bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialysis access: issues related to conversion from peritoneal dialysis to hemodialysis and vice versa
Authors: Gallieni Maurizio , Giordano Antonino , Ricchiuto Anna , Gobatti Davide , Cariati Maurizio
Published: March 2017

Hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) represent two complementary modalities of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease patients. Conversion between the two modalities is frequent and more likely to happen from PD to HD. Every year, 10% of PD patients convert to HD, suggesting the need for recommendations on how to proceed with the creation of a vascular access in these patients. Criteria for selecting patients who would likely fail PD, and therefore take advantage of a backup access, are undefined. Creating backup fistulas at the time of PD treatment start to allow emergency access for HD has proved to be inefficient, but it may be considered in patients with progressive difficulty in achieving adequate depuration and/or peritoneal ultrafiltration. A big challenge is represented by patients switching from PD to HD for unexpected infectious complications. Those patients need to start HD with a central venous catheter (CVC), but an alternative approach might be using an early cannulation graft, provided that infection has been cleared by the circulation. An early cannulation graft might also be used to considerably shorten the time spent using a CVC. In patients who need a conversion from HD to PD, urgent-start PD is now an accepted and well-established approach.
Surgical technique determines the outcome of the Brescia/Cimino AVF
Authors: Shenoy Surendra
Published: March 2017

Over the past 50 years, since Dr. Appel performed the first internal vascular access procedure for hemodialysis, the distal radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula continues to be the access of choice. Over time, failure to maturation has evolved as a major problem associated with this procedure depriving its benefits to many patients with end-stage renal disease. A variable incidence of this problem within similar patients suggests that surgical technique may play an important role in the development of non-maturation. Evaluating the current surgical techniques based on the hemodynamic consequences of anatomic and physiologic alterations following this procedure highlights the role of surgical technique in mitigating or reducing complications. Piggy-back straight line on-lay, a technique that helps to tailor the blood flow and reduce the oscillatory shear stress appears to reduce the incidence of early juxta-anastomotic problems, which contribute significantly to the problem of non-maturation.
ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE IN BRAZIL: AN APPLICATION OF THE CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD
Authors: Simioni Flavio José , Mombach Gabriel Nathan Nicola , Donadel Carolina , Alvarenga Rodrigo Augusto Freitas de
Published: March 2017

This paper estimates the value of environmental damage generated bypollution in the artificial lake Salto Caveiras, evaluating the willingness topay (WTP) of the local population for its recuperation and conservation.Environmental Concern Scale (ECS) was introduced, in addition to thesocioeconomic variables, collected by the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM) and modeled by Logit regression and evaluated by multivariatestatistics instruments, utilizing Principal Components Analysis (PCA).We demonstrate that 45.6% of the interviewed are willing to pay monthly.The others answered negatively: 18.9% because of payment incapacity,12.8% would donate a smaller value than the one proposed and 22.8% gavea protest response.. The introduction of ECS as a new variable to CVM issignificant as a unique and innovative variable provided by multivariateanalysis indicated to be promising, what recommends such procedures toother studies.
LARVAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) TO EXTRACTS OF ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS AND ILEX THEEZANS
Authors: Knakiewicz Ana Carla , Lutinski Junir Antônio , Guarda Carin , Paris Ariane , Belotti Alencar , Busato Maria Assunta , Roman Junior Walter Antonio , Simões Daniel Albeny
Published: March 2017

Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virusworldwide. The strategies for the population control involve the use ofsynthetic insecticides, which may cause toxicity problems and environmentalcontamination. This study evaluated the larvicide effect of hydroalcoholicextracts of leaves and fruits Ilex paraguariensis and Ilex theezans onA. aegypti. The bioassays were conducted under controlled conditions. Freshand dry fruits of I. paraguariensis showed the higher larvicidal activity onA. aegypti than the leaves of the same species. Mosquito larvae showedincreased susceptibility from dried leaf extracts, fresh fruit and leaf ofI. theezans. It was also observed a variation in larval mortality during periodsof exposure. The larvicide efficiency of I. theezans extracts on A. aegypti arepromising results and widen the possibility for further studies of the use ofextracts of this plant.
Information and Dialogue in the Struggle against Islamophobia: The Jeddah Declaration for a Culture of Moderation
Authors: Pavan Annalisa
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Anti-Islamophobia Media Strategy presented during the 11th session of the Islamic Conference of Information Ministers (Session of the New Media to Counter Terrorism and Islamophobia), which took place in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 19-21 December 2016. Built around the idea of a culture of moderation, especially taking into consideration that moderation is “the pillar of Islamic identity”, the Jeddah Declaration, issued at the end of the conference, represents the peaceful and determined commitment of the Muslim world to participate fully in the globalized world, building bridges and rejecting unfounded prejudice and generalizations. Considering that the proceedings of the Conference have gone largely unnoticed in Western media, this paper intends to bring them to the attention of the international academic community, and subsequently to offer comments and reflections that will also highlight the problematical relationship between knowledge and prejudice.
Utilizing Q-Methodology for the Study of the Behavior of the Audience of Creativity
Authors: Munoz-Blanco Maria I. , Padilla Vargas Maria Antonia
Published: March 2017

