bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastrografin can be detected in ex vivo biological specimens by dual‐energy CT scanning
Authors: Clark David A , Yeoh Edward , Edmundson Aleksandra , Pratap Jit , Snow Tom , Solomon Michael , Coucher John
Published: June 2020

Background

Dual‐energy CT is able to distinguish between materials based on differences in X‐ray absorption at different X‐ray beam energies. The strong k‐edge photoelectric effect of materials with a high atomic number makes this modality ideal for identifying iodine‐containing compounds. We aim to evaluate dual‐energy CT for the detection of Gastrografin (GG) (diatrizoate, Bayer PLC, Reading, UK) enteric contrast medium and validate the conditions for the measurement in ex vivo samples.

Methods

Dual‐energy CT acquisitions were performed to detect Gastrografin in serial dilutions of water, saline and body fluids. We also evaluated the stability of Gastrografin solutions over time at room temperature. Stool specimens were examined to validate the proposed study protocol for clinical applications.

Results

Concentrations as low as 0.2% of Gastrografin were reproducibly detected in vitro and ex vivo samples by DECT, with linear readings ranging from 0.2% to 25% Gastrografin. Gastrografin was shown to be stable in ex vivo biological samples, and there was no difference in detection over time. Gastrografin was detected in stool specimens when administered orally. The detection curves followed the expected saturation effect at high concentrations of iodine.

Conclusions

Dual‐energy CT offers a convenient, quick, reliable and reproducible method for detecting and quantifying the presence of Gastrografin in ex vivo clinical specimens. Biological solutions containing Gastrografin are stable over time. A minimum dilution level of 25% is suggested to avoid beam saturation and inaccurate results.
Long‐term outcomes of patients with conserved breast cancer treated with adjuvant hypofractionated prone breast intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Gortman Aron M , Aherne Noel J , Amalaseelan Julan , Last Andrew , Westhuyzen Justin , Chamberlain Lauren , Shakespeare Thomas P
Published: June 2020

Introduction

New techniques for adjuvant radiation therapy after breast conservation include prone positioning, hypofractionation and intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Long‐term evaluations of this combination are lacking, and we report our own experience.

Methods

Patients with invasive breast cancer followed for a minimum 36 months post‐IMRT were eligible. Dose used was 40 Gray in 15 fractions over 3 weeks to the whole breast via forward‐planned prone, whole breast IMRT. A 10 Gy in 5 fraction supine boost was offered.

Results

Between January 2012 and January 2020, 2199 patients had breast conservation and adjuvant radiation: 489 received hypofractionated prone breast IMRT, with 155 eligible for our evaluation. Median follow‐up was 52 months. Median age was 62 (range 36–80), 78.7% were T1, 20.6% were T2, and 12.3% were node‐positive. Grade was 1 in 26.5%, 2 in 43.9% and 3 in 29.7%; 87.1% were oestrogen receptor positive, 3.2% were HER2 positive, and 11.0% were triple negative. 58.6% received a boost, 74.8% endocrine therapy and 32.3% chemotherapy. No patient developed local recurrence. One regional recurrence was successfully salvaged. Six patients (3.9%) developed metastases, and 1.9% died. Five‐year actuarial local recurrence‐free, regional recurrence‐free and breast cancer‐specific survival rates were 100.0%, 98.2% and 94.8%. Late grade 1 and 2 breast pain occurred in 20.0% and 1.3% of patients. Only 11.0% had new pain compared to pre‐radiation. No patient developed radiation‐induced pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, rib fracture or cardiac toxicity. All patients scored cosmesis as ‘good’ or better.

Conclusion

Adjuvant hypofractionated prone breast IMRT has excellent locoregional control and minimal toxicity.
A clinician’s guide to self‐poisoning with paracetamol in youth: The what, when and why?
Authors: Hayden John C. , Kelly Louisa , McNicholas Fiona
Published: June 2020

Aim

Deliberate self‐poisoning or overdose is a common presentation to the paediatric emergency departments (ED) due to a lack of emergency access to child and adolescent mental health services. We overview medical and psychiatric assessment of overdoses in youth with the most commonly implicated drug, paracetamol, as a case study.

Methods

A what, when and why framework is adopted to guide clinicians on what information should be ascertained, when overdose treatment should be initiated and how to explore why the overdose occurred.

Results

Presentations are often asymptomatic while gastrointestinal symptoms offer an alarm signal for severe hepatotoxicity. A worst‐case exposure amount and time elapsed since ingestion should be calculated to determine whether N‐acetylcysteine treatment is indicated. Establishing reasons why the young person took the overdose, along with assessing the degree of remorse or regret, is crucial for discharge planning.

