bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fears of Contagion, Strategies of Containment
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

The first chapter offers an analysis of prison reform through the lens of sexualized containment, where elite northern reformers sought to replace the notorious 1940s prison farm and open dormitory system with the best practices of northern criminal justice and blended with a southern work model to create an efficient, business-oriented agricultural enterprise system. During the 1940s and 1950s, postwar criminologists employed metaphors of disease and contagion that warned that prison sex and sexual violence between men could spread from one prisoner to another. In the U.S. South, the practice of housing prisoners in labor camps and shared dormitories contributed to the metaphor of disease and contagion, a particular fear that the South’s open living spaces hastened the southern prison’s production of homosexuality. The chapter argues that such a Cold War–era reform plan stressed the social quarantine of prisoners through the adoption of the northern penitentiary’s design of cells and wings as a way to contain the sexual violence that occurred all too frequently in open southern dormitories. Such an external emphasis on prison space and containment had profound consequences, as it enhanced the spatial power and reach of an internal trusty where the prison system relied on prisoners as guards.
From Pachuco to Writ Writer
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

Chapter four initiates the second part of the book, subtitled “Resistance,” where the next five chapters reflect on the prisoners’ evolution from individual consciousness to legal documentation, solidarity, and eventually collective resistance. Chapter four offers an intimate narrative of how a single prisoner, Fred Cruz, underwent a process of intellectual transformation, a mind change, and conscientizaciónto launch the beginning of the prisoners’ rights movement in Texas. Based on Cruz’s personal diary and letters, this chapter considers how Cruz underwent “carceral rehabilitation” through an intellectual engagement with civil rights and criminal law, as well as personal transformation through reading deeply in political philosophy and his conversion to Buddhist religion. Despite often being cast into solitary confinement for his legal work, this chapter demonstrates that Cruz was not isolated, as the chapter charts Cruz’s transformation within the broader legal turn in the law that allowed prisoners to turn to federal courts as a matter of civil rights. As such, it places the “slaves of the state” narrative in proper legal context where prisoners were not slaves, but entitled to civil rights, even as prisoners experienced de facto conditions of abuse and racial power that rendered their prison labor and lives as akin to slavery. Cruz’s story is presented as the spark for what will become a system-wide prison movement for civil rights.
Stuck between Justice and the Carceral State
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 9 analyzes the Ruiz trial itself as drawing from prisoner-initiated narrative, but it situates even the most far-reaching courtroom victory within a political arrangement of carceral massive resistance, where southern Democrats resisted court orders and new southern Republicans consciously reinterpreted the court’s intent as part of mass incarceration’s broader political project. In the immediate aftermath of the 1980 Ruiz decision, the prisoners’ courtroom victory was stuck over a political struggle between the state and the federal system. Prisoners were at the mercy of a variation on “massive resistance,” where the TDC resisted federal court intervention at every turn. Making matters worse, as mass incarceration was now fully taking hold, the prisons were becoming more and more overcrowded and prone to violence. Trapped between the court and the state, prisoners had fewer external political allies as the 1980s dawned.
U.S. Occupations in the Independent Caribbean
Authors: Dubois Laurent , Turits Richard Lee
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the three largest and only independent nations of the Caribbean at the turn of the twentieth century – Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic – and their vulnerability to and struggles with a new overseas power in the region, the United States. At the time, hard-earned forms of popular land access and their defence against expanding U.S. plantations and local land owners by armed rural bands and others impeded the development of central state control over rural populations and economies, control sought by both local elites and the U.S. government and corporations. This peasant autonomy and resistance, and what U.S. leaders perceived as overall failed central states in their “backyard,” shaped long and repeated U.S. military occupations of these countries. Resistance to U.S. rule was fierce, widespread, and armed, but the U.S. military withdrew only after it established powerful national militaries and effective central states expected to be dutiful to U.S. interests. These militaries were crucial to the post-occupation rise of some of the most ruthless and long-lasting dictators in Caribbean history.
Unsophisticated Buyers
Authors: Taylor Keeanga-Yamahtta
Published: January 2021

As the HUD failed to provide adequate housing for African Americans, officials and media increasingly placed the blame on the African American homeowners. In many cases the focus was on African American women. Instead of attributing an abundance of foreclosures to the selling of dilapidated housing and the inability of tenants to pay for extensive repairs, people claimed African American women were not knowledgeable enough about home maintenance and budgeting to own homes. In some places, potential low-income home buyers were educated on budgeting and home maintenance. However, the assumption that counselling could lead to better home retention ignored the systematic issues that placed Black people in inferior housing. Stories about low-income homeowners, mostly women, suing organizations for tricking them into poor residences, helped undercut the unsophisticated buyer narrative. Additionally, reports of scandal and corruption within the HUD cast a negative light on the response to the urban housing crisis.
Beyond the Iconoclastic Republic
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2021

