bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex as a Concealed Weapon: Race, Gender, and Incivility of Office Politics
Authors: Hollis Leah P.
Published: January 2015

Within a highly sexualized American culture, men and women have used sex and flirtation to manipulate coworkers, even at the risk of sexual harassment charges. Therefore, this study will examine the question: Do Black men use flirtation to advance at work? In the fall 2014, 141 employed, Black men, ages 18–65 were asked about their workplace strategies to answer the central research question. The study theoretically considers historical, economic, and sociological parameters as a potential motivation for Black men to use flirtation as a work advancement strategy. Twelve percent confirmed they use flirtation to gain sex from employees, while 15% use flirtation to create a fun workplace. Fifty-three percent did not use flirtation in any part of their careers.
An Explorative Study of Black Women’s Sexual Health Throughout Womanhood
Authors: Mincey Krista D. , Norris Claire M.
Published: January 2015

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this research asks whether and how differences exist in sexual health among Black women ( n = 425) across age. Specifically, this longitudinal research measures the effects of psychological distress, parental influence, and self-image on sexual behavior for Black women. Results indicate that depression had a significant positive direct effect on risky sexual behavior for emerging adults. Findings also reveal that parental relationships impact sexual behavior for both emerging and young adults. Implications for future research and practical applications are discussed.
Grounded Theory: Exploring Sexual Attitudes and Beliefs Influencing Black Fathers’ Decisions Not to Marry
Authors: Browne Dianne R.
Published: January 2015

This qualitative study explored the sexual attitudes and beliefs of unmarried Black fathers which influenced their decisions not to marry the mothers of their children. Focus groups were conducted to reveal personal narratives about relationships, unplanned pregnancy and marriage. Two theories emerged: sexual attitudes and beliefs associated with the man’s initial attraction to the mother of his child could impact relationship formation and images of the man’s father could prompt his response in sexual situations including decisions not to marry.
From the Perspectives of Black lgbts in the US: Medical Providers’ Comfort with Patients’ Sexuality
Authors: Turner Carlene Buchanan , Pastrana Antonio (Jay) , Battle Juan
Published: January 2015

For lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ( lgbt ) people, being comfortable with medical professionals is important. A nation-wide sample of 1,374 Black lgbt people is used to examine the importance of identity, health, and demographics on the belief/perception that medical providers are comfortable with sexual identity issues. Logistic regression models reveal that respondents who were “out,” had family support, had regular healthcare provider, received their medical information primarily from their healthcare provider, had “happier” dispositions, and were male have more positive belief perceptions; that is, they are more likely to perceive that their medical professional seemed comfortable with their sexual identity.
Something New: A Scholarly Review and Clinical Perspective of Black Online Dating
Authors: Peteet Bridgette , McCuistian Caravella , Lige Quiera
Published: January 2015

For many busy and transient Black professionals, online dating may seem like a viable social option yet qualitative inquiry in a clinical setting revealed apprehensiveness to meeting potential partners on the internet. Perceived personal barriers included an interest in dating others who were similar (e.g., homogamy) in class, race, and/or religion. An exploration of quantitative research findings supports the broad existence of these perspectives among some Black professionals. Economic considerations, such as the cost of computers and online dating memberships, are also outlined as potential barriers. Additionally, soft research techniques (e.g., internet search results describing a topic subjectively, culturally, or opinion-based) were implored to fill the gap left by the limited hard research on the process of online dating, the challenges associated with its use (e.g., discrimination, digital deception), and the cultural norm differences in face-to-face versus online dating. Research on online dating is growing but minimal attention has been given to the experiences of Blacks who might be increasingly utilizing these social networking tools. The present paper examines these perceptions in the context of the sparse literature on Black online dating. Implications for future research and recommendations for Black online daters are provided.
An Exploration of the Sexual Behaviors of Emerging Adult Men Attending a Historically Black College/University
Authors: Younge Sinead N. , Boyer Cherrie B. , Geter Angelica , Barker Judith C. , Corneille Maya
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this study was to provide formative data on the sexual behaviors of emerging adult Black men who attended a historically Black college/university. A convenience sample of 19 participants completed a demographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. This study utilized a phenomenological qualitative approach to explore the role of the developmental stage that emerging adulthood has on sexual health. Some of the major themes that emerged included maturation, sexual decision-making, respectability, a future orientation, and masculinity. Despite sexual initiation beginning prior to entering college, participants discussed how the college environment presented them with new information, experiences, and attitudes. This study provides useful information for the future investigation of emerging adult Black men who attend hbcu s.
“Why did you have to turn on the machine?”: The Spirals of Time-Travel Romance
Authors: Bruckner René Thoreau
Published: January 2015

This article investigates the closely related mechanisms of cinema, time travel, and desire. Through analysis of films that exemplify the subgenre of time-travel romance, and through philosophical engagement with the work of Freud, Bergson, and Deleuze, the article considers whether time machines (and cinema) spatialize time or “temporalize” space. Is desire a matter of assembling time machines to escape from chronological, spatialized time? The spiral, understood as a figure of time, proves instructive in approaching this question.
Montage(s) of a Disaster: Voyage(s) en utopie by Jean-Luc Godard
Authors: Fairfax Daniel
Published: January 2015

