bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monogenic and polygenic concepts in chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Authors: Jefferis Julia , Hudson Rebecca , Lacaze Paul , Bakshi Andrew , Hawley Carmel , Patel Chirag , Mallett Andrew
Published: November 2023

Kidney function is strongly influenced by genetic factors with both monogenic and polygenic factors contributing to kidney function. Monogenic disorders with primarily autosomal dominant inheritance patterns account for 10% of adult and 50% of paediatric kidney diseases. However, kidney function is also a complex trait with polygenic architecture, where genetic factors interact with environment and lifestyle factors. Family studies suggest that kidney function has significant heritability at 35–69%, capturing complexities of the genome with shared environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies estimate the single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability of kidney function between 7.1 and 20.3%. These heritability estimates, measuring the extent to which genetic variation contributes to CKD risk, indicate a strong genetic contribution. Polygenic Risk Scores have recently been developed for chronic kidney disease and kidney function, and validated in large populations. Polygenic Risk Scores show correlation with kidney function but lack the specificity to predict individual-level changes in kidney function. Certain kidney diseases, such as membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy that have significant genetic components, may benefit most from polygenic risk scores for improved risk stratification. Genetic studies of kidney function also provide a potential avenue for the development of more targeted therapies and interventions. Understanding the development and validation of genomic scores is required to guide their implementation and identify the most appropriate potential implications in clinical practice. In this review, we provide an overview of the heritability of kidney function traits in population studies, explore both monogenic and polygenic concepts in kidney disease, with a focus on recently developed polygenic risk scores in kidney function and chronic kidney disease, and review specific diseases which are most amenable to incorporation of genomic scores.

Graphical abstract
Atomically Dispersed Ruthenium Catalysts with Open Hollow Structure for Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Chen Xin , Zhang Yu , Chen Chang , Li Huinan , Lin Yuran , Yu Ke , Nan Caiyun , Chen Chen
Published: November 2023

Lithium–oxygen battery with ultra-high theoretical energy density is considered a highly competitive next-generation energy storage device, but its practical application is severely hindered by issues such as difficult decomposition of discharge products at present. Here, we have developed N-doped carbon anchored atomically dispersed Ru sites cathode catalyst with open hollow structure (h-RuNC) for Lithium–oxygen battery. On one hand, the abundance of atomically dispersed Ru sites can effectively catalyze the formation and decomposition of discharge products, thereby greatly enhancing the redox kinetics. On the other hand, the open hollow structure not only enhances the mass activity of atomically dispersed Ru sites but also improves the diffusion efficiency of catalytic molecules. Therefore, the excellent activity from atomically dispersed Ru sites and the enhanced diffusion from open hollow structure respectively improve the redox kinetics and cycling stability, ultimately achieving a high-performance lithium–oxygen battery.
Estimating the Parameters of a Three-Phase Induction Motor using the Vortex Search Algorithm
Authors: Montano Jhon , Garzón Oscar Daniel , Herrera-Jaramillo Diego Alejandro , Montoya Oscar Danilo , Andrade Fabio , Tobon Andres
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we present a new optimization method to estimate the parameters and torques of an induction motor (IM). The proposed method is known as the Vortex Search Algorithm (VSA), whose performance is based on the behavior of the vortices created by stirred fluids. This algorithm was compared with other four optimization methods reported in the specialized literature (grasshopper optimization algorithm, particle swarm optimization, salp swarm algorithm and sine cosine algorithm), and its solution quality, precision, and robustness were validated using two test motors. During the tests, we analyzed the minimum error between the estimated values and the values provided by the manufacturer, as well as the global error of each method and their required processing time. The results show that the VSA is an excellent alternative to estimate the parameters of an IM, as it exhibited the best performance when compared to the other optimization methods.
Gelingende Nachbarschaft
Authors: Weichelt Matthias
Published: November 2023

In literarischen Zeitschriften spielt die Komposition der Beiträge und die Nachbarschaft von Autorinnen und Autoren eine besondere Rolle. Die kuratierte Gemeinschaft der Texte, die hier aufeinander bezogen sind und miteinander in ein Gespräch kommen, unterscheidet sich sowohl von selbstständigen Publikationen wie von den Kommunikationsstrategien Sozialer Medien.
Autofiktion und der Strukturwandel des Privaten
Authors: Völz Johannes
Published: November 2023

