bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Perioperative Nursing Diagnoses Flow Sheet
Authors: Null Sandra , Richter‐Abt Diane , Kovac Jane
Published: August 2006

Traditionally, health care professionals in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of care have used perioperative records that focus on the technical aspects of the care provided (eg, blood pressure, pulse measurements; equipment used) and leave room for only short narratives to document nursing care. Such formats often do not document the multitude of activities or interventions perioperative nurses provide. The question raised at the DePaul Health Center, St Louis, was: “Where do we document our nursing diagnoses and plan of care?” The response was to create a nursing diagnosis task force that investigated the feasibility of a form professional nurses could use in all phases of patient care. This investigation led to the development, implementation, and universal use of a perioperative nursing diagnoses flow sheet within the surgical services department. AORN J 61 (March 95) 547–557.
Illustrated Guide to Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Hruschak Julie
Published: August 2006

Illustrated Guide to Diagnostic Tests Edited by Matt Cahill 1994, 1, 113 pp $39.95 hardcover
Resumes and Personal Statements for Health Professionals
Authors: Clayton Judith L.
Published: August 2006

Resumes and Personal Statements for Health Professionals By James W. Tysinger, 1994, 208 pp, $15.95 paperback
Small Bowel Transplantation
Authors: Brumm Judith , Crim Barbara J. , Scott Corinne , Arms Melissa
Published: August 2006

Small bowel transplantation (SBT) presents a formidable challenge to perioperative nurses. Patients who survive these procedures have difficult postoperative courses with lengthy intensive care stays. They also are at significant risk for graft rejection and long‐term immunosuppression complications. The option for SBT is reserved for patients who other wise face the prospect of lifelong total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Advances in donor and recipient surgical techniques and improvements in immunosuppressive therapies have raised hopes that patients with intestinal failures who undergo SBT procedures will be allowed to resume full oral nutrition and independence from TPN. AORN J 61 (June 1995) 995‐1014.
Barrier Protection and Latex Allergy Associated with Surgical Gloves
Authors: Korniewics Denise M. , Kelly Kevin J.
Published: August 2006

Latex continues to be the material of choice for surgical gloves because it is resealable and flexible, and it maintains the wearer's tactile sensitivity. The use of latex gloves for barrier protection may need to be reevaluated in light of the increasing number of individuals who are sensitive to latex. Hospital personnel can use low‐allergen gloves or nonlatex gloves when caring for patients with known sensitivity to latex; however, only nonlatex gloves may be effective at reducing or preventing anaphylactic reactions. Health care facilities must develop policies and procedures for dealing with latex‐sensitive patients and health care workers. AORN J 61 (June 1995) 1037–1044.
Reducing Employee Back Injuries in the Perioperative Setting
Authors: Garb James R. , Dockery Christopher A.
Published: August 2006

An ergonomic consultant conducted an evaluation of a 14‐room surgical suite that had a high rate of employee back injuries. The consultant made five specific recommendations regarding moving patients, maneuvering carts and equipment, using gallbladder boards, walking on wet floors, and accessing power outlets. Most of the recommendations were implemented and well received. Eighteen months after the implementation of the consultant's recommendations, there was a 25% reduction in the number of back injuries among the OR staff members. AORN J 61 (June 1995) 1046–1052.
How One Chapter Successfully Created a Nursing Research Committee
Authors: Yandrich Terry J. , McDermott Dana , Hensell Mary Grace
Published: August 2006

Establishing a chapter nursing research committee can be a difficult task. Many perioperative nurses have not been exposed to research in their basic nursing programs or received graduate preparation in nursing research. This lack of exposure may result in disinterest in nursing research topics. This article explains how AORN of Pittsburgh established a successful nursing research committee. The committee's process of development and its achievements can be used as a guide for other local chapters that may be struggling with similar issues. AORN J 61 (June 1995) 1062–1066.
Reading Research Critically: Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Research Instrumentation—Parts 1 and 2
Authors: Shoup Anita Jo
Published: August 2006

Reading Research Critically: Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Research Instrumentation—Parts 1 and 2, M. Giuffre, Journal of Post Anesthesia Nursing, Vol 10, February 1995, 33–37,(April 1995) 107–112
The American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: The First 25 Years: 1969‐1994; History of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery: 2500 BC‐AD 1994
Authors: Clamon Janet
Published: August 2006

The American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: The First 25 Years: 1969‐1994; History of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery: 2500 BC‐AD 1994 Edited by David M. Reifler 1994, 493 pp $75 hardcover
Tryptophan metabolism in the central nervous system: medical implications
Authors: Ruddick Jon P. , Evans Andrew K. , Nutt David J. , Lightman Stafford L. , Rook Graham A.W. , Lowry Christopher A.
Published: August 2006

