving at the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Cytology has been used effectively since the last few decades in demonstration of granulomas in various organs. Recent developments in various fields of cytodiagnosis of sarcoidosis including transesophageal ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration and endobronchial ultrasonograpy‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration have revolutionized this field. These techniques are safe, minimally invasive, and give real‐time information during aspiration. In comparision to the conventional methods, these allow easier sampling and have better sensitivity. In addition to these methods, a variety of ancillary techniques are also utilized and are reviewed here. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological study of exfoliative buccal mucosal cells of Qat chewers in Yemen
Authors: Ahmed Hussain Gad Elkarim , Omer Ammar Saleh Abdullah , Abd algaffar Shadan Atif
Published: October 2010

Prevalence of oral cancer is relatively increasing in Yemen in recent years, which is ascribed to Qat with other carcinogens. Since the establishment of a simple and reliable method for the detection of oral cancerous and precancerous lesions is essential, exfoliative cytology (EC) was applied to a case‐control study to appraise the presence and severity of oral epithelial atypia in 300 subjects (150 were Qat chewers and 150 were non‐Qat users) without prior knowledge of the subjects' Qat exposure. Ten patients with oral squamous‐cell carcinoma (OSCC) were included as internal controls. Cytological atypia and hyperkeratosis were demonstrated in six and 24 subjects, respectively, and could not be ascertained in the remaining 294 and 276 correspondingly. All of the 30 (six atypia and 24 hyperkeratosis) were among the 150 Qat chewers. Cytological atypia was found in all the 10 control cases with OSCCs (eight with severe degree and two with mild atypia). For the Qat among those with atypia and hyperkeratosis, the adjusted OR and the 95% confidence level were found to be 1.6 (0.8–7.2) and 3 (10.1–21.9), respectively. In view of these findings, we suggest the use of EC for detection and assessment of oral cytological atypia. Qat use contributes to the occurrence of cytological atypia that might develop to oral precancerous or cancerous lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid prescreening is as effective at reducing screening error as postscreening with the FocalPoint automated screening device
Authors: Wilgenbusch Heather , Mueller Gail , Neal Margaret , Renshaw Andrew A.
Published: October 2010

Both manual (rapid prescreening) and automated methods have been devised to reduce screening error compared with routine review of 10% of negative gynecologic cases. To date these two methods have not been compared. A total of 5,139 liquid‐based (SurePath Pap Test, BD Diagnostics) cases were subjected to 100% rapid prescreening and routine manual screening. All cases diagnosed as negative on routine screening were placed on the FocalPoint (BD Diagnostics, Franklin Lakes, NJ) automated screening device. All cases that were negative on routine screening and abnormal on rapid prescreening or in the top 15% of cases by FocalPoint were rescreened and a final diagnosis obtained. Cases were blinded during rapid prescreening and routine manual screening. Abnormal was defined as any diagnosis of atypical squamous cells (ASC) or worse. A total of 427 (8%) of cases were abnormal on routine screening. The sensitivity of rapid prescreening was 44.6%. Rapid prescreening identified an additional 14 abnormal cases (13 ASC and 1 LSIL) and FocalPoint identified nine cases (eight ASC, one LSIL) that were not detected by routine screening. Three of these cases were detected by both methods. The sensitivity of routine screening was 93.1%. Rapid prescreening increased the overall sensitivity significantly (96.0%, P = 0.04); FocalPoint increased the sensitivity but this change was not significant (95.0%, P = 0.21). Estimated screening time was 30 seconds for rapid prescreening and 6 minutes for routine screening with the result that rapid prescreening required 2,570 minutes while review of the FocalPoint Slides required 2,694 minutes. The sensitivity of routine screening in the second half of the study (95.3%) was higher than that in the first half of the study (91.6%) but the difference was not significant (P = 0.11). Rapid prescreening is as effective as directed review using FocalPoint at reducing screening errors and requires no additional screening time. Continued use of these methods may improve the sensitivity of routine screening. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary CNS plasmablastic lymphoma: Report of a case with CSF cytology, flow cytometry, radiology, histological correlation, and review of the literature
Authors: Urrego Paula A. Rodriguez , Smethurst Mark , Fowkes Mary , Peterson Bruce , Strauchen James , Wu Maoxin , Szporn Arnold H. , Chen Hua
Published: October 2010

