bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Pain Self-Management via Internet-Based Technology
Authors: Ruehlman Linda , Wilson Marian
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on internet-based pain self-management (IPSM) training for adults with chronic pain. Due to space limitations, it does not address programs directed toward children or adolescents or the burgeoning research on mobile technologies. The chapter discusses various definitions of self-management (SM) and proposes an organizing framework for the concept of SM. It examines barriers to traditional face-to-face pain SM training and the role of Internet-based training as a partial solution to the lack of care options for many. It does not reiterate the numerous excellent reviews of the efficacy of online pain SM programs. Those reviews provide support for the continued development and testing of such programs. The chapter’s focus is on the identification of strengths and weaknesses of extant technologies with an eye toward future improvements. The review of 27 IPSM programs reveals a number of important substantive and methodological issues.
The “Great Leap” in Early Greek Politics and Political Thought
Authors: Raaflaub Kurt A.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter Raaflaub argues that political patterns affecting communal thought, life, and institutions, and widely shared by Greeks and Near Eastern societies, are still visible in the Homeric and Hesiodic epics, and thus into the early seventh century BCE. Soon thereafter, though, the Greeks diverged from that common tradition; they embarked on a path of radical innovation that took their fledgling political life and thinking in a decidedly new direction. That shift enabled them to discover ideas, values, institutions, and procedures that had a profound and long-lasting impact on the development of Western political traditions. The chapter describes this breakaway moment and tries to explain this great leap.
Pericles’ Utopia
Authors: Greenwood Emily
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Greenwood looks afresh at the genealogy of utopias and utopianism in Classical Greek political thought (traditionally seen as originating with Plato’s Republic). She identifies Thucydides’ Pericles as a utopian political thinker who offers a version of the imperial democratic polis as utopia and suggests that Pericles’ utopian vision was a provocation for Plato’s utopian thought. Greenwood argues that to conceive of Pericles as a utopian thinker is not to make his funeral oration—a vital text for Athenian civic ideology—less accessible for the history of Athenian democracy. Instead, invoking Antonio Gramsci’s notes on “indirect sources for the history of subaltern social groups” in Notebook 25, she entertains the idea that Periclean utopianism articulates the aspirations of the Athenian demos—with the ugly irony (seldom absent from utopias) that these aspirations depended on making other classes of people subaltern to their desires.
Afterword
Authors: Cartledge Paul
Published: August 2018

In this chapter Paul Cartledge discusses the import and importance of historiography and history-writing in the present day. He sets his discussion in the widest and longest chronological, ideological and professional contexts, tracing his own historiographical engagements ultimately to Herodotus and Thucydides, and more proximately to Oxford (G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, Sir John Boardman) and Cambridge Universities. Or from the—admirable, imitable—ancient Greek concern with truth and authenticity to the—lamentable—preoccupation with “post-truth,” in both academic (postmodernist) and non- (or anti-) academic circles and media, today. Truth is neither single nor simple, in historiography any more- or any less-than in almost any other intellectual sphere, but that is not a reason, he contends, to give up on it either as a practical goal or as a moral value. Rather the opposite.
The Evil Within
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: August 2018

Thomas Jefferson and Edward Coles were men of similar background, but the former remained a slaveholder while the latter emancipated his slaves. Examining the ways in which people such as Jefferson, who perform wrong and even evil actions, attempt to justify those actions both to others and to themselves illuminates the mistakes that we ourselves make in moral reasoning. The study of moral philosophy can help us to identify and correct for such mistakes. In applying the tools of moral philosophy to case studies of Nazi death camp commandants, American slaveholders, and a psychopathic serial killer, the author demonstrates how we can become better moral deliberators, thereby fulfilling our duties of due care in moral deliberation, moral self-scrutiny, and the development of moral virtue. These case studies serve as extended real-life thought experiments of moral deliberation gone wrong, and can show us how four impediments to effective moral deliberation—cultural norms and pressures, the complexity of the consequences of our actions, emotions, and self-deception—can be identified and overcome by the study and use of moral philosophy. Thus, the study of moral philosophy ought to be incorporated into moral education so that its tools become common currency in moral deliberation, discussion, and debate.
Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism
Authors: Gamble Ruth
Published: August 2018

Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism examines how the third Karmapa hierarch, Rangjung Dorjé (1284–1339) transformed Buddhist belief about reincarnation into a Tibetan institution based on lineage. It surveys his life through the portal of his previously untranslated autobiographical stories and songs, which reveal the rudiments of the reincarnation tradition. They include Rangjung Dorjé’s synthesis of the first three Karmapas’ biographies and past-life stories (jātaka), upon which the later tradition was reliant. An analysis of these works shows how they used different strategies to authorize the Karmapas’ reincarnate status: they presented the Karmapa reincarnates as an extension of the Kagyü religious lineage, evoked well-known precedents of reincarnation, and highlighted the recognition they received from religious and secular hierarchs, including the Mongol emperor. This analysis also emphasizes the important role local communities played in maintaining the Karmapas’ institutions and explores how Rangjung Dorjé sought this support by living in the same sacred sites as his predecessors. Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism argues, furthermore, that all of these elements of the tradition worked together; the stories of the Karmapas’ lives enhanced Rangjung Dorjé’s authority, which helped to sanctify the sites in which he lived; this, in turn, elicited more support from local communities, who then continued to tell his multi-life narrative. At the beginning of Rangjung Dorjé’s life, no one had gone looking for a new Karmapa. But his skill in storytelling, together with the elite and community support that he cultivated during his life, meant that after he died, many expected his return.
Occupied Objects
Authors: Graves Margaret S.
Published: August 2018

The human form can impart both scale and spatial logic to the objects it adorns. This phenomenon was put to unexpected and sometimes humorous ends by medieval artisans. Focusing on perception, this chapter considers the role of the human figure in architectural allusions on objects from the twelfth- and thirteenth-century Iranian plateau. The power of the represented human form is explored first through ceramic stands that make explicit reference to architectural pavilions. After these, a group of inlaid metalwork inkwells, and the delicately allusive nature of their relationships with full-scale architecture, form the chapter’s main focus. This study models a means of approach that considers the complex ornamental programs of these objects in their entirety: architectural, figural, epigraphic, geometric, and vegetal ornament are recognized as inseparable from each other and also from the three-dimensional materiality of objects that respond to vision, touch, movement, and use.
The Poetics of Ornament
Authors: Graves Margaret S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter continues with the paradigm of rhetoric established in Chapter 4 of the book, but moves discussion from metaphor to ekphrasis—that is, description that seeks to make an absent artwork or building present in the mind of the reader or listener. The example of carved marble jar stands, called kilgas, from medieval Cairo are used to pose a question that crosses modalities: Can decoration be description? Individual stands have been inscribed with a dramatically reconfigured and miniaturized set of components from a full-scale form of architectural water feature. Tracing the redescription of architecture onto object, this chapter applies to its subjects the rhetorical model of ekphrasis, arguing that the atomized architecture of effect and spectacle encountered in medieval Arabic and Persian poetry is paralleled in the refraction of architectural form upon three-dimensional objects.
Why Public Security Bureaus Contain Protestant House Churches
Authors: Reny Marie-Eve
Published: August 2018

This chapter empirically accounts for why local public security bureaus contain Protestant house churches in Chinese cities. Public security bureaus have incentives to contain house churches rather than using an alternative, and possibly more forceful, strategy. Not only do Protestant church leaders have political and religious beliefs that are reconcilable with regime resilience, but they are also survival-seekers inclined to cooperate with local state actors to ensure their congregations’ safety. Public security bureaus also contain Protestant house churches, as they are part of incohesive networks, both domestically and internationally, and lack the capacity to organize large-scale mobilization as a result.
Containment across Authoritarian Landscapes
Authors: Reny Marie-Eve
Published: August 2018

The value of a concept lies in large part in its ability to travel and explain dynamics across settings. Authoritarian regimes other than China have contained informal religious organizations. This chapter explains why, and to some extent how, the Mukhabarat has contained jihadi Salafists in post-Zarqawi Jordan, starting in 2006. Similarly, it accounts for why and how President Sadat contained the Muslim Brotherhood in 1970s Egypt, following the earlier regime’s attempt to eradicate the organization. As in China, state actors in these two cases contained informal religious groups, as their interests did not conflict with authoritarian regime resilience and the networks they were part of were incohesive.
Assembly, Press, and Petition
Authors: Zick Timothy
Published: August 2018

Chapter 3 examines the Free Speech Clause’s interactions with its First Amendment cousins—the Assembly Clause, Press Clause, and Petition Clause. It explains how and why the Supreme Court collapsed these distinctive rights into a general “Free Expression Clause” that is governed primarily by free speech doctrines and principles. The chapter examines in detail the events and influences that led each clause to be subordinated to or supplanted by the Free Speech Clause. It explains the negative consequences of free speech expansionism, for the non-speech rights and the freedom of speech. The chapter considers existing proposals for recovering or reviving the Assembly, Press, and Petition Clauses, but argues that we must rethink and expand the project. We need to work toward a First Amendment pluralism that not only disaggregates the elements of the fictional “Free Expression Clause,” but also reconnects once and still “cognate” rights of speech, assembly, press, and petition.
Equal Protection
Authors: Zick Timothy
Published: August 2018

