bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sclerotinite in Coal—its Petrology and Classification
Authors: Taylor G. H. , Cook A. C.
Published: May 2009

Some thousands of Australian coal samples have been studied at the Division of Coal Research, C.S.I.R.O. On the basis of these studies, the present usage of the term “sclerotinite” is considered and possible justifications for the retention of this maceral category are outlined and discussed. No characteristic differences in physical properties, form, or utilization behaviour have been found whereby sclerotinite may be distinguished from the other macerals of the inertinite group. Most of the material which has been referred to as sclerotinite is probably not fossil fungus. The “discrete body” category of sclerotinite may well represent fusinized resin bodies, while the more extensive material represents degraded plant tissue. There would appear to be no case for the retention of the maceral category sclerotinite, and alternative means are suggested of classifying for petrographic analysis material which has hitherto been regarded as coming within this category.
A Study of Quartz Orientation and its Relation to Movement in Shear Folds
Authors: Gangopadhyay P. K. , Johnson M. R. W.
Published: May 2009

The orientation of quartz in small shear folds, which belong to two movement episodes, is considered to result from laminar flow along the axial plane surfaces. The locations of fabric maxima and girdles are controlled by the orientation of thea–kinematic axis, which in shear folds may not be normal to the fold axis, and the shear surfaces. The earlier fabric consists, essentially, of paired maxima arranged systematically about the axial plane;ac–girdles are absent. The explanation of the near-orthorhombic symmetry of the first fabric in terms of a late “flattening” overprinted upon the previously-formed fold is not favoured: quartz orientation developed during the first folding. The later fabric results from the recrystallization of quartz grains with their largest dimensions andc–axes parallel to the calculateda–kinematic axis of second folding.
Cleavages and Linear Structures in Ordovician Sandstones, Victoria
Authors: Beavis F. C.
Published: May 2009

Two cleavages occur in the sandstones: coarse fissuring, and a fine irregular fracturing, which may form conjugate sets. Linear structures of five styles, all of which are parallel to the fold axis, are developed on the bedding due to the intersection of this element by the cleavages.
Eustatic Control of Major Cyclic Changes in Jurassic Sedimentation
Authors: Hallam A.
Published: May 2009

Evidence is sought to prove, with reference to five examples, that major cyclic changes in Jurassic sedimentation have been controlled by eustatic rises and falls of sea level. Abrupt variations suggestive of pronounced deepening of the sea in areas of marine sedimentation in Europe are correlated with extensive marine transgressions in widely separated parts of the world. A connection is recognized between eustatic movements and evolution and migration of the invertebrate fauna, and relationships between eustatic and local, epeirogenic movements outlined.
Portable Apparatus for Collecting Small Oriented Cores in the Field
Authors: Brown H. C. , Khan M. A.
Published: May 2009

Portable apparatus for obtaining small oriented cores for geophysical or geological purposes is described. It consists of a 34 c.c. two-stroke engine with a 12 ft. long flexible shaft to a drilling head which accommodates the drilling bit and includes a pipe through which coolant from a pressure container may pass. All this weighs under 50 lb. Imperfectly cylindrical specimens may be obtained by hand drilling, or perfect cores with the aid of either of the two rigs described. The first weighs 21 lb. and allows a number of closely spaced specimens from horizontal and inclined outcrops to be obtained. The second weighs 15 lb. and is for obtaining specimens some fixed distance apart from more difficult vertical faces. Magnetic and non-magnetic orienting devices are described. The merits of the method of sampling are briefly discussed.
An Occurrence of Kyanite Pseudomorphing Andalusite from Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Workman D. R. , Cowperthwaite I. A.
Published: May 2009

An occurrence of kyanite pseudomorphing andalusite, from the Urungwe District of Southern Rhodesia, is described. The pseudomorphs, which include some of the largest of their kind so far recorded, occur in profusion in certain Pre-Cambrian pelitic schists. The original andalusite was completely converted to kyanite during regional metamorphism but the shape of the original crystals was perfectly preserved. This, together with the habit of the kyanite within the pseudomorphs, shows that the change took place under conditions of insignificant shearing stress.
Tectonic Structures in the Devonian Rocks near Plymouth, Devon
Authors: Fyson W. K.
Published: May 2009

Minor folds in slates and sandstones are upright in the south and northerly overturned towards the north, and plunge approximately E.N.E. and W.S.W. towards three major N.W.–S.E. dextral faults. The folds are monoclinal and angular; regardless of attitude, the short limbs lie on the northerly sides of anticlines. Both slaty and fracture cleavages tend to parallel axial planes and local directions of extension. Similarly, the vertical axial planes may closely parallel those of major folds.

