bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genes That Are Uniquely Stress Regulated in Salt Overly Sensitive (sos) Mutants
Authors: Gong Zhizhong , Koiwa Hisashi , Cushman Mary Ann , Ray Anamika , Bufford Davi , Kore-eda Shin , Matsumoto Tracie K. , Zhu Jianhua , Cushman John C. , Bressan Ray A. , Hasegawa Paul M.
Published: July 2002

Repetitive rounds of differential subtraction screening, followed by nucleotide sequence determination and northern-blot analysis, identified 84 salt-regulated (160 mm NaCl for 4 h) genes in Arabidopsis wild-type (Col-0 gl1) seedlings. Probes corresponding to these 84 genes and ACP1,RD22BP1, MYB2, STZ, andPAL were included in an analysis of salt responsive gene expression profiles in gl1 and the salt-hypersensitive mutant sos3. Six of 89 genes were expressed differentially in wild-type and sos3 seedlings; steady-state mRNA abundance of five genes (AD06C08/unknown, AD05E05/vegetative storage protein 2 [VSP2],AD05B11/S-adenosyl-l-Met:salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase [SAMT],AD03D05/cold regulated 6.6/inducible2 [COR6.6/KIN2], and salt tolerance zinc finger [STZ]) was induced and the abundance of one gene (AD05C10/circadian rhythm-RNA binding1 [CCR1]) was reduced in wild-type plants after salt treatment. The expression of CCR1, SAMT,COR6.6/KIN2, and STZ was higher insos3 than in wild type, and VSP2 andAD06C08/unknown was lower in the mutant. Salt-induced expression of VSP2 in sos1 was similar to wild type, and AD06C08/unknown, CCR1,SAMT, COR6.6/KIN2, and STZwere similar to sos3. VSP2 is regulated presumably bySOS2/3 independent of SOS1, whereas the expression of the others is SOS1 dependent.AD06C08/unknown and VSP2 are postulated to be effectors of salt tolerance whereas CCR1,SAMT, COR6.6/KIN2, and STZare determinants that must be negatively regulated during salt adaptation. The pivotal function of the SOS signal pathway to mediate ion homeostasis and salt tolerance implicatesAD06C08/unknown, VSP2,SAMT, 6.6/KIN2, STZ, andCCR1 as determinates that are involved in salt adaptation.
Chloroplast Biogenesis. Regulation of Lipid Transport to the Thylakoid in Chloroplasts Isolated from Expanding and Fully Expanded Leaves of Pea
Authors: Andersson Mats X. , Kjellberg J. Magnus , Sandelius Anna Stina
Published: July 2002

To study the regulation of lipid transport from the chloroplast envelope to the thylakoid, intact chloroplasts, isolated from fully expanded or still-expanding pea (Pisum sativum) leaves, were incubated with radiolabeled lipid precursors and thylakoid membranes subsequently were isolated. Incubation with UDP[3H]Gal labeled monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in both envelope membranes and digalactosyldiacylglycerol in the outer chloroplast envelope. Galactolipid synthesis increased with incubation temperature. Transport to the thylakoid was slow below 12°C, and exhibited a temperature dependency closely resembling that for the previously reported appearance and disappearance of vesicles in the stroma (D.J. Morré, G. Selldén, C. Sundqvist, A.S. Sandelius [1991] Plant Physiol 97: 1558–1564). In mature chloroplasts, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol transport to the thylakoid was up to three times higher than digalactosyldiacylglycerol transport, whereas the difference was markedly lower in developing chloroplasts. Incubation of chloroplasts with [14C]acyl-coenzyme A labeled phosphatidylcholine (PC) and free fatty acids in the inner envelope membrane and phosphatidylglycerol at the chloroplast surface. PC and phosphatidylglycerol were preferentially transported to the thylakoid. Analysis of lipid composition revealed that the thylakoid contained approximately 20% of the chloroplast PC. Our results demonstrate that lipids synthesized at the chloroplast surface as well as in the inner envelope membrane are transported to the thylakoid and that lipid sorting is involved in the process. Furthermore, the results also indicate that more than one pathway exists for galactolipid transfer from the chloroplast envelope to the thylakoid.
A genetic algorithm for optimal positioning of actuators in active noise control: results from the ASANCA project
Authors: Tsahalis D.T. , Katsikas S.K. , Manolas D.A.
Published: July 2002

In order to achieve maximum noise reduction inside an aircraft cabin through the use of an active noise control system (ANCS), it is important that the number and positions of the sensors for monitoring the noise field; the control system for driving the actuators; and the number and positions of the actuators that generate the secondary noise field, which partially cancels the primary noise field, must be optimally determined. An optimization strategy for the positioning of the actuators, based on genetic algorithms (GA), is presented, assuming a fixed sensor configuration and a given control system. The application of the developed GA to a propeller aircraft is also discussed. The work presented was performed under the CEC BRITE/EURAM‐Aeronautics project “ASANCA”, in which a demonstrator ANCS was developed.
Development of a MATLAB code based on a weak formulation of wave propagation through a porous material: comparison with experimental results
Authors: Gialamas T.P. , Manolas D.A. , Tsahalis D.T.
Published: July 2002

