bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vulnerabilities and Cyberspace: A New Kind of Crises
Authors: van den Berg Bibi , Kuipers Sanneke
Published: February 2022

While cyberspace has become central to all vital processes in the global economy and people’s social lives, it also carries a wide variety of risks. Framing these risks is no easy feat: Some lead to harm in cyberspace itself, while others lead to harm in the offline world as well. Moreover, sometimes harm is brought about intentionally, while at other times it may be the result of accidents. The “cyber harm model” brings these challenges together and provides an opportunity to get a comprehensive overview of the different types of incidents related to cyberspace.

It also reveals where the biggest challenges for cyber crisis management lie, and it provides a typology of different types of cyber crises that may arise. Cyber-induced crises have characteristics that make them hard to grapple with, for instance the fact that they can be induced remotely and instantaneously at multiple locations. Moreover, cyber crises are not always easily traceable, and sometimes it is difficult to see that the cause of a particular crisis in the offline world is an act in cyberspace. Finally, the borderless nature of cyberspace leads to potential large-scale geographical spread for cyber crises.

Cyber crises also lead to a number of specific challenges for leadership, especially with respect to sense-making, meaning making, decision making, termination, and learning.
An Indian Trading Ecumene? On the Global Ecology of South Asian Commerce
Authors: Markovits Claude
Published: February 2022

The circulation of merchants between South Asia and the rest of the world combines a unique temporal depth, as a continuous presence of South Asian merchants outside the subcontinent is attested since at least the 9th century ce, and an impressive spatial range, as by the late 19th century Indian merchants, mostly Gujaratis and Sindhis, were to be found practically across the entire globe. Ecological factors, including the contrast between, on the one hand, the vast “dry zone” of northwestern South Asia and, on the other hand, riverine areas of permanent moisture in the rest of the subcontinent, played an important part in its genesis; they remained important as the movements of South Asian traders were extended beyond the subcontinent before the colonial era. In the colonial period, while political factors also became significant, the role of ecological factors was somewhat residual but still visible.
Post-Soviet Koreans
Authors: Fumagalli Matteo
Published: February 2022

Korean communities have lived in the territory of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and successor states for over 150 years. The history of the post-Soviet Koreans has been shaped by multiple transnational mobilities, including a dispersal across a wide territory. As of 2021, two-thirds of approximately half a million post-Soviet Koreans are settled in Central Asia, primarily in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan; one-third is in Russia, and a growing community of several tens of thousands is working and residing in South Korea.

The ethnonym subsumes three distinct sets of sub-ethnic communities. The largest group includes the Koryo Saram (i.e., the descendants of those who migrated from the northern part of the Korean Peninsula to the Russian Empire from the second half of the 19th century onward). Most were deported to Central Asia in 1937. The second much smaller group includes the Sakhalin Koreans. Originally from the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, they had migrated to the southern part of Sakhalin Island (then under Japanese colonial rule) between 1939 and 1945. In addition, some students and contract workers from North Korea decided to remain on Soviet territory, where they had moved between 1946 and 1949, instead of returning to their country of origin.

Despite some commonalities across these groups, the notion of Soviet and post-Soviet Koreans bundles together peoples of different origins, patterns of settlement, identities, and even the type and density of links to the Korean Peninsula. The collapse of the Soviet Union and greater engagement by South Korea in the following decades ushered in an era of significant challenges and opportunities for post-Soviet Koreans. It also brought about new mobilities and revealed growing inter-generational differences in terms of language and broader cultural loss, maintenance or erosion of group boundaries, and degrees of integration into local societies. Traditionally, scholarship has focused on the 1937 deportations, the different historical geographies of the group, and evolving conceptions of home and homeland. In the opening decades of the 21st century, scholars have also explored issues of status, citizenship, and subjecthood in the evolving imperial formations straddling the 19th and 20th centuries, and have highlighted intra-group heterogeneity and the hyphenization of identities in the contemporary period.
Urban Water Regulation and Health: The Case of Chile
Authors: Hantke-Domas Michael , Bruna Ronaldo
Published: February 2022

In 50 years, Chile achieved nearly full urban water and sanitation coverage—even higher than some developed countries. Furthermore, in just a decade, the country obtained full urban wastewater treatment, making it probably the only developing country that will successfully meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in this matter. These achievements can be attributed to policies oriented towards the incremental or gradual improvement of the water and sanitation sector sustained for more than 50 years. This policy was mainly focused on (a) increasing public investment in expanding coverage levels, both for potable water and sewerage; (b) reducing enteric diseases and infant mortality; (c) improving child nutrition; (d) streamlining public utilities; (e) establishing a legal framework for economic regulation applied by an independent body applicable to all utilities; (f) building efficient institutions; (g) a full cost recovery tariff policy; (h) bringing private capital into the industry; (i) subsidizing those who need it most; and (j) de-politicizing the sector. The Chilean experience is not well documented or, at least, there are few references regarding its success story, which reinforces the motivation to understand its history.
The Coloniality of the Scientific Anthropocene
Authors: Satgar Vishwas
Published: February 2022

