bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial resistance: review
Authors: Moutafchieva R. , Mladenov D.
Published: January 2021

The global increase in antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge in the fields of medicine and microbial ecology. Increasing clinical incidents are a threat to animal and human health, as well as for the protection of the environment. Nowadays the antibiotic resistance grows. The increasing prevalence of it is a serious challenge for both human and animal health.
Antibiotic resistance can impose serious constraints on the treatment of many bacterial infections. To avoid its development is necessary to identify the causes and eliminate them. On the first place, the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials should be avoided. That means to know and follow the principles of rational therapy.
To prevent the spread of resistance it is necessary to keep strong monitor for the use of antibiotics.
Association of teacher feedback with scholastic attainment at secondary level in Pakistan
Authors: Javed Tariq , Asghar Muhammad Aslam , Nazak Nazneen
Published: January 2021

In this article we report on the association between teacher feedback and scholastic attainment at Secondary School Certificate (SSC) level in Pakistan. The study was conducted with data collected from Pakistani secondary school teachers and students through a survey study using multistage sampling. The objectives of the study were (1) to explore the possible differences in the effect of feedback by male and female teachers on the academic achievement of students in large, medium, and small secondary schools; (2) to compute the relationship of teacher feedback on the scholastic accomplishment at secondary level. The research instrument (questionnaire) with 14 closed-ended statements was developed, validated through experts in the field of education, and internal consistency of the tool was measured using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) – the calculated Cronbach Alpha was 0.814. Two hypotheses for the study were formulated and tested by using non-parametric statistical tests in order to achieve the objectives of the study. The results show that teachers’ feedback during the teaching-learning process has a positive association with academic achievement of students. Furthermore, formative feedback, diagnostic feedback, gestural feedback, immediate feedback and feedback on classroom discussion are used to overcome the behavioural and learning issues of low and high achievers. The findings of the study suggest that variety in teacher feedback techniques during the teaching-learning process should be promoted to enhance the quality of students’ academic achievement.
Does a job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour relationship exist among teachers?
Authors: Cek Kemal , Eyupoglu Serife
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the educational management literature by testing a model that combines the overall job satisfaction, intrinsic satisfaction, extrinsic satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour of high school teachers. Structural equation modelling and hierarchical regression were used and the model was tested through the collection of data from questionnaires completed by high school teachers in Northern Cyprus. The findings of the study indicate that teachers are more intrinsically satisfied with their jobs when compared to extrinsic and overall job satisfaction, and that teachers display a high degree of organisational citizenship behaviour. The findings also show that, as hypothesised, teachers’ job satisfaction (overall, intrinsic and extrinsic) positively influences organisational citizenship behaviour, however intrinsic job satisfaction is the most influential. Practical implications for both organisations and education institutions are outlined.
The ambivalence of comradeship in the appointment of principals: A threat to the provision of quality education
Authors: Dube Bekithemba , Tsotetsi Cias
Published: January 2021

In this article, we problematise the practice of appointing principals on the basis of comradeship instead of excellence, qualifications and competency. The appointment of principals in South Africa has, over the years, become politicised and unionised to the extent that it is contextualised within comradeship narratives, thereby negating the competency and qualifications that are required to champion quality education – education that is essential to empower people. To cement its arguments, the article is couched in decoloniality, a framework that evokes the need to challenge coloniality, which has displaced professionalism and competency as criteria for appointing principals. The data for the study were generated through questionnaires completed by, and interviews with, 19 participants in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province. The article reports that most schools with comrade principals face challenges related to competency, learner performance and indiscipline. The article recommends that the Department of Basic Education revisit its appointment policy for principals to ensure that competent principals are appointed, regardless of whether they are comrades or not.
An empirical examination of the role of emotional knowledge in the teaching profession
Authors: Riveiro-Villodres Laura Erundina , Blanco-Encomienda Francisco Javier , Latorre-Medina María José
Published: January 2021

Modern society has plunged us into a maelstrom of telematics information with little control. Teachers from any field must be trained in order to pass on the confidence and values to withstand this media pressure to their students. To this end, one of the areas of knowledge on which greater emphasis should be placed is that related to emotional intelligence. The study reported on here focused on this type of knowledge among professional music studies teachers in conservatories, asking what the perception of this group on the aforementioned area of knowledge is and to what extent it has been received during their initial training. For this investigation we used a quantitative methodological approach, and via descriptive analysis, a non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and inferential analysis, we found significant differences regarding the two scales considered: level of agreement and emotional intelligence training received. Furthermore, regarding the descriptive variables, significant differences were also found through the application of the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis test.
Optimizing Credit Gaps for Predicting Financial Crises: Modelling Choices and Tradeoffs
Authors: Beltran Daniel O. , Jahan-Parvar Mohammad R. , Paine Fiona A.
Published: January 2021

