bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renewal (1958-63)
Authors: Mccabe John
Published: November 2023

IN his 1962 radio interview with Malcolm Rayment, Rawsthorne said: I think that the music of Walton is of very great importance ... I cannot see the com plaint of critics that he continues to write the same sort of things that he has written before because I can’t see why he shouldn’t. I cannot imagine, for example, Haydn sitting down to write his hundredth symphony and saying, now I really must look out that I haven’t written this sort of thing in my ninety-ninth. It seems to me rather an impoverished sort of critical view.
Introduction. Mozart and the concerto
Authors: Hutchings Arthur
Published: November 2023

Having discovered the spellings ‘Mozerth’ and ‘Mozer’ in parish registers around Salzburg, anti-Semitic authorities order the destruction of all Mozart’s work except a few representative scores to be deposited in the Museum of Degenerate Art. What shall we spare? Of course the operas, and then-the symphonies or the concertos ? If Worcester or St. Faul’s must be destroyed, for which shall we plead? We may like gothic and dislike Wren, whose dome is a funnel, whose ornament domestic; St. Paul’s may be an amazing hybrid, bu.t we shall spare the only St. Paul’s and we shall retain the Mozart concertos. They, too, are amazing hybrids and their artist something of an engineer.
Concerto In F, K. 459
Authors: Hutchings Arthur
Published: November 2023

The F major Concerto is a joyous and popular work; moodiness does not cloud one of its movements, yet there is no superficial writing. There are one or two concertos in which a happy but simpering rondo, or a languid, shallow, slow movement, falls short of the excellence of its preceding movement. The F major Concerto gives us first-rate Mozart through each of its radiant movements; its smile is quite unsentimental, and implies no complementary tears. It is a work which, since it combines vigour and grace, may well be called athletic.
Au Revoir to the U.S.A. (1942)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

Since I am about to leave America and cannot expect to return for some time, let me set down briefly some of the impressions I shall take away with me, after a visit of nearly three years. One of the first was perhaps an obvious one, but it was strong and it persists. The abundance of musical activities in this country cannot surely have been equalled within the memory of any European musician. Although it is unfair to compare conditions here with those of Europe in recent years, I am sure there never was so much music-making even in Imperial Vienna as there is here now. The number of concerts and concert-goers in this country is prodigious. (I am not now considering the value of these activities, about which opinions may differ.)Apart from the rather conservative treatment of opera, there is no field neglected. Programs are usually pretty catholic in make-up, and they also show general signs of improvement. For my taste, there is still too great an insistence on the nineteenth century in the orchestral repertory, but that is to be expected and will probably continue, since people who go to hear a symphony orchestra usually like to hear everyone playing all the time, and most music before Beethoven was written for fewer players.
How a Musical Work Originates (1942)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

The actual origin is usually very difficult to define. Personally, I always have a number of ideas floating around: ideas of either a tune or a rhythm or a particular timbre (what the Americans call ‘sonority’), or most usually ideas of the form of a work. The incentive which makes one develop or extend these ideas may originate from many different sources. It can come quite simply from a conductor or performer saying that he can use a certain kind of work, in which case one would hunt around in one’s idea box to see what would be suitable. Or a great personal experience can set one going, or even sometimes one may feel the need of celebrating either a private or a public event. I do not say for a moment that some external reason is essential, that the ideas may not develop into a complete work of their own accord; but in my experience it is usually some such incentive as those I have mentioned that is necessary. Here I must make one little observation. For me to produce my best music it is always essential for the purely musical idea or germ to precede the external stimulus. In the case of the Sinfonia da Requiem this external stimulus was the death of my mother a few years ago.1 It had an especially powerful emotional effect on me and set me, in self-defence, analysing my feelings in regard to suffering and death. To this personal tragedy were soon added the more general world tragedies of the Spanish and the present wars.
Frank Bridge and English Chamber Music (1947)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

A highly intelligent & open-minded conductor made an interesting remark to me the other day.1 It was after a concert in London when the Divertimenti for Wind Instruments of Bridge were played-’Why,’ he said to me, ‘I had no idea that Bridge was an ‘interesting’ composer.2 I had always connected his name with salon music.’ And so would have 90% of other highly intelligent and open-minded musicians & music lovers in this country, if they connected his name with anything at all---so neglected has his music become recently. In these few moments before the concert tonight I should like to try and do two things: one; to correct the impression that Frank Bridge only wrote Salon music; two; to try and defend him, from those who are prejudiced against Salon music, for having written it at all. When Frank Bridge matured at the turn of the century-the school of chamber music was really in the doldrums. The headmaster was Brahms, chief assistant masters, Schumann and Mendelssohn; the dancing-master, Dvorak, and of course above all, the Chairman of the GovernorsBeethoven.3 Not much notice was taken of those rather dull, superannuated professors Haydn and Mozart-and though the occasional visits of the Art master Schubert gave pleasure, his character was highly suspect. Not as suspect, however, as the masters of that dreadful neighbouring coeducation list school, Debussy and Faure.
A New Centre for Music (1949)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

