bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O espaço maker em universidades: possibilidades e limites
Authors: Monfredini Ivanise , Frosch Renato
Published: June 2019

O texto se desenvolve como um ensaio elaborado a partir de pesquisa exploratória sobre a produção do conhecimento em laboratórios de fabricação digital instalados em universidades e compreendidos a partir dos pressupostos da cultura maker, da mobilização do conhecimento e do neoliberalismo. O objetivo é analisar criticamente os espaços maker considerando o seu aspecto político, que é tensionado pelo acirramento das contradições no neoliberalismo que restringe os espaços públicos. O estudo de caráter qualitativo teve como base a análise de informações públicas sobre a implementação de laboratórios de fabricação digital em universidades brasileiras, visitas a alguns desses laboratórios, entrevistas com participantes desses laboratórios, experiência pessoal de um dos autores, na implantação laboratórios de fabricação digitale, finalmente, análise de referências bibliográficas sobre cultura maker, mobilização do conhecimento, laboratórios de fabricação digital e neoliberalismo. A dinâmica de cooperação entre indivíduos e o modo próprio de gestão do conhecimento nos espaços maker, aponta a hipótese que este modo de produção do conhecimento produz conhecimento aberto, público e democrático, processos vinculados, no caso, ao uso público de recursos tecnológicos. Na perspectiva da mobilização do conhecimento as análises apontam para possibilidades que vão além dos aspectos curriculares no ensino superior, indicando uma via de aplicação da cultura maker na produção de conhecimentos, que remete à relação da universidade com a sociedade. Porém, tais possibilidades enfrentam os limites impostos pelo neoliberalismo que restringe a esfera pública, a democracia e a política, perspectivas presentes na proposta maker.
Analysis of the influence of electrospinning
process parameters on the
morphology of poly(lactic acid) fibres
Authors: Matysiak W. , Kapica A. , Tański T. , Dubiel A.
Published: June 2019

Purpose: The article focuses on the production of polymer nanofibres from poly(lactic acid)
using the electro-spinning method, i.e. the technique of forming fibres in an electrostatic
field. The main aim of the publication was to analyse the influence of the distance between
electrodes on the morphology of one-dimensional polymeric materials obtained.
Design/methodology/approach: In the practical part of the study solutions of polylactide
in acetone and a mixture of chloroform/dimethylformamide (DMF) were produced. After 72
hours of mixing, no homogeneous solutions were obtained, therefore a solution consisting
of a polylactide dissolved in chloroform was prepared, to which dimethylformamide was
added in order to dilute the mixture. The morphology of the nanostructures obtained was
analysed by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an X-ray energy
dispersion spectrometer (EDS), which allowed to analyse the chemical composition of the
nanofibres produced. The electro-spinning method used to obtain fibres is characterized
by high versatility - it gives the possibility to produce fibres from a wide range of polymers.
Electro-spinning is also an economic method, and spinned fibres have a wide application
potential.
Findings: Nanofibres obtained by electro-spinning from the previously produced solution,
regardless of the distance between the nozzle and the collector (10 or 20 cm) did not
show any significant discrepancies in the values of measured diameters. Fibres obtained
at increased distance between electrodes (20 cm) are characterized by a smaller average
diameter value, but the difference is small, fluctuating between 48-49 nm. In the case of
the sample formed during electro-spinning at the distance of the nozzle - collector equal
to 10 cm and the sample produced at the distance doubled, no defects in the structure of
the obtained nanofibres were observed. The analysis of topographic images of surfaces
produced in the course of nanostructures' work did not show any significant influence of
the distance between the nozzle and collector on the diameter of fibres. No defects in the
structure of one-dimensional polymer materials obtained allowed to state that the distance
between the nozzle and the collector in the range of 10-20 cm is the optimal parameter of
the electro-spinning process allowing to obtain smooth, untangled fibres.
Practical implications: The fibrous polymer mats obtained during the electro-spinning
process of polylactide can be used as protective clothing materials, as drug delivery
systems, as tissue scaffolding and as filtration membranes.
Originality/value: At present, there are few articles in the literature on the electrospinning
process, due to the fact that it is a constantly developing matte for the production
of nanofibres. Moreover, most of the research focuses on fibres obtained from nonbiodegradable
polymers, which do not have the advantages of fibres obtained from
polylactide.
Projekt »Wie macht man Teilhabe? Inklusion durch Umbau der Angebote gemeinsam verwirklichen«
Authors: Kaczmarek Hartmut
Published: June 2019

»Alle Menschen haben das Recht, so zu leben wie sie wollen.« Dieser Anspruch steht nicht nur über einem erfolgreichen Weg zu einer inklusiven Gesellschaft, sondern auch über einem Projekt, das die LIGA der Freien Wohlfahrtspflege in Thüringen seit 2017 vorantreibt. Gefördert wird das Projekt von der Aktion Mensch-Stiftung.
Der Markt für Soziale Arbeit – Daten und Fakten
Authors: Jäger Pia
Published: June 2019

Ob in der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe, der Schulsozialarbeit, in Gefängnissen, Krankenhäusern, Gemeindeeinrichtungen, Flüchtlingsunterkünften, auf der Straße und an vielen anderen Orten der Gesellschaft - dass qualitativ hochwertige soziale Dienstleistungen durch gut ausgebildetes Fachpersonal ausreichend zur Verfügung stehen müssen ist ein elementarer Bestandteil der gesellschaftlichen Infrastruktur.
The perception of instability and legitimacy of status differences enhances the infrahumanization bias Among high status groups
Authors: Mosso Cristina , Russo Silvia
Published: June 2019