Chapter 5 examines the complicated, and complicating, relationship between the Free Speech Clause and the Equal Protection Clause. It focuses specifically on how freedom of speech performed during the race and LGBT equality movements. The chapter is organized around several basic lessons from these movements relating to the use of free speech to advance and protect equal protection rights. It identifies and explains the different dynamics that affected intersections between free speech and different equality rights, including those relating to race, sexual orientation, and transgender status. The chapter applies its general lessons to the ongoing transgender equality movement.
Rights Pluralism
Authors: Zick Timothy
Published: August 2018

Chapter 8 is both a summary of the book’s findings concerning the intersections between freedom of speech and non-speech rights and a defense of a conception of our system of rights—Rights Pluralism. The chapter describes the concept of Rights Pluralism and explains its relationship to constitutional democracy. The central premise is that liberty is most secure when governments are subject to multiple, independent, and robust constitutional checks. As the book demonstrates, the Free Speech Clause performs critical functions with respect to Rights Pluralism, including facilitating the recognition and exercise of non-speech constitutional rights and mediating discourse about rights. But as the book has also shown, a magnetic and perpetually expanding Free Speech Clause can also have detrimental effects on the premise and reality of the Constitution’s system of rights. We must recognize, exercise, and defend both freedom of speech and non-speech rights with equal vigor. The chapter suggests an agenda that will support Rights Pluralism.
Pushing Back against the State
Authors: Kay Tamara , Evans R. L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines how the state responded to activists’ mobilization against NAFTA by closing state institutional channels after NAFTA’s passage. It reveals how activists shifted their strategies in response to the closure of institutional opportunities and access by focusing their efforts on trying to kill rather than improve free trade agreements when institutional channels were blocked, and by foregrounding issues of democracy. This chapter lays out the trade policies of each presidential administration after NAFTA, and the agreements they succeeded and failed to pass. This chapter ultimately shows how each administration tried and generally failed to produce any significant trade agreement after NAFTA’s passage. One could argue that this is a small but meaningful victory for fair trade activists that is largely ignored. NAFTA was the first, and the last major trade agreement that any president has been able to pass.
Conclusions
Authors: Kay Tamara , Evans R. L.
Published: August 2018

The conclusion suggests how the book’s theoretical and empirical findings can inform our understanding of the relationship between states and civil society more generally, and teases out the implications of this study for future research on different kinds of politicization and policy formation. It also examines the implications of trade battles for democratic practices and movement mobilization. It describes how NAFTA has become a litmus test for candidates, and how opposition to NAFTA and to the loss of jobs to foreign countries may have impacted the 2016 presidential election. Although too many variables are in play to determine all the effects of NAFTA, the chapter describes some of those effects on jobs, manufacturing, and inequality.
The Structure of Theological Revolutions
Authors: Massa Mark S.
Published: August 2018

Using Thomas Kuhn’s understanding of “paradigms” within the history of science, this book examines how different models of natural law were presented by Catholic theologians in order to offer more compelling and coherent understandings of what the natural law is, and how Catholic theology uses it. The author explores whether the application of Kuhn’s ideas to the heated Catholic debates over natural law might offer a more dispassionate way of understanding the development of a theological micro-tradition. The book argues that the micro-traditions of theology (most specifically the micro-tradition of natural law) do not build seamlessly on each other. The year 1968 is offered as the starting point for the narrative that follows because that was when, in the United States, the unquestioned dominance of the specific type of natural law discourse (neo-scholasticism) that had defined Catholic moral theology for generations came to a dramatic end with unnerving specificity.
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Authors: Massa Mark S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents a more detailed examination of Thomas Kuhn’s structure than that provided in the Introduction. The chapter explains how and why Kuhn’s book permanently rejected the idea of scientific “progress.” The author notes that although most Catholics experienced the widespread critique of Pope Paul VI’s 1968 encyclical as a sudden (if welcome) rejection of the kind of theological argument that the Church had utilized in its moral teaching for several centuries, the cracks in the foundations of that older approach to natural law had appeared considerably before 1968. The emergence of a historicist approach to moral theology in the decades before the promulgation of the encyclical contextualized the rocky reception accorded it within a much larger historical framework. Further, even the guild of moral theologians had come to a much more nuanced understanding of what could be (and what could not be) “unchangeable” in Christian ethics.
“In the Beginning Was the Grab Bag”
Authors: Massa Mark S.
Published: August 2018

