bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pushing the Boundaries: Rethinking International Law in Light of Cosmopolitan Obligations to Developing Countries
Authors: Mayeda Graham
Published: June 2019

This article argues for a change in the normative assumptions of international law so as to attenuate the historical marginalization of developing countries. It describes a form of collective responsibility called “cooperative cosmopolitanism” that requires individuals and states to take responsibility for harms to those beyond their borders. Cooperative cosmopolitanism entails obligations shared by all that are realized collectively and cooperatively. Taking a phenomenological approach and relying on examples of areas of international law (especially international investment law) that have a disproportionately negative impact on developing countries, the article suggests five ways in which international law should evolve in order to take better account of our cosmopolitan obligations: (1) widening the ambit of international law beyond state-based issues; (2) de-emphasizing state practice andopinio jurisas criteria for creating international law; (3) recognizing an increased role for equity in international law; (4) broadening state responsibility to include harms caused by their nationals abroad; and (5) articulating a cosmopolitan understanding of the responsibility to protect foreign nationals.
The Definition of Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Living Modified Organisms in Light of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Authors: Espinosa Juan-Francisco Escudero
Published: June 2019

The concept of risk requires preventative measures as well as measures of liability and redress in the case that damage is actually caused. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosecurity limits itself in Article 27 to the establishment of a mandate for the elaboration of norms and procedures in regard to liability and redress. The fulfillment of this mandate requires, first, a definition of the concept of damage to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; second, a survey of the extent of damage to health; and, third, the consideration of socio-economic aspects. In this context, this article analyzes the concept of damage in the international instruments that deal with this material, taking into account levels of implantation. The article concludes by presenting a definition of damage for use in the context of the development of the content of Article 27, using an administrative focus in regard to the concept of damage for civil liability in domestic law.
Canada’s Role in the International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam
Authors: Dai Poeliu
Published: June 2019

The search for some means to terminate the Vietnam conflict by negotiation has given rise to certain anomalies in the application of the law and procedure of the United Nations and of the existing regional arrangements affecting Southeast Asia. It has also revealed the existence of a lacuna in the provisions of these international instruments governing the discharge of peacekeeping functions. This, however, is not the case in respect of the International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam which constitutes the only tangible instrument of the Geneva settlement specifically created to fulfil, on a continuous basis, the tasks of control, observation, inspection, and investigation connected with the application of the Cease-fire Agreement for Vietnam.
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State for Serious Violations of International Human Rights Law or the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Mora Paul David
Published: June 2019

In its recent decision in Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy: Greece Intervening), the International Court of Justice (ICJ) held that Italy had failed to respect immunities enjoyed by Germany under international law when the Italian courts allowed civil actions to be brought against Germany for alleged violations of international human rights law (IHRL) and the law of armed conflict (LOAC) committed during the Second World War. This article evaluates the three arguments raised by Italy to justify its denial of immunity: first, that peremptory norms of international law prevail over international rules on jurisdictional immunities; second, that customary international law recognizes an exception to immunity for serious violations of IHRL or the LOAC; and third, that customary international law recognizes an exception to immunity for torts committed by foreign armed forces on the territory of the forum state in the course of an armed conflict. The author concludes that the ICJ was correct to find that none of these arguments deprived Germany of its right under international law to immunity from the civil jurisdiction of the Italian courts.
La navigation aérienne et le bruit
Authors: Pourcelet Michel
Published: June 2019

Le Progrès a ses servitudes: le bruit en est une, et il connaît un développement intimement lié à l’accroissement prodigieusement rapide des techniques modernes. Constitue-t-il une “tare” de cette évolution technique? On serait tenté de le penser à la lecture des articles de revues qui lui sont consacrés, sans oublier les chroniques judiciaires qui laissent entrevoir le “malaise social” véritable créé par le bruit et qui nécessite de plus en plus l’intervention des pouvoirs publics pour l’enrayer. A cet égard, il est intéressant de noter que deux “guerres” sont menées contre le bruit, l’une essentiellement psychologique et visant à faire accepter le bruit par ceux qui en subissent les méfaits en leur expliquant qu’ils participent au développement d’un monde sans cesse en progres et que les “inconvénients normaux” causés par le bruit des avions est un mal nécessaire: le transport aérien est un service public d’intérêt général et son développement ne peut être entravé par des considérations pécuniaires. L’autre attitude est moins libérale: elle semble prendre seulement en considération l’existence de ce fléau cause de dommages tant materiels que physiques et moraux. S’il est vrai que l’esprit de compréhension et de tolérance existe parfois, le degré de tolérance a ses limites. Certaines grandes villes l’ont compris en prenant des arrêtés municipaux assortis de pénalités visant ceux qui troublent la tranquillité et la paix du voisinage par un bruit excessif. Cependant, si le bruit des villes est continu et semble être devenu un phènoméne ennemi avec lequel il faut vivre et composer, le bruit créé par les nouveaux types d’appareils à réaction (commerciaux et militaires) semble l’emporter sinon en fréquence ou en étendue du moins en intensité.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Authors: MacDonald R. St.J.
Published: June 2019

