bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naltrexone: report of lack of hepatotoxicity in acute viral hepatitis, with a review of the literature
Authors: Brewer Colin , Wong Voi Shim
Published: April 2004

Many clinicians appear to be concerned about the potential hepatotoxicity of the opiate antagonist naltrexone (NTX) and this may be one reason why it is not used more widely in treating both heroin and alcohol abusers. Some much‐quoted early studies noted abnormalities in liver function tests (LFTs) in very obese patients taking high doses, although there was no evidence of clinically significant liver dysfunction. These concerns may be reinforced by advice in the UK product information sheet to perform LFTs before and during treatment, by high infection rates with hepatitis C virus (HCV) among injecting heroin addicts and by the frequency of abnormal LFTs in alcohol abusers. We describe a heroin abuser in whom clinical and laboratory manifestations of acute hepatitis B and C appeared a few days after the insertion of a subcutaneous naltrexone implant. A decision was made not to remove the implant but the hepatitis resolved completely and uneventfully well within the normal time‐scale. A review of the literature indicates that even when given at much higher doses than are needed for treating heroin or alcohol abusers, there is no evidence that NTX causes clinically significant liver disease or exacerbates, even at high doses, serious pre‐existing liver disease. During the past decade, NTX has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of pruritus associated with severe jaundice caused by severe and sometimes life‐threatening cirrhosis and other liver diseases. Its safety, even in these extreme conditions, is particularly reassuring. We suggest that it may be more appropriate and economical to advise patients to report promptly any suspected side effects than to perform regular LFTs, which may be misleading.
Real rank and squaring mappings for unital 𝐶*-algebras
Authors: Chigogidze A. , Karasev A. , Rørdam M.
Published: April 2004

It is proved that if

X
X

is a compact Hausdorff space of Lebesgue dimension

dim
⁡
(
X
)

\dim (X)

, then the squaring mapping
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="alpha Subscript m Baseline colon left-parenthesis upper C left-parenthesis upper X right-parenthesis Subscript normal s normal a Baseline right-parenthesis Superscript m Baseline right-arrow upper C left-parenthesis upper X right-parenthesis Subscript plus Baseline">

α

m

:

(
C
(
X

)

s
a

)

m

→
C
(
X

)

+

\alpha _{m} \colon \left ( C(X)_{\mathrm {sa}}\right )^{m} \to C(X)_{+}

, defined by

α

m

(

f

1

,
…
,

f

m

)
=

∑

i
=
1

m

f

i

2

\alpha _{m}(f_{1},\dots ,f_{m}) = \sum _{i=1}^{m} f_{i}^{2}

, is open if and only if

m
−
1
≥
dim
⁡
(
X
)

m -1 \ge \dim (X)

. Hence the Lebesgue dimension of

X
X

can be detected from openness of the squaring maps

α
m

\alpha _m

. In the case

m
=
1

m=1

it is proved that the map

x
↦

x
2

x \mapsto x^2

, from the selfadjoint elements of a unital

C

∗

C^{\ast }

-algebra

A
A

into its positive elements, is open if and only if

A
A

is isomorphic to

C
(
X
)

C(X)

for some compact Hausdorff space

X
X

with

dim
⁡
(
X
)
=
0

\dim (X)=0

.
Extremal properties of outer polynomial factors
Authors: McCullough Scott
Published: April 2004

If

p
(
s
)

p(s)

is a positive polynomial of degree

2
d

2d

, then its outer factor

q
(
s
)

q(s)

has the property that the magnitude of each of its coefficients is larger than the magnitude of the corresponding coefficient of any other factor. In fact, this extremal property holds over vector-valued factorizations

r
(
s

)

∗

r
(
s
)
=
p
(
s
)

r(s)^{*}r(s)=p(s)

. Corollaries include a result for symmetric functions and complex conjugate pairs.
The BGQ spectral sequence for noncommutative spaces
Authors: Pappacena Christopher
Published: April 2004

We prove an analogue of the Brown-Gersten-Quillen (BGQ) spectral sequence for noncommutative spaces. As applications, we consider this spectral sequence over affine and projective spaces associated to right fully bounded noetherian (FBN) rings.
Self-normalizing Sylow subgroups
Authors: Guralnick Robert , Malle Gunter , Navarro Gabriel
Published: April 2004

Using the classification of finite simple groups we prove the following statement: Let

p
>
3

p>3

be a prime,

Q
Q

a group of automorphisms of

p
p

-power order of a finite group

G
G

, and

P
P

a

Q
Q

-invariant Sylow

p
p

-subgroup of

G
G

. If

C

N

G

(
P
)

/

P

(
Q
)

\mathbf {C}_{\mathbf {N}_G(P)/P}(Q)

is trivial, then

G
G

is solvable. An equivalent formulation is that if

G
G

has a self-normalizing Sylow

p
p

-subgroup with

p
>
3

p >3

a prime, then

G
G

is solvable. We also investigate the possibilities when

p
=
3

p=3

.
Critical exponents of discrete groups and 𝐿²–spectrum
Authors: Leuzinger Enrico
Published: April 2004

Let

G
G

be a noncompact semisimple Lie group and

Γ
\Gamma

an arbitrary discrete, torsion-free subgroup of

G
G

. Let

λ
0

(
M
)

\lambda _0(M)

be the bottom of the spectrum of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on the locally symmetric space

M
=
Γ
∖
X

M=\Gamma \backslash X

, and let

δ
(
Γ
)

\delta (\Gamma )

be the exponent of growth of

Γ
\Gamma

. If

G
G

has rank

1
1

, then these quantities are related by a well-known formula due to Elstrodt, Patterson, Sullivan and Corlette. In this note we generalize that relation to the higher rank case by estimating

