bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Children with Spina Bifida Manifesta on the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception
Authors: Sand Patricia L. , Taylor Neal , Rawlings Mary , Chitnis Suneeti
Published: September 2011

Children with spina bifida manifesta have been described as having a higher than average probability of visual-perceptual impairment. However, documentation with standardized test instruments of visual-perceptual functioning observed for this group has been meagre. In the present study, approximately 60% of Ss examined failed to show age-appropriate performance on the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception. Performance on the Frostig test was analyzed for these Ss in relation to level of spinal cord lesion, presence or absence of hydrocephalus, age, IQ. Possible causal bases for visual-perceptual impairment in these children and implication for training are discussed.
Relationship of Cognitive Style to Locus of Control
Authors: McIntire Walter G. , Dreyer Albert S.
Published: September 2011

The extent to which the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control model and the Witkin Field Dependence-Field Independence model were concerned with the same psychological dimensions was examined. Correlations between the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and the Group Embedded-figures Test of .102 for 80 males and −.001 for 99 females were found. It was concluded that these are independent psychological constructs.
Temporal Generalization of Electrodermal Orienting Responses: Comment
Authors: Öhman Arne
Published: September 2011

In reply to a paper by Ely (1972), data from an earlier study (Öhman, 1971) were reanalysed. It was shown that the offset electrodermalorienting response habituated to a tone of 10 sec. duration generalized to tones of progressively shorter duration. Opposite to the results of Ely, then, the present results favor Sokolov's (1963) theory of habituation of the OR, while firmly contradicting prediction from Stein's (1966) classical conditioning conception of habituation, Possible reasons for the discrepant results are discussed.
Role of Lateral Interaction in Overestimation of Acute Angles
Authors: Bird R. J.
Published: September 2011

The overestimation of acute angles is one component of certain visual illusions, e.g., the Poggendorff. The effects of lateral interaction are discussed and the hypothesis is suggested that overestimation of angular size is best viewed as due to lateral interaction in the perception of the distance between two converging lines. Further evidence is required concerning the form of the function relating the intensity of lateral interaction effects to the parameters controlling them.
Effects of Local and General Fatigue on Static Balance
Authors: Nelson Jack K. , Johnson Barry L.
Published: September 2011

A static balance test was given to 120 college men and women before and after 2 exercise bouts. In one type of exercise heel raises were used to induce local muscular fatigue. Squat thrusts were employed as the general body fatiguing exercise. Both general body-fatigue exercise and local-fatigue exercise impaired static balance performance. However, the general body-fatigue resulted in significantly greater decrement in static balance scores than local fatigue. There was no significant difference in the amount of impairment between men and women.
Judgment of Temporal Duration of Stimulus Components in a Spatial Sequence
Authors: Mo Suchoon S. , Blaszcszack Michael D. , Ward Kathleen
Published: September 2011

Judgment of the duration of the stimulus components of tri-grams consisting of consonants was a monotonically increasing function of the letter positions in the sequence of left to right. This tendency was more clearly demonstrated when the frequency of the stimulus presentation exceeded the frequency of the presentation of the stimulus components.
WAIS Correlates of the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test in a Sample of Epileptic Patients: Differential Patterns for Men and Women
Authors: Lin Yi-Guang , Rennick Phillip M.
Published: September 2011

Intellectual correlates of the total score on the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test were investigated for a sample of adults with epilepsy. The correlations between the perceptual test score and WAIS IQ and WAIS subtest scores were consistently significant for the men but generally were not for the women. It is recommended that researchers consider separate analyses of data for males and females.
Relationship between Accuracy of Report and Ear-Differences in Dichotic Listening
Authors: Nachshon Israel , Carmon Amiram
Published: September 2011

68 right-handed and 22 left-handed Ss identified series of 3, 4, and 5 dichotic digit pairs. Negative correlations between the 2 measures were obtained for all conditions by Ss in both groups. While corroborating previous findings, the data could not be interpreted as supporting either the decay or the perceptual model of ear-differences in dichotic listening.
Comparison of Group X Trials Analysis of Variance and Discriminant Analysis for Use in Group Profile Evaluations
Authors: Thomas Jerry R. , Chissom Brad S.
Published: September 2011

Data were generated by computer in order that the four possible variations of shape and/or level of profiles for two groups could be compared. The results of discriminant analysis were compared with those of group X trials analysis of variance. Findings indicated that group X trials analysis of variance could distinguish between group profiles by either shape, level, or both. Discriminant analysis could only identify that the groups were significantly different in their profiles. However, discriminant analysis has the advantage of generating the linear functions necessary for assignment of individuals to groups while group X trials analysis of variance has the disadvantage of requiring group profiles to be in standard score units.
Taste Specificity for Chemical Stimulation of Single Papillae, toward an Explanation of Disparate Results
Authors: O'Mahony M.
Published: September 2011