Boudins and W.N.W.–E.S.E. dextral oblique faults indicate extension along fold hinges, N.W.–S.E. dextral cross faults a change to N.–S. compression. Folded basic dykes parallel to faults and joints suggest early initiation of the fractures.
A Magnetic Fabric in Till
Authors: Fuller M. D.
Published: May 2009

The magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of specimens of a glacial till is described and used to define a magnetic fabric. This is compared with the fabric established by small particle and stone orientation. The maximum susceptibility direction is shown to be similar to the preferred direction of the long axes of particles and stones.
An Index of Weathering for Silicate Rocks
Authors: Parker Andrew
Published: May 2009

An index of weathering for silicate rocks is proposed, based on the proportions of the alkali and alkaline earth metals present. These are considered to be the most mobile of the major elements. The bond strengths of the elements with oxygen are used as weighting factors in the index, which measures both the degree to which a rock has already been weathered with respect to the parent material, and also its susceptibility to further weathering.
Geology of the Comores Archipelago, Western Indian Ocean
Authors: Esson J. , Flower M. F. J. , Strong D. F. , Upton B. G. J. , Wadsworth W. J.
Published: May 2009

The Comores Archipelago comprises four principal islands, lying in a WNW–ESE line at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel. The Islands are almost entirely volcanic and show a simple age progression from Grande Comore, with its active shield volcano Kharthala (2650m), east-south-eastwards through Mohéli and Anjouan, which are quite deeply dissected, to Mayotte, which is in an advanced stage of erosion and subsidence, and is encircled by a barrier reef. There is also evidence of minor volcanic rejuvenation in relatively recent times in Mayotte, and perhaps Anjouan and Mohéli. The lavas of Kharthala, and the neighbouring extinct shield volcano (Massif de la Grille) on Grande Comore are all basaltic, ranging from oceanitic and ankaramitic to aphyric types. Numerous tuff cones occur, especially on the flanks of Massif de la Grille. Basaltic lavas, similar to those of Grande Comore, form the bulk of the dissected volcanic shields of Mohéli and Anjouan, but there is also evidence of differentiation towards alkalic under-saturated end products, both as lavas and as intrusive bodies. Lherzolitic and gabbroic nodules are locally abundant on each of the islands, while xenoliths of sandstone and quartzite have been found on the three westernmost islands. Petrochemical data are presented for a considerable variety of Comores rocks, and the volcanic activity is discussed in terms of the major structural features of the Madagascar-Mozambique region.
The occurrence of ottrelite along the thrust zone in the Pakhals of Yellandlapad area, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Rao T. Ramamohana
Published: May 2009

The regional metamorphism of the Pakhals in the Yellandlapad area is synchronous with folding and is superimposed in the east by dislocation metamorphism due to overthrust. The development of ottrelite is contemporaneous with the overthrust. It is suggested that the conditions of growth of ottrelite may be distinctive from those of chloritoid.
A Geochronological Study of the Crystalline Rocks of Charnwood Forest, England
Authors: Meneisy M. Y. , Miller J. A.
Published: May 2009

Potassium-argon age measurements made on samples of rock from Charnwood Forest and surrounding districts indicate that the porphyroids and syenites probably date from late pre-Cambrian times. The area was affected by both the Caledonian and Hercynianorogenies. A number of the intrusive rocks of the Forest have been shown to date from Caledonian times. A dolerite from the Leicestershire coalfield gave a Permian age.
On the Origin of the Dogger Bank, in the North Sea
Authors: Stride A. H.
Published: May 2009

A reversed seismic refraction station and some cores taken on the Dogger Bank, in the North Sea, are described. The absence of compacted sediments within the bank and the finding of only glacial or post-glacial sediments at its surface strongly suggest that the bank is a large moraine.
The influence of deep fractures on some areas of Ashgillian—Llandoverian sedimentation in Wales
Authors: James David M. D. , James Joan
Published: May 2009

Study of arenite—rudite bodies within the traditional Welsh basin reveals two contrasted modes of situation, here termed concordant and discordant It is inferred that the former represent submarine fans developed on relatively level topography and the latter represent submarine channels adjacent to (and incising) major breaks in palaeoslope. The size and disposition of these palaeoslopes makes their control by deep fractures very probable.
Ludlovian Classification—A Reply
Authors: Holland C. H. , Lawson J. D. , Walmsley V. G.
Published: May 2009

The revised classification of the Ludlovian rocks is defended. It is maintained that there is no need for separate rock-stratigraphical and biostratigraphical classifications. The nine new divisions are, therefore, combined units; their number is justified by the detailed mapping and their names are dictated by the requirements of the rocks and not by an arbitrary code of rules. The old classification, using Aymestry Limestone, is considered to be still usable as a crude rock-stratigraphical classification.
Microplankton from the Speeton Clay of Yorkshire
Authors: Neale J. W. , Sarjeant W. A. S.
Published: May 2009

New genera and species of microplankton from a borehole through the Speeton Clay (Lower Cretaceous) of West Heslerton, Yorkshire, are described. One genus, two subgenera and seven species of dinoflagellates, and three species of hystrichospheres, are described, and a new family of dinoflagellates, the Muderongiidae, is set up.
Geological Interpretation of Airborne Magnetometer Observations from Nelson to Waikato River, New Zealand
Authors: Wellman H. W.
Published: May 2009

A map is presented showing a series of airborne magnetometer profiles from the north end of the South Island of New Zealand to the mouth of Waikato River. The two southern profiles are related to the exposed Upper Palaeozoic igneous rocks which are considered to extend north across Cook Strait and along the west coast of the North Island to cause the anomalies in the northern profiles. The North Island profiles are considered to reflect the Kawhia Syncline and a major anticline to the east. The eastward displacement of the magnetic low relative to the synclinal axis at the surface is considered due to the eastward dip of the axial plane of the syncline.
The Mt. Barney Central Complex, S.E. Queensland
Authors: Stephenson P. J.
Published: May 2009

The general geology of the Mt. Barney Central Complex is described. This intrusive complex shows close similarity in type to the classic Tertiary ring complexes of Western Scotland and Northern Ireland. In this discussion of the complex, the similarities shown by ring dykes, cone sheets, a forcefully intruded granophyre boss, and a closed ring fault are indicated.
Sequence and Structure in the Silurian Rocks of Kirkcudbrightshire
Authors: Craig G. Y. , Walton E. K.
Published: May 2009