Conclusion

Given the importance of timely assessment and treatment, paediatric emergency staff need to be familiar with the protocol for care. Attention needs to be focused on both the medical and psychological risk, and staff need to consider the reasons behind the overdose and following a biopsychosocial assessment, ensure that the young person and family are adequately signposted for future mental health care if needed.
TDM is dead. Long live TCI!
Authors: Holford Nick , Ma Guangda , Metz David
Published: June 2020

Twenty years ago, target concentration intervention (TCI) was distinguished from therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). It was proposed that TCI would bring more clinical benefit because of the precision of the approach and the ability to link TCI to principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to predict the dose required by an individual (1). We examine the theory and clinical trial evidence supporting the benefits of TCI over TDM and conclude that in the digital age TDM should be abandoned and replaced by TCI.
Selecting participants fairly for controlled human infection studies
Authors: MacKay Douglas , Jecker Nancy S. , Pitisuttithum Punnee , Saylor Katherine W.
Published: June 2020

Controlled human infection (CHI) studies involve the deliberate exposure of healthy research participants to infectious agents to study early disease processes and evaluate interventions under controlled conditions with high efficiency. Although CHI studies expose participants to the risk of infection, they are designed to offer investigators unique advantages for studying the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and testing potential vaccines or treatments in humans. One of the central challenges facing investigators involves the fair selection of research subjects to participate in CHI studies. While there is widespread agreement that investigators have a duty to select research participants fairly, this principle also yields conflicting ethical imperatives, for example requiring investigators to both exclude potential participants with co‐morbidities since they face increased risks, but also to include them in order to ensure generalizability. In this paper we defend an account of fair subject selection that is tailored to the context of CHI studies. We identify the considerations of fairness that bear directly on selecting participants for CHI studies and provide investigators and members of IRBs and RECs with a principled way to navigate the conflicting imperatives to which these considerations give rise.
Sociodemographic factors associated with routine outcome monitoring: a historical cohort study of 28,382 young people accessing child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Morris Anna C. , Macdonald Alastair , Moghraby Omer , Stringaris Argyris , Hayes Richard D. , Simonoff Emily , Ford Tamsin , Downs Johnny M.
Published: June 2020

Background

Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) are important tools to inform patients, clinicians and policy‐makers about clinical need and the effectiveness of any given treatment. Consistent PROM use can promote early symptom detection, help identify unexpected treatment responses and improve therapeutic engagement. Very few studies have examined associations between patient characteristics and PROM data collection.

Methods

We used the electronic mental health records for 28,382 children and young people (aged 4–17 years) accessing Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) across four South London boroughs between the 1st of January 2008 to the 1st of October 2017. We examined the completion rates of the caregiver Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a ubiquitous PROM for CAMHS at baseline and 6‐month follow‐up.

Results and Conclusions

SDQs were present for approximately 40% (n = 11,212) of the sample at baseline, and from these, only 8% (n = 928) had a follow‐up SDQ. Patterns of unequal PROM collection by sociodemographic factors were identified: males were more likely (aOR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.13), whilst older age (aOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.87–0.88), Black (aOR 0.79 95% CI 0.74–0.84) and Asian ethnicity (aOR 0.75 95% CI 0.66–0.86) relative to White ethnicity, and residence within the most deprived neighbourhood (aOR 0.87 95% CI 0.80–0.94) were less likely to have a record of baseline SDQ. Similar results were found in the sub‐group (n = 11,212) with follow‐up SDQ collection. Our findings indicate systematic differences in the currently available PROMS data and highlights which groups require increased focus if we are to gain equitable PROM collection. We need to ensure representative PROM collection for all individuals accessing treatment, regardless of ethnic or socioeconomic background; biased data have adverse ramifications for policy and service level decision‐making.
Design and development of novel thiazolidin‐4‐one‐1,3,5‐triazine derivatives as neuro‐protective agent against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in mice via attenuation of NF‐ĸB
Authors: Lu Min , Qi Yujun , Han Yu , Yi Qiong , Xu Lei , Sun Wenlin , Ni Guihua , Ni Xiaoyu , Xu Changsong
Published: June 2020

The present study enumerates the discovery and development of novel thiazolidin‐4‐one‐1,3,5‐triazine as neuro‐protective agent against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in mice. These compounds showed significant inhibition of NF‐ĸB transcriptional activity in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells, displaying compound 8k as most potent inhibitor among the tested derivative. The compound 8k was further studied in in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice model for neuro‐protective action. Results suggest that compound 8k causes attenuation of inflammation (TNF‐α, IL‐β, and IL‐6), oxidative stress (SOD, GSH, and MDA), and apoptosis (Bcl‐2, Bax, and cleaved caspase‐3) in MCAO mice in concentration‐dependent manner. Collectively, our results documented that compound 8k pre‐treatment protects cerebral I/R. This novel lead scaffold may be helpful for investigation of new neuro‐protective agent by inactivation of NF‐ĸB.
N4‐benzyl‐N2‐phenylquinazoline‐2,4‐diamine compound presents antibacterial and antibiofilm effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Reis Sharon Vieira dos , Ribeiro Nicole Sartori , Rocha Débora Assumpção , Fortes Isadora Serraglio , Trentin Danielle da Silva , Andrade Saulo Fernandes de , Macedo Alexandre José
Published: June 2020

