bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust estimation of dependent competing risk model under interval monitoring and determining optimal inspection intervals
Authors: Baghel Shanya , Mondal Shuvashree
Published: March 2024

Recently, a growing interest is evident in modelling dependent competing risks in lifetime prognosis problems. In this work, we propose to model the dependent competing risks by Marshal‐Olkin bivariate exponential distribution. The observable data consists of a number of failures due to different causes across different time intervals. The failure count data is common in instances like one‐shot devices where the state of the subjects is inspected at different inspection times rather than the exact failure times. The point estimation of the lifetime distribution in the presence of competing risk has been studied through a divergence‐based robust estimation method called minimum density power divergence estimation (MDPDE) with and without constraint. The optimal value of the tuning parameter has been obtained. The testing of the hypothesis is performed based on a Wald‐type test statistic. The influence function is derived for the point estimator and the test statistic, reflecting the degree of robustness. Another key contribution of this work is determining the optimal inspection times based on predefined objectives. This article presents the determination of multi‐criteria‐based optimal design. Population‐based heuristic algorithm nondominated sorting‐based multiobjective Genetic algorithm is exploited to solve this optimization problem.
Methods comparison of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis for host cell protein characterization
Authors: King Abigail , Zhao Yiwei , Lazar Alexandru , Capron Margeaux , Thiruvur Niranjan , Liu Xinrong
Published: March 2024

Two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) is a gel‐based protein separation method based on size and charge which is commonly used for the characterization of host cell proteins (HCPs) during drug development in biotech and pharmaceutical companies. HCPs are a heterogenous mixture of proteins produced by host cells during a biologics drug manufacturing process. Different gel electrophoresis methods including traditional 2D SDS‐PAGE with silver and SYPRO Ruby fluorescent dye staining as well as two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE) were compared for their relative abilities to characterize HCPs. SYPRO Ruby was shown to be more sensitive than silver stain in the traditional 2D gels both with and without product protein present. Silver stain also displayed a significant preference for staining acidic proteins over basic ones while SYPRO Ruby was more consistent in imaging proteins across different isoelectric points. The non‐traditional method of 2D‐DIGE provides high resolution and reproducibility when comparing samples with similar protein profiles but was limited in imaging HCP spots due to its narrow dynamic range. Overall, 2DE is a powerful tool to separate and characterize HCPs and is optimized by choosing the best stain or method for each specific application. Using a combination of two or more different 2DE staining methods, when possible, provides the most comprehensive coverage to support the characterization of a complex mixture like HCPs. However, in instances where only one staining method can be used, SYPRO Ruby is shown to be the more reliable, more sensitive, and easier to use traditional staining method for most HCP‐based applications.
The impact of multidisciplinary approaches on the outcomes of olfactory neuroblastoma treated with postoperative radiotherapy
Authors: Tsutsumi Yuki , Omura Kazuhiro , Kijima Yoshikazu , Kobayashi Masao , Fukasawa Nei , Takeda Teppei , Ebihara Teru , Aoki Satoshi , Otori Nobuyoshi , Kojima Hiromi , Aoki Manabu
Published: March 2024

Background

We investigated the outcomes of postoperative radiation therapy for olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) and our cross‐departmental collaboration to enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 22 patients with ONB who underwent postoperative radiotherapy after tumor resection. En bloc resection was performed; pathology specimens were prepared in coronal sections; and irradiation fields were determined after discussion with radiation oncologists, head and neck surgeons, and pathologists.

Results

The overall survival and local control rates were 95.5% and 100%, respectively, at a median 37‐month follow‐up. The 3‐ and 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) rates were 64.4% and 56.3%, respectively. Of the 22 patients, 9 (8 Kadish C and 1 Kadish B) had disease recurrence. Of the nine patients, five had positive margins and two had closed margins; cervical lymph node recurrence occurred in six, and distant metastasis with or without cervical lymph node recurrence occurred in three. DFS analysis of risk factors showed no statistically significant differences, but positive margins were a significant recurrence factor in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

The local control rate of ONB treated with postoperative radiation therapy was 100%. This may be attributed to cross‐departmental cooperation between head and neck surgeons, pathologists, and radiation oncologists, which resulted in accurate matching of CT images for treatment planning with the location of the tumor and positive margins. Longer follow‐up periods are required to evaluate the effectiveness of our strategy.
Parenting attitudes, career adaptability, and bicultural acceptance perceived by multicultural youth
Authors: Choi Seokkyu , Kim Woohyoung , Choi Jungsuk
Published: March 2024