By Resolution 2062 (XX) of December 16, 1965, the United Nations General Assembly requested the Economic and Social Council to transmit to the Commission on Human Rights a proposal by Costa Rica to create the post of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, so that the Commission might study the matter and report on it to the General Assembly at its twenty-first session in 1966. The Commission on Human Rights considered the item in March 1966, and by resolution 4 (XXII) established a Working Group comprising nine members of the Commission to study the proposed institution and to report to the Commission at its twenty-third session in 1967. The item was not taken up by the Third Committee during the Assembly’s twenty-first session in 1966, partly because background studies on the subject had not been completed, and partly because the Committee had allocated most of its time to the task of completing measures of implementation for the two International Covenants on Human Rights.
Foreign Investment Disputes: Access of Private Individuals to International Tribunals
Authors: Atkey Ronald G.
Published: June 2019

The increase in private international investment since the Second World War has given rise to a substantial number of disputes, often of a most complex nature. A private investor in a foreign land might be subject to certain governmental activities which tend to undermine his investment and provoke a subsequent legal claim. Expropriation and nationalization, currency and exchange restrictions, discriminatory taxation, export and import quotas, and political and economic harassment are types of governmental activity that have given rise to disputes in the past. Governments have traditionally defended many such activities as necessary measures to curb excessive resource exploitation and to deter the promotion of foreign investment schemes inconsistent with national interests.
Fact Finding and the World Court
Authors: Foster W. F.
Published: June 2019

The relationship of state sovereignty and the jurisdiction of international tribunals presents one of the main problems in the law of international adjudication. Submission to the jurisdiction of a tribunal implies a partial surrender of sovereignty. The extent of the surrender may be said to be proportionate to the degree of discretion open to the tribunal concerned when deciding a case submitted to it. The present study will deal with an important aspect of this judicial freedom of determination, namely, the extent to which the World Court can seek to discover the facts and circumstances of a dispute independently of the evidence and information brought before it voluntarily by the parties.
International Control of Narcotic Drugs and International Economic Law
Authors: Samuels J. W.
Published: June 2019

For over fifty years there has been international co-operation in the control of narcotic drugs. This co-operation has expanded in scope and depth as the years have passed since January 23, 1912, when the International Opium Convention was signed at The Hague. Four more conventions and three protocols deal with the international control of narcotics, and two agreements aim at suppressing opium-smoking in the Far East. The most recent convention, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs signed at New York on March 30, 1961, does little to advance the steps already taken but rather consolidates much of the work accomplished in the preceding years.
International Pipelines: Canada-United States
Authors: Ballem John Bishop
Published: June 2019

For more than a quarter century, large-diameter pipeline systems have been crossing and recrossing the international boundary between Canada and the United States as though that political demarcation line did not exist. Over the years these pipelines have carried large volumes of Canadian oil and gas to American markets and two of them, Interprovincial Pipe Line Limited in the case of oil, and TransCanada PipeLines Limited in the case of natural gas, have also moved Canadian source oil and gas through the United States to reach markets in eastern Canada.
Les accords bilatéraux régissant la pêche étrangère dans les eaux canadiennes
Authors: Leger Georges Antoine
Published: June 2019

Entre le 2 décembre 1975 et le 28 avril 1978, à la suite d’un défilé de négociations sans précédent dans le domaine des pêches internationales, dix accords bilatéraux ont été signés par le Canada avec les pays pratiquant la pêche dans les eaux canadiennes. Ces accords concrétisent sur le plan bilatéral le consensus qui s’est dégagé à la Troisième Conférence des Nations-Unies sur le droit de la mer au sujet des droits de pêche dans la zone économique exclusive. Au moment de la rédaction de ces lignes, ces accords sont les seuls à être greffés à ce consensus, un accord avec les Etats-Unis ayant été dénoncé par le Canada; un accord avec la Communauté économique européenne est en cours de négociation: un projet d’accord comportant certains éléments de réciprocité pour les eaux des pays de la CEE dans l’Atlantique nord-ouest a été soumis aux gouvernements pour leur approbation.
L’accord-cadre entre le Canada et les Communautés européennes: une première juridique
Authors: Grenon Jean-Yves
Published: June 2019

“Les événements m’ont enseigné que la nature humaine se découvre faible et imprévisible lorsque les règles lui manquent et que les institutions défaillent.” (Jean Monnet)

Lorsque le 6 juillet 1976 le Canada et les Communautés européennes signaient un accord-cadre de coopération commerciale et économique, le fait passait pratiquement inaperçu dans les annales juridiques canadiennes. Pourtant, cet instrument — en apparence anodin — représente un élément significatif dans le développement progressif du droit des relations extérieures de la CEE et sa mise en oeuvre au Canada pourrait bien ouvrir de nouvelles voies de coopération non seulement avec l’Europe mais également entre les gouvernements de la fédération. Après avoir rappelé les fondements du droit communautaire en matière de relations extérieures, en particulier ce qui a trait au “treaty-making power,” nous analyserons les dispositions de l’accord pour ensuite en dégager la portée juridique tant au plan communautaire qu’au plan canadien, l’accent étant mis sur l’obligation de consulter dans le cadre du Comité mixte (créé en vertu de l’Article 4).
High Resolution Maps of the Crab Nebula at 2700 MHz and 5000 MHz
Authors: Wilson A. S.
Published: June 2019

