bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The postmenopausal vulva
Authors: Kingston Abigail
Published: October 2009

Vulval symptoms are common among postmenopausal women.

A wide range of pathology underlies often similar presentations.

Vulval care with emollients is the first‐line treatment in most vulval conditions.

Vulval disease is a growing specialty across gynaecology, dermatology and genitourinary medicine.

Learning objectives:

To recognise the impact of vulval health on quality of life.

To use a systematic approach to clinical diagnosis in most cases.

To recognise cases requiring vulval biopsy.

To promote uniformity in nomenclature and treatment.

Ethical issues:

Should women with vulval disorders be seen by multidisciplinary teams or by vulval specialists?

Please cite this article as: Kingston A. The postmenopausal vulva. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:253–259.
Fused labia: a paediatric approach
Authors: Michala Lina , Creighton Sarah M
Published: October 2009

Labial fusion is common among prepubertal girls.

In the majority of cases it is asymptomatic and should not be treated.

In symptomatic children, initial treatment with local estrogen is advised. Surgical treatment should be avoided if at all possible and considered only as a last resort.

Recurrence rates are high. The condition resolves with the onset of puberty.

Learning objectives:

To learn how to diagnose labial adhesions.

To be able to reassure parents that the condition is self‐limiting and benign.

To know the treatment modalities available for symptomatic children.

Ethical issues:

There is no evidence that child sexual abuse causes labial adhesions, however, if the presentation is atypical or there are other concerns, advice should be sought from the lead professional for child protection in the organisation or Trust.

Please cite this article as: Michala L, Creighton SM. Fused labia: a paediatric approach. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:261–264.
A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education. Article 1: principles of teaching and learning
Authors: Shehmar Manjeet , Khan Khalid S
Published: October 2009

Clinical teaching needs to be contextual.

Everyday clinical situations provide teaching and learning opportunities.

Work‐based assessment tools can be used to teach and learn ‘on the go’.

Learning objectives:

Trainees and trainers should gain an introduction to the main medical educational theories on teaching and learning.

An Advanced Training Skills Module (ATSM) in Medical Education trainee should be able to show an understanding of the practical application of the main educational theories.

An ATSM in Medical Education trainer should be able to deliver a training module incorporating the educational theory behind effective teaching and learning.

Ethical issues:

A trainee has a responsibility to use all the available training opportunities that are offered.

Trainers and trainees are both responsible for ensuring that no patient identifying information is kept in the training portfolio.

Please cite this article as: Shehmar M, Khan KS. A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education. Article 1: principles of teaching and learning. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:271–276.
Haplotype mapping in human disease
Authors: Morgan Linda
Published: October 2009

Many obstetric and gynaecological disorders result from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors.

Mapping of the patterns of variation in the human genome by the International HapMap project has made it possible to screen for common genetic variants in the human genome rapidly and economically.

Susceptibility genes for complex disorders typically have small effects.

Many thousands of samples from well‐phenotyped cases are required to detect susceptibility genes with confidence.

National and international consortia provide a necessary research infrastructure for genetic studies of complex disorders.

Learning objectives:

To understand the principles and applications of linkage disequilibrium, haplotype tagging and genome‐wide association screening.

To be able to access the bioinformatic resources available to researchers studying the genetic basis of complex disorders.

Ethical issues:

Research investment in haplotype mapping is leading to the identification of susceptibility genes for complex disorders, largely related to populations of white, western European descent. It is important to ensure that these benefits extend to all populations, including those in developing countries.

Please cite this article as: Morgan L. Haplotype mapping in human disease. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:277–283.
@ TOG
Authors: Edey Katharine , Barnfield Sonia , Keay Stephen
Published: October 2009

In this issue we turn to palliative care. Knowledge in this area is very useful when dealing with women with gynaecological malignancies, who are often admitted out of hours needing symptom control.
Novos dados sôbre a distribuição de triatomideos e sua infecção pelo Schizotrypanum cruzi no Estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil)
Authors: Pellegrino J.
Published: October 2009

O Autor apresenta o resultado de um inquérito sôbre a distribuição geográfica de Triatomídeos em Minas Gerais e sua infecção pelo Schizotrypanum cruzi. O levantamento foi iniciado em 1946 com a colaboração dos destacamentos militares distribuídos por todos os municípios do Estado. Dos 388 municípios em que se divide o Estado de Minas, recebeu triatomas de 155 (39,94%) sendo que em 94 encontrou exemplares infectados pelo S. cruzi (60,64% dos municípios com triatomas). Dos 155 municípios recebeu o Autor um total de 21 159 triatomas sendo que 14 978 eram T. infestans (70,78%), 4 589 eram P. megistus (21,68%) e 1 547 eram T. sordida (7,31%). As outras espécies (P. geniculatus, P. diasi, T. arthurneivai, T. maculata e Ps. coreodes) constituíram sòmente 0,21% do material reunido. Foram examinados 8 422 T. infestans para a pesquiza do S. cruzi nas dejeções; 27,59% estavam infectados. O P. megistus (626 insetos examinados) e o T. sordida (57 insetos examinados) deram, respectivamente, 27,12 e 7,49% de positividade.
O órgão odorífero de um macho do gênero Eriopyga (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Hadeninae)
Authors: Barth Rudolf
Published: October 2009

