bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Larvicidal and pupicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles using Leucas aspera leaf extract against mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Sivapriyajothi S. , Mahesh Kumar P. , Kovendan K. , Subramaniam J. , Murugan K.
Published: August 2014

Mosquitoes are one of the most medically significant groups of vectors, having an ability to transmit parasites and pathogens that can have devastating impacts on humans. The development of reliable and ecofriendly processes for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an important step in the field of application of nanotechnology. In this study, we address the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Leucas aspera leaf extract, and evaluate its lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) values against first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of the mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis. Larvae and pupae were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous extracts of synthesized AgNPs for 24 h. The maximum mortality was observed from synthesized AgNPs, with LC50 values for I-IV instars and pupae ranging from 13.06 to 25.54, and LC90 values ranging from 24.11 to 47.34 for A. aegypti; for A. stephensi, the corresponding LC50 values ranged from 12.45 to 22.26, and the LC90 values ranged from 23.50 to 42.95. With methanol leaf extract of L. aspera against A. aegypti, the LC50 values ranged from 174.89 to 462.96 and the LC90 values ranged from 488.16 to 963.74; for A. stephensi, the corresponding LC50 values ranged from 148.93 to 417.07 and the LC90 values ranged from 449.72 to 912.94. The study suggests that nanoparticles could be a preferred alternative to the most hazardous existing chemical pesticides, contributing to a more healthy environment by providing an ideal ecological and user-friendly vector control strategy for managing malaria and dengue, and contributing to their eventual elimination in the near future.
Prosperity gospel: A missiological assessement
Authors: Gbote Eric Z.M. , Kgatla Selaelo T.
Published: August 2014

The article attempts to establish that prosperity gospel is rooted in the faulty interpretation of several biblical passages. The prosperity gospel portrays wealth and riches as a covenant and the fulfilment of the divine promise of God to his people. The basic teaching of the prosperity gospel is that God wants believers to get rich or healthy, but he cannot bless them unless they first send money known as ‘seed-faith’ to their spiritual leader or pastor who tells them about the plan. This approach was popularised by the American televangelist Oral Roberts in Tulsa Oklahoma in the United States of America (USA). It has now spread to other parts of the world, including Africa. This article investigates the teaching of this theology whilst attempting to offer a biblical foundation of Christian giving for the work of God.
Genetic Determinants of Differential Oral Infection Phenotypes of West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses in Culex spp. Mosquitoes
Authors: Maharaj Payal D. , Bolling Bethany G. , Anishchenko Michael , Reisen William K. , Brault Aaron C.
Published: August 2014

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) has shown greater susceptibility to oral infectivity than West Nile virus (WNV) in Culex mosquitoes. To identify the viral genetic elements that modulate these disparate phenotypes, structural chimeras (WNV–pre-membrane [prM] and envelope [E] proteins [prME]/SLEV.IC (infectious clone) and SLEV-prME/WNV.IC) were constructed in which two of the structural proteins, the prM and E, were interchanged between viruses. Oral dose–response assessment with the chimeric/parental WNV and SLEV was performed to characterize the infection phenotypes in Culex mosquitoes by artificial blood meals. The median infectious dose required to infect 50% of Cx. quinquefasciatus with WNV was indistinguishable from that of the SLEV-prME/WNV.IC chimeric virus. Similarly, SLEV and WNV-prME/SLEV.IC virus exhibited an indistinguishable oral dose–response relationship in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Infection rates for WNV.IC and SLEV-prME/WNV.IC were significantly lower than SLEV.IC and WNV-prME/SLEV.IC infection rates. These results indicated that WNV and SLEV oral infectivities are not mediated by genetic differences within the prM and E proteins.
Who should have a pre-discharge home assessment visit after a stroke? A qualitative study of occupational therapists' views
Authors: Whitehead Phillip , Fellows Karen , Sprigg Nikola , Walker Marion , Drummond Avril
Published: August 2014

Introduction:

The number of patients who have a pre-discharge home assessment visit following a stroke has been reported to vary nationally. The purpose of this research was to explore the factors influencing occupational therapists' decisions to complete such visits.

Method:

Semi-structured interviews were completed with 20 senior occupational therapists working with stroke in-patients, from a range of urban and rural locations in the United Kingdom. The interviews explored their views about those patients for whom a pre-discharge home assessment visit would and would not be required. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings:

Three themes were identified: the patient's level of physical, cognitive, or perceptual impairment and its impact on performance in activities of daily living; factors relating to the patient's home environment, including the availability of support within the home environment; and other influences on occupational therapists. The presence of a cognitive impairment was a particularly important factor.

Conclusions:

Occupational therapists balanced aspects from each of these themes in order to determine whether a visit was needed or not. Although the level of impairment was important, the most dependent patients were not necessarily those believed to be the most likely to need a visit.
The circumstances and impact of injuries on adults with learning disabilities
Authors: Finlayson Janet , Morrison Jillian , Skelton Dawn Ann , Ballinger Claire , Mantry Dipali , Jackson Alison , Cooper Sally-Ann
Published: August 2014

Introduction:

People with learning disabilities experience higher rates of injury compared to the general population, but little is known about the circumstances and perceived impact of these injuries on people with learning disabilities themselves.

