bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Investment Theory of Politics
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: January 2018

The Median Voter Theorem does not explain American elections and policies because of low voter turn-out and high costs of information. The Constitution let states choose voting rules, allowing racial discrimination to be used to limit voting. Lack of information forces voters to choose blindly between complex alternatives. The Investment Theory of Politics is more accurate because it shifts our focus from voters to rich businesses and people who exert influence on voters by political advertising. The amount of money spent on elections determines outcomes more than candidates’ policy positions. The Investment Theory of Politics has become more important since Citizens United and the increase of dark money in politics.
Public Education
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: January 2018

The United States has a dual education system; the FTE sector sends its children to suburban public and private schools, and the low-wage sector sends its children to failing urban public schools. This dual system was created in response to the Great Migration as whites left inner cities to incoming black families. It was sustained by the Supreme Court and federal support for suburban growth. City schools are deprived of support and increasingly fail to educate black and brown children properly. Poor low-wage families with incarcerated fathers are forced to use failing schools, and their children grow up to be imprisoned. Reform efforts aim for quick results and fail spectacularly. Charter schools—private public schools—have widely varied effects.
The Death and Life of Great Online Subcultures: An Analysis of Body Modification Ezine
Authors: Lingel Jessa
Published: January 2018

The first field study in this book describes BME, an online platform for people interested in body modification. I describe the community’s attempts to manage membership by analysing changes to the Terms of Service. I also describe threats to BME’s community in terms of the increasing popularity of body modification as a cultural practice.
Introduction
Authors: Ghose Anindya
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter begins with an explanation of the motivation behind the present volume. The author goes back to sometime in late 2009 or early 2010, when he first heard the phrase “we live in an era of smart phones and stupid people.” He recalls being both very amused and intellectually intrigued by this statement, not so much about what smartphones would eventually do to human intelligence, but more by how it could become an exceptional source of intelligence for businesses. The chapter then sets out the book's purpose, which is to demystify the mobile economy and take the uncertainty out of the process of harnessing the power of mobile data and delivering value to consumers. It concludes with an overview of the three parts of the book.
What the Smartphone Has Changed
Authors: Ghose Anindya
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the impact of smartphones on consumer behavior. The proliferation of smartphones has changed the way people create and consume any kind of content. Whether streaming music on Apple Music or Spotify, uploading pictures and videos on a social networking site such as Snapchat or Instagram, or writing a review on Amazon, we now have the ability to create or consume content in a frictionless manner. During the early days of internet shopping, consumers used to browse online but make the actual purchase offline. Today, thanks to mobile devices, many consumers often browse in a brick-and-mortar shop and then complete the transaction online on their devices. Perhaps one of the biggest changes has been in mobile how businesses interact with their audiences. For instance, location-based services have enabled advertisers to alter content depending on what part of a city or even which block of a city the consumer is in.
Social Dynamics: You Are Who You’re With
Authors: Ghose Anindya
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines one of nine critical forces behind purchase decisions that make mobile advertising so powerful: social dynamics. Recent studies have shown that the social company we keep changes our behavior. This is our social context. Beyond our individual location at any given time, our social context influences how we interact in real life as part of a group of friends, as a couple, or with family members. And these behaviors are fundamentally different than how we behave when we are on our own. The chapter discusses the impact of social dynamics on mobile purchases, the importance of group composition, and digging deeper into consumers' personalities.
The Growing Intimacy between Us and Our Devices
Authors: Ghose Anindya
Published: January 2018

