bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What are the prospects for seasonal prediction of the marine
environment of the Northwest European shelf?
Authors: Tinker Jonathan , Krijnen Justin , Wood Richard , Barciela Rosa , Dye Stephen R.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Sustainable management and utilisation of the Northwest European Shelf Seas (NWS) could benefit from reliable forecasts of the marine environment on monthly-to-seasonal timescales. Recent advances in global seasonal forecast systems, and regional marine reanalyses for the NWS, allow us to investigate the potential for seasonal forecasts of the state of the NWS. We identify three possible approaches to address this issue: A) basing NWS seasonal forecasts directly on output from the Met Office’s GloSea5 global seasonal forecast system; B) developing empirical downscaling relationships between large-scale climate drivers predicted by GloSea5, and the state of the NWS; and C) dynamically downscaling GloSea5 using a regional model. We reject A) after showing that the GloSea5 system is inadequate for simulating the NWS directly. Turning to B), we explore empirical relationships between the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and NWS variables estimated using a regional reanalysis. We find some statistically significant relationships, and present a skilful prototype seasonal forecast for English Channel sea surface temperature. We then consider the potential of C). We find large scale relationships between inter-annual variability in the boundary conditions and inter-annual variability modelled on the shelf, suggesting that dynamic downscaling may be possible. We also show that for some variables there are opposing mechanisms correlated to the NAO, for which dynamic downscaling may improve on the skill possible with empirical forecasts. We conclude that there is potential for the development of reliable seasonal forecasts for the NWS, and consider the research priorities for their development.
Seafloor geomorphology of western Antarctic Peninsula bays: a signature of ice flow behaviour
Authors: Munoz Yuribia P. , Wellner Julia S.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Glacial geomorphology is used in Antarctica to reconstruct ice advance during the Last Glacial Maximum and subsequent retreat across the continental shelf. Analogous geomorphic assemblages are found in glaciated fjords and are used to interpret the glacial history and glacial dynamics in those areas. In addition, understanding the distribution of submarine landforms in bays and the local controls exerted on ice flow can help improve numerical models by providing constraints through these drainage areas. We present multibeam swath bathymetry from several bays in the South Shetland Islands and the western Antarctic Peninsula. The submarine landforms are described and interpreted in detail. A schematic model was developed showing the features found in the bays: from glacial lineations and moraines in the inner bay to grounding zone wedges and drumlinoid features in the middle bay and streamlined features and meltwater channels in the outer bay areas. In addition, we analysed local variables in the bays and observed the following: (1) the number of landforms found in the bays scales to the size of the bay, but the geometry of the bays dictates the types of features that form; specifically, we observe a correlation between the bay width and the number of transverse features present in the bays. (2) The smaller seafloor features are present only in the smaller glacial systems, indicating that short-lived atmospheric and oceanographic fluctuations, responsible for the formation of these landforms, are only recorded in these smaller systems. (3) Meltwater channels are abundant on the seafloor, but some are subglacial, carved in bedrock, and some are modern erosional features, carved on soft sediment. Lastly, based on geomorphological evidence, we propose the features found in some of the proximal bay areas were formed during a recent glacial advance, likely the Little Ice Age.
Wind farms providing secondary frequency regulation: evaluating the performance of model-based receding horizon control
Authors: Shapiro Carl R. , Meyers Johan , Meneveau Charles , Gayme Dennice F.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. This paper is an extended version of our paper presented at the 2016 TORQUE conference (Shapiro et al., 2016).
We investigate the use of wind farms to provide secondary frequency
regulation for a power grid using a model-based receding horizon control
framework. In order to enable real-time implementation, the control actions
are computed based on a time-varying one-dimensional wake model. This model
describes wake advection and wake interactions, both of which play an
important role in wind farm power production. In order to test the control
strategy, it is implemented in a large-eddy simulation (LES) model of an
84-turbine wind farm using the actuator disk turbine representation.
Rotor-averaged velocity measurements at each turbine are used to provide
feedback for error correction. The importance of including the dynamics of
wake advection in the underlying wake model is tested by comparing the
performance of this dynamic-model control approach to a comparable
static-model control approach that relies on a modified Jensen model. We
compare the performance of both control approaches using two types of
regulation signals, “RegA” and “RegD”, which are used by PJM, an
independent system operator in the eastern United States. The poor
performance of the static-model control relative to the dynamic-model control
demonstrates that modeling the dynamics of wake advection is key to providing
the proposed type of model-based coordinated control of large wind farms. We
further explore the performance of the dynamic-model control via composite
performance scores used by PJM to qualify plants for regulation services or markets. Our results
demonstrate that the dynamic-model-controlled wind farm consistently performs
well, passing the qualification threshold for all fast-acting RegD signals.
For the RegA signal, which changes over slower timescales, the dynamic-model
control leads to average performance that surpasses the qualification
threshold, but further work is needed to enable this controlled wind farm to
achieve qualifying performance for all regulation signals.
KRŪTŲ REKONSTRUKCINIŲ OPERACIJŲ SILIKONINIAIS
IMPLANTAIS KOMPLIKACIJOS. KLAIPĖDOS UNIVERSITETINĖS
LIGONINĖS RETROSPEKTYVINĖ DUOMENŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Čižauskaitė Agnė , Petrauskas Donatas , Šimčikas Dainius , Česas Alvydas
Published: January 2018