1. E' descrito o órgão odorífero de um macho do genus Eriopyga das noctuídas (Lepidoptera, Hadeninae) morfológica —, microanatômica — e histològicamente. A classificação sistemática do exemplar foi feita pelo Prof. Dr. A. DE COSTA LIMA. Se se trata de uma espécie nova não foi possível esclarecer, pois o material para o exame histológico foi aproveitado em parte nos preparados. 2. A parte glandular do órgão esta situada num sulco longitudinal e lateral de ambos os lados do tergito do segmento II, III e IV. O pincel-distribuidor insere-se num aumento do ângulo anterior do tergito do segmento II e que pode ser enrolado. 3. O órgão representa o tipo dos órgãos odoríferos compostos. 4. As células glandulares formam uma placa glandular em conjunto, que possui apenas algumas poucas e reduzidas cerdas expedidoras como restos da existência anterior geral de cerdas. 5. As células glandulares não possuem aparelhos expedidores e a secreção deve difundir-se pela cutícula. 6. A placa glandular e coberta por uma rêde de fascículos musculares ou fascículos elásticos que derivam dos músculos dorsoventrais, inserindo-se entre as células glandulares. Eventualmente elas aumentam a pressão da secreção nas células. 7. A secreção e transmitida ao ar por meio de um pincel-distribuidor, que pode ser aberto por músculos. 8. A estrutura do pincel-distribuidor tem uma zona solida no meio. Esta zona serve como limite que evita a perda da secreção retirada pela ponte para a parte basal da cerda. 9. E´ descrita uma glândula auxiliar, cuja secreção eventualmente possa aumentar a ação da descrita zona de limite. 10. Das observações deve-se concluir que o órgão odorífero desta espécie do gênero Eriopyga possui um grau de evolução relativamente alto.
Ensaios sôbre lepra experimental: inoculações de três amostras de bacilos ácido-álcool resistentes (amostras "Chaves II", "Emilia" e "Hecke") isoladas de leprosos, em trinta doentes da Colônia Mirueira
Authors: Souza-Araujo H. C. de , Sá Jorge Gomes de
Published: October 2009

Com o fim de produzir o fenômeno de KOCH, os A. A. inocularam em 30 leprosos da Colônia Mirueira (Recife), de várias idades e formas clínicas, emulsões vivas de três culturas de bacilos ácido-álcool resistentes isolados de leprosos pro um dêles (S.A.). As doses inoculadas foram de 0,2 cc., por via intradérmica, em cada doente, das amostras "CII", "E" e "H" e mais da Leprolina S.A. (antígeno morto). No 10º dia da inoculação verificou-se que 24 dos 30 pacientes tiveram reação geral intensa; 2, reação moderada e 4, nenhuma reação geral. 16 dos 30 tiveram reação leprótica, sendo 10 em casos ativos (lepromatosos) e 6 em inativos, e 17 dos 30 tiveram adenopatias inguinais. O inóculo "CII" produziu escaras de 1 x 1 e 2 x 2 cm. de diâmetro, com destruição total da pele, nos 30 pacientes (o total dêles); o inóculo "E" produziu escaras de igual intensidade em 29, o inóculo "H", escaras muitos mais benignas em 23, e a Leprolina em 10, naturalmente por ação concomitante de um dos outros três inóculos. No 10º dia foram semeadas em meio de LOEWENSTEIN secreções das escaras de sete dos 30 doentes, num total de 20 tubos, dos quais 19 produziram retroculuras, a amioria contaminada por fungos ou por bactérias cianófilas. De um doente foi obtido retrocultura cromogênica da escara produzida na intradérmoreação pela "Leprolina S. A.", macro e microscòpricamente indiferencável das amostras "CII" e "E". Aliás, pela extensiva experimentação feita com estas duas amostras, estamos nos inclinando por considerá-las como idênticas. No 18º dia da inoculação foram feitos 30 esfregaços de secreções de lesões experimentais de 13 doentes, com 15 resultados positivos (50%), apesar do exame tardio. As morfologias macro e microscópica das retroculturas obtidas em Recife confirmam os caracteres descritos nas culturas originais. Dêste rápido ensaio se conclui que a maioria dos pacientes apresentou o fenômeno de KOCH parcial ou integral, com as clássicas reações gerais, focais e locais. A falta de recursos de laboratório na Colônia não permitiu melhor aproveitamento de tão precioso material experimental, e por isso êste trabalho apresenta várias lacunas.
Estimação da oferta de trabalho das mulheres no Brasil
Authors: Avelino Ricardo , Menezes-Filho Naércio
Published: October 2009

Este artigo estima equações de oferta de trabalho para mulheres cônjuges no Brasil, no período entre 1992 e 1999, comparando três modelos existentes na literatura, o de Stone-Geary, o de Heckman-MaCurdy e o de Blundell-Duncan-Meghir. Utiliza-se um método econométrico de pseudopainel, apropriado para cross-sections repetidas, no qual o agrupamento dos dados por coorte, tempo e escolaridade permite controlar o fenômeno estudado por características observáveis e não observáveis dos indivíduos. As elasticidades de oferta de trabalho encontradas variam entre -0,213 e 0,050, dependendo do modelo utilizado e da especificação escolhida para a oferta de trabalho.
Cultivares de morango de dia neutro: produção em função de doses de nitrogênio durante o verão
Authors: Otto Rosana F , Morakami Rodrigo K , Reghin Marie Y , Caíres Eduardo F
Published: October 2009