This chapter predicts that several emerging technologies will soon be integrated with the mobile ecosystem and further amplify the power of the nine forces discussed in this book. All these technologies will create captive audiences, enhance connectivity, harness more robust data from new sources, and offer better experiences. Business solutions will thrive in the mobile ecosystem, which will remain the hub for many applications and will power amazing business and societal solutions. Some of the biggest advancements will come via wearable technologies that will harness consumers' biometric, neurological, and physiological data, giving birth to a new force that leverages a consumer's physical state of being.
A Fundamental Circularity: In the Mind of the Reflective Scientist
Authors: Varela Francisco J. , Thompson Evan , Rosch Eleanor
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes cognitive science. In its widest sense, the term cognitive science is used to indicate that the study of mind is in itself a worthy scientific pursuit. At this time, cognitive science is not yet established as a mature science. It does not have a clearly agreed upon sense of direction and a large number of researchers constituting a community. Rather, it is really more of a loose affiliation of disciplines than a discipline of its own. Interestingly, an important pole is occupied by artificial intelligence—thus, the computer model of the mind is a dominant aspect of the entire field. The other affiliated disciplines are generally taken to consist of linguistics, neuroscience, psychology, sometimes anthropology, and the philosophy of mind. Each discipline would give a somewhat different answer to the question of what is mind or cognition, an answer that would reflect its own specific concerns.
What Do We Mean “Human Experience”?
Authors: Varela Francisco J. , Thompson Evan , Rosch Eleanor
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines human experience. It is necessary to have a disciplined perspective on human experience that can enlarge the domain of cognitive science to include direct experience. Such a perspective already exists in the form of mindfulness/awareness meditation. Mindfulness/awareness practice, phenomenological philosophy, and science are human activities; each is an expression of human embodiment. The chapter then looks at the Buddhist method of examining experience called mindfulness meditation. Mindfulness/awareness meditation can provide a natural bridge between cognitive science and human experience. Particularly impressive is the convergence among some of the main themes of Buddhist doctrine, phenomenology, and cognitive science—themes concerning the self and the relation between subject and object.
Evolutionary Path Making and Natural Drift
Authors: Varela Francisco J. , Thompson Evan , Rosch Eleanor
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates how unique histories of structural coupling can be understood from the vantage point of evolution. To this end, it provides a critique of the adaptationist view of evolution as a process of progressive fitness, and articulates an alternative view of evolution as natural drift. These unique histories of coupling, which enact incommensurable kinds of “color space,” should not be explained as optimal adaptations to different regularities in the world. Instead, they should be explained as the result of different histories of natural drift. Moreover, since organism and environment cannot be separated but are in fact codetermined in evolution as natural drift, the environmental regularities that one associates with these various color spaces must ultimately be specified in tandem with the perceptually guided activity of the animal.
The Middle Way
Authors: Varela Francisco J. , Thompson Evan , Rosch Eleanor
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that contemporary Western views have been unable to articulate together the loss of foundations for the self and for the world. There is no methodological basis for a middle way between objectivism and subjectivism (both forms of absolutism). In cognitive science and in experimental psychology, the fragmentation of the self occurs because the field is trying to be scientifically objective. Precisely because the self is taken as an object, like any other external object in the world, as an object of scientific scrutiny—precisely for that reason—it disappears from view. That is, the very foundation for challenging the subjective leaves intact the objective as a foundation. Ultimately, when contemporary traditions of thought discover groundlessness, it is viewed as negative, a breakdown of an ideal for doing science, for establishing philosophical truth with reason, or for living a meaningful life.
Vol. I
Authors: Shelley Mary
Published: January 2018

The event on which this fiction is founded has been supposed, by Dr. Darwin,1 and some of the physiological writers of Germany, as not of impossible occurrence. I shall not be supposed as according the remotest degree of serious faith to such an imagination; yet, in assuming it as the basis of a work of fancy, I have not considered myself as merely weaving a series of supernatural terrors. The event on which the interest of the story depends is exempt from the disadvantages of a mere tale of spectres or enchantment. It was recommended by the novelty of the situations which it developes; and, however impossible as a physical fact, affords a point of view to the imagination for the delineating of human passions more comprehensive and commanding than any which the ordinary relations of existing events can yield....
Vol. II
Authors: Shelley Mary
Published: January 2018

Nothing is more painful to the human mind, than, after the feelings have been worked up by a quick succession of events, the dead calmness of inaction and certainty which follows, and deprives the soul both of hope and fear. Justine died; she rested; and I was alive. The blood flowed freely in my veins, but a weight of despair and remorse pressed on my heart, which nothing could remove. Sleep fled from my eyes; I wandered like an evil spirit, for I had committed deeds of mischief beyond description horrible, and more, much more, (I persuaded myself) was yet behind....
Introduction to Frankenstein (1831)
Authors: Shelley Mary
Published: January 2018

In her introduction to the 1831 “Standard Novels” edition of Frankenstein, Mary Shelley accedes to the ongoing requests that she explain how she “then a young girl, came to think of, and to dilate upon, so very hideous an idea?” After describing a bit about her childhood, Mary then describes the gathering of her, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and their friends in the cold, wet summer of 1816 and the challenge issued by Lord Byron to “each write a ghost story.” After suffering from “that blank incapability of invention which is the greatest misery of authorship,” Mary finally conceives of the central image of the revivification of the creature and its abandonment by his creator. Mary also describes the contributions that Percy made to the original work and describes as merely stylistic the alterations she made between the original and the 1831 edition.
Frankenstein Reframed;
Authors: Bear Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

The common interpretation of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein as a cautionary tale is not inaccurate but incomplete; Victor Frankenstein’s fatal choices are not in his desire for scientific knowledge, but in his willful avoidance of knowledge about consequences of his actions and their effects on others’ well-being. Shelley parallels Victor with the Greek immortal Prometheus, but this trickster figure is ultimately not an apt parallel for Victor, who undertakes his research in the spirit of self-aggrandizement and narcissism, rather than a desire to improve people’s lives, or even curiosity about the inner workings of the world around him. Victor’s failure of empathy and his myopia about consequences make Frankenstein a powerful parable about responsibility and the need for scientists to engage in careful moral and ethical introspection about the broader ramifications of their work.
The Computational Brain
Authors: Churchland Patricia S. , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: January 2018