This synthetic chapter draws together the themes of the previous chapters, arguing that Roman Catholic theologies of natural law evolve in an analogous way to how Kuhn described the history of science. The author puts forth (no: argues) that the question of calibration warrants the use of “paradigm revolutions” when considering the centripetal forces that eventuated in very different models of what “natural law” actually was, the kinds of human behavior that resulted from living in accord with that law, and what the ends or purposes of living such a life in accord with that law brought to a person. The chapter concludes with the thought that talking about natural law is messy and chaotic, and the development of human models of it are, by definition, nonlinear because reality is always more complex than any model we can construct to explain it.
Introduction: A Classroom Where Everyone Belongs
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

Laura Ecken is introduced and the collaborative process is described in which Laura and I engaged to document the happenings in Laura’s classroom that eventually became the heart of this book. The chapter begins with a description of Laura’s efforts to win the trust of a very troubled and difficult student using Developmental Discipline, an approach to classroom management based on attachment theory. Laura’s school was engaged with the Child Development Project, a school change project that focused on children’s social and ethical as well as intellectual development. The chapter tells the story of Laura’s success with the student; her unhappiness with the school’s former controlling, assertive approach to classroom management and discipline; and her agreement to engage in a collaborative process to document her use of attachment theory to guide her approach to managing her classroom.
Building the Community
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

Laura used a variety of activities to help her students see themselves as part of a caring community from which they drew benefits and to which they had responsibilities. She engaged them in setting goals and norms for the classroom, provided lots of opportunities for shared experiences, and helped them build a shared history. She used class meetings to help them feel part of the whole class, and, together with her students, created special customs and experiences that helped define them as a group. Perhaps, most important, she encouraged her students to share in the responsibility for creating and maintaining their community, and she helped them do so.
Showing Students How to Compose a Life
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

Laura made her students’ lives in the classroom as positive as she could by creating a classroom community that met her students’ needs for autonomy, belonging, and competence. She helped them become aware that they were in the process of composing not only their current, but also their future, lives. Through the study of biographies and the opportunity to meet and interview successful members of their community, she provided models of possible future lives. She taught the academic, social, emotional, and moral understandings her students would need to compose happy, productive, and good lives. She nurtured in them the understanding that they are in control of their lives and that they have the capacity to compose successful lives, even in the face of hardship.
Laura’s Students One and Seven Years Later
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

In the third year, Laura took a leave through November to help settle her newly adopted child. Her students missed her and, when she returned, some seemed to have reverted to their original untrusting selves. Soon, their trust in Laura and in themselves was restored. Would that trust remain? Seven years later, I interviewed 9 of the 14 students still in the school district. All remembered Laura and the class fondly. Eight had detailed memories of their interactions with Laura, and the life skills and attitudes they learned in her class. Of the six students who were judged insecurely attached when they entered Laura’s class, four appeared successful and confident and two were currently failing most of their courses. Possible causes for the long-term success of some students and failure of others are discussed.
Plausible Legality
Authors: Sanders Rebecca
Published: August 2018

After 9/11, American officials authorized numerous contentious counterterrorism practices including torture, extraordinary rendition, indefinite detention, trial by military commission, targeted killing, and mass surveillance. While these policies sparked global outrage, the Bush administration defended them as legally legitimate. Government lawyers produced memoranda deeming enhanced interrogation techniques, denial of habeas corpus, drone strikes, and warrantless wiretapping lawful. Although it rejected torture, the Obama administration made similar claims and declined to prosecute abuses. This book seeks to understand how and why Americans repeatedly legally justified seemingly illegal security policies and what this tells us about the capacity of law to constrain state violence. It argues that legal cultures shape how political actors interpret, enact, and evade legal norms. In the global war on terror, a culture of legal rationalization encouraged authorities to seek legal cover—to construct the plausible legality of human rights violations—in order to ensure impunity for wrongdoing. In this context, law served as a permissive constraint, enabling abuses while imposing some limits on what could be plausibly legalized. Cultures of legal rationalization stand in contrast with other cultures prevalent in American history, including cultures of exception, which rely on logics of necessity and racial exclusion, and cultures of secrecy, which employ plausible deniability. Looking forward, legal norms remain vulnerable to manipulation and evasion. Despite the efforts of human rights advocates to encourage deeper compliance, the normalization of post-9/11 policy has created space for the Trump administration to promote a renewed culture of exception and launch bolder attacks on the rule of law.
The Politics of Plausible Legality
Authors: Sanders Rebecca
Published: August 2018

After 9/11, the Bush administration and, to a lesser degree, the Obama administration authorized controversial interrogation, detention, trial, lethal targeting, and surveillance practices. At the same time, American officials frequently invoked legal norms to justify these policies. This chapter introduces the book’s central questions: how can we make sense of these attempts to legalize human rights abuses and how does law influence state violence? As initially outlined in this chapter, the book argues that national security legal cultures shape how political actors interpret, enact, and evade legal rules. In the global war on terror, a culture of legal rationalization pushed American authorities to construct plausible legality, or legal cover for contentious counterterrorism policies. This culture contrasts with cultures of exception and cultures of secrecy, which have shaped American national security practice in the past, as well as a culture of human rights favored by many international law and human rights advocates.
Permissive Constraint
Authors: Sanders Rebecca
Published: August 2018