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma and commonly presents as an oral mass in HIV patients. Extraoral PBL has been reported, including one case of primary central nervous system PBL (PCNSPBL). The cytological features of PBL have been described, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology findings for secondary CNS involvement by PBL. The etiology of PCNSPBL is still unknown. We report here the CSF cytology of a PCNSPBL, which shows a hypercellular specimen composed of markedly atypical, singly dispersed plasmacytoid cells with frequent abnormal mitoses and binucleation. The neoplastic cells are positive for CD138. Flow cytometry of the CSF specimen demonstrates a monoclonal neoplastic cell population, which is CD138 positive, kappa light chain positive, lambda light chain negative, and CD19 negative. Molecular analysis and immunohistochemical stains on a tissue biopsy confirmed the diagnosis and reveal concurrent infections with Epstein‐Barr virus and human polyomavirus JC virus. Clinical and radiological correlations are reported, and the literature is reviewed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report for CSF cytology of a PCNSPBL, demonstrating the utility of the cytological examination in the triage and diagnosis of this disease. Because of its dismal prognosis, it is critical for cytopathologists to be aware of the entity and recognize the neoplastic cells in CSF specimen. This report also emphasizes the importance of clinical and radiological correlation in the diagnosis of this lethal disease. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of environmental harshness on neurogenesis: A large‐scale comparison
Authors: Chancellor Leia V. , Roth Timothy C. , LaDage Lara D. , Pravosudov Vladimir V.
Published: October 2010

Harsh environmental conditions may produce strong selection pressure on traits, such as memory, that may enhance fitness. Enhanced memory may be crucial for survival in animals that use memory to find food and, thus, particularly important in environments where food sources may be unpredictable. For example, animals that cache and later retrieve their food may exhibit enhanced spatial memory in harsh environments compared with those in mild environments. One way that selection may enhance memory is via the hippocampus, a brain region involved in spatial memory. In a previous study, we established a positive relationship between environmental severity and hippocampal morphology in food‐caching black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus). Here, we expanded upon this previous work to investigate the relationship between environmental harshness and neurogenesis, a process that may support hippocampal cytoarchitecture. We report a significant and positive relationship between the degree of environmental harshness across several populations over a large geographic area and (1) the total number of immature hippocampal neurons, (2) the number of immature neurons relative to the hippocampal volume, and (3) the number of immature neurons relative to the total number of hippocampal neurons. Our results suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis may play an important role in environments where increased reliance on memory for cache recovery is critical. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 246–252, 2011.
Augmented mixed finite element methods for a vorticity‐based velocity–pressure–stress formulation of the Stokes problem in 2D
Authors: Gatica Gabriel N. , Gatica Luis F. , Márquez Antonio
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we consider an augmented velocity–pressure–stress formulation of the 2D Stokes problem, in which the stress is defined in terms of the vorticity and the pressure, and then we introduce and analyze stable mixed finite element methods to solve the associated Galerkin scheme. In this way, we further extend similar procedures applied recently to linear elasticity and to other mixed formulations for incompressible fluid flows. Indeed, our approach is based on the introduction of the Galerkin least‐squares‐type terms arising from the corresponding constitutive and equilibrium equations, and from the Dirichlet boundary condition for the velocity, all of them multiplied by stabilization parameters. Then, we show that these parameters can be suitably chosen so that the resulting operator equation induces a strongly coercive bilinear form, whence the associated Galerkin scheme becomes well posed for any choice of finite element subspaces. In particular, we can use continuous piecewise linear velocities, piecewise constant pressures, and rotated Raviart–Thomas elements for the stresses. Next, we derive reliable and efficient residual‐based a posteriori error estimators for the augmented mixed finite element schemes. In addition, several numerical experiments illustrating the performance of the augmented mixed finite element methods, confirming the properties of the a posteriori estimators, and showing the behavior of the associated adaptive algorithms are reported. The present work should be considered as a first step aiming finally to derive augmented mixed finite element methods for vorticity‐based formulations of the 3D Stokes problem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gauss, Kalman and advances in recursive parameter estimation
Authors: Young Peter C.
Published: October 2010

The paper considers how the Kalman filter has influenced the development of recursive parameter estimation since the publication of Rudolf Kalman's seminal article in 1960. It will present a partial review of developments over the past half century and provide a tutorial introduction to the refined instrumental variable approach to the optimal recursive estimation of parameters in both discrete and continuous‐time transfer function models. The paper concludes with a case study that shows how recursive parameter estimation and the Kalman filter can be combined in the design and development of a real‐time adaptive forecasting and data assimilation system for flow in river systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of integrated process models to reconstruct prehistoric occupation, with examples from Sandy Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Zwertvaegher Ann , Werbrouck Ilke , Finke Peter A. , De Reu Jeroen , Crombé Philippe , Bats Machteld , Antrop Marc , Bourgeois Jean , Court‐Picon Mona , De Maeyer Philippe , De Smedt Philippe , Sergant Joris , Van Meirvenne Marc , Verniers Jacques
Published: October 2010

