bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical reinforcement learning for efficient and effective automated penetration testing of large networks
Authors: Ghanem Mohamed C. , Chen Thomas M. , Nepomuceno Erivelton G.
Published: September 2022

Penetration testing (PT) is a method for assessing and evaluating the security of digital assets by planning, generating, and executing possible attacks that aim to discover and exploit vulnerabilities. In large networks, penetration testing becomes repetitive, complex and resource consuming despite the use of automated tools. This paper investigates reinforcement learning (RL) to make penetration testing more intelligent, targeted, and efficient. The proposed approach called Intelligent Automated Penetration Testing Framework (IAPTF) utilizes model-based RL to automate sequential decision making. Penetration testing tasks are treated as a partially observed Markov decision process (POMDP) which is solved with an external POMDP-solver using different algorithms to identify the most efficient options. A major difficulty encountered was solving large POMDPs resulting from large networks. This was overcome by representing networks hierarchically as a group of clusters and treating each cluster separately. This approach is tested through simulations of networks of various sizes. The results show that IAPTF with hierarchical network modeling outperforms previous approaches as well as human performance in terms of time, number of tested vectors and accuracy, and the advantage increases with the network size. Another advantage of IAPTF is the ease of repetition for retesting similar networks, which is often encountered in real PT. The results suggest that IAPTF is a promising approach to offload work from and ultimately replace human pen testing.
Strategies to assemble therapeutic and imaging molecules into inorganic nanocarriers
Authors: Haque Sheikh Tanzina , Banaszak Holl Mark M. , Chowdhury Ezharul Hoque
Published: September 2022

Inorganic nanocarriers are potent candidates for delivering conventional anticancer drugs, nucleic acid-based therapeutics, and imaging agents, influencing their blood half-lives, tumor targetability, and bioactivity. In addition to the high surface area-to-volume ratio, they exhibit excellent scalability in synthesis, controllable shape and size, facile surface modification, inertness, stability, and unique optical and magnetic properties. However, only a limited number of inorganic nanocarriers have been so far approved for clinical applications due to burst drug release, poor target specificity, and toxicity. To overcome these barriers, understanding the principles involved in loading therapeutic and imaging molecules into these nanoparticles (NPs) and the strategies employed in enhancing sustainability and targetability of the resultant complexes and ensuring the release of the payloads in extracellular and intracellular compartments of the target site is of paramount importance. Therefore, we will shed light on various loading mechanisms harnessed for different inorganic NPs, particularly involving physical entrapment into porous/hollow nanostructures, ionic interactions with native and surface-modified NPs, covalent bonding to surface-functionalized nanomaterials, hydrophobic binding, affinity-based interactions, and intercalation through co-precipitation or anion exchange reaction.
A Collaboratively-Derived Research Agenda for E-assessment in Undergraduate Mathematics
Authors: Kinnear George , Jones Ian , Sangwin Chris , Alarfaj Maryam , Davies Ben , Fearn Sam , Foster Colin , Heck André , Henderson Karen , Hunt Tim , Iannone Paola , Kontorovich Igor’ , Larson Niclas , Lowe Tim , Meyer John Christopher , O’Shea Ann , Rowlett Peter , Sikurajapathi Indunil , Wong Thomas
Published: September 2022

This paper describes the collaborative development of an agenda for research on e-assessment in undergraduate mathematics. We built on an established approach to develop the agenda from the contributions of 22 mathematics education researchers, university teachers and learning technologists interested in this topic. The resulting set of 55 research questions are grouped into 5 broad themes: errors and feedback, student interactions with e-assessment, design and implementation choices, affordances offered by e-assessment tools, and mathematical skills. This agenda gives a framework for a programme of research aligned with practical concerns that will contribute to both theoretical and practical development.
The Impact of Sleep-Wake Behaviour on Tennis Match Performance in Junior State Grade Tennis Players
Authors: Turner Mitchell , Beranek Philipp , Dunican Ian C. , Cruickshank Travis
Published: September 2022

Purpose

To date, no study has investigated the extent to which sleep-wake behaviour (SWB) influences match performance in junior tennis players. This study aimed to assess the influence of SWB for the week and night before on match performance, particularly match analytics and activity.

Methods

This study recruited 10 junior state grade tennis players who wore an actigraphy device and completed a sleep diary for the week before their match on two separate occasions throughout their competition season. Players wore a global positioning system device to track their movement during matches, and an experienced tennis coach recorded players' match analytics.

Results

This study showed that the sleep fragmentation index was significantly lower the week before matches in females who had won than those who had lost. Additionally, the sleep fragmentation index was significantly lower the night before a given match than the week before. Only sleep fragmentation index and sleep latency significantly influenced match performance in junior tennis players. The percentage of second serves points won differed between match wins and losses for male players, while winners and forced errors differed for female players.

