bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Australian veterinarians who work with horses: attitudes to work and career
Authors: HEATH TJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the attitudes to their work and career of those Australian veterinarians who work with horses.

Method Questionnaires were mailed to 866 veterinarians who had been identified as working with horses, and 87% were completed and returned. Data were entered onto Excel spreadsheets, and analysed using the SAS System for Windows.

Results The main attractions of veterinary work with horses were the horses themselves and the equine industries, but working outdoors and with rewarding clients, and the satisfaction of successful outcomes were attractions for many. The list of disadvantages was longer, and included unreasonable and disagreeable clients as well as those who provided inadequate facilities, could not control their horses or did not care for them. The physical demands and risks of injury, the amount of time required, low rates of return and difficulties in collecting payment, were other major disadvantages. Some mentioned concerns about litigation, unethical behaviour, and recruiting and retaining veterinarians competent with horses. For many in mixed practice, the difficulties in affording modern equipment, and of developing and maintaining their own competence with horses, was a real concern. More than three‐quarters of the respondents reported that their careers had lived up to expectations and that they would become veterinarians again; 70% of equine veterinarians would become an equine veterinarian again. Almost all (93%) of the respondents were either very glad, or ‘generally glad though with some misgivings’ that they had done the veterinary course. Older veterinarians reported suffering less stress, and being more content with their career, than younger colleagues.

Conclusions The advantages of doing veterinary work with horses outweigh the disadvantages for most veterinarians, especially those well advanced in their careers.
Multilobular osteochondrosarcoma of the hard palate in a dog
Authors: BANKS TA , STRAW RC
Published: March 2008

A 14‐year‐old castrated male Rhodesian Ridgeback was presented with a history of sneezing and epistaxis. Diagnostic procedures included physical examination, regional and thoracic radiography, computed tomography and histological examination of an incisional biopsy. A multilobular osteochon‐drosarcoma of the hard palate with pulmonary metastases was diagnosed. Surgical resection of the primary tumour was achieved with clean margins and the defect was repaired using bilateral mucosal transposition flaps from the lips. Wound dehiscence and oesophageal stricture were postoperative complications, but these resolved with treatment. A long‐term survival time of 14 months resulted, with good quality of life and function during this time.
Field evaluation of tracer sheep for the detection of early natural infection withMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosis
Authors: REDDACLIFF LA , McGREGOR H , ABBOTT K , WHITTINGTON RJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine whether tracer sheep could be used to detect S strainMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosison pasture, and to provide further insight into the early stages of infection.

DesignA field study on two farms in an endemic area for ovine Johne's disease in New South Wales.

ProcedureLambs, weaners and adult ewes were introduced to pasture with varying amounts ofM a paratuberculosiscontamination and monitored using skin tests, gamma interferon assay, faecal culture and serial necropsy of small groups for up to 15 months after first exposure.

ResultsCulture from tissues was the most sensitive method for detecting early infection in sheep after natural exposure to S strainM a paratuberculosis. The organism was detected in at least one introduced sheep from every exposed group, 6 to 12 months after first exposure. Histopathological lesions were detected in only 17% of culture‐positive sheep, and only after at least 8 months of exposure. Similarly, antemortem diagnostic tests had low sensitivity during the early stages of naturally acquired infection. There was no evidence of any differences in infection rate between sheep first exposed as neonates, as weaners or as adults. A higher proportion of lambs born to ewes from an infected flock were infected than lambs suckling uninfected ewes introduced to the same infected environment, and infection was detected earlier in these ‘resident’ lambs.

ConclusionThese findings indicate that groups of unex‐posed ‘tracer’ sheep, tested by culture of tissues at slaughter 6 to 12 months after first exposure, might be a useful way to assess pasture infectivity in control programs for ovine Johne's disease.
Effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis
Authors: BERGER L , SPEARE R , HINES HB , MARANTELLI G , HYATT AD , McDONALD KR , SKERRATT LF , OLSEN V , CLARKE JM , GILLESPIE G , MAHONY M , SHEPPARD N , WILLIAMS C , TYLER MJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the distribution and incidence of chytridiomycosis in eastern Australian frogs and to examine the effects of temperature on this disease.

Design A pathological survey and a transmission experiment were conducted.

Procedure Diagnostic pathology examinations were performed on free‐living and captive, ill and dead amphibians collected opportunistically from eastern Australia between October 1993 and December 2000. We conducted a transmission experiment in the laboratory to investigate the effects of temperature: eight great barred frogs (Mixophyes fasciolatus) exposed to zoospores of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and six unexposed frogs were housed individually in each of three rooms held at 17°C, 23°C and 27°C.

Results Chytridiomycosis was the cause of death or morbidity for 133 (55.2%) of 241 free‐living amphibians and for 66 (58.4%) of 113 captive amphibians. This disease occurred in 34 amphibian species, was widespread around the eastern seaboard of Australia and affected amphibians in a variety of habitats at high and low altitudes on or between the Great Dividing Range and the coast. The incidence of chytridiomycosis was higher in winter, with 53% of wild frogs from Queensland and New South Wales dying in July and August. Other diseases were much less common and were detected mostly in spring and summer. In experimental infections, lower temperatures enhanced the pathogenicity of B dendrobatidis in M fasciolatus. All 16 frogs exposed to B dendrobatidis at 17°C and 23°C died, whereas 4 of 8 frogs exposed at 27°C survived. However, the time until death for the frogs that died at 27°C was shorter than at the lower temperatures. Infections in survivors were eliminated by 98 days.

