bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Corporation Under Siege: Social Movements, Regulation, Public Relations, and Tort Law since the Second World War
Authors: Sicilia David B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the experiences of three US industries — chemical manufacturing, tobacco, and nuclear power — that came under political, legal, and rhetorical attack following World War II, and identifies cross-cutting patterns in the public and private interests who besieged the industries, and in how they responded. At varying times and with few notable exceptions, the conflicts progressed through five stages: industry success and optimism following the war; sustained challenges by social movements; increasing regulatory control by a ‘new social’ regulatory regime in the early 1970s; new, specialized accommodationist public relations strategies and tactics; and involvement in large-scale tort regulation. Unlike most studies of alleged and real corporate malfeasance, this chapter considers both corporate and anti-corporate interests and actions, and suggests a framework for understanding post-World-War-II political economy more broadly.
The Business of Jews
Authors: Dellheim charles
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the economic culture of Jews with particular emphasis on myths and practices. While steering clear of essentialist assumptions about intrinsic ‘racial traits’, it asks whether there was, in fact, anything distinctive about the attitudes and activities of Jewish entrepreneurs. It examines ‘Shylock's shadow’, the scurrilous stereotypes that pictured Jews as greedy, materialistic, and acquisitive; the historical and sociological literature regarding Jewish economic behaviour; and the role of Jews in specific sectors of the American economy, notably in book publishing. It is argued that the Jewish experience in American business underlines the role of social marginality as an important source of innovation.
White Corporate America: The New Arbiter of Race?
Authors: Walker Juliet E. K.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the position of African Americans in management in American corporations since the Civil Rights era. Examining the careers of prominent black executives and the history of anti-discrimination suits filed against major firms, it is argued that African Americans have confronted a glass ceiling in their rise to top corporate leadership position that has changed little in the past thirty years despite a few prominent counterexamples. Meanwhile, black entrepreneurship has increased substantially, with notable success stories in the media and entertainment such as Oprah Winfrey. A broader survey of black capitalism, however, shows that black-owned firms remain smaller and less profitable than white- or other minority-owned businesses. The end of segregation, moreover, decimated some sectors of black enterprise that had served a racially divided marketplace. The chapter concludes on a note of cautious optimism, juxtaposing the important but limited number of high profile success stories with the overall lack of change in the position of black business.
6 The Career of Aegidius
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the career of Aegidius. It is likely that Aegidius was from an upper class family or was of noble barbarian ancestry. Gregory of Tours suggests that Aegidius became magister militum in Gaul shortly after Majorian's accession. Priscus states that Aegidius served with Majorian under Aetius.
13 Ricimer's Early Career and the Reigns of Avitus and Majorian
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the early career of Ricimer, and the reigns of Avitus and Majorian. Ricimer was a barbarian and of noble ancestry. Sources provide no hint of how or why Ricimer entered the imperial service and rose to high rank. Ricimer has been referred to as comes (presumably rei militaris) in AD 456-7 during the reign of emperor Avitus. By the time of the overthrow of Avitus, Ricimer was magister militum.
16 Gundobad, Orestes, and Odovacer
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Gundobad, Orestes, and Odovacer. Gundobad was Ricimer's nephew, who inherited his position following Ricimer's death. Gundobad became the greatest of the Burgundian kings, and a progressive one who introduced coinage and written laws. Orestes was previously the secretary of Attila the Hun, and later became the most powerful man in Italy as magister militum under Nepos. Odovacer was of barbarian ancestry and a rival of Orestes.
Marvell's Watery Maze at Nun Appleton
Authors: Cotterill Anne
Published: September 2007

This chapter suggests that the narrator of Upon Appleton House (1651) reflects on and responds to pressures of contemporary and personal occasions characterized by loss or uncertainty. While a lowly family tutor, the voyeuristic narrator dares to range far and deep over the Fairfax estate and history, and into the psyche apparently of Lord Fairfax but perhaps more profoundly of himself. The narrator's digressive tour of the landscape progresses through time but also dives out of time to explore an ambiguous self exposed at the depths of a landscape of drowning, watery labyrinths, and trauma. The poem aligns the male narrator and startlingly predatory voices of the ‘subtle’ nun and ‘bloody thestalis’, only to highlight the dead silence of youth including Isabel Thwaites and Mary Fairfax.
‘Lights Framed like Nets’ in Sir Thomas Browne's Garden
Authors: Cotterill Anne
Published: September 2007

