bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFORMATION TRANSMISSION AND OWNERSHIP CONSOLIDATION IN AID PROGRAMS
Authors: Dreher Axel , Langlotz Sarah , Marchesi Silvia
Published: May 2017

We investigate the degree of leeway donors of foreign aid should grant to recipient governments when their preferences over how to implement the aid are different, and both the donor and recipient possess some private information about the most effective policies. Intuitively, our model shows that donors should stay in control of how their aid is spent when their own private information is more important than the private information of the recipient. Less obviously, an increase in the difference of preferences between donors and recipients can increase rather than decrease the leeway that donors should grant the recipients, as the recipients' information gains in importance relative to those of the donors, and recipients become less likely to communicate truthfully. We test the model using dyadic data for 28 bilateral aid donors and 112 recipients, over the 1995–2010 period. Our proxy for “centralized” aid is project aid, while budget aid leaves more leeway to the recipient and thus proxies for “decentralized” aid. In line with the model, misaligned interests and informational asymmetries indeed influence the shares of aid given as budget and project aid. (JEL C23, D82, F33,O1)
Anxiety and depressive disorders in people with epilepsy: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Scott Amelia J. , Sharpe Louise , Hunt Caroline , Gandy Milena
Published: May 2017

Objective

Comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders in people with epilepsy (PWE) are highly prevalent and associated with various adverse outcomes. However, the prevalence of anxiety disorders in PWE across studies is highly variable. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence and moderating factors of anxiety and depressive disorders in PWE.

Methods

Following prospective registration (PROSPERO; CRD42015027101), electronic databases were searched for studies that reported the prevalence of both anxiety and depressive disorders in samples of PWE up until July 2016. Data extracted included the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders, and moderators of interest (e.g., method of diagnosis, prevalence of drug‐resistant epilepsy). Meta‐analysis of the overall pooled prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders was conducted.

Results

The search yielded 8,636 unique articles, with 27 studies meeting final inclusion criteria (3,221 PWE). The pooled prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders was 20.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.3–26.0%) and 22.9% (95% CI 18.2–28.4%), respectively. Method of diagnosis significantly moderated anxiety disorder prevalence (Q statistic with one degree of freedom [Q1] = 36.29, p < 0.0001); the prevalence of anxiety disorders based on unstructured clinician assessment was 8.1% (95% CI 5.7–11.4%), compared to a prevalence of 27.3% (95% CI 22.1–33.3%) based on a structured clinical interview. There were no significant moderators of depressive disorder diagnosis.

Significance

Findings suggest the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in PWE are equivalent, and variability in prevalence of anxiety disorders across studies can be attributed partly to the method of diagnosis. These findings also challenge widely held assumptions that psychiatric comorbidity is more common in people with drug‐resistant epilepsy. Future research should aim to improve the detection and management of these comorbidities in PWE, particularly anxiety disorders, which have remained relatively neglected.
New Sexism in Couple Therapy: A Discursive Analysis
Authors: Sutherland Olga , LaMarre Andrea , Rice Carla , Hardt Laura , Le Couteur Amanda
Published: May 2017

The persistence of gender inequality in postindustrial societies is puzzling in light of a plethora of changes that destabilize it, including shifts in economy, legislation, and the proliferation of feminist politics. In family relations, such persistence manifests as a disconnect between couples aspiring to be more egalitarian yet continuing to enact traditional gender roles and hierarchies. There is an emerging consensus that gender inequality persists because of people's continued reliance on sexist ideology or gendered assumptions that constitute women as innately distinct from and inferior to men. Sexist ideology changes its form to accommodate to changing socio‐economic conditions. Contemporary forms of sexism are old ways of legitimizing male power articulated in new and creative ways, often by incorporating feminist arguments. To effectively recognize and address “new sexism,” scholars and practitioners require new, innovative research frameworks. Our objective in writing this article is two‐fold. First, we seek to advance discursive (i.e., focused on language in use) approaches to the study of sexism. Second, we present the results of a discursive analysis of “new” sexist discourse in the context of couple therapy. The study provides preliminary evidence that, despite endorsing egalitarian norms, couples studied continue to rely on gender binaries and remain entrenched in old‐fashioned patterns of gender inequality. Implications of these results for the practice of couple therapy and for future research are discussed.
Functional interaction and structural characteristics of unique components of Helicobacter pylori T4SS
Authors: Merino Enrique , Flores‐Encarnación Marcos , Aguilar‐Gutiérrez Germán Rubén
Published: May 2017

