bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Area and Randomness Estimates of Complex Stimuli
Authors: Baird John C. , Romer Daniel , Mathias Charles G.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of previous work a negative relationship was hypothesized between stimulus complexity and the exponent of the power function for area estimates. The present study pursued a variant of this hypothesis by comparing randomness estimates of targets with the value of the exponent for area estimates. Two experiments showed that a decrease in the exponent is linked with an increase in randomness estimates. It is suggested that this relationship is due to differential memory constraints imposed by stimuli of differing complexity.
Failure to Find Infant-Adult Differences in Formation of Learning Set
Authors: Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

14 10-mo.-old and 12 adult monkeys were trained on 400 learning-set problems. Half of the animals in each age group received six trials per problem while the other half were trained to a criterion on each problem. No differences in performance as a function of age or procedure were obtained.
Individual Consistencies in Adaptation to Negative Afterimages and Spiral Aftereffects
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Fries Ingrid , Andersson Alf L.
Published: September 2011

The study compares results from two experiments performed with 38 Ss, one experiment on the duration of spiral aftereffects (SAE), the other on the size, brightness and color of projected negative afterimages (AI). In both experiments stimulus presentations were repeated until the series of data thus obtained were reasonably stabilized at a “final level.” SAE correlated with AI as regards both this final level and the progression of change preceding it if in the latter experiment size and brightness data were combined. AI color was also related to SAE duration.
Authoritarian Scales as Criteria of Conformity
Authors: Vaughan Graham M.
Published: September 2011

The F scale discriminated more efficiently than the D scale or a forced-choice F scale between consistent-high and consistent-low conformers. This suggests the operation of acquiescent response bias and a congruence between range of item content and some characteristics of the population sampled.
Some Methodological Aspects of Systematic Categorization of Behavior
Authors: Mascaro Guillermo F.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of some methodological aspects of behavior categorization was presented. Different systems of categorization were described and the problems of estimating validity and reliability of coding were discussed.
Personality and Pain Tolerance Measures
Authors: Davidson P. O. , Evalynne C. , McDougall A.
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to resolve a controversy in the literature about the relation of extraversion to pain tolerance, a Hardy-Wolff-Goodell heat test and a cold-pressure test of pain tolerance were given to 60 female Ss who comprised two groups. Analysis of the data indicated that neither extraversion not neuroticism was significantly related to pain tolerance as measured by either heat or cold methods ( rs ranged from –.09 to .09). Introverted Ss were much more variable in their pain tolerance on the cold pressor test than extroverts.
Eye-Movement Fixations in Reading as Related to Anxiety in College Females
Authors: Dizney Henry , Rankin Richard , Johnston James
Published: September 2011

9 highly anxious Ss were compared with 9 Ss of low anxiety (from a pool of 90). Both groups of females made comparable comprehension scores but those with high anxiety made more eye movements. The research needs replication and extension.
The Psychology of Memory—1967: A Bibliography
Authors: Levy C. Michael , Benson Dennis A.
Published: September 2011

618 contributions to the psychology of memory and forgetting published in 1967 are listed.
Hypnotizability, Laterality of Eye-Movements and Functional Brain Asymmetry
Authors: Bakan Paul
Published: September 2011

The direction of lateral eye-movements upon inward direction of attention or reflection is related to hypnotic susceptibility. A predominance of left eye-movements is associated with greater hypnotizability and also with humanistic interests, relatively poorer mathematical performance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test, and clearer imagery. Results are discussed in terms of functional asymmetry of the brain.
Inner Creation in Knower and Known, Observer and Observed, Theorist and Theorized: II. Illustrations of Anti-Equilibriumism or Dialecticalism in Psychology and Sociology
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper is the second of a series that suggests that attitude toward equilibrium theorizing varies inversely with capacity for Rorschachian inner creation (production of Rorschach movement responses). The first paper presented the theme of the series, which entails on its negative side the concept of anti-equilibriumism. The present paper provides illustrations of anti-equilibriumism in psychology and sociology. Authors drawn upon are Jules Golden, Bert Kaplan, Anthony Barton, Robert White, Rollo May, and mainly, Helen Lynd and Lewis Coser. The paper ends with the question of whether or not anti-equilibriumism is mainly a matter of left-wing political ideology.
Token Reinforcement in an Exercise Program for Hospitalized Geriatric Patients
Authors: Libb John W. , Clements Carl B.
Published: September 2011

Four geriatric patients from a psychiatric hospital were reinforced for exercising on a stationary bicycle. 3 of the 4 increased their rate of exercising under the experimental condition, suggesting that the implementation of token reinforcement contingencies may facilitate the objectives of the physical therapist.
An Evaluation of the Leiter Adult Intelligence Scale (LAIS)
Authors: Goldsamt Milton R.
Published: September 2011

