bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Update to evidence-based guide to smoking cessation therapies
Authors: Siddiqui Faraz , Huque Rumana , Dogar Omara
Published: February 2017

Despite a general decline in smoking rates in the UK, smoking prevalence remains high among young adults, pregnant women and those from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. These three groups are also more likely to benefit from targeted smoking cessation interventions. Clinical contact between health professionals and patients who smoke creates an opportunity for offering cessation interventions and to reduce smoking-related harm. This article summarises evidence, based on high-quality systematic reviews, on smoking cessation interventions that could be offered by health professionals coming into contact with patients who smoke. The evidence presented here suggests that brief advice by a health professional is beneficial in achieving smoking cessation and so is intensive behavioural support alone or in combination with pharmacotherapies (nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs), bupropion and varenicline). Pharmacotherapies are also effective individually in promoting smoking cessation; a combination of NRTs (oral or skin patch) can be particularly helpful in promoting cessation among highly dependent smokers. Pharmacotherapies in combination with behavioural support delivered in health care settings are more effective than when used alone and delivered in community settings, respectively.
Newly qualified NMP: Helping patients help themselves
Authors: Cox Ella
Published: February 2017

Ella Cox reflects on her time as a newly-qualified independent and supplementary prescriber, and discusses the improvements made and challenges she has faced along the way
Hirarki Wilayah Kota Ternate Pasca Pengembangan Kawasan Waterfront City
Authors: Marasabessy Firdawaty
Published: February 2017

Ternate waterfront city development 2006-2015 initiative was triggered by the limitation of land use due to high population increase, geographical, and topographical constraints of the region, the threat of catastrophic volcanic eruption as well as national and provincial development strategy. The purpose of this study was to analyse the urban service hierarchy inside the city. The methodology used in this research was scalogram analysis with infrastructure variable. The regional hierarchy analysis after the development of waterfront city (2005-2011) showed that there were aspect of the development of infrastructure and accessibility, where coastal village was more development than non coastal village has waterfront city area.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 elicits vasodilation in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in healthy men
Authors: Asmar Ali , Asmar Meena , Simonsen Lene , Madsbad Sten , Holst Jens J , Hartmann Bolette , Sorensen Charlotte M , Bülow Jens
Published: February 2017

In healthy subjects, we recently demonstrated that during acute administration of GLP‐1, cardiac output increased significantly, whereas renal blood flow remained constant. We therefore hypothesize that GLP‐1 induces vasodilation in other organs, for example, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and/or splanchnic tissues. Nine healthy men were examined twice in random order during a 2‐hour infusion of either GLP‐1 (1.5 pmol kg−1 min−1) or saline. Cardiac output was continuously estimated noninvasively concomitantly with measurement of intra‐arterial blood pressure. Subcutaneous, abdominal adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) was measured by the 133Xenon clearance technique. Leg and splanchnic blood flow were measured by Fick's Principle, using indocyanine green as indicator. In the GLP‐1 study, cardiac output increased significantly together with a significant increase in arterial pulse pressure and heart rate compared with the saline study. Subcutaneous, abdominal ATBF and leg blood flow increased significantly during the GLP‐1 infusion compared with saline, whereas splanchnic blood flow response did not differ between the studies. We conclude that in healthy subjects, GLP‐1 increases cardiac output acutely due to a GLP‐1‐induced vasodilation in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle together with an increase in cardiac work.
Magnetic targeting with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo glioma
Authors: Fontes de Paula Aguiar Marina , Bustamante Mamani Javier , Klei Felix Taylla , Ferreira dos Reis Rafael , Rodrigues da Silva Helio , Nucci Leopoldo Penteado , Nucci-da-Silva Mariana Penteado , Gamarra Lionel Fernel
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study was to review the use of the magnetic targeting technique, characterized by magnetic driving compounds based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), as drug delivery for a specific brain locus in gliomas. We reviewed a process mediated by the application of an external static magnetic field for targeting SPIONs in gliomas. A search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases identified 228 studies, 23 of which were selected based on inclusion criteria and predetermined exclusion criteria. The articles were analyzed by physicochemical characteristics of SPIONs used, cell types used for tumor induction, characteristics of experimental glioma models, magnetic targeting technical parameters, and analysis method of process efficiency. The study shows the highlights and importance of magnetic targeting to optimize the magnetic targeting process as a therapeutic strategy for gliomas. Regardless of the intensity of the patterned magnetic field, the time of application of the field, and nanoparticle used (commercial or synthesized), all studies showed a vast advantage in the use of magnetic targeting, either alone or in combination with other techniques, for optimized glioma therapy. Therefore, this review elucidates the preclinical and therapeutic applications of magnetic targeting in glioma, an innovative nanobiotechnological method.
Language Outcomes at 7 Years: Early Predictors and Co-Occurring Difficulties
Authors: McKean Cristina , Reilly Sheena , Bavin Edith L. , Bretherton Lesley , Cini Eileen , Conway Laura , Cook Fallon , Eadie Patricia , Prior Margot , Wake Melissa , Mensah Fiona
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To examine at 7 years the language abilities of children, the salience of early life factors and language scores as predictors of language outcome, and co-occurring difficulties

METHODS:

A longitudinal cohort study of 1910 infants recruited at age 8 to 10 months. Exposures included early life factors (sex, prematurity, birth weight/order, twin birth, socioeconomic status, non–English speaking background,family history of speech/language difficulties); maternal factors (mental health, vocabulary, education, and age); and child language ability at 2 and 4 years. Outcomes were 7-year standardized receptive or expressive language scores (low language: ≥1.25 SD below the mean), and co-occurring difficulties (autism, literacy, social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment, and health-related quality of life).

