bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An International Reference Reagent (minimum sensitivity) for the detection of anti‐human platelet antigen 1a
Authors: Metcalfe P. , Allen D. , Kekomaki R. , Kaplan C. , De Haas M. , Ouwehand W. H.
Published: December 2008

Background and Objectives  The platelet‐specific alloantibody anti‐human platelet antigen (HPA) 1a is involved in feto‐maternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, post‐transfusion purpura and platelet refractoriness. The existing minimum potency preparation for the detection of anti‐HPA‐1a (NIBSC code 93/710) was established by World Health Organization in 1997 and is used by laboratories to validate new assays or to calibrate ‘in‐house’ controls. However, it has been well‐used and a replacement is required. This report describes the production and comparative evaluation of a freeze‐dried preparation of pooled human plasma, coded 05/106, containing anti‐HPA‐1a.

Materials and Methods  Plasma containing anti‐HPA‐1a was obtained and 2974 1‐ml aliquots were prepared and freeze‐dried in glass ampoules. In order to characterize the material and compare it to the existing reference material, three collaborative studies were organized, involving a total of 50 different laboratories in 23 countries.

Results  As expected only anti‐HPA‐1a could be detected in the plasma and no additional HPA or human leucocyte antigen antibodies were detected. When tested in titration, there was a wide variation in the sensitivity of antibody detection by different laboratories, irrespective of the technique used. However, there was no significant difference between the two materials when compared using a t‐test.

Conclusions  When diluted 1 in 2, most laboratories were able to detect the presence of anti‐HPA‐1a in both materials and the participants agreed that this was an appropriate level to set as the minimum sensitivity required. In October 2007, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization approved the material 05/106 as an International Reference Reagent.
Treatment of invasive candidiasis with echinocandins
Authors: Glöckner Andreas , Steinbach Angela , Vehreschild Jörg Janne , Cornely Oliver A.
Published: December 2008

Blood stream infections by Candida spp. represent the majority of invasive fungal infections in intensive care patients. The high crude mortality of invasive candidiasis remained essentially unchanged during the last two decades despite new treatment options that became available. The echinocandins, the latest class of antifungals introduced since 2001, exhibit potent activity against clinically relevant fungi including most Candida spp. In several randomised multicentre phase III trials, anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin showed convincing efficacy when compared with standard treatment regimens. In all trials, echinocandins were at least non‐inferior to standard treatments. Anidulafungin was shown to be superior to fluconazole. Echinocandins have a favourable tolerability profile and exhibit a minimal potential for drug interactions since their pharmacokinetics is independent of renal and – largely – hepatic function. As a result of these properties, echinocandins are appropriate drugs of choice for invasive candidiasis in intensive care where many patients experience organ failure and receive multiple drugs with complex interactions.
Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis of foot caused by Curvularia clavata
Authors: Fan Yi‐Ming , Huang Wen‐Ming , Li Shun‐Fan , Wu Guo‐Feng , Li Wen , Chen Rong‐Yi
Published: December 2008

A case of cutaneous lesions on the left foot caused by Curvularia clavata in a 64‐year‐old immunocompetent man is described. Fungal elements were found in the exudate and biopsy specimen. The isolate was identified as C. clavata based on its colonial and microscopic morphology in pure culture. The skin lesions healed after a 12‐week regimen with oral fluconazole. This is the second case of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by C. clavata.
Third Joint Meeting of the American Urological Association and the Japanese Urological Association International Program at the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association at Orlando 2008
Authors: Petrylak Daniel P , Akaza Hideyuki , Assimos Dean G , Ogawa Yoshihide , Gleave Martin E , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Nieh Peter T , D'Amico Authony V , Mimata Hiromitsu , Tomita Yoshihiko , Chancellor Michael B , Gotoh Momokazu , Okuyama Akihiko
Published: December 2008

Preface:  We are heartily grateful for the warm support of all of the people concerned, including the moderators and panelists of both societies for giving us the opportunity to hold the 3rd American Urological Association/Japanese Urological Association (AUA/JUA) Joint Meeting, held once again at the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association (17–22 May 2008, Orlando, Florida, USA). Joint programs have been held by the societies of France and Italy and Latin America in recent years. China and India from Asia also participate. However, it has not been easy to maintain the joint meeting because of constraints in planning, financial support and the workforce, and therefore some societies have been unable to hold their meetings continuously. Nevertheless, there are long‐term plans to hold the meeting with the cooperation of both AUA and JUA sharing the moderators and panelists. We started to adopt continuing medical education (CME) credits last year for AUA members who participated in our meeting in various ways. This time we place emphasis on the different views of clinical practice and basic research and plan to have our program more widely incorporated this year with discussions and case studies. We would like to thank Professor Robert C Flanigan, the Secretary General of AUA, Professor Glenn M Preminger, the Chairman of the AUA Office of Education and the staff of AUA and JUA for supporting our program. We hope to keep holding the joint meeting and have plenty of ideas on themes and forms. We believe that this international program helps to establish a closer relationship between JUA and AUA in the scientific field.

