bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When is a Stereotype a Stereotype?
Authors: Smith Robert J. , Griffith James E. , Griffith Helen K. , Steger Mary J.
Published: September 2011

Stereotyping of ethnic/social groups has been commonly viewed as an irrational, ethnocentric process by social scientists. However, studies on which this view is based have been confined to persons with little direct experience with the target culture. Rare studies treating in-culture experience, or those measuring favorability of adjectives used, find subjects make less irrational judgments than anticipated. The present study employed American students living in Germany and obtained precise adjectival likableness ratings plus measures of acquaintance with the German culture. Data indicated that the longer the subject lived in the country, the more willing he was to make a judgment and the more positive the adjectives assigned. An alienation measure correlated significantly negatively with time-in-country. Those with positive attitudes toward the culture tended to have greater language facility and social acquaintance. The restricted viability of the concept of stereotyping as a device for explaining ethnic/social attitudes is discussed.
Effect of Several Scoring Techniques on Answer-Changing by Students
Authors: Ballance Collin T. , Gentzel W. Eugene
Published: September 2011

Empirical assessment shows use of correction may restrain college students' changing answers.
Reducing Racial Prejudice by Verbal Operant Conditioning
Authors: Primac Daniel W.
Published: September 2011

Free associations of adjectives to 10 pictures of black persons in various situations by two groups of 10 prejudiced white Southern student nurses in a verbal operant conditioning procedure was employed to reduce prejudice toward black people. Prejudice was measured by the California Ethnocentrism Scale, a 29-scale semantic differential of bipolar evaluative adjectives, and by a 5-min. sample of freely emitted adjectives. The 10 subjects in the two experimental groups and in the control group were first evaluated for prejudice in a group setting and then in the individual conditioning session, to determine their base level. During conditioning the two experimental groups were reinforced with “good” for every favorable adjective emitted, while the control group received none. As expected, positive adjectives increased and negative ones decreased, and scores on the semantic differential and the Ethnocentrism scale were consistent. Prejudiced subjects were ready to respond with a highly unfavorable attitude with reference peers and to give more favorable responses individually to the experimenter. After the individual conditioning of the positive concept, the tendency was to return to the original level of unfavorable responsiveness or to retain the original prejudiced attitude. This effect was called the “rho phenomenon” of concept change. The influence of social status and suggestibility on the “rho phenomenon” needs further research.
Factor Analysis of the Symptom Checklist-90
Authors: Evenson Richard C. , Holland Richard A. , Mehta Shobhana , Yasin Fazle
Published: September 2011

A 90-item version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist was completed by 327 unselected outpatients during one year at an urban state hospital clinic, and the results factor analyzed. Ten descriptive factors were found: agitated depression, somatic concerns, phobic fear, hostility, compulsions and mental blocks, feelings of guilt and inferiority, suspicion and mistrust, psychotic thinking, sleep disturbance, and fainting. The last three factors were based on only two or three items each. Anxiety did not emerge as a separate factor and only two of the proposed psychotic items formed a factor. Hypothesized new factors of phobic fears and hostility did, in fact, appear. Factors of guilt/inferiority and suspicion/mistrust were similar to expected factors of interpersonal sensitivity and paranoid ideation.
Motivation for Perspective Taking: Effects of Interdependence and Dependence on Interest in Learning Others' Intentions
Authors: Tjosvold Dean , Fabrey Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

Type of dependence on another for outcomes (rewards and costs) was expected to affect interest in learning the other's intentions in future interaction. In Exp. 1, 45 college students were led to believe that their outcomes depended upon the combination of their choice and the other's (interdependence), depended completely on the other's actions (dependence), or were unaffected by the other (independence). In Exp. 2, 34 college students had repeated demonstration of their interdependence or dependence. Participants in the interdependent condition more often relinquished a reward to receive information about the other's intentions than those in the dependent (only in Exp. 2) and independent conditions. Participants in the dependent condition were in turn more interested in the other's intentions than those in the independent one. Results were interpreted as supporting the argument of cognitive developmentalists and symbolic interactionists that interdependence encourages the use and development of perspective-taking ability. Findings also suggest that dependence can induce a feeling of powerlessness which results in disinterest in taking another's perspective.
Achievement and Machiavellianism among Men and Women Managers
Authors: Okanes Marvin M. , Murray L. William
Published: September 2011

Mehrabian's achievement scale and the Mach IV were administered to 51 male and 51 female managers. No significant differences were obtained for the Mach scores between groups, but the women scored significantly higher than the men on achievement. Moreover, those respondents who scored very high on Mach tended significantly to score low on achievement. The reverse relationship was not found.
Effects of Pretreatment with Rational Emotive Bibliotherapy and Rational Emotive Audiotherapy on Clients Waiting at Community Mental Health Center
Authors: Kassinove Howard , Miller Norman , Kalin Milton
Published: September 2011