The discipline of International Relations is not at the cutting edge of dealing with planetary ecological problems such as the worsening climate crisis. The notion of the Anthropocene developed by earth scientists highlights the extent to which humans are a geological force shaping earth’s ecosystems. This official scientific discourse has gained traction in the United Nations climate negotiations process and is beginning to shape the knowledge project even in the academy. However, the discipline of International Relations has not engaged in any serious way with the Anthropocene discourse. Its claim that the Anthropos, the human as a species, and more generally 7.8 billion people on the planet are responsible causally for dangerous impacts such as climate change clashes with how the discipline of International Relations understands and seeks to explain global politics through its theoretical frameworks, relations, dynamics, and institutions. This claim warrants critical engagement from the International Relations discipline. However, mainstream International Relations epistemology reinforces coloniality in international relations such that an oppressive and relational hierarchy between the Global North and South is reproduced while being oblivious to how the ecological substratum of our lifeworld is being destroyed through replicating modes of living central to global modernity. Ecological relations are not part of mainstream International Relations thinking. Within mainstream International Relations, its hegemonic theories and frameworks are the problem. The conception of the international and international relations operating within the Anthropocene discourse also reproduces coloniality. Although the science it furnishes to understand the human–nature relationship is compelling and important, its human-centered explanation of how global power works is inadequate and reinforces the subordination of the Global South. To overcome these problems, a decolonized approach to the discipline of International Relations is crucial. At the same time, given the urgency of the climate crisis, countries in the Global South need to remake the world order and its future through decolonized International Relations. Several Southern decolonial thinkers are crucial for this task.
The Early Iron Age of Botswana
Authors: van Waarden Catrien
Published: February 2022

Agro-pastoralists arrived in Botswana in the 6th and 7th centuries, five groups of the Urewe Tradition of the Bantu migrations, of which two of the Nkope Branch or Central Stream, two of the Kwale Branch or Eastern Stream, and the fifth settled in the zone of contact between these two branches. A sixth group had links with the Naviundu Tradition in the southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. There is no evidence of a Western Stream of the Bantu migrations, also known as the Kalundu Tradition, in Botswana. During the second phase of the Early Iron Age, c. 800–1000 ce, east-central Botswana was dominated by the Zhizo culture.
Hunter-Gatherer/Farmer Interactions in Uganda
Authors: Kyazike Elizabeth
Published: February 2022

The coexistence of the Kansyore-Later Stone Age (LSA) hunter-gatherer and the Early Iron Age (EIA)-Urewe-farmer cultural materials in the same cultural deposits and environmental space can no longer be dismissed as accidental admixture. At Kansyore Island in western Uganda, it is clear that the Kansyore hunter-gatherer and Urewe-farmers are two cultural periods presumed to be widely separated in time and space but that coexist together in the same stratigraphic contexts suggesting interaction and coexistence. This implies that the line between the two is blurred. Therefore, the transition from hunting-gathering to farming was not linear but involved forward and backward movements and was not similar in all places but rather complex.
The Ghost Dance Religion
Authors: Young Gloria
Published: February 2022

Two North American Indian ceremonial dances, known today as the Ghost Dance of 1870 and the Ghost Dance of 1890, spread from tribe to tribe in the western United States and Canada in the late 19th century. Both began among the Paiutes of the Great Basin, initiated by individual men from their visions. The first was started by Wodzibob and, twenty years later, a new version of the dance was dreamed by Wovoka. These intertribal movements were alike in that the basis of the dance itself was the Paiute Round Dance and the doctrine of the ceremonies included the return of the dead. While the Ghost Dance of 1870 spread among the tribes of the Great Basin and California, the later movement also traveled east of the Rocky Mountains to the tribes of the Plains. The Ghost Dance of 1890 is the most widely remembered because it led to the massacre of Big Foot’s band of the Lakota at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in December 1890, which was widely publicized in newspapers and articles in the eastern United States. On the Plains, the Ghost Dance of 1890 was one of several intertribal movements of the 19th century, such as the Sun Dance, the Midewiwin, and the peyote ceremony, that became the Native American Church.

The Ghost Dance has sparked interest continuously since the Wounded Knee massacre among both the public and scholars. Historians, anthropologists, theologians, and psychologists have continued the debate as to the causes and effects of the movements. The Ghost Dance has been seen as a messianic or millenarian movement, as a blend of Native and Christian religions, as a crisis cult or a revitalization movement, as an anticolonial movement, or as merely the continuation of North American Indian Prophet Dances. Twenty-first-century scholars have approached the episode as an innovative way to accommodate and navigate toward a more satisfactory future for the Native people.
Nechung: A Tibetan Buddhist Oracle
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: February 2022

