bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Survival and Growth of Russian Pinus sylvestris L. in Canada
Authors: Teich A. H. , Holst M. J.
Published: February 2014

Scots pine provenances from Russia were grown in Ontario at Longlac, Dorset and Chalk River, and in Saskatchewan at Prince Albert and Indian Head. After eight growing seasons in the field all provenances survived well. The three tallest, Orel, Woronesh and Kiev provenances, grew considerably taller than the others, and at Prince Albert, where native jack pine was also grown, the growth and survival of these provenances was also better than that of jack pine. If further studies show that this high performance persists and that stem form is commercially acceptable, seedlings from these three provenances may be useful for reforestation in those parts of Canada with a continental climate.
Tree Improvement Programs And Their Role in Canadian Forestry
Authors: Carlisle A.
Published: February 2014

The report reviews present tree improvement programs in Canada, the benefits which can be expected from these programs, and the need for genetically superior seed in Canada's future planting and seeding programs.Tree improvement has an important role to play in Canada's forest economy. The selection and use of genetically superior seed can result in appreciable gains in tree crop yield, crop security and wood quality. The costs of implementation of tree improvement programs per acre of land to be planted and seeded are relatively low compared with other means of increasing yield, and the potential returns on the investment are high. Small improvements in wood quality can greatly increase mill profits. The seed requirements for Canada's future planting and seeding programs can only be met by an integrated program of work by federal, provincial, industrial and university agencies on both research and development aspects of tree improvement.
The Status of Container Planting in Western Canada
Authors: Kinghorn J. M.
Published: February 2014

Canada's western provinces must develop new reforestation techniques if forest management is to be intensified, and if forest renewal is to keep pace with the accelerated rate of harvesting. The challenge can be met if labor productivity is significantly increased through mechanization of planting. Container planting methods can improve manual planting performance and provide the basis for ultimate mechanization.Container planting methods as developed in Canada may be defined as reforestation systems whereby tree seedlings are grown, transported and planted in small containers. Several types, sizes and shapes of containers are being investigated but, for reasons of economy in bulk and weight, all are characterized by a tiny soil capacity usually not exceeding three cubic inches. The small size and uniform shape of container-grown seedlings permits manual planting rates two to three times faster than those possible by mattock planting conventional bare-root nursery stock. The principal biological advantage of container methods is the capability of protecting the seedling and delivering it to the planting site with all of its roots intact and viable.Large-scale container field trials are underway in all four provinces, but few conclusive results are yet available. Deficiencies in containers or techniques that have come to light are being overcome. As biologically acceptable methods emerge, efforts should be channelled toward developing equipment for automating and mechanizing both the nursery and planting phases.
A rapid method for vegetative propagation of aspens and their hybrids
Authors: Zufa L.
Published: February 2014

The propagation of aspen cuttings of sucker origin is described. The suckers were stimulated on root-cuttings planted in the greenhouse. Abundant suckers were produced and rooted without difficulty in plastic tube containers. Suckering and rooting ability varied between and within species and hybrids.
Volume conversion factors for wood measured in Ontario and Quebec
Authors: Alemdag I. Seref
Published: February 2014

Ontario and Quebec employ different procedures for determining wood volumes, both in cubic feet and board feet. These differences present management problems to wood-using companies which rely on both provinces for their supply of raw material. In most eases, Ontario rules record less volume for a given sample than Quebec rules. Equations have been produced which provide a basis for effective conversion.
Frost pockets on thermal imagery
Authors: Murtha P. A.
Published: February 2014

Sites of cooler micro-climate were recorded on night-time thermal imagery during overflights of a forested area in both spring and fall. The potential frost pockets appeared darkest (coldest) and ground measurements showed the sites to be as much as 5 °C cooler than another open area nearby. Comparative thermal imagery and a panchromatic aerial photograph of the study area are presented.
Foresters as managers of woodlands
Authors: Westell Jr. Casey E.
Published: February 2014

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The challenges of research in forest biology
Authors: Kozlowski T. T.
Published: February 2014

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When to replace a vehicle
Authors: Murchison H. Gary , Nautiyal J. C.
Published: February 2014

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The conservation of forest gene resources in Canada
Authors: Roche Laurence
Published: February 2014

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Tomorrow challenges Pacific Coast foresters
Authors: Nagle G. S.
Published: February 2014

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Aesthetics and cutting in the shoreline reserve of Lake Temagami
Authors: Buck D. E.
Published: February 2014

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Progress in reclamation research in British Columbia during 1970
Authors: Thirgood J. V. , Matthews J. R.
Published: February 2014

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A Point sampling approach to woodlot analysis
Authors: Macarthur J. D. , Algar D. W.
Published: February 2014

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Stock age, planting method and weed control in red oak afforestation
Authors: von Althen F. W.
Published: February 2014

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Forest nutrition studies in Douglas-fir on Vancouver Island: A second report
Authors: Handley D. L. , Pienaar L. V.
Published: February 2014

