bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Students' engagement characteristics predict success and completion of online courses
Authors: Soffer Tal , Cohen Anat
Published: January 2019

This study examined students' engagement characteristics in online courses and their impact on academic achievements, trying to distinguish between course completers and noncompleters. Moreover, this research is intended to differentiate between those who pass the final exam and those who do not. Four online courses were examined with a similar pedagogical model (Nstudents = 646) using learning analytics methods. The results revealed significant differences between students who completed the courses and students who did not, in all 13 variables. Completers' learning activities were more than twice as high, except for writing in the forums. Course subject and ongoing task and assignment submissions predicted course completion, whereas, in addition to these variables, engagement with course materials and reading the forums predicted final exam success, as well. Thus, the prediction of success in final exam emphasized the significant importance of engagement in various activities in the online course.
LncRNA‐mRNA competing endogenous RNA network depicts transcriptional regulation in ischaemia reperfusion injury
Authors: Liu Hongying , Xu Danping , Zhong Xin , Xu Dongsheng , Chen Geng , Ge Junbo , Li Hua
Published: January 2019

The study aimed to investigate time‐course transcriptomes in myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) via RNA‐Seq. Transcriptomes of 10 samples derived from patients with acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (ASTEMI) who were assigned to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), were sequenced at the time of 0 (before PCI), 2, 12, 24 and 72 hours after PCI, respectively. Using the genefilter package in r, wgcna and stem, different expression lncRNA (DEL) and mRNA (DEM) were analysed. Out of 756 mRNAs and 206 lncRNAs shared by enrolled patients, 135 RNAs were screened to be significantly associated with the IRI. Furthermore, combined with lncRNA‐mRNA, lncRNA‐miRNA and miRNA‐mRNA network, 51 RNAs and 131 relationship pairs were ascertained in the competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) network. Among these nodes, SH2D3C and GTF2H4 were significantly enriched in cellular response to stress and their interaction module were isolated from functional ceRNA network. Subsequently, their critical role was confirmed via down‐regulation of SH2D3C and GTF2H4 expression in vitro model. These results identified that lncRNA‐mRNA ceRNA network, associated significantly with IRI, functioned as critical regulative pivotal roles after PCI‐AMI, and SH2D3C and GTF2H4 may be the most responsive transcriptional regulator in the early‐phase of IRI.
Relationship of periodontal disease and domains of oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Masood Mohd , Younis Luay Thanoon , Masood Yaghma , Bakri Noor Nazahiah , Christian Bradley
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of periodontal disease on the domains of oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of United Kingdom adults.

Methods

National representative data from the 2009 Adult Dental Health Survey, United Kingdom, were used in this study. Periodontal disease severity was measured using periodontal pocket depth and categorized into three groups: pocket depth up to 3.5, 3.5–5.5 and more than 5.5 mm. OHRQoL was measured using the Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14) scores. Bivariate and multivariable Zero‐inflated Poisson regression analysis was used.

Results

A total of 6378 participants was analysed in this study. Periodontal pocketing was significantly associated with higher OHIP‐14 scores. Participants with periodontal pocket depths >3.5 mm had a significantly higher prevalence for functional limitation, physical pain and social disability than participants with pocket depths of less than 3.5 mm. Participants with periodontal pocket depth(s) >5.5 mm had significantly higher OFOVO prevalence in all the domains of OHIP‐14 except handicap domain than participants with pocket depth(s) <3.5 mm. Participants.

Conclusion

This study showed that for a nationally representative sample of the United Kingdom population, periodontal disease was significantly associated with the domains of OHRQoL.
Stratum corneum hydration regulates key epidermal function and serves as an indicator and contributor to other conditions
Authors: Man M.‐Q. , Elias P.M.
Published: January 2019

Linked article: This is a commentary on M. Augustin et al., pp. 147–150 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15157.
Optimal Monetary Policy with Countercyclical Credit Spreads
Authors: AIRAUDO MARCO , OLIVERO MARÍA PÍA
Published: January 2019

We study optimal monetary policy in a New‐Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model with a credit channel and relationship lending in banking. We show that borrowers' bank‐specific (deep) habits give rise to countercyclical credit spreads, which, in turn, make optimal monetary policy depart substantially from price stability, under both discretion and commitment. Our analysis shows that the welfare costs of setting monetary policy under discretion (with respect to the optimal Ramsey plan) and of using simpler suboptimal policy rules are strictly increasing in the magnitude of deep habits in credit markets and market power in banking.
Identification and genetic diversity analysis of strain Pseudomonas syringae S5: A pathogen responsible for bacteriosis in Avena sativa plants
Authors: Primo Emiliano David , Santoro Maricel Valeria , Giordano Walter Fabián , Lisa Ángela Teresita
Published: January 2019

