bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sedimentary basins investigation using teleseismic P‐wave time delays
Authors: Piana Agostinetti Nicola , Martini Francesca
Published: February 2019

Passive seismic methods have been proven successful in recent years at retrieving information about the large‐scale structure of a sedimentary basin. These methods are based on ambient noise recordings, and local and distant (teleseismic) earthquake data. In particular, it has been previously observed that the arrival time of teleseismic P‐waves recorded inside a sedimentary basin shows time delays and polarization that both strongly depend on the basin properties and structure. In this paper, we present a new methodology for determining seismic P‐wave velocity in a sedimentary basin, based on the time delay of a teleseismic P‐wave travelling through the low‐velocity basin infill, with respect to a teleseismic wave recorded outside the basin. The new methodology is developed in a Bayesian framework and, thus, it includes estimates of the uncertainties of the P‐wave velocities. For this study, we exploit synchronous recordings of teleseismic P‐wave arrivals at a dense linear array of broadband seismic stations, using data from two teleseismic events coming from two different incoming angles. The results obtained by the new proposed methodology are successfully compared to classical cross‐correlation measurements, and are used to infer properties of a sedimentary basin, such as the basin bounding fault's geometry and the average P‐wave velocity of the sedimentary basin fill.
The universal “bottom‐up” limitation of animal populations by their food is illustrated by outbreaking species
Authors: White Thomas C. R.
Published: February 2019

Species that irrupt to outbreak numbers when there is a sudden increase in their food illustrate that it is a lack of food to support reproduction and survival that is the universal factor that limits the abundance of most animal populations including those that never reach outbreak levels.
Decision‐making in multi‐agency groups at simulated major incident emergencies: In situ analysis of adherence to UK doctrine
Authors: Wilkinson Byron , Cohen‐Hatton Sabrina R. , Honey Robert C.
Published: February 2019

When major incident emergencies occur in the UK (e.g., a terrorist attack), senior representatives convene from local emergency services, civil resource organizations, health agencies, and government. These groups make decisions that minimize the societal and economic impacts of major incidents. Their adherence to UK doctrine was assessed using video footage of 18 groups responding to a major incident in a simulation suite, and six groups responding to a large‐scale exercise. There were marked between‐group differences in the sequencing of decision‐making activities, and limited consideration of alternative courses of action. These results provide an impetus for future policy, guidance, and training to address (a) between‐group inconsistency in decision processes and (b) the lack of consideration of alternative courses of action.
Product Differentiation and Cost Pass‐Through
Authors: Loy Jens‐Peter , Weiss Christoph
Published: February 2019

The present paper extends the existing literature on vertical price transmission and cost pass‐through by investigating the impact of product differentiation. We apply distance‐measures of product differentiation to a specific product market (yoghurt) within one country (Germany). Results from a panel‐error‐correction model for 30 products sold in 432 stores over a period of 312 weeks suggest that product differentiation explains a significant share of differences in cost pass‐through rates: more differentiated products command higher prices and are characterised by lower equilibrium cost pass‐through rates as well as more sluggish price adjustment.
Representing the Connectivity of Upland Areas to Floodplains and Streams in SWAT+
Authors: Bieger Katrin , Arnold Jeffrey G. , Rathjens Hendrik , White Michael J. , Bosch David D. , Allen Peter M.
Published: February 2019

In recent years, watershed modelers have put increasing emphasis on capturing the interaction of landscape hydrologic processes instead of focusing on streamflow at the watershed outlet alone. Understanding the hydrologic connectivity between landscape elements is important to explain the hydrologic response of a watershed to rainfall events. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool+ (SWAT+) is a new version of SWAT with improved runoff routing capabilities. Subbasins may be divided into landscape units (LSUs), e.g., upland areas and floodplains, and flow can be routed between these LSUs. We ran three scenarios representing different extents of connectivity between uplands, floodplains, and streams. In the first and second scenarios, the ratio of channelized flow from the upland to the stream and sheet flow from the upland to the floodplain was 70/30 and 30/70, respectively, for all upland/floodplain pairs. In the third scenario, the ratio was calculated for each upland/floodplain pair based on the upland/floodplain area ratio. Results indicate differences in streamflow were small, but the relative importance of flow components and upland areas and floodplains as sources of surface runoff changed. Also, the soil moisture in the floodplains was impacted. The third scenario was found to provide more realistic results than the other two. A realistic representation of connectivity in watershed models has important implications for the identification of pollution sources and sinks.
Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI): A Model for Evaluating Unpaved Road Erosion and Stream Sediment Delivery
Authors: Benda Lee , James Cajun , Miller Daniel , Andras Kevin
Published: February 2019

The Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI) is a new geographic information system–based model to assess erosion and delivery of water and sediment from unpaved road networks to streams. READI quantifies the effectiveness of existing road surfacing and drain placements in reducing road sediment delivery and guides upgrades to optimize future reductions. Roads are draped on a digital elevation model and parsed into hydrologically distinct segments. Segments are further divided by engineered drainage structures. For each segment, a kinematic wave approximation generates runoff hydrographs for specified storms, with discharge directly to streams at road–stream crossings and onto overland‐flow plumes at other discharge points. Plumes are attenuated by soil infiltration, which limits their length, with delivery occurring if plumes intersect streams. Sediment production and sediment delivery can be calculated as a relative dimensionless index. READI predicts only a small proportion of new drains and new surfacing results in the majority of sediment delivery reductions. The model illustrates how the spatial relationships between road and stream networks, controlled by topography and network geometries, influence patterns of road–stream connectivity. READI was applied in seven northern California basins. The model was also applied in a recent burn area to examine how reduced hillslope infiltration can result in increased hydrologic connectivity and sediment delivery.
Guidelines for the safe provision of anaesthesia in magnetic resonance units 2019
Authors: Wilson S. R. , Shinde S. , Appleby I. , Boscoe M. , Conway D. , Dryden C. , Ferguson K. , Gedroyc W. , Kinsella S. M. , Nathanson M. H. , Thorne J. , White M. , Wright E.
Published: February 2019

There has been an increase in the number of units providing anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging and the strength of magnetic resonance scanners, as well as the number of interventions and operations performed within the magnetic resonance environment. More devices and implants are now magnetic resonance imaging conditional, allowing scans to be undertaken in patients for whom this was previously not possible. There has also been a revision in terminology relating to magnetic resonance safety of devices. These guidelines have been put together by organisations who are involved in the pathways for patients needing magnetic resonance imaging. They reinforce the safety aspects of providing anaesthesia in the magnetic resonance environment, from the multidisciplinary decision making process, the seniority of anaesthetist accompanying the patient, to training in the recognition of hazards of anaesthesia in the magnetic resonance environment. For many anaesthetists this is an unfamiliar site to give anaesthesia, often in a remote site. Hospitals should develop and audit governance procedures to ensure that anaesthetists of all grades are competent to deliver anaesthesia safely in this area.
“Our life is a struggle”: Respectable Gender Norms and Black Resistance to Policing
Authors: Elliott‐Cooper Adam
Published: February 2019

This paper investigates the role of women in anti‐racist campaigns against policing in post‐2011 England. It argues that imperial discourses about gender norms and respectability have helped to shape how race and crime are constituted in the contemporary period. Women's resistance to police racism has received scholarly attention from black feminists in North America; such attention has been less in Britain, particularly since the 1990s. While influential analyses of policing in Britain have deployed a post‐colonial lens, gender and women's resistance are rarely the primary focus. This paper significantly develops debates on gender, race and policing, by arguing that the colonial roots of race and gender norms are fundamental to conceptualising one of the key findings of the field research which informs this paper: that women lead almost every campaign against a black death in police custody in post‐2011 England. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews with activists, ethnographic observations at protests and scholar‐activist participation in campaigns against black deaths in custody, this paper demonstrates how 18th and 19th century imperial discourses on respectability and nation do not simply contextualise racialised policing in the contemporary period, but expose the racialised and gendered norms that legitimise racist policing in modern Britain.
Management of women with atypical polypoid adenomyoma of the uterus: A quantitative systematic review
Authors: Raffone Antonio , Travaglino Antonio , Saccone Gabriele , Alviggi Carlo , Mascolo Massimo , De Placido Giuseppe , Insabato Luigi , Mollo Antonio , Zullo Fulvio
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Atypical polypoid adenomyoma is an uncommon uterine lesion which can coexist with endometrial atypical hyperplasia and/or cancer. Atypical polypoid adenomyoma affects premenopausal women in most cases, but it shows high recurrence rate if conservatively treated. To date, the management of patients is based on low‐quality evidence and is not standardized. Our primary aim was to explore the optimal management of atypical polypoid adenomyoma, with particular regard to the fertility‐sparing approach. The secondary aim was to define clinicopathologic features of atypical polypoid adenomyoma.

Material and methods

Medline, Embase, Web of Sciences, Scopus, ClinicalTrial.gov, OVID, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library were searched for studies reporting outcomes of atypical polypoid adenomyoma treatments. Univariate comparisons among outcomes of fertility‐sparing treatments (rates of initial response, progression, recurrence, final complete response, pregnancy) were performed with Fisher's exact test (α = .05).

Results

Eleven retrospective studies with 237 patients were included; 85.5% of patients were premenopausal and 62.9% were nulliparous. Atypical polypoid adenomyoma coexisted with atypical hyperplasia in 5.5% of cases and with endometrial cancer in 5.9%. Overall risks of recurrence and progression to cancer were 28.9% and 16.6%, respectively. Fertility‐sparing treatments included hormonal therapy with or without maintenance, hysteroscopic transcervical resection, dilation and curettage, and hormonal therapy combined with transcervical resection or dilation and curettage. Transcervical resection showed significantly higher initial response rates (P from <0.001 to 0.023) than any other treatment. Transcervical resection and transcervical resection+hormonal therapy showed significantly lower progression rates (P < 0.001), and higher final complete response rates (P < 0.001) than any other treatment. No significant differences were found in the rates of pregnancy (P = 0.533 ‐ 0.647) or recurrence (P = 0.052 ‐ 0.475). Among the different transcervical resection techniques, the 4‐step transcervical resection showed significantly lower rates of progression (P = 0.002) and recurrence (P = 0.013) than other techniques. Limitations to our results were the retrospective design of the studies and the relatively small sample size, due to the rarity of atypical polypoid adenomyoma.