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What lies ahead?
Authors: Zivnuska John A.
Published: February 2014

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Distribution of conifer seedling roots in a nursery soil
Authors: Armson K. A.
Published: February 2014

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Container planting systems in Canada
Authors: Cayford J. H.
Published: February 2014

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Planting from the book
Authors: Spencer Hentry A.
Published: February 2014

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Forest ecology: the biological basis for the management of renewable forest resources
Authors: Kimmins J. P.
Published: February 2014

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Planning for the future in outdoor recreation: an economic viewpoint
Authors: Hopkins Jr. Frederick S. , Webster Henry H. , Manning Glenn H.
Published: February 2014

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A comparison of approaches to the mapping of forest land for intensive management
Authors: Daubenmire R.
Published: February 2014

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Hail damage to a new white spruce and lodgepole pine plantation in central British Columbia
Authors: Dobbs R. C. , McMinn R. G.
Published: February 2014

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Survival and growth of some exotic larch species and hybrids in the Ottawa Valley
Authors: Teich A. H. , Holst M. J.
Published: February 2014

Des populations de mélèzes européen et japonais de même que l'hybride européen et japonais ont été étudiées du point de vue survie et croissance, en deux endroits différents de la Vallée de l'Outaouais. D'un point de vue général, le mélèze européen présentait un % de survie supérieur à celui du mélèze japonais et de l'hybride, tandis que ces deux derniers offraient une croissance quelque peu plus grande. Parmi les populations européennes, celles de la Pologne poussèrent le plus, dépassant même le mélèze japonais et l'hybride. Cependant, elles présentaient un nombre important de tiges flexueuses. Par contre, une population originant de Zagnansk, Pologne, se montra passablement prolifique tout en exhibant une forte proportion de fûts droits. La sélection semble prometteuse pour l'utilisation du mélèze dans la sylviculture canadienne.
The policy of keeping trees alive via spray operations may hasten the recurrence of spruce budworm outbreaks
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

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White spruce group planting in herbicide-treated, overmature mixedwood: 11-year results
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

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System simulation – a technique for sawmill productivity analyses and designs
Authors: Aune Jan E.
Published: February 2014

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Snow damage to boreal mixedwood stands in northern Alberta
Authors: Gill Don
Published: February 2014

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Logging as a factor in wildlife ecology in the boreal forest
Authors: Telfer E. S.
Published: February 2014

Extensive stands of boreal forest in the late successional stages provide suitable habitat for some birds and for caribou but are unsuitable for many other species. Deer, moose, beaver, ruffed grouse and many other birds and mammals require the greater food production during the period of early regrowth following fire or logging. Wildlife species also require some dense, closed forest for shelter, therefore a diversity of forest types and age classes within their home ranges at all times of year is most beneficial. Logging can be used as a tool to provide diversity but much more research on boreal forest ecology is required to provide the basis for multiple-use management.
Taper-based versus volume-based compatible estimating systems
Authors: Munro Donald D. , Demaerschalk Julien P.
Published: February 2014

This paper describes some alternative methods to develop a compatible system of taper and volume. The advantages and disadvantages of the different alternatives are outlined. Methods to test the precision and accuracy of the systems are briefly discussed.
Capability of ERTS-1 imagery for mapping forest cover types of Anticosti Island
Authors: Jobin L. , Beaubien J.
Published: February 2014

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Planting recommendations for blueberry — sweetfern sites in northern Ontario
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

This is an extension of a 1968 report on experiments established to study species, age-classes, and planting site treatments for blueberry-sweet-fern (Vaccinium-Comptonia) sites in northern Ontario. Red pine (3–0 and 2–2) and jack pine (2–0 and 2–1) were planted in scalped spots, in furrows, in herbicide-spray strips, in ground cover, and in bulldozed plots. This report is based on survival and height at 10 years after planting.The results suggest that jack pine is more satisfactory than red pine, producing much greater aggregate height (survival × average height). In both species transplants performed better than seedlings. Comparisons of site treatment and planting methods showed that furrowing and bulldozing were both satisfactory for 2–2 red pine, but that bulldozing was clearly the best method for jack pine.Reforestation of dry "blueberry-sweetfern" sites in north-central and northeastern Ontario has often been difficult. These plant associations occur on dry sands and gravels, usually following a fire, or a cutover and burn. The ground cover is Vaccinium spp. and Comptonia peregrina (L) Coult., with scattered herbs and grasses. There may also be light or open cover of trees, such as jack pine Pinus banksiana Lamb.), white birch (Betula payrifera Marsh) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Jack pine is the common species for planting but under some local conditions red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) may be preferred.In 1959 experimental plots were established in the forest districts of Chapleau, Swastika and North Bay, to examine some aspects of the planting requirements for these sites. This report is based on the tenth-year survival and height measurements at Swastika and North Bay. The Chapleau plots are not included because of uncertainty caused by invasion of natural seedlings. An earlier report (Mullin 1968a) was based on the Chapleau and Swastika plots to the fifth-year after planting.
Cone production of balsam fir damaged by balsam woolly aphid
Authors: Schooley Hugh O.
Published: February 2014

