bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ETUDE QUANTITATIVE DE LA CLASSIFICATION DES HAMAMELIDIDAE
Authors: Barabé Denis , Bergeron Yves , Vincent Gilles A.
Published: April 2006

La taxonomie numérique est rarement utilisée pour comparer les familles de plantes entre elles. Ceci est probablement dû au fait qu'il est difficile d'organiser les caractères de façon à bien exprimer la variabilité qui existe souvent à ce niveau taxonomique. Afin de contourner cet obstacle nous avons utilisée la fréquence des caractères à l'intérieur de la famille. L'étude porte sur la sous‐classe des Hamamelididae, sensu Takhtajan (1969), qui comprend 22 familles. Pour la plupart des familles, 130 caractères morphologiques et anatomiques ont été recensés.

La fréquence d'un caractère, dans chaque famille, est obtenue en calculant le pourcentage de genres qui possèdent le caractère en question. Les données furent traitées selon 2 méthodes: la méthode des groupements par agglomération hiérarchique et l'analyse en coordonnées principales. Le coefficient de similarité utilisée est celui de Gower (1971). Cette analyse montre que la sous‐classe des Hamamelididae se subdivise phénétiquement en trois groupes assez bien délimités. Le groupe 1 comprend des familles dites primitives, Eupteleaceae, Tetracentraceae, Trochodendraceae, Myrothamnaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Platanaceae, Hamamelidaceae, et est souvent vu comme faisant le lien avec les autres sous‐classes. Les familles du groupe 3, Myricaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Rhoipteleaceae, Urticaceae, Cannabaceae, se distinguent plutôt par des caractères évolués et forment le noyau des Amentifères. Le groupe 2, qui comprend les familles Casuarinaceae, Eucommiaceae, Balanopaceae, Didymelaceae, Leitneriaceae et Barbeyaceae, ne semblent pas posséder de caractères particuliers. Ces familles possèdent, pour la plupart, un ensemble de caractères qui se trouvent principalement soit dans le groupe 1, soit dans le groupe 3 ou les deux à la fois. Voilà pourquoi, il réunit des familles phénétiquement intermédiaires entre celles du groupe 1 et du groupe 3.

Cette étude indique aussi que les Balanopaceae se rapproche davantage du complexe Trochodendrales‐Hamamelidales que des Fagales. De plus, il semble que les Leitneriaceae, tout en étant près des Amentifères, s'insèrent plus ou moins directement entre ce groupe et les Hamamelidales. Les résultats obtenus concordent sensiblement avec certains systèmes de classification modernes et plus particulièrement avec celui proposé par Takhtajan, si l'on fait abstraction de la position des Balanopaceae et des Leitneriaceae.
REPONSE DU METABOLISME FLAVONIQUE A LA PRESSION DE SELECTION DU MILIEU SUR DIVERSES POPULATIONS DU LATHYRUS PRATENSIS L.
Authors: Reynaud J. , Blaise S. , Jay M. , Cartier D.
Published: April 2006

Mathematical analysis of the flavonoid pattern of twenty populations of Lathyrus pratensis shows that there is no difference between diploid and tetraploid samples in flavonoid metabolism. But we noted obvious differences between the populations growing in a wet habitat and those growing in a dry one, the flavonoid biosynthesis evolution of these being more advanced. Moreover, in both diploids and tetraploids, the hypothesis of ancestors from different geographical origins is reinforced by slight variations in the flavonoid metabolism expression on the samples studied.
THE LOST PAINTINGS OF THE SESSÉ & MOCIÑO EXPEDITION: A NEWLY AVAILABLE RESOURCE
Authors: McVaugh Rogers
Published: April 2006

About 2000 watercolor paintings, made by the artists of the 18th‐century Spanish expedition to New Spain, and lost since 1820, were found in Barcelona and acquired by the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Pittsburgh. They will constitute an important resource for those hoping to fix the identities of the species of plants described by A. P. de Candolle on the basis of these paintings and the duplicate set at the Conservatoire Botanique, Genève.
THE CINCHONA SPECIES OF JOSE CELESTINO MUTIS
Authors: Kirkbride Joseph H.
Published: April 2006

José Celestino Mutis was one of the most important of the early botanists in Colombia. One of his few publications was “El Arcano de la Quina” which appeared in the Papel Periódico de Santafé de Bogotá, a small‐format weekly newspaper, between the 10th of May, 1793, and the 7th of February, 1794. In a table which appeared on page 465 of issue 111, 11 October 1793, he validly published four species of Cinchona, C. lancifolia, C. oblongifolia, C. cordifolia and C. ovalifolia.
THE MISUSE OF MIXED COLLECTIONS IN BRYOPHYTE TAXONOMY
Authors: Wyatt Robert , Lane David M. , Stoneburner Ann
Published: April 2006

The use of mixed collections has become widespread in moss taxonomy as a short‐cut for more rigorous examination of the genetic basis of morphological characters. The reasoning behind this approach is that closely related but morphologically different plants growing intermixed must be experiencing the same environment. Therefore, the morphs must be genetically distinct and can be treated as separate taxa. The method is simple to apply and has been extended from field observations of mixed populations to mixed specimens in herbarium packets. There are serious problems with the logic and methodology of this approach. It overlooks the possibility of microenvironmental variation and requires unreasonably restrictive assumptions about genetic variability in bryophyte populations. The mixed collection method should be abandoned entirely, and more rigorous experimental tests, such as uniform garden cultivation and reciprocal field transplants, employed.
THE TYPIFICATION OF FORSSKAOLEA VIRIDIS EHRENB. EX WEBB (URTICACEAE)
Authors: Friis I.
Published: April 2006