This introduction traces antebellum American skepticism about public monuments to the distrust of standing armies that was central to the ideology of the American Revolution. The popularity of Independence Day illustrates the iconoclasm of the early republic, which paralleled a widespread resistance to compulsory military service. Remembrance of the Civil War vastly increased the number of public monuments in the United States. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, these memorials became a vehicle for the militarization of American culture.
The Emergence of the Soldier Monument
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter connects the proliferation of public monuments after the Civil War to the number and circumstances of wartime deaths. Because the remains of many fallen soldiers did not return home, monuments served as cenotaphs, especially in Memorial Day rituals. Some communities and institutions chose to commission memorial halls rather than monuments. These buildings, often schools or public libraries, strengthened educational institutions that situated voluntary military service within a broader ideal of engaged and informed citizenship. The soldier statue nevertheless became the dominant memorial form. Many soldier statues reflected a sentimental culture that mourned private, familial losses rather than honoring public service, though some monuments instead illustrated the hardening of the class order in the Gilded Age.
Introduction
Authors: Kutzler Evan A.
Published: January 2021

This section introduces the prospects of an emerging sensory history of the Civil War era and focuses specifically on what attention to smells, sounds, tastes, feeling, and sight can reveal about captivity experiences. Previous scholarship has focused on death rates, government policy, and accusations of intentional mistreatment. Scholarly treatment of these important topics tends to overlook the human experience of the prison experience. The methodology of sensory history is situated to individualize and humanize the trauma of captivity as accessible social and cultural history. The introduction also provides an overview of the decentralized prison archive that serves as the evidentiary base for the book.
Dusk
Authors: Kutzler Evan A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the multisensory experience of night in places of captivity from battlefields and hospitals to prisons. Sensory historians sometimes write of a hierarchy of the senses with vision at the top; however, as attention to night reveals, the five senses were individually and collectively essential to navigating prison nocturnal and diurnal hours. For prisoners, dusk ushered in more acute feelings of fear and loneliness than the day alongside sharper non-visual experiences, such as the crack of a rifle or the feeling of lice. It also opened opportunities for real resistance—fooling the eyes and ears of the guards—or imagined escape in the form of dreams.
Anosmia
Authors: Kutzler Evan A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the nose and the eyes as essential to the perception of healthy and unhealthy air, water, and whole landscapes. While sickness is a well-known theme of Civil War prisons, scholarly discussions of disease, hospitals, and medicine are often disembodied from individual lived-experience. This chapter therefore historicizes the public health of Civil War prisons by unpacking what terms like miasma and sanitation meant to prisoners and how antebellum medical knowledge about noses, eyes, and sickness shaped the experience and management of Civil War prisons.
The Making of the “Black Muslims”
Authors: Felber Garrett
Published: January 2021

The idea of the “Black Muslims” as a hate group, or an example of the emergent falsehood of reverse racism, was facilitated and propagated by carceral officials. It was pliable enough that law enforcement could suppress Muslim practice in prisons and police local mosques by claim- ing that the NOI was a subversive political group in the guise of religion while offering civil rights organizations the language to dismiss it within the Black freedom struggle. But this suppression and surveillance often helped grow the organization, and Muslims found creative ways to practice Islam and express Black self-determination and anticolonial solidarity, even in the state’s most repressive spaces.
The Injustices of Rape
Authors: Jacquet Catherine O.
Published: January 2021

From 1950 to 1980, activists in the black freedom and women's liberation movements mounted significant campaigns in response to the injustices of rape. These activists challenged the dominant legal and social discourses of the day and redefined the political agenda on sexual violence for over three decades. How activists framed sexual violence--as either racial injustice, gender injustice, or both--was based in their respective frameworks of oppression. The dominant discourse of the black freedom movement constructed rape primarily as the product of racism and white supremacy, whereas the dominant discourse of women's liberation constructed rape as the result of sexism and male supremacy. In The Injustices of Rape, Catherine O. Jacquet is the first to examine these two movement responses together, explaining when and why they were in conflict, when and why they converged, and how activists both upheld and challenged them. Throughout, she uses the history of antirape activism to reveal the difficulty of challenging deeply ingrained racist and sexist ideologies, the unevenness of reform, and the necessity of an intersectional analysis to combat social injustice.
Rape Is a Political Crime against Women
Authors: Jacquet Catherine O.
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces early 1970s feminist antirape theorizing and organizing. The feminist antirape movement emerged within the context of the larger women’s liberation movement, sometimes also referred to as second wave feminism. Feminist antirape activists critiqued the failings of the law, medicine, and society at large in responding to rape. Initially a mostly white group, feminist antirape activists pursued a variety of organizing strategies—from demonstrations and speak-outs to creating rape crisis centers and hotlines to support victims. Over the course of the decade the movement diversified and black feminists pushed the broader movement to incorporate an intersectional analysis into their antirape agenda. Feminists of all racial and ethnic backgrounds held particular contempt for the legal system which, from local police to the state courts, dramatically failed to meet the needs of rape victims. In law journals nationwide, feminist legal scholars exposed the inadequacies of rape law, argued that the legal system was totally ineffectual in stopping rape, and advocated for significant law reform.
Defining the Injustices of Rape in the Joan Little Rape-Murder Case
Authors: Jacquet Catherine O.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the case of Joan Little, a North Carolinian inmate who defended herself against sexual assault by her white jailer and was subsequently put on trial for murder in 1975. Little found avid support from the black freedom, women’s liberation, and prisoner’s rights movements, all of which employed varying frameworks to theorize Little’s plight. The confluence of multiple political agendas around this single case reveals the many ways that activists defined the injustices of rape. The dominant racial justice discourse focused on Little’s vulnerability as a black woman, attacked by both a white man and then a white supremacist legal system. From the prisoner’s rights perspective, the defining issue was Little’s status as an incarcerated woman. Her case revealed the violence and oppression of the legal system as a whole. Finally for feminists, Little epitomized the situation faced by all women, first victimized by men and then a male-dominated legal system that refused to grant her her right to self-defense. Although not in conflict with one another, these varying interpretations reveal what motivated activists to respond to rape and when and why activists deemed rape a political issue.
Epilogue
Authors: Jacquet Catherine O.
Published: January 2021

