bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ecophysiology of survival in juvenile red kangaroos Macropus rufus: greater demands and higher costs.
Authors: Munn AJ , Dawson TJ
Published: November 2018

Red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) are large (> 20 kg) herbivorous marsupials common to the
arid and semi-arid regions of inland Australia. The population dynamics of M. rufus is tightly
linked to environmental factors, which operate partly through the survival of juveniles. A
crucial period is the young-at-foot (YAF) stage when juveniles have permanently left the
mother?s pouch. YAF and weaned kangaroos have the highest drought-related mortalities of
any cohort and show notable differences from adults in their basic physiology. YAF and
weaned M. rufus, for example, had a resting metabolic rate (kJ kg-1
d-1) twice that of
mature females and 1.5 times that expected for an adult marsupial of equivalent body mass
(i.e., kJ kg-0.75
d-1). This greater energy turnover was largely explained by their metabolic
demands for growth; juveniles required 70 - 95% of the digestible energy intake (kJ d-1) of
mature, non-lactating females. Meeting these costs may not be a problem for juveniles when
high-quality, low-fibre forage is available, but they were constrained when only hard-to-digest,
high-fibre forage was available. YAF and weaned kangaroos, for example, were unable to
sustain growth on forages of more than 40 ? 50% fibre, fibre levels characteristic of forages in
arid regions during drought. Yet mature, non-lactating females were capable of maintaining
body mass on similar forage. Additionally, juvenile M. rufus required relatively more water
than adults for thermoregulation (by up to 2.5-fold), especially under hot conditions, and may
need to drink more frequently than adults. Thus, juveniles appear constrained to remain close to
water points, increasing their risk of predation and limiting their ability to find the high-quality
forage needed for their growth and survival.
Comparison of two techniques to survey macropod abundance in an ecologically sensitive habitat.
Authors: Woolnough AP
Published: November 2018

THERE are many techniques available to measure
the abundance of animal populations (e.g., Caughley
1977; Caughley and Grigg 1981; Southwell 1989;
McCallum 2000; Buckland et al. 2001). A key point
emphasised by each of these authors is that when
choosing the most appropriate method(s) for
measuring the abundance of animal populations, the
manager or researcher must consider the ecological
question(s) being asked. This in turn will determine
what technique(s) will be most appropriate, what data
are likely to be collected for analysis, and how these
data will address the ecological question being asked.
For the larger macropods, particularly Macropus
spp., many of the techniques used to measure the
abundance, and associated issues, have been
reviewed (see Southwell 1989). Despite this, the
applicability of these techniques has rarely been
compared, particularly with respect to the observed
variability in temporal counts.
An observation of male interaction in the predominantly solitary spottedtailed quoll Dasyurus maculatus.
Authors: Glen AS , Dickman CR
Published: November 2018

THE spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) is
generally regarded as a solitary species in which
individuals usually forage and rest alone (Belcher
and Darrant 2004). Aggressive interactions between
captive individuals have been recorded, with some
resulting in death (Fleay 1940; Settle 1978).
Although overlap between the home ranges of male
D. maculatus is extensive (Watt 1993; Belcher and
Darrant 2004), direct encounters are rarely observed
in the wild. This note describes an instance of two
adult male D. maculatus being captured together in a
cage trap, and therefore represents a rare observation
of close interaction between conspecifics.
The observation was made in November 2003
A new low-cost hairtube design for the detection of the spotted-tailed quoll Dasyurus maculatus in south-eastern Australia.
Authors: Murray AJ
Published: November 2018

THE spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) is the
largest carnivorous marsupial extant on mainland
Australia, where it has a fragmented distribution in
forested habitats in the eastern part of the continent.
This species is also found in Tasmania. D. maculatus
have been found in a wide variety of forest types
from sea level to over 1400 m above sea level, in
areas generally receiving in excess of 600 mm of
rainfall (Mansergh 1983). The distribution of D.
maculatus is believed to have declined by over 50%
following European settlement (Mansergh 1983).
First record of quadruplets in the musky ratkangaroo Hypsiprymnodon moschatus.
Authors: Johnson PM , Lloyd S , Vallance T , Eldridge MDB
Published: November 2018

THE musky rat-kangaroo (Hypsiprymnodon
moschatus) is endemic to the tropical rainforests of
north-east Queensland (Johnson and Strahan 1982). It
is the smallest (510 ? 530 g) and most unusual
member of the marsupial superfamily
Macropodoidea (Dennis and Johnson 1995). Unlike
other macropodoids, H. moschatus is frugivorous,
diurnal, has an opposable first digit on the pes, a
running quadrupedal gait and possesses a relatively
unspecialised digestive tract (Johnson and Strahan
1982; Dennis 2002). It also differs from all other
macropodoids in typically giving birth to multiple
young, usually twins ? although single young and
triplets are regularly reported both in the wild and in
captivity (Troughton 1967; Johnson and Strahan
1982; Johnson et al. 1983; Dennis and Marsh 1997;
Lloyd 2001). However, the birth of more than three
young has not previously been observed in H.
moschatus or any other macropodoid, even though all
species possess four teats.
Habitat selection by common brushtail possums in a patchy eucalypt-forestry environment.
Authors: le Mar K , McArthur C
Published: November 2018

