bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Forstentomologie in der russischen Zeitschrift “Lesnoje chosjaistwo” (Forstwirtschaft) Jahrgang 1957
Authors: BRAMMANIS L.
Published: July 2010

TALALAJEV, E. V.: Bakteriologische Methode zur Bekämpfung des sibirischen Spinners. I, 36. (Aus dem Institut für Physiologie und Mikrobiologie der Universität Irkutsk.)

GUKASJAN, A. B. und KOLOMIJEZ, N. G.: Versuch zur Bekämpfung des sibirischen Spinners mit Hilfe der Spinnerbazille. I, 38. (Aus der westsibirischen Filiale der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR).

ROŽKOV, A. S. Brandgeschädigte Kicferndickungen: gefährliche Schädlingsherde. I, 71. (Aus der ostsibirischen Filiale der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR.)

POKOZIJ, I. T.: Ein gefährlicher Eichenschädling. I, 72. (Aus dem landwirtschaftlichen Institut Charckov.)

SINADSKIJ, J. V.: Schädlinge der Auenwälder im unteren Fluβlauf des Amu‐Darja. II, 24. (Aus dem Moskauer Forsttechnischen Institut.)

DJADJEDSCHKO, N. P.: Verwendung der Muscardine Beauveria bassiana zur Bekämpfung von blattfressenden Insekten. II, 27.

KUKOLEVSKIJ, A. K.: Bekämpfung der Lärchenblattwespe mit HCH‐Nebelpatronen. IV, 38.

MISCHIN, A. V.: Die Waldzecke ein Überträger des Enzephalitis‐Virus. IV, 10. (Aus der Abteilung für Biologie des Medizinischen Institutes Ischevsk.)

LOSINSKIJ, V. A.: Der Eichenspinner — ein Forstschädling im Süden der UdSSR. V, 40. (Aus dem Institut für Entomologie und Phytologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Ukrainischen SSR.)

IVLIEV, L. A.: Über eine rationelle Benutzung von Beständen, die in Folge des Kiefernspinnerangriffes absterben. VI, 54. (Aus der fernöstlichen Filiale der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR.)

ZINNOVSKIJ, J.: Feststellung der Verpuppungszeit bei Maikäferengerlingen. VI, 56. (Aus dem zoologischen Institut der Akademie der Wissenschaften Lettlands.)

PADIJ, N. N., SPEKTOR, M. R.: Anwendung von DDT zur Bekämpfung von Schädlingen in Baumstämmen. VI, 84.

KOLOMIJEZ, N. G.: Neue Angaben über die Parasiten des sibirischen Spinners. VII, 57.

SCHAPOVALOV, A. A.: Der groβe Pappelglasschwärmer — ein gefährlicher Schädling. VIII, 46.

KOROVINA, N. J.: Wanzen als Samenschädlinge. VIII, 54. (Aus dem landwirtschaftlichen Institut in Woronesch.)

OKUNEV, P. P.: Ein Verfahren zur schnellen Feststellung der Parasitierung von Insekteneiern. I, 59. (Aus dem forstlichen Forschungsinstitut in Leningrad.)
Über das Auftreten von Individualunterschieden beim Ringelspinner, Malacosoma neustria (L.)
Authors: Laux W. , Franz J. M.
Published: July 2010

Larvae of Malacosoma neustria (L.) were examined as regards their behaviour towards light stimuli. As a result, two forms could be distinguished which behaved differently in a light gradient.

The development of the larvae at different temperatures showed that the two larval types had different temperature ranges.

Hungry larvae of the two forms showed different activity and endurance in searching for food.

The two forms differed in their susceptibility to infection with Bacillus thuringensis Berliner showing a mortality of 73% in one case against 33% in the other.

From the results it appears desirable to pay more attention in the future to qualitative differences in the individuals of a species.
Keys to Mite Species Found on Field Crops in Alexandria Region, U.A.R.
Authors: Abdel‐Shaheed G. A. , Hammad S. M. , El‐Sawaf S. K.
Published: July 2010

The present study covers fourty‐three species of mites, which fall into three suborders of the Acarina. These suborders are, the Parasitiformes, the Trombidiformes and the Sarcoptiformes, which are represented by seven, twenty six and ten species respectively. The system used in the classification of these species is modified from the works of Berlese (1882), Reuter (1909), Oudemans (1902, 1906) and others.

Keys to the Suborders, Divisions, Supercohorts, Cohorts, Superfamilies, Families, Subfamilies, Tribes, Genera and Species, to which these fourty‐three species belong, are indicated.

über die an landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen in Alexandria lebenden Milbenarten

An landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen in der Region Alexandria wurden 43 Milbenarten gefunden, die zu 3 Unterordnungen gehören: Parasitiformes (7 Arten), Trombidiformes (26 Arten) und Sarcoptiformes (10 Arten). Zur Klassifizierung wurden vor allem die Systeme von Berlese (1882), Reuter (1909) sowie Oudemans (1902, 1906) verwendet.

