bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sociopolitical Economy of an Ancient Maya Village: Cerén and its Sacbe
Authors: Sheets Payson , Dixon Christine , Lentz David , Egan Rachel , Halmbacher Alexandria , Slotten Venicia , Herrera Rocío , Lamb Celine
Published: September 2015

The intellectual, artistic, and architectural accomplishments of Maya elites during the Classic period were extraordinary, and evidence of elite activities has preserved well in the archaeological record. A centuries-long research focus on elites has understandably fostered the view that they controlled the economy, politics, and religion of Maya civilization. While there has been significant progress in household archaeology, unfortunately the activities, decisions, and interactions of commoners generally preserve poorly in the archaeological record. Therefore, it has been challenging to understand the sociopolitical economy of commoners, and how it related—or did not relate—to elite authority. The exceptional volcanic preservation of the site of Cerén, El Salvador, provides a unique opportunity to explore the degree to which elites controlled or influenced commoner life. Was society organized in a top-down hierarchy in which elites controlled everything? Or did commoners have autonomy, and thus the authority to decide quotidian, seasonal, and annual issues within the village? Or was there a mixture of different loci of authority within the village and the region? Research at Cerén is beginning to shed some light on the sociopolitical economy within the community and in relation to elites in the Zapotitan valley. A domain in which there was considerable commoner-elite interaction in the Cerén area was the marketplace. Elites and their attached specialists provided products, and commoners decided which marketplace they would attend to exchange their items. Evidence from Cerén also suggests that there were numerous other domains of authority within the community that had no detectable control or influence from outside. For instance, people in the village decided what crafts or specialized agricultural products to produce as surplus to be exchanged within the community for different products from other households. Cerén community members acted independently as individuals, as households, or in other domains within the community. Understanding the multiple layers of authority at Cerén sheds light on the sociopolitical organization in one non-elite Classic period Maya community.
Shifting Local, Regional, and Interregional Relations in Middle Horizon Peru: Evidence from La Real
Authors: Jennings Justin , Tung Tiffiny A. , Yépez Álvarez Willy J. , Lucano Gladys Cecilia Quequezana , Hurtado Marko Alfredo López
Published: September 2015

The Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 600-1100) was a period of great change in the Andes, with much of Perú connected through long-distance exchange and widely shared Wari styles and practices. Recent research has begun to detail the transformations that occurred within the period, leading to questions about the development of the Wari state and its shifting relationships with outlying areas over time. This article expands this research by exploring the temporal differences within a funerary assemblage at La Real, a site in the Majes Valley of southern Perú. The artifacts and human remains from La Real are used to explore Middle Horizon dynamism in relation to both the surging interregional interaction of the period and emergent social stratification in the valley. Mortuary profiles and sublethal violence remain fairly constant throughout the period, but lethal violence significantly increases in the late Middle Horizon. There are also significant changes over time in the presence of exotic goods and other items, reflecting an increase in craft specialization, the adoption of Wari-related styles and practices, and the development of a more regionally oriented economy. The role of the Wari state in these changes, although unclear, may relate to attempts by Wari leaders to manipulate the long-distance movement of a restricted group of artifacts and resources.
Les techniques de la documentation : un programme de formation collégiale en
évolution
Authors: Ratté Stéphane
Published: September 2015

Afin de maintenir la pertinence des contenus enseignés et d’assurer l’adéquation
aux besoins du marché du travail, un projet d’actualisation locale du programme Techniques
de la documentation a été lancé en 2014 au Collège de Maisonneuve. Dans le cadre de ce
projet, le département a identifié plusieurs défis. Ces défis s’articulent autour de sept
grands axes : le traitement documentaire, les services au public, la gestion des documents
administratifs, les systèmes documentaires informatisés, la gestion de projet, les attitudes
professionnelles et les stages. Cet article propose un survol général de ces défis et dresse
un portrait de la réalité du programme Techniques de la documentation. Il contribue
également à une meilleure compréhension des compétences attendues du futur technicien en
documentation.
La formation du professionnel d’aujourd’hui et de demain : tout un défi!
Authors: Hudon Michèle
Published: September 2015

Les formateurs de professionnels appelés à faire carrière dans une société de l’information en constante évolution sont confrontés à de nombreux défis. Nous classons ceux-ci en trois catégories : les défis de nature disciplinaire, les défis de nature institutionnelle et les défis liés aux caractéristiques des apprenants. Les défis de nature disciplinaire touchent à l’essence même et à la complexité des sciences de l’information, un domaine dont l’identité propre est de plus en plus difficile à établir. Les défis institutionnels découlent de l’appartenance des centres de formation à de grandes universités de recherche et de la nécessité de répondre aux exigences de celles-ci. Enfin, le nombre en croissance et la grande diversité des apprenants est certes riche de possibilités, mais également source d’importants défis pour les enseignants.
L’enseignement du droit aux « non-initiés » : le cas des sciences de l’information
Authors: Demoulin Marie
Published: September 2015