Method:

Content analysis was conducted from interviews with 113 adults with learning disabilities who had at least one injury in a 12-month period. Qualitative interviews were conducted with ten adults with learning disabilities (and their carers where appropriate) who had experienced serious or frequent injury or frequent falls with or without injury in a 12-month period.

Findings:

The most commonly reported contributory factors for injuries and/or falls were related to physical health status (for example, epilepsy) and the environment (for example, walking/banging into furniture or stairs/steps). In terms of perceived impact, the development of fear of walking outdoors unsupported or fear of crossing a road were highlighted. The non-use and misuse of assistive technology was also highlighted as a concern.

Conclusion:

These findings demonstrate that occupational therapists have a key role to play in tailoring injury and fall prevention strategies and interventions for people with learning disabilities. In particular, environmental assessment and monitored use of assistive technology is important.
Preceptors' Views of Preceptorship: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Maringer Tracy , Jensen Jan
Published: August 2014

Introduction:

Preceptorship is a structured, supported induction period, the purpose of which is to ease the student—practitioner transition for newly qualified Band 5 National Health Service workers. The aim of this research, set in an acute hospital setting, was to explore the views of therapists on their roles as preceptors.

Method:

In this qualitative study, three occupational therapists and three physiotherapists participated in semi-structured interviews to identify their perceptions of the preceptor role and their thoughts on how the preceptorship programme affects preceptees' student—practitioner transitions. Interpretative phenomenological analysis identified emergent themes from the data.

Findings:

Three main themes emerged: valuing structured learning and reflection; the requirements of the preceptor—preceptee relationship; and the perceived impact of preceptorship on the service.

Conclusion:

The preceptorship programme was commended for providing a structured induction, facilitating reflective practice in newly qualified staff, and enhancing standards of clinical care for patients. It was felt that improved training in being a preceptor and ways of engaging in the process of preceptorship, along with alterations to simplify and clarify the local preceptorship programme paperwork, would benefit both preceptors and preceptees.
Subjective Social Status Predicts Quit-Day Abstinence among Homeless Smokers
Authors: Reitzel Lorraine R. , Kendzor Darla E. , Cao Yumei , Businelle Michael S.
Published: August 2014

Purpose.

Smoking prevalence is alarmingly high among the homeless. Few studies have focused on predictors of smoking abstinence in this population. Subjective social status, a person's ranking of their own social standing relative to others in the United States or in their own self-defined communities, has predicted smoking cessation among domiciled smokers in analyses adjusted for objective socioeconomic status and other demographic variables. This study examined if subjective social status predicted quit-day abstinence among homeless smokers making a quit attempt.

Design.

Longitudinal study using self-reported survey data.

Setting.

Transitional homeless shelter in Dallas, Texas.

Subjects.

A total of 57 homeless smokers enrolled in a cessation program.

Measures.

Predictors were the Subjective Social Status-U.S (SSS-U.S.) and the Subjective Social Status-Community (SSS-Community) ladders measured 1 week pre quit. Covariates were sociodemographics and tobacco dependence measured 1 week pre quit. The outcome was self-reported and biochemically verified smoking abstinence on the quit day.

Analysis.

Covariate-adjusted logistic regression models.

Results.

Higher rankings on the SSS-U.S. ladder, but not the SSS-Community ladder, predicted abstinence on the quit day (p = .005).

Conclusion.

Lower rankings on the SSS-U.S. ladder predicted increased risk of relapse on the quit day or the inability to quit at all. The SSS-U.S. ladder might be useful in identifying homeless smokers needing additional preparation and intervention before initiating a quit attempt.
What is the Future of Scholarly Journals in an Open Access Environment?
Authors: O'Donnell Michael P.
Published: August 2014

A growing number of colleges and universities are requiring faculty to publish manuscripts accepted in peer-reviewed journals on their internal school websites in open access format so all of the articles would be available free to the public. This is exciting to anyone who wants to share knowledge and enhance the visibility of ideas, but mildly terrifying to publishers of scholarly journals. If people can get any article online for free, why would anyone pay to subscribe to a journal? This “disruption” is likely to cause some difficult transitions for faculty, colleges, and universities and publishers, as well as some innovation.
Critical phenomena in the spreading of opinion consensus and disagreement
Authors: Chacoma Andrés , Zanette Damián H.
Published: August 2014