Akihiko Okuyama md, President of JUA

Hideyuki Akaza md, Chairman of the International Committee of JUA
Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Akamatsu Shusuke , Kanamaru Sojun , Ishihara Misa , Sano Takeshi , Soeda Asaki , Hashimoto Kimio
Published: December 2008

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the urinary bladder is rare. It is a type of neuroendocrine carcinoma morphologically distinct from small cell carcinoma. We report here a case of primary LCNEC of the urinary bladder. We observed a very large invasive tumor, which was not able to be detected three months previously by cystoscopy or computed tomography. The tumor cells morphologically and immunohistochemically resembled that of pulmonary LCNEC. With prompt cystoprostatectomy and chemotherapy, the patient is free of disease 16 months after diagnosis. Although LCNEC is usually very aggressive, it may be controlled by early diagnosis and treatment.
Renal cell carcinoma with a huge solitary metastasis to the contralateral adrenal gland: A case report
Authors: Utsumi Takanobu , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Nakamura Kazuyoshi , Kim Woojin , Kamijima Shuichi , Awa Yusuke , Araki Kazuhiro , Nihei Naoki , Naya Yukio , Ichikawa Tomohiko
Published: December 2008

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is capable of metastasizing to several organs. Synchronous isolated contralateral adrenal metastasis of the primary RCC is, however, very rare. Herein we report a case of RCC with a huge solitary metastasis to the contralateral adrenal gland that was surgically treated. We scheduled nephrectomy for the left primary RCC and adrenalectomy for the right adrenal tumor. However, at surgery we found a huge right adrenal tumor that had invaded the right kidney, right renal vein, and inferior vena cava. Therefore right nephrectomy was performed simultaneously with resection and reconstruction of the inferior vena cava. Pathological findings demonstrated that the left renal tumor and right adrenal tumor had the same histology. Although the patient required hemodialysis, he remains well at six months postoperatively. So far, there have been only two cases of a solitary contralateral metastatic adrenal tumor that was larger than the primary RCC, thus the present case is the third one.
Varicocele complicating spontaneous arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Minei Sadatsugu , Minamida Satoru , Dobashi Masato , Ishii Junichiro , Minei Sadanori , Irie Akira
Published: December 2008

We describe herein a rare case of a varicocele complicating spontaneous arteriovenous fistula. A 40‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital in November 2006, complaining of a non‐tender mass in the left scrotum at the age of 15 and thereafter. On examination, his left scrotum revealed a large varicocele, but no manifest superficial thrill was noted. Scrotal ultrasonograpy revealed approximately 7 cm large varicocele. Computed tomography angiography revealed the existence of an arteriovenous fistula between the left testicular artery and the veins of the left pampiniform plexus. We laparoscopically carried out internal spermatic vessels ligation under the diagnosis of a varicocele complicating a spontaneous arteriovenous fistula. The postoperative course was uneventful. At 18 months postoperatively, the varicocele and fistula had not recurred.
Effects of species traits on the genetic diversity of high‐mountain plants: a multi‐species study across the Alps and the Carpathians
Authors: Thiel‐Egenter Conny , Gugerli Felix , Alvarez Nadir , Brodbeck Sabine , Cieślak Elżbieta , Colli Licia , Englisch Thorsten , Gaudeul Myriam , Gielly Ludovic , Korbecka Grażyna , Negrini Riccardo , Paun Ovidiu , Pellecchia Marco , Rioux Delphine , Ronikier Michał , Schönswetter Peter , Schüpfer Fanny , Taberlet Pierre , Tribsch Andreas , Van Loo Marcela , Winkler Manuela , Holderegger Rolf ,   the IntraBioDiv Consortium
Published: December 2008

Aim To test the influence of various species traits, elevation and phylogeographical history on the genetic diversity of high‐mountain plants in the Alps and Carpathians.

Location The regular sampling grid comprised the whole range of the European Alps and the Carpathians.

Methods Twenty‐two high‐mountain plant species were exhaustively sampled and their genetic diversity was assessed with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). ANOVAs were used to check for relationships between species traits and species genetic diversity, and to test whether genetic diversity was influenced by altitude and phylogeographical history (i.e. Alps versus Carpathians).

Results In both mountain systems, species dispersed and pollinated by wind showed higher genetic diversity than species with self or insect pollination, and with animal‐ or gravity‐dispersed seeds. Only in the Alps did altitudinal range size affect species genetic diversity significantly: species with narrow altitudinal ranges in the highest vegetation belts had significantly higher genetic diversity than those expanding over wide altitudinal ranges. Genetic diversity was species specific and significantly higher in the Alps than in the Carpathians, but it was not influenced by elevation.

Main conclusions Wind pollination and wind dispersal seem to foster high genetic diversity. However, species traits are often associated and their effects on genetic diversity cannot be clearly disentangled. As genetic diversity is species specific, comparisons across species need to be interpreted with care. Genetic diversity was generally lower in the Carpathians than in the Alps, due to higher topographical isolation of alpine habitats in the Carpathians and this mountain massif's divergent phylogeographical history. Elevation did not influence genetic diversity, challenging the long‐held view of decreasing genetic diversity with increasing elevation in mountain plants.
EMPIRICAL LIKELIHOOD‐BASED INFERENCES FOR PARTIALLY LINEAR MODELS WITH MISSING COVARIATES
Authors: Liang Hua , Qin Yongsong
Published: December 2008

This paper considers statistical inference for partially linear models Y = X⊤β+ν(Z) +ɛ when the linear covariate X is missing with missing probability π depending upon (Y, Z). We propose empirical likelihood‐based statistics to construct confidence regions for β and ν(z). The resulting empirical likelihood ratio statistics are shown to be asymptotically chi‐squared‐distributed. The finite‐sample performance of the proposed statistics is assessed by simulation experiments. The proposed methods are applied to a dataset from an AIDS clinical trial.
OPTIMAL SEMIPARAMETRIC INFERENCE FOR THE TAIL INDEX BASED ON RATIOS OF THE LARGEST EXTREMES
Authors: Gay R. , Poskitt D. S.
Published: December 2008

