bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spiritual Survival in the Arctic Atxam Taligisniikangis of the Aleutian Islands
Authors: Salmon MaryGen
Published: September 2003

Watching a gathering of Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Inupiaq, Tlingit/Haida, Siberian Yup'ik, and Sugpiaq dancers, musicians, and artists, the author wonders if “authentic” Native dance still exists in Alaska. This question is asked with the knowledge that these performances were reconstructed after the Aleutian Island peoples were severely stressed by internment during World War II.
Direct-Current Recall in Madagascar
Authors: Emoff Ron
Published: September 2003

In Madagascar, a mandôlina is a popular stringed musical instrument in the shape of a portable radio-cassette player. Why go to great lengths to detail this physical image for an instrument that has none of its electronic/acoustic properties? A mandôlina represents the ability to communicate with ancestral spirits, linking imported electronics to the spirit realm.
The Consolation of Poetry
Authors: Neri Barbara
Published: September 2003

Who was/is the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning? The intention of this performance art piece is well put by its creator: “The becoming her is as much her as the being her. And all that is her is not only her but me, and you. She may not be the her alive from 1806 till 1861. That her is dead—and the form we have given her in our culture is a worse death. It is hoped this becoming will replace that death we have given her.”

The Castillo Theatre, aka the Castillo Cultural Center, is a controversial presence in New York. Dubbed by some as a cult, the Center and its wide-ranging activities are for others community-building, socially constructive, and avantgarde. Castillo is very much the creature of its founder and leader, psychotherapist/playwright/social philosopher Fred Newman. The articles and interview in this section include an overall assessment of Castillo, a detailed discussion of Newman's production of Heiner Mu¨ller's Germania 3 Ghosts at Deadman, and a “directors dialogue” between Newman and Robert Wilson. An earlier essay on Castillo appeared in T135 (36:3, 1992), Eva Brenner's “Theatre of the Unorganized: The Radical Independence of the Castillo Cultural Center.”
Marina Abramovic's The House with the Ocean View: The View of the House from Some Drops in the Ocean
Authors: Westcott James , Miller Tim
Published: September 2003

This issue's Critical Acts section features Marina Abramovic's 12-day life/art installation at a Chelsea gallery; Yelena Gluzman's “Science Project” on Ibsen's A Doll's House at the Performing Garage in New York; and Tim Miller's report from Tokyo, where he performed Body Blows, based on his book of the same name.
Suzuki Tadashi and the Shizuoka Theatre Company in New York
Authors: Sant Toni
Published: September 2003

In this conversation, Suzuki talks about his work as artistic director of the Shizuoka Performing Arts Center. He discusses his training method, his work with Anne Bogart, the Theatre Olympics, and the need to devise strategies for transmitting knowledge across cultures from one generation to the next.
Caryā Nŗtya of Nepal When “Becoming the Character” in Asian Performance Is Nonduality in “Quintessence of Void”
Authors: Ahmed Syed Jamil
Published: September 2003

Taking issue with Phillip Zarrilli's influential 1990 essay on what it means to “become the character” in Asian performance, Ahmed argues that Zarrilli's construct is problematic when viewed from a Buddhist perspective. Ahmed's case study is Caryā Nŗtya, a ritual dance performed near Kathmandu in Nepal for over a thousand years.
Accuracy-Based Learning Classifier Systems: Models, Analysis and Applications to Classification Tasks
Authors: Bernadó-Mansilla Ester , Garrell-Guiu Josep M.
Published: September 2003

Recently, Learning Classifier Systems (LCS) and particularly XCS have arisen as promising methods for classification tasks and data mining. This paper investigates two models of accuracy-based learning classifier systems on different types of classification problems. Departing from XCS, we analyze the evolution of a complete action map as a knowledge representation. We propose an alternative, UCS, which evolves a best action map more efficiently. We also investigate how the fitness pressure guides the search towards accurate classifiers. While XCS bases fitness on a reinforcement learning scheme, UCS defines fitness from a supervised learning scheme. We find significant differences in how the fitness pressure leads towards accuracy, and suggest the use of a supervised approach specially for multi-class problems and problems with unbalanced classes. We also investigate the complexity factors which arise in each type of accuracy-based LCS. We provide a model on the learning complexity of LCS which is based on the representative examples given to the system. The results and observations are also extended to a set of real world classification problems, where accuracy-based LCS are shown to perform competitively with respect to other learning algorithms. The work presents an extended analysis of accuracy-based LCS, gives insight into the understanding of the LCS dynamics, and suggests open issues for further improvement of LCS on classification tasks.
Analysis and Improvement of Fitness Exploitation in XCS: Bounding Models, Tournament Selection, and Bilateral Accuracy
Authors: Butz Martin V. , Goldberg David E. , Tharakunnel Kurian
Published: September 2003