Bibliotherapy and audiotherapy, commonly used as adjuncts in the practice of rational emotive therapy, were assessed for pretreatment effects on applicants to a community mental health center. 34 clients on a waiting list were given 16 sessions of rational emotive bibliotherapy or audiotherapy or were assigned to a no-contact control. Both treatment groups showed less endorsement of irrational ideas at the end of pretherapy. However, only the bibliotherapy group showed significantly less neuroticism and trait anxiety. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Social Organization of Young Children's Groups: A Comparison of Two Models of Dominance Relations
Authors: Frankel Daniel G. , Arbel Tali
Published: September 2011

The dominance hierarchy has provided a central construct for analyzing the organization of social interactions between young children. Hierarchies, though, constitute only one way of ordering dominance relations It is therefore possible that non-hierarchical orderings of dominance may suggest different characteristics of social organization. In the present study, dominance relations were evaluated with both hierarchical and non-hierarchical models. Across three groups of 2-yr.-olds, the hierarchical measure did not correlate with non-agonistic measures. The non-hierarchical measure of dominance relations, however, proved to be strongly correlated with the orderings for the non-agonistic behaviors. It was suggested that if dominance relations are used to evaluate social organization, the structural characteristics that may be attributed to a group of young children may depend upon the kind of measure that is used to analyze the dominance relations. Hierarchic and non-hierarchic measures of dominance relations may not imply identical properties of social organization.
Comparison of Wisc-R and Culture Fair Intelligence Test Scores for Three Ethnic Groups of Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Smith Anita L.
Published: September 2011

Culture Fair and WISC-R scores were obtained from 116 juvenile delinquents in three ethnic groups. There were significant differences among the three ethnic groups (41 whites, 46 blacks, 30 Mexican-Americans) for the WISC-R Full Scale, Verbal, Performance, and Culture Fair IQ scores. Pearson correlations between WISC-R scores and the Culture Fair scores for the combined groups were generally significant ranging from .58 to .64. The Culture Fair provides a rapid screening device for intellectual ability which more nearly equates the IQs of the three ethnic groups. For a complete assessment of intellectual capacity with ethnic minorities both the Culture Fair and WISC-R should be used.
Prognostic Expectations and Outcome of Brief Therapy
Authors: Greer Frank L.
Published: September 2011

This research explored the role of prognostic expectations in outcome of brief therapy for 47 recipients of community mental health services. Contrary to previous research, correlational analyses indicated that generally lower expectations of improvement were associated with more favorable outcomes. These data further intimate the complexity of the clients' expectancy.
Birth Order, Family Size, and Children's Mental Health
Authors: Touliatos John , Lindholm Byron W.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships of birth order and family size to psychological adjustment in native-born, white children ( N = 2,991) in Grades K-8, using the Behavior Problem Checklist. Multiple regression analyses of variance yielded two significant effects for conduct problems and socialized delinquency when different levels of birth order were considered individually and only one significant finding for socialized delinquency when the various family sizes were examined separately.
Is Choking others Really Equivalent to Stamping One's Feet? An Analysis of Adaptive Behavior Scale Items
Authors: Holmes Cooper B. , Batt Roger
Published: September 2011

The specific items making up the domains on Part II of the Adaptive Behavior Scale were rated for degree of severity by 9 psychologists and 5 psychiatric social workers. On 12 of the 13 domains items were rated as significantly different in degree of severity.
The Human Side of Banking: Work Attitude and Social Alienation
Authors: Wahba Susanne Patterson
Published: September 2011

This paper examined the correlations between work alienation and alienation in society. Alternative views of alienation, the generalized approach, the compensatory, and the segmentation approaches, were tested in the banking industry. Study 1 examined the relationship between powerlessness and self-estrangement on the job and anomie. Study 2 examined alienation in society as well as at work. The association of powerlessness, self-estrangement at work, and powerlessness in society, general meaninglessness, social isolation, and cultural estrangement was examined. Studies 1 and 2 show that powerlessness in work is positively correlated with anomie, powerlessness in society, and social isolation. Self-estrangement in work had no significant correlation with any form of alienation in society. Study 3 introduced two other variables: the meaning of work to the respondents and the degree of work alienation. Subjects who viewed work as expressive showed a significant correlation between work alienation and alienation in society. The findings show that the relationship between work alienation and alienation in society may be moderated by the magnitude of work alienation. The results of the three studies reported here can be interpreted more as supportive of the generalized alienation approach than of the compensatory or the segmentation approaches.
Authoritarianism and Overt Aggression
Authors: Raden David
Published: September 2011

