bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recruiting to go für Sozial- und Pflegeeinrichtungen
Authors: Roedenbeck Schäfer Maja
Published: September 2022

Schneller Aufbau eines erfolgreichen Recruiting-Prozesses

Bewerberbedürfnisse verstehen, niederschwellige Bewerbungsmöglichkeiten bieten, Onepager, Microsites oder Karriereblogs aufbauen, Stellenanzeigen aufpolieren, versteckte Bewerber finden, mögliche Kandidaten in sozialen Netzwerken direkt ansprechen, Big Data nutzen: Die Anforderungen an Personalbeschaffer werden immer umfangreicher, um in Zeiten des Fachkräftemangels Mitarbeiter zu gewinnen.

Der kompakte Praxisratgeber Recruiting to go ist der ideale Begleiter für gestresste Personaler:

Kurzweiliges Nachlesen ohne von zu viel Theorie erschlagen zu werden.

Beispiele, Musterformulierungen, Abbildungen und Interviews mit Praktikern zeigen, wie es geht.

Konkrete Tipps zum Soforteinsatz bringen unmittelbare Erfolgserlebnisse.

Mit weiterführenden Infos unter: www.WALHALLA.de/recruiting
Taschenlexikon Beihilferecht Ausgabe 2022
Authors: Nitze Gottfried
Published: September 2022

Beihilfe bei Krankheit, Pflege und Geburt

Das umfassende Nachschlagewerk Taschenlexikon Beihilferecht 2022 geht auf praxisrelevante Themen des Beihilferechts ein und erläutert die wichtigsten Begriffe und Sachverhalte:

Leistungen der (Zahn-)Ärzte, Psychotherapeuten und Physiotherapeuten

Aufwendungen für Arznei-, Heil- und Hilfsmittel

Aufwendungen für Krankenhausbehandlungen und Heilkuren

Erstattungsfähigkeit alternativer Heilmethoden

Früherkennungs- und Vorsorgemaßnahmen

Pflegebedürftigkeit: häuslich, stationär, dauernd, im Ausland

Eigenbehalte mit Belastungsgrenzen

Bemessung und Begrenzung der Beihilfe

Wechsel von Tarifen und Versicherungen

Ebenfalls enthalten sind Ausführungen zu allen wesentlichen landesrechtlichen Abweichungen. Erläutert werden außerdem wichtige angrenzende Rechtsgebiete mit beihilferechtlichem Bezug.

Dieses Lexikon beantwortet mit über 800 Einträgen zahlreiche Fragen rund um das Beihilferecht und vertieft die Themen mit vielen detaillierten

Informationen.
Wehrdisziplinarrecht in Fällen
Authors: Widmaier Ulrich , Weber Sebastian
Published: September 2022

Erstmalige kompakte Übersicht zum Wehrdisziplinarrecht

Welche Strafe droht bei Einbruch in die Kameradenehe? Darf sich ein Soldat außerhalb der Dienstzeit prügeln? Um wie viele Dienstgrade wird ein Unteroffizier bei unerlaubtem Fernbleiben degradiert?

Wehrdisziplinarrecht in Fällen stellt die rechtlichen Folgen von Disziplinarverstößen anhand höchstrichterlicher Rechtsprechung übersichtlich dar.

Enthalten sind Entscheidungen aus den Bereichen:

Alkohol

Drogen

Kameradschaft

Politische Treuepflicht

Sexuelle Belästigung

Vermögensdelikte

Waffen und Munition

Wehrdisziplinarrecht in Fällen ist speziell für Soldaten und Soldatinnen gedacht, um sich an den Vorgaben der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung zu orientieren. Es bietet allen Betroffenen Einblicke im Sinne eines effektiven Rechtsschutzes. Darüber hinaus ist es auch für weitere Verfahrensbeteiligte überfällig, da das Wehrdisziplinarrecht längst nicht mehr mit einem „Orchideenfach“ verglichen werden kann.

Wehrdisziplinarrecht in Fällen wird empfohlen vom Deutschen BundeswehrVerband.
TV-L Kommentar 2020
Authors: Effertz Jörg
Published: September 2022

Jörg Effertz, Diplom-Finanzwirt, stellvertretender Geschäftsführer des Arbeitgeberverbandes des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. Seit vielen Jahren mit Fragen des Arbeits-, Sozial- und Tarifrechts befasst.
Integration of Language across the curriculum (LAC) and Disciplinary Literacy (DL) at a Faculty of Education: a needs analysis
Authors: Livingston Candice , Dippenaar Hanlie , Mashiyi Nomakhaya , Anker Johan , Simon Ellen
Published: September 2022

