bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Conversion: A Note on the Colonial Census and Religious Change in Postwar Southern Mali
Authors: Peterson Brian
Published: May 2006

The use of colonial census data on religious conversion in historical analysis is often fraught with methodological problems. What, at first glance, might appear to have been profound structural transformations of society may in part be illusions created by changes in the census apparatus, or data collection process, itself. In this paper I will discuss how a colonial census was conducted and how local rural peoples were active agents in enumerating their own (official) religious identities. Thus, how did changes in this central tool of bureaucratic knowledge and power distort history? As an overarching critique, I suggest that the problem of the census as an exercise of colonial bureaucratic power in Africa has hardly elicited comment. Thus I suggest that the census may be a potentially fruitful avenue of historical inquiry in examining in closer detail the primary “enumerative modality” of colonial forms of knowledge.

I will present examples from the history of French colonial southern Mali during the postwar period in arguing that the colonial census was a complex social and political process that must be ‘deconstructed’ if we are to make critical use of such state-generated numbers. Southern Mali occupied what was believed, in the French imagination, to be an active frontier of Islamization, separating the “Muslim” Sahel (and Sahara) from the “fetishist” forest regions to the south. This religious frontier status elicited mixed views. As Jean-Loup Amselle has argued, colonial officials in southern Mali adopted a highly ambiguous stance toward Islam, “going from one extreme to another, sometimes seeing Islam everywhere, sometimes nowhere.”
On Finding Madagascar Materials: The ELCA Region 3 Archives in Minnesota
Authors: Kaufmann Jeffrey
Published: May 2006

One problem facing any historical anthropologist or anthropological historian of Madagascar is locating sources that are scattered around the globe. A recent guidebook on African source materials in the United States makes important advances toward resolving this problem, notably for South African materials in the United States, but Madagascar is poorly represented there. Researchers of Madagascar can help each other connect the gaps between recognized research materials by sharing with colleagues what they have found at less well-known archives.

In the United States there are numerous Malagasy archival resources that may not be evident from a quick search through RLIN, Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC), or Center for Research Libraries (CRL) databases. Small archives may fall outside the range of microfilm projects, such as the Cooperative Africana Microform Project (CAMP), and therefore remain off the researcher's radar screen. Yet quite good materials, such as those at the Luther Seminary in St. Paul, Minnesota, may be relatively nearby and welcoming to the researcher.
Aspects of the Prehistory of Freetown and Creoledom
Authors: Hair P.E.H.
Published: May 2006

The immediate circumstances which led up to the founding of Freetown in the 1790s were highly contingent, even freakish. Christopher Fyfe has stressed the role of the scientist and dubious adventurer, Henry Smeathman, in publicizing the misguided view that the Sierra Leone district provided an ideal ecological environment for settlement. More recently, Stephen Braidwood has shown that the 1787 choice of Sierra Leone as a suitable locality for settlement by the Black Poor of London, the earliest settlers, came about as a result of acceptance of Smeathman's view, not by the white philanthropists and politicians who masterminded the exodus of the Black Poor, but by the London Blacks themselves—who knew nothing of Sierra Leone from personal experience but were convinced by Smeathman's rhetoric. That the Blacks were allowed to insist on their choice might itself be regarded as freakish.

Yet, seen in a wider historical context, the foundation of Freetown, and the subsequent development of the community eventually termed “Creole,” appear less accidental and extraordinary. Why, for instance, did Smeathman chose Sierra Leone for his butterfly-collecting on his only visit to Africa? Presumably it was because he was aware that he could obtain the support and protection of the trading settlements in the Banana Islands, on Sherbro Island, and along the coast between—settlements which had been established in earlier decades by the English-speaking families of the Caulkers, Parkers, and Tuckers, families whose very names (even if corrupted from African names) point back to the later seventeenth century and the activities on this coast of the Royal African Company. And perhaps Smeathman had read John Newton's published account of his early career as a resident trader on the same coast which, although full of complaints about his treatment by his African employers, at least showed that a white could survive there.
Dramatizing Postcoloniality: Nationalism and the Rewriting of History in Ngugi and Mugo's The Trial of Dedan Kimathi
Authors: Okunoye Oyeniyi
Published: May 2006

History is not the past: it is a consciousness of the past used for present purposes. (Greg Dening)After empire, it was clear the history of the colonised needed repair. (Elleke Boehmer)

This paper identifies history as a major site for identity-formation in the postcolonial world. It draws attention to some strategies of historical reconstruction in African drama by focusing on Ngugi and Mugo's The Trial of Dedan Kimathi, an influential Kenyan play which has also come to be seen as providing a paradigm for the African historical play. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that the play is rooted in the counterdiscourse which authorizes revisionist histories in the postcolonial world. The creation of this play is seen as motivated by the desire of the playwrights to interrogate misconceptions and distortions in official Kenyan history, which marginalizes the popular struggle that culminated in the nation's independence. The writing of the play therefore enables the playwrights to celebrate Dedan Kimathi, who personifies the collective aspirations of the Kenyan people, but is demonized in earlier versions of their history. The essay underlines the fact that this version of history is basically conditioned by the materialist vision of the writers.
The Light on the Road to Harare: How David Beach (Partially) Converted a Barbarian
Authors: Burke Tim
Published: May 2006

My first encounter with the late historian David Beach was a non-encounter. I spent most of 1990 and 1991 hoping not to meet him, and by careful planning, I cunningly succeeded in fulfilling this objective. (Albeit with the assistance of the Zimbabwean government, which helpfully closed the University of Zimbabwe during my time there.) It is not that I had heard anything in particular about Beach before arriving. In fact, I was woefully understudied in useful gossip about Zimbabwean scholars. My anxiety about Beach came first from the context of my own graduate studies and second from my anxiety about my own knowledge.