Additional methodological problems in reconciling differences in results from experimentation by Bekesy and Harper, et al., regarding taste specificity for chemical stimulation of single papillae, are outlined.
Imitation by Children in Primary Grades: Effects of Vicarious Habit and Social Drive
Authors: Fouts Gregory T. , Parton David A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the number of presentations of modeled events (5 vs 1) and the presence of an audience (a male E) on imitation. The effects of these variables may be predicted from behavior theory by assuming that they constitute social sources of habit and drive, respectively. Children in primary grades ( N = 64) were exposed to 1 and 5 presentations of events presented either by a video-taped human model or a video tape without a human model and then were given an opportunity to play with the materials seen on TV while playing in the absence or presence of an audience (a male E). Imitation increased with 5 presentations and decreased in the presence of the male E. The predicted interaction between the effects of number of presentations and presence or absence of an audience was found. The utility of behavior theory in predicting, explaining, and integrating research in imitation was discussed.
Effects of Goggle-Altered Color Perception on Sleep
Authors: Bowe-Anders Constance , Herman John H. , Roffwarg Howard P.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to examine the effects of long-term perceptual alterations in color and illumination, which have been associated with changes in dream content, on physiological parameters of sleep. Subsequent to a period of sleep standardization, 3 Ss slept 4 or 5 baseline nights in the lab immediately followed by 4 or 5 experimental nights. Sleep was monitored polygtaphically. During all waking time on the experimental days, Ss wore goggles equipped with No. 29 Wratten color filters which screen all light save the red band. Ss were required to continue normal daily routines The variables assessed were: total minutes of REM sleep (REMS) and of NREMS stages 1, 2 and 3/4; latencies to initial stage 3/4 and to REMS, and the intensity of REMS. No variable showed a statistically significant difference between baseline and goggle conditions in any single S or in the group. Statistical power analysis did not indicate that the failure to achieve significance could be meaningfully attributed to the number of Ss. We conclude that significant perceptual readjustments in terms of color, illumination and peripheral vision, though strongly affecting dream content, do not result in measurable changes in the basic physiological parameters of sleep.
Detection and Lateralization of Interaural Differences of Time and Level by the Blind
Authors: McFadden Dennis
Published: September 2011

The performance of blind Ss differed from that of sighted Ss on an auditory task in which both binaural cues were present, but in opposition. When the task was lateralization, the blind Ss relied more heavily on interaural time information than on interaural intensity differences, but, unlike sighted Ss, this occurred independent of their relative sensitivities to each of the two cues when presented separately in detection or lateralization tasks.
Language Status of Preschool Mexican-American Children—Is There a Case against Early Bilingual Education?
Authors: Zimmerman Irla Lee , Steiner Violette G. , Pond Roberta L.
Published: September 2011

When 253 children from a predominantly Mexican-American community were examined for language competence in both English and Spanish upon entering preschool programs, a significant percentage proved markedly deficient in both languages. Further, less than a fifth were fluent in Spanish only. Nevertheless, such children were able to progress in English-language preschool programs. This suggests that an arbitrary placement of young children in bilingual programs without adequate prior assessment to detect actual language needs and competencies may be less productive than immediate English instruction.
Effects of Verbal Labeling on Visual Recall by Adult Aphasic Patients
Authors: Shewan Cynthia M. , Bennett Clinton W.
Published: September 2011

The performance of 30 adult aphasics and 30 normal Ss was compared on a task of visual recall for ambiguous figures. A verbal label was presented simultaneously with the figure in some conditions. Aphasics recalled the visual stimuli significantly less accurately than did the normals, but both groups demonstrated the same pattern of errors. When verbal labels accompanied the visual stimuli, aphasics and normals more frequently selected responses which corresponded most closely with the verbal name they heard during original exposure to the ambiguous stimuli. The data suggested that both groups used verbal strategies to perform the task but that the aphasics' strategies perhaps were less complex than those of their normal counterparts.
Examinaton of Pressey's Assimilation Theory of the Poggendorff Illusion
Authors: Hill A. Lewis
Published: September 2011

Predictions based on Pressey's assimilation theory of the Poggendorff illusion were tested on a new form of the illusion. The results indicated that modifications of the assimilation theory were necessary and a proposed modification was discussed.
Apparatus to Control Motion Parameters of Two Trapezoid Illusions
Authors: Zenhausern Robert , Ulatowski Paul
Published: September 2011

The electronic logic, stepping motor, and motor control necessary to control the speed and direction of rotation and the speed and angle of oscillation in the investigation of two perceptual illusions were described.
Comparison of Bender Error and Time Scores for Groups of Epileptic, Retarded, and Behavior-Problem Children
Authors: Tymchuk Alexander J.
Published: September 2011