The generally accepted interpretation of the structure of the Southern Uplands has been that of an anticlinorium to the north-west flanked by a synclinorium to the south-east. This structure, however, has always been illustrated as one large anticlinorium since the Hawick rocks in the core of the synclinorium have been considered to be older than the Riccarton (Wenlockian) Beds which lie to the south. In Kirkcudbrightshire, a reverse age relationship is demonstrated with the result that the beds could in fact form the southern limb of the synclinorium. When this is shown to be the case doubts are thrown on the validity of the fold and two alternative interpretations are given.
A Summary of Present Views on the Structure of Cornwall and Devon
Authors: Hendriks E. M. L.
Published: May 2009

Since my account (1937) of the structure of a part of Cornwall and O Devon, I have re-examined in particular the area known as Roseland between the Dodman and Porthallow at the eastern end of the Lizard Boundary. This has led to a re-interpretation of the structure which, though in part concerned with the Gramscatho Beds, applies to a large area of Cornwall and Devon. In the last few years many workers have appeared in the area and I have been frequently asked for my views on the structure and succession. It is evident that my 1937 paper has given rise to some misconception regarding these views, and it is desirable to place on record a brief summary of the main conclusions to which I have been led by my work during the last twenty years (mainly since 1951).
Lower Devonian Crinoids from Toongabbie, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Philip G. M.
Published: May 2009

Three camerate crinoids,Thylacocrinus(?) ignotussp. nov.,Eucalyptocrinites inchoatussp. nov. andHexacrinites(?)sp. are described from the lower Devonian of Toongabbie, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia.
The Mid-Zambezi-Luangwa Rift and Related Carbonatite Activity
Authors: Bailey D. K.
Published: May 2009

The known carbonatite eruptive centres in Northern Rhodesia fall within a linear belt trending N.E.-S.W. the most conspicuous elements of which are the colinear troughs of the mid-Zambezi valley and the Luangwa rift. This lineament is an important and longstanding zone of crustal weakness. Its extensions outside Northern Rhodesia are briefly indicated and its ramifications inside the Territory are examined, particularly in reference to the localization of carbonatite activity around rift intersections.
A Llandovery Shoreline from the Southern Malverns
Authors: Reading H. G. , Poole A. B.
Published: May 2009

The paper describes an unconformable junction of Upper Llandovery upon Malvernian in the Gullet Quarry of the South Malvern Range and discusses the evidence for and the significance of other comparable junctions in the Malverns. It is considered that Taconic movements are a factor in Malvern tectonics and that the importance of a “ western boundary fault ” to the Malvernian has been overstressed in the past.
A Note on the Origin of Ophitic Texture in the Chilled Olivine Gabbro of the Skaergaard Intrusion
Authors: Wager L. R.
Published: May 2009

The textures of the chilled marginal gabbro of the Skaergaard intrusion and of the coarser marginal gabbros 25 yards further in are described and related to counts of the number of separate crystals of the chief mineral species per cubic centimetre of the rock. An explanation of the textures and number of crystal individuals is attempted in terms of various degrees of supersaturation in the magma. In the chilled rock abundant nucleation of plagioclase and olivine, presumably at the middle labile stage of supersaturation, is inferred. This is followed by ophitic or poikilitic crystallization of pyroxene and ilmenite about scarce nuclei, produced at lower temperatures, presumably during the early labile stage of supersaturation for these two minerals. The coarser gabbro, further in from the margin, has about half the number of plagioclase crystals per cm.3 compared with the chilled rock and only one twenty-fifth the number of olivine crystals, and these have a tendency to be ophitic in texture. Under these slower cooling conditions, supersaturation apparently still reached into the middle labile region for plagioclase, giving many nuclei, while olivine, like pyroxene, separated under early labile supersaturation conditions and only relatively few nuclei formed. The contrasting textures of the plateau magma-type basalts of Mull and the tholeiitic basalts of Northern Ireland are explained along similar lines.
Early Transverse Dykes in the Main Donegal Granite
Authors: Pitcher W. S. , Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

Certain microtonalite dykes cut across the flow banding of the Main Donegal Granite in the direction of an important cross-joint, yet they and their granite host are shown to have crystallized together and in the same manner as both the darker flow bands in the granite and the pelitic xenoliths within it. It appears that an embryonic joint system existed in the Donegal Granite before consolidation and crystallization were complete. It is suggested that the early dykes represent metasomatized pelitic enclave material and are not differentation products of granitic magma. Comparison is made with the basic analogue provided by the beerbachite enclaves and dykes of the hypersthene-gabbro of Ardnamurchan.
The Efficacy of Natural Selection as an Evolutionary Agent, with Particular Reference to the Fossil Record
Authors: Rhodes F. H. T.
Published: May 2009

The recent suggestion that natural selection of random mutations is inadequate to account for the major features of evolution is rejected. The pattern of evolutionary development in most major groups, the phenomena of extinction and replacement, the rates of appearance of new major taxa, the continuing vitality of the evolutionary process, the overall randomness of evolutionary history, containing directional change within individual lineages, the nature of natural selection, and the geologic evidence for environmental instability are examined. All suggest that natural selection and random variation are adequate to account for the major features of evolutionary history.
Spilitic Rocks in South-east Devonshire
Authors: Middleton Gerard V.
Published: May 2009

