bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MOTHER‐CHILD RELATIONSHIP IN LOW BIRTHWEIGHT GROUPS
Authors: HANSEN EVA , BJERRE INGRID
Published: April 2006

Summary Forty‐four mothers of 7‐year‐old children with low birth‐weight (not more than 2500 g) were interviewed regarding difficulties in child upbringing and factors which eventually influenced the mother‐child relationship. The material was divided into two groups: group A comprised 23 mothers of children with a birth‐weight of not more than 2000 g, all of whom were nursed in incubators in the neonatal period and separated from their mothers for several weeks after birth. Group B comprised 21 mothers of children with a birth‐weight of at the most 2500 g who were not separated from their mothers in the neonatal period. Of 23 children in group A, 18 had at least one psychiatric symptom at 7 years of age compared with seven out of 21 in group B. In group A nine children were considered very difficult to manage compared with only one in group B. Factors found to be of importance for later difficulties in the mother‐child relationship were reproductive problems, fear that the child should not survive the neonatal period, poor support from relatives, especially the mother, primiparity and feeling of alienation to infant in newborn period. If these facts are better recognized, we think it is possible to help these mothers establish a better child relationship from the beginning and thus avoid psychiatric symptoms later in childhood.
THE USE OF GLASGOW HOSPITAL BEDS BY CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF ONE YEAR
Authors: SNOOK HEATHER
Published: April 2006

Summary A study of computer‐based hospital discharge data for Glasgow infants showed a 50% rise in the number of discharges per 1000 births from 1968 to 1972. This was attributable to increased rates for infections of the alimentary and respiratory systems. There was no evidence of a rise in disease prevalence nor a fall in mortality rates. It is hypothesized that hospital resources may be used inappropriately to meet demand when the actual need is for primary care services.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS TELE—KINESIC COMMUNICATION IN BABIES AND YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: SHERIDA MARY D.
Published: April 2006

Summary Specialized body movements are universally employed to convey information between individuals and groups across some distance, near or far. The natural development of facial expressions, limb gestures and whole body movements, for the purpose of interpersonal communications in young children, is briefly discussed.
TOWARD A CURRICULUM FOR THE PROFOUNDLY RETARDED, MULTIPLY HANDICAPPED CHILD
Authors: KIERNAN CHRIS
Published: April 2006

Summary An approach to formulating programmes for the profoundly retarded child is described. It is suggested that the basis for programming should be an analysis of the child's ability to operate on, and find out about, his environment. This analysis can be approached by asking questions about blocks to development, needs and preferences, socialization and communication and play and sensori‐motor coordination.
THE CHILDREN'S WAITING ROOM AT CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL
Authors: LEFFMAN JANE , MURTON JOANNA
Published: April 2006

Summary The Children's waiting room at Charing Cross Hospital was opened on April 2 1973 as part of the Department of Paediatrics. It is run by the Authors who have had a Nursery Nurse training and are employed by the hospital as Play Therapists. It is attended by hundreds of different families a year. Some come to the hospital just once or twice, but others have been coming for many years.
MEETING THE NEEDS OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES. THE EVOLUTION OF HONEYLANDS: A FAMILY SUPPORT UNIT, EXETER*
Authors: GODDARD JANE , RUBISSOW JOYCE
Published: April 2006

Summary A support service for families with mental, physical, sensory or environmental handicap has evolved from a paediatric ward of a District Hospital. Expressed parental needs have been the source of evolutionary change. About 200 families use the various services of specific therapy, day or longer term residential relief, playgroups for those with special needs, school for the chronically ill. The location is a remodelled stately home on large grounds close to the centre of a city of 100000, and serves a district of 300 000. The demand for permanent residential placement in the age group under 11 years in this area appears to have been reduced by 80%.
THE ASSESSMENT NEEDS OF PRE SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH HANDICAPS OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: SONKSEN PATRICIA M.
Published: April 2006

Summary An outline of the paediatric assessment needs of children with delayed or deviant language development has been given based on the experience and findings of the research language team at the Wolfson Centre.
PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN IN LONG‐STAY HOSPITALS*
Authors: OSWIN MAUREEN
Published: April 2006

Summary Six thousand five hundred handicapped children have permanently in long‐stay hospitals, where their needs may not be met because of lack of resources within the hospital, eg. there is a shortage of therapy staff in long‐stay hospitals. These children could be accommodated in the community if local authorities were prepared to make adequate residential provision for them. The children are likely to suffer emotional distress in hospital, because there is a grave shortage of nursing staff and very little understanding about the mothering needs of children in institutions. This paper is based on some of the findings of a 2‐year study into the care of 223 multiply handicapped children in eight mental handicap hospitals. The study was financed by the Spastics Society, and undertaken from the Thomas Coram Research Unit at the University of London Institute of Education.
SPINA BIFIDA CHILDREN IN ORDINARY SCHOOLS
Authors: HALLIWELL MILES D. , SPAIN BERNIE
Published: April 2006

Summary When followed‐up at 6 years, 62 of a cohort of 155 spina bifida children had been placed in ordinary schools. The children's handicaps were relatively mild overall, and placements were generally successful. However, discussions with school staff and parents indicated that not all placements had been trouble‐free.