O morangueiro é uma espécie cuja área de cultivo aumenta a cadaano, devido à introdução de cultivares melhor adaptadas às condições climáticas das diferentes regiões brasileiras. Em experimento realizado entre outubro de 2003 e maio de 2004, em Ponta Grossa, avaliouse a produção de frutos e a emissão de estolões em três cultivares de morangueiro de dia neutro (Aromas, Diamante e Seascape), submetidas a diferentes formulações de fertirrigação. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados, com três repetições, parcelas subdivididas (4 adubações x 3 cultivares) e seis plantas na área útil da subparcela. As adubações testadas foram calculadas a partir da formulação 0,12 g m-2 de N, 0,23 mL m-2 de P e 0,11 g m-2 de K na fase vegetativa e 0,08 g m-2 de N, 0,045 mL m-2 de P e 0,39 g m-2 de K para a fase reprodutiva (A1N) e corresponderam à dose A1N e a zero, 1/3 e 2/3 do N presente em A1N, tanto na fase vegetativa como na fase reprodutiva. As cultivares foram transplantadas em outubro de 2003, em estufa tipo arco com laterais abertas. Avaliou-se número de frutos (NFP) e de estolões (NEP) por planta, produtividade e massa fresca do fruto (MFF). Verificou-se que A0N favoreceu a formação de maior NEP em relação à A2/3N, sem diferir significativamente de A1N e A1/3N. Os distintos níveis de N não alteraram significativamente a produtividade, NFP e MFF. Já as cultivares diferiram significativamente entre si para todas essas características. A cultivar Diamante apresentou MFF (16,2 g) significativamente mais alta que as demais, seguida pelas cultivares Aromas (14,3 g) e Seascape (12,2 g). A cultivar Seascape apresentou produtividade superior à cultivar Aromas, respectivamente 38,1 e 28,4 t ha-1, e semelhante à cultivar Diamante (31,7 t ha-1). Recomenda-se a cultivar Seascape quando o mercado não exigir frutos maiores que 12 g de massa. Caso a exigência seja por frutos maiores, recomenda-se a cultivar Diamante.
Avaliação de mapas conceituais elaborados por estudantes de enfermagem com o apoio de software
Authors: Cogo Ana Luísa Petersen , Pedro Eva Néri Rubim , Silva Ana Paula Scheffer Schell da , Specht Andréia Martins
Published: October 2009

Este estudo objetiva avaliar a estratégia de utilização de mapas conceituais elaborados com o software CmapTools®, no curso na modalidade a distância denominado Introdução a Anamnese e ao Exame Físico de Enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo de caso qualitativo, que contou com a participação de 20 estudantes de graduação em enfermagem. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da avaliação dos 11 mapas conceituais elaborados no curso, da avaliação escrita da atividade realizada e das informações obtidas pela técnica de grupo focal. A partir da análise temática, identificou-se que os estudantes demonstraram apropriação dos principais conceitos necessários na elaboração dos mapas conceituais, devendo ainda aperfeiçoar a expressão de reflexões críticas. Os mesmos avaliaram a atividade como positiva por possibilitar a síntese dos temas em estudo e ter aplicações futuras. Constatou-se a importância de desenvolver, com os estudantes de enfermagem, mapas conceituais com o apoio de software.
Conhecimento da família acerca da condição crônica na infância
Authors: Araújo Yana Balduíno de , Collet Neusa , Moura Flávia Moura de , Nóbrega Rosenmylde Duarte da
Published: October 2009

Estudo qualitativo que objetivou identificar o conhecimento da família acerca da condição crônica na infância e dos cuidados específicos a serem realizados no domicílio. Os dados foram coletados na clínica pediátrica do Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley com sete acompanhantes das crianças com doença crônica entre janeiro e abril de 2008. A técnica de coleta foi a entrevista semi-estruturada. A interpretação dos dados seguiu os fundamentos da análise temática. Os resultados revelam que as informações às famílias têm ocorrido de forma sutil gerando dificuldades em apreendê-las por conter um conteúdo técnico e específico do vocabulário médico, impossibilitando o desenvolvimento da autonomia no cuidado com a criança portadora de doença crônica. O conhecimento da família acerca da doença do filho é insuficiente para o desenvolvimento do cuidado no domicílio. A equipe de saúde precisa interagir com a família desencadeando um processo de autonomia para o cuidado no domicílio.
Visita musical como uma tecnologia leve de cuidado
Authors: Bergold Leila Brito , Alvim Neide Aparecida Titonelli
Published: October 2009

Esse estudo teve por objetivo descrever as concepções de clientes hospitalizados sobre as visitas musicais e analisar a importância dessas visitas no contexto hospitalar. Utilizou como bases teóricas a teoria humanística do cuidado de enfermagem de Jean Watson e as contribuições de Even Ruud sobre música e contexto cultural. O estudo foi realizado com abordagem qualitativa, e para produção de dados utilizou o Método Criativo e Sensível através de três dinâmicas denominadas Corpo-Musical. Os sujeitos foram 14 clientes internados em um hospital militar da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A análise dos dados foi baseada na análise de discurso. Os resultados indicam que as visitas musicais promovem conforto, bem-estar, expressão de emoções, autonomia e estimulam a criação de recursos próprios aos clientes hospitalizados. Estes também apontam a influência benéfica das visitas para o ambiente hospitalar ao promover a comunicação e integração dos seus participantes.
Demarcação histórica da enfermagem na dimensão tecnológica
Authors: Paim Lygia , Martins Cleusa Rios , Paese Fernanda , Bresciani Helga Regina , Callegaro Giovana Dorneles
Published: October 2009