The genus Pseudomonas includes pathogenic species P. syringae, which can be found in various agricultural environments and which can affect a wide variety of plants, causing significant economic losses when the environmental conditions for its proliferation are optimal. Comprehensive characterizations of phytopathogenic bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas are scarce in Argentina. In this work, the tabtoxin‐producing strain Pseudomonas S5, isolated from oat, was identiﬁed as a P. syringae through biochemical tests such as the LOPAT test, and genetic tests such as the analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA) sequence and repetitive elements, using BOX and ERIC primers. It was also determined that this phytopathogen is potentially capable of infecting other crops of agricultural importance for our region, such as soybean. This ability to infect different hosts gives it an adaptive advantage that allows it to endure seasonal changes in the environment where it lives. Our work contributes to the physiological classification of the phytopathogen P. syringae S5 isolated from our region, as well as to the knowledge about its range of potential hosts.
Enjoyment of Work and Driven to Work as Motivations of Job Crafting: Evidence from Japan and China
Authors: Laurence Gregory A. , Fried Yitzhak , Yan Wan , Li Jie
Published: January 2019

This research contributes to our understanding of job crafting by investigating the role of “enjoyment of work” and “driven to work” as job‐crafting motivations. A total of 154 supervisor–employee dyads were surveyed. Enjoyment of work and driven to work were supported as motivators of job crafting. An interaction effect was observed, with low driven to work weakening the relationship between enjoyment of work and job crafting. Job crafting mediated the relationship between the two motivators and job performance. We add to researchers’ understanding of motivations for job crafting while making the first attempt to explore the job‐crafting phenomenon in East Asia.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability after intramuscular injection of the 5‐HT1A serotonin agonist R‐8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino) tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT) in domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)
Authors: Pfitzer Silke , Woodward Andrew P. , Laubscher Liesel , Warren Kristin , Vaughan‐Higgins Rebecca , Raath Jacobus P. , Laurence Michael
Published: January 2019

To determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of the serotonin 5‐HT1A receptor agonist R‐8‐OH‐DPAT in goats, and 0.1 mg kg−1 R‐8‐OH‐DPAT hydrobromide was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) and intravenously (i.v.) to six goats in a two‐phase cross‐over design experiment. Venous blood samples were collected from the jugular vein 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 min following treatment and analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by a one‐compartment analysis. Mean bioavailability of R‐8‐OH‐DPAT when injected i.m. was 66%. The mean volume of distribution in the central compartment was 1.47 L kg−1. The mean plasma body clearance was 0.056 L kg−1 min−1. All goats injected i.v. and two of six goats injected i.m. showed signs of serotonin toxicity. In conclusion, R‐8‐OH‐DPAT is well absorbed following i.m. injection and the observed pharmacokinetics suggest that administration via dart is feasible. Administration of R‐8‐OH‐DPAT hydrobromide, at a dosage of 0.1 mg kg−1, resulted in the observation of clinical signs of serotonin toxicity in the goats. It is suggested that dosages for the clinical use of the compound should be lower in order to achieve the desired clinical effect without causing serotonin toxicity.
Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in fetal sheep and pregnant ewes
Authors: MacKay Evelyn E. , Washburn Kevin E. , Padgett Ashley L. , Fajt Virginia R. , Lo Chih‐Ping , Mays Travis P. , Washburn Shannon E.
Published: January 2019

Macrolides are important antimicrobials frequently used in human and veterinary medicine in the treatment of pregnant women and pregnant livestock. They may be useful for the control of infectious ovine abortion, which has economic, animal health, and human health impacts. In this study, catheters were surgically placed in the fetal vasculature and amnion of pregnant ewes at 115 (±2) days of gestation. Ewes were given a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg tulathromycin subcutaneously, and drug concentrations were determined in fetal plasma, maternal plasma, and amniotic fluid at 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 144, and 288 hr after drug administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters in maternal plasma were estimated using noncompartmental analysis and were similar to those previously reported in nonpregnant ewes. Tulathromycin was present in fetal plasma and amniotic fluid, indicating therapeutic potential for use against organisms in these compartments, though concentrations were lower than those in maternal plasma. Time‐course of drug concentrations in the fetus was quite different than that in the ewe, with plasma concentrations reaching a plateau at 4 hr and remaining at this concentration for the remainder of the sampling period (288 hr), raising questions about how tulathromycin may be transported into or metabolized and eliminated by the fetus.
Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous and oral dose of enrofloxacin in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
Authors: Leiberich Marion , Krebber Ralph , Hewetson Michael , Marais Johan , Naidoo Vinny
Published: January 2019