This paper describes some new maps of the Crab nebula made with the One Mile radio telescope. Branson (1965) used this instrument to map the nebula at 1400 MHz. It is now operating at 2700 MHz and 5000 MHz and, for the Crab nebula, the half power beamwidth is 6′ x 16′ at the higher frequency.
Radio Observations of the Crab Nebula Pulsar
Authors: Drake F. D.
Published: June 2019

The radio properties of the Crab Nebula pulsar are reviewed. The pulsar lies at the centre of the Crab Nebula and has a period of 33 msec. Its increase in period with time releases an amount of energy which is equal in magnitude to the total radiated power. Instabilities in the period of the Crab pulsar have been discovered with timescales ranging from days to months. The length of the pulse increases at longer wavelengths due apparently to multipath propagation effects. A characteristic of the Crab pulsar is the great intensity of the occasional pulse.
Timing of Optical Pulses from the Crab Nebula Pulsar
Authors: Boynton P. E. , Groth E. J. , Partridge R. B. , Wilkinson David T.
Published: June 2019

Timing the arrival of optical pulses from NP 0532 is a potentially important tool for studying the physics of this fascinating object. However, there are some difficulties in interpreting the data in terms of physical models. Some progress has been made on understanding the largest effect – the pulsar braking mechanism. The glitch of late September, 1969 can be interpreted as the speed-up, and subsequent relaxation, of the rotation of a neutron star crust. An alternate explanation is that of a planet in an eccentric orbit. Both models fit the rather meager data near the event. A small sinusoidal effect is indicated in a relatively quiet period of the data.
Synchrotron Radiation in High Magnetic Fields
Authors: Falla D. F. , Evans A.
Published: June 2019

We suggest that if there exist within the Crab Nebula localised condensations of material containing high magnetic fields, (≫ 1 G), the rapidly evolving synchrotron radiation power spectrum emitted by a single electron can give a radiation continuum with a spectral index having a unique value similar to that observed in the optical and low-energy X-ray regions. One implication of this result is that a simple comparison between the observed fluxes of optical and gamma radiation emitted by the Nebula is no longer meaningful, so that one cannot draw any immediate conclusion regarding the fundamental mechanism of electron and gamma ray production.
Physics of the Neutron Star
Authors: Cameron A. G. W.
Published: June 2019

Some characteristics of neutron star models are described. These include: the physics of the crystalline crust, the superfluid properties of the neutrons and protons, and the presence of rotational vortices in these superfluids. The possible relationship of some of these properties to the behavior of the Crab Nebula pulsar is described.
A Magnetic Dipole Model for the Crab Explosion
Authors: Ostriker J. P.
Published: June 2019

Dr. Ostriker suggested that the main features of the Crab Nebula, in particular the value of its magnetic field and the energy of the particles, could be derived very simply and directly from the known characteristics of the pulsar. The link was through the radiation from a spinning dipole. The following summary was prepared by the Editors.
Selected topics on the evolution of low and intermediate mass stars
Authors: Renzini Alvio
Published: June 2019

Among the many aspects of the evolution of low and intermediate mass stars, two representative topics are selected for this review: the question why stars become red giants, and the problem of the age determination of galactic globular clusters. Concerning the first topic, it is shown that this happens because of a thermal instability taking place in the stellar envelopes, and the physical nature of this instability is identified. Several ramifications of these findings are then briefly mentioned. Concerning the second topic, the Oosterhoff-Sandage effect is briefly described, together with its implications for the age estimates and the problems rised by its interpretation in terms of evolutionary models. In this connection, it is suggested that an enhanced overall abundance of the elements CNO and Ne may solve these problems, although further evolutionary calculations are required before reaching firm conclusions. It is also amphasized for both topics the important role played by the metal contribution to the radiative opacity at middle temperatures.
Solar constraints
Authors: Provost Janine
Published: June 2019

Accurate tests of the theory of stellar structure and evolution are available from the Sun's observations. The solar constraints are reviewed, with a special attention to the recent progress in observing global solar oscillations. Each constraint is sensitive to a given region of the Sun. The present solar models (standard, low Z, mixed) are discussed with respect to neutrino flux, low and high degree five-minute oscillations and low degree internal gravity modes. It appears that actually there do not exist solar models able to fully account for all the observed quantities.
Grain sedimentation and main sequence evolution
Authors: Lattanzio John
Published: June 2019

Under the assumption that grain sedimentationcan lead to an enhancement of heavy elements in the central regions of proto-stars, we present the evolution of stellar models with metal-rich cores. The resulting isochrones can explain the “double-gap” clusters NGC2420 and NGC2506, without destroying the agreement for other clusters.
Rotation of B-type stars as an indicator of star formation mechanisms
Authors: Guthrie B.N.G.
Published: June 2019