We investigated population density and patterns of habitat selection by the common brushtail
possum (Trichosurus vulpecula fuliginosus) within a patchy forestry environment in north-west
Tasmania. Population density was extremely low overall (0.04 animals.ha-1) and varied
between habitats (0.01 ? 0.13 animals.ha-1). Selection indices from population surveys and
animal movement data showed clear patterns for two closed habitats across two spatio-temporal
scales: native forest was selected for, while 5 - 7 year old Eucalyptus nitens plantation was
selected against, for both home range placement within the study area and habitats selectively
used while foraging at night. Daytime habitat selection also showed the same pattern. We argue
that native forest represented high quality habitat, offering both food and shelter (tree-hollows),
while older plantation represented low quality habitat, lacking both of these resources. Results
for open habitats (young Eucalyptus nitens plantation and grassland) were less clear. These
patterns are discussed in relation to potential effects of a changing forestry landscape on this
species.
Bat Ecology. TH Kunz and MB Fenton (Eds). A Review by Dan Lunney and Alison Mathews.
Authors: Lunney D , Mathews A
Published: November 2018

THE publishers of this book, the University of
Chicago Press, make the following statements and
claims on their website: ?In recent years researchers
have discovered that bats play key roles in many
ecosystems as insect predators, seed dispersers, and
pollinators. Bats also display astonishing ecological
and evolutionary diversity and serve as important
models for studies of a wide variety of topics,
including food webs, biogeography, and emerging
diseases. In Bat Ecology, world-renowned bat
scholars present an up-to-date, comprehensive, and
authoritative review of this ongoing research. The
first part of the book covers the life history and
behavioral ecology of bats, from migration to sperm
competition and natural selection. The next section
focuses on functional ecology, including
ecomorphology, feeding, and physiology. In the third
section, contributors explore macroecological issues
such as the evolution of ecological diversity, range
size, and infectious diseases (including rabies) in
bats. A final chapter discusses conservation
challenges facing these fascinating flying mammals.
Bat Ecology is the most comprehensive state-of-thefield
collection for scientists and researchers?
(www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/15369.ctl,
last accessed 9 Nov 05).
Geographical variation in the skeletal morphology of Miniopterus schreibersii (Microchiroptera: Vespertilionidae) within Australia.
Authors: Wilson P. D.
Published: November 2018

Miniopterine zoogeography has proved to be a difficult subject because of the geographical range of many species and the subtle nature of morphological differences between species. Recent applications of multivariate morphometric methods and genetic analysis have shown subspecific differences between two groups of populations of Miniopterus schreibersii in southeast Australia. However, these studies have not considered the role phenotypic responses to local environmental conditions (particularly local climate regimes) might have on the morphology of populations. In this study, I examined the relationship between skeletal morphology, geographical separation between samples, and climate. I found that the ranges of the two subspecies correspond to regions experiencing very distinct climatic regimes, the two subspecies differ in morphology, and morphological difference between samples is correlated with their geographical proximity but the relationship is complex. These results suggest local environmental conditions may have played a role in determining both morphological and genetic differences among populations of M. schreibersii.
Locomotor performance in the squirrel glider, Petaurus norfolcensis, and the sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps.
Authors: Flaherty E. A. , Scheibe J. S. , Goldingay R.
Published: November 2018

We evaluated gliding, climbing, and running performance by Petaurus norfolcensis in southern Queensland, Australia and by a laboratory colony of P. breviceps. The data were used to test the hypothesis that gliding locomotion is energetically less expensive than quadrupedal transport, and is thus a reasonable explanation for the evolution of gliding. Gliding locomotion is less expensive than quadrupedal transport only when P. norfolcensis is able to climb to a launch point rapidly. We found no conditions in which gliding was less expensive than quadrupedal transport for P. breviceps. We compare these results with published data on North American flying squirrels, and argue that gliding locomotion in mammals may be a solution to foraging optimisation problems such as decreasing travel time between patchy food resources and increasing foraging velocity.
Selenium supplementation increases wool growth and reduces faecal egg counts of Merino weaners in a selenium-deficient area
Authors: Celi Pietro , Eppleston Jeff , Armstrong Annabel , Watt Bruce
Published: November 2018

This paper reports on the effects of selenium supplementation on liveweight (LW), greasy fleece weight (GFW), fibre diameter (FD), impact of parasite infection and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in weaned Merino sheep reared in a selenium-deficient area (blood GSH-Px <40 U/g Hb). At weaning, 208 Merino wethers were assigned to two groups: control (CTRL) and treatment (SEL). The SEL group was injected with 0.5 mL of Deposel, a slow release selenium injection. LW, blood and faecal samples were taken at 6-week intervals over a 24-week period. At the end of the trial the animals were shorn and GFW and FD measurements were taken. The SEL group had significantly higher (P < 0.01) LW compared with the CTRL group at Weeks 6, 12, 18 and 24. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in GFW between the SEL and CTRL group, 2.93 and 2.75 kg, respectively. There was no difference in FD between the two groups. A trend (P < 0.06) towards lower faecal egg counts in the SEL group was seen but the difference between the two groups was not significant. As expected, the SEL group had significantly (P < 0.001) higher plasma GSH-Px activity compared with the CTRL group. In conclusion, selenium supplementation in weaned Merino sheep reared in a selenium-deficient area could increase the LW and GFW of the young sheep while perhaps reducing the level of parasitic infection.
Effects of two finishing diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and feeding behaviour of Slovenian Cika and Simmental young bulls
Authors: Žgur S. , Brscic M. , Simčič M. , Petrič N. , Čepon M. , Cozzi G.
Published: November 2018

