bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial‐Targeted CS@KET/P780 Nanoplatform for Site‐Specific Delivery and High‐Efficiency Cancer Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Tian Hailong , Ming Hui , Zhang Tingting , Gao Yajie , Liu Ruolan , Chen Lihua , Yang Chen , Nice Edouard C. , Huang Canhua , Bao Jinku , Gao Wei , Shi Zheng
Published: February 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a form of malignancy with limited curative options available. To improve therapeutic outcomes, it is imperative to develop novel, potent therapeutic modalities. Ketoconazole (KET) has shown excellent therapeutic efficacy against HCC by eliciting apoptosis. However, its limited water solubility hampers its application in clinical treatment. Herein, a mitochondria‐targeted chemo‐photodynamic nanoplatform, CS@KET/P780 NPs, is designed using a nanoprecipitation strategy by integrating a newly synthesized mitochondria‐targeted photosensitizer (P780) and chemotherapeutic agent KET coated with chondroitin sulfate (CS) to amplify HCC therapy. In this nanoplatform, CS confers tumor‐targeted and subsequently pH‐responsive drug delivery behavior by binding to glycoprotein CD44, leading to the release of P780 and KET. Mechanistically, following laser irradiation, P780 targets and destroys mitochondrial integrity, thus inducing apoptosis through the enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup. Meanwhile, KET‐induced apoptosis synergistically enhances the anticancer effect of P780. In addition, tumor cells undergoing apoptosis can trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) and a longer‐term antitumor response by releasing tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) and damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which together contribute to improved therapeutic outcomes in HCC. Taken together, CS@KET/P780 NPs improve the bioavailability of KET and exhibit excellent therapeutic efficacy against HCC by exerting chemophototherapy and antitumor immunity.
Temperature‐Dependent Separation of CO2 from Light Hydrocarbons in a Porous Self‐Assembly of Vertexes Sharing Octahedra
Authors: Li Shun , Li Qing , Chen Ting , Ji Zhen‐Yu , Li Guo‐Ling , Wu Ming‐Yan , Meng Li‐Yi , Nan Zi‐Ang , Wang Wei , Zhuo Zhu , Fan Fengru , Huang You‐Gui
Published: February 2024

Design of flexible porous materials where the diffusion of guest molecules is regulated by the dynamics of contracted pore aperture is challenging. Here, a flexible porous self‐assembly consisting of 1D channels with dynamic bottleneck gates is reported. The dynamic pendant naphthimidazolylmethyl moieties at the channel necks provide kinetic gate function, that enables unusual adsorption for light hydrocarbons. The adsorption for CO2 is mainly dominated by thermodynamics with the uptakes decreasing with increasing temperature, whereas the adsorptions for larger hydrocarbons are controlled by both thermodynamics and kinetics resulting in an uptake maximum at a temperature threshold. Such an unusual adsorption enables temperature‐dependent separation of CO2 from the corresponding hydrocarbons.
High Sensitivity and Ultra‐Broad‐Range NH3 Sensor Arrays by Precise Control of Step Defects on The Surface of Cl2‐Ndi Single Crystals
Authors: Lu Bin , Stolte Matthias , Liu Dong , Zhang Xiaojing , Zhao Lihui , Tian Liehao , Frisbie C. Daniel , Würthner Frank , Tao Xutang , He Tao
Published: February 2024

Vapor sensors with both high sensitivity and broad detection range are technically challenging yet highly desirable for widespread chemical sensing applications in diverse environments. Generally, an increased surface‐to‐volume ratio can effectively enhance the sensitivity to low concentrations, but often with the trade‐off of a constrained sensing range. Here, an approach is demonstrated for NH3 sensor arrays with an unprecedentedly broad sensing range by introducing controllable steps on the surface of an n‐type single crystal. Step edges, serving as adsorption sites with electron‐deficient properties, are well‐defined, discrete, and electronically active. NH3 molecules selectively adsorb at the step edges and nearly eliminate known trap‐like character, which is demonstrated by surface potential imaging. Consequently, the strategy can significantly boost the sensitivity of two‐terminal NH3 resistance sensors on thin crystals with a few steps while simultaneously enhancing the tolerance on thick crystals with dense steps. Incorporation of these crystals into parallel sensor arrays results in ppb–to–% level detection range and a convenient linear relation between sheet conductance and semi‐log NH3 concentration, allowing for the precise localization of vapor leakage. In general, the results suggest new opportunities for defect engineering of organic semiconductor crystal surfaces for purposeful vapor or chemical sensing.
H2S‐Releasing Versatile Montmorillonite Nanoformulation Trilogically Renovates the Gut Microenvironment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Modulation
Authors: Jin Ting , Lu Hongyang , Zhou Qiang , Chen Dongfan , Zeng Youyun , Shi Jiayi , Zhang Yanmei , Wang Xianwen , Shen Xinkun , Cai Xiaojun
Published: February 2024

