bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'honneur d'une langue. Les Roussillonnais et le catalan durant le premier XIXe siècle (1815-1870)
Authors: Berjoan Nicolas
Published: April 2010

Au XIX e siècle, la langue catalane est entrée depuis longtemps dans un mouvement de repli. Des deux côtés de la frontière franco-espagnole, les élites culturelles l’abandonnent au profit des langues officielles. Si elle demeure langue du quotidien pour la grande majorité de la population, privées de normes, ses formes s’altèrent au contact des langues du pouvoir. En Roussillon, comme en Catalogne, des intellectuels s’inquiètent du devenir d’un idiome dont ils craignent, à terme, la disparition. À leurs yeux, sa survie passe par un redressement de son image auprès des élites nationales et de ses propres locuteurs. Ils vont donc tâcher de vanter son lustre passé, et ses capacités littéraires toujours vivantes, pour le constituer en patrimoine qu’il est de la responsabilité des Roussillonnais de conserver.
Le bon usage des romantiques, 1800-1830
Authors: Vanoosthuyse François
Published: April 2010

Cet article a pour objet les débats autour de la langue littéraire dans les trente premières années du dix-neuvième siècle ainsi que les attitudes des premiers romantiques face à la langue. Il montre la situation de double contrainte dans laquelle ils se trouvent, entre les polices d’ancien régime, dont la puissance n’est pas éteinte, et la nécessité d’étendre le territoire de la langue littéraire et de la renouveler en profondeur ; également, entre la rêverie nationale sur le génie de la langue française et les dynamiques de contact suscitées par l’ouverture aux langues et aux littératures étrangères, à l’ancien français, et aux âges pré-ou postclassiques des littératures grecque et latine. La démonstration se fait en deux temps : il s’agit d’abord d’une sorte de panorama, puis du développement de trois exemples, dont on cherche à faire ressortir les spécificités sur le fond d’une problématique commune : les exemples de Stendhal, Lamartine et Vigny, trois écrivains dont l’œuvre prend forme après que Chateaubriand a ouvert « la nouvelle ère », mais avant la grande mise au point linguistique hugolienne.
Le Vers de Pierre Larousse Contribution à une histoire des discours sur la poésie au XIXe siècle
Authors: Gouvard Jean-Michel
Published: April 2010

La critique de la versification classique, qui a marqué de son empreinte le XIX e siècle, transparaît dans les articles du Grand Dictionnaire Universel de Pierre Larousse consacrés aux formes poétiques. La notion de « coupe » est ainsi nettement privilégiée au détriment de celle de « césure » : alors que cette dernière vient couper le vers mécaniquement, la première paraît beaucoup plus libre d’emploi, et permet seule de ménager de subtils effets poétiques. Il en va de même de « l’enjambement » ou du « rythme », étiquettes terminologiques sous lesquelles le GDU place un certain nombre de constructions susceptibles de contribuer à la poéticité du texte. L’ouvrage, influencé par une vision positiviste de l’histoire, avance à de nombreuses reprises l’idée que les auteurs romantiques sont ceux qui ont su exploiter au mieux ces procédés, sans toutefois s’interdire de condamner au besoin certaines fantaisies de « l’école moderne », qui lui semble outrepasser les limites du bon goût. Le discours du GDU s’inscrit ainsi dans un équilibre entre modernité et académisme, une posture caractéristique d’une partie du lectorat de son temps.
Stratégies génériques dans l'écriture journalistique du XIXe siècle
Authors: Saminadayar-Perrin Corinne
Published: April 2010

L’approche générique est indispensable pour comprendre ce que, au XIX e siècle, le journal fait à la littérature, et réciproquement. Cette perspective permet d’abord de saisir ce qui se produit lorsqu’une même forme textuelle passe d’un support éditorial à un autre : la modification du cadre énonciatif, les effets de la co-textualité, les différences de régie paratextuelle entraînent une série de perturbations et de réajustements s’imposant aussi bien au niveau de la création qu’à celui de la réception. Plus radicalement, la circularité entre littérature et journalisme, au XIX e siècle, pose crûment le problème essentiel des frontières du littéraire : dans l’espace hétérogène et hétéroclite du périodique, seule une négociation générique incessamment recommencée peut légitimer certaines formes frontalières et/ou novatrices, mais aussi assurer la reconnaissance de genres traditionnellement attestés. C’est parce qu’il invente dans l’espace du journal une forme nouvelle de poème en prose que Baudelaire mobilise d’insistantes stratégies de positionnement générique, lesquelles en retour révèlent l’originalité de sa démarche créatrice.
Preliminary evaluation of anhydrous ethanol as a solvent in the oilseed extraction of Jatropha curcas L.
Authors: Brossard-González Cecilia O. , Ferrari Roseli A. , Pighinelli Anna L. , Park Kil Jin
Published: April 2010

