bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Mouse Antibody v1
Authors: Smitu Bello
Published: August 2018

Mouse antibody types It is same as human beings that there are five antibody isotypes, including IgA, IgD, IgG and IgM, from mice. Different isotype has different heavy chain. IgG and IgM are produced by native B cells, which will produce one of IgG or IgM isotypes and subclasses through isotypic switching. Each heavy chain consists of variable and constant regions which have been designated as distinct genes although they only form part of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. As a side note, a number of monoclonal antibody therapeutics are human IgG4. And compared to IgG1-3, IgG4 Fc does not activate complete cascade and bind to Fc receptor with intermediate affinity. Its unique structural properties have been identified. Additionally, increased concentrations of human serum IgG4 are associated with specific diseases. Mouse antibody molecular weight Two heavy chains and two light chains are part of an immunoglobulin molecule. They are linked together with intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds. Heavy chains for IgA, IgD, and IgG have a constant region with three immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, however, other types of heavy chains may have a different number of immunoglobulin domains. It is studied that heavy chains for IgE and IgM have a constant region with four immunoglobulin domains. Mouse IgM heavy chain constant region has 475 amino acids. Heavy chains from all isotypes have a variable region with a single immunoglobulin domain. Mouse antibody production It is known that mouse is the predominant animal host for monoclonal mice antibody production and also a host for polyclonal antibody generation. Although typical mouse antibody production involves immunizing mice with foreign antigens, mouse monoclonal hydridoma can also be got directly by fusion of unimmunized spleen cells from a specific mouse strain with auto-antibodies. Anti-mouse gene antibodies Mouse is also a widely used research model, and many antibodies against mouse genes are available. As of May 22, 2018, Labome antibody database lists monoclonal antibodies against 6588 mouse genes, and polyclonal antibodies against 210 mouse genes. Most of monoclonal antibodies are generated in mice. It is common to use anti-mouse secondary antibodies. Labome survey on secondary antibodies indicates that goat anti-mouse secondary antibodies are the most common choices. On the right panel of this webpage, you can see links to secondary antibodies against different mouse isotypes and light chains. One of the important methods for generating humanized antibodies is through the immunization of transgenic mice with part of a human immunoglobulin genomic sequence. Most recently, the entire human immunoglobulin variable-gene repertoire has been inserted into the mouse genome, enabling the generation of monoclonal antibodies with fully humanized variable regions.
Total DNA "Midi" CTAB prep. for Zymoseptoria tritici v1
Authors: Mcdonald Bruce
Published: August 2018

Bruce McDonald 1990 modified from Murray and Thompson
EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND INFORMATION SECURITY OF UKRAINE: TO THE PROBLEM OF INTERACTION
Authors: Danilyan Oleg , Dzоban Оleksandr
Published: August 2018

The purpose of the article is to elucidate the connection between the process of European integration and the state of its information security. Apply the whole complex of philosophical general scientific, and specific methods of scientific research, which are inherent in political science, in their interconnection and complementarity.
For Ukraine, the movement toward European integration is a question of the effectiveness of its inclusion in the existing system of distribution of functions and roles in the modern world political and economic system, way of modernizing the economy, overcoming the technological backwardness, attract foreign investment and new technologies, creating new jobs, improving the competitiveness of domestic producers, access to world markets, primarily the EU market.
It is proved that such a sphere remains one of the most problematic to date, especially if to speak about the situation in the East of Ukraine. The continued fighting, lack of interest of the parties in the conduct of public talks and a cease-fire, the inability to conduct appropriate actions in the framework of the Minsk agreements on the demarcation line and a number of other destructive phenomena do not contribute to the further development of relations with the EU. The European Union is constantly on notice that the danger in the East is a danger for the whole of Europe, and therefore for further development of integration processes require a ceasefire and a transition to practical implementation of the Minsk agreements. The current state of Affairs in this sphere does not allow to hope for fast improvements and so you need to move from rhetoric to action.
As a result, it is concluded that information security is especially important for the stable public and state development, and its role and significance is growing significantly in modern conditions.
HUMAN AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGMAL POLITICAL SCIENCE MEASUREMENT
Authors: Kyryliuk Fedir , Melnyk Viktor
Published: August 2018

The critical analis of the centennial stage of the institutionalization of political science makes it possible to draw a paradoxical conclusion — political science is the science of debate and about debate. This is explained not only by the complexity of the methodological use of political science principles or by its poor integration in the subject area of other social (or behavioral) sciences. The main problems of political science are terminological uncertainty and methodological Abstraction. Each new approach in political science really can completely change the essence of its theoretical construction.
By introducing the term “Civil Political Science” into broad terms, the authors hope to make a step towards the structural determinacy of political science and give it a solid foundation — the problem of a person as a citizen. Civic political science is intended to improve political science, to arrive from the destructive influence of etatism, which is only masked by ideological stamps and reduces the very idea of the state (as an organism at the same time social, legal, created by a citizen-man for a citizen-man). Applying for the new principles of civil political science, the authors hope to begin the process of “deetatization” of political science in order to serve the true interests of the state — the interests of citizenship. It should not be forgotten that only citizens determine and produce statehood by the fact of their existence.
Man as a citizen was formed in the process of human transition from the wild stage of existence to settled life. The struggle of instincts of physical against moral feelings was accompanied by the whole process of political evolution of communities — from the primitive order to the present day. It did not pass the institute of citizenship, which was largely intended to reconcile the instinctive nature of man as a biosocial being (let us recall the patriarchal definition of Roman law). Consequently, the reconciliation of morality and physical nature within a person should be recognized as the prevailing tendency of civil political science.
Sosyal Medya Kullanımı ile Serbest Zaman Tatmini Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: KOCAMAN-KAROĞLU Aslıhan , ATASOY Bilal
Published: August 2018