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the main agents involved with implant‐related infections. Their ability to adhere to medical devices with subsequent biofilm formation is crucial to the development of these infections. Herein, we described the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of a quinazoline‐based compound, N4‐benzyl‐N2‐phenylquinazoline‐2,4‐diamine, against both biofilm‐forming pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined as 25 µM for S. aureus and 15 µM for S. epidermidis. At sub‐MIC concentrations (20 µM for S. aureus and 10 µM for S. epidermidis), the compound was able to inhibit biofilm formation without interfere with bacterial growth, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, surfaces coated with the quinazoline‐based compound were able to prevent bacterial adherence. In addition, this compound presented no toxicity to human red blood cells at highest MIC 25 µM and in vivo toxicity assay using Galleria mellonella larvae resulted in 82% survival with a high dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. These features evidence quinazoline‐based compound as interesting entities to promising applications in biomedical fields, such as antimicrobial and in anti‐infective approaches.
Perceived Psychological Control in Early Adolescence Predicts Lower Levels of Adaptation into Mid‐Adulthood
Authors: Loeb Emily L. , Kansky Jessica , Tan Joseph S. , Costello Meghan A. , Allen Joseph P.
Published: June 2020

This study examined perceived parental psychological control in early adolescence as a critical stressor likely to be associated with lower levels of adaptation into mid‐adulthood. A diverse sample of 184 adolescents was followed from age 13 through 32 to assess predictions to adult adaptation. Perceived parental psychological control at age 13 predicted relative decreases in observed support, lower likelihood of being in a romantic relationship, and lower academic attainment (after accounting for grade point average at baseline) by age 32. Many outcomes were mediated by lower levels of psychosocial maturity and peer acceptance in mid‐adolescence. Overall, results suggest that perceived parental psychological control in early adolescence potentially undermines autonomy so as to lead to less favorable outcomes well into adulthood.
Current status of colon capsule endoscopy
Authors: Hosoe Naoki , Limpias Kamiya Kenji J. L. , Hayashi Yukie , Sujino Tomohisa , Ogata Haruhiko , Kanai Takanori
Published: June 2020

While both the annual incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer are slowly but steadily decreasing in the United States, the incidence of such malignancy is increasing in Japan. Thus, controlling colorectal cancer in Japan is a major concern. In 2006, colon capsule endoscopy was first introduced by Eliakim et al. First‐generation colon capsule endoscopy had a moderate sensitivity for detecting polyps of more than 6 mm. Thus, second‐generation colon capsule endoscopy was developed to achieve higher sensitivity. Colonoscopy is the gold standard tool for colorectal cancer surveillance. With an improvement in the imaging function, the performance of second‐generation colon capsule endoscopy is almost as satisfactory as that of colonoscopy. Certain situations, such as incomplete colonoscopy and contraindication for use of sedation, can benefit from colon capsule endoscopy. Colon capsule endoscopy requires a more extensive bowel preparation than colonoscopy and computed tomography colonography because it requires laxatives not only for bowel cleansing but also for promoting the excretion of the capsule. Another problem with colon capsule endoscopy includes the burden of reading and interpretation and overlook of the lesions. Currently, the development of automatic diagnosis of colon capsule endoscopy using artificial intelligence is still under progress. Although the available guidelines do not support the use of colon capsule endoscopy for inflammatory bowel disease, the possible application of colon capsule endoscopy is ulcerative colitis. This review article summarizes and focuses on the current status of colon capsule endoscopy for colorectal cancer screening and the possibility for its applicability on inflammatory bowel disease.
Selective dorsal rhizotomy and energy consumption in children with cerebral palsy: the importance of publishing unpopular results
Authors: Skalsky Andrew
Published: June 2020

This commentary is on the original article by Zaino et al. on pages 1047–1053 of this issue.
Effect of short‐acting exenatide administered three times daily on markers of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Johansen Nicklas J. , Dejgaard Thomas F. , Lund Asger , Schlüntz Camilla , Larsen Emil L. , Poulsen Henrik E. , Goetze Jens P. , Møller Holger J. , Vilsbøll Tina , Andersen Henrik U. , Knop Filip K.
Published: June 2020

Aims

To investigate the effect of adding the short‐acting glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) exenatide to insulin treatment on markers of cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes.

Materials and methods

In a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group trial, 108 individuals with type 1 diabetes aged ≥18 years on multiple daily injection therapy with a body mass index >22.0 kg/m2 and glycated haemoglobin concentration of 59 to 88 mmol/mol (7.5%−10.0%) were randomized (1:1) to preprandial subcutaneous injection of 10 μg exenatide (Byetta®) or placebo three times daily over 26 weeks as add‐on treatment to existing insulin therapy. Reported markers of cardiovascular risk were secondary endpoints and were analyzed in a baseline‐adjusted linear mixed model in the intention‐to‐treat population. The primary results of this study, the MAG1C (Meal‐time Administration of exenatide for Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes Cases) trial, were previously reported.

Results

Exenatide changed total fat mass by −2.6 kg (95% confidence interval [CI] −3.6; −1.6; P < 0.0001) and lean body mass by −1.1 kg (95% CI −1.9; −0.4; P = 0.01) compared with placebo, as assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Fat mass reductions were similar for central and peripheral fat mass. Exenatide did not change levels of interleukin‐2 or ‐6; tumour necrosis factor‐α; C‐reactive protein; N‐terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; or 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanosine (RNA oxidation marker) and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (DNA oxidation marker).

