bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From corporate social responsibility to customer satisfaction: A study of repurchase intention in Malaysian petroleum industry
Authors: Ismail Hishamuddin Bin , Ning Yang , Piew Lai Kim
Published: February 2025

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an important concept of modern economic theory. In the last few decades, it has become an increasingly popular marketing tool used by companies. Consumers too want to see more CSR activities, especially those focused on environmental protection. The petroleum industry produces both toxic and non-toxic waste at almost all stages of production. While petroleum companies satisfy market demand, they also want to meet consumers’ moral and ethical demands. In this light, CSR has become vital for the development of industry. This paper looks at CSR in the petroleum industry, and its effect on customer satisfaction and subsequently toward the customer repurchase intention in Malaysia. The starting point of this paper is the Stakeholder Theory. It then examines CSR endeavors within the oil and gas sector and its link to customer repurchase intentions. It also looks at the established hypotheses between the activities of CSR (Economic Responsibility, Legal Responsibility, Ethical Responsibility, Philanthropic Responsibility), customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. This paper aims to learn about the customer’s sense of fulfilment with the CSR activities, and what could be the reaction base on the customer’s expectation.
Public spaces and neoliberal policies: The Greek case
Authors: Dimelli Despina
Published: February 2025

The process of neoliberalizing public spaces involves implementing policies aimed at increasing capital flow to offset reductions in local budgets. In Greece, although public spaces are decisive elements of the urban tissue, the tools, strategies, and mechanisms for their development are mainly based on public funding and the role of the private sector is still weak. The current paper analyzes the policies for public spaces since 1950 until today and the role of public and private sectors in their development. It focuses on specific periods as the Olympic Games, the economic crisis and today, to investigate the policies followed for public spaces development. The research area is the capital of Greece, and the examined case studies include both small- and large-scale areas to cover different types of public spaces. Research focuses on the changes in the legislative framework to promote the role of private sector and evaluates its role and collaboration with the public sector. The analysis of the case studies shows that constrained expertise, centralized decision-making procedures, and inadequate coordination of synergies among management entities, have resulted in notable deficiencies in the partnerships between the public and private sectors in supporting projects for the regeneration of public areas.
Experimental Hemorrhage in Splenectomized and Nonsplenectomized Dogs
Authors: Dillon A. R. , Hankes G. H. , Nachreiner R. F. , Redding R. W.
Published: February 2025

Ten splenectomized and ten nonsplenectomized conscious dogs were subjected to hemorrhage of 41% of their blood volume over a 15-minute period. Hemodynamic and metabolic variables were monitored for 4 hours after hemorrhage. Mortality (100%) occurred in the splenectomized group. Significant (P < 0.001) hemodynamic responses after hemorrhage included hypotension, tachycardia, low central venous pressure, and decreased ecg voltage of the R wave. Tachypnea was noted in the absence of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis in the nonsplenectomized dogs. Significant (P < 0.0001) hypocapnia and mean Pco2 values of 13.9 mm of Hg and 23.5 mm of Hg in splenectomized and nonsplenectomized dogs, respectively, was noted. Mean hemoglobin levels were significantly (P < 0.001) decreased after hemorrhage in the splenectomized dogs. The absence of a change in hemoglobin in the nonsplenectomized dogs was attributed to the translocation of extracellular fluid into the vascular space which diluted the high concentration of rbc from splenic contraction. Other changes noted after hemorrhage were hyperglycemia, increased blood cortisol, and increased pyruvate and lactate levels. Changes were not noted in pyruvate-to-lactate ratios.
Comparison of Three Methods of Immunization Against Bovine Anaplasmosis: Evaluation of Protection Afforded Against Field Challenge Exposure
Authors: Vizcaino O. , Corrier D. E. , Terry M. K. , Carson C. A. , Lee A. J. , Kuttler K. L. , Ristic M. , Treviño G. S.
Published: February 2025

The efficacy of three immunization methods for bovine anaplasmosis was tested on 88 yearling Normandy cattle which were challenge-exposed under field conditions in an enzootic zone in Colombia, South America. A total of 30 cattle were immunized (premunized) with a presumed mild Colombian isolate of Anaplasma marginale; 29 calves were vaccinated with an attenuated A marginale of ovine origin; and 29 were exposed to a virulent A marginale stabilate of Colombian origin. Twenty-nine nonvaccinated cattle served as controls. Parasitemia, packed cell volume, body weight, and complement-fixation antibody response were monitored to determine host response to challenge exposure.

The calves experienced a Babesia challenge exposure following arrival in the enzootic zone, after which a transient increase in Anaplasma parasitemia, accompanied by a decrease in packed cell volume, occurred in most of the vaccinated calves. However, neither clinical anaplasmosis nor mortality due to the disease occurred in the immunized cattle. Twenty-seven of the nonvaccinated calves had signs of clinical anaplasmosis and five (17%) died of the disease.
Clinical Fascioloides magna Infection in Sheep in Oregon on Pasture Shared by Columbian White-Tailed Deer
Authors: Foreyt William J. , Hunter Russell L.
Published: February 2025

A clinical outbreak of the deer liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, occurred in sheep in Oregon on pasture shared by Columbian white-tailed deer. Infection in sheep was fatal.
Caprine Mycoplasmosis: Immune Response in Goats to Mycoplasma putrefaciens After Intramammary Inoculation
Authors: Brooks D. L. , DaMassa A. J. , Adler H. E.
Published: February 2025