λ
0

(
M
)

\lambda _0(M)

from above and below by quadratic polynomials in

δ
(
Γ
)

\delta (\Gamma )

. As an application we prove a rigiditiy property of lattices.
Morava 𝐾-theory of extraspecial 2-groups
Authors: Schuster Björn , Yagita Nobuaki
Published: April 2004

We compute the Morava

K
K

-theory of some extraspecial 2-groups and associated compact groups.
Homology equivalences inducing an epimorphism on the fundamental group and Quillen’s plus construction
Authors: Rodríguez José , Scevenels Dirk
Published: April 2004

Quillen’s plus construction is a topological construction that kills the maximal perfect subgroup of the fundamental group of a space without changing the integral homology of the space. In this paper we show that there is a topological construction that, while leaving the integral homology of a space unaltered, kills even the intersection of the transfinite lower central series of its fundamental group. Moreover, we show that this is the maximal subgroup that can be factored out of the fundamental group without changing the integral homology of a space.
Minimal vectors in arbitrary Banach spaces
Authors: Troitsky Vladimir
Published: April 2004

We extend the method of minimal vectors to arbitrary Banach spaces. It is proved, by a variant of the method, that certain quasinilpotent operators on arbitrary Banach spaces have hyperinvariant subspaces.
Hardy inequalities related to Grushin type operators
Authors: D’Ambrosio Lorenzo
Published: April 2004

We prove some Hardy type inequalities related to the Grushin type operator

Δ
x

+

|

x

|

2
γ

Δ
y

\Delta _x+|x|^{2\gamma }\Delta _y

.
The splitting problem for subspaces of tensor products of operator algebras
Authors: Kraus Jon
Published: April 2004

The main result of this paper is that if

N
N

is a von Neumann algebra that is a factor and has the weak* operator approximation property (the weak* OAP), and if

R
R

is a von Neumann algebra, then every

σ
\sigma

-weakly closed subspace of

N

⊗
¯

R

{{N}\bar \otimes {R}}

that is an

N

⊗
¯

C

1

R

{N}\bar \otimes {\mathbb {C} 1_{R}}

-bimodule (under multiplication) splits, in the sense that there is a

σ
\sigma

-weakly closed subspace

T
T

of

R
R

such that

S
=

N

⊗
¯

T

S={{N}\bar \otimes {T}}

. Note that if

S
S

is a von Neumann subalgebra of

N

⊗
¯

R

{{N}\bar \otimes {R}}

, then

S
S

is an

N

⊗
¯

C

1

R

{N}\bar \otimes {\mathbb {C} 1_{R}}

-bimodule if and only if

N

⊗
¯

C

1

R

⊂
S

{N}\bar \otimes {\mathbb {C} 1_{R}} \subset S

. So this result is a generalization (in the case where

N
N

has the weak* OAP) of the result of Ge and Kadison that if

N
N

is a factor, then every von Neumann subalgebra

M
M

of

N

⊗
¯

R

{{N}\bar \otimes {R}}

that contains

N

⊗
¯

C

1

R

{N}\bar \otimes {\mathbb {C} 1_{R}}

splits. We also obtain other results concerning the splitting of

σ
\sigma

-weakly closed subspaces of tensor products of von Neumann algebras and the splitting of normed closed subspaces of C*-algebras that generalize results previously obtained for von Neumann subalgebras and C*-subalgebras.
Luzin’s theorem for charges
Authors: Howard Eric , Pfeffer Washek
Published: April 2004

A charge in the Euclidean space

R

m

\mathbb {R}^m

is an additive function defined on the family of all bounded BV sets equipped with a suitable topology. We define derivatives of charges and show that each measurable function defined on

R

m

\mathbb {R}^m

is equal almost everywhere to the derivative of a charge.
On the uniqueness of the ergodic maximal function
Authors: Jones Roger
Published: April 2004

We give a new (shorter) proof of a result of L. Ephremidze showing that if two functions have the same ergodic maximal function, then they are equal a.e.
Asymptotic estimates for a two-dimensional problem with polynomial nonlinearity
Authors: Adimurthi  , Grossi Massimo
Published: April 2004

In this paper we give asymptotic estimates of the least energy solution

u
p

u_p

of the functional
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper J left-parenthesis u right-parenthesis equals integral Underscript normal upper Omega Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue nabla u EndAbsoluteValue squared constrained on the manifold integral Underscript normal upper Omega Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue u EndAbsoluteValue Superscript p plus 1 Baseline equals 1">

J
(
u
)
=

∫
Ω

|

∇
u

|

2

constrained on the manifold 

∫
Ω

|

u

|

p
+
1

=
1

\begin{equation*} J(u) =\int _\Omega |\nabla u|^2 \quad \text {constrained on the manifold }\int _\Omega |u|^{p+1}=1\end{equation*}

as

p
p

goes to infinity. Here

Ω
\Omega

is a smooth bounded domain of

R

2

\mathbb {R}^2

. Among other results we give a positive answer to a question raised by Chen, Ni, and Zhou (2000) by showing that

lim

p
→
∞

|

|

u

p

|

|

∞

=

e

\lim \limits _{p\rightarrow \infty }||u_{p}||_{\infty }=\sqrt e

.
The Russo-Dye Theorem in a weakly closed 𝒯(𝒩)–module
Authors: Dong Zhe
Published: April 2004

Suppose that

N

\mathcal {N}

is admissible. It is shown that the convex hull of unitary elements of a weakly closed

T
(
N
)

