bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aquaponics and Social Enterprise
Authors: Milliken Sarah , Stander Henk
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents some examples of recent initiatives by social enterprises using aquaponics. Aquaponics offers an innovative form of therapeutic horticulture, which can provide employment and promote well-being for people with disabilities. If implemented as a program to be managed by local communities, aquaponic systems also have the potential to address issues such as food security and food sovereignty, especially in urban areas. Increasing public familiarity with aquaponics has seen a number of social ventures being set up around the world. However, the viability of these depends not only on stakeholder commitment, thorough market analysis, clear governance structures, and a robust business plan but also on external factors, such as the local political context and regulations.
Aquaponics: The Basics
Authors: Lennard Wilson , Goddek Simon
Published: June 2019

Aquaponics is a technology that is part of the broader integrated agri-aquaculture systems discipline which seeks to combine animal and plant culture technologies to confer advantages and conserve nutrients and other biological and economic resources. It emerged in the USA in the early 1970s and has recently seen a resurgence, especially in Europe. Whilst aquaponics broadly combines recirculating fish culture with hydroponic plant production, the application of the term aquaponic is broad and many technologies claim use of the name. Combining fish culture with aquatic-based, terrestrial plant culture via aquaponics may be better defined via its nutrient resource sharing credentials. Aquaponics applies several principles including, but not limited to, efficient water use, efficient nutrient use, lowered or negated environmental impact and the application of biological and ecological approaches to agricultural fish and plant production. Water sources are important so that the nutrients required for fish and plant production are available and balanced, and system water chemistry is paramount to optimised fish and plant production. Systems may be configured in several ways, including those that are fully recirculating and those that are decoupled. Aquaponics importantly seeks to apply methods that provide technical, biological, chemical, environmental and economic advantages.
Coupled Aquaponics Systems
Authors: Palm Harry W. , Knaus Ulrich , Appelbaum Samuel , Strauch Sebastian M. , Kotzen Benz
Published: June 2019

Coupled aquaponics is the archetype form of aquaponics. The technical complexity increases with the scale of production and required water treatment, e.g. filtration, UV light for microbial control, automatic controlled feeding, computerization and biosecurity. Upscaling is realized through multiunit systems that allow staggered fish production, parallel cultivation of different plants and application of several hydroponic subsystems. The main task of coupled aquaponics is the purification of aquaculture process water through integration of plants which add economic benefits when selecting suitable species like herbs, medicinal plants or ornamentals. Thus, coupled aquaponics with closed water recirculation systems has a particular role to fulfil.

Under fully closed recirculation of nutrient enriched water, the symbiotic community of fish, plants and bacteria can result in higher yields compared with stand-alone fish production and/or plant cultivation. Fish and plant choices are highly diverse and only limited by water quality parameters, strongly influenced by fish feed, the plant cultivation area and component ratios that are often not ideal. Carps, tilapia and catfish are most commonly used, though more sensitive fish species and crayfish have been applied. Polyponics and additional fertilizers are methods to improve plant quality in the case of growth deficiencies, boosting plant production and increasing total yield.

The main advantages of coupled aquaponics are in the most efficient use of resources such as feed for nutrient input, phosphorous, water and energy as well as in an increase of fish welfare. The multivariate system design approach allows coupled aquaponics to be installed in all geographic regions, from the high latitudes to arid and desert regions, with specific adaptation to the local environmental conditions. This chapter provides an overview of the historical development, general system design, upscaling, saline and brackish water systems, fish and plant choices as well as management issues of coupled aquaponics especially in Europe.
‘A mob of light readers’: Holdings, Genre Proportions, and Modes of Reading
Authors: Atkin Lara , Comyn Sarah , Fermanis Porscha , Garvey Nathan
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the genre proportions of public library collections in the southern colonies, arguing that they both reflect and are a response to debates about the ‘fiction problem’, modes of reading, local colonial conditions, and the utility of public libraries. Along with its analysis of changing genre proportions, the chapter also explores the symbolic and educational power of the library catalogue in facilitating the public library’s role as a national institution and as a means of fostering transnational intellectual and print networks.
Long‐Term Results After Stapled Hemorrhoidopexy: A 15‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Schneider Ralph , Jäger Pia , Ommer Andreas
Published: June 2019

Background

The stapled hemorrhoidopexy is reported to have a low recurrence while treating the major hemorrhoidal symptoms of bleeding and prolapse. The aim of this study is to obtain long‐term results on the outcome of the stapled hemorrhoidopexy.

Methods

All patients with a hemorrhoidal disease grade III, who underwent stapled hemorrhoidopexy from May 1999–December 2003, were included. Data collection was based on a standardized telephone interview. In the questionnaire, we recorded information regarding the postoperative recurrence and severity of hemorrhoidal symptoms (defined as bleeding, prolapse, burning, itching and moisture), further hemorrhoidal treatments and functional results (incontinence, fecal urgency and outlet obstruction) as well as patients’ satisfaction.

Results

Of the 257 patients, who underwent stapled hemorrhoidopexy, follow‐up data were available in 140 patients. In 47.4% of the patients, a recurrence of at least one hemorrhoidal symptom was registered, whereas this recurrence was observed in 47.3% of these patients more than 10 years postoperatively. A surgical re‐intervention was necessary in 15.2%. We found a postoperative new incontinence in 15.5%, a fecal urgency in 28.0% and an outlet obstruction in 9.4%. Of all patients, 62.3% were “very satisfied” with the operation.

