bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ports in development of maritime tourism – problems and challenges. The case of the Pomeranian Region
Authors: Miotke-Dzięgiel Joanna
Published: October 2021

The paper investigates the question - provocative in some way – can Polish ports in the Pomeranian Region, especially Gdynia and Gdańsk, become centers of maritime tourism in the region? This question is worth to be asked, despite distinct disparency - arousing pessimism - between expectations and the real state. The significance of that question is grounded in ports’ role in development of passengers transportation – particularly tourist one, and the impact of ports services on regions’ economy in Europe. These problems are exposed at the beginning of the paper. Further parts of the paper – taking advantage of descriptive and statistical comparative analysis of the ports operation - successively present: (1) general condition of the Pomeranian ports regarding their tourist function. It particularly has been related to the location and transport accessibility requirements as well as to ports suprastructure and infrastructure requirements. The presented conditions are compared with standards effective worldwide; (2) passenger traffic in the Pomeranian ports – especially tourist traffic. General assessment of development conditions, present situation and position of the Pomeranian ports, which have been made on the grounds of the above analysis, lead to the conclusion that these ports, including the main ports of Gdańsk and Gdynia, are far behind a status of important maritime tourism centers. The last part of the paper – in connection to the former assessment – defines challenges facing the above ports and presents actions to be taken for strengthening their position. In search of ways enabling achievement of an advisable goal, the position of government administration and local authorities have been stressed, as well as the effects of Polish membership in the EU.
The role of the online advertisement for the contemporary enterprise
Authors: Salomon Adam
Published: October 2021

Many practitioners in the field of the Internet are regarding it a kind of art. Perhaps on that reason is it so hard to find the unequivocal answer to the question what the Internet is? From a technical point of view it is a global computer network making up from various, smaller and bigger, of the network and isolated computers. This net is connected with the help of telephone lines, radio, link satellite and fibre-optic. This web is winding almost entire contemporary world. An about 960 million of persons is using the Internet in entire world (2005). For this community an Internet is a new, fascinating medium, thanks him we have the unrestricted access to many pieces of information. A network is the biggest global market which so far existed where small-sized enterprises can compete with themselves with large corporations. And where the words “the market” and “the competition” are appearing, it must appear also the word “the advertisement”. The advertisement exists from beginnings of the mankind. In ancient times people already recommended their products wanting to sell them. They used the shout or simple posters mainly. Together with the development of the civilization an advertising developed. Great changes came in modern times when, a press, a radio and television arose. They started diverging from advertising products sold by oneself on their own initiative. In the today teams of people are working at so that while watching TV we keep an eye on advertising blocks. However such a model of the advertisement started stirring up controversy a lot. We understand the necessity for her but its importunity is annoying us because the advertisement is pushing into all areas of reality, even between stages shown on television of films. For this reason they started searching for running different centers in to the customer, all the way to the moment when an Internet appeared. The Internet offered the advertisement not only a mass audience and the possibility of the influence on him with the help of the text, sound and the image. Traditional mediums already earlier enabled it. Based on the oneway model of announcing, however they aren't able to draw for the recipient into interactions. The advertisement passed down behind their mediation usually gets through to potential customers then when for you they are entertained with something completely not bound with the subject of the commercial.
Penguatan Financial Literacy dan Manajemen SDM Pada Industri Ekonomi Kreatif Berbasis Komunitas Wirausaha
Authors: Tatik Tatik , Maisaroh Maisaroh , Al Hakim Muhammad Khalifah
Published: October 2021

Tujuan diselenggarakannya kegiatan pengabdian ini untuk mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi oleh pelaku usaha yang tergabung dalam komunitas Global Enterpreuneur Profesional (GENPRO) Kedu-DIY. Secara umum permasalahan yang terjadi pada usaha anggota Genpro DIY-Kedu adalah minimnya keahlian pengelolaan keuangan usaha, tidak adanya pembukuan usaha, pengalaman manajerial dan pengelolaan SDM yang sangat terbatas. Atas kendala yang dihadapi oleh pelaku usaha tersebut, tim pengabdian memberikan pemahaman serta pendampingan kepada anggota Genpro DIY – Kedu terkait financial literacy dan manejemen SDM. Metode pengabdian yaitu pelatihan dan pendampingan berkala yang intensif kepada para peserta. Melalui pemahaman dan implementasi yang tepat terkait financial literacy dan manajemen SDM, diharapkan usaha peserta mampu berkembang dalam jangka panjang dan juga meneladani nilai-nilai Islam dalam profesinalisme bekerja.
Edukasi Pemanfaatan Aplikasi Instagram dan Shopee untuk Pemasaran Produk Olahan Salak
Authors: Al Rosjidi Anis , Aisyah Maulidyati , Nurfauziya Ahada , Riantika Reny Lia , Ardiami Kinanthi Putri , Dewi Herlina Rahmawati , Kholid Muamar Nur , Azizah Fathmy
Published: October 2021