A preliminary evaluation was performed on anhydrous ethanol as a solvent for the extraction of oil from whole Jatropha curcas L. seeds (32.24 % lipids, 16.05 % proteins), supplied from Mato Grosso, Brazil. The methodology of factorial 2k designs was followed, which included a comparison between pressing and n-hexane extraction methods. The regression model corresponding to the comparison between ethanol and n-hexane, varying extraction time, did not have lack of fit and presented an R2 of 99%. The experimental design for the pressing method, varying press rotation speed and temperature, yielded a poorly fitted linear model. The oil composition extracted with ethanol was similar to those obtained by n-hexane and by pressing. The highest yield (36.7%) was obtained using ethanol for 4 hours. The excess of extracted material was attributed to additional solubilization of impurities that could be diminished by limiting the extraction time to 1 hour. The oil extracted with ethanol and by pressing have the same color. It is presumed that the purification steps for both oils should be similar. Further studies using mixtures of ethanol with small proportions of n-hexane are suggested.
Antioxidant activity of 100% and 80% methanol extracts from barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare L.): stabilization of sunflower oil
Authors: Anwar Farooq , Abdul Qayyum Hafiz Muhammad , Ijaz Hussain Abdullah , Iqbal Shahid
Published: April 2010

The antioxidant potential of 100% and 80% methanol extracts from the seeds of three barley varieties (Jou 83, Jou 87 and Haider 93) was assessed. The extract yields from barley seeds ranged from 3.23% (Haider 93,100% methanol) to 5.31% (Jou 83, 80% methanol). The total phenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 values) and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation of barley seed extracts (BSE) were determined to be 88.1-145.7 mg/100g, 90.8-168.6 μg/mL and 62.6-74.6%, respectively. The antioxidant effectiveness of BSE was also assessed by stabilizing sunflower oil (SFO) with BSE at a concentration of 600 ppm (oil weight basis). The stabilized (treated with extract) and the control (without extract addition) SFO samples were subjected to accelerated (oven heating at 60ºC for 30 days, 8 h heating cycle/day) storage. These were analyzed at regular intervals for the extent of oxidative changes according to the measurements of their contents of peroxide value, para-anisidine value, conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes. Generally, the 80% methanol extract of barely seeds demonstrated better antioxidant action than the 100% methanol extract. The antioxidant activity of BSE was also found to be considerably varied among the varieties tested. The present results suggest that antioxidant extracts from barely seeds might be used to protect vegetable oils from oxidation.
Effect of acidification and salt concentration on two black brined olives from Sicily (cv moresca and giarraffa)
Authors: Romeo Flora V. , Piscopo Amalia , Poiana Marco
Published: April 2010

In the present work the effects of different brining treatments on mature table olives during natural fermentation were evaluated. The considered olive cultivars are typical of Sicily: Moresca and Giarraffa. They were harvested at pigmented state. The carpological data revealed their good quality as table olives. Natural fermentation was performed with or without acidification up to pH 4, and at 8% and 15% salt concentrations. The physical, chemical and microbiological changes in olives and brines were monitored throughout the processing period. The acidification affected and selected the microbial population and maintained the low pH necessary for the hygienic safety of the product. In fact, in Moresca brines,the lactic acid bacteria totally disappeared after 60 days of fermentation while in Giarraffa they maintained their presence in the brines up to 180 days with a value between 104 UFC/mL and 106 UFC/mL, depending on the salt concentration. The microbial population was also affected by the polyphenol content, which was different between the cultivars. The color of olive fruits was greatly influenced by acidification and less by salt concentration. The addition of salt showed a different influence on the studied cultivars, in fact only the chemical analyses of Giarraffa showed a significant difference between the two levels of salt concentration.
Influence of ionizing irradiation on the antioxidant enzymes of Vicia faba L.
Authors: Aly Amina A. , El-Beltagi Hossam E. S.
Published: April 2010

The seeds of Vicia faba L. Giza 834 were exposed to γ-irradiation at dose levels of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 kGy and after that exposed to He–Ne (632.8 nm) or diode (650.0 nm) laser irradiation for 5 min. The activities of POD, APOX, CAT, SOD and GST enzymes were significantly stimulated and this stimulation reached its maximum at a dose level of 5.0 kGy for enzymes POD, APOX, CAT and SOD, but for GST enzyme at a dose level 10.0 kGy. For He- Ne laser, with or without different doses (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 kGy) of γ-irradiation, enzyme induction was significantly stimulated and positively correlated with the dose levels of γ-irradiation in combination with the He-Ne treatment. There was a significant increase in the concentration of MDA and this increase was more pronounced at dose level 20.0 kGy (38.2 μmol/g d.w) compared to the control (3.9 μmol/g d.w). Laser treatment by He–Ne laser or diode laser only caused a slight increase (P < 0.05) in MDA content (4.4 and 5.08 μmol/g d.w respectively) compared to the control (3.9 μmol/g d.w). H2O2 content significantly increased in all treatments and this increase reached its maximum at dose level 20.0 kGy (36.3 μmol/g d.w) compared to the control (2.3 μmol/g d.w.). On the other hand, He-Ne or diode laser treatments combined with γ-irradiation significantly decreased in comparison with γ-irradiation treatments alone. In the case of glutathione content, there were significant increases by γ-irradiation at dose levels 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 kGy. Furthermore, with a combination of γ-irradiation and He-Ne or diode laser, a marked increase in glutathione content was found and was more pronounced than that of gamma irradiation alone.
Hypolipidemic effect of vegetable and cereal dietary mixtures from Egyptian sources
Authors: Rashed Magdy M. , Shallan Magdy , Mohamed Doha A. , Fouda Karem , Hanna Laila M.
Published: April 2010