Differences in the distributions of v sin i for various samples of B-type stars may reflect different mechanisms of star formation. The overall distribution of v sin i for late B-type stars in clusters at low galactic latitudes is bimodal, but normal class V field stars may have a Maxwellian distribution of v. The spin axes of stars in tightly bound clusters may be preferentially aligned perpendicular to the galactic plane. Early B-type stars in the youngest subgroups of associations may have a Maxwellian distribution of v, but there is a prominent excess of slow rotators among stars in older subgroups and field stars. This excess cannot be entirely accounted for by tidal or magnetic braking during main-sequence evolution.
UBV photometry of NGC 581
Authors: Osman A. , Khalil A. , Aiad A. , Marie M.
Published: June 2019

NGC 581 was studied using new plates taken by the Kottamia 74′ telescope and measured by the Helwan Iris photometer. A mean value of 3.13×107 years and 2334 pcs were found for the age and distance of the cluster respectively. The cluster has an evolved giant branch.
The luminosity function of the SMC clusters NGC152 and K3
Authors: Kontizas M. , Kontizas E. , Stewart N.
Published: June 2019

In a previous investigation of the Luminosity Functions (LF) it was found that some SMC clusters show significant characteristics like the very large number of stars at Mv = O. Omag and a gap just below the Horizontal Branch (HB) like feature of their colour-magnitude (c-m) diagram (Kontizas and Kontizas, 1982).
A non-explanation of the Sandage effect: [CNO/Fe] ≠ 0
Authors: Rood Robert T.
Published: June 2019

In the log Te, log P' plot for RR Lyrae variables Sandage (1981) has noted that at a given color the period of the variables decreases as cluster metalicity increases. In particular the variables in M3 were shifted in log P' by 0.065 days compared to M15. The only explanation he could find for this shift was that Y in M3 was 0.05 less than in M15 and thus anticorrelated with Z. I have investigated the possibility that the shift is due to variations in [CNO/Fe]. At least for the range of [CNO/Fe] considered, it does not seem possible to explain the shift at constant Y.
On the termination of asymptotic giant branch evolution
Authors: Wood P. R. , Faulkner D. J.
Published: June 2019

The evolution of planetary nebula (PN) nuclei has been studied at masses of 0.60, 0.70 and 0.76 M⊙, and for the ejection of the PN at various phases of a helium shell flash cycle. The evolution at high luminosities takes longer for nuclei resulting from PN ejection at shell flash peak than it does for those resulting from ejection in the inter-flash phase. Comparison of our calculations with various observational results does not allow us to reach any definite conclusions regarding the phase of the shell flash cycle at which PN ejection occurs.
The H-R diagram of O-type subdwarfs
Authors: Drilling J. S. , Schönberner D.
Published: June 2019

A spectroscopic survey by Drilling (1983) of non-emission OB+ stars in the Case-Hamburg survey and its extension to b = ±30° for 1 = ±60° has turned up 12 hot, relatively bright O-type subdwarfs (V<13). Drilling's survey covers more than 13 times the area of the south galactic polar survey of Slettebak and Brundage (1971), but has revealed only the hottest and/or hydrogen-poor objects because only the weakest-lined 0-and B-type stars were observed. We have observed all of these stars in the large-aperture, low-resolution mode of the IUE satellite. A full description of their spectral appearance is given elsewhere (Schönberner and Drilling, 1984). The spectra were corrected for interstellar absorption using the Seaton (1979) reddening law to nullify the 2200 å interstellar feature, and in all cases EB-V < 0.25.
CNO-cycled material ejected by ETA carinae
Authors: Davidson Kris , Dufour R.J. , Walborn N.R. , Gull T.R.
Published: June 2019

Eta Carinae has provided more incisive clues to the evolution of the most massive stars than any other individual object. Its luminosity is comparable to that of a very massive O3 star, but it appears to have evolved beyond the O3 stage, to the limit where its surface is rather unstable. We think that it has begun to lose mass semi-catastrophically, in outbursts which may recur at intervals of perhaps several hundred years. The suspected binary nature of Eta Carinae introduces some conceptual uncertainty but is most likely not crucial.
Observational tests for overshoot and opacity enhancement based on massive stars
Authors: Bertelli G. , Bressan A. , Chiosi C.
Published: June 2019

It is shown that a moderate increase in the opacity due to heavy elements in models of massive stars, incorporating convective overshoot and mass loss by stellar wind, can remove the well known discrepancy between theoretical expectation and observed frequencies of luminous stars in the HR diagram. These models in fact extend their main sequence band far beyond the classical limit.
RR lyrae variables and stellar evolution in M 15
Authors: Barlai K.
Published: June 2019

The O-C curves — widely used for investigating the period behaviour of variable stars — are generally constructed under the assumption that the period changes are linear in time. If it is indeed so, the main trend of the diagram should outline a positive or negative parabola and β values are determined to characterize the curvature of the parabolae, i.e. the rate of change of the period. This rate, however, even in the case of ω Cen does not indicate exact parabola (Belserene, 1973).
FG sagittae, a test of the theory of evolution of double shell source stars
Authors: Fadeyev Yu. A.
Published: June 2019