The study of Creativity from the standpoint of the Audience (e.g., any person that assesses a product as creative) has not been addressed yet from a naturalistic perspective in terms of the reactions of the individual according to the cultural group he/she belongs to. In this paper, a cultural group is defined as a group of individuals that have similar reactions to a stimulus (i.e., considering architectural objects as more creative than other objects). The present study presents a way to study Creativity from an interbehavioral standpoint by utilizing Q Methodology to capture the interaction between the Audience and the object. Thirty Participants (15 females and 15 males) from different occupations (art, science and various trades) were asked to organize sixty pictures (architecture, photography and furniture) in a Q-sort in terms of how creative they considered the picture was with respect to the others. The responses were grouped by three factors: photography preference, furniture preference and preference for architectural products. The results showed that the responses of the participants grouped them independently of their occupation or gender; showing specific tendencies on which objects they valued as most creative. Results are discussed in terms of how the factors represent the different cultural groups present in the participants’ sample, and their relation with previous research on the behavior of the Audience. The present results show promise of the use of the Q Methodology in the research of the behavior of the Audience from a naturalistic perspective.
Nilpotency of the Ordinary Lie-algebra of an n-Lie Algebra
Authors: Likouka Come Chancel
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we generalize to n-Lie algebras a corollary of the well-known Engel's theorem which offers some justification for the terminology "nilpotent" and we construct a nilpotent ordinary Lie algebra from a nilpotent n-Lie algebra.
Membranes, energetics, and evolution across the prokaryote-eukaryote divide
Authors: Lynch Michael , Marinov Georgi K
Published: March 2017

The evolution of the eukaryotic cell marked a profound moment in Earth’s history, with most of the visible biota coming to rely on intracellular membrane-bound organelles. It has been suggested that this evolutionary transition was critically dependent on the movement of ATP synthesis from the cell surface to mitochondrial membranes and the resultant boost to the energetic capacity of eukaryotic cells. However, contrary to this hypothesis, numerous lines of evidence suggest that eukaryotes are no more bioenergetically efficient than prokaryotes. Thus, although the origin of the mitochondrion was a key event in evolutionary history, there is no reason to think membrane bioenergetics played a direct, causal role in the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and the subsequent explosive diversification of cellular and organismal complexity.
Constitutive scaffolding of multiple Wnt enhanceosome components by Legless/BCL9
Authors: van Tienen Laurens M , Mieszczanek Juliusz , Fiedler Marc , Rutherford Trevor J , Bienz Mariann
Published: March 2017

Wnt/β-catenin signaling elicits context-dependent transcription switches that determine normal development and oncogenesis. These are mediated by the Wnt enhanceosome, a multiprotein complex binding to the Pygo chromatin reader and acting through TCF/LEF-responsive enhancers. Pygo renders this complex Wnt-responsive, by capturing β-catenin via the Legless/BCL9 adaptor. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering of Drosophila legless (lgs) and human BCL9 and B9L to show that the C-terminus downstream of their adaptor elements is crucial for Wnt responses. BioID proximity labeling revealed that BCL9 and B9L, like PYGO2, are constitutive components of the Wnt enhanceosome. Wnt-dependent docking of β-catenin to the enhanceosome apparently causes a rearrangement that apposes the BCL9/B9L C-terminus to TCF. This C-terminus binds to the Groucho/TLE co-repressor, and also to the Chip/LDB1-SSDP enhanceosome core complex via an evolutionary conserved element. An unexpected link between BCL9/B9L, PYGO2 and nuclear co-receptor complexes suggests that these β-catenin co-factors may coordinate Wnt and nuclear hormone responses.
The computational nature of memory modification
Authors: Gershman Samuel J , Monfils Marie-H , Norman Kenneth A , Niv Yael
Published: March 2017

Retrieving a memory can modify its influence on subsequent behavior. We develop a computational theory of memory modification, according to which modification of a memory trace occurs through classical associative learning, but which memory trace is eligible for modification depends on a structure learning mechanism that discovers the units of association by segmenting the stream of experience into statistically distinct clusters (latent causes). New memories are formed when the structure learning mechanism infers that a new latent cause underlies current sensory observations. By the same token, old memories are modified when old and new sensory observations are inferred to have been generated by the same latent cause. We derive this framework from probabilistic principles, and present a computational implementation. Simulations demonstrate that our model can reproduce the major experimental findings from studies of memory modification in the Pavlovian conditioning literature.
Urban forests sustain diverse carrion beetle assemblages in the New York City metropolitan area
Authors: Fusco Nicole A. , Zhao Anthony , Munshi-South Jason
Published: March 2017