The evolutionary learning mechanism in XCS strongly depends on its accuracy-based fitness approach. The approach is meant to result in an evolutionary drive from classifiers of low accuracy to those of high accuracy. Since, given inaccuracy, lower specificity often corresponds to lower accuracy, fitness pressure most often also results in a pressure towards higher specificity. Moreover, fitness pressure should cause the evolutionary process to be innovative in that it combines low-order building blocks of lower accurate classifiers, to higher-order building blocks with higher accuracy. This paper investigates how, when, and where accuracy-based fitness results in successful rule evolution in XCS. Along the way, a weakness in the current proportionate selection method in XCS is identified. Several problem bounds are derived that need to be obeyed to enable proper evolutionary pressure. Moreover, a fitness dilemma is identified that causes accuracy-based fitness to be misleading. Improvements are introduced to XCS to make fitness pressure more robust and overcome the fitness dilemma. Specifically, (1) tournament selection results in a much better fitness-bias exploitation, and (2) bilateral accuracy prevents the fitness dilemma. While the improvements stand for themselves, we believe they also contribute to the ultimate goal of an evolutionary learning system that is able to solve decomposable machine-learning problems quickly, accurately, and reliably. The paper also contributes to the further understanding of XCS in general and the fitness approach in XCS in particular.
Bounding the Effect of Noise in Multiobjective Learning Classifier Systems
Authors: Llorà Xavier , Goldberg David E.
Published: September 2003

This paper analyzes the impact of using noisy data sets in Pittsburgh-style learning classifier systems. This study was done using a particular kind of learning classifier system based on multiobjective selection. Our goal was to characterize the behavior of this kind of algorithms when dealing with noisy domains. For this reason, we developed a theoretical model for predicting theminimal achievable error in noisy domains. Combining this theoretical model for crisp learners with graphical representations of the evolved hypotheses through multiobjective techniques, we are able to bound the behavior of a learning classifier system. This kind of modeling lets us identify relevant characteristics of the evolved hypotheses, such as overfitting conditions that lead to hypotheses that poorly generalize the concept to be learned.
For Real! XCS with Continuous-Valued Inputs
Authors: Stone Christopher , Bull Larry
Published: September 2003

Many real-world problems are not conveniently expressed using the ternary representation typically used by Learning Classifier Systems and for such problems an interval-based representation is preferable. We analyse two interval-based representations recently proposed for XCS, together with their associated operators and find evidence of considerable representational and operator bias. We propose a new interval-based representation that is more straightforward than the previous ones and analyse its bias. The representations presented and their analysis are also applicable to other Learning Classifier System architectures.

We discuss limitations of the real multiplexer problem, a benchmark problem used for Learning Classifier Systems that have a continuous-valued representation, and propose a new test problem, the checkerboard problem, that matches many classes of real-world problem more closely than the real multiplexer.

Representations and operators are compared using both the real multiplexer and checkerboard problems and we find that representational, operator and sampling bias all affect the performance of XCS in continuous-valued environments.
Degradation of whitethroat vocalisations: implications for song flight and communication network activities
Authors: Balsby Thorsten , Pedersen Simon Boel , Dabelsteen Torben
Published: September 2003

Transmission of acoustic signals through the habitat modifies the signals and may thus influence their use in communication. We investigated the transmission of five different types of whitethroat (Sylvia communis) vocalisations, three types of song and two calls. Typical examples were broadcast and re-recorded in a whitethroat habitat with hedgerows and open meadow. We used a complete factorial design with speaker and microphone placed in different natural sender and receiver positions including high perches and song flights. Sound degradation was quantified in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, excess attenuation, tail-to-signal ratio and blur ratio. The results suggest that sound degradation generally increased with distance along a hedgerow, which means that birds here potentially may use degradation in assessing the distance to a vocalising individual. This is unlike the open meadow where the change in degradation with distance was negligible. Surprisingly, song flight relative to perched singing seems not to facilitate transmission of own vocalisations or perception of vocalisations from other individuals, and song flight vocalisations do not transmit differently from other types of vocalisations during song flights. One purpose of song flights might therefore be visual location by potential receivers and surveillance by the territory owner. Source level and degradation differed between the five types of vocalisations in accordance with their functions. Motif song and song flight songs used in attraction of females and/or deterrence of males could transmit through neighbouring territories, whereas the calls and the courtship diving song where a specific individual within or near the territory is addressed had relatively short communication ranges.
Social interactions during development in the ovoviviparous cockroach Schultesia lampyridiformis
Authors: Biquand Veronique , le Rouzo Thierry , Pierre Jean-Sébastien , van Baaren Joan , Eckstein Elodie , Deleporte Pierre
Published: September 2003