In common with previous research, a need for better communication between schools, medical authorities and other support services was revealed, as was the desirability of welfare‐assistant provision where handicaps were appreciable. Suggestions are made about the support education and community medical services will need to consider if they wish to implement a more radical integration policy. The appointment of an advisory teacher to effect liaison and to mobilize support for ordinary schools accepting a handicapped child would seem desirable, particularly to ensure that the resources and expertise concentrated in special schools would be made more‐widely available.
THE CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE: A DESCRIPTION OF ITS WORK AND AN EVALUATION OF ITS FIRST 385 PATIENTS
Authors: JOLLY HUGH , FINNIE NANCIE R. , HALL D.M.B. , NEWTON R.C.F. , ROUSSOUNIS S.H.
Published: April 2006

Summary Charing Cross Hospital provides facilities for the study of handicapped children in a normal nursery which forms part of its Child Development Centre. The period of assessment varies from one day to three weeks; the advantages of prolonged assessment are discussed. Parental involvement and support, and the teaching of medical students are emphasized. A study of the Centre's first 385 patients is presented.
AN INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOURAL PRINCIPLES IN TEACHING THE PROFOUNDLY HANDICAPPED
Authors: WILLIAMS CHRIS
Published: April 2006

Summary The principles of behaviour modification in severely handicapped subnormal children are outlined and discussed.
PROFILE: INVALID CHILDREN'S AID ASSOCIATION
Authors: COUBROUGH MARY
Published: April 2006

Summary The Invalid Children's Aid Association is a well‐established charity, with its roots in the last century, now taking its place among modern forward‐looking voluntary organizations working for children. The Association's aims have remained the same; namely that the handicapped child, seen in the context of the family, should have the best possible chance in life. Methods of achieving these aims have varied, according to need, and state provision, and the Association has always been willing to experiment to find the best ways of meeting problems; it presents a continual challenge to workers and supporters.
SERVICES FOR THE MENTALLY HANDICAPPED IN SWEDEN
Authors: RACE D. G. , RACE D. M.
Published: April 2006

Summary This paper, based on a visit by the authors to Sweden, describes Swedish services for mentally handicapped people and discusses the viability of the Swedish model in contrast with services in Britain.
AN APPROACH TO THE PLANNING AND EVALUATION OF A PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT COURSE
Authors: BEVINGTON PAT , GARDNER JILL M. , COCKS ROGER P.
Published: April 2006

Summary This paper reports the organization, content and evaluation of a parental involvement course. The course was designed to fulfil the expressed needs of parents whose children attended a local authority day ESN(S) school. The course was directed by Educational Psychologists working closely with the staff from the special school. One particular method of collecting data on the effectiveness of such a course is illustrated and discussed.
SENSORY DEPRIVATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: LEWIS BARBARA J.
Published: April 2006

Summary The importance of the role of intentional movement and active exploration in the development of a child's knowledge concerning his body, his movement and his surrounding is recognized. Senoristasis is defined and the concept applied to deprivation studies with animal and human subjects. It is suggested that the principle can be used to explain behavioural patterns found in two groups of children who may suffer from sensory deprivation; namely those who live in environments which provide insufficient stimulation and those who lack the necessary mobility to explore the environment in which they live. The importance in a young child's development of a rich sensory environment and opportunities for exploration are stressed.
PROFILE: THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GIFTED CHILDREN
Authors: SIEGHART FELICITY
Published: April 2006

Summary Until the foundation of NAGC in 1966, the general impression was that, of all sections of the child population, gifted children were among the best endowed and therefore the least worthy of our compassion and concern. Work with gifted children over the past 10 years has led us to reconsider the situation. Certainly he majority of them are successful, well‐balanced and reach adult life with a large measure of happiness, but a sizeable minority unfortunately do not do so. For these children, giftedness itself brings problems, sometimes referred to as ‘the handicap of brilliance’.
AN ELECTRONIC AID FOR TEACHING WRITING AND DRAWING SKILLS
Authors: FAIRHURST M. C. , MAYNARD C. A.
Published: April 2006

Summary Conventional methods for the teaching of writing and drawing skills among the handicapped are highly teacher‐intensive. This paper describes an electronic drawing aid which, after an initial teaching session, may be used by an unsupervised patient to develop his drawing and writing capabilities. A major feature of the system is its flexibility in that its performance may be tailored to the needs of any particular patient, in terms of both the degree of complexity of a required drawing and in the level of ability required by the patient to reach a desired level of attainment.
REINSTATING PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Authors: McCONKEY ROY
Published: April 2006