The k largest order statistics in a random sample from a common heavy‐tailed parent distribution with a regularly varying tail can be characterized as Fréchet extremes. This paper establishes that consecutive ratios of such Fréchet extremes are mutually independent and distributed as functions of beta random variables. The maximum likelihood estimator of the tail index based on these ratios is derived, and the exact distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator is determined for fixed k, and the asymptotic distribution as k →∞. Inferential procedures based upon the maximum likelihood estimator are shown to be optimal. The Fréchet extremes are not directly observable, but a feasible version of the maximum likelihood estimator is equivalent to Hill's statistic. A simple diagnostic is presented that can be used to decide on the largest value of k for which an assumption of Fréchet extremes is sustainable. The results are illustrated using data on commercial insurance claims arising from fires and explosions, and from hurricanes.
Modelling Non-Stationary Extremes with Application to Surface Level Ozone
Authors: Eastoe Emma F. , Tawn Jonathan A.
Published: December 2008

Statistical methods for modelling extremes of stationary sequences have received much attention. The most common method is to model the rate and size of exceedances of some high constant threshold; the size of exceedances is modelled by using a generalized Pareto distribution. Frequently, data sets display non-stationarity; this is especially common in environmental applications. The ozone data set that is presented here is an example of such a data set. Surface level ozone levels display complex seasonal patterns and trends due to the mechanisms that are involved in ozone formation. The standard methods of modelling the extremes of a non-stationary process focus on retaining a constant threshold but using covariate models in the rate and generalized Pareto distribution parameters. We suggest an alternative approach that uses preprocessing methods to model the non-stationarity in the body of the process and then uses standard methods to model the extremes of the preprocessed data. We illustrate both the standard and the preprocessing methods by using a simulation study and a study of the ozone data. We suggest that the preprocessing method gives a model that better incorporates the underlying mechanisms that generate the process, produces a simpler and more efficient fit and allows easier computation.
A Bayesian Hierarchical Distributed Lag Model for Estimating the Time Course of Risk of Hospitalization Associated with Particulate Matter Air Pollution
Authors: Peng Roger D. , Dominici Francesca , Welty Leah J.
Published: December 2008

Time series studies have provided strong evidence of an association between increased levels of ambient air pollution and increased hospitalizations, typically at a single lag of 0, 1 or 2 days after an air pollution episode. Two important scientific objectives are to understand better how the risk of hospitalization that is associated with a given day’s air pollution increase is distributed over multiple days in the future and to estimate the cumulative short-term health effect of an air pollution episode over the same multiday period. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag model that integrates information from national health and air pollution databases with prior beliefs of the time course of risk of hospitalization after an air pollution episode. This model is applied to air pollution and health data on 6.3 million enrollees of the US Medicare system living in 94 counties covering the years 1999–2002. We obtain estimates of the distributed lag functions relating fine particulate matter pollution to hospitalizations for both ischaemic heart disease and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and we use our model to explore regional variation in the health risks across the USA.
Joint Analysis of Correlated Repeated Measures and Recurrent Events Processes in the Presence of Death, with Application to a Study on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Liu Lei , Huang Xuelin
Published: December 2008

In many longitudinal studies, we observe two correlated processes: a repeated measures process and a recurrent events process, both subject to a dependent terminal event. For example, in the ‘Terry Beirn community programs for clinical research on AIDS’ (CPCRA) study, higher CD4 cell counts are associated with lower risk of recurrent opportunistic diseases. They are also correlated with mortality, e.g. higher CD4 cell repeated measures and a lower rate of opportunistic disease imply better survival for patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. We propose a joint random-effects model for the three correlated outcomes. The correlation is modelled by conditioning on shared random effects. Covariate effects can be taken into account in the model. Maximum likelihood estimation and inference are carried out through a Gaussian quadrature technique, assuming piecewise constant baseline hazards for recurrent events and death. The model can be fitted conveniently by Gaussian quadrature tools, e.g. SAS procedure NLMIXED. Simulation studies show that the estimation method yields satisfactory results. We apply this method to the CPCRA data.
A GOODWINIAN MODEL WITH DIRECT AND ROUNDABOUT RETURNS TO SCALE (AN APPLICATION TO ITALY)
Authors: Ryzhenkov Alexander V.
Published: December 2008

This paper re‐formulates and tests statistically a hypothetical law (HL) of capital accumulation that manifests itself in three scenarios for Italian economy. HL refines Verdoorn law and ‘Ricardian’ relationship between employment and returns; it generalizes neoclassical and Goodwinian models. Big cycles are not sustainable in inertia Scenario I. Lowering direct diseconomy of scale does not alter a non‐trivial stationary state in stabilization Scenario II. Weakening an inverse relation between employment ratio and growth rate of capital intensity raises stationary relative labour compensation without deteriorating profitability in stabilization Scenario III. Stationary states with zero relative labour compensation are not economically relevant.
Social Representations, Alternative Representations and Semantic Barriers
Authors: GILLESPIE ALEX
Published: December 2008

Social representations research has tended to focus upon the representations that groups have in relation to some object. The present article elaborates the concept of social representations by pointing to the existence of “alternative representations” as sub‐components within social representations. Alternative representations are the ideas and images the group has about how other groups represent the given object. Alternative representations are thus representations of other people's representations. The present article uses data fromMoscovici's (1976/2008) analysis of the diffusion of psychoanalysis to examine how people engage with alternative representations. It is demonstrated that there can be more or less dialogical relations with alternative representations. The analysis concludes by considering seven “semiotic barriers” which work to neutralise the dialogical potential of alternative representations, thus on the one hand enabling groups to talk about the views of others, while, on the other hand, remaining unchallenged by those views.
Linking Science to Common Sense
Authors: CORREIA JESUINO JORGE
Published: December 2008

The distinction between the reified universe of science and the consensual universe of common sense introduced by Serge Moscovici in the Psychoanalysis and reiterated in further texts always gave rise to debate and puzzled interrogations.