Abnormal activation of the intestinal mucosal immune system, resulting from damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier and extensive invasion by pathogens, contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current first‐line treatments for IBD have limited efficacy and significant side effects. An innovative H2S‐releasing montmorillonite nanoformulation (DPs@MMT) capable of remodeling intestinal mucosal immune homeostasis, repairing the mucosal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota is developed by electrostatically adsorbing diallyl trisulfide‐loaded peptide dendrimer nanogels (DATS@PDNs, abbreviated as DPs) onto the montmorillonite (MMT) surface. Upon rectal administration, DPs@MMT specifically binds to and covers the damaged mucosa, promoting the accumulation and subsequent internalization of DPs by activated immune cells in the IBD site. DPs release H2S intracellularly in response to glutathione, initiating multiple therapeutic effects. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that DPs@MMT effectively alleviates colitis by eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting inflammation, repairing the mucosal barrier, and eradicating pathogens. RNA sequencing revealed that DPs@MMT exerts significant immunoregulatory and mucosal barrier repair effects, by activating pathways such as Nrf2/HO‐1, PI3K‐AKT, and RAS/MAPK/AP‐1, and inhibiting the p38/ERK MAPK, p65 NF‐κB, and JAK‐STAT3 pathways, as well as glycolysis. 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that DPs@MMT remodels the gut microbiota by eliminating pathogens and increasing probiotics. This study develops a promising nanoformulation for IBD management.
BCG as an Innovative Option for HCC Treatment: Repurposing and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Vaziri Farzam , Setayesh Tahereh , Hu Ying , Ravindran Resmi , Wei Dongguang , Wan Yu‐Jui Yvonne
Published: February 2024

This study investigates Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) as a potential treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a condition often associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. Exploiting BCG's recognized immune‐boosting properties, preclinical trials are conducted using HCC mice, with a single subcutaneous dose of BCG administered post‐tumor formation. Results indicate that BCG treatment effectively diminishes tumor burden and extends survival in both male and female HCC mice. Positive influences on hepatic fibrosis and metabolism are observed, leading to a reduction in lipid levels. Spatial analysis underscores BCG's tumor‐specific effects, inducing the enrichment of metabolic pathways and inhibiting various cancer‐related pathways. Furthermore, BCG promotes immune cell infiltration, including CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and M1 macrophages, in both v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1(AKT)/neutoblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (RAS) and β‐catenin positive HCC models. Interestingly, blocking T cells, trained immunity, and Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) function reverses BCG's anti‐HCC effects. In conclusion, BCG emerges as a promising treatment option for HCC, characterized by a favorable safety profile and efficacy in inhibiting fibrosis, improving metabolism, and engaging both trained immunity and T cells in therapeutic mechanisms.
Acoustic Cell Patterning for Structured Cell‐Laden Hydrogel Fibers/Tubules
Authors: Yin Qiu , Luo Yucheng , Yu Xianglin , Chen Keke , Li Wanlu , Huang Hu , Zhang Lin , Zhou Yinning , Zhu Benpeng , Ma Zhichao , Zhang Wenming
Published: February 2024

Cell‐laden hydrogel fibers/tubules are one of the fundamentals of tissue engineering. They have been proven as a promising method for constructing biomimetic tissues, such as muscle fibers, nerve conduits, tendon and vessels, etc. However, current hydrogel fiber/tubule production methods have limitations in ordered cell arrangements, thus impeding the biomimetic configurations. Acoustic cell patterning is a cell manipulation method that has good biocompatibility, wide tunability, and is contact‐free. However, there are few studies on acoustic cell patterning for fiber production, especially on the radial figure cell arrangements, which mimic many native tissue‐like cell arrangements. Here, an acoustic cell patterning system that can be used to produce hydrogel fibers/tubules with tunable cell patterns is shown. Cells can be pre‐patterned in the liquid hydrogel before being extruded as cross‐linked hydrogel fibers/tubules. The radial patterns can be tuned with different complexities based on the acoustic resonances. Cell viability assays after 72 h confirm good cell viability and proliferation. Considering the biocompatibility and reliability, the present method can be further used for a variety of biomimetic fabrications.
Zygotic Splicing Activation of the Transcriptome is a Crucial Aspect of Maternal‐to‐Zygotic Transition and Required for the Conversion from Totipotency to Pluripotency
Authors: Zhang Hua , Wang Yang , Hu Zhe‐Wei , Wu Yun‐Wen , Chen Nuo , Zhu Yi‐Min , Yu Yuan‐Song , Fan Heng‐Yu , Wang Hua‐Nan
Published: February 2024

During maternal‐to‐zygotic transition (MZT) in the embryo, mRNA undergoes complex post‐transcriptional regulatory processes. However, it is unclear whether and how alternative splicing plays a functional role in MZT. By analyzing transcriptome changes in mouse and human early embryos, dynamic changes in alternative splicing during MZT are observed and a previously unnoticed process of zygotic splicing activation (ZSA) following embryonic transcriptional activation is described. As the underlying mechanism of RNA splicing, splicing factors undergo dramatic maternal‐to‐zygotic conversion. This conversion relies on the key maternal factors BTG4 and PABPN1L and is zygotic‐transcription‐dependent. CDK11‐dependent phosphorylation of the key splicing factor, SF3B1, and its aggregation with SRSF2 in the subnuclear domains of 2‐cell embryos are prerequisites for ZSA. Isoforms generated by erroneous splicing, such as full‐length Dppa4, hinder normal embryonic development. Moreover, alternative splicing regulates the conversion of early embryonic blastomeres from totipotency to pluripotency, thereby affecting embryonic lineage differentiation. ZSA is an essential post‐transcriptional process of MZT and has physiological significance in generating new life. In addition to transcriptional activation, appropriate expression of transcript isoforms is also necessary for preimplantation embryonic development.
Synthesis of High‐Performance Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composites via Hydroxyl Anchoring Effect and Directional Freeze‐Drying Method
Authors: Lu Jiaqi , Zhang Kaihang , Hazarika Dinku , Xu Liangquan , Li Jie , Wu Jianhui , Naeem Shah Muhammad , Jin Hao , Dong Shurong , Huang Yuhui , Zhang Qilong , Wu Yongjun , Luo Jikui
Published: February 2024

