bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Change and Written Law in Early Chinese Legal Thought
Authors: Caldwell Ernest
Published: February 2014

What societal factors prompt the shift from legal practices based upon oral or customary law to the development of new legal institutions predicated upon bodies of written law? Certainly the presence within a given society of a functional writing system, whether indigenously developed or cross-culturally borrowed, is a prerequisite for the creation ofwrittenlaw. Several scholars, however, notably anthropologists and sociologists, have argued that the mere presence of writing does not necessarily result in the immediate, or inevitable, development of certain sociopolitical institutions dependent upon the technological capacities that writing offers. These same scholars warn that assigning such a monocausal role to writing reduces the multifaceted complexity of a social phenomenon, such as the development of written law, to a teleological inevitability. Instead, many believe that writing provides what Jack Goody has called “potentialities” for types of developments and alternative configurations of social organization. That is to say, the technological capacities of writing provide the potential for specific institutional developments, such as the use of written law; however, for such potential to be actualized, there must first exist within the society an acknowledgement of a social need, with a concomitant consciousness that that need can best be satisfied through the implementation of a form of writing.
The Preconstruction of Witness Testimony: Law and Social Discourse in England before the Reformation
Authors: Johnson Tom
Published: February 2014

In this article, I address the use of witness testimony by medieval and early-modern historians of England. Although the idea that such evidence straightforwardly represents the thoughts and feelings of quite lowly people has long been discredited, I think that some part of this assumption still haunts the thinking of our postmodern, or cultural turn, historiography. To put it rather too bluntly: the old, empiricist quest for “real voices” in testimonies has to some extent been replaced by a contemporary quest for “real discourses.” That is to say, the utilization of testimonies by historians often seems to boil down to the careful extraction of the particular discourse under examination—gender, class, childhood—from the legal discourses acknowledged to be inherent in witness testimonies produced in law courts. Now, this is a severely reductionist account, and later I will elaborate on the varieties and subtleties of current approaches. Nonetheless, this assumption that we can simply extrapolatesocialdiscourses about “x” from thelegaldiscourses of the depositions seems to me somewhat flawed, because it presumes that premodern witnesses were simply conduits of discourse, whose testimony was nonetheless decisively shaped by the machinations of the legal counsel. In fact, as I will argue here, medieval witnesses were quite capable of manipulating such discourses, using clichés to tell the court what they thought it wanted to hear. In the subsequent discussion, I will look in detail at two intimately related cases from the Bishop of London's consistory court to make this point more explicit. First, I will relate the basic facts of these cases: the narrative of the events and the procedure of the courts. I will then address the historiography of witness testimony in greater detail, at the same time demonstrating the way in which the examples from the consistory counter the assumptions of this historiography. I will present different ways of reading my own examples using different positions within the scholarly literature, before showing how the case upsets even the most sophisticated of such readings. Overall, I argue that as well as considering the “construction” of the testimony by lawyers and legal counsels, and the “deconstruction” of such discourses by historians, we must begin to think about the “preconstruction” of the testimony by witnesses; their own integration of legalistic ideas into the fabric of their depositions. Finally, I will conclude by considering some of the wider implications of this argument for the use of witness depositions, and for the study of “law and society” more generally in the medieval and early-modern periods.
“Apply to Muslims What Was Said of the Jews:” Popes and Canonists Between a Taxonomy of Otherness andInfidelitas
Authors: Stantchev Stefan K.
Published: February 2014

This article analyzes the targets of papal policies on Christians' relations with non-(Roman)Christians contained in canon law'sOn Jews, Saracens, and Their Servantsin a historical period that has attracted comparatively little attention: the mid-thirteenth to the late fifteenth century. It argues the inherent ambiguity of the normative discourse on “proper” relations with “infidels.” On the one hand, popes and canonists faithfully preserved a taxonomy of otherness inherited from the church's ancient past. On the other hand, they often reduced all difference to the pastoral distinction between flock and “infidels.” The conflation of non-Christians occurred in multiple ways: through the explicit extension of a specific policy's targets, overt canonistic discussion, the tacit application of the law to analogous situations, or its simplification for use in the confessional. As a result, a number of policies aimed originally at a specific target were applied to all non-Christians. In the course of the later Middle Ages, a whole group of policies meant to define Christians' proper relations with others became potentially applicable against all non-Christians. In the words of a widely, if regionally disseminated, penitential work, all that was said of the Jews applies to the Muslims and all that was said of heretics, applies to schismatics.
War and Sovereignty in Medieval Roman Law
Authors: Greenwood Ryan
Published: February 2014

