bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of background medical therapy on efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure with improved ejection fraction in the DELIVER trial
Authors: Pabon Maria , Claggett Brian L. , Wang Xiaowen , Miao Zi Michael , Chatur Safia , Bhatt Ankeet S. , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Fang James C. , Desai Akshay S , Jhund Pardeep , Martinez Felipe , de Boer Rudolf A. , Kosiborod Mikhail N. , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Shah Sanjiv J. , Hernandez Adrian F. , McMurray John J.V. , Solomon Scott D. , Vardeny Orly
Published: August 2023

Aims

The Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER) trial demonstrated the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin to be beneficial in patients with symptomatic heart failure (HF) with improved ejection fraction (HFimpEF; those with prior left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% that had improved to >40% by enrolment). Whether this benefit differs by background medical therapy is unclear. The current study aims to determine the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin among patients with HFimpEF by background medical therapy.

Methods and results

Treatment effects on the primary endpoint (worsening HF or cardiovascular death) were assessed by number of background HF medical therapies (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker/angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor, evidence‐based beta‐blocker, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist). Among the 6263 patients randomized in DELIVER, 1151 (18%) had HFimpEF. Of those, 21% of patients were on 0–1 therapies, 44% were on two therapies, and 35% were on three therapies. During 2.3 years of median follow‐up, the incidence rate of the primary outcome was 9.7, 8.8, and 8.4 per 100 person‐years for patients on 0–1, 2 and 3 HF medications at baseline, respectively. Treatment effects with dapagliflozin on the primary outcome may be greater in patients with HFimpEF on 0–1 therapies at baseline (pinteraction = 0.09), driven mostly by a significant interaction for HF hospitalization (pinteraction = 0.023) with no evidence of effect modification for cardiovascular death (pinteraction = 0.65). Treatment effects of dapagliflozin on the primary outcome were, however, consistent when assessed across the modified Heart Failure Collaboratory Medical Therapy Score integrating both therapeutic use and dosing (pinteraction = 0.39). The use of dapagliflozin was not associated with changes in use or doses of background HF therapies, and among patients on three HF medications at baseline, the addition of dapagliflozin did not lead to higher adverse events.

Conclusions

In patients with HFimpEF, the safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin were largely similar by background use and dosing of HF medical therapies. The benefit of dapagliflozin in reducing HF events tended to be greater in those patients on 0‐1 medications at baseline. Among patients already on three HF medical therapies, the addition of dapagliflozin was safe without requiring de‐escalation of other therapies.
Stressful life events and low back pain in older men: A cross‐sectional and prospective analysis using data from the MrOS study
Authors: McNaughton David T. , Roseen Eric J. , Downie Aron , Jenkins Hazel , Øverås Cecilie K. , Young Justin J. , Fink Howard A. , Stone Katie L. , Cawthon Peggy , Hartvigsen Jan
Published: August 2023

Background

Stressful life events, such as loss of a partner, loss of a pet or financial problems, are more common with increasing age and may impact the experience of pain. The aim of the current study is to determine the cross‐sectional and prospective association between stressful life events and low back pain reporting in the Osteoporotic Fracture in Men Study, a cohort of older men aged ≥65 years.

Methods

At a study visit (March 2005–May 2006), 5149 men reported whether they had experienced a stressful life event or low back pain in the prior 12 months. Following that visit, data on low back pain patients were gathered through triannual questionnaires every 4 months for 1 year. Multivariable logistic regression analyses estimated the association of stressful life events with recent past low back pain or future low back pain.

Results

N = 2930, (57%) men reported at least one stressful life event. The presence of a stressful life event was associated with greater odds of any low back pain (OR = 1.42 [1.26–1.59]) and activity‐limiting low back pain (OR = 1.74 [1.50–2.01]) in the same period and of any low back pain (OR = 1.56 [1.39–1.74]) and frequent low back pain (OR = 1.80 [1.55–2.08]) in the following year.

Conclusion

In this cohort of men, the presence of stressful life events increased the likelihood of reporting past and future low back pain.

Significance

Stressful life events such as accident or illness to a partner are common in later life and may impact the experience of pain. We present cross‐sectional and prospective data highlighting a consistent association between stressful life events and low back pain in older men. Further, there is evidence to suggest that this relationship is upregulated by an individual's living situation. This information may be used to strengthen a biopsychosocial perspective of an individual's pain experience.
Coprecipitation Prepared High‐Performance Anode Material KMnF3 for Lithium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Li Zhe , He Zheng-Hua , Hou Jing-Feng , Gao Jian-Fei , Kong Ling-Bin
Published: August 2023

