bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The greatest Brahmin among them’: William Osler's (1849–1919) perspective on Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–94)
Authors: Bryan Charles S
Published: March 2010

Although North American physicians commonly identify William Osler as their best example of excellence in both medicine and the humanities, Osler himself held Oliver Wendell Holmes as the best example of such an avatar. Holmes made substantial contributions to medicine, including a landmark essay on the ‘Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever’, and was for a while the best-selling American author on both sides of the Atlantic. Holmes' lesser reputation today when compared with Osler's is best explained by his having fewer devoted protégées, his confining his adult life to Boston and its environs, and his tendency to flit from one thing to another as opposed to consolidating his efforts in a single task as Osler did in writing his Principles and Practice of Medicine.
The big ideas of Edgar Alexander Pask (1912–66)
Authors: Conacher I D
Published: March 2010

Edgar Pask worked before, during and after World War II with the anaesthetist Robert Macintosh. Both were ranking officers and engaged in work with the Royal Air Force Physiological Laboratories at Farnborough, then in the charge of Dr Bryan Matthews. Pask submitted as a Doctorate Thesis a compilation of much of the experimental work in which he was the main subject, most of the data being acquired while he was unconscious. Experiments in which the Farnborough Team were engaged form a central core to the Thesis and relate to the development of life jackets. The information is well known and has been widely publicized, along with most of the biography of Pask. However, some extreme physiological experiments, again with Pask as the test subject and which probably were not conducted at Farnborough, are less well known but in their own way even more extraordinary. The theme in common is Pask's ideas to use the anaesthetized state and the properties of anaesthetic agents as surrogates to the extreme situations Royal Air Force pilots were subject to in modern warfare. There is no purpose to detract from Pask's ideas and selfless heroism by digressions into parallel processes conducted by the opposing Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL) research establishments, but it is evident these were known and had shocked the Farnborough Team (including Pask) before revelation at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials.
Eduardo Martínez Alonso (1903–72): gallant surgeon who undertook special operations
Authors: Coni Nicholas
Published: March 2010

Eduardo Martínez Alonso was of Spanish and Uruguyan extraction and was born in Vigo in Galicia in 1903. Due to his father's occupation, he was educated in the UK and qualified from the University of Liverpool. He returned to Madrid to practise and during the Civil War he found himself in the Republican zone where his connections with the Royal Family brought him under suspicion. Threatened with execution, he escaped to serve as a surgeon in the Nationalist Army. Being bilingual, he was medical adviser to the British Embassy during World War II; because of his allegiance to this country and acting from humanitarian motives, he became a ringleader in a plot to smuggle fugitives from Nazi-occupied Europe across a pro-Axis Spain to safety. When the Gestapo was closing in on him, he was smuggled to the UK via Portugal. He underwent training as a potential undercover agent should Franco take Spain into the war but, when hostilities ceased, he returned to Madrid and became a leading thoracic surgeon.
Short biography of Louis Daniel Beauperthuy (1807–71): pioneer of microbiology and medical science in Venezuela
Authors: Godoy Gerardo A , Tarradath Ewart
Published: March 2010

Louis Daniel Beauperthuy was a pioneer of microbiology in Venezuela where he developed microscopic and clinical research together with academic and scientific observation related to leprosy and the role of insects in the transmission of febrile illnesses.
Location of Printed Labels; Benazepril Confused with Benadryl; Important Fer-in-Sol Concentration Change; Not Well Known; Pound/Kilogram Confusion
Authors: Cohen Michael R.
Published: March 2010

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.

Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Highlights from the 2008 Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Part 2
Authors: Thomas Zachariah , Kimborowicz Katarzyna
Published: March 2010

Previously, 1 key issues surrounding the 2008 Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) were examined, 2 including evidence-based ratings, initial resuscitation, antimicrobial therapy, vasopressor support, and the role of the pharmaceutical industry in the SSC. In part 2 of this series, the recommendations for corticotherapy, intensive insulin therapy, activated protein C, blood transfusions, and selective digestive tract decontamination are discussed.
Gemcitabine and Capecitabine (GemCap) Regimen for Solid Tumors
Authors: Solimando Dominic A. , Waddell J. Aubrey
Published: March 2010

The complexity of cancer chemotherapy requires that pharmacists be familiar with the complicated regimens and highly toxic agents used. This column reviews various issues related to preparing, dispensing, and administering antineoplastic therapy and to the agents, commercially available and investigational, used to treat malignant diseases.
A Survey of Current Perceptions of Drug Information Practice and Training
Authors: Gettig Jacob P. , Jordan Joseph K. , Sheehan Amy Heck
Published: March 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the current perceptions of drug information practice and training.

Methods

Electronic surveys were sent to 417 pharmacists who likely would have drug information responsibilities. The survey collected information regarding job responsibilities, perceived importance of each responsibility to drug information practice, type of postgraduate training received to prepare for responsibilities, and perceived adequacy of training.

Results

There were 206 survey respondents. The most frequently cited primary job responsibilities were providing instruction to students and staff, operating drug information centers, and responding to drug information queries. Most respondents felt that educational instruction, pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committee support, and responding to drug information questions were very important to drug information practice. On-the-job experience was cited as the most frequent source of training. Of the respondents, 46% reported completion of a pharmacy practice residency and 40% reported completion of a drug information specialty residency, with 14% completing both. Fifteen percent of respondents had no postgraduate training. Most respondents felt prepared for current job responsibilities after postgraduate training, with the exceptions of information systems support, pharmacoeconomic evaluations, and clinical outcomes research.

Conclusion

Despite earlier recommendations, drug information job responsibilities within the study sample have changed little over the past decade. Respondents felt that most of their job responsibilities are important to drug information practice and that postgraduate training adequately prepared them for most of these responsibilities. However, only 40% of respondents received specialized training in drug information practice.
Granisetron Transdermal System
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri L. , Baker Danial E.
Published: March 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing inservices. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The April 2009 monograph topics are dexlansoprazole, milnacipran, oxybutynin chloride 10% gel, fibrinogen concentrate (human), and ecallantide injection. The DUE is on proton pump inhibitors.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA; New Dosage Forms and Indications Approved by the FDA; Agents Pending FDA Approval; New Drug or Biologics License Applications Filed by Manufacturer; Supplemental Applications Filed by Manufacturer; Significant Labeling Changes or “Dear Health Care Professional” Letters Related to Safety
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: March 2010

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this information; however, if there are any questions, please let us know at hospitalpharmacy@drugfacts.com .
Pursuing Patient Portals
Authors: Felkey Bill G. , Fox Brent I.
Published: March 2010

This month's column focuses on connecting patients with their providers and their health care systems. The United States is slowly moving from an emphasis on managing acute problems toward a focus on wellness and disease management. An important piece of this transition is equipping patients with access to information, providers, and resources that allow them to manage their own care. Portals are a method for enabling patients to actively contribute to their care.
Get Smart: Effective Use of Smart Pump Technology
Authors: Sanborn Michael , Cohen Tammy
Published: March 2010

The Director's Forum series is written and edited by Michael Sanborn and Robert Weber and is designed for guiding pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. Another specific goal of this column is addressing many of the key challenges that pharmacy directors currently face, while also providing information that will foster growth in pharmacy leadership and patient safety. Previous Director's Forum articles have discussed various aspects of pharmacy technology implementation and utilization. This feature focuses on the effective integration of smart pump technology to maximize patient safety benefits.
Revatio = Sildenafil = Viagra Vital Initiative by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices Can Keep Patients Safe Lyrica-Lopressor Mix-up Cell Phones and E-mail Could Prevent Harm Reuse of Insulin Pen for Multiple Patients Risks Transmission of Blood-Borne Disease
Authors: Cohen Michael R.
Published: March 2010

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.

Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole-Induced Higher-Level Gait Disorder Aggrenox-Induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Serum Sickness–Like Reaction to Efalizumab Fluoroquinolone-Associated Achilles Tendinitis Severe Hyperglycemic, Hyperosmolar, Nonketotic Coma in a Patient Without Diabetes Receiving Aripiprazole Antidepressant-Induced Nightmares
Authors: Shuster Joel
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) MedWatch program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MedWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers.
Degarelix Plerixafor
Authors: Waddell J. Aubrey , Solimando Dominic A.
Published: March 2010

The complexity of cancer chemotherapy requires that pharmacists be familiar with the complicated regimens and highly toxic agents used. This column reviews various issues related to preparing, dispensing, and administering antineoplastic therapy and to the agents, commercially available and investigational, used to treat malignant diseases.
Levetiracetam: Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder (Adults)
Authors: Generali Joyce A. , Cada Dennis J.
Published: March 2010

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .
Revision of a Treatment Algorithm for Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Skin Infections
Authors: Segarra-Newnham Marisel
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Describe the need for a revision to a treatment algorithm for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin infections 3 years after implementation.

Methods

Medical records for patients seen in the emergency department (ED) for CA-MRSA skin infections from October 2005 through August 2007 were compared with records for patients seen from September 2002 through September 2004.

Results

Most patients with CA-MRSA initially were seen in the ED; however, by mid-2007 an increasing number of patients were coming to primary care clinics, particularly with recurrent episodes, and treatment for CA-MRSA was suboptimal in this setting. In addition, approximately 14% of CA-MRSA cases were not considered high risk based on the algorithm risk assessment. When the algorithm was implemented, the risk assessment classified less than 5% of CA-MRSA cases as low risk. Furthermore, newly published data suggested that incision and drainage (I&D) was sufficient for small abscesses. Therefore, a revised algorithm that provided for treatment in all ambulatory settings, encouraged I&D for small abscesses, and facilitated empiric treatment for CA-MRSA in all cases of suspected staphylococcal infection was developed. Initial feedback from providers has been positive, and a post implementation review has been planned.

Conclusion

A treatment algorithm that initially facilitated the care of patients with CA-MRSA skin infections in the ED only required revision because changes in the epidemiology of this disease had been observed. The new algorithm provides for empiric treatment for CA-MRSA in all cases of suspected staphylococcal skin infection, regardless of perceived risk or setting.
Health Care-Associated Infection Prevention and Control: Pharmacists' Role in Meeting National Patient Safety Goal 7
Authors: Tauman Allison V. , Robicsek Ari , Roberson Joyce , Boyce John M.
Published: March 2010

Health care-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance are continually increasing, with fewer drugs available for effective treatment. Potential benefits of infection control and antimicrobial stewardship programs include improvements in antibiotic use and conversion from intravenous (IV) to oral antibiotics and reductions in resistance and infection rates and length of hospital stay. NorthShore University HealthSystem in Evanston, Illinois, was the first large hospital system in North America that adopted universal inpatient surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Results showed that nasal MRSA was a powerful predictor of MRSA disease and antibiotic resistance in other organisms. MRSA infections occurring up to 30 days posthospitalization decreased by approximately 70%. At the Hospital of Saint Raphael, a community teaching hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, an antimicrobial stewardship pilot program focused on automatic conversation from IV to oral antimicrobials and appropriate antimicrobial use. The percentage of patients receiving oral fluconazole increased from 63% to 77%; the percentage of those receiving oral linezolid increased from 54% to 71%. Total antibiotic use decreased by 6%. Based on the 60-day trial, potential cost savings were estimated as $874,000 annually, less the cost of a pharmacist's salary and benefits. Infection control and antimicrobial stewardship programs offer pharmacists new opportunities for helping improve patient safety and quality of care. Pharmacy-medical staff partnership, combined with support from microbiology, infection control, information technology, and hospital administration, is key to a successful program.
New Dosage Forms and Indications Approved by the FDA Agents Pending FDA Approval Significant Labeling Changes or “Dear Health Care Professional” Letters Related to Safety
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: March 2010

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this information; however, if there are any questions, please let us know at hospitalpharmacy@drugfacts.com .
The Palm Pre: A Beginning or an Ending?
Authors: Fox Brent I. , Felkey Bill G.
Published: March 2010