Hyperlipidemia is a predominant risk factor for atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The international guidelines issued by the World Health Organization recommend a reduction in dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake as a means to prevent hypercholesterolemia and CVD; however, only limited data are available on the benefits of vegetable consumption on CVD risk factors. The aim of this study was to prepare two powder mixtures containing vegetables and cereals and to evaluate their effect in hyperlipidemic rats. The first mixture was prepared from whole wheat, cabbage, parsley and pepper, while the second mixture was prepared from whole wheat, red beet root, parsley and pepper. Whole wheat was used as a source of dietary fiber, while cabbage and beetroot were used as sources of glucosinolates (GLS) and betalains respectively as well as dietary fiber. The chemical compositions of these mixtures were determined. The safety of these mixtures was also evaluated by examining liver and kidney functions. The chemical compositions of the powder mixtures revealed that mixtures (1) and (2) contain 19.1% and 13.3% protein, 2.1% and 2.5 % fat, 69.6% and 77.5% carbohydrates, 1.8% and 1.2% crude fibers, 7.4% and 5.5% ash and 18.3% and 16.8% dietary fibers respectively. Vitamin E was 7.4 and 4.5 mg/100g in mixtures (1) and (2) respectively. β-carotene was 830 and 786μg/100g in mixtures (1) and (2) respectively. Total phenolic compounds were 1910 and 1710 mg as gallic acid equivalents/100g in mixtures (1) and (2) respectively. The results of the animal experiment showed a non-significant reduction in final body weight and body weight gain in rats fed the control diet containing mixture (1) or (2) when compared with different groups. Rats fed the control diet containing mixture (1) or (2) showed a significant reduction in plasma total lipids, T-Ch, LDL-Ch, TG and the ratio of T-Ch /HDLCh in different degrees, while HDL-Ch increased significantly. The studied mixtures showed a hypolipidemic effect, which may be due to the presence of dietary fibers, plant protein, and phenolic compunds.
Intertidal macrozoobenthos in sandy beaches of Bahía Nueva (Patagonia, Argentina) and their use as bioindicators of environmental impact
Authors: Ferrando Agustina , Esteves José Luis , Elías Rodolfo , Méndez Nuria
Published: April 2010

Macrozoobenthos were collected from urban sandy beaches of Puerto Madryn and adjacent areas in November 2005. Multivariate analysis techniques (ANOVA, nMDS, ANOSIM, SIMPER and RDA) were used to characterize the area based on the relationships among biological and environmental variables. The areas affected by outfall of fishery factories and pluvial effluent were defined as “perturbed zones” due to the dominance of the pollution indicator polychaetes Boccardia polybranchia and Capitella “capitata” sp., which are associated with high values of ammonium, phosphates and organic matter. However, sandy beaches located 15 km from the city were considered as “unperturbed zones” because Psammodrilidae and Puelche orensanzi dominated, and they had high values of nitrates and dissolved oxygen. These taxa seem to be good candidates as indicators of clean zones for further studies. This is the first record of the family Psammodrilidae in the South Atlantic.
Faunal and biogeographic analysis of Syllidae (Polychaeta) from Rovinj (Croatia, northern Adriatic Sea)
Authors: Mikac Barbara , Musco Luigi
Published: April 2010

Luigi MuscoThe study of hard-bottom Syllidae (Polychaeta) of the Rovinj area provides an updated measure of syllid species diversity in the northern Adriatic Sea. Faunal research in the coldest Mediterranean sectors may also help to address possible ecological and biogeographical consequences arising from climate change. Thirty-nine species were found, of which 13 are new for the northern Adriatic, increasing the species recorded from the area from 53 to 66. Some newly recorded species are dominant and typical of warmer areas. The lack of previous taxonomic updates is responsible for the high number of new findings. However, the northern Adriatic Sea is possibly undergoing long-term changes, with modifications of diversity due to the establishment of warm-water species. Syllid fauna of Sveti Ivan Island and its bioclimatic affinity are, in fact, unexpectedly more similar to the ones of some southern Mediterranean areas than to those traditionally reported for the northern Adriatic.
Consideration of uncertainty in the design and use of harvest control rules
Authors: Jiao Yan , Reid Kevin , Nudds Tom
Published: April 2010