The primary inoculation of various doses of Mycoplasma putrefaciens into the udders of goats was followed by acute agalactia in the inoculated udder half, without involvement of the noninoculated half. Milk production either stopped or was severely curtailed in the affected half. Significant resistance to challenge exposure was demonstrable for periods up to 1 year in previously infected udders. Subsequent challenge exposures resulted in a benign pattern of disease that lasted a short period, with few organisms appearing in the milk secretions and no effect on milk yield.
Adenovirus Enteritis in Pigs
Authors: Coussement W. , Ducatelle R. , Charlier G. , Hoorens J
Published: February 2025

Experimental transmissions were done with adenovirus strain 6618 in hysterectomy-produced colostrum-deprived pigs. After an incubation period of 3 to 4 days, all inoculated animals had diarrhea. Histopathologically, many intranuclear inclusion bodies were present on short villi of the terminal parts of jejunum and ileum. With electron microscopy, the inclusion bodies were observed to contain numerous adenovirus particles. Immunoperoxidase-positive cells were seen on short villi of the terminal parts of jejunum and ileum. Adenovirus particles also were detected by negative staining of intestinal contents.

In 1 pig (naturally occurring infection), adenovirus enteritis was studied by the aforementioned techniques. Similar intestinal lesions as described in the experimental pigs were observed.
Influence of Outdoor Winter Environment on the Course of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Kopecky K. E. , Pugh G. W. , McDonald T. J.
Published: February 2025

The effect of environmental conditions on the onset, severity, and duration of Moraxella bovis infection and subsequent clinical disease was studied. Twelve calves were used; 6 were maintained under usual isolated experimental conditions (inside), and 6 were kept under normal feedlot conditions (outside) during the winter (−20 to +15 C). The cattle housed inside had a higher infection rate, a milder disease, and longer duration of infection than did the cattle kept outside. Seemingly, the stress of the cold weather caused a more severe disease of shorter duration.
Staining Characteristics of Colonies of Anaplasma marginale Theiler in Dermacentor andersoni Stiles
Authors: Oberst Richard D. , Kocan Katherine M. , Hair Jakie A. , Ewing S. A.
Published: February 2025

Colonies of Anaplasma marginale Theiler were studied in midgut epithelial cells of adult Dermacentor andersoni Stiles that were infected as nymphs. The colonies were demonstrated in plastic sections (1 μm) and frozen sections (6 μm) with Mallory’s stain. Colonies were also demonstrated in frozen sections, using direct fluorescent antibody technique. Colonies were not observed in plastic or frozen sections stained by the Giménez method. In all preparations, the colonies were usually found near the basement membrane of the midgut tissue.
Induction of Immunologic Memory by a Lipopolysaccharide-Protein Complex Isolated from Fusobacterium necrophorum: Cellular Response
Authors: Hodges G. F. , Regan K. M. , Foss C. L. , Teresa G. W.
Published: February 2025

The ability of a lipopolysaccharide protein (lps-p) complex extracted from Fusobacterium necrophorum to establish immunologic memory in BALB/c mice splenocytes was demonstrated. The lps-p molecule differed from the phenol water-extracted lps because it contained approximately 12% protein. Initial experiments showed that primary and secondary spleen plaque-forming cell (pfc) responses to iv or im injections of lps-p were highly dose-dependent. Suitable primary doses stimulated significant(P < 0.05) amounts of direct and direct+indirect pfc by postinoculation day (pid) 14 and primed the mice for an enhanced secondary response to smll booster injections. When mice were inoculated with a suitable primary im dose of aluminum hydroxide-precipitated lps-p, significant amounts of direct and direct+indirect pfc were detectable through pid 120. Moreover, significant enhancement of these values was attained with an iv booster injection at pid 105. Primary iv inoculation with lps-p produced similar results, although the primary response was not as persistent.
Anthelmintic Efficacy of Ivermectin Given Intramuscularly in Horses
Authors: DiPietro J. A. , Todd K. S. , Lock T. F. , McPherron T. A.
Published: February 2025

The anthelmintic activity of ivermectin was evaluated in 18 female horses with naturally acquired parasitic infections. Horses were treated once (im) with vehicle only (n = 6), 200 μg/kg of body weight (n = 6), and 300 μg/kg (n = 6).

Efficacy of both dosages of ivermectin was > 99% against Gasterophilus spp, 100% against Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema muscae, H majus, and Draschia megastoma, 98% to 99% against adult cyathostomes, 86% to 97% against 4th-stage cyathostomes, and 100% against adult large strongyles. Although ivermectin was incomplete in its activity against arterial stages of Strongylus vulgaris, it was effective against microfilariae of Onchocerca spp. Adverse local or systemic reactions were not observed due to treatment with ivermectin.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Bovine Immunoglobulin G2
Authors: Srikumaran S. , Guidry A. J. , Goldsby R. A.
Published: February 2025