With this installment we return to a topic that was the focus of this column for several years. The handheld computer market exploded in the late 1990s, with Palm leading the way for many years—especially among health care providers, pharmacists included. Much has changed since then, especially for Palm, which is the focus of this installment. We describe the new Palm Pre, drawing on existing published reports of this soon-to-be-available device.
Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy
Authors: Sterling Jacyntha A.
Published: March 2010

Hospital Pharmacy presents this feature to keep pharmacists abreast of new publications in the medical/pharmacy literature. Articles of interest regarding a broad scope of topics are abstracted monthly. Suggestions or comments may be addressed to Jacyntha Sterling, Drug Information Specialist at Saint Francis Hospital, 6161 S Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK 74136 or e-mail: jasterling@saintfrancis.com .
Safer Connectors in the United Kingdom; Value of the Independent Double-Check; Medication Errors Column in 35th Year
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L.
Published: March 2010

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.

Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Warfarin-Induced Skin Necrosis; Antibiotics and Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome; Brugada Syndrome Unmasked by Lithium; Adalimumab-Induced Autoimmune Hepatitis; Gemfibrozil-Induced Myositis; Cefpodoxime-Induced Hyperprolactinemic Galactorrhea; Olanzapine-Induced Tardive Oculogyric Crisis
Authors: Shuster Joel
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) MedWatch program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MedWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers. Write to Dr. Shuster at ISMP, 200 Lakeside Drive, Suite 200, Horsham, PA 19044 (phone: 215-947-7797; fax: 215-914-1492; e-mail: joel.shuster@temple.edu ). Your report will be published anonymously unless otherwise requested. This feature is provided by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) in cooperation with the FDA's MedWatch program and Temple University School of Pharmacy. ISMP is an FDA MedWatch partner.
Granisetron: Postanesthetic Shivering
Authors: Generali Joyce A. , Cada Dennis J.
Published: March 2010

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@kumc.edu .
Improving Insulin Distribution and Administration Safety Using Lean Six Sigma Methodologies
Authors: Yamamoto Jay , Abraham Divya , Malatestinic Bill
Published: March 2010

Purpose

To utilize Lean Six Sigma in a hospital environment to improve insulin medication safety, improve the efficiency of insulin delivery, and reduce costs by analyzing the dispensing and administration process.

Methods

A Six Sigma team from a pharmaceutical manufacturer and a multidisciplinary hospital team collaborated to evaluate and modify the insulin dispensing and administration process utilizing the Lean Six Sigma improvement process (DMAIC process: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control). Key factors, or root causes, leading to problems within the system were identified and addressed to improve the efficiency of the process while maintaining quality and improving patient safety.

Results

A number of key steps were identified to streamline the insulin dispensing and administration process including checking medications centrally instead of at satellite pharmacies, adding additional insulins and associated supplies to automated dispensing cabinets on each floor, and replacing shared bins for medications with separate storage bins for each patient. Additional changes made following the Lean Six Sigma project resulted in a system with less variability and increased efficiency. In addition to improved patient safety, annualized overall cost savings of $75,000 were estimated following implementation primarily due to the elimination of rework done in the pharmacy due to misplaced vials.

Conclusion

This collaborative effort between a hospital and a pharmaceutical manufacturer successfully utilized Lean Six Sigma methodologies to demonstrate positive, validated outcomes in improving insulin safety and patient care. Additional product insights were gained by the pharmaceutical manufacturer to further improve insulin safety.
Integrated Care of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Concepts in Intravenous Iron Management: Part One
Authors: Lew Indu , Mullarkey Tamira , Adamson Robert T. , Ashton Maria E. , Amara Shilpa
Published: March 2010

