bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comorbidity of alcohol dependence with other psychiatric disorders. Part II. Pathogenesis and treatment
Authors: Klimkiewicz Anna , Klimkiewicz Jakub , Jakubczyk Andrzej , Kieres-Salomoński Ilona , Wojnar Marcin
Published: April 2015

Współwystępowanie uzależnienia od alkoholu z innymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi jest bardzo powszechne. Jest ono przyczyną znacznych trudności diagnostycznych i terapeutycznych. W systemach psychiatrycznej opieki zdrowotnej na całym świecie niewiele jest jak dotychczas programów terapeutycznych poświęconych tej grupie pacjentów. Liczba badań i opracowań dotyczących postępowania z pacjentami z podwójnym rozpoznaniem pozostaje ograniczona. Obecnie, wobec powszechności występowania podwójnego rozpoznania, zainteresowanie patogenezą i leczeniem współistniejącego z zaburzeniami psychicznymi uzależnienia od alkoholu znacznie wzrosło. W opracowaniu omówiono koncepcje patogenetyczne, a także zalecenia dotyczące postępowania, w tym farmakoterapii pacjentów z podwójnym rozpoznaniem. Opisano rolę zaburzeń w funkcjonowaniu osi podwzgórzowo-przysadkowo-nadnerczowej w patogenezie współwystępowania uzależnienia od alkoholu z zaburzeniami afektywnymi i lękowymi. Wszyscy badacze problemu dowodzą, iż jednoczasowe leczenie uzależnienia od alkoholu i współistniejących zaburzeń psychicznych znacznie zwiększa szansę na poprawę stanu pacjenta, a zaniechanie kompleksowego leczenia wręcz uniemożliwia zdrowienie. Omówiono metody leczenia farmakologicznego osób z podwójnym rozpoznaniem; przedstawiono najważniejsze leki stosowane w ograniczaniu spożywania alkoholu oraz w terapii współistniejących z uzależnieniem zaburzeń psychicznych.
A New Branch-and-Cut Algorithm for the Generalized Directed Rural Postman Problem
Authors: Ávila Thais , Corberán Ángel , Plana Isaac , Sanchis José M.
Published: April 2015

The generalized directed rural postman problem, also known as the close-enough arc routing problem, is an arc routing problem with some interesting real-life applications, such as routing for meter reading. In this article we introduce two new formulations for this problem as well as various families of new valid inequalities that are used to design and implement a branch-and-cut algorithm. The computational results obtained on test bed instances from the literature show that this algorithm outperforms the existing exact methods.
Through the eyes of the beholder: University student leaders’ understanding of citizenship
Authors: Miller Janet , Connolly Randy , Racy Famira
Published: April 2015

This article explores the concept of citizenship based on the experience of student leaders from a mid-sized university in western Canada. Five student leaders participated in semi-structured individual interviews to explore their experience with, and understanding of citizenship. Interviews concentrated on personal view points and definitions of citizenship, explored whether or not there are good and great citizens, and the role universities play in fostering strong citizenship amongst its student body. The measurement of citizenship and opportunities to foster citizenship were also explored. Qualitative content analysis revealed five themes, including political participation, social citizenship/solidarity, engagement, transformative action and autonomy. Citizenship, while highly valued by this population, also appears to be impossible to measure. If post-secondary institutions are aiming to create better citizens, more work needs to be done to create a common understanding of the intended outcome. Based on these findings, a new potential model of citizenship is proposed, in line with the work of Dalton and others who emphasize a shift towards personal involvement over traditional political engagement. Further, these results suggest that students could benefit from understanding themselves as political agents, capable of inculcating change within the university context and beyond.
Evolution of the Docklands Food Hub: A Design-Led Innovation Approach to Food Sovereignty Through Local Food Systems
Authors: Ballantyne-Brodie Emily , Wrigley Cara , Ramsey Rebecca
Published: April 2015

Access to nutritious, safe and culturally appropriate food is a basic human right (Mechlem, 2004). Food sovereignty defines this right through the empowerment of the people to redefine food and agricultural systems, and through ecologically sustainable production methods. At the heart of the food sovereignty movement are the interests of producers, distributors and consumers, rather than the interests of markets and corporations, which dominate the current globalized food system (Hinrichs, 2003). Food sovereignty challenges designers to enable people to innovate the food system. We are yet to develop economically viable solutions for scaling projects and providing citizens, governments and business with tools to develop and promote projects to innovate food systems and promote food sovereignty (Meroni, 2011; Murray, Caulier-Grice and Mulgan, 2010). This article examines how a design-led approach to innovation can assist in the development of new business models and ventures for local food systems: this is presented through an emerging field of research ‘Design-Led Food Communities’. Design-Led Food Communities enables citizens, governments and business to innovate local food projects through the application of design. This article reports on the case study of the Docklands Food Hub Project in Melbourne, Australia. Preliminary findings demonstrate valued outcomes, but also a deficiency in the design process to generate food solutions collaboratively between government, business and citizens.
Winning Hearts and Minds: The Role of Emotion and Logic in the Business Case for Sustainable Building Initiatives
Authors: Healey Gerard
Published: April 2015

This study examines the role of emotion and logic in the business case for sustainable building initiatives. Existing literature on the business case for design of buildings is disjointed. It tends to focus either on financial performance and associated arguments, or intangibles such as reputation.