Credit gaps are good predictors for financial crises, and banking regulators recommend using them to inform countercyclical capital buffers for banks. Researchers typically create credit gap measures using trend-cycle decomposition methods, which require many modelling choices, such as the method used, and the smoothness of the underlying trend. Other choices hinge on the tradeoffs implicit in how gaps are used as early warning indicators (EWIs) for predicting crises, such as the preference over false positives and false negatives. We evaluate how the performance of credit-gap-based EWIs for predicting crises is influenced by these modelling choices. For the most common trend-cycle decomposition methods used to recover credit gaps, we find that optimally smoothing the trend enhances out-of-sample prediction. We also show that out-of sample performance improves further when we consider a preference for robustness of the credit gap estimates to the arrival of new information, which is important as any EWI should work in real-time. We offer several practical implications.
Age Variations and Sexual Dimorphism in Linear Body Segments among Children Aged 2-6-Years of Bengalee Ethnicity from Arambagh, West Bengal, India
Authors:   Department of Anthropology, Bangabasi College, Kolkata, India, Mandal Gopal C. , Bose Kaushik ,   Department of Anthropology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
Published: January 2021

Background Sitting height (SH), sub ischial leg length (SILL) and the sitting height/leg length ratio (SH/SILL) are useful tools for assessing human body proportions. They are often used to detect the presence of abnormal growth, especially in school-aged children. Materials and Methods Our cross-sectional study was conducted among 1012 preschool children aged 2 to 6-years from Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme centers at Bali Gram Panchayat, Arambagh, Hooghly District, West Bengal, India. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, SH were measured following standard protocol. Results There was no age combined significant sex difference in any variable. However, age specific sex differences were there in few age groups. Highly significant (p<0.001) age variations existed in all variables. The body mass index (BMI) was significantly (p<0.01) negatively correlated with SILL (r=-0.443), SILLP (r=-0.302) and UTL (r=-0.346) in both sexes. It was significantly (p<0.01) positively associated with UTLP (r=0.302). Moreover, SILL was significantly positively correlated with UTL in both sexes (boys, r=0.821 and girls, r=0.871; p<0.01), whereas it was significantly negatively associated with UTLP (boys, r=-0.590 and girls, r=-0.552; p<0.01) in the participants. Conclusion Our results suggest that, in both sexes, there were significant age differences in SILL, SILLP, upper trunk length (UTL) and unified technology learning platform (UTLP). The BMI had significant associations with these variables in both sexes. Moreover, SILL had significant correlation with UTL and UTLP among the participants.
Presentació
Authors: Samper Prunera Emili
Published: January 2021

Després de vuit números publicats de la revista, cadascun d’ells dedicat de manera monogràfica a un tema d’estudi de la literatura oral popular, en aquest novè acollim treballs diversos que no estan acotats a un aspecte específic.
Derecho y políticas ambientales en Extremadura (Segundo semestre 2020)
Authors: Brufao Curiel Pedro
Published: January 2021

Derecho y políticas ambientales en Extremadura (Segundo semestre 2020)
Jurisprudencia ambiental en Andalucía (Segundo semestre 2020)
Authors: Mellado Ruiz Lorenzo
Published: January 2021

Jurisprudencia ambiental en Andalucía (Segundo semestre 2020)
Jurisprudencia ambiental en Extremadura (Segundo semestre 2020)
Authors: Brufao Curiel Pedro
Published: January 2021

Jurisprudencia ambiental en Extremadura (Segundo semestre 2020)
Jurisprudencia ambiental de la Región de Murcia (Segundo semestre 2020)
Authors: Salazar Ortuño Eduardo
Published: January 2021

Jurisprudencia ambiental de la Región de Murcia (Segundo semestre 2020)
Derecho y políticas ambientales en la Comunidad de Madrid (Segundo semestre 2020)
Authors: Entrena Ruiz Daniel Bruno
Published: January 2021

Derecho y políticas ambientales en la Comunidad de Madrid (Segundo semestre 2020)
Megaproyectos, Pandemia y "Gobierno" del cambio en México
Authors: López Bárcenas Francisco
Published: January 2021

With the arrival of Andrés Manuel López Obrador to the presidency of the republic, many Mexicans believed that public policies on development would change. But this was not the case. That was clear from his first public speeches as president of the republic, confirmed by the integration of his cabinet and the announcement of the mega-projects, those of previous governments and those of his own government. In all these acts, the "government of change" disregarded the rights of the indigenous peoples, which meant that a wide swath of their popular vote soon turned against him and now represents a brake on his attempts to continue the policies of dispossession. The way this has happened in his first year of government is described in this document.
Derecho y políticas ambientales en el País Vasco (Segundo semestre 2020)
Authors: Lazkano Brotóns Iñigo
Published: January 2021

Derecho y políticas ambientales en el País Vasco (Segundo semestre 2020)
Agricultural diversification in Sikkim: A move towards organic high-value agriculture
Authors:   Department of Economics, University of North Bengal, West Bengal, 734014, India. Tel.: +918116560357, Chettri Deepesh
Published: January 2021

Objective: To inspect the extent and nature of diversification in the agricultural sector in the Indian state of Sikkim from the initiation of the Organic Mission (2003) to the attainment of full organic status (2016) by the state. Methods: Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is computed to understand the pace and pattern of agricultural development and the Simpson Diversity Index (SID) and the Percentage Share of different crops in the Total Cropped Area are calculated to measure the extent of diversification. Findings: The CAGR in terms of both area and production were found to be positive for high-value crops whereas traditional agricultural crops recorded negative growth in the same period. The value of SID at 0.81 implies a high degree of diversification towards high-value agriculture in Sikkim. Keywords: Agriculture; diversification; Sikkim; organic; high-value agriculture
A result on Banach Space using Property E.A
Authors:   Mathematics Department, University College, Saifabad, Osmania University,Hyderabad, India. Tel.: +0-944-037-8294, Srinivas V
Published: January 2021

