bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On some Gravels of the Bagshot District
Authors: Monckton Horace W.
Published: October 2009

In 1891 I brought before the Society a paper on the beds of gravel which occur on the hills and in the valleys of the district south of the Thames between Guildford and Newbury. In that paper I drew particular attention to the composition of the gravel, and showed that gravel of a very uniform character extends in some cases over a considerable area (in one case over a length of nearly 10 miles), whereas other gravels in the near neighbourhood have different and yet curiously persistent characteristics. These peculiarities seemed so difficult to explain, on any theory which attributed the formation of the gravels to the action of the sea, that I arrived at the conclusion that they were river-gravels—their peculiarities of composition depending upon the geological structure of the drainage-areas of different rivers.

Sir Joseph Prestwich appears to have been inclined to the same conclusion. He says, writing in 1890:—

‘As the channels of the early streams became deeper and larger, and the Lower Greensand more exposed, the mass of débris carried down increased, and the proportion of chert and ragstone became greater. It was then that were formed the extensive plateaux of gravel of the Chobham and Frimley Downs, and of the other hills we have named in Berkshire, Hampshire, and Surrey.’

With this I quite agree, but in the next paragraph Sir Joseph says, ‘We are without a clue as to whether fluviatile or marine action had to do with their origin’; but, he continues,‘ but
Some New Carboniferous Plants, and how they contributed to the Formation of Coal-Seams
Authors: Gresley W. S.
Published: October 2009

abstract

The Author, in a paper published in abstract in the Society's Quarterly Journal for May 1897 (vol. liii, p. 245), argued that certain brilliant black laminæ in coal, and similar materials found among some mechanical sediments of the Coal Measures, pointed to the former existence of an aquatic plant. In the present communication he describes structures in the pitch-coal laminæ of bituminous coal and in the glossy black layers of anthracite which he believes to be indications of two other kinds of plants, and states that he has examined structures which may be due to some other kinds of vegetation.
Contributions to the Glacial Geology of Spitsbergen
Authors: Garwood E. J. , Gregory J. W.
Published: October 2009

On June 17th, 1896, the tercentenary of the discovery of Spitsbergen by Barentz, we first sighted the western coast of the great island, the unknown interior of which Sir Martin Conway's expedition had been organized to explore. The sea was strewn with floes, which barred direct approach to the shore, and the incidents of the passage through the ice helped us to realize that we were 13° north of the Arctic Circle, far within the area which, according to a once popular theory, was formerly buried beneath a massive cap of ice. But the first near view of the land was calculated to destroy whatever faith we might have had in the former existence of a north polar ice-cap. For the sharp, serrated ridges of Mount Starashchin (see Pl. XIX, fig. 2) and Dodman Den, which guard the entrance to Ice Fiord, indicate that Western Spitsbergen has not at any recent time been wholly submerged beneath an ice-cap. Confluent series of glaciers occur in Spitsbergen at the present day, and form the so-called ‘inland ice-sheets.’ One such can be seen to the north of Ice Fiord, rising gradually from the shore to the sky-line; while on the plateau south of the fiord are smaller, disconnected glaciers. Hence, during the passage up Ice Fiord, between the great ice-sheet to the north and the scattered glaciers to the south, through the ice-floes among which the steamer carefully threaded its way, and past the huge piles of ice heaped along the shore, we
On some Submerged Rock-valleys in South Wales, Devon, and Cornwall
Authors: Codrington T.
Published: October 2009

The following particulars of some rock-valleys below the sea-level were for the most part gathered by me in former years, during the execution or the projection of engineering works with which I was more or less connected, or well acquainted. Information has also been afforded me from time to time by the courtesy of the engineers of other works in which similar sections have been exposed. The main object in the present paper is to put the facts observed on record in a connected form.

The details of the sections now given are, from a geological point of view, more incomplete than could be wished, as must almost always be the case when observations are made during the progress of engineering works by those to whom they are not matters of primary importance. Things observed are not always recorded, or perhaps their significance is not understood until they are lost to view. Notes and sections, when made, are lost sight of, or are laid aside for further information or a more convenient season, which, as in the case of some of these sections, may be a long time in coming.

The localities naturally fall into two groups:—(1) on the southern coast of Wales, from Milford Haven to the Severn; and (2) on the southern coast of Devon and Cornwall, from Dartmouth to Falmouth.

I. S
outh
W
ales
.

Milford Haven.

This estuary extends 20 miles inland, with two main branches, which are fed by streams rising on the Presee]ly Hills (]760 feet)
On the Origin of the Auriferous Conglomerates of the Gold Coast Colony (West Africa)
Authors: Sam T. B. F.
Published: October 2009

abstract

This paper gives an account of a recent journey from Adjah Bippo to the Ankobra Junction in the Gold Coast Colony. A range of clay-slate hills is succeeded for 6 miles by flat ground in which diorite was found, and that by a lofty hill in which clay-slate dipping east occurs. The Teberibie range with reefs of conglomerate, and a second range with similar reefs, were crossed.

