bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ecology of the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus in a coastal coniferous forest. I. Population dynamics
Authors: Petticrew B. G. , Sadleir R. M. F. S.
Published: August 2008

A 3-year live-trapping study of deer mice was carried out on separate 1-hectarc (ha) grids located in a mature forest, a recently logged area, and a young plantation. Despite apparent gross differences in the habitats, populations on the recently logged area were similar in numbers, survival, and recruitment to those in the mature forest. There were greater differences in population parameters between years than between these two areas. Populations of deer mice in the young plantation were lower in numbers and eventually went to extinction in the summer of 1970. This appeared to be due rather to the presence of numerous Microtus oregoni in this area than to the habitat being less suitable for deer mice.On the basis of this and previous studies it is proposed that the numbers of deer mice in a population are regulated as follows. During breeding seasons the numbers of males and juveniles are regulated by agonistic male behavior while the numbers of females may be a function of the length of the breeding season. During non-breeding seasons the changes in numbers of all deer mice are regulated by the length of such seasons.
The labrum and cephalic fans of larval Simuliidae (Diptera: Nematocera)
Authors: Craig D. A.
Published: August 2008

First-instar larvae of Gymnopais sp. (near dichopticus Stone), Twinnia tibblesi Stone and Jamnback, Prosimulium magnum Dyar and Shannon, P. susanae Peterson, P. travisi Stone, and Crozetia crozetense (Womersley) possess simple cephalic fans. Simple cephalic fans are absent from first-instar G. dichopticus Stone and T. biclavata Stone and from all later instars. Later-instar Gymnopais retain vestigial messores and messorial apodemes which make contact with the tormal apodeme.Between first and later instars of Gymnopais and Twinnia, the tormal apodeme connection shifts from the torma to the anterior palatal bar, through differential sclerotization.Homologies are established for the labral and labropalatal sclerites, within the Simuliidae, and with those of other nematocerous larvae.The anterior palatal bar, present in first-instar Prosimulium larvae is not fully expressed again until later instars.First instars of the prosimuliine genera, Gymnopais, Prosimulium, Twinnia, and Crozetia, have apomorphically reduced cephalic fans and small labra, but retain many plesiomorphic characteristics.First-instar simuliine larvae of Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar and Shannon), Metacnephia sp. (near saileri Stone), and Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt have well-developed cephalic fans and broad labra. Larvae of S. oviceps Edwards possess apomorphically reduced cephalic fans and associated muscles.Factors involved in the evolution of the cephalic fan stem are discussed.
Distribution and prevalence of Dracunculus spp. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) in mammals in Ontario
Authors: Crichton Vincent Frederick Joseph , Beverley-Burton Mary
Published: August 2008

Within Ontario Dracunculus insignis (Leidy 1858) Chandler 1942, a common parasite of raccoon, Procyon lotor (L) (prevalence > 50%), and mink, Mustela vison Schreber (prevalence > 50%), is apparently confined to the southern part of the province. In this area D. insignis was also found in fisher, Martes pennanti (Erxleben); and Dracunculus sp. was found in short-tailed weasel, Mustela erminea (L), muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (L), and opossum, Didelphis marsupialis (L). The distribution of D. insignis coincides with that of raccoon in Ontario, and it is suggested that raccoon may be a reservoir host for this species and that mink became incorporated into its life cycle secondarily. Dracunculus lutrae Chrichton and Beverley-Burton 1973 of the otter, Lutra canadensis (Schreber), was found across the entire province and, in most areas, the prevalence exceeded 75%. During the trapping season (October–April) larvigerous females were found in 20 (44.4%) of 45 otter infected with D. lutrae in southern Ontario, but were absent from the limbs of 132 infected otter from northern Ontario.
The morphology and possible origin of the hemipteran loral lobes
Authors: Parsons Margaret C.
Published: August 2008

The loral lobes of the hemipteran cranium are described and their possible homologies are discussed. It is proposed that the hemipteran head arose from a hypothetical first stage which had many generalized pterygote characteristics, including the lack of a prepharynx. From this initial stage, a head with a prepharynx, a functional [as apposed to morphological) mouth, and loral lobes could have developed in at least three ways, each of which assumes a different interpretation of the loral lobes.Of the three theories discussed here, the hypopharyngeal one is, in my opinion, the most satisfactory, and the clypeal one the least. Although the clypeal theory is the only one of the three which is strongly supported by embryological evidence, it can also be more strongly criticized than the other two. Major drawbacks are (1) its complexity, (2) its interpretation of the functional mouth, and (3) the fact that it is inconsistent with the innervation of the loral lobes and with their condition in the Hydrocorisae.Supporters of the genal–subgenal theory cite the sternal origin of the hypopharynx as a major objection to the hypopharyngeal theory. This rather questionable criticism is, in my estimation, more than compensated for by the drawbacks of the genal–subgenal theory which include (1) its relative complexity, (2) the lack of any definite embryological evidence for it. and, perhaps most serious, (3) its interpretation of the loromaxillary cleft as an intersegmental boundary.The hypopharyngeal theory has none of the drawbacks of the other two except the lack of conclusive embryological evidence. It is the simplest of the three theories, explains both the typical morphology of the loral lobes and their modification in the Hydrocorisae. and is consistent with the generally accepted views of the phylogeny of the Heteroptera.
Effects of cuterebrid larval parasitism on deer-mouse metabolism
Authors: Hunter D. M. , Webster J. M.
Published: August 2008