This study explores whether the development of career adjustment and biculturalism among multicultural adolescents in Korean society changes over a three‐year longitudinal period. To this end, a latent growth model (LGM) was adopted to examine the development of career adjustment and biculturalism among such adolescents. This study determines how the parenting attitudes in multicultural families affect the career adjustment and bicultural acceptance of multicultural children in a society with high educational expectations. This study tracks how permissive and authoritarian parents' attitudes change over time in terms of their relationship with their multicultural children, the networks of education and social stability that they establish for multicultural youths, and how they improve parental awareness of their children. For this purpose, taking into account the characteristics of the variables identified in the panel data, parenting attitudes are divided into two types: uninvolved and authoritarian. This study used the data from 2014 to 2016 of the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study included indicators for bicultural acceptance, career adaptability, and parental nurturing attitudes. The results are as follows: First, this study found that authoritarian parenting attitudes and bicultural acceptance attitudes have positive outcomes, and permissive parenting attitudes, bicultural acceptance attitudes, and career adaptability showed no relationship. Second, career adaptability and bicultural acceptance had a positive (+) effect on career adaptability based on parenting attitudes and a negative (−) one on bicultural acceptance. In addition, authoritarian parental attitudes had a negative (−) impact on career adaptability. Third, authoritarian parental attitudes demonstrated significance for bicultural acceptance, and the rate of change in bicultural acceptance was negative (−) over time.
Determination of Physicochemical Characteristics, Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Various Clover Honeys
Authors: Sultana Sharmin , Foster Kevin , Bates Tiffane , Hossain Md Lokman , Lim Lee Yong , Hammer Katherine , Locher Cornelia
Published: March 2024

This paper reports on some physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics (i. e. pH, electrical conductivity, colour, moisture content, total phenolic content, sugar profile) and in vitro antioxidant activity of honeys harvested from five legume species, red clover (Trifolium pratense), balansa clover (T. michelianum), Persian clover (T. resupinatum), purple clover (T. purpureum) and sanfoin, also known as holy clover (Onobrychis viciifolia), that were grown in enclosed shade houses to ensure that the honeys’ characteristics are reflective of a truly monofloral honey. Glucose and fructose, determined via High‐Performance Thin‐Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis, were found as the main sugars in all investigated honeys with the ratio of fructose to glucose ranging from 1 : 1.2 to 1 : 1.6. The honeys’ pH values ranged from 3.9 to 4.6 which met Codes Alimentarius (CA) requirements. The moisture content was found to be between 17.6 and 22.2 % which in some cases was slightly higher than CA requirements (≤20 %). The honeys’ colour values, prior and after filtration, were between 825.5–1149.5 mAU and 532.4–824.8 mAU respectively, illustrating golden yellow to deep yellow hues. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the honeys was determined using a modified Folin‐Ciocalteu assay. Their antioxidant activity was captured by the Ferric Reducing‐Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay as well as HPTLC analysis coupled with 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) derivatisation. The highest total phenolic content was found in red clover honey (45.4 mg GAE/100 g) whereas purple clover honey showed the highest level of activity in the FRAP assay (7.3 mmol Fe2+/kg). HPTLC‐DPPH analysis of the honeys’ organic extracts demonstrated the presence of various bioactive compounds that contribute to their overall antioxidant activity. This study developed a methodology for producing monofloral clover honeys in a space limited, enclosed production system, which allowed to collate important baseline data for these honeys that can serve as the foundation for their potential future development into commercial honeys, including honeys that can be used for medicinal purposes.
Novel Aminocoumarin Derivatives against Phytopathogenic Fungi: Design, Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationships
Authors: Sun Pengzhi , Pu Jiangping , Lei Dongyu , Li Jiashan , Ren Xingyu , Jin Lu , Pan Le
Published: March 2024

Phytopathogenic fungi is the most devastating reason for the decrease of the agricultural production and food safety. To develop new fungicidal agents for resistance concerning, a novel series of aminocoumarin derivatives were synthesized and their fungicidal activity were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), RNA‐Seq, 3D‐QSAR and molecular docking were applied to reveal the underlying anti‐fungal mechanisms. Most of the compounds exhibited significant fungicidal activity. Notably, compound 10c had a more extensive fungicidal effect than positive control. TEM indicated that compound 10c could cause abnormal morphology of cell walls, vacuoles and release of cellular contents. Transcriptional analysis data indicated that 895 and 653 out of 1548 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were up‐regulated and down‐regulated respectively. The Go and KEGG enrichment indicated that the coumarin derivatives could induce significant changes of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Acetyl‐coenzyme A synthetase (ACCA) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) genes, which contributed to the disorders of glucolipid metabolism and the dysfunction of mitochondrial. The results demonstrated that aminocoumarins with schiff‐base as core moieties could be the promising lead compounds for the discovery of novel fungicides.
Two New Benzoquinone Derivatives from Vietnamese Knema globularia Stems
Authors: Truong Nguyen Huy , Duong Thuc‐Huy , Dang Minh‐Khai , Pham Mai‐Dang‐Truong , Pham Nguyen‐Kim‐Tuyen , Tri Mai Dinh , Son Dang Van , Nguyen Ngoc‐Hong , Sichaem Jirapast
Published: March 2024

The chemical investigation of the stems of Knema globularia led to the isolation of two new benzoquinones derivatives, embenones A and B (1 and 2), along with three known compounds (3–5). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined using spectroscopic techniques, including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, in conjunction with comparison to existing literature data. Compounds 1 and 2 represent new carbon skeletons in nature. Furthermore, all isolated compounds were evaluated for their α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, with compounds 1–3 exhibiting superior potency relative to the positive control (acarbose, IC50 331 μM). Their IC50 values ranged from 1.40 to 96.1 μM.
Palladium(II) NCS‐Pincer Complexes Mediated Regioselective Cross Dehydrogenative Alkenation of 2‐Arylthiophenes
Authors: Singh Sohan , Mahala Suman , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Joshi Hemant
Published: March 2024