Conclusion Chytridiomycosis is a major cause of mortality in free‐living and captive amphibians in Australia and mortality rate increases at lower temperatures.
Australian veterinarians who work with horses: views of the future
Authors: HEATH TJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To give an account of the views held by Australian veterinarians who work with horses on the future of their professional field.

Method Questionnaires were mailed to 866 veterinarians who had been identified as working with horses, and 87% were completed and returned. Data were entered onto an Excel spreadsheet, and analysed using the SAS System for Windows.

Results Their future prospects were believed to be very good or excellent by >60% of equine veterinarians but by only 30% of mixed practitioners seeing < 10% horses. The main factors believed likely to affect these prospects were the strength of the equine industries and the economic climate affecting horse owners, followed by the encroachment of cities into areas used for horses, competition from other veterinarians including specialist centres and from non‐veterinary operators, and their ability to recruit and retain veterinarians with interest, experience and skill with horses. Urban encroachment, competition and recruitment were especially important for those seeing few horses. Concerns were also expressed about the competence and ethical behaviour of other veterinarians, the physical demands and dangers of horse work, the costs of providing equine veterinary services and of being paid for them, the regulatory restrictions imposed by governments and statutory bodies, the potential effects of litigation, and insurance issues. For many veterinarians in mixed practice these factors have reduced and are likely to reduce further the number of horses seen, to the extent that they have scant optimism about the future of horse work in their practices.

Conclusion Economic and local factors will result in an increasing proportion of equine veterinary work being done in specialised equine centres, and the future of horse work in many mixed practices is, at best, precarious. A key factor influencing future prospects will be the availability of competent veterinarians committed to working with horses.
Nonfatal splenic haematoma and pancytopenia in an ass
Authors: AYALA I , RODRÍGUEZ MJ , MARTOS N , ZILBERSCHTEIN J , RUÍZ I
Published: March 2008

This report describes a case of nonfatal idiopathic splenic haematoma and pancytopenia in a female ass, a condition that has not been previously reported in this species.

A 12–year‐old female ass weighing 225 kg was presented with signs of anorexia, depression and prominent abdominal distension. At the onset of clinical signs there was evidence of anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. A large mass was palpated per rectum. The mass was confluent with the spleen and extended across the entire width of the abdomen. Percutaneous transabdominal ultrasonography and laparoscopy under general anaesthesia confirmed the diagnosis of splenic haematoma. The ass was treated initially with intravenous polyionic fluids; vitamins, trace elements and aminoacids; clanobutin; and penicillin and gentamicin, and was transfused with whole blood. After 5 days of hospitalisation the ass appeared brighter, and after 10 days the animal was discharged to recuperate at pasture. Six months later the animal's demeanour and appetite had improved. Repeat ultrasonographic examination showed persistence of the mass, but its thickness had decreased by 2 to 3 cm. A small mineralised area suggesting organisation of the haematoma was also detected. The haematological parameters had returned to normal values and the ass was clinically normal.
Review of possible links between the clinical expression of paratuberculosis and deficiency of macro and micro‐nutrients
Authors: LUGTON IW
Published: March 2008

Published information on aspects of the epidemiology of paratuberculosis was reviewed to examine the hypothesis that clinical expression of disease may be induced by deficiencies or imbalances of micronutrients.

The progression of paratuberculosis and the development of clinical signs, although innately linked with the process of becoming infected withMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosis, are mostly controlled by factors other than those predisposing to the acquisition of the organisms.

There is strong evidence in the literature reviewed to suggest that soil acidification, excesses of iron and molybdenum, and deficiencies in copper and selenium and possibly other minerals and trace elements have a role in the disease process. The fact that no single nutritional supplement has been consistently found to produce clinical recovery suggests that the causal role of these factors is complex and may vary depending upon the geochemical environment. Altering the nutritional environment by appropriate trace element supplementation and liming, as well as decreasing the reliance on shallow‐rooted pastures needing frequent fertiliser applications may assist in controlling the clinical expression of paratuberculosis. Such measures could produce a significant decrease in the incidence of clinical expression across flocks and herds.
Efficacy of cyclosporin in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs ‐ combined results from two veterinary dermatology referral centres
Authors: BURTON G , BURROWS A , WALKER R , ROBSON D , BASSETT R , BRYDEN S , HILL A
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporin in controlling the clinical signs associated with atopic dermatitis in dogs under Australian field conditions.

Design A multicentre prospective clinical investigation of the use of cyclosporin in 41 dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Procedure Dogs were treated with cyclosporin (5 mg/kg orally once daily with food) for 6 weeks. Four clinical parameters of severity of atopic dermatitis were measured on Day 0 and on Day 42 using a 0 to 4 scoring system. Individual variables were then combined to form a Global Score. Both client and clinician observed pruritus scores were combined to form a Pruritus Score. Pre‐ and post‐treatment scores were statistically analysed. The difference in results between the two investigators was also recorded and analysed.