Conclusions

Exenatide added to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes for 26 weeks resulted in body weight loss primarily from fat mass reduction, but had no effect on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk.
Risking Ourselves in Education: Qualification, Socialization, and Subjectification Revisited
Authors: Biesta Gert
Published: June 2020

In previous publications, Gert Biesta has suggested that education should be oriented toward three domains of purpose that he calls qualification, socialization, and subjectification. Many educators, policymakers, and scholars have found this suggestion helpful. Nonetheless, the discussion about the exact nature of each domain and about their relationships to each other has been ongoing, particularly with regard to the domain of subjectification. In this article, Biesta revisits the three domains and tries to provide further clarification with regard to the idea of subjectification. He highlights that subjectification has to do with the existence of the child or student as subject of her or his own life, not as object of educational interventions. Subjectification thus has to do with the question of freedom. Biesta explains that this is not the freedom to do what one wants to do, but the freedom to act in and with the world in a “grown‐up”
way.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) as biomarkers for detection of Ceratocystis platani
Authors: Brilli Federico , Luchi Nicola , Michelozzi Marco , Calamai Luca , Cencetti Gabriele , Pecori Francesco , Nigrone Emanuele , Santini Alberto
Published: June 2020

Ceratocystis platani causes canker stain of plane trees, and it represents a serious disease of Platanus spp. both in the United States and Europe. Current chemical or biological controls do not effectively manage C. platani, so new preventive methods need to be developed in order to limit this pathogen spreading. In this work, we have characterized the main volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted in vitro from pure cultures of C. platani and other common pathogenic fungal species of hosts plants growing in the same ecosystems as plane trees. We found that C. platani emitted a similar blend of VOC compared with phylogenetically similar species C. populicola. In particular, C. platani was characterized by emission of isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate while C. populicola by ethyl acetate and isobutyl acetate, which were not released by any of the other out‐group fungal species grown on the same medium. Moreover, following a targeted approach based on the main VOC found in vitro, we have successfully validated in vivo that VOC uniquely emitted by C. platani (i.e. isobutyl acetate along with isoamyl alcohol) were released from the bark of plane trees following C. platani inoculation. Our results highlight the possibility to exploit VOC emitted specifically by C. platani as biomarkers to recognize Platanus x acerifolia plants infected by this pathogen.
Understanding human individuation of unfamiliar faces with oddball fast periodic visual stimulation and electroencephalography
Authors: Rossion Bruno , Retter Talia L. , Liu‐Shuang Joan
Published: June 2020

To investigate face individuation (FI), a critical brain function in the human species, an oddball fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) approach was recently introduced (Liu‐Shuang et al.,Neuropsychologia, 2014, 52, 57). In this paradigm, an image of an unfamiliar “base” facial identity is repeated at a rapid rateF(e.g., 6 Hz) and different unfamiliar “oddball” facial identities are inserted everynth item, at aF/nrate (e.g., every 5th item, 1.2 Hz). This stimulation elicits FI responses atF/nand its harmonics (2F/n, 3F/n, etc.), reflecting neural discrimination between oddball versus base facial identities, which is quantified in the frequency domain of the electroencephalogram (EEG). This paradigm, used in 20 published studies, demonstrates substantial advantages for measuring FI in terms of validity, objectivity, reliability, and sensitivity. Human intracerebral recordings suggest that this FI response originates from neural populations in the lateral inferior occipital and fusiform gyri, with a right hemispheric dominance consistent with the localization of brain lesions specifically affecting facial identity recognition (prosopagnosia). Here, we summarize the contributions of the oddball FPVS framework toward understanding FI, including its (a)typical development, with early studies supporting the application of this technique to clinical testing (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). This review also includes an in‐depth analysis of the paradigm's methodology, with guidelines for designing future studies. A large‐scale group analysis compiling data across 130 observers provides insights into the oddball FPVS FI response properties. Overall, we recommend the oddball FPVS paradigm as an alternative approach to behavioral or traditional event‐related potential EEG measures of face individuation.
Flush early and avoid the rush? It may depend on where you stand
Authors: Chen Xing‐Min , Xie Wan‐Ting , Shuai Ling‐Ying
Published: June 2020

Optimal escape theory predicts that animals should flee at an optimal distance from the approaching predator (flight initiation distance, FID). However, FID usually increases with increasing alert distance (AD) or starting distance (SD). As an explanation for this pattern, the “flush early and avoid the rush” (FEAR) hypothesis states that prey should escape soon after detecting an approaching predator due to the cost of continuously monitoring risk. However, the positive relationship observed may also result from a mathematical artefact. Meanwhile, it is unknown whether animals would consistently follow this rule in different environmental contexts. We explored escape behaviours in light‐vented bulbuls (Pycnonotus sinensis) perched at different heights. FID generally increased with increasing AD and decreasing perch height. The positive relationships between AD and FID were outside the 95% confidence levels of simulated slopes from Monte Carlo simulations, suggesting that the relationships observed reflect biological effects rather than merely a mathematical artefact. Increasing perch height was also associated with longer buffer distance (defined as FID minus AD or SD), suggesting that the birds tend to delay their flush after detecting an approaching predator when perched high. The effects of environmental contexts (and the associated predation risk) on the AD‐FID relationship should be considered when performing inter‐specific comparisons or meta‐analyses.
Scaling and fractality in fatigue resistance: Specimen‐size effects on Wöhler's curve and fatigue limit
Authors: Carpinteri Alberto , Montagnoli Francesco , Invernizzi Stefano
Published: June 2020