FG Sge is a unique stellar object possessing a number of unusual properties which are as follows: (1) FG Sge is a core of a planetary nebula, (2) at least since 1894 this star has crossed the HR diagram from the left to the right, (3) the atmosphere of FG Sge was enriched in s-elements, (4) FG Sge is a pulsating variable the period of which progressively increases from 15 days in 1962 to 110 days in 1980.
Some remarks on the theory of rotating stars
Authors: Mestel L.
Published: June 2019

The principal question studied in Mestel (1953) was: under what conditions will the E-S circulation through the radiative envelope ensure that a Cowling-type main sequence star stays effectively homogeneous? The E-S velocities v are of order (L/Mg)(Ω2r/g), so that the circulation time tcirc is ⋍ t(ΩKelvin-Helmholtz)/(Ω2 r/g), where the bar indicates a mean value. The circulation advects nuclear-processed material from the convective core, and so sets up horizontal variations δµ in mean molecular weight µ. The condition of hydrostatic support requires corresponding horizontal temperature variations; the consequent local breakdown in radiative equilibrium yields a “µ-current” (analogous to the E-S “Ω-current”) with velocities vµ estimated roughly as (L/Mg) (δµ/µ). The total velocity vμ is the linear superposition v∽Ω + v∽µ, each constructed using first-order perturbation theory. The µ-distribution that fixes v∽µ is itself determined by the circulation:
An observational test on stellar interior mixing: The lithium depletion in twelve hyades dwarfs
Authors: Cayrel R. , Cayrel G. , Campbell B. , Däppen W.
Published: June 2019

1, 2, Visiting astronomer, Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, operated by the National Research Council of Canada, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique of France, and the University of Hawaii.
Fortnightly Nutation from the ILS Data
Authors: Korsun' A. A. , Taradij V. K.
Published: June 2019

There are two reasons why the study of fortnightly nutation is important. First, it provides an opportunity to investigate some peculiarities of the Earth's structure; second, it permits us to calculate more precisely the apparent locations of stars.
Spectrum of Latitude Variations in the Frequency Range 1.4-2.2 cpy and a Search for Nearly Diurnal Free Polar Motion
Authors: Emetz A. I.
Published: June 2019

Astronomical latitude observations of the ILS stations seem to indicate the existence of both a retrograde and a direct component of nearly diurnal polar motion with close frequencies (Yatskiv et al. 1975). The latter would manifest itself as a latitude variation with a period of about 204 mean days (m.d.) and with a phase depending on the double longitude of station.
On the Electro-Magnetic Coupling Between the Core and the Mantle of the Earth
Authors: Sekiguchi N.
Published: June 2019

Recently theories of the Earth's rotation based on models with an elastic mantle and fluid core have achieved considerable success. It was assumed in these models that the dissipative (electro-magnetic and viscous) couplings between the fluid core and the mantle have negligible effects. The discrepancies between the theories and the observations were much reduced. It seems, however, that these theories are not sufficiently successful in explaining the observed phenomena concerning the Chandler wobble. For example, we had a very small polar radius in the decade around 1930, and the phase of the polar wobble was much advanced in this decade compared with the mean period of revolution. The apparent period of the polar wobble maintained an almost constant value of 1.16 yr during 1930-1942 (Sugawa 1969; Guinot 1972; Stoyko 1972). The present author (Sekiguchi 1975) found from the latitude observations between 1830 and 1860 that the amplitude was also diminished and the period had an almost constant value of 1.16 yr. The common behaviour of the polar wobble in both periods is difficult to explain as an accidental happening.
Forced Nutation and Irregularity of the Rotation of the Earth
Authors: Pilnik G. P.
Published: June 2019

It is possible, in principle, to derive from astronomical observations both the tidal and nutational variations in the rotation of the Earth. However, in practice there are a number of difficulties. To detect the waves with periods of 18.6, 1.0 and 0.5 year one could use UT1-TAI. Unfortunately, this is impossible because of the lack of sufficiently long series of observations and because of significant non-periodic irregularities in the rate of the Earth's rotation. In addition, the annual wave consists of several harmonics of different natures which cannot be separated from one another. Investigation of short-period nutations is more promising, but it is also connected with specific difficulties.
Theory Of Spiral Structure
Authors: Kalnajs Agris J.
Published: June 2019

Spiral structure is associated with a slow redistribution of gas, which may already be quite significant over time scales short compared to the age of the galaxy. One has to worry about replacing the gas in order to keep the structure alive.
Cloud-Particle Dynamics and Star Formation in Spiral Galaxies
Authors: Roberts W. W. , Hausman M. A. , Levinson F. H.
Published: June 2019

We study the gas in a spiral galaxy with a cloud-dominated “stellar association-perturbed” interstellar medium from the standpoint of a cloud-particle model. Through N-body computational simulations, we follow the time evolution of the system of gas clouds and the corresponding system of young stellar associations forming from the clouds. Basic physical processes are modeled in a three-step cyclic procedure: (1) dynamical propagation of the clouds and young stellar associations, (2) simulation of cloud-cloud collisions, and (3) formation of new associations of protostars that are triggered by the local mechanisms of cloud-cloud collisions and cloud interactions with existing young stellar associations.
Recent Taurus Results on Hα Velocities in M83
Authors: Allen R. J. , Atherton P. D. , Oosterloo T. A. , Taylor K.
Published: June 2019

Preliminary Hα observations with the TAURUS imaging spectrometer confirm a pattern of systematic radial motions in a section of spiral arm in M83. The velocity gradients are not consistent with those predicted for the neutral gas.