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers present extensive application prospects, especially in the field of wearable electronics. However, utilizing nanofillers for enhanced β‐phase and piezoelectric properties faces challenges like noncontinuous interfaces, poor compatibility between nanofillers and PVDF matrix, and the requirement of high‐voltage polarization, hindering extensive domain alignment on a large scale. Herein, a method is proposed to synthesize high‐performance PVDF composites by introducing hydroxylated barium titanate (H@BTO) nanoparticles and a directional freeze‐drying method to enhance β‐phase content and piezoelectric properties without polarization. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal robust binding interactions between Ba and F atoms along with OH surface terminations on H@BTO, facilitating hydrogen bonding within the PVDF matrix, resulting in dipole alignment and increased spontaneous polarization. The composite film achieves an 86.69% β phase content and a piezoelectric coefficient of ≈14.49 pm V−1 without electric polarization. The freeze‐drying PVDF‐H@BTO composite film paired with a PA6 membrane is used to fabricate triboelectric nanogenerator, demonstrating a current density of ≈107.5 mA m−2 and an output voltage of ≈832 V. Results demonstrate that the utilization of strong binding interactions between various atoms, the hydroxyl anchoring effect, and directional freeze‐drying method as a strategy holds promising prospects for synthesizing high‐performance piezoelectric composites.
Hydrogen peroxide priming promotes salinity tolerance in plants—A comprehensive review
Authors: Jamshidi Goharrizi Kiarash , Karami Soraya , Ghanaei Sedighe
Published: February 2024

Salinity stress is a growing concern for agriculture, as soil salinization is increasing worldwide and seriously affects global agricultural production and food security. How to minimize the adverse effects of salinity stress and meet the food needs of the growing human population becomes an urgent problem. Conventional techniques in agriculture and recently modern plant science have limitations; therefore, alternative technologies such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) priming have emerged as promising solutions. The findings highlight that H2O2 priming enhances antioxidant defenses, regulating the balance between reactive oxygen species production and scavenging. Furthermore, H2O2 priming promotes osmotic adjustment by stimulating the accumulation of osmoprotectants, maintaining cellular water status under salinity conditions. The review also discusses how H2O2 priming modulates gene expression and signaling processes, causing stress‐responsive genes and transcription factors activation. Moreover, H2O2 priming helps to preserve chloroplast integrity and photosynthetic efficiency, mitigating the detrimental impacts of salt stress on plant development and productivity. Overall, the collective knowledge gathered here, covering various aspects of the H2O2 priming phenomenon, may facilitate the design and conduct of future research on plant tolerance to salinity or other abiotic stresses. However, future research needs to focus on elucidating how priming can be applied on a large scale to diverse plants, understanding biochemical and molecular mechanisms of H2O2 priming for precise and reliable applications of this approach, and figuring out the potential benefits of in vitro priming (H2O2) technology in plant science.
A Monte‐Carlo approach for the simulation of microbial population dynamics in an heterogeneous scale‐down bioreactor
Authors: Thi Doan Dieu , Kremling Andreas , Morchain Jérôme
Published: February 2024

Population heterogeneity is due to intrinsic and extrinsic noises; cell to cell variability is related to cell partitioning at division and external forcing by the environment. In this article, a Monte‐Carlo calculation of integral source terms is coupled to a compartment approach. The biological phase is represented by an ensemble of discrete particles which are equipped with a coarse‐grained model that describes the intracellular response to extracellular conditions. The redistribution of cell properties at division generates unbalanced cells and introduces additional time scales into the population dynamics. Using this fully two‐way coupled approach, the consequences of repeated exposure to feast and famine events on both the reactor and the population heterogenities are investigated in a CSTR+PFR scale‐down bioreactor. It is shown that the integration of intrinsic noise due to cell division continuously produces cells that are not at equilibrium with their environment and this contributes to population heterogeneity, even in homogeneous environments.
The associations between digit ratio (2D:4D and right – left 2D:4D), maximal oxygen consumption and ventilatory thresholds in professional male football players
Authors: Parpa Koulla , Manning John T. , Kobus Magdalena , Mason Laura , Michaelides Marcos
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Digit ratio (2D:4D: the relative length of the 2nd and 4th digit) is thought to be a negative correlate of prenatal testosterone. The 2D:4D is related to oxygen metabolism, but the precise nature of this relationship is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to consider associations between digit ratios (right 2D:4D, left 2D:4D, right–left 2D:4D [Dr‐l]) and VO2max and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2).

Methods

One hundred and thirty‐three Caucasian (n = 133) professional football players competing in Cyprus participated in the study. Players underwent anthropometric measurements, and digit lengths were measured from hand scans. They also completed an incremental cardiopulmonary test to exhaustion on a treadmill.

Results

There were negative correlations between digit ratios and VO2max (right 2D:4D, r = −.65; left 2D:4D r = −.37, both p < .0001; Dr‐l r = −.30, p = .0005). There were no relationships between digit ratios and VT1. For VT2, there were negative relationships with digit ratios (right 2D:4D, r = −.43, p < .0001; left 2D:4D, r = −.21 and Dr‐l, r = −.21, both p = .02). Digit ratios are negatively related to VO2max with large (right 2D:4D) and medium (left 2D:4D, Dr‐l) effect sizes. For VT2, there were also negative correlations, which were medium (right 2D:4D) and small (left 2D:4D, Dr‐l).