In this report, we have synthesized two new NCS pincer ligands by the Schiff base reaction of 3‐((phenylthio)methoxy)benzaldehyde (P) with alkyl amines (tbutylamine (L1) and 1‐adamantylamine (L2)). The palladium pincer complexes (tbutylamine=C1 and 1‐adamantylamine=C2) of these ligands were synthesized by their reaction with PdCl2(CH3CN)2 precursor. The newly synthesized ligands and complexes were characterized using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as 1H, 13C{1H} Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Ultraviolet–visible (UV‐Visible), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). The structure of the ligand and its coordination mode with palladium precursor were studied with the help of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The complexes showed distorted square planar geometry around the palladium center. The palladium pincer complexes were used as catalysts for the regioselective cross‐dehydrogenative alkenation of 2‐arylthiophene derivatives. The complex C2, where sterically bulky adamantyl ligand is part of the side arm showed a higher yield of alkenation reaction. Only 2.5 mol% catalyst loading was sufficient to achieve 74–95 % yields of desired products with excellent functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions. The poisoning experiments (PPh3 and Hg) showed the homogeneous nature of the catalytic process. The plausible mechanism of the reaction was proposed based on the control experiments and time‐dependent HRMS studies.
Impact of Heat Treatment on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance of PtCo/C(N) Electrocatalyst in PEM Fuel Cell
Authors: Cao Yaqi , Liu Tingting , Yang Zuobo , Zhao Hong , Zhang Jie
Published: March 2024

The synthesis of efficient and stable Pt alloy catalysts is a major challenge for the commercialization of PEMFC. Herein, we report a PtCo/C(N) electrocatalyst prepared by Na2CO3‐assisted urea liquid‐phase deposition strategy as an efficient cathodic oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst, and test its activity and stability in a rotating disc electrode and a single‐cell. The membrane electrode prepared with PtCo/C(N)‐800 °C catalyst has an output voltage of 0.652 V at 2 A/cm2 and a maximum power density of 1.501 W/cm2, which are 36 mV and 81 W/cm2 higher than those of commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. In addition, the mass activity and half‐wave potential of PtCo/C(N)‐800 °C are 2.44 times and 50 mV higher than those of commercial Pt/C, respectively. After 5000 voltammetric cycles, its mass activity and half‐wave potential only lose 35 A/gPt and 9 mV, respectively. XPS results show that the binding energy of Pt 4f is positively shifted relative to Pt/C‐TKK, and the d‐band center of Pt decreases, leading to weak chemical interaction between the oxygen‐containing intermediate and the surface of the electrocatalyst, which is conducive to the improvement of the ORR activity and stability of the catalyst.
Driving Triplet State Population in Benzothioxanthene Imide Dyes: Let's twist!
Authors: Puchán Sánchez Darío , Josse Pierre , Plassais Nathan , Park Geonwoo , Khan Yeasin , Park Yejoo , Seinfeld Mathilde , Guyard Antoine , Allain Magali , Gohier Frédéric , Khrouz Lhoussain , Lungerich Dominik , Ahn Hyun S. , Walker Bright , Monnereau Cyrille , Cabanetos Clément , Le Bahers Tangui
Published: March 2024

Controlling the formation of photoexcited triplet states is critical for many (photo)chemical and physical applications. Here, we demonstrate that a permanent out‐of‐plane distortion of the benzothioxanthene imide (BTI) dye promotes intersystem crossing by increasing spin‐orbit coupling. This manipulation was achieved through a subtle chemical modification, specifically the bay‐area methylation. Consequently, this simple yet efficient approach expands the catalog of known molecular engineering strategies for synthesizing heavy atom‐free, dual redox‐active, yet still emissive and synthetically accessible photosensitizers.
Masters of Mediation: MN(SiMe3)2 in Functionalization of C(sp3)−H Latent Nucleophiles
Authors: Sreedharan Ramdas , Gandhi Thirumanavelan
Published: March 2024

Organoalkali compounds have undergone a far‐reaching transformation being a coupling partner to a mediator in unusual organic conversions which finds its spot in the field of sustainable synthesis. Transition‐metal catalysis has always been the priority in C(sp3)−H bond functionalization, however alternatively, in recent times this has been seriously challenged by earth‐abundant alkali metals and their complexes arriving at new sustainable organometallic reagents. In this line, the importance of MN(SiMe3)2 (M=Li, Na, K & Cs) reagent revived in C(sp3)−H bond functionalization over recent years in organic synthesis is showcased in this minireview. MN(SiMe3)2 reagent with higher reactivity, enhanced stability, and bespoke cation‐π interaction have shown eye‐opening mediated processes such as C(sp3)−C(sp3) cross‐coupling, radical‐radical cross‐coupling, aminobenzylation, annulation, aroylation, and other transformations to utilize readily available petrochemical feedstocks. This article also emphasizes the unusual reactivity of MN(SiMe3)2 reagent in unreactive and robust C−X (X=O, N, F, C) bond cleavage reactions that occurred alongside the C(sp3)−H bond functionalization. Overall, this review encourages the community to exploit the untapped potential of MN(SiMe3)2 reagent and also inspires them to take up this subject to even greater heights.
Sr2[B5O8(OH)]2 ⋅ [B(OH)3] ⋅ H2O: A Strontium Borate That Shows Deep‐Ultraviolet‐Transparent Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Chen Wei‐Feng , Lu Jing‐Yi , Li Jing‐Jing , Lan You‐Zhao , Cheng Jian‐Wen , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: March 2024