\mathcal {T(N)}

–module

U

\mathcal {U}

contains the whole unit ball of

U

\mathcal {U}

if and only if

I
~

=
I

\widetilde {I}=I

and for any

N
>
0

N>0

,

N
~

>
0

\widetilde N>0

.
Boundedness of solutions for semilinear reversible systems
Authors: Li Xiong
Published: April 2004

In this paper we will study the boundedness of all solutions for second-order differential equations
\[

x
¨

+
f
(
x
)

x
˙

+

λ
2

x
+
g
(
x
)
=
p
(
t
)
,

\ddot {x} + f(x)\dot {x} +\lambda ^2 x+ g(x)=p(t),

\]
where

λ
∈
R

\lambda \in R

and

g
(
x
)

g(x)

satisfies the sublinear growth condition. Since the system in general is non-Hamiltonian, we have to introduce reversibility assumptions to apply the twist theorem for reversible mappings. Under some suitable conditions we then obtain the existence of invariant tori and thus the boundedness of all solutions.
Couplings of uniform spanning forests
Authors: Bowen Lewis
Published: April 2004

We prove the existence of an automorphism-invariant coupling for the wired and the free uniform spanning forests on connected graphs with residually amenable automorphism groups.
Uniqueness of dilation invariant norms
Authors: Moreno E. , Villena A.
Published: April 2004

Let

δ
a

\delta _a

be a nontrivial dilation. We show that every complete norm

‖
⋅
‖

\|\cdot \|

on

L
1

(

R

N

)

L^1(\mathbb {R}^N)

that makes

δ
a

\delta _a

from

(

L
1

(

R

N

)
,
‖
⋅
‖
)

(L^1(\mathbb {R}^N),\|\cdot \|)

into itself continuous is equivalent to

‖
⋅

‖
1

\|\cdot \|_1

.

δ
a

\delta _a

also determines the norm of both

C
0

(

R

N

)

C_0(\mathbb {R}^N)

and

L
p

(

R

N

)

L^p(\mathbb {R}^N)

with

1
>
p
>
∞

1>p>\infty

in a weaker sense. Furthermore, we show that even all the dilations do not determine the norm on

L
∞

(

R

N

)

L^\infty (\mathbb {R}^N)

.
A Wold-type decomposition for commuting isometric pairs
Authors: Popovici Dan
Published: April 2004

We obtain a Wold-type decomposition theorem for an arbitrary pair of commuting isometries

V
V

on a Hilbert space. More precisely,

V
V

can be uniquely decomposed into the orthogonal sum between a bi-unitary, a shift-unitary, a unitary-shift and a weak bi-shift part, that is, a part

S
=
(

S
1

,

S
2

)

S=(S_1,S_2)

that can be characterized by the condition that

S
1

S
2

,
 

S
1

|

⋂

n
≥
0

ker
⁡

S
2
∗

S
1
n

S_1S_2,\ S_1|_{\bigcap _{n\ge 0}\ker S_2^*S_1^n}

and

S
2

|

⋂

n
≥
0

ker
⁡

S
1
∗

S
2
n

S_2|_{\bigcap _{n\ge 0}\ker S_1^*S_2^n}

are shifts. Moreover,

S
S

contains bi-shift and modified bi-shift maximal parts.
A brief remark on van der Waerden spaces
Authors: Jones Albin
Published: April 2004

We demonstrate that Martin’s axiom for

σ
\sigma

-centered notions of forcing implies the existence of a van der Waerden space that is not a Hindman space. Our proof is an adaptation of the one given by M. Kojman and S. Shelah that such a space exists if one assumes the continuum hypothesis to be true.
Resolution of a conjecture of Andrews and Lewis involving cranks of partitions
Authors: Kane Daniel
Published: April 2004

Andrews and Lewis have conjectured that the sign of the number of partitions of

n
n

with crank congruent to 0 mod 3, minus the number of partitions of

n
n

with crank congruent to 1 mod 3, is determined by the congruence class of

n
n

mod 3 apart from a finite number of specific exceptions. We prove this by using the “circle method" to approximate the value of this difference to great enough accuracy to determine its sign for all sufficiently large

n
n

.
Hankel operators with antiholomorphic symbols on the Fock space
Authors: Schneider Georg
Published: April 2004

We consider Hankel operators of the form<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Subscript z overbar Sub Superscript k Subscript Baseline colon script upper F Superscript m Baseline colon equals StartSet f colon f is entire and integral Underscript double-struck upper C Superscript n Baseline Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue f left-parenthesis z right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue squared e Superscript minus StartAbsoluteValue z EndAbsoluteValue Super Superscript m Superscript Baseline greater-than normal infinity EndSet right-arrow upper L squared left-parenthesis e Superscript minus StartAbsoluteValue z EndAbsoluteValue Super Superscript m Superscript Baseline right-parenthesis">Hz¯k:Fm:={f:f is entire and∫Cn|f(z)|2e−|z|m>∞}→L2(e−|z|m)H_{\overline {z}^k}: \mathcal {F}^m:=\{f : f \mbox { is entire and} \int _{\mathbb {C}^n}|f(z)|^2e^{-|z|^m}>\infty \}\rightarrow L^2(e^{-|z|^m}). Herek,m,n∈Nk,m,n \in \mathbb {N}. We show that in the case of one complex dimension the Hankel operators are compact but not Hilbert-Schmidt ifm>2km>2k.
Note on the stability of principal bundles
Authors: Hyeon Donghoon , Murphy David
Published: April 2004

We compare various notions of stability for principal bundles, and show that over a compact Riemann surface of genus greater than 2, there exist principal