Results All dogs showed a marked reduction in pruritus and erythema during the 6‐week treatment period. All dogs showed a significant (P < 0.001) improvement in clinical lesion scores and Global Score (P < 0.001). The mean percentage improvement in Global Score from Day 0 to Day 42 was 83.9%. The mean percentage improvement in Pruritus Score from Day 0 to Day 42 was 83%.

The medication was well tolerated. Side effects such as vomiting, diarrhoea and soft stools were observed in four dogs. Another four dogs developed bacterial pyoderma during the trial period. There was no significant difference in results between the two centres.

Conclusion Cyclosporin was well tolerated and efficacious in the symptomatic treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs attending two veterinary dermatology referral centres in Australia, under Australian field conditions, when administered at 5 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks.
Successful treatment of cryptococcal pneumonia in a pony mare
Authors: BEGG LM , HUGHES KJ , KESSELL A , KROCKENBERGER MB , WIGNEY DI , MALIK R
Published: March 2008

A 20‐year‐old Welsh Mountain Pony (212 kg) mare was initially presented for a chronic cough, fever, weight loss and low grade abdominal pain. She later developed dyspnoea, tachypnoea and exercise intolerance. The presence of multiple masses (up to 17 cm diameter) in the pulmonary parenchyma was established using lateral thoracic radiography and transthoracic ultrasonography. Encapsulated, budding yeasts were observed in smears made from transtracheal washings and needle aspirates of the pulmonary lesions.Cryptococcus gattii(synonym:Cryptococcus neoformansvarietygattii; Cryptococcus bacillisporus) was cultured from the transtracheal washings and aspirates of the lung masses. The pony was successfully treated using daily intravenous infusions of amphotericin B (typically 0.5 mg/kg in 1 L 5% dextrose in water over 1 h, following premedication with 50 mg flunixin intravenously) over a 1 month period, until a cumulative dose of 3 g had been administered. Treatment was considered to be successful on the basis of progressive improvement in clinical signs, reduction in the size of pulmonary cryptococcomas, 48 kg weight gain and a reduction in the cryptococcal antigen titre from 4096 to 256, 1 year after cessation of treatment.
Reassessment of the toxicity of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) for cattle
Authors: BOURKE CA , WHITE JG
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of administering sufficient Hypericum perforatum to cattle to deliver quadruple the reported oral toxic dose.

Animals Thirty‐six yearling Hereford (n = 18) and Angus (n = 18) steers.

Design A series of six experiments was conducted, each using 12 animals in a 22 factorial Design, with two breeds of cattle (Hereford, Angus) and two dose levels of hypericin, 1.5 mg/kg (treated group) and 0 mg/kg (control group). Each set of 12 steers was used in duplicate experiments, with all animals alternated between treated and control groups.

Procedures Treated groups received finely milled H perforatum administered orally in gelatin capsules to provide 1.5 mg hypericin/kg body weight. All cattle were then exposed to direct sunlight for 5 h per day for 5 successive days. Rectal temperatures were measured immediately before and at the end of each sunlight exposure session. Rectal temperature above 40C, together with some other clinical sign of hypericin poisoning, was considered indicative of intoxication.

Results No animals developed a rectal temperature above 40C or other clinical signs of hypericin poisoning.

Conclusions While the reported bovine oral toxic dose of 3 g dried plant/kg body weight, for flowering stage, presumed narrow leaved biotype, H perforatum, is probably correct, the corresponding dose for hypericin of 0.37 mg/kg is incorrect. Based on its known concentration in this plant the toxic dose of hypericin for partially pigmented Hereford‐cross cattle is estimated at about 10.5 mg/kg body weight and more than this for fully pigmented cattle. This would imply that cattle of the former type should be about three and a half times better protected against H perforatum toxicity than are unpigmented, wool protected, Merino sheep. Cattle, particularly if fully pigmented, may have a role in grazing management to control H perforatum.
A retrospective report of 90 dogs with suspected cane toad (Bufo marinus) toxicity
Authors: REEVES MP
Published: March 2008

Objective

To report the clinical characteristics of toad toxicity in domestic dogs in Brisbane.

Design

A retrospective analysis of clinical cases.

Procedure

All cases of toad poisoning which presented to a northern suburbs emergency clinic in Brisbane over a 30‐month period beginning in April 1999 were reviewed.

Results

A total of 90 canine cases of suspected toad poisoning were reviewed. Small breed dogs accounted for 76% of cases. Jack Russell, Silky, and Fox Terriers were the most represented breeds. Cases were reported year round, with fewest cases over the winter months. The most common clinical signs were increased salivation (78% of cases), and red oral mucous membranes (63% cases). Seizures occurred in 31% of cases. Generally the outcome was excellent with 96% survival.
Specificity of an immunochromato‐graphic test for anthrax
Authors: MULLER JD , WILKS CR , O'RILEY KJ , CONDRON RJ , BULL R. , MATECZUN A.
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the specificity of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) for anthrax in cattle.

Design A comparison of an ICT with blood smear and culture in uninfected cattle.