Training the Teachers of the Future: Language Policy and Literacy Development is an international collaborative project between universities in Belgium and South Africa, and is aimed at developing a comprehensive programme for the integration of Language across the curriculum (LAC) and Disciplinary Literacy (DL) in a Bachelor of Education degree. In this article, we explore the challenges faced by subject content lecturers in a Faculty of Education, in integrating a Language across the curriculum Disciplinary Literacy approach to teaching subject specific content in non-language subjects. A needs analysis was conducted using a sequential exploratory mixed method approach and 39 lecturers were surveyed. Thereafter, 15 lecturers were purposively sampled to be interviewed and observed during their lectures in order to determine how LAC was implemented in the curricula. The challenges identified in this needs analysis relate to an absence of knowhow on dealing with the language diversity of students, a lack of knowledge regarding LAC and DL, specifically related to academic reading skills and academic vocabulary acquisition, and the time constraints of developing appropriate materials for the curricula. We propose and explore a ‘Four Levels of Support’ programme for lecturers which should lead to the development of sustained Language across the curriculum and Disciplinary Literacy integration in the curricula. Keywords: Multilingualism, Language across the curriculum, Disciplinary Literacy, pre-service teachers, academic reading strategies, academic vocabulary, language support, academic literacy
Inhibitory Effects of Gabapentin on the Proliferation and Cell Motility of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Mao Ye-Fan , Zhao Wei-Jia , Mudan Satvinder , Lai Jia-Cheng , Xu Li-Ming , Zhang Qi-Yu , Zheng Yi-Hu , Ye Chao
Published: September 2022

Background: Gabapentin, originally an antiepileptic agent, was found to have anti-cancer activity on multiple cancer cells. However, its effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and associated molecular mechanisms are unclear. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer effects of gabapentin against HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Human HCC cells were inoculated with various levels of gabapentin for 24 and 48 h. We utilized the MTT assay to detect the proliferation of HCC cells after gabapentin treatment. The effect of gabapentin on the migration of HCC cells was detected by transwell migration assay. We established a model of subcutaneously transplanted HCC in nude mice and observed the impact of gabapentin on HCC cell tumorigenicity in vivo. The changes in RNA expression in gabapentin-treated HCC cells were evaluated by RNA sequencing analysis, and the results were analyzed and further validated by qRT-PCR. Results: Gabapentin significantly inhibited the proliferation of a variety of human HCC cells in a time- and dose-dependent approach. After treatment with 10 mM gabapentin for 12 h, the transendothelial migration of HCC cells via membrane remarkably reduced. Three weeks after the hypodermic transplanting of HCC in nude mice with Huh7 cell line, the gabapentin-treated group had a dramatic decrease in mean tumor volume and weight relative to the controls. Relative to the normal Huh7 cell line, the results of RNA sequencing of Huh7 cells treated with gabapentin for 24 h showed the differential enrichment of genes involved in "energy metabolism", "cancers", "signal transduction", and "folding, sorting, and degradation". The genes CDH11 and ARHGAP15 related to cell migration were further verified by qRT-PCR. Conclusions: Our results suggested that gabapentin has an inhibitory effect on the growth, migration, and tumor formation of hepatoma cells, and the mechanism of gabapentin’s inhibition on HCC cells may be related to some signaling pathways, which will lay a foundation for the future studies on branched-chain aminotransferase 1 (BCAT1) as a target for HCC treatment.
Tradicionālo kokapstrādes rokas instrumentu lietojuma piemērs produktu dizaina studijās Rīgas Tehniskās universitātes Materiālzinātnes un lietišķās ķīmijas fakultātes Dizaina tehnoloģiju institūtā
Authors: Gūtmane Ilze , Kukle Silvija , Kalniņš Jānis , Zotova Inga , Ķīsis Artūrs
Published: September 2022

Initially, hand tools were created to facilitate the processing of materials in manufacturing utility items. Tool design, technology, and ergonomics evolved along with the growing human ability to process new materials. The tool range has expanded to meet more diverse needs of the woodworking industry, adapting the tools for both universal use and specific functions. Understanding of the functionalities of woodworking hand tools is essential for observing the sequence of material processing and practical processing operations, as well as in building awareness of the properties of the wood material. This is ensured by the interaction between the operator, the tool, and the workpiece. An important aspect in raising awareness is the relatively low processing speed and the processing of the material with human-controlled movements. Treatment of wood with craft methods and tools reveals the characteristic properties of the material, including specifics of wood grain direction, the difference in the density of earlywood and latewood, and the difference in the longitudinal and transverse grain direction. It also allows understanding the most typical wood defects. To make the process of learning a wood material meaningful in the study process, it is integrated with product manufacturing, making students create a wooden puzzle. This process implies running a sequential crafting process from a solid pine board to a finished and functional product – a puzzle. Students have to make it following a uniform design drawing showing the proportions of the pieces and joints.
Profesionalna orijentacija, obrazovanje, osposobljavanje i usavršavanje u pogledu Konvencije o profesionalnoj orijentaciji i stručnom osposobljavanju u razvoju ljudskih resursa Međunarodne organizacije rada
Authors: Petrović Željko
Published: September 2022