The effect of balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), damage on cone production by balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., was studied on 49 trees classified into six aphid damage classes. Results showed that there was no appreciable effect until damage exceeded the moderate level. Cone production on trees damaged beyond this level was seriously reduced but, since advanced damage is not reached by all trees simultaneously, it was concluded that adequate seed should be available for stand replacement.
Selecting Peat For Rearing Coniferous Container Seedlings
Authors: Hellum A. K.
Published: February 2014

Peat is a term applied to a large variety of organic materials sold in Canada for horticultural purposes. Uneven crops of coniferous seedlings are often due to variable peat quality. Experience has shown that such seedlings should be grown only in sphagnum peat. Members of this genus are preferred because they hold water well, have an excellent cation exchange capacity, retain a fibrous structure well when handled manually, decompose to release nitrogen for seedling growth, are usually acid, and contain few endemic pathogens. S. fuscum, the best for horticultural purposes, is circumpolar, and common in Alberta. A prescription for peat source selection is suggested.
Promotion of Flowering in Conifers by Gibberellins
Authors: Pharis Richard P.
Published: February 2014

Promotion of early and enhanced flowering through the application of exogenous gibberellins (GAs) is now a reality for many species of conifers in the Cupressaceae, Taxodiaceae and Pinaceae. Whereas GA3 is almost universally effective in cone initiation for species in the Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae, as a general rule only less-oxidized GAs as GA4 and GA7 (as a mixture), and GA9 are highly effective for species in the Pinaceae. The discovery that certain of these less-oxidized GAs were highly effective in promoting flowering in the Pinaceae followed research where endogenous conifer GAs were examined in tissues of trees receiving cultural treatments known to promote flowering. Here, the level of endogenous less-oxidized GA-like substances was highest in flowering trees, and more-oxidized GA-like substances and GAs such as GA3 were highest in control, non-flowering trees.
Definitions and Analyses of Components of Stand Increments
Authors: Alemdag I. Seref
Published: February 2014

Although the terms used in forestry to describe various forms of increment and mortality are fairly well established by usage, confusion is still encountered in their use. This paper analyzes and clarifies these terms which refer to stand development, and illustrates them with examples for use, trial, criticism and refinement toward possible future standardization.
Canadian forest inventory methods
Authors: Smith Victor G.
Published: February 2014

The various provincial forest inventory methods are compared on the basis of base maps, photo interpretation, ground plots, stand volume tables, growth estimation and reinventory. Comments are made suggesting areas in which problems exist and where improvements in the various methods can be made.
Recovery of Young Balsam Fir Trees Damaged by Balsam Woolly Aphid
Authors: Schooley Hugh O.
Published: February 2014

After one period of balsam woolly aphid damage, young balsam fir trees resumed normal height growth by the reactivation of inhibited terminal buds on 60% of trees, and by re-orientation of primary internodal and nodal branches on 24% and 16% of trees, respectively. Permanent forks and crooks were formed only infrequently. Height growth loss on damaged trees was small, equalling one to four years growth.
A Canadian Example of Government-Industry Collaboration In Tree Improvement
Authors: Yeatman C. W.
Published: February 2014

A program of provenance testing, seed production and genetic improvement of jack pine was developed in the Baskatong region of western Quebec through sustained collaboration among government forest services and forest industry. Research plantations demonstrated, within a period of 10 years from establishment, the superiority in growth, cold hardiness and disease resistance of regionally adapted local seed sources. Critical differences were evident between provenances from the Boreal Forest Region and those from the adjacent Sections of the Great Lakes — St. Lawrence Forest Region.A 300-acre (120 ha) seed production area was created within a genetically superior jack pine population of natural origin in the Côte Jaune area west of Lake Baskatong. Within this population, 325 plus trees were selected, marked and recorded over two years by student crews employed in the summer. Seed harvested from the felled plus trees will be used to create a seedling seed orchard and to establish progeny tests. The plus trees are to be grafted for controlled breeding among selected progeny-tested clones at a later date. This cooperative program of tree improvement will ensure the future supply of high quality seed that will maintain and enhance the value of the forest resource.
Accuracy of Regeneration Stocking Estimates: Tests with Simulated Data
Authors: MacLeod D.
Published: February 2014

A computer was used to generate points representing tree seedlings in an area of natural regeneration. These seedlings were than sampled and the per cent stocking calculated for 2 m × 2 m (milacre) plots. A systematic survey design was used, employing a wide variety of plot spacings. Groups of plots were included as well as single plots. For each spacing, repeated surveys were run and a standard error was estimated for the stocking level. Graphs were drawn to show the approximate sampling intensity required to estimate stocking to a given accuracy, for 10-ha and 40-ha sample areas.
Tree-Ring Analyses can be Improved by Measurement of Component Widths and Densities
Authors: Smith J. Harry G.
Published: February 2014