Cet article se présente comme un partage d’expérience, afin de nourrir la réflexion sur l’enseignement du droit à des non-juristes, en particulier dans les programmes de formation en sciences de l’information (SI). La première partie livre un aperçu de la place du droit dans ces programmes et des différentes manières d’intégrer le droit dans le parcours des étudiants en SI. La seconde partie se focalise sur la pédagogie du droit au sein de l’École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information (EBSI) de l’Université de Montréal, à travers les cours « Aspects juridiques des archives et de l’information » et « Sources d’information juridique ».
The transfer of ashes after the Holocaust in Europe, 1945–60
Authors: Dreyfus Jean-Marc
Published: September 2015

From 1945 until around 1960, ceremonies of a new kind took place throughout Europe to
commemorate the Holocaust and the deportation of Jews; ashes would be taken from the site
of a concentration camp, an extermination camp, or the site of a massacre and sent back to
the deportees country of origin (or to Israel). In these countries, commemorative
ceremonies were then organised and these ashes (sometimes containing other human remains)
placed within a memorial or reburied in a cemetery. These transfers of ashes have,
however, received little attention from historical researchers. This article sets out to
describe a certain number of them, all differing considerably from one another, before
drawing up a typology of this phenomenon and attempting its analysis. It investigates the
symbolic function of ashes in the aftermath of the Second World War and argues that these
transfers – as well as having a mimetic relationship to transfers of relics – were also
instruments of political legitimisation.
Classical NEG Raising
Authors: Collins Chris , Postal Paul M.
Published: September 2015

An extended argument for a syntactic view of NEG raising with consequences for the syntax of negation and negative polarity items.

In this book, Chris Collins and Paul Postal consider examples such the one below on the interpretation where Nancy thinks that this course is not interesting:

Nancy doesn't think this course is interesting.

They argue such examples instantiate a kind of syntactic raising that they term Classical NEG Raising. This involves the raising of a NEG (negation) from the embedded clause to the matrix clause. Collins and Postal develop three main arguments to support their claim. First, they show that Classical NEG Raising obeys island constraints. Second, they document that a syntactic raising analysis predicts both the grammaticality and particular properties of what they term Horn clauses (named for Laurence Horn, who discovered them). Finally, they argue that the properties of certain parenthetical structures strongly support the syntactic character of Classical NEG Raising.

Collins and Postal also offer a detailed analysis of the main argument in the literature against a syntactic raising analysis (which they call the Composed Quantifier Argument). They show that the facts appealed to in this argument not only fail to conflict with their approach but actually support a syntactic view. In the course of their argument, Collins and Postal touch on a variety of related topics, including the syntax of negative polarity items, the status of sequential negation, and the scope of negative quantifiers.
The Measure of Madness
Authors: Gerrans Philip
Published: September 2015

Drawing on the latest work in cognitive neuroscience, a philosopher proposes that delusions are narrative models that accommodate anomalous experiences.

In The Measure of Madness, Philip Gerrans offers a novel explanation of delusion. Over the last two decades, philosophers and cognitive scientists have investigated explanations of delusion that interweave philosophical questions about the nature of belief and rationality with findings from cognitive science and neurobiology. Gerrans argues that once we fully describe the computational and neural mechanisms that produce delusion and the way in which conscious experience and thought depend on them, the concept of delusional belief retains only a heuristic role in the explanation of delusion.

Gerrans proposes that delusions are narrative models that accommodate anomalous experiences. He argues that delusions represent the operation of the Default Mode Network (DMN)—the cognitive system that provides the raw material for humans' inbuilt tendency to provide a subjectively compelling narrative context for anomalous or highly salient experiences—without the “supervision” of higher cognitive processes present in the nondelusional mind. This explanation illuminates the relationship among delusions, dreams, imaginative states, and irrational beliefs that have perplexed philosophers and psychologists for over a century.

Going beyond the purely conceptual and the phenomenological, Gerrans brings together findings from different disciplines to trace the flow of information through the cognitive system, and applies these to case studies of typical schizophrenic delusions: misidentification, alien control, and thought insertion. Drawing on the interventionist model of causal explanation in philosophy of science and the predictive coding approach to the mind influential in computational neuroscience, Gerrans provides a model for integrative theorizing about the mind.

Bradford Books imprint
Civic Ecology
Authors: Krasny Marianne E. , Tidball Keith G.
Published: September 2015

Stories of environmental stewardship in communities from New Orleans to Soweto accompany an interdisciplinary framework for understanding civic ecology as a global phenomenon.

In communities across the country and around the world, people are coming together to rebuild and restore local environments that have been affected by crisis or disaster. In New Orleans after Katrina, in New York after Sandy, in Soweto after apartheid, and in any number of postindustrial, depopulated cities, people work together to restore nature, renew communities, and heal themselves. In Civic Ecology, Marianne Krasny and Keith Tidball offer stories of this emerging grassroots environmental stewardship, along with an interdisciplinary framework for understanding and studying it as a growing international phenomenon.