The title is deliberately paradoxical. The vast majority of parents in nearly all cultures have been, are, and will be intimately involved in developing their children's communication skills. It is they who provide children with an impetus to communicate and a milieu which is highly conducive to learning. And they are mostly successful. Their children do learn to communicate even by our most sophisticated method, language. Parents achieve this without any training, with little prior experience and in the absence of any specialist help.
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE WRITTEN WORD
Authors: LEA JOHN
Published: April 2006

There are a number of groups of children who present particularly difficult educational problems because, due to hearing loss, neurological impairment or psychiatric disorder, they are unable to develop language in the normal way. One such group comprises children with aphasia.
A PARENTAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE HONEYLANDS HOME VISITING PROJECT FOR SEVERELY HANDICAPPED INFANTS PROVIDED BY THREE MOTHERS OF OLDER HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Authors: KEY JOAN , HOOPER JEAN , BALLARD MIDGE
Published: April 2006

Summary Three mothers of severely handicapped children, who had not attended Honeylands nor received any home visiting, were asked to attend and participate in the monthly group meetings for the second year of the three year project (Rayner 1978). They each then decided to visit a family with their home therapist. They comment on the responsibility undertaken by all parties to this work; parents, therapist and supportive team.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WELSH AND CANADIAN CHILDREN ON PARTS OF THE TEST OF MOTOR IMPAIRMENT
Authors: TEW BRIAN
Published: April 2006

Summary Four sub tests, which measured hand function, were taken from the Test of Motor Impairment and given to 53 10‐year‐old children of normal intelligence. The results showed a wide variation in achievement with one test at a very inappropriate level of difficulty. Girls were consistently faster than boys, achieving a result which was statistically significant in one instance. It is suggested that this test requires re‐standardization for use among British populations. The provision of separate norms for the sexes would improve the discriminatory value of this instrument.
THE CROYDON WORKSHOP FOR THE PARENTS OF SEVERELY HANDICAPPED SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN
Authors: ATTWOOD TONY
Published: April 2006

Summary A multidisciplinary team of professionals met the parents of 18 severely handicapped children for a series of 10 evening sessions. All children were between 5 and 11 years of age and included six Downs, six non‐communicating and six children with rare syndromes or no known diagnosis. The professionals provided practical advice and counselling. They did not adopt one exclusive approach such as behaviour modification, but employed a variety of ideas drawn from several theories of learning and from personal experience. The workshop was well received by both parents and professionals, with an average attendance of 80%. The paper also discusses some of the organizational problems of parent workshops.
LIVING IN ONE‐PARENT FAMILIES: ATTAINMENT AT SCHOOL
Authors: ESSEN JULIET
Published: April 2006

Summary Data drawn from the National Child Development Study enabled an examination to be made of the school attainment of children who had spent any of their childhood in a one‐parent family. Overall, children in one‐parent families had lower scores on tests of attainment, but after adjusting for background factors this was no longer the case for the reading test, and the differences on the mathematics test were reduced to non‐significance. An examination of particular aspects of these background factors showed that the low income of many of the one‐parent families was a substantial part of their social disadvantage associated with low attainment, but this was not the case for their housing conditions.
ACTION RESEARCH AND EVALUATION: CAN RESEARCH AND PRACTICE BE SUCCESSFULLY COMBINED?
Authors: SANDOW SARAH
Published: April 2006

Summary Educative intervention with the young severely subnormal child and his family is envisaged as an example of ‘action research’ in which the dual roles of the practitioner‐researcher and the client‐subject are examined.

A view of the effect of the interaction of these roles on the intervention and its evaluation is given, and conclusions drawn concerning the nature of evaluation appropriate in future projects of this kind.
DISTURBED MATERNAL BEREAVEMENT FOLLOWING INFANT DEATH
Authors: DROTAR DENNIS , IRVIN NANCY
Published: April 2006

Summary This report describes mental health intervention with the mothers of children with behavioural disturbances following infant death. Disturbed maternal bereavement disrupted the mother's relationships with their own children and related to maladaptive handling of prior losses. Treatment directed toward the recovery of memories and effects related to these losses led to more adaptive parent‐child relationships. The implications for preventive interventions with families are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT GUIDANCE
Authors: HOLT KENNETH S.
Published: April 2006

Summary The idea of development guidance is described and procedures suggested.
CONGRUENCE OF CHILDHOOD SEX ROLE IDENTITY AND BEHAVIOUR DISTURBANCES
Authors: BENTLER PETER M. , REKERS GEORGE A. , ROSEN ALEXANDER C.
Published: April 2006