The name Forsskaolea viridis Ehrenb. ex Webb is shown to be based on two discordant elements. A lectotype is chosen in order to maintain the most widely accepted application of the name.
COMPUTER EDITING OF SERIAL AND INDENTED IDENTIFICATION KEYS
Authors: češka A. , Trumpour A. D.
Published: April 2006

APL programming language is used to edit and print identification keys constructed in serial key format. Printout options include printing the full key or its parts, in either serial or indented form. Limitations of the method are discussed. Function listings and technical details are given in the Appendix.
QUERCUS PRINUS L.—NOMEN AMBIGUUM
Authors: Hardin James W.
Published: April 2006

Quercus prinus L. has been used for two different species of chestnut oaks in eastern North America for over 175 years and is now considered to be a constant source of error and confusion. It cannot be rejected easily under Art. 69 because the type cannot be identified. Several alternative solutions are suggested, the simplest and clearest being to use an unambiguous synonym.
AN INFRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION FOR IPOMOEA (CONVOLVULACEAE)
Authors: Austin Daniel F.
Published: April 2006

Study of the species of Ipomoea in several major geographic areas has led to a tentative classification. Three subgenera are proposed, each with several sections and series.
THE HERBARIUM PRESERVATION OF CONIFER SPECIMENS
Authors: Page C. N.
Published: April 2006

The adequate preservation of conifer specimens for the herbarium poses major problems concerned with the disintegration of material on drying. A new effective general method of treatment, which for the first time enables preservation to be achieved without disintegration, is described, and a schedule of treatment recommended.
MYCOLOGY IN BRAZIL: AVAILABLE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Fidalgo Oswaldo , Lucia Bononi de Camargo Penteado Vera
Published: April 2006

A listing is provided for all institutions and mycologists in Brazil in the field of mycology. A summary of fungus collections, an account of collections of fungi in culture, and a directory of Brazilian mycologists are presented.
AN ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL FEATURES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT FOSSILS
Authors: Niklas Karl J.
Published: April 2006

A list of 52 chemical characters is presented for preparing a numerical taxonomy of plant fossils. These characters may be used to determine (1) the degree of chemical similarity among various fossil taxa, (2) the maximum number and the state of characters needed to construct a suprageneric classification corresponding to one based on morphological features, (3) the nature of diagenesis effecting a divergence between chemical and morphological classifications, and (4) the utility of chemical characters in deriving phylogenetic relationships. Results from the analyses of 36 fossil taxa demonstrate the practicality of the proposed system, while comparisons of dendrograms obtained from chemical data and from classical criteria show good agreement. The approach taken in this study can provide an on‐line computer basis for the identification of plant fossils, provided that the environment of post‐depositional sediment maturation was sufficiently mild.
NICKEL UPTAKE BY NEW CALEDONIAN SPECIES OF PHYLLANTHUS
Authors: Kersten William J. , Brooks Robert R. , Reeves Roger D. , Jaffré Tanguy
Published: April 2006

Herbarium specimens (nearly 350) of New Caledonian species of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) were analysed for their nickel and cobalt contents with a view to discovering new hyperaccumulators of nickel (>1000 μg/g dry mass) and to assisting in chemotaxonomic classification of this difficult genus. A total of 10 hyperaccumulators were identified and it was possible to characterise and identify a number of species from their nickel and/or cobalt contents. This was particularly true for the taxonomically difficult section Heteroglochidion. This work raises to 40 the number of known hyperaccumulators of nickel found in New Caledonia.
STATUS OF THE POLLEN GENUS POLLENITES
Authors: Frederiksen N. O. , Ames H. T.
Published: April 2006

The nomenclature of fossil pollen grains cannot be stabilized until a final decision is made about the validity of publication of Pollenites. Our view, substantiated by Potonié's original discussions of the genus, is that the name Pollenites was validly published in Potonié's second 1931 taxonomic paper on Tertiary palynology.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF POLYGONUM MARITIMUM L. (POLYGONACEAE)
Authors: Raffaelli Mauro
Published: April 2006

Linnaeus based the name Polygonum maritimum in Species Plantarum on two specimens: the first, labeled “Monspelii et in Italia,” is kept in Burser's herbarium (UPS); the second, on which is written: “Virginia,” is among Linnaeus' specimens in Stockholm (S). Linnaeus, however, classified both the European specimen (UPS) and the American one (S) as P. maritimum, considering them to be both the same species. Actually, only the European specimen is attributable to P. maritimum, while the American one is P. glaucum Nutt. According to current usage, there is no doubt that the name P. maritimum refers to the European species and therefore, according to I.C.B.N. (Art. 7, Rec. 7B, 51 and 53), I have selected as lectotype of P. maritimum the specimen in Burser's herbarium (UPS).
A COMMENTARY ON RHEEDE'S AROIDS
Authors: Suresh C. R. , Sivadasan M. , Manilal K. S.
Published: April 2006

Rheede named 12 Araceae in his Hortus Malabaricus. Commentaries on the identifications, meanings, etc. of these names which fall under 11 accepted taxa, are given along with the types and distribution of their current names.
PREPARATION OF A BARLEY REGISTER: AN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR CULTIVARS
Authors: Thompson B. K. , Baum B. R.
Published: April 2006

Preparation of a Barley Register: An Information Retrieval System for Cultivars. B.K. Thompson and B. R. Baum. Engineering & Statistical Research Institute and Biosystematics Research, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6.