Measurement of component widths of annual rings by binocular microscope and of densities by X-ray methods have increased the accuracy of estimation of effects of various factors on tree growth. Sources of information and examples of uses of tree-ring analyses are discussed. Measurements of latewood and earlywood components of tree rings are used to illustrate longterm trends and annual variations about them. It is concluded that foresters should study component widths and densities of tree rings in order to learn more about manipulation of tree growth toward desired goals.
Ten-Year Growth in Two Fertilization Experiments in a Semimature Jack Pine Stand in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Morrison I. K. , Foster N. W. , Winston D. A. , Swan H. S. D.
Published: February 2014

Two fertilization experiments were established in a 55-year-old, relatively pure jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stand on a Site Class III sandy site in northwestern Ontario. In both the following response variables were estimated after 10 years: mean DBH increment, BA increment (absolute and per cent) and total and merchantable volume increment. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. In the first experiment urea and ammonium nitrate at two levels of application were tested against controls. Significant increases over controls, in terms of BA and total and merchantable volume increments, occurred only with urea at 336 kg N/ha. With this treatment response was good; approximately 20 m3/ha extra merchantable wood over controls was produced over 10 years. In the second experiment N, P, and K were applied in fixed mixture, with and without lime, at five levels of application plus control. Response was generally poor with no treatment producing a statistically significant increase over control in relation to any variable. The best treatment, NPK at 1 120 kg/ha of fertilizer plus lime, produced an increase in merchantable volume over controls of less than 8 m3/ha over 10 years.
Provenance Experiments on Sitka Spruce in Newfoundland
Authors: Khalil M. A. K.
Published: February 2014

Results of a Newfoundland provenance study of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), comprising nine replicated experiments with 12 provenances, assembled from the area between latitudes 44°-57°N and longitudes 124°-136°W are presented. The experiments were measured in the fall of 1974 at the ages of 9 and 10 years. Of the five characters studied, namely initial survival, Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Kummer infection, winter damage, height, and root collar diameter, two, winter damage and height, were adopted for evaluation of the provenances.Provenances suffering 20% or less winter damage and exceeding the experiment mean in height at each location have been judged promising. Four of the nine locations appear unsuitable for all provenances tested, while three provenances are unsuitable for all locations. The paper shows the relative suitability of eight provenances for five locations.
Computerized Reforestation Records for Alberta
Authors: Hellum A. K. , Ritcey D. E.
Published: February 2014

In 1972, Alberta established a computerized record system for reforestation data to aid in monitoring and planning reforestation activities. This system provides data to guide preparation of financial estimates, help monitor operational reforestation, and aid in identifying special problem areas. Initial records indicate that reforestation in the province will reach between 80 and 90% of target objectives within the given 10-year post-cut reforestation period based on 1966, 1967, and 1968 data. However, an additional 4,000 to 8,000 ha, which accumulated annually during this period, constitute problem areas which will need special attention (treatment and planting) to reach acceptable stocking levels. This system is being widely accepted by industry and government of Alberta.
Opportunities In Hardwood Utilization
Authors: Flann I. B.
Published: February 2014

The range of products commonly manufactured from hardwoods is reviewed, along with an indication of the wood quality required. Reference is made to the deterioratting hardwood supply situation, and to two approaches to the problem: improved roundwood allocation, and more efficient processing techniques. The latter approach is discussed in some detail.
Amenity Forestry and the Economic Behaviour of Land Owners
Authors: Carroll M. R.
Published: February 2014

Decisions made by landowners regarding amenity of forest land may be based on a complex behaviour rather than simply using a financial criterion. This behaviour does not necessarily fit into the economic models of multiple use based on perfect economic rationality. Studies of landowner attitudes and factors which affect decision making are an important part of forest economics research.
Régénération après coupes mécanisées et conventionnelles : Côte- Nord du Québec
Authors: Boivin Jean-Louis
Published: February 2014

A regeneration study has been carried out during the summer 1976 in the lake Pipmuacan watershed on the north shore of Quebec.This study aimed to compare the effects, on the regeneration, as well preestablished as established after cutting, of two cutting methods namely with tree harvester of the Koehring type or the conventional method which is partly mechanized.From the analysis carried out in this study, one may conclude to a good regeneration, well distributed over cutting areas, of balsam fir and spruce, either with a cutting method or with the other; this regeneration is not significantly different if the number of stems of all species is considered.Nevertheless, low distribution of balsam fir and spruce following conventional cutting in the spruce balsam forest type may result in large openings in the future mature stand.Among the factors considered, those which have a significant influence on the establishment of spruce are the original forest type and exposure while establishment of balsam fir is influenced by topography and drainage and finally exposition, cutting method and original forest type influence the regeneration of white birch. Nevertheless, those factors are not the most determinant according to their low correlation coefficient.
How Uniformity of Tree Distribution Affects Stand Growth
Authors: Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