Conclusions

The results of the study revealed a relatively high recurrence of hemorrhoidal symptoms after a mean follow‐up of 15 years with a high recurrence rate more than 10 years postoperatively. In consideration of not negligible risk of incontinence, fecal urgency and outlet obstruction, the indication for a stapled hemorrhoidopexy should be made well considered. However, patients’ satisfaction is very high.
How Do Men in Treatment for Intimate Partner Violence Experience Parenting their Young Child? A Descriptive Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Mohaupt Henning , Duckert Fanny , Askeland Ingunn Rangul
Published: June 2019

Men who use intimate partner violence (IPV) often have challenges as caregivers such as poor understanding of children’s needs and emotions. There is little knowledge regarding their everyday-life experiences of being a parent. We interviewed 14 men in therapy for intimate partner violence on how they experienced their relationship to one of their children (mean age 4,5 years). We performed a descriptive phenomenological analysis. Informants seldom explored their children’s experience. They found that their fathering was influenced by past relationships and negative expectations for the future. The informants’ bodily experience of emotional arousal was described as difficult to control and understand and was a limited source for meaning making in the father-child relationship. The experience of being a good father was connected to presence and control of the child’s behavior. Informants felt that what they experienced as good parenting lacked others’ recognition. Interventions for partner-abusive men should address their fathering and focus on fathers’ life-experience and context as influencing their fathering. Therapeutic interventions should strengthen partner-abusive fathers’ awareness of and meaning making from their emotional arousal. Where safety permits, dyadic interventions aiming at re-establishing the child’s experience of safety in the father-child relationship should be considered by therapy providers as a complement to established interventions with partner-abusive men.
Affective representation and affective attitudes
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: June 2019

Many philosophers have understood the representational dimension of affective states along the model of perceptual experiences. This paper argues affective experiences involve a kind of personal level affective representation disanalogous from the representational character of perceptual experiences. The positive thesis is that affective representation is a non-transparent, non-sensory form of evaluative representation, whereby a felt valenced attitude represents the object of the experience as minimally good or bad, and one experiences that evaluative standing as having the power to causally motivate the relevant attitude. I show how this view can make sense of distinctive features of affective experiences, such as their valence and connection to value in a way which moves beyond current evaluativist views of affect.
The significance of retroflexion technique in the right colon on adenoma detection rates during colonoscopy
Authors: Shahawy Mohamed S. EL , Fayoumy Mohamed EL
Published: June 2019

Background and aim Right colon adenomas can easily missed with significant adenoma miss rate particularly when they are located behind the haustral folds and anatomical flexures. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of retroflexion technique in the right colon for improving adenoma detection rates compared with forward-view technique.

Methods A total of 200 patients scheduled for elective colonoscopy were recruited. During the standard forward-view examination, the colonoscope was withdrawn from the cecum to the hepatic flexure while under meticulous observation. Subsequently, the cecum was reintubated and the right side of the colon was assessed in the retroflexed-view to the hepatic flexure. The primary outcome of this study was comparison of the adenoma detection rates and adenoma miss rate of the retroflexed-view versus forward-view examination of the right colon.

Results Of the 200 enrolled patients, retroflexion was successful in 182 (91%). Forward-view examination of the right colon detected 88 polyps, of which 66 were adenomas yielding a polyp and adenoma detection rates of 25.5% and 19%, respectively. Additionally, retroflexion detected a further 30 polyps of which 23 were adenomas, accordingly improving the polyp and adenoma detection rates to 29.5% and 25%, respectively. Furthermore, the polyp and adenoma miss rate in the right colon was 24.1% and 25.8% respectively.

Conclusion Colonoscopy with right-sided retroflexion after forward-view examination significantly increases the detection of adenomas compared with standard forward-view examination with a high success rate and small risk of adverse events.
Long-Term Legacies and Their Challenges in the Age of Modern Curation at the University of Georgia
Authors: Roberts Thompson Amanda D. , Thompson Victor D. , Kappers Michiel , Schenk Kristine , Williams Mark
Published: June 2019

Formally established in the fall of 1947, the Laboratory of Archaeology at the University of Georgia is an archaeological research and collection repository. It is considered one of the premier institutions for curation of archaeological collections from the American Southeast. For over 70 years, the Laboratory has served as a repository for objects and associated records generated from archaeological projects and research undertaken by faculty, students, CRM professionals, and state and federal agencies. The Laboratory curates over 20,000 cubic feet of artifacts as well as paper and digital archives. In addition, the Laboratory houses the Georgia Archaeological Site File and manages data from more than 59,000 archaeological sites, including over 11,500 archaeological reports. In this paper, we explore implementation procedures for bringing legacy collections up to modern curation standards. We also outline how we migrate the data on paper records into the digital realm, articulating them within a comprehensive framework.
Samāǧaperformances in third/ninth-century Abbasid courts
Authors: Borroni Massimiliano
Published: June 2019