Das Genre der Autofiktion gehört zu den erfolgreichsten und meist diskutierten Phänomenen der internationalen Gegenwartsliteratur des vergangenen Jahrzehnts. Autorinnen und Autoren von Autofiktion verwenden vielfältige literarische Mittel, um das zu tun, was der Roman seit jeher getan hat: den Raum des Privaten auszuleuchten. Doch das Private der Autofiktion – so argumentiert der vorliegende Artikel – unterscheidet sich strukturell vom Begriff der Privatheit, der dem fiktionalen Roman zugrunde liegt. Am Beispiel von Sheila Hetis Roman Motherhood (2018; dt. Mutterschaft, 2020) und dessen Rezeption in verschiedenen Youtube-Formaten zeigt der Aufsatz, dass das Private, das von der Autofiktion zugänglich gemacht wird, nicht länger als Rückzugsort des Individuums zu verstehen ist. Vielmehr inszeniert und reflektiert Autofiktion ein Modell von Privatheit, in dem intensive Selbstbeobachtung in den Dienst des Knüpfens neuer sozialer Verbindungen gestellt wird. Autofiktion thematisiert das vernetzte Leben und inszeniert mit der Grenzüberschreitung von fiktionaler und nichtfiktionaler Welt ein ästhetisches Pendant des Netzwerkens. Der Artikel argumentiert somit, dass der Erfolg gegenwärtiger Autofiktion im Zusammenhang mit einem Strukturwandel von Privatheit in der Netzwerkgesellschaft verstanden werden sollte.
The Relationship Between Environmental Statistics and Predictive Gaze Behaviour During a Manual Interception Task: Eye Movements as Active Inference
Authors: Harris David , Vine Sam , Wilson Mark , Arthur Tom
Published: November 2023

Human observers are known to frequently act like Bayes-optimal decision-makers. Growing evidence indicates that the deployment of the visual system may similarly be driven by probabilistic mental models of the environment. We tested whether eye movements during a dynamic interception task were indeed optimised according to Bayesian inference principles. Forty-one participants intercepted oncoming balls in a virtual reality racquetball task across five counterbalanced conditions in which the relative probability of the ball’s onset location was manipulated. Analysis of pre-onset gaze positions indicated that eye position tracked the true distribution of onset location, suggesting that the gaze system spontaneously adhered to environmental statistics. Eye movements did not, however, seek to minimise the distance between the target and foveal vision according to an optimal probabilistic model of the world and instead often reflected a ‘best guess’ about onset location. Trial-to-trial changes in gaze position were, however, found to be better explained by Bayesian learning models (hierarchical Gaussian filter) than associative learning models. Additionally, parameters relating to the precision of beliefs and prediction errors extracted from the participant-wise models were related to both task-evoked pupil dilations and variability in gaze positions, providing further evidence that probabilistic context was reflected in spontaneous gaze dynamics.
Between the Lines: Integrating the Science of Reading and the Science of Behavior to Improve Reading Outcomes for Australian Children
Authors: Stocker Karina L. , Fox Russell A. , Swain Nathaniel R. , Leif Erin S.
Published: November 2023

Many Australian students fail to meet an acceptable standard of reading proficiency. This can negatively impact their academic progress, social, and emotional well-being, and increase their risk of developing challenging behaviors. These risks and challenges have been found to compound over the lifetime of the learner. Unfortunately, the proportion of Australian students who fail to meet reading proficiency standards increases as they move through their years of schooling, and reading difficulties disproportionately affect historically marginalized groups. This has raised concerns about the effectiveness of instructional approaches used within the Australian education system, particularly in reading, and prompted discussions of reform. The purpose of this review paper was to examine the contributions of the science of reading and science of behavior to our collective knowledge regarding reading development and effective reading instruction, and how this knowledge is currently being used in the Australian context. We provide a discussion on the current state of reading instruction and achievement in Australia by considering national trends, inequities, and systemic challenges. Implications and recommendations to address inequities in reading outcomes, using both the science of reading and science of behavior, are discussed.
The Buffering Effects of Right-Wing Authoritarianism on Future Anxiety: the Mediating Role of COVID-19-Related Demoralization and Perceived Risk
Authors: Mezzalira Selene , Winter Taylor , Riordan Benjamin , Scarf Damian , Jose Paul , Maldonato Nelson Mauro , Scandurra Cristiano , Bochicchio Vincenzo
Published: November 2023

In the last decade, our knowledge of authoritarianism has completely shifted from that of a personality dimension to that of a multidimensional attitudinal structure. Current theories stipulate that individuals are motivated to maintain a sense of collective security within their social group. When a group is confronted with societal threats, such as COVID-19, individuals respond by increasing their exhibition of authoritarian practices to maintain collective security. Where a sense of control cannot be maintained, it can contribute to poor psychological outcomes such as negative future outlooks. In the present study, we collected a community sample of 948 individuals to test how authoritarianism may alleviate feelings of future anxiety. We hypothesized that perceived risk and demoralization would mediate the effects of authoritarianism on future anxiety. Our results supported that demoralization is a significant mediator, in that higher authoritarianism is associated with lower levels of demoralization that in turn is associated with lower levels of future anxiety. However, we did not support a mediating role in the perceived risk of COVID-19. Our results illuminate a potential pathway between authoritarianism and the mitigation of maladaptive psychological outcomes in the face of societal threats. Perhaps encouragingly, authoritarianism was associated with morale but did not diminish the seriousness of the perceived threat of COVID-19. We suggest that morale be a point of future investigation when aiming to understand the effects of authoritarianism on maintaining groups’ collective security.
Advanced operation modes relying on core plasma turbulence stabilization in tokamak fusion devices
Authors: Na Yong-Su
Published: November 2023

