bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Importance of International Treaties and Declarations for Adaptive Reuse in Historical Buildings: Berlin Parliament Building and Santral Istanbul Examples
Authors: Cenik Irem , Sirel Ayse
Published: July 2022

Today, a number of historical buildings, which lost their original functions that were relevant in the period they were built, are subject to the process of "adaptation for reuse" with a new function or an addition. The aim of adaptive reuse is to allow those buildings meet the prevailing needs that emerge as a result of the social, economic, political, and cultural factors of the time. There are international treaties, statutes, declarations, and standards, which specify the fundamentals and principles of conserving historical buildings during adaptive reuse process. The “conservation principles and principles” provided in the aforementioned documents are important in the context of serving as a guide for additions and new functional applications to historical buildings.

The present article aimed to discuss the issue of intervention by additions and new functions based on the two public buildings selected from Germany and Turkey. The study first investigated the extent to which historical buildings were integrated with their surroundings on a contextual scale and what factors determined the said integration. International agreements, declarations, and directives were used as the determining framework for the purposes of the study. In the context thereof, the provisions governing additions and new functions as specified in international treaties, which were entered so far, were reviewed. The articles governing the additions and new functions stipulated in the international treaties and declarations from the “Carta del Restauro” of 1931 to the “Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 2013” were compiled. Those provisions were adopted as the determining criteria in the assessment of the two historical buildings, including Berlin Parliament Building and Santral Istanbul. While working with examples, the concepts of addition and new function were examined with a historical perspective and in a historical context. It was seen as a result of the study that both historical buildings, which received additions and new functions upon adaptive reuse intervention, complied with the criteria provided in international treaties. The two examples both maintained their values associated with historical heritage and became a focal point across their location, thanks to the adaptive use, which adhered the relevant provisions of the international treaties.
Microbiological Assessment of Used Face Masks in Port Harcourt Secondary Schools in COVID-19 Era
Authors: Nrior Renner Renner , Egbuchelem Amadi , Dike Victory N.
Published: July 2022

Aim: This study was aimed at identifying bacterial and fungal contaminations in used face masks from different secondary schools in Port Harcourt during COVID-19 Era

Study Design: The study employs statistical analysis of the data and interpretation.

Place and Duration of Study: Five Secondary Schools–Three public schools: Federal Government College Rumuokoro; Rumueme and Rumuokuta Girls’ Secondary Schools; Two Private Schools: Solid Steps and Istan Secondary Schools; all located in the city of Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. Sample collection lasted for a week and the analysis lasted for six months.

Methodology: The research study was facilitated through Laboratory analysis and the use of questionnaire to get the age and sex from the school children. A total of 25 used face masks samples were collected from school children between ages of 12-18years and they were examined microbiologically. Sterile swab sticks soaked in sterile nutrient broth were employed to swab the inner surface area of the used face mask of circular diameter 10 cm. The swabbed samples were dipped and shaken in 9ml of sterile saline water for 1-3 minutes to dislodge the organisms; the mixture was then diluted through a ten-fold serial dilution, after which an aliquot of 0.1ml were inoculated unto Nutrient Agar (dilution used 10-6, incubated at 370C for 24h), Mac Conkey Agar (dilution used 10-3, incubated at 44±0.20C for 24-48h) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (dilution used 10-3; incubated at 370C for 5-7 days). Frequency evaluation and identification of isolates were carried out using standard microbiological techniques.

Results: The entire face masks sampled were found contaminated with microorganisms. The Microbial load (Log10 CFU/cm2;) and Percentage (%) occurrence of bacterial isolates from used facemask were; Bacillus spp (6.10±2.13)(30.81) > Staphylococcus auerus (3.89±3.01)(19.57%) > Proteus spp (2.25±2.45)(11.35) > Paenibacillus spp (1.55±2.52)(7.82) > Escherichia coli (0.36±0.81)(1.82) while fungal isolates were Aspergillus spp (2.20±0.55)(11.09) > Mucor spp (2.19±0.96)(11.04) > Penicillum spp (1.29±0.61)(6.51). The contaminated used face masks with microorganism were highest in school children of ages 16-18years (72%) and the lowest occurred in children of 12-14years of age (12%).

Conclusion: The presence of potential pathogen such as Staphylococcus auerus, Bacillus spp etc. are of public health significance. It is therefore recommended that crowd should be controlled in such environments with high bacterial and fungal load such as schools and COVID-19 protocols duly observed.
Use of Scheimpflug Tomography and OCT Tomography to Examine Corneal Dimensional and Anterior Chamber Depth before and after LASIK Surgery
Authors: Mouzaka Aikaterini E. , K. Gialelis Themistoklis , Sideroudi Haris , Tsakiris Kleonikos , P. Kozobolis Vassilios
Published: July 2022

Aims: The aim of this study is to compare corneal parameters in: central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), mean radius of curvature (Rm) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) obtained from Pentacam Schiempflug and OCT Tomography imaging which are checked preoperatively and six months postoperatively after LASIK surgery.

Methodology: Our sample consisted of 40 eyes. Changes in corneal dimensions were monitored before and after LASIK surgery using scheimpflug tomography (Pentacam HR) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The parameters measured were CCT, TCT, Rm and the ACD. The results between the two techniques were compared with the Bland-Altman method.