Previous research within the social identity framework has shown that perceptions of legitimacy and stability of status differences interactively determine cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses to intergroup contexts. Whether such perceptions affect subtle forms of prejudice, namely infrahumanisation, is unknown. We examined if the perceptions regarding high status stability and legitimacy are associated to the infrahumanisation bias. We hypothesized that participants perceiving status differences as unstable and legitimate would report higher levels of infrahumanization than those who perceive status differences as stable and/or illegitimate. Participants (N = 439 Italian students enrolled in psychology courses) completed a structured paper-and-pencil questionnaire. We found that participants tended to attribute more negative secondary emotions to their ingroup (Italians) than to the outgroup (immigrants from Africa), indicating the presence of an infrahumanization bias. The results of a moderated regression aimed at predicting infrahumanization showed that high-status group members who perceived status differences as legitimate and unstable reported higher levels of infrahumanization than their counterparts did. The results attest the important and independent role of the perceptions related to the status for the debate on intergroup relations.
Workplace bullying and occupational stress among university teachers: Mediating and moderating factors
Authors: Malik Naima Akhtar , Björkqvist Kaj
Published: June 2019

In the study, it is explored whether exposure to workplace bullying predicts symptoms of occupational stress, and whether this association is mediated by interpersonal relationships, and moderated by sex and nationality. A sample of 610 university teachers from Pakistan (196 males, 133 females) and Finland (152 males, 129 females) completed an online questionnaire. A conditional process model was applied using the PROCESS programme. Workplace bullying served as predictor, stress symptoms as predicted variable, relationships with (a) colleagues and (b) family as mediators, and sex and country as moderators. As expected, workplace bullying had a significant effect on stress symptoms, which was mediated by family relationships but not by relationships with colleagues. Neither sex nor country had a moderating effect. Positive family relationships thus mediate the stressful impact of workplace bullying, and this was the case for both sexes and both nationalities.
Marie Darrieussecq et Christine Angot, récidivistes du réel
Authors: Mihelakis Eftihia
Published: June 2019

Si la notion d’infamie intéresse aujourd’hui le système juridique et médiatique, elle n’en concerne pas moins les études littéraires dans lesquelles il semblerait qu’elle ait un sens alternatif, plus proche de celui qu’en donne Michel Foucault. L’écriture de Marie Darrieussecq et Christine Angot peut être lue comme un geste littéraire qui nomme et montre l’en-deçà de la réalité, ces restes qui hantent l’ordre du discours.
Figures troubles
Authors: Oberhuber Andrea , Beauchamp Houde Sarah-Jeanne
Published: June 2019

New Woman, « femme nouvelle » ou « garçonne », ces désignations renvoient toutes à des figures d’un féminin nouveau genre qui, dès la Belle Époque, circulent librement dans l’espace public tout comme elles occupent les affiches publicitaires, les magazines féminins, la scène littéraire et l’écran de cinéma au fil du XXe siècle naissant. S’appuyant sur les notions d’androgynie et de jeux de rôles genrés, l’analyse porte sur les recueils de nouvelles de R. Vivien et de C. Cahun qui regorgent de protagonistes perturbatrices de l’ordre social, moral et sexuel.
Opposite asymmetries of face and trunk and of kissing and hugging, as predicted by the axial twist hypothesis
Authors: de Lussanet Marc H.E.
Published: June 2019

The contralateral organization of the forebrain and the crossing of the optic nerves in the optic chiasm represent a long-standing conundrum. According to the Axial Twist Hypothesis (ATH) the rostral head and the rest of the body are twisted with respect to each other to form a left-handed half turn. This twist is the result, mainly, of asymmetric, twisted growth in the early embryo. Evolutionary selection tends to restore bilateral symmetry. Since selective pressure will decrease as the organism approaches symmetry, we expected a small control error in the form of a small, residual right-handed twist. We found that the mouth-eyes-nose (rostral head) region shows a left-offset with respect to the ears (posterior head) by up to 0.8° (P < 0.01, Bonferroni-corrected). Moreover, this systematic aurofacial asymmetry was larger in young children (on average up to 3°) and reduced with age. Finally, we predicted and found a right-sided bias for hugging (78%) and a left-sided bias for kissing (69%). Thus, all predictions were confirmed by the data. These results are all in support of the ATH, whereas the pattern of results is not (or only partly) explained by existing alternative theories. As of the present results, the ATH is the first theory for the contralateral forebrain and the optic chiasm whose predictions have been tested empirically. We conclude that humans (and all other vertebrates) are fundamentally asymmetric, both in their anatomy and their behavior. This supports the thesis that the approximate bilateral symmetry of vertebrates is a secondary feature, despite their being bilaterians.
TEMPO DE CULTIVO CONTÍNUO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR E INFLUÊNCIA NAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS E CARBONO ORGÂNICO DE LATOSSOLOS VERMELHOS DISTRÓFICOS EM GUAÍRA/SP
Authors: Ferreira Filizola Heloisa , Barreto Luiz Alfredo José
Published: June 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do tempo, em função do número de cortes na cana-de-açúcar, nas características físicas e carbono orgânico de LATOSSOLOS VERMELHOS Distroférricos. Foram avaliados os solos de cinco áreas ocupadas por cana-de-açúcar, sob cultivo mínimo, localizadas em Guaíra – SP, submetidas a diferentes números de corte (1, 3, 5, 7 e 8 cortes). As amostras foram coletadas em quatro trincheiras em cada área e em uma área de mata, para determinação da estabilidade de agregados, da densidade (Ds), da porosidade, do grau de floculação e do carbono orgânico. A partir das análises realizadas, foram calculados o diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) e o índice de estabilidade dos agregados (IEA). Para a análise desses dados foi utilizado um modelo com a presença simultânea dos valores das variáveis, o seu quadrado ou a sua raiz quadrada, baseado na proposta do modelo quadrático da raiz quadrada, de Colwell, Suhet e Raij (1988). Foi utilizada a rotina Proc Reg do programa SAS para efetuar o ajuste dos modelos (SAS, 2011). O modelo de regressão foi ajustado aos dados, para cada uma das variáveis independentes (DMP, Ds, macroporos, porosidade, carbono orgânico, IEA e grau de floculação). Foi realizada ainda a análise de correlação simples entre todas as variáveis pareadas. Os valores da correlação foram testados para significância pelo teste de correlação de Pearson (SAS, 2011). Os resultados mostraram que o tempo decorrido entre o plantio e o número de cortes interfere no processo de reconstrução dos atributos físicos do solo; que o teor de carbono orgânico, o diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados-DMP, a densidade do solo-Ds, o teor de argila e o aumento do número de cortes têm correlação complexa, provavelmente devido à classe do solo avaliado.
Contribuição do BNDES para o desenvolvimento da Microrregião de Xanxerê/SC
Authors: Soffiatti Panigalli Daiane , Machado Maia Cláudio
Published: June 2019

O Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social [BNDES] tem se envolvido cada vez mais com a temática de desenvolvimento regional, por meio de programas que reconhecem a existência de diferentes dinâmicas de desenvolvimento, como o Programa de Dinamização Regional [PDR], que classifica regiões por critérios de renda e dinamismo. O PDR aponta para a estagnação da Microrregião de Xanxerê. Segundo certos enfoques de desenvolvimento regional, um fator que determina o potencial de desenvolvimento de uma região é sua especialização produtiva atual. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a dinâmica de desenvolvimento da Microrregião de Xanxerê, através da sua estrutura produtiva, de modo a verificar se a atuação do BNDES tem correspondido com as especificidades da região. Para tanto, confrontam-se os desembolsos do BNDES (projetos e setores de atividade beneficiados, linhas de crédito oferecidas e volume de desembolso) com a estrutura produtiva da Microrregião de Xanxerê. Os resultados indicam que parte dos desembolsos do BNDES tem beneficiado atividades nas quais a microrregião apresenta especialização produtiva, como a agropecuária e a indústria alimentícia. Isso permite concluir que o BNDES tem contribuído para o processo de desenvolvimento da Microrregião de Xanxerê.
Desenvolvimento econômico e expansão das liberdades: desafios e possibilidades
Authors: Cerutti Bernardete Bregolin , Braido Gabriel Machado
Published: June 2019

Este trabalho revisa algumas teorias de desenvolvimento e procura estabelecer relação com a expansão das liberdades na promoção da prosperidade econômico-social, conferindo ênfase à dinâmica regional. O texto é um trabalho que se encontra em construção, portanto, um ensaio teórico que se caracteriza como pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa, executada a partir de levantamento bibliográfico. Com base na pesquisa realizada, pode-se verificar que o processo de desenvolvimento convive com uma dinâmica de transformações que, de um lado, apresenta alguns desafios, mas, de outro, também abre algumas possibilidades para se reconhecer e conferir autonomia às diferentes formas de organização das regiões, em uma sintonia intersetorial e territorial de agentes e instituições orientados para o alcance dos propósitos regionais.
Superamphiphobic Surfaces with Controllable Adhesion Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Bessel Beam on PTFE
Authors: Chu Dongkai , Singh Subhash C. , Yong Jiale , Zhan Zhibing , Sun Xiaoyan , Duan Ji‐An , Guo Chunlei
Published: June 2019

In this study, a facile method is presented to fabricate superamphiphobic surfaces with controllable adhesion on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), for the first time, using femtosecond laser Bessel beam. Compared to previous structures mostly based on 1D microstructure produced by Gaussian beam, the surfaces are characterized by highly uniform 2D periodic hill‐groove structures covered with extensive porous‐mesh nanostructures. Most significantly, the 2D hill‐groove structures have a very high‐aspect‐ratio since the energy distribution of the Bessel beam is more uniform over a longer focusing range. Moreover, the profile of the obtained microstructures is a nearly perfect semi‐spherical shape. As a result, the processed surfaces become superamphiphobic, exhibiting a contact angle of 166° for water and 160° for oil, respectively. Furthermore, the surface adhesion can be controlled from ultralow to ultrahigh by adjusting the period of the hill‐groove 2D‐patterned structures. It is demonstrated that the ultralow adhesion surfaces show excellent antifog and anti‐icing properties, while the ultrahigh adhesion surfaces can be used for water and oil collection. Both surfaces have a good mechanical stability and are stable over a wide range of temperatures. The superamphiphobic PTFE surfaces with tunable adhesion can be used for self‐cleaning, microfluidic systems, and harsh environments.
Nanocomposite of Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene/Polyaniline for Enhanced Ammonia Gas Detection
Authors: Tanguy Nicolas R. , Arjmand Mohammad , Yan Ning
Published: June 2019