The Leiter measure of adult intelligence is evaluated in the light of its reliability, validity and standardization procedures. Factors which limit this test's diagnostic and interpretative effectiveness and which could generally apply to any intelligence measure are discussed. Recommendations for improvement are presented.
A Cross-Validation Study of the Relationship of Reading Test Items to Their Relevant Paragraphs
Authors: Weaver Wendell W. , Bickley A. C. , Ford Fraughton G.
Published: September 2011

Test conditions ( ns = 37) permitted comparison of responses to test items which were dependent upon reading a passage prior to their successful completion with responses to test items which were loosely related to the reading paragraph. Differential responding was observed, reading a related paragraph leading to better responding to test items.
Anticipation of Relevant Stimuli and Evoked Potentials: A Reply to Naatanen
Authors: Donchin Emanuel , Cohen Leon
Published: September 2011

Naatanen's comments on Donchin and Cohen's study of selective attention seem to derive from a failure to appreciate the relationship between the negative shifts in cortical potentials reported by Naatanen, and Grey Walter's CNV. Naatanen's assertion that slow negative cortical shifts reflect generalized cortical activation is discussed.
Validity of the Draw-a-Person Test as a Measure of Body Image
Authors: Maloney Michael P. , Payne Lawrence E.
Published: September 2011

A number of studies have made use of human figure drawings as a measure of body image, i.e., of knowledge of one's own body, of awareness of the functional interrelations of its parts, etc. The present study sought to determine the validity of figure drawings for such use. A Draw-A-Person Test body image scale did not reflect changes in body image which occurred as a result of sensory-motor training. Moreover, the scale was not significantly related to one established measure of body image and only minimally related to a second measure.
Induction of Field-Dependence Changes by Body Attention Procedures
Authors: Klepper Irwin L.
Published: September 2011

Witkin's notion that articulation of body concept, i.e., experiencing the body as having definite limits or boundaries, is related to performance on a field-dependence measure was tested by taking repeated measures on the rod-and-frame test (RFT) after interpolation of body or non-body attention procedures. As hypothesized, those Ss who concentrated on the body exterior (the articulation point of the body with the field) showed a significantly greater decrease in field-dependence than either an internally oriented or control group. The failure to support the hypothesis that there would be greater field-dependence on retest for the interior group (where focus was taken away from the articulation point) than for the control group was given three possible bases: (a) bodily versus non-bodily involvement for the interior and control conditions, respectively, (b) weakness of the internal procedure, (c) failure of internal attention per se to affect field-dependence-independence.
A Psychophysical Approach to the Seven Squares Technique (SST)
Authors: Bradley Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

To elicit free fantasy responses a 1.1-mm. grid impressed on a thin clear celluloid sheet has been used to yield a modified SST material. Moiré patterns result and a mutable imagery is induced; the psychophysical approach has proved satisfactory.
Response Latencies in Matching and Oddity Performance: Effects of Format, Stimulus, and Demand Variables
Authors: Stone George C.
Published: September 2011

A series of eight experiments investigated response latencies in matching-to-sample and oddity tasks. Latency increased with delay between presentation of sample and comparison stimuli, an effect mainly due to a readiness factor. Latencies were shorter when Ss were allowed to pace their own trials than when they were presented with one trial after another under E's pacing. Latencies increased with decreasing stimulus intensity. Color stimuli produced shorter latencies than form stimuli and redundant information tended to facilitate the response. Irrelevant information slowed the response, with irrelevant color producing a much greater impairment than irrelevant form. Adding conditional judgments to the task produced large increases in response latencies of human Ss.
A Theoretical and Experimental Examination of Auditory-Visual Interaction
Authors: Gaarder Kenneth
Published: September 2011

The general systems model of central sensory processing used in this study is based on the assumption that central processing is discontinuous and raises this question: Is concurrent processing of different sense modalities serial, parallel, or independent? Since an eye-jump indicates input of visual information, if the auditory system is stimulated by clicks with fixed delays after eye-jumps, intermodality relationships are tested. Reaction times and evoked responses show complex interactions which are interpreted to suggest serial processing analogous to time sharing computers.
“A Reanalysis and Critique of ‘Sensory Discrimination’ as an Ability Component of the Blind”: A Reply
Authors: Juurmaa Jyrki
Published: September 2011

The author replies to the criticism presented by Dr. Tillman, et alii concerning the author's study “Ability Structure and Loss of Vision.” The points of the criticism are commented on briefly. A reanalysis of former data is presented supporting the author's views.
Auditory and Visual Perceptual Behavioral Function of Neurologically Impaired Children
Authors: Sabatino David A.
Published: September 2011