While the literature is not as polarized as this simplification, it does fail to provide a coherent framework for designers and project sponsors to understand how sustainable design initiatives end up being in building projects. Furthermore, it fails to acknowledge a range of decision-making biases that researchers have found to occur in a wide variety of contexts. These factors may be leading to missed opportunities for stakeholders to make better design proposals.

This article draws on a range of literature including behavioural economics, judgment and decision-making, green buildings and sustainability communication, as well as my own experiences as an engineer and sustainable building practitioner of over ten years, to suggest approaches that designers and project sponsors might take. It then uses a framework of sustainability routes into projects to show how the approaches might be applied in different contexts.

This article is an attempt to crystallize and better inform my own approach to selling sustainability in buildings; as such it is part research agenda and part anecdotal experience. This reflects the nature of my practice in buildings, where each project tends to be its own prototype, and knowledge is built up progressively, project to project. The hope is that the article will seed ideas and encourage a learning-by-doing approach by designers and project sponsors.

Armed with this information, project sponsors and designers might better understand the interrelated role of emotion and logic in sustainable design, and be able to identify opportunities for more sustainable building, benefiting both business and the planet.
Gamification in Concept Design: Applying Market Mechanisms to Enhance Innovation and Predict Concept Performance
Authors: Petersen Søren Ingomar , Ryu Hokyoung Blake
Published: April 2015

Predicting the success of a potential breakthrough innovative business opportunity in New Product Development (NPD) is notoriously difficult and is synonymous with high market and technology risk. As a consequence, NPD organizations favour concurrent exploration of multiple concepts where the most promising concepts are evaluated and selected at each stage-gate. The two challenges associated with this approach are ensuring a sufficiently wide exploration of the market–technology space, followed by assessing the potential of breakthrough innovations. Individual designers usually conduct early exploration independently or within design teams, applying an organic and analogous search approach. In contrast, the project team members collectively make decisions for early design concept selection, applying a non-analytical and unstructured decision-making process. The combination of grounded exploratory study and hypothesis-driven study examines the use of gamification and, in particular, how gamification can assist in promoting the exploration of breakthrough innovative concepts in the early design concept phase, combined with concurrent and early identification of the most promising candidates.

Studies conducted consisted of a pilot study at Copenhagen Business School where we identified migration of risk in the business phase and two other studies conducted in the Design Technology and Innovation Management project courses at Hanyang University in Seoul, South Korea. The last two studies were a baseline study and an experimentation study, where we observed and collected teams’ market and technology risk-preferences, teams’ and external panel’s grading as well as Design Quality Criteria scoring. In the second study, we established the baseline for risk-­preference migration and in the third study we implemented eight weeks of gamification, applying the Prediction Market approach.

The findings showed that gamification promotes extended risk-taking, can assess team-confidence and decision-making ability and acts as an early indicator of the performance of the final concepts. Suggestions for future studies include testing of gamification on industry projects and making it operational by adapting the approach to the NPD culture, organizational structures and project decision-making processes.
Narraciones de la esclavitud en Cuba y los Estados Unidos
Authors: Schulman Ivan A.
Published: April 2015

Para mostrar la construcción del imaginario social inserta en las narraciones cubanas de la esclavitud, el artículo formula algunas de las complejas estrategias y direcciones discursivas de obras literarias de Estados Unidos y Cuba. Al enfocar las correspondencias y asimetrías de poder que condicionan la producción de estos textos, que crean sus separados universos ideológicos, se cuestiona la noción tradicional de que las narrativas cubanas sobre la esclavitud eran «abolicionistas», se escribían «con el corazón», proponían cambios sociales y políticos radicales, o intentaban eliminar de forma inmediata la institución de la esclavitud en la isla.
Genealogías de la diáspora africana: José Antonio Aponte y los archivos de la represión
Authors: Sklodowska Elzbieta
Published: April 2015

En las intersecciones cubano-haitianas del Circuncaribe diaspórico, híbrido y rebelde, se enmarca la figura histórica del cubano José Antonio Aponte y Ubarra (? – 1812) —pintor, afrodescendiente, liberto, héroe y mártir— acusado por las autoridades coloniales españolas de haber sido líder de una conspiración antiesclavista, encarcelado, interrogado y ejecutado en La Habana el 9 de abril de 1812. Este ensayo repasa la evolución de la consideración del personaje en la historiografía cubana contemporánea y analiza «el archivo de la represión»; documento legal de registro metaliterario que recoge la descripción pormenorizada del Libro de pinturas, hoy perdido, con interpretaciones correspondientes, suministradas por el propio Aponte en respuesta al inquisitivo interrogatorio del comisionado Nerey.
Esclavitud, blanqueamiento y modernidad periférica en Cuba: Gaspar Betancourt Cisneros El Lugareño
Authors: Gomariz José
Published: April 2015