Without naming names, I can say that I had come into conflict early in my graduate work with one of the senior professors in my department. Without going into the gory details, it would be fair to say that the conflict was both regretable and inevitable, and as much about style as substance. However, one of the substantive issues on which I found myself perennially at loggerheads with this advisor concerned our fundamentally different sensibilities about the social and political obligations and character of the historical profession. Certainly my declared political sensibilities at that point were frequently loud, superficial, and swaggeringly self-righteous, but our disagreement went far deeper than a matter of different ideological loyalties.

This advisor was fond of declaring himself an objective empiricist who approached history without a politics, a scholar who believed that his central responsibility was to pursue intellectual inquiry without suborning that inquiry to any political agenda.
Inhibition of Glucose-Stimulated Activation of Extracellular Signal–Regulated Protein Kinases 1 and 2 by Epinephrine in Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Gibson Tara Beers , Lawrence Michael C. , Gibson Craig J. , Vanderbilt Colleen A. , McGlynn Kathleen , Arnette Don , Chen Wei , Collins Julie , Naziruddin Bashoo , Levy Marlon F. , Ehrlich Barbara E. , Cobb Melanie H.
Published: May 2006

Glucose sensing is essential for the ability of pancreatic β-cells to produce insulin in sufficient quantities to maintain blood glucose within the normal range. Stress causes the release of adrenergic hormones that increase circulating glucose by promoting glucose production and inhibiting insulin release. We have shown that extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are responsive to glucose in pancreatic β-cells and that glucose activates ERK1/2 by mechanisms independent of insulin. Here we show that glucose-induced activation of ERK1/2 is inhibited by epinephrine through the α2-adrenergic receptor. Epinephrine and the selective α2-adrenergic agonist UK14304 reduced insulin secretion and glucose-stimulated ERK1/2 activation in a pertussis toxin–sensitive manner, implicating the α subunit of a Gi family member. α2-adrenergic agonists also reduced stimulation of ERK1/2 by glucagon-like peptide 1 and KCl, but not by phorbol ester or nerve growth factor. Our findings suggest that α2-adrenergic agonists act via a Gi family member on early steps in ERK1/2 activation, supporting the idea that ERK1/2 are regulated in a manner that reflects insulin demand.
The posterior deep temporal nerve: Its relationship with the human cranial base
Authors: Dennison K. John , Dias George J.
Published: May 2006

In an earlier dry‐skull study (Dias et al. [2001] Int J Osteoarchaeol 11:241–248), a hitherto undescribed groove was observed in the infratemporal region of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone in the cranial base, passing laterally from the foramen ovale onto the squamous temporal bone. We found a very high incidence of this groove, 81% on one side at least, in modern South‐Asian Indian adult crania, but much less so, 50%, in a Polynesian sample of both New Zealand Maori and Moriori adult crania. This article reports our finding of the groove, at least on one side, in 85% of a modern Portuguese skeletal population, and our dissection study on twenty European cadavers confirms that the groove, present in all, is formed by the posterior deep temporal nerve. Clin. Anat. 20:126–130, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Trinuclear Gallium‐Bridged Ferrocenophane [{Fe(η5‐C5H4)2}3Ga2]: Synthesis, Bonding, Structure, and Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Althoff Alexander , Eisner Dirk , Jutzi Peter , Lenze Norman , Neumann Beate , Schoeller Wolfgang W. , Stammler Hans‐Georg
Published: May 2006

