bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outsourcing: An Alternative Solution to Providing Management and Staff Development
Authors: Martin Jeannee Parker , Howerton Patricia
Published: March 2007

The past 2 years in home care have been full of changes. Now, more than ever, providers must evaluate and strengthen their market position, their ability to thrive in the midst of mounting uncertainties, and their strategies for future growth, development, and care delivery to patients. Management and staff together must be prepared to understand and integrate the complexities of strategic positioning, financial management, and clinical integrity. Outsourcing management and staff development is one method to provide information to staff quickly and efficiently and train them in new skills while, at the same time, reinforcing essential on-the-job learning. Pertinent issues are explored in this article to determine whether your organization should outsource management and staff development.
A Gift of Hope and Love at the Bedside: Home Health Traveling Chaplain, Sister Cecile Ley, RSM
Authors: Callahan Rita R.
Published: March 2007

Home health care is a reality, and this presents the opportunity to be creative and experience new and unique innovations within the home care arena. One such innovation is the development of a home health care chaplaincy program. This article explains and communicates how patients and their families/caregivers can benefit from home visits by a chaplain. Patients are often not hospitalized long enough to be assessed and assisted with regard to their religious or spiritual care needs. This area of care is just as important as the physical/medical aspects of care, and in some situations perhaps more so. The chaplain program developed at Scripps Home Health Care Services (SHHCS) shows how needs beyond the physical, mental, social, and emotional aspects of care can be assessed and provided. Spiritual assistance in home care should not be neglected.
Organizational disaster and organizational decay: the case of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Authors: Schwartz Howard S.
Published: March 2007

Organizational decay is a condition of generalized and systemic ineffective- ness. It develops when an organization shifts its activities from coping with reality to presenting a dramatization of its own ideal character. In the decadent organization, flawed decision making of the sort that leads to disaster is normal activity, not an aberration. Three aspects of the development of organizational decay are illustrated in the case of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration. They are (1) the institutionalization of the fiction, (2) per sonnel changes in parallel with the institutionalization of the fiction, and (3) the narcissistic loss of reality among management.
Garbage Culture and The Culture of Garbage: The Solid Waste Management Quagmire
Authors: de Kadt Maarten
Published: March 2007

We live in a profligate world. Sustainability may require substantial change in our conception of natural resources. But what change should be made? And what may happen if basic social and cultural changes are not accom plished ? In this essay I focus on a very small part of the overall problem; I focus on municipal solid waste management. After reviewing some problems in defining the composition of municipal solid waste, its sources and its measurement, I explore the current state of its management. No matter if the solid waste management procedural priorities of "reduce, recycle, burn, landfill" comprise a hierarchy or a menu of choices, it locks managers in to a culture of disposal rather than a culture of resource management. But changes in culture, economics and regulation, while needed, are difficult to accomplish. If change were accomplished what would it mean? In the essay's final sections I explore two scenarios: the first examines business as usual, a managed disposal scenario with high levels of incineration and not much recycling additional to what we have now; the second explores cultural change necessary for a materials management scenario in which recycling of resources rather than their destruction predominates.
The Interactive Bottom-Up Approach to Analysis as a Strategy for Facilitating the Generation of Appropriate Technology: Experiences in Zimbabwe
Authors: Broerse Jacqueline E. W. , Bunders Joske F. G. , Loeber Anne M.
Published: March 2007

Considering that modern biotechnology can contribute meaningfully to poverty alleviation and sustainable development, the article ad dresses the question of how to facilitate the generation of biotech nological innovations in scientific institutions that are appropriate to small-scale, resource-poor farmers in developing countries. The article elaborates on the Interactive Bottom-Up (IBU) approach as a mode for operationalizing a research and priority-setting process in such a way that a systematic exchange of information between this specific client group and others involved in the development of biotechnological innovations is established. The IBU approach builds on insight gained in technology assessment, agricultural development studies, and in studies on corporate innovation processes. It is specifically directed at creating learning processes between the various actors on the possibili ties and constraints of a technological innovation and the context of application. After outlining the IBU approach, a recent practical experience is discussed, as well as the approach's effectiveness and efficiency.
Organizational Change and Stability in French Nuclear Power Operations
Authors: DiBella Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

