bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological, radiographic and computed tomographic evaluation of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the one‐humped camel
Authors: Alsafy Mohamed A. M. , El‐Gendy Samir A. , Kamal Basma
Published: August 2018

The camel digits have a complex structure with tendons, joints and ligaments. The objective of the study was to determine the anatomical features of the metatarsophalangeal joint and its puncture site in dromedary camel using anatomical dissection, radiography, computed tomography (CT) bone and soft tissue window scans and 3D reconstruction render volume of CT. The study used six adult camels of both sexes (three males and three females), aged 9–15 years (Mean ± SD equal 11.80 ± 2.59 years). The camel fetlock possesses two metatarsophalangeal joints, left and right ones. The study described in detail the bony structures, ligaments and joint capsule of the metatarsophalangeal joint. The straight sesamoidean ligament was recorded in the studied one‐humped camel joints. The joint capsule exhibited two recesses: dorsal and plantar recess. This is the first study to report the dorsal recess as triangular in outline with one proximal recess and two distal recesses, and the plantar recess as having two proximal recesses and one distal recess. The soft tissues examined around the fetlock were the proper extensor tendon, superficial, deep digital flexor tendon, digital scutum, collateral ligaments and sesamoidean ligaments. The plantar and dorsal pouches were the sites of joint injection. The present findings regarding joint injection indicate the plantar approach through plantar recess to fetlock to be preferable than the dorsal one as we used the proximal sesamoid bones and suspensory ligament as landmarks to inject easily.
Potential dysfunctional effects of synonymous variants: Insights from an exhaustive in silico analysis of the ABCB4 gene
Authors: Khabou Boudour , Tabebi Mouna , Siala‐Sahnoun Olfa , Mkaouar‐Rebai Emna , Rebai Ahmed , Fakhfakh Faiza
Published: August 2018

The multiple drug resistance 3 (MDR3) protein is a canalicular phospholipid translocator involved in the bile secretion and encoded by the ABCB4 gene. Its deficiency is related to a large spectrum of liver diseases. Taking into account the increased evidence about the involvement of synonymous variants in inherited diseases, this study aims to explore the putative effects of silent genetic variants on the ABCB4 expression. We performed an exhaustive computational approach using ESE finder, RegRNA 2.0, MFOLD, SNPfold, and %MinMax software added to the measurement of the Relative Synonymous Codon Usage. This analysis included 216 synonymous variants distributed throughout the ABCB4 gene. Results have shown that 11 synonymous coding SNPs decrease the ESE activity, while 8 of them change the codon frequency. Besides, the c.24C>T variation, located 21 nucleotides downstream the start A (Adenine) U (Uracil) G (Glutamine) AUG causes an increase in the local stability. Moreover, the computational analysis of the 3′UTR region showed that six of the eight variants located in this region affected the Wild Type (WT) pattern of the miRNA targets sites and/or their proper display. The 26 sSNPs retained as putatively functional possessed a very low allele frequency, supporting their pathogenicity. In conclusion, the obtained results suggest that some synonymous SNPs in the ABCB4 gene, considered up to now as neutral, may be involved in the MDR3 deficiency.
Development and pilot testing of the revised Patients’ Attitudes Towards Deprescribing questionnaire for people with cognitive impairment
Authors: Reeve Emily , Anthony Allicia C , Kouladjian O'Donnell Lisa , Low Lee‐Fay , Ogle Susan J , Glendenning James E , Lorang Catriona EB , Hilmer Sarah N
Published: August 2018

Objectives

(i) To develop a version of the revised Patients’ Attitude Towards Deprescribing (rPATD) questionnaire for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild‐to‐moderate dementia (rPATDcog); and (ii) to capture the beliefs and attitudes of this population and their carers about deprescribing through a pilot study.

Methods

First, the rPATDcog was modified from the rPATD and tested in a small group of participants with MCI or mild dementia, and then, we conducted a pilot study of the rPATDcog and the carers’ rPATD.

Results

Twenty‐one participants with cognitive impairment and 11 carer participants (forming dyads) participated in this study. Eighty‐one per cent (17/21) of participants said that they would stop one or more of their medications if their doctor said it was possible. There was an excellent agreement of corresponding questions between dyads.

Conclusion

The rPATDcog was feasible to administer in this study. Further work is required to provide generalisable results and determine utility in practice.
Progestin‐based contraception regimens modulate expression of putative HIV risk factors in the vaginal epithelium of pig‐tailed Macaques
Authors: Bosinger Steven E. , Tharp Gregory K. , Patel Nirav B. , Zhao Chunxia , Payne Tamika L. , Dietz Ostergaard Sharon , Butler Katherine , Ellis Shanon , Johnson Ryan L. , Kersh Ellen N. , McNicholl Janet M. , Vishwanathan Sundaram A.
Published: August 2018

Problem

In women, the use of progestin‐based contraception may increase the risk of vaginal HIV acquisition. We previously showed in macaques that there is a significantly higher simian‐human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition rate in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which presents a naturally high‐progesterone state, and this may be attributable to altered expression of innate immune factors. We hypothesized that progestin‐based contraception, especially depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), would, in a similar way, affect mucosal immune factors that influence HIV acquisition risk.

