bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective cleavage of ErbB4 by G‐protein‐coupled Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Receptor in Cultured Hypothalamic Neurons
Authors: Higa‐Nakamine Sayomi , Maeda Noriko , Toku Seikichi , Yamamoto Tomoko , Yingyuenyong Matee , Kawahara Masahiro , Yamamoto Hideyuki
Published: August 2011

Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted from hypothalamic neurons (GnRH neurons). GnRH neurons have a GnRH receptor belonging to the G‐protein‐coupled receptors. The stimulation of this receptor activates extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). In the present study, we found that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB4 were expressed in immortalized GnRH neurons (GT1‐7 cells). AG1478, a relatively specific inhibitor of the ErbB family, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) for ErbB4 inhibited the GnRH‐induced activation of ERK in GT1‐7 cells, suggesting that EGFR and ErbB4 were necessary for the activation. In addition, GnRH induced the cleavage of ErbB4 and accumulation of an 80‐kDa fragment. After treatment of the cells with 50 nM GnRH for 5 min, about 80% of ErbB4 was cleaved. Biotinylation of cell surface proteins revealed that more than 70% of the cell surface ErbB4 was cleaved by GnRH treatment. A higher concentration and longer treatment were necessary for GnRH to induce ErbB4 cleavage than ERK activation. TAPI‐2, an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor‐α‐converting enzyme (TACE), and siRNA for TACE inhibited the cleavage of ErbB4, suggesting that TACE was involved. After ErbB4 cleavage, the activation of ERK by neuregulin 1 was almost completely inhibited. These results suggest that the down‐regulation of ErbB4 expression is induced by G‐protein‐coupled receptor stimulation. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2492–2501, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CCN3 increases BMP‐4 expression and bone mineralization in osteoblasts
Authors: Tan Tzu‐Wei , Huang Yuan‐Lin , Chang Jung‐Tzu , Lin Jen‐Jyh , Fong Yi‐Chin , Kuo Chien‐Chung , Tsai Chun‐Hao , Chen Yen‐Jen , Hsu Horng‐Chaung , Cho Der‐Yang , Chen Yi‐Hung , Tang Chih‐Hsin
Published: August 2011

The nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV) gene, also called CCN3, regulates differentiation of skeletal mesenchymal cells. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play important roles in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, but the effects of CCN3 on BMP expression and bone formation in cultured osteoblasts are largely unknown. Here we found that CCN3 increased BMP‐4 expression and bone nodule formation in cultured osteoblast. Monoclonal antibodies for α5β1 and αvβ5 integrins, and inhibitors of integrin‐linked kinase (ILK), p38, and JNK, all inhibited CCN3‐induced bone nodule formation and BMP‐4 up‐regulation of osteoblasts. CCN3 stimulation increased the kinase activity of ILK and phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Inhibitors of activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) also suppressed bone nodule formation and BMP‐4 expression enhanced by CCN3. Moreover, CCN3‐induced c‐Jun translocation into the nucleus, and the binding of c‐Jun to the AP‐1 element on the BMP‐4 promoter were both inhibited by specific inhibitors of the ILK, p38, and JNK cascades. Taken together, our results provide evidence that CCN3 enhances BMP‐4 expression and bone nodule formation in osteoblasts, and that the integrin receptor, ILK, p38, JNK, and AP‐1 signaling pathways may be involved. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2531–2541, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MC1R expression in HaCaT keratinocytes inhibits UVA‐induced ROS production via NADPH Oxidase‐ and cAMP‐dependent mechanisms
Authors: Henri Pauline , Beaumel Sylvain , Guezennec Anne , Poumès Carine , Stoebner Pierre‐Emmanuel , Stasia Marie‐José , Guesnet Joëlle , Martinez Jean , Meunier Laurent
Published: August 2011

Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiations are responsible for deleterious effects, mainly due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) binds to melanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R) in melanocytes to stimulate pigmentation and modulate cutaneous inflammatory responses. MC1R may be induced in keratinocytes after UV exposure. To investigate the effect of MC1R signaling on UVA‐induced ROS (UVA‐ROS) production, we generated HaCaT cells that stably express human MC1R (HaCaT‐MC1R) or the Arg151Cys (R151C) non‐functional variant (HaCaT‐R151C). We then assessed ROS production immediately after UVA exposure and found that: (1) UVA‐ROS production was strongly reduced in HaCaT‐MC1R but not in HaCaT‐R151C cells compared to parental HaCaT cells; (2) this inhibitory effect was further amplified by incubation of HaCaT‐MC1R cells with α‐MSH before UVA exposure; (3) protein kinase A (PKA)‐dependent NoxA1 phosphorylation was increased in HaCaT‐MC1R compared to HaCaT and HaCaT‐R151C cells. Inhibition of PKA in HaCaT‐MC1R cells resulted in a marked increase of ROS production after UVA irradiation; (4) the ability of HaCaT‐MC1R cells to produce UVA‐ROS was restored by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) activity before UVA exposure. Our findings suggest that constitutive activity of MC1R in keratinocytes may reduce UVA‐induced oxidative stress via EGFR and cAMP‐dependent mechanisms. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2578–2585, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of 2‐(sulfamoylphenyl)‐4′‐(iminoaryl/hetroaryl)‐4‐(4′′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐thiazoles and their O‐glucosides
Authors: Taile V. S. , Hatzade K. M. , Ingle V. N.
Published: August 2011