The French nuclear power system, owned and operated by Electricite de France (EDF), is renown for its use of a standard technology in the production of electricity. Despite the French use of similar, if not iden tical, systems in its 57 plants, change is also a recurrent phenomenon. This contrast between standardized technical systems and changing organizational systems is a critical element in EDF's effort to improve operational safety and efficiency This article describes selected aspects of EDF operations that reflect the historical emphasis on standardiza tion. It examines the various changes taking place at EDF that contrast with the apparent stability resulting from standardization, and it gives reasons for these changes and their implications.
A clinical protocol for determining methylphenidate dosage levels in ADHD
Authors: Hoeppner J.B. , Hale J.B. , Bradley A.M. , Byrnes M. , Coury D.L. , Lennie L. , Trommer B.L.
Published: March 2007

Despite the widespread use of methylphenidate (MPH) in the treatment of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), physicians often must rely on anecdotal observations and subjective reports to titrate MPH regimens. Many double-blind placebo-controlled medication trials have demonstrated treatment efficacy; however, the development of an effective clinical protocol that is reliably sensitive to dose-response relationships and can be used in office practice remains elusive. Using a double-blind placebo clinical protocol, and rank order analysis of instruments sensitive to ADHD symptoms, the MPH response patterns of 50 children with ADHD were analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance. Several instru ments were sensitive in predicting response, and others revealed trends in the expected direction. The rank order rating analyses revealed robust differences between active drug conditions and placebo. Using cognitive rank order ratings, linear and quadratic MPH response patterns were identified, with the best dose for each group significantly different from that obtained for all other conditions.
Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults with ADHD
Authors: Millstein R.B. , Wilens T.E. , Biederman J. , Spencer T.J.
Published: March 2007

Objective: Despite the increasing recognition of persistent ADHD into adulthood, there is a paucity of information available on its clinical presentation in adults. To this end, we evaluated ADHD symptoms in a large group of outpatient adults with ADHD attending to issues of psychiatric comorbidity, gender, and age. Methods: We assessed 149 clinically referred outpatient ADHD adults (mean age [±SD] of 37 ±11 years) using structured diagnostic interviews for psychopathology including current and childhood ADHD symptoms. Using DSM III-R symptoms, we determined DSM-IV subtypes by proxy. Results: Inattentive symptoms were most frequently endorsed in over 90% of ADHD adults. An assessment of current ADHD symptoms showed that 56% of adults had the combined ADHD subtype, 37% the inattentive only subtype, and 2% the hyperactive/impulsive subtype. Psychiatric comorbidity with ADHD was more prominent in adults with hyperactivity-impulsivity as part of their clinical picture. Whereas females had fewer childhood hyperactive-impulsive symptoms than males, there were no gender differences in their current ADHD presentation. Conclusion: Findings from the current study suggest that the vast majority of adults with ADHD present with prominent symptoms of inattention. Given that ADHD adults are presenting from multiple domains, clinicians should carefully query for the inattentive aspects of ADHD when evaluating these individuals.
Governmental Structure and Performance: the Effects of the Lakewood Plan On Property Values
Authors: Mehay Stephen L.
Published: March 2007

The paper analyzes the impact on municipal property values of the Lakewood intergovernmental contract police services plan. It is argued that any economic Abstract benefits of contracting over self-provision of services will generate tax and service quality differentials which will tend to be capitalized into residential property values; thus, property value effects can serve, in the absence of accu rate police output indicators, as indirect measures of relative local govern ment performance. The study finds that, after accounting for other spending and tax differences, property values are significantly lower in contract cities. When combined with more direct evidence on police output, this result suggests that the contracting plan does not provide superior services. To improve govermental effectiveness via contracting, it is argued that output-oriented, performance contracts are needed.
Grant Impact on Local Fiscal Behavior: Full-Information Maximum Likelihood Estimates
Authors: Follain James R.
Published: March 2007

A wide variety of econometric studies have been conducted to determine Abstract whether conditional grants have a different effect upon local fiscal behavior than unconditional grants and to determine if unconditional grants reduce tax effort. Unfortunately, the studies have not finally resolved these questions. In this paper, a system of expenditure and tax equations are precisely derived from the Geary-Stone utility function. The system of equations is estimated simultaneously using a Full-Information Maximum Likelihood Estimator and the validity restrictions implied by the Geary-Stone utility function. The results indicate that conditional grants do not generally have a different impact upon local expenditures than unconditional grants and that unconditional grants do not seriously dampen local tax effort. Further, the results indicate that the Geary-Stone model is plausible.
Substitutability, Separability, and the Distributional Implications of Public Goods
Authors: Catsambas Thanos
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates that the methodology developed by Aaron and McGuire (1970) and Maital (1973, 1975) for estimating the distributional implications of public goods, which has been extensively used in empirical studies, is critically dependent on a mathematically convenient but conceptually questionable assumption that has often resulted in implausible incidence conclusions. Specifically, the Aaron-McGuire-Maital approach assumes no substitutability between private income and public goods, which is technically translated into additively separate utility functions. This article reviews the distributional implications of public goods in the light of a generalized formulation of preference indicators. The most important conclusion is that if the assumption of separability is relaxed, the usual smooth neoclassical utility functions will at worst imply no redistribution—but never a progressive (that is, pro-rich) incidence outcome. Moreover, under the generalized formulation, the critical role in deriving the benefit incidence results is played by the elasticity of substitution between private and public goods and not by the elasticity of marginal utility of income, the importance of which is contingent on the particular functional form employed in the analysis.
The Optimal Structure of Intergovernmental Grants
Authors: Alm James
Published: March 2007