As in many parasitized mammals, deer mice infested with cuterebrid botfly larvae had decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma albumin, and increased plasma globulin. These blood changes reflect a protein deficit in deer mice caused by larval uptake of body fluids including albumin. Deer mice increase their food intake in response to botfly infestation, and the botfly larvae use this increased food to grow rapidly without significantly increasing deer-mouse mortality.
Ovaries of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, after copulation with a series of males
Authors: Clulow F. V. , Mallory F. F.
Published: August 2008

Female meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, were paired with a series of four males. Each male, except the first, interrupted the pregnancy caused by the preceding male and initiated a further ovulation and pregnancy. These events were reflected in vaginal-smear patterns. The ovaries of these voles were compared with those obtained from primiparous and multiparous females killed after copulation. No significant differences in ovarian weight were observed among the three groups. The number of corpora lutea per vole varied from 20.0 ± 1.3, in the repeatedly mated group, to 5.6 ± 0.4 and 5.9 ± 0.5, respectively, in the primiparous and multiparous groups. The data are compared with published information on ovaries of wild microtines. High numbers of corpora lutea in the ovaries of wild microtines, such as Microtus spp. and Clethrionomys glareolus. which nave been shown to be induced ovulators, may be taken as suggestive evidence of pregnancy failure in nature.
Energy requirements of the dasyurid marsupial mouse Antechinus swainsonni (Waterhouse)
Authors: Cowan I. McT. , O'Riordan A. M. , Cowan J. S. McT.
Published: August 2008

The requirements of the marsupial "mouse" Antechinus swainsonii for energy and water have been investigated using five individuals. The rate of food passage is recorded. Apparent digestible energy requirement for normal activity, determined by the equation, food energy less fecal energy, averages 23.3 kcal per day for 50-g animals. This is close to 4 times the calculated basal metabolic energy requirement. The equation relating water intake to apparent digestible energy (ADE) is y = 0.299x1,2. Rate of food passage is such that 90% of the residues are eliminated in 12 h, and 99% in 18 h. Among eutherian mammals, Antechinus most closely resembles the short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda.
Analysis of feeding behavior in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens
Authors: Martin James B. , Witherspoon Nancy B. , Keenleyside Miles H. A.
Published: August 2008

Feeding behavior of newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) was studied by comparing the responses of individual animals to visual, chemical, and tactile cues from mosquito larvae. Feeding responses were most strongly stimulated by visual cues; less so by chemical and tactile cues in that order.
Cardiac glycosides in Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). I. The uptake and distribution of natural cardenolides in the body
Authors: Duffey S. S. , Scudder G. G. E.
Published: August 2008

Oncopeltus fasciatus sequesters cardiac glycosides from seeds of Asclepias syriaca, and in the adult, concentrates these chemicals in the dorsolateral spaces of the thorax and abdomen; 60 to 95% of the cardenolide in such adults is stored in the dorsolateral complex. Very little cardenolide is detectable in the haemolymph of adults and larvae, but cardiac glycosides do occur in the adult ventral metathoracic gland secretions and in the larval middorsal abdominal gland fluid.O. fasciatus sequesters cardenolides throughout its life cycle. The complement of cardenolides acquired by feeding throughout the development is not related simply to increase in body weight. Unknown factors during late larval development are important in the accumulative uptake of the heart poisons.It is shown that O. fasciatus sequesters polar but not non-polar cardenolides into the dorsolateral complex in the adult. The accumulation of the polar cardenolides in both the larva and adult appears to be, at least in part, associated with the ability of the insect to metabolize heart poisons. The non-polar cardenolide digitoxin was converted to at least two more polar cardenolides. Adult O. fasciatus did not, however, metabolically alter the chromatographic behavior of ouabain that had been added to the food.
Mergamma DB and phenylmercuric acetate: their effect on the reproduction of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica Temminck and Schlegel)
Authors: Dwernychuk L. Wayne , Sheppard David H. , Haley Leslie E.
Published: August 2008

A commercial seed fungicide–insecticide, Mergamma DB, and one of its constituents, phenylmercuric acetate, were fed to Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in the laboratory. Five levels of mercury (1.25, 2.50, 12.50, 25.00, and 50.00 ppm) mixed with laying meal were fed to birds during four 16-week experiments. Survival of female quail, egg production, and egg weight were significantly reduced at 50 ppm mercury (Mergamma DB as mercury source). Fertility, embryo viability, and hatchability were each significantly reduced at levels of 12.5 ppm mercury for both mercury compounds. Results showed that the Mergamma DB treatments produced more pronounced reproductive failure than phenylmercuric acetate. Breast muscle from treated birds and egg con tents contained significantly higher levels of mercury residue than in control birds, up to a maximum of 8.9 ppm in tissue and 2.3 ppm in eggs. Accumulation of mercury in male birds may have contributed to the significant decline m fertility of treated birds. Possible serious environmental implications of mercury seed treatments are discussed.
Seasonal variations in biochemical composition during the reproductive cycle of the intertidal gastropod Thais lamellosa Gmelin (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia)
Authors: Lambert Philip , Dehnel Paul A.
Published: August 2008