Recent progress of advanced operation modes in tokamaks is addressed focusing upon internal transport barrier (ITB) discharges. These ITB discharges are being considered as one of candidate operation modes in fusion reactors. Here, “internal” means core region of a fusion plasma, and “transport barrier” implies bifurcation of transport phenomena due to suppressing plasma turbulence. Although ITB discharges have been developed since the mid-1990, they have been suffering from harmful plasma instabilities, impurity accumulation, difficulty of feedback control of kinetic plasma profiles such as pressure or current density, and so on. Sustainment of these discharges in long-pulse operations above wall saturation time is another huddle. Recent advances in ITB experiments to overcome the difficulties of ITB discharges are addressed for high βp plasmas in DIII-D, broad ITB without internal kink mode in HL-2A, F-ATB (fast ion-induced anomalous transport barrier) in ASDEX upgrade, ion and electron ITB in LHD, and FIRE (fast ion regulated enhancement) mode in KSTAR. The core-edge integration is discussed in the ITB discharges. The DIII-D high βp plasmas facilitate divertor detachment which weakens the edge transport barrier (ETB) but extends the ITB radius resulting in a net gain in energy confinement. Double transport barriers were observed in KSTAR without edge localized mode (ELM). FIRE modes in KSTAR are equipped with the I-mode-like edge which prevents the ELM burst and raise the fusion performance together with ITB. Finally, long sustainment of ITBs is discussed. EAST established electron ITB mode in long-pulse operations. JET achieved quasi-stationary ITB with active control of the pressure profile. JT-60U obtained 28 s of high βp hybrid mode, and KSTAR sustained stable ITB in conventional ITB mode as well as FIRE mode. These recent outstanding achievements can promise ITB scenarios as a strong candidate for fusion reactors.
Why workshops work: Examining the efficacy of training trainers to train goats
Authors: Meier Jennifer , Theby Viviane , Gygax Lorenz , Hillman Edna , Fischer-Tenhagen Carola
Published: November 2023

Experimental procedures involving farm animals are often associated with stress due to restraining. Stress can be reduced through use of positive reinforcement training, which then serves as refinement according to the 3Rs principles. Trainer skills, however, may influence the feasibility and success of animal training. The potential influence of trainer skills as well as the education of animal trainers are rarely described in literature but are necessary information for the implementation of positive reinforcement training as a refinement measure. To investigate the effect of educational programmes on animal trainers, we compared the training success of two groups of participants in training goats to elicit a behaviour that would allow simulated venipuncture. One group was educated in a two-day workshop while the other was provided with specific literature for self-instructed learning. Training success was evaluated using an assessment protocol developed for this study. A greater training success in the WORKSHOP GROUP, reflected by objective and subjective measures, was clearly supported statistically. In addition, 73 versus only 13% of the participants of the WORKSHOP GROUP and the self-instructed BOOK GROUP, respectively, stated that they could completely implement the knowledge gained in the course of this study. Our results indicate that more intensively educated trainers can train animals more successfully. In conclusion, if animal training is implemented as refinement, animal caretakers should receive instruction for positive reinforcement training.
Risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in people with severe mental illness in South Asia: cross-sectional study in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan
Authors: Appuhamy Koralagamage Kavindu , Podmore Danielle , Mitchell Alex , Ahmed Helal Uddin , Ashworth Mark , Boehnke Jan R. , Chongtham Virtu , Chowdhury Asiful Haidar , Garcia Olga P. , Holt Richard I. G. , Huque Rumana , Muliyala Krishna Prasad , Onstenk Eline Klein , Rajan Sukanya , Shiers David , Siddiqi Najma , Manjunatha S. , Zavala Gerardo A.
Published: November 2023

Obesity is one of the major contributors to the excess mortality seen in people with severe mental illness (SMI) and in low- and middle-income countries people with SMI may be at an even greater risk. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight in people with SMI and investigate the association of obesity and overweight with sociodemographic variables, other physical comorbidities, and health-risk behaviours. This was a multi-country cross-sectional survey study where data were collected from 3989 adults with SMI from three specialist mental health institutions in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated using Asian BMI thresholds. Multinomial regression models were then used to explore associations between overweight and obesity with various potential determinants. There was a high prevalence of overweight (17·3 %) and obesity (46·2 %). The relative risk of having obesity (compared to normal weight) was double in women (RRR = 2·04) compared with men. Participants who met the WHO recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake had 2·53 (95 % CI: 1·65–3·88) times greater risk of having obesity compared to those not meeting them. Also, the relative risk of having obesity in people with hypertension is 69 % higher than in people without hypertension (RRR = 1·69). In conclusion, obesity is highly prevalent in SMI and associated with chronic disease. The complex relationship between diet and risk of obesity was also highlighted. People with SMI and obesity could benefit from screening for non-communicable diseases, better nutritional education, and context-appropriate lifestyle interventions.
The conservation status of the Nubian Bustard Nubotis nuba: a review and prognosis
Authors: Collar N. J. , Wacher Tim
Published: November 2023