The Helicobacter pylori infection of the human gastric mucosa causes chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcers and is associated with the development of gastric cancer. Epidemiological studies show that these gastric diseases are related to virulent H. pylori strains that harbor the cytotoxin‐associated gene pathogenicity island (cag PAI). The cag PAI is a DNA insertion in the H. pylori chromosome that encodes ~ 27 proteins, including the oncoprotein CagA. Approximately 20 of these proteins have been designated as cag type IV secretion system (T4SS) components. However, only 11 of these proteins share function, structure, and/or sequence similarities with the prototypical VirB/VirD4 T4SS of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The VirB/VirD4 orthologs of the cag T4SS of H. pylori are required for CagA translocation and stimulate the gastric epithelial cells to produce and secrete interleukin‐8 (IL‐8). The cag PAI encodes eight additional proteins, such as Cag3 (Cagδ/HP0522), CagM (Cag16/HP0537), CagU (Cag11/HP0531), CagI (Cag19/HP0540), and CagH (Cag20/HP0541), which are also required for the translocation of CagA and IL‐8 secretion, meanwhile CagF (Cag22/HP0543), CagG (Cag21/HP0542), and CagZ (Cag6/HP0526) are just required for the translocation of CagA. However, relatively little is known about their functions and structural organization because they exhibit a nondetectable sequence similarity with T4SS components in the current databases. In this review, we conducted an exhaustive analysis of the literature to present the biochemistry, putative role, localization, and interactions of each of these eight additional cag T4SS components.
Phenological responses of Icelandic subarctic grasslands to short‐term and long‐term natural soil warming
Authors: Leblans Niki I. W. , Sigurdsson Bjarni D. , Vicca Sara , Fu Yongshuo , Penuelas Josep , Janssens Ivan A.
Published: May 2017

The phenology of vegetation, particularly the length of the growing season (LOS; i.e., the period from greenup to senescence), is highly sensitive to climate change, which could imply potent feedbacks to the climate system, for example, by altering the ecosystem carbon (C) balance. In recent decades, the largest extensions of LOS have been reported at high northern latitudes, but further warming‐induced LOS extensions may be constrained by too short photoperiod or unfulfilled chilling requirements. Here, we studied subarctic grasslands, which cover a vast area and contain large C stocks, but for which LOS changes under further warming are highly uncertain. We measured LOS extensions of Icelandic subarctic grasslands along natural geothermal soil warming gradients of different age (short term, where the measurements started after 5 years of warming and long term, i.e., warmed since ≥50 years) using ground‐level measurements of normalized difference vegetation index. We found that LOS linearly extended with on average 2.1 days per °C soil warming up to the highest soil warming levels (ca. +10°C) and that LOS had the potential to extend at least 1 month. This indicates that the warming impact on LOS in these subarctic grasslands will likely not saturate in the near future. A similar response to short‐ and long‐term warming indicated a strong physiological control of the phenological response of the subarctic grasslands to warming and suggested that genetic adaptations and community changes were likely of minor importance. We conclude that the warming‐driven extension of the LOSs of these subarctic grasslands did not saturate up to +10°C warming, and hence that growing seasons of high‐latitude grasslands are likely to continue lengthening with future warming (unless genetic adaptations or species shifts do occur). This persistence of the warming‐induced extension of LOS has important implications for the C‐sink potential of subarctic grasslands under climate change.
Effects of formic acid and potassium diformate on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage
Authors: Yuan X. , Wen A. , Dong Z. , Desta S. T. , Shao T.
Published: May 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of potassium diformate (KDF) as a potential additive for alfalfa silage. Fresh alfalfa was untreated or treated with formic acid (4 g/kg fresh weight, FW) or three concentrations of KDF (4, 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW). After 60 days of ensiling, the addition of formic acid and greater levels of KDF (5.5 and 7 g/kg) effectively reduced silage pH and inhibited the undesirable bacteria, indicated by lower butyric acid, ethanol, ammonia N concentrations and microbial populations (including enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and clostridia). Additives decreased the dry‐matter loss, and more water‐soluble carbohydrates were preserved in the silages with formic acid or potassium diformate than in the control. Alfalfa silages treated with formic acid at 4 g/kg FW or potassium diformate at 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW were classified as the highest quality silage based on the higher Flieg's point (above 70) and remained stable for more than 9 days during aerobic exposure. Potassium diformate is recommended as an effective additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW under the humid and hot conditions of southern China.
Measurement of Blood Flow Velocity in the Middle Cerebral Artery During Spontaneous Migraine Attacks: A Systematic Review
Authors: Shayestagul Nisar A. , Christensen Casper E. , Amin Faisal Mohammad , Ashina Sait , Ashina Messoud
Published: May 2017

Objective

To assess the evidence for blood flow velocity changes in the middle cerebral artery during and outside of spontaneous migraine attacks.

Methods

A systematic literature search on PubMed was performed and reference lists of assessed articles to identify studies on spontaneous migraine attacks that used transcranial Doppler on the middle cerebral artery with comparisons to interictal measurements were reviewed. Studies on non‐spontaneous attacks and intervention studies were excluded.