Pandemi Covid-19 yang terjadi di Indonesia telah memukul banyak pelaku Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah di Indonesia. Salah satu kelompok pelaku UMKM yang mengalami penurunan omzet adalah petani salak di wilayah Kecamatan Srumbung, Kabupaten Magelang. Para petani salak yang semula memasarkan produknya dengan cara mendistribusikan ke toko-toko di daerah tujuan wisata mengalami penurunan omzet yang signifikan. Oleh karena itu, para petani salak harus mencoba alternatif pemasaran lain melalui pemasaran digital untuk memasarkan produk-produknya. Beberapa aplikasi yang dapat digunakan untuk memasarkan produk secara digital adalah Instagram dan Shopee. Edukasi pemanfaatan aplikasi Instagram dan Shopee dilakukan dalam bentuk workshop yang berlangsung selama satu hari penuh. Workshop membahas penggunaan aplikasi Instagram dan Shopee untuk memasarkan produk olahan salak. Pada akhir workshop, para peserta telah memiliki akun Instagram dan akun Shopee yang dapat digunakan untuk memasarkan produk-produk olahan salak yang dimiliki.
Buku Ajar Mata Kuliah Evidence Based Midwifery
Authors:   Rafhani Rosyidah, Kusumawardani Paramitha Amelia
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya Buku Ajar Evidence Based Midwifery dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tanpa halangan yang berarti. Shalawat dan salam selalu kami sampaikan kepada junjungan Nabi Muhammad SAW. Tim penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada: 1. SM. Faridah Hanum, S.ST., MM., M.Kes., Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan yang memberikan arahan dan motivasi kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan buku ajar ini. 2. Siti Cholifah, S.ST., M.Keb Kaprodi Pendidikan Profesi Kebidanan yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk menyusun buku ajar ini. 3. Rekan-rekan dosen Kebidanan di prodi Pendidikan Profesi Kebidanan yang telah memberikan dukungan.Saran dan kritik sangat penulis harapkan untuk mewujudkan buku ajar Evidence Based Midwifery yang lebih baik dan tentunya sesuai dengan amanat peraturan yang berlaku. Terimakasih.
Buku Ajar Akuntansi Biaya
Authors:   Santi Rahma Dewi, Fitriyah Hadiah
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya Buku Ajar Akuntansi Biaya dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tanpa halangan yang berarti. Shalawat dan salam selalu kami sampaikan kepada junjungan Nabi Muhammad SAW. Tim penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada: 1. Wisnu Panggah Setiyono, Ph.D. Dekan Fakultas Bisnis Hukum dan Ilmu Bisnis yang memberikan arahan dan motivasi kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan buku ajar ini. 2. Wiwit Hariyanto, SE.,M.Si, Kaprodi Akuntansi yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk menyusun buku ajar ini. 3. Rekan-rekan dosen pengampu Mata Kuliah Akuntansi Biaya di prodi Akuntansi yang telah berbagi pengalaman dalam mengampu mata kuliah tersebut. Saran dan kritik sangat penulis harapkan untuk mewujudkan buku ajar Akuntansi Biaya yang lebih baik dan tentunya sesuai dengan amanat peraturan yang berlaku. Terimakasih.
Buku Ajar Text Mining
Authors:   Mochamad Alfan Rosid, Findawati Yulian
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, sehingga Usulan Buku Text Mining ini dapat disusun dengan baik dan selesai pada waktu yang telah ditentukan oleh Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo khususnya Direktorat Akademik yang bersedia untuk mengeluarkan dana dalam penulisan buku ajar ini. Penulisan buku ajar ini ditulis dalam 8 BAB secara garis besar, berdasarkan pengalaman penulis didunia kerja serta diambil dari hasil penelitian baik dari hasil penelitian mandiri maupun dari pendanaan Kemenristekdikti yang penulis dapatkan. Tak lupa kami juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1. Dr. Hidayatulloh, M.Si selaku Rektor Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo yang telah memberikan dan memfasilitasi dalam penulisan buku ajar ini. 2. Direktorat Akademik Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo yang telah memfasilitasi dan mengkoordinasi dalam penulisan buku ajar ini. 3. Dr. Hindarto, S.Kom, MT. selaku Dekan Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk mengikuti penulisan buku ajar ini. 4. Dosen-dosen Teknik Informatika Universitas Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk mengikuti penulisan buku ajar ini. 5. Para narasumber yang penulis tidak dapat sebutkan satu persatu yang telah banyak membantu, atas pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang diberikan dalam penyusunan penulisan buku ajar ini. 6. Aslab Teknik Informatika dan mahasiswa Teknik Informatika yang penulis tidak dapat sebutkan satu persatu yang telah banyak membantu, atas pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang diberikan dalam penyusunan penulisan buku ajar ini.
Buku Ajar Akuntansi Perbankan Syariah (Teori Dan Praktek)
Authors:   Nihlatul Qudus Sukma Nirwana, Oktafia Renny
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya Buku Ajar Akuntansi Perbankan Syariah (Teori dan Praktek) dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tanpa halangan yang berarti. Shalawat dan salam selalu kami sampaikan kepada junjungan Nabi Muhammad SAW. Tim penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada: 1. Dr. Istikomah, M.Ag., Dekan Fakultas Agama Islam yang memberikan arahan dan motivasi kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan buku ajar ini. 2. Fitri Nur Latifah, S.E., M.E.Sy., Kaprodi Perbankan Syariah yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk menyusun buku ajar ini. 3. Rekan-rekan dosen Prodi Perbankan Syariah dan Prodi Akuntansi yang telah berbagi ilmu. Saran dan kritik sangat penulis harapkan untuk mewujudkan buku ajar Akuntansi Perbankan Syariah (Teori dan Praktek) yang lebih baik dan tentunya sesuai dengan amanat peraturan yang berlaku. Terimakasih.
Buku Ajar Administrasi Pemerintah Daerah
Authors:   Lailul Mursyidah, Choiriyah Ilmi Usrotin
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya Buku Ajar Pemerintah Daerah dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tanpa halangan yang berarti. Shalawat dan salam selalu kami sampaikan kepada junjungan Nabi Muhammad SAW. Tim penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada: 1. Wisnu Panggah Setiyono, SE, M.Si, Ph.D., Dekan Fakultas Bisnis, Hukum dan Ilmu Sosial yang memberikan arahan dan motivasi kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan buku ajar ini. 2. Lailul Mursyidah, M.AP, Kaprodi Administrasi Publik yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk menyusun buku ajar ini. 3. Rekan-rekan dosen pengampu Mata Kuliah Pemerintah Daerah di Prodi Administrasi Publik yang telah berbagi pengalaman dalam mengampu mata kuliah tersebut. Saran dan kritik sangat penulis harapkan untuk mewujudkan buku ajar Pemerintah Daerah yang lebih baik dan tentunya sesuai dengan amanat peraturan yang berlaku. Terimakasih.
Buku Ajar Mata Kuliah Bakteriologi Dasar
Authors:   Jamiltur Rohmah, Rini Chylen Setiyo
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah melimpahkan hidayahnya sehingga penulis dapat menyusun “Buku Ajar Bakteriologi Dasar” dengan baik. Buku ini membahas mengenai struktur dan morfologi bakteri, pertumbuhan bakteri, klasifikasi dan identifikasi bakteri serta bakteri patogen pada manusia. Buku ini dapat disusun dengan baik berkat kerjasama dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu saya sampaikan banyak terima kasih kepada segenap pihak yang telah berkontribusi secara maksimal dalam penyelesaian buku ini. Penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan dalam penulisan buku, baik dari segi tata bahasa, susunan kalimat maupun isi. Oleh karena itu penulis menerima segala kritik dan saran yang membangun dari para pembaca. Akhir kata semoga buku ini dapat menambah khazanah ilmu pengetahuan dan memberikan manfaat khususnya bagi prodi D-IV Teknologi Laboratorium Medis Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo.
Buku Ajar Learning Advanced English Grammar
Authors:   Dian Rahma Santoso, Taufiq Wahyu
Published: October 2021

