bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Yeast in the Valorisation of Food Waste
Authors: Murphy Laura , O’Connell David J.
Published: November 2024

The implementation of the circular bioeconomy is now widely accepted as a critical step towards reducing the environmental burden of industrial waste and reducing the impact of this waste on climate change. The valorisation of waste using microorganisms is an attractive and fast-developing strategy capable of achieving meaningful improvements in the sustainability of the biotechnology industry. Yeasts are a powerful chassis for developing valorisation strategies and key opportunities. Thus, this study examines how waste from the food sector can be effectively targeted for valorisation by yeast. Yeasts themselves are critically important elements in the production of food and brewing, and thus, the valorisation of waste from these processes is further reviewed. Policy and regulatory challenges that may impact the feasibility of industrial applications of yeast systems in the valorisation of food waste streams are also discussed.
Spatial Distribution of Burned Areas from 1986 to 2023 Using Cloud Computing: A Case Study in Amazonas (Peru)
Authors: Barboza Elgar , Turpo Efrain Y. , Tariq Aqil , Salas López Rolando , Pizarro Samuel , Zabaleta-Santisteban Jhon A. , Medina-Medina Angel J. , Tuesta-Trauco Katerin M. , Oliva-Cruz Manuel , Vásquez Héctor V.
Published: November 2024

Wildfire represents a significant threat to ecosystems and communities in the Department of Amazonas, Peru, causing losses in biodiversity and land degradation and affecting socioeconomic security. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of burned areas (BAs) from 1986 to 2023 to identify recurrence patterns and their impact on different types of land use and land cover (LULC). Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellite images, processed by Google Earth Engine (GEE) using a decision tree approach, were used to map and quantify the affected areas. The results showed that the BAs were mainly concentrated in the provinces of Utcubamba, Luya, and Rodríguez de Mendoza, with a total of 1208.85 km2 burned in 38 years. The most affected land covers were pasture/grassland (38.25%), natural cover (forest, dry forest, and shrubland) (29.55%) and agricultural areas (14.74%). Fires were most frequent between June and November, with the highest peaks in September and August. This study provides crucial evidence for the implementation of sustainable management strategies, fire prevention, and restoration of degraded areas, contributing to the protection and resilience of Amazonian ecosystems against future wildfire threats.
Development and Application of Mucilage and Bioactive Compounds from Cactaceae to Formulate Novel and Sustainable Edible Films and Coatings to Preserve Fruits and Vegetables—A Review
Authors: de Medeiros Viviane Priscila Barros , de Oliveira Kataryne Árabe Rimá , Queiroga Talita Silveira , de Souza Evandro Leite
Published: November 2024

The accelerated ripening and senescence of fruits and vegetables is characterized by various biochemical changes that hinder the maintenance of their postharvest quality. In this context, developing edible films and coatings formulated with natural and biodegradable materials emerges as a sustainable strategy for preserving the quality parameters of these products in replacement of conventional petroleum-based packaging. Recently, plant-based polymers, including mucilage from different cactus species and/or their bioactive compounds, have been investigated to develop edible films and coatings. As the available literature indicates, the Opuntia genus stands out as the most used for mucilage extraction, with the cladode being the most exploited part of the plant. Conventional extraction methods are widely employed to obtain mucilages, which are applied to fruits and vegetables after being combined with plasticizing and cross-linking agents. In general, these films and coatings have proven effective in prolonging the shelf life and maintaining the nutritional, physical, and sensory quality of fruits and vegetables. Given their preservation potential, combining cactus mucilages with bioactive compounds, probiotics, and prebiotics represents an emerging trend in developing functional films and coatings. However, some limitations have been identified, such as the underutilization of different species and parts of the plant, the lack of standardization in extraction methods, and the absence of studies on the effects of the physicochemical properties of mucilages in the formulation and characteristics of films and coatings. Therefore, overcoming these limitations is essential for developing edible films and coatings with enhanced techno-functional properties and greater commercial viability.
Lessons from the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Perspectives in the Medico-Legal Field
Authors: Barranco Rosario , Molinelli Andrea , Rocca Gabriele , Ventura Francesco
Published: November 2024