Conclusion

These findings provide a detailed profile of tennis match play in junior state grade players. Despite individual differences, reduced restlessness the night before a match coincides with increased match performance.
Migration and European History’s Global Turn
Authors: Buettner Elizabeth
Published: September 2022

Abstract: The global turn is central to the study of Europe’s many migration histories—outwards, inwards, and internal—and encompasses transatlantic, imperial and post-imperial, and other global arenas. Benefitting from a wealth of pathbreaking scholarship that often focuses on macro-level histories, this article advocates zooming in on individual interpretations and experiences. By doing so, it argues, historians can open up nuanced perspectives that risk becoming submerged in studies where, rather paradoxically, actual migrants are displaced by an emphasis on overarching migration phenomena. Taking the late-modern era as its focus, it traces the global dimensions of two lives spanning almost two centuries to open out broader questions, not least about race and ethnicity. Jacob Riis (1849-1914) and Gérald Bloncourt (1926-2018) were both leading documentary photographers who shared a deep commitment to social reform and the amelioration of working-class conditions. Each recorded migration histories on camera and in writing, thereby enabling an analysis of multi-media representations emanating from the same source. That both were of migration backgrounds themselves—Riis having moved from Denmark to the United States and Bloncourt from Haiti to France—renders the images and texts they created particularly resonant. Their own origins and mobile lives proved crucial to their interpretations of the wider flows of people that have connected Europe with different global settings—and continue to do so today.
Jus Cogens: Redux
Authors: Sellers Patricia Viseur
Published: September 2022

In The Boundaries of International Law: A Feminist Critique (Boundaries),1 amidst observations about masculine bias in treaty law, co-authors Christine Chinkin and Hilary Charlesworth queried the masculine configuration, i.e., the gender of jus cogens or peremptory norms. A peremptory norm is “accepted and recognized by the international community . . . as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of international law having the same character.”2 Interrogating whether jus cogens privileged the experiences of males over that of females, they challenged jus cogens’ presumed universality and its intended utility. Accepted peremptory norms, they averred, exerted a silencing, deleterious impact on core feminine values such as sexual equality or freedom from gender discrimination.3 Decades after the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’ (VCLT) codification of jus cogens, the International Law Commission (ILC) reified a non-exhaustive list of peremptory norms that explicitly excluded gender-based discrimination.4 This essay proposes a “jus cogens redux” to revive Chinkin and Charlesworth's question by peering at several threads in the thwarted conversations about whether freedom from gender discrimination rises to peremptory norm status. The conversational threads lay tattered by positive law's reliance on enumerated treaty provisions and accepted precepts of customary international law. They are frayed by normative law's philosophical, moralists’ approach. Neither the positivist law nor the normative law's concepts of how to determine jus cogens values grapples with gender or gender minorities. By default, each retains a masculine approach that configures the gender of jus cogens as “non-female.”
AN INCOMPLETENESS THEOREM VIA ORDINAL ANALYSIS
Authors: WALSH JAMES
Published: September 2022

We present an analogue of Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem for systems of second-order arithmetic. Whereas Gödel showed that sufficiently strong theories that are
$\Pi ^0_1$
-sound and
$\Sigma ^0_1$
-definable do not prove their own
$\Pi ^0_1$
-soundness, we prove that sufficiently strong theories that are
$\Pi ^1_1$
-sound and
$\Sigma ^1_1$
-definable do not prove their own
$\Pi ^1_1$
-soundness. Our proof does not involve the construction of a self-referential sentence but rather relies on ordinal analysis.
Reproductive Justice in Latin America
Authors: Nolan Rachel
Published: September 2022

This essay reviews the following works:

Historia mínima de los feminismos en América Latina. By Dora Barrancos. Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2020. Pp. 274. $12.13 paperback. ISBN: 9786075641850.

The Sexual Question: A History of Prostitution in Peru, 1850s–1950s. By Paulo Drinot. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. xv + 328. $31.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108717281.

Seeking Rights from the Left: Gender, Sexuality, and the Latin American Pink Tide. Edited by Elisabeth Jay Friedman. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. Pp. 344. $28.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478001522.

An Open Secret: The History of Unwanted Pregnancy and Abortion in Modern Bolivia. By Natalie L. Kimball. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2020. Pp. 374. $42.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780813590738.

The Politics of Abortion in Latin America: Public Debates, Private Lives. By Jane Marcus-Delgado. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2019. Pp. 181. $79.95 hardcover. 9781626378063.

Feminism for the Americas: The Making of an International Human Rights Movement. By Katherine M. Marino. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. Pp. 368. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469661520.

A Miscarriage of Justice: Women’s Reproductive Lives and the Law in Early Twentieth-Century Brazil. By Cassia Roth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2020. Pp. 376. $32.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781503611320.