Bu
çalışmanın amacı öğrencilerin serbest zaman tatmin durumları ve sosyal medya
kullanımları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Serbest zaman tatmini bireylerin
yaşam kalitesini belirleyen önemli bir etmendir. Teknolojinin ucuzlaması ve
yaygınlaşması ile gündelik yaşamın vazgeçilmez bir parçası olan sosyal medya
ise toplumların yaşam biçimini değiştirmeye ve şekillendirmeye devam
etmektedir. Bu nedenle serbest zaman tatminine sosyal medyanın etkilerinin
incelenmesi önemlidir. Alanyazında bu iki kavramı birlikte inceleyen bir
çalışmaya rastlanmamış olup, bu çalışmanın alandaki bu eksikliği gidereceği
düşünülmektedir. Çalışmada nicel desenlerden nedensel karşılaştırmalı ve
ilişkisel yöntemler kullanılmış, betimsel kestirimsel ve ilişkisel analizlerden
faydalanılmıştır. Kolay ulaşılabilir örneklem grubu ile gerçekleştirilen
çalışma Türkiye’de beş devlet üniversitesinin Bilgisayar ve Öğretim
Teknolojileri Eğitimi Bölümü’nde öğrenim gören 241 kişinin katılımı ile
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak betimsel verileri elde etmek
için araştırmacıların oluşturdukları form ve serbest zaman tatmin seviyesini
belirlemek için Beard ve Raghed (1980) tarafından geliştirilen ve Karlı ve diğerleri
(2008) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanan “Serbest Zaman Tatmin Ölçeği”
kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada öğrencilerin sosyal medya kullanım durumları ve
serbest zaman tatmin durumlarına ilişkin betimsel veriler sunulmaktadır. Analiz
sonuçları serbest zaman tatmin durumunun cinsiyete ve sınıf seviyesine göre
farklılaşmadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, serbest zaman tatmin durumu ile aylık
gelir arasında bir ilişki bulunmadığı ancak akademik başarı, sosyal medya
kullanım süresi ve şekli ile serbest zaman tatmin durumu arasında ilişki olduğu
araştırmanın bulguları arasında yer almaktadır.
Fen Eğitimine Karşı Tutum, Öz Yeterlilik Algısı ve Bilişsel Harita Bulguları
Authors: Uyanık Balat Gülden , Akman Berrin , Günşen Gülşah
Published: August 2018

Araştırmanın
amacı okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının fen eğitimine karşı tutumları ve öz
yeterlilik algıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi ve öğretmen adaylarının fen
eğitimine yönelik bilişsel haritalarının belirlenmesidir. Karma araştırma
yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan araştırmanın nicel örneklemini 2016-2017 eğitim
öğretim yılı bahar döneminde eğitime devam eden 4 farklı üniversitedeki 261 okul
öncesi öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktır. Araştırmanın nitel katılımcılarını ise
nicel örneklem içerisinden seçilmiş 35 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Nicel
veri toplama aracı olarak okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının fen eğitimine karşı
tutumlarının belirlenmesinde Hyung-Sook-Cho ve arkadaşları (2003) tarafından
geliştirilen ve uyarlama çalışması Ünal ve Akman (2006) tarafından yapılan "Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Fen
Eğitimine Karşı Tutum Ölçeği" ve öğretmen adaylarının öğretmen öz
yeterlilik durumlarını belirlemek amacıyla Gibson ve Dembo (1984) tarafından
geliştirilen ve uyarlanması Diken (2004) tarafından yapılan "Öğretmen Yeterlik Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır.
Araştırmada nitel veri toplama aracı olarak da görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın nicel
verileri tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA), t-testi ve korelasyon analizi
yapılarak, nitel verileri ise içerik analizi ile çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına
göre okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının fen eğitimine karşı tutum ve öğretmen öz
yeterlilik algıları arasında pozitif ve zayıf düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki
bulunmuş olup, öğretmen adayları kendilerini fen eğitimine ilişkin bilgili,
algısı yüksek, fen olaylarına ilgili ve üniversitede almış olduğu fen eğitimi
dersinin kendisine yeterli düzeyde olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Bilişsel harita
bulgularında ise feni eğitim faaliyetlerinde kullanma nedenini en çok çocukların
keşfederek öğrenmesini sağlamasını, etkinlik hazırlarken zorlanma nedeni olarak
en çok genel bilgi eksikliklerinin olmasını, etkinlik hazırlarken zorlanmama
nedeni olarak da en çok çevredeki her şeyin fenin konusu olmasını ifade
ettikleri görülmüştür.
Teacher Practices and Preschool Physical Environment for Education for Sustainable Development: Eco Vs Ordinary Preschools
Authors: KAHRİMAN-PAMUK Deniz , OLGAN Refika
Published: August 2018