The theory of just war in medieval canon law and theology has attracted to it a large body of scholarship, and is recognized as an important foundation for Western approaches to the study of ethics in war. By contrast, the tradition on war in medieval Roman law has not received much attention, although it developed doctrines that are distinct from those in canon law and theology. The oversight is notable because medieval Roman law on war influenced subsequent tradition, forming with canon law the essential basis for early modern legal thought on war and peace. While the main canonistic contributions to legal theory on war came in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Roman jurists added new opinion in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which can be related to the political life of Italy and to the growth of the independent cities. By the fourteenth century, Roman lawyers (or civilians) often considered licit war from a secular and pragmatic perspective, and associated a right of war with sovereignty. Here, I would like to trace the development of this theory, from roughly 1250 to 1450, and particularly a view that sovereigns licitly judged the justice of their own causes, as a remedy for a lack of superior authority.
Presence ofSalmonellaspp.,Yersinia enterocolitica,Yersinia pseudotuberculosisandEscherichia coliO157:H7 in wild boars
Authors: SANNÖ A. , ASPÁN A. , HESTVIK G. , JACOBSON M.
Published: February 2014

The European wild boar populations are growing and spreading to new areas, which might constitute a threat to public health, since wild boar can harbour pathogens with the potential to cause serious illness in humans. Tonsils, ileocaecal lymph nodes and faecal samples were collected from 88 Swedish wild boars and analysed for the presence of the zoonotic pathogensSalmonellaspp.,Yersinia enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosisand enterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157:H7 (EHEC). A combination of cultivation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was used and overall, 20% of sampled individuals tested positive forY. enterocolitica, 20% forY. pseudotuberculosisand 10% forSalmonellaspp. A total of 41% of sampled individuals tested positive for one or more of these three pathogens. No EHEC were detected. Samples PCR-positive forSalmonellaspp. were cultivated further and six isolates were obtained, belonging toSalmonella entericasubspeciesentericaand subspeciesdiarizone. The pathogens were most commonly detected in tonsil samples.
Conservation challenges of a sink: the viability of an isolated population of the Snowy Plover
Authors: EBERHART-PHILLIPS LUKE J. , COLWELL MARK A.
Published: February 2014

Source-sink dynamics are easily overlooked when formulating recovery objectives for threatened species. This could lead to unrealistic criteria imposed on sink populations, which in turn might restrict an entire metapopulation from being delisted. Therefore, an understanding of the viability of subpopulations within the context of a metapopulation is needed to develop appropriate recovery objectives. Consequently, we used 11 years of mark-recapture, productivity, and movement data to analyse the viability of a small, geographically isolated population of the Snowy PloverCharadrius nivosus, a shorebird listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Simulations confirmed that the focal population in northern California is a sink that relies upon immigrants from neighbouring populations. Furthermore, these source populations will increase within the next 50 years and are likely to achieve the delisting requirements. However, the northern California population is unlikely to reach the delisting criteria given the current vital rate estimations. Management scenarios demonstrated that lethal predator removal and reducing human disturbance facilitate population recovery and may partially alleviate the reliance upon immigration. However, the use of nest exclosures reduced population growth because they are known to compromise adult survival. These results highlight the importance of maintaining viable source populations and re-evaluating the recovery objectives of metapopulations with active sinks.
Measuring the success of prescriptivism: quantitative grammaticography, corpus linguistics and the progressive passive
Authors: ANDERWALD LIESELOTTE
Published: February 2014