Literary sources from the Abbasid period record few descriptions of courtly masquerades and plays calledsamāǧa, which closely resemblesumozheplays from eighth-century China. On the basis of thesesamāǧadescriptions, the present paper argues that it is possible to understand howsamāǧaplays were carried out. Moreover, I argue thatsamāǧaperformances were a Central Asian custom imported to the Abbasid court with the establishment of the Turkish corps, and that its disappearance after the caliphate of al-Muʿtaḍid signals a substantial shift in the nature of the Turkish presence in the Abbasid heartland, marked by the establishment of themamlūksystem.
Blood reservoir function in patients with Fontan circulation and asplenia syndrome
Authors: Fuse Michitaka , Sugamoto Kenji , Kuwata Seiko , Sekiya Rika , Kawada Kohei , Toki Miku , Kaneko Masahiro , Iwamoto Yoichi , Ishido Hirotaka , Masutani Satoshi , Kenmochi Manabu , Saiki Hirofumi , Senzaki Hideaki
Published: June 2019

Splanchnic circulation constitutes a major portion of the vasculature capacitance and plays an important role in maintaining blood perfusion. Because patients with asplenia syndrome lack this vascular bed as a blood reservoir, they may have a unique blood volume and distribution, which may be related to their vulnerability to the haemodynamic changes often observed in clinical practice. During cardiac catheterisation, the mean circulatory filling pressure was calculated with the Valsalva manoeuvre in 19 patients with Fontan circulation, including 5 patients with asplenia syndrome. We also measured the cardiac output index and circulatory blood volume by using a dye dilution technique. The blood volume and the mean circulatory filling pressure and the venous capacitance in patients with asplenia syndrome were similar to those in the remaining patients with Fontan circulation (85 ± 14 versus 77 ± 18 ml/kg, p = 0.43, 31 ± 8 versus 27 ± 5 mmHg, p = 0.19, 2.8 ± 0.6 versus 2.9 ± 0.9 ml/kg/mmHg, p = 0.86). Unexpectedly, our data indicated that patients with asplenia syndrome, who lack splanchnic capacitance circulation, have blood volume and venous capacitance comparable to those in patients with splanchnic circulation. These data suggest that (1) there is a blood reservoir other than the spleen even in patients with asplenia; (2) considering the large blood pool of the spleen, the presence of a symmetrical liver may represent the possible organ functioning as a blood reservoir in asplenia syndrome; and (3) if this is indeed the case, there may be a higher risk of hepatic congestion in patients with Fontan circulation with asplenia syndrome than in those without.
Foetal right atrial aneurysm and aortic coarctation with left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Binka Edem , Baschat Ahmet , Jelin Angie Child , Lui Cecillia , Hibino Narutoshi , Vricella Luca , Sekar Priya
Published: June 2019

Aneurysms of the right atrium are rare in the paediatric population. We report a case of a foetal diagnosis of right atrial aneurysm with associated atrial tachycardia in foetal and postnatal life. Unique to our case are the findings of isolated pericardial effusion without hydrops fetalis and the development of aortic coarctation in postnatal life.
Isolated retroaortic innominate vein and right aortic arch: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Kohli Utkarsh
Published: June 2019

Retroaortic course of left innominate vein is a rare venous anomaly which is usually associated with CHD. Isolated retroaortic innominate vein is exceedingly rare with only a handful of reported cases. We report an otherwise healthy newborn with isolated retroaortic innominate vein and right aortic arch, a combination which has previously not been reported.
Output and pollution abatement in a U.S. state emission function
Authors: Empora Neophyta , Mamuneas Theofanis P. , Stengos Thanasis
Published: June 2019

Using U.S. state-level data for the period 1973–1994, this study models the relationship between emissions, output and pollution abatement by defining an emissions function, in a manner that is consistent with the residual (emissions) generation mechanism and firms' optimizing behavior. It thus accounts for factors that were previously unaccounted for or addressed only individually. Applications using this comprehensive setting can offer more informed insights for policy-making, something that is particularly useful for developing countries that face the environmental degradation that comes together with the benefits of economic growth. Using nonparametric econometric techniques as well as threshold regression, the empirical results show that there is a positive nonlinear relationship between emissions and output, rejecting an inverted-U type of relationship between the two (the Environmental Kuznets Curve, or EKC). In the absence of abatement the relationship turns around, verifying the arguments in the literature that abatement is one of the driving forces for an EKC to emerge.
CUNTZ–KRIEGER ALGEBRAS AND ONE-SIDED CONJUGACY OF SHIFTS OF FINITE TYPE AND THEIR GROUPOIDS
Authors: BRIX KEVIN AGUYAR , CARLSEN TOKE MEIER
Published: June 2019

A one-sided shift of finite type$(\mathsf{X}_{A},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{A})$determines on the one hand a Cuntz–Krieger algebra${\mathcal{O}}_{A}$with a distinguished abelian subalgebra${\mathcal{D}}_{A}$and a certain completely positive map$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{A}$on${\mathcal{O}}_{A}$. On the other hand,$(\mathsf{X}_{A},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{A})$determines a groupoid${\mathcal{G}}_{A}$together with a certain homomorphism$\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{A}$on${\mathcal{G}}_{A}$. We show that each of these two sets of data completely characterizes the one-sided conjugacy class of$\mathsf{X}_{A}$. This strengthens a result of Cuntz and Krieger. We also exhibit an example of two irreducible shifts of finite type which are eventually conjugate but not conjugate. This provides a negative answer to a question of Matsumoto of whether eventual conjugacy implies conjugacy.
Promoting Gender Equality through Party Funding: Symbolic Policies at Work in Italy
Authors: Feo Francesca , Piccio Daniela R.
Published: June 2019

