bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A STANDARD INOCULUM FOR CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION IN SUBMERGED CULTURE
Authors: Steel R. , Martin S. M. , Lentz C. P.
Published: February 2010

A standard vegetative inoculum of Aspergillus niger has been developed for the submerged citric acid fermentation of sugar beet molasses. Increasing the ferrocyanide content and the pH of the seed mash, within limits, decreased the rate of development of the mold pellets whereas increasing the spore inoculum increased the rate of development. Using this "standard" inoculum, an average yield of 8.9% anhydrous citric acid (68.5% conversion of available sugar) was obtained in 116 hr. The standard deviation between runs was 4.5% of the mean citric acid yield. An abrupt breakdown of the fermentation process decreased the yield by 50% and increased the standard deviation to 28.5% of the mean yield. The breakdown was overcome by changing the sporulation medium from a chemically-defined synthetic type to a nutritionally-richer type. Results indicate that serial transfer on a synthetic medium weakened the culture and made the fermentation unstable.
STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO INSECT VIRUSES
Authors: Bird F. T. , Whalen Mary M.
Published: February 2010

Stages in the development of viruses of two Hymenopterous insects, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) and Neodiprion americanus banksianae Roh., are shown in electron micrographs of thin sections. Following swelling of the nuclei and nucleoli and coagulation of the chromatin, rod-shaped virus particles appear chiefly on the exposed surfaces of the chromatin. The chromatin of D. hercyniae often coagulates into separate lumps that suggest small polyhedra. These first produce rod-shaped particles on their exposed surfaces and later transform into recognizable polyhedra. The chromatin of N. a. banksianae is more uniformly dispersed, and polyhedra arise as thickenings within the chromatin. In the latter insect, virus particles are frequently observed within the developing polyhedra, suggesting that polyhedra are formed by the accumulation of protein around groups of virus particles. Both polyhedra and free virus particles are larger and denser in the nuclear sap than in the chromatin. Their formation continues in remnants of chromatin in nuclei otherwise filled with large polyhedra. An incidental observation is that the nuclear membranes of some nuclei are pitted with small holes.
STUDIES ON THE NUTRITION OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND CERTAIN RELATED SPECIES
Authors: Peterson E. A. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

Moderate growth of Helminthosporium sativum occurred in a simple medium with nitrate, ammonium, or amino nitrogen and was greatly improved by yeast extract. In the presence of a suitable nitrogen source ashed yeast extract also was stimulatory. Growth was markedly increased by a mixture of trace elements but was not influenced by a combination of eight known vitamins. The stimulatory effect of trace elements was noted also with different strains of H. sativum and several related species (H. biforme, H. halodes, H. setariae, H. siccans, H. victoriae). In the presence of trace elements, several amino acids, especially l-proline and dl-serine, appeared more favorable for growth of Helminthosporium than others tested. Nitrogen source as well as trace elements exerted a distinct effect on type of growth and pigmentation. Zinc appeared to be essential for growth of H. sativum; manganese, iron, and boron also may be of importance.
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF NAPHTHALENE
Authors: Strawinski R. J. , Stone R. W.
Published: February 2010

Conditions have been established for the oxidation of naphthalene by a pseudomonad based on the yields of ether extractable substances. Vigorous aeration yielded approximately three times the product obtained from unaerated controls. Oxidations with media adjusted initially to pH 8 gave higher yields than those adjusted to lower pH levels. Calcium and copper appeared to be necessary for maximum yields. Under the conditions described, the non-naphthalenic ether extractable substances amounted to as much as 29% of the original 1% naphthalene. Purification and analysis of the crude extract showed that it consisted largely of salicylic acid. Some properties of the remaining material are described.
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN MAN TO A QUADRIVALENT INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE
Authors: Buchner Barbara K. , Reid D. B. W. , Dempster G.
Published: February 2010

The antibody response to the subcutaneous inoculation of a single 1 ml. dose of a quadrivalent formalin-killed influenza virus egg vaccine has been measured. The vaccine used contained two A prime components and an A and a B component. Satisfactory responses were obtained two weeks after inoculation to the A and B components and to one of the A prime strains (FM1). A poor antibody response was noted to the other A prime strain incorporated in the vaccine (FW50). The highest levels were obtained with the Lee strain (Type B) which also stimulated an antibody rise to a recently isolated Type B strain. Antibody levels were maintained for at least 12 weeks. Treatment of the sera with RDE was found to influence the results obtained with the FM1 strain used.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORMALDEHYDE TREATMENT OF VIRAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Polley John R.
Published: February 2010

An investigation has been made of the use of formaldehyde for the preparation of stable non-infective viral antigens of influenza (PR8) and mumps (Enders). The stability of the antigen to formaldehyde treatment was influenced by the pH, the suspending medium of the virus, the formaldehyde concentration, and the duration and temperature of treatment. The following procedure was found to be the most satisfactory. The supernatant liquid of allantoic fluid which had been frozen and allowed to thaw slowly was centrifuged and the virus was resuspended in isotonic phosphate buffer at pH 6.0. A hemagglutination titer of about 10,000 was attained before the process of treatment was started. This viral antigen was filtered through coarse filter paper and treated with 0.1% formaldehyde at 45 °C. for 12 hr. The excess formaldehyde was neutralized by the addition of 0.25 cc. of 30% dibasic ammonium phosphate per 10 cc. of antigen. After 30 min. at room temperature, 5% (w/v) of arginine was added and the antigen was lyophilized in ampoules. These antigens have been found to be non-infective, satisfactory in the complement-fixation and hemagglutination-inhibition tests as specific diagnostic antigens, and show greater stability than liquid viral antigens.
CANDIDA MALICOLA, NOV. SP., ISOLATED FROM APPLES
Authors: Clark D. S. , Wallace R. H.
Published: February 2010

