bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earliest Known Hominin Calcar Femorale in Orrorin tugenensis Provides Further Internal Anatomical Evidence for Origin of Human Bipedal Locomotion
Authors: Kuperavage Adam , Pokrajac David , Chavanaves Sakdapong , Eckhardt Robert B.
Published: October 2018

The calcar femorale (CF), a plate of dense bone internal to the lesser trochanter, is visible on computed tomographic images of the 6 million‐year‐old femoral fragment BAR 1003′00 (from the taxon Orrorin tugenensis), among the oldest specimens relevant to reconstructing the evolution of human bipedal locomotion. A strongly expressed CF has been used previously as an indicator of bipedality. If true, then there should be a quantifiable difference in the CF among hominoids. Absolute and normalized CF lengths were measured from computed tomographic images at five anatomical locations along the proximal portion of BAR 1003′00 in addition to samples of nine H. sapiens and ten P. troglodytes femora. The span of the CF superiorly to inferiorly within the proximal femur was measured by counting the number of cross‐sections on which the CF occurred. A Bayesian approach was used to classify the BAR 1003′00 sample based on normalized lengths. The P. troglodytes femora were more variable both in the occurrence of the trait and, where present, its span in the proximal femur. The H. sapiens sample exhibited CF lengths that were consistently larger at each location than the P. troglodytes in absolute terms, but the normalized lengths overlap substantially. The Bayesian posterior probability test classifies the CF of BAR 1003′00 with H. sapiens. The BAR 1003′00’s calcar femorale has a strong anatomical similarity to the H. sapiens sample, supporting the conclusion that O. tugenensis is an early bipedal hominin. Anat Rec, 301:1834–1839, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Axons of Passage and Inputs to Superior Cervical Ganglion in Rat
Authors: Wang Feng‐Bin , Cheng Pu‐Ming , Chi Hsiao‐Chun , Kao Chih‐Kuan , Liao Yi‐Han
Published: October 2018

Wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase was injected into the entire (0.8 μL) or partial (rostral or caudal, 0.1–0.3 μL) superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rat (male Sprague–Dawley, N = 35) to examine the distribution of neurons in the middle (MCG) and inferior (ICG) cervical ganglion that send axons bypass the SCG. Whole‐mounts of the SCG, cervical sympathetic trunk (CST), MCG, ICG, and sections of the brainstem and spinal cord were prepared. With entire SCG tracer injection, neurons were labeled evenly in the MCG (left: 258, right: 121), ICG (left: 848, right: 681), and CST (up to 770). Some neurons grouped in a single bulge just rostral to the MCG, which we termed as the “premiddle cervical ganglion” (pMCG). The left pMCG (120) is larger and has more neurons than the right pMCG (82). Centrally, neurons were labeled in lamina IX of cervical segments (C1: 18%, C2: 46%, C3: 33%, C4: 3%), intermediate zone of thoracic segments (T1: 31%, T2: 35%, T3: 27%, T4: 7%), and intermediate reticular nuclei (96%) and perifacial zone (4%) of brainstem. The rostral and caudal SCG injection selectively labeled neurons mainly in brainstem, C1‐C2 and in T1‐T2, respectively. Before projecting to their peripheral targets, many neurons in pMCG, MCG and ICG run rostrally within the CST rather than segmentally through the closest rami, from the level of SCG or above. Neurons in pMCG and MCG may have similar or complementary function and those in brainstem may be involved in the vestibulo‐autonomic interaction. Anat Rec, 301:1906–1916, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde on Iron‐Oxide Modified Pt/MoO3−y Catalysts
Authors: Shu Yijin , Chen Ting , Chan Hang Cheong , Xie Lifang , Gao Qingsheng
Published: October 2018

Hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes to unsaturated alcohols suffers a huge challenge in chemoselectivity. Herein, surface decoration by FeOx is introduced to remarkably improve the selectivity of cinnamyl alcohol (COL) in cinnamaldehyde (CAL) hydrogenation on Pt/MoO3−y. The enhanced acidity on Pt–FeOx interfaces is beneficial for the chemisorption and activation of C=O bonds, promoting selective hydrogenation. The optimal catalysts with defined FeOx decoration afford efficient and chemoselective CAL hydrogenation (91.3 % selectivity) under mild conditions (PH2=1 MPa, T=30 °C). Moreover, such innovation is further extended to develop other efficient metal (Ir, Rh and Pd) catalysts, identifying a universal promotion to Pt‐group metals. This work is anticipated to inspire the rational design of high‐performance catalysts via effective surface/interface engineering.
Copper and Silver Biocidal Mechanisms, Resistance Strategies, and Efficacy for Legionella Control
Authors: June Stephanie G. , Dziewulski David M.
Published: October 2018