Conclusion

Our findings may help clarify the relationships between digit ratios and high‐intensity actions for extended periods, which are dependent on efficient oxygen metabolism.
Metal‐Free K2S2O8‐Mediated Direct Hydrazonation of Methylene in Pyrazoline‐5‐ones
Authors: Ji Long , Ablajan Keyume
Published: February 2024

The K2S2O8‐mediated direct hydrazonation of methylene in pyrazoline‐5‐one substrates with carbazates and benzhydrazides is reported. This protocol provides facile access to a variety of pyrazoline‐5‐one‐4‐hydrazones in 53–78 % yields. Compared to conventional methods, this approach is a simple one‐pot direct route procedure conducted under transition metal‐free conditions and with easily available raw materials.
Bioanthropological analysis of human remains from the archaic and classic period discovered in Puyil cave, Mexico
Authors: Navarro‐Romero María Teresa , Muñoz María de Lourdes , Krause‐Kyora Ben , Cervini‐Silva Javiera , Alcalá‐Castañeda Enrique , David Randy E.
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Determine the geographic place of origin and maternal lineage of prehistoric human skeletal remains discovered in Puyil Cave, Tabasco State, Mexico, located in a region currently populated by Olmec, Zoque and Maya populations.

Materials and Methods

All specimens were radiocarbon (14C) dated (beta analytic), had dental modifications classified, and had an analysis of 13 homologous reference points conducted to evaluate artificial cranial deformation (ACD). Following DNA purification, hypervariable region I (HVR‐1) of the mitogenome was amplified and Sanger sequenced. Finally, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was performed for total DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and haplogroups were determined using BioEdit 7.2 and IGV software and confirmed with MITOMASTER and WebHome softwares.

Results

Radiocarbon dating (14C) demonstrated that the inhabitants of Puyil Cave lived during the Archaic and Classic Periods and displayed tabular oblique and tabular mimetic ACD. These pre‐Hispanic remains exhibited five mtDNA lineages: A, A2, C1, C1c and D4. Network analysis revealed a close genetic affinity between pre‐Hispanic Puyil Cave inhabitants and contemporary Maya subpopulations from Mexico and Guatemala, as well as individuals from Bolivia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and China.

Conclusions

Our results elucidate the dispersal of pre‐Hispanic Olmec and Maya ancestors and suggest that ACD practices are closely related to Olmec and Maya practices. Additionally, we conclude that ACD has likely been practiced in the region since the Middle‐Archaic Period.
The Melanocortin and Endorphin Neuropeptides in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Koo Brian B. , Abdelfattah Ahmed , Eysa Athar , Lu Lingeng
Published: February 2024

Objective

Based upon similarities between the urge to move and sensory discomfort of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and properties of melanocortin hormones, including their incitement of movement and hyperalgesia, we assessed plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and β‐endorphin in RLS patients and controls.

Methods

Forty‐two untreated moderate‐to‐severe RLS patients and 44 matched controls underwent venipuncture at 19:00, 20:30, and 22:00; 37 RLS and 36 controls had lumbar puncture at 21:30. CSF and plasma were analyzed for pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), α‐MSH, β‐MSH, and β‐endorphin by immunoassay. RLS severity was assessed by International RLS Study Group Severity Scale.

Results

RLS participants were 52.7 ± 12.0 years old, 61.9% were women, 21.4% had painful RLS, and RLS severity was 24.8 ± 9.0. Controls had similar age and sex. Plasma ACTH, α‐MSH, and β‐endorphin were similar between groups. Plasma POMC was significantly greater in RLS than controls (17.0 ± 11.5 vs 12.7 ± 6.1fmol/ml, p = 0.048). CSF ACTH was similar between groups. CSF β‐MSH was significantly higher in painful than nonpainful RLS or controls (48.2 ± 24.8 vs 32.1 ± 14.8 vs 32.6 ± 15.2pg/ml, analysis of variance [ANOVA] p = 0.03). CSF α‐MSH was higher in RLS than controls (34.2 ± 40.9 vs 20.3 ± 11.0pg/ml, p = 0.062). CSF β‐EDP was lowest in painful RLS, intermediate in nonpainful RLS, and highest in controls (8.0 ± 3.4 vs 10.8 ± 3.1 vs 12.3 ± 5.0pg/ml, ANOVA p = 0.049). The ratio of the sum of CSF α‐ and β‐MSH to CSF β‐endorphin was highest, intermediate, and lowest in painful RLS, nonpainful RLS, and controls (p = 0.007).