The trinuclear ferrocenophane [{Fe(η5‐C5H4)3}2Ga2] (3) featuring two sp2‐hybridized gallium atoms in bridging positions between three ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl units represents a novel type of ferrocene derivative. Compound 3 is obtained by thermal treatment of 1,1′‐bis(dimethylgallyl)ferrocene (1) in nondonor solvents or in diethyl ether as solvent and subsequent thermal decomplexation. The [1.1]ferrocenophane [{Fe(η5‐C5H4)2}2{GaMe}2] (2) is an intermediate in the formation of 3. The reaction of 3 with an excess of trimethylgallium leads back to 1 and proves the reversibility of the multistep reaction sequence. Theoretical calculations reveal a carousel‐type D3h structure for 3. The compound can best be described as being composed of three only weakly interacting ferrocenediyl units covalently connected by gallium atoms without any π‐bond contribution in the GaC bonds. Owing to steric constraints 3 cannot be reduced to the dianion 32−, which would feature a GaGa bond. Compound 3 represents a stereochemically rigid difunctional Lewis acid allowing the formation of the adducts 3 a–3 d possessing linear donor‐aceptor‐aceptor‐donor arrangements. Crystal structure data for 3 a–3 d show a symmetry‐reduced chiral ferrocenophane core (D3h→D3). A polymeric rodlike structure is observed for 3 b and 3 d caused by π‐stacking effects (3 b) or by a difunctional donor–acceptor interaction (3 d). In solution, the chirality of the adducts is lost by rapid interconversion of the enantiomers. A cyclic voltammogram of 3 b in pyridine reveals three quasi‐reversible oxidation steps at −356, −154, and 8 mV, indicating only weak electron delocalization in the cationic species. The redox potentials of the pyridine adduct 3 b are compared with those of other pyridine‐stabilized gallyl‐sustituted ferrocene derivatives and with ferrocene itself.
Gas‐Phase Spectroscopy of the Unstable Sulfur Diisocyanate Molecule S(NCO)2
Authors: Wang Weigang , Ge Maofa , Yao Li , Zeng Xiaoqing , Sun Zheng , Wang Dianxun
Published: May 2006

Sulfur diisocyanate is generated from a heterogeneous reaction of gaseous sulfur dichloride with silver cyanate and studied for the first time in the gas phase. Combined with quantum chemical calculations, the electronic structure is characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). Simultaneously, an investigation of the possible ionization and dissociation processes for the molecular cation is presented based on experimental soft ionization mass spectrometry. From the calculated bond‐dissociation energies, the dissociation pathway is determined. S(NCO)2+ undergoes 1,3‐sigmatropic rearrangement with a smaller barrier height (9.9 kcal mol−1) than the neutral counterpart. Thus, the 1,3‐sigmatropic rearrangement is preferred for the molecular cation, and OCNCO+ and NS+ is produced by subsequent dissociation of the rearrangement product. The analysis agrees very well with the experimental mass spectrum.
On the significance of Shalaev's ‘hot spots’ in ensemble and single‐molecule SERS by adsorbates on metallic films at the percolation threshold
Authors: Otto A.
Published: May 2006

Recent models of plasmon localization and local electromagnetic (EM) field distribution in silver‐on‐glass films at the percolation threshold (Shalaev and collaborators) have successfully modelled the scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM) pictures. The clearly visible so‐called hot spots are believed to contribute heavily to the Raman enhancement for adsorbates at the hot spots exceeding 1011. However, when the theorem of optical reciprocity is properly taken into account, the ensemble EM enhancement factor contributing to surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in silver island films at the percolation threshold is calculated here as about 3 × 105, an order of magnitude lower than the overall SERS enhancement measured by Shalaev and collaborators. Given the experimental probability of 0.003 in finding a single dye molecule that is embedded within a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film coating a silver island film at a hot spot (observations of Aroca and collaborators), and assuming that these hot spots are of ‘Shalaev‐type’, the corresponding EM enhancement does not exceed 106 to 107. In addition, this is in good agreement with the experiment. This enhancement is sufficient to observe the SERS from single dye molecules.

Earlier enhancement numbers produced by the rule of thumb, that the enhancement is given by the fourth power of the local field enhancement, are misleading by several orders of magnitude for Stoke shifts exceeding approximately 300 cm−1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kolbeinsey: Iceland's Arctic island
Authors: Jacobsen Troels , Stone Ian R.
Published: May 2006

Kolbeinsey is a tiny volcanic island to the north of Iceland within the Arctic Circle. It has been much reduced in size in historic times due to erosion. It has considerable geopolitical importance with regard to fishery zones and the exploitation of other natural resources. It is, therefore, in Iceland's interests to ensure that it continues to exist, and measures have been taken to ensure this.
Case-based reasoning commentaries: introduction
Authors: AHA DAVID W. , MARLING CINDY , WATSON IAN
Published: May 2006

We are delighted to present this special issue of The Knowledge Engineering Review, as it marks a significant accomplishment of the case-based reasoning (CBR) community. Its 19 commentaries, written by 41 authors, represent a compendium on the state-of-the-art in CBR. These evolved from a 2003 workshop that was held at Waiheke Island and Queenstown, New Zealand and chaired by Alec Holt and Ian Watson. The workshop's delegates identified the primary topics of CBR research and application, selected representative influential publications for each topic, and were encouraged to co-author commentaries on each topic with other CBR experts who were unable to attend. These collaborations produced the articles you now see. While several reviews exist on CBR (e.g. Marir & Watson, 1994; López de Mántaras & Plaza, 1997; Lenz et al., 1998), few have been published recently or have similar historical and subject breadth.
Impaired small‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channel‐dependent EDHF responses in Type II diabetic ZDF rats
Authors: Burnham Matthew P , Johnson Ian T , Weston Arthur H
Published: May 2006

We have examined the relative contributions of small‐ and intermediate‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (SKCa and IKCa) to the endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) pathway response in small mesenteric arteries of Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, before and after the development of Type II diabetes, together with Lean controls.