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a worldwide public health issue with increasing prevalence in the United States. As kidney function declines, anemia or other complications may arise, and hemodialysis (HD) or kidney transplantation may be needed. Early intervention and treatment of CKD complications will improve clinical outcomes and may delay or prevent disease sequelae. Primary or adjuvant iron replacement in CKD patients with anemia is recommended. The National Kidney Foundation guidelines state that patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy and HD will require intravenous (IV) iron for optimal iron stores and ESA efficacy. This article, the first of a two-part series, details the optimization of IV iron therapy in CKD patients, clinical trial evaluation of IV versus oral iron in the non–HD-dependent CKD patient, and a comparison of the four available IV iron agents. The percent changes in ESA utilization in conjunction with iron therapy and the associated cost savings are also addressed. The second article in this series goes on to describe elements of the medication use process for care of CKD patients with anemia.
Appropriateness of Ciprofloxacin Dosing Based on a Population Pharmacokinetic Model
Authors: Perreiter Alexandra , Nix David E. , Matthias Kathryn R.
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Over the past two decades, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin have been steadily increasing for gram-negative bacteria. One major reason cited for this “MIC creep” is underdosing of ciprofloxacin due to a lack of understanding of its pharmacodynamic properties. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of underdosing of ciprofloxacin in a tertiary acute care medical center based on a population pharmacokinetic model. Secondary objectives included evaluation of appropriateness of dosing based on renal function and approved product labeling.

Methods

Seventy-six patients were included in this single-center, retrospective study. Data collection included demographic, laboratory, and microbiology data along with details on antibiotic administration. Patient-specific predicted 24-hour area under the curve/MIC (AUC24/MIC) values were estimated using a population pharmacokinetic model with a goal predicted AUC24/MIC of at least 100 and a preferred target value of 250.

Results

Only 8% of the subjects obtained a predicted AUC24/MIC higher than 250, while 34% of the subjects achieved a predicted AUC24/MIC of 100 or less. The majority of patients (79%) received a total daily intravenous-equivalent dose of 800 mg, whereas only 8% of subjects received an initial total daily intravenous-equivalent dose of 1,200 mg, which is the recommended dose for most severe infections. Overall 26% of subjects were prescribed an appropriate initial dose for their estimated renal function based on infection type and severity.

Conclusion

Ciprofloxacin for acute infection treatment was frequently underdosed based on US Food and Drug Administration–approved labeling and estimated predicted AUC24/MIC at a tertiary acute care medical center.
Formulary Drug Reviews - Colchicine
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri L. , Baker Danial E.
Published: March 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing inservices. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The March 2010 class review is on calcium channel blockers for injection and the monograph topics are on tocilizumab, capsaicin 8% patch, olanzapine extended-release injectable, von Willebrand factor/coagulation factor VIII complex, and pirfenidone. The DUE is on tocilizumab.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA; New Dosage Forms and Indications Approved by the FDA; Agents Pending FDA Approval; New Drug/Biologics License Applications Filed by Manufacturer; Significant Labeling Changes or “Dear Health Professional” Letters Related to Safety
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: March 2010

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this information; however, if there are any questions, please let us know at bakerdan@wsu.edu .
Emerging Security Concerns for the Pharmacy Department
Authors: Fox Brent I. , Felkey Bill G.
Published: March 2010

We are a few months into 2010 and thought we would spend some time looking at a topic that continues to be—and will likely indefinitely be—an important area of focus for the health information technology industry: security and privacy. The topics below are not specific to the current national focus on electronic health records, but we know from following the health and lay news that security and privacy are primary public concerns. This installment looks at parallel security concerns for the health care industry.
The effect of experience on children's ability to show response and place learning
Authors: Bullens Jessie. , Székely Eszter. , Vedder Anneke. , Postma Albert.
Published: March 2010

From a developmental perspective, it has been reasoned that over the course of development children make differential use of available landmarks in the surroundings to orient in space. The present study examined whether children can learn to apply different spatial strategies, focusing on different landmark cues. Children aged 7 and 10 years were tested on an object‐location memory task in which they learned a location relative to a direct cue or to indirect cues. Both age groups performed equally well on the direct test condition. However, children 7 years of age had difficulties with orienting relative to the indirect landmarks. Interestingly, their performance increased significantly with more relevant experience. Different explanations for these findings are discussed.
Anger rumination, social support, and cardiac symptoms in patients undergoing angiography
Authors: León Trini Closa , Nouwen Arie , Sheffield David , Jaumdally Rumi , Lip Gregory Y. H.
Published: March 2010