Savremeno vrijeme karakterišu stalne promjene u nauci, tehnologiji i tržištu rada. Zbog toga postoji potreba za stalnim učenjem i usavršavanjem, te mora postojati spremnost pojedinca na promjene zaposlenja, kao i na promjene u okviru samog posla. Pojedinac je suočen sa izborom profesije što je povezano sa izborom obrazovanja, osposobljavanja i zaposlenja, tako da ga prate teškoće od momenta prelaska iz svijeta obrazovanja u svijet rada, zatim problemi pronalaska posla, te samog razvoja karijere i profesionalne afirmacije. Neophodno je da se u ovaj proces uključi i država jer pored ličnog interesa pojedinca, izražen je i opšti interes društva. Međunarodna organizacija rada prepoznala je potrebu aktivnijeg učešća država u ovom procesu te je 1975. godine usvojila Konvenciju o profesionalnoj orijentaciji i stručnom osposobljavanju u razvoju ljudskih resursa. U ovom radu posebno je izvršena analiza ove Konvencije, njen značaj i domet, odnosno značaj i potreba same profesionalne orijentacije i stručnog osposobljavanja. Takođe rad se osvrnuo i na Preporuku o razvoju ljudskih resursa, obrazovanju, osposobljavanju i stalnom usavršavanju Međunarodne organizacije rada iz 2004. godine.
Resurrecting essential amino acid biosynthesis in mammalian cells
Authors: Trolle Julie , McBee Ross M , Kaufman Andrew , Pinglay Sudarshan , Berger Henri , German Sergei , Liu Liyuan , Shen Michael J , Guo Xinyi , Martin J Andrew , Pacold Michael E , Jones Drew R , Boeke Jef D , Wang Harris H
Published: September 2022

Major genomic deletions in independent eukaryotic lineages have led to repeated ancestral loss of biosynthesis pathways for nine of the twenty canonical amino acids. While the evolutionary forces driving these polyphyletic deletion events are not well understood, the consequence is that extant metazoans are unable to produce nine essential amino acids (EAAs). Previous studies have highlighted that EAA biosynthesis tends to be more energetically costly, raising the possibility that these pathways were lost from organisms with access to abundant EAAs. It is unclear whether present-day metazoans can reaccept these pathways to resurrect biosynthetic capabilities that were lost long ago or whether evolution has rendered EAA pathways incompatible with metazoan metabolism. Here, we report progress on a large-scale synthetic genomics effort to reestablish EAA biosynthetic functionality in mammalian cells. We designed codon-optimized biosynthesis pathways based on genes mined from Escherichia coli. These pathways were de novo synthesized in 3 kilobase chunks, assembled in yeasto and genomically integrated into a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. One synthetic pathway produced valine at a sufficient level for cell viability and proliferation. 13C-tracing verified de novo biosynthesis of valine and further revealed build-up of pathway intermediate 2,3-dihydroxy-3-isovalerate. Increasing the dosage of downstream ilvD boosted pathway performance and allowed for long-term propagation of second-generation cells in valine-free medium at 3.2 days per doubling. This work demonstrates that mammalian metabolism is amenable to restoration of ancient core pathways, paving a path for genome-scale efforts to synthetically restore metabolic functions to the metazoan lineage.
The effect of calcium supplementation in people under 35 years old: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Liu Yupeng , Le Siyu , Liu Yi , Jiang Huinan , Ruan Binye , Huang Yufeng , Ao Xuemei , Shi Xudong , Fu Xiaoyi , Wang Shuran
Published: September 2022

Background:

The effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral accretion in people under 35 years old is inconclusive. To comprehensively summarize the evidence for the effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral accretion in young populations (≤35 years).

Methods:

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Pubmed, Embase, ProQuest, CENTRAL, WHO Global Index Medicus, Clinical Trials.gov, WHO ICTRP, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data databases were systematically searched from database inception to April 25, 2021. Randomized clinical trials assessing the effects of calcium supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) or bone mineral content (BMC) in people under 35 years old.

Results:

This systematic review and meta-analysis identified 43 studies involving 7,382 subjects. Moderate certainty of evidence showed that calcium supplementation was associated with the accretion of BMD and BMC, especially on femoral neck (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.627, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.338–0.915; SMD 0.364, 95% CI 0.134–0.595; respectively) and total body (SMD 0.330, 95% CI 0.163–0.496; SMD 0.149, 95% CI 0.006–0.291), also with a slight improvement effect on lumbar spine BMC (SMD 0.163, 95% CI 0.008–0.317), no effects on total hip BMD and BMC and lumbar spine BMD were observed. Very interestingly, subgroup analyses suggested that the improvement of bone at femoral neck was more pronounced in the peripeak bone mass (PBM) population (20–35 years) than the pre-PBM population (<20 years).

Conclusions:

Our findings provided novel insights and evidence in calcium supplementation, which showed that calcium supplementation significantly improves bone mass, implying that preventive calcium supplementation before or around achieving PBM may be a shift in the window of intervention for osteoporosis.