A new noncentrosymmetric strontium borate, P1‐Sr2[B5O8(OH)]2 ⋅ [B(OH)3] ⋅ H2O (1), has been synthesized under the hydrothermal condition. The P1‐Sr2[B5O8(OH)]2 ⋅ [B(OH)3] ⋅ H2O shows a layered B−O network with 9‐ring windows in the ab plane. Sr2+ cations, H3BO3, and H2O molecules are located in the voids of layers and interlayers, respectively. The P1‐Sr2[B5O8(OH)]2 ⋅ [B(OH)3] ⋅ H2O is the first synthetic phase of veatchite, while the other three polymorphs are found in different natural minerals. This strontium borate is a potential deep‐ultraviolet‐transparent nonlinear‐optical (NLO) crystal whose second‐harmonic‐generation (SHG) intensity is 1.7 times that of KH2PO4 (KDP) and is phase‐matchable. The short wavelength cutoff edge of compound 1 is below 190 nm. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the B−O units are responsible for the nonlinear optical property.
A survey study on antibiotic prescription practices for acute asthma exacerbations: An European academy of allergy and clinical immunology task force report
Authors: Redel Anne‐Lotte , Feleszko Wojciech , Arcolaci Alessandra , Cefaloni Francesca , Atanaskovic‐Markovic Marina , Braunstahl Gert‐Jan , Boccabella Cristina , Bonini Matteo , Karavelia Aspasia , Louwers Eefje , Mülleneisen Norbert , O'Mahony Liam , Pini Laura , Rapiejko Anna , Shehu Esmeralda , Sokolowska Milena , Untersmayr Eva , Tramper‐Stranders Gerdien ,   EAACI Task Force on Conscious and Rational use of Antibiotics in Allergic Diseases
Published: March 2024

Introduction

Guidelines recommend treating asthma exacerbations (AAEs) with bronchodilators combined with inhaled and/or systemic corticosteroids. Indications for antibiotic prescriptions for AAEs are usually not incorporated although the literature shows antibiotics are frequently prescribed.

Aim

To investigate the antibiotic prescription rates in AAEs and explore the possible determining factors of those practices.

Methods

A digital survey was created to determine the antibiotic prescription rates in AAEs and the influencing factors for the prescription practices. The survey was distributed among European academy of allergy and clinical immunology (EAACI) members by mass emailing and through regional/national societies in the Netherlands, Italy, Greece, and Poland. Furthermore, we retrieved local antibiotic prescription rates.

Results

In total, 252 participants completed the survey. Respondents stated that there is a lack of guidelines to prescribe antibiotics in AAEs. The median antibiotic prescription rate in this study was 19% [IQR: 0%–40%] and was significantly different between 4 professions: paediatrics 0% [IQR: 0%–37%], pulmonologists 25% [IQR: 10%–50%], general practitioners 25% [IQR: 0%–50%], and allergologists 17% [IQR: 0%–33%]) (p = 0.046). Additional diagnostic tests were performed in 71.4% of patients before prescription and the most common antibiotic classes prescribed were macrolides (46.0%) and penicillin (42.9%). Important clinical factors for health care providers to prescribe antibiotics were colorised/purulent sputum, abnormal lung sounds during auscultation, fever, and presence of comorbidities.

Conclusion

In 19% of patients with AAEs, antibiotics were prescribed in various classes with a broad range among different subspecialities. This study stresses the urgency to compose evidence‐based guidelines to aim for more rational antibiotic prescriptions for AAE.
Visible Light Mediated Synthesis of 3‐Indolmethyl Chromones via the Cyclization of o‐Hydroxyaryl Enaminones with 3‐Indoleacetic Acids Catalyzed by Graphitic Carbon Nitride Adorned with Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Talpada Nandish , Sharma Anuj S. , Sharma Vinay S. , Ahmed Rahul , Mali Hitendra , Shrivastav Pranav S. , Ammathnadu Sudhakar Achalkumar , Varma Rajender S.
Published: March 2024

Copper nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs) supported on graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) have been introduced as an effective heterogenous catalyst for the synthesis of 3‐indolmethyl chromones (3 a–q) under visible light conditions via the cyclization of o‐hydroxyaryl enaminones with 3‐indoleacetic acids. The catalyst was thoroughly characterized using various techniques such as FT‐IR, PXRD, XPS, FE‐SEM, EDX, TEM, and HR‐TEM analysis. The optimized reaction conditions enabled the high yield production of a wide range of 3‐indolmethyl chromones in a short timespan at room temperature under visible light and method was successfully applied to the gram‐scale synthesis. Importantly, the catalyst could be reused for up to five cycles without significant decrease in its activity. This approach aligns with eco‐friendly principles, demonstrating favorable green chemistry metrics for compound 3 a, including process mass intensity (7.83), environmental impact factor (6.83), atom economy (67.56 %), reaction mass efficiency (60.76 %), chemical yield (92.37 %), mass intensity (1.64), mass productivity (60.97 %), carbon efficiency (69.15 %) and optimum efficiency (89.93 %).
Mesoporous SBA‐15 Supported CdS through Organosilane Ligand for Photo Driven Cleavage of Aryl Ether in Lignin and its Model Compound
Authors: Yesepu Enika , Pavan Yerraboina , Sheerazi Zeenat , Pendem Chandrashekar , Subrahmanya Sarma A. V. , Sandeep Kumar T. , Ahmed Maqsood
Published: March 2024