Intensive archaeological investigations in Sandy Flanders (Belgium) revealed sites dating from the Final Paleolithic to the Neolithic, showing a discontinuous spatial and temporal distribution. To improve the understanding of these occupational patterns, a paleolandscape reconstruction is proposed. A major problem in paleolandscape reconstruction is that basic data are scattered in the temporal and spatial sense. Therefore, we propose an interdisciplinary approach to the application of different process models to soil–water–landscape reconstruction. The process models used include a digital elevation model, a hydrological, a pedogenetic, and a land‐evaluation model. The result is a modeling framework in which these discipline‐specific models, which provide input to each other, are integrated. Outcomes of the different models are still preliminary, because of the ongoing calibration and application of the models. The paper focuses on the methodological aspects of constructing the modeling framework and the questions one needs to answer in advance to facilitate the integration of the model results. Furthermore, errors within each individual model need to be accounted for and ideally are propagated into the next modeling step. Because of model complexity and runtime this is presently unfeasible. Alternatively, we propose to repeat the last step of the model framework (the land‐evaluation procedure) for perturbations of the parameters reflecting the estimated model errors. We emphasize the difficulties occurring when integrating these different models, such as those relating to scale differences and error propagation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between a functional polymorphism (‐1195T>C) in the IGFBP5 promoter and head and neck cancer risk
Authors: Niu Jiangong , Huang Yu‐Jing , Wei Sheng , Liu Zhensheng , Wang Li‐E , Chang Shine , Chamberlain Robert M. , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Sturgis Erich M. , Wei Qingyi
Published: October 2010

Background.

To the best of our knowledge, no studies to date have evaluated roles of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) polymorphisms in risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).

Methods.

A hospital‐based study of 1082 patients with SCCHN and 1120 cancer‐free controls was performed to investigate associations between 2 functional polymorphisms, ‐1195T>C and ‐709G>C, in the IGFBP5 promoter region and SCCHN risk.

Results.

We demonstrated that the transcription factor, activator protein 1 (AP‐1), differentially bound to T or C variants at ‐1195 in the promoter to regulate the IGFBP5 promoter activity and that the C variant genotypes were associated with deferential risk of late‐stage SCCHN, compared to the TT genotype, particularly for human papillomavirus (HPV)‐unrelated sites (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–4.11 for CC vs TT).

Conclusion.

The IGFBP5 ‐1195T>C polymorphism is functional and may potentially be a biomarker for susceptibility to late‐stage SCCHN. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection with tumor p53, KIT, stem cell factor, PDGFR‐alpha and survival in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Waltari Marika , Sihto Harri , Kukko Heli , Koljonen Virve , Sankila Risto , Böhling Tom , Joensuu Heikki
Published: October 2010

Most Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) contain Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA, and the virus likely has a pivotal role in tumor pathogenesis. p53 and the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase have also been implicated in MCC pathogenesis, but little is known about their association with MCPyV infection. We identified 207 patients diagnosed with MCC in Finland in 1979–2004 and reviewed the histological diagnoses. Adequate clinical information, tumor tissue and DNA were available from 87 confirmed MCC cases. Presence of MCPyV DNA was assessed using quantitative PCR; p53, KIT, phospho‐KIT, stem cell factor (SCF) and PDGFRα expression using immunohistochemistry and presence of mutations in KIT exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 and PDGFRA exons 10, 12, 14 and 18 using DNA sequencing. Most (77.0%) of the 87 tumors contained MCPyV DNA and 37 (42.5%) expressed KIT, whereas PDGFRα, p53, SCF and pKIT expression was less common (31.9, 22.8, 8.6 and 4.8%, respectively). No KIT or PFGFRA mutations were detected, but 10 (12.5%) of the 80 tumors studied harbored common PDGFRA exon 10 S478P substitution. Tumor p53 and KIT expression were associated with absence of MCPyV DNA (p = 0.01 and 0.009, respectively). Tumor p53 expression was associated with unfavorable MCC‐specific survival (p = 0.021) and overall survival (p = 0.046), but tumor KIT expression only when stratified by presence of MCPyV DNA. The results suggest that p53 and KIT expression are associated with absence of MCPyV DNA in MCC, and that the molecular pathogenesis of MCC is multifactorial.
Genetic variation in C‐reactive protein in relation to colon and rectal cancer risk and survival
Authors: Slattery Martha L. , Curtin Karen , Poole Elizabeth M. , Duggan David J. , Samowitz Wade S. , Peters Ulrike , Caan Bette J. , Potter John D. , Ulrich Cornelia M.
Published: October 2010