Conclusions

Based on its effectiveness and safety, transcervical resection may be the first‐line fertility‐sparing treatment for atypical polypoid adenomyoma. In particular, 4‐step transcervical resection showed the best results. Given the risk of recurrence, progression and coexistent atypical hyperplasia or cancer, follow‐up biopsies are advisable. When fertility preservation is not required, hysterectomy might be advisable.
Inhibition of Cav3.2 calcium channels: A new target for colonic hypersensitivity associated with low‐grade inflammation
Authors: Picard Elodie , Carvalho Frederic Antonio , Agosti Francina , Bourinet Emmanuel , Ardid Denis , Eschalier Alain , Daulhac Laurence , Mallet Christophe
Published: February 2019

Background and Purpose

Abdominal pain associated with low‐grade inflammation is frequently encountered in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during remission. Current treatments are not very effective and new therapeutic approaches are needed. The role of CaV3.2 channels, which are important in other chronic pain contexts, was investigated in a murine model of colonic hypersensitivity (CHS) associated with low‐grade inflammation.

Experimental Approach

Low doses of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS; 0.5%) were chronically administered to C57BL/6j mice in drinking water. Their inflammatory state was assessed by systemic and local measures of IL‐6, myeloperoxidase, and lipocalin‐2 using elisa. Colonic sensitivity was evaluated by the visceromotor responses to colorectal distension. Functional involvement of CaV3.2 channels was assessed with different pharmacological (TTA‐A2, ABT‐639, and ethosuximide) and genetic tools.

Key Results

DSS induced low‐grade inflammation associated with CHS in mice. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CaV3.2 channels reduced CHS. Cav3.2 channel deletion in primary nociceptive neurons in dorsal root ganglia (CaV3.2Nav1.8 KO mice) suppressed CHS. Spinal, but not systemic, administration of ABT‐639, a peripherally acting T‐type channel blocker, reduced CHS. ABT‐639 given intrathecally to CaV3.2Nav1.8 KO mice had no effect, demonstrating involvement of CaV3.2 channels located presynaptically in afferent fibre terminals. Finally, ethosuximide, which is a T‐type channel blocker used clinically, reduced CHS.

Conclusions and Implications

These results suggest that ethosuximide represents a promising drug reposition strategy and that inhibition of CaV3.2 channels is an attractive therapeutic approach for relieving CHS in IBS or IBD.
ADAMTSL1 and mandibular prognathism
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Pruksametanan Apitchaya , Phondee Nattapol , Hutsadaloi Athiwat , Intachai Worrachet , Kawasaki Katsushig , Ohazama Atsushi , Ngamphiw Chumpol , Tongsima Sissades , Ketudat Cairns James R. , Tripuwabhrut Polbhat
Published: February 2019

Mandibular prognathism is characterized by a prognathic or prominent mandible. The objective of this study was to find the gene responsible for mandibular prognathism. Whole exome sequencing analysis of a Thai family (family 1) identified the ADAMTSL1 c.176C>A variant as the potential defect. We cross‐checked our exome data of 215 people for rare variants in ADAMTSL1 and found that the c.670C>G variant was associated with mandibular prognathism in families 2 and 4. Mutation analysis of ADAMTSL1 in 79 unrelated patients revealed the c.670C>G variant was also found in family 3. We hypothesize that mutations in ADAMTSL1 cause failure to cleave aggrecan in the condylar cartilage, and that leads to overgrowth of the mandible. Adamtsl1 is strongly expressed in the condensed mesenchymal cells of the mouse condyle, but not at the cartilage of the long bones. This explains why the patients with ADAMTSL1 mutations had abnormal mandibles but normal long bones. This is the first report that mutations in ADAMTSL1 are responsible for the pathogenesis of mandibular prognathism.
Cone beam computed tomography evaluation of staged lateral ridge augmentation using platelet‐rich fibrin or resorbable collagen membranes in a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Hartlev Jens , Spin‐Neto Rubens , Schou Søren , Isidor Flemming , Nørholt Sven Erik
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the volumetric changes following lateral alveolar ridge augmentation using autogenous bone graft covered by either a platelet‐rich fibrin membrane (test group) or an inorganic bovine bone substitute and a resorbable collagen barrier membrane (control group).

Material and methods

A total of 27 partially edentulous patients (test n = 14, control n = 13) with the indication for lateral bone block augmentation were included in this randomized, controlled clinical trial. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination was performed prior to grafting and 2 weeks and 6 months after grafting. The volumetric changes between the various examinations times were evaluated by planimetric measurements on two‐dimensional CBCT images of the grafted regions.