For a long time London has suffered from the over-centralisation of her art and entertainment. The destruction of Queen’s Hall by the enemy during the war certainly hastened a most welcome spreading of musical activities throughout the capital, and there is no reason why this diversity should cease when London has at last a new central concert hall. In this movement Chelsea has played a most notable part. For long a centre of art, it was only perhaps to be expected that music would establish itself sometime. What has in fact happened is both significant and encouraging. The admirable series of concerts under the auspices of Boyd Neel have maintained the high standard set by his own orchestra over the years and have introduced many unfamiliar works to Chelsea, as well as providing superb performances of music in the standard repertory. I was happy to conduct the Boyd Neel Orchestra at the Town Hall recently. Again, when Norman del Mar formed his orchestra of students and amateurs for the performance of symphonic music outside the normal curriculum of study he chose to play in Chelsea, where he has revived much neglected music and given a number of important first performances. It was to Chelsea that the reconstituted Philharmonic String Quartet came, as have many other distinguished consorts, while only recently that fine artist Flora Nielsen gave the first public entertainment in the newly opened Chenil Galleries.
UNESCO (1949)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

The governments of the world have declared in the Charter of UNESCO: ‘Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed.’1One of our leading English writers, the historian of art, Mr. Herbert Read,2 has pointed out what the scientists and the military also in effect declare, namely, that with the advent of atomic and biological weapons, war and armaments no longer provide any defense. Power in the military sense has become an illusion and it is indeed ‘worse than an illusion-it is an hallucination which invites suicide.’ Herbert Read says that under these circumstances young Englishmen who agree to be drafted ‘are engaging in a gigantic conspiracy which can only end in the obliteration of their island home’ and adds that ‘the case is not different for young Americans, young Frenchmen, young Russians-for the youth of any nation.’Not only is modern war completely irrational and suicidal; it is also completely immoral. Recently Rear Admiral Ralph A. Off stie, U.S.N., at a Congressional hearing, raised the question, in a denunciation of atomic and ‘obliteration’ bombing, what people mean by ‘survival.’ He declared: ‘If we mean the survival of the values, the principles and traditions of human civilization, we must insure that our military techniques do not strip us of our selfrespect.’
Verdi-A Symposium (1951)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

Several years ago I had the occasion to hear a series of performances of those two old favourites, Traviata and Boheme.1 At the time my feelings towards Verdi and Puccini were about the same--both of them efficient, with routine and apt stage-craft, but not very interesting musically. So I was not surprised when after four or five performances I never wanted to hear Boheme again. In spite of its neatness, I became sickened by the cheapness and emptiness of the music. On the other hand, I was surprised to find myself looking forward with excitement to each successive performance of Traviata. In fact, after at least a dozen performances I felt I was only just beginning to know it, to appreciate its depths of emotion, and musical strength. That was the beginning of a devotion to the music of Verdi which grows greater as I grow older, as I get to know fresh works of his, and deepen my understanding of the ones I already know.To analyse a devotion to an art is beyond me, but here are a few observations, which I hope will explain a little why I love the music of Verdi so much. The variety and strength of his melodies. Verdi can, of course, write the obvious square tunes, which use many repetitions of the same little phrase and work to an effective climax. These abound in the earlier operas, and are immediately endearing: I think particularly of Parigi o cara in Traviata. But he can also write the long casual lines, a succession of apparently unrelated phrases, which repeated hearings discover to have an enormous tension deep below the surface. The wonderful ‘conversational’ duet at the end of Act I of Otello is a case in point.
Freeman of Lowestoft (r95r)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

Your Worship, members of the Council, ladies and gentlemen: when I was first told that I was going to receive this great honour today, I was flattered, thrilled and touched-but also, I must confess-rather surprised. I am afraid that in my ignorance I had always imagined that Freedoms of Boroughs were given to people like politicians, statesmen and warriors-eminent and highly respectable people-and not at all such dubious creatures as artists or composers. But although I feel myself quite unworthy of the wonderful things you’ve heard said about me, or read about me, this afternoon, in one way I feel I must congratulate this Borough of Lowestoft for having chosen to honour a composer to-day rather than a statesman! If a composer made such a mess of his work as most politicians here and abroad make of theirs,-well ...But seriously, I should like to thank the Borough of Lowestoft for the great and rare compliment it pays to Art generally, by so honouring me, a humble composer, this afternoon. To be made Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Lowestoft is one of the loveliest things that could ever happen to me. It puts, as it were, an official seal on my connection with this little corner of England-where I was born, and where I have spent so many years of my life.
Introduction And Chronology
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