The epilogue focuses on the evolution of antirape efforts in the 1980s and beyond. Black feminist analysis had an increasingly significant impact as the antirape movement diversified and activists appealed for an intersectional framework for justice. At the turn of the twenty-first century, women of color were at the forefront of antiviolence activism, insisting on an approach that ensured the safety of survivors without strengthening the oppressive carceral state.
Republicans of Color
Authors: Polgar Paul J.
Published: January 2021

The genesis of the first movement abolitionist reform project stemmed from a central dilemma bequeathed to abolitionists by the American Revolution. The same natural rights Revolutionary ideology that aided the first abolition movement also presented slaves as the very antithesis of the independent, virtuous citizenry necessary to uphold representative government and maintain the American experiment in republicanism, making emancipation a problematic process. Out of their quest to solve this paradox, abolition society members and their free black collaborators constructed a reform agenda of societal environmentalism. Based on free black socioeconomic uplift and the application of the early republic's educational mores to free blacks, societal environmentalism aimed to inculcate republican virtue in former slaves. Black education and citizenship would help to defeat white prejudice and convince the public that African Americans were worthy of emancipation. Through these reformist initiatives, first movement abolitionists sought to prove black capacity for freedom by integrating African Americans into the American republic and making them virtuous and independent citizens, fully capable of productively exercising their liberty within greater white society.
“It’s Only from God That We Ask Forgiveness”
Authors: White Sophie
Published: January 2021

This analysis focuses on Louison, an enslaved woman belonging to the Ursuline convent in New Orleans, who testified as victim of a violent aggression in 1752. She was stabbed during an incident that escalated when a soldier demanded that she and her companions launder his soiled handkerchief. The depositions in this case laid bare the role of the Company of the Indies and Catholic orders as slaveholders, but also reveals the importance to the enslaved of family and kin relations, as seen when her husband, the convent-hospital’s enslaved apothecary and surgeon’s aide, came to her succor. In her testimony we hear Louison insistently communicating her response to a violent act of aggression, making full use of the opportunities available to her to speak: first, in her religion-inflected words to the soldier during their encounter and, second, in her subsequent retelling of the event to court officials.
Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas VII Menggunakan Metode Belajar Kelompok (Learning Group) di MTs. Al Kautsar Ranggo
Authors: Fitriani
Published: January 2021

Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui 1). pengaruh prestasi belajar siswa dengan menggunaan kelompok belajar (learning group) pada mata pelajaran pendidikan kewarganegaraan kelas VII MTs. Al Kautsar Desa Ranggo Kecamatan Pajo Kabupaten Dompu, untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian tersebut, maka dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tehnik pengumpulan data Observasi, dokumentasi dan wawancara responden, sedangkan prosedur pnelitiannya yaitu Perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan obervasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh 1). Problema yang dihadapi oleh guru pendidikan kewarganegaraan dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa MTs. Al Kautsar Desa Ranggo Kecamatan Pajo Kabupaten Dompu adalah sikap siswa pada saat belajar mengajar masih rendah karena disebabkan para siswa itu sendiri, dan kurangnya sarana dan prasarana pendukung untuk lancarnya proses belajar mengajar. 2). Prestasi belajar pada mata pelajaran pendidikan kewarganegaraan kelas VII MTs. Al Kautsar Desa Ranggo Kecamatan Pajo Kabupaten Dompu rata-rata meningkat, itu terbukti dengan nilai raport masing-masing kelas VII dari 6,5 menjadi 8,0. 3). Solusi yang di ambil oleh Guru pendidikan kewarganegaraan dalam mengatasi problema yang dihadapi oleh guru pendidikan kewarganegaraan guna meningkakan prestasi belajar siswa di MTs. Al Kautsar Desa Ranggo Kecamatan Pajo Kabupaten Dompu yaitu dengan mengadakan bimbingan kepada siswanya
Patrones de aprovechamiento del saíno sin collar Tayassu Pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) en seis municipios del departamento del Chocó, Colombia
Authors: Garrido Serrano David , Palacios Martínez Tatiana , Palacios-Mosquera Leison
Published: January 2021