This article examines the optimal structure of intergovernmental grants, using a model that extends the theories of optimal taxation and production to a federal system. The theoretical model assumes a two-tiered system of state and federal governments, with the federal government choosing grants to the state governments. Application of numerical methods allows calculation of the optimal grant structure under a range of assumptions regarding individual preferences, government production, and state and federal social welfare functions. The optimal grant structure has some features suggested by the traditional literature, such as the inferiority of conditional lump-sum grants. The results, however, also suggest important modifications in the traditional grant prescription. Not surprisingly, the objectives of all the governments matter in determining the magnitude and structure of grants. More significantly, the matching rate on conditional open-ended matching grants is no longer determined solely by externalities in state production. Instead, the matching rate reflects the distributional and allocative goals of all the governments, and it is sensitive to the distortions introduced by federal taxes.
The Aborted Phase-in of Marginal Effective Corporate Tax Rates
Authors: Fullerton Don , Hamdan Lawrence A.
Published: March 2007

Although the statutory rate of tax on most corporate capital income is .46, the expected tax on a new investment under consideration can be quite different. In this article, we measure the effective corporate tax rate on a marginal investment in four different assets. We test the sensitivity of these results to alternative assumptions about inflation and the nominal interest rate. Effective tax rates under the 1980 law are compared to those under each transition period of the 1981 Tax Act and to those under the 1982 Tax Act. We find that, had the phase-in provisions of 1981 Act continued through 1986, all assets would have experienced substantial effective tax rate reductions. Autos and equipment would have benefited from larger declines in the effective tax rate than would public utility structures and other structures. Under the 1982 Act, however, the rates for autos, equipment, and public utility structures are higher than under 1981 law. In fact, under certain conditions, effective rates in 1982 are higher than they were in 1980.
The Return To Tax Simplification: an Econometric Analysis
Authors: Slemrod Joel
Published: March 2007

This article provides estimates of the probable saving in the resource cost of complying with the tax law that would result from simplifying the individual Abstract income tax law. These estimates are based on an econometric analysis of the tax-filing behavior in 1982 of a sample of Minnesota taxpayers. A simple model of tax-compliance behavior based on utility maximization is first presented in order to suggest the important determinants of compliance behavior. The empirical model treats the discrete choices of whether to itemize deductions and whether to hire professional tax advice, and the choice of how much time and money to spend, conditional on the discrete choices made. Simulations based on the econometric results suggest that significant resource saving could be expected from eliminating the system of itemized deductions, although no significant saving from changing to a single-rate tax structure can be confidently predicted. Results suggest that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 will, in the long run, decrease the use ofprofessional tax assistance, but its net effect on the use of taxpayer's own time is unclear.
The Effect of the 1986 Tax Act On Personal Interest Deductions
Authors: Long James E.
Published: March 2007