A new non-fermenting species of Candida has been isolated from apples. It has apiculate lemon-shaped cells which have the ability to assimilate many of the common sugars, except lactose. It is similar physiologically to C. scottii but it differs morphologically so far as to justify a new specific name, Candida malicola.
INFLUENCE OF METHYL-p-HYDROXYBENZOATE, CHLORTETRACYCLINE, AND CERTAIN TRACE METALS ON GERMINATION OF UREDOSPORES OF MELAMPSORA OCCIDENTALS JACKS.
Authors: Turel Franziska L. M.
Published: February 2010

Less than 1% of the uredospores of Melampsora occidentalis Jacks., a poplar rust, germinated on distilled water. However 31% of the spores germinated on a solution of 80 p.p.m. of methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate at the optimal temperature of 15°–16 °C. When cobalt or nickel ions were added, further increases of 4 and 14% germination were obtained. The maximum effect (60% germination) was found with optimum amounts of methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, nickel salt, and 25 p.p.m. chlortetracycline in combination, although the antibiotic and the heavy metal salt had no effect by themselves. No spore stimulation was found with compounds related to methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate and with other rust species.
SUBMERGED CITRIC ACID FERMENTATION OF SUGAR BEET MOLASSES: INCREASE IN SCALE
Authors: Steel R. , Lentz C. P. , Martin S. M.
Published: February 2010

Factors affecting the production of citric acid in the submerged fermentation of ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses by Aspergillus niger were studied in 2.5 and 36 liter fermenters. The small fermenters were used to determine the effects of changes in sterilization technique, phosphate supplement, ferrocyanide treatment, inoculum level, initial pH, fermentation temperature, and aeration rate. The relation between ferrocyanide concentration and inoculum level was also studied. Four different samples of molasses were fermented successfully. An average yield of 8.2% citric acid (64% conversion) was obtained from 51 small-scale fermentations. Comparable yields were obtained in the large fermenters under comparable conditions. Most of the information obtained with the small fermenters was applicable to the larger-scale fermenters, but in the latter the fermentation was significantly more stable. Aeration was the main problem in the scale-up and aeration rates approximately double those calculated on a fermenter cross-sectional area basis were required for comparable results in the large fermenters.
QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS: XII. CHARACTERISTICS OF VITAMIN-B12-REQUIRING BACTERIA
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Burton Margaret O.
Published: February 2010

Ten types of bacteria isolated from soil are described for which vitamin B12acts as an essential nutrilite. In addition to vitamin B12, thiamine was found to be essential for the growth of all, and biotin for eight, of the 10 forms; in two cases riboflavin acted as a growth antagonist. For nine of the organisms thymidine, with or without the addition of purine and pyrimidine bases, was unable to replace vitamin B12in promoting growth; with one organism but slight response was noted. Methionine was equally ineffective as a substitute for B12. Three of the organisms were observed to be cocci and one a pleomorphic, curved, unbranched, filamentous form producing cocci in older culture. The remaining six types, representing approximately 80% of the isolates studied, were considered to belong to the genus Arthrobacter, the findings providing further evidence of the importance of this group as members of the indigenous soil microflora.
THE ISOLATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS BY FILTRATION TECHNIQUE FROM CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: Morgante O. , Murray E. G. D.
Published: February 2010

Collection on a filter membrane as a routine culture method has proved of great advantage in the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the cerebrospinal fluid. Its use, during combined intrathecal treatment with streptomycin and Purified Protein Derivative of tuberculin, shows that the organisms persist for an unexpectedly long time in the cerebrospinal fluid. In some instances, focal reaction to P.P.D. seems to liberate tubercle bacilli from the lesions into the fluid. Direct culture of C.S.F. on Loewenstein medium gave less than two positive specimens per patient and no positive cultures later than the second week of treatment. Filtration gave more profuse growth and persistence of positive cultures during treatment for as long as 28 weeks in some cases.
ARGININE DEGRADATION BYMICROCOCCUS PYOGENESVAR.AUREUS
Authors: Jackson Albert W. , Pasieka Arthur E.
Published: February 2010

Whereas intact cells of a number of strains of M. pyogenes var. aureus rapidly degrade arginine to ornithine with no observable accumulation of citrulline, the latter amino acid is almost the sole ninhydrin-positive product of arginine degradation by acetone-dried cells of this species. Recovery of the products of arginine degradation shows that arginine is degraded to ornithine by intact cells with the liberation of two moles of ammonia and one of carbon dioxide and to citrulline by acetone-dried cells with the liberation of ammonia. It is concluded from the above observations that degradation of arginine to ornithine by M. pyogenes var. aureus proceeds via citrulline. Maximum activity of arginine-desimidase was observed at pH 6.5 and the quantity of enzyme within the cells was found to depend on the arginine concentration of the growth medium, with maximum enzyme formation at about 100 γ/ml. of arginine.
THE FORMATION OF PHOSPHORYLATED SUGARS FROMD-XYLOSE BY EXTRACTS OFPSEUDOMONAS HYDROPHILA
Authors: Hochster R. M.
Published: February 2010