Given the growing importance of state subsidies as a source of party income, several countries have introduced policies that link the provision of party funding to the promotion of gender equality in political representation. Variations in the assignment of public funding—that is, financial incentives and cuts—are increasingly employed to promote equal gender participation in intraparty politics and in public office. However, we know little about why and how these equality promotion policies have been adopted in different countries, how they work in practice, and, most importantly, what effects they have on women's representation. To contribute to this debate, after embedding gender-targeted public funding regulations in the broader set of political representation policies and presenting a comparative overview of existing rules in the European Union, the article concentrates on the Italian case. We examine the evolution of Italian regulation of gender electoral financing and the extent to which the Italian parties have complied with the rules over time. The results show that this set of policy instruments, when poorly designed, is nothing more than symbolic policy. The lack of appropriate mechanisms for sanctions and rewards, which can induce parties to change their behavior, has hampered the effectiveness of these policy measures.
Die elterliche Beziehungsqualität als Ressource für die frühkindliche sozial-emotionale Entwicklung in den ersten Lebensjahren
Authors: Bouazizi Ayoub , Eickmeyer Sarah , Stoyanova Polina , Petermann Franz , Reinelt Tilman , Herzmann Charlotte
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Geburt eines ersten Kindes geht mit diversen Herausforderungen für die Paarbeziehung der Eltern wie neuen Rollen, Schlafmangel und weniger Zeit füreinander einher. Dies kann zu einer erhöhten Anzahl an Konflikten und einer Abnahme der Beziehungsqualität bei den Eltern führen, was nicht nur ein Risiko für die Paarbeziehung, sondern auch für die sozial-emotionale Entwicklung des Kindes in den ersten Lebensjahren darstellt. Dahingegen geht eine gelungene, resiliente Adaptation der Eltern und ihrer Beziehung an die neuen Herausforderungen mit entwicklungsförderndem Elternverhalten wie hoher Sensitivität, hohem elterlichen Engagement und konstruktiven Konfliktlösestrategien einher. Anhand von Annahmen gemäß des Vulnerabilitäts-Stress-Adaptations-Modells und des Family Stress Models wird der Zusammenhang von elterlicher Beziehungsqualität und frühkindlicher sozial-emotionaler Entwicklung dargelegt. Dieser Zusammenhang wird über Aspekte der Eltern-Kind-Interaktion, wie emotionale Sicherheit, Spillover von Emotionen und Modelllernen sowie über das Coparenting-Verhalten der Eltern vermittelt. Anschließend werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Stärkung der Beziehungsqualität der Eltern im Übergang in die Elternschaft vorgestellt. Dies schließt neben strukturellen, staatlichen Fördermöglichkeiten gezielte klinisch-pädagogische Präventions- und Interventionsmaßnahmen ein.
Ressourcenaktivierung zur sozial-emotionalen Entwicklung sprachentwicklungsgestörter Kinder und mütterliches Belastungserleben
Authors: Rennecke Lisa , Melzer Jessica , Petermann Franz , Ronniger Pola
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Studie untersucht die Entwicklung der sozial-emotionalen Fähigkeiten im Kontext des mütterlichen Belastungserlebens sprachentwicklungsgestörter Kinder. Hierzu wurden n = 68 Kinder mit einer nach den Kriterien der ICD-10 diagnostizierten Sprachentwicklungsstörung einer Vergleichsgruppe von n = 52 Kindern ohne sprachliche Auffälligkeiten gegenübergestellt. Darüber hinaus wurde geprüft, ob ausgeprägte prosoziale Fähigkeiten der Kinder den Entwicklungsverlauf begünstigen können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutliche Verringerung des mütterlichen Belastungserlebens sowie der sozial-emotionalen Auffälligkeiten der sprachentwicklungsgestörten Kinder über die Zeit und deuten darüber hinaus darauf hin, dass die frühe Förderung prosozialer Fähigkeiten zu einer geringeren psychosozialen Belastungssituation einer Familie insgesamt beitragen kann.
Numerical Algorithm for Detecting Ion Diffusion Regions in the Geomagnetic Tail With Applications to MMS Tail Season 1 May to 30 September 2017
Authors: Rogers A. J. , Farrugia C. J. , Torbert R. B.
Published: June 2019

We present a numerical algorithm to identify ion diffusion regions (IDRs) in the geomagnetic tail and test its applicability. We use five criteria applied in three stages. (i) correlated reversals (within 90 s) of Vx and Bz (at least 2 nT about 0; geocentric solar magnetospheric coordinates); (ii) detection of Hall electric and magnetic field signatures; and (iii) strong (≥10 mV/m) electric fields. While no criterion alone is necessary and sufficient, the approach does provide a robust, if conservative, list of IDRs. We use data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission spacecraft during a 5‐month period (1 May to 30 September 2017) of near‐tail orbits. We find 148 events satisfying Step 1, 37 satisfying Steps 1 and 2, and 17 satisfying all 3, of which 12 are confirmed as IDRs. All IDRs were within the X‐range [−24, −15] RE and the majority occurred during traversals of a tailward moving X‐line. Eleven of 12 IDRs were on the duskside despite approximately equal residence time in the plasma sheet (56.5% dusk vs. 43.5% dawn). MMS could identify signatures of four quadrants of the Hall B‐structure in three events and three quadrants in seven events. The events we report commonly display Vx reversals greater than 400 km/s in magnitude, normal magnetic field reversals often >10 nT in magnitude, maximum DC |
|, which are often well in excess of the threshold for Stage 3. Our results are then compared with the set of IDRs identified by visual examination from Cluster in the years 2000–2005.
Senator Urges Ending Dark Money’s Stifling of Climate Action
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2019

Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse says that dark money funding from the fossil fuel industry and others “has polluted our politics.” Dark money and climate denial “are two sides of the same coin,” he says.
House Science Committee Approves Bill to Stop Sexual Harassment
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2019

The bill would expand research into sexual and gender harassment and how to reduce it and coordinate federal science agency efforts.
Correction: Stratification and prediction of remission in first-episode psychosis patients: the OPTiMiSE cohort study
Authors: Martinuzzi Emanuela , Barbosa Susana , Daoudlarian Douglas , Ali Wafa Bel Haj , Gilet Cyprien , Fillatre Lionel , Khalfallah Olfa , Troudet Réjane , Jamain Stéphane , Fond Guillaume , Sommer Iris , Leucht Stefan , Dazzan Paola , McGuire Philip , Arango Celso , Diaz-Caneja Covadonga M. , Fleischhacker Wolfgang , Rujescu Dan , Glenthøj Birte , Winter Inge , Kahn René Sylvain , Yolken Robert , Lewis Shon , Drake Richard , Davidovic Laetitia , Leboyer Marion , Glaichenhaus Nicolas ,   the OPTiMiSE Study Group
Published: June 2019

The original Article did not feature the list of collaborators. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of this Article.
Universal superconducting precursor in three classes of unconventional superconductors
Authors: Pelc D. , Anderson Z. , Yu B. , Leighton C. , Greven M.
Published: June 2019

A pivotal challenge posed by unconventional superconductors is to unravel how superconductivity emerges upon cooling from the generally complex normal state. Here, we use nonlinear magnetic response, a probe that is uniquely sensitive to the superconducting precursor, to uncover remarkable universal behaviour in three distinct classes of oxide superconductors: strontium titanate, strontium ruthenate, and the cuprate high-Tc materials. We find unusual exponential temperature dependence of the diamagnetic response above the transition temperature Tc, with a characteristic temperature scale that strongly varies with Tc. We correlate this scale with the sensitivity of Tc to local stress and show that it is influenced by intentionally-induced structural disorder. The universal behaviour is therefore caused by intrinsic, self-organized structural inhomogeneity, inherent to the oxides’ perovskite-based structure. The prevalence of such inhomogeneity has far-reaching implications for the interpretation of electronic properties of perovskite-related oxides in general.
HIV-1 DNA sequence diversity and evolution during acute subtype C infection
Authors: Lee Guinevere Q. , Reddy Kavidha , Einkauf Kevin B. , Gounder Kamini , Chevalier Joshua M. , Dong Krista L. , Walker Bruce D. , Yu Xu G. , Ndung’u Thumbi , Lichterfeld Mathias
Published: June 2019

Little is known about the genotypic make-up of HIV-1 DNA genomes during the earliest stages of HIV-1 infection. Here, we use near-full-length, single genome next-generation sequencing to longitudinally genotype and quantify subtype C HIV-1 DNA in four women identified during acute HIV-1 infection in Durban, South Africa, through twice-weekly screening of high-risk participants. In contrast to chronically HIV-1-infected patients, we found that at the earliest phases of infection in these four participants, the majority of viral DNA genomes are intact, lack APOBEC-3G/F-associated hypermutations, have limited genome truncations, and over one year show little indication of cytotoxic T cell-driven immune selections. Viral sequence divergence during acute infection is predominantly fueled by single-base substitutions and is limited by treatment initiation during the earliest stages of disease. Our observations provide rare longitudinal insights of HIV-1 DNA sequence profiles during the first year of infection to inform future HIV cure research.
Local atomic order and hierarchical polar nanoregions in a classical relaxor ferroelectric
Authors: Eremenko M. , Krayzman V. , Bosak A. , Playford H. Y. , Chapman K. W. , Woicik J. C. , Ravel B. , Levin I.
Published: June 2019

