bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Branded Spaces
Authors: Moor Elizabeth
Published: April 2003

This article comprises a series of critical reflections on some current directions in marketing, with reference to empirical material from a case study of the promotion of a series of live music events. In particular, it highlights a key theme in contemporary marketing: the attempt to approach consumers in an expanded range of everyday spaces. This, in turn, is related to a heightened emphasis on branding, which derives from a complex of factors including a perceived fragmentation and diversification of media audiences and new ideas about the best ways of structuring and stabilizing markets. Within this scenario, the case study is presented as an example of ‘experiential marketing’: one of a range of possible strategic choices in the attempt to insinuate marketing practices more deeply into the lives of consumers. In addition, the case study shows how these spatial practices may be connected to electronic marketing technologies, such as databases, consumer websites and‘viral marketing’campaigns, in an attempt to extend the scope of emotional or affective bonds forged between consumers and brands. The article concludes by arguing that whilst such strategies may not always succeed in their stated aims, their emergence should nonetheless be taken seriously as an important development in the mediation of production and consumption.
Social archaeology of housing from a Latin American perspective
Authors: Funari Pedro Paulo A. , Zarankin Andrés
Published: April 2003

This article discusses the structuring of domination in everyday life, studied through private housing material culture, over a period of several centuries. Our case study deals with the processes of use of space and the changes in middle-class households in Buenos Aires since the late eighteenth century, highlighting both world and Latin American contexts. We show how morphological and spatial changes in households are related both to the wider world capitalist context and to local conditions, shaping people’s lives. We focus on the controlling features of housing, affecting not only the middle classes, but potentially the whole spectrum of social classes. Capitalism tends to individualize space, create private environments, restrict movement and control movement in general, and houses as material artifacts reflect these tendencies. We conclude that the study of Buenos Aires housing enables us to note that there has been a growing tendency to restrict circulation within the house, enforcing a controlling, bourgeois way of life.
Dismembering/disremembering the Buddhas
Authors: Colwell-Chanthaphonh Chip
Published: April 2003

In February of 2001, Afghanistan’s de facto Taliban government publicly announced its intention to systematically destroy every statue within its borders. Immediately, numerous nations, organizations and individuals rallied to avert the impending destruction. Despite these efforts, countless objects were obliterated, including the two colossal Buddhas of Bamiyan carved nearly two millennia ago. This article explores this disturbing, yet fascinating, episode with a particular view towards the discourses that emerged on the Internet just preceding and following the Afghan purge. Setting aside the theological and moral questions that arise from these events, the author aims to elucidate the intersection of ancient artifacts and modern politics, local action and global reaction, and the material and immaterial clashes that shaped the worldwide debate. Oriented around Marcus’ notions of global-local, simultaneity and complex connections, this study views the Internet as a metaphor for Marcus’ theory, as well as an object for ethnographic inquiry to examine the politics of the past in the present.
A meaningful disturbance of the earth
Authors: Dowdall Katherine M. , Parrish Otis O.
Published: April 2003

In this article, we provide an example of what we consider to be a productive archaeological collaboration between a State Agency and a Native American tribe that we believe has both theoretical and methodological implications. Our work implements and extends Hodder’s reflexive method (1999) through the use of inclusivity, reciprocity and mutual respect. We describe how coupling our mutual regard for knowledge of the past with our respect for the spiritual significance of the Kashaya landscape necessarily led to the breaking down of boundaries between the scientific, the sacred and the personal. A 1997 excavation provides a case study of our collaborative process. We conclude by suggesting that the space between the usual oppositions of secular and sacred, science and religion, explanation and understanding, holds promise for Native Americans and archaeologists to participate with each other in non-dichotomous and mutually beneficial ways.
Multimodality, resemiotization: extending the analysis of discourse as multi-semiotic practice
Authors: Iedema Rick
Published: April 2003

This article has the following two overarching aims. First, it traces the development of multimodal discourse analysis and sets out its main descriptive and analytical parameters; in doing so, the article highlights the specific advantages which the multimodal approach has to offer and exemplifies its application. The article also argues that the hierarchical arrangement of different semiotics (in the way common sense construes this) should not be lost from sight. Second, and related to this last point, the article will advance a complementary perspective to that of multimodality: resemiotization. Resemiotization is meant to provide the analytical means for (1) tracing how semiotics are translated from one into the other as social processes unfold, as well as for (2) asking why these semiotics (rather than others) are mobilized to do certain things at certain times. The article draws on a variety of empirical data to exemplify these two perspectives on visual communication and analysis.
Understanding visual metaphor: the example of newspaper cartoons
Authors: Refaie Elisabeth El
Published: April 2003