A la hora de examinar el pensamiento reformista cubano de la primera mitad del siglo XIX, la crítica se ha centrado sobre todo en los escritores de La Habana y de Matanzas, entre los que se destaca Domingo del Monte. Este artículo aborda la obra de uno de los escritores reformistas más controversiales de la periferia cubana, que fuera amigo de Del Monte y de los escritores de su círculo literario: Gaspar Betancourt Cisneros, conocido como El Lugareño y originario de Camagüey. Este artículo analiza las estrategias discursivas y las disyuntivas culturales a las que se enfrentaba El Lugareño en su búsqueda y puesta en práctica de soluciones alternativas al régimen esclavista colonial. Si bien los medios eran cuestionables —blanqueamiento, anexión— su objetivo primordial, lejos de abolir la esclavitud, era preparar un futuro en el cual Cuba fuera independiente de España.
Raza, negrismo, y prostitutas rehabilitadas: revolucionarios inconformes y disidencia involuntaria en la Revolución Cubana
Authors: Guerra Lillian
Published: April 2015

El artículo analiza las relaciones de poder y autoridad de la gran narrativa de la Revolución Cubana con prácticas culturales revolucionarias disconformes y la disidencia involuntaria relacionadas con la raza y el género que durante los primeros doce años de revolución fueron marginadas, sobre todo en referencia con la población cubana afrodescendiente. La autora utiliza una aproximación interdisciplinaria en la que se combina el cine documental, el testimonio oral y la historia para develar un aspecto poco conocido y controversial de la primera época de la Revolución (1959-1971) relacionado con los discursos de las identidades raciales y genéricas.
Evaluation von automatisch erzeugten OCR-Daten am Beispiel der Allgemeinen Zeitung
Authors: Wernersson Maria
Published: April 2015

Im Jahr 2014 wurde eine Schätzung der OCR-Genauigkeit von 11 354 digitalisierten Seiten aus der Allgemeinen Zeitung [Allgemeine Zeitung: Herausgegeben in Augsburg (1807–1882), München (1882–1929).] durchgeführt. Die getesteten Zeitungsbände stammen aus dem Zeitraum 1871–1921. Um die Genauigkeit zu schätzen, wurden Regeln für die Bewertung der Fehler aufgestellt, Textstichproben automatisch per Skript erstellt und die Stichproben manuell ausgewertet.

Mit einer geschätzten Zeichengenauigkeit zwischen 94,70 Prozent und 97,65 Prozent (Konfidenzzahl: 95 Prozent) [Mit der (berechneten) Anzahl der Zeichen im Scan als Grundmenge. Siehe auch: „Problemstellung: Zeichen-Grundmenge aus dem Scan oder aus der OCR?“ in Abschnitt 3.4 und die Bemerkung dazu in Abschnitt 5.1.] wurde ein gutes, zufriedenstellendes Resultat erreicht. Außer der Zeichengenauigkeit wurde auch die Erkennung des Leseflusses und des Formats geprüft.

Bei der Evaluierung von OCR-Genauigkeit gilt es viele Faktoren zu beachten. Dies trifft vor allem auf den späteren Vergleich verschiedener Evaluierungen zu, weil Faktoren wie Fehlerklassifikation und Zweck der Digitalisierung variieren können.
Impact of Environmental Contaminants on Breast Cancer / Wpływ Zanieczyszczenia Środowiska Na Raka Piersi
Authors: Kráľová Katarína , Jampílek Josef
Published: April 2015

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. It is believed that among the causes of breast cancer, hereditary factors account for only 5-10% of risk and the environmental exposures to environmental contaminants account for an additional 30-50% of risk. This paper summarizes findings related to the risk of breast cancer due to exposure to following environmental contaminants: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorous pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, parabens, organic solvents, atmospheric pollutants, alkylphenols, metals, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic field and light pollution. Results obtained in in vitro experiments with breast cancer cell lines and in vivo with model rodents as well as in population based case-control studies are presented and the mode of action of individual environmental contaminants on mammary gland is discussed. Attention is also devoted to the effects of the timing of exposure to environmental contaminants (mainly exposition during development of the mammary gland) on breast cancer risk. Outcomes of professional exposure to some environmental contaminants on breast cancer risk are analysed as well
Influence of Ph on Adsorption Kinetics of Monochlorophenols From Aqueous Solutions on Granular Activated Carbon / Wpływ Ph Na Kinetykę Adsorpcji Monochlorofenoli Z Roztworów Wodnych Na Granulowanym Węglu Aktywnym
Authors: Kuśmierek Krzysztof , Świątkowski Andrzej
Published: April 2015