In the present text it is argued that for Serge Moscovici there is both a discontinuity and continuity between the two fields of science and common sense although at different levels of analysis.

They would be discontinuous at the operative theoretical level corresponding to the logic of verification in the sense of Popper. Truth and truthfulness are not the same. But there would be continuity at the metatheoretical thematic level, where either scientists or lay people seem to follow the same non conscious insightful processes enabling them to look beyond the empirical observables as well as beyond the traditional beliefs and common places.
The First Social Psychologist
Authors: LEIBER JUSTIN
Published: December 2008

Because both the individual and the state call for simultaneous investigation in social psychology, one could argue that in some sense Serge Moscovici, with the publication of Psychoanalysis, put forward the first systematic large scale empirical study of cognitive representations in, as it happily proved, various blocs of French understandings of psychoanalysis, admitting, characteristically, doubts about the individual, bloc, and the state representations.
More than a Theory: A New Map of Social Thought
Authors: KALAMPALIKIS NIKOS , HAAS VALÉRIE
Published: December 2008

In this article we revisit two different temporal phases related to the publication of Serge Moscovici's book La Psychanalyse, son image et son public, and we examine two key concepts of the theory: cognitive polyphasia and anchoring. The first phase, initiated by the Durkheimian circle, gives us an opportunity to retrieve traces of the intellectual debate about collective psychology and reconsider this debate in today's light. The second, more recent phase, is inspired by classical and modern research in the field of social representation, and it serves us as a basis for a new hypothesis about anchoring. We suggest that the traditional concept of familiarisation attributed to anchoring can also have an opposite significance: it can transmit and guarantee the non‐familiar and so establish strangeness. Finally, we argue that social representations are more than a simple theory, just like the symbol is always more than what it symbolizes.
Developing ADHD
Authors: Taylor Eric
Published: December 2008

Over the past 50 years the concept of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has developed from the notion of a specific form of brain dysfunction to that of a heterogeneous set of related behaviours. The great advances in genetics, neuroimaging and neuropsychiatry have made it one of the best understood forms of complex mental disturbance – but much remains to be done to translate understanding into practice. More effective treatment may come from identifying and treating more specific components of disorder and by a focus on identifying the factors determining course in the longer term so that they, as well as the core features of disorder, can become targets for intervention.
Immediate and short‐term outcomes of the ‘COPEing with Toddler Behaviour’ parent group
Authors: Niccols Alison
Published: December 2008

Background:  Controlling, uninvolved, and rejecting parenting in early childhood are strong predictors of later disruptive behavior disorders. However, there have been no evaluations of non‐targeted groups for parents of very young children, despite their potential advantages.

Methods:  We randomly assigned 79 mothers of 12‐ to 36‐month‐olds to an 8‐session parent training program (called ‘COPEing with Toddler Behaviour’) or to a waiting list control condition. We investigated the immediate and short‐term impact on parent‐reported child behavior problems, observed parent–child interaction, and self‐reported parenting behavior and parent functioning.

Results:  In an intent‐to‐treat design, the program yielded significant effects on child behavior problems, positive parent–child interaction, and parental overreactivity and depression but not observed negative child behavior or parental laxness. Most effects were significant at both post‐test and 1‐month follow‐up and effects sizes were small to medium for the intervention group and inverse to small for the control group.

Conclusions:  The potential of the program to prevent later behavior problems is supported by improvements in six of the eight outcomes. As part of a community strategy, groups such as COPEing with Toddler Behaviour may promote positive parent–child interaction and children’s mental health.
Estrogen‐Dependent Enhancement of NO Production in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Contributes to Ethanol‐Induced Hypotension in Conscious Female Rats
Authors: Li Guichu , Abdel‐Rahman Abdel A.
Published: December 2008

Background: Our previous pharmacological and cellular studies showed that peripheral (cardiac and vascular) nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐derived NO is implicated in the estrogen (E2)‐dependent hypotensive action of ethanol in female rats. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that enhanced NO production in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is implicated in the E2‐dependent hypotensive action of ethanol.

Methods: To achieve this goal, we utilized in vivo electrochemistry to measure real time changes in neuronal NO to investigate the acute effects of intragastric ethanol (0, 0.5, or 1 g/kg) on NO in NTS neurons, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) in conscious female rats in the absence (ovariectomized, OVX, rats) or presence of E2.

Results: In sham operated (SO) rats, ethanol elicited dose‐related increase in NTS NO and reduction in BP. These neurochemical and BP effects of ethanol were absent in OVX rats. Whether the neurochemical effect of ethanol and the associated hypotension are dependent onrapidE2signaling was investigated. In OVX rats pretreated, 30 minutes earlier, with E2(1 μg/kg), intragastric ethanol (1 g/kg) increased NTS NO and reduced BP and these responses were comparable to those obtained in SO rats.