Exploring better electrochemical energy storage devices is a great challenge. Lithium‐ion capacitors have attracted much attention because they combine the advantages of Li‐ion batteries and supercapacitors, but the mismatch between the kinetics and capacity of the cathode and anode is still an extraordinary gap. In order to address this issue, a cubic‐phase perovskite fluoride KMnF3 via a simple and safe coprecipitation way is synthesized. The KMnF3 electrode exhibits a cubic‐phase structure and a pseudocapacitive kinetics by X‐ray diffractometer and cyclic voltammetry. The high specific capacity (189 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 for 500 cycles) and fast pseudocapacitive control dynamics (at the sweep speed of 0.2 mV s−1, the pseudocapacitance ratio is 62.12%) can be demonstrated in half cell, while the b‐value is up to 0.95. Further assembled with activate carbon to form lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs), KMnF3//AC delivers high energy density (24 Wh kg−1), high power density (3900 kW kg−1), and long cycle life over 4000 cycles. The findings shed lights on developing advanced electrode materials for high‐performance electrochemical LICs.
A novel GABRG2 variant in Sunflower syndrome: A case report and video EEG monitoring
Authors: Sourbron Jo , Proost Renee , Jansen Katrien , Riva Antonella , Eschermann Kirsten , Barnett James Richard , Lagae Lieven
Published: August 2023

Objective

Sunflower syndrome is a unique photosensitive epilepsy, characterized by heliotropism and stereotyped seizures associated with handwaving. These handwaving events (HWE) are thought to be an ictal phenomenon, although current data are contrasting. Photosensitive epilepsy occurs in 2%–5% of the epilepsy forms and several pathogenic gene variants have been associated with photosensitive epilepsy. However, the genetic etiology of Sunflower syndrome remains unknown. Antiseizure medications (ASM) efficacious in treating photosensitive epilepsy are valproic acid (VPA) and levetiracetam (LEV) although some forms, such as Sunflower syndrome, can be drug‐resistant.

Methods and Results

Here, we report an 8‐year‐old boy with an early onset of episodes of HWE that was initially categorized as behavioral problems for which risperidone was started. However, the medical history was suggestive of Sunflower syndrome, and subsequent video EEG showed focal mostly temporal and frontotemporal (right and left) epileptiform activity and confirmed the epileptic nature of the HWE. Thus, VPA was started and initially led to seizure frequency reduction. Molecular analyses showed a pathogenic variant in GABRG2 (c.1287G>A p.(Trp429Ter)), which has been associated with photosensitive and generalized epilepsy.

Significance

Overall, clinicians worldwide should be cautious by interpreting HWE and/or other tic‐like movements, since an epileptic origin cannot be ruled out. A prompt and correct diagnosis can be made by performing a video EEG early on in the diagnostic process when epileptic seizures are part of the differential diagnosis. Even though the genetic etiology of Sunflower syndrome remains poorly understood, this constellation supports further genetic testing since the detection of a pathogenic variant can help in making correct decisions regarding ASM management.
Comparison of potent odorants in high‐salt liquid‐state fermentation soy sauce before and after sterilization
Authors: Liu Yuping , Wang Rui , Guan Wei , Bai Jiawei , Zhou Shangting , Chen Liang
Published: August 2023

To compare the changes of potent odorants (PO) in high‐salt liquid‐state fermentation soy sauce (HLFSS) after sterilization under 120°C for 15 s, the volatiles in HLFSS were isolated by solvent extraction combined with solvent‐assisted flavour evaporation and were analysed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry‐olfactometry. A total of 40 odour‐active compounds were identified, and their flavour dilution (FD) factors ranging from 1 to 4096 were determined by comparative aroma extract dilution analysis. Twenty‐four compounds with FD factors ≥8 were quantitated by establishing standard curves, and the results showed that total concentrations of alcohols and phenols were almost unchanged, those of esters, acids and pyrazines decreased and those of aldehydes and ketones increased. Based on quantitative results and thresholds in water, odour activity values (OAVs) were calculated. Eighteen compounds with OAVs ≥1 were determined as PO in HLFSS. The number of POs did not change after sterilization, and OAVs of 10 POs remained unchanged or varied very little. The significant changes in the concentrations of methional, 5‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐3(2H)‐furanone, nonanal, ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate, methionol, benzeneacetaldehyde, 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3(2H)‐furanone and 2‐ethyl‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazine after sterilization caused the obvious variations of OAVs, which made cooked potato, caramel‐like, fatty and floral notes in HLFSS change in different degrees. The results obtained have some reference value to produce SS.
Forecasting base metal prices with exchange rate expectations
Authors: Brown Pablo Pincheira , Hardy Nicolás
Published: August 2023

In this paper, we show that survey‐based expectations of the Chilean exchange rate have the ability to predict the returns of the six primary non‐ferrous metals: aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc. Predictability is also found for returns of the London Metal Exchange Index. Previous studies have shown that the Chilean exchange rate has the ability to predict copper returns, a world commodity index and base metal prices. Nevertheless, our results indicate that expectations about the Chilean peso have stronger predictive ability relative to the first lag of the Chilean currency. This is shown both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample. By focusing on expectations of a commodity currency, and not on the currency itself, our paper provides indirect but new and strong evidence of the ability that commodity currencies have to forecast commodity prices.
Suckling or non‐suckling? Sensory characterization of commercialized lamb meat according to feeding
Authors: Etaio Iñaki , Bravo‐Lamas Leire , Pérez‐Elortondo Francisco José , Barron Luis Javier R. , Aldai Noelia
Published: August 2023