Results

A total of 17 original articles reporting blood flow velocity values in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler in migraine patients both with and without aura were identified. A total of 24 subgroups (ie, migraine patients without aura = 11, migraine patients with aura = 9, and mixed = 4) of migraine patients were investigated during and outside spontaneous migraine attacks in the 17 studies. No change was reported in 15 subgroups (63%), while decreased blood flow velocity was found in 8 subgroups (33%) and increased blood flow velocity was found in one study (4%). Exploratory analysis revealed that studies showing decreased blood flow velocity were carried out earlier after onset of attack (mean time, 4.1 h) compared with those showing no change (mean time, 6.0 h).

Conclusions

Overall, spontaneous migraine attacks are not accompanied by blood flow velocity changes in the middle cerebral artery. However, explorative analyses on the time from attack onset to examination revealed side‐specific attack‐related decrease in blood flow velocity in the early, but not late phases. This is the first systematic review focusing on the flow changes in the middle cerebral artery of spontaneous migraine attacks. Future studies should focus on the early blood flow velocity changes in migraine attacks.
Influence of early mineral deposits of silicate‐ and aluminate‐based cements on push‐out bond strength to root dentine
Authors: do Carmo S. S. , Néspoli F. F. P. , Bachmann L. , Miranda C. E. S. , Castro‐Raucci L. M. S. , Oliveira I. R. , Raucci‐Neto W.
Published: May 2017

Aim

To evaluate mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine and several formulations of calcium aluminate cements (CACb) in terms of their ability to release calcium ions (Ca2+) and form apatite‐like precipitates after short‐term immersion in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and its influence on the bond strength to the root‐end cavity.

Methodology

Ten samples of MTA, Biodentine, CACb and calcium‐enriched aluminate cement (CACb+) were placed in contact with PBS or deionized water for 14 days. The cement surfaces were analysed using SEM, EDS‐X and FTIR. Eighty standardized root‐end cavities filled with the cements (ten samples of each cement) were immersed in PBS or deionized water for 14 days, and the bond strengths were measured. Data from the push‐out test were analysed using two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05).

Results

A gradual decrease was observed in Ca2+ concentrations and pH of all solutions. FTIR bands of different phases of hydroxyapatite were identified. Crystalline formation was observed on the surface of all cements after immersion in PBS. No significant difference was observed in the bond strength of the test materials (P > 0.05); however, all cements without contact with the solution revealed significantly lower bond strength values than those in contact with the solution (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

MTA, Biodentine, CACb e CACb+ were associated with precipitation of crystals after being in contact with PBS for 14 days, indicated by different phases of hydroxyapatite crystalline formation, which also increased dislodgment resistance of the material from root‐end cavities. The CACb+ had similar bond strengths and precipitation of crystals to existing materials.
Eleven‐year trends of inpatient pacemaker implantation in patients diagnosed with sick sinus syndrome
Authors: Guha Avirup , Xiang Xiao , Haddad Devin , Buck Benjamin , Gao Xu , Dunleavy Michael , Liu Ellen , Patel Dilesh , Fedorov Vadim V. , Daoud Emile G.
Published: May 2017

Background

Pacemakers (PM) are used for managing sick sinus syndrome (SSS). This study evaluates predictors and trends of PM implantation for SSS.

Methods

Patients were identified from the National Inpatient Sample dataset (2003–2013). Included patients were ≥18 years old, had a diagnosis of sinus node dysfunction and atrial arrhythmia (i.e., SSS). Patients who died, transferred out, who had prior device, or had a defibrillator or resynchronization therapy device implanted were excluded. Included patients were then stratified by if a PM was implanted. Data regarding SSS, trends of PM utilization, and multivariable models of factors associated with PM implantation are presented.

Results

Note that 328,670 patients satisfied study criteria. This study compared patients who underwent (87.4%) PM implantation to those who did not undergo (12.6%) PM implantation. The annual trends for hospitalization with SSS and PM placement have been decreasing (P <0.001). Variables associated with lower likelihood for PM implantation include young age, female sex, non‐Caucasian race, chronic heart failure, Charlson Comorbidity Score ≥1, emergency room and weekend admission, hospital stay ≤3 days, and high cardiology inpatient volume. Greater likelihood for PM implantation was associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hospitals that were either private, large, Northeastern location, or with high cardiac procedural volume.

Conclusions

Analyzing 11‐year data from a national inpatient database demonstrate a number of relevant variables that impact PM utilization that include not only clinical but also nonclinical variables such as socioeconomic status, gender, and hospital features. Racial and gender bias toward PM implantation are unchanged and persist through 2013.
Impact on patient management of the implementation of a magnetic resonance imaging dedicated to neurological emergencies
Authors: Girot Marie , Marc Jean‐Baptiste , Wiel Eric , Vilhelm Christian , Leclerc Xavier , Lenne Xavier , Hubert Hervé
Published: May 2017

Rationale, aims and objectives

Neurological emergencies consumed a high amount of resources in emergency department (ED). We aimed to study the effect of the implementation of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dedicated to emergencies on the management of patients admitted in ED for neurological emergencies.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive patients who underwent computed tomography and/or MRI for neurological disorders categorized as the suspicion of stroke and other reasons, over 2 periods that differed according to the priority access to computed tomography in the first period versus priority access to MRI in the second one. Criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of the management were door‐to‐imaging time, ED length of stay, diagnostic performance, patient orientation, and length of hospitalization stay.