RESULTS:

Almost 19% of children (22/1204;18.9%) met criteria for low language at 7 years. Early life factors explained 9-13% of variation in language scores, increasing to 39-58% when child language scores at ages 2 and 4 were included. Early life factors moderately discriminated between children with and without low language (area under the curve: 0.68–0.72), strengthening to good discrimination with language scores at ages 2 and 4 (area under the curve: 0.85–0.94). Low language at age 7 was associated with concurrent difficulties in literacy, social-emotional and behavioral difficulties, and limitations in school and psychosocial functioning.

CONCLUSIONS:

Child language ability at 4 years more accurately predicted low language at 7 than a range of early child, family, and environmental factors. Low language at 7 years was associated with a higher prevalence of co-occurring difficulties.
Variation in Sepsis Evaluation Across a National Network of Nurseries
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sagori , Taylor James A. , Von Kohorn Isabelle , Flaherman Valerie , Burgos Anthony E. , Phillipi Carrie A. , Dhepyasuwan Nui , King Elizabeth , Dhudasia Miren , Puopolo Karen M.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

The extent to which clinicians use currently available guidelines for early-onset sepsis (EOS) screening has not been described. The Better Outcomes through Research for Newborns network represents 97 nurseries in 34 states across the United States. The objective of this study was to describe EOS risk management strategies across a national sample of newborn nurseries.

METHODS:

A Web-based survey was sent to each Better Outcomes through Research for Newborns network nursery site representative. Nineteen questions addressed specific practices for assessing and managing well-appearing term newborns identified at risk for EOS.

RESULTS:

Responses were received from 81 (83%) of 97 nurseries located in 33 states. Obstetric diagnosis of chorioamnionitis was the most common factor used to identify risk for EOS (79 of 81). Among well-appearing term infants with concern for maternal chorioamnionitis, 51 of 79 sites used American Academy of Pediatrics or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to inform clinical care; 11 used a published sepsis risk calculator; and 2 used clinical observation alone. Complete blood cell count (94.8%) and C-reactive protein (36.4%) were the most common laboratory tests obtained and influenced duration of empirical antibiotics at 13% of the sites. Some degree of mother–infant separation was required for EOS evaluation at 95% of centers, and separation for the entire duration of antibiotic therapy was required in 40% of the sites.

CONCLUSIONS:

Substantial variation exists in newborn EOS risk assessment, affecting the definition of risk, the level of medical intervention, and ultimately mother–infant separation. Identification of the optimal approach to EOS risk assessment and standardized implementation of such an approach could affect care of a large proportion of newborns.
Charge Trapping Analysis of High Speed Diamond FETs
Authors: Shah Pankaj B. , Weil James , Birdwell A. Glen , Ivanov Tony
Published: February 2017

Charge carrier trapping in diamond surface conduction field effect transistors (FETs) has been analyzed. For these devices two methods were used to obtain a negative electron affinity diamond surface; either plasma hydrogenation or annealing in an H2 environment. In both cases the Al2O3 gate dielectric can trap both electrons and holes in deep energy levels with emission timescales of seconds, while the diamond – Al2O3 interface traps exhibit much shorter time scales in the microsecond range. Capacitance-Voltage (CV) analysis indicates that these interface traps exhibit acceptor-like characteristics. Correlation with CV based free hole density measurements indicates that the conductance based interface trap analysis provides a method to quantify surface characteristics that lead to surface conduction in hydrogenated diamond where atmospheric adsorbates provide the acceptor states for transfer doping of the surface.
ADAPTASI FISIOLOGIS RETINAMATA DAN TINGKAH LAKU IKAN TERHADAP CAHAYA
Authors: Syam Amran Ronny , Satria Hendra
Published: February 2017

Cahaya adalah salah satu faktor lingkungan yang penting dalam kehidupan ikan. Efek langsung yang utama adalah pada penglihatan. Cahaya yang masuk melalui mata maupun pineal region dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas ikan melalui mekanisme fisiologis retina mata ikan yang diteruskan ke pusat otak melalui sistem syaraf pusat. Adaptasi fisiologis retina mata tersebut tergantung dari struktur retina mata, kemampuan dan sensitivitas penglihatan. Pada intensitas cahaya yang relatifrendah peranan photoreseptor rod dalam retina mata lebih menonjol yang disebut sebagai scopotic vision dan pada intensitas yang lebih tinggi receptor cone relatif lebih berperan yang disebut sebagai photopic vision. Adanya stimuli cahaya menyebabkan pengaruh langsung maupun tak langsungterhadap kecepatan renang ikan dan ruaya ikan secara vertikal harian sebagai respon tingkah laku.
BEBERAPA JENIS IKAN BAWAL (Angel fish, BRAMIDAE) YANG TERTANGKAP DENGAN RAWAI TUNA (TUNA LONG LINE) DI SAMUDERA HINDIA DAN ASPEK PENANGKAPANNYA
Authors: Barat Abram , Prisantoso Budi Iskandar
Published: February 2017