Using Austrian newspaper cartoons as examples, this article explores the ‘grammar’ of visual metaphor. It is argued that visual metaphors cannot be described adequately in formal terms only. Rather, they must be considered as visual representations of metaphorical thoughts or concepts. A cognitive definition of metaphor must not, however, distract from potential variations in meaning and impact arising from the mode of communication through which metaphors are expressed. This study suggests that many of the dissimilarities between verbal metaphor and its visual counterpart result from differences regarding what the two modes are able to express easily and efficiently.
Constitutional Quandaries and Critical Elections
Authors: Schofield Norman
Published: April 2003

In his book on Liberalism against Populism, William Riker argued that Lincoln's success in the 1860 election was the culmination of a long progression of strategic attempts by the Whig coalition of commercial interests to defeat the `Jeffersonian-Jacksonian' Democratic coalition of agrarian populism. Riker adduced Lincoln's success to his `heresthetic' maneuver to force his competitor, Douglas, in the 1858 Illinois Senate race, to appear anti-slavery, thus splitting the Democratic Party in 1860. Riker also suggested that electoral preferences in 1860 exhibited an underlying `chaotic' preference cycle. However, these accounts do not explain why the slavery question became paramount in 1858-60. I suggest here that US politics, from 1800 to 1858, can be interpreted in terms of a single land-capital axis that sustained the pre-eminence of an agrarian coalition, first created by Jefferson, of both slave interests and free labor. Lincoln's strategy in 1858-60 was to persuade free labor in the northern and western states that they were threatened by the consequences of the Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court in 1857. Lincoln argued that although the decision applied to the territories, it was indicative of the intention of the South to extend slavery to the free states. Lincoln's speeches in 1858-60 made this threat credible to the North, and initiated a belief cascade among the electorate. For southern voters, the North consequently appeared to be a `tyrannical' majority, whose creation violated the constitutional logic of Union, and legitimated secession.

I argue that this second `civil rights dimension, created in the election of 1860, is necessary for understanding critical elections that have occurred at irregular intervals in US political history.
Political Obligation and Military Service in Three Countries
Authors: Klosko George , Keren Michael , Nyikos Stacy
Published: April 2003

Although questions of political obligation have been much discussed by scholars, little attention has been paid to moral reasons advanced by actual states to justify the compliance of their subjects. We examine the `self-image of the state' through Supreme Court decisions in the USA, Germany, and Israel. Because moral reasons are expressed especially clearly in cases regarding obligations to provide military service, we focus on these. In spite of their important constitutional and judicial differences, the three states support military obligations along similar lines, though with some differences. In all three countries, appeal is made to obligations of reciprocity. Individuals must serve in order to provide the important benefit of defense. This `service conception' of political obligation accords norms of fairness or equality a central role, in order to justify the service of particular individuals. Reasons for less emphasis on fairness in Israeli cases are examined, while we claim that the overall similarities of the three countries provide some measure of indirect support to a theory of political obligation based on the principle of fairness.
On the Counterfactual Dimension of Negative Liberty
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: April 2003

This article explores some implications of the counterfactual aspect of freedom and unfreedom. Because actions can be unprevented even if they are not undertaken, and conversely because actions can be prevented even if they are not attempted and are thus not overtly thwarted, any adequate account of negative liberty must ponder numerous counterfactual chains of events. Each person's freedom or unfreedom is affected not only by what others in fact do, but also by what they are disposed to do. Their dispositions play a key role in determining whether the abilities and inabilities of each person would continue as such if the person's conduct or situation were altered in various respects. Until one knows whether people would or would not have acted in certain ways if a given person had sought to do something, one cannot know whether that person was free to do that thing. Nor can one know whether the person was free to perform that action in combination with manifold subsequent actions. Thus, whether tacit or explicit, counterfactual scenarios are indispensable for any enquiry into a person's liberty. By relying (albeit perhaps only implicitly) on such scenarios, which trace how people are disposed to act vis-a-vis one another, one takes account of the central role of unmanifested dispositions in setting the bounds of people's sociopolitical freedom. Among the principal theorists whose work is critically examined in this article are Hillel Steiner, Ian Carter, and G.A. Cohen.
Flexible Citizenship for a Global Society
Authors: Frey Bruno S.
Published: April 2003

