bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of CD8‐positive macrophages infiltrating the central nervous system of rats with chronic autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Hiraki Keiko , Park Il‐Kwon , Kohyama Kuniko , Matsumoto Yoh
Published: October 2008

CD8+ macrophages appear in the central nervous system (CNS) under various pathological conditions such as trauma and ischemia. Furthermore, macrophages expressing CD8 were found in CNS lesions of chronic, but not acute, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To further characterize cells with this phenotype, we examined CD8+ macrophages/monocytes in the CNS and peripheral organs during the course of acute and chronic EAE that had been induced by immunization of rats with myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, respectively. Counting CD8+ macrophages in CNS lesions revealed that their numbers increased reaching about 60% of total infiltrating macrophages in chronic EAE, while CD8+ macrophages remained less than 5% throughout the course of acute EAE. Unexpectedly, however, higher abundance of CD8+ monocytes/macrophages in the peripheral blood was found in both acute and chronic EAE. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed no significant difference in the levels of chemokines and chemokine receptors of blood CD8+ monocytes between acute and chronic EAE. mRNA expression of perforin, a cytotoxic substance, was up‐regulated in CD8+ monocytes compared with that of CD8− monocytes in both acute and chronic EAE. These findings suggest that activated CD8+ macrophages may play a cytotoxic role in chronic EAE lesions and that cells other than CD8+ monocytes/macrophages determined the difference in CNS pathology between acute and chronic EAE. Analysis of CD8+ monocytes/macrophages may provide useful information to permit further dissect the pathomechanisms of multiple sclerosis and to develop effective immunotherapies against autoimmune diseases in the CNS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intensity of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion determines white/gray matter injury and cognitive/motor dysfunction in mice
Authors: Miki Kazunori , Ishibashi Satoru , Sun Liyuan , Xu Haiyan , Ohashi Wataru , Kuroiwa Toshihiko , Mizusawa Hidehiro
Published: October 2008

We sought to establish a mouse model of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) that develops predominant white matter (WM) injury and cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Adult C57Bl/6 male (n = 48) mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery stenosis with external microcoils (inner diameters: 0.16 mm, left; 0.18 mm, right). Mice were categorized according to left‐side cerebral blood flow (CBF) value on day 6 into those with severe cerebral hypoperfusion (SCH; n = 16, < 30% of preoperative CBF baseline value) or moderate cerebral hypoperfusion (MCH; n = 21, 30–50% of preoperative value). Another 15 mice were sham operated. Neurological dysfunction was evaluated by Morris water maze, rotating rod, and open field tests. Histopathological examination was performed on day 35 after surgery. MCH animals showed persistent hyperlocomotion with reduced anxiety and spatial reference memory dysfunction. Rarefaction and small necrotic lesions were predominantly confined to the WM, with reactive astrocytosis, microglial infiltration, axonal loss, and myelin disruption, and these changes were dominant on the left side. SCH animals had persistent hyperlocomotion and motor dysfunction, and their ischemic lesions extended from the WM to the hippocampus and cortex. In MCH animals, myelin basic protein and neurofilament fiber densities in the WM were correlated with the time spent in the correct area in the water maze probe trials. Our MCH mouse model with the development of several types of neurological dysfunction with high reproducibility would be useful for investigating the pathomechanisms of WM injury in human SIVD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determinants and performance effects of the allocation of ownership rights in consulting firms
Authors: Richter Ansgar , Schröder Katrin
Published: October 2008

This paper provides a joint assessment of the antecedents and the performance consequences of the allocation of ownership rights in professional service firms (PSFs). Drawing on established economic theory, we argue that the efficiency implications of alternative ownership arrangements drive the allocation of ownership rights. We test our arguments using a sample of 119 large and medium‐sized consulting firms. The results confirm the significance of capital requirements, service standardization, business risk, and organization size as determinants of the allocation of ownership rights in these firms. We do not find ownership allocationper seto be a significant driver of performance. The results suggest that the optimal allocation of ownership rights is endogenously determined by the conditions under which consulting firms operate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing a frame: rhetorical strategies of architects
Authors: Jones Candace , Livne‐Tarandach Reut
Published: October 2008

We examine the rhetorical strategy of architects in widely available architectural texts, to identify what words are available for use in the cultural register. Our results show that these cultural register texts use distinct but related rhetorics; vocabularies of competency that are revealed through clusters of keywords and which capture institutional logics of business, profession and state. We then examine how architect firms use these keywords as rhetorical strategies when competing for projects from clients. Our results reveal that architect firms deploy multivalent keywords—keywords that bridge institutional logics with the same word having multiple meanings—and combine pragmatically unique keywords from distinct logics, allowing them to appeal to multiple, diverse interests in their audiences. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of colleague quality on top performance: the case of security analysts
Authors: Groysberg Boris , Lee Linda‐Eling
Published: October 2008