Britten’s final opera, Death in Venice (1973), opens with the fraught character of Aschenbach, a distinguished novelist, deliberating on his creative block: ‘My mind beats on and no words come’. Having reached a point in life when the creative ideas that had supported Aschenbach no longer did so, art and intellect, long united in his work, break apart. Although comparisons have frequently been made between Aschenbach and Britten, on this one point they are opposites, for in this final period of Britten’s life his intellect and his music overlap-not with the didactic urgency of his early years, but with a lucid introspection brought on by fame, withdrawal, and eventual sickness. He continued in his role as artistic conscience to a corrupted society, but in his music, not his words. Owen Wingrave (1970), Children’s Crusade (1969) and (less obviously) Who are these Children? (1969), each picks up the mantle of the IM!r Requiem to warn against the horrors and moral turpitude of war. The mantle is not simply this pacifist theme, either: ambiguity, one of Britten’s favourite dramatic devices, is exchanged (on some levels) for clarity and certainty, as it had been in the IM!r Requiem. Each of these pieces is recognizably Britten’s, yet the layers of narrative and musical ambiguity so favoured by him in his dramatic works from 1945 onwards, are less important here than getting the message across. Even Death in Venice operates as a plea for tolerance and understanding of the creative mind, if not for the hidden sexuality that mind might harbour.
Sir Arthur Bliss At 75 (1966)
Authors: Kildea Paul
Published: November 2023

When one is very young, tales of one’s elders’ youthful exploits set one’s sympathy strongly vibrating ... ‘so they know too what it is to be young and frustrated’. In my boyhood you, Arthur, twenty years older than myself, were the avant-gardist of Rout and Conversations and daring (possibly apocryphal) Parisian exploits. You were almost a myth.When one is very young no one is growing older, least of all oneself: time may pass, but we stand still. For me the zestful avant-gardist of Madame Noy still peeps out of the silvery halo of today. Happy you, who can preserve youthful exuberance without youthful immaturity!So today’s young will perhaps find it difficult to equate The Master of the Queen’s Musick with the avant garde of 1920. If they are not blind they will make a note that Youth’s the Season made for Joys-not for Responsibility. At twenty-five or so the Plateau of Responsibility comes into sight, and once on it, we are there for good.You, Arthur, have given us fifty years of active responsibility. Few of your juniors have not been helped directly or indirectly by your practical benevolence. British music, and music in general, has profited by your experience and wisdom-on the BBC, the British Council and the PRS, to name only a few. And we do not forget your compositions, which so many choral and orchestral societies, singers and chamber groups (often starved of playable new works) continue to enjoy.
Volume IV: Paisley-York
Authors: Ker N R , Piper A J
Published: November 2023

The present volume completes the cataloguing of manuscripts. This impressive undertaking will be concluded with one further volume, which will contain addenda and extensive indexes to all the volumes. `a remarkable achievement of scholarship...The descriptions of the manuscripts are full and at the same time admirably concise...Any user of the work, whether his interests are palaeographical, iconographical, or textual, will be deeply grateful for the wealth of information contained in this volume'. Review of English Studies `will be invaluable not only for reference but for the comprehensive and immensely precise assurance that it will give to scholars in every field of medieval studies that nothing relevant to their purposes now lurks in unrecorded concealment'. English Historical Review
Paisley. Renfrew District Museum and Art Gallery
Authors: Ker N R , Piper A J
Published: November 2023

Feasts in red include Terrenanus (12 June), Dedicatio ecclesie de abberbuthnot (3 Aug.), and obit of David Arbuthnot of that ilk (8 Oct.) 1470. The calendar is nearly the same as that of the Arbuthnott Missal, see next description, but a little less full and ungraded. Apart from Clare, an addition, the only saint here but not in the Missal is Macharius (12 Nov.) ‘duplex festum’ both the Missal and the Hours, see below, have Maurice at this date.
Rossetti and Male Desire
Authors: Bullen J B
Published: November 2023

In The 1860s Rossetti painted a series of half-length figures described by William Michael Rossetti as ‘female heads with floral attributes ‘.They were not seen publicly until just after Rossetti ‘s death in 1882, but, from the first, they appeared to be a combination of beauty and neurosis. Sidney Colvin was typical when he said that Rossetti had ‘become a slave to his own predilections ‘, and that having found ‘a particular cast of beauty ‘ which he ‘repeats again and again ‘, he had created ‘a series of mystic and symbolic ... fanciful female incarnations ‘.1 I want to suggest that the repetitive nature of these pictures is symptomatic of a particular kind of anxiety in Rossetti, one which finds expression elsewhere in the poetry and in particular in his dramatic monologue ‘A Last Confession ‘. Taken together the poetry and the painting represent a species of ‘confessional ‘ which, like ‘Jenny ‘, problematizes certain aspects of the male libidinal drive.
Payments and Face Values: Edith Wharton’s A Son at the Front
Authors: Condé Mary
Published: November 2023