South Africa currently loses over 1000 white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) each year to poaching incidents, and numbers of severely injured victims found alive have increased dramatically. However, little is known about the antimicrobial treatment of wounds in rhinoceros. This study explores the applicability of enrofloxacin for rhinoceros through the use of pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic modelling. The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were evaluated in five white rhinoceros after intravenous (i.v.) and after successive i.v. and oral administration of 12.5 mg/kg enrofloxacin. After i.v. administration, the half‐life, area under the curve (AUCtot), clearance and the volume of distribution were 12.41 ± 2.62 hr, 64.5 ± 14.44 μg ml−1 hr−1, 0.19 ± 0.04 L h−1 kg−1, and 2.09 ± 0.48 L/kg, respectively. Ciprofloxacin reached 26.42 ± 0.05% of the enrofloxacin plasma concentration. After combined i.v. and oral enrofloxacin administration oral bioavailability was 33.30 ± 38.33%. After i.v. enrofloxacin administration, the efficacy marker AUC24: MIC exceeded the recommended ratio of 125 against bacteria with an MIC of 0.5 μg/mL. Subsequent intravenous and oral enrofloxacin administration resulted in a low Cmax: MIC ratio of 3.1. The results suggest that intravenous administration of injectable enrofloxacin could be a useful drug with bactericidal properties in rhinoceros. However, the maintenance of the drug plasma concentration at a bactericidal level through additional per os administration of 10% oral solution of enrofloxacin indicated for the use in chickens, turkeys and rabbits does not seem feasible.
Stories of becoming: implications of future‐oriented theories for a vital literacy education
Authors: Enciso Patricia
Published: January 2019

Drawing on a multi‐year qualitative study of immigrant and non‐immigrant youth storytelling, I describe youth's imaginative labour as they constructed and moved into one another's worlds. I argue that although multicultural literature is vital for affirming and expanding youth perspectives on their own and others' worlds, the publishing industry lags behind the immediate needs of immigrant youth to be understood and heard as fully human. Storytelling, in the form of co‐narration, creates an imaginative space of uncertainty and playfulness for inviting possible futures into mutual awareness and interpretation. Using two storytelling episodes as illustrations and drawing on contemporary sociocultural and decolonizing theories, I outline four ways future‐oriented teaching and research may be realized: (1) rename the world, by considering ‘what if’, (2) reframe narratives of damage so that narratives of desire may be foregrounded, (3) contribute to a more just and equal world rather than merely participate in existing practices and (4) reclaim childhoods for freedom and exploration, especially in our relations with Black and Brown youth who are perceived in adult terms much earlier than their White peers. I argue, overall, that we must understand and develop a contemporary theory of imagination in order to meet the challenges of future‐oriented literacy teaching and research.
Association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of atrial fibrillation in adult individuals: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Mantovani Alessandro , Dauriz Marco , Sandri Damiano , Bonapace Stefano , Zoppini Giacomo , Tilg Herbert , Byrne Christopher D. , Targher Giovanni
Published: January 2019

Background & Aims

Recent studies examined the association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in adults, but the findings have been inconsistent. We provided a quantitative estimate of the magnitude of the association between NAFLD and risk of AF.

Methods

We searched publication databases using predefined keywords to identify observational studies (published up to December 14, 2018), in which NAFLD was diagnosed by biopsy, imaging or biochemistry and AF was diagnosed by medical history and electrocardiograms. Data from selected studies were extracted and meta‐analysis was performed using random‐effects modelling.

Results

Nine cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies were included in the final analysis (n = 364 919 individuals). Meta‐analysis of data from 5 cross‐sectional studies showed that NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of prevalent AF (random‐effects odds ratio 2.07, 95% CI 1.38‐3.10; I2 = 54.7%), independent of age, sex, body mass index, hypertension and other common AF risk factors. This risk was particularly high among patients with established diabetes (n = 1 study; random‐effects odds ratio 5.17, 95% CI 2.05‐13.02). Meta‐analysis of data from 4 longitudinal studies showed that NAFLD was independently associated with a 10‐year increased risk of incident AF only in type 2 diabetic patients (n = 1 study; random‐effects hazard ratio 4.96, 95% CI 1.42‐17.28). Sensitivity analyses did not modify these findings. Funnel plots did not reveal significant publication bias.

Conclusions

NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of AF in middle‐aged and elderly individuals (especially in those with type 2 diabetes). However, the observational design of the eligible studies does not allow for proving causality.
The influence of HE history, HE status and neuropsychological test type on learning ability in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Zarantonello Lisa , Turco Matteo , Formentin Chiara , Izquierdo‐Altarejos Paula , Vuerich Anna , Barcenas Jimenez Maria J. , Montoliu Carmina , Felipo Vicente , Angeli Paolo , Amodio Piero , Montagnese Sara
Published: January 2019

Background & Aims

Learning ability may be impaired in patients with a history of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). The aim of this study was to compare performance on the first/second attempt at a series of tests.

Methods

Two hundred and fourteen patients with cirrhosis were enrolled. On the day of study, 41% were classed as unimpaired, 38% as having minimal HE and 21% as having mild OHE; 58% had a history of OHE. Performance was compared between two versions of the trail‐making test A (TMT‐A), and between the first/second half of a simple/choice reaction time (sRT and cRT), and a working memory test (ScanRT).

Results

Both patients with and without OHE history improved in TMT‐A, sRT and ScanRT. Only patients with no OHE history improved in cRT. All patients, regardless of their HE status on the day of study, improved in TMT‐A and sRT. Only patients with mild OHE on the day of study improved in cRT. Only unimpaired patients improved in ScanRT. When OHE history and HE status on the day of study were tested together, only HE status had an effect. The same held true when age, the Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and educational attainment were adjusted for.