Using a unique panel dataset of top performing security analysts over a nine‐year period, we show that top performers do not “own” their performance, even in the knowledge‐intensive work performed in this professional business services context. While an individual's past performance does indicate future performance, the quality of colleagues in one's organization also significantly affects top performers' ability to maintain their performance. Specifically, top performers in professional business services rely on high‐quality colleagues both to improve the quality of their own work and to deliver it effectively to clients. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Configuring expert knowledge: the consultant as sector specialist
Authors: Fincham Robin , Clark Timothy , Handley Karen , Sturdy Andrew
Published: October 2008

This study defines an aspect of consultant knowledge that provides credibility without claiming unrealistic status for a field like consulting. Our focus is the “sector knowledge” that consultants accumulate which derives from repeated assignments in the industrial sector in which the client organization resides. This has been under‐researched partly because of an emphasis on knowledge as technique and method. But knowledge configured around the sector enables consultants to play the role of the outside expert and draw on a language and experiences held in common with the client. The paper explores the role of consultants as sector intermediaries through a case study of contemporary management consulting in a UK local authority. We see “the sector” as an alternative type of knowledge formation salient for a client‐centered occupation like consulting. We also explore sector knowledge as a negotiated setting and dispel overly simple notions of know‐how being “brought to” the client. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Descriptive analysis of kernels of selected black and Persian walnut cultivars
Authors: Warmund Michele R , Elmore Janelle , Drake MaryAnne , Yates Michele D
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Two types of walnut are valued for their nuts, the Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) and eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.). While there is a well‐established market for Persian walnuts, there is a relatively small, but increasing demand for black walnuts. In spite of their availability in the marketplace, their similarities in sensory characteristics of kernels, as well as their unique attributes have not been explored. The objective of this study was to characterize selected Persian and black walnut cultivars using aroma, flavor, and texture sensory attributes.

RESULTS: Twenty‐two terms were used for descriptive analysis of walnut kernels. All but two attributes (fruity and painty/rancid) were common to black and Persian walnut kernels. Black walnuts were distinguished from Persian walnuts by their overall aroma and fruity and musty flavors. Overall aroma, fruity, woody, musty and sweet flavors also varied among the kernels of some black walnut cultivars. Kernels of Persian walnuts generally had higher ratings of nutty, woody and astringent flavors than those of most black walnut cultivars.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that Persian and black walnut kernels share common sensory attributes, but also have unique characteristics. The aroma and fruity flavor of black walnuts can be promoted in the marketplace, which will distinguish them from Persian walnuts. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Feeding trial of instant food containing lyophilised yam powder in hypertensive subjects
Authors: Liu Der‐Zen , Liang Hong‐Jen , Han Chuan‐Hsiao , Lin Shyr‐Yi , Chen Ching‐Tan , Fan Mike , Hou Wen‐Chi
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: It was reported in a previous paper that the yam tuber storage protein dioscorin exhibited antihypertensive effects on spontaneously hypertensive rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of packets of instant food (30 g) with (treated meal) and without (placebo) lyophilised yam powder on hypertensive subjects.

RESULTS: A placebo‐controlled feeding trial was conducted daily for 5 weeks (stage 1), followed by a 1 week washout and then a 5 week crossover (stage 2). Twenty‐one subjects finished the trial. One packet of treated meal contained 140 ± 2.54 mg of dioscorin according to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The blood pressure results of the treated meal and placebo groups at stage 1 end versus originals, but not at stage 2 end versus stage 2 beginning, were significantly different by the paired t test. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure readings after treated meal intervention, but not after placebo intervention, differed significantly from the original values based on one‐way analysis of variance followed by the post hoc Tukey test; the reductions in SBP and DBP were 6.52 and 4.76 mmHg respectively. The feeding trial did not appear to affect serum lipid profiles or other biochemical measurements of cardiovascular risk.

CONCLUSION: Intake of an instant food containing 140 mg of dioscorin over 5 weeks had a regulating effect on human blood pressure. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of pre‐freezing, puree content and pasteurisation regime on colour stability of strawberry nectar made from puree
Authors: Gössinger Manfred , Ullram Thomas , Hermes Monika , Wendelin Silvia , Berghold Stefanie , Halbwirth Heidrun , Stich Karl , Berghofer Emmerich
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Heat treatment during processing of strawberry products has been proposed to negatively affect colour stability. Moreover, the role of enzymes with respect to colour stability is ambiguous when consulting the existing literature. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of various processing parameters (pre‐freezing, puree content, pasteurisation temperature and heating time) on the colour stability and anthocyanin monomer and L‐ascorbic acid contents of strawberry nectars made from puree. In addition, the effect of different enzyme activities on colour stability during storage of strawberry nectars was investigated.

RESULTS: Pre‐freezing of strawberries before processing had a significant positive effect on the colour stability of nectars made from puree. No significant effect on colour stability was found for higher puree contents. Increasing both the pasteurisation temperature and the heating time had a significant positive effect on colour stability. Results showed that colour degradation during storage was mainly due to residual enzyme activities. The shelf‐life of strawberry nectar could be extended about fivefold by adding an enzyme inhibitor.

