bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , KARKOWSKI L. M. , PRESCOTT C. A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Familial factors, which are partly genetic, influence risk for phobias. Prior family and
twin studies, however, were based on a single lifetime assessment, which may be only moderately
reliable.

Methods. We obtained, 8 years apart, two assessments of lifetime history of five unreasonable fears
and phobias (agoraphobia and social, situational, animal and blood-injury phobia) from face-to-face and telephone interviews from 1708 individual female twins from a population-based registry.
We also obtained, 1 month apart, test–retest reliability on 192 twins. We fitted, using the program
Mx, a measurement model that estimates the role of genetic and environmental risk factors
correcting for measurement error.

Results. Short-term reliability of the five phobias was modest (mean κ=0·46), but higher than long-term stability (mean κ=0·30). Unreliability occurred both for subject recall of unreasonable fears
and for interviewer assessment of which fears constituted phobias. Examining fears and phobias
together, in a multiple threshold model, results suggested that twin resemblance was due solely to
genetic factors, with estimated total heritabilities, corrected for unreliability, of: any 43%,
agoraphobia 67%, animal 47%, blood/injury 59%, situational 46% and social 51%. With the
exception of animal phobia, similar results were obtained analysing phobias alone.

Conclusions. Lifetime histories of unreasonable fears and phobias assessed at personal interview
have substantial unreliability. Correcting for unreliability, the liability to fears and their associated
phobias is moderately heritable. Individual-specific environmental experiences play an important
role in the development of phobias, while familial–environmental factors appear to be of little
aetiological significance.
Channel-forming colicins: translocation (and
other deviant behaviour) associated with colicin
Ia channel gating
Authors: Jakes Karen S. , Kienker Paul K. , Finkelstein Alan
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 189

2. Channel properties 191

2.1 Voltage-dependent gating 191

2.2 Ion permeability 193

2.2.1 Selectivity between potassium and chloride 193

2.2.2 Permeability to large cations and large anions 193

2.3 Single-channel characteristics 194

2.4 Molecularity of the channel 195

3. Colicin Ia channel topology and protein translocation 195

3.1 Channels formed by whole colicin Ia 195

3.1.1 General channel topology 196

3.1.2 The translocated region 199

3.1.3 The nonuniqueness of the upstream membrane-inserted segment 199

3.2 Channels formed by the C-terminal domain of colicin Ia 200

4. Concluding remarks 202

5. Acknowledgement 203

6. References 203

Colicins are plasmid-encoded proteins, produced by some strains of E. coli, that kill other
strains lacking the specific immunity protein encoded by the same plasmid. Most of the
colicins have a three-domain structure: a central domain that binds to a receptor in the outer
membrane of the target cell; an N-terminal domain that interacts with target cell proteins to
move the C-terminal domain across the outer membrane and periplasmic space to the inner
membrane; and a C-terminal domain that carries the toxic activity. In some colicins the C-terminal domain is an enzyme that kills the cell by entering the cytoplasm and attacking its
DNA (e.g. colicin E2), its ribosomal RNA (e.g. colicin E3), or another target (Schaller
et al. 1982; Ogawa et al. 1999). In other colicins, the C-terminal domain forms an ion-conducting channel in the inner membrane that ultimately leads to cell death by allowing
essential solutes to leak out of the cell. These colicins, or their isolated C-terminal domains,
can also form voltage-dependent channels in planar phospholipid bilayers. (For a review of
the E colicins, including enzymatic colicins, see James et al. 1996; for a review of channel-forming colicins, see Cramer et al. 1995; and for a review of colicin import into E. coli, see
Lazdunski et al. 1998.) The channel-forming colicins are the subject of this review, with
particular emphasis on one member of this group, colicin Ia, and the protein translocation
associated with the gating of its channel.
Why John Hick cannot, and should not, stay out of the jam pot
Authors: INSOLE CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: July 2002

John Hick uses a distinction between the formal and the substantial
properties of the Real an sich, the noumenal God. Hick claims that substantial
properties, such as ‘being good’ or ‘being personal’, cannot be ascribed to the Real
an sich. On the other hand, according to Hick, formal properties – such as ‘being
such that none of our concepts apply’ – can be predicated of the Real an sich. I
argue, first of all, that many of the properties Hick ascribes to the Real an sich are
hard to interpret as anything but substantial, unless we adopt a highly arbitrary
substantial/formal distinction. Secondly, I argue that it is never possible to ascribe
only formal properties to the Real an sich, since the correct framing and application
of formal properties involves a prior knowledge of some substantial properties. I
show that the predication of formal properties involves having more knowledge than
we need for the application of substantial properties. I conclude that Hick's practice
is better than his theory, and that by dispensing with the formal/substantial
distinction, he would enable his doctrine of God to stand on more respectable and
theological grounds.
Creating a Virtuous Society: Immigration and Australia's Policies of Multiculturalism
Authors: BOROWSKI ALLAN
Published: July 2002