Harvest control rules are widely used by management agencies for decision-making and for promoting public awareness of the status of marine and freshwater fisheries. Many current control rules combine fishing mortality and biomass-based biological reference points. Control rules were introduced as a precaution against the influence of uncertainty and to decrease the risk of overfishing, but are compromised if the uncertainties of the biological reference points are not explicitly considered. Uncertainty has been widely acknowledged but has not been incorporated into control rule design and application. In this paper, we used a Bayesian statistical catch-at-age model to estimate uncertainties in the indicators of fishing mortality, population size, and biological reference points. We apply this model to the Lake Erie walleye (Sander vitreus) fishery, and by fully considering the uncertainty of the indicators, the risk of overfishing and the risk of the population being overfished can be explicitly estimated in the control rules. We suggest short and long-term approaches to incorporate uncertainty in the design of control rules. We also suggest that control rules for specific fisheries should be designed with explicit consideration of the uncertainty of the biological reference points, based on a risk level that the management agency and stakeholders agree upon.
Deep Ocean Technology at JAMSTEC
Authors: Momma Hiroyasu
Published: April 2010

Since the establishment of JAMSTEC in 1971, several basic and advanced survey systems have been developed to exploit and study the deep ocean. Presently, 4000-m and 6000-m deep tow systems, 2000-m and 6000-m manned submersibles, 3000-m, 7000-m and 10000-m ROVs, and cabled deep seafloor
observatories are in operation. A deep and long range AUV to survey under the ice or hazardous environment, and a wire line reentry system to study crustal deformation process are under development. In addition to the above survey systems, the five-vessel JAMSTEC fleet, R/V Natsushima, Kaiyo,
Yokosuka, Kairei and Mirai supports research activities in all of the world’s oceans. The operating principle for research at JAMSTEC in the next decade is “in depth understanding of the Earth and life”.We will further expand research activities by utilizing basic and
advanced systems, and deep ocean technology to achieve the above goal.
The Coevolution of Undersea Vehicles and Deep-Sea Research
Authors: Robison Bruce H.
Published: April 2010

The evolution of undersea vehicles and the research they enable have been mutually interactive ever since the first research submersible appeared in the 1930s. As scientists gained access to deep water they made new demands of the technology—to go deeper, stay longer, and accomplish
more. Succeeding generations of vehicles, which were additionally influenced by commercial and military needs, grew in complexity, diversity, and size. In concert, scientific utilization progressed from observation, to survey, to intervention. Three distinct vehicle types have evolved, with
each at a different level of development. Manned submersibles have reached a critical juncture created by cost and logistical requirements. The next generation is developing as a class of smaller, more sophisticated vehicles that are less demanding of their support systems. ROVs are also a
mature technology but their use for research is still ramping up. Development is proceeding toward combining the diverse capabilities of full-scale systems, with the small size of low-cost vehicles. AUVs are the most recent evolutionary line, with the greatest potential for rapid technological
advancement and unique research applications.
Small Scale Aquaculture as a Tool for Oyster Restoration in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Brumbaugh R.D. , Sorabella L.A. , Johnson C. , Goldsborough W.J.
Published: April 2010

Since the early 1990s, efforts to restore the Chesapeake Bay’s devastated oyster stocks have focused on the construction of small (∼2 ha.) intertidal shell reefs designed to mimic historic 3-dimensional reef habitat. The reefs are managed as oyster sanctuaries to allow adult
oysters to accumulate, grow, and spawn over time. To enhance the effectiveness of this strategy, the Chesapeake Bay Foundation initiated a, program in 1997 to train students and volunteers to grow large numbers of hatchery-produced oysters for stocking sanctuary reefs in selected tributaries.
In 1998, a significant increase in spat settlement was documented in the Lynnhaven River, a small tributary where volunteer-grown oysters were transplanted onto a sanctuary reef, providing further direction for restoration efforts. Since then, the program has expanded to include more than
500 citizens and 120 school classes on a Bay wide scale. This paper describes the strategy for restoring oysters in two small Virginia tributaries using volunteers, specifically middle and, high school students, to grow broods-tock (i.e., reproductively mature) oysters for transplanting onto
state-managed sanctuary reefs using small-scale aquaculture techniques. To date, volunteers enlisted in a program dubbed the Chesapeake Bay Foundation “Oyster Corps” have grown and stocked more than 250,000 hatchery-produced oysters in Virginia’s portion of Chesapeake Bay.
Small scale aquaculture techniques have provided a simple, yet effective, means of involving the public in a restoration effort designed to increase oysters by a factor of 10 by the year 2010.
The History of Diving within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Authors: Dinsmore David A.
Published: April 2010

As the nation’s premiere ocean science agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has a variety of programs that require research below the ocean’s surface. This research is conducted using a variety of diving methodologies, including wet diving,
seafloor habitats, remotely operated vehicles, and manned submersibles. For almost fifty years NOAA and its predecessors, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Coast and Geodetic Survey, have been actively involved in undersea research. Many of the lessons learned and technologies developed
during this time have been adopted by the recreational, scientific, and military diving communities, thus benefiting divers everywhere. This paper traces the history of NOAA’s two major diving programs; the NOAA Diving Program and the National Undersea Research Program, and highlights
some of the significant accomplishments of each program.
Scientific Diving Techniques
Authors: Heine John N.
Published: April 2010