Gold-bearing alluvia are briefly described, and the gold is supposed to have come from the hills. The Adjah Bippo, Tarkwa, and Teberibie formations are considered to be part of a syncline. Certain auriferous conglomerates, and others presumed to be identical with them, are thought to be ancient alluvial deposits.
On the Metamorphism of a Series of Grits and Shales in Northern Anglesey
Authors: Callaway Charles
Published: October 2009

In a recent paper read before this Society, I endeavoured to show that certain gneisses in Southern Anglesey were formed out of plutonic rocks. Fragments of these gneisses have been identified in younger pre-Cambrian strata lying to the north, and these, in their turn, yield an abundance of rounded derivatives to the basal Palaœzoic conglomerates of the island. These newer pre-Cambrians, which I have provisionally referred to the Pebidian system, display great variations in their degree of crystallization. Hence arises one of the chief difficulties in unravelling the geology of Anglesey. It has become increasingly evident that the questions still in dispute in this complicated area can be settled only by (1) carefully mapping the ground in minute detail, and (2) determining the nature and degree of alteration which many of the rocks have undergone. Mr. Edward Greenly has devoted himself with great enthusiasm to the former task, and the first-fruits of his work promise highly satisfactory results. The present paper is offered as a further contribution to the series of problems arising under the latter head. It is here proposed to examine a series of grits and shales in Northern Anglesey, and to show that they are transformed into true crystalline schists as we follow them in a southerly direction.

I. T
he
A
rea
D
escribed
.

North and north-west of Amlweh the ground is much disturbed and mixed up with faulted fragments of Palæozoic strata. To avoid controversial topics, I shall confine myself to a patch about 3 miles square, lying
On the Grouping of some Divisions of so-called ‘Jurassic’ Time
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

I
Introduction
.

A considerable portion of this paper was written before the appearance of a communication on Dundry Hill. A reference to the ideas set forth in this paper will be found in that communication, in Table IV, facing p. 696.

[When this paper was first presented to the Society the Author had designated the Ages by the terms Bathonian, Bajocian, etc., proposing, in effect, to continue the usage carried out in the communication above mentioned, to employ these terms for chronological purposes only. They have been used formerly, as for instance by Renevier, for both stratigraphical and chronological divisions:— Bathonian Stage or Bathonian Age.

However, it was pointed out to the Author that this plan would lead to confusion; and he then proposed to use, as distinctly chronological terms for Ages, names taken from dominant ammonite-genera. There is an advantage in this plan, seeing that the chronological divisions are based entirely upon zoological phenomena. And there was an admitted disadvantage in retaining for chronological purposes names such as Bathonian, Bajocian, etc., taken from places where particular strata were developed.

But the change has a wider effect if a congruous series of terms is to be produced. Jurassic is equally open to the same objection as Bathonian, and it will require to be replaced by a term taken from some zoological phenomenon. The divisions of Jurassic—Eo- and Neojurassic—fall into the same category; they may be easily replaced by such terms as Arietidan and Stepheoceratidan Epochs, which appropriately mark the changes of
The Globigerina-marls and Basal Reef-rocks of Barbados
Authors: Franks G. F. , Harrison J. B.
Published: October 2009

Mention was made of the
Globigerina
-marls of Bissex Hill in a paper on the Geology of Barbados written by one of us in collaboration with Mr. Jukes-Browne, and the section along the road ascending the hill from the south-western side was there described. The ordinary succession of the Oceanic deposits occurs in the lower part of this section for 70 feet vertical, up to an elevation of about 865 feet. Here the hill rises somewhat abruptly from a small plateau of the siliceous earths to a knoll at an elevation of 966 feet, falling away to a spur on the east, the ridge of which, to the point where it terminates abruptly, has a level of about 900 feet. On the north the knoll slopes steeply down to a level of 820 feet. On the west, below the road, the land falls away rapidly to Dark Hole and the Vale, the lowest exposure of the Oceanic Beds being north of Park's Windmill, at the height of 670 feet.

The whole of the crown of Bissex Hill, instead of showing the usual passage from siliceous earths through white chalks into red clays, was found to consist of a yellowish or buff-coloured marl, which proved to be crowded with
Globigerinæ
, and to include occasional large blocks and several embedded layers of hard
Globigerina
-limestone. In the first instance no change in the character of the deposit was noticed from where it first occurred to the summit of the hill, and it was supposed
Note on Natural Gas at Heathfield Station (Sussex)
Authors: Hewitt J. T.
Published: October 2009

In a boring made for water some months ago at Heathfield Railway-station (L. B. & S. C. R.) an outflow of natural gas was encountered. A cap provided with a cock was placed at the outlet of the boring, and thus the collection of a sample of the gas for analysis was an easy matter. Owing to the courtesy of Mr. R. J. Billinton, the Locomotive Engineer of the London, Brighton, & South Coast Railway, who not only gave me the necessary permission, but also placed every facility at my disposal, I was enabled to take a sample of the gas on Dec. 31st, 1897. Mr. Billinton further informed me that a bed of lignite had been encountered at a depth of about 300 feet; this was of considerable thickness, and was supposed to be the stratum in which the gas had its origin. He very kindly provided me with a specimen of this substance, which one can perhaps better regard as a shale; this also was analysed.

