bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Eight Weekly Aerobic Training Program on Auditory Reaction Time and MaxVO2 in Visual Impairments
Authors: Taskin Cengiz
Published: August 2016

The aim of study was to examine the effect of eight weekly aerobic exercises on auditory reaction time and maxvo2 in visual impairments. Forty visual impairment children that have blind 3 classification from the Turkey, experimental group; (age=15.60±1.10 years; height=164.15±4.88 cm; weight=66.60±4.77 kg) for twenty subject and control group; (age=15.40±1.09; height=166.30±3.87 cm; weight=65.20±3.94 kg) for twenty subject, participated as volunteer in this research. The audio reaction time in dominant hand assessments were made by Newtest 1/1000 sensitive reaction timer. This study that used the 20-m shuttle run test to estimate peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) for visual impairment children in experimental and control groups on a wooden gymnasium floor. Exercise intensity was determined according to the workload reached during the maximal graded exercise test. Reserve heart rate was calculated as the difference between peak and resting heart rate, multiplied by the intensity of exercise and added to resting heart rate, according to the Karvonen method. MaxVO2 was significantly different between experimental and control group in pre-test (P<0.05). On the other hand, auditory reaction time was insignificant differences between experimental and control grouping pre-test (P>0.05). Auditory reaction time and MaxVO2 was significantly different between pre-test and post-test in experimental group (P<0.05). On the other hand, auditory reaction time and MaxVO2was insignificant differences between pre-test and post-test in control group (P>0.05). In conclusion, regular aerobic training programs in visual-impaired ones will lead to improvements in auditory reaction time and maximal oxygen capacity and sweep their disadvantages in comparison to their peers.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 5, No. 5
Authors: Smith Wendy
Published: August 2016

International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 5Anwar H JoarderBibi AbdelouahabJiannan LuMarcelo BourguignonPhilip WestgateSajid AliSamir Safi
The Conceptual vs Reality of Ecotourism Approaches and Strategies in Pangkor Island, Malaysia
Authors: Sadatiseyedmahalleh Seyedehelham , Rahman Suraiyati , Mohamed Badaruddin
Published: August 2016

Small islands are seen as iconic destinations for ecotourism due to their rich natural biodiversity and spectacular surroundings. Malaysia has a substantial number of islands, numbering approximately 878 islands. Pangkor Island is a popular destination among domestic and international tourists alike. However, the tourism industry can be a double-edged sword. On one hand, tourism development can improve quality of life and economic prospects of local communities; and on the other hand, it may inflict to destruction on the island’s sensitive ecosystem. Natural environment is the core attraction for Pangkor Island. However, the extensive development undertaken to match the high intensity of tourist arrivals can lead to deleterious effect on the natural environment and diminish the overall quality of the tourists’ experience. This paper attempts to explore the dichotomy between ecotourism concept and tourism development in Pangkor by exploring protection strategies and ecotourism management approaches in relation to Pangkor Island. The findings described in this paper are based on an evaluation of the existing planning strategies concerning tourism development, environmental conservation, observation and interviews with visitors in Pangkor Island. Lack of environmental practice among tour operators has led to significant threat to the island’s ecosystem. Consequently, Pangkor Island require imperative attention in ensuring the sustainability of the ecosystem. Planning and development strategies for managing Pangkor and adjacent smaller islands need to be taken into consideration by acknowledging baseline conditions and present day realities.
A Multi Item Integrated Inventory Model with Reparability and Manufacturing of Fresh Products
Authors: Saxena Pinky , Singh S. R. , Sangal Isha
Published: August 2016

In this paper a multi item integrated inventory model is presented with reparability of returned items. It is assumed here that only a certain ratio of returned items can be repaired and the remaining stock of returned items is salvaged. By using these returned items, the waste can be reduced, which pollute the environment. This is a green supply chain where the demand for the products is selling price dependent and production rate is taken as a function of demand rate. The shortages are allowed here. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are also presented to illustrate the model.
Gestão e avaliação: desafios para a educação física como área de conhecimento
Authors: Noronha Vânia , Teixeira Daniel Marangon Duffles
Published: September 2016

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar as transformações que vêm ocorrendo no Brasil, nas últimas décadas, especialmente relacionadas com a gestão (escolar e pedagógica) e com a avaliação no âmbito do componente curricular Educação Física. Tendo como referência a produção sobre essa temática, este texto identifica os desafios enfrentados pelos professores, na condição de gestores, em escolas públicas e privadas, bem como na condução de processos de avaliação. A discussão levou em consideração as experiências dos autores na gestão em cursos de graduação e de pós-graduação, e na realização de consultorias em escolas públicas e privadas de educação básica que tiveram como objeto a produção, a implantação e a avaliação de propostas curriculares. Os desafios identificados estão relacionados com: resistência dos professores com a compreensão da Educação Física como área de conhecimento; construção com os próprios alunos do conhecimento que lhes interessa; construção coletiva de propostas interdisciplinares; necessidade de os professores terem resiliência durante os processos de inovação pedagógica; desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências para a construção de instrumentos de avaliação; condições materiais de trabalho inadequadas e que desestimulam os professores; inexistência de livros didáticos; dificuldades na gestão democrática das escolas, dentre outros.

