bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IgE Sequences in Individuals Living in an Area of Endemic Parasitism Show Little Mutational Evidence of Antigen Selection
Authors: Wang Y. , Jackson K. J. L. , Chen Z. , Gaëta B. A. , Siba P. M. , Pomat W. , Walpole E. , Rimmer J. , Sewell W. A. , Collins A. M.
Published: February 2011

Patterns of somatic mutation in IgE genes from allergic individuals have been a focus of study for many years, but IgE sequences have never been reported from parasitized individuals. To study the role of antigen selection in the evolution of the anti‐parasite response, we therefore generated 118 IgE sequences from donors living in Papua New Guinea (PNG), an area of endemic parasitism. For comparison, we also generated IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 sequences from these donors, as well as IgG1 sequences from Australian donors. IgE sequences had, on average, 23.0 mutations. PNG IgG sequences had average mutation levels that varied from 17.7 (IgG3) to 27.1 (IgG4). Mean mutation levels correlated significantly with the position of their genes in the constant region gene locus (IgG3 < IgG1 < IgG2 < IgG4). Interestingly, given the heavy, life‐long antigen burden experienced by PNG villagers, average mutation levels in IgG sequences were little different to that seen in Australian IgG1 sequences (19.2). Patterns of mutation provide clear evidence of antigen selection in many IgG sequences. The percentage of IgG sequences that showed significant accumulations of replacement mutations in the complementarity determining regions ranged from 22% of IgG3 sequences to 39% of IgG2 sequences. By contrast, only 12% of IgE sequences had such evidence of antigen selection, and this was significantly less than in PNG IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 subclass sequences (P < 0.01). The anti‐parasite IgE response therefore has the reduced evidence of antigen selection that has previously been reported in studies of IgE sequences from allergic individuals.
Improved protein‐binding microarrays for the identification of DNA‐binding specificities of transcription factors
Authors: Godoy Marta , Franco‐Zorrilla José M. , Pérez‐Pérez Julián , Oliveros Juan C. , Lorenzo Óscar , Solano Roberto
Published: February 2011

Transcriptional regulation depends on the specificity of transcription factors (TFs) recognizing cis regulatory sequences in the promoters of target genes. Current knowledge about DNA‐binding specificities of TFs is based mostly on low‐ to medium‐throughput methodologies, revealing DNA motifs bound by a TF with high affinity. These strategies are time‐consuming and often fail to identify DNA motifs recognized by a TF with lower affinity but retaining biological relevance. Here we report on the development of a protein‐binding microarray (PBM11) containing all possible double‐stranded 11‐mers for the determination of DNA‐binding specificities of TFs. The large number of sequences in the PBM11 allows accurate and high‐throughput quantification of TF‐binding sites, outperforming previous methods. We applied this tool to determine binding site specificities of two Arabidopsis TFs, MYC2 and ERF1, rendering the G‐box and the GCC‐box, respectively, as their highest‐affinity binding sites. In addition, we identified variants of the G‐box recognized by MYC2 with high and medium affinity, whereas ERF1 only recognized GCC variants with low affinity, indicating that ERF1 binding to DNA has stricter base requirements than MYC2. Analysis of transcriptomic data revealed that high‐ and medium‐affinity binding sites have biological significance, probably representing relevant cis‐acting elements in vivo. Comparison of promoter sequences with putative orthologs from closely related species demonstrated a high degree of conservation of all the identified DNA elements. The combination of PBM11, transcriptomic data and phylogenomic footprinting provides a straightforward method for the prediction of biologically active cis‐elements, and thus for identification of in vivo DNA targets of TFs.
Randomised, placebo‐controlled trial to evaluate co‐trimoxazole to reduce mortality and morbidity in HIV‐infected post‐natal women in Zambia (TOPAZ)
Authors: Nunn Andrew J. , Mwaba Peter B. , Chintu Chifumbe , Crook Angela M. , Darbyshire Janet H. , Ahmed Yusuf , Zumla Alimuddin I.
Published: February 2011

Objective  To evaluate the role of prophylactic trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (co‐trimoxazole) antibacterial prophylaxis in reducing morbidity and mortality in HIV‐infected post‐natal women in southern Africa.

Methods  Double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. HIV‐infected women with WHO stage 2 or 3 HIV disease who had recently delivered in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia were randomised to receive daily co‐trimoxazole (cotox) or matched placebo daily for the duration of the trial. Participants were followed up for a minimum of 1 year. Primary outcome measures were mortality from any cause or hospital admission and serious adverse events.

Results  Of 600 women randomised, follow‐up information was available from 355 (180 cotox, 175 placebo) participants. Thirty‐six (17 cotox, 19 placebo) women died during the trial, and another 11 (5 cotox, 6 placebo) were admitted to hospital. There was no significant difference in the combined event rates between the two treatment arms: HR = 0.82, 95% CI (0.46, 1.45), P = 0.49; morbidity was reduced over a range of symptoms. Secondary analyses of the outcome in babies indicated some evidence of reduced mortality in those whose mothers were allocated cotox.