Summary Thirty‐eight children who were aged between 4 and 121/2 years were referred for potential gender disturbances and received independent assessments of sex‐role behaviour and identity. Ratings of sex‐role behaviour were based on psychodynamic, behavioural and psychometric procedures, with the behavioural and psychodynamic ratings most highly correlated. Two ratings of sex‐role identity disturbance, derived from psychodynamic and behavioural orientations, yielded a strong interrelated agreement. The mean ratings of sex‐role identity and behaviour disturbance were moderately correlated and provided a high degree of internal consistency. An overall diagnosis was derived for each subject by combining the behaviour and identity mean ratings. The findings are discussed in terms of the limitations of present knowledge on normal and deviant sex‐role developmental processes.
REVIEW: CHILDREN AND COMPANION ANIMALS
Authors: MacDONALD ALASDAIR J.
Published: April 2006

Summary The literature concerning the relationship between the child and the companion animal is reviewed including the possible use of companion animals as aids in the psychotherapy of children. The literature pertaining to cruelty to animals is also discussed. It is concluded that the evidence available is sufficient to justify further research into interactions between children and companion animals both in therapy and in the population generally, and some possible approaches are suggested.
PROFILE: THE VOLUNTARY COUNCIL FOR HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Authors: RUSSELL PHILIPPA
Published: April 2006

Summary The Voluntary Council for Handicapped Children is an independently elected Council, established under the aegis of the National Children's Bureau in 1975. The Council arose from a recommendation in the Eileen Younghusband Working Party's report. Living with Handicap, in 1970. This major report draws attention to the gaps, overlaps and general lack of co‐ordination and information about services for handicapped children. It recommended the creation of a genuinely multidisciplinary council to provide a forum for joint discussion and action, to offer a comprehensive advisory and information service covering all aspects of childhood disability. The Voluntary Council for Handicapped Children is unique in providing a comprehensive service for all categories of handicap, and for statutory and voluntary agencies. Parents and professionals can use the Council as a resource centre on an individual basis, although casework cannot be provided. The role of the Council is essentially that of a signpost to existing resources. It is, in effect, an advisory body collecting, evaluating and disseminating information, promoting study and discussion by organizations and individuals and seeking to identify gaps in present services.
BLINDNESS AND MODIFICATION OF ASSOCIATION CORTEX BY EARLY BINOCULAR DEPRIVATION IN MONKEYS
Authors: HYVÄRINEN J. , HYVÄRINEN L.
Published: April 2006

Summary Cells in the parietal association area of stumptail monkeys did not respond to visual stimuli after binocular early deprivation. Although the monkeys responded to stimuli in the visual cortex, behaviourally they were blind. The importance of encouraging babies and infants to use all residual vision is stressed, so that the representation of visual input in the brain does not become permanently overtaken by other modalities
A STUDY OF VISUAL FUNCTION IN THE PREMATURE INFANT
Authors: DUBOWITZ L. M. S.
Published: April 2006

Summary Within the first week of life visual tracking and pattern differentiation were tested in 34 out of 47 premature infants born between 28–34 weeks of gestation. Positive results were achieved from 30 weeks onwards. Pattern differentiation was tested as soon as infants could be taken out of the incubator. Preference could be observed from 31 weeks post‐conceptional age. Both functions showed comparable maturation to full‐term controls by 34 weeks gestation.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DISTURBANCES OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM OF THE EYE IN LOW VISION CHILDREN
Authors: LINDSTEDT EVA
Published: April 2006

Summary Defects of the neuromotor system of the eye were found to occur in 80% of 70 visually impaired children. The influence of such defects on the developing visual acuity is discussed. Early and intensified treatment is suggested to minimize negative effects and promote visual development.
SOUND AND THE VISUALLY HANDICAPPED BABY
Authors: SONKSEN PATRICIA M.
Published: April 2006

Summary The part played by vision in learning to interpret both speech and environmental sounds and to localize the latter is discussed in the light of observations of the development of sighted and of blind babies. Subsequently, some suggestions of guidance strategies based on these observations, are put forward to help visually handicapped babies acquire localization skills. Preliminary experience using these techniques has been promising and they are being further developed and researched at The Wolfson Centre in London.
CHANGES IN THE VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSE DURING AND AFTER OCCLUSION THERAPY FOR AMBLYOPIA
Authors: BARNARD W. M. , ARDEN G. B.
Published: April 2006

Summary The VER was studied in normal children aged 4–11 years and in 71 amblyopic children at Moorfields Eye Hospital. Changes in the VER in amblyopia are best observed with 20% contrast and small square sizes. The better eye of untreated amblyopia has a normal time‐to‐peak for P1 of the cortical response, while that of the amblyopic eye is delayed, the more so with poor binocular vision in partial agreement with our previous findings. We found with a high degree of significance that occlusion therapy renders the VER from the amblyopic eye more ‘normal’ but causes considerable delay in the VER from the covered eye, even though its visual acuity does not change. At the end of occlusion, these changes are usually reversible although not always completely in patients who have had prolonged occlusion.
VISUAL DEVELOPMENT IN SUCCESSFULLY TREATED CASES OF CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
Authors: TSAMPARLAKIS J. , ALEXAKIS J. , STAVROPOULOS A.
Published: April 2006