Smooth muscle membrane potential was recorded using sharp microelectrodes in the presence of 10 μM indomethacin plus 100 μM Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine. SKCa was selectively inhibited with 100 nM apamin, whereas IKCa was blocked with 10 μM TRAM‐39 (2‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2‐diphenylacetonitrile).

Resting membrane potentials were similar in arteries from 17‐ to 20‐week‐old control and diabetic rats (approximately −54 mV). Responses elicited by 1 and 10 μM acetylcholine (ACh) were significantly smaller in the diabetic group (e.g. hyperpolarizations to −69.5±0.8 mV (ZDF; n=12) and −73.2±0.6 mV (Lean; n=12; P<0.05) evoked by 10 μM ACh).

The IKCa‐mediated components of the ACh responses were comparable between groups (hyperpolarizations to approximately −65 mV on exposure to 10 μM ACh). However, SKCa‐mediated responses were significantly reduced in the diabetic group (hyperpolarizations to −63.1±1.0 mV (ZDF; n=6) and −71.5±1.2 mV (Lean; n=6; P<0.05) on exposure to 10 μM ACh.

Impaired ACh responses were not observed in arteries from 5‐ to 6‐week‐old (pre‐diabetic) animals. SKCa subunit mRNA expression was increased in the diabetic group.

The EDHF pathway, especially the SKCa‐mediated response, is impaired in Type II diabetic ZDF rats without a reduction in channel gene expression. These results may be particularly relevant to the microvascular complications of diabetes. The functional separation of SKCa and IKCa pathways is discussed.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 434–441. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706748
Epstein-Barr virus noncoding RNAs are confined to the nucleus, whereas their partner, the human La protein, undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling
Authors: Fok Victor , Friend Kyle , Steitz Joan A.
Published: May 2006

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) noncoding RNAs, EBV-encoded RNA 1 (EBER1) and EBER2, are the most abundant viral transcripts in all types of latently infected human B cells, but their function remains unknown. We carried out heterokaryon assays using cells that endogenously produce EBERs to address their trafficking, as well as that of the La protein, because EBERs are quantitatively bound by La in vivo. Both in this assay and in oocyte microinjection assays, EBERs are confined to the nucleus, suggesting that their contribution to viral latency is purely nuclear. EBER1 does not bind exportin 5; therefore, it is unlikely to act by interfering with microRNA biogenesis. In contrast, La, which is a nuclear phosphoprotein, undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling independent of the nuclear export protein Crm1. To ensure that small RNA shuttling can be detected in cells that are negative for EBER shuttling, we demonstrate the shuttling of U1 small nuclear RNA.
Customer Satisfaction with Bank Services: A
Multidimensional Space Analysis
Authors: Moutinho Luiz , Brownlie Douglas T.
Published: May 2006

The nature and direction of the satisfactions that are delivered to
consumers of bank services are explored, and the criteria used to
evaluate these services are highlighted. The non‐metric multidimensional
scaling technique enabled respondents′ perceptions to be represented
spatially. It is revealed that respondents had high levels of
satisfaction with regard to the location and accessibility of branches
and ATMs, and acceptance of the current levels of banking fees; but
expressed some caution in their evaluation of new and improved services.
Multi‐attribute Services Using Hierarchical Information:
Australia
Authors: Johnson Lester W.
Published: May 2006

A recently developed technique (Hierarchical Information
Integration – HII) for analysing multi‐attribute judgement
problems is discussed and its use in banking illustrated. A description
is included of an Australian survey in which HII is applied to the
potential demand for network banking, automatic teller machines and
personal identification cards and the use of the empirical results in
designing competitive market strategy.
Software Quality Assurance
Authors: Gupta Yash P.
Published: May 2006

In this article the following are discussed: (a) the role of quality assurance in the development of computer software systems; (b) factors of a successful quality assurance programme; and (c) the steps required in the development of such a programme. The implications for quality assurance for management are also considered.
Failure and Safety Analysis of Widespread Overhead Distribution Systems
Authors: Stillman R.H. , Darveniza M.
Published: May 2006

Decision making in respect of hazard and safety analysis in the face of uncertain data in the management of widespread distribution systems is focused on. The narrow interpretation by Courts of the “foreseeable event” has become the benchmark of liability where power system failures have resulted in loss of life, injury or destruction of property; occurrences, the prediction of which relates more to the probability of extreme event combinations than to the assessment of availability by classically‐oriented reliability statistics. The work outlines a computer‐based inferential procedure which combines adverse weather to a probabilistic assessment of failure resulting from a combination of contributing events. The technique utilises Monte‐Carlo simulation in assigning the adverse weather to common mode data analysis in the derivation of failure state conditional probabilities. Limited sensitivity studies have been performed using Northern Rivers Electricity, emphasis being placed on evaluating preventative maintenance as a function of optimal time intervals, priorities and costs.
Morality and Economics
Authors: Chin Lim
Published: May 2006

