bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ketogenic Diet: An Effective Treatment Approach for Neurodegenerative
Diseases
Authors: Zhang Haiyan , Tao Ye , Leng Sean X.
Published: August 2022

This review discusses the effects and mechanisms of a ketogenic diet on neurodegenerative
diseases on the basis of available evidence. A ketogenic diet refers to a high-fat, mediumprotein,
and low-carbohydrate diet that leads to a metabolic shift to ketosis. This review systematically
summarizes the scientific literature supporting this effective treatment approach for neurodegenerative
diseases, including effects on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis,
neuroinflammation, and the microbiota–gut-brain axis. It also highlights the clinical evidence
for the effects of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and
motor neuron disease. Finally, it discusses the common adverse effects of ketogenic therapy.
Although the complete mechanism of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of neurodegenerative
diseases remains to be elucidated, its clinical efficacy has attracted many new followers. The ketogenic
diet is a good candidate for adjuvant therapy, but its specific applicability depends on the type
and the degree of the disease.
Tadalafil Improves Haemodynamics and Arterial Stiffness but Not Flow-
Mediated Dilation in Grade 1 Obesity. A Single-dose, Placebo-controlled
Clinical Trial
Authors: Larios-Cárdenas Mariana , González-Radillo Oscar I. , Trujillo-Quirós Jhonatan , Cardona-Müller David , Barocio-Pantoja Marycruz , Cardona-Muñoz Ernesto G. , Grover-Páez Fernando
Published: August 2022

Objective:

Obesity, a major health issue worldwide, is associated with increased cardiovascular
risk, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffness. Tadalafil has been demonstrated to improve
vascular parameters.

Aim:

To evaluate the effect of a single 20 mg dose of tadalafil on flow-mediated dilation and hemodynamic
and arterial stiffness markers.

Methods:

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 80 participants (41
assigned to placebo and 39 to tadalafil) with grade 1 obesity, to evaluate the acute effect of a single dose
of 20 mg of tadalafil on flow-mediated dilation and hemodynamic and arterial stiffness markers.

Results:

Tadalafil did not modify flow-mediated dilation. However, it significantly lowered systolic
blood pressure (SBP) (130.6±17.1 vs. 125.0±12.7 mmHg, p=0.011), diastolic blood pressure (82.7±18.2
vs. 76.5±11.8 mmHg, p≤0.001), central systolic blood pressure (116.33±19.16 vs. 109.90±15.05 mmHg,
p=0.001), the augmentation index (69.1±17.1 vs. 65.7±14.4, p=0.012), and brachial-ankle pulse wave
velocity (1229.7±218.4 vs. 1164.0±181.7, p=0.001).

Conclusion:

A single dose of tadalafil did not modify flow-mediated dilation in patients with grade
1 obesity but improved blood pressure and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

Clinical Trial Registration Number:

The clinical trial registration number is (NCT03905018).
Ru Nanoparticle Intercalated Montmorillonite Clay Catalytic System for
the Reduction of Aliphatic/Aromatic Nitro Compounds
Authors: Prakash Om , Jangir Bhawana , Srivastava Vivek
Published: August 2022

The Ru exchanged MMT clay was synthesized with different Ru metal stacking using the
wet impregnation method. All the developed materials were analyzed with advanced analytical techniques. All the data were found in good agreement with each other. Furthermore, all the catalysts were
tested for the reduction of aromatic and aliphatic nitro compounds to the corresponding amines in
conventional and ionic liquid reaction mediums. The amines were easily isolated with simple ether
washing in ionic liquid medium, and the catalyst was recycled up to 8 times. Various amines were also
synthesized using the proposed methodology, having direct importance as building blocks of several
biologically active compounds.
The Synthetic Approaches for Preparation of Indigo and Applications in
Denim Industry
Authors: Seferoğlu Zeynel , Kaplan Gökhan
Published: August 2022

This paper describes indigo chemistry and its brief scientific history beginning with the
first characterization and chemical synthesis of indigo via various precursors such as isatin, cinnamic
acid, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, anthranilic acid, N-phenylglycine, aniline, and indole. Furthermore, alternative
methods such as eco-friendly microbial synthesis of indigo using a variety of enzymes are
reported: Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, flavin-containing monooxygenases, and unspecific
peroxygenases. Subsequently, the application of indigo in the denim industry, reduction methods
(chemical, electrochemical, enzymatic and catalytic) and dyeing methods (all parameters in dyeing,
ring dye) are discussed. In addition, the main reason for the use of indigo in the denim industry is
briefly explained.
Medicinal Plants in the Regulation of PD-L1/PD-1 Immune Checkpoint of
Various Human Cancer Cells: A Narrative Review
Authors: Marzuki Nur Fatin Najihah , Zakaria Yusmazura
Published: August 2022

Background:

Immunotherapy has garnered attention in cancer treatment following the
success of recent trials in solid tumors adopting PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint inhibition. PD-1 is a T-cell
checkpoint molecule that limits autoimmune and auto-inflammatory reactivity in the normal host by
suppressing adaptive immune responses. Although PD-L1 expression in the tumor is generally considered
a poor prognostic marker, it has been used to screen patients for cancer therapy since it is
associated with a positive response to PD-L1/PD-1 blocking antibodies.