The Tibetan Buddhist monastery of Nechung (Gnas chung) is home to a powerful protector deity and historically housed the human oracle he would possess to give prophetic advice. Located on the outskirts of the Tibetan capital of Lhasa and downhill from the famous Geluk (Dge lugs) monastery of Drepung (’Bras spungs), Nechung has existed since at least the 16th century and had close ties to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas since the second incarnation. It is the Nechung Oracle, possessed by the deity Pehar (Pe har) or his ministerial emanation Dorjé Drakden (Rdo rje grags ldan), that the Dalai Lama has consulted on matters of state for centuries and continues to do so as part of his government-in-exile. This deity is likewise important for having once been the guardian of Tibet’s first Buddhist monastery, Samyé (Bsam yas). However, it was under the auspices of the Fifth Dalai Lama in the 17th century that Nechung Monastery was renovated and greatly expanded, and the Nechung Oracle took on the mantle of Tibet’s head state oracle. Nechung’s narrative and liturgical pedigree nonetheless extends back even to the 12th century and includes Nyingma (Rnying ma) and Sakya (Sa skya) influences that have allowed it to maintain an especially ecumenical character. As the institutional setting for rich mythic and ritual activity for nearly 500 years, Nechung is an important site for understanding Tibetan oracular practices, the Dalai Lama’s administration, and Tibet’s vibrant religious heritage.
“In My Father’s House” (John 14:2): Sacred Domiciles and Secular Residences in Iberoamerican Art as Metaphorical Architecture of Devotion
Authors: von Barghahn Barbara
Published: February 2022

At least dozens of masters working in Spain, Portugal, and the Americas between the Renaissance and the 18th-century Enlightenment appreciated the multifaceted nature of Christ’s deceptively straightforward invocation in John 14:2 of “my Father’s house.” These painters drew on a vast and often esoteric array of biblical and mystical motifs, from Noah’s ark and Jacob’s ladder to Ezekiel’s mapping of divine real estate and Teresa of Ávila’s view of the Interior Castle. As Voltaire infamously noted of the “Holy Roman Empire”—that the phrase was thrice a misnomer—these artists, who gave aesthetic form to biblical words, explored the varied architectural implications of dwelling places, while theologians of that period understood Christ’s reference to “father” to be more inclusive of other family and associates.

From the start, “Father’s home” may be identified with a Hebrew sanctuary—whether biblical Tabernacle (Mishkan) and Temple (Beit Ha-Mikdash) or later synagogue (beit ha-knesset) or Christian temple. But the visual metaphor additionally extends to domestic dwellings associated with Christ’s mother, specifically the priestly houses of Joachim and Zacharias, and with his earthly father, Joseph the Nazarene carpenter. The phrase also gestures beyond historical homes of Christ’s family during his infancy and childhood, described in the New Testament and Apocrypha, to the Bethany house where Jesus raised Lazarus from the dead. The adult Jesus actually seems to have regarded Lazarus, Martha, and Mary as extended family members.

Yet another meaning of “Father’s house” concerns nomadic homes, such as the tents described in the Books of Genesis that functioned as moveable dwellings and a reminder that all earthly homes are transitory. From the First and Second Temples of Jerusalem as Yahweh’s formal and symbolic dwelling place to the concept of a Holy House as a place to “grow in wisdom,” the wilderness dwelling encompasses the divinely protected ark of Noah and his nuclear family, which was addressed by Hugh of St. Victor as a mnemonic vessel of mankind’s salvation. Equally intriguing in an analysis of Christ’s words in the Gospel of John are paragones between Jacob’s ladder and palatine chambers of earth reached by private staircases and the means of ascent to cosmic rooms of glory. Jesus understood the definition of spiritual space provided by the prophet Ezekiel, and Teresa of Ávila in her Inner Castle embraces the notion of a mystic staircase for the soul to rise virtuously to levels of the crystalline empyrean, which is God’s effervescent domicile.

By imagining creative ways to map out the many types of dwellings to which Christ gestured in his reference to “Father’s house” onto actual sorts of houses and homes which they observed around them in the real world, these artists of Spain, Portugal, and the Americas in a way realized an aesthetic program that was steeped in imitatio Dei, or at least form that followed sacred content.
Nomadic Shelters, Mystical Staircases, and Cosmic Chambers in Iberoamerican Art
Authors: von Barghahn Barbara
Published: February 2022

When Jesus used the phrase “in my Father’s house” in speaking to Jews of future hospitality in paradise, he deliberately invoked a complicated expression, which suggested both a range of types of dwellings as well as an expansive notion of the familial. The domestic metaphor that Jesus invoked was so pregnant with meaning, in fact, that it continued to inspire artists and patrons—among others—many centuries later, and those subsequent Christian generations often imagined the biblical expression at least in part in terms of the contemporary houses and homes that they saw around them.

This article directs attention to some of the tension in that phrase from John 14:2, which reminded Jesus’ audience of Abraham’s history. In Genesis 12, God directed the patriarch to abandon his land, birthplace, and “father’s house” and go “to the land I will show you.” Note that Abraham refers, too, to God removing him from “my father’s house” when he spoke with the Gerarite king Abimelech in Genesis 20, and to his own servant Eliezer four chapters later. The Hebrew letter yud (“my”) suggests possession, while “father’s” (aba) implies the house belongs to another, and thus there is a dual tension hinting at the way that Abraham, in many ways, could have been a stranger in his own idol-worshiping father’s house.