An information storage and retrieval system has been developed which produces a register for barley (Hordeum) cultivars, including pedigree charts, coefficients of parentage and inbreeding, references, and synonyms and translations for each cultivar. The register also includes cross‐references and a general bibliography. Although the system is being applied specifically to barley, it is sufficiently general for use with other cultivated crops. The system is an expanded version of an earlier one developed by the same authors for oat (Avena) cultivars. It is described herein with particular emphasis given to modifications and additions to the previous system.
A MANUAL METHOD FOR CHARACTER COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS
Authors: Meacham Christopher A.
Published: April 2006

An exact method of performing character compatibility analysis by hand is presented.
VIRGULUS RAF. (1837), AN EARLIER NAME FOR LASALLEA GREENE (1903) (ASTERACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Keener Carl S.
Published: April 2006

Virgulus Raf. (1837) is the earliest available name for those species of Aster L. with a basic chromosome number of x = 5, or derived x = 4. This name has priority over the recently reinstated Lasallea Greene (1903) which is additionally an orthographic variant of Lasallia Mérat (1821), a lichen. The necessary transfers are made from Aster to Virgulas.
ON SOME BRAZILIAN MALVACEAE OF MARTIUS, PUBLISHED BY COLLA IN 1833
Authors: Fryxell Paul A.
Published: April 2006

Type specimens of six names published by Colla in 1833, which were collected by Martius in Brazil, were examined. These names have been either ignored or treated as “insufficiently known” in the literature of the family Malvaceae. One of the six names, Sida tomentosa Martius ex Colla, remains a nomen dubium. Four of the names were found to be the correct names of the species in question (Pavonia lanceolata Colla, Pavonia martii Colla, Sida nemorensis Martius ex Colla, and Sida setosa Martius ex Colla). One name (Hibiscus anonimus Martius ex Colla) is reduced to synonymy under Pavonia cancellata (Linn, f.) Cavanilles. A description and illustration are provided for Pavonia lanceolata.
THE SUBFAMILIAL, TRIBAL AND SUBTRIBAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE RUBIACEAE
Authors: Darwin Steven P.
Published: April 2006

Recent renewed interest in the suprageneric classification of the Rubiaceae has made a clarification of the subfamilial, tribal, and subtribal nomenclature an urgent necessity. Presented here is a list of all suprageneric names published within the Rubiaceae, with an indication of their nomenclatural status; names of segregate families are also included. Attention is drawn to various problems concerning the interpretation of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature with regard to the names of taxa published between the ranks of family and genus. Three subfamilial and ten tribal names are validated with Latin descriptions or diagnoses.
TYPIFICATION OF THE GENUS PENICILLIUM
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. , Pitt J. I. , Sutton B. C.
Published: April 2006

The name of the holotype of the generic name Penicillium Fr. (1832), “Mucor crustaceus L.”, is considered to be a nomen dubium and to probably represent a member of a genus other than Penicillium as currently conceived. In order to preserve current usage of the name Penicillium, the conservation of Penicillium Link ex Gray (1821) with P. expansum Link ex Gray as the lectotype species is proposed. Conservation is necessary as the publi‐
TYPIFICATION OF GENERIC NAMES
Authors: McNeill J.
Published: April 2006

The recently published Report of the Committee on Generic Typification did not deal adequately with the case for abandoning that part of Art. 10 of the Code that reads “the type of the name of a genus … is a species” nor did it provide examples of the effect of its various Proposals to amend the Code. This paper attempts to deal with this inadequacy and meet this omission.
THE NAME FOR THE TOMATO
Authors: Terrell Edward E.
Published: April 2006

Recent claims that Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Farwell is the correct name for the tomato are discussed in relation to the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. It is concluded that the name Lycopersicon esculentum Miller is correct. A preliminary proposal is made in an attempt to clarify Article 23 regarding the definition of tautonyms.
POLLINATION, HYBRIDIZATION AND ETHOLOGICAL ISOLATION OF RHINANTHUS MINOR AND R. SEROTINUS (RHINANTHOIDEAE: SCROPHULARIACEAE) BY BUMBLEBEES (BOMBUS LATR.)
Authors: Kwak Manja M.
Published: April 2006

The pollination, hybridization and ethological isolation of sympatric and synchronously flowering annuals Rhinanthus minor and R. serotinus were studied. Pollination was achieved by nototribically and sternotribically pollinating bumblebees (Bombus spp.), i.e. the essential parts of the flower contacts the dorsal respectively the ventral side of the insect's body. In general, pollination behaviour was related to tongue lengths of bumblebee species. Bumblebees could bring about species hybridization by visits to both plants species during one foraging trip as nototribic or as sternotribic pollinators and species isolation by visits to only one species during one foraging trip or by visits to one species nototribically and to the other sternotribically during one foraging trip. Hybridization between the two annual Rhinanthus species resulted in the rise of hybrid swarms. Partial isolation could be effected if medium‐tongued*** or short‐tongued bumblebee species visited both plant species during one foraging trip; in that case the stigma of R. minor is not able to touch the sites of R. serotinus pollen on the bodies of the bumblebees, but the reverse may be possible. The inaccessibility of the R. minor stigma resulted in R. minor remaining relatively ‘pure’. By analyzing the foraging patterns of bumblebees on Rhinanthus during three successive days the significance of two different forms of ethological isolation is considered. About 40% of the observed bumblebees*** confined their visits to one Rhinanthus species. The long‐tongued B. hortorum showed a strong preference for R. serotinus. The behaviour patterns of 60% brought about partial isolation or hybridization. The medium‐tongued B. pascuorum was responsible for partial isolation (isolation of R. minor). The short‐tongued species B. pratorum, B. terrestris and B. lapidarius were ‘good’ hybridizers.