High authoritarians gave higher levels of shock than low authoritarians to a trainee confederate of the experimenter when they served as trainers in a Buss-type learning experiment. There was, however, no interaction between scores on a modified F Scale and race of target for the 71 white students. The results, along with earlier findings, provide evidence of generality for authoritarian aggression.
Videotape Feedback: Effects on Assertive Performance and Subjects' Perceived Competence and Satisfaction
Authors: Brown Steven D.
Published: September 2011

Volunteer, unassertive undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups or an assessment-only control group (all ns = 10). Both treatment groups received two individual sessions of modeling, coaching, and behavior rehearsal to five situations judged by themselves to be problematic. After each behavioral rehearsal, subjects assigned to one treatment group received videotape recorded feedback of their rehearsal responses, while subjects in the other treatment group did not view the videotapes made of their role-plays. Analyses of variance on a behavioral measure of assertive performance and a self-report measure of anxiety indicated that the two treatment groups, while not significantly different from each other, were significantly more assertive and less anxious after treatment than the control group. Analyses of variance on self-report measures of subject-perceived competency and satisfaction demonstrated that only subjects who did not receive videotape feedback perceived themselves to be more competent and satisfied than the controls after treatment. Videotape feedback did not appear to add to the effectiveness of modeling, coaching, and behavior rehearsal in promoting assertive behavior.
Attitudes toward Successful Individuals with and without Histories of Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Stensrud Robert , Stensrud Kay
Published: September 2011

Studies which have investigated attitudes toward mental illness invariably have found that distinct differences exist between subjects' attitudes toward normals and toward people considered mentally ill. Although much literature substantiates this point, little attention has been given to attitudes toward people who had been labeled mentally ill but who subsequently had demonstrated adjustment to a “normal” and successful life. The purpose of this study was to examine whether subjects perceived an ex-mental patient who subsequently had stabilized his disability and appeared to be a successfully adjusted normal as being different from someone who had roughly the same childhood and adolescent experiences but who had not been admitted for psychiatric treatment. An ex-patient was perceived as less internal, more controlled by chance and others.
Personality and Satisfaction with Their Relationship by Married and Cohabiting Couples
Authors: Grayson Paul
Published: September 2011

Three hypotheses about the relationship between personality and marital or dyadic satisfaction were investigated. Married or cohabiting couples filled out the Adjective Check List, Lowman's Inventory of Family Feelings, and Spanier's Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Correlation coefficients between personality scales and ratings of satisfaction and of differences between man and woman on personality scales suggested that satisfaction is related to sex differentiation and similarity but not to individual psychopathology.
Effects of Achievement Motivation Training on Academic Performance of Underachievers
Authors: Markle Allan , Rinn Roger C. , Goodwin Brenda
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to help underachieving students improve academic performance, an Achievement Motivation Training program was developed. Although similar to other programs focusing on achievement motivation, substantial differences exist, particularly since the present program is presented in an outpatient format rather than integrated into the classroom. 54 students (Grades 3 to 11), referred by their counselors, were subjects; half of these completed our Achievement Motivation Training program, the other half served as a no-treatment control group. The treated group showed a significant improvement in grades from before training to follow-up as well as significantly greater improvement than the control group. Also, a new methodology was offered and tested, demonstrating that a no-treatment group may not be necessary when grades are the primary dependent variable.
Content of Treatment Goals and Outcome of Brief Therapy
Authors: Greer Frank L.
Published: September 2011

This research examined the role of type of treatment goal in eventual goal attainment and in outcome of brief psychotherapy for 19 outpatients who participated in a goal-setting program. Each of four goal categories produced positive attainment rates with no significant differences among them. Correlational analyses indicated that improvement was not limited to any specific type of goal.
Sex Differences in Self-Monitoring
Authors: Frazier Robert B. , Fatis Michael
Published: September 2011

The self-monitoring styles of 252 undergraduate students were assessed. Statistically significant differences were observed between the sexes. 124 males reported greater self-monitoring than 128 females. Implications are discussed and suggestions for future research offered.
Personality Correlates of Students' Patterns of Changing Answers on Multiple-Choice Tests
Authors: Sitton Lillian Range , Adams Ira G. , Anderson Howard N.
Published: September 2011