Urbanization is an increasingly pervasive form of land transformation that reduces biodiversity of many taxonomic groups. Beetles exhibit a broad range of responses to urbanization, likely due to the high functional diversity in this order. Carrion beetles (Order: Coleoptera, Family: Silphidae) provide an important ecosystem service by promoting decomposition of small-bodied carcasses, and have previously been found to decline due to forest fragmentation caused by urbanization. However, New York City (NYC) and many other cities have fairly large continuous forest patches that support dense populations of small mammals, and thus may harbor relatively robust carrion beetle communities in city parks. In this study, we investigated carrion beetle community composition, abundance and diversity in forest patches along an urban-to-rural gradient spanning the urban core (Central Park, NYC) to outlying rural areas. We conducted an additional study comparing the current carrion beetle community at a single suburban site in Westchester County, NY that was intensively surveyed in the early 1970’s. We collected a total of 2,170 carrion beetles from eight species at 13 sites along this gradient. We report little to no effect of urbanization on carrion beetle diversity, although two species were not detected in any urban parks.Nicrophorus tomentosuswas the most abundant species at all sites and seemed to dominate the urban communities, potentially due to its generalist habits and shallower burying depth compared to the other beetles surveyed. Variation between species body size, habitat specialization, and % forest area surrounding the surveyed sites also did not influence carrion beetle communities. Lastly, we found few significant differences in relative abundance of 10 different carrion beetle species between 1974 and 2015 at a single site in Westchester County, NY, although two of the rare species in the early 1970’s were not detected in 2015. These results indicate that NYC’s forested parks have the potential to sustain carrion beetle communities and the ecosystem services they provide.
Plutonium and Plutonium Compounds
Authors: Clark David L. , Freibert Franz J. , Jarvinen Gordon D.
Published: March 2017

The discovery of plutonium, its economic and military importance, sources, production, and nuclear properties are reviewed. The economic aspects of weapons‐grade and reactor‐grade plutonium are outlined. The preparation and properties of plutonium metal and its alloys are discussed in detail. A presentation of the physical and chemical properties of atomic plutonium and stable plutonium ions is given. The complexation and hydrolysis properties of these ions are recapitulated. Analytical chemistry, separations technology, and metallurgy (including pyrometallurgical processing) are described. There is a brief treatment of storage and disposal of excess weapons plutonium. The chemistry of several classes of plutonium compounds is described: oxides, halides, oxyhalides, hydrides, carbides, silicides, nitrides, sulfides, and oxalates. The article concludes with a treatment of environmental, health, and safety aspects of plutonium.
Solvents
Authors: Wypych George
Published: March 2017

Users of industrial solvents have many available products from which to choose. Obviously, the selected solvent must perform, but environmental impact, health and safety concerns, and regulations are important considerations. This article is an introduction to the complexities of solvent selection.

This article provides information on solvent classification and their industrial use. Solvents' properties and behavior are discussed, including solubility parameters, activity coefficient, solvent–solute interaction, swelling and plasticization, rheological properties of solutions, chemical reactivity, and behavior of solvents in mixtures.
Spectroscopy
Authors: Gauglitz Günter
Published: March 2017

Spectroscopy, the study of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter as a function of frequency or wavelength, is a versatile and powerful tool for investigating atomic and molecular structure, as well as for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Optical spectroscopy is surveyed emphasizing its applicability for qualitative and quantitative laboratory and process analysis and for monitoring atmospheric pollutants. Absorption, emission (from excited samples, and radiometry of ambient thermal emission), scattering (elastic and Raman), and luminescence (fluorescence and phosphorescence) spectroscopies are discussed for the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum: radio and microwaves, mid‐ and near‐infrared, molecular ultraviolet–visible absorption, atomic absorption and emission, X‐ray, and γ‐ray, in each case discussing instrumentation, sampling, and applications. Special techniques covered include null‐background detection, nonlinear Raman spectroscopy and other laser‐induced processes, optical activity, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Modern ultrasensitive spectroscopies being developed for analytical use are briefly reviewed.
Vitamins
Authors: Block John H.
Published: March 2017

The 13 vitamins are a group of organic substances. Traditionally, they were considered essential, normal constituents of the human diet, required in small amounts and participants in metabolic processes. Vitamin deficiencies range from well‐defined diseases to a variety of vague symptoms. Some vitamins provide the prototypical structure from which medicinal chemists have developed drugs used to treat diseases not associated with a deficiency of that vitamin. Upper dosage levels have been established for those vitamins that can be potentially toxic if taken chronically in excess. Vitamins are traditionally classified into two groups: fat‐soluble and water‐soluble. They can also be classified by function: ligand for receptors, cofactors, and antioxidant. While this article is focused on what traditionally are called vitamins, there are many other essential nutrients. They include minerals, the essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and a variety of antioxidants, all of which should be common constituents of a balanced diet.
Thermal Stabilizers For
PVC
Authors: Chen Si , Wang Muyan , Shi Yanqin , Wu Bozhen , Ma Meng , Wang Xu
Published: March 2017

Traditional thermal stabilizers containing lead, cadmium, and barium are gradually being replaced by nontoxic, environment‐friendly thermal stabilizers. Zinc‐based and organic‐based thermal stabilizers gain momentum in the market space.

Organic thermal stabilizers that are completely free of metals, represent the current trend in the development of PVC thermal stabilizers for industrial applications.

