bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Candida peritonitis in dogs: report of 5 cases
Authors: Bradford Katy , Meinkoth Jim , McKeirnen Kelci , Love Brenda
Published: June 2013

Candida peritonitis is reported in people and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality compared with sterile or bacterial peritonitis. Recognized predisposing risk factors include peritoneal dialysis, hollow viscous organ perforation, abdominal surgery, inflamed intestinal mucosa, antimicrobial administration, and immunosuppression. In this report, we describe 5 cases of dogs with peritonitis complicated by Candida spp; 3 dogs with C albicans, one dog with C albicans and C glabrata, and one dog with C glabrata only. The 3 dogs with C albicans peritonitis presented with duodenal perforation due to NSAID therapy, intestinal resection and anastomosis following postspay‐surgery dehiscence, and intestinal foreign body removal. The 2 dogs with C glabrata peritonitis had undergone cholecystectomy due to gall bladder rupture and dehiscence of intestinal biopsy removal sites following exploratory laparatomy. In all cases, initial diagnosis of fungal peritonitis was made via cytologic examination of peritoneal effusions, which revealed marked pyogranulomatous inflammation with numerous 3–8 μm oval, deeply basophilic yeast organisms with thin clear capsules noted within phagocytes and extracellularly. In addition, germ tube formation, hyphae, and pseudohyphae were rarely seen in some of the cases with pure C albicans. Identity of the organisms was determined by culture in all cases and confirmed by PCR in 3 cases. Candida spp. are commensals normally inhabiting the alimentary, the upper respiratory, and the lower urogenital tracts of mammals. They are opportunistic pathogens that can invade and colonize tissue when a patient is immune‐compromised or there is disruption of the mucosal barrier. Candida peritonitis should be considered in patients with peritoneal contamination with gastrointestinal or biliary contents.
Cardiovascular responses to ATP microinjected into the paraventricular nucleus are mediated by nitric oxide and NMDA glutamate receptors in awake rats
Authors: Busnardo Cristiane , Ferreira‐Junior Nilson C. , Cruz Josiane C. , Machado Benedito H. , Correa Fernando M. A. , Resstel Leonardo B. M.
Published: June 2013

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The hypothesis that nitric oxide and NMDA glutamate receptor activation modulate cardiovascular responses to the microinjection of methyl ATP into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was tested in the present study.

What is the main finding and its importance?

The cardiovascular responses that are evoked by the microinjection of methyl ATP into the PVN involve NO production that promotes glutamate release and a subsequent activation of NMDA glutamate receptors in postsynaptic pre‐autonomic neurons, modulating sympathetic nerve activity. Data show new insights into the role of the ATP–NO–glutamate pathway in the PVN in cardiovascular modulation.

We hypothesize that a local ATP–NO–NMDA glutamate receptor interaction in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) modulates the baseline mean arterial pressure and heart rate in unanaesthetized rats. The microinjection of α,β‐methylene ATP [methyl ATP; 0.06, 0.12 and 1.2 nmol (100 nl)−1] into the PVN caused pressor and tachycardiac responses. Cardiovascular responses evoked by methyl ATP [0.12 nmol (100 nl)−1] in the PVN were blocked by pretreatment with the ganglion blocker pentolinium (5 mg kg−1 i.v.). Also, responses to the injection of methyl ATP [0.12 nmol (100 nl)−1] into the PVN were reduced by pretreatment with the selective P2 purinergic receptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulfonic acid [0.5 nmol (100 nl)−1], the neuronal NO synthase inhibitor Nω‐propyl‐l‐arginine [0.04 nmol (100 nl)−1] or the selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist LY235959 [2 nmol (100 nl)−1]. In addition, an injection of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside [27 nmol (100 nl)−1] into the PVN caused similar cardiovascular responses to those observed after methyl ATP, which were blocked by local pretreatment with LY235959. Therefore, the present results suggest that cardiovascular responses evoked by methyl ATP in the PVN involve a local production of NO, which promotes local glutamate release and activation of NMDA receptors that are probably located in pre‐autonomic parvocellular neurons, leading to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
Oxidative stress disrupts purinergic neuromuscular transmission in the inflamed colon
Authors: Roberts Jane A. , Durnin Leonie , Sharkey Keith A. , Mutafova‐Yambolieva Violeta N. , Mawe Gary M.
Published: June 2013

Key points

Colitis is associated with an attenuation of purinergic inhibitory neuromuscular transmission.

In this study we tested the hypothesis that purine release is disrupted due to an effect of oxidative stress on mitochondrial purine synthesis.

Stimulus‐induced release of purines was decreased in inflamed colons.

Disruption of mitochondrial purine synthesis, or induction of oxidative stress, mimicked the effects of inflammation on purinergic neuromuscular transmission.

Treatment of animals with a free radical scavenger resulted in a protection of the purinergic neuromuscular transmission.

Treatment with a free radical scavenger also resulted in an improvement of propulsive motility in inflamed colons.

