bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PDGFRα Regulated by miR-34a and FoxO1 Promotes Adipogenesis in Porcine Intramuscular Preadipocytes through Erk Signaling Pathway
Authors: Sun Yun-Mei , Qin Jin , Liu Shu-Ge , Cai Rui , Chen Xiao-Chang , Wang Xiang-Ming , Pang Wei-Jun
Published: November 2017

Suitable intramuscular fat (IMF) content improves porcine meat quality. The vital genes regulating IMF deposition are necessary for the selection and breeding of an IMF trait. However, the effect and mechanism of PDGFRα on IMF deposition are still unclear. Here, PDGFRα is moderately expressed in porcine longissimus dorsi muscle (LD), whereas it highly expressed in white adipose tissue (WAT). Moreover, PDGFRα-positive cells were located in the gaps of LD fibers which there were IMF adipocytes. Compared with 180-day-old and lean-type pigs, the levels of PDGFRα were much higher in one-day-old and fat-type pigs. Meanwhile the levels of PDGFRα gradually decreased during IMF preadipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, PDGFRα promoted adipogenic differentiation through activating Erk signaling pathway. Based on PDGFRα upstream regulation analysis, we found that the knockdown of FoxO1 repressed lipogenesis by downregulating PDGFRα, and miR-34a inhibited adipogenesis through targeting PDGFRα. Collectively, PDGFRα is a positive regulator of IMF deposition. Therefore, we suggest that PDGFRα is a possible target to improve meat quality.
TRPV3 Channel in Keratinocytes in Scars with Post-Burn Pruritus
Authors: Park Chun , Kim Hyun , Choi Yong , Chung Bo , Woo So-Youn , Song Dong-Keun , Kim Hye
Published: November 2017

Post-burn pruritus is a common and distressing sequela of burn scars. Empirical antipruritic treatments usually fail to have a satisfactory outcome because of their limited selectivity and possible side effects. Therefore, novel drug targets need to be identified. Here, we aimed to investigate the possible role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and transient receptor potential vanniloid 3 (TRPV3), along with the relation of TRPV3 to thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Specimens from normal (unscarred) or burn-scarred (with or without pruritus) tissue were obtained from burn patients for this study. In each sample, the keratinocytes were isolated and cultured, and the intracellular Ca2+ level at the time of stimulation of each factor was quantified and the interaction was screened. PAR2 function was reduced by antagonism of TRPV3. Inhibiting protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) reduced TRPV3 function. TSLP mRNA and protein, and TSLPR protein expressions, increased in scars with post-burn pruritus, compared to scars without it or to normal tissues. In addition, TRPV1 or TRPV3 activation induced increased TSLP expression. Conclusively, TRPV3 may contribute to pruritus in burn scars through TSLP, and can be considered a potential therapeutic target for post-burn pruritus.
Data Governance in the Sustainable Smart City
Authors: Paskaleva Krassimira , Evans James , Martin Christopher , Linjordet Trond , Yang Dujuan , Karvonen Andrew
Published: November 2017

The wisdom of ‘smart’ development increasingly shapes urban sustainability in Europe and beyond. Yet, the ‘smart city’ paradigm has been critiqued for favouring technological solutions and business interests over social inclusion and urban innovation. Despite the rhetoric of ‘citizen-centred approaches’ and ‘user-generated data’, the level of stakeholder engagement and public empowerment is still in question. It is unclear how smart city initiatives are developing common visions according to the principles of sustainable urban development. This paper examines how data governance in particular is framed in the new smart city agenda that is focused on sustainability. The challenges and opportunities of data governance in sustainability-driven smart city initiatives are articulated within a conceptual Framework on Sustainable Smart City Data Governance. Drawing on three cases from European countries and a stakeholder survey, the paper shows how governance of data can underpin urban smart and sustainable development solutions. The paper presents insights and lessons from this multi-case study, and discusses risks, challenges, and future research.
Access to Guideline-Recommended Pharmacogenomic Tests for Cancer Treatments: Experience of Providers and Patients
Authors: Wu Ann , Mazor Kathleen , Ceccarelli Rachel , Loomer Stephanie , Lu Christine
Published: November 2017

Genomic tests are the fastest growing sector in medicine and medical science, yet there remains a dearth of research on access to pharmacogenomic tests and medications. The objective of this study is to explore providers’ and patients’ experiences and views on test access as well as strategies used for gaining access. We interviewed clinicians who prescribed medications that should be guided by pharmacogenomic testing and patients who received those prescriptions. We organized the themes into the four dimensions suggested by the World Health Organization framework on access to medications and health technologies. Guideline-recommended pharmacogenomic tests for cancer care are generally available, although the timeliness of return of test results is sometimes suboptimal. Accessibility of pharmacogenomic tests is made challenging by the process of ordering pharmacogenomic tests, which is time-consuming. Affordability is a barrier to some patients as expressed by both providers and patients, who noted that the cost of pharmacogenomic tests and medications is high. Acceptability of the tests is high as both providers and patients view the tests positively. Understanding challenges to accessing pharmacogenomic tests will allow policymakers to develop policies that streamline access to genomics-based technologies to improve population health.
Modifying the Morphology of Silicon Surfaces by Laser Induced Liquid Assisted Colloidal Lithography
Authors: Ulmeanu Magdalena , Harniman Robert , Petkov Petko , Ashfold Michael
Published: November 2017