Abraham renounced his paternal inheritance to chart his own monotheistic course, and, of course, the father to which he refers in each of those biblical passages is an earthly one. If anything, the Jewish patriarch could be said to be upgrading a pagan earthly father’s home for one associated with his heavenly “father,” who, incidentally, promises Abraham that he himself will in turn “father many nations” (Gen. 17:4).

Jesus, meanwhile, invokes his Father’s house as only a son could who is heir to, and implicated in, that same home, rather than fleeing it as Abraham did. To put it differently, Jesus reverses the direction of Abraham’s use of the term; where Abraham returns repeatedly to his exit from his father’s earthly house, Jesus invites his followers into his Father’s heavenly abode. As will be shown in the article, the range of homes that Jesus has in mind include several irregular, or at least impermanent, ones, which adds to the richness of the metaphor and its lesson.
Phonetic Transcription and the International Phonetic Alphabet
Authors: Brierley Claire , Heselwood Barry
Published: February 2022

Phonetic transcription represents the phonetic properties of an actual or potential utterance in a written form. Firstly, it is necessary to have an understanding of what the phonetic properties of speech are. It is the role of phonetic theory to provide that understanding by constructing a set of categories that can account for the phonetic structure of speech at both the segmental and suprasegmental levels; how far it does so is a measure of its adequacy as a theory. Secondly, a set of symbols is needed that stand for these categories. Also required is a set of conventions that tell the reader what the symbols stand for. A phonetic transcription, then, can be said to represent a piece of speech in terms of the categories denoted by the symbols. Machine-readable phonetic and prosodic notation systems can be implemented in electronic speech corpora, where multiple linguistic information tiers, such as text and phonetic transcriptions, are mapped to the speech signal. Such corpora are essential resources for automated speech recognition and speech synthesis.
Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Dixon Thomas , Shapiro Adam
Published: February 2022

Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction explores the growing field of interdisciplinary studies of science and religion. It reveals how debates about religion and science have been shaped historically by complex cultural and political contexts, and explains the philosophical concepts that shape current debates and how they developed through history. Topics covered include landmark episodes such as the Galileo affair, the Scopes ‘Monkey’ trial, and the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition to the European and American Christian traditions in which ‘science and religion’ first developed as a trope, the book looks at perspectives from non-Christian religions, including the influence of colonialism and postcolonialism on the global spread of science–religion discourse. This new edition also examines the many ways science and religion have influenced attitudes about race and identity, global health, and the changing global environment.
Biomarker discovery and development for frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Katzeff Jared S. , Bright Fiona , Phan Katherine , Kril Jillian J. , Ittner Lars M. , Kassiou Michael , Hodges John R. , Piguet Olivier , Kiernan Matthew C. , Halliday Glenda M. , Kim Woojin Scott
Published: February 2022

Frontotemporal dementia refers to a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by behaviour and language alterations and focal brain atrophy. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons resulting in muscle wasting and paralysis. Frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are considered to exist on a disease spectrum given substantial overlap of genetic and molecular signatures. The predominant genetic abnormality in both frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an expanded hexanucleotide repeat sequence in the C9orf72 gene. In terms of brain pathology, abnormal aggregates of TAR-DNA-binding protein-43 are predominantly present in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Currently, sensitive and specific diagnostic and disease surveillance biomarkers are lacking for both diseases. This has impeded the capacity to monitor disease progression during life and the development of targeted drug therapies for the two diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine the status of current biofluid biomarker discovery and development in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The major pathogenic proteins implicated in different frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis molecular subtypes and proteins associated with neurodegeneration and the immune system will be discussed. Furthermore, the use of mass spectrometry-based proteomics as an emerging tool to identify new biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis will be summarized.
Learning stable seismic wave equations for porous media from real data
Authors: Xiong Fansheng , Yong Wen-An
Published: February 2022

This work presents a machine-learning-based framework to determine unknown coefficients in seismic wave equations for porous media saturated with fluids by using real data as labels, which are velocities of P and S waves. The coefficients are functions of basic rock physics parameters. By using this framework, the trained neural networks incorporate certain mathematical and physical constraints on the coefficients. Working on a single-fluid model, we train the networks with synthetic as well as real data sets. The prediction results show that the learned model is inherently stable, has good physical properties and can accurately predict synthetic data as well as real logging data of shale reservoirs with relative mean square errors less than 5 per cent. They also demonstrate that the wave propagation phenomenon corresponding to the logging data can be well described with the single-fluid model.
Trans-dimensional gravity and magnetic joint inversion for 3-D earth models
Authors: Ghalenoei Emad , Dettmer Jan , Ali Mohammed Y , Kim Jeong Woo
Published: February 2022

