bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dispersion of the Yorùbá to the Americas: A Fatalist Hermeneutics of Orí in the Yorùbá Cosmos – Reading from Tutuoba: Salem’s Black Shango Slave Queen
Authors: Adeniyi Emmanuel
Published: January 2022

Studies in African Diaspora ofen privilege the transatlantic slavery, Columbus’ discovery of the New World, and African cultural codes in the Americas. To expand the scope of the studies, this article examines the metaphysical and ontological questions on the enslavement of the Yorùbá – an African ethno-nation whose members were condemned to slavery and servitude in the Americas during the inglorious transatlantic slave trade. I used metaphysical fatalism as a theoretical model to interrogate prognostications about dispersion of the Yorùbá from their matrix as expressed in their mythology. Being a predestining agent, I examined the role of orí (destiny) within the context of rigid fatalism and its textualisation in Prince Justice’s Tutuoba: Salem’s Black Shango Slave Queen. The article argues that the transatlantic enslavement of the Yorùbá is a fait accompli willed by their Supreme Deity. Tough traumatic, transatlantic slavery reworlded Yorùbá cultural codes, birthed the Atlantic sub-group of the ethno-nation, and aided the emergence of Yorùbá-centric religions in the New World.
A Sociocultural Appraisal of Yorùbá Kegites’ Songs
Authors: Ajíbádé George Olúsolá
Published: January 2022

This is a study of how the oral aesthetics of textual production by a group, the Kegites, are used in the construction of an identity rooted in a collective context that reflects a socio-political engagement with the complex social histories of the Yorùbá society and Nigeria at large. The study identifies common practices of the Kegites and themes of the texts of their songs. It shows the practice of engagement by the Kegites through which identity can be textually constructed in ways that politicize self-representation and challenge discourses grounded in the colonial and postcolonial histories of the Yorùbá people. Through the discussion of themes such as ancestral presence, the aesthetics of orature, and the political significance of group or society (ẹgbé) ̣ among the Yorùbá, the paper seeks to showcase the presence of a characteristic of Yorùbá oral literature in which personal, cultural, economic, social and political issues become inseparable. It demonstrates how oral text reflects societal elements and performers use various societal elements to create an expression of an identity within the multiple currents and traditions by taking the rules, creativity, and artistry of self-representation and shaping them with cultural content, as well as with the rhythms and speech patterns of the Yorùbá people.
Ìlò Èébú Nínú Àwọn Ìtàn-àròsọ Ọ̀tẹlẹ̀múyẹ́ Òkédìjí
Authors: Adébọ̀wálé Olúyẹmisí , Olúmúyìwá Tèmítọ́pẹ́
Published: January 2022

Ògúnṣínà (1992), Adébọ̀wálé (1994) àti Ìṣọ̀lá (1995) ti ṣe àlàyé lórí ìlò èdè Òkédìjí nínú ìtàn-àròsọ Àjà Ló Lẹrù, Àgbàlagbà Akàn àti Ká Rìn Ká Pọ̀ ṣùgbọ́n kò sí lámèyítọ́ tó yẹ ìlò èébú wò nínú àwọn ìwé náà tàbí ti òǹkọ̀ wé ìtàn-àròsọ Yorùbá mìíràn. Iṣẹ́ yìí ṣe àyẹ̀ wò ìlò èébú nínú ìtàn-àròsọ Òkédìjí, ó sì lo ọgbọ́ n ìwádìí kíka àwọn ìwé náà ní àkàtúnkà láti ṣe àfàyọ àti àkójọpọ̀ gbogbo èébú tó súyọ kí a tó ṣe ìtúpalẹ̀ wọn. Tíọ́rì ọ̀nà ìṣafọ̀ tó jẹmọ́ èròǹgbà aṣafọ̀ àti ìmọ̀lára òsùnsùn-afọ̀ nípa afọ̀ la fi ṣe àlàyé wa. Ìgbà ọ̀ọ́dúnrún àti ọ̀kandínláàádọ́rùn-ún ni Òkédìjí ti lo èébú nínú àwọn ìtàn-àròsọ rẹ̀, ọ̀nà ìṣafọ̀ méjì tó gbà ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ èébú ni ìṣafọ̀ sínú àti ìṣafọ̀ síta. Ìsọ̀ rí èébú wọ̀ nyí lè jẹ́ èébú ti ẹlẹ́ yọ-ọ̀ rọ̀ , alápòólà, odindi gbólóhùn, oníbéèrè, òwe àti oríkì ajẹméèébú. Iṣẹ́ tí àwọn aṣafọ̀ fi èébú ṣe nínú ìsọ̀ rọ̀ gbèsì la fi kásẹ̀ àlàyé wa.
̀ ̀ 'Itànkále̩ ̀ Èrò E̩ ni nínú Às̩ àyàn Fíìmù Yorùbá
Authors: Tèmítọ́pẹ́Adú Olúbùnmi
Published: January 2022

Ìtànkálẹ̀ èrò ẹni tí ọ̀ pọ̀ lọpọ̀ omímọ̀ gbà bí èrò òdì ìpọ́ nrọ́ léwé tàbí irọ́ nípa tó lóòrìn láwùjọ, bákan náà, ni ó sì jẹ́ ohun èlò pàtàkì nínú ìgbékalẹ̀ fíímù Yorùbá. Is̩ é ̩ ìwádìí lórí ìtànkálè ̩ èrò e̩ ni àti ìbás̩ epò̩ rè ̩ pè ̩ lú ìs̩ e-o̩ kàn kò tí ì pò̩ tó nínú fíìmù Yorùbá, èyí ni is̩ é ̩ yìí tànmó̩ lè ̩ sí. Tíó̩ rì aje̩ mó̩ s̩ e-o̩ kàn tó dá lórí ìko̩ lura ninú o̩ po̩ lo̩ àti ìs̩ àkóso rè ̩ ni a lò, èyí tó s̩ àfihàn wíwá ìtumò̩ ìjìnlè ̩ sí ìhùwàsí ènìyàn. A s̩ àmúlò fíìmù méje kan tí a mò̩ -o̩ ́ n-mò̩ s̩ àyàn fún ìtúpalè ̩ nítorí wó̩ n kún fó̩ fó̩ fún kókó tí is̩ é ̩ yìí dá lé. A wo àwo̩ n fíìmù yìí, a sì s̩ e àdàko̩ àti ìtúpalè ̩ wo̩ n fínnífinní. Ìtànkálè ̩ èrò e̩ ni farahàn nínú ètò ìs̩ èlú/is̩ è- jo̩ ba, è ̩sìn, ìlàsílè ̩ às̩ à àti nínú orúko̩ ìyàsó̩ tò̩ /ìfè ̩ gànpeni. Àbùdá àdámó̩ , ìlera o̩ po̩ lo̩ , ìrírí ìgbà èwe àti ìhùwàsí aje̩mó̩ s̩ e-o̩ kàn a máa nípa lórí às̩ eyo̩ rí tàbí ì- jákulè ̩ ìtànkálè ̩ èrò e̩ ni.
Àrokò Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Ọ̀ nà Ìbánisọ̀rọ̀ Láàárín Àwọn Babaláwo
Authors: Kẹhìndé ́ Olúwaṣakin A.
Published: January 2022