C‐reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation, has been shown to be influenced by genetic variation in the CRP gene. In this study, we test the hypothesis that genetic variation in CRP influences both the risk of developing colon and rectal cancer and survival. Two population‐based studies of colon cancer (n = 1,574 cases, 1,970 controls) and rectal (n = 791 cases, 999 controls) were conducted. We evaluated four CRP tagSNPs: rs1205 (G > A, 3′ UTR); rs1417938 (T > A, intron); rs1800947 (G > C, L184L); and rs3093075 (C > A, 3′ flanking). The CRP rs1205 AA genotype was associated with an increased risk of colon cancer (OR 1.3, 95%CI 1.1–1.7), whereas the rs3093075 A allele was associated with a reduced risk of rectal cancer (OR 0.7, 95%CI 0.5–0.9). The strongest association for the rs1205 polymorphism and colon cancer was observed among those with KRAS2 mutations (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.1–2.0). The CRP rs1205 AA genotype also was associated with an increased risk of CIMP+ rectal tumors (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.2–5.3); conversely, the rs1417938 A allele was associated with a reduced risk of CIMP+ rectal tumors (OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.3–0.9). We observed interactions between CRP rs1800947 and BMI and family history of CRC in modifying risk of both colon and rectal cancer. These data suggest that genetic variation in the CRP gene influences risk of both colon and rectal cancer development.
The sensors and regulators of cell–matrix surveillance in anoikis resistance of tumors
Authors: Nagaprashantha Lokesh Dalasanur , Vatsyayan Rit , Lelsani Poorna Chandra Rao , Awasthi Sanjay , Singhal Sharad S.
Published: October 2010

Normal cells continuously monitor the nature of their respective cellular microenvironment. They are equipped with an inherent molecular defense to detect changes that can precipitate and trigger an oncogenic cascade in the internal and external environment of cells. The process called anoikis unleashes many a characteristic molecular change in the cells which eventually program to cell death in response to cell detachment and inappropriate cellular attachment, both of which can otherwise potentiate the ability of cells to preferentially pursue a malignant course due to the release of molecular discipline which conforms them to a benign structural and functional spectrum. The initiation and propagation of signaling that serves as a switch to cell survival or cell death mediated by surveillance of cell microenvironment is comprised of many heterogeneous sets of molecules interacting mainly at the interface of cell–extracellular matrix. Transforming cells continuously reprogram their signaling characteristics in sensing and modulating the stimuli from cell surface molecules like integrins, cadherins and immunoglobulin family of cell adhesion molecules at adhesion complexes, which enables them to resist anoikis and metastasize to different organs. Actin cytoskeleton binds BIM and Bcl2 modifying factor (BMF), which are regulated by the adhesion status and consequent conformation of cytoskeleton in the cells. This review aims at an integrated synopsis of fundamental mechanisms of the critical interactions of cell surface molecules to facilitate a focused analysis of the differential regulation of signaling processes at cell‐ECM junctions that collectively rein the anoikis resistance, which in turn impacts metastatic aggressiveness and drug resistance of tumors originating from respective organs.
Teaching technological innovation and entrepreneurship in polymeric biomaterials
Authors: Washburn Newell R.
Published: October 2010

A model for incorporating an entrepreneurship module has been developed in an upper‐division and graduate‐level engineering elective on Polymeric Biomaterials (27‐311/42‐311/27‐711/42‐711) at Carnegie Mellon University. A combination of lectures, assignments, and a team‐based project were used to provide students with a framework for applying their technical skills in the development of new technologies and a basic understanding of the issues related to translational research and technology commercialization. The specific approach to the project established in the course, which represented 20% of the students' grades, and the grading rubric for each of the milestones are described along with suggestions for generalizing this approach to different applications of biomaterials or other engineering electives. Incorporating this model of entrepreneurship into electives teaches students course content within the framework of technological innovation and many of the concepts and tools need to practice it. For students with situational or individual interest in the project, it would also serve to deepen their understanding of the traditional course components as well as provide a foundation for integrating technological innovation and lifelong learning. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2010.