Interpretation

CSF β‐MSH is increased and CSF β‐endorphin decreased in RLS patients with painful symptoms. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:688–699
Molecular and Structural Basis for Cγ−C Bond Formation by PLP‐Dependent Enzyme Fub7
Authors: Liu Shaonan , Yeh Christopher , Reavill Chloe , Jones Benjamin , Zou Yike , Hai Yang
Published: February 2024

Pyridoxal 5’‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzymes that catalyze γ‐replacement reactions are prevalent, yet their utilization of carbon nucleophile substrates is rare. The recent discovery of two PLP‐dependent enzymes, CndF and Fub7, has unveiled unique C−C bond forming capabilities, enabling the biocatalytic synthesis of alkyl‐ substituted pipecolic acids from O‐acetyl‐L‐homoserine and β‐keto acid or aldehyde derived enolates. This breakthrough presents fresh avenues for the biosynthesis of pipecolic acid derivatives. However, the catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes remain elusive, and a dearth of structural information hampers their extensive application. Here, we have broadened the catalytic scope of Fub7 by employing ketone‐derived enolates as carbon nucleophiles, revealing Fub7’s capacity for substrate‐dependent regioselective α‐alkylation of unsymmetrical ketones. Through an integrated approach combining X‐ray crystallography, spectroscopy, mutagenesis, and computational docking studies, we offer a detailed mechanistic insight into Fub7 catalysis. Our findings elucidate the structural basis for its substrate specificity, stereoselectivity, and regioselectivity. Our work sets the stage ready for subsequent protein engineering effort aimed at expanding the synthetic utility of Fub7, potentially unlocking novel methods to access a broader array of noncanonical amino acids.
Grafting Ultra‐fine Nanoalloys with Amorphous Skin Enables Highly Active and Long‐lived Acidic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Zeng Biao , Liu Xinzheng , Wan Li , Xia Chenghui , Cao Lixin , Hu Yubin , Dong Bohua
Published: February 2024

Large‐scale deployment of proton exchange membranes water electrolysis (PEM‐WE) requires a substantial reduction in usage of platinum group metals (PGMs) as indispensable electrocatalyst for cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Ultra‐fine PGMs nanocatalysts possess abundant catalytic sites at lower loading, but usually exhibit reduced stability in long‐term operations under corrosive acidic environments. Here we report grafting the ultra‐fine PtRu crystalline nanoalloys with PtxRuySez “amorphous skin” (c‐PtRu@a‐PtxRuySez) by in situ atomic layer selenation to simultaneously improve catalytic activity and stability. We found that the c‐PtRu@a‐PtxRuySez‐1 with ~0.6 nm thickness amorphous skin achieved an ultra‐high mass activity of 26.7 A mg−1Pt+Ru at −0.07 V as well as a state‐of‐the‐art durability maintained for at least 1000 h at −10 mA cm−2 and 550 h at −100 mA⋅cm−2 for acid HER. Experimental and theoretical investigations suggested that the amorphous skin not only improved the electrochemical accessibility of the catalyst surface and increasing the intrinsic activity of the catalytic sites, but also mitigated the dissolution/diffusion of the active species, thus resulting in improved catalytic activity and stability under acidic electrolyte. This work demonstrates a direction of designing ultra‐fine PGMs electrocatalysts both with high utilization and robust durability, offers an in situ “amorphous skin” engineering strategy.
Synthesis and Detection of BODIPY‐, Biotin‐, and 19F‐ Labeled Single‐Entity Dendritic Heparan Sulfate Mimetics
Authors: Spijkers‐Shaw Sam , Devlin Rory , Shields Nicholas J. , Feng Xiang , Peck Tessa , Lenihan‐Geels Georgia , Davis Connor , Young Sarah L. , La Flamme Anne C. , Zubkova Olga V.
Published: February 2024

Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are naturally occurring mammalian glycosaminoglycans, and their synthetic and semi‐synthetic mimetics have attracted significant interest as potential therapeutics. However, understanding the mechanism of action by which HS, heparin, and HS mimetics have a biological effect is difficult due to their highly charged nature, broad protein interactomes, and variable structures. To address this, a library of novel single‐entity dendritic mimetics conjugated to BODIPY, Fluorine‐19 (19F), and biotin was synthesized for imaging and localization studies. The novel dendritic scaffold allowed for the conjugation of labeling moieties without reducing the number of sulfated capping groups, thereby better mimicking the multivalent nature of HS‐protein interactions. The 19F labeled mimetics were assessed in phantom studies and were detected at concentrations as low as 5 mM. Flow cytometric studies using a fluorescently labeled mimetic showed that the compound associated with immune cells from tumors more readily than splenic counterparts and was directed to endosomal‐lysosomal compartments within immune cells and cancer cells. Furthermore, the fluorescently labeled mimetic entered the central nervous system and was detectable in brain‐infiltrating immune cells 24 hours after treatment. Here, we report the enabling methodology for rapidly preparing various labeled HS mimetics and molecular probes with diverse potential therapeutic applications.
Modeling of the biosorption of Fe(III) ions by olive‐stone activated carbon
Authors: Massaoudi Ayman , Echouchene Fraj , Ayed Mossaad Ben , Berguiga Abdelwahed , Harchay Ahlem , Belmabrouk Hafedh
Published: February 2024

This study deals with the optimization of Fe(III) ion removal using activated carbon from olive stone waste using advanced machine learning models. The main objective is to evaluate and compare the performance of machine learning models, specifically multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP‐ANN), general regression artificial neural network (GR‐ANN), radial basis function artificial neural network (RBF‐ANN), and particle swarm optimization artificial neural network (PSO‐ANN) in predicting Fe(III) removal efficiency. Experimental data on adsorption parameters were used to train and test the models. Techniques such as tuning hidden layer neurons, optimizing propagation values, and using a Taguchi approach PSO algorithm were applied to improve the models. For the MLP‐ANN model, the optimal configuration contains 13 neurons in the hidden layer. Concerning the parameters involved in the PSO‐ANN model, the coefficient C2 and the particle have the main effect on the reduction of the error. Their contributions are respectively 49% and 19%. The PSO‐ANN model showed superior performance with the highest regression coefficient (0.9997) and remarkable prediction accuracy, surpassing other models such as MLP‐ANN and GR‐ANN. This research suggests that innovative optimization techniques, particularly using PSO algorithms, significantly enhance the predictive capabilities of machine learning models in complex adsorption processes, contributing to more accurate Fe(III) removal models.
Heliotropium eichwaldi‐functionalized gold nanoparticles synthesis, characterization, and biological activities
Authors: Sher Naila , Ahmed Mushtaq , Mushtaq Nadia
Published: February 2024

