bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An A‐B‐C‐D‐E Worksheet for Promoting Beneficence When Considering Ethical Issues
Authors: SILEO FRANK J. , KOPALA MARY
Published: December 2011

An A‐B‐C‐D‐E worksheet has been prepared to promote beneficence when considering ethical issues. The components of the worksheet are derived from ethical principles and ethical decision‐making models. The worksheet makes abstract concepts of decision‐making models concrete and practical. In addition, it provides a shorthand for remembering key elements necessary to good ethical decision making. It is systematic and useful and can aid students of ethics and mental health professionals to think more critically about ethical dilemmas.
A Minister's Primer on Educational Humanism
Authors: ASPY DAVID N.
Published: December 2011

Many churches have attacked humanist in education and have managed to almost eliminate the humanist impact. Much of that assault has been either uninformed or misinformed and has unnecessarily blunted the influence of a group of educators who wish to achieve ends, such as kindness, that are consonant with the aims of most religious groups. There is a need for ministers to become better informed about educational humanism and to present a more accurate report to their congregations.
Spirituality Reconsidered
Authors: MAHER MICHAEL FORREST , HUNT TRINA K.
Published: December 2011

Counseling and the helping arts in general have been hesitant to openly embrace the concept of spirituality as part of their working knowledge base. Part of the dilemma centers on sometimes confusing a religious view with a more secular conception of the term. Another potentially confounding element is the existing variety of ways the term is actually being used by both. In this investigation of the roots of the problem I hope to catalyze a more inviting and open dialogue as the profession considers the possibilities associated with an expansion or consolidation of definition(s).
Self‐Transcendence: Integrating Ends and Means in Value Counseling
Authors: CONN WALTER E.
Published: December 2011

Pastoral counseling is distinguished from secular counseling by “limit experiences.” These are experiences that disclose the fullness of self‐transcendence—for Christians, a personal relationship with God. But the radical drive of the human spirit for self‐transcendence unifies every dimension of the developing person. This drive thus forms the basis of a fundamental continuity between pastoral and secular counseling in their directions and methods, despite clear differences in boundaries, categories, and languages.
Models of Interpersonal Forgiveness and Their Applications to Counseling: Review and Critique
Authors: MCCULLOUGH MICHAEL E. , WORTHINGTON EVERETT L.
Published: December 2011

Models of interpersonal forgiveness and their applications to counseling were reviewed. Although many models of the psychology of forgiveness exist, their impact on empirical research and practice has been minimal. The authors evaluate the current state of model building concerning interpersonal forgiveness and offer suggestions for directing future conceptual work.
Understanding Spirituality in Counseling Psychology: Considerations for Research, Training, and Practice
Authors: MACK MARY LYNNE
Published: December 2011

Selective understandings of spirituality among early, contemporary, and current theorists were reviewed. The purpose is to suggest the multiple implications these varied understandings of spirituality have for practicing clinicians in the field of counseling psychology. Sources of literature were primarily drawn from published literature and classical texts. The conclusions suggest that professionals within the field may need to increase objective and subjective interpretations of spirituality in the therapeutic realm. With this awareness, it is assumed that clinical sensitivity to multiculturalism, recovery movements, and dysfunctional religious systems may be achieved and, subsequently, therapeutic competence may be increased.
Sexual Dual Relationships in Counseling: Confronting the Issues
Authors: HOFFMAN ROSE MARIE
Published: December 2011

Sexual intimacy between counselors and clients is a frequently claimed type of violation against licensed professional counselors. This article examines the issue of sexual dual relationships in terms of prevalence, harm inflicted on clients, counselor awareness, predictability, and parameters for concern. Implications for counseling practice, education of prospective clients, legislation, research, and counselor training are also discussed. It is suggested that despite the complexity and controversy surrounding the topic of sexual dual relationships, the challenge to counselors to confront and to explore these issues is critical to the profession and cannot be ignored.
Counselors and the Legalization of Physician‐Assisted Suicide
Authors: KISER JERRY D.
Published: December 2011

With the shift in Americans' beliefs regarding legalizing physician‐assisted suicide for the terminally ill, counselors must be prepared to counsel clients who have decided to end their lives. For counselors to avoid violating the ethical guidelines established by the American Counseling Association (ACA) regarding counseling these clients, a reevaluation of the ACA ethical standards may be needed.
Chaos Theory and Its Application to Vocational Counseling: A Critical Reappraisal
Authors: GLUCK ANDREW L.
Published: December 2011

This article critically examines some of the claims of chaos theory from the perspective of the philosophy of science. Chaos theory uses scientific terminology, but it is possibly better described as a metaphysical belief or value orientation. Some of the concepts developed by chaos theory are of great interest and may be useful in counseling. These concepts, however, are not always clear and consistent, and the theory could become the repository of all kinds of untestable and even antiscientific notions.
Values Preferences by Gender for Nontraditional College Students Between 1992 and 1982
Authors: BENNETT WILLIAM , STADT RONALD , KARMOS JOSEPH
Published: December 2011