All war novels must cope to a certain extent with the notion of payment: is war worth it? Ernest Hemingway’s novel Fiesta (or The Sun Also Rises, 1927), a novel about the effects of the First World War, chronicles the narrator’s gradual despairing abandonment of the concept of fair payment for anything. This is only an extreme example of the disillusionment and dissatisfaction expressed in American First World War fiction that had been exacerbated by America’s late entry into the war, itself the subject of intensive and misleading propaganda. This late entry had forced into foreign armies young writers anxious to buy their fictional material at a fair price: Hemingway enlisted as an ambulance-driver on the Italian front, Cummings and Dos Passos as ambulance-drivers on the French front, and Faulkner as a cadet in the Royal Canadian Air Force.
The Dissidence of Vernon Lee: Satan the Waster and the Will to Believe
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: November 2023

Vernon Lee (Violet Paget) is cited most often now as the thinker who brought the concept ‘empathy’ into Anglo-Saxon understanding. This is a rather odd fate for the irascible, outspoken, brilliantly critical Lee, whose political non-conformity and lesbian sexuality set her at odds with British society. Yet it has a certain justice when applied to her writing which, alongside its sunny evocation of place and incident, also stirs ‘the needs and impulses, the uncatalogued passions not manifested directly in outer behaviour to our neighbours, and which, if guessed at by those neighbours, are guessed only in so far as already familiar to them in their own hidden selves.’ Vernon Lee had a very long writing career and she made full use of the time. Her books date from 1880 to 1932. They range across philosophy, fiction, evocations of place, musical theory and reception, moral and immoral essays, ghost stories, aesthetics, and feminist argument. A recurrent theme is the persistence and the dangers of the will-to-believe. Her writing career before the First World War was very successful, though she was never afraid of controversy as her early novel Miss Brown (1884) demonstrates as clearly as her ambitious critique of contrasted intellectual movements Vital Lies (1912).
‘Still some obstinate emotion remains’: Radclyffe Hall and the Meanings of Service
Authors: Buck Claire
Published: November 2023

‘As a woman, I have no country. As a woman I want no country. As a woman my country is the whole world,’ writes Virginia Woolf in Three Guineas (1938), her exploration of the relationship of militarism and masculinity. Woolf’s rejection of patriotic identification is assigned to ‘the outsider’, her figure for resistance to the ‘tyranny of the patriarchal state’ (160) and its corollary militarism. The Society of Outsiders which Woolf then proposes in Three Guineas stands as an influential model for a feminist politics based on marginality. Emerging out of an analysis of women’s exclusion from the institutions of power, her formulation reinterprets the terms and effects of that exclusion as a source of critical and political strength.
Mary Butts, Mothers, and War
Authors: Hamer Mary
Published: November 2023

What kind of woman calls her own red hair scarlet? One who was not shy of the limelight, by all accounts. Asking us to look at her, even before she invites us to look with her, to join her in thinking again about the question of women, the voice of Mary Butts echoes imperiously still today. A brilliant, even ferocious intelligence, a demanding voice: there are no anodyne terms to present her in. And if you look to find her among her friends, you will not find them organizing to work together for the vote or exploring the extended options opened to women by the war. It is in the memories of men that the sense of her as a person survived, a big eager lawless redhead, on the lookout for excitement and parties. ‘Paris was a dream. We didn’t go to bed for a week and spent all our money on such binges! The last thing I remember was dancing solely supporting myself by the lobes of Cedric Morris’ ears,’ she wrote to Douglas Goldring. She is the hardest figure to recruit for any cause. In her own person she throws the regular terms of enquiry into disarray. Mary Butts was a woman who hated her own mother and though she gave birth to a daughter, Camilla, did not bring the child up herself. No one could say she was not a difficult woman, in almost any sense you care to name. When Patrick Wright brought her writing back to public attention in 1985, it was primarily to expose its enthusiastic rhetoric of blood and race.
The Modern Literary Market
Authors: Baldick Chris
Published: November 2023

With levels of literacy in this period reaching about 80 per cent, England boasted a potential ‘reading public’ of about twenty million adults. What these millions read, for the most part, were newspapers and magazines. Mass-circulation daily papers like the Daily Mail, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, and Daily Herald; Sunday papers such as the News of the World; and influential local papers such as the London Evening Standard provided the most regular and most formative relationship between the majority of the population and the written word. Almost everything else that was written, and most of what was read in this period, was in some way shaped by the overwhelming commercial and cultural dominance of these publications. Few novelists or poets could make a living without engaging in some form of journalism, and fewer still could reach a significant readership unless their works were commended by the reviewers, at least in the more respectable papers.
Modern Authorship
Authors: Baldick Chris
Published: November 2023

In a magazine article in 1911, H. G. Wells, the son of humble shop- keepers but now a successful journalist and novelist, declared that The literary life is one of the modern forms of adventure. Success with a book, even such a commercially modest success as mine has been, means in the English-speaking world not merely a moderate financial independence, but the utmost freedom of movement and intercourse. One is lifted out of one’s narrow circumstances into familiar and unrestrained inter- course with a great variety of people. One sees the world.
Modern Romance, Fable, and Historical Fiction
Authors: Baldick Chris
Published: November 2023