Economic theory rests on the principal axiom of egoism; that every
action is driven by self interest, and is therefore seen as a moral‐free
science. Morality, on the other hand, concerns subjective value
judgement, usually in the interpersonal context of whether an action is
right or wrong. Although the two are seemingly unrelated, welfare
economic theory and its applications cannot proceed very far without the
assistance of moral codes. This article discusses the origin and
rationale behind the construction of moral codes, the moral codification
of preferences and its associated problems.
The Blending of Religious and Social Orders in Islam
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: May 2006

A view of Islam as a comprehensive way of life for its adherents is
presented. The spiritual and ethical reconstruction of individuals,
societies and the world order are given in a socio‐economic framework.
The principles of Islam and brotherhood, with reference to the Quran,
are explained in some detail.
Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rates under Contractionary
Devaluation: A Peruvian Model
Authors: Hojman David E.
Published: May 2006

Some structuralists argue that devaluations are contractionary, and
that exports and imports are inelastic to exchange rate movements. A
simultaneous model of exports, imports, capital flows and output is used
to show that in Peru only the first proposition is correct.
Consequently, external equilibrium and fast growth are incompatible.
Introducing Williamson′s FEER suggests that there are wild
fluctuations of actual rates around FEER, and a long‐term
tendency of the latter to increase. Prudent policies should seek
short‐run stability and a lower FEER in the long term; it is not
devaluations but their contractionary effect which should be avoided.
Training in Small Firms – The French Alternative
Authors: Cooper John
Published: May 2006

An account of continuous workforce training in small French firms
is presented, based on an examination of 16 industrial companies. The
organisation of training, associated problems, its effectiveness and use
of supporting agencies are commented on. The possible relevance of the
French experience to future governmental planning in the UK is
suggested.
Training the Unemployed for Entrepreneurship: Blending
Personal and Business Development in Australia
Authors: Perry C. , Wildman P.
Published: May 2006

It is argued that most Australian training courses for unemployed
people starting their own small business emphasise business development.
An innovative course in the State of Queensland blends personal and
business development together, using experiential techniques. Feedback
during the course and several months afterwards suggest the course
successfully achieves its objectives.
Language Training: Coping with Diversity
Authors: Bissell Chris
Published: May 2006

Some of the problems facing the diversification of language
teaching in Britain and the EC are considered. A strategy of
“first foreign language” plus “language‐learning
tool‐kit” plus “cognate language learning” is
proposed, and its advantages are examined.
Time to Encourage Motivation
Authors: Macdonald Eleanor
Published: May 2006

The improvement of attitudes towards education is a major concern.
Disregard of teachers per se and learning has undermined
education and left us with the present unsatisfactory situation.
Teachers, parents and children must co‐operate to redress the imbalance,
and girls particularly must be encouraged to make better use of their
educational abilities.
Training as a Mission Objective
Authors: Churchill Phil
Published: May 2006

Training should start from the top and be central to the
achievement of corporate objectives. Effective management of human
resources is essential if a company is to attract, develop and retain
people of the right calibre. A company′s ability to adapt to change is
the key to its long‐term success and implicit in this is the need for
organisations to undertake fundamental reappraisals of where they are
going. The best organisations have a clear view of their
“mission” and what makes for success; leadership must start
from the top but should not end there. It is vital to build a team
approach at every level, to encourage people to work effectively
together for the common good. Everyone needs to feel part of the team
and that they are making a positive contribution. The training function
should be central to this goal.
Freight Distribution and Transportation Systems Planning
Authors: Gabriel Crainic Teodor , Dejax Pierre J.
Published: May 2006

Interactive‐graphic systems and operations research methodologies
are increasingly being combined to produce efficient, versatile and
powerful tools that enhance the decision‐making process. The possible
contribution of such tools to the planning of distribution systems for
industrial firms and freight carrier service networks and operations is
examined and compared. The similarities and differences between the two
systems are derived and an examination is undertaken to determine
whether a unique planning system may adequately respond to the
requirements of the two problems.
Integrated Planning in Distribution Systems
Authors: Eiselt Horst A. , Laporte Gilbert
Published: May 2006

Distribution systems planning frequently involves two major
decisions: facility location and vehicle routing. The facilities to be
located may be “primary facilities”, e.g. factories, but
more often, these are lighter “secondary facilities” such as
depots, warehouses or distribution centres. Routing decisions concern
the optimal movement of goods and vehicles in the system, usually from
primary to secondary facilities, and from secondary facilities to users
or customers. Studies which integrate the two areas are more often than
not limited to the case where all deliveries are return trips involving
only one destination. There exist, however, several situations where
vehicles visit more than one point on the same trip. In such cases,
relationships between location and routing decisions become more
intricate. Strategies by which the two aspects of the problem are
optimised separately and sequentially are often sub‐optimal. Also of
importance is the trade‐off between the cost of providing service and
customer inconvenience. A framework is proposed for the study of such
combined location‐routing problems. A number of real‐life cases
described in the literature are summarised and some algorithmic issues
related to such problems are discussed.
International Customer Service Demands a Total Effort
Authors: Dempsey William , Lancioni Richard A.
Published: May 2006