The first phosphorylated product formed from D-xylose by cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas hydrophila has been shown to be D-xylulose phosphate. This and other phosphorylated compounds derived from it have been identified by chromatography using specific color sprays, by spectrophotometric analysis, and by the formation of several pure, crystalline derivatives of the free sugars after dephosphorylation with acid phosphatase. The present data support the following initial pathway of D-xylose utilization (anaerobic): D-xylose [Formula: see text]D-xylulose → D-xylulose phosphate [Formula: see text]D-ribulose phosphate [Formula: see text]D-ribose phosphate [Formula: see text] sedoheptulose phosphate.
UTILIZATION OF SODIUM CASEINATE BYLACTOBACILLUS CASEI
Authors: McDonald I. J. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Unhydrolyzed sodium caseinate, sodium α-caseinate, and sodium β-caseinate were utilized as sources of amino acids by five strains of Lactobacillus casei. Cysteine stimulated utilization of these proteins and, in its presence, the amount of growth was essentially the same with unhydrolyzed or enzymatically hydrolyzed sodium caseinate.
STUDIES WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS: I. A REAPPRAISAL OF THE VALIDITY OF THE "KITTEN TEST" AS AN INDICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN
Authors: Matheson B. H. , Thatcher F. S.
Published: February 2010

Under controlled conditions of maintenance and treatment of test cats, and with inducement of decisive vomiting as the criterion of enterotoxicity, the "Dolman kitten-test" has provided a high degree of positivity for the detection of an emetic principle in preparations from staphylococcal cultures. These conclusions are based on 315 individual cat injections. Under the conditions of these experiments and with the use of 133 control preparations, false positive reactions likely to cause confusion in normal determinative tests were not encountered.
STUDIES WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS: III. THE APPLICATION OF PAPER IONOPHORESIS TO THE RESOLUTION OF COMPONENTS OF TOXIC CONCENTRATES
Authors: Thatcher F. S. , Matheson B. H. , Simon W. R.
Published: February 2010

A substance present in culture filtrates of enterotoxigenic staphylococci that is distinct from alpha-, beta-, or delta-lysins causes vomiting; in cats when injected by the intraperitoneal route. An emetic fraction containing only vestigial traces of lysins can be resolved into three protein components and one polysaccharide by use of the Durrum ionophoresis method. The only component of this group that gave indications of enterotoxicity was a protein with specific mobility, relative to the others. Hemolytic proteins were separated by paper ionophoresis using the method of McKinley, Maw, Oliver, and Common.
DISTRIBUTION OF NUCLEI IN HYPHAL CELLS OFRHIZOCTONIA SOLANI
Authors: Sanford G. B. , Skoropad W. P.
Published: February 2010

Fixed and stained mycelium of two isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn was examined microscopically to determine the variation in the numbers of nuclei in different cells. The number of cells examined was 568, and they were of three types. The number of nuclei in the hyphal tip cells varied from 2 to 15, the majority of cells having from four to eight. In the 'Y' type of cell the number of nuclei varied from 4 to 25, and in the majority of them from 4 to 15. The number of nuclei in the unbranched type of cell varied from 3 to 19, the majority of them having from 6 to 11 nuclei. Migration of nuclei through septal pores, in the direction of growth, was observed on several occasions in vivo. Difference in number of nuclei in the various living cells is a normal condition in this fungus, and the migration of nuclei through the septal pores is given as one of the possible causes of this variability.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN POSTRADIATION TREATMENTS WITH IODOACETATE AND LIGHT
Authors: Wainwright S. D. , Nevill Ann
Published: February 2010

When ultraviolet irradiated spores of Streptomyces T12 were treated with iodoacetate for periods of up to six and a half hours and then photoreactivated, the proportion of survivors was greater than that for control spores similarly treated in distilled water. The frequencies of variant colonies from spores treated with iodoacetate and photoreactivated did not differ significantly from those obtained when spores were similarly treated in distilled water. The principal effect of iodoacetate treatment was inhibition of the loss of photoreversibility, as measured by the effect upon proportion of survivors.
ON SOME PARASITES OF PARASITIC PROTOZOA: I. SPHAERITA HOARI SP. N.—A CHYTRID PARASITIZING EREMOPLASTRON BOVIS
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: February 2010

Sphaerita hoari sp. n.—a chytrid parasitizing Eremoplastron bovis—is described with special attention given to its vegetative structures. Sphaerita-like parasites of nine species of other ciliates of the rumen of domestic ruminants are reported. It is shown that at least some of these parasites are chytrid fungi.
YELLOW CHROMOGENIC BACTERIA ON WHEAT: II. DETERMINATIVE STUDIES
Authors: James Norman
Published: February 2010

The predominant type of yellow chromogenic bacteria easily isolated from normal wheat and other seeds, and in the early literature referred to as Bacterium herbicola aureum Diiggeli, is like Xanthomonas translucens in many aspects—in morphology, colony characteristics, type of pigment, and habitat. These bacteria differ from the latter species in that they are not pathogenic and they grow moderately in a medium containing asparagine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The problem of nomenclature of these bacteria is considered. Evidence that justifies acceptance of Pseudomonas trifolii Huss as the legitimate name of the species and transference of the species to the genus Xanthomonas is presented. The name Xanthomonas trifolii (Huss) comb. nov. is proposed.
SLIDE CULTURE OF TUBERCLE BACILLI: III. ROUTINE DIAGNOSTIC TRIALS
Authors: Simpson D. M. , Reed R. W.
Published: February 2010