In continuation of our work, we synthesized 2‐(sulfamoylphenyl)‐4′‐amino‐4‐(4″‐hydroxyphenyl)‐thiazole (3a), which were reacted with various (aryl/hetroaryl) aldehyde to form 2‐(sulfamoylphenyl)‐4′‐(iminoaryl/hetroaryl)‐4‐(4″‐hydroxyphenyl)‐thiazoles (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f). Glucosylation of compounds (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f) have been done by using acetobromoglucose as a glucosyl donor to afford 2‐(sulfamoylphenyl)‐4′‐(iminoaryl/hetroaryl)‐4‐(2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐4″‐O‐β‐D‐glucosidoxyphenyl)‐thiazoles (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f), further on deacetylation to produce 2‐(sulfamoylphenyl)‐4′‐(iminoaryl/hetroaryl)‐4‐(4″‐O‐β‐D‐glucosidoxyphenyl)‐thiazoles (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f). The compounds are confirmed by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and ES‐Mass spectral analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Design and synthesis of new derivatives of 3H‐quinazolin‐4‐one as potential anticonvulsant agents
Authors: Kabra Uma , Chopde Chandrabhan , Wadodkar Sudhir
Published: August 2011

As a part of systematic investigation on synthesis and biological activities, some new derivatives of 2‐ethyl‐3‐(substituted benzothiazole‐2′‐yl)–[3H]‐quinazolin‐4‐ones 3 have been synthesized, and the structures of the compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral data. The newly synthesized derivatives are then screened for anticonvulsant activity by maximal electroshock method. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Efficient microwave‐assisted synthesis and antioxidant activity of 4‐arylidene‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐5(4H)‐ones
Authors: Shi Feng , Zeng Xiao‐Ning , Wu Fei‐Yue , Yan Shu , Zheng Wei‐Fa , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: August 2011

The efficient synthesis of 4‐arylidene‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐5(4H)‐ones was achieved via microwave‐assisted reactions of 4‐arylmethylene‐2‐phenyloxazol‐5(4H)‐ones with urea in glycol. This approach provides a facile shortcut for the synthesis of this type of compounds with short reaction time, high yields, broad substrate scope and easy operation. Besides, the synthesized compounds were subject to the test of antioxidant activity, which is represented by their capacities for scavenging 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radicals. Bioassay of these compounds resulted in the finding of several 4‐arylidene‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐5(4H)‐ones with significant antioxidant activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Rainforest litter quality and chemical controls on leaf decomposition with near‐infrared spectrometry
Authors: Parsons Scott A. , Lawler Ivan R. , Congdon Robert A. , Williams Stephen E.
Published: August 2011

Plant‐litter chemical quality is an important driver of many ecosystem processes, however, what actually constitutes high‐ or low‐quality litter (chemical potential for fast and slow decomposition, respectively) is often interpreted by the indices available. Here, near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to explore leaf‐litter chemical quality and the controls on decomposition in the tropical rainforest region of north Queensland Australia. Leaf‐litter samples from litterfall collections and litterbag studies were used. NIRS was used to calibrate the chemical compositions of the material (N, P, C, Mg, Ca, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, α‐cellulose, and total phenolics) from a smaller sample set covering the spectral range in the full set of samples. Calibrations were compared for both separate (local) and combined models, for litterbags, and litterfall. Coefficients of determination (r2) in the local models ranged from 0.88 (litterbag Mg) to 0.99 (litterfall N), with residual prediction deviation ratios > 3 for all constituents except Mg (≈ 2.5). Mass loss in the litterbags was strongly related to the NIR spectra, with model r2's of 0.75 (in situ leaves) and 0.76 (common control leaf). In situ decomposability was determined from modeling the initial NIR spectra prior to decomposition with litterbag exponential‐decay rates (model r2 of 0.81, n = 85 initial samples). A best subset model including litter‐quality, climate, and soil variables predicted decay better than the NIR decomposability model (r2 = 0.87). For litter quality alone the NIR model predicted decay rate better than all of the best predictive litter–chemical quality indices. The decomposability model was used to predict in situ decomposability in the litterfall samples. The chemical variables explaining NIR decomposability for litterfall were initial P, C, and phenolics (linear model r2 = 0.80, n = 2471). NIRS is a holistic technique that is just as, if not more accurate, than litter–chemical quality indices, when predicting decomposition and decomposability, shown here in a regional field study.
Timing of the younger dryas glacial maximum in western Norway
Authors: Lohne Øystein S. , Mangerud Jan , Svendsen John Inge
Published: August 2011