Ikan bawal (Angel fish) yang menghuni perairan Samudera Hindia termasuk ke famili Bramidae. Rawai tuna (tuna long line) merupakan alat tangkap yang digunakan oleh kapal-kapal penangkap ikan di Pelabuhan Benoa untuk menangkap ikan bawal dan beberapa jenis ikan lainnya yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Ada tiga spesies ikan bawal yang tertangkap di Samudera Hindia, yaitu sickle pomfret (Taractichthys steindachneri), pomfret (Taractes rubescens), dan brilliant pomfret (Eumegistus illustris). Kisaran panjang cagak (fork length) ikan bawal yang tertangkap dengan tuna long line berkisar <50- 100 cm. Kebanyakan ikan bawal tertangkap di kisaran kedalaman mata pancing 250-320 m dansuhu penangkapan antara 12-14°C. Ikan bawal memiliki kebiasan makan pada pukul 18.00-21.30.
JENIS IKAN LAUT DALAM YANG TERTANGKAP DI PERAIRAN ZONA EKONOMI EKSKLUSIF INDONESIA SAMUDERA HINDIA
Authors: Suprapto Suprapto , Sunarno Mas Tri Djoko
Published: February 2017

Pada periode tahun 2004-2005, Pusat Riset Perikanan Tangkap (Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan-Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan) bekerjasama dengan pemerintah Jepang (OverseasFishery Cooperation Foundation) telah melakukan pengkajian sumber daya ikan laut dalam di perairan zona ekonomi eksklusif Indonesia Samudera Hindia dengan menggunakan K.R. Baruna Jaya IV (1.219 GT). Kapal ini dilengkapi sarana alat tangkap jaring pukat dimodifikasi khusus untuk perairandalam. Jenis ikan yang tertangkap di perairan selatan Jawa terdiri atas 337 spesies yang mewakili 99 famili, sedangkan di perairan barat Sumatera terdiri atas 215 spesies, mewakili 82 famili. Macrouridae salah satu famili yang memiliki kekayaan jenis terbanyak, menyusul famili lain Alepocephalidae, Ophidiidae, dan Myctophidae. Berdasarkan pada bobot total laju tangkap, komposisi jenis yang mendominansi di perairan selatan Jawa spesies Lamprogrammus niger (Ophidiidae)dan Plesiobatis sp.1 (Plesiobatididae-kerabat ikan pari). Sedangkan di barat Sumatera selain spesies Plesiobatis sp., spesies Diretmoides pauciradiatus dari famili Diretmidae juga mendominansi hasil total bobot hasil tangkapan di perairan ini. Sebaran laju tangkap secara horisontal yang tertinggi diselatan Jawa yang terkonsentrasi di sekitar perairan selatan Yogyakarta, sedangkan untuk kawasan barat Sumatera terkonsentrasi di sekitar perairan Banda Aceh sebelah barat dan perairan Pulau Enggano (Bengkulu). Sebaran laju tangkap secara vertikal cenderung menurun mulai dari kedalaman200-900 m, namun pada kedalaman melebihi 900 m, laju tangkap sangat tinggi.
PENANGANAN SEDIMENTASI DI DAERAH MUARA SUNGAI BAGI KEPENTINGAN PENGOPERASIAN PELABUHAN PERIKANAN
Authors: Chodriyah Umi , Pralampita Wiwit An
Published: February 2017

Aktivitas pelabuhan merupakan salah satu permasalahan penting untuk diselesaikan baik yang sifatnya teknis pemeliharaan maupun pengelolaan fasilitas pelabuhan, seperti penurunan kualitas lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh sedimentasi. Penanganan sedimentasi (pengendapan) di muara sungai dapat dilakukan dengan pembangunan jetty dan melakukan pengerukkan. Penanganan operasional kapal keruk disesuaikan dengan sifat tanah yang akan dikeruk, kedalaman yang direncanakan, lokasi dan keadaan sekeliling, besar arus dan gelombang, dan faktor yang lain.
SEBARAN PANJANG (FL), TINGKAT KEMATANGAN GONAD DAN KOMPOSISI MAKANAN IKAN KEMBUNG (Rastrelliger brachyosoma) PADA BULAN NOPEMBER 2006 DI PERAIRAN PANTAI KALIMANTAN BARAT
Authors: Hariati Tuti , Zamroni Achmad , Setiawan Rahmat
Published: February 2017

Informasi keadaan sumber daya ikan kembung (Rastrelliger brachyosoma) di perairan pantai Kalimantan Barat perlu untuk diperkaya. Dengan indikasi semakin turunnya hasil tangkapan ikan kembung sampai tahun 2005, pada bulan Nopember 2006 dilakukan pengumpulan data dan pengamatan aspek biologi ikan kembung. Hasil pengamatan memperlihatkan bahwa sebaran panjang ikan kembung pada bulan Nopember 2006 sesuai dengan sebaran panjang pada bulan Januari 1993. Komposisi tingkat kematangan gonad ikan kembung pada bulan Nopember 2006 sesuai dengan musim dan tingkat kematangan gonad pada bulan Januari 1993. Jenis makanan didominansiplankton nabati terutama Chaetoceros sp. dan Coscinodiscus sp., sama dengan jenis makanan ikan kembung di perairan lain. Diperlukan kajian yang rutin paling tidak 1 tahun terhadap sumber daya perikanan ikan kembung di perairan pantai wilayah Kalimantan Barat, untuk kelestarian stok dan usaha penangkapannya.
SELEKTIVITAS JARING ARAD (MINI BOTTOM TRAWL) YANG DILENGKAPI JTEDs TERHADAP IKAN BELOSO (Saurida sp.)
Authors: Hufiadi Hufiadi , Mahiswara Mahiswara
Published: February 2017