Cockroaches are generally divided into solitary and gregarious species. Schultesia lampyridiformis (Zetoborinae) is a neotropical cockroach presenting unusual characteristics: it inhabits only pendulous nests of colonial Cacicus birds and feeds on broken eggs or bird corpses. This patchy habitat and food resource was expected to favour gregarious habits, which were effectively observed in adults. However, young nymphs dispersed during the first hours following birth. The gregarious life style should thus appear during the course of nymphal development. This study is aimed at specifying the timing of apparition of gregariousness during the development, and identifying the behaviours characterising the solitary and gregarious phases. We compared under experimental conditions social interactions and spatial distribution in pairs of nymphs at different instars (1, 2, 3, 5 and last instar) and in pairs of adult females. The gregarious phase appeared progressively in the last nymphal instars, and was characterized by a simultaneous increase in several behavioural features: length of interaction sequences, proportion of mutual antennal contacts, rate of answer to social stimulations from conspecifics and proportion of time spent close to conspecifics. This behavioural change is discussed regarding its possible function and importance for comparative studies of gregariousness.
Influence of background and prey orientation on an ambushing predator's decisions
Authors: Li Daiqin , Jackson Robert , Lim Matthew
Published: September 2003

Phaeacius, a sit-and-wait jumping spider, is shown to base predatory decisions on simultaneous use of information about whether the background is matching or contrasting, whether or not the prey has good eyesight and whether the prey is oriented face on or facing away. In prey-choice testing in which mounts (dead prey in lifelike posture on a cork) were used, background and prey orientation influenced Phaeacius' behaviour specifically when a salticid came into view, salticids being prey with exceptionally good eyesight. When the prey was a non-salticid spider or an insect, Phaeacius' behaviour did not vary significantly with background or with prey orientation. In prey-reaction experiments, background and orientation influenced prey behaviour when the prey was a salticid, but not when it was a non-salticid spider or an insect. Phaeacius evidently takes special precautions to minimize the risk of being seen by a prey that has exceptional eyesight.
Sex recognition in surface and cave dwelling male Atlantic mollies Poecilia mexicana (Poeciliidae, Teleostei)
Authors: Schlupp Ingo , Plath Martin , Parzefall Jakob , Wiedemann Karsten
Published: September 2003

Animals colonizing lightless subterranean habitats can no longer rely on visual signals to find mating partners. In the present study, we investigated the ability of males to recognize females in two surface and a cave dwelling population of a livebearing fish, Poecilia mexicana. In surface populations males discriminated between sexes with visual plus non-visual cues available and with visual stimuli only. In the cave form the ability to discriminate with solely visual stimuli is lacking. In all three populations, males did not recognize females in darkness (infrared observations), suggesting that sex recognition via far-field communication is lacking in surface and cave dwelling P.mexicana. Different preferences in large and small males to stay near a female or a male stimulus fish probably reflect differences concerning a trade-off between sexual and aggressive behaviour.
Social relationships in a group of horses without a mature stallion
Authors: Sigurjónsdóttir Hrefna , Snorrason Sigurdur , van Dierendonck Machteld , Thórhallsdóttir Anna
Published: September 2003

1. The social relationships in a group of Icelandic horses without a mature stallion were studied. The horses were all familiar to each other. Mutual grooming and play relationships, spatial associations, dominance-subordinate relations and the effect of kinship on these relationships were analysed. 2. The social structure was clearly dominated by the behaviour of the adult mares. The horses preferred to form bonds within their social class (sex/age) and they kept close proximity with their friends. The group was effectively divided into two social subgroups, adult mares as one group and adult geldings and sub-adults as another group. The sub-adults and adult geldings formed associations, which were based on mutual grooming and play, while the adult mares did not play. Differences between the sexes were evident. Males played more than the females, had more playing partners and were more popular as playmates. 3. Aggression rates were low. The dominance hierarchy was linear. Adult mares ranked higher than adult geldings, sub-adults and the foals. Rank was significantly correlated with age. The closer the adult mares were in rank, the more they groomed with each other. Such relationships were not found amongst the other social group. 4. Kinship was calculated between all pairs of animals for up to 4 or 5 generations. Allogrooming and play frequencies and proximity were all positively correlated with kinship. Adult mares, which were close in the dominance hierarchy, were on average more related than those further apart. 5. The social relationships in the Icelandic herd were, to some extent, different from relationships reported from unmanaged and feral horse-herds with mature stallions and bachelors. Our results suggest that adult mares groom more in groups without a stallion. Furthermore, they have more preferred partners than in natural harems and their partners are other adult mares, not their weaned offspring as seems to be the case in feral herds. The sub-adults also seem to be more socially active in the absence of stallions. Interestingly, in the Icelandic group, the adult mares showed stallion like behaviours, like mounting and protecting foals. Only by studying the behaviour and the nature of the relationships of horses in groups of different compositions, can we expect to gain a comprehensive understanding about individual social strategies and cognitive capabilities of the species. Such knowledge is valuable for management and welfare of the horse.
Temporal dynamics and communication of winner-effects in the crayfish, orconectes rusticus
Authors: Daws Alisdair , Huber Robert , Bergman Daniel , McIntyre Jeremy , Moore Paul , Kozlowski Corinne
Published: September 2003