Consumption of meat from suckling lambs is typical in some regions. However, sensory differences between meat from suckling and non‐suckling lambs are barely described in previous studies. The objectives of the present study were (a) to develop a method to describe the sensory characteristics of lamb meat, including the development of sensory references for odor, flavor, and texture attributes; and (b) to study the sensory differences between lamb meat commercialized as “suckling lamb” and that commercialized without this designation. Twenty‐three sensory attributes were selected, and their corresponding sensory references were developed. A detailed procedure to evaluate the samples was also set up. This methodology was used to characterize samples (n = 48) from a survey of lamb meat from different types of stores (n = 23). Half of the samples were commercialized as sucking lamb and the other half (older lambs) without this indication. Samples were bought in two seasons (May and December) to consider possible seasonal effects. Samples were evaluated in triplicate by 12 trained assessors. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (p ≤ .05). Apart from how long juiciness was maintained (“maintained juiciness”), all the selected attributes were appropriate to discriminate between samples. Lamb meat sold as “suckling” did not differ from the other lamb samples in odor and flavor, but there were clear differences in texture attributes: meat sold as suckling lamb was tenderer and juicier, with higher crumbliness, and with lower fibrousness, chewiness, and residue than non‐suckling lamb meat. Several sensory characteristics, mainly related to odor and flavor, varied according to the season.
Occurrence and risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples from southeastern Iran using the margin of exposure approach
Authors: Ghaffarian‐Bahraman Ali , Mohammadi Salman , Dini Ali
Published: August 2023

This study aimed to investigate Aflatoxin‐M1 (AFM1) contamination in pasteurized and raw milk samples consumed in Kerman and Rafsanjan in southeastern Iran. In this cross‐sectional study, a total of 100 samples of raw (n = 67) and pasteurized (n = 33) milk were randomly collected from retail stores, supermarkets, and milk transport tankers in the winter of 2020 and the summer of 2021. The level of AFM1 contamination in the collected samples was evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC‐FD). AFM1 was detected in 95% of samples and its median concentration was 17.38 ng/L. The median concentration of AFM1 in the pasteurized milk samples (24.89 ng/L) was significantly higher than in the raw milk samples (13.54 ng/L). The AFM1 contamination level in 20% (raw = 13% and pasteurized = 7%) of the samples was higher than the maximum permitted level (MPL) recommended by the European Union (i.e., 50 ng/L), whilst 4% (raw = 3% and pasteurized = 1%) of the samples was higher than the Iranian maximum standard limit (i.e., 100 ng/L). The hazard index (HI) was higher than 1 in 16%, 18%, and 35% of total milk samples for men, women, and children, respectively. The AFM1 contamination level in the milk samples collected in southeastern Iran was worrying. The margin of exposure (MoE) values were lower than 10,000 for children. Because aflatoxins are among the most potent carcinogens known, prevention of milk contamination in all stages from the farm to the table can considerably reduce the community's exposure to AFM1 and its consequent health risks.
The synergistic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and yeast isolated from fermented foods in reduction of aflatoxin B1
Authors: Nasiri Poroj Shohreh , Larypoor Mohaddeseh , Fazeli Mohammad Reza , Shariatmadari Farid
Published: August 2023

The presence of aflatoxins in food products can lead to health risks in human societies. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of yeast strains isolated from fermented products and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2‐NPs) was studied on aflatoxin reduction. Yeast strains were isolated from fermented products such as sweet fruits and dairy products and identified using biochemical, ascospore (testing by culture medium optimization V8 which is called V8NLF), and molecular methods. The probiotic activity of four selected yeasts was evaluated. Then, the effect of selected yeast isolates and TiO2‐NPs on reducing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the medium was studied by measuring AFB1 using ELISA and HPLC. The results of biochemical and molecular identification experiments indicate that the selected strain (Y1) is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The selected strains showed good tolerance to different concentrations of bile salt, pH, and NaCl, indicating appropriate probiotic activity. It also showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhimurium. Selected strain and TiO2‐NPs showed AFB1 reducing activity in the medium and when combined, showed synergistic effects in reducing AFB1. TiO2‐NPs in combination with selected yeast strains have a high ability to remove AFB1 from the medium and, therefore, can be used for future studies.
Toward Photoactive Wallpapers Based on ZnO‐Cellulose Nanocomposites
Authors: Alvi Naveed Ul Hassan , Sepat Neha , Sardar Samim , Berggren Magnus , Engquist Isak , Crispin Xavier
Published: August 2023