Ketika kita ingin membangun rumah, kita menggunakan beton untuk membuat fondasi, batu bata untuk membuat dinding, kusen jendela untuk membuat jendela, kusen pintu untuk membuat pintu, dan semen untuk menggabungkan mereka semua. Setiap elemen rumah memiliki pekerjaannya sendiri. Bagian-bagian Pidato seperti "elemen bangunan" bahasa. Mereka terbiasa membangun kalimat. Buku ini ditulis dan terbit kala pandemic covid 19 hadir dan mewabah di Indonesia dan seluruh penjuru dunia. Kebutuhan buku sebagai sumber belajar utama yang bisa bisa digunakan untuk pegangan sekaligus sumber belajar mandiri oleh para mahasiswa sangat dibutuhkan. Oleh karenanya, dalam edisi kali ini, penulis menggunakan dua bahasa yang saling bergantian dan mendukung. \Sebagian besar bahasa Indonesia akan dipergunakan di beberapa bab awal dan di bagian yang sangat teknis dan detail dalam penjelasan. Ide penulisan buku bahasa Inggris yang bercampur dengan bahasa Indonesia mungkin tidak terlalu ideal untuk idealisme mengajar bahasa asing, namun harapan kami, buku ini bisa merangkul semua kalangan mahasiswa dari berbagai tingkatan level bahasa Inggris.
Buku Ajar Menggambar Teknik Elektro
Authors:   Dwi hadidjaja, Jamaaluddin Jamaaluddin
Published: October 2021

Dengan mengucapkan syukur alhamdulillah penulis telah menyelesaikan buku ajar MENGGAMBAR TEKNIK ELEKTRO ini. Buku ini dibuaat dengan harapan memberikan kemudahan bagi siapa saja khususnya mahasiswa yang sedang kuliah untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai ilmu MENGGAMBAR TEKNIK ELEKTRO. Buku ini akan menyampaikan beberapa teori yang berkaitan dengan proses bagaimana Mempersiapkana Gambar Teknik, persiapan menggambar, aturan aturan dasar dalam menggambar teknik elektro, mulai dari menggambar instalasim listrik, panel maupun komponen elektronika. Capaian pembelajaran untuk mahasiswa yang mempelajari buku ini adalah dapat menjadi praktisi yang menguasai teknik teknik menggambar elektro. Sehingga tanpa menunggu lulus, mahasiswa dapat mempraktekkan ilmunya. Buku ini sangat bermanfaat untuk para mahasiswa dan masyarakat umum yang tertaarik mendalami masalah menggambar teknik elektro. Ucapan terima kasih disampaikan kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu terbitnya buku ajar ini yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu. Akhirnya penulis menyampaikan selamat membaca...
Buku Ajar Mata Kuliah Metalurgi
Authors:   A’rasy Fahruddin, Tjahjanti Prantasi Harmi
Published: October 2021