In 1658, Thomas Browne protests the ‘brutall terminations’ of death and silencing of individual voices of cultural and religious institutions by civil war and republican government. Challenging literal-minded readers of ‘this ill-judging age’ suspicious of rhetorical flowers, Browne follows his subterranean exploration of death and burial customs, Hydriotaphia, or Urn-Burial, with his prose ode to light, The Garden of Cyrus, a learned celebration of the five-pointed pattern of planting called a quincunx, the subject of Chapter 3. The narrator ranges in intellectual and sensual freedom as if enacting the invisible ‘plastick principle’ of generation contained in seeds, which becomes the diminutive hero of the visible and invisible universe. Browne cultivates a Paradise that juxtaposes an elegant quincuncial order with digressions ‘into extraneous things’ and ‘collaterall truths’, in contrast to the geometrical gardens and utilitarian, nationalistic horticultural schemes being devised in the 1650s to promote England's economic flowering.
Bodily Awareness and Self‐Knowledge
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses whether bodily awareness is rightly seen as a source of self-knowledge in the relevant sense of knowledge of ourselves as subjects. It argues that bodily awareness is only one more perceptual faculty, and that in so far as perceptual faculties rely upon a subject attaining knowledge of him or herself via some input, we cannot consider it as a primary source for self-knowledge in the way that we can count knowledge of oneself attained via one's output. Our knowledge of our actions through an agent's awareness, has been characterized as knowledge of oneself via one's output, independent of an incoming representation of the action carried out. As such, it constitutes a primary source for self-knowledge.
An Apprenticeship in Arms
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

This book examines the military experiences of peers and gentlemen from the British Isles who volunteered to fight in the religious and dynastic wars of mainland Europe, as well as the ordinary men who were impressed to serve in the ranks, from the time of the English intervention in the Dutch war of independence to the death of the soldier-king William III in 1702. The apprenticeship in arms exposed these men to the technological innovations of the military revolution, laid the foundations for a professional officer class based upon merit, established a fund of military expertise, and helped to shape a British identity. The remilitarization of aristocratic culture and society was completed by 1640, and provided numerous experienced military officers for the various armies of the British and Irish civil wars and, subsequently, for the embryonic British army after William III invaded and conquered the British Isles and committed the Three Kingdoms to the armed struggles against Louis XIV during the Nine Years War. Conflicts between amateur aristocrats and so-called ‘soldiers of fortune’ led to continuing debates about the relative merits of standing armies and a select militia. The individual pursuit of honour and glory by such amateurs also obscured the more rational military and political objectives of the modern state, subverted military discipline, and delayed the process of professionalization of the officer corps of the British army.
The Irish wars
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: September 2007

Although England had been at peace for many years prior to 1585, it was thought necessary to diminish Spanish power in the Low Countries to eliminate Spanish influence in Ireland and complete the conquest of the warlike Irish people. The methods of warfare learned in the Netherlands were the most modern in Europe, and brought the English and the Scots into closer contact with the European military world. But Celtic warfare differed from that of mainland Europe, assuming the form of surprise ambushes by the Irish and brutal suppression of rebellion by the English conquerors who made no distinction between soldiers and noncombatants, ruled by martial law, and refused to recognize the Old Irish as subjects of the queen. The Elizabethan conquest was incomplete, and the lessons learned from the Irish wars were more applicable to colonial wars in North America than the siege warfare of mainland Europe.
Futurity and English will
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter defends a thesis of temporality as a species of modality. As a preliminary study of temporality as modality, it focuses on futurity in English and various ways of expressing it, as well as on various (future and non-future modal) uses to which the English auxiliary will can be put. Degrees of modality are proposed, including merger representations for the pertinent constructions, in which an amended version of Grice’s sentential operator Acc is used to capture types and degrees of modality of the constructions.
Figured Speech and Irony in T. Flavius Josephus
Authors: Mason Steve
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the rhetoric of Josephus’ narratives with special attention to his use of irony. It argues that Josephus’ Roman audience would have expected such artistry and playfulness; previous scholarship has not dealt with the concept of irony because they have not looked hard enough at the Flavian context within which Josephus worked. Beginning with Frederick Ahl’s important article on the art of safe criticism and a set of criteria for irony, the chapter demonstrates for example how Josephus can use hyperbolic praise to craft a subtle, and safe, critique of Flavian claims. An example is the figure of Titus in the Judaean War: although Josephus ostensibly flatters the general’s humanistic virtues, his portrait also serves to undercut Titus’ image of toughness (as his troops constantly disobey his orders) and to distance him from his celebrated destruction of enemy strongholds. It is concluded that Josephus was not a mouthpiece of Flavian perspectives, but a sophisticated author who exploited his Roman audience’s knowledge to create an alternative picture, as his prologue promises (War 1.1-3).
Autobiographical transactions
Authors: Treadwell James
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores how the theme of the ‘self’ as an autonomous and expressive agent — the ‘Romantic’ self — is produced in texts. A case study of sets of works by Elizabeth Gooch and William Henry Ireland demonstrates that autobiography invokes a self which resists or transcends the transactions in which it is enmeshed. In courtesan autobiographies and slave autobiographies, the rhetorical effects of expressive subjectivity are also set in opposition to the transactions that determine the self and its text. This idea is developed in readings of two of the master-texts of ‘Romantic’ subjectivity, De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater, and Hazlitt's Liber Amoris.
Childe Harold canto III
Authors: Treadwell James
Published: September 2007