Studying 3-D subsurface structure based on spatial data is an important application for geophysical inversions. However, major limitations exist for conventional regularized inversion when applied to potential-field data. For example, global regularization parameters can mask model features that may be important for interpretation. In addition, 3-D inversions are typically based on data acquired in 2-D at the Earth’s surface. Such data may contain significant spatial error correlations in 2-D due to the choice of spatial sampling, acquisition geometry, ambient noise and model assumptions. These correlations can cause trade-offs with spatial resolution and should be accounted for. However, correlations are often ignored, particularly 2-D correlations in spatial data, such as potential field data recorded on the Earth’s surface. Non-linear Bayesian methods can address these shortcomings and we present a new hierarchical model for 2-D correlated errors. Nonetheless, limitations also exist. For example, non-linear Bayesian estimation requires numerical integration with a considerable computational burden to collect a posterior ensemble of models. For 3-D applications, this cost can be prohibitive. This paper presents a non-linear Bayesian inversion with trans-dimensional (trans-D) partitioning of space by a hierarchy of Voronoi nodes and planes (VP), and trans-D estimation of the data noise covariance matrix. The addition of planes permits the introduction of prior information which reduces non-uniqueness. The covariance matrix estimation uses a trans-D autoregressive (AR) noise model to quantify correlated noise on 2-D potential-field data. We address computational cost by wavelet compression in the forward problem and by basing susceptibility on an empirical relationship with density contrast. The method is applied to simulated data and field data from off-shore Abu Dhabi. With simulated data, we demonstrate that subsurface structures are well-resolved with the trans-D model that applies hierarchical VP partitioning. In addition, the model locally adapts based on data information without requiring regularization. The method is also successful in reducing 2-D error correlation via trans-D AR models in 2-D. From field data, the inversion efficiently resolves basement topography and two distinct salt diapirs with a parsimonious and data-driven parametrization. Results show a considerable reduction in 2-D spatial correlations of field data using the proposed trans-D AR model.
Language, historical culture and the gentry of later Stuart Cornwall and south-west Wales
Authors: Harris James
Published: February 2022

This article considers how gentry antiquarian communities in later Stuart Cornwall and south-west Wales constructed distinctive local identities. It focuses on four case studies: William Scawen, the West Penwith coterie, Edward Lhuyd and the Teifi Valley group. These antiquaries conceived of the Cornish and the Welsh as ‘ancient Britons’ and established them as historically and culturally distinct from the English, usually through reference to their indigenous languages. However, the reception of their work among wider landed society was shaped by the vitality of each respective language (with still-ubiquitous Welsh contrasting with near-extinct Cornish). By exploring the relationship between intellectual culture and identity formation, the article contributes to a broader understanding of the various and overlapping identities that permeated the British archipelago.
The technical landscape for patient-centered CDS: progress, gaps, and challenges
Authors: Dullabh Prashila , Heaney-Huls Krysta , Lobach David F , Hovey Lauren S , Sandberg Shana F , Desai Priyanka J , Lomotan Edwin , Swiger James , Harrison Michael I , Dymek Chris , Sittig Dean F , Boxwala Aziz
Published: February 2022

Supporting healthcare decision-making that is patient-centered and evidence-based requires investments in the development of tools and techniques for dissemination of patient-centered outcomes research findings via methods such as clinical decision support (CDS). This article explores the technical landscape for patient-centered CDS (PC CDS) and the gaps in making PC CDS more shareable, standards-based, and publicly available, with the goal of improving patient care and clinical outcomes. This landscape assessment used: (1) a technical expert panel; (2) a literature review; and (3) interviews with 18 CDS stakeholders. We identified 7 salient technical considerations that span 5 phases of PC CDS development. While progress has been made in the technical landscape, the field must advance standards for translating clinical guidelines into PC CDS, the standardization of CDS insertion points into the clinical workflow, and processes to capture, standardize, and integrate patient-generated health data.
Combining chest X-rays and electronic health record (EHR) data using machine learning to diagnose acute respiratory failure
Authors: Jabbour Sarah , Fouhey David , Kazerooni Ella , Wiens Jenna , Sjoding Michael W
Published: February 2022

Objective

When patients develop acute respiratory failure (ARF), accurately identifying the underlying etiology is essential for determining the best treatment. However, differentiating between common medical diagnoses can be challenging in clinical practice. Machine learning models could improve medical diagnosis by aiding in the diagnostic evaluation of these patients.

Materials and Methods

Machine learning models were trained to predict the common causes of ARF (pneumonia, heart failure, and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]). Models were trained using chest radiographs and clinical data from the electronic health record (EHR) and applied to an internal and external cohort.