Spleen cells from Balb/cJ mice inoculated with bovine immunoglobulin (Ig)G were hybridized with hypoxanthine aminopterin thymidine-sensitive nonsecreting cell line SP-2/0, and the hybrid cell culture fluid was tested for specificity. Hybrid cells secreting monoclonal antibodies to bovine IgG were isolated and recloned. The monoclonal antibody DAS 2 was specific for bovine IgG2 by an indirect solidphase radioimmunoassay. This clone was adapted for growth as antibody-secreting neoplasms in Balb/cJ mice, the sera from which contained high titers (1:128,000) of anti-bovine IgG2 antibodies. Antibody specific to bovine IgG2 was isolated by affinity chromatography. This antibody was shown by Ouchterlony analysis to be mouse IgG1 with the κ light chain. On isoelectric focusing, this antibody gave a pattern that was consistent with monoclonality.
Malignant Catarrhal Fever in an Indian Gaur and Greater Kudu: Experimental Transmission, Isolation, and Identification of a Herpesvirus
Authors: Castro A. E. , Daley G. G. , Zimmer M. A. , Whitenack D. L. , Jensen J.
Published: February 2025

Herpesviruses were isolated in bovine cell cultures from buffy coat cells obtained from an Indian gaur (Bos gaurus) and a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) with clinical signs of the head and eye form of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). Both animals were from herds housed in a zoologic park in Oklahoma. Serial transmission of the head and eye form of mcf was accomplished by using whole blood from the gaur into a Hereford-Angus heifer, then whole blood from the heifer into a Holstein calf, and finally, whole blood from the calf into a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A herpesvirus was isolated in bovine cell cultures inoculated with buffy coat cells from the heifer, and 2 deer inoculated with this herpesvirus developed the head and eye form of mcf. A deer inoculated with whole blood from the greater kudu also developed clinical signs of mcf, and a herpesvirus was subsequently recovered from the deer. Clinical signs of mcf included a mucopurulent catarrh, pyrexia (38.8 to 42.1 C), anorexia, and corneal opacity, and death occurred between postinoculation days 15 and 21.

Viral isolates from the gaur, kudu, heifer, and white-tailed deer were identified morphologically as herpesviruses by electron microscopy. Each viral isolate produced a cytopathic effect in bovine cell culture which was characterized by the formation of syncytia and intranuclear inclusions. In bovine cells, the cytopathic effect of the viral isolates obtained from the gaur and kudu was inhibited by antisera to the African strain of mcf virus. Immunofluorescence specific for mcf virus was found in bovine cells inoculated with herpesvirus isolated from each of 4 species. Serologic, morphologic, and cytopathic characteristics of the virus isolated from each species indicated that each viral isolate was related to the herpesvirus identified as the wildebeest-derived (African) strain of mcf virus.
Radiologic Observations of Gastric and Small Intestinal Motility in Suckling Pigs
Authors: Wood A. K. W.
Published: February 2025

The passage of a single oral dose of barium sulfate through the stomach and small intestine of 18 pigs (1 to 21 days of age) was studied. In a series of lateral radiographs, the stomach had a smooth oval appearance, filling the cranial third of the abdomen. Barium mixed rapidly with the milk clot in the stomach immediately after swallowing and became distributed throughout the stomach (except for the diverticulum, which contained gas). Barium passed into the duodenum by postdosing minute (pdm) 3 in 1 pig, and by pdm 10 in 11 pigs. In 32 experiments in 17 pigs, gastric emptying of barium was complete by pdm 100 in 91% of the experiments, whether or not the pigs had suckled the sow. Suckling also did not influence the time taken for barium to reach the large intestine (by pdm 360 in 12 pigs). When a hyperosmolar contrast medium (diatrizoate meglumine) was given instead of barium sulfate to 10 pigs, gastric emptying was delayed (it was not complete by up to pdm 218), but the small intestine filled rapidly (the contrast medium reached the cecum by pdm 218).
Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Hirsh Dwight C. , Martin Lori D. , Libal Melissa C.
Published: February 2025

Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, isolated from the lungs of a pig, was resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, and sulfadiazine. This isolate, SD-1, possessed 1 plasmid (pVM105) coded for resistance to ampicillin and sulfadiazine, and the other (pVM104) for resistance to streptomycin and sulfadiazine. A 2nd isolate of H pleuropneumoniae, SD-2, recovered from a pig in a different outbreak of porcine pleuropneumonia, was resistant to streptomycin and sulfadiazine. These resistance determinants were on 1 plasmid (pVM106).

All 3 plasmids were nontransmissible and small (pVM105 = 3.6 × 106 daltons, pVM104 and pVM106 = 2.3 × 106 daltons).

The basis for resistance to ampicillin, encoded on plasmid pVM105, was due to a β-lactamase. This β-lactamase was highly active on penicillin G and ampicillin, moderately active on cephalothin, and inactive on oxacillin, indicating a TEM type of β-lactamase.
Acute aflatoxicosis in swine: Clinical pathology, histopathology, and electron microscopy
Authors: Miller Doris M. , Crowell Wayne A. , Stuart Barry P.
Published: February 2025

Feeder pigs weighing 12 to 15 kg each were given a single oral dose of aflatoxin, 1.2 mg/kg of body weight. Liver-specific serum enzyme activities were compared with gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural hepatic changes in individual pigs euthanatized at 24, 48, and 72 hours after they were given aflatoxin. The greater the morphologic change in liver of the treated pigs, the greater the increase in liver-specific serum enzyme activities. Isocitric dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities increased in 6 of 8 treated pigs by 24 hours. Increase in γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was not significant.