Mesoporous silica (SBA‐15) was synthesized hydrothermally followed by calcination and then functionalization with 3‐(triethoxysilyl)‐1‐propanethiol through surface grafting. The thiol moiety of the grafted ligand was utilized for the uniform anchoring of cadmium into the channels of the material. The synthesised material was subjected for its photo catalytic applications after characterization through standard characterization protocol. The synthesised mesoporous silica (i.e. SAB‐15), ligand modified material (i.e.SBA‐15‐S and Cd loaded ( i.e. SAB‐15‐CdS) materials were characterized through standard characterization protocol like powder XRD, FT‐IR, UV‐DRS, MAS NMR, N2 sorption, FE‐SEM, HR‐TEM and TG‐DTA studies. After successful characterization, the screening of the catalyst was carried out on a model reaction involving photo catalytic cleavage of α‐O‐4 aryl ether linkage present in benzyl phenyl ether, which is an important lignin model compound. The catalyst exhibited good efficiency along with the selectivity for desired monoaromatic platform chemicals. The synthesized catalyst was also carried out for the photo catalytic depolymerization of alkali lignin at the optimized reaction conditions which further showed the promising results for getting value added chemicals from lignin. The reaction products were characterized by using Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) techniques.
Can ESG disclosures promote firms going concern? Evidence from BRICS countries
Authors: Ning Wu , Saeed Ummar Faruk , Twum Angelina Kissiwaa , Osei Abednego
Published: March 2024

This study examines the moderating role of managerial ownership on environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosures and the going concern of chemical manufacturing firms in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries. We employed a quantitative research methodology, using panel data from 236 listed firms operating in the chemical manufacturing sector between 2007 and 2022. For the analysis, we utilized the Augmented Mean Group and the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimators. The results showed that ESG disclosures significantly impact the continued existence of chemical manufacturing companies in BRICS nations. Additionally, high managerial ownership exerts a significant positive influence on the association between ESG disclosures and the going concern of chemical manufacturing firms. The findings affirm the need for businesses to disclose their ESG issues to stakeholders to ensure carbon neutrality goals for BRICS. Hence, it is recommended that policymakers and business owners promote and incentivize managerial ownership, recognizing its pivotal role in enhancing the positive relationship between ESG disclosure and firms' continuity, thereby contributing to the realization of carbon neutrality goals in the BRICS region.
Protein signaling and morphological development of the tail fluke in the embryonic beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)
Authors: Gavazzi L. M. , Nair M. , Suydam R. , Usip S. , Thewissen J. G. M. , Cooper L. N.
Published: March 2024

Background

During the land‐to‐sea transition of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), the hindlimbs were lost and replaced by an elaborate tail fluke that evolved 32 Ma. All modern cetaceans utilize flukes for lift‐based propulsion, and nothing is known of this organ's molecular origins during embryonic development. This study utilizes immunohistochemistry to identify the spatiotemporal location of protein signals known to drive appendage outgrowth in other vertebrates (e.g., Sonic Hedgehog [SHH], GREMLIN [GREM], wingless‐type family member 7a [WNT], and fibroblast growth factors [FGFs]) and to test the hypothesis that signals associated with outgrowth and patterning of the tail fluke are similar to a tetrapod limb. Specifically, this study utilizes an embryo of a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) as a case study.

Results

Results showed epidermal signals of WNT and FGFs, and mesenchymal/epidermal signals of SHH and GREM. These patterns are most consistent with vertebrate limb development. Overall, these data are most consistent with the hypothesis that outgrowth of tail flukes in cetaceans employs a signaling pattern that suggests genes essential for limb outgrowth and patterning shape this evolutionarily novel appendage.

Conclusions

While these data add insights into the molecular signals potentially driving the evolution and development of tail flukes in cetaceans, further exploration of the molecular drivers of fluke development is required.
Standardising bee sampling: A systematic review of pan trapping and associated floral surveys
Authors: Krahner André , Dietzsch Anke C. , Jütte Tobias , Pistorius Jens , Everaars Jeroen
Published: March 2024