This article discusses Jean-Luc Godard’s 2006 exhibition Voyage(s) en utopie at the Centre Pompidou and argues that, beyond its provocative critique of the art museum as institution, the work’s importance lies in the transposition to the gallery environment of the dialectically inflected montage techniques that had been developed in the course of Godard’s vast Histoire(s) du cinéma project.
Recognizing the Unrecognizable in Dariush Mehrjui’s Gav
Authors: Gabri Richard
Published: January 2015

This article explores the ways in which Dariush Mehrjui’s Gav uses cinematic free indirect discourse to complicate our understanding of how the human comes to be recognized within a social field. In so doing, the film not only exposes a perceptual differential or lacuna in how the human is perceived but also posits itself as a medium with the power to help bridge this gap of intelligibility between a community and those individuals whose desire for recognition goes unrecognized by their community.
“A Revolution in the Atmosphere”: The Dynamics of Site and Screen in 1940s Soundies
Authors: Kelley Andrea
Published: January 2015

This article excavates common exhibition sites of Soundies jukebox movies to explore the dynamics of small film screens within 1940s shifting media practices. From factories to ferries, Soundie exhibition spaces evidence a changing cultural landscape in which screen encounters were becoming mundane and film projectors highly adaptable to their spatial conditions. In their short films, Soundies’ scaled-down musical representations appear as appropriate extensions of their exhibition sites while indexing emerging practices in postwar screen consumption.
Brutal Games: Call of Duty and the Cultural Narrative of World War II
Authors: Ramsay Debra
Published: January 2015

World War II is the conflict that features most in first-person shooter (FPS) video games, but despite the rapid growth of this sector of the entertainment industry, the way in which the war is recalibrated in this format has been at best ignored, at worst dismissed. Concentrating particularly on Call of Duty: World at War (Activision, 2008), this article establishes how the FPS distills war into its most basic components—space and weaponry—and considers the possibility that the FPS exposes aspects of warfare that have been obscured in representations of World War II in other media.
Genetic Information in the Age of DNA Sequencing
Authors: García-Sancho Miguel
Published: January 2015

The claim that genes encode and transmit information is a central conceptual tenet in biomedicine. Historians have placed the origins of this claim in the rise of molecular biology after World War II, and philosophers still debate the utility of understanding genes as information for biomedical research. In this article, I will investigate how “genetic information” as both a concept and a model for experimental practice was affected by the emergence in the mid-1970s of technologies that enabled scientists to determine the sequence of chemical units of DNA, the molecule that constitutes genetic material. I argue that DNA sequencing, rather than changing the meaning of genetic information, transformed the possibilities of what could be achieved with this concept and directed it to large-scale enterprises such as the Human Genome Project. Thus, my argument suggests that scientific concepts should be regarded as entities that, beyond abstract thinking, enable researchers to do things—in this case, embarking on a multi-million-dollar project aimed at sequencing the information encoded in the human genome.
The Many Histories of Information
Authors: Aspray William
Published: January 2015

This article discusses the historiography of information. It argues that information history is represented by (at least) six well-defined subdisciplines (archival history, book and publishing history, communication history, computing history, information science history, and library history), each in agreement about its own methods and core literature, but which it shares with none of the other five. The article identifies books that could be read in graduate-level courses on information history that are taught either chronologically or thematically. It also identifies historical questions that cut across the six subdisciplines.
Broker of Information, the “Nation’s Most Important Commodity”: The Library of Congress in the Neoliberal Era
Authors: Adler Melissa A.
Published: January 2015

This article examines the Library of Congress in the context of the neoliberal information economy in order to apprehend the limits to the Library’s support of democratic principles and participation. Situating the Library of Congress within Foucauldian approaches to studying public institutions while building upon them, the article provides a broad overview of Library of Congress policies and actions since 1985 that signal a neoliberal turn. It also offers an analysis of some of the reports on knowledge organization issued and commissioned by the Library. The article calls for further critical analysis of the Library of Congress’s policies and strategies.
A Case Study of Collaboration in the Building of China’s Library and Information Infrastructure
Authors: Yi Zhixian , Thompson Kim M.
Published: January 2015

The building of a nation’s library and information infrastructure relies upon more than books and computers, libraries, and other information centers. Although literacy and information technologies have long existed as part of China’s infrastructure, the social ideal of widespread access to information is remarkably recent and has largely been influenced by library collaboration and cooperation with other nations. Using a tripartite information access model, this article explores the role international collaborations played in building the foundations of physical, intellectual, and social infrastructures of libraries in China during the twentieth century and recommends future actions.
Human Computing Practices and Patronage: Antiaircraft Ballistics and Tidal Calculations in First World War Britain
Authors: Carlsson-Hyslop Anna
Published: January 2015

