bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Different Surface Energy Models to Assess the Interactions between Antiviral Coating Films and phi6 Model Virus
Authors: Peršin Fratnik Zdenka , Plohl Olivija , Kokol Vanja , Fras Zemljič Lidija
Published: April 2023

High molecular weight chitosan (HMWCh), quaternised cellulose nanofibrils (qCNF), and their mixture showed antiviral potential in liquid phase, while this effect decreased when applied to facial masks, as studied in our recent work. To gain more insight into material antiviral activity, spin-coated thin films were prepared from each suspension (HMWCh, qCNF) and their mixture with a 1:1 ratio. To understand their mechanism of action, the interactions between these model films with various polar and nonpolar liquids and bacteriophage phi6 (in liquid phase) as a viral surrogate were studied. Surface free energy (SFE) estimates were used as a tool to evaluate the potential adhesion of different polar liquid phases to these films by contact angle measurements (CA) using the sessile drop method. The Fowkes, Owens–Wendt–Rabel–Kealble (OWRK), Wu, and van Oss–Chaudhury–Good (vOGC) mathematical models were used to estimate surface free energy and its polar and dispersive contributions, as well as the Lewis acid and Lewis base contributions. In addition, the surface tension SFT of liquids was also determined. The adhesion and cohesion forces in wetting processes were also observed. The estimated SFE of spin-coated films varied between mathematical models (26–31 mJ/m2) depending on the polarity of the solvents tested, but the correlation between models clearly indicated a significant dominance of the dispersion components that hinder wettability. The poor wettability was also supported by the fact that the cohesive forces in the liquid phase were stronger than the adhesion to the contact surface. In addition, the dispersive (hydrophobic) component dominated in the phi6 dispersion, and since this was also the case in the spin-coated films, it can be assumed that weak physical van der Waals forces (dispersion forces) and hydrophobic interactions occurred between phi6 and the polysaccharide films, resulting in the virus not being in sufficient contact with the tested material during antiviral testing of the material to be inactivated by the active coatings of the polysaccharides used. Regarding the contact killing mechanism, this is a disadvantage that can be overcome by changing the previous material surface (activation). In this way, HMWCh, qCNF, and their mixture can attach to the material surface with better adhesion, thickness, and different shape and orientation, resulting in a more dominant polar fraction of SFE and thus enabling the interactions within the polar part of phi6 dispersion.
Antimicrobial PVA Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanical Properties and Antimicrobial Release Profiles
Authors: Greene Caitlyn , Beaman Henry T. , Stinfort Darnelle , Ramezani Maryam , Monroe Mary Beth B.
Published: April 2023

Hydrogels are broadly employed in wound healing applications due to their high water content and tissue-mimicking mechanical properties. Healing is hindered by infection in many types of wound, including Crohn’s fistulas, tunneling wounds that form between different portions of the digestive system in Crohn’s disease patients. Owing to the rise of drug-resistant infections, alternate approaches are required to treat wound infections beyond traditional antibiotics. To address this clinical need, we designed a water-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP) hydrogel, with natural antimicrobials in the form of phenolic acids (PAs), for potential use in wound filling and healing. The shape memory properties could allow for implantation in a low-profile shape, followed by expansion and would filling, while the PAs provide localized delivery of antimicrobials. Here, we developed a urethane-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with cinnamic (CA), p-coumaric (PCA), and caffeic (Ca-A) acid chemically or physically incorporated at varied concentrations. We examined the effects of incorporated PAs on antimicrobial, mechanical, and shape memory properties, and on cell viability. Materials with physically incorporated PAs showed improved antibacterial properties with lower biofilm formation on hydrogel surfaces. Both modulus and elongation at break could be increased simultaneously in hydrogels after both forms of PA incorporation. Cellular response in terms of initial viability and growth over time varied based on PA structure and concentration. Shape memory properties were not negatively affected by PA incorporation. These PA-containing hydrogels with antimicrobial properties could provide a new option for wound filling, infection control, and healing. Furthermore, PA content and structure provide novel tools for tuning material properties independently of network chemistry, which could be harnessed in a range of materials systems and biomedical applications.
Application of Deep Learning-Based Object Detection Techniques in Fish Aquaculture: A Review
Authors: Liu Hanchi , Ma Xin , Yu Yining , Wang Liang , Hao Lin
Published: April 2023

Automated monitoring and analysis of fish’s growth status and behaviors can help scientific aquaculture management and reduce severe losses due to diseases or overfeeding. With developments in machine vision and deep learning (DL) techniques, DL-based object detection techniques have been extensively applied in aquaculture with the advantage of simultaneously classifying and localizing fish of interest in images. This study reviews the relevant research status of DL-based object detection techniques in fish counting, body length measurement, and individual behavior analysis in aquaculture. The research status is summarized from two aspects: image and video analysis. Moreover, the relevant technical details of DL-based object detection techniques applied to aquaculture are also summarized, including the dataset, image preprocessing methods, typical DL-based object detection algorithms, and evaluation metrics. Finally, the challenges and potential trends of DL-based object detection techniques in aquaculture are concluded and discussed. The review shows that generic DL-based object detection architectures have played important roles in aquaculture.
Pruning Wound Protection Products Induce Alterations in the Wood Mycobiome Profile of Grapevines
Authors: Del Frari Giovanni , Aggerbeck Marie Rønne , Gobbi Alex , Ingrà Chiara , Volpi Lorenzo , Nascimento Teresa , Ferrandino Alessandra , Hansen Lars Hestbjerg , Ferreira Ricardo Boavida
Published: April 2023