Demanding Justice and Security: Indigenous Women and Legal Pluralities in Latin America. Edited by Rachel Sieder. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2017. Pp. 310. $38.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780813587929.
Undignified Jurispathy: Muslim Family Law at Ghanaian Courts
Authors: Sezgin Yüksel
Published: September 2022

Ghana has inherited colonial legislation that recognizes and regulates the consequences of Muslim family law (MFL). However, in practice, courts almost never recognize the normative existence of MFL and systematically dismiss the cases on procedural grounds without discussing their merits. What explains the judiciary’s attitudes toward Islamic law? Why do Ghanaian courts refuse to engage with MFL in substantive terms? How does this judicial policy affect Ghana’s pluri-legal system and its multireligious democracy? Drawing on Robert Cover’s insights and concepts from “Nomos and Narrative,” the present article suggests that Ghanaian courts engage in “undignified” jurispathy against Islamic law. Having inherited the colonial narrative that Islamic law is not a native law of the land, the judiciary destroys the legal meanings built around Islamic law without discussing what is at stake. This perpetuates normative tensions between the state and Muslim groups, undermines the rule of law, and erodes public trust in democratic institutions. Utilizing the theoretical and empirical insights drawn from the Ghanaian case, the article urges scholars to expand the scope of their inquiries to include instances of undignified jurispathy to better understand state-religion relations and constitutional debates in pluri-legal societies.
The evolution of the medical record from paper to digital: an ENT perspective
Authors: Murphy C , Keogh I J
Published: September 2022

Objectives

A national electronic health record is being procured for Health Service Executive hospitals in Ireland. A number of hospitals have implemented an electronic document management system. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency and safety of the electronic document management system in our centre.

Methods

A retrospective audit was performed of patients operated on at Galway University Hospital. The availability and location of patients’ admission data on the electronic document management system were recorded. These data were analysed using Microsoft Excel software, version 16.45.

Results

The records of 100 patients were analysed. The main findings were: 5 per cent of operation notes were missing, 80 per cent were in the incorrect section, while 15 per cent were in the correct ‘procedure’ section on the electronic document management system.

Conclusion

This study shows there is potential for error with ‘paper-light’ solutions, whereby delayed scanning, misfiling of scanned records and missing records may lead to significant delays in treatment and potential patient safety issues.
Functional and structural brain differences in bipolar disorder: a multimodal meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
Authors: Chen Guanmao , Wang Junjing , Gong Jiaying , Qi Zhangzhang , Fu Siying , Tang Guixian , Chen Pan , Huang Li , Wang Ying
Published: September 2022

Background

Numerous studies of resting-state functional imaging and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) have revealed differences in specific brain regions of patients with bipolar disorder (BD), but the results have been inconsistent.

Methods

A whole-brain voxel-wise meta-analysis was conducted on resting-state functional imaging and VBM studies that compared differences between patients with BD and healthy controls using Seed-baseddMapping with Permutation of Subject Images software.

Results

A systematic literature search identified 51 functional imaging studies (1842 BD and 2190 controls) and 83 VBM studies (2790 BD and 3690 controls). Overall, patients with BD displayed increased resting-state functional activity in the left middle frontal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) extending to the right insula, right superior frontal gyrus and bilateral striatum, as well as decreased resting-state functional activity in the left middle temporal gyrus extending to the left superior temporal gyrus and post-central gyrus, left cerebellum, and bilateral precuneus. The meta-analysis of VBM showed that patients with BD displayed decreased VBM in the right IFG extending to the right insula, temporal pole and superior temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus extending to the left insula, temporal pole, and IFG, anterior cingulate cortex, left superior frontal gyrus (medial prefrontal cortex), left thalamus, and right fusiform gyrus.

Conclusions

The multimodal meta-analyses suggested that BD showed similar patterns of aberrant brain activity and structure in the insula extending to the temporal cortex, fronto-striatal-thalamic, and default-mode network regions, which provide useful insights for understanding the underlying pathophysiology of BD.
Legitimating collaboration, collaborating to legitimate: Justification work in “holistic” services for long-term unemployed persons
Authors: HANSEN MAGNUS PAULSEN , CHRISTENSEN SIGNE ELMER , TRIANTAFILLOU PETER
Published: September 2022

To address complex social problems, such as long-term unemployment, local authorities in many countries are developing “holistic” or “integrated” services, where multiple actors and professions collaborate with a view to better meet the needs of the individual citizen. By breaking with existing practices and regulations, collaborative services must be legitimized in new ways so as to appear acceptable not only in the eyes of the public and politicians, but also to caseworkers and the long-term unemployed persons. This article examines the multifarious and sometimes neglected efforts to make these collaborative services legitimate in the eyes of this plurality of stakeholders on multiple levels of governance. Our study indicates three distinct but mutually interrelated spheres of audience that require partly conflicting justification work. We also find that the narrow pursuit of justification work to ensure legitimacy with one audience may potentially jeopardize the justification work in the other two.
“I no longer count in German.” On dominance shift in returnee heritage speakers
Authors: Flores Cristina , Zhou Chao , Eira Carina
Published: September 2022