International customer service is critical to the successful
maintenance of profitable relationships with customers. An overview of
international marketing in general is presented, customer service is
examined, and some customer service management suggestions are
discussed. The latter, it is claimed, can provide the differential
advantage for a firm to gain market share internationally and the
solution to long‐term survival.
The European Community and 1992
Authors: Tuninga Ronald
Published: May 2006

The Implications for Transportation In 1985, the European
Commission, under the leadership of Lord Cockfield, published a
“White Paper” which has as its purpose the creation of a
European barrier‐free market by 1992. The White Paper includes 300
measures to accomplish this goal. The directives that have direct
implications for three types of transport (road, water, air) are
examined. It is concluded that the 1992 programme of the EC will
dramatically alter the European logistics landscape and that logistics
managers cannot wait to understand the changes since numerous directives
will be implemented long before 1992.
Schmoller on Ethics and Economics
Authors: Priddat Birger P.
Published: May 2006

Schmoller tried to combine reasoning and economic analysis to give
a new foundation to German economic theory in the nineteenth century.
Opposing the economic philosophy of Fichte, Schmoller preferred an
institutional approach to the extremes of pure market and pure state
economy. His ideas on economic welfare as a collective rather than as an
individualistic idea are discussed.
Building Intelligent Forecasting Systems in Manufacturing
Authors: Lin Bin‐Shan , Hatcher Jerome M.
Published: May 2006

Forecasting is considered as a key element in formulating
manufacturing systems. There is a wealth of information about
forecasting methods but little has been written about forecasting
systems. An outline of an approach to build Decision Support Systems
(DSS) for forecasting in manufacturing is given. A strategic forecasting
framework is provided. To integrate the forecasting system into the
manufacturing information systems, guidelines for manufacturers are
suggested.
Marketing Planning and Communications for Small Winemakers
Authors: Spawton Tony
Published: May 2006

Marketing planning is an often neglected subject in small wineries.
This article examines why planning is essential and how a plan can be
prepared. It then details how a winemaker can impart information about
his products.
Barossa Winery: Penetrating the International Market
Authors: McDougall Gordon
Published: May 2006

With the “internationalisation” of tastes amongst wine
consumers, the need to export wine has become ever more acute for wine
producers worldwide. As an example of how wine producers have attempted
to gain access to overseas markets, this case study examines the export
drive of a major Australian winery.
Risks and Liquor Markets in the Far East
Authors: Stroude Nicholas
Published: May 2006

Special risks are examined in establishing a local operation in the
Far East and markets discussed for spirits and wines. Possible market
approaches are suggested, and the author concludes that the potential
returns will justify the risks of participation.
Strategies for Export Marketing of Non‐Traditional Products
Authors: Nicholls J.A.F. , Lyn‐Cook Marlene , Roslow Sydney
Published: May 2006

Many less developed countries depend on a few traditional
commodities for their foreign exchange earnings. These exports are
subject to the vagaries of the world commodity markets which have
declined in the 1980s. To bolster their dwindling foreign sales, some
emerging nations have sought to foster new, non‐traditional exports. We
examine the experience of Jamaica in its identification and targeting of
such products for export. The actions adopted by the public sector for
increasing export‐led growth and the corollary reactions of the private
sector are ancillary but key considerations because these, in turn,
develop general strategies for exporting non‐traditional products.
Democratic Participation and Administrative Control in
Education
Authors: Angus Lawrence B.
Published: May 2006

The generally held belief that the extension of participative
administrative arrangements within education systems has necessarily led
to democratic educational reform is critically examined. Although
restructured systems may afford greater community involvement in
educational governance, such involvement is generally bureaucratically
mandated and occurs within a social and political context in which power
relationships, including the relationship of education to other social
spheres, are largely unexamined and remain unaltered. Using the case of
Victoria, Australia, as an example it is demonstrated that versions of
participation in education need not disturb patterns of managerial
control.
Professional Services Referrals: a Model of Information
Acquisition
Authors: Beltramini Richard F.
Published: May 2006

Highlights the need for professionals who refer customers among
themselves to acquire up‐to‐date information on specialists available in
the area and their performance. Develops a model to assist with the
understanding of this process. Discusses several managerial implications
related to marketing referrals. Concludes that further investigations of
the model are needed in other service markets.
Customer Contact Personnel: Using Interviewing Techniques
to Select for Adaptability in Service Employees
Authors: Thompson Alicia
Published: May 2006

Considers the need to select customer contact personnel who already
exhibit the desirable trait of adaptability, thus reducing the need for
training. Discusses the issue of adaptability in service employees and
how to select for adaptability. Examines several methods which can be
used in the selection process, such as abstract questioning, situational
vignette interviewing, role playing. Concludes that whiletraining is
vital for all employees, creative interviewing techniques can help to
secure service‐oriented employees who represent the most potential for
service businesses.
Decision‐Framing Helps Make the Sale
Authors: Burton Scot , Babin Laurie A.
Published: May 2006