A variety of factors influences the formation of hierarchical structures, and can include an altered aggressive state, an ability to physically dominate, and previous agonistic experience. Using male Orconectes rusticus, we tested the duration of the winner effect by varying the time between a winning encounter and a subsequent encounter by a 20, 40 or 60-minute interval. Varying the time between the two fights significantly altered the probabilities of initiating fight behaviour and of winning a fight. A crayfish with a 20-minute delay between its winning experience and its subsequent fight was significantly less likely to initiate fight behaviour and significantly more likely to win its next fight than was an animal whose next fight was delayed for 40 or 60 minutes. We then investigated whether the dynamics of this winner effect were influenced by perception of odour signals during agonistic interactions by blocking the chemo- and mechanoreceptors on the antennae and antennules to prevent reception of relevant cues communicating social status. Individuals fighting an opponent with this loss of sensory information were significantly more likely to initiate a fight, but then escalated at a slower rate to a higher fight intensity level. In addition, individuals had a decreased chance of winning an agonistic bout against an opponent deprived of sensory input from the antennae and antennules.
Enabling Ethical Economies: Cooperativism and Class
Authors: Gibson-Graham J.K.
Published: September 2003

This paper situates contemporary evaluations of the `success' of Spain's Mondragon cooperative complex within a tradition of debate about the politics of economic transformation. It traces the long-standing suspicion of worker cooperatives among political and social analysts on the left, revisiting both the revolutionary and gradualist socialist critiques of cooperativism. Taking the set of problems identified by Beatrice and Sidney Webb as leading to the inevitable failure of producer cooperatives, the paper examines Mondragon for evidence of `degeneration.' The ethical decisions made by Mondragon cooperators with respect to product, pay, profit, innovation, management, disputes and membership are discussed with a particular focus on the management of surplus production, appropriation and distribution. The paper calls for more sophisticated analyses of the economics of surplus distribution and the centrality of ethical debate to the construction of diverse economies and non-capitalist economic subjects.
Does the New Middle Class Lead Today's Social Movements?
Authors: Cleveland John W.
Published: September 2003

The conventional wisdom that today's movements are led by a section of the `new middle class' is really the old functionalist theory of (post)modernizing elites that denies class analysis. The `young adult nucleus' thesis is proposed as an alternative theory. The leading social forces in movements in affluent countries are intellectual radicals and `advanced elements' from groups that experience some form of exploitation, oppression or collective hurt. They are Gramscian intellectuals as opposed to professional intellectuals. They are people who took the `opportunity during socialization' when young adults to choose what often became a lifelong `activist career' for social justice.
The Devil is in the Details: Neutralizing Critical Studies of Publicly Subsidized Stadiums
Authors: Delaney Kevin J. , Eckstein Rick
Published: September 2003

This article analyzes the role of economic and sociological studies in the debate over using public subsidies to build new professional sports stadiums. We show how academic studies have been neutralized by supporters of stadium subsidies, thereby making them less effective in policy debates. We illustrate how pro-stadium elites have ignored the studies, criticized them without competing evidence, commissioned contradictory studies, or shifted the debate to non-measurable endpoints. We speculate on some of the reasons why pro-stadiums advocates — in particular politicians and corporate elites — have chosen to support subsidies despite academic findings that suggest little economic payoff from subsidies. This article is drawn from primary research in nine American cities involved in new sports stadium construction.
Resisting Capital: Simulationist and Socialist Strategies
Authors: Leonardo Zeus
Published: September 2003

Postmodern theory has problematized the concepts and concerns of Marxism with respect to socialist praxis. One of the most diligent examples of this engagement comes from Jean Baudrillard's simulation theory. Pronouncing the death of Marxist categories, such as depth and revolution, simulation theory offers an aleatory, indeterminate model of society where the real implodes into the hyperreal. With special attention to the concept of resistance, this essay assesses the conceptual framework of both simulation and socialist theory for their promises and problems in the context of postmodernity. Bringing historical materialism into dialogue with simulation theory reasserts the importance of Marxism in addressing the unfinished project of social emancipation. There is much to suggest that with the real becoming hyperreal, exploitation intensifies into hyperexploitation. In short, notwithstanding the merits of simulation theory, Marxist concepts and concerns are still central to both radical theory and praxis. Bringing the merits of simulation theory to Marxism offers a social theory of meaning in the context of capitalism.
Blind Alleys in Ethnic Essentialist Explanations of the Downfall of the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Flere Sergej
Published: September 2003