To support the idea that introgression into R. serotinus was likely, some other factors are discussed, e.g. the attractiveness of R. serotinus, and the fact that bumblebees are more likely to alternate between R. serotinus and the hybrid forms.
ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL NOMENCLATURE AND THE STATUS OF BOTANICAL COMBINATIONS BASED SOLELY ON THE DESCRIPTION OF A CULTIVAR
Authors: Welch H.J.
Published: April 2006

Botanical nomenclature exists to serve botanical classification: horticultural nomenclature exists to serve horticultural selection. Hence the wisdom of having two Codes and the importance of keeping these two separate matters distinct at all levels. Botanical nomenclature is obligately classificatory. In contrast, horticultural nomenclature does not arise unless and until a cultivar has been created by selection from amongst other material within (actually or conceptually) the same botanical taxon. A cultivar, whether consisting of one clone or a thousand clones is a single, recognisable entity. No objection can be raised to a botanical combination, if correctly proposed, being based upon a pre‐1st January 1959 Latin‐form cultivar name. Many such combinations, however, were not in the past correctly proposed. A Latin‐form trinomial name given to a cultivar is not a validly published combination (Article 33). A cultivar, by definition, is not a taxon (Articles 1‐4), so reference to the description of a cultivar does not satisfy the requirements of Article 32. A proposed combination based solely on the description of a cultivar (the describing author's intention here is paramount) is therefore not validly published and must be rejected.
HETEROBASIDION (FOMES) ANSOSUM AND THE BONDARZEWIACEAE
Authors: Stalpers Joast A.
Published: April 2006

The taxonomic position of Heterobasidion annosum is discussed. The species is closely related to Bondarzewia and has to be placed in the Bondarzewiaceae. This family includes the Amylariaceae and the Echinodontiaceae.
ILLEGITIMATE “BASIONYMS,” IMPACT ON PRIORITY AND AUTHOR CITATION OR, THE RISE OF DESMODIUM INCANUM AND FALL OF D. CANUM (FABACEAE)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Legitimacy of a synonym is one of three considerations entering into the determination of the correct name of a species, the others being priority and availability of the epithet in the generic name accepted. Epithets validly published in illegitimate binomials do not enter into considerations of priority. However, if such an epithet is later used under another generic name, it may form a legitimate binomial (Article 72, Note) and must be treated as a new name with priority dating from the time of legitimate usage. This causes shifts in priority, as well as author citation, particularly if the epithet is transferred to a third generic name (Article 33, Note 2), considerations sometimes overlooked in current literature. The reinstatement of the formerly well‐known name, Desmodium incanum DC. (1825), and rejection of the currently well‐known name, D. canum Schinz & Thellung (1913), is a case in point.
RE‐EXAMINATION OF A NUMERICAL TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOLANUM SPECIES AND HYBRIDS
Authors: Schilling Edward E. , Heiser Charles B.
Published: April 2006

Data of Heiser et al. (1965) on species, hybrids, autoploids, and alloploids in Solanum were re‐examined using additional methods of numerical analysis. The phenogram produced after the removal of hybrids from the data matrix indicated that distortion of taxa observed in the phenogram of the previous study was due to the influence of hybrids. Hybrids, with one exception, were found to fall in an intermediate position relative to their parents in the graph obtained from principal components analysis. The ability to display intermediate groups makes principal components analysis better suited than cluster analysis for revealing hybrids from phenetic data.
AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR THE CAPTURE AND TRANSMISSION OF SPECIMEN LABEL INFORMATION
Authors: Adams Robert P. , Weber William A.
Published: April 2006

Herbarium labels were photographed using single frames of 8 mm movie film. Up to 3200 labels can be captured on a 15 m roll of film. Total costs for capturing 60,000 labels was only $ 735 (1.2c/label) (US$). This should be an inexpensive method to transmit label data and decrease specimen borrowing for distribution mapping purposes.
EVOLUTION OF GENETIC MECHANISMS IN FUNGI
Authors: Ullrich Robert C. , Raper John R.
Published: April 2006

This paper considers the evolution of genetic mechanisms in the fungi. Specific attention is directed to the nature of the hereditary material (e.g., guanine‐cytosine content, genome size, reiterated sequence content). The impact of the small amount of DNA per fungal cell is examined in the context of limiting evolutionary potential. The evolution of complex genetic mechanisms involving functionally related genes is considered from systems known in extant fungi, e.g., genetic isolating mechanisms, mycelial growth rate, time and abundance of fruiting, control of recombination, and patterns of sexuality.
NELUMBO LUTEA, THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE AMERICAN LOTUS
Authors: Ward Daniel B.
Published: April 2006