The adaptation of a modified slide culture technique to the routine diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is described in detail. Results of culture of 2248 specimens of sputum by this method and by conventional techniques are compared. The results demonstrate the superiority of the slide culture technique; 92.6% of positive-smear specimens yielded positive cultures, as against 70% by routine methods. Results were almost identical with both methods in the smear-negative group and an explanation of this apparent discrepancy is advanced. 100% of the (positive) slide cultures were positive by the end of 14 days, whereas controls reached 96.5% only at the end of eight weeks.
THE PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS OF BACILLUS CEREUS AND BACILLUS MEGATERIUM: II. A CORRELATION OF THE CHEMICAL WITH THE CYTOLOGICAL CHANGES OCCURRING DURING SPORE GERMINATION
Authors: Fitz-James P. C.
Published: February 2010

The oxygen uptake, the changes in the concentrations of the phosphorus (P) fractions, and the dry weights of Bacillus cereus and B. megaterium germinating in thick suspension were followed from the spore to the young vegetative cell. Parallel cytological studies were made using standard procedures of bacterial cytology. During the initial minutes of germination the dry weight of the spores fell, respiratory activity began, the concentration of cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble P rose, and the concentration of a residual P fraction insoluble in hot TCA fell. In complete media, nucleic acid synthesis began soon after this initial activation and was accompanied by an uptake of P, a further rise in the acid-soluble P, and in the rate of respiration. The cells began to recover weight. Ribosenucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was detectable by about 10 min. after inoculation and desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) synthesis by 15–20 min. Following its initial rise, the rate of RNA synthesis declined and continued parallel to that of DNA for some 10 min. During this period, the uptake of P from the medium appeared to be depressed and the spores (B. cereus) changed in shape from ovoids to short rods. After this period, the RNA synthesis was steady throughout germination. The rise of DNA, on the other hand, was continuous and steady throughout, even in cultures where growth was synchronous. The nuclear material of germinating spores grew and separated in step with the continuous rise of DNA P and the increase in cell volume was of the same order as the increase in RNA P. Under crowded conditions, or in inadequate media, germinating spores and young vegetative cells of B. cereus showed a decreased RNA/DNA ratio and accumulations of labile P. Crowded cultures of B. megaterium, on the other hand, accumulated Sudan positive (fatty) granules, but no labile P. The time required for the germinating spore to duplicate its chromatin varied in different media and could, in some instances, be shortened by subculturing. Nevertheless, the product of this time of germination and the increase in RNA during the germination period approximated to a fixed value that was independent of medium, species, or cell concentration.
A STUDY OF CERTAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING SPORULATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Miller J. J. , Calvin James , Tremaine J. H.
Published: February 2010

A decline in sporulation noted with cells from cultures aged 7–30 days was not due to a decrease in the proportion of viable cells. The optimum cell population density for sporulation in acetate solution was two to four millions per milliliter and seemed unaffected by acetate concentration. Cells from three presporulation media that allowed moderate growth sporulated poorly in acetate solution. Seven assimilable sugars stimulated sporulation at low concentration in water agar, while three non-assimilable sugars and mannitol did not. Glucose-1-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, and sodium aspartate were stimulating. The following were non-stimulating: sodium formate, sodium propionate, propionic acid, sodium oxalate, oxalic acid, sodium citrate, citric acid, aminoacctic acid, glutaric acid, indole-3-acetic acid, acetaldehydc, ethyl alcohol, histamine, glucosamine. Differences are pointed out between the chemical conditions favoring growth and sporulation.
NOUVELLE TECHNIQUE POUR L'ÉTUDE IN VIVO DE LA SENSIBILITÉ DES STAPHYLOCOQUES AUX SUBSTANCES ANTIBACTÉRIENNES: UTILISATION DE L'EMBRYON DE POULET DE 19 JOURS
Authors: Sonea Par S. , Frappier A.
Published: February 2010

The method of experimental staphylococcal infection using the 19-day-old chick embryo was adapted to the testing of antibacterial substances. This in vivo test consists in administering the antibacterial substance in the air sac of the egg, and in injecting the staphylococci into the embryo itself through the air sac. Contrary to other in vivo methods, lethal infections are easily obtained with most of the strains by injecting a very small number of staphylococci into untreated embryos; LD50 and MLD determinations are obtained at will with all Staphylococcus strains; in this experimental infection, initial toxemia is avoided because the effective inoculum is small and the red cells of the chick embryo are resistant to staphylococcal alpha-toxin. This method is an improvement over others previously described, which used rabbits or mice. The first phases of this infection could be compared in some respects with those of clinical cases. In the case of the in vitro sensitive strains, penicillin (50 units per egg) checked the infection when given at any time from the moment of inoculation up to six hours later. Two strains were penicillin resistant in vitro and in vivo but two other strains were resistant in vitro and susceptible in vivo to penicillin. Two different sulphonamides were effective against the chick-embryo infections obtained with most of the Staphylococcus strains used in this work.
EFFECT OF FERROCYANIDE ON GROWTH AND ACID PRODUCTION OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER
Authors: Martin S. M.
Published: February 2010