SL
⁡
(
2
)

\operatorname {SL}(2)

-bundles that are Ad-stable.
The Hilton-Heckmann argument for the anti-commutativity of cup products
Authors: Suarez-Alvarez Mariano
Published: April 2004

We present a simple extension of the classical Hilton-Eckmann argument which proves that the endomorphism monoid of the unit object in a monoidal category is commutative. It allows us to recover in a uniform way well-known results on the graded-commutativity of cup products defined on the cohomology theories attached to various algebraic structures, as well as some more recent results.
The equations determining intermediate integrals for Monge-Ampère PDE
Authors: Alonso-Blanco R.
Published: April 2004

In this note we will find the differential equations determining the intermediate integrals for Monge-Ampère equations in an arbitrary number of variables.
Influence of nonlinear perturbed terms on the oscillation of elliptic equations
Authors: Yamaoka Naoto , Sugie Jitsuro
Published: April 2004

Our concern is to solve the nonlinear perturbation problem for the semilinear elliptic equation

Δ
u
+
p
(
x
)
u
+
ϕ
(
x
,
u
)
=
0

\Delta u + p(x) u + \phi (x,u) = 0

in an exterior domain of

R

N

\mathbb {R}^N

with

N
≥
3

N \ge 3

. The lower limit of the nonlinear perturbed term

ϕ
(
x
,
u
)

\phi (x,u)

is given for all nontrivial solutions to be oscillatory. The tools for obtaining our theorems are the so-called “supersolution-subsolution” method and some results concerning the oscillation and nonoscillation of solutions of the ordinary differential equation associated with the elliptic equation. A simple example is given to illustrate the main results.
The 2-twist-spun trefoil has the triple point number four
Authors: Satoh Shin , Shima Akiko
Published: April 2004

The triple point number of an embedded surface in 4-space is the minimal number of the triple points on all the projection images into 3-space. We show that the 2-twist-spun trefoil has the triple point number four.
Smooth solutions to a class of free boundary parabolic problems
Authors: Baconneau Olivier , Lunardi Alessandra
Published: April 2004

We establish existence, uniqueness, and regularity results for solutions to a class of free boundary parabolic problems, including the free boundary heat equation which arises in the so-called “focusing problem” in the mathematical theory of combustion. Such solutions are proved to be smooth with respect to time for positive

t
t

, if the data are smooth.
The ABC theorem for higher-dimensional function fields
Authors: Hsia Liang-Chung , Wang Julie
Published: April 2004

We generalize the ABC theorems to the function field of a variety over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic which is non-singular in codimension one. We also obtain an upper bound for the minimal order sequence of Wronskians over such function fields of positive characteristic.
How to do a 𝑝-descent on an elliptic curve
Authors: Schaefer Edward , Stoll Michael
Published: April 2004

In this paper, we describe an algorithm that reduces the computation of the (full)

p
p

-Selmer group of an elliptic curve

E
E

over a number field to standard number field computations such as determining the (

p
p

-torsion of) the

S
S

-class group and a basis of the

S
S

-units modulo

p
p

th powers for a suitable set

S
S

of primes. In particular, we give a result reducing this set

S
S

of ‘bad primes’ to a very small set, which in many cases only contains the primes above

p
p

. As of today, this provides a feasible algorithm for performing a full

3
3

-descent on an elliptic curve over

Q

\mathbb Q

, but the range of our algorithm will certainly be enlarged by future improvements in computational algebraic number theory. When the Galois module structure of

E
[
p
]

E[p]

is favorable, simplifications are possible and

p
p

-descents for larger

p
p

are accessible even today. To demonstrate how the method works, several worked examples are included.
Koszul homology and extremal properties of Gin and Lex
Authors: Conca Aldo
Published: April 2004

For every homogeneous ideal

I
I

in a polynomial ring

R
R

and for every

p
≤
dim
⁡
R

p\leq \dim R

we consider the Koszul homology

H
i

(
p
,
R

/

I
)

H_i(p,R/I)

with respect to a sequence of

p
p

of generic linear forms. The Koszul-Betti number

β

i
j
p

(
R

/

I
)

\beta _{ijp}(R/I)

is, by definition, the dimension of the degree

j
j

part of

H
i

(
p
,
R

/

I
)

H_i(p,R/I)

. In characteristic

0
0

, we show that the Koszul-Betti numbers of any ideal

I
I

are bounded above by those of the gin-revlex

G
i
n

(
I
)

\mathrm {Gin}(I)

of

I
I

and also by those of the Lex-segment

L
e
x

(
I
)

\mathrm {Lex}(I)

of

I
I

. We show that
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="beta Subscript i j p Baseline left-parenthesis upper R slash upper I right-parenthesis equals beta Subscript i j p Baseline left-parenthesis upper R slash normal upper G normal i normal n left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis right-parenthesis">

β

i
j
p

(
R

/

I
)
=

β

i
j
p

(
R

/

G
i
n

(
I
)
)

\beta _{ijp}(R/I)=\beta _{ijp}(R/\mathrm {Gin}(I))

iff

I
I

is componentwise linear and that and
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="beta Subscript i j p Baseline left-parenthesis upper R slash upper I right-parenthesis equals beta Subscript i j p Baseline left-parenthesis upper R slash normal upper L normal e normal x left-parenthesis upper I right-parenthesis right-parenthesis">

β

i
j
p

(
R

/

I
)
=

β

i
j
p

(
R

/

L
e
x

(
I
)
)

\beta _{ijp}(R/I)=\beta _{ijp}(R/\mathrm {Lex}(I))

iff

I
I

is Gotzmann. We also investigate the set

G
i
n
s

(
I
)