Method of study

We used a pig‐tailed macaque model to evaluate the effects of two progestin‐based contraceptives, DMPA, and levonorgestrel (LNG)/ethinyl estradiol (EE)‐based combined oral contraceptives (COCs), on innate mucosal factors. We compared the vaginal epithelial thickness data from previous studies and used cytokine profiling and microarray analysis to evaluate contraception‐induced molecular changes in the vagina.

Results

The administration of DMPA caused a reduction in the thickness of the vaginal epithelium relative to that of the follicular or luteal phase. DMPA also induced a significant increase in vaginal levels of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10. Both DMPA‐ and LNG‐based contraception induced a signature of gene expression similar to that of the luteal phase, only more exacerbated, including widespread downregulation of antiviral genes.

Conclusion

The use of progestin‐based contraception might engender a milieu that poses an increased risk of HIV acquisition as compared to both the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle.
Amniotic fluid proteomic signatures of cervical insufficiency and their association with length of latency
Authors: Govia Rachelle N. M. , Birse Kenzie D. , Sepehri Shadi , Khafipour Ehsan , Menticoglou Savas M. , Burgener Adam D. , Poliquin Vanessa
Published: August 2018

Problem

Cervical insufficiency is a precursor of preterm birth. Treatment with emergency cervical cerclage is contraindicated in the presence of intra‐amniotic infection. Detecting infection with Gram stain and culture of amniotic fluid lacks sensitivity. Proteomic profiling of amniotic fluid in cervical insufficiency may help identify pregnancies best suited for emergency cerclage.

Method of study

Thirty‐two pregnant women underwent amniocentesis for routine genetic testing (n = 22) or after diagnosis of cervical insufficiency (n = 10). The proteomic profiles of the amniotic fluid samples were compared in a cross‐sectional fashion, including sub‐analyses of women with cervical insufficiency and latency periods of <1 week and >1 week post‐diagnosis.

Results

Mean gestational age at diagnosis of cervical insufficiency was 21.4 weeks (95% CI 20.6‐22.1). Proteomic analysis yielded 40 (7.2%, P < 0.05) differentially expressed proteins between women with delivery <1 week (n = 6) vs. >1 week (n = 4). Women who delivered <1 week had activated inflammatory response (z = 2.3, P = 6.71E−09), chemotaxis of immune cells (z = 2.9, P = 2.01E−08), and inhibited bacterial growth (z = ‐2.2, P = 5.82E−05). A multivariate model of eight biomarkers positively associated with cases of <1 week latency and distinguished cases from controls (97.8%, cross‐validation accuracy 92.7%, P = 0.0009).

Conclusion

In this pilot study, significant differences in the amniotic fluid proteomic profiles in cases of cervical insufficiency compared to genetic amniocentesis were observed. Proteomic signatures were predictive of achieving latency > 1 week after diagnosis of cervical insufficiency. These preliminary findings suggest that proteomic analysis may be of value in predicting outcome following cervical insufficiency and warrants further validation in larger studies.
Time to rethink the common view
Authors: Matsumoto David
Published: August 2018

Y. Takano and E. Osaka (2018, this issue) provide strong and irrefutable empirical evidence that the “common view”—that Japanese are typically collectivists whereas Americans are typically individualists—is not supported by data. Given other reviews in the past that have led to the same conclusion, in this commentary, I argue that now is the time for the field to take stock and reconsider this common view. This commentary briefly describes conceptual, empirical, and practical problems concerning the common view and offers suggestions to move beyond it. By moving beyond the common view, and other similar explanations of cross‐cultural differences, cross‐cultural researchers in particular can lead the way in facilitating a further evolution of research and theory about the link between cultures and individuals.
The effect of haemodynamic and peripheral vascular variability on cardiac output monitoring: thermodilution and non‐invasive pulse contour cardiac output during cardiothoracic surgery
Authors: Truijen J. , Westerhof B. E. , Kim Y.‐S. , Stok W. J. , de Mol B. A. , Preckel B. , Hollmann M. W. , van Lieshout J. J.
Published: August 2018

While haemodynamic variability interferes with the assumption of constant flow underlying thermodilution cardiac output calculation, variability in (peripheral) arterial vascular physiology may affect pulse contour cardiac output methods. We compared non‐invasive finger arterial pressure‐derived continuous cardiac output measurements (Nexfin®) with cardiac output measured using thermodilution during cardiothoracic surgery and determined the impact of cardiovascular variability on either method. We compared cardiac output derived from non‐invasive finger arterial pressure with cardiac output measured by thermodilution at four grades (A–D) of cardiovascular variability. We defined Grade A data as heart rate and mean arterial pressure variability < 5% and the absence of arrhythmias (implying stable flow) and Physiocal® interval (as measure of variability in finger arterial physiology) > 30 beats. Grade B included all levels of heart rate/mean arterial pressure variability and arrhythmias (Physiocal < 30 excluded). Grade C included all Physiocal intervals (heart rate/mean arterial pressure variability > 5% and arrhythmias excluded). Grade D included all data. Comparison results were quantified as percentage errors. We analysed measurements in 27 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Before extracorporeal circulation, the percentage error was 23% (n = 14 patients) in grade A, 28% (n = 20) in grade B, 32% (n = 22) in grade C and 37% (n = 26) in grade D, with a significant increase in variance (p = 0.035). Bias did not differ between grades. After extracorporeal circulation (n = 27), percentage errors became larger, but were not different between grades. Variability during cardiothoracic surgery affected the comparison between thermodilution and non‐invasive finger arterial pressure‐derived cardiac output. When the main sources of variability were included, percentage errors were large. Future cardiac output methodology comparison studies should report haemodynamic variability.
The impact of low‐intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy on testicular function in adult rats
Authors: Zang Z.‐J. , Liu Q. , Hu J. , Feng J. , Zhu Y.‐Q. , Ma G. , Jiang M.‐H.
Published: August 2018

Background

Low‐intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li‐ESWT) has been introduced as a treatment for penile diseases. Its impact on testicular function during treatment remains unknown.