Adsorptive removal of 2-, 3- and 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solutions by granular activated carbon was studied. The influence of different experimental parameters like initial concentration, carbon dosage and pH on the adsorption of monochlorophenols were evaluated. The influence of type of acid and base used for water acidification or alkalization was also tested. The results indicate that acidic pH is favorable for the adsorption of chlorophenols; however the type of acid or alkali used for the change of pH has a little influence and did not significantly affect the adsorption efficiency. The pH played an important role in the adsorption kinetics of chlorophenols at pH values above the pKa values of the compounds, while little influence on adsorption rate was observed if pH was decreased below the pKa values
Metals Uptake by Wastewater Irrigated Vegetables and their Daily Dietary Intake in Peshawar, Pakistan / Pobieranie Metali Przez Warzywa Nawadniane Ściekami I Ich Dzienne Stężenie W Diecie Ludności Peszawaru, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Sher Ali , Liu Xiaoyu , Shah Bakht Ramin , Fan Wenting , Li Hong , Khan Sher Bahadhar , Ahmad Zahoor
Published: April 2015

Vegetables are important source of nutrients for human body. Wastewater irrigation may lead to contamination of these vegetables and cause possible health risk. In the present study impact of waste water irrigation on metals uptake (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb) by five commonly consumed vegetables (radish, cabbage, lettuce, cauliflower and spinach) grown in the suburbs of Peshawar were investigated using AAS (Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer). The uptake and accumulation of metals for vegetables irrigated with wastewater were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than tube well irrigated vegetables and permissible limits of WHO/FAO. Among the edible parts of vegetables maximum accumulation of Mn, Pb and Cd occurred in radish followed by Ni and Fe in spinach while Cr and Zn were high in cauliflower and cabbage. The estimated daily intake of metals (DIM) revealed that at present the consumption of studied vegetables were under the tolerable limits of (US-EPA, IRIS), however intake of metals in waste water irrigated vegetables were significantly high and can cause health hazards in the long run
Application of the Boundary Element Method for the Simulation of Two-dimensional Viscous Incompressible Flow
Authors: Prybytak Dzmitry
Published: April 2015

The paper presents the application of an indirect variant of the boundary element method (BEM) to solve the two-dimensional steady flow of a Stokes liquid. In the BEM, a system of differential equations is transformed into integral equations. This makes it possible to limit discretization to the border of the solution. Numerical discretization of the computational domain was performed with linear boundary elements, for which a constant value of unknown functions was assumed. The verification was carried out for the case of flow in a square cavity with one moving wall. The results obtained show that the use of approximations by simple linear functions is relatively easy for different shapes of the area, but the result may be affected by significant errors.
Outlet Flow Velocity in Circular Culvert
Authors: Szpakowski Wojciech
Published: April 2015

The outlet flow velocity in the end section of the culvert barrel depends in most cases on the culvert geometry, including the barrel slope, as well as on upstream and downstream channel parameters. Flowing water can create pressure flow or free surface flow in the culvert barrel. In the case of an unsubmerged barrel outlet, the free-surface flow is more frequent than the full flow. Increased velocities can cause channel bed scour and bank erosion downstream of the culvert outlet. Different culvert flow cases in which the barrel outlet is unsubmerged are presented in this paper. The influence of the flow regime on the outlet velocity is also discussed.
Changes of nematode community under monoculture wheat and wheat/jujube intercropping system in Xinjiang, Northwest China
Authors: Liu Y. B. , Zhang L. L. , Liu Q. Z.
Published: April 2015

Nematode communities in the soils of wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) rhizosphere grown alone and grown in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) orchard were investigated for three years in Hetian arid area, Xingjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwest of China. The results showed that eu-dominant families were Rhabditidae, Cephalobidae and Aphelenchidae among 15 families and 19 genera. Nematode abundance in wheat rhizosphere soil was smaller in wheat/jujube intercropping system, mainly because of lower numbers of bacterial feeders and fungal feeders. Besides, the nematode numbers of cp-1 and cp-2 (cp, colonizer-persister) guilds were significantly lower in wheat/jujube intercropping system than that in monoculture wheat system, due to the markedly lower numbers of Rhabditidae and Cephalobidae, although those of cp-3 and cp-4 guilds had no significant differences between monoculture and intercropping systems. Shannon-Weaver index (H’), genus dominance index (Ig) and structural index (SI), represented soil food web diversity and structure, had no differences between monoculture and intercropping systems. Significantly lower values of Wasilewska index (WI) and PPI/MI in monoculture wheat than in intercropping system. It was concluded that the soil status in monoculture wheat system exhibited better soil ecosystem in compared with wheat/ jujube intercropping system.
Cyathostominae distribution in experimentally infected ponies
Authors: Scháňková Š. , Maršálek M. , Wagnerová P. , Langrová I. , Starostová L. , Stupka R. , Navrátil J. , Brožová A. , Kudrnáčová M. , Jankovská I. , Vadlejch J. , Čadková Z.
Published: April 2015

