bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change at Work
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

In the early 1980s, Guinness found itself facing serious financial problems as a result of the recession, falling profits, and mistaken diversification decisions. This chapter tells how the company confronted these challenges by appointing a new managing director, Ernest Saunders, who transformed Guinness into a multinational beverage conglomerate and changed the culture of the organization forever. In the process, he also committed serious financial misdemeanors. This chapter tells the shop floor workers experienced these changes, in particular how the reorganizations and layoffs affected workplace culture and identity. Drawing on a series of oral histories and autobiographical accounts, the author places what happened at Guinness in the 1980s and 1990s within the wider context of the brewing and spirits sectors in the United Kingdom and globally.
Conclusion: Returning to Park Royal
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

This final chapter is a reflection on the meaning of work in the twenty-first century. The author takes a walk around the site of the former Guinness brewery at Park Royal and observes and analyzes what replaced the brewery buildings. The chapter examines the profound shifts in the way economic activity has been organized and working careers have been transformed. The story of the Guinness brewery acts as an important marker for the way work used to be thought of; this was a humane, expansive, and dignified vision of work. Today, however, this vision has become eclipsed in the new capitalism.
Termites and Wolves
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

As discussed in Chapter 4, debt isn’t always bad. There have been good reasons to borrow money at times in the past—to fight wars and recessions and to make investments. Nevertheless, virtually all leading experts agree—and empirical evidence confirms—that following the current debt path and spending the borrowed funds as projected would create significant problems. Even if they don’t cause a financial crisis, rising deficits and debt will cause significant and durable long-term problems for the economy and reduce the nation’s ability to grow and improve living standards; respond to war, recession, or social needs; and remain a global leader in economic and political matters.
Historic Churches of New Mexico Today
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: April 2019

Historic Churches of New Mexico Today is an interpretive ethnography based on fieldwork among hispanic villagers, Pueblo Indians, and Mescalero Apaches. The fieldwork was reinforced by extensive research in archives and in previous scholarship. The book presents scholarly interpretations in prose that is accessible, often narrative, at times lyrical, and crafted to convey the experience of researching in New Mexican villages. Descriptive guide information and directions to remote historic churches are provided. Themes treated in the book include the interactions of past and present, the decline of traditions, a sense of place and attachment to place, the church as a cultural legacy, the church in relation to native traditions, resistance to Catholicism, tensions between priests and congregations, maintenance and restoration of historic buildings, and, in general, how the church as a place and devotion as a practice are important (or not) to the identities and everyday lives of individuals and communities. Among many others, the historic churches discussed in the study include the Santuario de Chimayó, San José de Gracia in Las Trampas, San Francisco de Asís in Ranchos de Taos, the village churches of Mora County, St. Joseph Apache Mission in Mescalero, and the mission churches at Laguna, Acoma, and Picurís Pueblos.
Mission Churches of Mora County
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: April 2019

The chapter opens with discussion of the restoration of San Rafael in La Cueva as an illustration of how a few committed mayordomos (church caretakers) are struggling to save churches that have little parish and archdiocese support. Several interviewed mayordomos comment on the topic and explain the reasons for their commitment. The following section discusses the relations of church restoration to tradition, to community identity, and to social bonding, among other factors. The chapter also explores parish and archdiocese attitudes toward historic village churches in the context of depopulation and reduced congregations. Obsolescence of the churches is being accelerated by centralization of masses and sacraments, and by displacement of the cost of mission maintenance and insurance to the villages. The chapter concludes with a visiting guide.
Introduction
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