The gas was examined for oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, olefines, and hydrocarbon vapours ; these were found to be absent.

A
nalysis
of the S
hale
.

In the first place the shale was analysed according to the customary method of carrying out commercial analyses for coal. The following result was obtained:—

It should be pointed out thai, very little reliance can be placed on the numbers for volatile matter and fixed carbon, as, owing to the large amount and porous nature of the
Post-Glacial Beds exposed in the Cutting of the new Bruges Canal
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: October 2009

When in Belgium in the spring of 1897 as the guest of Prof. A. Renard, of Ghent University, I travelled with him to the coast, to see the excavations of the new Bruges Canal near Heyst, about 6 kilometres from Blankenberghe, a well-known Flemish watering-place. The beds exposed by the excavations bore so striking a resemblance to those which I have studied and mapped in the neighbourhood of Liverpool that I examined them with great interest, and succeeded in identifying the several beds with the deposits carefully mapped in detail by the Belgian Geological Survey on the
1:40,000 scale. The following beds, enumerated in descending order, were found:—

The junction between the clay and the peat is very inconstant; in one place it may be seen markedly distinct and horizontal, and in another very irregular, as if intersected with gullies which had afterwards become filled with the
Scrobicularia
-clay, while above in the base of the clay thin seams of peat are seen intercalated. It is precisely the sort of interchange of
Scrobicularia
-clay and peat that I described as occurring near Southport and at Birkdale in a paper read before the Liverpool Geological Society in 1871. I took out of this clay
Scrobiculariæ
in the vertical attitude of life, just as they occur in our own Formby and Leasowe Marine Beds.

Specimens were taken of the Argile des polders supérieure or Marsh Clay and of the
Scrobicularicl plana
-clay, and were afterwards mechanically analysed and microscopically examined, with
High-Level Marine Drift at Colwyn Bay
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: October 2009

abstract

The drift-deposits of Colwyn Bay were described by the Author in 1885, but at that time he did not find any marine drift above the 200-feet contour. In the winter of 1897–98 he was fortunate enough to discover a mound of marine drift, consisting of sand capped with Boulder Clay, at a level of 560 feet above Ordnance datum. It is situated at a distance of about 1 mile south-by-west of Colwyn Bay railway-station, the longer axis running in a north-easterly direction, and measuring about 90 yards, the shorter axis being about 50 yards in length. It stands upon the watershed separating the valleys of Nant-y-glyn and Colwyn Bay. It is evidently an outlier of the marine drift at a lower level, consisting as it does of the same well-rounded grains of quartzose sand, and containing far-travelled erratics, among which are Eskdale and South of Scotland granites mixed with Welsh rocks, many of which, according to Mr. T. Ruddy, to whom they were submitted, came from the head of the Conway Valley. The interest of this find lies in the apparent isolation of the mound and its situation on the watershed at a high level. The intervening ground between the mound and the marine drift skirting the coast is occupied with blue Till, the product of land-ice, in which only Welsh rocks are found. High-level marine sands are found flanking the Vale of Clwyd on the Flintshire side, but the Author knows of no record of high-level marine drift in the neighbourhood of Colwyn Bay. There is no doubt that the formation of the mound is geologically subsequent to that of the blue Till.

The Author further describes stratified marine sands containing shell-fragments, resting upon brown Boulder Clay, exposed in three sandpits near the Old Colwyn Road at Groes, on the east side of Nant-y-glyn. At Old Colwyn, on the east side of the valley, there is a great development of a similar sand lying between the 100- and 200-feet contours, also containing shell-fragments. A depth of 30 feet of this sand was exposed unbottomed, and it is probably as much as 60 feet deep. On the west side of the valley, below the 100-feet contour, an excavation for a house showed angular and subangular gravels of Welsh rocks containing a lenticular seam of sand with rounded grains, and this appeared to be a passage between the purely land-ice or fluvial drift and the geologically overlying marine sands. It is a notable fact that the marine sands of Groes, of Old Colwyn, and of the Vale of Clwyd lie on the east side of their respective valleys, while the marine Boulder Clays lie to the greater extent on the west side; and that the marine sands have mostly accumulated as bars near the mouths of the valleys.
On the Corallian Rocks of Upware (Cambs)
Authors: Wedd C. B.
Published: October 2009

As any small addition to our knowledge of this interesting district may be acceptable, and as I have lately spent much time at Upware and had access to sources of information too seldom available in the district, it seemed advisable to put on record such new facts as have come to light. The Upware rocks have been so often described by different geologists, to all of whom I am under some obligation, that it is perhaps unnecessary for me to do more than express my especial indebtedness to the important work of Messrs. Blake & Hudleston on the Corallian Rocks of England, to that of Prof. Bonney, to that of the late Mr. T. Roberts, and to the maps and memoirs of the Geological Survey relating to Upware.