Before this book was published in 1992, conceptual frameworks for brain function were based on the behavior of single neurons, applied globally. This book developed a different conceptual framework, based on large populations of neurons. This was done by showing that patterns of activities among the units in trained artificial neural network models had properties that resembled those recorded from populations of neurons recorded one at a time. It is one of the first books to bring together computational concepts and behavioral data within a neurobiological framework. Aimed at a broad audience of neuroscientists, computer scientists, cognitive scientists, and philosophers, the book is written for both expert and novice. This anniversary edition offers a new preface by the authors that puts the book in the context of current research. This approach influenced a generation of researchers in the field of neuroscience. Even today, when neuroscientists can routinely record from hundreds of neurons using optics rather than electricity, and the 2013 White House BRAIN initiative heralded a new era in innovative neurotechnologies, the main message of this book is still relevant.
Introduction
Authors: Churchland Patricia S. , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: January 2018

This book introduces a conceptual framework for brain function based on large populations of neurons. It advances the hypothesis that emergent properties are high-level effects that depend on lower-level phenomena in some systematic way, drawing on the idea that brains are computational in nature. Areas and topics related to computational neuroscience covered in this book include computational mechanisms in neurons, analysis of signal processing in neural circuits, representation of sensory information, systems models of sensorimotor integration, and computational approaches to plasticity. The book emphasizes the importance of single neuron models as the foundation into which network models must eventually fit. It also provides a background discussion on neuroscience and the science of computation.
Representing the World
Authors: Churchland Patricia S. , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the neurobiology of representations, and more specifically how nervous systems represent in the occurrent sense. It first provides an overview of the basic anatomy and physiology of the mammalian visual system before discussing how neurons encode information by drawing on the comparison between “grandmother” coding and distributed coding. In particular, it considers vector coding vs. local coding and the conceptual fecundity of “state space,” along with the question of whether nervous systems honor at all the distinction between vectors of activation and matrices for processing. The chapter proceeds by analyzing the shape-from-shading model, computational models of stereo vision, hyperacuity, and vector averaging.
Plasticity: Cells, Circuits, Brains, and Behavior
Authors: Churchland Patricia S. , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the physical mechanisms in nervous systems in order to elucidate the structural bases and functional principles of synaptic plasticity. Neuroscientific research on plasticity can be divided into four main streams: the neural mechanism for relatively simple kinds of plasticity, such as classical conditioning or habituation; anatomical and physiological studies of temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus and the amygdala; study of the development of the visual system; and the relation between the animal's genes and the development of its nervous system. The chapter first considers the role of the mammalian hippocampus in learning and memory before discussing Donald Hebb's views on synaptic plasticity. It then explores the mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity and those that decrease synaptic strength, the relevance of time with respect to plasticity, and the occurrence of plasticity during the development of the nervous system. It also describes modules, modularity, and networks in the brain.
p62/SQSTM1 promotes rapid ubiquitin conjugation to target proteins after endosome rupture during xenophagy
Authors: Tsuchiya Megumi , Ogawa Hidesato , Koujin Takako , Mori Chie , Osakada Hiroko , Kobayashi Shouhei , Hiraoka Yasushi , Haraguchi Tokuko
Published: January 2018

Autophagy is a bulk degradation pathway, and selective autophagy to remove foreign entities is called xenophagy. The conjugation of ubiquitin to target pathogens is an important process in xenophagy but when and where this ubiquitination occurs remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the temporal sequence and subcellular location of ubiquitination during xenophagy using time‐lapse observations, with polystyrene beads mimicking invading pathogens. Results revealed accumulation of a ubiquitination marker around the beads within 3 min after endosome rupture. Recruitment of ubiquitin to the beads was significantly delayed in p62‐knockout murine embryonic fibroblast cells, and this delay was rescued by ectopic p62 expression. Ectopic expression of a phosphorylation‐mimicking p62 mutated at serine residue 405 (equivalent to human serine residue 403) rescued this delay, but its unphosphorylated form did not. These results indicate that ubiquitination mainly occurs after endosome rupture and suggest that p62, specifically the phosphorylated form, promotes ubiquitin conjugation to target proteins in xenophagy.
Improving Mortality in End‐Stage Renal Disease Due to Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's) From 1995 to 2014: Data From the United States Renal Data System
Authors: Wallace Zachary S. , Zhang Yuqing , Lu Na , Stone John H. , Choi Hyon K.
Published: January 2018

Objective

To examine temporal trends in mortality rates in a large nationwide cohort of patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) due to granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA‐ESRD).

Methods

We identified cases of GPA‐ESRD reported in the US Renal Data System between 1995 and 2014, using coding by nephrologists for the cause of ESRD. The cohort was divided into four 5‐year subcohorts based on the year of onset of ESRD (1995–1999, 2000–2004, 2005–2009, and 2010–2014) to assess trends in mortality rates and hazard ratios (HRs) for overall death and cause‐specific death, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Between 1995 and 2014, there were 5,929 incident cases of GPA‐ESRD. The mortality rate (incidence per 100 patient‐years) declined from 19.0 in 1995–1999 to 15.3 in 2010–2014 (P for trend = 0.01). The multivariable‐adjusted HR for mortality in the 2010–2014 cohort was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.66–0.90) (P for trend < 0.001 versus the 1995–1999 cohort). The corresponding cause‐specific HRs for mortality, after accounting for competing risk, were 0.61 (95% CI 0.47–0.80) for CVD‐related death and 0.42 (95% CI 0.28–0.63) for death due to infection (P for trend < 0.001).