Objectives. Socially isolated individuals report more cardiac symptoms, suffer increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and experience higher levels of stress and anxiety than those with more effective support resources. However, the complex interactions of psychosocial factors implicated in the disease process remain to be fully elucidated. We sought to explore these relationships, with the addition of a novel psychosocial variable, anger rumination, which could be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Design. We examined the association of psychological stress, social support, and anger rumination, with surgical anxiety, self‐reported cardiac symptoms, and angiographically documented coronary artery disease, using a correlational ex post facto design.

Methods. One hundred and one patients scheduled for elective coronary angiography completed questionnaires during the week prior to angiography. Disease severity was objectively assessed using the Gensini scoring system.

Results. Self‐reported cardiac symptom severity was significantly correlated with higher perceived stress, less social support, and higher anger rumination, but none of the psychosocial variables predicted Gensini score. Social support partially mediated the relationship between anger rumination and surgical anxiety. Perceived stress mediated the relationship between anger rumination and cardiac symptoms.

Conclusions. For patients awaiting angiography, stress, and lack of social support are important predictors of self‐reported cardiac symptoms, irrespective of actual disease severity. Intervention could focus on reducing perceived stress by encouraging reappraisal and a support seeking, rather than a ruminative, anger coping style.
Content and sense
Authors: Snchez Lydia , Campos Manuel
Published: March 2010

In this paper we position ourselves against idealist presuppositions so frequent in the humanities and social sciences, and, particularly, in communication theory. We argue that a realist approach to the study of communication avoiding such implausible assumptions is not only possible, but has already been exemplified in proposals that take communication to be a phenomenon with a biological origin. We argue that this sort of perspective can account for the variety of communicative functions we encounter in human experience, including the ones involving senses.
Creating a space for the individual: Different theatre and performance-based approaches to sexual health communication in South Africa
Authors: Low Katharine
Published: March 2010

Sexually transmitted infections such as HIV are illnesses that affect both a person's physical health as well as their mental and social wellbeing. Yet, the global development of public health responses have, for the most part, remained focused on the physical wellbeing of people with
little attention paid to the individual's emotional wellbeing. With the highest number of HIV positive people worldwide, South Africa requires a new and positive approach to the pandemic (Ross 2008). This article aims to bring attention to practice, in this instance, theatre and performance-based
work, which considers the people and communities affected and afflicted by HIV, and other sexual health concerns, as individuals with individual thoughts and emotions, for greater inclusion in a more positive approach to tackling AIDS. This article will consider three examples of such practice,
namely the Themba HIV/AIDS Organisation, the Etafeni Centre and our place, our stage (OPOS) project.
Choral singing and psychological wellbeing: Quantitative and qualitative findings from English choirs in a cross-national survey
Authors: Clift Stephen , Hancox Grenville , Morrison Ian , Hess Brbel , Kreutz Gunter , Stewart Don
Published: March 2010

Over 600 choral singers drawn from English choirs completed the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to measure physical, psychological, social and environmental wellbeing, and a twelve-item wellbeing and choral singing scale. They also provided accounts of the effects of choral singing on quality
of life, wellbeing and physical health in response to open questions. High average scores were found on all WHOQOL-BREF scales, and a high degree of consensus emerged on the positive benefits of choral singing. A significant sex difference was found on the choral singing scale, with women
endorsing the wellbeing effects of singing more strongly than men. This finding replicates the earlier result reported by Clift & Hancox (2001) in a pilot study with a single choral society. Low correlations were found between the WHOQOL-BREF psychological wellbeing scale and perceptions
of wellbeing associated with singing. However, examination of written accounts to open questions from participants with relatively low psychological wellbeing and strong perceptions of positive benefits associated with choral singing served to identify four categories of significant personal
and health challenges. They also revealed six generative mechanisms by which singing may impact on wellbeing and health.
Performative encounters: Performance intervention in marketing health products in Nigeria
Authors: Ukaegbu Victor I
Published: March 2010