Microscopic and ultrastructural changes in centrilobular hepatocytes included glycogen depletion, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum swelling, membrane disruption, and nuclear fragmentation at 24 hours. The centrilobular areas had marked extravasation of erythrocytes at 24 hours without basal lamina changes. At 72 hours, the centrilobular hepatocytes had increased lipid vacuoles and acceptable amounts of glycogen. Marked infiltrations of monocytes, plasma cells, and lymphocytes were also present at this time.
Effect of bambermycins on quantity, prevalence, duration, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected broiler chickens
Authors: George Beverly A. , Fagerberg Diane J. , Quarles Carey L. , Fenton Janine M. , McKinley Geoffrey A.
Published: February 2025

Twenty broiler chickens were fed bambermycins (Flavomycin; an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces) at the rate of 3 g/ton (US) for 63 days, and 20 control birds were fed nonmedicated feed. The birds were inoculated (dosed) on the 10th and 11th feeding day with Salmonella typhimurium. The study evaluated the effects of bambermycins on Salmonella incidence, shedding, and antimicrobial resistance. Bambermycins had no effect on body weights, duration of shedding of salmonellae, number of salmonellae shed on postdosing day 3, tissue recoverability of salmonellae, and total number of resistance patterns. Bambermycins resulted in the decrease of salmonellae to be more gradual; however, both treatments were comparable at the end of the study. The majority of S typhimurium from bambermycins-treated birds maintained the original antibiogram of streptomycin, sulfadiazine, and nalidixic acid. The salmonellae isolated from the control birds were more resistant to 2 drugs (varying antibiograms). Bambermycins as a feed additive in broiler diets given at the dose level of 3 g/ton had no detrimental effects based on salmonellae shedding and antimicrobial resistance.
Trace elements status of fetuses from ewes fed a copper-deficient ration
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Williams C. J.
Published: February 2025

Tissue samples were taken from 130-day-old fetuses from ewes fed a synthetic diet low in copper (Cu), a Cu-supplemented synthetic diet, or a roughage diet adequate in Cu content. The fetal liver and kidney Cu concentrations were substantially lower when the dams were fed the Cu-deficient ration than when they were fed the Cu-supplemented ration or natural diet. Differences between dams’ rations in Cu concentrations for the other 3 fetal tissues (spleen, heart, and lung) were small. Differences among groups in fetal tissue iron concentrations were not significant at the P > 0.05 level. Concerning zinc concentrations, there were significant interactions between dams’ diets and fetal tissues, mainly attributable to differences between rations in liver, heart, and kidney zinc levels.

For manganese, the difference among dams’ rations and among fetal tissues were significant at the 1% level, but the interactions of ration × tissue were also significant. Heart and spleen manganese concentrations were substantially higher in the fetuses from dams given Cu-deficient diet than in fetuses from dams fed Cu-adequate diet.
Lymphocyte subpopulations of the goat: Isolation and identification
Authors: Banks Keith L. , Greenlee Anne
Published: February 2025

Experiments were designed to identify and isolate goat monocytes and lymphocytes. Leukocytes were obtained from peripheral blood, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Thymocytes lacked surface immunoglobulin (Ig) detectable by immunohistochemical techniques and receptors for complement or Ig. A majority of the thymocytes and nylon-wool purified blood T lymphocytes bound peanut agglutinin (pna). However, a distinct minority of the T lymphocytes lacked receptors for pna. The pna nonreactive lymphocytes represented a greater portion of the cells of the spleen and lymph nodes, suggesting that caprine T lymphocytes may be placed in pna reactive and nonreactive subpopulations. Lymphocytes with complement and Ig receptors and surface Ig were detected in the blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. These cells met the criteria for caprine B lymphocytes. The B lymphocytes were enriched by immunocytoadherence techniques followed by isopyknic centrifugation, and the portion of pna reactive cells decreased as the number of B lymphocytes increased.
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle vaccinated and medicated against Moraxella bovis before parturition
Authors: Pugh G. W. , Kopecky K. E. , Kvasnicka W. G. , McDonald T. J. , Booth G. D.
Published: February 2025

A vaccination and prophylactic treatment study for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) was conducted on selection line purebred Hereford and recombination mixed-breed cattle. In February, prepartum cows were allotted to 4 groups: group 1—mixed-breed cows vaccinated with a formalin-killed trivalent Moraxella bovis bacterin; group 2—Hereford cows vaccinated and treated with tylosin; group 3—Hereford cows treated with tylosin; and group 4—mixed-breed cows neither vaccinated nor treated (controls). Groups 2 and 3 were pastured together > 3 km from other cattle; cattle added to groups 2 and 3 were treated before being added. group 1 and 4 cattle were pastured together; cattle added to groups 1 and 4 were not treated. cows, and subsequently their calves, were observed cursorily for clinical signs of ibk during the spring and early summer. The eyes of calves were examined in September and October 1979, and their eye secretions were examined for M bovis.

The first clinical signs pf ibk were seen in the herds in late July, and the largest percentages of acute disease were seen in mid-August. There were no significant differences (P = 0.18) in the percentages of calves that deveoped ibk, regardless of whether (or not) their dams were vaccinated. A larger percentage of the calves from tylosin-treated cows develpoed ibk than did calves from nontreated cows. The Smallest percentage of disease was seen in calves of cows that were vaccinated only, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.10). The percentages of isolations of M bovis were similar (P = 0.23) among the 4 groups of calves.