 

ABSTRACT

 

This article aims to analyze the changes taking place in Brazil in recent decades, especially related to the management (educational and pedagogical) and the evaluation within the curricular componente Physical Education. Referring to the literature on this theme, this paper identifies the challenges faced by teachers, provided managers in public and private schools, as well as conducting assessment processes. The discussion took into account the experiences of the authors in management at undergraduate and postgraduate courses, and carrying out consultancies in public and private schools of basic education which had as its object the production, implementation and evaluation of curriculum proposals. The challenges identified are related to: teachers’ resistance to the understanding of physical education as a field of knowledge; construction with the students of knowledge that interests them; collective construction of interdisciplinary proposals; need for teachers to have resilience during the pedagogical innovation processes; development of skills and competencies for building assessment tools; material conditions of poor working and that discourage teachers; lack of textbooks; difficulties in the democratic management of schools, among others.

Keywords: Physical Education. Knowledge. Curriculum. Collective Construction. Democratic Management.

 
The Pathology of Reactive Lymphadenopathies: A Discussion of Common Reactive Patterns and Their Malignant Mimics
Authors: Slack Graham W.
Published: August 2016

Context.—Distinguishing between a reactive and a neoplastic lymphoid proliferation is a clinically significant task frequently performed by the surgical pathologist in routine practice.

Objectives.—To highlight common situations in lymph node pathology where reactive changes and lymphoma may be misdiagnosed.

Data Sources.—Data sources are peer-reviewed journal articles, textbooks, and clinical experience.

Conclusions.—This review aims to refresh and enhance the surgical pathologist's awareness of the shared and distinguishing features of select reactive and neoplastic lymphoproliferations, which in turn will allow the surgical pathologist to make more accurate diagnoses and avoid the pitfalls of misdiagnosis. This will be done by describing a selection of commonly encountered reactive histologic changes observed in lymph nodes, present the lymphomas with which they share overlapping features, outline the features that distinguish them, and describe an approach to making an accurate diagnosis and avoiding a misdiagnosis in each scenario.
O SAMURAI COMO METÁFORA DA SOCIEDADE JAPONESA
Authors: Coelho Milton de Souza , Coelho Paulo Renato Moreira da Silva , Salgado Filho Leandro Nogueira , Columá Jorge Felipe , Triani Felipe da Silva
Published: August 2016

O corpo-samurai, marca a identidade do Japão desde a era medieval. A genealogia desse corpo indica que ele assume formas diferentes em função do prestígio dessa imagem e de sua relação com o Bushido. Na era Tokugawa, privilegiado pelo poder, torna-se uma metáfora da sociedade, depois na era Meiji, torna-se ícone do Japão. E atualmente desloca-se para o plano simbólico. Nesse estudo, analisamos a eficácia desse corpo-samurai e sua ética no Karatê. Observamos que a apropriação dessa imagem altera a subjetividade dos praticantes e tende a reduzir a eficácia do Bushido.
Intellectual Property Protection for Biologics: Why the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Trade Agreement Fails to Deliver
Authors: Lybecker Kristina M
Published: September 2016

Biopharmaceutical research and development is overwhelmingly focused in the U.S. becasue here it is incentivized and encouraged through a robust intellectual property rights protection environment.  Across the board, the United States provides the most comprehensive, effective intellectual property rights protections for biopharmaceuticals.  As a result, the industry locates here, researches here, and thrives here.  With an acknowledgement of the importance of intellectual property rights as well as the wider benefits of biopharmaceutical research and development, it's tremendously disappointing that the recently negotiated Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Trade Agreement fails to deliver sufficient IP protections for biologics.  This article explores the importance of a rigorous intellectual property environemtn for the biopharmaceutical industry through an examination of the importance of data exclusivity provisions.  Such protection is critical as the number, complexity and cost of clinical trials increases.  Technology inevitably evolves faster than the legal architecture that surrounds it.  As technology evolves, making the development of new biologic vaccines and therapies possible, society's commitment to incentivize innovation and protect it must be enshrined in the intellectual property protections of agreements such as the TPP.
Intellectual Property Business Models Using Patent Acquisition: A Case Study of Royalty Pharma Inc.
Authors: Lim Su Young , Suh Minsuk
Published: September 2016

In the pharmaceutical industry, companies are currently facing great challenges in developing new products due to patent expiration and decreasing profitability. In particular, the decrease in R&D productivity caused by the constant increase in the development period and cost of innovative new drugs means that the expectations of investors cannot be met. This study examined the successful case of Royalty Pharma’s business model, which adopted securitization, a new investment method that makes advance payments of future profits in order to overcome the decline in R&D productivity and enables the pharmaceutical manufacturers (as patent owners) to resolve the issue of attracting investment funds, while also making these funds available for other development projects. It examined the role in the biopharmaceutical sector of patent aggregating companies in providing the competency to analyze patent technologies and to create investment megafunds, as well as the success factors that can lead to a virtuous cycle of product development. From this analysis, the application of a patent-based business model is proposed for small and mid-sized pharmaceutical industries
The Chinese medical device market: Market drivers and investment prospects
Authors: Zhang Weifan , Liu Rebecca , Chatwin Chris
Published: September 2016