Krūties vėžys – dažniausia onkologinė moterų liga
pasaulyje. Nepaisant įrodymų, jog krūtį tausojantis
operacinis gydymas yra onkologiškai saugus, mastektomijų
skaičius kasmet didėja. Krūties rekonstrukcija
yra susijusi su geresne moters gyvenimo kokybe, tai
taip pat – krūties vėžio gydymo kokybės rodiklis.
Krūties rekonstrukcija implantais pasižymi mažesne
pooperacinių komplikacijų rizika nei rekonstrukcinės
operacijos panaudojant audinių lopus.
Klaipėdos universitetinėje ligoninėje 2011 – 2016 m.
atliktos 32 rekonstrukcinės krūtų operacijos panaudojant
silikoninius implantus. Bendras pooperacinių
komplikacijų dažnis 15,6%.
Nustatytos kelios statistiškai reikšmingų pooperacinių
komplikacijų rizikos faktorių grupės. Išnagrinėti
literatūroje pateikti operacijos metodai, padedantys
išvengti pooperacinių krūties rekontrukcinių operacijų
implantais komplikacijų. Tai – teisingas ligonės
pasirinkimas, atidus pasiruošimas operacijai bei operacijos
technika.
NETIPINĖS EIGOS SMEGENĖLIŲ HEMANGIOBLASTOMA.
KLINIKINIS ATVEJIS
Authors: Gvazdaitis Antanas , Jacikevičius Kęstutis , Šliaužys Albertas , Gvazdaitis Mindaugas , Gasilionis Valdas
Published: January 2018

Hemangioblastomos yra reti, gerybiniai lėtai augantys
kraujagysliniai centrinės nervų sistemos navikai,
kurie dažniausiai lokalizuojasi smegenėlėse, smegenų
kamiene ir nugaros smegenyse. Jie sudaro 1-3% visų
centrinės nervų sistemos navikų ir 7-10% pirminių
užpakalinės daubos navikų tarp suaugusių žmonių.
Hemangioblastomos 70-80% atvejų auga sporadiškai,
o likę atvejai yra sudedamąja von Hippel - Lindau
ligos dalimi. Sporadinės hemangioblastomos nelinkę
recidyvuoti po chirurginio pašalinimo, o von Hippel
- Lindau sindromo atvejais navikai neretai atauga ir
išplinta. Klinikiniai simptomai priklauso nuo navikų
lokalizacijos, dydžio ir sukeltos smegenų edemos.
Smegenėlių – smegenų kamieno hemangioblastomos
dažniausiai sukelia galvos skausmus, ataksiją,
diskoordinaciją, disfagiją, pykinimą ir vėmimą. Spinalinės
hemangioblastomos gali pasireikšti stuburo
ir kojų skausmais, jutimų sutrikimais ir paralyžiais.
Čia pateikiamas netipinės eigos hemangioblastomos
klinikinis atvejis: besikartojantis naviko recidyvavimas
po jo chirurginio pašalinimo, naviko metastazavimas
į spinalinį kanalą ir greitas jo augimas, ryškios
smegenų vandenės išsivystymas.
SVEIKATOS PRIEŽIŪROS VADYBOS RAIDA LIETUVOJE: POKYČIAI, TENDENCIJOS, KRITINIS POŽIŪRIS, TARPTAUTINIS KONTEKSTAS
Authors: Janušonis Vinsas
Published: January 2018

Darbo tikslas: įvertinti sveikatos priežiūros vadybos raidą ir esminius pokyčius Lietuvos sveikatos apsaugos sistemoje ir jos organizacijose. Analizuota įvairių šalių mokslinės publikacijos sveikatos priežiūros vadybos klausimais, statistiniai duomenys, teisės aktai. Visa tai sisteminta ir vertinta. Darbe atskleisti profesionalios sveikatos priežiūros vadybos ir bendrosios vadybos esminiai skirtumai bei parodytas sveikatos priežiūros vadybos sudėtingumas. Pateikta sveikatos priežiūros sistemos ir jos organizacijų vadybos bei vadybos mokslo raida, atskleisti esminiai jos vystymosi trikdžiai. Daroma išvada, kad nepaisant įvairių trikdžių ir neigiamų momentų, sveikatos priežiūros vadyba šalyje vystėsi ir tobulėjo, dėl to gerėjo ir pati sveikatos priežiūra.
POOPERACINĖS SEROMOS IR ŽAIZDŲ PRIEŽIŪRA
PO KRŪTIES OPERACIJŲ
Authors: Bičkaitienė Jurgita , Čižauskaitė Agnė , Narmontienė Vitalina , Šimčikas Dainius , Česas Alvydas
Published: January 2018

Krūties vėžys – dažniausia onkologinė moterų liga
Lietuvoje ir pasaulyje. Kasmet atliekama daugybė
krūtų operacijų, kurios pasižymi specifiškomis komplikacijomis.
Dažniausia iš jų seroma, pasitaikanti
3 – 85% atvejų. Nekomplikuotų krūties ir pažasties
sričių seromų evakavimo procedūros kai kurių šalių
ligoninėse patikėtos krūtų priežiūros slaugytojoms.
GYVENTOJŲ INFORMUOTUMAS APIE SVEIKĄ GYVENSENĄ
Authors: Rapolienė Lolita , Eigėlytė Andžela , Gedrimė Lina , Norkienė Sigutė , Sąlyga Jonas
Published: January 2018