States are ill equipped to meet the challenges of a globalized world. The concept of citizenship with its rights and obligations, including the allegiance owed, is too narrowly defined to exist only between individuals and a state. Today, people identify with, and pay allegiance to, many organizations beyond the state. This article suggests that citizenship could be extended further and be possible between individuals and quasi-governmental organizations, as well as non-governmental organizations, such as churches, clubs, interest groups, functional organizations and profit firms. Due to the larger set of types of citizenship individuals could choose from, their preferences would be better fulfilled and, due to the competition for citizens induced among organizations, the efficiency of public activity would be raised.
Generalizability of Menon's Empowerment Scale
Authors: Menon Sanjay T. , Hartmann Linley C.
Published: April 2003

this study tests the generalizability of the psychological empowerment model proposed by Menon in 2001 by replicating and extending the original Canadian study, using Australian samples. In phase 1 of the research, a replica of the original scale development questionnaire was administered to 266 employed individuals taking courses at a university in South Australia. Factor analysis of the scale items faithfully reproduced the original three factors from Menon's study and the subscale reliabilities were: perceived control (.87), perceived competence (.81) and goal internalization (.86). In phase 2 of the research conducted with 80 employed individuals, empowerment was found to be negatively correlated with centralization and positively correlated with delegating supervisory behavior, again in line with the original results. In addition, empowerment was found to be positively correlated with Manhardt's values favoring career advancement and a work environment that includes sources of intrinsic motivation.
Individual Perception, Bargaining Behavior, and Negotiation Outcomes
Authors: Ma Zhenzhong , Wang Xiaoyun , Jaeger Alfred , Anderson Troy , Wang Yihua , Saunders David
Published: April 2003

This study explores a model of the relationships between negotiators' perceptions of the negotiation situation, their behavior, and negotiation outcomes, using data collected in Canada and China. The results show that while Chinese negotiators are more concerned with maintaining good relations in the negotiation process, Canadian negotiators put more weight on their individual economic gains from negotiation. This result suggests a difference in a key work-related value: individualism/collectivism. Furthermore, Canadian negotiators' perceptions have less influence on their behavior than those of their Chinese counterparts. This could be explained by the fact that in a high-context culture like China, people's perceptions of the environment play an important role in how they behave.
Leadership in Indian Organizations from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Kakar Sudhir , Kakar Shveta , KetsdeVries Manfed F.R. , Vrignaud Pierre
Published: April 2003

This study explores the `culturalist' thesis in `hybrid' firms in India. The term hybrid refers to companies that represent (through business education or business association) a mixture of traditional Indian and Western practices. Such firms currently dominate the Indian industrial economy. The objective of this study was to identify some of the dimensions on which the top leadership of hybrid Indian business organizations differs from Western business organizations. To identify differences, the study used the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) that gives feedback on five leadership practices (challenging, inspiring, enabling, modeling and encouraging) as reported by the leaders and their subordinates. The study found that the Indian CEOs rated and were rated higher than their US counterparts on four dimensions of the LPI (challenging, modeling, inspiring, enabling) and lower on encouraging. It was argued that this higher rating of the CEO in Indian organizations is probably due to an idealization of leaders in the Indian cultural context. Whereas this idealization leads to a greater degree of commitment and satisfaction among the senior managers, it also has the consequence that the leader is deprived of that critical feedback which would help him or her develop more effective leadership practices.
Work Goals of Asian Managers
Authors: Chatterjee Samir R. , Pearson Cecil A.L.
Published: April 2003

In this study, contemporary work-goal priorities of Asian managers are explored. The degree of convergence in the relative importance of work goals across six diverse national contexts undergoing substantial societal and economic changes is investigated. The 11 work-goal categories of the 1980s Meaning of Working Study (MOW) were employed. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1252 managers. This research also incorporated focus groups in each country to revisit the results in a procedure designed to better interpret the empirical findings. Analytic procedures employed in the MOW investigation were used to establish the work-goal priorities of contemporary Asian managers. Results show that, first, there was consensus for prioritization of a number of the work goals in the area of managerial development. Second, there were divergences in the importance of organization-related work goals, both across countries as well as within the investigated demographics of gender, age and managerial level. Last, there were differences in work-goal priorities compared with the earlier MOW study. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between managerial work goals and a range of organizational issues.
The Salience of Culture in Multinational Teams and its Relation to Team Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Randel Amy E.
Published: April 2003

This study examines cultural identity salience - defined as the extent to which an individual finds the cultural backgrounds of his or her team members to be salient - within the context of multinational teams. Instead of assuming that the cultural backgrounds of team members in a multinational team are salient to each team member, cultural identity salience was assessed empirically in a study of 15 culturally heterogeneous teams based in the United States. The results suggest that team members who have the same country of origin as either most or very few of their fellow team members view culture as being salient. In addition, team citizenship behavior was found to be exhibited when there was dispersion in team members' cultural salience assessments. This study offers a new approach for empirically assessing the effects of culture in multinational teams. Implications for multinational team composition efforts are discussed.
Environment, Executive Information Search Activities, and Firm Performance
Authors: Sawyerr Olukemi O. , Ebrahimi Bahman P. , Luk Vivienne W.M.
Published: April 2003