Results

The internal cohort of 1618 patients included 508 (31%) with pneumonia, 363 (22%) with heart failure, and 137 (8%) with COPD based on physician chart review. A model combining chest radiographs and EHR data outperformed models based on each modality alone. Models had similar or better performance compared to a randomly selected physician reviewer. For pneumonia, the combined model area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was 0.79 (0.77–0.79), image model AUROC was 0.74 (0.72–0.75), and EHR model AUROC was 0.74 (0.70–0.76). For heart failure, combined: 0.83 (0.77–0.84), image: 0.80 (0.71–0.81), and EHR: 0.79 (0.75–0.82). For COPD, combined: AUROC = 0.88 (0.83–0.91), image: 0.83 (0.77–0.89), and EHR: 0.80 (0.76–0.84). In the external cohort, performance was consistent for heart failure and increased for COPD, but declined slightly for pneumonia.

Conclusions

Machine learning models combining chest radiographs and EHR data can accurately differentiate between common causes of ARF. Further work is needed to determine how these models could act as a diagnostic aid to clinicians in clinical settings.
Statistical tolerance–cost–service life optimization of blade bearing of controllable pitch propeller considering the marine environment conditions through meta-heuristic algorithm
Authors: Zeng Wenhui , Yi Jin , Lin Rongfu , Lu Wenlong
Published: February 2022

Blade bearing is the key mechanism of the controllable pitch propellers (CPPs) to adjust the pitch to change the thrust. In the marine environment, wear and deformation of the contact surface of the blade bearing are quite large, which may result in leakage to reduce the service life of CPP. However, most studies on tolerance optimization of blade bearing disregard deformations and wear, and it could result in unreasonable tolerances and impair the CPP’s service life. In this paper, to establish the statistical tolerance–cost–service life optimization model of the blade bearing of the CPP considering the marine environment effects in propellers, a prediction model about the relationship between the thrust and rotation speed of the CPP considering environment conditions of wind, wave, and ocean currents is constructed. Based on this, the wear and deformation are simulated according to the predicted rotation speed in the marine environment. Considering the deformation and wear in the marine environment, a tolerance analysis model of the assembly deviations of the blade bearing is introduced, and the assembly characteristics and functional requirements are established and converted into probability constraints to establish the service-life model based on statistical tolerance analysis and Monte Carlo simulation methods. Afterward, a statistical tolerance–cost–service life optimization model is established and transformed into a single-objective optimization problem through the normalization method and the weighted sum method, and solved by a meta-heuristic algorithm named cuckoo search. Finally, the application of the proposed model is demonstrated through a case involving the blade bearing of a CPP, and the optimized results show that the manufacturing cost of the blade bearing is reduced and its service life is extended.
Psychometric Properties of a Measure Assessing Anxiogenic Parenting Practices in Food Allergy
Authors: Wilton Emily P , Luke Anna K , Gladstone Theresa R , Lahoud Ashley A , Biscarri Clark Sydney D , Flessner Christopher A
Published: February 2022

Aim

Pediatric food allergy represents a significant public health burden. In order to avoid allergen consumption, adequate management requires daily vigilance and involvement from parents, frequently leading to increased parental anxiety. While specific anxiogenic parenting practices (i.e., parenting behaviors which may aid in the development and/or exacerbation of childhood anxiety) have been documented within this population, to this point, these behaviors have not been systematically measured.

Objectives

The current study aimed to develop and examine a parent-report scale designed to measure anxiogenic parenting behaviors related to food allergy.

Methods

Participants included 177 parents of children with food allergy recruited online using Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk). An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the factor structure of the newly developed scale. Subsequently, psychometric properties (e.g., construct validity) were examined via correlational analyses.

Results

Results indicated a 24-item, 3 factor (Factor 1: Involvement in Food Allergy; Factor 2: Worry about Food Allergy; Factor 3: Autonomy Promotion) scale, which accounted for 53.11% of the total variance. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure was acceptable, KMO = 0.872 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity indicated sufficient correlations between items (χ2(378)=2568.95). All subscales demonstrated strong internal consistency (Involvement in Food Allergy: α = .880; Worry about Food Allergy: α = .892; Autonomy Promotion α = .796) as well as convergent and discriminant validity.

Conclusions

Results support the overall psychometric properties of the scale. Interpretations, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Autologous tissue reconstruction sternal cleft: a rare congenital malformation
Authors: Mongkornwong Atthawit , Kongpanichakul Laliphat , Tawaranurak Niti , Chansanti Orawan , Chitithavorn Voravit , Chuangsuwanich Apirag
Published: February 2022

Sternal clefts are rare congenital chest-wall deformities, which can be complete or incomplete; therefore, reconstruction with autologous tissue is essential to protect the heart and prevent respiratory infection. In this report, we present the case of a 16-month-old baby girl from a preterm, twin pregnancy with a partial superior sternal cleft. A moist dressing for promoting wound healing was used until cutaneous layer complete epithelialization at which time we performed reconstruction with autologous tissue. After surgery the patient recovered with close-to-natural chest wall contour and adequate heart and lung function.
Estimating Population Size from a Privatized Network Sample
Authors: Fellows Ian E
Published: February 2022