At the moment of canto III of Childe Harold's publication, the figure of Byron was at the centre of a complex relationship between privacy, publication, and self-writing. The canto is a reflection on these issues, reconfiguring them so as to distinguish between the public figure of Byron and an implied private, authentic, inward figure. However the language of privacy and separation exploits its own moment of publication, managing the transactions between the figure of the self and the literary public sphere.
Pemex—Transforming a National Company
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

This chapter studies the efforts of Pemex, the Mexican oil corporation, to develop effective information systems over the past four decades. The information systems innovation processes are discussed in association with the broader struggles for reform in Pemex. To make sense of the significance attached to information systems innovation in the organization, the difficulties faced, and controversies that arise, this case study describes the links of Pemex with its national context, the international oil industry, and the international financial and political institutions. The analysis shows that the information systems innovation efforts in this company have reflected the struggle over its complex role: simultaneously an actor in a competitive market and the most significant asset for the country’s socio-economic development. Information systems innovation, aligned with the managerial efforts which increasingly saw the company as a free-market-driven business organization, was often in conflict with the powerful alternative rationality of its national role.
The Nature and Significance of Global Diversity for Information Systems
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

This chapter draws the main lessons from the empirical studies presented in Chapters 5-8, through the theoretical lenses developed in the book. It elaborates on the non-deterministic nature of ICT, explaining why it does not deliver its expected value when the organizational circumstances do not match the rationality it conveys in its current professional pattern of practice. Evidence from the case studies is used to substantiate the message that the current close alignment of information systems innovation with the rationality of business management limits the extent to which information systems professionals recognize and address alternative rationalities. A notion of context is developed that is relevant to information systems innovation. It is shown how the relevant context of information systems innovation can be drawn as an intersection of the fields of multiple institutions, each with a variable geographical span: national, foreign national, international, and some disembedded from particular geographic location.
3 The Knowledge Worker and the Divided University
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the contemporary conditions of academic work and management in UK universities as organizations. In so doing, it also raises questions about the wider purposes of universities in the modern world. Topics discussed include knowledge work and knowledge management, the state of the contemporary academic knowledge worker, difficulties faced by universities, gender divisions between male and female staff in universities, and divisions between universities.
4 Manager‐Academic Identities, Practices, and Careers in the Contemporary University
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores how the sedimentation of varieties of New Managerialism have suffused the accounts of manager-academics about their work, roles, and identities. It considers the two models of management — neoliberal and neo-technical — and their bearing upon manager-academics' working lives. Drawing upon data from the ESRC New Managerialism project, the chapter examines responses to change in the UK higher education sectors and the extent to which NM has been accepted and internalized (or rejected) by contemporary manager-academics. It addresses four major themes: the identities of manager-academics, generic principles and values about the role of academics in the university, practical characteristics of everyday life in universities, and how academics are turned into manager-academics and their understandings of their careers.
5 Learning How to Do the Management of Academic Knowledge Work
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses two themes: what are manager-academics' perceived learning needs and what is the process by which manager-academics learn? Data collected as part of the ‘New Managerialism’ research project has been used to explore these themes in depth, focusing on interviewees from management roles and reflecting on their personal journeys whilst occupying those roles. It is argued that while there is a definite place for formal training of manager-academics, informal learning with and from peers is also significant in professional learning.
6 Values, Public Service, the University, and the Manager‐Academic
Authors: Deem Rosemary , Hillyard Sam , Reed Mike
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses issues about values related to the governance and management of universities as public service institutions. It examines a further dimension of the culture of publicly funded universities, and places the debate about the management of academic knowledge work in a wider, European perspective. Some of the issues raised can be applied to other higher education systems outside Europe, providing that due attention is also paid to the local context of such systems.
Transplanting the American Model? US Automobile Companies and the Transfer of Technology and Management to Britain, France, and Germany, 1928–1962
Authors: Tolliday Steven
Published: September 2007