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to an enormous global health, social and economic crisis. The pandemic caused considerable upheaval and considerable difficulties due to an unforeseen and devastating health condition. Materials and Methods: We discuss the numerous challenges encountered in the fields of forensic medicine and public health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly during the first wave of the pandemic, forensic pathologists faced significant difficulties due to the lack of safe autopsy protocols and insufficient personal protective equipment. Mainly in Europe, they had to manage a substantial number of potential cases of medical liability related to COVID-19. The widespread outbreak of the virus in residential care homes and prisons posed another significant challenge. Furthermore, forensic pathologists had to address the issue of complications arising from vaccination campaigns. Conclusions: This article underscores the need for continued efforts in scientific research and healthcare preparedness to effectively manage such complex crises. Forensic pathologists must be equipped with the necessary resources and training to address unpredictable, complex situations with far-reaching social implications.
Stability and l∞ Performance Analysis for Nabla Discrete Fractional Linear Positive System with Time-Varying Delays
Authors: Wang Cuihong , Cui Xueli , Cao Yanrong , Chen Yangquan
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the stability and l∞-gain problem are investigated for the Nabla discrete fractional linear positive systems with bounded time-varying delays. First, a sufficient condition and a necessary condition are presented to ensure the system’s positivity. Then, based on the system’s positivity property, an asymptotically stable condition is established. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the l∞-gain of such systems is determined by the system matrices and is independent of the magnitude of delays. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the validity of the obtained results.
Egg White-Based Gels with Candelilla Wax: A Study of Rheological, Mechanical, Calorimetric and Microstructural Properties
Authors: Cisneros-García Iram , Salgado-Cruz Ma. de la Paz , García-Hernández Alitzel B. , Gutiérrez-López Gustavo F. , Hernández-Sánchez Humberto , Camacho-Díaz Brenda H. , Alamilla-Beltrán Liliana
Published: November 2024

Bigels (BGs) are innovative composite systems that integrate oleogel and hydrogel structures, and are gaining increasing attention for their unique textural and functional properties in food applications. This study evaluated the rheological and mechanical properties of egg white-based bigels incorporating candelilla wax (CW) as an oleogelator. The results indicate that different egg white protein (EWP) (5–10%) concentrations and hydrogel-to-oleogel ratios (20:80 to 80:20) significantly influenced the structural and functional properties of the bigels. Compression testing revealed no significant differences in strength across the tested range; however, higher EWP concentrations enhanced the stability of the BGs. Furthermore, increased candelilla wax oleogel (CWO) content (60%) markedly improved emulsion stability, resulting in superior strength, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering. Rheological studies demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, particularly at higher hydrogel content related to the oleogel (W/O), which exhibited the highest yield stress. Microstructural investigations confirmed the presence of a continuous oleogel phase within the bigels (W/O) and revealed the formation of a complex structure. These findings suggest that a reduced hydrogel-to-oleogel ratio can be utilized across various food systems, opening new possibilities for creating customized food structures with desirable textural and functional attributes.
Cryostructuring of Polymeric Systems: 68. Evaluation of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Composite Cryogels Filled with Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-Based Microspheres of Different Porous Morphology as Potential Delivery Systems for Drugs of Various Water-Solubility
Authors: Michurov Dmitrii A. , Andreasyan Gagik A. , Lozinsky Vladimir I.
Published: November 2024

Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-based microspheres of two types, with and without macropores, were prepared; their morphology and particle size were evaluated. These microspheres were entrapped as disperse fillers into the bulk of macroporous cryogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). It was found that the rigidity of the resultant composite cryogels increased markedly as compared to that of unfilled cryogels of the same PVA concentration. The resulting composites were further tested for their potential to act as drug carriers. With that, simvastatin was included into the filler particles directly in the course of their preparation, followed by entrapment of such drug-loaded microspheres into the PVA cryogel. In turn, ibuprofen sodium salt was introduced into the preliminary prepared cryogels filled with the drug-free microspheres. The experimental study of drug release kinetics showed that due to the non-covalent interactions of both simvastatin and ibuprofen sodium salt with the particles of discrete phase, prolongation of the release processes was observed.
Effect of the Ratio of Protein to Water on the Weak Gel Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior of Fish Myofibrillar Protein Paste from Alaska Pollock
Authors: Oyinloye Timilehin Martins , Yoon Won Byong
Published: November 2024

The linear and nonlinear rheological behaviors of fish myofibrillar protein (FMP) paste with 75%, 82%, and 90% moisture content were evaluated using small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) tests. SAOS revealed pastes with 75% and 82% moisture exhibited solid-like behavior, characterized by higher storage modulus (G′) than loss modulus (G″), indicative of weak gel properties with a strong protein interaction. In contrast, the 90% moisture content showed more viscous behavior due to weakened protein–protein entanglements. The frequency exponent (n′ and n″) from the power law equation varied slightly (0.24 to 0.36), indicating limited sensitivity to changes in deformation rate during SAOS. LAOS tests revealed significant structural changes, with Lissajous–Bowditch curves revealing early nonlinearities at 10% strain for 90% moisture content. Decomposed Chebyshev coefficients (e3/e1, v3/v1, S, and T) indicated strain stiffening at lower strains for the 75% and 82% moisture pastes (i.e., < 50% strain for 75% and < 10% strain for 82%), transitioning to strain thinning at higher strains. Additionally, numerical model confirmed the predictability of the 3D printing process from the nonlinear rheological data, confirmed the suitability of the 75% and 82% moisture pastes for applications requiring structural integrity. These insights are essential for optimizing processing conditions in industrial applications. The findings suggest that the 75% and 82% moisture pastes are suitable for applications requiring structural integrity, while the 90% moisture paste is ideal for flow-based processes. These insights are essential for optimizing processing conditions in industrial applications.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Crucial Role of Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Low Temperature Response in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus
Authors: Wang Ning , Zhu Yilin , Zhou Yijun , Gao Fei , Cui Suxia
Published: November 2024