Conclusions

HE status on the day of study and the type of neuropsychological test had an effect on learning ability in a well‐characterized group of patients with cirrhosis.
A new factor controlling cell envelope integrity in Alphaproteobacteria in the context of cell cycle, stress response and infection
Authors: Beroual Wanassa , Biondi Emanuele G.
Published: January 2019

The bacterial envelope is a remarkable and complex compartment of the prokaryotic cell in which many essential functions take place. The article by Herrou and collaborators (Herrou et al., in press), by a clever combination of structural analysis, genetics and functional characterization in free‐living bacterial cells and during infection in animal models, elucidates a new factor, named EipA, that plays a major role in Brucella spp envelope biogenesis and cell division. The authors demonstrate a genetic connection between eipA and lipopolysaccharide synthesis, specifically genes involved in the synthesis of the O‐antigen portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Beyond its crucial role in Brucella physiology, the conservation of EipA in the class Alphaproteobacteria urges microbiologists to pursue future investigation of its homologs in other species belonging to this important group of bacteria.
Subepidermal calcified nodule on the periungual finger successfully treated with ablative carbon dioxide laser
Authors: Weig Emily A. , Roth Gretchen M. , Ferguson Nkanyezi N.
Published: January 2019

Subepidermal calcified nodules are lesions that primarily affect children and are most commonly located on the head. The current standard of treatment for these is surgical excision. However, surgical excision is not always possible and may not be cosmetically favorable. We describe the use of a CO2 laser as a successful treatment for a subepidermal calcified nodule of the finger.
Novel tretinoin 0.05% lotion for the once‐daily treatment of moderate‐to‐severe acne vulgaris in a preadolescent population
Authors: Eichenfield Lawrence F. , Sugarman Jeffrey L. , Guenin Eric , Harris Susan , Bhatt Varsha
Published: January 2019

Background

Acne vulgaris (acne) is a common skin condition in children and adolescents. Efficacy of tretinoin is well documented in studies that included pediatric patients (12‐18 years of age). With acne routinely presenting in younger patients, data are needed in this important group. Lotion formulations are commonly used across dermatology and are well liked by patients.

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel once‐daily tretinoin 0.05% lotion in preadolescent subjects (≤ 13 years) with moderate‐to‐severe acne.

Methods

Post hoc analysis of two multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled phase 3 studies in moderate‐to‐severe acne. Preadolescent subjects (N = 154) randomized (1:1) to receive tretinoin 0.05% lotion or vehicle, once daily for 12 weeks. Efficacy assessments included changes in baseline inflammatory/noninflammatory lesions and treatment success (at least 2‐grade reduction in Evaluator's Global Severity Score [EGSS] and clear/almost clear). Safety, adverse events (AEs), and cutaneous tolerability evaluated throughout.

Results

At Week 12, mean percent reduction in inflammatory and noninflammatory lesion counts were 49.5% and 44.0% compared with 31.4% and 18.8% with vehicle (both P = 0.001). Treatment success was achieved by 23.7% of subjects by Week 12, compared with 7.2% (P = 0.009). The majority of AEs were mild and transient: most frequently were application site pain (5.6%) and application site dryness (2.8%). Local cutaneous safety and tolerability assessments were generally mild‐to‐moderate and improved by Week 12.

Conclusions

Tretinoin 0.05% lotion was significantly more effective than vehicle in achieving treatment success and reducing inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions in preadolescent acne. It was well tolerated, with all treatment‐related AEs deemed mild or moderate.
New Data for Investigating the President’s Legislative Program: OMB Logs and SAPs*
Authors: Kernell Samuel , Larocca Roger , Liu Huchen , Rudalevige Andrew
Published: January 2019

This article introduces two newly available sources of data on presidents’ legislative programs. The first consists of administration legislative initiatives cleared by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for submission to Congress. We refer to these records as “OMB logs” because they record OMB’s clearance actions on executive‐branch legislative proposals. The second consists of memoranda, officially called Statements of Administration Policy, that OMB sends to floor leaders detailing the president’s position on legislation pending floor consideration. We compare these new data on presidents’ legislative initiatives and policy preferences with those contained in currently available sources—The Public Papers of the Presidents and Congressional Quarterly’s scoring of presidential positions on roll‐call votes—and with a long available but seldom used fifth source, the Congressional Record. Both new data sources list bills and legislative preferences that are not included in the currently available sources. We illustrate the value of these new data by calculating presidents’ impressive “legislative effectiveness” in the House when all presidential initiatives are taken into account.
Cluster‐based permutation tests of MEG/EEG data do not establish significance of effect latency or location
Authors: Sassenhagen Jona , Draschkow Dejan
Published: January 2019