Recent analyses of the dynamics of Europe's long boom after the Second World War have generally accorded a leading role to the transfer of American technology and organizational practices within a broad process of ‘catch-up and convergence’. Within this process, American multinational companies are generally seen as central actors of diffusing technology and management practices. This chapter examines the core elements of strategy, organization, technology, and product policy. It stresses the role of continuity and long-run dynamics in the transfer process (rather than seeing ‘Americanization’ as an epiphenomenon of post-war reconstruction). It focuses primarily on inside the firm rather than on the discourses of agencies and observers about the transfer and dissemination of broad elements and processes.
Remodelling the Italian Steel Industry: Americanization, Modernization, and Mass Production
Authors: Ranieri Ruggero
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the impact of American industrial practices on the Italian steel industry in the post-war period. The chapter is organized into three sections. Firstly the chapter provides some basic background information on the structure and performance of the Italian post-war steel industry. It then examines the impact of the Marshall Plan on post-war reconstruction investment. The central part of this section deals with the negotiations over the allocation of US funds to the state-owned sector, but there are also brief accounts of Marshall Plan aid to other steel producers, particularly the Falck group and Fiat. The final section in the chapter looks at the attempts made by Italian managers, particularly in Cornigliano, to copy and follow the ‘American model’.
The Evolution of the ‘Japanese Production System’: Indigenous Influences and American Impact
Authors: Wada Kazuo , Shiba Takao
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the American impact on the evolution of the Japanese production system, focusing on the fabrication or assembly industries in which US management ideas and practices were most influential. Topics covered include the Japanese production system before the early 1930s, improvements in wartime production methods after 1945, the reception and influence of American management methods in post-war Japan, and the development of automation.
Routines and Other Recurring Action Patterns of Organizations: Contemporary Research Issues
Authors: Cohen Michael D. , Burkhart Roger , Dosi Giovanni , Egidi Massimo , Marengo Luigi , Warglien Massimo , Winter Sidney
Published: September 2007

This chapter reports and extends discussions at a workshop held at the Santa Fe Institute in August 1995. It considers the following topics: the importance of carefully examining research on routine, the concept of ‘action patterns’ in general and in terms of routine, the useful categorization of routines and other recurring patterns, the research implications of recent cognitive results, the relation of evolution to action patterns, the contributions of simulation modelling for theory in this area, examples of various approaches to empirical research that reveal key problems, and a possible definition of ‘routine’. The chapter also includes an extended lexicon on synonyms and opposites of the word ‘routine’.
Hierarchies, Markets and Power in the Economy: An Economic Perspective
Authors: Williamson Oliver E.
Published: September 2007

This chapter adopts the transaction cost economics perspectives for purposes of examining hierarchies, markets, and power in the economy. Transaction cost economics works out of an economizing perspective in which markets and hierarchies are alternative modes of governance, and the object is to ascertain which transactions go where and why. The role of power in this setup is strictly limited — partly because it is tautological. Power needs to be operationalized, whereupon the refutable implications that accrue to this perspective can be derived.
Economic Experiments
Authors: Rosenberg Nathan
Published: September 2007