The integration of performance in the sale of medicaments dates back to ancient shamanic practices. The shift from total reliance on healers from the 1960s to new products and models of healthcare delivery saw itinerant salesmen in Nigeria turn the sales of healthcare products into
sophisticated participatory performative acts. Historically shamans contextualised healing as performed enactments in which trance, possession, and choreographed actions were important in convincing clients of their pedigree. The performance quotients deployed by shamans were significant in
how results were viewed: a strategy that Nigeria's post-civil war (19671970) itinerant medicine salesmen later honed into theatricalised displays. From the early 1970s to 1990s modern itinerant medicine salesmen invaded public transports using a combination of spontaneous dramatisation, role-play,
costuming, devised narratives and audience participation to ensure sales. The Nigerian government banned this activity from public transports in the late 1990s, but it persists in other settings. This paper explores the marketing of healthcare as a form of direct theatre (Schechner 1992) and
how the deployment of performance to functional intentions results in a unique form of theatricality in which medical products are significant actants (Hilton 1987).
Best foot forward: An orthopaedic odyssey through the world of dance
Authors: Ribbans Bill
Published: March 2010

This article reviews the musculoskeletal problems of dancers. An overview of the benefits of dance is given and background problems increasing injury risk explained. The article follows dancers from infancy to retirement through the five orthopaedic ages of a dancer and highlights some
of the orthopaedic problems commonly encountered at each age. The specific problems of a major ballet company are discussed and the requirements for a multi-disciplinary team of healthcare professionals to support the organisation outlined.
Inspiring transformations through participation in drama for individuals with neuropalliative conditions
Authors: Fenech Anne
Published: March 2010

Purpose: The aim of the service evaluation was to use an occupational science focus to describe the effects of drama with variable levels of sensory content and a potentially active, rather than a passive, participant role on engagement by individuals with neuropalliative conditions.

Method:
The service evaluation involved time sampled observations of engagement during a single session for each of the fourteen participants during a passive spectator role in the audience at a live drama, a potentially active interactive performance and a control condition.

Results: The observations
of engagement showed a significant difference between the engagement scores for the control condition and the drama.

Conclusions: Whilst drama appears to be satisfying their engagement it depends on the role offered to them (e.g. potentially active versus passive), on the level of sensory
stimulation offered and on the supporter to participant ratio available to facilitate their engagement.
Drama as a means of preventing post-traumatic stress following trauma within a community
Authors: Landy Robert J
Published: March 2010

Drama persists as a natural form of healing and has existed as a ritual healing process for thousands of years. Developmentally, children naturally use dramatic play to master difficult moments in their lives. Historically and cross-culturally, individuals and communities have sought
out the performative qualities of shamans to contact the spirit world and apply its healing medicines to various forms of personal and communal ills. When confronted by unexpected trauma, people can also turn to an applied form of drama to contain their fears and forestall debilitating symptoms
of post-traumatic stress. This paper discusses an applied use of drama, that of drama therapy, in preventing the onslaught of symptoms following the terrorist attack on the World Trade Towers in New York City on September 11, 2001. The author discusses one drama therapy approach called Standing
Tall, which transformed the roles and stories created by 9-year-old children who witnessed the attacks into a theatrical performance. Through the dramatic process and the subsequent performance, the children were able to begin to make sense of the events they observed and share their roles
and stories with their community, leading to a mutual sense of support and hope.
Emotional responses to music listening: A review of some previous research and an original, five-phase study
Authors: Lowis Michael J
Published: March 2010

The paper firstly reviews four studies on the power of music to generate emotional responses in the listener. Using scientific methodology, the research comprised experiments with sacred versus secular music, the effect of different modes and rhythms in hymn tunes, music and task performance,
and the respective influences of nature and nurture on musical ability. Secondly, the paper describes the five phases of a research programme to assess the frequency and nature of peak emotional experiences generated through listening to music. This study made use of surveys, laboratory experiments
and EEG measurements in its investigation. Whilst the combined outcomes add to the knowledge and understanding of the role of music, many opportunities for further work remain.
You don't have to like them: Art, Tate Modern and learning
Authors: Weir Hannele
Published: March 2010

The context for the article is a workshop that takes place at Tate Modern in London, with a focus on exploring violence. The material is drawn from two small-scale research projects. The participants, who come from a variety of occupations, observe and deal with violence in their work
in varying degrees. The rationale for the art gallery based session is that live visual works of art stimulate engagement in cognitive and emotional processes whilst exploring societal phenomena relevant to professional knowledge and development.