In the present paper a weighted residual formulation of wave propagation through a porous material for a three‐dimensional case, based on the theoretical formulation of Zwikker and Kosten for sound propagation in porous material, is described. Based on this formulation, a MATLAB code was developed which simulates an experimental configuration that consists of: a double wall cavity, formed by two parallel aluminum panels; and a reverberation room. A loudspeaker is placed on the reverberation room to provide the acoustical excitation of the double wall set‐up. The results which are obtained from the MATLAB code, in terms of the sound pressure level (SPL) in the double wall cavity and the displacement of the two panels, are compared with the corresponding experimental ones for the cases of air and thermal insulation material being the medium filling the double wall cavity.
Support ‐ a systems approach
Authors: Baker Brian
Published: July 2002

Suggests that the maintenance sector will be under strain as sales of aircraft continue to rise. Points out that many companies will need to update their paper‐based systems as they will need to control all aspects of their performance. Emphasizes that these companies must not lose sight of their customers’ ever‐changing requirements.
Analytic certification of airframes
Authors: Symons Cleaver , Morris Alan
Published: July 2002

Confidence in airframe structure integrity must never be compromised, particularly where the structure is safety critical. There are, however, increasing pressures, cost being one of the most significant, to reduce or eliminate customized testing of airframes. Certification of airframes by analysis is, therefore, desirable. The question to be answered is ‐ is it possible? Provides an overview of five years’ work in producing a methodology and best practice for structural analysis, which provides a concrete procedure for answering this question.
New research and concepts in turbo‐jet engine design
Authors: Liu Gao‐Lian , He Ji‐Huan
Published: July 2002

Presents a brief overview of some new concepts and research results concerning aerodynamic computation and design of jet‐propulsion engines with emphasis on turbomachinery (TM) developed in China, without any attempt to be exhaustive.
Dynamic analysis of shrouded blades and disc coupling system with freely slipping shroud contact surfaces
Authors: Wang Qinmeng , Wang Jianming , Zhang Jin
Published: July 2002

Discusses the application of the fixed interface modal synthesis technique and the quasi‐ periodically symmetric feature of the shrouded blades and disc system for analysing the coupling vibration characteristic of a system which has freely slipping contact surfaces. This technique has led to the establishment of an entirely new dynamic analysis method. With this method, the scale of calculation required has been greatly reduced, relieving the demand on CPU time and storage capacity while still ensuring sufficient accuracy of dynamic analysis.
The versatile V2500
Authors: Johnson Martin
Published: July 2002

Fourteen years ago International Aero Engines got the green light for design and development of the V2500 turbofan. Then, as now, the consortium represented the industry’s most ambitious global engine partnership. Today the V2500 has become the staple, high volume product for Rolls‐Royce and Pratt & Whitney in the narrow body market. As a case study of international co‐operation, charts IAE’s progress and examines how the programme is meeting the demands of continuing change.
Surface finish measurement is now an exact science for everyday use
Authors: Wykes Graham
Published: July 2002

Defines the list of parameters which can be derived from roughness profiles and the unfiltered profiles. Describes instruments capable of measuring these parameters and their use as part of a Statistical Process Control System to form an essential part of SPC procedures. Details the fixing and power source options that allow detectors to be either portable or mounted close to the production line, including an air suspension vibration isolator to eliminate the effects of vibrations which could otherwise prove troublesome in workshop use.
Influences of KBE on the aircraft brake industry
Authors: Liening Ansgar , Blount Gordon N.
Published: July 2002

A general review has been conducted to describe the situation of the aircraft wheel and brake industry and to describe possible applications of knowledge based engineering (KBE). The latest books and publications available to the authors have been reviewed during the survey to identify the latest thinking on the topic. The paper investigates tools to increase productivity in general, explains the way a KBE tool works, and describes possible KBE applications in the wheel and brake industry as design tools and as diagnostic tools. The relationship of KBE to existing IT systems is considered and put into the context of restructuring process. A case study describes the formulation of rules and the code that can be used with the ICAD software. Possible pitfalls are described. An outlook into future trends is included.
Performance demands on aerospace paints relative to environmental legislation
Authors: Blackford Roger
Published: July 2002