CONCLUSION: The colour stability of strawberry nectar made from fresh puree may be improved to some extent by an appropriate pasteurisation regime. Enzymes play an important role in colour degradation during storage of the nectar. Inactivation of these enzyme activities, however, could not be achieved even after a heat treatment at 90 °C for 60 min. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Vascular effects of photodynamic and pulsed dye laser therapy protocols
Authors: Channual Jennifer , Choi Bernard , Osann Kathryn , Pattanachinda Daniel , Lotfi Justin , Kelly Kristen M.
Published: October 2008

Background and Objective

Pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions is associated with variable and unpredictable efficacy. Thus, alternative treatment modalities are needed. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated enhanced selective vascular destruction with benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) monoacid ring A photodynamic therapy (PDT) followed immediately by PDL irradiation (PDT+PDL). Here, we evaluate PDT alone, PDL alone, and PDT+PDL protocols using an optimized in vivo rodent dorsal window chamber model.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A dorsal window chamber was surgically installed on male Golden Syrian hamsters. BPD solution was administered intravenously via a jugular venous catheter. Evaluated interventions included: (1) Control (no BPD, no light); (2) Control (BPD, no light); (3) PDT alone (λ = 576 nm; 25, 50, 75, or 96 J/cm2 radiant exposure; 15 minutes post‐BPD injection); (4) PDL alone at 7 J/cm2 (585 nm, 1.5 milliseconds pulse duration, 7 mm spot); and (5) PDT (25 or 75 J/cm2)+PDL (7 J/cm2). Laser speckle imaging was used to monitor blood flow dynamics before, immediately after, and 1, 3, and 5 days post‐intervention.

Results

Perfusion reduction on day 1 post‐intervention was achieved with PDT>50 J/cm2, PDL alone, and PDT+PDL. However, by day 5 post‐intervention, recovery of flow was observed with PDT alone at 50 J/cm2 (−15.1%) and PDL alone (+215%). PDT (75 J/cm2)+PDL resulted in the greatest prolonged reduction in vascular perfusion (−99.8%).

Conclusions

Our in vivo data suggest that the PDT+PDL therapeutic protocol can result in enhanced and persistent vascular shutdown compared to PDT or PDL alone. The PDT+PDL approach has potential for considerable superficial vascular destruction and should be considered as a treatment modality for cutaneous vascular lesions. Monitoring of blood flow changes for as long as possible is crucial for accurate assessment of light‐based vascular interventions. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:644–650, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐expandable metal stents and trans‐stent light delivery: Are metal stents and photodynamic therapy compatible?
Authors: Wang Luo‐Wei , Li Li‐Bo , Li Zhao‐Shen , Chen Yang K. , Hetzel Fred W. , Huang Zheng
Published: October 2008

Background and Objectives

Obstructive non‐small cell lung cancer and obstructive esophageal cancer are US FDA approved indications of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The usefulness of PDT for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma is currently under clinical investigation. Endoscopic stenting for lumen restoration is a common palliative intervention for those indications. It is important to assess whether self‐expandable metal stents are compatible with trans‐stent PDT light delivery.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Direct effects of various components of metal biliary (n = 2), esophageal (n = 2), and bronchial (n = 1) stents on PDT light transmittance and distribution were examined using a point or linear light source (630 or 652 nm diode laser). Resected pig biliary duct and esophageal wall tissues were used to examine the feasibility of PDT light delivery through the fully expanded metal stents.

Results

While using a point light source, the metal components (thread and joint) of the stent could cause a significant shadow effect. The liner material (polytetrafluoroethylene or polyurethane) could cause various degrees of light absorption. When the stent was covered with a thin layer of biliary duct and esophageal tissues containing all wall layers, the shadow effect could be mitigated due to tissue scattering.

Conclusions

This study clearly demonstrates that it is feasible to combine stenting and PDT for the treatment of luminal lesions. PDT light dose should be adjusted to counteract the reduction of light transmittance caused by the metal and liner materials of stent. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:651–659, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of cavity preparation with Er:YAG Laser on enamel adjacent to restorations submitted to cariogenic challenge in situ: A polarized light microscopic analysis
Authors: Chimello Daniela T. , Serra Mônica C. , Rodrigues Antonio L. , Pécora Jesus D. , Corona Silmara A.M.
Published: October 2008

Background and Objectives

Er:YAG laser has been used for caries removal and cavity preparation, using ablative parameters. Its effect on the margins of restorations submitted to cariogenic challenge has not yet been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the enamel adjacent to restored Er:YAG laser‐prepared cavities submitted to cariogenic challenge in situ, under polarized light microscopy.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Ninety‐one enamel slabs were randomly assigned to seven groups (n = 13): I, II, III—Er:YAG laser with 250 mJ, 62.5 J/cm2, combined with 2, 3, and 4 Hz, respectively; IV, V, VI—Er:YAG laser with 350 mJ, 87.5 J/cm2, combined with 2, 3, and 4 Hz, respectively; VII—High‐speed handpiece (control). Cavities were restored and the restorations were polished. The slabs were fixed to intra‐oral appliances, worn by 13 volunteers for 14 days. Sucrose solution was applied to each slab six times per day. Samples were removed, cleaned, sectioned and ground to polarized light microscopic analysis. Demineralized area and inhibition zone width were quantitatively assessed. Presence or absence of cracks was also analyzed. Scores for demineralization and inhibition zone were determined.