Results: During the analysis of the results, a statistically significant difference was observed between the two techniques in terms of the preoperative CCT as well as the TCT both preoperatively and postoperatively.

Scheimpflug tomography gives higher values of the CCT than OCT, up to thickness 530nm, while above this it seems that OCT overestimates the thickness of the cornea. Scheimpflug tomography at the TCT seems to give higher values than OCT tomography, up to thickness 520 nm, while above that it seems that OCT tomography overestimates TCT. We have similar results postoperatively for TCT.

The two techniques agree on the ACD and the Rm rating.

Conclusion: How converging or different the two imaging devices are because it is important for both clinical practice and research may be a point of reference for starting a new research.
Milton Santos Geógrafo e cidadão do mundo (1926-2001)
Authors: Vasconcelos Pedro de Almeida
Published: July 2022

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Trends in Obesity Prevalence Among Children and Adolescents Aged 2 to 19 Years in the US From 2011 to 2020
Authors: Hu Kathy , Staiano Amanda E.
Published: July 2022

This cross-sectional study assesses trends in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents in the US between 2011 and 2020.
Predicting and Rationalizing the Soret Coefficient of Binary Lennard‐Jones Mixtures in the Liquid State
Authors: Zimmermann Nils E. R. , Guevara‐Carrion Gabriela , Vrabec Jadran , Hansen Niels
Published: July 2022

The thermodiffusion behavior of binary Lennard‐Jones mixtures in the liquid state is investigated by combining the individual strengths of non‐equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) and equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) simulations. On the one hand, boundary‐driven NEMD simulations are useful to quickly predict Soret coefficients because they are easy to set up and straightforward to analyze. However, careful interpolation is required because the mean temperature in the measurement region does not exactly reach the target temperature. On the other hand, EMD simulations attain the target temperature precisely and yield a multitude of properties that clarify the microscopic origins of Soret coefficient trends. An analysis of the Soret coefficient suggests a straightforward dependence on the thermodynamic properties, whereas its dependence on dynamic properties is far more complex. Furthermore, a limit of applicability of a popular theoretical model, which mainly relies on thermodynamic data, was identified by virtue of an uncertainty analysis in conjunction with efficient empirical Soret coefficient predictions, which rely on model parameters instead of simulation output. Finally, the present study underscores that a combination of predictive models and EMD and NEMD simulations is a powerful approach to shed light onto the thermodiffusion behavior of liquid mixtures.
Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity of Amorphous Molybdenum Sulfide Under High Currents Via Preferential Electron Filling Induced by Tungsten Doping
Authors: Zhang Dai , Wang Feilong , Zhao Wenqi , Cui Minghui , Fan Xueliang , Liang Rongqing , Ou Qiongrong , Zhang Shuyu
Published: July 2022

The lack of highly efficient, durable, and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) working at high current densities poses a significant challenge for the large‐scale implementation of hydrogen production from renewable energy. Herein, amorphous molybdenum tungsten sulfide/nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (a‐MoWSx/N‐RGO) are synthesized by plasma treatment for use as high‐performance HER catalysts. By adjusting the plasma treatment duration and chemical composition, an optimal a‐MoWSx/N‐RGO catalyst is obtained, which exhibits a low overpotential of 348 mV at a current density of 1000 mA cm−2 and almost no decay after 24 h of working at this current density, outperforming commercial platinum/carbon (Pt/C) and previously reported heteroatom‐doped MoS2‐based catalysts. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it is found that with a reasonable tungsten doping level, the catalytic active site (2S2 − ) shows excellent catalytic performance working at high current densities because extra electrons preferentially fill at 2S2 − . The introduction of tungsten tends to lower the electronic structure energy, resulting in a closer‐to‐zero positive . Excessive tungsten introduction, however, can lead to structural damage and a worse HER performance under high current densities. The work provides a route towards rationally designing high‐performance catalysts for the HER at industrial‐level currents using earth‐abundant elements.
Experimental and computational fluid dynamics modeling of double‐partition divided‐wall column for flow hydrodynamics and wall heat transfer characteristics
Authors: Shen Yichao , Zhang Tao , Pan Hui , Ling Hao
Published: July 2022

The aim of this study is to investigate the flow hydrodynamics and wall heat transfer characteristics on the tray of a two‐staggered walled region in a double‐partition divided‐wall column (DPDWC). An experimental setup of DPDWC is designed, and a theoretical temperature gradient (TG) model based on Fourier's equation, which describes the wall heat transfer, is proposed. A coupled computational fluid dynamics‐TG model is developed to analyze the heat transfer characteristics across partitions of DPDWC. The effects of liquid velocity, gas velocity, and different wall thermal boundary conditions on the flow and temperature fields are studied. The results indicate that the lack of a gas cone near partitions led to few vertical backflows of the liquid phase on the tray. Furthermore, the TGs near the liquid phase outlet increased with an increase in the liquid phase velocity. This work provides a scope for design and operation of DPDWC for industrial implementation.
Cerebral small vessel disease burden and cognitive and functional outcomes after stroke: A multicenter prospective cohort study
Authors: Georgakis Marios K. , Fang Rong , Düring Marco , Wollenweber Frank A. , Bode Felix J. , Stösser Sebastian , Kindlein Christine , Hermann Peter , Liman Thomas G. , Nolte Christian H. , Kerti Lucia , Ikenberg Benno , Bernkopf Kathleen , Poppert Holger , Glanz Wenzel , Perosa Valentina , Janowitz Daniel , Wagner Michael , Neumann Katja , Speck Oliver , Dobisch Laura , Düzel Emrah , Gesierich Benno , Dewenter Anna , Spottke Annika , Waegemann Karin , Görtler Michael , Wunderlich Silke , Endres Matthias , Zerr Inga , Petzold Gabor , Dichgans Martin ,   the DEMDAS Investigators
Published: July 2022

Introduction

It remains unknown whether the global small vessel disease (SVD) burden predicts post‐stroke outcomes.