In this paper certain attractive explanations, present in sociological and other scholarship, on the dismemberment of Yugoslavia are considered through a review of unpublished survey and census data on the former Yugoslavia immediately preceding its break-up. Particularly one influential, but biased explanation of the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia articulated in the works of the sociologist Stjepan Meštrović merit further attention in the depiction of bias towards the Yugoslav break-up. The paper refutes that there was a fundamental incompatibility based on authoritarianism of any nationality, on emotional instability of any nationality, of ethnic stratification, of ethnic distance among the basic groups, which may explain the break-up. These explanations fall within ethnic essentialism, down-playing historicity and structure within ethnic groups, and the manipulability of concepts of ethnicity. I propose that the break-up can be explained by a set of structural and processual factors of a political and cultural nature, where one can conclude that the former Yugoslavia served as a nation-building institution, but for numerous nationalities.
The Legacy of Apartheid
Authors: Gibson James L.
Published: September 2003

This research investigates whether and to what degree all major racial/ethnic/linguistic groups in South Africa extend legitimacy to the key institutions of democratic governance. This question is important because most democratic analysts argue that subcultural pluralism is inimical to democracy. Based on a mass public survey, the author discovers that support for democracy in South Africa is not widespread; it varies considerably across the major racial/ethnic groups in the country; education contributes to the development of democratic values among whites but not among Africans, “Coloureds,” and those of Asian origin; and the strength of group identities and levels of psychological dogmatism are the strongest predictors of support for democratic institutions and processes. Despite the author's efforts to attribute racial differences to more theoretical processes, race, ceteris paribus, has much to do with how one feels about democracy. This legacy of the apartheid past thus continues to dog contemporary South Africa.
Subnational Electoral Choice
Authors: Remmer Karen L. , GÉLineau FranÇois
Published: September 2003

Are the policy failures of subnational officials reliably punished by voters, or do subnational elections instead pivot around national trends? This study attempts to shed new light on these questions by exploring subnational elections in the Argentine context. Building on a modified version of the referendum-voting model, our analysis suggests that the fate of candidates in both national and subnational elections is shaped by the performance of the incumbent presidential administration. At the same time, however, we also find evidence that voters respond to the policy choices of subnational governments, albeit in ways that attenuate, rather than strengthen, the nexus between policy responsibility and electoral accountability.
Economic Voting Reconsidered
Authors: Weyland Kurt
Published: September 2003

This article examines the impact of Venezuelans' economic assessments on the election of a radical reformer, President Hugo Chávez. Multinomial logit analysis of pre-electoral survey data shows that sociotropic perceptions of recent losses and high hopes for future improvements significantly boosted support for Chávez. When political judgments and issue positions are considered, people's prospective assessments retain their significant effect, whereas negative retrospective evaluations indirectly affect vote intentions for Chávez, namely, via rejection of the established political elite. These findings seem to corroborate claims of economic voting literature but cannot be interpreted in narrowly materialistic terms. Instead, the striking gulf between despair about the past and exalted hopes for the future shows the impact of Chávez's charisma. Rather than reflecting a dispassionate assessment of likely developments, people's expectations of a dramatic turnaround seem driven by the psychological need to believe that current problems must find a solution, which “Americanist” literature has documented.
The Environmental Movement and the Modes of Political Action
Authors: Dalton Russell J. , Recchia Steve , Rohrschneider Robert
Published: September 2003

There have been widely differing claims about how environmental groups attempt to reform environmental policy—from those who see the movement as challenging the prevailing social paradigm through confrontation and violence, to those who lament the movement's reliance on conventional styles of political persuasion. This article uses data from the 1998 Global Environmental Organizations Survey (GEOS) to map the political activities used by environmental groups across the globe and to determine what best accounts for these patterns of action. The authors examine the responses of 248 environmental groups in the GEOS; these data allow the authors to compare environmental group behaviors across 59 nations and 5 continents. They find that most environmental groups engage in a mixture of political methods and activities. Although there is little evidence that institutional structures influence participation, the mix of organizational resources and ideology are potent influences on participation patterns. The results help to explain the role that environmental groups play in contemporary politics and the factors that affect this role.
Evidence-Based Practice:
Authors: Chwalisz Kathleen
Published: September 2003