Part of a 13-year-old plantation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) was thinned to leave stems uniformly distributed throughout the stand, and another part was thinned to leave the same number of stems but in equally spaced 4-tree clumps. After 10 years the clumped trees had smaller live crowns (owing to more intense shade on the inside of the clumps), reflected in lower growth in d.b.h. and basal area per hectare, and higher form class. No significant difference between treatments was found in volume per hectare, but it was concluded that 5-tree or larger clumps would result in reduced wood production.
A Subjective Measure of Forest Fire Management Effectiveness
Authors: Martell D. L.
Published: February 2014

The effectiveness of forest fire management systems is usually expressed in terms of loss; namely money spent, area burned and property destroyed. The author describes a method of estimating a lower bound for the monetary benefits of fire management efforts. A measure of effectiveness based on dollars spent, together with subjective estimates concerning the dollar value of timber and property saved, is proposed as a supplement to traditional measures of fire management effectiveness.
Tree Sampling in Natural Forests of Northern Iran
Authors: Zobeiry M.
Published: February 2014

The 6-tree sampling method which was introduced in 1969 by Dr. Prodan was tested by the Faculty of Natural Resources at the University of Tehran in the natural forests of Northern Iran. Variations including 6-, 7-, 8- and 9-tree sampling were examned. The research shows that the tree sampling technique is not suitable for the natural forests of the northern region. Each of the 6-, 7-, 8- and 9-tree systems consistently underestimates the true population parameters.
Roots of the New Forest
Authors: Armson K. A.
Published: February 2014

Studies of tree roots inevitably involve comparisons. While the norm is usually the natural root system we have little knowledge of the extent of genetic variation and control of root form for many of our species. The production of clonal material for experiments with tree roots seems necessary. Root form is discussed as it relates to: (1) cultural practices in the nursery and at outplanting, (2) modification by environmental factors, (3) changes in stand development and management practices, (4) the new forest and soil development.
Effects of Spruce Budworm on Cone Production by Balsam Fir
Authors: Schooley Hugh O.
Published: February 2014

In Newfoundland, the spruce budworm has caused a pronounced decrease in cone production by balsam fir. Severe defoliation reduced the size and number of shoots upon which cones are usually produced. The budworm did not feed on reproductive buds nor influence the number of buds that continued development to form ovulate flowers. However, virtually all of these flowers or the young cones that developed from them were killed by budworm on severely defoliated trees.
A Survey of Herbicide Use in Canadian Forestry
Authors: Ayling R. D. , Graham B.
Published: February 2014

The results of an across-Canada survey into the past, present, and future use of herbicides in forestry are presented. Based on a response of more than 60% return of 250 questionaires sent, herbicide use potential is not being met. In Ontario, the most commonly used herbicides are simazine, mainly for grass control, and the low volatile esters 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, used either alone or in combination for conifer release from overtopping hardwood vegetation, for site preparation and weed control in young hardwood and conifer plantations, and for the general control of brush along roadsides.It is suggested that greater communication is necessary between the field forester and the chemical manufacturer before herbicide versatility can be realized and, for their use in the environment to be accepted, communication must also include the general public.
Growth Response of Black Spruce in Newfoundland to N, P and K Fertilization
Authors: Nostrand R. S. van
Published: February 2014

Results are given for two NPK fertilizer trials established in 1967 and 1968 in 60-year-old black spruce stands in central Newfoundland. After nine years, replicated Trial 1 showed significant basal area and volume growth response over control for N, NP, NK and NPK treatments. N and NPK produced the greatest response where gains of 20 m3/ha and 23 m3/ha respectively were achieved after nine years. Similar results were obtained from non-replicated Trial 2 after eight years, where all treatments containing N produced approximately equal response. Maximum response in radial increment, measured from increment cores of sample trees, occurred four to six years after initial treatment. Generally, response was greater for dominant and co-dominant trees than for trees in the intermediate crown class.
Provincial Assistance to Private Forest Owners in Eastern Canada – A Survey
Authors: Madigan G. , Jones A. R. C.
Published: February 2014

A study to determine the effectiveness of private forestry assistance programs in Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia was conducted among three complementary groups of individuals concerned with the private forest resource. Rural resident, members of woodlot owner associations, and extension forestry personnel in the four provinces were surveyed using three different, bilingual questionnaires. The majority of rural residents do not use forestry assistance programs. Forty-five % of the woodlot association members responding used one or more of the several available programs. Fifty-four % of these users had a high regard for the assistance provided. Extension forestry personnel felt that the objectives of their respective assistance programs were being met with available resources but performance could be bettered with more staff, increased budgets and improved communications. This was a first attempt to evaluate private forestry assistance programs in a Canadian context.
Personal Bias in Forest Measurements
Authors: Omule Stephen A. Y.
Published: February 2014