Bender error and time score comparisons were made between groups of 16 epileptic, 27 mentally retarded and 33 school and/or behavior problem children. The results indicated that there were significant differences in error scores between the epileptic and the school/behavior problem groups and between retarded and the school/behavior problem groups, but there were no significant differences in time scores for any groups. An attempt was made to assign children to their appropriate groups by using error or time scores alone; no single cut-off score was better than chance for accurately assigning group membership, however, a two-dimensional plot using both error and time scores was. The importance of this system for clinical diagnosis is discussed. Correlations between IQ, error and time scores and age are reported for each diagnostic group.
Comparison of Cognitive Structural Measures for Predicting Person Perception
Authors: Epting Franz , Wilkins Greg
Published: September 2011

In a general college population, two measures of cognitive differentiation and two measures of cognitive integration were compared with each other and were used to predict integration of discrepant information in a standard person-perception task. The magnitude of the intercorrelations was very low, with no indication that differentiation measures correlated more with each other than with integration measures. Similar to the results obtained using other global trait measures of personality, the regression analysis employing these cognitive measures showed a low positive correlation with the impression task. The need for a reexamination of the conceptual relationships among these measures and the need to examine the conditions which influence the predictive ability of cognitive measures is discussed.
Effects of Angular Acceleration on Man: Choice Reaction Time Using Visual and Rotary Motion Information
Authors: Clark Brant , Stewart John D.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was concerned with the effects of rotary acceleration on choice reaction time (RTc) to the motion of a luminous line on a cathode-ray tube. Specifically, it compared the RTc to rotary acceleration alone, visual acceleration alone, and simultaneous, double stimulation by both rotary and visual acceleration. 13 airline pilots were rotated about an earth-vertical axis in a precision rotation device while they observed a vertical line. The stimuli were 7 rotary and visual accelerations which were matched for rise time. The pilot responded as quickly as possible by displacing a vertical controller to the right or left. The results showed a decreasing RTc with increasing acceleration for all conditions, while the RTc to rotary motion alone was substantially longer than for all other conditions. The RTc to the double stimulation was significantly longer than that for visual acceleration alone.
Effects of Four Psychological Primary Colors on GSR, Heart Rate and Respiration Rate
Authors: Jacobs Keith W. , Hustmyer Frank E.
Published: September 2011

Judges selected from ISCC-NBS patches those colors which were most representative of red, yellow, green, and blue. These colors were presented for 1 min. each with GSR, heart rate, and respiration being recorded. There was a significant color effect on GSR but not on the other measures. Red was significantly more arousing than blue or yellow and green more than blue.
Stress in Pursuit-Rotor Performance of Men and Women Physical Education Majors
Authors: Freischlag Jerry
Published: September 2011

When the effects of ego-threat and a hostile audience on pursuit tracking were compared for 30 men and 30 women physical education majors, no significant differences were found. Variance analysis of scores compared sex, treatments, and interaction effects. The stress conditions did not differentially affect performance.
Matching Verbal and Concrete Stimulus Attributes
Authors: Windes James D.
Published: September 2011

Reaction time for matching a stimulus figure against 2 of its concrete attributes (shape and number) presented separately but simultaneously in 2 other figures was compared with that for matching the figure against the printed names of the attributes. One group of 5 men and 5 women served in the first task condition and another group in the second. The attributes and attribute-names were presented in both syntactical and non-syntactical orders. No significant task or order effects were found, a result contrary to the hypothesis that selective attention to attributes involves their verbal encoding.
A Correlate to Mach Bands in Perception of Extent
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Kauffman Irvin M.
Published: September 2011

It is demonstrated that contours which vary in extent across space according to the Mach pattern include an increment in apparent extent and a decrement in apparent extent at a position corresponding to the position of Mach bands, i.e., at the inflection points of the pattern. It is also shown that increasing the slope of the gradient of the Mach pattern has an effect upon extent comparable to the effect upon Mach bands. These data are interpreted as supporting the position that lateral inhibitory interaction is involved in the perception of extent. A modification of the Hartline and Ratliff (1956) model for lateral inhibitory interaction is applied, and discrepancies between predictions generated from the model and obtained data provide the basis for recommended changes in the model.
Effect of Discussion on Reduction of Magnitude of Poggendorff Illusion
Authors: Mallenby Terry W.
Published: September 2011