This article connects the quantitative study of grammaticography with a more traditional corpus-linguistic investigation of the progressive passive. Based on a careful analysis of over 250 grammars of English published during the nineteenth century in Britain and the US, I will try to answer the question whether prescriptivism has had any influence on purported differences between British and American English in the rise of the progressive passive. This article will argue that text-type sensitivity is the overriding factor determining the occurrence of the progressive passive in the nineteenth century, rather than national differences between British and American English. Prescriptive comments during the nineteenth century did not influence developments in American English significantly. However, during the 1950s modern-style prescriptivism can be shown to have massive effects on American newspaper language. Combining quantitative historical grammaticography and corpus-linguistic studies can thus extend our insights into the factors that influence language change.
The emergence of English reflexive verbs: an analysis based on theOxford English Dictionary
Authors: SIEMUND PETER
Published: February 2014

Present-Day English is generally assumed to possess only a handful of lexicalized reflexive verbs (absent oneself from,pride oneself on, etc.) and to use reflexive pronouns neither for the marking of motion middles nor the derivation of anticausative (decausative) verbs. Such middle uses of reflexive markers (non-argument reflexives) are widespread in other European languages. Based on corpus evidence, Geniušienė (1987), Peitsara (1997) and Siemund (2010) demonstrate that English reflexive pronouns do occur in these functions and offer extensive lists of the verbs involved. I here follow up the historical development of these verbs from Middle English to Present-Day English. My analysis is based on a survey of the relevant verb entries in theOxford English Dictionary(222 verbs), complemented by an examination of theOEDquotation base. My study shows that the number of reflexive verbs in English has gradually, but steadily, increased since the emergence of complex reflexives (myself,yourself, etc.) in Middle English. They often result from lexicalization processes, but the data also show more regular patterns indicative of grammatical processes. TheOxford English Dictionaryproves to be a rich and highly valuable data source for carrying out serious grammatical analyses.
Conjuncts in nineteenth-century English: diachronic development and genre diversity
Authors: GRUND PETER J. , SMITTERBERG ERIK
Published: February 2014

This article explores the use of connective adverbials orconjuncts(e.g.therefore,on the other hand,firstly) in nineteenth-century English. Drawing onA Corpus of Nineteenth-Century English(CONCE), the study focuses on charting change over time and variation among different genres, and considers the distribution of various semantic types (e.g. contrastive, resultive) as well as individual conjuncts and author styles. We show that nineteenth-century English displays considerable genre differentiation in the use of conjuncts, both in terms of frequency and semantic types of conjuncts employed. Within these larger trends, patterns are also evident for individual conjuncts (e.g.now,therefore,so) and individual authors (e.g. in Letters). Science writing, in particular, reveals a drastic increase in conjuncts (in nearly all semantic types), which sets it apart from other genres. This suggests that the conjunct-heavy style of academic writing that has been attested in studies of Present-Day English was established in the nineteenth century. On a more general level, this result underlines the importance of considering formal genres when charting language change, as they may be in the forefront of the formation of new linguistic patterns that are unique to written texts. The article also contributes to our growing understanding of Late Modern English syntax.
Non-lyadverbs in preverbal position: the case offast
Authors: GUZ WOJCIECH
Published: February 2014

English adverbs are often classified according to the range of positions that are available to them. One such group includes items which allegedly can only occupy the VP-final position. These are typically non-lyadverbs such ashard,wellandfast. However, although counterexamples to this claim can be found in corpora, few attempts have been made to reconsider the distributional characteristics of these adverbs. This article therefore offers a corpus-based analysis of the adverbfast, whose preverbal occurrence has so far been largely ignored. The analysis seeks to establish the extent – expressed quantitatively – to whichfastis found in this position. We also explore the typical contexts of preverbalfastand investigate factors which may be responsible for the variation between preverbal and postverbal positions. We show that the nature of these factors may be genre-related, lexico-grammatical, syntactic, semantic or pragmatic, and that adverb position may be determined by a combination of these factors.
The development and evaluation of a multimedia resource for family carers of patients receiving palliative care: A consumer-led project
Authors: Thomas Kristina , Moore Gaye
Published: February 2014

Objective:

Previous intervention research has shown that group education sessions for carers are effective but not always feasible due to the demands of the caregiving role and the difficulty in getting carers to attend. This project was a consumer-led research initiative to develop and evaluate a multimedia resource (DVD) providing information and support for carers of people receiving palliative care.