Con el fin de aportar al conocimiento tradicional del Pecari tajacu en la zona centro del Chocó, se realizó este estudio que ofrece información del uso popular, las formas de aprovechamiento del tatabro sin collar y la forma de entender esta actividad por parte de los pobladores de la región. Los datos se obtuvieron, a través de encuestas realizadas a personas residentes en los municipios de Quibdó, Atrato, Unión Panamericana, Cantón de San Pablo, Medio Baudó y Cértegui. Se encontraron cuatro categorías de uso, de las cuales la alimentación es la más importante, seguida del uso artesanal. Aún se conservan los métodos de cacería tradicionales siendo los más empleados el machete (25%), el perro (24%) y la escopeta (23%). El uso de la fauna silvestre está muy relacionado con el conocimiento empírico y tradicional de las comunidades locales, que considera el tatabro como una importante fuente proveedora de proteína animal; se identificó además una disminución en el tamaño de las poblaciones y una reducción en la frecuencia de captura.
Measurement report: The influence of traffic and new particle
formation on the size distribution of 1–800 nm particles in Helsinki:
a street canyon and an urban background station comparison
Authors: Okuljar Magdalena , Kuuluvainen Heino , Kontkanen Jenni , Garmash Olga , Olin Miska , Niemi Jarkko V. , Timonen Hilkka , Kangasluoma Juha , Tham Yee Jun , Baalbaki Rima , Sipilä Mikko , Salo Laura , Lintusaari Henna , Portin Harri , Teinilä Kimmo , Aurela Minna , Dal Maso Miikka , Rönkkö Topi , Petäjä Tuukka , Paasonen Pauli
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Most of the anthropogenic air pollution sources are located in urban environments. The contribution of these sources to the population of atmospheric particles in the urban environment is poorly known. In this study, we investigated the aerosol particle number concentrations in a diameter range from 1 to 800 nm at a street canyon site and at a background station within 1 km from each other in Helsinki, Finland. We use these number size distribution data together with complementary trace gas data and develop a method to estimate the relative contributions of traffic and atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) to the concentrations of sub 3 nm particles. During the daytime, the particle concentrations were higher at the street canyon site than at the background station in all analyzed modes: sub 3 nm particles, nucleation mode (3–25 nm), Aitken mode (25–100 nm), and accumulation mode (100–800 nm). The population of sub-3 nm and nucleation mode particles was linked to local sources such as traffic, while the accumulation mode particles were more related to non-local sources. Aitken mode particles were dominated by local sources at the street canyon site while at the background station they were mainly influenced by non-local sources. The results of this study support earlier research showing direct emissions of the sub 3 nm particles from traffic. However, by using our new method, we show that during NPF events, traffic contribution to the total sub-3 nm particle concentration can be small and during daytime (6:00–20:00) in spring it does not dominate the sub-3 nm particle population at either of the researched sites. In the future, this method can be applied to estimate the contribution of traffic to particle number concentrations in different urban environments. This knowledge is needed to evaluate the effects of traffic on urban air quality.
Large hemispheric difference in ultrafine aerosol concentrations in
the lowermost stratosphere at mid and high latitudes
Authors: Williamson Christina J. , Kupc Agnieszka , Rollins Andrew , Kazil Jan , Froyd Karl D. , Ray Eric A. , Murphy Daniel M. , Schill Gregory P. , Peischl Jeff , Thompson Chelsea , Bourgeois Ilann , Ryerson Thomas , Diskin Glenn S. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Blake Donald R. , Bui Thao Paul V. , Dollner Maximilian , Weinzierl Bernadett , Brock Charles A.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The details of aerosol processes and size distributions in the stratosphere are important for both heterogeneous chemistry and aerosol-radiation interactions. Using in-situ, global-scale measurements of the size distribution of particles with diameters > 3 nm from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom), we identify a mode of ultrafine aerosol in the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) at mid and high latitudes. This mode is substantial only in the northern hemisphere (NH), and was observed in all four seasons. We also observe elevated SO2, an important precursor for new particle formation (NPF) and growth, in the NH LMS. We use box modelling and thermodynamic calculations to show that NPF can occur in the LMS conditions observed on ATom. Aircraft emissions are shown as likely sources of this SO2, as well as a potential source of ultrafine particles directly emitted by, or formed in the plume of the engines. These ultra-fine particles have the potential to grow to larger sizes, and to coagulate with larger aerosol, affecting heterogeneous chemistry and aerosol-radiation interactions. Understanding all sources and characteristics of stratospheric aerosol is important in the context of anthropogenic climate change as well as proposals for climate intervention via stratospheric sulphur injection. This analysis not only adds to the, currently sparse, observations of the global impact of aviation, but also introduces another aspect of climate influence, namely a size distribution shift of the background aerosol distribution in the LMS.