For most taxpayers who itemize deductions, the 1986 tax act will increase the after-tax cost of interest paid to purchase homes, automobiles, other consumer items, and personal investment assets. Individual tax-return data are used to estimate the elasticity of interest deductions, both home moi tgage and other, with respect to the marginal tax rate and disposable income. Based on these estimates, we show that the lower tax rates and increased standard deductions in the new law can be expected to reduce interest deductions, especially among upper-income taxpayers. The findings suggest that outlays on owner-occupied housing will be more affected by the 1986 tax reform than will other types of expenditures financed with consumer credit.
Matching Grants and Public Goods: a Closed-Ended Contingent Valuation Experiment
Authors: Combs J. Paul , Kirkpatrick Rickey C. , Shogren Jason F. , Herriges Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Matching grants are commonly used to influence the bundle of public goods provided by governments. A contingent valuation experiment was designed to determine the value that individuals place on improved recreational facilities under a matching grant proposal. The experiment provided an opportunity to examine preferences given the public good exists in an active and well-defined market, and the valuation experiment was perceived as meaningful to public policy. The researchers estimated a mean willingness-to-pay for park improvements of $8.30, far less than the implied tax increase of $21 provided by local politicians opposed to the project but nearly double the actual tax increase for the average property owner.
Corporate Taxation and the Financial Characteristics of Firms
Authors: Plesko George A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides estimates of the effects of corporate taxation on the financial characteristics of firms. For a large number of corporations the corporate tax is voluntary, as they have the choice of operating as an S corporation—a pass-through entity similar to a partnership. Given that firms appear to volunteer to pay an additional tax, this article examines the behavior of firms to identify the relationship between their choice to be subject to the corporate tax and tax minimizing strategies. Analyzing firms with positive and negative income separately, the results suggest that the probability a firm has chosen to be taxable increases with firm size and with activity consistent with mitigating both the corporate and individual tax on corpo rate income. In addition, there is strong evidence that the additional administrative burden caused by a lack of conformity between state and federal tax treatment of S corporations provides a significant disincentive to the use of pass-through corporations.
In-Kind Versus Cash Transfert: Assessing Disbursement
Authors: Jones Philip R. , Cullis John G.
Published: March 2007

Abstract One advantage of in-kind transfers is that they can focus assistance on low-income(eligible) beneficiaries by appearing relatively unattractive to high-income (ineligi ble) individuals. This article attempts to identify the conditions under which an in-kind transfer performs selectively. Central to the analysis is the question of whether an in-kind transfer is disbursed in a way that permits resale. In the United Kingdom, recent "privatization" schemes have transferred durable consumption goods to the private sector. Such schemes permit in-kind assistance to be encashed and create "perverse" income redistribution.
Antecedents of New Service Development Effectiveness
Authors: Froehle Craig M. , Roth Aleda V. , Chase Richard B. , Voss Christopher A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the strategic process of new service development (NSD). The authors empirically explore the strategic influence of team-based organizational structure, NSD process design, and information technology (IT) choices on the speed and effectiveness of NSD efforts. Several literature-based relationships are tested with a recursive path model using a multi-industry sample of U.S. service organizations. Most results for the service sector are similar to those found in manufacturing: (a) NSD cross-functional team structures directly influence the effectiveness of the firm’s NSD efforts, (b) more formalized NSD processes indirectly influence the firm’s ability to develop new services by increasing the speed of NSD, and (c) IT choices directly affect both the speed of the NSD process and the general effectiveness of the firm’s NSD activities. Contrary to expectations, no direct relationship between the use of cross-functional team structures and the speed of NSD was found.
Do We Really Need Multiple-Item Measures in Service Research?
Authors: Drolet Aimee L. , Morrison Donald G.
Published: March 2007

Increasingly, marketing academics advocate the use of multiple-item measures. However, use of multiple-item measures is costly, especially for service researchers. This article investigates the incremental information of each additional item in a multiple-item scale. By applying a framework derived from the forecasting literature on correlated experts, the authors show that, even with very modest error term correlations between items, the incremental information from each additional item is extremely small. This study’s “information” (as opposed to “reliability”) approach indicates that even the second or third item contributes little to the information obtained from the first item. Furthermore, the authors present evidence that added items actually aggravate respondent behavior, inflating across-item error term correlation and undermining respondent reliability. Researchers may want to consider the issue of item information in addition to reliability. This article discusses ways in which researchers can construct scales that maximize the amount of information scale items offer without compromising measurement reliability.
A Product-Process Matrix for Electronic B2C Operations
Authors: Heim Gregory R. , Sinha Kingshuk K.
Published: March 2007