Seasonal variations in biochemical constituents of Thais lamellosa Gmelin in relation to the reproductive cycle were studied. Digestive gland, foot muscle, and gonad were analyzed for protein, glycogen, lipid, and ash for 1 year. Data on feeding and gamete maturation were obtained from histological sections of digestive gland and gonad. Major periods of feeding activity occurred in April and August. The spawning peak was in March and gametogenesis began in July. Maximum glycogen levels coincided with major feeding periods but reserves in the digestive gland were mainly lipid. This lipid reserve was used during the winter. Glycogen was at a relatively low level in all tissues and appeared to be used by the developing gonad. The foot muscle stored neither lipid nor glycogen to any appreciable extern.During winter the digestive gland index decreased as reserves were used. The ovary index held constant from October to February then dropped sharply with spawning. Animals kept for the same period under artificial summer conditions showed no decrease in the digestive gland index, but a decrease in the ovary index. Few oogonia reached maturity and many were resorbed. Starved animals used more protein from the ovary than fed animals.
Behavioral thermoregulation in the pika Ochotona princeps: a field study using radiotelemetry
Authors: MacArthur Robert A. , Wang Lawrence C. H.
Published: August 2008

When either the level or duration of spontaneous activity is increased over an ambient temperature range of 2–28C, the body temperature of the pika shows a slight increase; the maximum fluctuation observed was 1.0C. However, none of the changes in body temperature proved to be significantly different from that of the resting state (P < 0.05).In nature, pikas avoid hyperthermia by means of precise behavioral thermoregulation in which both duration and level of activity are regulated. A negative correlation was observed between the duration of lime spent on the surface of the rocks, and the surface ambient temperature, over a range of 3–27C. Between 0930 and 1930 h, as the surface ambient temperature increased, the percentage of observations in which the pika was below the rocks increased, and vice versa. By engaging in short bursts of surface activity (usually less than a 3.5-min duration) followed by retreat to the cooler microclimate beneath the rocks, pikas are able to regulate their body temperature precisely at a level only 2–3C below the upper lethal temperature.
The adaptive significance of paedogenesis in North American species of Ambystoma (Amphibia: Caudata): an hypothesis
Authors: Sprules W. Gary
Published: August 2008

Paedogenesis in varying degrees is exhibited by many species of North American salamanders, particularly of the genus Ambystoma. On the basis of a consideration of the ecology of these species, it is proposed that paedogenesis is evolutionarily adaptive and the following hypothesis is presented. In most habitats where ambystomatid salamanders occur, they exhibit the typical amphibian life history, consisting of aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. However, where unusually harsh conditions, such as severe temperature fluctuations, lack of suitable cover or food, and low humidity, exist on land then the adjacent aquatic habitat is more suitable for salamanders provided it is permanent and provided fish are rare or absent. Under these circumstances paedogenesis will evolve because salamanders which spend their whole lives as larvae in the water have an adaptive advantage over those which metamorphose and become primarily terrestrial. Supporting evidence for the hypothesis is based primarily on patterns of similarity in the ecology of paedogenetic species of Ambystoma. It is suggested that paedogenesis is most commonly reported from the western mountains because this area contains more permanent fish-free ponds than any other area of North America. Exceptions to the hypothesis are discussed and some speculation on the genetic basis of paedogenesis is offered.
Visual imprinting and auditory-discrimination learning in young of the canvasback and semiparasitic redhead (Anatidae)
Authors: Mattson Mark E. , Evans Roger M.
Published: August 2008

Laboratory studies were used to determine if visual imprinting and auditory-discrimination learning differ between ducklings of the semiparasitic redhead (Aythya americana) and canvasback (A. valisineria). Both species exhibited visual imprinting, but only canvasbacks exhibited evidence of auditory learning. Brood parasitism in redheads is apparently associated with a reduction in their ability to learn an auditory discrimination, but not in their ability to visually imprint to inanimate models.Canvasback responses were selectively enhanced by calls presented in the absence of a visual-imprinting stimulus. It is suggested that such an enhancement of responses to maternal calls when the parent is heard but not seen could facilitate the maintenance of family units in non-parasitic species like the canvasback. Redheads gave fewer responses to maternal calls than did canvasbacks, and their responses lo calls were virtually unaffected by withdrawal of an accompanying visual stimulus. The reduced auditory responsiveness arid learning in redheads, combined with the reduced effects of visual-stimulus withdrawal, could facilitate the ultimate and biologically necessary separation of these brood parasites from members of the foster species.
Emigration of the peamouth chub, Mylocheilus caurinus, across a dilute seawater bridge: an experimental zoogeographic study
Authors: Clark David W. , McInerney John E.
Published: August 2008