This study aimed at comparing the effects of a traditional finishing roughage-based diet and a higher energy diet, on growth, carcass characteristics, and feeding behaviour of Slovenian Cika and Simmental bulls (20 per breed). The experimental diets were: extensive (EXT) based on grass silage, and semi-intensive (S-INT) in which a part of the roughage was replaced with maize silage and sunflower meal. Each diet was fed ad libitum to 10 Cika (547 days old) and 10 Simmental (442 days old) bulls housed in group pens of five animals each. Growth performance was similar in both breeds, but Cika reached commercial finishing 1 month earlier than Simmental (139 vs 167 days; P = 0.016). Bulls fed S-INT had higher final weight (645.3 vs 590.1 kg; P = 0.05), average daily growth (1.05 vs 0.83 kg; P = 0.026), and feed intake (11.7 vs 10.6 kg dry matter (DM)/day; P < 0.001) than EXT bulls. Regardless of breed and diet, bulls ate 77–80% of the daily DM in the first 8 h after feed delivery. Bulls fed EXT showed longer standing (406.4 vs 355.8 min; P < 0.001) and eating (217.2 vs 155.3 min; P < 0.001) and shorter ruminating (77.5 vs 92.9 min; P < 0.001) times than S-INT bulls during the first 8 h of feed delivery. Cika bulls had lower full reticulo-rumen weights relative to slaughter weights (8.7 vs 10.7%; P = 0.002) than Simmental. The positive findings obtained with Cika cattle should encourage farmers to finish their young Cika male stocks for beef production, thus contributing to the maintenance of this animal genetic resource, and also to increase the energy density of the grass-based finishing diets by feeding supplements.
Pathogen-induced anorexia: a herbivore strategy or an unavoidable consequence of infection?
Authors: Kyriazakis Ilias
Published: November 2018

A reduction in voluntary food intake is a common feature of infection with pathogens and is frequently referred to as pathogen-induced anorexia. Anorexia has been previously viewed either as an unavoidable consequence of infection or as an animal strategy that enables them to cope with the consequences of infection. Both approaches lead to certain expectations as far as the characteristics of anorexia are concerned. By linking anorexia to host immune response one should be able to make predictions about when and for how long anorexia would occur. By appreciating what an infected animal is trying to achieve through its feeding behaviour, one would be able to make predictions about the extent of anorexia on different quality foods. The thesis of the paper is that these approaches should no longer be viewed as mutually exclusive, but, by combining them, one should be able to make pathogen-induced anorexia more predictable. This is done in the development of a model that aims to predict the food intake of grazing sheep exposed to an abomasal parasite. The predictions of the model are consistent with the features and consequences of parasite-induced anorexia of sheep given access to moderate and high quality foods. However, there is a degree of uncertainty about the validity of predictions made by the model on anorexia seen on poor quality foods of low energy content. This is not a deficiency of the model developed but can be attributed to the lack of appropriate experiments against which model predictions can be tested.
Consequences of nutrition during gestation, and the challenge to better understand and enhance livestock productivity and efficiency in pastoral ecosystems
Authors: Greenwood Paul L. , Bell Alan W.
Published: November 2018

The major economic costs to ruminant livestock producers of meat are associated with the breeding herd, which is an important target for improving productivity and efficiency at pasture. There is increasing interest in how to manage breeding females and their offspring to either minimise the consequences of adverse environmental effects or to enhance productivity and efficiency of offspring. This paper briefly reviews influences on fetal growth including the placenta, and reports results of our studies on factors including chronic, severe nutritional restriction during pregnancy and/or lactation within pasture-based systems on postnatal productivity of beef cattle. Cattle severely growth restricted early in life can have reduced weight for age to market weight, but with little or no alteration to normal allometric growth patterns of carcass tissues or beef quality, at least within pasture-based systems. The extent to which Bill McClymont’s vision of improving productivity and efficiency through improved understanding of the interactions between livestock, plants and soils can be realised is limited by our capacity to generate, in a timely manner, objective data on animal performance including intake and feed use efficiency within pastoral ecosystems. The capacity to improve productivity and efficiency, most notably for the breeding herd, within pastoral ecosystems will be enhanced by the development of wireless sensor networks and methods to manage and develop applications from ‘big data’. These applications of wireless sensor networks will include measurement of pasture intake, which is the input trait that underpins livestock production efficiency. Consistent with Bill McClymont’s vision, consumption of pasture by ruminants represents the point in the grazing ecosystem where livestock interface with plants and soils, and thus measurement of pasture intake should be a high priority for future research on productivity and efficiency.
Morphological and Functional Variations in the Rays of Pored Timbers
Authors: Chattaway Margaret
Published: November 2018

The rays of pored timbers may be made up of cells of very diverse forms and functions and may form a horizontal tissue system as varied as the vertical system of the wood.
Factors Influencing the Paper Chromatography of Some Enzymes of Aspergillus Oryzae and Related Enzymes
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: November 2018