Es werden Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Unterordnungen, Divisionen, überkohorten, Kohorten, überfamilien, Familien, Unterfamilien, Triben, Gattungen und Arten aufgestellt.
Susceptibility of oat seedlings to oviposition by the frit fly, Oscinella frit L. (Dipt., Chloropidae)
Authors: Jonasson Th.
Published: July 2010

The susceptibility to oviposition by Oscinella frit in 16 oat cultivars was experimentally analysed in field and laboratory studies. The pattern of coleoptile withering and the corresponding separation of the coleoptile from the plant base was found to be of vital importance to the rate of oviposition. The oat seedlings were maximally attractive to the ovipositing females during the early stage of coleoptile disconnection, when the eggs could be conveniently deposited in the narrow crevice between the plant base and the coleoptile. The probability of a certain cultivar being utilized for egg‐laying was approximately proportional to the duration of a suitable coleoptile crevice. Oat cultivars with thin‐walled and rapidly withering coleoptiles were more liable to escape frit fly attack than were cultivars with thick‐walled and persistent coleoptiles. A high density of trichomes on the plant base surface did not entail any significant deterrent effect on egg‐laying frit fly females.

Zur Empfindlichkeit von Haferkeimlingen auf die Eiablage der Fritfliege, Oscinella frit L. (Dipt., Chloropidae)

Im Freiland und Gewächshaus wurde die Empfindlichkeit von 16 verschiedenen Hafersorten gegenüber der Eiablage der Fritfliege untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Absterben der Koleoptile und die damit verbundene Hohlraumbildung zwischen Koleoptile und Stengelgrund von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Eilegerate war. Die Haferkeimlinge waren für die eierablegenden Weibchen während des 1. Stadiums des Koleoptilenabsterbens am attraktivsten. In diesem Stadium war es leicht für die legebereiten Fliegen, die Legeröhre zwischen die Koleoptile und den Stengelgrund einzupressen. Die Anfälligkeit einer bestimmten Sorte zur Fritfliegen‐Eiablage war ungefähr proportional der Dauer des Koleoptilenabsterbens. Haferpflanzen mit dünneren und schneller absterbenden Koleoptilen waren für den Fritfliegenbefall weniger geeignet als solche mit dickeren und langsamer absterbenden Koleoptilen. Eine hohe Dichte von Haaren der Halmoberfläche hatte keine merkbare abweisende Wirkung auf eierablegende Fritfliegen.
Chemische Charakteristik des Kiefernharzes (Pinus spp.)1
Authors: Sturm U. , Francke W. , Mittak W. L. , Vité J. P.
Published: July 2010

Chemical characteristics of pine resin (Pinus spp.)

Extensive knowledge of the chemical composition of pine resins may contribute to the resolution of chemotaxonomic problems as well as to a better understanding of significant insect/plant relationships.

According to the presence or absence of n‐alkanes among the volatile constituents, pine resins may be devided into two main groups. Within each group a sufficient characterisation solely based on qualitative and/or quantitative variations in the pattern of monoterpenes is limited to certain exceptions only. In contrast, significant differences are found among the broad spectrum of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons even in morphologically closely related species. Patterns of low boiling compounds in the resins of P. monophylla and P. maximinoi are compared. Both species may be easily distinguished by characteristic differences in sesquiterpene distributions. Another important class of compounds which is suitable for chemotaxonomic approaches is represented by the tricyclic diterpenes of the abietan‐ and pimaran type. Distributions of diterpenes of P. maximinoi and P. pseudostrobus are compared and discussed.

Gründliche Kenntnis der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Kiefernharzen kann sowohl zur Lösung chemotaxonomischer Probleme beitragen als auch dem Verständnis von Insekten‐Wirtsbeziehungen dienen.

In Abhängigkeit von der Anwesenheit leichtflüchtiger n‐Alkane können die Kiefernharze in zwei Hauptgruppen eingeteilt werden. Innerhalb dieser Gruppen ist eine Charakterisierung allein auf der Basis qualitativer und/oder quantitativer Unterschiede im Bereich der Monoterpene auf seltene Ausnahmen beschränkt. Im Gegensatz dazu finden sich auch bei morphologisch nahe verwandten Arten häufig charakteristische Unterschiede im Bereich der Sesquiterpenkohlenwasserstoffe. Die Terpenmuster von P. monophylla und P. maximinoi unterscheiden sich z. B. dadurch, daß das erstere sehr viel reichhaltiger an diesen Verbindungen ist und Copaen, Longifolen und γ‐Muurolen als Hauptkomponenten aufweist, während letzteres im Bereich der Sesquiterpene nur γ‐Amorphen als überragende Hauptkomponente enthält. Eine weitere Substanzklasse, die für chemotaxonomische Zwecke von Bedeutung ist, bilden die Diterpene vom Abietan‐ und Pimarantyp. Charakteristische Terpenmuster in diesem Bereich werden anhand der Beispiele von P. maximinoi und P. pseudostrobus diskutiert.
Subungual glomus tumour: magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Koç O , Kivrak AS , Paksoy Y
Published: July 2010

The present study aims to present a case of a subungual glomus tumour with literature to the findings on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. A 51‐year‐old man consulted his physician because of a pain in the nail bed of his thumb, which he had had for 2 years. A plain radiography and MR examination was performed. Physical examination showed a blue‐brown focus beneath the nail and there was deformation. A plain radiography demonstrated no abnormality. T1‐weighted spin‐echo images showed a well‐marginated, oval, slightly hyperintense lesion (4 mm diameter) located in the subungual region. On turbo spin‐echo T2‐weighted images the lesion was hyperintense with a hypointense rim. T1‐weighted spin‐echo images after intravenous administration of contrast medium showed strong enhancement. The lesion was completely excised at surgery and the diagnosis of a glomus tumour was established histologically. In conclusion, MR imaging offers excellent diagnostic information about a clinically suspected glomus tumour.
Serum visfatin is correlated with disease severity and metabolic syndrome in chronic hepatitis C infection
Authors: Huang Jee‐Fu , Huang Chung‐Feng , Yu Ming‐Lung , Dai Chia‐Yen , Huang Ching‐I , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Hsieh Meng‐Hsuan , Yang Jeng‐Fu , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Chern , Chuang Wan‐Long
Published: July 2010

Background and Aim:  Cytokines activation is a common feature in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. Visfatin, as a recently‐recognized adipocytokine, may correlate with metabolic abnormalities. We aimed to elucidate the characteristics of visfatin in CHC patients.