Conclusions: The present findings suggest that increased production of NO in NTS neurons contributes to ethanol‐evoked hypotension in female rats. Further, ethanol enhancement of neuronal NO production in the brainstem is dependent onrapidE2signaling.
Pain during depression and relationship to rejection sensitivity
Authors: Ehnvall A. , Mitchell P. B. , Hadzi‐Pavlovic D. , Malhi G. S. , Parker G.
Published: December 2008

Objective:  Approximately 50% of patients with depression report symptoms of pain, yet the clinical and biological mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Recent neuroimaging studies, however, support the contention that depression, as well as pain distress and rejection distress, share the same neurobiological circuits. In this study, we aimed to examine the hypothesis that perception of increased pain during depression is related to increased rejection sensitivity.

Method:  The present study analysed data from a study of 186 treatment‐resistant depressed patients who met DSM‐IV criteria for depression and had completed a self‐report questionnaire regarding currently perceived pain and rejection sensitivity.

Results:  A major increase in the experience of pain during depression was predicted by a major increase in rejection sensitivity during depression.

Conclusion:  The experience of increased pain during depression is related to increased rejection sensitivity. Research to further elucidate this relationship is required.
Occlusion (Part 2 of 2)
Authors: Boushell Lee W. , Ritter André V.
Published: December 2008

In the previous Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry's Talking with Patients, we defined occlusion and malocclusion and discussed when and why malocclusion is a concern. In this issue we will discuss the diagnosis and treatment of malocclusions.
The Crash of 2008: A Mathematician's View
Authors: Bingham Nick
Published: December 2008

How did our financial world go so horribly wrong? As the crash of 2008 continues to unfold, Nick Bingham looks back at what we all should have seen coming.
The Emergence Of Digital Governance
Authors: Macintosh Ann
Published: December 2008

Barack Obama won the American Election in a campaign in which Facebook, YouTube and Twitter were key elements and the internet was used as never before. But after the election, what next? Can digital technologies help citizens to participate in government as well as to elect it?Ann Macintosh examines the future of digital governance.
Lord Lipsey
Authors: Champkin Julian
Published: December 2008

Julian Champkin talks to the driving force behind the Campaign for Real Statistics.
An evaluation of garlic lectin as an alternative carrier domain for insecticidal fusion proteins
Authors: Fitches Elaine , Philip Judith , Hinchliffe Gareth , Vercruysse Leisbeth , Chougule Nanasaheb , Gatehouse John A.
Published: December 2008

The mannose‐binding lectin GNA (snowdrop lectin) is used as a “carrier” domain in insecticidal fusion proteins which cross the insect gut after oral ingestion. A similar lectin from garlic bulb, ASAII, has been evaluated as an alternative “carrier”. Recombinant ASAII delivered orally to larvae of cabbage moth (Mamestra brassica; Lepidoptera) was subsequently detected in haemolymph, demonstrating transport. Fusion proteins comprising an insect neurotoxin, ButaIT (Buthus tamulus insecticidal toxin; red scorpion toxin) linked to the C‐terminal region of ASAII or GNA were produced as recombinant proteins (GNA/ButaIT and ASA/ButaIT) by expression in Pichia pastoris. In both cases the C‐terminal sequence of the lectin was truncated to avoid post‐translational proteolysis. The GNA‐containing fusion protein was toxic by injection to cabbage moth larvae (LD50≈ 250 μg/g), and when fed had a negative effect on survival and growth. It also decreased the survival of cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae; Homoptera) from neonate to adult by >70% when fed. In contrast, the ASA‐ButaIT fusion protein was non‐toxic to aphids, and had no effect on lepidopteran larvae, either when injected or when fed. However, intact ASA‐ButaIT fusion protein was present in the haemolymph of cabbage moth larvae following ingestion, showing that transport of the fusion had occurred. The stabilities of GNA/ButaIT and ASA/ButaIT to proteolysis in vivo after injection or ingestion differed, and this may be a factor in determining insecticidal activities.
Effects of different brush border membrane vesicle isolation protocols on proteomic analysis of Cry1Ac binding proteins from the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Chen Li‐Zhen , Liang Ge‐Mei , Rector Brian G. , Zhang Jie , Wu Kong‐Ming , Guo Yu‐Yuan
Published: December 2008

Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from insect midguts have been widely used to study Cry1A binding proteins. Sample preparation is important in two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE), so to determine a suitable BBMV preparation method in Helicoverpa armigera for 2‐DE, we compared three published BBMV preparation methods mostly used in sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). All methods yielded similar types and numbers of binding proteins, but in different quantities. The Abdul‐Rauf and Ellar protocol was the best of the three, but had limitations. Sufficient protein quantity is important for research involving limited numbers of insects, such as studies of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in the field. Consequently, we integrated the three BBMV isolation methods into a single protocol that yielded high quantities of BBMV proteins from H. armigera larval midguts, which proved suitable for 2‐DE analysis.
OIL SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE LACUSTRINE JURASSIC SIM UUJU FORMATION, WEST KOREA BAY BASIN: Part I: Oil source rock correlation and environment of deposition
Authors: Massoud M. S. , Killops S. D. , Scott A. C. , Mattey D.
Published: December 2008

The offshore West Korea Bay (WKB) Basin is one of several NE‐SW rift basins which formed over thin continental crust in Korea and eastern China during the Late Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic, and is characterised by a two‐layered structure, with a Cenozoic basin superposed on a pre‐Tertiary basin. Paraffinic oils recovered from Mesozoic and Tertiary sandstone intervals are thought to have been generated from different source beds. The Sim Uuju Formation consists mainly of fluvially‐derived shales and sandstones deposited in a large, open, fresh‐water, deep, tectonic lake, which occupied wide sub‐basins formed by normal faults under a semi‐humid climate, as a result of initial rifting during the Upper Jurassic. A probable source bed (400‐ to 500‐m thick) has been geochemically located in the basinal offshore area of the Sim Uuju sequence penetrated by Well 606. The Jurassic bed could be considered as a potential source for the Mesozoic oil, provided that it contains the right type and amount of organic matter which has reached the stage of oil generation.
Die Stabilität der organischen Phosphoryerbindungen und Phosphatase in Pferdeblut bei dessen Aufbewahrung in vitro
Authors: SJÖBERG KNUT
Published: December 2008

Die Arbeit behandelt die Untersuchung der Stabilität organischer Phosphorverbindungen und von Phosphatase im Pferdeblut bei dessen Aufbewahrung in vitro bei 17° und 37° C während eines bis mehrerer Tage.