The assumption that measurement errors are negligible during a forest inventory was tested using forestry students. The magnitude of personal bias in measuring tree diameter at breast height (dbh), total height, and basal area per hectare was obtained. Bias was negligible in dbh measurements and the among-crew coefficient of variation (CV) was 8.16%. Heights were significantly underestimated and the among-crew CV was 21.86%. The percentage error in basal area per hectare determination was 4.09% at the 95% probability level, using a prism of basal area factor 6. Measurement errors are, in general, not negligible. Their magnitude should be estimated per inventory and included in the total error of the inventory estimate.
Tulip-Poplar Hardiness Trials in Southern Ontario
Authors: Larsson H. Cedric
Published: February 2014

Three strains of tulip-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were planted in 13 plots in the spring of 1973 and in one plot in the spring of 1975 in four of the climatic zones of southern Ontario. The study was designed to evaluate their hardiness north of its natural range in Ontario. Initial results after five growing seasons indicate that tulip-poplar can be safely planted north of its natural range in climatic zone D providing it is planted in woodlot openings where there is protection from early fall frosts.
Natural Regeneration of Balsam Poplar Following Harvesting in the Susitna Valley, Alaska
Authors: Zasada J. C. , Viereck L. A. , Foote M. J. , Parkenson R. H. , Wolff J. O. , Lankford Jr. L. A.
Published: February 2014

Regeneration of balsam poplar was studied following clearcut logging with both chain saws and tractor-mounted shears in summer and winter. Logging with shears in both summer and fall resulted in the most surface disturbance and the greatest rate of poplar regeneration. Stocking averaged 29% (range 4-62%) 4 years after harvesting. Regeneration was from seeds, stump sprouts, root suckers, and buried branches. Regeneration in summer-and winter-logged sites was primarily from root suckers, but logging in the fall resulted in regeneration from buried branches. More than 50% of the stumps produced sprouts the 1st and 2d years; but after 4 years, only 15% of the stumps in the areas logged in summer still had live sprouts. Revegetation of clearcut areas was rapid and dominated by grasses, horsetails, willows, alders, and devil's club. Production of moose browse was much greater in the logged areas than in an unlogged control. Limiting clearcutting to summer and encouraging disturbance of the surface could increase poplar regeneration.
Overwinter and Spring Storage of Pine and Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Cram W. H. , Lindquist C. H.
Published: February 2014

Several storage treatments at 20 °C and −5 °C were evaluated by late spring transplantings for fall and spring lifted 2-0 seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea pungens Engelm. Survival and growth of the 2-2 transplants for both species, after overwinter or early spring storage at 2 °C as bare-root plants in sealed 4-ml poly bags, equalled the performances of freshly-lifted seedlings. Both of these treatments proved practical and efficient alternatives for delayed spring transplantings. Overwinter storage at −5 °C apparently reduced transplant survivals of immature Colorado spruce seedlings and proved lethal for Scots pine seedlings lifted on October 16.
Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement are on the Way in Quebec
Authors: Corriveau Armand G. , Vallée Gilles
Published: February 2014

Recent interest in forest genetics in Québec is related to the abundant forest resource and to serious natural regeneration problems after harvest. Initiated mainly at the end of the sixties, progress in forest genetics research and tree improvement is presented for economically important species. Tree improvement is viewed not only as a tool to obtain superior returns from artificial regeneration, but as a means to insure seed and seedling supplies. Finally important areas of research and development requiring more support are identified.
Growth of Young Spruce Plantations in Interior British Columbia
Authors: Vyse Alan
Published: February 2014

Ninety young plantations of Interior Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss or Picea engelmannii Parry or a natural hybrid of these species) in the Cariboo Forest Region, British Columbia were assessed for growth performance. Total and internode heights of 20 to 40 undamaged planted seedlings were measured in each plantation using 50 m2 plots to select sample seedlings.There were few striking differences in performance between stock types, site treatment types, season of planting, competing vegetation classes and ecological subzones. Good performance was found in part of the Sub-Boreal Spruce subzone, and poor performance was associated with either wet sites or dry sites. The performance of individual plants was highly variable and this could reduce potential plantation yields. Almost all plantations suffered a two year period of slow growth after planting. The one year old plug stock from styroblock containers grew more rapidly in the first year than bareroot stock types thus recovering from an initial size disadvantage. However, there was a marked decline in the second year growth of plus stock before a return to normal growth in the third year. The overall performance of small one year old seedlings suggest that size is over-emphasized in discussions of stock quality. The performance of all stock types was superior to recorded growth rates for natural seedlings of Interior Spruce.Suggestions are made for improving plantation performance and a simple growth performance guide is presented to help forest managers identify desirable, acceptable and unsatisfactory plantations of Interior Spruce.
Optimizing Pulpwood Inventories At Roadsides, Millyards And Concentration Yards: A Case Study
Authors: Erdle T. A. , Arp P. A. , Meng C. H.
Published: February 2014