American politics now includes continual conflict over fact perceptions, including sometimes perplexed and sometimes uncivil exchanges on television news, online, and in personal conversations over contradictory understandings of reality. The authors call them dueling facts because they come in recognized pairs engaged in combative contests for respect, often over perceived insults to each other’s standing. The book considers four main questions about dueling fact perceptions: How should we think about this phenomenon? Why are perceptions of facts so polarized? How consequential is factual polarization? And what are the odds of correction? Chapter 1 provides an overview of the four parts of the book, focusing on the concepts, causes, consequences, and possible correctives of dueling fact perceptions in the not-so United States. It introduces the major themes of the book, distinguishes concepts, defines terms, and summarizes each section and chapter.
What Smarter People Have Said About Facts
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Premodern humans had a very different relationship with knowledge from the one we claim today in the post-Enlightenment world. The ancients believed that knowledge was limited and hard-won. Chapter 2 kicks off the Concepts section of the book by discussing some of the philosophical and psychological foundations of the politics of truth. It includes observations from Norse, Greek, and Enlightenment philosophers (especially David Hume and John Locke), classic American thinkers (especially Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Walter Lippmann, and John Dewey), and more contemporary scholars like Abraham Maslow and Hilary Putnam. It concludes with a note on the nature and importance of bullshit and the role of Donald Trump.
A Theory of Intuitive Epistemology
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 8 argues that implicit foundations of knowledge vary systematically across citizens, creating disparate perceptions of reality. In other words, we do not end up with the same answers because we do not begin with the same questions. If values carry epistemology in this fashion, this helps account for how preferred values are projected onto perceived facts. The authors provide a theory of intuitive epistemology and describe the results of an empirical study examining how different value priorities lead to distinct habitual questions, which in turn drive fact perceptions. If applied epistemology varies systematically among citizens (in a predictable fashion grounded in competing value systems), this will create opposing perceptions of reality. An empirical study finds substantial support for this theory of intuitive epistemology across a range of dueling fact perceptions.
Let Facts Be Submitted to a Candid World
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 13 considers fact-checking as another possible corrective. After a brief history of the rise and diversity of the fact-check industry, the chapter critiques the epistemology of fact-checking and its limitations in the selection and assessment of facts. It summarizes a study comparing the findings of PolitiFact, factcheck.org, and The Fact Checker of the Washington Post, which reveals meaningful differences in the realities assessed as well as in the conclusions reached. This suggests that for the engaged citizen attempting to sort out the disputed realities of the current political environment, consulting fact checkers will not necessarily be of great service to them in determining which version of competing realities to endorse.
Mysticism in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Klimek Daniel Maria
Published: April 2019

The chapter considers influential definitions of terms like “mysticism,” “mystical,” or “mystical experiences” as formulated by two of the most prominent scholars of mysticism of the twentieth century. The influence of William James to the study of mysticism and his famous four marks of a mystical state is observed. The influence of Evelyn Underhill to the study of mysticism and her defining characteristics of what is true mysticism is observed. The various forms of visionary experiences and locutionary experiences (mystically hearing voices) are studied and the nuances between mystical and visionary experiences are considered. Critiques of the work of James and Underhill are offered and brief case studies of three modern mystics—Maria Valtorta, Therese Neumann, and Gemma Galgani—are considered in support of the critiques.
Medical and Scientific Studies on the Apparitions in Medjugorje
Authors: Klimek Daniel Maria
Published: April 2019

The chapter presents and analyzes the major medical and scientific studies that have been performed on the Medjugorje visionaries and their apparitions. Observing behavioral and psychological studies, neuroscientific studies, ocular and visual functions, auditory and voice functions, sensitivity and imperviousness to pain, the distinctions between a state of hypnosis and the apparition state in the visionaries, the chapter concludes with the results of the scientific studies: eliminating any form of hallucination, psychosis, epilepsy, neurosis, or catalepsy as an explanation for the apparitions. The chapter also considers the philosophical question of whether the visionaries are having a “subjective” or an “objective” experience during their apparitions, seeing a combination of characteristics when they enter the state of ecstasy that does not convey a clear line of delineation between a subjective and objective experience.
Medjugorje’s Uniqueness
Authors: Klimek Daniel Maria
Published: April 2019

Cognitive sciences like neuroscience have been used to study more common, cultivated, or induced religious experiences like states of meditation or prayer; however, in Medjugorje, it is the first time that spontaneous and extraordinary mystical experiences, such as visionary experiences in the form of Marian apparitions, have been studied by neuroscience as they are transpiring: pointing to Medjugorje’s uniqueness and importance. The chapter systematically considers the prominent interpretations of scholars who have tried to re-diagnose and explain extraordinary religious experiences as cases of epileptic seizures, hysteria, or hallucination, observing the work of Jean-Martin Charcot, Michael P. Carroll, Richard Dawkins, Andrew Newberg, and concluding with an analysis of Sigmund Freud’s interpretation of the “oceanic feeling” (i.e., mystical experience) and of his understanding of religion as a neurosis. The chapter explains how the scientific studies in Medjugorje substantially challenge the universal applicability of such reductionist theories.
Introduction
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

The book’s themes grew out of the author’s experience with a cottonwood tree he calls Grandfather. As the pattern unfolds in the chapters, he shows how twelve teachers in the natural world might be used as spiritual guides through the four stages of one’s life—as child, adolescent, adult, and elder. These teachers are now facing an overwhelming threat—due to climate change, habitat destruction, the use of pesticides and herbicides. They call us to a celebration of all that still lives—and to a language of lament that gives birth to action. The author reminds readers that we’re part of a community engaged in a vast conversation, but we deny our role in it. The earth yearns to teach us languages we didn’t even know existed.
Birds
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