The assessment of visual perception has become a very common means of studying those behaviors felt to be associated with neurological impairment. The question of the relationship of auditory-perceptual behaviors to visual-perceptual function and neurological impairment frequently goes unanswered. These data indicate that auditory and visual perception are different human behaviors. Auditory perception is a global complex set of behaviors that can be differentially assessed. The receptive language model and the Experimental Test of Auditory Perception (TAP) permit identification of neurologically impaired and normal (matched control) children.
Developmental Factors in the Perception of Variability
Authors: Lathrop Richard G.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to provide an insight into the developmental processes underlying perceived variability. 75 Ss were given 3 training sets of stimuli to ensure that they could discriminate between varying σs, then tested with stimuli varying in both σ and λ. The results indicated that, although the initial training was probably difficult, 1st and 3rd grade children tended to respond configurally and 5th grade children responded dimensionally. These results were interpreted with respect to other results on subjective probability and also with respect to Piaget's developmental stages. The hypothesis was advanced that some of the early strategies utilized in perceived variability are regressively used later when combining subjective probabilities.
Perceptual Style and Speed Judgments
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Thornton Carl L.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the rod-and-frame-test measure of perceptual style and accuracy of speed estimation in an automobile simulator was determined for 23 Ss. No consistent relationships were obtained. The results were discussed in terms of individual differences and fidelity of simulation.
Differential Effects of Shock Arousal on Motor Performance
Authors: Marteniuk Ronald G.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the ideas that behaviour varies along two independent continua, direction and intensity. Three groups, of 20 females each, performed 15 trials on a ball-snatch task from which reaction time and movement time could be measured. The administration of shock on the middle five trials served to increase arousal level in two of the groups. These two groups differed in that instructions from E served to make the shock either related or unrelated to the task. There was no difference in the initial performance scores of the three groups. However, the shock-related group was significantly faster than either of the other two groups during the shock condition. There was no meaningful difference in performance between the control group and the unrelated-shock group. The results were discussed in terms of activation theory.
Overload and Sensory Deprivation: Time Estimation in Novice Divers
Authors: Deppe Adolf H.
Published: September 2011

A comparative study of time estimation in novice and experienced divers confirms the hypothesis that the more highly stressed novice shows significantly greater variation in consecutive judgments of a 1-min. interval. Novice divers also took longer between taps ( M = 1.37 min.) than experienced divers ( M = 1.00 min.).
Auditory and Visual Threshold Effects of Marihuana in Man
Authors: Caldwell D. F. , Myers S. A. , Domino E. F. , Merriam P. E.
Published: September 2011

Auditory and visual thresholds were measured before and after smoking marihuana ( Cannabis sativa L.) for 20 experienced Ss. Marihuana was administered until S reported experiencing a “high.” Results indicated no effect on visual acuity, whereas one of three auditory measurements differentiated between marihuana and control Ss.
Perceptual and Action Equivalence to Objects and Photographs in Children
Authors: Klapper Zelda S. , Birch Herbert G.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of the pantomimic responses given by 134 middle-class children of normal intelligence between the ages of 3 and 9 yr. to real objects and to pictures of them indicated that up to age 7 yr., photographs of objects were not equivalent to the objects they pictorially represented as directive stimuli for appropriate action. Although equivalence in perceptual recognition was present even in the youngest children, equivalence between object and picture in directing action was increasingly manifested over a period of years. These findings suggest that the processes underlying the discrimination of differences and the recognition of sameness are not necessarily identical with those which underlie the use of perceptual attributes for the direction of action. The findings are considered in relation to verbal and other features of mediation.
Distribution Function for Similarity Estimates
Authors: Ekman Goesta , Kuennapas Teodor
Published: September 2011

With the increasing use of similarity analysis as a technique for the study of multidimensional problems, properties of similarity estimates deserve increasing interest. The paper reports an investigation of the inter-individual variation of similarity estimates. Data from a previous large-scale study by Kuennapas were used for this purpose. Similarity estimates were available for 378 stimulus pairs judged by 57 Ss. The standard deviation was shown to vary regularly with the mean similarity estimate. A function derived from the binomial distribution function was found to describe the trend highly satisfactorily. As a further illustration of the same principle, it was shown that the binomial function describes the frequency distributions of similarity estimates in close approximation. It is suggested that similar simple principles may describe the data obtained in experiments involving conventional uni-dimensional scaling techniques, e.g., magnitude and ratio estimation.
Perceptions of the Optimally Integrated Person as a Function of Therapists' Characteristics
Authors: Neulinger John , Schillinger Morton , Stein Morris I. , Welkowitz Joan
Published: September 2011

The central focus of this paper was to determine whether there was a consensus for the concept of mental health. Therapists from different professional orientations in a United States sample rank ordered their views of the optimally integrated person using a 20-paragraph personality questionnaire based on Murray's need system. Although Freudians were found to be more “conservative” in certain respects than Neo-Freudians and Sullivanians, greater agreement than disagreement was generally obtained. Variation in rank order as a function of age, length of experience and sex of therapist are discussed as are differences within a Czechoslovakian sample of therapists.
Prediction of Brain Damage in Two Clinical Populations
Authors: Burgess Michael M. , Kodanaz Altan , Ziegler Dewey , Greenburg Howard
Published: September 2011