Sveika gyvensena ir jos komponentai, sąsajos su lėtinėmis
neinfekcinėmis ligomis yra vienos aktualiausių
nūdienos visuomenės sveikatos temų. Pakankamas
fizinis aktyvumas, sveika bei racionali mityba,
kova su žalingais įpročiais ir stresu yra svarbūs veiksniai
norint stiprinti sveikatą bei išvengti ligų. Didelę
reikšmę sveikos gyvensenos formavimui turi pacientų
informuotumas arba jų sveikatos raštingumo lygis.
Metodika: anketinėje apklausoje dalyvavo 90 Klaipėdos
gyventojų. Statistinei duomenų analizei naudota
MS EXEL 2010 sistema. Rezultatai: 75 proc. dalyvių
sutiko, kad sveikata daugiausia priklauso nuo paties
žmogaus elgesio; tik 10 proc. yra dalyvavę specialiuose
mokymuose apie sveiką gyvenseną. Svarbiausiais
jos komponentais laikomas darbo ir poilsio
režimas, vaistų vartojimas ir stresas, o mažiausiai sutinkama
su mityba, žalingais įpročiais ir fiziniu aktyvumu.
Sveiko žmogaus kodo komponentams pritaria
58 – 72 proc. apklaustųjų; daugiausia nepritariama
vaisių ir daržovių vartojimui, fiziniam aktyvumui,
antsvoriui ir kraujo spaudimui. Daugiausia žinių apie
sveiką gyvenseną suteikia gydytojas (98 proc.), slaugytoja
(87 proc.) ir moksliniai straipsniai (84 proc.).
Išvados: dauguma gyventojų žino apie gyvensenos
įtaką sveikatai, bet informuotumas nepakankamas,
mažai dėmesio skiriama mitybos, fizinio aktyvumo,
žalingų įpročių ir kraujospūdžio kontrolei. Reikėtų
stiprinti žiniasklaidos ir slaugytojų vaidmenį teikiant
informaciją apie sveiką gyvenseną ir formuojant įgūdžius,
vykdyti sveikos gyvensenos mokymus.
NAUJO DONORYSTĖS MODELIO REIKŠMĖ POTENCIALIŲ MIRUSIŲ DONORŲ SKAIČIUI KAUNO DONORINIAME CENTRE
Authors: Tamošuitis Tomas , Maraulaitė Irena , Albavičiūtė Diana , Narakaitė Austėja , Balčiūnienė Neringa
Published: January 2018

Organų transplantacija yra efektyviausias ir ekonomiškai naudingiausias, o kai kuriais atvejais ir vienintelis gydymo būdas esant terminaliniam vidaus organų funkcijos nepakankamumui. Pagrindinė kliūtis transplantacijai – donorinių organų trūkumas. Pasaulinėje praktikoje geriausi rezultatai pasiekiami, kai kartu taikomi skirtingi donorystės modeliai: gyvoji donorytė, donorystė po smegenų mirties ir donorystė dėl negrįžtamai nutrūkusios kraujotakos (DNNK). Nuo 2016 m. sausio 1d., pakeitus įstatyminę bazę, Lietuvoje atsirado galimybė ruošti DNNK, tačiau kokia galima šio modelio įtaka organų donorų skaičiui šalyje nėra žinoma. Siekiant pamatuoto ir tvaraus DNNK programos diegimo LSMUL KK atlikta visų suaugusių pacientų mirčių, 2015 m. registruotų Kauno klinikose ir Valstybinės teismo medicinos tarnybos (VTMT) Kauno skyriaus registre, analizė ir identifikuoti potencialūs DNNK. Analizės metu naudoti visuotinai priimti potencialaus DNNK demografiniai, ligos anamnezės ir su mirties procesu susiję laiko kriterijai. Dėl Lietuvoje galiojančių įstatymų įtraukti tik nekontroliuojami DNNK. Nustatyta, kad iš 2356 mirusiųjų potencialaus DNNK kriterijus atitiko 56 mirusieji, taip padidindami potencialių organų donorų skaičių LSMUL KK donoriniame centre 119,5 %. Remiantis atlikta analize galima teigti, kad sėkmingai įdiegus nekontroliuojamos DNNK modelį Kauno klinikų donoriniame centre galima tikėtis ženklaus donorinių organų padidėjimo. DNNK – donoras dėl negrįžtamai nutrūkusios kraujotakos, ŽIV – žmogaus imunodeficito virusas, CD – cukrinis diabetas, IFN – inkstų funkcijos nepakankamumas, CNS – centrinė nervų sistema. PD – potencialūs donorai, SM – smegenų mirtis, DNNK – donorai dėl negrįžtamai nutrūkusios kraujotakos. DNNK – donorai dėl negrįžtamai nutrūkusios kraujotakos, SPS – skubios pagalbos skyrius, ITS – intensyviosios terapijos skyrius.
SLAUGYTOJŲ POŽIŪRIS Į PACIENTŲ SAUGĄ
Authors: Kulevičiūtė Lina , Vasyliūtė Irma , Brasaitė Indrė
Published: January 2018