Graphene nanosheets are widely used for designing functional nanocomposite sensors that are highly sensitive. In this study, nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (N‐rGO) polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites composed of localized heterojunctions are prepared for the detection of ammonia, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine gases with superior sensing performances. rGO nanosheets with electrical properties modified via N‐doping are strategically incorporated in p‐type PANI via in situ synthesis, with the nanosheets acting as templates for PANI growth. N‐rGO nanosheets featuring large specific area, high electrical conductivity, and n‐type semiconductive behavior combined with the attractive electrical p‐type characteristics of PANI are found to be highly beneficial for improving detection sensitivity toward ammonia, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine gases at 25 °C. Overall, the detection sensitivity of the advanced N‐rGO nanocomposites is more than two times higher than that of PANI alone. Moreover, the N‐rGO/PANI nanocomposites reach an estimated limit of detection for ammonia gas down to the sub‐ppm range. Improvement in sensing performance is also observed for rGO/PANI and GO/PANI nanocomposites; however, the level of the improvement is less than that of N‐rGO/PANI nanocomposites. This study demonstrates the excellent potential of designing advanced graphene nanocomposite gas sensors with superior performances by manipulating the electronic properties of the graphene nanosheets.
Light to Shape the Future: From Photolithography to 4D Printing
Authors: del Barrio Jesús , Sánchez‐Somolinos Carlos
Published: June 2019

Over the last few decades, the demand of polymeric structures with well‐defined features of different size, dimension, and functionality has increased from various application areas, including microelectronics, biotechnology, tissue engineering, and photonics, among others. The ability of light to control over space and time physicochemical processes is a unique tool for the structuring of polymeric materials, opening new avenues for technological progress in different fields of application. This article gives an overview of various photochemical reactions in polymers, photosensitive materials, and structuring techniques making use of light, and highlights most recent advances, emerging opportunities, and relevant applications.
Boosting the Performance of WO3/n‐Si Heterostructures for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: from the Role of Si to Interface Engineering
Authors: Zhao Yihui , Brocks Geert , Genuit Han , Lavrijsen Reinoud , Verheijen Marcel A. , Bieberle‐Hütter Anja
Published: June 2019

Metal oxide/Si heterostructures make up an exciting design route to high‐performance electrodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. By monochromatic light sources, contributions of the individual layers in WO3/n‐Si heterostructures are untangled. It shows that band bending near the WO3/n‐Si interface is instrumental in charge separation and transport, and in generating a photovoltage that drives the PEC process. A thin metal layer inserted at the WO3/n‐Si interface helps in establishing the relation among the band bending depth, the photovoltage, and the PEC activity. This discovery breaks with the dominant Z‐scheme design idea, which focuses on increasing the conductivity of an interface layer to facilitate charge transport, but ignores the potential profile around the interface. Based on the analysis, a high‐work‐function metal is predicted to provide the best interface layer in WO3/n‐Si heterojunctions. Indeed, the fabricated WO3/Pt/n‐Si photoelectrodes exhibit a 2 times higher photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a 10 times enhancement at 1.6 V versus RHE compared to WO3/n‐Si. Here, it is essential that the native SiO2layer at the interface between Si and the metal is kept in order to prevent Fermi level pinning in the Schottky contact between the Si and the metal.
Experimental investigation of local bubble properties: Comparison to the sectional quadrature method of moments
Authors: Schäfer Jan , Hlawitschka Mark W. , Attarakih Menwer M. , Bart Hans‐Jörg
Published: June 2019

In recent years, population balance models coupled to computational fluid dynamics have been used as a tool to model bubbly flows. In this work, we established a setup to measure the local size distribution, the velocity and orientation of bubbles in different zones of a bubble column. As a population balance model, we used the sectional quadrature method of moments for the first time in OpenFOAM to simulate the local change in the bubble size distribution and compared its results to the quadrature method of moments as well as to the experimental results. A satisfactory agreement between local experimental values of three investigated flow rates and simulations were found and enables the characterization of heterogeneous bubbly regimes as found in industrial reactive bubble columns.
Lateral nasal wall extension of the nasoseptal flap for skull‐base and medial orbital wall defects
Authors: McCormick Justin , Allen Mark , Kain Joshua J. , Pena‐Garcia Jaime A , Cho Do‐Yeon , Riley Kristen O. , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: June 2019

Background

Sinonasal and skull‐base tumors that previously required open resection can often be completely resected via an endonasal approach. The nasoseptal flap (NSF) is the workhorse vascularized tissue flap for the endoscopic reconstruction of large skull‐base defects from tumor resections. The objective of the current article is to describe a novel modification of the NSF for simultaneous reconstruction of skull‐base and medial orbital wall defects.

Methods

An extension of the standard NSF to include mucosa of the lateral nasal wall was developed for closure of simultaneous skull‐base and medial orbital wall defects. Outcomes including successful cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak closure, orbital edema, and postoperative cosmesis are reported. Eyelid edema was characterized according to the Surgeon Periorbital Rating of Edema and Ecchymosis (SPREE) scale.

Results

Three patients underwent reconstruction using the modified NSF (average age 75 years). The average defect size of the skull base was 3.6 ± 0.1 cm by 2.3 ± 0.2 cm. The average defect size of the medial orbit was 2.7 ± 0.1 cm by 2.6 ± 0.1 cm. All defects were successfully covered intraoperatively using the lateral nasal wall extension of the NSF. Two patients developed mild eyelid edema, whereas 1 individual had no noticeable swelling (SPREE classification 2, 2, and 1). All patients were successfully sealed at last clinical follow up (average 28 weeks).