The present contribution investigates size effects on Wöhler's curve in accordance with dimensional analysis and intermediate asymptotics theory. These approaches provide a generalised equation able to interpret the specimen‐size effects on Wöhler's curve. Subsequently, using a different approach based on lacunar fractality concepts, analogous scaling laws are found for the coordinates of the limit‐points of Wöhler's curve, so that a theoretical explanation is provided to the decrement in fatigue resistance by increasing the specimen size. Eventually, the proposed models are compared with experimental data available in the Literature, which seem to confirm the advantage of applying fractal geometry to the problem.
Procoagulant platelets: Laboratory detection and clinical significance
Authors: Tohidi‐Esfahani Ibrahim , Lee Christine S. M. , Liang Hai Po H. , Chen Vivien M. Y.
Published: June 2020

Platelets play a critical role in both haemostasis and thrombosis, and it is now evident that not all platelets behave the same when they are called to action. A functionally distinct subpopulation of platelets forms in response to maximal agonist stimulation: the procoagulant platelet. This platelet subpopulation is defined by its ability to expose phosphatidylserine on its surface, allowing for coagulation factor complexes to form and generate bursts of thrombin and fibrin to stabilize platelet clots. Reduced levels of procoagulant platelets have been linked to bleeding in Scott's syndrome and haemophilia A patients, and elevated levels have been demonstrated in many thrombotic disorders, including identifying patients at higher risk for stroke recurrence. One obstacle for incorporating an assay for measuring procoagulant platelets into clinical management algorithms is the lack of consensus on the exact definition and markers for this subpopulation. This review will outline the biological characteristics of procoagulant platelets and the laboratory assays currently used to identify them in research settings. It will summarize the findings of clinical research demonstrating the relevance of measuring the procoagulant platelet levels in patients and will discuss how an appropriate assay can be used to elucidate the mechanism behind the formation of this subpopulation, facilitating novel drug discovery to improve upon current outcomes in cardiovascular and other thrombotic disorders.
Laboratory approach to investigation of anemia with a focus on pyruvate kinase deficiency
Authors: Agarwal Archana M. , Rets Anton
Published: June 2020

Anemia is a major health burden worldwide and affects approximately one‐third of world's population. It is not a diagnosis; it is a manifestation of an underlying pathophysiology leading to either decreased hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), or red blood cells (RBCs). Iron deficiency anemia is still the most common cause of anemia worldwide. The symptoms are usually due to the underlying compensatory responses to decrease in oxygen delivery to the tissues. Laboratory investigation should start with complete blood count (CBC), reticulocyte count (RC), and peripheral smear evaluation. Further testing depends on these indices, that is, iron parameters and hemoglobinopathies/thalassemia evaluation in microcytic hypochromic anemia, vitamin B12, and folic acid level in macrocytic anemia. Increased RC denotes adequate bone marrow response and points toward hemolytic process and vice versa. Anemia diagnosis can be complex and confusing for the practicing physician. This review tries to give a practical simplistic approach to the diagnosis, focusing mainly on the basic parameters, that is, CBC, RC, and peripheral smear etc. Moreover, we have also tried to provide an update on the pyruvate kinase deficiency, as there has been recent exciting development in the management of these patients.
Understanding, comparing and learning from the four EPOCH early childhood obesity prevention interventions: A multi‐methods study
Authors: Seidler Anna Lene , Hunter Kylie E. , Johnson Brittany J. , Ekambareshwar Mahalakshmi , Taki Sarah , Mauch Chelsea E. , Mihrshahi Seema , Askie Lisa , Campbell Karen J. , Daniels Lynne , Taylor Rachael W. , Wen Li M. , Byrne Rebecca , Lawrence Julie , Perlstein Robyn , Wardle Karen , Golley Rebecca K.
Published: June 2020

Background

Childhood obesity is a global problem. Early obesity prevention interventions are complex and differ in effectiveness. Novel frameworks, taxonomies and experience from the Early Prevention of Obesity in CHildren (EPOCH) trials were applied to unpack interventions.

Objectives

Deconstruct interventions into their components (target behaviours, delivery features and behaviour change techniques [BCTs]).

Identify lessons learned and future recommendations for intervention planning, delivery, evaluation and implementation.

Methods

This multi‐methods study deconstructed the four EPOCH interventions into target behaviours, delivery features and BCTs from unpublished and published materials using systematic frameworks. Additionally, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with intervention facilitators and principal investigators.