Àrokò jẹ́ ọ̀ nà ìbánisọ̀ rọ̀ nípa ṣíṣàmúlò àmì tàbí èdè awo. Ìran Yorùbá ò fẹ́ ràn láti máa fi gbogbo ẹnu sọ̀ rọ̀ , nítorí náà wọ́ n nífẹ̀ ẹ́ sí lílo èdè ìjìnlẹ̀ tàbí ohun tí ó ní ìtumọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ nínú àṣà wọn fún ìbánisọ̀ rọ̀ . Ọ̀pọ̀ lọpọ̀ onímọ̀ tí ṣiṣẹ́ lórí pàtàkì àrokò láàárín àwọn Yorùbá àmọ́ ọ̀ wọ́ já wọn ò tí dé ibi àrokò láààrín àwọn babaláwo. Pépà yìí ṣe àgbẹ́ yẹ̀ wò àrokò gẹ́ gẹ́ bíi ọ̀ nà ìbánisọ̀ rọ̀ láàárín àwọn babaláwo láwùjọ Yorùbá. Tíọ́ rì ìmọ̀ ìlò-àmi ni a gùnlé láti fi sọ ìtumọ̀ àwọn ohun èlò ìbánisọ̀ rọ̀ láàárín àwọn bábaláwo. Àwọn détà tí a lò ni a gbà lọ́ dọ̀ àwọn àṣàyàn babaláwo, èyí tí a sì ṣàtúpalẹ̀ wọn pẹ̀ lú tíọ́ rì àmúlò. Iṣẹ́ ìwádìí yìí sàlàyé díẹ̀ lára àwọn ohun ìpàrokò, yálà èyí tí o jẹ́ gbólóhùn tàbí èyí tí o jẹ́ ohun èlò àrídìmú tí àwọn babaláwo ń lò fún ìbánisọ̀ rọ̀ awo láàárín ara wọn pẹ̀ lú ọ̀ nà tí wọn ń gbà lò wọ́ n. Pépà yìí tan ìmọ́ lẹ̀ sí orísìírísìí ohun èlò ìpàrokò àti ọ̀ nà tí àwọn babaláwo ń gbà ṣàmúlò wọn fún ìbánisọ̀ rọ̀ láàárín ara wọn. Àpilẹ̀ kọ yìí fi hàn kedere pé ṣíṣe àmúlò àrokò láwùjọ le ṣe ìrànlọ́ wọ́ láti jẹ́ kí á ní àsírí àwọn ohun tí a kò fẹ́ jẹ́ kó hànde. Ó tún jẹ́ kí a mọ̀ pé, kò sí ẹgbẹ́ tàbí àwùjọ kan lábẹ́ àkóso bó ti wù kó rí tí kò ní ọ̀ nà ìbánisọ̀ rọ̀ alárokò láàárín ara wọn.
Àkànlò-èdè Tuntun Nínú Àwọn Orin Ọ ̀ dọ ́ Ìwòyí
Authors: Akanmu Dayo
Published: January 2022

Àkaǹlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun je ̣ ́ ìpèdè tí Àkànmú (2016) pè ní ìsọ ìgbàlódé tí ìtumò wọn loorìn díè tí ó sì ṣàjèjì sí àwọn tí ó máa ń ṣe àmúlò àkànlò èdè ti ̣ - wa-n-tiwa tí ó ti wà te ̣ ́ lè . Ọ̣ ̀pòḷọpo ̣ ̀ ̀ iṣe ̣ ̣ ́ ìwádìí ní ó ti wà lórí ìṣàmúlò àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun nínú orin, fíìmù àgbéléwò, ìpolówó ọjà, ìròyìn, o ̣ ̀ nà ìbániso ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ nínú eré boòlù àfẹse ̣ ̣ ̀ gbá láàrin àwọn èrò ìwòran ní gbàgede ìwòran àti ìgbòkègbodò ọko ̣ ̀ ṣùgbó n kò fi bee ̣ ̀ sí iṣé tí ó jinle ̣ ̣ ̀ lórí ìjẹyọ àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun nínú orin tàka-súfèé òde òní èyí tó wo ̣ ́ po ̣ ̀ láàrin àwọn o ̣ ̀ do ̣ ́ . Akitiyan láti dí àlàfo yìí ní ó bí àpile ̣ ̀ kọ yìí. Tío ̣ ́ rì èdè ojoojúmó (̣ Standard Language Theory) tí Mukarovsky ṣe agbáterù re ̣ ̀ ni a fi ṣe àtúpalè àwọn àkànlò èdè Yorùbá ̣ tuntun tí á yè wò nínú bébà yìí nítorí pé ó lè ṣàlàyé ohun tí ó je ̣ ̣ ́ kí àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun yapa si èdè ojoojúmo ̣ ́ àti ohun tí ó ń fa ìyàtò gír ̣ íkì láàrin èdè ojoojúmó àti èdè ewì. A ṣe àṣàyàn o ̣ ̣ ̀ kọrin tàka-súfèé me ̣ ́ ta wonyi: Olátúnjí Ọládo ̣ ̀ tun À ̀làdé (Dotman), Azeez Fáṣọlá (Naira Marley) àti Oritse Fe ̣ ́ mi Má- je ̣ ̀ e ̣ ́ mite ̣ ́ Èkélè (Oritsa Fémi) nítorí pé àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun farahàn púpo ̣ ̀ nínú orin wọn. Nínú ìtúpalè wa ni ó ti hàn pé àwọn o ̣ ̣ ̀ kọrin tàka-súfèé òde-òní fe ̣ ́ ràn láti máa ṣe àmúlò àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun bí i ‘oúnjẹ ọmọ’ (fún obìnrin tí ó ní ọyàn ńlá èyí tí ó bù kún ẹwà a rè ), ‘je ̣ ̣ ̀ wà’ (s ̣ ̀ ewo ̣ ̀ n), ‘ojúẹle ̣ ́ gba’ (oluko, ará oko èèyàn tàbí ẹni tí ojú re ̣ ̀ dúdú), ‘gbé bo ̣ ́ dì ẹ’ (lo ọpọlọ tàbí ọgbo ̣ ́ n orí ẹ) àti ‘yàúyàhúù’ (àwọn tí ó ń fi e ̣ ̀ rọ ayélujára lu jìbìtì) ge ̣ ́ ge ̣ ́ bí o ̣ ̀ nà ìbániso ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ àti ìdánilárayá. A ṣe àmúlò àfiwé ẹle ̣ ́ lo ̣ ̀ o ̣ ́ fún ìṣe ̣ ̀ dá àwọn àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun tí ó jẹ yọ. Àfiwé ẹle ̣ ́ lò ọ ̣ ́ yìí náà ni ó bí ìsọdorúkọ, fìrósínròójẹ àti àwọn èròjà ìṣe ̣ ̀ dá o ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ mìíràn tí a lò nínú àpile ̣ ̀ kọ yìí. Ó hàn gbangba pé àkànlò èdè Yorùbá tuntun rẹwà jù lọ fún ìbáraẹniso ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ , ṣíṣe àlàyé o ̣ ̀ ro ̣ ̀ , àpèjúwe àti ìdárayá nínú orin tàka-súfèé
Ìtúpalẹ ̀ Àṣàyàn Oríkì Ẹranko
Authors: Ajàyí ́ Olúfúnmiláyọ ̀ Tèmítọpẹ , Ajibade Olusola George
Published: January 2022

Àwọn Yorùbá fé ràn oríkì púpo ̣ ̀ , wo ̣ ́ n sì gbádùn láti máa lò ó nígbà gbogbo ̣ tí ohun tí ó jẹ mó ọn bá wáyé. Ní ilé ayé, oríṣiríṣi ni iṣe ̣ ́ ọwo ̣ ́ Ẹle ̣ ́ dàá, oríṣiríṣi ̣ sì ni è dá ọwo ̣ ́ rẹ ̀ . Bí Ẹle ̣ ́ dàá ṣe dá ayé tí ó dá ohun tí ó ń mí náà ni ó dá ewéko, ̣ igi igbó, ẹyẹ, ejò afàyàfà ẹranko àti bé ẹ̀ bẹ ́ ẹ̀ lọ. Nínú ohun gbogbo tí Ọlo ̣ ́ run dá ̣ kò sí ohun tí Yorùbá kò fún ní oríkì. Bí Yorùbá ṣe ní oríkì fún ènìyàn kò ọ ̀ kan ̣ àti àwọn orílè kọ ̀ ọ ̀ kan náà ni wo ̣ ́ n ní oríkì fún àwọn ẹranko èyí tí ó ń ṣe àpè ̣ - júwe wọn gé gẹ ́ bí ìrísí wọn, ìṣesí wọn àti ìhùwàsí wọn, ipò tí o ̣ ̀ kọ ̀ ọ ̀ kan wọn ̣ wà láàrin ẹranko ẹlẹgbé wọn àti ìgbàgbo ̣ ̣ ́ àwọn ènìyàn àwùjọ nípa wọn. Oríkì àwọn ẹranko bíi Kìnnìún, Ẹkùn, Erin, Àgbò nrín, Ìkookò, Ko ̣ ̀ lọ ̀ kọ ̀ lọ ̀ , Ẹfo ̣ ̀ n àti ̣ Ẹtà ni a ṣe ìtúpalè rẹ ̀ nínú iṣe ̣ ́ àpile ̣ ̀ kọ yìí láti ṣàfihàn èrò àti ìgbàgbo ̣ ́ àwọn ̣ Yorùbá nípa ẹranko. A ṣe àkójọpò oríkì àwọn àṣàyàn ẹranko tí a gbà síle ̣ ̀ bí wo ̣ ́ n ṣe jẹ yọ nínú ̣ ìjálá àti ìrèmò jé tó je ̣ ̣ ́ lítíréṣò alohùn tí a mo ̣ ̀ mo ̣ ́ àwọn ọdẹ. Ìtúpale ̣ ̀ aláwòmo ̣ ́ ̣ àkóónú (content analysis) ni a ṣe sí àkójọpò -èdè fáye ̣ ̀ wò tí a gbà síle ̣ ̀ láti ẹnu ̣ àwọn ọdẹ. A lérò pé iṣé iwádìí yìí yóò fi òye àti ìmo ̣ ̀ kún ìmo ̣ ̀ lórí ohun tí ̣ ẹranko jé , àfihàn èrò àti ìgbàgbo ̣ ́ àwọn Yorùbá nípa ẹranko àti ipa tí àwọn ̣ ẹranko igbó ń kó ní ìgbésí ayé wọn.
Àgbéyẹ̀wò Ìlò-Èdè Nínú Orin Ìbílẹ̀ Ìlọrin
Authors: Olawale Hakeem
Published: January 2022