Results

When priority access to MRI, the door‐to‐imaging time was 31 minutes longer (P = .005) for patients suspected of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and 70 minutes for the others (P < .001). The ED length of stay was 42 minutes shorter (P = .013) for stroke/TIA patients and 26 minutes longer (P = .029) for other patients. The proportion of patients with stroke mimics (no stroke amongst suspected stroke/TIA) increased (16.7% vs 25.6%, P = .017) as well as discharged patients (21.6% vs 29.6%, P = .002). The proportion of patients with stroke/TIA amongst other reasons of admission remained unchanged (P = .114). The median length of hospitalization stay decreased from 9 to 7 days for the stroke/TIA patients (P = .042).

Conclusions

The implementation of a MRI optimized the quality of care and diagnostic accuracy for patients admitted in ED with a better identification of stroke mimics, avoiding unnecessarily hospitalizations. The management of stroke‐TIA patients was not modified, but their length of hospital stay reduced.
Lessons Learned from a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Rare Earth Permanent Magnets
Authors: Wulf Christina , Zapp Petra , Schreiber Andrea , Marx Josefine , Schlör Holger
Published: May 2017

In order to address methodological challenges during life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), this article combines the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA), a life cycle costing, and a social LCA using the example of a complex product: a rare earth permanent magnet for use in wind turbines. The article presents different approaches for combining the results of separate assessments with its attendant methodological challenges. Different normalization, aggregation methods, and weighing factors are applied and their impacts on the results are compared. The underlying case study makes an evaluation of these different methodologies more concrete. Results show that the normalization method applied has a greater influence on the overall results than the aggregation method or weighting factors. Additionally, this study shows that indifference thresholds should be applied to avoid overestimation of small impacts. Indifference thresholds ensure that impact categories with nearly the same results for all analyzed options are treated as identical results. The study also indicates the importance of the question of how much compensation between impacts is desirable. Despite the impact of these factors, the chosen case study of an LCSA for permanent magnets with different supply routes for rare earths shows that the ranking of Chinese production is the most problematic irrespective of the approaches applied.
Correlative light and electron microscopy reveals discrepancy between gold and fluorescence labelling
Authors: VAN ELSLAND D.M. , BOS E. , PAWLAK J.B. , OVERKLEEFT H.S. , KOSTER A.J. , VAN KASTEREN S.I.
Published: May 2017

Electron microscopy (EM) is traditionally employed as a follow‐up to fluorescence microscopy (FM) to resolve the cellular ultrastructures wherein fluorescently labelled biomolecules reside. In order to translate the information derived from FM studies to EM analysis, biomolecules of interest must be identified in a manner compatible with EM. Although fluorescent signals can serve this purpose when FM is combined with EM in correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), the traditional immunogold labelling remains commonly used in this context. In order to investigate how much these two strategies relate, we have directly compared the subcellular localization of on‐section fluorescence labelling with on‐section immunogold labelling. In addition to antibody labelling of LAMP‐1, bioorthogonal click labelling was used to localize soluble cysteine cathepsins or membrane‐associated sialylated glycans. We reveal and characterize the existence of inherent discrepancies between the fluorescence signal and the distribution of gold particles in particular in the case of membrane‐associated antigens.
How long do centenarians survive? Life expectancy and maximum lifespan
Authors: Modig K. , Andersson T. , Vaupel J. , Rau R. , Ahlbom A.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to explore the pattern of mortality above the age of 100 years. In particular, we aimed to examine whether Scandinavian data support the theory that mortality reaches a plateau at particularly old ages. Whether the maximum length of life increases with time was also investigated.

Methods

The analyses were based on individual level data on all Swedish and Danish centenarians born from 1870 to 1901; in total 3006 men and 10 963 women were included. Birth cohort‐specific probabilities of dying were calculated. Exact ages were used for calculations of maximum length of life. Whether maximum age changed over time was analysed taking into account increases in cohort size.

Results

The results confirm that there has not been any improvement in mortality amongst centenarians in the past 30 years and that the current rise in life expectancy is driven by reductions in mortality below the age of 100 years. The death risks seem to reach a plateau of around 50% at the age 103 years for men and 107 years for women. Despite the rising life expectancy, the maximum age does not appear to increase, in particular after accounting for the increasing number of individuals of advanced age.