Traditionally aerospace coatings have been formulated for performance. In an extreme case a faulty coating could contribute to an accident on a catastrophic scale. The demands on aerospace coatings are severe because aircraft have unusual requirements. These requirements are dictated by the environment in which modern aircraft operate, the nature of the structure of the airframe, the way they are painted and the way in which they are used. As a consequence of all this, the paints which have been formulated for aerospace use usually differ from paint used in other industrial areas. It has often meant using ingredients which are regarded as hazardous either to health, such as chromate pigments, or to the environment, such as large quantities of strong solvents. Bearing this in mind, modern formulations have had to evolve, improving performance and taking into account the results of using hazardous ingredients which might affect users of the coatings, innocent bystanders and the environment. Here we consider the conflict between these influences and show the position reached within the industry.
Computer simulation of composite material performance saves four months on S‐92 Helibus program
Authors: Forster Bill , Rogg Chris , Martin Randy , Green Steve
Published: July 2002

Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation saved four months on the S‐92 Helibus helicopter project by simulating composite material performance on the computer prior to fabricating tooling. Despite the communications and logistical challenges of working with international manufacturing partners on the project, the flow time required to move the complex canopy structure from basic data to completion of production parts was reduced by 27 percent compared to previous similar projects. This first womb‐to‐tomb use of simulation of Sikorsky also cut engineering, prototyping and tooling costs by reducing the number of revisions required during the tool tryout stage by more than 90 percent of the normal number. The key to the success of this project was the ability of the FiberSIM simulation software from Composite Design Technologies, Wiltham, Massachusetts, to detect wrinkling, bridging and similar problems during the basic design phase, so they could be fixed before they reached the shopfloor.
Ultrasonic analysis of plastics, rubbers and composites by non‐contact analyzer ‐ the NCA 1000
Authors: Bhardwaj Mahesh C. , Neeson Ian , Vandervalk Leon
Published: July 2002

Details the authors’ pursuit of non‐contact ultrasound.
The Boeing flight deck
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: July 2002

Describes how the Next Generation (NG) Boeing 737‐600/700/800/900 flight deck uses either of two instrument panels. One is based on the 737‐300/400/500 series and the other on the 777 and 747‐400. These are more commonly known as the EFIS/MAP and the PFD/ND layouts, respectively. The article goes on to describe the flight deck of the Boeing 717 which first flew last year, and how this has been adapted from previous designs.
Simulation driven design helps solve C5 cargo door problem
Authors: Pinnick Alan
Published: July 2002

Simulation driven design helped Lockheed Martin Aeronautical Systems solve a fatigue‐related problem on the cargo door of the C5 transport plane. Cracks in the area of the door’s upper hinge had led the Air Force to impose a special visual inspection of the door prior to each ADS mission. Use of dynamics analysis software enabled Lockheed Martin to quickly find several solutions by allowing engineers to evaluate many alternatives without testing prototypes. Within four months of taking on the project, Lockheed Martin presented the Air Force with the three best options indicated by the analysis. These included altering the hydraulic door actuator by means of a restrictive device, beefing up the surrounding structure, and redesigning the basic door mechanism to improve the interaction between the actuator and the door.
The military aircraft cockpit – time for a rethink?
Authors: Farley John
Published: July 2002

Despite 80 years of military aircraft development producing remarkable differences between early cockpits and those of today, the function of the cockpit has yet to change. Before discussing reasons for expanding the function of future cockpits it is only prudent to assure ourselves that today’s cockpits are as good as they should be. Considers the following questions: how should we assess (let alone measure) the overall quality of a cockpit? Within a total budget how much money should we spend improving the cockpit as opposed to other parts of the same aircraft?
Dynamic analysis of multiple delaminated composite twisted plates
Authors: Parhi P.K. , Bhattacharyya S.K. , Sinha P.K.
Published: July 2002

The present paper deals with the finite element dynamic analysis of delaminated composite twisted plates based on a simple multiple delaminated model. Eight‐noded isoparametric quadratic elements are used to develop the finite element analysis procedure. Composite plates are assumed to contain both single and multiple delaminations. To investigate the dynamic behaviour of delaminated twisted plates, numerical results for free vibration, forced vibration and impact response are generated by varying the size and location of delaminations as well as the stacking sequence and other geometrical parameters.
Desensitization of type 316 stainless steel by laser surface melting
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Banerjee Mihir Kumar
Published: July 2002

Laser surface melting (LSM) on sensitized austenitic stainless steel of cold‐work 25 per cent was carried out by using a continuous wave CO2 laser of power 5kW and traverse speed 20mm/sec of the beam. The stainless steel was sensitized at 898K for 10, 20 and 50hr durations. ASTM A262 Practice A test was used to examine the microstructures of the specimens before and after LSM while single loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (SL‐EPR) technique was used to quantify the degree of sensitization (DOS). A trend is noted between the cold‐work of stainless steel and the degree of desensitization by LSM.
Reducing the degree of sensitization of AISI 304 stainless steel with ceramics heat insulating paste
Authors: Qiu J.H.
Published: July 2002