Explaining to different audiences the new definition and experimental realizations of the kilogram
Authors: Valdés Joaquín
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Different options were discussed before reaching the final agreement on the new definitions of the SI units, effective from 20 May 2019, especially with regard to the kilogram, now defined in terms of the numerical value of the Planck constant (h). Replacing the artefact definition of the kilogram with a new one based on the mass of a particle, or the atomic mass constant (mu), would have been preferable for ease of understanding, among other reasons. In this paper we discuss some limitations of teaching to different audiences what a kilogram is in the redefined International System of Units (SI), including realizations of the new definition.
Mapping soil slaking index and assessing the impact of management in a mixed agricultural landscape
Authors: Jones Edward J. , Filippi Patrick , Wittig Rémi , Fajardo Mario , Pino Vanessa , McBratney Alex B.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Soil aggregate stability is a useful indicator of soil physical health and can be used to monitor condition through time. A novel method of quantifying soil aggregate stability, based on the relative increase in the footprint area of aggregates as they disintegrate when immersed in water, has been developed and can be performed using a smartphone application – SLAKES. In this study the SLAKES application was used to obtain slaking index (SI) values of topsoil samples (0 to 10 cm) at 158 sites to assess aggregate stability in a mixed agricultural landscape. A large range in SI values of 0 to 7.3 was observed. Soil properties and land use were found to be correlated with observed SI values. Soils with clay content >25 % and cation exchange capacity (CEC) : clay ratio >0.5 had the highest observed SI values. Variation in SI for these soils was driven by organic carbon (OC) content which fit a segmented exponential decay function. An OC threshold of 1.1 % was observed, below which the most extreme SI values were observed. Soils under dryland and irrigated cropping had lower OC content and higher observed SI values compared to soils under perennial cover. These results suggest that farm managers can mitigate the effects of extreme slaking by implementing management practices to increase OC content, such as minimum tillage or cover cropping. A regression-kriging method utilising a Cubist model with a suite of spatial covariates was used to map SI across the study area. Accurate predictions were produced with leave-one-out cross-validation, giving a Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC) of 0.85 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.1. Similar validation metrics were observed in an independent test set of samples consisting of 50 observations (LCCC = 0.82; RMSE = 1.1). The potential impact of implementing management practices that promote soil OC sequestration on SI values in the study area was explored by simulating how a 0.5 and 1.0 % increase in OC would impact SI values at observation points and then mapping this across the study area. Overall, the maps produced in this study have the potential to guide management decisions by identifying areas that currently experience extreme slaking and highlighting areas that are expected to have a significant reduction in slaking by increasing OC content.
A local model of snow-firn dynamics and application to Colle Gnifetti site
Authors: Banfi Fabiola , De Michele Carlo
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The regulating role of glaciers on catchment run-off is of fundamental importance in sustaining people living in low lying areas. The reduction in glacierized areas under the effect of climate change disrupts the distribution and amount of run-off, threatening water supply, agriculture and hydropower. The prediction of these changes requires models that integrate hydrological, nivological and glaciological processes. In this work we propose a local model that combines the nivological and glaciological scales, developed with the aim of a subsequent integration in hydrological distributed models. The model was derived from mass balance, momentum balance and rheological equations and describes the formation and evolution of the snowpack and the firn below it. The model was applied at the site of Colle Gnifetti (Monte Rosa massif, 4400–4550 m a.s.l.). We obtained an average net accumulation of 0.26 · 103 kg m−2 y−1 to be compared with the observed net annual accumulation that increases from about 0.15 · 103 kg m−2 y−1 to about 1.2 · 103 kg m−2 y−1 moving from the north facing to the south facing slope. The model results confirm the strong influence of wind on snow accumulation and densification, observed also from ice cores. The conserved precipitation is made up mainly of snow deposited between May and September, when temperatures above melting point are also observed. Even tough the variability of annual snow accumulation is not well reproduced by the model, the modelled and observed firn densities show a good agreement up to the depth reached by the model with the available input data.
Resolving some nomenclatural issues on 'Isoeto-Nanojuncetea' and four new communities of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Silva Vasco , Ribeiro Sílvia , Molina Jose Antonio , Pinto-Cruz Carla , Costa José Carlos , Espírito-Santo Dalila
Published: January 2021