A total of 15 intellectual and 12 sensory motor variables were examined as predictors of brain damage in a neurological and a psychiatric population. Results obtained via Student's t tests and multiple-regression analyses demonstrate chat it is possible to predict brain damage in both clinical populations. Specific conclusions were: (1) as single predictor variables, sensory motor measures are superior to intellectual measures, (2) brain damage as measured behaviorally is consistent across the two populations, (3) there is a greater incidence of false positives in a psychiatric than a neurological population, and (4) multiple-variant prediction seems to hold promise for identification of brain damage.
Spatial and Visual Maze Learning, and Motivation in Alus Musculus and Peroalyscus
Authors: Werboff Jack , Laverty J. Jeffrey
Published: September 2011

The present investigation compares performance and learning of 3 groups of adult mice: Mus musculus (wild and C57BL/6J) and Peromyscus maniculatus Bairdii on 2 types of water maze (spatial or visual) under 4 levels of motivation (55, 75, 95, or 115°F water temperature). The wild Mus learned most rapidly, the Peromyscus being the slowest to learn. Extremes of water temperature and the spatial discrimination task facilitated performance and learning.
Effect of Alliteration on Acquisition and Retention of Meaningful Verbal Material
Authors: Rogers Pamela W.
Published: September 2011

The effect of degree of alliteration on verbal learning was studied. Four degrees of alliteration and three retention intervals were used. Alliteration alone had no effect on retention. With the addition of an attentional cue (capitalization or instructions), alliteration had a significant facilitative effect on retention.
Effect of Variations in Vocal Pitch and Loudness upon Rapid Syllable Repetitions
Authors: Shanks Susan J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of variations of vocal pitch and loudness upon rate and periodicity of rapid syllable repetition. 40 young adult women, who altered vocal pitch and loudness levels according to specified treatment conditions, served as Ss. Pitch and pitch-loudness interaction significantly altered rates of syllable repetition. Ss produced highest rates at comfortable pitch and loudness levels. Periodicity was not affected by changes in the vocal variables.
Memory-for-Designs Test: A Follow-up Study
Authors: May A. E. , Urquhart A. , Watts R. E.
Published: September 2011

A follow-up study of patients who had completed the Memory-for-Designs was conducted. 23 patients with cerebral disorder made significantly more errors than a group of 33 patients without cerebral disorder and a group of 19 alcoholics.
An Index of Self-Allocation on a Cold-Warm Personality Dimension
Authors: Ferguson Leonard W.
Published: September 2011

The author has described a pair-comparisons scale for determining the position of a person upon a cold-warm continuum. The scale contains 153 pairs of items, but only 80 of these pairs are used in scoring. These 80 pairs offer choice between each of 10 adjectives reported by Asch (1946) and others (e.g., Stevenson & Ferguson, 1968) to be affected by the cold-warm concept in person-perception studies and each of eight adjectives not affected by the cold-warm concept. Validity is demonstrated by showing that parties to two-person interviews most frequently assign warm-related adjectives to warm Ss; next-most frequently, to intermediate Ss; least frequently, to cold Ss. Reliability of the scale as a self-descriptive device is reported to be .74.
A Case Study of Improved Athletic Performance following Use of Relaxation Procedures
Authors: Nideffer Robert M. , Deckner C. William
Published: September 2011

In addition to its usefulness in areas of abnormal psychology, progressive relaxation is suggested to be of use to persons undergoing the temporary stress of athletic competition. A case study of improved performance in shot-putting is reported, and it is suggested that tension adjustment techniques may become a useful part of preparation for various athletic endeavors.
Discrimination of 2-D Letters by Children after Play with 2- or 3-Dimensional Letter Forms
Authors: Thornburg Kathy R. , Fisher Virginia Lee
Published: September 2011

Play experience with three-dimensional (3-D) letters appeared to increase printed letter discriminations of 3- and 4-yr.-olds as effectively as play with two-dimensional (2-D) printed letters. In a second experiment 2-D and 3-D tasks were alternated. Consistently fewer discrimination errors were made on the 3-D task. Three-dimensional task experience apparently reduced errors on the subsequent 2-D task; 2-D task experience did not serve to reduce errors on the subsequent 3-D task. These findings are congruent with others that indicate young children discriminate 3-D forms more accurately than 2-D and that haptic experience may contribute to greater accuracy of visual discrimination of both 2-D and 3-D forms.
Decrease and Increase in Target Detection Induced by Adjacent Borders
Authors: Rousseau Robert , Lortie J. Yves
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was controlling the facilitatory effect on target detection due to the distance between inducing fields and the duration of target presentation. The experiment was carried on with 2 experienced observers. It appeared that such an effect does exist for a distance of 1° 3′ between the active fields. However, it seems to be strongly related to a critical range of duration of target presentation.
The Harmonies of Movement Recorded Electromyographically
Authors: Waterland Joan C.
Published: September 2011