These trends in the development of thermal stabilizers for PVC, as well as novel uracil derivative‐based thermal stabilizers for PVC, are discussed in this article.
Inhibitors of STAT3, β‐catenin, and IGF‐1R sensitize mouse PIK3CA‐mutant breast cancer to PI3K inhibitors
Authors: Merino Vanessa F. , Cho Soonweng , Liang Xiaohui , Park Sunju , Jin Kideok , Chen Qian , Pan Duojia , Zahnow Cynthia A. , Rein Alan R. , Sukumar Saraswati
Published: March 2017

Although mutations in the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase catalytic subunit (PIK3CA) are common in breast cancer, PI3K inhibitors alone have shown modest efficacy. We sought to identify additional pathways altered in PIK3CA‐mutant tumors that might be targeted in combination with PI3K inhibitors. We generated two transgenic mouse models expressing the human PIK3CA‐H1047R‐ and the ‐E545K hotspot‐mutant genes in the mammary gland and evaluated their effects on development and tumor formation. Molecular analysis identified pathways altered in these mutant tumors, which were also targeted in multiple cell lines derived from the PIK3CA tumors. Finally, public databases were analyzed to determine whether novel pathways identified in the mouse tumors were altered in human tumors harboring mutant PIK3CA. Mutant mice showed increased branching and delayed involution of the mammary gland compared to parental FVB/N mice. Mammary tumors arose in 30% of the MMTV‐PIK3CA‐H1047R and in 13% of ‐E545K mice. Compared to MMTV‐Her‐2 transgenic mouse mammary tumors, H1047R tumors showed increased upregulation of Wnt/β‐catenin/Axin2, hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf)/Stat3, insulin‐like growth factor 2 (Igf‐2), and Igf‐1R pathways. Inhibitors of STAT3, β‐catenin, and IGF‐1R sensitized H1047R‐derived mouse tumor cells and PIK3CA‐H1047R overexpressing human HS578T breast cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of PI3K inhibitors. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database showed that, unlike primary PIK3CA‐wild‐type and HER‐2+ breast carcinomas, PIK3CA‐mutant tumors display increased expression of AXIN2, HGF, STAT3, IGF‐1, and IGF‐2 mRNA and activation of AKT, IGF1‐MTOR, and WNT canonical signaling pathways. Drugs targeting additional pathways that are altered in PIK3CA‐mutant tumors may improve treatment regimens using PI3K inhibitors alone.
Predicting paleohydraulics from storm surge and tsunami deposits: Using experiments to improve inverse model accuracy
Authors: Johnson Joel P. L. , Delbecq Katie , Kim Wonsuck
Published: March 2017

How accurately can flow depths and velocities of storm surges and tsunamis be predicted from sedimentary deposits? Inverse models have been proposed to quantify hydrodynamics from suspended sediment deposits, but assumptions about how deposit grain size distributions (GSDs) are influenced by flow characteristics remain largely untested. Using laboratory experiments, we evaluate an existing advection‐settling model in which suspended sediment transport is assumed to reflect horizontal advection (constraining flow velocity) and vertical settling from the water surface (constraining depth). While the original model assumed that depth and velocity would be best predicted by the deposit D95 (the diameter for which 95% of the cumulative GSD is finer), we find that the median deposit size (D50) tends to better predict mean flow hydraulics. Two key factors influencing how flow characteristics control deposit GSDs are (a) dispersion caused by turbulence and (b) the transport distance required for suspension and settling to effectively sort grains. Deposits proximal to sediment sources primarily reflect the source GSD, while deposits farther from the source preferentially represent transport‐dependent sorting. In our experimental data, transport distances longer than 1–2 advection length scales are required for the deposit GSD to reasonably predict flow depths and velocities. These results suggest ways that event deposits can be used to more accurately assess coastal risks from tsunamis and storm waves.
The role of natural variability in projections of climate change impacts on U.S. ozone pollution
Authors: Garcia‐Menendez Fernando , Monier Erwan , Selin Noelle E.
Published: March 2017

Climate change can impact air quality by altering the atmospheric conditions that determine pollutant concentrations. Over large regions of the U.S., projected changes in climate are expected to favor formation of ground‐level ozone and aggravate associated health effects. However, modeling studies exploring air quality‐climate interactions have often overlooked the role of natural variability, a major source of uncertainty in projections. Here we use the largest ensemble simulation of climate‐induced changes in air quality generated to date to assess its influence on estimates of climate change impacts on U.S. ozone. We find that natural variability can significantly alter the robustness of projections of the future climate's effect on ozone pollution. In this study, a 15 year simulation length minimum is required to identify a distinct anthropogenic‐forced signal. Therefore, we suggest that studies assessing air quality impacts use multidecadal simulations or initial condition ensembles. With natural variability, impacts attributable to climate may be difficult to discern before midcentury or under stabilization scenarios.
A fault‐driven circulation model for the Lost City Hydrothermal Field
Authors: Lowell Robert P.
Published: March 2017

The Lost City Hydrothermal Field on the Atlantis Massif is an off‐axis hydrothermal system, hosted in serpentinized ultramafic and metagabbroic rocks, that discharges through high‐permeability faults and fractures. High‐pH fluids vent through carbonate chimneys with temperatures ranging between 24°C and 91°C, and vent fluid geochemistry indicates quantitative removal of magnesium and water‐rock reactions consistent with heating to between 250°C and 300°C, conductive cooling, and mixing with seawater. This paper develops a relatively simple, steady state, fault‐controlled fluid circulation and crustal heat transfer model that is consistent with these observations. The model results predict that the (1) heat output at Lost City is ~4 × 104 W, (2) circulation depth is approximately 2.7 km, and (3) permeability of the fault zone is ~10−14 m2. The model assumes that the hydrothermal system mines heat from the adjacent country rock, and it does not appear that heat from serpentinization reactions or cooling intrusions is needed to drive the system. Because it takes ~105a for the current model to reach steady state, earlier episodes of hydrothermal activity at LCHF may have operated differently and vent temperatures may have been higher.
Contemporaneous disequilibrium of bio‐optical properties in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Kahru Mati , Lee Zhongping , Mitchell B. Greg
Published: March 2017