This chapter compares capitalist and socialist economies from the perspective of the freedom to experiment as the hallmark of technological change. It argues that freedom to conduct experiments is essential to all societies committed to technological innovation or improved productive efficiency. Historically, capitalism has provided multiple sources of decision making and initiative, incentives for processing one step at a time, and the possibility for drawing upon a wide range of human potential. The result has been an extraordinary pattern of organizational diversity. Any serious effort to make socialist societies more amenable to technological change has only proved possible to the extent that such societies have been made more capitalistic.
Heroes, Herds and Hysteresis in Technological History: Thomas Edison and ‘The Battle of the Systems’ Reconsidered
Authors: David Paul A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the development of electric lighting and power supply networks in terms of the battles waged around 1887-1892 between proponents of direct and alternative current systems of electrical supply in order to raise questions about technical progress as a continuous flow. Utilizing the physics concept of hysteresis as the persistence of an altered state when the force that caused alteration ceases, the chapter concentrates on the critical moments or ‘points of bifurcation’ in the dynamic of technical change that are prone to appear at the early stages of an incremental process. The chapter concludes from its reading of the ultimate victory of alternative over direct currents of electrical supply that innovation implies not so much the work of unique creative attitudes in the manner of the classic Schumpeterian entrepreneur, as it does the occupation of a pivotal situation during comparatively brief moments of industrial development when the balance between choices can go either way.
Corporate Strategy, Structure and Control Methods in the United States During the 20th Century
Authors: Chandler Alfred D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter narrates the various changes characterizing the typical large-scale American corporate organization since the changes of the late 19th century brought about by the railroad and telegraph systems. US firms rationalized the management of multi-market businesses by forming the multidivisional structure known as the M-form, and this system proved generally successful during much of the 20th century. However, during the 1960s, continued growth and intensified competition led to important changes in organizational structure, strategy for growth, and the control methods utilized by these firms. Acquisitions and mergers were followed by the divestiture movement of the 1970s. Increasingly, investment banks and new forms of financial intermediaries inaugurated a new period of company ownership to portfolios of pension and mutual funds. During the 1980s therefore, financial intermediaries and entrepreneurs became more directly and aggressively engaged in corporate restructuring. If the M-Form still rules today for multimarket firms, the number of levels has been reduced. Study of such long-term patterns also helps theorists better understand the continuing difference in national patterns of corporate change.
Paris, London, and the International Money Market: Lessons from Paribas, 1885–1913
Authors: Flandreau Marc , Gallice François
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with one aspect of short-term capital movements over the period 1885-1913. It studies the role of the French haute banque in the operation of the international monetary system. It adopts a monographic approach, examining the international balances of the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas), in an attempt to reinterpret what is known of the pre-1914 international money market's structure. The novelty of this methodology is that it uses microeconomics as a financial probe to reveal a number of more general problems. This is in contrast with macroeconomic studies of statistical interrelations among national interest rates which treat markets as black boxes.
The Challenged Competitiveness of the Paris Banking and Finance Markets, 1914–1958
Authors: Bonin Hubert
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on two main themes: the resilience of Paris, and its ability to develope in new ways in the face of the reshaping of the banking and financial markets. French banks were shaken considerably by the First World War and lost most of their international importance. Given competition from Belgian, British, German, and even American banks, the fate of the Paris banking market seemed uncertain. The question is therefore: how did the Paris banking and financial markets manage to survive such dramatic events, paradoxically gaining benefits? It isn't easy to assess the competitiveness of Paris compared with its counterparts, especially London; given the organization of the Paris market, which fostered the spirit of overseas enterprise and the mastery of risk; and with the subtle balance between the state's concern with national standing and the business world's desires to secure market shares, profits, and power outside France.
How an American technology cluster emerged and became sustainable: San Diego biotechnology
Authors: Casper Steven
Published: September 2007

The ability of the US economy to generate new technology industries, such as biotechnology, provides support to the contention that liberal market economies (LMEs) have a comparative institutional advantage in generating radically innovative firms. However, the link between varieties of capitalism and innovation within LMEs has not been systematically explored. This chapter explores the link between institutions and the management of innovative competencies within a successful US biotechnology cluster — San Diego, California. It empirically examines whether national institutional frameworks within the US generate patterns of economic coordination in the areas of finance, employee incentive structures, and labor market organization that benefit firms, and are consistent with predictions of the varieties of capitalism approach. The policy context surrounding the US biotechnology industry is also discussed.
Alternative pathways to competitiveness within CMEs: the subsector specialization argument
Authors: Casper Steven
Published: September 2007

Coordinated market economies such as Germany or Sweden do not have appropriate institutional infrastructures to sustain large numbers of radically innovative firms. However, alternative strategies to develop competitiveness in new technology industries might exist. The biotechnology and software industries are each comprised of multiple sub-sectors. While important areas within each industry, such as therapeutics biotechnology or standard software, are associated with radical innovation, other large segments are characterized by incremental innovation. The chapter argues that companies within coordinated market economies could successfully specialize in such sub-segments, creating pockets of national competitiveness for their national industries. Descriptive statistics from the UK, Germany, and Sweden, and case studies from the platform biotechnology and enterprise software industries in Germany are used to empirically substantiate the argument.
Convergence of Corporate Governance during the Stock Market Bubble: Towards Anglo-American or European Standards?
Authors: Thomsen Steen
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on change, rather than static differences/similarities among countries. The study shows that large differences between US-UK and Europe persist, together with some convergence trends in the late 1990s (on both sides) as far as ownership concentration is concerned. The chapter observes that convergence on this aspect co-exists with divergence (or persisting differences) on other aspects; that convergence among the two areas has been toward each other and not from one to the other (in particular not only of Europe towards the US), and that these dynamics are in any case likely to have been specific to the stock market bubble period and should not be extrapolated.
Church and Court: Culture in the Age of Christian IV
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Danish culture during the reign of Christian IV. Topics covered include the age of Resen, Christian IV's active interest in church affairs, education and learning, and the role of the court.
The Justification of Explanation
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