This
study aimed to determine the frequency of and time allocation for education for
sustainable development (ESD) practices of preschools teachers and examine
the ESD indicators in the physical environment of eco and ordinary
schools. The results indicate that the frequency of and time allocated for the
ESD practices of eco preschool teachers were significantly higher than those of
teachers in ordinary preschools but only with a small effect size. The results
also demonstrate that there are more facilities to support ESD in
eco-preschools compared to ordinary preschools. In conclusion, the
eco-school approach may promote ESD indicators in preschools; however, the
small effect size and similar mean scores of teachers in both schools emphasize the necessity of further investigating the issue.
On the other hand, the significant differences between eco and ordinary
preschools in terms of the physical environment demonstrate the unequal conditions
of preschools in terms of ESD.
Öğretmen Adaylarının Dezavantajlı Öğrencilere Eğitim Verme Deneyimleri: Zorluklar ve Fırsatlar
Authors: YAŞAR Muhammet Ruhat , AMAÇ Zeynel
Published: August 2018

Son yıllarda
okullarımızdaki öğrenci profili değişmekte ve çeşitli sosyo-ekonomik, etnik ve
kültürden öğrenciler diğer öğrencilerle beraber aynı sınıflarda eğitim
almaktadır. Bu öğrencilerin okul başarısını, sosyal uyumunu geliştirmek ve
kaynaştırmak için öğretmenlerin çabaları yetersiz kalabilir. Bu nedenle bu
öğrencilere okul sonrası fazladan eğitim vermek gerekebilmektedir. Dezavantajlı
öğrencilere destek olmak amacıyla, Topluma Hizmet Uygulamaları (THU) dersini
alan 10 Fen Bilgisi ve 8 Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretmenliği öğretmen adayları gruplar
halinde araştırmanın yapıldığı şehir merkezinde bulunan ilk ve ortaokullarda
proje geliştirmiş ve belirlenen dezavantajlı öğrencilere akademik, kültürel ve
sosyal destek amaçlı eğitim vermişlerdir. Bu araştırmada “Öğretmen adaylarının
THU dersi kapsamında dezavantajlı öğrencilere eğitim verme deneyimleri
nelerdir?” sorusuna cevap aranmış ve dezavantajlı öğrencilere eğitim verme
olgusu araştırılmıştır. Yorumlayıcı olgubilimsel (fenomenolojik) bir araştırma
olan bu çalışma için öğretmen adayları yansıtıcı rapor yazmıştır. Raporlar,
öğretmen adaylarının proje sürecini tanımlama, karşılaştıkları sorunları ve
öğretmen olma yolundaki kazanımlarını ifade etmelerine imkân tanıyan 16 açık
uçlu soru temelinde yazılmıştır. Ayrıca, araştırmacı günlüğü ve toplantılardaki
gözlemler araştırma verisi olarak kullanılmıştır. Veriler 2016-2017 akademik
yılında toplanmıştır ve tematik analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgulara
göre destek eğitimi sırasında karşılaşılan zorluklar, bu öğrencilerle
çalışmaktan elde edilen psikolojik kazanımlar ve bu projenin mesleki
eğitimlerine katkıları temaları bulunmuştur. Bulgular ışığında getirilen
öneriler şunlardır: Öğretmen adaylarının dezavantajlı öğrencilerle bir araya
gelebileceği projelerin oluşturulması, onların bu öğrenci grubuyla ilgili
bilgiler edinmesini kolaylaştırabilir. Bu, dezavantajlı öğrencilerin eğitiminin
daha da iyileştirilebilmesine katkı sağlayabilir. Öğretmenlerin farklı
gruplardan öğrencilerin eğitimsel ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilecek şekilde
yetiştirilmesi için öğretmen eğitiminde gerekli düzenlemeler yapılmalıdır.
Ekonomik Olarak Dezavantajlı Bölgelerde Görev Yapan Ortaokul Müdürlerinin Liderlik Davranışları
Authors: ÖZCAN Kenan , BALYER Aydın , YILDIZ Ali
Published: August 2018

Eğitim
durumu ile
yoksulluk arasında bir ilişki vardır. Yoksulluk tarihin her döneminde ve
dünyanın her bölgesinde insanoğlunun en önemli sorunu olmuştur. Türkiye’nin özellikle
kırsal bölgelerinde ve kentlerin çeperlerindeki mahallelerde kaliteli eğitim
olanaklarından yeterince faydalanamayan bu ve nedenle merkezi sınavlarda
başarılı olamayan dezavantajlı nüfus oldukça fazladır. Akademik başarısı düşük öğrenciler
okulu terk etmekte ve aile bütçesine katkı sağlamak amacıyla günlük, geçici
işlerde çalışmaktadırlar. Bu durum Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesindeki
kentlerin kenar mahallelerinde ve özellikle mevsimlik işçi göçünün yoğun olduğu
şehirlerde daha fazla görülebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, kentin dezavantajlı
mahallelerindeki ortaokullarda görev yapan okul yöneticilerinin yoksulluk,
yoksunluk, sosyal dışlanma ve aileleriyle mevsimlik göç yaşayan öğrencilerin
okula devam etmeleri ve başarılarını artırmak için hangi çalışmaları
yürüttükleri ve liderlik davranışlarını belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma,
olgu bilim deseni ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma grubunun belirlenmesinde
ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ve verilerin analizinde betimsel analiz tekniği
kullanılmıştır. Şehrin dezavantajlı kenar mahallelerindeki ortaokullarda
öğrencilerin başarısız olması ailelerin yoksul, yoksun, çocuklarına karşı
ilgisiz ve eğitime duyarsız olmalarının yanısıra, okulların eğitim kadrosu ile fiziki
ve teknik alt yapı yetersizliklerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Öğrenci başarısının
artırılması yönünde ortaokul yöneticilerinin çaba göstermelerine karşın, dönüşümsel,
karizmatik ve vizyoner liderlik özelliklerinin geliştirilmesi konularında eğitime
gereksinimlerinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Ortaokul Yöneticilerinin Okullarında Yaşanan Kriz Durumlarını Yönetme Becerilerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: KARAKUŞ Adnan , İNANDI Yusuf
Published: August 2018