During the First World War, both antiaircraft defense and tide prediction became imperative for Britain. These required lengthy calculations by human “computers.” One such computer, Arthur Thomas Doodson, became prominent in both antiaircraft ballistics and tide calculations. This article examines the mathematical practices Doodson employed and, through analysis of his financial backers, why the calculations were carried out. Doodson utilized new calculation practices both to increase the complexity and amount of computations that could be carried out and to argue for further funding. Historians of science, including mathematics, can benefit from simultaneous analysis of both the practices and the patronage of scientists.
Israel Zangwill and the Afterlife of the Venice Ghetto
Authors: Murray Baumgarten
Published: January 2015

Children of the Ghetto : Zangwill’s title announced his intention to explore how the Ghetto experience had shaped new English residents who came from Eastern Europe and Russia. Instead of the “Pale of Settlement,” the term for the residence of the Jews in Eastern Europe and Russia, he turned to Italian Jewish history and the Venetian/Italian language to designate what the Jews had become in their long European exile. In Zangwill’s view, the Ghetto was the defining space of modern Jewish life and — not exactly a promised land — generated the psychological drive in the Jews to imagine alternative modern Jewish spaces. The gates of the Ghetto are not easily forgotten: internalized, the Jewish space of the Venice and Rome Ghettos becomes in modern times a psychological force, and even we might say, a central trope in the discourse of modern Jewish experience. The institutionalized practices of the English, “especially regarding matters of education, language, and the poor, prompt the immigrant Ashkenazim” to be, in Zangwill’s phrasing, “their own Ghetto gates.” Like their Italian Ghetto forebears, these immigrant Ashkenazim in England must forge their identities out of an either/or situation. Zangwill, novelist, social critic, and ethnographer devised in Children of the Ghetto a cultural turnabout of the European stigmatized Jewish stereotype.
Borders of Intimacy in Israel Zangwill’s Children of the Ghetto
Authors: Kaufman Heidi
Published: January 2015

The article focuses on Zangwill’s unusual depictions of ghetto life in late-Victorian London. Zangwill portrays the ghetto as a space with a proclivity for holding its inhabitants not through economic, legal, or cultural pressures — all features of earlier Victorian writing about the ghetto — but through its affective power. It begins by situating Zangwill’s depictions of ghetto life amidst a longer trajectory of Victorian ghetto discourse. The essay moves on to explore the significance of Zangwill’s innovation in depicting ghetto life as a place that emerges from borders born of the interplay of intimate encounters, emotional knowledge, and embodied experience.
Eliot and Bergson: “Rhapsody on a Windy Night” and the Intractability of Dualism
Authors: Brooker Jewel Spears
Published: January 2015

In 1910–1911, T. S. Eliot studied Henri Bergson’s books and attended his lectures in Paris. Initially fascinated by Bergson’s ideas, Eliot experienced what he called a “conversion” to Bergsonism, but as shown by poetry and prose written during and after the lectures, he quickly became disillusioned. This essay discusses the Bergsonian claims that intrigued Eliot in the winter of 1910–1911, the skepticism revealed in “Rhapsody on a Windy Night” and other poems dated March 1911, and the critique presented in a previously unpublished lecture for the Harvard Philosophical Club in December 1913. Eliot concludes that dualism is intractable, for the material and moral realms cannot be merged. This conclusion, formative in his intellectual development, is illuminating in regard to his poetry and criticism. It is also suggestive in regard to the more general modernist motif regarding the difficulty of making connections.
Confronting the “Jewish Type”: Israel Zangwill, Composite and Mirror Photography
Authors: Sharick Amanda Kaye
Published: January 2015

This article considers Israel Zangwill’s Children of the Ghetto through the lens of two late-nineteenth century photographic techniques: hinged-mirror and composite photography. These two techniques, each of which played a role in Zangwill’s personal life, are useful for reframing Zangwill’s personal and literary struggles with representations of Jewish identity that were confined to notions of “types,” or stereotypes of race and ethnicity. The article traces Zangwill’s overall discomfort with what I term the “composite photographic logic of liberalism,” a logic that predicated tolerance on the radical assimilation of Jewish difference and reinforced institutional practices of Anglicization, especially in London’s East End Ghetto.
“Individual Approach” as a Moral Demand and a Literary Device: Frida Vigdorova’s Pedagogical Novels
Authors: Mayofis Maria
Published: January 2015

The paper focuses on the four “pedagogical” novels by writer and journalist Frida Vigdorova, mostly known for her records of the Joseph Brodsky’s trial of 1964. These novels written in 1949–1958, as well as some of her journalistic publications of the 1950s, made her one of the most influential publicists who wrote on the problems of school and schoolchildren. The article traces Vigdorova’s key ideas and literary techniques back to the second half of 1940s, when she wrote her first novels, first and foremost My Class (1949). Although Vigdorova was regarded as a follower of Anton Makarenko, the famous pedagogue of the 1920s and the 1930s, one may find a significant shift in her interpretation of his theory. The main difference consists in her emphasis on the idea of the “individual approach” to each child, by contrast to the earlier attention to the issues of the collective. This idea is represented as a strong moral demand on every teacher or educator. The author shows that this idea was “re-invented” in the late 1940s by the officials of the ministry of education and pedagogical publicists in order to respond to a strong pressure of the pedagogical corps that had to face severe problems that emerged as direct social effects of WWII and were exacerbated by the banning of all psychological approaches to children after 1936. The “individual approach” becomes not only an ideological, but also a literary basis of all Vigdorova’s novels, a structural principle of her narratives.
Israel Zangwill’s Italian Fantasies : Constructing a Self beyond the Ghetto
Authors: Rochelson Meri-Jane
Published: January 2015