Ọ̀kan pàtàkì tí kò ṣe é fọwọ́ rọ́ sẹ́yìn lára ẹ̀ka tí lítíréṣọ̀ alohùn Yorùbá pín sí ni orin jẹ́. Bárakú sì ní ọ̀rọ̀ orin láwùjọ ọmọ ènìyàn pàápàá jù lọ àwọn Yorùbá nítorí pé onírúurú ààyè ni orin ti máa ń jẹ jáde nínú ìgbésí-ayé wọn lójoojúmọ́. Bí àwọn akọrin àwùjọ bá sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ ọnà wọn, ìjìnlẹ̀ èdè tó jinná ni wọ́ n fi máa ń gbé e jáde tí yóò sì máa ṣàfihàn bí irú àwọn akọrin bẹ́ ẹ̀ ṣe gbọ́ èdè àti ìmọ̀ nípa àṣà àwùjọ tó ti ń kọrin nítorí pé ìpohùn ìbílẹ̀ èyí tí orin jẹ́ ọ̀ kan pàtàkì lára wọn dà gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwògbè tàbí díńgí tí a fi ń ríran rí àwùjọ. Ìlò-èdè tó jinná kò sì ṣe é fọwọ́ rọ́ sẹ́yìn kí àgbékalẹ̀ orin wọ̀nyẹn lè rídìí jòkó dáadáa kí wọ́n sì lè wu etí í gbọ́. Nínú iṣẹ́ yìí, a ṣe àgbéyẹ̀wò àtí àtúpalẹ̀ díẹ̀ lára àwọn ọnà-èdè tó ṣúyọ nínú àṣàyàn orin ìbílẹ̀ Yorùbá Ìlọrin bíi dàdàkúàdà, bàlúù, wákà, kèǹgbè, sẹnwẹlẹ, kàkàkí/bẹ̀ ǹbẹ́ , Orin ọlọ́ mọ-ọba Ìlọrin,orin agbè àti àwọn mìíràn. Lára àwọn ọnà-èdè tí a gbéyẹ̀ wò ni àwítúnwí, àfiwé, ìjẹyọ ẹ̀ ka-èdè, àyálò-èdè àti ipa ‘Creole’ nínú orin ìbílẹ̀ Ìlọrin. Iṣẹ́ yìí ṣàfihàn pé iṣẹ́ ọpọlọ tó jinná ni orin kíkọ àti pé àwọn ọnà-èdè tó máa ń ṣodo sínú wọn lóríṣiríṣi ní iṣẹ́ tí kálukú wọn ń jẹ́ láti túdìí òkodoro nípa àṣà, ìṣe àti èdè àwùjọ tí onírúurú àwọn orin náà ti ń jáde
Ògún: Bí a ṣe Fi Hàn Nínú Lítíréṣọ ̀
Authors: Ọlátúnjí Ọlátúndé
Published: January 2022

Ìtàn àbàláyé àwa Yorùbá sọ fún wa pé ògún ló ṣaájú gbogbo àwọn òrìsà yòókù nígbà tí wó n ń ti ìko ̣ ̀ lé o ̣ ̀ run bo ̣ ̀ wáyé. Òun ló ní àdá ti ó fi gán o ̣ ̀ nà ti ̣ gbogbo wó n gbà. Nítorí ìdí èyí, gbogbo àwọn irúnmale ̣ ̀ náà pẹnu po ̣ ̀ láti yan ̣ Ògún ni ọṣìnmalè , èyí ni olórí àwọn ìmọle ̣ ̀ , nígbà tí wo ̣ ́ n dé Ilé-Ife ̣ ̀ . Ṣùgbo ̣ ́ n ̣ ògún kò rójú jókòó sojú kan láti jẹ ọlá ti a dá a nítorí ìgbé ayé líle ti ó ti mó ọ ̣ lára àti iṣé ọdẹ tí ó ń ṣe. A gbo ̣ ́ pé èyí ló gbé Ògún de Ìrè. Nígbà ti yóò so ̣ ̀ kale ̣ ̀ ̣ láti orí òkè wọ ìlú Ìrè, kòṣẹ ni:

 Ọjó ògún ń ti orí òkèe bo ̣ ̀ ̣ Aṣọ iná ló mú bora Èwù e ̣ ̀ jẹ ̀ ló wo ̣ ̀ .
Pengelolaan Perpustakaan Sekolah Di Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) Islam Polehan – Malang
Authors: Kharisma Risa
Published: January 2022

This research or research focuses on describing the management of educational libraries in Islamic Junior High School Polehan – Malang. This description of the library is reviewed from several sources by explaining each discussion from the beginning of the library implementation planning process to the library evaluation process. The research method in this study is a case study, by conducting field research and collecting data from observations, documentation or interviews. The results of this study indicate that there are activities in the management of library administration and management of library library materials. Both types of library management must begin with a clear formation of the library organizational structure which will facilitate the overall library management process. The clarity of the organizational structure of the library can be seen from the existence of the Head of the Library and Library Staff.Management of library administration such as the vision and mission, the organizational structure, the rules, library facilities, and library services. The library management of the Islamic Middle School of Polehan – Malang has been trying to be maximized as much as possible even though there are many limitations. While the management of library library materials such as procurement of books, flow management of library materials, collection of library materials, and storage of library materials. The management of library materials at the Islamic Middle School in Polehan – Malang during the pandemic was very different, where before the pandemic library services were carried out directly by library staff and students, then during the pandemic the guardians were allowed to come to school to borrow library books.
ANALISIS FENOMENA CAMPUR KODE DAN ALIH KODE PADA MEDIA SOSIAL TWITTER
Authors: Hikam Fani Fazrul , Santoso Fickyh Verdhyawan , Mahdi Mahdi
Published: January 2022

Media Sosial merupakan sebuah wadah daring yang memungkinkan setiap individu bisa melakukan komunikasi jarak jauh.dengan adanya sarana tersebut maka sangat mungkin terdapat terjadinya campur kode dan alih kode pada penggunaan bahasanya. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai terjadinya campur kode dan alih kode pada platform media sosial Twitter. Platform Twitter dipilih karena merupakan salah satu platform 10 teratas yang penggunanya paling banyak di Indonesia dan untuk pencarian data yang lebih efisien peneliti menggunakan fitur hastag pada Twitter. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis sebuah fenomena campur kode dan alih kode yang dilakukan para pegiat pada platform media sosial Twitter. Untuk metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif yang menekankan pada pengamatan fenomena dan lebih meneliti ke subtansi makna dari fenomena tersebut. Analisis penelitian ini dipengaruh pada kekuatan kata dan kalimat yang digunakan. Adapun teori yang digunakan sebagai landasan Campur kode dan Alih kode. Campur kode adalah penggunaan satuan bahasa dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain untuk memperluas gaya bahasa atau ragam bahasa. Alih kode Menurut Appel (1976:79) gejala peralihan pemakaian bahasa karena berubahnya situasi. Untuk teknik pengumpulan data peneliti melakukan pengamatan kepada beberapa hastag yang sering masuk trending lalu dan mengambilnya dengan cara tangkap layar. Cara ini digunakan agar kemurnian data yang diambil terjaga tanpa ada coretan yang membuat datanya terlihat telah dimanipulasi. Untuk data hasil penelitian berupa frasa, kata, atau kalimat yang terdapat dalam media sosial Twitter dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa para pegiat Twitter sering terjadi campur kode dan alih kode antar bahasa daerah, bahasa asing dan bahasa Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Alih Kode, Campur Kode, Twitter
Determination of Sequence of Strokes-Conventional & Non-Conventional Techniques - A Review Study
Authors: R. Chandra  , Sharwan Kumar
Published: January 2022