The economy in China has experienced rapid growth and been remarkably successful ever since the reforming and opening-up policy. Like China’s economy, the Chinese medical device market is developing rapidly; this paper identifies important parameters controlling this market. Regression analysis shows that the number of hospital visits, aging population and the number of hospitals have a positive relationship with medical device revenues. Therefore, they are the main drivers of the Chinese medical device market. Disease profile is another important market driver. Analysis of the main market drivers, illustrates that the Chinese medical device market offers significant investment opportunities.
La langue mise en échec(s)
Authors: Swiggers Pierre
Published: September 2016

Parmi les comparaisons et métaphores utilisées dans le Coursde linguistique générale de Ferdinand de Saussure, celle du jeu d’échecs a reçu beaucoup d’attention de la part d’exégètes. Dans cet article, la triple occurrence de la comparaison est analysée, d’abord d’un point de vue philologique (confrontation du texte du Cours avec les notes d’étudiants) et, ensuite, dans une perspective épistémologique et méthodologique : comment les trois emplois de cette comparaison s’insèrent-ils dans le texte du Cours et quelle est leur fonctionnalité spécifique? Il est montré que les trois emplois répondent à une démarche logique, allant de la délimitation de l’étude linguistique de la “langue” à la définition des unités à “valeur” linguistique.
Variantes saussuriennes : écriture, recherche, style dans les manuscrits de Ferdinand de Saussure1
Authors: Chidichimo Alessandro
Published: September 2016

Une des critiques d’Antoine Meillet – l’un des premiers à faire un compte rendu du CLG – au travail d’édition de Bally et Sechehaye portait sur la forme donnée au texte. Dans cet article, je présente une recherche à propos du style de Saussure dans le cadre de la philologie d’auteur. Ma recherche porte donc sur les variantes de Saussure dans les manuscrits de linguistique générale à partir de De l’essence double du langage et d’autres exemples tirés de brouillons d’articles et de notes préparatoires pour des cours universitaires. Je montre d’une part le rôle de l’écriture, en tant qu’instrument de recherche, chez Saussure, d’autre part j’émets une hypothèse sur la convergence entre le style et l’écriture au cours d’une recherche. Je voudrais montrer la continuité stylistique des textes et manuscrits de Saussure. Enfin, j’essaie de conjuguer la spécificité des variantes relevées avec les indications de Saussure trouvées dans d’autres manuscrits dédiées plus particulièrement au style et à l’écriture.
Portrait du linguiste en jeune grammairien
Authors: Samain Didier
Published: September 2016

Après avoir rappelé en préambule deux acquis des études saussuriennes : l’importance de la diachronie dans la pensée de Saussure et sa cohérence conceptuelle depuis le Mémoire jusqu’au écrits tardifs et au CLG, l’article s’efforce de replacer l’oeuvre dans le contexte épistémologique de son époque.

Il suggère que l’effet de discontinuité entre Saussure et la génération précédente fut pour une large part le résultat de malentendus chez les structuralistes mais aussi en Allemagne. La comparaison avec quelques oeuvres canoniques du courant néogrammairien met au contraire en évidence de nombreuses convergences entre Saussure et les linguistes de Leipzig : rôle de la synchronie, importance du sujet parlant, fonction différentielle des unités et surtout conception non substantielle de la langue.

Il avance la thèse que le courant néogrammairien s’est caractérisé par la rencontre de deux univers théoriques apparentés par leur commune orientation formelle et empiriste, celui de la grammaire comparée et celui de la psychologie de tradition herbartienne. Il en est résulté une conception particulière du rapport entre élément et système, différente de toute forme d’holisme comme d’un quelconque atomisme. Les traits qui unissent Saussure à ses prédécesseurs immédiats reconduisent à la question rebattue de son originalité et du destin singulier du CLG. Quelques pistes sont proposées en conclusion.
Saussure en toutes lettres
Authors: Hénault Anne
Published: September 2016

Alors que, jusqu’au début de ce siècle, la biographie de Ferdinand de Saussure comportait nombre de mystères et d’énigmes, les années récentes ont vu la mise en circulation d’innombrables documents authentiques, concernant la vie du fondateur de la Linguistique générale. On observe que le siècle qui vient de s’écouler n’a pas vu décroître l’intérêt que les chercheurs et même le public cultivé, portent à la personne et à l’oeuvre de F. de Saussure. Bien au contraire. L’ouvrage posthume qu’est le CLG se voit éclairé et constamment enrichi par les publications du Cercle F. de Saussure, à Genève, qui traitent cette abondante documentation. Comment, de son côté, la sémiotique générale va-t-elle exploiter ces nouveaux documents, de manière à faire progresser ses propres recherches?
Individual differences in selective attention predict speech identification at a cocktail party
Authors: Oberfeld Daniel , Klöckner-Nowotny Felicitas
Published: August 2016

Listeners with normal hearing show considerable individual differences in speech understanding when competing speakers are present, as in a crowded restaurant. Here, we show that one source of this variance are individual differences in the ability to focus selective attention on a target stimulus in the presence of distractors. In 50 young normal-hearing listeners, the performance in tasks measuring auditory and visual selective attention was associated with sentence identification in the presence of spatially separated competing speakers. Together, the measures of selective attention explained a similar proportion of variance as the binaural sensitivity for the acoustic temporal fine structure. Working memory span, age, and audiometric thresholds showed no significant association with speech understanding. These results suggest that a reduced ability to focus attention on a target is one reason why some listeners with normal hearing sensitivity have difficulty communicating in situations with background noise.
Functional integration of a serotonergic neuron in the Drosophila antennal lobe
Authors: Zhang Xiaonan , Gaudry Quentin
Published: August 2016