Bei 17° fallen die Phosphorverbindungen im Pferdeblut in 1—2 Tagen nur geringeren Veränderungen anheim. Allmählich tritt Hämolyse ein, und je nach dem Grade ihres Fortschreitens beginnen die organischen Phosphorsäureester in den Erythrozyten unter Abspaltung von anorganischen Phosphaten hydrolysiert zu werden.

Bei 37° ändert sich die Form des Blutkörperchens von der münzenähnlichen zur sphärischen Form, wodurch die Hämatokritwerte in 24 Stunden durchschnittlich im Verhältnis 1: 1.6 steigen. Die Permeabilität der Blutkörpermembran nimmt zu, so dass K', Na', Ca'', Cl' und PO4''' dieselbe ungehindert passieren können. Bei längerer Aufbewahrung bei 37° tritt Hämolyse ein, die in der Regel nach 3 Tagen vollständig ist.

Schon während der ersten 24 Stunden findet eine kräftige Hydrolyse der organischen Phosphorsäureester statt, und nach 3 Tagen ist diese oft vollständig.

Auch die Lecithine werden zerteilt, wobei tens die Fettsäuren, teils die Phosphorsäure frei werden.

Phosphormonoesterase kommt sowohl in den Erythrozyten als auch im Plasma vor. Das in den Erythrozyten vorhandene Enzym beeinflusst eine Glyzerinphosphorsäure enthaltende Reaktionsmischung gleich kräftig, sei es dass die Blutkörperchen bei der Analyse hämolysiert sind oder nicht. Dagegen scheinen die eigenen organischen Phosphorsäureester der Erythrozyten nicht angegriffen zu werden, bevor die Blutkörperchen gewissen Veränderungen anheimgefallen sind, die zu Hämolyse führen.
Rate of Penetration of Phosphate into Muscle Cells
Authors: HEVESY G. , REBBE O.
Published: December 2008

Labelled sodium and labelled phosphate are injected simultaneously into the lymph sack of the frog and the distribution of the radioactive sodium and the radioactive phosphate between plasma and muscle of equal weights is determined. A constant partition ratio of the radioactive sodium is obtained after the lapse of about 20 minutes. From this ratio the volume of the interspaces of the muscle can be calculated. In the case of phosphorus, the partition ratio increases even after the lapse of many days because of continued penetration of the labelled phosphate into the cells. The difference of the partition ratio of the radioactive phosphorus and the radioactive sodium permits us to calculate the amount of 32P which penetrated into the muscle cells. Since all phosphorus atoms present in the plasma can be assumed to show the same behaviour as the 32P atoms we can compute from the figures obtained the amount of plasma inorganic P which exchanged with cellular P during the experiment. In the course of 4 days at 22°, 0.082 mgm P was found to penetrate into the cells of 1 gm gastroenemius muscle and vice versa. At 0°, 1/5 of the above value was found.

An alternative method which is independent of the knowledge of the size of the extracellular space is based on the determination of the comparison of the active inorganic phosphorus content of the plasma with the active organic phosphorus content of the muscle. When applying this method, one assumes that the organic phosphorus compounds of the muscle are renewed inside the cells. By this method, the amount of plasma P penetrated into 1 gm muscle in the course of 4 days was found to be 0.088 mgm.
Pyrophosphatase im Blut
Authors: SJÖBERG KNUT
Published: December 2008

Eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Pyrophosphatase‐wirkung in Blut bezw. Plasma, Serum und Erythrozyten wird beschrieben.

Das pH‐Optimum für die Pyrophosphatasewirkung im Blut liegt bei 7.4.

Die Pyrophosphatasewirkung wurde im Blut und Plasma bei Mensch, Hund, Pferd und Rind bestimmt. Mit Hilfe dieser Werte und der Hämatokritwerte wurde die Wirkung in den Erythrozyten berechnet. Blut der beiden erstgenannten enthält ungefähr

10mal mehr Pyrophosphatase als Rinderblut, und Pferdeblut ungefähr 5mal so viel. Die Pyrophosphatase kommt hauptsächlich in den Erythrozyten vor, Plasma enthält nur unbedeutende Mengen.

Wird die Pyrophosphatasewirkung direkt in vom Plasma befreiten Erythrozyten bestimmt, so enthält man bedeutend höhere Werte als bei der Berechnung der Wirkung aus den Werten für Blut und Plasma. Die Zunahme variiert zwischen dem Doppelten und 18‐Fachen. Die Enzymwirkung in den Erythrozyten verhält sich bei Pferd, Mensch, Hund und Rind wie 76: 57: 17: 1.

Irgendeine Korrelation zwischen dem Gehalt der Blutkörper an Pyrophosphaten und Pyrophosphatase liegt nicht vor.