Methods

In a prospective multicenter study of 666 ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients, we quantified magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based SVD markers (lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, microbleeds, perivascular spaces) and explored associations with 6‐ and 12‐month cognitive (battery of 15 neuropsychological tests) and functional (modified Rankin scale) outcomes.

Results

A global SVD score (range 0–4) was associated with cognitive impairment; worse performance in executive function, attention, language, and visuospatial ability; and worse functional outcome across a 12‐month follow‐up. Although the global SVD score did not improve prediction, individual SVD markers, assessed across their severity range, improved the calibration, discrimination, and reclassification of predictive models including demographic, clinical, and other imaging factors.

Discussion

SVD presence and severity are associated with worse cognitive and functional outcomes 12 months after stroke. Assessing SVD severity may aid prognostication for stroke patients.

Highlights

In a multi‐center cohort, we explored associations of small vessel disease (SVD) burden with stroke outcomes.

SVD burden associates with post‐stroke cognitive and functional outcomes.

A currently used score of SVD burden does not improve the prediction of poor outcomes.

Assessing the severity of SVD lesions adds predictive value beyond known predictors.

To add predictive value in assessing SVD in stroke patients, SVD burden scores should integrate lesion severity.
resPAINT: Accelerating Volumetric Super‐Resolution Localisation Microscopy by Active Control of Probe Emission**
Authors: Sanders Edward W. , Carr Alexander R. , Bruggeman Ezra , Körbel Markus , Benaissa Sarah I. , Donat Robert F. , Santos Ana M. , McColl James , O'Holleran Kevin , Klenerman David , Davis Simon J. , Lee Steven F. , Ponjavic Aleks
Published: July 2022

Points for accumulation in nanoscale topography (PAINT) allows practically unlimited measurements in localisation microscopy but is limited by background fluorescence at high probe concentrations, especially in volumetric imaging. We present reservoir‐PAINT (resPAINT), which combines PAINT and active control of probe photophysics. In resPAINT, an activatable probe “reservoir” accumulates on target, enabling a 50‐fold increase in localisation rate versus conventional PAINT, without compromising contrast. By combining resPAINT with large depth‐of‐field microscopy, we demonstrate super‐resolution imaging of entire cell surfaces. We generalise the approach by implementing various switching strategies and 3D imaging techniques. Finally, we use resPAINT with a Fab to image membrane proteins, extending the operating regime of PAINT to include a wider range of biological interactions.
Identification of DNA Aptamers for Benzodiazepine Detection in Synthetic Urine
Authors: Samuelian John S. , Baum Dana A.
Published: July 2022

Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive compounds that are commonly prescribed for conditions such as anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. The use and abuse of benzodiazepines is slowly rising and requires reliable detection methods to monitor patient use and compliance. Most current screening methods are antibody‐based and have inherent issues, including limited stability and shelf life. The use of non‐antibody‐based detection methods that overcome these challenges would be useful for testing purposes. Using in vitro selection, we have identified three DNA aptamers for benzodiazepines with Kd values between 0.2–0.6 μM for diazepam and alprazolam and their metabolites but little to no binding for lorazepam or clonazepam. One aptamer, 20DF42, was used to develop a strand‐displacement fluorescence polarization biosensor for detection of benzodiazepines in synthetic urine. The resulting sensor had a limit of detection of 231 ng/mL with temazepam as the calibrant.
Improving mechanical properties and processability of a very high Tg epoxy amine network via anti‐plasticizer fortification
Authors: Swan Samuel R. , Gan Houlei , Creighton Claudia , Griffin James M. , Gashi Bekim V. , Varley Russell J.
Published: July 2022

In this work, molecular fortifiers are added to a highly aromatic and rigid epoxy monomer bis(2,7 diglycidyl ether naphthalenediol) methane (NNE) possessing a very high glass transition temperature (Tg) when cured with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) to explore their impact upon mechanical and thermal properties and reactivity. The molecular fortifiers used are the nonfunctional naphthalene (NAPH), the reactive diluent o‐cresyl glycidyl ether (CGE) and an adduct of dihydroxy naphthalene and CGE (molecular fortifier naphthalene, MFN), a variant on the partially reacted substructures approach. The fortifiers are found to affect NNE/DDS reactivity and increase processability depending upon their propensity to attach to the network either through hydrogen bonding or pi‐pi electron interactions. Thermal analysis shows that the fortifiers increased cure conversion although the Tgs of the networks were generally unaffected until higher levels of addition. The fortifiers reduce moisture ingress and suppress glassy state β relaxations while increasing modulus significantly. Although there is little improvement in toughness overall, some evidence for higher fracture toughness is observed for the MFN and NAPH modified networks. This work highlights the effectiveness of different molecular level fortifiers on improving properties, in particular the rigidity of highly crosslinked networks.
Construction and Electrochemical Properties of Solid‐state Supercapacitors with Redox Additives
Authors: Wang Bixia , Li Dunrong , Sun Minxi , Li Yongkang , Liang Junhao , Jing Yue , Du Jinchao , Hao Jiayi , Qin Wei , Wu Chun , Chen Yang
Published: July 2022