Buku Ajar: Metalurgi 2 ini ditulis dua orang, Penulis 1 adalah Dr. Prantasi Harmi Tjahjanti,S.Si.,MT, dan Penulis 2 adalah (Cand.Dr) A'rasy Fahruddin,ST.,MT. Kepakaran Penulis 1 adalah bidang Ilmu dan Rekayasa Bahan/Material yang hingga saat ini selain terus melakukan penelitian khususnya tentang material, juga sebagai Reviewer untuk bidang-bidang material dan lainnya. Buku Metalurgi 2 ini adalah buku keempat untuk Penulis 1. Sementara Penulis 2 memiliki bidang keahlian Konversi Energi, sangat membantu untuk penulisan buku ini yang ada kaitannya dengan bidang tersebut. Buku ini merupakan buku pegangan bagi mahasiswa Fakultas Teknik, dan mahasiswa Politeknik pada umumnya. Pembuatan buku dimaksudkan juga untuk menambah tersedianya buku di Indonesia karena buku sejenis ini tidak banyak di dapat di Indonesia. Buku ini disusun dengan mengambil berbagai sumber referensi yang sangat bagus juga didukung oleh pengalaman Penulis mengajar mata kuliah yang berhubungan dengan material dan metalurgi, selama hampir kurang 20 tahun serta dilengkapi dengan serangkaian penelitian yang dilakukan selama ini. Penulis sangat berharap agar buku ini dapat membantu mahasiswa dalam memahami, menyusun, mengembangkan pengetahuan mereka tentang teori maupun aplikasi dari material metalurgi.
Buku Ajar Perencanaan Dan Penganggaran Bisnis
Authors:   Nurasik, Nirwana Nihlatul Qudus Sukma
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya Buku Ajar “Perencanaan dan Penganggaran Bisnis” dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tanpa halangan yang berarti.Shalawat dan salam selalu kami sampaikan kepada junjungan Nabi Mu-hammad SAW. Tim penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada: 1. Wisnu Panggah Setiyono, Ph.D Dekan Fakultas Bisnis Hukum dan Ilmu Bisnis yang memberikan arahan dan motivasi kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan buku ajar ini. 2. Wiwit Hariyanto, SE.,M.Si, Kaprodi Akuntansi yang telah mem-berikan dukungan untuk menyusun buku ajar ini.3. Rekan-rekan Dosen pengampu Mata Kuliah Perencanaa dan Penganggaran Bisnis di prodi Akuntansi yang telah berbagi pen-galaman dalam mengampu mata kuliah tersebut. Saran dan kritik sangat penulis harapkan untuk mewujudkan buku ajar Anggaran Perusahaan yang lebih baik dan tentunya sesuai dengan amanat peraturan yang berlaku. Terimakasih. Tim Penulis
Buku Ajar Mata Kuliah Pengembangan Pembelajaran IPS SD
Authors:   Rifki Afandi, Rezania Vanda
Published: October 2021

Segala puji dan syukur, penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT yang Maha Pengasih dan Maha Penyayang, yang telah mencurahkan segala nikmat, rahmat, dan hidayahNya kepada penulis sehingga buku kami yang kedua dengan judul Pengembangan Pembelajaran IPS SD dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Sholawat dan salam semoga senantiasa dilimpahkan oleh Allah SWT atas junjungan dan teladan seluruh insan Rasulullah SAW. Tim penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: 1. Dr. AKhtim Wahyuni, M.Ag., Dekan Fakultas Psikologi dan Ilmu Pendidikan yang memberikan arahan dan motivasi kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan buku ajar ini. 2. Tri Linggo Wati, M.Pd., Kaprodi Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk menyusun buku ajar ini 3. Rekan-rekan dosen pengampu mata kuliah Pengembangan Pembelajaran IPS SD yang telah berbagi pengalaman dalam mengampu mata kuliah tersebut. Penulis menyadari bahwa buku ini masih belum sempuna. Sebagai suatu karya awal, disadari benar akan segala keterbatasan dan kekurangan buku ini baik struktur maupun isinya. oleh karena itu, segala kritik dan saran dari para pembaca sangat dinantikan untuk penyempurnaan di masa mendatang.
Nitrogen application rate and timing management for improved grain quality parameters of wheat crop
Authors: Khan Gul Roz
Published: October 2021

Nitrogen use efficiency under flood irrigation system is generally low (30%) in field crops, which is one of the fundamental factors of high production cost in the developing countries. Optimum rate and timing of N-application is otherwise important to harvest good quality grain for backing in the recent climate change scenario. Optimum N-rate (NAR) corresponds with the application timing (NAT) has resulted in good quality grains. Aim of the study was to focus on spring wheat grain quality and N use efficiency (NUE) with NAR {i.e., 0, 100, 120, 140 and 160 kg ha-1) and NAT (i.e., 100% at sowing (NAR1), 50% at sowing and 50% at tillering (NAT2), 25% at sowing, 50% at tillering and 25% at booting (NAT3) and 25% at sowing, 25% at tillering and 50% at booting (NAT4)}. Treatment impacts were investigated focusing grain yield, grain-N, and quality parameters (i.e., crude protein, gluten, amylose and amylopectin). Experiment was a randomized complete block, in three replications, conducted at Agronomy Res. Farm of the University of Agric. Peshawar in 2016-17 and repeated in 2017-18. Results showed the highest NUE in100 kg N ha-1, followed by a decreasing rate (p<0.05) for every next N-increment. While averaged on N-rates, the highest NUE observed in NAT3 which did not differ fromNAT4 but decreased (p<0.05) for treatment NAT2 with lowest for theNAT1. Pakhtunkhuwa-2015 showed higher NUE among the varieties. Grain-N, grain yield, gluten and amylose did not differ with NAR 140 and 160 kg ha-1 as well as for the NAT3 and NAT4 but decreased for NAT2 and the lowest was noted for NAT1. The N-content of wheat grain was highest in Pakhtunkhuwa-2015, followed by Pirsabak-2015 and the lowest in DN-84. Nonetheless, grain amylopectin showed a reduction with increasing NAR and/or split N-applications from one to two and/or three doses. Cultivars did not show any changes in the amylopectin. It is concluded that in recent climate changes where flood irrigation system is practiced, three N-splits (NAT3 or NAT4) resulted higher quality grains with140 kg N ha-1 to wheat crop
Analysis of different factors contributing the rodent infestations in urban areas in Faisalabad, Pakistan
Authors: Rafique Azhar
Published: October 2021