Australia's post-war programme of mass immigration has been accompanied
by growing ethnic and racial diversity. This process of diversification
accelerated markedly from the 1970s onwards after the abandonment of
the White Australia Policy in the 1960s. Despite this diversification,
Australia has been able to sustain itself as a peaceful liberal democracy. It
is the contention of this article that Australia's policies of multiculturalism
have played an important role in contributing to this state of relative
peacefulness. This article seeks to assemble some evidence from the
Australian experience to ‘test’ the notion that the peacefulness of
Australian society may, in some measure, be understood as a product of
the contribution of its policies of multiculturalism to engendering and
reinforcing those very virtues which liberal democracies require in order
to sustain themselves over time.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND SIX August to October 1997
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health care

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Local government

11 Gender

12 Demography
Bipolar Bugbears. Comment on Colin Hay: ‘Globalisation, Welfare
Retrenchment and ‘the Logic of No Alternative’: Why
Second Best Won't Do’
Authors: TAYLOR-GOOBY PETER
Published: July 2002

This article responds to the view that it is now time to move on from
debates about post-Fordism and the new sociology of welfare. It argues
that it is important to retain the traditional agenda of social welfare
(redistributive state policies designed to promote social integration and
challenge the outcomes of the market) at a time when an influential
position in sociology is playing down the significance of structural factors
as an obstacle to progress in welfare.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVEN November 1998 to January 1999
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health (formerly Health care)

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Government (formerly Local government)

11 Gender

12 Demography
Ruth Wodak (ed.), Gender and discourse.
(Sage studies in discourse.) London (UK) & Thousand
Oaks (CA): Sage, 1997. Pp. ix, 303. Pb $27.95. Helga Kotthoff & Ruth Wodak (eds.),
Communicating gender in context. (Pragmatics and beyond,
n.s., 42.) Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1998. Pp. xxv, 424. Hb $114.00.
Authors: Thornborrow Joanna
Published: July 2002

These two collections of articles offer a spectrum
of current work in the field of language and gender. Contributors
to both volumes include some leading researchers in sociolinguistics
and discourse analysis from Britain, America, and New Zealand;
the Kotthoff & Wodak book also contains work by contributors
from Germany, Sweden, Holland, and Austria. Despite the
latter volume's stated aim of bridging the gap in
scholarly awareness between Europe and the English-speaking
world, we are in effect still dealing with work from a
particular section of Europe, i.e. essentially northern
European and Germanic countries. With the exception of
one study of Spanish women's talk, southern and Mediterranean
Europe are still largely absent from the language and gender
research scene presented here.
Rachmiel Peltz, From immigrant to ethnic culture:
American Yiddish in South Philadelphia. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. Pp. xix, 263. Hb $49.50,
pb $18.95.
Authors: Isaacs Miriam
Published: July 2002

South Philadelphia can be added to the littered
landscape of Jewish geography, in which Chelm, Belz, Odessa,
Boiberik, and Brownsville are terrain abandoned by Jews.
They are romanticized in folk songs, but they make poor
real estate investments. Similarly, Yiddish cultural life
may be seen as a landscape of outmoded lifeways. The Yiddish
language and its dialects have been cast off, but at the
same time they remain cherished in memory. Peltz's
ethnography explores Yiddish as it survives among what
is left of a Yiddish-speaking community in Philadelphia.
The story of Yiddish is one of powerlessness; Peltz takes
us to the seemingly marginal Jews, the yidelekh
– working-class, elderly women and men who are marginalized
as a function of their old age, their accents, and their
lack of higher education.
Jef Verschueren, Understanding pragmatics.
(Understanding language series.) London: Arnold; New York:
Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. xiv, 295. Pb £13.99,
$19.95.
Authors: Jaffe Alexandra
Published: July 2002

As Verschueren writes in his preface, this book
is an attempt to meet a double challenge: (a) to present
a coherent theory of pragmatics, describing research to
date and setting parameters for future research; and (b)
to serve as a textbook that is accessible to all students
with a basic linguistics background. This is no easy task,
but Verschueren has managed to write a book that is accessible
to the nonspecialist student and also provides a valuable
synthesis of the pragmatic perspective for language specialists
in a variety of disciplines. Most chapters have detailed
summaries and are followed by suggestions for future research
and additional reading.
Emotion‐processing deficit in alexithymia
Authors: Roedema Thomas M. , Simons Robert F.
Published: July 2002

College undergraduates were identified as alexithymic or control, based on their scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS; Taylor, Ryan, & Bagby, 1985). All subjects were presented standardized emotion‐eliciting color slides for 6 s while facial muscle, heart rate, and skin conductance activity were recorded. Stimuli were presented a second time while subjects were asked to provide emotion self‐reports using a paper‐and‐pencil version of the Self‐Assessment Manikin (SAM; Lang, 1980) and to generate a list of words describing their emotional reaction to each slide. Consistent with the definition of alexithymia as a syndrome characterized, in part, by a deficit in the identification of emotion states, high TAS subjects supplied fewer emotion‐related words than did controls to describe their response to the slides. Alexithymics also indicated less variation along the arousal dimension of the SAM, produced fewer specific skin conductance responses and showed less heart rate deceleration to the slides, regardless of category. No valence‐related differences between alexithymic and control subjects were noted.
Strategic pluralism: Men and women start from a different point
Authors: Archer John , Mehdikhani Mani
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson's (G&S's) analysis of strategic pluralism is welcomed as a balance to the current emphasis on between-sex variation. It could have been clarified by acknowledging the extent to which males and females represent fundamentally different mating strategies, since this affects how we view within-sex strategic variation. The distinction between conditional and alternative strategies could also have been highlighted.
Inhibition
Authors: Connine Cynthia M. , LoCasto Paul C.
Published: July 2002