Outline:

This review focuses on the complex interconnections between cancer-reactive and selfreactive
immune cells, as well as the potential contribution of a wide range of leading immunomodulatory
chemical products from plant-based origins as cancer therapeutics or to foreseeably ameliorate
autoimmune diseases. The natural compounds derived from plants should be used as a PD-L1/PD-1
checkpoint modulator to combat cancer cells and other chronic diseases.

Conclusion:

The significance of herbal plant extracts in the regulation of the PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint
is presented in this review together with the expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 in cancer cells and
diseases in human bodies.
Current Concepts of Corticosteroids Use for the Prevention of Bronchopulmonary
Dysplasia
Authors: Perrone Serafina , Orlando Serena , Petrolini Chiara , Marinelli Francesca , Moretti Sabrina , Corradi Mara , Giordano Maurizio , De Bernardo Giuseppe
Published: August 2022

Despite using antenatal steroids, surfactants and protective ventilation, bronchopulmo-nary dysplasia (BPD) affects 10-89% of preterm infants. Since lung inflammation is central to the BPD pathogenesis, postnatal systemic corticosteroids could reduce the risk of BPD onset in preterm infants, but short and long-term adverse consequences have been underlined in literature after their use (i.e., hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, growth failure, gastrointesti-nal bleeding, cerebral palsy). Alternative therapeutic strategies such as postponing corticosteroid administration, lowering the cumulative dose, giving pulse rather than continuous doses, or individ-ualizing the dose according to the respiratory condition of the infant have been proposed to avoid their adverse effects. Dexamethasone remains the first-line drug for newborns with severe pulmo-nary disease beyond the second to the third week of life. Hydrocortisone administration in very pre-term infants does not appear to be associated with neurotoxic effects, even if its efficacy in prevent-ing and treating BPD has yet been clearly demonstrated. Alternative methods of corticosteroid ad-ministration seem promising. A positive effect on BPD prevention occurs when budesonide is nebu-lized and intratracheally instilled with a surfactant, but more data are required to establish safety and efficacy in preterm newborns. Additional studies are still needed before the chronic lung dis-ease issue, and its related challenges can be solved.
Treatment Approaches for Swallowing Disorders in Children
Authors: Toro-Monjaraz Erick M. , Cano-Larios Miriam J. , Gallardo-Luna Miguel S. , Zarate-Mondragón Flora E. , Cadena-León Jose F. , Ignorosa-Arellano Karen R. , Montijo-Barrios Ericka , Cervantes-Bustamante Roberto , Ramirez-Mayans Jaime
Published: August 2022

A swallowing disorder or dysphagia is defined as a disorder in the sequence of swallow-ing, during the oral or pharyngeal phase, which compromises the safety and/or efficiency of transit of the food bolus to the esophagus.
The evaluation of neurodevelopment, nutrition, and preventive medicine actions are as important as the clinical evaluation of dysphagia, so they must be included and systematized in all pediatric evaluations; This evaluation can be divided into different parts: bedside swallowing evaluation, in-strumental swallowing evaluation, and additional studies.
The management of swallowing disorders requires a multidisciplinary team approach, depending on the child's age, cognitive and physical abilities, and the specific swallowing and feeding disorder, ensuring adequate and safe nutrition and improving the patient's quality of life.
Common Childhood Sleep Problems and Disorders
Authors: Leung Theresa Ngan Ho , Wong Kin Lok , Chan Anthony Kam Chuen , Li Albert Martin
Published: August 2022

Background:

Sleep insufficiency and disturbances affect the physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being of children.

Objective:

To perform a narrative review on common sleep problems and disorders encountered in primary care for children and adolescents.

Methods:

A search of English literature in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases published from 1 January 2000 till 31 October 2021 was conducted with the keywords “sleep problem” or “sleep disorder” and “child” or “adolescent”. Findings in the relevant articles and cross-references were compiled.

Results:

Sleep duration and habits of children vary widely across countries with different cultural backgrounds. There is robust evidence to support the promotion of positive bedtime routines and sleep hygiene as prevention and management of sleep problems. 15-70% of parents reported their children having sleep problems or disturbances. Common sleep complaints include difficulty in ini-tiation or maintenance of sleep, abnormal behaviors or movements, snoring or abnormal breathing, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Comprehensive sleep history and a sleep diary are the first steps for evaluation. Home video and actigraphy may be used as preliminary tools to confirm the history. Referrals to a sleep specialist for polysomnography and other tests are needed, if suspecting specific sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy, needs timely intervention. Common sleep disorders in different age groups encountered in primary care are reviewed with clinical fea-tures, indications for evaluation, and treatment options summarized.