In the previous three chapters, developments in the art of the novel have been presented according to a commonly accepted division between fictions of social or ‘external’ action, mostly realistic in method, and fictions of psychological inwardness, some of them experimental in narrative structure and perspective. As we have noted, there are oversights and distortions involved in such a partition of prose fiction into two distinct continents marked on our map as ‘realism’ and‘modernism’. One of these problems may be clarified by remarking that the opposite of realism is not modern- ism; it is, as it has been for centuries, romance, or fantasy, or fable.
England and the English
Authors: Baldick Chris
Published: November 2023

The English had lived for centuries under foreign kings and queens, and since 1714 under the German house of Hanover. Then something remarkable happened in July 1917. Amid rising anti-German war hysteria that now threw suspicion upon the monarchy itself, King George V was persuaded to change his Teutonic name (Saxe- Coburg and Gotha) and renounce his numerous German titles. The new name chosen for the royal dynasty, after alternatives including ‘York’, ‘Lancaster’, ‘Plantagenet’, and even ‘England’ had been rejected, was ‘Windsor’, after the quiet Berkshire town and its castle, favoured as a residence by Queen Victoria. Under the pressure of German military might, the British Empire suddenly found itself with a self-consciously ‘English’ monarchy, its Englishness brandished in the form of a southern rural place name.
General Introduction
Authors: Garside Peter , Raven James , Schöwerling Rainer
Published: November 2023

What was a novel in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? Did popular novels address a broad range of topics and plots and characterizations or were they generally confined to domestic, sedentary themes? Were there as many historical as contemporary settings, as many novels in letters as in continuous narrative? How many were based on real events? Who wrote them? Who published and sold them? How expensive were they? What was their appeal and popularity? How were they reviewed? These and other questions are the starting point for this bibliography.
Poetic Originality in The Wars of Alexander
Authors: Dronke Peter
Published: November 2023

The title I have chosen may sound paradoxical. Can one really speak of the originality of a poetic text that is a translation and for much of the time a close translation-of a Latin prose source? This Latin source, moreover-a variant, from around I200, of the Alexander Romance that Leo of Naples had trans lated around 960-is not one of the more compelling Alexan der narratives that we possess: it is a compilation which is neither coherently shaped nor attractively written.
The Literal World of the English Della Cruscans
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: November 2023

Not many remember that the eighteenth century had a literary fin de siecle. It was called the Della Cruscan movement. Of course no one now takes this body of work seriously, and its readers are rare. The received judgement—that it’s trash—comes to us as naturally as the leaves to the tree. Nor do many now recall the immense notoriety the Della Cruscans quickly gained after their initial appearance in the 1780s. William Gifford, the movement’s first public enemy, launched his (once celebrated) attack in 1791 because Della Cruscan writing was so successful; becoming what Gifford called an ‘epidemic malady ... spreading from fool to fool’ (‘introduction’ to The Baviad, xii).
Waking from Adam’s Dream: L.E.L.’s Art of Disillusion
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: November 2023

Like Poe in America, Laetitia Elizabeth Landon can scarcely be understood apart from a distinctive and shared literary context. Both writers established their reputations in the world of the 1820s and 1830s, that is to say, in a period when the institutions of literary production were undergoing drastic changes. We date the changes—for both countries—from two signal events: the founding of Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine in 1817, and the publication of the Forget Me Not in 1823. These two works inaugurated an important shift in the way writing, especially poetry, essay, and short fiction, would be carried out for the rest of the century.
The Last of England?
Authors: Stevenson Randall
Published: November 2023

English Literature in the 1960s soon threw off its post-war weariness and the tepid influences of the previous decade. New voices, new visions, and new commitments profoundly reshaped writing during the 60s, and throughout the rest of the century. Drama thrived on its rapidly rebuilt foundations. New freedoms of style and form revitalised fiction. Poetry, too, gradually recovered the variety and inventiveness of earlier years. As well as comprehensively charting these changes in the literary field, Randall Stevenson persuasively pinpoints their origins in the historical, social, and intellectual pressures of the times. Literary developments are revealingly related to the wider evolution and profound changes in English experience in the late twentieth-century to shadows of war and loss of empire; declining influences of class; shifting relations between the genders; emergent minority and counter-cultures; and the broadening democratization of contemporary life in general. Analyses of the rise of literary theory, of publishing and the book trade, and of the pervasive influences of modernism and postmodernism contribute further to an impressively thorough, insightful description of writing in the later twentieth-century a literary period Stevenson shows to be far more imaginative and exciting than has yet been recognised. Lucid, accessible, and engaging, this volume of the Oxford English Literary History presents a unique illumination of its age—one we have lived through, but are only just beginning to understand. The first full account of its period, it will set the agenda for discussion of late twentieth-century literature for many years to come.
A Postmodern Age? Literature, Ideas, and Traditions
Authors: Stevenson Randall
Published: November 2023