Trata-se de uma reflexão com o propósito de esboçar uma demarcação histórica da Enfermagem brasileira em construção tecnológica no âmbito de suas práticas profissionais. Historicamente a relação entre a enfermagem e a tecnologia é permeada por períodos de isolamento do sistema cientifico-tecnológico em trabalho mais artesanal e, posteriormente, pela busca desse conhecimento científico. A Enfermagem vem estruturando um corpo de conhecimento, iniciado com o pioneirismo do saber profissional. Em diferentes períodos de construção tecnológica, estão identificados, em linguagem metafórica, como "fases lunares" para a compreensão de tempos de oscilação político-sociais e qualidade da produção. A "crescente" pioneira, seguida da fase "lua nova" com inventos e adaptações de enfermagem e, finalmente, destacada pela tônica da pós-graduação e expansão dos Cursos de Graduação; uma "lua mais plena", possibilitando registros, patentes tecnológicas e desenvolvimento de projetos de pesquisa. A natureza do estudo trouxe questões próprias da evolução do momento tecnológico da enfermagem brasileira.
Social support and cervical and breast cancer screening practices among nurses
Authors: Silva Isis Teixeira e , Griep Rosane Harter , Rotenberg Lúcia
Published: October 2009

This cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out at three public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. It aimed at analyzing the association between social support and cervical and breast cancer early detection practices among nurses. Data were collected through a multidimensional questionnaire focusing on socio-demographic and occupational variables, the performance of the breast self-exam, the Papanicolaou smear test, and social support (Medical Outcomes Study scale). Statistical associations were evaluated through the Chi-square test (p d" 0.05). Logistic regression tests were used for multivariate analysis. Higher levels of social support consistently increased the chances of individuals reporting adequate practices concerning breast self-examination and having Pap smear tests performed, regardless of socio-demographic or occupational variables. These results corroborate the hypotheses that social support has a positive effect on the regular practice of self-care.
Desidratação osmótica de frutos de duas cultivares de abacaxi em xarope de açúcar invertido
Authors: Dionello Rafael G. , Berbert Pedro A. , Molina Marília A. B. , Pereira Rozimar C. , Viana Alexandre P. , Carlesso Vinicius O.
Published: October 2009

Propôs-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a cinética da desidratação osmótica de fatias de frutos de duas cultivares de abacaxi, Pérola e Smooth Cayenne, em xarope de açúcar líquido invertido sem diluição. Empregaram-se dois níveis de temperatura da solução de desidratação, 40 e 50 ºC, dois níveis de agitação, zero e 60 min-1, tempo de imersão de 2 h e a relação fruta:xarope de 1:10. Verificou-se que a relação fruta:xarope usada, foi suficiente para manter inalterada a concentração da solução osmótica ao longo da desidratação. Houve aumento de cerca de três vezes no teor de sólidos solúveis totais das fatias de abacaxi, não se observando diferenças em função da cultivar e da temperatura de desidratação; observou-se, também, que a redução de massa, a perda de água e o ganho de sólidos, foram maiores para amostras da cultivar Pérola que para aquelas da cultivar Smooth Cayenne.
Uso espontâneo de analogias por professores de biologia e o uso sistematizado de analogias: que relação?
Authors: Ferraz Daniela Frigo , Terrazzan Eduardo Adolfo
Published: October 2009

Vários autores têm refletido sobre o papel das metáforas e das analogias tanto na produção do conhecimento em áreas específicas do saber, quanto na construção do conhecimento no âmbito do desenvolvimento de uma disciplina escolar. Este trabalho é parte de uma dissertação de mestrado em que foram realizadas observações de professores de biologia no Ensino Médio com o objetivo de investigar o uso espontâneo de analogias em sala de aula e apresenta os resultados obtidos em uma comparação estabelecida entre o uso espontâneo de analogias e o modelo TWA - Teaching With Analogies modificado (Harrison & Treagust, 1994), que é um modelo aceito em vários contextos para o ensino com analogias. Tendo em vista as considerações que vêm sendo levantadas por alguns autores que tratam desse tema, como, por exemplo, o trabalho de Wilbers & Duit (2001) e a partir das observações sobre uso espontâneo de analogias em sala de aula foi possível evidenciar algumas limitações desse modelo.
Aimé Césaire et la lutte inachevée
Authors: Vergès Françoise
Published: October 2009

Aimé Césaire fait partie des auteurs qui ont contribué à la déconstruction de la bibliothèque coloniale. Il interroge, d'un lieu singulier, la Martinique, une colonie française qui a connu l'esclavage et le colonialisme, le récit hégémonique européen. Son œuvre est profondément marquée par l'expérience de l'exil, de la déportation, de la présence africaine au monde produite par la traite négrière et l'esclavage. Sur des terres nées de la colonisation et de l'esclavage, les mouvements de résistance ont cherché à échapper à l'assignation à résidence imposée par la race et à obtenir droit de cité. Pour Césaire, l'émancipation est un horizon, qui se redessine constamment. Il n'y a donc jamais de réponse définitive mais une recherche sans cesse renouvelée d'une position où ni la singularité ni l'universel ne triomphe l'une de l'autre. C'est dans la tension entre ces deux positions que Césaire entrevoit un processus d'émancipation où idéalisation et amertume sont tenues à distance.
In response to oxidative stress, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant enzymes are impaired in placenta, but not adipose tissue, of women with gestational diabetes
Authors: Lappas Martha , Mittion Amberlee , Permezel Michael
Published: October 2009