Serotonin plays a critical role in regulating many behaviors that rely on olfaction and recently there has been great effort in determining how this molecule functions in vivo. However, it remains unknown how serotonergic neurons that innervate the first olfactory relay respond to odor stimulation and how they integrate synaptically into local circuits. We examined the sole pair of serotonergic neurons that innervates the Drosophila antennal lobe (the first olfactory relay) to characterize their physiology, connectivity, and contribution to pheromone processing. We report that nearly all odors inhibit these cells, likely through connections made reciprocally within the antennal lobe. Pharmacological and immunohistochemical analyses reveal that these neurons likely release acetylcholine in addition to serotonin and that exogenous and endogenous serotonin have opposing effects on olfactory responses. Finally, we show that activation of the entire serotonergic network, as opposed to only activation of those fibers innervating the antennal lobe, may be required for persistent serotonergic modulation of pheromone responses in the antennal lobe.
All-oxide p–n heterojunction diodes comprising p-type NiO and n-type β-Ga2O3
Authors: Kokubun Yoshihiro , Kubo Shohei , Nakagomi Shinji
Published: August 2016

NiO/β-Ga2O3 all-oxide p–n heterojunction diodes were fabricated for the first time using p-type NiO epitaxial layers grown on n-type β-Ga2O3 substrates. The fabricated diodes exhibited good rectifying current–voltage characteristics, with a rectifying ratio greater than 108 at ±3 V. The capacitance–voltage measurements showed that the built-in voltage was 1.4 V. These results were discussed in terms of the energy band diagram of a type-II heterojunction, where the conduction band and valence band discontinuities were estimated to be 2.2 and 3.4 eV, respectively.
Bismuth-induced Raman modes in GaP1−
xBix
Authors: Christian Theresa M. , Fluegel Brian , Beaton Daniel A. , Alberi Kirstin , Mascarenhas Angelo
Published: September 2016

Dilute bismide semiconductor alloys are a promising material platform for optoelectronic devices due to drastic impacts of bismuth on the electronic structure of the alloy. At the same time, the details of bismuth incorporation in the lattice are not fully understood. In this work, we conduct Raman scattering spectroscopy on GaP1−

x
Bi
x
epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and identify several bismuth-related Raman features including gap vibration modes at 296, 303, and 314 cm−1. This study paves the way for more detailed analysis of the local symmetry at bismuth incorporation sites in the dilute bismide alloy regime.
Inverse Scattering in a Multipath Environment
Authors: Cuccaro A. , Solimene R.
Published: September 2016

In this contribution an inverse scattering problem is ad- dressed in a multipath environment. In particular, multipath is created by known ”extra” point-like scatterers (passive elements) expressely deployed between the scene under in- vestigation and the source/measurement domains. Through a back-projection imaging scheme, the role of the passive elements on the achievable performance is shown and com- pared to the free-space case.
Five new lichen species (Ascomycota) from south-eastern Australia
Authors: McCarthy Patrick , Elix John
Published: September 2016

Five lichens (Ascomycota) are described as new from south-eastern Australia: Enterographa cretacea P.M.McCarthy & Elix (Roccellaceae; southern New South Wales), Eugeniella farinosa P.M.McCarthy & Elix (Pilocarpaceae; Tasmania), E. usnica P.M.McCarthy & Elix (southern New South Wales and eastern Victoria), Megalaria montana P.M.McCarthy & Elix (Ramalinaceae; central-western New South Wales) and Micarea eucalypti P.M.McCarthy & Elix (Pilocarpaceae; Australian Capital Territory). Megalaria orokonuiana Fryday & A.Knight is reported for the first time from Australia (New South Wales and Victoria).
Dense lower crust elevates long‐term earthquake rates in the New Madrid seismic zone
Authors: Levandowski Will , Boyd Oliver S. , Ramirez‐Guzmán Leonardo
Published: August 2016

Knowledge of the local state of stress is critical in appraising intraplate seismic hazard. Inverting earthquake moment tensors, we demonstrate that principal stress directions in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) differ significantly from those in the surrounding region. Faults in the NMSZ that are incompatible with slip in the regional stress field are favorably oriented relative to local stress. We jointly analyze seismic velocity, gravity, and topography to develop a 3‐D crustal and upper mantle density model, revealing uniquely dense lower crust beneath the NMSZ. Finite element simulations then estimate the stress tensor due to gravitational body forces, which sums with regional stress. The anomalous lower crust both elevates gravity‐derived stress at seismogenic depths in the NMSZ and rotates it to interfere more constructively with far‐field stress, producing a regionally maximal deviatoric stress coincident with the highest concentration of modern seismicity. Moreover, predicted principal stress directions mirror variations (observed independently in moment tensors) at the NMSZ and across the region.
Stretchable Organic Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Qian Yan , Zhang Xinwen , Xie Linghai , Qi Dianpeng , Chandran Bevita K. , Chen Xiaodong , Huang Wei
Published: August 2016