Krasny and Tidball draw on research in social capital and collective efficacy, ecosystem services, social learning, governance, social-ecological systems, and other findings in the social and ecological sciences to investigate how people, practices, and communities interact. Along the way, they chronicle local environmental stewards who have undertaken such tasks as beautifying blocks in the Bronx, clearing trash from the Iranian countryside, and working with traumatized veterans to conserve nature and recreate community. Krasny and Tidball argue that humans' innate love of nature and attachment to place compels them to restore nature and places that are threatened, destroyed, or lost. At the same time, they report, nature and community exert a healing and restorative power on their stewards.
Institutionalizing the Pedagogy of Public Reason
Authors: Newman Olivia
Published: September 2015

This chapter considers the institutional dimensions of the pedagogy of public reason, first arguing that parental rights cannot override the legitimate interests of children to receive sufficient training to participate in democratic political processes. Protestant fundamentalist complaints regarding public education are examined as a case study. The second part of the chapter looks at the kinds of policies and initiatives that might encourage public schools to better align their practices with the pedagogy of public reason, including certain kinds of civic education, federal competitive grants, intra-state data collection on best practices, and civic-school collaborations. This chapter then considers what incentives might induce more private and homeschools to participate in the pedagogy of public reason.
Engaging the Everyday
Authors: Meyer John M.
Published: September 2015

An argument that environmental challenges will only resonate with citizens of affluent postindustrial countries if sustainability concerns emerge from everyday practices.

Far-reaching efforts to address environmental issues rarely seem to resonate with citizens of the United States or other wealthy postindustrial societies. In Engaging the Everyday, John Meyer considers this impediment to action on environmental problems—which he terms “the resonance dilemma”—and argues that an environmental agenda that emerges from everyday concerns would resonate more deeply with ordinary citizens. Meyer explores the contours of this alternative, theorizing both obstacles and opportunities and then considering it in terms of three everyday areas of material practice: land use, transportation by automobile, and home dwelling.

Adopting the stance of an “inside critic” (neither detached theorist nor narrow policy advocate), and taking an approach that he calls “contested materiality,” Meyer draws on a variety of theoretical perspectives to construct a framework for understanding material practices. He reimagines each of the three material practices in terms of a political idea: for land, property; for automobiles, freedom; and for homes, citizenship. His innovative analysis offers a grounded basis for reshaping our talk about political concepts and values.
Liquid Power
Authors: Swyngedouw Erik
Published: September 2015

An examination of the central role of water politics and engineering in Spain's modernization, illustrating water's part in forging, maintaining, and transforming social power.

In this book, Erik Swyngedouw explores how water becomes part of the tumultuous processes of modernization and development. Using the experience of Spain as a lens to view the interplay of modernity and environmental transformation, Swyngedouw shows that every political project is also an environmental project.

In 1898, Spain lost its last overseas colony, triggering a period of post-imperialist turmoil still referred to as El Disastre. Turning inward, the nation embarked on “regeneration” and modernization. Water played a central role in this; during a turbulent period from the twentieth century into the twenty-first—through the Franco years and into the new era of liberal democracy—Spain's waterscapes were completely transformed, with large-scale projects that ranged from dam construction to irrigation to desalinization. Swyngedouw describes the contested political-ecological process that marked this transformation, showing that the Spain's diverse and contested paths to modernization were predicated on particular trajectories of environmental transformation.

After laying out his theoretical perspectives, Swyngedouw analyzes three periods of Spain's political-ecological modernization: the aspirations and stalled modernization of the early twentieth century; the accelerated efforts under the authoritarian Franco regime—which included six hundred dams, expanded hydroelectricity, and massive irrigation; and the changing hydro-social landscape under social democracy. Offering an innovative perspective on the relationship of nature and society, Liquid Power illuminates the political nature of nature.
A specific E3 ligase/deubiquitinase pair modulates TBP protein levels during muscle differentiation
Authors: Li Li , Martinez Silvia Sanchez , Hu Wenxin , Liu Zhe , Tjian Robert
Published: September 2015

TFIID—a complex of TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAFs)—is a central component of the Pol II promoter recognition apparatus. Recent studies have revealed significant downregulation of TFIID subunits in terminally differentiated myocytes, hepatocytes and adipocytes. Here, we report that TBP protein levels are tightly regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Using an in vitro ubiquitination assay coupled with biochemical fractionation, we identified Huwe1 as an E3 ligase targeting TBP for K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Upregulation of Huwe1 expression during myogenesis induces TBP degradation and myotube differentiation. We found that Huwe1 activity on TBP is antagonized by the deubiquitinase USP10, which protects TBP from degradation. Thus, modulating the levels of both Huwe1 and USP10 appears to fine-tune the requisite degradation of TBP during myogenesis. Together, our study unmasks a previously unknown interplay between an E3 ligase and a deubiquitinating enzyme regulating TBP levels during cellular differentiation.
O PIBID E A APROXIMAÇÃO ENTRE UNIVERSIDADE E ESCOLA: IMPLICAÇÕES NA FORMAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL DOS PROFESSORES
Authors: Ambrosetti Neusa Banhara , Calil Ana Maria Gimenes Corrêa , André Marli Eliza D. Afonso , Almeida Patrícia C. Albieri
Published: September 2015