Objective/Aim: To establish the existence of common fixed point theorem for four self-mappings in Banach space. Method: This method includes using weaker conditions like property E.A and weakly compatible mappings. Findings: Unique common fixed point is generated using different conditions. This result is supported by the provision of a suitable example.Novelty/Improvement: The concept of property E.A along with weakly compatible mappings is employed and is weaker than the concept of continuity and compatibility. Keywords: Fixed point; metric space; Normed space; Banach space; EA property; weakly compatible mappings
Change to win - flapless external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Authors:   Awadh Medicare, Bikramganj, Bihar, India, Ranjan Dr. Ravi , Rupam Dr. Kumari ,   Consultant, Awadh Medicare, Bikramganj, Bihar, India, Kumar Dr. Sudhir ,   Associate Professor, Government Medical College, Bettiah, Bihar, India
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Nasolacrimal Duct obstruction (NLDO) is a common ophthalmic problem and theusual Treatment is Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), either external or endonasal. This study aims toevaluate the success of external DCR with neither anterior nor posterior flaps with Mitomycin c(MMC) syringing on the 5th post-operative day (early proliferative phase of wound healing). It wasshown in the present study that a comparable good result can be achieved without tedious flapsmaking and anastomosis. Material and Methods: It is a retrospective, non-comparativeobservational Case series study done from March 2011 to August 2019. A total of 2165 patientswere included in this study qualifying inclusion criterion. 8 to 10 mm Arruga’s bone trephine wasused to make osteum in lacrimal bone and passage in the nasal mucosa. The anterior margin of thelateral side of the remaining sac was sutured to the subcutaneous tissue of the medial side adjacentto the nasal osteotomy. Syringing with 1 ml of 0.4 mg/ ml MMC was done in the newly formedpassage on the 5th post-operative day. These patients were followed up for one year. The successcriteria were symptomatic relief from epiphora subjectively. Objectively a patent nasolacrimal ductupon syringing and Nasal endoscopy. Results: 2136 (out of 2165) patients' eyes treated with thisprocedure showed resolution of epiphora with a success rate of 98.66%. Conclusion: The currentstudy suggest that DCR without flap making is an effective and easy procedure in the managementof NLDO obstruction and flap making is a futile step in the procedure as it has no impact on theoutcome.
Comparative analysis of efficacy and safety of Bilastine 20 mg and Levocetirizine 5 mg in the treatment of Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis
Authors:   Associate professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajsamand, Rajasthan, India, Sharma Dr. Devendra , Bamaniya Dr. Hemendra ,   Associate Professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajsamand, Rajasthan, India
Published: January 2021

Objective: The present study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mgand compare the results with that of levocetirizine 5 mg in the treatment of allergicrhinoconjunctivitis. Material and Methods: It was a prospective study conducted in theDepartment of Ophthalmology and Department of Otorhinolaryngology at a tertiary institute ofsouthern Rajasthan, India during the period of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020.100 patients of chronic allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were included in the study, of which 50 weretreated with Bilastine 20 mg, and the rest 50 patients were treated with levocetirizine 5 mg. Theprimary assessment was done by calculating the total symptom score (TSS) before and after the 7thand 14th post-treatment day. Results: The age of the patients ranges from 10 years to 65 yearswith a mean age of 32±5.2 years. The primary efficacy parameter for assessment was a reduction intotal symptom score (TSS). Both bilastine 20 mg and levocetirizine 5 mg significantly reduced theTSS on the 7th and 14th post-treatment days (p-value< 0.001). There was no significant differencebetween TSS of bilastine and levocetirizine after 7 days (p-value= 0.41) and after 14 days treatment(p-value= 0.68). Adverse events were reported by 10% of patients in the bilastine group and by38% of patients in the levocetirizine group. Conclusion: Bilastine is a selective H1 antihistaminewith good efficacy and excellent safety profile and it is highly recommended to use it as a first-linetreatment for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
The efficacy of fractional CO2 laser (FemiLift™) treatment in postmenopausal females with vulvovaginal atrophy: Preliminary results from a single center in Turkey
Authors: BAKACAK Zeyneb
Published: January 2021

Objective: Symptoms, such as vaginal laxity, dryness, dyspareunia, itching, burning, and urine leakage, associated with vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) with hypo-osteogenesis etiology, are frequently seen in postmenopausal females, and they diminish quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CO2 laser treatment in these cases and to evaluate the potential side-effects related to this type of treatment.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective examination was made of the clinical examination and treatment records of 30 patients, aged 48–72 years, who presented with VVA complaints and underwent CO2 laser treatment for a total of three sessions at intervals of 4–6 weeks. The VVA symptoms of all the patients were evaluated using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before the first laser session and 4 weeks after the final session.
Results: The VVA symptoms of dryness, painful sexual relations, vaginal burning, itching, and vaginal introitus pain were evaluated with VAS scores; a statistically significant reduction was determined in all five symptoms after CO2 laser treatment.
Conclusion: A significant reduction was obtained in the VVA complaints with no significant side-effects following the application of CO2 laser treatment for VVA cases in the postmenopausal females. Thus, this treatment can be considered to a reliable alternative for patients who do not wish to use local estrogen creams long-term, those with a history of breast or gynecological cancer, and those with contra-indications for the use of local estrogen.
The co-relation of eating behavior and body image formation in children and adolescents in the context of child-parent relationships
Authors: Pavlova N.V. , Filippova E.V.
Published: January 2021