In the last decade there is a huge increase in the human population that has witnessed the important changes in the ecology, climate and human behaviour which ultimately favours the survival and increase in the population of urban pests. More alarmingly, a dramatic expansion in the rodent’s populations is a growing threat to the humans living in different urban settings. It is supposed that several socio-economic issues, environmental factors and type of housing facilities are contributing towards this higher increase in the rodent’s population in these areas. However, urban rat control programs are still ineffective as very little is known about their ecology. This study sought to investigate the type of housing and environment factors that provide food, water, shelter and harborage to rats and mice and risk factors of rodent infestations in three of the housing systems i.e. in squatter’s settlements, departmental colonies and posh residences including bungalows in Faisalabad. A total of 720 structures (240 each) were selected from these three housing systems. Snap and live trapping of commensal rats and mice (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus,Mus musculus) was carried out fortnightly from November, 2017 to October, 2018 suspecting the rats and mice population as variable as different structured housing systems. The removal data were used to estimate the size of the population of rats and mice per system. For rat and mice population estimation, Change-in-ratio (CIR) and Regression of daily capture on cumulative captures (RR) were employed. The higher number of rats/mice (814 specimens) were collected in squatter’ settlements. Among these 560, 184 and 70 specimens were of Mus musculus, Rattus rattus and Suncus murinus, respectively. The number of rodents captured from departmental colonies and posh residences/bungalows was 210 specimens (129 of M. musculus, 71 of R. rattus and 10 specimens of S. murinus) and 30 specimens of M. musculus, respectively. The major socio-economic factors contributing to these higher rodent infestations were low-grade residences with inadequate or no building maintenance measures and higher housing densities along with heterogenous breeding sites. These higher densities of rats and mice may pose a serious disease threats to human populations as they are carriers of a number of pathogens. The findings of the present study provide the specific features of rats and mice population in concern to human residences and may help to formulate controlling strategies against these culprits.
Anti-trypsin and antihypertensive activity of protein extracts from Nigella sativa seeds
Authors: Javaid Bushra
Published: October 2021

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are a ubiquitous, diverse group of molecules present in multiple forms in all organisms. These inhibitors inactivate proteases from predators/pathogens in addition to regulating intracellular proteolysis. In addition to intracellular localization, storage organs of plants are also a potential site of protease inhibitors. Proteins with trypsin inhibitory activity were isolated from Nigella sativa seed extracts by ammonium sulphate precipitation. Extraction conditions were optimized by choosing an optimum solvent, temperature and incubation period. The highest inhibitory activity of protein extracts was achieved by using 50 mM Tris buffer as solvent and overnight incubation of the suspension at 4°C. The crude seed extract fractionated at 60% ammonium sulphate concentration exhibited highest trypsin inhibitory activity, i.e., 60.15 ± 2.95 %, which was comparable to soybean trypsin inhibitor used as positive control. Ammonium sulphate precipitation of crude extract yielded 39.83-fold purification. Partially purified trypsin inhibitor exhibited 2.39±0.23 TIU mg-1. Additionally, Nigella sativa protein extracts were also investigated for their health-promoting effects against two important proteases, α- Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Highest inhibitory activity against ACE was shown by the crude extract of N. sativa. Among AS fractions, 30% ammonium sulphate concentration exhibited highest inhibition activity against ACE and DPP-IV. Our results suggest that the widely believed role of N. sativa in control of hypertension may at least be partially shared by inhibition of ACE. This is the first study conducted to evaluate the biological activity of N. sativa protein extracts suggesting a potential use of N. sativa proteins in management of hypertension as well as an important source of trypsin inhibitor. Further identification, purification and characterization of different bioactive compounds from N. sativa are being carried out.
Molecular analysis revealed genetic decline in hatchery-produced Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Naz Sumra
Published: October 2021

Population genetic structure of cultured fish species is vital for improving the fisheries management and stock enhancement programs. The genetic variability and population genetic structure at fourteen microsatellite loci of a total 210 individuals of Cyprinus carpio from six selected hatcheries were analyzed. The data obtained through microsatellite markers showed a low- to-moderate level of genetic diversity in terms of allele numbers (Na), allelic richness (Ar), effective allele numbers (Nae) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) in all the populations. At the examined loci, 32 out of 84 possible tests were observed to be significantly (P<0.05) deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Maximal gene flow (Nm) and lower population differentiation (FST) was experienced among populations. However, significant (P<0.05) differentiation was observed among some populations. An analysis of the distribution of genetic variation indicated within individual was very high (69.07%), while, among individuals within populations and among populations was low (29.56% and 1.37%, respectively). Recent bottleneck was detected with the shifted mode. Phylogenetic neighbor joining tree analysis showed the two distinct clusters. The inferences of this study would be helpful for setting up effective management strategies for the better conservation of genetic integrity in the hatchery stocks of C. carpio.
Synergism of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb.) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides plays a major role in citrus dieback
Authors: Afzal Muhammad Usman
Published: October 2021