Funding:

This work was supported by Wenzhou Medical University grant [89219029].
Nitrate enrichment does not affect enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in aquatic microcosms but may affect other strains present in aquatic habitats
Authors: Davis Meredith T. , Canning Adam D. , Midwinter Anne C. , Death Russell G.
Published: September 2022

Eutrophication of the planet’s aquatic systems is increasing at an unprecedented rate. In freshwater systems, nitrate—one of the nutrients responsible for eutrophication—is linked to biodiversity losses and ecosystem degradation. One of the main sources of freshwater nitrate pollution in New Zealand is agriculture. New Zealand’s pastoral farming system relies heavily on the application of chemical fertilisers. These fertilisers in combination with animal urine, also high in nitrogen, result in high rates of nitrogen leaching into adjacent aquatic systems. In addition to nitrogen, livestock waste commonly carries human and animal enteropathogenic bacteria, many of which can survive in freshwater environments. Two strains of enteropathogenic bacteria found in New Zealand cattle, are K99 and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC). To better understand the effects of ambient nitrate concentrations in the water column on environmental enteropathogenic bacteria survival, a microcosm experiment with three nitrate-nitrogen concentrations (0, 1, and 3 mg NO3-N /L), two enteropathogenic bacterial strains (STEC O26—human, and K99—animal), and two water types (sterile and containing natural microbiota) was run. Both STEC O26 and K99 reached 500 CFU/10 ml in both water types at all three nitrate concentrations within 24 hours and remained at those levels for the full 91 days of the experiment. Although enteropathogenic strains showed no response to water column nitrate concentrations, the survival of background Escherichia coli, imported as part of the in-stream microbiota did, surviving longer in 1 and 3 mg NO3-N/Lconcentrations (P < 0.001). While further work is needed to fully understand how nitrate enrichment and in-stream microbiota may affect the viability of human and animal pathogens in freshwater systems, it is clear that these two New Zealand strains of STEC O26 and K99 can persist in river water for extended periods alongside some natural microbiota.
The Supreme Court Expands Second Amendment Rights as the Nation Experiences Historic Levels of Firearms Violence
Authors: Webster Daniel W. , Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: September 2022

This Viewpoint discusses the recent Supreme Court decision declaring a broad right to carry firearms in public and offers a public health strategy for firearms safety laws.
Screening for Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults
Authors:   US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione Carol M. , Barry Michael J. , Nicholson Wanda K. , Cabana Michael , Chelmow David , Coker Tumaini Rucker , Davis Esa M. , Donahue Katrina E. , Jaén Carlos Roberto , Kubik Martha , Li Li , Ogedegbe Gbenga , Pbert Lori , Ruiz John M. , Stevermer James , Wong John B.
Published: September 2022

Importance

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that can progress through different stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and cause serious health problems if left untreated. Reported cases of primary and secondary syphilis in the US increased from a record low of 2.1 cases per 100 000 population in 2000 and 2001 to 11.9 cases per 100 000 population in 2019. Men account for the majority of cases (83% of primary and secondary syphilis cases in 2019), and rates among women nearly tripled from 2015 to 2019.

Objective

To reaffirm its 2016 recommendation, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) commissioned a reaffirmation evidence update focusing on targeted key questions evaluating the performance of risk assessment tools and the benefits and harms of screening for syphilis in nonpregnant adolescents and adults.

Population

Asymptomatic, nonpregnant adolescents and adults who have ever been sexually active and are at increased risk for syphilis infection.

Evidence Assessment

Using a reaffirmation process, the USPSTF concludes with high certainty that there is a substantial net benefit of screening for syphilis infection in nonpregnant persons who are at increased risk for infection.

Recommendation

The USPSTF recommends screening for syphilis infection in persons who are at increased risk for infection. (A recommendation)
The Business Case for Reducing Firearm Injuries
Authors: Song Zirui
Published: September 2022

This Viewpoint argues for US businesses to get involved in the battle against gun violence to ensure employees’ health and wellness and reduce employers’ health insurance costs.
Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and/or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Among Children and Adolescents in Germany
Authors: Sorg Anna-Lisa , Becht Selina , Jank Marietta , Armann Jakob , von Both Ulrich , Hufnagel Markus , Lander Fabian , Liese Johannes G. , Niehues Tim , Verjans Eva , Wetzke Martin , Stojanov Silvia , Behrends Uta , Drosten Christian , Schroten Horst , von Kries Rüdiger
Published: September 2022

Importance

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a reduction in quality of life and physical and mental health among children and adolescents has been reported that may be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or containment measures.

Objective

To assess the association of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity with symptoms that may be related to myalgic encephalomyelitis and/or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) among children and adolescents.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This substudy of the cross-sectional SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence surveys in Germany (SARS-CoV-2 KIDS) was performed in 9 pediatric hospitals from May 1 to October 31, 2021. Pediatric patients were recruited during an inpatient or outpatient visit regardless of the purpose of the visit. Parental questionnaires and serum samples were collected during clinically indicated blood draws. The parental questionnaire on demographic and clinical information was extended by items according to the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire, a pediatric screening tool for ME/CFS in epidemiological studies in patients aged 5 to 17 years.