This study compared gender trends for self‐reported work values of 384 nontraditional college students in 1982 and 335 different nontraditional college students in 1992. Results measured by D. Nevill and D. E. Super's (1989) Values Scale indicated that female values preferences moved toward Altruism and Variety and away from Autonomy and Advancement. Male values preferences remained relatively constant, except for a significant drop in Aesthetics. The most important finding was that there were many more similarities than differences in men's and women's values preferences for both 1982 and 1992. The top 3 rankings for both years were identical: Economic Security, Achievement, and Ability Utilization.
Counseling Minors: Ethical and Legal Issues
Authors: LEDYARD PAT
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the ethical and legal dilemmas facing counselors who work with minors in the school system. From an ethical perspective, minors should be able to expect confidentiality; however, parents and guardians have certain legal rights that limit the rights of minors. The author uses a hypothetical case to address these concerns and offers intervention strategies used for empowering minor clients in counseling.
Religious Attributions of Responsibility: A Review of Empirical Literature and Development of an Instrument
Authors: BAILEY JUSTIN , HAYES JEFFREY A.
Published: December 2011

A critical review of the religious attribution literature is presented. Two overriding critiques are that the field lacks adequate instruments to measure religious attributions, and that attributions related to problem cause are confused with attributions about problem solution. Consequently, an instrument was developed to measure religious attributions of responsibility for problem cause and solution. An exploratory, principal‐axis factor analysis conducted on data generated by 457 university students revealed the theorized factors of cause and solution. High internal consistency and test—retest reliability were obtained. A subsequent confirmatory factor analysis on a separate sample of 179 students provided evidence of construct validity for the instrument. Research questions are presented that would advance current understanding of religious attributions, and limitations of the instrument are noted.
Relationships Among Dogmatism, Family Ideology, and Religiosity in Master's‐Level Counseling Students
Authors: HUNTER STEVE , HARRIS MORAG B. COLVIN , TRUSTY JERRY
Published: December 2011

This paper presents the results of a survey of the perceptions of master's‐level counseling students in the areas of dogmatism, family ideology, and religiosity. Participants in the study consisted of 331 master's‐level counseling students from 7 master's‐level counselor education programs in northern, southern, and eastern regions of the United States. A total of 142 participants were classified as beginning participants, and 123 were classified as graduating participants. Findings indicated that graduating participants were significantly lower in levels of dogmatism than were beginning participants. Bivariate and multivariate data analyses also revealed that family ideology was more strongly related to dogmatism than religiosity.
The Effect of Four Years of Participation in a Tibetan Buddhist Retreat on Perceptions of Physiological and Psychological Well‐Being
Authors: MACLACHLAN MALCOM , McAULIFFE EILISH , PAGE RICHARD C. , ALTSCHUL DEBORAH B. , TABONY REBECCA
Published: December 2011

The researchers assessed the effect of participation in a Tibetan retreat at a center in Scotland over a 4‐year period using the General Health Questionnaire‐60 (Goldberg & Williams, 1988) and the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1988), Residence at the retreat center did not show any harmful or beneficial effects on the participants' levels of stress and general health as measured by these scales.
Managed Care: Ethical Considerations for Counselors
Authors: GLOSOFF HARRIET L. , GARCIA JORGE , HERLIHY BARBARA , THEODORE P. REMLEY JR.
Published: December 2011

Key factors and trends in health care will have an impact on the ethical practice of counselors. Ethical challenges to clinical practice presented by trends in managed care are discussed in relation to the American Counseling Association (1995) Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. Recommendations for practice are also included.
Relationship of High School Seniors' Religious Perceptions and Behavior to Educational, Career, and Leisure Variables
Authors: TRUSTY JERRY , WATTS RICHARD E.
Published: December 2011

This study used data from a national sample of U.S. high school seniors to investigate the relationship of religious perceptions and behavior to several school, career, and leisure variables. Seniors positive perceptions of religion and frequent attendance at religious services were related to positive parental involvement, positive school attitudes and behaviors, and infrequent problem behaviors. Parental involvement mediated the effects of religious perceptions and behavior on adolescents' academic attitudes and drug use. However, a large portion of the effects of religious perceptions and behavior was independent of parental involvement. Implications for counselors and educators are provided.
Reading Preferences for Counseling and Values: A Sample of the ASERVIC Membership
Authors: MAPLES MARY FINN , MACARI DANIEL P.
Published: December 2011