We consider a class of models of opinion formation where the dissemination of individual opinions occurs through the spreading of local consensus and disagreement.  We study the emergence of full collective consensus or maximal disagreement  in one- and two-dimensional arrays. In both cases, the probability of reaching full consensus exhibits well-defined scaling properties as a function of the system size. Two-dimensional systems, in particular, possess nontrivial exponents and critical points. The dynamical rules of our models, which emphasize the interaction between small groups of agents, should be considered as complementary to the imitation mechanisms of traditional opinion dynamics. Received: 11 March 2014,  Accepted: 1 August 2014; Reviewed by: F. Bagnoli, Dipartimento di Fisica ed Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Italy; Edited by: G. Martinez Mekler; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.060003Cite as: A Chacoma, D H Zanette, Papers in Physics 6, 060003 (2014)
Potential impact of contrails on solar energy gain
Authors: Weihs P. , Rennhofer M. , Baumgartner D. , Gadermaier J. , Wagner J. , Laube W.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. We investigated the effect of contrails on global shortwave radiation and on solar energy gain. The study was done for days with a high contrail persistence and looking at situations where the contrails were obstructing the sun. Measurements of cloudiness using a fish eye camera, diffuse and direct shortwave measurements and measurements of the short circuit current of three different types of photovoltaic (PV) modules were performed at the solar observatory Kanzelhöhe (1540 m a.s.l.) during a period of one year with a time resolution of one minute. Our results show that contrails moving between sun and observer/sensor may reduce the global radiation by up to 72%. A statistic of contrail persistence and influence of contrails on global irradiance and solar energy gain is presented. The losses in solar energy gain that were recorded may even be critical under some circumstances for PV system performance.
Effect of plasma density on diffusion rates due to wave particle interactions with chorus and plasmaspheric hiss: extreme event analysis
Authors: Sicard-Piet A. , Boscher D. , Horne R. B. , Meredith N. P. , Maget V.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Wave particle interactions play an important role in controlling the dynamics of the radiation belts. The purpose of this study is to estimate how variations in the plasma density can affect diffusion rates resulting from interactions between chorus waves and plasmaspheric hiss with energetic particles and the resulting evolution of the energetic electron population. We perform a statistical analysis of the electron density derived from the plasma wave experiment on the CRRES satellite for two magnetic local time sectors corresponding to near midnight and near noon. We present the cumulative probability distribution of the electron plasma density for three levels of magnetic activity as measured by Kp. The largest densities are seen near L* = 2.5 while the smallest occur near L* = 6. The broadest distribution, corresponding to the greatest variability, occurs near L* = 4. We calculate diffusion coefficients for plasmaspheric hiss and whistler mode chorus for extreme values of the electron density and estimate the effects on the radiation belts using the Salammbô model. At L* = 4 and L* = 6, in the low density case, using the density from the 5th percentile of the cumulative distribution function, electron energy diffusion by chorus waves is strongest at 2 MeV and increases the flux by up to 3 orders of magnitude over a period of 24 h. In contrast, in the high density case, using the density from the 95th percentile, there is little acceleration at energies above 800 keV at L* = 6, and virtually no acceleration at L* = 4. In this case the strongest energy diffusion occurs at lower energies around 400 keV where the flux at L* = 6 increases 3 orders of magnitude.
Photic zone changes in the North West Pacific Ocean from MIS 4-5e
Authors: Swann G. E. A. , Snelling A. M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. In comparison to other sectors of the marine system, the palaeoceanography of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean is poorly constrained. New diatom isotope records of δ13C, δ18O, δ30Si (δ13Cdiatom, δ18Odiatom, δ30Sidiatom), are presented alongside existing geochemical and isotope records to document changes in photic zone conditions, including nutrient supply and the efficiency of the soft-tissue biological pump, between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 and MIS 5e. Peaks in opal productivity in MIS 5b/c and MIS 5e are both associated with the breakdown of the regional halocline stratification and increased nutrient supply to the photic zone. Whereas the MIS 5e peak is associated with low rates of nutrient utilisation, the MIS 5b/c peak is associated with significantly higher rates of nutrient utilisation. Both peaks, together with other smaller increases in productivity in MIS 4 and 5a culminate with a~significant increase in freshwater input which strengthens/re-establishes the halocline and limits further upwelling of sub-surface waters to the photic zone. Whilst δ30Sidiatom and previously published records of diatom δ15N (δ15Ndiatom) (Brunelle et al., 2007, 2010) show similar trends until the latter half of MIS 5a, the records become anti-correlated after this juncture and into MIS 4, suggesting a possible change in photic zone state such as may occur with a shift to iron or silicon limitation.
Optimization of a prognostic biosphere model for terrestrial biomass and atmospheric CO2 variability
Authors: Saito M. , Ito A. , Maksyutov S.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. This study investigates the capacity of a prognostic biosphere model to simulate global variability in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and vegetation carbon dynamics under current environmental conditions. Global data sets of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, above-ground biomass (AGB), and net primary productivity (NPP) in terrestrial vegetation were assimilated into the biosphere model using an inverse modeling method combined with an atmospheric transport model. In this process, the optimal physiological parameters of the biosphere model were estimated by minimizing the misfit between observed and modeled values, and parameters were generated to characterize various biome types. Results obtained using the model with the optimized parameters correspond to the observed seasonal variations in CO2 concentration and their annual amplitudes in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In simulating the mean annual AGB and NPP, the model shows improvements in estimating the mean magnitudes and probability distributions for each biome, as compared with results obtained using prior simulation parameters. However, the model is less efficient in its simulation of AGB for forest type biomes. This misfit suggests that more accurate values of input parameters, specifically, grid mean AGB values and seasonal variabilities in physiological parameters, are required to improve the performance of the simulation model.
A novel horizontal to vertical spectral ratio approach in a wired structural health monitoring system