Growth of Aspergillus niger, in a simple synthetic medium, is inhibited by ferrocyanide ion in concentrations below 1 p.p.m. This inhibition can be reversed by increasing the iron and zinc concentration of the medium. Acid production, however, is inhibited only 50% by 200 p.p.m. ferrocyanide and this inhibition is not reversible by trace metals. Neither the inhibition of growth nor that of acid production is the result of release of cyanide from ferrocyanide. It is suggested that ferrocyanide has at least two functions in the treatment of substrates for use in the production of citric acid. The first is to remove deleterious trace metals from the medium whereas the second is to act as a direct inhibitor of growth of the mold.
THE UTILIZATION OF PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, AND INORGANIC NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS BY EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI
Authors: Jordan D. C. , Clemente C. L. San
Published: February 2010

Ammonium chloride was not utilized by three strains of Rhizobium meliloti as the sole source of nitrogen in a sucrose medium, unless either amino or certain non-nitrogenous carboxylic acids were also present. This was also essentially true for the utilization of nitrate, nitrite, purines, and pyrimidines, all of which are potentially able to form ammonia. These results may be interpreted on the assumption that washed cells of alfalfa – sweet clover rhizobia require, for growth initiation in a nitrogen-free medium, either preformed amino acids or compounds such as ammonia and certain carboxylic acids from which amino acids can be synthesized. Since α-ketoglutarate was extremely active in promoting growth in a medium containing ammonium chloride it was implied that the ammonia may be fixed by L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity, especially since this particular enzyme was located in these organisms. No aspartase activity could be demonstrated. The ineffective strain differed from the effective strains in that it was unable to use purines or pyrimidines as accessory nitrogen sources in amino acid media. This was a result of strain variation and it was not coupled with the state of ineffectiveness itself. A synthetic medium has been formulated for further growth studies on washed Rhizobium cells and for investigations on auxotrophic mutants of these bacteria.
ON SOME PARASITES OF PARASITIC PROTOZOA: II. SAGITTOSPORA CAMERONI GEN. N., SP. N.—A PHYCOMYCETE PARASITIZING OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: February 2010

A new genus and species of chytrid fungi, parasitizing Ophryoscolecidae, is described. Its spores are similar to the "peg-formed organisms" of Kirby. It is pointed out that some hyperparasitic microorganisms, hitherto classified as Microsporidia, but lacking essential characters of this order, are probably chytrid fungi, related to Sagittospora cameroni gen. et sp. nova.
ASSAY FOR CIRCULIN BASED ON THE RELEASE OF CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Colasito D. J. , Koffler Henry , Tetrault P. A. , Reitz H. C.
Published: February 2010

Circulin causes the release of cellular components from susceptible cells exposed to its action; within a given range of circulin concentrations this release is proportional to the amount of circulin present. This relationship can be used as a basis of a rapid and sensitive method for determining circulin. Inasmuch as cells on exposure to circulin release numerous compounds, various means can be used to measure this release, and the assay can be adapted to the equipment available. Two applications of this principle are described. They are based on the release from suspensions of Escherichia coli ATCC 26 of compounds that absorb radiations having a wave length of 260 mμ, or of P32-containing compounds from cells grown in a medium containing radioactive phosphate. Basically the same procedure is used for both assays: The cells are exposed to the action of various concentrations of circulin in centrifugation tubes. After two hours the cells are centrifuged down, and an aliquot of the supernatant liquid is examined either for absorption at 260 mμ, or for radioactivity. Unknown amounts can be determined by a comparison of their effectiveness in causing release of cellular materials to that of known amounts. By adjusting the initial concentrations of cells, one can vary the range of circulin concentrations over which the assay can be used. This method is more sensitive and more rapid than the filter disk – agar diffusion method of assay.
THE PROTEIN CRYSTALS OFBACILLUS THURINGIENSISBERLINER
Authors: Hannay C. L. , Fitz-James P.
Published: February 2010

On sporulation the cells of the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis contain at one end a spore and at the other end a diamond shaped crystal. A method has been developed for the separation of the alkali dispersible crystal material from spores, vegetative cell debris, and their alkali soluble components. Two methods are given for the preparation of suspensions of intact crystals free from other material. One method depends on the mechanical disruption of the spores, the other on germination and autolysis of the spore contents. After either method clean suspensions of crystals were obtained by washing and differential centrifugation. The purest preparations have yielded a substance precipitable with trichloracetic acid, possessing the ultraviolet absorption characteristics of protein, containing over 17% nitrogen and at least 17 amino acids, but no phosphorus. Examination of the crystals with the electron microscope has shown that they have a tetragonal form and possess some fine structures; no virus particles were found in alkali dispersed crystal protein.
SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS INESCHERICHIA COLV
Authors: Siminovitch L. , Graham A. F.
Published: February 2010