This article presents the results of an ASERVIC (Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling) membership survey included as an insert (Maples, 1997) in the newsletter Interaction in the spring of 1998, requesting information related to topic preferences for the organization's journal Counseling and Values. The project had 4 goals: (a) to determine what topics a sample of the ASERVIC membership wants to read about in Counseling and Values, (b) to determine what topics Counseling and Values is currently publishing, (c) to determine the extent to which the articles being published are satisfying the preferences of the membership sample, and (d) to determine to what extent the articles being published in Counseling and Values have changed since the organization's name change in 1993.
Varieties of Spiritual Experience in Support of Recovery From Cocaine Dependence
Authors: PRIESTER PAUL E.
Published: December 2011

A case study is presented that examines 3 spiritual experiences, each of which played a critical role in a client's recovery from cocaine dependence. These experiences, categorized as subtle, synchronistic, and sudden, are described. The effect of the client's disclosures on the therapist's practice of counseling is also discussed.
Influences of Spirituality on Counselor Selection
Authors: BELAIRE CHRISTINE , YOUNG J. SCOTT
Published: December 2011

The influence of participants' spirituality on their choice of a counselor was investigated. Sixty‐three university students completed the Human Spirituality Scale, which is a global measure of spirituality. Participants also completed the Counselor Description Questionnaire, which asked them to select 1 of 2 counselors with whom they would prefer to work on the basis of descriptions of the counselors' clinical approaches (1 including spirituality as an area of expertise). Quantitative analyses indicated that level of spirituality had no statistically significant effect on counselor preference; however, qualitative results suggested that a counselor described as competent in working with spiritual issues did influence some participants' preference for that counselor.
Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling African Americans: Implications for Counselor Training and Practice
Authors: CONSTANTINE MADONNA G. , LEWIS ERICA L. , CONNER LATOYA C. , SANCHEZ DELIDA
Published: December 2011

Addressing spiritual and religious issues in the context of counseling relationships may be beneficial to many African American clients. The authors discuss various roles and functions of spirituality and religion in the lives of many African Americans, with particular attention to the impact of these issues on their mental health functioning and willingness to seek formal mental health services. The importance of academic training programs that prepare counselors to address potential spiritual and religious issues with their clients, is also highlighted.
The Moderating Relationship of Spirituality on Negative Life Events and Psychological Adjustment
Authors: YOUNG J. SCOTT , CASHWELL CRAIG S. , SHCHERBAKOVA JULIA
Published: December 2011

The authors used a path model to examine how spirituality moderates relationships between negative life experiences and psychological adjustment, operationalized for this study as levels of depression and anxiety. Results suggest that spirituality provides a significant moderating effect for both depression and anxiety. The moderating effect was stronger for depression than for anxiety.
Counseling Regulations Regarding Sexual Misconduct: A Comparison Across States
Authors: AVERY LINDA D. , GRESSARD CHARLES F.
Published: December 2011

Sexual relationships with clients, former clients, and supervisees are some of the most powerful and difficult clinical issues for counselors. These issues force counselors to examine the heart of the therapeutic process: the counseling relationship. The purpose of this study was to gather and analyze different approaches used by state counseling boards to deal with sexual relationships in counseling and supervision. This information affords counselors and state licensure board members a broader view of options and issues involved in this difficult area of ethical decision making.
A Psychosynthesis Twelve Step Program for Transforming Consciousness: Creative Explorations of Inner Space
Authors: Brown Michael H.
Published: December 2011

The author examines methods that are designed to expand and transform consciousness and argues that aspects of transpersonal psychology form the basis for the investigation of rituals, spiritual disciplines, and techniques that provoke shifts in awareness and energy. A psychosynthesis model for understanding these experiences is outlined, and an inner source of guidance—the Higher Self—is examined. A twelve step program for facilitating the expansion and transformation of consciousness—Creative Explorations of Inner Space—is also presented.
The Inclusion of Spiritual Process in Counseling and Perceived Counselor Effectiveness
Authors: Cashwell Craig S. , Young J. Scott , Cashwell Tammy H. , Belaire Christine
Published: December 2011

In this study, client level of spirituality was examined as a potential moderater for the effectiveness of including spiritual process in the counseling process. Using an analogue design, participants were crossed on self‐reported level of spirituality and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 analogue conditions. Results suggested that a spiritual intervention was perceived similarly to a cognitive‐behavioral intervention for all respondents. Those respondents who self‐reported higher levels of spirituality rated the counselor on the analogue as more expert and more trustworthy, regardless of which of the 2 analogue conditions they evaluated. Implications for counselors are provided.
Treating Spiritual Issues in Secular Psychotherapy
Authors: Helminiak Daniel A.
Published: December 2011