Hasil tangkapan sampingan dan tertangkapnya ikan target di bawah ukuran sebagai akibat dari penggunaan alat tangkap non selektif telah menjadi permasalahan dunia pada akhir dekade ini. Upaya konservasi ikan target di bawah ukuran dan hasil tangkapan sampingan melalui peningkatan selektivitas alat tangkap merupakan bagian dari code of conduct for responsible fishing yang telah dicanangkan oleh FAO. Perikanan arad yang berkembang di perairan utara Jawa merupakan alat tangkap yang efektif dalam memanfaatkan sumber daya ikan demersal. Permasalahan utama pada perikanan ini adalah banyaknya jumlah hasil tangkap sampingan berukuran kecil yang belum layak tangkap. Dalam upaya untuk mengurangi tangkapan ikan muda yang belum layak tangkap telah dilakukan observasi dan uji coba operasi penangkapan melalui penggunaan perangkat JTEDs pada alat tangkap arad yang digunakan nelayan Pekalongan. Perangkat JTEDs yang digunakan dibedakanpada ukuran jarak antar kisi-kisi, yaitu 10,0, 17,5, dan 25,4 mm. Analisis selektivitas kisi menggunakan model kurva logistik dengan bantuan solver pada Microsoft Excel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan JTEDs pada arad dapat meloloskan ikan beloso (Saurida sp.) ukuran kecil rata-rata berkisar 10,21-63,76%. JTEDs dengan ukuran kisi-kisi 25,4 mm memiliki tingkat seleksi ikan beloso terbaik pada tingkat seleksi 50% (FL50%).
KUALITAS PERAIRAN SUNGAI MUSI BAGIAN TENGAH DAN HILIR SERTA KELIMPAHAN JENIS IKAN
Authors: Adjie Susilo
Published: February 2017

Penelitian untuk mengetahui kualitas lingkungan perairan Sungai Musi bagian tengah dan hilir serta kelimpahan jenis ikan, telah dilakukan dari bulan April sampai dengan Oktober 2003. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode survei dengan menetapkan 15 stasiun pengamatan dari Sungai Musi bagian tengah sampai dengan hilir. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa dari hasil pemeriksaan parameter fisika kimia air secara umum perairan Sungai Musi bagian tengah sampai dengan hilir belum terlihat ada indikasi pencemaran. Kehidupan ikan di Sungai Musi bagian tengah sampai dengan hilir belum terlihat ada gangguan akibat pencemaran air. Jenis-jenis ikan yang dijumpai di sepanjang stasiun pengamatan terdapat sekitar 85 jenis yang didominansi oleh famili Cyprinidae. Penyebaran jenis ikan terkonsentrasi di Sungai Musi bagian tengah +- 75 jenis dan bagian hilir +- 58 jenis. A study to determine the water quality in the middle and lower parts of Musi River as well as its fish distribution was conducted from April until October 2003. Research was done under survey method by setting 15 stations in the middle and lower parts of Musi River. Results of the features of the physico chemical parameters showed that Musi River waters in the middle and lower parts were not polluted. There were 85 fish founded in the observed areas and they were dominated by family of cyprinidae. 75 fish species were distributed in the middle part of Musi River and 58 fish species were scattered in the lower.
BIOLOGI REPRODUKSI DAN DUGAAN MUSIM PEMIJAHAN IKAN PELAGIS KECIL DI LAUT CINA SELATAN
Authors: Suwarso Suwarso , Zamroni Achmad , Wudianto Wudianto
Published: February 2017

Jenis ikan pelagis kecil merupakan sumber daya ikan dominan yang terdapat di wilayah perairan Laut Cina Selatan. Terdapat beberapa jenis ikan pelagis kecil yang merupakan hasil tangkapan utama antara lain adalah ikan layang (Decapterus sp.) dan kembung (Rastrelliger brachysoma). Penelitian terhadap biologi reproduksi (perkembangan kematangan gonad, sex ratio, dugaan musim pemijahan, dan length at first maturity) telah dilakukan terhadap 3 jenis ikan pelagis kecil (Decapterus russelli, Decapterus macrosoma, dan Rastrelliger kanagurta) yang tertangkap di Laut Cina Selatan. Pengambilan contoh biologi terhadap ke-3 spesies ikan dilakukan di tempat pendaratan ikan Palembang, Pemangkat, dan Pekalongan pada tahun 2003 sampai dengan 2005. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada peningkatan nilai gonado somatic index yang seiring dengan bertambah ukuran ikan. Kejadian ini mengindikasikan perkembangan gonad ke arah kematangan. Pola fluktuasi gonado somatic index yang terjadi berdasarkan pada musim (cenderung lebih rendah pada musim barat, semakin meningkat pada akhir musim barat, dan mencapai maksimum pada musim timur dengan diikuti ada penurunan gonado somatic index). Dengan pola demikian ini, mengindikasikan pemijahan utama terjadi sejak akhir musim timur dan berlangsung beberapa bulan sampai dengan musim peralihan. Secara umum, populasi ikan yang tertangkap didominansi oleh ikan yang dalam kondisi belum matang gonad. Jenis Decapterus russelli mencapai kematangan gonad yang pertama (length at first mature) pada kisaran ukuran 18,6 sampai dengan 21,2 cm TL; Decapterus macrosoma pada ukuran 20,5 sampai dengan 21,9 cm TL, sedangkan Rastrelliger kanagurta pada kisaran ukuran 20,4 sampai dengan 22,3 cm TL. Small pelagic fish is one of the most dominant species caught in South China Sea which round scad and Indian meckerel are the main catches. Research on biological reproduction such as gonad somatic index, sex ratio, spawning season, and length at first maturity for three main pelagic species, i.e., Decapterus russelli, Decapterus macrosoma, and Rastrelliger kanagurta, was carried out during 2003 to 2005. Research result shows that there was a tendency that the increasing value of gonad somatic index occurred together with increasing the size of fish. The fluctuation of gonad somatic index was affected by season, the low value of gonad somatic index was found during northwest monsoon, conversely the high value of gonad somatic index occurred during southeast monsoon. This phenomenon indicated that the main spawning season occurred during southeast monsoon on several months before the next intermoon son coming. Generally, the small pelagic species in this area caught abundantly on the mature stage. Length at first maturity for Decapterus russelli observed in the range of 18.6 to 21.2 cm in TL, Decapterus macrosoma recorded in the range of 20.5 to 21.9 cm in TL, and Rastrelliger kanagurta found in the range of 20.4 to 22.3 cm in TL.
A arte, a USP e o devir do MAC
Authors: Chiarelli Tadeu
Published: February 2017