The use of coloured pan traps (bee bowls, Moericke traps) for sampling bees (and other pollinators) has continuously increased over the last two decades. Although a number of methodological studies and conceptual frameworks offer guidance on standardised sampling, pan trap setups vary widely in characteristics even when optimised for capturing bees. Moreover, some uncertainty persists as to how local flower abundance and diversity influence sampling. We systematically reviewed peer‐reviewed studies that used pan traps for bee collection and that were listed in the Web of Science core collection. To gauge methodological variation, we identified a set of relevant methodological criteria and assessed the studies accordingly. For obtaining evidence that pan trap samples and floral environment around traps are correlated, we screened the relevant studies for such correlations. While some aspects of pan trapping (e.g., trap coloration and elevation) were similar in the majority of studies, other aspects varied considerably (e.g., trap volume/diameter and sampling duration). Few studies used floral abundance and/or diversity as an explanatory variable in their analyses of bee samples. Among these studies, we found a considerable variation in key aspects of floral survey methods, such as time and space between vegetation surveys and pan trap sampling, abundance measures (quantitative, semi‐quantitative and presence–absence), and processing of raw data prior to analysis. Often studies did not find any correlation between the floral environment and bee samples. Reported correlations varied markedly across studies, even within groups of studies applying a similar method or analysing a similar group of bees. Our synthesis helps to identify key issues of further standardisation of pan trap methodology and of associated floral surveys. In addition to the few aspects that have been standardised over the past decades, we suggest methodological direction for future research using pan traps as a better standardised method for the collection of wild bees. We encourage further studies to illuminate if and how varying floral resources around traps bias bee samples from pan traps. More generally, our synthesis shows that trapping methodologies should be reviewed regularly when their use increases to ensure standardisation.
Assessment of the Relationship Between Liver Enzymes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Study in Bangladeshi Adults
Authors: Hasan Akibul , Newaj Ali , Trisha Aporajita Das , Hafsa Jaasia Momtahena , Mohanto Nayan Chandra , Ali Nurshad
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Elevated liver enzyme levels are suggested to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few studies have explored the relationship between liver enzymes and myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed to evaluate the potential association of elevated liver enzymes with MI within a population group in Bangladesh.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 348 participants were enrolled, 189 with MI in the CVD group and 159 in the control group. Serum levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT) and other biochemical parameters were measured using standard methods. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to determine the associations between elevated liver enzymes and CVD.

Result

In the CVD group, 51.6%, 30.9% and 67.7% of individuals had elevated serum AST, ALT and GGT levels, respectively. On the contrary, the control group had 17.0%, 15.1% and 35.2% of individuals with high serum AST, ALT and GGT levels, respectively. Overall, 71.8% of the subjects in the CVD group and 44.7% of the subjects in the control group had at least one or more elevated liver enzymes (p < 0.001). The mean level of all three liver enzymes was significantly higher in the CVD group than in the control group (p < 0.001). In both the CVD and control groups, males had higher levels of liver enzymes than females. In the regression models, the serum levels of AST, ALT and GGT showed a positive and independent association with the prevalence of CVD (p < 0.001). However, GGT showed the strongest association among the three enzymes.

Conclusions

This study shows a high prevalence of liver enzyme abnormalities in individuals with CVD. Serum levels of AST, ALT and GGT were independently associated with the prevalence of CVD. This suggests that measuring liver enzyme levels could be a useful marker in predicting CVD at an early stage.
Tf2O‐Promoted Synthesis of Ureas, Carbamates and Thiocarbamate via Lossen Rearrangement: A Mechanistic Insight
Authors: Chetankumar Eti , Srinivasulu Chinthaginjala , Periyasamy Ganga , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: March 2024

Herein, we report triflic anhydride mediated synthesis of ureas starting from hydroxamic acids. The scope of triflic anhydride was also expanded to encompass carbamates. In addition, this reaction is applicable to activation of hydroxamic acid derivative of dipeptide giving α‐uriedopeptidomimetics in good yield. The mechanistic study of reaction was carried out by DFT. This study is important because it demonstrates that Tf2O has the potential to be effective when used on a substrate that possesses amide bond. A broad substrate scope and mild conditions render this protocol a promising approach to the synthesis of diverse types of ureas.
Green Light‐Responsive D‐π‐A‐π‐D Quinoxaline Emitters for Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Potential Integration in Agrivoltaic Systems
Authors: Goti Giulio , Reginato Gianna , Coppola Carmen , Dessì Alessio , Franchi Daniele , Mordini Alessandro , Picchi Alberto , Pucci Andrea , Sinicropi Adalgisa , Zani Lorenzo , Calamante Massimo
Published: March 2024

The integration of photovoltaic technologies within agricultural settings, also known as agrivoltaics, is attracting increasing attention as a sustainable approach to ensure both clean energy and food supply. The success of this strategy relies on the development of innovative materials that can selectively convert specific wavelengths into energy while being transparent to photosynthetically relevant light. To this aim, here we report our endeavors in the synthesis of a new class of D‐π‐A‐π‐D quinoxaline fluorophores and their use in the preparation of wavelength‐selective luminescent solar concentrators. The dyes were expeditiously prepared following a direct arylation protocol and extensively characterized by spectroscopic analyses and computational studies. They present high light harvesting ability in the green region of the visible spectrum and good emission properties, which were fully retained in the solid state when embedded into a poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix. These materials were employed to construct LSC devices of promising efficiency, fostering further developments for the use of wavelength‐selective LSC in agrivoltaic systems.
Association between meeting 24‐h movement guidelines and academic performance in a sample of 67,281 Chinese children and adolescents
Authors: Chen Sitong , Liang Kaixin , López‐Gil José Francisco , Drenowatz Clemens , Tremblay Mark S.
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to explore the association between meeting 24‐h movement guidelines and academic performance among Chinese children and adolescents. Cross‐sectional data on 67,281 Chinese children and adolescents were used for the analyses. Adherence to 24‐h movement guidelines and academic performance (i.e., grades in Chinese, Math, and English), as well as sociodemographic information, were measured using a self‐reported questionnaire. 24‐h movement guidelines recommend at least 60 min/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), no more than 2 h/day of recreational screen time (ST), and 9–11 h/night of sleep for ages 11–13 years or 8–10 h/night for ages 14–17 years. Multilevel generalized linear models were used to explore the associations between 24‐h movement guidelines and academic performance. Results indicated that compared to not meeting any of the three 24‐h movement guidelines, participants meeting one or more guidelines were more likely to report better academic performance in Chinese, Math, and English. Meeting all the three guidelines was associated with better academic performance in Chinese (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56), Math (OR = 1.51), and English (OR = 1.73). Additionally, meeting the physical activity (PA) guidelines only was associated with better academic performance in Chinese; meeting only the ST guidelines, both ST and sleep guidelines, and both ST and PA guidelines were associated with better academic performance in Chinese, Math, and English. Subgroup analyses indicated that the associations between 24‐h movement guidelines and academic performance varied across grade groups and course subjects. As such, in general, adherence to 24‐h movement guidelines was related to better self‐reported academic performance. Healthy movement behaviors should be promoted for health and academic achievement in Chinese children and adolescents.
Video analysis of heading and risk of head injury situations in elite international men's football: Does the frequency of headers increase with the level of play?
Authors: Huber Lorenz , Szymski Dominik , Krutsch Werner , Alt Volker , Weber Johannes
Published: March 2024