The author discusses spirituality as a human phenomenon that is independent of, yet open to, matters of personal religion and belief in God. Although commonly expressed through religion and theist belief, the author views spirituality as a universal mental phenomenon with an inherent “normativity”; it can, therefore, be legitimately addressed as a prescriptive aspect of psychology apart from theology and religion. An elaborated psychology of spirituality helps therapists focus the psychotherapeutically relevant and spiritual issues in the client's presentation; build on the client's healthy commitments; and reinterpret or deflect the unhealthy and, thus, foster the client's personal integration and, ipso facto, the client's spiritual growth.
An Integral Psychology Response to Helminiak's (2001) “Treating Spiritual Issues in Secular Psychotherapy”
Authors: Marquis Andre , Holden Janice Miner , Warren E. Scott
Published: December 2011

This article is a response to D. A. Helminiak's (2001) “Treating Spiritual Issues in Secular Psychotherapy” from the perspective of K. Wilber's integral psychology. The article consists of 3 sections: (a) a selective summary of integral psychology, including the perennial philosophy, 10 levels of development, lines of development, temporary states, types of orientations, the self, and the 4 quadrants; (b) various conceptual issues; and (c) usefulness to mental health practitioners (MHPs). Although D. A. Helminiak's endeavor to formulate a clear and functional definition of spirituality is commended, his claim of novelty is shown to be unwarranted. It is argued that K. Wilber's integral model is more comprehensive, clear, coherent, and helpful to MHPs.
Integrating Religion and Spirituality in Marriage and Family Counseling
Authors: Wolf Chelsea T. , Stevens Patricia
Published: December 2011

In the fields of counseling and psychology, interest in religious and spiritual issues is expanding. The authors examined integrating religion and spirituality with marriage and family counseling. They explored potential obstacles and negative consequences for this integration, as well as clinical implications. The positive impact of incorporating a religious or spiritual perspective into clinical practice is discussed. Ethical considerations, techniques, and strategies are presented.
The Role of Religious Beliefs in Coping With Chronic Illness
Authors: Gordon Phyllis A. , Feldman David , Crose Royda , Schoen Eva , Griffing Gene , Shankar Jui
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the ways in which 40 women with chronic illnesses (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or a combination of these disorders) used religious beliefs as a means of coping with their illnesses, The participants, all between the ages of 28 and 79 years, were interviewed about the role religious beliefs played in their experiences and the ways in which they made meaning in their lives or coped with their illnesses. The majority of the women reported that religious beliefs were important in living with a chronic illness. In addition, more women who were identified as coping well with their illness reported strong religious beliefs, whereas the majority of women identified as poor copers reported that religion was unimportant or that they had no religious beliefs.
Conservative Christians' Expectations of Non‐Christian Counselors
Authors: Belaire Christine , Young J. Scott
Published: December 2011

In this study of conservative Christians' expectations of counseling, 100 participants rated their expectations of the behaviors and attitudes of a non‐Christian counselor. Results suggest that highly religious Christians expected more in‐session religious behaviors from a non‐Christian counselor than did moderately religious Christians. Both moderately and highly conservative Christians expected a non‐Christian counselor to display attitudes of acceptance and tolerance for Christian beliefs.
Spiritual Dark Night and Psychological Depression: Some Comparisons and Considerations
Authors: O'Connor Michael
Published: December 2011

The author contends that spiritual dark night and some forms of psychological depression share commonalties yet have distinctly different features that call for different responses from caregivers. The author presents comparisons between the 2 phenomena; highlights differences between them to offer counselors guidelines for making informed responses to their clients' issues; and compares professional preparation for spiritual directors, pastoral counselors, and traditional counselors. The article focuses on effective caregiver responses to dark night challenges that may be misperceived as manifestations of depression and stresses the importance of counselors and spiritual directors knowing their limits of expertise.
Counselor Understanding of Native American Spiritual Loss
Authors: Olson Margaret J.
Published: December 2011

Although the multicultural counseling literature includes numerous references to working with Native Americans, this population continues to be misunderstood and underserved. A series of interviews with Native Americans provided insight into the deep spiritual pain experienced as a result of the historical and current events that continue to affect their families and communities. J. W. Worden's (1991) “tasks of mourning” provided the framework for the interviews.
Foundations for Ethical Standards and Codes: The Role of Moral Philosophy and Theory in Ethics
Authors: Freeman Stephen J. , Engels Dennis W. , Altekruse Michael K.
Published: December 2011

Ethical practice is a concern for all who practice in the psychological, social, and behavioral sciences. A central problem is discerning what action is ethically correct in a particular situation. It has been said that there is nothing so practical as good theory, because theory can help counselors organize and integrate knowledge. It seems, therefore, that a sound means to facilitate ethical competence in counseling would be through a knowledge and understanding of foundations and theories of ethics. Much of this pragmatic foundation is found in moral philosophy and related ethical theory.
Similarities and Differences Between Religiosity and Spirituality in African American College Students: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Berkel LaVerne A. , Armstrong Tonya D. , Cokley Kevin O.
Published: December 2011