Fungal pathogens involved in grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) may infect grapevines throughout their lifetime, from nursery to vineyard, via open wounds in stems, canes or roots. In vineyards, pruning wound protection products (PWPPs) offer the best means to reduce the chance of infection by GTD fungi. However, PWPPs may affect non-target microorganisms that comprise the natural endophytic mycobiome residing in treated canes, disrupting microbial homeostasis and indirectly influencing grapevine health. Using DNA metabarcoding, we characterized the endophytic mycobiome of one-year-old canes of cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah in two vineyards in Portugal and Italy and assessed the impact of established and novel PWPPs on the fungal communities of treated canes. Our results reveal a large fungal diversity (176 taxa), and we report multiple genera never detected before in grapevine wood (e.g., Symmetrospora and Akenomyces). We found differences in mycobiome beta diversity when comparing vineyards (p = 0.01) but not cultivars (p > 0.05). When examining PWPP-treated canes, we detected cultivar- and vineyard-dependent alterations in both alpha and beta diversity. In addition, numerous fungal taxa were over- or under-represented when compared to control canes. Among them, Epicoccum sp., a beneficial genus with biological control potential, was negatively affected by selected PWPPs. This study demonstrates that PWPPs induce alterations in the fungal communities of grapevines, requiring an urgent evaluation of their direct and indirect effects on plants health with consideration of factors such as climatic conditions and yearly variations, in order to better advise viticulturists and policy makers.
Macrofungal Diversity and Distribution Patterns in the Primary Forests of the Shaluli Mountains
Authors: Han Xixi , Liu Dongmei , Zhang Mingzhe , He Maoqiang , Li Jiaxin , Zhu Xinyu , Wang Meiqi , Thongklang Naritsada , Zhao Ruilin , Cao Bin
Published: April 2023

The Shaluli Mountains are located in the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau at an elevation of 2500–5000 m. They are characterized by a typical vertical distribution of climate and vegetation and are considered a global biodiversity hotspot. We selected ten vegetation types at different elevation gradients representing distinct forests in the Shaluli Mountains to assess the macrofungal diversity, including subalpine shrub, Pinus spp., Populus spp., Pinus spp. and Quercus spp., Quercus spp., Abies spp., Picea spp. and Abies spp., Picea spp., Juniperus spp., and alpine meadow. In total, 1654 macrofungal specimens were collected. All specimens were distinguished by morphology and DNA barcoding, resulting in the identification of 766 species belonging to 177 genera in two phyla, eight classes, 22 orders, and 72 families. Macrofungal species composition varied widely among vegetation types, but ectomycorrhizal fungi were predominant. In this study, the analysis of observed species richness, the Chao1 diversity index, the invsimpson diversity index, and the Shannon diversity index revealed that the vegetation types with higher macrofungal alpha diversity in the Shaluli Mountains were composed of Abies, Picea, and Quercus. The vegetation types with lower macrofungal alpha diversity were subalpine shrub, Pinus spp., Juniperus spp., and alpine meadow. The results of curve-fitting regression analysis showed that macrofungal diversity in the Shaluli Mountains was closely related to elevation, with a trend of increasing and then decreasing with rising elevation. This distribution of diversity is consistent with the hump-shaped pattern. Constrained principal coordinate analysis based on Bray–Curtis distances indicated that macrofungal community composition was similar among vegetation types at similar elevations, while vegetation types with large differences in elevation differed significantly in macrofungal community composition. This suggests that large changes in elevation increase macrofungal community turnover. This study is the first investigation of the distribution pattern of macrofungal diversity under different vegetation types in high-altitude areas, providing a scientific basis for the conservation of macrofungal resources.
A New Treatment Option in Incomplete Partition Type III: The Varese Bone–Air Stimulation (B.A.S.)
Authors: Di Maro Flavia , Sykopetrites Vittoria , Meli Annalisa , Cocozza Davide , Albanese Greta , Miccoli Maria , De Candia Annalisa , Picozzi Mario , Greco Francesca , Cristofari Eliana
Published: April 2023

