bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viscous corrections on wings in incompressible flow
Authors: Sinhamahapatra K. P. , Basu B. C.
Published: March 2023

Numerical methods have been developed to analyse incompressible viscous flows past three dimensional wings with deflected flap using viscous-inviscid interaction techniques. By using a surface transpiration technique, a panel method for external potential flow calculation is combined with a boundary-layer calculation based on an integral method. For the clean wing case, both three dimensional boundary layer corrections and two dimensional boundary layer corrections are applied in a strip theory sense and compared with experimental results in the literature. It is found that for wings with moderate aspect ratio and sweep angle, viscous corrections at low incidences by the two methods are of the same order. Based on this observation, a two dimensional boundary layer correction method (strip theory sense), including the wake-boundary layer interaction, is developed for the case of wings with a deflected flap of similar planform. Experiments have been conducted to assess the accuracy of the calculation methods for wings with deflected flap; comparison between the experimental and predicted results is encouraging.
Crack tip stress intensity factors calculated by dual finite element analysis
Authors: Allman D. J.
Published: March 2023

Stress intensity factors for centre and edge cracks in finite elastic sheets are calculated from potential energy and complementary energy release rates by dual analysis with simple compatible and equilibrium finite elements. Comparison with very accurate results of other authors who employ special singular functions to model a crack tip provides compelling numerical evidence that the calculated stress intensity factors behave respectively like lower and upper bounds to the exact values. The bound-like character of such results has been reported before in another context, though there are no known bounding principles which strictly apply to finite bodies.
The aerodynamic interference between tanker and receiver aircraft during air-to-air refuelling
Authors: Bloy A. W. , Trochalidis V.
Published: March 2023

Wind tunnel data from a tanker wing and receiver aircraft model at varying vertical separation have been compared with theoretical results. In the aerodynamic model the tanker wing is represented by a horseshoe vortex while the aerodynamic loads on the receiver are determined by the vortex lattice method and lifting-line theory, although an approximate method is used to determine the side force on the fin. In the longitudinal case data were obtained for low, mid and high tailplane positions and, with the exception of the pitching moment results, fairly good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment. The relatively small differences are due mainly to the wind tunnel boundary interference effect which could not be quantified for the pitching moment measurements. The lateral aerodynamic interference was determined by banking the tanker wing and displacing it sideways and by yawing the receiver model. Fairly good agreement is obtained between the theory and experiment for the most significant terms which are the rolling moments due to bank and sideways displacement. The effect of the sidewash due to the tanker wake on the receiver in yaw is found to be relatively insignificant. Over the range of bank, yaw and sideways displacements tested the results are almost linear.
Control of vortical separation on a circular cone
Authors: Mourtos N. J.
Published: March 2023

For conical bodies, at moderate angles of attack, the flow separates from the lee side, forming two vortices. Although the vortex lift contribution is highly desirable, as the angle of attack increases, the vortex system becomes asymmetric, and eventually the vortices breakdown. Thus, some control of the separation process is necessary if the vortex lift is to be exploited at higher angles of attack.

The theoretical model which is used in this analysis has three parts. First, the ‘single line-vortex’ model is used within the framework of ‘slender-body theory’ to compute the outer inviscid field for specified separation lines. Second, the 3-D boundary layer is represented by a momentum equation for the cross-flow, analogous to that for a plane boundary layer and a von Karman/Pohlhausen approximation is applied to solve this equation. The cross-flow separation for both laminar and turbulent layers is determined by matching the pressure at the upper and lower separation points. This iterative procedure yields a unique solution for the separation lines and consequently for the positions of the vortices and the vortex lift on the body. Third, control of separation is achieved by blowing tangentially from slots located symmetrically along cone generators.
30th Lanchester Memorial Lecture - The wave drag of delta wings at supersonic speeds: a recent study
Authors: Drougge G.
Published: March 2023

I felt indeed very honoured when I was invited to deliver the 30th Lanchester Memorial Lecture. I immediately started reading Frederick W. Lanchester's famous and impressive work ‘Aerodynamics’ published in 1907. It was very interesting to read but of course there was nothing to be found about delta wings at supersonic speeds, which I had offered to talk about, partly because I had studied this for the last 5–10 years and partly because Sweden had been developing delta winged military aircraft since 1948 or so. I also know of course that Great Britain had made impressive progress at the same time particularly Dietrich Küchemann and the group around him. I could therefore expect and fear to have a competent and critical audience to face.
Turbulent boundary layers under small harmonic progressive oscillations of the free stream
Authors: Lam C. Y.
Published: March 2023