In response to oxidative stress, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) placenta releases less 8-isoprostane and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α. The effect of oxidative stress on other cytokines and antioxidant gene expressions are unknown. The aim of this study is to further explore the antioxidant status and effect of oxidative stress in GDM tissue. Human placenta, omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue from women with and without GDM were exposed to hypoxanthine (HX)/xanthine oxidase (XO). Cytokine release was analysed by ELISA and cytokine and antioxidant gene expression by RT-PCR. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GSR) mRNA expression was higher in GDM (n=18) compared with normal (n=23) placenta. There was no difference in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase mRNA expression. Antioxidant gene expression was unaltered between normal (n=18) and GDM (n=10) adipose tissue. HX/XO treatment significantly stimulated cytokine release (13/16 cytokines) and cytokine mRNA expression, and decreased antioxidant gene expression (CAT and GSR) in human placenta from normal pregnant women. In GDM placenta, HX/XO only significantly increased the release of 3/16 cytokines, while there was no effect on antioxidant gene expression. In normal and GDM adipose tissues, HX/XO increased proinflammatory cytokine and 8-isoprostane release, while there was no change in antioxidant gene expression. GDM placenta is characterised by increased antioxidant gene expression, and is less responsive to exogenous oxidative stress than tissues obtained from normal pregnant women. This may represent a protective or adaptive mechanism to prevent damage from further oxidative insult in utero as indicated by increased tissue antioxidant expression.
The emerging role of Krüppel-like factors in endocrine-responsive cancers of female reproductive tissues
Authors: Simmen R C M , Pabona J M P , Velarde M C , Simmons C , Rahal O , Simmen F A
Published: October 2009

Krüppel-like factors (KLFs), of which there are currently 17 known protein members, belong to the specificity protein (Sp) family of transcription factors and are characterized by the presence of Cys2/His2 zinc finger motifs in their carboxy-terminal domains that confer preferential binding to GC/GT-rich sequences in gene promoter and enhancer regions. While previously regarded to simply function as silencers of Sp1 transactivity, many KLFs are now shown to be relevant to human cancers by their newly identified abilities to mediate crosstalk with signaling pathways involved in the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and differentiation. Several KLFs act as tumor suppressors and/or oncogenes under distinct cellular contexts, underscoring their prognostic potential for cancer survival and outcome. Recent studies suggest that a number of KLFs can influence steroid hormone signaling through transcriptional networks involving steroid hormone receptors and members of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Since inappropriate sensitivity or resistance to steroid hormone actions underlies endocrine-related malignancies, we consider the intriguing possibility that dysregulation of expression and/or activity of KLF members is linked to the pathogenesis of endometrial and breast cancers. In this review, we focus on recently described mechanisms of actions of several KLFs (KLF4, KLF5, KLF6, and KLF9) in cancers of the mammary gland and uterus. We suggest that understanding the mode of actions of KLFs and their functional networks may lead to the development of novel therapeutics to improve current prospects for cancer prevention and cure.
Environmental basis of soil–site productivity relationships in ponderosa pine
Authors: Wilson Duncan S. , Maguire Douglas A.
Published: October 2009

Understanding the environmental basis for soil–site quality relationships requires that we connect the environmental factors important to resource availability to the physiological processes influencing tree productivity. The nitrogen productivity concept provides this link by relating nitrogen uptake rate to plant growth, although the concept has been verified almost exclusively by laboratory experiments on tree seedlings. We tested the nitrogen productivity concept in a field setting by relating foliage production to nitrogen mineralization rate in 19 mature ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands across a moisture gradient in central Oregon, USA. Models developed following the nitrogen productivity concept predicted annual foliage production precisely and adequately represented the different influences of nitrogen and water stress. Current‐year foliage production was proportional to older foliage nitrogen content (R2= 0.82), and a model including a water stress index (stable carbon isotope ratio, δ13C) further explained 95% of the variability.

A direct link between soil nitrogen availability and canopy nutrition was less clear. Annual foliage production was positively, but weakly, correlated with soil‐estimated N‐uptake (estimated in situ), likely because annual nitrogen uptake was small relative to nitrogen retained in the canopy. Foliage nitrogen was highly conserved with a mean retention time of 10.5 yr, which was 2.2 times longer than foliage retention. Annual nitrogen uptake amounted to 0–11% of total canopy N. Multiyear estimates of cumulative N fluxes are needed to adequately assess N availability. Soil nutrient pools were poorly correlated with nutrient uptake and were not useful for predicting stand productivity.
Abundance and distribution of Corallorhiza odontorhiza reflect variations in climate and ectomycorrhizae
Authors: McCormick Melissa K. , Whigham Dennis F. , O'Neill John P. , Becker Janie J. , Werner Sarah , Rasmussen Hanne N. , Bruns Thomas D. , Taylor D. Lee
Published: October 2009