To explore similarities and differences between religiosity and spirituality, the authors used several measures of religiosity and spirituality to examine the level of their association in 171 African American college students. Results support the multidimensionality of both constructs. An intrinsic religious orientation accounted for most of the variance in each type of spirituality; conversely. 1 type of extrinsic religious orientation accounted for almost none. The authors also found no significant differences between men's and women's scores on any of the religiosity and spirituality measures. The authors discuss implications for addressing religion and spirituality with African American clients.
Treating Faith‐Based Infertile Couples Using Cognitive‐Behavioral Counseling Strategies: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Smith June A. , Smith Alanzo H.
Published: December 2011

The authors have found no study that addressed the influence of religious practices, biblical texts, and a spiritual environment on the dynamics of coping with crises often experienced by couples who are infertile and who transition into childlessness. Twenty‐five couples from the greater New York area who were referred by religious leaders participated in an in‐depth interview to share their experiences. This study is a preliminary investigation of the experiences and emotional dynamics of infertile couples. It further illustrates how cognitive‐behavioral approaches may be used as possible intervention strategies.
Epistemic Contradictions in Counseling Theories: Implications for the Structure of Human Experience and Counseling Practice
Authors: Hansen James T.
Published: December 2011

Theories of counseling process are founded on a logical contradiction in that they are simultaneously objectivist and constructivist in nature. Because this epistemic tension is present across diverse theories and has persisted throughout the history of counseling theorizing, the author argues that it has implications for the structure of human experience. These ideas are examined, and applications to counseling practice are discussed.
Atheism and Nonspirituality as Diversity Issues in Counseling
Authors: D'Andrea Livia M. , Sprenger Johann
Published: December 2011

Counseling professionals have begun to realize that, in order to be as effective as possible, counselors must explore and understand the spiritual and religious beliefs of their clients. The literature on client belief systems and diversity, however, does not include discussion of individuals without religious or spiritual beliefs. The purpose of this article is to (a) suggest that atheism and nonspirituality should be included in the multiculturalism conversation and (b) offer ways that counselors might effectively help and nurture such clients.
Integral Counseling and a Three‐Factor Model of Defenses
Authors: Pearson Willow
Published: December 2011

This article introduces 3 major factors of K. Wilber's (1999b) “all‐quadrants, all‐levels” model of defenses: the category of defense, the level of self development and defense, and the threat zone against which the self is defending. Through theoretical discussion and select clinical examples differentiating healthy and unhealthy expressions of psychological defense, the author explores their developmental nature. Implications for clinical assessment and intervention are raised throughout.
Counselors' and Counselor Educators' Practice of Mindfulness: A Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Rothaupt Jeanne W. , Morgan Michael M.
Published: December 2011

The Buddhist practice of mindfulness is being used more often both to help clients and to facilitate counselor effectiveness. A growing body of research supports these uses of mindfulness. Most authors also emphasize that those who teach mindfulness must also apply it themselves. However, little is known about how counselors and counselor educators incorporate mindfulness into their personal and professional lives. The current study used semistructured interviews to elicit such information from 6 counselors and counselor educators. A constant comparative method was used to analyze the data and synthesize themes. Emergent themes included practices used to cultivate mindfulness and the results of mindfulness practices.
A Review of Integrating Spirituality and Religion Into Counseling: A Guide to Competent Practice
Authors: Shuler Michelle Kelley , Durodoye Beth A.
Published: December 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Craig S. Cashwell and J. Scott Young, Eds. (2005). Integrating Spirituality and Religion Into Counseling: A Guide to Competent Practice
A Review of Culture & Clinical Care
Authors: Harris Henry L. , Wierzalis Edward A.
Published: December 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Juliene G. Lipson and Suzanne L. Dibble, Eds. (2005). Culture & Clinical Care (2nd ed.).
Does Counseling Need the Mind?
Authors: Kernes Jerry L.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the author argues that the language used in counseling practice is largely a common sense language using mentalistic words. Basic mentalistic assumptions and challenges to those assumptions are outlined. The practical consequences of retaining or discarding mentalism in counseling are discussed. The author concludes that mentalistic language persists in counseling practice because it offers a useful vocabulary, but that the counseling field could benefit from adopting a path similar to that used in the cognitive sciences.
Social Constructionism and Ethics: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Guterman Jeffrey T. , Rudes James
Published: December 2011

Social constructionism is set forth as an epistemological framework from which to establish an ethical base for the field of counseling. The development of the social constructionist movement in counseling is described. Implications of a social constructionist position are considered in relation to ethics. A case example is provided to illustrate implications of a social constructionist position.
A Dynamical Successor to Modernism and Postmodernism
Authors: MacDonald Don
Published: December 2011

The author introduces an emerging worldview that could affect counseling concepts and methods greatly in the relatively near future. The worldview, dynamicalism, incorporates essential features of modernism and postmodernism. It also incorporates cutting‐edge concepts from physics and philosophy. The synthesis of these ideas provides a conceptual basis for thinking about and conducting counseling in new ways.
Spiritual Evolution of Bereavement Counselors: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Authors: Puterbaugh Dolores T.
Published: December 2011