Conclusion

Mortality amongst centenarians is not changing despite improvements at younger ages. An extension of the maximum lifespan and a sizeable extension of life expectancy both require reductions in mortality above the age of 100 years.
Analytic Prioritization of Indoor Routes for Search and Rescue Operations in Hazardous Environments
Authors: Zverovich V. , Mahdjoubi L. , Boguslawski P. , Fadli F.
Published: May 2017

Applications to prioritize indoor routes for emergency situations in a complex built facility have been restricted to building simulations and network approaches. These types of applications often failed to account for the complexity and trade‐offs needed to select the optimal indoor path during an emergency situation. In this article, we propose a step change for finding the optimal routes for Search And Rescue (SAR) teams in a building, where a multi‐epicenter extreme event is occurring. We have developed an algorithm that is based on a novel approach integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), statistical characteristics, the propagation of hazard, Duckham–Kulik's adapted algorithm, Dijkstra's classical algorithm, and the binary search with three criteria: hazard proximity, distance/travel time, and route complexity. The sub‐criteria for the route complexity are validated in the context of SAR using a real‐life building (Doha World Trade Centre). The important feature of the algorithm is its ability to generate an optimal route depending on user's needs. The findings revealed that the generated optimal routes are indeed the “best” trade‐off among distance/travel time, hazard proximity, and route complexity. The test results also demonstrated the robustness of the algorithm with respect to different parameters, and its insensitivity to different scenarios of uncontrolled evacuation.
Alternative pathways for Escherichia coli biofilm formation revealed by sRNA overproduction
Authors: Parker Ashley , Cureoglu Suanur , De Lay Nicholas , Majdalani Nadim , Gottesman Susan
Published: May 2017

Small regulatory RNAs have major roles in many regulatory circuits in Escherichia coli and other bacteria, including the transition from planktonic to biofilm growth. We tested Hfq‐dependent sRNAs in E. coli for their ability, when overproduced, to inhibit or stimulate biofilm formation, in two different growth media. We identify two mutually exclusive pathways for biofilm formation. In LB, PgaA, encoding an adhesion export protein, played a critical role; biofilm was independent of the general stress factor RpoS or CsgD, regulator of curli and other biofilm genes. The PgaA‐dependent pathway was stimulated upon overproduction of DsrA, via negative regulation of H‐NS, or of GadY, likely by titration of CsrA. In yeast extract casamino acids (YESCA) media, biofilm was dependent on RpoS and CsgD, but independent of PgaA; RpoS appears to indirectly negatively regulate the PgaA‐dependent pathway in YESCA medium. Deletions of most sRNAs had very little effect on biofilm, although deletion of hfq, encoding an RNA chaperone, was defective in both LB and YESCA. Deletion of ArcZ, a small RNA activator of RpoS, decreased biofilm in YESCA; only a portion of this defect could be bypassed by overproduction of RpoS. Overall, sRNAs highlight different pathways to biofilm formation.
Expression of p16Ink4a in mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma of the lung
Authors: Miyoshi Ryo , Menju Toshi , Yoshizawa Akihiko , Date Hiroshi
Published: May 2017

Mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma (mixed papilloma) of the lung is an extremely rare neoplasm, with only 21 cases reported in the English literature. Although the expression of p16Ink4a has been analyzed in only two cases of mixed papilloma, they were negative for p16Ink4a. Therefore, the significance of p16Ink4a overexpression in mixed papilloma remains unclear. This is the first case of mixed papilloma with positive p16Ink4a expression in a 72‐year‐old male smoker. The 20 mm sized tumor was histologically diagnosed as mixed papilloma following right upper lobectomy. Immunohistochemically, cytokeratin 5 and p40 positivity was predominant in basal cells of the glandular component and squamous cells, while thyroid transcription factor‐1, p53, and Ki‐67 were focally positive. Both glandular and squamous components were diffusely positive for p16Ink4a. This finding could be important to clarify the pathogenesis and biology of mixed papilloma.
Thousands of BEERs: Take your pick
Authors: Adler Konrad , Grisse Christian
Published: May 2017

This paper explores the robustness of behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) models. We highlight the importance of model uncertainty, and employ real exchange rates computed from price‐level data to explore robustness to the inclusion of country fixed effects. The estimated coefficients—and therefore also the implied equilibrium values—are sensitive to the combination of variables included in the model, and to the inclusion of fixed effects. We identify several variables that exhibit a robust link with real exchange rates across specifications. Our findings can help policymakers in understanding the uncertainty associated with estimates of equilibrium exchange rates.
Impact of cytomegalovirus DNAemia on overall and non‐relapse mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Solano Carlos , Giménez Estela , Piñana José Luis , Albert Eliseo , Vinuesa Víctor , Hernández‐Boluda Juan Carlos , Amat Paula , Navarro David
Published: May 2017

Background

We conducted a retrospective single‐center study to investigate the potential impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNAemia on mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo‐SCT) recipients.