Conclusions  Follow‐up rates were poor; there was no evidence that co‐trimoxazole prophylaxis reduced mortality or hospital admission rates, although fewer symptoms were reported in the cotox arm. Cotox was safe and well tolerated.
Rhizobial Nod factors are required for cortical cell division in the nodule morphogenetic programme of the Aeschynomeneae legume Arachis
Authors: Ibáñez F. , Fabra A.
Published: February 2011

Nod factors are among the best‐studied molecules implicated in the signal exchange that leads to legume–rhizobia symbiosis. The role of these molecules in symbiosis development has been primarily studied in legumes invaded through infection threads. In these plants, Nod factors generate several responses required for nodulation, including the induction of cortical cell division to form the nodule primordium. Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut) exhibits a specific mode of rhizobial infection and nodule morphogenetic programme in which infection threads are never formed. The role of Nod factors in this particular mechanism is unknown. In this work, a peanut symbiont mutant strain unable to produce Nod factors was obtained and characterised. The strain Bradyrhizobium (Arachis) sp. SEMIA 6144 V2 is altered in the nodC gene, which encodes an N‐acetylglucosaminyl transferase involved in the first step of the Nod factor biosynthetic pathway. Further research revealed that, although its ability to colonise peanut roots was unaffected, it is not capable of inducing the division of cortical cells. The results obtained indicate that rhizobial Nod factors are essential for the induction of cortical cell division that leads to nodule primordium formation.
Fifteen years of sacral nerve stimulation: from an open procedure to a minimally invasive technique
Authors: Hetzer F. H.
Published: February 2011

Aim  This historical review describes the development of InterStim™ therapy from an open procedure to a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of pelvic floor disorders. The latest technological and surgical evaluations of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) are presented with their impact on the therapy’s success and safety.

Method  A search for relevant literature on SNS in the PubMed database was carried out for this review, which focuses on technical modifications and related clinical outcomes.

Results  InterStim™ therapy for faecal incontinence was introduced in Europe in 1995. Since its introduction, technical improvements in devices and leads have progressed SNS from an open one‐stage procedure to a minimally invasive two‐stage technique. A smaller neurostimulator and particularly the new tined lead allow InterStim™ therapy to be performed under local anaesthesia and in an outpatient setting. Additionally, the use of the self‐anchoring tined lead has reduced the number of technical failures and improved the test phase significantly, from 60% to 80%. The new smaller‐in‐size neurostimulator facilitates the implant procedure and further improves patient comfort.

Conclusion  By using new technical achievements over the past 15 years, InterStim™ therapy has become a highly effective and safe procedure for selected patients with faecal incontinence.
The influence of sacral nerve stimulation on anorectal dysfunction
Authors: Carrington E. V. , Knowles C. H.
Published: February 2011

Aim  Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has become an established option in the management of defaecatory disorders. There are many data on the end‐organ effects of SNS, but limited consensus on its mechanism of action. The objective of this review was to determine the effect of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) on anorectal function.

Method  Systematic literature review of the effect of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) on anorectal function.

Results  There was significant heterogeneity of data pertaining to the effects of SNS on anorectal function, with no consistent change in physiological measures identified. Most data supported a mixed mechanism of action on anal motor and rectal sensory functioning.

Conclusion  To date, conflicting data exist on the mechanism of action of SNS as determined by end‐organ changes in anorectal physiology. Nevertheless, the data as they stand best support a mixed mechanism of action on anal motor and rectal sensory functions.
Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: its role in the treatment algorithm
Authors: Matzel K. E.
Published: February 2011

Aim  Indications for sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for faecal incontinence have expanded over the last decade. This report aims to determine the clinical outcome of the current use of SNS in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Its objective is also to review the most recent role of SNS in patients with anal sphincter lesions.

Method  The literature was searched using Medline and Cochrane databases. The search was restricted to publications in English. For the analysis, studies with < 25 patients were excluded. For SNS in patients with sphincter defects, all papers were included.

Results  Thirteen publications on the clinical outcome of SNS were included. Nine papers were identified reporting the application of SNS in patients with a morphological sphincter lesion. The most common outcome measures of clinical efficacy were frequency of incontinence using the Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score. All studies demonstrated highly improved function across all outcome measures and improvement was statistically significant in all. Outcomes remain stable at long‐term follow up. In patients with sphincteric gaps ranging from 17 to 180°, SNS was clinically effective at short‐term follow up. The size of the gap appears to have no impact on outcome.

Conclusion  SNS has evolved to become a clinical efficient therapy applicable across a wide spectrum of causes of faecal incontinence with reproducible results. SNS can be considered to be an essential part of the current surgical treatment algorithm for faecal incontinence.
Status of sacral neuromodulation for refractory constipation
Authors: Baeten C. G. M. I.
Published: February 2011

Aim  This review article aims to provide a brief update on the current data on and position of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in the specialized management of refractory idiopathic constipation.