An explanatory hypothesis (whether of the personal or scientific kind) is probable in so far as it makes probable the occurrence of many observed phenomena, the occurrence of which is not probable otherwise; and in so far as it is simple, and fits with background knowledge. This account of the probability of hypothesis is given precise form by Bayes's Theorem.
Complete Explanation
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

In a full explanation, the explaining factors necessitate the phenomena to be explained. A special kind of full explanation is a complete explanation, one where none of the explaining factors can themselves be explained by factors operating at the time in question. A special kind of complete explanation is an ultimate explanation, one where none of the explaining factors have any explanation at all by further factors; the explaining factors constitute the ultimate brute facts. A special kind of ultimate explanation is one where the explaining factors are either self-explanatory or logically necessary. There can be no absolute explanations of logically contingent phenomena. Our grounds for believing that we have reached a complete or ultimate explanation is that we have reached a probably true explanation, and that there is good reason to suppose that there is no probably true explanation (of the requisite kind, or at all) of it.
The Explanatory Power of Theism: General Considerations
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

Evidence e renders a hypothesis h more probable in so far as both the prior probability of h is high and so is its explanatory power (that is it predictive power which is the probability of the evidence given the hypothesis, divided by the prior probability of the evidence). There cannot be a best of all possible worlds; but in virtue of his perfect goodness, God will bring about a very good world. A world containing ‘humanly free persons’, such as humans, with a free choice to bring about limited good or evil would contain a kind of goodness not possessed by any other world, and so it is quite probable that God would bring about such a world. Persons of this kind need to be embodied.
Teleological Arguments
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

One form of the teleological argument (or argument from design) claims that since it is moderately probable that God will make humans, it is moderately probable that he will make a universe subject to simple laws of nature, for only so can humans make differences to each other and the world. The other form of the argument claims that if God is to make humans, he must make a universe ‘fine-tuned’ to bring about human bodies. So the hypothesis of theism leads us to expect a universe governed by simple laws which are such as, together with the boundary conditions of the universe, to bring about humans. All this would be extremely improbable if there were no God.
6 The Teleological Ordering of the Family
Authors: Waters Brent
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the normative contours of the family with respect to its teleological and eschatological orientation toward broader spheres of social and political affinities. The principal foci of this account includes the temporal and timely ordering of these affinities, the providential movement of the family through history, and the witness of the family within a vindicated creation being drawn toward its destiny in Christ by focusing on the related tasks of procreation and social reproduction.
A Son of the Forest: William Apess
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the writing of Indian author William Apess. It covers themes in his work including culture crossing, hybridity, the way that whites are represented by Indians, colonial politics, Methodism, racism, and satire.
Ussher and the Irish Articles of 1615
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the Church of Ireland's first independent statement of its theology: the Irish Articles passed in convocation in 1615. The Irish articles linked the Church of Ireland closely to the Church of England, both to its confession and to its prevailing theological consensus in 1615. But where the thirty-nine articles were tentative and open to interpretation, the Irish confession, with its clear statements on predestination (through the incorporation of the Lambeth Articles), its declaration that the Pope was Antichrist, and its concessions to puritan sensitivities, was much fuller and sought to pin down the doctrine of the Irish church as unequivocally reformed, even European, in its outlook. In this achievement — enshrining the Calvinist consensus of the early 17th century — lay the ultimate significance of the Irish confession. It gave to the church a distinct and distinctive theological identity, and, given the lack of subscription, a flexibility in relation to who it wished to include, something which the Church of England lacked.
Ussher and Irish History: Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