Resumo

O trabalho é um relato de pesquisa que toma como foco o PIBID − Programa de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência proposto pela CAPES −, com o objetivo de verificar em que medida essa experiência vem contribuindo para superar o distanciamento entre os espaços da formação e do exercício profissional. Alem disso, pretendeu-se averiguar as implicações desse Programa para a universidade e para as escolas, bem como para a formação dos profissionais envolvidos. Com o propósito de conhecer o ponto de vista dos participantes foram realizados seis grupos de discussão, dos quais quatro com alunos bolsistas de diferentes licenciaturas, um grupo com professores supervisores que acompanham os bolsistas nas escolas parceiras, e um grupo com professores que atuam como coordenadores do PIBID. Todos os participantes estão vinculados ao Programa em uma universidade localizada no interior do estado de São Paulo. Ainda que não se possa falar em um novo modelo formativo, os dados sugerem que, ao promover a aproximação entre universidade e escola e criar condições favoráveis à inserção dos professores em formação no ambiente escolar, o Programa PIBID tem um potencial transformador que pode beneficiar sujeitos e instituições, favorecendo a formação profissional dos licenciandos e criando possibilidades para a constituição de um espaço privilegiado de trabalho e formação.

Abstract

This paper presents research data whose focus is the PIBID – Teaching Initiation  Scholarship Program proposed by CAPES - to ascertain to in what extent this experience has contributed to overcome the gap between the spaces of teacher training and  professional work. In addition, we sought to determine effects  of this program for university and schools, as well as for the training of the professionals involved. In order to know the views of the participants six focus groups were conducted, four of which with scholarship students of different areas, a group with supervising teachers from partner schools, and a group of teachers educators who are coordinators in the PIBID. All participants are tied to a university program in the state of São Paulo. Even though we can not speak of a new teacher training model, the data suggest that, as it  promotes closer links between university and school and creates favorable conditions for the insertion of prospective teachers in the school environment, the PIBID Program has a transformative potential that can benefit subjects and institutions, collaborating with the professional training of undergraduates and creating possibilities for setting up a special space of work and training.

Key words: initial teacher training; PIBID; professional development
Antarctic ice growth before and after the Eocene‐Oligocene transition: New estimates from clumped isotope paleothermometry
Authors: Petersen S. V. , Schrag D. P.
Published: September 2015

Across the Eocene‐Oligocene transition, the oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of benthic and planktonic foraminifera increased by over 1‰. This shift is thought to represent a combination of global cooling and the growth of a large ice sheet on the Antarctic continent. To determine the contribution of each of these factors to the total change in δ18O, we measured the clumped isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera tests from Ocean Drilling Program Site 689 in the Southern Ocean. Near‐surface temperatures were ~12°C in the intervals 0–1.5 Myr before and 1–2 Myr after the major (Oi‐1) transition, in agreement with estimates made using other proxies at nearby sites. Temperatures cooled by 0.4 ± 1.1°C between these intervals, indicating that the long‐term change in δ18O seen in planktonic foraminifera at this site is predominantly due to changes in ice volume. A larger instantaneous cooling may have occurred during Oi‐1 but is not captured in this study due to sampling resolution. The corresponding change in the isotopic composition of seawater (δ18Osw) is 0.75 ± 0.23‰, which is within the range of previous estimates, and represents global ice growth equivalent to roughly ~110–120% of the volume of the modern Antarctic ice sheet or ~80–90 m of eustatic sea level change.
Nonpayment of water bills in Guatemala: Dissatisfaction or inability to pay?
Authors: Vásquez William F.
Published: September 2015

This paper investigates nonpayment behavior in Guatemala. Determinants of nonpayment behavior are identified through zero‐inflated negative binomial regression models in order to take into account particular distributional characteristics of the amount of outstanding payments. Findings indicate that nonpayment behavior is a demonstration of consumer dissatisfaction with current water services. The amount of outstanding bill payments also responds to system unreliability. Results also suggest that nonpayment behaviors are more prominent in community‐managed systems than in municipal systems. No evidence was found on a potential relationship between nonpayment behavior and household income. Policy implications are discussed.
Seasonal eddy kinetic energy modulations along the North Equatorial Countercurrent in the western Pacific
Authors: Chen Xiao , Qiu Bo , Chen Shuiming , Qi Yiquan , Du Yan
Published: September 2015

Seasonal eddy kinetic energy (EKE) variability and its associated eddy energy conversion processes in the western tropical Pacific are investigated using satellite altimeter observations and a global, eddy‐resolving, ocean general circulation model (OGCM). Both the altimeter‐observed sea surface height anomalies and the OGCM simulation show an area with enhanced EKE east of the Mindanao Island centered around 133°E and 5°N. This enhanced EKE area corresponds to the location of the quasi‐stationary meander of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) and is bordered to the south by the Halmahera Eddy. The mesoscale EKE in this area exhibits a clear seasonality, strong in summer (July–August) and weak in winter (November–January), and much of this seasonality is confined to the upper 200 m layer. An investigation into the upper ocean eddy energetics based on the OGCM simulation reveals that the areal barotropic eddy energy conversion rate has an annual cycle similar to the EKE variations, while the areal baroclinic eddy energy conversion is found to be much smaller that the barotropic conversion rate and exhibits no clear seasonal changes. This indicates that the EKE variations are largely controlled by barotropic conversion of the seasonally varying regional circulation. By examining the seasonal background circulation changes, we find that the amplification of the barotropic eddy energy conversion rate in July–August is related to the seasonal evolution of the Mindanao Current and the New Guinea Coastal Current that amplifies the curvature and amplitude of the quasi‐stationary meander of the NECC and results in an elevated EKE level through increased regional barotropic conversion.
Observed enhanced internal tides in winter near the Luzon Strait
Authors: Liu Junliang , He Yinghui , Wang Dongxiao , Liu Tongya , Cai Shuqun
Published: September 2015