Exposures

Seropositivity was determined by SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Key symptoms of ME/CFS were evaluated separately or as clustered ME/CFS symptoms according to the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire, including fatigue.

Results

Among 634 participants (294 male [46.4%] and 340 female [53.6%]; median age, 11.5 [IQR, 8-14] years), 198 (31.2%) reported clustered ME/CFS symptoms, including 40 of 100 SARS-CoV-2–seropositive (40.0%) and 158 of 534 SARS-CoV-2–seronegative (29.6%) children and adolescents. After adjustment for sex, age group, and preexisting disease, the risk ratio for reporting clustered ME/CFS symptoms decreased from 1.35 (95% CI, 1.03-1.78) to 1.18 (95% CI, 0.90-1.53) and for substantial fatigue from 2.45 (95% CI, 1.24-4.84) to 2.08 (95% CI, 1.05-4.13). Confinement to children and adolescents with unknown previous SARS-CoV-2 infection status (n = 610) yielded lower adjusted risks for all symptoms except joint pain ME/CFS–related symptoms. The adjusted risk ratio was 1.08 (95% CI, 0.80-1.46) for reporting clustered ME/CFS symptoms and 1.43 (95% CI, 0.63-3.23) for fatigue.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that the risk of ME/CFS in children and adolescents owing to SARS-CoV-2 infection may be very small. Recall bias may contribute to risk estimates of long COVID-19 symptoms in children. Extensive lockdowns must be considered as an alternative explanation for complex unspecific symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Abeyance
Authors: Taylor Verta , Crossley Alison Dahl
Published: September 2022

Abeyance depicts a holding pattern in which a social movement manages to sustain itself and mount a challenge to authorities in a hostile political and cultural environment, thereby providing continuity from one stage of mobilization to another. Abeyance carries with it the connotation of movement decline, failure, and demobilization relative to peaks of mobilization. When a movement declines, it does not necessarily disappear. Rather, pockets of movement activity may continue to exist and can serve as starting points of a new cycle of the same or a new movement at a later point in time. During periods of abeyance, movements sustain themselves but develop distinct repertoires of contention that are different from the mobilizing structures and tactical repertoires of movements in a stage of mass mobilization. A social movement in abeyance may provide linkages to new rounds of mobilization through
activist networks
, an established
repertoire of goals and tactics
, and by constructing a
collective identity
that can serve as a symbolic resource and source of solidarity for subsequent mobilization.
Activism
Authors: Saunders Clare
Published: September 2022

Activism is, in many ways, the most important activity undertaken by social and political movements. In short, activism is the action that movements undertake in order to challenge some existing element of the social or political system and so help fulfill movements' aims. Thus, activism includes a wide range of different actions, from participating in a forum to sabotaging property. Not only does activism vary according to the type of action chosen, but also depending upon the target or targets, which could be local citizens, corporations, local or national governments, international financial institutions, the capitalist system, and so on.
Anarchism
Authors: Romanos Eduardo
Published: September 2022

Anarchism refers to a tradition of social and political thought that in the 1860s emerged as an organized political force. Since then, anarchism has inspired protests, organizations, and movements, mainly in Europe, Russia, and the Americas, but also in other parts of the world. While it may be difficult to talk of “one” anarchist movement, a distinct anarchist current within the history of the labor movement can be identified, as well as anarchist tendencies and groups within other social movements. The term “anarchy” comes from the Greekan‐arkhos, meaning “without a leader or ruler.” It was first used in a positive sense, being identified as the ideal form of government, in Pierre‐Joseph Proudhon's (1809–1865)What Is Property?(1840). Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876), and Pyotr Kropotkin (1842–1921) pioneered a broad tradition which has developed in a variety of forms. These range from varying interpretations of how to organize society in economic terms to the more basic distinction between social anarchism and currents farther removed from collective action (e.g. philosophical, individualist, and spiritual anarchism), as well as more specific variations around forms of organization, of action, and the use of violence. In spite of this rich variety, anarchism can be identified by its strong commitment to individual freedom and sovereignty; the opposition to any form of oppression, domination, and authority; the promotion of voluntary, decentralized, and nonhierarchical associations; and the use of forms of direct action that prefigure a freer society with more solidarity and respect for individual self‐government.
Artistic Currents and Milieus and Social Movements
Authors: Mathieu Lilian , Balasinski Justyne
Published: September 2022

Art and protest are distinct activities that belong to separate social spheres, but they share many similarities and often intersect. Studies of contentious politics often use artistic metaphors, such as Tilly's concepts of repertoire of collective action or contentious performances. Recognizing that the art world and the social movement sector form two different fields helps to understand the complex relations between art and contention. These include artists' commitment to movements, mobilization of arts in protest, and the way social movements produce cultural change.
Brokerage
Authors: Diani Mario
Published: September 2022