Methods:  This retrospective study included 102 treatment‐naïve CHC patients and 97 sex‐/age‐matched healthy adults. Serum visfatin levels were examined by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test. The correlation between visfatin and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in terms of virological, metabolic, and histopathological profiles was analyzed. The impact of visfatin on the treatment response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (PEGIFN/RBV) therapy was also assessed.

Results:  The visfatin level was correlated significantly with fibrosis scores (r = 0.23, P = 0.02) in CHC patients. A significant higher visfatin level was observed in CHC patients with histological activity index scores of mild and more (P = 0.01) and advanced fibrosis (P = 0.04). The mean visfatin level (0.81 ± 0.28 log ng/mL) of 26 CHC patients with metabolic syndrome was significantly lower than their counterparts (0.95 ± 0.30 log ng/mL) (P = 0.03). There was no significant correlation between visfatin and HCV genotypes, viral load, and treatment response to PEGIFN/RBV therapy. Multiple logistic regression analyses demonstrated that metabolic syndrome was the leading negative variable (odds ratio = 0.09, 95% confidence interval = 0.02–0.46, P = 0.004) associated with high visfatin level, followed by advanced fibrosis (odds ratio = 2.88, 95% confidence interval = 1.06–6.78, P = 0.03).

Conclusions:  Serum visfatin was correlated with disease severity and metabolic syndrome in CHC patients.
MDM2 antagonist can inhibit tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma with different types of p53 in vitro
Authors: Wang Jiabei , Zheng Tongsen , Chen Xi , Song Xuan , Meng Xianzhi , Bhatta Nishant , Pan Shangha , Jiang Hongchi , Liu Lianxin
Published: July 2010

Background and Aims:  Nutlin‐3, a selective small‐molecule inhibitor of the p53‐MDM2 interaction, has been shown to have antitumor activities in various tumors with wild‐type p53. However, its effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with different types of p53 remains unclear. This study is designed to determine nutlin‐3′s antitumor efficacy and underlying mechanisms of action in human HCC cells.

Methods:  Cell viability assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay, western blot, co‐ immunoprecipitation and siRNA experiments were analyzed in three human HCC cells. Anti‐tumoral effects of nutlin‐3 targeting the p53 and p73 pathways were evaluated in HCC cell lines.

Results:  Nutlin‐3 exerted the greatest anti‐tumoral effect to three human HCC cells with wild‐type p53, mutant p53 and p53‐null. Nutlin‐3 not only upregulated p53 in HepG2 cells, but also p73 in Huh7 and Hep3B cells, and disrupted p53‐MDM2 and p73‐MDM2 complexes in HCC cells. The compound inhibited cell proliferation, induced G0/G1 phase arrest, decreased the levels of CyclinD1, CyclinE, CDK2, CDK4, PCNA and E2F‐1, and increased the levels of p21 and p27. It also induced apoptosis, increased the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio, then activated caspase‐9 and caspase‐3.

Conclusions:  Nutlin‐3 has significant anticancer effects against human HCC cells, regardless of p53 status, indicating that it is a promising therapy for human hepatocellular carcinoma.
IVI epoprostenol as salvage therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension: an Australian perspective
Authors: Salamonsen M. , Keating D. , Whitford H. , Bailey M. , Miller T. , Manterfield C. , Williams T.
Published: July 2010

Background:  IVI epoprostenol is the only therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with a randomized controlled trial demonstrating improved survival, when used as first‐line monotherapy. In Australia it is used as salvage therapy for those failing treatment with other targeted therapies or presenting in World Health Organization functional class (FC) IV.

Aims:  Report experience with IVI epoprostenol, administered as salvage therapy for the treatment of adults with PAH in a single Australian PAH centre.

Methods:  Retrospective case series of all patients commenced on IVI epoprostenol for PAH, between 2002 and 2010. Review of case notes with collection of data at baseline and after treatment, including FC, 6‐min walk test (6MWT), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) on echocardiogram, patient survival and treatment complications. Change in indices was assessed using the Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test and is expressed as median (inter‐quartile range).

Results:  A total of 23 patients was included. Treatment was generally well tolerated with few major complications. At the end of the study period, nine patients were successfully bridged to transplant, five had a sustained response to IVI epoprostenol, six had an incomplete response but were clinically stabilized, two died awaiting transplant and one died who was not a candidate for transplantation. Overall, when measured at best level post initiation of IVI epoprostenol, there were significant improvements in FC −1 [0 to −1] (P < 0.0001), 6MWT (m) +117 [70–264] (P= 0.002) and RVSP (mmHg) −7.0 [4.0 to −45] (P= 0.03).