Procedure Two hundred and forty blood samples were collected from dead cattle at two knackeries within Victoria and tested on‐site with an ICT for the detection of protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis. Blood smears were prepared on‐site and blood samples transported to the laboratory for aerobic and anaerobic culture. The results of the ICT were compared with blood smear and culture. Animals were regarded as not infected with B anthracis if the organism was not detected in a stained blood smear or on culture.

Ten healthy yearling cattle were vaccinated with live spore anthrax vaccine and blood samples collected on days 0 to 7 and day 15 were tested in the ICT for the presence of PA.

Results All blood samples from the 240 knackery cattle were ICT, smear and culture negative. All blood samples from the 10 vaccinated cattle were ICT negative.

Conclusion The ICT is a test with high specificity in cattle (98.5 to 100%; 95%CI) and recent vaccination of cattle does not give rise to positive reactions.
Inefficacy of selegiline in treatment of canine pituitary‐dependent hyper‐adrenocorticism
Authors: BRADDOCK JA , CHURCH DB , ROBERTSON ID , WATSON ADJ
Published: March 2008

Objective

To evaluate selegiline, a monoamine oxidase‐B inhibitor, for treating dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism.

Design

Prospective clinical trial using client‐owned dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism treated at The University Veterinary Centre, Sydney, from September 1999 to July 2001.

Procedure

Eleven dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism treated with selegiline were monitored at days 10, 30 and 90 by clinical examination, tetracosactrin stimulation testing, urinary corticoid:creatinine ratio measurement and client questionnaire. Endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone measurements were also performed on most dogs on days 0 and 90.

Results

No dog treated with selegiline had satisfactory control of disease.

Conclusion

Selegiline administration was safe and free of side‐effects at the doses used, but did not satisfactorily control disease in pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism affected dogs.
Radiographic changes in elbow dysplasia following ulnar osteotomy – a case report and review of the literature
Authors: SNELLING SR , LAVELLE RB
Published: March 2008

This case report describes the results of bilateral elbow arthrotomy and a unilateral ulnar osteotomy in a 10‐month‐old dog with bilateral elbow dysplasia. Fragmented coronoid processes were removed from both joints via bilateral medial arthrotomies. On the right side an ulnar osteotomy was also performed using a caudolateral approach. Bilateral flexed lateral elbow radiographs taken before surgery and 5 months postoperatively were assessed for changes in osteophyte size on the anconeal process, caudal epicondylar ridge and radial head.

Osteophytes on the anconeal process and caudal epicondylar ridge disappeared over the postoperative period in the joint that received an ulnar osteotomy. In the contralateral joint the size of the oesteophytes on the anconeal process and caudal epicondylar ridge increased in size during the same period.
Facilitated ankylosis of the distal interphalangeal joint in a foal
Authors: LESCUN TB , MORISSET SM , FUGARO MN , BLEVINS WE
Published: March 2008

A 3‐month‐old Quarter Horse colt sustained a penetrating injury over the coronary band on the right forelimb resulting in an articular bone sequestrum and septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint. Despite aggressive treatment for septic arthritis, severe osteoarthritis and ongoing sepsis resulted in persistent lameness. Facilitated ankylosis of the distal interphalangeal joint was performed using a combination of open surgical debridement, placement of an autogenous cancellous bone graft and stabilisation within a transfixation cast. Bony ankylosis of the joint was observed radiographically 7 weeks following surgery. Evaluation of the horse 30 months following surgery revealed complete fusion of the middle and distal phalanges, and the distal sesamoid bone. The horse is pasture sound and is used as a breeding stallion. This report describes the surgical approach and case management employed to achieve facilitated ankylosis as a treatment for unresolved septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint. This is the first report of successful facilitated ankylosis of the distal interphalangeal joint in a foal.
Glycosylation of prion strains in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Authors: ATKINSON PH
Published: March 2008

This is a review of prion replication in the context of the cell biology of membrane proteins especially folding quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, such as scrapie and BSE, are infectious lethal diseases of mammalian neurons characterised by conversion of the normal membrane protein PrPc to the disease‐associated conformational isomer called PrPSc. PrPSc, apparently responsible for infectivity, forms a number of different conformations and specific N‐glycosylation site occupancies that correlate with TSE strain differences. Dimerisation and specific binding of PrPc and PrPSc seems critical in PrPSc biosynthesis and is influenced by N‐glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. PrPSc can be amplified in vitro but new glycosylation cannot occur in cell free environments without the special conditions of microsome mediated in vitro translation, thus strain specific glycosylation of PrPSc formed in vitro in the absence of these conditions must take place by imprintation of PrPc from existing glycosylation site‐occupancies. PrPSc formed in cell free homogenates is not infectious pointing to events necessary for infectivity that only occur in intact cells. Such events may include glycosylation site occupancy and ER folding chaperone activity. In the biosynthetic pathway of PrPSc, early acquisition of sensitivity of the GPI anchor to phospholipase C can be distinguished from the later acquisition of protease resistance and detergent insolubility. By analogy to the co‐translational formation of the MHC I loading complex, it is postulated that PrPSc or its specific peptides could imprint nascent PrPc chains thereby ensuring its own folds and the observed glycosylation site occupancy ratios of strains.
Lawsonia intracellularisproliferative enteropathy in a weanling foal in Australia
Authors: McCLINTOCK S A , COLLINS A M
Published: March 2008