Legionella pneumophila, regularly found within premise plumbing distribution systems of many large and complex buildings, is responsible for 90% of legionellosis cases. When properly applied and maintained, onsite water treatment offers options for pathogen inactivation and health protection. The addition of copper and silver ions by copper–silver ionization (CSI) is reviewed here. A literature survey was conducted to assess current knowledge about the biocidal mechanisms of copper and silver ions against Legionella spp. and their survival responses and resistance mechanisms. Understanding how copper and silver ions affect bacteria, how bacteria defend against metal ions, and environmental conditions that affect CSI efficacy may help better define conditions under which CSI, alone or in combination with other treatment(s), might offer reliable control of Legionella. Elevated dissolved oxygen, the sodium content of the water, combined disinfectants, and higher temperature may provide conditions under which Legionella spp. may be more susceptible to metal ions.
Suitability of Blended Ionic Liquid‐Dimethylsulfoxide Electrolyte for Lithium‐Oxygen Battery
Authors: Knipping Etienne , Aucher Christophe , Guirado Gonzalo , Aubouy Laurent
Published: October 2018

Electrolytes composed of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMI TFSI) and LiClO4 are characterized for application in lithium‐oxygen batteries. The increase of EMI TFSI content in the electrolyte enables to improve its thermal stability and to decrease the overpotential of the cell. The optimum addition of EMI TFSI enables to reduce the overpotential from 1.43 V to 1.06 V, with a cyclability of 69 cycles with 600 mAh g−1 of limited capacity.
Score blending: How scale response grouping biases perceived standing
Authors: Hauser Ryan , Schwarz Norbert
Published: October 2018

Numerical values—from test scores to credit scores—inform us of our relative standing and can shape our decisions. The values are usually presented in a continuous format (which places scores on a single line) or a grouped format (which separates scores into several score groups). We investigate whether and how the presentation format affects one's perception of their standing in a distribution and subsequent decision making. We show that when values are grouped, individuals merge the values within each group, a phenomenon we term score blending, which leads to an underweighting of intragroup score shifts and an overweighting of intergroup score shifts. Across six studies (N = 2,108) and a variety of paradigms (e.g., test taking and financial decision making), we observe robust effects of score blending, even when score groups are explicitly described as meaningless and generated randomly. The effect persists when the score is merely recalled without the scale present and can bias key decision parameters with behavioral consequences.
‘That's how it works here’: The place of religion in publicly managed second‐level schools in Ireland
Authors: McCormack O. , O'Flaherty J. , O'Reilly B. , Liston J.
Published: October 2018

This article problematises the place of religion within publicly managed Education and Training Board (ETB) schools in the Republic of Ireland. The study draws on interview data from 43 school personnel across 18 ETB second‐level schools, as well as eight interviews with ETB Education/Chief Executive Officers. Having established the legal and historical contexts, the place of religion is explored from the perspective of school life and prescribed curriculum. Across the 18 schools, the prescribed curriculum for Religious Education did not take the form of ‘faith formation’. Rather, focus was placed on exploring all world religions. However, this compares with the role of religion within the life of the school; 14 of the 18 participating schools had religious dimensions as part of school life. Half of these schools (n = 7) were Designated Community Colleges, while the remainder were Non‐Designated (n = 7). The religious dimension was always Catholic in nature. Bar a few exceptions, the role of religion within the life of the school remained largely unquestioned by school personnel. The article explores the findings in light of the legislative and historical contexts.
Risk assessment and juvenile resentencing: A critical analysis
Authors: Arnold Shelby , Flack Dan , Heilbrun Kirk
Published: October 2018

Recent United States Supreme Court decisions in Miller v. Alabama (2012) and Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) have created the need to resentence individuals who received a sentence of mandatory life without parole (LWOP) for offenses committed when they were younger than 18 years old. Neither of these decisions explicitly cite reoffense risk as a sentencing criterion, but a careful reading of the reasoning in these cases suggests that such a risk should be among the considerations addressed by resentencing courts. If so, important theoretical and scientific questions are raised about the nature of risk assessment tools, in particular the distinction between static and dynamic risk factors. Additionally, the novelty of LWOP resentencing raises further questions about the applicability of these tools to individuals who have been incarcerated for long periods of time. We address these questions, call for additional research on dynamic risk factors, and offer recommendations for professionals involved in these types of assessments.
Highly complicated lead extraction procedure in patient with previous early orthotopic heart transplantation: A first case report
Authors: Schillaci Vincenzo , Mascia Giuseppe , Shopova Gergana , Chiariello Paola , Ciardiello Carmine , Solimene Francesco
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical Message

We report a first case of a highly complicated lead extraction in a young man who previously underwent orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT).Lead extraction in transplanted patients may be a feasible and safe procedure in order to maintain a low infective risk and to preserve alternative vascular access sites.
Photoassisted CO2 Conversion to Fuels
Authors: Remiro‐Buenamañana Sonia , García Hermenegildo
Published: October 2018