Conclusion:  Findings support efficacy of epoprostenol as salvage therapy for patients with PAH.
Qualitative Research in Management: A Decade of Progress
Authors: Bluhm Dustin J. , Harman Wendy , Lee Thomas W. , Mitchell Terence R.
Published: July 2010

abstract

Approximately 10 years ago, Lee et al. reviewed the qualitative methods published during 1979–99 in the major US journals in the organizational sciences. This ten‐year follow‐up review of 198 qualitative articles assesses the progress made in qualitative research in management by specifically considering: (1) the strength and legitimacy of recent publications that challenge any positivistic stigmatizations of qualitative research; (2) the methodological advances in qualitative methods, including the use and elucidation of novel techniques; and (3) the general contribution of qualitative research to the accumulation of management knowledge. By encompassing both US and European journals in our review, we also compare and contrast the qualitative research published on both sides of the Atlantic, stressing what each can learn from the other. We highlight exemplary articles and procedures and make recommendations for the next decade of qualitative research in management.
d‐glufosinate as a male sterility agent for hybrid seed production
Authors: Hawkes Tim , Pline‐Srnic Wendy , Dale Richard , Friend Emma , Hollinshead Tricia , Howe Peter , Thompson Paul , Viner Russell , Greenland Andy
Published: July 2010

A chemical male sterility system based on anther‐localized conversion of the inactive d‐enantiomer of the herbicide, glufosinate (2‐amino‐4‐(methylphosphinyl)‐butanoate) to the phytotoxic l is described. Highly pure d‐glufosinate was isolated in >98% enantiomeric excess from the racemate via fermentation with a strain of Escherichia coli expressing the PAT (l‐glufosinate N‐acetyl transferase) gene and purification of the unreacted d‐enantiomer from the broth by ion exchange. A modified (F58K, M213S) form of the d‐amino acid oxidase (DAAO) (EC 1.4.3.3) from Rhodosporidium toruloides was designed, tested in vitro and found to efficiently oxidize d‐glufosinate to its 2‐oxo derivative [2‐oxo‐4‐(methylphosphinyl)‐butanoic acid]. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants were transformed to express this modified oxidase under control of the TAP1 tapetum‐specific promoter. A number of the resultant transgenic lines exhibited complete male sterility that persisted for two or more weeks immediately following foliar treatment with 75 or 200 g/ha of d‐glufosinate without exhibiting obvious phytotoxic symptoms or any measurable decline in female fertility. Similarly, plants containing the same construct and, additionally, a PAT gene expressed from a plastocyanin promoter exhibited significantly reduced male fertility and no reduction in female fertility following foliar application of racemic glufosinate. Thus, foliar application of d‐glufosinate either purified or as the commercial herbicide, combined with anther expression of a modified DAAO promises to provide a cost‐effective conditional chemical male sterility system with the characteristics necessary for practical F1 hybrid seed production.
Scrip as private money, monetary monopoly, and the rent‐seeking state in Britain
Authors: TAN ELAINE
Published: July 2010

Scrip—promissory notes payable in goods at company stores—was issued by employers to pay workers, and was an important component of British money during the industrial revolution. As late as the third quarter of the nineteenth century, scrip issued by coal firms, which represented the foregone demand for official currency, was at least 9 to 24 per cent of the value of English country or Scottish banknote issues. In some areas, scrip was 38 per cent of the total wages paid. The state's suppression of this private currency to defend its seigniorage rents was in part the motivation behind the prohibition of the truck system in 1831.
Interferon and lamivudine vs. interferon for hepatitis B e antigen‐positive hepatitis B treatment: meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Rudin Dan , Shah Sooraj M. , Kiss Alexander , Wetz Robert V. , Sottile Vincent M.
Published: July 2010

Aims: To compare interferon monotherapy with its combination with lamivudine for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive hepatitis B treatment.

Methods: Two independent researchers identified pertinent randomized controlled trials. The trials were evaluated for methodological quality and heterogeneity. Rates of sustained virological and biochemical responses, and HBeAg clearance and seroconversion were used as primary efficacy measures. Quantitative meta‐analyses were conducted to assess differences between groups for conventional and pegylated interferon, and overall.

Results: Greater sustained virological, biochemical and seroconversion rates were observed with addition of lamivudine to conventional [odds ratio (OR)=3.1, 95% confidence intervals (CI) (1.7–5.5), P<0.0001, OR=1.8, 95% CI (1.2–2.7), P=0.007 and OR=1.8, 95% CI (1.1–2.8), P=0.01 respectively], although not pegylated [OR=1.1, 95% CI (0.5–2.3), P=0.8, OR=1.0, 95% CI (0.7–1.3), P=0.94, and OR=0.9, 95% CI (0.6–1.2), P=0.34 respectively] interferon‐α, with no significant affect on HBeAg clearance rates [OR=1.6, 95% CI (0.9–2.7), P=0.09, and OR=0.8, 95% CI (0.6–1.1), P=0.26 respectively]. Excluding virological response (P<0.001), pegylated interferon monotherapy and conventional interferon and lamivudine combination therapy were similarly efficacious (P>0.05), with the former studied in harder to treat patients, as evidenced by the superior virological response observed with conventional as compared with pegylated interferon monotherapy (P<0.0001).

Conclusion: In comparable populations, pegylated interferon monotherapy is likely to be equally or more efficacious than conventional interferon and lamivudine combination therapy, thus constituting the treatment of choice, with no added benefit with lamivudine addition. However, when conventional interferon is used, its combination with lamivudine should be considered.
Friction Between Keratin Surfaces as Affected by Some Shrinkproofing Treatments*
Authors: LIPSON M. , HOWARD P.
Published: July 2010

The results of the present experiments show that it is not necessary to alter the physical structure of the fibre scales in order to reduce their D. F. E. on a smooth keratin surface. Treatment of the keratin surface alone with certain of the reagents used for reducing shrinkability will bring about the necessary reduction. These findings therefore support the views of Martin2 (1944) in indicating that the D. F. E. is not simply the physical result of scaliness. They also show that when dealing with fibre surfaces in which the coefficients of friction are very low, the D. F. E. is not as important in interpreting results as the actual value for the coefficients of friction in each direction.