Can legal norms limit state violence? International relations and international law scholarship provide a variety of answers to this problem. Realist, decisionist, and critical theorists conceptualize law as permit, as a weak constraint on and tool of powerful states. In contrast, liberals and constructivists emphasize law’s capacity to constrain states for rationalist and normative reasons. This chapter examines whether these contending perspectives adequately account for how authorities navigate legal rules across legal cultures. It argues that legal cultures of exception and secrecy tend to operate in accordance with the assumptions of law as permit, while largely aspirational cultures of human rights fulfill a vision of law as constraint. In the United States’ contemporary culture of legal rationalization, law serves as a permissive constraint. Permissive legal interpretation has enabled American officials to establish legal cover for human rights abuses, while legal norms simultaneously delimit the plausibility of legal justification.
Deprivations of Life and Liberty
Authors: Sanders Rebecca
Published: August 2018

Post-9/11 American counterterrorism policy has strained legal prohibitions on arbitrary deprivations of life and liberty. This chapter surveys domestic and international legal norms governing killing and detention in peace and war and traces how Americans have justified breaking these rules over time. In cultures of exception, authorities invoked wartime necessity as well as explicitly racist logics to kill, deport, intern, and violate the due process rights of people deemed dangerous. During the Cold War, the United States secretly colluded with allied regimes to disappear dissidents. In the global war on terror, policymakers sought to legally rationalize immigration roundups, watch lists, indefinite imprisonment at Guantánamo Bay and elsewhere, military commissions, and targeted killing in reference to extant norms. Lawyers exploited loopholes and gaps in the law in order to claim that unlawful enemy combatants are subject to wartime detention, trial, and lethal targeting but do not enjoy the rights of lawful combatants.
Associates and Religious Institutes
Authors: Holland Jonathon , Johnson Mary , Wittberg Patricia
Published: August 2018

This chapter is based on two national surveys of associates and vowed religious that CARA conducted in 2015, replicating a 2000–2002 CARA study of the same population. Both studies were commissioned by the North American Conference of Associates and Religious (NACAR). The chapter focuses on the relationship between associates and vowed religious, what attracts and sustains associates in this relationship, and how both groups view the future of the associate relationship. Most associates are attracted to the spiritual life and mission of the institute, which is how associates build their relationship with vowed religious. To continue this relationship, associates are willing to assume more control for associate activities. Aging populations and attracting younger members are a challenge for both associates and religious. Both groups are struggling to ensure sustainable leadership for the future.
International Sisters and Priests in the United States
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter summarizes key findings from the 2016–2017 Trinity Washington University/CARA study of international sisters and the 2009-2012 Oblate School of Theology/CARA study of international priests living and ministering in the United States. The findings compare international sisters and priests according to their country of origin, age, age at time of immigration to the United States, and year of immigration. The chapter also explores their pathways to the United States, their purpose in coming to the United States, their level of education, their proficiency in English, and their current ministries. It concludes with a brief argument that Catholic sisters and priests who minister in a nation not theirs by birth serve a crucial function in the Church today, and that their presence in the wider immigrant population in the United States draws attention to the compelling issue of immigration reform.
Learnings for Vocation Directors
Authors: Gaunt Thomas P.
Published: August 2018

This chapter summarizes many of the key findings from the research and offers some reflection questions that can be of value to religious communities, vocation directors, and others interested in promoting vocations to religious life. Influences on consideration of a vocation in general include family faith and parish life; Catholic schools; and volunteer service. Influences on consideration of a particular religious institute include personal witness and visibility of religious; community life; and cross-generational and cross-cultural commonalities. We can look at these influences in two ways: those that encourage and sustain the discernment of a vocation to consecrated life and/or priesthood in general, and those that invite and inspire women and men to pursue a vocation in a specific religious institute.
Why was Runoff Superior? Theory and Cross-National Evidence
Authors: McClintock Cynthia
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes plurality advocates’ arguments against runoff and reports the cross-national evidence for and against them. Plurality advocates’ concerns about outsiders and voter fatigue were not borne out. However, runoff advocates’ concerns about legitimacy deficits and ideological extremes under plurality were warranted. The chapter also confirms that runoff lowered barriers to entry—especially important in the Latin American context of inaccurate pre-election opinion polls. Although the entry of new parties was a factor in the larger number of parties and paucity of legislative majorities under runoff, it was also helpful due to the authoritarian proclivities of many long-standing Latin American parties and the need, after the Cold War, to incorporate the left into the political arena.
Runoff
Authors: McClintock Cynthia
Published: August 2018