Cluster‐based permutation tests are gaining an almost universal acceptance as inferential procedures in cognitive neuroscience. They elegantly handle the multiple comparisons problem in high‐dimensional magnetoencephalographic and EEG data. Unfortunately, the power of this procedure comes hand in hand with the allure for unwarranted interpretations of the inferential output, the most prominent of which is the overestimation of the temporal, spatial, and frequency precision of statistical claims. This leads researchers to statements about the onset or offset of a certain effect that is not supported by the permutation test. In this article, we outline problems and common pitfalls of using and interpreting cluster‐based permutation tests. We illustrate these with simulated data in order to promote a more intuitive understanding of the method. We hope that raising awareness about these issues will be beneficial to common scientific practices, while at the same time increasing the popularity of cluster‐based permutation procedures.
Development of specific fetometric formulas of ICC and BP for predicting the parturition date in Maine Coon queens
Authors: Socha Piotr , Janowski Tomasz
Published: January 2019

Contents

The objective of study was to derive specific growth curves of ICC and BP for Maine Coon. Twenty‐three pregnant queens aged 1–6 years, with body weight of 4.5–7.6 kg, were included in the study. In each queen, serial ultrasonographic examinations of pregnancy were performed through the abdomen with the MyLab Gold Vet scanner with a 6.6–7.5 MHz microconvex probe (Turin, Italy). ICC or BP was measured, depending on the stage of pregnancy. Each examination was regarded as a separate observation. In 18 queens, ICC was measured 33 times, and in 21 queens, BP was measured 60 times. The linear regressions of specific models of ICC and BP in Maine Coon pregnancies and specific formulas for predicting the parturition date in this breed were derived. The ICC formula was: days before parturition (DBP) = −0.79 * mm + 57.9, and the BP formula was: DBP = −1.86 * mm + 49.3. The proposed fetometric formulas of ICC and BP for Maine Coons after application in clinical patients can improve obstetric management in this breed.
Effectiveness of different oral health education interventions in visually impaired school children
Authors: Tiwari Barkha S. , Ankola Anil V. , Jalihal Sagar , Patil Pratibha , Sankeshwari Roopali M. , Kashyap Bhargava R.
Published: January 2019

Aim

To assess the oral hygiene status, knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) in visually impaired children before and after imparting 3 different modes of oral health education.

Methodology and results

The present study was a nonrandomized interventional study conducted among visually impaired school children. Ninety visually impaired children aged 12–15 years were selected by lottery method and divided into 3 groups (30 children each). Group 1: ATP (audio, tactile, performance technique), Group 2: Braille, and Group 3: ATP + Braille. Twenty‐item verbal questionnaire was developed to record their knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding oral hygiene before and after imparting oral health education. The oral hygiene status was recorded and compared using plaque and gingival index after 21‐day, 1‐, 6‐, and 9‐month interval. ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc, repeated measures ANOVA, and McNemar test were used. Group 3 showed highest percentage of reduction in plaque (55%) and gingival (52%) scores when compared with Group 1 and Group 2.

Conclusion

The combination of ATP (audio, tactile, and performance technique) and Braille is an effective way to improve oral hygiene status in visually impaired children. The KAP among these children also improved significantly after imparting oral health education.
Parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients: Indications, methods, and consequences
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ortiz María E. , Pendón‐Ruiz de Mier María V. , Rodríguez Mariano
Published: January 2019

Secondary hyperparathyroidism, characterized by increased PTH synthesis and secretion, is often seen in advanced stages of chronic kidney disease. Excessive proliferation of parathyroid cells leads to the development of diffuse hyperplasia that subsequently progresses to nodular histology. Refractory hyperparathyroidism occurs when parathyroid glands fail to respond to medical therapy. Parathyroidectomy (PTX), surgical resection of parathyroid glands, is usually performed in cases of persistent serum levels of PTH above 1000 pg/mL associated with hypercalcemia or when hyperparathyroidism is refractory to conservative therapy. Parathyroidectomy can be carried out using different procedures: subtotal PTX or total PTX with or without parathyroid autotransplantation. Parathyroid surgery may have undesirable consequences due to PTH oversuppression, such as the development of adynamic bone disease; hungry bone syndrome is quite common after this surgery. However, PTX improves survival and parameters of mineral metabolism. Parathyroidectomy needs to be considered in those patients with severe hyperparathyroidism with a poor response to pharmacological treatment and with distinct undesirable effects of PTH on bone and mineral metabolism parameters.
Sex‐differentiated associations among negative parenting, emotion‐related brain function, and adolescent substance use and psychopathology symptoms
Authors: Chaplin Tara M. , Poon Jennifer A. , Thompson James C. , Hansen Amysue , Dziura Sarah L. , Turpyn Caitlin C. , Niehaus Claire E. , Sinha Rajita , Chassin Laurie , Ansell Emily B.
Published: January 2019