Method  Published evidence from PubMed and our own unpublished data on SNM treatment for refractory idiopathic constipation were used for this evaluation.

Results  Seven studies were found in PubMed that covered this topic. The main focus was on the most recently published multicentre nonrandomized European trial. Summary data from our unpublished study on constipation in children are also included.

Conclusions  The use of SNM in the treatment of idiopathic constipation is still in its early phase and while the available efficacy and safety data are limited, they show promising results. As there are few alternatives for this difficult patient group, it is worth offering a percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE) test, which is known to be a good predictor of postimplant treatment success.
Future indications for sacral nerve stimulation
Authors: Dudding T. C.
Published: February 2011

Aim  The aim of this article was to determine the effect of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) on the treatment of faecal incontinence, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, mixed urinary and bowel disorders, spinal injury and neurodegenerative disease, pain syndromes, and sexual dysfunction.

Method  A Medline search was performed including the keywords and/or MeSH headings of ‘sacral nerve stimulation’, ‘neuromodulation’, ‘artificial pacemaker’, ‘faecal incontinence’, ‘constipation’ and ‘anal pain’. Further studies were identified by cross‐referencing from relevant articles and by appraisal of recent peer‐reviewed conference abstracts and proceedings.

Results  SNS has been used for the treatment of urinary, bowel and sexual dysfunction, as well as pain resulting from such disorders, and dysfunction arising from nerve injury and degenerative disease. There is a paucity of high quality evidence to support the use of SNS for the majority of novel indications at present.

Conclusion  Good quality prospective, cross‐over studies are required to determine the true benefits of SNS. Further research into patient selection, operative technique and stimulation parameters for existing indications will ensure a place for SNS in the future treatment algorithm of functional pelvic floor disorders.
LOCATION‐SPECIFIC FACTORS, LOCALISATION STRATEGY, AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF TAIWANESE MANUFACTURING MNE SUBSIDIARIES INVESTING IN CHINA
Authors: LI CHUN‐SHENG JOSEPH , HENLEY JOHN , ANSELL JONATHAN , DONG TSE‐PING
Published: February 2011

In today's global business, location‐specific factors represent the special advantages accruing to MNEs investing in a particular host country. First, this study aims to assess the importance of location‐specific factors in China, and how these factors have changed over the years 2003, 2004, and 2005. Second, this case study intends to investigate the strategies utilised by the Taiwanese respondent MNE subsidiaries to exploit China's location‐specific factors, and then explore the firm performance of the Taiwanese respondent subsidiaries in China. The findings of this study suggest that most Taiwanese respondent MNEs, based on a cost leadership strategy, are keen to exploit China's lower‐cost labour resources. However, the reality that the average labour cost in China (especially in the coastal provinces), is rising is also reflected in this survey result. Moreover, the high level of local sales seems to show that Taiwanese companies are creating more marketing networks to expand local sales in China's domestic market (a growth strategy). Taiwanese respondent firms are satisfied with their subsidiary performance in China, and are positive about the recent developments of China's location factors.
Sleep‐related breathing disorders in the Shy–Drager syndrome. Observations on investigation and management
Authors: Harcourt J. , Spraggs P. , Mathias C. , Brookes G.
Published: February 2011

We report on 18 patients with the Shy–Drager syndrome who were referred for assessment of a sleep‐related breathing disorder. The main symptoms of snoring, apnoea, stridor and daytime hypersomnolence were detailed and vocal cord movement graded by laryngoscopy as normal, mild weakness of abduction or near paralysis of vocal cord movement Sleep studies involving oximetry and observations were performed. Obstructive and central apnoeas were detected in six patients. Many patients with near paralysis of vocal cord abduction had normal sleep studies. Successful management strategies of obstructive cases included CPAP, nasal surgery and tracheostomy or arytenoidectomy alone or in combination. Sleep‐related breathing disorders in the Shy–Drager syndrome may involve significant nocturnal desaturation; investigation with suitable medical or surgical treatment should be employed in these patients.
Mini‐Mental State Examination: a normative study in Italian elderly population
Authors: Magni E. , Binetti G. , Bianchetti A. , Rozzini R. , Trabucchi M.
Published: February 2011

The Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), a brief test to assess cognitive status, is heavily influenced by age and education. It was administered to 1019 elderly subjects (aged 65–89 years) living in three different Italian cities. A statistical non‐linear regression model was built up in order to obtain adjustment coefficients to reduce the influence of demographic variables on the MMSE raw scores. Age and educational level were significantly and independently associated with the MMSE score. Results of a multiple linear regression with transformation of age and education provided adjustment coefficients of the MMSE raw scores. Data from this study will ameliorate the overall reliability of MMSE as a screening test for cognitive impairment in elderly people.
Auditory hallucinosis in brainstem lesions and musical hallucination in deafness. Analogies and differences
Authors: Baurier V. Obach , Tuca J. Obach
Published: February 2011