The influence of a number of variables on the paper chromatographic behaviour of eight enzymes (proteinase, amylase, catalase, esterase, acid phosphatase, p-nitrophenyl-,8-glucosidase, salicinase, and sucrase) present in the culture filtrate of A. oryzae has been investigated. The solvent s)'Stems used were mixtures of aqueous buffers and organic liquids. The nature and concentration of both the organic liquid and the buffer, pH, and the solute concentration strongly influence the results.
Feeding Behaviour of the Aphids Myzus Persicae and Brevicoryne Brassicae, Studied With Radiophosphorus
Authors: Day MF , Irzykiewicz H
Published: November 2018

The volume of material ingested and excreted by the aphids Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae was measured by feeding them leaves or solutions containing radiophosphorus. No uptake could be measured within the first few minutes of penetration by the stylets. Myzus ingested approximately 0.07 mg. plant material in 1 hr. Brevicoryne ingested less than one-twentieth of that amount in the same period. Myzus ingested more from the lower than from the upper surface of the leaf. No artificial diet was found that was ingested
Studies on the Digestion of Wool by Insects VIII. the Significance of Certain Excretory Products of the Clothes Moth, Tineola Bisselliella, and the Carpet Beetle, Att Agenus Piceus
Authors: Powning RF
Published: November 2018

The excreta of clothes moth larvae (Tineola) bred on a� standard undyed woollen fabric, the black carpet beetle (Attagenus) living on wool, and the potato moth (Gnorimoschema) feeding on potato tubers, have been examined. Water-soluble nitrogen constitutes most of the total nitrogen in both Tineola and Attagenus excreta. The fraction of this water-soluble nitrogen ontributed by uric acid or its salts is high in Tineola, but considerably lower in Attagenus. Up to 3 per cent. urea and an appreciable quantity of ammonia are also present.
Ruminal Flora Studies in the Sheep IV. the Influence of Varying Dietary Levels of Protein and Starch Upon Digestibility, Nitrogen Retention, and the Free Microorganisms of the Rumen
Authors: Williams VJ , Nottle MC , Moir RJ , Underwood EJ
Published: November 2018

Data are presented from a replicated feeding trial with sheep, designed to determine the influence of varying dietary intakes of starch and protein upon digestibility, protein utilization, and the numbers and types of "free" bacteria in the rumen.
Localization of the Magnesium-Activated Apyrase of Insect Muscle in the Sarcosomes
Authors: Gilmour D
Published: November 2018

Sarcosomes of the fibrillar Hight muscles of blowflies have been isolated in a reasonably pure state and shown to possess powerful apyrase activity ( Q p 2500-5000).
Studies on the Alkali Metal Requirements of Ram and Bull Spermatozoa
Authors: White IG
Published: November 2018

Rubidium was as effective as potassium in maintaining the motility of ram and bull spermatozoa washed four times in a sodium phosphate-fructose diluent. Caesium was less active, ammonium ions were ineffective, and lithium was toxic.
Subspeciation in Trllnjlium Subterraneum
Authors: Morley FHW , Dbrock R , Davern CI
Published: November 2018

Subspeciatioll in Trifolium 8ubte1TCmewn waR indicated by the presence of reproductive and vegetative abnormalities ill crosses between some varieties.
The Oxidation of Hydrocarbons by Soil Bacteria I. Morphological and Biochemical Properties of a Soil Diphtheroid Utilizing Hydrocarbons
Authors: Ladd JN
Published: November 2018

(1) A. description is given of the morphology and hiochomical propertios of a soil hacterium, (JorynPi)(lctcl'iwn sp., ahle to oxidize aliphatic hydl'ocm�bolls.
Factors Influencing the Development of Broivn Patch in Lawns of Sagina Procumbens L.
Authors: Kerr A
Published: November 2018

The meteorological conditions necessary for tho appearance of brown patch caused by Pellicularia pmticola (Kotila) Flentje in 8agina lawns in Adelaide have been determined. They are:
Enzymic Activities of Sub-Cellular Particles from Leaves III. Centrifugal Fractionation and Characterization of Particles in Homogenates of Green Leaves
Authors: Smillie RM
Published: November 2018

Homogellatos of greon poa leaves have been fractionated difforential oentrifugation. fractions so obtained examined mieroscopioally and assayed for total nitrogen, deoxyribo-, and ribonuclcic acid, stareh. chlorophyll contonj",s, sueeinic dehydrogenase, slwcinoxidase. (t-ketoglntarate cytochrome reductase, cytochrome oxidase. and their oxidative p!JosplJOl'.VJatiOtl adivity. amI photolytic capacity. These studies l'o\'oalod tho pl'osmwe of highly-significant numbers ofbiochomioally-act,ivc mitochondria am! smalJer, non-oxidativo partic!os, containing cytochromo reductase. Both pal't,iclc types were distinet from ehlol'oplasts, or, ehloroplast fragments. The onzyme clistl'iblltiollS almost, identical with those found for e{,jojnted leaves rovealing basic similarity bohvcen dark- and light�grown leaf coils.
Nutrient Interactions and Deficiency Diagnosis in the Lettuce II. Effects of Nutrition on Water Content
Authors: Goodall DW , Slater WG , Grant Lipp AE
Published: November 2018