Bu
çalışmada, öğretmen ve yönetici görüşlerine göre yöneticilerin kriz yönetme
becerilerinin ne düzeyde olduğunu belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Mersin ili merkez
ilçelerinde (Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar, Yenişehir) 122 ortaokulda görev yapan 735
öğretmen ve 149 yönetici oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılara, Aksu ve Deveci (2009)
tarafından geliştirilen “İlköğretim Okulu
Müdürlerinin Kriz Yönetim Becerileri” ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın
sonuçlarına göre okul yöneticilerinin kriz yönetim becerileri, kriz öncesi ve
kriz sonrası dönemde “çoğunlukla” düzeyinde; kriz anında ise “bazen” düzeyindedir.
Öğretmenlerin kıdem ve yaş değişkenlerine göre yöneticilerin kriz yönetim
becerilerine ilişkin görüşleri anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşmamaktadır. Öğretmenlerin
kriz eğitimi alıp-almama değişkenine göre yöneticilerinin kriz durumlarını
yönetme becerileri, kriz öncesi boyutta ve kriz dönemi boyutunda anlamlı bir
farklılık yaratırken, kriz sonrası dönemde anlamlı bir farklılık yaratmamaktadır.
Yönetici görüşlerine göre kriz yönetim becerileri kriz öncesi ve kriz sonrası
dönemde “çoğunlukla” düzeyinde, kriz döneminde ise “bazen” düzeyindedir.
Yöneticilerin görüşleri kıdem, yaş ve kriz eğitimi alıp-almama değişkenlerine
göre kriz öncesi, kriz dönemi ve kriz sonrası dönemde anlamlı düzeyde
farklılaşmamaktadır. Yönetici ve öğretmen görüşlerine göre yöneticilerin kriz durumlarını
yönetmelerine ilişkin görüşleri konum değişkenine göre, yöneticilerin kriz yönetim
becerilerine ilişkin görüşleri arasında kriz sonrası dönemde anlamlı farklılık
vardır.
‘Celebrate Humanity’: Reconciling Sport and Human Rights Through Athlete Activism
Authors: Schwab Brendan
Published: August 2018

Global sport—which encompasses the Olympic Movement—proclaims powerful and universal ideals, including human rights. At the same time, it seeks to govern itself in a special way through a values system committed to the neutrality, autonomy, and specificity of sport. Through a combination of power in the sports market and the twin legal forces of specific enabling legislation and compulsory arbitration, global sport has established a dominant position in its dealings with its major stakeholders. The people who make sport possible—the athletes and those affected by the magnitude of modern sporting events, including local communities, workers, children, journalists, and fans—have all suffered harm. These forces have given rise to three levels of athlete activism: (1) individual activism; (2) collective activism; and, more recently, (3) institutional activism. That activism is guided by its own values system grounded in a deep respect for human rights as well as sport and the dignity of pursuing sport for a living. Its objective is to culturally and legally reconcile sport and human rights. The challenge for global sport is to embrace the opportunity presented by athlete activism and ensure that sport is a genuine force for good.
Sports and Humanitarian Development: A Look at Sports Programming in the Refugee Crisis Through a Case Study of KickStart Joy Soccer Project at the Zaatari Refugee Camp
Authors: Cheung-Gaffney Elizabeth
Published: August 2018

The international development community is increasingly looking toward sports programs to play a role in the development of marginalized populations in both disaster and developing contexts. All aspects of the aid community, including governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society, increasingly look toward the growing body of international treatises as a framework to maximize the role that sports programming can play in the lives of marginalized youth. This case study of a soccer program in Zaatari Refugee Camp highlights how the different parts of this movement come together, particularly the international treatises, legal regulations, and public/private partnerships.
Suspensions Are Killing Me: Why the NFL’s Approach to Off-Field Conduct Needs Rehab
Authors: Zink Amanda
Published: August 2018

As consumers have begun to increasingly scrutinize corporate behavior in recent decades, U.S. professional sports leagues have faced acute pressure to engage in socially responsible actions to protect their reputations and maximize profitability. This has encompassed the need to properly respond to athlete off-field conduct, especially instances of domestic and sexual violence and substance abuse. However, leagues and teams have faced widespread criticism for failing to fairly and consistently address such misconduct to date, and for being more interested in public relations (PR) than in addressing underlying social problems. This article posits that rather than continue with the current retributive model centered on suspensions and fines, leagues (with a spotlight on the NFL) should instead prioritize policies that substantively address domestic violence and drug abuse. This would better serve athlete-employees, society, and the leagues’ own bottom lines.
More young adults accidentally pregnant; neither timed nor wanted: evidence from Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Mulugeta Sharew , Tilahun Tizta , Admasu Bitiya
Published: August 2018