Parenting is a critical factor in adolescent social–emotional development, with maladaptive parenting leading to risk for the development of psychopathology. However, the emotion‐related brain mechanisms underlying the influence of parenting on psychopathology symptoms are unknown. The present study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory measures to examine sex‐differentiated associations among parenting, adolescent emotion‐related brain function, and substance use and psychopathology symptoms in 66 12–14‐year olds. Maternal parenting behaviors (warmth, negative parenting) were observed in a laboratory task. Adolescent brain responses to negative emotional stimuli were assessed in emotion processing regions of interest (left [L] and right [R] amygdala, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]). Adolescents reported on substance use and depressive, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms. Maternal negative parenting predicted adolescent brain activation differently by sex. For girls, negative parenting predicted heightened R ACC activation to negative emotional stimuli. For boys, negative parenting predicted blunted L and R anterior insula and L ACC activation. Furthermore, for girls, but not boys, heightened L anterior insula and heightened L and R ACC activation were associated with substance use and depressive symptoms, respectively. Findings suggest neural response to negative emotion as a possible sex‐specific pathway from negative parenting to psychopathology.
Digital mapping of soil ecosystem services in Scotland using neural networks and relationship modelling. Part 2: Mapping of soil ecosystem services
Authors: Aitkenhead Matt J. , Coull Malcolm C.
Published: January 2019

A framework for estimating the distribution of soil ecosystem service (ES) supply is described that is based on the concept of matrix multiplication. This approach enables relationships between fundamental soil variables and associated environmental characteristics to be linked to soil processes, and hence to ecosystem functions and ecosystem services. The parameterization of these relationships was achieved using a combination of data from the Scottish Soils Database and expert knowledge. Baseline data to allow mapping of processes, functions and services across Scotland is given by digital maps of soil classes. The matrix multiplication approach constrains the relationship linkages to linear relationships and ignores potential synergies between factors at each stage, but does provide a mechanism for relating fundamental soil characteristics to ecosystem services. The approach has been tested by developing maps of selected ecosystem services in Scotland and comparing these with existing maps of the same or similar ESs. While the values and their ranges differ in each case, the spatial distribution of services is similar. The proposed mechanism is extensible at every level and can also be used to explore the impacts of land management options on environmental characteristics. This is demonstrated by using the model to estimate impacts of liming on three ecosystem services: Agricultural Capability, Carbon Sequestration and Drinking Water Provision. The model is shown to produce reasonable estimation of the impacts of this management option. Further discussion of improvements to the system and its potential applications is given.
Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE): Domain 2—Defining rational therapeutic usage
Authors: Goggs Robert , Bacek Lenore , Bianco Domenico , Koenigshof Amy , Li Ronald H. L.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To systematically review available evidence to determine when small animals at risk of thrombosis should be treated with antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants, which antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents are most effective, and when multimodal therapy is indicated.

Design

Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor), and development of consensus on conclusions via a Delphi‐style survey for application of the concepts to clinical practice. Draft recommendations were presented at 2 international veterinary conferences and made available for community assessment, review, and comment prior to final revisions and publication.

Settings

Academic and referral veterinary medical centers.

Results

Databases searched included Medline via PubMed and CAB abstracts. Twelve Population Intervention Comparison Outcome questions were devised and generated corresponding worksheets investigating indications for use of antithrombotic drugs in small animals. Seventy‐eight studies were reviewed in detail. Most studies assessed were experimentally controlled laboratory studies in companion animals (56 LOE 3) with smaller numbers of LOE 2 (1), LOE 4 (5), LOE 5 (6), and LOE 6 (4) studies assessed. Only 5 randomized controlled clinical trials were identified (LOE 1, Good–Fair). The 12 worksheets generated 21 guidelines with 17 guideline statements that were refined during 3 rounds of Delphi surveys. A high degree of consensus was reached across all guideline recommendations during the Delphi process.

Conclusions

Overall, systematic evidence evaluations generated 2 strong recommendations, 19 weak recommendations (formulated as suggestions), 9 situations where the evidence was insufficient to make strong recommendations, and 8 situations where no relevant evidence was retrieved to aid guideline generation. Numerous significant knowledge gaps were highlighted by the evidence reviews undertaken, indicating the need for substantial additional research in this field.
Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE): Domain 1—Defining populations at risk
Authors: deLaforcade Armelle , Bacek Lenore , Blais Marie‐Claude , Goggs Robert , Lynch Alex , Rozanski Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Thrombosis is a well‐recognized phenomenon in dogs and cats with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. Despite growing awareness of thrombosis and increased use of antithrombotic therapy, there is little information in the veterinary literature to guide the use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications. The goal of Domain 1 was to explore the association between disease and thrombosis in a number of conditions identified as potential risk factors in the current veterinary literature, to provide the basis for prescribing recommendations.

Design

A population exposure comparison outcome format was used to represent patient, exposure, comparison, and outcome. Population Exposure Comparison Outcome questions were distributed to worksheet authors who performed comprehensive searches, summarized the evidence, and created guideline recommendations that were reviewed by domain chairs. Revised guidelines then underwent the Delphi survey process to reach consensus on the final guidelines. Diseases evaluated included immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia, protein‐losing nephropathy, pancreatitis, glucocorticoid therapy, hyperadrenocorticism, neoplasia, sepsis, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiac disease.