In the context of the on‐going change from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, there is much interest in decreasing atmospheric CO2 emissions. One of the possibilities is to use CO2 as feedstock of fuels and chemicals. While some catalytic CO2 transformations are well known processes, they consume a considerable amount of energy to occur at significant rates and in the classical processes this energy is again produced by burning fossil fuels. For this reason, there is much current interest in developing light assisted CO2 transformations, including, but not limited to, artificial photosynthesis. Rather than a comprehensive review, the present article describes a range of approaches for CO2 activation based either on the direct CO2 excitation with deep UV light or on the use of solar photocatalysts. Due to the extension of the field, this article is focused on two photocatalyst types, namely, TiO2 containing plasmonic Au nanoparticles and graphene‐semiconductor heterojunctions. It will be emphasized the opportunities that bimetallic plasmonic nanoparticles offer to implement on commercial TiO2 visible light photoresponse and selectivity towards CO2 reduction. It will also be commented that adsorption of Cu2O onto defective graphene increases the photocatalytic activity of the copper semiconductor over one order of magnitude for CO2 photomethanation. The last section includes some comments about possible alternatives to go beyond the current efficiencies in light assisted CO2 conversion with the aim of triggering new research in the area.
Kinetic Influence of Surface Charge Transfer Reactions Preceded by Non‐Electrochemical Processes on the Response in Cyclic Voltammetry
Authors: Gonzalez Joaquin , Martinez‐Ortiz Francisco , Torralba Encarnacion , Molina Angela
Published: October 2018

A general analytical explicit expression for the response of a surface charge transfer preceded by a non‐electrochemical process has been deduced. This solution is applicable to any electrochemical technique independent of the rates of both reactions. Interesting simplified cases are obtained for very common experimental situations in which the rates of electrochemical and non‐electrochemical steps are similar. These expressions have been applied to cyclic voltammetry in order to analyze the kinetic influences on the current‐potential response and to propose procedures for determining the rate and equilibrium constants of the mechanism. Moreover, it has been obtained an “apparent” rate constant of the overall process that reduces to a pure non‐electrochemical rate‐limiting process or to a pure electrochemical rate limiting one, under the right conditions. Experimental verification of the theoretical framework has been done with the analysis of the host‐guest complexation between a surface confined electroactive ferrocene moiety and a solution soluble cyclodextrin in a water‐ethanol media. From the dynamic analysis of the influence of the scan rate on the cyclic voltammetry curves, values have been obtained for the binding constant (
) and rate constants for the inclusion complex formation and dissociation showing the great stability of the electro‐inactive ferrocene‐cyclodextrin complex.
Stannabenzenylpotassium: The First Isolable Tin‐Containing Benzene Derivative
Authors: Fujimori Shiori , Mizuhata Yoshiyuki , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: October 2018

In contrast to the well‐investigated sila‐ and germa‐aromatic compounds, very few aromatic compounds containing tin have been reported. Specifically, no stable example of monomeric stannabenzene, that is, the tin analogue of benzene, the simplest aromatic compound, has been isolated until now. In this work, a tin analogue of the phenyl anion, the stannabenzenyl anion, was successfully isolated by utilizing the same strategy as employed for the germanium system. Stannabenzenylpotassium was characterized by X‐ray crystallography, NMR (1H, 13C, and 119Sn) and UV/Vis spectroscopy, together with theoretical calculations.
Clues to recognition of fumarate hydratase‐deficient renal cell carcinoma: Findings from cytologic and limited biopsy samples
Authors: Shyu Irene , Mirsadraei Leili , Wang Xiaoyan , Robila Valentina , Mehra Rohit , McHugh Jonathan B. , Chen Ying‐Bei , Udager Aaron M. , Gill Anthony J. , Cheng Liang , Amin Mahul B. , Lin Oscar , Smith Steven Christopher
Published: October 2018

Background

Fumarate hydratase (FH)‐deficient renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rare and highly aggressive and is believed to arise mostly in the setting of hereditary leiomyomatosis‐RCC syndrome with a germline mutation of FH. Because of the aggressiveness of these tumors and a frequent lack of ascertainable family history, these tumors may first present as metastases and be sampled by cytology. The cytologic findings of FH‐deficient RCC have not previously been reported.

Methods

Cytologic and limited biopsy samples from patients with FH‐deficient RCC were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

In total, 24 cytologic and limited biopsy samples from 19 patients (6 women and 13 men; age range, 22‐69 years) who had FH‐deficient RCC and metastasis at presentation were evaluated. These included 21 cytology samples ranging from malignant effusions (n = 7) to metastases (n = 11), to samples of primary kidney tumors (n = 3). The samples exhibited cells, often in clusters and abortive papillae, with voluminous, finely vacuolated cytoplasm and large, pleomorphic nuclei with prominent, viral inclusion‐like nucleoli. A distinctive finding of peripheral cytoplasmic clearing frequently was apparent, and intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions were less frequent. Of 7 cell block and biopsy samples, several of which represented sampling from the same patient, all demonstrated tissue fragments that had discernable morphologic patterns associated with FH‐deficient RCC, including tubulocystic and intracystic papillary growth.

Conclusions

Features characteristic and suggestive of FH‐deficient RCC may be identified in cytologic and small biopsy samples. Although the current samples were identified retrospectively in well characterized cases of FH‐deficient RCC, the authors argue that, with appropriate clinical correlation, these features are sufficiently distinctive to trigger recognition and confirmatory workup.
Automated detection of cancer cells in effusion specimens by DNA karyometry
Authors: Böcking Alfred H. , Friedrich David , Meyer‐Ebrecht Dietrich , Zhu Chenyan , Feider Anna , Biesterfeld Stefan
Published: October 2018

Background

The average sensitivity of conventional cytology for the identification of cancer cells in effusion specimens is only approximately 58%. DNA image cytometry (DNA‐ICM), which exploits the DNA content of morphologically suspicious nuclei measured on digital images, has a sensitivity of up to 91% for the detection of cancer cells. However, when performed manually, to our knowledge to date, an expert needs approximately 60 minutes for the analysis of a single slide.