When compared on the basis of breed, the percentage of Hereford calves (62%) that developed ibk was greater than that of the mixed-breed calves (47%). When compared on the basis of color pattern, the percentages with ibk were signficantly different (p < 0.001). The percentages of ibk in calves were: red white-face (70%), black white-face (52%), black blackface with some white on body (40%), black (34%), and others (all color patterns not confroming to the to the 4 other groups; 21%). When compared on the basis of sire, the percentage of ibk in Hereford calves were significantly different (P < 0.05). The percentages of affected calves ranged from 80% to 31%; the percentages of affected eyes ranged from 67% to 22%. When compared on the basis of sire, the percentages of ibk in mixed-breed calves were significantly different from each other (P < 0.001). The percentages of affected calves ranged from 63% to 27% and the percentages of affected eyes ranged from 49% to 16%.
Detection of anti-rotavirus antibody-producing cells in paraffin-embedded tissue sections
Authors: Vonderfecht S. L. , Osburn B. I.
Published: February 2025

An assay to detect anti-rotavirus antibody-producing cells was developed in rabbits. Sections of alcohol-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were used to make an immunofluorescent “sandwich” consisting of specific antibody-producing cells, a concentrated suspension of bovine rotavirus, and rhodamine-conjugated anti-rotavirus serum. Rhodamine-stained, anti-rotavirus antibody-producing cells could be simultaneously stained by a fluorescein-conjugated antiserum reactive to rabbit immunoglobulin.
Retropulsion-propulsion in equine large colon
Authors: Sellers A. F. , Lowe J. E. , Drost C. J. , Rendano V. T. , Georgi J. R. , Roberts M. C.
Published: February 2025

The circular and longitudinal muscle coats of equine “midcolon” were found to be directly electrically coupled. They appear to act in concert, in healthy animals, as a pacemaker in the area of the large colon pelvic flexure, for retropulsive-propulsive myoelectrical events. The retropulsive events keep the cecum and right ventrical and left ventrical divisions of the colon filled, imposing a delay time for fermentation of cellulose and for bacterial protein synthesis. Point-to-point involvement of adjacent colon sections was slowed by cooling the intestinal contents with no adverse clinical signs.

Diminution of the blood flow to this regulatory area was achieved in 12 weanling foals (raised parasite-free) by parasitic cranial mesenteric arteritis, using Strongylus vulgaris larvae. Four of the 12 developed clinical signs of abdominal pain, but on necropsy 3 of these 4 had no gross lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Dissociation of the left ventral and left dorsal colon divisions, as regards intraluminal pressure events and their antecedent myoelectrical action potentials, was induced in 7 of 8 adult animals given an acaricide which under field conditions is associated with progressive large colon obstruction and colic.
Bluetongue virus in pregnant elk and their calves
Authors: Stott J. L. , Lauerman L. H. , Luedke A. J.
Published: February 2025

Two pregnant North American elk (Cervus canadensis), in the 3rd and 4th months of gestation, were inoculated with bluetongue (bt) virus (btv) serotype 11. The virus was not isolated from the blood of the cows beyond postinoculation day (pid) 8, but was isolated from bone marrow and spleen samples obtained at necropsy on pid 190. Although neither cow had overt clinical signs of bt infection, fluctuations in specific neutralizing btv antibody titers indicated viral replication. However, in 2 attempts, btv was not recovered biologically via bites of colonized Culicoides variipennis (biting gnats) with subsequent transmission of the btv to sheep.

Bluetongue virus was isolated from the elk calves at birth and before they nursed. These calves remained latently infected, and btv was transmitted from each calf to sheep by bites of the biting gnats. Most of the btv biological recovery attempts resulted in suspicious bt clinical responses in sheep, but without viral isolation. However, after challenge exposure with the homologous virus, 5 of 7 recipient sheep bitten by the gnats reacted with an intensified bt clinical response that indicated viral sensitization. One calf was born weak, never attained a healthy appearance, was latently infected with btv, and had fluctuating btv neutralizing antibody titers. The other calf was in apparently good health, was latently infected with btv, and was immunologically tolerant to btv.
Transfer of drug resistance and enterotoxin production in porcine Escherichia coli strains and relationship between K88 antigen and raffinose (melitose) fermentation
Authors: de Lopez Aura G. , Kadis Solomon , Shotts Emmett B.
Published: February 2025

To obtain an indication of the frequency of drug resistance together with enterotoxin production in a select group of porcine E coli strains, those enterotoxigenic strains that were resistant to specific antimicrobial agents were mated as donors with nonenterotoxigenic E coli strains that were sensitive to these drugs as recipients. Seven of the 17 strains tested transferred drug resistance by direct mating. These 7 strains also transferred drug resistance following mobilization. The frequency of recipient conversion was increased following mobilization, as compared with the frequency of conversion resulting from direct mating. In 2 of these strains, enterotoxin production was transferred together with drug resistance. Eight strains transferred drug resistance only after mobilization, and in 2 of these, enterotoxin production was transferred simultaneously with resistance to the antimicrobial agents. In 2 of the 17 strains tested, neither transfer of drug resistance nor transfer of enterotoxin production could be achieved by direct mating or after mobilization.