Is there a “sweet spot” between openness to new parties and a plethora of parties that can be achieved through a reduced threshold for election to the presidency? Specifically, through a threshold between 40% and 50%? Unfortunately, although the evidence is not definitive, the answer appears to be: usually, no. Raising barriers to entry, a reduced threshold is disadvantageous if a cartel party or a party with an authoritarian past is strong, as in Argentina between 1983 and the present. Also, although in principle a reduced threshold raises barriers to entry, in practice—as in Ecuador between 2002 and 2006—it may not; the reasons for a larger or smaller number of parties are manifold. Further, a reduced threshold is risky. Although it voids runoffs that would have been unnecessary, it also voids runoffs that would have added presidential legitimacy.
Introducing the Argument
Authors: du Toit Fanie
Published: August 2018

The introduction provides an overall summary of the book’s argument as well as an answer to the question, So what? The goal of this argument, ultimately, is to develop a consistent yet flexible theoretical approach to political reconciliation rooted in the central idea of a pervasive, unavoidable interdependence between groups in conflict. It seeks to provide a roadmap through the three different sections of the book, which build on one another: one largely historical, one largely theoretical, and one largely programmatic. But the analysis that runs through these sections and binds them together is driven by three questions: how do reconciliations begin, how do they gain momentum, and how do they change society? The introduction explains this structure, which is important to keep in mind as a roadmap throughout the book. The introduction also develops a concept of transitional justice that operates in the background throughout the discussion of reconciliation.
Unsurpassed
Authors: Norpoth Helmut
Published: August 2018

Franklin Roosevelt’s popular appeal is traced to his actions as commander-in-chief, a shorthand for his handling of foreign policy. Norpoth has mined a treasure trove of polls conducted during the 1930’s and 1940’s that probed public opinion about Franklin Roosevelt, foreign and domestic politics, along with party loyalties and electoral choices. FDR won re-election to an unprecedented third term—and then a fourth—because of wartime conditions that highlighted his role as commander-in-chief. FDR’s fabled fireside chats about foreign perils paid off as the American people, in a historic opinion swing, abandoned isolationism and embraced FDR’s policies of aiding France and England in the war with Germany. When it came to his proposals for a massive buildup of the armed forces, the commander in chief was able to count on broad popular support. Those outlays also happened to accomplish what the New Deal had failed to do: vanquish the Depression. FDR’s foreign policy actions in 1940–1941 elevated him to a rare height of popularity. This happened months before the Pearl Harbor attack, which triggered a brief rally. Unlike the experience of nearly all of his successors, FDR’s approval remained unscathed by war and, in particular, the heavy human toll. And finally, it is as a popular commander-in-chief that FDR left behind a G.I generation of loyal Democrats in postwar America, giving that party a commanding role in American politics for decades to come.
Making America Safe for Democrats
Authors: Norpoth Helmut
Published: August 2018

With Franklin Roosevelt in the White House, the Democratic Party gained a firm grip on the American electorate. This finding is based on an examination of close to 200 polls that probed party identifications, beginning in 1937; all but a few were conducted by the Gallup Organization, albeit without any resonance in the press or the halls of academe. In a manner of speaking, FDR made America safe for Democrats. At the same time, according to polls conducted in real time, key groups of the fabled New Deal coalition were less conspicuous than has been widely believed. In the big cities, in the working class, in union households, and among Jewish as well as black Americans, Republicans and Independents combined outnumbered Democrats. Other than among Americans on relief, the Democratic Party enjoyed overwhelming support in only two sizeable groups in real-time polls in the Roosevelt era. They happened to be the same groups that Democrats had been counting on long before the New Deal and the Depression: the white South and Catholics.
Changing Conditions and Conflicts with Values
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on two kinds of situations that go beyond discerning original meaning. One is when significant circumstances have changed since a legal standard was formulated; the other concerns certain basic conflicts or tensions between articulated standards and basic values, such as fairness between contracting parties and, more generally, fundamental concepts of justice and social welfare. Although changes in ordinary conditions can make the application of a standard much less fair than it was when originally formulated, much more troublesome for some statutes and many constitutional provisions are basic changes in social values. These can be perceived in terms of general cultural norms or what judges understand as a correct evaluation. For example, at the time of the Bill of Rights, capital punishment was an authorized penalty for all sorts of crimes. It is now viewed as constitutionally foreclosed except for very serious crimes and for especially threatening offenses.
Populism, Democracy, and Resistance
Authors: Roberts Kenneth M.
Published: August 2018