The incomplete partition type III is a severe cochlear malformation present in X-linked deafness. It is a rare, non-syndromic cause of severe to profound mixed hearing loss, often progressive. The complete absence of bony modiolus and the wide communication between the cochlea and the internal auditory canal make cochlear implantation challenging, with still no consensus on the management of these patients. To the best of our knowledge, no results have ever been published in the literature on the treatment of these patients with hybrid stimulation (bone and air). We present three cases in which this hybrid stimulation gave better audiological results then air stimulation alone. A literature review on audiological results of the current treatment options in children affected by IPIII malformation was conducted independently by two researchers. Ethical considerations on the treatment of these patients were conducted by the Bioethics department of the University of Insubria. In two of the patients, the bone–air stimulation, associated with prosthetic–cognitive rehabilitation, meant that surgery was avoided, obtaining similar communication performances of those present in the literature. We believe that, when the bone threshold appears partially preserved, a stimulation through the bone or hybrid modality, such as the Varese B.A.S. stimulation, should be attempted.
Imaging-Based Patterns of Failure following Re-Irradiation for Recurrent/Progressive High-Grade Glioma
Authors: Datta Debanjali , Dasgupta Archya , Chatterjee Abhishek , Sahu Arpita , Bhattacharya Kajari , Meena Lilawati , Joshi Kishore , Puranik Ameya , Dev Indraja , Moiyadi Aliasgar , Shetty Prakash , Singh Vikas , Patil Vijay , Menon Nandini , Sridhar Sridhar , Sahay Ayushi , Gupta Tejpal
Published: April 2023

Background: Re-irradiation (ReRT) is an effective treatment modality in appropriately selected patients with recurrent/progressive high-grade glioma (HGG). The literature is limited regarding recurrence patterns following ReRT, which was investigated in the current study. Methods: Patients with available radiation (RT) contours, dosimetry, and imaging-based evidence of recurrence were included in the retrospective study. All patients were treated with fractionated focal conformal RT. Recurrence was detected on imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/ or amino-acid positron emission tomography (PET), which was co-registered with the RT planning dataset. Failure patterns were classified as central, marginal, and distant if >80%, 20–80%, or <20% of the recurrence volumes were within 95% isodose lines, respectively. Results: Thirty-seven patients were included in the current analysis. A total of 92% of patients had undergone surgery before ReRT, and 84% received chemotherapy. The median time to recurrence was 9 months. Central, marginal, and distant failures were seen in 27 (73%), 4 (11%), and 6 (16%) patients, respectively. None of the patient-, disease-, or treatment-related factors were significantly different across different recurrence patterns. Conclusion: Failures are seen predominantly within the high-dose region following ReRT in recurrent/ progressive HGG.
Multi-Scenario Land Use Simulation and Land Use Conflict Assessment Based on the CLUMondo Model: A Case Study of Liyang, China
Authors: Fan Xiangnan , Cheng Yuning , Li Yicheng
Published: April 2023

By predicting and analyzing regional land use conflicts (LUCs), the contradictory relationship between urban development and land resources can be revealed, which can assist in achieving the rational use of land resources. Taking Liyang as a case study, this paper simulated land use in 2030 under three scenarios, namely, the natural growth scenario (NGS), economic development scenario (EDS), and ecological protection scenario (EPS), using the CLUMondo model. The ecological risk assessment model was used to measure the LUCs under each scenario. Through the comprehensive analysis of land use conversion, spatial distribution, and the change characteristics of LUCs, optimization strategies for future land use are proposed. The results indicate that (1) the intensity of land conversion under the three scenarios is ranked as EDS > NGS > EPS; (2) there is little change in the LUCs under the EPS, while significant deterioration is observed under the NGS and EDS; (3) the intensity of LUCs is positively correlated with the degree of land use conversion; and (4) in the future, particular attention should be paid to areas around the city center, the Caoshan Development Zone in the northwest, and Nanshan Bamboo Sea in the south, where high-intensity land use conflicts may occur.
Merging Green and Active Transportation Infrastructure towards an Equitable Accessibility to Green Areas: Barcelona Green Axes
Authors: Magrinyà Francesc , Mercadé-Aloy Josep , Ruiz-Apilánez Borja
Published: April 2023

The UN’s 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for the provision of universal access to: (a) safe, inclusive, and accessible green and public spaces, and (b) safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport systems for all. The Barcelona green axes plan aims to transform one third of the streets within its 19th century extension grid, increasing the tree cover and the vegetation, adopting sustainable urban drainage systems, limiting motor traffic, and providing a safer and more comfortable environment for pedestrians, cyclists, and other social activities in healthier environments. These transformations become even greater at the intersection of the axes, where former traffic junctions are becoming squares and urban gardens. This study gives an in-depth analysis of the origins of the superblocks plan, the rationale behind the transformation, and the implementation process. The GIS-based analysis shows how the green axes and the new square gardens (a) transform the city’s disconnected urban green areas into a more interconnected green infrastructure system, and (b) significantly increase accessibility to green areas. The study reveals this strategy’s potential to create a city of proximity, improve the well-being of the population, and build a more equitable city, which could be a useful tool for planning and decision making at both city and regional levels.
Critical Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Usnic Acid and Its Derivatives—A Review
Authors: Paździora Wojciech , Podolak Irma , Grudzińska Marta , Paśko Paweł , Grabowska Karolina , Galanty Agnieszka
Published: April 2023