This study examines the relationships between perceived strategic uncertainty, environmental scanning, information source use, and firm performance in Hong Kong and Nigeria. The results of the study provide strong support for the assertion that the external environment of firms differs from country to country. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between perceived strategic uncertainty and frequency and level of interest in the industry and macro sectors of the environment for both samples of decision-makers. Hong Kong decision-makers ascribe a greater level of dynamism to the technology sector, while the Nigerian sample attribute a greater degree of perceived strategic uncertainty to the political/legal, economic, and resource availability sectors. The two samples of decision-makers seem to differ in their use of information sources, with the Hong Kong executives relying on a broad range of sources and the Nigerians depending primarily on impersonal sources. There are also differences in the impact of scanning on firm performance. Significant relationships exist between scanning frequency, interest, and performance in Nigeria but not in Hong Kong.
Opinions Regarding Who Should Consent to Research on Behalf of an Older Adult Suffering from Dementia
Authors: Bravo Gina , Pâquet Mariane , Dubois Marie-France
Published: April 2003

In many jurisdictions, consent to research on a decisionally incompetent adult can be provided only by the legal guardian. Yet, few cognitively impaired older adults are legally represented. This article reports on a postal survey eliciting the opinions of concerned individuals regarding who should decide whether an incompetent older adult will participate in research. Four groups of people were targeted by the survey: older adults, informal caregivers of cognitively impaired patients, researchers in ageing, and members of institutional review boards. Opinions were similar across the four groups and varied with the degree of risk involved in the study. In the absence of risk, most respondents did not think that the surrogate decision-maker must be legally appointed. As the amount of risk increased, the proportion of respondents who believed consent could be provided by a significant other without legal authority decreased, while that against soliciting cognitively impaired patients tended to increase.
Relationship Difficulties in Dementia Care
Authors: Forbat Liz
Published: April 2003

This article reports on a small-scale study where people giving and receiving care were invited to talk about their relationship. It draws on one care dyad of a woman (who has a diagnosis of dementia) and her daughter (who has provided care for her mother). A short series of interviews was conducted with both women, focusing on their biographies and current relationship. This article reports the account given by the mother and how this intersects with the account given by the daughter. The discursive analysis presented centralizes a concern with attending to the accounts of people with dementia. Analysis of the talk of people with dementia can make a valuable contribution to understanding care relationships. Such analysis has the potential for shedding light on difficulties in care relationships. The article ends by outlining some salient issues for professionals and family members involved in dementia care.
Staff Perceptions of Successful management of severe behavioral problems in dementia special care units
Authors: Foley Kristie Long , Sudha S. , Sloane Philip D. , Gold Deborah T.
Published: April 2003

Factors that promote successful management of persons with severe behavioral problems in special care units (SCUs) for dementia were evaluated. Using qualitative data from staff interviews conducted in 36 nursing home SCUs, the study examined the relationships among demographic and behavioral characteristics of 70 residents, management techniques of the staff, and family participation in the management of persons with severe behavioral problems. Problem behaviors were often managed successfully in SCUs, although unpredictable aggression was particularly difficult to control and was a common reason for discharge. Use of multiple non-pharmacological techniques was associated with a greater likelihood of successful management, and physical restraints were used as a last resort. SCU staff members also reported that large, physically aggressive men and residents with real or suspected psychiatric comorbidity were especially difficult to manage. Finally, family involvement and support were critical to resident success and often buffered against resident discharge.
Qualitative Inquiry and Evaluation in the Beginning of a Third Decade
Authors: Nygren Lennart , Blom Björn
Published: April 2003

In this appreciative comment on Michael Quinn Patton’s article ‘Two Decades of Developments in Qualitative Inquiry’, two main issues are addressed. The first is whether the quantitative-qualitative conflict in social research really is over. There are signs that quantitative methods still are more accepted, especially in the intersection area between academic research and practice-based evaluations. The other issue is the risk, possibly attached to Patton’s suggestions, of being too pragmatic in evaluation research. For the evaluator it is important to be able to account for the kind of knowledge that has been produced and on which grounds.
The Arena of Othering
Authors: Krumer-Nevo Michal
Published: April 2003