Auditory hallucinations are found at the cross‐roads of otological, neurological and psychiatric practice. They are generally considered to be the manifestation of psychosis, delirium tremens and chronic alcoholism, toxic states, hemispheric (predominantly temporal lobe) involvement, brainstem disorders or acquired peripheral (acoustic nerve, cochlea or middle‐ear) deafness. Auditory hallucinosis in one case of brainstem lesion and musical hallucinations in two cases associated with acquired peripheral deafness are presented. Analogies and differences, pathophysiology and review of the literature are discussed.
Objective assessment of foot strike in Parkinson's disease*
Authors: Contin M. , Riva R. , Martinelli P. , Balboni M. , Tonello C. , Albani F. , Baruzzi A.
Published: February 2011

We assessed the nature of foot strike and the potential effect of acute levodopa dosing in Parkinsonian patients with mild to severe fluctuations of motor performances in comparison with healthy volunteers. Forty‐eight patients were enrolled in the study and compared with 33 age and gender matched controls. Each patient was assessed by a computerized electropodographic system before levodopa dosing and 1 and 2‐h after intake of a standard fasting morning dose of levodopa plus benserazide. Twelve foot strikes (six right, six left) were analysed per patient. The controls underwent three repeated examinations at 1‐h intervals. Patients' motor response to acute levodopa dosing was evaluated at fixed times by a battery of motor tests. Foot strike dynamics differed between patients and controls: in particular, first ground contact of the foot was significantly shifted from heel to forefoot in patients compared to controls. The forward shift in footprint during walking was more marked on the more affected body side but was unrelated to the severity and duration of Parkinsonism and unresponsive to levodopa dosing. Tapping and walking tests were overall responsive to acute levodopa intake. The system seemed suitable to detect irregular patterns of foot strike even at the early stages of Parkinsonism, when lower limb disorder was not clinically overt, and might be useful in the search for clinical markers of Parkinsonian gait.
IgG subclasses and their intrathecal synthesis in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Losy J. , Wender M.
Published: February 2011

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may be an autoimmune disease. In this paper IgG subclasses levels in the CSF and sera and their intrathecal synthesis were studied. IgG subclasses levels were determined by ELISA method using monoclonal antibodies against human IgG subclasses, secondary biotinylated antibody and avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex. There was statistically significant elevation of IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses in the CSF of ALS patients. In sera of patients with ALS, IgG2 level was diminished, but there was no statistical difference in other IgG subclasses. IgG1 and IgG3 indices were elevated in patients with ALS, detecting synthesis of these subclasses in the CNS. General IgG index value did not differ from the control value. The results support the concept that autoimmune mechanisms may play a role in the pathogenesis of ALS.
The influence of EMG‐initiated electrical muscle stimulation on motor recovery of the centrally paretic hand
Authors: Hummelsheim H. , Amberger S. , Mauritz K.H.
Published: February 2011

The present study compares the effect of EMG‐initiated electrical stimulation of hand extensors and flexors with the influence of a standardized repetitive training of the hand that had been proven to ameliorate arm and hand function significantly. Twenty hemiparetic stroke patients participated in the study. Following a 2 week baseline phase in which conventional inpatient occupational and physiotherapy was applied, all patients received EMG‐initiated electrical muscle stimulation twice daily during 20 min periods followed by a third phase with a standardized repetitive training of the hand. Both training procedures were conducted in addition to conventional occupational and physiotherapy. Grip strength, peak force of isometric hand extensions as well as peak acceleration of isotonic hand extensions were measured as indicators of motor performance. Spasticity of hand flexors was assessed by means of the modified Ashworth scale. Motor capacity of the affected arm was scored by means of the Rivermead motor assessment, arm section. Contrary to usual occupational and physiotherapy, both the EMG‐initiated stimulation and the repetitive training are appropriate to improve all biomechanical and functional parameters significantly whereas no difference in the efficacy of both methods could be detected. The functional significance of frequent active repetition of identifcal movements and the role of time‐locked afferent information about the unfolding movement for motor learning and recovery are discussed.
New Big Men: Refugee Emasculation as a Human Security Issue
Authors: Lukunka Barbra
Published: February 2011

Academics and policymakers have conducted a significant amount of research on the physical security and integrity of refugee populations, especially of refugee women and children. That on refugee women has focused on gender‐based violence. This study expands on previous research by employing a human security approach to analyse not only the physical security and integrity of refugees, but also their socio‐psychological well‐being. Specifically, I argue that poor socio‐psychological well‐being actually explains the manifestations of violence against women in refugee camps. To make this argument, I document and explain the emasculation of Burundian refugee men living in Kanembwa camp in western Tanzania.
ESR study of photoinduced free radicals by visible light in hair and the effects of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Authors: Chikvaidze E. , Khachatryan I.
Published: February 2011