An experimental group ( n = 20) permitted to discuss their responses to the Poggendorff Illusion showed significantly less illusion than two other groups ( ns = 20) not afforded this opportunity. Results were discussed in relation to perceptual developmental models.
Education of Selected Movement Patterns of Preschool Children
Authors: Werner Peter
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of a program of guided instruction in locomotor, stability, and manipulative movement patterns on the physical performance patterns of nursery school children, 36 Ss took a test, then took part in a learning program for 8 wk. The children learned physical education experiences as part of the regular nursery school program. Then, all Ss were given a final test on the criterion variables. Principal conclusions from an analysis of covariance were that (a) a program of guided instruction in locomotor, stability, and manipulative movements at the nursery school level led to significant improvement in motor patterns and (b) there were no significant differences in performances of the boys and girls in these motor patterns.
Transfer of Training after Fading and Standard Discrimination Training
Authors: Taub Susan Ilene , Whitman Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Standard discrimination and fading techniques were utilized to teach preschool children a two-choice discrimination task in which their non-dominant dimension (color or form) was relevant for solution. The fading group performed better than the standard discrimination group on both an initial and a later generalization-discrimination task. On the generalization task, the superiority of the fading technique was limited to form-dominant Ss. When retested for dimensional dominance after 1 wk. fading significantly decreased Ss' choices of their previously dominant dimensions while the standard discrimination trained Ss showed no change in preference.
Univariate and Multivariate Component Analysis
Authors: Pinneau Samuel R. , Ault John T.
Published: September 2011

F values for a large number of different univariate experimental designs with any number of treatment or classification variables can be obtained using the analysis of component variance. These relatively simple procedures are extended to multiple dependent variables, yielding an alternative statistical method to a number of standard regression procedures and to multivariate analysis of variance. As part of this analysis of linear relationships, the variance-covariance matrix, based on standardized dependent variables and then freed of treatment effects, is decomposed. The resulting components, unrotated or rotated, may be evaluated for their psychological meaningfulness as in any factor analytic study. Measures of the effects of the treatments on these components is provided as a part of the analysis.
Word Knowledge and Production of Original Verbal Responses in Deaf Children
Authors: Johnson Roger A.
Published: September 2011

Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given to 182 deaf Ss aged 10 to 19 yr. Ss who had been taught the onomatopoeic words scored higher than Ss who had not been taught the words. There was a main effect for age, with older Ss having significantly higher means than younger Ss. No significant interactions occurred.
Superiority of Recognition over Detection in Judgments of Visual Orientation
Authors: Doehrman Steven
Published: September 2011

2 human subjects were tested in two separate visual psychophysical tasks—detection and recognition. Using tachistoscopic presentation, single lines were shown at five different exposure durations. It was determined that it is easier to judge which of two lines, differing only in orientation, was flashed than to judge whether or not a given line was presented. The statistically significant superiority of recognition over detection occurred along a wide performance range, roughly from 60% to 95% correct. The data indicate that the effect is not peculiar to a simultaneous detection-recognition task or to a midrange performance level, both of which were used in a previous study. Other relevant data and theoretical explanations of the effect are discussed.
Social-Class Differences on the Mc Carthy Scales for Black and White Children
Authors: Kaufman Alan S. , Kaufman Nadeen L.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of social class to the cognitive and motor Indexes yielded by the McCarthy scales was explored for representative groups of black ( n = 154) and white ( n = 862) children aged 2½ to 8½ yr. For both racial groups, children categorized as middle class scored significantly higher than working-class youngsters on each of the six indexes. The pattern of mean Indexes for different occupational groups resembled the pattern of mean IQs found in previous studies.
Age Differences in Integration of Components of a Motor Task
Authors: Todor John I.
Published: September 2011

To study effects of practice on the ability of 6-, 11-, and 18-yr.-old Ss to integrate the components of the Rho task 3 groups of 50 boys performed 30 consecutive trials. (a) With practice all age groups improved in total movement time; (b) 11-yr.-old Ss attained the 18-yr.-olds' level of performance in both components, initial differences existing only in the linear component; (c) relative to the 18-yr.-old Ss, the 6-yr.-olds achieved proportionally less improvement in the linear component; (d) unlike 11- and 18-yr.-old Ss, the 6-yr.-olds evidenced increasing specificity of task components across trials. Unlike the two older age groups, the 6-yr.-old Ss were unable to achieve a high degree of integration of task components. The findings were discussed in light of Pascual-Leone's neo-Piagetian model of learning and development.
Piaget's Theory and Exceptional Children: A Bibliography, 1963–1973
Authors: Warner Barbara J. , Williams Robert
Published: September 2011

This is a bibliography of 121 citations most of which, in lieu of annotations, are keyed to abstracts in Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography, Exceptional Child Education Abstracts, Mental Retardation Abstracts, and Psychological Abstracts.
Availability of Faces and Names in Recall
Authors: Read J. Don , Wilbur Rodney G.
Published: September 2011

The ease of recalling a name given an individual's photograph or an image of a face given an individual's name was compared in two studies. Significantly more correct recalls of faces than names were reported; however, the numbers of reported states of partial recall varied both as a function of visual familiarity and experimental conditions. The results were interpreted in terms of the importance of access to the verbal-symbolic memory system for recall of either the face or the name at low levels of visual familiarity.
Visual Perception by Speechreaders of Selected Syntactic Structures
Authors: Fehr Jo Ann Stewart , Trotter William D.
Published: September 2011