Records of the Nubian Bustard Nubotis nuba range across the drier northern component of the Sahel zone in Africa from Mauritania through Mali, Niger, and Chad to Sudan. Reports of significant hunting pressure have caused it to be treated as IUCN “Near Threatened” for almost 40 years, but information relating to distribution and population trends remains scattered, anecdotal, and unevaluated. All accessible evidence bearing on its conservation is therefore assembled and reviewed here. The lack of records from Mauritania since 1984, Mali since 1974, and Sudan since 1988 suggests that populations there may now be very small and perhaps entirely extinguished. Records from Niger and Chad remain many, thanks largely to the assiduous reporting of observations on the West African Bird DataBase (WABDaB) by researchers involved in ungulate conservation. The national nature reserves of Aïr and Ténéré (RNNAT) and Termit and Tin-Toumma (RNNTT) in Niger and the Ouadi Rimé–Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve (RFOROA) in Chad emerge as vital to the long-term survival of the Nubian Bustard, given the accumulating evidence in both countries of (1) widespread habitat degradation and conversion, as human populations and their livestock expand in numbers and range in the Sahel, and (2) intensifying persecution, as highly mobile and well-armed local poachers plus Gulf state hunters gain increasing vehicular access to the remotest regions, depleting all huntable wildlife (a Sahel-wide bird study, 2011–2019, encountered just 16 bustards of four species – none Nubian – in 487 observation days). Populations of Nubian Bustard must now be greatly fragmented and depleted, with many entirely lost, so targeted programmes to minimise disturbance, persecution, and damage to habitat in the three key reserves (including the exclusion of powerlines) are urgently needed. Ultimately however the survival of this and other endemic Sahelian species can only be secured via a huge programme of ecologically and economically sustainable management practices.
A concrete model for a typed linear algebraic lambda calculus
Authors: Díaz-Caro Alejandro , Malherbe Octavio
Published: November 2023

We give an adequate, concrete, categorical-based model for Lambda-
${\mathcal S}$
, which is a typed version of a linear-algebraic lambda calculus, extended with measurements. Lambda-
${\mathcal S}$
is an extension to first-order lambda calculus unifying two approaches of non-cloning in quantum lambda-calculi: to forbid duplication of variables and to consider all lambda-terms as algebraic linear functions. The type system of Lambda-
${\mathcal S}$
has a superposition constructor S such that a type A is considered as the base of a vector space, while SA is its span. Our model considers S as the composition of two functors in an adjunction relation between the category of sets and the category of vector spaces over
$\mathbb C$
. The right adjoint is a forgetful functor U, which is hidden in the language, and plays a central role in the computational reasoning.
Brief scales for the measurement of target variables and processes of change in cognitive behaviour therapy for major depression, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder
Authors: Axelsson Erland , Santoft Fredrik , Särnholm Josefin , Ljótsson Brjánn
Published: November 2023

Background:

The measurement of process variables derived from cognitive behavioural theory can aid treatment development and support the clinician in following treatment progress. Self-report process measures are ideally brief, which reduces the burden on patients and facilitates the implementation of repeated measurements.

Aims:

To develop 13 brief versions (3–6 items) of existing cognitive behavioural process scales for three common mental disorders: major depression, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.

Method:

Using data from a real-world teaching clinic offering internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy (n=370), we drafted brief process scales and then validated these scales in later cohorts (n=293).

Results:

In the validation data, change in the brief process scales significantly mediated change in the corresponding domain outcomes, with standardized coefficient point estimates in the range of –0.53 to –0.21. Correlations with the original process scales were substantial (r=.83–.96), internal consistency was mostly adequate (α=0.65–0.86), and change scores were moderate to large (|d|=0.51–1.18). For depression, the brief Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale-Activation subscale was especially promising. For panic disorder, the brief Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire-Physical Consequences subscale was especially promising. For social anxiety disorder, the Social Cognitions Questionnaire, the Social Probability and Cost Questionnaire, and the Social Behavior Questionnaire-Avoidance and Impression Management subscales were all promising.

Conclusions:

Several brief process scales showed promise as measures of treatment processes in cognitive behaviour therapy. There is a need for replication and further evaluation using experimental designs, in other clinical settings, and preferably in larger samples.
Frequent but Predictable Droughts in East Africa Driven by a Walker Circulation Intensification
Authors: Funk Chris , Fink Andreas H. , Harrison Laura , Segele Zewdu , Endris Hussen S. , Galu Gideon , Korecha Diriba , Nicholson Sharon
Published: November 2023