In a sand� culture experiment with lettuces, the water content (as per cent. of dry matter) of the aerial portions was studied in plants subjected to five levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium supply in all combinations.
Nodulation Studies in Legumes II. The Influence of Various Environmental Factors on Symbiotic Expression in the Vetch (Vioia Sativa l.) And Other Legumes
Authors: Pate JS
Published: November 2018

The major sequences of symbiosis in field�grown vetch plants (Vicia sativa L.) are similar to those described in Part I of this series (Pate i958) for the field pea (Pisum arvense L.). In both species symbiotic development is found to be charac� teristically synchronized with host plant leaf production and nitrogen accumulation. A generalized scheme for the symbiosis and nitrogen economy of the annual legume is derived from nodulation studies carried out in Australia and Northern Ireland.
Free and Bound Amino Acids in Legume root Nodules: Bound ?-Aminobutyric Acid in the Genus Trifolium
Authors: Butler GW , Bathurst NO
Published: November 2018

"Free" and "bound" amino acids in root nodules from 10 legume species have been studied. In general, the free amino acids comprise a small proportion (25 per cent. or less) of the total nitrogenous compounds soluble in 80 per cent. (v/v) ethanol.
Formation of the Colony in the Fungus Chaetomium
Authors: Plomley NJB
Published: November 2018

Growth in the fungus Ohaetomium qloboeum, on agar medium, is decribed in its following aspects: growth of the hypha, increase in size of the colony, and change of density of the hyphae within. the colony.
Selective Degradation by Bromine Water of the Polypeptide Chains of Oxidized Insulin
Authors: Thompson EOP
Published: November 2018

In degradative work on oxytocin (Mueller, Pierce, and du Vigneaud 1953; Ressler, Trippett, and du Vigneaud 1953; du Vigneaud et al. 1954) it was found that whereas oxidation with performic acid gave a single product (I), oxidation with bromine water or treatment of (I) with bromine water gave two peptide fragments, resulting from cleavage of a dibromotyrosylisoleucyl bond.
Peronospora Tabacina In Tobacco: Transpiration, Growth, and Related Energy Considerations
Authors: Cruickshank IAM , Rider NE
Published: November 2018

An investigation of the influence of Peronospora tabacina Adam on the transpiration and growth rates of the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. in three environments is described.
The Quantity of Water in the Cell Wall and its Significance
Authors: Gaff DF , Carr DT
Published: November 2018

Cell wall preparations from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. may absorb water equal to approximately 150% of their dry weight.
The Absorption of Ammonia Through the Rumen of the Sheep
Authors: Hogan JP
Published: November 2018

In sheep amtesthetized with chloralose, the transport of ammonia across t,he rumen epithelium increases with the concentration gradient at pH 6� .~. The movement of volatile fatty acids across the rumen epithelium at pH 6�5 increases the t,ransport of ammonia. The effects both of ammonia concentration and of the movement,s of the fatty acids on the transport of ammonia were so reduced at pH 4-�5 that they were either absent or within experimental errol".
Growth of the Mouse Coat VIII. Changes in the Coat and Body Weight Under Heat Stress
Authors: Nay T
Published: November 2018

Observations were made on the hair growth and body weight of mice subjected to high temperature stress. It was found that:
A Maternal Effect on Vibrissa Score Due to the Tabby Gene
Authors: Kindred BM
Published: November 2018

An experiment in selection for the number of secondary vibrissae in the house mouse is being conducted on a stock in which the tabby (Ta) gene is segregating. A maternal effect on the vibrissae scores of the progeny of mutant females was observed. This has been investigated in the selection line, stocks derived from it, and Ta/inbred backcross stocks.
The Gametic Distributlon in Mendelian Heredity
Authors: Hayman BI
Published: November 2018

The expecta,tion of a gametic frequency iR expressed in tenm; of Jones' (HUH) linkage probability. The derivation illustrates a use of set notation with wide applicability in quantitative genetics.
The Utilization of Glucose and Fructose by Mouse Testis in Phosphate-Containing Media
Authors: Blackshaw AW
Published: November 2018

The respiratory activity of mouse testis is stimulated by added glucose or fructose. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. glucose is rapidly metabolized with the production of lactic acid. Under the same conditions fructose is utilized to a much less extent and only small amounts of lactic acid are formed. Inorganic phosphate markedly stimulates aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis but inbibits respiration.
The Effects on Rats of Chronic Exposure To 34°C II. Growth
Authors: R Pennycuik Pamela
Published: November 2018

The growth rate of female rats kept at 21, 27, and 34�0 was measured from weaning to 20 weeks of age and during pregnancy and IMtation. Weights of their pups were measured at birth, during the lactation period, and at weaning. Carcass analyses were carried out for lactating females at the end of lactation and for non-pregnant controls.
Juvenile Photoperiodic Sensitivity in Anagallis Arvensis L. Subsp. Foemina (Mill.) Schinz & Thell
Authors: Parsons PA
Published: November 2018

Exposure to long days of 20 hI' light of young plants of A. arvensis, when they possess cotyledons and two slightly expanded first leaves, causes flower initiation. One long day evokes no, or only slight, response, two long days a substantial but variable response, and three complete initiation.
Photosynthesis of Cotton Leaves Under a Range of Environmental Conditions in Relation to Internal and External Diffusive Resistances
Authors: Parsons PA
Published: November 2018