Finally, they emphasise the need to have both keratin surfaces treated by the different reagents when observing the effect of the latter on the wool fibre surface. With both surfaces treated it has been found that all the reagents used for reducing shrinkability, except alcoholic caustic potash, markedly reduce the with‐scale and anti‐scale coefficients. Alcoholic caustic potash, on the other hand, increases the value of each.
Part II–The Use of Infra‐red Radiation
Authors: PRESTON J. M. , CHEN J. C.
Published: July 2010

Factors affecting the absorption of infra‐red radiation have been investigated.
The Accuracy of Colorimetric Instruments in Dye Strength Determinations
Authors: Davies O. L. , Giles C. H. , Vickebstaff T.
Published: July 2010

A statistical examination is described of the results of a series of dye strength determinations with typical colorimetric instruments, made by six observers, each using five acid dyes which substantially covered the visible spectrum and which were employed in four strengths of solution. Of the instruments examined, the photoelectric absorptiometer is the most accurate, with an overall mean standard error of 1·00%, compared with 1·35% for the visual spectrophotometer and 2·49% for a Duboseq‐type colorimeter. This last instrument gives the least consistent results, ranging from a mean standard error of 0·85% for a blue dye to one of 5·47% for a yellow. The accuracy of the results given by the photoelectric absorptiometer is independent of the colour‐matching experience of the operator, whereas that of the other two instruments is dependant on such experience.
The Influence of Soap Hydrolysis on Detergent Action
Authors: Tomlinson K.
Published: July 2010

It has been shown that a minimum of detergent power of soap solution exists at a concentration corresponding approximately to that of maximum soap hydrolysis. This minimum can be removed by adding substances which suppress soap hydrolysis. An explanation of the low detergent power of dilute soap solutions is given, and the effect of adding sodium carbonate to the solution is discussed.
Some Chemical Aspects of the Application of Velan PF to Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Davis F. V.
Published: July 2010

When cotton fabrics treated with Velan PF are hydrolysed with 5% sulphuric acid and steam‐distilled, formaldehyde is liberated which may be used to estimate the amount of Velan FF applied. Using the method described, pure stearamido‐methyl pyridinium chloride gives a theoretical yield of formaldehyde. Stearamido‐methyl pyridinium chlorido (SAMPC) appears to be hydrolysed by boiling water to stearic methylolamide, 1 g.‐mol. of which yields 0–5 g.‐mol. formaldehyde on acid hydrolysis, leaving a strongly water‐repellent substance which, it is suggested, is distearamidomethane. When up to about 2% of SAMFC is applied to cotton, it appears to be almost entirely condensed with cellulose or in loose association with the cellulose; if the amount of SAMPC rises appreciably above 2% some of it is present in the cured fabric as the dimeric ether of stearic methylolamide and as distearamidomethane. The chemically‐bound SAMPC may be estimated after extraction of the fabric with solvents for the decomposition products.
The Felting of Animal Fibres
Authors: Menkakt J. , Speakman J. B.
Published: July 2010

Previous work on the related subjects of felting and milling has been reviewed and it 1ms been shown that seemingly divergent theories are complementary rather than contradictory. Special attention has been drawn to the peculiar effects of variations in temperature and pH on the rate of shrinkage in milling: it has been argued that the existence of a critical temperature for milling in alkalis, the nonexistence of a critical temperature for milling in acids, and the decreasing rate of shrinkage with rise of pH in alkaline media are due to two causes. The first, which was originally suggested in 1933, is conflict between case of deformation and power of recovery from deformation; the second, arising out of Martin's theory of milling, is conflict between ease of deformation and penetrating power of the root ends of migrating fibres.

Conflict of the second kind suggested that it might be possible to augment the felting power of wool fibres by differential treatment of root and tip ends. Hardening the root ends with cross–linking agents, e. g. mercuric, acetate, and softening of the tip ends with sodium metabisulphito, have both been shown to give fibres of increased felting power, the former by increasing the penetrating power of root ends and the latter by increasing the ease of deformation of the fibres. The highest rate of felting is obtained when hardening of root ends is combined with softening of the tips.

The chief importance of the investigation is in relation to the carroting of fur fibres. Although sodium hydroxide was suggested as a possible carroting agent some years ago, increased felting power seems always to be obtained in practice by softening the tip ends with oxidising agents, and the successful use of sodium metabisulphite to augment the felting power of wool confirms an earlier suggestion that the essential function of carroting agents is to cause disulphide bond breakdown. There can be little doubt, therefore, that the range of carroting agents will be extended to include all compounds which promote disulphide bond breakdown. Further, it now seems likely that processes in which hardening of root ends is combined with softening of tips will replace present–day carroting processes, forwhen large–scale experiments were carried out with rabbit fur, which had been cross–linked with mercuric acetate and then carroted with mercuric nitrate, a dramatic rise in felting power was obtained.
Permanent Finishes on Viscose Rayon depending on Cross–bonding
Authors: CAMBBON W. G. , MOBTON T. H.
Published: July 2010

Evidence is presented which demonstrates the existence of cross–bonds in the molecular struoture of nine modified viscose rayons. In a resin treatment, e. g. the urea–formaldehyde anti–crease process, the greater part of the material is deposited between the molecules of cellulose in the amorphous regions of the fibre. The change in fibre properties, however, is due mainly to a muoh smaller amount of reaotant actively cross–bonding adjacent molecules. In technically important modifications of viscose rayon there is one cross–bond to each 40–100 glucose residues of the fibre cellulose. In the majority of instances the behaviour of the cross–bonds can be adequately represented by definite structural formulae. The cross–bonds studied differ widely in stability, and the technical importance of this point is indicated.