In myth and folklore, birds (and cranes in particular) have traditionally been symbols of transcendence and rebirth. The Sufi mystic Farid ud-Din Attar, in his The Conference of the Birds, offered a parable of birds going on pilgrimage to find the divine king of their dreams, openly to discover in the end that they were the mystery they had sought all along. The author reads this text on a trip to see sandhill cranes along the Platte River in Nebraska. These cranes fly 10,000 miles between Mexico and northern Alaska (and back) each year, stopping in March to feed for a few weeks. In the history of symbols, birds are routinely portrayed as omens of death, embodiments of departed spirits, or symbols of transcendent mystery. But of all birds, the crane—by the majesty of its size alone—inspires admiration. The huge white bird with a bright red crown is a symbol of longevity and good luck. It was believed to have a life span of a thousand years or more.
Wind
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

Wind and breath are ancient symbols of “Spirit” in all faith traditions. In sacred stories everywhere, the divine takes joy in the raucous majesty of wind. God answers Job out of the whirlwind. “The fierce breath of the divine” (the kamikaze in the Japanese Shinto tradition) brings justice in medieval tales. Aeolus, the Greek storm god, gives Odysseus a bag full of captured winds that prove impossible to contain. Jesus’s disciples ask themselves, “What sort of man is this, that even the winds and the waves obey him?” A wandering nineteenth-century Russian monk popularized the “Jesus Prayer” in his recovery of the Philokalia, a classic treatise on prayer. The conscious, repetitive movement of breath was central to his practice. The author reflects on this work as he spends a night in a windstorm on a mountain in the Ozarks, asking about the parallels between the wind without and the breath within.
Trees
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

Hildegard of Bingen was fascinated by the greening power of nature, seeing the mystery of the divine in all growing things. She admired trees in particular. In their magical work of photosynthesis, their ability to heal themselves, and their capacity for communicating with each other, they express nature’s interconnecting web—joining all things as one. The author explores this himself as he climbs and spends the night in the cottonwood tree he calls Grandfather. He also surveys recent research in forestry science, asking about the communicative character of trees as discussed in the work of Suzanne Simard, Peter Wohlleben, and Robin Wall Kimmerer. Trees fill the pages of classic spiritual texts. The Christian Bible begins with the Tree of Life and ends with the Tree of Paradise in the New Jerusalem. The Buddha went through 150 incarnations before being born as the historical figure we know; in forty-three of those he was a tree. Ancient Celts regarded a host of trees as sacred, including the oak and hazel.
Mountains
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

Does a mountain topography lend itself to group solidarity, ecstatic spiritual experience, and social isolation? The author asks this question as he compares Pentecostal communities in the Arkansas Ozarks to the rise of the Hasidic movement in Carpathian Mountains of eighteenth-century Ukraine. Mountains have been universally revered as places of divine/human encounter—from Machu Picchu in Peru and Mount Olympus in Greece to Mount Sinai in Egypt and the five sacred mountains of China. Mountains are places of transformation. Alchemists in the Middle Ages regarded the mountain peak as “the philosopher’s oven.” The Baal Shem Tov, founder of the modern Hasidic movement, argued that authentic spiritual knowledge was best found among the simple, unpretentious people of the mountain villages. These were the shoemakers, chicken farmers, tailors, and innkeepers who made up his followers. He pointed out that God had appeared to Moses in an ordinary thorn bush, set aflame in the desert. “It is in the simple folk—the ‘lowly’ thorn-bush,” he said, “that this insatiable Divine flame is found.”
Caves
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

After his conversion, Ignatius of Loyola stopped in Manresa, Spain, on his way to the Holy Land. There he entered into a dark period of depression, staying in a cave for several months outside of town where he wrote his Spiritual Exercises. Caves evoke an uncommon terror even as they disclose a treasured wisdom. Tales of descending into a dark cave and finding your way out again run through the literature and folklore of many cultures—from Theseus in his labyrinth on Crete to the cave in the Misty Mountains where Bilbo Baggins found Gollum’s “Precious,” the ring of power. But the cave is also the womb of Mother Earth, a place of birth and renewal. In Plato’s myth of the cave, the philosopher moves through a world of shadows into the light of reason and beauty. St. Benedict lived in a cave in the mountains southeast of Rome for three years before starting his monastic community. Muhammad, in a cave on Mount Hira, heard the voice of the Angel Gabriel reciting the words of the holy Quran. The underground chamber becomes a portal between worlds—a place of illumination where the hero finds the dragon’s treasure, where new life emerges. The author explores this reality as he spends a night alone in the depths of a Missouri cave, entering into something of Ignatius’ own experience of Jesus.
Conclusion
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