This article documents the encounters between a researcher and interviewees who were women living in extreme poverty and social exclusion. It presents these encounters as taking place in what I call an arena of ‘Othering’. The arena of Othering is a sphere of power relationships in which each participant defines both herself and the Other. In this arena two reciprocal social images interact, one is perceived in social terms as more powerful, the other as inferior. The article analyses the effects of the dynamic of Othering upon the research process as demonstrated in the interviewing, in the interpretation of the data and in the writing of the research. The article also suggests some possible strategies to resist Othering.
Foster Parents’ Perceptions of Factors that Promote or Inhibit Successful Fostering
Authors: Buehler Cheryl , Cox Mary Ellen , Cuddeback Gary
Published: April 2003

Foster parents’ perceptions of familial and parental factors that promote or inhibit successful fostering were examined using semi-structured interviews. Characteristics that facilitate successful fostering include faith or support from church, a deep concern for children, tolerance, a strong cooperative marriage in married foster families, and a daily life that is characterized as organized and routinized but flexible in terms of responding to children’s needs and external demands. Characteristics that inhibit successful fostering include non-child-centered fostering motivations, competing demands for parents’ time and energy, parents’ difficulties in dealing with strong attachments to children who might have to leave the family, and personal and interpersonal inflexibility. The findings from this study highlight the need for foster parents to be skilled at creating family patterns that are characterized by clear, consistent routines and expectations as well as flexibility and tolerance. This dialectic pattern of family functioning should be a primary focus during training for foster parent applicants.
Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Connolly Marie
Published: April 2003

Practitioner and beginning researchers in social work often struggle with the process of qualitative data analysis. This article discusses the use of a teaching tool for qualitative analysis that is relatively simple to apply within the classroom setting. Based on the grounded theory method of qualitative analysis (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Strauss and Corbin, 1990), the purpose of the tool is threefold: (1) to facilitate a beginning understanding of the processes of qualitative analysis for students; (2) to provide an experiential opportunity for students to practice using qualitative data - thereby encouraging ‘learning-by-doing’ strategy; and (3) to simplify the process of analysis as a precursor to the student’s more in-depth study and understanding.
Legitimizing the Euro-`polity' and its `Regime'
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Castiglione Dario
Published: April 2003

This article discusses the normative implications of the European integration process by addressing the question of the legitimacy deficit in the EU and its member states. It starts from an analysis of legitimacy as implying a distinction between `polity' and `regime', each of which has an `internal' and an `external' dimension relating respectively to the subjective perceptions of citizens and to more objective- and universalist-oriented criteria. Standard accounts of the integration process and the constitutionalisation of the EU have overlooked the complex ways in which polity- and regime-building interact. They have also emphasized the external legitimacy of the EU while neglecting the internal dimension. Both descriptively and prescriptively, the EU lies in between the interpretations offered by neofunctionalist or intergovernmental realists and federal idealists. The `internal' norms channelled through the EU's `regime' have helped form the economic interests appealed to by the former, but in rather different ways to that assumed by the latter. The result has been a polycentric `polity' with a multi-level `regime'. Consequently, we reject having either an EU written constitution that goes beyond the treaties or a federal legislature, advocating instead the `republican' model of a `mixed commonwealth'.
Taking the Measure of the Beiträge
Authors: Elden Stuart
Published: April 2003

This article provides a political reading of Martin Heidegger's Beiträge zur Philosophie (Vom Ereignis). One of the central themes of the Beiträge is crucial to understanding why Heidegger moved into a position of critical distance from the Nazi regime, because it is an attempt to comprehend what lies behind the events of the time. This is the notion of the politics of calculation, the issue of measure, which relates closely to Heidegger's late concerns with technology. Through readings of Heidegger on Protagoras and Descartes, the role of calculation in the forgetting of being, and the notions of machination, race, and worldview, I show how the Beiträge, and particularly its explicit political context, is valuable in evaluating Heidegger's own career, his political position and politics more generally.
Oakeshott's Theory of Freedom as Recognized Contingency
Authors: Podoksik Efraim
Published: April 2003

This article argues that Oakeshott's theory of freedom possesses a greater degree of coherence than is often perceived. Freedom in Oakeshott's philosophy may be defined as `recognized contingency', combining the notions of a genuine choice of action and of an agent's awareness of having such a choice. Oakeshott employs his notion of freedom in two different contexts. One is the context in which freedom is understood as a concept distinguishing what is conceived as `human' from what is conceived as `non-human'. The other context is that of membership in societies, which under certain circumstances can be characterized either by the presence or the lack of freedom. The article argues that, while at first glance Oakeshott's ideas look counter-intuitive, at a deeper level this understanding of freedom is akin to that prevalent in the consciousness of modern liberal societies.
Segmented Labour Markets in International Schools
Authors: Canterford Glenn
Published: April 2003