Seasonal characteristics and nonlinear interaction of internal tides (ITs) near the Luzon Strait in the northeastern South China Sea are investigated using 285 day, in situ observation data. It is found that ITs, which are dominated by the first‐mode wave throughout the year, are the strongest in subsurface layer. Baroclinic incoherent diurnal (semidiurnal) variance accounts for about 85.7% (78.3%) of diurnal (semidiurnal) ITs. The amplitude and seasonal variation of the diurnal ITs are more prominent than those that are semidiurnal, e.g., the largest kinetic energy densities of diurnal and semidiurnal baroclinic tidal currents are 2.81 and 0.83 KJ/m2 in winter, respectively. It is considered that there are two reasons for the significantly enhanced ITs in winter: (1) it may be due to the Kuroshio intrusion, and (2) the enhanced diurnal ITs may be due to the enhanced diurnal barotropic tidal currents, while the enhanced semidiurnal ITs may be caused by the strong nonlinear interaction between diurnal IT constituents O1 and K1 due to their high vertical shears in subsurface layer. Thus, harmonic semidiurnal constituent D2 with a similar frequency of constituent M2 is induced; it subsequently enhances the semidiurnal ITs in this subsurface layer, and the associated energy is carried downward to enhance the semidiurnal ITs in the upper and lower layers.
An analytical study on artesian flow conditions in unconfined‐aquifer drainage basins
Authors: Wang Jun‐Zhi , Jiang Xiao‐Wei , Wan Li , Wörman Anders , Wang Heng , Wang Xu‐Sheng , Li Hailong
Published: September 2015

Although it has been reported that flowing artesian wells could be topographically controlled, there is no quantitative research on artesian flow conditions in unconfined aquifers. In this study, the water table, which has a lower amplitude than the land surface, is damped from the topography and used as the boundary condition to obtain the analytical solution of hydraulic head of a unit basin with a single flow system. The term artesian head is defined to characterize the condition of flowing artesian wells. The zone with positive artesian head is called artesian zone while with negative artesian head is nonartesian zone. The maximum artesian head and the size of artesian zones are found to increase with the damping factor and the anisotropy ratio, and decrease with the ratio of basin width to depth and the depth‐decay exponent of hydraulic conductivity. Moreover, the artesian head increases with depth nearby the valley and decreases with depth near by the divide, and the variation rates are influenced by the decay exponent and the anisotropy ratio. Finally, the distribution of flowing artesian wells and the artesian head measurements in different depths of a borehole in a small catchment in the Ordos Plateau, Northwestern China is used to illustrate the theoretical findings. The change in artesian head with depth was used to estimate the anisotropy ratio and the decay exponent. This study opens up a new door to analyze basin‐scale groundwater flow.
Lasers, Extreme UV, and Soft X‐ray
Authors: Nilsen Joseph
Published: September 2015

Three decades ago, large ICF lasers that occupied entire buildings were used as the energy sources to drive the first X‐ray lasers. Today, X‐ray lasers are tabletop, spatially coherent, high‐repetition rate lasers that enable many of the standard optical techniques such as interferometry to be extended to the soft X‐ray regime between wavelengths of 10 and 50 nm. Over the past decade, X‐ray laser performance has been improved by the use of the grazing incidence geometry, diode‐pumped solid‐state lasers, and seeding techniques. The dominant X‐ray laser schemes are the monopole collisional excitation lasers either driven by chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser systems or capillary discharge. The CPA systems drive lasing in neon‐like or nickel‐like ions, typically in the 10–30 nm range, while the capillary system works best for neon‐like argon at 46.9 nm. Most researchers use nickel‐like ion lasers near 14 nm because they are well matched to the Mo:Si multilayer mirrors that have peak reflectivity near 13 nm and are used in many applications. The past decade has seen the birth of the X‐ray free electron laser (XFEL) that can reach wavelengths down to 0.1 nm and the inner‐shell Ne laser at 1.46 nm.
Microscopy
Authors: Hellmuth Thomas
Published: September 2015

Principles of light and electron microscopy including principal resolution limits are described. Both geometric and wave‐optical concepts of image formation and concepts of electron sources and electromagnetic lenses are introduced. Recent trends in light microscopy such as structured illumination or single‐molecule localization techniques including combinations with electron microscopy, in particular correlative microscopy, are addressed.
A New Perspective on Plasmonics: Confinement and Propagation Length of Surface Plasmons for Different Materials and Geometries
Authors: Dastmalchi Babak , Tassin Philippe , Koschny Thomas , Soukoulis Costas M.
Published: September 2015