Background: Ammopiptanthus mongolicus is a rare temperate evergreen shrub with high tolerance to low temperature, and understanding the related gene expression regulatory network can help advance research on the mechanisms of plant tolerance to abiotic stress. Methods: Here, time-course transcriptome analysis was applied to investigate the gene expression network in A. mongolicus under low temperature stress. Results: A total of 12,606 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at four time-points during low temperature stress treatment, and multiple pathways, such as plant hormones, secondary metabolism, and cell membranes, were significantly enriched in the DEGs. Trend analysis found that the expression level of genes in cluster 19 continued to upregulate under low temperatures, and the genes in cluster 19 were significantly enriched in plant hormone signaling and secondary metabolic pathways. Based on the transcriptome data, the expression profiles of the genes in abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and flavonoid metabolic pathways were analyzed. It was found that biosynthesis of abscisic acid and flavonoids may play crucial roles in the response to low temperature stress. Furthermore, members of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) family in A. mongolicus were systematically identified and their structures and evolution were characterized. Analysis of cis-acting elements showed that the PAL genes in A. mongolicus were closely related to abiotic stress response. Expression pattern analysis showed that PAL genes responded to various environmental stresses, such as low temperature, supporting their involvement in the low temperature response in A. mongolicus. Conclusions: Our study provides important data for understanding the mechanisms of tolerance to low temperatures in A. mongolicus.
Genome-Wide Characterization of Solanum tuberosum CCoAOMT Gene Family and Identification of StCCoAOMT Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis
Authors: Peng Yaxuan , Sheng Suao , Wang Tongtong , Song Jiafeng , Wang Daijuan , Zhang Yixuan , Cheng Jielan , Zheng Tingting , Lv Zhaoyan , Zhu Xiaobiao , Hou Hualan
Published: November 2024

Background: The caffeoyl-CoA-O methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) family plays essential roles in the methylation of various secondary metabolites, including anthocyanins. Despite the wide identification of the CCoAOMT family in plants, the characterization and function of CCoAOMT protein members in Solanum tuberosum remain poorly understood. Methods and Results: In this study, a total of 12 StCCoAOMT members were identified in the genome of S. tuberosum using the Blastp and HMM search and were unevenly located on eight chromosomes. Collinearity analysis revealed that four tandem duplicated gene pairs and two segmental duplicated gene pairs existed in the S. tuberosum genome, demonstrating that duplication events play a key role in the expansion of the CCoAOMT family. All StCCoAOMTs were clustered into group I and group II based on phylogenetic analysis, which was further verified by the conserved motifs and gene structures analysis. The cis-acting elements analysis illustrated that StCCoAOMTs might be important for photosynthesis, hormone responses, and abiotic stress. Expression analysis demonstrated that StCCoAOMT genes have diverse transcript levels in various tissues and that StCCoAOMT10 was significantly expressed in purple potatoes with abundant anthocyanin content according to RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR assays. In addition, the subcellular localization assay validated that the StCCoAOMT10 protein was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Conclusions: These results will be of great importance for a better understanding of the features of CCoAOMT family members, especially of the candidate genes involved in the methylation of anthocyanins in S. tuberosum, and also for improving the nutritional quality of S. tuberosum.
Analysis of the Liquefaction Potential at the Base of the San Marcos Dam (Cayambe, Ecuador)—A Validation in the Use of the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio
Authors: Alonso-Pandavenes Olegario , Torrijo Francisco Javier , Torres Gabriela
Published: November 2024

Ground liquefaction potential analysis is a fundamental characterization in areas with continuous seismic activity, such as Ecuador. Geotechnical liquefaction studies are usually approached from dynamic penetration tests, which pose problems both in their correct execution and in their evaluation. Our research involves analyzing dynamic penetration tests and microtremor geophysical surveys (horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio technique, HVSR) for analyzing the liquefaction potential at the base of the San Marcos dam, a reservoir located in Cayambe canton (Ecuador). Based on the investigations performed at the time of construction of the dam (drilling and geophysical refraction profiles) and the application of 20 microtremor observation stations via the HVSR technique, an analysis of the safety factor of liquefaction (SFliq) was conducted using the 2001 Youd and Idriss formulation and the values of the standard penetration test (SPT) applied in granular materials (sands). In addition, the vulnerability index (Kg) proposed by Nakamura in 1989 was analyzed through the HVSR records related to the ground shear strain (GSS). The results obtained in the HVSR analysis indicate the presence of a zone of about 100 m length in the central part of the foot of the dam, whose GSS values identified a condition of susceptibility to liquefaction. In the same area, the SPT essays analysis in the P-8A drill hole also shows a potential susceptibility to liquefaction in earthquake conditions greater than a moment magnitude (Mw) of 4.5. That seismic event could occur in the area, for example, with a new activity condition of the nearby Cayambe volcano or even from an earthquake from the vicinity of the fractured zone.
Seismic Risk Assessment for the City of Sofia, Bulgaria
Authors: Solakov Dimcho Enchev , Stefanov Dimitar , Simeonova Stela , Raykova-Tsankova Plamena
Published: November 2024