Abstract  Colitis, induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in guinea pig, leads to decreased purinergic neuromuscular transmission resulting in a reduction in inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) in colonic circular muscle. We explored possible mechanisms responsible for this inflammation‐induced neurotransmitter plasticity. Previous studies have suggested that the deficit in inflamed tissue involves decreased ATP release. We therefore hypothesized that decreased purinergic transmission results from inflammation‐induced free radical damage to mitochondria, leading to decreased purine synthesis and release. Stimulus‐induced release of purines was measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography, and quantities of all purines measured were significantly reduced in the inflamed colons as compared to controls. To test whether decreased mitochondrial function affects the IJP, colonic muscularis preparations were treated with the mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitors oligomycin or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, which resulted in a significant reduction of IJP amplitude. Induction of oxidative stress in vitro, by addition of H2O2 to the preparation, also significantly reduced IJP amplitude. Purinergic neuromuscular transmission was significantly restored in TNBS‐inflamed guinea pigs, and in dextran sodium sulfate‐inflamed mice, treated with a free radical scavenger. Furthermore, propulsive motility in the distal colons of guinea pigs with TNBS colitis was improved by in vivo treatment with the free radical scavenger. We conclude that oxidative stress contributes to the reduction in purinergic neuromuscular transmission measured in animal models of colitis, and that these changes can be prevented by treatment with a free radical scavenger, resulting in improved motility.
Atrial selectivity of antiarrhythmic drugs
Authors: Ravens Ursula , Poulet Claire , Wettwer Erich , Knaut Michael
Published: June 2013

Abstract  New antiarrhythmic drugs for treatment of atrial fibrillation should ideally be atrial selective in order to avoid pro‐arrhythmic effects in the ventricles. Currently recognized atrial selective targets include atrial Nav1.5 channels, Kv1.5 channels and constitutively active Kir3.1/3.4 channels, each of which confers atrial selectivity by different mechanisms. Na+ channel blockers with potential‐ and frequency‐dependent action preferentially suppress atrial fibrillation because of the high excitation rate and less negative atrial resting potential, which promote drug binding in atria. Kv1.5 channels are truly atrial selective because they do not conduct repolarizing current IKur in ventricles. Constitutively active IK,ACh is predominantly observed in remodelled atria from patients in permanent atrial fibrillation (AF). A lot of effort has been invested to detect compounds which will selectively block Kir3.1/Kir3.4 in their remodelled constitutively active form. Novel drugs which have been and are being developed aim at atrial‐selective targets. Vernakalant and ranolazine which mainly block atrial Na+ channels are clinically effective. Newly designed selective IKur blockers and IK,ACh blockers are effective in animal models; however, clinical benefit in converting AF into sinus rhythm (SR) or reducing AF burden remains to be demonstrated. In conclusion, atrial‐selective antiarrhythmic agents have a lot of potential, but a long way to go.
Restricted diffusion of calretinin in cerebellar granule cell dendrites implies Ca2+‐dependent interactions via its EF‐hand 5 domain
Authors: Arendt Oliver , Schwaller Beat , Brown Edward B. , Eilers Jens , Schmidt Hartmut
Published: June 2013

Key points

The dynamics of the second messenger Ca2+ are tightly controlled by Ca2+‐binding proteins (CaBPs).

The diffusional mobility of a given CaBP, such as calretinin (CR), defines how it affects the range‐of‐action of Ca2+ but, if unexpectedly low, may also indicate that the CaBP acts as a Ca2+ sensor, undergoing specific protein interactions.

Here we quantified the diffusional mobility of CR in dendrites of cerebellar granule cells using microscopic methods.

We find that CR diffuses unexpectedly slow, that its mobility is further reduced when Ca2+ levels are elevated and that a distinct region of CR interacts with specific targets in a Ca2+‐dependent manner.

Our findings indicate a new ‘sensor’ role for CR, which may allow for Ca2+‐dependent feedback control of neuronal excitability.

Abstract  Ca2+‐binding proteins (CaBPs) are important regulators of neuronal Ca2+ signalling, acting either as buffers that shape Ca2+ transients and Ca2+ diffusion and/or as Ca2+ sensors. The diffusional mobility represents a crucial functional parameter of CaBPs, describing their range‐of‐action and possible interactions with binding partners. Calretinin (CR) is a CaBP widely expressed in the nervous system with strong expression in cerebellar granule cells. It is involved in regulating excitability and synaptic transmission of granule cells, and its absence leads to impaired motor control. We quantified the diffusional mobility of dye‐labelled CR in mouse granule cells using two‐photon fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. We found that movement of macromolecules in granule cell dendrites was not well described by free Brownian diffusion and that CR diffused unexpectedly slow compared to fluorescein dextrans of comparable size. During bursts of action potentials, which were associated with dendritic Ca2+ transients, the mobility of CR was further reduced. Diffusion was significantly accelerated by a peptide embracing EF‐hand 5 of CR. Our results suggest long‐lasting, Ca2+‐dependent interactions of CR with large and/or immobile binding partners. These interactions render CR a poorly mobile Ca2+ buffer and point towards a Ca2+ sensor function of CR.
Thermal Performance of an Al2O3–Water Nanofluid Pulsating Heat Pipe
Authors: Reza Seyf Hamid , Kim Sejung , Zhang Yuwen
Published: June 2013