Adding redox additives to conventional electrolytes is considered to be an effective method to improve electrochemical performance of the supercapacitors, which is ascribed to the additional Farady capacitance derived from the reversible redox reaction. Here, the influence of K3Fe(CN)6 on electrochemical properties for single electrode system and the assembled solid‐state supercapacitor are investigated. The carbon felt (CF) electrode in the mixed solution of K3Fe(CN)6/KCl exhibits remarkable specific capacitance of 2.45 F cm−2 after 5000 cycles, obviously much higher than conventional electrolyte KCl. The capacitance retention and the coulombic efficiency of the solid‐state supercapacitor maintains 86.5% and 97% after 2500 cycles, symmetric supercapacitor shows a high energy density of 58 mWh L−1 at power density of 660 mW L−1. Furthermore, the solid‐state SCs exhibit excellent flexibility and four supercapacitors are capable of lighting up an LED lamp, demonstrating the potential of practical applications of the as‐prepared solid‐state SCs.
High cysteine concentrations in cell culture media lead to oxidative stress and reduced bioprocess performance of recombinant CHO cells
Authors: Komuczki Daniel , Stadermann Anna , Bentele Maximilian , Unsoeld Andreas , Grillari Johannes , Mueller Markus M. , Paul Albert , Fischer Simon
Published: July 2022

Cysteine is considered an essential amino acid in the cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. An optimized cysteine supply during fed‐batch cultivation supports the protein production capacity of recombinant CHO cell lines. However, we observed that CHO production cell lines seeded at low cell densities in chemically defined media enriched with cysteine greater than 2.5 mm resulted in markedly reduced cell growth during passaging, hampering seed train performance and scale‐up. To investigate the underlying mechanism, seeding cell densities and initial cysteine concentrations ranging from low to high cysteine concentrations were varied followed by an analysis of cell culture performance. Additionally, cell cycle analysis, intracellular quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as transcriptomic analyses by next‐generation sequencing were carried out. Our results demonstrate that CHO cells seeded at low cell densities at high initial cysteine concentrations encountered increased oxidative stress leading to a p21‐mediated cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase. The resulting oxidative stress caused redox imbalance in the endoplasmic reticulum and activation of the unfolded protein response as well as the major antioxidant nuclear factor‐like 2 response pathways. Potential signature genes related to oxidative stress and the inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway were identified in the study. Finally, the study presents that seeding cells at a higher concentration counteract oxidative stress in cysteine‐enriched cell culture media.
Constructing multi‐enzymatic cascade reactions for selective production of 6‐bromoindirubin from tryptophan in Escherichia coli
Authors: Lee Jeongchan , Kim Joonwon , Kim Hyun , Park HyunA , Kim Jin Young , Kim Eun‐Jung , Yang Yung‐Hun , Choi Kwon‐Young , Kim Byung‐Gee
Published: July 2022

6‐Bromoindirubin (6BrIR), found in Murex sea snails, is a precursor of indirubin‐derivatives anticancer drugs. However, its synthesis remains limited due to uncharacterized biosynthetic pathways and difficulties in site‐specific bromination and oxidation at the indole ring. Here, we present an efficient 6BrIR production strategy in Escherichia coli by using four enzymes, that is, tryptophan 6‐halogenase fused with flavin reductase Fre (Fre‐L3‐SttH), tryptophanase (TnaA), toluene 4‐monooxygenase (PmT4MO), and flavin‐containing monooxygenase (MaFMO). Although most indole oxygenases preferentially oxygenate the electronically active C3 position of indole, PmT4MO was newly characterized to perform C2 oxygenation of 6‐bromoindole with 45% yield to produce 6‐bromo‐2‐oxindole. In addition, 6BrIR was selectively generated without indigo and indirubin byproducts by controlling the reducing power of cysteine and oxygen supply during the MaFMO reaction. These approaches led to 34.1 mg/L 6BrIR productions, making it possible to produce the critical precursor of the anticancer drugs only from natural ingredients such as tryptophan, NaBr, and oxygen.
Paraprofessionals delivering brief psychological interventions: Qualitative accounts of training and supervision
Authors: Maciag Rachel , Travers‐Hill Emma , Morrison Nicholas R. , Kim Youngsuk
Published: July 2022

Aim

In response to the ever‐increasing demand for access to mental health provisions in the United Kingdom, there have been innovative studies examining brief interventions. Some services are increasing their efforts to train and supervise paraprofessionals to deliver brief, low‐intensity psychological interventions. It is essential to consider paraprofessionals' experiences in acquiring and providing new interventions. This qualitative improvement project aimed to learn about paraprofessionals' experiences of receiving training and supervision to provide brief psychological interventions.