Settings

Academic and referral veterinary medical centers.

Results

Of the diseases evaluated, a high risk for thrombosis was defined as dogs with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia or protein‐losing nephropathy, cats with cardiomyopathy and associated risk factors, or dogs/cats with >1 disease or risk factor for thrombosis. Low or moderate risk for thrombosis was defined as dogs or cats with a single risk factor or disease, or dogs or cats with known risk factor conditions that are likely to resolve in days to weeks following treatment.

Conclusions

Documented disease associations with thrombosis provide the basis for recommendations on prescribing provided in subsequent domains. Numerous knowledge gaps were identified that represent opportunities for future study.
American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC) Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) guidelines: Small animal
Authors: Goggs Robert , Blais Marie‐Claude , Brainard Benjamin M. , Chan Daniel L. , deLaforcade Armelle M. , Rozanski Elizabeth , Sharp Claire R.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To systematically review available evidence and establish guidelines related to the risk of developing thrombosis and the management of small animals with antithrombotics.

Design

Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature (identified by searching Medline via PubMed and CAB abstracts) was carried out in 5 domains (Defining populations at risk; Defining rational therapeutic use; Defining evidence‐based protocols; Refining and monitoring antithrombotic therapies; and Discontinuing antithrombotic therapies). Evidence evaluation was carried out using Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome generated within each domain questions to address specific aims. This was followed by categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Synthesis of these data led to the development of a series of statements. Consensus on the final guidelines was achieved via Delphi‐style surveys. Draft recommendations were presented at 2 international veterinary conferences and made available for community assessment, review, and comment prior to final revisions and publication.

Settings

Academic and referral veterinary medical centers.

Results

Over 500 studies were reviewed in detail. Worksheets from all 5 domains generated 59 statements with 83 guideline recommendations that were refined during 3 rounds of Delphi surveys. A high degree of consensus was reached across all guideline recommendations.

Conclusions

Overall, systematic evidence evaluations yielded more than 80 recommendations for the treatment of small animals with or at risk of developing thrombosis. Numerous significant knowledge gaps were highlighted by the evidence reviews undertaken, indicating the need for substantial additional research in this field.
Oral thermosensing by murine trigeminal neurons: modulation by capsaicin, menthol and mustard oil
Authors: Leijon Sara C. M. , Neves Amanda F. , Breza Joseph M. , Simon Sidney A. , Chaudhari Nirupa , Roper Stephen D.
Published: January 2019

Key points

Orosensory thermal trigeminal afferent neurons respond to cool, warm, and nociceptive hot temperatures with the majority activated in the cool range.

Many of these thermosensitive trigeminal orosensory afferent neurons also respond to capsaicin, menthol, and/or mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate) at concentrations found in foods and spices.

There is significant but incomplete overlap between afferent trigeminal neurons that respond to oral thermal stimulation and to the above chemesthetic compounds.

Capsaicin sensitizes warm trigeminal thermoreceptors and orosensory nociceptors; menthol attenuates cool thermoresponses.

When consumed with foods, mint, mustard, and chili peppers generate pronounced oral thermosensations. Here we recorded responses in mouse trigeminal ganglion neurons to investigate interactions between thermal sensing and the active ingredients of these plants – menthol, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and capsaicin, respectively – at concentrations found in foods and commercial hygiene products. We carried out in vivo confocal calcium imaging of trigeminal ganglia in which neurons express GCaMP3 or GCAMP6s and recorded their responses to oral stimulation with thermal and the above chemesthetic stimuli. In the V3 (oral sensory) region of the ganglion, thermoreceptive neurons accounted for ∼10% of imaged neurons. We categorized them into three distinct classes: cool‐responsive and warm‐responsive thermosensors, and nociceptors (responsive only to temperatures ≥43–45 °C). Menthol, AITC, and capsaicin also elicited robust calcium responses that differed markedly in their latencies and durations. Most of the neurons that responded to these chemesthetic stimuli were also thermosensitive. Capsaicin and AITC increased the numbers of warm‐responding neurons and shifted the nociceptor threshold to lower temperatures. Menthol attenuated the responses in all classes of thermoreceptors. Our data show that while individual neurons may respond to a narrow temperature range (or even bimodally), taken collectively, the population is able to report on graded changes of temperature. Our findings also substantiate an explanation for the thermal sensations experienced when one consumes pungent spices or mint.
The Problem with Some Problems
Authors: Kagan David , Ayars Eric , Brookes David
Published: January 2019

We would like to share a problem with you that has some subtle features. We will examine how we believe students may approach this problem — students that we shall characterize as “marginal,” “good,” and “exceptional“ for convenience of discussion. We will see that one can use the incorrect response of the good student as a springboard to go into more advanced course content.
Speaking of E&M
Authors: Wagoner Kasey , Flanagan Daniel
Published: January 2019