Results

The mean bone volumetric loss in the test group was 14.7%, SD ±8.9%, while the mean bone volume loss in the control group was 17.8%, SD ±13.3%. This difference was not significant (p = 0.48). A total of ten patients were operated in the incisor and canine region with a mean bone volume loss of 23.41% SD, ±10.87%, while 17 patients were operated in the premolar region with a mean bone volume loss of 11.89% SD ±9.05%. This difference was significant (p = 0.01).

Conclusion

The test and control group demonstrated no overall difference in volumetric bone changes of the augmented bone at the 6‐month follow‐up. The second major finding revealed a significantly larger amount of bone resorption in the incisor and canine region than in the premolar region of the maxilla, particularly in the control group.
PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade rescue exhausted CD8+ T cells in gastrointestinal stromal tumours via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway
Authors: Zhao Rui , Song Yinghan , Wang Yong , Huang Yuqian , Li Zhigui , Cui Yaping , Yi Mengshi , Xia Lin , Zhuang Wen , Wu Xiaoting , Zhou Yong
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Although targeted therapy has revolutionized the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST), it is almost never curative in GIST, and resistance commonly develops. One potential strategy is to combine targeted therapy with immunotherapy.

Materials and methods

We first studied Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression and tumour‐infiltrating T cells (TILs) in GIST. IFN‐γ was used to induce the upregulation of PD‐L1 expression in GIST‐882 cells, a well‐known GIST cell line. CD8+ T‐cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR levels in CD8+ T cells were examined by Western blotting.

Results

PD‐L1 expression was an independent factor of poor prognosis in GIST and resulted in exhausted T cells in the TILs population or the blood. Then, we found that PD‐L1 blockade alone could not increase tumour cell apoptosis in GIST. The apoptosis rate of CD8+ T cells was higher when T cells were cultured with PD‐L1+ GIST‐882 cells (GIST‐882 cells with high PD‐L1 expression) than when T cells were cultured with control GIST‐882 cells. However, when the PD‐L1 blockade was used, the apoptosis rates of the CD8+ T cells in the two groups became similar. Then, Western blotting showed the PI3K/Akt/mTOR levels of the CD8+ T cells rescued by the PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade were higher than those of the CD8+ T cells not treated with the PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade.

Conclusions

PD‐L1 expression was an independent poor prognosis factor in GIST. PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade rescued exhausted CD8+ T cells in GIST via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. In GIST, PD‐1/PD‐L1 not only function as predictive biomarkers but also improve current therapies as treatment targets.
Exploring the Impact of Receiving Sender‐Based Negative and Positive Feedback on Team‐Level Process Outcomes Using a Mobile Application
Authors: Blau Gary , Petrucci Tony , Rivera Michael , Ghate Rujuta
Published: February 2019

Team‐based projects continue to be important for structuring work in many organizations, and employees are increasingly using mobile applications (apps) for peer evaluations as part of a performance appraisals process. Since a graduating student can expect to work in a team at some point in their career, exposure to class‐related group projects is important. This study explored using a mobile application (app) called DevelapMe (DMe), which allowed for 273 business undergraduates in 54 teams to give and receive real‐time peer‐based feedback during a 5‐week group project. Prior empirical research has shown that technology can improve the group development process, but such research has not used a mobile app. The general goal of this study was to investigate how receiving real‐time feedback through a mobile app (DMe) can affect the team development process over time. Two online surveys, Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2), were administered over a 5‐week period. Results showed that two of the three team‐level process outcomes, team trust and team commitment (but not team value‐goal fit), significantly increased from T1 to T2. Results also showed that receiving T1 sender‐based positive, but not negative, feedback scales had a significant impact on all three team‐level process outcomes.
Supply Chain Performance Analysis of Dow Jones Industrial Average Indexed Firms and Top 50 Supply Chain Firms
Authors: Choi Sangdo
Published: February 2019

Operations and Supply Chain Management (OSCM) courses may cover supply chain strategies, supply chain classification, and supply chain performance. Familiarity with various manufacturing and logistics firms would help students to better understand such topics. Information on the Dow Jones Industrial Average indexed firms and top 50 supply chain firms by Gartner is easily accessible and typically covers a variety of industries from chemical, food/beverage, high‐tech to retail, to name a few. Instructors of OSCM courses can take advantage of this kind of information to discuss industry characteristics and supply chain classification. We present how to collect financial data, calculate supply chain metrics (e.g., inventory turns, profit margin, and cash‐to‐cash cycle) by building a spreadsheet model and creating an earns‐turns matrix, which prescribes supply chain classification. We also show how to analyze supply chain performance and describe industry characteristics based on the earns‐turns matrix. We provide vital questions and takeaways for instructors to lead and wrap‐up discussions. Students claim that they appreciated learning about industry characteristics and different supply chain strategies through the earns‐turns matrix analysis.
Phenological mismatch with trees reduces wildflower carbon budgets
Authors: Heberling J. Mason , McDonough MacKenzie Caitlin , Fridley Jason D. , Kalisz Susan , Primack Richard B.
Published: February 2019