Background: In the resource-poor setting, unintended pregnancy is exacerbated by several factors that result in high maternal and newborn deaths. Given the considerable gap between actual and wanted fertility rates in Ethiopia, preventing unintended pregnancy can play a role in reducing complications, morbidity, and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine unintended pregnancy and its correlates among ever pregnant women in Bitta woreda, Southwest Ethiopia.Methods: Quantitative data from a community-based cross-sectional study among 770 ever- pregnant women (15-49 years) were employed. A random selection using multistage sampling technique was exercised to select study participants. Logistic regression models were used to asses factors associated with unintended pregnancy.Results: In the study area nearly, thirty-seven percent of women have experienced an unintended pregnancy: mistimed (26%) and unwanted (11%). Three percent of the respondents had a faced an induced abortion. A relatively higher proportion of women aged 26-29 years reported experiencing unwanted and mistimed pregnancies. Women who traveled a longer distance (more than an hour) to family planning service area were more likely to face unintended pregnancy (AOR=2.23(1.37-3.63)). A woman who had more than five parity were more likely to experience unintended pregnancy 5.52(2.50-12.20).Conclusions: The unintended pregnancy remains higher in the study area which is more than the national average. Existing unintended pregnancy among young women urges family planning providers to deliver youth-inclusive family planning programs.
Effect of the thyroid status in pregnant patients on the outcome in medical abortion
Authors: Sood Nishi , Sud Shyam S.
Published: August 2018

Background: Medical abortion has the potential to expand abortion services, where surgical services are limited, and to expand women’s choice of abortion method and experience. Objective of present study was to compare the outcome after medical abortion in euthyroid and hypothyroid pregnant patients.Methods: A longitudinal study was carried out in pregnant patients before 9 weeks of pregnancy who wanted termination of pregnancy. Women were divided into two groups. Group I (n = 100) comprised euthyroid patients who acted as control group, whereas group II (n = 58) included patients having subclinical or overt hypothyroidism. All the patients were given 200 mg of mifepristone orally followed by 800 µg of misoprost vaginally 36 to 48 hours later. these patients were followed for 2 weeks. In all the patients, hemoglobin estimation and ultrasound were done during follow-up.Results: Average hemoglobin in the study group was 9.5 gm%, whereas in control group it was 11.1 gm%, which was statistically significant. the fall in hemoglobin after 2 weeks of the drug intake was also significant in control as well as the study group. About 13.79% patients in the study group had to undergo emergency evacuation of uterus within 24 hours for complaints of severe bleeding. In control group, no emergency curettage was done within 24 hours, the difference being highly significant. Mean duration of bleeding was also more in the study group. About 28.57% patients in the study group revealed products of conception on ultrasound after 2 weeks in comparison with 11.57% in the control group, which was also statistically significant (p = 0.008). A total of 41% patients in the study group had to undergo uterine curettage, which was highly significant (p = 0.000).Conclusions: Present study showed that patients having clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism have more failure rates, more chances of excessive bleeding, increased duration of bleeding, resulting in decrease in hemoglobin levels in already anemic patients. Also, the rate of operative intervention was unusually high in hypothyroid group.
Early detection of IUGR: can it prevent stillbirth?
Authors: L. Ashwini Vishalakshi , P. Reddi Rani
Published: August 2018

Background: Maternal mortality in India is decreasing with the advances in health care facilities, increase in the number of hospital deliveries, improvement in the transport facilities etc. Present study aimed at to evaluate the causes for antepartum stillbirths.Methods: It is a retrospective study from the case records of the stillbirths that occurred from June 2015 to March 2018. All stillbirths between 28-41 weeks were studies. Stillbirths occurring in twin pregnancies were excluded. The total number of stillbirths that were studied was 102. Results: Most of the IUDs occurred between 28-37 weeks 82 (80.39%). The mean period of gestation at which the stillbirth occurred was 33.84±3.8 weeks. There was more number of male stillborns as compared to female stillborns. When the weight distribution of all stillbirths was compared with weight for gestational age 48 (47.5%) were <10% (SGA) and 46 (45.09%) of stillbirths weighed between 10th and 50th percentile Most of the IUDs were caused due to cord accidents, abruption and as a complication of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Conclusions: Stillbirths were higher in IUGR fetusus as compared to AGA fetuses. Hence in order to prevent stillbirth it would be mandatory to detect IUGR at an earlier stage and delivery should be planned if the fetus shows any features of compromise. Doppler studies can help in deciding the timing of delivery.
Hydroureteronephrosis in women with pelvic organ prolapse: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Kumari Pushplata , Ebenezer Emily Divya , Salomi Caroline , Londhe Vaibhav , Kekre Aruna Nitin
Published: August 2018