An earthquake is the most destructive natural phenomenon, with its sudden onset and rapid spread impacting large areas. Among the various geohazards, seismic ones dominate in terms of their social and economic effects on human life and the urban environment. In the present study, a deterministic earthquake ground motion scenario for the city of Sofia (the capital of Bulgaria) is presented. The earthquake risk posed to Sofia is quantified by considering the city’s seismic context, which contributes to its hazard and risk. The assessment of seismic hazards and the generation of earthquake scenarios make up the first step of seismic risk evaluations, as risk reduction strategies can only be developed with a better understanding of these threats. Risk assessment and its associated management comprise the most effective approach to estimating the impact of seismic hazards on the city of Sofia, which exhibits high seismic activity. Our findings provide a basis for local governments to review their susceptibility and preparedness. The consideration of earthquake scenarios in the creation of policies for seismic risk reduction will allow us to focus on the prevention of earthquake effects rather than on the activities following these disasters.
Assessment of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir Treatment’s Influence on Biochemical and Metabolic Markers in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis
Authors: Constantinescu Alina Maria , Marian Paula , John Harrie Toms , Manole Felicia , Jurca Tunde , Negrut Nicoleta
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Liver function tests (LFT) are essential for diagnosing and monitoring liver status in patients with chronic hepatitis. In addition, tracking the systemic implications reflected in the changes in metabolic parameters is essential for correctly managing the cases. This study addresses the critical gap in the literature by evaluating the effects of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir on key liver function markers (AST, ALT, GGT, TB) and metabolic parameters (TC, TG, HbA1c) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Moreover, this study will evaluate the impact of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir on A2MG, which provides insights into its effects on liver fibrosis. Awareness of these effects is critical for the optimal management of patients during and following antiviral therapy to ensure that therapeutic success does not come at the expense of overall liver and metabolic health. These parameters should be monitored as they supply clinicians with essential data, informing treatment more accurately and ensuring a holistic approach in CH patients. Methods: This study consists of 104 patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and monitored from January to June 2024. Assessments comprised standard liver markers, lipid profiles, glycated hemoglobin, and alpha-2-macroglobulin, as well as specific non-invasive tests of liver injury. Results: 95.2% of the patients experienced a sustained virologic response. Biochemical markers and total cholesterol values were significantly decreased with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir therapy. Non-significant elevations in total bilirubin and glycated hemoglobin support the drug’s favorable tolerability profile. Conclusions: In the treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients, glecaprevir/pibrentasvir therapy leads to normalization in biochemical markers (AST, ALT, and GGT), as well as in total cholesterol.
The Effect of Lifestyle Interventions on Anxiety, Depression and Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Amiri Sohrab , Mahmood Nailah , Javaid Syed Fahad , Khan Moien AB
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Depression, anxiety, and stress are common mental health issues that affect individuals worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of various lifestyle interventions including physical activity, dietary changes, and sleep hygiene in reducing the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Using stress as an outcome and conducting detailed subgroup analyses, this study provides novel insights into the differential effects of lifestyle interventions across diverse populations. Methods: Five databases were systematically searched: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, for gray literature searches. Keywords were used to search each database. The search period was from the conception of the databases until August 2023 and was conducted in English. For each analysis, Hedges’ g was reported with a 95% confidence interval (CI) based on the random-effects method. Subgroups were analyzed and heterogeneity and publication bias were examined. Results: Ninety-six randomized clinical trial studies were included in this meta-analysis. Lifestyle interventions reduced depression (Hedges g −0.21, 95% confidence interval −0.26, −0.15; p < 0.001; I2 = 56.57), anxiety (Hedges g −0.24, 95% confidence interval −0.32, −0.15; p < 0.001; I2 = 59.25), and stress (−0.34, −0.11; p < 0.001; I2 = 61.40). Conclusions: Lifestyle interventions offer a more accessible and cost-effective alternative to traditional treatments and provide targeted benefits for different psychological symptoms.
The Potential of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Diabetic Wounds and Future Directions for Research and Therapy—Is It Time for Use in Everyday Practice?
Authors: Sieńko Damian , Szabłowska-Gadomska Ilona , Nowak-Szwed Anna , Rudziński Stefan , Gofron Maksymilian , Zygmunciak Przemysław , Lewandowska-Szumieł Małgorzata , Zgliczyński Wojciech Stanisław , Czupryniak Leszek , Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska Beata
Published: November 2024