Thirty-nine porcine E coli strains were tested for K88 antigen production and raffinose (melitose) fermentation with a view toward determining whether raffinose fermentation could be used as a diagnostic tool for the detection of the K88 antigen. In 11 of the K88-positive strains tested, only 7 fermented raffinose. In the remaining 28 K88-negative strains, 17 fermented raffinose. Consequently, no meaningful correlation existed between these 2 properties of porcine enterotoxigenic E coli strains.
Experimental infection of conventional dogs with canine parvovirus
Authors: McAdaragh J. P. , Eustis S. L. , Nelson D. T. , Stotz I. , Kenefick K.
Published: February 2025

Four 6-week-old conventional pups were inoculated with a parvovirus (pv) isolated from the feces of a dog with naturally occurring enteritis. Blood for hematologic studies, virus isolation (vi), and antibody titration and feces for vi and negative-contrast electron microscopy were collected on day 0 and daily until necropsy. Beginning at postinoculation day 2, necropsies were done and specimens were collected for immunofluorescence, vi, and light microscopic examination.

The pv infection was confirmed by vi, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and seroconversion. Clinical illness was not observed in inoculated pups, although mild intestinal lesions similar to those of naturally occurring pv enteritis were found. The failure to elicit severe disease in conventional pups indicates that one or more factors, such as intercurrent enteric or systemic infections, immune status, age, nutrition, virulence of virus, dose of infectious virus, and route of inoculation influence the clinical and pathologic manifestations of pv infection.
Failure of mineral-vitamin supplements to prevent tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicosis in cattle
Authors: Johnson A. Earl
Published: February 2025

The efficacy of 2 mineral-vitamin supplements in preventing or alleviating initial pyrrolizidine alkaloid (pa) toxicosis in cattle was tested. Three groups of calves were fed 1 of the 2 supplements plus tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) containing pa and 2 groups of calves were fed tansy ragwort without the supplement. Toxicity comparisons were based on differences in observed clinical signs, serum enzyme changes, survival time of calves, and histopathologic examination of hepatic tissue.

Typical tansy ragwort toxicosis terminating in death developed in all calves. There were no marked differences in responses of the groups of calves. Seemingly, the supplements did not afford protection or alleviate tansy ragwort-related pa toxicosis in calves.
Urinary production in the healthy horse and in horses deprived of feed and water
Authors: Rumbaugh Gary E. , Carlson Gary P. , Harrold Doris
Published: February 2025

Total daily 24-hour urinary output was obtained from 11 healthy horses fed alfalfa hay with free access to salt during periods of high environmental temperatures. Daily urinary volume averaged 15.6 L, with mean specific gravity of 1.028, osmolality of 1,040 mOsm/kg, and urinary flow rate of 1.24 ml/kg/hr.

Total 24-hour sample collections of urine were also obtained from horses held without access to feed or water for periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours during high environmental temperatures. Average urine production under these conditions was 6.3 L during the 1st day; 3.2 L, the 2nd day; and 3.0 L, the 3rd day. Although total daily urinary electrolyte excretion decreased during these periods, urinary electrolyte concentrations of the major ions often remained unchanged, or in the case of sodium, actually increased. There was a highly significant correlation between the urinary excretion of the principal cations, sodium and potassium, and the principal anion, chloride. The urinary excretion of water and electrolytes appeared to remain stable after 48 hours of feed and water deprivation.
Survey for heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dipetalonema reconditum (Nematoda:Filarioidea) in dogs from Virginia and North Carolina
Authors: Falls Randall K. , Platt Thomas R.
Published: February 2025

Random-source dogs (n = 100) in Virginia and North Carolina were surveyed for the microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis. Microscopic examination of fresh thin-films and modified Knott preparations were made. Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum were found in 19% and 6% of the animals, respectively. There was no animal that harbored both species. Prevalence was significantly higher in North Carolina (28.6%) than in Virginia (13.6%) (P < 0.025). Mean pcv was significantly lower (P < 0.005) in infected vs noninfected animals.
Observation on the morphology of contagious equine metritis bacterial colonies isolated from infected pony mares
Authors: Sahu S. P. , Wool S. , Breese S. S.
Published: February 2025

In uterine or cervical specimens obtained from pony mares infected with streptomycin-resistant contagious equine metritis bacteria, several colonies of the bacteria which differed in morphologic characteristics were recognized during their primary isolation on Eugon chocolate agar and tryptose chocolate agar plates. The differences were usually not observed until plates were incubated 10 to 15 days.

On Eugon chocolate agar plates, smooth colony, sandy colony with rings, and colony with blebs were recognized. On tryptose chocolate agar plates, only a round smooth convex colony was observed. By scanning electron microscopy, colonies consisted of coccal, coccobacillary, and bacillary forms.

Only one type of colony was isolated from any mare.
Biometric study of the canine eye, using A-mode ultrasonography
Authors: Schiffer Stephen P. , Rantanen Norman W. , Leary George A. , Bryan Gary M.
Published: February 2025

A biometric study, using A-mode ultrasonography, was done on 32 eyes in 17 clinically normal dogs in vivo. A ringstand technique, using a saline bath supported by a plastic membrane, was used for applying ultrasound to the eye. Four intraocular dimensions were measured, including the distance from the anterior cornea to the anterior lens surface, the lens thickness, the distance from the posterior lens surface to the retina, and the distance from the anterior cornea to the retina. Statistical difference was not found between the total axial length of the right eye compared with the length of the left eye. There was, however, a significant increase of the total axial length of the eye in the male over that in the eye in the female dog (P < 0.05).