This study analyzes the degree of language balance in three groups of bilingual speakers of Portuguese and German: a group of Portuguese heritage speakers (HSs) living in Germany, another who returned to Portugal, and Portuguese late learners of German L2. Based on the DIALANG vocabulary size placement test, applied in German and in Portuguese, and on extralinguistic variables extracted from a background questionnaire, the results confirm high degrees of unbalanced language dominance favoring the societal language (SL) in HSs without the experience of return, and a leveling of language dominance in returnees. Language balance in returnees is the consequence of some loss of proficiency in the former SL (German) and reactivation of the heritage language (Portuguese). Current relative amount of contact with the two languages is correlated with language dominance only in the HSs and the late L2 speaker groups, whereas age of return and length of residence in Portugal explain language dominance in returnees. Self-reported proficiency is also predictive of language dominance and may be taken as complementary indicator.
Lorca and the Poetry of Death
Authors: Salinas Pedro
Published: September 2022

The reader no sooner begins to pry into the poetic world fashioned by
Lorca in his lyric poetry, ballads and plays, than he feels himself being
immersed in a strange atmosphere. It is an apparently normal setting of
popular scenes and people, all perfectly recognizable. But the air is, so to
speak, inhabited by forebodings and threats. Metaphors cut across it like
birds of ill omen. So, for example, summer “sows rumours of tiger and
flame.” Day breaks in a most peculiar manner like a shadowy fish: “Great
stars of white frost—come with the fish of shadow—that opens the road of
dawn.” The wind is an enormous man pursuing the maiden “with red-hot sword.”
These metaphors do not have a decorative function; they are an extension of
meaning. They herald what is unusual and mysterious in this world. They
proclaim that something is being prepared; they proclaim an imminence of
fatality. For the poetic kingdom of Lorca, so brilliantly illuminated and at
the same time so enigmatic, is under the rule of a unique, unchallenged
power: Death.
Federico Garcia Lorca
Authors: Pattison Walter T.
Published: September 2022

The poet and dramatist, Federico García Lorca, has had an extraordinary
popularity since his death in 1936. His poems have been translated into
numerous languages and his plays acted in many countries. In the United
States his popularity has been much greater among amateur theatrical groups
than on the professional stage, where, it must be admitted, his success has
been very mediocre. But among the amateurs, and especially here in
Minnesota, his works have been performed repeatedly. Every one of his
principal plays has been acted in this state, and a number of them on more
than one occasion.
RECONSTRUCTING OFFICIAL STATISTICS: A NEW ESTIMATE OF THE ARGENTINE COST OF LIVING INDEX, 1912-1943
Authors: Lanata-Briones Cecilia T.
Published: September 2022

This paper produces a new estimate of the Argentine cost of living index (COLI) for the period 1912-1943 that amends the oversights of the official series. The lack of an appropriate splice when the shares of the index's components are changed explains the divergence between the official and the Reconstructed COLIs. The 17.3 percentage-point gap for the period 1912-1943 between the official series used by the historiography and the Reconstructed COLI accounts for the oversights of the official estimate. This divergence is also evidenced when generating real wages. Hence, when Juan Domingo Perón arrived at the National Labour Department in 1943, all else being equal, workers of the City of Buenos Aires were worse off economically than the historiography assumes.
Shared Burial Grounds
Authors: McClean David , McClean Penny
Published: September 2022

Despite the widespread use of cremation, there is once again a shortage of burial space in some parts of the country. Chancellors dealing with petitions for faculties reserving grave spaces are finding that more and more parochial church councils are opposing reservation as they see that the available space is running out. In rural areas it may be possible to persuade a farmer or landowner to part with some land to form a new burial ground, perhaps serving a number of adjacent parishes. Section 35 of the Church Property Measure 2018 sets out the law relating to shared burial grounds, developed in a series of nineteenth-century Acts which a modern reader would find both prolix and overcomplicated. This article explores the history and practical workings of the law, illustrating these by reference to a prime example of a shared burial ground, the Mill Road Cemetery (more formally the Parochial Burial Grounds) in Cambridge.1 The law as to rights in graves and the memorials placed on them causes much misunderstanding. Our account will show that the same may be true with regard to the burial ground as a whole.
The Practice and Politics of Establishment
Authors: Fittall William
Published: September 2022

The following words were spoken in the House of Commons 23 years ago:

Many people in this country think that it is wrong to have an established Church and that it would be helpful if England followed the example of Scotland and Wales and disestablished its Church, recognising that we are a multicultural, multi-faith society and that no religion or Church should be given pre-eminence over others. Would it not be prudent for the Church Commissioners to do their sums now so that when that democratic day dawns, it will not be such a shock for them?