Objectives

To clarify whether Li‐ESWT impairs testicular function during the treatment of penile diseases by investigating the impact of Li‐ESWT on testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis in adult rats.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four male Sprague‐Dawley rats were equally divided into the following three groups: control group, 1.6 BAR group, and 3.2 BAR group. Rats in the experimental groups were treated with Li‐ESWT at different energy levels (300 shocks at 1.6 BAR or 3.2 BAR, 2 Hz frequency) three times a week for 3 weeks. The control group did not receive any treatment during the same period of time. One day after the last shock wave treatment, serum and testicular tissue testosterone concentrations were measured, and sperm quality was assayed. Histologic examination of the testes and quantitative real‐time PCR were performed.

Results

Testosterone levels in both the serum and testicular tissue did not change after Li‐ESWT exposure. The expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 cholesterol side‐chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD)) were not impacted by Li‐ESWT. The 3.2 BAR group showed a significantly lower sperm count and lower expression of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3) in testicular tissue than the control group. No significant differences in sperm quality or SYCP3 expression were observed between the control group and the 1.6 BAR group.

Conclusion

Li‐ESWT exposure at 3.2 BAR inhibited spermatogenesis and decreased sperm quality, which indicated that male patients with a desire to preserve fertility should undergo low‐energy Li‐ESWT or other treatment modalities.
Statistics in Action: A Canadian Outlook Edited by J.F.Lawless. Boca Raton, Florida:CRC Press2014 384 pages. $185.00 (hardback). ISBN 9781482236231
Authors: Chambers Ray
Published: August 2018

A Review of Statistics in Action: A Canadian Outlook
Randomised study of children with obesity showed that whole body vibration reduced sclerostin
Authors: Tubic Bojan , Zeijlon Rickard , Wennergren Göran , Obermayer‐Pietsch Barbara , Mårild Staffan , Dahlgren Jovanna , Magnusson Per , Swolin‐Eide Diana
Published: August 2018

Aim

New strategies are required to increase physical activity and improve metabolic profiles in children with obesity. We studied the effect of whole body vibration (WBV) on children with obesity on biochemical markers of energy and bone metabolism, anthropometric measurements, muscle parameters and calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD).

Methods

This was a randomised, prospective, controlled study of 30 children with a median age of 13 years (range 7–17) at Queen Silvia Children′s Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, from 2013 to 2015. The target for the intervention group was to perform WBV three times a week for 12 weeks, and the study parameters were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks.

Results

The 16 in the WBV group achieved 51% of the planned activity, mainly at home, and were compared with 14 controls. Sclerostin, bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase and carboxy‐terminal collagen cross‐links decreased in the WBV group (p < 0.05) and balance improved (p < 0.006), but osteocalcin and insulin remained unchanged. Anthropometric data, muscle strength and calcaneal BMD did not differ between the groups.

Conclusion

WBV did not affect most of the clinical parameters in children with obesity, but the reduction in sclerostin implies that it had direct effects on osteocytes, which are key players in bone mechanotransduction.
Urinary tract infection in young infants discharged from the emergency room with normal urinalysis
Authors: Rivanowitch Einat , Nassar Raouf , Kristal Eyal , Shalev Rotem , Fruchtman Yariv , Hazan Guy , Ling Galina , Melamed Rimma , Leibovitz Eugene
Published: August 2018

Aim

We describe the clinical, microbiologic, therapeutic, and outcome characteristics of infants under three months of age with a positive urine culture reported after discharge from emergency department with normal urinalysis.

Methods

We enrolled all infants with a urine culture obtained during an emergency room visit during 2004–2012, discharged without antibiotic therapy and subsequently reported with a positive urine culture.

Results

Three hundred and ninety‐three positive urine cultures were reported; 46/393 (11.7%, 42 in patients under two months of age) had positive urine cultures following normal urinalysis at first visit. Fifteen (33%) had positive urine cultures at second visit; 11/15 (73%) infants with second positive urine culture were under one month of age, eight were asymptomatic and seven had mild symptoms at second visit. Pathogens isolated in all 15 infants were identical between first and second visit. All 27 infants re‐examined at second visit at the emergency room were hospitalised, completed sepsis work/up and received antibiotic treatment. None developed serious bacterial infections.

Conclusion

We propose a new management approach for young infants with normal urinalysis and positive urine culture and suggest restricting the management option including hospitalisation, sepsis work/up and antibiotic treatment at second visit only to infants under one month of age.
Cost is an important factor influencing active management of extremely preterm infants
Authors: Ma Li , Liu Cuiqing , Cheah Irene , Yeo Kee Thai , Chambers Georgina M. , Kamar Azanna Ahmad , Travadi Javeed , Oei Ju Lee
Published: August 2018

Aim

The attitudes of neonatologists towards the active management of extremely premature infants in a developing country like China are uncertain.