Method:

Eight carers were recruited from a community palliative care service to form a steering committee for the project. In collaboration with two researchers, the committee discussed the topics that would be included in the resource, developed an interview guide, participated in the filmed interviews, and developed the evaluation program. The steering committee participated in a focus group as part of the evaluation to elicit their experiences of the project. An evaluation was conducted that included the following: questionnaires for 29 carers and 17 palliative care health professionals; follow-up telephone interviews with carers; a focus group with health professionals; and a focus group with the Carer Steering Committee.

Results:

The carers and health professionals reported that the DVD was informative (93 and 94%, respectively), realistic (96 and 88%), supportive (93 and 88%), and helpful (83 and 100%). All health professionals and carers reported that they would recommend the resource to carers. Carers on the steering committee reported substantial benefits that involved the opportunity to help others and to openly discuss and reflect on their experiences.

Significance of Results:

This is an important resource that can be utilized to support family carers and introduce palliative care. Currently, 1500 copies have been distributed to palliative care services and professionals nationwide and is available online at centreforpallcare.org/index.php/resources/carer_dvd/. Development of this DVD represents a strong collaboration between carers and researchers to produce a resource that is informative, supportive, and meaningful.
Galectin-1 stimulates motility of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells by downregulation of smad2/3-dependent collagen 3/5 and upregulation of NF-κB-dependent fibronectin/laminin 5 expression
Authors: Yun S P , Lee S-J , Jung Y H , Han H J
Published: February 2014

Galectin-1 (Gal-1) belongs to a family of endogenous lectins with conserved carbohydrate recognition domains bindingβ-galactosidase sugars and plays a vital role in regulating stem cell functions including determination of cell fate. However, our understanding of the functional roles of Gal-1 in human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) is still fragmentary and incomplete. Gal-1 significantly increased motility after a 24-h incubation, and this effect was inhibited byβ-lactose. We analyzed 17 extracellular matrix (ECM) genes in UCB-MSCs. Gal-1 decreased the expression of collagen genesCOL3A1(COL-3) andCOL5A1(COL-5) but increased the expression of fibronectin (FN) and laminin 5 (LM-5), that were reversed byβ-lactose. Gal-1 increased protein kinase C (PKC), c-Src, and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) phosphorylation that was attenuated byβ-lactose and the Src inhibitor PP2. In addition, pretreatment with the lipid raft disruptor Mβ-CD and the PKC inhibitors inhibited Gal-1-induced UCB-MSC motility. In addition, Gal-1 reduced smad2/3 phosphorylation and induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB phosphorylation. Pretreatment with Mβ-CD attenuated Gal-1-reduced smad2/3 phosphorylation, COL-3, and COL-5 expression but did not affect NF-κB phosphorylation, FN, or LM-5 expression. In contrast, PKC inhibitors only attenuated NF-κB phosphorylation, FN, and LM-5 expression. Reconstructing Gal-1-induced genetic changes by replacing it with siRNA specific forCOL-3orCOL-5, or treatment of the cells with FN and LM-5 proteins, increased motility and its related proteins such as focal adhesion kinase, Akt, Erk, integrins, and matrix metalloproteinase-2. A combined treatment withCOL-3/COL-5siRNA or FN/LM-5 compared with that of single treatments was synergistic. However, a single Gal-1 treatment maximally stimulated motility and related protein phosphorylation/expression. These results demonstrate that Gal-1 stimulated human UCB-MSC motility by decreasing COL-3/COL-5 expression and increasing FN/LM-5 expression through a PKC-dependent NF-κB and c-Src/Cav-1-dependent smad2/3 pathway that was critical for governing the activation of FAK, Akt, Erk, integrins, and MMP2.
Life in an unusual intracellular niche: a bacterial symbiont infecting the nucleus of amoebae
Authors: Schulz Frederik , Lagkouvardos Ilias , Wascher Florian , Aistleitner Karin , Kostanjšek Rok , Horn Matthias
Published: February 2014