Results

No difference was found among the groups with regard to demineralized area, inhibition zone width, presence or absence of cracks, and demineralization score. Inhibition zone score showed difference among the groups. There was a correlation between the quantitative measures and the scores.

Conclusion

Er:YAG laser was similar to high‐speed handpiece, with regard to alterations in enamel adjacent to restorations submitted to cariogenic challenge in situ. The inhibition zone score might suggest less demineralization at the restoration margin of the irradiated substrates. Correlation between the quantitative measures and scores indicates that score was, in this case, a suitable complementary method for assessment of caries lesion around restorations, under polarized light microscopy. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:634–643, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postoperative gait deterioration after bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: van Nuenen Bart F.L. , Esselink Rianne A.J. , Munneke Marten , Speelman Johhannes D. , van Laar Teus , Bloem Bastiaan R.
Published: October 2008

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nuclei (STN) is a good therapeutic option to reduce dyskinesias and improve appendicular motor signs in well‐selected patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Concerns about long‐term adverse effects play an increasingly role in the decision whether or not to refer patients for this treatment. Worsening of gait as a consequence of STN stimulation for PD has been described, but may be under‐recognized in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of STN stimulation on gait relative to global outcome in a group of consecutively operated patients. For this purpose, we used a standardized patient questionnaire that asked about global outcome and specific effects on gait, as experienced both 6 months postoperatively and currently (at the time of completing the questionnaire; mean: 2.7 +/− 1.1 years). A delayed worsening of gait after bilateral STN stimulation was experienced by a considerable proportion of patients (42% of subjects, for gait in the OFF phase), and this was apparently relatively “selective” because their global outcome scores continued to be improved. These findings highlight the presence of a hitherto poorly recognized long‐term complication of bilateral STN stimulation. Further systematic studies are required to pinpoint the clinical and surgical determinants of this late gait deterioration. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Homocysteine is not associated with global motor or cognitive measures in nondemented older Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Camicioli Richard M. , Bouchard Thomas P. , Somerville Martin J.
Published: October 2008

Levodopa (L‐dopa) treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with elevated homocysteine (Hcy). To examine the relationship between Hcy, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms (MTHFR: 677C/T; 1298A/C), and B‐vitamins in older PD patients and whether Hcy or MTHFR polymorphisms were associated with clinical measures. MTHFR polymorphisms, B‐vitamin intake, and blood concentrations of Hcy, vitamin B12 and folate, and creatinine were determined and compared between groups (PD and controls). The relationship of Hcy to clinical measures was examined in PD. Among 51 patients [30M/21F, mean age (SD): 71.5 (4.7)] and 50 controls [29M/21F, 71.5 (4.8)], Hcy was higher in PD [13.6 (3.8); controls: 10.5 (2.5), P < 0.0005]. Hcy was associated with B‐vitamin intake [F = 21.7, P < 0.0005], folate level (R = 0.31, P = 0.035), and the interaction of intake with MTHFR 677T (F = 5.2, P = 0.007), but not MTHFR 1298C genotype. Hcy did not correlate with global measures of cognition, mood, or parkinsonism in PD or with dyskinesias, fluctuations, or freezing. Higher vitamin B12 levels were associated with lower dyskinesia risk. Hcy was influenced by PD, MTHFR 677 genotype, and vitamin use, but not by the MTHFR 1298 genotype. There was no clear association with motor or cognitive measures, but dyskinesias were less likely with higher B12. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Abduction finger sign: A new sign to detect unilateral functional paralysis of the upper limb
Authors: Tinazzi Michele , Simonetto Sara , Franco Laura , Bhatia Kailash P. , Moretto Giuseppe , Fiaschi Antonio , Deluca Cristina
Published: October 2008

Objective of this study is testing a new sign to differentiate functional from organic paralysis of the arm. Thirty‐six healthy subjects, ten patients with acute functional paralysis of one arm and eleven patients with acute organic paralysis of one arm were enrolled. The test consisted of abduction finger movements of one hand against resistance with a maximal sustained contraction to detect synkinetic abduction finger movements of the contralateral hand. For both hands, contralateral hand synkinesias were observed in healthy subjects. The task performed with the unaffected hand evoked synkinesias of the presumed affected hand in functional patients, but did not evoke synkinesias of the affected hand in organic patients. The abduction finger test had 100% sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing functional from organic paralysis of the upper limb in this cohort of patients. The abduction finger sign may be a reliable bedside test to discriminate functional from organic arm paralysis. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Backward walking in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hackney Madeleine E. , Earhart Gammon M.
Published: October 2008