Norint pagerinti sveikatos priežiūros kokybę, mažinti
finansinius nuostolius dėl nepageidaujamų įvykių,
labai svarbu išsiaiškinti slaugytojų požiūrį į pacientų
saugą. Šio tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti slaugytojų
požiūrį į pacientų saugą. 2016 m. kovo – balandžio
mėn. atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas Klaipėdos miesto
ligoninėse. Naudotas Požiūrio į saugą (angl. Safety
Attitudes Questionaire) klausimynas. Imtį sudarė 74
respondentai. Tyrimo metu nustatytas slaugytojų teigiamas
požiūris į pacientų saugą. Išsiaiškinta, kad
slaugytojai žemiausiais balais įvertino vadovybės
požiūrį į saugą, o aukščiausiais pasitenkinimą darbu
bei komandinio darbo aplinką. Slaugytojai patenkinti
savo darbu, tačiau pažymi, kad sudėtinga aptarti medicinines
klaidas, ligoninės vadovybė neskatina kasdienių
pastangų. Taip pat nustatyta, kad slaugytojai,
kurių darbo patirtis 5-10 metų, aukštasis neuniversitetinis
išsilavinimas, geriausiai įvertino pacientų saugos
dimensijas, negu tie, kurie turi 11-20 metų darbo patirties,
specialųjį vidurinį išsilavinimą. Atsižvelgiant
į demografinius duomenis, nustatyta, kad dimensija
vadovybės požiūris į saugą įvertinta žemiausiais balais.
Slaugytojai aukščiausiais balais išskyrė pasitenkinimą
darbu, komandinio darbo aplinką. Pacientų
saugos vertinimai geresni slaugytojų, turinčių 5-10
metų darbo patirtį, aukštąjį neuniversitetinį išsilavinimą,
nei slaugytojų, kurių darbo patirtis 11-20 metų,
specialusis vidurinis išsilavinimas.
When Women Are Central to African Religious History: On Power, Prophecy, and Memory
Authors: Marouan Maha
Published: January 2018

This article examines the centrality of women's voices in Robert Baum's West Africa's Women of God, where African women emerge as prophetic figures and leaders in their regions, shaping both the political and religious scenes under colonial France. By recovering these women's stories, Baum is able to show how the colonial authority systemically attempted to discount the leadership and prophetic powers of these women, constraining them to private space and to rigid gender roles.
THE PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON SURFACE LAYERS MODIFIED BY LASER ABLATION MICROMACHINING
Authors: NAPADŁEK Wojciech , WOŹNIAK Adam , PAKOWSKI Czesław
Published: January 2018

The article presents the results of model laboratory tests, including the measurement of temperature, friction force, and linear wear of the surface layer of samples made of grey cast iron sliding against a steel counterpart. The surface layer of the cast iron specimen was modified using ablative laser micromachining in order to change its macro- and micro-geometry. To produce regular oil micro-reservoirs in a shape of micro-channels, an Nd: YAG laser (λ = 1064 nm, ƒ = 1 – 100 kHz, E = 50 J, P = 50W) with a special focusing system was used. Comparative studies included a grey cast iron specimen subjected to conventional mechanical machining and a specimen modified by ablative laser micromachining. 41Cr4 steel with a hardness of 50 HRC was used as a counterpart. Tribological tests were run in a pin-on-disk (T-11 tribometer) test set-up. The best results in the reduction of friction, temperature, and wear were obtained for samples with oil micro-reservoirs (made of ablative laser texturing) in a shape of micro-channels covering 5% of the entire tribological contact surface.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF STRENGTHENING OF THE SURFACE LAYER OF NODULAR IRON BY LASER ALLOYING WITH SILICON NITRIDE ON THE EXAMPLE OF A ROCKER ARM
Authors: PACZKOWSKA Marta
Published: January 2018