Fiction writer, playwright, and political activist for whom Jewish identity, if not ritual strictness, remained central, Israel Zangwill used the term ghetto in his early work as shorthand for a Jewish traditionalism that could be viewed as either nurturing or confining as Jews entered modern life; in his 1898 Dreamers of the Ghetto , the ghetto of Venice signified both. Later, however, Zangwill looked beyond the ghetto to other sites and cities of Italy as inspiration for a wider philosophy. In Italian Fantasies (1910), Zangwill used the genre of the travel essay to develop ideas about art, religion, and society that grounded culture in the experienced life of place. At the same time, he sought to solidify his credentials as a significant figure in European thought, a Jewish commentator who was also cosmopolitan and modern, heir to a Victorian legacy of social critique.
From Negative Identity to Existential Nothingness: Philip Roth and the Younger Jewish Intellectuals
Authors: Duban James
Published: January 2015

What pertinence might the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre hold for Philip Roth’s brief but provocative contribution to Norman Podhoretz’s Commentary collection, “Jewishness and the Younger Intellectuals: A Symposium” (1961), and for Roth’s attitude to Judaism and ethnic bias generally? The article suggests that ideas advanced in Sartre’s Anti-Semite and Jew (1946) helped Roth shape his symposium essay and, more importantly, his early skepticism about religious affiliation grounded in hatred and chauvinism rather than in living, generative faith. The association of Sartrean ideas — the distinction, in Being and Nothingness (1943), between Being in-itself and Being for-itself and Sartre’s views on anti-Semitism — figures in Roth’s comments on twentieth-century Jewish outlook and in his formulation of “Grossbartism.” This existential mix may owe something, as well, to the Heideggerian state of being “thrown” — insofar as Sartre appropriates the concept to discuss the prospect of being thrown into a trans-cultural state of tolerance, a state that Roth seems to desire for Jew and gentile alike.
“Poor Old Palace-Prison!”: Jewish Urban Memory in Amy Levy’s “The Ghetto at Florence” (1886)
Authors: Dwor Richa
Published: January 2015

In an 1886 piece of travel journalism written for the London-based periodical The Jewish Chronicle , the Anglo-Jewish writer Amy Levy records some brief, witty observations on the history and current conditions of the Jewish ghetto at Florence. By writing from the narrative perspective of a self-identifying English Jew, Levy addresses in “The Ghetto at Florence” a history of Jewish exclusion and confinement represented by the ghetto, while also using this site to engage her complex attitudes towards Jewishness in the mid-1880s, in London. Rather than an accurate history of place, however, what is foregrounded in her article is self-reflexivity about ways of seeing and the effects of memory. This paper examines her uses of imaginative representation, race science, and the photographic gaze to attempt a tactile and affective encounter with the ghetto. In occupying a vexed space between extreme openness to imagined historical resonances alongside ironic detachment from the inadequacies of the present moment, she embodies the characteristically isolated subjectivity of the flâneur . She does so while contemplating the role of Jewishness in using the past to make sense of modern identity.
“The Benevolent Self Was a Disgrace beyond Measure for Every Argentine Jew”: Between the Need to Remember and the Desire to Forget in Nathan Englander’s The Ministry of Special Cases
Authors: Canales Gustavo Sánchez
Published: January 2015

Nathan Englander’s The Ministry of Special Cases (2007) is a novel structured around two interconnected plots. One of them is the tragedy of the desaparecidos — the disappeared — that began in 1976, the year when general Jorge Rafael Videla came to power after deposing María Estela Martínez de Perón; until early 1981 Videla’s junta was responsible for the disappearance of thousands of students and political opponents to his dictatorship. The other plot is the contradictory personal life of Kaddish Poznan, a Jew who, during the day, tries to keep alive the memory of his mother Favorita’s Argentine-Jewish past but at night works to destroy it by chiseling names off the gravestones of former members of the Society of the Benevolent Self, such as Favorita. Unlike Poznan, his wife Lillian, who has been laying a glass and a plate on the dinner table for her son Pato since his disappearance, refuses to acknowledge his death, In order to address the implications of this traumatic event in her life, I will resort to Cathy Caruth’s Trauma: Explorations in Memory (1995) and Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History (1996), and Dominick LaCapra’s Writing History, Writing Trauma (2001). This article draws upon the significance of collective memory throughout Jewish history as discussed in Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi’s Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (1982), explores the struggle between memory and forgetting, and ponders the dangers of forgetting — and erasing — the past and of transforming one’s identity.
Re-imagining the Ghetto: Introduction to the Forum “The Ghetto as a Victorian Text”
Authors: Bassi Shaul
Published: January 2015