In its most basic terms, brokerage refers to the mechanism whereby an actor acts as an intermediary between two other actors that are not directly linked, thus creating a new line of communication and exchange. This premise has been shared widely across the social sciences, yet with different twists and emphases. On the one hand, some views of brokerage stress in particular the profits incurring to those occupying intermediate positions from their specific structural location. Filling “structural holes” enables some actors to secure privileged access to scarce resources (e.g. information or advice), as well as to affect other actors' behavior through network‐based mechanisms of dependence. One well‐known instance of this dynamic is given by the so‐called role of the
tertium gaudens
, who secures gains precisely by virtue of his/her capacity to play one of the other partners in the relation against the other. Another view of brokerage underlines first and foremost brokers' ability to bridge different social milieus and different cultures. Although the presence of personal interest aside other motives can never be ruled out, here the main emphasis is on the collective, rather than the individual, consequences of brokerage: for example, brokers are perceived as crucial to the emergence of new collective actors. This is the notion of brokerage that most social movement analysts primarily refer to, without necessarily pitching them explicitly one against the other.
Competition and Ethnic/Racial Collective Action
Authors: Olzak Susan
Published: September 2022

Competition theory of race and ethnic conflict specifies three mechanisms under which racial/ethnic conflict and protest occurs. The first reflects a familiar “racial threat” argument, suggesting that the magnitude of response by dominant groups depends on the timing and size of the incoming group and on the clarity of ethnic distinctions made between newcomers and residents. The second mechanism involves niche overlap, which activates efforts of competitive exclusion directed against less powerful groups. The third mechanism arises when the upward mobility of subordinate groups poses threats to the power and control by dominant groups. Together, these mechanisms imply that shifts in the balance of resources and/or power increase levels of competition. This in turn encourages mobilization efforts based upon newly activated race/ethnic boundaries.
Consensual Decision‐Making
Authors: Polletta Francesca
Published: September 2022

Consensual decision‐making requires that all participants agree on an option before it is adopted. Organizations relying on consensus have been a prominent feature of pre‐ and post‐World War II pacifism, the American civil rights movement, anti‐war, anti‐nuclear, and environmental movements, gay and lesbian activism, and the global justice movement. Often motivated by a prefigurative commitment to enacting an egalitarian society in the here and now, activists have also found strategic benefit in consensual decision‐making, notably in building leadership and sustaining activists' commitment. Over time, activists have also wrestled with the challenges of consensual decision‐making; in particular, with the risks it poses for organizational efficiency and, paradoxically, for group equality.
Contagion Theory
Authors: Snow David A.
Published: September 2022

Scholars of collective gatherings or crowds, such as riots, protest events, and collective celebrations, have long been interested in accounting for the coordination that makes collective behavior truly collective rather than the aggregation of parallel individual behaviors. For about 75 years, from at least the time of Gustave LeBon's
The Crowd
(1897) until the 1970s, one of the dominant explanations was provided by what Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian called “contagion theory.” The idea of contagion conjures up the imagery of some behavioral, emotional, or ideational phenomenon spreading rapidly, uncritically, and uniformly within a collectivity, from one participant to another. People in collective gatherings or crowds, many of which are sponsored by social movements, are portrayed as behaving uniformly, intensely, and often in a fashion at odds with their usual normative behavioral patterns.
Convergence/Dispositional Theory
Authors: Snow David A. , A. Rohlinger Deana
Published: September 2022

Convergence, or dispositional, approaches to crowds and social movements focus on various psychological traits and states that hypothetically render individuals more or less susceptible to participation. The underlying assumption is that specifiable personality characteristics and/or cognitive or emotional states are likely to make the appeal of some movements especially attractive, thereby predisposing some individuals to participation. Rather than focusing on the material basis or socially constructed character of grievances, attention is focused on the psychological manifestation of or responses to grievances. Thus, crowd and social movement participants are seen as being a relatively undifferentiated and unrepresentative grouping of individuals because of the dispositions or tendencies they share. Hence the idea of convergence: the assemblage of “like‐minded” or similarly disposed individuals, as represented in Eric Hoffer's
The True Believer
. Especially prominent among the psychological and personality factors thought to account for this dispositional vulnerability to movement appeals are heightened frustration, a sense of relative deprivation, alienation, spoiled or stigmatized identities, and authoritarianism.
Democracy Inside Social Movements
Authors: della Porta Donatella
Published: September 2022

Although social movements have been said to propose alternative visions of democracy, social movement studies have only rarely addressed the issue of democracy in movements, from either the empirical or the normative point of view.
Discursive Opportunity Structure
Authors: McCammon Holly
Published: September 2022