We describe four new vegetation units and propose 17 new typifications and 24 altered names of syntaxa belonging to Isoeto-Nanojuncetea. Information is also provided on the publication dates of the alliances Isoetion and Preslion.
AS RELAÇÕES ENTRE O FEMININO E O MAGISTÉRIO NO BRASIL
Authors: Sousa Vera Luísa de
Published: January 2021

O texto traz parte das reflexões elaboradas ao longo de uma pesquisa realizada com quatro formadoras de professores(as) de uma instituição pública, cujo objetivo central foi buscar os elementos constituidores de suas identidades e subjetividades. Neste recorte é apresentada uma resumida reconstituição histórica do modo como as representações sobre o gênero feminino foram sendo tecidas, numa tentativa de mapear as concepções sobre a mulher formuladas no interior de uma sociedade fundada no modelo europeu que disseminou entre nós o pensamento androcêntrico do universal masculino. Tal retomada foi feita com o objetivo de construir um caminho possível para resgatar o trajeto da inserção do gênero feminino na carreira docente em nosso país. Reconhecer as imagens, fixadas pelo imaginário social, sobre a mulher ajudaram na tarefa de compreender a composição da profissionalidade das professoras no Brasil. O período sobre o qual o levantamento se circunscreve abarca o espaço de tempo situado entre os séculos XVIII e XX, no plano mais geral e no Brasil. A historiografia que trata da mulher, do magistério e da feminização da profissão é o suporte para a compreensão do processo de constituição das identidades e da profissionalidade da mulher-professora. O estudo indicou que, mesmo submetida a forte resistência, a presença feminina no escopo da vida pública e profissional sempre foi uma realidade. Demonstrando que a consciência sobre o papel de sujeito históricoe da história é fundamental - seja para mulheres, seja para homens -, para a compreensão e efetiva participação dos/nos processos históricos.
SEXUALIDADE E GÊNERO NOS CURSOS DE FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE: UTILIZANDO A OFICINA ENQUANTO RECURSO DIDÁTICO
Authors: Zufelato Vencel Maria Salete , Petrenas Rita de Cássia
Published: January 2021

Esse estudo aborda as questões da formação docente e a temática sexualidade enquanto assuntos que apresentam desafios e contradições no contexto educacional. O objetivo desse trabalho foi de analisar o que ocorre em sala de aula quando o assunto refere-se à temática gênero, após a realização de uma oficina oferecida a alunos de Cursos de Licenciatura em Pedagogia e Educação Física, durante uma Semana de Estudos Integrados de um instituição de ensino superior do interior do estado de São Paulo. A oficina teve como título “Abordando sexualidade e gênero na formação docente”. Foi possível perceber, após análise da mesma, que os alunos dos cursos de licenciatura conhecem muito pouco sobre a temática sexualidade e especificamente gênero; há uma visão biologizante sobre o assunto e não há maturidade para um debate mais incisivo no assunto. Assim, pesquisas que envolvam a formação docente e a temática da sexualidade são fundamentais nos cursos de licenciatura, para que possam proporcionar discussões e mudanças nos currículos dos cursos de graduação para que tenhamos em um futuro próximo uma sociedade menos preconceituosa e mais tolerante.
O PIBID COMO PROGRAMA DE INSERÇÃO PROFISSIONAL NA DOCÊNCIA: DADOS DOS EGRESSOS DO PROGRAMA
Authors: LIma Marília Bonelli , Hobold Márcia de Souza
Published: January 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as implicações do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID) nos primeiros anos da docência. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se do questionário, com perguntas fechadas, abertas e semiestruturadas. O questionário foi enviado pelo Software SurveyMonkey e foi respondido por 31 egressos de cinco licenciaturas de uma universidade do Sul do país. Em um segundo momento da pesquisa foi realizado observações participantes e entrevistas com a diretoria, auxiliar de ensino, coordenadora pedagógica e professora egressa do PIBIC, que havia respondido o questionário na primeira etapa, sobre sua vivência nos primeiros anos de magistério. A docente estava em seu segundo ano de atividade profissional, como efetiva/concursada, em um Centro de Educação Infantil de uma cidade de Santa Catarina Os resultados indicaram à relevância do PIBID na formação e inserção da egressa e como proporcionou uma maior interação entre os processos de aprendizagem da graduação em relação a inserção e a prática docente.  Um grande fator pertinente à inserção profissional se constitui nas relações no ambiente escolar, que auxiliam no processo da construção das características do fazer docente.
An Exploration of the Deterrents to Adult Basic Education Among Blue Collar Workers
Authors: Burnham James D. , Ponton Michael Kamano
Published: January 2021

This phenomenological study explored how blue collar workers employed in a north Mississippi manufacturing facility described their reasons for not participating in adult basic education (ABE) when nonparticipation would result in termination. The structure of the ABE classes was designed to reduce the costs and time constraints to participation. A group of 8 respondents constituted the sample from a population of 23 nonparticipating workers and maximal variation sampling was used to increase gender, race, and age diversity within the sample. Three major themes emerged as deterrents to participation: (a) Test of Adult Basic Education and ABE classes were not perceived as relevant, (b) fear of embarrassment, and (c) low self-efficacy (i.e., a self-perceived lack of capability to perform successfully). However, lack of relevancy and fear of embarrassment were found to be used as reasons for nonparticipation when low self-efficacy in learning new material, reading, and math problem solving were present.
Examination of Latent Test Anxiety Profiles in a Sample of U.S. Adolescents
Authors: Lowe Patricia A.
Published: January 2021