Many innovations in diving training, equipment, and design, modification, and fabrication of scientific equipment for use underwater have been developed over the past few decades. Scientific diving has pioneered or utilized techniques for marking and mapping sites, making geological
collections, collecting physical oceanographic data, conducting archaeological investigations, and many types of biological experiments, including estimation of benthic populations and fish communities.Scientific divers have also found many useful applications for underwater photographic
and videographic cameras, quadrats and transect tapes, devices for collecting, tagging, and caging organisms, data collection and recordkeeping, and site-marking using epoxies and cements, drilling, and handling chemicals underwater.
Fixed Offshore Platforms for Conducting Scientific Diver Training and Marine Environment Research
Authors: Dokken Quenton R.
Published: April 2010

Through an umbrella program, the Flower Gardens Ocean Research Program (FGORP), scientists and students from Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi and several other Gulf coast universities have been able to utilize offshore oil/gas production platforms as field stations from which
to conduct research and undertake training in scientific diving technology. As a cooperative program with several offshore oils and gas producers, the research and training conducted through FGORP has been effective, productive, and cost efficient.
The Immunostimulatory Activity of Unmethylated and Methylated CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Is Dependent on Their Ability To Colocalize with TLR9 in Late Endosomes
Authors: de Jong Susan D. , Basha Genc , Wilson Kaley D. , Kazem Mikameh , Cullis Pieter , Jefferies Wilf , Tam Ying
Published: April 2010

TLR9 recognizes CpG motifs present in pathogenic DNA and triggers potent immune responses. It is generally accepted that TLR9 distinguishes pathogenic DNA based, in part, on methylation status, where TLR9 binds unmethylated but not methylated CpG. However, we showed that methylated CpG induces potent TLR9-mediated responses when delivered in lipid nanoparticles. In this article, we report that methylation dictates the ability of free CpG DNA to colocalize with TLR9 in late endosomes. However, when delivered in lipid nanoparticles, CpG DNA and TLR9 colocalize, regardless of methylation status. Therefore, it is proposed that the ability of immune cells to distinguish unmethylated pathogenic from methylated mammalian DNA is controlled by a mechanism that regulates TLR9 mobilization and colocalization rather than a differential binding affinity.
Antigen-Specific Immunity and Cross-Priming by Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma-Induced CD11b+Gr-1+ Cells
Authors: Tomihara Kei , Guo Miao , Shin Takako , Sun Xiuhua , Ludwig Sara M. , Brumlik Michael J. , Zhang Bin , Curiel Tyler J. , Shin Tahiro
Published: April 2010

Both innate and adaptive immune systems are considered important for cancer prevention, immunosurveillance, and control of cancer progression. It is known that, although both systems initially eliminate emerging tumor cells efficiently, tumors eventually escape immune attack by a variety of mechanisms, including differentiation and recruitment of immunosuppressive CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid suppressor cells into the tumor microenvironment. However, we show that CD11b+Gr-1+ cells found in ascites of epithelial ovarian cancer-bearing mice at advanced stages of disease are immunostimulatory rather than being immunosuppressive. These cells consist of a homogenous population of cells that morphologically resemble neutrophils. Moreover, like dendritic cells, immunostimulatory CD11b+Gr-1+ cells can strongly cross-prime, augmenting the proliferation of functional CTLs via signaling through the expression of costimulatory molecule CD80. Adoptive transfer of these immunostimulatory CD11b+Gr-1+ cells from ascites of ovarian cancer-bearing mice results in the significant regression of s.c. tumors even without being pulsed with exogenous tumor Ag prior to adoptive transfer. We now show for the first time that adaptive immune responses against cancer can be augmented by these cancer-induced granulocyte-like immunostimulatory myeloid (CD11b+Gr-1+) cells, thereby mediating highly effective antitumor immunity in an adoptive transfer model of immunity.
Blockade of Notch1 Signaling Alleviates Murine Lupus via Blunting Macrophage Activation and M2b Polarization
Authors: Zhang Weijuan , Xu Wei , Xiong Sidong
Published: April 2010

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are found to be accompanied with innate immunity dysregulation including abnormally macrophage activation. But the functional polarization of the activated macrophages and its underlying molecular mechanism during the pathogenesis of SLE remains unknown. As an important local cellular interaction mechanism responsible for cell fate determination, Notch signaling is reported to exert crucial functions in the development and differentiation of various immunocytes, whereas its role in macrophage polarization is not fully understood. In this study, in the SLE murine model generated by immunization with activated lymphocyte-derived DNA (ALD-DNA), infiltrated macrophages in the nephritic tissues were found to exhibit activation and M2b functional polarization. Notch1 signaling activity was significantly upregulated in the ALD-DNA–induced M2b macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ALD-DNA–induced M2b polarization was found to be dependent on enhanced Notch1 signaling through accelerating NF-κB p50 translocation into the nucleus mediated by PI3K and MAPK pathways. Moreover, blockade of Notch1 signaling with γ-secretase inhibitor treatment before or after the disease initiation could ameliorate murine lupus through impeding macrophage M2b polarization. Our results implied that Notch1 signaling-dependent macrophage M2b polarization might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of SLE, which could provide Notch1 signaling blockade as a potential therapeutic approach for SLE disease.
Cytotoxic Potential of Lung CD8+ T Cells Increases with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Severity and with In Vitro Stimulation by IL-18 or IL-15
Authors: Freeman Christine M. , Han MeiLan K. , Martinez Fernando J. , Murray Susan , Liu Lyrica X. , Chensue Stephen W. , Polak Timothy J. , Sonstein Joanne , Todt Jill C. , Ames Theresa M. , Arenberg Douglas A. , Meldrum Catherine A. , Getty Christi , McCloskey Lisa , Curtis Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2010