Well, what can one say about that other than, ‘O, Jeremy Corbyn!’? For it was indeed the then maverick Labour backbencher who made those remarks during Church Commissioners’ questions in the House of Commons.
Transcatheter retrieval of atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus occluder: a guidance for device retrieval based on comprehensive bench tests
Authors: Fujii Takanari , Sugiyama Hisashi , Kanazawa Hideaki , Hara Hidehiko , Muneuchi Jun , Yazaki Satoshi
Published: September 2022

Objectives:

The aim of this study is to establish a guidance for device retrieval based on comprehensive bench tests.

Background:

Device embolisation remains a major complication in transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Although percutaneous retrieval is feasible in the majority of cases, surgical retrieval may be required in complicated circumstances. However, the methods of transcatheter device retrieval have not been completely established.

Methods:

Bench tests of device retrieval were performed to verify the appropriate retrieval method according to device type/size. The devices used for testing were Amplatzer Septal Occluder (Abbott, Chicago, IL, United States of America), Figulla Flex II (Occlutech GmbH, Jena, Germany), Amplatzer Duct Occluder-I (Abbott), Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II (Abbott), and Amplatzer Vascular Plug-II (Abbott). The retrieval equipment constituted diagnostic catheters (multipurpose catheter and right Judkins catheter, 4-Fr or 5-Fr, Gadelius Medical, Tokyo, Japan), delivery sheath and cables for each device, Amplatz goose neck snares (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America), OSYPKA CATCHER (Osypka ag, Rheinfelden-Herten, Germany), and OSYPKA LASSOS (Osypka). We investigated the retrieval equipment and sheath sizes required for a successful retrieval procedure for variously sized devices.

Results:

For patent ductus arteriosus devices, the type of snare and the snaring position are considered important. For atrial septal defect devices, simple snare capture or a double-snare technique with a sufficiently large sheath is effective. Special care should be taken when using the OSYPKA CATCHER for device retrieval.

Conclusions:

The results of this study may assist in the selection of both capture devices and a retrieval sheath or a catheter for complete retrieval.
The extreme southern origins of globality: Circumnavigation, habitability, and geopolitics
Authors: Onetto Pavez Mauricio
Published: September 2022

This article analyses how the first circumnavigation of the world, from 1519 to 1522, introduced South America as a key space in the formation of the ‘global’, thus producing a historical point of inflection. We examine the commercial and political plans and networks that began to function as a result of this new connectivity, which turned the American continent into a major global axis. The analysis focuses on the way in which this voyage gave new prominence to an unexplored region of the world, namely the southernmost tip of America, thus changing the notion of habitability that had prevailed for centuries in Europe. These changes questioned the authority of ‘ancient’ Greek thinkers and strengthened a European historical narrative that appropriated the discovered territories and distinguished the extreme southern part of America from other southern regions, as symbolized through figures such as the Patagonian giants. I consider these changes based on evidence from Spanish sources.
Vergleich unterschiedlicher Instrumente zur Messung von Gesundheitskompetenz im Zusammenhang mit Lesekompetenz und kognitiven Fähigkeiten von Jugendlichen
Authors: Seifert Susanne , Maitz Katharina , Pendl Dominik , Gasteiger-Klicpera Barbara
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung. Instrumente zur Messung von Gesundheitskompetenz bei Jugendlichen basieren auf sehr heterogenen Definitionen und Konzepten. Zudem können sie grundsätzlich in subjektive (Selbsteinschätzungs–) und objektive (die Performanz messende) Verfahren unterteilt werden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 2 subjektive (eHEALS; Kurzform des HLS-EU-Q16) und ein objektives Messinstrument (Claim) von 471 Jugendlichen der 6. und 7. Klassenstufe (Durchschnittsalter 13.04 Jahre; 49 % Mädchen; 63 % Familiensprache Deutsch) bearbeitet und auf ihren wechselseitigen Zusammenhang, den Zusammenhang mit kognitiven und Lesefähigkeiten, sowie Unterschiede in Bezug auf Geschlecht und Familiensprache untersucht. Das objektive Verfahren korrelierte nicht mit den subjektiven Verfahren. Dies bestätigt die Annahme, dass sie aufgrund der Messperspektive unterschiedliche Indikatorenausprägungen von Gesundheitskompetenz erfassen. Korrelationen mit Lese- und kognitiven Fähigkeiten zeigten sich nur beim objektiven Instrument, wohingegen die Selbsteinschätzungsinstrumente diese Aspekte der Gesundheitskompetenz nicht abbilden. Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Geschlechts und der Familiensprache zeigten sich insbesondere beim objektiven Instrument, allerdings sind Antwortverzerrungen bei Selbsteinschätzungen möglich. Die spezifischen Vor- und Nachteile von subjektiven und objektiven Verfahren sollten bei der Instrumentenauswahl berücksichtigt werden.
Bullying and Peer Victimization
Authors: Grills Amie E. , Holt Melissa , Gerald M. Reid , Bowman Chelsey
Published: September 2022

An evidence-based guide to bullying and peer victimization

Details how bullying occurs
Explains the differences between in-person and cyberbullying
Describes the best tools and approaches for assessment
Explores the most effective school-based prevention programs
Includes case studies
Provides additional resources in an appendix

A concise guide to understanding, assessing, and addressing bullying

There has been an explosion of media attention on youth bullying and peer victimization over the last decade, with cyberbullying becoming more prevalent through the use of social media. While any bullying has serious negative physical and mental health effects which can lead the bullied individual to great despair and even suicide, there are also negative outcomes for the bullies themselves. This volume provides clinicians with clear guidance on how to assess and treat this complex behavior.