A consensus has long existed that the scientist-practitioner model has failed to reflect what was envisioned by the Boulder Conference participants and endorsed by counseling psychology at the Greyston and Georgia Conferences. Counseling psychology's commitment, however, to the scientist-practitioner model has not faltered. Furthermore, developments within the health care system (e.g., managed care, empirically validated treatments, treatment guidelines) demand from psychologists increasing levels of scientific knowledge and a wider range of research skills. Psychology's current commitment to positivist explanation , scientific knowledge characterized by law-governed causal processes, is at the core of the scientist-practitioner split. To integrate scientist-practitioner ideals into a comprehensive approach to counseling psychology training, research, and practice, counseling psychologists should embrace an identity as evidence- based practitioners. Inherent in this framework is a philosophical, scientific, political, and social shift toward an expanded view of what constitutes scientific evidence.
Exploring the Academic Achievement and Career Aspirations of College-Bound and Postsecondary Zulu Students
Authors: Robbins Steven B. , Wallis Amy Birtel , Dunston Kwesi T.
Published: September 2003

This article reports on a qualitative approach used to identify developmental and contextual factors associated with academic success and career aspirations of 13 Black Zulu South African students transitioning into college or in their first year of college. Students were queried on their aspirations and values, definitions of success, and barriers/enablers to school completion. The most dominant core idea related to the central role of family as a support. Other core ideas included a desire to succeed in school and a concern about having the necessary skills to do so. A commitment to academic/career success appeared disconnected from concrete future goals and plans for many students, suggesting the need for improved social support networks that promote academic achievement and career opportunities. The emergence of both traditional, affiliative values and the desire for individual achievement and success was significant. Results reinforce the importance of culturally sensitive and relevant constructs to achieve academic and career success.
Toward a Multicultural Positive Psychology:
Authors: Sandage Steven J. , Hill Peter C. , Vang Henry C.
Published: September 2003

The growing field of positive psychology is encouraging advances in the scientific research of developmental strengths and virtues like forgiveness. However, multicultural and indigenous psychology perspectives can raise valuable questions about positive psychology and the relationship between cultural particularity and virtues like forgiveness. In this article, the authors consider the meaning of virtue in psychology and then focus on the culturally embedded nature of forgiveness as a virtue. They illustrate the value of an indigenous psychology approach by describing some of the dynamics related to conflict resolution and forgiveness in traditional Hmong culture. They then consider ways forgiveness research and intervention might need to be contextualized with Hmong Americans.
Evidence-Based Practice:
Authors: Stricker George
Published: September 2003

Chwalisz (2003 [this issue]) proposed an evidence-based practice model for training in counseling psychology, based on the apparent failures of the scientist-practitioner model and the need for an expanded view of scientific evidence. Although I am sympathetic to the model she developed, and also to a local clinical scientist model that I have written about previously, I do not believe that these differ substantially from the scientist- practitioner model. I also differ with the need for expanding the nature of scientific evidence, which easily can embrace the qualitative studies that she and I both see as valuable potential contributions to knowledge.
Applied Epistemology and Professional Training in a Science-Based Cultural Enterprise
Authors: Hoshmand Lisa Tsoi
Published: September 2003

Receptiveness toward evidence-based practice such as proposed by Chwalisz (2003 [this issue])is a function of how one defines the discipline and how one views counseling and psychotherapy. By acknowledging the dual nature of therapeutic psychology as a science-based cultural enterprise, one may be able to overcome schisms in the field and related resistance to the role of research in practice. This view calls for a broader definition of evidence and the criteria and processes involved in its evaluation. This article suggests that scientist-practitioner training and evidence-based practice can be strengthened by more attention to the applied epistemology of research and practice. Implications of this perspective for the professional culture and professional discourse and socialization are discussed.
Bashing Positivism and Reversing a Medical Model Under the Guise of Evidence
Authors: Wampold Bruce E.
Published: September 2003

In her advocacy of a model to train counseling psychologists as “evidence-based practitioners,” Chwalisz (2003 [this issue]) criticizes research based on positivism and advocates for methodological pluralism but ironically suggests the adoption of a medical model to influence the discourse on practice. In this comment, the author examines (a) issues raised by methodological pluralism and multiple sources of evidence and (b) dilemmas created by criticizing quantitative methods while at the same time adopting a medical model. Finally, the author suggests that methodological inclusiveness does not logically imply, and should not lead to, rejection of quantitative methods in counseling psychology.
Reaffirming the Unique Identity of Counseling Psychology:
Authors: Hage Sally M.
Published: September 2003

Chwalisz's (2003 [this issue])call to adopt the evidence-based practice model provides an opportunity for counseling psychologists to reexamine both their commitment to the scientist-practitioner model and their unique professional identity. In this reaction, the author offers her critique of several assumptions underlying the evidence-based approach and presents her position that a shift to the evidence-based worldview would move the field further away from its roots as a specialty, including its particular commitment to prevention, multiculturalism, and social justice. A set of standards or competencies to advance counseling psychologists' commitments to a prevention-oriented, social justice approach is needed to guide counseling training, practice, and research. In addition, significant barriers to the implementation of a prevention-oriented agenda in counseling psychology will need to be overcome.
Counseling Psychology in South Africa:
Authors: Leach Mark M. , Akhurst Jacqueline , Basson Clive
Published: September 2003