Tissue velocities for ultrasound in the canine aqueous and vitreous were equated to the velocity of ultrasound in distilled water at 38.6 C. The tissue velocity of the canine lens was determined experimentally to be 1,710 m/s and was shown to be greater than was the lens velocities in other species.

Seemingly, adverse effects from ultrasound exposure were not seen.
Leptospiral vaccines in dogs: Immunogenicity of whole cell and outer envelope vaccines prepared in protein-free medium
Authors: Bey Ruseill F. , Johnson Russell C.
Published: February 2025

The immunogenicity of leptospires cultivated in modified bovine albumin-polysorbate 80 medium and those cultivated in protein-free medium were quantitatively evaluated in the dog. Vaccine preparations, whole cell or outer envelope, prevented leptospiremia; however, kidney culture data revealed that 1 of 4 dogs vaccinated with 0.1 to 1 mg of whole cell prepared from leptospires cultivated in the modified bovine albumin-polysorbate 80 medium was positive for Leptospira, whereas dogs vaccinated with whole cells prepared in protein-free medium were not. Dogs vaccinated with ≥ 0.5 mg of outer envelope were refractory to infection after challenge exposure.
Detection of antibody in Aleutian disease of mink: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Wright P. F. , Wilkie B. N.
Published: February 2025

Experiments were undertaken to investigate the potential of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) as a screening test for the diagnosis of the 2 known naturally occurring forms of Aleutian disease of mink. Anti-Aleutian disease virus (adv) antibody activity was not detectable in the sera of mink with nonprogressive Aleutian disease despite the demonstration of antibody by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) in the same sera. Anti-adv antibody was detectable in 93% of sera from mink at various stages of experimentally induced progressive Aleutian disease. False-negative reactions occurred in sera which demonstrated high anti-adv antibody titers by ciep. As a consequence of the high prevalence of false-negative reactions, the elisa was not considered to be an effective screening test. However, using ciep as an indicator of adv infection, the eusa may be useful in differentiating mink with nonprogressive Aleutian disease from mink with progressive Aleutian disease.
Effect of enzyme inducers and inhibitors and glutathione precursor and depleter on induced acute aflatoxicosis in rabbits
Authors: Clark J. Derrell , Hatch Roger C. , Jain Anant V. , Weiss Raul
Published: February 2025

Male New Zealand White rabbits were treated with microsomal enzyme inducers, inhibitors of hemoprotein synthesis or action, and glutathione precursor and depletor before they were orally given the median lethal dose (ld50) of aflatoxin B1 (afb1; 0.4 mg/kg) at the start of a 7-day experimental period.

The drugs administered, mean duration of illness (hours), and survival percentage were as follows: controls (saline solution)—85, 50%; phenobarbital (pb)—100, 100%; phenylbutazone—115, 67%; benzoflavone—39, 17%; stanozolol—67, 67%; cobaltous chloride (CoCl2)—46, 67%; piperonyl butoxide (pbo)—88, 100% cysteine (cys)—68, 100%; ethyl maleate—71, 83%.

Signs of toxicosis included decreased feed and water consumption, weight loss, dehydration, lethargy, and emaciation; some rabbits died or were euthanatized. Clinico-pathologic changes included increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (ast) activity by 24 hours and bilirubin concentration by 48 to 72 hours after afb1 was given. Grossly, livers were pale or tan and friable, with prominent lobular architecture. Kidneys of affected rabbits were pale to dark red. Microscopically, livers were normal or had lesions as great as extensive necrosis, hemorrhage, mineralization, and bile duct proliferation.

Treatment of rabbits with pb, CoCl2, pbo, and cys protected against afb1 hepatic pathology, and pb, pbo, and cys also had protective effect against lethality. Ethyl maleate provided some protection against lethality and increased serum ast activity and bilirubin concentration. Toxicosis was enhanced by benzoflavone; phenylbutazone and stanozolol had litte influence.
Technique for acute suprapubic catheterization of the urinary bladder in the pig
Authors: Holliman C. James , Kenfield Karli , Nutter Elizabeth , Saffle Jeffrey R. , Warden Glenn D.
Published: February 2025

Accurate monitoring of the urine output of swine is important in many areas of research. Due to the oblique course of the urethra in the boar, transurethral catheterization of the bladder is usually impossible. A technique is described for placement of an indwelling suprapubic catheter in the porcine bladder. Complications with this technique and catheter displacements have not occurred in a series of 53 swine each monitored for 48 hours after catheter placement.
Hemodynamic effects of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) in conscious ponies
Authors: Moore James N. , Garner Harold E. , Shapland J. Edward , Roberts M. C.
Published: February 2025