The “rhythm” of movement has been emphasized by using musical notations that highlight the differences between a skilled performer and a novice doing the same activity. Muscle activity was recorded electromyographically for the 2 gymnasts.
Correlates of Active-Passive Food Preferences: Failure to Confirm a Relationship with Alcoholism
Authors: Kish George B.
Published: September 2011

A variety of correlates of the Food Preference Inventory (FPI) were examined to gather evidence regarding the Inventory's validity as a measure of oral passivity-activity and to determine whether it is related to alcoholism. No relationship with alcoholism was found. High (more passive) FPI scores were found to be to some degree (1) sex-related, with males scoring more passively, (2) negatively related to educational level, (3) positively related to authoritarianism and (4) negatively related to the Social Presence scale of the CPI and positively related to the Socialization, Self-control, Good Impression, and Achievement via Conformance scales of the CPI. The findings were interpreted as supporting the construct validity of the FPI but did not support previous findings of a relationship with alcoholism.
Evidence regarding Stages in the Development of Conservation
Authors: Bentler P. M.
Published: September 2011

Standardization data collected for the Goldschmid-Bentler conservation scales were analyzed for evidence of continuity or discontinuity in growth of conservation skills. At younger and older age groupings the resulting total score distributions were strongly unimodal, indicative of nonconservation and conservation, respectively. In age groupings containing extremes of nonconservers as well as conservers, children's scores were not obviously trimodal as a 3-stage hypothesis would predict. The score distributions appeared continuous but were clearly not normal in nature.
Relationship of Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect to Masculinity-Femininity and Expectation for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement
Authors: Phelan Joseph G. , Brooks Richard , Brashears Gladys C.
Published: September 2011

60 introductory psychology students (30 male, 30 female) were administered KFAE in ascending and descending trials, using both dominant and non-dominant hands, followed by an embedded-figures test and 145 items from personality tests (Masculinity-Femininity scale of Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, Rotter I-E Scale, and the combined self-actualization scale of Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory). Hand dominance but not sex affected KFAE. No stable relation appeared between the personality measures and spatial aftereffect from kinesthetic stimulation for men or women.
Impression Formation in Schizophrenics and Normals
Authors: Rosenman Martin F.
Published: September 2011

Schizophrenic and normal Ss dichotomized by sex and by scores on Rotter's test of Internal versus External Control, rated the average American man, an unfavorably described individual, and a person who was favorably described, on 15 trait-pair scales at the “apparent” and “real” levels of personality. “Apparent” personality refers to what the person appears to be, whereas “real” personality refers to how that person really is. Ss, irrespective of pathology, were more certain of their ratings for the favorably described individual. Normal Ss were higher than schizophrenic Ss on the “apparent” personality rating of the average American man and on the “real” personality rating of the unfavorably described individual.
Retinal Size in the Visual Cliff Situation
Authors: Somervill John W. , Sharratt Sara
Published: September 2011

300 one-day-old chicks were used in two experiments. Exp. I was designed to test an hypothesis that unequal retinal size is an insufficient cue for depth discrimination in a visual cliff situation. One group of Ss was exposed to mirrors on deep and shallow sides which reflected only their image and a white ceiling. A second group was exposed to white patterns, and a third to stripe patterns equated for retinal size. No significant preferences were found. No conclusions were made regarding the cue of unequal retinal size. In Exp. II, motion parallax was maximized by the use of three-dimensional patterns. One group was exposed to 3-D patterns equated for retinal size, a second to 2-D patterns unequated, and a third to 3-D patterns unequated. A significant preference for the shallow side was found only for the first group. Results of both experiments suggested that the total size of the pattern areas was too small to permit consistent depth discrimination. Implications for studies attempting to define thresholds were discussed.
Technique for Measurement of Individual Differences in Autokinetic Response Tendency
Authors: Fitzgibbons David J. , Marino Dominic R.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a technique for measuring autokinetic response tendency by increasing background illumination to the cease setting; the point of background illumination at which the perception of movement is destroyed. Data are presented to show that single trials can be used to order Ss in a manner consistent with the use of the mean score from a series of trials. Scores are also shown to remain constant over time.
Subjects' Assumptions and Scores on the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Lester Gene
Published: September 2011

50 Ss were tested on the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT) and given a questionnaire about the test. Uncertainty about the purpose and procedure of the RFT was associated with high error scores.
Observed Body Movement in the College Test-Taking Situation and Scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test
Authors: Snyder C. R. , Ray William J.
Published: September 2011

Greater observed body movement in the test-taking situation was significantly related to lower verbal SAT scores. Observed movement did not, however, relate significantly to either math SAT scores or test anxiety as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Furthermore, the negative observed movement-verbal SAT relationship was not mediated by test anxiety.
Hypnosis, Depth Perception and Schizophrenia
Authors: Aaronson Bernard S.
Published: September 2011