Counseling psychology in South Africa is undergoing significant changes, much like the country itself. The authors examine the state of counseling psychology in South Africa through discussion of both its racial history and present-day positions. The history of psychology cannot be devoid of its politicized past, and remnants of its history are found today, though much has changed. Current issues such as HIV/AIDS, educational legacies, and mistrust by the majority population now influence counseling psychology's direction and focus. Training issues become important in a country undergoing such changes, and counseling psychology's relationship to educational psychology and clinical psychology is addressed, along with its role within the indigenous community. Counseling psychology in South Africa is a microcosm for many of the struggles that U.S. counseling psychology faces. It is recommended that counseling psychologists in South Africa become more proactive to be further recognized as a useful entity and better serve community needs. Recognition can be accomplished by better alignment with medicine, forming working groups, becoming more politicized, and emphasizing the rich cultural diversity that exists in the country through training and outreach.
Private Versus Public Juvenile Correctional Facilities: Do Differences in Environmental Quality Exist?
Authors: Armstrong Gaylene Styve , MacKenzie Doris Layton
Published: September 2003

Expansion in the operation of private sector correctional facilities has sparked a number of debates. A primary concern is that environmental quality for offenders incarcerated in privately operated facilities will be poorer than publicly operated facilities due to the profit motivation of the private sector. This study examined data collected from 48 residential juvenile correctional facilities in 19 states (16 private and 32 public facilities). Self-report surveys, including cognitive assessments of 13 conditions of confinement, were administered to juvenile delinquents (N = 4,121) incarcerated in these facilities. Data from facility records were also incorporated in the analysis. A hierarchical linear model analysis of the juveniles' cognitive assessments indicated that no significant differences between private and public facilities in environmental quality existed.
Victim Vices, Victim Voices, and Impact Statements: On the Place of Emotion and the Role of Restorative Justice in Capital Sentencing
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A. , Williams Christopher R.
Published: September 2003

This article examines the efficacy and legitimacy of using victim impact statements (VIS) during the penalty phase of capital cases. It is argued that the emotionally laden content of VIS (particularly victim allocution) fuels vengeance, anger, and hatred, thereby undermining prospects for a fair and impartial sentence and undoing prospects for a more meaningful and restorative experience of victim justice. To examine these dynamics, several principles of “critical” restorative justice are delineated, the empirical and legal limits of VIS are identified, society's urge to punish is conceptually and speculatively explored, and this tendency is juxtaposed against the extent to which compassion and forgiveness are important dimensions of the sentencing process. The article concludes with an outline of several policy reforms, consistent with critical restorative justice practice, explaining how personal/family harm following criminal wrongdoing can significantly be attended to for victims, offenders, and the community of which both are a part.
An Outcome Evaluation of Pennsylvania's Boot Camp: Does Rehabilitative Programming within a Disciplinary Setting Reduce Recidivism?
Authors: Kempinen Cynthia A. , Kurlychek Megan C.
Published: September 2003

Although previous research has found the disciplinary model of correctional boot camps to be ineffective in reducing recidivism, the impact of a rehabilitative model is still unclear. The current study addresses this issue through an outcome evaluation of Penn-sylvania's Motivational Boot Camp Program, which uses a multidimensional approach to its rehabilitative programming. The authors predict that this program model should be more effective than traditional prison in reducing recidivism and that this effect will be particularly strong for certain high-risk offenders (i.e., those who are young and/or have a prior criminal record). The results from their logistic regression analyses indicate no significant differences in the recidivism of offenders graduating from the boot camp and those released from prison. However, tests for interactions indicate that this program performs better than prison for offenders with a prior record. This particular finding has important policy implications for targeting appropriate offenders for such programs.
Gang Membership and Acculturation: ARSMA-II and Choloization
Authors: Lopez D. A. , Brummett Patricia O'Donnell
Published: September 2003

Choloization, a staple in gang research on Latinos, asserts that gang members are less acculturated than non-gang members. However, the concept has not been subjected to a quantitative analysis. Using a sample of Latino incarcerated youths from Los Angeles County (N = 370), the veracity of the concept of choloization using the ARSMA-II Acculturation Scale is examined. It was hypothesized that gang members have more of a Mexican orientation than non-gang members. The hypothesis was supported, providing empirical evidence for choloization. The authors suggest that the findings can assist in delinquency intervention but caution that the results can also further disenfranchise Latino gang members.
Willingness to Report Crimes: The Role of Ethnic Group Membership and Community Efficacy
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Henderson Nicole J.
Published: September 2003