The abundance and reproductive activity of orchids have been linked to variations in weather conditions, but few investigators have examined the relationships between orchid flowering dynamics and the distribution and abundance of mycorrhizal fungi. We quantified the abundance of flowering individuals of Corallorhiza odontorhiza, a mycoheterotrophic orchid, over a 14‐year period and mapped the distribution of individuals in six of the 14 years. For two seasons, we conducted intensive and extensive studies of the mycorrhizal fungi that were associated with C. odontorhiza. The annual abundance of flowering plants was statistically related to growing‐season precipitation and winter temperature, and the distribution of individuals within the study plot was related to the abundance and distribution of appropriate host fungi. We used DNA sequencing to identify ectomycorrhizal root tips that hosted Tomentella fungi that could potentially support C. odontorhiza. We found that Tomentella spp. were distributed throughout the study plot and on all ectomycorrhizal tree species, including in areas that have historically supported few or no orchids. However, there were fewer ectomycorrhizal trees, total ectomycorrhizal root tips, and root tips hosting Tomentella spp. in areas with few or no orchids compared to areas with abundant orchids. Furthermore, one Tomentella taxon dominated in C. odontorhiza rhizomes but was never found except immediately adjacent to C. odontorhiza plants. This suggests that abundance of flowering C. odontorhiza reflects both the presence of “preferred” taxa and abundance of appropriate host fungi associated with ectomycorrhizal roots. Results of this research provide the first indication that the relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi may be influenced by both the relative abundance of fungi that are sufficient to support orchid growth and by the presence of particular fungal types that are especially good at supporting orchid growth.
Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change
Authors: McGuire A. David , Anderson Leif G. , Christensen Torben R. , Dallimore Scott , Guo Laodong , Hayes Daniel J. , Heimann Martin , Lorenson Thomas D. , Macdonald Robie W. , Roulet Nigel
Published: October 2009

The recent warming in the Arctic is affecting a broad spectrum of physical, ecological, and human/cultural systems that may be irreversible on century time scales and have the potential to cause rapid changes in the earth system. The response of the carbon cycle of the Arctic to changes in climate is a major issue of global concern, yet there has not been a comprehensive review of the status of the contemporary carbon cycle of the Arctic and its response to climate change. This review is designed to clarify key uncertainties and vulnerabilities in the response of the carbon cycle of the Arctic to ongoing climatic change. While it is clear that there are substantial stocks of carbon in the Arctic, there are also significant uncertainties associated with the magnitude of organic matter stocks contained in permafrost and the storage of methane hydrates beneath both subterranean and submerged permafrost of the Arctic. In the context of the global carbon cycle, this review demonstrates that the Arctic plays an important role in the global dynamics of both CO2and CH4. Studies suggest that the Arctic has been a sink for atmospheric CO2of between 0 and 0.8 Pg C/yr in recent decades, which is between 0% and 25% of the global net land/ocean flux during the 1990s. The Arctic is a substantial source of CH4to the atmosphere (between 32 and 112 Tg CH4/yr), primarily because of the large area of wetlands throughout the region. Analyses to date indicate that the sensitivity of the carbon cycle of the Arctic during the remainder of the 21st century is highly uncertain. To improve the capability to assess the sensitivity of the carbon cycle of the Arctic to projected climate change, we recommend that (1) integrated regional studies be conducted to link observations of carbon dynamics to the processes that are likely to influence those dynamics, and (2) the understanding gained from these integrated studies be incorporated into both uncoupled and fully coupled carbon–climate modeling efforts.
Allostatic Load Among Non-Hispanic Whites, Non-Hispanic Blacks, and People of Mexican Origin: Effects of Ethnicity, Nativity, and Acculturation
Authors: Peek M. Kristen , Cutchin Malcolm P. , Salinas Jennifer J. , Sheffield Kristin M. , Eschbach Karl , Stowe Raymond P. , Goodwin James S.
Published: October 2009

Objectives. We investigated ethnic differences in allostatic load in a population-based sample of adults living in Texas City, TX, and assessed the effects of nativity and acculturation status on allostatic load among people of Mexican origin.

Methods. We used logistic regression models to examine ethnic variations in allostatic load scores among non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and people of Mexican origin. We also examined associations between measures of acculturation and allostatic load scores among people of Mexican origin only.

Results. Foreign-born Mexicans were the least likely group to score in the higher allostatic load categories. Among individuals of Mexican origin, US-born Mexican Americans had higher allostatic load scores than foreign-born Mexicans, and acculturation measures did not account for the difference.

Conclusions. Our findings expand on recent research from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with respect to ethnicity and allostatic load. Our results are consistent with the healthy immigrant hypothesis (i.e., newer immigrants are healthier) and the acculturation hypothesis, according to which the longer Mexican immigrants reside in the United States, the greater their likelihood of potentially losing culture-related health-protective effects.
Pathways and Correlates Connecting Latinos' Mental Health With Exposure to the United States
Authors: Cook Benjamin , Alegría Margarita , Lin Julia Y. , Guo Jing
Published: October 2009

Objectives. We examined potential pathways by which time in the United States may relate to differences in the predicted probability of past-year psychiatric disorder among Latino immigrants as compared with US-born Latinos.