The well-known Corallian ridge of Upware is 3 miles long, as mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey, and less than a mile wide in the widest part, and is nearly surrounded by fen. There have long been two principal exposures of the rock: one, the Northern Quarry, in oolitic rock; the other, the Southern Quarry, in ‘Rag’ and oolite. Part of the intervening area on the western flank of the ridge is covered with Gault and Lower Greensand (see sketch-map, p. 612). Except a few ditch-sections in the lane between the two quarries, there have been till lately no other exposures of importance. The relation of the oolite of the Northern Quarry to the Rag of the other was long
Observations on the Geology of Franz Josef Land
Authors: Kœttlitz Reginald
Published: October 2009

It is with great diffidence that I venture to communicate some observations on Franz Josef Land to the Geological Society because active labours in other fields of science have, until recently, prevented me from giving much attention to geology. A residence of three years in Franz Josef Land has, however, given me exceptional opportunities for geological investigation in that little-known region, and I venture, therefore, to hope that the following observations may not be without interest.

But, in the first place, I must take this opportunity to express my great indebtedness to Messrs. Newton & Teall for much kindness and most valuable help received by me from them; my thanks are also due to my comrades Messrs. A. B. Armitage, H. Fisher, W. S. Bruce, D. W. Wilton, J. F. Child, and J. W. Heyward, for the valuable information and assistance which they have ungrudgingly afforded me.

I. G
eneral
F
eatures
of the A
rchipelago
.

On approaching Franz Josef Land the observer is struck by the flat-topped, plateau-like aspect which is well known to be a leading feature of all districts largely composed of horizontal sheets of basaltic rock. Even at a distance of 40 miles the nearly horizontal upper edge of the basalt can be seen in the few exposures of rock which protrude through the widespread mantle of snow and ice. A nearer approach reveals the fact that the exposed headlands and rocky masses are formed of successive, sharplydefined tiers of basalt. The horizontal line of the upper sheet, though
Note on a Conglomerate near Melmerby (Cumberland)
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: October 2009

As the task of distinguishing ancient glacial deposits from those which have received structures resulting from earth-movements is one of considerable interest to the geologist at the present time, it may be worth while to record the occurrence of conglomeratic deposits in England which show indubitable effects of the action of earth-movement, not only on the included pebbles, but also on the upper surface of one of the deposits.

The section to be described is seen in a fell-lane west of Rampsmire Sike, about a mile east-south-east of the village of Melmerby, which is itself about 5½ miles north-east of Penrith. The deposits occur between the Carboniferous rocks and the Lower Palæozoic slates; they are spoken of as ‘Basement-beds’ and referred to the Carboniferous system on the Geological Survey map (New Series, Sheet 24), though represented with the chocolate colour used for Devonian rocks. There is little doubt that these deposits are homotaxial with those of the neighbourhood of Sedbergh, of the foot of Ullswater, and elsewhere in and around the Lake District, which have been described in the Geological Survey memoirs. As the conglomerates of the Carboniferous system containing small quartz-pebbles, which are low down in that system, appear to rest upon them unconformably, I see no reason why the underlying conglomerates should not be representatives of the Old Red Sandstone, with which they were originally compared. In ascending the fell-lane from a ford at the bottom oftheopen fe]l, the ‘Skiddaw Slates’ are seen in a much shattered condition,
On the Radiolaria in the Devonian Rocks of New South Wales
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: October 2009

On the invitation of the authors of the foregoing paper, I very willingly consented to undertake an examination and description of the radiolaria occurring in the extensive series of Devonian rocks in New South Wales which they have recently brought to light, and accordingly they forwarded to me, in the spring of 1897, a box of hand-specimens of typical examples of the different kinds of radiolarian rocks, and these have been supplemented since by a few other specimens received during the present year. Microscopic sections have been prepared from them; and from such as contained the radiolaria in good preservation (as, for example, the dark siliceous limestones and some of the volcanic tuffs from Tamworth), numerous slides were made, so as to obtain as large a variety of the organisms as possible.

The rocks sent me were derived from the following four localities:—(1) Bingara and (2) Barraba: red jaspery cherts; (3) Jenolan Caves and vicinity: black chert; (4) Tamworth: black chert, dark siliceous limestone, siliceous claystone or shale, and volcanic tuff.

II. C
haracter of the
R
ocks and
M
ode of
P
reservation of the
R
adiolaria

Before describing the radiolaria, it will be desirable to refer to the character of the rocks of which they form so important a parb, and to their mode and condition of preservation.

(
a
) The Chert-rocks with Radiolaria.

The jaspery cherts of Bingara and Barraba are hard and flinty, of a brick-red tint, and fairly translucent in section. They are traversed in all directions by thin microscopic veins
Geology of the Great Central Railway (New Extension to London of the Manchester, Sheffield, & Lincolnshire Railway): Rugby to Catesby
Authors: Thompson Beeby
Published: October 2009

In the Report of an Excursion of the Geologists' Association to Catesby in July 1896, I have already given an account of the geology of 6 miles of the new extension to London of the Manchester, Sheffield, & Lincolnshire Railway (since re-named the Great Central Railway), reaching from Catesby to a little beyond Woodford: that is, from the 62nd to the 68th mile. The sections exposed were chiefly in Middle and Upper Lias; but, at the northern end of the Catesby tunnel, the
capricornus
-zone of the Lower Lias was partly cut through, all the characteristic fossils of that zone being found.