The American lotus has long been known asNelumbo lutea(Willd.) Pers. An earlier epithet, derived fromNymphaea pentapetalaWalt., was once interpreted by Fernald as applying to the American plant, justifying the new nameNelumbo pentapetala(Walt.) Fern.; this name was soon opposed on the ground that it was based on a monstrosity. Although Fernald's name has not been generally accepted, Sohmer has recently argued that this ground for its rejection is not pertinent. However, a broader consideration of the context in which Walter described hisNymphaea pentapetala, including examination of the other nymphaeoid plants described by him, his probable dependence upon Fraser for part of their collection, and the inadequacy of any present herbarium record, suggests that he may have been describing the Old World sacred lotus,Nelumbo nuciferaGaertn., or a mixture of the sacred lotus and the American lotus, or that his basis, at least in part, was a confused verbal report provided him by Fraser.Nymphaea pentapetalaWalt. remains of uncertain application, and nomenclatural stability is best served by the retention ofNelumbo lutea(Willd.) Pers. for the American lotus.
ARE SECRETAN'S FUNGUS NAMES VALID?
Authors: Singer Rolf , Machol Robert E.
Published: April 2006

A new example, purported to exemplify Art. 23, 3 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature viz. Secretan, C., Mycographie Suisse, 1833 will be inserted in the forthcoming new edition of the Code. We submit that the new example is in flagrant contradiction with the contents of the paragraph (3) and the main part of the article; does not serve any justifiable purpose; confuses rather than clarifies the basic principles of nomenclature; should never have been accepted; should be rescinded at the earliest opportunity.
SYNCARPY AND ALTERNATIVE MODES OF ESCAPING DISADVANTAGES OF APOCARPY IN PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Endress Peter K.
Published: April 2006

In most groups of the angiosperms the primitive condition of apocarpy has been surpassed by syncarpy, which is a more advantageous construction in several respects. It enables (1) more regular pollen tube distribution, (2) intensified pollen tube selection, (3) higher economy of construction, (4) increased diversity of dispersal types in the fruiting stage. In primitive angiosperms there are alternative evolutionary trends exhibiting modified apocarpy or unelaborated syncarpy with some unusual differentiations (extragynoecial compitum, hyperstigma). These alternative methods share some, but not all advantages of usual elaborated syncarpy. It is supposed that, therefore, they were, like normal apocarpy, not competitive enough compared with perfect syncarpy.
A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE RANUNCULUS HISPIDUS COMPLEX
Authors: Duncan Thomas
Published: April 2006

An estimate of the evolutionary history of the 20 taxa comprising the R. hispidas complex is presented. This reconstruction of evolutionary history was developed by the use of character compatibility analysis. Two evolutionary lines which correspond to the major phenetic groups are recognized. The estimate of evolutionary history is discussed with respect to earlier phenetic studies and geographic distribution. A suggestion is offered for the use of cladistic analyses in the formulation of a classification.
NEMOROSA VS. NEMOREA, A DISCOURSE IN ORTHOGRAPHY
Authors: Stotler Raymond E. , Zehr Douglas R.
Published: April 2006

The correct specific epithet of a hepatic species is discussed in the light of Article 73 of the Code. The trivial name “nemorea” is regarded as an orthograhic error for nemorosa.
ON THE PUBLICATION OF VAN TIEGHEM'S “RECHERCHES SUR LA STRUCTURE DU PISTIL ET SUR L'ANATOMIE COMPARÉE DE LA FLEUR”
Authors: Schmid Rudolf , Guédès Michel
Published: April 2006

Philippe van Tieghem's Recherches sur la structure du pistil et sur l'anatomie comparée de la fleur is shown to have been issued as a separate in 1871, although the volume of the journal in which it appeared was not completed until 1875. The accurate citation for the journal is Mem. Prés. Divers Savants Acad. Sci. Inst. Impérial France. The frequently encountered citation Mém. Savants Étrangers is a ghost reference and thus should not be used. It is recommended that in bibliographies the reference be dated “1875” but that the following note be added after the citation: “Issued as a separate in 1871”. In an addendum it is shown that G. Henslow's “second edition” (1893) of The origin of floral structures … is merely a reprinting and not a second edition.
SUR QUELQUES NOMBRES CHROMOSOMIQUES NOUVEAUX DANS LE GENRE ACACIA
Authors: Hamant C. , Lescanne N. , Vassal J.
Published: April 2006

In this paper chromosome number determinations are stated for 51 species of the genus Acacia.
PRE‐ABSORPTION—A VALUABLE TOOL IN SEROTAXONOMIC WORK
Authors: Lester R. N.
Published: April 2006

The resolution of unit characters in serotaxonomy is an ideal now possible using monoclonal antibodies to recognise single epitopes. Understanding of the theoretical taxonomic implications of such data and methods for analysing it were pioneered by Professor Otto Moritz using pre‐absorbed antisera.
ON THE TYPIFICATION OF SUILLUS (BOLETACEAE, BASIDIOMYCOTINA)
Authors: Palm Mary E. , Stewart Elwin L.
Published: April 2006

The generic name Suillus Micheli ex Adans. is lectotypified by Suillus granulatus (L.:Fr.) Kuntze. A neotype collection is designated for S. granulatus and a description of microscopic characters is provided. Suillus S. F. Gray no longer has nomenclatural standing and Suillus luteus (L.: Fr.) S. F. Gray (ut “[Schaeff.]”) is replaced by 5. granulatus as type.
MILIUSA GLOBOSA, COMB. NOV. FOR M. ROXBURGHIANA (ANNONACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. , Mishra S. C.
Published: April 2006