Nanoparticles (NPs) are the essential building block of nanotechnology; they have a wide range of biomedical applications. In comparison with chemical methods, green synthesis is significant because of their non‐toxicity, eco‐friendliness, and simplicity; thus, the plant extracts are useful in the biogenic synthesis of NPs. In this study, Heliotropium eichwaldi‐induced gold NPs (HE‐AuNPs) were produced. These HE‐AuNPs were afterward examined using UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, XRD, and EDX analysis. The XRD analysis authorized the crystalline structure of AuNPs with an average size of 11.11 nm for four peaks (38.31°, 44.39°, 64.76°, and 77.65°), the SEM analysis displayed the elongated sphere‐shaped morphologies of HE‐AuNPs with 20 nm size, and the EDX analysis revealed that Au (44.33%) was the main element of AuNP. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of various coating and reducing organic molecules. In comparison with HE extract and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) trihydrate (HAuCl4.3H2O) solution, the AuNPs showed outstanding inhibitory activity against free radicals, ‐amylase, and AChE. Our work suggests the successful generation of HE‐AuNPs, subsequently significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti‐Alzheimer agents. However, further study is suggested to minimize potential risks.
Exploring the efficacy of AHA–BHA infused nanofiber skin masks as a topical treatment for acne vulgaris
Authors: Tören Elçin , Mazari Adnan Ahmed , Buzgo Matej
Published: February 2024

This study investigates the efficacy of AHA–BHA infused nanofiber skin masks as a topical treatment for acne vulgaris. The skin is a vital organ that functions as a barrier to protect the body from external substances. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on skin treatment research. Hyaluronic acids (HAs) are commonly used in cosmetic and drug formulations to regulate excessive skin cornification, making them promising candidates for acne treatment. The introduction of HAs in dermatology has revolutionized the field of skin care, and they are used to treat various skin disorders, such as acne, ichthyosis, keratoses, warts, psoriasis, and photoaged skin. The antiaging benefits of HA have gained considerable attention in cosmetic dermatology, resulting in a surge in cosmetic products and skin care systems that contain HA. The study found that AHA–BHA‐infused nanofiber skin masks are effective in treating acne vulgaris. The nanofiber masks were found to reduce inflammation, sebum production, and acne lesions. The study suggests that AHA–BHA‐infused nanofiber skin masks could be a promising topical treatment for acne vulgaris.
Permeation of urea and water through sulfonated poly(styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene) membranes with counterion substitution
Authors: Rivera‐Diaz Juan C. , Suleiman David
Published: February 2024

This study describes the influence of counterion substitution on the transport of urea and water through sulfonated poly(styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene) (SIBS) membranes. SIBS was sulfonated to 66.4% to allow for enough ionic domains to transport urea and water through the membrane. Counterions, including alkyl‐substituted ammonium ions, influenced the ionic domains creating a selective barrier that hindered the transport of urea and water through SIBS. Permeability measurements demonstrated that counterion substitution significantly affected the transport of urea. Membranes with higher charge counterions exhibited a more pronounced reduction in permeability due to the formation of crosslinks and increased restriction on molecular diffusion. Membranes substituted with ammonium salts showed reduced permeability due to the alkyl chains' hydrophobic nature, which created a physical barrier against the passage of urea molecules. Pure water flux tests indicated that counterion substitution also reduced the water flux of the membranes. Membranes with +1 counterions showed a small reduction in the water flux, while membranes with higher charge counterions and alkyl chain substitutions exhibited larger reductions, highlighting the influence of crosslinking and hydrophobicity on water transport.
State transition of macroscopic supramolecular hydrogel by the host‐guest coverage effect
Authors: Liu Yizhe , Wu Yang , Feng Kai , Liu Hui , Qin Chenxi , Cai Meirong , Pei Xiaowei , Zhou Feng
Published: February 2024

In this work, a hydrophobic guest monomer containing adamant end‐group was synthesized and introduced into the acrylamide hydrogel system to prepare macroscopic guest hydrogel. The swelling, transparency, and mechanical properties of the guest hydrogels can be significantly changed by soaking the guest hydrogel into hydrophilic cyclodextrin solution because the hydrophobic guest groups were recognized and covered by the hydrophilic host molecules. In addition, the surface lubrication property could be adjusted by changing the proportion of acrylamide and adamantane monomers in the hydrogel system. More importantly, cyclodextrin can bind with adamantane through host‐guest interactions, enabling the adjustment of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity properties of the hydrogel system. By controlling the assembly time, the hydrogel with different lubrication behaviors can be obtained. The controllable surface friction that this specific binding of host‐guest interaction has broad application prospects in intelligent device, bionic lubrication and other fields.
A water‐soluble Irgacure 2959‐based diallylammonium salt system for antibacterial coatings
Authors: Balaban Burcu , Tatar Pinar , Acar Havva Yagci , Avci Duygu
Published: February 2024