Single, or isolated small arrays of, spherical silica colloidal particles (with refractive index ncolloid = 1.47 and radius R = 350 nm or 1.5 μm) were placed on a silicon substrate and immersed in carbon tetrachloride (nliquid = 1.48) or toluene (nliquid = 1.52). Areas of the sample were then exposed to a single laser pulse (8 ps duration, wavelength λ = 355 nm), and the spatial intensity modulation of the near field in the vicinity of the particles revealed via the resulting patterning of the substrate surface. In this regime, ncolloid < nliquid and the near-field optical intensification is concentrated at and beyond the edge of the particle. Detailed experimental characterization of the irradiated Si surface using atomic force microscopy reveals contrasting topographies. The same optical behavior is observed with both liquids, i.e., the incident laser light diverges on interaction with the colloidal particle, but the resulting interaction with the substrate is liquid dependent. Topographic analysis indicates localized ablation and patterning of the Si substrate when using toluene, whereas the patterning induced under carbon tetrachloride is on a larger scale and extends well below the original substrate surface—hinting at a laser induced photochemical contribution to the surface patterning.
Ultra-Fast Microwave Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods on Cellulose Substrates for UV Sensor Applications
Authors: Pimentel Ana , Samouco Ana , Nunes Daniela , Araújo Andreia , Martins Rodrigo , Fortunato Elvira
Published: November 2017

In the present work, tracing and Whatman papers were used as substrates to grow zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures. Cellulose-based substrates are cost-efficient, highly sensitive and environmentally friendly. ZnO nanostructures with hexagonal structure were synthesized by hydrothermal under microwave irradiation using an ultrafast approach, that is, a fixed synthesis time of 10 min. The effect of synthesis temperature on ZnO nanostructures was investigated from 70 to 130 °C. An Ultra Violet (UV)/Ozone treatment directly to the ZnO seed layer prior to microwave assisted synthesis revealed expressive differences regarding formation of the ZnO nanostructures. Structural characterization of the microwave synthesized materials was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optical characterization has also been performed. The time resolved photocurrent of the devices in response to the UV turn on/off was investigated and it has been observed that the ZnO nanorod arrays grown on Whatman paper substrate present a responsivity 3 times superior than the ones grown on tracing paper. By using ZnO nanorods, the surface area-to-volume ratio will increase and will improve the sensor sensibility, making these types of materials good candidates for low cost and disposable UV sensors. The sensors were exposed to bending tests, proving their high stability, flexibility and adaptability to different surfaces.
Proximate Composition and Nutritional Value of Three Macroalgae: Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Bifurcaria bifurcata
Authors: Lorenzo José , Agregán Rubén , Munekata Paulo , Franco Daniel , Carballo Javier , Şahin Selin , Lacomba Ramón , Barba Francisco
Published: November 2017

Proximate composition (moisture, protein, lipid and ash content) and nutritional value (fatty acid, amino acid and mineral profile) of three macroalgae (Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Bifurcaria bifurcate) were studied. Chemical composition was significantly (p < 0.001) different among the three seaweeds. In this regard, the B. bifurcata presented the highest fat content (6.54% of dry matter); whereas, F. vesiculosus showed the highest protein level (12.99% dry matter). Regarding fatty acid content, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were the most abundant followed by saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). On the other hand, the three seaweeds are a rich source of K (from 3781.35 to 9316.28 mg/100 g), Mn (from 8.28 to 1.96 mg/100 g), Na (from 1836.82 to 4575.71 mg/100 g) and Ca (from 984.73 to 1160.27 mg/100 g). Finally, the most abundant amino acid was glutamic acid (1874.47–1504.53 mg/100 dry matter), followed by aspartic acid (1677.01–800.84 mg/100 g dry matter) and alanine (985.40–655.73 mg/100 g dry matter).
One-Bath Pretreatment for Enhanced Color Yield of Ink-Jet Prints Using Reactive Inks
Authors: Ma Wei , Shen Kezhan , Li Shuang , Zhan Meichen , Zhang Shufen
Published: November 2017

In order to facilely increase the color yield of ink-jet prints using reactive inks, one-bath pretreatment of cotton fabrics with pretreatment formulation containing sodium alginate, glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTA), sodium hydroxide, and urea is designed for realizing sizing and cationization at the same time. The pretreatment conditions, including the concentrations of GTA and alkali, baking temperature, and time are optimized based on the result of thecolor yield on cationic cotton for magenta ink. The mechanism for color yield enhancement on GTA-modified fabrics is discussed and the stability of GTA in the print paste is investigated. Scanning electron microscopey, tear strength, and thermogravimetric analysis of the modified and unmodified cotton are studied and compared. Using the optimal pretreatment conditions, color yield on the cationic cotton for magenta, cyan, yellow, and black reactive inks are increased by 128.7%, 142.5%, 71.0%, and 38.1%, respectively, compared with the corresponding color yield on the uncationized cotton. Much less wastewater is produced using this one-bath pretreatment method. Colorfastness of the reactive dyes on the modified and unmodified cotton is compared and boundary clarity between different colors is evaluated by ink-jet printing of colorful patterns.
Design, Recombinant Fusion Expression and Biological Evaluation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Analogue as Novel Antimicrobial Agent
Authors: Xu Chunlan , Guo Yu , Qiao Xiangjin , Shang Xiaoya , Niu Weining , Jin Mingliang
Published: November 2017