Stretchable electronics are essential for the development of intensely packed collapsible and portable electronics, wearable electronics, epidermal and bioimplanted electronics, 3D surface compliable devices, bionics, prosthesis, and robotics. However, most stretchable devices are currently based on inorganic electronics, whose high cost of fabrication and limited processing area make it difficult to produce inexpensive, large‐area devices. Therefore, organic stretchable electronics are highly attractive due to many advantages over their inorganic counterparts, such as their light weight, flexibility, low cost and large‐area solution‐processing, the reproducible semiconductor resources, and the easy tuning of their properties via molecular tailoring. Among them, stretchable organic semiconductor devices have become a hot and fast‐growing research field, in which great advances have been made in recent years. These fantastic advances are summarized here, focusing on stretchable organic field‐effect transistors, light‐emitting devices, solar cells, and memory devices.
Silicon Nanowires and Lithium Cobalt Oxide Nanowires in Graphene Nanoribbon Papers for Full Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Salvatierra Rodrigo V. , Raji Abdul‐Rahman O. , Lee Sung‐Ki , Ji Yongsung , Li Lei , Tour James M.
Published: August 2016

Described here is the production and characterization of a scalable method to produce 3D structured lithium ion battery anodes using free‐standing papers of porous silicon nanowires (Si‐NW) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). Using simple filtration methods, GNRs and Si‐NWs can be entangled into a mat thereby forming Si‐NW GNR papers. This produces anodes with high gravimetric capacity (up to 2500 mA h g−1) and high areal and volumetric capacities (up to 11 mA h cm−2 and 3960 mA h cm−3). The compact structure of the anode is possible since the GNR volume occupies a high proportion of empty space within the composite paper. These Si‐NW/GNR papers have been cycled for over 300 cycles, exhibiting a stable life cycle. Combined with LiCoO2 nanowires, a full battery is produced with high energy density (386 Wh kg−1), meeting requirements for high performance devices.
Whole‐Cell‐Catalyzed Multiple Regio‐ and Stereoselective Functionalizations in Cascade Reactions Enabled by Directed Evolution
Authors: Li Aitao , Ilie Adriana , Sun Zhoutong , Lonsdale Richard , Xu Jian‐He , Reetz Manfred T.
Published: August 2016

Biocatalytic cascade reactions using isolated stereoselective enzymes or whole cells in one‐pot processes lead to value‐added chiral products in a single workup. The concept has been restricted mainly to starting materials and intermediate products that are accepted by the respective wild‐type enzymes. In the present study, we exploited directed evolution as a means to create E. coli whole cells for regio‐ and stereoselective cascade sequences that are not possible using man‐made catalysts. The approach is illustrated using P450‐BM3 in combination with appropriate alcohol dehydrogenases as catalysts in either two‐, three‐, or four‐step cascade reactions starting from cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, or cyclohexanone, respectively, leading to either (R,R)‐, (S,S)‐, or meso‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diol. The one‐pot conversion of cyclohexane into (R)‐ or (S)‐2‐hydroxycyclohexanone in the absence of ADH is also described.
Polysilylether: A Degradable Polymer from Biorenewable Feedstocks
Authors: Cheng Chen , Watts Annabelle , Hillmyer Marc A. , Hartwig John F.
Published: August 2016

The synthesis of polysilylethers (PSEs) using a monomer derived from a biorenewable feedstock is reported. The AB‐type monomer was synthesized from undecenoic acid through hydrosilylation and reduction, and the polymerization was catalyzed by earth‐abundant metal salts. High‐molar‐mass products were achieved, and the degree of polymerization was controlled by varying the amount of an AA‐type monomer in the reaction. The PSEs possess good thermal stability and a low glass‐transition temperature (Tg≈−67 °C). To demonstrate the utility of the PSEs, polyurethanes were synthesized from low‐molar‐mass hydroxy‐telechelic PSEs.
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological assays of copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with furan‐­2­‐carboxylic acid hydrazide
Authors: Mohanraj Maruthachalam , Ayyannan Ganesan , Raja Gunasekaran , Jayabalakrishnan Chinnasamy
Published: August 2016

Two transition metal complexes, [Cu(FH)3]⋅2Cl⋅2H2O and [Ni(FH)3]⋅2Cl⋅2H2O, were synthesized from the reactions of furan‐2‐carboxylic acid hydrazide with CuCl2⋅2H2O and NiCl2⋅6H2O. The synthesized complexes were characterized using analytical and various spectral techniques. The structures of the complexes were determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The interactions of the complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) were studied using absorption, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetric and viscosity measurements. The experimental results showed that the complexes could interact with CT‐DNA through intercalation. A gel electrophoresis assay demonstrated the ability of the complexes to cleave pBR322 DNA. The binding interaction of the complexes with bovine serum albumin was investigated using a fluorescence spectroscopic method. The radical scavenging ability, assessed using a series of antioxidant assays involving 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical, showed that the complexes possess significant radical scavenging properties. Further, the in vitro cytotoxic effect of the complexes examined on cancerous cell lines, such as human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7), showed that the complexes exhibit significant anticancer activity.
Insolubilization and thermal stabilization of a long‐chain polyester by noncatalyzed melt‐polycondensation synthesis in air
Authors: Benítez José Jesús , Heredia‐Guerrero José Alejandro , Cruz‐Carrillo Miguel Antonio , Barthel Markus Joachim , Knicker Heike Elisabeth , Heredia Antonio
Published: August 2016