In this evidence-based guide, practitioners learn about bullying, its prevalence, how cyberbullying differs from in-person bullying, what models are available for understanding how bullying occurs, and the best tools and approaches for assessment of these behaviors. The reader is guided through the most effective school-based prevention programs that aim to reduce bullying, and a clinical vignette gives hands-on insight into how a bullying case in a school is managed. Additional resources are provided in an appendix. This book is ideal for educational psychologists, child psychologists, and anyone working with children and adolescents who is committed to helping those being bullied.
The Earth‐Observing Aqua Satellite Mission: 20 Years and Counting
Authors: Parkinson Claire L.
Published: September 2022

The Earth‐observing Aqua spacecraft was launched on 4 May 2002 and has now completed 20 years of collecting and transmitting data regarding the Earth's radiation budget, atmosphere, oceans, land, and ice. Although launched with a design life of 6 years, four of its instruments continue to operate and provide high‐quality data streams more than 20 years after launch. The Aqua data are readily available to users worldwide and have been used in thousands of scientific publications and in numerous practical applications, including weather forecasting, air‐quality assessments, and monitoring of forest fires, dust storms, volcanic ash plumes, oil spills, and crop yields.
Initial Ionospheric Ion Line Results and Evaluation by Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar (SYISR)
Authors: Hao Honglian , Zhao Biqiang , Wan Weixing , Yue Xinan , Ding Feng , Ning Baiqi , Zeng Lingqi , Jin Yuyan , Wang Junyi , Zhang Ning
Published: September 2022

A new incoherent scatter radar (ISR) has recently been dedicated at Sanya (SYISR), China (geographic 18.34°N and 109.62°E) to detect the low‐latitude ionospheric plasma by conducting continuous operation and electronic beam steering on a pulse‐to‐pulse basis. This paper provides an overview of the processing procedure of SYISR ion line data and presents some preliminary observational results under various transmitting signal schemes and different working modes, such as the zenith‐directed mode and meridional and zonal scanning modes, with comparison to the international reference ionosphere model (IRI‐2016), ionosonde and Ionospheric Connections Explorer (ICON) satellite measurements. The diurnal and altitude versus latitude variation characteristics of electron density (Ne), electron temperature (Te), and ion temperature (Ti) are in accordance with those of other ISR measurements in mid‐low latitudes, and IRI shows some discrepancies with SYISR observations, including the sunrise and sunset enhancement in SYISR_Ti and the overestimated IRI_Te. The comparison between the daytime SYISR_Ti and ICON_Ti shows good consistency based on 31 observational samples. The measurement of line‐of‐sight velocity (Vi) for long pulse can reveal the properties of the medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances manifesting the radar's potential to study the mesoscale ionospheric variation in the Sanya area. The derived vector velocities with a better measurement accuracy during the day are generally in line with ionospheric plasma physics. The results show that SYISR can obtain continuous ionospheric parameters through multi‐beam scanning measurements at ∼700 km horizontal scale, which provides important information for studying the atmosphere‐ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupling and ionospheric scintillation at low latitudes in East Asia.
Plasma physics of the Earth's magnetopause and its boundary layers
Authors: Gary S. Peter
Published: September 2022

The exchange of ideas concerning the magnetopause and its boundary layers was the primary purpose of the informal workshop, “Plasma Physics of the Earth's Magnetopause and its Boundary Layers,” held at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex., October 2–4. The workshop was supported by LANL Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, and attendance was restricted to about 35 people in order to maintain a small, informal character for the workshop. Although no global consensus emerged at the workshop, discussions were lively and conclusions were reached in several areas. Some of these conclusions concerning where past research has brought us and where future research is likely to lead us are described below.
Landsat data commercialized
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Data for about 600,000 Landsat scenes—all those acquired by multispectral scanners (MSS) aboard Landsat satellites more than 2 years ago—are now available from the Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center (EDC) in Sioux Falls, S. Dak., at reduced prices. Landsat images are valuable for planning, change detection, and monitoring of Earth resources and environment and provide unique information about land conditions and changes during the 1970s and 1980s that is not available from other sources. The availability of the data are expected to benefit substantially the study of global climate change as an early indicator of climate change and as a contributor to changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere.