The metabolism of the amino acid l-tryptophan is a highly regulated physiological process leading to the generation of several neuroactive compounds within the central nervous system. These include the aminergic neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), products of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism (including 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid), the neurohormone melatonin, several neuroactive kynuramine metabolites of melatonin, and the trace amine tryptamine. The integral role of central serotonergic systems in the modulation of physiology and behaviour has been well documented since the first description of serotonergic neurons in the brain some 40 years ago. However, while the significance of the peripheral kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism has also been recognised for several decades, it has only recently been appreciated that the synthesis of kynurenines within the central nervous system has important consequences for physiology and behaviour. Altered kynurenine metabolism has been implicated in the pathophysiology of conditions such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related dementia, Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the metabolism of tryptophan and consider the medical implications associated with dysregulation of both serotonergic and kynurenine pathways of tryptophan metabolism.
Minocyclin-induzierter Lupus erythematodes
Authors: Egger  , Gehrig Studer  , Rätz Bravo  , Krähenbühl
Published: August 2006

Wir berichten über eine 18-jährige Patientin, bei welcher drei Monate nach Therapiebeginn mit Minocyclin gegen Akne Arthralgien und Schwellungen an Fuss- und Handgelenken, Photosensibilisierung und ein Schmetterlingserythem auftraten. Gleichzeitig klagte sie über Müdigkeit, Tachypnoe und unspezifische Schmerzen in der Herzgegend. Bei Reexposition mit Minocyclin traten dieselben Symptome innert Stunden verstärkt auf. Der Nachweis von antinukleären Antikörpern war positiv. Nach Absetzen der Therapie kam es zu einer raschen Besserung der Symptome. Es wurde ein Minocyclin-induzierter Lupus erythematodes diagnostiziert. In den Datenbanken der Swissmedic und der WHO fanden sich 267 weitere Fälle von möglichem Minocyclin-induziertem Lupus. Typisch sind Gelenkbeschwerden (Arthralgien, Arthritis), Myalgien, erhöhte Transaminasen und/oder Ikterus, generalisierte Störungen wie Müdigkeit und Fieber, kutane Reaktionen sowie der Nachweis antinukleärer Antikörper.
Interkostale Raumforderungen: Schein und Sein …
Authors: Niemann  , Steinke
Published: August 2006

Aussagen in radiologischen Befunden über die Dignität asymptomatischer interkostaler Raumforderungen sind mit Vorsicht zu treffen. Auch radiologisch zunächst benigne erscheinende Läsionen können sich, wie in beiden vorliegenden Fällen, als bösartig entpuppen. Metastasen eines malignen Melanoms können sich atypisch präsentieren und dadurch leicht verkannt werden. Schwannome im Rahmen einer Neurofibromatose Typ 1 können maligne entarten. Generell ist bei einer interkostalen Raumforderung die Differentialdiagnose eines malignen Tumors immer in Betracht zu ziehen, nicht zuletzt um den Weg für eine adäquate Therapie zu ebnen.
On a ring origin of the equatorial ridge of Iapetus
Authors: Ip W.‐H.
Published: August 2006

Most recent Cassini observations by the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) showed that the third largest Saturnian satellite, Iapetus, has a curious ridge system exactly aligned with its equator [Porco et al., 2005]. Because Iapetus has a large Hill sphere for the trapping of circum‐satellitary material, a ring system might have been present during its formation. A scenario is proposed to describe how the equatorial ridge system could have been produced by the collisional accretion of a ring remnant subsequent to the formation of the proto‐Iapetus.
Quasi‐dynamic modeling of seismicity on a fault with depth‐variable rate‐ and state‐dependent friction
Authors: Ziv A. , Cochard A.
Published: August 2006

Neither the Omori type of clustering prior to and following large earthquakes nor the Gutenberg‐Richter distribution are reproducible by present continuous models. Discrete models, on the other hand, give rise to more complex and closer to realistic earthquake clustering. The objective of this study is twofold: to explore the consequences of spatial discreteness on the distribution in time and space of earthquake activity on a fault governed by rate‐and‐state friction and to examine the effect of interaction between seismic slip and aseismic creep on aftershock sequences. To that end we model a long, vertical, two‐dimensional strike‐slip fault that is governed by rate‐ and state‐dependent friction and is embedded in a three‐dimensional elastic half‐space. Quasi‐dynamic motion on the fault is driven by steady displacement applied below the fault and at distance W/2 on either side of the fault plane. The model is said to be spatially discrete in that the computational cells are oversized with respect to the critical length scale that is implied by the friction law. The model reproduces some of the characteristics of natural seismicity, including the nonperiodic recurrence times and the Omori type of clustering prior to and following large earthquakes. It also produces a wide range of earthquake magnitudes but with a ratio of small to large earthquakes that is in excess with respect to what is inferred form natural catalogs. We examined the effect of a stress step applied on the creeping portions of the model and confirmed that aftershock sequences resulting from stress relaxation on creeping segments decay asymptotically to 1/time. Finally, we discuss fundamental differences between seismicity models employing rate‐and‐state friction and those employing static/kinetic friction.
Radar scattering of the ocean surface and sea‐roughness properties: A combined analysis from dual‐polarizations airborne radar observations and models in C band
Authors: Mouche Alexis A. , Hauser Danièle , Kudryavtsev Vladimir
Published: August 2006