Electronic business-to-customer (B2C) operations are making it possible for companies to deliver service products—conceptualized as bundles of physical goods, offline services, and digital content—to customers almost anywhere and at any time. In this article, the authors develop a product-process matrix for electronic B2C operations. The building blocks of the matrix are an electronic service product structure and an electronic service process structure. The electronic service product structure, characterized by the digital content of service products and the target market segment, defines four service product categories. The electronic service process structure, characterized by the flexibility of process technologies, defines four service process stages. Positions on the matrix capture the product-process interrelationships in electronic B2C operations. The authors present propositions relating customer value to positions on the product and process structures and on the matrix. They also present illustrative applications of the matrix to examine the B2C operations of two electronic food retailers.
The Impact of Quality Context and Market Orientation on Organizational Performance in a Service Environment
Authors: Raju P. S. , Lonial Subhash C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines two major factors that affect the performance of an organization, that is, quality context and market orientation. Quality context comprises the practices and procedures within an organization that enhance the quality of the product and/or service. Market orientation is the process of effectively collecting, disseminating, and responding to information that will enhance the marketing function within the organization. The authors examine the relationships of these constructs with organizational performance within the hospital industry using structural equations modeling. The results confirm the multidimensional nature of all three constructs and show that both market orientation and quality context significantly affect organizational performance. However, whereas market orientation has a direct effect on organizational performance, quality context is only indirectly linked with organizational performance through its effect on market orientation. Implications of these results for the hospital industry and for future research in the area are offered.
Measuring the Efficiency of Service Delivery Processes
Authors: Frei Frances X. , Harker Patrick T.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a methodology that determines the role of design in calculating the efficiency of service delivery processes. The efficiency of these processes is first determined by using a variation of frontier estimation (data envelopment analysis [DEA]-like) techniques. The methodology is then applied to a particular service delivery process in retail banking. The methodology allows one to address the question of how much inefficiency in a business process is due to process-design choice and how much is due to process execution. In addition, the methodology determines which policy group offers the most potential for improvement for a particular firm. Consistent with expectations, the results show that no single process design dominates. However, the methodology demonstrates the trade-offs for a particular institution and offers specific recommendations for either improving an existing process or radically changing to a different design.
Effect of Microstructural and Compositional Heterogeneity On the Conduction of Heat in Structural Materials for High-Temperature Use
Authors: Hasselman D.P.H. , Bentsen L.D.
Published: March 2007

A review is presented of recent experimental data on the effect of microstructural and compositional het erogeneity on the thermal diffusivity/conductivity of structural materials for high-temperature applications. These materials include nitrides, carbides, oxides, and various composites. The microstructural and compositional variables include microcracking, solid solution alloying, densification aids, im purities, and the amount, type, distribution, and orientation of dispersed phases. Such variables can be used to tailor the heat transfer properties of a material for specific require ments.
Development of Heat Insulating Materials Using Date Palm Leaves
Authors: Al-Juruf R.S. , Ahmed F.A. , Alam I.A. , Abdel-Rahman H.H.
Published: March 2007

The work presented in this paper aims at investigating the possibility of using dry leaves of date palm fronds and suitable binders to obtain thermal insulating products for buildings The paper presents the various steps attempted to arrive at some heat insulating materials. And, it illustrates how those materials were tested to measure their thermal conductivities. It can be generally concluded that DPF dry leaves can be used with suitable binders to obtain heat insulating materials. Other findings and conclusions are included in the paper.
Assessment of Aging of Cellular Plastics with Particular Reference to Field Performance of Building Envelope Systems
Authors: Tye Ronald P.
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive bibliography concerning the complex subject of aging of cellular plastic insulations and its effect on performance of building envelope components is being maintained. The subject involves three interrelated issues, namely: materials and products behavior, installed systems performance, and testing and evaluation

A critical assessment of the issues shows that, while the basic aging process of cel lular plastics and some of the factors affecting it are well understood and verified, the performance of the products and systems in the field is not. As a result confusion and uncertainty exist.

Based on this assessment, a number of recommendations are made regarding quantification of certain parameters without which no fluorocarbon blown cellular plastic material product or system can attain claimed thermal performance Further recommendations are made concerning future laboratory and field studies necessary for verification of claims that design performance can be attained.
Modeling of Thermal Resistance Test Configurations that Use Thin Heaters
Authors: Yarbrough D.W. , McElroy D.L. , Graves R.S.
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of a large unguarded thin screen heater as an integral part of a ther mal resistance measurement apparatus for insulations has been demonstrated. Ther mal modeling of existing and proposed test configurations can be used to establish applicability. HEATINGS, a general purpose conduction program, has been used to obtain the temperature distributions encountered in linear and radial heat flow testers with thin heaters.

Thermal simulations of the existing screen tester have been used to determine the effects of specimen thickness and thermal resistance on measurement errors. Simula tion results were obtained for test configurations in order to provide a basis for design improvement, i.e., the effect of increasing levels of edge insulations on the ap parent thermal conductivities obtained with the tester.