Anecdotal evidence suggests that many international schools worldwide are staffed by what might seem to be disproportionately large numbers of teachers and administrators from the UK and USA. This article is based on a study which analysed data gathered from one well-known international schools directory, and goes on to explore the concept of market segmentation as it appears to apply within the international schools context.
The Emergence and Sustainability of Abnormal Profits
Authors: McGahan Anita M. , Porter Michael E.
Published: April 2003

In this paper, we examine the emergence and the sustainability of abnormal profits among businesses that were part of US public corporations between 1981 and 1994 and that reported financial results for at least six years. Our results reveal strong asymmetries between high and low performers. Overall, high performance is more stable than low performance. High performers show profits above the average a decade earlier In contrast, low performers show profits that are slightly above average a decade earlier Industry and corporate-parent effects influence high performance to a far greater degree than low performance. Low performance is dominated by business-specific effects.
The Strategic Management and Transaction Cost Nexus: Past Debates, Central Questions, and Future Research Possibilities
Authors: Foss Nicolai J.
Published: April 2003

The role of transaction cost economics (broadly conceived) in developing research in strategic management has been a hotly debated topic over the last decade. This methodological essay develops the argument that transaction cost insights are more than merely useful complements to existing approaches to strategic management. Rather they are necessary for adequately understanding the nature of strategizing, because transaction costs are essential aspects of processes of creating, capturing and protecting value. If transaction costs are zero, these processes do not pose any strategic problems. However when transaction costs are positive, opportunities for value creation through the reduction of inefficiencies caused by transaction costs exist, and protecting and appropriating value are costly activities that dissipate value. The use in strategic management of models in which the fullest possible account of transaction costs is taken is contrasted with more constraining models, in particular the patched-up competitive equilibrium models that are now used as the benchmark models in some important parts of strategic management research, most notably in the core models of the resource-based view.
Consensus and Divergence in Perceptions of Cognitive Strategic Groups: Evidence from the Health Care Industry
Authors: Spencer Barbara , Peyrefitte Joseph , Churchman Richard
Published: April 2003

We examined the extent to which consensus existed among hospital administrators' cognitive strategic groups and explored task and institutional factors that might influence these perceptions. We elicited perceived strategic groups from hospital administrators in a distinct geographic market using the full context form of the repertory grid. Our evidence indicates that beliefs are shared by a majority of administrators in the region, that differences in perception are associated with strategic position, and that cognitive groups focus managerial attention. These findings highlight the roles of both task and institutional environments on cognitive strategic group formation and suggest an important role for these groups in strategic decision-making.
Team Learning and National Culture: Framing the Issues
Authors: Yorks Lyle , Sauquet Alfonso
Published: April 2003

The problem and the solution. Team learning is seen as a pivotal phenomenon for helping organizations learn and adapt to rapidly changing task environments. Culture has a strong influence on patterns of group dynamics and consequently, group learning. Models of team learning need to be taken as a point of departure by examining the behaviors, processes, and conditions associated with team learning in different cultural contexts. This inquiry should be informed by the existing literature on national culture.
Facilitating Learning in Multicultural Teams
Authors: Cseh Maria
Published: April 2003

The problem and the solution. Leading, working, and facilitating learning in multicultural teams represents one of the main challenges faced by today’s organizations. The advantages associated with multicultural teams (e.g., the symbiosis of different wealth of knowledge, ideas, and approaches to life and work) prove to be the major challenges in working in and leading these teams (e.g., differences in beliefs, attitudes, behavior patterns, paradigms, and thus different approaches to learning). Recognizing the importance of team learning and its facilitation in meeting the aforementioned challenges, this chapter presents the effect of cultural values on multicultural team learning as described in the literature. Theoretical implications as well as implications for human resource development practitioners are presented.
Learning One’s Way to Implementing Learning Teams in Korea: The Relationship Between Team Learning and Power in Organizations
Authors: Kim Young-Saing
Published: April 2003

The problem and the solution. One very strong and cohesive aspect of Korean culture is a traditionally strict sense of hierarchy based on age, gender, and formal position that dictates interaction, including communication patterns among coworkers. Embedded in this hierarchical aspect of the culture is a pattern of sovereign power. Team learning and organizational learning processes are potentially inhibited by these characteristics. It is important to recognize the role of sovereign power prior to implementing teams as organizational learning mechanisms. A learning strategy directed toward a transition to disciplinary power is a condition for team learning.
Contextualizing Team Learning: Implications for Research and Practice
Authors: Yorks Lyle , Marsick Victoria J. , Kasl Elizabeth , Dechant Kathleen
Published: April 2003