The quest for eco‐friendly materials with anticipated positive impact for sustainability is crucial to achieve the UN sustainable development goals. Classical strategies of composite materials can be applied on novel nanomaterials and green materials. Besides the actual technology and applications also processing and manufacturing methods should be further advanced to make entire technology concepts sustainable. Here, they show an efficient way to combine two low‐cost materials, cellulose and zinc oxide (ZnO), to achieve novel functional and “green” materials via paper‐making processes. While cellulose is the most abundant and cost‐effective organic material extractable from nature. ZnO is cheap and known of its photocatalytic, antibacterial, and UV absorption properties. ZnO nanowires are grown directly onto cellulose fibers in water solutions and then dewatered in a process mimicking existing steps of large‐scale papermaking technology. The ZnO NW paper exhibits excellent photo‐conducting properties under simulated sunlight with good ON/OFF switching and long‐term stability (90 minutes). It also acts as an efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation (5.7 × 10−9 m s−1) with an envision the possibility of using it in buildings to enable large surfaces to spontaneously produce H2O2 at its outer surface. Such technology promise for fast degradation of microorganisms to suppress the spreading of diseases.
Characteristics and controlling factors of tuff reservoirs of Huoshiling Formation in Dehui Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, NE China
Authors: Fan Wentian , Wang Zhizhang , Song Xinmin , Li Zhongcheng , Zhang Guoyi , Li Ling , Yu Zhichao , Jiang Yi
Published: August 2023

This study takes the tuff reservoir of the Huoshiling Formation in the Dehui Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, as an example to clarify the characteristics and primary controlling factors of tuff reservoirs. 3D seismic, core, image log, thin section, production dynamic and other data were used. Mineral x‐ray diffraction, core computerized tomography scanning, high‐pressure mercury injection, porosity, permeability, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence thin section, element testing and other experiments were conducted. The volcanic rocks in the study area are divided into andesite, volcanic breccia, lithic tuff and crystal tuff. The experiment results show that the mineral composition of tuff is primarily quartz, feldspar and clay minerals. The reservoir space comprises secondary pores and fractures, whereas primary pores are not developed. Average pore‐throat radius of most samples ranges from 0.017 to 0.131 μm, and the pore‐throat is primarily fine. The average porosity is 12.21% (a typical medium‐high porosity reservoir), and the average permeability is 0.072 mD (an extra‐low permeability reservoir). Tectonic fractures generated by tectonic movement are one of the reservoir spaces of tuff. Faults and tectonic fractures constitute a crucial migration channel of the fluid in the deep stratum. The tuff formed in the underwater environment, and the reservoir is affected by alteration. Devitrification is a crucial cause of medium‐high porosity and ultra‐low permeability in reservoirs. The alteration caused by hydrothermal fluid in deep fluids creates a considerable number of pores and fractures filled with clay minerals. Furthermore, acid fluid dissolves tuff along faults and fractures. In terms of time, the filling action is earlier than the dissolution action. The weathering indexes of CIA, CIW, PIA and WIP indicate that the tuff has suffered intense weathering, and the reservoir's physical properties have been improved to some extent.
An 840 kb distant upstream enhancer is a crucial regulator of catecholamine‐dependent expression of the Bdnf gene in astrocytes
Authors: Avarlaid Annela , Esvald Eli‐Eelika , Koppel Indrek , Parkman Annabel , Zhuravskaya Anna , Makeyev Eugene V. , Tuvikene Jürgen , Timmusk Tõnis
Published: August 2023

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a fundamental role in the developing and adult nervous system, contributing to neuronal survival, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of BDNF synthesis, secretion or signaling has been associated with many neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although the transcriptional regulation of the Bdnf gene has been extensively studied in neurons, less is known about the regulation and function of BDNF in non‐neuronal cells. The most abundant type of non‐neuronal cells in the brain, astrocytes, express BDNF in response to catecholamines. However, genetic elements responsible for this regulation have not been identified. Here, we investigated four potential Bdnf enhancer regions and based on reporter gene assays, CRISPR/Cas9 engineering and CAPTURE‐3C‐sequencing we conclude that a region 840 kb upstream of the Bdnf gene regulates catecholamine‐dependent expression of Bdnf in rodent astrocytes. We also provide evidence that this regulation is mediated by CREB and AP1 family transcription factors. This is the first report of an enhancer coordinating the transcription of Bdnf gene in non‐neuronal cells.
Performance of the HPV E6/E7 mRNA Aptima HPV assay combined with partial genotyping compared with the HPV DNA Cobas 4800 HPV test for use in primary screening: Results from the CERVIVA HPV primary screening study in Ireland
Authors: White Christine , Reynolds Stephen , Murphy Katherine , Keegan Helen , Naik Padma , O'Brien Roisin , Pilkington Loretto , Sharkey Ochoa Imogen , Glesson Grainne , Russell Noirin , Nuttall David , Tewari Prerna , Wright Fiona , O'Toole Sharon , Sharp Linda , Flannelly Grainne , O'Leary John J. , Martin Cara M. ,   CERVIVA the Irish Cervical Screening Research Consortium
Published: August 2023