The development of useful structure-function relationships for materials that exhibit correlated nanoscale disorder requires adequately large atomistic models which today are obtained mainly via theoretical simulations. Here, we exploit our recent advances in structure-refinement methodology to demonstrate how such models can be derived directly from simultaneous fitting of 3D diffuse- and total-scattering data, and we use this approach to elucidate the complex nanoscale atomic correlations in the classical relaxor ferroelectric PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3 (PMN). Our results uncover details of ordering of Mg and Nb and reveal a hierarchical structure of polar nanoregions associated with the Pb and Nb displacements. The magnitudes of these displacements and their alignment vary smoothly across the nanoregion boundaries. No spatial correlations were found between the chemical ordering and the polar nanoregions. This work highlights a broadly applicable nanoscale structure-refinement method and provides insights into the structure of PMN that require rethinking its existing contentious models.
SLR1 inhibits MOC1 degradation to coordinate tiller number and plant height in rice
Authors: Liao Zhigang , Yu Hong , Duan Jingbo , Yuan Kun , Yu Chaoji , Meng Xiangbing , Kou Liquan , Chen Mingjiang , Jing Yanhui , Liu Guifu , Smith Steven M. , Li Jiayang
Published: June 2019

The breeding of cereals with altered gibberellin (GA) signaling propelled the ‘Green Revolution’ by generating semidwarf plants with increased tiller number. The mechanism by which GAs promote shoot height has been studied extensively, but it is not known what causes the inverse relationship between plant height and tiller number. Here we show that rice tiller number regulator MONOCULM 1 (MOC1) is protected from degradation by binding to the DELLA protein SLENDER RICE 1 (SLR1). GAs trigger the degradation of SLR1, leading to stem elongation and also to the degradation of MOC1, and hence a decrease in tiller number. This discovery provides a molecular explanation for the coordinated control of plant height and tiller number in rice by GAs, SLR1 and MOC1.
Publisher Correction: Maritime Continent water cycle regulates low-latitude chokepoint of global ocean circulation
Authors: Lee Tong , Fournier Séverine , Gordon Arnold L. , Sprintall Janet
Published: June 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper
Structural basis for the homotypic fusion of chlamydial inclusions by the SNARE-like protein IncA
Authors: Cingolani Gino , McCauley Michael , Lobley Anna , Bryer Alexander J. , Wesolowski Jordan , Greco Deanna L. , Lokareddy Ravi K. , Ronzone Erik , Perilla Juan R. , Paumet Fabienne
Published: June 2019

Many intracellular bacteria, including Chlamydia, establish a parasitic membrane-bound organelle inside the host cell that is essential for the bacteria’s survival. Chlamydia trachomatis forms inclusions that are decorated with poorly characterized membrane proteins known as Incs. The prototypical Inc, called IncA, enhances Chlamydia pathogenicity by promoting the homotypic fusion of inclusions and shares structural and functional similarity to eukaryotic SNAREs. Here, we present the atomic structure of the cytoplasmic domain of IncA, which reveals a non-canonical four-helix bundle. Structure-based mutagenesis, molecular dynamics simulation, and functional cellular assays identify an intramolecular clamp that is essential for IncA-mediated homotypic membrane fusion during infection.
Phrixotrix luciferase and 6′-aminoluciferins reveal a larger luciferin phenolate binding site and provide novel far-red combinations for bioimaging purposes
Authors: Bevilaqua V. R. , Matsuhashi T. , Oliveira G. , Oliveira P. S. L. , Hirano T. , Viviani V. R.
Published: June 2019

How the unique luciferase ofPhrixothrix hirtus(PxRE) railroad worm catalyzes the emission of red bioluminescence using the same luciferin of fireflies, remains a mystery. Although PxRE luciferase is a very attractive tool for bioanalysis and bioimaging in hemoglobin rich tissues, it displays lower quantum yield (15%) when compared to green emitting luciferases (>40%). To identify which parts of PxRE luciferin binding site (LBS) determine bioluminescence color, and to develop brighter and more red-shifted emitting luciferases, we compared the effects of site-directed mutagenesis and of larger 6′-substituted aminoluciferin analogues (6′-morpholino- and 6′-pyrrolidinyl-LH) on the bioluminescence properties of PxRE and green-yellow emitting beetle luciferases. The effects of mutations in the benzothiazolyl and thiazolyl parts of PxRE LBS on the KMand catalytic efficiencies, indicated their importance for luciferin binding and catalysis. However, the absence of effects on the bioluminescence spectrum indicated a less interactive LBS in PxRE during light emission. Mutations at the bottom of LBS of PxRE blue-shifted the spectra and increased catalytic efficiency, suggesting that lack of interactions of this part of LBS with excited oxyluciferin phenolate underlie red light emission. The much higher bioluminescence activity and red-shifted spectra of PxRE luciferase with 6′-morpholino- (634 nm) and 6′-pyrrolidinyl-luciferins (644 nm), when compared to other beetle luciferases, revealed a larger luciferin phenolate binding pocket. The size and orientation of the side-chains of L/I/H348 are critical for amino-analogues accommodation and modulate bioluminescence color, affecting the interactions and mobility of excited oxyluciferin phenolate. ThePxREluciferase and 6′-aminoluciferins provide potential far-red combinations for bioimaging applications.
Development of glial restricted human neural stem cells for oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Biswas Sangita , Chung Seung Hyuk , Jiang Peng , Dehghan Samaneh , Deng Wenbin
Published: June 2019