We walk backward on a daily basis, such as when backing away from the kitchen sink or stepping back from a curb as a swiftly moving bus passes. This task may be particularly difficult for individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) who often fall as a result of moving or being perturbed in the backward direction. The aim of this study was to assess backward walking (BW) in individuals with PD. Both forward walking (FW) and BW were assessed in 78 people with idiopathic PD (H&Y range: 0.5–3) in the ON state, and 74 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. In FW, those with PD had significantly shorter strides, lower swing percents, higher stance percents, and lower functional ambulation profiles than controls. Both groups walked significantly slower and with a wider base of support during BW than FW. Additionally, in BW those with PD walked significantly slower with shorter strides, lower swing percents, and higher double support and stance percents, and lower functional ambulation profiles compared with controls. Those with mild to moderate PD have impaired FW and BW, but differences between those with and without PD are more pronounced in BW. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
UPDRS activity of daily living score as a marker of Parkinson's disease progression
Authors: Harrison Madaline B. , Wylie Scott A. , Frysinger Robert C. , Patrie James T. , Huss Diane S. , Currie Lillian J. , Wooten G. Frederick
Published: October 2008

The activities of daily living (ADL) subscore of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) captures the impact of Parkinson's disease (PD) on daily function and may be less affected than other subsections by variability associated with drug cycle and motor fluctuations. We examined UPDRS mentation, ADL and motor subscores in 888 patients with idiopathic PD. Multiple linear regression analyses determined the association between disease duration and UPDRS subscores as a function of medication status at examination and in a subset of patients with multiple examinations. Independent of medication status and across cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses, ADL subscores showed a stronger and more stable association with disease duration than other UPDRS subscores after adjusting for age of disease onset. The association between disease duration and the motor subscore depended on medication status. The strong association between ADL subscore and disease duration in PD suggests that this measure may serve as a better marker of disease progression than signs and symptoms assessed in other UPDRS sections. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Functional brain imaging in pure akinesia with gait freezing: [18F] FDG PET and [18F] FP‐CIT PET analyses
Authors: Park Hee K. , Kim Jae S. , Im Ki C. , Oh Seung J. , Kim Mi J. , Lee Jae‐Hong , Chung Sun J. , Lee Myoung C.
Published: October 2008

Pure akinesia with gait freezing (PAGF) has characteristic features, including freezing of gait and prominent speech disturbance without rigidity or tremor. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in brain glucose metabolism and presynaptic dopaminergic function in PAGF. By using [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, 11 patients with PAGF were compared with 14 patients with probable progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 13 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 11 normal controls. [18F] N‐(3‐fluoropropyl)‐2β‐carbon ethoxy‐3β‐(4‐iodophenyl) nortropane (FP‐CIT) PET was performed in 11 patients with PAGF and with 10 normal controls. The PAGF patients showed decreased glucose metabolism in the midbrain when compared with normal controls. PSP patients showed a similar topographic distribution of glucose hypometabolism with additional areas, including the frontal cortex, when compared with normal controls. The FP‐CIT PET findings in patients with PAGF revealed severely decreased uptake bilaterally in the basal ganglia. These findings suggest that both PAGF and PSP may be part of the same pathophysiologic spectrum of disease. However, the reason why PAGF manifests clinically in a different manner needs to be further elucidated. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for levodopa‐induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Filipović Saša R. , Rothwell John C. , van de Warrenburg Bart P. , Bhatia Kailash
Published: October 2008

In a placebo‐controlled, single‐blinded, crossover study, we assessed the effect of “real” repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus “sham” rTMS (placebo) on peak dose dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Ten patients with PD and prominent dyskinesias had rTMS (1,800 pulses; 1 Hz rate) delivered over the motor cortex for 4 consecutive days twice, once real stimuli and once sham stimulation were used; evaluations were done at the baseline and 1 day after the end of each of the treatment series. Direct comparison between sham and real rTMS effects showed no significant difference in clinician‐assessed dyskinesia severity. However, comparison with the baseline showed small but significant reduction in dyskinesia severity following real rTMS but not placebo. The major effect was on dystonia subscore. Similarly, in patient diaries, although both treatments caused reduction in subjective dyskinesia scores during the days of intervention, the effect was sustained for 3 days after the intervention for the real rTMS only. Following rTMS, no side effects and no adverse effects on motor function and PD symptoms were noted. The results suggest the existence of residual beneficial clinical aftereffects of consecutive daily applications of low‐frequency rTMS on dyskinesias in PD. The effects may be further exploited for potential therapeutic uses. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Beta activity in the subthalamic nucleus during sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Urrestarazu Elena , Iriarte Jorge , Alegre Manuel , Clavero Pedro , Rodríguez‐Oroz Mari Cruz , Guridi Jorge , Obeso José A. , Artieda Julio
Published: October 2008