A numerical study is performed to investigate the effects of nanofluids on the heat transfer performance of a pulsating heat pipe (PHP). Pure water is employed as the base fluid while Al2O3 with two different particle sizes, 38.4 and 47 nm, is used as nanoparticle. Different parameters including displacement of liquid slug, vapor temperature and pressure, liquid slug temperature distribution, as well as sensible and latent heat transfer in evaporator and condenser are calculated numerically and compared with the ones for pure water as working fluid. The results show that nanofluid has significant effect on heat transfer enhancement of the system and with increasing volume fraction and decreasing particles diameter the enhancement intensifies.
Performance Analysis of Multirecess Angled-Surface Slot-Compensated Conical Hydrostatic Bearing
Authors: Zuo Xiao-Bo , Wang Jian-Min , Yin Zi-Qiang , Li Sheng-Yi
Published: June 2013

Angled-surface slot-compensated hydrostatic bearing (ASHB) is a novel type of hydrostatic bearing which is potentially applicable in rotary tables. However, it has not been sufficiently studied in available literature. In this paper the mathematic model for ASHB was built and solved by the finite element method (FEM). The influence of semicone angle on static and dynamic performance characteristics was theoretically investigated. The simulated results have been compared with that of the traditional fixed slot-compensated hydrostatic bearing (FSHB) on the same geometric and operating conditions. Results show that the performance of ASHB is better than that of FSHB; the studied bearing with a large semicone angle is superior in power consumption; the clearance width ratio of the restricting gap to the bearing gap has an obvious effect on bearing performance.
Optimization of Transcutaneous Energy Transmission Systems Suitable for Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Byron Kelly , Bluvshtein Vlad , Lucke Lori , Pauly John
Published: June 2013

Transcutaneous energy transmission systems (TETS) wirelessly transmit power through the skin. TETS is particularly desirable for ventricular assist devices (VAD), which currently require cables through the skin to power the implanted pump. Current implantable TETS systems are not optimized for high power VAD applications. Optimizing the inductive link of the TET system is a multi-parameter problem. Most current techniques to optimize the design simplify the problem by combining parameters leading to sub-optimal solutions. In this paper we present an optimization method using a genetic algorithm to handle a larger set of parameters, which leads to a more optimal design.
Limiting mTORC1
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: June 2013

A protein complex identified as a negative regulator of the mTORC1 protein kinase complex has tumor suppressor functions.
Defense Without Compromising Development
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: June 2013

The identification of JAV1 may enable development of pathogen-resistant plants without compromising development.
Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Second-Line Drug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Rural China
Authors: Hu Yi , Hoffner Sven , Wu Linlin , Zhao Qi , Jiang Weili , Xu Biao
Published: June 2013

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of resistance to second-line antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs and its association with resistance-related mutations in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolated in China. In the present study, we collected 380 isolates from a population-based study in China and tested the drug susceptibility to first- and selected second-line drugs. These results were compared with polymorphisms in the DNA sequences of genes associated with drug resistance and MIC values of the studied second-line drugs. Of 43 multidrug-resistant
M. tuberculosis
isolates, 13 showed resistance to fluoroquinolones or injectable second-line drugs (preextensively drug-resistant TB [pre-XDR-TB]), and 4 were resistant to both and thus defined as extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). Age and previous TB therapy, including use of second-line drugs, were two independent factors associated with increased resistance to both first- and second-line drugs. Molecular analysis identified the most frequent mutations in the resistance-associated genes: D94G in
gyrA
(29.1%) and A1401G in
rrs
(30.8%). Meanwhile, all 4 XDR-TB isolates had a mutation in
gyrA
, and 3 of them carried the A1401G mutation in
rrs
. Mutations in
gyrA
and
rrs
were associated with high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones and the second-line injectable drugs. In addition to the identification of resistance-associated mutations and development of a rapid molecular test to diagnose the second-line drug resistance, it should be a priority to strictly regulate the administration of second-line drugs to maintain their efficacy to treat multidrug-resistant TB.
Pharmacokinetics of Caspofungin in Critically Ill Patients on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Weiler Stefan , Seger Christoph , Pfisterer Hartwig , Stienecke Eva , Stippler Florian , Welte René , Joannidis Michael , Griesmacher Andrea , Bellmann Romuald
Published: June 2013

Caspofungin pharmacokinetics was assessed in 27 critically ill patients, including 7 on continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), 8 on continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), and 13 not requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Caspofungin exposure during CRRT was very similar to that of the control group and comparable to that in healthy volunteers. Caspofungin clearance by CRRT was very low. Therefore, the standard dosage of caspofungin is probably adequate for critically ill patients undergoing CVVH or CVVHD.
Electronic Estimations of Renal Function Are Inaccurate in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients and Can Result in Significant Underdosing of Prophylactic Valganciclovir
Authors: Trevillyan J. , Angus P. , Shelton E. , Whitlam J. , Ierino F. , Pavlovic J. , Gregory D. , Urbancic K. , Torresi J. , Testro A. , Grayson M. L.
Published: June 2013