Methods

In the current study, the authors present a novel method of supervised machine learning for the automated identification of morphologically suspicious mesothelial and epithelial nuclei in Feulgen‐stained effusion specimens. The authors compared this with manual DNA‐ICM and a gold standard cytological diagnosis for 121 cases. Furthermore, the authors retrospectively analyzed whether the amount of morphometrically abnormal mesothelial or epithelial nuclei detected by the digital classifier could be used as an additional diagnostic marker.

Results

The presented semiautomated DNA karyometric solution identified more diagnostically relevant abnormal nuclei compared with manual DNA‐ICM, which led to a higher sensitivity (76.4% vs 68.5%) at a specificity of 100%. The ratio between digitally abnormal and all mesothelial nuclei was found to identify cancer cell–positive slides at 100% sensitivity and 70% specificity. The time effort for an expert therefore is reduced to the verification of a few nuclei with exceeding DNA content, which to our knowledge can be accomplished within 5 minutes.

Conclusions

The authors have created and validated a computer‐assisted bimodal karyometric approach for which both nuclear morphology and DNA are quantified from a Feulgen‐stained slide. DNA karyometry thus increases the diagnostic accuracy and reduces the workload of an expert when compared with manual DNA‐ICM.
Human machine interfacing technique for diagnosis of ventricular arrhythmia using supervisory machine learning algorithms
Authors: Karnan Hemalatha , Natarajan Sivakumaran , Manivel Rajajeyakumar
Published: October 2018

The state of art to integrate bio‐signals with computer based diagnosis is taking dominance. The man‐machine interface is useful for early and immediate clinical interpretation. The electrocardiogram (ECG) signal plays a vital role in revealing the possible data towards categorizing normal and abnormal cardiac functioning. The fatal conditions exhibited by ventricular arrhythmias (VA) pose a remarkable change in the feature set of the ECG signals. In this work, a novel approach to segregate the superior feature toward the ventricular arrhythmias are extracted using feature ranking score algorithm (FRSA). The FRSA collects feature vectors in three different domains and ranks it to find out the more prevalent feature for diagnosis of VA. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is administered by supervisory machine learning optimization algorithm Mean Grey Wolf Optimization (MGWO). The performance estimates of SVM‐MGWO is compared for classification of VA signals with other optimization also like SVM‐Particle Swarm Optimization (SVM‐PSO) and SVM‐Grey Wolf Optimization (SVM‐GWO). The non‐parametric and parametric analysis evidently shows the improved performance of feature parameter estimates for classification. The accuracy of classification for SVM‐MGWO attains 100% for finding test data with VA at a minimal convergence iteration while comparing it with the other mentioned supervisory algorithms. The standard deviation during parametric analysis is negligible, which reveals the fact that reductant feature extracted and utilized for testing of ECG data is minimal. The performance estimates attained by the proposed algorithm shows the selection of optimal feature for the findings of VA through ECG. The man‐machine interface aides in the early diagnosis of ventricular arrhythmias using non‐invasive diagnosing tool, the ECG.
Case conceptualization from a process‐based and modular perspective: Rationale and application to mood and anxiety disorders
Authors: Philippot Pierre , Bouvard Martine , Baeyens Céline , Dethier Vincent
Published: October 2018

This article presents the theoretical, clinical, and practical arguments supporting a process‐based transdiagnostic approach to psychotherapy. A working definition of “psychological process” is provided, as well as a tri‐dimensional categorization of psychological processes potentially involved in psychopathology. Guidelines are proposed to select psychological interventions based on the active psychopathological processes evidenced in a given case. We also provide a rationale to organize treatment as a set of modules, each addressing a specific psychopathological process. Next, we review the main processes that may be active in mood and anxiety disorders, and that are accessible to clinicians in regular practice. For each process, we propose a validated assessment questionnaire. Finally, we offer a free‐access web‐based instrument that allows clients to fill in these questionnaires via an internet survey, and that provides therapists with a tool to easily decode and interpret the questionnaire results and to present them to the clients.
Hydrologic responses to climate warming for a snow‐dominated watershed and a transient snow watershed in the California Sierra
Authors: Son Kyongho , Tague Christina
Published: October 2018