Methods

All providing paraprofessionals in two secondary care adult mental health community teams in the East of England completed a semi‐structured interview, which was transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis.

Results

Self‐directed learning helped build participants' understanding of the interventions and repeating procedural skills helped build their confidence. Shadowing, peer support and availability of supervising psychologists emerged as important factors in the service of learning. Following the skill acquisition stage, many participants described an increase in their comfort to work flexibly and reported being patient‐centred in their approach. Paraprofessionals described natural uncertainties arising when learning a new intervention, demonstrating self‐reflection over their practice.

Discussion

This qualitative improvement project provides evidence that recognised learning processes and models in developing therapists' skills are also applicable to paraprofessionals with little experience. With a focus on using manuals to ensure consistency of the delivery of interventions, the paraprofessionals' journey also highlights the different needs in ever‐changing community settings. Future research directions are considered.
Autologous blood pleurodesis for surgical pneumothorax and outcome with multimodal cancer treatment in a dog with primary pulmonary mast cell tumor
Authors: Shinsako Daniel , Masyr Alison R. , Vieson Miranda , Gleason Hadley E.
Published: July 2022

A dog underwent lung lobectomy for removal of a mass. Histopathology was consistent with narrow resection of a mast cell tumor. Postoperative pneumothorax was successfully treated using autologous blood pleurodesis. Progression of disease despite adjunctive treatment with several chemotherapetutic agents and radiation therapy resulted in euthanasia approximately 4 months postoperatively.
Encapsulated Neutral Ruthenium Catalyst for Substrate‐Selective Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Hkiri Shaima , Steinmetz Maxime , Schurhammer Rachel , Sémeril David
Published: July 2022

The neutral complex dichloro‐{diethyl[(5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐ylamino)‐(4‐trifluoro‐methylphenyl)methyl]phosphonate} (p‐cymene)‐ruthenium(II) was encapsulated inside a self‐assembled hexameric host obtained upon reaction of 2,8,14,20‐tetra‐undecyl‐resorcin[4]arene and water. The formation of an inclusion complex was inferred from a combination of spectral measurements (MS, UV/Vis spectroscopy,1H and DOSY NMR). The31P and19F NMR spectra are consistent with motions of the ruthenium complex inside the self‐assembled capsule. Molecular dynamics simulations carried out on the inclusion complex confirmed these intra‐cavity movements and highlighted possible supramolecular interactions between the ruthenium first coordination sphere ligands and the inner part (aromatic rings) of the capsule. The embedded ruthenium complex was assessed in the catalytic oxidation (using NaIO4as oxidant) of mixtures of three arylmethyl alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes. The reaction kinetics were shown to vary as a function of the substrates’ size, with the oxidation rate varying in the order benzylalcohol >4‐phenyl‐benzylalcohol >9‐anthracenemethanol. Control experiments realized in the absence of hexameric capsule did not allow any discrimination between the substrates.
Metallic Inverse Opal Frameworks as Catalyst Supports for High‐Performance Water Electrooxidation
Authors: Nguyen Tam D. , Hoogeveen Dijon A. , Cherepanov Pavel V. , Dinh Khang N. , van Zeil Daniel , Varga Joseph F. , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Simonov Alexandr N.
Published: July 2022

High intrinsic activity of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is often limited by their low electrical conductivity. To address this, we introduce copper inverse opal (IO) frameworks offering a well‐developed network of interconnected pores as highly conductive high‐surface‐area supports for thin catalytic coatings, for example, the extremely active but poorly conducting nickel‐iron layered double hydroxides (NiFe LDH). Such composites exhibit significantly higher OER activity in 1 m KOH than NiFe LDH supported on a flat substrate or deposited as inverse opals. The NiFe LDH/Cu IO catalyst enables oxygen evolution rates of 100 mA cm−2 (727±4 A gcatalyst−1) at an overpotential of 0.305±0.003 V with a Tafel slope of 0.044±0.002 V dec−1. This high performance is achieved with 2.2±0.4 μm catalyst layers, suggesting compatibility of the inverse‐opal‐supported catalysts with membrane electrolyzers, in contrast to similarly performing 103‐fold thicker electrodes based on foams and other substrates.
Metabolic rescue ameliorates mitochondrial encephalo‐cardiomyopathy in murine and human iPSC models of Leigh syndrome
Authors: Yoon Jin‐Young , Daneshgar Nastaran , Chu Yi , Chen Biyi , Hefti Marco , Vikram Ajit , Irani Kaikobad , Song Long‐Sheng , Brenner Charles , Abel E. Dale , London Barry , Dai Dao‐Fu
Published: July 2022

Background

Mice with deletion of complex I subunit Ndufs4 develop mitochondrial encephalomyopathy resembling Leigh syndrome (LS). The metabolic derangement and underlying mechanisms of cardio‐encephalomyopathy in LS remains incompletely understood.

Methods

We performed echocardiography, electrophysiology, confocal microscopy, metabolic and molecular/morphometric analysis of the mice lacking Ndufs4. HEK293 cells, human iPS cells‐derived cardiomyocytes and neurons were used to determine the mechanistic role of mitochondrial complex I deficiency.