Methods

A web‐based survey was sent to neonatologists from 16 provinces representing 59.6% (824.2 million) of the total population of China on October 2015 and December 2017.

Results

A total of 117 and 219 responses were received in 2015 and 2017, respectively. Compared to 2015, respondents in 2017 were more likely to resuscitate infants <25 weeks of gestation (86% vs. 72%; p < 0.05), but few would resuscitate infants ≤23 weeks of gestation in either epoch (10% vs. 6%). In both epochs, parents were responsible for >50% of the costs of intensive care, but in 2017, significantly fewer clinicians would cease intensive care (75% vs. 88%; p < 0.05) and more would request for economic aid (40% vs. 20%; p < 0.05) if parents could not afford to pay. Resource availability (e.g. ventilators) was not an important factor in either initiation or continuation of intensive care (~60% in both epochs).

Conclusion

Cost is an important factor in the initiation and continuation of neonatal intensive care in a developing country like China. Such factors need to be taken into consideration when interpreting outcome data from these regions.
Global Social Theory: Building resources
Authors: Bhambra Gurminder K. , Last Angela , Mayblin Lucy , Tilley Lisa
Published: August 2018

There has been an intensification of student protests around the world addressing issues of racial exclusion and racialised hierarchy within the university, including its teaching and research practices. These movements point to urgent concerns about what and how we teach and research, and how the resources of universities might be used to support the amelioration of injustice rather than its reproduction. This short piece focuses on the curriculum and points to actions that we can take to build resources for a more dynamic and adequate curriculum within our universities. In particular, it discusses one collaborative initiative that all the authors have been involved in, the website Global Social Theory. This site provides resources for the diversification and expansion of the curriculum for those teaching and studying social theory.
Genetic parameters and trends for production traits and their relationship with litter traits in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs
Authors: Lopez Bryan Irvine M. , Song Choulwon , Seo Kangseok
Published: August 2018

Genetic parameters and trends in the average daily gain (ADG), backfat thickness (BF), loin muscle area (LMA), lean percentage (LP), and age at 90 kg (D90) were estimated for populations of Landrace and Yorkshire pigs. Additionally, the correlations between these production traits and litter traits were estimated. Litter traits included total born (TB) and number born alive (NBA). The data used for this study were obtained from eight farms during 1999 to 2016. Analyses were carried out with a multivariate animal model to estimate genetic parameters for production traits while bivariate analyses were performed to estimate the correlations between production and litter traits. The heritability estimates were 0.52 and 0.43 for ADG; 0.54 and 0.45 for BF; 0.25 and 0.26 for LMA; 0.54 and 0.48 for LP; and 0.56 and 0.46 for D90 in the Landrace and Yorkshire breeds, respectively. The ADG and D90 showed low genetic correlation with BF and LP. The LMA had −0.40, −0.32, 0.49, and 0.39 genetic correlations with ADG, BF, LP, and D90, respectively. Genetic correlations between production and litter traits were generally low, except for the correlations between LMA and TB (−0.23) in Landrace and ADG and TB (−0.16), ADG and NBA (−0.18), D90 and TB (0.19), and D90 and NBA (0.20) in Yorkshire. Genetic trends in production traits were all favorable except for LMA.
Patterns and predictors for prescription of psychotropics and mood‐stabilizing antiepileptics during pregnancy in Denmark 2000–2016
Authors: Damkier Per , Christensen Louise Skov , Broe Anne
Published: August 2018

Aims

To analyse prescribing patterns during pregnancy for antipsychotics (APs), antidepressants (ADs) and mood‐stabilizing antiepileptics (AEDs) in Denmark from 2000 to 2016.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Danish Medical Birth Register, the Register for Legally Induced Abortions, the Danish National Patient Register and the Register of Medicinal Product Statistics. Data were linked through a unique personal identifier by Statistics Denmark.

Results

The use of APs increased 2.5‐fold from a prevalence of 1.5 per 1000 pregnancies to 3.8 for pregnancies ending in a delivery. Use of mood‐stabilizing AEDs increased from a prevalence of 0.1 to 2.1 during the study period. The prevalence for APs and mood‐stabilizing AEDs was nearly twice as high for pregnancies ending in miscarriage or termination compared to pregnancies ending in delivery. A marked increase in the prevalence of ADs use during pregnancy was seen from 2000–2011 (from 6 to 41 per 1000 pregnancies ending in a delivery) but appears slightly in decline. Age, smoking, obesity and social status were generally associated with increased use of psychotropic drugs.