A method is described for predicting the two-dimensional incompressible turbulent boundary layer on a semi-infinite flat plate under small harmonic progressive oscillations of the free-stream volocity for arbitrary frequency and wave speed. The free stream considered consists of a constant mean on which an oscillating amplitude varying with downstream distance is superimposed. The Reynolds shear stress is modelled by a new single-layer eddy viscosity formulation and.a differential-difference technique is used to solve the governing equations numerically. The oscillatory eddy viscosity formulated is complex, allowing a phase difference between the Reynolds stress and the velocity oscillations. Comparisons between the calculated results and those obtained by other existing methods and measurements show that the method and the turbulence model are satisfactory for a full range of frequencies and wave convection speeds. It is also found that a change in the wave speed has a drastic effect on the boundary layer response.
Identification of time varying modal parameters
Authors: Cooper J. E.
Published: March 2023

The ability to track time varying frequency and damping parameters using on-line versions of seven time domain system identification algorithms; Least Squares, Double Least Squares, Correlation Fit, Instrumental Variables, Instrumental Matrix with Delayed Observations, Extended Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood, is examined. Comparisons are made on results obtained from data generated from various simulated time varying systems, corrupted with both input and measurement noise, as a preliminary step before advancing onto real data. Only the Maximum Likelihood and Double Least Squares methods gave acceptable results on the most difficult data sets that were considered. The choice of an exponential weighting factor is crucial to the performance of the on-line methods when applied to data from time varying systems. The effect of assigning various values of the weighting factor is demonstrated. Further work is required to determine the optimum schemes for defining this parameter.
North Atlantic air traffic control
Authors: Berry Peter
Published: March 2023

In 1989, more than 29 million passengers were flown across the North Atlantic Ocean in 167 000 scheduled and non-scheduled flights. At peak times during the Summer months, a trans-Atlantic flight was crossing the Shanwick Oceanic Control boundary every minute and more than 200 flights were reporting between 10 and 50 degrees West. Traffic counts exceeded 750 flights a day.

The following account describes the more recent improvements to North Atlantic air traffic control, the early introduction of computers to the task, with their on-line data interchange between Oceanic Control Centres and the current computer supported services provided by the Shanwick and Gander Oceanic Area Control Centres.
Advanced technology – constant challenge and evolutionary process
Authors: Schmitt D.
Published: March 2023

Europe has a long tradition in the technical innovation and production of new advanced aeronautical concepts. However the talent to transfer these technical advances into a commercial success was missing. With the creation of Airbus Industrie and pooling of resources for a common product, the concept of a technically very advanced aircraft family which is competitive in the world market has been successfully applied. New technology remains a constant challenge and this paper describes the main axis of research and new technologies which are of interest for future application in civil transport aircraft. A general review is given of the main improvement potentials in aerodynamics, propulsion systems, airborne systems and new materials.
Wide angle diffusers with passive boundary-layer control
Authors: Raghunathan S. , Mcllwain T. , Mabey D. G.
Published: March 2023

Experiments were made on a two-dimensional low speed diffuser with passive control. The passive control consisted of porous surfaces made of holes/slots connected by a breather passage. Passive control postpones the stall and reduces buffet levels in the diffuser. This test confirms that passive controls to prevent flow separation are not restricted to transonic speeds.
Optimal tracking problem applied to jet engine control
Authors: McLean D. , Mahmoud S.
Published: March 2023

In this paper a brief account of the optimal tracking problem (O.T.P.) is given, to show that the response of the output vector of a linear observable system can be made to be close to some desired dynamic response. This optimal tracking problem has been applied to linear mathematical models of the F-100 jet engine for various operating conditions, and the results obtained prove that it is possible to achieve the desired thrust response at each operating condition without violating the engine's operational requirements. An attempt was made to establish whether a single control law, based on the solution of the optimal tracking problem at one condition, could be used with the engine throughout its operating range.
Calculation of support interferences on the aerodynamic coefficients for a windtunnel calibration model
Authors: Steinbach D.
Published: March 2023

An AGARD calibration model has been tested in the subsonic cryogenic windtunnel (KKK) of DLR Köln, model support interferences are calculated in the form of corrections to the aerodynamic coefficients. Two different model support systems are investigated: the model mounted on a horizontal sting (rear sting), and the model mounted on a vertical sting (ventral sting). Since for these configurations earlier experiments already exist, the corrections obtained are applied to these measurements for further verification. Furthermore the sting influences on the longitudinal static stability of the model are investigated in more detail.

A 3D-panel method is used which allows simultaneous calculation of several displacing and lifting bodies of nearly arbitrary shapes in the flow. The aerodynamic coefficients are obtained by numerical integration of the surface pressure distribution on the model.
Performance of improved thin aerofoil theory for modern aerofoil sections
Authors: Abu-Abdou K. , Zedan M. F.
Published: March 2023