The recordings of local field potentials in the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), carried out through the stimulators implanted to treat the motor symptoms of the disease, show a prominent basal (“off”) activity in the beta range, which is attenuated after dopaminergic therapy. A recent study described improvement of parkinsonian features during rapid eyes movements (REM) sleep. We describe, for the first time, the changes in activity of the subthlamic nucleus (STN) during different sleep stages in Parkinson's disease with special interest in the beta band. Ten patients with PD treated with deep brain stimulation of the STN were studied. Subthalamic local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded through the stimulation electrodes during wakefulness (“off” medication) and different sleep stages. In Stage 2 and slow‐wave sleep, a significant decrease of beta activity was recorded. During REM sleep, beta power values were similar to wakefulness values or even higher. These findings indicate that STN activity is modulated and modified during different sleep stages. The increased beta activity during REM sleep is a new but unexpected finding, which requires further analysis. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Remarks on GIAO‐DFT predictions of 13C chemical shifts
Authors: Dybiec Katarzyna , Gryff‐Keller Adam
Published: October 2008

Predicting 13C chemical shifts by GIAO‐DFT calculations appears to be more accurate than frequently expected provided that: (a) the comparison between experimental and theoretical data is performed using the linear regression method, (b) a sufficiently high level of theory [e.g. B3LYP/6‐311 + + G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6‐311 + + G(2d,p) or PBE1PBE/6‐311 + G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6‐311 + + G(2d,p)] is used, (c) the experimental data originate from the measurements performed in one solvent whose influence is taken into account at the molecular geometry optimization step and, first of all, during the shielding calculation, (d) the experimental data are free of heavy atom effects or such effects are appropriately treated in calculations, and finally (e) the conformational compositions of the investigated objects are known. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of cloned dogs by decreasing the interval between fusion and activation during somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Kim Sue , Park Sun Woo , Hossein Mohammad Shamim , Jeong Yeon Woo , Kim Joung Joo , Lee Eugine , Kim Yeun Wook , Hyun Sang Hwan , Shin Taeyoung , Hwang Woo Suk
Published: October 2008

To improve the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in dogs, we evaluated whether or not the interval between fusion and activation affects the success rate of SCNT. Oocytes retrieved from outbred dogs were reconstructed with adult somatic cells from a male or female Golden Retriever. In total, 151 and 225 reconstructed oocytes were transferred to 9 and 14 naturally synchronized surrogates for male and female donor cells, respectively. Chromosomal morphology was evaluated in 12 oocytes held for an interval of 2 hr between fusion and activation and 14 oocytes held for an interval of 4 hr. Three hundred seventy‐six and 288 embryos were transferred to 23 and 16 surrogates for the 2 and 4 hr interval groups, respectively. Both the male (two pregnant surrogates gave birth to three puppies) and female (one pregnant surrogate gave birth to one puppy) donor cells gave birth to live puppies (P > 0.05). In the 2 hr group, significantly more reconstructed oocytes showed condensed, metaphase‐like chromosomes compared to the 4 hr group (P < 0.05). A significantly higher pregnancy rate and a greater number of live born puppies were observed in the 2 hr group (13.0% and 1.1%, respectively) compared to the 4 hr group (0%) (P < 0.05). In total, three surrogate dogs carried pregnancies to term and four puppies were born. These results demonstrate that decreasing the interval between fusion and activation increases the success rate of clone production and pregnancy. These results may increase the overall efficiency of SCNT in the canine family. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 483–489, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tektin 3 is required for progressive sperm motility in mice
Authors: Roy Angshumoy , Lin Yi‐Nan , Agno Julio E. , DeMayo Francesco J. , Matzuk Martin M.
Published: October 2008

Tektins are evolutionarily conserved flagellar (and ciliary) filamentous proteins present in the axoneme and peri‐axonemal structures in diverse metazoan species. We have previously shown that tektin 3 (TEKT3) and tektin 4 (TEKT4) are male germ cell‐enriched proteins, and that TEKT4 is essential for coordinated and progressive sperm motility in mice. Here we report that male mice null for TEKT3 produce sperm with reduced motility (47.2% motility) and forward progression, and increased flagellar structural bending defects. Male TEKT3‐null mice however maintain normal fertility in two different genetic backgrounds tested, in contrast to TEKT4‐null mice. Furthermore, male mice null for both TEKT3 and TEKT4 show subfertility on a mixed B6;129 genetic background, significantly different from either single knockouts, suggesting partial nonredundant roles for these two proteins in sperm physiology. Our results suggest that tektins are potential candidate genes for nonsyndromic asthenozoospermia in humans. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 453–459, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and expression of sheep DNA methyltransferase 1 and its development‐specific isoform
Authors: Taylor Jane , Moore Hannah , Beaujean Nathalie , Gardner John , Wilmut Ian , Meehan Richard , Young Lorraine
Published: October 2008