Nine ponies were experimentally infected with third stage cyathostome larvae. These animals were examined post-mortem for small strongyle infections from October 2011 to January 2012. Seventeen species of the following Cyathostominae genera were identified: Coronocyclus, Cyathostomum, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Gyalocephalus and Petrovinema. Of the 17 species of Cyathostominae recovered, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum alveatum and Cylicocyclus nassatus were the most prevalent (100 %). From the entire population of Cyathostominae, 65.6 % were located in the caecum and only 34.4 % in the colon. Only 1,736 (24,6 %) females and 5,329 (75,4 %) males were observed. There was a significant difference between the number of males and females in the genus Cyathostomum, Cylicocyclus and Gyalocephalus.
Does the anaesthetic infl uence behavioural transmission of the monogenean Gyrodactylus gasterostei Gläser, 1974 off the host?
Authors: Grano-Maldonado M. I. , Palaiokostas C.
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of the anaesthetic 2-phenoxyethanol on the transmission factors of gyrodactylid and to ascertain how this may affect in the colonisation of new hosts using the Gyrodactylus gasterostei Gläser, 1974 - Gasterosteus aculeatus L. model which is a simple and successful system to examine aspects of transmission of parasites from live and dead fish. Laboratory experiments include determining the maturity (presence of male copulate organ) and reproductive (presence of daughter) status of transmitting worms, in order to consider the factors that influence parasite option to migrate to a new individual of the same host species. This study demonstrates that parasites with a Male Copulate Organ (MCO) present are more likely to abandon the host and attempt a host transfer. The use of the anaesthetic 2-phenoxyethanol does not affect transmission of gyrodactylids which leave the host to colonise a new host. Finally, the use of other anaesthetic although its relative importance with respect to transmission remains uncertain.
Analysis of accumulation of cadmium in seeds of selected breeding linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes cultivated for medicinal purposes
Authors: Praczyk Marcin , Heller Krzysztof , Silska Grażyna , Baraniecki Przemysław
Published: April 2015

The objective of the study was genetic and breeding screening of selected varieties and hybrids of oil flax for in-seed cadmium fixing ability. Seven parental varieties as well as nineteen F1 and F2 hybrids were analyzed. The varieties were crossed in di-allelic scheme, according to the Griffing method II. Significant differences were found in the activity of fixing cadmium from the soil between analysed flax parental forms and hybrids. High variability of tested genotypes, calculated by the variance coefficient, was observed in F1 generation. The variability of tested genotypes in the F2 generation was two times lower. The analysis of general combining ability (GCA) showed that Chinese cultivar Shanxi reduced significantly the fixing cadmium from the soil in combinations of F1 generation crossing. However, the effects of the specific combining ability (SCA) of tested hybrids to reduce the cadmium content in seeds were statistically insignificant. The analysis of genetic components variance showed no significance both in domination and cumulative genes which suggests a complex inheritance pattern of the tested trait.
The antimicrobial activity of Prunella vulgaris extracts
Authors: Mahboubi Mohaddese , Mahboubi Atefeh , Kazempour Nastaran
Published: April 2015

Prunella vulgaris ( Labiatae family) or self-heal is traditionally used for different ailments such as eye pain and inflammation, headache, dizziness, sore throat and wound healing. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of extracts (methanol, ethanol and aqueous) were determined by a spectrophotometer. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by micro broth dilution assay. The total phenolic content of P. vulgaris extracts were higher in aqueous extract (156.5 mg GAC/g) followed by ethanol extract and methanol extract. The TFC content of P. vulgaris methanol extract (82.8 mg QE/g) was higher than ethanol extract (22.7 mg QE/g) and aqueous extract (16.2 mg QE/g). The antimicrobial activity of methanol or ethanol extracts was higher than aqueous extract from P. vulgaris. The sensitivity of microorganisms to different extracts is related to type of pathogens. There is no positive relation between total phenolic content and its antimicrobial activity. Prunella vulgaris ethanolic extract as a source of phenolic and flavonoid contents can be used as an antimicrobial agent.
Norms and Creativity: Tensions Between the Status Quo and Innovation in Quality Standards for Public Service Interpreting in the United Kingdom
Authors: Townsley Brooke
Published: April 2015

This article will examine the validity of existing assessment procedures in the UK and compare and contrast these models with other possible assessment and accreditation models. It will also examine the possibilities for quality assessment (QA) procedures offered by the use of digital technologies. Implicit in this descriptive and analytical process will be an examination of the linkages between these models of assessment and the opportunity for professional registration.

Issues addressed in this article will be: the status quo in the assessment and registration of interpreters and translators for the public sector in the UK; the impact of new social, political and economic realities on the existing assessment and registration regime; the opportunities and/or threats to quality norms represented by online digital technologies.

The material will be of particular interest to: end users of interpreter and translator services in the public sector; interpreting and translation test developers and QA procedure designers; interpreting and translating practitioners, in-service and aspiring
Prevention of alcohol and drug misuse in adolescents: An overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Emmers Elke , Bekkering Geertruida Elsiena , Hannes Karin
Published: April 2015

Background

– Systematic reviews have evaluated a wide variety of programmes aiming to prevent, reduce or delay substance use in adolescents. This paper presents an overview of recent systematic reviews, summarising the evidence on the effectiveness of prevention strategies which target adolescents misusing alcohol and/or drugs.

Methods

– We performed a comprehensive search in major electronic databases, consulted websites and checked reference lists of relevant articles. Studies that met our inclusion criteria were critically appraised using the AMSTAR instrument. The findings from the included systematic reviews were synthesised using a vote counting procedure.