An agreement was recently signed between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Earth Observation Satellite, whereby MSS data more than 2 years old will be distributed through both EOSAT and the U.S. Geological Survey. EOSAT retains exclusive sales rights to MSS data less than 2 years old.
Radar and telegraph each developed by pulsing
Authors: Court Arnold
Published: September 2022

Radar's development during the 1930s, as sketched by R. D. Hill (“Origins of Radar,” Eos, July 3, 1990) strongly paralleled that of the electric telegraph a century earlier. For each, basic feasibility (signal reflection for radar, current transmission for telegraph) had been demonstrated many years earlier in various parts of Europe and America, but practical application awaited pulsing. For radar, this required emission and timing of returns (echos) of pulses shorter than their travel times; telegraphy required the development of an alphabet based on groups of pulses of two or more differing durations.

After Bishop Watson's transmission of a Leyden jar discharge through 2 miles of wire near London in 1747, a multiwire scheme for signaling letters was published in 1774 but was never implemented (A. P. Deschenel, Popular Science Monthly, August 1873). At Geneva in 1784, Lesage used 24 wires, one for each letter; by 1837, Professor Steinheil in Vienna sent letters formed “by different combinations of two elementary signals.”
Meetings Committee discusses WPGM, IUGG
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

AGU's Meetings Committee, chaired by Chris T. Russell, met on January 3 at the University of California at Los Angeles. Topics discussed included future Western Pacific Geophysics Meetings, the 1995 IUGG General Assembly, and AGU Spring Meetings.

A recommendation was made to hold future WPGM meetings every other year with the next one scheduled for late summer 1992. Staff has been asked to investigate sites in Hawaii, Anchorage, and Hong Kong for the 1992 meeting and to prepare a proposal for consideration by the AGU Executive Committee.
Plate motions are steady
Authors: Gordon Richard G.
Published: September 2022

Recent studies of the motion of the Pacific and North American plates show that plate tectonic motion averaged over several years equals that averaged over several million years, suggesting that the motion of tectonic plates is steady. Until recently, the only method of measuring the speed of one plate relative to another was through analysis of the magnetic anomalies above mid‐ocean ridges. As two plates move apart over millions of years, the direction of the geomagnetic field is frozen into the new crust formed by cooling magma that fills the gap opened between the diverging plates. The geomagnetic field occasionally reverses polarity, and these reversals are frozen into the crust, causing highs and lows in the magnetic field sensed above the young seafloor at mid‐ocean ridges. Rates of motion are deduced from the spacing between dated magnetic highs and lows.
USGS budget focuses on mapping, water, hazards
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

The U.S. Geological Survey's Fiscal Year 1992 budget request represents a “balanced approach to addressing the significant Earth science issues confronting our nation during the 1990s in the context of the overall budget constraints,” said Dallas Peck, USGS director, testifying before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies on March 12.

The proposal totals $563.1 million for FY92, a decrease from the FY91 enacted level of $570.7 million. This is an increase of $56.5 over the FY91 President's budget request.
Program cut reduces quake studies
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

The proposed decrease of $15 million in the Fiscal Year 1992 budget for the U.S. Geological Survey's Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (EHRP) will significantly reduce earthquake studies. Congress provided expanded support of the program in FY91 as a continuation of support following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, when Congress gave a supplemental appropriation. As created by the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, EHRP is a major component of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, along with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Betty Goodrich, Acting Budget Officer of USGS, notes that the cut is in response to a “tight fiscal situation and not that Congress is against the earthquake program.” She also attributes the reduction in the program to competing priorities among other major initiatives. “EHRP just did not make it through,” she said.
New seismic travel time tables developed
Authors: Kennett B. L. N.
Published: September 2022

The seismological tables most commonly used for phase identification and source location at teleseismic distances is the Jeffreys & Bullen Tables, published by the British Association Seismological Committee in 1940, based on work performed from 1930–1939, and also on observations from an earlier period when timekeeping was not very reliable. The tables have the merit of providing times for a wide variety of P and S phases.

In 1988 an international workshop was organized by the Subcommission on Earthquake Algorithms of the International Association of Seismology and the Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI), to develop a framework for the construction of new travel time tables [Kennett, 1988], Since then, a major international effort has lead to the construction of a new set of global travel time tables—the first stage in developing travel time calculation and location schemes to allow for regional variations in the outer parts of the Earth.
Petitions for 1992–94 union and section officer nominations due July 8
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

The nominees listed below are those of the Union and Section nominating committees and have been approved by the AGU Council. Additional nominations may be made by membership petition. There are no age, nationality, residence, or other analogous restrictions on who may serve as an officer. Petitions should be sent to the General Secretary, American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20009. They must be received no later than July 8, 1991.
DOE closer to Yucca Study
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: September 2022

The controversy over where to store nuclear waste in the United States has taken another step forward. In a 14‐5 vote on June 12, the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee approved SI 138, the “Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1991,” a bill that would give the federal government authority to name the Yucca Mountain, Nev., site as the primary nuclear repository site in the country.