We consider the motivation for the principle of bottom-up priority and its consequence for information flow in Merge. The relationship between the bottom-up priority rule and inhibitory effects is also discussed, along with data that demonstrate inhibitory influences in phoneme monitoring.
Synthetic approaches to cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Sporns Olaf
Published: July 2002

Cognition and behavior are the result of neural processes occurring at multiple levels of organization. Synthetic computational approaches are capable of bridging the gaps between multiple organizational levels and contribute to our understanding of how neural structures give rise to specific dynamical states. Such approaches are indispensable for formulating the theoretical foundations of cognitive neuroscience.
The contents of consciousness during sleep: Some theoretical problems
Authors: Revonsuo Antti
Published: July 2002

The approach of Hobson et al. is limited to the description of global states of consciousness, although more detailed analyses of the specific contents of consciousness would also be required. Furthermore, their account of the mind-brain relationship remains obscure. Nielsen's discussion suffers from conceptual and definitional unclarity. Mentation during sleep could be clarified by reconceptualizing it as an issue about the contents of consciousness. Vertes & Eastman do not consider the types of memory (emotional) and learning (implicit) that are relevant during REM sleep, and therefore dismiss on inadequate grounds the possibility of memory functions associated with REM sleep.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Vertes & Eastman]
A leg to stand on: Learning creates pain
Authors: Birbaumer Niels , Flor Herta
Published: July 2002

The persistence of both inflammatory and neuropathic pain
can only be explained when learning processes are taken into account
in addition to sensitizing mechanisms. Learning processes such as
classical and operant conditioning create memories for pain that are
based on altered synaptic connections in supraspinal structures and
persist without peripheral input. [coderre & katz;
dickenson; wiesenfeld-hallin et al.]
Central versus peripheral substrates of persistent pain: Which contributes more?
Authors: Devor Marshall
Published: July 2002

Evidence that central sensitization needs to be maintained in
an ongoing manner by nociceptive input from the periphery makes the
peripheral drive, rather than the central amplification process, the
highest priority target for understanding and control. To stop the
peripheral drives to kill two birds with one stone. Moreover, the
amplification that central sensitization does provide is selective and
not necessarily striking in intensity. A “magic bullet”
that neutralized central sensitization would probably be less
effective in controlling persistent pain than many investigators
would like to believe. [berkley; blumberg et al.; coderre
& katz; dickenson; mcmahon; weisenfeld-hallin et al.]
There is doing with and without knowing, at any rate, and at any level
Authors: Fuster Joaquín M.
Published: July 2002

Ballard et al.'s is a plausible and useful model. Leaving
aside some unnecessary constraints, the model would probably be
valid through a wider gamut of interactions between the self and
the environment than the authors envision.
Interlevel connections and agent evolution should not be overlooked
Authors: Franceschetti Donald R.
Published: July 2002

A consideration of underlying neural dynamics and the
evolutionary process producing cognitive agents should complement
the development of dynamical models of behavior. The geometrical
aspects of dynamical systems theory which make it useful in the
description of systems acting in an environment are less useful in
understanding agents interacting with a range of environments,
and may call for supplementation by evolutionary insights.
Why dynamical implementation matters
Authors: Garson James W.
Published: July 2002

Another objection to the dynamical hypothesis is explored. To
resolve it completely, one must focus more directly on an area not
emphasized in van Gelder's discussion: the contributions of
dynamical systems theory to understanding how cognition is neutrally
implemented.
Salience, saccades, and the role of cortex
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: July 2002

Findlay & Walker's target article proposes a model of saccade generation related to the underlying neuroscience. A problem with such models is the number of brain areas showing oculomotor function. Traditionally, therefore, models have been partial, usually concentrating either on cortex (Liu et al. 1997; Pierrot Deseilligny et al. 1995) or on the superior colliculus and brainstem circuits (Moschovakis 1994; Van Gisbergen et al. 1993). Findlay & Walker's model attempts to integrate both levels within a functional framework. To some extent it falls between two stools. For example, some functions that the authors ascribe to subcortical regions may actually occur at the cortical level.
The representation and processing of tone in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from slips
of the tongue
Authors: CHEN JENN-YEU
Published: July 2002