Results

– Twenty-one systematic reviews were identified. Ten of these were rated as of high quality. There was little overlap between reviews in terms of the target group, intervention, setting and outcome measures. The components or mechanisms of the prevention programmes were poorly described. Ten reviews evaluated school-based prevention. The effects of these prevention programmes are promising, while effects of community-based, family-based and multi-faceted programmes were less convincing.

Conclusion

– Based on the current evidence, there is a small but consistent positive effect of school-based prevention programmes, but it is less clear what the “active ingredient” is. For example, which group should one target, in which setting and in which circumstances? A set of standardised process and outcome measures would allow us to better compare and statistically pool the results of original studies and reviews. This overview of reviews, like similar other overviews, should encourage researchers to increase uniformity and consistency between studies. This would improve the comparability of evidence, which is needed to formulate valid recommendations for practice.
Social work assessment of underage alcohol consumption: Non-specialised social services comparison between Sweden and Italy
Authors: Guidi Paolo , Di Placido Matteo
Published: April 2015

Aim

This research contributes to highlighting social work assessment of family situations with underage alcohol consumption and abuse. The comparative study invites reflection on the main features influencing an initial approach to adolescent problematic alcohol consumption outside specialised addiction services.

Design

– The study is based on a cross-national comparison. A questionnaire including a vignette story of a young girl (“Nadja”) and her family was submitted to thirty-five social workers employed in public social services in Stockholm, Malmö (Sweden), and Genoa (Italy). The participants were then invited to focus groups to discuss the main features that had emerged in the assessments.

Results

– Results show significant variations between Italian and Swedish social workers' assessments. Italian social workers are in general more concerned and interventionist than are their Swedish colleagues. Swedish social workers tend to intervene less, assuming that Nadja's consumption is “normal” teenage behaviour, while the Italian social workers, less accustomed to considering such behaviour as common, are more worried and prone to intervene immediately, in particular when Nadja is found drunk in the city centre.

Conclusion

The assessment proposed by public social workers appears to be informed by cultural understandings of alcohol consumption which permeate and reveal predominant tendencies in the two groups of professionals. Moreover, in Italy the social service mandate appears to be fragmented among different service units, whereas Swedish social workers operate within a broad welfare system that allocates specific resources for adolescent alcohol consumers. Further elements influencing the assessment are found in the legislative framework and consequently in the different practices and perspectives of intervention social workers assume in Sweden and Italy.
Dark and Deathless rabble of Long Shadows: Peake, Dickens, Tolkien, and ‘this dark hive called London’
Authors: Elber -Aviram Hadas
Published: April 2015

Examines Dickens's influence on Mervyn Peake, taking in their respective writing styles, artistic convictions, thematic explorations of class, and representations of the city. Uses J.R.R.Tolkien to tease out affiliations between Peake and Dickens by way of contrast with a third figure. Suggests that Peake forged a vital link between Dickensian fiction and a new generation of urban fantasy authors.
News Roundup
Authors: Winnington G. Peter , Olesker Stuart
Published: April 2015

Brief reviews of the newly republished Ride-a-Cock-horse and the French comic book, Monsieur Noir, plus reviews of theatrical adaptations of Peake's work, especially Boy in Darkness.
Effect of granular fertilisers produced from industrial and municipal wastes on the crop yield and their content of macroelements
Authors: Krzywy Edward , Możdżer Ewa , Bakenowa Żenisgul
Published: April 2015

Four granular fertilisers were produced from industrial waste products, such as CaSO4 ∙ 2H2O and FeSO4 ∙ 7H2O, coniferous and deciduous sawdust mixture and municipal sewage sludge with addition of mineral fertilisers. Based on the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and heavy metals, these granular fertilisers can be included into the group of organic-mineral fertilisers. In order to determine their manurial value, a vegetation experiment was carried out with these granular fertilisers in which spring rape and spring triticale were the test plants. The study results show that granular fertilisers increased signifi cantly the yields of test plants and their content of macroelements. The granular fertilisers containing FeSO4 ∙ 7H2O increased signifi cantly the yields of test plants and the contents of macroelements when compared to those with CaSO4 ∙ 2H2O. As affected by the granular fertilisers containing CaSO4 ∙ 2H2O, there was more phosphorus, calcium and sulphur in the test plants. The granular fertilisers composed of the waste products mentioned above can be a cheap source of organic matter and nutrients for plants and may reduce possibility of environmental contamination.
Bullying and exclusion from dominant peer group in Polish middle schools.
Authors: Wójcik Małgorzata , Kozak Beata
Published: April 2015

School bullying also referred to as peer victimization is considered extremely harmful for all parties involved. It has been recognised as an important issue in Polish schools. This article presents the first stage of a project financed by the National Centre of Research and Development and includes the results of qualitative research conducted in groups of middle-school students, middle-school teachers and psychologists. The results highlight several factors leading to the exclusion from the dominant peer group. The results also indicate that although students are aware of the consequences of bullying and excluding behaviours, they do not implement this knowledge when explaining their own excluding actions. All results are discussed in terms of designing and implementing a data-based programme which would effectively mitigate excluding behaviours during middle-school transition.
Decisional procrastination of school-to-work transition: Personality correlates of career indecision
Authors: Bańka Augustyn , Hauziński Aleksander
Published: April 2015