The portion of the line which it is now proposed to describe, from Rugby to Catesby, extends from the 52nd to the 62nd mile. Two papers have already dealt with parts of it, but they necessarily left much detail to be filled in; indeed the new matter afforded by excavations made since the publication of those two papers would probably constitute a sufficient justification for a third.

I had seen no part of the sections about to be described until August 1896, and the exceptionally wet autumn of that year prevented a thorough examination of the slopes themselves, such as I fully intended to make. On renewing my acquaintance with the line, in the spring of 1897, I found some of the more southerly cuttings finished and grassed over. Fortunately the more northerly cuttings, towards Rugby, were developing their most interesting parts. I am much indebted to Mr. A.
The Permian Conglomerates of the Lower Severn Basin
Authors: King W. Wickham
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

B
etween
the River Severn and the village of Enville in South-east Shropshire, and again round the southern half of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, there are certain bands of rocks cemented and hardened by calcareous matter—namely, calcareous conglomerates, cornstones, and calcareous sandstones—which constitute parts of the group classified by the officers of the Geological Survey as Middle Permian. The object of this paper is to trace the materials composing these calcareous rocks to their sources.

The typical Permian sequence of the Shropshire type is, according to Prof. Hull, as follows, in descending order:—

Murchison stated that at Coton and Bowhills the calcareous horizons of the Middle Permian consist of ‘(
a
) coarse conglomerate, composed chiefly of fragments of Carboniferous Limestone, generally rounded ; . . . . some of them are of an oolitic structure . . . . (
b
) conglomerate, with fewer fragments of limestone, but pebbles of quartz, Old Red Sandstone, ere . . . . . and minute fragments of jasper.’ He pointed out that ‘the nearest known masses of similar [Carboniferous\ rock are in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Clee Hills.’

Ramsay collected from conglomerates, included by him in the Middle Permian, at Gatacre Hall and Four Ashes, near Enville, pebbles of

He states that ‘the Carboniferous Limestone pebbles by far predominate,’ and that ‘the nearest Carboniferous Limestone is that of the Titterstone Clee :Hills . . . . The Coalbrookdale limestone contains chert . . . . and in the same district occur igneous and
The Oceanic Deposits of Trinidad (British West Indies)
Authors: Harrison J. B. , Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: October 2009

T
he
object of this communication, is to present some observations on the succession and geological relations of the beds which have long been known in Trinidad as the Naparima Marls. This name was given to these beds by Wall & Sawkins in 1860, on account of their occupying a large part of the Naparima district, east and south-east of San Fernando (see map, fig. 1, p. 182).

The beds so named formed one of the five series which were described by these authors under the head of the ‘Newer Parian Group.’ The names given to these five series were (
a
) Nariva Series, (
b
) Naparima Marls, (
c
) Tamana Series, (
d
) Caroni Series, and (
e
) Moruga Series; but it was explained on a subsequent page that these subdivisions do not form a definite succession. The Nariva Series occupies a central or axial position, and this Wall & Sawkins considered to be the oldest. The Tamana and the Caroni Series occur only to the north of it, while the Nariva and the Moruga lie on the southern side, and they thought that these two sets of deposits might be correlative one with another, the Nariva corresponding to the Tamana and the Moruga to the Caroni Series.

In their general section across the island from north to south, Wall & Sawkins show the Nariva Beds dipping southward below the Naparima Marls, and the latter passing in the same direction beneath the Moraga sands ; while stiU farther south they indicate a syncline occupied by
On the Occurrence of Pebbles of Schorl-rock from the South-west of England in the Drift-deposits of Southern and Eastern England
Authors: Salter A. E.
Published: October 2009

A
set
of twelve representative specimens, consisting essentially of quartz and tourmaline, have been examined by Prof. Bonney, who informs the Author that they consist mainly of felspathic grits, schorl-rock, etc., similar rocks to which occur in the South-west of England. The most westerly point at which the pebbles have been detected is on Great and Little Haldon Hills, 800 feet above Ordnance datum, where they are of larger size, more abundant, and coarser-grained than elsewhere. Thence they are traced to the north and south sides of the Thames Basin, and into East Anglia at Walton-on-the-Naze, Aldeburgh, etc. There is a general decrease in height in the deposit in which the pebbles occur, in passing from west to east, and the pebbles appear to have taken two main courses—one along a peneplain west to east from Dartmoor, the other from south-west to north-east across England. The pebbles are absent from the Weald and from the district around Bagshot, from the Hampshire Basin and its bounding hills (with the exception of the extreme south), and from the highest and presumably oldest gravels north of the Thames.

D
iscussion
(
on the two foregoing
P
apers
).

Mr. C. Reid pointed out that irregular decalcification or settlement in gravels tends to cause the longer axes of the stones to become vertical, and that this vertical position, therefore, must not be taken as evidence of glacial action. With regard to Mr. Salter's specimens of schorl-rock, he was sorry to see that the Author still insisted on confounding
Geology of the Ashbourne & Buxton Branch of the London & North Western Railway:—Ashbourne to Crake Low
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose H. H.
Published: October 2009

The railway from Ashbourne to Buxton, when completed, will cover a distance of about 20 miles. It runs nearly due north, passing near the villages of Fenny Bentley, Thorpe, Tissington, Parwich, and Alsop-en-le-Dale, and will enable visitors from the north to reach conveniently some interesting parts of the limestone-district, besides rendering the beauties of Dovedale more accessible to the tourist.