Excluded from the day-to-day running of the Church of Ireland, Ussher in the late 1630s devoted himself to historical research. The result was his 1196-page historical magnum opus of 1639, Britannicarum ecclesiarum antiquitates: quibus inserta est pestiferae adversus Dei gratiam a Pelagio Britanno in ecclesiam inductae haereseos historia. As with Gottschalk, he used his scholarly standing, and the Latin language to launch covert broadsides against the new theological orthodoxy. Though the main purpose of this work was to provide the first detailed critical account of one of the major historical issues confronting church historians at the time — the origins of Christianity in Britain and Ireland — Ussher also included a detailed account of the rise and fall of Pelagianism in England, a direct parallel to the rise of Arminianism. Though, to modern eyes, somewhat credulous in what he included, Ussher's account of Patrick's conversion of Ireland represented considerable progress compared to earlier treatments of the saint's life. Less overtly polemical than his earlier works, Ussher even drew on, and acknowledged the contribution of Catholic scholars.
The expression of purpose in Old English
Authors: Los Bettelou
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the earliest syntactic function of the to-infinitive: that of purpose adjunct, as in Present-day English, I left early to catch the train. Data from Gothic and Old English show that this function could be encoded by three expressions: the du- or to-infinitive, the du- or to-prepositional phrase, and the subjunctive clause introduced by ei in Gothic and by þæt in Old English. It has been claimed in the literature that the bare infinitive could also express purpose in Old English, but a closer look at the data shows that these infinitives occur after verbs of motion and rest, and are parallel to the present participles in Present-day English, he came running, he sat thinking. Such bare infinitives do not express purpose by simultaneity.
Tradition and Innovation at Fiat Auto
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a brief outline of the Fiat Group's origins, business activities, and organizational model. Section 4.2 outlines a profile of the company by describing its main business operations as well as by providing a series of significant performance indicators. Sections 4.3-4.5 analyse the distinctive chronological phases characterizing the development of the company. Finally, Section 4.6 presents the main structural principles underlying the organizational model currently adopted by Fiat at the plant level, and hence in the plants considered in this study.
Sense Making on the Shop Floor: The Narrative Dimension of Organizational Knowledge
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the sense-making processes through which narratives in the workplace lead to the creation and institutionalization of organizational knowledge. The setting is the stamping shop of an automotive plant. The focus of the inquiry is on how a best performing team deals with disruption on the shop floor. In contrast to Melfi, the Mirafiori Pressing plant incarnates a highly institutionalized context, characterized by an experienced workforce, consolidated and often opaque work practices, and distinctive cultural tradition.
Oedipus and the Political Subject
Authors: Leonard Miriam
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on how the figure of Oedipus came to be at the centre of a debate about the role of the political subject in structuralist thought. At the centre of this section is an examination of Jean-Pierre Vernant's dialogue with the structural anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss and his famous interpretation of the Oedipus myth. In stark contrast to the Lévi-Straussian version, Vernant's reading of Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus makes the context of Athenian democracy absolutely central to its analysis, and thus poses a challenge to the ahistorical and apolitical vision of Lévi-Strauss. The second half of this chapter turns to Michel Foucault and his debate with Vernant's political interpretation of the Oedipus. Foucault's Oedipus is not only profoundly influenced by Vernant, but also sheds new light on Vernant's anti-psychoanalytic readings by reinterpreting them through the prism of May '68 and the publication of Deleuze and Guattari's Anti-Oedipus.
De Anima III.1 425a27
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

One of the main purposes of De Anima III.1 is to show that there can be no sense in addition to the five familiar ones — that is, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Aristotle supplies an argument in which he concludes for the common perceptibles — such as change, shape, or magnitude — ‘we have an aisthesin koinen’. This is usually taken to imply that the common perceptibles are perceived by the common sense. The logic and the terminology of Aristotle's argument is analysed in this chapter, and it is shown that the phrase does not in fact refer to any higher-order perceptual capacity, but rather it describes an aspect of properly functioning individual senses, namely their sensitivity to the common perceptibles. This interpretation respects the logic of Aristotle's argument and accommodates the facts that the key phrase occurs without the definite article and in reverse word order.
Voluntary Martyrdom in the Early Church
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste.
Published: September 2007