O texto visa refletir sobre o Museu de Arte Contemporânea da USP, sua história e perspectivas, no quadro geral da Universidade de São Paulo em suas relações com as artes visuais.
Island life and isolation: The population genetics of Pacific Wrens on the North Pacific Rim
Authors: Pruett Christin L. , Ricono Angela , Spern Cory , Winker Kevin
Published: February 2017

Conservation of intraspecific variation is a growing focus of conservation biology. Island populations can make up a large portion of the variation of widespread species, as they are often isolated and exhibit differences in phenotype and genetic structure compared with mainland populations. We genotyped 169 Pacific Wrens (Troglodytes pacificus) from 9 locations and 6 subspecies in Alaska, USA, and British Columbia, Canada, to examine the population structure, genetic diversity, and likelihood of genetic rescue of island populations of conservation concern. We found that 25% of genetic variation was partitioned among conservation units delineated by subspecies, suggesting that the present framework of managing subspecies as separate units is warranted. Populations found farthest from possible mainland sources had the lowest genetic diversity. The Attu Island population, subspecies T. p. meligerus, had the lowest genetic diversity and highest genetic divergence of all sampled locations, a signal also found in Attu Island populations of Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) and Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta). Currently, populations in western Alaska are unlikely to be connected to populations in mainland locations through dispersal, and thus are unlikely candidates for natural genetic or demographic rescue.
Nitric oxide synthesis-promoting effects of valsartan in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via the Akt/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway
Authors: Zhao Yingshuai , Wang Liuyi , He Shanshan , Wang Xiaoyan , Shi Weili
Published: February 2017

Valsartan (VAL), an antagonist of angiotensin II receptor type 1, has antihypertensive and multiple cardiovascular protective effects. The pleiotropic functions of VAL are related to the increased synthesis and biological activity of intravascular nitric oxide (NO). In this study, the role and mechanisms of VAL in the synthesis of NO were examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ten µmol/L of VAL was used to treat EA.hy926 cells for 30 minutes, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours, and three concentrations of VAL (i.e., 10, 1, and 0.1 µmol/L) were used to treat EA.hy926 cells for 24 hours. The cells were divided into five groups: control, VAL, VAL + Compound C (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase [AMPK] inhibitor, 1 µmol/L), VAL + LY294002 (Akt [protein kinase B] inhibitor, 10 µmol/L), and VAL + L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, endothelial NO synthase [eNOS] inhibitor, 500 µmol/L) groups. The NO content in the VAL-treated HUVEC line (EA.hy926) was detected using the nitrate reductase method, and western blot was used to detect the phosphorylation of Akt, AMPK, and eNOS, as well as the changes in total protein levels. VAL increased NO synthesis in EA.hy926 cells in time- and dose-dependent manners (p < 0.05) and the intracellular phosphorylation levels of Akt, AMPK, and eNOS at the corresponding time points. LY294002, Compound C, and L-NAME could inhibit the VAL-promoted NO synthesis. VAL activated Akt, AMPK, and eNOS, thus promoting NO synthesis and playing a protective role in endothelial cells. These results partially explained the mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular protective effects of VAL.
Financial Sector Reforms in India: Implications for Banking and Taxation
Authors: Jain Sandeep
Published: February 2017

Financial sector reforms in India have formed an important component of the overall economic reforms process initiated in the early 1990s. These reforms have followed a well calibrated approach. The general approach to financial sector reforms has been a transparent, collaborative and consultative process aimed at resolving many possible dilemmas. While the scope of financial sector reforms is immense, this paper focuses on the implications of these reforms for banking and taxation. In general, both these areas have witnessed significant transformation from reforms in terms of switchover to international best practices, enabling legislation, effective monitoring and supervision, and technology.
Odyssey Western Blot Blocker Optimization for Near-Infrared (NIR) Detection (PVDF membrane) v1
Authors: Biosciences LI-COR
Published: February 2017