Self‐standing films of poly(ω‐hydroxyl hexadecanoic acid) [poly(ω‐OHC16)] have been prepared by noncatalyzed melt‐polycondensation in air at 150, 175, and 200 °C. Poly(ω‐OHC16)s obtained are characterized as polyesters by infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and solid state magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C MAS‐NMR). Structurally, poly(ω‐OHC16)s are quite crystalline as revealed by wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The presence of oxygen in the reaction atmosphere causes a mild oxidation in the form of peroxyester species, tentatively at the interphase between poly(ω‐OHC16) crystallites, and the structure amorphization. The interfacial peroxyester phase ends up in the encapsulation of the polyester grains and provides a barrier towards the action of solvents. Thermal stabilization and insolubility resulting from the synthesis conditions used are interesting features to prepare solvent and heat resistant poly(ω‐OHC16) coatings. Thus, a few microns thick poly(ω‐OHC16) layer has been fabricated on aluminum foil and its resistivity towards a chloroform:methanol (1:1, v:v) mixture has been confirmed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44350.
RSM optimization of HSA/IL1Ra in Pichia pastoris overexpression strain and study of its in vivo activity in reducing hyperglycemia of GK rats
Authors: Liu Wenhui , Zhao Wenbin , Lai Jun , Shen Qi , Xu Yingchun , Pan Liqiang , Chen Shuqing
Published: August 2016

Human serum albumin (HSA) and interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) fusion protein is a potential long‐acting drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Previously, the expression level of HSA/IL1Ra in Pichia pastoris was successfully improved by increasing the gene copy number and coexpression with chaperone (protein disulfide isomerase) in our laboratory. However, the overexpression strain resulted in low production of high‐ cell‐density fermentation. In this study, the culture medium was optimized in both flask and fermenter, and the optimum culture medium notably increased the productivity and stability of HSA/IL1Ra. To further improve the expression, response surface methodology was used to further optimize the culture condition through modeling three selected parameters (induction pH, induction temperature [T], and maximum methanol feed rate [Vm]). The maximum yield of HSA/IL1Ra reached 1.1 g/L (10‐fold higher than original fermentation condition) under the optimized culture condition (pH 7.0, T = 29 ℃ and Vm = 4.82 mL/L/H) in a 5‐L fermenter. In addition, the degradation position of HSA/IL1Ra during fermentation was determined to be K571, serving as a potential target for genetic modification strategies to reduce the degradation. Finally, the in vivo activity study showed that HSA/IL1Ra maintained the therapeutic effect of IL1Ra in type 2 diabetes model rats meanwhile reducing the frequency of administration.
A Novel Graphene‐Supported Palladium Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Less Reactive Heteroaryl Halides in Water
Authors: Taher Abu , Lee Dong‐Jin , Lee Ik‐Mo , Lutfor Rahman Md. , Shaheen Sarker Md.
Published: August 2016

An efficient reduced graphene oxide‐supported heterogenized palladium complex with pyrene‐tagged ketoiminato ligand has been developed and used for cross‐coupling of less reactive heteroaryl halides in water. Desirable catalytic activity was observed with high (up to 98%) conversion of the less reactive reactants under relatively mild conditions. The efficiency and green nature of the catalyst were confirmed without significant loss of activity.
Quimera: The easy way to simulate Foundation Fieldbus applications
Authors: Viegas Vítor , Postolache Octavian Adrian , Girão Pedro M. B. Silva , Pereira José M. Dias
Published: August 2016

The paper presents a simulation tool that emulates the development environment of Foundation Fieldbus (FF) applications. The idea is to use the resources provided by LabVIEW®—in particular its dataflow programming paradigm—to design, execute, and debug FF control applications. Function blocks are implemented as virtual instruments, data links are represented by virtual wires, and bus monitoring tools are replaced by application debugging tools. The simulator can easily be connected to virtual (simulated) processes or to physical (real) processes. Tests were made to evaluate the capabilities of the simulator and to assess its degree of fidelity against commercial FF systems. The goal was to release an easy‐to‐use, low‐cost training tool to disseminate knowledge about process control using the FF technology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:914–925, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21761
Iridium(1 1 1), Iridium(1 1 0), and Ruthenium(0 0 0 1) Single Crystals as Model Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Insights into the Electrochemical Oxide Formation and Electrocatalytic Activity
Authors: Özer Ebru , Spöri Camillo , Reier Tobias , Strasser Peter
Published: August 2016

We report a comparative study on the influence of generic electrochemical activation–oxidation protocols on the resulting surface oxides of Ir(1 1 1) and (1 1 0) and Ru(0 0 0 1) single crystals and their electrocatalytic reactivity for the oxygen evolution reaction. Well‐defined single‐crystal electrodes were prepared in a custom‐made chamber that combines inductive thermal annealing and electrochemistry. The clean surfaces were analyzed for their electrocatalytic oxygen evolution activities and oxidation behavior. Three different oxidation protocols were used, which revealed a strong activity dependence on the duration and upper potential limit of the electrochemical oxidation. The resulting changes of the surface were followed by using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Important differences between the two faces of Ir in terms of surface morphology of the formed oxide were identified, which allowed us to draw conclusions for preferable crystal faces in nanoparticle catalysts.
Measurement of Micro Kinetics of Hydrogenation in Liquid Phase Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Fischer Armin , Müller Karsten , Arlt Wolfgang
Published: August 2016

Hydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers is usually carried out in liquid phase. To measure the kinetics of this hydrogenation, an experimental setup using in situ Raman spectroscopy for analysis of the reaction mixture is proposed. With this setup it is possible to perform hydrogenation reactions at temperatures of up to 573 K and pressures up to 25 MPa. For validation of the experimental setup the hydrogenation of 1‐octene was measured in liquid phase. The reaction progress can be monitored in detail by Raman spectroscopy. To determine kinetic parameters from the experimental data, two modeling approaches were applied: a classic kinetic model and a thermodynamic kinetic model. The results were compared to literature data.
Prediction of Flow Patterns of Rotating Inclined Reactors by Using a Modified Permeability Approach
Authors: Subramanian Kumar , Winkler Manuel , Härting Hans‐Ulrich , Schubert Markus
Published: August 2016

A new inclined rotating tubular fixed bed reactor was recently suggested for process intensification of heterogeneous catalytic multiphase reactions. Favorable operating conditions can be achieved by operating the reactor in a wetting intermittency mode by periodic catalyst immersion in a stratified gas‐liquid flow. This flow pattern adjustment, which requires the careful selection of reactor inclination and rotation, eventually enhances the reaction rate. To predict the flow patterns by means of computational fluid dynamics, a 3D model based on the relative permeability approach was developed, in which gas and liquid phases flow concurrently downwards through the inclined rotating tubular fixed bed reactor. The model can clearly predict the four evolving patterns, depending on the operating conditions. The model was capable of correctly predicting the hydrodynamics for aqueous liquid mixtures with varying viscosity and surface tension.
Di‐ and Triphosphate Recognition and Sensing with Mono‐ and Dinuclear Fluorescent Zinc(II) Complexes: Clues for the Design of Selective Chemosensors for Anions in Aqueous Media
Authors: Bartoli Francesco , Bencini Andrea , Garau Alessandra , Giorgi Claudia , Lippolis Vito , Lunghi Alessandro , Totti Federico , Valtancoli Barbara
Published: August 2016

The synthesis of a new ligand (L1) containing two 1,4,7‐triazacyclononane ([9]aneN3) moieties linked by a 4,5‐dimethylenacridine unit is reported. The binding and fluorescence sensing properties toward Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ of L1 and receptor L2, composed of two [9]aneN3 macrocycles bridged by a 6,6′′‐dimethylen‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine unit, have been studied by coupling potentiometric, UV/Vis absorption, and emission measurements in aqueous media. Both receptors can selectively detect Zn2+ thanks to fluorescence emission enhancement upon metal binding. The analysis of the binding and sensing properties of the Zn2+ complexes toward inorganic anions revealed that the dinuclear Zn2+ complex of L1 selectively binds and senses the triphosphate anion (TP), whereas the mononuclear Zn2+ complex of L2 displays selective recognition of diphosphate (DP). Binding of TP or DP induces emission quenching of the Zn2+ complexes with L1 and L2, respectively. These results are exploited to discuss the role played by pH, number of coordinated metal cations, and binding ability of the bridging units in metal and/or anion coordination and sensing.
Structural Diversity in Alkali Metal and Alkali Metal Magnesiate Chemistry of the Bulky 2,6‐Diisopropyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)anilino Ligand
Authors: Fuentes M. Ángeles , Zabala Andoni , Kennedy Alan R. , Mulvey Robert E.
Published: August 2016

Bulky amido ligands are precious in s‐block chemistry, since they can implant complementary strong basic and weak nucleophilic properties within compounds. Recent work has shown the pivotal importance of the base structure with enhancement of basicity and extraordinary regioselectivities possible for cyclic alkali metal magnesiates containing mixed n‐butyl/amido ligand sets. This work advances alkali metal and alkali metal magnesiate chemistry of the bulky arylsilyl amido ligand [N(SiMe3)(Dipp)]− (Dipp=2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3). Infinite chain structures of the parent sodium and potassium amides are disclosed, adding to the few known crystallographically characterised unsolvated s‐block metal amides. Solvation by N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) gives molecular variants of the lithium and sodium amides; whereas for potassium, PMDETA gives a molecular structure, TMEDA affords a novel, hemi‐solvated infinite chain. Crystal structures of the first magnesiate examples of this amide in [MMg{N(SiMe3)(Dipp)}2(μ‐nBu)]∞ (M=Na or K) are also revealed, though these breakdown to their homometallic components in donor solvents as revealed through NMR and DOSY studies.
Tetrazine Click Chemistry for the Modification of 1‐Hydroxy‐1,1‐methylenebisphosphonic Acids: Towards Bio‐orthogonal Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Aufaure Romain , Hardouin Julie , Millot Nadine , Motte Laurence , Lalatonne Yoann , Guénin Erwann
Published: August 2016

Inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (iEDDA) was evaluated for the functionalization of gold nanoparticles. The reaction was first modelled with the free coating molecule 1‐hydroxy‐1,1‐methylenebisphosphonate bearing an alkene functionality (HMBPene). A model tetrazine 3,6‐dipyridin‐2‐yl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine (pyTz) was used, kinetic of the reaction was calculated and coupling products were analysed by NMR and HRMS. The reaction was then transposed at the nanoparticle surface. Gold nanoparticles bearing an alkene functionality were obtained using a one‐pot methodology with HMBPene and the tetrazine click chemistry was evaluated at their surface using pyTz. The successful coupling was assessed by XPS measurements. This click‐methodology was extended to the conjugation of a NIR probe at the NP surface.
Reducing Capsule Based on Electron Programming: Versatile Synthesizer for Size‐Controlled Ultra‐Small Metal Clusters
Authors: Kambe Tetsuya , Imaoka Takane , Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: August 2016