This paper describes a new lab experiment where students explore the magnetic force on a permanent magnet placed inside a short solenoid. This lab is the fourth experiment performed in the second semester of the calculus-based introductory physics course at Washington University in St. Louis. The experiment is performed using a speaker (which students themselves have constructed), function generator, multimeter, and Vernier microphone while all analysis is done using Logger Pro. Experiments confirm a functional relationship similar to one that students have seen in class, while showing students the applicability of classroom physics to their world.
Boosting Student Vocabulary
Authors: Day Michael A.
Published: January 2019

As physics teachers, we possess many items (e.g., demonstrations, online exercises, and even stories) in our pedagogical toolkits. In this paper, I propose and explore one such item that I have found particularly useful and pedagogically significant—the integrated vocabulary boost. In what follows, I will address what I mean by such boosts and then provide some examples. However, let me begin by explaining how I came to use vocabulary boosts.
Resurrection of the Physics Alliance at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Authors: Sobolewski Stanley
Published: January 2019

Twenty years back, our institution hosted a Physics Alliance, an affiliation of university and high school teachers that promoted enhanced instruction in high school introductory physics. Recently our physics department decided to bring back the Alliance. We had incentives for attendance, which included an equipment giveaway, a “make and take” credit toward continuing certification, and free lunch. So far, our attempts have been successful.
Doppler chirplet transform for the velocity estimation of a fast moving acoustic source of discrete tones
Authors: Liang Ningning , Yang Yixin , Guo Xijing
Published: January 2019

An extended chirplet transform method termed as Doppler chirplet transform is proposed to estimate the velocity of a discrete tone source in uniform linear motion. This method directly uses the relation of the observed instantaneous frequency to the source velocity as the kernel of the chirplet transform. It is tested on a set of 30-s truck noise recordings and also on simulated data from a statistical perspective. The results show that the Doppler chirplet transform significantly reduces the run time that the polynomial chirplet transform [Xu, Yang, and Yu, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137(4), EL320–EL326 (2015)] costs to produce similarly accurate estimates of the source velocity.
Children, Young Adults, and Older Adults Choose Different Fast Learning Strategies
Authors: Mickeviciene Dalia , Rutkauskaite Renata , Valanciene Dovile , Karanauskiene Diana , Brazaitis Marius , Skurvydas Albertas
Published: January 2019

The aim of the study was to establish whether there were differences in speed–accuracy movement learning strategies between children, young adults, and older adults. A total of 30 boys, 30 young adult men, and 30 older men were seated in a special chair at a table with a Dynamic Parameter Analyzer 1. Participants had to perform a speed–accuracy task with the right-dominant hand. It may be assumed that the motor variables of children are more prone to change during the fast learning process than those of young adults and older adults and that the development of internal models is more changeable in children than in young adults and the older adults during the fast adaptation-based learning process.
In Congo, fighting a virus and a groundswell of fake news
Authors: Spinney Laura
Published: January 2019

Armed conflict and political tensions stoke rumors and misinformation about Ebola.
Aerosol-driven droplet concentrations dominate coverage and water of oceanic low-level clouds
Authors: Rosenfeld Daniel , Zhu Yannian , Wang Minghuai , Zheng Youtong , Goren Tom , Yu Shaocai
Published: January 2019

Reflections on cloud effects

How much impact does the abundance of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) aerosols above the oceans have on global temperatures? Rosenfeld
et al.
analyzed how CCN affect the properties of marine stratocumulus clouds, which reflect much of the solar radiation received by Earth back to space (see the Perspective by Sato and Suzuki). The CCN abundance explained most of the variability in the radiative cooling. Thus, the magnitude of radiative forcing provided by these clouds is much more sensitive to the presence of CCN than current models indicate, which suggests the existence of other compensating warming effects.

Science
, this issue p.
eaav0566
; see also p.
580
When Earth got pummeled
Authors: Koeberl Christian
Published: January 2019

The frequency of impacts on Earth's surface increased about 290 million years ago
The revealing history of a revered waterway
Ganges
Sudipta Sen
Yale University Press, 2019. 459 pp.
Authors: Rademacher Anne
Published: January 2019

Human and environmental stories interweave in a meandering meditation on the Ganges River
Iron hits the mark
Authors: Young Elizabeth R. , Oldacre Amanda
Published: January 2019

Strongly electron-donating ligands enable nanosecond lifetimes of iron(III) photoexcited states
Imidazole Derivatives as Promising Agents for the Treatment of Chagas Disease
Authors: de Araújo Julianna Siciliano , García-Rubia Alfonso , Sebastián-Pérez Victor , Kalejaiye Titilola D. , Bernardino da Silva Patrícia , Fonseca-Berzal Cristina Rosa , Maes Louis , De Koning Harry P. , Soeiro Maria de Nazaré Correia , Gil Carmen
Published: January 2019

More than 100 years after being first described, Chagas disease remains endemic in 21 Latin American countries and has spread to other continents. Indeed, this disease, which is caused by the protozoan parasite
Trypanosoma cruzi
, is no longer just a problem for the American continents but has become a global health threat.