Amoebae serve as hosts for various intracellular bacteria, including human pathogens. These microbes are able to overcome amoebal defense mechanisms and successfully establish a niche for replication, which is usually the cytoplasm. Here, we report on the discovery of a bacterial symbiont that is located inside the nucleus of its Hartmannella sp. host. This symbiont, tentatively named ‘Candidatus Nucleicultrix amoebiphila’, is only moderately related to known bacteria (∼90% 16S and 23S rRNA sequence similarity) and member of a novel clade of protist symbionts affiliated with the Rickettsiales and Rhodospirillales. Screening of 16S rRNA amplicon data sets revealed a broad distribution of these bacteria in freshwater and soil habitats. ‘Candidatus Nucleicultrix amoebiphila’ traffics within 6 h post infection to the host nucleus. Maximum infection levels are reached after 96–120 h, at which time point the nucleus is pronouncedly enlarged and filled with bacteria. Transmission of the symbionts occurs vertically upon host cell division but may also occur horizontally through host cell lysis. Although we observed no impact on the fitness of the original Hartmannella sp. host, the bacteria are rather lytic for Acanthamoeba castellanii. Intranuclear symbiosis is an exceptional phenomenon, and amoebae represent an ideal model system to further investigate evolution and underlying molecular mechanisms of these unique microbial associations.
Ultrasonic force microscopy for nanomechanical characterization of early and late-stage amyloid-β peptide aggregation
Authors: Tinker-Mill Claire , Mayes Jennifer , Allsop David , Kolosov Oleg V.
Published: February 2014

The aggregation of amyloid-β peptides into protein fibres is one of the main neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While imaging of amyloid-β aggregate morphology in vitro is extremely important for understanding AD pathology and in the development of aggregation inhibitors, unfortunately, potentially highly toxic, early aggregates are difficult to observe by current electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods, due to low contrast and variability of peptide attachment to the substrate. Here, we use a poly-L-Lysine (PLL) surface that captures all protein components from monomers to fully formed fibres, followed by nanomechanical mapping via ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM), which marries high spatial resolution and nanomechanical contrast with the non-destructive nature of tapping mode AFM. For the main putative AD pathogenic component, Aβ1-42, the PLL-UFM approach reveals the morphology of oligomers, protofibrils and mature fibres and finds that a fraction of small oligomers is still present at later stages of fibril assembly.
Certification of water content in NMIJ CRM 4222-a, water standard solution 0.1 mg g−1, by coulometric and volumetric Karl Fischer titration
Authors: Inagaki Shinsuke , Asakai Toshiaki , Numata Masahiko , Hanari Nobuyasu , Ishikawa Keiichiro , Kitanaka Kouji , Hagiwara Masaharu , Kotaki Shuichi
Published: February 2014

The precise determination of water content is a very important issue and in high demand in many fields.
Regioselective synthesis of oxazole derivatives via palladium-catalyzed and copper-mediated cascade oxidative cyclization
Authors: Zheng Jia , Zhang Min , Huang Liangbin , Hu Xiaohan , Wu Wanqing , Huang Huawen , Jiang Huangfeng
Published: February 2014

A novel Pd-catalyzed/Cu-mediated oxidative cyclization to synthesize oxazoles via cascade formation of C–N and C–O bonds has been developed.
Morphology development of GaN nanowires using a pulsed-mode MOCVD growth technique
Authors: Jung Byung Oh , Bae Si-Young , Kato Yoshihiro , Imura Masataka , Lee Dong-Seon , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we demonstrate a scalable process for the precise position-controlled selective growth of GaN nanowire arrays by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using a pulsed-mode growth technique.
Structural library of coordination polymers based on flexible linkers exploiting the role of linker coordination angle: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties
Authors: Tripuramallu Bharat Kumar , Manna Paulami , Das Samar K.
Published: February 2014

The linker coordination angles observed in the crystal structures of a new series of coordination polymers of flexible linkers, are correlated with their dimensionality and topology.
Phycocyanobilin in solution – a solvent triggered molecular switch
Authors: Watermann Tobias , Elgabarty Hossam , Sebastiani Daniel
Published: February 2014

The chromophore phycocyanobilin changes its spectroscopic behaviour upon solvent change. Our calculations trace this effect back to conformational switching, induced by changes in the hydrogen bonding pattern.
Electron induced single strand break and cyclization: a DFT study on the radiosensitization mechanism of the nucleotide of 8-bromoguanine
Authors: Chomicz Lidia , Furmanchuk Al'ona , Leszczynski Jerzy , Rak Janusz
Published: February 2014

The radiosensitization mechanism of 8-bromoguanosine is studied on its 3′,5′-diphosphate. Electron attachment to the nucleotide results in phosphodiester bond breakage or the 5′,8-cycloguanosine lesion.
Doped graphene for metal-free catalysis
Authors: Kong Xiang-Kai , Chen Chang-Le , Chen Qian-Wang
Published: February 2014

This review covers the latest advances in doped graphene for metal-free catalysis.
Oleylamine as a beneficial agent for the synthesis of CoFe2O4nanoparticles with potential biomedical uses
Authors: Georgiadou Violetta , Kokotidou Chrysoula , Le Droumaguet Benjamin , Carbonnier Benjamin , Choli-Papadopoulou Theodora , Dendrinou-Samara Catherine
Published: February 2014

Solvothermally synthesized oleylamine-coated CoFe2O4-NPs, exhibiting NMR relaxometric properties, were modified by click chemistry and interacted with cell lines.
Atmospheric deposition of phosphorus to land and freshwater
Authors: Tipping E. , Benham S. , Boyle J. F. , Crow P. , Davies J. , Fischer U. , Guyatt H. , Helliwell R. , Jackson-Blake L. , Lawlor A. J. , Monteith D. T. , Rowe E. C. , Toberman H.
Published: February 2014

Newly-obtained and published data on phosphorus deposition were evaluated to make a global budget, assess bioavailability and spatial and temporal variation, and consider which ecosystems might depend upon atmospheric inputs.
Complex molecule formation around massive young stellar objects
Authors: Öberg Karin I. , Fayolle Edith C. , Reiter John B. , Cyganowski Claudia
Published: February 2014

Interstellar complex organic molecules were first identified in the hot inner regions of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs), but have more recently been found in many colder sources, indicating that complex molecules can form at a range of temperatures. However, individually these observations provide limited constraints on how complex molecules form, and whether the same formation pathways dominate in cold, warm and hot environments. To address these questions, we use spatially resolved observations from the Submillimeter Array of three MYSOs together with mostly unresolved literature data to explore how molecular ratios depend on environmental parameters, especially temperature. Towards the three MYSOs, we find multiple complex organic emission peaks characterized by different molecular compositions and temperatures. In particular, CH3CCH and CH3CN seem to always trace a lukewarm (T ≈ 60 K) and a hot (T > 100 K) complex chemistry, respectively. These spatial trends are consistent with abundance–temperature correlations of four representative complex organics – CH3CCH, CH3CN, CH3OCH3 and CH3CHO – in a large sample of complex molecule hosts mined from the literature. Together, these results indicate a general chemical evolution with temperature, i.e. that new complex molecule formation pathways are activated as a MYSO heats up. This is qualitatively consistent with model predictions. Furthermore, these results suggest that ratios of complex molecules may be developed into a powerful probe of the evolutionary stage of a MYSO, and may provide information about its formation history.
Advances in elucidating mechanochemical complexities via implementation of a simple organic system
Authors: Michalchuk Adam A. L. , Tumanov Ivan A. , Drebushchak Valeri A. , Boldyreva Elena V.
Published: February 2014