Experiments have been described in which photosynthesis of cotton leaves enclosed in a leaf chamber was measured under various conditions of light intensity (1000-6000f.o., corresponding to 3�8x 104-22�5x 104 erg cm-2 sec-I), CO2 concentration (200-2000 p.p.ro.}, temperature (30-40�C), relative humidity (40-80%), and windBpeed (0�6-3�1 em sec-I). The plants were well watered in order to minimize water stress.
Ionic Relations of Cells of Chara Australis VIII. Membrane Currents During a Voltage Clamp
Authors: Findlay GP
Published: November 2018

Experiments are described in which "voltage clamps" were applied to the "membrane" of O. australis cells comprising tonoplast and plasmalemma and also to the plasmalemma alone. The voltage-clamp system maintained the membrane potential at a predetermined level, and enabled a detailed analysis to be made of the transient electrical phenomena occurring during the action potential. A scarming technique is also described, by means of which the membrane currentpotential characteristics could be determined at any particular time during the transient activity of the membrane.
Ionic Relations of Cells of Chara Australis IX. Analysis of Transient Membrane Currents
Authors: Findlay GP , Hope AB
Published: November 2018

The effect of divalent cations and of high chloride ion concentration on voltage-clamp currents in the plasmalemma of O. australis was investigated. Either calcium or strontium ions were necessary in the medium for a transient current to appear during a voltage clamp_ The transient current with strontium was about 20% of that with calcium present. Barium. cadmium, magnesium, manganous, or nickelous ions were unable to replace calcium in. this function.
Studies on Marsupial Nutrition IV. Diet of the Quokka, Setonix Brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard), on Rottnest Island, Western Australia
Authors: Storr GM
Published: November 2018

The Rottnest quokka loses condition towards the end of summer, which is a season of marked drought. The diet of the quokka was studied to see if the reason for this decline could be ascertained.
Comparison of Water Potentials in Leaves as Measured by Two Types of Thermocouple Psychrometer
Authors: Barrs HD
Published: November 2018

A comparison of water potentials as measured by two types of miniature thermocouple psychrometer, when used in vapour pressure equilibration chambers containing leaf material, has been made. Significant differences were observed.
The Distribution of Photosynthate Within Lucerne as Influenced by Illumination
Authors: Hodgkinson KC , Veale JA
Published: November 2018

The influence of exposure of lucerne plants to light and to darkness, after administration of 14002 to the whole plant, on the distribution of 140-labelled photosynthate within the leaves, stems, and roots has been studied.
Fecundity of Aphelenchus Avenae Bastian
Authors: Fisher JM
Published: November 2018

Little is known about the various factors that determine the rate of reproduction of plant parasitic and free-living nematodes. The available data on the life span of females, the number of eggs laid, and the rate of egg-laying are based on total egg counts from single females or rates of egg-laying over short periods. Assessment of egg production in migratory ectoparasitic plant nematodes is also technically difficult because, unlike sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, the eggs are deposited at random in soil. Aphelenchu8 avenae Bastian, 1865, although a parasite of higher plants (Chin and Estey 1966), is easily cultured on many fungi (Townshend 1964) and so offers a ready means of studying fecundity in migratory species.
Short-Term Growth Response to Growth Regulators In Roots of Zea Mays
Authors: Bottrill DE , Hanson JB
Published: November 2018

A study was made of the inhibition of root growth in Z. mays by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,6�T), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) over a wide range of concentrations. IAA and 2,4�D caused identical responses whereas the response to 2,4,6-T was different. Application of 2,4.D or IAA at concentrations of 4�5xl0-4M for 5 min resulted in an immediate reversible inhibition of root growth whereas long-term application gave an irreversible inhibition. The same concentration of 2,4,6-T caused a similar degree of inhibition of root growth, but only after an extended treatment, and the roots could then recover from the inhibition in the presence of the chemical.
Inheritance of Resistance to Organophosphorus Acaricides in the Cattle Tick, Boophilus Mioroplus
Authors: Stone BF
Published: November 2018

An organophosphorus�resistant strain of the cattle tick B. microplus from central Queensland was crossed with a susceptible reference strain, the ticks being confined in plastic mating boxes glued to the skins of cattle. The resistance of Fl backcross and F2 larvae was compared with that of larvae of the parent strains by exposing larvae to filter-paper packets impregnated with solutions of dioxathion, carbophenothion, and formothion in olive oil. Some comparisons were also made by similarly exposing engorged adult females to these compounds or by injecting them into engorged females. The relative resistance of hybrids from reciprocal crosses, and the segregation ratios obtained in backcross F2 and repeated backcross progenies were generally in satisfactory agreement with expectations for a single incompletely dominant autosomal gene. Segregation into phenotypes was clearest with formothion for which the degree of resistance in homozygotes was up to 5200 times and in heterozygotes up to 950 times. Homozygotes were up to 12 and 6 times resistant to carbophenothion and dioxathion respectively.
Induction of Deciduomata in Normal and Histamine-Depleted Rats
Authors: Humphrey KW
Published: November 2018

In the rat large deciduomata were obtained by crushing and by intra-uterine injections of saline, peanut oil, or compound 48/80. Effects of injections of saline made with a 28-gauge needle were largely confined to the site of insertion, but injections made with a 26-gauge needle induced very large, full-length deciduomata almost as large as those produced by crushing. Three histamine-releasing agents were given intraperitoneally: pyrathiazine which induced large deciduomata and damaged the abdominal organs, and compound 48/80 and polymyxin B which were non-irritant and did not induce deciduomata
Haematological Changes Induced in Laboratory Rats by Larval Ampligaegum Robertsi Sprent & Mines
Authors: Dobson C
Published: November 2018