An analysis of radar observations in C band combined with models is proposed to study some of the ocean surface properties and their relation with the sea surface backscatter. The electromagnetic part of the models is of different kinds: composite Bragg model with or without including effect of wave breaking zones on the normalized radar cross‐section (NRCS), geometrical optics approximation and small‐slope approximation model. The surface description is based on the wave spectrum proposed by Kudryavtsev et al. (2003), but tests with the spectrum of Elfouhaily et al. (1997) are also discussed to assess our conclusions. The originality is to use not only the NRCS in HH and VV polarizations, but also their difference in linear units. First, we show that the upwind‐to‐downwind anisotropy of the radar signal cannot be explained entirely by the modulation of Bragg waves by longer surface waves, but that an additional nonpolarized contribution must be invoked to explain it, consistently with scattering from zones of enhanced roughness associated with breaking waves. Then, combining a composite model and observations in the two polarizations, we assess the contribution of the nonpolarized backscatter on the total NRCS. Finally, the proposed full model, which takes into account the nonpolarized contribution over breaking zones, gives good agreement with the observed polarization ratio and with the NRCS in each polarization.
Evaluation of the SeaWinds scatterometer for regional monitoring of vegetation phenology
Authors: Frolking Steve , Milliman Tom , McDonald Kyle , Kimball John , Zhao Maosheng , Fahnestock Mark
Published: August 2006

Phenology, or the seasonality of recurring biological events such as vegetation canopy development and senescence, is a primary constraint on global carbon, water and energy cycles. We analyzed multiseason Ku‐band radar backscatter measurements from the SeaWinds‐on‐QuikSCAT scatterometer to determine canopy phenology and growing season vegetation dynamics from 2000 to 2002 at 27 sites representing major global land cover classes and regionally across most of North America. We compared these results with similar information derived from the MODIS leaf area index (LAI) data product (MOD‐15A2). In site‐level linear regression analysis, the correspondence between radar backscatter and LAI was significant (p < 0.05) at most but not all sites and was generally higher (R2 > 0.5) for sites with relatively low LAI or where the seasonal range in LAI was large (e.g., >3 m2 m−2). The SeaWinds instrument also detected generally earlier onset of vegetation canopy growth in spring than the optical/near‐infrared (NIR) based LAI measurements from MODIS, though the timing of canopy senescence and the end of the growing season were more similar. Over North America, the correlation between the two time series was stratified largely by land cover class, with higher correlations (R ∼ 0.7–0.9) for most cropland, deciduous broadleaf forest, crop/natural vegetation mosaic land cover, and some grassland. Lower correlations were observed for open shrubland and evergreen needleleaf forest. Overall, the results indicate that SeaWinds backscatter is sensitive to growing season canopy dynamics across a range of broadleaf vegetation types and provides a quantitative view that is independent of optical/NIR remote sensing instruments.
Cloud property estimates from zenith spectral measurements of scattered sunlight between 0.9 and 1.7 μm
Authors: Daniel J. S. , Portmann R. W. , Miller H. L. , Solomon S. , Langford A. O. , Eubank C. S. , Schofield R. , Turner D. D. , Shupe M. D.
Published: August 2006

A theoretical approach is used to quantify the information available to retrieve cloud physical properties from data taken by a ground‐based spectrometer measuring scattered sunlight in the near‐infrared wavelength region. Three wavelength regions between 0.9 and 1.7 μm, each containing water vapor, liquid, and ice absorption features, are examined using a differential optical absorption spectroscopy optimal estimation retrieval technique. Cloud properties that can be retrieved include path‐integrated liquid water path and path‐integrated ice water path (PLWP and PIWP), cloud liquid and ice temperatures, and the second moment of the photon path distribution. The accuracy of these cloud property retrievals is estimated for a variety of simulated conditions, with key analysis assumptions identified. The sensitivity of the measurements in the longest wavelength region to liquid water and ice is high, allowing for accurate estimates of PLWP and PIWP under optically thin clouds, while the shorter two wavelength bands provide more information under optically thicker clouds. Observations of mixed‐phase clouds over Barrow, Alaska, are used to illustrate the practicality of the technique. Retrieved LWP values (inferred from PLWP) are compared to LWP estimates from a microwave radiometer and an atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer; PIWP estimates are compared to IWP estimates from a millimeter‐wave cloud radar. Cloud liquid temperature and photon path distribution information retrieved from these data are also presented. Furthermore, we suggest a technique for combining near‐infrared spectral PLWP measurements with microwave radiometer observations to estimate cloud droplet effective radius.
Characteristics of inertia gravity waves over the South Pacific as revealed by radiosonde observations
Authors: Yamamori Miho , Sato Kaoru
Published: August 2006