Results

LS mice develop severe cardiac bradyarrhythmia and diastolic dysfunction. Human‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (iPS‐CMs) with Ndufs4 deletion recapitulate LS cardiomyopathy. Mechanistically, we demonstrate a direct link between complex I deficiency, decreased intracellular (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) NAD+/NADH and bradyarrhythmia, mediated by hyperacetylation of the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5, particularly at K1479 site. Neuronal apoptosis in the cerebellar and midbrain regions in LS mice was associated with hyperacetylation of p53 and activation of microglia. Targeted metabolomics revealed increases in several amino acids and citric acid cycle intermediates, likely due to impairment of NAD+‐dependent dehydrogenases, and a substantial decrease in reduced Glutathione (GSH). Metabolic rescue by nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation increased intracellular NAD+/ NADH, restored metabolic derangement, reversed protein hyperacetylation through NAD+‐dependent Sirtuin deacetylase, and ameliorated cardiomyopathic phenotypes, concomitant with improvement of NaV1.5 current and SERCA2a function measured by Ca2+‐transients. NR also attenuated neuronal apoptosis and microglial activation in the LS brain and human iPS‐derived neurons with Ndufs4 deletion.

Conclusions

Our study reveals direct mechanistic explanations of the observed cardiac bradyarrhythmia, diastolic dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis in mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) models of LS.
Monitoring anti‐CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell population by flow cytometry and its consistency with digital droplet polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Cheng Jiali , Mao Xia , Chen Caixia , Long Xiaolu , Chen Liting , Zhou Jianfeng , Zhu Li
Published: July 2022

Anti‐CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR19) T cell therapy has produced impressive clinical efficacy in patients with relapsed or refractory B‐cell malignancies. As a living drug, monitoring the pharmacokinetics of CAR T cells in vivo is an important part of clinical work, which provides valuable information for assessing therapeutic response and related side effects. However, no guidelines are available regarding the detection and quantification of CAR T cells. Flow cytometry is a convenient and commonly used method in monitoring CAR T cell kinetics, but its performance remains to be validated. By using a commercial anti‐idiotype antibody that detects unique epitopes on the most popular CAR19 construct, we evaluated important performance parameters, including specificity, lower limit of detection, lower limit of quantification, and precision of flow cytometry in the detection and quantification of CAR19 T cells. Consistency between the results generated by flow cytometry and droplet digital PCR was then investigated in 188 pairs of clinical data and in cell line experiments. Rabbit anti‐mouse FMC63 monoclonal antibody possesses high specificity in the detection of CAR19 positive cells by FCM with a cut‐off value of 0.05%. The results produced by flow cytometry and ddPCR were well correlated in the clinical samples and in cell lines, but the correlation deteriorated as the abundance of CAR19 positive cells decreased. This was especially evident with less than 0.5% of lymphocytes in clinical data, possibly due to reduced precision (indicated by intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variability) of both droplet digital PCR and flow cytometry. We demonstrated that flow cytometry using anti‐idiotype antibody is a reliable and robust approach in the detection and quantification of CAR19 T cells in vivo and has good consistency with droplet digital PCR in monitoring CAR19 T cell kinetics.
A droplet‐based electricity generator with ultrahigh instantaneous output and short charging time
Authors: Zhang Nan , Zhang Huimin , Xu Wanghuai , Gu Haojie , Ye Shimeng , Zheng Huanxi , Song Yuxin , Wang Zuankai , Zhou Xiaofeng
Published: July 2022

The past several years have witnessed the rapid development in effectively transforming randomly distributed water kinetic energy into electrical energy, especially triggered by the emergence of droplet‐based electricity generators (DEG). Despite this, it still suffers from relatively low average power density, which is also achieved at the cost of long charging time, the time to reach stable and saturated surface charge density either through continuous droplet impingement or precharging. Although the harvested energy per droplet in DEG remains as the dominant metric, ultrahigh instantaneous output and short charging time are equally important in some specialized applications such as instantaneous luminescence. Here, we conduct systematical modeling and optimization to build the link between the hydrodynamic and electrical systems, which enables us to determine ultrahigh instantaneous output and short charging time by tailoring parameters such as dielectric layer thickness, droplet ion concentration, and external load. We envision that this strategy in achieving ultrahigh instantaneous output as well as shortening charging time would provide insights and design routes for water energy harvesting.
Pneumatic programmable superrepellent surfaces
Authors: Hu Songtao , Cao Xiaobao , Reddyhoff Tom , Ding Xijia , Shi Xi , Dini Daniele , deMello Andrew J. , Peng Zhike , Wang Zuankai
Published: July 2022

Morphological transformation of surface structures is widely manifested in nature and highly preferred for many applications such as wetting interaction; however, in situ tuning of artificial morphologies independent of smart responsive materials remains elusive. Here, with the aid of microfluidics, we develop a pneumatic programmable superrepellent surface by tailoring conventional wetting materials (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane) with embedded flexible chambers connecting a microfluidic system, thus realizing a morphological transformation for enhanced liquid repellency based on a nature‐inspired rigid‐flexible hybrid principle (i.e., triggering symmetry breaking and oscillator coupling mechanisms). The enhancement degree can be in situ tuned within around 300 ms owing to pneumatically controllable chamber morphologies. We also demonstrate that the surface can be freely programmed to achieve elaborated morphological pathways and gradients for preferred droplet manipulation such as directional rolling and bouncing. Our study highlights the potential of an in situ morphological transformation to realize tunable wettability and provides a programmable level of droplet control by intellectualizing conventional wetting materials.
White‐tailed deer exploit temporal refuge from multi‐predator and human risks on roads
Authors: Kautz Todd M. , Fowler Nicholas L. , Petroelje Tyler R. , Beyer Dean E. , Duquette Jared F. , Belant Jerrold L.
Published: July 2022