Methods

A total of 151 consecutive patients who underwent T‐cell replete allo‐SCT were included in the study. Patients with CMV DNAemia were treated preemptively with antivirals upon detection of plasma CMV DNA loads >1500 IU/mL.

Results

At least one episode of CMV DNAemia occurred in 109 (72.2%) patients, and 67 of these patients (61.5%) required one or more courses of antiviral therapy. The cumulative incidence of 1‐year overall and non‐relapse mortality (NRM) was 28.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.4%‐39.5%) and 23.2% (95% CI 12.81%‐35.4%), respectively. The occurrence of either CMV DNAemia or CMV recurrences had no apparent effect on 1‐year overall mortality and NRM; nevertheless, a trend towards an increased risk of death was seen in patients with one or more episodes of CMV DNAemia requiring antiviral therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.10; 95% CI, 0.96‐4.61; P=.06 for overall mortality, and HR, 2.36; 95% CI, 0.96‐5.76; P=.06 for NRM) but not in those displaying one or more self‐resolving episodes.

Conclusion

Therefore, the data suggest that withholding preemptive antiviral therapy until the plasma CMV DNA load reaches 1500 IU/mL has no apparent detrimental effect on patient survival.
Framing Visual Politics: Photography of the Wall in Palestine
Authors: Abu Hatoum Nayrouz
Published: May 2017

Photography of the Wall in Palestine is a site of visual and political struggle. Through conversations with Palestinian and Israeli photographers, I shed light on the visual and national anxiety that photography of the Palestinian landscape produces in the shadow of the Wall's construction. Building on Gil Hochberg's conceptualization of visual politics, through which the Israeli state dominates the visual field, I argue that the significance of Israeli photographers’ work lies in visualizing what is made invisible by the state. For Palestinians, the significance of their photography of the landscape lies in resisting the visual politics dictated by the Israeli regime. I conclude by offering questions about the role of photography in subverting visual politics in Palestine and Israel.
Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Powder Packing and Sintering in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of Metals
Authors: Bai Yun , Wagner Grady , Williams Christopher B.
Published: May 2017

The binder jetting additive manufacturing (AM) process provides an economical and scalable means of fabricating complex parts from a wide variety of materials. While it is often used to fabricate metal parts, it is typically challenging to fabricate full density parts without large degree of sintering shrinkage. This can be attributed to the inherently low green density and the constraint on powder particle size imposed by challenges in recoating fine powders. To address this issue, the authors explored the use of bimodal powder mixtures in the context of binder jetting of copper. A variety of bimodal powder mixtures of various particle diameters and mixing ratios were printed and sintered to study the impact of bimodal mixtures on the parts' density and shrinkage. It was discovered that, compared to parts printed with monosized fine powders, the use of bimodal powder mixtures improves the powder's packing density (8.2%) and flowability (10.5%), and increases the sintered density (4.0%) while also reducing the sintering shrinkage (6.4%).
Selecting Optimal Parallel Microchannel Configuration(s) for Active Hot Spot Mitigation of Multicore Microprocessors in Real Time
Authors: Sirisha Maganti Lakshmi , Dhar Purbarun , Sundararajan T. , Das Sarit K.
Published: May 2017

Design of effective microcooling systems to address the challenges of ever increasing heat flux from microdevices requires deep examination of real-time problems and has been tackled in depth. The most common (and apparently misleading) assumption while designing microcooling systems is that the heat flux generated by the device is uniform, but the reality is far from this. Detailed simulations have been performed by considering nonuniform heat load employing the configurations U, I, and Z for parallel microchannel systems with water and nanofluids as the coolants. An Intel® Core™ i7-4770 3.40 GHz quad core processor has been mimicked using heat load data retrieved from a real microprocessor with nonuniform core activity. This study clearly demonstrates that there is a nonuniform thermal load induced temperature maldistribution along with the already existent flow maldistribution induced temperature maldistribution. The suitable configuration(s) for maximum possible overall heat removal for a hot zone while maximizing the uniformity of cooling have been tabulated. An Eulerian–Lagrangian model of the nanofluids shows that such “smart” coolants not only reduce the hot spot core temperature but also the hot spot core region and thermal slip mechanisms of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are at the crux of this. The present work conclusively shows that high flow maldistribution leads to high thermal maldistribution, as the common prevalent notion is no longer valid and existing maldistribution can be effectively utilized to tackle specific hot spot location, making the present study important to the field.
Effect of Thermophysical Properties of the Heater Substrate on Critical Heat Flux in Pool Boiling
Authors: Raghupathi Pruthvik A. , Kandlikar Satish G.
Published: May 2017