The present study examined latent test anxiety profiles in a sample of 592 U.S. adolescents in grades 6-12 using latent profile analysis (LPA). The adolescents were administered a multidimensional measure of test anxiety in their schools. The results of LPA indicated that a three-profile test anxiety model provided the best fitting model. The three latent test anxiety subgroups were named low, medium, and high test anxiety. In addition, grade-level and gender were added as covariates to the model and LPA was performed again. Grade-level and gender were found to differentially predict membership in the latent test anxiety subgroups, with females more likely to be in the high latent test anxiety subgroup than in the medium and low latent test anxiety subgroups and middle school students were more likely to be in the high latent test anxiety subgroup than in the low latent test anxiety subgroup. Middle school students were also more likely to be in the medium latent test anxiety subgroup than in the low latent test anxiety subgroup. Implications for the development of measures, treatment, and prevention of test anxiety in the U.S. adolescent population are discussed.
Market Participation and Farm Profitability: The Case of Northern Ghana
Authors: Mzyece Agness
Published: January 2021

This study examines the effect of quantity sold (sales volume) on profitability of market participating smallholder farmers in northern Ghana. Market participation has been shown to be important for increasing incomes and improving production efficiency for farm households but still remains low in SSA. While agribusiness and development experts generally advocate for more intensive market participation, it is not clear if selling more results in more profits for smallholder farmers in remote markets that are prone to exorbitant transaction costs. The data used in this study is from the APS survey conducted in 2013 and 2014 in Northern Ghana which had a sample size of 527. The study is based on the theory of profit maximization, in which separability is inferred from observed market participation. OLS regression is used for empirical estimation after rejecting the hypothesis of endogeneity in the model. Mean gross margin/ kg across four groups of farmers ranked by quantity sold is also statistically examined. The results confirm the existence of economies of scale and also show that different crops have different effects on profitability. The results also show that although unambiguously positive, the relationship between quantity sold and profitability may not be linear.
A Reflection on the Evolution of Corporate Culture and Conflict Resolution (Part I)
Authors: Kroon Hilde , Baatsen Marcel
Published: January 2021

A Reflection on the Evolution of Corporate Culture and Conflict Resolution (Part I)

In this article, a roadmap is proposed for both individual growth and eventual maturation of an organisation as regards how conflict is dealt with. Much can be achieved within organisations when the individuals who work there succeed in discovering and deploying their potential in order to deal with conflict in a mature manner.

An organisation is a compilation of individuals and the overall culture of the organisation is, ultimately, determined by the collective wisdom of the people that form it, when it comes to dealing with conflict and related difficulties. The authors of this article propose a shared view to unearth the potential of an individual working in an organisation to creatively and proactively manage conflict, thereby opening a corporate portal that empowers the adoption of beneficial solutions in response to disarming and preventing difficult organisational situations.

In Part I, the authors will discuss the transformation of the fear-based ego to clear a pathway for development to maturation of individuals and the overall culture of an organisation, following a multidimensional three-step Evolution System.
The Rise of Black Chicago’s Culturati
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: January 2021

Chicago emerged two decades after its Great Fire of 1871 to host America's second world's fair, and with it witnessed the birth of a Black cultural movement along with the city's general rebirth. First in the performing arts, then progressing slower in the visual and literary arts, the next four decades beheld the rise of the foundational elements of a Black Chicago Renaissance somewhat paralleling that in Harlem but in an asymmetrical fashion. While the tempo of aesthetic evolution through two distinct periods was imbalanced, overall progress appeared: with a transformation in the class structure, bringing necessary Black patronage to the forefront; an intelligentsia to spur interest and appreciation in the fine arts; and impressive, awe-inspiring creative production in painting, sculpture, photography and music.
James David Corrothers and Henry Demarest Lloyd
Authors: Yarborough Richard
Published: January 2021

Tracing the relationship between the African American poet James David Corrothers and the influential political theorist Henry Demarest Lloyd, this chapter provides an example of interracial patronage that nuances our sense of black-white relations in late-nineteenth-century Chicago. As a man of means and a leading progressive activist, Lloyd supplied Corrothers with both financial support and also access to the emerging world of social reform. His impact on Corrothers’s political views is traced through the younger man’s letters to Lloyd in which he addresses the “free silver” debate, labor conflicts, African emigration, and the “Negro Problem” broadly. Moreover, the correspondence reveals the challenges confronting Corrothers as he struggled to launch a writing career while earning a living in a city offering limited employment opportunities for blacks.
Black Chicago Pioneers in the Training of Dancers
Authors: Semmes Clovis E.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the life of pioneer dance instructor Hazel Thompson Davis in early twentieth-century Black Chicago. Contextually, diverse venues for live entertainment in the broad spectrum of American society created significant demand for a trained theatrical workforce, of which varieties of dancers were major components. By 1916, Chicago’s Hazel Thompson Davis began to meet this demand through the school she created and the performing artists she trained. A pioneer and innovator in her field, the Chicago tradition in dance instruction and performance initiated by Davis would make Chicago a powerful force in the instruction of an African American theatrical workforce nationally and internationally, in the broader cultural renaissance taking place in Black communities across the country, and in the evolution of American popular culture.
From “These ‘Colored United States,’ VIII—Illinois: Mecca of the Migrant Mob,” The Messenger 5 (December 1923)
Authors: Johnson Charles S.
Published: January 2021