Considers the relevance for marketing practitioners of the recent
research findings about the decision‐framing process. Presents an
overview of recent empirical research findings and a brief description
of the theoretical rationale of the research. Surmises that
decision‐framing of alternatives has a substantial impact on the choice
among alternatives, even when relevant objective information remains
invariant.
Successful Needs/Benefits Segmentation: A User′s Guide
Authors: Greenberg Marshall , Schwartz McDonald Susan
Published: May 2006

Discusses needs/benefits segmentation in the context of alternative
ways to segment markets. Describes the elements most important in the
successful design, implementation and strategic use of needs/benefits
segmentation. Counters a set of five commonly held myths, with
implications for effective management of expectations and use of
results.
Price Filtering: Restricting Price Deals to those Least Likely to Buy Without Them
Authors: Kamen Joseph
Published: May 2006

Discusses methods of tailoring prices to buyers who differ in their
willingness to pay while maintaining a semblance of fairness and
uniformity – filtered pricing. Considers microeconomic theory,
geographic discrimination, filtering methods such as couponing,
skimming, quality and features, sales, as well as newer methods like
rebates and price packaging. Surmises that there is a challenge to
create new price filtering techniques, without ignoring the ethical
questions involved.
A Team Approach to New Product Development
Authors: Bingham Frank G. , Quigley Charles J.
Published: May 2006

Proposes a new product implementation process which is designed to
reduce the risk inherent in new product introductions in consumer
markets. Defines the stages of this process as idea generation, idea
screening, conceptual development and testing, business analysis,
product development, test market, and product introduction. Concludes
that this process differs from previous models in suggesting a team be
created to manage the development, speeding up the tasks in each stage.
Involving the middle‐level line managers in building
strategic planning information
Authors: Zabriskie Noel B.
Published: May 2006

Describes how corporations have recently decided that development
of strategic planning information can be improved through the
involvement of lower‐level line managers in their planning process.
Proposes a practical method for organising middle‐level line managers in
sequential order so as to plan efficiently. Discusses some behavioural
implications are discussed.
No Unhappy Customers
Authors: Haas Peter
Published: May 2006

Reveals how attention to quality produces profitable results. Discusses how PC Connection supplies computer software and hardware accessories by direct mail. Asserts that customer loyalty, founded on a reputation for quality service, has made the organisation a leader in its industry. Discusses the company′s rapid growth. Asserts that “No unhappy customers” is the first priciple from which all other policy flows. Describes how a number of measures have been taken to make sure that the customer is getting the right product for his or her system. Concludes that a single principle has been applied in a number of ways to ensure that the company is more efficient and profitable.
Network externalities, discrete demand shifts, and submarginal‐cost pricing
Authors: Yano Makoto , Dei Fumio
Published: May 2006

Abstract.  The introduction of a new product often causes a massive (discrete) demand shift to the new product. This study demonstrates that if a large‐scale demand shift to a new product is accompanied by network externalities, it may result in ‘submarginal‐cost pricing,’ by which the seller sets its price below the marginal cost. This finding casts new light on dumping and safeguard issues in the real world. JEL classification: D42
Decentralized international exchange
Authors: Reed Robert R. , Trask Kathleen A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract.  We utilize a random‐matching model to examine the relationships between market frictions and international trade. In our setting, an individual may choose to search abroad where she may have a cost advantage, but is less likely to meet potential trading partners, owing to higher market frictions. Interestingly, we find that international trade may be associated with lower welfare than autarky. We show how this is due to price distortions resulting from bargaining when there are opportunities for exchange across countries. JEL classification F10, C78, D83
The adjustment of external tariffs in the Kemp‐Wan‐Grinols compensation scheme
Authors: Wong Siu‐kee
Published: May 2006

Abstract.  This paper considers the adjustment of external tariffs when two countries integrate and implement the Kemp‐Wan‐Grinols compensation scheme. Attention is also paid to the restrictions set by Article XXIV of GATT. This paper shows how the external tariffs would change in a three‐good, three‐country model under the assumption of gross substitutability. The results are sensitive to the initial trade pattern. In particular, they depend on the number of goods initially traded between the member countries. The analysis can be extended to a multi‐commodity model if the preferences of the countries have identical CES representation. JEL classification: F11, F15
Enhancing patient education about medicines: factors influencing reading and seeking of written medicine information
Authors: Koo Michelle , Krass Ines , Aslani Parisa
Published: May 2006

Objective  To investigate the influence of patient factors on patients’ reading and seeking of written medicine information (WMI).

Design  A cross‐sectional questionnaire study.

Main variables studied  Patient's health locus of control, coping style, health literacy, demographics and disease state (independent variables) and patient's interest and likelihood in reading and seeking WMI (dependent variables).

Main outcome measures  Patient factors predicting interest in reading and seeking WMI.

Setting and participants  Patients (total n = 479) from three Rheumatology/Pain clinics in teaching hospitals (n = 217) and 40 community pharmacies (n = 262) in metropolitan Sydney, Australia.