Significant changes in satellite‐detected net primary production (NPP, mg C m−2 d−1) were observed in the Southern Ocean during 2011–2016: an increase in the Pacific sector and a decrease in the Atlantic sector. While no clear physical forcing was identified, we hypothesize that the changes in NPP were associated with changes in the phytoplankton community and reflected in the concomitant bio‐optical properties. Satellite algorithms for chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a, mg m−3) use a combination of estimates of the remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) that are statistically fitted to a global reference data set. In any particular region or point in space/time the estimate produced by the global “mean” algorithm can deviate from the true value. Reflectance anomaly (RA) is supposed to remove the first‐order variability in Rrs(λ) associated with Chl a and reveal bio‐optical properties that are due to the composition of phytoplankton and associated materials. Time series of RA showed variability at multiple scales, including the life span of the sensor, multiyear and annual. Models of plankton functional types using estimated Chl a as input cannot be expected to correctly resolve regional and seasonal anomalies due to biases in the Chl a estimate that they are based on. While a statistical model using RA(λ) time series can predict the times series of NPP with high accuracy (R2 = 0.82) in both Pacific and Atlantic regions, the underlying mechanisms in terms of phytoplankton groups and the associated materials remain elusive.
Geometry and kinematics of the Triassic rift basin in Jameson Land (East Greenland)
Authors: Guarnieri Pierpaolo , Brethes Anaïs , Rasmussen Thorkild M.
Published: March 2017

The Triassic rift basin along the east Greenland margin described in this paper is represented by NE‐SW trending basins and highs segmented by NW‐SE trending transfer zones. Coarse‐grained sediments along the eastern side of Jameson Land are shown to be hosted in half‐graben structures belonging to the Carlsberg Fjord Basin that is bounded by NW dipping normal faults mapped and described after fieldwork in the Klitdal area in Liverpool Land. New aeromagnetic and electromagnetic data together with new drill cores allow the reinterpretation of available seismic lines showing the continuation of the Triassic rift basin toward the SW where it is buried under the Upper Triassic postrift sediments and the Jurassic successions of the Jameson Land Basin. The N‐S trending Liverpool Land, interpreted as the boundary block of the Triassic basin, is shown to represent a structural high inherited from the Late Carboniferous tectonics and faulted during the Triassic rifting. The Carlsberg Fjord Basin and the Klitdal Fault System described in this paper should be seen as analogues to the Helgeland Basin in the Norwegian offshore that is bounded by the Ylvingen Fault Zone and to the Papa and West of Shetlands Basins that are bounded by the Spine Fault. The Triassic rift zone and transfer faults on both conjugate margins show a straightforward correlation with the trends of the initial spreading line and fracture zones of the northeast Atlantic indicating a possible inheritance of the Triassic rifting.
A new offshore transport mechanism for shoreline‐released tracer induced by transient rip currents and stratification
Authors: Kumar Nirnimesh , Feddersen Falk
Published: March 2017

Offshore transport from the shoreline across the inner shelf of early‐stage larvae and pathogens is poorly understood yet is critical for understanding larval fate and dilution of polluted shoreline water. With a novel coupling of a transient rip current (TRC) generating surf zone model and an ocean circulation model, we show that transient rip currents ejected onto a stratified inner shelf induce a new, previously unconsidered offshore transport pathway. For incident waves and stratification typical for Southern California in the fall, this mechanism subducts surf zone‐origin tracers and transports them at least 800 m offshore at 1.2 km/d analogous to subduction at ocean fronts. This mechanism requires both TRCs and stratification. As TRCs are ubiquitous and the inner shelf is often stratified, this mechanism may have an important role in exporting early‐stage larvae, pathogens, or other tracers onto the shelf.
Applicability of Sentinel‐1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Shirzaei Manoochehr , Bürgmann Roland , Fielding Eric J.
Published: March 2017

Data from the Sentinel‐1 satellite have already proven useful for investigating seismic and volcanic events since its launch in April 2014. The requirement of ultrahigh coregistration accuracy and the current relatively short time of Sentinel‐1 acquisitions make its application challenging for studying slow deformation processes, such as fault creep and land subsidence. Here we analyze a set of 14 SAR images over the San Francisco Bay Area spanning 1 year from early 2015 to 2016. We show that implementing an existing Enhanced Spectral Diversity algorithm or using precise orbits together with a reference digital elevation model both yield the required coregistration accuracy for making use of the phase measurements in time series analysis of ground deformation. Following a thorough validation test, we update our estimates of Hayward Fault creep rate and confirm uplift due to recharge of the Santa Clara Valley aquifer system during the final summer of 4 year drought.
Impact of the lithosphere on dynamic topography: Insights from analogue modeling
Authors: Sembroni Andrea , Kiraly Agnes , Faccenna Claudio , Funiciello Francesca , Becker Thorsten W. , Globig Jan , Fernandez Manuel
Published: March 2017