The improved thin aerofoil method, which features extended expressions for lift and moment coefficients, is considered for further investigation and validation. The procedure to calculate the singularity coefficients is improved by using all aerofoil coordinates as control points in a least squares scheme. The classical NACA 0012 and NACA 65012 sections, the modern aviation aerofoil LS(1)—0417 and the extremely thick Kennedy-Marsden aerofoil are validated in place of the previously cited Karman-Trefftz aerofoil. This selection covers thickness ratios of up to 27·9%, camber ratios up to 7·69% and incidence up to 16·7°. Comparisons of velocity (or pressure) distributions and aerodynamic coefficients are made with two panel methods and with exact solution or experimental results whichever is available. Results indicated that the accuracy of the extended method is much better than expected and compares well with panel methods except for the extremely thick aerofoil. Additional results in the form of a systematic investigation of a weighted global error in the pressure distribution for the Karman-Trefftz aerofoils used in the previous study, are also included. Such an error shows similar trends and in many cases comparable magnitude to the errors generated by panel methods.
Mach 4 and Mach 8 axisymmetric nozzles for a high-enthalpy shock tunnel
Authors: Jacobs P. A. , Stalker R. J.
Published: March 2023

This study examines the performance of two axisymmetric nozzles which were designed to produce uniform, parallel flow with nominal Mach numbers of 4 and 8. A free-piston-driven shock tube was used to supply the nozzle with high-temperature, high-pressure test gas. The inviscid design procedure treated the nozzle expansion in two stages. Close to the nozzle throat, the nozzle wall was specified as conical and the gas flow was treated as a quasi-one-dimensional chemically-reacting flow. At the end of the conical expansion, the gas was assumed to be calorically perfect and a contoured wall was designed (using Method-of-Characteristics) to convert the source flow into a uniform and parallel flow at the end of the nozzle. Performance was assessed by measuring Pitot pressures across the exit plane of the nozzles and, over the range of operating conditions examined, the nozzles produced satisfactory test flows. However, there were flow disturbances in the Mach 8 nozzle flow that persisted for significant times after flow initiation.
Intermittent fasting and bone health: a bone of contention?
Authors: Clayton David J. , Varley Ian , Papageorgiou Maria
Published: March 2023

Intermittent fasting (IF) is a promising strategy for weight loss and improving metabolic health, but its effects on bone health are less clear. This review aims to summarise and critically evaluate the preclinical and clinical evidence on IF regimens (the 5:2 diet, alternate-day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted eating (TRE)/time-restricted feeding and bone health outcomes. Animal studies have utilised IF alongside other dietary practices known to elicit detrimental effects on bone health and/or in models mimicking specific conditions; thus, findings from these studies are difficult to apply to humans. While limited in scope, observational studies suggest a link between some IF practices (e.g. breakfast omission) and compromised bone health, although lack of control for confounding factors makes these data difficult to interpret. Interventional studies suggest that TRE regimens practised up to 6 months do not adversely affect bone outcomes and may even slightly protect against bone loss during modest weight loss (< 5 % of baseline body weight). Most studies on ADF have shown no adverse effects on bone outcomes, while no studies on the ‘5–2’ diet have reported bone outcomes. Available interventional studies are limited by their short duration, small and diverse population samples, assessment of total body bone mass exclusively (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and inadequate control of factors that may affect bone outcomes, making the interpretation of existing data challenging. Further research is required to better characterise bone responses to various IF approaches using well-controlled protocols of sufficient duration, adequately powered to assess changes in bone outcomes and designed to include clinically relevant bone assessments.
Re-exploration of dietary iodine intake in Chinese adult males using a modified iodine balance study
Authors: Liu Xiaobing , Wang Jun , Li Yajie , Tan Hongxing , Li Xiuwei , Mao Deqian , Liu Yanyan , Li Weidong , Yu Wei , Lu Jiaxi , Yan Junan , Piao Jianhua , Yang Lichen , Guo Chongzheng , Liu Xiaoli , Yang Xiaoguang
Published: March 2023

There is still controversy about optimal dietary iodine intake as the Universal Salt Iodization policy enforcement in China. A modified iodine balance study was thus conducted to explore the suitable iodine intake in Chinese adult males using the iodine overflow hypothesis. In this study, thirty-eight apparently healthy males (19·1 (sd 0·6) years) were recruited and provided with designed diets. After the 14-d iodine depletion, daily iodine intake gradually increased in the 30-d iodine supplementation, consisting of six stages and each of 5 d. All foods and excreta (urine, faeces) were collected to examine daily iodine intake, iodine excretion and the changes of iodine increment in relation to those values at stage 1. The dose–response associations of iodine intake increment with excretion increment were fitted by the mixed effects models, as well as with retention increment. Daily iodine intake and excretion were 16·3 and 54·3 μg/d at stage 1, and iodine intake increment increased from 11·2 μg/d at stage 2 to 118·0 μg/d at stage 6, while excretion increment elevated from 21·5 to 95·0 μg/d. A zero iodine balance was dynamically achieved as 48·0 μg/d of iodine intake. The estimated average requirement and recommended nutrient intake were severally 48·0 and 67·2 μg/d, which could be corresponded to a daily iodine intake of 0·74 and 1·04 μg/kg per d. The results of our study indicate that roughly half of current iodine intakes recommendation could be enough in Chinese adult males, which would be beneficial for the revision of dietary reference intakes.
Effect of temperature anisotropy on the dynamics of geodesic acoustic modes
Authors: Sama J.N. , Biancalani A. , Bottino A. , Chavdarovski I. , Del Sarto D. , Ghizzo A. , Hayward-Schneider T. , Lauber Ph. , Rettino B. , Vannini F.
Published: March 2023