Unlike the mouse embryo, where loss of DNA methylation in the embryonic nucleus leaves cleavage stage embryos globally hypomethylated, sheep preimplantation embryos retain high levels of methylation until the blastocyst stage. We have cloned and sequenced sheep Dnmt1 and found it to be highly conserved with both the human and mouse homologues. Furthermore, we observed that the transcript normally expressed in adult somatic tissues is highly abundant in sheep oocytes. Throughout sheep preimplantation development the protein is retained in the cytoplasm whereas Dnmt1 transcript production declines after the embryonic genome activation at the 8–16 cell stage. Attempts to clone oocyte‐specific 5′ regions of Dnmt1, known to be present in the mouse and human gene, were unsuccessful. However, a novel ovine Dnmt1 exon, theoretically encoding 13 amino acids, was found to be expressed in sheep oocytes, preimplantation embryos and early fetal lineages, but not in the adult tissue. RNAi‐mediated knockdown of this novel transcript resulted in embryonic developmental arrest at the late morula stage, suggesting an essential role for this isoform in sheep blastocyst formation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 501–513, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted suppression of Has2 mRNA in mouse cumulus cell–oocyte complexes by adenovirus‐mediated short‐hairpin RNA expression
Authors: Sugiura Koji , Su You‐Qiang , Eppig John J.
Published: October 2008

RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective tool for studying gene function in oocytes, but no studies have targeted somatic cells of primary cultured cumulus cell–oocyte complexes (COCs). This is probably due to difficulty in introducing RNAi‐inducing molecules, such as a short‐hairpin RNA (shRNA) gene, into COCs by commonly used transfection reagents. We therefore tested whether a developmental process of intact COCs could be suppressed by adenovirus‐mediated shRNA expression. Has2, encoding hyaluronan synthase 2, was selected as the target transcript, because the process of cumulus expansion depends upon expression of Has2 mRNA and this process is easily evaluated in vitro. Intact COCs were infected with replication‐incompetent adenoviruses containing an expression sequence of shRNA targeting either Has2 (Has2 shRNA) or a control transcript not expressed in cumulus cells, and the effects on epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐stimulated cumulus expansion were determined. Has2 shRNA expression suppressed Has2 mRNA levels in COCs by more than 70%, without affecting expression levels of Ptgs2, Ptx3, Tnfaip6 mRNAs, which are also required for cumulus expansion, or other transcripts not related to expansion. Interestingly, levels of Areg and Ereg mRNAs were decreased in COCs expressing Has2 shRNA when compared with those in controls, while Btc mRNA levels remained unaffected. Furthermore, the degree of cumulus expansion by Has2 shRNA‐expressing COCs was significantly less than that of controls. Thus adenovirus‐mediated introduction of shRNA produces specific gene silencing and a phenotype in intact COCs, providing proof of principle that this method will be a helpful tool for understanding mechanisms of COC development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 537–547, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A systematic review of overweight and obesity as risk factors and targets for clinical intervention for urinary incontinence in women
Authors: Hunskaar Steinar
Published: October 2008

Aims

To review the epidemiological literature of urinary incontinence with respect to overweight and obesity as a risk factor, and how the findings eventually fulfill general criteria for being a causal factor for the condition. Likewise to review all interventional studies assessing the effect of weight reduction on incontinence.

Methods

Systematic searches until June 2008 for publications of community based prevalence studies with bivariate or multivariate analyses of the association between urinary incontinence in women and overweigh/obesity. In addition an attempt was made to identity and assess all relevant longitudinal studies, prospective case series, and trials, whatever design.

Results

There is evidence 3 and some evidence 2 level data to support that in addition to BMI, waist‐hip ratio and thus abdominal obesity may be an independent risk factor for incontinence in women. Only a few interventional studies have been carried out to assess the effect of weight reduction on incontinence. Five studies report effect on incontinence after surgical weight reduction procedures, and one study after a weight reduction program, thus giving some level 2 documentation. There are three RCTs which all show reducing incontinence by weight loss (level of evidence 1).

Conclusions

Epidemiological studies document overweight and obesity as an important risk factor for urinary incontinence. There is now valid documentation for weight reduction as a treatment for urinary incontinence in women. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:749–757, 2008, © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asynchronous multi‐domain variational integrators for non‐linear problems
Authors: Gates Mark , Matouš Karel , Heath Michael T.
Published: October 2008

We develop an asynchronous time integration and coupling method with domain decomposition for linear and non‐linear problems in mechanics. To ensure stability in the time integration and in coupling between domains, we use variational integrators with local Lagrange multipliers to enforce continuity at the domain interfaces. The asynchronous integrator lets each domain step with its own time step, using a smaller time step where required by stability and accuracy constraints and a larger time step where allowed. We show that in practice the time step is limited by accuracy requirements rather than by stability requirements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A partition‐of‐unity‐based finite element method for level sets
Authors: Valance Stéphane , de Borst René , Réthoré Julien , Coret Michel
Published: October 2008