This study precisely constrains the timing of the Younger Dryas (YD) glacial maximum in south‐western Norway by utilizing sediment records from lake basins. Two of the basins, located on the distal side of the mapped Herdla–Halsnøy Moraine, received meltwater directly from the ice sheet only when the ice margin reached its maximum extent during the YD. In the cores, the ice maximum is represented by well‐defined units with meltwater deposits, dominantly laminated silt. Plant macrofossils in the sediment sequences are common and we obtained 18 radiocarbon ages from one of the cores. By applying Bayesian age–depth modelling we obtained a precise date for this meltwater event and thereby also for the timing of the YD glacial maximum. We conclude that the ice‐sheet advance culminated at the Halsnøy Moraine at 11 760 ± 120 cal a BP, and that the ice margin stayed in this position for 170 ± 120 years. The subsequent retreat started at 11 590 ± 100 cal a BP, i.e. close to the YD/Holocene boundary. Withdrawal was probably triggered by abrupt climatic warming at this time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutation classes of diagrams via infinite graphs
Authors: Henrich Thilo
Published: August 2011

We give a complete description of the cluster‐mutation classes of diagrams of Dynkin types \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathbb {A},\mathbb {B},\mathbb {D}$\end{document} and of affine Dynkin types \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathbb {B}^{(1)},\mathbb {C}^{(1)},\mathbb {D}^{(1)}$\end{document} via certain families of diagrams.
Application of the Low Frequency Raman Spectroscopy for Studying Ultra‐High Molecular Weight Polyethylenes
Authors: Pakhomov Pavel , Khizhnyak Svetlana , Galitsyn Vladimir , Rogova Ekaterina , Hartmann Brigitta , Tshmel Alexandre
Published: August 2011

In the frequency range below ∼150 cm−1, the longitudinal acoustic modes (LAM) localized along straight chain segments (SCS) of macromolecules emerge in the Raman spectra of linear semicrystalline polymers. The LAM frequency is inversely proportional to the SCS length; therefore, the LAM band contour reflects the SCS length distribution in a sample. The opportunities given one by the low‐frequency Raman spectroscopy for studying the ordered structures in polyethylene are demonstrated and discussed. The illustrating material consists of both previously published and original data on nucleation and transformation of the ensemble of SCS in powder‐like, gelled, and drawn ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene.
A wideband loop‐like monopole antenna with circular polarization
Authors: Wang Chien‐Jen
Published: August 2011

A new design of broadband monopole antenna with circular polarization (CP) is shown.The broadband characteristics are achieved using a microstrip‐fed rectangular dual‐loop monopole configuration and an asymmetrical feeding structure. The improvement of CP for the antenna is obtained mainly by the separation between the monopole antenna and the ground plane. The measured result of the impedance‐bandwidth is about 3.66 GHz from 0.98 to 4.64 GHz; the 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth is about 180 MHz at the lower band (1.5 GHz). The antenna is extremely low cost and does not require any truncation corner, reflector surface, or via connections, all of which increase the fabrication cost. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2556–2560, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26353
Novel Polymeric Surfadditives Synthesized via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Their Surface Migration Properties
Authors: Gu Hongyan , Zhang Junwei , Faucher Santiago , Zhu Shiping
Published: August 2011

Multi‐functional tri‐block copolymers having fluorinated and triethoxysilane side chains and polyacrylate backbone have been synthesized and used as surface‐active additives (termed as “surfadditive”) in molding and casting acrylic parts. The fluorinated block facilitates migration of surfadditive molecules to the part surface and the acrylate block provides rooting to the part matrix, while the silane block offers functionality to the part surface. This uniquely designed surfadditive allows surface functionalization and modification without post‐processing steps. This work reports the design and synthesis of surfadditives and demonstrates their surface enrichment in molding and cell casting of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) samples. The effects of processing temperature, surfadditive structure and concentration, as well as mold surface property on the surface modification are systematically investigated.

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14.1 T whole body MRI for detection of mesoangioblast stem cells in a murine model of duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Odintsov Boris , Chun Ju Lan , Mulligan James A. , Berry Suzanne E.
Published: August 2011

Noninvasive imaging procedures will be important for stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophy (MD). Mesoangioblasts regenerate muscle in animal models of muscular dystrophy. In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were used to visualize mesoangioblasts in vivo with MRI. Mesoangioblasts incorporated superparamagnetic iron oxide without transfection reagents, and cell differentiation was not negatively impacted. A custom‐built radiofrequency coil with an adjustable field of view and 14.1 T magnet were used for whole‐body MRI of mice. High‐resolution images of mesoangioblasts in skeletal and cardiac muscle of Mdx mice were obtained following local delivery. Labeled cells were verified by Prussian blue staining and dystrophin expression, indicating that the wild‐type mesoangioblasts survived and differentiated in muscle. Iron‐labeled cells were detected with MRI in vivo 6 months following intracardiac injection but were determined to be activated macrophages. Iron‐labeled cells were not detected by MRI following systemic delivery but were present in skeletal and cardiac muscle, visualized by Prussian blue staining. Systemically delivered mesoangioblasts were detected in lungs by Prussian blue staining and DiI but not by MRI in our study. MRI may be useful for short‐term tracking of mesoangioblasts delivered locally but not for long‐term monitoring or detection after systemic delivery. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping of 3He apparent diffusion coefficient anisotropy at sub‐millisecond diffusion times in an elastase‐instilled rat model of emphysema
Authors: Xu Xiaojun , Boudreau Mathieu , Ouriadov Alexei , Santyr Giles E.
Published: August 2011