In this work, we revisit the linear gyro-kinetic theory of geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) and derive a general dispersion relation for an arbitrary equilibrium distribution function of ions. A bi-Maxwellian distribution of ions is then used to study the effects of ion temperature anisotropy on GAM frequency and growth rate. We find that ion temperature anisotropy yields sensible modifications to both the GAM frequency and growth rate as both tend to increase with anisotropy and these results are strongly affected by the electron to ion temperature ratio.
Identification of shared and distinct patterns of brain network abnormality across mental disorders through individualized structural covariance network analysis
Authors: Han Shaoqiang , Xue Kangkang , Chen Yuan , Xu Yinhuan , Li Shuying , Song Xueqin , Guo Hui-Rong , Fang Keke , Zheng Ruiping , Zhou Bingqian , Chen Jingli , Wei Yarui , Zhang Yong , Cheng Jingliang
Published: March 2023

Background

Mental disorders, including depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia, share a common neuropathy of disturbed large-scale coordinated brain maturation. However, high-interindividual heterogeneity hinders the identification of shared and distinct patterns of brain network abnormalities across mental disorders. This study aimed to identify shared and distinct patterns of altered structural covariance across mental disorders.

Methods

Subject-level structural covariance aberrance in patients with mental disorders was investigated using individualized differential structural covariance network. This method inferred structural covariance aberrance at the individual level by measuring the degree of structural covariance in patients deviating from matched healthy controls (HCs). T1-weighted anatomical images of 513 participants (105, 98, 190 participants with depression, OCD and schizophrenia, respectively, and 130 age- and sex-matched HCs) were acquired and analyzed.

Results

Patients with mental disorders exhibited notable heterogeneity in terms of altered edges, which were otherwise obscured by group-level analysis. The three disorders shared high difference variability in edges attached to the frontal network and the subcortical-cerebellum network, and they also exhibited disease-specific variability distributions. Despite notable variability, patients with the same disorder shared disease-specific groups of altered edges. Specifically, depression was characterized by altered edges attached to the subcortical-cerebellum network; OCD, by altered edges linking the subcortical-cerebellum and motor networks; and schizophrenia, by altered edges related to the frontal network.

Conclusions

These results have potential implications for understanding heterogeneity and facilitating personalized diagnosis and interventions for mental disorders.
Record of the Nineteenth Conference of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists at the University of New Mexico, 29 July–2 August 2019
Authors: Graham Timothy
Published: March 2023

The nineteenth biennial meeting of the Society took as its general theme ‘Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Saxonists in the Southwest’. The conference was attended by 121 registrants.
Creating New Knowledge with Undergraduate Students: Institutional Incentives and Faculty Agency
Authors: Zvobgo Kelebogile , Pickering Paula M. , Settle Jaime E. , Tierney Michael J.
Published: March 2023

Undergraduate students today face a more demanding and competitive labor market than their parents’ generation. In response, some pursue double majors to signal breadth to potential employers and to improve their job prospects. Some students also realize that a strong signal of workplace readiness is acquiring in-demand skills through independent and collaborative research. In this article, four professors at an undergraduate-focused public university in the United States share their experiences working with undergraduate students on research, focusing on the “supply side” of student research training and mentoring. We discuss how institutions can support differently situated faculty members, who face different career incentives and constraints, to integrate undergraduates in their research. We also address the limits of what is possible for faculty‐student research and suggest ways to overcome them.
THE ECONOMISTS AND THE PRESS IN ITALY FROM THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNTIL FASCISM: THE CASE OF LUIGI EINAUDI
Authors: Pavanelli Giovanni
Published: March 2023

Luigi Einaudi was an authoritative Italian economist and a leading representative of economic and political liberalism in Europe. After the Second World War, he became governor of the Bank of Italy and president of the Italian Republic. This paper analyzes his role as opinion maker from the end of the nineteenth century until the 1920s, when he was a leading columnist atLa Stampaand theCorriere della Sera, the most influential newspapers in Italy at that time. It focuses on the scope and limits of Einaudi’s efforts to broaden consensus in Italian public opinion on the principles of economic liberalism and free competition. To this end, it investigates Einaudi’s journalistic style, his views on the role of the newspapers, and his large following among the public. Further sections analyze the main issues tackled by Einaudi in his articles in theCorriereand the systematic work of propaganda he enacted during World War I to convince the Italian households to reduce consumption and to finance the military expenditure. A final section deals with the “reconstruction program” devised by Einaudi in the early 1920s with the aim of restoring price stability and fiscal restraint, his efforts in theCorriereto propagate this program, and his forced retreat from journalism after the beginning of the fascist regime in 1924–25.
A mixed methods assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to aflatoxin contamination and exposure among caregivers of children under 5 years in western Kenya
Authors: Awuor Abigael O , Wambura Gati , Ngere Isaac , Hunsperger Elizabeth , Onyango Clayton , Bigogo Godfrey , Blum Lauren S , Munyua Peninah , Njenga M Kariuki , Widdowson Marc-Alain
Published: March 2023

Objective:

Identifying factors that may influence aflatoxin exposure in children under 5 years of age living in farming households in western Kenya.