Wird die Bestimmung der Pyrophosphatasewirkung in einer Reaktionsmischung ausgeführt, die mit den Blutkörpern isotonisch ist, so erhält man keine Enzymwirkung. Die Pyrophosphatase in den Blutkörpern kann folglich nicht ausserhalb diesen zur Wirkung gelangen, bevor die Erythrozyten hämolysiert sind. Hierin unterscheidet sich die Pyrophosphatase von der Phosphormonoesterase.

Plasma bezw. Serum enthält einen Stoff, der die Pyrophosphatasewirkung stark hemmt. Dieser Umstand erklärt das in Punkt 4 genannte Verhalten.

Bei der Aufbewahrung von Blutproben bei ungefähr 20° C. für eine Zeit bis zu 3 Tagen ändert sich die Pyrophosphatasewirkung nur unbedeutend. In vom Plasma befreiten Blutkörperaufschlämmungen nimmt die Pyrophosphatasewirkung nach 24 Stunden langer Aufbewahrung bei 20° C. zu.
Transamination with Peptide Substrates in Cattle Diaphragm Muscle
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Transamination has been studied in cattle diaphragm muscle. The reaction proved, with slight discrepancies, the well known characteristic properties.

The reaction between α‐ketoglutaric acid and amino acids or peptides was facilitated by preliminarily freezing the minced muscle. A disappearance of ketonic acids could not be demonstrated. The transamination was not inhibited by bromoacetate or sodium arsenite.

Glycyl‐aminobenzoic acid and valyl‐glycine could be used as amino group donators. In the opposite way glutamic acid apparently reacted with α‐hydroxy and α‐ketonic acids in peptide chains.

Muscles from different animals displayed some variability in the reaction between c‐ketoglutaric acid and unnatural amino acids and racemic derivates.
In vitro Studies on the Role of Vitamin D in the Metabolism of Calcium and Phosphorus in the Eat Bones
Authors: KRAEMER V. V. , LANDTMAN B. , SIMOLA P. E.
Published: December 2008

The object of the work has been to investigate, by means of experiments in vitro, the effect of vitamin D on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in rat.

The normal bone has the ability to take up calcium from the incubation solution under certain conditions and, on the other hand, to give up calcium into the calcium‐free incubation solution.

The bone was not able to take up inorganic phosphorus in the incubation experiments. On the other hand the excretion of inorganic phosphorus into the solution could always be demonstrated—both in incubation solutions with and without phosphorus.

The bones of rats which had received large amounts of vitamin D seemed to be able to take up relatively more calcium than the bones of normal rats. On the other hand it is possible that the bone is then to some extent more than normally able to take up calcium and phosphorus.

With regard to the deficiency of vitamin D, a tendency towards a decreasing uptake of calcium and increased loss of calcium was noted.

The experiments support the view that vitamin D has a direct influence upon the mineral metabolism of the bone.
Über den Einfluss lokaler Hautschädigungen (mechanische Verletzung, Erfrierung, Verbrennung) auf die periphere Blutverteilung.1
Authors: REIS Von GÖSTA von , SJÖSTRAND FRITIOF
Published: December 2008

1. Die Blutmenge in peripheren Blutgefässen der Leber und Nierenrinde wurde 30–45 Min. nach der Erzeugung entweder einer oberflächlichen Verbrennung, Erfrierung oder mechanischen Hautverletzung in einem begrenzten Gebiet quer über der Bauchhaut an Meerschweinchen bestimmt. Bei den Versuchen mit Verbrennung wurde ausserdem die Anzahl offener Kapillaren pro Flächeneinheit des Querschnitts im M. masseter bestimmt. Die Versuche sind in Pernoctonnarkose ausgeführt worden.

2. Bei lokaler Verbrennung steigt die periphere Blutmenge in der Leber bis auf das im Mittel reichlich zweifache der entsprechenden Kontrolltierwerte, während die entsprechende Blutmenge in der Nierenrinde etwas zurückgeht oder überhaupt nicht beeinflusst wird. Die Anzahl offener Kapillaren im Querschnitt des M. masseter nimmt um 25% zu.

3. Bei derselben Behandlung von vorher denervierten Hautbezirken wird gleichwohl dieselbe Verdopplung der peripheren Blutmenge in der Leber erzielt, sowie gleichartige Werte für die entsprechende Blutmenge in der Nierenrinde, aber keine Zunahme der Anzahl offener Kapillaren im M. masseter.

Der Effekt auf die peripheren Blutgefässe in der Leber scheint durch Eesorption einer oder einiger Substanzen aus dem geschä‐digten Gewebsgebiet vermittelt zu werden, welche direkt oder indirekt dilatierend wirken, während der Effekt auf die Kapillaren im M. masseter auf dem Wege über die Hautnerven vermittelt wird.

4. Bei lokaler Erfrierung steigt die Blutmenge in den peripheren Blutgefässen der Leber auf das im Mittel doppelte der Kontrolltierwerte, während die entsprechende Blutmenge in der Nierenrinde um nahezu 30% zurückgeht.

5. Bei entsprechender Behandlung von denervierter Haut erhält man eine Zunahme der peripheren Blutmenge in der Leber von nur 30%, während die Verminderung in der Nierenrinde dieselbe ist wie bei den sub 4 erwähnten Versuchen.

Der Effekt auf periphere Blutgefässe in der Leber scheint bei örtlicher Erfrierung also hauptsächlich auf dem Wege über die Hautnerven vermittelt zu werden, während ein kleinerer Teil der Wirkung auf periphere Blutgefässe in der Nierenrinde chemisch vermittelt werden dürfte.