Summary The authors assessed visual functions in 10 children after operations for congenital glaucoma. All the children had had one or more operations previously and it was found that the visual development of the child was affected.
REFRACTIVE ERROR IN YUGOSLAV URBAN CHILDREN AGED BETWEEN 3 AND 7 YEARS
Authors: KALOGJERA TEODORA
Published: April 2006

Summary A sample of 583 Yugoslav urban children aged between 3 and 7 years, was tested for refraction. It was found that hypermetropia decreased between the ages of 3 and 6. but increased in the seventh year confirming other studies in this area.
TANTRUMS: REMEDIATION THROUGH COMMUNICATION
Authors: ROWE J. A. , RAPP D. L.
Published: April 2006

Summary There is a high correlation between behaviour problems, and lack of receptive and expressive language communication. Multiply handicapped children, with varying degrees of physical, mental, emotional, and sensory handicaps, in addition to a communication deficit, can learn a sign language system. Progress in communication through the sign language also results in substantial emotional and behavioural improvements. This paper presents two case studies of such children, and describes in detail the 7 year programme used to develop language through the Paget—Gorman sign system, with a profoundly deaf, subnormal, athetoid, disturbed boy.
AN EVALUATION OF THE MOBILITY ALLOWANCE FOR FAMILIES WITH HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Authors: COOKE KENNETH R.
Published: April 2006

Summary A variety of methods were used to evaluate the mobility allowance as a social security benefit for families with handicapped children. A study of the policy development showed that the mobility allowance was not the outcome of a rationally‐planned and coherent strategy designed to meet need. A survey of families with a child beneficiary showed that the allowance helped to sustain the child's existing mobility, but did little to increase it. A study of the criteria according to which the allowance is allocated suggested that there is a case to be made for paying the allowance from the age of two rather than from the age of five.
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN BLIND MULTIHANDICAPPED CHILDREN: A MODEL OF CO‐ACTIVE INTERVENTION
Authors: ROGOW SALLY M.
Published: April 2006

Summary The socialization of blind multihandicapped children depends on their acquisition of a system of communication that will permit their participation in a social world. Bereft of clear visual information and a diminished input from other senses, these children are prone to a range of language acquisition problems. Some children lack the capacity for speech while others speak in well‐structured sentences that are simply repetitions of the speech of others or of the commercials heard on radio and television.
LANGUAGE ENHANCEMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENTALLY DELAYED CHILD THROLIGH A COGNITIVE/RECEPTIVE MODE
Authors: ANDERSON DARYL E. , COLEMAN RALPH O.
Published: April 2006

Summary
An approach to enhancing the language comprehension of young developmentally delayed children utilizing receptive language tasks presented in a cognitive, ‘problem‐solving’ context is described. Over a 2 year period 16 language impaired and developmentally delayed children were provided with 8 weeks of concentrated instruction in five language areas: nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions and syntax. Instruction consisted of systematic verbal stimulation without overt attempts to elicit expressive language. Responses by the subjects were in the form of motor behaviours of picture/object identifications. Results indicated a marked increase in the number of stimuli to which these children could provide appropriate responses at the end of the 8 week instructional period. The gains were also maintained 3 months after termination of instruction and the learned material was considered to have become part of these children's verbal repertoire.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURED AND FREE PLAY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MENTALLY HANDICAPPED CHILD: A CASE STUDY
Authors: HEWSON SIMON , McCONKEY ROY , JEFFREE DOROTHY
Published: April 2006

Summary
This case study provides an individual illustration of the work of the Parental Involvement Project. A key feature of the approach used was the structured play situation. Thus, the case study also serves to demonstrate the role of structured play, and its relation to free play, in the development of a young, mentally handicapped child.
EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL HEARING LOSS UPON EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: KELLER WARREN D. , BUNDY ROBERT S.
Published: April 2006

Summary
Recent evidence suggests that children with relatively minor hearing impairments may be at a developmental disadvantage. A survey of over 42000 students was conducted and children with unilateral hearing losses were identified on the basis of audiometric testing. A comparison of the standardized achievement test scores obtained by the unilateral hearers, using class and national norms with a sibling control group, yielded no significant differences although the hearing‐impaired group scored lower on all subscales. There were sex differences observed, however, with male unilateral hearers performing significantly better than females on several subscales. Although the results indicate little educational disadvantage accompanying unilateral losses in this sample of children, in the absence of more definitive evidence, it would be prudent to consider a unilateral loss as a ‘risk factor’ for the production of developmental problems.
INTEGRATION OF HAEMOPHILIC BOYS INTO NORMAL SCHOOLS
Authors: MARKOVA IVANA , MacDONALD KATHLEEN , FORBES CHARLES
Published: April 2006

Summary
Advances in the medical treatment of haemophilia have made it possible for the majority of haemophilic children to attend ordinary rather than special schools. A survey carried out in the Glasgow and Edinburgh regions among families with haemophilic children and the schools which these children attend has drawn attention to certain implications of this new policy.
COMMUNITY INFLUENCES ON BREAST FEEDING
Authors: HART HILARY , BAX MARTIN , JENKINS SUE
Published: April 2006

Summary
The incidence of breast feeding in Camden and Paddington is reported for two periods, 1974–75 and 1976–77, In 1976 a programme was begun to encourage breast feeding by increasing contact and support by the health visitor and child health clinic antenatally and postnatally. Fifty‐eight per cent of mothers in Camden and 56% of mothers in Paddington breast fed at 3 weeks in 1976–77 compared with 24% (Camden) and 20% (Paddington) in 1974–75, The incidence of breast feeding in the experimental areas was compared with that in a similar control area in which no intervention occurred to investigate whether this increase reflected a widespread increase in the popularity of breast feeding or resulted from intervention. In 1976–77 more mothers in the experimental, than in the control area who breast fed on discharge continued to do so during the first 5 months, Of the mothers who were discharged breast feeding 88% in Camden and 73% in Paddington compared with 57% in the control area were still doing so at 6 weeks. The pattern of home visiting by the health visitors and attendance at the child health clinic was also investigated. More antenatal and postnatal home visits, more clinic visits and earlier home visits took place in the experimental areas compared with the control area. We conclude that the health visitor and child health clinic have an important role to play in the management of lactation.
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE OF THE PHYSICALLYHANDICAPPED CHH D IN THE ORDINARY SCHOOL
Authors: O'MOORE MONA
Published: April 2006

Summary
It has been recommended by both the Snowdon and Warnock reports that greater efforts should be made to provide integrated education for physically handicapped children. The attitudes of the peer group toward the child with a physical handicapped particular importance in deciding whether to integrate or segregate the disabled child. The present paper reports an exploratory study carried out in schools in Scotland, the purpose of which was to examine the social acceptability of the physically handicapped child in the ordinary school. The subjects. 38 children in the age group 9–1111 years, of normal intelligence and with visible physical handicaps affecting movement, were drawn from ordinary day schools. A normal sample of control children was also studied. A modified version of Centers & Centers Social Discrimination test (1963) was administered.
A PAEDIATRIC HOME THERAPY PROGRAMME FOR DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRESS IN SEVERELY HANDICAPPED INFANTS
Authors: CARLYLE M. JOYCE
Published: April 2006

Summary
An effort has been made to influence the development of severely handicapped infants and improve the quality of life for their families in one health care district. Weekly visits to the homes by a ‘developmental therapist’ for 2 years after the initial suspicion of major developmental delay have taken place. The visits have been carried out by senior professional staff in the therapeutic professions who normally deal with a young handicapped population working within a closely knit team directed by a paediatrician and a psychologist. Success and difficulties met by children, families, therapists and team are described. Appreciation of the child's individual characteristics and his family's particular accommodation to them has been the task of therapists, who appear to have successfully crossed the parent‐professional barrier. Evaluation of maternal attitudes in this group and a comparison group from another health care district is being carried out. This paper is the first of three. The next two will describe the observed effects in the children and the families respectively.
THE TREATMENT OF INTRACTABLE ENCOPRESIS: A TEAM INTERVENTION APPROACH
Authors: WEBSTER ALEC , GORE ELIZABETH
Published: April 2006

Summary
Childhood encopresis is discussed in terms of problems of definition, approaches to management in relation to symptoms and underlying mechanisms, and efficacy of treatment. Case histories of six intractable clinic cases are examined and an intensive team intervention programme described. Difficulties in carrying through a consistent plan are outlined: the key worker providing an essential motivational role towards participant staff, parents and child.
PRENTAL RESPONSES TO THER DEVELOPMENTALLY DELAYED CHILDREN AND THE SOUTH GLAMORGAN HOME ADVISORY SERVICE
Authors: WISHART M. C. , BIDDER R. T. , GRAY O. P.
Published: April 2006

Summary
This study was undertaken to investigate how parents who have a child with some degree of handicap describe their child's behaviour and their own feelings and adjustment to having such a child. Their response was compared with that of parents of age‐matched children without any known development difficulties. The parents and children were grouped according to the manifested handicap of the child (Down's syndrome, developmental quotient (DQ) greater than 65, DQ less than 65 with/without limb dysfunction and normal controls). The children's ages ranged from 4 to 126 months and they all had received the South Glamorgan Home Advisory Service (HAS) at some time. Sixty‐one families completed attitude and behaviour rating scales and parents were asked to express their preferences for prescribed services. The attitude and rating scales were also completed by twenty‐five control families with normal children.