The extent to which limited edge guarding extends the operating range of a flat tester has been examined using HEATING5. A gradient guard along the edge of the specimen in the tester reduces the measurement errors due to edge heat loss. The pre dicted improvement in measurement accuracy of a thin heater apparatus due to edge guarding that approximately matches the mean temperature on the edges with the mean temperature in the metering section has been examined experimentally.
Evaluation of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Thermal Conductivity Standard Reference Materials Using a 20-cm Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
Authors: Grimes James T.
Published: March 2007

The equations developed for NIST (formerly National Bureau of Standards) thermal conductivity Standard Reference Materials (SRM's) were derived from thermal conductivity measurements made on guarded hot plate apparatuses at NIST. These instruments are briefly described in the certificates and more fully described in NIST special publications [1,2] Critical to the conclusions ofthis report is the size of the heat flow meter apparatus used for making measurements on the NIST thermal conductivity standards. This work describes additional variability in the NIST thermal conductivity standards when they are measured on a system which is smaller than the guarded hot plate apparatuses used at NIST
Measured Thermal Resistance of Frame Walls with Defects in the Installation of Mineral Fibre Insulation
Authors: Brown W.C. , Bomberg M.T. , Ullett J.M. , Rasmussen J.
Published: March 2007

Studies have shown that convective air flow can significantly reduce the thermal resistance of frame walls insulated with mineral fibre insulation (MFI). It has also been shown that convective air flow can be avoided if the MFI products are installed with at least one face against an air impermeable material. The evolution of MFI products has seen the introduction of products with smaller fibre diameters and lighter densities, and there is a dominance of the frame wall insulation market by fric tion fit products. The effect of these changes on the installed (field) performance of MFI products is unknown, as is the effect of "minor" installation defects on the per formance of frame wall insulation systems. This article examines, through a program of full scale laboratory measurements, the effect of corner installation defects and product density on the thermal resistance of frame walls insulated with MFI prod ucts.
Heat Transfer in Evacuated Crinkled or Embossed Multilayer Foil Insulations
Authors: Degen Karl Georg , Rosseto Silvano , Fricke Jochen
Published: March 2007

Evacuated multilayer insulations with crinkled or embossed foils without spacers were investigated in a guarded hot plate apparatus. In order to quan tify the heat transfer mechanisms as well as their interaction, temperature dependent measurements of the total heat transfer coefficient were performed. The mean tem perature was varied between 260 and 550 K. Important parameters were type, coating and crinkling treatment of the foils as well as the number of foil layers at a given thickness.
Heat Flow through Walls under Transient Rain Conditions
Authors: Wijeysundera N.E. , Chou S.K. , Jayamaha S.E.G.
Published: March 2007

The effect of intermittent rain on the heat flow through walls was in vestigated experimentally. A numerical model was used to interpret the experimental data The sol-air temperature was modified using a measured evaporation coefficient to account for evaporation following rain; this was determined by separate tests. The cooling effect of rain on a warm wall was accounted for by using the wet-bulb tem perature. The effect of the cooling was more significant than the effect of evaporation in predicting the heat flows.
Moisture Conditions in a North Facing Wall with Cellulose Loose Fill Insulation: Constructions with and without Vapor Retarder and Air Leakage
Authors: Hagentoft C.-E. , Harderup E.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents calculated moisture conditions of a wall exposed to a climate equivalent to the North of Sweden. A north facing timber wall with a brick facade and cellulose loose fill thermal insulation is studied both with and without vapor retarder and air leakage. If the vapor retarder is eliminated from the construction, the moisture levels will increase to unacceptable high values. The con struction becomes sensitive to the choice of facing materials and the indoor moisture supply. Air leakage carrying moist air into the construction leads to unacceptably high values even for moderate indoor moisture supplies.
Mass Transfer of Carbon Dioxide through the Polyethylene Casing of District Heating Pipes
Authors: Svanström Magdalena , Ramnäs Olle , Olsson Maria E. , Jarfelt Ulf
Published: March 2007

The mass transfer of carbon dioxide through the outer polyethylene casing of district heating pipes, at room temperature, was evaluated, using different test methods. The mass transfer either through polyethylene casings on polyurethane preinsulated district heating pipes or through polyethylene casings alone was mea sured. Permeability coefficients of different polyethylene casings were about 20 · 10-18 kg·m-1·s-1·Pa-1. Permeability coefficients for carbon dioxide in polyurethane foam is about 100 times lower, which means that the mass transfer resistance to car bon dioxide of the polyurethane foam in a district heating pipe is negligible in com parison with the polyethylene casing.
Performance Predictions for Masonry Walls with Inside Insulation Using Calculation Procedures and Laboratory Testing
Authors: Hens H.
Published: March 2007

This paper looks at the traditional masonry wall insulated on the in side. It applies calculation procedures and laboratory testing to the selection of the materials and the details of the design. Special attention is given to the thermal and hygric response of the masonry walls. The study shows that the application of calcu lation methods during design and of laboratory measurements cannot only provide confidence in the prediction of the performance but also give the fundamental in formation required for improvement of the design.
News, Notes, Notices, Meetings, and So Forth
Authors: Jung Steve
Published: March 2007