Volcanism began in South-east Devonshire with the extrusion of keratophyric tuffs in the Lower Devonian. The majority of extra ves in the Middle and Upper Devonian are basic spilites but there are intermediate varieties. Volcanism in the Middle Devonian was local and in the Ashprington area appears to have been continuous throughout the epoch. At the beginning of the Upper Devonian keratophyric crystal and vitric tuffs were extruded in the Dartington area. Later in the Upper Devonian the Chipley pillow lavas were extruded: it is shown that these lavas were widespread and may probably be correlated with similar lavas at Pentire Head in North Cornwall. The final phase of volcanism is represented by the intrusion of swarms of sill-like bodies of spilitic dolerites in Upper Carboniferous times. Intrusive and extrusive rocks are distinguished, mapped, and classified petrographically
Ludlovian Biotite-Bearing Bands
Authors: Tucker E. V.
Published: May 2009

Allogenic biotite flakes, together with fish and conodont remains, are concentrated into bands at particular horizons within Upper Ludlovian rocks of Woolhope and other Welsh Borderland areas; and are present but more scattered within the Aymestry Limestone and Dayia Beds. Metamorphic rocks of Malvernian type appear to have provided the source of the biotite.
Seismic Refraction Investigations of the Preglacial Valley of the River Teifi near Cardigan
Authors: Allen Adrian
Published: May 2009

Two short seismic refraction profiles have been shot across the former valley of the River Teifi, above and below Cardigan, with the object of determining the depth to the rock floor. This was found to lie 75 feet below O.D. at Castle Malgwyn, near Llechryd and 107 feet below O.D. at the present estuary. These figures are consistent with the glacial history of the valley indicated by the geological evidence.
The Subdivision of the Upper D Beds of the Speeton Clay of Speeton, East Yorkshire
Authors: Neale John W.
Published: May 2009

The confusion that has arisen over the interpretation of the D2—D3 boundary is analysed and a new definitive section of the Upper D Beds is given.
A Note on Current-Bedded Moines Near Garve, Wester Ross
Authors: Soper N. J.
Published: May 2009

A locality in the Moine series at which well preserved currentbedding may be viewed in three dimensions is described. An analysis of the foreset dip directions shows that the sediment was deposited by current flowing in a direction slightly east of north. The form of the current-bedding is described and the significance of the observations briefly discussed.
The Distribution of Alpha Radioactivity in a Specimen of Shap Granite
Authors: Spears D. A.
Published: May 2009

The distribution of alpha radioactivity in thin sections of Shap granite is discussed and more than 95 per cent of the activity is shown to be concentrated in the accessory minerals. The results of this study are compared with those obtained for the Adamello granodiorite by other workers using similar techniques.
New Irish Tournaisian Fenestellids
Authors: Miller T. G.
Published: May 2009

A new genus, Levifenestella, is erected, with L. maeve n.sp. from the Tournaisian of Co. Sligo, Ireland, as type species. A new species of Fenestella, F. polynodosa, from the same horizon and locality, is described. A Russian species, F. rossica Shulga-Nesterenko, is recorded from the Tournaisian of Hook Head, Co. Wexford.
On the Form and Mode Of Emplacement of the Ben Buie Intrusion, Island of Mull, Argyllshire
Authors: Lobjoit W. M
Published: May 2009

Field evidence and theoretical arguments are used to elucidate the form of the intrusion. In the absence of a more accurate term this is described as chonolithic. Passive injection of the magma into a potential vacuum has enabled control to be exercised on the intrusion-form by the country rocks and their structures. The effects of this control are discussed.
Pleistocene Deposits on the West Side of the Malvern Hills
Authors: Hey R. W.
Published: May 2009

A north-south valley west of the Malverns contains a variety of Pleistocene deposits, largely hidden by late Pleistocene solifluxion. Around Eastnor is a stony clay attributed to an ice-tongue that crossed the Malvern Hills from the Severn valley. Various sediments north of Eastnor are thought to have been laid down in a lake held up by this ice-tongue and fed by a stream diverted across the hills north of the Malverns by the main Severn valley glacier. The Upleadon Gravels south of Eastnor are attributed to water released from the lake when the ice-tongue melted. Both lake and glacier are correlated with the Woolridge Gravels and hence with the Penultimate Glaciation.
The Development of the Mid-Zambezi Valley in Northern Rhodesia since Early Karroo Times
Authors: Tavener-Smith R.
Published: May 2009

Karroo sedimentation in the mid-Zambezi area presents an instance of deposition in an intra-cratonic basin during a complete climatic semi-cycle. Mention is made of the tectonic factors which controlled the course of Karroo sedimentation in the area, and the nature of the pre-Karroo surface is commented upon. An account is given of the depositional history of the mid-Zambezi basin during the Karroo period. The structural development of the region since Karroo times is outlined, and it is suggested that the present valley is essentially a downwarped and eroded part of the peneplain which still forms the adjacent plateau to the north-west.
The Pre-Tertiary Geology of the Western Approaches to the English Channel
Authors: Day A. A.
Published: May 2009

Geological information obtained by core sampling of the solid rock underlying the loose deposits on the floor of the Western Approaches is set forth. Discoveries of interest include those of Chalk in the area north-west of Cornwall and of nepheline phono-lite from Epson Shoal, 6 miles east of the Wolf Rock. Other samples obtained very probably represent the Devonian, New Red Sandstone and Chalk, and on the basis of the identifications a geological map has been prepared showing the approximate distribution of these formations in the area.
The Compositions of Coexisting Pyroxenes in Metamorphic Assemblages
Authors: Muir I. D. , Tilley C. E. , Scoon J. H.
Published: May 2009