Antimicrobial peptides represent an emerging category of therapeutic agents with remarkable structural and functional diversity. Modified vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (VIP analogue 8 with amino acid sequence “FTANYTRLRRQLAVRRYLAAILGRR”) without haemolytic activity and cytotoxicity displayed enhanced antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922 than parent VIP even in the presence of 180 mM NaCl or 50 mM MgCl2, or in the range of pH 4–10. VIP analogue 8 was expressed as fusion protein thioredoxin (Trx)-VIP8 in E. coli BL21(DE) at a yield of 45.67 mg/L. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the recombinant VIP analogue 8 against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 were 2 μM. These findings suggest that VIP analogue 8 is a promising candidate for application as a new and safe antimicrobial agent.
Enantioselective Biosynthesis of l-Phenyllactic Acid by Whole Cells of Recombinant Escherichia coli
Authors: Zhu Yibo , Wang Ying , Xu Jiayuzi , Chen Jiahao , Wang Limei , Qi Bin
Published: November 2017

Background: l-Phenyllactic acid (l-PLA)—a valuable building block in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry—has recently emerged as an important monomer in the composition of the novel degradable biocompatible material of polyphenyllactic acid. However, both normally chemically synthesized and naturally occurring phenyllactic acid are racemic, and the product yields of reported l-PLA synthesis processes remain unsatisfactory. Methods: We developed a novel recombinant Escherichia coli strain, co-expressing l-lactate dehydrogenase (l-LDH) from Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Bacillus megaterium, to construct a recombinant oxidation/reduction cycle for whole-cell biotransformation of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) into chiral l-PLA in an enantioselective and continuous manner. Results: During fed-batch bioconversion with intermittent PPA feeding, l-PLA yield reached 103.8 mM, with an excellent enantiomeric excess of 99.7%. The productivity of l-PLA was as high as 5.2 mM·h−1 per OD600 (optical density at 600 nm) of whole cells. These results demonstrate the efficient production of l-PLA by the one-pot biotransformation system. Therefore, this stereoselective biocatalytic process might be a promising alternative for l-PLA production.
Design, Synthesis, and Use of Peptides Derived from Human Papillomavirus L1 Protein for the Modification of Gold Electrode Surfaces by Self-Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Lara Carrillo John Alejandro , Fierro Medina Ricardo , Manríquez Rocha Juan , Bustos Bustos Erika , Insuasty Cepeda Diego Sebastián , García Castañeda Javier Eduardo , Rivera Monroy Zuly Jenny
Published: November 2017

In order to obtain gold electrode surfaces modified with Human Papillomavirus L1 protein (HPV L1)-derived peptides, two sequences, SPINNTKPHEAR and YIK, were chosen. Both have been recognized by means of sera from patients infected with HPV. The molecules, Fc-Ahx-SPINNTKPHEAR, Ac–C–Ahx-(Fc)KSPINNTKPHEAR, Ac–C–Ahx-SPINNTKPHEAR(Fc)K, C–Ahx–SPINNTKPHEAR, and (YIK)2–Ahx–C, were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Our results suggest that peptides derived from the SPINNTKPHEAR sequence, containing ferrocene and cysteine residues, are not stable and not adequate for electrode surface modification. The surface of polycrystalline gold electrodes was modified with the peptides C-Ahx-SPINNTKPHEAR or (YIK)2-Ahx-C through self-assembly. The modified polycrystalline gold electrodes were characterized via infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements. The thermodynamic parameters, surface coverage factor, and medium pH effect were determined for these surfaces. The results indicate that surface modification depends on the peptide sequence (length, amino acid composition, polyvalence, etc.). The influence of antipeptide antibodies on the voltammetric response of the modified electrode was evaluated by comparing results obtained with pre-immune and post-immune serum samples.
Free-Standing and Self-Crosslinkable Hybrid Films by Core–Shell Particle Design and Processing
Authors: Vowinkel Steffen , Paul Stephen , Gutmann Torsten , Gallei Markus
Published: November 2017

The utilization and preparation of functional hybrid films for optical sensing applications and membranes is of utmost importance. In this work, we report the convenient and scalable preparation of self-crosslinking particle-based films derived by directed self-assembly of alkoxysilane-based cross-linkers as part of a core-shell particle architecture. The synthesis of well-designed monodisperse core-shell particles by emulsion polymerization is the basic prerequisite for subsequent particle processing via the melt-shear organization technique. In more detail, the core particles consist of polystyrene (PS) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), while the comparably soft particle shell consists of poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) and different alkoxysilane-based poly(methacrylate)s. For hybrid film formation and convenient self-cross-linking, different alkyl groups at the siloxane moieties were investigated in detail by solid-state Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS, NMR) spectroscopy revealing different crosslinking capabilities, which strongly influence the properties of the core or shell particle films with respect to transparency and iridescent reflection colors. Furthermore, solid-state NMR spectroscopy and investigation of the thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements allow for insights into the cross-linking capabilities prior to and after synthesis, as well as after the thermally and pressure-induced processing steps. Subsequently, free-standing and self-crosslinked particle-based films featuring excellent particle order are obtained by application of the melt-shear organization technique, as shown by microscopy (TEM, SEM).
Templated Sphere Phase Liquid Crystals for Tunable Random Lasing
Authors: Chen Ziping , Hu Dechun , Chen Xingwu , Zeng Deren , Lee Yungjui , Chen Xiaoxian , Lu Jiangang
Published: November 2017