Conclusion

In this study of nearly all patients in whom GPA‐ESRD developed in the US over 2 decades, we observed significant improvements in mortality among GPA‐ESRD patients. The number of cause‐specific deaths due to CVD and the number due to infections declined significantly during the study period. These findings are encouraging and likely reflect improved management of both GPA and ESRD.
Terahertz Emission from Hybrid Perovskites Driven by Ultrafast Charge Separation and Strong Electron–Phonon Coupling
Authors: Guzelturk Burak , Belisle Rebecca A. , Smith Matthew D. , Bruening Karsten , Prasanna Rohit , Yuan Yakun , Gopalan Venkatraman , Tassone Christopher J. , Karunadasa Hemamala I. , McGehee Michael D. , Lindenberg Aaron M.
Published: January 2018

Unusual photophysical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have not only enabled exceptional performance in optoelectronic devices, but also led to debates on the nature of charge carriers in these materials. This study makes the first observation of intense terahertz (THz) emission from the hybrid perovskite methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) following photoexcitation, enabling an ultrafast probe of charge separation, hot‐carrier transport, and carrier–lattice coupling under 1‐sun‐equivalent illumination conditions. Using this approach, the initial charge separation/transport in the hybrid perovskites is shown to be driven by diffusion and not by surface fields or intrinsic ferroelectricity. Diffusivities of the hot and band‐edge carriers along the surface normal direction are calculated by analyzing the emitted THz transients, with direct implications for hot‐carrier device applications. Furthermore, photogenerated carriers are found to drive coherent terahertz‐frequency lattice distortions, associated with reorganizations of the lead‐iodide octahedra as well as coupled vibrations of the organic and inorganic sublattices. This strong and coherent carrier–lattice coupling is resolved on femtosecond timescales and found to be important both for resonant and far‐above‐gap photoexcitation. This study indicates that ultrafast lattice distortions play a key role in the initial processes associated with charge transport.
Proton Ion Exchange Reaction in Li3IrO4: A Way to New H3+xIrO4 Phases Electrochemically Active in Both Aqueous and Nonaqueous Electrolytes
Authors: Perez Arnaud J. , Beer Robin , Lin Zifeng , Salager Elodie , Taberna Pierre‐Louis , Abakumov Artem M. , Simon Patrice , Tarascon Jean‐Marie
Published: January 2018

Progress over the past decade in Li‐insertion compounds has led to a new class of Li‐rich layered oxide electrodes cumulating both cationic and anionic redox processes. Pertaining to this new class of materials are the Li/Na iridate phases, which present a rich crystal chemistry. This work reports on a new protonic iridate phase H3+xIrO4 having a layered structure obtained by room temperature acid‐leaching of Li3IrO4. This new phase shows reversible charge storage properties of 1.5 e− per Ir atom with high rate capabilities in both nonaqueous (vs Li+/Li) and aqueous (vs capacitive carbon) media. It is demonstrated that Li‐insertion in carbonate LiPF6‐based electrolyte occurs through a classical reduction process (Ir5+ ↔ Ir3+), which is accompanied by a well‐defined structural transition. In concentrated H2SO4 electrolyte, this work provides evidence that the overall capacity of 1.7 H+ per Ir results from two additive redox processes with the low potential one showing ohmic limitations. Altogether, the room temperature protonation approach, which can be generalized to various Li‐rich phases containing either 3d, 4d or 5d metals, offers great opportunities for the judicious design of attractive electrode materials.
All Pseudocapacitive MXene‐RuO2 Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Jiang Qiu , Kurra Narendra , Alhabeb Mohamed , Gogotsi Yury , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: January 2018

2D transition metal carbides and nitrides, known as MXenes, are an emerging class of 2D materials with a wide spectrum of potential applications, in particular in electrochemical energy storage. The hydrophilicity of MXenes combined with their metallic conductivity and surface redox reactions is the key for high‐rate pseudocapacitive energy storage in MXene electrodes. However, symmetric MXene supercapacitors have a limited voltage window of around 0.6 V due to possible oxidation at high anodic potentials. In this study, the fact that titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx) can operate at negative potentials in acidic electrolyte is exploited, to design an all‐pseudocapacitive asymmetric device by combining it with a ruthenium oxide (RuO2) positive electrode. This asymmetric device operates at a voltage window of 1.5 V, which is about two times wider than the operating voltage window of symmetric MXene supercapacitors, and is the widest voltage window reported to date for MXene‐based supercapacitors. The complementary working potential windows of MXene and RuO2, along with proton‐induced pseudocapacitance, significantly enhance the device performance. As a result, the asymmetric devices can deliver an energy density of 37 µW h cm−2 at a power density of 40 mW cm−2, with 86% capacitance retention after 20 000 charge–discharge cycles. These results show that pseudocapacitive negative MXene electrodes can potentially replace carbon‐based materials in asymmetric electrochemical capacitors, leading to an increased energy density.
Benign and malignant tumors in Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Authors: Boot Max V. , van Belzen Martine J. , Overbeek Lucy I. , Hijmering Nathalie , Mendeville Matias , Waisfisz Quinten , Wesseling Pieter , Hennekam Raoul C. , de Jong Daphne
Published: January 2018

Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a multiple congenital anomalies syndrome associated with mutations in CREBBP (70%) and EP300 (5–10%). Previous reports have suggested an increased incidence of specific benign and possibly also malignant tumors. We identified all known individuals diagnosed with RSTS in the Netherlands until 2015 (n = 87) and studied the incidence and character of neoplastic tumors in relation to their CREBBP/EP300 alterations. The population–based Dutch RSTS data are compared to similar data of the Dutch general population and to an overview of case reports and series of all RSTS individuals with tumors reported in the literature to date. Using the Nationwide Network and Registry of Histopathology and Cytopathology in the Netherlands (PALGA Foundation), 35 benign and malignant tumors were observed in 26/87 individuals. Meningiomas and pilomatricomas were the most frequent benign tumors and their incidence was significantly elevated in comparison to the general Dutch population. Five malignant tumors were observed in four persons with RSTS (medulloblastoma; diffuse large‐cell B‐cell lymphoma; breast cancer; non‐small cell lung carcinoma; colon carcinoma). No clear genotype–phenotype correlation became evident. The Dutch population‐based data and reported case studies underscore the increased incidence of meningiomas and pilomatricomas in individuals with RSTS. There is no supporting evidence for an increased risk for malignant tumors in individuals with RSTS, however, due to the small numbers this risk may not be fully dismissed.
Photocatalytic activity and characterization of AgCl/Ag composite for Hg0removal under fluorescent light irradiation
Authors: Zhang Anchao , Li Chengwei , Xing Weibo , Song Jun , Su Sheng , Xiang Jun
Published: January 2018

A AgCl/Ag composite was synthesized via a facile precipitation method and applied to the photocatalytic oxidation removal of elemental mercury (Hg0) in a wet bubbling reactor under fluorescent light irradiation. The fresh photocatalyst and the used materials were characterized by N2physisorption, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance. The results showed that the AgCl/Ag photocatalyst and fluorescent light have a great synergistic effect on Hg0removal. A higher solution temperature was not favorable for Hg0removal. The presence of lower concentrations of SO2or NO showed little effect on Hg0removal, whereas the inhibition of SO2or NO on Hg0removal became more serious with the SO2or NO concentration increasing. Some amounts of Ag0were produced onto the AgCl/Ag surface during the process of Hg0removal in the absence and presence of SO2or NO. The trapping experiments confirmed that•O2−was the primary reactive species in the photocatalytic process.
Validation of intracranial hemorrhage in the Norwegian Patient Registry
Authors: Øie Lise R. , Madsbu Mattis A. , Giannadakis Charalampis , Vorhaug Anders , Jensberg Heidi , Salvesen Øyvind , Gulati Sasha
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Administrative health registries need to have accurate diagnoses and sufficient coverage in the population they serve in order to be useful in research. In this study, we investigated the proportion of discharge diagnoses of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) that were coded correctly in the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR).

Materials and Methods

We reviewed the electronic medical records and diagnostic imaging of all admissions to St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, between January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2014, with a discharge diagnosis of ICH in the NPR, and estimated positive predictive values (PPVs) for primary and secondary diagnoses. Separate calculations were made for inpatient and outpatient admissions.

Results

In total, 1,419 patients with 1,458 discharge diagnoses of ICH were included in our study. Overall, 1,333 (91.4%) discharge diagnoses were coded correctly. For inpatient admissions, the PPVs for primary discharge codes were 96.9% for hemorrhagic stroke, 95.3% for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 97.9% for subdural hemorrhage. The most common cause of incorrect diagnosis was previous stroke that should have been coded as rehabilitation or sequela after stroke. There were more false‐positive diagnoses among outpatient consultations and secondary diagnoses.

Conclusion

Coding of ICH discharge diagnoses in the NPR is of high quality, showing that data from this registry can safely be used for medical research.
Serendipitous Observation of Liquid‐Phase Size Selectivity inside a Mesoporous Silica Nanoreactor in the Reaction of Chromene with Formic Acid
Authors: Das Paramita , Ray Suman , Bhanja Piyali , Bhaumik Asim , Mukhopadhyay Chhanda
Published: January 2018