A case study is presented to illustrate how pulpwood inventory profiles and inventory costs at the mill, at the roadside, and at a concentration yard can be analysed and optimized by way of computer simulation. A model, pertinent to the operational environment of the forest products company examined, was developed to account for various inventory holding costs and shortage costs, and allowed for a realistic week-by-week simulation of the Company's wood procurement and wood consumption activities.
Improved Tree Height Measuring Poles
Authors: Garthwaite D. Keith
Published: February 2014

In response to problems inherent in available measuring poles, two types of improved telescoping aluminum poles for use in measuring tree heights were developed. One design employs a slot and pin with supporting swaged-rim system, the other, an off-center, friction-plug locking system for connecting the sections.The poles are constructed of graduated tubing and have proven stable and rugged when extended, yet are quickly assembled, easy to maintain and inexpensive to repair. The sections nest inside one another for transport and for 12-metre poles, produce a small package approximately 2 m long, 4 cm in diameter, weighing 5.5 kg.
Recurrence of Spruce Budworm Outbreaks for Two Hundred Years in Western Quebec
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

The history of spruce bubworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks for the past two hundred years in the Ottawa River Valley in Quebec was retraced through radial-growth studies on old white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench)) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) trees. The radial-growth profiles clearly indicate three suppression periods resulting from outbreaks that occurred in the twentieth century, each starting about 1910, 1940 and 1967. There is no evidence of an outbreak during the nineteenth century in this region. However, a reduction in radial-growth starting in 1783 observed on the only three specimens of white spruce over 200 years old, has the characteristics of that caused by a budworm outbreak. An interval of 127 years between this and the 1910 outbreak is similar to other long intervals between outbreaks recorded prior to the twentieth century for some other regions in eastern Canada.
Analytical Calculations vs. Simulation for Predicting the Performance of Prototype Logging Machines
Authors: Meng C. H. , Williamson J. D. A. , Cottell P. L.
Published: February 2014

A simple analytical approach to estimating the performance of logging machine prototypes was compared with computer simulation, specifically the program CANLOG. Results from the two methods did not differ appreciably, despite the greater complexity and cost of the simulation approach. However, neither method was particularly reliable, as judged from comparison with available field data. Simulation may be an effective alternative where considerable interaction exists between machines or machine functions in operation, where variable distributions are given substance through empirical studies, and where program documentation is sufficient to place control of the procedure in the hands of the user.
Aboveground Dry Matter of Jack Pine, Black Spruce, White Spruce and Balsam Fir Trees at Two Localities in Ontario
Authors: Alemdag I. S.
Published: February 2014

Standard equations for aboveground ovendry mass of jack pine, black spruce, white spruce, and balsam fir were developed for the components and for the whole tree of single stems grown in natural stands in Ontario. The relationships between the component and the stem wood ovendry masses and those between the ovendry and the green masses were determined. Distribution of ovendry mass within the stem wood of merchantable trees was established. Wood densities were calculated, and comparisons of stem wood ovendry mass were made between the equations developed here and those found in other reports.
Propos sur la Rentabilité des Plantations
Authors: Paillé Gilbert
Published: February 2014

This paper was presented at a regional forestry association meeting to a large audience of woodlot owners, small forest entrepreneurs and marketing board representatives. Its first purpose was to demonstrate that reforestation of isolated and abandoned agricultural fields is seldom economical when viewed as a stand-alone activity, because the man planting trees can seldom live long enough to harvest the crop, thus failing to recuperate any return on his investment. This is a widely accepted view.The second purpose of the paper however was to demonstrate that forestation of a management unit (which is done either to hasten the renewal of cutovers, to put back into full production the productive acres struck by natural accidents, or to enlarge the management unit) is always a highly economical activity. It is so mainly because it allows the owner to increase immediately the harvest of mature timber on his property (Intensive Management Effect or Allowable Cut Effect), and to no longer consider the cost of plantation as a long-term investment but as a logging cost.In such a case, a substantial portion of the money needed to finance such a desirable activity does not come from a saving account or from borrowed capital but from the realized stumpage value itself, which owner should see as a profit only after the forest has been renewed, tended and managed properly. This is not a widely known nor a widely accepted concept in Canada, but it is in Europe.Plainly stated, it means that the forest should pay for its management. It also means that forestation is a highly economical activity not only for the owner but for the community as a whole because, on most properties, it should allow for an immediate increase in harvest, transportation, conversion and services, thus bringing more revenues and benefits to owners, entrepreneurs and governments
The Evolution and Status of Canadian Silviculture Practice
Authors: Weetman G. F.
Published: February 2014

The development of Canadian silviculture practice is outlined. Five development stages are identified. Based on a 1980 survey, corporate silviculture activity is presented by province and by freehold ownership. The intensification of silviculture practice will be dependent on the success of provincial/federal/industrial mechanisms to put more than one nickel of every dollar generated back into the forest.
Timing of Spacing Operations in Young Balsam Fir Stands
Authors: Piene Harald
Published: February 2014