Surface‐plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic waves propagating on the surface of a metal. Thanks to subwavelength confinement, they can concentrate optical energy on the micrometer or even nanometer scale, enabling new applications in bio‐sensing, optical interconnects, and nonlinear optics, where small footprint and strong field concentration are essential. The major obstacle in developing plasmonic applications is dissipative loss, which limits the propagation length of surface plasmons and broadens the bandwidth of surface‐plasmon resonances. Here, a new analysis of plasmonic materials and geometries is presented which fully considers the tradeoff between propagation length and degree of confinement. It is based on a two‐dimensional analysis of two independent figures of merit and the analysis is applied to relevant plasmonic materials, e.g., noble metals, aluminum, silicon carbide, doped semiconductors, graphene, etc. The analysis provides guidance on how to improve the performance of any particular plasmonic application and substantially eases the selection of the plasmonic material.
Changing Breathability of Polyethylene Composite Films with Different Porous Structures Depending on Stretching Processes
Authors: Özen İlhan , Şİmşek Süleyman
Published: September 2015

The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of different stretching processes on breathability performance of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)/coated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composite films under the same conditions. Coated calcium carbonates and powdered LLDPE were physically mixed and dried in a high shear mixer, and polymer compounds containing 45 and 55 wt% coated calcium carbonate were generated using a twin screw extruder. Cast films were produced and then they were stretched 3.5 times in machine direction at 25°C by using stenter and interdigitation stretching methods. It was revealed that not only the CaCO3 type and loading amount but also the stretching type has an enormous effect on breathability performance. In addition, the quality of porosity, that is, the amount of interconnecting pores, was determined to play an important role in breathability. And, the interdigitation stretching process offers the potential for a better breathability at reduced processing costs.
Necrolemur anadoni, a new species of Microchoerinae (Omomyidae, Primates) from the Middle Eocene of Sant Jaume de Frontanyà (Pyrenees, Northeastern Spain)
Authors: Minwer‐Barakat Raef , Marigó Judit , Moyà‐Solà Salvador
Published: September 2015

Objectives

The material of Necrolemur (Microchoerinae, Omomyidae, Primates) from the Middle Eocene (Robiacian) locality of Sant Jaume de Frontanyà (Eastern Pyrenees) is described. This is the first confirmable record of this genus from Spain.

Methods

A mandible fragment bearing P4‐M3 and 15 isolated teeth have been carefully described and compared with all the known species of Necrolemur (namely Necrolemur antiquus, Necrolemur zitteli and Necrolemur cf. zitteli from Egerkingen α) and with Nannopithex filholi.

Results

The studied material shows substantial differences from all previously described forms of Necrolemur and can be erected as a new species. Necrolemur anadoni sp. nov. is characterized by its small size, weak enamel wrinkling, lower molars with the trigonid significantly narrower than the talonid, distinct paraconid in the M1 but poorly differentiated M2 and M3 paraconids, relatively short M3 hypoconulid lobe, M1‐2 with tubercular buccal metaconule, crest‐shaped lingual metaconule, hypocone connected to the protocone by a weak postprotocingulum, and M3 with a very reduced talon basin. It exhibits intermediate size and morphological features between the older Nannopithex filholi and the more recent Necrolemur antiquus.

Conclusions

This finding allows reinterpretation of the phylogenetic relationships of the known species of Necrolemur. Necrolemur anadoni is considered a direct descendant of Nannopithex filholi and the ancestor of Necrolemur antiquus, whereas Necrolemur zitteli would be a descendant of N. antiquus. Finally, Necrolemur cf. zitteli from Egerkingen most likely evolved independently from N. filholi, being thus separated from the N. filholi‐N. anadoni‐N. antiquus lineage. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:730–744, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Difluorocarbene‐Derived Trifluoromethylthiolation and [18F]Trifluoromethylthiolation of Aliphatic Electrophiles
Authors: Zheng Jian , Wang Lu , Lin Jin‐Hong , Xiao Ji‐Chang , Liang Steven H.
Published: September 2015

The first trifluoromethylthiolation and [18F]trifluoromethylthiolation of alkyl electrophiles with in situ generated difluorocarbene in the presence of elemental sulfur and external (radioactive) fluoride ion is described. This transition‐metal‐free approach is high yielding, compatible with a variety of functional groups, and operated under mild reaction conditions. The conceptual advantage of this exogenous‐fluoride‐mediated transformation enables unprecedented syntheses of [18F]CF3S‐labeled molecules from most commonly used [18F]fluoride ions. The rapid radiochemical reaction time (≤1 min) and high functional‐group tolerance allow access to a variety of aliphatic [18F]CF3S compounds in high yields.
Self‐Assembled Asymmetric Block Copolymer Membranes: Bridging the Gap from Ultra‐ to Nanofiltration
Authors: Yu Haizhou , Qiu Xiaoyan , Moreno Nicolas , Ma Zengwei , Calo Victor Manuel , Nunes Suzana P. , Peinemann Klaus‐Viktor
Published: September 2015