Ste. Croix's published studies of the early Church advanced the thesis that volunteers for martyrdom constituted a significant element in the evidence for the persecution of Christians by Roman imperial governors. To underpin this thesis, Ste. Croix collected and analysed the evidence for volunteers in order to demonstrate the prevalence of such individuals among the wider body of martyrs, and to suggest that these enthusiasts actually contributed to the wider implementation of persecution by antagonizing Roman governors, most of whom were predisposed to be tolerant, and local populations who had clearly been able to co-exist with Christians before being disrupted by the antics of a minority of perfectionists. The largest single body of evidence concerns persecution in Palestine and was composed by the church historian Eusebius of Caesarea.
2 Accounting for Word Order Variation in Greek
Authors: Dik Helma
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the important difference between a given-new distinction on the one hand, and the concepts of Topic and Focus on the other. It introduces the basic concepts that form the theoretical framework of the description of word order in Greek. It aims to provide sufficient background for the general classicist to follow the discussion in the coming chapters.
The secret history of infixes
Authors: Yu Alan C. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter is dedicated to elucidating the range of known infix-creating ambiguities in language. As such, it offers a diachronic typology of infixation. It shows that edge-oriented infixes ultimately originate from adpositional affixes (i.e., prefixes or suffixes). Their peripheral origins give rise to their synchronic edge-oriented profile. Ultimately, it is the preponderance of such infixes with adpositional origin that gives rise to the observed Edge-Bias Effect.
Preliminary Conclusions
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter evaluates the accentual patterns found in words with -ro-, -to-, -no-, and -lo-, particularly the role of frequency. It argues that historically these suffixes form finally accented adjectives, except for o-grade -to- nouns (type phórtos), kámatos ‘toil’, thánatos ‘death’ (linked at least accentually to phórtos, etc.), and neuter nouns with -ano-. Adjectives that become nouns may cease to be segmented synchronically with these inherently adjectival suffixes. Subsequently, the accentuation associated with these suffixes may be replaced with default recessive accentuation. The frequency effects in -ro-, -to-, and -no- nouns arise because low frequency inhibits loss of analysis, while high frequency inhibits subsequent accentual regularization. The different pattern in nouns with -lo- is related to a higher overall loss of morphological analysis even in -lo- adjectives.
Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025)
Authors: Holmes Catherine
Published: September 2007

The reign of Emperor Basil II is usually considered the high-water mark of medieval Byzantium. During Basil's reign, Byzantine political authority extended from southern Italy to the Euphrates. With the conversion of the Rus to Orthodoxy in 988, the empire's cultural influence stretched still further. Basil portrayed himself as a soldier emperor who was as implacable towards his domestic opponents as against his foreign neighbours. His brutal conquests later earned him the sobriquet ‘Bulgar-slayer’. This book considers the problems inherent in governing such a large, multi-ethnic empire; it examines the solutions that Basil adopted particularly on the Byzantine frontiers. It explains how the extant sources make unmasking the political realities of this period so difficult, and demonstrates that a convincing picture of Basil's reign only emerges once these sources are understood in their original contexts. Particular attention is paid to the impact that the Synopsis Historion (also known as the Synopsis Historiarum) of John Skylitzes, a little-studied text from the reign of Emperor Alexios Komnenos (1081-1118), has on our understanding of Basil. As the late 11th-century context in which Skylitzes operated is exposed, so the political, military, and administrative history of Basil's reign is reconstructed. Basil's Byzantium is revealed as a state where the rhetoric of imperial authority became reality through the astute manipulation of force and persuasion.
Basil II and John Skylitzes: The Historian's Career and Working Methods
Authors: Homes Catherine
Published: September 2007

This chapter charts the existing modern scholarship on Skylitzes, while emphasizing the degree to which his history (the Synopsis Historion) is an under-studied text. It offers a summary of Skylitzes' career during the reign of Emperor Alexios Komnenos, his working methods, and the source materials he used in compiling his historical writings. The most important implications of other scholars' arguments about Skylitzes' methods and sources materials are explored, most notably in relation to his coverage of the revolts of Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas, the career of the Parakoimomenos Basil Lekapenos, and the emperor's wars in Bulgaria.
Basil II and the Testimony of John Skylitzes: Contexts
Authors: Homes Catherine
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines John Skylitzes' Synopsis Historion within the context of the late 11th-century period when the text was composed. It draws attention to the extent to which Skylitzes' preoccupations with the Byzantine aristocracy and martial culture have parallels in other Byzantine literature of the later 11th centuries. Such also were the interests of the principal audience for whom Skylitzes wrote. However, the chapter goes beyond seeing Skylitzes' preoccupations as a mere reflection of contemporary social and cultural contexts. Instead, it argues that Skylitzes' narrative belongs to an important political context: the restoration of imperial authority during the reign of Emperor Alexios Komnenos. The chapter ends with a discussion of how these late 11th-century compositional contexts distorted any understanding of the political and social structures of the earlier periods of Byzantine history about which Skylitzes writes, including the reign of Basil II.
Pleading with Power
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Wyatt’s fraught, anxious Paraphrase of the Penitential Psalms, setting the text in the context of his own release from prison and the complex religious debates of the later 1530s. It suggests how the Paraphrase allows Wyatt to ventriloquize both the king’s voice before God and his own before the king in an imagined dialogue between subject and ruler, at times an abject supplication, at others a striking negotiation with power on something approaching his own terms.