Although most prey have multiple predator species, few studies have quantified how prey respond to the temporal niches of multiple predators which pose different levels of danger. For example, intraspecific variation in diel activity allows white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to reduce fawn activity overlap with coyotes (Canis latrans) but finding safe times of day may be more difficult for fawns in a multi‐predator context. We hypothesized that within a multi‐predator system, deer would allocate antipredation behavior optimally based on combined mortality risk from multiple sources, which would vary depending on fawn presence. We measured cause‐specific mortality of 777 adult (>1‐year‐old) and juvenile (1–4‐month‐old) deer and used 300 remote cameras to estimate the activity of deer, humans, and predators including American black bears (Ursus americanus), bobcats (Lynx rufus), coyotes, and wolves (Canis lupus). Predation and vehicle collisions accounted for 5.3 times greater mortality in juveniles (16% mortality from bears, coyotes, bobcats, wolves, and vehicles) compared with adults (3% mortality from coyotes, wolves, and vehicles). Deer nursery groups (i.e., ≥1 fawn present) were more diurnal than adult deer without fawns, causing fawns to have 24–38% less overlap with carnivores and 39% greater overlap with humans. Supporting our hypothesis, deer nursery groups appeared to optimize diel activity to minimize combined mortality risk. Temporal refuge for fawns was likely the result of carnivores avoiding humans, simplifying diel risk of five species into a trade‐off between diurnal humans and nocturnal carnivores. Functional redundancy among multiple predators with shared behaviors may partially explain why white‐tailed deer fawn predation rates are often similar among single‐ and multi‐predator systems.
The use of remote sensing indices to understand flood‐recharged soil moisture impacts on trees in semi‐arid floodplains: A review
Authors: Pedzisai Ezra , Mutanga Onisimo , Odindi John , Mushore Terence Darlington
Published: July 2022

Remote sensing indices (RSIs) are essential for detection, mapping and monitoring of floods, soil moisture and tree characteristics. An understanding of the nexus between flood‐recharged soil moisture (FRSM) and endangered biodiversity tree hotspots in semi‐arid floodplains is critical. Specifically, the influence of FRSM on biophysical characteristics of keystone tree species with social, economic, ecological and environmental functions is crucial. However, the use of RSIs to understand the link between episodic floods, FRSM and trees, as well as their respective spatiotemporal dynamics within the semi‐arid floodplains, remains largely unexplored. Hence, this study reviewed literature on the adoption of RSIs in understanding short‐term phenological and long‐term tree structural changes arising from flood‐related infiltration. The reviewed literature shows the predominance of the normalised difference water index, the land surface water index and normalised difference vegetation index for flood, FRSM and tree mapping. The review also shows the emergence of SAR‐based normalised difference flood index for understanding the impacts of FRSM on riparian trees. Although the review identified an increase in data availability, however, there are high costs of active commercial remote sensing data of superior quality and computing resources. Furthermore, available free data are incapable of penetrating canopies and have coarse spatial resolution constraining the use of RSIs to understand the impacts of FRSM on trees. In view of increasing free SAR data and cloud‐based computing resources, application of emerging deep learning algorithms offers prospects for the use of RSIs to understand the impacts of FRSM on riparian trees.
Late Jurassic Wenjiaping high Sr/Y granite: A product of partial melting of the Precambrian basement rocks trigged by lithospheric extension in the Songpan–Garzê fold belt, SW China
Authors: Liu Jun , Li Wenchang , Zhou Qing , Zhang Huihua , Li Tongzhu , Dai Yanpei , Shen Zhanwu , Tang Gaolin , Wang Changnan
Published: July 2022

The Wenjiaping granite, as one of the few Late Jurassic granites in the Songpan–Garzê fold belt (SGFB), can provide an important clue for comprehensively recognizing the tectonic evolution and mineralization of this belt. In this contribution, we present new age and geochemical data for this pluton to better constrain its petrogenesis and discuss the tectonic and metallogenic implications. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating shows that the Wenjiaping pluton was emplaced at ~159 Ma. The granite contains minor amphibole, and exhibits slightly peraluminous characteristics (A/CNK = 1.03–1.10) and lower initial Sr–Pb isotope ratios than those of the Liwu Group, which excludes the possibility that the Wenjiaping granite was derived from partial melting of the metasedimentary rock‐dominated Liwu Group as previously suggested. Significantly, high Sr/Y (40.93–54.30), LaN/YbN (39.64–56.64), and K2O/NaO (0.77–1.11) ratios, low MgO (0.47%–0.86%) and Cr (25.1–41.3 ppm) contents, and relatively enriched Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotope compositions of the Wenjiaping granite are comparable to those of the Late Triassic adakitic rocks in the SGFB, indicating that they probably share a similar source. Combined with previous researches, we propose that large‐scale detachment of the Jianglang dome caused by post‐collisional lithospheric extension in the SGFB‐induced decompressional partial melting of the Precambrian basement rocks can account for the generation of the Late Jurassic Wenjiaping pluton. In addition, our results also suggest that the Wenjiaping pluton probably cannot supply abundant metal elements for the Liwu‐type Cu‐polymetallic deposits in the Jianglang dome, SGFB.
Impact of the use of the Red Lotus Critical Health Promotion Model as a pedagogical framework on health promotion graduates' professional practice: A mixed methods study
Authors: O'Hara Lily , Taylor Jane
Published: July 2022