Conclusion:

Screening for sleep problems shall be an integral part of each child's health care visit. It is important to evaluate the impact of common sleep problems and identify specific sleep disor-ders for early intervention to prevent long-term adverse outcomes.
Comparison of Umbilical Cord Arterial Blood Gas and Neonatal
Outcomes in Women with and without Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid
During Labor
Authors: Mousavi Sanaz , Akhgari Aisan , Dehghan Mahshid , Hoseinzadeh Maryam , Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Tafreshi Rosa , Nikniaz Leila
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) may increase maternal and neonatal
complications. The favorable mode of delivery is controversial in women with MSAF. This
study aimed to compare umbilical cord arterial blood gas (ABG) and neonatal outcomes in deliveries
complicated by meconium and clear amniotic fluid during the active phase of labor.

Materials and Methods:

This observational study was performed on 144 term pregnant women (72
with MSAF and 72 with clear amniotic fluid) during the active phase of labor with ruptured membranes
admitted to Al-Zahra and Taleghani hospitals in Tabriz, Iran, from June 2019 to June 2020.
A checklist was used to record the ABG and neonatal outcomes.

Results:

The frequency of cesarean delivery in the MSAF group (25%) was significantly higher
than in the women with clear amniotic fluid (20%) (P = 0.006). There was no statistically significant
difference between the groups regarding pH, base excess, PCO2, 1- and 5- minute Apgar scores, and
neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission of the newborn due to MSAF (P> 0.05). There was
no incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, sepsis, and seizure.

Conclusion:

Given the non-significant difference between two groups of women with and without
MSAF during labor in terms of neonatal outcomes and umbilical cord ABG, it seems that MSAF
alone is not an indication for cesarean delivery. Thus, vaginal delivery is recommended in pregnant
women with MSAF.
Diffusion MRI in Intracranial Hypertension: Quantitative Assessment
Authors: Aktaş Fatma , Özmen Zafer
Published: August 2022

Purpose:

Intracranial hypertension (IH) is a neurological disease characterized by increased
intracranial pressure. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by increased intracranial
pressure without an underlying neuroradiological cause (1-3). The IH associated with a reason such as
a mass, hydrocephalus, or drug use, is referred to as secondary intracranial hypertension (SIH). We
aimed to detect and determine whether the increased intracranial pressure causes a change in the
diffusion values of the brain in the diffusion MRI images.

Methods:

The study includes 24 consecutive patients diagnosed with IIH and 18 consecutive patients
diagnosed with secondary intracranial hypertension (SIH). The control group included 24 patients.
Measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was performed using DWI sections obtained
from subcortical white matter and the cortex of the frontal lobe in the basal ganglia plane, caudate
nucleus head, thalamus, the posterior leg of the internal capsule, corpus callosum splenium; in the
centrum semiovale plane, from the central white matter region. with 1.5T MRI using b=500s/mm2 and
b=1000s/mm2 values both in patients and control groups. Mean ADC values were compared between
IIH, SIH patients and control groups

Results:

The ADC values from the head of the caudate nucleus and the cortex were significantly
higher in the IIH group compared to the control group. When the ADC values of the SIH and control
groups were compared, it was found that some of the ADC measurements (subcortical white matter,
cortex and semioval center) were significantly different. The comparison of the IIH and the SIH groups
revealed that the ADC measurements of central white matter in the centrum semiovale, the subcortical
white matter and the posterior leg of the internal capsule were significantly different.

Conclusions:

We have found increased diffusion of IIH and SIH patients, which supports the
development of brain edema. Even though the mechanism of the brain edema in IIH is not entirely
clear, it is thought that the mechanism is different from the brain edema caused by a mass or a sinus
thrombosis.
Adalimumab versus Infliximab Treatment Outcome in Ulcerative Colitis: Application of EQ-5D, Visual Analogue Scale, and IBDQ-9 Measures: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Karami Hassan , Azar Farbod Ebadi Fard , Lankarani Kamran Bagheri , Rezapour Aziz , Ghahramani Sulmaz , Baghbanian Abdolvahab
Published: August 2022

Background:

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic global disease, and its incidence and prevalence are increasing worldwide.

Objective:

Our objective was to compare secondary outcome of treatment with Infliximab (IFX) and Adalimumab (ADA) of the UC patients.

Methods:

This was a one-year prospective observational study of moderate- to -severe UC patients treated with ADA or IFX. Patients' secondary health outcomes were measured using the EQ-5D 3L, EQ-VAS, and IBDQ-9 tools. T-test, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among UC patients. HRQoL predictor variables were identified by multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression.

Results:

A total of 238 UC patients (patients taking IFX: 78, patients taking ADA: 160) with a mean age of 37.66 and a mean disease duration of 9.29 years were enrolled. The EQ-5D index, EQ-VAS, and IBDQ-9 scores of patients taking IFX were 0.65, 55.93 and, 37.42, respectively. Similarly, patients taking ADA were 0.68, 59.27 and, 36.61, respectively. The highest problem reports were in P/D: 86.1% and A/D: 73.5%. The main independent predictors of HRQoL were: education over 12 years (β = 0.054 [EQ-5D index], β = 13.63 [EQ-VAS], OR: 0.28 [MO], OR: 0.07 [SC]), education between 6-12 years (β = 11.23 [EQ-VAS]), and having "other chronic diseases" (β = -0.074 [EQ-5D index], β = -5.29 [IBDQ-9], OR: 2.84 [UA], OR: 3.80 [A/D]).