Methods. We estimated predicted probabilities of psychiatric disorder for US-born and immigrant groups with varying time in the United States, adjusting for different combinations of covariates. We examined 6 pathways by which time in the United States could be associated with psychiatric disorders.

Results. Increased time in the United States is associated with higher risk of psychiatric disorders among Latino immigrants. After adjustment for covariates, differences in psychiatric disorder rates between US-born and immigrant Latinos disappear. Discrimination and family cultural conflict appear to play a significant role in the association between time in the United States and the likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders.

Conclusions. Increased perceived discrimination and family cultural conflict are pathways by which acculturation might relate to deterioration of mental health for immigrants. Future studies assessing how these implicit pathways evolve as contact with US culture increases may help to identify strategies for ensuring maintenance of mental health for Latino immigrants.
Comparisons of Intimate Partner Violence Among Partners in Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Relationships in the United States
Authors: Blosnich John R. , Bossarte Robert M.
Published: October 2009

Using 2005–2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we examined intimate partner violence (IPV) by same-sex and opposite-sex relationships and by Metropolitan Statistical Area status. Same-sex victims differed from opposite-sex victims in some forms of IPV prevalence, and urban same-sex victims had increased odds of poor self-perceived health status (adjusted odds ratio = 2.41; 95% confidence interval = 1.17, 4.94). Same-sex and opposite-sex victims experienced similar poor health outcomes, underscoring the need both of inclusive service provision and consideration of sexual orientation in population-based research.
Barriers to Adherence to Screening Mammography Among Women With Disabilities
Authors: Yankaskas Bonnie C. , Dickens Pamela , Bowling J. Michael , Jarman Molly P. , Luken Karen , Salisbury Kathryn , Halladay Jacqueline , Lorenz Carol E.
Published: October 2009

Objectives. Given the lack of screening mammography studies specific to women with disabilities, we compared reasons offered by women with and without disabilities for not scheduling routine screening visits.

Methods. We surveyed women in the Carolina Mammography Registry aged 40 to 79 years (n = 2970), who had been screened from 2001 through 2003 and did not return for at least 3 years, to determine reasons for noncompliance. In addition to women without disabilities, women with visual, hearing, physical, and multiple (any combination of visual, hearing, and physical) limitations were included in our analyses.

Results. The most common reasons cited by women both with and without disabilities for not returning for screening were lack of a breast problem, pain and expense associated with a mammogram, and lack of a physician recommendation. Women with disabilities were less likely to receive a physician recommendation.

Conclusions. Women with disabilities are less likely than those without disabilities to receive a physician recommendation for screening mammography, and this is particularly the case among older women and those with multiple disabilities. There is a need for equitable preventive health care in this population.
Mass Media as an HIV-Prevention Strategy: Using Culturally Sensitive Messages to Reduce HIV-Associated Sexual Behavior of At-Risk African American Youth
Authors: Romer Daniel , Sznitman Sharon , DiClemente Ralph , Salazar Laura F. , Vanable Peter A. , Carey Michael P. , Hennessy Michael , Brown Larry K. , Valois Robert F. , Stanton Bonita F. , Fortune Thierry , Juzang Ivan
Published: October 2009

The evidence base and theoretical frameworks for mass media HIV-prevention campaigns in the United States are not well-developed. We describe an intervention approach using culturally sensitive mass media messages to enhance protective beliefs and behavior of African American adolescents at risk for HIV. This approach exploits the potential that mass media messages have, not only to reach a large segment of the adolescent population and thereby support normative change, but also to engage the most vulnerable segments of this audience to reduce HIV-associated risk behaviors. The results from an ongoing HIV-prevention trial implemented in 2 medium-sized cities in the United States illustrate the effectiveness of this intervention approach.
Parenting and Violence Toward Self, Partners, and Others Among Inner-City Young Adults
Authors: O'Donnell Lydia , Stueve Ann , Myint-U Athi
Published: October 2009

Objectives. We examined relationships between parenting status and multiple forms of violence perpetration among young adults in high-poverty environments.

Methods. We analyzed data obtained from a survey of 990 young adults in New York City. Respondents reported on violence they had perpetrated toward themselves, intimate partners, and others. Associations between parenting and violence were examined in logistic regressions, controlling for sociodemographics.

Results. Fewer young men (33.0%) than young women (48.6%) reported that they were raising children. Among young men, parenting was associated with violence toward themselves (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 3.16) but not with violence toward partners or others. Among young women, violence perpetration did not differ by parenting status. Correlations among forms of violence were higher among young women than among young men, especially among mothers. Community violence was associated with violence toward others for both genders. For young men, community violence was associated with violence toward partners.

Conclusions. Parenting did not reduce inner-city young adults' perpetration of violence. Among fathers, parenting may be, along with unemployment, a risk for violence toward self. Understanding patterns of violence can inform interventions that support young adults, including those who are parenting, in creating nonviolent homes and communities.
Public Perspectives on Informed Consent for Biobanking
Authors: Murphy Juli , Scott Joan , Kaufman David , Geller Gail , LeRoy Lisa , Hudson Kathy
Published: October 2009

The National Institutes of Health and other federal health agencies are considering establishing a national biobank to study the roles of genes and environment in health.

We assessed the public's attitudes toward the proposed biobank, including preferences for providing informed consent. Sixteen focus groups were conducted, and themes arising from the focus groups were tested in a large, representative survey (n = 4659) of the general population.