A water‐soluble mixture of a novel diallylammonium salt photoinitiator based on 2‐hydroxy‐1‐[4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy) phenyl]‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanone (Irgacure 2959 or I2959) and diallylammonium tosylate has been prepared. It shows excellent water‐solubility of 6.8 wt% in water, much greater than the solubility of I2959 (<2 wt%). It has a strong absorbance at 269 nm (ε ~ 15731) in methanol. It exhibits 15.6 times higher migration stability than I2959 due to its monomeric nature. Its photoinitiating efficiency of 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, Mn = 575 D) was found to be similar to I2959. PEGDA hydrogels prepared using the synthesized photoinitiator (PI) were found to have highly porous structures (15.44 μm) compared with those using I2959. PEGDA film prepared using this PI has demonstrated antibacterial properties against gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) and gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 23235) bacterial species.
Rapid coating of millimeter‐scale hydrogel capsules with interfacial polymerization
Authors: Pan Chenchen , Huang Wei , Gong Shuyao , Zhao Jinchao , Huang Leping
Published: February 2024

A rapid and mild coating strategy was applied on the millimeter scale calcium alginate capsules (Ca‐SA caps) by in situ interfacial polymerization of ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA). The generated poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) (PECA) coating was initiated by trace water in the surface of the Ca‐SA caps. The effects of ECA content, reaction time, and type of aromatic solvent on the morphology and control‐release property of the resulting PECA‐coated Ca‐SA caps (Ca‐SA caps@PECA) were investigated. The results demonstrated a white PECA layer successfully coated on the surface of Ca‐SA caps. Notably, the Ca‐SA caps@PECA remained consistently pleasing spherical shape as prepared in methylbenzene and ethylbenzene. When the ECA was 6 mL, the thickness of PECA layer of the Ca‐SA caps@PECA was 43.52 μm. Compared with the Ca‐SA caps, the weight retention ratio of water in the Ca‐SA caps@PECA increased by 254.61%, indicating the effective delay of water diffusion from core of the Ca‐SA caps@PECA. Moreover, the PECA coating improved the stability of the Ca‐SA caps@PECA, which achieved release‐controlling of dye at different pH. This method provides solution for surface modification of fragile hydrogel capsules to effectively control the releasing of liquid core, which is highly valuable in the field of food, cosmetic, and medical delivery.
The synthesis of biphenyl ether/vanillin‐based flame retardants for enhancing both the flame retardant properties and mechanical performance of epoxy resin
Authors: Huang Xin , Cai Haopeng , Gao Lihua , Mao Yangwen , Huang Wanyu
Published: February 2024

Imparting good flame retardancy and mechanical properties to epoxy resin (EP), while pursuing the sustainable and safe application of EP, we synthesized a novel reactive phosphorus/nitrogen flame retardant for biomass through nucleophilic addition reaction, which contains flexible ether bonds and rigid aromatic ring structure (DVD). Owing to the cooperative effect of aryl ether diamine, phosphorus phenanthrene, and biomass vanillin, the DVD exhibited excellent flame retardancy. EP/DVD‐1 (0.4 wt% phosphorus content) achieved UL‐94 V‐0 rating, with an improvement in limiting oxygen index value from 26.5% (pure EP) to 32.5%. In the CCT, the modified DVD EP showed a 44.5% reduction in peak peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and a 38.0% reduction in total heat release compared to pure EPs. And flame retardant epoxy resin (FREP) still had good transparency after the addition of DVD, which indicated the nice compatibility between DVD andEP. What was noteworthiness was that at high levels of addition, the mechanical properties of modified EP for DVD was still improved compared to pure EP. These results demonstrate that DVD is an excellent and multifunctional bio‐based flame retardant with broad application prospects in the field of EP material modification.
Demonstration and STEM Analysis of Ferroelectric Switching in MOCVD‐Grown Single Crystalline Al0.85Sc0.15N
Authors: Wolff Niklas , Schönweger Georg , Streicher Isabel , Islam Md Redwanul , Braun Nils , Straňák Patrik , Kirste Lutz , Prescher Mario , Lotnyk Andriy , Kohlstedt Hermann , Leone Stefano , Kienle Lorenz , Fichtner Simon
Published: February 2024

Wurtzite‐type Al1−xScxN solid solutions grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition are for the first time confirmed to be ferroelectric. The film with 230 nm thickness and x = 0.15 exhibits a coercive field of 5.5 MV cm−1 at a measurement frequency of 1.5 kHz. The single crystal quality and homogeneous chemical composition of the film are confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods such as time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Annular bright field scanning transmission electron microscopy serves to prove the ferroelectric polarization inversion at the unit cell level. The single crystal quality further allows to image the large‐scale domain pattern of a wurtzite‐type ferroelectric for the first time, revealing a predominantly cone‐like domain shape along the c‐axis of the material. As in previous work, this again implies the presence of strong polarization discontinuities along this crystallographic axis, which can be suitable for current transport. The domains are separated by narrow domain walls, for which an upper thickness limit of 3 nm is deduced but which can potentially be atomically sharp. The authors are confident that these results will advance the commencement of the integration of wurtzite‐type ferroelectrics to GaN as well as generally III‐N‐based heterostructures and devices.
Investigating the status of whole‐body donation across the United States of America
Authors: Bagian Lauren K. , Wyatt Taylor B. , Mosley Claudia F. , Balta Joy Y.
Published: February 2024