In a prospective study of solid-organ transplant recipients (
n
= 22; 15 hepatic and 7 renal) receiving valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis, electronic estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) underestimated the true GFR (24-h urine creatinine clearance) by >20% in 14/22 (63.6%). Its use was associated with inappropriate underdosing of valganciclovir, while the Cockroft-Gault equation was accurate in 21/22 patients (95.4%). Subtherapeutic ganciclovir levels (≤0.6 mg/liter) were common, occurring in 10/22 patients (45.4%); 7 had severely deficient levels (<0.3 mg/liter).
Azithromycin Attenuates Lung Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia by Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Yamada Koichi , Yanagihara Katsunori , Kaku Norihito , Harada Yosuke , Migiyama Yohei , Nagaoka Kentaro , Morinaga Yoshitomo , Nakamura Shigeki , Imamura Yoshifumi , Miyazaki Taiga , Izumikawa Koichi , Kakeya Hiroshi , Hasegawa Hiroo , Mikamo Hiroshige , Kohno Shigeru
Published: June 2013

Acinetobacter baumannii
is one of the main pathogens that cause ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and is associated with a high rate of mortality. Little is known about the efficacy of macrolides against
A. baumannii
. In order to confirm the efficacy of azithromycin (AZM) against VAP caused by multidrug-resistant
A. baumannii
(MDRAB), we used a mouse model that mimics VAP by placement of a plastic tube in the bronchus. AZM (10 and 100 mg/kg of body weight) was administered subcutaneously every 24 h beginning at 3 h after inoculation. Phosphate-buffered saline was administered as the control. Survival was evaluated over 7 days. At 48 h postinfection, mice were sacrificed and the numbers of viable bacteria in lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were compared. Histopathological analysis of lung specimens was also performed. The treatment groups displayed significantly longer survival than the control group (
P
< 0.05). AZM did not have an antimicrobial effect. Histopathological examination of lung specimens indicated that the progression of lung inflammation was prevented in the AZM-treated groups. Furthermore, total cell and neutrophil counts, as well as cytokine levels, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly decreased (
P
< 0.05) in the AZM-treated groups. AZM may have a role for the treatment of VAP with MDRAB because of its anti-inflammatory effects.
Cell Wall Perturbation Sensitizes Fungi to the Antimalarial Drug Chloroquine
Authors: Islahudin Farida , Khozoie Combiz , Bates Steven , Ting Kang-Nee , Pleass Richard J. , Avery Simon V.
Published: June 2013

Chloroquine (CQ) has been a mainstay of antimalarial drug treatment for several decades. Additional therapeutic actions of CQ have been described, including some reports of fungal inhibition. Here we investigated the action of CQ in fungi, including the yeast model
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. A genomewide yeast deletion strain collection was screened against CQ, revealing that
bck1
Δ and
slt2
Δ mutants of the cell wall integrity pathway are CQ hypersensitive. This phenotype was rescued with sorbitol, consistent with cell wall involvement. The cell wall-targeting agent caffeine caused hypersensitivity to CQ, as did cell wall perturbation by sonication. The phenotypes were not caused by CQ-induced changes to cell wall components. Instead, CQ accumulated to higher levels in cells with perturbed cell walls: CQ uptake was 2- to 3-fold greater in
bck1
Δ and
slt2
Δ mutants than in wild-type yeast. CQ toxicity was synergistic with that of the major cell wall-targeting antifungal drug, caspofungin. The MIC of caspofungin against the yeast pathogen
Candida albicans
was decreased 2-fold by 250 μM CQ and up to 8-fold at higher CQ concentrations. Similar effects were seen in
Candida glabrata
and
Aspergillus fumigatus
. The results show that the cell wall is critical for CQ resistance in fungi and suggest that combination treatments with cell wall-targeting drugs could have potential for antifungal treatment.
Evaluation of a Nisin-Eluting Nanofiber Scaffold To Treat Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Skin Infections in Mice
Authors: Heunis Tiaan D. J. , Smith Carine , Dicks Leon M. T.
Published: June 2013

Staphylococcus aureusis a virulent pathogen and a major causative agent of superficial and invasive skin and soft tissue infections (SSSTIs). Antibiotic resistance inS. aureus, among other bacterial pathogens, has rapidly increased, and this is placing an enormous burden on the health care sector and has serious implications for infected individuals, especially immunocompromised patients. Alternative treatments thus need to be explored to continue to successfully treat infections caused byS. aureus, including antibiotic-resistant strains ofS. aureus. In this study, an antimicrobial nanofiber wound dressing was generated by electrospinning nisin (Nisaplin) into poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(d,l-lactide) (50:50) blend nanofibers. Active nisin diffused from the nanofiber wound dressings for at least 4 daysin vitro, as shown by consecutive transfers onto plates seeded with strains of methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA). The nisin-containing nanofiber wound dressings significantly reducedS. aureusXen 36 bioluminescencein vivoand viable cell numbers in a murine excisional skin infection model. The bacterial burden of wounds treated with nisin-containing nanofiber wound dressings was 4.3 × 102CFU/wound, whereas wounds treated with control nanofiber wound dressings had 2.2 × 107CFU/wound on the last day of the trial (day 7). Furthermore, the wound dressings stimulated wound closure of excisional wounds, and no adverse effects were observed by histological analysis. Nisin-containing nanofiber wound dressings have the potential to treatS. aureusskin infections and to potentially accelerate wound healing of excisional wounds.
First Report of the Multiresistance Gene
cfr
in Streptococcus suis
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Dexi , Song Li , Liu Yang , He Tao , Liu Hebing , Wu Congming , Schwarz Stefan , Shen Jianzhong
Published: June 2013