Law enforcement experts and observers of immigrant communities have suggested that immigrants are reluctant to report crimes to the police. Various reasons have been advanced to support this idea, ranging from distrust of authorities to fear of retaliation or deportation to lack of confidence in the police. This study examined willingness to report crimes among residents of six ethnic communities in New York City. In spite of the pessimism expressed in the literature, the authors found that large majorities of respondents said that they would report break-ins, muggings, family violence, and (to a lesser extent) drug selling. Persons who said that their ethnic community was likely to work together to solve local problems and those who believed that their community wielded political power were more likely than those whose communities were disenfranchised to say that they would report crimes.
Opening the Manager's Door: State Probation Officer Stress and Perceptions of Participation in Workplace Decision Making
Authors: Slate Risdon N. , Wells Terry L. , Johnson W. Wesley
Published: September 2003

Stress can be costly not only to individuals but also to organizations. Participatory management has been recommended as a means for reducing probation officer stress. This article via self-report surveys of probation personnel in a southern state considers the relationship of a number of demographic variables with employee perceptions of participation in workplace decision making, job satisfaction, and organizational and physical stress levels. Construction of a structural model revealed that employee perceptions of participation in workplace decision making was an important variable in relation to job satisfaction and its influence on both reported organizational and physical symptoms of stress. The results lend further credence to the use and development of participatory management schemas within probation organizations.
Where are the Workers in Consumer-Worker Alliances? Class Dynamics and the History of Consumer-Labor Campaigns
Authors: Frank Dana
Published: September 2003

This article surveys the history of labor- and middle-class-sponsored efforts to mobilize shopping on behalf of working people from the late nineteenth century through the present. It analyzes the class dynamics of these movements to, first, underscore workers' own ability to mount consumer campaigns and, second, critique middle-class campaigns in the present that can treat workers as unorganized, passive victims. It underscores the potential hierarchical dynamics inherent in consumer-labor campaigns, both between classes and within the labor movement, including dynamics of race, gender, and space.
Monitoring Multinationals: Lessons from the Anti-Apartheid Era
Authors: Seidman Gay W.
Published: September 2003

This article examines the construction and implementation of the Sullivan Principles, a two-decade effort to use corporate codes of conduct to improve the behavior of multinational corporations in South Africa under apartheid. Without organized social movement pressure, corporations would not have agreed to adopt the code, and corporate compliance required sustained pressure from the anti-apartheid movement. The system's independent monitoring process was problematic, and managers' definitions of “good corporate citizenship” were more guided by monitors'emphases than by substantive concerns. Based on the historic case, the article raises questions about the voluntaristic, stateless character of transnational corporate codes of conduct and questions whether such codes offer a viable strategy for improving working conditions.
Fair Trade: A Cup at a Time?
Authors: Levi Margaret , Linton April
Published: September 2003

Fair Trade coffee campaigns have improved the lives of small-scale coffee farmers and their families by raising wages, creating direct trade links to farming cooperatives, and providing access to affordable credit and technological assistance. Consumer demand for Fair Trade certified coffee is at an all-time high, yet cooperatives that produce it are only able to sell about half of their crops at the established fair trade price. This article explores the reasons behind this gap between supply and demand and suggests ways to close it. The authors also offer some perspective on the limits of ethical consumption campaigns such as Fair Trade coffee.
Certifying Forests and Factories: States, Social Movements, and the Rise of Private Regulation in the Apparel and Forest Products Fields
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: September 2003

Systems of private regulation based on certification have recently emerged to address environmental issues in the forest products industry and labor issues in the apparel industry. To explain why the same regulatory form has emerged across these fields, the author uses a historical and comparative case study approach, closely examining early moments and paying attention to “roads not taken.” Two types of factors led to the initial emergence of private certification: (1) social movement campaigns targeting companies and (2) a neo-liberal institutional context. The analysis shows specific ways in which these factors led states, nongovernmental organizations, and companies to build or support certification associations.
Problems in Creating Boundaryless Treatment Regimens in Secure Correctional Environments: Private Sector-Public Agency Infrastructure Compatibility
Authors: Cowles Ernest L. , Dorman Laura
Published: September 2003

This paper examines two identifiable infrastructure dimensions, private and public organizations and treatment and security paradigms, that must be merged for seam-less or boundaryless treatment regimens to be operationalized in secure correctional environments. Three infrastructure elements are considered: goals, organizational environments, and organizational levels. Using data collected from a recent process evaluation regarding the implementation of a residential substance abuse treatment program within a secure state juvenile correctional institution, it appears that perceptual boundaries were in part established by incongruities between the public sector correctional organization and the private sector treatment provider regarding these infrastructure elements. The findings suggest that the initiation of partial mission privatization in a correctional environment, particularly as it relates to the provision of treatment services in the form of a therapeutic community, is dubious at best.