A sphere phase liquid crystal (SPLC) composed of three-dimensional twist structures with disclinations among them exists between isotropic phase and blue phase in a very narrow temperature range, about several degrees centigrade. A low concentration polymer template is applied to improve the thermal stability of SPLCs and broadens the temperature range to more than 448 K. By template processing, a wavelength tunable random lasing is demonstrated with dye doped SPLC. With different polymer concentrations, the reconstructed SPLC random lasing may achieve more than 40 nm wavelength continuous shifting by electric field modulation.
Plasma Amino Acid Abnormalities in Chronic Heart Failure. Mechanisms, Potential Risks and Targets in Human Myocardium Metabolism
Authors: Aquilani Roberto , La Rovere Maria , Corbellini Daniela , Pasini Evasio , Verri Manuela , Barbieri Annalisa , Condino Anna , Boschi Federica
Published: November 2017

The goal of this study was to measure arterial amino acid levels in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), and relate them to left ventricular function and disease severity. Amino acids (AAs) play a crucial role for heart protein-energy metabolism. In heart failure, arterial AAs, which are the major determinant of AA uptake by the myocardium, are rarely measured. Forty-one subjects with clinically stable CHF (New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II to IV) were analyzed. After overnight fasting, blood samples from the radial artery were taken to measure AA concentrations. Calorie (KcalI), protein-, fat-, carbohydrate-intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), total daily energy expenditure (REE × 1.3), and cardiac right catheterization variables were all measured. Eight matched controls were compared for all measurements, with the exception of cardiac catheterization. Compared with controls, CHF patients had reduced arterial AA levels, of which both their number and reduced rates are related to Heart Failure (HF) severity. Arterial aspartic acid correlated with stroke volume index (r = 0.6263; p < 0.0001) and cardiac index (r = 0.4243; p = 0.0028). The value of arterial aspartic acid (µmol/L) multiplied by the cardiac index was associated with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.3765; p = 0.0076). All NYHA groups had adequate protein intake (≥1.1 g/kg/day) and inadequate calorie intake (KcalI < REE × 1.3) was found only in class IV patients. This study showed that CHF patients had reduced arterial AA levels directly related to clinical disease severity and left ventricular dysfunction.
Binding of the GTPase Sar1 to a Lipid Membrane Monolayer: Insertion and Orientation Studied by Infrared Reflection–Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Schwieger Christian , Meister Annette , Daum Sebastian , Blume Alfred , Bacia Kirsten
Published: November 2017

Membrane-interacting proteins are polyphilic polymers that engage in dynamic protein–protein and protein–lipid interactions while undergoing changes in conformation, orientation and binding interfaces. Predicting the sites of interactions between such polypeptides and phospholipid membranes is still a challenge. One example is the small eukaryotic GTPase Sar1, which functions in phospholipid bilayer remodeling and vesicle formation as part of the multimeric coat protein complex (COPII). The membrane interaction of Sar1 is strongly dependent on its N-terminal 23 amino acids. By monolayer adsorption experiments and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), we elucidate the role of lipids in inducing the amphipathicity of this N-terminal stretch, which inserts into the monolayer as an amphipathic helix (AH). The AH inserting angle is determined and is consistent with the philicities and spatial distribution of the amino acid monomers. Using an advanced method of IRRAS data evaluation, the orientation of Sar1 with respect to the lipid layer prior to the recruitment of further COPII proteins is determined. The result indicates that only a slight reorientation of the membrane-bound Sar1 is needed to allow coat assembly. The time-course of the IRRAS analysis corroborates a role of slow GTP hydrolysis in Sar1 desorption from the membrane.
Short Oxygen Plasma Treatment Leading to Long-Term Hydrophilicity of Conductive PCL-PPy Nanofiber Scaffolds
Authors: Shafei Sajjad , Foroughi Javad , Chen Zhiqiang , Wong Cynthia , Naebe Minoo
Published: November 2017

Electrically conductive scaffolds are of significant interest in tissue regeneration. However, the chemistry of the existing scaffolds usually lacks the bioactive features for effective interaction with cells. In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) was electrospun into aligned nanofibers with 0.58 µm average diameter. Electrospinning was followed by polypyrrole coating on the surface of the fibers, which resulted in 48 kΩ/sq surface resistivity. An oxygen plasma treatment was conducted to change the hydrophobic surface of the fiber mats into a hydrophilic substrate. The water contact angle was reduced from 136° to 0°, and this change remained on the surface of the material even after one year. An indirect cytotoxicity test was conducted, which showed cytocompatibility of the fibrous scaffolds. To measure the cell growth on samples, fibroblast cells were cultured on fibers for 7 days. The cell distribution and density were observed and calculated based on confocal images taken of the cell culture experiment. The number of cells on the plasma-treated sample was more than double than that of sample without plasma treatment. The long-lasting hydrophilicity of the plasma treated fibers with conductive coating is the significant contribution of this work for regeneration of electrically excitable tissues.
Ionic Conductivity and Assembled Structures of Imidazolium Salt-Based Block Copolymers with Thermoresponsive Segments
Authors: Nakabayashi Kazuhiro , Sato Yu , Isawa Yuta , Lo Chen-Tsyr , Mori Hideharu
Published: November 2017