In British Columbia, the postglacial distribution of the peamouth chub, Mylocheilus caurinus, is limited to certain mainland drainages except for several problematical island occurrences, including Vancouver Island, The saline waters of the 30-mi wide Strait of Georgia evidently act as a barrier to island dispersal. However, during periods of very high runoff from the Fraser River, a corridor of low-salinity water is established between the mouth of the Fraser River and Vancouver Island. For primary-division freshwater fish, this probably constitutes a sweepstakes emigration route consisting of a shallow surface gradient with terminal salinities occasionally falling to levels which peamouth chub can tolerate. In a simulated crossing of Georgia Strait, peamouth chub demonstrated superior survival capabilities in comparison to three other freshwater species. The study lends support to the idea that the presence of chub in the Nanaimo River system on Vancouver Island represents a natural postglacial range extension.
The annual cycle of red blood cell count and haemoglobin level in the urodele Taricha granulosa on southern Vancouver Island
Authors: Friedmann G. B.
Published: August 2008

Appreciable, if unspectacular, seasonal variations in red blood cell count, rather than in haemoglobin levels, is shown to be a reasonable indicator of the position of (male) Taricha granulosa during the animal's annual cycle at sea level, for southern Vancouver Island.Animals collected in the field over a 17-month period yielded 274 cell counts and 363 haemoglobin values with average values of (8.0 × 104 ± 15%) cells/mm3 blood and (8.5 ± 6%) g/100 ml blood, respectively. Depressed values of these averages were encountered in late summer.Animals acclimated to laboratory conditions at 15 °C and kept for a few months gave values in good agreement with the field data.
Aspects of the life history of Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars), Crustacea (Euphausiacea), in Passamaquoddy Bay
Authors: Hollingshead K. W. , Corey S.
Published: August 2008

Monthly collections of Meganyctiphanes norvegica for a 19-monih period in Passamaquoddy Bay showed that these euphausiids were present in the bay in varying numbers from February to November but virtually disappeared in December and January. Sexual maturity is attained in 1 year with gonadal development taking 3 months, and spawning occurring in July and August. The resulting generation will breed and spawn for the first time the next July as age group I. Age group I grows from April until August; from September until March, very little growth occurs. After a second breeding and spawning, the animals die, having a life span of 2 years.
Pheromone mask produced by male Trypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Borden J. H.
Published: August 2008

The response of male Trypodendron lineatum in laboratory bioassays was inhibited if gut extract from males was added to an attractive extract of guts from single females. Emergent, postdiapause males, and paired males removed from logs 2 and 7 weeks after attack possessed the mask. Emergent brood males did not. The pheromone mask was still apparent when separate wicks were used for male and female gut extracts, indicating that the mask is olfactory and does not result from a chemical reaction. Gut extract from paired females removed from logs 2 weeks after attack was attractive, indicating that attraction to females in the host would persist were they not accompanied by mask-producing males.
Ecology of Simuliidae, Mermithidae, and Microsporida in Newfoundland freshwaters
Authors: Ezenwa Afamdi O.
Published: August 2008

Prosimulium mixtum/fuscum S. &D., Cnephia mutata (Malloch), C. dacotensis D. &S., Simulium aureum Fries, and S. gouldingi Stone are univoltine. S. venustum Say, S. vittatum Zett., S. tuberosum (Lundstrom), S. corbis Twinn, S. latipes (Mg.), and S. decorum Walker are multivoltine. Neomesomermis flumenalis (Welch), Gastromermis viridis Welch, and Isomermis wisconsinensis Welch are univoltine. The eggs of Prosimulium and Cnephia species hatched synchronously with a batch of the eggs of N. flumenalis. The eggs of the first generation of Simulium species hatched synchronously with the eggs of G. viridis and I. wisconsinensis, and the overwintered batch of eggs of N. flumenalis. The larvae of subsequent generations of Simulium species were not infected by mermithids. Mermithid infections occur during the hatching and buildup of blackfly larval population.Caudospora simulii Weiser and C. brevicauda Jamn. occur in Prosimulium and Cnephia species during the cold seasons. Thelohania bracteata (Strickland, 1913), Pleistophora simulii (Lutz and Splendor, 1904), P. multispora (Strickland, 1913), and Coelomycidium simulii Debaisieux occur in Simulium species during the warm seasons. G. viridis and I. wisconsinensis overwinters in the egg stage, and N. flumenalis overwinters partly in the egg stage and partly as parasites in P. mixtum/fuscum. S. venustum and P. mixtum/fuscum are the most prevalent and abundant of the simuliids. N. flumenalis is the most prevalent and abundant of the mermithids and P. multispora is the most abundant of the microsporidans. Aeshna interrupta Walker and Rhyacophila fuscula (Walker) prey on S. venustum larvae.
Additional records and descriptions of North and Central American Geotrupinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Howden H. F.
Published: August 2008

Three new species, Bolbelasmus monticolus from E1 Salvador, Geotrupes pecki from Mexico, and Geotrupes lobatus from Mexico, are described. Two new subspecies of Geotrupes guatemalensis Bates, tridentatus from E1 Salvador and unidentatus from Mexico, are proposed and geographic variants of Ceratotrupes sturmi (Jekel) and Geotrupes sallei Jekel are discussed. Range extensions for 21 species are listed.
Calorific values of Chironomidae (Diptera)
Authors: McCauley Victor J. E. , Tsumura Kanji
Published: August 2008

