bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Et l'État dans tout ça ?
Authors: Daadouch Christophe
Published: October 2014

Depuis la loi de 2007 qui réforme la protection de l’enfance, les départements sont compétents dans ce domaine. Pourtant, dès lors que les enfants à protéger sont étrangers et isolés, les conseils généraux sont prompts à renvoyer cette charge vers l’État. Si on peut déplorer la mauvaise volonté des départements, on peut s’interroger sur la part de responsabilité de l’État dans le fiasco actuel de la prise en charge des mineurs isolés étrangers.
Au Mali, la difficile défense des expulsés
Authors: Lecadet Clara
Published: October 2014

Créée en 1996 à Bamako, l’Association malienne des expulsés constitue une pionnière dans ce domaine. En 20 ans, elle a su faire émerger sur la scène politique malienne la question du retour et de la « réinsertion » des expulsés maliens, et donner de la voix à des « inaudibles ». Mais chaque médaille a son revers.
The Risk in Systems Management
Authors: Dima Ioan Constantin
Published: October 2014

Due to the constantly changing environment where any system performs its activity, smooth operation involves assuming a particular risk from the managing system. Thus, a true theory of risk has developed. Along with the theoretical approach of risk, there is also a pragmatic handling of it, meaning the actual way in which it manifests in practice. Highlighting several opinions of specialists, this chapter analyses the theory of risk in general and the risk in systems management in particular. Concurrently with the development of the theory of risk, a theory of attitude has also developed, manifested to risk by the systems managers. This chapter gives special attention to managers' attitudes towards risk and towards the industrial risk.
Companies' Activities in the Current Market Economy
Authors: Dima Ioan Constantin
Published: October 2014

Along with the globalisation of the contemporary world economy, we may also speak of a globalisation of the market, where the company must capitalise its industrial products. This chapter particularly deals with the industrial companies' activities under the conditions of the competitive market economy. It addresses aspects relating to market under globalisation, competitive development of companies under global economy, companies' growth “in waves” under a globalised economy, companies' internationalisation under global economy, companies' rating under the current market economy, etc. This chapter gives special attention to the analysis of communication models and to the influence that they have on industrial companies' management.
Considerations on the Current State of Strategic Management
Authors: Dima Ioan Constantin
Published: October 2014

European specialists and researchers have shaped the “European strategic management” concept for solving problems and making decisions at the level of the industrial companies, which is characterised by the European activity of strategies and planning, implementing and performing the changes in company development. The chapter analyses some of the current strategies after applying the strategic management in the activity of industrial companies, such as: European concept of strategic management; Japanese management, existence form of strategic management; Kaizen strategy in automotive industry; opinions on the strategic management process structure; industrial companies' strategies under current globalisation; strategy as working tool of strategic management. Regardless of the type of strategic management, it is based on a process of strategic management. The result of this process is the preparation of an optimal strategy of developing the company.
Interdependence Relation between Industrial Companies' Logistics and Commercial Strategies
Authors: Grabara Janusz , Tănăsescu Dorina
Published: October 2014

Commercial strategy ensures the industrial company's competitiveness in the globalised market economy and is the main focus of this chapter. Commercial activity enables the industrial companies to sell their products and therefore recover their resources used to achieve the production. In this context, the logistics of the company's industrial activity has an important role. In terms of the strategic management theory, the following issues are dealt with in this chapter: involvement of logistics in companies' commercial relations; impact of logistics in organising the manufacturers-distributors-customers relations; logistics – pilot of distribution networks; improvement of service quality at the customer – consequence of logistics; defining the commercial logistics system; designing and planning the commercial logistics system; means to monitor companies' sales; system for monitoring the performances of companies' commercial activities; logistics – commercial strategies relations. All these forms of logistics contribute to preparing a commercial strategy of the efficient company.
Applying Grounded Theory to a Qualitative Study of CIO Interactions with External Peer Networks
Authors: Davis Brian , McDonagh Joe
Published: October 2014

Interactions with external peers have been identified in the Information Systems (IS) management literature as being one of the most influential sources of contact for the Chief Information Officer (CIO), supporting them in their role as the most senior IS executive in the organisation. Today, due to the strategic importance of IS to the operations and competitive position of many organisations, the CIO often operates as a key member of the top management team. At the centre of this role, the literature suggests, is the ability of the CIO to identify relevant strategic IS knowledge in the external technological marketplace, via their external boundary spanning activities, that can impact the organisation's strategic positioning and overall success. However, whilst the IS management literature identifies interactions with external peers as being one of the most influential sources of contact available to CIOs, it fails to identify why they are such an important support to the CIO, or for that matter, how CIOs actually interact with such external peers. Similarly, a review of the wider management literature, whilst confirming the reasons why top management executives, such as the CIO, favour interactions with external peers, it again fails to clarify how such executives, in fact, actually interact with external peers, via contacts in external networks. Consequently, this has led to a clear gap in our knowledge and understanding relating to one of the key activities of the modern day CIO. For that reason, this research study set out to explore how CIOs, in fact, interact with external peers via network connections. As no previous theory existed, the Grounded Theory (GT) methodology was adopted, within an interpretivist perspective, to develop new theory. The research setting chosen was the Irish Private Sector, with a specific focus on organisations in the finance, hi-tech, telecoms, and airline industries. The purpose of this chapter is to draw into sharp focus the nature of GT as applied in this study, rather than the findings from the study itself, and to consider the use of appropriate technology tools to support this application.
Querying Google Books Ngram Viewer's Big Data Text Corpuses to Complement Research
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: October 2014

If qualitative and mixed methods researchers have a tradition of gleaning information from all possible sources, they may well find the Google Books Ngram Viewer and its repository of tens of millions of digitized books yet another promising data stream. This free cloud service enables easy access to big data in terms of querying the word frequency counts of a range of terms and numerical sequences (and languages) from 1500 – 2000, a 500-year span of book publishing, with new books being added continually. The data queries that may be made with this tool are virtually unanswerable otherwise. The word frequency counts provide a lagging indicator of both instances and trends, related to language usage, cultural phenomena, popularity, technological innovations, and a wide range of other insights. The text corpuses contain de-contextualized words used by the educated literati of the day sharing their knowledge in formalized texts. The enablements of the Google Books Ngram Viewer provide complementary information sourcing for designed research questions as well as free-form discovery. This tool allows downloading of the “shadowed” (masked or de-identified) extracted data for further analyses and visualizations. This chapter provides both a basic and advanced look at how to extract information from the Google Books Ngram Viewer for light research.
E-Portfolios in Support of Informal Learning
Authors: Brouns Francis , Vogten Hubert , Janssen José , Finders Anton
Published: October 2014

Nowadays, informal learning is very much part of everyone's life, even when individuals are not aware that they engage in informal learning. Therefore it is vital that individuals and organisations become aware of the value of informal learning. Not only that, but individuals need to take control of their informal learning and make it known to others. This article illustrates how e-portfolios, as a store of learning activities and resulting products, can support reflection on the learning process by allowing learners to monitor their learning behaviour. Findings indicate that ease of use is crucial. User interface design should accommodate the needs of the learner to promote uptake of the tool. The e-portfolio has to be an integral part of the learner's working and learning processes, and assist the learner by tracking and presenting his learning activities for easy inclusion into the e-portfolio.
Effectiveness of Digital Storytelling on Cultural Awareness
Authors: Eristi Suzan Duygu Bedir
Published: October 2014

Digital storytelling refers to a wide variety of concepts from interactive digital narratives to computer game narratives, from web-based dramas to digital filmmaking tools. The digital storytelling approach provides students with an environment in which they can actively use technology as participatory designers in the process of creating messages regarding their thoughts. This research aims to reveal the effectiveness of digital storytelling practice to increase the motivation in the instructional environment, to raise awareness through teaching elementary school students some cultural values and to affect effective use of technology in elementary schools. The participants of the study were chosen among the elementary school students in the city of Eskisehir. In the study, the criterion for determining the participants was taking the course of “Digital Storytelling” found in the Education Program for Talented Students (EPTS). At the end of the digital storytelling process, many of the students expressed that being active participant in the design process and using their own products were exciting and pleasing and encourage them to interest on cultural themes through awareness.
Motivation and benefits of implementation and certification according ISO 9001 – the Portuguese experience
Authors: Santos G. , Costa B , Leal A
Published: October 2014

The aim of the research is to analyze the different aspects associated with the motivation and benefits of certified ISO 9001 companies in Portugal. A total of 426 certified Portuguese companies were surveyed. The response rate was equal to 61.03 percent. Our results suggest that the main motivation for certification were “improvement of quality”, “improvement of company image”, “marketing advantage”, “give empowerment to workers / capturing workers knowledge” and “cost reduction”. The main benefits that Portuguese companies have gained from the referred certification have been, among others, the improvement of “procedures”, beneficial effect on the “company’s image”, the improvement of quality products/services, increase of the “customer satisfaction”, improvement of “on-time delivery”; improvement the “morale” of workers’ increase in productivity and decrease of “production costs”, among others. The surveyed firms belong only to the Minho region of the north of Portugal. This paper aims to provide a contribution to the research related to the motivation and benefits associated to the quality management systems. The selection of the motives and benefits were validated through statistical analysis and the relationship between expected and perceived benefits was discussed.Keywords: Quality Management Systems (QMS); ISO 9001; Benefits of certification; Portugal.
Dynamic stress intensity factors for a longitudinal semi-elliptical crack in a thick-walled cylinder
Authors: Nabavi S. M. , Shahani A. R.
Published: October 2014

The dynamic stress intensity factors are derived for an internal longitudinal semi-elliptical crack in a thick-walled cylinder subjected to transient dynamic stresses. First, the problem of dynamic elasticity in a thick-walled cylinder is solved analytically using the finite Hankel transform. Transient pressure is assumed to act on the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinder. Then, a three-dimensional finite element method is used to calculate accurate weight functions for semi-elliptical surface crack in the cylinder. Finally, the dynamic stress intensity factors are extracted for both the deepest and surface points of the semi-elliptical crack using the weight function method. An effective and accurate process of computing closed-form stress intensity factors is employed which can be used for any kind of boundary conditions. It is shown that for narrow cracks, the deepest point is always the starting point of any problem crack propagation. However, for cracks with high aspect ratios, the critical point of the crack front displaces between the deepest to the surface point in different instants of time.Keywords: Semi-Elliptical Crack – Weight Function – Thick-Walled Cylinder – Dynamic stress intensity factor – Hankel Transform.
On Global Citizenship
Authors: Tully James
Published: October 2014

On Global Citizenship develops James Tully's distinctive and influential approach to political philosophy, first outlined in his 2008 two-volume work Public Philosophy in a New Key, and applies it to the field of citizenship.

The second part of the book contains responses from influential interlocutors including Bonnie Honig and Marc Stears, David Owen and Adam Dunn, Aletta Norval, Antony Laden, and Duncan Bell. These provide a commentary not just on the ideas contained in this volume, but on Tully's approach to political philosophy more generally, thus making the book an ideal first source for academics and students wishing to engage with Tully's work. The volume closes with a response from Tully to his interlocutors.
Real-case simulations of aerosol-cloud interactions in ship tracks over the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Possner A. , Zubler E. , Lohmann U. , Schär C.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Ship tracks provide an ideal test bed for studying aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) and for evaluating their representation in parameterisations. Regional modelling can be of particular use for this task, as this approach provides sufficient resolution to resolve the structure of the produced track including their meteorological environment whilst relying on the same formulations of parameterisations as many general circulation models. In this work we simulate a particular case of ship tracks embedded in an optically thin stratus cloud sheet which was observed by a polar orbiting satellite at 12:00 UTC on 26 January 2003 around the Bay of Biscay. The simulations which include moving ship emissions show that the model is indeed able to capture the structure of the track at a horizontal grid spacing of 2 km and to qualitatively capture the observed cloud response in all simulations performed. At least a doubling of the cloud optical thickness was simulated in all simulations together with an increase in cloud droplet number concentration (by about 50 cm−3) and decrease in effective radius (by about 5 μm). Furthermore the ship emissions lead to an increase in liquid water path in at least 25% of the track regions. We are confident in the model's ability to capture key processes of ship track formation. However, it was found that realistic ship emissions lead to unrealistic aerosol perturbations near the source regions within the simulated tracks due to grid-scale dilution and homogeneity. Combining the regional-modelling approach with comprehensive field studies could likely improve our understanding of the sensitivities and biases in ACI parameterisations, and could therefore help to constrain global ACI estimates, which strongly rely on these parameterisations.
Development of a variational flux inversion system (INVICAT v1.0) using the TOMCAT chemical transport model
Authors: Wilson C. , Chipperfield M. P. , Gloor M. , Chevallier F.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. We present a new variational inverse transport model, named INVICAT (v1.0), which is based on the global chemical transport model TOMCAT, and a new corresponding adjoint transport model, ATOMCAT. The adjoint model is constructed through manually derived discrete adjoint algorithms, and includes subroutines governing advection, convection and boundary layer mixing, all of which are linear in the TOMCAT model. We present extensive testing of the adjoint and inverse models, and also thoroughly assess the accuracy of the TOMCAT forward model's representation of atmospheric transport through comparison with observations of the atmospheric trace gas SF6. The forward model is shown to perform well in comparison with these observations, capturing the latitudinal gradient and seasonal cycle of SF6 to within acceptable tolerances. The adjoint model is shown, through numerical identity tests and novel transport reciprocity tests, to be extremely accurate in comparison with the forward model, with no error shown at the level of accuracy possible with our machines. The potential for the variational system as a tool for inverse modelling is investigated through an idealised test using simulated observations, and the system demonstrates an ability to retrieve known fluxes from a perturbed state accurately. Using basic off-line chemistry schemes, the inverse model is ready and available to perform inversions of trace gases with relatively simple chemical interactions, including CH4, CO2 and CO.
Technical Note: Surface water velocity observations from a camera: a case study on the Tiber River
Authors: Tauro F. , Olivieri G. , Petroselli A. , Porfiri M. , Grimaldi S.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Monitoring surface water velocity during flood events is a challenging task. Techniques based on deploying instruments in the flow are often unfeasible due to high velocity and abundant sediment transport. A low-cost and versatile technology that provides continuous and automatic observations is still not available. LSPIV (large scale particle imaging velocimetry) is a promising approach to tackle these issues. Such technique consists of developing surface water velocity maps analyzing video frame sequences recorded with a camera. In this technical brief, we implement a novel LSPIV experimental apparatus to observe a flood event in the Tiber river at a cross-section located in the center of Rome, Italy. We illustrate results from three tests performed during the hydrograph flood peak and recession limb for different illumination and weather conditions. The obtained surface velocity maps are compared to the rating curve velocity and to benchmark velocity values. Experimental findings confirm the potential of the proposed LSPIV implementation in aiding research in natural flow monitoring.
Impacts of a changing climate on a century of extreme flood regime of northwest Australia
Authors: Rouillard A. , Skrzypek G. , Dogramaci S. , Turney C. , Grierson P. F.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Globally, there has been much recent effort to improve understanding of climate change-related shifts in rainfall patterns, variability and extremes. Comparatively little work have focused on how such shifts might be altering hydrological regimes within arid regional basins, where impacts are expected to be most significant. Here, we sought to identify the main hydroclimatic determinants of the strongly episodic flood regime of a large catchment in the semi-arid, subtropical northwest of Australia and to establish the background of hydrologic variability for the region over the last century. We used a monthly sequence of satellite images to quantify surface water expression on the Fortescue Marsh, the largest water feature of inland northwest Australia, from 1988 to 2012. We used this sequence together with instrumental rainfall data to build a multiple linear model and reconstruct monthly history of floods and droughts since 1912. We found that severe and intense regional rainfall events, as well as the sequence of recharge events both within and between years, determine surface water expression on the floodplain (i.e., total rainfall, number of rain days and carried-over inundated area; R2adj = 0.79; p value < 0.001, ERMSP = 56 km2). The most severe inundation (~1000 km2) over the last century was recorded in 2000. The Fortescue Marsh was completely dry for 32% of all years, for periods of up to four consecutive years. Extremely wet years (seven of the 100 years) caused the Marsh to remain inundated for up to 12 months; only 25% of years (9% of all months) had floods of greater than 300 km2. Duration, severity and frequency of inundations between 1999 and 2006 were above average and unprecedented when compared to the last century. While there is high inter-annual variability in the system, changes to the flooding regime over the last 20 years suggest that the wetland will become more persistent in response to increased frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events for the region, which in turn will likely impact on the structure and functioning of this highly specialized ecosystem.
Consortial Book Circulation Patterns: The OCLC-OhioLINK Study
Authors: O’Neill Edward T. , Gammon Julia A.
Published: October 2014

The OhioLINK consortium and OCLC Research collected and analyzed circulation data for libraries within the consortium. The study, which examines the circulation of 28,475,701 items from more than 100 academic libraries, is the largest and most diverse compilation of academic usage data for books ever collected. The authors outline the study methodology, analyze the data, and offer insights into the consortium wide collection usage. Circulation patterns analyzed include subject and language usage, as well as scattering, obsolescence, and duplication. The study results and conclusions offer valuable insights for library collection planning including library purchasing, storage considerations, and future usage prediction.
Factors Affecting Adoption of Facebook: An Exploratory Study of the LIS Community Perspective
Authors: Aharony Noa
Published: October 2014

This study seeks to investigate whether information professionals, as well as LIS students, are ready to assimilate Facebook in their work and educational environments. The study uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as well as some characteristics of the “Big Five” model of personality as a theoretical base from which to predict factors that may influence the adoption of Facebook by information professionals as well as by LIS students. Findings reveal that the TAM, as well as other personal characteristics, significantly predict the likelihood of Facebook use and highlight the importance of individual characteristics when considering technology acceptance.
A gestão do design como diferencial de qualidade nas indústrias moveleiras do Alto Uruguai Gaúcho
Authors: Silva José Paulo Medeiros da , Beltrame Thiago Favarini , Schmidt Alberto Souza
Published: October 2014

The development of technological innovation, driven by the internationalization process of companies, products and markets, is triggering major changes in economic performance, competition, in deregulation and in the revolution of knowledge. Realizing of essential importance to understand what function and role design plays in the national furniture industry and to understand how its products are developed, the focus of this study is to identify culturally how the furniture industry in Alto Uruguai/RS operates in relation to the design and propose actions to implement the Design Management, aiming to the effectuation of the design and improvement of quality in the companies.  The work  was supported by bibliographic and documental resources, structured and semi-structured interviews and also by fieldwork. The research showed that the vast majority of companies demonstrate to understand the importance of design for the development of its products; however, there are few that invest in its accomplishment. Therefore, the design management, being a means of integration and interaction of different areas, can reverse this situation by promoting in the companies the competitive differential that is so necessary for their survival, such as the economic development in the region in which it operates.
Gambling Addiction Defence on Trial: Canadian Expert Witness Perspectives
Authors: Smith Garry , Simpson Rob
Published: October 2014

The American Psychiatric Association’s evolving recognition of pathological gambling as a behavioral addiction (DSM-III, 1980; DSM-V, 2013) has occasioned increased use of the gambling addiction defence in criminal trials. Reflecting upon our experiences as expert witnesses in criminal and civil liability proceedings where gambling addiction was a significant factor, we a) describe the expert witness role; b) examine the links among frequent and intense EGM play, gambling addiction, and financially-based crimes; c) review how revisions to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual influenced the Canadian judicial system response to such crime; and d) explore prospects for reducing criminal activity by addicted EGM players. We discuss how and why gambling addiction has become generally accepted as a mitigating factor in Canadian criminal trials. In this commentary we also analyze how the plight of addicted gamblers who resort to criminal behavior might be remediated by a) gambling-specific consumer protection measures; b) tighter regulatory control over the addictive elements of EGM play; c) the implementation of gambling courts; and d) a legislated duty of care owed by gambling providers to EGM players.
La transnationalisation de la symbolique guerrière
Authors: Crettiez1 Xavier
Published: October 2014

L’étude présentée ici a pour ambition d’apporter une lumière originale sur les échanges et emprunts culturels qui s’opèrent entre certains régionalismes violents en Europe. À partir d’une analyse croisée des traces figuratives produites par les mouvements nationalistes basques, corses et nord-irlandais, cet article se penche sur le phénomène de transnationalisation de la représentation de la violence. Que ce soit par le biais des véhicules du symbolisme, des symboles eux-mêmes ou des rhétoriques utilisées, on retrouve chez chacun des groupes étudiés une constellation d’images et de pratiques iconographiques communes qui sert à renforcer le message et à asseoir une certaine légitimité. Cela étant dit, ce caractère transnational d’une « culture » de la violence ne doit toutefois pas cacher les singularités de chacune des factions nationalistes, et notamment des répertoires d’action qui demeurent relativement différents tel que recours à l’assassinat, aux explosifs ainsi que si la violence est dirigée à l’interne ou à l’externe.
Les acteurs privés de la sécurité transnationale et leurs victimes
Authors: Mulone1 Massimiliano , Tanner Samuel
Published: October 2014

Le présent article s’intéresse aux réactions formelles relatives aux déviances commises par les acteurs de la sécurité privée transnationale sur le théâtre d’opérations militaires. Par l’entremise d’une analyse des poursuites intentées à l’encontre de compagnies militaires privées (CMP) américaines et de leurs employés durant le conflit irakien entre 2003 et 2008, il se donne pour objectif de saisir la source, le cheminement et l’aboutissement de ces poursuites en vue de mieux comprendre l’avenir de la régulation de cette industrie. Notre démarche méthodologique, inductive, s’appuie sur l’ensemble des poursuites effectivement intentées. Les données témoignent en premier lieu de l’extrême difficulté que les victimes rencontrent dans la poursuite de leurs bourreaux et, dans ces rares cas, dans l’obtention d’une décision de culpabilité. L’analyse laisse également entrevoir qu’il existe deux sortes de déviances susceptibles de mettre en marche le système de justice, soit les cas très graves (et généralement très médiatisés) de violence commise à l’encontre de civils irakiens, et les situations où les victimes sont des soldats américains ou des employés de CMP qui se plaignent de manquements ou de négligences commis par une compagnie. À partir de cette constatation, une réflexion sur l’avenir de la régulation de l’industrie de la sécurité privée transnationale, et notamment sur sa capacité à s’autoréguler, est proposée.
Dynamical changes in the tropical Pacific warm pool and zonal SST gradient during the Pleistocene
Authors: Dyez Kelsey A. , Ravelo A. Christina
Published: October 2014

In the late Pleistocene, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (pCO2) is thought to be a primary driving force for tropical sea surface temperature (SST) change because glacial‐interglacial changes in tropical Pacific SST covary with pCO2. However, if the regional radiative effects of pCO2 were the only agent of change, tropical SST gradients should have remained similar as pCO2 varied with time. Instead, a new record of SST from the west Pacific shows that tropical SST gradients were different, even reversed, in the past, suggesting an important role for dynamical circulation changes. Specifically, changes in the temperature of upwelled source water, in addition to local pCO2 forcing, influenced tropical Pacific SST. These dynamical changes, rather than pCO2, may have shifted the background state of the tropics and even helped set the stage for the mid‐Pleistocene transition.
Substrate size and heterogeneity control anomalous transport in small streams
Authors: Aubeneau A. F. , Hanrahan Brittany , Bolster Diogo , Tank Jennifer L.
Published: October 2014

In alluvial systems, substrate characteristics play a critical role in slowing downstream transport of both water and solutes. We present results from solute injection experiments testing the influence of sediment size (pea gravel versus coarse gravel) and heterogeneity (alternating sections versus well‐mixed reaches) on solute transport dynamics in four experimental streams at the Notre Dame Linked Experimental Ecosystem Facility. The stream with pea gravel resulted in more long‐term retention than the stream with coarse gravel, whereas both streams with heterogeneous substrate (alternated and mixed) fell between with similar late‐time scaling. Inverse modeling of solute breakthrough curves suggested that residence times were distributed according to a truncated power law. While conservative solute transport in all four streams was anomalous, truncation times were influenced by sediment size, with the smaller pea gravel exhibiting a later truncation time than the coarse gravel, and the two streams with heterogeneous substrate having an intermediate cutoff. These results uniquely associate transport scaling with substrate characteristics in fluvial systems, revealing truncation time scales that had been previously predicted but not observed and quantified in field conditions. Because both benthic (i.e., substrate‐water interface) and subsurface hyporheic regions are known biogeochemical hot spots, relating physical characteristics to the macroscopic transport behavior could be crucial to improve our estimates of solute export from fluvial systems.
First observation of rising‐tone magnetosonic waves
Authors: Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. , Zhima Z. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Santolík O. , Omura Y. , Taubenschuss U. , Chen L. , Huang S. Y.
Published: October 2014

Magnetosonic (MS) waves are linearly polarized emissions confined near the magnetic equator with wave normal angle near 90° and frequency below the lower hybrid frequency. Such waves, also termed equatorial noise, were traditionally known to be “temporally continuous” in their time‐frequency spectrogram. Here we show for the first time that MS waves actually have discrete wave elements with rising‐tone features in their spectrogram. The frequency sweep rate of MS waves, ~1 Hz/s, is between that of chorus and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. For the two events we analyzed, MS waves occur outside the plasmapause and cannot penetrate into the plasmasphere; their power is smaller than that of chorus. We suggest that the rising‐tone feature of MS waves is a consequence of nonlinear wave‐particle interaction, as is the case with chorus and EMIC waves.
DCMotor Drives
Authors: Hua Wei
Published: October 2014

The DC motor‐based drive of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) consists of a DC motor and a related controller. The controller converts the energy from batteries to the DC motor and then the DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy so as to achieve the desired torque and speed requested from the EVs and HEVs.

The DC motor exhibits the advantages of larger starting torque, shorter response time, wider adjustable speed range, better speed regulation ability, and more convenient control on speed and torque separately and have been successfully employed in some EV drive systems. It should be emphasized that these above‐mentionedadvantages are particularly important for electric propulsion in EVs and HEVs applications.

This chapter comprehensively discusses the topology, operating principle, and mechanical performance of DC motor‐based drive systems. The principle and characteristic of three key control methods, namely, combined armature voltage and field control, chopper control, and multi‐quadrant control of chopper‐fed DC motor drives, are analyzed, elaborated, and evaluated.
The Valve Train in Four‐Stroke Piston Engines
Authors: Bruce Dennert R. , Hoag Kevin L.
Published: October 2014

The power production in an internal combustion engine requires the compression, combustion, and expansion of the engine's working fluid. This sequence of events must be preceded by a mechanism for bringing fresh air and fuel into the combustion chamber. It must be followed by a mechanism for exhausting the spent products from the cylinder. In the two‐stroke engine, the intake and exhaust events occur simultaneously in a scavenging process as the piston approaches the bottom of its operating strokes. In the four‐stroke engine addressed in this chapter the intake and exhaust processes require additional strokes of the piston. In this article. the mechanical development of the four‐stroke valve train is presented.
Tribological Optimization in the Powertrain
Authors: Plank Robert , Hosenfeldt Tim , Karbacher Richard , Musayev Yashar , Schulz Edgar , Weber Joerg
Published: October 2014

Minimizing the frictional power in the powertrain is an important and—from a cost/benefit perspective—very effective way of meeting more stringent CO
2
limits. A basic understanding of the behavior of tribological systems is required to support this claim. In addition to component geometry, the contact surfaces and lubricant in particular determine, it is the surfaces and the lubricant in particular that determine the level of friction produced. The interaction between the component materials and the chemical constituents in the lubricant must be considered in every development phase. In recent years, the introduction of new coatings has provided a tool that enables wear and friction to be optimized in equal measures. Thus, in addition to the lubricant, the surface has become an important design element for optimizing tribological systems.

This paper illustrates the possibilities for tribological optimization using the bearing arrangements in transmissions and other components of the powertrain and addresses the principal physical contexts and their implementation using modern calculation tools.
Propshafts (Driveshafts)
Authors: Miller Michael J.
Published: October 2014

Within the architecture of a vehicle driveline, there can be a variety of torque transmitting products to provide tractive effort to the wheels of a vehicle. This chapter focuses on specific vehicle drivelines that utilize a propshaft, also known in the automotive industry as a
propeller shaft
or
driveshaft
. Traditionally, these products transmit torque from the front of the vehicle to the rear and also from the middle of the vehicle to the front. Fundamentally, propshafts are the main link between torque transmitting products within the vehicle architecture. As with any technology, progression of the product application has adapted to the needs of the vehicle driveline layout. We discuss the fundamental layouts where propshafts are applied, the key enablers for propshaft design, critical calculations, variations of propshaft products, and current trends for propshafts and the interfaces with the torque products they interact with.
Advanced Compression‐Ignition Combustion for High Efficiency and Ultra‐LowNOXand Soot
Authors: Dec John E.
Published: October 2014

Low temperature combustion of gasoline or gasoline‐like fuels has significant advantages over conventional piston‐engine combustion processes. This combustion process, which is based on the compression‐ignition (CI) of a premixed or partially premixed dilute charge, is capable of achieving thermal efficiencies at or above those of diesel engines, engine‐out NOXand soot emissions well below mandated standards, and loads as high as those typical of turbo‐charged diesel engines. However, additional research and development are required to make this process commercially viable. There are many variations of this combustion process, involving charge mixtures that range from well premixed (homogeneous charge compression ignition, HCCI) to those that are mildly or even highly stratified. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of low temperature gasoline combustion (LTGC), beginning with the fundamentals, which are discussed primarily in terms of HCCI, the simplest form of LTGC. An emphasis is placed on explaining the physical and chemical processes responsible for key operating parameters such as load limits, fuel effects, and intake‐pressure boosting. This approach is also applied to discussions of the use of controlled charge stratification to extend the operating limits and improve efficiency. Building on this understanding, methods for the practical implementation of LTGC are reviewed, along with two more‐recently introduced techniques that show promise: one using two fuels with different autoignition reactivities and the other using diesel‐type direct injection of gasoline‐like fuels.
Quality Management in
ITS
Authors: Spangler Matthias
Published: October 2014

While the industrial branch of the transportation sector, such as the automotive industry, has driven the development of quality management (QM) during the past decades, transport companies and public bodies were not able to implement comprehensive QM strategies. Nevertheless, quality is nothing new—even in transportation. Since the 1960s, the American Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) uses a level of service (LOS) concept for determining the quality of traffic flows. There are many other examples for mostly national guidelines that define service levels for parts of the transport system (e.g., traffic signal control, motorway control systems, and public transport).

The increasing experience from other (mainly industrial) domains in “how to do it in practice” leads to an ever‐rising awareness on the necessity and the value of QM for people and organizations in transportation.
Innovative Structural Design
Authors: Danzl Martin , Mlekusch Bernd , Koglin Klaus , Hagemann Franz‐Michael
Published: October 2014

The following chapter describes the main topics of a car body structure. For most car manufacturers, the body structure has a very high importance. This chapter describes the main requirements of a car body. Besides the functional requirements such as safety, durability (corrosion and strength), and comfort (stability and acoustics), environmental requirements, requirements of production (process, standardization, and flexibility), and economical requirements (direct costs and investments) will be explained.

In the main part, all common architectural types such as ladder frame structure, sandwich construction, three‐dimensional frame structure, monocoque, and pressed steel construction will be presented. The wide range of materials from steel, aluminum, to fiber composite materials will be shown, and an overview of joining technology will be given. In addition, all modern simulation and testing methods will be mentioned, and an outlook in future architectures will be given.
Biopolymers and Biocomposites
Authors: Coles Stuart R. , Meredith James
Published: October 2014

Legislation and consumer opinion are driving the increased use of biopolymers and biocomposites in the automotive industry. These materials can offer a competitive advantage by improving areas such as cost and weight saving and reducing CO2emission to meet ever‐increasing standards. Corporate responsibility also improves employee performance and job satisfaction, leading to benefits in intellectual property retention in this field.

Biopolymers are beginning to penetrate every area of society and the automotive sector is no exception. Polylactic acid and polyurethanes are two examples where biopolymers have been utilized with the current technology level. Others, such as polypropylene or butadiene, require some further development but still remain realistic prospects in the short‐to‐medium term.

Biocomposites, particularly those reinforced with natural fibers, are also gaining an increase in acceptance and application. Research on areas such as fiber treatment and processing has led to improvement in both static and dynamic properties and has opened up more potential areas for their utilization within this market.

With the current level of research, a true biocomposite part for a lightweight automotive application remains a realistic target. Utilization of local resources will provide the next step for automotive companies on their road to become sustainable in terms of the environment, society, and economy.
Image Quality Concepts
Authors: Burns Peter D.
Published: October 2014

We present several concepts useful in the specification, evaluation, and control of image quality for digital capture. We start by introducing the terminology and application of image quality models. The value of these models, however, lies in the ability to connect them to characteristics of images or imaging systems. Translating image quality into technology selection and design can be done when we have a physical understanding of design and performance. We describe methods for the objective measurement of several key imaging characteristics. They are then related to current practice by reference to several established imaging performance standards. These system‐based methods are often complemented by applying human vision models. Vision models are also part a larger set of techniques collectively known as Image Quality Assessment (IQA). IQA is based on extracting measures directly from digital images, particularly useful for processing paths which adapt to image content.
Acid–Base Driven Ligand Exchange with Palladium(II) “Click” Complexes
Authors: Noor Asif , Maloney Daniel L. , Lewis James E. M. , Lo Warrick K. C. , Crowley James D.
Published: October 2014

Two simple palladium(II) pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxamide complexes coordinated to CuAAC derived “click” 1,2,3‐triazole ligands are described. Addition of a more basic 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) ligand to these palladium(II) “click” complexes leads to complete displacement of the 1,2,3‐triazole ligands by DMAP. The process can be completely reversed by treatment with acid.
Practical and Highly Selective CH Functionalization of Structurally Diverse Ethers
Authors: Wan Miao , Meng Zhilin , Lou Hongxiang , Liu Lei
Published: October 2014

A trityl ion mediated CH functionalization of ethers with a wide range of nucleophiles at ambient temperature has been developed. The reaction displays high chemoselectivity and good functional group tolerance. The protocol also exhibits excellent regio‐ and diastereoselectivities for the unsymmetric ethers, thus stereoselectively generating highly functionalized disubstituted 2,5‐trans tetrahydrofurans (THF), 2,6‐trans tetrahydropyrans (THP), 2,6‐trans dihydropyrans (DHP), and 1,3‐trans isochromans, and highlighting the capacity of the protocol in complex molecule synthesis.
Kurzlebige Phenoxylradikale aus Polyphenolen des Grünen Tees und hochreaktiven Sauerstoffspezies: Detektion mittels zeitauflösender EPR‐Spektroskopie
Authors: Neshchadin Dmytro , Batchelor Stephen N. , Bilkis Itzhak , Gescheidt Georg
Published: October 2014

Polyphenole sind wirkungsvolle Antioxidantien. Ihre Reaktivität ist bereits intensiv untersucht worden. Die wesentliche Reaktion ist die Wasserstoffübertragung vom Polyphenol auf eine hochreaktive Sauerstoffspezies. Bisher wurde eine klare Charakterisierung derjenigen Spezies, welche direkt nach einer solchen Reaktion gebildet werden, nicht erreicht. Hier berichten wir über die H‐Abstraktion von hochreaktiven sauerstoffzentrierten Spezies mit Katechin und im grünen Tee vorhandenen Polyphenolen. Mittels zeitauflösender EPR‐Spektroskopie erhält man molekulare Informationen in Echtzeit. Indem wir damit oxidativen Stress durch hochreaktive Sauerstoffspezies nachstellen, zeigen wir, dass alle phenolischen OH‐Gruppen im Wesentlichen über identische Reaktivitäten verfügen. Dies weist auf die Bedeutung statistischer (entropischer) Faktoren für antioxidative Vorgänge hin.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Vicinally Bis(trifluoromethylated) Alkylboron Compounds through Successive Insertions of 2,2,2‐Trifluorodiazoethane
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Ryu DaWeon
Published: October 2014

The usefulness of embedded CF3 substituents within organic substructures necessitates the development of diverse methods for incorporating this functional group. A recently reported route to α‐trifluoromethylated alkylboron compounds by an α‐transfer mechanism has now been extended to the synthesis of unprecedented, vicinally ditrifluoromethylated alkylboron compounds in a diastereoselective fashion. The utility of these products is highlighted by conversion of the CB bond into other functional groups.
Photofunctional Nanomodulators for Bioexcitation
Authors: Miyako Eijiro , Russier Julie , Mauro Matteo , Cebrian Cristina , Yawo Hiromu , Ménard‐Moyon Cécilia , Hutchison James A. , Yudasaka Masako , Iijima Sumio , De Cola Luisa , Bianco Alberto
Published: October 2014

A single organism comprises diverse types of cells. To acquire a detailed understanding of the biological functions of each cell, comprehensive control and analysis of homeostatic processes at the single‐cell level are required. In this study, we develop a new type of light‐driven nanomodulator comprising dye‐functionalized carbon nanohorns (CNHs) that generate heat and reactive oxygen species under biologically transparent near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. By exploiting the physicochemical properties of the nanohorns, cellular calcium ion flux and membrane currents were successfully controlled at the single‐cell level. In addition, the nanomodulator allows a remote bioexcitation of tissues during NIR laser exposure making this system a powerful tool for single‐cell analyses and innovative cell therapies.
Why p‐Cymene? Conformational Effect in Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones with a η6‐Arene/Ruthenium(II) Catalyst
Authors: Matsuoka Aki , Sandoval Christian A. , Uchiyama Masanobu , Noyori Ryoji , Naka Hiroshi
Published: October 2014

The global reaction route mapping (GRRM) methods conveniently define transition states in asymmetric hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones via the [RuH{(S,S)‐TsNCH(C6H5)CH(C6H5)NH2}(η6‐p‐cymene)] intermediate. Multiple electrostatic CH/π interactions are the common motif in the preferred diastereometric structures.