There are currently several validated HPV tests. However, longitudinal data which spans appropriate age ranges, as well as evaluation of potential screening algorithms are necessary for screening programmes choice of test. The objective of our study was to evaluate the performance of HPV mRNA and HPV DNA testing, including partial genotyping, in routine cervical screening. As part of the CERVIVA HPV Primary Screening Study, ThinPrep samples from 10 150 women were tested for HPV mRNA using the Aptima HPV assay and HPV DNA using the Cobas 4800 HPV test. HPV mRNA‐positive women were further assessed with the Aptima genotyping assay for HPV 16/18/45. Baseline cytology and prospective follow‐up data were collected. The performance of the two tests was examined over 42 months (to date). HPV mRNA demonstrated equivalent sensitivity to HPV DNA testing for detection of CIN2+ (93.2% [92.4‐93.9] vs 92.8% [92.0‐93.6], respectively) and CIN3+ (94.6% [93.8‐95.3] vs 94.6% [93.8‐95.3]). HPV mRNA testing had significantly higher specificity compared to HPV DNA for detection of CIN2+ (84.0% [83.5‐84.5] vs 80.8% [80.2‐81.4], respectively) and CIN3+ (88.44% [88.2‐88.6] vs 85.62 [85.4‐85.9]). The proportion of CIN2+ and CIN3+, over 3 years (42 months), in HPV‐negative women was comparable for both RNA (0.20% and 0.10%) and DNA (0.22% and 0.11%). Genotyping data was comparable across both assay platforms. In the context of HPV primary screening HPV mRNA testing has potential to reduce triage tests and follow‐up tests at 12 months compared to DNA testing, with no significant difference in detection of CIN2+ and CIN3+.
Timing of antibiotic prophylaxis in term prelabor rupture of membranes: A retrospective cohort study using propensity‐score matching
Authors: Dan Liu , Lin Wu , Hailong Li , Linan Zeng , Bin Wu , Lingli Zhang
Published: August 2023

Objective

To assess whether earlier administration of antibiotic prophylaxis after prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) at term would decrease the incidence of maternal and neonatal infections.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study comparing women with term PROM who were initiated antibiotic prophylaxis within or after 6 h, and within or after 12 h from PROM to delivery during January 2019 to December 2021. Women with term PROM receiving cephalosporin and without contraindications to vaginal delivery or confirmed or suspected infection were included in the study. The primary outcome was puerperal infection, which refers to the reproductive tract infection occurring within 42 days of delivery. The type of pharmacoeconomic evaluation was selected based on the results of compared effectiveness between the early group and the late group. Propensity‐score matching (PSM) was used to adjust confounding. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were used to verify the robustness of results.

Results

We enrolled 5353 women with term PROM, including 4331 initiated with antibiotic within 6 h, 1022 after 6 h, 5077 within 12 h, and 276 after 12 h. After PSM, no significant difference was observed in the baseline characteristics of the groups. There was no statistical difference between antibiotic use within 6 h and after 6 h, or within 12 h and after 12 h, in puerperal infection (4.6% vs. 4.3%, P = 0.826; 2.9% vs. 4.6%, P = 0.471, respectively), total maternal infection, neonatal sepsis, and total neonatal infection. Cost‐minimization analysis showed there was no significant difference between antibiotic use within 6 h and after 6 h, or within 12 h and after 12 h, in direct medical costs.

Conclusion

This study showed that there was no statistical difference in the efficacy and economy of antibiotic prophylaxis used within 6–12 h after rupture of membranes versus after 6–12 h in women with term PROM.
Analysis of particle size distribution of organic carbon for landfill leachate—implications for sustainable treatment
Authors: Doğruel Serdar , Kaya Beste , Soylu Dilşad , Çokgör Emine , Baran Aydın , Sözen Seval , Orhon Derin
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Landfill leachate has a complex composition requiring experimental support to formulate a sustainable treatment strategy. This study utilized the particle size distribution (PSD) of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) content to assess the profile of biodegradable and inert COD fractions; it also emphasized the functions and benefits of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration modules coupled to an activated sludge process. The evaluation profited from the field data of a landfill site in Istanbul, where the leachate was actually treated in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant.

RESULTS

COD and total nitrogen levels fluctuated between 10 100–31 200 mg L−1 and 1150–2800 mg L−1, respectively. PSD analysis for COD, conducted at two extremes, displayed similar results, where the majority of the COD was observed to accumulate at the low extremity of the particle size, 70–72% below 2 nm. Therefore, direct membrane filtration of leachate yielded low COD removals that were limited to 9% with ultrafiltration and to 31–35% with nanofiltration. COD fractionation indicated a ratio of 5% for the inert COD in leachate. The permeate COD of ultrafiltration in the existing plant was 2000 mg L−1, much higher than the inert fraction ratio, which was further reduced to 266 mg L−1 by nanofiltration.

CONCLUSION

PSD analysis was an integral complement of respirometry for establishing the size‐biodegradation relationships of different COD fractions. It located the majority of soluble COD fractions below 0.55 nm, thus implying the necessity of a biological process. PSD also identified the generation of soluble residual metabolic products, indicating that residual COD escaping treatment would be equally significant to the removal potential of the biodegradable substrate. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Critical considerations in determining the surface charge of small extracellular vesicles
Authors: Tamrin Sara Hassanpour , Phelps Jolene , Nezhad Amir Sanati , Sen Arindom
Published: August 2023

Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a focal point of EV research due to their significant role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes within living systems. However, uncertainties about the nature of these vesicles have added considerable complexity to the already difficult task of developing EV‐based diagnostics and therapeutics. Whereas small EVs have been shown to be negatively charged, their surface charge has not yet been properly quantified. This gap in knowledge has made it challenging to fully understand the nature of these particles and the way they interact with one another, and with other biological structures like cells. Most published studies have evaluated EV charge by focusing on zeta potential calculated using classical theoretical approaches. However, these approaches tend to underestimate zeta potential at the nanoscale. Moreover, zeta potential alone cannot provide a complete picture of the electrical properties of small EVs since it ignores the effect of ions that bind tightly to the surface of these particles. The absence of validated methods to accurately estimate the actual surface charge (electrical valence) and determine the zeta potential of EVs is a significant knowledge gap, as it limits the development of effective label‐free methods for EV isolation and detection. In this study, for the first time, we show how the electrical charge of small EVs can be more accurately determined by accounting for the impact of tightly bound ions. This was accomplished by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of EVs, and then analytically correlating the measured values to their charge in the form of zeta potential and electrical valence. In contrast to the currently used theoretical expressions, the employed analytical method in this study enabled a more accurate estimation of EV surface charge, which will facilitate the development of EV‐based diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Extracellular vesicle‐mediated protein delivery to the liver
Authors: Ilahibaks Nazma F. , Roefs Marieke T. , Brans Maike A. D. , Blok Christian Snijders , de Jager Saskia C. A. , Schiffelers Raymond M. , Vader Pieter , Lei Zhiyong , Sluijter Joost P. G.
Published: August 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale particles that facilitate intercellular communication. They are regarded as a promising natural drug delivery system for transporting and delivering bioactive macromolecules to target cells. Recently, researchers have engineered EVs with FKBP12/FRB heterodimerization domains that interact with rapamycin to load and deliver exogenous proteins for both in vitro and in vivo applications. In this study, we examined the tissue distribution of EVs using near‐infrared fluorescent imaging. We evaluated the effectiveness of EV‐mediated delivery of Cre recombinase specifically to hepatocytes in the livers of Ai9 Cre‐loxP reporter mice. Intravenous injection resulted in more efficient Cre protein delivery to the liver than intraperitoneal injections. Depleting liver‐resident macrophages with clodronate‐encapsulated liposome pre‐treatment did not enhance EV‐mediated Cre delivery to hepatocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated that multiple intravenous injections of Cre‐EVs facilitated functional Cre delivery to hepatocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to simultaneously investigate the tissue distribution of FKBP12/FRB‐engineered EVs and their subsequent intracellular protein delivery in Ai9 Cre‐loxP reporter mice. These insights can inform preclinical research and contribute to developing next‐generation EV‐based platforms for delivering therapeutic proteins or genome editing technologies targeting the liver.
Does the amount of family history matter? Perspectives of adult adoptees
Authors: Williams Alyssa , Blake Alise K. , Williamson Dean Lori , Lepard Tassin Tiffany
Published: August 2023

Family history is considered the gold standard for risk assessment of inherited conditions and is often used to inform preventative care. There are currently no provider guidelines that address caring for patients with a lack of family history, and adoptees report inconsistent care because of this. Through this qualitative study, we explored (1) how the amount of family history impacts adoptees' perceptions of healthcare and (2) adoptees' suggestions for improvement of their healthcare. Fourteen adult adoptees participated in semi‐structured interviews via telephone or Zoom audio. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis and interpretive phenomenology. Results revealed five themes: adoptees should have access to their family health history; several factors influence the importance of family history (reproduction, identity formation, age, and health concerns); many adoptees use direct‐to‐consumer testing to gain information about health risks or to find family members; completing history forms or being asked about family health history invokes negative emotions in adoptees; experiences with healthcare providers are variable for adoptees. These results show that unknown family health history can contribute to a negative perception of healthcare. Adoptees perceive family health history as important to know, and not having this information brings up complex emotions in the healthcare setting. To help mitigate the disparities and the negative emotions that adoptees feel, genetic counselors should consider acknowledging the complex emotions, reassuring adoptees with available preventative care, and revising preclinical paperwork, such as family health history questionnaires, to be more inclusive of those who lack this information. These changes have the potential to significantly improve healthcare experiences for adoptees. Healthcare providers, especially genetic counselors, need to continue to learn about and advocate for this population.
Breast cancer metastasis to the stomach mimicking early gastric cancer
Authors: Tanaka Kosuke , Yabuuchi Yohei , Yamashita Daisuke , Inokuma Tetsuro
Published: August 2023

A 79‐year‐old woman with a history of invasive lobular breast cancer presented with a lesion that was endoscopically and histopathologically consistent with poorly differentiated early gastric adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed, and histopathological examination using additional immunohistochemistry determined that the lesion was metastatic breast cancer. Even if a lesion suspicious of gastric cancer is found on endoscopy in a patient with a history of breast cancer, the possibility of metastasis should be considered and clinicians should inform the pathologists of the possibility.
Salinisation of soils in semi‐arid endorheic zone: Case of Chott El Beida (Algeria)
Authors: Laoufi Hadjer , Ait Mechedal Mouloud , Daoud Youcef
Published: August 2023