Inflammation is a response of the organism to an external factor that disrupts its natural homeostasis, and it helps to eliminate the cause of tissue injury. However, sometimes the body’s response is highly inadequate and the inflammation may become chronic. Thus, the search for novel anti-inflammatory agents is still needed. One of the groups of natural compounds that attract interest in this context is lichen metabolites, with usnic acid (UA) as the most promising candidate. The compound reveals a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties, among which anti-inflammatory properties have been studied both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this review was to gather and critically evaluate the results of the so-far published data on the anti-inflammatory properties of UA. Despite some limitations and shortcomings of the studies included in this review, it can be concluded that UA has interesting anti-inflammatory potential. Further research should be directed at the (i) elucidation of the molecular mechanism of UA; (ii) verification of its safety; (iii) comparison of the efficacy and toxicity of UA enantiomers; (iv) design of UA derivatives with improved physicochemical properties and pharmacological activity; and (v) use of certain forms or delivery carriers of UA, especially in its topical application.
Sarcoidosis and Autoimmune Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants
Authors: Starshinova Anna , Zinchenko Yulia , Malkova Anna , Kudlay Dmitriy , Kudryavtsev Igor , Yablonskiy Piotr
Published: April 2023

Currently, sarcoidosis remains one of the diseases with unknown etiology, which significantly complicates its diagnosis and treatment. Various causes of sarcoidosis have been studied for many years. Both organic and inorganic trigger factors, provoking the development of granulomatous inflammation are considered. However, the most promising and evidence-based hypothesis is the development of sarcoidosis as an autoimmune disease, provoked by various adjuvants in genetic predisposed individuals. This concept fits into the structure of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome, induced by adjuvants (ASIA) that was proposed in 2011 by Professor Shoenfeld Y. In this paper, the authors reveal the presence of major and minor ASIA criteria for sarcoidosis, propose a new concept of the course of sarcoidosis within the framework of ASIA, and point out the difficulties in creating a model of the disease and the selection of therapy. It is obvious that the data obtained not only bring us closer to understanding the nature of sarcoidosis, but also potentiate new studies confirming this hypothesis by obtaining a model of the disease.
Low–Normal Thyroid Function Is Not Associated with Either Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease or with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Zuarth-Vázquez Julia , Moreno-Castañeda Lidia , Soriano-Márquez Juan Pablo , Velázquez-Alemán Alain , Ramos-Ostos Martha Helena , Uribe Misael , López-Méndez Iván , Juárez-Hernández Eva
Published: April 2023

Background: The association of low–normal thyroid function (LNTF) with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is controversial; thus, the aim of this study is to determine this association. Methods: NAFLD was evaluated by controlled attenuation parameter of transient elastography. Patients were classified by MAFLD criteria. LNTF was defined as TSH levels of 2.5 to 4.5 mIU/L and were divided into three different cut-off points (>4.5 to 5.0, >3.1, and >2.5 mIU/L). Associations between LNTF, NAFLD, and MAFLD were evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 3697 patients were included; 59% (n = 2179) were male, and median age and body mass index were 48 (43–55) years and 25.9 (23.6–28.5) kg/m2, respectively, and 44% (n = 1632) were diagnosed with NAFLD. THS levels of 2.5 and 3.1 showed significant associations with the presence of NAFLD and MAFLD; however, LNTF did not show an independent association with the presence of NAFLD or MAFLD in multivariate analysis. According to different cut-off points, patients with LNTF presented similar risks for NAFLD as the general population. Conclusion: LNTF is not associated with NAFLD or MAFLD. Patients with high LNTF are equally at risk for NAFLD as the general population.
Programmatic Implications for Schistosomiasis Elimination Based on Community-Based Survey in the Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan
Authors: Ismail Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed , Cha Seungman , Jin Yan , Hong Sung-Tae
Published: April 2023

Schistosomiasis prevalence has remained high in some areas due to reinfection despite repeated mass drug administration interventions. We aimed to explore its risk factors in order to help to design adequate interventions in such high-transmission areas. A total of 6225 individuals residing in 60 villages in 8 districts of North Kordofan, Blue Nile, or Sennar States, Sudan participated in the community-based survey in March 2018. First, we investigated Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni prevalences among school-aged children and adults. Second, the associations between risk factors and schistosomiasis were explored. Those without any type of latrine in their households had higher odds of being infected with schistosomiasis than those with a latrine (odds ratio (OR) = 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–1.94; p = 0.001), and the odds of being positive for schistosomiasis among people living in a household without an improved latrine were higher than for their counterparts with an improved latrine (OR = 1.63; CI 1.05–2.55; p = 0.03). Furthermore, people with households or outside compounds found to contain human faeces had higher odds of being infected with schistosomiasis than their counterparts (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.01–1.83, p = 0.04). Installing an improved latrine and eliminating open defecation should be highlighted in schistosomiasis elimination projects in high-transmission areas.
TIGIT in Lung Cancer: Potential Theranostic Implications
Authors: Pescia Carlo , Pini Giuditta , Olmeda Edoardo , Ferrero Stefano , Lopez Gianluca
Published: April 2023

TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) is a co-inhibitory receptor expressed on various immune cells, including T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells. TIGIT interacts with different ligands, such as CD155 and CD112, which are highly expressed on cancer cells, leading to the suppression of immune responses. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of TIGIT in regulating immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment and its role as a potential therapeutic target, especially in the field of lung cancer. However, the role of TIGIT in cancer development and progression remains controversial, particularly regarding the relevance of its expression both in the tumor microenvironment and on tumor cells, with prognostic and predictive implications that remain to date essentially undisclosed. Here, we provide a review of the recent advances in TIGIT-blockade in lung cancer, and also insights on TIGIT relevance as an immunohistochemical biomarker and its possible theranostic implications.
Brain Region-Specific Differences in Amyloid-β Plaque Composition in 5XFAD Mice
Authors: Bader Angelika Sabine , Gnädig Marius-Uwe , Fricke Merle , Büschgens Luca , Berger Lena Josefine , Klafki Hans-Wolfgang , Meyer Thomas , Jahn Olaf , Weggen Sascha , Wirths Oliver
Published: April 2023

Senile plaques consisting of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ peptides are heterogeneous regarding the exact length of their amino- and carboxy-termini. Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 are often considered to represent canonical “full-length” Aβ species. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the distribution of Aβ1-x, Aβx-42 and Aβ4-x species in amyloid deposits in the subiculum, hippocampus and cortex in 5XFAD mice during aging. Overall plaque load increased in all three brain regions, with the subiculum being the area with the strongest relative plaque coverage. In the subiculum, but not in the other brain regions, the Aβ1-x load peaked at an age of five months and decreased thereafter. In contrast, the density of plaques positive for N-terminally truncated Aβ4-x species increased continuously over time. We hypothesize that ongoing plaque remodeling takes place, leading to a conversion of deposited Aβ1-x peptides into Aβ4-x peptides in brain regions with a high Aβ plaque burden.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients Needing Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Following a Critical Course of COVID-19
Authors: Genzor Samuel , Pobeha Pavol , Šimek Martin , Jakubec Petr , Mizera Jan , Vykopal Martin , Sova Milan , Vaněk Jakub , Praško Jan
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Severe respiratory failure is one of the most serious complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a small proportion of patients, mechanical ventilation fails to provide adequate oxygenation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is needed. The surviving individuals need long-term follow-up as it is not clear what their prognosis is. Aim: To provide a complex clinical picture of patients during follow-up exceeding one year after the ECMO therapy due to severe COVID-19. Methods: All subjects involved in the study required ECMO in the acute stage of COVID-19. The survivors were followed-up for over one year at a specialized respiratory medical center. Results: Of the 41 patients indicated for ECMO, 17 patients (64.7% males) survived. The average age of survivors was 47.8 years, and the average BMI was 34.7 kg·m−2. The duration of ECMO support was 9.4 days. A mild decrease in vital capacity (VC) and transfer factor (DLCO) was observed on the initial follow-up visit (82.1% and 60%, respectively). VC improved by 6.2% and by an additional 7.5% after 6 months and 1 year, respectively. DLCO improved by 21.1% after 6 months and remained stable after 1 year. Post-intensive care consequences included psychological problems and neurological impairment in 29% of patients; 64.7% of the survivors got vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 within 12 months of hospitalization and 17.6% experienced reinfection with a mild course. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the need for ECMO. Patients’ quality of life after ECMO is temporarily significantly reduced but most patients do not experience permanent disability.
Understanding the Role of Paper-Ink Interactions on the Lightfastness of Thermochromic Prints
Authors: Kulčar Rahela , Vukoje Marina , Itrić Ivanda Katarina , Cigula Tomislav , Jamnicki Hanzer Sonja
Published: April 2023

Thermochromic inks (TC) have received increasing attention in recent years, particularly in the design and packaging industries. Their stability and durability are crucial for their application. This study highlights the detrimental effects of UV radiation on the lightfastness and reversibility of thermochromic prints. Three commercially available TC inks with different activation temperatures and in different shades were printed on two different substrates, cellulose and polypropylene-based paper. Used inks were vegetable oil-based, mineral oil-based and UV-curable. The degradation of the TC prints was monitored using FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy. Colorimetric properties were measured before and after exposure to UV radiation. The substrate with a phorus structure exhibited better colour stability, suggesting that the chemical composition and surface properties of the substrate play a crucial role in the overall stability of thermochromic prints. This can be explained by the ink penetration into the printing substrate. The penetration of the ink into the structure (cellulose fibres) protects the ink pigments from the negative effect of the UV radiation. Obtained results suggest that although the initial substrate may appear suitable for printing, its performance after ageing may not be optimal. In addition, the UV curable prints show better light stability than those made of mineral- and vegetable-based inks. In the field of printing technology, understanding the interplay between different printing substrates and inks is critical to achieve high-quality, long-lasting prints.
High-Strength β-Phase Magnesium–Lithium Alloy Prepared by Multidirectional Rolling
Authors: Guo Zhengyou , Ji Qing , Wu Ruizhi , Jia Haoyang , An Di , Ma Xiaochun , Jin Siyuan , Li Jiarui , Liu Jinyang , Wu Huajie , Zhang Jinghuai , Hou Legan
Published: April 2023