Design:

We used a mixed methods design. The quantitative component entailed serial cross-sectional interviews in 250 farming households to examine crop processing and conservation practices, household food storage and consumption and local understandings of aflatoxins. Qualitative data collection included focus group discussions (N 7) and key informant interviews (N 13) to explore explanations of harvesting and post-harvesting techniques and perceptions of crop spoilage.

Setting:

The study was carried out in Asembo, a rural community where high rates of child stunting exist.

Participants:

A total of 250 female primary caregivers of children under 5 years of age and thirteen experts in farming and food management participated.

Results:

Study results showed that from a young age, children routinely ate maize-based dishes. Economic constraints and changing environmental patterns guided the application of sub-optimal crop practices involving early harvest, poor drying, mixing spoiled with good cereals and storing cereals in polypropylene bags in confined quarters occupied by humans and livestock and raising risks of aflatoxin contamination. Most (80 %) smallholder farmers were unaware of aflatoxins and their harmful economic and health consequences.

Conclusions:

Young children living in subsistence farming households may be at risk of exposure to aflatoxins and consequent ill health and stunting. Sustained efforts to increase awareness of the risks of aflatoxins and control measures among subsistence farmers could help to mitigate practices that raise exposure.
The Impact of Employer Characteristics on Sustaining Employment for Workers with Reduced Capacity: Evidence from Norwegian Register Data
Authors: Ulstein Julie
Published: March 2023

Both literature and public policy on work inclusion has shifted towards the demand-side, which recognises that employer engagement is crucial to increase labour market participation and sustained employment for vulnerable groups. Research shows, however, that the implemented demand-side policies have been less than effective. This opens a discussion about barriers to implementation in terms of relevant employer characteristics. By use of Norwegian register data, this article estimates the impact of employer size and extent of implemented disability policies on probability of sustaining employment for workers with reduced capacity, finding that employer size negatively impacts probability of sustaining employment. Extent of implemented disability policies positively impacts probability of sustaining employment, irrespective of employer size. I argue that systematically considering these characteristics can help identify how and where to improve the position of workers with reduced capacity and discuss the implications for public policy.
Palliative team involvement in end-of-life care for Jewish and Muslim children in Jerusalem: A unique clinical and cultural context
Authors: Shack Avram R. , Fried Iris , Siedner-Weintraub Yael
Published: March 2023

Objectives

Pediatric palliative care services improve the quality of life for children with life-limiting and life-threatening diseases, although little has been published about variation based on cultural and religious factors. This article sets out to describe clinical and cultural characteristics of pediatric end-of-life patients in a majority Jewish and Muslim country with religious and legal constraints around end-of-life care.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of 78 pediatric patients who died during a 5-year period and could potentially have utilized pediatric palliative care services.

Results

Patients reflected a range of primary diagnoses, most commonly oncologic diseases and multisystem genetic disorders. Patients followed by the pediatric palliative care team had less invasive therapies, more pain management and advance directives, and more psychosocial support. Patients from different cultural and religious backgrounds had similar levels of pediatric palliative care team follow-up but certain differences in end-of-life care.

Significance of results

In a culturally and religiously conservative context that poses constraints on decision-making around end-of-life care, pediatric palliative care services are a feasible and important means of maximizing symptom relief, as well as emotional and spiritual support, for children at the end of life and their families.
Explaining Europe’s transformed electoral landscape: structure, salience, and agendas
Authors: Dennison James , Kriesi Hanspeter
Published: March 2023

What has caused the marked, cross-national, and unprecedented trends in European electoral results in the 21st century? Scholarly explanations include social structure and challenger party entrepreneurship. We argue that these electoral changes more proximally result from public issue salience, which results from societal trends and mainly affects rather than is caused by party agenda setting. We use aggregate-level panel data across 28 European countries to show that the public issue salience of three issues—unemployment, immigration, and the environment—is associated with later variation in the results of the conservative, social democrat, liberal, radical right, radical left, and green party families in theoretically expected directions, while the party system issue agenda has weaker associations. Public issue salience, in turn, is rooted in societal trends (unemployment rates, immigration rates and temperature anomalies), and, in some cases, party agenda setting. We validate our mechanism at the individual-level across 28 European countries and using UK panel data. Our findings have implications for our understanding of the agency of parties, the permanency of recent electoral changes, and how voters reconcile their social and political worlds.
Du kannst immer zu mir kommen
Authors: Rietzler Stefanie , Grolimund Fabian
Published: March 2023