The End of the Modern ‘What was Modernism?’, Harry Levin enquired, in the title of a lecture published in August 1960. As a literary movement, he went on to suggest, it had given way sometime earlier to ‘what has been categorized … as the Post-Modern Period’ (Refractions, p. 277). ‘What was Postmodernism?’ was the title John Flow chose for a critical essay published towards the end of the century, in 1997.
To the Crossroads: Style and Society in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Stevenson Randall
Published: November 2023

‘A veil, a thick curtain, had fallen between “now” and “before the war” ’, Anthony Powell records in The Soldier’s Art (1966, ch. 2). Many authors in the period tried to lift this veil from the past, tracing the features and stresses of recent history in the form and vision of their fiction. Longer-term moral and historical implications of the war are described in Chapters 16 and 17. In the years just after 1945, there was a more immediate need to lift the curtain separating ‘now’ and ‘before’—to reconnect individual life with a broader history, and to re-establish a sense of continuity in each.
Longer Shadows and Darkness Risible: The 1970s to 2000
Authors: Stevenson Randall
Published: November 2023

The Second World War’s ‘ineluctable shadow’ remained strongly evident in the moral vision of late twentieth-century English fiction, but it also shaped its imagination in other ways. Throughout the period, the war functioned as an ineluctable marker—a kind of gnomon—casting a shadow sharply across memory, history, and the dimension of time itself. Earlier in the century, modernist writers such as D.
In the Canon’s Mouth: Tony Harrison and Twentieth-Century Poetry
Authors: Forbes Peter
Published: November 2023

There has been surprisingly little discussion of Tony Harrison’s poetics, as opposed to his subject-matter. The cross ing of his classical education with his background has mes merized many into thinking that’s all there is to it. Douglas Dunn, a poet with whom Harrison has occasionally been linked to form a notional school (tagged ‘Barbarians’ after Dunn’s book of the name, or ‘Rhubarbarians’, after Harrison’s poem), has briefly considered Harrison’s poetry on several occasions.
Goodbye to All That?
Authors: Fenton James
Published: November 2023

The first paragraph of Dryden’s Essay of Dramatic Poesie records the great imperial moment in what the English call the Second Dutch War, and what the Dutch call the Second English War. A naval battle is taking place off Lowestoft, more than a hundred miles from London, but the sound carries as far as the capital. Dryden recalls:
Auden on Shakespeare’s Sonnets
Authors: Fenton James
Published: November 2023

Although Auden’s engagement with Shakespeare produced the most wonderful and surprising results, both in prose and in verse, it is not to be supposed that, during his lifetime, he was always listened to on the subject with sympathy or even respect. Throughout his adult life, Auden enjoyed celebrity as a poet, but that celebrity did not automatically entitle him to assume the august mantle of critic and teacher. Here he is, glimpsed through the memoir of Charles H. MilJer, at Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1941: When he got to Shakespeare, he drew blackboard diagrams to show that Othello was stupid and that Iago was the most honest character in the play. I wasn’t the only student to be put off, or let down, by his seeming flippancy towards Shakespeare; few of us had known so unorthodox a teacher, and none of us had known such a presence with such methods.
Auden in the End
Authors: Fenton James
Published: November 2023

‘Art is born of humiliation’, said the young Auden to the young hopeful Spender. And we saw in Chapter 10 how he continued to believe this. He thought of the Sonnets as a private record of Shakespeare’s humiliation at the hands of both the young man and the Dark Lady, for the sonnets addressed to her are ‘concerned with that most humiliating of all erotic experiences, sexual infatuation’. ‘Simple lust’, said Auden, is impersonal, that is to say the pursuer regards himself as a person but the object of his pursuit as a thing, to whose personal qualities, if she has any, he is indifferent, and, if he succeeds, he expects to be able to make a safe getaway as soon as he becomes bored.
Searching for First Folios
Authors: West Anthony James
Published: November 2023

This first chapter tells the story of the search undertaken for the new Census. It has several purposes: first, to describe the extent of the search and thus enable the reader to assess the likelihood of any First Folios escaping inclusion; second, to document the trails followed and the tools and methods used, and thus help anyone inclined to continue the search to benefit from my experience and to decide where to focus effort; and third, to express the intrinsic pleasure that accompanies the activity of seeking, and occasionally finding, treasure trove-particularly when clues, detective work, and some sleuthing are involved.
The Number and Distribution of First Folios Worldwide: 1902 and 2000
Authors: West Anthony James
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 approached the history of the First Folio through its sales and prices covering the time-span from its publication to the present. This chapter addresses its history from the points of view of how many copies have survived and how their distribution—both geographical and the mix of private and public owner-ship—has changed in the span from 1902 to 2000.
The Dawn of Scientific Forestry
Authors: Tsouvalis Judith
Published: November 2023