In 1999, Koopmans and Statham introduced the term “discursive opportunity structure” (DOS) to identify ideas in the broader political culture believed to be “sensible,” “realistic,” and “legitimate” and whose presence would thus facilitate reception of specific forms of collective action framing – forms, that is, that would align well with these preexisting ideational elements. The notion of DOS, therefore, provides social movement scholars with a conceptual tool to understand which social movement frames are likely to have the greatest capacity to mobilize existing and new recruits, to convince the public of a movement's demands, and to persuade authorities to alter policy and practices in line with the movement's agenda. The conceptualization of discursive opportunities synthesizes theories of social movement framing and political opportunity structure. Framing theory by itself is limited in its ability to explain why some collective action frames are more successful than others. Political opportunity theory, while drawing our attention to political‐institutional opportunities for successful movement mobilization, tends to neglect cultural dynamics that also play a pivotal role in movement outcomes. Discursive opportunity structures reveal that cultural elements in the broader environment facilitate and constrain successful social movement framing.
Elections and Social Movements
Authors: Heaney Michael T.
Published: September 2022

Elections and social movements are reciprocally related to one another such that elections affect movements and movements affect elections. These effects modulate cycles of contention. Influence dynamics are interrelated with the creation of new actors and identities, the projection of political frames and signals, and the facilitation of mobilization and demobilization. Examples of these processes are evident worldwide in places such as Argentina, Hungary, Thailand, and the United States of America.
Free Spaces
Authors: Polletta Francesca , Kretschmer Kelsy
Published: September 2022

Free spaces are small‐scale settings within a community or movement that are removed from the direct control of dominant groups, are voluntarily participated in, and generate the cultural challenge that precedes or accompanies political mobilization. Since the term became popular in studies of movements in the 1980s, scholars have sought to better identify the features of particular institutional sites that equip them to spur political challenges. They have also probed the role of free spaces in authoritarian regimes, in right‐wing movements, and in relation to new digital technologies.
Geography and Social Movements
Authors: Routledge Paul
Published: September 2022

During the 1970s, and drawing from Marxism and feminism, the discipline of geography inquired into socio‐spatially constituted inequalities and injustices. However, it was not until the early 1990s that a direct and sustained engagement with the geographies of social movements began. Although engaging with the theoretical traditions of resource mobilization and political process, and new social movements, geographers have been concerned with the
lack
of engagement with geography in social movement studies, arguing that geographical (spatial) understandings of social movement practice are crucial to the interpretation of contentious action. Movements act from space, politically mobilizing from the material conditions of their (local) spaces; movements act on space, appropriating it with a group identity; movements act in space, such as taking to the streets for protests, or occupying land; and movements make space: creating conditions to expand public political involvement, for example through the creation of solidaristic alliances. The entry discusses how social movements negotiate multiple spatialities in their prosecution of conflict. These include the politics of place and socio‐spatial positionality, spatial inequalities, the politics of scale, and networking.
Generational and Cohort Analysis
Authors: Whittier Nancy
Published: September 2022

The study of generations and cohorts in social movements examines waves of protest that originate from particular age groups and differences between participants of different ages or movement eras. This perspective assumes that individuals' experiences are shaped by their historical context, producing distinctive perspectives on society and social movements. Mannheim first identified the phenomenon of political generations, arguing that, when young people enter social life, they form distinct perspectives shaped by the social and political events of their era. In Mannheim's view, age groups contain multiple “generation units,” which interpret the same events in different ways, forming distinct ideological or cultural movements. These generational perspectives endure over the life course, and members of different political generations thus have different perspectives. Modifying this approach, some scholars of social movements define political generations not by common age, but by common time of entry into a social movement. In this view, the historical and social movement context when individuals begin activism define their formative political perspectives, which may be shared by people of different ages who enter the social movement at the same time.
Globalization and Movements
Authors: Agrikoliansky Eric
Published: September 2022

Has globalization revolutionized contentious politics? In the late 1990s, a number of researchers began to announce that the growing internationalization of economic, cultural, and political exchanges, combined with an increasing loss of control over these flows experienced by individual nations, had led to profound changes in patterns of social movement. The emergence of transnational advocacy networks and transnational social movement organizations foreshadowed the rise of the global public sphere and the transnational civil society. Moreover, these global social movements had seemingly invented a third repertoire of actions, defined by their transnational character and solidarity. In much the same way as market capitalism, liberal ideology, and the concept of the nation‐state arose, and had reconfigured national protest movements in the nineteenth century, economic globalization and the free‐enterprise culture that accompanied them, together with the forecasted decline of nation‐states, apparently culminated to produce another substantial transformation in contentious politics on a global level.
Indymedia (The Independent Media Center)
Authors: Milan Stefania
Published: September 2022

Indymedia, short for Independent Media Center (IMC), is a global network of independent media organizations offering grassroots news coverage on political and social issues. Its website, indymedia.org, has been operating since 1999 as an “open publishing” platform, enabling anyone with internet access to upload text and digital files. Indymedia reached its peak in the mid‐2000s, but the activity of the network progressively declined in the years that followed.
Initiator and Spin‐Off Movements
Authors: McAdam Doug
Published: September 2022

Most theories of movement emergence treat movements as independent of one another. The popular convention of naming individual movements reflects this view as well. So we refer to movements – for example, the women's movement, the civil rights movement, the environmental movement – as separate and discrete phenomena.
Interviewing Activists
Authors: Blee Kathleen , McDowell Amy
Published: September 2022