The utilization of some purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, and nucleotides for biosynthesis of RNA and DNA bases by E. coli was investigated by the isotopic competition technique. Adenine, adenosine, and desoxyadenosine were found to be precursors of RNA and DNA adenine and guanine. Guanine, guanosine, and desoxyguanosine were precursors of RNA and DNA guanine but contributed only to a limited extent to the synthesis of adenine. Cytosine, cytidine, desoxycytidine, cytidylic acid, uracil, uridine, and uridylic acid were effective as precursors of RNA and DNA cytosine as well as of uracil and thymine. No incorporation of thymine or thymidine was detectable by the method.
SPECIFICITY OF BACTERIAL VIRUS FOR XANTHOMONAS TRIFOLII
Authors: James Norman , Roslycky E. B.
Published: February 2010

A virus that lysed its homologous culture was obtained in 20 out of 29 attempts by inoculating wheat with different cultures of Xanthomonas trifolii. Each virus lysed, in addition, certain but in no case all other cultures. A composite virus-filtrate lysed all 29 cultures and 157 of 191 additional isolates obtained from various kinds of cultivated seeds. It did not lyse any of the 18 cultures of X. translucens nor any of 17 other recognized species or subspecies.
THE SELECTIVE ENUMERATION OF ACTINOMYCETES IN THE PRESENCE OF LARGE NUMBERS OF FUNGI
Authors: Corke C. T. , Chase F. E.
Published: February 2010

In response to a need for an actinomycete plating medium that would effectively inhibit fungi, two substances were tested — sodium propionate and the antibiotic cycloheximide (Acti-dione). Cycloheximide proved superior to the propionate. Five micrograms of cycloheximide per ml. of agar medium greatly reduced radial growth of fungal colonies, 40 μgm. almost completely prevented fungal growth, yet even 100 μgm. showed no inhibition of any of 85 actinomycete cultures isolated from agricultural and forest soil on media free of inhibitor. The concentration selected as most suitable for routine use was 40 μgm. of cycloheximide per ml. of agar medium, added just prior to the pouring of the plates.
THE APPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES TO THE STUDY OF ACID-FAST MICROORGANISMS FROM TUBERCULOUS PATIENTS
Authors: Hnatko Stephen I.
Published: February 2010

The bacteriophage pattern of 24 classified acid-fast microorganisms is presented and compared to that of a group of unclassified mycobacteria isolated from tuberculous patients. Of 33 unclassified acid-fast cultures studied 24 (73%) were typed satisfactorily; these comprised 93% of the cultures isolated from gastric lavage, 75% of those isolated from urine, and 29% from sputum. The majority of these fell into a Mycobacterium smegmatis phage pattern.
PATHOGENICITY OF TYROSINASE-DEFICIENT MUTANTS OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES
Authors: Gregory K. F. , Vaisey E. B.
Published: February 2010

Natural and X-ray induced mutations rendered strains of Streptomyces scabies simultaneously tyrosinase-deficient and unable to form a "brown-ring" in skim milk. These results and the presence of the tyrosinase reaction in each of 80 brown-ring positive streptomycetes tested were considered to indicate the identity of the brown-ring test and the tyrosinase reaction. All 12 tyrosinase-deficient mutants tested were virulent for Katahdin potatoes in controlled greenhouse tests.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS ON INFECTION OF WHEAT BY XANTHOMONAS TRANSLUCENS
Authors: Hagborg W. A. F.
Published: February 2010

Seedlings were grown in plexiglas culture vessels containing Shive's four-salt solution with trace elements added. Single antibiotics in various concentrations were added to the culture solution. Streptomycin and chloramphenicol increased the resistance of Thatcher wheat to infection by Xanthomonas translucens (S.J. & R.) Hagb., but additions of actidione (cycloheximide), griseofulvin, and neomycin failed to do so. The dry weight per plant was reduced by all of the antibiotics even when the antibiotic had no apparent effect on the rate or amount of disease development. The reduction in weight was least with neomycin and greatest with the higher concentrations of three forms of streptomycin tested. Chloramphenicol reduced dry weight appreciably even though infection was controlled. The induction of resistance appears to be closely related to phytotoxicity and to the sensitivity of the pathogen to the same antibiotic.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE ANTIGENIC RESPONSE TO PERTUSSIS VACCINE
Authors: Taylor E. M. , Moloney P. J. , Reid D. B. W.
Published: February 2010

Five methods which might be used for measuring the effectiveness of pertussis vaccines were compared using three vaccines. The methods did not yield the same relative results. It is highly probable that a mechanism other than humoral antibodies plays an important part in the mouse protection test since by this test the vaccines were graded differently than by a test depending on passive protection.
TAXONOMY OF LOPHOMONAS N. GEN.
Authors: Galarneault Thomas P. , Leifson Einar
Published: February 2010

A study has been made of 25 strains of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria with lophotrichous flagella and no effect on carbohydrates. These bacteria are often found in human stools and blood, and in water of various kinds. Except for the flagellation, they are very similar to Alcaligenes species. The flagella are very characteristic, resembling those of spirilla. The wave length of the polar flagella averages 3.10 μ. with an average amplitude of 1.08 μ. One strain, H-261, is genetically unstable and mutates through various intermediary stages to a genetically stable peritrichous type. The peritrichous (or nonpolar) flagella have several curves and a wave length of about 1 μ. The group showed considerable somatic and flagellar antigenic heterogeneity. All the strains studied appear sufficiently similar to be classified into one species. The name Lophomonas alcaligenes n. gen. is suggested for the group.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CERTAIN INSECT PATHOGENS RELATED TO BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Angus T. A.
Published: February 2010