Authors: Pentaris F. P.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. This work studies the effect ambient seismic noise can have on building constructions, in comparison with the traditional study of strong seismic motion in buildings, for the purpose of structural health monitoring. Traditionally, engineers have observed the effect of earthquakes on buildings by usage of seismometers at various levels. A new approach is proposed in which acceleration recordings of ambient seismic noise are used and horizontal to vertical spectra ratio (HVSR) process is applied, in order to determine the resonance frequency of movement due to excitation of the building from a strong seismic event. The HVSR technique is widely used by geophysicists to study the resonance frequency of sediments over bedrock, while its usage inside buildings is limited. This study applies the recordings inside two university buildings attached to each other, but with different construction materials and different years of construction. Also there is HVSR application in another much older building, with visible cracks in its structure. Sensors have been installed on every floor of the two university buildings, and recordings have been acquired both of ambient seismic noise and earthquakes. Resonance frequencies for every floor of every building are calculated, from both noise and earthquake records, using the HVSR technique for the ambient noise data and the receiver function (RF) for the earthquake data. Differential acceleration drift for every building is also calculated, and there is correlation with the vulnerability of the buildings. Results indicate that HVSR process on acceleration data proves to be an easy, fast, economical method for estimation of fundamental frequency of structures as well as an assessment method for building vulnerability estimation. Comparison between HVSR and RF technique shows an agreement at the change of resonance frequency as we move to higher floors.
Fabrication and characterization of a piezoresistive humidity sensor with a stress-free package
Authors: Waber T. , Sax M. , Pahl W. , Stufler S. , Leidl A. , Günther M. , Feiertag G.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. A highly miniaturized piezoresistive humidity sensor has been developed. The starting point of the development was a 1 × 1 mm2 piezoresistive pressure sensor chip. As sensing material, a polyimide was used that swells with increasing adsorption of water molecules. To convert the swelling into an electrical signal, a thin layer of the polyimide was deposited onto the bending plate of the pressure sensor. The humidity sensor was characterized in a climate chamber. The measurements show a sensitivity of 0.25 mV per percent relative humidity (%RH) and a non-linearity of 3.1% full scale (FS) in the range of 30–80% RH. A high cross-sensitivity to temperature of around 0.5 mV °C−1 was measured, so temperature compensation is necessary. For stress-free packaging of the sensor chip, a novel packaging technology was developed.
Topology and seasonal evolution of the network of extreme precipitation over the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka
Authors: Stolbova V. , Martin P. , Bookhagen B. , Marwan N. , Kurths J.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. This paper employs a complex network approach to determine the topology and evolution of the network of extreme precipitation that governs the organization of extreme rainfall before, during, and after the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) season. We construct networks of extreme rainfall events during the ISM (June–September), post-monsoon (October–December), and pre-monsoon (March–May) periods from satellite-derived (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission, TRMM) and rain-gauge interpolated (Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards the Evaluation of Water Resources, APHRODITE) data sets. The structure of the networks is determined by the level of synchronization of extreme rainfall events between different grid cells throughout the Indian subcontinent. Through the analysis of various complex-network metrics, we describe typical repetitive patterns in North Pakistan (NP), the Eastern Ghats (EG), and the Tibetan Plateau (TP). These patterns appear during the pre-monsoon season, evolve during the ISM, and disappear during the post-monsoon season. These are important meteorological features that need further attention and that may be useful in ISM timing and strength prediction.
Organic carbon, water repellency and soil stability to slaking under different crops and managements: a case study at aggregate and intra-aggregate scales
Authors: Jordán A. , García-Moreno J. , Gordillo-Rivero Á. J. , Zavala L. M. , Cerdà A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. This research studies the distribution of organic C and intensity of water repellency in soil aggregates with different size and in the interior of aggregates from Mediterranean soils under different crops (apricot, citrus and wheat) and management (conventional tilling and no tilling/mulching). For this, undisturbed aggregates were sampled and carefully divided in size fractions (0.25–0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2, 2–5, 5–10 and 10–15 mm) or peeled to obtain separated aggregate layers (exterior, transitional and interior). Organic C content in the fine earth fraction of soils under different crops did not show important variations, although it increased significantly from conventionally tilled to mulched soils. The distribution of organic C content in aggregates with different size varied among soils under different crops, generally increasing with decreasing size. At the intra-aggregate level, organic C concentrated preferably in the exterior layer of aggregates from conventionally tilled soils, probably because of recent organic inputs or leachates. In the case of mulched soils, higher concentrations were observed, but no significant differences among aggregate regions were found. The intensity of water repellency, determined by the ethanol method, did not show great variations among crops, but increased significantly from conventionally tilled to mulched soils. Coarser aggregates were generally wettable, while finer aggregates showed slight water repellency. Regardless of variations in the distribution of organic C in aggregate layers from conventionally tilled soils, great or significant differences in the distribution of water repellency at the intra-aggregate level were not found in any case. Finally, the intensity of water repellency was much more important than the concentration of organic C in the stability to slaking of aggregates.
Surface elevation and mass changes of all Swiss glaciers 1980–2010
Authors: Fischer M. , Huss M. , Hoelzle M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Since the mid-1980s, glaciers in the European Alps have shown widespread and accelerating mass losses. This article presents glacier-specific changes in surface elevation, volume and mass balance for all glaciers in the Swiss Alps from 1980 to 2010. Together with glacier outlines from the 1973 inventory, the DHM25 Level 1 Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) for which the source data over glacierized areas was acquired from 1961 to 1991 are compared to the swissALTI3D DEMs from 2008–2011 combined with the new Swiss Glacier Inventory SGI2010. Due to the significant differences in acquisition date of the source data used, resulting mass changes are temporally homogenized to directly compare individual glaciers or glacierized catchments. Along with an in-depth accuracy assessment, results are validated against volume changes from independent photogrammetrically derived DEMs of single glaciers. Observed volume changes are largest between 2700–2800 m a.s.l. and remarkable even above 3500 m a.s.l. The mean geodetic mass balance is −0.62 ± 0.03 m w.e. yr−1 for the entire Swiss Alps over the reference period 1980–2010. For the main hydrological catchments, it ranges from −0.52 to −1.07 m w.e. yr−1. The overall volume loss calculated from the DEM differencing is −22.51 ± 0.97 km3.
AN APPLICATION OF AHP FOR PHYSICAL SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT ON NEW TOWN OF ANDISHEH, TEHRAN - IRAN
Authors: Zali Nader , Tajiik Arezoo , Gholipour Mastooreh
Published: August 2014