The most important tool for a document examiner is his or her own vision, but in this section and the laboratory tour section we will consider the external tools which enable the examiner to see, evaluates and record more than is apparent to the unaided eye. The number of papers outlines the basic necessity of photographic illustrations for demonstrating the data offer clinching evidence, strong enough to with stand legal scrutiny on which opinions of the document examiner are based, hence play a very vital role in the examination of forensic documents. For the purpose of examination in the laboratory as well as the use of photographs becomes indispensible in cases involving traced or simulated forgery, built-up documents, forgery over genuine signatures and forgery by substitution, interpolations, differences in the tint of ink etc. The authors have solved a case in resolving the sequence of strokes with same ball point ink in an actual case received in the laboratory.
Using Wikipedia's Big Data for creation of Knowledge Bases
Authors: Mohamed Minhaj
Published: January 2022

Wikipedia is among the most prominent and comprehensive sources of information available on the WWW. However, its unstructured form impedes direct interpretation by machines. Knowledge Base (KB) creation is a line of research that enables interpretation of Wikipedia's concealed knowledge by machines. In light of the efficacy of KBs for the storage and efficient retrieval of semantic information required for powering several IT applications such Question-Answering System, many large-scale knowledge bases have been developed. These KBs have employed different approaches for data curation and storage. The retrieval mechanism facilitated by these KBs is also different. Further, they differ in their depth and breadth of knowledge. This paper endeavours to explicate the process of KB creation using Wikipedia and compare the prominent KBs developed using the big data of Wikipedia.
Layman-Friendly Regional Language Unit Conversion Compiler
Authors: Aditya Bhanwadiya  , Gautam Rizwani  , Darshil Shah
Published: January 2022

A compiler converts source language code to machine-understandable code. This entire translation of code happens in different stages. So, one can define the compiler as a collection of many phases or stages, where every phase performs a single task and the code is translated. This paper is about brief information of the compiler on how the language or source code is evaluated and translated, from which phase what information is extracted in order to generate target code as output. For better clarity, an example of an easy-to-understand language is taken, all steps are explained, and a compiler is designed using FLEX and YACC.
Design and Development of Optimization Agent in Cross Layered Framework
Authors: Lokesh S  , Jayasri B. S
Published: January 2022

A Cross Layered framework is an important concept in today’s world given the abundant usage of both single-path and multi path wireless network architectures. One of the important design issues in the development of a robust framework such as this is the design of an Optimization Agent or an OA. In recent days of wireless and wired ad-hoc networks, cross-layer design was brought about a few years back to explore attached optimization at different layers. In order to describe solutions in cross-layered design, the Open System Intercommunications model was employed. However, it is clear that no voice and reference mechanism exists to aid optimization, which could effectively halt effective adaptability and deployment of cross-layered solutions. In this study, we suggest some hypotheses regarding how to model and create cross-layer solutions using the OSI layered method. We use the aforementioned method to analyse and simulate a particular type of cross-layered solution, namely energy-aware routing protocols. We use a layered approach to examine two proposals that are accessible in the literature. The applied strategy leads to the creation of an energy- aware, one-of-a-kind solution that outperforms prior versions and provides interesting and clear insights into the function that each layer plays in the overall optimization process. The network throughput, utilization, and reliability have all increased practically rapidly in the last few years. With the emergence of broadband wireless and wired cellular networks, as well as mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and improved computational capacity, a new generation of apps, especially real-time multimedia applications, has emerged. Delivering real-time multimedia traffic across a sophisticated network like the Internet could be a particularly difficult undertaking, as these applications have stringent bandwidth and other quality-of-service (QoS) requirements.
Comparison of Different Clustering Algorithms to Secured VANETs Communication
Authors: Prashant Kumar Shrivastava  , Dr. L. K. Vishwamitra
Published: January 2022

ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) are growing increasingly popular because of the necessity for superior cyber-physical systems and comfort applications and services required for usage in autonomous vehicles. There are two types of Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) that are vital to ITS: V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) and V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle). VANETs are a new technology with several potential uses in the ITS. It comprises smart vehicles and roadside equipment that connect over open-access wireless networks. An attacker may disrupt vehicular communication which can lead to potentially life-threatening scenarios because of the significant expansion in the number of vehicles in use today. VANETs must use robust security and authentication procedures to provide safe vehicular communication. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis ofthe VANET system including its characteristics and challenges. There is a concept of data dissemination that has been provided in brief. Clustering is the most important topic in VANET that is used to cluster the vehicles to secure and safely message transmission over the network. There is a taxonomy of clustering techniques has provided in a detailed manner. Besides, it has also shown the comparison of different clustering parameters-based mechanisms and MAC protocols in VANET.
Improved Classification Accuracy for Identification of Cervical Cancer
Authors: D. Merlin  , Dr. J. G. R. Sathiaseelan
Published: January 2022

The major purpose of this research is to forecast cervical cancer, compare which algorithms perform well, and then choose the best algorithm to predict cervical cancer at an early stage. Cervical cancer classification can be automated using a machine learning system. This study evaluates multiple machine learning techniques for cervical cancer classification. For this classification, algorithms such as Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, KNN, SVM, and MLP are proposed and evaluated. The cervical cancer Dataset, which was retrieved from the UCI machine learning data repository, was used to test these methods. With the help of Sciklit-learn, the algorithms' results were compared in terms of Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity. Sciklit-learn is a Python-based machine learning package that is available for free. Finally, the best model for predicting cervical cancer is developed.
Perks of Working Entirely with Keyboard
Authors: Dr. Madhur Jain  , Rishabh Chauhan  , Ayushi Bansal
Published: January 2022