The insect pathogens Bacillus sotto Ishiwata and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner can be differentiated by means of certain cultural and morphological differences, and by a quantitative difference in pathogenicity for the larvae of Bombyx mori L., B. sotto being the more pathogenic. They are also pathogenic for the larvae of several North American Lepidoptera including Anisota rubicunda (F.), Anisota senatoria (A. and S.), Nymphalis antiopa (L.), Erannis tiliaria (Harr.), Datana integerrima (G. and R.), Datana ministra (Drury), Liparis dispar L., Protoparce quinquemaculata (Haw.), and Protoparce sexta (Johan.). Silkworm larvae ingesting material from a sporulated culture of B. sotto become sluggish, cease feeding, and suffer from a progressive paralysis that begins in the mid-gut area, spreads to affect the whole larva, and ends in death.
ANAEROBIC CONVERSION OFD-XYLOSE TO TRIOSE PHOSPHATE AND HEXOSE PHOSPHATE BY EXTRACTS OF PSEUDOMONAS HYDROPHILA
Authors: Hochster R. M. , Stone B. A.
Published: February 2010

By analysis of reaction mixtures containing D-xylose, adenosinetriphosphate, and cell-free sonic extracts of Pseudomonas hydrophila, evidence has been obtained for the formation of triose and hexose phosphate is under anaerobic conditions. The hexose phosphate fraction was shown to be a mixture of fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate by chromatographic and by enzymatic methods. The time course of the formation and disappearance of pentose, heptulose, triose, and hexose phosphate intermediates was also determined. These data, together with the results of previous work from this laboratory, have been combined to present an over-all scheme of enzymatic reactions for the anaerobic conversion of D-xylose to triose and hexose phosphates.
PROGRESS IN MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY, 1915–1955
Authors: Garrod L. P.
Published: February 2010

The main advances in medical bacteriology during the past forty years are reviewed under six headings. Some new species have been discovered, but much more has been done in subdividing existing species with benefit to therapeutics and epidemiology. The chief advances in technique have been the introduction of electron microscopy and of many highly selective culture media. The study of bacterial metabolism has grown into a new branch of the science, and has provided a rational approach to new forms of chemotherapy. There has been little advance in the understanding of immunity, but methods of immunization have been greatly improved and extended. Finally, the discovery of the therapeutic action first of the sulphonamides and then of the antibiotics has not only revolutionzed therapeutics but given a new direction to laboratory work, and increased both its volume and its complexity.
QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Burnet F. M.
Published: February 2010

There are four types of response to an antigen: the production of classical antibody; the induction of hay fever type of hypersensitivity; the induction of tuberculin type of hypersensitivity; and the induction of specific immunological tolerance. Since the formation of antibody of some kind appears to be associated with the first three types of response, and the inhibition of antibody formation with immunological tolerance, any hypothesis of antibody formation must be consistent with what is known about all four responses. A reasonable consistency may be achieved by postulating the existence in the cell of endogenously produced 'genocopies' of certain proteins, which act as templates and determine the configuration of the proteins as they are synthesized; when a genocopy is modified by contact with antigen, protein will be synthesized with the specific complementary pattern of an antibody. The interference with this synthesis during embryonic life by entry into the cell of macromolecules objectionable to it, results in intracellular antibody and self-replicating mechanism for its further production—a system that can deal with all such macromolecules at the intracellular level; this corresponds to specific immune tolerance. When antigenic material enters body cells after birth, the same response occurs but there is in addition a transfer of the self-replicating mechanisms to cells of the lymphoid system with a consequent output of extracellular antibody—the classical antibody response. The hypersensitivity responses are intermediate in kind, and differ according to the transferability of the self-replicating mechanism, the amount of antibody released into the body fluids, and the readiness with which the antibody becomes attached to the tissue cells.
THE STAPHYLOCOCCUS: SEVEN DECADES OF RESEARCH (1885–1955)
Authors: Dolman C. E.
Published: February 2010

The development of researches into Staphylococcus pyogenes is viewed in historical perspective at decade intervals over the period 1885–1955. Beginning when Lister's antiseptic spray ritual was about to be abandoned, the sequence of discoveries and attitudes is traced full cycle to the impending disenchantment with bacteriostatic agents. The early recognition of staphylococcal toxins was submerged by Metchnikoff's theories on phagocytosis, and Wright's on opsonins. The Bundaberg disaster drew attention again to the exotoxins; but almost simultaneously, Fleming's earlier work on the damaging effects of chemical antiseptics upon leucocytes culminated fortuitously in his discovery of penicillin. Before the antigenic properties of staphylococcus toxins could be exploited in a thorough clinical trial of toxoid and antitoxin, the sulphonamide and antibiotic era was upon us. Indiscriminate use of these agents inevitably provoked resistance to them by this versatile and ubiquitous pathogen, and led to the present mounting alarm at the intractability and prevalence of staphylococcal infections.
ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Seeliger H. P. R. , Sulzbacher F.
Published: February 2010