In seventeenth-century literature on the Grand Tour, the ghetto of Venice appears as a place of cross-cultural exchange and misunderstanding, a contact zone that stimulates interrogation and translation, comparison and projection, prejudice and discovery. The ghetto goes into eclipse in the English letters of the Enlightenment, to re-emerge in a number of Victorian texts. The essays of this forum show how the renewed interest in the Italian Ghettoes served two late Victorian writers, Israel Zangwill and Amy Levy, to reflect on their own modern British and Jewish identity.
Who Benefits from Economic Growth?: Work and Pay in Brazil, 1973–1988
Authors: Kelley Jonathan , Haller Archibald O.
Published: January 2015

Does economic development benefit ordinary people in poor nations? Two authoritative surveys (N=89,811 and 84,389) in Brazil, a prototypical example, suggest that it increases the pay of all occupational groups, prosperous and poor, in roughly equal proportion, by about 3% a year. Most of this gain is due to compositional changes, especially the increase in educational levels; to more advantageous family background; and to migration to more prosperous regions within Brazil. The remainder, a growth of 1% to 2% per year, reflects the benefits of economic development per se . Development raises women’s pay in equal proportion to men’s.
Validation of Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells as a Model for Influenza A Infections in Human Distal Trachea
Authors: Davis A. Sally , Chertow Daniel S. , Moyer Jenna E. , Suzich Jon , Sandouk Aline , Dorward David W. , Logun Carolea , Shelhamer James H. , Taubenberger Jeffery K.
Published: January 2015

Primary normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial (NHBE) cells, derived from the distal-most aspect of the trachea at the bifurcation, have been used for a number of studies in respiratory disease research. Differences between the source tissue and the differentiated primary cells may impact infection studies based on this model. Therefore, we examined how well-differentiated NHBE cells compared with their source tissue, the human distal trachea, as well as the ramifications of these differences on influenza A viral pathogenesis research using this model. We employed a histological analysis including morphological measurements, electron microscopy, multi-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, lectin histochemistry, and microarray expression analysis to compare differentiated NHBEs to human distal tracheal epithelium. Pseudostratified epithelial height, cell type variety and distribution varied significantly. Electron microscopy confirmed differences in cellular attachment and paracellular junctions. Influenza receptor lectin histochemistry revealed that α2,3 sialic acids were rarely present on the apical aspect of the differentiated NHBE cells, but were present in low numbers in the distal trachea. We bound fluorochrome bioconjugated virus to respiratory tissue and NHBE cells and infected NHBE cells with human influenza A viruses. Both indicated that the pattern of infection progression in these cells correlated with autopsy studies of fatal cases from the 2009 pandemic.
Extreme Nonfasting Remnant Cholesterol vs Extreme LDL Cholesterol as Contributors to Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in 90000 Individuals from the General Population
Authors: Varbo Anette , Freiberg Jacob J , Nordestgaard Børge G
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND

Increased nonfasting remnant cholesterol, like increased LDL cholesterol, is causally associated with increased risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD). We tested the hypothesis that extreme concentrations of nonfasting remnant and LDL cholesterol are equal contributors to the risk of IHD, myocardial infarction (MI), and all-cause mortality.

METHODS

We compared stepwise increasing concentrations of nonfasting remnant and LDL cholesterol for association with risk of IHD, MI, and all-cause mortality in approximately 90 000 individuals from the Danish general population. During up to 22 years of complete follow-up, 4435 participants developed IHD, 1722 developed MI, and 8121 died.

RESULTS

Compared with participants with nonfasting remnant cholesterol <0.5 mmol/L (19.3 mg/dL), hazard ratios for IHD ranged from 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.5) for remnant cholesterol of 0.5–0.99 mmol/L (19.3–38.2 mg/dL) to 2.4 (1.9–2.9) for remnant cholesterol of ≥1.5 mmol/L (58 mg/dL) (P for trend <0.001). Compared with participants with LDL cholesterol <3.0 mmol/L (115.8 mg/dL), hazard ratios for IHD ranged from 1.3 (1.1–1.5) for LDL cholesterol of 3–3.99 mmol/L (115.8–154 mg/dL) to 2.3 (1.9–2.8) for LDL cholesterol of ≥5 mmol/L (193 mg/dL) (P < 0.001). Corresponding hazard ratios for MI ranged from 1.8 (1.4–2.3) to 3.4 (2.5–4.8) for remnant cholesterol (P < 0.001), and from 1.7 (1.4–2.2) to 4.7 (3.5–6.3) for LDL cholesterol (P < 0.001). Nonfasting remnant cholesterol concentrations were associated stepwise with all-cause mortality ranging from hazard ratio 1.0 (0.9–1.1) to 1.6 (1.4–1.9) (P < 0.001), whereas LDL cholesterol concentrations were associated with decreased all-cause mortality risk in a U-shaped pattern, with hazard ratios from 0.8 (0.7–0.8) to 0.9 (0.8–1.0) (P = 0.002). After mutual adjustment, LDL cholesterol best predicted MI, and remnant cholesterol best predicted all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Both lipoproteins were associated equally with risk of IHD and MI; however, only nonfasting remnant cholesterol concentrations were associated stepwise with increased all-cause mortality risk.
Brain Tumor Mutations Detected in Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Authors: Pan Wenying , Gu Wei , Nagpal Seema , Gephart Melanie Hayden , Quake Stephen R
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND

Detecting tumor-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood of brain tumor patients is challenging, presumably owing to the blood–brain barrier. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) may serve as an alternative “liquid biopsy” of brain tumors by enabling measurement of circulating DNA within CSF to characterize tumor-specific mutations. Many aspects about the characteristics and detectability of tumor mutations in CSF remain undetermined.

METHODS

We used digital PCR and targeted amplicon sequencing to quantify tumor mutations in the cfDNA of CSF and plasma collected from 7 patients with solid brain tumors. Also, we applied cancer panel sequencing to globally characterize the somatic mutation profile from the CSF of 1 patient with suspected leptomeningeal disease.

RESULTS

We detected tumor mutations in CSF samples from 6 of 7 patients with solid brain tumors. The concentration of the tumor mutant alleles varied widely between patients, from <5 to nearly 3000 copies/mL CSF. We identified 7 somatic mutations from the CSF of a patient with leptomeningeal disease by use of cancer panel sequencing, and the result was concordant with genetic testing on the primary tumor biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

Tumor mutations were detectable in cfDNA from the CSF of patients with different primary and metastatic brain tumors. We designed 2 strategies to characterize tumor mutations in CSF for potential clinical diagnosis: the targeted detection of known driver mutations to monitor brain metastasis and the global characterization of genomic aberrations to direct personalized cancer care.
Revisitar los fundamentos del constructivismo: las bases éticas y religiosas del pensamiento psicopedagógico del joven Piaget
Authors: Formoshino Maria , Day James M.
Published: January 2015

El pensamiento de Piaget se basa en un marco conceptual ecléctico integrado por varias líneas teóricas. Así, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo explicitar las bases metafísicas y teológicas del proyecto intelectual del joven Piaget para demostrar la relativa unidad y continuidad entre las categorías forjadas para tratar cuestiones teológicas y éticas y las categorías biopsicopedagógicas, prestando especial atención a la dialéctica inmanencia-trascendencia y conflicto-cooperación. En efecto, si la importancia formativa de las primeras exploraciones biológicas de Piaget ya fue estudiada cuidadosamente, las cuestiones referidas a los fundamentos religiosos o teológicos del pensamiento del joven Piaget en los años 1910-1920 han sido menos desarrolladas. Sin embargo, sostenemos que la elucidación de su ética protestante inmanentista ofrece una valiosa clave hermenéutica para entender la necesidad lógica de la transición de Piaget a la experimentación psicológica y, por lo tanto, a la construcción de conceptos explicativos en la epistemología genética, permitiendo reconocer el valor de la Educación Activa, defendida y praticada en el Instituto J.-J. Rousseau.
Dynamic Information Revelation in Cheap Talk
Authors: Ivanov Maxim
Published: January 2015

This paper studies a multi-stage version of Crawford and Sobel’s communication game. In every period the receiver determines a test about the unknown state whose result is privately observed by the sender. After the sender sends a costless message about an outcome of the test, the receiver selects a test in the next period. After a finite number of periods of interaction, the receiver makes a decision. The paper offers a sequence of tests that refine sender’s information step-by-step and preserve truthtelling in every period. This sequence allows the receiver to learn the state in a subinterval of the state space with an arbitrary precision and has appealing theoretical properties. It consists of simple binary tests which reveal whether the state is above a certain cutoff, where the cutoffs are monotonic across periods and independent from results of the previous tests. Finally, we show that the relative payoff efficiency of multi-stage interaction compared to a single-stage game increases without a bound as the bias in preferences tends to zero.
Discrete Pareto Distributions
Authors: Buddana Amrutha , Kozubowski Tomasz J.
Published: January 2015

We review several common discretization schemes and study a particular class of power-tail probability distributions on integers, obtained by discretizing continuous Pareto II (Lomax) distribution through one of them. Our results include expressions for the density and cumulative distribution functions, probability generating function, moments and related parameters, stability and divisibility properties, stochastic representations, and limiting distributions of random sums with discrete-Pareto number of terms. We also briefly discuss issues of simulation and estimation and extensions to multivariate setting.
ICEEM07: Three-Dimensional Flow Optimization of a Pneumatic Pulsator Nozzle with a Continuous Adjoint
Authors: Wołosz Krzysztof J. , Wernik Jacek
Published: January 2015