Controlled reducing capsules with a specific number of reducing electrons were achieved by appropriately placed BH3 units in the dendritic polyphenylazomethines (DPAs). Using the 1:1 coordination fashion on their basic branches with radius affinity gradient, the 4th generation DPA (DPAG4) possessing four BH3 units in the central positions was prepared as a template synthesizer for size‐controlled ultra‐small metal clusters. This was well‐demonstrated by reduction of Ag, Pt, and other metal ions resulting in monodispersed ultra‐small clusters.
Two‐Component Self‐Assembly: Hierarchical Formation of pH‐Switchable Supramolecular Networks by π–π Induced Aggregation of Ion Pairs
Authors: Samanta Krishnananda , Ehlers Martin , Schmuck Carsten
Published: August 2016

Two‐component self‐assembly is a promising approach to construct functional nanomaterials. Interaction of a flexible guanidiniocarbonyl pyrrole tetra‐cation (1) with naphthalene diimide dicarboxylic acid (NDIDC) in aqueous DMSO leads to the formation of supramolecular networks. First, the carboxylate groups of NDIDC bind to the guanidiniocarbonyl pyrrole cations of 1 in a 1:2 stoichiometry. Further π–π induced aggregation then leads to 3D networks, as established by dynamic light scattering studies (DLS), NMR, fluorescence titration, viscosity measurements, AFM, and TEM microscopy. Due to ion pairing, the resulting aggregates can be switched between the monomers and the aggregates reversibly using external stimuli like protonation or deprotonation. At high concentration, a stable colloidal solution is formed, which shows an extensive Tyndall effect. Increasing the concentrations even further leads to formation of a supramolecular gel.
Phylogeographic structure in long‐tailed voles (Rodentia: Arvicolinae) belies the complex Pleistocene history of isolation, divergence, and recolonization of Northwest North America's fauna
Authors: Sawyer Yadéeh E. , Cook Joseph A.
Published: August 2016

Quaternary climate fluctuations restructured biodiversity across North American high latitudes through repeated episodes of range contraction, population isolation and divergence, and subsequent expansion. Identifying how species responded to changing environmental conditions not only allows us to explore the mode and tempo of evolution in northern taxa, but also provides a basis for forecasting future biotic response across the highly variable topography of western North America. Using a multilocus approach under a Bayesian coalescent framework, we investigated the phylogeography of a wide‐ranging mammal, the long‐tailed vole, Microtus longicaudus. We focused on populations along the North Pacific Coast to refine our understanding of diversification by exploring the potentially compounding roles of multiple glacial refugia and more recent fragmentation of an extensive coastal archipelago. Through a combination of genetic data and species distribution models (SDMs), we found that historical climate variability influenced contemporary genetic structure, with multiple isolated locations of persistence (refugia) producing multiple divergent lineages (Beringian or northern, southeast Alaska or coastal, and southern or continental) during glacial advances. These vole lineages all occur along the North Pacific Coast where the confluence of numerous independent lineages in other species has produced overlapping zones of secondary contact, collectively a suture zone. Finally, we detected high levels of neoendemism due to complex island geography that developed in the last 10,000 years with the rising sea levels of the Holocene.
Superparamagnetic Gadolinium Ferrite Nanoparticles with Controllable Curie Temperature – Cancer Theranostics for MR‐Imaging‐Guided Magneto‐Chemotherapy
Authors: Thorat Nanasaheb D. , Bohara Raghvendra A. , Tofail Syed A. M. , Alothman Zeid Abdullah , Shiddiky Muhammad J. A. , A Hossain Md. Shahriar , Yamauchi Yusuke , Wu* Kevin C.‐W.
Published: August 2016

A facile polyol approach for preparing low‐Curie‐temperature (TC) gadolinium‐doped iron oxide nanoparticles (GdIO NPs) for targeted magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy coupled with T1–T2 dual‐model magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (where T1 and T2 are the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times, respectively) is reported. A small amount of Gd doping decreases the TC of iron oxide down to about 400 K. In the presence of ethanolamine, controlled polyol synthesis leads to the formation of low‐TC, highly magnetic (52.87 emu g–1), and size‐controlled (ca. 10 nm) GdIO NPs. A further conjugation with folate and a chemotherapeutic drug has been developed, and the whole system is used for in vitro magneto‐chemotherapy (magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy) for cancer treatment. The synthesized GdIO NPs are stable colloids that are hemocompatible and cytocompatible over a wide concentration range and have a high affinity towards cancer cells. The release of a chemotherapeutic drug from the GdIO NPs significantly affects cancer cell viability, and the T1–T2 dual‐model magnetic resonance enhances bioimaging in a breast cancer cell model. We suggest that the chemotherapeutic‐drug‐conjugated GdIO NPs have great potential for cell targeting and magnetic resonance imaging in cancer magneto‐chemotherapy.