Hyperpolarized 3He gas can provide detailed anatomical maps of the macroscopic airways in the lungs (i.e., ventilation) as well as insight into the lung microstructure through the apparent diffusion coefficient. In particular, the apparent diffusion coefficient of 3He in the lung exhibits anisotropic effects that depend on diffusion time (δ), and it has been shown to be extraordinarily sensitive to enlargement in terminal airways and alveoli associated with emphysema. In this study, the anisotropic nature of the 3He apparent diffusion coefficient is studied in a rat model of emphysema, based on elastase instillation, specifically for δ values less than one millisecond. Longitudinal (DL) and transverse (DT) diffusion coefficients were mapped at δ = 360 μs and δ = 800 μs based on a cylinder model of lung structure and correlated with histological measurement of alveolar damage based on mean linear intercept (Lm). Whole‐lung mean DT measured at δ = 360 μs in the elastase‐instilled rat lungs (0.14 ± 0.09 cm2/s) demonstrated the most significant increase (p = 0.00195) compared to the sham‐instilled cohort (0.06 ± 0.06 cm2/s) and had a strong linear correlation with Lm (Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.9). These results suggest that measurement of 3He apparent diffusion coefficient anisotropy, specifically DT, can provide a sensitive indicator of emphysema, particularly at very short diffusion times (δ = 360 μs). Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
THE TYPOLOGY OF FISCAL DECENTRALISATION SYSTEM: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS APPROACH
Authors: Liu Louis Chih‐hung
Published: August 2011

The article suggests a novel theoretical framework for empirical measurement of fiscal decentralisation by taking the viewpoint that fiscal decentralisation should be regarded as a system. Then, we review in detail several institutional arrangements regarding fiscally decentralised systems including the following: federal versus unitary state, numbers of tiers of governments, taxing power, borrowing power and independence of local officials. After identifying these institutional arrangements, we can group different countries with similar institutionally fiscal decentralisation systems together in broad categories by using cluster analysis. This analysis reveals a typology of fiscally decentralised systems (FDS): high expenditure/revenue assignment FDS, low expenditure/revenue assignment FDS, revenue transfer FDS, most complete FDS, politically centralised FDS and unitary state FDS. We then employ regression analysis to examine the performance for each type of fiscal decentralisation system. Our empirical findings suggest that most complete FDS is positively associated with selective economic performance as well as various public governance indicators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of breast cancer treatment on the hormonal and cognitive consequences of acute stress
Authors: Andreano Joseph M. , Waisman James , Donley Lisa , Cahill Larry
Published: August 2011

Background: Cognitive difficulties following treatment for breast cancer are frequently reported. Breast cancer treatments also disrupt the function of ovarian and glucocorticoid hormone systems, both of which can affect cognition. Methods: To assess the influence of glucocorticoid and ovarian disruption on cognitive dysfunction, survivors of breast cancer treated with the GnRH agonist Lupron were compared with healthy controls on their glucocorticoid response to a physiological stressor, and their performance on various measures of cognition including working memory, verbal paired associate memory, and narrative recall. Results: The results indicated no significant glucocorticoid response to the stressor in Lupron‐treated survivors, while the controls showed significantly elevated cortisol levels. Cognitive testing showed a general impairment of narrative recall in breast cancer survivors relative to controls, irrespective of stress treatment. When tested on an emotional narrative, controls exposed to post‐training stress showed a significant enhancement of emotional recall and a significant relationship between cortisol release and subsequent memory. In contrast, post‐training stress produced no cognitive enhancement in survivors, and memory performance in this group showed no relationship to cortisol levels. Conclusions: These results suggest that a disruption of the enhancement of memory by stress may contribute to cognitive difficulties following breast cancer treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The challenge to implement and maintain an effective PSM program
Authors: Hanchey Ken , Thompson James R.
Published: August 2011

While developing responses to help a client respond to occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) citations, we discovered that little or nothing has changed in 14 years at many facilities. OSHA is still finding the same gaps today. Chemical plants generally know how to complete a process hazard analysis (PHA), management of change (MOC), an incident investigation, etc. What is incomplete are the work processes to ensure continuity and completion.

It is imperative that you have a functional process safety management (PSM) program. For example, OSHA states that the best defense against a National Emphasis Program (NEP) inspection is a strong PSM program. Failures can result in citations and incidents, which can lead to repeat or egregious citations, financial losses, public disgrace, and fatalities. Once your company has been cited for minor offenses, it becomes a target for repeat inspections.