Conclusions

The use of APs, ADs and mood‐stabilizing AEDs during pregnancy has increased substantially in Denmark from 2000–2016. The use of ADs appears to be slightly in decline since 2011.
Instrumental Variable Estimation in Semi-Parametric Additive Hazards Models
Authors: Brueckner Matthias , Titman Andrew , Jaki Thomas
Published: August 2018

Instrumental variable methods allow unbiased estimation in the presence of unmeasured confounders when an appropriate instrumental variable is available. Two-stage least-squares and residual inclusion methods have recently been adapted to additive hazard models for censored survival data. The semi-parametric additive hazard model which can include time-independent and time-dependent covariate effects is particularly suited for the two-stage residual inclusion method, since it allows direct estimation of time-independent covariate effects without restricting the effect of the residual on the hazard. In this article, we prove asymptotic normality of two-stage residual inclusion estimators of regression coefficients in a semi-parametric additive hazard model with time-independent and time-dependent covariate effects. We consider the cases of continuous and binary exposure. Estimation of the conditional survival function given observed covariates is discussed and a resampling scheme is proposed to obtain simultaneous confidence bands. The new methods are compared to existing ones in a simulation study and are applied to a real data set. The proposed methods perform favorably especially in cases with exposure-dependent censoring.
Removal Models Accounting for Temporary Emigration
Authors: Zhou Ming , McCrea Rachel S. , Matechou Eleni , Cole Diana J. , Griffiths Richard A.
Published: August 2018

Removal of protected species from sites scheduled for development is often a legal requirement in order to minimize the loss of biodiversity. The assumption of closure in the classic removal model will be violated if individuals become temporarily undetectable, a phenomenon commonly exhibited by reptiles and amphibians. Temporary emigration can be modeled using a multievent framework with a partial hidden process, where the underlying state process describes the movement pattern of animals between the survey area and an area outside of the study. We present a multievent removal model within a robust design framework which allows for individuals becoming temporarily unavailable for detection. We demonstrate how to investigate parameter redundancy in the model. Results suggest the use of the robust design and certain forms of constraints overcome issues of parameter redundancy. We show which combinations of parameters are estimable when the robust design reduces to a single secondary capture occasion within each primary sampling period. Additionally, we explore the benefit of the robust design on the precision of parameters using simulation. We demonstrate that the use of the robust design is highly recommended when sampling removal data. We apply our model to removal data of common lizards, Zootoca vivipara, and for this application precision of parameter estimates is further improved using an integrated model.
Differences in infection prophylaxis measures between paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia study groups within the international Berlin–Frankfürt–Münster (I‐BFM) study group
Authors: Klein Kim , Hasle Henrik , Abrahamsson Jonas , De Moerloose Barbara , Kaspers Gertjan J. L.
Published: August 2018

Prevention of infections is of obvious relevance in paediatric patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). However, recommendations are often non‐specific and supported by low‐quality evidence, resulting in divergent infection preventive regimens. Using a web‐based survey, we investigated the infection prophylaxis guidelines of 22 paediatric AML study groups affiliated to the international Berlin–Frankfürt–Münster study group. In order to evaluate differences in daily practice among hospitals, representatives (n = 27) from the Nordic Society for Paediatric Haematology and Oncology‐Dutch‐Belgium‐Hong Kong ‐ AML study group participated in a slightly modified survey. Seven study groups (32%) advise gram‐negative antibiotic prophylaxis, mainly with fluoroquinolones (n = 6). Gram‐positive prophylaxis is prescribed by eight groups (36%). Over 60% of the study groups prescribe food and social restrictions, but the specific topics and strictness differ widely. According to the hospital‐based survey, sites roughly comply with common study group guidelines. However, the use of any gram‐negative antibiotic prophylaxis, the specific prophylactic antifungal agent and the strictness of the food and social restrictions differ substantially between the hospitals. Despite a long history of close collaboration, many differences are still present between the affiliated groups. The results of this survey provide an appropriate baseline measure to study the emergence and impact of future guidelines on infection prophylaxis in paediatric AML.
Differential effects of makeup on perceived age
Authors: Russell Richard , Batres Carlota , Courrèges Sandra , Kaminski Gwenaël , Soppelsa Frédérique , Morizot Frédérique , Porcheron Aurélie
Published: August 2018

Makeup accentuates three youth‐related visual features – skin homogeneity, facial contrast, and facial feature size. By manipulating these visual features, makeup should make faces appear younger. We tested this hypothesis in an experiment in which participants estimated the age of carefully controlled photographs of faces with and without makeup. We found that 40‐ and especially 50‐year‐old women did appear significantly younger when wearing makeup. Contrary to our hypothesis, 30‐year‐old women looked no different in age with or without makeup, while 20‐year‐old women looked older with makeup. Two further studies replicated these results, finding that makeup made middle‐aged women look younger, but made young women look older. Seeking to better understand why makeup makes young women look older, we ran a final study and found evidence that people associate makeup use with adulthood. By activating associations with adulthood, makeup may provide an upward bias on age estimations of women who are not clearly adult. We propose that makeup affects social perceptions through bottom‐up routes, by modifying visual cues such as facial contrast, facial feature size, and skin homogeneity, and also through top‐down routes, by activating social representations and norms associated with makeup use.
The Politics of Negotiating with Gangs. The Case of El Salvador
Authors: Miguel Cruz José
Published: August 2018