The multiresistance gene
cfr
was identified for the first time in streptococci, namely, in porcine
Streptococcus suis
isolate S10. The
cfr
gene was detected on the ∼100-kb plasmid pStrcfr, where it was bracketed by two copies of the novel insertion sequence IS
Enfa5
, located in the same orientation. The detection of a
cfr
- and IS
Enfa5
-containing amplicon by inverse PCR suggests that IS
Enfa5
may play a role in the dissemination of
cfr
.
Cardiogenic shock in a neonate
Authors: Viveiros Eulália , Aveiro Ana Cristina , Costa Edite , Nunes José Luis
Published: June 2013

We describe a case of a healthy male full-term neonate, 21 days old, admitted to the emergency room, presenting a severe cardiovascular collapse with an initial sinus rhythm. The first diagnostic hypothesis was of septic shock, having antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, inotropic drugs and ventilatory support started immediately. After achieving haemodynamic stability, a new cardiovascular collapse occurred with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). The latter was successfully treated and the neonate did not suffer any organ damage. Cardiogenic shock should be considered despite being a much rarer cause of shock in neonates. SVT is promptly diagnosed when a cardiorespiratory monitor is available; however, the intermittent occurrence of the tachycardia episodes makes this diagnosis more difficult to recognise and manage.
Aneurysmal coronary cameral fistula
Authors: Jamil Gohar , Khan Asad , Malik Azhar , Qureshi Anwer
Published: June 2013

A 26-year-old asymptomatic man, being medically managed for ventricular septal defect since childhood, presented to the outpatient clinic for a second opinion. Clinically, he was well built with normal vital signs. Cardiac auscultation was significant for a diastolic murmur over the praecordium. An ECG showed non-specific ST changes, and a subsequent transthoracic echocardiography performed revealed diastolic flow from the left ventricular (LV) anteroseptal wall into the LV cavity. A diagnosis of coronary–cameral fistula was confirmed by a multidetector CT which showed a 2.5×2 cm aneurysmal left anterior descending artery fistula to the LV. In addition to starting aspirin, transcatheter closure with occlusion device was considered knowing the potential risk of thrombus formation in the aneurysm and subsequent systemic embolisation. The patient however refused any percutaneous or surgical intervention. He remains asymptomatic 1 year after returning to his home country.
Anticoagulation-induced spontaneous intramural small bowel haematomas
Authors: Zammit Adrian , Grech Marguerat Deborah , Caruana Clifford
Published: June 2013

Small intestinal intramural haematomas may develop spontaneously, especially in patients with deranged clotting function. We present a case of a 57-year-old man who developed abdominal pain in the setting of abnormal clotting function secondary to an inadvertent warfarin overdose. A CT scan showed thickening of parts of the distal ileum, terminal ileum and duodenum. Dilation of the small bowel proximal to the thickening was also reported, indicative of a degree of small bowel obstruction. The patient was treated conservatively with a nasogastric tube and intravenous fluids. His anticoagulation was fully reversed with fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K. The patient remained well 6 months following discharge, with well-controlled anticoagulation levels and resolution of the findings on CT.
Primary ileocaecal B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): a rare underlying cause of right iliac fossa pain
Authors: Gavriilidis Paschalis , Christoforidou Barbara , Michalopoulou Ilektra , Nikolaidou Anastasia
Published: June 2013

Primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) account for about 0.9% of all gastrointestinal tract tumours. They are usually associated with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, previous radiotherapy, renal transplantation and AIDS. We present a 36-year-old immunocompetent man, previously well with abdominal pain, weight loss and palpable mass in the right iliac fossa. A CT scan of the abdomen showed a thickening of the terminal ileum and the caecum with characteristic aneurysmal luminal dilation. Given the patient's presentation and radiology findings, a right hemicolectomy was performed. The suspected diagnosis of NHL, which was based on the imaging findings, was confirmed at histological analysis.
Hepatic subcapsular haematoma in a premature newborn
Authors: Gonçalves Cristina , Aguilar Sara , Prior Ana Rita , Oliveira Graça
Published: June 2013

Subcapsular haematoma of the liver rarely occurs in neonates and the diagnosis is often missed or delayed. It is a catastrophic condition that can be caused by maternal, placentar or fetal factors. A high index of suspicion is essential for early identification and stabilisation of babies with such a pathology. In a newborn with hypovolemic shock and abdominal distension, haemoperitoneum should be suspected and, along with exclusion of other aetiologies, supportive therapy should be instituted. The hepatic subcapsular haematoma has a non-specific presentation, and should be considered in very low birth weight infants with hypovolemic shock. Abdominal ultrasonography is the investigation of choice. It can delineate the lesion well, differentiate it from neoplasms, rule out rupture and aid in serial follow-up. We report a premature newborn who had this uncommon condition in the early neonatal period and survived without sequelae.
Atypical histiocytic granuloma of tongue
Authors: Dominic Augustine , Sundaresh KJ , Manish N , Mallikarjuna Rachappa
Published: June 2013