Citrus is known as a major fruit due to its high nutritional value and adaptability in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Among diseases, citrus dieback is one of the most threatening diseases in which overall plant growth is reduced. Major causes are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) with 15-35% losses all over the world. Plant material was established adopting sanitary measures in earthen pots (12-inch diameter). Fresh culture of C. gloeosporioides and T. semipenetrans was prepared for the inoculation by following the standard procedures. In the first set, rootstocks were inoculated with 200mL of water having spore suspension of C. gloeosporioides while in in the second set, inoculation of T. semipenetrans was done by using 45 mL of water suspension having 2000 freshly hatched juveniles per pot, while at the rate of 1 × 107 spores/mL per plant. In the third set, the interaction of C. gloeosporioides and T. semipenetrans was studied by inoculating selected citrus rootstocks by both pathogens. After four months of inoculation, data were recorded on plant disease index (PDI) along with plant growth parameters (root weight, shoot weight, shoot weight, shoot length and number of leaves). Trifoliate orange and cox mandarin hybrid showed resistance against the development of T. semipenetrans while rough lemon, C-35 Citrange and sour orange were found susceptible. There was a significant difference in plant growth parameters between inoculated and healthy plants. Root weight and shoot weight decreased by 8.98g and 11.53g, while root length and shoot length decreased by 7.29cm and 13.5cm respectively as compared to control treatments in most susceptible rootstocks. Per cent Branch Infection (PBI) and per cent Disease Index (PDI) were maximum (71.52, 37) per cent on rough lemon respectively. Results regarding combined inoculation of C. gloeosporioides and T. semipenetrans showed that there was a significant difference in plant growth parameters between inoculated and healthy plants. In rough lemon, Root weight and shoot weight decreased by 13.86 and 20.57g respectively in diseased and healthy plants. Root length and shoot length decreased by 8.37 and 20.04cm respectively as compared to control treatments in most susceptible rootstocks. Overall results depicted that inoculation of both pathogens reduced plant growth more severely as compared to their individual application.
Influence of mozzarella and cheddar cheese mixing on biochemical characteristics of pizza cheese blends
Authors: Gulzar Nabila
Published: October 2021

Restaurants and pizza makers in Pakistan demand a cheese that has ability to melt, stretch with a characteristics flavor and less free oil formation while applied on pizza dough. The desired characteristics can be obtained with proper amalgamation of fresh and ripened cheeses. Therefore, the present research was planned to prepare Pizza cheese blends (PCB) from fresh Mozzarella and ripened (2 and 4 months) Cheddar cheese. Seven Pizza cheese blends were prepared with fresh Mozzarella and ripened (2 and 4 months) Cheddar cheese. The quality of Pizza cheese blends were evaluated by measuring chemical composition, proteolysis, intact casein and organic acids contents. The rate of proteolysis (pH 4.6-soluble and TCA-soluble nitrogen) was rapid in PCB made with higher level of four months ripened Cheddar cheese. Electrophoresis (Urea PAGE) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated reduced intact casein in PCB that has higher level of aged (4 months) Cheddar cheese. Mean abundances indicated significant change in organic acid contents of PCB. In conclusion, significant variation was observed for proteolysis, intact casein and organic acids production with the difference in percentages and ages of cheeses. The prevalence of a comparatively large amount of variability in technological properties of Pizza cheese was confirmed. This blending of cheeses provides new insight to cheese industries which directs new strategies to improve the characteristics of Pizza cheese.
Mineral profiling of resistant and susceptible tomato varieties against Alternaria solani causing early blight
Authors: Ali Shafqat
Published: October 2021

The current research was conducted to investigate the alterations in the mineral status in the leaves of tomato plants against early blight (EB) caused by Alternaria solani. Six tomato varieties; viz. Riograndae, Roma and Basket (resistant) and T-88572, BHN-961 and BHN-1021(susceptible) were inoculated with a blend of five isolates of Alternaria solani, collected from different regions of Faisalabad District. These six varieties for mineral profiling were selected after two years screening from twenty-five varieties of tomatoes under field conditions. These varieties were sown in pots and artificial inoculation was performed to develop disease in inoculated type of tomato plants while distilled water was applied on un-inoculated type of plants. Newly infected leaves from upper, middle and lower parts of tomato plants from resistant and susceptible groups were used to prepare sample for mineral analysis at p ≤ 0.05 and variation in mineral profiling of resistant and susceptible groups of tomato plants was determined through Nested Structured Design. Significant variation was observed in inoculated (3.12, 0.48 %, 1.17, 0.14, 0.42, 0.21, 0.69 and 1.49 ppm and un-inoculated type (8.67, 1.61%, 10.45, 0.22, 1.75, 1.98, 3.09 and 3.39 ppm) while resistant group expressed 6.59, 1.19%, 8.13, 1.973, 1.69, 1.26, 1.36, 2.43 and 2.87ppm and susceptible group exhibited 5.19, 0.91%, 5.69, 1.693, 1.24, 0.91,0.83, 1.35 and 2.22 ppm with respect to NPK, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Iron and copper. Resistant variety, Riograndae expressed maximum amount while T-88572 exhibited minimum amount of all mineral contents. Alterations in the mineral profiling in leaves of tomato plants can be used by researchers as biochemical markers for identification and development of resistant source against early blight of tomato and for the development of ecofriendly management strategy towards A. solani.
The competitiveness of saudi dates in global markets and its effect on future exports
Authors: Alnafissa Mohamad
Published: October 2021