In the order to increase the resistance to the friction wear of machine parts appropriate surface treatment application is needed. The aim of presented research was to evaluate the laser alloying with silicon nitride effects obtained in the surface layer of nodular iron and to select the laser treatment parameters that should be appropriate for the treatment of the one of the engine parts, which is a rocker arm. After implementation of silicon nitride into the nodular iron surface layer using laser heating, a uniform, fine, dendritic microstructure similar to the hardened white cast of the allayed zone was created in all performed variants. This microstructure resulted in at least 4-times higher hardness in comparison to the core material. The hardness and the alloyed zone dimensions were dependent on the laser heat treatment variant. The laser beam power density of 41 W/mm2 and its velocity of 2.8 mm/s were selected for the treatment of the rocker arm. It was caused by the effects obtained in the surface layer. With these parameters, it was possible to achieve the hardness of 1300 HV0.1 and the width of the alloying zone of over 4 mm, which is enough to strengthen the surface area of the rocker arm most exposed to the tribological wear.
The Vignette of BD 32 in the Tomb of Karakhamun
Authors: Polo Miguel Ángel Molinero , Vilanova Margarida Redondo
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the iconography of the vignette of BD 32 in the tomb of Karakhamun. One of the key objectives of the South Asasif Conservation Project team is to rebuild the walls of Karakhamun's tomb. This will allow secure analysis of the place of Karakhamun's Book of the Dead (BD) versions in the history of this composition. Devoting a closer look at the vignettes seems an appropriate way to further deepen knowledge about BD in the first part of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. BD 32 occupies columns 48 to 403 of the north wall in the First Pillared Hall of Karakhamun's tomb. The chapter describes the spell and vignette of BD 32 in the tomb, along with the models of BD V31 and BD V32. It shows that models V31.6 and V32.6 became the illustration of their respective spells in the Saite recension.
The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the ‘Bashmuric Dialect’
Authors: Feder Frank
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the history of the famous Bashmuric revolts and introduces the so-called Bashmuric dialect of Coptic. The Bashmuric revolts were recorded by Coptic and Arabic medieval historians and became known to European scholars as early as the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the eighth and ninth centuries, the population of the Delta revolted very successfully for a longer period against the Arab rule and administration. Historians and the History of the Patriarchs attributed the revolts to the insupportable fiscal demands and unjust treatment of the Christian population by the Muslim governors (walis). The appearance of the Bashmuric dialect is first noted in the description of Athanasius of Qus (fourteenth century) in his Coptic grammar written in Arabic. Early scholars (beginning in the seventeenth century) studying Coptic manuscripts then tried to apply Athanasius' division of the Coptic language to the Coptic texts.
The Pachomian Federation and Lower Egypt: The Ties that Bind
Authors: Goehring James E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the monasteries in Lower Egypt that were part of the Pachomian Federation of Upper Egypt. In the discourse of Coptic Christian history, the Pachomians retain their place as part of the golden age of monastic origins from which their movement transitions seamlessly into a more general post-Chalcedonian, post-Pachomian cenobitism. The history of this development began in the formative years of the movement. The seeds of the later Pachomian presence in Lower Egypt and their growing influence in the ecclesiastical politics of Alexandria were sown early in the movement's history in Upper Egypt. The flow of Alexandrian ascetics and ascetic wannabes up the Nile River into the Thebaid to the new Pachomian cenobia prepared the way for the later Pachomian expansion downriver to Alexandria.
The Bohairic Acts of the Martyrs as a Genre of Religious Discourse
Authors: Zakrzewska Ewa D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the function of the Acts of the Martyrs preserved in Bohairic, which played a very influential role in the life of the Church at times, despite their historical inaccuracies. It takes a closer look at the social practices in which these texts functioned and interprets them as manifestations of religious discourse, where the term “discourse” is used in a broad sense to refer to human linguistic behavior appropriate in given social circumstances regardless of the mode (oral or written). It suggests that that the Acts of the Martyrs, which were intended to be read aloud during the liturgical commemoration of a martyr, were essentially persuasive texts: their main function was to influence the attitudes and behavior of their intended audience. The purpose of the present analysis is to reconstruct the strategies by which the realization of this persuasive aim was made possible.
Architecture in Kellia
Authors: Hadji-Minaglou Gisèle
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the architecture of Kellia. At their maximum development, in the sixth and seventh centuries, the settlements of Kellia were covered with hermitages established at a certain distance from each other. These autonomous units were demarcated by enclosures whose size varied, depending on the number of occupants. The enclosures had a rectangular shape with a general southeast-northwest orientation and the habitations were predominantly established in their western corner. The entrance of the hermitage was usually in the south, thus protected from the prevailing winds. A well, dug in the southeastern part of the courtyard, provided the inhabitants with the water for their daily needs as well as for the watering of the garden. Latrines were installed against the southern wall and the sewage was drained out of the enclosure toward the south.
In the Shadow of Memphis
Authors: Verner Miroslav
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on Memphis, a metropolis of ancient Egypt, and the possibility that it was the site of the remains of monumental temples, royal residences, palaces, and many other urban features. Meni, the legendary unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty at the turn of the fourth to third millennium BC, is credited with the founding of Memphis. It is believed that, in addition to the stronghold, Meni also founded the Temple of Ptah, the chief god of the new royal seat. The chapter traces the history of Memphis and describes the district of the Temple of Ptah, along with the pyramids, royal tombs, and other structures located in the city. It also considers some of the deities who had their cult in Memphis, including Hathor. Finally, it looks at the pharaohs who built their tombs in Memphis.
A Prominent Family
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the education and careers of Marcus Simaika's siblings. According to Marcus, no fewer than three prime ministers were among the graduates of the Coptic Patriarchal School: Boutros Pasha Ghali and Youssef Pasha Wahba, both Copts, and Yehia Pasha Ibrahim, a Muslim. A large number of ministers, heads of administrations, judges, and statesmen also graduated from this school. Marcus's two elder brothers, Abd al-Messih and Rizqallah, both graduated at the top of their class and were sent to the School of Law. They were later transferred to the Mixed Courts and then to the newly established Native Courts. Abdallah, the younger brother of Marcus, went to Montpellier to study law, while his youngest brother Attallah entered the Egyptian State Railways. His sister married her first cousin, Wassef Pasha Simaika.
Education and Legislation
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's career in the fields of education and legislation. Simaika was appointed to the Legislative Council in 1906—the year of his retirement from the Egyptian State Railways—to fill the vacancy for a Coptic member created by the death of Basili Pasha Tadrus, a former judge of the High Court of Appeal. He was chosen by the British Agency in preference to Scandar Fahmi. As a member of the Superior Council of Education, Simaika played a leading role in the promulgation of the law regarding government grants to private schools, subject to the supervision of the Ministry of Education. He also proposed the founding of a large Coptic college for girls, resulting in the establishment of the Coptic Girls College in Abbasiya in 1910. The chapter also considers Simaika's work in the Egyptian legislature, first at the Legislative Council and then at the Legislative Assembly.
An Ancient Church
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's service to the Coptic Orthodox Church. Simaika's interest in the ancient Coptic churches was first aroused by the study of Dr. Alfred Joshua Butler's work on these churches, The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt, published in two volumes in 1884. It was while staying at Butler's house in Oxford in the autumn of 1890 that Simaika met Somers Clarke, the architect responsible for restoring English cathedrals. Simaika also wrote a book in which he provides a brief account of the dawn of Christianity in Egypt. The chapter considers the emergence of Christian monasticism in Egypt and the role played by monks and missionaries in the formation of the Coptic Orthodox Church's character of submission, simplicity, and humility. It also describes the impact of the Arab conquests on the Copts and the rise of lay Coptic notables such as Muʻallim Ghali.
Travels in Sudan
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's travels in Sudan. Simaika visited Sudan for the first time in 1908, as a member of a Legislative Council delegation that also included Shawarbi Pasha, Mahmud Pasha Fahmi, and Abd al-Latif Bey al-Soufani. The purpose of the visit was to accompany Khedive Abbas Hilmi II, who was to inaugurate the harbor of Port Sudan. In 1909, Simaika again went to Sudan to accompany Pope Cyril V for the consecration of the Coptic Cathedral of Khartoum. On the return journey, Simaika urged Cyril to collect contributions from Coptic notables to fund the relocation of the patriarchal church from its a crowded section of Azbakiya to a spacious suburb of Cairo. In 1910, Simaika visited Sudan for the third and last time at the personal invitation of Sir Reginald Wingate to attend the consecration of the Anglican Cathedral.
A Religious Rhetoric of Competing Modernities
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the complicated notions of modernity propagated through the flourishing Christian print culture in late Qing and early Republican China. Western missionaries had introduced modern print technology to China in the first half of the nineteenth century. This technology was not only a symbol of the scientific ethos of rationalistic modernity, but also a convenient and widely utilized tool for propagating charismatic Christian practices, as seen in the Church News, the Chinese Christian Intelligencer, and other nationally distributed Christian publications. The coexistence of technological advancements and supernatural experiences gave rise to a paradoxical in-between situation, where multiple expressions of modernity could be attached to both old and new ideas frequently crossing the borders of cultural, religious, and material entities.
Factors Critical for Improving Intergenerational Mobility
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Failure to appreciate theimportant fact that poverty propagated itself in the absence of a parent or a social program that had time to help young childrenhas allowed child poverty to fester, compromising children’s ability to go to school, their willingness to learn, their attitudes, and their motivation. This is a major cause of worsening intergenerational mobility and poverty. The research findings of Chetty et al. confirm the importance of investing in schooling, of having stable families, and of building communities to provide positive encouragement and support for the disadvantaged. The isolated, remote public housing estates we have in Hong Kong are unlikely to foster such communities.The findings from the US and Hong Kong strongly suggest that public sector housing policy to subsidize low-income families should be changed from providing subsidized rental housing units to homeownership units. This would have three different effects for increasing intergenerational mobility among low-income households.
Growing up in Hong Kong before and after 1980
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Individual income inequality has worsened because of underinvestment in education. A child born today with a good “birth lottery” is worth more than one born into the same family circumstances in the past, because their education will have a higher rate of return. Intergenerational upward mobility measured in schooling opportunities was largely unchanged for those born in the period 1956–1991. However, a subset born in the period 1961–1976 saw improved opportunities due to the waves of emigration Hong Kong experienced due to political unrest and uncertainty. Many policy advocates have used rising income inequality measures to push for income redistribution. But this merely tries to fix the measures of income inequality. Redistribution will not halt the underlying forces that are driving a more unequal distribution of incomes over time. Rising inequality can only be prevented by expanding education opportunities and encouraging couples to stay together.
Divorce, Inequality, Poverty, and the Vanishing Middle Class
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