Introduced by J. Bennett Johnston (D‐La.) on May 22, SI 138 amends the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 to direct the Secretary of Energy to carry out site characterization activities at Yucca Mountain. The bill states that the Secretary must work in consultation with the governor of the state of Nevada “in a manner that minimizes any significant adverse environmental impacts.”
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Hydrology Section member since 1981, died on May 1 at the age of 60 while visiting Beijing, China, as a member of a delegation of the Israeli Academy of Science. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Colorado at Fort Collins and returned to Israel in 1969. Bresler joined the Institute of Soil and Water, the Volcani Center for Agricultural Research in Israel, where he served continuously as the head of the Soil Physics Department and in the last 4 years as the director of the Institute.

Bresler made fundamental contributions to a wide range of subjects in soil physics, irrigation science, and hydrology. He was among the first to recognize the promise of numerical analysis and to apply it to developing codes of flow and transport in the unsaturated zone in collaboration with J. Hanks, S. Neuman, and R. Feddes. Bresler investigated various aspects of soil‐water‐salt interaction processes and their relation to irrigation practice and crop yield. In the last 12 years he made important contributions to the newly developing subject of flow and transport in soils of spatially variable properties.
Atmosphere model released
Authors: Jeffries Bill
Published: September 2022

GRAM‐90, the most recent version of the Global Reference Atmosphere Model, has been released for use. The model is sponsored by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., and was developed at Georgia Tech.

GRAM‐90, which has become something of a de facto standard within the aerospace community, is a blend of three empirical model atmospheres affording latitude, longitude, and monthly variability over a continuous altitude range of 0–700 km.
Acting Manager of ONR Ocean Optics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

On September 9, Gary Gilbert assumed the duties of acting manager of the oceanic optics program at the Office of Naval Research (ONR). Gilbert has replaced Curt Mobley, who resigned on September 4. Gilbert was last at the Naval Oceans Systems Center in San Diego, where he performed naval research in areas related to oceanic optics. He will serve as acting program manager until a permanent replacement is identified for the position, which will be advertised in the near future.
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

AGU Fellow James Hugh Nelson recently passed away at age 81. He joined the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism section in 1938.

AGU Fellow Robert R. Newton passed away on June 2 at age 72. He joined the Geodesy section in 1961.
Takesi Nagata (1913–1991)
Authors: Fukushima Naoshi
Published: September 2022

On June 3, 1991, AGU fellow Takesi Nagata passed away at the age of 77. He had been professor emeritus of the University of Tokyo since 1974 and professor emertius of the National Institute of Polar Research since 1985. In 1974, Nagata received the Order of Culture—the top honor for outstanding cultural or scientific achievements in Japan. He had been a member of the Japan Academy since 1983 and a foreign associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences since 1969. Nagata joined AGU in 1950, and he was elected fellow in 1962. He was also given various awards abroad for his scientific contributions.
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Michael Waldichuk passed away on May 4 at age 67. He had been an AGU member (Ocean Sciences) since 1953.

Innokenti K. Tuezov, 64, passed away on July 6. He joined AGU (Tectonophysics) in 1989.
Particle flux studies in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Ittekkot Venugopalan
Published: September 2022

There is scientific consensus that atmospheric carbon dioxide is a major controlling factor of the surface temperature of our planet. CO2 released into the atmosphere through fossil fuel burning and deforestation is believed to lead to global warming through the greenhouse effect. The CO2 content in the atmosphere is influenced not just by its release into the atmosphere, but also by its removal.

Although it is generally accepted that oceans take up considerable amounts of CO2, the complex processes affecting this uptake are still poorly understood. Physicochemical exchange processes in the ocean remove large quantities of CO2, as do biological processes. During marine photosynthesis, microscopic plants in the oceans fix CO2 into their tissues in the form of organic matter. Part of this organic matter is oxidized back to CO2 in the mixed layer of the sea, which interacts with the atmosphere. The rest sinks down to the deep sea. The rate of this transfer to the deep sea determines the extent to which the formation of organic matter removes CO2 from the atmosphere.
Outstanding student papers at AGU meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Five students from the Solar‐Planetary Relationships section were cited for their outstanding papers delivered at the AGU 1991 Spring Meeting in Baltimore.

Steve Benka, who presented “A Thermal/Non‐thermal (TNT) Model for Solar Microwave Bursts,” successfully completed the doctoral program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in August 1991. His research interests include the interpretation of high‐resolution spectra of solar flare hard X‐ray and microwave emissions. Benka is interested in extending the usefulness of concepts learned in physics to other phenomena, both atrophysical and within the solar system. Benka received a B.S. in both physics and mathematics from Metropolitan State College in 1985.