The pathologioal effeots of A. robertsi in the rat were studied for a period of 13 weeks. The aoute stage of the disease was oharaoterized by an enlarged and haemorrhagio liver. The chronio phase was assooiated with enlargement of the liver, liver oirrhosis, anaemia, and serum disturbanoes. The progressive development of anaemia was indioative of haemorrhage and the oell pioture indioated a maorooytio-normoohromic anaemia. This was aooounted for by regenerative ohanges in the blood sinoe large numbers of retioulooytes were found. Some abnormally high mean oell haemoglobin oonoentration values.indioated haemolysis whioh could be assooiated with either the toxio and digestive effeots of the parasite or immune haemolysis.
Respiration and Ripening of Banana Fruit Slices
Authors: Palmer JK , Mcglasson WB
Published: November 2018

Transverse slices of green banana fruit (2-6 mm thick) exhibit after cutting an initial burst of respiration which largely subsides within 2 hr, and a broad peak of "induced" respiration at 15-20 hr. Respiration subsequently declines and within 4 days stabilizes at a rate two to three and a half times that of matched, intact fruits. Ripening of the slices occurs naturally within 4 weeks after cutting; it may also be induced at any time by treating with ethylene. In all attributes studied (sensitivity to ethylene, respiratory climacteric, respiratory quotient, peel colour changes, starch to sugar conversion, softening, and aroma development), the slices are comparable to whole fruit. Inhibitors or metabolites may be introduced into the slices by vacuum infiltration. The slices provide a suitable model system for studying the biochemistry of fruit ripening at the tissue level.
The Development of the Cuticular Wax Layer in Prune Plums and the Changes Occurring in it During Drying
Authors: M Bain Joan , Mcg Mcbean D
Published: November 2018

The development of the wax layer or bloom has been observed on prune plums throughout the growing season (177 days), using the carbon replica and thin�sectioning techniques of electron microscopy. Changes in their average fresh weight, surface area, percentage of total and soluble solids, and the amount of wax per fruit and per square centimetre were determined also at 12 intervals during their growth.
Incorporation and Metabolism of Cysteine in the Haemolymph and Saliva of A Plant Bug
Authors: Miles PW
Published: November 2018

When injected into the haemolymph of a pentatomid plant bug, cysteine labelled with 35S was transferred to the salivary glands and was there incorporated as cysteine-cystine into the precursors of the salivary "stylet sheath". Cysteine did not appear to be converted into methionine either in the haemolymph or in the salivary glands. Some of the injected cysteine was incorporated into soluble protein or peptide in the haemolymph and salivary secretions, some was excreted as cysteine and cystine, and some was deaminated in the haemolymph and was also found in this form in the salivary glands and excreta.
The Influence of Dietary Protein and Methionine on the Sulphur Content and Growth Rate of Wool in Milk-Fed Lambs
Authors: Reis PJ
Published: November 2018

The effect of dietary protein and methionine on the sulphur content and growth
rate of wool, produced by milk-fed lambs, was studied in an experiment lasting
6 weeks and commencing when the lambs were 3 days old. Measurements were also
made on two lambs left with their mothers.
Polar and Lateral Transport of Water in an Apple Tree
Authors: West DW , Thompson WK , Black JDF
Published: November 2018

An apparent polar movement of nutrients associated with polar water transport
has been demonstrated for plants with a particular arrangement of vascular tissues.
Rinne and Langston (1960) studied the movement and distribution of 32p in
peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and showed polar transport to occur when half
the root system was fed with 32p. In the short term 32p was even confined to half
leaf blades of leaves in the median orthostichies. Caldwell (1961), who used a
split-root technique to grow Ooleus sp., demonstrated the apparent polar transport
of nutrients to be maintained over a long period when half the root system was
grown in nutrient-rich soil and half was grown in nutrient-deficient sand. Much less
growth occurred in the side of the plant supplied by the roots in the nutrientdeficient
sand.
The Sweat Glands and Hair Follicles of Asian, African, and South American Cattle
Authors: Mcewan jenkinson D , Nay T
Published: November 2018

Measurements were made on the skins of 471 Asian, 281 African, and 186 South American cattle from different breeds, and the mean values have been tabulated. The skin types present in each breed or group of breeds were determined using sweat gland shape (LID), i.e.
Variation in Recombination Frequencies in Schizophyllum commune and its Genetic Control
Authors: Tang CY , Chang ST
Published: November 2018

Several chromosomal segments on the linkage group of the A incompatability factor in S. commune were studied. Recombination frequencies at the dm-9-AIX and AIX-ad-5 regions are controlled by different genetic systems. No evidence of genetic control of recombination is found in the ad-5-Ap region. Extensive study of the recombination frequencies in the region pab-ad-5 revealed that a major genetic factor, rec-I, is involved. The dominant allele of the rec-I gene tends to reduce recom-bination frequencies. The gene is linked to the ad-5 locus at about 20 map units.
Insect-Control Chemicals From Plants III. Toxic Lignans From Libocedrus Bidwillii
Authors: Russell GB , Singh Pritam , Fenemorec PG
Published: November 2018