\mathrm {Gins}(I)

of all the gin of

I
I

and show that the Koszul-Betti numbers of any ideal in

G
i
n
s

(
I
)

\mathrm {Gins}(I)

are bounded below by those of the gin-revlex of

I
I

. On the other hand, we present examples showing that in general there is no

J
J

is

G
i
n
s

(
I
)

\mathrm {Gins}(I)

such that the Koszul-Betti numbers of any ideal in

G
i
n
s

(
I
)

\mathrm {Gins}(I)

are bounded above by those of

J
J

.
Thomason’s theorem for varieties over algebraically closed fields
Authors: Walker Mark
Published: April 2004

We present a novel proof of Thomason’s theorem relating Bott inverted algebraic

K
K

-theory with finite coefficients and étale cohomology for smooth varieties over algebraically closed ground fields. Our proof involves first introducing a new theory, which we term algebraic

K
K

-homology, and proving it satisfies étale descent (with finite coefficients) on the category of normal, Cohen-Macaulay varieties. Then, we prove algebraic

K
K

-homology and algebraic

K
K

-theory (each taken with finite coefficients) coincide on smooth varieties upon inverting the Bott element.
Mathematical tools for kinetic equations
Authors: Perthame Benoît
Published: April 2004

Since the nineteenth century, when Boltzmann formalized the concepts of kinetic equations, their range of application has been considerably extended. First introduced as a means to unify various perspectives on fluid mechanics, they are now used in plasma physics, semiconductor technology, astrophysics, biology.... They all are characterized by a density function that satisfies a Partial Differential Equation in the phase space. This paper presents some of the simplest tools that have been devised to study more elaborate (coupled and nonlinear) problems. These tools are basic estimates for the linear first order kinetic-transport equation. Dispersive effects allow us to gain time decay, or space-timeLpL^pintegrability, thanks to Strichartz-type inequalities. Moment lemmas gain better velocity integrability, and macroscopic controls transform them into spaceLpL^pintegrability for velocity integrals. These tools have been used to study several nonlinear problems. Among them we mention for example the Vlasov equations for mean field limits, the Boltzmann equation for collisional dilute flows, and the scattering equation with applications to cell motion (chemotaxis). One of the early successes of kinetic theory has been to recover macroscopic equations from microscopic descriptions and thus to be able theoretically to compute transport coefficients. We also present several examples of the hydrodynamic limits, the diffusion limits and especially the recent derivation of the Navier-Stokes system from the Boltzmann equation, and the theory of strong field limits.
Anoxia Tolerant Brains
Authors: Nilsson Göran E. , Lutz Peter L.
Published: April 2004

While medical science has struggled to find ways to counteract anoxic brain damage with limited success, evolution has repeatedly solved this problem. The best-studied examples of anoxia-tolerant vertebrates are the crucian carp and some North American Freshwater turtles. These can survive anoxia for days to months, depending of temperature. Both animals successfully fight any major fall in brain ATP levels, but the strategies they use to accomplish this are quite divergent. The anoxic turtle suppresses brain activity to such a degree that it becomes virtually comatose. The underlying mechanisms involve closing down ion conductances and releasing GABA and adenosine. By contrast, the crucian carp remains active in anoxia, although it suppresses selected brain functions, and avoids lactate self-poisoning by producing an exotic anaerobic end-product. These animals provide unique models for studying anoxic survival mechanisms both on a molecular and physiological level.
Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow during Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Manipulation in Patients with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Methodological Study
Authors: Owler Brian K. , Pena Alonso , Momjian Shahan , Czosnyka Zofia , Czosnyka Marek , Harris Neil G. , Smielewski Piotr , Fryer Tim , Donvan Tim , Carpenter Adrian , Pickard John D.
Published: April 2004

The combination of cerebral blood flow measurement using 15O-water positron emission tomography with magnetic resonance coregistration and CSF infusion studies was used to study the global and regional changes in CBF with changes in CSF pressure in 15 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. With increases in CSF pressure, there was a variable increase in arterial blood pressure between individuals and global CBF was reduced, including in the cerebellum. Regionally, mean CBF decreased in the thalamus and basal ganglia, as well as in white matter regions. These reductions in CBF were significantly correlated with changes in the CSF pressure and with proximity to the ventricles. A three-dimensional finite-element analysis was used to analyze the effects on ventricular size and the distribution of stress during infusion. To study regional cerebral autoregulation in patients with possible normal pressure hydrocephalus, a sensitive CBF technique is required that provides absolute, not relative normalized, values for regional CBF and an adequate change in cerebral perfusion pressure must be provoked.
Scalloping of Duodenal Mucosa in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Culliford Andrea , Markowitz David , Rotterdam Heidrun , Green Peter H. R.
Published: April 2004

Scalloping of the duodenal mucosal folds is an endoscopic finding of small bowel mucosal pathology that is generally due to villous atrophy. Though it can be seen in many disease processes, it is most commonly associated with celiac disease. We report three patients with scalloping of duodenal folds and histologic confirmation of villous atrophy due to Crohn's disease. All patients had negative celiac serologies and two had positive markers for Crohn's disease (anti–Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies). Patients had either ileitis or ileocolitis in addition to duodenal abnormalities. These cases illustrate that scalloping can occur in the duodenum in Crohn's disease.
A systematic review of COX‐2 inhibitors compared with traditional NSAIDs, or different COX‐2 inhibitors for post‐operative pain
Authors: Rømsing J. , Møiniche S.
Published: April 2004

Background:  We have reviewed the analgesic efficacy of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors compared with traditional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), different COX‐2 inhibitors, and placebo in post‐operative pain.