Conclusion:

There was no significant difference between the effect of ADA and IFX on secondary health outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe UC.
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Traumatic Brain Injured Patients with
Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Racca Fabrizio , Geraci Cristina , Cremascoli Luca , Ruvolo Domenico , Piccolella Fabio , Romenskaya Tatsiana , Longhitano Yaroslava , Martuscelli Ermelinda , Saviano Angela , Savioli Gabriele , Zanza Christian
Published: August 2022

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) need to be admitted to intensive care
(ICU) because they require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) due to reduced consciousness
resulting in loss of protective airway reflexes, reduced ability to cough and altered breathing control.
In addition, these patients can be complicated by pneumonia and acute distress syndrome (ARDS).
IMV allows these patients to be sedated, decreasing intracranial pressure and ensuring an adequate
oxygen delivery and tight control of arterial carbon dioxide tension. However, IMV can also cause
dangerous effects on the brain due to its interaction with intrathoracic and intracranial compartments.
Moreover, when TBI is complicated by ARDS, the setting of mechanical ventilation can be very
difficult as ventilator goals are often different and in conflict with each other. Consequently, close
brain and respiratory monitoring is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated
patients with severe TBI and ARDS.
Recently, recommendations for the setting of mechanical ventilation in patients with acute brain injury
(ABI) were issued by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). However, there is
insufficient evidence regarding ventilation strategies for patients with ARDS associated with ABI.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze in detail respiratory strategies and targets in patients with TBI
associated with ARDS.
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase P4HA1 Mediates the Interplay Between Glucose
Metabolism and Stemness in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Authors: Cao Xiaopeng , Cao Yi , Zhao Hui , Wang Pengfei , Zhu Ziman
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are profoundly implicated in tumor initiation and progression
as well as drug resistance and tumor recurrence of many cancer types, especially pancreatic ductal
adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Previously, we revealed that prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 1 (P4HA1)
enhances the Warburg effect and tumor growth in PDAC. However, the possible connection between
P4HA1 and cancer stemness in PDAC remains obscure. In this study, P4HA1-dependent cancer stemness
was studied by sphere-formation assay and detection of stemness markers.

Methods:

Glycolytic capacity in cancer stem cells and their parental tumor cells was investigated by glucose
uptake, lactate secretion, and expression of glycolytic genes. Glycolysis inhibitors were used to determine
the link between cancer stemness and glycolysis. A subcutaneous xenograft model was generated
to investigate P4HA1-induced stemness and glycolysis in vivo.

Results:

We revealed that ectopic expression of P4HA1 increased the stemness of PDAC cells as evidenced
by the increased proportion of CD133+ cells, elevated sphere-formation ability, and the upregulated
levels of cancer stemness-related proteins (SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG). Blocking tumor glycolysis
with 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) or a selective inhibitor of glucose transporter 1 (STF-31) significantly
reduced the stem properties of PDAC cells, suggesting that P4HA1-induced glycolysis was essential
for the stem-like phenotype of PDAC cells. In addition, in vivo study reaffirmed a promotive effect of
P4HA1 on tumor glycolysis and cancer stemness.

Conclusion:

Collectively, our findings suggest that P4HA1 not only affects tumor metabolic reprogramming
but also facilitates cancer stemness, which might be exploited as a vulnerable target for PDAC
treatment.
Combined Effects of Programmed Cell Death-1 Blockade and Endostar on Brain
Metastases of Lung Cancer
Authors: Yang Jiankai , Bu Hui , Qi Xuejiao , Zhao Yinlong , Yang Song , Sun YuMeng , Liu Honglei , Liu Pengyu , Feng Shiyao , Tui Hongbo , Yuan Zheng
Published: August 2022

Background:

The blockade of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and recombinant human endostatin can be
used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its metastasis. This study aims to explore the therapeutically
potential of PD-1 blockade plus Endostar in brain metastasis of NSCLC.

Methods:

The mouse brain metastases model was established using Lewis lung carcinoma luciferase (LLC-Luc) and
PC-9-Luc cells. Tumor metastasis in the brain and tumor burden were analyzed by using bioluminescence imaging
(BLI), qRT-PCR and ELISA which were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels of biomarkers in tumor tissues.
Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the expression and location of CD31 in tumor tissues in the
brain.

Results:

Treatment with anti-PD-1 and Endostar suppressed tumor metastasis in the brain and prolonged overall survival
rate in LLC-Luc and PC-9-Luc brain metastases mouse model. In addition, treatment with anti-PD-1 and Endostar
inhibited the expressions of CD31 and VEGF in tumor tissues in the brain. Furthermore, treatment with anti-PD-
1 and Endostar significantly suppressed the levels of IL1β, IFNγ, and TGFβ in the tumor tissues.