Procrastination as putting off until tomorrow what one had intended to do today is well-known tendency in everyday life. In an attempt to understand the character of procrastination in different life-domains, a large body of research has been accumulated over the last decades. This article was aimed to evaluate a specific decisional procrastination of school-to-work transition (SWT) that is treated as maturity postponement. Two studies are reported examining SWT procrastination defined as career indecision among Polish students graduating universities. In Study 1 (N=366), attitudinal and identity statuses were analyzed as correlates of career procrastination. A path analysis conducted for the model, which was aimed to explain the influence of career self-efficacy and occupational commitment on career indecision (dependent variable), revealed its very good fitness (RMSEA=.000). Those two independent variables explain 10% of career indecision variance. Stepwise multiple regression analyses conducted to ascertain relationship of five identity statuses (Brzezińska, Piotrowski, 2010) to procrastination measure (career indecision) showed that Commitment Making and Ruminative Exploration are strongest predictor variables. In study 2 (N=157), the stepwise multiple regression analyses conducted to ascertain the independent relationship of each of Big Five personality factor revealed that Neuroticism and Extraversion accounts of the most of explained variance of school-to-work transition procrastination.
Family cohesion and the loneliness of adolescents from temporarily disconnected families due to economic migration
Authors: Dołęga Zofia
Published: April 2015

The paper reports the results of a comparative analysis of the two groups students coming from temporarily disconnected families due to foreign work parents (TDF, n = 68; male = 30, female = 38) and teenagers with the same social environment (NDF, n = 179, male = 89, female = 90), but without the experience of separation time (N= 247). The subject of the analysis was: the cohesion of a family from the perspective of the evaluated adolescent and three factors of psychological loneliness: social loneliness (sense of social marginalization and isolation), emotional loneliness (solitude) and existential loneliness (sense of self-alienation). The Loneliness Scale (SBS) was used based on an original concept of multidimensional sense of loneliness. The questionnaire for the survey of family cohesion (KSR) were used too. The age (12-14 and 15-17), gender, family structure and the family lifestyle were controlled. Obtained results revealed significantly lower cohesion and significantly higher existential loneliness in group of teenagers from temporarily disconnected families (TDF). Not confirmed the supposition that made in earlier studies of temporarily disconnected families due to economic migration, that these teenagers suffer from a sense of emotional loneliness There has also confirmed the belief that the level of family cohesion and a sense of loneliness in adolescents is associated with atypical organization of family life associated with the duration of migration of parent/parents, frequency of contact with family members working abroad: mothers, fathers or broth parents, the duration of stays at home
Social-cognitive variables as predictors of intention to undergo breast reconstruction
Authors: Życińska Jolanta
Published: April 2015

The aim of the study was to determine the role of self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and risk perception (including consequences of mastectomy) in formulating the intention to undergo breast reconstruction in 178 women after total mastectomy. The social-cognitive variables were measured in the context of breast reconstruction, while depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. The structural equation modeling revealed that among the predictors there were only two that accounted for the intention to undergo breast reconstruction, i.e. self-efficacy and outcome expectancies (R2 = .67). Subsequent analyses of the related moderators, i.e. depression, age, and duration of the disease indicated a good fit to the data. Nevertheless, in subgroups with poorer resources (older age, depression, and longer duration of the disease) the direct effects of self-efficacy on intention were less noticeable or non-existent. The results suggest that self-efficacy may play the regulating role in making a breast reconstruction decision if individual resources are taken into account.
„Workaholism“ does not always mean workaholism...? - about the controversial nomenclature in the research on work addiction
Authors: Wojdyło Kamila
Published: April 2015

This article attempts to point out the main problem in research on workaholism, namely over-use of the term workaholism when describing symptoms or constructs which are not related to work addiction. Workaholism has one, negative pathological/dysfunctional form and can be differentiated from the healthy forms of over-engagement (e.g. work enthusiasm). Based on the analysis of one example of research results, this article explains that the nomenclature of „workaholic“ is not applicable to the case of over-engaged employees with healthy symptoms (e.g. high work involvement and work enjoyment and high or low satisfaction with life situation). The second aim of the article is to argue that the invalid conceptualisation and measurement of workaholism can result in conclusions which do not really regard work addiction.
Resources for Indonesian Sentiment Analysis
Authors:   Franky, Bojar Ondřej , Veselovská Kateřina
Published: April 2015

In this work, we present subjectivity lexicons of positive and negative expressions for Indonesian language created by automatically translating English lexicons. Other variations are created by intersecting or unioning them. We compare the lexicons in the task of predicting sentence polarity on a set of 446 manually annotated sentences and we also contrast the generic lexicons with a small lexicon extracted directly from the annotated sentences (in a cross-validation setting). We seek for further improvements by assigning weights to lexicon entries and by wrapping the prediction into a machine learning task with a small number of additional features. We observe that lexicons are able to reach high recall but suffer from low precision when predicting whether a sentence is evaluative (positive or negative) or not (neutral). Weighting the lexicons can improve either the recall or the precision but with a comparable decrease in the other measure.
Evaluating Machine Translation Quality Using Short Segments Annotations
Authors: Macháček Matouš , Bojar Ondřej
Published: April 2015