Results  The majority of patients were interested and likely to read WMI about their prescription medicines. However, not many were likely to seek WMI and not many frequently sought WMI. Using logistic regression, patients’ interest in reading WMI was predicted by their coping style [monitor vs. blunter, odds ratio (OR) = 2.19, confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–4.10], health literacy levels (adequate vs. inadequate/marginal, OR = 2.86, CI = 1.16–7.05) and occupation (blue‐collar vs. homemaker, OR = 3.42, CI = 0.09–0.88) whilst patients’ interest in seeking WMI was predicted by their disease state (pain/rheumatology condition vs. hypertension, OR = 1.84, CI = 1.11–3.05), health locus of control (powerful other, OR = 0.95, CI = 0.90–0.99) and health literacy levels (adequate vs. inadequate/marginal, OR = 2.7, CI = 1.17–6.39).

Conclusions  Patients’ interest in reading and seeking WMI were influenced by several patient factors including disease state, health locus of control, coping style, health literacy levels and occupation. Furthermore, the results highlighted that reading and seeking WMI were regarded as distinct activities influenced by different factors. These findings may guide health professionals in assessing the utility of WMI for different patient groups and more broadly in the tailoring of patient education to meet patient needs.
An update on solutions for red cell storage
Authors: Hess J. R.
Published: May 2006

Anticoagulant and nutrient solutions allow red blood cells to be stored and transported, enabling modern blood banking. The development of these solutions has been slow, covering 90 years, and the reasons for past formulations are best understood in a historical context. Modern red cell storage solutions work well for blood banks, allowing 5–7‐week storage, which means more than 90% of collected units find a recipient. Improved scientific understanding of the red cell storage lesion has shown a way to make even better storage solutions, which maintain red cell metabolism and reduce membrane loss.
A simple and practical agglutination assay for human leucocyte antigen‐B27 typing
Authors: Meyer O. , Abdallah Z. , Schönemann C. , Hugo F. , Agaylan A. , Kiesewetter H. , Salama A.
Published: May 2006

Background and Objectives  The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) B27 is the most frequently typed single antigen that is associated with diseases. Here, we describe a simple and rapid particle agglutination assay (PaGIA) for HLA‐B27 typing.

Materials and Methods  Superparamagnetic particles were coated with a monoclonal antibody to HLA‐B27 and subsequently used for testing. Anticoagulated whole‐blood samples were obtained from healthy blood donors (n = 194) with known HLA patterns and from patients (n = 51) who had been typed positive for HLA‐B27 by flow cytometry.

Results  The particles agglutinated only after incubation with HLA‐27‐positive blood samples, using the ID‐microtyping system. Positive reactions were clearly distinguishable from negative reactions in all samples tested. Flow cytometric HLA‐B27 typing revealed an indeterminate result in one patient.

Conclusions  The new HLA‐B27 PaGIA is suitable for rapid typing of HLA‐B27. The assay is simple and easy to perform, and can be implemented in any routine laboratory.
Visual performance in night‐time driving conditions
Authors: Eloholma M. , Ketomäki J. , Orreveteläinen P. , Halonen L.
Published: May 2006

This paper introduces an experimental multitechnique method which was developed to establish a basis for a task performance‐based mesopic photometry. This approach considers night‐time driving by dividing visual performance into three visual tasks, of which achromatic threshold and reaction time are presented. The performance of both visual tasks decreased with decreasing luminance level from 1 to 0.01 cd m−2, showing the strong effect of light level on visual performance in driving. The behaviour of the achromatic contrast threshold and reaction time for low‐contrast targets was similar in terms of spectral effects, the strongest effects occurring at the lower mesopic levels. Both measures showed the Purkinje shift with decreasing luminance levels. The experimental data were used to calculate mesopic performance measures with the new mesopic model. The results imply that compared with V(λ), spectral sensitivity in night‐time driving can be better described with a mesopic model based on visual performance measures.
Into the twilight zone: the complexities of mesopic vision and luminous efficiency
Authors: Stockman Andrew , Sharpe Lindsay T.
Published: May 2006

Of all the functions that define visual performance, the mesopic luminous efficiency function is probably the most complex and hardest to standardise or model. Complexities arise because of the substantial and often rapid visual changes that accompany the transition from scotopic to photopic vision. These are caused not only by the switch from rod to cone photoreceptors, but also by switches between different post‐receptoral pathways through which the rod and cone signals are transmitted. In this review, we list several of the complexities of mesopic vision, such as rod–cone interactions, rod saturation, mixed photoreceptor spectral sensitivities, different rod and cone retinal distributions, and the changes in the spatial properties of the visual system as it changes from rod‐ to cone‐mediated. Our main focus, however, is the enormous and often neglected temporal changes that occur in the mesopic range and their effect on luminous efficiency. Even before the transition from rod to cone vision is complete, a transition occurs within the rod system itself from a sluggish, sensitive post‐receptoral pathway to a faster, less sensitive pathway. As a consequence of these complexities, any measure of mesopic performance will depend not only on the illumination level, but also on the spectral content of the stimuli used to probe performance, their retinal location, their spatial frequency content, and their temporal frequency content. All these should be considered when attempting to derive (or to apply) a luminous efficiency function for mesopic vision.