During and after recent La Niña events, the decline of the eastern East African (EA) March‐April‐May (MAM) rains has set the stage for life‐threatening sequential October‐November‐December (OND) and MAM droughts. The MAM 2022 drought was the driest on record, preceded by three poor rainy seasons, and followed by widespread starvation. Connecting these dry seasons is an interaction between La Niña and climate change. This interaction provides important opportunities for long‐lead prediction and proactive disaster risk management, but needs exploration. Here, for the first time, we use observations, reanalyses, and climate change simulations to show that post‐1997 OND La Niña events are robust precursors of: (a) strong MAM “Western V sea surface temperature Gradients” in the Pacific, which (b) help produce large increases in moisture convergence and atmospheric heating near Indonesia, which in turn produce (c) regional shifts in moisture transports and vertical velocities, which (d) help explain the increased frequency of dry EA MAM rainy seasons. We also show that, at 20‐year time scales, increases in atmospheric heating in the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool region are attributable to warming Western V SST, which is in turn largely attributable to climate change. As energy builds up in the oceans and atmosphere, during and after La Niña events, we see stronger heating and heat convergence over warm tropical waters near Indonesia. The result of this causal chain is that increased Warm Pool atmospheric heating and moisture convergence sets the stage for dangerous sequential droughts in EA. These factors link EA drying to a stronger Walker Circulation and explain the predictable risks associated with recent La Niña events.
Performance of Fire Danger Indices and Their Utility in Predicting Future Wildfire Danger Over the Conterminous United States
Authors: Yu Guo , Feng Yan , Wang Jiali , Wright Daniel B.
Published: November 2023

Predicting current and future wildfire frequency and size is central to wildfire control and management. Multiple fire danger indices (FDIs) that incorporate weather and fuel conditions have been developed and utilized to support wildfire predictions and risk assessment. However, the scale‐dependent performance of individual FDIs remains poorly understood, which leads to large uncertainty in the estimated fire sizes under climate change. Here, we calculate four commonly used FDIs over the conterminous United States using high‐resolution (4 km) climate and fuel data sets for the 1984–2019 period. The relationships of these four FDIs to the observed wildfire sizes show that higher values of FDIs correlate to larger total fire sizes; this correlation is more robust at larger spatial scales. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the daily minimum relative humidity and precipitation are the most important drivers of the annual mean fire danger. In the instances of extreme fire danger, wind speed becomes a critical factor and should be considered in the calculation of the FDI. To assess the impact of climate change on future fire size, we calculate the present‐day and end‐of‐century FDIs using the 12 km regional climate model simulations. The four FDIs generally predict consistent changes in future fire potential, suggesting an overall higher fire potential in conjunction with a prolonged wildfire season in future climate. Regionally, the four FDIs also reveal similar seasonal patterns as the enhancement arises mostly in spring and summer over the southwest US while in summer and fall over the northern and eastern US.
Weighing Geophysical Data With Trans‐Dimensional Algorithms: An Earthquake Location Case Study
Authors: Piana Agostinetti Nicola , Malinverno Alberto , Bodin Thomas , Dahner Christina , Dineva Savka , Kissling Eduard
Published: November 2023

In geophysical inverse problems, the distribution of physical properties in an Earth model is inferred from a set of measured data. A necessary step is to select data that are best suited to the problem at hand. This step is performed ahead of solving the inverse problem, generally on the basis of expert knowledge. However, expert‐opinion can introduce bias based on pre‐conceptions. Here we apply a trans‐dimensional algorithm to automatically weigh data on the basis of how consistent they are with the fundamental hypotheses made to solve the inverse problem. We demonstrate this approach by inverting arrival times for the location of a seismic source in an elastic half‐space, assuming a point‐source and uniform weights in concentric shells. The key advantage is that the data do no longer need to be selected by an expert, but they are assigned varying weights during the inversion procedure.
Separating Direct Heat Flux Forcing and Freshwater Feedback on AMOC Change Under Global Warming
Authors: Wen Qin , Zhu Chenyu , Chen Deliang , Liu Mengyu , Ning Liang , Yan Mi , Liu Jian , Liu Zhengyu
Published: November 2023

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is predicted to weaken under global warming. Whether it is caused by heat flux or freshwater flux is under debate. Here we separate these two processes in changing the AMOC under global warming. The simulated AMOC is weakened during the first 600 years and then gradually recovered to its initial state, with heat flux and freshwater feedback dominating at different timescales. Global warming immediately puts freshwater into the Southern Ocean, which triggers the initial AMOC weakening via altering surface temperature. Concurrently, the extensive heat into the ocean surface increases the temperature over the subpolar North Atlantic, reducing the deep convection and thus the AMOC in the subsequent 50–150 years. Meanwhile, the Arctic sea ice melt leads to the AMOC shutdown. Subsequently, the salinity accumulation in the subtropical North Atlantic propagating northward to restart the North Atlantic deep convection is responsible for the AMOC recovery.
The Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Instability Affected by the Temperature Anisotropic Electrons in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Zhang Lingwei , Zhong Jiacheng
Published: November 2023