American scholar Charles Murray claims that class divisions have vastly expanded over the last half-century. The working classis not only experiencing stagnant wages but has almost completely lost touch with how to live successful, meaningful lives. The consequence for intergenerational poverty is ominous to say the least. A permanent underclass is in the making. Policies that are focused on a single number or a limited set of indicators can produce unexpected outcomes with perverse effects . … relying on single targeted public policies to treat complex social objectives that have multiple highly interrelated dimensions, like poverty, often falls seriously short of expectations.
The High Cost of Regulating Development
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Housing prices have risen in the United States and Hong Kong mostly because of the high regulation costs of development. In each of the developed countries, a very large array of complex regulations has made development difficult and effectively prevented housing supply from responding to demand. The problem is not market competition, but government regulations that prevent markets from functioning properly. The rising ratio of capital to income is almost entirely due to the rise of housing. What begins initially as inequality in housing wealth gets transmitted into the next generation and is transformed into other forms of inequality, in particular inequality in opportunities, with other distributional consequences.
On Hong Kong’s High Land Prices
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Demand management cannot curb property price increases when demand continues to grow faster than supply. Punitive measures only bring temporary political relief for governments faced with mounting public pressure angrily demanding that something be done. Punitive demand management measures sends the wrong messages by focusing attention on property prices rather than supply shortages. The public becomes frustrated when property prices are not successfully curbed, except in the short run.
Demographics and Business Entrepreneurship
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Entrepreneurial capability depends on two types of abilities: creativity and business acumen. Creativity declines with age, but business skills increase with experience in high-level positions. The very young do not have the requisite human capital and the very old have lost their creativity. A young society provides more opportunity for the young and the most creative to acquire the skills necessary for entrepreneurship. One should be optimistic for the future of Hong Kong’s young people because of the return of positive demographics in the workforce.
Attract Immigrants or Become Like Japan
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Will the government be able to overcome protectionist barriers to successfully attract skill and talent from abroad, including the children of earlier Hong Kong emigrants? Time will tell. The real battle is not overseas, but at home. If the government fails again, then we know Japan’s lost two decades will be our future.
Japan and Australia, 1944–1946
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