This article draws from a phenomenological study on the experience of being a bereavement counselor. Ten bereavement counselors shared their experiences in bereavement counseling. Spiritual and emotional aspects of bereavement counseling with grieving and dying persons are discussed as well as the spiritual effects on and growth processes of the bereavement counselors. Participants also describe their self‐care strategies pertaining to their bereavement counseling work.
Spirituality: Implications for Professional School Counselors' Ethical Practice
Authors: Lambie Glenn W. , Davis Keith M. , Miller Geri
Published: December 2011

The separation between church and state (e.g., public education) is contentious. Furthermore, schools and many professional school counselors (PSCs) may choose to disregard and/or discount spirituality. This article (a) presents the importance of spirituality in counseling, (b) explores legal statutes and ethical standards relating to spirituality as a component of multiculturalism and professional school counseling, and (c) offers steps and strategies to support the ethical practice of PSCs. A case example and implications are discussed.
Assessing Religion and Spirituality in Counseling: Some Reflections and Recommendations
Authors: Richards P. Scott , Bartz Jeremy D. , O'Grady Kari A.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the importance of conducting a religious and spiritual assessment in counseling is considered. Some essential dimensions of religion and spirituality to assess are described. The authors recommend assessment questions that can be asked during clinical interviews or included on written intake questionnaires. They also briefly describe a few standardized religious and spiritual assessment instruments. Finally, they offer suggestions for conducting spiritual assessments in school settings.
Experiences of Forgiveness Among Nonclergy Clients Receiving Residential Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Olivett Melissa , Powers Robin
Published: December 2011

In response to the growing importance focused on forgiveness in clinical work (R. D. Enright, 2000), the relevance of forgiveness to 54 clients receiving inpatient psychiatric treatment was examined. The authors used a reflective questionnaire developed by M. J. Brenneis (2002) to gain a qualitative understanding of forgiveness in the sample. Results indicated that participants primarily defined forgiveness in affective terms, but a sizeable number included behavioral and cognitive components. Some respondents included motivations to forgive and not to forgive as well as the positive impact of forgiveness on relationships. Results are contrasted with the results of M. J. Brenneis's study on clergy. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Substance Abuse Counselors and Moral Reasoning: Hypothetical and Authentic Dilemmas
Authors: Sias Shari M.
Published: December 2011

This exploratory study examined the assumption that the level of moral reasoning (Defining Issues Test; J. R. Rest, 1986) used in solving hypothetical and authentic dilemmas is similar for substance abuse counselors (N = 188). The statistical analyses used were paired‐sample t tests, Pearson product‐moment correlation, and simultaneous multiple regression. This study found that when solving dilemmas of a personal nature (authentic dilemmas), substance abuse counselors' level of moral reasoning was lower. Implications for counselor education are presented.
Assessment of the Use of Spiritual Genograms in Counselor Education
Authors: Willow Rebecca A. , Tobin David J. , Toner Susan
Published: December 2011

Spiritual genograms collect and organize family information of a religious or spiritual nature. The authors explored the use of the spiritual genogram in counselor education. Graduate counseling students were assigned to construct and present a spiritual genogram within a course titled “Counseling and Spirituality.” An assessment of the quality of the students' learning experiences was conducted. Narrative responses were gathered from 32 advanced and postgraduate students enrolled in 1 of 4 classes over a 2‐year period. The results verified the benefits of this constructivist and experiential learning process. Implications for counselor development and further research are discussed.
Spiritual Bypass: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Cashwell Craig S. , Glosoff Harriet L. , Hammond Chereé
Published: December 2011

The phenomenon of spiritual bypass has received limited attention in the transpersonal psychology and counseling literature and has not been subjected to empirical inquiry. This study examines the phenomenon of spiritual bypass by considering how spirituality, mindfulness, alexithymia (emotional restrictiveness), and narcissism work together to influence depression and anxiety among college students. Results suggested that mindfulness and alexithymia accounted for variance in depression beyond what is accounted for by spirituality and that all 3 factors (mindfulness, alexithymia, and narcissism) accounted for variance in anxiety beyond what is accounted for by spirituality. Implications for counselors are provided.
Family Relational Values in the Parent‐Adolescent Relationship
Authors: Edgar‐Smith Susan E. , Wozniak Robert H.
Published: December 2011

This study measured the relational family values system of upper‐middle‐class mothers, fathers, and adolescents in the United States. Results revealed that participants shared common family values that mainly reflected the importance of individualism, equality in family relationships, family member interdependence, and parental guidance. Parent‐adolescent relational values agreement patterns in families with early, middle, and late adolescents demonstrated high levels of agreement. The authors explore how this sample provides a basis by which to compare relational family values in other subcultures in future research and how using this measure can enhance culturally competent counseling.
The New ASERVIC Competencies for Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling
Authors: Cashwell Craig S. , Watts Richard E.
Published: December 2011