Submissions may include any news of relevance to practicing evaluators, for example, AEA TIG news, AEA and other related special committee reports, conference and meeting notices, award recipients, publication notices, who has new jobs, and so forth. The primary criterion for acceptance is interest to the broad spectrum of program evaluators. Items should be as brief as possible—on the average, from two typewritten lines to one page. Specifics about the kinds of information you would like to see appear here, sources for that information, and news items should be forwarded to Conrad Katzenmeyer, in the U.S. Department of Education, coordinator of this section of Evaluation Practice. Send all correspondence to him at 9913 Oleander Avenue, Vienna, VA 22180.
Methods for the Experimenting Society
Authors: Campbell Donald T.
Published: March 2007

TRACES are what evaluators left behind—discoveries, records, tracks-which made marks on the profession of program evaluation. Published here are excerpts from our past (e.g., articles, passages from books, speeches) that show where we have been or affected where we are g(r)o(w)ing. Suggestions for inclusion should be sent to the Editor, along with rationale for their import. Photocopies of the original printed versions are preferred with full bibliographic information. Copying rights will be secured by the Editor.
Book Reviews : Michael Smith. Program Evaluation in the Human Services. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1991, 157 pp
Authors: McNutt John G.
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviews singularly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Barbara Searle (940 25th St., N.W., Apt. 114S, Washington, DC 20037) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional length.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Mayeske George W.
Published: March 2007

Letters should discuss issues/problems of general interest to practicing evaluators. Responses to specific material published in EP will be published in the section titled In Response. Other comments, thoughts, and viewpoints about evaluation or about EP will be included here in Letters. Contributions should not usually exceed two pages; writers of longer epistles should consider the section titled Forum.
"Beyond Formative and Summative Evaluation" Revisited
Authors: Worthen B.R.
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP. Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical, ethical, and practical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ... "and "Rejoinder to ... " will not be published in Forum —such responses are welcome and encouraged in the In Response section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.

The views expressed in this section are independent of and not necessarily shared by EP editors. By design, "Forums" are open to diverse views, in the hope that such diversity will enhance professional dialogue.
Client and Birth Record Linkage: A Method, Biases, and Lessons
Authors: Holian John
Published: March 2007

Due to rising data collection costs and the availability of extant data files, record linkage is becoming increasingly important in evaluation research. We begin by discussing record linkage as a data-generating technique and its applicability to evaluation studies. This paper—part of a larger study assessing the perinatal outcomes of a comprehensive prenatal program for poor, urban women—describes a method for linking client records to live and stillbirth records. Biases which can enter into the linkage process and general issues which need to be addressed early in an investigation are also discussed.
Predictors of the Police Use of Force
Authors: Crawford Charles , Burns Ronald
Published: March 2007

There is a volume of research that has analyzed the police use of force— particularly the use of deadly force. Past research has been limited by em ploying only a dichotomous measurement of force. This paper explores predictors of the police use of force in Phoenix by analyzing 1,220 arrests. In addition, the paper employs the concept of a continuum of force. Lo gistic regression results show the strongest predictors of police use of force are length of time on the force, suspect race, chemical impairment, at tempt to flee and possession of a weapon. Relevant literature and research implications are discussed.
Effects of Hydration on Febrile Temperature Patterns in Rabbits
Authors: Richmond Charlotte A.
Published: March 2007

Patients with fever have a predisposition to experience dehydration, which may alter their thermoregulatory responses to elevated body temperature. In view of the recent discovery of the antipyretic activity of arginine vasopressin (AVP), it is possible that dehydration has a beneficial role during fever. Dehydration may enhance endogenous antipyresis by stimulating AVP release, making aggressive fluid replacement, which may inhibit AVP release, undesirable during fever. This study addressed the effects of manipulation of hydration status on temperature and cardiovascular responses in endotoxin-injected rabbits. Eight unanesthetized chronically instrumented rabbits were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) while in euhydrated state, after furosemide (5 mg/kg) and 24 hours of water deprivation (dehydrated), after infusion of saline (30 mL/kg) while in euhydrated state (hyperhydrated), and after saline (mL/per overnight body weight loss in grams) while in dehydrated state (rehydrated). Dehydrated rabbits display higher fevers that are biphasic in nature and are accompanied by increased vasoconstriction and duration of mean arterial pressure increases, indicating that activation of antipyretic mechanisms in dehydrated rabbits was not sufficient to reduce body core temperature. In addition, fluid supplementation in euhydrated rabbits did not alter the febrile response; however, a marked decrease in heart rate was noted. Furthermore, fluid supplementation in dehydrated rabbits significantly attenuates the rectal temperature and heart rate response to LPS injection, indicating the possibility that activation of antipyretic mechanisms of AVP in rehydrated rabbits was sufficient to reduce body core temperature. The results suggest that fluid supplementation has a beneficial role in keeping body temperature lower.
The Migrants' Daughter's Study
Authors: Lozanovska Mirjana
Published: March 2007