For the first 6 miles the railway runs on the Bunter Beds, Boulder Clay, and Yoredale rocks, and for the remaining 14 miles on the Mountain Limestone. The northern section, from Buxton to Parsley Hay, was completed several years ago, and I believe that no geological description of it was published. The southern section is now in progress of construction. The cuttings as far as Crake Low, about 6 miles from Ashbourne, are practically completed, but farther north there are several through which a passage has not yet been made. For this reason, I confine myself in the present paper to a description of the geology of the line from Ashbourne to Crake Low.

Undoubtedly the most interesting portions are the three cuttings near Tissington, Highway Close Barn, and Crake Low. Sir A. Geikie, speaking of the latest traces of volcanic activity in Derbyshire points out that ‘though no contemporaneous tufts have yet been found among the Yoredalo rocks, coarse agglomerates do traverse the Yoredalo group at Kniveton.' A careful examination of these cuttings has enabled me to fill this gap in our geological knowledge. The railway-excavations bring to view
On Varieties of Serpentine and Associated Rocks in Anglesey
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Raisin C. A.
Published: October 2009

I. G
eneral
D
escription.

(1) Mainland of Anglesey—south of Valley Station,

O
n
the eastern side of the ‘strait’ is the gabbro a t Graig-fawr described in a former paper by one of the present authors. A serpentine, there indicated as ‘about 70 yards to the north’ of this mass, has been quarried further, and parts of the rock exhibit aslightly variolitic character. The junction of schist with serpentine or ‘ophicalcite’ noticed and figured (
op. cit.
p. 41, fig.1) is in a low cliff by the shore almost due south of Graig-fawr and near a boss of variolitic serpentine, described on p. 281. This junction is not easy to interpret ; but further study of the rocks affords some evidence favourable to the hypothesis of a fault. The green schists have a squeezed appearance, but the breeeiation and crushing of the rock adjoining them are still more marked. In it are angular fl'agments coloured by haematite, the whole being permeated by carbonates~; hence the rock is one of the so-called ‘ophiealcites.’ Near by are foliated masses, including a squeezed diallage-enstatite-rock associated with serpentine and gabbro. Lenticles of t, ho rock have escaped, while surrounding parts have been crushed.

Bosses of gabbro occur in the fields between here and Tyddyn-y-cob Inlet, where the rock becomes schistose. The gabbro reappears inland beyond the sluice, and extends as tkr as the outcrops of schist near Glan-rhyd-uchaf and east of the railway, but is interrupted south of Cruglas by serpentine and ‘ophicalcite,’ a the latter rock
On Limestone-knolls in the Craven District of Yorkshire and elsewhere
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: October 2009

I
t
is now many years since I began to pay attention to the frequent and often sudden expansion of masses of limestone associated with other deposits, and in the year 1888 I had the good fortune to examine some of the remarkable limestone-masses of the Craven district under the personal guidance of Mr. R. H. Tiddeman, to whom we owe our knowledge of the structure of these masses. Mr. Tiddeman has described and offered an explanation of these structures in a series of papers, which, though brief, are remarkable for their pithiness and lucidity, and reference to them will at once enable anyone to understand the structure of the irregular limestone-masses and the associated phenomena.

Mr. Tiddeman's earliest account of these structures appears in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1889 (Newcastle-on-Tyne) p. 600, and further descriptions by him will be found in the Excursion-guide for the Leeds Meeting of the British Association in 1890 and that for the London Meeting of the Geological Congress. A brief summary of Mr. Tiddeman's views is published in an account of an excursion to the Winterburn Valley, and the substance of his presidential address to a Yorkshire scientific society, which largely deals with the limestone-masses, appeared in the ‘Craven Herald’ for Jan. 29th, 1892. I shall endeavour to give a summary of Mr. Tiddeman's work as published in these various papers, and shall refer to his explanation of the origin of the irregular masses of limestone and the accompanying breccias.

It is with regret that I
The Limestone-knolls below Skipton and Grassington in Craven
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: October 2009

A
band
of limestone runs from Cracoe (a few miles north of Skipton) in a north-easterly direction towards the River Wharfe. This band forms an anticlinal; for along its north-western flank the limestone is seen to dip north-westward beneath beds of shale, which have a similar dip; and on its south-eastern flank the limestone dips south-eastward under the shales and grits of Thorpe Fell, the top of the rock running from Butter Haw nearly along Thorpe Lane towards the northern end of Elbolton. In several places the top of the limestone is brecciated, and the overlying Bowland Shale contains fragments of limestone.

Although the general structure of the country is thus sufficiently plain, the details of the limestone are not easily made out. This rock forms five conspicuous hills, more or less conical, which stand up abruptly from the general level of the ground at the foot of the gritstone fell. Their names in order, beginning at the south-west and going round by north-east to east, are Skelterton, Butter Haw, Stebden Hill, Elbolton, and Keal Hill. They are all formed of massive limestone.