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) instabilities in the inner magnetosphere are investigated with considering the effect of temperature anisotropic electrons. The perpendicular anisotropic electrons (Ae > 1) impose an inhibiting effect on EMIC instabilities, whereas parallel anisotropic electrons (Ae < 1) may generate a promoting or inhibiting effect depending on the direction of wave group velocity. The electron firehose modes can be coupled with EMIC modes. Three unanticipated secondary waves nearby the ion cyclotron frequencies are aroused by the electrons resonating with EMIC waves. The strong wave growth at proton gyrofrequency indicates that the electrons as an important energy provider for EMIC modes have been largely overlooked in previous studies. For the first time, we report a backward EMIC wave with the group velocity in opposite direction of the phase velocity. We suggest the new‐found effects from hot anisotropic electrons may improve our understanding of EMIC instabilities in the inner magnetosphere.
Tropical Cyclone Supercell Response to the Coast Using a Climatology of Radar‐Derived Azimuthal Shear
Authors: Alford A. Addison , Messersmith Andrew , Pollock Bruce , Thomas Quentin , Sandmæl Thea N. , Schenkel Benjamin A.
Published: November 2023

Supercells in landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) often produce tornadoes that can cause fatalities and extensive damage. In previous studies, many tornadoes have been shown to form <50 km from the coast, and their parent storms may also intensify as they cross the coastal boundary. This study uses WSR‐88D observations of TC tornadic mesocyclones from 2011 to 2018 to examine changes in their low‐level rotation upon moving onshore. We will show that radar‐derived azimuthal shear tends to increase in storms that cross the coastal boundary. Similar intensification trends are also found in radar‐derived (supercell) storm‐scale divergence, such that storm‐scale convergence increases as storms move onshore. It is likely changes in the near‐coast vertical wind shear and/or near‐shore convergence helps explain supercell intensification, which is important to consider particularly in operational settings.
Impurity Resistivity of the Earth's Inner Core
Authors: Gomi Hitoshi , Hirose Kei
Published: November 2023

Seismic observations suggest that the Earth's inner core has a complex structure (e.g., the isotropic layer at the top, innermost inner core, and hemispherical dichotomy). These characteristics are believed to reflect the history of dynamics and temperature profile of the inner core. One critical physical property is the inner core's thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of metals can be estimated from their electrical resistivity using the Wiedemann‐Franz law. Recent high‐pressure and temperature experiments revealed that the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity is small for Fe‐Si alloys. The small temperature coefficient means that it is essential to determine the impurity resistivity of Fe alloys to constrain the inner core's thermal conductivity. Therefore, this study systematically calculated the impurity resistivities of 4‐ and 6‐component alloys at inner core pressure by combining the Korringa‐Kohn‐Rostoker method with the coherent potential approximation. As a result, we obtained the thermal conductivity of the inner core to be 150–263 W/m/K. The inner core cannot maintain thermal convection with such a high thermal conductivity, resulting in a flat temperature profile. In materials science, it is widely known that polycrystals soften suddenly at high temperatures a few percent below their melting temperature. If such a pre‐melting occurs in the inner core, the flat temperature profile due to high thermal conductivity causes variations in the attenuation within the inner core. This may explain the observation that the upper inner core is more strongly attenuated than the innermost inner core.
Initiations of Mesoscale Convective Systems in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Basin Based on FY‐4A Satellite Data: Statistical Characteristics and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Fu Yanan , Sun Jianhua , Fu Shenming , Zhang Yuanchun , Ma Zheng
Published: November 2023

Based on the brightness temperature observed by the Fengyun‐4A satellite, eight hundred mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are identified in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin during the warm seasons (April–September) of 2018–2021, and these MCSs are categorized into the quasistationary (QS) type and the outward‐moving (OM; i.e., moving beyond the source region) type. Afterward, the initiations of the MCSs are backward tracked using a hybrid method of areal overlapping and optical flow. Then, the main features of QS‐MCSs and OM‐MCSs and their respective synoptic circulations and environmental parameters are analyzed. The QS‐MCSs primarily occur in July and August and are mainly initiated in the afternoon. The OM‐MCSs mostly occur in June and July with two initiation peaks at noon and late night, respectively. The QS‐MCSs are mainly initiated in mountainous areas. In contrast, the OM‐MCSs are mainly initiated in plain areas. Compared to the OM‐MCSs, the QS‐MCSs show notable diurnal variation in intensity and develop more rapidly. Circulations of a total of 285 days (without direct influences from tropical cyclones) are objectively classified into three patterns by using the k‐means algorithm. Pattern‐I, which is closely related to low‐level jets, shows the most similar features to those of typical Mei‐yu fronts, and it acts as the most favorable circulation type for MCS initiations. Pattern‐II is dominated by northwesterlies, with a relatively stable layer in the low‐level troposphere. Pattern‐III features a dry‐adiabatic or even a superadiabatic layer that contributes to decreasing the layer stability.
Evaluating the Representations of Atmospheric Rivers and Their Associated Precipitation in Reanalyses With Satellite Observations
Authors: Ma Weiming , Chen Gang , Guan Bin , Shields Christine A. , Tian Baijun , Yanez Emilio
Published: November 2023