A 40-year-old male patient presented with a 3-week history of a painless ulcer on the dorsum of the tongue. He was a chronic smoker since the age of 15 years. The ulcer was well-defined, non-tender and indurated. An incisional biopsy was performed and the diagnosis of atypical histiocytic granuloma was made after histopathological examination. The lesion resolved spontaneously after the incisional biopsy and the patient was on follow-up for 6 months and no recurrences were observed. Here we report a rare case of atypical histiocytic granuloma. Hence, it must be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis of ulcers on the tongue.
Primary parapharyngeal and skull base synovial sarcoma in a 13-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis radiologically misdiagnosed as a benign lesion
Authors: Taghipour Zahir Shokouh , Sharahjin Naser Sefidrokh , Dadgarnia Mohammad Hossein
Published: June 2013

Synovial sarcoma is a rare form of malignant tumour and accounting approximately for 8% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Head and neck synovial sarcomas are uncommon and parapharyngeal space involvement is extremely rare. We report a case of synovial sarcoma in the parapharyngeal space of a 13-year-old boy with a history of neurofibromatosis presented with odynophagia, ptosis and left submandibular mass. The lesion extended from retrostyloid parapharyngeal space to the skull base and foramen jugular superiorly. The first clinical and radiological impressions were carotid jugular related tumours such as schwannoma and paraganglioma.
Haemophilus parainfluenzaeprosthetic valve endocarditis complicated by septic emboli to brain
Authors: Liang J J , Swiecicki P L , Killu A M , Sohail M R
Published: June 2013

A 51-year-old man with a history of injection drug use presented to the emergency roomwith fevers, chills and headaches. Five months earlier, he had undergone bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement for infective endocarditis owing toCorynebacterium auricumosuminvolving a bicuspid aortic valve. Blood cultures obtained during current hospitalisation grewHaemophilus parainfluenzaeand patient underwent a transesophageal echocardiogram that revealed a large mitral valve vegetation. Owing to persistent headache and right lower extremity weakness, MRI of the brain was performed which demonstrated multifocal, acute infarctions secondary to septic embolisation. He was initiated on parenteral antibiotics and experienced no further neurological setbacks. After 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy, he underwent bioprosthetic aortic and mitral valve replacement, aortic root debridement and replacement, and reconstruction of the intravalvular fibrosa without complication. He was discharged to a skilled nursing facility to complete six more weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone.
Primary malignant melanoma of uterine cervix with probable origin from benign cervical melanosis
Authors: Singh Nilanchali , Tripathi Reva , Mala Yedla Manikya
Published: June 2013

We report a case of primary malignant melanoma of cervix which is a rare malignancy with only around 60 cases being reported. This patient presented with bleeding per vaginum. A large exophytic growth from cervix with black discolouration was seen. International Federation of Gynaecology and Obsterics (FIGO) staging was stage IIa. Histoimmunocytology confirmed the diagnosis of malignant melanoma of cervix. S-100 and HMB-45 are reliable markers for cervical melanomas. We attempted Wertheim's hysterectomy; but, due to extensive disease, paravescical and pararectal fossae could not be dissected and we had to perform type I hysterectomy. The patient was started on adjuvant chemotherapy with dacarbazine. Despite counselling, she refused a complete course of chemotherapy and died after 6 months. Radical surgery, chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the therapeutic modalities used. In bulky disease, neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be considered to reduce the tumour bulk and facilitate required surgery. Prognosis is poor and unpredictable.
Management of an infant having natal teeth
Authors: Khandelwal Vishal , Nayak Ullal Anand , Nayak Prathibha Anand , Bafna Yash
Published: June 2013

Eruption of teeth at or immediately after birth is a relatively rare phenomenon. These teeth are known as ‘natal’ teeth if present at birth and ‘neonatal’ teeth if they erupt during the first 30 days of life. Natal teeth might resemble normal primary dentition in size and shape; however, the teeth are often smaller, conical and yellowish and have hypoplastic enamel and dentin with poor or absent root formation. Complications include difficulty and discomfort during suckling, sublingual ulceration, laceration of the mother’s breasts and aspiration of the teeth. These situations would warrant extraction. If the tooth does not interfere with breast feeding and is otherwise asymptomatic, no treatment is necessary. Negative cultural attitudes towards natal teeth demand good parental counselling and vigilant management in relation to child protection. Both general practice dentists and paediatric dental specialists may be involved in the supervision or treatment of patients with natal and neonatal teeth.
Inflammatory myopathy as the initial presentation of cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis
Authors: Rodríguez-Pérez Noelia , Rodríguez-Navedo Yerania , Font Yvonne M , Vilá Luis M
Published: June 2013

Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis is characterised by immunoglobulin deposition at low temperatures. The most common manifestations are cutaneous involvement, arthralgias, Raynaud's phenomenon, peripheral neuropathy and renal disease. Myopathy is unusual and only a few cases have been reported. Here, we present a 31-year-old woman who developed progressive muscle weakness involving upper and lower extremities, dysphagia, paraesthesias and palpable purpura. Diagnostic studies revealed elevated creatine kinase, diffuse myopathic and sensorimotor axonal neuropathy on electromyography and nerve conduction studies, and inflammatory myopathy on muscle biospsy. Cryoglobulin levels were elevated on two occasions. She responded favourably to cyclophosphamide and high-dose corticosteroids. Cyclophosphamide was continued for 1 year followed by methotrexate. Prednisone was gradually tapered and discontinued 1 year later. She remained in clinical remission after 4 years of follow-up. This case suggests that cryoglobulinaemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with inflammatory myopathy.
Modelling of tangential, radial, and longitudinal shrinkage after drying in jack pine and white spruce
Authors: Peng Mingkai , Kershaw John A. , Chui Ying Hei , Gong Meng
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the pattern of variation in longitudinal, radial, and tangential shrinkage in two commercially important Canadian wood species using multivariate nonlinear mixed-effects models. Shrinkage data were measured in each growth ring at different heights on trees harvested from a mixed-species Nelder tree-spacing plot located in New Brunswick, Canada. Live crown base was reconstructed based on stem analysis. Cambial age, sampling height, crown characteristics (crown length, crown ratio, and distance to live crown base), and ring width at time of wood formation were used as prediction variables. The results indicated that shrinkage magnitude and pattern were closely related to crown dimensions and stem position at time of wood formation. Trees from wider tree spacings with larger crown lengths and ratios tended to have smaller tangential and radial shrinkage. Longitudinal shrinkage decreased nonlinearly from pith outwards with slower rate changes near the bottom of the trees. The model fixed effects accounted for more variation in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) than in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) for shrinkage in the same anatomical direction. After further validation, the model developed can be used to provide shrinkage predictions for lumber distortion models within the framework of an individual tree growth model.
Potentiation of antioxidant effect of dietary tender cluster beans (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) by garlic (Allium sativum) in high-cholesterol-fed rats
Authors: Pande Shubhra , Srinivasan Krishnapura
Published: June 2013

The antioxidant role of tender cluster beans (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, CB), a rich source of soluble fibre, was investigated in a hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative stress situation in rats. In the context of dietary garlic (Allium sativa) potentiating the hypocholesterolemic influence of CB, we also examined if dietary garlic enhances the antioxidant potential of CB. Groups of Wistar rats were rendered hypercholesterolemic by feeding them a 0.5% cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. Dietary interventions were made by inclusion of 15% tender CB powder or 1% garlic powder or their combination in a high-cholesterol diet. Concentrations of antioxidant molecules and activities of antioxidant enzymes in blood and liver were examined. Dietary CB displayed an antioxidant influence in terms of elevating ascorbic acid and glutathione concentrations and stimulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes both in blood and liver. The antioxidant effect of dietary CB was generally potentiated by co-administration of garlic. Thus, consumption of tender CB and garlic together could form a strategy for improving the body’s antioxidant status.
MAJORITY-VOTE MODEL ON OPINION-DEPENDENT NETWORK
Authors: LIMA F. W. S.
Published: June 2013

We study a nonequilibrium model with up–down symmetry and a noise parameter q known as majority-vote model (MVM) of Oliveira 1992 on opinion-dependent network or Stauffer–Hohnisch–Pittnauer (SHP) networks. By Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and finite-size scaling relations the critical exponents β∕ν, γ∕ν and 1∕ν and points qc and U* are obtained. After extensive simulations, we obtain β∕ν = 0.230(3), γ∕ν = 0.535(2) and 1∕ν = 0.475(8). The calculated values of the critical noise parameter and Binder cumulant are qc = 0.166(3) and U* = 0.288(3). Within the error bars, the exponents obey the relation 2β∕ν + γ∕ν = 1 and the results presented here demonstrate that the MVM belongs to a different universality class than the equilibrium Ising model on SHP networks, but to the same class as majority-vote models on some other networks.
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ON LINEAR RESPONSE THEORIES OF FERMI SUPERFLUIDS ABOVE AND BELOW Tc
Authors: GUO HAO , CHIEN CHIH-CHUN , HE YAN , LEVIN K.
Published: June 2013

We present fundamental constraints required for a consistent linear response theory of fermionic superfluids and address temperatures both above and below the transition temperature Tc. We emphasize two independent constraints, one associated with gauge invariance (and the related Ward identity) and another associated with the compressibility sum rule, both of which are satisfied in strict BCS theory. However, we point out that it is the rare many body theory which satisfies both of these. Indeed, well studied quantum Hall systems and random-phase approximations to the electron gas are found to have difficulties with meeting these constraints. We summarize two distinct theoretical approaches which are, however, demonstrably compatible with gauge invariance and the compressibility sum rule. The first of these involves an extension of BCS theory to a mean field description of the BCS-Bose Einstein condensation crossover. The second is the simplest Nozieres Schmitt–Rink (NSR) treatment of pairing correlations in the normal state. As a point of comparison we focus on the compressibility κ of each and contrast the predictions above Tc. We note here that despite the compliance with sum rules, this NSR based scheme leads to an unphysical divergence in κ at the transition. Because of the delicacy of the various consistency requirements, the results of this paper suggest that avoiding this divergence may repair one problem while at the same time introducing others.
PRICING CREDIT DERIVATIVES IN A MARKOV-MODULATED REDUCED-FORM MODEL
Authors: BANERJEE TAMAL , GHOSH MRINAL K. , IYER SRIKANTH K.
Published: June 2013