In the course of history, the term ‘forest’ referred to numerous ‘things’. Some of these ‘things’ or formations will be investigated in this chapter. After a gen eral survey of the etymology of the term ‘forest’ and its reference to uncivilized places, forests as legal institutions (taking the form of Royal Forests) and forests as spatiotemporal entities (taking the form of plantation forests) will be discussed. The geography of scientific forestry knowledge in the context of the British Empire will then be examined, focusing on the role played by the surgeons and German foresters of the East India Company in disseminating it to Britain. Finally, the formalization and institutionalization of scientific forestry knowledge in Britain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries will be described.
Moments of Crisis 11: The Ancient Woodland Debates
Authors: Tsouvalis Judith
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers how a long-forgotten reality was rediscovered and made visible once more. As in the previous chapter, scientific forestry practice and the way in which it transformed the world was challenged. Here, the construction of reality through processes of conceptualization and classification were of even greater importance. To classify means to group objects into classes according to certain principles.
The Dawn of Postmodern Forestry
Authors: Tsouvalis Judith
Published: November 2023

The relations of the FC of Britain to trees and forests are changing. ‘[I]n the 1990s, we have seen a new social agenda begin to shape forestry policy’, the Chief Conservator of England recently observed. ‘As we reach the year 2000, foresters are coming to terms with new issues such as social inclusion and com munity engagement.’ No doubt, he concluded, ‘the world has changed-and the Forestry Commission has changed with it’ (Rollinson 1999: 14). The purpose of section 9.1 of this final chapter is to reflect on the formative context of forestry at the beginning of the twenty-first century, and to consider the place of the FC and what are now differentially delineated as ‘forests’. The question whether present-day forestry can be considered as a postmodern phenomenon is discussed in section 9.2, and section 9.3 returns to the symbolic role of forests and trees in the period 1919-2000.
John Palsgrave as Renaissance Linguist
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: November 2023

The year 1530 saw the publication in London of one of the most remarkable books of the Renaissance: Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse. The author of this vast work of over 1,000 pages was John Palsgrave, graduate of Cambridge, Paris, and Oxford, priest and chaplain to Henry VIII, and tutor to the King's sister. His book is the first dictionary of two neighbouring vernaculars, English and French, and simultaneously the first contrastive grammar of the two languages. It reveals him as a pioneering and exceptional linguist with a sharply observant and analytical mind, who goes far beyond the traditional application of Latin grammar-writing to two living languages. The book is also remarkable for the liveliness with which Palsgrave discusses and illustrates the social aspects of language use, dialectal variation, and the vigour of colloquial idiom. In this uniquely detailed study Stein sets the author and his book in their wider sociohistorical context and discusses Palsgrave's syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic analyses, some of which anticipate the findings of modern linguistics by over 400 years.
Conversational Scorekeeping and the Interpretation of Conditional Sentences
Authors: Mccawley James D
Published: November 2023

In this paper I develop ideas that are aimed at answering the first of the three basic questions about conditional sentences that Fillmore (1987: 163) poses (‘To what extent are facts about the form and interpretation of a conditional sentence predictable from knowledge about its constituent elements?’).
Reasoning, Mappings, and Meta-metaphorical Conditionals
Authors: Sweetser Eve
Published: November 2023

Charles Fillmore’s work on conditional constructions (1986; 1990a; 1990b) has laid out ways in which verb forms and other aspects of conditional structure are mapped onto different aspects of conditional semantics and pragmatics. In some of my own work (Sweetser, 1990) I have examined aspects of conditional interpretation, and even (Sweetser, forthcoming) attempted to build on Fillmore’s analysis, and to find added compositionality in the relationship between the forms and meanings of the varied manifestations of conditionals in English. This particular paper is about a class of conditionals which has not to my knowledge been considered in the literature, and which affords a unique glimpse of the power of conditionals in building cognitive structures. In particular, I shall argue that examples like (1-4) provide interesting evidence that metaphorical statements share crucial properties of reasoning structure with literal statements.
The Case for ‘Effector’: Case Roles, Agents, and Agency Revisited
Authors: Van Valin Robert D , Wilkins David P
Published: November 2023

Although they may call them case roles, participant roles, thematic roles (8-roles), thematic relations, proto-roles, or role archetypes, most current theories of grammar have some account of semantic roles and their relation to syntax. As Newmeyer (1986: 106) notes: ‘Fillmore and the case grammarians deserve credit for impressing upon the linguistic community the importance of these roles.’ Further, in all discussions of the ‘semantic side’ of grammar, beginning with Fillmore 1968 and Gruber 1965, ‘agent’ plays a central part. Since virtually every theory which incorporates a thematic-relations component invokes this role, its status as one of the vital elements in linguistic theory and description has gone largely unchallenged.
Natural Law and Virtue: Theories at Cross Purposes
Authors: Hittinger Russell
Published: November 2023