The article presents results of multi-criteria optimization of air nozzle topology. The optimization in the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been recently developed since equations of flow in porous media were applied among others governing equations. Optimization is a seeking for extremum of an objective function with respect to the function constraints. With this definition in mind, the optimization by using a continuous adjoint for the current cases is a finding such channel topology which minimizes for example pressure or energy loss when the constraints of objective function are in the form of flow governing equations of momentum and continuity. This methodology of optimization makes a design process faster comparing to the methods related to Design of Experiments (DoE). However, for the sake of flow governing equations nonlinearity, the continuous adjoint method can be successfully applied only in relatively simply and steady-state cases. The method consists in seeking of a global extremum of objective function. This extremum can sometimes be find in only simple and stationary events. The results of optimization of two selected cases are presented in the article and show advantages and limitations of the method applied. The continuous adjoint simulation results indicate the nozzles design directions and can be applied in industry with limited reliability. The object of research reported in the article is the nozzle which is augmented equipment used with a pneumatic pulsator. The pulsators are devices that utilize an air stream to destruct vaults created in loose material structure. The pulsator productivity equipped with a nozzle depends on outlet pressure. Therefore, the optimization problem was stated so that pressure loss is to be as low as possible.
On the embedding problem for generalized Baumslag–Solitar groups
Authors: Dudkin Fedor A.
Published: January 2015

A finitely generated group G acting on a tree so that all vertex and edge stabilizers are
infinite cyclic groups is called a generalized Baumslag–Solitar group (GBS group). Such an action is described by a labeled graph.
One GBS group can be presented by many labeled graphs. We study the embedding problem for GBS groups: to determine algorithmically when
two given labeled graphs 𝔸1 and 𝔸2 define GBS groups G
1 and G
2 such that G
1 is embeddable into G
2.
We prove that if G
1 can be presented by only a finite number of reduced labeled graphs, then the embedding problem is solvable. Moreover, we describe the algorithm in this situation.
Studies on Nylon-66 membrane using aqueous solutions of potassium and lead nitrate salts as permeants
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Ram Bali
Published: January 2015

Measurements
on hydrodynamic and electro-osmotic permeability of water and
aqueous solutions of KNO
3
and Pb(NO
3
)
2
in the concentration (C) range
of

10

-
4

$10^{-4}$

M to

10

-
3

$10^{-3}$

M are made across the Nylon-66 membrane. The data obtained are used to ascertain the
form of transport equation using the theory of non-equilibrium
thermodynamics. Conductance of membrane equilibrated with water and aqueous solutions
are measured and the data are used to estimate
phenomenological coefficients. These phenomenological coefficients
are used to determine the average pore radius, the average number of pores and
the membrane constant. Zeta potentials are evaluated using electro-osmotic
permeability and membrane-permeant conductance data to understand the electrical
nature of the membrane-permeant interface. It is observed that
hydrodynamic permeability and electro-osmotic permeability depend linearly
on the applied pressure difference and the potential difference, respectively.
Fei Cheng Wu Rao (非诚勿扰): Staging Global China through International Format Television and Overseas Special Episodes
Authors: Morrow Katherine
Published: January 2015

In 2010, a reality dating show called Fei Cheng Wu Rao (非诚勿扰) sparked discussions across the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and many viewers saw the show as a reflection of changes in the value systems of contemporary national society. The format that inspired the show, however, has international origins. This article considers Fei Cheng Wu Rao alongside the equally popular British version, Take Me Out, to demonstrate how Jiangsu Satellite Television has been able to adjust a global format to comply with PRC censorship and differing television dating show expectations, drawing out the opposing forms of fantasy each version of the format presents. The article then engages with overseas special episodes (海外专场) as a form of international relations that educate participants and viewers alike in how to approach foreign places and cultural difference.
Physical properties and microstructures of a BN-NiCoCrAlY laser amorphous-nanocrystal reinforced composite coating
Authors: Li Jianing , Zhang Yuanbin , Luo Hui , Gong Shuili , Huo Yushuang
Published: January 2015

An amorphous-nanocrystal reinforced composite coating was fabricated on a TA15 alloy by laser cladding of BN-NiCoCrAlY mixed powders. Experimental results indicated that a portion of the amorphous phases just began to crystallize when the laser molten pool had completed the solidification process. The nucleation and growth of the amorphous phases were retarded by the nanocrystalline phases to a certain extent during the crystallization process. Due to the rapid solidification process of the laser molten pool, a number of the fine precipitates were produced. The production of eutectics, such as Co-Ti and Ti-Si compounds, in such a coating greatly promoted the formation of amorphous phases.
Attempted covalent imitation of a supramolecular synthon moiety embedded in a crystalline hydrogen-bonded aggregate structure
Authors: Klien Henrik , Seichter Wilhelm , Weber Edwin
Published: January 2015