Conclusion:

The combination of PD-1 blockade and endostar suppressed brain metastases of NSCLC.
Human ACE-2, MCP1 and micro-RNA 146 as Novel Markers for
COVID- 19 Affection and Severity
Authors: Abd-Elsalam Sherief , Mohamed Amal Ahmed , Abdelghani Ahmed , Hassan Mohamed Badr , Ghaith Doaa , Ezzat Omnia , El-damasy Dalia Ali , Madbouli Norhan Nagdi , Hamada Mohmoud , Elkady Mohamed Abdel Khalik , AL-Tabbakh AL-Shaimaa M. , Eshra Kareman Ahmed Ebrahim , Baiomy Nivin
Published: August 2022

Background & Aims:

Coronavirus disease - 2019 (COVID-19) is a major pandemic that
causes high morbidity and mortality rates. Aim of this study: to detect the relations between many risk
factors, ACE-2, MCP-1, Micro RNA 146 gene expression, and COVID-19 infection and disease severity.

Methods:

This study was carried out on 165 cases of COVID-19 and 138 controls. ACE2 and MCP1
levels were measured in COVID-19 cases and control by ELISA and micro-RNA-146 expression by
PCR.

Results:

We found an increased blood level of ACE2 and MCP1 in COVID- 19 patients than in
healthy persons and a significant down-regulation of micro-RNA 146 gene expression in cases than in
controls. There was a significant correlation between increased blood level of ACE2, regulation of
micro-RNA 146 gene expression and severity of lung affection, a significant correlation was found
between increased blood level of MCP1 and thrombosis in COVID-19 patients. Neurological complications
were significantly correlated with more viral load, more ACE2 blood level, and down regulation
of micro RNA146 expression.

Conclusions:

High viral load, increased blood level of ACE2, and down-regulation of micro-RNA 146
expression are associated with more severe lung injury and the presence of neurologic complications
like convulsions and coma in COVID-19 Egyptian patients.
Neurorestoratology: New Advances in Clinical Therapy
Authors: Huang Hongyun , Sharma Hari Shanker , Chen Lin , Chen Di
Published: August 2022

Neurorestorative treatments have been able to improve the quality of life for patients suffering
from neurological diseases and damages since the concept of Neurorestoratology was proposed.
The discipline of Neurorestoratology focuses on restoring impaired neurological functions and/or
structures through varying neurorestorative mechanisms including neurostimulation or neuromodulation,
neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, neuroreplacement, loop reconstruction, remyelination, immunoregulation,
angiogenesis or revascularization, neuroregeneration or neurogenesis and others. The neurorestorative
strategies of Neurorestoratology include all therapeutic methods which can restore dysfunctions
for patients with neurological diseases and improve their quality of life. Neurorestoratology
is different from regenerative medicine in the nervous system, which mainly focuses on the neuroregeneration.
It also is different from Neurorehabilitation. Neurorestoratology and Neurorehabilitation
share some functional recovering mechanisms, such as neuroplasticity, especially in the early phase of
neurological diseases; but generally Neurorehabilitation mainly focuses on recovering neurological functions
through making the best use of residual neurological functions, replacing lost neurological functions
in the largest degree, and preventing and treating varying complications. Recently, there have been more
advances in restoring damaged nerves by cell therapy, neurostimulation/neuromodulation and braincomputer
interface (BCI), neurorestorative surgery, neurorestorative pharmaceutics, and other clinic
strategies. Simultaneously related therapeutic guidelines and standards are set up in succession. Based on
those advances, clinicians should consider injured and degenerated nervous disorders or diseases in the
central nervous system as treatable or neurorestorative disorders. Extending and encouraging further neurorestorative
explorations and achieving better clinical efficacy with stronger evidence regarding neurorestoratology
will shed new light and discover superior benefits for patients with neurological disorders.
Factors Associated with Plasma Levels of Tamoxifen and its Main Metabolites in Mexican Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Romano Silvia , Morales Miriam , Aguilar Angélica , Medellín Susanna , Milán Rosa , Cruz José , Zermeño José , Segarra Alejandra
Published: August 2022

Background:

Tamoxifen (TAM) is commonly prescribed as adjuvant therapy in women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Unfortunately, not all patients respond adequately to this drug. This variation in pharmacological response has been associated with different factors, including genetic polymorphisms of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of TAM.

Objective:

To determine the concentrations of tamoxifen (TAM) and its main metabolites in Mexican women with breast cancer and to evaluate its relationship with genetic, demographic and anthropometric characteristics.

Methods:

Eighty-four patients with a mean age of 49.3 (± 8.8) years were included in the study. Plasma concentrations of TAM and its metabolites N-desmethyl-tamoxifen (NDT), 4- hydroxy-tamoxifen (4HT) and endoxifen (END) were determined in predose for each patient. CYP2D6 * 4, * 10 and CYP3A5 * 3 genetic polymorphisms were characterized. Demographic, anthropometric, biochemical and clinical data were recorded for each patient.

Results:

Plasma concentrations of 4HT and END were higher in the extensive metabolizer (EM) phenotype than in the intermediate metabolizer (IM) phenotype (p<0.05). The metabolic ratio (MR) [END+4HT]/[TAM+NDT] was lower in patients with the CYP2D6 IM phenotype than those with the EM phenotype (p= 0.014). Regarding anthropometric factors, a positive correlation was found for 4HT and the END concerning age (R = 0.256 and 0.232, respectively). The body mass index (BMI) presented a statistically significant correlation with the concentrations of NDT (R=-0.351) and 4HT (R=-0.298).