Interacting species can respond differently to climate change, causing unexpected consequences. Many understorey wildflowers in deciduous forests leaf out and flower in the spring when light availability is the highest before overstorey canopy closure. Therefore, different phenological responses by understorey and overstorey species to increased spring temperature could have significant ecological implications. Pairing contemporary data with historical observations initiated by Henry David Thoreau (1850s), we found that overstorey tree leaf out is more responsive to increased spring temperature than understorey wildflower phenology, resulting in shorter periods of high light in the understorey before wildflowers are shaded by tree canopies. Because of this overstorey–understorey mismatch, we estimate that wildflower spring carbon budgets in the northeastern United States were 12–26% larger during Thoreau's era and project a 10–48% reduction during this century. This underappreciated phenomenon may have already reduced wildflower fitness and could lead to future population declines in these ecologically important species.
A fluorinated indole‐based MDM2 antagonist selectively inhibits the growth of p53wt osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Skalniak Lukasz , Twarda‐Clapa Aleksandra , Neochoritis Constantinos G. , Surmiak Ewa , Machula Monika , Wisniewska Aneta , Labuzek Beata , Ali Ameena M. , Krzanik Sylwia , Dubin Grzegorz , Groves Matthew , Dömling Alexander , Holak Tad A.
Published: February 2019

The p53 protein is engaged in the repair of DNA mutations and elimination of heavily damaged cells, providing anticancer protection. Dysregulation of p53 activity is a crucial step in carcinogenesis. This dysregulation is often caused by the overexpression of negative regulators of p53, among which MDM2 is the most prominent one. Antagonizing MDM2 with small molecules restores the activity of p53 in p53 wild‐type (p53wt) cells and thus provides positive outcomes in the treatment of p53wt cancers. Previously, we have reported the discovery of a panel of fluoro‐substituted indole‐based antagonists of MDM2. Here, we demonstrate the biological activity and stereoselectivity of the most active compound from this series. Both enantiomers of the esterified form of the compound, as well as its corresponding carboxylic acids, were found active in fluorescence polarization (FP) assay, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay, with Ki and KD values around 1 μm. From these four compounds, the esterified enantiomer (R)‐5a was active in cells, which was evidenced by the increase of p53 levels, the induced expression of p53‐target genes (CDKN1A and MDM2), the selective induction of cell cycle arrest, and selective growth inhibition of p53wt U‐2 OS and SJSA‐1 compared to p53del SAOS‐2 cells. The analysis of the crystal structure of human MDM2 in complex with the compound (R)‐6a (carboxylic acid of the active (R)‐5a compound) revealed the classical three‐finger binding mode. Altogether, our data demonstrate the activity of the compound and provide the structural basis for further structure optimization.
Infrared thermography for void mapping of a graphene/epoxy composite and its full‐field thermal simulation
Authors: Manta Asimina , Gresil Matthieu , Soutis Constantinos
Published: February 2019

Important challenges are faced during the manufacturing of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)/polymer composites, associated with material quality and how to eliminate or reduce fabrication‐induced defects in the effort to improve performance. In the present work, infrared thermography (IRT) is used to measure void content and map void distribution, formed during fabrication of GNP/epoxy nanocomposites. Taking into consideration the size of each pixel (~100 μm), this method enables the non‐destructive detection of flaws with a size of approximately 200 μm. Their effect on thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite is studied by a 3D multiscale finite element analysis. Generic and full‐field comparisons demonstrate a good agreement between measurements and numerical predictions, validating assumptions and simplifications made in the proposed model.
Long‐term effects of mulching, traditional cutting and no management on plant species composition of improved upland grassland in the Czech Republic
Authors: Gaisler Jan , Pavlů Lenka , Nwaogu Chukwudi , Pavlů Klára , Hejcman Michal , Pavlů Vilém V.
Published: February 2019

A shortage of available livestock for utilizing grassland biomass in Central Europe is challenging for the management of both semi‐natural grasslands and previously intensified (limed, fertilized and reseeded) upland grasslands. An alternative method of grassland management is mulching, in which aboveground biomass is cut, crushed and subsequently spread on the surface. This paper reports on an experiment to compare three different mulching frequencies (one, two and three times per year) with an unmanaged treatment and traditional management of two cuts per year (control) on a previously improved upland meadow. Plant species composition was monitored over 13 years. Traditional management of two cuts with biomass removal was the most suitable method for maintaining plant species richness and diversity, and both were reduced significantly in the once‐mulched and especially in the unmanaged treatment. Tall dicotyledonous weeds such as Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense and Aegopodium podagraria were promoted by the unmanaged treatment and by mulching once a year. Higher frequency of defoliation had positive effects on the spread of short forbs such as Taraxacum spp., Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium repens. After eight years, there were changes in sward structure in the unmanaged and mulched‐once‐a‐year treatments, with increase in the tall/short species ratio. In conclusion, repeated mulching cannot substitute fully for traditional two‐cut management in improved upland meadows without decreasing plant species richness and diversity, and changing the sward structure. Although mulching once a year may prevent invasion by shrubs and trees, it also supports the spread of weedy species similar to no management.
Evaluation of a standardized protocol for thrombin generation using the calibrated automated thrombogram: A Nordic study
Authors: Ljungkvist Marcus , Strandberg Karin , Berntorp Erik , Chaireti Roza , Holme Pål André , Larsen Ole Halfdan , Lassila Riitta , Jouppila Annukka , Szanto Timea , Zetterberg Eva
Published: February 2019

Introduction

The thrombin generation assay‐calibrated automated thrombogram (TGA‐CAT) method is used to measure the overall coagulation capacity in plasma. However, the method is still considered to be a research tool, mainly because of its’ lack of standardization.

Aim

Our study aimed to further raise the standardization level for the TGA‐CAT method by evaluating a detailed standardization protocol and three reference plasmas’ (RP)s ability to normalize results.

Methods

Six Nordic centres participated in the study, and with input from all centres a detailed laboratory standardization protocol based on the TGA‐CAT manual of the manufacturer was established. Three types of plasma, hypo‐,normal and hypercoagulable plasma were assessed. Three commercial lyophilized RPs were used for normalization of data. All samples were aliquoted at the Malmö centre and sent frozen at −20˚C to participating centres.

Results

Before normalization, all results under all testing conditions showed inter‐laboratory coefficient of variability of 10% or lower except for endogenous thrombin potential (12%) and peak (14%) in hypo‐plasma with 1 pmol/L tissue factor as starting agent. Successful normalization, improving variability in results, was obtained with two of the three evaluated RPs (HemosIL RP and Affinity RP).

Conclusion

With our standardization concept, we were able to produce TGA‐CAT results as robust as standard coagulation assays used in the routine laboratories. Normalization with HemosIL RP may be considered in populations with low or unknown coagulability, while when analysing plasma samples from populations where hypercoagulability is known or suspected, normalization with Affinity RP may be preferred.
Beliefs about medicines in dialysis patients and after renal transplantation
Authors: Drangsholt Sarah H. , Cappelen Ulrik W. , von der Lippe Nanna , Høieggen Aud , Os Ingrid , Brekke Fredrik B.
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Patients with end‐stage renal disease are burdened by a complex medication regimen, but little is known about the belief about medicine among dialysis‐ and renal transplant (RTX) patients. Patients’ beliefs about medicines may influence drug adherence and thereby affect morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to assess the beliefs about medicine in dialysis as well as after RTX.

Methods: In a prospective study, 301 dialysis patients were followed for up to 5.5 years during which time 142 had been transplanted. Out of the transplanted patients, 110 were eligible for inclusion. The Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire (BMQ) was used to assess the beliefs in dialysis and after transplantation. BMQ in dialysis was also compared to that of the general Norwegian population (n = 426). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed with BMQ subscales as dependent variables and sociodemographic and clinical data as independent variables.

Findings: Median age in dialysis was 62 (IQR 50‐73) years, 66.1% were male and 80.7% were treated with hemodialysis. When in dialysis, 98.2% strongly believed their medications were necessary, while 34.4% reported strong concerns. Furthermore, 17.3% believed their medications to be harmful and 38.6% believed that doctors overprescribed medicines. The Necessity‐concern differential had a positive score in 92.6% of the patients. Follow‐up time was 55 (IQR 50‐59) months. After transplantation, there was an increase in the patient‐reported necessity of medication (21.9 ± 2.7 vs. 23.8 ± 1.9, P < 0.001) compared to while in dialysis. Correlations were found between patient beliefs and education, age, and depression.

Discussion: Although positive beliefs about medicines increase after transplantation, concerns are high in both dialysis and after RTX. Implementing the BMQ routinely in the clinical evaluation of dialysis‐ and RTX patients may help to identify patients with increased risk for medical nonadherence.
Comparison of calculus detection among dental hygienists using an explorer and ultrasonic insert
Authors: Partido Brian B. , Webb Chadleo A. , Carr Michele P.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Periodontal therapy disrupts the biofilm harbouring calculus that triggers inflammation. The explorer is primarily used for calculus detection, and the ultrasonic instrument is primarily used for calculus removal. The efficiency in dental hygiene care may improve if the ultrasonic instrument could be used in both calculus detection and removal.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to validate the effectiveness of calculus detection between the Thinsert® ultrasonic insert and the 11/12 explorer.

Methods

Upon IRB approval, this validation study involved three dental hygiene faculty from the Ohio State University Dental Hygiene Program and 30 patient participants from the Ohio State University community. Using both instruments, calculus was evaluated on Ramfjord index teeth and on four possible surfaces per tooth. Data were analysed to evaluate for interrater reliability, intrarater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.

Results

For interrater reliability, the average measure of intraclass coefficient (ICC) value was 0.782 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.749‐0.810 (F(1439, 2878) = 4.852, P < 0.01). For intrarater reliability, mean Kappa averages were in the full agreement range (κ = 0.726, n = 2160, P < 0.01). When using the Thinsert® for calculus detection, the sensitivity was 75%, specificity was 97%, PPV was 81%, and NPV was 94%.

Conclusion

Since calculus evaluation was comparable when using the ODU 11/12 explorer and the Thinsert®, efforts can be focused on developing the tactile sensitivity when using the Thinsert® ultrasonic instrument in the assessment, treatment, and maintenance of periodontal disease and the support of oral health. The efficiency in dental hygiene care may improve by using the Thinsert® ultrasonic instrument in both the detection and removal of calculus.
Preparation of CEL2 glass‐ceramic porous scaffolds coated with chitosan microspheres that have a drug delivery function
Authors: Villicaña‐Molina Esmeralda , Aguilar‐Reyes Ena Athenea , León‐Patiño Carlos Alberto , Nuñez‐Anita Rosa Elvira
Published: February 2019

The present work focused on the preparation of CEL2 bioactive glass (SiO2–P2O5–CaO–MgO–K2O–Na2O) scaffolds loaded with chitosan microspheres. Chitosan microspheres, with a mean particle size of 0.55 μm ± 0.25 μm and loaded with acetaminophen, were obtained through the water‐in‐oil single emulsion solvent evaporation method and were adhered to the surface of the scaffolds by a simple dip‐coating technique. The characterization of the microsphere‐loaded scaffolds, before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), was performed by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. In vitro bioactivity was performed for 21 days. The glass‐ceramic microsphere‐loaded scaffolds showed more than 70% interconnected porosity and an average compressive strength of 1.2 ± 0.43 MPa after immersion in SBF. They also showed the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer from the first day of immersion in SBF, demonstrating their high bioactivity. The microspheres were shown to be homogeneously dispersed on the scaffold surfaces. After 120 hours, the biologic tests showed good fibroblast cell proliferation onto the scaffolds. The encapsulated drug in the microspheres was released by diffusion in a sustained manner (90% and 99% in 200 hours). The results suggest that scaffolds have a promising role in applications of bone tissue engineering.
Starch hydrogels from discarded chestnuts produced under different temperature‐time gelatinisation conditions
Authors: Fariña M. , Torres María Dolores , Moreira R.
Published: February 2019

It is essential to know the temperature‐time dependence on the chestnut starch gelatinisation process. With this aim, physicochemical and thermomechanical properties of native chestnut starch and with different gelatinisation degrees, isolated from discarded chestnut fruits under environmental friendly aqueous procedures, were studied. Isolated starch (144.96 ± 1.74 μm) presented high total starch (91.83 ± 0.24%), low damage starch (0.10 ± 0.04%), apparent amylose content of 20.31 ± 1.48% and relative crystallinity of 15.7 ± 0.4% with a C‐type pattern. Chestnut starch dispersions were formulated at 40% (w/w). Rheological measures indicated that temperatures below 60 °C were not able to form a hydrogel. The hydrogels formed between 62.5 and 65 °C (peak and final gelatinisation temperature, respectively) developed a stable and strong network with short maturation times and full thermoreversibility. Finally, hydrogels prepared above 65 °C were weaker and no completely thermoreversible. A linear relationship was identified between elastic features determined by rheology (G′gel,1 Hz) and texture (springiness, D1/D2).
Psychometric evaluation of the culturally and linguistically translated Vietnamese chronic kidney disease self‐management instrument
Authors: Nguyen Nguyet Thi , Douglas Clint , Bonner Ann
Published: February 2019

Aims

To translate and psychometrically test the modified chronic kidney disease self‐management instrument in Vietnamese language.

Background

Research on chronic kidney disease self‐management is increasing although few patient‐reported outcome measures are available in other languages.

Design

This study involved instrument modification, translation, and cultural adaptation into Vietnamese followed by psychometric evaluation in a target population.

Methods

Following modification, the instrument was translated by bilingual independent translators, and then an expert panel assessed content face validity. Reliability of the instrument was assessed by internal consistency and test‐retest reliability in a sample of 293 people with chronic kidney disease. Then exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate construct validity of the Vietnamese version.

Results

The Vietnamese chronic kidney disease self‐management instrument demonstrated excellent content face validity and internal consistency. The test‐retest indicated good stability of the instrument over a 2‐week period. Four factors were identified using exploratory factor analysis and were named understanding my kidney disease, taking action to manage my kidney disease, seeking social support, and adhering to a healthy diet.

Conclusions

The translated and modified version is a valid, reliable, and feasible patient‐reported outcome measure of self‐management behaviour in Vietnamese‐speaking populations.
Competition Between Labour‐Sending States and the Branding of National Workforces
Authors: Polanco Geraldina
Published: February 2019

Drawing from comparative, international field research examining fast food labour migration from the Philippines and Mexico to western Canada, I contrast the Mexican and Filipino migration apparatuses and the corresponding branding of their citizenry. I show that the Philippines, through its migration apparatus, brands the Philippines as a source of “exceptional” labour, in part by deploying college graduates and those with professional work experience to work in entry‐level occupations. In turn, they outpace other labour‐sending states – like Mexico – who are branded in less desirable terms for interactive occupations. The policy decision to deskill (or not) and to produce (or fail to produce) educated and “exceptional” mobile subjects operates either as a conveyer belt or a migratory wall for distinct states in their ability to send more workers overseas. This has broader implications for global race relations and the branding effects that underlie Temporary Migrant Worker Programs.
Ca5Ga6O14:Eu3+: A novel phosphor with outstanding heat resistance for white light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Liu Zhicong , Shen Chenyang , Yuan Lin , Chen Ya , Shen Linli , He Meilin , Yuan Rongrong , Liang Xiaojuan , Liu Jianping , Xiang Weidong
Published: February 2019