Football is the only sport in which the ball can be played with the head. Therefore, compared to other ball team sports, head injuries are quite common. Headers and head injuries are dreaded to cause severe neurological impairments in long‐term, but there is still a lack of data on how often headers are performed in different levels and how often head injuries occur. In a prospective cohort study, all heading situations as well as incidents with a propensity of injury (critical incidents) of 45 elite‐level international matches were analyzed using a standardized video analysis protocol and compared to existing data from German professional leagues. A total of 3670 headers were recorded in 4050 match minutes (0.9 headers/minute). A mean of 81.5 headers per game (SD = 18.4) and 3.7 headers per player and match (SD = 0.8) was found. Compared to a cohort group of the German Bundesliga and 2nd Bundesliga, a significant reduction of −33.8 headers per game (p < 0.01) and 1.7 per player and match was found. A total of 18 risk of injury situations were recorded giving a rate per match of 0.4 (SD = 0.6). In comparison to the German league data, this also displayed a reduction. The incidence rate was 266 risk of injury situations per 1000 h match exposure, which was far below the rates of German national data (314/1000 h) and correlated with the frequency of headers performed.
The revised perceived academic impact tool (PAIT2): A tool to assess academic dysfunction in university‐aged student‐athletes with sports‐related concussion
Authors: Glendon Kerry , Pain Matthew , Belli Antonio , Blenkinsop Glen
Published: March 2024

Research acknowledges Sports‐Related Concussion (SRC) is acutely deleterious to academic ability, but no tool has been validated to measure the effect of SRC on academic ability. The sutdy aimed to establish if the Revised Perceived Academic Impact Tool (PAIT2) is reliable and valid for assessing academic impairment following an SRC. Non‐concussed, healthy student‐athletes in higher education were recruited to the control group and completed the PAIT2 at day 0, 2, 4, 8, 14 and 19. The concussed group consisted of higher education student‐athletes participating in rugby union. The concussed group completed the PAIT2 at baseline screening during pre‐season, day 2, 4, 8 and 14 following an SRC and at return‐to‐play. The PAIT2 asks participants to rate their perceived ability on 23 academic tasks on a statement scored on a 0–6 Likert scale. Repeated measurements from the healthy group (n = 25) demonstrated PAIT2 has good internal validity (χ2(25) = 2.128 and p = 0.712) and reliability (0.880 [95% CI: 0.785–0.941]). A change of 4.631 (80% CI) can be used to indicate if academic impairment is present following an SRC. PAIT2 identified 96% of concussed student‐athletes with academic impairment at day 2, 92% at day 4, 85.71% at day 8 and 92% at day 14 and 19. PAIT2 has good reliability and internal validity for detecting those with academic impairment following SRC. The use of this tool may be of assistance to clinicians when managing student‐athletes return to learn.
High‐frequency resistance training improves maximal lower‐limb strength more than low frequency
Authors: Pedersen Helene , Iversen Vegard Moe , Vereide Pål Frøyen , Stien Nicolay , Saeterbakken Atle Hole , Fimland Marius Steiro , Schoenfeld Brad J. , Andersen Vidar
Published: March 2024