Chott El Beida, North of Algeria (Setif, 585 km2), is an endorheic zone located in a semi‐arid climate. It is among the first chotts listed under the Ramsar Convention on the Wetlands of International Importance. Numerous studies on wetlands in the Setif region have focused on hydrogeology, avifauna, and vegetation. However, only one study has been devoted to soil studies. This study focused on the pedological and geochemical aspects of salinity in this area. This study was conducted on a toposequence of 200 m comprising eight soil profiles. A set of 24 samples were collected from the top to a depth (0–200 cm) and were subjected to a series of physical and chemical analyses. The concentrations of the major elements were used to determine the chemical facies and calculate the saturation indices for each mineral and residual alkalinity using geochemical modelling with PHREEQC. This study shows that the salinity in Chott El Beida is very variable, varying from less saline to extremely saline, moving from the outside to the centre of the chott, with two types of saline profiles: the descending type towards the outside of the chott and the ascending type in the highly saline depression. Geochemical investigations demonstrated that the dominant facies is (Na‐Cl) which is in accordance with the neutral saline pathway. The phenomenon of salinisation in Chott El Beida is controlled mainly by the precipitation of minerals, namely, calcite, aragonite, dolomite, gypsum, and anhydrite, and the dissolution of evaporite minerals. The study of calcite residual alkalinity and generalised residual alkalinity showed that salinisation evolves in the neutral saline path without the risk of alkalinization.
Assessing drivers of estuarine pH: A comparative analysis of the continental U.S.A.'s two largest estuaries
Authors: Hall Nathan , Testa Jeremy , Li Ming , Paerl Hans
Published: August 2023

In estuaries, local processes such as changing material loads from the watershed and complex circulation create dynamic environments with respect to ecosystem metabolism and carbonate chemistry that can strongly modulate impacts of global atmospheric CO2 increases on estuarine pH. Long‐term (> 20 yr) surface water pH records from the USA's two largest estuaries, Chesapeake Bay (CB) and Neuse River Estuary‐Pamlico Sound (NRE‐PS) were examined to understand the relative importance of atmospheric forcing vs. local processes in controlling pH. At the estuaries’ heads, pH increases in CB and decreases in NRE‐PS were driven primarily by changing ratios of river alkalinity to dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations. In upper reaches of CB and middle reaches of the NRE‐PS, pH increases were associated with increases in phytoplankton biomass. There was no significant pH change in the lower NRE‐PS and only the polyhaline CB showed a pH decline consistent with ocean acidification. In both estuaries, interannual pH variability showed robust, positive correlations with chlorophyll a (Chl a) during the spring in mid to lower estuarine regions indicative of strong control by net phytoplankton production. During summer and fall, Chl a and pH negatively correlated in lower regions of both estuaries, given a shift toward heterotrophy driven by changes in phytoplankton community structure and increases in the load ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to organic carbon. Tropical cyclones episodically depressed pH due to vertical mixing of CO2 rich bottom waters and post‐storm terrestrial organic matter loading. Local processes we highlight represent a significant challenge for predicting future estuarine pH.
Two‐Step Polyelectrolyte Complex Coating for Flame Retardant Flax
Authors: Rodriguez‐Melendez Danixa , Smith Dallin L. , Fisher Sarah G. , Sonnier Rodolphe , Vahabi Henri , Grunlan Jaime C.
Published: August 2023

Flax fabric textile is of great interest as bio‐fiber reinforcement in composites, which has gained popularity due to the high demand for sustainable materials. Despite its sustainability, flax is inherently flammable. This study demonstrates a two‐step polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) coating that renders flax fabric self‐extinguishing. The PEC coating consists of polyethylenimine (PEI) and sodium hexametaphosphate (PSP), cured with a citric acid buffer. Sonication employed during the curing process improves the infiltration of the coating into the flax fibers and maintains the fabric's hand. When comparing non‐sonicated and sonicated flax samples, the latter achieves self‐extinguishing behavior and passes the vertical flame test. Pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimetry reveals that this PEI/PSP coating (with sonication) reduces the peak heat release rate and total heat release by 40% and 67%, respectively. The intumescent mechanism is predominantly observed in the condensed phase, as suggested by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the two‐step PEC treatment with sonication effectively reduces the flammability of flax fabric, making it a promising option for the development of functional fibers, particularly for bio‐composite reinforcement.
Molecular Structure and Properties of Sulfur‐Containing High Refractive Index Polymer Optical Materials
Authors: Zhou Yutong , Zhu Zhicheng , Zhang Kai , Yang Bai
Published: August 2023

High refractive index polymers (HRIPs) are widely used in lenses, waveguide, antireflective layer and encapsulators, especially the advanced fields of augmented/virtual reality (AR / VR) holographic technology and photoresist for chip manufacturing. In order to meet the needs of different applications, the development of HRIPs focuses not only on the increase in refractive index but also on the balance of other properties. Sulfur‐containing high refractive index polymers have received extensive attention from researchers due to their excellent properties. In recent years, not only ultrahigh refractive index sulfur‐containing polymers have been continuously developed, but also low dispersion, low birefringence, high transparency, good mechanical properties, and machinability have been studied. The design of HRIPs is generally based on formulas and existing experience. In fact, molecular structure and properties are closely related. Mastering the structure–property relationship helps researchers to develop high refractive index polymer materials with balanced properties. This review briefly introduces the preparation methods of sulfur‐containing high refractive index polymers, and summarizes the structure–property relationship between the sulfur‐containing molecular structure and optical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, etc. Finally, the important role of synergistic effect in the synthesis of HRIPs and the prospect of future research on HRIPs are proposed.
Major investment signals keen interest in psychedelics for mental health care
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: August 2023