This protocoldescribes a method to determine optimal blocking conditions for NIR Western blot detection with the Odyssey family of Imagers. It is for use with the Millipore Immobilon®-FL PVDF membrane.
Extraction by Dry Rendering Methode and Characterization Fish Oil of Catfish Viscera Fat by Product of Smooked Fish Processing
Authors: Kamini Kamini , Suptijah Pipih , Santoso Joko , Suseno Sugeng Heri
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The catfish viscera fat, is cathfish processing by-products, has potential to be used as a source of raw
material for production of fish oil. This study aimed to analyze the value of proximate, heavy metal content
and fatty acid profile of catfish viscera fat (Pangasius hypopthalmus) and characterized fish oil extracted by
dry rendering in various temperature and time than compared it to fish oil extracted by stove heating to
obtain the best treatment. Proximate, heavy metal residue, and the fatty acid profile analysis were conducted
for characterizing catfish viscera fat. Fish oil extraction was conducted by dry rendering in various
temperatures of 50, 60, 70, 80 °C for 1, 2, and 3 hours. Fish oil quality was determined by the chemical
characteristics i.e. PV, FFA, anisidin and TOTOX. The results of the study showed that fat content of catfish
fat viscera was 88.19 %, the heavy metals content was below SNI standart to be consumed, and fatty acid
profile composition was SFA>MUFA>PUFA. The highest fatty acid content was oleic acid. The best fish oil
quality was resulted on temperature extraction of 50°C for 2 hours with yield value, PV, FFA, anisidin, and
TOTOX were 45.17 %, 2.77 meq/kg, 0.83 %, 2.86 meq/kg, 8.39 meq/kg respectively. This result was not
significantly different with fish oil extracted by the stove heating expect for yield and PV were 80.11% and
6.52 meq/kg, respectively.
Constitución de 1991, Ley de Cuotas y movimiento feminista: el papel del derecho en la generación de estructuras de movilización
Authors: Lehoucq Emilio
Published: February 2017

Este artículo muestra lo poco teorizada que ha sido la relación entre el derecho y las estructuras de movilización de los movimientos sociales. Para avanzar en esta línea, propone una hipótesis sobre cuál fue el impacto de la Constitución de 1991 en el movimiento feminista. A través del estudio de caso de la campaña en torno a la Ley de Cuotas, se propone que el impacto más importante fue la creación de estructuras de movilización que le dieron un nuevo aire.
Un derecho contractual para el derecho a la vivienda
Authors: López-Castro Yira
Published: February 2017

Las condiciones de los contratos que permiten el acceso a una vivienda están intrínsecamente relacionadas con la realización del derecho a la vivienda. Con base en esa relación entre el derecho a un techo decente y las circunstancias materiales de los ciudadanos expresadas en las cláusulas contractuales, la Corte Constitucional colombiana ha construido algunas reglas que persiguen la protección de los derechos habitacionales de los consumidores de vivienda. En ese contexto, este artículo analiza la jurisprudencia constitucional que se ha referido a los contratos de vivienda y presenta los retos que tales decisiones proponen a las instituciones tradicionales usualmente estudiadas por el derecho privado.
La coyuntura crítica colombiana: el origen comunicativo de la Constitución de 1991
Authors: Boesten Jan
Published: February 2017

Se dice que las Constituciones de la Colombia del Siglo XIX eran cartas de batalla que aplacaban la confrontación militar, pero al mismo tiempo contenían la semilla para el siguiente enfrentamiento. La Constitución de 1991 rompe con esa tradición, en tanto esta no es percibida como una carta de batalla, sino como un pacto de paz. A través de una metodología de política comparada, este artículo contrasta el proceso constitucional de 1991 con otros escenarios de profunda reconstrucción institucional para argüir que lo que hace que la Constitución de 1991 sea diferente a aquellas cartas de batalla fue el tipo de crisis que llevó a la constitución de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, su origen en un movimiento popular comprometido con una acción comunicativa y, por último, su carácter inclusivo y deliberativo, en el que se escuchó a grupos tradicionalmente marginados.
Feminismo y crítica jurídica
Authors: Buchely Lina Fernanda
Published: February 2017

Reseña de libro:Alviar, Helena y Jaramillo, Isabel (2012). Feminismo y crítica jurídica. El análisis distributivo como alternativa crítica al legalismo liberal. Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores y Universidad de los Andes
Prescription errors in a tertiary care government hospital of eastern India: a preinterventional prospective study
Authors: Kumar Jeetendra , Chandra Subhash , Sinha Hemant K.
Published: February 2017

Background: Prescription errors are known to exert various detrimental effects to both the patient and the community. They are the commonest form of preventable medication errors. However, the concerned data was deficient for eastern part of our province due to inadequate efforts made in this area. This study therefore was carried out to generate the baseline data on the nature and extent of prescription errors prevalent in this part of our country so as to give remedial messages.Methods: A pharmacy based cross sectional descriptive study of 731 randomly selected prescriptions of a government tertiary care hospital was done in a prospective manner. They were investigated for the legibility, core elements of a prescription and overall use of abbreviations.Results: The total number of prescription errors were7626. The drug related errors constituted 65.72% and prescriber`s related error constituted 34.28% of the total errors. Errors of omission were 77.72% and that of commission were 22.28%. 11.9% prescriptions were illegible. The information, instructions and warnings were not mentioned on 72.09% prescriptions. Both the errors of omission and errors of commission were observed for strength of the nearly half of the prescribed medications. The route of administration and duration of treatment were the two most frequently omitted errors. Use of unauthorized abbreviations was also exercised for 28.18% of the prescribed medications.Conclusions: Prescription errors of different types are common in our hospital. Prescribers need their special attention to take care the legibility of prescription, the use of authorized abbreviation, the route and duration of administration. The concept of computerized prescription can be adopted as intervention to minimise these errors.
Clinician's practices and perspectives regarding tobacco cessation in a teaching Hospital, Karnataka, India
Authors: M. Sumana , C. Y. Sreelatha , M. Sundar , Das Narottam
Published: February 2017