An unprecedented product shape/size selectivity in the hydrolysis/decarboxylation reaction sequences of chromene with formic acid within MCM‐41 as a nanoreactor in the liquid phase is observed. Chromene is expected to form pyrimidine in the reaction with HCOOH. However, here, serendipitously, the product switches from pyrimidine to enol lactones and δ‐keto acids inside the nanoreactor. The shape/size selectivity in the liquid phase is a highly desired phenomenon in organic synthesis. We prepared four different varieties of porous silica materials to obtain this product selectivity. Very high yields of these biologically relevant compounds surpass that achieved by existing methodologies. Again, though there are few reports of coumarin‐fused enol lactones, this approach enables the easy synthesis of naphthalene‐fused enol lactones. Moreover, this is the first generalized synthesis of δ‐keto acids following a number of hydrolysis/decarboxylation/ring opening/tautomerization/decarboxylation steps.
Analytik mit Licht – Das Smartphone‐Photometer
Authors: Schäfer Matthias , Hauck Bernhard , Kuhn Jochen , Ulber Roland
Published: January 2018

Das Smartphone‐Photometer eignet sich zur Untersuchung von Reaktionskinetiken und Konzentrationsmessungen im Bereich der Biologie und Chemie. Das einfache und trotzdem Leistungsstarke Design ermöglicht in Kombination mit der entsprechenden Photometerapp eine detaillierte Beschreibung von grundlegenden Zusammenhängen und die Herleitung der zugehörigen theoretischen Zusammenhänge.
Agreement between coding schemas used to identify bleeding‐related hospitalizations in claims analyses of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients
Authors: Coleman Craig I. , Vaitsiakhovich Tatsiana , Nguyen Elaine , Weeda Erin R. , Sood Nitesh A. , Bunz Thomas J. , Schaefer Bernhard , Meinecke Anna‐Katharina , Eriksson Daniel
Published: January 2018

Background

Schemas to identify bleeding‐related hospitalizations in claims data differ in billing codes used and coding positions allowed. We assessed agreement across bleeding‐related hospitalization coding schemas for claims analyses of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients on oral anticoagulation (OAC).

Hypothesis

We hypothesized that prior coding schemas used to identify bleeding‐related hospitalizations in claim database studies would provide varying levels of agreement in incidence rates.

Methods

Within MarketScan data, we identified adults, newly started on OAC for NVAF from January 2012 to June 2015. Billing code schemas developed by Cunningham et al., the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Mini‐Sentinel program, and Yao et al. were used to identify bleeding‐related hospitalizations as a surrogate for major bleeding. Bleeds were subcategorized as intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), gastrointestinal (GI), or other. Schema agreement was assessed by comparing incidence, rates of events/100 person‐years (PYs), and Cohen's kappa statistic.

Results

We identified 151 738 new‐users of OAC with NVAF (CHA2DS2‐VASc score = 3, [interquartile range = 2–4] and median HAS‐BLED score = 3 [interquartile range = 2–3]). The Cunningham, FDA Mini‐Sentinel, and Yao schemas identified any bleeding‐related hospitalizations in 1.87% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.81‐1.94), 2.65% (95% CI: 2.57‐2.74), and 4.66% (95% CI: 4.55‐4.76) of patients (corresponding rates = 3.45, 4.90, and 8.65 events/100 PYs). Kappa agreement across schemas was weak‐to‐moderate (κ = 0.47–0.66) for any bleeding hospitalization. Near‐perfect agreement (κ = 0.99) was observed with the FDA Mini‐Sentinel and Yao schemas for ICH‐related hospitalizations, but agreement was weak when comparing Cunningham to FDA Mini‐Sentinel or Yao (κ = 0.52–0.53). FDA Mini‐Sentinel and Yao agreement was moderate (κ = 0.62) for GI bleeding, but agreement was weak when comparing Cunningham to FDA Mini‐Sentinel or Yao (κ = 0.44–0.56). For other bleeds, agreement across schemas was minimal (κ = 0.14–0.38).

Conclusions

We observed varying levels of agreement among 3 bleeding‐related hospitalizations schemas in NVAF patients.
An Arrayed Micro‐glutamate Sensor Probe Integrated with On‐probe Ag/AgCl Reference and Counter Electrodes
Authors: Hoa Le Ngoc Quynh , Chen Hong‐Ru , Tseng Tina T.‐C.
Published: January 2018

Complete all‐in‐one multi‐arrayed glutamate (Glut) sensors have been constructed on a silicon‐based micromachined probe composed of micro‐platinum (Pt) working electrodes, a micro‐silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode (RE), and a micro‐Pt counter electrode (CE). The OCP shift of the electrodeposited Ag/AgCl on‐probe micro‐reference electrode compared with a Ag/AgCl wire is <0.1 mV/h. The composition ratio of Ag, Cl, and Pt on the electrodeposited on‐probe micro‐reference electrode is observed to be 1.00 : 0.48 : 0.02 analyzed by EDS. The miniaturized amperometric Glut biosensors were constructed on working electrode sites (electrode area: ∼8.5×10−5 cm2) of the microprobe modified with glutamate oxidase (GlutOx) enzyme layers for the selective, fast, and continuous detection of L‐glutamate. The sensor selectivity towards common electroactive interferents has been improved significantly by coating the electrode surface with perm‐selective polymer layers, overoxidized polypyrrole (PPY) and Nafion®. The sensitivity, detection range, and response time of the proposed all‐in‐one Glut biosensors are 204.7±5.8 nA μM−1 cm−2 (N=5), 4.99–109 μM, and 2.7±0.3 sec, respectively and no interferent signals of AA and DA were observed. The sensor can be reused over 19 times of continuous repetitive operation (total measurement time: ∼4 hours) and the sensor sensitivity can retain up to four weeks of storage.
Understanding and predicting the diffusivity of organic compounds in polydimethylsiloxane material for passive sampler applications using a simple quantitative structure–property relationship model
Authors: Belles Angel , Franke Christine , Alary Claire , Aminot Yann , Readman James W.
Published: January 2018