The conclusion deals with four pressing questions raised by the book—scientific, philosophical, theological, and ethical. Is this notion of a Great Conversation simply a fanciful idea or is it a truth whose time has come? How do we widen our skills in listening and responding to the “others”? How do we conceive of God as playing a role in this conversation? And given the current ecological crisis, what are the ethical implications of all this? Forest biologists like Suzanne Simard, Peter Wohlleben, and Robin Wall Kimmerer have done exciting work in researching the communicative capacities of trees. Creative efforts at interspecies communication in general have been pursued by Celia Deane-Drummond, Luther Burbank, Jim Nollman, and Buck Brannaman. Those who have explored God’s wild and creative relationship to nature include Annie Dillard, Wlater Kasper, and John Haught. Joanna Macy and Elizabeth Johnson emphasize the importance of our listening to the rest of the natural world as a starting point in the exercise of ecological responsibility.
How Not to Argue for Selective Reproductive Procedures
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers the moral status of various arguments in favor of reproductive selection, especially those that claim to accept the expressivist objection, especially that of the bioethicist Dan Brock. It argues that assuming that a disabled life is ceteris paribus a worse life is a poor way to make an argument for the permissibility of reproductive selection. Moreover arguing that we have a moral obligation to select against disability if we have a choice to select for a nondisabled child does not cohere with the acceptance of the expressivist argument. Instead it exemplifies the harmful and discriminatory attitudes toward people with disabilities that the expressivist argument objects to. Once again the author concludes that in the end, only the potential mother must make the choice. Whether or not the choice is a moral one depends on the woman’s motivation and intentions.
Addendum: Mother’s Choice
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

The conclusion I have argued for in chapter 5 is not that it is either permissible or impermissible to select against disability, only that there are some ways that we ought not to argue in favor of selection against disability. Arguments favoring giving birth to a baby without a disabling impairment because this child will have a better life than a child with the disability are problematic, because in the end they amount to the view that the lives of disabled people are inherently suboptimal. Such claims are unacceptable to most all disabled people and should be unacceptable to all of us whether or not we are disabled....
The Completion of Care—The Normativity of Care
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

CARE, this chapter argues, succeeds normatively, or is “completed,” only when it is received by the cared-for as CARING. On this model, an action will count as CARE if it contributes to the well-being, restoration, or flourishing of a being or a subject. It must also be motivated by concern for the welfare of the cared-for. A carer must thus cultivate a “transparent self,” one receptive to the other’s conception of her own needs and wants. This view emphasizes that CARE is active, distinguishes it from paternalism, and indicates the role of moral luck in caring. CARING, then, is an action, and the act of caring requires that the cared-for take up and receive that action as care. The author ends by asking if there is a duty to take up care (when the cared for is capable) that is offered with competence and in good faith.
Neither Gremlins nor Poltergeists
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip
Published: April 2019

This chapter first discusses the serious moral flaws in higher education. Universities’ problems are deep and fundamental: Most academic marketing is semi-fraudulent, grading is largely nonsense, students do not study or learn much, students cheat frequently, professors and administrators waste students’ money and time to line their own pockets, professors pump out unemployable graduate students for self-serving reasons, and so on. This book argues that academia’s problems are ingrained. Bad behaviors result from regular people reacting to bad incentives baked into academia. Chapter 1 also lists seven basic economic ideas and principles that people—including people who write about higher education—routinely ignore.
Beyond Greenwash
Authors: van der Ven Hamish
Published: April 2019

Modern consumers are confronted by a growing array of colorful eco-labels on everything from coffee to computers. Yet, not all of these eco-labels are trustworthy. Despite the existence of well-established best practices for eco-labeling, many labels remain little more than superficial exercises in “greenwash.” How can consumers separate greenwash from genuine attempts to address environmental challenges? Beyond Greenwash? systematically investigates the credibility of transnational eco-labeling in a global and cross-sectoral context. It brings original data, an innovative mixed-method research design, and a unique measure of procedural credibility in transnational governance to bear on one of the most salient questions in contemporary global environmental politics. In doing so, it reaches the important conclusion that the rigor and credibility of transnational governance depends as much on who is being governed as who is doing the governing. Beyond Greenwash? offers practical insights into the viability of eco-labeling as a form of transnational governance and makes a timely contribution to broader debates in political science and international relations about when and how emergent forms of transnational governance can succeed in achieving their stated objectives.
Credibility in Carbon Neutral Eco-Labeling
Authors: van der Ven Hamish
Published: April 2019

This chapter further tests the aiming big hypothesis by tracing the origin and evolution of four ELOs that certify carbon neutrality or carbon reduction efforts: The Carbon Trust, The CarbonNeutral Company, Enviro-Mark Solutions, and Carbonfund.org. Through comparative case studies and careful process tracing, illuminated by both interviews and primary document research, the chapter demonstrates that the decision to target large firms in global markets explains superior adherence to best practices in The CarbonNeutral Company and Enviro-Mark Solutions. Conversely, the narrow regional focus of The Carbon Trust and Carbonfund.org explains their comparative lack of best practice adherence. The cross-case comparison proves that a focus on the targets of governance offers more explanatory leverage than a focus on public versus private ownership or for-profit versus not-for-profit structure. The chapter concludes with implications for strengthening the credibility of carbon labels in the future.
Introduction
Authors: Murray Michelle
Published: April 2019

This chapter introduces the puzzle of power transitions, summarizes the main argument of the book and locates it in the existing scholarship on power transitions. The conventional wisdom is that power transitions are inherently destabilizing to the international order because shifts in the distribution of power lead rising powers to want to revise the international order to better reflect their own interests. However, as the historical record demonstrates, not all rising powers have been considered revisionist and not all power transitions have led to war. This chapter argues that the existing approaches understate the importance of the social factors that shape the dynamics of power transitions. To address these empirical and theoretical limitations, this book provides a framework, grounded in the struggle for recognition, for understanding the social factors that shape a power transition.
Looking Outward
Authors: Murray Michelle
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers the rise of the United States to world power status and hegemony in the Western Hemisphere at the turn of the twentieth century. It argues that America’s decision to “turn outward” and establish an imperial presence in the world embodied the recognitive practices constitutive of world power status. Specifically, American leaders envisioned that a powerful naval capability and sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere would be the backbone of its national greatness on the world stage and lead the established powers to recognize its position among the system’s world powers. The fragility of the United States’s aspiring social identity and the importance of British recognition to that identity became apparent during the Venezuelan Crisis, when the United States initiated an international crisis over its right to become involved in hemispheric disputes. The crisis was defused when British leaders engaged in recognitive speech acts that constructed a shared, Anglo-Saxon identity, which would become the foundation for cooperation between the two adversaries. These recognitive speech acts expressed a normative acceptance of American power and legitimated its status among the world powers.
Application of 360 Feedback for Leadership Development
Authors: McCauley Cynthia , Brutus Stéphane
Published: April 2019

This chapter highlights well-established practices for using 360 Feedback for individual leader development and emerging practices for its use in the collective development of leadership capacity. The practice of 360 Feedback is strongly rooted in efforts to develop leadership in organizations. Although feedback as a mechanism for improving leader performance has a long history, the practice of systematically collecting evaluations of a focal leader’s behaviors and skills from the perspective of that leader’s manager, peers, and direct reports is a more recent development. Organizations are increasingly making use of 360 Feedback as a regular talent process, much like annual performance evaluations or employee engagement surveys. This chapter also addresses the debate about whether 360 Feedback for leadership development should be used only for development purposes.
Team Development With Strategic 360 Feedback
Authors: Traylor Allison , Salas Eduardo
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how 360 Feedback can be leveraged to support team development and learning. The chapter describes ways 360 Feedback can be applied to teamwork along with recommendations for strategic implementation of such programs targeted at the most fundamental determinants of team success. The team processes for which strategic 360 Feedback has the greatest potential for impact are detailed, providing practical implications for organizations implementing a 360 Feedback system and identifying targeted interventions to address antecedents and correlates of team development and performance. The most effective methods of feedback delivery to teams are identified, providing an overview of how organizations should structure their feedback systems to enhance team development.
The Legal Environment for 360 Feedback
Authors: Scott John C. , Scott Justin M. , Foster Katey E.
Published: April 2019

Many organizations rely on 360 Feedback to drive their strategic talent agendas. Even when 360 is purposed for development only, organizations are frequently reluctant to limit it to this use. The 360 data represent unique input that informs several talent management processes, from high-potential identification and promotion to performance management and succession planning. When 360 results are extended beyond development only and affect an employee’s status, however, a host of psychometric standards and legal requirements emerge. Highlighted is a series of considerations, beginning with design limitations as a decision-making tool (i.e., assessing performance while supporting development) and including score equivalence (across languages/cultures) and perceived fairness. After providing an overview of the legal framework of human resource decision-making, it is applied to the 360 Feedback process, including disparate impact, adverse impact, validation, and alternative selection procedures. The chapter concludes with recommendations for 360 practices, from design to implementation to use in making talent management decisions.
Water Insecurity in Disaster and Climate Change Contexts
Authors: Resurrección Bernadette P.
Published: April 2019

This chapter applies a feminist political ecology lens to episodes of climate change-related water insecurity in three Southeast Asian peri-urban area sites affected by flooding, water shortages, and pollution induced by long dry spells and heavy precipitation. It presents highlights from a 3-year research project that examined the everyday lives of women as they “deal with water” in the context of increasing water pollution, water scarcity, and flooding compounded by neoliberal socioeconomic conditions. These accounts illustrate how in water- and climate-change contexts, the neoliberal logics of privatization, commercialization, and reified separation between “the natural” and “the social” engage closely with emotions and intersectional gender subjectivities. The use of a feminist political ecology lens offers more holistic and grounded ways of probing into people’s experiences of climate-related water insecurity and stresses, aspects of which are often missed: gendered violence, hierarchies of place, affect, and insecurity in everyday life.
Normalizing Discourses
Authors: Colette April L.
Published: April 2019

Infrastructure development and planning practices, both materially and discursively, shape the unequal distribution of flood risk. Taking the city of Santa Fe, Argentina, to illustrate this point, this chapter shows that because of the complex relationship between climate and outcomes, different people experience different risks in the same city, even while facing the same hazard. The focus is on not only how infrastructure physically transforms the urban landscape but also how it produces and is produced by people’s (both government and individuals) notions of what and who is at risk. Discourse about risk and infrastructure shapes the construction of the material world, the social order of the city, and very much influences how government and individuals perceive and frame risk and, importantly, develop climate-related risk reduction solutions.
Moving Forward for Community Inclusion and Policy Change
Authors: Mason Lisa Reyes , Rigg Jonathan
Published: April 2019

This chapter synthesizes the book’s themes of contextualizing climate change in community realities, reflecting on the five climate reductionisms introduced in the opening chapter and taking actionable progress toward policy change. Though climate change is a wicked problem, characterized by uncertainty and complexity, the way forward for socially just solutions must include purposeful, meaningful partnerships with communities in ways that recognize their own inherent diversity, value their knowledge, and address their manifold needs. However, partnerships for policy change might be conceived as a wicked “solution”: They will involve many stakeholders, there is little precedent for how to make them successful, and there are still questions of whether they are needed in all phases of the policy process or for all policy decisions.
How Memory Counts as the Same
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P.
Published: April 2019

Memory is one of the most common ways to count as the same. This sameness works over the historical flux of lived time, allowing us to feel that the present connects directly to the past through the unmediated linkage of memory. On the other hand, this chapter also discusses how real memories also create some instabilities—in time (because the present never really is a continuation of the past) and in social identity (because you do not share my memories). These instabilities create the possibility of new readings as mimesis or metaphor, and ultimately of a play among different ways of counting as the same.
Mimesis, or “Society Is Imitation”
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P.
Published: April 2019

The heart of mimesis is a set of shared conventions rather than shared beliefs or shared memory. The repetition of mimesis gives it the character of something eternally present. This gives mimesis a much greater potential for openness than memory does. Unlike the past-continuous of memory, mimesis creates a kind of present-continuous. This chapter focuses on conflict around the reading of mimesis as memory or metaphor in different social contexts. These conflicts occur when frames clash, or when one powerful frame creates a double bind and puts people into an impossible situation. The chapter further explores the “imperialist” tendencies of mimesis to rewrite all other frames of meaning.
The People Beyond the Tag
Authors: Hertel Shareen
Published: April 2019

Chapter 4 analyzes the receptivity of local community members in the town of Villa Altagracia (Dominican Republic) toward the practice of stakeholder consultation. It draws on original qualitative interviews with residents of this manufacturing community where collegiate apparel is produced (i.e., clothing with college logos) and workers at one company (Alta Gracia Apparel) are paid triple the prevailing minimum wage. The chapter introduces the concept of “subjective socioeconomic status,” which enables us to compare how different respondents rate their own well-being compared to that of other people in their community. Villa Altagracia has a significant unemployment problem, and the surveys convey the challenges experienced by people beyond the factory’s employees. Listening to people at the grassroots level illuminates the limits of business and human rights promotion strategies, the structural roots of poverty, and the inherent complexity of poor communities central to global supply chains.
Getting the Neighborhood Back
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: April 2019

While the opening up of the city and the loss of neighborhood identity was not universally lamented, many planners, sociologists, and social reformers reacted to the decline by trying to plan the neighborhood back into existence. Essentially the response to industrial capitalism was to apportion cities into manageable units and subunits—segmented, patterned, sorted into equal-size circles, squares, or hexagons at regular intervals, nested into hierarchical arrangements, often with mathematical precision. The quest for order and control manifested as the neighborhood unit—an urban partitioning that even ancient cities had practiced. In the 19th century, garden cities, model villages, and other idealized units were the more immediate precursors of the 20th-century version: relatively self-contained neighborhoods that had access to services, social life, and nature.
The Self-Governed Neighborhood
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on the issue of neighborhood self-governance, including the pros and cons of self-determination and local control. Strong, self-regulated neighborhoods fit well within a self-help narrative about residents taking control of their own destinies. But the downside, as the debates reveal, is the loss of power and the potential for insularity, which can further deplete power. At the same time, higher-level authorities are often resistant to relinquishing control, putting added stress on the ability of neighborhoods to self-manage. With a stronger sense of neighborhood, the debate can be resolved through better connection to wider political networks as well as better application of innovative budgeting and governance procedures that are already in place but not widely in use. Resolution of the self-determination debate, then, capitalizes on existing procedures, regulations, and governing authority that exist at the neighborhood level but have not been activated by an explicit understanding of neighborhood.
Predicting the Next Attacks
Authors: Kurzman Charles
Published: April 2019

Many people expect terrorism experts to predict and prevent the next attacks, and some terrorism experts encourage such expectations with claims that they can identify the causes of radicalization. However, terrorism is so rare, and the causes are so broad, that attempts to identify risk factors cast unwarranted suspicion on millions of innocent people. Instead, this chapter proposes that we treat terrorism the same way we treat other threats to public health and safety, such as crime and pandemics, striking a responsible balance between security and personal liberties, and basing counterterrorism policy on evidence rather than on hyperbole and panic.
Essential Ingredients for Sign Bilingualism and Co-Enrollment Education in the Hong Kong Context
Authors: Kun-man Yiu Chris , Tang Gladys , Chi-man Ho Chloe
Published: April 2019

Recent advancement in sign linguistics and sign language acquisition research has enabled us to reconsider the role that sign language may play in bringing up deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. The education approach of sign bilingualism and co-enrollment (SLCO) has been implemented in Hong Kong for over 10 years and aims to promote social integration and academic attainment of DHH children in an inclusive setting. Four key ingredients have been identified as essential for the SLCO approach: (1) a whole-school approach toward promoting deaf–hearing collaboration; (2) deaf individuals’ involvement in school practices, especially deaf–hearing co-teaching practices in the SLCO classroom; (3) an enriched linguistic context to support bimodal bilingual development of DHH and hearing students; and (4) DHH and hearing students’ active participation in school and social activities. This chapter summarizes how these four factors contribute to the whole-school development toward deaf–hearing collaboration.
Establishing a Bimodal Bilingual Co-Enrollment Program in Germany: Preconditions, Policy, and Preliminary Data
Authors: Hennies Johannes , Hennies Kristin
Published: April 2019

In 2016, the first German bimodal bilingual co-enrollment program for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students, CODAs, and other hearing children was established in Erfurt, Thuringia. There is a tradition of different models of co-enrollment for DHH children in a spoken language setting in Germany, but there has been no permanent program for co-enrollment of DHH children who use sign language so far. This program draws from the experience of an existing model in Austria to enroll a group of DHH children using sign language in a regular school and from two well-documented bimodal bilingual programs in German schools for the deaf. The chapter describes the preconditions for the project, the political circumstances of the establishment of bimodal bilingual co-enrollment, and the factors that seem crucial for successful realization.
God's Salesman
Authors: George Carol V.R. , Bowler Kate
Published: April 2019