The problem and the solution. Cultural dimensions such as power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity, and cohesiveness all influence team learning processes, conditions, and outcomes. This creates unique and diverse challenges for human resource development professionals working with teams. These challenges require mindful and creative approaches to interventions to facilitating team learning through the use of metaphors and methods of providing for equivocality and anonymity.
Street Youth Violence And Victimization
Authors: Baron Stephen W.
Published: April 2003

The article reviews the literature surrounding street youth violence and victimization. It examines the role backgrounds of physical and sexual victimization play in street youth[#x2019]s taking to the street and their link to violent behaviors once there. It reveals that violent home experiences educate street youth to use force to settle disputes and provide cultural rules that support violence. On the street, these rules are broadened and reinforced by poverty, the threat of victimization, violent peers, and immersion in an environment where violence is the favored method of dispute resolution. These home and street experiences also serve to increase the risk of violent victimization on the street. These youth[#x2019]s risky lifestyles, deviant subsistence strategies, deviant peers, and involvement in violence all serve to increase the likelihood of sexual and physical victimization. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Treatment And Sexual Offence Recidivism
Authors: Craig Leam A. , Browne Kevin D. , Stringer Ian
Published: April 2003

Cognitive-behavioral treatment has emerged as the principle type of sex offender treatment targeting deviant arousal, increasing appropriate sexual desires, modifying distorted thinking, and improving interpersonal coping skills. However, treatment effectiveness in reducing sexual offence recidivism continues to be questioned. This is despite the fact that since 1995, five meta-analytical studies have claimed positive treatment effects in reducing sexual offence recidivism. However, many treatment studies have been criticized for weaknesses in their methodologies. In addition, methodological differences between studies make it difficult to determine treatment efficacy. This review found that since 1995, 19 treatment studies have been published, and a third of the 18 studies demonstrating positive treatment effects used sound methodological techniques. Additional treatment studies are needed that utilize sound methodological principles to establish the most effective way of reducing sexual reoffending.
Models Of Response To Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Barker-Collo Suzanne , Read John
Published: April 2003

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been linked to adult mental health problems and indicators of severity of psychiatric illness. There exist large, unexplained individual differences in the presentation of mental health problems following CSA. Complex statistical methodologies allow researchers to examine models of response to CSA and its impact on mental health. Two early models are presented and critiqued. Two more recent models are then presented. It is concluded that whereas no single variable can, on its own, account for individual variation in symptom development, empirically tested models point toward a complex interaction between abuse-related factors, interactions with others (e.g., responses to disclosure, attachment), and individual factors (e.g., attributions, emotion-focused coping) as mediators and moderators of outcome. The implications of increased understanding of the complex interaction of these factors in understanding clinical presentations and in the formulation of treatment plans are explored.
Ask Not For Whom The Bell Tolls
Authors: Scurfield Raymond M. , Wilson John P.
Published: April 2003

This article reviews and analyzes two national studies of the efficacy of treatment for war veterans suffering from post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A careful analysis of the studies conducted by the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) Northeast Program Evaluation Center (NEPEC) reveals conceptual, methodological, and design flaws in the research, which reports minimal treatment efficacy for PTSD. Based on this limited, if not biased, data, the results were used for policy purposes to dismantle inpatient PTSD hospital units and trauma-focus treatments. A critique is offered as a review to suggest how future studies might be conducted, designed, and evaluated, including the need for independent, “outside” peer reviews inasmuch as the issue of treatment outcomes generalizes to many nonmilitary populations.
Stalking
Authors: Sheridan Lorraine P. , Blaauw Eric , Davies Graham M.
Published: April 2003

The current work reviews literature on the nature of stalking. Despite its nebulous nature and differing legal and clinical definitions of stalking, researchers and practitioners are referring to the same phenomenon. Stalking is chronic, consisting of a number of nuisance behaviors that appear consistent over countries and samples. Different categorizations of stalkers and their victims exist, but ex-partner stalkers are a distinctive category with respect to their prevalence, violence risk, and attrition rate. Different samples and definitions and false victimization reports obscure reliable lifetime prevalence estimates, but these appear to be around 12%-16% among women and 4%-7% among men. Stalking has deleterious effects on victims but some of the effects may be the result of stalking’s exacerbating of existing vulnerabilities. Future research should focus on subgroups of stalkers and their victims, on cross-cultural investigations, and on the co-occurrence of stalking with other crimes.
Analysis of Internet-Based Health Assessments
Authors: Bensley Robert J. , Lewis James B.
Published: April 2003