Background: Cessation of tobacco is important to prevent non-communicable diseases and mortality. Smokers frequently approach doctors for various health ailments. This opportunity can be utilized to give tobacco cessation advice. This study aims to assess the clinician’s practice perspectives barriers and need for the training related to tobacco cessation.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore tobacco cessation practices of clinicians of a teaching hospital attached to Medical College in Hassan, Karnataka, India. Pre-tested, pre-structured self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all the clinicians in person. All the Professors, Associate Professors, Assistant Professors, Senior Residents and Junior Residents in the departments coming in contact with smokers were included in the study and patients were also interviewed to assess their smoking status, willingness to quit and counselling by physicians using pre-structured oral questionnaire.Results: Almost 84.4% of clinicians said they ask about smoking history but only 50.9% said they assess patients’ willingness to quit smoking. 37% assist patients to quit smoking and 29.8% arranged follow up visits. 25% of clinicians mentioned undergraduate and postgraduate training prepared them to help patients quit smoking. Remaining said it was inadequate. All agreed that it is their role to help, motivate, discuss, speak, refer and monitor patients who smoke to quit.Conclusions: Majority of the doctors believed that they play a very important role in tobacco cessation activities. There is a need for Undergraduate and postgraduate skill based training to assist patients quit the tobacco habit. The study showed a need for adherence and reinforcement of tobacco cessation guidelines.
Aetiology of vaginal discharge in children
Authors: Kumar Parimalam , K. Suguna , P. Lavanya
Published: February 2017

Background: Vaginal discharge [VD] is the most common gynecologic complaint in children. The causes vary from being physiological to sexually transmitted diseases. The anatomy and physiology of the vulva and vagina and the vaginal flora influence the causes to some extent. As the above factors vary as the child grows, the etiology varies too. At any age, VD is responsible for a significant morbidity. Hence enumerating the causes and identifying the common causes in specific age groups will help in development of preventive measures and early appropriate treatment. The aim of the study was to enumerate the cause of VD in children attending the OPD at Government Royapettah Hospital and to find out the causes of VD in specific age groups less than 2 year, 2-9 years and 9-14 years.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of twenty girls less than 14 years of age with VD details were collected from the STI cards of twenty children in the age group upto 14 years, with vaginal discharge, who attended the STI clinic at GRH, KMC will be selected and their symptoms, clinical examination findings, results of relevant investigations noted from their hospital records. Children with HIV infection, immunosuppression due to juvenile diabetes mellitus/ malignancy and history of sexual abuse will be excluded. The results tabulated and a descriptive analysis done to find out the most common aetiology in different age groups in children. Descriptive analysis was applied to analyse the results.

Results: Out of the twenty children studied 40, 10, 50 percent of the girls were in group A, B and C respectively. Youngest child was 6 months old and oldest was 14 years.  In 10% of girls the incidence of VD was physiological and in 90% it was due to pathological causes. In 50% of children the causative agent could be demonstrated by laboratory investigations. Candida was the commonest agent demonstrated in 25% of girls studied. In 35% cases the cause was unidentifiable. Bacterial, parasitic and dermatological causes constituted to 10%, 15%, 10% of aetiology of VD respectively. In one child [5%] who had genital psoriasis, the clinical features of candidal infection was negative.

Conclusions: Aetiological diagnosis was very important in children with VD. Not all VD in children are infective and hence anti-fungal and anti-bacterial agents should not be prescribed without adequate clinical and or microbiological evidence. Pin worm infestation should be considered as a cause of VD in girls with perianal excoriation and nocturnal worsening of symptoms.

 
The similarities between animals and humans in terms of the attachment theory
Authors: Arslan Reyhane , Cilekciler Nuray Koc
Published: February 2017

The Attachment Theory is an approach that argues that the confidence inspired by the mother or by a mother substitute in an individual while still a baby leaves an emotional impact on the development of her offspring. The attachment theory, supported by studies on humans and animals, investigates the feelings of closeness and trust one living thing has for another. Many experiments made in this respect show that some feelings of humans and animals and their offspring are similar in terms of motivations and incentives. The most important of these are concepts such as childcare, abandonment anxiety and bonds of trust and security. In this study, several different scientific studies conducted on animals in terms of the Attachment Theory have been critically reviewed.Â  Moreover, also included in this study is research on the mother-child relationship as compared with studies conducted on animals and their offspring. In the comparisons and evaluations carried out, the psychological effects of bonding, like those in humans, were also observed in animals.Keywords: attachment theory, mothercare, animals, bowlby theoryÂ
The architecture of the mental lexicon and the selection of lexical nodes
Authors: Halimi Florentina
Published: February 2017

This study presents the architecture of the mental lexicon of third language learners by focusing on three representation levels: letter, word and language. In particular, this analysis attempts to examine the extent of the influence of the first and second languages known by bilingual learners of English. The study is guided by Dijkstraâ€™s (2003) Multilingual Interactive Activation (MIA) model, and the hypothesis of the language selective or language nonselective access of third language learners is tested. The method involved in this analysis is the word translation task as a tool for investigating the organization of the mental lexicon. The results obtained as a result of the translation task claim that trilingual speakers can operate with three languages during the process of learning.Keywords: multilingual processing, mental lexicon, language typology.
Improvement of survival and development of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei larvae by feeding taurine enriched rotifers
Authors: Jusadi Dedi , Ruchyani Syarifah , Mokoginta Ing , Ekasari Julie
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present experiment was to study the most optimum taurine enrichment concentration of rotifers in improving Pacific white shrimp larva Litopenaeus vannamei survival and development. White shrimp larvae at sixth naupliar stage were reared in 12 units of 500 L fibre glass tanks with a stocking density of 125 ind/L. Starting from zoea two stage (Z-2), the larva was provided with rotifers with different taurine enrichment concentration according to the treatments, i.e. 0 mg/L enrichment medium (A), 25 mg/L (B), 50 mg/L(C), and 100 mg/L (D). The results show that different taurine concentration in the enrichment media increased taurine level in rotifers. Furthermore, the administration of taurine enriched rotifers up to 50 mg/L significantly improved larval survival and may accelerate larval development. The experimental results also concluded that a concentration of 50 mg/L is the most optimum taurine enrichment concentration of rotifers for the improvement of white shrimp larval survival and developmental stage.