Conclusion:

CYP2D6 phenotype, age and BMI could help to explain part of the interindividual variability of TAM plasma levels and its metabolites in the Mexican population.
Carbon Nanotube – Synthesis, Purification and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Mishra Sudhanshu , Kumari Sonali , Mishra Ayush Chandra , Chaubey Ratnesh , Ojha Smriti
Published: August 2022

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a relatively new class of technical materials with a variety of
unique and beneficial features. CNT is a revolutionary carrier technology for both tiny and big medicinal
compounds. These formulations can be surface engineered and functionalized with predefined
functional groups to control their physical and biological characteristics. CNTs have proven potential
for cancer therapy along with other target-oriented therapy due to their unique features, such as ease of
cell viability, high drug stacking, thermal ablation, and exceptional intrinsic physical and chemical
characteristics. Graphite with Sp2 bonded carbon atoms is used for the synthesis of CNT. CNTs are
fabricated in a variety of ways, including arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition,
flame synthesis, and silane solution. The present review summarises methods of preparation, types,
and various applications of CNT.
Recent Trends on Microplastics Pollution and Its Remediation:
A Review
Authors: Hooda Sanjeevani , Mondal Prasenjit
Published: August 2022

Omnipresence of microplastics (<5mm) in our ecosystem has presented a worldwide concern for the threat it might present in the future. This review aims to highlight the toxic effect of microplastic on marine organisms, identify the research gaps in the microplastic identification techniques (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, etc.) and remediation processes available (flocculation, membrane bioreactor, bioremediation, etc.) as well as throw light on the prospects to mitigate the microplastic pollution in the environment. The abundance of microplastics in the oceans and its subsequent ingestion causes false satiation leading to starvation, weakened immune system, reduced reproduction rate, and other toxic effects on marine organisms. Recent studies have also found the presence of microplastics in human bodies, without the true knowledge of its effects. Based on reviewed literature, combination of different analytical (identification) techniques are proven to be more useful in providing the detailed understanding of the microplastic sample in comparison to any one individual technique. Amongst all the available remediation techniques, bioremediation has shown the potency to be used as a sustainable, environment friendly, in-situ remediation process with engineered microbes/enzymes as the potent future of microplastic remediation.
Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathophysiological Progression of
Schizophrenia
Authors: Bhatt Shvetank , Upadhyay Tanuj , Patil CR , Pai K. Sreedhara R. , Chellappan Dinesh Kumar , Dua Kamal
Published: August 2022

Background:

Oxidative stress (OS) is a chief contributing factor to the pathological
advancement of Schizophrenia (SCZ). In recent years, OS has emerged as an important aspect
in SCZ research and provides abundant opportunities and expectations for a better understanding
of its pathophysiology, which may lead to novel treatment strategies.

Introduction:

The increased OS and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to damage
to cellular macromolecules. The excessive OS is associated with several physiological processes,
such as dysfunction of mitochondria and neuroglia, inflammation, underactive Nmethyl-
D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and the abnormalities of fast-spiking gammaaminobutyric
acid (GABA) interneurons.

Methods:

The methods adopted for the study are mainly based on the secondary search through
a systemic literature review. The role of various anti-oxidants, including vitamins, is discussed
in the reduction of SCZ.

Results:

Various preclinical and clinical studies suggest the involvement of OS and ROS in the
progression of the disease. Recent human trials have shown the treatment with antioxidants to
be effective in ameliorating symptoms and delaying the progression of SCZ pathology. The
studies have demonstrated that innate and dietary antioxidants exert beneficial effects by reducing
the severity of positive symptoms (PS) and/or negative symptoms (NS) of SCZ.

Conclusion:

The present review critically evaluates the effect of antioxidants and highlights
the role of OS in SCZ.
Psychological Profiles of Positive Mental Health of Women in
Situation of Confinement Due to COVID-19
Authors: Navarro-Obeid Jorge Eduardo , De la Hoz-Granadillo Efraín Javier , Vergara-Álvarez María Laura
Published: August 2022

Background:

The world health organization has indicated that the problem of
COVID-19 and confinement generated strong psychological impacts on the world population.
Much of the research has focused on studying mental health in different population groups,
leaving aside a positive mental health perspective.

Objective:

The present research intended to establish positive mental health profiles in confined
women due to COVID-19 during 2020.

Method:

The factors of personal satisfaction, prosocial attitude, self-control, autonomy, problem-
solving, self-actualization, and interpersonal relationships were assessed through the application
of Lluch's positive mental health scale, in a sample of 202 confined women in the Department
of Sucre, Colombia, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. In addition,
cluster analysis models were applied to identify psychological profiles of positive mental
health and characterize sociodemographic variables, the selected model was evaluated and validated
using the statistical technique of discriminant analysis using Minitab 18 software.

Results and Discussion:

a positive mental health differentiation in women is shown from
which four psychological profiles of positive mental health could be identified, with scores of
14.10 in profile 1, 11.41 in profile 2, 9.15 in profile 3, and 7.56 in profile 4. The positive mental
health factors used showed an ability to discriminate in 92.6% of the cases in the profiles.