For 65 students in two undergraduate courses in adolescent psychology, both (a) number of changes of multiple-choice answers and (b) improvement were calculated and correlated with demographic and some personality variables (depression, anxiety, assertion, introversion-extroversion). Changing answers enhanced scores for most students. A students and assertive students changed significantly fewer answers. Using a multiple regression procedure the four best predictors of number of changes, respectively, were the Lie scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, assertiveness, course grade, and depression; the three best predictors of improvement in order were the Lie scale, marital status, and assertiveness.
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in Elderly Persons
Authors: Raymond Edward F. , Michals Timothy J. , Steer Robert A.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 504 elderly persons living within a metropolitan area were questioned about their socio-medical characteristics and administered the Wakefield Self-assessment Depression Inventory. The distribution of depression scores indicated that 34.5% were depressed. Stepwise regression analysis was next used to examine the relationships between the characteristics and depression scores. Total number of self-reported symptoms and being partially housebound were positively associated with depression. Recommendations were made that health care providers for the elderly be alerted that older persons with physical complaints and those who are partially restricted to their homes may tend to develop levels of depression which might require psychiatric intervention.
Predicting Individual Differences in Generation of Hypotheses
Authors: Manning Carol , Gettys Charles , Nicewander Alan , Fisher Stanley , Mehle Tom
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to determine the extent to which individual differences in hypothesis generation could be predicted. Measures of achievement, general mental ability, and information were included with the Alternate Uses test as predictors of hypothesis-generation performance. The Alternate Uses test was the best predictor of performance. Several variants of the Alternate Uses test were also employed to isolate the components of hypothesis generation. Two components were involved: retrieval of implicit dimensions of the objects and retrieval of uses when the dimensions are explicitly provided. The latter component was much more important. The results suggest that good hypothesis generators have skills that enable them effectively to retrieve information stored in memory.
Social Desirability as a Variable Affecting Responses on the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Ellis Ralph A. , Leitner Dennis W.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to show whether social desirability had a contaminating effect on any of the scales of the California Psychological Inventory or on the test as a whole. Subjects were divided into two groups, one of 10 to answer the test honestly and the other of 26 to answer its questions as if applying for a job and wanting to make a good impression. Data show that 10 of the 18 scales and the test as a whole, using multivariate analysis of variance, were not significantly contaminated by social desirability.
Verbal, Heart Rate, and Skin Conductance Responses to Sexual Cartoons
Authors: Sekeres Randall E. , Clark William R.
Published: September 2011

Verbal, heart rate, and skin conductance responses were measured while 20 male and 20 female subjects viewed antimale and antifemale sexual cartoons. The verbal ratings indicated that males preferred both types of cartoons more than females. However, no differences between heart rate and skin conductance measures were noted between the sexes. Skin conductance indicated that both sexes produced greater response to the antimale than the antifemale cartoons. Also, heart rates decelerated 5 sec. after presentation of the cartoons. Skin conductance seems to reflect a possible emotional reaction to the cartoons, whereas heart rates may reflect an information-processing component.
Eastern and Western Perspectives in Transpersonal Belief Systems
Authors: Gilgen Albert R. , Cho Jae H. , Stensrud Robert
Published: September 2011

On the basis of performance on the East-West Questionnaire, 69 members of the Association for Transpersonal Psychology were Eastern in their thinking in that they tended to believe in the essential unity of reality and the contention that our society overemphasizes science, technology, rationality, and competition. At the same time they favored a democratic form of government, a free-enterprise economy, and a hereafter involving individual souls, beliefs which are more traditionally Western. Comparison of the transpersonalists with a group of 29 middle-management personnel indicated that the former answered all but 6 of the 68 questionnaire statements in a more Eastern way than the latter.
Psychotherapeutic Outcome for Children in a Community Mental Health Center: Psychological, Demographic, and Treatment Predictors
Authors: Michelson Larry
Published: September 2011

Premature terminations by clients and poor psychotherapeutic outcomes are problems for community mental health centers. Psychological, demographic, and treatment measures were collected on 121 children and their families to identify salient factors which could predict treatment outcomes. Utilizing discriminant functions, comparisons were made between premature vs planned terminations and good vs guarded prognoses. The resulting profiles were classified for accuracy of predicted group membership. Discussion concerned the application of findings and the methodology employed in the early identification of the potential dropouts or unresponsive clients.
Protestant Ethic and Performance: A Re-Examination
Authors: Ganster Daniel C.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to examine the relationship between endorsement of the Protestant Ethic and work performance and satisfaction. Employing an electronic sorting task with 95 subjects, the study did not confirm earlier findings of Merrens and Garrett (1975), despite high statistical power. Results question the interpretation of the Protestant Ethic scale as an indicant of work attitudes and behavior.
Research on Repeated Abortion: State of the Field: 1973–1979
Authors: Gibb Gerald David , Millard Richard John
Published: September 2011