A series of experiments with a single S on the effects of post-hypnotically altered perception on behavior suggests a relation between a schizophrenic-like condition and loss of depth perception, and a psychedelic state with enhanced depth perception. These changes were not observed with blurred vision or enhanced visual clarity.
Perceived Ability in Male and Female College Students
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Bailey Kent G.
Published: September 2011

45 males and 75 females were administered a college ability rating scale and an objective test of intelligence. Men had higher actual ability but women exhibited higher academic achievement. Men and women did not differ on the Actual-self measure, but men tended toward a higher wishedfor level of college ability. Both groups agreed closely in rating the typical female student considerably higher than the typical male. Groups did not differ on a Reality-Discrepancy measure.
Visual Search in Monkeys
Authors: Latto Richard
Published: September 2011

6 monkeys were trained to search a visual display for a target stimulus. Their search time increased linearly with the number of irrelevant stimuli ( N) and at 60 msec./item was comparable to the performance of man on similar tasks. Error scores were not linearly related to N, nor did they change in a systematic way as N increased.
Human Time Estimation: On Differences between Methods
Authors: Conchie Richard Duane Mc , Rutschmann Jacques
Published: September 2011

Using the same 8 standard intervals (ranging from 300 to 1000 msec. in 100-msec. steps), 16 male Ss made reproductions, verbal estimates, and productions in randomized blocks of trials according to a fixed complex order (sequence of methods, presentation of anchors). After presentation of anchors, significant differences between methods were still in evidence with respect to accuracy, intra-subject variability, and intersubject variability. The reliability of verbal estimates and of productions was decreased upon presentation of anchors, but in all methods, reliability increased over blocks of trials. Reliability of estimations and productions was significantly correlated with relative intersubject variability. As to association between judgments, verbal estimates and productions showed negative correlation while intercorrelations involving reproductions were not significant. A method involving a random-pertrial sequence of methods and standards is proposed for further studies.
Effects of Three Levels of Interpolated Activity on the Acquisition of a Simple Motor Skill
Authors: Boswell John J.
Published: September 2011

96 male students performed for 20 min. on a pursuit rotor with either the preferred hand ( P) or non-preferred ( Np) hand. Practice was either Massed ( M), Spaced ( Sp) or Switched ( Sw) which required S to switch hands during alternate 30-sec. practice periods. The results show an over-all difference between hands ( P > Np) and among practice conditions ( Sp > Sw > M) but the observed intermediate position of Sw was uninterpretable since either dissipation of inhibition or transfer of training could have produced this effect.
Relative Loudness Judgments of Non-Shadowed Material Presented Dichotically
Authors: Chapman A. J. , Cumberbatch W. G.
Published: September 2011

In a non-shadowing dichotic loudness judgment task, 20 Ss matched speech and white noise intensities at 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, and 110 db. Above 70 db, Ss judged speech to be louder than white noise, at 70 db they were judged to be equally loud, but at 60 db white noise was considered to be louder than speech. These findings are discussed in terms of the attenuability of different types of material.
Vigilance and the Perceptions of Teachers and Students
Authors: Soucar Emil
Published: September 2011

Data were obtained on a measure of cognitive differentiation from a group of 70 teachers and a group of 66 non-teachers. Teachers were more differentiating in their perceptions of their disliked students and non-teachers were more differentiating in their perceptions of their disliked instructors. As predicted in neither sample were disliked persons significantly more differentiated by females than males. Male non-teachers were more differentiating of both liked and disliked instructors while no such sex difference was found for the teacher group. It was suggested that sex differences occurred when superior persons were being rated. Males are probably more threatened by authority figures (instructors) than are females. Consequently males would be more attentive to the personal characteristics of their instructors. These findings were discussed in relation to the “vigilance” hypothesis suggested by Miller and Bieri (1965) and Irwin, et al. (1967).
The Psychology of Memory—1968: A Bibliography
Authors: Levy C. Michael , Lam Karen D.
Published: September 2011

644 contributions to the psychology of memory and forgetting published during 1968 are listed alphabetically.
Children's Perception of Differently Oriented Shapes: Word Recognition
Authors: Deich Ruth F.
Published: September 2011

The relative difficulty of reading inverted rather than upright words was tested at several developmental levels. A total of 120 children were divided into 6 equal groups: second, sixth, and eighth graders of average and above-average intelligence. Each S was presented with 8 lists of 25 words each, varying in familiarity and word length. 4 lists were presented in an upright and 4 in an inverted position. At increasing reading ability and MA levels, progressively fewer Ss read inversions as well as upright presentations. The results were interpreted in terms of prior experience and were consistent with Piaget's view that the young child ignores the coordinates of space.
Factors Promoting Effective Psychotherapy: A Modeling Analysis of Patient and Therapist
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C.
Published: September 2011