This essay will explain how the subjects of virtue and natural law have become quite different foci for theories about human conduct, not only placing different requirements on the theorist, but requirements which seem to be at cross purposes. Natural law can be reserved for an important, but narrow problem: the articulation of some basic human goods or needs that any system of positive law must respect, promote, or in any case protect. Natural law theory, on this assignment, would disclose the overlap of law and morality requisite for legislation and for the public and legal vindication of individual rights. The term ‘nature’ can carry the relatively weak meaning of what is not a mere artefact of our practical reasoning. The goods of life, or freedom of speech, are not generally regarded as values simply by dint of subjective preference or the idiosyncracies of private life plans. In this sense, they could be treated as publicly recognizable ‘natural’ values which guide legal judgements. Hence, in American constitutional law principles of natural justice are summoned to highlight moral requirements of the legal and political order, to defend individual rights against the utilitarian interests of a political majority, or to guide the adjudication of hard cases which fall into textual gaps or open-ended clauses of the Constitution.
Formalism and the Rule of Law
Authors: Raz Joseph
Published: November 2023

Except at the hands of its detractors the ideal of the rule of law is today a minority preoccupation among legal and political thinkers. Its theoretical marginality can, however, be misleading. The ideal is deeply entrenched in the common ‘official’ culture of liberal democracies. It is a potent political ideal, whose validity is accepted and implementation assumed and taken for granted. Occasional violations of the rule of law are admitted and condemned by all the main political groupings as a matter of great concern and urgency, which can mobilize political action across party lines. Though not uncommonly it will be disputed whether a violation occurred, hardly anyone will actually argue that it was justified if it took place.
Why Legal Formalism
Authors: Weinrib Ernest J
Published: November 2023

Legal formalism postulates the coherence of juridical relationships.1 Drawing on the connection discerned in antiquity between form and intelligibility, the formalist seeks to elucidate the forms, i.e. the coherent structures of justification, immanent in a sophisticated legal system. For the formalist, these forms go to the intelligibility of legal concepts and institutions, and they are therefore crucial to understanding the law’s content. Because the forms are justificatory structures, they provide normative frameworks for legal argument. and inasmuch as they are immanent to the juridical relationships they inform, they shed light on the traditional claim of natural law theory that law is an ordering of reason.
Prometheus’s Bounds
Authors: Meinwald Constance c.
Published: November 2023

The Philebus piques the interests of students of Plato’s remarks on method with its artful combination of sameness and difference. The sameness comes from its recommendation to engage in work on genus—species trees, which is the late period version of study of Forms.1 We in fact get a glimpse of the structure in question as early as the Euthyphro (ueff.). There Socrates suggests, in leading his interlocutor to his last attempt at definition, that Euthyphro try to say what part of Justice Piety is. By the late period we find that tree structures are receiving direct attention, and have become the subject of explicit discussion. Thus Phaedrus 265e crowns its discussion of the project of dividing kinds into their subkinds with the famous declaration that the dialectician is able to carve reality at the joints, rather than hacking like an incompetent cook.
Language Mixing: Some Linguistic, Psycholinguistic, Neurolinguistic, and Sociolinguistic Issues
Authors: Lanza Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I present a survey of the strengths and weaknesses of studies that have lent support to the one-system hypothesis (2.1) and empirical studies that have criticized this hypothesis, thereby promoting the two-system hypothesis (2.2). This review is not exhaustive; I concentrate on well-known studies that are inevitably cited in discussions of either hypothesis. Instead of merely comparing the different results of the studies, I have chosen to review the studies individually, the rationale for this being that different studies often operate with different assumptions. An essentially historical approach is adopted in reviewing these works because each has in many ways built upon the prior studies.
A Study in Infant Bilingualism
Authors: Lanza Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Although methodological questions concerning the investigation of infant bilingualism are brought up throughout the following chapters, this chapter will focus on the procedures involved in this particular investigation. The choice of place and the two languages involved are presented in 3.1 while the search and selection of the participants in the study are described in 3.2. In 3.3, the data collection methods are discussed, including the types of data involved as well as the recording schedules for the children. Drawing up a transcript in the case of bilingual child language data offers a challenge to the analyst. The steps involved and the problems incurred in this investigation are covered in 3.4 and 3.5.Norway forms the backdrop for this study of the simultaneous acquisition of English and Norwegian. Norwegian, the majority language, enjoys societal prestige; however, English, as a language of international communication, also boasts high status in this country in which multilingualism and multiculturalism are carving a distinguishable profile.
Language Choice by the Young Bilingual Child: Form and Function in Discourse
Authors: Lanza Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The notion of language choice is at the heart of the sociolinguistic approach to language. As Fasold (1984: 180) states, ‘A moment’s thought will make it clear that sociolinguistics only exists as a field of study because there are choices in using language.’ The notion of language choice is implicit in most studies of infant bilingual language differentiation; however, the pragmatic parameters for such choice are rarely discussed. The onset of metalinguistic awareness, or bilingual awareness, was invoked as providing the cognitive underpinnings for language differentiation (cf. Vihman 1985). As I argued in 2.5.2, bilingual awareness is reflected in the child’s conversational discourse.