This month's announcement of up to $285 million in private placement financing for a leading developer of psychedelic drug therapies signals an important validation of this drug sector's role in mental health treatment, the biotechnology company's CEO told MHW last week.
On the Cauchy problem for a four‐component Novikov system with peaked solutions
Authors: Wang Haiquan , Chen Miaomiao
Published: August 2023

Considered herein is the Cauchy problem for a four‐component Novikov system with peaked solutions. We first investigate the local Gevrey regularity and analyticity of the solutions by a generalized Ovsyannikov theorem. Then, based on the local well‐posedness of this problem, the results with respect to the nonuniformly continuous dependence on initial data of the solutions in Besov spaces
and
are established by constructing new approximate solutions and initial data.
A planar switched‐beam antenna with compact size
Authors: Lin Yu‐Jie , Row Jeen‐Sheen
Published: August 2023

A planar pattern reconfigurable patch antenna is proposed. The proposed antenna is a circular array composed of three radiating elements, and each element can generate a horizontally polarized main beam with a half‐power beamwidth of about 135°. To switch the beam direction, a single‐pole three‐through circuit is designed on the same printed circuit board as the radiating elements, and the total area of the integrated planar antenna is a circular shape of diameter 0.37λ0. A prototype operated at 2.45 GHz is constructed, and the measured results demonstrate that the pattern reconfigurable antenna can give three steerable beams in the E plane, and the gain and the front‐to‐back ratio of each beam are 3.2 dBi and 15 dB, respectively; moreover, an operation bandwidth of more than 10% is also achieved. Simulated analyses are also performed to explain the antenna performances mentioned above, and they have good agreements with the experimental data.
Serial electrodiagnostic studies in acute partial conduction block from cyclist's palsy
Authors: Barkhaus Paul E. , Gutierrez Erie Gonzalez , Nandedkar Sanjeev D.
Published: August 2023

Introduction/Aims

To date, there is minimal literature in following resolution of partial conduction block (PCB) in compression neuropathy. We investigated a case of cyclist's palsy with PCB from compression using serial nerve conduction studies to monitor recovery.

Methods

Clinical recovery was monitored concomitant with compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes that were recorded from 3 ulnar‐innervated muscles (first dorsal interosseous [FDI] 6 days post‐onset, palmar interosseus [PI] 16 days post‐onset, and abductor digiti minimi [ADM]) in both limbs. Sensory nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography were also performed.

Results

PCB was demonstrated in the FDI and PI with recordings done proximal and distal to the site of injury. Recovery in the FDI and PI occurred between week 2 and 3 post‐onset but continued to improve until about 14 wk post‐onset when the CMAP values on the affected side approximated the contralateral side. Sensory conduction studies were normal and symmetric. Needle EMG at 21 days post‐injury showed no active denervation and a reduced number of normal‐appearing motor unit potentials firing >16 Hz that reverted to a normal pattern on final study at 99 days post‐onset.

Discussion

This study shows how rapidly PCB may initially resolve although full recovery takes longer. Criteria for defining PCB may be misleading when doing nerve conductions and comparing only the evoked responses below and above the block. To fully characterize PCB, it is important to optimize the position of the active recording electrode (E1) as well as compare results with the unaffected side.
Identifying barriers and facilitators to seeking care for symptoms of bacterial sepsis: A qualitative study
Authors: Ruffin Felicia , Van Horn Elizabeth , Kennedy‐Malone Laurie , Letvak Susan
Published: August 2023

Aim

Research suggests that early access to quality care is essential to improving bacteraemia outcomes and reducing the risk of developing sepsis because it allows for early intervention. Currently, there are limited data regarding the facilitators and barriers that alter the trajectory of arrival at the hospital when patients in the United States experience symptoms of bacteraemia and sepsis. This study sought to explore and describe the facilitators and barriers to seeking care for suspected bacteraemia and sepsis symptoms.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study.

Methods

Ten men and women were recruited using convenience sampling. The study used audio‐recorded semi‐structured interviews and the collection of socio‐demographic data as the data collection techniques. Thematic analysis was used, including inductive and deductive approaches, to analyse the data.

Results

During data analysis, the codes related to barriers and facilitators were collapsed into three themes—symptom recognition, psychosocial support and healthcare planning and coordination.

Patient Contribution

The patients' participation in the study has contributed to our understanding of patients' perspectives and experiences in the pre‐hospital phase and provides important insights into what barriers and facilitators are encountered. Study findings highlight the need to develop interventions to improve patient decision time, patient–provider interactions and knowledge of bacteraemia and sepsis through patient and provider education.