The issue of how tones are represented and processed when speaking Mandarin Chinese was
examined via naturalistic slips of the tongue. The slips were collected from tape-recorded radio
call-in programs over a period of one year. One research assistant listened to the programs twice,
and another listened to them a third time independently. All the errors judged to be slips by the
assistants were reviewed by the author. A total of 987 slips were confirmed and classified
according to the system of Garnham, Shillcock, Brown, Mill, and Cutler (1982). With respect to
the sound movement errors, it was found that, although errors of segmental phonemes were fairly
common, errors of tones were rare. Moreover, the error pattern of the tones was different from
that of the segmental phonemes. The relative immunity of tone to production errors is similar to
the problem of stress in English. It is suggested that lexical tones in Mandarin Chinese are
represented and processed differently than segmental sounds but similarly to lexical stress in
English. These characteristics of the Mandarin tones relative to the segmental sounds are
described in a model of phonological encoding for a single word, adapted from Levelt
(1989).
Prevalence of rapid mixing—II: topological prevalence
Authors: DOLGOPYAT DMITRY
Published: July 2002

We continue the study of mixing properties of generic hyperbolic flows started in an earlier paper (D. Dolgopyat. Prevalence of rapid mixing in hyperbolic flows. Erg. Th.& Dyn. Sys.18 (1998), 1097–1114). Our main result is that generic suspension flow over subshifts of finite type is exponentially mixing. This is a quantitative version of an earlier result of Parry and Pollicott (W. Parry and M. Pollicott. Stability of mixing for toral extensions of hyperbolic systems. Proc. Steklov Inst.216 (1997), 354–363).
Correlation decay for Markov maps on a countable state space
Authors: MAUME-DESCHAMPS VÉRONIQUE
Published: July 2002

We estimate the decay of correlations for some Markov maps on a countable state space. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the transfer operator to be quasi-compact on the space of locally Lipschitz functions. In the non-quasi-compact case, the decay of correlations depends on the contribution to the transfer operator of the complementary of finitely many cylinders. Estimates are given for some non-uniformly expanding maps and for maps with bounded jumps.
Counting geodesics on a Riemannian manifold and
topological entropy of geodesic flows
Authors: BURNS KEITH , PATERNAIN GABRIEL P.
Published: July 2002

Let $M$ be a compact $C^{\infty}$ Riemannian manifold.
Given $p$ and $q$ in $M$ and $T>0$, define $n_{T}(p,q)$ as the number of
geodesic segments joining $p$ and $q$ with length $\leq T$.
Mañé showed in [7] that
\[
\lim_{T\rightarrow \infty}\frac{1}{T}\log \int_{M\times M}n_{T}(p,q)\,dp\,dq
= h_{\rm top},
\]
where $h_{\rm top}$ denotes the topological entropy of the geodesic flow of
$M$.

In this paper we exhibit an open set of metrics on the two-sphere for which
\[
\limsup_{T\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{T}\log n_{T}(p,q)< h_{\rm top},
\]
for a positive measure set of $(p,q)\in M\times M$.
This answers in the negative questions raised by Mañé in
[7].
Beside the Sea: Visual Imagery, Ageing and Heritage
Authors: BLAIKIE ANDREW
Published: July 2002

The role of older people as inadvertent exemplars of all
that was good about
the nation’s past is thrown into high relief when we
consider representations
of Britain’s ‘maritime heritage’. Yet such
mythology has a longer pedigree
than may at first be apparent. Victorian pioneers of photography championed
the custom, dress and extended family roles of elders in fishing
villages because
these displayed an older moral world distinct from the sins of the city.
Subsequently, the conflation of positive ageing and seaside
living fuelled the
promotion of health products and lifestyles, whilst the rise of the seaside
holiday prompted a more humorous re-evaluation of the ageing body as
typified by saucy postcards and family snaps. Alongside and related to the
phenomenon of retiring to the seaside, a fresh imagery is being wrought as
nostalgic images of the country’s seafaring history
play heavily on the
reminiscences of older people. Meanwhile, growing numbers of
retirees opt for
foreign travel. Focusing on a range of photographic materials, this chapter
explores the continuities in perception that have connected
ageing and older people with the morally and spiritually uplifting
virtues of coastal communities.
Reminiscence and ageing
Authors: COHEN GILLIAN , TAYLOR STEPHANIE
Published: July 2002

This paper questions assumptions about reminiscence and looks at
definitions
of it. Functions of different types of reminiscence are examined and distinctions

are drawn between these and autobiographical memories. Methodologies of

eliciting reminiscences are critically considered. Finally, types and amounts
of
reminiscence are related to life style and age group.
Destabilizing the environment—conflict thesis
Authors: BARNETT JON
Published: July 2002

The argument that environmental degradation will lead to conflict is a well
established concern of international studies, and it dominates the literature on environmental
security. This article critically examines theories about wars fought over scarce ‘environmental’
resources, ‘water wars’, and the argument that population growth may induce conflict.
One significant research programme—the Project on Environment, Population and Security—
is also discussed. The article ends with an evaluation of the theoretical merits and practical
effects of the environment–conflict thesis. It argues that the environment–conflict thesis is
theoretically rather than empirically driven, and is both a product and legitimation of the
Northern security agenda.
Deconfusing Morgenthau: moral inquiry and classical realism reconsidered
Authors: BAIN WILLIAM
Published: July 2002