The migrants' daughter's study is a space within the house of immigrants in which the daughter fulfils her tertiary education. Referring to the study, long inscribed and imagined as the place of a masculine individual subject, the article extends theoretical investigations of a discourse on gender and sexuality in architecture. It examines the relations between body, space, and language through the daughter's struggle to make and inhabit an individual space, a study. It signals the lack of private space within the migrant house and the lack of public place in terms of subject positions accessible to migrants' daughters outside the house. The study is proposed as a space of exchange between otherwise disparate cultural fields and as a space for the theatrical staging of provisional identities and possible agencies for the migrants' daughter. The article speculates on the study as a threshold for a female ethnic imaginary and subjectivity.
Women's Experiences 'Above' and 'Below': How East German Women Experience and Interpret their Situation after the Uninfication of the Two German States
Authors: Dölling Irene
Published: March 2007

For women in the former GDR, daily life has changed since the unification of the two German states. With the example of diary excerpts from the autumn of 1990, written by two women, both at that time in their early 50s and having worked full time all their lives, the question is explored how women from different social backgrounds experience the changes that have affected their daily lives, how they assess their past, approach their new living conditions, cope with the demands made of them and, with the aid of examples of the symbolic division of the sexes, interpret their - changed - roles in the new social arena.
Teaching Managers about Masculinities: Are You Kidding?
Authors: Sinclair Amanda
Published: March 2007

The way forward in the understanding of gender relations in organizations is to turn from a focus on women to a broader focus on men and the construction of masculinities in management. Research on this task has made a substantial and growing contribution, yet management education and teaching poses additional challenges. This article reports the author's experiences in introducing, to management development activities, a focus on masculinities. It describes the author's teaching journey through gender, including the temptation to stay with the `short agenda' of gender education with its focus on equal employment opportunity or palatable arguments for `diversity'. Convinced that teaching gender needs to encompass masculinities, the author examines the obstacles to doing so. The first set of obstacles concerns the content of curricula and, in particular, the apparent incomprehensibility and invisibility of `masculinities'. The second set of issues centres on pedagogies in management education. The author argues that good teaching is, contrary to received wisdom, a full-bodied and sexualized experience which facilitates a process of student identification. However, a female teacher talking about masculinities with a predominantly male group complicates and confounds accepted pedagogical practices. Can masculinities be taught to managers and can they be taught within the framework of management education? And can a woman do it?
Managers and Research
Authors: Skinner Denise , Tagg Clare , Holloway Jacky
Published: March 2007

Many managers undertake `research' in the course of their normal work-for planning, problem solving market research and decision-support-in which they have to gather information which enables decisions to be taken about a course of action. However, from our experience the methods they employ are dominated by quantitative techniques, augmented by an interview or questionnaire survey from which much qualitative data remains unused. Yet many of the issues managers investigate are complex, messy, and involve a range of stake-holders with different concerns and perceptions. These are circumstances in which qualitative research could offer a richness and depth of understanding unlikely to be achieved with quantitative approaches. This paper describes three cases in which the authors supported practising managers in their wish to identify and use qualitative approaches in their `research'. We describe the processes which took place and the managers' experience of using the qualitative approaches. We then reflect on the potential and the problems for the wider use of qualitative research methods by managers.
Applying the Ideas of Bernstein in the Context of In-Company Management Education
Authors: Mutch Alistair
Published: March 2007

Ideas drawn from the sociology of education have had surprisingly little impact on debates on organizational learning. This article takes ideas drawn from the sociology of education and applies them to a subset of organizational learning, the rapidly growing in company management programmes supplied by higher education institutions. It is argued that such programmes are often populated by participants who traditionally might not have engaged in higher education, making the explanatory frameworks of Bourdieu and Bernstein (with their central focus on education and class) relevant. An application of the concepts of Bernstein points to a need to make the notion of `relevance' in education problematic and to reasons why some participants might find the realization of a competent performance difficult.