That the perceptual unit for the comprehension of visually presented speech is syntactic structure was concluded from giving instruments to assess the visual perception of basic sentence patterns and selected transformations to 118 undergraduates.
Aesthetic Complexity and Exploratory Behavior
Authors: Saklofske D. H.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesized relationship between exploratory behavior and stimulus complexity, 15 paintings comprising three levels of complexity were derived from ratings by 30 Ss. A further 30 Ss were requested to view the compositions for as long as they wished, and a third group of 30 Ss were asked to write any questions they might have in response to each painting. Data showed a monotonic relationship between complexity and looking time. Total questions and specific interrogations were most frequent for complex stimuli. Yes-no questions did not vary with rated complexity.
Effects of Multi-Car Ownership on Use of Public Transit
Authors: Hsu Jende
Published: September 2011

A telephone survey was conducted in the Denver area to investigate the effects of bias of multi-car ownership on the usage of public transit. Results indicated that 41 multi-car owners made fewer transit trips after the purchase of additional cars, although they gave transit more consideration as a transportation alternative before the purchase ( n = 133).
Personality Correlates of the Stroop Color and Word Test: More Negative Results
Authors: Golden Charles J. , Marsella Anthony J. , Golden Ellen E.
Published: September 2011

Numerous studies have investigated personality correlates of performance on the Stroop Color and Word Test. With one exception, these studies have failed to identify any significant correlates between the two variables. The present study examined this relationship by administering the Stroop Color and Word Test, Cattell's 16 PF, and the Maudsley Personality Inventory to a sample of 210 college students. Results indicated no significant correlates existed between five different measures of Stroop Color and Word Test performance and the personality scales. It was concluded that the Stroop Color and Word Test has little relationship to measures of personality and may best be understood in terms of specific cognitive processes.
Competitive Behavior and Perceived Aggression
Authors: Rivera Alba N. , Tedeschi James T.
Published: September 2011

In groups of 39 male and 39 female undergraduates played a reaction-time game in which descriptions of a player's shock settings were constant or consistently below or above another player's; wins were varied. Ratings of aggression, offensiveness, positivity on semantic scales showed naive subjects considered the offensive or defensive nature of observed behavior in making ratings.
Replication of “Speech Fluency Fluctuations during the Menstrual Cycle”
Authors: Silverman Ellen-Marie , Zimmer Catherine H.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis suggested by our earlier research that the principal effect of heightened anxiety on speech fluency is an interference with language formulation. 20 women read contextual material aloud at ovulation (when the typical woman experiences her greatest feelings of well-being) and at premenstruation (when she experiences a significant increase in anxiety level). They were no less fluent at premenstruation than at ovulation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis tested.
Effect of Two Marker Procedures on Interobserver Reliability during Interval Recording
Authors: Weisberg Paul , Nolan William
Published: September 2011

8 college observers using interval recording procedures to record classroom behaviors of preschool children produced substantially higher interobserver reliabilities when the intervals were cued by pretaped voice than by a clock-scanning method. The superiority of vocal announcements obtained both for 4 observers initially trained with the vocal method and for 4 other observers later transferred to this method following the use of the clock method. Conversely, the high reliabilities produced by the 4 observers, trained with the vocal method, fell when they were shifted to the clock method.
Attributive Projection: Test of Defensive Hypotheses
Authors: Halpern James , Goldschmitt Marvin
Published: September 2011

On the basis of a defensive model of attributive projection, it was hypothesized that subjects with high self-esteem would project more acknowledged negative traits onto a favorable other than would subjects with low self-esteem. It was also hypothesized that acknowledged negative traits would lead to more anxiety and would therefore be projected more than acknowledged positive or neutral traits. 52 college students described a favorable other and themselves according to a list of trait-rating scales. They also judged whether each of the traits was positive, negative, or neutral. There was a significant positive correlation of .34 between self and other ratings. Although attributive projection occurred, further analyses did not support the hypotheses. Acknowledged positive traits were projected significantly more than acknowledged negative traits.
Eye Dominance in a Reading Clinic Population
Authors: Palmer Lyelle L.
Published: September 2011

Eye dominance tests (24 comparisons) varied markedly in agreement with each other for 225 consecutive screening evaluations (5 yr. to 55 yr.) in a reading clinic.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Bender-Gestalt for First-Grade Children
Authors: Wallbrown Fred H. , Wallbrown Jane D. , Engin Ann W.
Published: September 2011