This article explores Jim George's claim that Hans Morgenthau's notion of political realism is founded upon a spectator theory of knowledge and that it discloses no meaningful distinction between theory and practice. An investigation of Morgenthau's understanding of scientific inquiry, the relation of theory and practice, and his views on American foreign policy suggests that both of these claims may be misplaced. Rather Morgenthau's realism is an authentic moral voice in the discourse of world politics which emphasizes the importance of judgment and the need to locate statecraft in historical, social, and political context. It is a realism that is representative of a rich moral tradition, one which orders, arranges, and prioritizes fundamental human values and which is concerned with how these values might be realized. This conclusion not only emancipates a valuable tradition of scholarship, it also raises important question about how we engage and organize the discipline of international relations and it suggests that some critical thinking spaces may provide a rather limited refuge for those wishing to go beyond Morgenthau and realism.
Marxism after Communism: beyond Realism
and Historicism
Authors: GAMBLE ANDREW
Published: July 2002

Marx always predicted that the development of capitalism as a social
system would be punctuated by major crises, which would become progressively
deeper and broader until the system itself was swept away. What he could not have
foreseen was that the development of Marxism as a theory would also be marked by
crises, both of belief and of method, which have periodically threatened its
survival. In this respect at least Marxism has achieved a unity of theory and
practice. No crisis has been so profound for Marxism, however, as the crisis
brought about by the collapse of Communism in Europe after 1989. With the disappearance after seventy years of the Soviet Union,
the first workers' state and the first state to proclaim Marxism as its
official ideology, Marxism as a critical theory of society suddenly seemed
rudderless, no longer relevant to understanding the present or providing a guide
as to how society might be changed for the better. Marx at last was to be
returned to the nineteenth century where many suspected he had always
belonged.
Exploring modal subversions in alternative music
Authors: McDonald Chris
Published: July 2002

Introduction

The concern of this article is with a particular set of harmonic practices that rock musicians, particularly those who participate in the domain of guitar-oriented ‘alternative’ rock, have been using with noticeable frequency in the last ten years. I am also interested in discussing the concept of the power chord (a term I shall explicate more clearly below) as a device in rock that has facilitated the above-mentioned set of harmonic practices

The observations made in this paper come out of a previous research inquiry of mine into the devices which alternative musicians use to differentiate their music from other styles of mainstream rock. Also, the pursuit of this topic is partly a response to Allan Moore's admonition that ‘there is as yet very little concern for theorizing analytical method in rock music’, and his call for a ‘mapping-out of those harmonic practices that serve to distinguish rock styles . . . from those of common-practice tonality . . . and jazz’ (Moore 1995, p. 185).

There has been some rather pointed criticism recently of musicological analyses of popular music (see Shepherd 1993; Frith 1990) on the charge that analysing music's purely sonic dimensions (i.e. melody, harmony, rhythm, structure, etc.) does not really help us understand musical communication. Speaking as a songwriter, however, I would argue that many musicians in rock are indeed concerned with harmonic progression (or ‘the changes’, to use the vernacular term) as an important device or jumping-off point in the process of songwriting. It also seems reasonable to suggest that harmonic progression is a contributing factor in the affective power of a song, although its importance here is likely to be variable and quite open to debate.
National music to national redeemer: the consolidation of a ‘folk-song’ construct in Edwardian England
Authors: Francmanis John
Published: July 2002

The Musical Renaissance of the late Victorian era incurred both rediscovery and reappraisal of the English musical heritage. The isolated endeavours of a handful of pioneering collectors from the oral tradition stimulated the institution of a Folk-Song Society with the aim of gathering what remained of a rapidly disappearing national resource. This article examines competing interpretations of the nature and potential application of folk-song. Cecil Sharp, who quickly assumed leadership of the folk-song movement, adopted and refined the notion that communal origin and transmission imbued folk-song with the national character and spirit. Its strategic use in the education system would, he believed, promote not just musical revival but a general national revival as well. In counterpoint to Sharp's folk-song construct, the hiterto marginalised contribution of musical antiquarian Frank Kidson is reassessed. From an ever-diminishing position of authority, Kidson continued to dismiss Sharp's new orthodoxy by insisting that most of what passed for ‘folk’ was nothing more than the remnants of old popular song. The article concludes by seeking to explain why Sharp's construct endured.
Coulomb explosion of a cluster irradiated by a high intensity
laser pulse
Authors: ESIRKEPOV T. , BINGHAM R. , BULANOV S. , HONDA T. , NISHIHARA K. , PEGORARO F.
Published: July 2002

Clusters represent a new class of laser pulse targets
which show both the properties of underdense and of overdense
plasmas. We present analytical and numerical results (based
on 2D- and 3D-PIC simulations) of the Coulomb explosion
of the ion cloud that is formed when a cluster is irradiated
by a high-intensity laser pulse. For laser pulse intensities
in the range of 1021−1022 W/cm2,
the laser light can rip electrons from atoms almost instantaneously
and can create a cloud made of an electrically nonneutral
plasma. Ions can then be accelerated up to high energy
during the Coulomb explosion of the cloud.
Behaviour-based robot program invariance
Authors: Pettinaro Giovanni C.
Published: July 2002

Despite the numerous technical improvements, robot programming
is still today a very tedious activity requiring considerable efforts
for fine tuning programs written off-line. Moreover, such programs are
usually not particularly portable from one robot to another, sometimes
even when the robots are from the same maker.