Level set methods have recently gained much popularity to capture discontinuities, including their possible propagation. Typically, the partial differential equations that arise in level set methods, in particular the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, are solved by finite difference methods. However, finite difference methods are less suited for irregular domains. Moreover, it seems slightly awkward to use finite differences for the capturing of a discontinuity, while in a subsequent stress analysis finite elements are normally used. For this reason, we here present a finite element approach to solving the governing equations of level set methods. After a review of the governing equations, the initialization of the level sets, the discretization on a finite domain, and the stabilization of the resulting finite element method will be discussed. Special attention will be given to the proper treatment of the internal boundary condition, which is achieved by exploiting the partition‐of‐unity property of finite element shape functions. Finally, a quantitative analysis including accuracy analysis is given for a one‐dimensional example and a qualitative example is given for a two‐dimensional case with a curved discontinuity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using the sequential linear integer programming method as a post‐processor for stress‐constrained topology optimization problems
Authors: Werme M.
Published: October 2008

This paper deals with topology optimization of load‐carrying structures defined on discretized continuum design domains. In particular, the minimum compliance problem with stress constraints is considered. The finite element method is used to discretize the design domain into n finite elements and the design of a certain structure is represented by an n‐dimensional binary design variable vector. In order to solve the problems, the binary constraints on the design variables are initially relaxed and the problems are solved with both the method of moving asymptotes and the sparse non‐linear optimizer solvers for continuous optimization in order to compare the two solvers. By solving a sequence of problems with a sequentially lower limit on the amount of grey allowed, designs that are close to ‘black‐and‐white’ are obtained. In order to get locally optimal solutions that are purely {0, 1}n, a sequential linear integer programming method is applied as a post‐processor. Numerical results are presented for some different test problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of model errors in the calibration of viscoelastic material models
Authors: Johansson Håkan , Larsson Fredrik , Runesson Kenneth
Published: October 2008

In this paper we discuss a posteriori error estimation in the context of parameter identification problems. In particular, we pay attention to the errors arising from the discretization of the parameters, which is perceived as a model error. A previously developed method for goal‐oriented a posteriori error estimation is employed for two fundamentally different types of model hierarchies. The numerical results show rather good agreement between estimated and actual errors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bilateral adrenal neuroblastoma
Authors: Pagès Perle Maliszewicz , Dufour Christelle , Fasola Sylvie , Michon Jean , Boutard Patrick , Gentet Jean‐Claude , Hartmann Olivier
Published: October 2008

Background

Bilateral adrenal neuroblastoma is extremely rare. To date, 45 cases have been reported in the literature.

Procedures

We retrospectively identified and reviewed 15 cases of bilateral adrenal neuroblastoma, treated between 1988 and 2004, by the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. We then compared our cohort to the 45 cases reported in literature.

Results

Median age at diagnosis was 4 months in our cohort whereas it was 3 months in the literature. The same percentage of infants was found in both series (86.6%). Disease had generally been detected due to metastasis‐related symptoms. Ten out of 15 patients in our cohort and 18/39 cases in the literature were classified as stage 4S according to the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS). The incidence of stage 4S was significantly higher than that described in other neuroblastoma cohorts (P = 10−4). Five‐year overall survival was 90% for stage 4S. In our series, bilateral neuroblastoma was neither associated with familial cases nor with any risk factors.

Conclusions

The majority of bilateral neuroblastoma carry a favorable prognosis. Exceptional cases exhibiting risk factors, such as amplified MYCN, are comparable to high‐risk unilateral neuroblastoma cases with the same poor prognostic features. The therapeutic strategy could be similar to that used against unilateral neuroblastoma, except for surgery. However, the low incidence of relapse and the risk of adrenal failure if radical surgery is performed, argue against an aggressive surgical approach. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:196–202. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maleic anhydride/styrene melt grafting and crosslinking onto ethylene‐octene copolymer
Authors: Chen Xiaolang , Wu Hong , Yu Jie , Guo Shaoyun , Luo Zhu
Published: October 2008

Melt grafting of the multimonomer system of maleic anhydride (MAH)/styrene (St) onto ethylene‐octene copolymer (POE) was performed by a twin‐screw extruder. The effects of St and initiator contents as well as MAH/St on the grafting reaction were investigated. The structure and properties of the grafted POE were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, melt flow index, dynamic rheological behaviors, and thermogravimetric analysis. It is shown that the addition of St can significantly enhance MAH grafting degree onto POE. MFI values of grafted POE are affected not only by MAH/St copolymer concentration, but also by initiator concentration. These data indicate that the interaction and reaction between MAH and St monomers plays an important role in the grafting reaction. St improves the grafting reactivity of MAH and reacts with MAH before the two monomers graft onto POE. And high grafting degree can be obtained while the gel content is still low. Compared with neat POE, grafted POE shows different dynamic rheological behaviors and high thermal stability. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers