bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decoupling the effects of clear atmosphere and clouds to simplify calculations of the broadband solar irradiance at ground level
Authors: Oumbe A. , Qu Z. , Blanc P. , Lefèvre M. , Wald L. , Cros S.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. In the case of infinite plane-parallel single- and double-layered cloud, the solar irradiance at ground level computed by a radiative transfer model can be approximated by the product of the irradiance under clear atmosphere and a modification factor due to cloud properties and ground albedo only. Changes in clear-atmosphere properties have negligible effect on the latter so that both terms can be calculated independently. The error made in using this approximation depends mostly on the solar zenith angle, the ground albedo and the cloud optical depth. In most cases, the maximum errors (95th percentile) on global and direct surface irradiances are less than 15 W m−2 and less than 2–5% in relative value. These values are similar to those recommended by the World Meteorological Organization for high-quality measurements of the solar irradiance. Practically, the results mean that a model for fast calculation of surface solar irradiance may be separated into two distinct and independent models, possibly abacus-based, whose input parameters and resolutions can be different, and whose creation requires less computation time and resources than a single model.
Close- and Distant-Reading Modernism:
Authors: Drouin Jeffrey
Published: August 2014

The digital humanities tends either to distant-read enormous data sets or to microanalyze the linguistic features of single works. “Big data” projects use software to visualize massive data sets of publishing information containing millions of volumes, revealing historic patterns that would be unobtainable by scholars. The main weakness of big data methodologies is their inability to read the works. The microscopic approach of text mining presents similar benefits and drawbacks. This article finds a middle ground by using these two techniques to read the September 1918 Little Review, examining the combined use of human markup and automated statistical techniques.
One of Us? From Bad Taste to Empathy. Otherness in Contemporary Hollywood Movies
Authors: Boutang Adrienne
Published: August 2014

This article aims to examine the way contemporary Hollywood cinema deals with the topic and the visual representation of disability. Its goal is to highlight the way social recognition of vulnerability and the requisite sensitivity involved in dealing with vulnerable bodies, have influenced recent “gross-out” comedies. In a way that is very different from the famous drama Freaks, recent comedies take into account the fine line between normality and difference, and use disability as a comic trick to question the viewer’s automatic responses to physical difference. Thus, what at first appears to be bad taste, both on an aesthetic and on an ethical level, turns out to be a clever attempt to get past the boundaries between normality and disability, and present vulnerability as a universal condition. The use of gross-out humor, and of vulgar body genres, therefore works as a trigger, calculated to disrupt boundaries and challenge classical representations of physical otherness.
Temporal and spatial variability of tidal‐fluvial dynamics in the St. Lawrence fluvial estuary: An application of nonstationary tidal harmonic analysis
Authors: Matte Pascal , Secretan Yves , Morin Jean
Published: August 2014

Predicting tides in upstream reaches of rivers is a challenge, because tides are highly nonlinear and nonstationary, and accurate short‐time predictions of river flow are hard to obtain. In the St. Lawrence fluvial estuary, tide forecasts are produced using a one‐dimensional model (ONE‐D), forced downstream with harmonic constituents, and upstream with daily discharges using 30 day flow forecasts from Lake Ontario and the Ottawa River. Although this operational forecast system serves its purpose of predicting water levels, information about nonstationary tidal‐fluvial processes that can be gained from it is limited, particularly the temporal changes in mean water level and tidal properties (i.e., constituent amplitudes and phases), which are function of river flow and ocean tidal range. In this paper, a harmonic model adapted to nonstationary tides, NS_TIDE, was applied to the St. Lawrence fluvial estuary, where the time‐varying external forcing is directly built into the tidal basis functions. Model coefficients from 13 analysis stations were spatially interpolated to allow tide predictions at arbitrary locations as well as to provide insights into the spatiotemporal evolution of tides. Model hindcasts showed substantial improvements compared to classical harmonic analyses at upstream stations. The model was further validated by comparison with ONE‐D predictions at a total of 32 stations. The slightly lower accuracy obtained with NS_TIDE is compensated by model simplicity, efficiency, and capacity to represent stage and tidal variations in a very compact way and thus represents a new means for understanding tidal rivers.
Preparation and Thermal Conductivity of Spark Plasma Sintered Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforced with Titanium‐Coated Graphite Fibers
Authors: Liu Tingting , He Xinbo , Liu Qian , Ren Shubin , Zhang Lin , Qu Xuanhui
Published: August 2014

Short graphite fiber/Al composites are fabricated by spark plasma sintering technique. A titanium coating synthesized on the graphite fiber surface through vacuum microdeposition is proposed to improve the interfacial bonding between graphite fibers and aluminum matrix. The influences of surface modification, sintering temperature, and graphite fiber volume fraction on relative density and thermal conductivity (TC) of the composites are systematically investigated. The results indicate that compared to uncoated graphite fiber/Al composites, the densification, interfacial bonding, and TC of titanium‐coated composites are greatly enhanced. The in‐plane TC of 50 vol% titanium‐coated graphite fiber/Al composites sintered at 610 °C is 238 W m−1 K−1, nearly twice as high as that of uncoated composites. From the calculation based on the experimental TC by Maxwell–Garnett effective medium approach, the interfacial thermal resistance is evidently decreased by above 1 order of magnitude with the introduction of titanium nanolayer.
Ocular pterygium—Digital keloid dysplasia
Authors: Abarca Hugo , Mellgren Anne E Christensen , Trubnykova Milana , Haugen Olav H. , Høvding Gunnar , Tveit Kåre Steinar , Houge Gunnar , Bredrup Cecilie , Hennekam Raoul C
Published: August 2014

We describe an adolescent Peruvian male with marked, aggressive ingrowth of conjunctiva (pterygium‐like) over the cornea associated with keloid formation on his distal limbs. He has in addition camptodactyly of all fingers and to some extent of his toes, and unusual skin pigmentations. He resembles an earlier described family from Norway in which a mother and two children showed a similar combination of signs. We present the follow‐up of the Norwegian family. The entity resembles the Penttinen syndrome but can be differentiated due to the early aging in the latter, which is lacking in the presently reported entity. We suggest naming this entity ocular pterygium–digital keloid dysplasia. The condition follows likely an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic and clinical characteristics of early‐manifesting females with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy
Authors: Imbornoni Lauren , Price Elinora T. , Andrews Jennifer , Meaney F. John , Ciafaloni Emma , Cunniff Christopher
Published: August 2014

Manifestations of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DBMD) are present in up to 40% of heterozygous females, but there are few reports of females who exhibit skeletal muscle symptoms in childhood. From the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance Tracking and Research Network, a multi‐site population‐based surveillance network for dystrophinopathy, nine symptomatic female heterozygotes with onset of symptoms prior to age 9 years were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 8.3 years, and the median interval from first symptoms to diagnosis was 1.35 years. Of the nine female heterozygotes, four had a positive family history, seven had intellectual disability and five had at least one mental health disorder. Mental health concerns included attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum features, bipolar disorder, and depression. The frequency of intellectual and mental health problems in this group is higher than previously reported for affected males and for symptomatic females. These findings may have implications for diagnosis of early manifesting heterozygotes and for their health supervision. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The native South American crayfishes (Crustacea, Parastacidae): state of knowledge and conservation status
Authors: Almerão Mauricio Pereira , Rudolph Erich , Souty‐Grosset Catherine , Crandall Keith , Buckup Ludwig , Amouret Julien , Verdi Ana , Santos Sandro , Araujo Paula Beatriz De
Published: August 2014

South America is considered a world biodiversity hotspot, especially for freshwater ecosystems where there is significant biodiversity and endemism across different taxonomic groups. Native South American crayfishes are characterized by small range distributions, high levels of endemism and specific habitat requirements.

Although this group may be considered one of the most threatened among South American freshwater crustaceans, IUCN Red List assessments for most of these species are ‘data deficient’. IUCN assessments are technical evaluations of species risk of extinction based on biological indicators of population features, thereby providing a ‘conservation status’ for each species based on common and international standards.

Attempts to assess the conservation status of native South American crayfishes have been limited mainly owing to a lack of fundamental data and also misinterpretations of present information. Thus, a revision of the state of knowledge of native South American crayfishes (taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution, genetics, ecology and threats) was carried out coupled with IUCN assessments of conservation status.

Globally, the lack of information on the biology of these species is still the major obstacle to making reliable conservation status assessments. For this reason, the Data Deficient (DD) category is still appropriate for many species. However, based on the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and severely fragmented populations, number of locations and decline in area, extent or quality of habitat, it is recommended that some species (especiallyVirilastacusspp.) should be moved to threatened categories (VU, EN or CR). The data suggest that others are appropriately in the Near Threatened (NT) category, because they almost reach the thresholds for threatened categories.

The assessment of conservation status is essential to support future conservation actions, especially for species allocated to threatened categories. This study has identified new species under threat and also areas for future study to provide relevant data for conservation assessment for ‘data deficient’ species.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Sarcomere Lattice Geometry Optimal? Analysis of Several Potential Virtual Polygon Cross‐Sectional Patterns for Actin and Myosin Myofilaments in Muscle
Authors: Kepner Gordon R.
Published: August 2014

The hexagonal arrangement of actin filaments in skeletal muscle is not the fundamental geometrical or functioning myofilament unit. This analysis of several possible sarcomere lattice geometries for the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments identifies several geometrical constraints that can be compared for their effect on muscle sarcomere functioning and efficiency. Three distinct virtual polygons, with myosins at their vertices and that tessellate the plane, are compared for both centered actin and perimeter actin arrangements. The analysis evaluates the optimal ratio of myosin to actin filaments, the packing density, and the effect on new myofilament formation in muscle hypertrophy for the various lattice geometries. The results support the view that no single measure of geometrical effectiveness can evaluate definitively the efficiency of any particular arrangement of the myofilaments. The analysis provides quantitative measures of several parameters that, taken overall, support the effectiveness of the myofilament arrangement in Nature. It provides a new definition of the fundamental myofilament unit (FMU). It is possible to calculate the number of actin and myosin myofilaments that need to be added to each polygon arrangement of the myofilaments to create a new FMU for that specific geometry. This leads to useful conclusions about the biochemical efficiency involved in where such units arise in the course of muscle hypertrophy. It supports the idea that the evolutionary endpoint for optimizing muscle's force‐generating function can be better understood via the concepts of a FMU and the polygon arrangement of the sarcomere lattice geometry. Anat Rec, 297:1770–1776, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Formin FHOD1 in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Dwyer Joseph , Pluess Marlene , Iskratsch Thomas , dos Remedios Cristobal G. , Ehler Elisabeth
Published: August 2014

Members of the formin family are known to be involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. We have recently identified a muscle specific splice variant of the formin FHOD3 and demonstrated its role in the maintenance of the contractile filaments of cardiomyocytes. Here, we characterize the expression and subcellular localization of FHOD3's closest relative, FHOD1, in the heart. Confocal microscopy shows that FHOD1 is mainly located at the intercalated disc, the special type of cell‐cell contact between cardiomyocytes, but also partially associated with the myofibrils. Subcellular targeting of FHOD1 is probably mediated by its N‐terminal domain, since expression constructs lacking this domain show aberrant localization in primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Finally, we show that in contrast to FHOD3, FHOD1 shows increased expression levels in dilated cardiomyopathy, suggesting that the two formins play distinct roles and are differentially regulated in cardiomyocytes. Anat Rec, 297:1560–1570, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activator‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Silylation of Aryl Chlorides with Silylsilatranes
Authors: Yamamoto Yutaro , Matsubara Hiroshi , Murakami Kei , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: August 2014

The palladium‐catalyzed silylation of aryl chlorides with silylsilatranes proceeds under activator‐free conditions; hence, wide functional group compatibility is displayed and boryl and siloxy groups are able to survive. Experimental and computational studies revealed that smooth transmetalation from the silylsilatrane to the arylpalladium chloride is facilitated by strong interaction between the Lewis acidic silicon and the chloride.
Real‐time assessment of possible electromagnetic‐field‐induced changes in protein conformation and thermal stability
Authors: Beyer Christian , Christen Philipp , Jelesarov Ilian , Fröhlich Jürg
Published: August 2014

Previous studies on possible interactions of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) with proteins have suggested that RF EMFs might affect protein structure and folding kinetics. In this study, the isolated thermosensor protein GrpE of the Hsp70 chaperone system of Escherichia coli was exposed to EMFs of various frequencies and field strengths under strictly controlled conditions. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to monitor possible structural changes. Simultaneously, temperature was recorded at each point of observation. The coiled‐coil part of GrpE has been reported to undergo a well‐defined and fully reversible folding/unfolding transition, thus facilitating the differentiation between thermal and non‐thermal effects of RF EMFs. Any direct effect of EMF on the conformation and/or stability would result in a shift of the conformational equilibrium of the protein at a given temperature. Possible immediate (t ≤ 0.1 s) and delayed (t ≥ 30 s) effects of RF EMFs were investigated with sinusoidal signals of 0.1, 1.0, and 1.9 GHz at various field strengths up to 5.0 kV/m and with GSM signals at 0.3 kV/m in the protein solution. Taking the overall uncertainty of the experimental system into account, possible RF EMF‐induced shifts in the conformational equilibrium of less than 1% of its total range might have been detected. The results obtained with the different experimental protocols indicate, however, that the conformational equilibrium of GrpE is insensitive to electromagnetic fields in the tested range of frequency and field strength. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:470–478, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analytic power and sample size calculation for the genotypic transmission/disequilibrium test in case‐parent trio studies
Authors: Neumann Christoph , Taub Margaret A. , Younkin Samuel G. , Beaty Terri H. , Ruczinski Ingo , Schwender Holger
Published: August 2014

Case‐parent trio studies considering genotype data from children affected by a disease and their parents are frequently used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with disease. The most popular statistical tests for this study design are transmission/disequilibrium tests (TDTs). Several types of these tests have been developed, for example, procedures based on alleles or genotypes. Therefore, it is of great interest to examine which of these tests have the highest statistical power to detect SNPs associated with disease. Comparisons of the allelic and the genotypic TDT for individual SNPs have so far been conducted based on simulation studies, since the test statistic of the genotypic TDT was determined numerically. Recently, however, it has been shown that this test statistic can be presented in closed form. In this article, we employ this analytic solution to derive equations for calculating the statistical power and the required sample size for different types of the genotypic TDT. The power of this test is then compared with the one of the corresponding score test assuming the same mode of inheritance as well as the allelic TDT based on a multiplicative mode of inheritance, which is equivalent to the score test assuming an additive mode of inheritance. This is, thus, the first time the power of these tests are compared based on equations, yielding instant results and omitting the need for time‐consuming simulation studies. This comparison reveals that these tests have almost the same power, with the score test being slightly more powerful.
The human meniscus: A review of anatomy, function, injury, and advances in treatment
Authors: Fox Alice J.S. , Wanivenhaus Florian , Burge Alissa J. , Warren Russell F. , Rodeo Scott A.
Published: August 2014

Meniscal injuries are recognized as a cause of significant musculoskeletal morbidity. The menisci are vital for the normal function and long‐term health of the knee joint. The purpose of this review is to provide current knowledge regarding the anatomy and biomechanical functions of the menisci, incidence, injury patterns and the advancements in treatment options of meniscal injury. A literature search was performed by a review of PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and OVID for all relevant articles published between 1897 and 2014. This study highlights the anatomical and biomechanical characteristics of the menisci, which may be relevant to injury patterns and treatment options. An understanding of the normal anatomy and biomechanical functions of the knee menisci is a necessary prerequisite to understanding pathologies associated with the knee. Clin. Anat. 28:269–287, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dehydrogenation of Propane over Silica‐Supported Platinum–Tin Catalysts Prepared by Direct Reduction: Effects of Tin/Platinum Ratio and Reduction Temperature
Authors: Deng Lidan , Miura Hiroki , Shishido Tetsuya , Hosokawa Saburo , Teramura Kentaro , Tanaka Tsunehiro
Published: August 2014

A series of Pt‐Sn/SiO2 catalysts with different Sn/Pt atomic ratios (1/3–3) were prepared by a direct reduction method and tested for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Structural characterization by XRD, TEM, CO adsorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis revealed that the Pt‐Sn/SiO2 catalysts possessed a highly dispersed Pt‐Sn alloy core with a Sn‐rich surface regardless of the Sn/Pt ratio or reduction temperature. Highly dispersed SnO2 coexisted with the Pt‐Sn alloy particles, and part of the Pt‐Sn alloy surface was covered with SnO2. Among the catalysts prepared, 1Pt1Sn/SiO2_1073 K (Sn/Pt ratio=1, reduced at 1073 K), composed of Pt3Sn alloy with a small fraction of Pt‐Sn alloy, exhibited the highest activity. In contrast, if the Sn/Pt ratio was larger than 1 and/or the reduction temperature was 1273 K, Pt‐Sn alloy was observed mainly and the Pt‐Sn/SiO2 catalysts showed low activity.
Characterization of a Novel Intrinsic Luminescent Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid Based on [P6,6,6,14][ANS]
Authors: Delgado Joana M. , Raymundo Anabela , Vilarigues Márcia , Branco Luís C. , Laia César A. T.
Published: August 2014

Intrinsically luminescent room‐temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) can be prepared by combining a luminescent anion (more common) or cation with appropriate counter ions, rendering new luminescent soft materials. These RTILs are still new, and many of their photochemical properties are not well known. A novel intrinsic luminescent RTIL based on the 8‐anilinonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonate ([ANS]) anion combined with the trihexyltetradecylphosphonium ([P6,6,6,14]) cation was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Detailed photophysical studies highlight the influence of the ionic liquid environment on the ANS fluorescence, which together with rheological and 1H NMR experiments illustrate the effects of both the viscosity and electrostatic interactions between the ions. This material is liquid at room temperature and possesses a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 230.4 K. The fluorescence is not highly sensitive to factors such as temperature, but owing to its high viscosity, dynamic Stokes shift measurements reveal very slow components for the IL relaxation.
Thermochromic Luminescent Nest‐Like Silver Thiolate Cluster
Authors: Li Bo , Huang Ren‐Wu , Qin Jian‐Hua , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Gao Guang‐Gang , Hou Hong‐Wei , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: August 2014

A novel discrete open high‐nuclearity nest‐like silver thiolate cluster complex, [Ag33S3(StBu)16(CF3COO)9(NO3)(CH3CN)2](NO3) (1), has been isolated with nitrate and S2− anions acting as structure‐directing templates. Its similar nest‐like structure has been assembled into an extended layer [Ag31S3(StBu)16(NO3)9]n (2) by adjustment of auxiliary ligand. More interestingly, both complexes exhibit temperature‐dependent luminescence of high sensitivity with a large fluorescence enhancement (12‐fold for 1, 21‐fold for 2), which can be easily recognized by the naked‐eye (dramatic red‐shift Δ=104 nm for 1, larger Δ=113 nm for 2 at 77 K compared to those at 298 K). The correlation between luminescent thermochromism and temperature‐dependent variation of the coordination modes of template NO3− anion, Ag⋅⋅⋅S and Ag⋅⋅⋅Ag distances are also elucidated through variable‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray crystal structure (VT‐SCXRD) analyses.
ChemInform Abstract: SrAu4Ga3: A Further Example with Ga3 Units and a Lonsdaleite‐Related Gold Substructure.
Authors: Seidel Stefan , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Poettgen Rainer
Published: August 2014

The title compound is prepared by induction melting of the elements (Ta tube, Ar flow, 1300 K, 10 min) followed by annealing at 770 K (1 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring the Influence of Cationic Skeletons on the Arrangement of Isolated BO3 Groups Based on RbMgBO3, CsZn4(BO3)3 and Cs4Mg4(BO3)4.
Authors: Wang Zheng , Zhang Min , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua , Zhang Hui , Zhang Bingbing , Wang Ying , Kang Jing , Lin Xiaoxia
Published: August 2014

RbMgBO3 (I), CsZn4(BO3)3 (II), and Cs4Mg4(BO3)4 (III) are obtained by spontaneous crystallization of mixtures of Rb2CO3 or Cs2CO3, MgF2, ZnO, H3BO3 (Pt crucible, 780 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Iron(II) Pyrophosphate as a Cathode Material: Structure and Transport Studies.
Authors: Dabas Prashant , Hariharan K.
Published: August 2014

The preparation of single phase Li2FeP2O7 cathode material is optimized with respect to both inexpensive precursors and calcination conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of Pyrochlore Type K2Nb2O6.
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Zhou Chao , Zhao Yufei , Shang Lu , Bian Tong , Shao Lei , Shi Feng , Wu Li‐Zhu , Tung Chen‐Ho , Zhang Tierui
Published: August 2014

The new title photocatalyst is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of Nb2O5 and KOH in H2O (autoclave, 240 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Double‐Cube‐Shaped Mixed Chalcogen/Pentele Clusters from GaCl3 Melts.
Authors: Eich Andreas , Hoffbauer Wilfried , Schnakenburg Gregor , Bredow Thomas , Daniels Joerg , Beck Johannes
Published: August 2014

The compounds (VI), (VIII), (IX), and (XI), which form orange, air‐sensitive crystals are characterized by single crystal XRD, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, solid state 77Se NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Na3Y(PO4)2 Phosphate.
Authors: Matraszek Aleksandra , Szczygiel Irena , Szczygiel Bogdan
Published: August 2014

Monodisperse spindle‐shaped particles of the title compound are synthesized from sols obtained from Y(NO3)3, NH4H2PO4, and H2O mixed with Na3PO4 (autoclave, 600 W microwave heating, 240 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Ni‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Allylation of Aldehydes with Allylic Carbonates.
Authors: Tan Zhuozhen , Wan Xiaolong , Zang Zhenhua , Qian Qun , Deng Wei , Gong Hegui
Published: August 2014

The reaction conditions are particularly effective for 2‐aryl‐allylic carbonates which generate the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in good to high enantioselectivity for both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboxy‐Directed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Alkyl‐α‐aryl Terminal Olefins: Highly Enantioselective and Chemoselective Access to a Chiral Benzylmethyl Center.
Authors: Yang Shuang , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Guo Na , Song Song , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: August 2014

The carboxy‐directed hydrogenation prohibits the isomerization of the terminal olefins, and realizes the chemoselective hydrogenation of various dienes.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Cation Activation: Nucleophilic Substitution of Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Nguyen Thanh V. , Bekensir Alp
Published: August 2014

The reaction proceeds via in situ prepared 1,1‐dichlorocycloheptatriene which forms a tropylium cation.
ChemInform Abstract: A Broadly Applicable NHC—Cu‐Catalyzed Approach for Efficient, Site‐, and Enantioselective Coupling of Readily Accessible (Pinacolato)alkenylboron Compounds to Allylic Phosphates and Applications to Natural Product Synthesis.
Authors: Gao Fang , Carr James L. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: August 2014

A broadly applicable method for catalytic enantioselective allylic substitution of easily accessible di‐ or trisubstituted allylic phosphates and alkenyl‐boron reagents, resulting in formation of tertiary C—C bonds, is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Sn‐Mediated One‐Pot Four‐Component Allylation of Aldimines.
Authors: Li Jian , Lv Wenxian , Huang Danfeng , Wang Ke‐Hu , Niu Teng , Su Yingpeng , Hu Yulai
Published: August 2014

Aliphatic amines fail to be transformed.
ChemInform Abstract: I2—DMSO Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,2,2‐Triarylethanones via Dual C—H Activation of Aryl Methyl Ketones.
Authors: Raghavender Reddy M. , Nageswara Rao N. , Ramakrishna K. , Meshram H. M.
Published: August 2014

A number of acetophenones is regioselectively bis‐arylated at the Me‐group with 1,3‐di‐, 1,2,4‐tri‐ and 1,3,5‐trimethoxybenzenes via I2/DMSO‐mediated Friedel‐Crafts reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Suzuki Reactions under Atmospheric Pressure of Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Zhong Yanzhen , Han Wei
Published: August 2014

The first highly efficient iron‐catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki reaction is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Thiolation of Aryl C—H Bonds with Disulfides.
Authors: Iwasaki Masayuki , Iyanaga Miki , Tsuchiya Yuta , Nishimura Yugo , Li Wenjuan , Li Zhiping , Nishihara Yasushi
Published: August 2014

The title reaction proceeds with ortho‐selectivity induced by a directing group.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Enantioenriched Primary Allylic Amines with Sulfonyl Hydrazides Leading to Optically Active Allylic Sulfones.
Authors: Wang Ting‐Ting , Wang Fu‐Xiang , Yang Fu‐Lai , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: August 2014

The title reaction affords diverse allylic sulfones in moderate to excellent yields with almost complete retention of optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient One‐Pot Method for the Synthesis of Thioureas and 2‐Imino‐4‐thiazolidinones under Microwave Conditions.
Authors: Chau Chi‐Min , Chuan Tzu‐Jung , Liu Kuan‐Miao
Published: August 2014

The synthesis of thioureas (IV), (VI), (VIII), and (X) is performed under environmentally benign, neat conditions without the use of base additives.
ChemInform Abstract: Acetanilide Palladacycle: An Efficient Catalyst for Room‐Temperature Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Dewan Anindita , Buragohain Zenith , Mondal Manoj , Sarmah Gayatri , Borah Geetika , Bora Utpal
Published: August 2014

4‐Tolyl and 4‐chlorophenyl acetamide derivatives of the phenyl acetamide palladacycle PAP show lower catalytic activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Conditions for the Suzuki Reaction Using Microwave Irradiation and a New HNT‐Supported Ionic Liquid‐Like Phase (HNT‐SILLP) Catalyst.
Authors: Massaro Marina , Riela Serena , Lazzara Giuseppe , Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Milioto Stefana , Noto Renato
Published: August 2014

Aryl iodides are coupled with conversions comparable to aryl bromides whereas conversions of aryl chlorides are significantly lower.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Electron‐Rich Oxime Palladacycle as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Suzuki Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Cho Hong‐Jun , Jung Sungwon , Kong Saerom , Park Sung‐Jun , Lee Sang‐Myung , Lee Yoon‐Sik
Published: August 2014

The method is applied to the synthesis of a precursor of the drug valsartam.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Greener Approach for the Synthesis of PVC Supported Pd (0): Application to Heck and Sonogashira Reactions in Water.
Authors: Basavaprabhu Basavaprabhu , Samarasimhareddy M. , Prabhu Girish , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: August 2014

The catalyst is reused in five consecutive cycles without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Expeditious Synthesis of 1‐Aminoindane Derivatives Achieved by [1,4]‐Hydride Shift Mediated C(sp3)—H Bond Functionalization.
Authors: Mori Keiji , Kurihara Kazuki , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: August 2014

Attempts upon decreasing the catalyst loading for less reactive substrates by using benzylidene barbiturate derivatives instead of the benzylidene malonates (I) fail.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Arylation of N‐Heteroarenes with Aryldiazonium Salts by Photoredox Catalysis in Water.
Authors: Xue Dong , Jia Zhi‐Hui , Zhao Cong‐Jun , Zhang Yan‐Yan , Wang Chao , Xiao Jianliang
Published: August 2014

A photolytic radical type coupling of a variety of nitrogen containing heterocycles as well as thiazol (XIX) with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates using a Ru(II)‐catalyst as photosensitizer and a household light bulb as light source is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐5‐arylidenethiazol‐4‐ones Catalyzed by MgO Nanoparticles.
Authors: Shariati Narges , Baharfar Robabeh
Published: August 2014

An efficient protocol for the three‐component condensation of rhodanine, aromatic aldehydes and cyclic secondary amines in the presence of MgO‐nanoparticles is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Acylation of 2‐Aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with Aldehydes.
Authors: Wang Zechao , Tian Qinshan , Yu Xin , Kuang Chunxiang
Published: August 2014

The novel method allows the selective ortho‐acylation of 2‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with aldehydes to give a variety of substituted aromatic ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid‐Mediated Transformations of trans‐2‐Aroyl‐3‐aryl‐cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates into 2‐Pyrones and 1‐Indanones.
Authors: Sathishkannan Gopal , Srinivasan Kannupal
Published: August 2014

Treatment of cyclopropane diesters with AlCl3 results in ring‐opening, fragmentation, recombination, and lactonization to form 2‐pyrone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Arylated 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins: Combining Continuous Flow Hydrogenation with Laccase‐Catalyzed Oxidation.
Authors: Suljic Sanel , Pietruszka Joerg
Published: August 2014

A flow hydrogenation/laccase catalyzed oxidation/Michael addition sequence for the conversion of coumarin derivatives into the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpenoids and Their Glycosides from Gynura procumbens
Authors: Zhang Ying , Jiang Kun , Zhai Yi‐Ming , Tan Jun‐Jie , Meng Da‐Li , Guo Sha‐Li , Qu Shi‐Jin , Tan Chang‐Heng
Published: August 2014

isolation and structure of one new sesquiterpenoid (Ia) and two new sesquiterpene glycosides together with three known sesquiterpenoids
ChemInform Abstract: A New Phloroglucinol Glucoside from the Whole Plants of Glochidion eriocarpum.
Authors: Wang Yanming , Zhu Hongtao , Wang Dong , Cheng Rongrong , Yang Chongren , Xu Min , Zhang Yingjun
Published: August 2014

The new phloroglucinol glucoside (I) is isolated along with 16 known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Step Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of CuInSe2 Nanoparticles in a Solar Microreactor.
Authors: Kreider Peter B. , Kim Ki‐Joong , Chang Chih‐Hung
Published: August 2014

The title nanoparticles are prepared in a two‐step continuous flow solar microreactor using solutions of CuCl and InCl3 in a 4:1 mixture of oleic acid and trioctylphosphine, and selenium in trioctylphosphine as precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Structural Characteristics of Binary Palladium‐Cobalt Fuel Cell Catalysts on the Activity for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Antolini Ermete
Published: August 2014

Review: [67 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: The Hexadehydro‐Diels—Alder Reaction: A New Chapter in Aryne Chemistry
Authors: Holden Catherine , Greaney Michael F.
Published: August 2014

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Bond Directed Epoxidation: Diastereoselective Olefinic Oxidation of Allylic Alcohols and Amines
Authors: Davies Stephen G. , Fletcher Ai M. , Thomson James E.
Published: August 2014

Review: [26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Dearomatization of Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Ding Qiuping , Zhou Xiaoli , Fan Renhua
Published: August 2014

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cavity‐Assembled Porous Solids (CAPSs) for Nanospace‐Specific Functions
Authors: Tashiro Shohei , Shionoya Mitsuhiko
Published: August 2014

Review: [76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Studies of Rhodium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Nitriles Through Cleavage of Carbon—Cyano Bonds
Authors: Kinuta Hirotaka , Takahashi Hiroaki , Tobisu Mamoru , Mori Seiji , Chatani Naoto
Published: August 2014

Review: [43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Development of Two‐Photon Fluorescent Probes for Bioimaging
Authors: Kim Dokyoung , Ryu Hye Gun , Ahn Kyo Han
Published: August 2014

Review: [162 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 into Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuels: State‐of‐the‐Art Accomplishment, Challenges, and Prospects
Authors: Tu Wenguang , Zhou Yong , Zou Zhigang
Published: August 2014

Review: emphasis on the design of highly active photocatalysts; 267 refs.
CFD characterization of monolithic reactors for kinetic studies
Authors: Soltani Soheil , Wang‐Hansen Carolin , Andersson Ronnie , Andersson Bengt
Published: August 2014

A laboratory reactor for kinetic studies has been simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Analysis of temperature distribution within the system shows that adding an inert monolith upstream the catalyst enhances heat conduction and therefore significantly reduces radial temperature gradients. Adjustment of the heating coil plays an important role as well by allowing the gas phase to smooth out the radial temperature profile. Radiative heat transfer and its effects on both the heat losses from the catalyst and on the measurements with an unprotected thermocouple have been particularly investigated. In order to prevent both the falsifying effect of radiation and the influences from the ongoing reaction, thermocouples should be placed and shielded inside a clogged channel. An inert monolith that is placed downstream the catalyst effectively serves as a radiation shield and drastically reduces both axial and radial gradients. Studies of the dispersion in the system reveal that the FTIR's gas cell is the most important source of the overall broadening in the concentration signal, with the reactor tube being the next major source of the distortion. An algorithm based on the Tikhonov regularization method has been developed for calculating the deconvolution of the concentration data, which has refined the time‐resolution in transient experiments from 20 to 2 s.
Sequential‐based process modelling of VOCs photodegradation in fluidized beds
Authors: Asadi‐Saghandi Hamid , Sotudeh‐Gharebagh Rahmat , Dashliborun Amir Motamed , Kakooei Hossein , Hajaghazadeh Mohammad
Published: August 2014

Sequential modular simulation (SMS), as a new modelling approach, was developed to simulate the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of gaseous pollutants in fluidized bed reactors. In the experimental part, the PCO of gaseous acetone was studied in a fluidized bed photo‐reactor (FBPR) and the influence of operating conditions (inlet concentration, relative humidity (RH) and superficial gas velocity) on both acetone conversion and mineralization was investigated. It was found that the RH, as a key factor in PCO reactions, had a contradictory effect on the conversion and mineralization of acetone. In the modelling part, the bed was divided into several sections in which the bubble and emulsion phases were considered as a plug flow and a completely mixed flow reactor, respectively. Dynamic two‐phase model was adopted as the hydrodynamic sub‐model and the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism as the kinetic sub‐model. Kinetic constants of the latter sub‐model were estimated using experimental data from the literature. A new dimensionless number (HA number) was introduced to determine the optimum number of sections, as the most important factor in model predictions. The performance of the proposed model was compared with the experimental data obtained in this study and several sets of experimental data from the literature. The results showed that the simple and easy‐to‐achieve approach, which has the capability of integrating into the industrial process simulators such as Aspen Plus© and Aspen HYSYS©, can be used to simulate the behaviour of non‐ideal FBPRs in PCO processes.
Does landscape water availability influence floodplain woodland bird density?
Authors: McGinness Heather M. , Arthur Anthony D. , Davies Micah
Published: August 2014

Irrigated agriculture in south‐east Australia has increased water availability to native flora and fauna by creating artificial open‐water habitats and raising water tables across the landscape. However, it has also caused loss of floodplain woodlands and reductions in the frequency, extent and duration with which floodplains are inundated, resulting in habitat degradation. The effects of such changes on floodplain fauna such as woodland birds are poorly understood. This paper explores the hypothesis that water availability at landscape scales influences woodland bird density. It examines the density of selected bird species in remnant floodplain woodlands of two contrasting regions within the same drought‐affected catchment and tests two predictions: (1) Increased water availability in the landscape resulting from greater surrounding irrigation land use intensity will be associated with higher bird density in floodplain woodlands and (2) lower flood frequency within a site will be associated with lower bird density in floodplain woodlands. Two contrasting levels of the effect of irrigation land use intensity on woodland bird density were found: firstly, a broad‐scale positive relationship between irrigation water availability and bird density at a regional scale and, secondly, a within‐region negative effect of very high intensity irrigation land use upon bird density. We suggest that these effects are mediated through the influence of water and land use on both food and habitat availability, and research is needed focusing on links between flood regime, vegetation condition and bird density in the absence of intensive irrigation land use to ascertain the importance of flooding to woodland birds. © 2014 Commonwealth of Australia. Ecohydrology © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Domestic incense burning and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case‐control study in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Xie Shao‐Hua , Yu Ignatius Tak‐sun , Tse Lap Ah , Au Joseph Siu Kie , Wang Feng , Lau June Sze Man , Zhang Bo
Published: August 2014

Incense burning is a powerful producer of carcinogens and has been considered as a risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We conducted a case‐control study and case‐only analyses to investigate the effect of incense burning and its interaction with genetic background on NPC risk among Hong Kong Chinese. Between June 2010 and December 2012, we recruited 352 incident cases of NPC and 410 controls. We collected information on lifelong practice of domestic incense burning via interviews and genotyped 80 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes. We observed an increased NPC risk associated with daily burning in women [Adjusted OR = 2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33, 4.66] but not in men. The adjusted OR for daily burning with poor ventilation was 2.08 (95% CI: 1.02, 4.24), while that with good ventilation was 1.35 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.98). Interactions between 2 SNPs (rs2074517 and rs4771436) and incense burning were significantly associated with NPC risk and tended to have a SNP exposure‐response effect. Evidence for gene‐environment interactions supported the knowledge that NPC is a multi‐factorial disease resulting from the joint effects of environmental exposures and inherited susceptibility. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:751–756, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circulating MicroRNAs as a marker for liver injury in human immunodeficiency virus patients
Authors: Anadol Evrim , Schierwagen Robert , Elfimova Natalia , Tack Katharina , Schwarze‐Zander Carolynne , Eischeid Hanna , Noetel Andrea , Boesecke Christoph , Jansen Christian , Dold Leona , Wasmuth Jan‐Christian , Strassburg Christian P. , Spengler Ulrich , Rockstroh Jürgen Kurt , Odenthal Margarete , Trebicka Jonel
Published: August 2014

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis virus coinfection amplify and accelerate hepatic injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs suggested as biomarkers for liver injury. We analyzed the circulating levels of miRNAs in HIV patients with regard to the extent and etiology of liver injury. Total RNA was extracted from 335 serum samples of HIV patients and 22 healthy control participants using Qiazol. Comprehensive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array analyses (768 miRNA) were performed in serum samples of eight HIV, eight HIV/HCV (hepatitis C virus), six HCV patients, and three healthy controls. Reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR measured levels of miRNA‐122, miRNA‐22, and miRNA‐34a in serum samples of 335 patients and 19 healthy control participants. Liver injury and fibrosis in these patients were defined using aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) index and AST‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI) score. The miRNA pattern of HIV/HCV samples showed altered expression of 57 and 33 miRNA compared to HCV and HIV infection, respectively. miRNA‐122, miRNA‐22, and miRNA‐34a were highly up‐regulated in HIV/HCV patients. Analyzing the entire cohort, these miRNAs were correlated with liver function tests and were independent predictors of liver injury (AST >2 × ULN). miRNA‐122 and miRNA‐22 were associated with relevant fibrosis (FIB‐4 >1.45; APRI >1). Circulating levels of miRNA‐122 were independent predictors for relevant fibrosis in HIV patients. Interestingly, miRNA‐122 and miRNA‐34a levels were higher in HIV/HCV patients, miRNA‐22 levels were highest in HIV/HBV patients, and circulating levels of miRNA‐34a correlated positively with illicit drug use and ethanol consumption. Conclusion: Circulating miRNA‐122, miRNA‐22, and miRNA‐34a correlates with the etiology of liver injury in HIV patients. These biomarkers not only mirror different mechanisms of hepatic injury, but also are independent predictors of liver injury in HIV patients. (Hepatology 2015;61:46–55)
Organizational Inducements and Employee Citizenship Behavior: The Mediating Role of Perceived Insider Status and the Moderating Role of Collectivism
Authors: Hui Chun , Lee Cynthia , Wang Hui
Published: August 2014

The organizational inducement model proposed in this study seeks to examine the mediating role of perceived insider status (PIS) and the moderating role of vertical collectivism on the relationship between organizational inducements and employees’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Among a sample of Chinese employees, the authors find that the organizational inducements of perceived supervisor support and participation led to higher levels of PIS, which in turn enhanced OCB. Furthermore, vertical collectivism moderated the relationship between PIS and OCB, such that their relationship grew stronger when collectivism was high. These findings have notable implications for theory and practice. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electroluminescent Properties of Iridium(III) 2‐Phenylpyridine‐type Complexes Containing Trifluoromethyl Substituents and Various Main‐Group Moieties
Authors: Ho Cheuk‐Lam , Lam Ching‐Shan , Sun Ning , Ma Dongge , Liu Li , Yu Zhen‐Qiang , Xue Liqin , Lin Zhenyang , Li Hua , Lo Yih Hsing , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: August 2014

New heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(III) 2‐phenylpyridine‐type complexes with trifluoromethyl substituents and various main‐group moieties were synthesized and their photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent (EL) properties studied. The emission color can be tuned by a facile derivatization of the phenyl moiety of 2‐phenylpyridine with various main‐group moieties, and we have prepared new yellowishgreen to orange triplet emitters with enhanced charge injection/charge transporting features, which can furnish attractive EL performance in phosphorescent organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). Attempts were also made to fabricate two‐color white‐light OLEDs based on a combination of fluorescent blue and phosphorescent orange emitters.
Preparation of novel pH‐sensitive nanocomposites based on ionic‐liquid modified montmorillonite for colon specific drug delivery system
Authors: Mahkam Mehrdad , Abbaszad Rafi Abdolrahim , Mohammadzadeh Gheshlaghi Leila
Published: August 2014

An ionic liquid monomer, 3‐methyl‐1‐[2‐(2‐methyl‐acryloxy)‐ethyl]‐imidazolium chloride, was synthesized through the quaternization of N‐methylimidazole and 2‐chloroethyl methacrylate. This ionic liquid monomer intercalated into the montmorillonite layers and subsequently copolymerized with methacrylic acid. The organic–inorganic composite was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX to study their structure and properties. Naproxen as a model drug was entrapped in these pH‐sensitive positively charged nano carriers and the in vitro release profiles were established separately in both enzyme‐free simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (SGF, pH 1) and (SIF, pH 7.4) respectively. It was observed that the drug release percentages in SIF were higher; hence the prepared nanocomposite could be considered as a suitable carrier for colon specific drug delivery. POLYM. COMPOS., 182–187, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers