bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Swin Transformer and knowledge transfer for denoising of super-resolution structured illumination microscopy data
Authors: Shah Zafran Hussain , Müller Marcel , Hübner Wolfgang , Wang Tung-Cheng , Telman Daniel , Huser Thomas , Schenck Wolfram
Published: January 2024

Background

Convolutional neural network (CNN)–based methods have shown excellent performance in denoising and reconstruction of super-resolved structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) data. Therefore, CNN-based architectures have been the focus of existing studies. However, Swin Transformer, an alternative and recently proposed deep learning–based image restoration architecture, has not been fully investigated for denoising SR-SIM images. Furthermore, it has not been fully explored how well transfer learning strategies work for denoising SR-SIM images with different noise characteristics and recorded cell structures for these different types of deep learning–based methods. Currently, the scarcity of publicly available SR-SIM datasets limits the exploration of the performance and generalization capabilities of deep learning methods.

Results

In this work, we present SwinT-fairSIM, a novel method based on the Swin Transformer for restoring SR-SIM images with a low signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental results show that SwinT-fairSIM outperforms previous CNN-based denoising methods. Furthermore, as a second contribution, two types of transfer learning—namely, direct transfer and fine-tuning—were benchmarked in combination with SwinT-fairSIM and CNN-based methods for denoising SR-SIM data. Direct transfer did not prove to be a viable strategy, but fine-tuning produced results comparable to conventional training from scratch while saving computational time and potentially reducing the amount of training data required. As a third contribution, we publish four datasets of raw SIM images and already reconstructed SR-SIM images. These datasets cover two different types of cell structures, tubulin filaments and vesicle structures. Different noise levels are available for the tubulin filaments.

Conclusion

The SwinT-fairSIM method is well suited for denoising SR-SIM images. By fine-tuning, already trained models can be easily adapted to different noise characteristics and cell structures. Furthermore, the provided datasets are structured in a way that the research community can readily use them for research on denoising, super-resolution, and transfer learning strategies.
Open Data Governance at the Canadian Open Neuroscience Platform (CONP): From the Walled Garden to the Arboretum
Authors: Bernier Alexander , Knoppers Bartha M , Bermudez Patrick , Beauvais Michael J S , Thorogood Adrian ,   CONP Consortium, Behan Brendan , Bellec Pierre , Brown Shawn , Bujold David , Cavoukian Ann , Clarkson John , Das Samir , Dessureault Emilie , Dharsee Moyez , Dickie Erin , Duchesne Simon , Dyke Stephanie , Evans Ken , Evans Alan , Flynn Jennifer , Forkert Nils , Gee Tom , Glatard Tristan , Gold Richard , Harding Rachel , Henriques Felipe , Hill Sean , Illes Judy , Karamchandani Jason , Khan Ali , Kiar Greg , Maria Knoppers Bartha , Lecours Xavier , Legault Melanie , MacFarlane Dave , Madjar Cécile , Nadler Roland , Paiva Santiago , Pavlidis Paul , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Rotenberg David , Rousseau Marc-Etienne , Stewart Walter , Stikov Nikola , Theriault Elizabeth , Evans Alan
Published: January 2024

Scientific research communities pursue dual imperatives in implementing strategies to share their data. These communities attempt to maximize the accessibility of biomedical data for downstream research use, in furtherance of open science objectives. Simultaneously, such communities safeguard the interests of research participants through data stewardship measures and the integration of suitable risk disclosures to the informed consent process. The Canadian Open Neuroscience Platform (CONP) convened an Ethics and Governance Committee composed of experts in bioethics, neuroethics, and law to develop holistic policy tools, organizational approaches, and technological supports to align the open governance of data with ethical and legal norms. The CONP has adopted novel platform governance methods that favor full data openness, legitimated through the use of robust deidentification processes and informed consent practices. The experience of the CONP is articulated as a potential template for other open science efforts to further build upon. This experience highlights informed consent guidance, deidentification practices, ethicolegal metadata, platform-level norms, and commercialization and publication policies as the principal pillars of a practicable approach to the governance of open data. The governance approach adopted by the CONP stands as a viable model for the broader neuroscience and open science communities to adopt for sharing data in full open access.
A multi-omics data analysis workflow packaged as a FAIR Digital Object
Authors: Niehues Anna , de Visser Casper , Hagenbeek Fiona A , Kulkarni Purva , Pool René , Karu Naama , Kindt Alida S D , Singh Gurnoor , Vermeiren Robert R J M , Boomsma Dorret I , van Dongen Jenny , ’t Hoen Peter A C , van Gool Alain J
Published: January 2024

Background

Applying good data management and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data principles in research projects can help disentangle knowledge discovery, study result reproducibility, and data reuse in future studies. Based on the concepts of the original FAIR principles for research data, FAIR principles for research software were recently proposed. FAIR Digital Objects enable discovery and reuse of Research Objects, including computational workflows for both humans and machines. Practical examples can help promote the adoption of FAIR practices for computational workflows in the research community. We developed a multi-omics data analysis workflow implementing FAIR practices to share it as a FAIR Digital Object.

Findings

We conducted a case study investigating shared patterns between multi-omics data and childhood externalizing behavior. The analysis workflow was implemented as a modular pipeline in the workflow manager Nextflow, including containers with software dependencies. We adhered to software development practices like version control, documentation, and licensing. Finally, the workflow was described with rich semantic metadata, packaged as a Research Object Crate, and shared via WorkflowHub.

Conclusions

Along with the packaged multi-omics data analysis workflow, we share our experiences adopting various FAIR practices and creating a FAIR Digital Object. We hope our experiences can help other researchers who develop omics data analysis workflows to turn FAIR principles into practice.
Early microbial intervention reshapes phenotypes of newborn Bos taurus through metabolic regulations
Authors: Shen Yizhao , Li Yan , Wu Tingting , Dong Quanbin , Deng Qiufeng , Liu Lu , Guo Yanfei , Cao Yufeng , Li Qiufeng , Shi Jing , Zou Huayiyang , Jiao Yuwen , Ding Luoyang , Li Jianguo , Gao Yanxia , Hu Shixian , Wang Yifeng , Chen Lianmin
Published: January 2024

Background

The rumen of neonatal calves has limited functionality, and establishing intestinal microbiota may play a crucial role in their health and performance. Thus, we aim to explore the temporal colonization of the gut microbiome and the benefits of early microbial transplantation (MT) in newborn calves.

Results

We followed 36 newborn calves for 2 months and found that the composition and ecological interactions of their gut microbiomes likely reached maturity 1 month after birth. Temporal changes in the gut microbiome of newborn calves are widely associated with changes in their physiological statuses, such as growth and fiber digestion. Importantly, we observed that MT reshapes the gut microbiome of newborns by altering the abundance and interaction of Bacteroides species, as well as amino acid pathways, such as arginine biosynthesis. Two-year follow-up of those calves further showed that MT improves their later milk production. Notably, MT improves fiber digestion and antioxidant capacity of newborns while reducing diarrhea. MT also contributes to significant changes in the metabolomic landscape, and with putative causal mediation analysis, we suggest that altered gut microbial composition in newborns may influence physiological status through microbial-derived metabolites.

Conclusions

Our study provides a metagenomic and metabolomic atlas of the temporal development of the gut microbiome in newborn calves. MT can alter the gut microbiome of newborns, leading to improved physiological status and later milk production. The data may help develop strategies to manipulate the gut microbiota during early life, which may be relevant to the health and production of newborn calves.
Health promotion roles shaped by professional identity: an ethnographic study in the Netherlands
Authors: van Heteren F , Raaphorst N J , Bussemaker J M
Published: January 2024

How frontline care professionals interpret and fulfill their health promotion roles is of great importance for the health of the vulnerable clients they work with. While the literature on health promotion is limited to describing the roles of healthcare professionals, this study examines the health promotion roles held by various frontline professionals when working with clients with combined psychosocial problems and how this is associated with professional identity. Based on ethnographic data from Dutch frontline professionals in social welfare, general healthcare and mental healthcare, this article shows how various frontline professionals promote health by reframing and customizing health problems and that this is associated with how they identify as pragmatic or holistic professionals.
Distant organ metastasis patterns and prognosis of lung adenosquamous carcinoma: a SEER database analysis
Authors: Xing Hongquan , Wu Cong , Zhang Dongdong , Zhang Xinyi
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVES

Our purpose is to evaluate the patterns of organ metastasis and the prognosis in lung adenosquamous carcinoma patients with organ metastasis.

METHODS

We collected the data from the surveillance epidemiology and end results database, covering the period of 2000–2018. Cox regression, Kaplan–Meier and log-rank analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Totally, 2698 patients were enrolled, comprising 851 (31.54%) patients diagnosed with organ metastasis and 2017 (68.46%) patients without organ metastasis. Patients with distant organ metastasis show a significant decrease in median overall survival. In addition to the aforementioned factors, age over 70 years, male, main bronchus, advanced T stage, larger tumour size, absence of primary tumour surgery and lack of radiotherapy have all been identified as prognostic indicators associated with a poorer outcome. In terms of treatment options, patients with organ metastasis can benefit from chemotherapy and primary tumour surgery. Moreover, in patients with organ metastasis, those who received a combination treatment of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy displayed the most favourable prognosis, with a median overall survival of 17 months.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified the prognostic indicators for organ metastasis in patients with lung adenosquamous carcinoma. Highly selected patients who undergo a combination treatment of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy may experience the greatest survival benefit.
Pulmonary blood flow in children with univentricular heart and unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis
Authors: Kratz Tobias , Gaukstern Lisa , Wiebe Walter , Müller Nicole , Freudenthal Noa , Breuer Johannes , Luetkens Julian , Hart Christopher
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVES

Spontaneous breathing has an important effect on pulmonary arterial blood flow in patients with Glenn/Fontan circulation. Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (DP) is a frequent complication after heart surgery in congenital heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of unilateral DP on blood flow distribution in the pulmonary arteries with Glenn/Fontan circulation.

METHODS

Magnetic resonance phase-contrast imaging was used to evaluate stroke volume index (SVI) in the left and right pulmonary arteries in patients with Glenn/Fontan circulation with unilateral DP. Data for 18 patients with univentricular heart and unilateral DP were analysed, 8 in the Glenn stage and 10 in the Fontan stage. Ten patients had right-sided DP, and 8 had left-sided DP. A diaphragmatic plication was performed in 7 patients. The control group consisted of 36 patients with Glenn (n = 16)/Fontan (n = 20) circulation without DP.

RESULTS

In both left- and right-sided DP, the SVI to the ipsilateral side was significantly lower than in controls [2.81 (1.45–4.50) ml/m2 left vs 11.97 (7.36–16.37) ml/m2 in controls, P < 0.0002; 8.2 (4.49–12.64) ml/m2 with right vs 12.64 (9.66–16.61) ml/m2 in controls; P = 0.0284]. The SVI to the contralateral side showed a slight but non-significant increase in the presence of unilateral DP.

CONCLUSIONS

Unilateral DP in patients with Glenn/Fontan circulation has a negative impact on pulmonary arterial SVI on the side of the paralysis.
Migrant Work, Gender and the Hostile Environment: A Human Rights Analysis
Authors: Sedacca Natalie
Published: January 2024

This article addresses work-related and gendered harms of the ‘hostile environment’, a set of measures implemented through the Immigration Acts of 2014 and 2016, which aims to make life in the UK impossible for irregular migrants. The hostile environment criminalises work without legal status, facilitates data sharing between public bodies and immigration enforcement, and restricts access services and benefits. The article examines factors that can make women susceptible to irregularity and exposure to hostile environment measures, and distinctive forms of gendered harm such as workplace sexual harassment. It argues that the detrimental impacts of the hostile environment contravene international and regional human rights obligations. Barring certain migrants from access to the labour market may violate the socio-economic right to work and/ or the right to private and family life, while a lack of access to legal remedy or labour inspection fuelled can violate migrants’ right to decent work and undermine protections against forced labour. The UK’s recent ratification of the Council of Europe’s ‘Istanbul Convention’ and ILO Convention 190 on violence and harassment at work signifies a renewed commitment to safeguarding women regardless of migration status, but the universalistic potential of these instruments is undermined by the hostile environment’s continued operation.
Lessons from the Viral Body Politic: Borders and the Possibilities of a More-than-Human Worldmaking
Authors: Fishel Stefanie , Agius Christine
Published: January 2024

Bordering practices have been a central and controversial feature of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Closed borders, lockdowns, and restrictions on movement and individual “freedoms” have revived concepts of the biopolitical “state of exception” and state control. In this article, we argue that biopolitical critiques of responses to the pandemic fail to grasp the opportunity to rethink worldmaking and instead base their critiques on a desired “return to normal” which foregrounds human-centric individualism at the expense of alternative worldmaking that accounts for the more-than-human. To do so, we bring the virus and the virome into our discussion to rethink bordering practices and how the SARS-CoV-2 virus affects bodies, worlds, and politics. We focus primarily on the Australian case, where the pandemic response began with lockdowns and then gave way to a militarized and individualistic approach. Responses to the pandemic have failed to produce a reimagining of human and more-than-human relations. Opportunities for ethical engagement have been missed, resulting in limited responses that stem from the failure of state capacity and entrenched modes of inequality that are harmful to vulnerable others, both human and more-than-human. This requires an ontological reframing of how we relate to a complex world from a more-than-human perspective.
Microbial eukaryotic predation pressure and biomass at deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Authors: Hu Sarah K , Anderson Rika E , Pachiadaki Maria G , Edgcomb Virginia P , Serres Margrethe H , Sylva Sean P , German Christopher R , Seewald Jeffrey S , Lang Susan Q , Huber Julie A
Published: January 2024

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent geochemistry shapes the foundation of the microbial food web by fueling chemolithoautotrophic microbial activity. Microbial eukaryotes (or protists) play a critical role in hydrothermal vent food webs as consumers and hosts of symbiotic bacteria, and as a nutritional source to higher trophic levels. We measured microbial eukaryotic cell abundance and predation pressure in low-temperature diffuse hydrothermal fluids at the Von Damm and Piccard vent fields along the Mid-Cayman Rise in the Western Caribbean Sea. We present findings from experiments performed under in situ pressure that show cell abundances and grazing rates higher than those done at 1 atmosphere (shipboard ambient pressure); this trend was attributed to the impact of depressurization on cell integrity. A relationship between the protistan grazing rate, prey cell abundance, and temperature of end-member hydrothermal vent fluid was observed at both vent fields, regardless of experimental approach. Our results show substantial protistan biomass at hydrothermally fueled microbial food webs, and when coupled with improved grazing estimates, suggest an important contribution of grazers to the local carbon export and supply of nutrient resources to the deep ocean.
Assessing the in vivo impact of novel β-lactamase inhibitors on the efficacy of their partner β-lactams against serine carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa using human-simulated exposures
Authors: Ruiz Victor H , Gill Christian M , Nicolau David P
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of human-simulated regimens (HSRs) of ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, imipenem, imipenem/relebactam, meropenem and meropenem/vaborbactam in a murine thigh infection model against serine carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Methods

Nine P. aeruginosa clinical isolates harbouring GES-5 (n = 1), GES-20 (n = 1), GES-5/20 (n = 1), GES-19, GES-20 (n = 3) and KPC (n = 3) were evaluated. Six mice were administered HSRs of ceftazidime 2 g q8h (2 h infusion), ceftazidime/avibactam 2.5 g q8h (2 h infusion), meropenem 2 g q8h (3 h infusion), imipenem 0.5 g q6h (0.5 h infusion), imipenem/relebactam 1.25 g q6h (0.5 h infusion) and meropenem/vaborbactam 4 g q8h (3 h infusion). Change in bacterial burden relative to baseline and the percent of isolates meeting the 1 log10 kill endpoint were assessed.

Results

The addition of avibactam to ceftazidime increased the percentage of isolates meeting 1 log10 kill from 33% to 100% of GES- or KPC-harbouring isolates. Imipenem/relebactam HSR produced ≥1 log10 of kill against 83% and 100% of GES- and KPC-harbouring isolates, respectively, while imipenem alone failed to reach 1 log10 kill for any isolates. Vaborbactam resulted in variable restoration of meropenem activity as 1 log10 kill was achieved in only 33% and 66% of GES- and KPC-harbouring isolates, respectively, compared with no isolates for meropenem alone.

Conclusions

Ceftazidime/avibactam and imipenem/relebactam were active against 100% and 89% of KPC- or GES-harbouring isolates tested in vivo. The activity of meropenem/vaborbactam was variable, suggesting this may be an inferior treatment option in this setting. Further studies to evaluate clinical outcomes in GES- and KPC-producing P. aeruginosa are warranted given their increasing prevalence worldwide.
Population pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant patients
Authors: Selby Philip R , Heffernan Aaron J , Yeung David , Warner Morgyn S , Peake Sandra L , Hahn Uwe , Westley Ian , Shakib Sepehr , Roberts Jason A
Published: January 2024

Background

Invasive fungal disease (IFD) in the early post-allogeneic HSCT (alloHCT) period is associated with increased likelihood of catastrophic outcomes. The utility of oral modified release (MR) posaconazole tablets is limited by reduced drug absorption from gastrointestinal toxicity induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, necessitating a switch to the IV posaconazole formulation.

Objectives

To describe the population pharmacokinetics of posaconazole for oral MR and IV formulations in alloHCT patients and determine dosing regimens likely to achieve therapeutic exposures.

Methods

We performed a prospective observational pharmacokinetic study in adult patients in the early post-alloHCT period requiring a change in posaconazole formulation (oral to IV). Samples were analysed using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Population pharmacokinetic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations (n = 1000) were performed using Pmetrics for R.

Results

Twenty patients aged between 21 and 70 years were included in the study. A two-compartment model, incorporating mucositis/diarrhoea to modify the bioavailability for oral administration best described the data. To achieve ≥90% PTA, simulations showed that higher than currently recommended doses of oral MR posaconazole were required for prophylaxis Cmin targets (≥0.5 and ≥0.7 mg/L), while increased doses of both formulations were required for IFD treatment PK/PD targets, with patients experiencing oral mucositis/diarrhoea unlikely to achieve these.

Conclusions

Increased doses of posaconazole should be considered for both prophylaxis and treatment of IFD to increase the proportion of alloHCT patients achieving therapeutic exposures, particularly the oral formulation in patients with mucositis and/or diarrhoea. Posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring should be considered for all formulations in this setting.
The Multi-Dimensional Emergence of Climate-Induced Migrants in Rights-Based Litigation in the Global South
Authors: Andreolla Serraglio Diogo , Cavedon-Capdeville Fernanda de Salles , Thornton Fanny
Published: January 2024

The article evidences to what extent rights-based climate litigation is applied as a strategy to enhance the recognition and protection of climate-induced migrants. Adopting a deductive approach and desk review, the study, illustrates how climate-induced migration has been addressed by International Human Rights Law, with some attention also paid to the growing application of the right to a safe climate and climate justice. The study highlights the duties of both States and private actors in tackling the emerging climate crisis under the human rights agenda. Relevant responsibilities are framed in particular within the scope of rights-based litigation dealing with the topic. We present an analysis of litigation linked to climate-induced migration that was filed before distinct international, regional, and national jurisdictions and, in doing so, propose a chronology of cases—structured in three generations—of how population movements as a result of climate change have been discussed by judicial means. The first generation relates to cases that consider the issue from the perspective of protection—in both national, regional, and international jurisdictions. The second generation emerges within general climate litigation claims, involving commitments linked to the climate agenda. In addition to raising (forced) population movements as one of the expected impacts of climate change, such cases frequently call upon a rights-based approach. The third generation encompasses rights-based cases centred on climate-induced migrants per se. The strengths and limitations of rights-based litigation to respond to the topic are finally highlighted: we conclude that litigation remains a blunt but not unpromising tool to respond to climate-induced migration. Generic references to the risk of (forced) population movements largely prevail; nevertheless, strategic rights-based litigation can facilitate the visibility of climate-induced migrants to the international community, fostering the development of legal solutions in the longer term.
Developments, Opportunities, and Complexities in Global South Climate Litigation: Introduction to the Special Collection
Authors: Murcott Melanie Jean , Tigre Maria Antonia
Published: January 2024

This introduction presents a special collection of the Journal of Human Rights Practice, ‘Developments, Opportunities and Complexities in Global South Climate Litigation’. It conceptualizes and problematizes ‘climate litigation’ and the ‘Global South’, and brings together perspectives from a diverse range of scholars and practitioners from the Global South to advance knowledge on how climate litigation in the region has developed in recent years. The number of cases discussed, and the depth of analyses illustrate that the region is contributing to the pursuit of climate justice through litigation. The collection showcases a rich body of scholarship on climate litigation from African, Latin American, and Asian perspectives. In the face of political, cultural, and other barriers to knowledge production, contributions demonstrate nuanced, contextual engagement with climate litigation in the Global South. Therefore, this collection challenges the narrative that cases dealing with climate change and its human rights and justice implications are few and far between in the Global South. It emphasizes their relevance for the global discourse on climate litigation.
Prey selection by black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes): implications for intersexual resource partitioning and conservation
Authors: Biggins Dean E , Eads David A , Ramakrishnan Shantini , Goldberg Amanda R , Eads Samantha L , Hardin Joanna , Konkel Darla
Published: January 2024

Intraspecific resource partitioning may play a critical role in how predators optimize prey selection. The Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes; henceforth, ferret) is a highly specialized predator of prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.; henceforth, PDs). Adult ferrets are sexually dimorphic and PDs are of similar size making them a difficult prey item. PD young are born 6 to 8 weeks prior to births of ferrets, producing a crop of smaller prey items during a period when energetic needs of female ferrets are highest. We asked whether relatively small female ferrets select small PDs as prey. We examined survival rates from early to late summer for large and small black-tailed PDs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in Montana and South Dakota as a function of their distance to adult male and female ferrets using capture–mark–recapture of PDs and simultaneous summer monitoring of ferret locations. Survival of small PDs (<600 g) was low when a female ferret was nearby, but distance to nearest female ferret did not affect survival of large PDs. Distance to the nearest male ferret did not influence survival regardless of PD size. Reduced competition from males for a critical food resource needed by females rearing young would benefit fitness of both sexes. If female ferrets depend on young PDs during their reproductive period, existing habitat models may substantially overestimate ferret carrying capacity.
Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) utilizes gopher tortoise burrows for overwintering in North Central Florida
Authors: McNamara Timothy D , Mosore Mba-tihssommah , Urlaub Alexander , Lashley Marcus A , Burkett-Cadena Nathan D , Reeves Lawrence E , Martin Estelle M
Published: January 2024

Mosquito-borne diseases represent a significant threat to human and animal health in the United States. Several viruses, including West Nile, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Eastern equine encephalitis are endemic. In humans, the disease is typically detected during the summer months, but not during the winter months. The ability of these viruses to reemerge year after year is still not fully understood, but typically involves persistence in a reservoir host or vector during periods of low transmission. Mosquito species are known to overwinter at different life stages (adults, larvae, or eggs) in manufactured or natural sites. Gopher tortoise burrows are known to serve as refuge for many vertebrate and invertebrate species in pine savannas. In this study, we surveyed the interior of gopher tortoise burrows for overwintering mosquitoes. We identified 4 species (Anopheles crucians s.l., Culex erraticus, Mansonia dyari, and Uranotaenia sapphirina). Cx. erraticus was the most abundant, and its presence and abundance increased in winter months, implying that this species utilized gopher tortoise burrows for overwintering. Bloodfed Cx. erraticus and An. crucians s.l. females were detected. While An. crucians s.l. fed exclusively on the white-tailed deer, Cx. erraticus had a more diverse host range but fed primarily on the gopher tortoise. Tortoises and other long-lived reptiles like the American alligator have been shown to sustain high viremia following West Nile virus (WNV) and Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection and therefore could play a role in the maintenance of these viruses. In addition, Cx. erraticus is naturally infected with WNV and is a known bridge vector for EEEV. As such, these overwintering sites may play a role in perpetuating over-winter arboviral activity in Florida.
Society, Social Structures, and Community in Clinical Ethics
Authors: Parker J Clint
Published: January 2024

Society and social structures play an important role in the formation and evaluation of concepts and practices in clinical ethics. This is evident in the ways the authors in this issue explore a wide range of arguments and concepts in clinical ethics including moral distress and conscience based practice, phenomenological interview techniques and gender dysphoria, continuous deep sedation (CDS) at the end of life, the notion of patient expertise, ethically permissible medical billing practices, the notion of selfhood and patient centered care in dementia patients, and the definition of minimal risk as used in research regulations.
A pilot, single-arm feasibility study of an integrated cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety in young autistic children
Authors: Keefer Amy , Perrin Jeremy , Singh Vini , Holingue Calliope , Winchell Sarah , Vasa Roma A
Published: January 2024

Objective

Anxiety is prevalent in young autistic children under 7 years of age. Yet there is a paucity of empirically based interventions for this age group. DINO Strategies for Anxiety and Uncertainty Reduction (DINOSAUR) is an innovative cognitive behavioral intervention that seeks to optimize treatment response in young autistic children by targeting anxiety and the contributing mechanisms of intolerance of uncertainty and parental accommodation using a telehealth delivery model. This pilot, single-arm study examines the preliminary feasibility of DINOSAUR.

Methods

Fourteen autistic children ages 4–6 years with average language and cognitive skills and their parents received the intervention. Quantitative and qualitative data pertaining to parent satisfaction and treatment outcomes were collected.

Results

Attendance, retention, and parent satisfaction ratings offer preliminary support for the feasibility of the treatment model. Change in clinical severity ratings on a semi-structured parent interview of anxiety and parents’ qualitative report suggests the potential to benefit young autistic children.

Conclusions

Results support future study of the DINOSAUR model in a larger, randomized controlled trial.
College of American Pathologists Quality Cross Check —Chemistry and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring as a tool for biannual instrument correlations
Authors: Pater Megan S , Hernandez Júlia A , Wiencek Joesph R
Published: January 2024

Background

Biannual instrument-correlation studies are required for nonwaived assays performed on multiple instruments.

Objective

To determine the feasibility of using College of American Pathologists (CAP) Quality Cross Check—Chemistry and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (CZQ) to assess instrument correlations among multiple analyzers, analyzer models, and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) licenses for 55 unique analytes.

Methods

Instrument correlation studies were performed on 9 Abbott ARCHITECT instruments (c4000 [n = 4], c8000 [n = 2], and c16000 [n = 3]) over 3 CLIA licenses using CZQ materials. The mean (SD) values, concentration difference, percent bias, and peer data for each individual level of CZQ were determined for each individual analyzer. Acceptable concentration and percentage for each analyte were set using criteria from CAP or other reputable sources such as the American Association of Bioanalysts or the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Peer data were provided by CAP with the CZQ kit.

Results

Correlations using CZQ materials showed that 94.5% of assays studied were within the acceptability criteria by percent bias only and 98.2% were within acceptability criteria by concentration difference.

Conclusions

The use of CZQ provides support to standardized correlation studies among instruments within and across separate CLIA licenses. However, widespread adoption of CZQ may be limited due to concerns regarding matrix effects, analyte ranges, and ease of data analysis.
Prediction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels using machine learning methods
Authors: Kim Yoori , Lee Won Kyung , Lee Woojoo
Published: January 2024

Objective

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been commonly calculated by equations, but their performance has not been entirely satisfactory. This study aimed to develop a more accurate LDL-C prediction model using machine learning methods.

Methods

The study involved predicting directly measured LDL-C, using individual characteristics, lipid profiles, and other laboratory results as predictors. The models applied to predict LDL-C values were multiple regression, penalized regression, random forest, and XGBoost. Additionally, a novel 2-step prediction model was developed and introduced. The machine learning methods were evaluated against the Friedewald, Martin, and Sampson equations.

Results

The Friedewald, Martin, and Sampson equations had root mean squared error (RMSE) values of 12.112, 8.084, and 8.492, respectively, whereas the 2-step prediction model showed the highest accuracy, with an RMSE of 7.015. The LDL-C levels were also classified as a categorical variable according to the diagnostic criteria of the dyslipidemia treatment guideline, and concordance rates were calculated between the predictive values obtained from each method and the directly measured ones. The 2-step prediction model had the highest concordance rate (85.1%).

Conclusion

The machine learning method can calculate LDL-C more accurately than existing equations. The proposed 2-step prediction model, in particular, outperformed the other machine learning methods.
Multi-epoch sampling of the radio star population with the Australian SKA Pathfinder
Authors: Pritchard Joshua , Murphy Tara , Heald George , Wheatland Michael S , Kaplan David L , Lenc Emil , O’Brien Andrew , Wang Ziteng
Published: January 2024