The infusion (iv) of prostacyclin (pgi2) into conscious ponies resulted in systemic arterial hypotension and tachycardia. Mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 mm of Hg to 88.5 mm of Hg when 125 ng of pgi2/kg/minute was infused, and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 102.0 beats/minute. When 208 ng of pgi2/kg/minute was infused, mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 to 78.0 mm of Hg and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 109.3 beats/minute. There were no significant alterations in pulmonary arterial pressure, lactate, pcv, total wbc count, platelet count, serum lactic dehydrogenase, and acid phosphatase activities, or rectal temperature at either dosage. The ponies became anxious and difficult to manage during the infusion.
Characterization of the chemiluminescence response of equine phagocytes
Authors: Washburn S. Michelle , Klesius Phillip H. , Ganjam Venkataseshu K.
Published: February 2025

Chemiluminescence (cl) assay, a rapid nonsubjective technique for analysis of phagocytic and opsonic functions, was adapted for use in the equine system. The cl, which is a measure of the activity of high-energy antimicrobial oxygen species formed during initial phagocytosis, was assayed in the liquid scintillation counter (lsc) and the luminometer. The cl response of equine peripheral blood leukocytes to zymosan, a yeast cell wall component which activates the alternative complement pathway, or Streptococcus zooepidemicus, was measured in both instruments. Luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione), which is readily oxidized by the high-energy oxygen species, was used to enhance the cl response.

In the lsc, a maximal cl assay used 5.0 × 106 to 2.0 × 107 leukocytes, 2.5 mg of zymosan/ml, and 0.028 mM luminol (solubilized in dimethyl-sulfoxide [dmso]). For maximal assay with the luminometer, 5.0 × 105 to 2.0 × 106 leukocytes, 5 mg of zymosan/ml or 1.0 × 108 streptococci, and 0.025 mM luminol (solubilized in neutral potassium salt solution) were used. The age of reactants was found to be an important assay factor. The cl response was greatly reduced when leukocytes in the assay were 7 to 8 hours old. An assay temperature of 39 C (ie, equine rectal temperature) gave optimal cl results. Serum opsonization was also found to greatly influence cl response. Homologous serum, not heat-inactivated, was necessary for sufficient opsonization of the phagocytic substrate. Serum once-absorbed with S zooepidemicus used to opsonize streptococci for cl assay significantly depressed cl response. Addition of the metabolic inhibitors sodium azide and superoxide dismutase also decreased cl production by over 90%. The luminometer was found to have several advantages over the use of the lsc for cl analysis. Results of the present study indicate that cl analysis has value in diagnosis of the phagocytic capacity of peripheral blood leukocytes and the opsonic activity of serum components in the horse.
Effect of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection of calves on cell populations recovered by lung lavage
Authors: Forman A. J. , Babiuk L. A. , Baldwin F. , Friend S. C. E.
Published: February 2025

Calves were challenge exposed with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus, and experiments were carried out to determine the presence of virus in the lungs, virus or viral antigen in alveolar macrophages, and alterations in immune functions of alveolar macrophages.

In experiment 1, calves were challenge exposed intranasally with ibr virus. Although clinical signs of ibr occurred in all challenge-exposed calves, there was minimal evidence of virus or viral antigen in cells lavaged from their lungs, and macrophage Fc- and complement-receptor activities, phagocytic activity, and ability to mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity were unaltered.

In experiment 2, calves were challenge exposed intranasally or by aerosol with ibr virus strains Colorado-1 and 108, and samples were collected 4 and 6 days after challenge exposure. Virus was isolated from the lungs, and pathologic lesions of greater severity occurred in those calves challenge exposed by aerosol. Less than 0.1% of lavaged cells from challenge-exposed calves produced infectious centers on susceptible cell monolayers. In 1 sample of lavaged cells, approximately 5% of the cells, mainly macrophages, had viral antigen in the cytoplasm, as detected by immunofluorescence.

Because of the small proportion of macrophages that appeared to become infected after challenge exposure of calves with ibr virus, it is believed that the effect of ibr virus in predisposing calves to pneumonic pasteurellosis is an indirect, rather than a direct, manifestation of viral infection of macrophages.
Effects of exercise on the histochemical changes of articular chondrocytes in adult dogs
Authors: Kincaid Steven A. , Van Sickle David C.
Published: February 2025

Effects of exercise regimens on the enzyme histochemical changes of articular chondrocytes of the humeral heads in adult shepherd-type dogs were studied. One group of 4 dogs was exercised by walking on a flat surface 5 days a week for 6 months. A 2nd group of 4 dogs was exercised under the same conditions, except that the dogs were forced to walk over platforms placed in their path. Three control dogs were exercised ad libitum in their housing area. In all dogs, the reactivity of lactic acid dehydrogenase was quite strong, nicotinamide dinucleotide dehydrogenase was moderate, and glucose-6-phosphatase was weak. Succinic acid dehydrogenase uridine diphosphate (udp)-galactose-4-epimerase, and udp-N-acetylglucosamine-4-epimerase were of weakly moderate staining reactivity. Consistent regional or laminar variability was not found among the chondrocytic populations of the exercised and control groups for the reactivity of the enzymes studied. However, regional and/or laminar variabilities in individuals of the experimental groups were identified. The weak reactivity of glucose-6-phosphatase was seemingly contradictory to the presence of intracellular lipids of adult articular chondrocytes. Lipid synthesis was suggested as a mechanism to store excessive quantities of hydrogen ions in an innocuous form, rather than in the potentially deleterious by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, lactic acid.