Calorific determinations were made on the larvae of 9 species, and on the pupae and adults of 10 species, of Chironomidae from Marion Lake, British Columbia. Combination of these data with those in the literature to obtain mean calorific values (± 2 SE) for chironomid larvae, pupae, and adults gave values of 4802 ± 165 g-cal/g dry wt. and 5104 ± 178 g-cal/g ash-free dry wt., 4828 ± 136 g-cal/g dry wt. and 4975 ± 129 g-cal/g ash-free dry wt., and 4957 ± 78 g-cal/g dry wt. and 5019 ± 72 g-cal/g ash-free dry wt., respectively.
Spacial organization among male sharp-tailed grouse on arenas
Authors: Rippin A. B. , Boag D. A.
Published: August 2008

Spacial organization among lekking sharp-tailed grouse was investigated, in the spring of 1969, near Wainwright, Alberta, by sequentially removing territorial males from the centers of two arenas and recording the responses shown by remaining territory holders. Vacancies created on each arena were filled by an adjacent male or shared by two or three birds in contiguous territories. Central vacancies were filled in an orderly and predictable manner: first by males in a central group of territories, then by males in territories surrounding die central group, and finally by peripheral males. As the number of males on arenas was reduced, the area occupied by the system of territories also shrank. Thus, territory size remained constant as did density of males on the arena. The means by which the spacial configuration of territories was attained and maintained are discussed.
Responses of adult newts (Amphibia: Urodele) to x rays
Authors: Algard F. T. , Friedmann G. B. , McCurdy H. M.
Published: August 2008

Adult Taricha granulosa are relatively radioresistant in both their active (summer and spring) and inactive (winter) phases. Animals exposed to doses between 2700 and 3600 rads in their inactive phase died between 80 and 107 days post irradiation. Animals irradiated with similar doses in their active phase died between 40 and 75 days post irradiation. Some observations relating to changes in pigmentation are discussed.
Responses of metamorphosing Taricha torosa to x rays
Authors: McCurdy H. M. , Algard F. T. , Friedmann G. B.
Published: August 2008

A single dose of 1000 rads of x rays administered to metamorphosing Taricha torosa larvae interferes selectively with some elements of the metamorphosing process without, apparently, affecting any major triggering mechanism. Though the predominant result is a failure to complete metamorphosis, metamorphosed irradiates showing larval pigmentation, vestigial gills, and non-protuberant eyes have been observed. Arrest of the normal thickening of the epidermis during metamorphosis and of the associated development of the epidermal melanophores is followed by regression of the pigment pattern to the larval form. This 1000-rad dose appears to kill half of a sample population in 30 days. A single dose of 200 rads, while allowing completion of metamorphosis, is fatal within some 3 months. The metamorphosed animals show predominantly adult characteristics.
In vitro maturation response of oocytes of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) to salmon gonadotropin in ovary – head kidney co-culture
Authors: Goswami Shashi V. , Sundararaj Bangalore I. , Donaldson Edward M.
Published: August 2008

Ovarian tissue from gravid catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, was cultured in the modified Wolf and Quimby medium either alone or in co-culture with homologous head kidney pieces. This system was used to study the effect of salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) on oocyte maturation. Oocytes did not mature when ovarian tissue was cultured alone, while 19% of the oocytes underwent maturation in ovary – head kidney co-culture. Addition of SG-G100 (20 μg/ml) to the incubation medium containing ovarian tissue evoked maturation in 13% of the oocytes, whereas the same amount of SG-G100 added to ovary – head kidney co-culture increased the maturation response to 54%. These results suggest that SG-G100 can bring about significant in vitro maturation of oocytes only in the presence of the interrenal tissue.
The saliva of adult female blackflies (Simuliidae: Diptera)
Authors: Yang Y. J. , Davies D. M.
Published: August 2008

In tests with mammalian and avian bloods, agglutinin activity was found in saliva from females of Simulium decorum, S. venustum, and S. vittatum which were at least 12 h old, but not in saliva from 2-h-old females of S. decorum. Anticoagulant activity of the saliva varied among individuals of a species, but females of S. venustum showed a little higher activity than females of the other species. Heat destroyed this activity. Tests were unable to substantiate the idea that in these species, saliva is stored in the crop before blood feeding.
The comparative in vitro release of calcium from dried and defatted eel and rat bone fragments, and its possible significance to calcium homeostasis in teleosts
Authors: Fenwick James C.
Published: August 2008

The in vitro release of calcium from dried and defatted fragments of eel bone and rat bone was examined in a number of inorganic solvents and in eel and rat plasma. In each inorganic solvent, the rate of withdrawal of calcium from eel bone exceeded the rate of withdrawal from rat bone; and at equilibrium, the eel bone supported a higher solvent-calcium concentration than did the rat bone. In eel plasma, fragments of eel bone supported a plasma calcium concentration greater than the concentration of calcium in normal plasma in vivo. These results are consistent with the view that in normal eels, the plasma is undersaturated with calcium with respect to the simple solubility of bone calcium.The hypothesis that the simple solubility of bone calcium plays a greater role in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis in fishes than it does in mammals is discussed in relation to the observations made.
Hematozoa of passeriform birds from insular Newfoundland
Authors: Bennett Gordon F. , Campbell A. Gillian , Cameron Marilyn
Published: August 2008