Conclusion:

the identified profiles are significant and important to characterize psychometric
profiles of positive mental health of confined women, which are important results for their diagnosis
and the development of public policies for their treatment.
Secure Virtual Machine Live Migration using Advanced Metric
Encryption
Authors: Narayanan Gokul Geetha , Saravanaguru Ramaiah Kannan
Published: August 2022

Cloud is based on the underlying technology of virtualization. Here, the physical servers are divided into multiple virtual servers. Through the technology of virtualization, each virtual server contains virtual machines. Live virtual machine migration is expected to be with the aim of having migration time and inactive time with minimal duration. Various machine-learning approaches have been investigated and identified research gaps to enhance the security features during the migration process. Moreover, a secure virtual machine live migration is proposed using Advanced Metric Encryption (AME). Considering the duration of live migration in data centers as well as ensuring the security aspects, the proposed model has been tested and evaluated.
Potential of Anti-inflammatory Molecules in the Chemoprevention of
Breast Cancer
Authors: Gadi Vaishnavi , Shetty Saritha Rakesh
Published: August 2022

Breast cancer is a global issue, affecting greater than 1 million women per annum.
Over the past two decades, there have been numerous clinical trials involving the use of various
pharmacological substances as chemopreventive agents for breast cancer. Various pre-clinical as
well as clinical studies have established numerous anti-inflammatory molecules, including nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and dietary phytochemicals as promising agents for
chemoprevention of several cancers, including breast cancer. The overexpression of COX-2 has
been detected in approximately 40% of human breast cancer cases and pre-invasive ductal carcinoma
in-situ lesions, associated with aggressive elements of breast cancer such as large size of the
tumour, ER/PR negative and HER-2 overexpression, among others. Anti-inflammatory molecules
inhibit COX, thereby inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and inhibiting nuclear factor-κBmediated
signals (NF-kB). Another probable explanation entails inflammation-induced degranulation,
with the production of angiogenesis-regulating factors, such as vascular endothelial growth
factor, which can be possibly regulated by anti-inflammatory molecules. Apart from NSAIDS,
many dietary phytochemicals have the ability to decrease, delay, or stop the progression and/or
incidence of breast cancer by their antioxidant action, regulating inflammatory and proliferative
cell signalling pathways as well as inducing apoptosis. The rapid progress in chemoprevention
research has also established innovative strategies that can be implemented to prevent breast cancer.
This article gives a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in using antiinflammatory
molecules in the chemoprevention of breast cancer along with their mechanism of
action, supported by latest preclinical and clinical data. The merits of anti-inflammatory chemopreventive
agents in the prevention of cardiotoxicity have been described. We have also highlighted
the ongoing research and advancements in improving the efficacy of using antiinflammatory
molecules as chemopreventive agents.
The magic of Nash social welfare in optimization: Do not sum, just multiply!
Authors: Charkhgard Hadi , Keshanian Kimia , Esmaeilbeigi Rasul , Charkhgard Parisa
Published: August 2022

We explain some key challenges when dealing with a single- or multi-objective optimization problem in practice. To overcome these challenges, we present a mathematical program that optimizes the Nash social welfare function. We refer to this mathematical program as the Nash social welfare program (NSWP). An interesting property of the NSWP is that it can be constructed for any single- or multi-objective optimization problem. We show that solving the NSWP could result in more desirable solutions in practice than its single- or multi-objective counterpart. We also discuss several promising approaches that could be employed to solve the NSWP in practice.
doi:10.1017/S1446181122000074
On multifractionality of spherical random fields with cosmological applications
Authors: Broadbridge Philip , Nanayakkara Ravindi , Olenko Andriy
Published: August 2022

This paper investigates spatial data on the unit sphere. Traditionally, isotropic Gaussian random fields are considered as the underlying mathematical model of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. We discuss the generalized multifractional Brownian motion and its pointwise Hölder exponent on the sphere. The multifractional approach is used to investigate the CMB data from the Planck mission. These data consist of CMB radiation measurements at narrow angles of the sky sphere. The results obtained suggest that the estimated Hölder exponents for different CMB regions do change from location to location. Therefore, the CMB temperature intensities are multifractional. The methodology developed is used to suggest two approaches for detecting regions with anomalies in the cleaned CMB maps.
doi:10.1017/S1446181122000104
Study of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Pipelines and Nuclear Power Plants: Estimates for Durability
Authors:   Mathematics Department, University of North Georgia, P.O. Box 1358, Gainesville, Georgia 30503, USA, Balueva Alla V. , Dashevskiy Ilia N. ,   Ishlinsky Institute for Problems in Mechanics RAS, pr. Vernadskogo, 101-1, 119526 Moscow, Russia, Sims Christian ,   Mathematics Department, University of North Georgia, P.O. Box 1358, Gainesville, Georgia 30503, USA
Published: August 2022