Hyalostemma Wall. is treated as congeneric synonym of Miliusa Leschault. ex A. DC. and H. roxburghiana Wall., as also M. roxburghiana Hook. f. & Thoms. are established as nom. illeg. for Uvaria dioica Roxb. Considering Guatteria globosa DC. (1831) and U. dioica Roxb. (1832) as conspecific, M. globosa (DC.), comb. nov. based on G. globosa DC. is proposed to replace M. roxburghiana Hook. f. & Thoms., nom. illeg.
THE TYPIFICATION OF BOLETUS, SUILLUS AND LECCINUM (FUNGI)
Authors: Demoulin V.
Published: April 2006

Boletus Dill, ex L.: Fr. presents a conserved type, Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr. Through application of Art. 7.20 it is fortunately possible to maintain Dillenius and Linnaeus in the author citation. However, for names that are not sanctioned, Art. 14.8 is currently interpreted as severing the link with the original author in case of type conservation. This practice in contradiction with Art. 47 stems from an error of the Editorial Committee of the Montreal Code. Suggestions are made to reestablish a logical wording of Art. 14.8.

It is established that the typification of Suillus Micheli ex Adanson by Palm and Stewart (1984) is to be superseded and S. luteus (L.: Fr.) S. F. Gray reestablished as type of the genus.

A modification of Art. 63 adopted at the Berlin congress does not make Leccinum superfluous anymore and its typification by L. aurantiacum (Bull.) S. F. Gray is accepted.
A NEW COMBINATION IN PHORADENDRON (VISCACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Johnston Marshall C.
Published: April 2006

The Committee for Spermatophyta has voted that the name “Phoradendron leucarpum” should not be treated as a homonym of “Phoradendron leucocarpum” thereby rendering Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M. C. Johnston incorrect. Although of minor economic importance, the name of the American mistletoe cannot be conserved through provisions of Art. 14.2 and Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Rev. & M. C. Johnston is proposed.
THE FRUIT OF ULLUCUS (BASELLACEAE), AN OLD ENIGMA
Authors: Rousi Arne , Yli‐Rekola Matti , Jokela Paula , Kalliola Risto , Pietilä Leena , Salo Jukka
Published: April 2006

The fruit of the cultivated ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Loz.) has been referred to in the literature either as non‐existing or as a berry, seldom as a dry fruit. The fruit of this species as well as the genus is described here for the first time, and is shown to be a dry and indehiscent nutlet of an obovate shape and bilaterally symmetrical cross‐section. The thin testa of the seed is immediately inside the thickened fruit wall. The embryo is strongly curved and encircles the relatively scanty perisperm.
THE ADAPTIVE AND PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF RECEPTACULAR BRACTS IN THE COMPOSITAE
Authors: Stuessy Tod F. , Spooner David M.
Published: April 2006

Many morphological features of the heads of Compositae are systematically useful. Receptacular bracts (pales or paleae) are of particular significance taxonomically. These structures occur in nine of the 13 recognized tribes (absent in Arctoteae, Calenduleae, Senecioneae and Tageteae), with the greatest concentration in the Anthemideae, Heliantheae, and Inuleae. Because the Heliantheae contain the broadest diversity of pale types, the adaptive significance of these features within this tribe deserves special emphasis. Certain subtribes of the Heliantheae are characterized by distinctive types of pales, such as flattened with orange‐brown lines in the Coreopsidinae, pales subtending only the outer series of disc florets in the Madiinae, or their complete absence in the Bahiinae. Of the five principal factors affecting the evolution of features of heads in the family, viz., protection, dispersal, pollination, breeding systems, and seed germination, the former two are most likely the most important selective forces in the evolution of pales. Dispersal functions of pales include attachment or close envelopment of the achene by the pales with removal of the entire unit by wind from the head, conduplicate pales serving as chutes for release of unattached achenes, and brightly colored, fleshy pales being attractive to animals. Protective functions occur against predators and environmental extremes, and occur in bud, anthesis, and mature fruiting stages. Pales function during anthesis to protect ovaries and achenes from apical and lateral insect attack. The particular variations of the pales depend on the associated structures of the heads and breeding systems. In a phylogenetic context, the large and sometimes foliose pales of the Heliantheae seem best interpreted as adaptations for protection of large achenes and not necessarily as reflections of a primitive condition within the family.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF SALIX ALBA L. (SALICACEAE)
Authors: Groendijk‐Wilders N. , Brandenburg W. A. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

In this paper a lectotype for Salix alba L. is designated from the Burser herbarium (UPS).
SOBRE LA LECTOTIPIFICACIÓN DE SALVIA TINGITANA ETLINGER Y SU INCLUSIÓN EN SALVIA SCLAREA L. (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Rosúa José Luis
Published: April 2006

Salvia tingitana fué descrita por Etlinger (1777: 35), señalando en el protólogo: “Habitat in Africa”. Sin embargo, si bien esta especie ha sido reconocida por diversos autores, núnca ha sido recolectada en forma silvestre y las escasas citas existentes, provienen todas ellas de cultivos en jardines o en agricultura. Constituye por ello, esta planta, un taxon problemático.
INTERACTIVE PLANT IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Wilson J. Bastow , Partridge Trevor R.
Published: April 2006