Lung CD8+ T cells might contribute to progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) indirectly via IFN-γ production or directly via cytolysis, but evidence for either mechanism is largely circumstantial. To gain insights into these potential mechanisms, we analyzed clinically indicated lung resections from three human cohorts, correlating findings with spirometrically defined disease severity. Expression by lung CD8+ T cells of IL-18R and CD69 correlated with severity, as did mRNA transcripts for perforin and granzyme B, but not Fas ligand. These correlations persisted after correction for age, smoking history, presence of lung cancer, recent respiratory infection, or inhaled corticosteroid use. Analysis of transcripts for killer cell lectin-like receptor G1, IL-7R, and CD57 implied that lung CD8+ T cells in COPD do not belong to the terminally differentiated effector populations associated with chronic infections or extreme age. In vitro stimulation of lung CD8+ T cells with IL-18 plus IL-12 markedly increased production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, whereas IL-15 stimulation induced increased intracellular perforin expression. Both IL-15 and IL-18 protein expression could be measured in whole lung tissue homogenates, but neither correlated in concentration with spirometric severity. Although lung CD8+ T cell expression of mRNA for both T-box transcription factor expressed in T cells and GATA-binding protein 3 (but not retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ or α) increased with spirometric severity, stimulation of lung CD8+ T cells via CD3ε-induced secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GM-CSF, but not IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17A. These findings suggest that the production of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules by lung-resident CD8+ T cells contributes to COPD pathogenesis.
Cross-Talk between T Cells and NK Cells Generates Rapid Effector Responses to Plasmodium falciparum
-Infected Erythrocytes
Authors: Horowitz Amir , Newman Kirsty C. , Evans J. Henry , Korbel Daniel S. , Davis Daniel M. , Riley Eleanor M.
Published: April 2010

Rapid cell-mediated immune responses, characterized by production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, can inhibit intraerythrocytic replication of malaria parasites and thereby prevent onset of clinical malaria. In this study, we have characterized the kinetics and cellular sources of the very early IFN-γ response to Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs among human PBMCs. We find that NK cells dominate the early (12–18 h) IFN-γ response, that NK cells and T cells contribute equally to the response at 24 h, and that T cells increasingly dominate the response from 48 h onward. We also find that although γδ T cells can produce IFN-γ in response to P. falciparum-infected RBCs, they are greatly outnumbered by αβ T cells, and thus, the majority of the IFN-γ+ T cells are αβ T cells and not γδ T cells; γδ T cells are, however, an important source of TNF. We have previously shown that NK cell responses to P. falciparum-infected RBCs require cytokine and contact-dependent signals from myeloid accessory cells. In this study, we demonstrate that NK cell IFN-γ responses to P. falciparum-infected RBCs are also crucially dependent on IL-2 secreted by CD4+ T cells in an MHC class II-dependent manner, indicating that the innate response to infection actually relies upon complex interactions between NK cells, T cells, and accessory cells. We conclude that activation of NK cells may be a critical function of IL-2–secreting CD4+ T cells and that standard protocols for evaluation of Ag-specific immune responses need to be adapted to include assessment of NK cell activation as well as T cell-derived IL-2.
Both CD4 and CD8 T Cells Mediate Equally Effective In Vivo Tumor Treatment When Engineered with a Highly Avid TCR Targeting Tyrosinase
Authors: Frankel Timothy L. , Burns William R. , Peng Peter D. , Yu Zhiya , Chinnasamy Dhanalakshmi , Wargo Jennifer A. , Zheng Zhili , Restifo Nicholas P. , Rosenberg Steven A. , Morgan Richard A.
Published: April 2010

Tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin synthesis, is expressed in nearly all primary and metastatic melanoma lesions and thus is an attractive target for TCR-based gene therapy using adoptive cell transfer. The TCR α- and β-chain genes from a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, which recognized the tyrosinase 368–376 peptide in the context of HLA-A2, were cloned into a γ-retroviral vector. Following transduction of PBL, specific reactivity was confirmed by cytokine production following coculture with tumor targets. Experiments using Ab blockade and CD4/CD8 sorting of the transduced PBLs demonstrated that this antityrosinase TCR was CD4/CD8 independent. The introduction of a second disulfide bond between the TCR constant regions and/or creation of a chimeric protein in which the human constant regions were replaced by murine homologs resulted in enhanced TCR expression as demonstrated by tetramer staining and improved tumor reactivity that was comparable to PBL transduced with either anti-melanoma Ag recognized by T cells-1 or anti-gp100 TCR vectors currently used in clinical trials. The chimeric TCR also allowed us to test antitumor function of in HLA-A2/Kb–transgenic mice. Transfer of the antityrosinase TCR into mouse splenocytes conferred CD4/CD8-independent, HLA-A2–restricted Ag reactivity against B16/A2Kb murine melanoma in vitro. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of transduced splenocytes mediated B16/A2Kb melanoma tumor regression in lymphodepleted mice, and, surprisingly, both CD8 and CD4 T cells were equally effective in mediating tumor regression. These results suggest that this highly active tyrosinase-specific TCR could be of value in adoptive cell transfer for melanoma.
Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis: A Fatal Neurological Complication of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Nudelman Rodolfo Jose , Rosen Daniel Gustavo , Rouah Emilie , Verstovsek Gordana
Published: April 2010