Background: Pelvic organ prolapses (POP) is a common problem in women. The prevalence of POP increase with age. The true prevalence and risk factor for developing hydroureteronephrosis (HUN) in women with pelvic organ prolapse is still unclear due to lack of prospective studies on sufficiently large cohorts. This prospective study was done to study the prevalence of HUN in women with POP and to identify the risk factors for developing HUN.Methods: In this prospective observational study 219 patients were recruited for surgical repair for pelvic organ prolapse for 2 years.  Preoperatively, all patients had transabdominal scan to assess the uterus, adnexa and to look for Hydroureteronephrosis (HUN). Women with presence of HUN were followed postoperatively look for the resolution of HUN.Results: The prevalence of bilateral HUN was 6.85%. The mean age of women with HUN ranged from 51-69 years. Diabetes and hypertension were significant risk factor for development of HUN (OR 4.70, 95% CI -1.59-13.88 and OR 3.72, 95% CI- 1.23-11.1 respectively). There was a statistically significant correlation between chronic kidney disease and HUN. (OR 1 with 95%: CI 9.49-30.42). The correlation between stage of pelvic organ prolapse and HUN was not statistically significant (p = 0.062). There was a statistically significant correlation between the duration (2years -15 years) of POP to HUN. (OR 0.233, 95%0.13-0.419). Patients were followed up post operatively for resolution of HUN. HUN resolved in 9 women (60%) and persisted in 6 (40%).Conclusions: The prevalence of bilateral HUN in women with pelvic organ prolapse was 6.8%. Presence of hypertension, diabetes and chronic kidney disease was a risk factor for HUN. HUN resolved in 60% of women after pelvic reconstructive surgery.
Review of causes of stillbirths in a rural referral hospital: a cross sectional study
Authors: Asalkar Mahesh R. , Surve Meenakshi , Dhakne Swapnil R. , Shivamurthy H. M.
Published: August 2018

Background: The birth of a newborn after twenty-eight completed weeks of gestation weighing 1,000 gm or more, with baby showing no signs of life after delivery is a still born’’. Such death includes both antepartum and intrapartum death. Stillbirths (SB) are the largest contributor to perinatal mortality. Of the estimated 3 million stillbirths which occur yearly, the vast majority are in developing countries, with rates in many developing countries ten-fold higher than elsewhere.Methods: Descriptive (cross sectional) study was conducted at tertiary referral hospital in rural area of Maharashtra from September 2015 to August 2017. Out of total 3235 deliveries during study period 64 mothers giving birth to 66 cases of still birth (2 cases of twins) satisfied the inclusion criteria and studied to find out prevalence, causes and high-risk factor association with stillbirth.Results: Stillbirth rate in our study was 20.4/1000 deliveries. 56.25% patients were in the 21-25 years age group.9.3% were illiterate while 57.81% had education below 12th standard. Most patients were from low socioeconomic status and 57.81% were unregistered. Stillbirth was more common in Para (2-4), premature baby and with male sex preponderance in our study. Most patients 90.62% were delivered vaginally. Preeclmpsia, Abruption, Anaemia were common high-risk factor associated with stillbirth.54.6% cases were unexplained stillbirth while IUGR was noted in 23.4% cases and other causes noted were prematurity, congenital anomaly, cord and placental causes were found in our study.Conclusions: A significant proportion of stillbirths are preventable by adequate antenatal care. Female literacy and health education, adequate antenatal care, identification of high-risk cases, and timely referral needs to be emphasized among the medical and paramedical personnel at the first point of contact with the pregnant women.
Retrospective analysis of elective hysterectomy cases in a tertiary care centre
Authors: Prasad Divya R. , Nair Neelima V.
Published: August 2018

Background: Often hysterectomy remains the only option available in many gynaecological conditions, though it is resented by most women. This study aims to analyse the cases of hysterectomy performed in a tertiary care centre in India, with a view to modify and improve health care provided to women.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 500 cases of elective hysterectomy in Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation from January 2016 to December 2017 was done from hospital records. The observations according to age, indications of hysterectomy, route of hysterectomy and preservation of ovaries were statistically analysed.Results: 35.2% (176 cases) were between 45 and 50 years. Mean age was 48±2 years. 90.4% (452 cases) were done in women above 40 years of age. The commonest indication for hysterectomy was symptomatic fibroid uterus 59.4% (297 cases). 81.8% (409 cases) women underwent abdominal hysterectomy while 18.2 % (91 cases) women underwent vaginal hysterectomy or laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 84.6% (77 of 91 cases) of vaginal hysterectomy was done for prolapse uterus. Preservation of one or both ovaries was done in 47.2% (236 cases).Conclusions: Hysterectomy is usually done after the age of 40 years with the mean age being 48±2 years. Symptomatic fibroid uterus was the most common indication. The rates of vaginal hysterectomy were lower for indications other than prolapse uterus. Ovaries were preserved in several cases.
Clinical outcome of post placental copper T380A and copper 375 IUCD insertion in women delivering by caesarean section
Authors: Divya. Divya , Dewan Rupali
Published: August 2018