When the Second World War ended, the Australian government sought to establish the country as a major player in regional diplomacy. An early focus of Australia’s new and energetic foreign policy agenda was regional security, and in particular, bringing Japan to account for the war. After some early frustrations with its major allies, the Australian government was given several key roles in the Occupation of Japan. The Occupation began with the goals of democratizing and reforming Japan, and prosecuting war criminals was a key part of this early agenda. Meanwhile in Australia, the public demanded the government begin a resolute process of bringing war criminals to justice.
Articles
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents the different types of article occurring in English and introduces the concept of definiteness to understand which article should be used for which situation. The chapter reveals the most common mistakes and how they can be rectified. It also explores the relationship between articles and generic reference and explains what fixed phrases are.
Pronouns and Quantifiers
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins by explaining how a writer should approach gender reference. It then looks at plural and possessive pronouns and how they can be effectively employed. Quantity phrases are explored by identifying those that should be used with singular nouns and verbs and those with plural. ‘Of’ phrases are introduced along with the relationship between indefinite articles and words of quantity. Then, two sets of quantifiers that always prove troublesome are examined.
Adjectives and Adverbs
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter covers adjectives and adverbs and explores how both are used in English. It addresses adjectives that compare things and how some terms must employ different means to form a comparison. Conjunctive adverbs are introduced and assessed along with some commonly misused sentence starters and phrases.
Possession and Compounds
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at how to express possession correctly in a sentence and the instances where possession does not occur. The chapter presents the different structures related to possession, including the ‘of’ phrase and generic compound. It also clarifies the placement of the plural term in certain phrases.
Selecting the Correct Style
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines language that is inappropriate for academic writing and reveals the individual terms that should be avoided. It explores adjective choice and how writing can be improved by removing unnecessary phrases from sentences, to improve clarity and understanding. It ends with a discussion on the merits of using noun phrases and verbs.
Spelling and Typos
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents spelling errors that are caused by confusing certain terms, picking up bad habits, and simply mistyping.
Girls Who Love Boys’ Love
Authors: Martin Fran
Published: January 2018

Based on interviews with 30 female readers of BL (Boys’ Love) manga in Taipei, this chapter analyzes the BL scene in Taiwan from the perspective of its social utility as a discursive arena enabling women collectively to think through transforming social ideologies around gender and sexuality. This form of participatory pop culture is most interesting, the author argues, not because of any unilateral subversiveness vis-à-vis culturally dominant understandings of (feminine) gender or (homo)sexuality. Rather, it is important in providing a space for the collective articulation of young women’s in-process thinking on these questions. The chapter also engages with the Japaneseness of the genre as consumed in Taiwan in order to consider the imaginative function that its perceived cultural “otherness” performs.
Where Five Rivers Meet
Authors: Hendricks Susan P.
Published: January 2018

The convergence of five river systems in far western Kentucky significantly influenced the progress of human settlement and activity over the past several thousand years in the area now known as the Jackson Purchase. The geological history of the Jackson Purchase set the stage for the development of unique land- and waterscapes with natural histories very different from the rest of Kentucky. The Ohio, the Mississippi, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee Rivers define the present boundaries of the Purchase area, and the smaller Clarks River provides the major drainage through its midsection. Major geological, hydrological, and human historical events including the New Madrid earthquakes, Civil War, floods, water-borne diseases, the ever-changing focus of agriculture and industry, and 20th century dam building, including construction of two major hydroelectric reservoirs (Kentucky Lake and Lake Barkley) all affected peoples’ choices of where to live and how to use the land and water resources of the region.Today, western Kentuckians are actively engaged in preserving the quality of the region’s water resources because of the recreational, agricultural, industrial, transportation, and ecological services they provide.
Using Market-Based Tools to Protect and Improve Water Quality in Kentucky
Authors: Hu Wuyang
Published: January 2018

Market-based tools are first suggested in the 1960s considering how society could achieve long-term reductions in pollution without causing an undue burden on the economy. Instead of the government imposes controls (i.e., limiting the right to pollute), market incentives governed by economic principles could be used to guide individual players’ behavior. One of the strategies is to let polluters reallocate the pollution they generate among themselves, or in other words, they decide who actually does the pollution abatement. Those with high costs pollute more (abate less) and those with low costs pollute less (abate more). This type of reallocating through trading could save large amounts of money.
The Legacies of Black Working-Class Women’s Political Leadership
Authors: Ervin Keona K.
Published: January 2018