The review presents foreign works aimed at studying the effects of parental and societal behavior on eating behavior and attitudes towards their bodies in children and adolescents. The reviewed articles analyze attitudes towards the bodies and internalized appearance patterns in children and adolescents, formation of their patterns of healthy eating and healthy eating behavior, and do not focus on eating disorders only. It must be noted that in Russia the issue of healthy eating behavior is touched upon mainly in publications concerning the medical aspect of this problem, while in foreign psychological studies it is becoming increasingly popular. The analysis of the publications also shows that the problem of eating behavior and attitude to the body, traditionally related to adolescence, is clearly "rejuvenated". Children aged 6-7 are gradually becoming the target group of researchers, so the problem deserves serious attention.
Estimating the Areas of High-Frequency Wave Radiation on the Fault Plane of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake by Envelope Inversion
Authors: Yin Deyu , Dong Yun , Liu Qifang , Wu Jingke , Sun Huasheng , Cheng Yongzhen , Chen Jiarui
Published: January 2021

We estimated the areas exhibiting high-frequency (1∼10  Hz) wave radiation on the fault plane of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, by applying envelope inversion to strong-motion acceleration records. The corrected records of two small earthquakes are adopted as the empirical Green’s functions. Considering the change in the rupture pattern of the Wenchuan earthquake from southwest to northeast, the records of small earthquakes dominated by thrust and strike-slip are utilized as the empirical Green’s function for the southwestern and northeastern fault sections, respectively. The results are as follows: (1) According to the high-frequency wave radiation, the rupture process is complex. High-frequency waves radiated strongly in six areas: around the initial rupture point, along the north and south edges of the fault plane, near the area of intersection with the cross-cutting Xiaoyudong fault, south of Nanba, and near the area of Qingchuan. In total, these areas can be divided into three cases. In the first situation, high-frequency waves radiated strongly around the initial rupture area, which may be associated with the initiation of rupture and a high stress drop. The second location is near the periphery of the fault, which is associated with the termination of rupture. The third condition comprises high-frequency waves near the intersection with the cross-cutting Xiaoyudong fault. This area as a geometric barrier, and the surface rupture is observed. (2) The distribution patterns of the high- and low-frequency radiation intensity differ on the fault plane. From the hypocenter to the point of intersection with the Xiaoyudong fault, the high-frequency wave is located around the area with large slip value. In other areas, the distribution of the high- and low-frequency radiation is no obvious relationship. This different characteristic indicates the complexity of the rupture process.
Construction of nonuniform periodic wavelet frames on non-Archimedean fields
Authors: Ahmad Owais
Published: January 2021

In real life applications not all signals are obtained by uniform shifts; so there is a natural question regarding analysis and decompositions of these types of signals by a stable mathematical tool. Gabardo and Nashed, and Gabardo and Yu filled this gap by the concept of nonuniform multiresolution analysis and nonuniform wavelets based on the theory of spectral pairs for which the associated translation set \(\Lambda= \{0,r/N\}+2\mathbb{Z}\) is no longer a discrete subgroup of \(\mathbb{R}\) but a spectrum associated with a certain one-dimensional spectral pair and the associated dilation is an even positive integer related to the given spectral pair. In this paper, we introduce a notion of nonuniform periodic wavelet frame on non-Archimedean field. Using the Fourier transform technique and the unitary extension principle, we propose an approach for the construction of nonuniform periodic wavelet frames on non-Archimedean fields.
Political leaders of Poland’s transformation – in generational terms
Authors: Sielski Jerzy
Published: January 2021

Autor pracy stara się przedstawić pokolenia polskich liderów w okresie trzydziestu lat transformacji ustrojowej. W polskiej rzeczywistości politycznej kryterium przynależności do pokolenia liderów kojarzone jest z politykami podejmującymi strategiczne decyzje polityczne. Na podstawie tego założenia metodologicznego można wyróżnić dziewięć pokoleń. W pierwszej kolejności analizowana jest droga do władzy, osobowości polityczne przywódców i ich wzajemne relacje w ramach danego pokolenia.
ПАМІЖ ПАЭТЫКАЙ І РЭЧАІСНАСЦЮ: РАННЯЯ ТВОРЧАСЦЬ АНАТОЛЯ СЫСА
Authors: Kowalow Siergiej
Published: January 2021