The beds on Skelterton have an easterly dip, and owing to rolls the top of the limestone runs in a curvilinear fashion to Butter Haw, which forms an anticlinal, and thence nearly along Thorpe Lane towards the northern end of Elbolton, leaving Stebden ]=Jill apparently as an island. On the north side of the last-named hill I found beds dipping north-westward at 40°, but no satisfactory dip
On Spinel and Forsterite from the Glenelg Limestone (Inverness-shire)
Authors: Clough C. T. , Pollard W.
Published: October 2009

T
he
primary object of this communication is to describe the occurrence of two minerals—forsterite and true spinel—which are found in dose association in a limestone in Glenelg (Inverness-shire), but which do not appear to have been recorded hitherto in Scotland. Before tabulating the analyses, however, it may be well to mention what has been previously written about the limestone, and to describe to some extent its geological position and chief characters.

The exposure from which the minerals were obtained is on the southern side of the Big Glen, or Glenmore, of Glenelg, and it lies at a distance of rather more than 2/3 mile east of the top of Sgiath Bheinn (1-inch map 71, Inverness-shire 6-inch map 47). The limestone-band to which the exposure belongs can be traced, without any considerable interruption by faulting, for nearly a mile. Its general direction is slightly east of north, and the width of outcrop varies from a few yards up to 30 or 40. This limestone is one of a group of limestones which have long been known, and are noted for the variety of minerals that they contain.

Macculloch, in his description of Tiree, states that ‘sahlite, accompanied by tremolite and forming large nodules in Primary limestone,’ occurs in Tiree, Harris, and Glenelg, and that coccolite and mica, in small crystals of a talcose aspect, are found in the limestone in Tiree and Glenelg.

Murchison also speaks of the same limestone-group in his account of the ‘Succession of the Older Rocks
The Geology of the Davos District (Switzerland)
Authors: Jennings A. Vaughan
Published: October 2009

T
owards
the east of Canton Graubünden lie the mountain-ranges which surround the Valley of Davos, a valley now so renowned for the healing value of its climatic conditions, but till lately both difficult of access and remote.

Those who know Davos only when the individuality of the surrounding mountains is lost in the white brilliancy of its wondrous winter may, naturally enough, never be led to think of the nature and origin of the walls of their splendid prison; but to the yearly-increasing number of those in comparative health who remain or arrive during the summer months there are features in the landscape which must attract attention if they do not excite enquiry. It is difficult for the most casual observer to avoid noticing the abrupt crags of the Cotschna ridge above Klosters, the steep-tilted slopes of the twin Schiahörner, the long level ridge of the Alteingrat, and in the southern distance the sharp silhouettes of the Tinzenhorn and the Piz Michel shutting off this mountain-valley from the western world.

Some explanation of the changing contours and the varied colours of these barrier-mountains may be of interest to those who have looked and wondered; but it is not only on such general grounds that a detailed description of the district is desirable.

There are problems in the structure of the district of the greatest interest to all geologists, and regarding the nature and relative date of the great earth-movements which have resulted in the Alps as now known, it is
Additional Notes on the Vertebrate Fauna of the Rock-fissure at Ightham (Kent)
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: October 2009

T
he
results obtained by Mr. Lewis Abbott's exploration of the Ightham rock-fissure were published by the Geological Society in 1894, but the investigation was continued by that gentleman with his usual energy, and many additional specimens were obtained, for the most part representing species already recorded. Before the end of 1896, however, five forms, new to the deposit, had been recognized, and were mentioned in Sir A. Geikie's Annual Report of the Geological Survey for that year (published 1897, p. 88). These forms were a large bat (probably
Vespertilio Bechsteini
), the shovellerduck, and some small passerine birds, closely allied to, if not identical with, the red-backed shrike, the chaffinch, and the hedge-sparrow. Subsequently remains of polecat, otter(?), and swallow were found.

Since Mr. Lewis Abbott's departure from Sevenoaks, the work of collecting from the Ightham fissure has been successfully carried on by Mr. Frank Corner and Mr. A. S. Kennard. The many specimens obtained have passed through my hands, and certain forms, new to this fissure, have been recognized, while among the numerous examples of species already recorded there were some which previously had been but sparsely represented.

In the following pages, mention will be made of all the forms new to the fissure that have been found since 1894, and notes will be given on certain other species, concerning which additional and important information has been obtained.

Nearly all the remains now to be recorded are those of species still living in the neighbourhood, and they give a modern
On the Agglomerates and Tuffs in the Carboniferous Limestone Series of Congleton Edge
Authors: Gibson Walcot , Hind Wheelton
Published: October 2009

C
ontemporaneous
igneous action during the deposition of the Carboniferous Limestone has long been known and described from several parts of England and Ireland. In the Annual Report of the North Staffordshire Field Club for 1898 and in the present volume of this Journal, volcanic activity has been described as occurring at Tissington towards the close of the deposition of the Carboniferous Limestone. The object of the present paper is to bring forward distinct evidence, hitherto unsuspected, of volcanic action of the same age on the western slopes of Congleton Edge, 20 miles west of Tissington.