The issue
addressed in the work reported here is how to overcome
these shortcomings. In this respect, the argument is to develop
programs within the behaviour-based assembly paradigm which views tasks in
terms of goal-achieving entities (behaviours). The focus on the description
of a task more than its implementation is the key
to generality and portability. As shown with the aid of
two similar, but not identical, assembly benchmarks, behavioural programs are
independent of any specificity of each assembly kit and can,
indeed, be constructed using the very same code.
A proposal for a wire suspended manipulator: A kinematic analysis
Authors: Arai Tamio , Matsumura Shojiro , Yoshimura Yuji , Osumi Hisashi
Published: July 2002

Industrial robots have a high positioning accuracy and stiffness but their work spaces are limited because their bases are fixed to the ground. To enlarge the work spaces, this paper proposes a novel mechanism, a wire suspended manipulator with three degrees of freedom. First, the kinematics of the mechanism is derived from both force and geometric constraints. Second, the volume of the work space is numerically calculated. After the evaluation of manipulability of the wire suspended system, guidelines for designing parameters are studied.
A compliant-mechanism-based three degree-of-freedom manipulator for small-scale manipulation
Authors: Speich John , Goldfarb Michael
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the design of a small-scale three degree-of-freedom compliant-mechanism-based manipulator with an approximately 2 cm×2 cm×2 cm cubic workspace. The manipulator exhibits a significantly larger range of motion and better spatial structural properties than
a conventional compliant mechanism, due primarily to a unique flexure joint developed by the authors. A brief description of the mechanics of the flexure joint is followed by a description of the design of the manipulator. Following the mechanical description, the design of the low-level manipulator controller is discussed. Finally, data is presented that demonstrates manipulator performance.
A fast procedure for computing incremental growth distances
Authors: Hong Sun-Mog , Yeo Joon-Hyuek , Park Hae-Wook
Published: July 2002

A fast numerical procedure is presented for computing growth distances between a pair of polytopes in three dimensional space that move incrementally along specified smooth paths. The procedure carrys out the growth distance evaluations efficiently by predicting and verifying contact configurations between a pair of grown polytopes. In the prediction and verification the procedure uses vertex and facial characterizations of polytopes and exploits their geometric adjacency information. The computation time, in average, is very small and does not depend significantly on the geometric complexity of two polytopes. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the procedure to interference detection in robotic simulations.
Effect of water, temperature and fertilizers on soil nitrogen net transformations and tree growth in an elfin cloud forest of Colombia
Authors: Cavelier Jaime , Tanner Edmund , Santamaría Johanna
Published: July 2002

(Accepted 31st July 1999)

In the ‘elfin’ cloud forest of Serrania de Macuira, exchangeable ammonium and nitrate, and the rates of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were measured in soil samples under different water, temperature and mineral nutrient additions. The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization on radial trunk growth were measured in three tree species. In the cloud forest soils, concentrations of ammonium were much higher than those of nitrate. Nitrate was higher in samples collected during the afternoon than during the morning, probably as a result of leaching during the night or nitrification during the day. When samples were incubated under different water and temperature treatments, rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification increased more with changes in soil water content than with changes in temperature. Nitrification was significantly increased in soils amended with ammonium or with ammonium plus phosphorus, suggesting that nitrification is substrate-limited. Fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus resulted in significantly increased girth increments in Guapira fragrans (Dum. -Cours.) Little and Rapanea guianensis Aublet. Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) D.C. did not respond to the fertilization. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the characteristics of montane rain forest in small and large tropical mountains (the ‘Massenerhebung’ effect) are greatly controlled by soil water conditions and related soil nitrogen availability.
Diversity of poroid and some corticoid wood-inhabiting fungi along the rainfall gradient in tropical forests, Costa Rica
Authors: LINDBLAD IRENE
Published: July 2002