A 6‐month‐old Quarter Horse weanling filly was presented with lethargy, weight loss, inappetance, mild diarrhoea, marked ventral oedema and severe panhypoproteinaemia. Serum antibody titres forLawsonia intracellulariswere very high but PCR to detect faecal shedding of the organism was negative. Proliferative enteropathy due toL intracellularisinfection was diagnosed. After treatment for 4 weeks with oral erythromycin and rifampicin the filly made a complete recovery.
Unilateral nephrectomy as a treatment for renal trauma in a foal
Authors: MITCHELL KJ , DOWLING BA , HUGHES KJ , DART AJ
Published: March 2008

A 2‐day‐old Warmblood colt foal was referred for evaluation of progressive abdominal distension and lethargy. Haemoperitoneum was diagnosed and a ventral midline laparotomy revealed capsular rupture, sub capsular haematoma and haemorrhage of the left kidney. Unilateral nephrectomy was performed and the foal recovered uneventfully, with no reported complications 1 year later.
An evaluation of the role of antibodies toActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeserovar 1 and 15 in the protection provided by sub‐unit and live streptomycin‐dependent pleuropneumonia vaccines
Authors: TUMAMAOa JQ , BOWLES RE , VAN DEN BOSCH H , KLAASEN HLBM , FENWICK BW , BLACKALL PJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the serological response of pigs receiving either the Porcilis APP vaccine or a modified live vaccine based on a streptomycin‐dependent (SD) strain ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and then challenged with an Australian isolate ofA pleuropneumoniaeof either serovar 1 or 15 as a means of understanding the protection provided by both vaccines against serovar 1 but not against serovar 15.

DesignThe serological tests evaluated were serovarspecific polysaccharide ELISA tests (for serovar 1 and 15), ELISA tests for antibodies to threeA pleuropneumoniaetoxins (ApxI, ApxII and ApxIII) as well as to a 42 kDa outer membrane protein (OMP), a haemolysin neutralisation (HN) assay and immunoblotting. The tests were used to detect antibodies in vaccinated pigs that had been shown to be protected against serovar 1 but not serovar 15.

ResultsIn the polysaccharide antigen ELISA assays, both vaccines resulted in a significant rise in the titre in the serovar 1 ELISA but not the serovar 15 ELISA. The Porcilis APP vaccinated pigs showed a significant response in the ApxI, ApxIII and 42 kDa OMP ELISA. In the ApxII ELISA, all pigs tested (the Porcilis APP vaccinates and the controls) were positive on entry to the trial. In the HN assay, the Porcilis APP vaccinated pigs showed a significant response after one dose while the SD vaccinated pigs required two doses of vaccine before a marked rise in titre was induced. Immunoblotting revealed that neither vaccine generated antibodies that recognised the ApxIII produced by serovar 15.

ConclusionsThe failure of these vaccines to provide protection against serovar 15 may be due to novel virulence factors possessed by serovar 15, significant differences between the ApxIII toxin of serovar 15 and those present in the Porcilis APP vaccine or failure by both vaccines to induce antibodies to the serovar 15 specific polysaccharide.
Evaluation of closed pericardial patch grafting for management of severe pulmonic stenosis
Authors: STAUDTE KL , GIBSON NR , READ RA , EDWARDS GA
Published: March 2008

Closed pericardial patch‐grafting has been advocated for the treatment of severe pulmonic stenosis. In this study pre‐ and postoperative echocardiography was used to determine if the transvalvular pressure gradient was successfully lowered by this surgery and whether it remained lowered long term. The valvulotomy‐ventriculectomy wire was passed using a blunt needle in four dogs (Bresnock technique1) and via a soft catheter in five dogs (Shores and Weirich modification). Eight of nine patients survived the perioperative period. These dogs were assessed up to 40 months following surgery for clinical and echocardiographic changes. Five cases showed significant decrease in peak pulmonic pressure gradient immediately after surgery (decreasing by 50–81%, P < 0.05), and six cases showed significant decrease 2 to 40 months postoperatively (decreasing by 31–80%, P < 0.005) when compared to preoperative values. There was no significant change in pulmonic pressure gradient from immediately postoperatively to 2 to 40 months postoperatively (P < 0.48). Six dogs showed clinical improvement post‐operatively, however persistent right ventricular hypertrophy was observed in all cases. One dog died with symptoms of congestive heart failure 16 months postoperatively. Closed pericardial patch grafting can improve clinical signs in symptomatic patients, however the surgery has significant risks, long term prognosis for these patients is guarded and recurrence of clinical signs and development of congestive heart failure is possible. Cardiac changes can be monitored with Doppler flow echocardiography. Patients with extremely elevated preoperative pressure gradients may be expected to have poorer outcomes.
Successful management of histiocytic ulcerative colitis with enrofloxacin in two Boxer dogs
Authors: DAVIES DR , O'HARA AJ , IRWIN PJ , GUILFORD WG
Published: March 2008