Methods:  Randomized controlled trials were evaluated. Outcome measures were pain scores and demand for supplementary analgesia 0–24 h after surgery.

Results:  Thirty‐three studies were included in which four COX‐2 inhibitors, rofecoxib 50 mg, celecoxib 200 and 400 mg, parecoxib 20, 40 and 80 mg, and valdecoxib 10, 20, 40, 80 mg were evaluated. Ten of these studies included 18 comparisons of rofecoxib, celecoxib, or parecoxib with NSAIDs. Rofecoxib 50 mg and parecoxib 40 mg provided analgesic efficacy comparable to that of the NSAIDs in the comparisons, and with a longer duration of action after dental surgery but possibly not after major procedures. Celecoxib 200 mg and parecoxib 20 mg provided less effective pain relief. Four studies included five comparisons of rofecoxib 50 mg with celecoxib 200 and 400 mg. Rofecoxib 50 mg provided superior analgesic effect compared with celecoxib 200 mg. Data on celecoxib 400 mg were too sparse for firm conclusions. Thirty‐three studies included 62 comparisons of the four COX‐2 inhibitors with placebo and the COX‐2 inhibitors significantly decreased post‐operative pain.

Conclusion:  Rofecoxib 50 mg and parecoxib 40 mg have an equipotent analgesic efficacy relative to traditional NSAIDs in post‐operative pain after minor and major surgical procedures, and after dental surgery these COX‐2 inhibitors have a longer duration of action. Besides, rofecoxib 50 mg provides superior analgesic effect compared with celecoxib 200 mg.
Presidential Power and Political Science
Authors: HARGROVE ERWIN C.
Published: April 2004

The initial purpose of this article is to assess the enduring power of Richard E. Neustadt's 1960 book, Presidential Power. The book transformed the ways in which subsequent generations of presidential scholars thought and wrote about the presidency. It has continued to be the touchstone for scholarship. However, scholars have also qualified, modified, challenged, reformulated, and rejected Neustadt's theses. One result has been a richer literature on the presidency, which itself requires assessment.
The Office of the Staff Secretary
Authors: HULT KAREN M. , TENPAS KATHRYN DUNN
Published: April 2004

The Office of the Staff Secretary, a unit recommended by the first Hoover Commission, appeared in the White House Office in fall 1953. Since then, many of its original tasks have become the responsibility of the Office of Administration. The contemporary staff secretary serves as the “last substantive control point before papers reach the Oval Office.” In addition, the staff secretary typically supervises the Offices of the Executive Clerk, Records Management, and Correspondence. Given the pivotal place of the Office of the Staff Secretary in presidential paper flow, it handles complex policy issues and its work can be highly political. The staff secretary also must be sure that others respond to presidential directives or to questions elicited by the papers the president sees. This article sheds light on the operations of this important unit and summarizes useful approaches to the job of staff secretary.
Professional Reputation and the Neustadt Formulation
Authors: JONES CHARLES O.
Published: April 2004

This article was written for a conference at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. The purpose was to acknowledge the impact of Richard E. Neustadt's Presidential Power, first published in 1960. The article explores the concept of professional reputation, so vital to Neustadt's perspective on presidential power. Neustadt's formulation is presented as a series of propositions so as to encourage empirical research. It is then proposed that these propositions be tested with regard to statute making. A locator matrix is offered for designating research topics. Professional reputation continues to have substantial potential for contributing to our understanding of the presidency in the separated system. The original formulation has been with us now for forty years. We are beyond the time, but not the need, for it to have been systematically studied and applied.
The Office of the Press Secretary
Authors: KUMAR MARTHA JOYNT
Published: April 2004

The Press Office gathers and disseminates official White House information on behalf of the president. The Press Secretary, who heads the operation, has three constituents to respond to, but one boss to whom he or she reports: the president. His constituents are the president, the White House staff, and news organizations. The Press Secretary has four principal roles: information conduit, constituent representation, administration, and communications planning. In carrying out its tasks, the office is organized into a two‐tiered West Wing operation divided among the Upper Press and Lower Press and a unit located in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building. Tasks relating to the daily gathering and distribution of information are centered in the West Wing while the operations in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, most especially Media Affairs in the Clinton White House, are focused on contacts with specialty and out‐of‐town press.
The Law: Constitutional Understandings of the War Power
Authors: BOYLAN TIMOTHY S.
Published: April 2004

Recent war powers debates have seen the emergence of two opposing viewpoints. Those who advocate close adherence to the Constitution and who assume congressional predominance in matters of war have squared off against those who point to modern political realities that require presidential independence and power. This article argues that the resulting interpretive dichotomy is both false and unnecessary. The Constitution created a vigorous executive in the conduct of foreign affairs, checked and balanced by an equally powerful Congress. This is borne out by analysis of the language of the Constitution, by an examination of its intent, and by judicial doctrine. An additional method of interpretation, structural argument, integrates text, intent, and doctrine and provides a theoretically sound and politically feasible framework for the exercise of the war power by the political branches.
Eisenhower, King Utopus, and the Fifties Decade in America
Authors: Abbott Philip
Published: April 2004