Results

Each trial targeted between 10 and 14 obesity‐related behaviours. Key variations in delivery features related to intensity, delivery mode and tailoring. BCTs consistently used across trials included goal‐setting, social support, shaping knowledge, role‐modelling and credible source. Recommendations from interview analyses include the importance of stakeholder collaboration and consideration of implementation throughout the study process.

Conclusions

The combination of frameworks, methodologies and interviews used in this study is a major step towards understanding complex early obesity prevention interventions. Future work will link systematic intervention deconstruction with quantitative models to identify which intervention components are most effective and for whom.
Maternal parenting styles and ecological momentary assessment of maternal feeding practices and child food intake across middle childhood to early adolescence
Authors: Mason Tyler B. , Smith Kathryn E. , Dunton Genevieve F.
Published: June 2020

Background

Maternal parenting styles are salient trait‐based factors associated with pediatric obesity risk. The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal associations of maternal parenting styles and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) measures of maternal feeding practices and child food intake across middle childhood to early adolescence.

Methods

Mother‐child dyads (n = 186; M baseline child age = 10.03 ± 0.89) enrolled in a six‐wave bi‐annual longitudinal study. At baseline, mothers completed a self‐report measure of parenting styles. At each of the six waves, mothers and children completed EMA prompts of parenting practices and food intake, respectively, for eight days.

Results

Children of mothers who reported a more permissive style consumed more pastries/sweets. Children of mothers who reported a more authoritative style decreased likelihood of pastry/sweets consumption with age, and children of mothers who reported a less authoritative style increased likelihood of pastry/sweets consumption with age. The likelihood of fruit/vegetable consumption decreased with age among children of mothers who reported a more authoritarian style, and the likelihood increased among children of mothers with a less authoritarian style. Mothers who either reported a more authoritarian style or a less authoritative style were more likely to report using food as a reward.

Discussion

Results highlight the importance of maternal parenting styles in relation to child food intake and instrumental feeding.
Factors affecting job satisfaction among acute care nurses working in rural and urban settings
Authors: Yasin Yasin M. , Kerr Michael S. , Wong Carol A. , Bélanger Charles H.
Published: June 2020

Aims

To: (a) identify the differences and similarities in the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence job satisfaction among nurses in urban and rural Ontario; and (b) determine the impact of job satisfaction on nurses’ turnover intention among nurses working in rural and urban settings in Ontario.

Design

Cross‐sectional correlational design was used for this study.

Methods

Data were collected between May 2019–July 2019 in southern Ontario. Participants (N=349) completed the Acute Care Nurses’ Job Satisfaction Scale and The Anticipated Turnover Scale. A stratified sampling technique was used for recruiting the sample population and participants were given the option to respond either online or by mailed survey.

Results

There was no significant difference between rural and urban nurses in either overall job satisfaction level or turnover intention. Peer support/work conditions, quality of supervision, and achievement/job interest/responsibility were significant predictors of job satisfaction. There was a significant difference between rural and urban nurses in terms of satisfaction from benefits and job security and the nurses’ job satisfaction levels correlated negatively with their turnover intention.

Conclusion

Several extrinsic and intrinsic factors are associated with nurses’ job satisfaction in rural and urban settings. Developing strategies that improve satisfaction by modulating these specific factors may improve nurses’ job satisfaction and reduce turnover.

Impact

This study discussed how working in a rural or urban hospital may affect nurses’ job satisfaction and turnover intention. The findings can help in improving nurses’ job satisfaction and inform workforce planning to increase nurses’ retention.
Change fatigue in nurses: A qualitative study
Authors: McMillan Kim , Perron Amélie
Published: June 2020

Aims

To provide a conceptual update on change fatigue in nursing as it relates to rapid and continuous change implementation. This doctoral dissertation examined nurses’ experiences of rapid and continuous organizational change, with a core component of the study examining the concept of change fatigue.

Background

Change fatigue is understood as the overwhelming feelings of stress, exhaustion and burnout fuelled by feelings of ambivalence and powerlessness associated with rapid and continuous change in the workplace. Change fatigue may cause workers to become withdrawn and greatly influences their decision to leave the workplace and even their profession. Little research to date has explored change fatigue in nurses.

Methods

Were qualitative in nature.

Design

A critical hermeneutic approach was used. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 14 Registered Nurses. Open‐ended questions were used. Theoretical thematic analysis and inductive analysis of data were completed using Brown and Gilligan's voice‐centred relational method. The study spanned from 2015 ‐ 2018.

Results

Nurses did experience many of the core elements of change fatigue noted in the non‐nursing literature, including exhaustion, apathy, powerlessness, and burnout. Two additional themes emerged pertaining to nurses’ understandings of why they were experiencing change fatigue. These themes included the intensification of nursing work and repeated and ongoing self‐sacrifice.

Conclusion

Participants offered important insight into an emergent concept in the discipline of nursing.