Link-tracing designs, such as respondent-driven sampling (RDS), are extensively used to perform inference on marginalized and hard-to-reach populations. Privatized network sampling (PNS), where the identities of each subject’s connections are collected in a manner that preserves their privacy, is an extension of RDS that admits new inferential procedures. We derive two new population size estimators for PNS studies. We explore their performance in both simulated and empirically collected network datasets and find them to have reduced bias along with considerably lower variance than previously developed estimators.
Strong Lyman-α emission in an overdense region at z = 6.8: a very large (R ∼ 3 physical Mpc) ionized bubble in COSMOS?
Authors: Endsley Ryan , Stark Daniel P
Published: February 2022

Our understanding of reionization has advanced considerably over the past decade, with several results now demonstrating that the intergalactic medium transitioned from substantially neutral at z = 7 to largely reionized at z = 6. However, little remains known about the sizes of ionized bubbles at z ≳ 7 as well as the galaxy overdensities which drive their growth. Fortunately, rest-ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic observations offer a pathway towards characterizing these ionized bubbles thanks to the resonant nature of Lyman-alpha photons. In a previous work, we presented Ly α detections from three closely separated Lyman-break galaxies at z ≃ 6.8, suggesting the presence of a large (R > 1 physical Mpc) ionized bubble in the 1.5 deg2 COSMOS field. Here, we present new deep Ly α spectra of 10 UV-bright ($\mathrm{\mathit{ M}}_{\mathrm{UV}}^{} \le -20.4$) z ≃ 6.6–6.9 galaxies in the surrounding area, enabling us to better characterize this potential ionized bubble. We confidently detect (S/N > 7) Ly α emission at z = 6.701–6.882 in nine of ten observed galaxies, revealing that the large-scale volume spanned by these sources (characteristic radius R = 3.2 physical Mpc) traces a strong galaxy overdensity (N/〈N〉 ≳ 3). Our data additionally confirm that the Ly α emission of UV-bright galaxies in this volume is significantly enhanced, with 40 per cent (4/10) showing strong Ly α emission (equivalent width >25 Å) compared to the 8–9 per cent found on average at z ∼ 7. The median Ly α equivalent width of our observed galaxies is also ≈2 times that typical at z ∼ 7, consistent with expectations if a very large (R ∼ 3 physical Mpc) ionized bubble is allowing the Ly α photons to cosmologically redshift far into the damping wing before encountering H i.
Informative RNA base embedding for RNA structural alignment and clustering by deep representation learning
Authors: Akiyama Manato , Sakakibara Yasubumi
Published: February 2022

Effective embedding is actively conducted by applying deep learning to biomolecular information. Obtaining better embeddings enhances the quality of downstream analyses, such as DNA sequence motif detection and protein function prediction. In this study, we adopt a pre-training algorithm for the effective embedding of RNA bases to acquire semantically rich representations and apply this algorithm to two fundamental RNA sequence problems: structural alignment and clustering. By using the pre-training algorithm to embed the four bases of RNA in a position-dependent manner using a large number of RNA sequences from various RNA families, a context-sensitive embedding representation is obtained. As a result, not only base information but also secondary structure and context information of RNA sequences are embedded for each base. We call this ‘informative base embedding’ and use it to achieve accuracies superior to those of existing state-of-the-art methods on RNA structural alignment and RNA family clustering tasks. Furthermore, upon performing RNA sequence alignment by combining this informative base embedding with a simple Needleman–Wunsch alignment algorithm, we succeed in calculating structural alignments with a time complexity of O(n2) instead of the O(n6) time complexity of the naive implementation of Sankoff-style algorithm for input RNA sequence of length n.
Effect of lanthanum carbonate on serum calciprotein particles in patients with stage 3–4 CKD—results from a placebo-controlled randomized trial
Authors: Tiong Mark K , Smith Edward R , Pascoe Elaine M , Elder Grahame J , Lioufas Nicole M , Pedagogos Eugenia , Hawley Carmel M , Valks Andrea , Holt Stephen G , Hewitson Tim D , Toussaint Nigel D
Published: February 2022

Background

Calciprotein particles (CPP) are colloidal aggregates of calcium phosphate and the mineral-binding protein fetuin-A, and are potential mediators of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Emerging evidence suggests non-calcium-containing phosphate binders may reduce serum CPP in patients with kidney failure who require dialysis; however, it is unclear whether similar interventions are effective in patients with earlier stages of CKD.

Methods

The IMpact of Phosphate Reduction On Vascular End-points in CKD (IMPROVE-CKD) was a multi-centre, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lanthanum carbonate on cardiovascular markers in 278 participants with stage 3b/4 CKD. In this pre-specified exploratory analysis, primary (CPP-I) and secondary CPP (CPP-II) were measured in a sub-cohort of participants over 96 weeks. Treatment groups were compared using linear mixed-effects models and the relationship between serum CPP and pulse wave velocity (PWV) and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) was examined.