Due to the increasing need to further develop the world gas and oil industry and the increased public attention to clean energy sources, studying and preventing Hydrogen Induced Cracking is one of the main safety concerns in nuclear power plants, oil pipelines and platforms. In this article, the growth and incubation times for internal Hydrogen Induced Cracks (HIC) are examined. Specifically, these times are modeled in two separate phases - the first phase (I) is a long time approximation, when the crack growth is believed to be slow such that the equilibrium state for gas concentration establishes instantaneously, and the stationary diffusion problem can be solved for each moment of time. The second phase (II) is a short time approximation, when the crack growth is rapid and the concentration of atomic hydrogen is dependent on time. Closed-form solutions are obtained in both cases and are then coupled using a Padé approximation.
A culture of tolerance and peaceful coexistence in the Iraqi society Components and constraints
Authors: Muhsin Hani Aljaburi Zahr
Published: August 2022

"Today, Iraq is experiencing a cycle of destabilization of trust among the people, because terrorist movements are trying to sow discord among Iraqi communities, strata and categories of society and hinder the construction of a new Iraq .Iraq believes in dialogue and recognition of the other. however, the construction of a new Iraq can only take place after there is a culture of tolerance and peaceful coexistence. The dissemination of concepts of humanity also has a direct role in striking the concepts of authoritarianism and exclusivity in the management of societies, especially Iraqi society. As autocracy disappears from society and begins to move towards democracy, it will need political, social, religious and cultural elites with good intentions who are keen to allay the fears expected of other parties in order to move from the stage of suspicion and suspicion to the stage of trust, tolerance and peaceful coexistence. Here we have the right to wonder: if social, religious and National Diversity has been an inescapable reality since time 3 immemorial , and if we are all willing to live together in a single civil state, what is the best way to achieve this? How can we ensure that the diamonds we suffered decades ago are not repeated and that a sense of reassurance and security is restored to all Iraqis without exception? How can we involve different citizens, regardless of their ethnic, national or sectarian differences, in managing our country's Affairs and enjoying its wealth fairly"
The impact of the foreign relations of the Iraqi state on the Anfal operations, (America) is a model
Authors: شریف اسماعیل سركوت
Published: August 2022

"The Anfal crime of 1988 was a series of political, military and propaganda campaigns carried out by Saddam's Ba'athist regime against a part of the Kurdish people.In this process, all the means of genocide were used, from killing, slaughter, arrest, expulsion and expulsion to the demolition of houses, burning of fields and gardens and looting of their livestock and belongings. The Ba'ath regime's excuse for this crime was nothing but religious and political propaganda that the Kurdish nation had deviated from Islam and had turned against the state These excuses were to justify his crime because the process was named after a chapter of the Holy Qur'an, which was Anfal. For such a big and heinous crime, of course, you have to make all the internal and external factors available before you start, because without the availability of both factors, it would have been impossible for such a big and important process to succeed Therefore, Saddam's Ba'athist regime had secured international and external factors along with the availability of domestic factors to a good extent, so it carried out the process in such a comprehensive and widespread manner. The United States, which was one of the most powerful and influential countries of the time, had a strong relationship with Saddam and the Iraqi government in all political, military, economic and other aspects The Americans, who served Saddam Hussein's regime in the success of the Anfal process, not only provided military and logistical assistance to the Iraqi government, but also provided intelligence assistance to the regime On the other hand, for the sake of the Ba'ath and Saddam regimes, he had cut off all kinds of cooperation from the Kurds and refused to even welcome the Kurdish representatives when they wanted to convey the truth about the Anfal crime to the US and the world.This was one of the reasons why Saddam's regime was protected from international condemnation and prosecution thanks to its cooperation and strong ties with the Americans."
“The Relocation of Kurdish Villages as a Process to Erasing Kurdish Culture.”
Authors: عەبدولكەریم حەمەكەریم ئیبراهیم
Published: August 2022

"Summary This research titled “The Relocation of Kurdish Villages as a Process to Erasing Kurdish Culture.” It is an intellectual review and an academic study in this field. The research deals with the Relocation of Villages undergone by Kurdish inhabitants from the moment of the deportation process to this day. Comparing its cultural elements and the impact of changes on it is a point of view and a glimpse into the perceptions left by the deportation process. Then it focuses on impact and changes that the process left which made deep, structural and rooted effects on Kurdish and cultural life and erased the sub-culture in particular (deportation as a negative process and the disintegration of a group of cultural elements) the value and behaviour they left behind since then until today. The Research community: the research comprehends villages of Halabja Governorate. The researcher chose samples, including (2) females and (2) males. In the elderly, each of them in the village of Hawraman where they lived and they were inhabitants of their villages before the process deportation and the period after the uprising and then rebuilding the villages. The results of this research: that the Kurds have an authentic culture and a real civilized background and have become a symbol of the characteristics and gained the identity of being Kurds. The deportation process is one of the destructive strikes at the center of this Kurdish culture and it has faded and washed away in some elements, and the Kurdish individuals have changed to a large extent from producing individuals to consumers. This research shades light on the viewpoint of the predominant thinkers such as Michel Foucault and Paul Baran. In the research the descriptive analytical method has been used, and then the historical method and the comparative method have been taken into consideration. Keywords: deportation, culture, sub-culture, compulsory housing complexes, the Ba'ath party, Kurdish society. "