Two Boxer dogs with histologically confirmed histiocytic ulcera‐tive colitis were treated with enrofloxacin, one as sole therapy and one in conjunction with prednisolone, after failure of standard therapy. Clinical remission occurred rapidly in both dogs after commencement of enrofloxacin and in one case where repeat colonoscopy was performed the endoscopic appearance of the mucosa was normal within 2 weeks. Histological examination of the colonic mucosa in this dog after 7 months showed resolution of the cellular infiltration characteristic of histiocytic ulcerative colitis. Histological improvement following therapy in Boxer dogs with histiocytic ulcerative colitis has not been reported previously.
Evaluation of four warming procedures to minimise heat loss induced by anaesthesia and surgery in dogs
Authors: TAN C , GOVENDIR M , ZAKI S , MIYAKE Y , PACKIARAJAH P , MALIK R
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of four warming procedures, introduced after anaesthetic induction and continued during surgery, in minimising heat loss in anaesthetised dogs.

Design Dogs were paired. One of each pair was a control; the other was subjected to one of four warming procedures.

Methods Ninety‐six dogs were involved in total. Pairs of dogs were matched for breed, hair length, and type of surgical procedure and placed adjacent to each other in a large temperature‐controlled surgical theatre. One dog within each pair was assigned to one of four warming procedures that commenced immediately after anaesthetic induction. Group 1 (11 pairs) were placed on a purpose‐designed prewarmed (41°C) electrically heated pad. Group 2 (18 pairs) were placed on a prewarmed electric heat pad (41°C), cocooned by four wrapped water bottles (initially 41°C) and subjected to radiant heat (150 watt lamp placed 50 cm away from the head of the dog). Group 3 (11 pairs) were surrounded by a forced air warming mattress (set at 43°C). Group 4 (8 pairs) were connected via the anaesthetic breathing circuit to a heater/humidifier (set at 41°C). Rectal temperature measurements were recorded every 15 min for the first 3 h of anaesthesia. The fall in rectal temperature of the control dog was subtracted from the fall in temperature of the treatment dog and this measurement was used to assess the efficacy of the various warming procedures.

Results The mean rectal temperature of unheated 'control' dogs decreased 1.9 ± 0.6, 1.4 ± 0.4 and 1.1 ± 0.4°C over the first, second and third hour respectively. After 3 h the temperature fall differential for all groups were 0.7 ± 0.7 (Group 1), 3.1 ± 1.1 (Group 2), 2.4 ± 1.1 (Group 3) and 1.0 ± 1.1°C (Group 4). Thus the group 2 procedure was the most successful in preventing a drop of temperature followed by groups 3, 4 and 1.

Conclusion Large dogs undergo significant reduction in core body temperature especially during the first 2 h of anaesthesia and surgery. Supplementary warming substantially reduces this fall in body temperature, although certain warming procedures were found to be more effective than others.
Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in metropolitan Perth, Western Australia
Authors: BOXELL AC , GIBSON KT , HOBBS RP , THOMPSON RCA
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in Perth. To apply polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of some species of encysted larval cyathostomes.

Design Between February and September of 2000, the gastrointestinal tracts of 29 horses submitted to a local knackery and Murdoch University Veterinary hospital in Perth were examined post mortem for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites.

Procedure The gastrointestinal tract was divided into six sections, which were screened for the presence of parasites such as Gasterophilus sp, Anoplocephala sp and Parascaris equorum. Samples of contents were taken for worm counts.

Results Cyathostomes were found in 28 of the 29 horses. Eighteen species of gastrointestinal helminths were identified. Twelve of these were cyathostomes, with the four most common species being Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Cylicostephanus goldi. The large strongyle, Triodontophorus serratus, was found in three of the horses but species of Strongyluswere not found.

Conclusions In contrast to a study conducted on horses from this region in 1985, cyathostomes were the most common gastrointestinal parasites found. The four most common cyathostome species found in the present study correlated well with findings of studies in other locations.

The high number of cyathostomes may be due to the increase in resistance to anthelmintics among the species, and to improper anthelmintic use. The apparent reduction in number of large strongyles may be due to the widespread use of iver‐mectin, which is very effective against these parasites, and also possibly because some larvae may not have been detected.
Recent veterinary graduates over the last five decades: the first 10 years
Authors: HEATH TJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe changes that have occurred over the last five decades in the career paths of veterinarians during the first 10 years after they graduated.

Design A questionnaire, sent by mail.

Procedure A questionnaire seeking information on experiences as a recent graduate was sent to about 100 veterinarians who graduated in or about 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000, and 68% responded. Data were entered onto an Excel spreadsheet, and analysed with the SAS System 8 for Windows.