There does seem to be evidence that characteristics which make a patient susceptible to modeling effects also indicate that he has a good prognosis in therapy. Also, characteristics that enhance the therapist as a model tend to also relate to his being a good therapist. From the literature it is suggested that: (1) effective therapists are those who are attractive, rewarding, prestigeful, competent, powerful, believing in the possibility of change and similar to the patient; (2) characteristics of the patient which facilitate modeling are: dependency, lack of self-esteem, frequently rewarded for displaying matching responses, and emotional reactivity.
Response Time to a First Signal as a Function of Time Relationship to a Second Signal and Mode of Presentation
Authors: Burns Marcelline M. , Moskowitz Herbert
Published: September 2011

Using a random presentation of inter-stimulus intervals between stimulus 1 and stimulus 2 in a psychological refractory period paradigm, this experiment permitted comparison of data obtained earlier using a block presentation. With 10 male Ss per study, response time to stimulus 1 increased at higher inter-stimulus intervals under block presentations but not under random presentations. The results are interpreted to support time-sharing between the processing mechanisms of the two stimuli rather than a single channel theory.
Effects of Social and Token Reinforcement on WISC Block Design Performance
Authors: Bergan Alene , Manis Donald L. MC , Melchert Paul A.
Published: September 2011

Amounts of accuracy and speed gain in WISC Block Design performance under 3 treatments (control, social reinforcement, or token reinforcement) were tested with 48 fourth graders of average ability, equally divided as to sex, who were matched by pretest performance on these variables. Boys showed significant gains in accuracy only under token reinforcement and significant speed gains only under social reinforcement ( Ps < .05), while girls showed significant gains in accuracy under all three treatments ( Ps < .05) but also speed losses under all treatments ( Ps < .05). Girls showed significantly greater gains in accuracy than boys under social reinforcement, while boys showed significantly greater speed gains than girls under social reinforcement ( Ps < .05).
Development of the Manual Accuracy and Speed Test (Mast)
Authors: Briggs Peter F. , Tellegen Auke
Published: September 2011

A battery of 5 manual motor tests was designed for use with each hand. A final version was administered to 400 Ss, 20 at each age from 3 to 18 yr., and three older groups of 20 Ss (median ages 22, 29, and 36 yr.). The results were used to derive norms for each task. Reliabilities and correlations between the tasks were obtained. A final set of 5 measures are recommended to sample independent aspects of manual accuracy and speed.
Effectiveness of the Frostig Program for Visual Perceptual Training with Head Start Children
Authors: Walsh John F. , D'Angelo Rita
Published: September 2011

Children attending a Summer Head Start Center were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a group of 24 who was given the Frostig Program of Visual Perceptual Training and a control group of 18 who received no special training but spent an identical amount of time in semi-structured play activities with the two trainers who administered the Frostig program. Before and after the interval, all Ss were tested with the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception. Initial scores for both groups were below the age norms for the test. Posttest scores for the group who received Frostig training showed statistically reliable improvement.
Use of Paired Stimuli in Modification of Articulation
Authors: Weston Alan J. , Irwin John V.
Published: September 2011

A pictured key word which contained a correctly articulated target phoneme in final position was paired with 10 pictured training words which contained the incorrectly articulated target phoneme in the final position and 10 additional times with pictured training words which contained the incorrectly articulated target phoneme in initial position. Each child was instructed only to name the paired pictures in the fixed pattern of key word-training word. During contingent pairing, reinforcement was immediate and dispensed for all correct responses. Each of three children achieved 100% correct articulation of the target phonemes in the 20 training words. A multiple baseline procedure was used. The total amount of training time from onset of contingent-pairing to 100% correct was 3 hr. for Subject A, 48 min. for Subject B, and 2 hr. 24 min. for Subject C.
Laterality, Mirror-Writing and Mirror-Reading
Authors: Weigel Richard G.
Published: September 2011

In order to examine the relationship among laterality, mirror-writing, and mirror-reading in a normal adult population, 22 college students completed a laterality test, a mirror-writing task, and a mirror-reading task. Results indicated there to be a significant relationship among the variables. The need for normative data on these relationships is suggested for both normal and dyslexic populations.
Apparent Brightness of Gapped and Non-Gapped Moving Lines
Authors: Stanley Gordon , Frowein Hank
Published: September 2011

Using a double random staircase procedure, brightness matches were obtained for the apparent brightness of a 12-cm. long illuminated arc line moving at 165 cm./sec. The arc, which moved in a circular path whose radius subtended a visual angle of 12° to the point of fixation, had either no gaps, or a 3-cm. black gap, or two 3-cm. black gaps. Physically the arcs were of equivalent intensity, differing only in total energy due to conditions of gaps or no-gap. However, when moving, the arcs which appeared contracted in length differed in apparent brightness. These differences were proportional to the amount (summed over area) of total energy present when stationary.
Establishment of Peck-Order in Chickens Reared in Light vs Dark
Authors: Centa Eugenia , McDaniel G. R. , Foshee D. P. , Moore C. H.
Published: September 2011