Synopsis

The ESR spectra of melanin’s free radicals in natural black and red hair have been investigated. It is shown that the ESR spectrum of black hair is slightly asymmetric singlet with g = 2.0037 and ΔH = 0.5 mTl. The ESR spectrum of red hair with g = 2.0053 differs from the spectrum of black hair. Using the method of saturation was shown that ESR spectrum of red hair represents a superposition of two signals: a singlet, relating to the black hair, and a triplet from red hair’s pheomelanin. Under the influence of visible light (blue with λmax = 450 nm, green with λmax = 510 nm and red with λmax = 650 nm) in both types of hair (black and red), the photoinduced free radicals appear, which indicates an increase in the intensity of already existing ESR spectrum of hair. It should be noted that the ESR spectra of red hair from various donors are different. The antioxidant ascorbic acid (vitamin C) has the different effect on the photoinduced free radicals. In particular, in the case of black hair, the concentration of photoinduced free radicals is slightly reduced, whereas in red hair, the disappearance of the triplet in the spectrum is observed, and at the same time, the spectrum becomes a singlet, the intensity of which increases sharply. It is assumed that the antioxidants, effective for black hair, may be ineffective for red hair and vice versa. Therefore, in each, specific case is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of an antioxidant separately.
Benefit of a topical slimming cream in conjunction with dietary advice
Authors: Escudier B. , Fanchon C. , Labrousse E. , Pellae M.
Published: February 2011

Synopsis

The aim of this study was to determine how worthwhile it would be to combine a newly developed topical slimming product with customized dietary habits not based on calorie restriction, so as to improve the cellulite appearance of the skin. At the beginning of the study, a nutritionist recorded the dietary habits of each participant and gave recommendations to each of them according to their food consumption. The chosen methodology was a right/left comparison, one thigh and hip being treated with the new topical slimming product and the other one left untreated to serve as a random control. Objective evaluations were performed by blind assessors. Control of food intake improved the cellulite score after 4 weeks when compared with the base value, but this reduction was significantly greater and earlier on the treated side than on the untreated side, indicating an objective additional benefit derived from the new slimming cream. This result corroborated the slimming effect assessed by measurement in centimetres of the circumference of the upper thighs and the reconstructed volume of the thigh between two fixed horizontal slices. Furthermore, skin tonicity, a major component of cellulite visibility, was also significantly improved on the treated side after only 2 weeks.

This new topical cream thus enhances the benefit of a dietetic control for the treatment of the visible aspect of cellulite on the skin.
Efficacy and safety of antihistamines in allergic skin disorders
Authors: Maddin Stuart
Published: February 2011

Background For patients with urticaria, H1‐antihistamines remain the gold standard medical treatment of choice. They act by blocking H1 receptors on the vascular endothelial cell surface. Newer, non‐sedating antihistamines such as loratadine also act to some extent by blocking the release of histamine from mast cells, basophils and human skin tissue.

Efficacy All of the newer antihistamines (loratadine, terfenadine, astemizole and cetirizine) have been shown to have comparable efficacy to the classic sedating antihistamines and to be significantly superior to placebo in terms of symptom improvement. Loratadine has been shown to be at least as effective as the other non‐sedating agents and cetirizine. Antihistamines also have a potential benefit in the management of patients with atopic dermatitis. In two studies, loratadine was found to be significantly superior to placebo in the reduction of pruritus.

Safety In terms of safety, the newer antihistamines have important differences. Cetirizine, for example, causes dose‐related sedation and functional impairment compared to placebo. In contrast, loratadine has no such sedative effects. Terfenadine and astemizole have also been shown to be free of sedative effects, but exceeding the recommended dose of either may increase the risk of a serious cardiac arrhythmia, torsades de pointes. Plasma levels of both terfenadine and astemizole may also be increased as a result of interaction with various drugs. In contrast, loratadine has not been shown to induce ECG changes, even at doses of 40 mg o.d. for 90 days.
Future needs
Authors: Monroe Eugene
Published: February 2011

Background Future needs suggested by an international panel of dermatologists in April 1995 were listed as follows: (i) investigational trials to validate components of the existing treatment algorithms; (ii) continued support of research into the pathophysiology of allergic skin diseases; (iii) trials to test the efficacy and safety of new therapeutic approaches; and (iv) education of patients and primary care physicians regarding allergic skin disorders.

Aim A large international multicentre, randomised, placebo‐controlled trial is soon to be initiated to determine whether the non‐sedating antihistamine, loratadine (10 mg) plus 0.1% mometasone furoate, is equal to or better than mometasone furoate alone or placebo in reducing the symptoms of pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis.

Conclusion Clearly, there are numerous processes and mediators other than histamine that could be targeted therapeutically in allergic skin disorders, and even better treatment modalities may be available in the future.
Stimulation of bursting in pre‐Bötzinger neurons by Epac through calcium release and modulation of TRPM4 and K‐ATP channels
Authors: Mironov Sergej L. , Skorova Ekaterina Y.
Published: February 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 295–308.

The exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (Epac) can couple cAMP production to the activation of particular membrane and cytoplasmic targets. Using patch‐clamp recordings and calcium imaging in organotypic brainstem slices, we examined the role of Epac in pre‐Bötzinger complex, an essential part of the respiratory network. The selective agonist 8‐(4‐chlorophenylthio)‐2′‐O‐methyl‐cAMP (8‐pCPT) sensitized calcium mobilisation from inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐sensitive internal stores that stimulated TRPM4 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, Melastatin) channels and potentiated the bursts of action potentials. 8‐pCPT actions were abolished after inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 and depletion of calcium stores with thapsigargin. Caffeine‐sensitive release channels were not modulated by 8‐pCPT. Epac inhibited ATP‐sensitive K+ channels that also led to the enhancement of bursting by 8‐pCPT. Bursting activity, spontaneous calcium transients and activity of TRPM4 and ATP‐sensitive K+ channels were potentiated after brief exposures to bradykinin and incubation with wortmannin produced opposite effects that can be explained by changes in phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate levels. 8‐pCPT stimulated the respiratory motor output in functionally intact preparations and the effects of bradykinin and wortmannin were identical to those observed in organotypic slices. The data thus indicate a novel pathway of controlling bursting activity in pre‐Bötzinger complex neurons through Epac that can involved in reinforcement of the respiratory activity by cAMP.
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β expression is increased in the brain during HIV‐1‐infection and contributes to regulation of astrocyte tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1
Authors: Fields Jerel , Gardner‐Mercer Jessica , Borgmann Kathleen , Clark Ian , Ghorpade Anuja
Published: February 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07203.x

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) associated with infection and activation of mononuclear phagocytes (MP) in the brain, occur late in disease. Infected/activated MP initiate neuroinflammation activating glial cells and ultimately disrupting neuronal function. Astrocytes secrete tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 in response to neural injury. Altered TIMP‐1 levels are implicated in several CNS diseases. CCAAT enhancer‐binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a transcription factor, is expressed in rodent brains in response to neuroinflammation, implicating it in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and HAND. Here, we report that C/EBPβ mRNA levels are elevated and its isoforms differentially expressed in total brain tissue lysates of HIV‐1‐infected and HIV‐1 encephalitis patients. In vitro, HAND‐relevant stimuli additively induce C/EBPβ nuclear expression in human astrocytes through 7 days of treatment. Over‐expression of C/EBPβ increases TIMP‐1 promoter activity, mRNA, and protein levels in human astrocytes activated with interleukin‐1β. Knockdown of C/EBPβ with siRNA decreases TIMP‐1 mRNA and protein levels. These data suggest that C/EBPβ isoforms are involved in complex regulation of astrocyte TIMP‐1 production during HIV‐1 infection; however, further studies are required to completely understand their role during disease progression.
The influence of diabetes on glutamate metabolism in retinas
Authors: Gowda Kavitha , Zinnanti William J. , LaNoue Kathryn F.
Published: February 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 309–320.

Excised retinas from euglycemic and diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats were studied to evaluate differences in glutamate metabolism related to diabetes. Reports suggest, neuronal cell death possibly caused by glutamate excitotoxicity, is an early consequence of diabetes. To monitor the influence of diabetes on glutamate metabolism, we measured glutamatergic neurotransmission, anaplerotic glutamate synthesis from 14CO2 and pyruvate as well as rates of glutamate cataplerosis ([U‐14C]glutamate to 14CO2 and 14C‐pyruvate). The data suggest the presence of a glutamate buffering anaplerotic/cataplerotic metabolic cycle in controls which is uncoupled by diabetes. For cycle operation, anaplerosis is initiated by a small pyruvate pool which is also the product of cataplerosis. In the cataplerotic pathway, glutamate conversion to α‐ketoglutarate and then to CO2 and pyruvate is reduced by 90% in diabetic retinal Müller cells because glutamate transamination by branched chain aminotransferase is competitively inhibited by branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). BCAAs, but not the ketoacids, were almost twice as high in diabetic compared to euglycemic rat retinas. The data suggest the hypothesis that glutamate levels in retinal Müller cells from diabetic rats are elevated because of the presence of excess BCAAs, and that elevated glutamate in Müller cells causes glutamate excitotoxicity.
Marine invasion history and vector analysis of California: a hotspot for western North America
Authors: Ruiz Gregory M. , Fofonoff Paul W. , Steves Brian , Foss Stephen F. , Shiba Sharon N.
Published: February 2011

Aim  We examine the regional dominance of California as a beachhead for marine biological invasions in western North America and assess the relative contribution of different transfer mechanisms to invasions over time.

Location  Western North America (California to Alaska, excluding Mexico).

Methods  We undertook extensive analysis of literature and collections records to characterize the invasion history of non‐native species (invertebrates, microalgae and microorganisms) with established populations in coastal marine (tidal) waters of western North America through 2006. Using these data, we estimated (1) the proportion of first regional records of non‐native species that occurred in California and (2) the relative contribution of transfer mechanisms to California invasions (or vector strength) over time.