Manual spacing, and corridor spacing in combination with hand spacing are recommended to increase volume growth in dense young balsam fir stands on the Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia. Optimum time of spacing ranges from approximately release age 7 in a stand with 40 000 stems/ha to 12 in a stand with 10 000 stems/ha.
Estimating Breast Height Diameters from Stump Measurements in British Columbia
Authors: Demaerschalk Julien P. , Omule Stephen A. Y.
Published: February 2014

A means of estimating tree diameter at breast height from stump measurements has many applications. In this paper, metric equations are derived for estimating diameters at breast height from measured stump heights for all commercial tree species in British Columbia by age class and biogeoclimatic zones. The model found best was the same one as used by Alemdag and Honer (1977) for eleven tree species from eastern and central Canada. This prediction system can be incorporated into any local volume equation to derive a tree volume prediction model based on stump diameter and stump height.
Dbh Measurements and Conversions in the Metric System
Authors: Demaerschalk Julien P. , Kozak Antal
Published: February 2014

This paper briefly describes the measurement of dbh in the metric system and some of the consequences of this change. Reliable methods to convert old tree data to the new system are provided and various alternatives are suggested to adjust the old volume and taper equations.
Water Sprinkling of Log Decks to Reduce Emergence of Mountain Pine Beetle in Lodgepole Pine
Authors: McMullen L. H. , Betts R. E.
Published: February 2014

Water sprinkling of lodgepole pine logs infested by mountain pine beetle with soaker-hoses on the surface of log decks, reduced survival of pupae and young adults to 5% compared with 93% in control decks. The technique provides a useful alternative to other methods of reducing hazard from the insect to pine stands surrounding log storage areas.
Fertilization Fails to Increase Diameter Growth of Sawlog-size Northern Hardwoods in Upper Michigan
Authors: Stone Douglas M. , Shetron Stephen G. , Peryam James
Published: February 2014

Five hundred individual, sawlog-size crop trees in a selectively managed northern hardwood stand were fertilized with 2.61 kg (5.75 lbs) of N-P-K fertilizer per tree in June 1970. The stand is predominantly sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) growing on a deep silt loam soil of good site quality. Three- and six-year diameter at breast height (dbh) and basal area growth were analyzed by treatment and diameter class. Fertilization did not increase dbh or basal area growth during either measurement period. Mean annual dbh growth of both fertilized and control trees was 0.41 cm (0.16 in.); trees in all diameter classes grew at essentially the same rate. Nearly half of the study trees grew 2.54 cm (1.0 in.) or more during the 6-year period, and fertilization did not change this proportion. Natural supplies of nutrients in good hardwood soils appear adequate for rapid growth of these species. Periodic cuttings maintain superior growth rates and contributes to efficient nutrient cycling. Fertilization is not recommended on sites like this because growth responses are not likely to justify costs.
Role of the Pacific Forest Research Centre in Testing Tree Seeds Under International Rules
Authors: Edwards D. G. W.
Published: February 2014

The role of the Pacific Forest Research Centre, in its function as a member station authorized by the International Seed Testing Association to issue official certificates of seed quality, is described for the period 1978-1982. International Seed Analysis Certificates for 349 seedlots, representing over 10 000 kg at a market value estimated to be between $2-3 million (Canadian), have been issued. Interrelationships with the OECD Scheme for certification of tree seeds are also discussed.
A Deathwatch Cone Beetle (Anobiidae: Ernobius bicolor) Reduces the Natural Storage of Black Spruce Seed In Newfoundland
Authors: Schooley H. O.
Published: February 2014

The biology of a newly discovered deathwatch beetle that infests one-year-old and older black spruce Picea mariana B.S.P. cones is described. This pest reduces the amount of seed retained in the cones that persist on the trees for many years. Up to 50% of a cone crop at a location may be damaged and annual damage between 1963 and 1979 averaged up to 18% for samples from 33 locations. Undamaged cones may not retain enough seed to naturally re-establish stands following harvest or fire. Substantial seed losses were observed when infested cones were harvested for seed extraction. This cone beetle has been recorded only from Newfoundland.
Hybrid Poplars or Hardwood Coppice? An Agriforestry Option to Economically Increasing Wood Production in Eastern Canada
Authors: Jones A. R. C. , Grant J.
Published: February 2014

A 1980 study compared wood volume production from 10-19 year-old naturally regenerated aspens growing on a loamy sand with the growth of 10-17 year-old hybrid poplars planted as one-year old rooted cuttings in a loamy soil in the Morgan Arboretum, Macdonald College, Quebec.Average volume per aspen sucker was 0.083 m3 versus 0.357 m3 for the hybrid poplars. The hybrids, on a better site but two years younger in age produced four times the volume growth of the natural stand regenerated following a strip clear cut in 1961. Both stands were thinned prior to the yields reported. The growth increment differences between stands was significant at the 0.01 level of probability.In spite of the better yields produced by the hybrids, the authors suggest that the potential for economic short rotation forest management from natural coppice hardwoods should be investigated more fully.