The teachings of this article will reduce failures by designing, implementing, and using complete work processes for PSM‐related activities. Many failures can be addressed by (1) improving the documentation of what you already do, (2) promptly resolving PSM‐related recommendations of all types, and (3) dealing with the challenge of keeping track of the ever‐changing recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices (RAGAGEP) that apply to many aspects of your PSM program. In addition, management support/involvement and systems that follow‐up to ensure all work activities are complete and adequately documented are essential. Instituting complete work processes will improve your PSM program, improve your efficiency, and reduce the chance of citations. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Targeted observations of a polar low in the Norwegian Sea
Authors: Irvine E. A. , Gray S. L. , Methven J.
Published: August 2011

A developing polar low is targeted with dropsonde observations to improve the forecast of its landfall. Accurately forecasting a polar low's strength and location remains a challenge; polar lows form over the ocean in poorly observed regions, therefore initial condition errors may contribute significantly to forecast error. The targeted polar low formed in the Norwegian Sea on 3 March 2008, during the Norwegian IPY‐THORPEX field campaign. Two flights, six hours apart, released dense networks of dropsondes into a sensitive region covering the polar low and Arctic front to its west. The impact of the targeted observations is assessed using the limited‐area Met Office Unified Model and three‐dimensional variational (3D‐Var) data assimilation scheme. Forecasts were verified using ECMWF analysis data, which show good agreement with both dropsonde data from a flight through the mature polar low, and 10 m QuikSCAT winds. The impact of the targeted data moved southwards with the polar low as it developed and then hit the Norwegian coast after 24 hours. The results show that the forecast of the polar low is sensitive to the initial conditions; targeted observations from the first flight did not improve the forecast, but those from the second flight clearly improved the forecast polar low position and intensity. However, caution should be applied to attributing the forecast improvement to the assimilation of the targeted observations from a single case‐study, especially in this case as the forecast improvement is moderate relative to the spread from an operational ensemble forecast. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Components Separation Technique Combined with a Double‐Mesh Repair for Large Midline Incisional Hernia Repair
Authors: Bröker Mirelle , Verdaasdonk Emiel , Karsten Tom
Published: August 2011

Background

The surgical treatment of large midline incisional hernias remains a challenge. The aim of this report is to present the results of a new technique for large midline incisional hernia repair which combines the components‐separation technique with a double‐prosthetic‐mesh repair.

Methods

The records of all consecutive patients who received a double‐mesh combined with the components‐separation technique for ventral hernia repair were reviewed. The clinical, surgical, and follow‐up data were analyzed.

Results

Nine patients [3 women, 6 men; median age = 62 years (range = 26–77)] were included in the study. Median transverse defect size was 20 cm (range = 15–25). The median duration of hospital stay was 8 days (range = 5–17). Postoperative complications occurred in 66% (6/9). Follow‐up [median = 13 months (range = 3–49)] showed no recurrent hernias, but one patient had a small hernia after a relaparotomy for colon carcinoma recurrence. The overall occurrence of wound infections was 44% (4/9). There was no mortality.

Conclusion

The components‐separation technique in combination with a double‐mesh has shown a low recurrence rate in the short‐term follow‐up. However, there is a considerable occurrence of postoperative wound infections. Long‐term results of the hernia recurrence rate have to be awaited.
Expanding measures
Authors: Pinheiro Vilton
Published: August 2011

We prove that any

C^{1 + \alpha }

transformation, possibly with a (non-flat) critical or singular region, admits an invariant probability measure absolutely continuous with respect to any expanding measure whose Jacobian satisfies a mild distortion condition. This is an extension to arbitrary dimension of a famous theorem of Keller (1990) [33] for maps of the interval with negative Schwarzian derivative.

Given a non-uniformly expanding set, we also show how to construct a Markov structure such that any invariant measure defined on this set can be lifted. We used these structure to study decay of correlations and others statistical properties for general expanding measures.
Anemia of Renal Disease
Authors: Chalhoub Serge , Langston Cathy , Eatroff Adam
Published: August 2011

Patient group It is estimated that 15–30% of geriatric cats will develop chronic kidney disease (CKD), and that 30–65% of these cats will develop anemia as their renal disease worsens. Anemia of renal disease is multifactorial in its pathogenesis, but the main cause is reduced production of erythropoietin, a renal hormone that controls the bone marrow's production of red blood cells, as kidney disease progresses.

Practical relevance It is important to recognize the presence of anemia of renal disease so that adequate treatment may be instituted to improve quality of life and metabolic function. Erythrocyte-stimulating agents (ESAs), such as epoetin alfa, epoetin beta and darbepoetin alfa, have been developed to counteract the effects of decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys. These treatments, which are the focus of this review, have 83% similarity in amino acid sequence to the feline hormone. On average, the target packed cell volume (>25%) is reached within 3–4 weeks of ESA therapy.

Clinical challenges The use of ESAs has been associated with a number of complications, such as iron deficiency, hypertension, arthralgia, fever, seizures, polycythemia and pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). Darbepoetin has a prolonged half-life compared with epoetin and thus can be given only once a week, instead of three times a week. The incidence of PRCA appears to be decreased with darbepoetin use when compared with epoetin use in cats.