Personal interviews with activists are a common strategy for gathering data on current social movements. They allow scholars access to a broader segment of social movement participants than are represented in documents and propaganda produced by movement leaders. Interviews also provide different kinds of data than can observational methods. Through interviews, researchers can probe the biographies and motivations of activists as well as the emotions evoked in social movement participation and the meanings that activists give to their actions. Indeed, activist interviews are a key source of information on many critical issues in social movement studies, including how individual and collective identities are constructed, how movements attract followers, and how members' commitments fluctuate over time.
Law and Social Movements
Authors: Boutcher Steven A. , Stobaugh James E.
Published: September 2022

Legal institutions, elites, and norms played an important role in the development of social movements over the latter half of the twentieth century, yet social movement scholars have only recently begun to take notice. The subfield of law and social movements has developed in two separate but increasingly integrated fields – legal scholarship and social movement scholarship – and has developed around two broad sets of research questions. First, is litigation an effective strategy for social movements? Second, what role does law play in shaping the trajectories of social movements? Early research tended to focus on the question of effectiveness, but more recent scholarship has expanded to include analyses focusing on the dynamic role that law plays in shaping movement trajectories. This entry focuses on how legal institutions and strategies have been incorporated into existing social movement theories.
Marches
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan
Published: September 2022

Marches are part of the classic action repertoire of social movements. They are a form of protest closely connected to rallies and demonstrations. In the case of rallies, marches are the relatively organized means through which an aggregation of individuals gets from point A to point B, coming to assemble in a common space for the purpose of a protest or celebratory rally. Although the terms “marches” and “demonstrations” are often used interchangeably, demonstrations typically encompass a broader set of collective actions, including not only the march but also assemblage and the rally in which economic, political, and social or cultural concerns and demands are voiced.
Media and Social Movements
Authors: Rohlinger Deana A.
Published: September 2022

Mass media refer to means of communication that reach a relatively large number of people. Mass media include eight mediums: radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books, recordings, movies, and digital media such as social media, gaming, and blogging. Mass media are relevant to the study of social movements because they carry movement ideas to a broader audience and give activists leverage in institutional and political processes. More specifically, mass media are important to movements because they provide social movements an opportunity to shape public understandings of social and political problems, as well as a chance to mobilize a broader public to action. This entry briefly reviews the venues available to differentially resourced movement groups, outlines how sociologists study the movement–media relationship, and highlights unresolved issues with which sociologists must contend.
Motivation and Types of Motives (Instrumental, Identity, Ideological)
Authors: Klandermans Bert
Published: September 2022

The social psychology of movement participation distinguishes three fundamental reasons why people participate in social movements: people may want to change their circumstances, they may want to act as members of their group, or they may want to express their views. Together these three motives account for most of the reasons why people take part in collective political action. Social movements may supply the opportunity to fulfill these motives and the better they do the more movement participation turns into a satisfying experience. In brief, the literature refers to these three motives as instrumentality, identity, and ideology.
Instrumentality
refers to movement participation as an attempt to influence the social and political environment;
identity
refers to movement participation as an expression of identification with a group; and
ideology
refers to movement participation as an expression of one's views. Different theories are associated with these three angles. Instrumentality is related to resource mobilization and political process theories of social movements and at the psychological level to rational choice theory and expectancy‐value theories; identity is related to sociological approaches that emphasize the collective identity component of social movement participation and with the social psychological social identity theory; and ideology is related to approaches in social movement literature that focus on culture, meaning, narratives, moral reasoning, and emotion and in psychology to theories of social cognition and emotions.
New Left and Social Movements (United States)
Authors: Flacks Richard
Published: September 2022

The term “New Left” came into use in the late 1950s, when it was adopted by British intellectuals who came together after the Khruschev revelations about Stalin and the Soviet invasion of Hungary and the British invasion of Suez. Politically, this group shared a rejection of both Stalinism and the rightward drift of social democracy and a determination to oppose the political framework defined by the Cold War.
New Social Movements and New Social Movement Theory
Authors: Buechler Steven M.
Published: September 2022

New social movement theory (NSMT) emerged in the 1980s in Europe to analyze new social movements (NSMs) that appeared from the 1960s onward. These movements were seen as “new” in contrast to the “old” working‐class movement identified by Marxist theory as the major challenger to capitalist society. By contrast, NSMs are organized around gender, race, ethnicity, youth, sexuality, spirituality, countercultures, environmentalism, animal rights, pacifism, human rights, and the like.
Organizations, Congregation‐Based
Authors: Walker Edward T.
Published: September 2022

Congregation‐based community organizations (CBCOs) are local organizations active in low‐ or moderate‐income communities that build upon the existing infrastructures of diverse religious congregations in order to develop the civic and political power of local residents. Typically, individuals may only participate in a CBCO by virtue of being a member of a participating congregation. Although such groups represent only one of the two dominant models for organizing local communities, CBCOs are a major force in local (and, increasingly, state and national) civic and political discourse. They are also a significant factor in helping to bridge diversity among their participating constituents.