Es gibt schöne und schwierige Momente im Leben eines kleinen Bären. Zum Glück sind seine Eltern immer für ihn da!
Ganz gleich, ob der kleine Bär an einem schwierigen Puzzle verzweifelt, sich vor dem Sprung in den Badesee fürchtet oder wütend wird, weil er ein Nein seiner Eltern akzeptieren muss, immer wieder darf er erfahren: „Meine Eltern lieben mich. Ich kann mich ihnen anvertrauen und ihren Rückhalt spüren."
Eine sichere Bindung zwischen Kindern und ihren Bezugspersonen ist die Grundlage für ein gesundes Selbstwertgefühl, einen guten Umgang mit den eigenen Gefühlen und für Resilienz. Solch eine Bindung entsteht in vielen kleinen Alltagssituationen, immer dann, wenn Kinder erleben dürfen, dass ihre Eltern sie sehen, annehmen und auch in schwierigen Momenten begleiten.

Über die Autoren
Stefanie Rietzler und Fabian Grolimund sind Psychologen und Autoren. Mit ihrer Arbeit möchten sie einen kleinen Beitrag zu leisten, dass sich Kinder in ihren Beziehungen wohl und sicher fühlen. Mehr zu ihrer Arbeit: www.biber-blog.com Marcus Wilke arbeitet seit 15 Jahren freiberuflich als Illustrator. An seinem Beruf liebt er vor allem die Vielseitigkeit. Seine kreativen Einfälle sucht er am liebsten in der Stille der Natur und im Garten. Weitere Informationen: www.galerie-wilke.de
Generation of Post Sunset E Region Electron Density Stratifications at the Magnetic Equator: An Analysis Using In Situ Measurements and Theoretical Estimations
Authors: Manju G. , Mridula N. , Sruthi T. V. , Pant Tarun K. , P Aswathy R. , Sreelatha P. , John Rosmy , Thampi R. Satheesh , Aneesh A. N. , Abhishek J. K.
Published: March 2023

Measurements of electron density/irregularities and ion drift velocity/neutral wind were undertaken with Electron Density and Neutral Wind (ENWi) payload on‐board an RH300 flight on 6 April 2018 as part of the Sounding Rocket Experiment (SOUREX1). The presence of a clearly structured ENWi measured electron density profile is an interesting feature observed on this day. Concurrently electron density/irregularities are measured by a Langmuir probe payload which confirmed the presence of stratifications in electron density. The neutral wind measurements by ENWi also reveal a structured pattern. The hodograph analysis of the neutral wind components reveals clockwise rotation indicating downward phase propagation characteristics associated with the gravity waves. Analysis of the requisite ion convergence at the magnetic equator for occurrence of electron density stratifications using the observed electron density structures during the post sunset hours in relation to the ion convergence due to gravity wave winds is performed according to earlier theoretical simulations. This analysis reveals that conditions favoring the formation of stratification related ion convergence are present therein. Thus the present study for first time uses actual measurements of neutral winds and electron densities from same instrument to demonstrate the role of gravity wave induced winds in producing ion convergence at the magnetic equatorial region Trivandrum in the post sunset hours.
Compensating Effects Between Climate and Underlying Characteristics on Watershed Water Loss
Authors: Liu Zhiyong , Miao Beier , Wang Xiaojun , Chen Xiaohong , Lin Kairong , Jaramillo Fernando , Cheng Linyin , Yao Lili
Published: March 2023

Identifying climate impacts on watershed water loss (evapotranspiration) generally involves the interactions with land surface change (e.g., vegetation dynamics and anthropogenic disturbances). Here, we seek to understand the compensating effects of climate and underlying characteristics on watershed evapotranspiration. In this regard, an analytical solution was derived by using a simple water‐energy partitioning framework for separating the individual contributions of climate and underlying characteristics to changes in watershed actual evapotranspiration between 1930–1970 and 1971–2008 over global 87 basins. We found that for the basins with larger increases in the total evapotranspiration, a positive underlying characteristic‐related contribution is dominant, rather than the climate‐related contribution. Tradeoffs (i.e., the compensating effects) between the contributions of climate and underlying characteristics to evaporative water loss were also identified in a few basins where there were relatively large changes in the underlying characteristic‐related evapotranspiration but only a slight change in the total evapotranspiration. This suggests that the climate contribution in evapotranspiration may offset the effect of underlying characteristic‐related changes over these basins, associated with stronger hydrological resilience under the double impacts of both climate and underlying factors. The results also indicate that the underlying characteristics exert greater contributions to the changes in the total evapotranspiration rather than the climate variation, and the underlying characteristic‐related evapotranspiration variations are closely related to the changes in reservoirs and land‐use types of the basins. The presented findings may provide an insightful understanding of interactions among climate, water, and underlying characteristics over global basins.
Automated Machine Learning to Evaluate the Information Content of Tropospheric Trace Gas Columns for Fine Particle Estimates Over India: A Modeling Testbed
Authors: Zheng Zhonghua , Fiore Arlene M. , Westervelt Daniel M. , Milly George P. , Goldsmith Jeff , Karambelas Alexandra , Curci Gabriele , Randles Cynthia A. , Paiva Antonio R. , Wang Chi , Wu Qingyun , Dey Sagnik
Published: March 2023