Non-circular motions have also been discovered in the central regions of the galaxy.
Galactic Warps in Tilted Halos
Authors: Dekel Avishai , Shlosman Izhak
Published: June 2019

The current suggestions for the origin of warps in disk galaxies (see Toomre, this volume) find difficulties in explaining their frequent occurrence and an external driving mechanism seems to be required in order to maintain long-lived warps. Such a mechanism can be provided by an extended dark halo if a) it dominates the gravity at large radii while the inner disk is self-gravitating, b) it is slightly flattened and becomes flatter at larger radii, and c) it is tilted relative to the inner disk. Such a configuration may be formed as a result of tidal encounters, or of clouds infalling into halos.
Gas Flow Models for Barred Spirals
Authors: van Albada G. D.
Published: June 2019

This paper is a progress report on a research project studying the gas flow in barred spirals. The parametrization of the potential and the gasdynamics code being used are described in section 1, some preliminary conclusions and a sample result are presented in section 2.
Formation of Rings and Lenses
Authors: Athanassoula E.
Published: June 2019

Both inner rings and outer rings are frequently observed in disk galaxies (de Vaucouleurs, 1963 and 1975). As an example, Fig. 1 shows NGC 2217 in which both occur. Further examples, e.g. NGC 2859 and NGC 3081, can be found in the Hubble Atlas (Sandage, 1961), the Revised Shapley Ames Catalogue (Sandage and Tammann, 1981), and in the morphological study of nearby barred spirals by Kormendy (1979). In this talk I will concentrate on some theoretical questions concerning rings, and in particular on their formation.
Dynamics of Early-Type Galaxies
Authors: Illingworth Garth
Published: June 2019

The form of the velocity and velocity dispersion profiles in elliptical galaxies, and their implications for anisotropy and mass-to-light ratio changes in ellipticals are discussed. Recent results on the luminosity dependence of the rotational properties of ellipticals are summarized, as are questions concerning the shapes of ellipticals. The relation of bulges to ellipticals, in the light of these new data, is considered.
Kinematic Modelling of NGC 3379
Authors: Mamon Gary A.
Published: June 2019

Giant elliptical galaxies are now known to be supported by anisotropic pressure rather than by rotation (cf. Binney, 1981). This anisotropy can be derived from observable quantities for spherical systems as was shown by Binney and Mamon (1982) in their study of M87. We investigate here the velocity anisotropy of the El galaxy NGC 3379, a giant elliptical whose surface brightness constitutes an excellent illustration of the r1/4 law.
Kinematics and Evolution of NGC 5128
Authors: Marcelin M.
Published: June 2019

Recently Marcelin et al (1982) published some results of Fabry-Perrot interferometry of NGC 5128. We would like here to draw attention to several more aspects of this enigmatic galaxy.
Collisions and Merging of Disk Galaxies
Authors: Smith B. F. , Miller R. H.
Published: June 2019

Collisions between disk galaxies embedded in massive halos have been studied by means of numerical experiments. The large three-dimensional n-body programs used for numerical experiments in the dynamics of galaxies and galaxy collisions (Miller 1978; Miller and Smith 1980) have been used in this investigation of the collision and merging of galaxies. The use of the large n-body code is important in a systematic study of the physical processes involved. There are enough particles (105) and the detail in the force field is sufficient to give the necessary resolution. Dynamical and relaxation time scales are well separated. This is particularly important in investigations of the merging process and of the nature of the merger product.
Thick discs and the Formation of Disc Galaxies
Authors: Wyse Rosemary F. G. , Jones Bernard J. T.
Published: June 2019

The formation of disc galaxies is generally believed to involve the dissipative collapse of primordial gas clouds, moving in the potentials of dark, self-gravitating massive halos. Until now, most theories have considered only spherically symmetric collapse, with the luminous disc being formed out of a plane of cold gas which is in centrifugal equilibrium. However, it is unlikely that the halo potential will in fact be spherical.
VLA Observations of Sgr A
Authors: Goss W. M. , Schwarz U. J. , Ekers R. D. , van Gorkom J. H.
Published: June 2019

The radio source Sgr A has been mapped with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 6 and 20 cm with an angular resolution of 5″ x 8″ arc. In agreement with the earlier “WORST” map, the non-thermal source Sgr A East shows a shell structure, while the thermal source Sgr A West shows a spiral-like morphology. We suggest that Sgr A East is a supernova remnant (SNR) near the galactic centre. Its surface brightness is the third largest in our galaxy after Cas A and the Crab Nebula. The diameter is 9 pc and the source fits the surface-brightness diameter relationship of Clark and Caswell (1976) if a distance of 10 kpc is assumed.
Presupernova Evolution of 8–12 M⊙ Stars and the Crab Nebula's Progenitor
Authors: Nomoto Ken'ichi
Published: June 2019