Identification techniques are discussed with particular reference to online keys. These are interactive keys in which a computer program selects successive questions from its database to guide the key‐user through an optimal identification course. Criteria that can be taken into account in selecting the optimum question at each stage include evenness of the split, the number of indeterminate database entries for each question, commonness of the species, and the part of the plant to which questions refer. Allowance can be made for user preferences and mistakes, and for inaccurate database entries. All such information can be accumulated over a number of identification sessions. This enables the program to improve its own performance, and points out sources of difficulty to the compiler of the database.
NOTES ON MYRIOPHYLLUM (HALORAGACEAE) IN THE FAR EAST: THE IDENTITY OF MYRIOPHYLLUM SIBIRICUM KOMAROV
Authors: Ceska A. , Ceska O.
Published: April 2006

Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov 1914 is conspecific with M. exalbescens Fernald 1919 and replaces it. Using herbarium material from LE, the distribution of M. sibiricum and other Myriophyllum species in Siberia and the Far East is presented.
COMMENTS ON THE PRINTING AND AVAILABILITY OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONS (ESPECIALLY EUROPEAN)
Authors: Schmid Rudolf
Published: April 2006

Many, especially European, theses and dissertations were required to be issued in a printed version rather than as a typescript and so were available in fairly large numbers of copies. Discussion involves some bibliographic aids for getting into the thesis and dissertation literature, some sources for abstracts of the theses and dissertations, and some suggestions for citing these in bibliographies.
THE PRESENT STATE OF TROPICAL FLORISTICS
Authors: Prance Ghillean T. , Campbell David G.
Published: April 2006

An analysis is made of the growth rate of tropical herbaria and only a few areas, Central America, Pacifica and the West Indies appear to have adequate collecting rates. In spite of recent calls for accelerated collecting in the tropics, the overall rates have not increased greatly even though the threat of destruction of natural habitats and species loss is an increasingly serious problem. Some key areas in greatest need of tropical Holistic inventory in the near future are suggested. In the Neotropics, Atlantic coastal Brazil, the Colombian, Chocó, Bolivia, Rondônia and Acre in Brazil, and Guyana stand out as in need of further inventory. The collections of Chrysobalanaceae between 1972 and 1986 are analyzed and although many new species have been found, a large amount of material of common species has been repeatedly re‐collected, collections of both Chrysobalanaceae and the Projeto Flora Amazonica program are still yielding at least one new species per every 100 numbers collected, indicating continued inadequate inventory of the Neotropics. Tropical flora programs are discussed and it is suggested that there is a need for many more florulas of carefully selected small areas of the tropics. An analysis of the productivity of Flora Neotropica shows that in order to provide an adequate monographic basis for local floras there is an urgent need to increase the rate of production of monographs of tropical groups. This survey indicated that the work force in systematic botany is far too small for the urgent tasks that face it over the next few years.
TROPICAL FLORISTICS TOMORROW
Authors: Raven Peter H.
Published: April 2006

Of the roughly 265,000 species of plants in the world, about a third occur in temperate regions, a third in Latin America, and a third in the tropics and subtropics of Africa and Asia. Tropical forests are being destroyed very rapidly, as a result of the explosive growth of a record human population, extensive poverty, and an unwillingness to learn about and practice sustainable land use in the tropics. As a consequence, at least a fifth of the total plant species in the world, something on the order of 60,000 species, are threatened with extinction over the next several decades. Systematic botanists need urgently to devise comprehensive plans to inventory plant diversity, especially in the tropics. They should play a major role in making possible the utilization of this diversity for human benefit, and in conserving as extensive a sample as possible.
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF ECUADOREAN PLANT SPECIES
Authors: Balslev Henrik
Published: April 2006

Ecuador covers some 300,000 km2 on the west coast of the South American continent. The country is divided into three natural regions: the coastal plain, the Andes cordillera, and the eastern lowlands. Twenty‐six life zones, including deserts, rainforests, and high montane vegetation types, are represented in the country. The flora includes an estimated 20,000 species of vascular plants. In this study the distribution of a sample of 536 species is analyzed, and some conspicuous phytogeographic patterns are obvious. The lowland flora is rich in widespread species and many of them occur on both sides of the Andes. The coastal plain is rich and the eastern lowlands are poor in endemics. The mid‐elevations between 900 m and 3000 m house about half of the species of the country although they constitute only 10% of the area. Endemism is high at mid‐elevations: 39% of the mid‐elevation species do not reach beyond Ecuador. Especially the western slopes of the Andes are rich in endemics with 10% of the total Ecuadorean flora being restricted to them. The Ecuadorean highlands above 3000 m house 10% of the total flora of the country. Endemism in the highlands is about the same as at mid‐elevations.
THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Gottsberger Gerhard
Published: April 2006

Virtually all flower‐visiting insect groups had already existed at the time of early angiosperm differentiation; beetles, flies, thrips, and moths were available as potential pollinators. Unspecific interactions with these insect groups are found in the Winteraceae, archaic Magnoliidae. Winteraceae are often weedy species for which an open pollination system may be advantageous in view of the different insect faunas of newly invaded habitats. Winteraceous pollination modes and life strategies are here interpreted as close to the ancestral condition of the angiosperms. The Annonaceae provide examples of more economic and effective plant/pollinator interactions. Within this family a range exists of different adaptations for pollination by beetles. Flowers in several genera provide pollination chambers resulting from enfolding petals in which beetles stay for long periods of time. In the dark chambers the beetles are protected against environmental changes and predators. The permanently recurved microsporophylls of the flowers of the late bennettitalean genus Cycadeoidea, evolving during the early Cretaceous, may be a comparable adaptation to beetle pollination.
SPECIES EPITHETS ENDING IN ‐COLA, A RETRACTION CONCERNING ‐COLUS, ‐COLUM
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Usage of ‐colus and ‐colum is to be changed to ‐cola under Art. 32.5 (incorrect Latin terminations), cross‐referenced by Art. 73.1, and as exemplified by Rubus amnicola (originally ‘amnicolus‘) in Ex. 4 under Art. 23.5. This affects epithets based on colo or incolo (dwell), whether with substantival sense (dweller in or on) or adjectival (dwelling in or on).
A CRITIQUE OF WAGNER GROUNDPLAN‐DIVERGENCE STUDIES AND A COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODS OF PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Churchill Steven P. , Wiley E. O. , Hauser Larry A.
Published: April 2006