Climate warming will have substantial impacts on hydrological fluxes in the California Sierra. A commonly used approach for assessing these impacts, particularly in mountain watersheds, is to substitute space for time. This conceptual model assumes that with warming, the hydrologic behaviour of higher elevation snow dominated watersheds (SDWs) will converge to the hydrologic behaviour of lower elevation transient snow watersheds (TSWs). To investigate the efficacy of this conceptual model, a process‐based model (RHESSys) was applied to a TSW and a SDW with a mean annual temperature 2 °C lower than the TSW in the Sierra National forest, California. This study investigated the effect of climate warming (2 and 4 °C) on the model estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE), streamflow, evapotranspiration (ET), and moisture deficit in the two watersheds. Modelling results show that SDW under 2 °C warming scenarios generates monthly SWE similar in magnitude and timing as TSW under historic conditions. However, SDW under 2 °C warming scenarios generates higher annual and summer streamflow due to shallower groundwater storage and experiences less water limitation due to lower ET, compared with TSW under historical climate conditions. In both watersheds, leaf area index and wetness index are primary factors controlling spatial patterns of seasonal ET under both historical climate conditions and warming scenarios. Climate warming increases the spatial variability in monthly ET, especially in the summer period. These modelling results suggest that vegetation structure and subsurface properties may be as important as climate in explaining hydrologic response to climate warming in small Sierra Nevada watersheds.
Influence of Functionalized Substituents on the Electron‐Transfer Abilities of Copper Guanidinoquinoline Complexes
Authors: Stanek Julia , Konrad Marc , Mannsperger Johannes , Hoffmann Alexander , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: October 2018

The influence of functionalized ligands on the electron‐transfer abilities of copper guanidinoquinoline complexes as entatic state models has been examined. An electron donating group (OCH3) or electron withdrawing group (Br) was introduced in 6‐position of the quinoline unit of the ligands TMGqu and DMEGqu. The electron self‐exchange rates k11 of the copper complexes with these ligands were determined using the Marcus cross relation. The k11 values of the functionalized complexes are smaller or equal to the values of their unsubstituted forms. These results were complemented by the examination of the reorganization energies of the electron‐transfer via Eyring theory and DFT calculations. The higher reorganization energies of the [Cu(DMEG6Xqu)2]+/2+ (X = H, Br, OCH3) systems correspond with their decelerated electron‐transfer velocities. Additionally, the calculated molecular electrostatic potentials show the influence of the functional groups on the electron‐transfer. With the addition of the substituent a further charge distribution over the CH3O‐/Br‐group leads to a larger reorganization required during the oxidation reaction. The impact of the functionalization of the ligand on the electron‐transfer of the [Cu(GUA6Xqu)2]+/2+ cations reveals a closer insight in the electronic structure of the complexes and its influence on their electron‐transfer abilities.
Homoleptic CoII, NiII, CuII, and ZnII Complexes Based on 8‐Hydroxylquinoline Schiff Base Derivative: a Combined Synthetic, Spectral, Structural, and Magnetic Study
Authors: González Déborah , Arrué Ramón , Matamala‐Cea Edison , Arancibia Rodrigo , Hamon Paul , Cador Olivier , Roisnel Thierry , Hamon Jean‐René , Novoa Néstor
Published: October 2018

A series of four new homoleptic CoII, NiII, CuII and ZnII complexes (1–4) of the type M(HL)2, where HL– stands for the deprotonated form of the tridentate O,N,N‐donor Schiff base ligand obtained by condensation between 8‐hidroxy‐2‐quinolinecarboxaldehyde and 2‐aminophenol, have been prepared in yields ranging from 70 to 85 %. The five compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, FT‐IR, ESI‐MS, UV/Vis, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy (for the diamagnetic species H2L and ZnII complex 4). The molecular structures of H2L and its NiII and ZnII complexes 2 and 4, respectively, were further confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. X‐ray crystal structure determination revealed that in complex 2, the six‐coordinate NiII metal ion adopts a N4O2 distorted octahedral geometry with the two tridentate HL– ligands coordinated in a perfect orthogonal fashion. In complex 4, however, the ZnII metal center is pentacoordinate and lies in a distorted N3O2 trigonal bipyramidal environment, one HL– ligand acting as an O,N‐bidentate ligand. In both cases, a free hydroxyl unit remains available for supramolecular interactions. Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis along with 2D fingerprint plots were employed to consider the intermolecular forces, including hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions, and their quantification in the crystal lattice. SQUID magnetometry experiments showed high spin CoII (S = 3/2), NiII (S = 1) and CuII (S = 1/2) isolated spins at room temperature with no interaction between magnetic centers on cooling.
Surprising and Highly Efficient Use of Methylmagnesium Chloride as a Non‐Nucleophilic Base in the Deprotonation and Alkylation of sp3Centres Adjacent to Nitriles
Authors: Gbadebo Omolola , Smith Dennis , Harnett Ger , Donegan Gregory , O'Leary Patrick
Published: October 2018

Methylmagnesium chloride (MeMgCl) is a key reagent in research and industry typically as a nucleophile. In this article we develop the use of MeMgCl as a non‐nucleophilic base in conjunction with catalytic amounts of an amine mediator. Specifically, we use the base to deprotonate α to a variety of nitriles in alkylation reactions, applying it to the synthesis of a wide variety of tertiary and quaternary nitriles, including examples where we successively and successfully added three different substituents on the carbon α to the nitrile. This method is generally applicable, high yielding and much greener than existing methods, and it has considerable advantages for industrial application.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Antifungal Compound (–)‐Pestynol by a Convergent, Sonogashira Construction of the Central Yne‐Diene
Authors: Borra Suresh , Kumar Manoj , McNulty James , Baidilov Daler , Hudlicky Tomas
Published: October 2018