Artykuł poświęcony jest wczesnej twórczości Anatola Sysa (1959–2005) – jednego z założycieli grupy literackiej „Tutejsi”, wybitnego poety o tragicznym losie. Niezwykła osobowość i twórczość Anatola Sysa już za życia poety zaczęły obrastać licznymi mitami i legendami, które przybrały
na sile po jego śmierci. Jednym z mitów jest przekonanie o braku w twórczości Sysa wczesnych, uczniowskich wierszy, które świadczyłyby o pracy poety nad opanowaniem warsztatu literackiego i artystycznym odzwierciedlaniem rzeczywistości. Autor artykułu analizuje wiersze z rękopiśmiennego archiwum poety, odnalezionego w 2011 roku przez Alesia Bialackiego i Eduarda Akulina, i dochodzi do wniosku, że większość studenckich wierszy Anatola Sysa napisanych w latach 1978–1982 to teksty artystycznie niedoskonałe, z wyraźnym naśladownictwem twórczości Maksima Bahdanowicza. Jedynie w nielicznych wierszach, takich jak: Я ўваходжу ў каляю... [Wchodzę w koleinę…], Застолле [Uczta], У сасновым лесе [W sosnowym lesie], Усявышняму [Wszechmogącemu], można dostrzec zapowiedź znakomitych utworów ze zbiorów Агмень [Ognisko] (1987), Пан Лес [Pan Las] (1988) і nieopublikowanego tomu Ягамосць [Jegomość] (początek lat 90. ХХ wieku). Artykuł pokazuje ewolucję twórczości Anatola Sysa od uczniowskiego podporządkowania się zasadom poetyki i tradycyjnej wersyfikacji, do uobecnienia tragizmu białoruskiej historii i  współczesności, od kopiowania poetyckich wzorców i szablonów,
do egzystencjalnego doświadczenia rzeczywistości i ukazania jej przy pomocy charakterystycznych obrazów artystycznych i asocjacji poetyckich. 
Trust and Suspicion: Gabriel Josipovici on Shakespeare and Modernity
Authors: Sawa Magdalena
Published: January 2021

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie pracy Gabriela Josipovici zatytułowanej On Trust: Art and the Temptation of Suspicion (1999) jako cennego wkładu we współczesne rozważania nad afektem oraz kształtowaniem się post-postmodernistycznej postawy odrzucającej wątpienie. Wybitny brytyjski pisarz, dramaturg i krytyk Josipovici podejmuje próbę charakterystyki kultur przednowoczesnych oraz świata nowoczesnego za pomocą dwóch kontrastowych postaw emocjonalnych: ufności i wątpienia. Artykuł przedstawia tę część rozważań autora, która dotyczy istotnego momentu w historii świata, kiedy to uczucie wątpienia zaczyna dominować w kulturze. Stąd koncentracja na wyłanianiu się nowoczesności w renesansie, znajdujące odzwierciedlenie w utworach Szekspira, które wskazują na napięcie między ufnością i wątpieniem tworzące się w kontekście humanizmu i protestantyzmu. Próbie rekonstrukcji myśli przewodniej On Trust towarzyszą odniesienia do innych utworów Gabriela Josipovici, takich jak: Writing and the Body (1982), The Book of God (1988), What Ever Happened to Modernism? (2010) i Hamlet: Fold on Fold (2016). Dzięki odwołaniom do innych prac Josipovici udowodniono, że perspektywa ufności i wątpienia jest stale obecna w myśli krytycznej autora.
Elżbieta Oraczowa / Elizaweta Oracz. Eugenia Żmijewska wobec Elizy Orzeszkowej
Authors: Budrewicz Tadeusz
Published: January 2021

Eugenia Żmijewska (1865–1923) napisała opowiadanie Dwa spotkania, do którego pomysł dała jej Eliza Orzeszkowa. Artykuł przedstawia relacje obu pisarek:1) w płaszczyźnie biograficznej (korespondencja, artykuły krytycznoliterackie i wspomnieniowe); 2) w płaszczyźnie tekstowej (analiza Dwóch spotkań i powieści Żmijewskiej Jutro, której bohaterką jest Orzeszkowa). Analiza pierwodruków i przedruków utworów Żmijewskiej wykazuje częste przeredagowania. Każe to wątpić w tezę o wiernym wypełnieniu pisarskiego testamentu Orzeszkowej. Porównanie publicystyki Żmijewskiej z jej powieściami dowodzi, że przez kreację literacką postaci Orzeszkowej prezentowała własne poglądy.
Opis drogi do Wilna Marii Magdaleny od Zbawiciela, Anny Żaboklickiej, lubelskiej karmelitanki bosej. Pierwszy polski kobiecy diariusz podróżny z 1638 roku
Authors: Nowicka-Struska Anna
Published: January 2021

Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie pierwszego polskiego diariusza podróżnego kobiety, lubelskiej karmelitanki bosej – Marii Magdaleny od Zbawiciela (Anny Żaboklickiej), która wyruszyła z Lublina w podróż na Litwę w 1638 w celu założenia nowego klasztoru karmelitanek bosych. Jest to wyjątkowy w historii memuarystyki i piśmiennictwa kobiecego tekst, należący do pisarstwa użytkowego. Jego przedstawienie w kontekście diarstyki uzupełnia lukę w badaniach nad literaturą staropolską. Rękopis zawiera zapis podróży do Wilna. Manuskrypt łączy elementy kobiecego, prywatnego doznawania i opisu świata z głębokim przeświadczeniem o istotności misji rozszerzania zakonu karmelitańskiego i budowania jego statusu przez piśmiennictwo historiograficzne. Dziennik karmelitanki stał się początkiem kroniki klasztoru wileńskiego. Manuskrypt ukazany został w kontekście pamiętnikarstwa staropolskiego ze szczególnym wskazaniem cech diariuszy podróżnych. Tekst adresowany był do zbiorowości zakonnej. Materiał przeanalizowano pod kątem struktury, elementów świata przedstawionego, informacji kulturowych interesujących dla autorki (zwłaszcza kulinariów litewskich i podlaskich).