This paper explores the dynamics of negotiations between the Salvadoran government and the street gangs, called maras. The paper argues that state negotiations with criminal groups can occur when organized crime is a significant part of the social and political order. This tacit order allows a great deal of coordination between and within criminal organizations and the focus of negotiations from the state's point of view is limited to the management of violence, not the dismantling of gangs' territorial control. This article draws on seventeen in‐depth interviews with middle‐level gang leaders, government officials, and participants of the truce negotiations from 2012 to 2016; it also relies on public information published by Salvadoran journalists and government sources about the truce.
GpTx‐1 and [Ala5, Phe6, Leu26, Arg28]GpTx‐1, two peptide NaV1.7 inhibitors: analgesic and tolerance properties at the spinal level
Authors: Chen Chao , Xu Biao , Shi Xuerui , Zhang Mengna , Zhang Qinqin , Zhang Ting , Zhao Weidong , Zhang Run , Wang Zilong , Li Ning , Fang Quan
Published: August 2018

Background and Purpose

The voltage‐gated sodium channel NaV1.7 is considered a therapeutic target for pain treatment based on human genetic evidence. GpTx‐1 and its potent analogue [Ala5, Phe6, Leu26, Arg28]GpTx‐1 (GpTx‐1‐71) were recently characterized as NaV1.7 inhibitors in vitro. Furthermore, the present work was conducted to investigate the analgesic properties of these two peptides in different pain models after spinal administration.

Experimental Approach

The antinociceptive activities of both GpTx‐1 and GpTx‐1‐71 were investigated in mouse models of acute, visceral, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the side effects of GpTx‐1 and GpTx‐1‐71 were evaluated in rotarod, antinociceptive tolerance, acute hyperlocomotion and gastrointestinal transit tests.

Key Results

The i.t. administration of both GpTx‐1 and GpTx‐1‐71 dose‐dependently produced powerful antinociception in the different pain models. This effect was attenuated by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, suggesting the involvement of the opioid system. In this study, repeated administration of these two_peptides produced spinal analgesia without a loss of potency over 8 days in mouse models of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Moreover, spinal administration of GpTx‐1 and GpTx‐1‐71 did not induce significant effects on motor coordination, evoke acute hyperlocomotion or increase gastrointestinal transit time.

Conclusions and Implications

Our data indicate that the NaV1.7 peptide inhibitors GpTx‐1 and GpTx‐1‐71 produce powerful, nontolerance‐forming analgesia in preclinical pain models, which might be dependent on the endogenous opioid system. In addition, at the spinal level, the limited side effects imply that these NaV1.7 peptide inhibitors could be potentially developed as GpTx‐1‐based drugs for pain relief.
Effects of systemic inhibitors of acid‐sensing ion channels 1 (ASIC1) against acute and chronic mechanical allodynia in a rodent model of migraine
Authors: Verkest Clément , Piquet Emilie , Diochot Sylvie , Dauvois Mélodie , Lanteri‐Minet Michel , Lingueglia Eric , Baron Anne
Published: August 2018

Background and Purpose

Acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) are neuronal proton sensors emerging as potential therapeutic targets in pain of the orofacial region. Amiloride, a non‐specific ASIC blocker, has been shown to exert beneficial effects in animal models of migraine and in patients. We explored the involvement of the ASIC1‐subtype in cutaneous allodynia, a hallmark of migraine affecting cephalic and extra‐cephalic regions in about 70% of migrainers.

Experimental Approach

We investigated the effects of systemic injections of amiloride and mambalgin‐1, a specific inhibitor of ASIC1a‐ and ASIC1b‐containing channels, on cephalic and extra‐cephalic mechanical sensitivity in a rodent model of acute and chronic migraine induced by i.p. injections of isosorbide dinitrate.

Key Results

I.v. injections of these inhibitors reversed cephalic and extra‐cephalic acute cutaneous mechanical allodynia in rats, a single injection inducing a delay in the subsequent establishment of chronic allodynia. Both mambalgin‐1 and amiloride also reversed established chronic allodynia. The anti‐allodynic effects of mambalgin‐1 were not altered in ASIC1a‐knockout mice, showing the ASIC1a subtype is not involved in these effects which were comparable to those of the anti‐migraine drug sumatriptan and of the preventive drug topiramate on acute and chronic allodynia respectively. A single daily injection of mambalgin‐1 also had a significant preventive effect on allodynia chronification.

Conclusions and Implications

These pharmacological data support the involvement of peripheral ASIC1‐containing channels in migraine cutaneous allodynia as well as in its chronification. They highlight the therapeutic potential of ASIC1 inhibitors as both an acute and prophylactic treatment for migraine.
Brood parasitism, relatedness and sociality: a kinship role in female reproductive tactics
Authors: Andersson Malte , Åhlund Matti , Waldeck Peter
Published: August 2018

Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) is a reproductive tactic in which parasitic females lay eggs in nests of other females of the same species that then raise the joint brood. Parasites benefit by increased reproduction, without costs of parental care for the parasitic eggs. CBP occurs in many egg‐laying animals, among birds most often in species with large clutches and self‐feeding young: two major factors facilitating successful parasitism. CBP is particularly common in waterfowl (Anatidae), a group with female‐biased natal philopatry and locally related females. Theory suggests that relatedness between host and parasite can lead to inclusive fitness benefits for both, but if host costs are high, parasites should instead target unrelated females. Pairwise relatedness (r) in host–parasite (h‐p) pairs of females has been estimated using molecular genetic methods in seven waterfowl (10 studies). In many h‐p pairs, the two females were unrelated (with low r, near the local population mean). However, close relatives (r = 0.5) were over‐represented in h‐p pairs, which in all 10 studies had higher mean relatedness than other females. In one species where this was studied, h‐p relatedness was higher than between nesting close neighbours, and hosts parasitized by non‐relatives aggressively rejected other females. In another species, birth nest‐mates (mother–daughters, sisters) associated in the breeding area as adults, and became h‐p pairs more often than expected by chance. These and other results point to recognition of birth nest‐mates and perhaps other close relatives. For small to medium host clutch sizes, addition of a few parasitic eggs need not reduce host offspring success. Estimates in two species suggest that hosts can then gain inclusive fitness if parasitized by relatives. Other evidence of female cooperation is incubation by old eider Somateria mollissima females of clutches laid by their relatives, and merging and joint care of broods of young. Merging females tended to be more closely related. Eiders associate with kin in many situations, and in some geese and swans, related females may associate over many years. Recent genetic evidence shows that also New World quails (Odontophoridae) have female‐biased natal philopatry, CBP and brood merging, inviting further study and comparison with waterfowl. Kin‐related parasitism also occurs in some insects, with revealing parallels and differences compared to birds. In hemipteran bugs, receiving extra eggs is beneficial for hosts by diluting offspring predation. In eggplant lace bugs Gargaphia solani, host and parasite are closely related, and kin selection favours egg donation to related females. Further studies of kinship in CBP, brood merging and other contexts can test if some of these species are socially more advanced than presently known.
STAT3 activation confers trastuzumab‐emtansine (T‐DM1) resistance in HER2‐positive breast cancer
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Quanren , Gao Mingzhao , Fu Li , Li Yun , Quan Haitian , Lou Liguang
Published: August 2018

Trastuzumab‐emtansine (T‐DM1) is an antibody‐drug conjugate that has been approved for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive metastatic breast cancer. Despite the remarkable efficacy of T‐DM1 in many patients, resistance to this therapeutic has emerged as a significant clinical problem. In the current study, we used BT‐474/KR cells, a T‐DM1‐resistant cell line established from HER2‐positive BT‐474 breast cancer cells, as a model to investigate mechanisms of T‐DM1 resistance and explore effective therapeutic regimens. We show here for the first time that activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediated by leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) overexpression confers resistance to T‐DM1. Moreover, secreted factors induced by activated STAT3 in resistant cells limit the responsiveness of cells that were originally sensitive to T‐DM1. Importantly, STAT3 inhibition sensitizes resistant cells to T‐DM1, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that the combination T‐DM1 with STAT3‐targeted therapy is a potential treatment for T‐DM1‐refractory patients.
Outcomes of combined keratoplasty and pars plana vitrectomy for endophthalmitis with compromised corneal clarity
Authors: Dave Abhishek , Acharaya Manisha , Agarwal Manisha , Dave Prachi A , Singh Manisha , Mathur Umang
Published: August 2018

Importance

Studies evaluating combined penetrating keratoplasty and pars plana vitrectomy for infectious aetiologies are limited.

Background

To evaluate the outcomes of combined penetrating keratoplasty and pars plana vitrectomy in patients with endophthalmitis and poor corneal clarity.

Design

Retrospective interventional case series conducted at a tertiary care eye hospital in North India.

Participants

Review of records of 43 eyes of 43 patients. Mean age of patients was 53.39 ± 12.94 years (26 males). Patients with age > 14 years with minimum follow‐up of 6 months were included.

Methods

Combined penetrating keratoplasty and pars plana vitrectomy was performed in all eyes.

Main Outcome Measures

We analysed the preoperative, intraoperative and microbiological characteristics of patients undergoing combined surgeries. Anatomic and functional success and failure were pre‐defined.

Results

Aetiology for corneal opacification was corneal ulcer in 30(69.7%) eyes, corneal graft infection in eight(18.6%) eyes, bullous keratopathy in four (9.3%) eyes and corneal scar in one eye. Postoperative visual acuity improved in 20(46.5%) eyes, did not change in 14 (32.5%) eyes and deteriorated in nine eyes (20.9%). Anatomical failure (uncontrolled infection leading to phthisis bulbi or evisceration) was seen in 15 (34.8%) eyes. Microbiological analysis revealed bacterial growth in 26, fungal in 14 and no growth in three eyes. Fungal infection had a poorer outcome (P = 0.03). Six out of 11 monoocular patients regained ambulatory vision.

Conclusions and Relevance

Combined penetrating keratoplasty and pars plana vitrectomy is a complex but globe salvaging procedure for poor prognosis eyes which otherwise may need evisceration. Fungal infection carries a poorer prognosis.
Historical control data on developmental toxicity studies in rats
Authors: Kuwagata Makiko , Sakai Yuko , Tanaka Sho , Takashima Hiromasa , Katagiri Ryuichi , Matsuoka Toshiki , Noritake Kenichi , Senuma Mika , Shimizu Tatsuya , Hojo Hitoshi , Ibi Kanata , Kudo Satoshi , Oota Takafumi , Ube Masayuki , Miwa Yoji , Kajita Shimpei , Uesugi Tohru , Yabe Kaoru , Tateishi Taishi , Nakano Nao , Taniguchi Terumasa , Yamashita Akihito , Hirano Takayuki , Kirihata Yuka , Sakai Yumi , Nishizawa Shino , Fujiwara Michio , Mineshima Hiroshi , Horimoto Masao , Ema Makoto
Published: August 2018