The self‐assembly of block copolymers is an emerging strategy to produce isoporous ultrafiltration membranes. However, thus far, it has not been possible to bridge the gap from ultra‐ to nanofiltration and decrease the pore size of self‐assembled block copolymer membranes to below 5 nm without post‐treatment. It is now reported that the self‐assembly of blends of two chemically interacting copolymers can lead to highly porous membranes with pore diameters as small as 1.5 nm. The membrane containing an ultraporous, 60 nm thin separation layer can fully reject solutes with molecular weights of 600 g mol−1 in aqueous solutions with a water flux that is more than one order of magnitude higher than the permeance of commercial nanofiltration membranes. Simulations of the membrane formation process by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) were used to explain the dramatic observed pore size reduction combined with an increase in water flux.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Addition of Silylacetylenes to Acylsilanes: Synthesis of Indanones by CH Functionalization through a Gold(I) Carbenoid
Authors: González Jairo , Santamaría Javier , Ballesteros Alfredo
Published: September 2015

A gold(I)‐catalyzed synthesis of indanones from trimethylsilylacetylenes and acylsilanes is presented. The reaction is initiated through a synergistic acylsilane activation–gold acetylide formation and involves consecutive alkyne σ‐gold(I) addition, π‐activation, and 1,2‐migration of a silyl group. Studies performed on the reaction mechanism allowed to establish the nature of the silyl migrating group and invoke the participation of a gold(I) carbenoid intermediate. The reaction is completed by a gold(I) CH functionalization step.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Alkenes/ α‐Bromoacetophenones with Aldehydes: A Facile Entry to α,β‐Epoxy Ketones
Authors: Reddi Rambabu N. , Prasad Pragati K. , Sudalai Arumugam
Published: September 2015

A novel, N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed direct oxidative coupling of styrenes with aldehydes has been described for the synthesis of α,β‐epoxy ketones in good yields. This unprecedented regioselective oxidative coupling employs NBS/DBU/DMSO (DBU=1,8‐diazabicyclo [5.4. 0] undec‐7‐ene, DMSO=dimethylsulfoxide, NBS=N‐bromosuccinimide) as an oxidative system at ambient conditions. Additionally, first NHC‐catalyzed Darzens reaction of α‐bromoketones and aldehydes under mild reaction conditions has also been described. Interestingly, mechanistic studies have revealed the preferred reactivity of NHC with alkene/α‐bromoketone rather than aldehydes, thus proceeding via the ketodeoxy Breslow intermediate.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation on Nanocarbon: Intrinsic Catalytic Activity and Structure–Function Relationships
Authors: Qi Wei , Liu Wei , Guo Xiaoling , Schlögl Robert , Su Dangsheng
Published: September 2015

Physical and chemical insights into the nature and quantity of the active sites and the intrinsic catalytic activity of nanocarbon materials in alkane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reactions are reported using a novel in situ chemical titration process. A study on the structure–function relationship reveals that the active sites are identical both in nature and function on various nanocarbon catalysts. Additionally, the quantity of the active sites could be used as a metric to normalize the reaction rates, and thus to evaluate the intrinsic activity of nanocarbon catalysts. The morphology of the nanocarbon catalysts at the microscopic scale exhibits a minor influence on their intrinsic ODH catalytic activity. The number of active sites calculated from the titration process indicates the number of catalytic centers that are active (that is, working) under the reaction conditions.
Polyether‐based main‐chain‐type polytriazole elastomer with benzoxazine via a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction
Authors: Wan Liqiang , Han Dongjin , Liu Qiang , Xu Zhongyi , Huang Farong
Published: September 2015

A novel functional polyether‐based elastomer with a benzoxazine structure in its main chain was successfully synthesized via a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Benefitting from a facile one‐pot synthesis strategy, the elastomer was prepared at low temperature (80°C) and was characterized clearly afterward. The azide‐terminated polyether and acetylene‐terminated benzoxazine were used as the soft and hard segments, respectively, in the polymer chain. Because the triazole rings served as stable linkage between the soft and hard segments, the elastomer possessed good thermal stability (the 5% weight loss temperature could exceed 350°C) compared to traditional elastomers, such as polyurethane. The rigid benzoxazine rings provided the product with good mechanical properties (the tensile strength of the elastomer could exceed 30 MPa). Furthermore, the ring‐opening polymerization of oxazine rings in the structure gifted the elastomer with possibility of thermally induced structural transformation. The thermally induced structural transformation could conveniently realize the conversion of the elastomer to a thermosetting resin. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42820.
Specificity of autonomic arousal to anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chiu Tabitha A. , Anagnostou Evdokia , Brian Jessica , Chau Tom , Kushki Azadeh
Published: September 2015