 
Simple, Transparent and Standardised Securitisation (STS Securitisation) as a Specific Type of Securitisation under the Regulation 2017/2402
Authors: Katner Przemysław
Published: January 2021

The securitisation market worth trillions of dollars collapsed during the financial crisis of 2007–2009 and for many years its volume remained quite low in the European Union, i.a. due to lack of confidence in securitisation products. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to simple, transparent and standardised securitisation (STS securitisation), almost unnoticed in Polish doctrine, being a specific type of securitisation that has appeared lately and develops in the European Union, including Poland, as a way to revive the securitisation. In the course of considerations, after a brief presentation of securitisation, its development and collapse, attention is turned to the Regulation (EU) 2017/2402 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2017 laying down a general framework for securitisation and creating a specific framework for simple, transparent and standardised securitisation, and amending Directives 2009/65/EC, 2009/138/EC and 2011/61/EU and Regulations (EC) no. 1060/2009 and (EU) no. 648/2012 (OJ EU L 347/35) and the premises it contains that must be met so that the securitisation could be designated as “STS” or “simple, transparent and standardised”. The remarks are especially focused on requirements of due diligence, transparency, risk-retention, simplicity and standardisation. The article ends with conclusions on the effectiveness of the adopted solutions in the economic sphere as well as with respect to the unification of securitisation law in the Member States and the restoration of credibility for securitisation in the European Union.
Ancient Greek Rhetorical Speeches as a Source of Political Realism Idea
Authors: Niemczyk Marcin
Published: January 2021

From the perspective of the history of political and legal doctrines, the dichotomous way of looking at actuality through the prism of the struggle between realism and idealism is one of the classical approaches to social sciences. The basic source of knowledge for the political realism idea is the achievements of politicians, historians and philosophers, who are often at the same time creators of political and legal thought. In the research on political realism, however, one should, based on subsidiarity, also use the message found in the rhetorical speeches, recorded and preserved until today. Taking these reservations into account, the subject of the article is to analyze – in a rhetorical perspective – the classical political realism, with the simultaneous narrowing of the research field to international relations. The subject of the analysis are selected ancient Greek rhetorical speeches by authors such as Cleon, Diodotus, Pericles, Demosthenes, Andocides, Isocrates and Lysias.
The Principle of necessitas frangit legem in the Activity and Thought of Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro
Authors: Tracz-Tryniecki Marek
Published: January 2021

The article presents the attitude of Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro – a key statesman and political writer in the 17th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – toward the principle of necessitas frangit legem. At the beginning, the intellectual sources of his understanding of this principle are discussed. Two groups are referenced: one referring to the Christian legal view on necessitas and the other connected with the question of the reason of state. Then four aspects of Fredro’s thought and political activity are analyzed. Firstly, his reference to necessitas treated as the justification of the amendment of the old law. Secondly, various examples of his flexible attitude toward law. All of them express Fredro’s opinion on the key role of prudence in the process of applying law. Thirdly, the question of the infringement of law is discussed by referring to his concept of the exception from law and his reaction to Siciński’s veto. Fourthly, it is pointed how in the context of the political conflict during the 1660s Fredro adopted a much stricter attitude toward observing the law. In the end, the conclusions state that Fredro’s case is a good example of the dilemma of Polish political thought and practice of how to combine effective governance with the respect for constitutional forms.
Raymond Carré de Malberg – mało znany inspirator V Republiki Francuskiej
Authors: Ujazdowski Kazimierz Michał
Published: January 2021

The Fifth French Republic owes its originality and permanence to Charles de Gaulle’s constitutional convictions and his determination to reform. However, in the case of France, which intellectual culture presupposes that institutions are shaped by a logical sequence of ideas, also the scientific justification of the political change must have been of great importance. The author of the theoretical rationalization of the Fifth Republic and its institutional revolution within the republican tradition was the forgotten lawyer Raymond Carré de Malberg. Pioneering nature of his writings may not raise any doubts. Carré de Malberg challenged a theory of parliament’s sovereignty from the republican perspective, which had an impact on thinking of the juristic elites participating in drafting the Fifth Republic Constitution. Carré de Malberg opened the door of republican tradition wide to the general presidential elections and referendum. He delineated the solution he recommended as the one that was in full accord with the notions and principles of the French Revolution. He applied the legal language to underscore the fact that the republic democratization would allow for the subjectivization of the executive power, restoration of the constituting power of the nation, primacy of the constitution and, consequently, the review of the constitutionality of bills. Carré de Malberg made a breakthrough in the French theory of constitutional law and thus opened up an opportunity for staging a republican institutional revolution that was an act of the founders of the Fifth Republic.
Maternal mortality in a tertiary care hospital: a 3-year retrospective study
Authors: K. M. Harish , N. Shwetha , N. Nalini
Published: January 2021