In January of 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of abortion being the decision between a woman and her physician. During 1973 only 12% of all abortions performed were repetitions; in 1979 this rate climbed to 23%. A careful review of the literature indicates that the rates of repeated abortion in this country are approaching the “epidemic recidivism” rates found in Asian and European nations. Up to this point, the research on such recidivism has concentrated almost entirely on demographic features. This approach has contributed very little to identifying the repeated aborter before the fact. The present paper includes an extensive review of the current research conducted in a number of countries. Comparisons of repeated aborters shed some light on primary reasons for repeated abortions, such as failure of method of birth control, personal failure at applications, and abortion as a method of contraception. The paper examined the methodological and data collection problems in current demographic studies. Suggestions for a more productive approach are mentioned.
Construct Validity of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children
Authors: Belter Ronald W. , Brinkmann Erwin H.
Published: September 2011

Rotter's formulation of locus of control as the attribution of control over reinforcements to oneself (internal control) or to others (external control) is discussed in relation to the individual's belief in such supernatural powers as luck, chance, fate, superstition, God, astrology, etc. The validity of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children in measuring levels of attribution to such external sources of control is assessed. For 182 high school students, a significant positive correlation was obtained between locus of control scores and magical beliefs scores, with an external orientation associated with higher levels of magical beliefs. No significant correlation was obtained between locus of control scores and belief in God. The results indicate that attribution of control to supernatural powers is a small, but relevant, component of an individual's control orientation and provide support for the continued study of the Nowicki-Strickland children's scale as a measure of locus of control.
Differences among Chicano and White Students on Items of Machiavellianism Scale
Authors: Martinez Daniel C.
Published: September 2011

121 Chicano and 112 white college students showed no significant differences in their total scores on the Machiavellianism scale. But a stepwise discriminant analysis using the 20 individual items of the scale yielded two significant discriminant functions which could distinguish between the two cultural groups and between the men and the women within the white sub-sample.
Preference for Moral Reasoning and Conflict Compromise Theory
Authors: Muehleman Thomas , Barrett Terry
Published: September 2011

The Defining Issues Test was administered to 55 male and 55 female undergraduates under three instructional sets: “decide which would be the most important issues” (a) for you, (b) for others (your fellow students), and (c) that you would most admire. As predicted from conflict compromise and value theories, there was a significant effect of instructional sets, and the pattern of the means was in the expected order other < self < most admired. The results were interpreted as evidence that higher staged issues are positively valued and that persons are motivated to be above average in their preferences for issues. Conflict compromise and value theories may be helpful in understanding the process by which persons respond to the test and in predicting conditions under which group discussion of moral dilemmas will result in shifts in preferences for higher staged reasoning.
Time Analysis of Patients Seen for Multiple Psychiatric Evaluations of Competency
Authors: Baskin David , Klein Norman
Published: September 2011

Changes over time for a total of 137 individuals who were referred for multiple psychiatric examinations for competency were analyzed, using data on the evaluation of competency, psychiatric diagnoses, and criminal charges. Despite the fact that most of the subjects were repeatedly diagnosed as mentally ill, most of them were found competent. The only diagnoses which seemed to repeatedly be made were schizophrenia and mental retardation. The recurrence of certain serious criminal charges against the same defendants was reported and discussed. Suggestions for future research were made.
Sex Differences in Wechsler Subtest Profiles as Seen through the Personality Assessment System
Authors: Saunders David R.
Published: September 2011

Using sufficiently large samples, statistically significant sex differences are demonstrated for all 10 of the Wechsler subtest dimensions employed by the Personality Assessment System. The magnitudes of these effects vary widely. 85% to 90% of the effects are associated with the basic level of the Personality Assessment System and, to this degree, it is suggested that sex differences on the WAIS are learned rather than innate. Inferences based on these effects are justifiable in some but not all individual cases.
Susceptibility of the Modernity Scale to Socially Desirable Response Sets
Authors: Leak Gary K.
Published: September 2011

The present study reports an assessment of the Edwards Social Desirability Scale Values for Gough's Modernity Scale, as well as scale correlates with two measures of tendencies to make socially desirable responses. Analysis of the Social Desirability Scale Values indicates that the Modernity Scale is not confounded with socially desirable responding. Further, scores on neither the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale nor the Edwards Social Desirability scale cotrelated significantly with those on the Modernity Scale.
Suggestibility and Meditation
Authors: Delmonte M. M.
Published: September 2011

Similarities between meditation and hypnosis are discussed. 36 subjects were tested via Barber's Suggestibility Scale for hypnotic suggestibility during both meditation and rest. Subjects acting as their own controls were significantly more suggestible during meditation than during rest. This finding is discussed in the context of the psychophysiological, cognitive, and behavioral components of meditation and hypnosis.
Behavior Therapy for Chronically Depressed Patients: A Clinical Report
Authors: Harpin R. Edward
Published: September 2011