A total of 2675 passeriform birds of 56 species were examined for blood parasites in insular Newfoundland during the period 1969–1972; 1872 (70%) harbored one or more species/genera of hematozoa. The genus Leucocytozoon, represented by L. dubreuili, L. fringillinarum, L. majoris, and L. sahkaroffi, occurred in 65% of the birds; and mixed infections involving these four species occurred commonly. Haemoproteids occurred in 22% of the sample, represented by Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) fringillae, H. orizivora, and H. fallisi. Trypanosoma avium and T. calmettei occurred in 17.5% of the birds; members of the genus Plasmodium and microfilariae were uncommon. Prevalence of blood parasites in immature and adult birds was similar, and the prevalence was also similar in migratory and non-migratory species. The rate of parasite occurrence was remarkably similar from year to year in one area where the annual sample was large. Prevalence of parasites varied widely from locale to locale, and in some areas, low prevalence could be explained by absence of vectors.
Granular hemocytes, the main phagocytic blood cells in Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)
Authors: Neuwirth Maria
Published: August 2008

In Calpodes ethlius, thorium dioxide is phagocytized by granular hemocytes and oenocytoids with some granular hemocytic features. Plasmatocytes and spherule cells are not phagocytic.
Demodex odocoilei sp. nov. from the white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus
Authors: Desch Clifford E. , Nutting W. B.
Published: August 2008

A new species of Demodex which is parasitic in the pilosebaceous complex of the white-tailed deer is figured and described in detail. The life cycle, habitat, and several pathogenic manifestations, including invasion of the blood system, are described.
The annual reproductive cycle of the black prickleback, Xiphister atropurpureus, a Pacific Coast blennioid fish
Authors: Wourms John P. , Evans David
Published: August 2008

Semimonthly determinations of the gonad index made during the course of a year show that Xiphister atropurpureus has an annual reproductive cycle. The gonad index (ovary) increases during midwinter, attains a maximum value of 20 in late April–May, and declines to a base-line value of 0.5 from June to December. Spawning occurs during a 6-week period in late April–May. Spawning takes place in zone 4 of the intertidal habitat. Eggs deposited singly are fertilized and then shaped into a spherical mass by the parents. As egg envelopes harden, they adhere to one another to form a coherent mass. The egg mass is guarded by one or both parents. The annual reproductive cycle is considered to be a necessary consequence of the energetic demands of oogenesis combined with selection for a spawning period which is environmentally optimal. Alternative cycles based on modification of the present egg size (large)/egg number (few) relationship do not appear feasible, since the required modification of the egg size/egg number ratio would be selectively disadvantageous. The intertidal habitat of Xiphisier is subject to several potential environmental hazards: wave shock, reduced salinity due to rain and runoff, and excessively high or low temperatures. These are seasonal hazards which occur during winter or summer. Spawning is timed (April–May), so the probability that developing eggs will be exposed to environmental risks is minimized while the probability of exposure to environmental benefits is maximized. It is suggested that the reproductive cycle is under photoperiodic control.
The intervertebral joint of the longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus
Authors: Cameron H. U.
Published: August 2008

The intervertebral joint of the longnose gar has been examined by differential histological staining techniques and by scanning electron microscopy. The joint was found to be transitional, being neither a true diarthrosis nor a synchondrosis. The articular cartilage was found to consist of two layers, a superficial layer of fibrocartilage and a deeper layer of hyaline cartilage. The joint cavity was partially filled with fibrocartilaginous adhesions, the number of which varied from joint to joint.The degree of movement in each joint was minimal, in keeping with the heavily armored exoskeleton.
Seawater adaptation independent of photoperiod in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Wagner Harry H.
Published: August 2008

As evidenced by immediate-transition experiments, seawater adaptation in juvenile steelhead trout was independent of photoperiod and the onset of parr–smolt transformation. Increased survival occurred as the fish grew larger, and euryhalinity was reached at 12 to 13 cm. There was no marked regression in the hypoosmoregulatory mechanism in the summer. The regression reported in earlier studies was discussed in terms of seasonal changes in lipid reserves and Na+- and K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in gill microsomes.
Influences of some freshwater plants on the development and survival of mosquito larvae in British Columbia
Authors: Angerilli Nello P. D. C. , Beirne Bryan P.
Published: August 2008

Six species of freshwater aquatic plants and an alga (Characeae) collected in southern British Columbia markedly reduced the number of adult mosquitoes emerging from experimental tanks by influencing larval development and survival. One of the plants and the green alga apparently produce juvenile hormone-like compounds, one species ingests mosquito larvae, and two operate by facilitating the presence and activity of predators of the larvae.
Consumption of jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, by the eastern chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (Bechstein)
Authors: Simmons Gary A. , Sloan Norman F.
Published: August 2008

Predation by the eastern chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina (Bechstein), on the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, was investigated in northern Michigan. Singing-male counts and bird-banding records provided estimates of bird populations, budworm consumption rates were estimated from observation cage results, and budworm populations were estimated from branch sample counts. Average rate of consumption of all life forms of the budworm was 7.8/h per bird and remained nearly the same regardless of the number of life stages of the budworm available. Overall consumption was 3000/acre (7500/ha) for adults, 600/acre (1500/ha) for juveniles, and 300/acre (750/ha) for nestlings over a 22-day feeding period, resulting in 0.92% budworm mortality. Methods of estimating juvenile and nestling consumption of budworm are presented.
Two new species of Maritrema (Trematoda: Microphallidae) from the Pacific Coast of North America
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