Ionic liquid-based block copolymers composed of ionic (solubility tunable)–nonionic (water-soluble and thermoresponsive) segments were synthesized to explore the relationship between ionic conductivity and assembled structures. Three block copolymers, comprising poly(N-vinylimidazolium bromide) (poly(NVI-Br)) as a hydrophilic poly(ionic liquid) segment and thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAM)), having different compositions, were initially prepared by RAFT polymerization. The anion-exchange reaction of the poly(NVI-Br) in the block copolymers with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiNTf2) proceeded selectively to afford amphiphilic block copolymers composed of hydrophobic poly(NVI-NTf2) and hydrophilic poly(NIPAM). Resulting poly(NVI-NTf2)-b-poly(NIPAM) exhibited ionic conductivities greater than 10−3 S/cm at 90 °C and 10−4 S/cm at 25 °C, which can be tuned by the comonomer composition and addition of a molten salt. Temperature-dependent ionic conductivity and assembled structures of these block copolymers were investigated, in terms of the comonomer composition, nature of counter anion and sample preparation procedure.
Effect of PVA Blending on Structural and Ion Transport Properties of CS:AgNt-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
Authors: Aziz Shujahadeen B. , Abdullah Omed Gh. , Hussein Sarkawt A. , Ahmed Hameed M.
Published: November 2017

In this work, the role of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blending on structural and electrical properties of chitosan:silver nitrate systems is studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the crystalline phase of chitosan (CS) is greatly scarified by silver nitrate (AgNt) salt. The crystalline domain of CS:AgNt is more broadened at 10 wt % of PVA. The spike and semicircular arcs can be separated in impedance plots. At high temperatures, the spike regions remained. The direct current (DC) conductivity was calculated from the bulk resistance obtained from the impedance plots. The dielectric constant and DC conductivity versus PVA content exhibited similar behavior. The maximum DC conductivity at ambient temperature was 1.1 × 10−6 S/cm for 10 wt % of PVA. The DC ionic conductivity increased to 9.95 × 10−5 S/cm at 80 °C. Above 10 wt % of PVA, the drop in DC conductivity and dielectric constant were observed due to the increase in viscosity. Shifting of relaxation peaks towards the lower frequency revealed the increase of resistivity of the samples. The linear increase of DC conductivity versus 1000/T indicated that ion transport followed the Arrhenius model. The incomplete semicircular arc in Argand plots indicated the non-Debye type of relaxation process. The Argand plots were used to distinguish between conductivity relaxation and viscoelastic relaxation. Three regions were distinguished in the alternating current (AC) spectra of the blend electrolyte samples. The plateau region in AC spectra was used to estimate the DC conductivity. The estimated DC conductivity from the AC spectra was close to those calculated from the impedance plots.
Development of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers to Target Polyphenols Present in Plant Extracts
Authors: Gomes Catarina , Sadoyan Gayane , Dias Rolando , Costa Mário
Published: November 2017

The development of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to target polyphenols present in vegetable extracts was here addressed. Polydatin was selected as a template polyphenol due to its relatively high size and amphiphilic character. Different MIPs were synthesized to explore preferential interactions between the functional monomers and the template molecule. The effect of solvent polarity on the molecular imprinting efficiency, namely owing to hydrophobic interactions, was also assessed. Precipitation and suspension polymerization were examined as a possible way to change MIPs morphology and performance. Solid phase extraction and batch/continuous sorption processes were used to evaluate the polyphenols uptake/release in individual/competitive assays. Among the prepared MIPs, a suspension polymerization synthesized material, with 4-vinylpyridine as the functional monomer and water/methanol as solvent, showed a superior performance. The underlying cause of such a significant outcome is the likely surface imprinting process caused by the amphiphilic properties of polydatin. The uptake and subsequent selective release of polyphenols present in natural extracts was successfully demonstrated, considering a red wine solution as a case study. However, hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions are inevitable (especially with complex natural extracts) and the tuning of the polarity of the solvents is an important issue for the isolation of the different polyphenols.
Retrofits for Energy Efficient Office Buildings: Integration of Optimized Photovoltaics in the Form of Responsive Shading Devices
Authors: Abdullah Hardi , Alibaba Halil
Published: November 2017