Two depressed subjects from the treatment group of a study reported elsewhere are described. The rationale for a comprehensive, behaviorally-oriented treatment approach to depression is discussed. Background information, details of the treatment program, and response to treatment are presented for the two representative subjects, one who improved and one who did not. Differential responses to treatment by the two subjects are discussed. Length of treatment, therapist's competence at implementing the treatment program and maintenance, and generalization issues are considered.
A Quantitative, Nonreactive Study of Mass Behavior with Emphasis on the Cinema as Behavioral Catalyst
Authors: Simón Armando
Published: September 2011

The quantification of several fads is reported. Quantifying data through use of an unobtrusive method demonstrated that fads can be objectively studied as examples of mass behavior. It was also noted that a fad is qualitatively different from a panic or a fashion. Generalizations of fads were noted. Implications of the findings were discussed, especially as they relate to news bias and the social/political fields.
Choice of Strategies for Attitude Change: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Lumia James La , Baglan Thomas
Published: September 2011

Responses of 194 adults involved in changing others' attitudes about environmental issues were solicited to examine the cognitive processes and determine the persuasive strategies of the sender of a persuasive message.
Relationship between Locus of Control and Extraversion-Introversion in Predicting Academic Behavior
Authors: Morris Larry W. , Carden Randy L.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the interactive effects of internal-external locus of control and extraversion-introversion on test-taking behavior 58 college students were assigned to four groups according to Rotter's locus of control scale and the Eysenck Personality Inventory extraversion scale. External locus of control was positively related to Neuroticism and unrelated to Extraversion, as predicted. Immediately before a course examination, worry, emotionality, and three expectancy variables were assessed, and the time spent taking the examination (test impulsiveness) was recorded. As hypothesized, internals performed better (though they were no less anxious or impulsive) than externals, and extraverts were more impulsive (though they did not perform less well) than introverts. As predicted, external extraverts tended to perform worse than other students. Neuroticism was the only significant predictor of worry and emotionality (test anxiety).
Commonality of Behavioral Characteristics of Educable Mentally Retarded and Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Sherry Lee , Algozzine Bob
Published: September 2011

Frequencies of non-task-oriented behaviors of 11 educable mentally retarded and 11 emotionally disturbed middle school students in Grades 7 and 8 were observed in the regular classroom and the resource room for two 20-min. periods. Frequencies of operationally defined behaviors were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance. Behavioral characteristics for the two groups did not differ significantly. Classroom placement, i.e., regular class or resource room, produced little difference in behavioral characteristics on the dimensions observed. Implications for placement of exceptional students based on categorical labels and special education vs regular classroom placements are considered based on overt classroom behaviors.
Factor/Cluster Classification of Profiles from Personality Inventory for Children in a School Setting
Authors: De Krey Steven J. , Ehly Stewart W.
Published: September 2011

The Personality Inventory for Children has seen limited use in school settings. This study compared data from the test with educational placement in a public school. 38 children, from either regular education or special education classes for mentally disabled, emotionally disabled, and learning disabled children participated. The regular education group, as expected, scored within normal limits, while students in the special education groups could be classified within specific test factors. Results suggest the potential usefulness of the inventory in school settings.
Dogmatic Thinking and Communication Skills of Student-Physicians
Authors: Saltzman Glenn A. , Wolf Fredric M. , Savickas Mark L. , Walker Martha L.
Published: September 2011

Medical students' performance on Carkhuff's Communication and Discrimination Indexes improved significantly as a result of a 9-wk. training program. However, students who performed better on these measures in relation to their peers were not more open-minded as measured by Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale.
Sphere of Influence Profile as a Predictor of Political Behavior in Women
Authors: Prince-Embury Sandra , Deutchman Iva
Published: September 2011

The Sphere of Influence Profile was developed to measure relative salience of spheres in an individual's perceived life space. In this study the profile successfully differentiated 12 women who were politically active from 12 who were not, according to relative sphere salience. These groups were demographically similar, with mean ages of 42 and 45 yr., and comparable educational level, marital and employment status.
Shyness and Loneliness among College Men and Women
Authors: Maroldo Georgette K.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between shyness and loneliness among 157 male and 155 female college students. A modified version of the Stanford Shyness Survey measured shyness, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale assessed loneliness. Correlations between shyness and loneliness were for males .52 and for females .56. These scales may be beneficial in counseling college students.
Aerobic Fitness and Emotional Arousal: A Critical Attempt at Replication
Authors: Zimmerman Jeffrey D. , Fulton Margaret
Published: September 2011