Results  Excluding vascular plants and vertebrates, we identified 290 non‐native marine species with established populations in western North America, and 79% had first regional records from California. Many (40–64%) of the non‐native species in adjacent states and provinces were first reported in California, suggesting northward spread. California also drives the increasing regional rate of detected invasions. Of 257 non‐native species established in California, 59% had first regional records in San Francisco Bay; 57% are known from multiple estuaries, suggesting secondary spread; and a majority were attributed to vessels (ballast water or hull fouling) or oysters, in some combination, but their relative contributions are not clear. For California, more than one vector was possible for 56% of species, and the potential contribution of ballast water, hull fouling and live trade increased over time, unlike other vectors.

Main conclusions  California, especially San Francisco Bay, plays a pivotal role for marine invasion dynamics for western North America, providing an entry point from which many species spread. This pattern is associated historically with high propagule supply and salinity. Any effective strategies to minimize new invasions throughout this region must (1) focus attention on California and (2) address current uncertainty and future shifts in vector strength.
Resilience, ecology and adaptation in the experimental city
Authors: Evans J P
Published: February 2011

In the face of global urbanisation and climate change, scientists are increasingly using cities to experiment with more resilient forms of urban infrastructure. Experimentation represents the practical dimension of adaptation; it is what happens in practice when policymakers, researchers, businesses and communities are charged with finding new paths. This paper traces one particular lineage of experimentation to resilience ecology, which rejects the possibility of external control over a system, casting planning and administrative functions, and even scientists themselves, as part of a Social‐Ecological System. Using insights from political ecology, laboratory studies and urban studies, the paper explores how ecologists involved with the Long Term Ecological Research Programme in the USA are embedding adaptive experiments into urban governance. Discussion focuses on the role of place in adaptive science, considering the political implications of ecologising urban governance and rendering it experimental.
Coccygeal epidural with local anesthetic for catheterization and pain management in the treatment of feline urethral obstruction
Authors: O'Hearn Angela K. , Wright Bonnie D.
Published: February 2011

Objective
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To describe the technique for performing a coccygeal epidural injection of local anesthetic to facilitate catheterization in male cats with urethral obstructions using low‐dose sedation.

Significance
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Prompt diagnosis and relief of urethral obstructions is important as many cats may have developed marked metabolic abnormalities at the time of presentation. General anesthesia in these patients may be associated with significant risk for complications. Pain management is also an essential treatment goal, and this technique relieves urethral and penile pain during the unblocking process.

Conclusion
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Coccygeal epidurals can be used safely to provide analgesia to the penis and urethra and to the authors' knowledge, is a novel treatment modality to aid in the relief of urethral obstructions in male cats.
A low‐cost 3D reconstruction system using a single‐shot projection of a pattern matrix
Authors: Reiss Mário L. L. , Tommaselli Antonio M. G.
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this work is to present the main features of a structured light system and some experimental results. The system, named SingleShot3DSL, is based on a single off‐the‐shelf digital camera and a pattern projector. The mathematical model for 3D reconstruction is based on the collinearity equations. A pattern codification strategy was developed to allow fully automatic pattern recognition. A calibration methodology enables the determination of the direction vector of each pattern and the coordinates of the perspective centre of the pattern projector. The calibration processes are carried out with the acquisition of several images of a plane taken from different distances and orientations. Several processes were combined to provide a reliable solution for pattern location. In order to assess the accuracy and potential of the methodology a prototype was built, integrating a pattern projector and a digital camera in a single mount. Experiments using reconstructed surfaces with real data indicated that a relative accuracy of 0·2 mm in depth could be achieved.
“A Different Starting Point, a Different Metaphysics”: Reading Bergson and Barad Diffractively
Authors: Van Der Tuin Iris
Published: February 2011

This article provides an affirmative feminist reading of the philosophy of Henri Bergson by reading it through the work of Karen Barad. Adopting such a diffractive reading strategy enables feminist philosophy to move beyond discarding Bergson for his apparent phallocentrism. Feminist philosophy finds itself double bound when it critiques a philosophy for being phallocentric, because the setup of a master narrative comes into being with the critique. By negating a gender-blind or sexist philosophy, feminist philosophy only reaffirms its parameters, and setting up a master narrative costs feminist philosophy its feminism. I thus propose and practice a different methodological starting point, one that capitalizes on “diffraction.” This article experiments with the affirmative phase in feminist philosophy prophesied by Elizabeth Grosz, among others. Working along the lines of the diffractive method, the article at the same time proposes a new reading of Bergson (as well as of Barad), a new, different metaphysics indeed, which can be specified as onto-epistemological or “new materialist.”
Kosovo Defines the West
Authors: HENRI‐LÉVY BERNARD , GLUCKSMANN ANDRÉ , KIRKPATRICK JEANNE , GEREMEK BRONISLAW , SOLANA JAVIER , BILDT CARL , BONINO EMMA , BRZEZINSKI ZBIGNIEW , OWEN LORD , ALEXANDER PRINCE , RUGOVA IBRAHIM , DRASKOVIC VUK , KENNEDY PAUL , VAN CREVELD MARTIN
Published: February 2011