Assessment of presidential performance across time has become a major interest of students of the office. This article examines the reassessments of Dwight D. Eisenhower as a function of contested appraisals of the 1950s. The author shows that disagreements about the normative character of the decade are so starkly drawn that the fifties mimic the basic features of Utopian discourse. As such, assessments of Eisenhower's presidency parallel, admittedly in a secluded fashion, assessments of King Utopus, the founder of Utopia, as well as other founding figures in Utopian fiction. Of course, Eisenhower was not a Utopian founder; nor was his career identical to that of King Utopus. Nevertheless, we can profitably understand the differences and fluctuations in assessments of the Eisenhower presidency by utilizing this Utopian format. Not all decades are cast in this particular framework, but the case of Eisenhower illustrates the cultural complexity of assessments of presidential leadership.
Veto Threats as a Policy Tool: When to Threaten?
Authors: Deen Rebecca E. , Arnold Laura W.
Published: April 2004

One of the most powerful tools of the president in the policy‐making process is the veto. Although presidents can veto legislation at will, the use of the veto is costly as it can be perceived as a sign of weakness. Veto threats may provide the president with a bargaining tool that relies on the power of the veto without incurring its costs. This article explores the conditions under which presidents are likely to use veto threats. The authors posit a model of presidents' use of veto threats that includes presidential resources and environmental, bargaining, and policy‐related factors. Ideas are tested on the Ford administration. It is found that the likelihood of a presidential veto threat is affected primarily by the salience of the issue and the characteristics of the bargaining process.
Five Trends in Presidential Rhetoric: An Analysis of Rhetoric from George Washington to Bill Clinton
Authors: Lim Elvin T.
Published: April 2004

Several political scientists have argued that the presidential recourse to public rhetoric as a mode of political influence in the twentieth century represents a significant departure from a pre‐twentieth‐century institutional norm where “going public” was both rare and frowned upon. This article look specifically at the changes in the substance of rhetoric that have accompanied this alleged institutional transformation. Applying computer‐assisted content analysis to all the inaugural addresses and annual messages delivered between 1789 and 2000, the author identifies and explores five significant changes in twentieth‐century presidential rhetoric that would qualifiedly support the thesis of institutional transformation in its rhetorical dimension: presidential rhetoric has become more anti‐intellectual, more abstract, more assertive, more democratic, and more conversational. The author argues that these characteristics define the verbal armory of the modern rhetorical president and suggest areas for further research.
Who Are These People?
Authors: Ferrell Robert H.
Published: April 2004

The temptation of historians and political scientists is to codify a president's actions, rather than analyze the frequently personal causes behind them. People are so difficult to judge. Some holders of the nation's highest office are nearly impossible to analyze personally, others identify themselves or their close friends do so. Of the presidents from Wilson through Eisenhower, Wilson is an easy judgment, the three Republican presidents of the 1920s are fairly easy because of the testimony of their personal physician, Franklin D. Roosevelt remains a sphinx, and Truman and to a lesser extent his successor are understandable.
The Law: The Impact of Antiterrorism Policies on Separation of Powers: Assessing John Ashcroft's Role
Authors: Baker Nancy V.
Published: April 2004

Regaining presidential prerogatives was high on the new Bush administration's agendafrom the start, but the September 11 tragedy provided the context needed to expand executive authority. U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft has emerged as a key defender of unilateral presidential power. By examining his and the Justice Department's activities in relation to Congress and the federal courts, this study considers the implications of domestic antiterrorism policies on the constitutional system of divided power. While a preliminary assessment, the study concludes that domestic antiterrorism policies do have a substantial impact on separation of powers.
Safety aspects for public access defibrillation using automated external defibrillators near high‐voltage power lines
Authors: Schlimp C. J. , Breiteneder M. , Lederer W.
Published: April 2004

Background:  Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) must combine easy operability and high‐quality diagnosis even under unfavorable conditions. This study determined the influence of electromagnetic interference caused by high‐voltage power lines with 16.7‐Hz alternating current on the quality of AEDs' rhythm analysis.

Methods:  Two AEDs frequently used in Austria were tested near high‐voltage power lines (15 kV or 110 kV, alternating current with 16.7 Hz). The defibrillation electrodes were attached either to a proband with true sinus rhythm or to a resuscitation dummy with generated sinus rhythm, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia or asystole.

Results:  Electromagnetic interference was much more prominent in a human's than in a dummy's electrocardiogram and depended on the position of the electrodes and cables in relation to the power line. Near high‐voltage power lines the AEDs showed a significant operational fault. One AED interpreted the interference as a motion artifact, even when underlying rhythms were clearly detectable. The other AED interpreted 16.7‐Hz oscillation as ventricular fibrillation with consequent shock advice when no underlying rhythm was detected.

Conclusion:  The tested AEDs neither filter nor recognize a technical interference of 16.7 Hz caused by 15‐kV power lines above railway tracks or 110‐kV overland power lines, as run by railway companies in Austria, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. These failures in AEDs' algorithms for rhythm analysis may cause substantial harm to patients undergoing public access defibrillation. The proper function of AEDs needs to be reconsidered to guarantee patients' safety near high‐voltage power lines.
The comparative hemodynamic effects of intravenous IQB‐9302 and bupivacaine in anesthetized rats
Authors: Gallego‐Sandin S. , Novalbos J. , Santos‐Ampuero M. A. , Galvez‐Mugica M. A. , Garcia A. G. , Abad‐Santos F.
Published: April 2004

Background:  The new local anesthetic IQB‐9302 is an amide derivative bearing a cyclopropyl group, with remarkable long duration of action and relative low toxicity. In trying to characterize further its safety profile, the current study compared the hemodynamic effects of different concentrations of bupivacaine and IQB‐9302 with saline.

Methods:  Two groups of eight anesthetized Sprague–Dawley rats were given 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg of intravenous (i.v.) IQB‐9302 or bupivacaine at 20‐min intervals; control animals received saline only. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored during the following 20 min.