Investigates the influence of ceramics heat insulating paste on the degree of sensitization of AISI 304 stainless steel using double‐loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation technique. Steel samples with and without protection by ceramics heat insulating paste were heat treated at 700°C for 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Double‐loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL‐EPR) tests were conducted for the as‐received and heat‐treated samples in 0.5M H2SO4 + 0.01M KSCN solutions. Measurements of the ratios of the reactivation current to the anodic current indicated that the ceramics heat insulating paste effectively prevented sensitization of the steel for the first 15 minutes at 700°C and reduced the degree of sensitization for samples heat treated for 30 and 60 minutes. Concludes that the decreased degree of protection by the ceramics heat insulating paste was due to the dehydration and subsequent cracking of the paste.
Corrosion resistance of different coated steels for fuel tanks
Authors: Storojeva Lydia M.
Published: July 2002

Comparative investigations of the corrosion resistance of different coated sheet steels in various fuel mixtures were carried out. Corrosion resistance has been studied on the following materials: Neuratern (electrolytically deposited terne‐coated steel, Thyssen Stahl AG, Germany); Ternesheet (hot‐dip terne‐coated steel, Nippon Steel, Japan); hot‐dip terne‐coated steel (Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine); Neuralyt (Zn‐Ni electrolytically deposited steel, Thyssen Stahl AG, Germany); fal‐D (hot‐dip aluminized steel, Thyssen Stahl AG, Germany); hot‐dip aluminized steel (Cherepovets), Russia); Galvalume (hot‐dip Zn‐55 per cent Al steel, Cherepovets, Russia). Investigations were carried out in the following environments: commercial petrol without special additives + water; commercial petrol, 10 per cent ethylated spirit + water; commercial petrol, 15 per cent methylated spirit + water. Corrosion resistance was evaluated in terms of ratings and weight loss. To compare the behaviour of the different types of samples and various fuel mixtures over the test period rating curves were plotted as a function of the test time.
Duplex stainless steel in the pulp and paper industry
Authors: Bendall Keith Charles
Published: July 2002

States that duplex (austenitic/ferritic) stainless steels offer properties of interest and a cost‐effective material selection solution for plant and equipment in the pulp and paper industry. Reviews characteristics of duplex steels leading to successful long‐term applications of 22 Cr duplex and a copper containing 25 Cr super duplex stainless steel. Concludes that, applied correctly, two‐phase stainless steels can provide long‐term reliable maintenance‐free service in many pulp and paper plant environments.
Forward and backward‐scanning in current‐potential domain ‐ a candidate sensor for surface galvanic strain
Authors: Mukherjee D. , Parthiban G.T. , Muralidharan S. , Jayaperumal D. , Srividyarajagopalan C.
Published: July 2002

Three types of alloys have been chosen, and subjected to three different varieties of macro‐strains, e.g. corrosion‐pittings in a high strength low‐alloy, sensitization‐induced precipitation in an unstabilized 304 s.s. and cold‐working stresses in FeNiMoB and FeNiMoBSi metallic glass foils for diagnostic studies in corrosion console. Attempts to correlate the galvanic activity of these substrates with the imposed galvanic micro‐strains using an entirely new type of criterion, namely the distance between the forward and backward‐scan, indicated by “d” value in terms of current at a particular chosen potential. This technique, however, is limited by a threshold extent of surface‐strains, in terms of either anodic or cathodic stress concentration‐points above which the surface either develops an anodically activated film or it starts behaving as an effective cathode. The galvanic interactions of the surface, under such conditions, become minimal so that the “d” values no longer remain an increasing function of the increasing surface galvanic strain.
Obtaining a clearer picture of corrosion using non‐destructive testing
Authors: Hobbs Chris
Published: July 2002

Explains the use of non‐intrusive corrosion monitoring techniques at AEA Technology’s National Non‐Destructive Testing Centre. Outlines how non‐intrusive technology is now more widely accepted as it offers large cost savings, and examines its use on petrochemical tank floors, for scanning underwater and for providing a swift response.
Corrosion inhibition by phenyl phosphonate and Zn2+
Authors: Rajendran S. , Apparao B.V. , Palaniswamy N.
Published: July 2002

A formulation consisting of 300ppm sodium salt of phenyl phosphonic acid (PPA) and 50ppm Zn2+ is 95 per cent efficient in inhibiting the corrosion of mild steel in a neutral aqueous environment containing 60ppm chloride. A higher concentration of Zn2+ lowered inhibition efficiency. This is due to the formation of an insoluble Zn2+‐PPA complex in the solution. It is found that, in solution, both the phosphonate group and the phenyl group of PPA are involved in the formation of the complex with both Zn2+ and Fe2+, whereas in the solid state, only the phosphonate group is involved.
The mechanism of Zn corrosion in both aerated and deaerated aqueous KNO3 solutions
Authors: Roubani‐Kalantzopoulou F. , Patermarakis G. , Karayianni H.
Published: July 2002