Anxiety is one of the most concerning comorbidities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) due to its high prevalence, negative impact on physical and psychological well‐being, and interaction with core deficits of ASD. Current assessment and treatment of anxiety, which rely on the observation of behavior and self‐reports, are often ineffective as ASD is associated with deficits in communication and diminished introspective ability. In this light, autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has been suggested as a marker of physiological arousal associated with anxiety. However, physiological arousal measured by ANS indices also occurs with other cognitive and emotional processes, and it is unclear whether anxiety‐related arousal can be differentiated from that related to other cognitive processes. To address this gap, we investigated the use of linear and nonlinear classification techniques for differentiating anxiety‐related arousal from arousal due to three cognitive processes (attention, inhibitory control, and social cognition) and physical activity based on electrocardiography signal features. Our results indicate that over 80% classification accuracy can be achieved, suggesting that ANS response can be used as a specific marker of anxiety‐related arousal in a subgroup of children with ASD who demonstrate an increase in heart rate in response to anxiogenic stimuli. Autism Res 2016, 9: 491–501. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐dose maternal warfarin intake resulting in fetal warfarin syndrome: In search for a safe anticoagulant regimen during pregnancy
Authors: Basu Sriparna , Aggarwal Priyanka , Kakani Neha , Kumar Ashok
Published: September 2015

Background

Fetal exposure to maternal ingestion of warfarin is known to produce certain dysmorphic features in the neonate, known as fetal warfarin syndrome (FWS). There is a general consensus that maternal intake of warfarin at a daily dose of 5 mg or less is safe both for the infant and the mother.

Methods

We report four cases of FWS born to mothers with rheumatic heart disease on warfarin prophylaxis during pregnancy at a dose less than 5 mg/day.

Results

Along with typical facial features of FWS and multiple epiphyseal stippling in skeletal x‐ray, Case 1 had Dandy‐Walker malformation and Case 2 had laryngo‐tracheomalacia and patent ductus arteriosus.

Conclusion

We emphasize the need for optimizing the choice and dosage schedule of anticoagulants during pregnancy, least harmful for the mother and her developing fetus. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:142–147, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluorescent bovine serum albumin interacting with the antitussive quencher dextromethorphan: a spectroscopic insight
Authors: Durgannavar Amar K. , Patgar Manjanath B. , Nandibewoor Sharanappa T. , Chimatadar Shivamurti A.
Published: September 2015

The interaction of dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DXM) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) is studied by using fluorescence spectra, UV–vis absorption, synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS), 3D fluorescence spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and circular dichroism under simulated physiological conditions. DXM effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. Values of the binding constant, KA, are 7.159 × 103, 9.398 × 103 and 16.101 × 103 L/mol; the number of binding sites, n, and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° between DXM and BSA were calculated at different temperatures. The interaction between DXM and BSA occurs through dynamic quenching and the effect of DXM on the conformation of BSA was analyzed using SFS. The average binding distance, r, between the donor (BSA) and acceptor (DXM) was determined based on Förster's theory. The results of fluorescence spectra, UV–vis absorption spectra and SFS show that the secondary structure of the protein has been changed in the presence of DXM. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallographic Investigation of Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Effects on Enzyme Structure
Authors: Nordwald Erik M. , Plaks Joseph G. , Snell Jared R. , Sousa Marcelo C. , Kaar Joel L.
Published: September 2015

We present the first crystallographic insight into the interactions of an ionic liquid (IL) with an enzyme, which has widespread implications for stabilizing enzymes in IL media for biocatalysis. Structures of Bacillus subtilis lipase A (lipA) and an IL‐stable variant (QM‐lipA) were obtained in the presence of increasing concentrations of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]). These studies revealed that the [BMIM] cation interacts with surface residues through hydrophobic and cation–π interactions. Of specific interest was the disruption of internal stacking interactions of aromatic side chains by [BMIM], which provides structural evidence for the mechanism of enzyme denaturation by ILs. The interaction of [BMIM] and Cl ions with lipA was reduced by the stabilizing mutations Y49E and G158E in QM‐lipA. Ultimately, these findings present the molecular basis for stabilizing enzymes from IL‐induced inactivation, as well as the selection of ILs that are less denaturing.
The Cage Structure of IndanCHF3 is Based on the Cooperative Effects of CH⋅⋅⋅π and CH⋅⋅⋅F Weak Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Favero Laura B. , Li Weixing , Spada Lorenzo , Evangelisti Luca , Visentin Giorgio , Caminati Walther
Published: September 2015

The structural and energetic features of the CH⋅⋅⋅π interaction and the internal dynamics of the CHF3 group change drastically in going from benzeneCHF3 to indanCHF3, according to the analysis of the rotational spectrum of the latter complex generated in a supersonic expansion.
A Palette of Fluorescent Thiophene‐Based Ligands for the Identification of Protein Aggregates
Authors: Shirani Hamid , Linares Mathieu , Sigurdson Christina J. , Lindgren Mikael , Norman Patrick , Nilsson K. Peter R.
Published: September 2015

By replacing the central thiophene unit of an anionic pentameric oligothiophene with other heterocyclic moities, a palette of pentameric thiophene‐based ligands with distinct fluorescent properties were synthesized. All ligands displayed superior selectivity towards recombinant amyloid fibrils as well as disease‐associated protein aggregates in tissue sections.