Jean King, a St. Louis transplant from Osceola, Arkansas, and Memphis, Tennessee, in the fall of 1968 spotted a young Andre Smallwood eating a piece of bread he found on the snow-covered ground outside of their Darst public-housing development located just south of downtown. King soon learned that Smallwood’s mother had a monthly welfare check that amounted to less than the newly stipulated rent increase. The contrast between King and Smallwood’s mother could not have been more striking, although both resided in the same housing project. King and her husband, employed and married with one child, had the means to avoid routine visits from caseworkers, fluctuating welfare payments, and rent schedules that continually increased. But negotiating these realities was typical for most other black women, many of whom functioned as their family’s breadwinners. Public-housing tenants had already been meeting regularly to discuss the possibility of conducting a rent strike when King attended a tenants’ meeting at the nearby Blumeyer Housing Project in midtown St. Louis. After King shared the story of her encounter with Smallwood’s mother, tenants elected her president of the Citywide Rent Strike Committee. Like many “organic intellectuals” who emerged as leaders of grassroots social movements, King came out of a local movement that was already organized when the time to strike arrived. King, along with other black women community organizers, went on to spearhead one of the nation’s largest and earliest rent strikes in the postwar era. Women’s militant mass action garnered national attention and later influenced public policy reform. Because of the long and distinguished activism of black working-class women, a groundswell of grassroots organizing on a national scale, and federal action in support of antipoverty ...
Introduction
Authors: Baker Jack R. , Bilbro Jeffrey , Berry Wendell
Published: January 2018

An education for health begins by forming the imaginations and affections of students so that rather than desiring upward mobility, they can imagine healthy, placed lives. The introduction starts with a reading of Hannah Coulter, whose title character describes her fear that she has failed to tell the right stories to her children, thus inadvertently contributing to their desire for upward mobility at the cost of healthy communities. Because our affections have such far-reaching influence—shaping the questions we ask and the ways we arrange knowledge—Berry focuses on the conflicting internal desires termed “boomer” and “sticker” and how we should work to rightly order these desires. The contrast between boomers and stickers—the different desires they have, the different stories they tell, the different questions they ask, the different economies they participate in, and the contrasting models of the university they propose—elucidates the contrast between the educational system we have now and an education for health: the boomer wants to isolate knowledge from its origins in order to maximize its utility and profitability, whereas the sticker values a medieval, rooted kind of learning whose branches connect as much as possible. Thus, the way we organize and order knowledge stems from the kinds of questions we ask, which in turn arise from the orientation of our desires.
Tradition
Authors: Baker Jack R. , Bilbro Jeffrey , Berry Wendell
Published: January 2018

In “Pray without Ceasing,” Andy discovers that his own ignorance of his community’s history didn’t prevent that history from forming and shaping his life. Similarly, students ought to learn from their cultural past in order to understand more deeply how that past shapes them; understanding history is a precondition for working toward its healing. As students develop the habit of memory, they can participate in a rich, ongoing conversation that equips them to attend and tend to their places. This participation is particularly important in an educational environment where technologies that access information are valued. Such technologies can be useful, but when they become normative, we outsource knowledge to “the cloud” rather than internalizing knowledge and forming it, through memory, into wisdom. Faculty and students can develop simple practices that cultivate the habit of memory: memorizing poems, studying etymologies, remembering their places, and learning the human history of their disciplines. Furthermore, despite the contrived nature of university communities, they can foster institutional memory as a way of teaching students the importance of participating in communities that pass down local knowledge to succeeding generations.
Introduction to the English Edition
Authors: Woods Kevin M.
Published: January 2018

In Wars of Modern Babylon, Pesach Malovany has created a nearly comprehensive and accessible reference work that covers both the history and the substance of the Iraqi Army. By leveraging a lifetime of professional study, carefully using all available sources, and consulting with some of the top scholars in the field, Pesach has created a masterwork and performed an incredible service to current and future scholars. Reminiscent of David M. Glantz’s comprehensive works on the history of the Red Army, ...
The Iranian Counterattacks Gain Momentum and Initial Successes (September 1981–February 1982)
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the continuing Iranian counter attacks that got momentum and initial successes during the period of September 1981-February 1982. These included new counter attacks in the Khafajiya and the Serbil Zehab sectors, and the counter attack in the Abadan area, that was the first Iranian victory in the ground battle against the Iraqi invading forces. It describes also the fighting in other sectors during October-November 1981, and continuing battles in the Khafajiya and Basitin areas in Khuzestan, as well as the Sumar-Qilan Gharb area in the central sector of the front and the fighting in the northern sector of the front. It sums up the lessons learned by the Iraqis in the first year and half of the war.
The Iranian Strategic Offensive in Khuzestan (March–May 1982) and the Iraqi Retreat to the International Border (June 1982)
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the Iranian strategic offensive in Khuzestan in the first half of 1982, and the Iraqi army retreat to the international border as a result of the Iranian successes in this offensive. It describes the attacks launched by the Iranians against the Iraqi forces deployed in Khuzestan and their consequences, the crossing of the Karun river by the Iranian forces and the failure of the Iraqi intelligence to give an early warning to the forces about the coming attacks. the loose of the Iraqi gains in this area, including the town of Khorramshahr, and the decision of the Iraqi leadership to withdraw the Iraqi forces to the international border.