This study presents a retrofit strategy: integrating optimized photovoltaics (PV) in the form of responsive shading devices using a dual-axis solar tracking system. A prototype-based model was fabricated to compare the efficiency of PV in this implementation with the conventional fixed installation. The office building, T1 Empire World in Erbil, was selected as a retrofit case study and for the application of the proposed integration system. In order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed retrofit method, the energy performance of the base case is simulated to be compared later with the energy performance simulations after the integration technique. The amount of generated electricity from the PV surfaces of the integrated shading elements is calculated. The energy simulations were performed using OpenStudio® (NREL, Washington, DC, USA), EnergyPlusTM (NREL, Washington, DC, USA), and Grasshopper/ Ladybug tools in which the essential results were recorded for the baseline reference, as well as the energy performance of the retrofitted building. The results emphasize that the PV-integrated responsive shading devices can maximize the efficiency of PV cells by 36.8% in comparison to the fixed installation. The integrated system can provide approximately 15.39% of the electricity demand for operating the building. This retrofit method has reduced the total site energy consumption by 33.2% compared to the existing building performance. Total electricity end-use of the various utilities was lowered by 33.5%, and the total natural gas end-use of heating demand was reduced by 30.9%. Therefore, the percentage reduction in electricity cooling demand in July and August is 42.7% due to minimizing the heat gain in summer through blocking the sun’s harsh rays from penetrating into interior spaces of the building. In general, this system has multiple benefits, starting with being extremely efficient and viable in generating sustainable alternative energy—which is the global growing concern of today’s sustainable development—providing thermal comfort for occupants, and granting a dynamic appearance to the building when the PV-integrated elements rotate according to the sun’s position in the sky.
Family Involvement and Sustainable Family Business: Analysing Their Effects on Diversification Strategies
Authors: Herrero Ines
Published: November 2017

Recent studies have noted that traditional agency theory and risk attitudes differ when firms are small and have a family character. In this work, we provide new insights with respect to the effect that the family role and the different types of risk exert on diversification strategies. We provide a different view on the effect that the number of generations and having a family manager exert on diversification attitudes and we analyse the concept of family involvement for small family firms and the moderating role it has in the relationship between the different types of risk and diversification decisions. By using a behavioural model analysis and a set of fishing firms to test our hypotheses, our results corroborate the importance of family variables on the behaviour of small family firms and how these firms avoid risk under certain stable conditions while take riskier decisions when sustainability and survivability is menaced by unstable environments. We not only provide theoretical reasons that help to the understanding of diversification decisions of small family firms but we also draw some specific conclusions that will help fishery managers to achieve more sustainable fisheries by a better understanding of fishers behaviours.
Characterization and Potential Use of Biochar for the Remediation of Coal Mine Waste Containing Efflorescent Salts
Authors: Muegue Luis Carlos Díaz , González Julio César Arranz , Mesa Gustavo Peñuela
Published: November 2017

In open pit coal mining, soil and vegetation are removed prior to the start of mining activities, causing physical, chemical, and microbiological changes to the soil and landscape. The present work shows the results of an integrated study of the remediation of mine waste with a high level of salt contamination in areas of the Cesar Department (Colombia), employing biochar as an amendment. Physical-chemical properties including Munsell color, texture, pH, electrical conductivity, water-holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, metal content, organic carbon, sulfates, extractable P, and total nitrogen were characterized both in the soils contaminated with mine residues and the biochar sample. A high concentration of sulfates, calcium, iron, and aluminum and a significant presence of Na, followed by minor amounts of Mg, K, Cu, and Mn, were observed in efflorescent salts. X-ray diffraction indicated a high presence of quartz and gypsum and the absence of pyrite and Schwertmannite in the efflorescent salt, while showing broad peaks belonging to graphene sheets in the biochar sample. Soil remediation was evaluated in Petri dish seed germination bioassays using Brachiaria decumbens. Biochar was shown to be effective in the improvement of pH, and positively influenced the germination percentage and root length of Brachiaria grass seeds.
Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Oliveira Jaqueline , Figueiredo Poliana , Costa Galileu , Assis Felipe , Drumond Betânia , Da Fonseca Flávio , Nogueira Maurício , Kroon Erna , Trindade Giliane
Published: November 2017

The orthopoxviruses (OPV) comprise several emerging viruses with great importance to human and veterinary medicine, including vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. Historically, VACV is the most comprehensively studied virus, however, its origin and natural hosts remain unknown. VACV was the primary component of the smallpox vaccine, largely used during the smallpox eradication campaign. After smallpox was declared eradicated, the vaccination that conferred immunity to OPV was discontinued, favoring a new contingent of susceptible individuals to OPV. VACV infections occur naturally after direct contact with infected dairy cattle, in recently vaccinated individuals, or through alternative routes of exposure. In Brazil, VACV outbreaks are frequently reported in rural areas, affecting mainly farm animals and humans. Recent studies have shown the role of wildlife in the VACV transmission chain, exploring the role of wild rodents as reservoirs that facilitate VACV spread throughout rural areas. Furthermore, VACV circulation in urban environments and the significance of this with respect to public health, have also been explored. In this review, we discuss the history, epidemiological, ecological and clinical aspects of natural VACV infections in Brazil, also highlighting alternative routes of VACV transmission, the factors involved in susceptibility to infection, and the natural history of the disease in humans and animals, and the potential for dissemination to urban environments.
Emerging Models of the Eventful City
Authors: Richards Greg
Published: November 2017