The reliability of the Bender was investigated for 144 first-grade children from a suburban school district. The test-retest interval ranged from 9 through 14 days. The Koppitz scoring system was used; reliability coefficients were determined for errors of distortion, rotation, integration, and perseveration as well as for the total score. The total time to reproduce the designs was also included. Magnitudes of the reliability estimates for the separate error categories were too small to justify interpreting scores individually. The reliability estimate for total working time was comparable to that for the total Koppitz score. Working time may be a stable dimension of Bender performance suitable for use in research.
Cardiac Cycle Phase and Movement and Reaction Times
Authors: Saari Matti J. , Pappas Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

The EKG was recorded while Ss differentially responded to auditory or visual stimuli in a reaction time task. The EKG record was analyzed by dividing each R-R interval encompassing a stimulus presentation into 9 equal phases. Reaction times were determined as a function of the phase encompassing stimulus onset while movement times were determined for the phase in which the response was initiated. Only reaction time significantly varied with cardiac cycle, with reactions during the second phase being slower than later phases.
Influence of Clothing and Physical Attractiveness in Person Perception
Authors: Nielsen J. Paull , Kernaleguen Anne
Published: September 2011

Using a semantic differential to assess person perception, a non-random sample of 30 female university students recorded their impressions of a number of pictures of female stimulus persons. The pictures represented a systematic pairing of faces of varying levels of attractiveness, and clothed bodies of varying levels of attractiveness. The results of a 3 × 3 Latin square analysis of variance showed facial attractiveness to be a significant factor in the perception of physical attractiveness of the total unit, social and professional happiness, and social desirability. Attractiveness of the clothed body exerted a significant effect in the perception of bourgeois orientation. Pearson productmoment correlation results indicated that as level of perceived physical attractiveness increased, so did the perception of social and professional happiness and social desirability.
The J-K Screening Readiness Test as a Measure of First Grade Learning Difficulties: A Cross-Validation Study
Authors: Seitz Frank C. , Willis M. Paul , Johnson Rosalie C.
Published: September 2011

The Johnson-Kenney (J-K) Screening Readiness Test was cross-validated on a sample of 52 beginning first grade students. The 10 J-K subtests accounted for 31% of the variance in teachers' year-end ratings of these students on the Myklebust Pupil Rating Scale. Alternatively, five composite J-K factor predictors, based on factor score coefficients from the data of the original sample, accounted for 63% of the variance in this present study's teacher ratings, with all five factors (Spatial Relations, Counting/Auditory Comprehension, Visual-Motor Coordination, Perceiving Relationships, and Color Recognition) contributing significantly to the prediction. This factor analysis also provided evidence for the validity of a multidimensional construct, “first grade readiness.” The present instrument might be improved quantitatively by eliminating some subtests and increasing the number of items in the remaining subtests. However, caution should be exercised in eliminating valuable qualitative behavioral data contained in the quantitatively less predictive subtests. The J-K test does appear to be of practical value in forecasting certain learning difficulties in first graders.
Interhemispheric EEG Activity in Normal and Aphasic Adults
Authors: Haaland K. York , Wertz Robert T.
Published: September 2011

EEG recordings were obtained from 10 normal and 10 aphasic adults while they participated in behavioral tasks and a no performance condition. Interhemispheric asymmetry and average activity at 5 to 15 Hz in each hemisphere were compared between groups and among tasks. Asymmetry during behavioral tasks did not differ significantly between groups or among tasks, however, aphasic patients showed a significant decrease in average activity at 5 to 15 Hz on the behavioral tasks compared with the level for a no performance condition. Test-retest reliability was poor for asymmetry but acceptable for average activity at 5 to 15 Hz. Finally, asymmetry was significantly related with severity of aphasia.
Toward Relativization of Psychophysical “Relativity”
Authors: Rosen Steven M.
Published: September 2011

A paradoxical feature of Weber's law is considered. The law presumably states a principle of psychophysical relativity, yet a pre-relativistic physical measurement model has been traditionally employed. Classical physics, Einsteinian relativity and a newer interpretation of the relativity concept are discussed. Their relation to psychophysics is examined. The domain wherein Weber's law breaks down is noted as suggestively similar to that in which physicists report relativistic effects. A tentative hypothesis is offered to stimulate further thought about a more meaningful integration of psychophysics with modern physical science.
Time-Series Evaluation of the Critical Incidents Technique
Authors: Ettlie John E.
Published: September 2011

The problems of the technique using critical incidents are reviewed and an alternative, time-series method of implementing this technique is discussed. The results are evaluated based on convergent validity when compared with content analysis and questionnaire measures for one variable. The critical incidents technique is shown to have relatively low convergent validity even when attempts are made to remove selective retention bias.
Cooperative versus Conflictive Problem Solving in Three Telecommunication Modes
Authors: Weeks Gerald D. , Chapanis Alphonse
Published: September 2011