6. Bei mechanischer Hautverletzung erhielt man als einzigen Effekt ein Sinken der peripheren Blutmenge in der Nierenrinde um fast 40%.
Über die Wirkung von Digitalis, Cardiazol, Coramin, Hexeton und Strychnin auf Kreislanf und Atmnng den gesunden Menschen.1
Authors: LILJESTRAND G. , NYLIN G.
Published: December 2008

Therapeutische Dosen von Digitalis (Digitotal), Cardiazol, Coramin, Hexeton und Strychnin wurden gesunden Versuchspersonen unter Standardbedingungen injiziert und zeigten keine oder nur sehr schwache Wirkung auf Pulsfrequenz, Blutdruck, Herzminutenvolumen, Sauerstoffverbrauch und respiratorischen Quotienten.
Die Wirkung des Atropins auf das Herzminutenvolumen des gesunden Menschen.1
Authors: DOMENJOZ R.
Published: December 2008

An 2 gesunden Versuehspersonen wurde das Herzminutenvolumen nach der GROLLMAN'schen Acetylenmethode, vor und nach subkutaner Injektion von 0.001 g Atropinsulfat bestimmt. Die Konstanz der Normalwerte im Ruheversuch erlaubt eine Steigerung des Herzminutenvolumens unter Atropineinwirkung statistisch sicherzustellen. Die Steigerung der Förderleistung des Herzens wurde im Mittel bei 20% der Ruhewerte gefunden, unter gleichzeitiger Zunahme der Pulsfrequenz zwischen 20 und 50%.
On the Anti‐Histamine, Anti‐Anaphylactic and Atropine‐like Effects of some Xanthine Derivatives
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , KAHLSON G. S. , LINDSTROM KARIN
Published: December 2008

Hitherto unknown biological properties of some xanthine derivatives are described.

Anti‐histamine and anti‐anaphylactic effects of these substances on smooth muscles are described. This action is due to their rendering the muscles insensitive to histamine.

On smooth muscles the xanthines also exert atropine‐like effects.
Herzgrösse und Yitalkapazität bei Schwankungen der Blutverteilung.
Authors: JONSELL SONIE , SJOSTRAND TORGNY
Published: December 2008

An zwei Versuchspersonen wurden im Zusammenhang mit experimentell hervorgerufenen Variationen der Blutfüllung der unteren Extremitäten Bestimmungen der Vitalkapazität und der Herzgrösse sowie eine Analyse der Gefässchatten und Gefässzeichnung vorgenommen. Hierbei ergab sich, dass die Veränderungen der Vitalkapazität nicht oder nur in geringerem Grade von Änderungen der Herzgrösse oder des Füllungszustands der grösseren Thorakalgefässe oder der grösseren bzw. mittelgrossen Lungengefässe bediagt sein können. Man muss demnach annelimen, dass diese Scliwankungen der Vitalkapazität wenigstens zum grösseren Teil auf Veränderungen der Blutmenge in den peripheren Blutgefässen der Lungen berulien.
Criteria of Alcohol Intoxication in Animals in Relation to Blood Alcohol
Authors: GOLDBERG LEONARD , STÖRTEBECKER TORE P.
Published: December 2008

After intravenous administration of ethyl alcohol in rabbits a number of criteria of the effect as well as the blood alcohol percentage have been followed; the symptoms of intoxication have been related to the prevailing blood alcohol percentage and the variation statistically calculated. Studying alcohol intoxication and its course in different individuals the described method furthers an advantage.
Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von per os zugeführtem Leberextrakt und Ventrikel‐schleimhaut auf die Permeatoilität der roten Blutkörperchen beim normalen Menschen.
Authors: ØRSKOV SØREN L.
Published: December 2008

Die vorliegenden Versuche zeigen, dass die Einnahme von Leberextrakt und Magenschleimhaut per os aueh beim Normalen die Permeabilität der roten Blutkörperchen beeinfmsst, und dass diese Wirkung relativ lange bestehen bleibt (bis 1 Monat lang nacb der Behandlung). Die Wirkung besteht in einer langsameren Permeierung der Glukose; eine Veränderung dieser Art tritt aber nur im ersten Teil der Permeierung auf.

Nacb einer grossen, 200 g Leber entsprecbenden Einzeldosis erhält man eine sehr schnelle Wirkung, die meistens am folgenden Tage ihr Maximum erreicht und einen oder mehrere Tage anhalten kann.

Da die Wirkung so schnell auftritt, berubt sie zweifellos auf einer Beeinflussung der Blutkörperchen in der Blutbahn und nicht z. B. auf der Neubildung von Blutkörperchen mit anderer Permeabilität.

Der Haemoglobingehalt und die Reticulocytenzahl wurden mit Ausnahme eines Falles von leichter Anämie von der Behandlung nicht beeinflusst. In einem Falle von leiohter Anämie, die durch Eis eneingabe kaum gebessert wurde, und bei der das Verhalten der Permeabilität an das bei perniciöser Anämie vorhandene erinnerte, trat ein Anstieg im Haemoglobingehalt von 65–83 % auf, und die Reticulocytenwerte stiegen bis auf 6 %.

Es wird erörtert, auf Welchem Wege der Wirkung auf die roten Blutkörperchen erfolgt, und im Anschluss an Bang und Ørskov's Arbeit wird diskutiert, ob bei der perniciösen Anämie ein Permeabilitätsfaktor fehlt, und ob es dieser Faktor ist, der die roten Blutkörperchen auch beim normalen Menschen beeinflusst.