Using horizontal wind and temperature data with fine vertical resolution obtained by radiosondes, we investigate the characteristics of parameters and propagation properties of inertia gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the subtropics and extratropics over the South Pacific where very few observations have so far been done. Components extracted by a band‐pass filter having cutoff vertical wavelengths of 0.5 and 5 km are analyzed as gravity waves. Gravity wave parameters such as intrinsic frequency , vertical and horizontal wavelengths, and phase and group velocities are estimated by hodograph analysis. The statistics on such parameters are presented for both the stratosphere and troposphere for the three latitudinal ranges 17°–24°S, 25°–33°S, and 34°–48°S. The horizontal wavelengths decrease and increases with increasing latitude south. The dominant values for the Coriolis parameter f divided by are ∼0.5 in the lower stratosphere and ∼0.3 in the troposphere, with little dependence on latitude. The dominant vertical wavelengths for upward propagating waves are longer in the troposphere than in the lower stratosphere. The most dominant direction of horizontal propagation is southward, with a little bias toward southeastward. A case study using ray tracing suggests that the major source of such southeastward waves is located in the upper troposphere. Notable northward propagation of gravity waves is also found in the subtropical lower stratosphere. The source of the gravity waves is considered to be a cutoff cyclone developing in the upper troposphere.
Use of a radiative transfer model to simulate the postfire spectral response to burn severity
Authors: Chuvieco E. , Riaño D. , Danson F. M. , Martin P.
Published: August 2006

Burn severity is related to fire intensity and fire duration and provides a quantitative measure related to fire impact and biomass consumption. Traditional field‐based methods to estimate burn severity are time consuming, labor intensive, and normally limited in spatial extent. Remotely sensed data may provide a means to estimate severity levels across large areas, but it is critical to understand the causes of variability in spectral response with variations in burn severity. To address this issue, a combined leaf (Prospect) and canopy (Kuusk) reflectance model was used to simulate the spectral response of a range of vegetation canopies with different burn severity levels. The key aspects examined in the simulations were change in soil color, change in foliage color from green to brown (burned), and change in leaf area index (LAI). For each simulation the composite burn index (CBI) was determined using the same rules used in the field to estimate burn severity levels. Statistical analyses examined the strength of the correlations between CBI and reflectance in individual wave bands in the 400–2500 nm range and CBI and a range of spectral indices combining pairs of wave bands. The results showed that wave bands in the near infrared (NIR) were most strongly related to the CBI of the simulated canopies because of their sensitivity to reduction in LAI. Spectral indices combining reflectance in wave bands in the NIR and shortwave infrared and red edge region showed stronger correlations with CBI. Forward stepwise regression with two to six terms selected wave bands in these regions and accounted for more than 90% of the variation in CBI.
Chlorine isotope chemistry of serpentinites from Elba, Italy, as an indicator of fluid source and subsequent tectonic history
Authors: Barnes J. D. , Selverstone J. , Sharp Z. D.
Published: August 2006

Chlorine concentrations and δ37Cl and δD values are reported for serpentinites in different tectonic positions on Elba, Italy. Serpentinites from high in the nappe sequence contain 0.01–0.1wt% Cl with δ37Cl values from −0.9 to +1.4‰. Samples with positive δ37Cl values occur beneath gabbro and basalt and are interpreted as having been serpentinized by interaction with seawater. Samples with negative δ37Cl values are in direct contact with sedimentary rocks. These samples were juxtaposed against and/or buried by sediments in response to low‐angle normal faulting on the seafloor, and serpentinization probably occurred by subsequent interaction with sedimentary pore fluids. Most samples from a structurally lower nappe and from areas affected by contact metamorphism lost their original Cl during heating. Low δD values for all samples suggest postserpentinization interaction with meteoric water, but neither Cl nor O isotope ratios were affected by this interaction. Our results demonstrate that chlorine can be retained in obducted serpentinites up to low greenschist conditions and that the Cl isotope composition of such serpentinites preserves a record of seafloor tectonic processes.
Involvement of the SMRT/NCoR–HDAC3 complex in transcriptional repression by the CNOT2 subunit of the human Ccr4–Not complex
Authors: Jayne Sandrine , Zwartjes Carin G. M. , Van Schaik Frederik M. A. , Timmers H. Th. Marc
Published: August 2006

In eukaryotic cells, the Ccr4–Not complex can regulate mRNA metabolism at various levels. Previously, we showed that promoter targeting of the CNOT2 subunit resulted in strong repression of RNA polymerase II transcription, which was sensitive to the HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, trichostatin A [Zwartjes, Jayne, van den Berg and Timmers (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 10848–10854]. In the present study, the cofactor requirement for CNOT2-mediated repression was investigated. We found that coexpression of SMRT (silencing mediator for retinoic acid receptor and thyroid-hormone receptor) or NCoR (nuclear hormone receptor co-repressor) in combination with HDAC3 (or HDAC5 and HDAC6) augmented the repression by CNOT2. This repressive effect is mediated by the conserved Not-Box, which resides at the C-terminus of CNOT2 proteins. We observed physical interactions of CNOT2 with several subunits of the SMRT/NCoR–HDAC3 complex. Our results show that the SMRT/NCoR–HDAC3 complex is a cofactor of CNOT2-mediated repression and suggest that transcriptional regulation by the Ccr4–Not complex involves regulation of chromatin modification.
Targeted deletion of Gpbar1 protects mice from cholesterol gallstone formation
Authors: Vassileva Galya , Golovko Andrei , Markowitz Lisa , Abbondanzo Susan J. , Zeng Ming , Yang Shijun , Hoos Lizbeth , Tetzloff Glen , Levitan Diane , Murgolo Nicholas J. , Keane Kevin , Davis Harry R. , Hedrick Joseph , Gustafson Eric L.
Published: August 2006