Recently, urban planning is attending to make cities more sustainable. This goal can be achieved easier in new towns, because the base of creating a sustainable city is prepared. Sustainability is important for creating immanent and viable urban areas for their residents. New towns have a specific place in Iranian urbanism because the methods of urban planning could realize through these settlements. New town of Andisheh is one of these settlements. It has been built at 20 km of southwest of Tehran in order to absorbing extra population of Tehran and Karaj. In this research, in order to study the sustainability of Andishe, the resources of sustainability are studied and factors and indicators are extracted. Then according to theses indicators, this city is introduced and its physical sustainability has been studied. This research is an analytical-descriptive research and its analytical part is based on AHP method. In this research, this method has been run by using the software of Expert Choice. AHP uses dual approaches -quantitative and qualitative-in analyzing data. In this project, physical sustainability consists of factors such as housing, transportation, infrastructure, land use, form and morphology, density, vision and urban landscape. The results show that although Andishe is a planed city, based on planning thoughts and principles but physical sustainability of this city is low.
Nota Editorial
Authors: Silveira Claudinei Taborda da , Sopchaki Carlos Henrique , Silveira Ricardo Michael Pinheiro , Neuman Gisele
Published: August 2014

Claudinei Taborda da Silveira, Carlos Henrique Sopchaki, Ricardo Michael Pinheiro Silveira, Gisele Neuman.
Modelling Seed System Networks in Mali to Improve Farmers Seed Supply
Authors: Coulibaly Harouna , Bazile Didier , Sidibe Amadou
Published: August 2014

Food security remains a constant source of concern in Mali, where over 75% of the population derives their living from agriculture. Despite the huge theoretical need, the production and use of improved seeds remain very limited. Concurrently, genetic erosion and the disappearance of certain local varieties have been observed.

The dual need to preserve agricultural biodiversity as a factor of resilience for production systems while disseminating improved varieties as a means to increase production raises questions regarding what type or types of organization could best respond to these agricultural challenges. The farmer seed network in Mali is based on the self-production of pearl millet and sorghum seeds and operates through non-commercial, community-based exchanges. The formal seed sector distributes certified seeds through cooperatives, with cost-effectiveness the main priority. The joining of these two seed networks could allow agro-biodiversity to be considered in such a way that genetic diversity can be maintained.

The various pearl millet and sorghum seed exchange networks often are considered to be in opposition, with the formal network pitted against the informal one. By highlighting points where the two systems could come together, the proposed model allows a new perspective on seed flows and agro-biodiversity management. The global seed network that could emerge from this would, on one hand, remedy the failure of the state seed system inspired by a Western model in which seed production and distribution is disconnected from agricultural production, and, on the other, compensate for shortcomings in the traditional farmer seed system to increase productivity and sustainably manage farmer pearl millet and sorghum varieties while continuously introducing new genetic resources.
Bffects of foliar fungicides on the mycoflora of glumes of Triticum aestivum
Authors: Błaszkowski Janusz
Published: August 2014

In the years 1983-1984. the effect of three foliar fungicides, i.e.. Bayleton 25 WP. Dithane M-45 and Funaben K on the mycoflora associated with glumus of spring Tritieum aestivum cv. Kolibri cultivated in the field was investigated. During each vegetative period, glumes were collected in the milky ripe of seeds. Fungi species associated with glumes were determined based of colonies isolated from glumes incubated in Petri dishes with potato glucose agar. The fungicide which reduced the most the overall number of fungal isolates was Bayleton 25 WP. The number of species was most reduced following Dithane M-45 application. The mycoflora of glumes which had been untreated and treated with fungicides was compared with fungicides-treated and fungicide-untreated seeds and leaves. The highest similarity in the mycoflora of fungicide-untreated plant parts was found when glumes and seeds were compared. The mycoflora of fungicide-treated glumes, leaves, and seeds varied. depending on the year and fungicide applied.
Pyrenocollema halodytes, a new lichen species in Poland
Authors: Fałtynowicz Wiesław , Sągin Beata
Published: August 2014