Background: Systematic review to determine the epidemiological aspects and causes of maternal mortality there by exploring possibility of intervention and implementing Evidence-based health policies and programmes to prevent future maternal death. Aims and objectives of the study were to calculate the maternal mortality rate in our hospital, to assess the epidemiological aspects of maternal mortality, to assess the type of delay and causes of maternal mortality and to suggest ways to reduce the MMR.Methods: This is a 3-year retrospective study from January 2017 to December 2019 that will be conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, The Apollo medical college and District hospital, Chittoor a tertiary care teaching hospital situated in the southernmost part of Andhra Pradesh state in India. It gets a large number of referrals from PHCs, CHCs, and maternity homes as well as from hospitals across Chittoor district. Epidemiological data will be collected from the hospital register. Maternal mortality ratio, epidemiological factors and causes affecting maternal mortality are assessed.Results: MMR in present study was 66 per 1,00,000 live births. Women in the age group of 20 to 30 years (85.72%), illiteracy (57.16%) and low socioeconomic status (100%) were risk factors for maternal mortality. Obstetric haemorrhage (57.16%) is most common cause whereas type 1 and type 2 delays are most common contributing factors for maternal mortality.Conclusions: Early identification and management of pregnancy complication, strengthening of existing Emergency obstetric care (EmOC) facilities, easy transport and appropriate referral linkages are keys to reduce maternal mortality to further extent.
Aprendamos todos a leer: Fascículo 11: Toda la familia lee y escribe conmigo
Authors: Martínez Álvarez Silvia , De Varela Ana Lorena
Published: January 2021

Aprendamos Todos a Leer es la iniciativa para la enseñanza de lectura y escritura inicial del BID, donde a través de materiales para el alumno, el maestro y el aula de clase, pretende brindar herramientas para apoyar el proceso de alfabetización inicial. El programa se organiza a partir de una cartelera fonológica presentando para cada fonema (sonido de letra) un personaje caracterizado por un animal. En respuesta al COVID-19, se desarrollaron fascículos para apoyar el trabajo en casa. Este fascículo contiene orientaciones para enseñar el sonido y escritura de la letra O-o y su combinación con las vocales, especialmente la A-a, E-e, e I-i.
Aprendamos todos a leer: Fascículo 13: Toda la familia lee y escribe conmigo
Authors: Martínez Álvarez Silvia , De Varela Ana Lorena
Published: January 2021

"Aprendamos todos a leer" es la iniciativa para la enseñanza de lectura y escritura inicial del BID, donde a través de materiales para el alumno, el maestro y el aula de clase, pretende brindar herramientas para apoyar el proceso de alfabetización inicial. El programa se organiza a partir de una cartelera fonológica presentando para cada fonema (sonido de letra) un personaje caracterizado por un animal. En respuesta al COVID-19, se desarrollaron fascículos para apoyar el trabajo en casa. Este fascículo contiene orientaciones para enseñar el sonido y escritura de la letra U-u y su combinación con las vocales A-a, E-e, I-i, y O-o.
Aprendamos todos a leer: Fascículo 14: Toda la familia lee y escribe conmigo
Authors: Martínez Álvarez Silvia , De Varela Ana Lorena
Published: January 2021

"Aprendamos todos a leer" es la iniciativa para la enseñanza de lectura y escritura inicial del BID, donde a través de materiales para el alumno, el maestro y el aula de clase, pretende brindar herramientas para apoyar el proceso de alfabetización inicial. El programa se organiza a partir de una cartelera fonológica presentando para cada fonema (sonido de letra) un personaje caracterizado por un animal. En respuesta al COVID-19, se desarrollaron fascículos para apoyar el trabajo en casa. Este fascículo contiene orientaciones para enseñar el sonido y escritura de la letra S-s y su combinación con las vocales, especialmente la A-a, E-e, I-i, O-o y U-u y las consonantes M-m, N-n, L-l.
Posttransplant de novo donor specific HLA antibody monitoring and clinical outcomes: a single-center experience
Authors: AY Nurettin , ALP Vahhac , KAYA Şeyhmus
Published: January 2021

Objectives: Despite the improvements in early-term outcomes of kidney transplantation, late-term graft failure still remained as a critical problem. De novo donor specific antibodies (DSA) developing against direct human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are the significant risk factors for shortened graft survival in the previously non-sensitized cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of de novo DSA development in the kidney transplant cases.
Methods: The present study included 121 (alive/cadaver: 106/15) of 148 (alive/cadaver: 125/23) cases who were not previously sensitized (PRA and DSA negative) and undergone kidney transplantation between August 2012-January 2018. DSAs of the cases without expected declines in creatinine levels in the polyclinic follow-ups and postoperative early-term were evaluated. Renal biopsy was performed in the cases encountered with >2000 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) de novo DSA against HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DR. Treatment protocol of plasmapheresis+intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)+rituximab (in the cases without clinical response) was administered in the cases with antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) detected by renal biopsy. In addition, the presence of de novo non-DSA was also evaluated in the cases. The presence of de novo was encountered by identifying the specificities of anti-HLA antibody specificities using Luminex single antigen beads in the recipient serum.
Results: De novo DSA (antibodies against HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DR and HLA-DQ) were monitored in 23 cases. DQ positivity was detected in 10 cases. MFI values were > 4000 and 2000-4000 in 8 and 2 cases, respectively. De novo non-DSA was found in 19 cases. Biopsy was performed in 8 cases due to the development of MFI > 2000 de novo DSA against HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR and the findings of acute humoral rejection (AHR) were encountered in 2 cases. Additionally, acute humoral rejection was diagnosed in 1 case that developed de novo non-DSA. Two cases were diagnosed with AHR by biopsy although no de novo DSA or non-DSA developed and renal graft loss occurred in these two cases.
Conclusions: The fact that routine DSA monitoring in all the cases provided no significant contribution to the outcomes of our study may contribute to the debates on the necessity of DSA monitoring in the patients with low immunological risk.
Verunsicherung in den Mittelschichten? Konzeptionelle und methodische Erwägungen sowie empirische Befunde zur aktuellen Entwicklung in Deutschland
Authors: Burzan Nicole , Kohrs Silke , Schad Miriam
Published: January 2021