In this study, we have developed highly expandable neural stem cells (NSCs) from HESCs and iPSCs that artificially express the oligodendrocyte (OL) specific transcription factor gene Zfp488. This is enough to restrict them to an exclusive oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) fate during differentiation in vitro and in vivo. During CNS development, Zfp488 is induced during the early stages of OL generation, and then again during terminal differentiation of OLs. Interestingly, the human ortholog Znf488, crucial for OL development in human, has been recently identified to function as a dorsoventral pattering regulator in the ventral spinal cord for the generation of P1, P2/pMN, and P2 neural progenitor domains. Forced expression of Zfp488 gene in human NSCs led to the robust generation of OLs and suppression of neuronal and astrocyte fate in vitro and in vivo. Zfp488 expressing NSC derived oligodendrocytes are functional and can myelinate rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro, and form myelin in Shiverer mice brain in vivo. After transplantation near a site of demyelination, Zfp488 expressing hNSCs migrated to the lesion and differentiated into premyelinating OLs. A certain fraction also homed in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Zfp488-ZsGreen1-hNSC derived OLs formed compact myelin in Shiverer mice brain seen under the electron microscope. Transplanted human neural stem cells (NSC) that have the potential to differentiate into functional oligodendrocytes in response to remyelinating signals can be a powerful therapeutic intervention for disorders where oligodendrocyte (OL) replacement is beneficial.
EEG Decoding Reveals the Strength and Temporal Dynamics of Goal-Relevant Representations
Authors: Hubbard Jason , Kikumoto Atsushi , Mayr Ulrich
Published: June 2019

Models of action control assume that attentional control settings regulate the processing of lower-level stimulus/response representations. Yet, little is known about how exactly control and sensory/response representations relate to each other to produce goal-directed behavior. Addressing this question requires time-resolved information about the strength of the different, potentially overlapping representations, on a trial-by-trial basis. Using a cued task-switching paradigm, we show that information about relevant representations can be extracted through decoding analyses from the scalp electrophysiological signal (EEG) with high temporal resolution. Peaks in representational strength—indexed through decoding accuracy—proceeded from superficial task cues, to stimulus locations, to features/responses. In addition, attentional-set representations were prominent throughout almost the entire processing cascade. Trial-by-trial analyses provided detailed information about when and to what degree different representations predict performance, with attentional settings emerging as a strong and consistent predictor of within-individual and across-individual variability in performance. Also, the strength of attentional sets was related to target representations early in the post-stimulus period and to feature/response representations at a later period, suggesting control of successive, lower-level representations in a concurrent manner. These results demonstrate a powerful approach towards uncovering different stages of information processing and their relative importance for performance.
Interrogation of the infarcted and salvaged myocardium using multi-parametric mapping cardiovascular magnetic resonance in reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients
Authors: Hausenloy Derek J. , Lim Mei Xing , Chan Mervyn H. H. , Paradies Valeria , Francis Rohin , Kotecha Tushar , Knight Daniel S. , Fontana Marianna , Kellman Peter , Moon James C. , Bulluck Heerajnarain
Published: June 2019

We used multi-parametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) mapping to interrogate the myocardium following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Forty-eight STEMI patients underwent CMR at 4 ± 2 days. One matching short-axis slice of native T1 map, T2 map, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), and automated extracellular volume fraction (ECV) maps per patient were analyzed. Manual regions-of-interest were drawn within the infarcted, the salvaged and the remote myocardium. A subgroup analysis was performed in those without MVO and with ≤75% transmural extent of infarct. For the whole cohort, T1, T2 and ECV in both the infarcted and the salvaged myocardium were significantly higher than in the remote myocardium. T1 and T2 could not differentiate between the salvaged and the infarcted myocardium, but ECV was significantly higher in the latter. In the subgroup analysis of 15 patients, similar findings were observed for T1 and T2. However, there was only a trend towards ECVsalvage being higher than ECVremote. In the clinical setting, current native T1 and T2 methods with the specific voxel sizes at 1.5 T could not differentiate between the infarcted and salvaged myocardium, whereas ECV could differentiate between the two. ECV was also higher in the salvaged myocardium when compared to the remote myocardium.
The effect of cognitive training on the brain’s local connectivity organization in healthy older adults
Authors: Deng Lifu , Cheng Yan , Cao Xinyi , Feng Wei , Zhu Hong , Jiang Lijuan , Wu Wenyuan , Tong Shanbao , Sun Junfeng , Li Chunbo
Published: June 2019

Cognitive training has been shown effective in improving the cognitive function of older adults. While training related plasticity of the brain has been observed at different levels, it is still open to exploration whether local functional connectivity (FC) may be affected by training. Here, we examined the neuroimaging data from a previous randomized-controlled double-blinded behavioural study, in which healthy older adults participated in a 3-month cognitive training program. Resting-state fMRI was acquired at baseline and one year after training. The local FC in the brain was estimated using the regional homogeneity (ReHo), and the high ReHo clusters (HRCs) were extracted to quantify the level of local FC integration. Results showed that: (i) HRCs exhibited a power-law size distribution; (ii) local FC were less integrated in older participants than in younger participants; (iii) local FC in older participants of the training group became more integrated after training than the control group; (iv) the baseline local FC integration was positively correlated with educational level. These results indicated a training-related alteration in local FC.
Boiling Histotripsy-induced Partial Mechanical Ablation Modulates Tumour Microenvironment by Promoting Immunogenic Cell Death of Cancers
Authors: Pahk Ki Joo , Shin Cheol-Hee , Bae In Yeong , Yang Yoosoo , Kim Sang-Heon , Pahk Kisoo , Kim Hyungmin , Oh Seung Ja
Published: June 2019