This study was an attempt to replicate the findings of earlier research in which conclusions were based on a questionable interpretation of statistical results. A 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of covariance did not confirm, as had been previously reported, greater heart-rate recovery for 20 aerobically fit subjects as opposed to 20 unfit subjects following psychosocial stress. Two indices of electrodermal activity and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory responses also were utilized. Only the comparison between groups for Trait Anxiety was statistically significant.
A New Instrument for Assessing Students' Orientations towards Grades and Learning
Authors: Eison James A.
Published: September 2011

The significance of the attitude a student holds towards grades has long been overlooked by researchers. A new paper-and-pencil questionnaire (LOGO), designed to assess whether a student learner is oriented primarily towards learning (LO) or towards grades (GO), is described. Initial evidence supports the reliability and validity of the LOGO Scale, and implications are drawn for its use in research.
Class Identification among Working Wives: Educational Attainment and Union Membership, but Not Occupational Prestige
Authors: De Fronzo James
Published: September 2011

Past research has suggested that the occupational attainment of working wives influences their perception of their social class membership. However, several correlates of occupational attainment, such as education, age, race, and union membership, which may have independent effects on class identification, were not controlled in earlier studies. The present study utilized data from three national surveys and included previously omitted variables in the analyses to show that working wives' educational attainment and union membership, but not their occupational attainment, influenced their class identification.
Inconsistent Interpersonal Judgment in Thought-Disordered Schizophrenia
Authors: Livesay Jerry R.
Published: September 2011

Working from the premise that the clinical condition of thought-disordered schizophrenia is generally accompanied with a breakdown in interpersonal relationships, the current study examined the hypothesis that thought-disordered schizophrenics are more inconsistent in their judgment of significant others according to psychological or affective dimensions than non-thought-disordered individuals. In the current study 13 thought-disordered schizophrenic and 13 non-thought-disordered psychiatric outpatients were administered the Interpersonal Judgment Scale on a test-retest basis to attain an index of interpersonal judgment consistency. Results show that the schizophrenic subjects were significantly less consistent in their assignment of ratings on the Interpersonal Judgment Scale retest than the non-schizophrenic subjects. The relationship between inconsistent interpersonal judgment and the clinical concept of “loosened construing” is discussed.
Longitudinal Study of Mathematics Scores of the Stanford Achievement Test
Authors: Suddick David E. , Bowen Charles L.
Published: September 2011

A 3-yr. longitudinal study of the mathematics scales of the Stanford Achievement Test confirmed the suspected redundancy in its subtests. Strong and stable test-retest reliability coefficients were found for the total scores of the Primary Level 2, Primary Level 3, and Intermediate Level 1 batteries. Thus, the Stanford total mathematics scale is appropriate for longitudinal evaluations.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Selected Need Scales from the Adjective Check List and Personality Research Form
Authors: Bessmer Mary A. , Ramanaiah Nerella V.
Published: September 2011

Using the multitrait-multimethod matrix design, convergent and discriminant validity was investigated for the scales measuring the nine manifest needs which are commonly assessed by the Adjective Check List and Personality Research Form: achievement, aggression, autonomy, dominance, endurance, exhibition, nurturance, and order. The multitrait-multimethod matrix of intercorrelations among the various need scales from the two inventories was evaluated by Campbell and Fiske's (1959) criteria, separately for 85 men and 103 women. Results provided empirical evidence supporting the convergent and discriminant validity for the scales of aggression, autonomy, dominance, and exhibition for both sex groups. In addition, convergent and discriminant validity was also found for the order scales for the men and for the nurturance scales for the women. These results provided only partial support for Fiske's (1973) conclusion that there was no empirical support for the inter-changeability of the various need scales.
Effects of Reduced Central and Peripheral Catecholamines on Avoidance Learning
Authors: Clancy John J. , Caldwell Donald F. , Frohman Charles E.
Published: September 2011

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10. Using an independent-groups design the 6-hydroxydopamine animals received intraventricular and IP injections of the drug. The sham drug rats received intraventricular and IP injections of a vehicle solution while the control subjects were not injected. When administered either centrally or peripherally, 6-hydroxydopamine specifically and extensively depletes catecholamine levels. All rats were consequently given 30 trials per day over a 5-day period on a one-way active avoidance jump task. Using latency of response and number of avoidance responses as criteria, drug-induced depletion of central and peripheral catecholamines significantly retarded and in half the rats totally inhibited the acquisition of the one-way avoidance response. The results were discussed in relation to recent empirical findings on reduced catecholamine levels and avoidance behavior. Theoretically the results were interpreted as supporting Mowrer's two-factor learning theory and in conflict with DiGiusto and King's hypothesis about “difficulty of task.”
Preliminary Findings of Personality Differences between Nulliparas and Repeated Aborters along the Dimensions of Locus of Control and Impulsivity
Authors: Gibb Gerald David , Millard Richard John
Published: September 2011