Although Donald Trump’s brand of exclusionary right-wing populism finds parallels in Europe and other parts of the world, his presidential election was a singular triumph for this type of populism in a major Western democracy. Societal resistance to Trump’s presidency is heavily conditioned by the grafting of his populist leadership onto the ideological agenda of a Republican Party transformed by the steady infusion of right-wing movement currents into its ranks. In a context of acute partisan polarization and increasingly flagrant transgressions of basic democratic norms and practices, this Resistance is necessarily a multilayered process—that is, it combines mobilization around policy issues with varied forms of “metaresistance” aimed at safeguarding democratic checks and balances.
Indivisible
Authors: Brooker Megan E.
Published: August 2018

In the wake of Donald Trump’s election to the presidency, a group of former Democratic Congressional staffers set out to organize and educate the grassroots opposition to the new administration. Indivisible began with an online guide providing an action plan of how to influence Congress. Subsequent efforts focused on ways to influence policy through conventional political channels, by stalling or defeating the Trump administration’s agenda using local, grassroots protest and advocacy tactics. Self-consciously strategic, Indivisible explicitly described its strategy as inspired by the success of the Tea Party. Like the Tea Party, Indivisible’s organizational model encouraged supporters to target members of Congress by attending town halls, making phone calls, and visiting their offices. This chapter explores how political circumstances shape the avenues of influence available to challengers and the means of contention in which they engage at any given time.
Afterword
Authors: Hacker Jacob S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers how the Resistance to President Donald J. Trump and the current Republican majorities in the US House and Senate has coalesced over the last year and what the prospects are that it will bring about fundamental political change, including a major electoral reversal in 2018 and 2020. To do so, it places the Resistance in the context of three recent dramatic changes in American politics: the intense, ongoing, and asymmetric polarization of the two major parties; the reorientation of American politics around issues of race and immigration; and the declining responsiveness of political elites to the views of the nonaffluent in an age of skyrocketing inequality. The Resistance is a reflection of these powerful tides, but it is also swimming against them. The question is whether it will be able to turn back these tides, which ultimately threaten our democracy itself.
A House Divided Now on Fire
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: August 2018

The violence against black people in the United States, as witnessed particularly in the shootings of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and of John Crawford III in Ohio, indicates the anxiety over the changing social order from white patriarchal to a more diversified locus of power. Therefore, it conducts a discourse analysis of texts, such as the Blue Lives Matter website, that reactively and defensively support the law enforcement community and refute the Black Lives Matter narrative. The discourse analysis reveals a level of anxiety that allows those within the police community to scapegoat the Black Lives Matter movement, further revealing the need of this particular community to maintain hegemonic race relations: thereby failing to recognize the vulnerability of black people in the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: August 2018

This conclusion revisits the notions of harm, vulnerability, and creatureliness to think about creative ways to resolve anxiety and heal the harmful dynamics that currently exist in America. Reflecting on songs and poetry, it asks the powerful to recognize how easily possession of power subordinates the vulnerable and marginalized. In our creatureliness, we are vulnerable and fear harm—this compounds our anxiety. We have a choice in how we respond to our anxiety—we can either be destructive or we can be creative by looking for ways that we can flourish alongside an Other’s flourishing. Creativity in this way is deeply relational, wanting the best for the Other, of recognizing that we are all in community together—whether this is community in the everyday sense of neighbors and relatives or community in the larger international spectrum.
Principal Booksellers and Publishing Outlets
Authors: Rivers Isabel
Published: August 2018

This chapter covers the publishing history of some of the main authors discussed in the book, the Congregationalists Isaac Watts, Philip Doddridge, and Elizabeth Rowe, the Methodists John Wesley and George Whitefield, and the Church of England evangelicals James Hervey, John Newton, and William Cowper; the publications of the major London dissenting booksellers, Edward and Charles Dilly, and Joseph Johnson; the printers and sellers for the smaller denominations, the Quakers and the Moravians; and some important provincial printers and sellers of religious books, Joshua Eddowes, Samuel Hazard, Thomas and Mary Luckman, Robert Spence, William Phorson, and John Fawcett.
Roman Catholic Influences
Authors: Rivers Isabel
Published: August 2018

Methodists and Quakers had a particular interest in pre- and post-Reformation continental Catholic writers of a mystical, spiritual, or quietist tendency, including Thomas à Kempis, Madame Guyon, Fénelon, Antoinette Bourignon, de Molinos, and the lives of Armelle Nicolas, M. de Renty, and Gregory Lopez. This chapter indicates the ways in which knowledge of these Catholic models was disseminated by Pierre Poiret, William Law, John Wesley, and the Quakers Josiah Martin and James and John Gough, among others, and analyses the carefully abridged editions of Catholic works designed for Methodist and Quaker readers. Both Wesley and the Quakers were careful to separate the Catholic writers’ approved emphasis on inward religion and perfection from dangerous Catholic practices, and Wesley warned Methodists against quietism.
Non-Propositional Intentionality
Authors: Grzankowski Alex , Montague Michelle
Published: August 2018