Density anomalies beneath the lithosphere are expected to generate dynamic topography at the Earth's surface due to the induced mantle flow stresses which scale linearly with density anomalies, while the viscosity of the upper mantle is expected to control uplift rates. However, limited attention has been given to the role of the lithosphere. Here we present results from analogue modeling of the interactions between a density anomaly rising in the mantle and the lithosphere in a Newtonian system. We find that, for instabilities with wavelengths of the same order of magnitude as lithosphere thickness, the uplift rate and the geometry of the surface bulge are inversely correlated to the lithosphere thickness. We also show that a layered lithosphere may modulate the topographic signal. With respect to previous approaches our models represent a novel attempt to unravel the way normal stresses generated by mantle flow are transmitted through a rheologically stratified lithosphere and the resulting topographic signal.
Southern African orography impacts on low clouds and the Atlantic ITCZ in a coupled model
Authors: Potter S. F. , Dawson E. J. , Frierson D. M. W.
Published: March 2017

We examine the influence of southern African orography on the Namibian stratocumulus deck, the South Atlantic ocean‐to‐atmosphere energy transport, and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), using an atmosphere‐only model and a coupled atmosphere‐ocean model. For both models, a control simulation with realistic orography is compared to a simulation where the orography in southern Africa was removed. As in the previous studies, the removal of orography results in thinning of the Namibian stratocumulus deck. In the coupled model, the increased sea surface temperature in the southern Atlantic due to the reduction of low clouds forces the Atlantic ITCZ to shift southward toward the warmer hemisphere. However, changes in the ocean circulation cool the South Atlantic atmosphere, lessening the ITCZ shift and changing the structure of precipitation. These results show the importance of orography on shaping Atlantic rainfall and highlight the role of dynamical ocean processes in atmospheric dynamics.
Structure, Bonding, and Reactivity of Organoaluminum Molecular Species: A Computational Perspective
Authors: Eisenstein Odile , Gérard Hélène
Published: March 2017

This chapter describes the theoretical studies of organoluminum molecules involving one or more aluminum centers, as well aluminum hydride and halide. Selected systems containing other Group 13 elements are also included when they contribute to the understanding of organoaluminum systems. This review includes small to large molecular systems and mono to polyaluminum species that have been studied by a wide variety of methods from molecular orbital analysis and semiempirical methods to the most elaborate wave‐function correlated methods. The electronic structures are presented, and the structure–electronic structure relationships are discussed. The calculations illustrate how the oxidation states and the coordination number influence the structural and electronic properties of the complexes. The Lewis acid character of Al
III
, the polarity of the Al(δ+)–C(δ−) bond, and the rarity of the multiple bond to Al appear as the leading factors. Carbon monoxide, alkyl, alkene, alkyne, aryl, cyclopentadienyl, and arene complexes of aluminum are described in detail. The polyaluminum species include systems with direct Al–Al interaction or interaction by way of bridging groups. The structures and role of methyl aluminum oxides (MAO) on polymerization are presented. The chapter ends with the description of mechanisms for reactions of selected organoaluminum reagents derived from computational studies.
Teaching Adult Ecojustice Education
Authors: Dentith Audrey M. , Thompson Onah P.
Published: March 2017

An ecojustice seminar, held in May 2016 at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina, is described in this chapter. The ecojustice theoretical framework, the seminar class design, and our findings relative to student learning as gleaned from follow‐up focus groups, reflection papers, and online discussion are reported. Seminars such as these highlight the crisis and foster knowledge about the positive human‐environmental relationships necessary for changes in perceptions and behaviors.
Transition Framingham: The Cultural Commons in Action
Authors: Burke Emily Kearns
Published: March 2017

This chapter examines the revitalization of the cultural commons in one Massachusetts community. The adult learning theory of situated cognition, specifically communities of practice and cognitive apprenticeship, provides a lens through which to better understand how knowledge sharing can effectively promote localization in an effort to mitigate climate change.
Thickness Dependent Properties in Oxide Heterostructures Driven by Structurally Induced Metal–Oxygen Hybridization Variations
Authors: Liao Zhaoliang , Gauquelin Nicolas , Green Robert J. , Macke Sebastian , Gonnissen Julie , Thomas Sean , Zhong Zhicheng , Li Lin , Si Liang , Van Aert Sandra , Hansmann Philipp , Held Karsten , Xia Jing , Verbeeck Johan , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Sawatzky George A. , Koster Gertjan , Huijben Mark , Rijnders Guus
Published: March 2017

Thickness‐driven electronic phase transitions are broadly observed in different types of functional perovskite heterostructures. However, uncertainty remains whether these effects are solely due to spatial confinement, broken symmetry, or rather to a change of structure with varying film thickness. Here, this study presents direct evidence for the relaxation of oxygen‐2p and Mn‐3d orbital (p–d) hybridization coupled to the layer‐dependent octahedral tilts within a La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 film driven by interfacial octahedral coupling. An enhanced Curie temperature is achieved by reducing the octahedral tilting via interface structure engineering. Atomically resolved lattice, electronic, and magnetic structures together with X‐ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrate the central role of thickness‐dependent p–d hybridization in the widely observed dimensionality effects present in correlated oxide heterostructures.
Guiding Brain‐Tumor Surgery via Blood–Brain‐Barrier‐Permeable Gold Nanoprobes with Acid‐Triggered MRI/SERRS Signals
Authors: Gao Xihui , Yue Qi , Liu Zining , Ke Mengjing , Zhou Xingyu , Li Sihan , Zhang Jianping , Zhang Ren , Chen Liang , Mao Ying , Li Cong
Published: March 2017