The corrosion of Zn in both aerated by air (O2 + N2), and deaerated by N2, solutions of KNO3 at concentrations largely varying, 10‐5‐1 M, is studied. The corrosion process is followed in time by potentiometry and the potential of Zn electrode (vs. calomel) vs. time plots is derived. In both cases, a transition period is observed until a steady state is achieved where the rate of Zn2+ and OH‐ production becomes equal to the rate of Zn(OH)2 precipitate formation. In the aerated solutions the potential and corrosion rate decrease with time while in the deaerated solutions they pass successively through a minimum and a maximum before a steady state is achieved. By a suitable potentiometric analysis the results are explained. The most important factors found to be affecting the mechanism of corrosion process are presented. From the discovery of the mechanism and the factors affecting the Zn corrosion, predictions for promoting or slowing down the corrosion process may be derived.
Performance evaluation of steel rebars corrosion inhibitors with strain gauges
Authors: Routoulas A.T. , Batis G.
Published: July 2002

A brief presentation of a laboratory technique with strain gauges (SG) detecting steel rebars corrosion in mortar specimens is given. The comparison of the application results obtained in specimens containing corrosion inhibitors is discussed in this paper. The present technique is based on the phenomena of tension state, in which the mortar mass comes near the rebar area, during the formation of corrosion products. SG embedded in reinforcing mortar specimens during casting monitor the internal stresses. Mortar specimens with admixtures and corrosion inhibitors, immersed in a 3.5 percent wt NaCl solution, were tested under impressed potential. Corrosion measurements through SG were correlated with those obtained from charge resistant transfer and compared with mass loss of the rebars. The test results obtained indicate that the SG technique, directly related to corrosion products, is suitable for the laboratory study of the influence of corrosion inhibitors in steel protection.
A new value‐added strategy for the US beef industry
Authors: Katz Jeffrey P. , Boland Michael
Published: July 2002

US Premium Beef Ltd is a cooperative partnership between all segments of the beef industry value chain, affording each segment an interest in the key stages of beef production and processing, as well as an equal share of the financial risks and rewards. This “value‐added” strategy is accomplished through vertical integration and adding a quality‐based pricing structure to more closely link beef producers and consumers. The case study is an example of supply chain management as a strategic response to a mature industry. It also exemplifies how ownership structure of the firm, particularly the emergence of new‐generation cooperatives, is employed as a strategic factor in developing a new competitive approach in an industry characterized by sales decline and aggressive competition from substitute products such as poultry and pork.
Staff motivation in small food manufacturing enterprises (2)
Authors: Bent Richard , Seaman Claire , Ingram Arthur , Forbes Claire
Published: July 2002

Earlier work examined the factors that affected staff motivation and satisfaction in small food businesses, focusing on staff whose roles did not include overall responsibility for the firm. As part of this work, 38 small food processing and manufacturing companies in Scotland were recruited and data collected using interviews and questionnaires. In order to examine the topic in greater detail and to offer a more complete perspective, the owners and/or managers of the 38 firms were interviewed and the results presented here as a contrast. Results highlighted differences in perception between the owner/managers and those staff who took part in the earlier data collection.
Le Boulanger de Strasbourg
Authors: Paul Dana Leo
Published: July 2002

In the past, a baker in Strasbourg produced for the local market, and was not very concerned with events in foreign markets. Now, consumers in Strasbourg have the choice to buy bread in France or in neighbouring Germany. Even if a baker does not wish to internationalise, he is affected by international competitors.
S. David Soda Water Factory
Authors: Paul Dana Leo
Published: July 2002

This case is about a small bottling plant which until recently operated in a protected market. Recently, foreign players such as Coca‐Cola and Pepsi have appeared, eager to engulf little players. S. David is under attack, but he had a competitive advantage in a niche market.
International Beverage Company
Authors: Paul Dana Leo
Published: July 2002

This case is about a small firm which has been given the opportunity to become a bottler for Coca‐Cola in Vietnam. The case addresses competition and product positioning.
Ben & Jerry’s
Authors: Paul Dana Leo
Published: July 2002

Two entrepreneurs, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, had great success with their Ben & Jerry’s ice cream in the USA. Their first attempt at internationalisation, however, was a failure. While international markets offered opportunities, Ben and Jerry realised that risks were also inherent in foreign markets. The purpose of this case is to stimulate thought about internationalisation and about franchising as a means to expand abroad.
Not “Leadership” but “leadership”
Authors: Piasecka Alison
Published: July 2002

Challenges the notion that leadership is about control by strong personalities. Draws on theories of organizational change to show the part leadership plays and how it needs to change to enable organizations to transform themselves to compete most effectively in the modern economy. In particular, how leadership can and should enable the organization to run efficiently from day to day and establish a solid base for empowerment, growth and development. Comments on the use of coaching in leadership
Developing a corporate learning strategy
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin
Published: July 2002

Corporate learning is at a crossroads. Existing courses and facilities are nearing the end of their useful lives, and there are new learning approaches and technologies to consider. A survey of the corporate learning plans and priorities of 69 organisations suggests there is widespread confusion and a lack of direction. Many courses are excessively general and fail to address particular requirements. The focus is overwhelmingly internal and on organisational needs. Individual aspirations and the requirements of customers and business partners are being overlooked. Existing information and knowledge are being shared, but training and development activities are contributing little to the creation and exploitation of new knowledge and intellectual capital. Opportunities for collaboration are being missed. In many companies training and development remain a cost although they could provide the basis for generating new income streams and become a significant business in their own right.
ICL Learning about Self‐managed Learning
Authors: Guy Roy , Holden Fiona , Dickinson Phil
Published: July 2002

Three consultants in ICL′s corporate HRD unit speak from their
experience of self‐managed learning. They ask “Can self‐development
provide people with sufficient confidence in their own future to
engender a positive attitude to corporate change?” Three key points are
illustrated with examples taken from their own experience in ICL:
develop yourself to develop others; help others learn the values of
self‐managed learning – don′t tell them; be flexible at all times,
including the design of solutions. Concludes that self development has a
lot to offer – real, relevant, individual development dovetailed into the
business needs of the developing organization. There is still much to
learn, but their experience in ICL is positive and encouraging. They
believe it is right for these “empowering” times, and can indeed help
people develop sufficient confidence in their own future to engender a
positive attitude towards the inevitable and essential corporate change.
Responding to Competence Requirements with Relevant and Effective
Training and Development Programmes
Authors: Jackson David J. , Marsden Alan W.
Published: July 2002

British Nuclear Fuels plc, an organization employing around 15,000
people, entered the 1990s facing change on a number of business fronts,
precipitated by the privatization of the UK electricity industry, the
move from cost plus to fixed price contracts and the need to become
globally competitive. This meant different needs in terms of ways of
working and in the competences required by managers and staff at all
levels, which, in turn, changed the emphasis in terms of training and
development so that it became targeted and cost‐effective. Different
practices at shopfloor level demanded new styles of supervision and team
working. Describes three of the main initiatives in support of this
programme of change: the introduction of additional skilling and
teamworking at the Springfields Works near Preston; the systematic
process of “personal development” introduced for staff company‐wide; and
the assessment and development approach initiated for senior managers.
Looking Forward to the Past of Business Ethics
Authors: Jackson Norman , Carter Pippa
Published: July 2002

Speculates on what a retrospective view of the next ten years of the
development of business ethics might look like. First characterizes
management knowledge as transient and recyclable, in the nature of a
fashionable commodity. Puts forward a retrospective view based on the
expectation that the current interest in business ethics will follow
this pattern. Second, this leads to the argument that interest in
business ethics will be superficial rather than real. In the third part
suggests that this is inevitable, given the need to be seen to be
ethical while at the same time prioritizing profit.
Performance Management as the Key to Customer Service
Authors: Macaulay Stephen , Cook Sarah
Published: July 2002

Performance management has become an essential skill for many managers
as customers become more demanding and costs are squeezed tightly.
Explores the benefits of good performance management in creating better
service to the customer. Describes the key elements of defining key
results areas and setting meaningful objectives. Discusses a framework
of linking motivation and performance and raises some points to consider
in reward and incentive methods. Provides an outline for successfully
conducting performance reviews. Concludes that no one pretends managing
performance is easy, but that optimum performance will come from a
rigorous focused approach to managing people and performance.
Psychometric instruments: potential benefits and practical use
Authors: Melamed Tuvia , Jackson David
Published: July 2002

Describes the link between the potential improvements that can be
made in business performance and the practical incorporation of
psychometric instruments within human resource strategies. Explains
psychometrics which is used in two quite different contexts: with a
business orientation; or to support the development of individuals. Also
provides a description of various applications across the human resource
functional activities. Outlines the danger associated with a
non‐professional approach with practical suggestions to overcome. Argues
that the practical application of psychometric instruments provide added
value and financial benefits for an organization′s activities.
Successful pilot programmes
Authors: Boak George
Published: July 2002

Currently there are many innovations in training, particularly in
new ways of delivering and assessing training programmes. Innovations
are usually tested in pilot programmes, to assess the effectiveness of
the new design. Most successful pilot programmes have certain key
characteristics in common. Sets out ten rules which should be followed
in order to make sure pilot programmes are successful. The rules cover
essential aspects of design, planning, resource allocation, recruiting
and briefing participants, evaluating results and building on success.
Developing a postgraduate programme for a company′s sales
management workforce
Authors: Vignali Claudio , Jones Peter
Published: July 2002

Very few of the business and management programmes within UK
universities focus on sales and sales management or were designed
specifically to meet the needs of those wishing to make, or further,
their careers in sales. Describes a postgraduate programme developed at
the Manchester Metropolitan University for the Carlsberg Tetley company.
Outlines the design and development of the programme, examines its
structure, content and teaching and assessment strategies, and discusses
the challenges and benefits associated with this commercial‐educational
venture.
Keeping pace with change: new contracts and responsibilities
Authors: Bates Terence , Bloch Susan
Published: July 2002

A survey of individuals and organizations was undertaken to assess how the changing world of work ‐ in terms of delayering, outsourcing, IT, etc., is affecting the preparedness of people to deal with these changes. Responses were received from 184 individuals and 300 organizations. Areas covered included personal career management and organizational support for career management and development. The surprising finding was that individuals seemed more complacent and less prepared to meet these changes than organizations ‐ the latter made no great claims to be able to provide appropriate support in the future.
Why learning is not a cycle: 1 ‐ discovering pattern
Authors: Schlesinger Eric
Published: July 2002

Proposes a new way of looking at learning that reflects the complexity and messiness of life. While inefficient learning habits are just that, the long‐standing cycle, circle, wheel or spiral of learning theory is too neat and organized. Criticizes the Honey and Mumford approach to learning styles for adopting an approach to experience that is behavioural at the expense of the meaningful aspects of experience. Theorizing and experiencing are one action, not two. People are practical theorists. They use the learning elements of Kolb, Honey and Mumford, etc., but in a varying sequence. The result is rich and complex patterns. Action learning’s theory of learning provides an example of this pattern. People often display this pattern in their knowing‐in‐action. The learning cycle is a convenient simplification that is best used for after‐the‐event reflection. Underlying these contrasting theories are two schools of thought ‐ traditional analytic and interpretive science. Proposes the need to use interpretive science to develop action as thinking.
The Learning River ‐ six years of learning and cruising
Authors: Coates Jonathan
Published: July 2002

Describes how the Learning River, which is a model for achieving the best means of continuous learning to achieve business objectives, was created and developed.
Implementing a successful quality programme: lessons from those that have failed
Authors: Cutler Philip G. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: July 2002

Aims to provide a guide for companies to help them implement a successful quality programme, by learning from the many companies which have failed in this regard. By comparing the many companies which were unable to implement a successful quality programme, shows how success or failure can be pre‐determined by addressing four key areas. The first, planning, deals with setting the right quality course for success. The second, commitment, perhaps the broadest area, deals with effective practices for success. The third, opening the quality umbrella, tracks the failure of companies to implement quality company‐wide and beyond. Finally, true customer satisfaction asserts that a purely quality‐based focus is not enough to ensure the survival and success of a quality programme.
Lloyds TSB ‐ a step in the right direction
Authors: King Liz
Published: July 2002

Since the merger of Lloyds and TSB banks in 1995/96, the number of operational staff working within the company has increased two‐fold, paving the way for Lloyds TSB to develop a new company training, programmes, aimed specifically at operational and support staff.
Coaching, mentoring and the sibling organization
Authors: Bagshaw Michael
Published: July 2002

The sibling organization is a stage in the development of organizations following the uncertainty created by downsizing and restructuring. People feel the need to invest in self‐preservation, perhaps at the expense of collaborative effort, risk‐taking and shared learning. Organizational defensive routines limit growth and creativity. Morale is depressed, job satisfaction is reduced and performance goes down. To counter this post‐change depressive effect, a new contract of mutual investment and respect needs to be created between the employee and the organization. A coaching style of management combined with independent mentoring support can provide the vehicle for a climate of two‐stranded development where both the needs of the individual and the needs of the organization are aligned.
A framework for evaluating the effectiveness of technology‐assisted learning
Authors: Athanasou James A.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for the evaluation of educational and training programs in commerce and industry. Official statistics highlight the lack of training evaluations and point to a need for critical appraisal of training efforts. Evaluation is presented as a systematic process for investigating the merit and worth of education and training. A holistic approach that synthesises six key factors is outlined, with examples from technology‐assisted learning, management and staff training. This hexagonal evaluation model comprises: ethics, costs, coverage, objectives, effects and stakeholders.
Distance learning ‐ bringing out the best in training
Authors: Tarr Madeleine
Published: July 2002

The traditional view is that live training is the only suitable means of delivering sales and management training. Companies fail to consider distance learning as an alternative ‐ or addition ‐ to make management and staff development programmes even more effective. Principal advantages of distance learning are flexibility, cost savings, more efficient use of time and staff motivation. It can be more effective ‐ people learn at their own pace and retain more information, staff are far more likely to accept ownership and learners are more proactive. For the company, acceptance of the merits of the training and development message at all levels brings positive changes to company culture and philosophy, introducing the concept of being “a learning organisation” and providing a knock‐on advantage of boosting staff morale and motivation
360‐degree feedback ‐ great expectations?
Authors: Huggett Marianne
Published: July 2002

360‐degree feedback is gaining acceptance as a way of supporting development programmes and appraisal schemes. The experience of an engineering company using 360‐degree feedback to help managers and their staff have a more effective appraisal discussion is used to illustrate the caution needed to ensure that the expectations of the organisation are realistic and that the employees’ natural concerns are taken into account.
Management training for international students
Authors: Rees W. David , Porter Christine
Published: July 2002