The editors provide a brief introduction to the landscape of the debate in order to set up the issues and to display the interrelations amongst the contributions. First, some history is provided as well as some examples of the typical focus on propositionalism in much of the present literature. Second, a closer look is given to what exactly the propositionalist thesis might be. Third, motivations for propositionalism are discussed. Fourth, ways of and reasons for departing from propositionalism are offered. With the hope of showing how the various contributions connect to these four points as well as to each other, the chapter is guided by brief overviews of the contributions that will follow.
Intensional Transitive Verbs and Abstract Clausal Complementation
Authors: Dikken Marcel den , Larson Richard , Ludlow Peter
Published: August 2018

There is a correlation between intensionality and syntax: intensionality manifests itself with all clausal complement constructions. For example, “Max imagined that Boris was approaching”. Although pervasive, there are apparent counterexamples. Sentences featuring intensional transitive verbs such as “Max wanted Boris” and “John imagined a unicorn”, exhibit intensionality effects but do not appear to have clausal complements. This chapter defends a view of intensional transitive constructions which is intuitive and quite familiar, but one which has also been widely discounted. Specifically, the defense is of the proposal deriving from Quine and Montague that despite surface appearances, intensional transitive constructions are not transitives at all, but rather clausal complement constructions containing concealed material.
Psychoanalysis and the Existentialist Mind
Authors: Webber Jonathan
Published: August 2018

This chapter argues that existentialism is not fundamentally antagonistic to Freudian psychoanalysis, as is often claimed, but rather aims to provide better articulations and explanations of the phenomena that Freud identified than Freud himself achieved. It distinguishes two forms of existentialist psychoanalysis, grounded in the two distinct existentialist theories of human being and psychological functioning identified in previous chapters: a Beauvoirian form based on project sedimentation and a Sartrean form based on radical freedom. It argues that both forms make a more radical break with the Cartesian conceptualization of the mind than Freud achieved, but that the Sartrean form still retains a vestige of Cartesianism that the Beauvoirian form eliminates.
From Absurdity to Authenticity
Authors: Webber Jonathan
Published: August 2018

This chapter elucidates the existentialist problem of absurdity and analyses the eudaimonist responses offered by Fanon and Sartre. The core claim of existentialism that the reasons we encounter reflect our values, which we can choose to revise or replace, seems to entail that there can be no ultimate reason to prefer one set of values over another. Yet existentialism is the ethical theory that we ought to treat the freedom at the core of human existence as intrinsically valuable and the foundation of all other value. Eudaimonist arguments for authenticity hold it to be essential for avoiding anxiety, despair, and interpersonal conflict. But they can establish at best that we should recognize human freedom, not that we should respect or promote it. And they cannot provide overriding reasons for this recognition, only reasons that might be outweighed by other reasons grounded in the agent’s values.
On Covert Exercitives
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate
Published: August 2018

It is familiar from speech act theory how saying so can make it so. When the C.E.O. declares that no more overtime will be approved, for example, the C.E.O. thereby enacts a new company policy; her words effect an immediate change to the norms and policies operative in that company. Clearly, speech can enact facts about what is permissible and the familiar way for speech to do this is via an exercise of speaker authority. In this essay, though, I argue for a different way that speech enacts permissibility facts. Starting in the kinematics (i.e. the mechanics) of conversation, I first argue that conversational contributions routinely enact norms for the very conversation to which they contribute. I then argue that this phenomenon generalizes in a way that illuminates the crucial role of speech in enacting and perpetuating social hierarchy.
Changing Notions of Linguistic Competence in the History of Formal Semantics
Authors: Partee Barbara H.
Published: August 2018

In the history of formal semantics, the successful joining of linguistic and philosophical work brought with it some difficult foundational questions concerning the nature of meaning and the nature of knowledge of language in the domain of semantics: questions in part about “what’s in the head” of a competent language-user. This chapter, part of a project on the history of formal semantics, revisits the central issues of Partee (1979) in a historical context, as a clash between two traditions, Fregean and Chomskyan, a clash that accompanied early work combining Montague’s semantics with Chomskyan syntax. Recent advances in philosophy of mind (from, e.g., Stalnaker and Burge) go a long way towards changing the framework of arguments about “psychological reality” and “competence”, challenging the suppositions on which the original dichotomy rested, thus largely defusing the tension.