Chemical and optical data are provided on pyroxene pairs in a range of metamorphic assemblages. Tie line trends in the system CaSiO3–MgSiO3–FeSiO3 for these assemblages are compared with those recorded for plutonic igneous associations.
The Bostonite of Rudh'a' Chromain, Carsaig, Mull
Authors: Buist D. S.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of the petrography and chemistry of the bostonite of Rudh'a' Chromain, Mull.
Palaeontological Evidence for the Age of the Carboniferous and Permian Rocks of Central Vestspitsbergen
Authors: Forbes C. L. , Harland W. B. , Hughes N. F.
Published: May 2009

Carboniferous and Permian fossils collected from Central Vestspitsbergen between 1938 and 1957 are listed according to formations and the age of each is assessed from these determinations. Resting unconformably on folded Devonian or metamorphosed Hecla Hoek the succession begins with plant-bearing continental facies and passes upwards into a marine succession with fusuline, coral and brachiopod faunas in limestones and dolomites associated with evaporites and cherts. Correlation with rocks elsewhere in Svalbard, which has been effected largely by lithological facies, is reassessed on palaeontological evidence; this consists of a sequence of plants from approximately Tournaisian to Namurian; of fusulines from theFusulinaZone to thePseudoschwagerinaZone, with the Carboniferous-Permian boundary falling in the middle of the Wordiekammen Limestones; and of brachiopods above this. The youngest fossils may be Upper Permian. The succession has few breaks and with further study will contribute to the correlation of Russian, West European, Greenland, and American rocks.
The Tectonic Pattern of the Lewisian around Clashnessie Bay near Stoer, Sutherland
Authors: King Basil C.
Published: May 2009

In the Clashnessie district the original or Scourian complex is represented chiefly by hornblendic gneisses and shows simultaneous close folding on 55°–235° (A 1) and 155° (A 2) axes. The general disposition of the formations is largely related to open folding on the A 1 axis.

The effects of later movements, post-dating the basic dykes, are comparatively slight, but are shown by the sporadic development of a schistosity and a lineation, which plunges to the south-east, together with occasional sharp folds at about 207° (A 3) and 114° (A 4).
Cameral Deposits in Orthoconic Nautiloids
Authors: Flower Rousseau H.
Published: May 2009

Previous investigations of the cameral deposits of nautiloids are reviewed, with a discussion of their morphology, their distribution in shells, and growth relationships with other shell parts. Cameral deposits are developed commonly in the orders Actinoceratida, Michelinoceratida, Discosorida, and Oncoceratida. While the patterns and growth relationships of cameral and siphonal deposits are specific, and therefore of great potential taxqnomic value, the presence of such structures alone is not a valid basis for the recognition of species or genera.
Flow Phenomena in a Limestone on Changalumi Hill, Southern Nyasaland
Authors: Garson M. S.
Published: May 2009

A Basement Complex graphite-limestone on Changalumi Hill, along the eastern escarpment of the Southern Nyasaland rift-valley, exhibits various phenomena including contorted exotic boulders, migration of graphite, and injection of discordant veins into adjacent gneiss. These features indicate that the limestone has burst through its anticlinal roof during strong isoclinal folding at a relatively low temperature, engulfing and distorting a minor synclinal infold. The age of the break-through is proved to be pre-Chilwa Series and pre-Rifting.
Wegener's South America–Africa Assembly, Fit or Misfit?
Authors: Carey S. Warren
Published: May 2009

A statement by Jeffreys that the Wegener fit of South America and Africa is a misfit of 15° has been widely quoted and accepted. However, careful check by any rigorous method will show that these continents do in fact fit together as precisely as their forms can be defined. Whether continental drift be true or false, this argument against it must be abandoned.
A New Genus of Echinoid from the Palaeozoic of Ireland
Authors: Kier Porter M.
Published: May 2009

A new genus and species of the Lepidocentridae is described from the Lower Carboniferous at Hook Head, Ireland.
The Spread of the Continents
Authors: Hills G. F. S.
Published: May 2009

It is generally accepted that the continents contain more radio-activity than the Pacific floor. The two continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland, would therefore expand the rocks below, relative to that floor. The plastic substratum under the continents would be forced higher in their centres than at their centres than at their Pacific margins. It would creep towards those margins and would carry part of the overlying granite to them, piling it high at their margins and thinning it at their centres. The plastic substratum would continually carry its heat to the cold Pacific substratum and render it plastic into which the continents would be impelled.
Magnetometric Mapping for Haematite in South Wales
Authors: Hallimond A. F. , Whetton J. T.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Blundell's account of earlier work by A. F. Hallimond and J. T. Whetton (Bull. Geol. Surv. No. 2., pp 1–17, 1939) is inaccurate in certain particulars and is liable to mislead.
The Origin of the Girvan-Ballantrae Beerbachites
Authors: Bloxam T. W.
Published: May 2009