This bed of igneous rock, though well exposed in an old quarry, seems hitherto to have escaped notice. It is omitted from the section in the Geological Survey memoir and not mentioned in the text. The late Dr. Garner may possibly refer to it in his ‘Natural History of the County of Stafford,’ 1844, p. 212, where he says:— ‘On the western side of the coalfield, towards Mow Cop, there likewise occurs a rock which appears to owe its formation in part to igneous action. This is of a lively green colour, very hard, and enclosing many roundish pieces of bright red rock, which, however, are also seen in some of the grit of this spot.’ But this description scarcely agrees with the coarse angular nature of the agglomerate at present exposed in the quarry at the foot of Congleton Edge. Again, in the appendix to the same work, p. 45, he says : —
On the Geology of Northern Anglesey
Authors: Matley C. A.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroductory
R
emarks
.

T
he
northern part of Anglcsey contains a group of rocks regarding the age of which geologists hold divided opinions. As the well-defined district in which they lie occupies the north of the island,the strata taken as a whole are known as the ‘Northern District Rocks.’ From their frequently twisted and contorted aspect, Prof. Hughes calls them the ‘Gnarled Series.’ These beds have a general dip to the north or north-east, and cosist mainly of green chloritie schists and grits, and greenish-grey and purple phyllites, slates, and shales. They are everywhere bounded on the south by black slates and shales of acknowledged Ordovician age. This boundary-line forms a curve running from coast to coast from near Carmel Head on the west through Llanfflewin to Perth y Corwgl on the east ; it is shown on the 1-inch Survey map, and is considered by several geologists (among others, Ramsay, Hicks, Callaway, and J. F. Blake) as a line of dislocation—an ordinary fault according to Ramsay, 1 or according to later writers as a thrust whereby the Northern District rocks have been pushed over the Ordovician beds. Ramsay 2 believed this northern area to be mainly altered Cambrian strata, with some Lower Silurian (Ordovician) beds in the northernmost parts near Cemaes, 3 though he could not here separate the reeks of the two systems. 4 Dr. Iticks 5 considered the beds north of the curved fault to be pre-Cambrian (Pebidian) ; Dr. Callaway 6 also classified the beds as pre-Cambrian
The Lower Palæozoic Bedded Rocks of County Waterford
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroductory
R
emarks
.

T
he
principal exposures of the Lower Palaeozoic and associated rocks are found in the sea-cliffs which extend for nearly 20 miles westward from Tramore to Ballyvoyle Head, and along the banks of the Suit near Passage. Inland the outcrops are much obscured by Drift, and consequently the best opportunity of determining the succession, etc. is afforded by the coast-sections, which will therefore be here described. The complexity of many of these sections is considerable, and is mainly caused by the intrusion of various later igneous rocks, as Sir A. Geikie has remarked.

Historical Summary.

The earliest geological account of the region was published by Thomas Weaver in 1821, in his paper on the ‘Geological Relations of the East of Ireland,’ but no details were given.

In 1824 the Rev. R. H. Ryland's ‘History, Topography, & Antiquities of the County & City of Waterford’ appeared, in which we find many references to the rocks and mines (pp. 255, 258, 273).

The paper by J. Hodgson Holdsworth 3 in 1833 on the ‘Geology of the District of the Knockmahon Mines’ is specially interesting from its record of the discovery of fossils in the ‘slate-rock’ near Knockmahon.

In 1837 Weaver 4 published a paper on the ‘Geological Relations of the South of Ireland,’ in which he gave an account of the ‘Transition rocks,’ enumerating the different lithological varieties and mentioning the occurrence of fossils in a cliff east of the Bonmahon river and also inland.

Sir R. Griffith mentioned the
Note on Drift-gravels at West Wickham (Kent)
Authors: Clinch George
Published: October 2009

There are two deposits of Drift–gravel at West Wickham upon which I propose to offer a few remarks. The first occupies the bottom of a valley which winds round the southern and western sides of Hayes Common and thence to Bromley. This is shown on the Geological Survey map, but there it appears that the Drift–gravel terminates somewhat abruptly near Keston. The valley itself, however, runs much farther south, extending to the North Downs near Tatsfield and roughly coinciding with the direction of the boundary–line between Kent and Surrey, but following a course varying from
2 miles to ½ mile east of that boundary.

A fairly good section of the gravel in the bottom of this valley may be found in a pit at Gates Green, a point near the junction of the three parishes of West Wickham, Hayes, and Keston. The beds exposed consist of rolled flints, fragments of Chalk, and bands of sand containing minute fragments of flint and portions of Chalk–fossils, including a large proportion of foraminifera. The beds also contain a few rolled fragments of ferruginous sandstone, probably derived from the Lower Greensand. The character of these beds is precisely what might be expected from the destruction of Chalkbeds. The fragments from the Lower Greensand also go to show that these gravels have a definite, although perhaps not direct, relation to the forces which excavated and denuded the Wealden area. The bands of sand indicate, I would submit, periods of comparative tranquillity