The influence of a rainfall gradient on the distribution and species richness of some groups of wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes was explored in Costa Rican tropical forests. The relationships between these fungi and
wood size and decay stage were also studied. Basidiocarps of all poroid and some corticoid fungi were recorded in
three plots of 30 logs in each of dry, moist, and wet forests. The logs were surveyed three times during one year,
covering all seasons. The species richness gradient was inversely related to the rainfall gradient, with most species in
the dry forest (51), least in the wet forest (37), and intermediate in the moist forest (44). A total of 102 species were
identified. Only six species occurred at all three sites. Two of the four most common species were new to science.
The composition of wood-inhabiting fungal species in the dry forest varied from both the moist and the wet forest,
while species composition in the two latter forest types was difficult to distinguish. Both frequent and rare species
utilized the different decay stages as expected from availability of substrate. Perennials and rare species tended to
occur on large logs in the dry forest, while all species tended to occur on large logs in the moist forest, but not in the
wet forest.
Dispersal of mimetic seeds of three species of Ormosia (Leguminosae)
Authors: Foster Mercedes S. , Delay Linda S.
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT. Seeds with ‘imitation arils’ appear wholly or partially covered by pulp or aril but actually carry no fleshy material. The mimetic seed hypothesis to explain this phenomenon proposes a parasitic relationship in which birds are deceived into dispersing seeds that resemble bird-dispersed fruits, without receiving a nutrient reward. The hard-seed for grit hypothesis proposes a mutualistic relationship in which large, terrestrial birds swallow the exceptionally hard mimetic seeds as grit for grinding the softer seeds on which they feed. They defecate, dispersing the seeds, and abrade the seed surface, enhancing germination. Any fruit mimicry is incidental. Fruiting trees of Ormosia spp. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) were observed to ascertain mechanisms of seed dispersal and the role of seemingly mimetic characteristics of the seeds in that dispersal. Seed predation and seed germination were also examined. Ormosia isthamensis and O. macrocalyx (but not O. bopiensis) deceived arboreally-foraging frugivorous birds into taking their mimetic seeds, although rates of seed dispersal were low. These results are consistent with the mimetic seed hypothesis. On the other hand, the rates of disappearance of seeds from the ground under the Ormosia trees, hardness of the seeds, and enhancement of germination with the abrasion of the seed coat are all consistent with the hard-seed for grit hypothesis.

RESUMEN. Semillas con arilos falsos aparecen estar cubiertas en parte o completamente por pulpa o arilo, pero en realidad no llevan ninguna materia carnosa. El hipótesis semilla mímica propone que las semillas parecen frutos carnosos cuyas semillas están dispersadas por aves y que engañan las aves a dispersar sus semillas sin recibir una recompensa nutritiva — una relación parasítica. El hipótesis semilla dura para arenisca propone que aves grandes y terrestres tragan las semillas mímicas y excepcionalmente duras como arenisca para moler las semillas más suaves en que se alimentan; las aves defecan y dispersan las semillas, y las rascan, lo cual mejora la germinación — una relación mutua. Cualquier mimetismo es incidente. Se observaron árboles de Ormosia espp. (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) con frutos para averiguar los mecanismos de dispersión de semillas y el papel que hacen las características aparentemente mímicas de sus semillas en esa dispersión. Se examinaron también la depredación y germinación de semillas. Las semillas mímicas de Ormosia isthamensis y O. macrocalyx (pero no O. bopiensis), engañaron aves frugivoras y arbóreas en comerlas, aunque las tasas de dispersión eran bajas. Estos resultados son consistente con el hipótesis semilla mímica. En cambio, las tasas de desaparición de semillas caídas de Ormosia, dureza de las semillas, y mejoramiento de germinación con la raedura de las capas de las semillas son consistente con el hipótesis semilla dura para arenisca.
MOVE-TO-FRONT RULE FOR ACCESSING SEVERAL RECORDS
Authors: Chong King Sing
Published: July 2002

The move-to-front rule is applied on a model where
several records are accessed each time. The records will
then be placed in the front positions randomly or with
the former relative order between themselves preserved.
Equilibrium distributions are explored. Comparison of
expected stationary search costs is carried out.
ON AGING PROPERTIES BASED ON THE RESIDUAL LIFE OF
k-OUT-OF-n
SYSTEMS
Authors: Belzunce Félix , Franco Manuel , Ruiz José M.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we give characterizations of nonparametric
families of life distributions based on aging and variability
orderings of the residual life of k-out-of-n
systems. We obtain some results of increasing (decreasing)
failure rate classes as well as of new classes decreasing
(increasing) mean residual life of the system and new better
(worse) than used in expectations of the system. Relationships
among themselves and others such as new better (worse)
than used, new better (worse) than used expectations, and
decreasing (increasing) mean residual life are also given.
HOW LANGUAGE COMES TO CHILDREN: FROM BIRTH TO TWO YEARS. Bénédicte de Boysson-Bardies (translated by Malcolm
DeBevoise). Cambridge, MA: A Brafford Book, The NET Press, 1999. Pp. xiv + 274. $27.50
paper.
Authors: Foster-Cohen Susan
Published: July 2002

The focus of this book is the very early stages of language acquisition, with (an inevitable)
particular focus on phonological and lexical development. As such, it might have been better if enfantsin the original title had been translated as “infants,” because the
main title might mislead one into thinking that the book would illuminate a longer developmental
path than it actually does. That said, there is much in this volume that might interest a second
language researcher interested in second language phonology and lexis who would like to be
reminded of what the human animal does under the natural circumstances of first language
acquisition. It presents a particularly clear picture of the sensitivities of infants to human sounds,
as well as a detailed account of how those sensitivities become tuned to particular language
characteristics very early on.
LA ENSEÑANZA DEL ESPAÑOL A HISPANOHABLANTES:
PRAXIS Y TEORÍA.M. Cecilia Colombi and Francisco X. Alarcón
(Eds.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1997. Pp. xiv + 343. $25.47 paper.
Authors: González Gustavo
Published: July 2002