Magnesium–lithium alloys are popular in the lightweight application industry for their very low density. However, as the lithium content increases, the strength of the alloy is sacrificed. Improving the strength of β-phase Mg–Li alloys is urgently needed. The as-rolled Mg-16Li-4Zn-1Er alloy was multidirectionally rolled at various temperatures in comparison to conventional rolling. The results of the finite element simulations showed that multidirectional rolling, as opposed to conventional rolling, resulted in the alloy effectively absorbing the input stress, leading to reasonable management of stress distribution and metal flow. As a result, the alloy’s mechanical qualities were improved. By modifying the dynamic recrystallization and dislocation movement, both high-temperature (200 °C) and low-temperature (−196 °C) rolling greatly increased the strength of the alloy. During the multidirectional rolling process at −196 °C, a large number of nanograins with a diameter of 56 nm were produced and a strength of 331 MPa was obtained.
Oxygen Vacancy and Valence Band Structure of Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe1−xCuxO3−δ (x = 0–0.15) with Enhanced ORR Activity for IT-SOFCs
Authors: Lim Taeheun , Jo Kanghee , Lee Heesoo
Published: April 2023

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of a Cu-doped Ba0.5Sr0.5FeO3−δ (Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe1−xCuxO3−δ, BSFCux, x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) perovskite cathode was investigated in terms of oxygen vacancy formation and valence band structure. The BSFCux (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) crystallized in a cubic perovskite structure (Pm3¯m). By thermogravimetric analysis and surface chemical analysis, it was confirmed that the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the lattice increased with Cu doping. The average oxidation state of B-site ions decreased from 3.583 (x = 0) to 3.210 (x = 0.15), and the valence band maximum shifted from −0.133 eV (x = 0) to −0.222 eV (x = 0.15). The electrical conductivity of BSFCux increased with temperature because of the thermally activated small polaron hopping mechanism showing a maximum value of 64.12 S cm−1 (x = 0.15) at 500 °C. The ASR value as an indicator of ORR activity decreased by 72.6% from 0.135 Ω cm2 (x = 0) to 0.037 Ω cm2 (x = 0.15) at 700 °C. The Cu doping increased oxygen vacancy concentration and electron concentration in the valence band to promote electron exchange with adsorbed oxygen, thereby improving ORR activity.
Temperature and Strain Rate Dependence on the Tensile Mechanical Properties, Constitutive Equations, and Fracture Mechanisms of MarBN Steel
Authors: Jiang Yunqing , Zou Tongfei , Liu Meng , Cai Yifan , Wang Quanyi , Wang Yunru , Pei Yubing , Zhang Hong , Liu Yongjie , Wang Qingyuan
Published: April 2023

The effect of strain rate and temperature on the thermomechanical behavior and microstructure of MarBN steel is studied with the strain rates of 5 × 10−3 and 5 × 10−5 s−1 from room temperature (RT) to 630 °C. At high strain rates of 5 × 10−3 s−1, the Holloman and Ludwigson equations can better predict tensile plastic properties. In contrast, under low strain rates of 5 × 10−5 s−1, coupling of the Voce and Ludwigson equations appears to predict the flow relationship at RT, 430, and 630 °C. However, the deformation microstructures have the same evolution behavior under strain rates and temperatures. Geometrically necessary dislocations appear along the grain boundaries and increase the dislocation density, which results in the formation of the low-angle grain boundaries and a decrease in the number of twinning. The strengthening sources of MarBN steel include grain boundary strengthening, dislocation interactions, and multiplication. The fitted R2 values of these models (JC, KHL, PB, VA, ZA) to plastic flow stress at 5 × 10−5 s−1 are greater than 5 × 10−3 s−1 for MarBN steel. Due to the flexibility and minimum fitting parameters, the phenomenological models of JC (RT and 430 °C) and KHL (630 °C) give the best prediction accuracy under both strain rates.
Measurements and Modelling of Thermally Induced Warpages of DIMM Socket Server PCB Assembly after Solder Reflow Processes
Authors: Tsai Ming-Yi , Wang Yu-Wen , Lu Yen-Jui , Lu Tzu-Min , Chung Shu-Tan
Published: April 2023

The thermal warpage of a server-computer-used DIMM socket-PCB assembly after the solder reflow process is studied experimentally, theoretically, and numerically, especially along the socket lines and over the entire assembly. Strain gauge and shadow moiré are used for determining the coefficients of thermal expansion of the PCB and DIMM sockets and for measuring the thermal warpages of the socket-PCB assembly, respectively, while a newly proposed theory and a finite element method (FEM) simulation are used to calculate the thermal warpage of the socket-PCB assembly in order to understand its thermo-mechanical behavior and then further identify some important parameters. The results show that the theoretical solution validated by the FEM simulation provides the mechanics with the critical parameters. In addition, the cylindrical-like thermal deformation and warpage, measured by the moiré experiment, are also consistent with the theory and FEM simulation. Moreover, the results of the thermal warpage of the socket-PCB assembly from the strain gauge suggest a warpage dependence on the cooling rate during the solder reflow process, due to the nature of the creep behavior in the solder material. Finally, the thermal warpages of the socket-PCB assemblies after the solder reflow processes are provided through a validated FEM simulation for future designs and verification.
Evolution of Gold and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Conjugates with Methotrexate: Synthesis and Anticancer Effects
Authors: Vasil’kov Alexander , Voronova Anastasiia , Batsalova Tsvetelina , Moten Dzhemal , Naumkin Alexander , Shtykova Eleonora , Volkov Vladimir , Teneva Ivanka , Dzhambazov Balik
Published: April 2023