Results Fifty years ago, about half of the graduates worked initially for a government under a cadetship contract. About half of them then left the government, mainly for mixed practice, and >40% of the cohort remained in mixed practice. Cattle were > 40% of the case‐load over the first 10 years, and dogs and cats were 22% at both the first and tenth year. For graduates of 1970, the percentage in government service remained at 27 to 28% over the 10 years, but that in mixed practice decreased from 51 to 25% between the first and fifth year, and was then fairly constant. The percentage in small animal practice, much higher than for graduates of 1950 and 1960, was 37% in the first year, and 45% in the tenth year. Overall dogs and cats increased from 34 to 47% and that of cattle decreased from 39 to 25% of the case‐load between the first and tenth year. The graduates of 1990 continued the trends towards an exodus from mixed practice, and decrease in cattle (19 to 9%) and increase in dogs and cats (63 to 79%). Data from graduates of 2000 point to a continuation of these trends. Female graduates tended to concentrate in small animal practice in each of the 10 years after they graduated.

Conclusions Over the last five decades, the career paths of veterinary graduates over their first 10 years have increasingly involved (a) leaving initial positions in mixed practice, (c) less work with production animals, and (c) more work with dogs and cats.
Chronic cystic ovarian disease in a Holstein cow
Authors: PADULA AM , MACMILLAN KL
Published: March 2008

Cystic ovarian follicles are commonly found during rectal examination of early postpartum dairy cows, usually presenting with anoestrus and occasionally nymphomania. Most cases self cure with time, or respond to exogenous hormonal treatment. This case report describes a refractory case in a Holstein cow in which a novel treatment approach was used. A gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist implant was inserted for 180 d in an attempt to suppress pituitary gonadotrophin output, arrest abnormal ovarian follicle growth and prevent steroidogenesis. Frequent serial blood samples were collected before and after implant insertion to monitor changes in pulse release of luteinising hormone. Follow up ultrasound scans and blood samples were done to monitor ovarian structures; progesterone and oestradiol were collected at various times over the 180 d period. A normal, cycling herdmate was enrolled as a control. Prior to implant insertion, high frequency and low amplitude luteinising hormone pulses were detected in the cystic cow. Insertion was followed by a sustained surge in the release of luteinising hormone in both cows, but ovulation was not induced in the cystic cow. Plasma oestradiol levels remained consistently elevated and signs of oestrous behaviour were observed. Long term gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist treatment failed to suppress either ovarian steroid production or cause regression of the cysts by 180 d.
Interaction of saddle girth construction and tension on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during supramaximal treadmill exercise in horses
Authors: BOWERS J , SLOCOMBE RF , SIDES RH , BAYLY WM , KINGSTON JK
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of girth construction and tension on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during supramaximal treadmill exercise in horses.

MethodsSix healthy detrained Thoroughbred horses were exercised on a treadmill inclined at 10% at 110% VOmax. Horses were instrumented for respiratory mechanics and gas exchange studies, and data were recorded during incremental exercise tests. The animals were exercised for 2 min at 40% VOmax, and samples and measurements were collected at 1 min 45 sec. After 2 min, speed was increased to that estimated at 110% VOmax and data was collected at 45 sec, 90 sec and every 30 sec thereafter at this speed until the horses fatigued. Horses were run on three occasions with the same racing saddle and saddle packing but using two different girths, either an elastic girth (EG) or a standard canvas girth (SCG) which is nonelastic. A run with 5 kg tension applied to a standard canvas girth was the control for each horse, with additional runs at 15 kg using either the standard canvas girth or using the elastic girth. The runs were randomised and tensions applied were measured at end exhalation whilst at rest.

ResultsIncreasing girth tension was not associated with changes in respiratory mechanical or gas exchange properties. Although girths tightened to 15 kg tension had short run to fatigue times this was not found to be significantly different to girths set at 5 kg resting tension. Girth tensions declined at end exhalation in horses nearing fatigue.

ConclusionsLoss in performance associated with high girth tensions is not due to alteration of respiratory mechanics. Loss in performance may be related to inspiratory muscles working at suboptimal lengths due to thoracic compression or compression of musculature around the chest. However, these changes are not reflected in altered respiratory mechanical or gas exchange properties measured during tidal breathing during supramaximal exercise. Other factors may hasten the onset of fatigue when horses exercise with tight girths and further studies are required to determine why excessively tight girths affect performance.
Assessment of antibodies to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in fox serum as an indicator of infection in sympatric rabbit populations
Authors: PHILBEY AW , KIRKLAND PD , SAUNDERS GR
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the value of foxes as indicators of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in sympatric populations of rabbits.

Design Serum samples from 341 foxes in central western New South Wales were tested for exposure to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus using antibody cELISAs. Selected samples were tested for viral antigens by ELISA, viral nucleic acids by reverse transcriptase PCR and viral infectivity by rabbit inoculation.

Results Antibodies against rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus were first detected in foxes 4 months after rabbit haemorrhagic disease was observed in rabbits in the same area. There was evidence of exposure of foxes to the virus in two subsequent years. A proportion of antibody positive, inconclusive and negative serum samples from foxes gave false positive results in an antigen ELISA for rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. These serum samples were negative for viral nucleic acid by reverse transcriptase PCR and for infectious virus by rabbit inoculation. Liver samples from foxes were negative for viral antigens.