The mode of occurrence and petrography of a group of pyroxene- hornblende-granulites (beerbachites), found only in association with serpentinized peridotite, are described. The beerbachites are regarded as contact altered lavas and basic intrusions which formed the lower levels of a thick series of Ordovician volcanics. Peridotite, intruded into the base of the volcanic pile, disrupted and thermally metamosphosed the lavas and intrusions which appear as inclusions in the serpentinized peridotite. The present contacts between serpentinite and adjacent unmetamorphosed rocks are secondary in origin.
A Clinopyroxene from the Granophyre of Meall Dearg, Skye
Authors: Anwar Y. M.
Published: May 2009

Chemical and optical data are presented for a ferrohedenbergite separated from the Tertiary Meall Dearg granophyre of Skye. Comparison is made with similar pyroxenes crystallizing in the later stages of the Skaergaard intrusion.
“Flattening” in Dalradian Quartz-Schist north of Stonehaven, Kincardineshire
Authors: Phemister T. C. , Williamson D. H.
Published: May 2009

In the schistose grits of the Dalradian Series north of Stonehaven there is clear evidence of the deformation of the rock by shearing of the original quartz grains along planes roughly diagonal to the “flattening”, which here coincides generally with the schistosity of the quartz-schist, the final product of the metamorphism. As this corresponds essentially to the case studied by Schmidt and others, an examination of the rock fabric is made having in mind the mechanism suggested by Schmidt, and more fully elaborated by Anderson, to connect up crystal orientation with deformation. The results of the study do not indicate that the simple model of equal spheres, each with its set of glide planes, and all in cubical packing, is in any way adequate to explain the petrography of this quartz-schist and it is suggested that any theory that makes a purely mechanical reaction of the quartz grains to the deforming forces the dominant factor in the production of a new texture is at variance with the facts since there is clear evidence of the continued solution and crystallization of quartz throughout the whole of the metamorphic period.
The Clinopyroxene-hornblende Equilibrium in Thermal Metamorphism: Some Data from Carlingford, Eire
Authors: Harry W. T.
Published: May 2009

In a Tertiary ring complex at Carlingford, Eire, a large mass of eucrite is cut by porphyritic cone-sheets. A major granophyre intrusion later than the cone-sheets alters the clinopyroxene of the sheets to hornblende whilst the clinopyroxene of the adjacent eucrite remains unaltered. By elimination of several possibilities it is shown that the different behaviour of the two pyroxenes reflects their thermal stabilities.

It is argued that the two pyroxenes represent a pyroxene trend of crystallization and that thermal metamorphism attacked them in the reverse order of their magmatic crystallization. Importance is attached to extensive replacement of Ca′ by Fe′ in the cone-sheet pyroxene as a factor of instability.
The Geometry of the Ben Lui Fold (S.W. Highlands)
Authors: Gilmour Paul C. , Mcintyre Donald B.
Published: May 2009

It has been claimed that the hinge of one of the two major recumbent folds of the S.W. Highlands is exposed near Ben Lui. In this paper it is claimed that the form of the outcrops permits the existence of this recumbent fold only if the fold-axis plunges towards the south-west. Evidence is given that the plunge is in fact towards the west, and on this basis a profile has been constructed to illustrate the observed geometrical relationships of the rocks.
The Acid Rocks of Western Rhum
Authors: Black George P.
Published: May 2009

In the west of the Isle of Rhum (Inverness-shire), Tertiary acid rocks outcrop over an area of approximately 6 square miles. A core of spherulitic microgranite is surrounded by graphpphyre1 which, in turn, is bounded on the north by Torridonian Sandstone; although much of the boundary is marked by a low-angle reverse fault, part of the junction is undisturbed and a belt of transitional rocks, some 1,400 feet in width, intervenes between the graphophyre and the Torridonian Sandstone. The transitional rocks are divisible into five zones which are interpreted as marking successive stages in the conversion of sandstone into graphophyre. Evidence is presented indicating that the microgranite, into which the graphophyre grades inwards, represents a still more advanced stage of transformation.
Cross-Bedding and Grain Size in the Lower Cretaceous Sands of East Anglia
Authors: Schwarzacher Walther
Published: May 2009

The cross-bedding of the Lower Cretaceous sands between Leighton Buzzard and Hunstanton has been studied. This paper describes new evidence which throws further light on the depositional environment and palaeogeography of these sediments.

Both cross-bedding and grain size distribution were investigated in detail in the Woburn Sands (Aptian). These beds lie between Cambridge and Leighton Buzzard (Cameron, in Kirkaldy, 1939, p. 407), and are the youngest “;Lower Greensand” of East Anglia. Rather less attention has been paid to the pre-Barremian Sandringham Sands (Downham to Hunstanton). Unfortunately, the Carstone of Hunstanton shows no cross-bedding.
Notes on the Ultrabasic Body of Unst, Shetland Islands
Authors: Amin M. S.
Published: May 2009

Within the main serpentine of Unst, a lower peridotite layer, a dunite layer, and an upper pyroxenite layer can be distinguished. These three zones have transitional contacts which are marked by a primary mineral banding. Analyses of specimens from each zone are given and it is suggested that the layering is due to differentiation in situ. The zones dip steeply eastward and the base of the intrusion is cut off on the west by a thrust which is slightly oblique to the banding and locally cuts out the peridotite zone. Interior planes of dislocation are parallel to, or perpendicular to, the primary banding.
The Quihita-Cunene Layered Gabbroic Intrusion of South-west Angola
Authors: Stone P. , Brown G. M.
Published: May 2009