Au and Fe nanoparticles and their conjugates with the drug methotrexate were obtained by an environmentally safe method of metal–vapor synthesis (MVS). The materials were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and small-angle X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation (SAXS). The use of acetone as an organic reagent in the MVS makes it possible to obtain Au and Fe particles with an average size of 8.3 and 1.8 nm, respectively, which was established by TEM. It was found that Au, both in the NPs and the composite with methotrexate, was in the Au0, Au+ and Au3+ states. The Au 4f spectra for Au-containing systems are very close. The effect of methotrexate was manifested in a slight decrease in the proportion of the Au0 state—from 0.81 to 0.76. In the Fe NPs, the main state is the Fe3+ state, and the Fe2+ state is also present in a small amount. The analysis of samples by SAXS registered highly heterogeneous populations of metal nanoparticles coexisting with a wide proportion of large aggregates, the number of which increased significantly in the presence of methotrexate. For Au conjugates with methotrexate, a very wide asymmetric fraction with sizes up to 60 nm and a maximum of ~4 nm has been registered. In the case of Fe, the main fraction consists of particles with a radius of 4.6 nm. The main fraction consists of aggregates up to 10 nm. The size of the aggregates varies in the range of 20–50 nm. In the presence of methotrexate, the number of aggregates increases. The cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of the obtained nanomaterials were determined by MTT and NR assays. Fe conjugates with methotrexate showed the highest toxicity against the lung adenocarcinoma cell line and Au nanoparticles loaded with methotrexate affected the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Both conjugates displayed lysosome-specific toxicity against the A549 cancer cell line after 120 h of culture. The obtained materials may be promising for the creation of improved agents for cancer treatment.
Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Deposited Metal of E120C-K4 High Strength Steel Flux-Cored Wire
Authors: Wu Wen , Zhang Tianli , Chen Haoxin , Peng Jingjing , Yang Kaiqin , Lin Sanbao , Wen Peiyin , Li Zhuoxin , Yang Shanglei , Kou Sindo
Published: April 2023

The effect of different heat inputs of 1.45 kJ/mm, 1.78 kJ/mm and 2.31 kJ/mm on the microstructure and mechanical properties of deposited metals of the self-developed AWS A5.28 E120C-K4 high strength steel flux-cored wire was studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and mechanical property test. With the increase in heat input, the results showed that the microstructure of deposited metals became coarse. Acicular ferrite increased at first and then decreased, granular bainite increased and degenerated upper bainite and martensite decreased slightly. Under the low heat input of 1.45 kJ/mm, the cooling rate was fast and the element diffusion was uneven, which caused composition segregation and easy to form large size inclusions SiO2-TiC-CeAlO3 with weak binding to the matrix. Under the middle heat input of 1.78 kJ/mm, the composite rare earth inclusions in dimples were mainly TiC-CeAlO3. The dimples were small and uniformly distributed, and the dimple fracture mainly depended on the wall-breaking connection between medium-sized dimples rather than an intermediate media. Under the high heat input of 2.31 kJ/mm, SiO2 was easy to adhere to high melting point Al2O3 oxides to form irregular composite inclusions. Such irregular inclusions do not need to absorb too much energy to form necking. Finally, the integrated effects of microstructure and inclusions resulted in the optimum mechanical properties of deposited metals with a heat input of 1.78 kJ/mm, which was a tensile strength of 793 MPa and an average impact toughness at −40 °C of 56 J.
The Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled Specimens Printed from a Bronze-Filled PLA-Based Composite Filament Using Fused Deposition Modelling
Authors: Bochnia Jerzy , Kozior Tomasz , Blasiak Malgorzata
Published: April 2023

This article focuses on the mechanical property analysis of important models omitted in many scientific papers (thin-walled specimens) printed from innovative material—such as PLA + bronze composite—using fused deposition modelling technology. It discusses the printing process, the measurement of the specimen geometry, the static tensile strength tests and the microscopic examinations conducted with a scanning electron microscope. The findings of this study could be used as an input to further research into the accuracy of filament deposition and the modification of base materials with bronze powder and for the optimization of the machine design, e.g., with the use of cell structures. The experimental results indicated that the thin-walled models fabricated using FDM showed substantial differences in tensile strength, depending on the specimen’s thickness and the printing orientation. It was shown that it was not possible to test thin-walled models located on the building platform along the Z axis due to the lack of sufficient adhesion between the layers.
Algorithm of Estimation of the Degree of Porosity Homogeneity of Foamed Concretes by Local Volumes by X-ray Computed Tomography Method
Authors: Osipov Sergey , Prischepa Inga
Published: April 2023