A consistent trend was revealed towards increasingly favourable attitudes and feelings from past to future, and the DQ less than 65, with/without limb dysfunction, group was found to require further investigation in terms of provision of appropriate services. A distinct preference was shown for the South Glamorgan Home Advisory Service.
Brief intervention therapy for behaviourally disturbed pre‐school children
Authors: BIDDER R. I. , GRAY O. P. , PATES R. M.
Published: April 2006

Summary
A group of children with behavioural difficulties were treated using behavioural techniques and were compared with a group of control children. The treated children had various behavioural difficulties including poor concentration, sleep problems and non‐cooperation with parents. They were treated in the home for periods up to 7 weeks, after a 2‐week baseline observation period. Of nine families that started the treatment, two did not cooperate and one improved spontaneously. Videotape recordings of the child at play were made lasting 15 minutes and immediately prior to the psychologist's visits. The matched control children were investigated similarly. The videotapes were analysed to assess attention span, mother‐child verbal interaction and cooperation. There was consideration improvement in attention span as the treated children's behaviour became similar to the control children in four to five visits. The improvements lasted over the 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up period. It is concluded that brief intervention behavioural treatment has considerable potential and is reasonably economical in terms of staff time.
Services for the mentally handicapped in Denmark
Authors: MALIN N. A.
Published: April 2006

Summary
This paper, based on a recent visit to Denmark, outlines some aspects of the Danish system of delivering services to the mentally handicapped that contrast sharply with the United Kingdom system. It attempts to review some of the implications of putting into practice a philosophy of normalization, viewed from both the administrative and client standpoints.
Interactions between blind parents and their young children
Authors: COLLIS GLYN M. , BRYANT CHRISTINA A.
Published: April 2006

Summary
Observations on four families with blind parents and young sighted children showed that relations between the children and their parents were remarkably little affected by the parents' handicap. Many of the characteristics of normal parent‐child interaction, both verbal and non‐verbal, seem to be readily adaptable to the special circumstances of blindness. Thus, it appeared that the parents were well able to participate in various kinds of social exchange, some of which had a seemingly strong visual element.
Attitude of Yoruba of Western Nigeria to handicap in children
Authors: OKUNADE ADEBIMPE O.
Published: April 2006

Summary
An assessment was made of the attitude of the Yoruba of Western Nigeria to visual, auditory and physical handicaps in children. The results indicate that although a good number of the Yoruba community exhibits positive attitudes to handicaps in children, significant differences were observed between the attitudes of the Western‐educated elite and their illiterate counterparts living in traditional settings. The Western‐educated group is less favourably disposed to handicaps in children than their counterparts in the traditional settings. Finally, there is a need for public education about the ascertainment of handicaps in children, their care and education. Nurses have a major role to play in this regard.
Psychosocial problems in Hunter's syndrome
Authors: YOUNG I. D. , HARFER P. S.
Published: April 2006

Summary
During a national study of Hunter's syndrome, visits were made to 33 sets of parents who had had a total of 44 affected sons, 27 with the severe, and 17 with the mild, form of the disease. Information about the behavioural pattern in a further 22 boys was obtained from hospital records. Serious behavioural disturbance was reported in 36 of the 38 severely affected boys, in contrast to those mildly affected, who were generally well behaved but often had serious psychological problems. The effects upon the parents of these boys are discussed. A plea is made that all possible long‐term support should be offered both to the families and to the boys themselves.
Handicapped babies: how midwives cope
Authors: HARADA A. E.
Published: April 2006

Summary
Research into families with a handicapped child produces numerous examples of the inadequate ways medical personnel inform parents of their child's condition. In the case of the abnormal neonate, midwives have a part to play in this communicating process; thus helping to lay the foundations for satisfactory adjustment by the parents. This paper suggests that midwives need more appropriate training in this important role.
Evaluation of a sensory‐motor education programme for ‘parents‐to‐be’
Authors: FERLAND FRANCINE , PIPER MARTHA C.
Published: April 2006

Summary
A controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate a sensory‐motor education programme presented to expectant parents in prenatal classes. Short information sessions on sensory‐motor development were provided to experimental parents by an occupational therapist. Statistically significant differences between experimental and control groups were noted in the home environments at 3 months of age, with the experimental families exhibiting more favourable environments. No statistically significant differences in development at 8 months of age between the two groups were observed.
Parents' report of family life with a developmentally delayed child
Authors: WISHART M. C. , BIDDER R. T. , GRAY O. P.
Published: April 2006

Summary
This study was undertaken to investigate how parents who have a child with some degree of handicap perceive the effect of the child on family life. Also, a measure of parental health was taken. The parents' response was compared with that of parents of age‐matched children without any known developmental difficulties. The parents and children were grouped according to the manifested handicap of the child [Down's syndrome, developmental quotient (DQ) greater than 65, DQ less than 65 with/without limb dysfunction and normal controls]. The children's ages ranged from 4 to 126 months and they all had received the South Glamorgan Home Advisory Service (HAS) at some time. Sixty‐one families completed a questionnaire concerning family life and activities and Rutter's Malaise Inventory (Rutter et al. 1971). Thirty‐one control families also completed the questionnaire and Malaise Inventory.