Feeding tests showed that the powdered dried leaves and leaf extracts of L. bidwillii are toxic to the larvae of the housefly (Musca domestica), and the codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella). The powdered material was not toxic to the light-brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana).The most active toxin is the lignan fi-peltatin-A methyl ether (II) and at a concentration of 100 ppm in a chemically defined diet it gave 98 % mortality of housefly larvae.
Survival of Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var. Tritici in Artificially Colonized Straw Buried in Naturally Infested Soil
Authors: Mac Nish GC
Published: November 2018

A study was made of the survival of G. graminis var. tritiei in artificially colonized straws buried in naturally infested soil. The fungus already present in the naturally infested soil generally survived better than the fungus in the straw. A comparison was made of the survival of two isolates of G. graminis var. tritiei in artificially colonized straws stored in similar soils from the same area, but with different cropping histories. Generally, survival decreased with increasing numbers of consecutive crops; this suggested that some 'factor' reducing saprophytic survival of G. gram in is var. tritiei in artificially colonized straws is induced in soil that is continuously cropped to wheat. It was also shown that the isolates (which had similar levels of virulence) had different survival abilities. This appeared to be related to differences in production of dark hyphae. When either isolate survived, it maintained its original virulence and also maintained its inoculum potential at an approximately constant level after an initial drop during the first 10 weeks of survival.
Amino Acid Sequence of the Smaller Subunit of Conglutin ?, a Storage Globulin of Lupinus angustifolius
Authors: Elleman TC
Published: November 2018

The amino acid sequence of the smaller subunit of conglutin y, the simplest of the three globulins from the seeds of Lupinus angusti/olius cv. Uniwhite, has been determined. The subunit was homogeneous and contained 154 amino acid residues, including five sulphur-containing amino acids-a considerably higher content than is found in most other legume storage proteins. There was no indication of the complexity experienced in studies of many other legume storage proteins. This is perhaps the first sequence of a subunit of a legume storage protein to be determined.
Selection of Laboratory Mice for Improved Reproductive Performance at High Environmental Temperature
Authors: R Pennycuik Pamela
Published: November 2018

When mice are transferred from a 'temperate' to a hot environment their reproductive output is reduced. To test whether this reduction could be countered by selection, three mouse lines, housed permanently as 32�C, were selected for increase in the numbers of young reared to 3 weeks when pairs were allowed to remain together for 12 weeks. In one line (R95) in which all fertile pairs contributed to the next generation, no improvement was observed in 19 generations. In two other lines (W21 and W34) in which only half the pairs in one generation contributed to the next, productivity returned, in about 12 generations, to almost the same levels as those of controls housed at 21�C.
Genetic Basis of Resistance to Diazinon in Victorian Populations of the Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia Cuprina
Authors: McKenzie JA , Dearn JM , Whitten MJ
Published: November 2018

Populations of L. cuprina from the Baimsdale, Glenrowan, Hamilton and Torrita areas of Victoria were found to have similar high diazinon resistance status, following near fixation of a single allele at the Rl locus. Pure-breeding resistant strains were derived from each area and used as base populations for a selection program on adults. An approximate doubling of the level of resistance to diazinon was achieved in each strain after eight generations of selection. Relaxation of selection over seven generations showed the response had generated a stable plateau in all but the Torrita selected strain, which regressed towards the resistance level of the original base population.
Changes in the Concentration of Gonadotrophic and Steroidal Hormones in the Antral Fluid of Ovarian Follicles Throughout the Oestrous Cycle of the Sheep
Authors: McNatty KP , Gibb M , Dobson C , Thurley DC , Findlay JK
Published: November 2018

The concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, progesterone, androstenedione and oestradiol were determined in the antral fluid of ovarian follicles > 1 mm in diameter as well as in ovarian venous or peripheral venous plasma, or both, from at least four different animals on each day throughout the oestrous cycle of the sheep. The individual steroid hormones in antral fluid were examined in relation to the steroid-secretion rates in ovarian venous plasma, follicle size and the hormone levels in jugular venous plasma.
Defleecing Effect of Betamethasone and other Long-acting Corticosteroids, their Influence on Wool Growth and some Physiological Processes in Sheep.
Authors: McDonald BJ , Suter G , Hopkins PS
Published: November 2018

The defleecing effects of the long-acting derivatives of prednisolone, triamcinolone and dexamethasone were compared with those of betamethasone alcohol when these steroids were administered at the rate of 3� 3 mg/kg liveweight in three equal intramuscular injections of 1� 1 mg to Merino wethers. Prednisolone showed no defleecing activity whereas the other steroids produced positive but variable responses. Prolonged depression of wool growth was evident following treatment with dexamethasone esters.
Effects of Seminal Plasma and of Its Removal and of Egg Yolk in the Diluent on the Survival of Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Spermatozoa of the Angora Goat
Authors: Ritar AJ , Salamon S
Published: November 2018

After twofold dilution with Tris-glucose medium, buck seminal plasma was a poorer milieu than ram seminal plasma for the maintenance of viability of freshly collected spermatozoa of both species. Egg yolk (9% v/v) in the diluted buck seminal plasma caused coagulation of the medium coupled with death of spermatozoa after 2 h incubation at 37�C.