Background: The objective of the study was to compare the clinical outcome (safety, efficacy, expulsion and continuation rates) of post placental insertion of Cu375 and CuT380A intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) in primiparous women undergoing caesarean section.Methods: This was a prospective, randomized comparative study in which 300 primiparous women were recruited. All these women had post placental intracaesarean insertion of CuT 380A or Cu375 IUCD. Follow up visits were scheduled   at 1, 3 months, 6 month and 12 months.Results: Mean age was 23.1 years. Visibility of strings increased in successive follow up visits and was visible in 97.1% of women at the end of one year and 72.3% in CuT380A IUCD users at 12 months. Menorrhagia was reported in 8.6% in Cu375 IUCD users and   10% in CuT380A IUCD users at the end of 1 year of follow up. There were only 10 expulsions of Cu375 IUCD and six that of CuT380A IUCD. Removal rate in was 7.3% in Cu375 users and 6.7% in CuT380A users. Overall 84.7% of the women were satisfied with the treatment and 60% to an extent that they would like to recommend it to others whereas 15.3% were not satisfied at all either due to adverse events or spontaneous expulsion of IUCD.Conclusions: The Gross cumulative   continuation rates was   86% in women with   Cu375 IUCD insertions and 89.3% in CuT380A IUCD users. There was no significant difference between Cu375 and CuT380A regarding the safety, efficacy and complications.
Effect of acupuncture TENS versus conventional TENS on post cesarean section incision pain
Authors: Mehendale Priti A. , Revadkar Mayur T.
Published: August 2018

Background: There is evidence regarding beneficial use of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on post Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) incision pain. However, efficacy of different types of TENS following C section pain has not yet been explored adequately.Methods: 96 women who had recently undergone LSCS were included for the study. The subjects were in the age group of 20 to 40 years (25.84±3.96); having pain intensity 4 or more on Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). They were divided into three groups by random allocation method; namely Group A: Acupuncture (Low/Motor) TENS, Group B: Conventional (High/Sensory) TENS and Group C: Control group. Group A and B received specific type of TENS twice a day for 15 minutes. Control group C did not receive any TENS intervention. All subjects received standard post-operative medications and physiotherapy. Pain intensity was recorded on NPRS pre and post intervention.Results: Both Acupuncture TENS and Conventional TENS significantly decreased post-operative pain intensity as compared to control group (p value <0.0001).Conclusions: Both, acupuncture and conventional TENS are equally effective in reducing post LSCS incision pain at a strong and non-painful intensity.
Impact of premature ovarian insufficiency on cardiovascular health
Authors: Abraham Kavitha , Londhe Vaibhav , Sebastian Tunny , Paul Thomas , Kekre Aruna
Published: August 2018

Background: The objectives of the study were to identify the causes of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and to assess the severity of menopausal symptoms as well as the impact on cardiovascular health in these patients.Methods: Authors did a cross sectional case control study with 100 cases and 100 age matched controls. Women <40years of age with amenorrhoea >4months and FSH >25mIU/ml were identified with POI. Women <40years with normal cycles were the controls. Causes were identified from medical records and menopausal symptoms were categorized using menopause rating score questionnaire. Hypercholesterolemia (≥200mg/dl), hypoalbuminemia (<3.5g/dl) and high sensitive C reactive protein (HS-CRP ≥3mg/dl) were assessed as the early markers of coronary artery disease. Statistical methods included Chi square test and logistic regression analysis. P value <0.05 was considered significant.Results: 64% of the patients were between 31-40 years. 66% of them were into menopause for <5 years. The cause was idiopathic in 62%. 91% had no or minimal menopausal symptoms. Hypoalbuminemia (6 versus 1, 95% CI 1.8-2.4, OR 2.1, p=0.01) and hypercholesterolemia (75 versus 51, 95%CI 2.5-3.1, OR 2.8, p= 0.001) were significantly high in cases. HS-CRP was not found to be different between the groups (59 versus 49, OR 1.5, 95%CI 0.8-2.6, p=0.2).Conclusions: In majority with POI the cause is idiopathic and menopausal symptoms are minimal. Hypoalbuminemia and hypercholesterolemia, markers of coronary artery disease, were significantly elevated in POI. Early screening for these variables within 5 years of menopause would reduce the cardiovascular mortality in these patients.
Postoperative vault hematoma following vaginal hysterectomy: case reports
Authors: Gupta Amit , Verma Tanu , Gupta Bharti , Vij Anju , Kumar Rajinder
Published: August 2018

Postoperative vault hematoma is almost a universal consequence of gynaecologic surgery. It usually occurs after vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy. At one end there can be are minimal collection of peritoneal fluid or blood which is clinically insignificant whereas at the other end is the hematoma and abscess requiring active intervention for the patient to recover. We here present two cases of vault hematoma following vaginal hysterectomy which were reported to our institution in recent times. In both cases hematomas were infected. Ultrasonography was used to accurately identify and define the extent of hematomas. The patients underwent vault exploration and drainage. Post-operative period remained uneventful. Postoperative vault hematoma can be diagnosed in the early postoperative period of gynaecologic surgery. It is important to consider the possibility of vault haematoma in patients with persistent fever and vaginal bleeding after hysterectomy. The hematoma cavity can be easily entered to drain hematoma or abscess completely, expediting the recovery of the patient. Refining surgical techniques will significantly reduce the risk of vault hematoma.
Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis - pathological aspect of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease in a patient with sigmoid diverticulitis
Authors: Juneja Sunil Kumar , Virk Satpal Singh , Sharma Anjali , Sood Neena , Sood Ajit
Published: August 2018