Evidence base There is limited published evidence to date to underpin the use of ESAs in cats. This review draws on the relevant publications that currently exist, and the authors’ personal experience of using these therapies for over 5 years.
Cats and Calcium Oxalate
Authors: Palm Carrie A , Westropp Jodi L
Published: August 2011

Practical relevance Calcium oxalate (CaOx) containing stones are among the most common of the urinary tract stones identified in cats.

Risk factors Risk factors for CaOx stone formation include such things as breed, gender and diet; stress and obesity have also been hypothesized to be risk factors for this disease.

Management approach A tailored, individual management strategy for preventing CaOx stone recurrence is important and should include addressing the diet, environment and any other comorbid conditions present. Increasing the cat's moisture intake is one of the key mechanisms for preventing recurrence.

Clinical challenges CaOx ureterolithiasis has emerged as a difficult and sometimes life-threatening problem for cats. In those cats where stones are found incidentally, periodic monitoring may be required to assess for disease progression. Interventional procedures such as ureteral stent placements are now increasingly being performed for recurrent cases or those with larger stone burdens. Periodic radiographs for more severe cases and frequent client communication can help ensure successful outcomes for cats with lower and upper CaOx stone disease.

Evidence base Limited evidence-based studies are published regarding management of feline upper and lower urinary tract CaOx stone disease, making this a difficult condition to manage in some cats. Studies designed to evaluate the relationship to dietary modifications, medical management, stress, obesity and surgical techniques are warranted in cats with upper and lower urinary tract CaOx stones.
Managing Cats with Cancer
Authors: Moore Antony S
Published: August 2011

Ethical issues Caring for cancer patients presents many ethical issues for veterinarians and other veterinary health workers. The issues that most veterinarians think of relate to management of the patient when the owners’ preferences for treatment do not appear to be in the animal's best interest, as well as concerns about toxicities and about costs of veterinary services (advanced imaging, surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy). While not limited to the veterinary profession, we are more often faced with dilemmas about the appropriateness of palliative care and decisions about euthanasia than our medical colleagues. Equally important are the ethics of not treating patients, and the integration of unproven and alternative strategies into conventional care. A separate ethical issue arises from investigational therapies and research. Less often considered, but nonetheless relevant, are the ethics of suboptimal evaluation (staging) of patients prior to treatment, or of not informing owners about all the options available.

Client communication Ethical veterinary care is intertwined with good client communication. Without good communication, it is impossible, for example, to gain informed consent; and without informed consent, the ethics of cancer treatment are uncertain.

Goal This article, which draws in part on published research, where stated, and otherwise on the author's personal experiences/opinions and those of veterinary colleagues, is intended to provoke further thought and discussion on the ethics of caring for our cancer patients.
Smoothing for the Optimal Surface of a 3D Image Model of the Human Ossicles
Authors: Yu J.-F. , Chen C.-I. , Fan C.-L. , Chen C.-K.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the optimal process for the surface smoothing of 3D image models of in vivo human ossicles. A 3D image model of the ossicles was reconstructed from high resolution computed tomography imaging data. Three smoothing methods including constrained smoothing, unconstrained smoothing and smoothsurface will be discussed. The volume of the 3D image model produced by unconstrained smoothing differed substantially from the original model volume prior to smoothing. Constrained smoothing had an uneven effect on the surface of the 3D image models. Using the smoothsurface module, we were able to obtain an optimal surface of the 3D image model of the human ossicles including the malleus, incus and stapes, using 20 iterations and a λ value of 0.6.
Jewish Religious Influence in the Adler Papyri?
Authors: Tscherikower V. , Heichelheim F. M.
Published: August 2011

It is my intention to discuss one question only, and not all the problems which are connected with the group of documents published as ‘The Adler Papyri’ by Mr. E. N. Adler together with his collaborators, the late Professor F. Ll. Griffith, Dr. F. M. Heichelheim and Mr. J. G. Tait in 1939. This question is: Are there any traces of Jewish religious influence to be found in the Adler Archive, as has been suggested by the editors?
Two Questions Raised by William James's Essay on ‘The Moral Equivalent of War’
Authors: Bixler Julius Seelye
Published: August 2011

William James's essay on ‘The Moral Equivalent of War,’ written in 1910, at the end of his life, has received an increasing amount of attention during the last thirty years. This paper would raise two questions about its relation to the main body of James's work. We recall that in the essay James argues for the worthwhileness of the martial virtues in themselves and claims that, since it would in any case be difficult to get rid of them, some way of expressing them in peaceful channels should be found. A few phrases have a peculiarly modern ring. “It would be preposterous,” he says, “if the only force that could work ideals of honor and standards of efficiency into English or American natures should be the fear of being killed by the Germans or the Japanese.” Instead of military life, a conscription of youth for the battle against nature is therefore recommended. “A permanently successful peace-economy cannot be a simple pleasure-economy. In the more or less socialistic future towards which mankind seems drifting we must still subject ourselves collectively to those severities which answer to our real position upon this only partly hospitable globe. We must make new energies and hardihoods continue the manliness to which the military mind so faithfully clings.”
The Origin of Belief among the Greeks in the Divinity of the Heavenly Bodies
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: August 2011