48 two-person teams communicated through channels simulating various modes of telecommunication, teletypewriter, telephone, and closed-circuit television, and, as a control, face-to-face conversation. Each team was required to solve one of four problems. Two cooperative problems, a class scheduling and a geographic orientation problem, required the mutual exchange of factual information to reach the unique problem solution. Two conflictive problems, an issue ranking and a budget negotiation problem, were formulated to engender contention between the two team members. Performance was assessed on three classes of dependent measures: time to solution, behavioral measures of activity, and measures of verbal productivity. Additionally, the protocols and outcomes of the conflictive problem-solving sessions were examined to arrive at a measure of the degree of persuasion exhibited by the two communicators. For both kinds of problem solving, there was a sharp dichotomy in performance, on all three classes of dependent variable, between the teletypewriter mode and the other three modes all of which had a voice channel. Solutions to all problems in the voice modes were much faster but at the same time far more verbose than those in the teletypewriter mode. The addition of a visual channel to a voice mode does not appreciably decrease solution times, nor does it matter whether the visual channel is “live,” that is, face-to-face, or mediated by a closed-circuit television system. For the most part, mode effects were robust and held for all problems. The characteristics of the several modes of communication were largely independent of the kind of task assigned to the teams of subjects.
Exercise-Produced Arousal, Film-Induced Arousal and Attribution of Internal State
Authors: Girodo Michel , Pellegrini Wayne
Published: September 2011

Respiration rates were monitored on 20 high-anxious and 20 low-anxious female Ss while they were watching an anxiety-provoking film on industrial accidents. Half of the Ss exercised on a bicycle while half remained seated throughout their viewing of the film. Exercised Ss reported feeling less anxious while viewing the accidents compared with the inactive controls. All groups recalled similar amounts of the film content, and respiration rates did not increase while viewing the accidents. Results of self-report of anxiety are consistent with a recently advanced theory of objective self-awareness.
Handedness in Schizophrenia
Authors: Wahl Otto F.
Published: September 2011

26 schizophrenic patients (40 to 55 yr.), 21 non-schizophrenic patients (40 to 55 yr.), and 18 staff controls (25 to 40 yr.) from the same unit of a public psychiatric hospital were questioned about hand preference. Schizophrenics showed somewhat more confusion about hand preference than other subjects, but otherwise patterns of hand preference did not differ for the three groups. The inclusion of schizophrenics among those groups identified with laterality disturbances, then, was not supported.
Eye Movements in Response to Real and Apparent Motions of Acoustic Targets
Authors: Gauthier Gabriel M. , Hofferer Jean-Marie
Published: September 2011

Monitoring of eye movements resulting from the tracking of sound displacements in total darkness confirmed the generally accepted idea that smooth pursuit cannot be induced in the absence of a real visible target Exclusively saccadic movements were obtained with real and apparent displacements of a constant frequency source and with frequency variations associated to spatially calibrated positions through training for 5 Ss. Smooth pursuit eye movements were only observed if S was allowed to point and follow with his hand the perceived position of acoustic targets.
Formal Operations and Field Independence in a Heterogeneous Sample
Authors: Lawson Anton E.
Published: September 2011

25 sixth grade students from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds were administered two Piagetian formal operational tasks (bending rods and balance beam) and a test of field independence. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of .92 ( p < .001) was found between the two formal operational tasks. Correlations between the formal operational tasks and field independence were .81 and .77 ( p < .001) respectively. These values support the hypothesis of a unified stage of formal reasoning and also support the hypothesis that a degree of field independence is required for the development of formal stage reasoning.
Amount of Verbal Information and Ear-Differences in 5- and 6-Year-Old Boys and Girls
Authors: Van Duyne H. John , D'Alonzo Bruno J. , Scanlan David
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed. The first was to determine the effects of varying the amount of information in verbal instructions presented monaurally on differences between ears and sexes in 5-yr.-old boys and girls. Verbal instructions were given for the performance of a visual-motor task. The results indicated that the amount of verbal information affects ear-asymmetry in girls and not boys. The second experiment was performed to determine the effects of varying the amount of verbal information in verbal instructions presented monaurally on differences between ears, sexes, and reading ability of 6-yr.-old boys and girls. The findings indicated that above average readers performed better than below average readers. Ear-asymmetry was observed across sex and reading abilities for sentences containing 7 and 8 stimulus attributes. No ear-asymmetry was observed in sentences containing 9 stimulus attributes. The results appear to support the progressive lateralization hypothesis which states that ear-asymmetry is dependent on task conditions. The results also support sex differences in the development of brain lateralization.
An Audiovisual Test of Divided Attention
Authors: Bach M. J. , Bruce D. L.
Published: September 2011