In 2009, leaders in the Association for Spiritual, Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) developed new competencies for addressing spiritual and religious issues in counseling. This article briefly addresses the need for new ASERVIC competencies, provides an overview of the process whereby the new competencies emerged, and concludes with a listing of the new ASERVIC‐endorsed competencies.
How Christian Spiritual and Religious Beliefs Help and Hinder Counselors' Empathy Toward Clients
Authors: Morrison Marie , Borgen William A.
Published: December 2011

The critical incident technique was used to examine how counselors' religion and spirituality help and hinder counselor empathy toward clients. Twelve counselors holding Christian beliefs identified 242 helping and 25 hindering incidents that formed 14 helping and 3 hindering categories. Categories reflected counselors relying on a natural connection to their spirituality, drawing from empathic roots in their religion or spiritual experience, and using commonalities shared with clients as a means of empathizing. Implications for research, counselor education, and counseling practice are discussed.
Transcending the Quantitative‐Qualitative Divide With Mixed Methods Research: A Multidimensional Framework for Understanding Congruence and Completeness in the Study of Values
Authors: McLafferty Charles L. , Slate John R. , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J.
Published: December 2011

Quantitative research dominates published literature in the helping professions. Mixed methods research, which integrates quantitative and qualitative methodologies, has received a lukewarm reception. The authors address the iterative separation that infuses theory, praxis, philosophy, methodology, training, and public perception and propose a dimensional viewpoint as a framework for successful integration of mixed methods research. This dimensional perspective demonstrates that mixed methods research techniques are necessary but not sufficient to study spiritual, ethical, and religious value issues. Research of career development, “best practices,” nature‐nurture, and prayer illustrate weaknesses and opportunities for evaluating dimensional mixed methods approaches.
Influence of Familial Spirituality: Implications for School Counseling Professionals
Authors: Davis Keith M. , Lambie Glenn W. , Ieva Kara P.
Published: December 2011

This article (a) addresses the importance of familial spirituality on students' holistic development; (b) explores professional ethical codes, standards, and counseling competencies relating to students' familial spirituality; (c) introduces educational activities to assist school counselors in increasing their understanding and appreciation of the influence of familial spirituality on students' behavior; (d) reviews a case study of a counselor integrating the suggested strategies in support of students and families; and (e) provides implications for professional school counseling.
Death Education and Attitudes of Counselors‐in‐Training Toward Death: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Harrawood Laura K. , Doughty Elizabeth A. , Wilde Brandon
Published: December 2011

This study reviewed how attitudes of counselors‐in‐training toward death develop after completing a course on death education. Participants included 11 graduate counseling students enrolled in a 2‐credit‐hour course addressing death and dying, and grief and loss. Qualitative results from a content analysis of free‐response narratives suggest the emergence of 3 themes: openness to examining death and death constructs; increased understanding of death; and reduced negative emotional state, namely, fear of death. Implications of the findings for counselor education and limitations of the study are discussed.
Using Group Therapy to Navigate and Resolve Sexual Orientation and Religious Conflicts
Authors: Yarhouse Mark A. , Beckstead A. Lee
Published: December 2011

This article considers the use of group therapy to explore sexual identity questions in light of religious beliefs and values. The authors describe the basis of their group therapy approaches for sexual, religious, and social conflicts that differ from approaches that provide group members only the option of sexual reorientation to an ex‐gay identity or adoption of a lesbian, gay, or bisexual identity. The authors come from different backgrounds and discuss how their perspectives and biases can potentially affect group process and outcome. They present guidelines, structure, content, and strategies for their group therapy approaches.
Project Choices: Adventure‐Based Residential Drug Treatment for Court‐Referred Youth
Authors: LEE GILLIS H. L. , SIMPSON CINDY
Published: December 2011

Project Choices is a residential treatment program for drug‐abusing adjudicated adolescents that employs the adventure‐based counseling model to instill change. Its goals have been to reduce conduct‐disordered behavior associated with delinquency and drug use. Thus far, the program has proved effective.
The Self‐in‐Relation Theory and Women for Sobriety: Female‐Specific Theory and Mutual Help Group for Chemically Dependent Women
Authors: Manhal‐Baugus Monique
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the self‐in‐relation theory as it applies to chemically dependent women. The theory provides an alternative way of understanding and viewing chemically dependent women. The self‐in‐relation model (or theory) states that relationships are extremely important in women's psychological development and functioning and that women's connection with others is fundamental to self‐concept. Women for Sobriety, a mutual help group for chemically dependent women, offers an alternative way of supporting women in trying to achieve recovery, and this is also discussed in a relational context.
Alcohol and Sex Offending: What Do Child Sex Offenders Think About Drinking?
Authors: Monson Candice M. , Jones Lisa M. , Rivers P. Clayton , Blum Steven B.
Published: December 2011