Issue Addressed

The Red Lotus Critical Health Promotion Model (RLCHPM) is designed to support critical health promotion practice. This study investigated the impact of the use of the RLCHPM as a pedagogical framework for competency‐based university curricula on the practice of graduates from health promotion programs from an Australian regional university.

Methods

A mixed methods study was undertaken, including an online survey of all 195 graduates from 2008 to 2016, followed by semi‐structured interviews with a subset of respondents.

Results

There were 95 survey respondents and 10 interviewees. More than half of the survey respondents reported that the model impacted health promotion programs they are involved in, however, less than a quarter felt it impacted workplace policies. The impact was significantly higher for those with higher levels of knowledge about, confidence in using, and perception of utility of the RLCHPM, and stronger alignment of their practice with critical health promotion values and principles. Graduates' embodiment of the model's values and principles in practice enhanced the impact of the model. Factors that limited the impact included participants' implicit use of components of the model without explicit reference to the model, and the incongruence between participants' professional practice ideals and those of their workplace context.

Conclusions

The use of the RLCHPM as a pedagogical framework for university health promotion programs positively impacted graduates' practice within the Australian context.

So What?

The RLCHPM could be used as a pedagogical framework in universities to develop competency‐based critical health promotion curricula to enable graduates to progress critical health promotion practice.
Using machine learning to improve predictions and provide insight into fluvial sediment transport
Authors: Lund J. William , Groten Joel T. , Karwan Diana L. , Babcock Chad
Published: July 2022

A thorough understanding of fluvial sediment transport is critical to addressing many environmental concerns such as exacerbated flooding, degradation of aquatic habitat, excess nutrients, and the economic challenges of restoring aquatic systems. Fluvial sediment samples are integral for addressing these environmental concerns but cannot be collected at every river and time of interest. Therefore, to gain a better understanding for rivers where direct measurements have not been made, extreme gradient boosting machine learning (ML) models were developed and trained to predict suspended sediment and bedload from sampling data collected in Minnesota, United States (U.S.), by the U.S. Geological Survey. Approximately 400 watershed (full upstream area), catchment (nearby landscape), near‐channel, channel, and streamflow features were retrieved or developed from multiple sources, reduced to approximately 30 uncorrelated features, and used in the final ML models. The results indicate suspended sediment and bedload ML models explain approximately 70% of the variance in the datasets. Important features used in the models were interpreted with Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) plots, which provided insight into sediment transport processes. The most important features in the models were developed to normalize streamflow by the 2‐year recurrence interval and quantify the rate of change in streamflow (slope), which helped account for sediment hysteresis. Generally, this study also showed a combination of mostly watershed and catchment geospatial features were important in ML models that predict sediment transport from physical samples. This study is a promising step forward in making fluvial sediment transport predictions using machine learning models trained by physically collected samples. The approach developed here can be used wherever similar datasets exists and will be useful for landscape and water management.
Large‐scale lateral saturated soil hydraulic conductivity as a metric for the connectivity of subsurface flow paths at hillslope scale
Authors: Pirastru Mario , Iovino Massimo , Marrosu Roberto , Di Prima Simone , Giadrossich Filippo , Awada Hassan
Published: July 2022

Lateral saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Ks,l, is the soil property governing subsurface water transfer in hillslopes, and the key parameter in many numerical models simulating hydrological processes at the hillslope and catchment scales. Likewise, the hydrological connectivity of the lateral flow paths plays a significant role in determining the rate of the subsurface flow at various spatial scales. This study investigates the relationship between Ks,l and hydrological connectivity at the hillslope spatial scale. Ks,l was determined by the subsurface flow rates intercepted by drains and water table depths observed in a well network. The hydrological connectivity was evaluated by the synchronicity among water table peaks, and between these and the peaks of the drained flow. Rainfall and soil moisture were used to investigate the influence of the transient hydrological soil condition on connectivity and Ks,l. As the synchronicity of the water table response between wells increased, the lag times between the peaks of water levels and those of the drained subsurface flow decreased. Moreover, the most synchronic water table rises determined the highest drainage rates. The relationships between Ks,l and water table depths were highly non‐linear, with a sharp increase in the values for water table levels close to the soil surface. Estimated Ks,l values for the full saturated soil were in the order of thousands of mm h−1, suggesting the activation of macropores in the root zone. The Ks,l values determined at the peak of the drainage events were correlated with the indicators of synchronicity. The sum of cumulative rainfall and antecedent soil moisture was correlated with the connectivity indicators and Ks,l. We suggest that, for simulating realistic processes at the hillslope scale, the hydrological connectivity could be implicitly considered in hydrological modelling through an evaluation of Ks,l at the same spatial scale.