Management training for international students is an increasingly large, but competitive and volatile, global market. Training providers need to ensure that they are market‐oriented and avoid an ethnocentric approach. Programme delivery needs to take account of the national context in which students are, or will be, working. Potential action points are identified that may help improve the quality of management training in particular. Developing a positive reputation is part of the marketing process. In‐house training of lecturing staff in the special needs of international students may be necessary.
The new Euro‐executive
Authors: Hurn Brian J.
Published: July 2002

The hallmark of the new breed of European manager is cross‐cultural and linguistic fluency to achieve competitive edge in the European marketplace. There is a need to acquire and develop certain key competencies in order to live harmoniously and work effectively in this international environment. These requirements are reflected in the recruitment and selection of European managers. The changing face of European management presents new training challenges and opportunities, with the emphasis on developing cross‐cultural awareness, the ability to work in multicultural teams and to communicate across cultures.
Hidden concepts in training
Authors: Williams Karen
Published: July 2002

This article describes covert content in training courses, examines the role it can play in deciding content and methods, and addresses the issue of how important this influence may be. The specific concepts of differentiation, integration, a holistic approach and you get out what you put in, are described, together with the ways in which they have been identified as contributing fundamentally to the structure and content of a particular training programme, and to the methodology used in presenting it. The ways in which these concepts show in the training are described, showing how each concept links to one or more techniques used within the courses.
Computer mediated communication ‐ is it good for organizations?
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

Discusses the development of computer mediated communication (CMC) as a major method of communication both in and between organizations. Examines the effect of CMC within organizations, in terms of individual and group relationships. Highlights advantages and disadvantages of CMC and the effect it has had on roles within organizations. Concludes that further investigation into the impact of CMC on working environments and society is needed.
Formal assessment of student placement within a retail sandwich degree
Authors: Huntington Sue , Stephen John , Oldfield Brenda M.
Published: July 2002

This paper provides a discussion on the implementation of formal assessment of work placement within a retail sandwich degree at the Manchester Metropolitan University. Outlines the Retail Marketing degree and placement programme. Explains the key components of placement assessment: professional practice; personal skills and the placement project. Concludes that successful assessment relies on careful briefing and preparation of students prior to placement and close liaison between placement tutor, employer and student during the sandwich period.
The art of mentoring
Authors: Pegg Mike
Published: July 2002

How can you be a good mentor? How can you pass on your wisdom? How can you help people to find their answers to challenges? Mentoring now plays a key role in organisations that wish to pass on their hard earned wisdom. But how to ensure that such an approach works? This article explores issues you may wish to consider when: selecting mentors; defining the role of mentors; and running a mentoring session. The article also illustrates the classic “Five C” model for helping people to focus on their challenges; choices; consequences; creative solutions; and conclusions. Good mentors create a “stimulating sanctuary”. They help people to build on their strengths, find solutions and achieve ongoing success. This article gives a snapshot of key elements to bear in mind when introducing mentoring into your organisation.
When training became learning – a cautionary tale about what could be
Authors: Rabey Gordon
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a management development programme, which aimed to increase staff commitment to tasks by strengthening teamwork. It explores the lessons that can be gained from such training programmes, and concludes that both time and leadership are essential attributes for successful learning experiences.
The state of Ugandan bibliographic control and strategies into the twenty‐first century
Authors: Kigongo‐Bukenya I.M.N.
Published: July 2002

The origins of librarianship in Uganda are indicated and the legislation affecting bibliographic control in the country described. Issues are discussed including publishing, a national library and national bibliographic agency, information technology, education and standards. Factors affecting the current state of bibliographic control in Uganda are examined and relevant agencies and publications listed. Strategies for further development are put forward and recommendations made.
Consumer health information needs and services in Nigeria
Authors: Popoola S.O.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the information needs and services of health consumers in Nigeria. The cluster‐quota sampling technique with a questionnaire instrument was used for data collection on 260 subjects out of which 250 responded and their questionnaires were found to be usable for analysis. The study found that there was a significant relationship between the levels of education of the health consumers and sources of information used. Books/reports, medical laboratories, film houses and medical library/records office were rarely used when they were searching for pertinent information on health care services. Also, their specific areas of health information needs and services were found to be health institutions service quality, child and maternal care, drugs administration, and family planning. The available health information systems failed to meet the demands made of them.
Books across the Atlantic
Authors: Glasgow Eric
Published: July 2002

The name of John Harvard is widely known through the university which bears his name, yet relatively little is known of the man himself. One of the Puritan Fathers of New England, he was not the founder of Harvard University, the principle of which had been decided in the summer of 1636 while Harvard himself was still in England; but at his death in 1638 he bequeathed half of his estate and all his books to the college. The nature of his private library is described and discussed.