Imitative of a supramolecular synthon moiety D comprising two 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) substituted benzoic acid moieties (2), the covalently linked surrogate molecule 1 has been designated and synthesized. Crystal structures have been compared including also substituted and molecularly elongated derivatives of 2. They show largely common structural features in planar geometry of the building units and layer formation in the crystal packing, while the hydrogen bonded patterns within the layers differ according to the structural molecular changes. Moreover, synthon robustness of the dimer carboxylic acid motif has been confirmed.
Formation of R44(8)$R_4^4(8)$ ring in chloride salts of 8-hydroxyquinolinium derivatives: synthesis, structural, and theoretical studies
Authors: Mohammadnezhad Gholamhossein , Amini Mostafa Mohammadpour , Langer Vratislav , Adineh Maryam
Published: January 2015

The molecular structures of chloride salts of 2- and 5-substituted derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinoline, Me–H2Q+·Cl– ([C10H10NO]Cl) and Cl–H2Q+·Cl– ([C9H7ClNO]+·Cl–), were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods; the latter is a new polymorph. In the crystal structures of these salts, several intra- and inter-molecular interactions result in a step-shaped centrosymmetric

R
4
4

(
8
)

$R_4^4(8)$

ring. Unlike most quinolinium salts, there was no solvent present in these structures. Protonation of the quinoline N atom had an effect on the N···O bite distances and C–N–C angle and greater conjugation of the benzene ring with a hydroxyl group was also observed. π–π Interactions between each pair of quinolinium rings were observed in Me–H2Q+·Cl– but not in Cl–H2Q+·Cl–. In addition, the quantum chemical calculations were performed on the new structures as well as similar compounds for comparison. The optimized structures were compared with the experimental observations for the effect of protonation and of hydrogen bonding interactions.
Using Fick's Second Law and Nernst–Planck Approach in Prediction of Chloride Ingress in Concrete Materials
Authors: Bu Yiwen , Luo Daming , Weiss Jason
Published: January 2015

The service life of many concrete structures depends upon their resistance to chloride ingress. Service life models estimate the time required for chloride ions to reach the reinforcing steel, to build up a critical concentration, and to initiate corrosion. Fick’s second law and the Nernst–Planck equation are two of the more popular methods that are used to estimate chloride ingress. While chloride ions are usually the primary consideration, in general they are not present by themselves. The co-present cations and anions can influence the rate of chloride ingress. This paper discusses how the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient, based on Fick’s second law, is dependent on the chemical composition and concentration of the ponding solutions. This study examines the influence of the chemical composition and concentration of solutions on the chloride binding capacity, on the consequential microstructural changes as determined with scanning electron microscopy using energy dispersive X-ray spectra (SEM-EDS), on the surface charges of the pore walls, and on the overall chloride ingress of the concrete materials. Chloride ingress predictions based on the Nernst–Planck equation were also compared with the experimental chloride profiles. The Nernst–Planck approach provided good predictions at low salt concentrations (less than 1.0 mol/L NaCl) using a single porosity, tortuosity, and binding approach. At higher concentrations, the binding and change of microstructure was under-predicted, and thus the chloride ingress was over-estimated.
Frequency Variable Surface Compaction of Sand Using Rotating Mass Oscillators
Authors: Wersäll Carl , Larsson Stefan , Rydén Nils , Nordfelt Ingmar
Published: January 2015

The influence of vibration frequency was studied in 110 small-scale compaction tests conducted using a vertically oscillating plate. The underlying soil was dry sand, or sand close to the optimum water content. The results showed that there is a resonant amplification, providing a slightly higher degree of compaction. Frequency has a major influence on soil compaction. An iterative method for calculating the dynamic response of the plate, incorporating strain-dependent properties of the soil, is also presented. The calculated frequency response agrees fairly well with measured quantities.
Comparison of Two Histological Test Methods for the Measurement of Thermal Spread Associated With Energized Vessel Sealing
Authors: Roweton Susan , Johnson Beth , Kurtenbach Julie , Young G. David , Dunne J. Bruce
Published: January 2015

Development of safe and effective radio frequency (RF) vessel sealing devices requires the complete characterization of thermal damage that can occur adjacent to areas of energy application. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is an efficacious and extensively used histological test method for assessing this lateral thermal damage through characterization of changes in cell and tissue morphology. The purpose of this investigation was to compare thermal spread measurements obtained using H&E staining to measurements made using picrosirius red (PSR) staining, an alternative histological test method that exploits the birefringence of healthy vascular collagen to facilitate the identification of thermal damage associated with use of vessel sealing devices. A 5 mm RF vessel sealing device was used to seal arteries in vivo in various porcine tissues. Subsequently, sealed vessel segments were excised and histologically processed. Paired histological sections were mounted on slides; one section was stained with PSR and one section was stained with H&E. A blinded board-certified veterinary pathologist completed thermal spread measurements on all PSR- and H&E-stained sections. Bland–Altman comparison plots were then used to estimate any bias between the two measurement methods, as well as quantify the range of differences between PSR and H&E thermal spread measurements. The magnitude of the mean difference between measurements was determined to be less than 0.10 mm and, with 90 % confidence, 95 % of the differences between measurements were within 1.0 mm. These results indicate that PSR-staining is an appropriate alternative to H&E-staining for the measurement of lateral thermal spread associated with an RF vessel sealing device.