The antigenic relationships between the different serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated by means of agglutination, agglutinin-absorption, precipitation, and complement fixation tests. Reciprocal cross-reactions were demonstrated with serotypes 1, 2, and 3 of L. monocytogenes and many S. aureus strains, but not with serotypes 4a and 4b, using O suspensions of L. monocytogenes and autoclaved suspensions of S. aureus. Soluble heat-stable polysaccharide extracts, on the contrary, were quite specific in precipitin tests. Antisera against L. monocytogenes type 3 cross-precipitated unilaterally extracts of most S. aureus strains. In the absence of clear-cut serological species specificity in these two microorganisms, in their reactions with rabbit antisera, and with human sera from suspected cases of listeriosis, there is need for caution in the interpretation of positive serological tests as an aid to diagnosis.
L'IMMUNITÉ DANS LES INFECTIONS STAPHYLOCOCCIQUES : 1. ACTION DE L'ANTITOXINE CONTRE UNE INFECTION BACTÉRIENNE EXPÉRIMENTALE
Authors: Frappier A. , Sonea S.
Published: February 2010

Using the intracerebral route in mice immunized with commercial antitoxin, complete or significant protection was obtained for the first time at will against lethal doses of living staphylococci. The protection was effective against the five staphylococcus strains used. The mechanism of this experimental infection was partially studied in normal and in immunized mice by counting at variable intervals the living bacteria at the inoculation point (brain) and in the blood. A moderate bacteraemia was present immediately after the inoculation, decreased later to few bacteria per drop of blood, and eventually disappeared. This bacteraemia was not influenced by the presence of the antitoxin. At the inoculation point, a marked decrease in the number of staphylococci was evident immediately after the injection of the bacteria, and one hour later. The antitoxin had no appreciable effect on this phenomenon. The local multiplication following the above mentioned decrease in the number of staphylococci was moderate and was not checked by the antitoxin. Mortality in unprotected animals seems to be caused by staphylococcal toxins liberated in greater quantity by the increased number of living staphylococci found about the fourth hour after inoculation.
THE OCCURRENCE OF BACTERIA OF THE ARIZONA GROUP IN MAN
Authors: Edwards P. R. , McWhorter Alma C. , Fife Mary A.
Published: February 2010

The occurrence of bacteria of the Arizona group in man is summarized. Of 87 cultures isolated from man, only 8 were derived from asymptomatic persons whereas 23 were derived from blood and localized infections. Two serotypes, 7:1,2,6 and 10:1,2,5, accounted for more than 50% of the cultures of human origin. Comments are made on the behavior of the organisms in man and the lower animals.
THE IMPORTANCE OF URINARY ANTIBODIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
Authors: Stuart R. D.
Published: February 2010

Low-titer antibodies have been found with great regularity in the urine of patients suffering from Weil's disease (Leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagiae). These antibodies were present in a majority of patients by the 10th day of illness and were almost invariably found in the second and third weeks of disease. Removal of antibodies from the urine by absorption on heat-killed non-virulent L. icterohaemorrhagiae significantly increased the number of successful isolations by guinea pig inoculation. Non-specific adsorption of the urinary protein by kaolin was also effective in reducing the antibody titer and this is suggested as a more generally applicable technique.The urinary antibodies were often detected in the absence of a clinically demonstrable proteinuria. This was found to be due to the relatively larger proportion of globulin excreted by the kidney. In the absence of any gross proteinuria, antibodies to the infecting leptospiral serotype were dominant in the urine, both in human infections with L. icterohaemorrhagiae and in canine infections with L. canicola. Thus the remarkable specificity of the urinary antibodies was very helpful in determining the type of infecting leptospira when ordinary serological tests gave confusing cross agglutinations. Speculation on the phenomenon led to the suggestion that it might be due rather to a qualitative difference between specific and non-specific antibodies than to local production of specific antibodies in the kidney itself.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIONS IN TISSUE CULTURES OF MONKEY KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS INFECTED WITH POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Beale A. J. , Stevens Patricia F. , Davis Norma , Stackiw W. , Rhodes A. J.
Published: February 2010

A cytoplasmic inclusion body has been found in the epithelial cells of monkey kidney grown in tissue culture and infected with poliomyelitis virus. This inclusion is at first closely applied to the nucleus, and later develops into a clearly demarcated structure. The nucleus is pushed to the periphery of the cell and becomes pyknotic. Finally, the cytoplasm around the inclusion becomes vacuolated, and the cell breaks up at about the time virus first appears in the fluid part of the infected tissue cultures. Multiple small intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies have also been found in some cells that contain cytoplasmic inclusions.
PHASE VARIATION OF THE NINE MILE AND OTHER STRAINS OF RICKETTSIA BURNETI
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. , Fiset P.
Published: February 2010

The classical Nine Mile strain of Rickettsia burneti, which had been maintained in guinea pigs since first isolation, was adapted to growth in yolk sacs. Despite abundant rickettsiae, antigens prepared from each of the first seven yolk sac passages failed to react in complement fixation tests with homologous Q fever antisera. The antisera did react, however, with antigens prepared from the eighth and subsequent passages. This change in behavior during egg adaptation, which resembles that found previously with freshly isolated strains, is termed "phase variation". Rickettsiae in an early stage of egg adaptation which fail to fix complement with antisera are called Phase 1; after further egg adaptation and the development of ability to react with antiserum, they are termed Phase 2. Strains in Phase 2 rapidly reverted to Phase 1 after inoculation into guinea pigs, mice, or hamsters, and naturally occurring strains from a sheep's placenta, cows' milk, and ticks were also found to be in Phase 1. It is possible that all strains used for preparing stock complement fixing antigens are laboratory variants in Phase 2 obtained through multiple yolk sac passages.