Impact

The negative experiences associated with change fatigue are important for administrators and other stakeholders to recognize and acknowledge, as they must work to alleviate change fatigue in their institutions to preserve the well‐being of the nursing workforce. This knowledge is also important to nursing scholars, who may further research the topic and embed it into nursing curricula.
Host sex and age typically explain variation in parasitism of rock ptarmigan: implications for identifying determinants of exposure and susceptibility
Authors: Nielsen Ó. K. , Morrill A. , Skírnisson K. , Stenkewitz U. , Pálsdóttir G. R. , Forbes M. R.
Published: June 2020

Measures of parasitism often differ between hosts. This variation is thought due in part to age or sex differences in exposure to parasites and/or susceptibility to parasitism. We assessed how often age or sex biases in parasitism were found using a large, multi‐year (2006–2017) dataset of 12 parasite species of Icelandic rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta). We found host traits (i.e. age and/or sex) accounted for significant variation in abundance of 11 of the 12 parasite species. We often found increased abundance among juvenile hosts, although significant adult biases were observed for three parasite species. Additionally, higher levels of parasitism by many species were observed for female hosts, contrary to frequent male biases in parasitism reported for other vertebrates. Abundance of six parasite species was best explained by interactions between host age and sex; some degree of decrease in abundance with host age was present for both male and female hosts for four of those parasite species. We consider various host and parasite traits that could account for observed singular and repeated patterns of age and/or sex biases in parasitism (e.g. age‐ and sex‐related grouping behaviours, age‐specific mortality in relation to parasitism, acquisition of greater immunity with age). This work provides a foundation for future studies investigating age‐related differences in acquired immunity and age‐specific parasite‐mediated mortality for males and females, as well as studies on interactions between co‐infecting parasite species.
Targeting lipid droplet lysophosphatidylcholine for cisplatin chemotherapy
Authors: Chen Lumin , Ma Wen‐Lung , Cheng Wei‐Chung , Yang Juan‐Cheng , Wang Hsiao‐Ching , Su Yu‐Ting , Ahmad Azaj , Hung Yao‐Ching , Chang Wei‐Chun
Published: June 2020

This study aims to explore lipidic mechanism towards low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)‐mediated platinum chemotherapy resistance. By using the lipid profiling technology, LDLR knockdown was found to increase lysosomal lipids and decrease membranous lipid levels in EOC cells. LDLR knockdown also down‐regulated ether‐linked phosphatidylethanolamine (PE‐O, lysosomes or peroxisomes) and up‐regulated lysophosphatidylcholine [LPC, lipid droplet (LD)]. This implies that the manner of using Lands cycle (conversion of lysophospholipids) for LDs might affect cisplatin sensitivity. The bioinformatics analyses illustrated that LDLR‐related lipid entry into LD, rather than an endogenous lipid resource (eg Kennedy pathway), controls the EOC prognosis of platinum chemotherapy patients. Moreover, LDLR knockdown increased the number of platinum‐DNA adducts and reduced the LD platinum amount. By using a manufactured LPC‐liposome‐cisplatin (LLC) drug, the number of platinum‐DNA adducts increased significantly in LLC‐treated insensitive cells. Moreover, the cisplatin content in LDs increased upon LLC treatment. Furthermore, lipid profiles of 22 carcinoma cells with differential cisplatin sensitivity (9 sensitive vs 13 insensitive) were acquired. These profiles revealed low storage lipid levels in insensitive cells. This result recommends that LD lipidome might be a common pathway in multiple cancers for platinum sensitivity in EOC. Finally, LLC suppressed both cisplatin‐insensitive human carcinoma cell training and testing sets. Thus, LDLR‐platinum insensitivity can be due to a defective Lands cycle that hinders LPC production in LDs. Using lipidome assessment with the newly formulated LLC can be a promising cancer chemotherapy method.
Antiplatelet strategy in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A perspective from the guideline appraisal
Authors: Liu Menghui , Zhuang Xiaodong , Chen Xiaohong , Zhang Shaozhao , Yang Daya , Zhong Xiangbin , Xiong Zhenyu , Lin Yifen , Zhou Huimin , Fan Yongqiang , Xie Peihan , Huang Yiquan , Wang Lichun , Liao Xinxue
Published: June 2020

Aims/Introduction

To appraise guidelines on the antiplatelet strategy of prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and highlight the consensuses and controversies to aid clinician decision‐making.

Materials and Methods

A systematic search was carried out for guidelines regarding CVD prevention or focusing on type 2 diabetes patients. Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument was utilized to appraise the quality of included guidelines.

Results

Of the 15 guidelines with discrepant Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II scores (66%; interquartile range 51–71%), 10 were defined as “strongly recommended” guidelines. For secondary prevention, >60% of guidelines advocated that the dual antiplatelet therapy was used within 12 months when the type 2 diabetes patients experienced acute coronary syndrome and/or post‐percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, with subsequent long‐term aspirin use. For primary prevention, 80% of guidelines supported that aspirin should not be routinely used by patients with type 2 diabetes. No consensus on whether to prolong dual antiplatelet therapy in secondary prevention, and whether to use aspirin in type 2 diabetes patients with high CVD risk exists in current guidelines.