The treatment of diabetic wounds is impaired by the intricate nature of diabetes and its associated complications, necessitating novel strategies. The utilization of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) as a therapeutic modality for chronic and recalcitrant wounds in diabetic patients is an active area of investigation aimed at enhancing its therapeutic potential covering tissue regeneration. The threat posed to the patient and their environment by the presence of a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is so significant that any additional therapeutic approach that opens new pathways to halt the progression of local changes, which subsequently lead to a generalized inflammatory process, offers a chance to reduce the risk of amputation or even death. This article explores the potential of MSCs in diabetic foot ulcer treatment, examining their mechanisms of action, clinical application challenges, and future directions for research and therapy.
Chemical Composition of Extracts from Various Parts of Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) and Their Antioxidant, Protective, and Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Michalak Monika , Stryjecka Małgorzata , Żarnowiec Paulina , Zagórska-Dziok Martyna , Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz Anna
Published: November 2024

Tanacetum parthenium is a medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family that can be applied externally in the case of various skin diseases. The aim of the study was to perform a phytochemical analysis of hydroethanolic extracts from the aerial parts (herb), flower heads, and leaves of feverfew and to assess their biological properties. Hydrodistilled oils were analyzed using GC-MS. The chemical composition of the extracts was estimated using spectrophotometry and the HPLC method. Moreover, the extracts were evaluated to determine their antioxidant potential using DPPH and FRAP and measuring the intracellular level of ROS. The cytotoxicity of extracts toward keratinocytes and fibroblasts was also analyzed, as well as their antimicrobial properties against 12 microorganisms. The results of the research revealed that chrysanthenone and α-thujone were the dominant volatile compounds in the essential oil from the flowers, while camphor, trans-chrysanthenyl acetate, and camphene were predominant in the essential oil from the leaves and herb. The results of HPLC showed that the major polyphenol compounds present in the hydroethanolic extracts from various parts of T. parthenium were 3,5-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 3,4-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid. The extract from feverfew flowers was shown to have the highest content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, as well as the highest antioxidant potential. In turn, the herb extract had the highest content of condensed tannins and terpenoids and exhibited the most effective antimicrobial properties against the 12 bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, the hydroethanolic extracts from different parts of T. parthenium plants were shown to have a potent protective effect on skin cells. The present study supports the potential applications of Tanacetum parthenium in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Potentiation of Catalase-Mediated Plant Thermotolerance by N-Terminal Attachment of Solubilizing/Thermostabilizing Fusion Partners
Authors: Xie Guoqing , Huang Yanrong , Hu Di , Xia Yinyu , Gong Ming , Zou Zhurong
Published: November 2024

Catalase (CAT) plays a crucial role in plant responses to environmental stresses and maintaining redox homeostasis. However, its putative heat lability might compromise its activity and function, thus restricting plant thermotolerance. Herein, we verified Arabidopsis CAT3 was of poor thermostability that was then engineered by fusion expression in Escherichia coli. We found that our selected fusion partners, three hyperacidic mini-peptides and the short rubredoxin from hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus, were commonly effectual to enhance the solubility and thermostability of CAT3 and enlarge its improvement on heat tolerance in E. coli and yeast. Most importantly, this finding was also achievable in plants. Fusion expression could magnify CAT3-mediated thermotolerance in tobacco. Under heat stress, transgenic lines expressing CAT3 fusions generally outperformed native CAT3 which in turn surpassed wild-type tobacco, in terms of seed germination, seedling survival, plant recovery growth, protection of chlorophyll and membrane lipids, elimination of H2O2, as well as mitigation of cell damage in leaves and roots. Moreover, we revealed that the introduced CAT3 or its fusions seemed solely responsible for the enhanced thermotolerance in tobacco. Prospectively, this fusion expression strategy would be applicable to other crucial plant proteins of intrinsic heat instability and thus provide an alternative biotechnological route for ameliorating plant heat tolerance.
Evaluation of Biochemical Characteristics and Performance of the 3 Screen ICA ELISA Kit
Authors: Kawasaki Eiji , Takahashi Yukari , Komeda Tomoko , Sakuma Megumi
Published: November 2024

We conducted a fundamental evaluation of the 3 Screen ICA ELISA kit, which can simultaneously measure three major anti-islet autoantibodies important in diagnosing and predicting type 1 diabetes, to assess its usefulness as a measuring reagent. In autoantibody-positive samples, the coefficient of variation for intra-assay variation ranged from 1.37% to 2.50%, inter-assay variation from 2.81% to 3.61%, and lot-to-lot variation from 2.01% to 8.61%, demonstrating good reproducibility. Additionally, interfering substances did not affect the autoantibody titers, and satisfying performance was observed in tests examining the sample freeze-thaw stability. Notably, even when the titer of GAD autoantibodies was below the cut-off value of the GAD autoantibody ELISA, the 3 Screen ICA signal was completely absorbed by recombinant GAD65 protein, indicating that the detection sensitivity for GAD autoantibody in the 3 Screen ICA ELISA is higher than that of the GAD autoantibody ELISA kit. Furthermore, in a study using IASP2020 samples from the Immunology and Diabetes Society, which aims to standardize anti-islet autoantibody assays, this kit achieved excellent results with a sensitivity of 96.0%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 98.57%. Measuring multiple anti-islet autoantibodies in combination is crucial for diagnosing and predicting type 1 diabetes. The ELISA kit used in this study is highly versatile and can be used in any measurement facility, making it extremely useful for routine testing.
Enhancing Photosynthetic Carbon Transport in Rice Plant Optimizes Rhizosphere Bacterial Community in Saline Soil
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Yang Shunying , Wei Tianqi , Su Yanhua
Published: November 2024