It is a fact which is not justly appreciated that the Sun and the Moon had almost no cult in the early and classical age of Greece except for the Sun at Rhodes, a cult which is reasonably suspected to be of foreign origin. Helios and Selene were, of course, considered to be gods, but in mythology. Those scholars who have eagerly tried to find evidence for their cult ought to remember the statements of Aristophanes and Plato that Helios and Selene were barbarous gods. These two certainly knew the cults of their compatriots better than we do. On the other hand, the Sun cult was very popular and wide-spread in Roman times and became finally the last State religion of the Empire. It came from the Orient, and the mediator and the reason of its popularity was astrology. So the question arises: why did the Greeks accept the astrology which they rejected in an earlier age, and why did they begin to pay a cult to Helios to whom they had shown no veneration in earlier times? Did they simply succumb to a foreign religion or were there intrinsic reasons which contributed to this result?
The Quartodecimans and the Synoptic Chronology
Authors: Richardson Cyril C.
Published: August 2011

There is hardly a point in the whole Quartodeciman question that has not, at one time or another, been vigorously contested. Since the days when the Tübingen school interpreted the struggle to support their separation of the Fourth Gospel from the Johannine Tradition, there has grown up a veritable library of controversial literature on the subject. Perhaps the most judicious statement of the problem in English appeared in Stanton's The Gospels as Historical Documents (Part I, pp. 173–197), which was dependent upon Schürer's De Controversiis Paschalibus (1869). Since that time, however, the question has been re-opened by Schmidt's learned Excursus appended to his text of the Epistola Apostolorum. Dating this work in the 60's of the second century, he claimed that in Chapter 15 there was a reference to the Paschal controversy that confirmed his view. Furthermore, he contended that this section of the Epistola had once for all settled a number of uncertain problems. Chief among these was the significance attached by the Asiatic Church to the 14th of Nisan. Schmidt concluded from the words, “But do ye commemorate my death,” that on this day the Easterners celebrated the Passion. Henceforth it would be impossible to claim that the Quartodeciman rite implied a Christian “Passover” which commemorated the Last Supper and the institution of the Eucharist (pp. 600–601). Indeed, he went so far as to urge that the whole Asiatic practice was centered in the Passion to the exclusion of the Resurrection. Contrasting the Quartodeciman with the Catholic custom he wrote, “Dort Passah, hier Ostern!” (p. 579).
Bible Text or Liturgy?
Authors: Ogle Marbury B.
Published: August 2011

In various mediaeval authors, writing in different localities and at different periods, there are a goodly number of quotations which obviously derive ultimately from a biblical text. These quotations, however, either are not found in exactly the form, in which they are quoted, in MSS. of the Bible, whether of Old Latin or of Vulgate versions, or, if they do occur in MSS., these are of a later date than the earliest author who uses the quotation. Since these quotations do appear in the liturgy of the Church, or in other texts which were used in worship, such as sermons, homilies, Saints' Lives, it is not illogical to suppose that their source is to be found, not in any special type of Bible text, but in the liturgy. As an illustration of this possibility I presented in this Review (XXXI, 1938, 41–51) a study of one of these quotations, the phrase viam universae carnis ingressurus, which occurs frequently in documents from the 11th century on. It does not occur in precisely this form in any biblical MS., although the substitution of carnis for terrae of the early MSS. is found in a MS. of the 13th century, but does occur in at least one liturgical text of the 11th century and in another which dates from the 13th century, if not earlier. The conclusion is certainly justified therefore that authors were indebted to the liturgy for this phrase and that the liturgical form influenced the reading in later biblical MSS.
The Egyptian Cults in Athens
Authors: Dow Sterling
Published: August 2011

Ammon was made known to old Greece by the Greeks of Cyrene, Kimon visited the oracle at Siwa, Pindar wrote a hymn to Ammon, and the Athenians made his cult public at some undetermined date earlier than 371/0 B.C. Like Sarapis, Ammon seems never to have been extremely popular; Isis out-did them both. Nevertheless Ammon arrived long before, the others: the preserved records happen to show that he was receiving sacrifices from the Athenian generals themselves in a year (333/2) when the cult of Isis, which we learn about then for the first time, was still a cult of immigrants. Why Ammon, alone of all Egyptian gods, should have succeeded thus early is no mystery: he had an oracle, and he had Greek intermediaries.
Was Bede the Author of a Penitential?
Authors: Laistner M. L. W.
Published: August 2011

The recent publication of the more important medieval handbooks of penance in an English version raises afresh the often disputed question, whether the Venerable Bede was the author or compiler of a penitential. What may be called the positive evidence that he did so is slight. In, or soon after, 906 Regino of Prüm composed his treatise, De synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis, in which he refers by name to the penitentials of Bishop Theodore and of the Venerable Bede. In the second place, there still survive several nearly related penitentials which are ascribed to Bede in the extant manuscripts. However, this ascription to Bede carries little weight, if unsupported by other evidence. For several centuries after his death his authority as a theologian ranked next to that of the four Latin doctors and the list of works going under his name, but not by him, is long. Nor is Regino's testimony unimpeachable, for his acquaintance with Bede's writings was not extensive. He does not seem to have used the theological works when composing the De synodalibus causis; and, though he did, when compiling his Chronica, make use of the chronicle inserted by Bede in the De temporum ratione, he did not consult the Ecclesiastical History. Had he been familiar with that basic work on British history, he would assuredly have drawn on it, as so many others did. He would also have found in 5, 24 Bede's own list of his writings. Thus we may suspect that Regino attributed a penitential to Bede merely on the strength of a rubric in a manuscript, and we shall do well to query the accuracy of his statement, unless corroborated by other proofs.
Two Problems in Melito's Homily on the Passion
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