Cities around the world are increasingly using events as a tool to generate a wide range of effects, including image enhancement, income generation, and social cohesion. However, the use of events as an urban policy tool is hampered by the fact that events themselves also have their
own objectives, such as making a profit or advancing the agenda of national and international organizations. In some cases, the objectives of the events and the city may coincide, but in other cases, they may not. Therefore, for cities there is a growing challenge in coordinating their events
program in order to maximize the benefits for the city as a whole, while also supporting individual events. Many cities have already developed specific events policies and support mechanisms, but these tend to treat events as individual occurrences, rather than as an integral part of the urban
ecology. Richards and Palmer have argued that the "eventful city" needs to take a strategic, holistic view of its events portfolio in order to move from being a city full of events to developing "eventfulness." This article considers how some cities are developing more holistic approaches
to event policy and eventfulness. In reviewing the events policies of cities worldwide, it identifies three emerging policy models: event-centric policy, sector-centric policy, and network-centric policy. The article further considers the implications of these different models for events and
events policies in cities.
Cloudless Atmospheres for Young Low-gravity Substellar Objects
Authors: Tremblin P. , Chabrier G. , Baraffe I. , Liu Michael. C. , Magnier E. A. , Lagage P.-O. , Oliveira C. Alves de , Burgasser A. J. , Amundsen D. S. , Drummond B.
Published: November 2017

Atmospheric modeling of low-gravity (VL-G) young brown dwarfs remains challenging. The presence of very thick clouds is a possible source of this challenge, because of their extremely red near-infrared (NIR) spectra, but no cloud models provide a good fit to the data with a radius compatible with the evolutionary models for these objects. We show that cloudless atmospheres assuming a temperature gradient reduction caused by fingering convection provide a very good model to match the observed VL-G NIR spectra. The sequence of extremely red colors in the NIR for atmospheres with effective temperatures from ∼2000 K down to ∼1200 K is very well reproduced with predicted radii typical of young low-gravity objects. Future observations with NIRSPEC and MIRI on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will provide more constraints in the mid-infrared, helping to confirm or refute whether or not the NIR reddening is caused by fingering convection. We suggest that the presence or absence of clouds will be directly determined by the silicate absorption features that can be observed with MIRI. JWST will therefore be able to better characterize the atmosphere of these hot young brown dwarfs and their low-gravity exoplanet analogs.
A Forecast for the Detection of the Power Asymmetry from Galaxy Surveys
Authors: Zhai Zhongxu , Blanton Michael R.
Published: November 2017

We investigate the possibility of detecting a hemispherical power asymmetry in redshift surveys that is similar to that first reported in cosmic microwave background observations. We assume the hemispherical asymmetry arises from a linear gradient in comoving coordinates in the perturbation amplitude. We predict the resulting clustering of galaxy or galaxy cluster tracers using an excursion set approach; doing so accounts for the variation of both the underlying clustering and the tracer bias. Based on the predicted variation of the clustering of tracers, we perform a Fisher matrix forecast of the galaxy clustering amplitude and calculate the statistical significance for ideal surveys and planned surveys. The results indicate that the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) galaxy survey would be able to detect this signal with higher than 3σ significance if the asymmetry does exist. We also investigate the amplitude and scale dependence of the above result. The DESI galaxy survey can probe the dipole amplitude higher than 0.04, which correspond to a ±4% difference of the temperature fluctuation along and opposite the dipole direction, at least at the 2σ level. Additionally, we investigate a modulation of the power spectrum that exhibits asymmetry only for large scales. This modulation is potentially detectable. For Milky Way galaxy mass tracers, the scale-dependent modulation yields a larger change in the large-scale power spectrum than it does a scale-independent modulation because the former does not alter the bias.
Numerical Simulations of Flare-productive Active Regions: δ-sunspots, Sheared Polarity Inversion Lines, Energy Storage, and Predictions
Authors: Toriumi Shin , Takasao Shinsuke
Published: November 2017

Solar active regions (ARs) that produce strong flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are known to have a relatively high non-potentiality and are characterized by δ-sunspots and sheared magnetic structures. In this study, we conduct a series of flux emergence simulations from the convection zone to the corona and model four types of active regions that have been observationally suggested to cause strong flares, namely the spot–spot, spot–satellite, quadrupole, and inter-AR cases. As a result, we confirm that δ-spot formation is due to the complex geometry and interaction of emerging magnetic fields, and we find that the strong-field, high-gradient, highly sheared polarity inversion line (PIL) is created by the combined effect of the advection, stretching, and compression of magnetic fields. We show that free magnetic energy builds up in the form of a current sheet above the PIL. It is also revealed that photospheric magnetic parameters that predict flare eruptions reflect the stored free energy with high accuracy, while CME-predicting parameters indicate the magnetic relationship between flaring zones and entire ARs.
Elevated Psychosocial Stress at Work in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Richter Jutta G. , Muth Thomas , Li Jian , Brinks Ralph , Chehab Gamal , Koch Tobias , Siegrist Johannes , Angerer Peter , Huscher Dörte , Schneider Matthias
Published: November 2017

Objective.

Psychosocial stress at work not only affects the healthy working population, but also workers with chronic diseases. We aimed to investigate the psychosocial work stress levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

A cross-sectional study applied the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire — an internationally established instrument that measures work stress — to patients with SLE and RA who were capable of work and to a group of controls without these diseases. Participants were recruited through rheumatologists in private practices, hospitals, and from self-help groups by personal communication, paper-based flyers, and online advertisements. Because very few studies tested the ERI’s applicability in patient groups, with a lack of evidence in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases, internal consistency and construct validity of the ERI measure were evaluated.