Saline soils exert persistent salt stress on plants that inhibits their ability to carry out photosynthesis and leads to photosynthetic carbon (C) scarcity in plant roots and the rhizosphere. However, it remains unclear how a rhizosphere environment is shaped by photosynthetic C partitioning under saline conditions. Given that sucrose is the primary form of photosynthetic C transport, we, respectively, created sucrose transport distorted (STD) and enhanced (STE) rice lines through targeted mutation and overexpression of the sucrose transporter gene OsSUT5. This approach allowed us to investigate different scenarios of photosynthate partitioning to the rhizosphere. Compared to the non-saline soil, we found a significant decrease in soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the rhizosphere, associated with a reduction in bacterial diversity when rice plants were grown under moderate saline conditions. These phenomena were sharpened with STD plants but were largely alleviated in the rhizosphere of STE plants, in which the rhizosphere DOC, and the diversity and abundances of dominant bacterial phyla were measured at comparable levels to the wildtype plants under non-saline conditions. The complexity of bacteria showed a greater level in the rhizosphere of STE plants grown under saline conditions. Several salt-tolerant genera, such as Halobacteroidaceae and Zixibacteria, were found to colonize the rhizosphere of STE plants that could contribute to improved rice growth under persistent saline stresses, due to an increase in C deposition.
Gene Expression Study in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata): Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Olive Oil Polyphenols on Immunity, Metabolic, and Oxidative Stress Pathways
Authors: Torricelli Martina , Felici Andrea , Branciari Raffaella , Trabalza-Marinucci Massimo , Galarini Roberta , Biagetti Massimo , Manfrin Amedeo , Boriani Laura , Radicchi Eleonora , Sebastiani Carla , Ciullo Marcella , Ranucci David , Agnetti Francesco
Published: November 2024

In an era with an ever-growing population, sustainability and green transition are the main milestones to be considered within the current European Green Deal program, and the recovery of by-products for the integration of feed with bioactive molecules, that are sustainable and with high nutritional value, is an ambitious mission to be explored also in aquaculture. Olive oil extraction produces a range of solid and liquid by-products, in varying proportions depending on the utilized production techniques, all of which are considered as possible pollutants. However, these products are also rich of polyphenols, bioactive molecules with several and well-known beneficial properties (antimicrobic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating). On this basis, this work aimed at evaluating the effects of dietary supplementation with polyphenols derived from olive mill wastewater on growth performance and on gene expression modulation, by means of RT-qPCR assays, in farmed Sparus aurata. Particularly, some target genes of metabolic, immunity, and oxidative stress pathways have been investigated in breeding gilthead seabream. Differential gene expression analysis was carried out, and differences between the control group (n = 9) and the treated one (n = 9) were computed with Student’s t test. The results have highlighted that supplemented feed enhanced fish growth, with a significant feed conversion ratio between the two groups. Furthermore, the polyphenol diet had a beneficial impact on gene expression fold with a level of significance for fatty acid binding protein 2, superoxide dismutase 1, and interleukin-12 genes at hepatic or intestinal district. These significant and promising preliminary findings promote, in the future, other investigations on polyphenolic by-products and on their putative or possible re-utilization in fish feeding.
Functional Analysis of CsWOX4 Gene Mutation Leading to Maple Leaf Type in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Wang Huizhe , Wang Bo , Wang Yiheng , Deng Qiang , Lu Guoqing , Cao Mingming , Yu Wancong , Zhao Haiyan , Lyu Mingjie , Yang Ruihuan
Published: November 2024