A total synthesis of the fungal‐derived natural product pestynol is reported via a convergent chemoenzymatic approach from the readily available precursors geranyl bromide, ethyl acetoacetate, trimethylsilylacetylene, and bromobenzene. Synthetic (–)‐pestynol proved to be identical in all respects to the natural material, allowing confirmation of the structure including absolute stereochemistry.
Innovation and Social Investment Programs in Europe
Authors: O'Leary Chris , Baines Sue , Bailey Gavin , McNeil Tamara , Csoba Judit , Sipos Florian
Published: October 2018

There is a lack of empirical research around sub‐national Social Investment programs, and a lack of connectivity with social innovation. This paper addresses these gaps by drawing on twenty individual case study evaluations, conducted across ten EU member states as part of a larger Horizon 2020 project (Innovative Social Investment: Strengthening communities in Europe, grant agreement number: 649189). It does so through a “governance of activation” lens. We find that volunteering was a significant feature of many of the cases we researched, as both a means of funding Social Investment, and a means by which activation (through the development of human and social capital) might be achieved. Yet volunteering is a gap in the theoretical literature around Social Investment, and one that needs to be addressed. We also find that examining Social Investment at the local level provides a much more nuanced and complex picture than nationally focused extant research.
Evaluation of physicochemical properties and enzymatic activity of organic substrates during four crop cycles in soilless containers
Authors: Guerra Pedro A. Mejia , Salas Sanjúan Maria del Carmen , López Maria J.
Published: October 2018

Background

Organic soilless production in containers requires substrates with appropriate physicochemical and biological properties to ensure that production is sustainable and profitable for several production cycles. The main objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate these properties in three different mixtures of organic substrates (vermicompost [V] and coconut fibers [CF] in ratios 20V80CF, 40V60CF, 60V40CF) for four horticultural crop production cycles (PCs) using vermicompost tea (VT) as the main source of nutrients.

Results

Readily available water (25%) in the control treatment (20V80CF) was below the recommended limit, and dry bulk density (>450 g/L) surpassed the recommended limit in the 60V40CF treatment (p < 0.05). In terms of chemical properties, cations and anions in the saturated media extract decreased significantly to values below established optimal conditions. Furthermore, the substrates presented high enzymatic activity in successive production cycles (p < 0.05), including dehydrogenase (350–400 μg TFF g−1), acid phosphatase (4,700 μg p‐nitrophenol g−1 soil hr−1), and β‐glucosidase (1,200 μg p‐nitrophenol g−1 soil hr−1) activity during transformation from organic matter to inorganic compounds.

Conclusion

The 40V60CF treatment presents adequate physicochemical and biological characteristics for reuse for more than four growing cycles when organic supplements are administered.
Effect of chlorogenic acids on fatigue and sleep in healthy males: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study
Authors: Ochiai Ryuji , Tomonobu Kazuichi , Ikushima Ippei
Published: October 2018

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are found in abundance in coffee beans and have numerous health benefits. This study investigated the effect of CGAs extracted from coffee beans on fatigue and sleep in healthy participants. This crossover study involved 16 men (aged 30–54 years) who were daytime workers with weekends off work. The participants were randomized into two groups: One group was given a placebo beverage, and the other was given an active beverage containing 300 mg of CGAs. The test beverages were consumed for 13 days starting on a Sunday. The evaluation criteria were feelings of fatigue and sleep quality, sleep‐related indices recorded by an activity meter, and biomarkers. Feelings of fatigue and sleep‐related indices during the first (first half of week 1) and second (second half of week 2) halves of the consumption periods were compared. Within the first half of week 1, no differences in feelings of fatigue were observed between the groups. However, during the second half of week 2, fatigue upon awakening and sleep quality in the active group were significantly improved compared with those in the placebo group. Sleep efficiency and total nocturnal awakening time were significantly deteriorated in the second half of week 2 compared with the first half of week 1 in the placebo group. Furthermore, significant differences in these indices were observed between the two groups in the second half of week 2. These results suggest that the daily consumption of CGA‐containing beverages may improve fatigue upon awakening and sleep quality.
Exploring the relative efficacy of motion artefact correction techniques for EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI
Authors: Daniel Alexander J. , Smith James A. , Spencer Glyn S. , Jorge João , Bowtell Richard , Mullinger Karen J.
Published: October 2018

Simultaneous EEG‐fMRI allows multiparametric characterisation of brain function, in principle enabling a more complete understanding of brain responses; unfortunately the hostile MRI environment severely reduces EEG data quality. Simply eliminating data segments containing gross motion artefacts [MAs] (generated by movement of the EEG system and head in the MRI scanner's static magnetic field) was previously believed sufficient. However recently the importance of removal of all MAs has been highlighted and new methods developed. A systematic comparison of the ability to remove MAs and retain underlying neuronal activity using different methods of MA detection and post‐processing algorithms is needed to guide the neuroscience community. Using a head phantom, we recorded MAs while simultaneously monitoring the motion using three different approaches: Reference Layer Artefact Subtraction (RLAS), Moiré Phase Tracker (MPT) markers and Wire Loop Motion Sensors (WLMS). These EEG recordings were combined with EEG responses to simple visual tasks acquired on a subject outside the MRI environment. MAs were then corrected using the motion information collected with each of the methods combined with different analysis pipelines. All tested methods retained the neuronal signal. However, often the MA was not removed sufficiently to allow accurate detection of the underlying neuronal signal. We show that the MA is best corrected using the RLAS combined with post‐processing using a multichannel, recursive least squares (M‐RLS) algorithm. This method needs to be developed further to enable practical utility; thus, WLMS combined with M‐RLS currently provides the best compromise between EEG data quality and practicalities of motion detection.
Excess influenza hospital admissions and costs due to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in England
Authors: Lau Krystal , Hauck Katharina , Miraldo Marisa
Published: October 2018