Our research demonstrates that when considering participating in a genomic biobank, individuals want ongoing choices and control over access to their samples and information.
The Polarizing Effect of News Media Messages About the Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Gollust Sarah E. , Lantz Paula M. , Ubel Peter A.
Published: October 2009

Framing health problems in terms of the social determinants of health aims to shift policy attention to nonmedical strategies to improve population health, yet little is known about how the public responds to these messages. We conducted an experiment to test the effect of a news article describing the social determinants of type 2 diabetes on the public's support for diabetes prevention strategies. We found that exposure to the social determinants message led to a divergence between Republicans' and Democrats' opinions, relative to their opinions after viewing an article with no message about the causes of diabetes. These results signify that increasing public awareness of the social determinants of health may not uniformly increase public support for policy action.
Life and Death of Businesses: A Review of Research on Firm Mortality
Authors: Morris James R
Published: October 2009

Neither the literature of finance nor the literature of valuation practitioners has taken account of the relatively short life expectancy of firms. Fewer than fifty percent of new firms live longer than ten years; yet, it is common practice to estimate firm value with a very long term horizon model such as the constant growth model. The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness of the life expectancy of firms and show how to take account of the likelihood of firm death in valuation. Data on firm death rates and life expectancy that is available in the field of industrial organization is reviewed and summarized so that valuation practitioners can take it into account in their valuations.
An Efficiency Perspective on the Gains from Mergers and Asset Purchases
Authors: Ray Sugata , Warusawitharana Missaka
Published: October 2009

A rational, efficiency-based view of acquisitions implies that larger transactions generate greater gains for the acquirer and the seller. We test this prediction and find a positive relationship between acquirer abnormal returns and transaction size scaled by the acquirer size. This relationship holds for many classes of acquisitions, including asset purchases and mergers that target private firms. We find a similar relationship between total abnormal returns and relative transaction size. The results suggest that, in general, acquisitions help shift capital to more productive owners. Furthermore, we present evidence demonstrating that the average acquirer captures a significant portion of the total gains generated from an acquisition.
Market reforms and 'Economic miracle' in Kazakhstan
Authors: Simon György
Published: October 2009

Kazakhstan's postcommunist transition is characterized by gradual changes under the conditions of a limited democracy. These changes have embraced extensive price and trade liberalization, and resolutely promoted privatization and the building of market institutions, although structural reforms and the struggle against corruption have made little progress. The country's financial independence was established with the introduction of the tenge in 1993. Transformational recession reached its maximum in 1995, since when only the 1998 Asian and Russian crises have interrupted continuous growth. However, the Kazakh economy is very sensitive to fluctuations in world energy and mineral prices, as the extractive industries, primarily oil and gas, have a crucial role in its development.
Constraints on credit, consumer behavior and the dynamics of wealth
Authors: Gomes Costa
Published: October 2009

This paper develops a simple macroeconomic model where the pattern of wealth accumulation is determined by a credit multiplier and the way households react to short-term fluctuations. Given this setup, long term wealth dynamics are eventually characterized by the presence of endogenous cycles.
Comparative study of properties of different pesticide formulations of the same active ingredient
Authors: Gasic Slavica , Oreskovic Zlatko
Published: October 2009

Characteristics of two formulations of trifluralin, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and emulsion, oil in water (EW), the latter being a new formulation of our design, were investigated and compared. Attention was focused on particle size distribution and aspects of the two aqueous dilute formulations as the most characteristic and comparable parameters. The results show that the trifluralin EW formulation has certain advantages over the EC formulation, but a final estimate will be possible only after testing biological efficacy of the new formulation (EW).
Laboratory tests for group and individual exposures of Arion lusitanicus Mabille slugs to different molluscicide baits
Authors: Stojnic Bojan , Vuksa Marina , Jokic Goran
Published: October 2009

Molluscicide baits based on different active ingredients were tested in a seven-day laboratory trial on juveniles and young adults of Arion lusitanicus Mabille slug collected in ruderal sites during June and July of 2008. Before setting the trial, the slugs were adapted to laboratory conditions. The testing was conducted using a modified version of the method proposed by Godan (1983) and Wiktor (1989). The slugs were kept in arenas under controlled conditions (20-24oC temperature, 80-90% relative air humidity, no air stream, diffuse daylight). Smaller (15.5 x 15.5 x 7 cm) and larger (28 x 17.5 x 7 cm) arenas were used, depending on slug numbers, and different rates of food and bait were administered. Plastic boxes with perforated coverage, lined with multi-ply paper moistened on a daily basis, were used as arenas. The slugs were fed on fresh salad daily, while baits were administered in open 35 mm petri dishes once for the duration of experiment. The first trial involved single-slug exposures to bait in 20 arenas per each of four treatments with two replicates and a total of 160 slugs. The second trial, group exposure, involved four treatments of five slugs per arena in six replicates with a total of 120 slugs. The products Arion and Puzomor demonstrated the highest efficacy (77.5%) in the single- slug trial. The average efficacy of the product Carakol after seven days of exposure was 60.0%. Regarding group exposure, Puzomor pellets achieved 79.3% efficacy after three days and this efficacy rate remained for the rest of the experiment. On the seventh day of exposure, Arion and Carakol had 33.3% and 40.0% efficacy, respectively.