The population of radio-loud stars has to date been studied primarily through either targeted observations of a small number of highly active stars or wide-field, single-epoch surveys that cannot easily distinguish stellar emission from background extragalactic sources. As a result it has been difficult to constrain population statistics such as the surface density and fraction of the population producing radio emission in a particular variable or spectral class. In this paper, we present a sample of 36 radio stars detected in a circular polarization search of the multi-epoch Variables and Slow Transients (VAST) pilot survey with ASKAP at 887.5 MHz. Through repeat sampling of the VAST pilot survey footprint we find an upper limit to the duty cycle of M-dwarf radio bursts of $8.5 \,\rm {per\,cent}$, and that at least 10 ± 3 $\rm {per\,cent}$ of the population should produce radio bursts more luminous than $10^{15} \,\rm {erg}\mathrm{s}^{-1} \,\mathrm{Hz}^{-1}$. We infer a lower limit on the long-term surface density of such bursts in a shallow $1.25 \,\mathrm{m}\rm {Jy}\rm\ {PSF}^{-1}$ sensitivity survey of ${9}^{\, +{11}}_{-{7}}\times 10^{-3}$  $\,\deg ^{-2}$ and an instantaneous radio star surface density of 1.7 ± 0.2 × 10−3  $\,\deg ^{-2}$ on 12 min time-scales. Based on these rates we anticipate ∼200 ± 50 new radio star detections per year over the full VAST survey and ${41\, 000}^{\, +{10\, 000}}_{-{9\, 000}}$ in next-generation all-sky surveys with the Square Kilometre Array.
VINTERGATAN-GM: How do mergers affect the satellite populations of MW-like galaxies?
Authors: Joshi Gandhali D , Pontzen Andrew , Agertz Oscar , Rey Martin P , Read Justin , Renaud Florent
Published: January 2024

We investigate the impact of a galaxy’s merger history on its system of satellites using the new vintergatan-gm suite of zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations of Milky Way-mass systems. The suite simulates five realizations of the same halo with targeted ‘genetic modifications’ of a z ≈ 2 merger, but resulting in the same halo mass at z = 0. We find that differences in the satellite stellar mass functions last for 2.25−4.25 Gyr after the z ≈ 2 merger; specifically, the haloes that have undergone smaller mergers host up to 60 per cent more satellites than those of the larger merger scenarios. However, by z = 0 these differences in the satellite stellar mass functions have been erased. The differences in satellite numbers seen soon after the mergers are driven by several factors, including the timings of significant mergers (with M200c mass ratios >1:30 and bringing in M* ≥ 108 M⊙ at infall), the masses and satellite populations of the central and merging systems, and the subsequent extended history of smaller mergers. The results persist when measured at fixed central stellar mass rather than fixed time, implying that a host’s recent merger history can be a significant source of scatter when reconstructing its dynamical properties from its satellite population.
On the dust properties of the UV galaxies in the redshift range z ∼ 0.6–1.2
Authors: Sharma M , Page M J , Symeonidis M , Ferreras I
Published: January 2024

Far-infrared observations from the Herschel Space Observatory are used to estimate the infrared (IR) properties of ultraviolet-selected galaxies. We stack the PACS (100, 160 $\mu$m) and SPIRE (250, 350, and 500 $\mu$m) maps of the Chandra deep field south (CDFS) on a source list of galaxies selected in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) in a redshift range of 0.6–1.2. This source list is created using observations from the XMM–OM telescope survey in the CDFS using the UVW1 (2910 Å) filter. The stacked data are binned according to the UV luminosity function of these sources, and the average photometry of the UV-selected galaxies is estimated. By fitting modified black bodies and IR model templates to the stacked photometry, average dust temperatures and total IR luminosity are determined. The luminosity-weighted average temperatures are consistent with a weak trend of increasing temperature with redshift found by previous studies. Infrared excess, unobscured, and obscured star formation rate (SFR) values are obtained from the UV and IR luminosities. We see a trend in which dust attenuation increases as UV luminosity decreases. It remains constant as a function of IR luminosities at fixed redshift across the luminosity range of our sources. In comparison to local luminous infrared galaxies with similar SFRs, the higher redshift star-forming galaxies in the sample show a lesser degree of dust attenuation. Finally, the inferred dust attenuation is used to correct the unobscured SFR density in the redshift range 0.6–1.2. The dust-corrected SFR density is consistent with measurements from IR-selected samples at similar redshifts.
In-situ synthesis of quantum dots in the nucleus of live cells
Authors: Hu Yusi , Wang Zhi-Gang , Fu Haohao , Zhou Chuanzheng , Cai Wensheng , Shao Xueguang , Liu Shu-Lin , Pang Dai-Wen
Published: January 2024

The cell nucleus is the main site for the storage and replication of genetic material, and the synthesis of substances in the nucleus is rhythmic, regular and strictly regulated by physiological processes. However, whether exogenous substances, such as nanoparticles, can be synthesized in situ in the nucleus of live cells has not been reported. Here, we have achieved in-situ synthesis of CdSxSe1−x quantum dots (QDs) in the nucleus by regulation of the glutathione (GSH) metabolic pathway. High enrichment of GSH in the nucleus can be accomplished by the addition of GSH with the help of the Bcl-2 protein. Then, high-valence Se is reduced to low-valence Se by glutathione-reductase-catalyzed GSH, and interacts with the Cd precursor formed through Cd and thiol-rich proteins, eventually generating QDs in the nucleus. Our work contributes to a new understanding of the syntheses of substances in the cell nucleus and will pave the way for the development of advanced ‘supercells’.
Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to Reducing Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in the Home: A Qualitative Study With Palestinian–Arab Women in Israel
Authors: Agbaria Nisreen , Finkelstein Adi , Zwas Donna R , Daoud Nihaya
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Smoking is a collective and complex problem in the Palestinian–Arab community in Israel, where women and children are particularly vulnerable to exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), especially in the home.