The leaf morphology is an important agronomic trait in crop production. Our study identified a maple leaf type (mlt) cucumber mutant and located the regulatory gene for leaf shape changes through BSA results. Hybrid F1 and F2 populations were generated by F1 self-crossing, and the candidate mlt genes were identified within the 2.8 Mb region of chromosome 2 using map cloning. Through the sequencing and expression analysis of genes within the bulk segregant analysis (BSA) region, we identified the target gene for leaf shape regulation as CsWOX4 (CsaV3_2G026510). The change from base C to T in the original sequence led to frameshift mutations and the premature termination of translation, resulting in shortened encoded proteins and conserved WUSCHEL (WUS) box sequence loss. The specific expression analysis of the CsWOX4/Cswox4 genes in the roots, stems, leaves and other tissue types of wild-type (WT) and mutant plants revealed that CsWOX4 was higher in the root, but Cswox4 (mutant gene) was significantly higher in the leaf. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that CsWOX4 was localized in the nucleus. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the mitochondrial cell cycle phase transition, nucleosome and microtubule binding pathways. Simultaneously, the quantitative analysis of the expression trends of 25 typical genes regulating the leaf types revealed the significant upregulation of CsPIN3. In our study, we found that the conserved domain of CsWOX4 was missing in the mutant, and the transcriptome data revealed that the expression of some genes, such as CsPIN3, changed simultaneously, thereby jointly regulating changes in the cucumber leaf type.
Serotypes, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Potential Mechanisms of Resistance Gene Transfer in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Strains from Waterfowl in Poland
Authors: Dec Marta , Nowak Tomasz , Webster John , Wódz Karolina
Published: November 2024

Erysipelas is a significant problem in the waterfowl farming in Poland, and information on the characteristics of the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains causing this disease is limited. In this study, we determined the serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and potential mechanisms of resistance gene transfer in E. rhusiopathiae isolates (n = 60) from domestic geese and ducks. We also developed a multiplex PCR for the detection of resistance genes. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using the broth microdilution method. Resistance genes, integrative conjugative element (ICE)-specific genes, phage-specific genes, and serotype determinants were detected by PCR. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for selected resistant strains. The comparative analyses included 260 E. rhusiopathiae strains whose whole genome sequences (WGSs) are publicly available. E. rhusiopathiae isolates represented 7 serotypes, among which serotypes 5 (38.3%) and 1b (28.3%) were the most common. All strains were susceptible to β-lactams, and the vast majority of them were resistant to tetracycline (85%) and enrofloxacin (80%). The percentages of isolates resistant to other antimicrobials used ranged from 3.3% to 16.7%. Ten isolates (16.7%) were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). The genotypic resistance profiles of the E. rhusiopathiae strains corresponded to their phenotypic resistance, and the amplification patterns obtained using the 10-plex PCR developed in this study were fully consistent with the results of single PCRs. The most prevalent resistance gene was tetM. In enrofloxacin-resistant strains, nonsynonymous mutations in the gyrA and parC genes were identified. The presence of ICE-specific genes was confirmed in resistant strains, and in MDR isolates of serotype 8 that represented sequence type (ST) 113, prophage DNA (Javan630-like) linked to the lsaE gene was additionally detected. The results indicate that β-lactam antibiotics should be the first choice for the treatment of waterfowl erysipelas in Poland. ICEs, including a transposon from the Tn916/Tn1545 family, and bacteriophages are most likely responsible for the transfer of resistance genes in E. rhusiopathiae.
Prenatal Acoustic Signals Influence Nestling Heat Shock Protein Response to Heat and Heterophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in a Desert Bird
Authors: Udino Eve , Pessato Anaïs , Addison BriAnne , Crino Ondi L. , Buchanan Katherine L. , Mariette Mylene M.
Published: November 2024

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are essential to cellular protection against heat stress. However, the causes of inter-individual variation in HSP regulation remain unclear. This study aimed to test the impact of early-life conditions on the HSP response to heat in zebra finches. In this arid-adapted bird, incubating parents emit “heat-calls” at high temperatures, which adaptively alter offspring’s phenotypes. Embryos were exposed to heat-calls or control-calls, and at 13 days post-hatch nestlings were separated into two different experiments to test responses to either chronic nest temperature (“in-nest” experiment) or an acute “heat-challenge”. Blood samples were collected to measure levels of heat shock cognate 70, heat shock protein 90α, corticosterone and the heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. In the in-nest experiment, both HSPs were upregulated in response to increasing nest temperatures only in control-calls nestlings (HSC70: p = 0.010, HSP90α: p = 0.050), which also had a marginally higher H/L ratio overall than heat-call birds (p = 0.066). These results point to a higher heat sensitivity in control-call nestlings. Furthermore, comparing across experiments, only the H/L ratio differed, being higher in heat-challenged than in in-nest nestlings (p = 0.009). Overall, this study shows for the first time that a prenatal acoustic signal of heat affects the nestling HSP response to postnatal temperature.
Significant Advancements and Evolutions in Chimeric Antigen Receptor Design
Authors: Gaimari Anna , De Lucia Anna , Nicolini Fabio , Mazzotti Lucia , Maltoni Roberta , Rughi Giovanna , Zurlo Matteo , Marchesini Matteo , Juan Manel , Parras Daniel , Cerchione Claudio , Martinelli Giovanni , Bravaccini Sara , Tettamanti Sarah , Pasetto Anna , Pasini Luigi , Magnoni Chiara , Gazzola Luca , Borges de Souza Patricia , Mazza Massimiliano
Published: November 2024