Surgical resection is a mainstay in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Surgeons, however, face great challenges in distinguishing tumor margins due to their infiltrated nature. Here, a pair of gold nanoprobes that enter a brain tumor by crossing the blood–brain barrier is developed. The acidic tumor environment triggers their assembly with the concomitant activation of both magnetic resonance (MR) and surface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) signals. While the bulky aggregates continuously trap into the tumor interstitium, the intact nanoprobes in normal brain tissue can be transported back into the blood stream in a timely manner. Experimental results show that physiological acidity triggers nanoparticle assembly by forming 3D spherical nanoclusters with remarkable MR and SERRS signal enhancements. The nanoprobes not only preoperatively define orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high sensitivity and durability in vivo, but also intraoperatively guide tumor excision with the assistance of a handheld Raman scanner. Microscopy studies verify the precisely demarcated tumor margin marked by the assembled nanoprobes. Taking advantage of the nanoprobes' rapid excretion rate and the extracellular acidification as a hallmark of solid tumors, these nanoprobes are promising in improving brain‐tumor surgical outcome with high specificity, safety, and universality.
Dual‐Source Precursor Approach for Highly Efficient Inverted Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Luo Deying , Zhao Lichen , Wu Jiang , Hu Qin , Zhang Yifei , Xu Zhaojian , Liu Yi , Liu Tanghao , Chen Ke , Yang Wenqiang , Zhang Wei , Zhu Rui , Gong Qihuang
Published: March 2017

The highest efficiencies reported for perovskite solar cells so far have been obtained mainly with methylammonium and formamidinium mixed cations. Currently, high‐quality mixed‐cation perovskite thin films are normally made by use of antisolvent protocols. However, the widely used “antisolvent”‐assisted fabrication route suffers from challenges such as poor device reproducibility, toxic and hazardous organic solvent, and incompatibility with scalable fabrication process. Here, a simple dual‐source precursor approach is developed to fabricate high‐quality and mirror‐like mixed‐cation perovskite thin films without involving additional antisolvent process. By integrating the perovskite films into the planar heterojunction solar cells, a power conversion efficiency of 20.15% is achieved with negligible current density–voltage hysteresis. A stabilized power output approaching 20% is obtained at the maximum power point. These results shed light on fabricating highly efficient perovskite solar cells via a simple process, and pave the way for solar cell fabrication via scalable methods in the near future.
Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells Consisting of Double Bulk Heterojunction Layers
Authors: Huang Jiang , Wang Hanyu , Yan Kangrong , Zhang Xiaohua , Chen Hongzheng , Li Chang‐Zhi , Yu Junsheng
Published: March 2017

An organic solar cell (OSCs) containing double bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layers, namely, double‐BHJ OSCs is constructed via stamp transferring of low bandgap BHJ atop of mediate bandgap active layers. Such devices allow a large gain in photocurrent to be obtained due to enhanced photoharvest, without suffering much from the fill factor drop usually seen in thick‐layer‐based devices. Overall, double‐BHJ OSC with optimal ≈50 nm near‐infrared PDPP3T:PC71BM layer atop of ≈200 nm PTB7‐Th:PC71BM BHJ results in high power conversion efficiencies over 12%.
Dielectrophoresis‐Assisted Integration of 1024 Carbon Nanotube Sensors into a CMOS Microsystem
Authors: Seichepine Florent , Rothe Jörg , Dudina Alexandra , Hierlemann Andreas , Frey Urs
Published: March 2017

Carbon‐nanotube (CNT)‐based sensors offer the potential to detect single‐molecule events and picomolar analyte concentrations. An important step toward applications of such nanosensors is their integration in large arrays. The availability of large arrays would enable multiplexed and parallel sensing, and the simultaneously obtained sensor signals would facilitate statistical analysis. A reliable method to fabricate an array of 1024 CNT‐based sensors on a fully processed complementary‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor microsystem is presented. A high‐yield process for the deposition of CNTs from a suspension by means of liquid‐coupled floating‐electrode dielectrophoresis (DEP), which yielded 80% of the sensor devices featuring between one and five CNTs, is developed. The mechanism of floating‐electrode DEP on full arrays and individual devices to understand its self‐limiting behavior is studied. The resistance distributions across the array of CNT devices with respect to different DEP parameters are characterized. The CNT devices are then operated as liquid‐gated CNT field‐effect‐transistors (LG‐CNTFET) in liquid environment. Current dependency to the gate voltage of up to two orders of magnitude is recorded. Finally, the sensors are validated by studying the pH dependency of the LG‐CNTFET conductance and it is demonstrated that 73% of the CNT sensors of a given microsystem show a resistance decrease upon increasing the pH value.
A Novel Design of Multi‐Mechanoresponsive and Mechanically Strong Hydrogels
Authors: Chen Hong , Yang Fengyu , Chen Qiang , Zheng Jie
Published: March 2017