Two new localities of Pyrenocollemu halodytes (Nyl.) R. C. Harris are described from Polish Baltic coast, where this taxon grows on anthropogenic habitats.
Hydromycoflora fungi of small forest lakes "Suchary" in the Wigry National Park
Authors: Czeczuga Bazyli
Published: August 2014

One hundred and fifteen species of fungi were found in the small forest lakes "Suchary" in the Wigry National Park. The following fungi were recorded for the first time from Poland: Blastociadella simplex, Rhizoclosmatium globosum, R. hyalinum, Rhopalophlyctis sarcoptoides, Condylospora spumigena, Gyoerffyella myrmecophagiforms, Helicon pluriseptatum and Kontospora halophila.
Mycoflora of the Narew River and its tributaries in the stretch between Tykocin and Ostrołęka
Authors: Czeczuga Bazyli
Published: August 2014

In the years (1987-1989) the author investigated of the mycoflora and the effect of evironmental factors in the Narew River and its tributaries on the occurrence of various aquatic fungi. At the sites investigated the presence of 89 aquatic fungi species was noted. In total 10 fungi new to mycoflora of Poland were found at the investigated sites. The presence of Tripospermum gardneri, in the Olszanka River is worthy of notice.
Susceptibility of ectomycorrhizal and ectondomycorrhizal fungi to pH of the environment
Authors: Kowalski Stefan , Obłoza Ewa , Wojewoda Władysław
Published: August 2014

The present study should yield some information on the reaction of different species and strains of mycorrhizal fungi to acidification or alkalization of substrate. The effect of acidity of medium on development of mycorrhizal fungi was tested at the following ranges of pH: 2.5, 3.0, 3.9 ,4.9 ,5.4, 6.6 and 7.3. At pH 2.5 and 3.0 almost half of the fungal cultures tested did not resume their growth during an entire period of the experiment For some fungi pH 7.3 turned out to be such as much unfavourable as a high acidification of medium. The results of the study indicate that excessive acidity of substrate may be more unfavourable for the development of mycorrhizal fungi than its alkalization. The pH range tolerated by mycorrhizal fungi in Ihe second case seems to be wider.
Effect of heavy metals on enzymes production by Hebeloma crustuliniforme
Authors: Dahm Hanna , Strzelczyk Edmund
Published: August 2014

Studies were carried out in order to dętermine the effect of some heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn) on the production of enzymes (cellulases, peetinases. proteases) by ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crusliliniforme (Buli.: Fr.) Quél. All the heavy metals inhibited the general enzymatic activity regardless of the source of carbon used. The metals reduced the egzocellulolytic activity more in media with cellulose powder than with CMC (carboxymethylocellulosc). Among pectolytic enzymes heavy metals most strongly inhibited polygalacturonase (PG). The heavy metals did not harmful affect the activity of pectate lyase (PGL). Proteolytic activity of Hebeloma crustuliniforme was leasi affected by zinc (Zn). The degree of inhibition of enzymes by heavy metals can be presented in the following order Pb < Zn < Cd <Cu.
Characterization of Inflammatory (Lymphoepithelioma-like) Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Study of 8 Cases
Authors: Patel Kalyani R. , Liu Ta-Chiang , Vaccharajani Neeta , Chapman William C. , Brunt Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2014

Context.—The World Health Organization has recently recognized lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, or inflammatory hepatocellular carcinoma, as a variant of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective.—To identify and characterize the inflammatory hepatocellular carcinomas in our institution from 1988 to the present.

Design.—All cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in our institution from 1988 to the present were reviewed and reclassified as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma and were studied in comparison to appropriately matched controls.

Results.—Among the 8 cases of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma identified, the male to female ratio was 1:3, the mean age was 68.5 years (range, 57–78 years), and all of the cases were seen in noncirrhotic livers. The average numbers of lymphocytes were significantly higher in the cases than in the controls. T cells were predominant, with a uniform distribution of CD4 and CD8 positive cells. Cholangiolar differentiation was seen by K19 positivity as focal in 1 case and diffuse in 2 cases. In situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus was negative in all of the cases. Diffuse overexpression of p16 (>75% of cells) was seen in 2 cases, both of which were negative for the presence of transcriptionally active human papilloma virus by in situ hybridization. In our series, 3 of 8 cases (37.5%) showed local recurrence, which was similar to the controls (6 of 18; 33%), P > .99. Although the rate of distant metastases was lower among the cases (12.5%) than the controls (22.2%), the difference was not statistically significant (P > .99).