The detailed examination of rocks recently collected from a traverse and from isolated points within this intrusion has led to the conclusion that it is a large, layered intrusion showing rhythmic and cryptic variation, and comparable in many respects with the Great Dyke of Southern Rhodesia.
The Petrology of the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of the Southern Portion of Southampton Island
Authors: Daniels John L.
Published: May 2009

The pre-Cambrian rocks of the Southern portion of Southampton Island are composed of acid gneisses of very variable character containing a few, commonly zoned, xenoliths. The petrography of both is described; eight new analyses are given, and the probable origin of several of these xenoliths is suggested.
On Heliolites caespitosa Salter
Authors: Colter V. S.
Published: May 2009

Heliolites caespitosa Salter (1873) is shown to be identical with Heliolites parvistella Roemer (1861) var. intricate Lindström (1899). The varietal name must, therefore, become caespitosa. Evidence is brought forward to suggest that the two varieties of this coral are the results of differing environments.
Conodont Horizons in the West and South-West of England
Authors: Dineley D. L. , Rhodes F. H. T.
Published: May 2009

A large number of Devonian and Carboniferous limestones from the West and South-West of England have been sampled for conodont faunas. Only 15 yielded conodonts, but the faunas show striking similarities to those of America and Germany. The presence of “Ordovician” forms in these assemblages is noted and an explanation offered.
The Lower Carboniferous Outliers of the Colvend and Rerrick Shores, Kirkcudbrightshire
Authors: Craig G. Y. , Nairn A. E. M.
Published: May 2009

The rocks are coarse-grained deposits of Cementstone and Fell Sandstone age. The succession in the Rerrick outlier consists of the Wall Hill sandstones (900 ft.) unconformable on Silurian, followed by the Orroland Limestone Beds (80ft. +) yielding fossils indicative of Cambeck age. The succeeding coarse red Barlocco conglomerate (210 ft. +) is capped by the Rascarrel beds, some 1,200 ft. of felspathic sandstones and arkoses, with coarse conglomerates. The rocks of the three outliers to the east are of Barlocco-Rascarrel facies. All four outliers are downfaulted against Silurian and have a regional dip to the south-east.
The Major Rock Groups of the Northern Red Sea Hills, Sudan
Authors: Ruxton B. P.
Published: May 2009

The Basement Complex rocks of the Northern Red Sea Hills, Sudan, are believed to be pre-Cambrian in age. They can be divided into three major sedimentary and volcanic divisions, with four main periods of igneous intrusion. The succession proposed by the author is as follows:—

Red granite.

Injection granite.

Awat series.

(Unconformity with folding, thrusting, and cleavage.)

Basic intrusive phase.

Nafirdeib series.

(Unconformity with folding, and regional metamorphism.)

Primitive system {Acid Gneiss (intrusive). Schists and Gneiss.
The Terrace Sequence at Dale-I-Sunnfjord
Authors: Coleman Alice
Published: May 2009

A series of terraces in the Dale Valley south of Dalsfjord has been mapped, and heights have been established. The results have been analysed into a sequence of stages, and compared with general conclusions advanced by J. Rekstad and F. Nansen, on the isostatic displacement of postglacial terraces in Norway.
A Note on the Nosean Phonolite of the Wolf Rock, Cornwall
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

The first systematic descriptions of the nosean phonolite of the Wolf Rock were given by Allport (Geol. Mag., 1871, p. 247; 1874, p. 462). Later a fuller account of the rock was provided by Teall in his British Petrography (1888, pp. 367–368). Since that time the rock has been repeatedly figured in text-books of petrography and in the light of two chemical analyses provided by J. A. Phillips (in Allport, 1871), regarded as a type example of a more sodic phonolite chemically comparable with the plutonic mariupolite. In view of the early date of these analyses, Mr. J. H. Scoon has at my request carried out a new analysis of the fresh rock, the results of which are provided in Table 1 (No. 1). This analysis reveals significant differences from the original, particularly in the potash content and shows that the rock is to be compared with the well-known phonolite of Brüx, Bohemia (Table 1, No. 3), and a phonolite from Colfax Co., New Mexico (Table 1, No. 2). The trace element distribution in the Wolf Rock has also been kindly determined for me by Dr. S. R. Nockolds (Table 1). Some additional mineralogical data which re-examination of the rock has provided may now be set down.
The Granitization Process and its Limitations as Exemplified in Certain Parts of New South Wales
Authors: Joplin Germaine A.
Published: May 2009

In an attempt to dissect the granitization process in an area of regional metamorphism, it is suggested that granite is forcibly injected during strong compression, that the compressional wave passes upwards and outwards in advance of the magma, and that several changes take place before its arrival. Six stages in this process are recognized in the Cooma and Albury districts of N.S.W.: (1) Regional Metamorphism, (2) Superimposed Thermal Metamorphism, (3) Permeation without Magmatic Addition, (4) Addition from an Attenuated Magma, (5) Formation of a Potassic Wave-Front, and (6) Injection of the Magma as Concordant Intrusions. The conditions favouring granitization are discussed and the question of basic fronts is considered.
Metamorphic Differentiation of Talc-Magnesite-Chlorite Rocks in Shetland
Authors: Amin M. S.
Published: May 2009

Practically monomineralic masses of talc, of magnesite, and of chlorite are formed in talc-magnesite-chlorite-rocks as a result of localized shearing and associated hydrothermal activity within deformation-belts.
The Age Relationship of the Granophyre and Basalt of Orval, Isle of Rhum
Authors: Black George P.
Published: May 2009