Working in today’s corporate world requires users to switch between keyboard and mouse constantly. According to a survey conducted, an average user switches between keyboard and mouse 90 times in an hour. These frequent switches cause several discomforts to the user and the user’s efficiency takes a major fall. Use of touchpad in place of mouse is one another major setback. It has been noticed that a user switching from mouse/touchpad to keyboard and vice versa consumes time in completing a task as compared to a user depending entirely on keyboard.
Investigation the scope of security in IoT Considering RSA Algorithm
Authors: Kamal Arora  , Deepinder Kaur
Published: January 2022

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as an area of incredible impact, with the arrival of savvy homes, savvy cities, and savvy everything. For current and future research areas it is one of the hot topics involved by both industry sector and academia. The Internet of Things (IoT) also known as a web of everything or the economic Internet is a new technology paradigm imagine as a worldwide network and devices competent to interacting with each other. Privacy and security are the major challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT) security due to the distributed nature of IoT networks [1]. Internet of things (IoT) is an upheaval of the internet. IoT are often said the expansion of internet services. It provides a platform for communication between gadgets where gadgets can manage and organize themselves. The IoT allows everyone to be connected anytime and anywhere.
Picpass Algorithm for Solution of Key Exchange Problem in Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Cryptography
Authors: Anchal Goyal  , Deepinder Kaur
Published: January 2022

In this dissertation a PicPass algorithm is proposed for the solution of Key Exchange problem using Symmetric and Asymmetric key cryptography. Diffie and Hellman proposed an algorithm for key exchange. But this algorithm suffers from Man-in middle attack. So to overcome this problem Seo proposed another algorithm that uses text password for the agreement between two parties. But again the password suffers from offline dictionary attack. In this, a PicPass Protocol i.e. picture is used as a password to make an agreement between two parties. The protocol contains two function i.e. picture function as well as distortion function is used to make picture in a compact size and then it is sent to receiver. Firstly the sender encrypts the Plain Text using Secret Picture and creates the Cipher Text using Symmetric key cryptography.Then the Secret Picture will be encrypted by covered picture resulting into Encrypted Picture.Now the Cipher Text and Encrypted Picture will be placed into digital envolpe and then the envelope will be send to the receiver. The receiver will receive the digital envelope, open it and then decrypt the Encrypted Picture using his Key Picture. This will result the receiver to get the Secret Picture. Now the receiver will open the Cipher Text using the Secret Picture and get the Plain Text. In between if any person wants to predict the Encrypted Picture then he cannot guess as the picture will only be decrypted using the Secret Key which will be only with the receiver. So in this dissertation, a picture is used as a password to authenticate key exchange is that gives practical solution against offline dictionary attacks only by using both private and public key cryptography.
Explore the Short Video's Technology in E-commerce in India
Authors: Tanmayee Tushar Parbat  , Rohan Benhal  , Honey Jain  , Dr. Vinayak Musale
Published: January 2022

In this paper, there is description of videos technology has been used widely as well as tried to explore the transform in the structure of selling as well as buying of the product mainly in short videos. With the emergence of the Internet, online procedure are replacing conventional models in our society. Even so, not many recognize the criticality required in E-commerce industry. Video commerce is the next great thing of marketing. It connects to a web page of a dealer selling or giving services rightly from its portal to the consumers. They use a digital shopping cart structure and permit payment by credit card, debit card or electronic fund transfer payments. The E- commerce services helps in decreasing costs in managing orders while also interacting with a broad range of suppliers as well as trading partners. It also requires any type of business transaction in which the parties interconnect electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact.
Past, Present and Future of Quantum Computing: A Systematic Study
Authors: Palash Dutta Banik  , Asoke Nath
Published: January 2022

Quantum Computing is relatively new and it's kind of a special type of computing that uses the laws of quantum physics. In classical computing, we have some limitations and we can overcome those with the help of Quantum Computing as it uses qubits, but we need to keep those qubits at low temperature. Quantum Computing uses the probabilistic nature of electrons. The power of a quantum computer increases exponentially with the number of qubits linked tougher.
Quantum computers are very difficult to make but there are a huge number of calculations that can be done easily with the use of a quantum computer. Quantum computers are way better and faster than classical computers. So, we can say that quantum computers rather than quantum computing will be used in the near future to replace classical computing.
Trends In Natural Language Processing : Scope And Challenges
Authors: Shreyashi Chowdhury  , Asoke Nath
Published: January 2022

Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human language, in particular how to program computers to process and analyse large amounts of natural language data. The goal is a computer capable of "understanding" the contents of documents, including the contextual nuances of the language within them.NLP combines computational linguistics—rule-based modelling of human language—with statistical, machine learning, and deep learning models. Together, these technologies enable computers to process human language in the form of text or voice data and to ‘understand’ its full meaning, complete with the speaker or writer’s intent and sentiment. Challenges in natural language processing frequently involve speech recognition, natural language understanding, and natural language generation. This paper discusses on the various scope and challenges , current trends and future scopes of Natural Language Processing.
Preventing Cognitive User Emulation Attack in Cognitive Radio Network by Calculating Trust Values Using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Spriha Pandey*  , Ashawani Kumar
Published: January 2022

Cognitive radio has proved to be an efficient and promising technology for the future of wireless networks. Its major and fundamental aim is to utilize the spectrum bands which are not efficiently exercised. These bands can be accessed using Opportunistic Spectrum Access (OSA), by a secondary user only when primary user is not transmitting over the channel. Cognitive radio manages spectrum through its cognitive radio cycle, which performs a set of management functions such as, spectrum sensing, spectrum assignment, spectrum sharing and spectrum mobility/handoff. During this cycle, at several stages, cognitive radio is very much vulnerable to security attacks. This is also due to the exposed nature of cognitive radio architecture. One such security attack which has not been much explored and can cause serious security issues is Cognitive User Emulation Attack (CUEA). This attack is expected to occur at the time of spectrum handoff. In this article the reason of occurrence of CUEA is explained along with counter measures to prevent this threat in the network by implementing trust mechanism using fuzzy logic. The proposed system is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB tool.
Design and Performance Analysis of Air Pre heater for Water Tube Boiler to improve its Efficiency
Authors: V. Karthikeyan  , M. Sambathkumar  , K. Arulkumar
Published: January 2022

Air preheater is a heat transfer surface in which air temperature is raised by transferring heat from other media such as flue gas which is coming from boiler exhaust. The paper presents the design of regenerative –air preheater to designed to meet specific performance requirements, using the software application CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) / CADD. An analytical study was planned to find out the various heat transfer performance parameters like outlet and inlet air temperature of the air preheater and the boiler, Pressure drop inside the Air preheater and the boiler heat transfer coefficients, heat transfer rate, overall heat transfer coefficient and Velocity of the air and flue gas also Conduction and convection modes of heat transfer were found. These heat transfer parameters are critical in designing and functioning of the air Preheater and to calculate the efficiency of the boiler.
Threshold Logic Technology based E-cube Routing on a 4-dimensional hypercube
Authors: Anup Kumar Biswas
Published: January 2022

Hypercube network connection is formed by connecting different N number of nodes that are expressed as a power of 2. If each node has an address of m bits then the total number of nodes in the Hypercube network is N=2^m. In calculating the predefined routing path for the case of this E-cube network, we apply deterministic algorithm which gives a deadlock free concept. For determining predefined routing path, node addresses involved in the path are calculated by using the exclusive operation, firstly, on the node addresses of source and destination, next, on the derived nodes according to the algorithm. In the present work, the Exclusive-OR operation is performed with the help of electron-tunneling based XOR gate which is made up of Multiple input threshold logic gate. This multiple input threshold logic gate technology is really different from the existing one. By using an emerging technology we are capable of making an electronic circuit with high speed, low cost, high concentration density, light in weight, reduced gate numbers and low power consumption. This technology is relies on the condition of linear threshold logic and electron-tunneling event. When we are interested in implementing a circuit, a multi-inputs but one-output based logic-gate will be taken account of consideration. In this work, we have designed an E-cube Routing on a 4-dimensional hypercube to find out the node addresses for predefining the deadlock free routing path from source to destination. To develop this “E-cube Routing on a 4-dimensional hypercube”, we must require a specific logic called Exclusive-OR gate and for this, some small components like 2-input OR gate, 2-input AND gates of different input conditions are essential. After arranging this XOR gate in a pattern discussed in section 2, a desired circuit is implemented. All the circuit we are intended to construct are given in due places with their threshold logic and simulation set, the simulation results are provided as well. Different truth tables, derivation of threshold logic expressions are given for clear understanding. We have taken our consideration of whether the present work circuits are faster or slower than the circuits of CMOS based- and Single electron transistor (SET) based-circuits. The power consumed at the time of tunneling event for a circuit is measured and sensed that it exists in the range between 10meV to 250meV which is very small amount. All the combinational circuits we have presented in this work are of ‘generic multiple input threshold logic gate’-based.
Performance Analysis of Sense Embeddings in Multilingual WSD Framework
Authors: Mr. Prashant Y. Itankar  , Dr. Nikhat Raza
Published: January 2022

Execution of Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is one of the difficult undertakings in the space of Natural language processing (NLP). Age of sense clarified corpus for multilingual WSD is far off for most languages regardless of whether assets are accessible. In this paper we propose a solo technique utilizing word and sense embeddings for working on the presentation of WSD frameworks utilizing untagged corpora and make two bags to be specific context bag and wiki sense bag to create the faculties with most noteworthy closeness. Wiki sense bag gives outer information to the framework needed to help the disambiguation exactness. We investigate Word2Vec model to produce the sense back and notice huge execution acquire for our dataset.
A Survey : Study of Data Mining and Data Warehousing in Healthcare
Authors: Arvind Singh
Published: January 2022

Health care is one of the speedy growing areas. The Health care system contains large amount of medical data which should be mined from data warehouse. The mined data from data warehouse helps in finding the important information. Comprehensive amount of data in health care database need the growth of tools which can be used to access the data, analyze and analysis the data, discovery of knowledge, and versed use of the stored knowledge. The health care system has lot of data about the patient’s details, medications etc. In this paper we have studied different data mining and warehousing techniques used in healthcare areas.
Exploration of Tensile, Flexural and Chemical Inertness Properties of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites-Surface Analysis
Authors: N. Selva Kumar  , T. M. Sakthi Muruga  , S. Ganapathy  , K. Arulkumar
Published: January 2022

Our Experimentation finds, reaction of fibre external analysis on tensile, flexural and chemical resistance properties were studied for sisal fibre reinforced composites.
Fibre surface analysis has done to produce link between fibre and the matrix to improve the mechanical properties. Fibre surface analysis were done by boiled the sisal fibres in different % of NaOH and treated the fibres in different % of NaOH, treated in acetic acid and methanol.
Polyester resin have used as the matrix for preparing the composites and these properties for Natural sisal fibre reinforced composites were also studied. From the results it was observed that 25% NaOH boiled sisal fibre reinforced composites have higher tensile, flexural properties than other composites. Natural sisal fibre composites show fewer properties than treated composites. Chemical inertness properties indicate that all sisal fibre reinforced composites are resistance to all chemical agents except carbon tetra chloride.
Assessment of Quality in Saudi Arabian Roadways
Authors: Muwaffaq Alqurashi
Published: January 2022

A new assessment model was developed in this work. The developed model introduced a new approach and reference for assessment factors control the quality in Saudi Arabian roads using the fuzzy logic system. Fuzzy logic system was chosen to be used in this research due to its suitability for uncertain and approximate reasoning that involves human intuitive thinking as well as, it requires a little data to achieve the aim of the proposed model. Furthermore, the fuzzy logic has the ability for combining many effects such as the probability of occurrence and the impact of factors on the quality of roadways construction. The methodology of this research included conducting a field survey with construction practitioners in the field of roadways projects across Saudi Arabia. The proposed model was then evaluated and applied using the collected data from the field survey. The study results proved that the proposed model can be successfully used in the assessment of factors affecting quality in roadways. The major factors that found to be significantly affecting the quality in construction of roadways projects were identified according to their importance as; 1) Change order control; 2) Fluctuation default of Subcontractor; 3) Third party delay 4) Contract dispute results from disagreement. The proposed model is considered as a general model that can be easily adapted and applied to other types of projects.
Rhizosphere Mushrooms: Antagonistic Exploration of Rhizospere Mushrooms in Shallot (Allium ascolonicum L) Specific Location of Enrekang Regency
Authors: Hikmahwati. Fitrianti  , Harli A. Karim
Published: January 2022

Enrekang Regency is one of the largest onion plant centers in south Sulawesi with an onion harvest area of 7,605 Ha. The main disease that attacks onions in Enrekang district is stem base foul disease or moler disease caused by fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae (FOCe). Control can be done by using biocontrol obtained from rhizosphere mushrooms in general antagonistic and can make microenvironment conditions in the soil not suitable for pathogen growth. Exploration of the ability of rhizosphere mushroom antagonists is carried out by dual culture testing method in vitro between Fusarium oxysporum and rhizosphere mushrooms. Exploration of the antagonistic ability of rhizosphere mushrooms is carried out by dual culture testing method in vitro between Fusarium oxysporum and rhizosphere mushrooms. The test results of all isolates obtained the largest average inhibition value is 74.79% in isolate number 16, 73.19% in isolate number 5 and 63.16% in isolat number 6, the lowest inhibitory value is no. 1.56%, isolat no. 12 has and inhibition values range 50-56%, found in isolates no. 3,7,9,13 and 14.
Parameters Affecting Efficiency of Centrifugal Pump - A Review
Authors: Shivani Kaustubh Chitale  , Pranjal Nitin Jadhav  , Snehal Suresh Dhoble  , Dr. Mr. Satyajeet Deshmukh
Published: January 2022

The pump is used as one of the most significant components in chemical industry so without its existence process may not be completed, because for any fluid to flow, initial driving force is required and it is fulfilled by the pump by consuming electrical energy and converting it to pressure energy. So, the selection of pump is very important in every field of section, depending on the property of process fluid. The Centrifugal pump is most demanding nowadays because it has simple design, less maintenance, can handle large quantities of fluids, and provides very high flow rates. The Centrifugal pump has mainly two components rotating components and stationary components. Shaft and impeller (open, semi-enclosed, and fully-enclosed) comes under the category of rotating components and casing (Volute, Vortex, and circular) comes under stationary components. Various parameters of process fluid like liquid viscosity, temperature, specific gravity, vapor pressure, concentration, shear sensitive and abrasive or non-abrasive, MOC, pump environment, pressure, flow rate, etc. are calculated to gain the desired efficiency and prevent a problem like cavitation if not properly handled. In this paper, a single-stage centrifugal pump is reviewed and studied how to increase performance and efficiency of centrifugal pump.
The study On Mechanical Properties of HDPE Hybrid Polymer based Hybrid Composites
Authors: Inchara C  , Shantharaja M  , Yogesh Kumar K J
Published: January 2022

Polymer and their composites are used in many engineering applications as an alternate of metals, because of the parameters such as low cost, light weight and durability. Hybridization is a process of mixing two or more similar or dissimilar materials. It increases the performance and efficiency. In this study investigation has been made on mechanical properties of HDPE polymer based hybrid composites fabricated from the effect of various synthetic fibers (SGF ,PTFE,SCF), synthetic fillers(Silica, hydroxyapatite, zirconia) by melt mixing method using twin screw extruder followed by injection molding technique. The mechanical properties of the samples such as tensile test, flexural test were measured by universal testing machine. And the impact test was performed on Izod impact testing machine. The results show that the tensile strength of hybrid composite TR-4 sample increases compared to other composites. Flexural strength of sample TR-6 shows highest flexural strength comparted to others. The impact strength increases when the filler materials 2% of zirconia and 2% of hydroxyapatite are added to composite material i.e. is TR-6 sample.
Rotating Disc Apparatus and its application to estimate sediment erosion in Hydro turbines
Authors: Oblique Shrestha  , Hari Prasad Neopane  , BholaThapa  , Young-Ho Lee  , Aman Kapali
Published: January 2022

The removal of surface material due to repeated impacts of sediment is known as sediment erosion. This prominent phenomenon is found to exist on a run of the river types of hydro projects where the hydro turbines are exposed to sediment particles. It has drawn the attention of researchers, academic institutions, and hydropower developers to conduct research on this issue. Investigation of the problem at the site may require sophisticated equipment and sensors- set up for quantitative measurements. This process is time consuming and difficult as it is difficult to access the erosion location. Laboratory setup can be a solution to study and investigate erosion behaviour in well-controlled laboratory conditions. Among several erosion testing apparatuses, Rotating Disc Apparatus (RDA) has been used for the investigation of erosion as well as cavitation of hydro components, and to study the erosion resistivity of different materials. This device mainly consists of a rotating disc and an electric motor, which is used to rotate a disc-holding specimen. This paper evaluates the RDA for its applicability in simulating the flow on the surfaces of the components of the hydro turbines as that occurs in actual hydro power plants. The outcomes from the present study indicated that RDA produces promising erosion results and can simulate the wear conditions.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Light Weight Steel Structure and Wind Load
Authors: Nitin Khare  , Dr. Rajeev Chandak
Published: January 2022

Review to hot-rolled steel structures, cold-formed steel structures are susceptible to extreme winds because of the light weight of the building and its components. Many modern cold-formed steel structures have sustained significant structural damage ranging from loss of cladding to complete collapse in recent cyclones. This article first provides Review some real damage cases for light steel structures induced by the high winds. After that, the paper reviews research on the damage analysis and evaluation of light steel structures caused by strong winds, which include connection failure, fatigue failure, purlin buckling, and primary frame component instability problems. Moreover, this review will mention some applications of structure damage assessment methods in this area, such as vulnerability analysis and performance-based theory, etc.
Seismic Analysis of 3D Framed Building
Authors: S. Venkatesh  , Ms. T. Savithra
Published: January 2022

Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. Hence a combination of two structural system components i.e. Rigid frames and RC shear walls or Rigid frames and Bracings leads to a highly efficient system in which shear wall and bracings resist the majority of the lateral loads and the frame supports majority of the gravity loads.