Conclusion.—We present the first series of 8 cases of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the liver occurring in patients without cirrhosis and with a female preponderance and the absence of Epstein-Barr virus. Although clinical outcomes were similar to those of controls in our small series, additional data may be required for confirmation.
Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia
Authors: Pawoo Nogba , Heller Debra S.
Published: August 2014

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is a rare placental lesion characterized by stem villous cystic dilation and vesicle formation, placentomegaly, and vascular abnormalities. It can be associated with growth restriction, stillbirth, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, and some chromosomal abnormalities, and needs to be distinguished from its main differential diagnosis, hydatidiform mole.
Comparative Evaluation of ProEx C and ImmunoCyt/uCyt Assays in Atypical Urine Cytology
Authors: Vergara-Lluri Maria E. , Hu Eugenia , Rao Jian-Yu , Levin Mary , Apple Sophia K. , Moatamed Neda A.
Published: August 2014

Context.—Detection of urothelial carcinoma by urine cytology can be challenging. Recently, ProEx C has been studied as a marker to improve detection of urothelial carcinoma. ProEx C is an assay targeting expression of topoisomerase II-α and the minichromosome maintenance protein-2 and is used to assist in diagnoses of gynecologic specimens.

Objective.—To evaluate the utility of ProEx C and uCyt in atypical urine cytology.

Design.—Sixty-eight specimens with a diagnosis of atypical urine cytology, concurrent uCyt testing, and surgical biopsy follow-up were included. Slides were restained with ProEx C. ProEx C was recorded as positive when nuclear staining was seen in at least one morphologically atypical urothelial cell. The uCyt was scored as positive if at least one morphologically atypical urothelial cell showed positive fluorescence staining. Thirteen cases (19%) had benign histologic diagnoses, 18 (26%) had low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, and 37 (54%) had high-grade urothelial carcinoma.

Results.—The overall sensitivity was 85% for ProEx C, 85% for uCyt, and 93% for the combination of the 2 assays. The overall specificity was 69% for ProEx C, 31% for uCyt, and 23% for the combination of the 2 tests. In predicting high-grade urothelial carcinoma, sensitivity was 92% for ProEx C, 86% for uCyt, and 92% for both tests. In predicting low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, sensitivity was best with the combination of the 2 tests at 94%.

Conclusion.—ProEx C has superior specificity to uCyt. The combination of the 2 tests yielded high sensitivity not only for high-grade urothelial carcinoma but also for low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma.
Trends in Parenteral Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Use in Pediatric Patients: Analysis of a Large Administrative Database
Authors: Moffett Brady S. , Teruya Jun
Published: August 2014

Context.—Parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) may be used in pediatric patients with contraindications to heparin therapy, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Few data exist regarding the use of DTIs in pediatric patients.

Objective.—To characterize the use of DTIs in pediatric patients, including monitoring strategies and bleeding complications.

Design.—A retrospective descriptive study was designed and the Pediatric Health Information System database was queried from 2004 to 2011 for pediatric patients receiving a parenteral DTI. Patient demographic and hospital data, mortality, disease state, and procedure information (from International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes) were collected from the query. DTI monitoring information was also collected. Patients were divided into 2 time periods (2004–2007, 2008–2011) to evaluate trends.

Results.—Two hundred eight patients met study criteria (50.9% male, 64.4% white), and children (2–12 years of age) represented 34.6% of the population. Congenital heart disease was present in 43.8% and cardiovascular surgical procedure occurred in 28.4%. Argatroban was most commonly used (73.1%) and bivalirudin use increased (P < .001). Bleeding complications were present in 37.9% of patients and mortality was 19.7%. Bleeding complications were associated with lepirudin (62.5%) and argatroban (41.7%) more often as compared with bivalirudin (18.8%) (P < .001). Activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were used more often in patients receiving argatroban and lepirudin in comparison with bivalirudin, and thrombin time was used more often in patients receiving lepirudin (P < .001). Activated clotting time use increased over time (5.1% versus 17.5%, P = .02).

Conclusion.—Pediatric use of DTIs is infrequent and occurs in patients with high morbidity and mortality.
Flow Cytometric Immunophenotypic Analysis of Systemic Mastocytosis Involving Bone Marrow
Authors: Jabbar Kausar J. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Wang Sa A. , Miranda Roberto N. , Johnson Malisha R. , Verstovsek Srdan , Jorgensen Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2014

Context.—Mast cells of systemic mastocytosis (SM) have aberrant immunophenotypes that are useful for their detection by flow cytometry immunophenotyping.

Objectives.—To assess the usefulness of CD2, CD25, and other antigens for establishing the diagnosis of SM in bone marrow using flow cytometry immunophenotyping.

Design.—We studied 50 bone marrow aspirates of patients with SM using flow cytometry immunophenotyping. The bone marrow aspirates were stained with antibodies specific for CD2, CD25, CD35, CD59, CD63, and CD69. For the detection of CD2 and CD25, antibodies conjugated with phycoerythrin (PE) or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were compared. CD45-PerCP and CD117-APC were used for gating. Data were acquired on FACS Calibur cytometers and analyzed using CellQuest software.