Aims and Methods

We undertook this study to better understand women’s experiences with SHS exposure in the home and to identify pathways for intervention. Using the grounded theory approach, seven focus groups were conducted with 66 women in different localities across Israel. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were applied to recruit women who have currently or previously been exposed to smoking in the home. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, and data were then coded and analyzed using the constant comparison analysis method to identify emergent themes and subthemes.

Results

Three core themes emerged from the discussions. These include women’s perceptions of smoking among men and exposure to SHS in the home, the implications of smoking on spousal and social relationships, and the women’s experiences in coping with this situation and their suggestions for interventions. We identified additional sub-themes, including the consequences to women’s and children’s health, as well as the complex interaction between smoking in the home and women’s social position, agency, and home ownership.

Conclusions

Women exposed to SHS in the home experience consequences that affect their health and their spousal and social relationships. They also face several personal and societal challenges in tackling this issue. Culturally tailored interventions targeting both communities and households can raise awareness and impact smoking behaviors in the home.

Implications

The findings of this study demonstrate the far-reaching consequences of SHS exposure in the home among women who are exposed. The findings contribute to our understanding of smoking contingencies among men and smoking behaviors in the home. This study lays the groundwork for future community and household-based research and interventions. We suggest several critical junctures that may increase response to smoking cessation interventions and to reduce smoking in the home, such as at the time of marriage when the home policy is set, and the adverse effects of exposure on children and other family members, especially those with illness.
Primary, seminal and lateral roots of maize show type-specific growth and hydraulic responses to water deficit
Authors: Protto Virginia , Bauget Fabrice , Rishmawi Louai , Nacry Philippe , Maurel Christophe
Published: January 2024

The water uptake capacity of a root system is determined by its architecture and hydraulic properties, which together shape the root hydraulic architecture. Here, we investigated root responses to water deficit (WD) in seedlings of a maize (Zea mays) hybrid line (B73H) grown in hydroponic conditions, taking into account the primary root (PR), the seminal roots (SR), and their respective lateral roots. WD was induced by various polyethylene glycol concentrations and resulted in dose-dependent inhibitions of axial and lateral root growth, lateral root formation, and hydraulic conductivity (Lpr), with slightly distinct sensitivities to WD between PR and SR. Inhibition of Lpr by WD showed a half-time of 5 to 6 min and was fully (SR) or partially (PR) reversible within 40 min. In the two root types, WD resulted in reduced aquaporin expression and activity, as monitored by mRNA abundance of 13 plasma membrane intrinsic protein (ZmPIP) isoforms and inhibition of Lpr by sodium azide, respectively. An enhanced suberization/lignification of the epi- and exodermis was observed under WD in axial roots and in lateral roots of the PR but not in those of SR. Inverse modeling revealed a steep increase in axial conductance in root tips of PR and SR grown under WD that may be due to the decreased growth rate of axial roots in these conditions. Overall, our work reveals that these root types show quantitative differences in their anatomical, architectural, and hydraulic responses to WD, in terms of sensitivity, amplitude and reversibility. This distinct functionalization may contribute to integrative acclimation responses of whole root systems to soil WD.
The Curious Early History of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa Matrix: Miracles Happen!
Authors: Olsen Stephen Lars
Published: January 2024

The 1973 Kobayashi–Maskawa paper proposed a compelling link between Cabibbo’s flavor mixing scheme and ${\mathcal {C}}$${\mathcal {P}}$ violation but, since it required the existence of six quarks at a time when the physics community was happy with only three, it received zero attention. However, two years after the paper appeared—at which time it had received a grand total of two citations—the charmed quark was discovered and it finally got some notice and acceptance. After this stumbling start, it subsequently emerged as the focal point of an enormous amount of experimental and theoretical research activity. In an invited talk at a KEK symposium to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the KM paper, I reviewed some of the less well known circumstances that occurred in the years preceding and following the paper’s appearance. Some spoilers: (i) Kobayashi and Maskawa (and a number of other Japanese physicists) were convinced about the existence of the charmed quark nearly three years before its “discovery” at Brookhaven and SLAC. (ii) The matrix provided in their seminal 1973 paper was mathematically incorrect. Another version that was in common use for the following 12 years was technically correct, but not really a rotation matrix. (iii) The CKM matrix ${\mathcal {C}}$${\mathcal {P}}$ phase was only measurable because of the very specific hierarchy of the flavor mixing angles and meson masses. (iv) Similarly, the neutrino mixing discovery, and the PMNS matrix measurability were only possible because of favorable values of the neutrino mass differences and mixing angles. In addition I include some speculations about what may be in store for the future.