Keywords: taurine, rotifer, white shrimp, enrichment

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsentrasi optimum taurin melalui pengayaan pada rotifera terhadap tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan perkembangan stadia larva udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei. Larva udang vaname stadia naupli-6 dipelihara dalam 12 tangki fiberglass volume 500 L dengan kepadatan 125 ind/L. Dimulai sejak stadia zoea 2 (Z-2) larva diberi rotifera yang diperkaya dengan taurin dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda sesuai dengan perlakuan, yaitu 0 mg/L media pengkaya (A), 25 mg/L (B), 50mg/L (C), dan 100mg/L (D). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengayaan taurin pada konsentrasi yang berbeda menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan taurin rotifera. Sementara pemberian rotifera yang diperkaya taurin hingga 50 mg/L meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup dan mempercepat perkembangan stadia larva udang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian rotifera yang diperkaya taurin dengan konsentrasi 50 mg/L menghasilkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup tertinggi (53,5%) dan perkembangan larva yang tercepat (p<0,05) dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya.

Kata kunci: taurin, rotifera, udang vanname, pengayaan
Additional lime of CaO in rearing medium with salinity for growing of catfish Pangasius hypopthalmus
Authors: Hastuti Yuni Puji , Djokosetiyanto Daniel , Permatasari Ide
Published: February 2017

Catfish juvenile quality improvements sought through the addition of lime to the availability of minerals in the body. Media maintenance is set at 4‰ salinity aims to reduce the level of osmotic work to reduce energy used for osmoregulation and can be allocated to the growth of catfish. Juvenile-sized fish used 2.59±0.02 cm and weights 0.13±0.01 g. Aquarium measuring 20×20×20 cm3 used 15 units, filled with water salinity of 4% as 6 L per unit, and added lime CaO appropriate treatment. During the study, the fish were fed with 28% protein content three times a day with FR 5%. Addition of CaO treatment dose 0 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 60 mg/L, 80 mg/L result in the survival rate of 100%, 100%, 100%, 96.29%, and 100% (p>0.05). The growth rate of daily weight 5.196%, 5.212%, 6.596%, 5.35% and 5.101% (p>0.05). Long absolute yield significantly different values are 1.451 cm, 1.518 cm, 1.964 cm, 1.71 cm, and 1.546 cm (p<0.05). During the study, the water quality is within the range that can be tolerated by catfish juvenile. The use of lime in the salinity of 4% is suggested as many as 40 mg/L CaO with the turnover of water every day and feeding enough.

Keywords: CaO, salinity, growth, Pangasius hypopthalmus
Mastery Learning Strategy and Learning Retention: Effects on Senior Secondary School Students’ Achievement in Physical Geography in Ganye Educational Zone, Nigeria
Authors: Filgona Jacob , Filgona Joel , Sababa Linus, K.
Published: February 2017

The need to alleviate the difficulties of abstraction and improve students’ achievement in Physical Geography informed this research. This study investigated the Effects of Mastery Learning Strategy and Learning Retention on Senior Secondary School Students’ Achievement in Physical Geography. The study adopted the quasi experimental non-equivalent pre-test, post-test control group design. The Multi-stage sampling technique at four levels was used to select four co-educational secondary schools in Ganye Educational Zone in Nigeria. The sample for the study was 218 Senior Secondary School two (SS II) students offering Geography from four intact classes in the four selected secondary schools. The instrument used for data collection was “Physical Geography Achievement and Retention Test” (PGART). The reliability of the instrument was established using Kendall tau b statistic. This gave a reliability index of 0.74. Data collected were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and t-Test. The results showed that Mastery Learning Strategy has the potentials to improve students’ learning outcomes, retention and achievement in all spheres of cognitive domain in Physical Geography better than the Conventional Method. Hence the need to incorporate this teaching strategy during instruction so that learners would be guided to learn meaningfully and be assisted to retain content learnt in Geography.
Evaluasi Kandungan Nutrien Bungkil Wijen Lokal Sebagai Bahan Pakan Unggas
Authors: Astuti Isti
Published: February 2017

The present study was conducted to evaluate nutrient contents of  local sesame  meal  as feedstuff of poultry. Three varieties of sesame seed  were investigated, there were Local Black,  S1 and S2. Its founded from Bendosari district, Sukoharjo regency, Central of Java Province.  The experimant was done throught proximate analyses in the laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Departement of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural Faculty, Sebelas Maret University. The result  showed that amount of sesame meal between 61,48 to 63,50% from  weight of seed.  Nutrient composition of Local Black sesame meal was 40,13% crude protein (CP), 20,08% crude fat, 4,64% crude fiber ,  10,17% ash and 3212 kcal/kg ME.  Nutrient composition of S1 sesame meal was 37,91% CP, 19,12 % crude fat,  6,01% crude fiber,  9,52% ash, 3113 kcal/kg ME  whereas  nutrient composition of S2 was  39,58% CP, 26,26 % crude fat,  6,21% crude fiber,  7,85% ash and 3195 Kcal/kg ME.  The result of this experiment concluded that local sesame meal is generally good as feedstuff protein source in terms of chemical composition based ‘proximate analyses’ especially CP content.

 

Key words : local sesame meal, nutrient contents