Influenza pandemics considerably burden affected health systems due to surges in inpatient admissions and associated costs. Previous studies underestimate or overestimate 2009/2010 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic hospital admissions and costs. We robustly estimate overall and age‐specific weekly H1N1 admissions and costs between June 2009 and March 2011 across 170 English hospitals. We calculate H1N1 admissions and costs as the difference between our administrative data of all influenza‐like‐illness patients (seasonal and pandemic alike) and a counterfactual of expected weekly seasonal influenza admissions and costs established using time‐series models on prepandemic (2004–2008) data.

We find two waves of H1N1 admissions: one pandemic wave (June 2009–March 2010) with 10,348 admissions costing £20.5 million and one postpandemic wave (November 2010–March 2011) with 11,775 admissions costing £24.8 million. Patients aged 0–4 years old have the highest H1N1 admission rate, and 25‐ to 44‐ and 65+‐year‐olds have the highest costs. Our estimates are up to 4.3 times higher than previous reports, suggesting that the pandemic's burden on hospitals was formerly underassessed. Our findings can help hospitals manage unexpected surges in admissions and resource use due to pandemics.
A BAP31 intrabody induces gastric cancer cell death by inhibiting p27kip1 proteasome degradation
Authors: Chen Jing , Guo Haotian , Jiang Haitao , Namusamba Mwichie , Wang Changli , Lan Tian , Wang Tianyi , Wang Bing
Published: October 2018

B‐cell receptor‐associated protein 31 (BAP31) is a ubiquitously expressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein that has been found to be overexpressed in gastric intestinal‐type adenocarcinoma. We first studied the relationship of BAP31 with 84 kinds of tumor‐associated antigens and found that BAP31 can specifically interact with and regulate the proteasome degradation of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p27kip1, which is one of the most frequently dysregulated tumor suppressor proteins in human cancers. Therefore, we screened antibodies against BAP31 from a human VH single‐domain antibody library and expressed the antibodies intracellularly. It was found that one of the intrabodies (VH‐D1) specifically inhibited p27kip1 proteasome degradation, possibly by blocking the combination of BAP31 with p27kip1. VH‐D1 displayed therapeutic effects, as it was able to reduce the growth of human gastric cancer (GC) cell xenografts in nude mice. This effect was due to inhibition of the proliferation and subsequent activation of caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Thus, BAP31 is a potential target for the suppression of GC via an intrabody‐based approach.
The early‐warning system of stock market crises with investor sentiment: Evidence from China
Authors: Zhang Rengui , Xian Xueshen , Fang Haowen
Published: October 2018

Using a database of the trading data in the Chinese stock market over January 2005 to June 2012, this paper studies the stock market crisis based on the perspective of behavioural finance. Investor sentiment is based on B‐W method, and the possibility of the Shanghai stock market crisis was predicted by the logit model. The empirical results show that investor sentiment, which is more significant than the macroeconomic variables, has a significant positive impact on stock market crisis after controlling for the economic variables. Moreover, our results offer an empirical explanation for the financial anomaly of mean reversion. Both in‐sample and out‐sample data tests show that the logit model with investor sentiment is able to predict stock crises.
EARLY MALTREATMENT AND CURRENT QUALITY OF RELATIONAL CARE PREDICT SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AMONG INSTITUTIONALIZED INFANTS AND TODDLERS
Authors: Baptista Joana , Silva Joana R. , Marques Sofia , Martins Carla , Soares Isabel
Published: October 2018

The present study is focused on child socioemotional problems 6 months after institutionalization, by considering the putative predictive role of child maltreatment, of developmental functioning at admission and the following months, and of the quality of institutional relational care. Fifty institutionalized infants and toddlers participated in this study. Child developmental functioning (i.e., cognitive, language, and motor development) was assessed at admission to the institution (Wave 0), and 3 (Wave 1) and 6 months (Wave 2) thereafter. The quality of institutional relational care—operationalized in terms of caregivers’ sensitivity and cooperation—was measured at Wave 2. Caregivers reported on the presence of disturbed socioemotional behaviors at Wave 2. Child gestational age, birth weight, age, and stunted growth at admission to the institution served as covariates. Results revealed significant associations between socioemotional difficulties and lower levels of motor development at Waves 0 and 1, child maltreatment, and less sensitive caregiving. A logistic regression showed that child maltreatment and caregiver insensitivity were the only significant predictors of disturbed socioemotional functioning by the end of 6 months of institutionalization.
DOES A PERINATAL PARENTING INTERVENTION WORK FOR FATHERS? A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Mihelic Mandy , Morawska Alina , Filus Ania
Published: October 2018