Conclusions Antibodies against rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in fox serum can serve as an index of the occurrence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease in rabbit populations. Some fox serum samples exhibit false positive reactivity in an antigen ELISA for rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease virus.
Recurrent flank alopecia in a Tibetan terrier
Authors: BASSETT RJ , BURTON GG , ROBSON DC
Published: March 2008

Recurrent flank alopecia is described in a 2‐year‐old, male, neutered Tibetan Terrier with concurrent atopic dermatitis. The diagnosis of recurrent flank alopecia was made after 3 consecutive years of localised, winter‐onset alopecia. The diagnosis was based on history, compatible clinical signs and supportive histopathology The diagnosis was complicated by the presence of concurrent pruritic dermatitis. To our knowledge this is the first report of recurrent flank alopecia in this breed.
Snake envenomation in dogs in New South Wales
Authors: HELLER J. , BOSWARD KL , HODGSON JL , COLE FL , REID SWJ , HODGSON DR , MELLOR DJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To obtain baseline data on the prevalence of elapid snake envenomation in dogs presented to veterinary practices in New South Wales and to assess attitudes of veterinarians to this clinical entity.

Procedure A mailed questionnaire, sent to all veterinary clinics within New South Wales, was utilised to collect epidemiological information regarding elapid snake envenomation in dogs.

Results A response rate of 68% was obtained and a yearly prevalence of snake envenomation in dogs across New South Wales veterinary clinics was estimated as 0.31%. The most common species reported to be responsible for envenomation within NSW was the Red Bellied Black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) followed by the Brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) and then Tiger snake (Notechis scutatus). The reported envenomation syndromes caused by these common snake species were perceived to be similar for Brown and Tiger snakes but differed for Red Bellied Black snakes. Diagnosis of snake envenomation was based predominantly on the recognition of clinical signs. Specific diagnostic tests, such as venom detection kits, were used infrequently. The most common treatment was reported to be a combination of intravenous fluid therapy and antivenom, and monitoring of response to this treatment was usually through assessment of clinical signs. Survival after antivenom administration was reported to be highest for Red Bellied Black snake species. Survival was perceived to be associated with time between envenomation and presentation to the veterinary clinic and with antivenom administration.

Conclusions Current attitudes and perceptions of veterinarians have been defined. Diagnosis of species‐specific snake envenomation is shown to be made on the basis of clinical signs which are, however, reported as similar for each species. Clearer definition of these envenomation syndromes and identification of accessible diagnostic testing procedures are needed.
Rapid identification of virulence genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates associated with diarrhoea in Queensland piggeries
Authors: DO T. , STEPHENS C. , TOWNSEND K. , WU X. , CHAPMAN T. , CHIN J. , McCORMICK B. , BARA M. , TROTT DJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To identify virulence genes in enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) isolates associated with diarrhoea in neonatal, 1 to 3 week‐old and weaned pigs in south east Queensland.

Design Multiplex PCR and serotyping were applied to E coli isolates obtained over a 5‐year period (1998–2002) from cases diagnosed at Toowoomba Veterinary Laboratory.

Procedure A total of 126 isolates from 25 different Queensland piggeries were tested for haemolytic activity on 5% sheep blood agar and by multiplex PCR for the presence of five commonly recognised fimbrial (F4, F5, F6, F41 and F18) and three enterotoxin genes (STa, STb, LT). A subset of 62 representative isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination. For comparative purposes, multiplex PCR was also performed on the DNA of 31 ETEC isolates from 9 serotypes originating from piggeries in southern New South Wales.

Results A total of 113 (89.7%) of the isolates from Queensland possessed ETEC virulence genes, including 14 of 15 isolates from neonatal pigs (93.3%), 18 of 23 isolates from 1 to 3 week old pigs (78.3%) and 81 of 88 isolates from weaned pigs (92.1%). F4:STa:STb:LT (serotype O149) was the most prevalent pathotype in neonatal and 1–3 week old pigs and F4:STa:STb:LT (serotype O149) and F18:STa:STb:LT (serotype O141) were most prevalent in weaned pigs. In comparison, isolates obtained from neonatal pigs from New South Wales belonged to a more diverse range of pathotypes and serotypes.

Conclusion Multiplex PCR was a rapid and specific method for detecting the presence of ETEC virulence genes in porcine E coli isolates. For isolates obtained from cases of suspected colibacillosis in Queensland, growth of a heavy pure culture of haemolytic E coli was a sensitive prognostic indicator of the presence of ETEC virulence genes in the isolate. ETEC pathotypes and serotypes remained stable in Queensland piggeries over the five‐year study period and appear to have changed little over the last three decades.
Metaplastic ossification of a cervical sialocoele in a dog
Authors: PRASSINOS NN , TONTIS DK , ADAMAMA‐MORAITOU KK , GALATOS AD , SIOCHU A.
Published: March 2008

Metaplastic ossification of a long‐standing cervical sialocoele was identified in a 2‐year‐old male Hellenic Hound dog. Diagnosis was based upon history, clinical findings, paracentesis and histopathology. Trauma or chronic inflammation of the mandibular gland/duct complex were the most probable causes of the ossification. Surgical excision of the ossified mass, as well as of mandibular and sublingual salivary glands/ducts of the affected side, resulted in clinical remission.
The role of wild waterfowl in the epidemiology of AI in Australia
Authors: ARZEY G.
Published: March 2008

Dr Turner's correspondence (Aust Vet J82:713) requires further comments and clarification.