India is largely devoid of high‐quality and reliable on‐the‐ground measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Ground‐level PM2.5 concentrations are estimated from publicly available satellite Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) products combined with other information. Prior research has largely overlooked the possibility of gaining additional accuracy and insights into the sources of PM using satellite retrievals of tropospheric trace gas columns. We evaluate the information content of tropospheric trace gas columns for PM2.5 estimates over India within a modeling testbed using an Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) approach, which selects from a menu of different machine learning tools based on the data set. We then quantify the relative information content of tropospheric trace gas columns, AOD, meteorological fields, and emissions for estimating PM2.5 over four Indian sub‐regions on daily and monthly time scales. Our findings suggest that, regardless of the specific machine learning model assumptions, incorporating trace gas modeled columns improves PM2.5 estimates. We use the ranking scores produced from the AutoML algorithm and Spearman’s rank correlation to infer or link the possible relative importance of primary versus secondary sources of PM2.5 as a first step toward estimating particle composition. Our comparison of AutoML‐derived models to selected baseline machine learning models demonstrates that AutoML is at least as good as user‐chosen models. The idealized pseudo‐observations (chemical‐transport model simulations) used in this work lay the groundwork for applying satellite retrievals of tropospheric trace gases to estimate fine particle concentrations in India and serve to illustrate the promise of AutoML applications in atmospheric and environmental research.
Bright semiconductor single-photon sources pumped by heterogeneously integrated micropillar lasers with electrical injections
Authors: Li Xueshi , Liu Shunfa , Wei Yuming , Ma Jiantao , Song Changkun , Yu Ying , Su Rongbin , Geng Wei , Ni Haiqiao , Liu Hanqing , Su Xiangbin , Niu Zhichuan , Chen You-ling , Liu Jin
Published: March 2023

The emerging hybrid integrated quantum photonics combines the advantages of different functional components into a single chip to meet the stringent requirements for quantum information processing. Despite the tremendous progress in hybrid integrations of III-V quantum emitters with silicon-based photonic circuits and superconducting single-photon detectors, on-chip optical excitations of quantum emitters via miniaturized lasers towards single-photon sources (SPSs) with low power consumptions, small device footprints, and excellent coherence properties is highly desirable yet illusive. In this work, we present realizations of bright semiconductor SPSs heterogeneously integrated with on-chip electrically-injected microlasers. Different from previous one-by-one transfer printing technique implemented in hybrid quantum dot (QD) photonic devices, multiple deterministically coupled QD-circular Bragg Grating (CBG) SPSs were integrated with electrically-injected micropillar lasers at one time via a potentially scalable transfer printing process assisted by the wide-field photoluminescence (PL) imaging technique. Optically pumped by electrically-injected microlasers, pure single photons are generated with a high-brightness of a count rate of 3.8 M/s and an extraction efficiency of 25.44%. Such a high-brightness is due to the enhancement by the cavity mode of the CBG, which is confirmed by a Purcell factor of 2.5. Our work provides a powerful tool for advancing hybrid integrated quantum photonics in general and boosts the developments for realizing highly-compact, energy-efficient and coherent SPSs in particular.
An aerosol deposition based MEMS piezoelectric accelerometer for low noise measurement
Authors: Gong Xuewen , Kuo Yu-Chun , Zhou Guodong , Wu Wen-Jong , Liao Wei-Hsin
Published: March 2023

Potentially applied in low-noise applications such as structural health monitoring (SHM), a 1-axis piezoelectric MEMS accelerometer based on aerosol deposition is designed, fabricated, simulated, and measured in this study. It is a cantilever beam structure with a tip proof mass and PZT sensing layer. To figure out whether the design is suitable for SHM, working bandwidth and noise level are obtained via simulation. For the first time, we use aerosol deposition method to deposit thick PZT film during the fabrication process to achieve high sensitivity. In performance measurement, we obtain the charge sensitivity, natural frequency, working bandwidth and noise equivalent acceleration of 22.74 pC/g, 867.4 Hz, 10–200 Hz (within ±5% deviation) and 5.6 $$\mu {{{\rm{g}}}}/\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$

μ
g
/

Hz

(at 20 Hz). To demonstrate its feasibility for real applications, vibrations of a fan are measured by our designed sensor and a commercial piezoelectric accelerometer, and the results match well with each other. Moreover, shaker vibration measurement with ADXL1001 indicates that the fabricated sensor has a much lower noise level. In the end, we show that our designed accelerometer has good performance compared to piezoelectric MEMS accelerometers in relevant studies and great potential for low-noise applications compared to low-noise capacitive MEMS accelerometers.
On-surface synthesis of enetriynes
Authors: Cao Nan , Yang Biao , Riss Alexander , Rosen Johanna , Björk Jonas , Barth Johannes V.
Published: March 2023