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are filaments of enhanced horizontal moisture transport in the atmosphere. Due to their prominent role in the meridional moisture transport and regional weather extremes, ARs have been studied extensively in recent years. Yet, the representations of ARs and their associated precipitation on a global scale remains largely unknown. In this study, we developed an AR detection algorithm specifically for satellite observations using moisture and the geostrophic winds derived from 3D geopotential height field from the combined retrievals of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit on NASA Aqua satellite. This algorithm enables us to develop the first global AR catalog based solely on satellite observations. The satellite‐based AR catalog is then combined with the satellite‐based precipitation (Integrated Muti‐SatellitE Retrievals for GPM) to evaluate the representations of ARs and AR‐induced precipitation in reanalysis products. Our results show that the spreads in AR frequency and AR length distribution are generally small across data sets, while the spread in AR width is relatively larger. Reanalysis products are found to consistently underestimate both mean and extreme AR‐related precipitation. However, all reanalyses tend to precipitate too often under AR conditions, especially over low latitude regions. This finding is consistent with the “drizzling” bias which has plagued generations of climate models. Overall, the findings of this study can help to improve the representations of ARs and associated precipitation in reanalyses and climate models.
Different Response Mechanisms of N‐Bearing Components to Emission Reduction Across China During COVID‐19 Lockdown Period
Authors: Li Rui , Zhang Lijia , Gao Yining , Wang Gehui
Published: November 2023

The response characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosols to COVID‐19 lockdown measures have been extensively reported, while spatial disparities of these response characteristics across China and key deriving mechanisms still remained poorly understood. In our study, a chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) was applied to simulate the national concentrations of four N‐bearing components during lockdown periods in 2020 and business‐as‐usual (BAU) period (the same period in 2019). Three distinct regional response mechanisms were distinguished across China. The increases of levels in the northern part of Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei (BTH) might be attributable to increased relative humidity (RH) and abundant ammonia (NH3) level (13.5 μg/m3). The dramatic decreases of secondary inorganic nitrogen in Southeast China were contributed by substantial emission reduction (−15.3%) and slightly favorable (pollutant removal) meteorological conditions (−4.36%). The consistent increases of levels, but decreased NH3 levels in tropical regions suggested extremely high RH (84%) and enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity were dominant factors. The response mechanisms of secondary N‐bearing components showed the distinct characteristics between urban and rural regions, which might be closely associated with variations of emission reduction and meteorology during the COVID‐19 period. The natural experiment demonstrates priority control of NH3 emission might be the primary target for BTH, while the coordinated controls of VOCs and NOx emissions should be exerted in Southeast China especially the tropical regions.
Developing a novel optimisation approach for keeping heterogeneous diets healthy and within planetary boundaries for climate change
Authors: Eustachio Colombo Patricia , Elinder Liselotte Schäfer , Nykänen Esa-Pekka A. , Patterson Emma , Lindroos Anna Karin , Parlesak Alexandr
Published: November 2023

Background and objectives

Current dietary habits have substantial negative impacts on the health of people and the planet. This study aimed to develop a novel approach for achieving health-promoting and climate-friendly dietary recommendations for a broad range of consumers.

Subjects and methods

Hierarchical clustering analysis was combined with linear programming to design nutritionally adequate, health-promoting, climate-friendly and culturally acceptable diets using Swedish national dietary data (n = 1797). Diets were optimised for the average consumption of the total population as well as for the dietary clusters.

Results

Three dietary clusters were identified. All optimised diets had lower shares of animal-source foods and contained higher amounts of plant-based foods. These dietary shifts reduced climate impacts by up to 53% while leaving much of the diet unchanged. The optimised diets of the three clusters differed from the optimised diet of the total population. All optimised diets differed considerably from the food-group pattern of the EAT-Lancet diet.

Conclusions

The novel cluster-based optimisation approach was able to generate alternatives that may be more acceptable and realistic for a sustainable diet across different groups in the population.
Structure-based discovery of dual pathway inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 entry
Authors: Wang Haofeng , Yang Qi , Liu Xiaoce , Xu Zili , Shao Maolin , Li Dongxu , Duan Yinkai , Tang Jielin , Yu Xianqiang , Zhang Yumin , Hao Aihua , Wang Yajie , Chen Jie , Zhu Chenghao , Guddat Luke , Chen Hongli , Zhang Leike , Chen Xinwen , Jiang Biao , Sun Lei , Rao Zihe , Yang Haitao
Published: November 2023

Since 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved rapidly and gained resistance to multiple therapeutics targeting the virus. Development of host-directed antivirals offers broad-spectrum intervention against different variants of concern. Host proteases, TMPRSS2 and CTSL/CTSB cleave the SARS-CoV-2 spike to play a crucial role in the two alternative pathways of viral entry and are characterized as promising pharmacological targets. Here, we identify compounds that show potent inhibition of these proteases and determine their complex structures with their respective targets. Furthermore, we show that applying inhibitors simultaneously that block both entry pathways has a synergistic antiviral effect. Notably, we devise a bispecific compound, 212-148, exhibiting the dual-inhibition ability of both TMPRSS2 and CTSL/CTSB, and demonstrate antiviral activity against various SARS-CoV-2 variants with different viral entry profiles. Our findings offer an alternative approach for the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals, as well as application for broad-spectrum treatment of viral pathogenic infections with similar entry pathways.
Quantification of ligand and mutation-induced bias in EGFR phosphorylation in direct response to ligand binding
Authors: Wirth Daniel , Özdemir Ece , Hristova Kalina
Published: November 2023