An evaluation of the effects of dark-rearing upon development of peck-order and aggressiveness indicates a deterioration of peck-order without a significant decrease in aggressiveness.
Contiguity of Placebo Administration and Misattribution
Authors: Weiner Michael Jay
Published: September 2011

From Schachter's (1964) theory of emotional behavior it was proposed that the quality of an emotion could be manipulated if the physiological concomitants of the emotion were attributed to a placebo. The importance of the contiguity between the onset of arousal and the administration of a placebo upon fear reduction was tested. Half of the 96 young women volunteers were first given a placebo and then information concerning forthcoming electric shocks. The sequence was reversed for the other half of the Ss. The placebo-arousal sequence had no effect upon fear reduction. A second question investigated was the nature of the symptoms that were attributed to the placebo. It was found that only those Ss who misattributed both physiological and psychological symptoms showed evidence of fear reduction.
Locus of Perceived Control and Need Achievement
Authors: Pedhazur Liora , Wheeler Ladd
Published: September 2011

45 black and 8 Puerto Rican children indicated more perceived external control than did a comparison group of 25 Jewish Ss in grades 5 and 6, and this was related to low need-achievement. When the minority children read a story making perceived internal control more salient, measurements indicated an increase in both need-achievement and internal control.
Steady State Generalization following Testing with Different Inter-Probe-Test Intervals
Authors: Sewell William R. , Newsom Theodore J. , Altfield Toby S. , Garner Byron O. , Mc Coy James F. , Stanton Jon P.
Published: September 2011

Rats received discrimination training, wherein the S+ was a light-on (100 ft-c) and the S— was a light-off (0 ft-c). The schedules of reinforcement during S+ were a fixed-interval 30-sec. schedule with a limited hold of 5-sec. for two rats and a variable interval 30-sec. schedule for 3 Ss. After discrimination performance had stabilized, a probe-testing technique was used to test for generalization to three logarithmically arranged test stimuli (1, 25, and 50 ft-c). Tests were conducted with 5- and 2-day intertest intervals. The results indicated no difference in gradient shape after testing with 5- or 2-day intertest intervals. It was concluded that repeated probe testing for generalization virtually eliminates cumulative extinction effects that may distort gradient shapes.
Naming of Meaningful Nonverbal Sounds by Blind Children
Authors: Bartholomeus Bonnie
Published: September 2011

The significantly lower scores obtained by 34 blind children than by 34 control Ss on an auditory naming test suggest that previously acquired visual naming responses facilitate the acquisition of names for corresponding sounds.
Temporal Duration as a Dimension in Generalization of the Orienting Response
Authors: Ely David J.
Published: September 2011

Generalization of habituation of the orienting response may be accounted for in two ways. One of these proposes that the response is generated when an incoming stimulus does not match a neuronal model established by previous stimulation. The other view proposes that habituation of the orienting response comes about by classically conditioning an inhibitory response to stimulus onset. Both positions predict generalization of habituation of the orienting response along various dimensions. However, the neuronal model theory predicts generalization along the dimension of stimulus duration, while the conditioned inhibition theory does not. 8 Ss were habituated to a 4.4-sec. tone and tested on tones of 0.4, 2.4, 6.4, and 8.4 sec. It was found that 0.4-and 2.4-sec. tones produced smaller orienting responses than 6.4- and 8.4-sec. tones. This outcome did not appear to be that of generalization of habituation of the response. It, in fact, was identical to what was predicted on the basis of conditioned inhibition theory.
Assessment of Motor Ability of Selected Deaf Children in Kansas
Authors: Carlson B. Robert
Published: September 2011

48 residential students at the Kansas State School for the Deaf were given the Brace Motor Ability Test. Sex had little influence on the levels of performance, while age below 7 yr. yielded significantly lower performance. The extent of hearing loss did not influence the performance.
Intrinsic Motivation, Intelligence and Personality as Related to Cognitive and Motor Performance
Authors: Fine Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to determine whether response to a stressful experience could be used to measure “generalized” intrinsic motivation. Ss ( N = 54) were exposed to a stress and performed four criterion tasks ranging from cognitive to motor in nature. The prediction that Ss who stayed in the stressful situation would perform better on all tasks than Ss who withdrew was substantiated. However, motivation accounted for less variance in the criteria than did intelligence. The effectiveness of personality and personal history data in predicting performance on the same criteria was explored. Multiple regression equations accounted for 50% to 75% of the variance of the criteria. The value of and need for specific rather than universal measures to predict performance was emphasized.
Proprioception and/or Kinesthesis
Authors: Hopkins B.
Published: September 2011

A short review of the literature points to the confused usage of ‘proprioception’ and ‘kinesthesis’ which is incompatible with the objectiveness demanded of contemporary psychology. The historical development of the terms is traced showing that ‘kinesthesis’ has undergone a change in meaning, rendering its present state of definition inadequate for the stringencies of experimental work. Recommendations are made for a more objective description of feedback mechanisms.