Editors’ Note: In our second literary selection—excerpts from Charles S. Johnson’s 1923 essay “Illinois: Mecca of the Migrant Mob”—the famed sociologist renders a broad-stroke account of consolidation and growth of the Black Metropolis. This essay, like many pieces of historical, sociological, and journalistic writing emanating from Chicago contributed to a literature of fact that was characteristic of early African American literary work in the city. While Johnson’s assertions about the paucity of black intellectual and cultural life are challenged throughout the current volume, equally important to note is the stylistic strategy with which he presents his analysis of “this Colored Chicago—the dream city—city of the dreadful night!” His elegant, high-keyed prose employs metaphor and other literary devices and arrays facts with novelistic selectivity and pacing. In this manner, Johnson’s essay looks ahead to a mutually beneficial interpenetration of fiction and sociological writing that would mark many of the most notable works of the Black Chicago Renaissance....
“Democracy Stops at My Front Door”
Authors: Britton Hannah E.
Published: January 2021

The introduction examines the context of gender-based violence in postapartheid South Africa. Democratization brought remarkable political gains for women electorally and legislatively, yet rates of gender-based violence continue unabated. Set within the backdrop of several high-profile cases of sexual assault and intimate-partner violence, this chapter argues that efforts to address gender-based violence have centered on legal responses, policy making, and carceral approaches. While policies and prosecutions are necessary, they are incomplete strategies for addressing interpersonal violence in the home, family, and community. The service providers, street-level bureaucrats, and community leaders in this study argue that gender-based violence is nested within interlocking systems of racism, sexism, and inequality.
Culture Wars and Catharses
Authors: Mehta Rini Bhattacharya
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on a While the New Cinema movement of the 1960s and 1970s reinvigorated the medium to the excitement of a section of the educated middle-class, the Hindi mainstream industry in Bombay reoriented the national imaginary to focus on physical violence and cathartic revenge. This is the era that saw a clear bifurcation between two distinct cinemas – the popular commercial cinema and the new art cinema – existing in almost every Indian language.
Music-Theater
Authors: Siwe Thomas
Published: January 2021

In the late 1960s, a renewed focus on the theatrical aspects of musical performance merged with the political and social concerns of the times to create a new genre, music-theater. For percussionists, theatricality is inherent in the action used to play their instruments. Recognizing this, composers created works that incorporated various aspects of theater, designating these new compositions as mixed- or multimedia, intermedia, or music-theater. Examples of this genre are discussed in this chapter beginning with the works of the American maverick composer Harry Partch, who not only created the music, but also built the instruments used in his productions. The genre is defined further through a description of the works of composers Benjamin Johnston, Mauricio Kagel, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Jean-Pierre Drouet, and Michael Udow. Each percussion composition described is unique, incorporating theatrical components such as lighting, stage actions, improvisation, electronics, film, set design, and other elements.
Minimalism
Authors: Siwe Thomas
Published: January 2021

The static sounds of popular music, especially rock ‘n’ roll, influenced a new generation of composers. Rejecting both classical and contemporary formal procedures in composition, minimalist composers created new works whose structures became apparent to the listener as the music slowly unfolded. Beginning with La Monte Young, the master of the drone, a few composers began to simplify their art in an effort to connect to the listening public. The percussion music presented herein exhibits many of the traits that define minimalism: the constant repetitive pulse, reduced forces, slowly changing rhythmic modules, and canonic constructs. A brief look at Terry Riley’s iconic work, In C, leads to an in-depth examination of composer Steve Reich’s most popular minimalist work, Drumming. In it, the listener can hear the slowly unfolding structure of the work as well as the psychoacoustic phenomena caused by the interaction of rhythmic and tonal patterns. The chapter concludes with an examination of works by the Danish composer and theorist Per Nørgård and the American composer James Tenney.
The Questions of 1856
Authors: Nielsen Kim E.
Published: January 2021

Using questions unanswerable due to limited historical sources, this chapter builds on the limited facts surrounding Anna’s second marriage. This archival void, like many archival voids, is not simply random or due only to family scandals. The chapter consider the methodological dilemmas posed by such voids; and urges historians to avoid replicating the power structures of the past by presenting such voids as natural and inevitable.