The findings showed very little difference between the control group and handicapped groups and suggested that the presence of a delayed child in the family unit does not appear to change the family routine to any large extent. Parents of handicapped children were not found to suffer from significantly greater ill health when compared with the parents of normal children. The implication of the results is that provision should be made available for both fathers and mothers to play an equal part in the support facilities and guidance offered.
The development of gender identity in the autistic child
Authors: ABELSON A. G.
Published: April 2006

Summary
The Michigan Gender Identity Test (MGIT) was administered to 30 autistic children to determine whether autistic children could demonstrate a sense of gender identity. The results of the MGIT were correlated with other developmental indices obtained from the AlpernBoll Developmental Profile. From this sample of autistics, a significant relationship was found between gender identity and mental age, chronological age, communication skills, physical skills, social skills, self‐help skills and academic (cognitive) skills.
The Meldreth dribble control project reassessed
Authors: JONES PHILIP R.
Published: April 2006

Summary
An experiment was devised whose primary aim was to assess whether task concentration affected dribble control with eight ESN(S) cerebral palsied children who had been trained to associate an auditory cue with swallowing. The investigation was inconclusive as far as its main objective was concerned. The results indicate that previous researchers were measuring dribble production using an inherently unreliable sampling procedure. Also their claims for the effectiveness of the method can perhaps be considered rather over‐optimistic in regard to its clinical use for long term dribble control.
The effectiveness of parent workshops in a mental handicap service
Authors: FIRTH HUGH
Published: April 2006

Summary
Workshops designed to help parents teach their mentally handicapped children new skills and new habits were offered for 4 years as part of a wider service. This was the first time such a service had been available to any family within an area, population 250 000, and all families with mentally handicapped children under age 8 were invited to join the workshops. Workshop objectives were to teach parents skills in observation, selection and teaching of new skills and new behaviour, and to provide parents with confidence and support from other parents as well as professionals. Workshops ran one evening/week for between 8 and 12 weeks, and nine workshops were held with a total of 40 families attending. Attendance was high and success was considerable with the problems tackled during the workshops. Nevertheless, the original objectives of the workshops were only fulfilled in part, as it is uncertain how much the methods taught during the workshop were applied to subsequent problems. The paper discusses the value of such workshops as a way of providing both practical help and support to families.
Home teaching for pre‐school handicapped children ‐ a cognitive approach
Authors: SKIDMORE ROSEMARY
Published: April 2006

Summary
A case study was carried out to investigate and evaluate a home‐teaching scheme, with a cognitive bias, for parents of pre‐school handicapped children. The scheme linked teaching at the pre‐school assessment unit with teaching by the parents in the home. A speech therapist, acting as home‐teacher, demonstrated activities to the parents of a Down's syndrome child during weekly visits. The follow‐up assessment after 6 months of home teaching showed accelerated progress in cognitive areas of development. As a result of this study the scheme is to be extended and finance sought.
A preliminary investigation on the use of the Portage system in day nursery settings
Authors: CLEMENTS J. C. , SMITH J. , SPAIN B. , WATKEYS J.
Published: April 2006

Summary
The paper describes the impact of a training programme for local authority day nursery staff on the use of the Portage system with handicapped children. The results suggest that the staff mastered the techniques and were able to continue using them, though some modification to the system seems indicated for these settings. These findings were discussed in the light of more general issues about the support needed for day nursery staff.
Parent training in a small group: a pilot study
Authors: SIBISI Y. T. , YULE W.
Published: April 2006

Summary
To date, there are few accounts of training groups of parents of non‐handicapped children to use behavioural methods of child management in British settings. This paper describes a pilot study in which three mothers were given an 8‐week course in behavioural management. Their progress was monitored using a short role‐play test of established reliability and validity. Significant gains were reported.
Diels and development*
Authors: HOLT KENNETH S.
Published: April 2006

The James D. Allan Memorial Lecture James Allan was a paediatrician in Stockport for over 30 years. He was born in Scotland in 1913 and died in 1979. He graduated in Medicine from Edinburgh in 1935 and subsequently attained MRCP 1938, MD 1940, and FRCP in 1947. In his professional work he made many original studies of cystic fibrosis and inborn errors of metabolism. A memorial lectureship was established by Mrs Allan in collaboration with James' colleagues in Stockport. The first memorial lecture published on the following pages shows his wide range of interest and his concern for the development of children.
Cognitive socialization of 4‐year‐old children in nursery school
Authors: MURPHY H. F. , WILKINSON J. E.
Published: April 2006

Summary
Using a test—observe—test design with a sample of 29 4‐year‐old children, this exploratory study investigated associations between activity choices in a typical progressive nursery school and IQ, socio‐economic status (SES) and sex. Over the 4‐month period of the study the group as a whole displayed enhanced intellectual capacity though several children failed to show improvement. These losers spent more time on physical and non‐play activity and more time unoccupied. The low SES group spent more time alone, more time on social—personal activity, more passive time with adults and more time in solitary play. Clear sex differences in activity choice were found.