Historical control data from prenatal developmental toxicity studies in rats have been used to evaluate whether toxicology outcomes were induced by exposure to a chemical or were within the range of spontaneous variation. These data are also important for monitoring animal characteristics. As a follow‐up to historical control data from 1998 to 2010, this study analyzed control data from prenatal developmental studies performed in rats from 2011 to 2015. Data were collected from studies performed by 24 Japanese laboratories, including 15 pharmaceutical and chemical companies and nine contract research organizations, in Sprague‐Dawley and two‐sub‐strains of Wistar Hannover rats. The data included maternal reproductive findings at terminal cesarean section and fetal findings, including incidences of spontaneous external, visceral, and skeletal anomalies. No noticeable differences in maternal reproductive data were observed among laboratories. The inter‐laboratory variations in the incidences of fetal anomalies seemed to be due to differences in the selection of observation parameters, observation criteria, and classification of the findings, as well as to differences in terminology of fetal alterations. These historical control data may be helpful for adequate interpretation of experimental results and for evaluating the reproductive and developmental toxicities of various chemicals.
Filarial antibody responses in Wuchereria bancrofti transmission area are related to parasitological but not clinical status
Authors: NICOLAS LUC , LANGY SANDRA , PLICHART CATHERINE , DEPARIS XAVIER
Published: August 2018

In Wuchereria bancrofti transmission areas, three groups of individuals have been identified, according to the presence or absence of microfilariae or adult worm derived molecules in the blood compartment. These groups likely reflect individuals with different permissivity/resistance to the complete development of W. bancrofti cycle. The profile of filarial‐specific immunoglobulins was analysed in W. bancrofti‐exposed individuals in French Polynesia, according to the presence or absence of microfilariae (Mf) and adult worms, measured by Og4C3 circulating antigen. Individuals harbouring adult worms, have higher filarial‐specific IgG4 but lower IgG3 and IgE levels, than adult worm‐free individuals, independently of the presence of Mf. Low filarial‐specific IgG1 and IgG2 levels were associated with the presence of Mf but independent of the presence/absence of adult worms. The filarial antibody responses were associated with the parasitological status of individuals but not with clinical symptoms such as hydroceles or limb lymphangitis or elephantiasis. The reduction of filarial‐specific immunoglobulin levels was higher after treatment with diethylcarbamazine than ivermectin, which likely reflects the better effect of the former on W. bancrofti adult worms. However, reduction of antibody levels was also observed in Mf‐and adult worm‐negative individuals. This could be due to the overall reduction of W. bancrofti transmission in the island where this study took place.
Impacts of sellers’ responses to online negative consumer reviews: Evidence from an agricultural product
Authors: Qing Ping , Huang Heng , Razzaq Amar , Tang Yifan , Tu Ming
Published: August 2018

Sellers’ responses to online negative consumer reviews (NCRs) have a marked effect on consumer purchasing intentions. In this study, we divide seller's responses to NCRs into two categories: rational responses and emotional responses. Through two separate studies, we examine the impact of sellers’ responses to online NCRs on consumer purchasing intention. Results reveal that product‐related NCRs reduce consumer purchasing intentions more than service‐related NCRs and having no reaction to NCRs from the sellers decreases consumer purchasing intentions. In addition, consumer trust mediates the relationship between seller's response to online NCRs and consumer purchasing intentions. The results also show that the impact on consumer purchasing intentions can be modified by the type of NCRs and sellers’ responses. In particular, rational responses will be more effective for product‐related NCRs, and for service‐related NCRs, there does not appear to exist a significant difference between the effects of rational and emotional responses.
Cross‐elicitation responses to 2‐methoxymethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine in p‐phenylenediamine‐allergic individuals: Results from open use testing and diagnostic patch testing
Authors: Schuttelaar Marie L. , Dittmar Daan , Burgerhof Johannes G. M. , Blömeke Brunhilde , Goebel Carsten
Published: August 2018

Background

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) is a health concern for hair dye users. Because of its lower sensitization potency, the PPD derivative 2‐methoxymethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (ME‐PPD) has been developed as an alternative hair dye for primary prevention. However, cross‐elicitation responses can occur in PPD‐allergic subjects.

Objectives

To compare cross‐elicitation responses to ME‐PPD in open use and diagnostic patch testing of PPD‐allergic subjects with hair dye‐related allergic contact dermatitis.

Methods

Reactions to ME‐PPD were investigated in 25 PPD‐allergic subjects by performing (1) 45‐minute open use testing with a hair dye containing 2.0% of either ME‐PPD or PPD, and (2) patch testing with increasing ME‐PPD concentrations (0.1%–2.0% pet.).

Results

Of the 25 PPD‐allergic subjects, 21 (84%) reacted to open use testing with a hair dye containing 2.0% PPD, and testing with 2.0% ME‐PPD led to cross‐elicitation in 12 (48%). When patch tested with increasing ME‐PPD concentrations, 13 (52%) cross‐reacted at 0.1% (lowest dose) and 21 (84%) at 2.0% (highest dose), indicating decreased reactivity as compared with published PPD dose‐response data.

Conclusion

In line with the decreased cross‐reactivity of ME‐PPD in hair dye open use testing, PPD‐allergic subjects show an attenuated cross‐elicitation dose response to ME‐PPD in patch testing.