A novel red‐emitting phosphor Ca5Ga6O14:Eu3+ has been synthesized using solid‐state method. The excitation and emission spectra show that the phosphor can emit the red light with the main peak at 611 nm under excitation of the 280 and 393 nm UV chip and the optimal Eu3+ concentration is determined to be x = 0.07. Analysis of emission spectrum shows that Eu3+ occupy the center of noninversion symmetry. With the increase of Eu3+ doping concentration, the decay time is prolonged due to deeper energy trap arising from nonequivalent substitution. Additionally, the measured thermal stability with 0.539 eV activation energy and calculated 90.5% color purity of optimal phosphor indicate that the phosphor has an enormous application potential in w‐LEDs industry.
Novel Mn4+ doped Ca2GdSbO6 red–emitting phosphor: A potential color converter for light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Liang Jia , Devakumar Balaji , Sun Liangling , Sun Qi , Wang Shaoying , Huang Xiaoyong
Published: February 2019

As potential color converter towards white/red light–emitting diodes, novel Ca2GdSbO6:Mn4+ phosphors with excellent optical performances were prepared by a conventional solid–state reaction route. The as–prepared phosphors with monoclinic crystal system had abundant [SbO6] octahedrons for Mn4+ ions to occupy and stably exist. With an excitation of 356 nm, an intense red emission peaking at 676 nm attributed to 2Eg→4A2g transition of Mn4+ ions can be observed in the emission spectrum. The critical concentration of Mn4+ ions was found to be 0.6 mol% and the concentration quenching mechanism was also discussed in detail. Importantly, the Ca2GdSbO6:0.6%Mn4+ phosphors exhibited a high internal quantum efficiency of 38.9%.
Changes in understandings and perceptions of individuals, significant others and community supporters involved in a theatre company for adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Dickinson Danielle , Hutchinson Nick
Published: February 2019

Background

Theatre companies to show positive capabilities and identities of people with intellectual disabilities have been established. Existing research focuses upon sole theatre performances and rarely includes the impacts on those in the immediate and wider contexts of people with intellectual disabilities.

Methods

The impacts of a theatre company on understandings and perceptions of intellectual disabilities from multiple perspectives were explored. Interviews with members with intellectual disabilities (n = 14), and focus groups with significant people in their lives (n = 11) and community supporters (n = 10) were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Four superordinate and nine subordinate themes were identified. The theatre company increased members’ connectivity, allowed them to experience parts of life they are often excluded from, and enabled growth for all participants, leading to a desire to extend the theatre company's ethos elsewhere.

Conclusions

The importance of such organisations to improve perceptions of people with intellectual disabilities is emphasized.
Anacardic acid attenuates pressure‐overload cardiac hypertrophy through inhibiting histone acetylases
Authors: Li Shuo , Peng Bohui , Luo Xiaomei , Sun Huichao , Peng Chang
Published: February 2019

Cardiac hypertrophy has become a major cardiovascular problem wordwide and is considered the early stage of heart failure. Treatment and prevention strategies are needed due to the suboptimal efficacy of current treatment methods. Recently, many studies have demonstrated the important role of histone acetylation in myocardium remodelling along with cardiac hypertrophy. A Chinese herbal extract containing anacardic acid (AA) is known to possess strong histone acetylation inhibitory effects. In previous studies, we demonstrated that AA could reverse alcohol‐induced cardiac hypertrophy in an animal model at the foetal stage. Here, we investigated whether AA could attenuate cardiac hypertrophy through the modulation of histone acetylation and explored its potential mechanisms in the hearts of transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mice. This study showed that AA attenuated hyperacetylation of acetylated lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9ac) by inhibiting the expression of p300 and p300/CBP‐associated factor (PCAF) in TAC mice. Moreover, AA normalized the transcriptional activity of the heart nuclear transcription factor MEF2A. The high expression of cardiac hypertrophy‐linked genes (ANP, β‐MHC) was reversed through AA treatment in the hearts of TAC mice. Additionally, we found that AA improved cardiac function and survival rate in TAC mice. The current results further highlight the mechanism by which histone acetylation is controlled by AA treatment, which may help prevent and treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Do Self‐employment Rates Converge? Evidence from European OECD Countries
Authors: Saridakis George , Mendoza Gonzalez Miguel A. , Muñoz Torres Rebeca I. , Hand Chris
Published: February 2019

This article uses panel data methods for stationary and non‐stationary data to examine whether self‐employment rates converge for 21 OECD European countries from 1990 to 2011 (the period covered by the COMPENDIA database). This article shows that there is a process of conditional convergence of self‐employment rates particularly within Southern, Northern and Western Europe. These regional groups were characterized by a decreasing trend in their average self‐employment rates. However in Central Europe we find more mixed results across the tests used and observe a rising trend in the average self‐employment rates. Finally, we find some weak evidence of convergence among all European countries.