Results

A total of 253 participants had CPP data for baseline and at least one follow-up timepoint and were included in this analysis. The mean age was 62.4 ± 12.6 years, 32.0% were female and the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 26.6 ± 8.3 mL/min/1.73 m2. Baseline median serum CPP-I was 14.9 × 104 particles/mL [interquartile range (IQR) 4.6–49.3] and median CPP-II was 3.3 × 103 particles/mL (IQR 1.4–5.4). There was no significant difference between treatment groups at 96 weeks in CPP-I [22.8% (95% confidence interval −39.2, 36.4), P = 0.65] or CPP-II [−18.3% (95% confidence interval −40.0, 11.2), P = 0.20] compared with a placebo. Serum CPP were not correlated with baseline PWV or AAC, or with the progression of either marker.

Conclusions

Lanthanum carbonate was not associated with a reduction of CPP at 96 weeks when compared with a placebo in a CKD cohort.
On-demand synthesis of high-quality, blue-light-active ZnSe colloidal quantum wires
Authors: Li Yi , Zhang Chong , Tian Jie , Wu Liang , Liu Guo-Qiang , Li Hui-Hui , Zhang Yu-Zhuo , Shao Zhen-Chao , He Zhen , Yu Shu-Hong
Published: February 2022

Beyond the state-of-the-art Cd-containing quantum wires (QWs), heavy-metal-free semiconductor QWs, such as ZnSe, are of great interest for next-generation environmental-benign applications. Unfortunately, simultaneous, on-demand manipulation of their radial and axial sizes—that allows strong quantum confinement in the blue-light region—has so far been challenging. Here we present a two-step catalyzed growth strategy that enables independent, high-precision and wide-range controls over the diameter and length of ZnSe QWs. We find that a new epitaxial orientation between the cubic-phase Ag2Se solid catalyst and wurtzite ZnSe QWs kinetically favors the formation of defect-free ultrathin QWs. Thanks to their high uniformity, the resulting blue-light-active, phase-pure ZnSe QWs exhibit well-defined excitonic absorption with the 1Se–1Sh transition linewidth as narrow as sub-13 nm. Combining the transient absorption spectroscopy, we further show that surface electron traps in these ZnSe QWs can be eliminated by thiol passivation, which results in long-lived charge carriers and high-efficiency solar-to-hydrogen conversion.
Fabrication and biological evaluation of 3D-printed calcium phosphate ceramic scaffolds with distinct macroporous geometries through digital light processing technology
Authors: Wang Jing , Tang Yitao , Cao Quanle , Wu Yonghao , Wang Yitian , Yuan Bo , Li Xiangfeng , Zhou Yong , Chen Xuening , Zhu Xiangdong , Tu Chongqi , Zhang Xingdong
Published: February 2022

Digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing technique holds promise in fabricating scaffolds with high precision. Here raw calcium phosphate (CaP) powders were modified by 5.5% monoalcohol ethoxylate phosphate (MAEP) to ensure high solid loading and low viscosity. The rheological tests found that photocurable slurries composed of 50 wt% modified CaP powders and 2 wt% toners were suitable for DLP printing. Based on geometric models designed by computer-aided design (CAD) system, three printed CaP ceramics with distinct macroporous structures were prepared, including simple cube, octet-truss and inverse face-centered cube (fcc), which presented the similar phase composition and microstructure, but the different macropore geometries. Inverse fcc group showed the highest porosity and compressive strength. The in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations were performed to compare the bioactivity of three printed CaP ceramics, and the traditional foamed ceramic was used as control. It suggested that all CaP ceramics exhibited good biocompatibility, as evidence by an even bone-like apatite layer formation on the surface, and the good cell proliferation and spreading. A mouse intramuscular implantation model found that all of CaP ceramics could induce ectopic bone formation, and foam group had the strongest osteoinduction, followed by inverse fcc, while cube and octet-truss had the weakest one. It indicated that macropore geometry was of great importance to affect the osteoinductivity of scaffolds, and spherical, concave macropores facilitated osteogenesis. These findings provide a strategy to design and fabricate high-performance orthopedic grafts with proper pore geometry and desired biological performance via DLP-based 3D printing technique.
If you personalize it, will they use it?: Self-reported and observed use of a tailored, internet-based pain self-management program
Authors: Reuman Lillian , Solar Chelsey , MacLean R Ross , Halat Allison M , Rajeevan Haseena , Williams David A , Heapy Alicia A , Bair Matthew J , Krein Sarah L , Kerns Robert D , Higgins Diana M
Published: February 2022

Little is known about how individuals with chronic pain use tailored internet-based interventions. This study is the first to compare self-reported skill module use to observed module access and to examine each of these in relationship to tailored recommendations to access specific content. Participants (N = 58) enrolled in a 10-week trial of the Pain EASE program, a tailored internet-based intervention that includes 10 pain self-management skill modules. Participants completed a “Self-Assessment,” which was used to provide a “Personalized Plan” that encouraged accessing specific modules. Participants self-reported module use during weekly data collection telephone calls. Program log data were extracted to capture “observed” module use during the trial period. Findings indicated significantly greater self-reported use of the Pain EASE modules compared to observed access with log data. Further, log data revealed that participants accessed less than half of the modules recommended to them via tailoring.