On Orval, in the Isle of Rhum, Tertiary plateau lavas directly overlie the granophyre of the ring-complex. Judd considered that the Orval basalts rest unconformably upon an old land surface cut in the granophyre; but on the supposed existence of veining and metamorphism later workers, in particular Geikie and Harker, concluded that the granophyre had intruded the volcanic pile. The author's re-examination of the Orval rocks supports Judd's early interpretation.
On a New Chrome-Garnet
Authors: Fermor Lewis Leigh
Published: May 2009

The name hanléite is proposed for a magnesia-chrome garnet from Hanlé, Rupshu, Kashmir.
Notes on the Structure of some Minor Outlying Occurrences of Littoral Trias in the Vale of Glamorgan.
Authors: Thomas Trevor M.
Published: May 2009

Active or recently-active, large-scale quarrying operations within the Carboniferous Limestone Series of this area, and ranging in location from the near-junction areas to points about half a mile removed from the southern boundary of the main littoral Trias outcrops, have afforded excellent sections displaying remnants of a former Triassic cover. It is considered unlikely that the latter outliers, of limited dimensions, occur in areas further removed than about one-third of a mile south of the existing limits of the main Triassic outcrops.
The Cove Marine Bands in East Lothian and their Relation to the Ironstone Shale and Limestone of Redesdale, Northumberland
Authors: Wilson H. Hugh
Published: May 2009

Study of the fauna from a newly discovered fossiliferous outcrop of the Cove Lower Marine Band in Thornton Burn, East Lothian, has led to the correlation of this horizon with the Redesdale Ironstone in Northumberland and has thereby demonstrated the first palaeontological link between the Upper Calciferous Sandstone in S.E. Scotland and the Lower Limestone Group in N.E. England. The collection of D1 fauna made from the Thornton Burn outcrop includes goniatites, brachiopods, lamellibranchs, and crinoids. The discovery of Beyrichoceratoides redesdalensis (Hind) gives the first definite indication of the presence of B zone in the Scottish Carboniferous. Faunal lists and descriptions of some of the more interesting species are included in this paper as well as descriptions of the crinoids collected which are given in the succeeding paper by James Wright.
Crinoids from Thornton Burn, East Lothian
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

The crinoids collected by Mr. Hugh Wilson from the shales and ironstones of the Calciferous Sandstone Series in the Thornton Burn section in East Lothian are of special interest and are described herein. The list of species is as follows:—

Talanterocrinus redesdalensis sp. nov.

Blothrocrinus thorntonensis sp. nov.

Anemetocrinus wilsoni sp. nov.

Phanocrinus ardrossensis (Wright).

Ureocrinus bockschii (Geinitz).

Ureocrinus doliolus (Wright).
An Appinitic Intrusion-Breccia at Kilkenny, Maas, Co. Donegal
Authors: Pitcher W. S. , Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

An intrusion-breccia filling a pipe is made of two parts, one of facetted quartzite fragments in a granophyric matrix, the other of calc-silicate-rock fragments in an appinitic matrix. The quartzite fragments are derived from a horizon at least 1,000 ft. below the breccia level, the calc-silicate-rock fragments are local. The mechanism of emplacement of the breccia is considered to be similar to that proposed by H. Cloos for the Swabian tuff-pipes. Neither the granophyre nor the appinite of the Kilkenny pipe is regarded as of magmatic origin.
Fossil Lineages and Environmental Change
Authors: Joysey Kenneth A.
Published: May 2009

An attempt is made to correlate the concept of the fossil lineage with our knowledge of polytypic species. The influence of changing environmental conditions in the geological succession and the relationship between geographical and chronological sub-species is analysed on a theoretical basis. The fossil lineage is considered to be the resultant of combined evolutionary and environmental change. Phenotypic modifications in response to environmental conditions are discussed in relation to the study of variation in fossil communities.
So-called Amygdaloidal Gabbro, Skye
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

Certain amygdaloidal rocks in Skye have formerly been interpreted as lavas in which the matrix of the amygdales has been replaced by, or alternatively metamorphosed into, material such as one expects in intrusions. It is now claimed that the amygdales formed in intrusions in normal fashion
So-called Amygdaloidal Gabbro, Skye: Comments on a paper by E. B. Bailey
Authors: Reynolds Doris L.
Published: May 2009

The suggestion that the Skye amygdaloidal gabbro represents amygdaloidal basaltic lava in which the grain-size has been coarsened by recrystallization does not imply “an unusual type of metamorphism” as Bailey supposes. Whereas recent lava-flows are fine-grained, older flows, particularly pre-historic examples, commonly have a doleritic or gabbroic grain-Size. Bore-hole investigations in Yellowstone Park indicate that such increase in grain-size is a consequence of the long-continued through-passage of gases and water escaping to the surface. Bailey's own observation that amygdales within the Skye amygdaloidal gabbro “interrupt the form of the bigger feldspars” provides evidence that the bigger feldspars are younger than the amygdales, and that the rocks containing them have therefore recrystallized
On the Origins of the Kumaon Lakes in the Himalayas
Authors: Thomas A. N.
Published: May 2009

Numerous small lakes in the Naini Tal region of Kumaon have long attracted attention but no satisfactory explanation of their origins has been presented. The various lakes did not all originate in the same way in spite of their proximity, but there must be common underlying conditions to explain the abundance of lakes in this small area. These conditions appear to be the very recent and very local irregular uplift of a mass of diverse lithological units riding over an irregular sub-thrust surface.