Dissection of human body donors is a valuable part of anatomical education, research, and clinical training. In the United States, deceased human bodies are predominantly sourced through whole‐body donation programs (BDPs) housed by academic institutions. Due to the lack of information regarding BDPs, the aim of this study was to gather information from US BDPs through a survey to better understand the donation process and standard operating procedures of these programs. In 2021, a Qualtrics survey was distributed to 125 BDPs and yielded responses from 72 program leaders. Collectively, these programs received more than 26,000 whole‐body donations annually. Findings show that 70% typically receive enough donations to fit the needs of their institutions, 17% receive a surplus of donations, and 13% receive too few donations. Sixty‐eight percent of programs permit next of kin body donation regularly or in times of need, and 44% allow next of kin to make changes to a donor's donation form after death. On average, over 85% of the registered donor population is composed of white individuals, and only 6 institutions have methods in place to promote diversity among their donor population. Overall, there is considerable variability in the operation of BDPs across the United States. These findings can be used to make recommendations about donor enrollment and program operations to ultimately improve the donation process. Future research needs to investigate the opinions and preferences of body donors along with their next of kin on the body donation process and associated policies.
An interdisciplinary course on computer‐aided drug discovery to broaden student participation in original scientific research
Authors: Stratton Christopher , Christensen Avery , Jordan Chelsey , Salvatore Brian A. , Mahdavian Elahe
Published: February 2024

We present a new highly interdisciplinary project‐based course in computer aided drug discovery (CADD). This course was developed in response to a call for alternative pedagogical approaches during the COVID‐19 pandemic, which caused the cancellation of a face‐to‐face summer research program sponsored by the Louisiana Biomedical Research Network (LBRN). The course integrates guided research and educational experiences for chemistry, biology, and computer science students. We implement research‐based methods with publicly available tools in bioinformatics and molecular modeling to identify and prioritize promising antiviral drug candidates for COVID‐19. The purpose of this course is three‐fold: I. Implement an active learning and inclusive pedagogy that fosters student engagement and research mindset; II. Develop student interdisciplinary research skills that are highly beneficial in a broader scientific context; III. Demonstrate that pedagogical shifts (initially incurred during the COVID‐19 pandemic) can furnish longer‐term instructional benefits. The course, which has now been successfully taught a total of five times, incorporates four modules, including lectures/discussions, live demos, inquiry‐based assignments, and science communication.
The implementation of an active inquiry learning centered “7E” teaching mode in the cell biology course enhances the learning effects of postgraduate students
Authors: Han Jingjing , Zhang Lina , Yang Liucai , Luo Yougen , Yao Ruiqin , Qu Xuebin
Published: February 2024

The primary objective of science postgraduate education is to foster students' capacity for creative thinking and problem‐solving, particularly in the context of scientific research quality. In order to achieve this goal, the “7E” teaching mood has been implemented in the cell biology course for postgraduate students to promote student‐centered active inquiry learning instead of breaking away from traditional indoctrination‐based teaching methods. This study demonstrates that the implementation of the “7E” teaching mode, through content programming, process design, and effect evaluation, effectively meets the needs of the majority of students, fosters their interest in learning, enhances their performance in comprehensive questioning, and enhances their innovative abilities in scientific research. Consequently, this research offers a theoretical framework and practical foundation for the development of the “7E” teaching mode in postgraduate courses, aiming to cultivate highly skilled scientific professionals.
Assessment of flusilazole residues on apples: Detection, quantification and health risk implications
Authors: Amin Zakir , Sheikh Parveez Ahmad , Jan Ishrat , Summuna Baby , Mohiddin Fayaz Ahmad
Published: February 2024

Apple, a major fruit of temperate Himalayas, is sprayed with chemical pesticides around 12 times during the cropping season. Various systemic and contact fungicides are applied for the management of major diseases. In order to manage disease, flusilazole 40 EC is frequently used. However, excessive chemical application has been found to be detrimental for consumer safety. Keeping in view consumer safety, risk assessment, the half‐life and waiting period for flusilazole 40 EC were evaluated on the Red Velox variety of apple. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method and high‐performance liquid chromatography were adapted for sample processing and analysis, respectively. The recovery percentages of flusilazole at three fortification levels (0.04, 0.09 and 0.50 mg kg−1) were 98.85, 99.83 and 98.98%, respectively. Flusilazole at the recommended dose (80 g a.i. ha−1) left an initial deposit of 0.733 mg kg−1, which dissipated by 93.45% in 60 days and was non‐detectable beyond this period. Meanwhile flusilazole at double the recommended dose (160 g a.i. ha−1) left an initial deposit of 0.913 mg kg−1, which dissipated by 93.43% in 70 days and was non‐detectable beyond this period. Based on the maximum residue limit of 0.3 mg kg−1 as prescribed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, a waiting period of 28.74 and 46.03 days was recorded for single and double doses, respectively. Moreover, in order to assess the consumer risk, theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRCs) were derived using flusilazole residues (average and maximum) recorded at various time intervals and compared with the maximum permissible intake, which was found to be 0.42 mg per person per day. Based on the average per capita daily consumption of 6.76 g apple in India, the TMRC values were computed. Although the values of TMRC decreased below maximum permissible intake at the first day after application, indicating minimal consumer health risks, fruits sprayed with a double dose of flusilazole carried the risk even up to the tenth day after flusilazole application. The results of the present study will be valuable for safe and timely use of flusilazole on apple.