A description is given of an audiovisual reaction time task, performance of which was maximal after 15 min. practice and which lasted at this level for 1 wk. Sensitivity of the test was shown in an adverse effect of inhalation of traces of anesthetic gases. Comparing responses to auditory and visual stimuli, the control auditory reaction times were faster but were lengthened more in the presence of anesthetics than were the visual ones. This test may be useful in other studies of subtle depressant drug effects.
Feelings of Inexperienced Therapists in Psychotherapy: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Saccuzzo Dennis P.
Published: September 2011

The Therapy Session Report, a parallel-structured response questionnaire, was utilized to study the feelings of inexperienced therapists. 57 college student applicants at a university counseling center reported on their perceptions of their therapists' feelings immediately following an intake interview. The 19 therapists, clinical psychology graduate students in training, also reported what they felt during the intake session. Factor analysis of patients' perceptions of their therapists' feelings resulted in four factors, the first two accounting for 85% of the common variance. Factor analysis of therapists' perceptions of their own feelings resulted in nine factors. Results suggest that, while patients view their therapists in generally negative or generally positive terms, inexperienced therapists experience considerable affective discomfort during their intake sessions.
Effects of a Perceptual-Motor Training Program on Kindergarten Children
Authors: Schaney Zema , Brekke Beverly , Landry Richard , Burke Jacob
Published: September 2011

The immediate and long-term effects of perceptual-motor training on kindergarten children (6 girls, 4 boys) were measured by the Gesell Copy Forms Test. A significant increase from the pretest to the first posttest was made by the experimental group but none by the control group ( ns = 5). The second posttest showed that these gains were relatively long-term rather than short-term.
Prolonged Practice of a Simple Motor Task by Preferred and Nonpreferred Hands
Authors: Peters Michael
Published: September 2011

After prolonged practice (1300 10-sec trials) the tapping speed of the nonpreferred hand reached that of the preferred hand on a simple finger-tapping task. Analysis of the intertap intervals showed the variability of the duration of intertap intervals was smaller for the preferred than for the nonpreferred hand; the difference was not affected by the prolonged practice for N = 1.
Influence of Recall on Reliability of Perception of the Autokinetic Illusion
Authors: Haines James R. , Santos John F. , Farrow Bobby J.
Published: September 2011

An autokinetic test was given to 76 female subjects who were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups of 19 subjects each. Two groups were retested after 1 and 6 wk., respectively. The other two groups were asked to recall their initial experience after 1 and 6 wk., respectively. Inter-trial correlations of the measures were generally higher for the recall conditions than for the retest conditions. The results were discussed in terms of the potential influence that recall may have on the test-retest reliability of autokinesis.
Empathy in Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Bachara Gary H.
Published: September 2011

25 7- to 12-yr.-old boys with visual perceptual problems and learning disabilities were compared on the Borke Scales for Empathy with a matched control group. The learning disabled group had significantly greater difficulty recognizing and labeling emotions.
Short-Term Stability of Adult Reflection-Impulsivity
Authors: Brodzinsky David M. , Dein Penny
Published: September 2011

Short-term stability of error and latency scores on the adult Matching Familiar Figures test was examined in 35 male and 35 female college students. Subjects received one form of the matching test in an individual testing session, followed by a second form approximately 2 wk. later. Results indicated moderate stability of errors and latencies for males and females, although the reliability for errors was generally lower than for latencies. The discussion focused on methodological implications of the findings.
Effects of Amounts and Units of Information on the Judgmental Process
Authors: Jarnecke Roy W. , Rudestam Kjell E.
Published: September 2011

Studies which dealt with the effects of increasing information were reviewed and discussed in terms of the distinction between amounts and units of information. 75 subjects made judgments of predicted class rankings using varying amounts and units of computer-generated information. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of five information conditions in which they were presented 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 cues which accounted for proportionate amounts of variance in the criterion. Results were analyzed using Tucker's modification of the lens model equation. Predictive accuracy increased with greater amounts of information, while knowledge of the task system decreased and cognitive control did not change significantly. The results were discussed in terms of the differential effects of amounts and units of information and Goldberg's (1968) conclusions about the relationship of information and accuracy of judgment.
Psychological Differentiation and Mobility as Related to Creativity
Authors: Del Gaudio Andrew C.
Published: September 2011

To study the relationship of psychological differentiation and creativity while taking into account the dimension of mobility and the association between differentiation and mobility, 186 male undergraduates were given the Embedded Figures Test and human figure drawings in order to assess psychological differentiation. Also, mobility, the ability to shift on demand from conventional, common modes of thought to unusual, less regulated thinking, was measured by means of word association and object sorting. The Revised Biographical Inventory and the Remote Associates Test assessed creativity. Results showed a tendency for more differentiated individuals to be more mobile. Performance on the remote associates was consistently related to the differentiation measure as predicted as were scores on human drawings. Over-all, creativity was more closely related to differentiation than was mobility. The data did not support the predicted interaction between psychological differentiation and creativity with mobility as a moderator variable.