Recent times have witnessed remarkable progress in cancer immunotherapy, drastically changing the cancer treatment landscape. Among the various immunotherapeutic approaches, adoptive cell therapy (ACT), particularly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, has emerged as a promising strategy to tackle cancer. CAR-T cells are genetically engineered T cells with synthetic receptors capable of recognising and targeting tumour-specific or tumour-associated antigens. By leveraging the intrinsic cytotoxicity of T cells and enhancing their tumour-targeting specificity, CAR-T cell therapy holds immense potential in achieving long-term remission for cancer patients. However, challenges such as antigen escape and cytokine release syndrome underscore the need for the continued optimisation and refinement of CAR-T cell therapy. Here, we report on the challenges of CAR-T cell therapies and on the efforts focused on innovative CAR design, on diverse therapeutic strategies, and on future directions for this emerging and fast-growing field. The review highlights the significant advances and changes in CAR-T cell therapy, focusing on the design and function of CAR constructs, systematically categorising the different CARs based on their structures and concepts to guide researchers interested in ACT through an ever-changing and complex scenario. UNIVERSAL CARs, engineered to recognise multiple tumour antigens simultaneously, DUAL CARs, and SUPRA CARs are some of the most advanced instances. Non-molecular variant categories including CARs capable of secreting enzymes, such as catalase to reduce oxidative stress in situ, and heparanase to promote infiltration by degrading the extracellular matrix, are also explained. Additionally, we report on CARs influenced or activated by external stimuli like light, heat, oxygen, or nanomaterials. Those strategies and improved CAR constructs in combination with further genetic engineering through CRISPR/Cas9- and TALEN-based approaches for genome editing will pave the way for successful clinical applications that today are just starting to scratch the surface. The frontier lies in bringing those approaches into clinical assessment, aiming for more regulated, safer, and effective CAR-T therapies for cancer patients.
The Potential of Plant Polysaccharides and Chemotherapeutic Drug Combinations in the Suppression of Breast Cancer
Authors: Adewale Omowumi O. , Wińska Patrycja , Piasek Adrianna , Cieśla Joanna
Published: November 2024

Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide. The associated morbidity and mortality have been on the increase while available therapies for its treatment have not been totally effective. The most common treatment, chemotherapy, sometimes has dangerous side effects because of non-specific targeting, in addition to poor therapeutic indices, and high dose requirements. Consequently, agents with anticancer effects are being sought that can reduce the side effects induced by chemotherapy while increasing its cytotoxicity to cancer cells. This is possible using natural compounds that are safe and biologically active. There are many reports on plant polysaccharides due to their bioactive and anticancer properties. The use of plant polysaccharide together with a conventional cytotoxic drug may offer wide benefits in cancer therapy, producing synergistic effects, thereby reducing drug dose and, so, its associated side effects. In this review, we highlight an overview of the use of plant polysaccharides and chemotherapeutic drugs in breast cancer preclinical studies, including their mechanisms of anticancer activities. The findings emphasize the potential of plant polysaccharides to improve chemotherapeutic outcomes in breast cancer, paving the way for more effective and safer treatment strategies.
Oviposition Preferences of the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Response to Various Potential Repellent and Attractant Plants
Authors: Can Kervin , Chang Tsui-Ying , Kafle Lekhnath , Chen Wen-Hua
Published: November 2024

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major polyphagous pest that mainly feeds on maize and other cash crops. Understanding S. frugiperda’s behavior on different host plants facilitates the development of effective integrated pest management (IPM) plans. Therefore, this study investigated the oviposition preferences of S. frugiperda females among different host plants using no-choice, two-choice, and multiple-choice bioassays. In no-choice bioassays, para grass, Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) (Poales: Poaceae); maize, Zea mays (L.) (Poales: Poaceae); and napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach) (Poales: Poaceae) were identified as highly attractive, while sweet sorghum, Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) (Poales: Poaceae); sunhemp, Crotalaria juncea (L.) (Fabales:Fabacea); Egyptian clover, Trifolium alexandrinum (L.) (Fabales:Fabacea); desmodium, Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) (Fabales:Fabacea); natal grass, melinis repens (Zizka) (Poales: Poaceae); molasses grass, Melinis minutiflora (P.Beauv.) (Poales: Poaceae); and mung bean, Vigna radiata (R. wilczek) (Fabales: Fabaceae) exhibited reduced oviposition effects. Two-choice bioassays revealed different levels of attractiveness and repellency among different plant combinations. In multiple-choice bioassays, mimicking an intercropping scenario, differences in the number of eggs and egg mass were observed for M:S:D:W (maize, sunhemp, desmodium, and cage wall), S:D:M:W (sunhemp, desmodium, maize, and cage wall), and D:M:S:W (desmodium, maize, sunhemp, and cage wall). This study provides insights into the egg-laying preferences of S. frugiperda females among different host plants, valuable for the management of S. frugiperda. This encourages further research and further identification of novel repellent and attractant host plants, which will ultimately contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly crop production practices and techniques.