The Gpbar1 [G-protein-coupled BA (bile acid) receptor 1] is a recently identified cell-surface receptor that can bind and is activated by BAs, but its physiological role is unclear. Using targeted deletion of the Gpbar1 gene in mice, we show that the gene plays a critical role in the maintenance of bile lipid homoeostasis. Mice lacking Gpbar1 expression were viable, developed normally and did not show significant difference in the levels of cholesterol, BAs or any other bile constituents. However, they did not form cholesterol gallstones when fed a cholic acid-containing high-fat diet, and liver-specific gene expression indicated that Gpbar1-deficient mice have altered feedback regulation of BA synthesis. These results suggest that Gpbar1 plays a critical role in the formation of gallstones, possibly via a regulatory mechanism involving the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase pathway.
TIMP-3 inhibits the procollagen N-proteinase ADAMTS-2
Authors: Wang Wei-Man , Ge Gaoxiang , Lim N. H. , Nagase Hideaki , Greenspan Daniel S.
Published: August 2006

ADAMTS-2 is an extracellular metalloproteinase responsible for cleaving the N-propeptides of procollagens I–III; an activity necessary for the formation of collagenous ECM (extracellular matrix). The four TIMPs (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases) regulate the activities of matrix metalloproteinases, which are involved in degrading ECM components. Here we delineate the abilities of the TIMPs to affect biosynthetic processing of procollagens. TIMP-1, -2 and -4 show no inhibitory activity towards ADAMTS-2, in addition none of the TIMPs showed inhibitory activity towards bone morphogenetic protein 1, which is responsible for cleaving procollagen C-propeptides. In contrast, TIMP-3 is demonstrated to inhibit ADAMTS-2 in vitro with apparent Ki values of 160 and 602 nM, in the presence of heparin or without respectively; and TIMP-3 is shown to inhibit procollagen processing by cells.
Epitaxial growth of Sc2O3 films on GaN
Authors: Herrero A. M. , Gila B. P. , Abernathy C. R. , Pearton S. J. , Craciun V. , Siebein K. , Ren F.
Published: August 2006

Thin films of scandium oxide were epitaxially deposited on GaN via molecular beam epitaxy using elemental Sc and an oxygen plasma. After growth, the Sc2O3 films were annealed at a temperature of 800°C for 5min in the growth chamber. The structural quality of Sc2O3 films, before and after annealing, was characterized using high-resolution x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). AFM of the films revealed smooth surfaces with 0.38nm root mean square roughness and show evidence of step-flow growth. The rocking curve and reflectivity scans of the films reveal that the Sc2O3∕GaN interface is abrupt and that it remains so after annealing. Pole figure and grazing incidence θ-2θ measurements show that the films are very textured along the c axis of the GaN substrate. HRTEM produced lattice images of the Sc2O3∕GaN interface illustrating the single crystal growth of the Sc2O3 films on the GaN.
Linking compaction dynamics to the flow properties of powders
Authors: Lumay G. , Vandewalle N. , Bodson C. , Delattre L. , Gerasimov O.
Published: August 2006

The authors have investigated the flow properties of powders by using two classical techniques based on the shear stress measurements and the count of intermittent avalanches, respectively. Results are compared with measurements of the compaction dynamics. Strong correlations are evidenced between compaction relaxation parameters and free flow characteristics. Those correlations are given by semiempirical laws based on physical arguments. This work opens perspectives in powder technology and the knowledge on granular matter.
How to erase surface plasmon fringes
Authors: Drezet Aurelien , Hohenau Andreas , Stepanov Andrey L. , Ditlbacher Harald , Steinberger Bernhard , Galler Nicole , Aussenegg Franz R. , Leitner Alfred , Krenn Joachim R.
Published: August 2006

The authors report on the imaging of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) by leakage radiation microscopy in both direct and Fourier space. They show that manipulating the intensity distribution in the Fourier plane allows them to selectively image SPP beams propagating along specific directions. Thereby individual SPP beams are made accessible for direct quantitative analysis which is important in cases where the interaction between different SPP beams leads to interference fringes obscuring the individual components.
One-particle microrheology at liquid-liquid interfaces
Authors: Wu Jian , Dai Lenore L.
Published: August 2006

The authors use Pickering emulsions as a model system to investigate the dynamics of charged microparticles at polydimethylsiloxane (oil)-water interfaces using confocal laser scanning microscopy. More importantly, they have explored the potential of developing one-particle microrheology at liquid-liquid interfaces. The complex, loss, and storage moduli of oil-water interfaces as a function of frequency measured from microrheology are compared with those of bulk oils measured from a conventional rheometer and developed bulk microrheology. The nature of the tracer particles plays an important role in one-particle microrheology at liquid-liquid interfaces.
Near homogeneous variation of potentials in large systems and the electronic structure of molecular quantum dots
Authors: Luo Ji , Yang Zhong Qin , Xue Zeng Quan , Liu Wei Min , Wu Jin Lei
Published: August 2006