The relationship between general and sex‐specific alcohol expectancies and drinking before offending was examined in a sample of child sex offenders. Regression analyses revealed that sex‐specific expectancies were the single best predictor of the proportion of times the offenders reported drinking before offending, even when the offenders' (preincarceration) customary drinking behaviors were accounted for. These results highlight the importance of assessing expectancies related to particular social domains. Implications for offender treatment and relapse prevention are discussed.
Interventions With Juvenile Offenders: Strategies to Prevent Acting Out Behavior
Authors: Moody Edward E. , Lupton‐Smith Helen S.
Published: December 2011

In this article Moral Dilemma Discussion Groups, Just Communities, Positive Peer Culture and the EQUIP program are reviewed for their appropriateness for intervening with juvenile offenders in residential settings. The suitability of these interventions for diverse populations is also examined.
Clinical Supervision of Substance Abuse Counselors: Current and Preferred Practices
Authors: Culbreth John R.
Published: December 2011

A national survey of substance abuse counselors (N = 134) was conducted to learn their current and preferred supervision practices. Results are presented for the entire sample, as well as within‐group comparisons based on counselor recovery status and education level.
The Impact of Work Resources on Job Stress Among Correctional Treatment Staff
Authors: Waters J. Eugene
Published: December 2011

In an exploratory study of the relationship between resources in the work environment and job stress, correctional treatment staff members reporting quality personal relationships in the work environment also experienced fewer stressors at work.
The Benefits of a Self‐Efficacy Approach to Substance Abuse Counseling in the Era of Managed Care
Authors: Whittinghill David , Whittinghill Laura Rudenga , Loesch Larry C.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the clinical value of self‐efficacy theory for substance abuse counselors practicing in a managed care environment. The authors delineate how a self‐efficacy approach can be adapted to provide time‐limited or brief therapy substance abuse counseling.
Male Leadership in an Addicted Women's Group: An Empirical Approach
Authors: NeSmith Chad L. , Wilcoxon S. Allen , Satcher Jamie F.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the premise that women's addiction groups should be facilitated by female leaders. Results from pretest‐posttest comparisons indicated that attitudes toward men of participants in groups facilitated by men were more positive than were those of participants in groups facilitated by women.
The Powerless‐Empowerment Scale: Measurement of Substance Abuse Counseling Orientation
Authors: Shearer Robert A. , King Pafricia A.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe the development of an instrument to measure substance abuse counseling orientations. The Powerless‐Empowerment Scale, which was developed by investigating its reliability and viability, demonstrated initial promise as an instrument that can be used in a variety of settings in the substance abuse field.
Brief Interventions in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders: Definition and Overview
Authors: Osbovn Cynthia J.
Published: December 2011

The author reviews the literature and describes the nature and feasibility of brief interventions in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. Attention is given to the promising results of outcome studies, and recommendations are provided for the implementation of brief interventions with a heterogeneous clientele.
Youth High‐Risk Behaviors: Survey and Results
Authors: Stevens Patricia , Griffin Juree
Published: December 2011

Youth seem to be engaging in increasingly severe risk behaviors. Understanding the connections between these behaviors and other factors may assist in developing appropriate intervention/prevention programs. This article presents results from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Results indicate a critical age for involvement in risk behaviors, gradual increase in risk behaviors over time, and gender differences in risk behaviors.
Heroin Use Among Southern Arrestees: Regional Findings From the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program
Authors: Ronald J. Peters , George S. Yacoubian , Baumler Elizabeth R. , Ross Michael W. , Johnson Regina J.
Published: December 2011

The identification of jurisdictional drug use patterns is critical to counselors who address substance abuse proactively. In the current study, heroin use data were analyzed from adult arrestees who were surveyed between 1990 and 1997 through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program.
Adjudicated Adolescent Girls and Their Mothers: Examining Relationship Quality and Communication Styles
Authors: Smith Sondra L. , Kerpelman Jennifer L.
Published: December 2011

In this study, the authors examined adjudicated adolescent girls' and their mothers' perceptions of their relationship quality and communication styles. Counseling implications for mental health practitioners who provide services to girls who are adjudicated and their families are discussed.
Social Support Among Offenders With Substance Abuse Problems: Overlooked and Underused?
Authors: Lemieux Catherine M.
Published: December 2011

The author examined correlates of social support among 101 offenders in corrections‐based treatment programs. Respondents perceived high levels of support despite numerous interpersonal problems. Social support was significantly associated with visits, letters, arrests, and days in treatment (p < .05). The author describes strategies for implementing family‐oriented interventions in corrections‐based programs.