We propose a manual evaluation method for machine translation (MT), in which annotators rank only translations of short segments instead of whole sentences. This results in an easier and more efficient annotation. We have conducted an annotation experiment and evaluated a set of MT systems using this method. The obtained results are very close to the official WMT14 evaluation results. We also use the collected database of annotations to automatically evaluate new, unseen systems and to tune parameters of a statistical machine translation system. The evaluation of unseen systems, however, does not work and we analyze the reasons
A Python-based Interface for Wide Coverage Lexicalized Tree-adjoining Grammars
Authors: Wang Ziqi , Zhang Haotian , Sarkar Anoop
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the design and implementation of a Python-based interface for wide coverage Lexicalized Tree-adjoining Grammars. The grammars are part of the XTAG Grammar project at the University of Pennsylvania, which were hand-written and semi-automatically curated to parse real-world corpora. We provide an interface to the wide coverage English and Korean XTAG grammars. Each XTAG grammar is lexicalized, which means at least one word selects a tree fragment (called an elementary tree or etree). Derivations for sentences are built by combining etrees using substitution (replacement of a tree node with an etree at the frontier of another etree) and adjunction (replacement of an internal tree node in an etree by another etree). Each etree is associated with a feature structure representing constraints on substitution and adjunction. Feature structures are combined using unification during the combination of etrees. We plan to integrate our toolkit for XTAG grammars into the Python-based Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK: nltk.org). We have provided an API capable of searching the lexicalized etrees for a given word or multiple words, searching for a etree by name or function, display the lexicalized etrees to the user using a graphical view, display the feature structure associated with each tree node in an etree, hide or highlight features based on a regular expression, and browsing the entire tree database for each XTAG grammar.
Novel insights in folate receptors and transporters: implications for disease and treatment of immune diseases and cancer
Authors: Jansen Gerrit , Peters Godefridus J.
Published: April 2015

Folate receptors and transporters as well as folate enzymes play an essential role in human disease and form important targets for the treatment of immune diseases and cancer. To discuss new developments in this area, every 2 years a multidisciplinary meeting is held, which aims to be an informal forum for fundamental scientists and clinicians. During this meeting, the regulation of folate transporters and folate enzymes is discussed at the level of expression, transcription, translation, post-translational modification, and splicing and enzyme regulation. Importantly, this knowledge is applied and translated into exciting clinical applications by clinicians with various backgrounds, such as surgeons, nephrologists, rheumatologists and oncologists. Moreover, the meeting provides an excellent forum for a scientific interaction between academia and industry.
Hydroclimatic and Geological Conditions of the Variability of Fluvial Transport Rate in the Upper Part of the Wieprz River Catchment
Authors: Świeca Andrzej , Kociuba Waldemar , Brzezińska-Wójcik Teresa
Published: April 2015

The article summarises the results of observations conducted in the periods 1989-1992, 1998-2000, and 2001- 2003 in the catchment of the Roztocze section of the Wieprz River with an area of 404 km2. The presented results of the study on fluvial transport document the response of an upland river to variable hydro-climatic conditions. Fluvial transport rate in periods extreme in hydrological terms was compared. In the conditions of low water stages (1989- 1992) and mean annual discharges lower than the mean multiannual by 19%, the Wieprz River discharged an average of 13300 tonnes of solutions and 485 tonnes of suspensions annually. The unitary indices amounted to 32.7 and 1.2 t/ km2/year, respectively. In the years 1998-2000, in the conditions of high water stages and mean annual discharges higher than the multiannual by 41%, the Wieprz River discharged approximately 22,800 tonnes of solutions and 981 tonnes of suspensions annually. The unitary indices increased proportionately to 56.2 t/km2/year and 2.4 t/km2/year, respectively. In the years 2001-2003, in the conditions of variable water stages and discharges higher than the multiannual by 12%, the Wieprz River discharged an average of approximately 17,500 tonnes of solutions and 441 tonnes of suspensions annually. The unitary indices reached the values of 43.3 t/km2/year and 1.1 t/km2/year, respectively.
Precipitation of the Mediterranean Origin in Poland – Its Seasonal and Long-Term Variability
Authors: Degirmendžić Jan , Kożuchowski Krzysztof
Published: April 2015

The article presents the results of the analysis of precipitation in Poland associated with cyclones moving from the Mediterranean Sea to East-Central Europe (Mediterranean Cyclonal Precipitation - MCP). The MCP accounts for about 10% of the total amount of precipitation in Poland. Average daily sum of MCP constitutes approximately 150% of daily amount of all precipitation in Poland. The MCP amount reaches its maxima at the end of April and in the mid-August. The highest MCP occurs in the Carpathians and the Sudetes as well as over stripes of land extending northward and covering the central-western and eastern parts of the country. In the years 1958-2008, the mean annual MCP was characterized by a significant decreasing trend - the MCP sum reduced by 29 mm, i.e. ca. 42% of its multiannual value.