It is shown from Kohn-Sham (KS) density-functional theory that in a large molecular system, the Coulomb potential, molecular electrostatic potential, and KS effective potential may exhibit an approximately homogeneous variation in space, in response to a small change of the electron number. The homogeneous variation of potentials underlies the constant interaction (CI) model of quantum dots (QDs) and is related to the delocalization and invariance of KS orbitals, the identical shift of KS levels, and a natural definition of the QD capacitance. Calculation results of a fullerene C60 and a single-walled carbon nanotube are presented. Although the homogeneity of the potential variation is not perfect, it seems to lead to fairly good approximation of the CI model to the addition energy spectra of these systems.
Auxin is required for pollination-induced ovary growth in Dendrobium orchids
Authors: Ketsa Saichol , Wisutiamonkul Apinya , van Doorn Wouter G.
Published: August 2006

In Dendrobium and other orchids the ovule becomes mature long after pollination, whereas the ovary starts growing within two days of pollination. The signalling pathway that induces rapid ovary growth after pollination has remained elusive. We placed the auxin antagonist α-(p-chlorophenoxy) isobutyric acid (PCIB) or the auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) on the stigma, before pollination. Both treatments nullified pollination-induced ovary growth. The ovaries also did not grow after similar stigma treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), AgNO3 (both inhibitors of ethylene action), aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) or CoCl2 (which both inhibit ethylene synthesis), before pollination. Pollination could be replaced by placement of the auxin naphthylacetic acid (NAA) on the stigma. All mentioned inhibitors nullified the effect of NAA, indicating that if auxin is the initiator of ovary growth, it acts through ethylene. The results suggest that the pollination effect on ovary growth requires auxin (at least auxin transport and maybe also auxin signalling), and both ethylene synthesis and ethylene action.
The role of root architectural traits in adaptation of wheat to water-limited environments
Authors: Manschadi Ahmad M. , Christopher John , deVoil Peter , Hammer Graeme L.
Published: August 2006

Better understanding of root system structure and function is critical to crop improvement in water-limited environments. The aims of this study were to examine root system characteristics of two wheat genotypes contrasting in tolerance to water limitation and to assess the functional implications on adaptation to water-limited environments of any differences found. The drought tolerant barley variety, Mackay, was also included to allow inter-species comparison. Single plants were grown in large, soil-filled root-observation chambers. Root growth was monitored by digital imaging and water extraction was measured. Root architecture differed markedly among the genotypes. The drought-tolerant wheat (cv. SeriM82) had a compact root system, while roots of barley cv. Mackay occupied the largest soil volume. Relative to the standard wheat variety (Hartog), SeriM82 had a more uniform rooting pattern and greater root length at depth. Despite the more compact root architecture of SeriM82, total water extracted did not differ between wheat genotypes. To quantify the value of these adaptive traits, a simulation analysis was conducted with the cropping system model APSIM, for a wide range of environments in southern Queensland, Australia. The analysis indicated a mean relative yield benefit of 14.5% in water-deficit seasons. Each additional millimetre of water extracted during grain filling generated an extra 55 kg ha–1 of grain yield. The functional implications of root traits on temporal patterns and total amount of water capture, and their importance in crop adaptation to specific water-limited environments, are discussed.
No outbreeding depression at a regional scale for a habitat-forming intertidal alga with limited dispersal
Authors: McKenzie P. F. , Bellgrove Alecia
Published: August 2006

Hormosira banksii is distributed throughout southern Australasia, but dispersal of propagules is thought to be limited. In the present study, the hypothesis that outbreeding depression occurs in H. banksii was tested by assessing fertilisation success and early development of embryos in crosses between populations at local to regional spatial scales. Hierarchical experiments were conducted at three spatial scales with nesting present within each scale: small scale (within a rocky shore population), intermediate scale (regions separated by 70 km) and large scale (450-km separation between two states: Victoria and Tasmania). In each experiment, eggs and sperm were crossed within and between each population located in the spatial scale of interest. There were no consistent patterns of variable fertilisation success and subsequent development within a population or at different spatial scales. It was concluded that outbreeding depression is not detected in analyses of fertilisation success or early development processes in H. banksii. The results suggest one of the following to be likely: (1) H. banksii is capable of longer distance dispersal than previously considered, thus maintaining gene flow between distant populations, (2) gene flow is restricted by limited dispersal, but populations have not been isolated for a sufficient length of time to cause genetic divergence or (3) outbreeding depression is manifested as effects on later life-history stages.
Constructing long-term proxy series for aquatic environments with absolute dating control using a sclerochronological approach: introduction and advanced applications
Authors: Helama Samuli , Schöne Bernd R. , Black Bryan A. , Dunca Elena
Published: August 2006