Numerous incidents in the financial world have exposed the need for the design and analysis of models for correlated default timings. Some models have been studied in this regard which can capture the feedback in case of a major credit event. We extend the research in the same direction by proposing a new family of models having the feedback phenomena and capturing the effects of regime switching economy on the market. The regime switching economy is modeled by a continuous time Markov chain. The Markov chain may also be interpreted to represent the credit rating of the firm whose bond we seek to price. We model the default intensity in a pool of firms using the Markov chain and a risk factor process. We price some single-name and multi-name credit derivatives in terms of certain transforms of the default and loss processes. These transforms can be calculated explicitly in case the default intensity is modeled as a linear function of a conditionally affine jump diffusion process. In such a case, under suitable technical conditions, the price of credit derivatives are obtained as solutions to a system of ODEs with weak coupling, subject to appropriate terminal conditions. Solving the system of ODEs numerically, we analyze the credit derivative spreads and compare their behavior with the nonswitching counterparts. We show that our model can easily incorporate the effects of business cycle. We demonstrate the impact on spreads of the inclusion of rare states that attempt to capture a tight liquidity situation. These states are characterized by low floating interest rate, high default intensity rate, and high volatility. We also model the effects of firm restructuring on the credit spread, in case of a default.
The first synthesis and characterization of new metal-free and metallophthalocyanine containing 33-membered crown ether moieties
Authors: Akkuş Fatma , Kabay Nilgün , Gök Yaşar
Published: June 2013

The synthesis and characterization of novel metal-free and metallophthalocyanines, fused symmetrically in non-peripheral positions with four octaoxamacrocycle has been synthesized by cyclotetramerization of the 2,5,8,11,14,20,23,26,29,32-decaoxatricyclo [31.2.2.115,19]octatriconta-1(36),15,17,19(38),33(37),34-hexaene-34,35-dicarbonitrile (5) which was prepared by the reaction of 3,6-bis[2-(2-{2-[2-(toluene-4-sulphonyl)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-phthalonitrile (3) and 1,3-dihydroxybenzene (4). The novel compounds were characterized by using elemental analysis, 1 H , 13 C NMR, IR, UV-vis and MS spectral data.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF R&D PROGRAMMES: THE CASE OF THE DANISH ForskEL PROGRAMME
Authors: LYHNE IVAR , BYRIEL INGER PIHL
Published: June 2013

Despite their important role in shaping the technologies of the future, public research and development (R&D) programmes are rarely based on systematic assessments of the environmental effects. R&D programmes thus allocate a huge amount of financial resources to projects, which potentially may cause severe negative environmental impacts. This paper presents an innovative environmental assessment practice on R&D programmes in Denmark. It reports on the challenges and experiences of assessing the Danish R&D programme ForskEL, which promotes R&D projects within the electricity sector. The programme is characterised by uncertainty about impacts and incomparable project types and technologies. A methodology for dealing with these challenges is presented, and experiences from a testing of the methodology on the 2012 programme are reflected upon. Finally the assessment is discussed in terms of its potential for making a difference for the future development and deployment of renewable energy.
PERSPECTIVES ON INTER-LINKING IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND GREEN PROCUREMENT: THE CASE OF GREEN ENERGY
Authors: UTTAM KEDAR , BALFORS BERIT , FAITH-ELL CHARLOTTA , MÖRTBERG ULLA
Published: June 2013

The construction sector consumes significant quantities of energy and contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions. It is imperative that the sector considers a renewable component to its energy procurement. The sector has adopted various policy instruments such as impact assessment and green procurement for improving its environmental performance. Green procurement involves the procurement of services, products and also energy that meet environmental requirements. This paper focused primarily on the conceptualisation of the inter-link between impact assessment and green procurement. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with three fundamental categories of stakeholders that involved client, contractor and energy company. Although the interview responses showed varied perspectives on the inter-link, most of the interviewees acknowledged its need and suggested certain approaches towards establishing the inter-link. The highlighted approach was to consider the use of commercially available environmental certification tools and focus on areas such as partnerships. Future research should examine how environmental certification tools could facilitate the inter-link and how partnerships need to be arranged therein.
THE ROLE OF STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS FOR EMERGING MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTORS: THE NOVA SCOTIAN EXAMPLE
Authors: OLDREIVE MELISSA E.
Published: June 2013

Climate change, rising energy prices, and declining supplies of fossil fuels have changed how governments balance energy needs with environmental protection. Strategic Environmental Assessments in the Province of Nova Scotia are based on core principles that seek to lay the foundation for integrated decision-making in ways that contribute to broader governmental policy commitments. This process places a particular emphasis on early stakeholder consultation and engagement, regulatory streamlining, and future-oriented approaches to sustainability issues. In 2007, the Province of Nova Scotia commissioned the Offshore Energy Environmental Research Association (OEER) to carry out a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) concentrated in the Bay of Fundy on Nova Scotia's west coast — an area known for its immense tidal energy potential. This assessment focused on offshore renewable energy development in the area and culminated in a report outlining strategic recommendations for action. Overall, this process provided the Nova Scotia Government with a path forward in developing and deploying its marine renewable energy industry. This case study outlines the steps of the Nova Scotian SEA process including the scope, timeline, purpose, responsibility, and main steps taken to assess the environmental, economic, and social issues associated with marine renewable energy development in Nova Scotia's Bay of Fundy.