This study compared the effects of a weekly lower body resistance‐training program divided into low frequency (LOW, one long session) versus high frequency (HIGH, four shorter sessions) in resistance‐trained individuals. Twenty‐two adults with more than 6 months resistance training experience were randomized to either the LOW or HIGH intervention group. Both groups completed an 8‐week training program consisting of four multi‐joint exercises targeting the hip and knee extensors. The program progressed from 12‐repetition maximum (RM) to 6‐RM, with 4–5 sets per exercise performed throughout the intervention. The four exercises were conducted either in one session or four sessions (one exercise per session) per week. 1‐RM in the squat, muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis, muscle mass of the lower body (measured using bioelectrical impedance), and jump height were assessed pre‐ and post‐intervention. The HIGH group demonstrated a statistically significant increase in 1‐RM compared to the LOW group (7 kg, p = 0.01), while no statistically significant differences were found between the groups for the other outcomes (p = 0.26–0.63). Both interventions resulted in statistically significant increases in 1‐RM squat (8 and 15 kg), muscle thickness (2.3 and 2.8 mm), and jump height (1.5 and 1.9 cm) from pre‐to post‐test. There were no statistical changes in lower‐body muscle mass for either group (p = 0.16–0.86). In conclusion, a weekly training protocol of four multi‐joint lower‐limb exercises distributed over four sessions resulted in greater increases in maximal strength compared to one session in resistance‐trained adults. Both frequencies were similarly effective in improving muscle hypertrophy and jump height.
Exploring the depths of on‐water training in highly‐trained rowing athletes
Authors: Watts Sophie P. , Binnie Martyn J. , Goods Paul S.R. , Hewlett Jamie , Peeling Peter
Published: March 2024

This investigation examined the association between on‐water rowing stroke‐rate (SR), velocity and heart‐rate (HR) in highly trained rowers (n = 8 male; n = 8 female and 19.3 ± 1.1 year) over a 4‐month real‐world (i.e., variable environment and boat class) training period. On‐water SR, prognostic velocity (percent of world's best velocity) and HR were captured for 1453 sessions via smart‐watch and chest‐strap HR monitor. Data was filtered and smoothed with individual HR training zones identified (T1–T5). Linear mixed modeling and an overlapping index () were used to assess differences in SR and prognostic velocity between HR zones. Correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the SR and prognostic velocity relationship and progression of prognostic velocity at a SR of 20spm over time. There were significant differences in SR and prognostic velocity between HR zones (T1>T2>T3>T4>T5, p < 0.001); however, data overlap between adjacent zones was substantial for both variables ( = 0.69–0.85; prognostic velocity:  = 0.46–0.86). A significant, positive correlation (r = 0.50 and p < 0.001) between SR and prognostic velocity was found. Progression of prognostic velocity at SR 20spm over the study duration was trivial (r = −0.01 and p = 0.71). Variables commonly used to prescribe and describe on‐water rowing training showed large variability in a real‐world training environment impacting the ability to accurately monitor training performance and progression.
Mitigation of residual deformations in eccentrically braced frames through a low‐cost re‐centering mechanism
Authors: Mortazavi Pedram , Christopoulos Constantin , Kwon Oh‐Sung
Published: March 2024

Previous studies have demonstrated that the response of stable yielding systems to random excitations such as earthquakes is inherently accompanied by residual deformations. Stable yielding systems with highly enhanced ductility capacity are more prone to residual deformations. Steel eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) are designed to sustain significant localized inelastic deformations in the segment of the beam referred to as the yielding link, which results in much larger link rotations when compared to inter‐story drift ratios (SDR). Recent experimental and numerical studies on the response of EBFs have demonstrated that even with moderate residual inter‐SDR (less than 0.5%), severe link residual rotations could be expected, which could render the structure difficult to repair. For replaceable yielding links, which were developed to expedite the repair and recovery process in EBFs after major seismic events, large residual link rotations will hinder the link replacement process or at times make it impossible. Therefore, mitigation of residual deformations is of greater importance in EBFs with replaceable yielding links than in conventional EBFs with a continuous beam. This paper provides a brief review of past research on residual deformations and methods for their mitigation. A low‐cost re‐centering system for use in EBFs is proposed to work in parallel with the yielding link, in order to mitigate residual deformations. The proposed system is adopted for two prototype structures designed with EBFs equipped with cast steel replaceable modular yielding links. The effectiveness of the re‐centering strategy is evaluated by means of pseudo‐dynamic hybrid simulations, as well as numerical simulations. The hybrid simulations and numerical studies both demonstrate that not only the proposed system is highly effective at mitigating the residual deformations, but also it is effective in reducing the peak deformations in EBFs.
Sustainable protein production through genetic engineering of cyanobacteria and use of atmospheric N2 gas
Authors: Nawaz Taufiq , Gu Liping , Fahad Shah , Saud Shah , Harrison Matthew Tom , Zhou Ruanbao
Published: March 2024

This review explores the potential of genetically engineering cyanobacteria with the aim of synthesizing high‐value protein directly from atmospheric nitrogen. The article examines numerous techniques that may enhance protein synthesis in cyanobacteria, and discusses advantages, barriers, and opportunities for this strategy going forward. Genetic manipulation of cyanobacteria shows promise in sustainably raising protein production via reduced greenhouse gas emissions and lower dependence on synthetic fertilizers, but also potentially fewer environmental implications traditionally caused by conventional protein production methods. The article uncovers many difficulties in genetically modifying cyanobacteria for protein production. For example, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have legal and regulatory ramifications that must be accounted for if ethical, moral and secure use of these technologies is to be ensured. Economic viability, too, must be evaluated, taking into consideration production costs, scalability, market demand and future market potential. We suggest that processing of cyanobacterial proteins in downstream stages need further development. Effective and economical methods are needed for protein extraction, purification, and formulation into commercially viable products. For successful application of cyanobacterial protein production at scale, such obstacles must be overcome. We conclude that genetic engineering of cyanobacteria for protein synthesis has a great deal of potential to offer a resource‐effective and sustainable replacement for the synthesis of high‐value proteins, so promoting a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future.