X-ray CT is widely used to study the structure of foam concrete, the quality of which depends on the uniformity in porosity in local volumes (LV) of the samples. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the need to assess the degree of homogeneity of samples in terms of porosity according to LV. To achieve the goal, an appropriate algorithm has been developed and programmed in MathCad. To illustrate the capabilities of the algorithm, foam concrete modified with fly ash and thermally modified peat (TMP) was tested by CT. The information obtained by CT was processed by the proposed algorithm with variations in LV dimensions in order to estimate the distributions of mean values and standard deviations of porosity. Based on the data obtained, a conclusion was made about the high quality of foam concrete with TMP. The proposed algorithm can be used at the stage of improving the technologies for the production of high-quality foam concretes and other porous materials.
Magnetic Properties of the Fe2B Alloy Doped with Transition Metal Elements
Authors: Benea Diana , Pop Viorel
Published: April 2023

The intrinsic magnetic properties (magnetic moments, magneto-crystalline anisotropy, Curie temperatures) of the (Fe1−xMx)2B alloys have been calculated using the spin-polarized relativistic Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (SPR-KKR) band structure method. The transition metal elements M (M = Co, Ni, Mo, Ta, W and Re) considered in the present study are reported to form stable M2B or FeMB alloys with a tetragonal Cu2Al structure type. The experimental studies show that the Fe2B alloy has a large magnetization (173 Am2/kg), a large Curie temperature (1017 K) and a relatively large anisotropy constant K1 (−0.80 MJ/m3), but the alloy is inappropriate for permanent magnet applications due to in-plane easy magnetization axis (EMD). The present investigations show the magnetocrystalline anisotropy behaviour by doping with selected d-elements aiming to find an appropriate dopant which is able to switch the EMD from planar to axial and to enhance the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) value without a major decrease of magnetization and Curie temperature.
Optimization and Coordination of the Fresh Agricultural Product Supply Chain Considering the Freshness-Keeping Effort and Information Sharing
Authors: Gao Jinwu , Cui Zhuolin , Li Huijie , Jia Ruru
Published: April 2023

To solve freshness-keeping problems and analyse a retailer’s information sharing strategies in the fresh agricultural product supply chain (FAPSC), often confronted with challenges in keeping agri-products fresh in an uncertain market, we study an FAPSC via a decentralized mode in which the supplier or retailer exerts the freshness-keeping effort while the retailer decides its information sharing strategies regarding private demand forecasting. We consider a contract coordination mode including three incentive contracts, cost-sharing (cs), revenue-sharing (re) and revenue-and-cost-sharing (rc), to facilitate supply chain coordination. The results show that, as opposed to the case where the supplier takes on the freshness-keeping effort, the optimal freshness-keeping effort level, wholesale price and retail price are not only affected by the retailer’s information sharing strategy but also the freshness-keeping efficiency as the retailer exerts the freshness-keeping effort. Regarding the information sharing strategy, when the freshness-keeping effort is undertaken by the retailer, sharing information sometimes benefits the supplier; however, information sharing is never preferable for the retailer. Consequently, it is necessary to explore the supply chain coordination mode via effective incentive contracts which can improve the supplier and retailer’s profit. We also numerically analyze the effects of freshness-keeping efficiency on equilibrium decisions and expected profits in the decentralized mode, and the effects of the three contract parameters on the expected profits in equilibrium in the coordination mode.
The Impact of Two-Sided Market Platforms on Participants’ Trading Strategies: An Evolutionary Game Analysis
Authors: Zhao Yingxiu , Zhou Sitong
Published: April 2023

With the development of internet technology, more two-sided market platforms, e.g., Tabao, Amazon and Lending Club, have emerged, and it is worth exploring the role that these two-sided market platforms can play in better serving users. This paper explores the impacts of platforms on participants’ trading strategies in the two-sided market, taking the online loan market as an example. Based on the management strategies of online lending platforms, we divided them into two categories: active online lending platforms and inactive online lending platforms. Evolutionary game theory and numerical simulation were employed to investigate the influences of these two types of platforms on the trading strategies of lenders and borrowers. We found that active and appropriate management measures taken by active online lending platforms can steer lenders and borrowers towards adopting win-win trading strategies, thus attracting more high-quality borrowers and corresponding investors. These results imply that a platform with two-sided market characteristics plays a crucial role in coordinating and guiding participants on both sides, and active management measures adopted by the platform can promote the benign operation of the two-sided market.
Private and Mutual Authentication Protocols for Internet of Things
Authors: Jiang Lili , Cui Hui
Published: April 2023

The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of a range of devices that communicate with other devices that are surrounding them. Secure communications between IoT devices have been an essential requirement. However, most existing authentication protocols fail to provide privacy protection for devices such that sensitive information including device owner’s identity and device type can be leaked. In this paper, based on attribute-based encryption (ABE), we propose two private and mutual authentication protocols to protect the privacy of IoT devices. The first protocol is a three-message key exchange protocol, following the public-key encryption mode of the Internet Key Exchange (IKE). The second protocol is a one-round key exchange protocol, thereby providing simplicity and efficiency of messages communicated between the participants. Both of our protocols can be proved secure in the defined model. Finally, we implement the two protocols in an open source framework.