Results.

Data came from 270 patients with RA and 247 with SLE, and 178 controls. Patients showed elevated psychosocial stress at work compared to controls. Across the total sample and all groups, satisfactory internal consistencies of the scales effort, reward, and overcommitment were obtained (Cronbach’s alpha coefficients > 0.70), and confirmatory factor analysis replicated the theoretical structure of the ERI model (goodness-of-fit index > 0.80).

Conclusion.

We found elevated psychosocial stress at work in patients with SLE and RA compared to controls by applying the ERI model. Despite some heterogeneity in the sample, we achieved satisfactory psychometric properties of the ERI questionnaire. Our results suggest that the ERI questionnaire is a psychometrically useful tool to be implemented in epidemiological studies of employed patients with SLE and RA.
Les significations sociales de la palatalisation/affrication à Marseille : processus ségrégatifs et changement linguistique
Authors: Spini Mathilde , Trimaille Cyril
Published: November 2017

De précédents travaux ont permis de dégager différentes façons de parler le français à Marseille, caractérisées par plusieurs traits. Parmi ceux-ci, l’affrication/palatalisation des dentales /t/ et /d/ semble être un trait largement partagé, et n’être donc pas limitée au seul « accent des quartiers nord », qui serait l’apanage de jeunes des quartiers populaires de la ville. L’observation de la production et de la perception de ce trait auprès de locuteurs de milieux sociaux différenciés semble montrer que sa distribution est plus complexe que prévu – ce qui témoigne sans doute d’importants changements en cours – et que sa signification sociale, loin d’être univoque, dépend beaucoup de la légitimité des locuteurs. Grâce à une enquête de terrain, à l’analyse de productions et de discours épilinguistiques, cet article essaie de montrer en quoi ce trait phonétique a priori stigmatisé est en fait révélateur de processus de changements sociaux et linguistiques, liés aux changements de la ville elle-même.
La mise en œuvre de processus d’ingénierie normative comme réponse à la tétranormalisation. Cas du secteur des complémentaires santé
Authors: Cappelletti Laurent , Dufour Nicolas
Published: November 2017

L’objet de cet article est d’envisager dans quelle mesure la problématique de la tétranormalisation, par les différentes sources de règlementation qu’elle implique, contribue à inciter les mutuelles à mettre en œuvre des processus d’ingénierie normative. En prenant le cas d’une recherche-intervention dans le secteur mutualiste français, nous insistons sur la nécessité de prendre en compte l’apport d’une politique de conformité répondant à la tétranormalisation et visant à structurer tant les contrôles que l’organisation.
Le territoire : de nouvelles opportunités pour la fonction RH ?
Authors: Colin Thierry , Mercier Estelle
Published: November 2017

La prise en compte de la dimension territoriale offre à la fonction RH de nouvelles opportunités d’action. Une alternative semble se dessiner entre une gestion « territorialisée » des RH qui ne ferait qu’élargir le périmètre d’action du DRH sans en modifier le contenu et une gestion des RH « territoriale » correspondant à un nouveau modèle de GRH. Cette alternative est questionnée au regard d’une enquête prospective menée auprès de DRH de la région Grand Est. Les résultats montrent une vision contrastée des professionnels sur les opportunités offertes par le territoire. Ils sont analysés et mis en perspective au regard de la littérature existante et de la méthodologie prospective utilisée.
Figures et politiques du pardon au Rwanda. Musha, une communauté déchirée
Authors: Guillou Benoît
Published: November 2017

Le thème du pardon renvoie à des pratiques sociales très différentes, voire contradictoires. S’agissant du Rwanda, il est convoqué par de nombreux acteurs religieux et politiques dans la perspective de construire de l’unité nationale. Seront observés, à partir d’une paroisse catholique rurale, les discours et les pratiques qui répondent aux rapports complexes entre le pardon, l’établissement d’une vérité et l’exercice de la justice. En février 1999, l’Église catholique initie le synode gacaca chrétien, en juin 2002, les autorités politiques inaugurent les juridictions gacaca . Le clergé doit conduire sa politique de réconciliation en fonction de ces dispositifs qui ne sont pas de même nature et qui n’ont pas les mêmes objectifs.
Expliquer le génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi
Authors: Humbert Sylvie
Published: November 2017

Le génocide perpétré contre les Tutsi en 1994 était perceptible et a cependant surpris tout le monde, notamment les planificateurs qui ne pensaient pas pouvoir être jugés : ils pensaient avoir gagné l’impunité en utilisant la masse. La justice des gacaca , juridiction populaire, a contribué à favoriser la vérité judiciaire nécessaire à la réconciliation nationale. Pour cela, il fallait faire se rencontrer les victimes et les bourreaux autour d’une demande de pardon. Il a fallu aussi développer une politique de mémoire. Mais, vingt ans plus tard, les craintes d’un retour de la vengeance semblent ne pas avoir disparues et on s’interroge à nouveau sur la place de l’oubli et du pardon.