The production of dates has been increasing in Saudi Arabia during 1970-2019. However, this growth has not been accompanied by a proportionate increase in exports to global markets, with only 5.5% on average of the produced dates being destined for export in the same period (1970-2019). This study compares the competitiveness of Saudi date exports to several overseas markets and its effect on future exports. Our study hypothesizes that Saudi Arabia has the competitiveness of Saudi dates exports comparing others and this competitiveness could have a significant effect on Saudi’s dates exports. We test such a hypothesis by using the market share data and the RCA for countries that were the top exporters of dates in 2019.The Partial Adjustment Model is employed to explore the impact of the competitiveness of Saudi dates on future exports. The results showed that Saudi Arabia as well as other major date-exporting countries (Iran, Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, Tunisia, and the UAE) have high competitiveness in the global market. By division of markets by groups of countries, Saudi Arabia has a comparative advantage over at least four countries among the top six exporters in three markets (Africa, Asia, and the OIC), while Saudi dates are less competitive in the American and European markets, where it never held a dominant position. The general trend equation indicates that the decline in the competitiveness of Saudi dates will continue during 2021-2025
Morpho-phenological characterization of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm grown in northern zones of Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Akram Muhammad Tahir
Published: October 2021

This endeavor includes thirty grapes’ genotypes grown in northern zones of Punjab, Pakistan to determine similarities and dissimilarities in forty-four morphological traits according to the descriptor “International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)”. The relation between the genotypes was determined by principal component analysis (PCA), and similarity was worked out by using cluster analysis. The dendrogram divided the genotypes into two main groups with classes and subclasses. The variation present within the class was up to 81.72% while the difference between classes was 18.28%. The morphological quantitative traits such as bunch length, bunch width, bunch weight, peduncle length, the weight of 10 berries, number of berry in a bunch, berry length, and berry width were in the following range 27.50-11 cm, 13.75-5 cm, 583.56-77.70 g, 6.50-1.55 cm, 53.70-9.70 g, 354-28, 27.37-11.40 mm and 18.06-10.41 mm respectively, which indicated a wide level of diversity in the selected genotypes. Based on phenological attributes, “Regina”, “Perlet”, and “Early White” were found early maturing genotypes to prevent berry rotting due to monsoon rains at the final stage of ripening. The data generated in this study would be helpful to preserve the existing germplasm and be available for designing future breeding programs.
Depletion risks of essential trace metals in a transboundary drain and its surrounding soil using GIS techniques
Authors: Javaid Ambreena
Published: October 2021

Hudiara drain, a big sewage water body originating from India, is an important tributary of river Ravi in Pakistan. In present study, role of the drain in build-up/depletion of metal micronutrients Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in surrounding agricultural lands has been investigated. Soil samples, up to a vertical distance of 1200 m on both sides of the drain and drain water samples were collected and analysed for metal micronutrients. Soil analysis results were interpolated by using the best optimized interpolator to generate continuous variation of the selected metals. Further patterns have been identified using proximity stat with consecutive neighbouring zones of 100 m extent. Cu and Mn concentrations were higher in some drain water samples, whereas Fe and Zn were found below guidelines in all collected water samples. In adjacent agricultural land the metals did not show uniform dispersal pattern along the drain length. However, vertical pattern of distribution indicated that drain water was controlling Cu and Zn concentrations, positively, whereas it was causing a dilution effect on Fe and Mn build-up in the surrounding agricultural lands.
Thermal stability of purified superoxide dismutase from liver of commercially valuable fish, Labeo rohita Exposed to Pb+Cr mixture
Authors: Naz Huma
Published: October 2021

In this experiment, effect of lead (Pb) + chromium (Cr) mixture on superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver of Labeo rohita at a concentration of 11.1 mgL-1 was observed. The ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography techniques were successfully used to purify SOD. After purification, SOD activity of control and Pb+Cr treated fish was noted as 581.00 and 645.45 UmL-1, respectively while the specific activity was 1383.33 and 1613.62 Umg-1, respectively. The fold purification value of SOD was 2.75 and 2.45 for control and stressed fish, respectively. The recovery was calculated as 77.06 and 57.43% for control and stressed fish, respectively. The results of kinetic characterization showed that SOD form control and exposed fish had maximum activity at pH 6.5 and 7.0. Temperature also had a significant effect on activity of SOD. The SOD activity was measured maximum at 30°C for both control and Pb+Cr exposed fish. The Km value of liver SOD for control and Pb+Cr treated L. rohita was calculated as 1.48 and 0.62 mM, respectively. The value of Vmax for SOD from liver of control and Pb+Cr exposed fish was 1000 and 570 U mL-1, respectively. The enthalpy of denaturation (∆H*) for liver SOD from control and Pb+Cr exposed L. rohita was computed as 3.492 and 2.802 KJ mol-1 at 40°C, respectively and these values were dropped off with increasing the temperature until it remains 3.251 and 2.561 KJ mol-1 at 70°C, respectively. The free energy of thermal denaturation (ΔGº) of liver SOD was slightly increased with increasing temperature until 75°C which shows its resistance against heat. The values of ΔGº was observed as 58.03 and 57.95 KJ mol-1 for control and exposed fish at 40°C, respectively while the same was increased upto 62.37 and 62.00 KJ mol-1 at 70°C, respectively. It was concluded from negative value of ΔS* (entropy of inactivation) that the SOD is stable thermodynamically.
Enhancement of zinc concentration and bioavailability in rice grains by zinc application methods
Authors: Bughio Zohaib ur Rehman
Published: October 2021