While the role of the liquid properties, surface morphology, and operating conditions on critical heat flux (CHF) in pool boiling is well investigated, the effect of the properties of the heater material is not well understood. Previous studies indicate that the heater thickness plays an important role on the CHF phenomenon. However, beyond a certain thickness, called the asymptotic thickness, the local temperature fluctuations on the heater surface caused by the periodic bubble ebullition cycle are evened out, and the CHF is not influenced by further increasing the thickness. In the present work, data from literature and pool boiling experiments conducted in this study with seven substrates—aluminum, brass, copper, carbon steel, Monel 400, silver, and silicon—are used to determine the effect of the thermophysical property of the material on CHF for thick heaters that are used in industrial pool boiling applications. The results indicate that the product of density (ρ) and specific heat (cp) represents an important substrate property group that affects the CHF, and that the thermal conductivity is not an important parameter. A well-established force-balance-based CHF model (Kandlikar model) is modified to account for the thermal properties of the substrate. The predicted CHF values are within 15% of the experimental results.
Physics of the Microchannel Flow Boiling Process and Comparison With the Existing Theories
Authors: Bigham Sajjad , Moghaddam Saeed
Published: May 2017

In this study, six benchmark experiments are conducted on bubbles at different growth stages to evaluate the assumptions of the existing microchannel flow boiling heat transfer models/hypothesis. The results show that the bubble ebullition process triggers a spike in the local surface heat flux due to the thin film evaporation and transient conduction heat transfer mechanisms. This enhancement in the surface heat flux is limited to a very small area at the bubble–surface contact region at the nucleation site limiting the overall heat transfer contribution of the bubble ebullition process. The contribution of these two mechanisms of heat transfer increases as the bubble–surface contact area becomes larger. As the bubbles length increases, the time period of activation of the microlayer evaporation mechanism substantially increases while that of the transient conduction mechanism remains relatively unchanged. When the microchannel is mostly occupied by bubbles, the thin film evaporation mechanism becomes the dominant heat transfer mode. The results clearly indicate that single-phase heat transfer mechanism active at surface regions not covered by bubbles is governed by the laminar flow theory (for the test conditions presented here). In essence, a measureable enhancement effect in the liquid phase due to bubbles growth and flow has not been observed. A comparison with the existing microchannel flow boiling models suggests that the three-zone flow boiling model can qualitatively describe the heat transfer events observed in this experiment but fails to accurately predict the magnitude of the heat transfer mechanisms.
Impact of cytosine methylation on DNA binding specificities of human transcription factors
Authors: Yin Yimeng , Morgunova Ekaterina , Jolma Arttu , Kaasinen Eevi , Sahu Biswajyoti , Khund-Sayeed Syed , Das Pratyush K. , Kivioja Teemu , Dave Kashyap , Zhong Fan , Nitta Kazuhiro R. , Taipale Minna , Popov Alexander , Ginno Paul A. , Domcke Silvia , Yan Jian , Schübeler Dirk , Vinson Charles , Taipale Jussi
Published: May 2017

Positives and negatives of methylated CpG

When the DNA bases cytosine and guanine are next to each other, a methyl group is generally added to the pyrimidine, generating a mCpG dinucleotide. This modification alters DNA structure but can also affect function by inhibiting transcription factor (TF) binding. Yin
et al.
systematically analyzed the effect of CpG methylation on the binding of 542 human TFs (see the Perspective by Hughes and Lambert). In addition to inhibiting binding of some TFs, they found that mCpGs can promote binding of others, particularly TFs involved in development, such as homeodomain proteins.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaj2239
; see also p.
489
Human Neutrophil Lipocalin in Activated Whole Blood Is a Specific and Rapid Diagnostic Biomarker of Bacterial Infections in the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Venge Per , Eriksson Ann-Katrin , Douhan-Håkansson Lena , Pauksen Karlis
Published: May 2017

The distinction between bacterial and viral causes of infections of the respiratory tract is a major but important clinical challenge. We investigated the diagnostic performance of human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) in respiratory tract infections compared to those of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). Patients were recruited from the emergency department and from a primary care unit (
n
= 162). The clinical diagnosis with regard to bacterial or viral cause of infection was complemented with objective microbiological/serological testing. HNL was measured in whole blood after preactivation with the neutrophil activator formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) (B-HNL), and CRP and PCT were measured in plasma. Head-to-head comparisons of the three biomarkers showed that B-HNL was a superior diagnostic means to distinguish between causes of infections, with areas under the concentration-time curve (AUCs) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for HNL of 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 0.96) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.97) for all respiratory infections and for upper respiratory infections, respectively, compared to 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.80) and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.79) for CRP, respectively (
P
= 0.001). In relation to major clinical symptoms of respiratory tract infections (cough, sore throat, stuffy nose, and signs of sinusitis), AUCs varied between 0.88 and 0.93 in those patients with likely etiology (i.e., etiology is likely determined) of infection, compared to 0.63 and 0.71 for CRP, respectively, and nonsignificant AUCs for PCT. The diagnostic performance of B-HNL is superior to that of plasma CRP (P-CRP) and plasma PCT (P-PCT) in respiratory tract infections, and the activity specifically reflects bacterial challenge in the body. The rapid and accurate analysis of HNL by point-of-care technologies should be a major advancement in the diagnosis and management of respiratory infections with respect to antibiotic treatment.
Mutations in the Transmembrane Domain and Cytoplasmic Tail of Hendra Virus Fusion Protein Disrupt Virus-Like-Particle Assembly
Authors: Cifuentes-Muñoz Nicolás , Sun Weina , Ray Greeshma , Schmitt Phuong Tieu , Webb Stacy , Gibson Kathleen , Dutch Rebecca Ellis , Schmitt Anthony P.
Published: May 2017