The teohnical processes depending on cross–bonding are reviewed, and the anti–crease process is discussed.
Colour and Constitution
Authors: HODGSON H. H.
Published: July 2010

The fact that all the aminocoumarins are yellow, whereas coumarin itself is colourless, may be readily explained on modern resonance theory, which provides also a qualitative explanation of differences in depth of colour based on facility of resonance. The rhythmic field effect suggested by Clayton2 is now shown to be without theoretical support.
The Relationship between the Chemical Constitution of Vat Dyes and their Dyeing and Fastness Behaviour
Authors: Fox M. R.
Published: July 2010

An outline is given of the developments in vat dyeing technique over the past twenty–five years, and an attempt is made to correlate the effects of the chemical constitution of vat dyes on dyeing and fastness properties. Present conceptions of the mechanism of vat dyeing are described, and (17 J vat dyes (mainly anthraquinonoid) are arranged in five chemical classes, which are further sub–divided into groups of closely similar constitution and properties. The hue characteristics and dyeing and fastness properties of each group are then described. The dyeing properties of vat dyes (with particular reference to a series of unsubstituted anthraquinone–carbazolo dyos) are then reviewed and some general rules are found to exist in respect of dyebath assistant requirements (caustic soda, sodium hydrosulphite, and exllausting salt) as well as for migration powers. Louco stability of the vat in respoct of over–reduction, hydrolysis, dehalogenation, and molecular rearrangement has been investigated from the point of view of the constitution of the individual dyes. Fastness properties and their relation to the constitution of the dyes have been examined from the viewpoint of resistance to light, overoxidation, bleaching, washing, and soda boiling. Finally, a simple test for the determination of the tendering powers of vat dyes on cellulose on exposure to light is proposed. A large number of dyos have been examined by a silver staining technique, and tendering has been directly related to the constitution of many dyes. Attempts to prepare inactive yellow and orange dyes by mixing active and inactive dyes proved of littlo value, but in the production of greens it has been found possible to inhibit tendering, even in the presence of a highly active yellow.
The Quantitative Measurement of Light Fastness
Authors: VICKERSTAFF T. , TOUGH D.
Published: July 2010

The conditions and criteria of light fading tests are reviewed. It is suggested that greator precision could be obtained by closer control of fading conditions including photo–electric measurement of light exposure, together with improved methods of assessing colour change in terms of the number of just noticeable differences of colour from the original shade.
Photosensitisation and Tendering by Vat Dyes
Authors: BAMFORD C. H. , DEWAR M. J. S.
Published: July 2010

The relative activities of a number of vat dyes have been compared for the following photosensitised reactions– (a) tendering of viscose, (b) autoxidation of tetialin, (c) polymerisation of styrene, and (d) deactivation of the excited dyes by oxygen.

The tendering activities show no correlation with (c) or (d) but sliow a moderato correlation with (b). It is concluded that the tendering of colluloso in tho presence of water involves a preliminary oxidation of hydi'oxyl ion by tho oxcited dye, and not a transfer of energy to oxygon as Egerton has postulated. The main tendering action involves hydrogen poroxide as an intermediate, in agreement with Egerton. The detailed mechanism is discussed.

The tendering of dry cellulose, or of nylon, silk, or cellulose acetate, probably involves non–chain oxidations of the fabrics by the excited dyes. A mechanism is postulated which accounts for the non–formation of hydrogon poroxido in the absence of moisture.

The quantum yield and the intensity oxponont in the tendering of moist cellulose have boon ostimatod. The effect of the distribution of dye in the fibre has also been studied.
The Action of Light on Calcium Alginate Rayon
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN N. H. , LUCAS F. , SPEARMAN J. B.
Published: July 2010

The absorption spectrum of calcium alginate shows no bands, but a rapid rise in absorption with decreasing wavelength between 2400 and 2260 A. In consequence, tho full radiation of a quartz mercury–vapour lamp has been used in studying the action of light on calcium alginate rayon. When single filaments were irradiated in air at different relative humidities, tho tenacity, measured at 65% R. H. and 22. 2°c, was found to decrease only slightly with rise of relative humidity from 5 to 95%, the tenacity retained after exposure being 75. 7 and 68. 4%, respectively, of tho original tenacity. Tn agreement with this observation, severe degradation was found to be possible in air, nitrogen, and oxygen after intensive drying for periods up to 201 days. It must be concluded, therefore, that neithor oxygen nor water vapour is essential to degradation, though the rate at which it occurs is increased slightly by tho presence of water.
The Fastness to Light of Dyed Textiles
Authors: BURGESS S.
Published: July 2010

The significance is discussed of the light fastness of dyed textiles in trades intermediate between those in which it must be very high and those in which it is of little importance. The method of use of the S. D. C. standards is considered, and an account given of a series of exposures indicating various difficulties of assessment. The importance of exposing dyeings of binary and tertiary mixtures in addition to those of single dyes is stressed. It is shown that the same dye may have widely varying fastness on different fibres. The dyer's practical problem as to whether he is permitted to shade fast but dimoult–to–apply dyes with easy–levelling but less fast dyes is discussed with some examples connected with the dyeing of matt staple fibre for the carpet trade. In this connection a comparison is made with the dyes used on wool for the same trade. The use of fading lamps is discussed, and some practical results are given of a comparison made between exposures of the same dyeings (a) in a Droylsden Fadeometer and (b) to sunlight.
Observations on the Anomalous Light Fastness of some Dyed Textiles
Authors: SMITH PHILIP WALTER
Published: July 2010

The anomalous behaviour of certain direct and vat dyes on exposure to light under varying conditions is discussed, and the effect of crease–resisting resins of the urea–formaldehyde type on dyeings made with direct cotton, vat, and azoic dyes is reviewed.
The Application of Organosilicon Polymers to Wool
Authors: ALEXANDER P. , CARTER D. , EARLAND C.
Published: July 2010

It is known that wool can be made non–felting by building up a film of polymer on the surface of the fibres to mask the scales known to be responsible for shrinkage. Organosilicon polymers were investigated for this purpose because these polymers can be produced from very reactive monomers, giving rise to chemically anchored polymers; also, by using monomers with similar chemical reactivities, plastics of widely different physical properties can be produced. To obtain non–feltability with a deposit of less than 5% (i) the polymer must be produced from a monomer containing a reactive grouping such as Si–Cl, groupings such as Si–OC2H5 and Si–NH2 not being satisfactory; and (ii) the polymer must be a hard solid, oils, rubbers, and waxes not being effective. Evidence is advanced which shows that initially the polymer is anchored to the fibres via –Si–NH– linkages; although this bond is hydrolysed by water, it servos the purpose of producing an oriented deposit of polymer on the–surface of the wool fibres.
Some Observations on the Levelling Properties of Acid Dyes I–Level–dyeing Acid Dyes
Authors: LEMIN D. R. , RATTEE I. D.
Published: July 2010

The rates of dyeing of a large number of level–dyeing acid dyes, measured under specific conditions, tend to decrease with increasing basicity of the dye. The reverse is found to be the case with regard to the relative boiling–off properties of acid dyes. With regard to the production of level dyeings, the Jatter property is of greater importance in view of the general rapidity of uptake of the level–dyeing acid dyes by wool.

The effect of pH on the exhaustion of a number of acid dyes has been examined, and the pH–exhaustion curves have been found to follow the shape of the acid titration curves of wool. The sensitivity of the dye exhaustion to pH has been found to increase with the basicity of the dye. A study of the effect of dye remaining in the dyebath after dyeing on the rate of levelling has been made with Naphthalene Red JS and Naphthalene Scarlet 4RS, and a hyperbolic relationship has been found to exist between the time of half–dyeing and the concentration of dye anions in the dyebath. It is shown that good levelling can be promoted only at the expense of exhaustion, and that the safest way in which this can be obtained is by an increase in anion concentration by addition of Glauber's salt or a similar source of anions rather than a decrease in the amount of acid, thereby raising the dyebath pH.
The Mechanism of Diazotisation and of Nitrosation
Authors: HODGSON H. H. , NORRIS W. H. H.
Published: July 2010

The essential mechanism (a) of diazotisation and (b) of nitrosation, which is the mode by which either two nitrogen atoms or a nitrogen and a carbon atom are linked together as the case may be, is interpreted as that of a generalised aldol condensation. This takes place between undissociated nitrous acid and (a) the free aromatic amine or (b) a phenol or a secondary or tertiary amine. The rôle of an acid, if present, is to facilitate elimination of water and, in the case of diazotisation, to convert the nitrosoamine initially formed into the corresponding diazonium salt–
The Raising of Dyed Fabrics
Authors: STEVENS C. B. , WHEWELL C. S. , YEGENAGA H. T.
Published: July 2010

Patterns of woven wool fabric dyed with various types of dye and of the undyed material are raised together both wet and dry, and the thickness of each raised pattern is measured. The results indicate that in general cloth dyed with Neolan dyes is raised more readily than undyed cloth, but when dyed with acid milling dyes, neutral–dyeing acid dyes, direct cotton dyes, mordant dyos, or indigo the susceptibility of the cloth to raising is reduced. Application of equalising acid dyes produces little change in raising characteristics. While recognising considerable variations among individual dyes from each group, it is significant that, except in the case of indigo dyeing, the lower the final pH. of the dyebath the more easily can dyed fabric be raised. The changes following dyeing are most marked when the cloth is raised wet.
New Principles in the Continuous Dyeing of Wool
Authors: CASTY R. , KRÄHBNBÚHL E.
Published: July 2010

It is claimed that, contrary to general belief, the principles of continuous dyeing can be applied successfully to wool in all stages of manufacture. A continuous method of dyeing wool on a laboratory scale is described, according to which wool impregnated with dye is treated in a boiling solution of dilute acid and dyed level in 2–10 min. with acid dyes and in 4–20 min. with chrome dyes or ester salts of leuco vat dyes. Some of the requirements of suitable machinery for dyeing long runs by this method are briefly mentioned.
The Cross–linking of Animal Fibres
Authors: CAPP C. W. , SPEAKMAN J. B.
Published: July 2010

When animal fibres are treated with 3: 4–isopropylidene 1: 2 – 5: 6–. dianhydromannitol for 24: hr. at 50°c. in acid solution, cross–linking is brought about by reaction with the carboxyl groups of salt–linkages. The reaction proceeds more slowly at temperatures below 50°o., and degradation is severe at high temperatures because of attack on the disulphide bonds. Under optimum conditions at 50°c. the extent of cross–linking is small, giving only about 7% increase in the resistance of the fibres to extension in water at 22. 2°c, but even this limited amount of cross–linking causes an appreciable reduction in the milling shrinkage of flannel. AB the scaliness of the fibres is unaltered, the reduced shrinkage must be referred to the modified elastic properties of the fibres, in agreement with the results of experiments with other cross–linking agents.
Absorptiometric Colorimetry*
Authors: Giles C. H.
Published: July 2010

This review is an attempt to bring together, for the benefit of the many users who may not have the time and facilities to consult all the original sources, a short account of the basic principles of the operation and construction of absorptiometric colorimeters, and of their historical development, and to offer a guide to the wider literature on the subject †. Descriptions are given of—the Beer‐Lambert laws, photoelectric cells and absorptiometric colorimeters incorporating them, the various types of visual comparison instruments, apparatus for making continuous measurements, the reasons for the use of colour filters and their correct selection, the determination of‐ coloured substances in mixed solution, the accuracy of absorptiometric colorimeters, desirable future developments, and terminology.
The Colorimetric Determination of Indigo
Authors: Lotichtus J. , Kooyman J.
Published: July 2010

This paper forms a completion and extension of similar work on this subject by J. Lotiohius1,2. It gives a rapid and convenient method for determining indigo by dissolution in concentrated sulphuric acid, and accurate methods for indigo on cotton and wool.
The Use of Acetate Rayon Dyes in Textile Printing
Authors: Shaw W.
Published: July 2010

Means of printing acetate rayon dyes on to cellulose acetate, nylon, and other synthetic fibres are discussed. The difficulties associated with the production of satisfactory discharge prints on acetate rayon and nylon coloured with these dyes are detailed, and methods proposed to overcome them are reviewed.
Combination of Wool with Acids in presence of Salts
Authors: Olofsson Bertil
Published: July 2010

1. Titrations of wool with hydrochloric acid in the presence of sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, potassium sulphate, and barium chloride, and with sulphuric acid in the presence of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, have been performed, the absorption of hydrogen, chloride, and sulphate ions being determined.

2. The presence of sulphate ions always gives greater absorption of hydrogen ions than does that of chloride ions.

3. A critical review of absorption theories is given, as regards their value for interpreting the experimental results.

4. Both the Gilbert‐Rideal and the theories are used for accurate comparison with the experiments; the former gives quite satisfactory results, but the latter gives only qualitative agreement.

5. It is concluded that chloride and sulphate ions are not dispersed at random in the fibre phase, but are to some extent localized at positive sites, the former having greater affinity for the wool fibre than the latter ions.
Studies in the Fundamental Processes of Textile Printing
Authors: Reilly D. A. , Turner H. A.
Published: July 2010

Previous work has been continued on the transfer of dye, during steaming, between a solid film of thickener substance and a film of regenerated cellulose in contact with it. Films were made from a variety of natural starches and other typical thickening agents. The general characteristics of dye transfer over the steaming period uro similar for most of the thickeners examined, but the proportion of dye transferred at equilibrium may vary considerably between one thickener substance and another. The presence of appreciable numbers of anionic groups in the thickener molecule may lead to the rapid and complete transfer of dye to the cellulose. Possible relations between the chemical constitution of the thickener and the efficiency of dye transfer are discussed.
Comparative Tests on the Shrink‐resisting of Men's Half‐hose
Authors: Stewart J. R.
Published: July 2010

The relative effects of four methods of shrink‐resisting men's half‐hose were evaluated in relation to the physical and chemical changes brought about and in relation to shrink‐resistance and serviceability in wear. In each case, treated material was compared with untreated material of the same specification. Considerable differences between the effects of some of the four methods were found, and, in view of the difficulties encountered in works control of some of the processes, simplicity of application appears to be one of the major considerations desirable in works practice.
Some Observations on the Hardening Process used in Felt Manufacture
Authors: Frohnsdorff R. S. M. , Whewell C. S.
Published: July 2010

The hardening of masses of loose wool under various conditions is studied, the effectiveness of the operation being assessed by measuring the air permeability (on a Cambridge instrument) and the breaking load of samples of the hardened material. It is shown that on a Garson plate hardener maximum hardening is effected by processing for 80 sec., prolonged treatment yielding weaker hardened pads. The use of high steam pressures also tends to produce weak pads. Hardening is more effective in presence of acids than under neutral or alkaline conditions, but if the amount of sulphuric acid exceeds about 2%, degradation occurs. Phosphoric, acetic, and formic acids behave similarly to sulphuric acid at the same pH value, but if the pH is less than 2 the strength of the hardened pad falls. Chlorinated wool is more difficult to harden than unchlorinated wool.
The Heats and Free Energies of Formation of some Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Flett M. St. C.
Published: July 2010

The free energies and heats and entropies of formation of hydrogen bonds between several pairs of compounds in carbon tetrachloride solution have been calculated from infrared spectra. Efforts have been made to correlate the strengths of some of these bonds with dyeing phenomena. Interpretations are suggested for the variations in the strengths of bonds in terms of electronic shifts in the participating molecules. Correlation of the frequency shifts and changes in intensity of the bands which accompany hydrogen bond formation with the strengths of the bonds formed is also attempted.