The elemental abundances of the Crab Nebula are compared with the presupernova models of 8–12 M⊙ stars. The small carbon abundance of the Crab is consistent with only the star whose main-sequence mass was 8–9.5 M⊙. More massive stars contain too much carbon in the helium layer and smaller mass stars do not leave neutron stars. A scenario for the Crab Nebula's progenitor is proposed.
Detailed X-ray Observations of the Cygnus Loop
Authors: Ku W. H.-M. , Long K. , Pisarski R. , Vartanian M.
Published: June 2019

High quality X-ray spectral and imaging observations of the Cygnus Loop have been obtained with three different instruments. The High Resolution Imager (HRI) on the Einstein Observatory was used to obtain arcsecond resolution images of select bright regions in the Cygnus Loop which permit detailed comparisons between the X-ray, optical, and radio structure of the Loop. The Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) on the Einstein Observatory was used to obtain an arcminute resolution map of essentially the full Loop structure. Finally, an Imaging Gas Scintillation Proportional Counter (IGSPC), carried aloft by a sounding rocket last fall, obtained modest resolution, spatially resolved spectrophotometry of the Cygnus Loop. An X-ray map of the Loop in the energy of the 0 VIII line was obtained. These data combine to yield a very powerful probe of the abundance, temperature, and density distribution of material in the supernova remnant, and in the interstellar medium.
The X-ray Structure of the Supernova Remnant G78.2+2.1
Authors: Higgs L. A. , Landecker T. L. , Seward F. D.
Published: June 2019

The south-eastern portion of the supernova remnant G78.2+2.1, in Cygnus, has been detected as a weak X-ray source by the Einstein Observatory. The X-ray structure is similar to that of the radio filaments in this region, and confirms that X-ray emission in this portion of the “Cygnus super-bubble” does originate in a known supernova remnant. Marginally significant variations in X-ray hardness across the mapped area have been detected and can be related to known radio and optical features of the remnant. In its X-ray properties, G78.2+2.1 resembles IC443.
Radio Observations of Small Diameter Sources in the Direction of Old Supernova Remnants
Authors: Fürst E. , Reich W. , Hirth W.
Published: June 2019

Radio observations with high sensitivity have shown that lots of more or less compact structures can be found in the field of extended and old supernova remnants (SNRs). These small diameter sources have been subject to many recent observations. The aim of these studies is to infer a possible physical association of these sources with the SNR shell. The interest in this link is based on various aspects, instabilities of shocked interstellar matter, star formation, etc.
Radio Interferometer Observations of Compact Sources in Supernova Remnants
Authors: Spencer R. E. , Haley R.
Published: June 2019

The remains of the progenitor stars of supernovae are likely to have compact radio structure and steep radio spectra, as in the cases of pulsars and SS433. An instrument which is sensitive to compact structure at low frequencies is therefore suitable for a search for new objects. The radio-linked interferometer comprising the MK IA 76m telescope and the Defford 25m telescope situated 127 km to the south has a resolution of ∼1 arcsec at 408 MHz and is ideal for such a task.
The Radio Properties of SNRs in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Mills B. Y.
Published: June 2019

An understanding of the radio properties and evolution of Galactic supernova remnants has always been hampered by the difficulty of measuring distances. A conventional wisdom has developed around a set of ‘good’ calibrators but most workers involved have drawn attention to the uncertainties and the possibility of selection effects distorting results. This major difficulty is completely overcome by studying SNRs in the Magellanic Clouds. Although there is uncertainty in the absolute distance scale, relative distances can be determined to better than 10% and differences of this magnitude are not significant when intercomparing SNRs. There is, however, another set of problems associated with sensitivity and resolution. The Clouds are an order of magnitude more distant than the average distance of Galactic SNRs, thus many of the SNRs are close to or below the sensitivity limits of most of the southern radiotelescopes and, until recently, the resolution available has often been inadequate to separate non-thermal sources from thermal HII regions, so that both flux densities and spectra have been subject to error. Also there are ∼ 1000 extragalactic background sources which can mimic the flux density and spectra of SNRs in the Clouds, particularly when close to or behind HII regions; as a result numerous incorrect or doubtful SNR identifications have been suggested.
A Catalogue of Galactic Supernova Remnants
Authors: van den Bergh Sidney
Published: June 2019

At this conference results have been presented on a number of individual galactic supernova remnants, but many others remain unstudied. It therefore seemed worthwhile to present a catalogue of all presently known SNR's in the Galaxy. Objects of which the true nature is not yet well established have, as far as possible, been omitted. Remnants which have been detected at optical wavelengths are marked by an asterisk in Table 1. Data on the optical identifications are from van den Bergh (1978), supplemented by recent results of Zealey, Elliot and Malin (1979), Reich, Kallas and Steube (1979), Downes, Pauls and Salter (1980), van den Bergh (1981) and Reich and Braunsfurth (1981). Also marked in the table are supernova remnants that have been detected in x-rays. These x-ray identifications are from miscellaneous sources.
Color Distribution of Faint Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects
Authors: Kron Richard G.
Published: June 2019