Results:  Both bupivacaine and IQB‐9302 reduced heart rate: for bupivacaine, −73.8 beats per min (bpm) (SD: 103.8) and −132.5 bpm (SD: 140.7) at 1 and 3 mg/kg, respectively; for IQB‐9302, the reduction amounted to −40.8 bpm (SD: 14.2) and −113.5 bpm (SD: 94.2) at 1 and 3 mg/kg, respectively (baseline range, 318.7–438.2 bpm). The two drugs also produced a comparable increase in the mean arterial blood pressure; bupivacaine increased it by 8.7 mmHg (SD: 6.6) and 12.6 mmHg (SD: 15.4) at 1 and 3 mg/kg, respectively, and IQB‐9302, 18.7 mmHg (SD: 21.1) and 20.7 mmHg (SD: 20.5) at 1 and 3 mg/kg, respectively (baseline range, 47.4–134.1 mmHg). All rats treated with 10 mg/kg of either drug died after a drop in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure.

Conclusion:  IQB‐9302 had hemodynamic effects similar to those of bupivacaine in anesthetized rats. The clinical relevance of these effects warrants further investigation.
A comparison of Guatemalan and USA nurses’ attitudes towards nursing
Authors: Coverston C. R. , Harmon K. R. , Keller E. R. , Malner A. A.
Published: April 2004

Background:  Student nurses from the United States of America (USA) spent 5 weeks working with Guatemalan nurses in an acute care setting in Guatemala. This experience led to a heightened awareness of the global scope of nurses’ discontent and a desire to better understand the driving factors and drawbacks to practising nursing in both the USA and Guatemala.

Aim:  The purpose of this research was to identify those factors that discourage nurses and those that motivate nurses to continue in their practice despite the drawbacks.

Method:  Qualitative interviews using field notes were conducted with five Guatemalan and five USA nurses. Themes were derived through qualitative content analysis.

Findings:  Nurses in both the USA and Guatemala had similar reasons for choosing and staying in nursing. The different health care systems presented different problems resulting in different discontents.

Conclusion:  The two groups of nurses had much in common, especially in their reasons for staying in nursing. The Guatemalan nurses were most discontent with the lack of resources to treat patients, while the USA nurses focused on work environment drawbacks.

Implications for practice:  Strategies to support nurses and nursing in developing countries need to be developed and implemented. As nurses reach out to their colleagues in other nations, understanding our commonalities and differences will help us to support each other in improving health throughout the world.
Internationalization of higher education: potentials and pitfalls for nursing education
Authors: Allen M. , Ogilvie L.
Published: April 2004

Background:  Internationalization, an integral part of strategic planning initiatives in universities around the world, is occurring within the context of globalization. As we move toward greater internationalization in nursing education, we must understand the ideologies that currently underpin globalization and their fit with the vision and mission of nursing.

Aim:  To outline the current debates surrounding internationalization and globalization and their potential consequences for universities.

Methods:  The historical and current interest in internationalization and globalization are reviewed briefly in order to set the context for this discussion.

Conclusions:  What emerges from an analysis of current internationalization directions is the complexity of the relationship between internationalization and the conflicting ideologies underpinning globalization. Nursing can play a key role within universities to ensure that varying viewpoints are debated and the implications of varying internationalization decisions are understood.
Promotion of Safety Helmets for Child Bicyclists: 2002 Update
Authors: Coffman Sherrilyn
Published: April 2004

Purpose

(1) Current research continues to show that bicycle helmets prevent serious injury and death in cyclists of all ages. Children are at special risk for head injury. The purpose of this review was to update information on the use and protective effect of bicycle helmets for child cyclists.

Conclusions

(2) Legislation, combined with community education and helmet promotion campaigns, remains the most cost‐effective approach for increasing helmet use. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have passed helmet legislation. Modest gains in helmet‐wearing rates have been documented, with the greatest gains in young children, compared with adolescents.

Implications

(3) Nurses remain in strategic positions to encourage helmet use by educating children and parents. Nurses can participate in community‐based education and advocacy programs. Nurse researchers can carry out descriptive studies that increase community awareness of bicycle injuries and examine factors such as parental rules and adolescent risk‐taking.
Synthesis of Research Findings Regarding Alzheimer's Disease: Part III, Caregiver Burden and Care Settings
Authors: Bower Fay L. , McCullough Cyndi S. , Pille Barbara L.
Published: April 2004

(1) While Alzheimer's disease (AD) is devastating for those who acquire it, AD can be equally devastating for the caregiver, whether that person is a professional or a family member. This article contains synthesized knowledge about the effects of AD on caregivers and the attempts that have been made to create special care units, residential living facilities, and group living arrangements to meet the unique needs of AD patients and their caregivers. While the research regarding caregivers of AD patients and the attempts to provide alternatives to institutionalization are not extensive, the findings presented here have proved to be very useful as a basis for clinical practice and future research.
Veneers and Underlayments: Critical Moments and Situational Redefinition
Authors: Winship Christopher
Published: April 2004

Surface agreements about the social definition of a situation, or what Erving Goffman calls veneers of consensus, are necessary for social interaction to be coherent. But why and when do social definitions change? In this article the author examines critical moments as points at which change may potentially take place. The author suggests that change is possible when a breach has occurred — an event, action, statement which is inconsistent with the current social definition. However, change depends on whether individuals ignore the breach, oppose it, or legitimize it. The author introduces the notion of an underlayment: the attitudes, that is, the beliefs, knowledge, preferences, and normative commitments individuals have about a particular social situation. He argues that whether a particular veneer of consensus will change in the face of a breach is determined, in part, by the underlayment that supports that veneer.