Cerebral sinus thrombosis has been reported as an uncommon complication of ulcerative colitis (UC), occurring in up to 7.5% of cases. It is suspected to be a consequence of genetic predisposition and the hypercoagulable state occurring during disease relapse. We report a case of a 23-year-old male patient with one-year history of UC. He presented to the Emergency Room with left-sided progressive hemiparesis, numbness, hemiparesthesia, and pain, which followed a recent exacerbation of UC. The patient died 3 days after admission and an autopsy revealed superior and inferior sagittal sinus and cortical vein thrombosis with associated cerebral edema, hemorrhagic infarction, and herniation. The gastrointestinal tract had continuous cobblestone appearance extending from rectum to cecum, with hemorrhage and ulceration, consistent with active UC. Awareness of this rare complication of UC can contribute to early recognition and attempts at treatment of this serious and often fatal condition.
Genome-Wide Association Studies of Hypertension: Light at the End of the Tunnel
Authors: Hastie Claire E. , Padmanabhan Sandosh , Dominiczak Anna F.
Published: April 2010

Despite its significant genetic component, the study of hypertension by genome-wide association presents more challenges than other common complex diseases. Its high prevalence, heterogeneity, and somewhat unclear definition are the challenges that need to be overcome on one hand. On the other hand, there are issues of small effect sizes and pleiotropism that are not specific to hypertension alone but nonetheless magnify the problems of genetic dissection when coupled with phenotypic misclassification. We discuss issues of study design and summarise published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of hypertension and blood pressure. With careful study design and analysis success is possible, as demonstrated by the recent large-scale studies. Following these, there is still further scope to advance the field through high fidelity phenotyping and deep sequencing.
Simulation of trace gas redistribution by convective clouds - Liquid phase processes
Authors: Yin Y. , Parker D. J. , Carslaw K. S.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. A two-dimensional dynamic cloud model with detailed microphysics and a spectral treatment of gas scavenging was used to simulate trace gas vertical redistribution in precipitating continental and maritime clouds. A general picture of gas transport in such clouds has been developed by examining the sensitivity to a range of parameters, including cloud dynamic and microphysical structure, gas solubility, and the method of calculating gas uptake by droplets. Gases with effective Henry's law constants (H*) ranging from zero to greater than 109 mol dm-3 atm-1 were simulated. The abundance of highly soluble gases in the uppermost parts (top 1 km or so) of continental precipitating clouds was found to be as much as 20-50% of that of the insoluble tracer under conditions where the mixing ratio of the tracer was approximately 5% of its boundary layer value. The abundance of highly soluble gases was approximately 6 times higher in the uppermost parts of the continental cloud than in the maritime cloud, due to differences in wet removal efficiency in the two cloud types. A fully kinetic calculation of gas uptake, as opposed to assuming Henry's law equilibrium, was found to have a significant effect on gas transport, with the abundance of highly soluble gases in the uppermost parts of the cloud being a factor of 5 lower in the equilibrium simulations. The temperature dependence of the Henry's law constant was also found to be an important parameter in determining the abundance of soluble gases at cloud top, with the abundance of moderately soluble gases being as much as 70% lower when the temperature dependence of H* was included. This reduction in abundance was found to be equivalent to increasing the temperature-independent solubility by a factor of 7. The vertical transport of soluble gases could be parameterized in large-scale models by normalizing against the transport of tracers. However, our results suggest that there is no straightforward scaling factor, particularly if small concentrations of highly soluble gases in the upper troposphere need to be defined.
Nitrous oxide emissions from the Arabian Sea: A synthesis
Authors: Bange H. W. , Andreae M. O. , Lal S. , Law C. S. , Naqvi S. W. A. , Patra P. K. , Rixen T. , Upstill-Goddard R. C.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. We computed high-resolution (1º latitude x  1º longitude) seasonal and annual nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration fields for the Arabian Sea surface layer using a database containing more than 2400 values measured between December 1977 and July 1997. N2O concentrations are highest during the southwest (SW) monsoon along the southern Indian continental shelf. Annual emissions range from 0.33 to 0.70 Tg N2O and are dominated by fluxes from coastal regions during the SW and northeast monsoons. Our revised estimate for the annual N2O flux from the Arabian Sea is much more tightly constrained than the previous consensus derived using averaged in-situ data from a smaller number of studies. However, the tendency to focus on measurements in locally restricted features in combination with insufficient seasonal data coverage leads to considerable uncertainties of the concentration fields and thus in the flux estimates, especially in the coastal zones of the northern and eastern Arabian Sea. The overall mean relative error of the annual N2O emissions from the Arabian Sea was estimated to be at least 65%.
Oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 on ice surfaces at 228 K: a sink for SO2 in ice clouds