Results.—CD2 and CD25 were positive in 41 of 50 (82%) and 45 of 50 (90%) SM cases, respectively. For CD2, the PE-conjugated antibody yielded better sensitivity than the FITC–conjugated antibody (31 of 40 [78%] versus 28 of 40 [70%]). For CD25, PE-conjugated and FITC-conjugated antibodies showed similar detection sensitivity, although the intensity of expression was brighter with CD25-PE. Compared with immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry immunophenotyping was superior for detecting CD2 (14 of 23 [61%] versus 9 of 23 [39%]). Other antigens frequently overexpressed in SM were CD35 (43 of 50 [86%]), CD59 (46 of 50 [92%]), CD63 (43 of 49 [88%]), and CD69 (39 of 48 [81%]).

Conclusions.—Flow cytometry immunophenotyping is a rapid and sensitive technique for characterizing mast cells in bone marrow aspirate specimens. The use of PE-conjugated antibodies for CD2 and CD25 improves the detection rate (CD2) or facilitates analysis (CD25); therefore, PE-conjugated antibodies are suggested. Antibodies reactive with CD35, CD59, CD63, and CD69 are also helpful in detecting SM in bone marrow.
Ecology and evolution of viruses infecting uncultivated SUP05 bacteria as revealed by single-cell- and meta-genomics
Authors: Roux Simon , Hawley Alyse K , Torres Beltran Monica , Scofield Melanie , Schwientek Patrick , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Woyke Tanja , Hallam Steven J , Sullivan Matthew B
Published: August 2014

Viruses modulate microbial communities and alter ecosystem functions. However, due to cultivation bottlenecks, specific virus–host interaction dynamics remain cryptic. In this study, we examined 127 single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) from uncultivated SUP05 bacteria isolated from a model marine oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) to identify 69 viral contigs representing five new genera within dsDNA Caudovirales and ssDNA Microviridae. Infection frequencies suggest that ∼1/3 of SUP05 bacteria is viral-infected, with higher infection frequency where oxygen-deficiency was most severe. Observed Microviridae clonality suggests recovery of bloom-terminating viruses, while systematic co-infection between dsDNA and ssDNA viruses posits previously unrecognized cooperation modes. Analyses of 186 microbial and viral metagenomes revealed that SUP05 viruses persisted for years, but remained endemic to the OMZ. Finally, identification of virus-encoded dissimilatory sulfite reductase suggests SUP05 viruses reprogram their host's energy metabolism. Together, these results demonstrate closely coupled SUP05 virus–host co-evolutionary dynamics with the potential to modulate biogeochemical cycling in climate-critical and expanding OMZs.
Broad and direct interaction between TLR and Siglec families of pattern recognition receptors and its regulation by Neu1
Authors: Chen Guo-Yun , Brown Nicholas K , Wu Wei , Khedri Zahra , Yu Hai , Chen Xi , van de Vlekkert Diantha , D'Azzo Alessandra , Zheng Pan , Liu Yang
Published: August 2014

Both pathogen- and tissue damage-associated molecular patterns induce inflammation through toll-like receptors (TLRs), while sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin superfamily lectin receptors (Siglecs) provide negative regulation. Here we report extensive and direct interactions between these pattern recognition receptors. The promiscuous TLR binders were human SIGLEC-5/9 and mouse Siglec-3/E/F. Mouse Siglec-G did not show appreciable binding to any TLRs tested. Correspondingly, Siglece deletion enhanced dendritic cell responses to all microbial TLR ligands tested, while Siglecg deletion did not affect the responses to these ligands. TLR4 activation triggers Neu1 translocation to cell surface to disrupt TLR4:Siglec-E interaction. Conversely, sialidase inhibitor Neu5Gc2en prevented TLR4 ligand-induced disruption of TLR4:Siglec E/F interactions. Absence of Neu1 in hematopoietic cells or systematic treatment with sialidase inhibitor Neu5Gc2en protected mice against endotoxemia. Our data raised an intriguing possibility of a broad repression of TLR function by Siglecs and a sialidase-mediated de-repression that allows positive feedback of TLR activation during infection.
Real‐Time Oceanographic Data: From Safety to Science
Authors: Meyers Steven D. , Scudder Jeffrey , Luther Mark E.
Published: August 2014

Coastal areas such as bays and estuaries host 30%–50% of the global human population and shipping ports that handle 80% of world trade. These areas are increasingly vulnerable to chemical and biological contamination and to storm surge in the short term and to sea level rise in the long term.
Seven tiny particles could be first samples of interstellar dust
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

With the help of more than 30,000 volunteers from around the world, scientists have identified seven candidates for contemporary interstellar dust—particles from the vast space between stars. The researchers detailed their findings in the journal Science (doi:10.1126/science.1252496).
Bollasina Receives 2013 James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award: Response
Authors: Bollasina Massimo A.
Published: August 2014

I am deeply honored to have been selected as this year's recipient of the James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award, and I receive it with heartfelt gratitude and humility. I clearly remember Peter Webster's call announcing the amazing news and how I literally remained speechless and overwhelmed. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the Atmospheric Sciences section of AGU and the members of the award committee. I am even more appreciative to have been presented this award handed by two outstanding scientists—Peter Webster and Bill Lau—who have remarkably contributed to our understanding of the Asian monsoon and tropical climate, my area of expertise.