A case of Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis in 55yrs old women with sigmoid diverticulitis is presented. Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is an uncommon form of chronic inflammation which affects various organs and is destructive in nature. This inflammatory process is characterized by massive infiltration of the tissues by lipid laden histiocytes admixed with lymphocytes, plasma cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the main etiology. This could have possibly resulted in xanthomatous process in our case leading to xanthogranulomatous salpingitis.
Challenges of conducting clinical trials in Asia
Authors: Ali Sheraz , Egunsola Oluwaseun , Babar Zaheer Ud Din , Hasan Syed Shahzad
Published: August 2018

Unlike North America and European Union (EU), Asian continent appears to be an ideal destination for conducting cost-effective clinical trials utilizing the pool of treatment naïve subjects. With a population approaching 4.5 billion, recruitment of subjects can be done without a fear of limited patient pool across Asia. The burden of infectious and chronic diseases is also higher in Asian countries. The emerging clinical trial markets particularly China, South Korea, and Taiwan offers genetic diversity in population group, thus promoting the quality and generalizability of clinical trial’s data. Nonetheless, several challenges also exist for the Western sponsors in majority of the Asian countries; regulatory, operational and infrastructural challenges are at the forefront. Challenges under the heads regulatory, operational, infrastructural, language and cultural, ethics, and future challenges have been discussed. SWOT analysis of Asian clinical trial’s market exhibits enormous opportunities for study sponsors with manageable threats.
A qualitative exploration among the staff of an antiretroviral therapy center in (central) India regarding factors associated with job satisfaction, patient satisfaction and treatment success
Authors: Joshi Sudhir Chandra , Bamboria B. L. , Joshi Rita
Published: August 2018

Background: Perception of the staff of an Anti Retroviral Therapy Center (ARTC) was explored regarding the organizational culture of the center with special reference to its effectiveness and efficiency.Methods: This qualitative exploration was conducted in the ARTC, RDGMC Ujjain. Data were collected during April 2016 and March 2018 by means of 35 self-administered-open-ended questionnaires as well as interviews (3 Focus Group Discussions and 5 Face to Face In-Depth Interviews). Data consisting of the text of the questionnaire responses and transcripts of the interview-sound files were subjected to thematic (content) analysis method.Results: Several praiseworthy features as well as deficiencies were identified, most important among them were related to counseling, behavior and management of investigations as well as treatment. Emphasis was on finding out effective and efficient ways to prevent LTFUs/ defaults/ delays. In the process of analysis of the data, three themes emerged. These are: theme 1 “general domains for attention and emphasis”; theme 2 “specific areas identified for further improvement” and theme 3 “suggestions for improvement and conclusions of the analysis of the situation”. Several measures were suggested in the interest of the PLHIV and the institution as well as for achievement of the global and national targets.Conclusions: For improvement in treatment coverage and success, escalation of certain inputs within a timeframe is essential while aiming at certain outputs is also urgently needed simultaneously. Among these, improving the staffing of the ART center in quality and quantity, the job satisfaction of the staff and patient satisfaction are extremely important.
Cafés especiais, governo e mercado: reflexões para a implementação de políticas de valorização da marca “Cafés do Brasil”
Authors: Santos Marco Aurélio dos , Ferreira Marco Aurélio Marques
Published: August 2018

Resumo: O objetivo com este artigo foi fazer um levantamento histórico descritivo dos fatores que podem afetar o posicionamento da marca “Cafés do Brasil” como símbolo de qualidade, sabores, diversidade de origens e sustentabilidade dos cafés produzidos nas diferentes regiões do País. Para tanto, recorreu-se a uma revisão de literatura – livros e revistas que abordaram o histórico de políticas públicas aplicadas à cafeicultura e seus preponentes – atrelada à revisão acerca de análise de política pública, para fazer inferências. Observou-se que a monopolização política, econômica e social exercida pelo café no início do século XIX favorecia a ação direta do Estado. Ao contrário do que acontecia no passado, atualmente o café é apenas outra atividade econômica, que requer condições políticas favoráveis ao desenvolvimento de habilidades que ampliem a vantagem competitiva local. Conclui-se que a implementação de políticas públicas na cadeia do café passou a ser dependente da dinâmica institucional nas regiões produtoras. Assim, as políticas que negam esse paradigma estão sujeitas à ineficiência e, consequentemente, demandam esforços para reorientá-las.Palavras-chave: Análise política. Fatores históricos políticos. Grupos de interesse. Agronegócio. Special cafés, government and market: reflections for the implementation of valuation policies of “Cafés do Brasil” Abstract: The objective of this article was to make a descriptive historical survey of the factors that may affect the positioning of the "Cafés do Brasil" brand as a symbol of quality, flavors, diversity of origins and sustainability of the coffee produced in different regions of the country. To do so, we resorted to a literature review – books and journals that addressed the history of public policies applied to coffee and its preponents – linked to the review about public policy analysis, to make inferences. It was observed that the political, economic and social monopolization exerted by the coffee in the early nineteenth century favored the direct action of the State. Contrary to what happened in the past, coffee is now just another economic activity, which requires political conditions conducive to the development of skills that enhance local competitive advantage. It is concluded that the implementation of public policies in the coffee chain has become dependent on the institutional dynamics in the producing regions. Thus, policies that deny this paradigm are subject to inefficiency and, consequently, require efforts to reorient them.Keywords: Political analysis. Political historical factors. Interestgroups. Agribusiness.