Boiling histotripsy is a promising non-invasive High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) technique that employs HIFU mechanical effects to fractionate solid tumours without causing any significant thermal damage. It has been suggested that boiling histotripsy may induce a strong immune response due to the absence of denatured antigenic protein at the HIFU focus. The underlying immunological mechanisms of this technique are, however, poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using boiling histotripsy to mechanically fractionate human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) and the potential immunological effects induced by boiling histotripsy, for the first time. Our results showed that mechanical stresses produced by boiling histotripsy promote immunogenic cell death of cancer cells via TNF-induced necrosis signaling pathway. This immunogenic cell death significantly increases secretions of damage-associated molecular patterns (CRT, HSP70, HMGB-1), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18) and chemokines (IL-8) which are related to M1 macrophage activation. Furthermore, the levels of these signaling proteins increase with the degree of mechanical damage induced by boiling histotripsy. Together, the results presented can suggest that boiling histotripsy could be a potential therapeutic approach for not only mechanically destroying solid tumours (e.g., breast cancer) but also promoting immunogenic cell death via TNF-induced necrosis to trigger antitumour immunity.
Studies of the oligomerisation mechanism of a cystatin-based engineered protein scaffold
Authors: Zalar Matja , Indrakumar Sowmya , Levy Colin W. , Tunnicliffe Richard B. , Peters Günther H. J. , Golovanov Alexander P.
Published: June 2019

Engineered protein scaffolds are an alternative to monoclonal antibodies in research and drug design due to their small size, ease of production, versatility, and specificity for chosen targets. One key consideration when engineering such proteins is retaining the original scaffold structure and stability upon insertion of target-binding loops. SQT is a stefin A derived scaffold protein that was used as a model to study possible problems associated with solution behaviour of such aptamers. We used an SQT variant with AU1 and Myc insertion peptides (SQT-1C) to study the effect of peptide insertions on protein structure and oligomerisation. The X-ray structure of monomeric SQT-1C revealed a cystatin-like fold. Furthermore, we show that SQT-1C readily forms dimers and tetramers in solution. NMR revealed that these oligomers are symmetrical, with inserted loops comprising the interaction interface. Two possible mechanisms of oligomerisation are compared using molecular dynamics simulations, with domain swap oligomerisation being thermodynamically favoured. We show that retained secondary structure upon peptide insertion is not indicative of unaltered 3D structure and solution behaviour. Therefore, additional methods should be employed to comprehensively assess the consequences of peptide insertions in all aptamers, particularly as uncharacterized oligomerisation may alter binding epitope presentation and affect functional efficiency.
Similar image search for histopathology: SMILY
Authors: Hegde Narayan , Hipp Jason D. , Liu Yun , Emmert-Buck Michael , Reif Emily , Smilkov Daniel , Terry Michael , Cai Carrie J. , Amin Mahul B. , Mermel Craig H. , Nelson Phil Q. , Peng Lily H. , Corrado Greg S. , Stumpe Martin C.
Published: June 2019

The increasing availability of large institutional and public histopathology image datasets is enabling the searching of these datasets for diagnosis, research, and education. Although these datasets typically have associated metadata such as diagnosis or clinical notes, even carefully curated datasets rarely contain annotations of the location of regions of interest on each image. As pathology images are extremely large (up to 100,000 pixels in each dimension), further laborious visual search of each image may be needed to find the feature of interest. In this paper, we introduce a deep-learning-based reverse image search tool for histopathology images: Similar Medical Images Like Yours (SMILY). We assessed SMILY’s ability to retrieve search results in two ways: using pathologist-provided annotations, and via prospective studies where pathologists evaluated the quality of SMILY search results. As a negative control in the second evaluation, pathologists were blinded to whether search results were retrieved by SMILY or randomly. In both types of assessments, SMILY was able to retrieve search results with similar histologic features, organ site, and prostate cancer Gleason grade compared with the original query. SMILY may be a useful general-purpose tool in the pathologist’s arsenal, to improve the efficiency of searching large archives of histopathology images, without the need to develop and implement specific tools for each application.
Apoptosis of cancer cells is triggered by selective crosslinking and inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases
Authors: Wang Kaidi , Wang Xuan , Hou Yiying , Zhou Huihui , Mai Kangsen , He Gen
Published: June 2019

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) have been the most prevalent therapeutic targets in anti-cancer drug development. However, the emergence of drug resistance toward single target RTK inhibitors remains a major challenge to achieve long-term remissions. Development of alternative RTK inhibitory strategies that bypass drug resistance is much wanted. In the present study, we found that selected cell surface RTKs were inhibited and crosslinked into detergent resistant complexes by oligomeric but not monomeric concanavalin A (ConA). The inhibition of RTKs by ConA led to suppression of pro-survival pathways and induction of apoptosis in multiple cancer cell lines, while overexpression of constitutively activated protein kinase B (AKT) reversed the apoptotic effect. However, major cell stress sensing checkpoints were not influenced by ConA. To our knowledge, selective crosslinking and inhibition of cell surface receptors by ConA-like molecules might represent a previously unidentified mechanism that could be potentially exploited for therapeutic development.