The possibility of applying absolute dating techniques to annual growth increments from the hard parts of aquatic animals was examined. This was done using the theory of cross-dating, which was adopted from dendrochronological principles. Using two mollusc species as examples, the practical issues of the method were demonstrated. Empirical data were used to evaluate the different time series analysis techniques as follows. Biological growth trends were first captured from original time series using cubic splines. Dimensionless growth indices were obtained by extracting the observed growth values from the values of spline curves as ratios. The common growth signal among the index series was quantified visually and statistically. In statistical analysis, correlations between all possible pairs of indexed sample series and, alternatively, between sample series and master chronology (the average of all other remaining time series) were calculated. It was demonstrated that sample–master correlations were consistently higher than sample–sample correlations. Sclerochronologically cross-dated time series were proved to provide absolute dating of high-resolution proxy records that assessed environmental change in marine and freshwater settings. The wider applicability of the associated techniques is discussed, and it is suggested that use of the term ‘sclerochronology’ be restricted to refer only to material or studies for which careful cross-dating has been successfully applied.
Climatically driven emissions of hydrocarbons from marine sediments during deglaciation
Authors: Hill T. M. , Kennett J. P. , Valentine D. L. , Yang Z. , Reddy C. M. , Nelson R. K. , Behl R. J. , Robert C. , Beaufort L.
Published: August 2006

Marine hydrocarbon seepage emits oil and gas, including methane (≈30 Tg of CH
4
per year), to the ocean and atmosphere. Sediments from the California margin contain preserved tar, primarily formed through hydrocarbon weathering at the sea surface. We present a record of variation in the abundance of tar in sediments for the past 32,000 years, providing evidence for increases in hydrocarbon emissions before and during Termination IA [16,000 years ago (16 ka) to 14 ka] and again over Termination IB (11–10 ka). Our study provides direct evidence for increased hydrocarbon seepage associated with deglacial warming through tar abundance in marine sediments, independent of previous geochemical proxies. Climate-sensitive gas hydrates may modulate thermogenic hydrocarbon seepage during deglaciation.
Evolution of pulmonary surfactants for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and paediatric lung diseases
Authors: Mazela Jan , Merritt T. Allen , Gadzinowski Janusz , Sinha Sunil
Published: August 2006

This review documents the evolution of surfactant therapy, beginning with observations of surfactant deficiency in respiratory distress syndrome, the basis of exogenous surfactant treatment and the development of surfactant‐containing novel peptides patterned after SP‐B. We critically analyse the molecular interactions of surfactant proteins and phospholipids contributing to surfactant function.

Conclusion: Peptide‐containing surfactant provides clinical efficacy in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome and offers promise for treating other lung diseases in infancy.
Thromboprophylaxis of central venous lines in children with cancer: The first steps taken on the long road ahead
Authors: Massicotte Patricia , Mitchell Lesley
Published: August 2006

Approximately one third of children with malignancy and central venous lines develop catheter‐related thrombosis, with the reported sequelae including death, pulmonary embolism, chylothoraces, superior vena cava syndrome and post‐thrombotic syndrome. These complications prompt the design and completion of randomized, controlled trials to determine a safe and efficacious therapy to prevent these thromboses. The authors Ruud et al. have presented a well‐designed, randomized, controlled trial which demonstrates the lack of utility of using low‐dose warfarin to prevent catheter‐related thrombosis in children with central lines and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The difficulties with warfarin in children are again demonstrated in this study.

Conclusion: Further studies are warranted using other thromboprophylactic agents with less or no monitoring and fewer drug interactions, including the newer anticoagulant agents such as direct thrombin inhibitors.
Battle of Systems: Learning from Erstwhile Gas–Electricity and Telegraph–Telephone Battles
Authors: Sawhney Harmeet , Wang Xiaofei
Published: August 2006

This paper seeks to understand how the possibility of a complementary relationship or its lack impacts dynamics of competition between two competing network technologies. It examines the cases of gas–electricity and telegraph–telephone competition. The two case studies suggest that the degree of complementarity greatly shapes the dynamics of competition between an entrenched network technology and a new competitor. When there is little scope for a complementary relationship, as in the case of the gas–electricity battle, the strategists for the new technology have to subvert the old system and build a new one on its ashes since there is little chance of coexistence. On the other hand, the possibility of a complementary relationship, as in the case of the telegraph–telephone battle, allows for the emergence of complex situations marked by coexistence interwoven with competition. These compromise positions, invariably involving re‐negotiation of boundaries, are tempting resting spots for battle weary contestants. As the relationship between the old and the new system evolves, the nature of the complementary relationship changes, especially in the relative power of the two systems, and even if eventually the old system fades away the process is a long and gradual one.
Sectoral Transformation in the Photovoltaics Industry in Australia, Germany and Japan: Contrasting the Co‐evolution of Actors, Knowledge, Institutions and Markets
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Authors: Balaguer Antonio , Marinova Dora
Published: August 2006

This paper studies the evolution of the photovoltaics industry in Australia, Germany and Japan taking a comparative perspective. A modification of the sectoral innovation system framework is used to discuss: knowledge and technologies, actors and interactions, institutions and funding, development of markets and technological structure, as a way to understand the changes. In the process of transition from niche to mass production, national players have specialised in different activities, and the institutions’ building block has been a key determinant. In the case of Australia, it is also the least developed area which ultimately exposes the country to losing its innovation benefits.
Changing Science: The Advent of Neo‐liberalism
Authors: Nedeva Maria , Boden Rebecca
Published: August 2006