When Donald Trump was married to his first wife Ivana Zelnícková in 1977, the family minister who officiated the wedding was the preacher and author of The Power of Positive Thinking, Norman Vincent Peale. Perhaps more than any other figure in American public life, Trump has touted Peale’s positive thinking methods to apparently great success. “I never think of the negative,” he said after the opening of Trump Tower in 1983. Peale’s 1952 book, which helped to drive the religious revival of the 1950s, remains a perennial bestseller, and has affected the lives of a vast public in the United States and around the world. This book uses interviews with Peale himself as well as access to his manuscript collection to provide a scholarly account of Peale and his highly visible career. The text explores the evolution of Peale’s message of practical Christianity, the belief that when positive thinking was combined with affirmative prayer, the technique of “imaging,” and purposeful action, the result was a changed life. It was a message with special appeal for many in the post-War middle class struggling to rebuild their lives and have a voice in society. The text examines the formative influences on Peale’s thinking, especially his devout Methodist parents, his early exposure to and then enthusiastic acceptance of Ralph Waldo Emerson and William James, and his almost instinctive attraction to evangelicalism, particularly as it was manifested politically.
A Thoroughly Methodist Beginning, 1898–1921
Authors: George Carol V. R.
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on Norman Vincent Peale’s early life and Methodist beginning, which covers the years 1898–1921. Norman Vincent Peale was born on May 31, 1898 in Ohio. His parents, Anna and Charles Clifford Peale, were members of the Methodist Church. The chapter first provides a background on Anna and Clifford Peale as Methodists before discussing Norman Peale’s reminiscences of his childhood. It then considers how Norman Peale may have experienced the label of “preacher’s kid” as a tighter fit than his two younger brothers and goes on to examine his Methodist education. It also narrates how Norman Peale discovered Ralph Waldo Emerson and William James while studying at Ohio Wesleyan University, an institution known for its patent identification with Methodism; his life in active politics; his early writing career; and his decision to enroll at the Boston University School of Theology.
Drawing Down the Lightning, 1932–1942
Authors: George Carol V. R.
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses Norman Vincent Peale’s life and career as a Methodist minister during the years 1932–1942. It first describes Peale’s move to New York in 1932 during the darkest days of the Depression, hoping to develop an innovative ministry around a message of practical Christianity and fight the New Deal. It then considers Peale’s decision to change his religious affiliation to the Reformed Church in America and his tenure as pastor of Marble Collegiate Church, along with the early challenges he encountered there. It also examines how Peale used the internal polarized struggles of Protestantism, real and imagined, as the special focus of his public platform. Finally, it analyses changes in Peale’s New York ministry and the growth of Marble Church under his watch; his establishment of a religio-psychiatric outpatient clinic that later became known as Institutes of Religion and Health; and his ministry to businessmen.
Positive Thinking and the Cure of the Souls
Authors: George Carol V. R.
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines how Norman Vincent Peale’s gospel of positive thinking catapulted him to fame, mainly through his 1952 book, “The Power of Positive Thinking,” and contributed to the revival of American religion at the time. It first considers how the overwhelming reception accorded “The Power of Positive Thinking” made Peale a “minister to millions” and how his popularity coincided with the religious revitalization effort before discussing Peale’s interpretation of New Thought. It then looks at the criticisms hurled against “The Power of Positive Thinking,” including the accusation that Pealeism represented the worst aspects of the revival of populist religion, and the role played by Peale in the religious revival of the 1950s. Finally, it describes how the Foundation for Christian Living emerged as the nerve center of Peale’s independent ministry during the decade of the 1950s.
Transcategorial Shift
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses the literature dealing with the formal and functional features of the major grammatical categories noun and verb, focusing on the so-called “mixed” or “hybrid” structures known as deverbal nominalizations. It is argued that, to understand the peculiarities of these much-discussed constructions and, more generally, to investigate whether abstract linguistic concepts such as “noun” and “verb” are—as suggested in functionalist and cognitive linguistics—to a certain extent “iconic,” we should adopt an approach that devotes attention to structural as well as functional-semantic properties. The discussion will lead to the presentation of a theoretical model of functional-semantic nominality and verbality/clausality, which will serve as the core for further investigation of the functional-semantic organization of the English gerundive system.
Conceptual (In)Dependence and the Diachronic Nominalization of ing-Forms
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren
Published: April 2019

In this final empirical chapter, it is shown that nominal and verbal gerunds differ in terms of their preferences for the type of verb that forms the head of nominal and verbal gerunds, with the more clause-like verbal gerund being more likely to be formed with a semantically light—and hence highly conceptually dependent—verb (e.g. Taking a shower vs. *The taking of a shower). Chapter 7, finally, also considers the semantic differences and similarities between ing-nominals with nominal and clausal structure from a broader perspective, including deverbal nominalizations in -ing that do not refer to events (and hence are not traditionally considered as nominal gerunds).
Planning to Fail
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: April 2019

The US wars in Vietnam (1965–1973), Iraq (2003–2011), and Afghanistan (2001–present) stand out for their endurance, resource investment, human cost, and common decisional failings. Despite its planning, the United States failed to meet its early objectives in every one of these conflicts. A profound myopia at four stages of intervention helps explain why the United States fought; chose to increase, decrease, or end its involvement in the conflicts; encountered a progressively reduced set of options; and ultimately settled for suboptimal results. US leaders were effectively planning to fail, whatever their hopes and thoughts at the time. American decision makers struggled less than they should have when conditions permitted good choices, and then struggled more than could matter when conditions left them with only bad choices. American policy makers allowed these wars to sap available capabilities, push US forces to the breaking point, and exhaust public support. They finally settled for terms of departure that they or their predecessors would have rejected at the start of these conflicts.