Hendra virus (HeV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes deadly illness in horses and humans. An intriguing feature of HeV is the utilization of endosomal protease for activation of the viral fusion protein (F). Here we investigated how endosomal F trafficking affects HeV assembly. We found that the HeV matrix (M) and F proteins each induced particle release when they were expressed alone but that their coexpression led to coordinated assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) that were morphologically and physically distinct from M-only or F-only VLPs. Mutations to the F protein transmembrane domain or cytoplasmic tail that disrupted endocytic trafficking led to failure of F to function with M for VLP assembly. Wild-type F functioned normally for VLP assembly even when its cleavage was prevented with a cathepsin inhibitor, indicating that it is endocytic F trafficking that is important for VLP assembly, not proteolytic F cleavage. Under specific conditions of reduced M expression, we found that M could no longer induce significant VLP release but retained the ability to be incorporated as a passenger into F-driven VLPs, provided that the F protein was competent for endocytic trafficking. The F and M proteins were both found to traffic through Rab11-positive recycling endosomes (REs), suggesting a model in which F and M trafficking pathways converge at REs, enabling these proteins to preassemble before arriving at plasma membrane budding sites.

IMPORTANCE
Hendra virus and Nipah virus are zoonotic paramyxoviruses that cause lethal infections in humans. Unlike that for most paramyxoviruses, activation of the henipavirus fusion protein occurs in recycling endosomal compartments. In this study, we demonstrate that the unique endocytic trafficking pathway of Hendra virus F protein is required for proper viral assembly and particle release. These results advance our basic understanding of the henipavirus assembly process and provide a novel model for the interplay between glycoprotein trafficking and paramyxovirus assembly.
Hypervariable Domain of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus nsP3 Redundantly Utilizes Multiple Cellular Proteins for Replication Complex Assembly
Authors: Frolov Ilya , Kim Dal Young , Akhrymuk Maryna , Mobley James A. , Frolova Elena I.
Published: May 2017

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a representative member of the New World alphaviruses. It is pathogenic for a variety of vertebrate hosts, in which EEEV induces a highly debilitating disease, and the outcomes are frequently lethal. Despite a significant public health threat, the molecular mechanism of EEEV replication and interaction with hosts is poorly understood. Our previously published data and those of other teams have demonstrated that hypervariable domains (HVDs) of the alphavirus nsP3 protein interact with virus-specific host factors and play critical roles in assembly of viral replication complexes (vRCs). The most abundantly represented HVD-binding proteins are the FXR and G3BP family members. FXR proteins drive the assembly of vRCs of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and G3BPs were shown to function in vRC assembly in the replication of chikungunya and Sindbis viruses. Our new study demonstrates that EEEV exhibits a unique level of redundancy in the use of host factors in RNA replication. EEEV efficiently utilizes both the VEEV-specific FXR protein family and the Old World alphavirus-specific G3BP protein family. A lack of interaction with either FXRs or G3BPs does not affect vRC formation; however, removal of EEEV's ability to interact with both protein families has a deleterious effect on virus growth. Other identified EEEV nsP3 HVD-interacting host proteins are also capable of supporting EEEV replication, albeit with a dramatically lower efficiency. The ability to use a wide range of host factors with redundant functions in vRC assembly and function provides a plausible explanation for the efficient replication of EEEV and may contribute to its highly pathogenic phenotype.

IMPORTANCE
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is one of the most pathogenic New World alphaviruses. Despite the continuous public health threat, to date, the molecular mechanisms of its very efficient replication and high virulence are not sufficiently understood. The results of this new study demonstrate that North American EEEV exhibits a high level of redundancy in using host factors in replication complex assembly and virus replication. The hypervariable domain of the EEEV nsP3 protein interacts with all of the members of the FXR and G3BP protein families, and only a lack of interaction with both protein families strongly affects virus replication rates. Other identified HVD-binding factors are also involved in EEEV replication, but their roles are not as critical as those of FXRs and G3BPs. The new data present a plausible explanation for the exceptionally high replication rates of EEEV and suggest a new means of its attenuation and new targets for screening of antiviral drugs.