Fathers are increasingly expected to contribute to their parenting role at the transition to parenthood; however, many fathers experience mental health problems during this time. Parenting support for new fathers is limited, and research often only includes the mothers in intervention studies. Clear evidence for parenting programs for fathers has not yet been established. This study evaluated the effects of a parenting intervention (Baby Triple P) on fathers who were expecting their first baby. The design was a randomized controlled trial comparing Baby Triple P with care as usual over three time points (pregnancy, 10 weeks’ postbirth, and 6 months’ postbirth) for 112 fathers living in Brisbane, Australia. The primary outcomes included paternal psychological distress such as depression, anxiety, and stress and several secondary measures. No significant intervention effects for Baby Triple P were found at either post‐ or follow‐up assessments. Fathers in both groups reported significant increases in their parenting confidence and self‐efficacy. The results indicate no conclusive evidence for the effectiveness of Baby Triple P for new fathers. Future research using a sample with greater likelihood of experiencing problems at the transition to parenthood is needed as is offering more tailored need‐based support to obtain substantial evidence for this preventative parenting program.
Surface assembly of poly(I:C) on polyethyleneimine‐modified gelatin nanoparticles as immunostimulatory carriers for mucosal antigen delivery
Authors: Lin Shen‐Fu , Jiang Ping‐Lun , Tsai Jeng‐Shiang , Huang Yi‐You , Lin Shyr‐Yi , Lin Jiunn‐Horng , Liu Der‐Zen
Published: October 2018

The mucosal immune system is the host's first line of defense against invasion by foreign pathogens. Gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) are suitable carriers for the delivery of antigens via various routes of administration. In the present study, GNPs were modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI), a positively charged polymer. Then, ovalbumin (OVA) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), an immunostimulant, were adsorbed onto the surface of the positively charged GNPs. We assessed whether GNPs could act as an effective mucosal vaccine that is capable of inducing both mucosal and systemic immune responses. The results showed that GNPs effectively adsorbed OVA/poly(I:C), facilitated cellular uptake by RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and murine bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro, and led to increased expression of the maturation markers CD80 and CD86 on BMDCs. Furthermore, GNPs induced increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in both RAW 264.7 and BMDCs. C57BL/6 mice that were intranasally twice‐immunized with OVA/poly(I:C)‐loaded GNPs produced high levels of serum OVA‐specific IgG antibodies and secretory IgA in nasal and lung lavage. Spleen cells from immunized mice were collected and re‐stimulated with OVA, and results showed significantly augmented production of IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐6 in mice that received OVA/poly(I:C)‐loaded GNPs. Moreover, intranasal immunization with OVA/poly(I:C)‐loaded GNPs resulted in the inhibition of EG7 tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, these results indicate that nasal administration of OVA/poly(I:C)‐loaded GNPs elicited effective mucosal and systemic immune responses, which might be useful for further applications of antigen delivery. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1228–1237, 2019.
An Efficient Optimization, In Situ Reduction and Cyclization Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrazolo[3,4‐f]quinolines Derivatives
Authors: Liu Jia‐Yan , Chen Juan , Chen Dong‐Mei , Wei Ming , Chen Dong‐Sheng
Published: October 2018

An efficient and novel method for the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‐f]quinoline derivatives by an efficient in situ reduction and cyclization reaction of 6‐nitro‐1H‐indazole, aromatic aldehydes, and 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one or barbituric acid has been developed. Compared with amino compounds, nitro compounds are easier to obtain and more stable. The synthesis was achieved by using a multicomponent procedure under Fe/H2O medium. The advantages of this method are mild conditions, operational simplicity, high yields, and wide range of substrates.
Changes in global monsoon precipitation and the related dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms in recent decades
Authors: Han Zixuan , Su Tao , Huang Bicheng , Feng Taichen , Qu Shulin , Feng Guolin
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study is to explore the long‐term trends in the distribution of global monsoon precipitation over recent decades using the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) data set. In addition, the potential4 mechanisms are examined by applying the atmospheric moisture budget decomposition method to the outputs from the ERA‐Interim medium‐range weather forecasting reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Changes in global monsoon precipitation are primarily thermodynamically caused by changes in specific humidity and dynamically caused by changes in circulation, as well as by changes in moisture transport that are driven by transient eddies and local evaporation. The results show that the increasing trends in global summer monsoon precipitation from 1979 to 2016 were dominated by contributions from the southern Asian, South African, and North American monsoon regions and were driven by the response of atmospheric circulation to the enhanced east–west thermal contrast in the tropical Pacific. We find that changes in the sea surface temperature (SST) patterns promote increased low‐level vertical velocities in monsoon regions, leading to moisture convergence through divergent circulation anomalies when combined with the climatological humidity field. Hence, the processes result in increasing trends in monsoon precipitation. In addition, evaporation makes increasing contributions to monsoon precipitation throughout the world, except in the South American monsoon region. Moreover, subtropical regions in the East Pacific (the Atlantic) may be major sources of water vapour that have supported increases in precipitation over the southern Asian and North American monsoon regions (the South African monsoon region) in recent decades.