Even at the cost of a slight delay to the publication of the Homily on the Passion, it has seemed prudent to submit to the readers of this Review two problems arising out of Melito's language, which are not without their difficulties. If the view here taken about the first of these is open to other objections than those which the writer has anticipated, he will be grateful to any reader who will call them to his attention. As to the second, it is likely that Hebrew and patristic scholars may be able to add further illustrations. Such contributions will be most welcome.
Jewish Liturgical Exorcism
Authors: Knox Wilfred Lawrence
Published: August 2011

Professor C. H. Dodd in The Apostolic Preaching and its Development has drawn attention to the importance of the “Kerygma” as a more or less formal statement of the Christian Gospel, lying behind the earliest Christian documents; it determines the structure of Mark, the speeches in Acts and the form of the Creeds. This conventional form seems to be derived from Judaism. A statement of the mighty works of God in creation and the history of mankind, more especially in the deliverance of his people from Egypt, is a recurring feature of Jewish literature in the post-exilic era; perhaps the most notable example is Ps. 136; cf. Nehemiah 9. 6 ff., Is. 63. 7 ff. Such a recital of the mighty works of God in delivering His people was obviously necessary if the religion of Israel was to be changed from a primitive Semitic tribal cult into a system of monotheism, centred on the national deity, identified with the one God of Heaven; it was specially necessary to find an aetiological myth for the principal festival of the Passover. The emphasis on this deliverance reflects the process by which vague legends of a migration from Egypt have been conflated with the return from Babylon to form the biblical picture of the Exodus.
Codex and Roll in the New Testament
Authors: McCown C. C.
Published: August 2011

During the last twenty or thirty years evidence has been rapidly accumulating to prove that the codex was in general use for books at a much earlier time than was formerly supposed. The definite testimony of Martial and others on the subject could be misinterpreted, discounted, or overlooked so long as there was no clear corroborating archaeological evidence. Papyrus and the roll had taken firm hold upon the classicistic imaginations of modern students of ancient literatures, especially after the nineteenth-century discoveries of papyri in Egypt, and no one dreamed that the New Testament documents could have been written originally on anything but papyrus sheets and papyrus rolls.
The Layman's Complaint and the Friar's Answer
Authors: Utley Francis Lee
Published: August 2011

The two poems which I shall here transcribe and discuss have been often noticed but never printed. They appear as additions in a fifteenth century hand to a version of the late fourteenth century treatise Poor Caitiff, preserved in MS. St. John's College, Cambridge, G. 28 (195), itself of the fifteenth century. Besides our two poems, which appear on the front fly leaves, the margins contain numerous scribbles in one or more sixteenth century hands. The manuscript possesses marks of ownership by one John Graunge, who also owned another fifteenth century collection containing such Latin pieces as Expositio Symboli, Peter of Blois's De Amicitia Christiana, Speculum St. Eadmundi, and Decretum Abbreviatum, now preserved in the same library. The donor of our manuscript was Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, who gave it to the College in 1635.
The “World” Concept Among Jehovah's Witnesses
Authors: Sprague Theodore W.
Published: August 2011

Various concepts bearing the label of “the world” have held an important place among the categories in terms of which men of many times and places have organized their experience. The present article attempts a case study of a single one of these — that developed by Jehovah's witnesses.
Fifty Sermons on Handel's Messiah
Authors: Myers Robert Manson
Published: August 2011

When William Cowper introduced these verses into The Task in 1785 the gigantic Handel Commemoration of the preceding year still rang fresh in the ears of thousands of Englishmen. In 1783 several musical amateurs had proposed to commemorate the centenary of Handel's birth and the twenty-fifth anniversary of his death by a series of stupendous Handel performances on a hitherto unprecedented scale, and the first great Handel Festival had accordingly taken place in Westminster Abbey in the late spring of 1784, warmly patronized by George III and the greater nobility, and enthusiastically attended by more than three thousand persons from every corner of the kingdom. A vocal and instrumental band of 525 performers, “inflamed and actuated by the Muse of Handel,” made this mammoth celebration “the most splendid tribute ever paid to posthumous fame,” and current periodicals exhausted every superlative in praising the grand occasion. The European Magazine reported that “the immense volume and torrent of sound, was almost too much for the head or the sense to bear — we were elevated into a species of delirium.” The performance was in “so superior, and so exalted a stile, that it must not be subjected to the rules of pettyfogging criticism,” since “so grand and beautiful a spectacle, with at the same time a feast so rich and perfect, has not been presented to the public eye within our memory.”