Zinc (Zn) malnutrition in humans can be minimized by agronomic biofortification of cereal crops. Hence, a field experiment was executed to study the effects of Zn fertilization techniques on grain yield, Zn concentration and bioavailability in rice grains of two genotypes (NIA-Mehran and Shandar). The treatments involved control (No Zn), soil application (10 kg Zn ha-1), foliar application twice (0.3% Zn at booting, and one week after flowering), and foliar application thrice (0.3% Zn at booting, one week and two weeks after flowering). The Zn fertilization enhanced grain yield to 30%, Zn concentration in polished rice up to 3.3 times and 2.5 times in brown rice, while decreased phytic acid (PA) concentration to 40.7% over control treatment. The Zn application enhanced Zn bioavailability by lowering PA: Zn molar ratios to 79% in polished rice, 69% in brown rice, and increased total daily absorbed Zn (TAZ) to 4.7 times in polished rice and 3.7 times in brown rice over control. Among Zn applications, the maximum grain yield (9.11 ? 0.03 t ha-1), Zn concentrations (32.17 ? 0.37 mg kg-1 in polished rice and 55.74 ? 0.33 mg kg-1 in brown rice) and TAZ (1.03 ? 0.35 mg Zn day-1 in polished rice and 1.65 ? 0.03 mg Zn day-1 in brown rice) while the lesser PA concentrations (8.49 ? 0.05 g kg-1 in polished rice and 9.76 ? 0.33 g kg-1) and PA to Zn molar ratios (27.40 ? 0.24 in polished rice and 17.24 ? 0.34 in brown rice) were recorded with foliar application thrice. The target level of Zn in polished rice for effective biofortification (28 mg kg-1), and the minimum PA: Zn molar ratio (< 18) was nearly met in brown rice with foliar fertilization (3x). The required TAZ (3 mg Zn day-1) was covered up to 53% with ingestion of brown rice and 33% with polished rice. Both genotypes performed similar for grain yield, Zn and PA concentrations, and Zn bioavailability parameters. We recommend that foliar Zn fertilization should be adopted in rice husbandry and humans should preferably consume brown rice to minimize Zn malnutrition
Vulture loss and urbanisation correlations form blind spots for conservation and development
Authors: Gupta Urvi , Kumar Nishant
Published: October 2021

Correlations in the timings of vulture collapse and rapid urbanisation in South Asia have affected the benefit trade-offs concerning conservation-breeding for vulture restoration. We show how the loss of vultures 30 years ago has led to the extinction of experience amongst people in South Asia who are co-adapted to various animal species within shared landscapes. We conducted ethnography, involving avian scavengers (vultures, kites and crows) in Delhi, to unpack how salience and charisma for avian scavenger’s link with socio-cultural legends. Perceptions about avian scavengers were based on birds’ appearance, behaviour, and ecosystem services. Anthropomorphisation mediated human-animal co-adaptation and drove ritual feeding of commensals that opportunistically consume garbage. Conflated with ethnoecology, such human-constructed niches supported enormous animal populations in the region and drove mutual tolerance. Prior evaluations of scavengers’ niche from biophysical perspectives alone have, therefore, overlooked prior links between vultures and animal husbandry practices. It undermined competitive release on commensals that have responded by an increase in numbers and distribution, by taking advantage of ritual feeding and people’s affiliative attitudes. The absence of vultures limits the availability of spaces where animal husbandry can be practised. Conversely, expanding built-up spaces, overhead wires, fake news, and interference from competing scavengers will be impediments to vulture restoration. Conservation policies should examine immediate and long-term objectives of solid waste disposal, considering the odds against the attainment of former functional ecology by vultures. We conclude that wildlife restoration in urbanising tropical landscapes is a moving target, necessitating policies sensitive to progressive loss and/or changes in associative heritage due to shifting economic and cultural practices.
HYDRUS-1D Simulation of Soil Water Dynamics and Response of Different ETo Models to Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) Under a Rainfed Condition in Southern Manitoba
Authors: Ndulue Emeka , Mante Afua Adobea , Ran Ramanathan Sri
Published: October 2021

Soil water content (SWC) plays a critical role in crop yield, irrigation scheduling, and water resources management. In the Canadian Prairies, the water content in the rootzone replenished by rainfall is rarely sufficient to satisfy crop water requirements. Thus, the need for robust and effective water management. Hydrologic modelling provides the opportunity to understand the underlying processes controlling and affecting soil water movement and distribution. Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important input of hydrologic models; thus, the estimation of ET could have significant consequences on modelling outcome and inference. The FAO Penman-Monteith (PM) is the recommended model for estimating the reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). However, it is limited by requiring too many weather variables that are not readily available. Simple empirical ETo models have been developed as an alternative. In this study, six ETo models with different inputs were used to simulate soil water dynamics in a rainfed potato farm in Winkler, Manitoba, using the HYDRUS-1D model. The results showed that when used to simulate SWC, all the models followed a similar pattern, although a significant difference was observed at shallow depth (20 cm). Specifically, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between observed and simulated SWC from Hargreaves Samani, Romanenko, Penman, and FAO-PM (missing) models. When used to simulate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between observed and simulated ETc from FAO PM, Irmak, and Priestly – Taylor models. Hence, ETo models with fewer data inputs such as Irmak and Priestly – Taylor models can provide accurate and reliable results for water management in southern Manitoba.