Kosovo is a proxy war with the Holocaust. As such, this war and its outcome will do much to define the West in the next century That it is a war in Europe, for Europe, sets it apart from all the other tragedies from Rwanda to Kashmir. Our collage of comment on this subject ranges from the secretary general of NATO to the leader of the Kosovars in Albania.
Internal Residual Stresses in Partially Crystallized Photo‐Thermo‐Refractive Glass
Authors: Serbena Francisco C. , Souza Guilherme P. , Zanotto Edgar D. , Lumeau Julien , Glebova Larissa , Glebov Leon B.
Published: February 2011

Photo‐thermo‐refractive glass containing nanosized NaF crystals embedded in the glassy matrix shows a significant shift of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) lines to lower angles resulting from large residual (tensile) stresses within the crystals. This is thus an excellent “model” system to test residual stresses models in glass–ceramics and composites because: the estimated stresses are high—about 1 GPa—the precipitates are nearly spherical, the NaF crystals structure is cubic and their volume fraction is quite small, which eliminates overlap between the stress fields of neighbor crystals. Samples treated at a sufficiently high temperature to develop larger (micrometer size) crystals revealed microcracking of the glassy matrix around the crystals, which partially relieved the residual stresses and decreased the shift of the XRD peaks. The experimental results for the magnitude of the residual stresses and the critical crystal diameter for microcracking agree with theoretical values calculated by the Selsing and the Davidge & Green models, respectively. These results suggest that these two models can be used for stress estimates and as a first approach for the design of tough glass–ceramics.
Mucho trabajo y poco salario. Perspectiva internacional de los trabajadores del cuidado
Authors: RAZAVI Shahra , STAAB Silke
Published: February 2011

Las autoras definen el trabajo de cuidado remunerado y explican por qué ha pasado a ser un campo importante para la investigación y la política. Basándose en análisis internacionales y nacionales de varias ocupaciones, ponen de relieve tres conclusiones. Primera, la situación laboral de estos trabajadores es, a menudo, un reflejo de las circunstancias y los problemas propios del mercado de trabajo del país. Segunda, la función del Estado en tanto que empleador del sector está cambiando porque cada vez se subcontratan más labores. Tercera, los regímenes de política social también conforman las oportunidades y las condiciones laborales del sector. Es de prever que los trabajadores y las personas que reciben la atención salgan beneficiados de una mejora de las mismas.
Informal barriers and agricultural trade: does monetary integration matter?
Authors: Huchet‐Bourdon Marilyne , Cheptea Angela
Published: February 2011

EU enlargement and the recent sovereign‐debt crisis of Euro zone countries have revived the debate around the (European Monetary Union) EMU. In this article we ask how informal barriers to agricultural and food trade have changed since the introduction of the common European currency, and whether this evolution can be attributed to monetary integration. We focus on the foreign trade of the 11 EMU founder countries over a nine‐year period covering the creation of the EMU and find a diminishing marginal trade impact of both information and institutional barriers. We find a lower level of trade barriers, but cannot attribute this outcome to the introduction to the Euro.
Racial disparities in preterm birth rates and short inter‐pregnancy interval: an overview
Authors: HOGUE CAROL J. , MENON RAMKUMAR , DUNLOP ANNE L. , KRAMER MICHAEL R.
Published: February 2011

Objective. We seek to expand on a biopsychosocial framework underlying the etiology of excess preterm birth experienced by African‐American women by exploring short inter‐pregnancy intervals as a partial explanatory factor. Design. We conducted a qualitative analyses of published studies that met specified criteria for assessing the association of inter‐pregnancy interval and preterm birth. Methods. We determine whether inter‐pregnancy interval is associated with preterm birth, what the underlying causal mechanism may be, whether African‐American women are more likely than Caucasian women to have short intervals, and whether achieving an optimal interval will result in reduced African‐American–Caucasian gap in preterm births. Main Outcome Measures. Crude and adjusted odds ratios for preterm birth, with the referent group being the interval closest to the ‘ideal’ of 18–23 months and the exposed group having intervals <12 months or some subset of that inter‐pregnancy interval. Results. Inter‐pregnancy interval less than six months increases preterm birth by about 40%. The mechanism may be through failure to replenish maternal nutritional stores. While there may not be an interaction between race and short inter‐pregnancy interval, short intervals can explain about 4% of the African‐American–Caucasian gap in preterm birth because African‐American women are approximately 1.8 times as likely to have inter‐pregnancy intervals of less than six months. Limited studies indicate that optimal intervals can be achieved through appropriate counseling and health care. Conclusions. Excess risk for preterm birth may be reduced by up to 8% among African‐Americans and up to 4% among Caucasians through increasing inter‐pregnancy intervals to the optimal length of 18–23 months.