Maritrema pacifica n. sp. has an incomplete posterior ring of vitellaria, a spiny cirrus, a trilobed ovary, and a well-differentiated metraterm. It differs from M. patulus Coil, 1955 in the larger body, longer esophagus, round rather than slit-like genital pore, and larger eggs. It differs from M. interrupta Oshmarin, 1970, M. eroliae Yamaguti, 1939, and M. kitanensis Shibue, 1953 in the smaller cirrus sac containing sparse prostate cells. M. pacifica has the following definitive hosts: Larus californicus Lawrence, L. occidentalis Audubon, Turdus migratorius L. from Oregon, and Crocethia alba (Pallas) from British Columbia. The metacercariae, from Orchestoidea corniculata from California, became ovigerous in Locke's solution at 39 °C.Maritrema paracadiae n. sp. (synonym M. acadiae of Deblock and Rausch (1972)) differed from the type specimens of M. acadiae (Swales, 1933) in the proportionately larger oral and ventral suckers; the larger, inverted J-shaped cirrus sac containing prominent prostate cells; and the distribution of the uterus within, instead of overlapping, the posterior vitellarian ring. M. paracadiae was found in the intestine of Bucephala islandica (Gmelin) from Washington.
Yolk-protein degradation during embryogenesis of the African migratory locust
Authors: McGregor D. A. , Loughton B. G.
Published: August 2008

An analysis of the individual proteins present during the period of locust embryogenesis was undertaken using quantitative Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 13 bands could be resolved, some of which appeared de novo during development while others decreased or disappeared. It was found that protein use and synthesis was a well-regulated process involving periods both of high activity and of relative inactivity. The periods of most conspicuous protein changes coincided with major morphological events. The gradual degradation of several of the storage proteins was interrupted at specific times of development when they showed striking increases in concentration. The period when carbohydrates were used as an energy source could be correlated with the gradual disappearance of the carbohydrate bound to the major yolk storage protein. A number of haemolymph proteins could be demonstrated in the egg extracts. The major yolk protein was found to be immunologically identical with the female sex specific blood protein. This protein fraction had properties that were very similar to a lipovitellin reported in another insect species. A drop in the total soluble protein during early development corresponded to a previously reported increase in the free amino acid pool.
Tardigrades from New Brunswick, Canada. 3
Authors: Argue C. W.
Published: August 2008

Four species of tardigrades, not before reported for Canada, are identified from sites in south central New Brunswick. They are Macrobiotus pullari, Hypsibius (Hypsibius) dujardini, Hypsibius (Diphascon) bullatus, and H. (D.) rugosus.
Gill-tissue respiration in the crab Eriocheir sinensis
Authors: Dehnel Paul A.
Published: August 2008

Respiration and hydration of excised gill tissue were studied in Eriocheir sinensis adapted to fresh water and seawater, and in eyestalkless (ESR) crabs adapted to fresh water. Anterior red gills are morphologically and functionally different from posterior white gills. Red gills in fresh water have a greater fluid content than white gills. Red and white gills in seawater are similar. Freshwater-adapted white gills have the highest respiratory rate; seawater-adapted red gills have the lowest rate. Wet weight/dry weight comparisons between eyestalkless and normal crabs, of either red or white gills, show some differences. Fluid content of normal white gills is higher, and of normal red gills is Lower, when compared with comparable gills from ESR crabs. Respiration rates of both types of gills from eyestalkless crabs are higher when compared with gills from control crabs. Electron microscope studies support conclusions based on the respiration and hydration measurements. Cells of red gills in fresh water have characteristics of inactive cells, whereas those cells of white gills are metabolically active and are concluded to be responsible for salt regulation. The roles of the two gills are discussed relative to volume regulation, salt balance, changes in gill permeability, and neurosecretory control.
A key to the genus Lutrilichus Fain and description of a new species from the ermine, Mustela erminea, in Canada (Acarina: Sarcoptiformes)
Authors: Fain A. , Lukoschus F. S. , Kok N. J. J. , Clulow F. V.
Published: August 2008

Lutrilichus canadensis sp. nov., parasitic on the ermine, Mustela erminea, in Canada, is described and figured in detail. A key to species of the genus Lutrilichus Fain, 1970 is presented.
Byssus structure of larval forms of the fingernail clam, Musculium securis (Prime)
Authors: Mackie G. L. , Qadri S. U. , Clarke A. H.
Published: August 2008

The byssus in Musculium securis (Pelecypoda: Sphaeriidae) consists of a byssal stalk that originates in the foot of prodissoconch larvae, and a byssal bulb that inserts on the descending lamella of the inner gill of the parent. The byssus probably prevents precocious birth of young.
Littoral Rotifera of Ontario—genus Lecane, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Chengalath R. , Mulamoottil George
Published: August 2008