Conclusions

Physicians should use the recommendations from “strongly recommended” guidelines to make informed decisions and know the consensuses of current guidelines. Dual antiplatelet therapy should be used within 12 months when type 2 diabetes patients experience acute coronary syndrome and/or percutaneous coronary intervention/coronary artery bypass grafting, with subsequent long‐term aspirin use. In primary prevention, aspirin should not be routinely used by individuals with type 2 diabetes, but might be considered for those with high CVD risk.
Birth Outcomes Among Women Affected by Reproductive Coercion
Authors: Fay Kathryn E. , Yee Lynn M.
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Reproductive coercion is a form of intimate partner violence that includes behaviors that interfere with autonomous decision‐making over reproductive outcomes. Unintended pregnancy is associated with exposure to reproductive coercion; however, little is known about the outcomes of continued pregnancies. The purpose of this study is to assess whether women who reported reproductive coercion during their last pregnancy experienced differences in birth outcomes compared with women without contemporaneous reproductive coercion.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional survey study administered in obstetric and gynecologic offices. A survey comprised of standardized reproductive coercion, birth outcome, and intimate partner violence questions was given to English‐ or Spanish‐speaking women with at least one prior pregnancy. Self‐reported birth outcomes of interest included late or no prenatal care, low birth weight, prolonged neonatal hospitalization, preterm birth, and intrauterine fetal demise or neonatal death. Descriptive and bivariable comparisons were performed.

Results

Of 202 participants, 8.6% of women reported reproductive coercion during their last pregnancy. Women with a reported reproductive coercion history were younger, more likely to be a student, more likely to have anemia and anxiety at the time, and less likely to be married to the father of the incident pregnancy. Women with this history were more likely to express that they never wanted to be pregnant (29.4% vs 6.2%, P = .04), report other forms of intimate partner violence (35.3% vs 11.9%, P = .02), and have low‐birth‐weight neonates (17.6% vs 3.1%, P = .03). There were no observed differences in other birth outcomes. The response rate was 68%.

Discussion

In this exploratory study, women who reported reproductive coercion during their most recent completed pregnancy were more likely to report pregnancy ambivalence, other tactics of intimate partner violence, and low‐birth‐weight neonates. These data provide insight into the impact of violence on women's reproductive outcomes.
Developing the Premonitory Urges for Tic Disorders Scale–Revised (PUTS‐R)
Authors: Baumung Leoni , Müller‐Vahl Kirsten , Dyke Katherine , Jackson Georgina , Jackson Stephen , Golm Dennis , Münchau Alexander , Brandt Valerie
Published: June 2020

Background

Patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) or chronic tic disorders frequently experience premonitory urges prior to tics. The ‘Premonitory Urges for Tic Disorders Scale’ (PUTS) is commonly used in order to assess urge severity in patients with tics. Several studies suggest that the PUTS might measure more than one dimension of urges. These include the quality and severity of premonitory urges.

Methods

This study aims to replicate and extend previous findings concerning the psychometric properties of the PUTS and its underlying dimensions in a large sample of 241 patients with GTS including both adults (n = 93; mean age = 34.2 ± 12.84; 73 male) and minors (n = 148; mean age = 11.8 ± 2.86; 123 male), pooled from three different recruitment sites.

Results

Data analysis confirmed good reliability across the PUTS items for both minors and adults and acceptable item characteristics for items 2–8. A factor analysis of items 1–8 confirmed the existence of two factors in both age groups.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the PUTS might benefit from several further small modifications, such as rephrasing items 1 and 9 to increase convergence with the overall construct of the scale. Finally, we propose a revised version of the PUTS, consisting of two subscales: one for urge severity and another one for urge quality by including several new items.
Current situation and outcomes of pregnancy in women with Turner syndrome in Japan
Authors: Obata Soichiro , Tsuburai Taku , Shindo Ryosuke , Aoki Shigeru , Miyagi Etsuko , Sakakibara Hideya
Published: June 2020

Aim

Reports on pregnancy and delivery in women with Turner syndrome (TS) in Japan are limited to case reports, and the current situation remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the current situation of pregnancy and delivery in women with TS in Japan.

Methods

Our study comprised primary and secondary surveys and we included perinatal centers approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.

Results

A total of 24 cases from 19 facilities were reported, and we obtained individual information for 20 cases from 16 facilities. Of these 20 patients, 13 (65%) had become pregnant via oocyte donation. Three of these patients had received oocyte donation in Japan, while the other 10 had received donations in foreign countries. The other seven patients became pregnant with their own oocyte, with spontaneous menarche. Live babies were delivered by 18 patients, while an induced abortion was required at 18 weeks of gestation in one patient and an intrauterine fetal death from an unknown cause was detected at 38 weeks of gestation in another patient. Cesarean section was performed in 14 patients, with the most frequent indication being cephalopelvic disproportion. The rate of implementation of screening for complications related to TS was low, suggesting insufficient cooperation between facilities responsible for TS treatment, infertility and pregnancy and delivery management.

Conclusion

To improve pregnancy outcomes in women with TS, improved cooperation between facilities and laws regarding oocyte donation in Japan are needed.