Signaling bias is the ability of a receptor to differentially activate downstream signaling pathways in response to different ligands. Bias investigations have been hindered by inconsistent results in different cellular contexts. Here we introduce a methodology to identify and quantify bias in signal transduction across the plasma membrane without contributions from feedback loops and system bias. We apply the methodology to quantify phosphorylation efficiencies and determine absolute bias coefficients. We show that the signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to EGF and TGFα is biased towards Y1068 and against Y1173 phosphorylation, but has no bias for epiregulin. We further show that the L834R mutation found in non-small-cell lung cancer induces signaling bias as it switches the preferences to Y1173 phosphorylation. The knowledge gained here challenges the current understanding of EGFR signaling in health and disease and opens avenues for the exploration of biased inhibitors as anti-cancer therapies.
Double superionicity in icy compounds at planetary interior conditions
Authors: de Villa Kyla , González-Cataldo Felipe , Militzer Burkhard
Published: November 2023

The elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are assumed to comprise the bulk of the interiors of the ice giant planets Uranus, Neptune, and sub-Neptune exoplanets. The details of their interior structures have remained largely unknown because it is not understood how the compounds H2O, NH3 and CH4 behave and react once they have been accreted and exposed to high pressures and temperatures. Here we study thirteen H-C-N-O compounds with ab initio computer simulations and demonstrate that they assume a superionic state at elevated temperatures, in which the hydrogen ions diffuse through a stable sublattice that is provided by the larger nuclei. At yet higher temperatures, four of the thirteen compounds undergo a second transition to a novel doubly superionic state, in which the smallest of the heavy nuclei diffuse simultaneously with hydrogen ions through the remaining sublattice. Since this transition and the melting transition at yet higher temperatures are both of first order, this may introduce additional layers in the mantle of ice giant planets and alter their convective patterns.
A semiconductor 96-microplate platform for electrical-imaging based high-throughput phenotypic screening
Authors: Chitale Shalaka , Wu Wenxuan , Mukherjee Avik , Lannon Herbert , Suresh Pooja , Nag Ishan , Ambrosi Christina M. , Gertner Rona S. , Melo Hendrick , Powers Brendan , Wilkins Hollin , Hinton Henry , Cheah Michael , Boynton Zachariah G. , Alexeyev Alexander , Sword Duane , Basan Markus , Park Hongkun , Ham Donhee , Abbott Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

High-content imaging for compound and genetic profiling is popular for drug discovery but limited to endpoint images of fixed cells. Conversely, electronic-based devices offer label-free, live cell functional information but suffer from limited spatial resolution or throughput. Here, we introduce a semiconductor 96-microplate platform for high-resolution, real-time impedance imaging. Each well features 4096 electrodes at 25 µm spatial resolution and a miniaturized data interface allows 8× parallel plate operation (768 total wells) for increased throughput. Electric field impedance measurements capture >20 parameter images including cell barrier, attachment, flatness, and motility every 15 min during experiments. We apply this technology to characterize 16 cell types, from primary epithelial to suspension cells, and quantify heterogeneity in mixed co-cultures. Screening 904 compounds across 13 semiconductor microplates reveals 25 distinct responses, demonstrating the platform’s potential for mechanism of action profiling. The scalability and translatability of this semiconductor platform expands high-throughput mechanism of action profiling and phenotypic drug discovery applications.
3.5 × 3.5 μm2 GaN blue micro-light-emitting diodes with negligible sidewall surface nonradiative recombination
Authors: Wang Xuelun , Zhao Xixi , Takahashi Tokio , Ohori Daisuke , Samukawa Seiji
Published: November 2023

Micro-light-emitting diode displays are generating considerable interest as a promising technology for augmented-reality glasses. However, the fabrication of highly efficient and ultra-small ( <3 μm) micro-light-emitting diodes, which are required for augmented-reality applications, remains a major technical challenge due to the presence of strong sidewall nonradiative recombination. In this study, we demonstrate a 3.5 × 3.5 μm2 blue GaN micro-light-emitting diode with negligible sidewall nonradiative recombination compared with bulk nonradiative recombination. We achieve this by using an ultralow-damage dry etching technique, known as neutral beam etching, to create the micro-light-emitting diode mesa. Our 3.5 × 3.5 μm2 micro-light-emitting diode exhibits a low decrease in external quantum efficiency of only 26% at a current density of 0.01 A/cm2, compared with the maximum external quantum efficiency that is reached at the current density of ∼3 A/cm2. Our findings represent a significant step towards realizing micro-light-emitting diode displays for augmented-reality glasses.