Samples collected from the littoral zone of lakes and ponds around Waterloo, Ontario, showed 33 species of rotifers belonging to the genus Lecane. Of these, 2 are new species and 17 are new records for Canada.
Heritable and temperature-induced meristic variation in the medaka, Oryzias latipes
Authors: Ali M. Y. , Lindsey C. C.
Published: August 2008

Eggs from 25 parental pairs were reared at sustained temperatures from 20C to 34C, or were changed from 20C to 30C or vice versa al various developmental stages. Crowding, mechanical shoes, container type, amount of aeration, and malachite green prophylaxis did not alter numbers of vertebrae, and pectoral or dorsal rays; nor did these numbers vary between eggs laid on different days by the same parents. Numbers of anal and caudal rays were significantly different between sibling egg batches, and were decreased by crowded rearing conditions. Mechanical shock increased anal ray counts. Caudal rays were sometimes decreased by lack of aeration. Response of vertebrae to different sustained temperatures was U-shaped in nine groups, with nadirs varying from 24C to 32C; in two groups, vertebrae were progressively fewer at higher temperatures. Pectoral ray counts usually were progressively lower at higher temperatures. Dorsal ray counts of most formed arched curves. In all series, heritable variation at one temperature roughly equalled phenotypic variability between temperatures. Inherited differences in response patterns of different meristic series are largely independent of each other, and of mortality and of hatching time. Temperature breaks produced an overcompensation in vertebrae if applied early, or a paradoxical reaction if applied late.
Influence of diapause and diet on the development of the gonads and accessory reproductive glands of the black blowfly, Phormia regina (Meigen)
Authors: Stoffolano Jr. John G.
Published: August 2008

Aspects of the reproductive biology, including mating, vitellogenesis, and development of the accessory reproductive glands, of both male and female Phormia regina were investigated. Non-diapausing adults showed changes in the female ovaries, plus in the fat body and accessory reproductive glands of both sexes, that correlated with major reproductive events. The changes in these structures were influenced by diet and diapause-inducing conditions. The importance of protein in the diet of non-diapausing, cyclorrhaphous females is well documented; consequently, emphasis has been placed on the significance of protein in the diet of non-diapausing males and its function in development of the accessory reproductive glands.
Effects of larval age at inoculation, and dosage of microsporidan (Nosema fumiferanae) spores, on mortality of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)
Authors: Wilson Gary G.
Published: August 2008

There is an increase in larval mortality of Choristoneura fumiferana as the insect is fed an increasing dose of Nosema fumiferanae spores. However, there is a decrease in susceptibility to the pathogen with an increase in host age. High concentration (108–109 spores/ml) fed to last-instar larvae will result in 100% infection in the adults. It takes from 14 to 20 days for the pathogen to cause 50% mortality in the larvae.
Origin of trehalose in stress-induced hyperglycaemia in the american cockroach, Periplaneta americana
Authors: Matthews J. R. , Downer R. G. H.
Published: August 2008

The time course of stress-induced hyperglycaemia was determined in adult male Periplaneta americana, and a rapid elevation of haemolymph trehalose concentration is reported. Intracellular fat body trehalose concentrations were measured in the resting insect and found to be equivalent to haemolymph trehalose levels. In active insects, the apparent intracellular fat body trehalose concentration is greater than that of the haemolymph, and is dependent upon the time taken for dissection. The rate of production of trehalose in isolated fat body is equivalent to the rate of appearance of haemolymph trehalose in hyperglycaemia.
Sensory basis of homing in the intertidal fish Oligocottus maculosus Girard
Authors: Khoo Hong Woo
Published: August 2008

The roles of vision and olfaction in the homing mechanism of Oligocottus maculosus Girard are investigated in this present study. These were tested by studying the homing performance of displaced blind, anosmic, and normal individuals, and the home-site fidelity of replaced individuals. The study was conducted at a rocky beach near Port Renfrew, on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, throughout 1968, 1969, and 1970. A significant reduction in. home-site fidelity was observed for blind and anosmic fish when compared with normal individuals, while no significant difference in fidelity was observed between them, indicating that both vision and olfaction are important components of home-site fidelity. From displacement experiments, blind fish are found to home belter than anosmic individuals, and on occasions they are equal in homing ability to normal fish. This indicates that vision may not be an important sensory channel in the homing of O. maculosus while olfaction may be. The homing mechanism is briefly discussed.
A morphometric and meristic study of a population of the American brook lamprey, Lethenteron lamottei (LeSueur), from Ontario
Authors: Kott Edward
Published: August 2008

A morphological and meristic study was made of a population of prespawning American brook lampreys, Lethenteron lamottei, and comparisons were made with published descriptions of other populations of this species. The characteristics examined were as follows: proportional measurements, myomere count, oral-papilla count, velar-tentacle count, oral-fimbria morphology, dentition, and pigmentation pattern. Many of the characteristics studied showed differences which were related to the sine or sex of the individuals. Atypical dentition was frequently noted and described.The population was composed of larger than average individuals, showing some differences in proportional measurements which appear to be related to the size of the individuals. Differences in dentition and velar-tentacle count were noted, when compared with previously published descriptions of this species.Comparisons were also made with the closely related species, Lethenteron japonicum, and with a population of suspected L. lamottei from Alaska.