Authors: Clegg S. M. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The heterogeneous reaction SO2 + H2O2   H2SO4 on ice at 228 K has been studied in a low temperature coated-wall flow tube. With H2O2 in excess of SO2, the loss of SO2 on an ice surface is time dependent with the reaction most efficient on a freshly exposed surface. The deactivation of the surface arises because the protons formed in the reaction inhibit the dissociation of adsorbed SO2. This lowers the surface concentrations of HSO3-, a participant in the rate-determining step of the oxidation mechanism. For a fixed SO2 partial pressure of 1.4 x 10-4 Pa, the reaction probabilities for SO2 loss on a freshly exposed surface scale linearly with H2O2 partial pressures between 2.7 x 10-3 and 2.7 x 10-2 Pa because the H2O2 surface coverage is unsaturated in this regime. Conversely, the reaction probabilities decrease as the partial pressure of SO2 is raised from 2.7 x 10-5 to 1.3 x 10-3 Pa, for a fixed H2O2 partial pressure of 8.7 x 10-3 Pa. This is expected if the rate determining step for the mechanism involves HSO3- rather than SO2. It may also arise to some degree if there is competition between gas phase SO2 and H2O2 for adsorption sites. The reaction is sufficiently fast that the lifetime of SO2 within ice clouds could be controlled by this heterogeneous reaction and not by the gas-phase reaction with OH.
Fractional release factors of long-lived halogenated organic compounds in the tropical stratosphere
Authors: Laube J. C. , Engel A. , Bönisch H. , Möbius T. , Sturges W. T. , Braß M. , Röckmann T.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Fractional release factors (FRFs) of organic trace gases are time-independent quantities that influence the calculation of Global Warming Potentials and Ozone Depletion Potentials. We present the first set of vertically resolved FRFs for 15 long-lived halocarbons in the tropical stratosphere up to 34 km altitude. They were calculated from measurements on air samples collected on board balloons and a high altitude aircraft. We compare the derived dependencies of FRFs on the mean stratospheric transit times (the so-called mean ages of air) with similarly derived FRFs originating from measurements at higher latitudes and find significant differences. Moreover a comparison with averaged FRFs currently used by the World Meteorological Organisation revealed the limitations of these measures due to their observed vertical and latitudinal variability. The presented data set could be used to improve future ozone level and climate projections.
Sensitivity of isoprene emissions estimated using MEGAN to the time resolution of input climate data
Authors: Ashworth K. , Wild O. , Hewitt C. N.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. We evaluate the effect of varying the temporal resolution of the input climate data on isoprene emission estimates generated by the community emissions model MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). The estimated total global annual emissions of isoprene is reduced from 766 Tg y−1 when using hourly input data to 746 Tg y−1 (a reduction of 3%) for daily average input data and 711 Tg y−1 (down 7%) for monthly average input data. The impact on a local scale can be more significant with reductions of up to 55% at some locations when using monthly average data compared with using hourly data. If the daily and monthly average temperature data are used without the imposition of a diurnal cycle the global emissions estimates fall by 27–32%, and local annual emissions by up to 77%. A similar pattern emerges if hourly isoprene fluxes are considered. In order to better simulate and predict isoprene emission rates using MEGAN, we show it is necessary to use temperature and radiation data resolved to one hour. Given the importance of land-atmosphere interactions in the Earth system and the low computational cost of the MEGAN algorithms, we recommend that chemistry-climate models and the new generation of Earth system models input biogenic emissions at the highest temporal resolution possible.
Contributions from DMS and ship emissions to CCN observed over the summertime North Pacific
Authors: Langley L. , Leaitch W. R. , Lohmann U. , Shantz N. C. , Worsnop D. R.
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) made over the North Pacific Ocean in July 2002 are analysed with concurrent measurements of aerosol number, mass and composition. Overall the CCN are controlled by the sulphate, including one case that suggests particle nucleation and growth resulting from dimethyl sulphide oxidation that enhanced CCN concentrations. Hourly CCN concentrations are correlated with concentrations of sulphate plus methanesulphonic acid (MSA) over the entire study period (r2=0.43 and 0.52 for supersaturations of 0.34% and 0.19%, respectively), and are not well correlated with other organics (r2<0.2). One case study reveals elevated mass and number concentrations of ultrafine and fine organic particles due to regional ship emissions, identified through quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS) measurements, during which organic mass concentrations are correlated with CCN values (r2=0.39 and 0.46 for supersaturations of 0.19% and 0.34%, respectively). The evolution of the time series and mass distributions of organics, sulphate and MSA over this timeframe indicate that the regional distribution of small, diffuse ship-sourced organic particles act as condensation sites for sulphur species, resulting in a subsequent increase in number concentrations of CCN. We conclude that, where present, direct emissions of anthropogenic organic particles may exert a strong control on marine CCN concentrations once diffused into the marine atmosphere, by acting as condensation sites for biogenic and anthropogenic sulphur species.