The apparent colors in a flux-complete sample of galaxies depend on the redshifts and the spectral types in the sample. These in turn depend on both luminosity evolution and evolution of the shapes of the spectra. Thus in principle a great deal about the evolution of galaxies can be learned from complete multicolor surveys, especially now that large samples can be routinely generated by automatic machine measurement. The following will review what has been learned from recent work.
On the Large-Scale Anisotropy of the Cosmic Background Radiation in the Far Infrared
Authors: Boynton P. , Ceccarelli C. , de Bernardis P. , Masi S. , Melchiorri B. , Melchiorri F. , Moreno G. , Natale V.
Published: June 2019

We report preliminary results relative to a balloon-borne search for the large-scale anisotropy carried out in 1980 by means of two far infrared photometers centered at 400 and 1100 microns. While these results are consistent with those obtained in an earlier flight, the second, shorter wavelength channel included in the 1980 work provides interesting insights into the influence of galactic dust on such far infrared observations.
Redshifts and Large Scale Structures
Authors: Chincarini G.
Published: June 2019

The effort to measure the geometry of space by experiment, that is, the determination of the Hubble Constant, Ho, and of the deceleration parameter, qo, led toward the end of the first half of the century, to the classical paper by Humason, Mayall, and Sandage (1956). Their catalogue contains 920 redshifts collected over a twenty-year period (1935–1955). Further redshifts of galaxies were measured to refine such determinations and to study the dynamics of clusters (Zwicky 1933).
The Anglo-Australian Redshift Survey
Authors: Bean J. , Efstathiou G. , Ellis R. S. , Peterson B. A. , Shanks T. , Zou Z-L.
Published: June 2019

The aim of the survey is to sample a relatively large, randomly chosen volume of the Universe in order to study the large-scale distribution of galaxies using the two-point correlation function, the peculiar velocities between galaxy pairs and to provide an estimate of the galaxian luminosity function that is unaffected by density inhomogeneities and Virgo infall.
Catalogue of Radial Velocities of Galaxies
Authors: Palumbo G. , Tanzella-Nitti G. , Vettolani G.
Published: June 2019

A catalogue of radial velocities of galaxies has been completed which lists all radial velocities published until the end of December, 1980, for galaxies in both the northern and the southern hemispheres.

For each galaxy the catalogue provides R.A. and Declination, name(s) of the galaxy (NGC, IC, 3 CR, etc.), each known heliocentric radial velocity with its reference, and the type of observation (whether optical or radio).
High-Redshift Molecular Clouds and Absorption-Line Spectra of Quasars
Authors: Varshalovich D. A. , Levshakov S. A.
Published: June 2019

The optical spectra of distant quasars (OQ 172, PHL 957, PKS 0237–233 and 11 others) were reanalysed with the purpose of searching molecular lines /2, 4/.
Numerical Experiments on Galaxy Clustering
Authors: Miller R. H.
Published: June 2019

A study of the way observable clustering depends on expansion history is reported. Observable shapes that result from evolving otherwise identical systems are intercompared to show differences due to different expansion histories. Four cases are compared: non-expanding, Ω =1, and two open universes with 0.10 and 0.03 as final values of Ω There is remarkably little difference in observable forms for the expanding cases. The 0.03 universe expanded by a factor 500 during the experiment. This study is an example of the way numerical experiments can be used is studies of galaxy clustering.
Observational Tests of Baryon Symmetric Cosmology
Authors: Stecker F. W.
Published: June 2019

To the gods alone belongs it never to be old or die. But all things else melt with all-powerful time….Sophocles

With the advent of grand unified theories (GUTs) has come the concept (among others) that baryons (protons, etc.) can decay by changing into leptons (“Diamonds are not forever.”) and vice versa, baryonic matter can be created from the thermal blackbody radiation in the early universe (provided, of course, that the hot big-bang model is basically correct). Using this concept, models have been suggested to generate a universal baryon asymmetry, with the consequence that no important amount of antimatter would be left in the universe at the present time (see, e.g. Langacker 1981 and references therein). These models have been motivated by observational constraints on antimatter, at least in our little corner of the universe (Steigman 1976). However, some of these constraints have been shown to be overrestrlctive (Stecker 1978, Allen 1981) and an alternative model, also based on GUTs, has been suggested which maintains matter-antimatter (I.e., baryon) symmetry on a universal scale, but results in separate “fossil domains” of clusters of matter galaxies and clusters of antimatter galaxies.
The Colour Magnitude Diagram of a Second Field in the SMC Halo
Authors: Hawkins M.R.S. , Brück M.T.
Published: June 2019

A colour magnitude diagram of a field in the south-west periphery of the SMC reveals a population similar to that obtained earlier in another field, with an age of 3 × 109 years. The present field is from the SMC centre, more than a degree more distant than the first one. The similarity in stellar content between the two emphasises the widespread nature of this population.