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the change process of academic science. The change pressures currently visible in UK science have been conceptualised as the product of three interdependent dynamics: a shift towards neo‐liberal ideologies and discourses of government; a process of reconstitution of the relationship between government and science; and the resulting reshaping of science itself. Focusing on the universities and academic science, we argue that this process of transformation has adverse consequences the end result of which may be a loss of capacity within the science system to maintain knowledge bases.
Media Diversity and Cross‐Media Regulation
Authors: Papandrea Franco
Published: August 2006

Proposed changes to the Australian cross‐media regulation prohibiting common ownership of commercial free‐to‐air television and radio services and daily newspapers in the same market and their likely impact on diversity of opinion are evaluated in this paper. The analysis indicates that the replacement of the cross‐media rules with a minimum number of voices rule will lead to increased concentration of main media and reduced diversity. There is little evidence that the Internet and other new media are significantly displacing traditional media as independent sources of opinion in the domestic market. Also, the proposed number of voices rule is assessed as a largely ineffective and inefficient regulation. Consequently, the paper concludes that while abolition of the cross‐media rules might be an appropriate objective in the longer term, the proposed changes are likely to have undesirable effects on diversity of opinion in the immediate future.
Engineering Organization and the Scientist in World War I: The Search for National Service and Recognition
Authors: Pursell Carroll
Published: August 2006

When the United States entered World War I in 1917, there was no elaborate framework for providing scientific advice to the government. Engineers and scientists struggled to find an appropriate mechanism, but the former found themselves subordinated to a scientific community which sought to dominate emerging structures. At stake was not merely the credit for helping win the war, but also an advantage in the coming postwar definition and expansion of industrial research. Scientific leaders sought advantage by making a distinction between ‘engineering research’ and engineering practice, and claiming jurisdiction over the former.
Ambiguous games: Evidence for strategic ambiguity aversion
Authors: Pulford Briony D. , Colman Andrew M.
Published: August 2006

The problem of ambiguity in games is discussed, and a class of ambiguous games is identified. A total of 195 participants played strategic-form games of various sizes with unidentified co-players. In each case, they first chose between a known-risk game involving a co-player indifferent between strategies and an equivalent ambiguous game involving one of several co-player types, each with a different dominant strategy, and then they chose a strategy for the preferred game. Half the players knew that the ambiguous co-player types were equally likely, and half did not. Half expected the outcomes to be known immediately, and half expected a week's delay. Known-risk games were generally preferred, confirming a significant strategic ambiguity aversion effect. In the delay conditions, players who knew that the ambiguous co-player types were equally likely were significantly less ambiguity averse than those who did not. Decision confidence was significantly higher in 2 × 2 than in larger games.
A Survey of Essential Gene Function in the Yeast Cell Division Cycle
Authors: Yu Lisa , Castillo Lourdes Peña , Mnaimneh Sanie , Hughes Timothy R. , Brown Grant W.
Published: August 2006

Mutations impacting specific stages of cell growth and division have provided a foundation for dissecting mechanisms that underlie cell cycle progression. We have undertaken an objective examination of the yeast cell cycle through flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in TetO7promoter mutant strains representing 75% of all essential yeast genes. More than 65% of the strains displayed specific alterations in DNA content, suggesting that reduced function of an essential gene in most cases impairs progression through a specific stage of the cell cycle. Because of the large number of essential genes required for protein biosynthesis, G1 accumulation was the most common phenotype observed in our analysis. In contrast, relatively few mutants displayed S-phase delay, and most of these were defective in genes required for DNA replication or nucleotide metabolism. G2 accumulation appeared to arise from a variety of defects. In addition to providing a global view of the diversity of essential cellular processes that influence cell cycle progression, these data also provided predictions regarding the functions of individual genes: we identified four new genes involved in protein trafficking (NUS1, PHS1, PGA2, PGA3), and we found that CSE1 and SMC4 are important for DNA replication.
Healing by Gentle Touch Ameliorates Stress and Other Symptoms in People Suffering with Mental Health Disorders or Psychological Stress
Authors: Weze Clare , Leathard Helen L. , Grange John , Tiplady Peter , Stevens Gretchen
Published: August 2006

Previous studies on healing by gentle touch in clients with various illnesses indicated substantial improvements in psychological well‐being, suggesting that this form of treatment might be helpful for people with impaired quality of mental health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of healing by gentle touch in subjects with self‐reported impairments in their psychological well‐being or mental health. One hundred and forty‐seven clients who identified themselves as having psychological problems received four treatment sessions. Pre‐ to post‐treatment changes in psychological and physical functioning were assessed by self‐completed questionnaires which included visual analogue scales (VAS) and the EuroQoL (EQ‐5D). Participants recorded reductions in stress, anxiety and depression scores and increases in relaxation and ability to cope scores (all P < 0.0004). Improvements were greatest in those with the most severe symptoms initially. This open study provides strong circumstantial evidence that healing by gentle touch is safe and effective in improving psychological well‐being in participants with self‐reported psychological problems, and also that it safely complements standard medical treatment. Controlled trials are warranted.