The present study examined personality differences between 107 women undergoing subsequent abortions and 65 women seeking contraceptive counseling and education. The Rotter I/E and the Bipolar Psychological Inventory Impulsivity Scale were administered to women seeking abortions other than their first and to women never before pregnant who were seeking counseling. Both groups of women appear to perceive themselves low with respect to impulsivity. Repeated aborters evidence similar moderate external scores as women seeking contraceptive counseling on the Rotter I/E measure. The Rotter I/E scores obtained did not differ from those of other female populations. The results suggest that nulliparas and repeated aborters do not differ along the personality dimensions of locus of control or impulsivity.
How Senegalese Adolescents Consider Traditional Funerals
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

“What do you think of traditional funerals?” was the question we put in writing and anonymously to 400 secondary school students (as many boys as girls) at school. More than two thirds of the sample criticized funerals; a change of mentality toward traditional funerals is likely to occur. This is discernible in the youths' reluctance to meet the expenses of large and long funerals.
Responsible Assertion and Coping with Stress
Authors: Schill Thomas , Toves Carmen , Ramanaiah Nerella
Published: September 2011

The present study sought to determine whether assertion moderated the effects of stressful life events for 91 college men. Results suggest that the 21 responsible assertors (high scores for assertion and interpersonal trust) coped better with stressful events than the 26 non-responsible assertors (high scores for assertion and low scores for interpersonal trust).
Organizational Behavior Courses for Graduate Students in Business Administration: Views from the Tower and Battlefield
Authors: Rahim Afzalur
Published: September 2011

A list of 56 topics usually included in Organizational Behavior courses in the Master of Business Administration (MBA) programs was prepared through the content analysis of 195 syllabi provided by the faculty members of different graduate schools of business administration. The topics were grouped into 11 factors on the basis of ratings of their importance provided by the 179 educators and 88 executives, and then the importance of the factors was compared for the two groups. The educators considered broader factors, such as, group and intergroup relations, and development; motivation, job design, and satisfaction; and organizational socialization and roles to be more important for MBA students. The practitioners considered more narrowly defined factors, such as, decision making and communication; management by objectives; and selection, development, and appraisal to be more important. The groups were unanimous in rating leadership to be a very important topic.
Marital Conventionalization Revisited
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Hess James L. , Bollman Stephan R. , Jurich Anthony P.
Published: September 2011

Edmonds' (1967) recommendation of the Marital Conventionalization Scale as a control variable involved inherent violations of two statistical assumptions underlying partial correlation and multiple regression techniques. Interpretations of results from using the scale as Edmonds (1967) suggested appear to increase the probability of Type II errors. Deleting conventionalizing subjects from the analysis appears to be a better way to assess the impact of social desirability upon measures of marital adjustment or satisfaction. In general, concerns about the impact of social desirability or conventionalization upon marital adjustment scores or relationships between marital adjustment and other variables appear to be overstated in previous research.
Expectation and Meditation
Authors: Delmonte M. M.
Published: September 2011

94 prospective meditators were administered 2 14-item questionnaires to ascertain their present perceived-selves and their expectations of Transcendental Meditation on 3 occasions: (1) just before 2 introductory talks on meditation, (2) just after these talks, and (3)7 mo. later on follow-up. 36 subjects decided against taking up meditation. Analysis of variance and correlations showed that those who took up meditation were older, initially had more negative perceived-selves, and had higher expectations. In general, a more positive perceived-self at retest and high expectations at the 3 testing periods were related to a high frequency of meditation practice. Frequent practice, in turn, was related to improved perceived-self and increased expectation scores on follow-up. Younger subjects appeared to be more suggestible (responded more positively to the talks); on follow-up they meditated more frequently, had more positive perceived-selves, and were more likely to report an improved perceived-self compared with their initial pre-talk scores, than older subjects.
Relationship between Social Desirability and Self-Criticism in Subgroups of Male and Female Delinquents and Non-Delinquents
Authors: Eyo Isidore E.
Published: September 2011

90 male and 37 female delinquents and 121 male and 87 female non-delinquents were administered measures of social desirability and self-criticism/defensiveness to test the hypothesis that the relationship between social desirability and self-criticism/defensiveness would be weaker for delinquents than for non-delinquents, which signals stronger pathologically defensive tendencies in delinquents than in non-delinquents. The hypothesis was very strongly supported for male delinquents, male non-delinquents, and female non-delinquents in upper-middle and middle classes but not for female delinquents and female non-delinquents in lower-middle and working classes. Therapeutic and child-rearing implications were indicated. It was concluded that social desirability scales can be used to differentiate individuals with pathologically defensive or hyper-self-critical tendencies from individuals with non-pathologically defensive tendencies.