Conclusion

The modification of the NSF described here provides excellent coverage for reconstruction of large anterior skull‐base defects and simultaneous medial orbital wall defects.
Generation of Optical and Mechanical Squeezing in the Linear‐and‐Quadratic Optomechanics
Authors: Gu Wen‐Ju , Yi Zhen , Yan Yan , Sun Li‐Hui
Published: June 2019

Generation of strong stationary optical and mechanical squeezing is proposed for the linear‐and‐quadratic optomechanical system, where two cavity modes induce linear and quadratic optomechanical couplings, respectively. Through the linearization treatment, linearized coupling between cavity mode and mechanical mode and the mechanical parametric amplification process are achievable and controllable by independent driving lasers. Optical and mechanical squeezing are generated following different mechanisms. Optical squeezing works in the strong coupling regime, and mechanical amplification would push the system close to instability threshold, which could deeply improve ponderomotive squeezing even significantly beyond the 3 dB squeezing limit. Mechanical squeezing is generated based on the reservoir engineering method, where parametric amplification induces the squeezing transformation of mechanical mode; and linearized coupling, which operates in the red‐sideband and weak coupling limits, induces the ground‐state cooling of transformed mechanical mode. Finally, the original mechanical mode would be squeezed, which could also exceed 3 dB limit.
General π‐Electron‐Assisted Strategy for Ir, Pt, Ru, Pd, Fe, Ni Single‐Atom Electrocatalysts with Bifunctional Active Sites for Highly Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Lai Wei‐Hong , Zhang Li‐Fu , Hua Wei‐Bo , Indris Sylvio , Yan Zi‐Chao , Hu Zhe , Zhang Binwei , Liu Yani , Wang Li , Liu Min , Liu Rong , Wang Yun‐Xiao , Wang Jia‐Zhao , Hu Zhenpeng , Liu Hua‐Kun , Chou Shu‐Lei , Dou Shi‐Xue
Published: June 2019

Both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial to water splitting, but require alternative active sites. Now, a general π‐electron‐assisted strategy to anchor single‐atom sites (M=Ir, Pt, Ru, Pd, Fe, Ni) on a heterogeneous support is reported. The M atoms can simultaneously anchor on two distinct domains of the hybrid support, four‐fold N/C atoms (M@NC), and centers of Co octahedra (M@Co), which are expected to serve as bifunctional electrocatalysts towards the HER and the OER. The Ir catalyst exhibits the best water‐splitting performance, showing a low applied potential of 1.603 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 m KOH solution with cycling over 5 h. DFT calculations indicate that the Ir@Co (Ir) sites can accelerate the OER, while the Ir@NC3 sites are responsible for the enhanced HER, clarifying the unprecedented performance of this bifunctional catalyst towards full water splitting.
Stimuli‐Responsive Reversible Switching of Intersystem Crossing in Pure Organic Material for Smart Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Hu Wenbo , He Tingchao , Zhao Hui , Tao Haojie , Chen Runfeng , Jin Lu , Li Junzi , Fan Quli , Huang Wei , Baev Alexander , Prasad Paras N.
Published: June 2019

Photosensitizers (PSs) with stimuli‐responsive reversible switching of intersystem crossing (ISC) are highly promising for smart photodynamic therapy (PDT), but achieving this goal remains a tremendous challenge. This study introduces a strategy to obtain such reversible switching of ISC in a new class of PSs, which exhibit stimuli‐initiated twisting of conjugated backbone. We present a multidisciplinary approach that includes femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The organic structures reported show remarkably enhanced ISC efficiency (ΦISC), switching from nearly 0 to 90 %, through an increase in the degree of twisting, providing an innovative mechanism to promote ISC. This leads us to propose here and demonstrate the concept of smart PDT, where pH‐induced reversible twisting maximizes the ISC rate, and thus enables strong photodynamic action only under pathological stimulus (such as change in pH, hypoxia, or exposure to enzymes). The ISC process is turned off to deactivate PDT ability, when the PS is transferred or metabolized away from pathological region.
Landscape factors predict local extirpation in an imperilled minnow species, the bridle shiner (Notropis bifrenatus)
Authors: Pregler Kasey C. , Hagstrom Neal , Schultz Eric T. , Vokoun Jason C.
Published: June 2019

Local extirpation events are often poorly documented and the causes are not well understood. A case in point is the bridle shiner (Notropis bifrenatus), a cyprinid that is declining and carries various conservation listings over most of its range.

Recent research suggested that the apparent decline of the bridle shiner in the state of Connecticut may be in part an artefact of changes in survey methods: seining has been replaced by electrofishing, which is less efficient in bridle shiner habitat. The present study included a re‐evaluation of the distribution of the species in light of this recent finding.

Historical sites in Connecticut were seined, and it was found that nine populations once thought to be extirpated were in fact extant. Nonetheless, bridle shiner occurrences have declined by 60% over 50 years. Potential correlates of extirpation, such as landscape and habitat fragmentation metrics, were identified using geospatial tools. Through an information‐theoretic approach, models were constructed to investigate the relative contribution of land use and habitat fragmentation to the extirpation of the bridle shiner.

Land use had greater support as a correlate of the decline, and the current bridle shiner distribution in Connecticut could be explained by areas of high forest cover and low impervious cover. It is hypothesized that the adverse impacts of land use on the bridle shiner are attributable to its ecological specialization on submerged vegetation, notwithstanding its otherwise broad physiochemical tolerance.

These results provide needed context on the decline of this species and provide potential avenues for conservation actions. This research emphasizes the impacts that land alterations can have on freshwater species and the importance of accurately characterizing extirpation events.
Cajal's Interactions with Sherrington and the Croonian Lecture
Authors: De Carlos Juan A. , Molnár Zoltán
Published: June 2019

Sherrington was a major proponent of the neuron doctrine and he was inspired by Santiago Ramón y Cajal's theory of dynamic polarization of nerve cells (Ley de la polarización dinámica de la célula nerviosa). Sherrington coined the term “synapse” to name the Cajal description of interneuronal contact and he gave the term, for functional nerve endings, as “Boutons terminaux,” still used today. These two giants of neuroscience met only once, but they had a life‐long friendship. It was Sherrington who wrote Cajal's Obituary for the Royal Society. We review here some of the scientific exchanges between Cajal and Sherrington, with particular attention to 1894, when the two neuroscientist met in London during Cajal's visit to deliver the Croonian Lecture to the Royal Society. We shall examine not only the scientific exchanges but also their friendship, which was immediate and strong. Anat Rec, 303:1181–1188, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Skeletal mesh animation driven by few positional constraints
Authors: Le Naour T. , Courty N. , Gibet S.
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we propose a whole animation pipeline for data‐driven character animation. Considering that the traditional animation pipeline, including skeleton reconstruction from markers, rigging, and retargeting, is subject to potential loss of information and precision, our objective is to control in real time articulated meshes from a low number of positional constraints. Our method is based on an efficient deformation technique that integrates into a volumetric control structure the high‐resolution mesh, the skeleton, and relevant marker locations. An iterative optimization method, which preserves both geometric characteristics, segment lengths and joint limits, is applied to this structure. We show the ability of our system to interactively animate and deform high‐resolution models from few positional constraints while keeping all the details of the movement.
Predicting STEM Major and Career Intentions With the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Moore Raeal , Burrus Jeremy
Published: June 2019

This investigation predicted ACT‐tested 11th‐ and 12th‐grade students’ intentions to choose science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) college majors and STEM careers using a measure of mathematics beliefs and attitudes based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991). The TPB states that the best predictor of behavior is the intention to perform that behavior, and intention is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Students (N = 1,958) from 11th grade (48%) or 12th grade (52%) completed the measure and also indicated their intended college major and career. Results revealed that TPB predicted STEM major and career choice incrementally over a host of additional variables. More specifically, attitude and intention were the most predictive components. Although results were similar for male and female participants, attitudes and interests were somewhat more predictive for female than for male participants. Intervention possibilities and implications for future research were discussed.
Fe‐Doped Nickel Hydroxide/Nickel Oxyhydroxide Function as an Efficient Catalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Mahala Chavi , Devi Sharma Mamta , Basu Mrinmoyee
Published: June 2019

Designing metal hydroxide electrocatalysts with high efficiency to overcome the slow reaction kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is considered as a significant approach for renewable energy resources. We report here a simple methodology to synthesize 2D thin nickel hydroxide/nickel oxyhydroxide sheets that show efficient activity towards OER. Further, by doping with a heteroatom, Fe, thinner sheets of nickel hydroxide/nickel oxyhydroxide are developed, which exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards OER with high durability. Fe‐doped Ni(OH)2/NiOOH requires only 200 mV overpotential to produce 10 mA/cm2, whereas bare Ni(OH)2/NiOOH needs 290 mV overpotential. Moreover, Fe‐doped nickel hydroxide/nickel oxyhydroxide shows a minimal Tafel value of 48 mV/decade, which is even lower than RuO2/CC (82 mV/decade). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that in the case of Fe‐doped Ni(OH)2/NiOOH, the Ni3+ signal enhances, which indicates the favourable stabilization of Ni3+ in the presence of Fe3+ dopant. Under electrochemical OER conditions, in Fe‐doped Ni(OH)2/NiOOH, Fe3+ species help to generate more Ni3+, which function as the active species. Fe0.06Ni0.94(OH)2/NiOOH shows long‐term stability for at least 24 hours in alkaline medium. This work unveils a green strategy for Fe‐doping in 2D thin sheets of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH, which show improved electrocatalytic activity compared to bare Ni(OH)2/NiOOH. The mechanism of OER activity enhancement after Fe‐doping is proposed here.
A Photochemical Ligation System Enabling Solid‐Phase Chemiluminescence Read‐Out
Authors: Delafresnaye Laura , Schmitt Christian W. , Barner Leonie , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: June 2019

The peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (PO‐CL) reaction is among the most powerful and versatile techniques for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and has been employed in various biological and chemical applications over the past 50 years. However, its two‐component nature (peroxyoxalate and fluorophore) limits its use. This contribution introduces an innovative and versatile photochemical platform technology for the synthesis of inherently fluorescent PO probes by exploiting the nitrile imine‐mediated tetrazole‐ene cycloaddition (NITEC) reaction. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the pioneered “2‐in‐1” molecule emits either yellow or blue light, depending on tetrazole (Tz) structure. Even in the absence of base, the emitted light remains visible and H2O2 could be detected in the nanomolar range. Critically, the PO‐Tz can be readily incorporated into polymeric materials. As a first application of this promising material, a tailor‐made PO‐Tz is grafted on poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) particles to enable solid‐phase chemiluminescence on microspheres.
Design of an Amphiphilic Perylene Diimide for Optical Recognition of Anticancer Drug through a Chirality‐Induced Helical Structure
Authors: Zhao Hao , Hussain Sameer , Liu Xiaoyan , Li Shengliang , Lv Fengting , Liu Libing , Wang Shu
Published: June 2019

Introduction of chirality into a supramolecular self‐assembly system plays an indispensable role in attaining specific molecular recognition ability. Herein, a chiral anticancer drug 5′‐deoxy‐5‐fluorouridine (5′DFU) was explored for inducing the self‐assembly of a cationic perylene diimide derivative containing boronic acid groups (PDI‐PBA) into a highly ordered right‐handed helical structure. As a result, PDI‐PBA exhibited a molecular recognition ability towards 5′DFU among othercis‐diols and anticancer drugs. With the help of a dynamic covalent bond and favorable hydrogen‐bonding interactions, chirality transfer from chiral 5′DFU to achiral PDI‐PBA breaks down the strong π–π stacking of PDI‐PBA and makes it reorganize into highly ordered helical supramolecular structures. This work provides an insight into chiral anticancer drug tuning interactions of π‐chromophores and the inducement of hierarchical self‐assembly to achieve specific molecular recognition.
Syntheses, Structures, and Bonding of NgF2⋅CrOF4, NgF2⋅2CrOF4(Ng=Kr, Xe), and (CrOF4)∞
Authors: Mercier Hélène P. A. , Breddemann Ulf , Brock David S. , Bortolus Mark R. , Schrobilgen Gary J.
Published: June 2019

The noble‐gas difluoride adducts, NgF2⋅CrOF4and NgF2⋅2CrOF4(Ng=Kr and Xe), have been synthesized and structurally characterized at low temperatures by Raman spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The low fluoride ion affinity of CrOF4renders it incapable of inducing fluoride ion transfer from NgF2(Ng=Kr and Xe) to form ion‐paired salts of the [NgF]+cations having either the [CrOF5]−or [Cr2O2F9]−anions. The crystal structures show the NgF2⋅CrOF4adducts are comprised of Ft−Ng−Fb‐ ‐ ‐Cr(O)F4structural units in which NgF2is weakly coordinated to CrOF4by means of a fluorine bridge, Fb, in which Ng−Fbis elongated relative to the terminal Ng−Ftbond. In contrast with XeF2⋅2MOF4(M=Mo or W) and KrF2⋅2MoOF4, in which the Lewis acidic, F4(O)M‐ ‐ ‐Fb‐ ‐ ‐M(O)F3moiety coordinates to Ng through a single M‐ ‐ ‐Fb−Ng bridge, both fluorine ligands of NgF2coordinate to CrOF4molecules to form F4(O)Cr‐ ‐ ‐Fb−Ng−Fb‐ ‐ ‐Cr(O)F4adducts in which both Ng−Fbbonds are only marginally elongated relative to the Ng−F bonds of free NgF2. Quantum‐chemical calculations show that the Cr−Fbbonds of NgF2⋅CrOF4and NgF2⋅2CrOF4are predominantly electrostatic with a small degree of covalent character that accounts for their nonlinear Cr‐ ‐ ‐Fb−Ng bridge angles and staggered O−Cr‐ ‐ ‐Fb−Ng−Ftdihedral angles. The crystal structures and Raman spectra of two CrOF4polymorphs have also been obtained. Both are comprised of fluorine‐bridged chains that arecis‐ andtrans‐fluorine‐bridged with respect to oxygen.
Potassium Salts of 2,5‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)‐Germolide: Switching between Aromatic and Non‐Aromatic States
Authors: Dong Zhaowen , Schmidtmann Marc , Müller Thomas
Published: June 2019

The reduction of a 1‐mesityl‐2,5‐bis‐trimethylsilylchlorogermole 8 with KC8 is reported. While the reaction with one equivalent of KC8 gave the dimer with a Ge−Ge bond 10, excess of KC8 (four equivalents) resulted in the formation of the potassium salt of the germole dianion, 11 with reductive cleavage of the Ge−C bond. Careful reduction with two equivalents of KC8 in THF provided the potassium salt of the planar germolide 5. Its solid‐state structure revealed contact ion pairs with the potassium ion η5‐coordinated to the germacyclopentadienide ring. The molecular structure of the anion indicates a high degree of cyclic electron delocalization, in agreement with results from DFT calculations. Separation of the ion pair by complexation of the potassium ions with 18‐crown‐6 triggers the isomerization to germolide 6, which is characterized by a pyramidal coordination sphere of the germanium atom and a localized diene structure. The isomers 5 and 6 represent a rare example for a structurally manifested switch between a non‐aromatic and an aromatic state induced by an external stimulus, in this case the complexation of the counter cation.
Schnelle, effiziente und kostengünstige Auslegung von Membranverfahren mit flexiblen Labormembrantestständen
Authors: Tuchborn Siegfried , Enders Mark
Published: June 2019

Bei der Auslegung komplexer Membranverfahren müssen unterschiedliche Aspekte berücksichtigt werden. Während in der Laborphase grundlegende Fragen adressiert werden, lassen sich die realen Gegebenheiten im technischen Prozess erst im Zuge einer meist aufwendigen Pilotierung untersuchen. Abhilfe schaffen Labormembranteststände, die bereits im Labor mit kleinen Versuchsmengen einen betriebsnahen Zustand abbilden können. Die Anforderung an moderne Labormembranteststände, die Anlagengestaltung sowie die Vorgehensweise bei den Laborversuchen werden vorgestellt und anhand eines Beispiels zur Rückgewinnung von Prozesswasser bei der Glycerinherstellung veranschaulicht.
Overall survival and histology‐specific subgroup analyses from a phase 3, randomized controlled study of trabectedin or dacarbazine in patients with advanced liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Patel Shreyaskumar , von Mehren Margaret , Reed Damon R. , Kaiser Pamela , Charlson John , Ryan Christopher W. , Rushing Daniel , Livingston Michael , Singh Arun , Seth Rahul , Forscher Charles , D'Amato Gina , Chawla Sant P. , McCarthy Sharon , Wang George , Parekh Trilok , Knoblauch Roland , Hensley Martee L. , Maki Robert G. , Demetri George D.
Published: June 2019

Background

We performed a randomized phase 3 study of trabectedin versus dacarbazine in previously‐treated patients with liposarcoma/leiomyosarcoma (LPS/LMS).