There are two main themes: the first focuses
on the art gallery visit as a means of learning, and the second is to consider the impact on students and whether learning in an art gallery might give insight into their practice.
After the typewriter: the screenplay in a digital era
Authors: Millard Kathryn
Published: March 2010

This article aims to contribute to contemporary debates about screenwriting as a process of developing the screen idea; about the ways in which formatting conventions from an earlier era of cinema may restrict innovation in screenwriting; and about shifting practices of screenwriting
in a digital era in which images and sound play a potentially more significant role. Additionally, it questions the use of terms such as blueprint to describe the relationship between the screenplay and the proposed film that it represents. The article draws on the author's body of practice-led
research as a writer and director of feature films and documentaries, as well as histories of screenwriting, film production, comics and the graphic arts.
Screenwriting strategies in Marguerite Duras's script for Hiroshima, Mon Amour (1960)
Authors: Davies Rosamund
Published: March 2010

The published scnario et dialogues (Duras 1960) (Figure 1) of the film Hiroshima, Mon Amour (1959) feature precise technical specifications of sound and image and more novelistic passages, all of which create an emotional resonance that has been left to the director to translate
into images. This article explores Marguerite Duras's text as a particular example of how the written component of the screen idea (Macdonald 2004a) might function on the page and as part of a dialogue with the director. It also examines the way that the script's concern with problematizing
and drawing attention to the process of representation makes it a palpable and controlling presence in the resulting film.
No room for the fun stuff: the question of the screenplay in American indie cinema
Authors: Murphy J. J
Published: March 2010

One of the most interesting trends in recent independent cinema has been for film-makers to avoid using traditional screenplays in making their films. Not only have emerging film-makers associated with the so-called mumblecore movement, such as Joe Swanberg, Aaron Katz and Ronald Bronstein,
veered away from depending on conventionally written screenplays, but other critically acclaimed films, including The Pool (Smith, 2008) and Ballast (Hammer, 2008), have as well. Indeed, some of the most notable American indie film-makers Gus Van Sant, David Lynch and Jim Jarmusch
have employed alternative strategies to the screenplay in such recent films as Elephant (2003), Inland Empire (2006), and The Limits of Control (2009). What is behind these developments and why has the conventional screenplay been under attack? What are the aesthetic benefits
of choosing not to rely on a traditional script? Is this a completely new phenomenon or has the industrial screenplay always been an obstacle? I explore these issues by looking at three major strategies that indie film-makers have used in place of the traditional screenplay: improvisation,
psychodrama and visual storytelling. Finally, I argue that for current independent film-makers in the United States of America these methods provide an appropriate model for a practice that is attempting to create a truly viable alternative to Hollywood cinema.
Screenwriting: History Theory and Practice, Steven Maras (2009)
Authors: Ganz Adam
Published: March 2010

SCREENWRITING: HISTORY, THEORY AND PRACTICE, STEVEN MARAS (2009) London: Wallflower Press, 16.99 (paperback), x + 227 pp., ISBN 9781905674817
And the Best Screenplay Goes to, Linda Seger (2008)
Authors: Maloney Tim
Published: March 2010

AND THE BEST SCREENPLAY GOES TO, LINDA SEGER (2008) Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Productions, 15.99 (paperback), 284 pp., ISBN 9781932907384
Authorship in Film Adaptation, Jack Boozer (ed.) (2008)
Authors: Raw Lawrence
Published: March 2010

AUTHORSHIP IN FILM ADAPTATION, JACK BOOZER (ED.) (2008) Austin: University of Texas Press, 20.99 (paperback), 342 pp., ISBN 9780292718535