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Debatte zunehmender Statusverunsiche-rungen in den (deutschen) Mittelschichten. Ein Fokus liegt auf der Präsentation ei-gener quantitativer und qualitativer Befunde und den damit verbundenen methodi-schen Herausforderungen (z.B. der Operationalisierung). Quantitative Befunde zei-gen, dass geäußerte ökonomische Sorgen rückläufig sind. Zugleich weisen qualitative Befunde darauf hin, dass 1) eine als unsicher empfundene Erwerbssituation nicht zwingend damit einhergeht, diese Unsicherheit prinzipiell als Bedrohung zu deuten. Andererseits können 2) Irritationen bestehen, ohne dass Sorgen explizit verbalisiert werden. Die Verschränkung von Lagemerkmalen und ggf. damit einhergehenden ty-pischen Mentalitäten bedarf daher einer differenzierten Betrachtung.
Middle-Income Groups in Kenya. Conflicting Realities Between Upward Mobility and Uncertainty
Authors: Neubert Dieter
Published: January 2021

For more than a decade scholars mostly from economy and development studies have described the rise of a newly emerging ‘middle class’ in the Global South including Africa. This has led to a ‘middle class narrative’ with the ‘middle class’ as the backbone of economic and democratic development. Especially with regard to the stability of the position of the people in the ‘middle’, empirical social science studies challenge the ‘middle class narrative’ and at their uncertainty and insecurity. This tension between upward mobility at the one hand uncertainty and instability at the other hand (the vulnerability-security nexus) and the options to cope with this challenge under the condition of limited provision of formal social security is the focus of this case study on Kenya. Instead of an analysis of inequality based on income, it is more helpful to start from the welfare mix and the role of social networks as main elements of provision of social security. Against this background, we identify different strategies of coping that go together with different sets of values and lifestyles, conceptualised as milieus, that are not determined by the socio-economic situation.
Editorial - Extremismus
Authors: Staubli Silvia , Nollert Michael , Budowski Monica
Published: January 2021

Editorial of the focus issue “Extremism”
Konfliktforschung als Grundlage sozialpädagogischer Gewaltprävention
Authors: Kilb Rainer
Published: January 2021

Weber, Simmel und Coser stufen Konflikte als konstitutiv für Gruppen als auch für gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen ein. Soziale Konflikte können danach sowohl integrativ wie auch desintegrativ wirken. Diese soziologischen Befunde stehen scheinbar im Widerspruch zur nahezu eindeutig ne-gativen Konnotation des Streits heute. Konflikte werden nahezu aus-schließlich als unangenehm und als störend empfunden und deshalb eher vermieden. In Anlehnung an Simmels Verständnis wird hier mit dem Begriff des ‚offensiven Konfliktmanagements’ operiert. Eine Reaktivierung dieses historischen Begriffsverständnisses tut Not in einer Zeit, in der wir es mit der Paradoxie zu tun haben, dass je friedfertiger, je zivilisierter unser Alltag ist, desto ungeübter sich unser Umgangsvermögen mit Konflikten darstellt.
Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of the Seminal Vesicular Glands of the African Straw-coloured Fruit Bat, Eidolon helvum
Authors: Abiaezute C.N. , Nwaogu I.C. , Obidike I.R. , Igwebuike U.M.
Published: January 2021

Background: Secretions from the seminal vesicular gland enhance the survival and reproductive functions of the spermatozoa. The order Chiroptera has evolved great diversity in their reproductive structure influenced by location, abiotic factors and availability of food. Eidolon helvum is a near threatened tropical African fruit bat and little is known of its reproductive biology. The aim of this study was to highlight the structure, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the seminal vesicular glands of Eidolon helvum. Methods: The paired seminal vesicular glands of 16 adult male Eidolon helvum were obtained in May during the early rainy season in tropical Nigeria. The glands were evaluated grossly, histological and ultrastructurally. Result: The spirally coiled tubular organs were divided into numerous lobules of tubular-alveolar glandular acini lined by simple cuboidal epithelium made up of basal cells and mono or bi-nucleated cuboidal secretory cells. PAS positive secretions projected from the apical surfaces. Principal secretory cells contained numerous rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, electron lucid secretory vesicles, electron dense granules and lysosomes. The unique merocrine and apocrine secretions contributed to the formation of vaginal plugs.