Health-assessment tools assist practitioners in developing interventions to promote health. An increasing number of online health assessments have evolved recently, creating a need to evaluate for usefulness and effectiveness. This study reviewed 42 online health assessments based on recommendations developed by the Scientific Panel on Interactive Communication and Health. Four types of health assessments were reviewed, with Health Status/Positive Well-Being types, as a whole, demonstrating the highest scores. At least 75% of all sites received maximum scores for items related to background of developers and sponsors, purpose of site, and site design. Fewer than 1 of 5 sites received a maximum score for content issues, confidentiality, and evaluation results and effectiveness. Particularly poor scores were received for the evaluation criteria. Developers of online health assessments need to modify sites to incorporate evaluation results and effectiveness. Practitioners need to be cautious in using sites with no reported evaluation efforts.
Promoting Physical Activity at the Community Level: Insights into Health Promotion Practice from the Laval Walking Clubs Experience
Authors: Nguyên Minh-Nguyêt , Gauvin Lise , Martineau Irène , Grignon Richard
Published: April 2003

In an effort to develop a model of best practices, we deconstruct a successful initiative to promote physical activity at the community level that originated from a public health directorate located in a suburban city adjacent to a metropolis. The main thrust of the intervention consisted of creating walking clubs throughout the area of the public health directorate to provide an alternative physical activity service to sedentary adults. The deconstruction of the initiative and its associated procedures was developed through an extensive interview of the public health official in charge of the initiative and through an examination of archival materials. We conclude that a model of best practices to promote physical activity at the community level should be ecological and therefore should include intervention components to mobilize the community around physical activity, coordinate existing municipal and community organizations, and provide ongoing support to volunteer club directors.
Perceptions of Healthy Behaviors Versus Health Practices
Authors: Merrill Ray M. , Friedrichs Michael , Larsen LaDene
Published: April 2003

This study compares health behaviors mentioned as important for staying healthy with actual health practices among 717 men and women in Utah. Respondents frequently cited exercise and a healthy diet as important, but a much smaller percentage practiced these behaviors. Furthermore, although those identifying these behaviors as important were significantly more likely to practice them, the percentages were low. Relatively few respondents identified maintaining ideal body weight and seeing a doctor as important for staying healthy, but the actual practice of those behaviors was high. In some cases, positive relations between behaviors or outcomes identified as important compared with actual practice in younger people did not occur in older people. In other cases, positive relations were observed in one gender but not in the other. Hence, perceived ways for people to stay healthy did not necessarily correspond with actual behaviors and were influenced by factors such as age and gender.
A Framework for Evaluating Comprehensive Community Initiatives
Authors: Lafferty Carolyn K. , Mahoney Colleen A.
Published: April 2003

This article describes a model and design for evaluating a comprehensive community health promotion initiative. The theoretically based model was designed by the authors to evaluate a countywide initiative based on developmental assets, a framework for healthy youth development promoted by the Search Institute in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The model includes the components of a typical logic model and incorporates concepts proposed by diffusion of innovations, social cognitive theory, and Search Institute’s conceptual model for community change. The model highlights the priorities of local stakeholders and directs evaluation activities in multiple community sectors over time. The evaluation design is presented according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework for program evaluation in public health.
Ethical Review of Health Promotion Program Evaluation Proposals
Authors: Thurston Wilfreda E. , Vollman Ardene Robinson , Burgess Michael M.
Published: April 2003

Some policies state that program evaluation falls within the domain of administrative research that does not require review by an ethics review board. We propose that some health promotion program evaluations include at least one element of research and can be distinguished from quality assurance. Although American and Canadian evaluation societies provide important guidelines and standards for evaluation practitioners, processes for accountability to the public are provided by research ethics boards. The field of health promotion is, by its nature, replete with challenges to existing research ethics boards. Given the dearth of published literature on the ethics of health promotion evaluation or practice, the field could benefit from the open debate that reviews of proposals would encourage.
Why Hospitals Offer Health Promotion: Perspectives for Collaborating With Health Promotion Practitioners
Authors: Olden Peter C.
Published: April 2003

Most hospitals have expanded their services in recent years to become involved with health promotion programs and activities. A hospital might offer health promotion services to promote health and to raise the health status of its community. However, it might provide health promotion for other reasons, such as to improve the hospital’s cost-effectiveness, competitive strategy, organizational legitimacy, or tax exemption. Health promotion practitioners who collaborate with a hospital for health promotion should understand the hospital’s reasons for providing health promotion. Furthermore, they should understand that different reasons may lead to different priority populations, resource commitments, organizational structures, work processes, and health outcomes.