The diffusivity of 145 compounds in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material was determined in the laboratory using a film stacking technique. The results were pooled with available literature data, providing a final data set of 198 compounds with diffusivity (DPDMS) spanning over approximately 5 log units. The principal variables controlling the diffusivity of penetrants were investigated by comparing DPDMS within and between different homologous series. The dipole moment, molecular size, and flexibility of penetrants appear to be the most prevalent factors controlling a compound's diffusivity. A nonlinear quantitative structure–property relationship is proposed using as predicting variables the molecular volume, the number of rotatable bonds, the topological polar surface area, and the number of O and N atoms. The final relationship has a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.81 and a mean absolute error of 0.26 m2 s−1 (log unit), approaching the average error for the experimentally determined values (0.12 m2 s−1). The model, based on a heuristic approach, is ready for use by analytical chemists with no specific background in theoretical chemistry (notably for passive sampler development). Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1291–1300. © 2018 SETAC
Taxonomic review of Allium senescens subsp. glaucum (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Sinitsyna Tatiana , Friesen Nikolai
Published: January 2018

Molecular markers presented clear evidence that A. senescens subsp. glaucum is in the strict sense only distantly related to A. senescens and should be accepted at species rank. As the binomen A. glaucum refers to the A. schoenoprasum alliance, the name A. baicalense must be applied.
Prolonged in vivo functional assessment of the mouse oviduct using optical coherence tomography through a dorsal imaging window
Authors: Wang Shang , Syed Riana , Grishina Olga A. , Larina Irina V.
Published: January 2018

The oviduct (or fallopian tube) serves as an environment for gamete transport, fertilization and preimplantation embryo development in mammals. Although there has been increasing evidence linking infertility with disrupted oviduct function, the specific roles that the oviduct plays in both normal and impaired reproductive processes remain unclear. The mouse is an important mammalian model to study human reproduction. However, most of the current analyses of the mouse oviduct rely on static histology or 2D visualization, and are unable to provide dynamic and volumetric characterization of this organ. The lack of imaging access prevents longitudinal live analysis of the oviduct and its associated reproductive events, limiting the understanding of mechanistic aspects of fertilization and preimplantation pregnancy. To address this limitation, we report a 3D imaging approach that enables prolonged functional assessment of the mouse oviduct in vivo. By combining optical coherence tomography with a dorsal imaging window, this method allows for extended volumetric visualization of the oviduct dynamics, which was previously not achievable. The approach is used for quantitative analysis of oviduct contraction, spatiotemporal characterization of cilia beat frequency and longitudinal imaging. This new approach is a useful in vivo imaging platform for a variety of live studies in mammalian reproduction.
Investigating the accuracy of FatNav‐derived estimates of temporal B0 changes and their application to retrospective correction of high‐resolution 3D GRE of the human brain at 7T
Authors: Gretsch Frédéric , Marques José P. , Gallichan Daniel
Published: January 2018

Purpose

To investigate the precision of estimates of temporal variations of magnetic field achievable by double‐echo fat image navigators (FatNavs), and their potential application to retrospective correction of 3‐dimensional gradient echo–based sequences.

Methods

Both head motion and temporal changes of B0 were tracked using double‐echo highly accelerated 3‐dimensional FatNavs as navigators, allowing estimation of the temporal changes in low spatial‐order field coefficients. The accuracy of the method was determined by direct comparison to controlled offsets in the linear imaging gradients. Double‐echo FatNavs were also incorporated into a high‐resolution, 3‐dimensional gradient echo–based sequence to retrospectively correct for both motion and temporal changes in B0 during natural and deep breathing. The additional scan time was 5 min (a 40% increase). Correction was also investigated using only the first echo of the FatNav to explore the trade‐off in accuracy versus scan time.

Results

Excellent accuracy (0.27 Hz, 1.57–2.75 Hz/m) was achieved for tracking field changes, and no significant bias could be observed. Artifacts in the 3‐dimensional gradient echo–based images induced by temporal field changes, if present, were effectively reduced using either the field estimates from the double echo or the first echo only from the FatNavs.