This edited volume consists of 20 chapters, and all but 3 are written in Spanish. The chapters
are grouped under four major sections: the classroom, the standard language, teaching language
through culture, and political aspects of the maintenance of Spanish. Each section is preceded by
an overview.
PERSPECTIVES ON FOREIGN LANGUAGE POLICY: STUDIES IN HONOUR OF
THEO VAN ELS.Theo Bongaerts and Kees de Bot (Eds.). Amsterdam:
Benjamins, 1997. Pp. vi + 223. $54.00 cloth.
Authors: Nunan David
Published: July 2002

All too often, the festschrift consists of a disparate and uneven collection of papers on a
range of subjects that often only vaguely intersect with the interests of the individual whose work
is being honored by the volume. This is a festschrift with a difference. It consists of a coherent
collection of original papers addressing an area of applied linguistics in which Van Els made his
most outstanding contribution, that of foreign language policy. The collection is given added
coherence by the fact that most contributors relate their papers to the work carried out by Van Els
and his team on the Dutch National Action Programme on Foreign Languages. Although the
majority of the papers describe initiatives in the Netherlands, there are also contributions from
researchers working in a range of other contexts including Israel, the United States, and Finland.
As the editors of the volume point out, the contributions from abroad highlight the international
impact of Van Els's work on language policy.
Potential theory in conical domains (III)
Authors: VAROPOULOS N. Th.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we shall consider differential operators that admit a periodic structure (cf. [1, 2])

(formula here),

where

(formula here),

are Hölder continuous for some α > 0 and periodic, so that, say, without loss of
generality, we have

(formula here).

We shall assume that Q is elliptic, i.e. that the matrix A = (aij) satisfies

(formula here),

for some

(formula here).
Non-simply connected H-spaces with finiteness conditions
Authors: BROTO CARLES , CRESPO JUAN A. , SAUMELL LAIA
Published: July 2002

This article is concerned with homotopy properties of H-spaces X that are
reflected in the module of indecomposables QH*(X; [ ]p).
It is shown that mod p H-spaces X of finite type with finite transcendence degree mod p cohomology and
locally finite QH*(X; [ ]p) are Bℤ/p-null spaces,
Eilenberg–MacLane spaces K(ℤˆp, 2),
K(ℤ/pr, 1), and extensions of those.
If we restrict attention to H-spaces with
noetherian mod p cohomology algebra, then we are left with finite mod p H-spaces
and Eilenberg–MacLane spaces.
Chow forms of congruences
Authors: GIRALDO LUIS , SOLS IGNACIO
Published: July 2002

Let V be a 4-dimensional complex space. A congruence Y
is an
integral surface of the Grassmann variety G = Gr(2, 4)
of 2-dimensional
subspaces V2 of V (we denote by Vi
a subspace
of V of dimension i). They have been extensively studied
by both classical
and modern geometers. We bring to their study the tool of Chow forms, characterizing
them
by differential equations, following the program of M. Green and I. Morrison
[3]. The first results in this direction are due to
Cayley
([1], [2]) and are rederived in
[3]. Our results share much of the geometrical flavour
of Cayley's.
Subgroups of products of surface groups
Authors: JOHNSON F. E. A.
Published: July 2002

The subgroup structure of a direct product of two Fuchsian groups
is very complicated;
for example, Baumslag and Roseblade [1] have shown that
a direct product
Fm1×Fm2

of finitely generated free groups contains continuously many distinct
isomorphism classes of finitely generated subgroups. The situation is much
simpler,
however, if attention is restricted to finitely generated normal subgroups
of
Fm1×Fm2;

then on general grounds one cannot expect to get more than a countable
infinity,
but, in fact, the situation is almost finite; we showed, in [4],
that
Fm1×Fm2

contains precisely 1+min{m1, m2}
orbits
of maximal normal subdirect products under the
natural action of its automorphism group.

In this paper we study the situation which arises if the free groups

Fmi are replaced
by fundamental groups of closed surfaces. This question was previously
considered
by Nigel Carr in the final chapter of his (unpublished) thesis
[2]. By appealing to the relative invariant theory of
pairs of skew
bilinear forms, Carr was able to show that in a direct product
Σg1×Σg2

of orientable surface groups of genus [ges ]2 the number
of orbits of maximal normal subdirect products is always infinite. Here
we refine
and extend Carr's approach to study the manner in which the
finiteness result of [4]
breaks down on passing to more general Fuchsian groups.
Generation of UK Tidal Stream Atlases
from Regularly Gridded Hydrodynamic Modelled Data
Authors: Bell Colin , Carlin Lisa
Published: July 2002

Accurate charts of tidal streams are needed in many fields of science
and industry. The
Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory's numerically modelled hydrodynamic
data sets provide
a suitable source for the production of such charts. Different methods
of producing data in
‘tidal diamond’ format were investigated and the most suitable
was selected for
implementation over the UK continental shelf.