Belonging to the enyne family, enetriynes comprise a distinct electron-rich all-carbon bonding scheme. However, the lack of convenient synthesis protocols limits the associated application potential within, e.g., biochemistry and materials science. Herein we introduce a pathway for highly selective enetriyne formation via tetramerization of terminal alkynes on a Ag(100) surface. Taking advantage of a directing hydroxyl group, we steer molecular assembly and reaction processes on square lattices. Induced by O2exposure the terminal alkyne moieties deprotonate and organometallicbis-acetylide dimer arrays evolve. Upon subsequent thermal annealing tetrameric enetriyne-bridged compounds are generated in high yield, readily self-assembling into regular networks. We combine high-resolution scanning probe microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to examine the structural features, bonding characteristics and the underlying reaction mechanism. Our study introduces an integrated strategy for the precise fabrication of functional enetriyne species, thus providing access to a distinct class of highly conjugated π-system compounds.
Zebrafish pigment cells develop directly from persistent highly multipotent progenitors
Authors: Subkhankulova Tatiana , Camargo Sosa Karen , Uroshlev Leonid A. , Nikaido Masataka , Shriever Noah , Kasianov Artem S. , Yang Xueyan , Rodrigues Frederico S. L. M. , Carney Thomas J. , Bavister Gemma , Schwetlick Hartmut , Dawes Jonathan H. P. , Rocco Andrea , Makeev Vsevolod J. , Kelsh Robert N.
Published: March 2023

Neural crest cells are highly multipotent stem cells, but it remains unclear how their fate restriction to specific fates occurs. The direct fate restriction model hypothesises that migrating cells maintain full multipotency, whilst progressive fate restriction envisages fully multipotent cells transitioning to partially-restricted intermediates before committing to individual fates. Using zebrafish pigment cell development as a model, we show applying NanoString hybridization single cell transcriptional profiling and RNAscope in situ hybridization that neural crest cells retain broad multipotency throughout migration and even in post-migratory cells in vivo, with no evidence for partially-restricted intermediates. We find that leukocyte tyrosine kinase early expression marks a multipotent stage, with signalling driving iridophore differentiation through repression of fate-specific transcription factors for other fates. We reconcile the direct and progressive fate restriction models by proposing that pigment cell development occurs directly, but dynamically, from a highly multipotent state, consistent with our recently-proposed Cyclical Fate Restriction model.
A flexible organic mechanoluminophore device
Authors: Zhang Qingyang , Xu Mengxin , Zhou Liming , Liu Shihao , Wang Wei , Zhang Letian , Xie Wenfa , Yu Cunjiang
Published: March 2023

A flexible mechanoluminophore device that is capable of converting mechanical energy into visualizable patterns through light-emission holds great promise in many applications, such as human-machine interfaces, Internet of Things, wearables, etc. However, the development has been very nascent, and more importantly, existing mechanoluminophore materials or devices emit light that cannot be discernible under ambient light, in particular with slight applied force or deformation. Here we report the development of a low-cost flexible organic mechanoluminophore device, which is constructed based on the multi-layered integration of a high-efficiency, high-contrast top-emitting organic light-emitting device and a piezoelectric generator on a thin polymer substrate. The device is rationalized based on a high-performance top-emitting organic light-emitting device design and maximized piezoelectric generator output through a bending stress optimization and have demonstrated that it is discernible under an ambient illumination as high as 3000 lux. A flexible multifunctional anti-counterfeiting device is further developed by integrating patterned electro-responsive and photo-responsive organic emitters onto the flexible organic mechanoluminophore device, capable of converting mechanical, electrical, and/or optical inputs into light emission and patterned displays.
A gene silencing screen uncovers diverse tools for targeted gene repression in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Ming , Zhong Zhenhui , Gallego-Bartolomé Javier , Li Zheng , Feng Suhua , Kuo Hsuan Yu , Kan Ryan L. , Lam Hoiyan , Richey John Curtis , Tang Linli , Zhou Jessica , Liu Mukun , Jami-Alahmadi Yasaman , Wohlschlegel James , Jacobsen Steven E.
Published: March 2023

DNA methylation has been utilized for target gene silencing in plants. However, it is not well understood whether other silencing pathways can be also used to manipulate gene expression. Here we performed a gain-of-function screen for proteins that could silence a target gene when fused to an artificial zinc finger. We uncovered many proteins that suppressed gene expression through DNA methylation, histone H3K27me3 deposition, H3K4me3 demethylation, histone deacetylation, inhibition of RNA polymerase II transcription elongation or Ser-5 dephosphorylation. These proteins also silenced many other genes with different efficacies, and a machine learning model could accurately predict the efficacy of each silencer on the basis of various chromatin features of the target loci. Furthermore, some proteins were also able to target gene silencing when used in a dCas9-SunTag system. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of epigenetic regulatory pathways in plants and provide an armament of tools for targeted gene manipulation.