Methods

Patients were randomized 2:1 to trabectedin (n = 384) or dacarbazine (n = 193) administered intravenously every 3 weeks. The primary objective was overall survival (OS). Secondary objectives were progression‐free survival, objective response rate, safety, and patient‐reported outcomes, all previously reported and demonstrating superior disease control with trabectedin. Results of the final OS analysis in preplanned subgroups of patients with LPS/LMS are presented.

Results

At the time of the final OS analysis, 577 patients had been assigned randomly, including 423 (73%) with LMS and 154 (27%) with LPS. The median duration of treatment exposure was higher in the trabectedin arm compared with the dacarbazine arm (4 vs 2 cycles), as was the proportion of patients receiving an extended number of therapy courses (≥6 cycles: 42% vs 22%). This pattern was consistent across histological subgroups: the median number of treatment cycles (4 vs 2 for both subgroups) and proportion of patients with ≥6 treatment cycles (LMS, 43% vs 24%; LPS, 40% vs 16%). Despite improved disease control by trabectedin, no improvement in OS was observed; the final median OS for trabectedin versus dacarbazine was 13.7 versus 13.1 months (P = .49). Sensitivity analyses of OS suggest confounding by post‐study anticancer therapies, which were utilized in most patients in both treatment arms (71% vs 69%, respectively).

Conclusion

The final OS results demonstrated comparable survival between LPS/LMS patients receiving trabectedin or dacarbazine, which is consistent with the interim analysis results. Both LPS and LMS demonstrated improved disease control with trabectedin.
Retracted: Smart city framework based on intelligent sensor network and visual surveillance
Authors: Cai Zhiming , Li Daming , Deng Lianbing , Yao Xiang
Published: June 2019

In the field of urban development, the construction of new smart cities has received the attention of the government and society. In the process of promoting urban intelligence, urban road lighting, intelligent lighting, etc, have gradually received attention, while the lighting source and control methods have been greatly improved. Smart cities portray a very good vision for development for human beings. Traditional video surveillance only provides simple functions such as video capture, storage, and playback, which are difficult to use as an early warning and alarm. To ensure that abnormal behaviors are monitored in real time and effective measures are taken in a timely manner, monitoring personnel are required to monitor the video at all times. A huge monitoring network will generate massive video data. How to efficiently extract useful information from these massive data is a problem to be solved by intelligent video surveillance technology. This paper starts with the concept of top‐level design of smart city construction and analyzes the meaning and content of top‐level design. This paper summarizes some of the misunderstandings in the current top‐level design process and provides suggestions for the top‐level design.
Genomic and Metagenomic Approaches for Predictive Surveillance of Emerging Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Sukhum Kimberley V. , Diorio‐Toth Luke , Dantas Gautam
Published: June 2019

Antibiotic‐resistant organisms (AROs) are a major concern to public health worldwide. While antibiotics have been naturally produced by environmental bacteria for millions of years, modern widespread use of antibiotics has enriched resistance mechanisms in human‐impacted bacterial environments. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) continue to emerge and spread rapidly. To combat the global threat of antibiotic resistance, researchers must develop methods to rapidly characterize AROs and ARGs, monitor their spread across space and time, and identify novel ARGs and resistance pathways. We review how high‐throughput sequencing‐based methods can be combined with classic culture‐based assays to characterize, monitor, and track AROs and ARGs. Then, we evaluate genomic and metagenomic methods for identifying ARGs and biosynthetic pathways for novel antibiotics from genomic data sets. Together, these genomic analyses can improve surveillance and prediction of emerging resistance threats and accelerate the development of new antibiotic therapies to combat resistance.
Cocrystals of Gallic Acid with Urea and Propionamide: Supramolecular Structures, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, and DFT Studies
Authors: Jyothi Kanchi Lakshminarayanashetty , Gautam Raj , Swain Diptikanta , Guru Row Tayur Narasingarow , Lokanath Neratur Krishnappagowda
Published: June 2019

The exploitation of new crystal forms with controlled properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry. Cocrystallization technique is a powerful strategy to modify the physicochemical properties of APIs. In the present work, two pharmaceutical cocrystals—gallic acid‐urea (GA‐UR) and gallic acid‐propionamide (GA‐PR)—have been obtained by mechanochemical grinding method. Novel cocrystals are characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and their structures are confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction method. The structural analysis confirms the formation of various supramolecular architectures. Thermal gravimetric analysis is carried out to investigate the presence of water/solvent molecules in the cocrystals. Further, the intermolecular interactions in stabilizing the cocrystals are analyzed using Hirshfeld surfaces. Furthermore, the coordinates of cocrystals are optimized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations using B3LYP hybrid functional with 6–31+G(d,p) level basis set. Frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO‐LUMO), energy gap, and related molecular properties are also analyzed.