Wagner groundplan‐divergence analysis provides a suitable method for reconstructing phylogenies given suitable criteria for determining primitive and derived characters in a series of homologous characters. Approximately half of the papers surveyed determined such polarities using an out‐group criterion while the other half employed criteria that were suspect, simply incorrect or none at all. Four data sets were used to compare the Wagner groundplan‐divergence method with Hennig argumentation, Wagner 78 (a computerized Wagner algorithm) and CLINCH 3 (a compatibility algorithm). Hennig argumentation and Wagner 78 performed in a similar manner as Wagner groundplan‐divergence. CLINCH provided solutions that were either incomplete or incompatible with the results obtained by other methods. We conclude that compatibility analysis is not to be preferred and may be misleading.
TAXONOMIC CONGRUENCE
Authors: Crisci Jorge Víctor
Published: April 2006

Taxonomic congruence is the degree to which classifications of the same organisms contain the same groupings. To aid in understanding such a concept, the types of experimental design for its study, a list of the modes of appraisal of it, a possible explanation for the results and the systematic implications of the problem, are presented. According to theoretical expectations (hypotheses of nonspecificity and Hennig's) if we follow the right methodological steps we should obtain perfect congruence. Nevertheless, the facts indicate that perfect congruence has rarely been obtained. There are two kinds of causes for the lack of perfect congruence: biological and methodological. The biological causes affect the phenetic and evolutionary approaches and are given by the degree of causal interdependence between the two sets of characters used. This interdependence decreases (incongruence increases) by several interacting phenomena (e.g. mosaic evolution). The methodological causes affect all kinds of approaches and are the technical steps that distort the appraisal of congruence. All the characters of the same taxon share their cladistic relationships but not necessarily their patristic and phenetic relationships. Thus, in a purely cladistic approach all kinds of characters have the same value. In an evolutionary or in a phenetic approach, a kind of character will be important if it shares with many others its patristic and phenetic relationships. Congruence is a good criterion for a cladistic approach, but a doubtful one for an evolutionary or phenetic approach, since incongruence could be the result of the biological phenomena that these two classificatory schools try to take into account in the construction of their classifications.
VALIDATION OF NAMES OF NEW SPECIES BY REFERENCE TO PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA WITHOUT VALID SPECIES NAMES
Authors: Friis I.
Published: April 2006

In a considerable number of cases names of new species have been validated by direct or indirect reference to previously published descriptions of genera in which no species names had been proposed. This procedure, although it to a number of practising taxonomists seems to be contrary to the ruling of the present Code of Botanical Nomenclature, has in fact been sanctioned by the inclusion of a few such validated species names as types of generic names in Appendix III of the Code, and the inclusion of a much larger number of such names as the types of generic names in the ING. Some problems connected with this procedure are outlined, and it is suggested that action is taken to make the Code clearer on this point. A possible change of Art. 42 to effect this is presented for discussion.
ON QUERCUS COCCIFERA L. s.l.: VARIATION IN REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY
Authors: Bianco P. , Schirone B.
Published: April 2006

Various repeated observations carried out in different areas of the Mediterranean basin have shown that Quercus coccifera L. s.l. has three other reproductive cycles in addition to the normal biennial acorn maturation. It is therefore suggested that the strict description of “biennial” be corrected in all future analytical keys and descriptions.
TEMPERATE BIOGEOGRAPHY AND AN INTEMPERATE BOTANIST
Authors: Humphries C. J.
Published: April 2006

This paper is a reply to Heads (1985). In his attack on my previous publications (Humphries, 1981a, b) Michael Heads deliberately tries not to enter in the spirit of enquiry. So obsessed is he with the idea that everything written by Leon Croizat is of cardinal importance for biogeography that almost anything else with a different point of view is considered unscholarly. Although some of his comments on my paper are valuable, particularly those of a technical nature, his desire to take views out of context frequently gives rise to misunderstandings.
PROBLEMS OF LECTOTYPIFICATION IN LANGLOISIA (POLEMONIACEAE)
Authors: Timbrook Steven
Published: April 2006

Controversy exists in botanical literature concerning proper lectotypes for Langloisia Greene and L. setosissima (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene. Reasoning is presented here supporting selection of L. setosissima as the lectotype of Langloisia and Fremont 414 at NY as the lectotype of L. setosissima.
A REPORT ON THE RENOVATION OF HERBARIUM PACIFICUM (BISH)
Authors: Sohmer S. H. , O'Connor Peter J.
Published: April 2006

The compacting system at BISH is reviewed and the statistics concerning it are provided. The carriage and case system that was developed has worked out extremely well and has provided an increase of 86.3% in storage capacity in the area compactorized. Concomitant with this was an increase of 51% in counter and table space. Our experience has shown this kind of system to be extremely efficient in cost, storage capacity, and user access.