A newly developed polyacrylamide‐co‐methyl acrylate/spiropyran (SP) hydrogel crosslinked by SP mechanophore demonstrates multi‐stimuli‐responsive and mechanically strong properties. The hydrogels not only exhibit thermo‐, photo‐, and mechano‐induced color changes, but also achieve super‐strong mechanical properties (tensile stress of 1.45 MPa, tensile strain of ≈600%, and fracture energy of 7300 J m−2). Due to a reversible structural transformation between spiropyran (a ring‐close) and merocyanine (a ring‐open) states, simple exposure of the hydrogels to white light can reverse color changes and restore mechanical properties. The new design approach for a new mechanoresponsive hydrogel is easily transformative to the development of other mechanophore‐based hydrogels for sensing, imaging, and display applications.
A Novel Potassium‐Ion‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery
Authors: Ji Bifa , Zhang Fan , Song Xiaohe , Tang Yongbing
Published: March 2017

In this work, combining both advantages of potassium‐ion batteries and dual‐ion batteries, a novel potassium‐ion‐based dual‐ion battery (named as K‐DIB) system is developed based on a potassium‐ion electrolyte, using metal foil (Sn, Pb, K, or Na) as anode and expanded graphite as cathode. When using Sn foil as the anode, the K‐DIB presents a high reversible capacity of 66 mAh g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1 over the voltage window of 3.0–5.0 V, and exhibits excellent long‐term cycling performance with 93% capacity retention for 300 cycles. Moreover, as the Sn foil simultaneously acts as the anode material and the current collector, dead load and dead volume of the battery can be greatly reduced, thus the energy density of the K‐DIB is further improved. It delivers a high energy density of 155 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 116 W kg−1, which is comparable with commercial lithium‐ion batteries. Thus, with the advantages of environmentally friendly, cost effective, and high energy density, this K‐DIB shows attractive potential for future energy storage application.
UV–Deep Blue–Visible Light‐Emitting Organic Field Effect Transistors with High Charge Carrier Mobilities
Authors: Ullah Mujeeb , Wawrzinek Robert , Nagiri Ravi C. R. , Lo Shih‐Chun , Namdas Ebinazar B.
Published: March 2017

Two non‐single‐crystal high‐mobility single‐layer light‐emitting field‐effect transistors (LEFETs) exhibiting narrow UV and deep‐blue emission are described. The organic semiconductors are based on a [1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) scaffold and achieve charge carrier mobilities of 2 and 6 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The general applicability of BTBT‐C10 as an excellent semiconductor for LEFETs is then demonstrated in conventional heterostructure LEFETs. Here it acts as a thin charge carrier layer underneath blue, yellow, and red organic light‐emitting materials. This layout increases the emissive layers' optical and electrical characteristics by several orders of magnitude. Both device architectures give way toward novel display technologies and potentially injection lasers.
Dicyanodistyrylbenzene‐Based Chiral Fluorescence Photoswitches: An Emerging Class of Multifunctional Switches for Dual‐Mode Phototunable Liquid Crystals
Authors: Li Juntao , Zhang Zhewei , Tian Jiajun , Li Gangqiang , Wei Jie , Guo Jinbao
Published: March 2017

Two novel enantiomeric chiral fluorescence photoswitches containing two chiroptical (S)‐(−)‐ or (R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol covalently bonded to a central dicyanodistyrylbenzene unit are facilely synthesized and efficiently used to construct an optically tunable reflective‐photoluminescent cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) device. In comparison with conventional azobenzene‐based devices, this new class of chiral photoswitches is found to undergo unprecedented irreversible Z/E photoisomerization in both organic solvent and LC media upon irradiation of 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) light. The isomers on the photostationary state and even the intermediate states after Z/E photoisomerization do not exhibit thermal relaxation behavior and thus are stable in a dark environment. The photo‐induced Z/E photoisomerization leads to a large change in the helical twisted power of the chiral switches, enabling a reflection spectral shift of more than 1500 nm in the cholesteric LC. These structural modifications also produce a pronounced fluorescence spectral variation, which makes it possible to simultaneously phototune both the reflection and the fluorescence in the cholesteric LC. We also present proof‐of‐principle demonstrations of the fact that the phototuning of the cholesteric LC based on the chiral fluorescence photoswitches can be used in irreversible UV light indicators and reflective–photoluminescent LC display devices.
Auto‐Tandem Catalysis‐Induced Synthesis of Trisubstituted Furans through Domino Acid‐Acid‐Catalyzed Reaction of Aliphatic Aldehydes and 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds by using N‐Bromosuccinimide as Oxidant
Authors: Huang Wenbo , Liu Changhui , Gu Yanlong
Published: March 2017

A simple aluminium(III) chloride‐catalyzed synthesis of tri‐substituted furans from aliphatic aldehydes and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds was developed by using N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) as an oxidant. This method was effective for the synthesis of various furan derivatives. Some of the products were not accessible with the previously reported methods. Mechanically, this reaction involved an auto‐tandem catalysis based on a newly reported acid‐acid‐catalyzed tandem reaction to ensure that furans were successfully synthesized.

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