Conclusion

The FatNavs were shown to be an excellent candidate for accurate, fast, and precise estimation of global field variations for the tested patterns of respiration. Future work will investigate ways to increase the temporal sampling to increase robustness to variations in breathing patterns. Magn Reson Med 80:585–597, 2018. © 2018 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Proteome Profile of American Hybrid Grape cv. Blanc du Bois during Ripening Reveals Proteins Associated with Flavor Volatiles and Ethylene Production
Authors: Kambiranda Devaiah , Basha Sheikh M , Singh Rakesh , Snowden Janana , Mercer Roger
Published: January 2018

The study of key control points in ripening is essential to improve grape wine quality. Molecular basis of ripening is still far from being understood from the Pierce's disease (PD)‐tolerant grapes predominantly grown in the southeastern United States. To identify proteins expressed during Blanc du Bois grape berry green and ripening stages, proteome analysis from five different stages revealed 1091, 1131, 1078, 1042, and 1066 proteins. Differential expression analysis revealed 551 common proteins across different stages of maturity that are involved in various biochemical and metabolic pathways. The proteins identified were associated with phenylpropanoids, isoquinoline alkaloids, fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and furanones. Our data provide the first step to understand the complex biochemical changes during ripening of PD‐tolerant American hybrid grapes that are popular for their aroma and flavor profile in the southeastern United States. Proteomics data are deposited to the ProteomeXchange PXD004157.
The Recessed Trapezoidal Groove Dual‐Gate AlGaN/GaN E‐Mode Transistor by Using Depletion Enhancement Effect
Authors: Yang Ling , Mi Minhan , Hou Bin , Zhu Jiejie , Zhang Meng , Lu Yang , Zhu Qing , Zhou Xiaowei , Yin Jun , Wu Jiafeng , Ma Xiaohua , Hao Yue
Published: January 2018

The recessed trapezoidal groove dual‐gate profile is achieved by the low power CF4 plasma etching based on the principle of ion‐scattering. The recessed trapezoidal groove dual‐gate architecture can increase the lateral broadening of depletion width, yielding the Enhancement‐mode operation. This device demonstrates a threshold voltage of 0.43 V, a maximum drain current of 480 mA mm−1 and a trans‐conductance of 308 mS mm−1. The device exhibits a low off‐state leakage current of ≈10−10 A mm−1 and gate induced drain leakage is effectively improved. An extrinsic current gain cut off frequency of 32 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 65 GHz are deduced. The threshold voltage (Vth) stability of the Schottky gate HEMT is investigated. The recessed trapezoidal groove dual‐gate exhibits a small shift of Vth, which is attributed to the lateral extension of depletion region in the trapezoidal groove dual‐gate structure.
Signed‐For Delivery in the Mitochondrial Matrix: Confirming Uptake into Mitochondria
Authors: Hoogewijs Kurt , James Andrew M. , Murphy Michael P. , Lightowlers Robert N.
Published: January 2018

Mitochondria are best known for their ability to provide energy in the form of an elevated ATP/ADP ratio to the cell via oxidative phosphorylation, and impairment of mitochondrial ATP production can lead to a variety of diseases. For many of these disorders, caused by mutations in the mtDNA, classical gene therapy or gene‐editing techniques are not possible due to the difficulty of importing nucleic acids into the mitochondrial matrix where the aberrant genes are transcribed. Technical progress in this field has been severely hampered by the inability to correctly determine whether uptake into the mitochondrial matrix of nucleic acids and related oligomers has occurred. Here, the methods that have been used to determine translocation of macromolecules into mitochondria in the past are described, and some recent developments in the field are discussed.
Store-Operated Calcium Entries Control Neural Stem Cell Self-Renewal in the Adult Brain Subventricular Zone
Authors: Domenichini Florence , Terrié Elodie , Arnault Patricia , Harnois Thomas , Magaud Christophe , Bois Patrick , Constantin Bruno , Coronas Valérie
Published: January 2018

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the major stem cell niche in the brain of adult mammals. Within this region, neural stem cells (NSC) proliferate, self-renew and give birth to neurons and glial cells. Previous studies underlined enrichment in calcium signaling-related transcripts in adult NSC. Because of their ability to mobilize sustained calcium influxes in response to a wide range of extracellular factors, store-operated channels (SOC) appear to be, among calcium channels, relevant candidates to induce calcium signaling in NSC whose cellular activities are continuously adapted to physiological signals from the microenvironment. By Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting and immunocytochemistry experiments, we demonstrate that SVZ cells express molecular actors known to build up SOC, namely transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) and Orai1, as well as their activator stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). Calcium imaging reveals that SVZ cells display store-operated calcium entries. Pharmacological blockade of SOC with SKF-96365 or YM-58483 (also called BTP2) decreases proliferation, impairs self-renewal by shifting the type of SVZ stem cell division from symmetric proliferative to asymmetric, thereby reducing the stem cell population. Brain section immunostainings show that TRPC1, Orai1, and STIM1 are expressed in vivo, in SOX2-positive SVZ NSC. Injection of SKF-96365 in brain lateral ventricle diminishes SVZ cell proliferation and reduces the ability of SVZ cells to form neurospheres in vitro. The present study combining in vitro and in vivo approaches uncovers a major role for SOC in the control of SVZ NSC population and opens new fields of investigation for stem cell biology in health and disease.