Mechanochemistry is becoming increasingly popular amongst both the academic and industrial communities as an alternative method for inducing physical and chemical reactions. Despite its rapidly expanding application, little is understood of its mechanisms, greatly limiting its capacity. In the present work the application of specialty devices allowed submission of the simple organic system, α-glycine + β-malonic acid, to isolated shearing and impact treatment. In doing so, unique products were observed to result from each of these major mechanical actions; shear inducing formation of the known salt, glycinium semi-malonate (GSM), and impact yielding formation of a novel phase. Correlation of these isolated treatments with a more common ball mill indicated two unique regions within the milling jar, each characterised by varying ratios of shear and impact, leading to different products being observed. It is widely accepted that, particularly when considering organic systems, mechanical treatment often acts by inducing increases in local temperature, leading to volatilisation or melting. A combination of DSC and TGA were used to investigate the role of temperature on the system in question. Invariably, heating induced formation of GSM, with evidence supporting a eutectic melt, rather than a gas-phase reaction. Shear heating alone is unable to describe formation of the novel phase obtained through impact treatment. By considering the formation and character of mechanically produced tablets, a model is described that may account for formation of this novel phase. This system and methodology for mechanochemical study offers intriguing opportunities for continued study of this widely used and exciting field.
The chemistry and biology of the α-ketoglutarate-dependent histoneNε-methyl-lysine demethylases
Authors: Zheng Weiping , Huang Yajun
Published: February 2014

This review describes the current knowledge of the chemistry and biology of the physiologically and therapeutically important histone/proteinNε-methyl-lysine demethylation reactions catalyzed by the JMJD2 and JARID1 families of the α-ketoglutarate-dependent demethylases.
Tuning the nuclearity of iron(iii) polynuclear clusters by using tetradentate Schiff-base ligands
Authors: Abhervé Alexandre , Clemente-Juan Juan Modesto , Clemente-León Miguel , Coronado Eugenio , Boonmak Jaursup , Youngme Sujittra
Published: February 2014

Three novel octanuclear, hexanuclear and tetranuclear complexes of high-spin Fe(iii) ions were obtained by the reaction of the N,N′-bis-(1R-imidazol-4-ylmethylene)-ethane-1,2-diamine ligand (R = H, CH3) and its derivatives with Fe(ClO4)3·6H2O and KSCN.
Cu2−xSe@mSiO2–PEG core–shell nanoparticles: a low-toxic and efficient difunctional nanoplatform for chemo-photothermal therapy under near infrared light radiation with a safe power density
Authors: Liu Xijian , Wang Qian , Li Chun , Zou Rujia , Li Bo , Song Guosheng , Xu Kaibing , Zheng Yun , Hu Junqing
Published: February 2014

A difunctional nanoplatform based on the Cu2−xSe@mSiO2–PEG core–shell nanoparticles demonstrates an excellent biocompatibility and can be used for combining photothermal- and chemotherapies driven by NIR light.
Structure disorder of graphitic carbon nitride induced by liquid-assisted grinding for enhanced photocatalytic conversion
Authors: Wang Xue Lu , Fang Wen Qi , Yang Shuang , Liu Pengfei , Zhao Huijun , Yang Hua Gui
Published: February 2014

Graphitic-C3N4 with disordered structure was processed for the first time by a liquid-assisted planetary ball milling approach.
Glycopolymers with secondary binding motifs mimic glycan branching and display bacterial lectin selectivity in addition to affinity
Authors: Jones M. W. , Otten L. , Richards S.-J. , Lowery R. , Phillips D. J. , Haddleton D. M. , Gibson M. I.
Published: February 2014

Polymer architecture is exploited as an alternative to glycan synthesis to enhance selectivity towards pathogenic lectins.
Development and understanding of cobaloxime activity through electrochemical molecular catalyst screening
Authors: Wakerley David W. , Reisner Erwin
Published: February 2014

Electrochemical molecular catalyst screening (EMoCS) has been developed.
Halogen-bonding in a new family of tris(haloanilato)metallate(iii) magnetic molecular building blocks
Authors: Atzori Matteo , Artizzu Flavia , Sessini Elisa , Marchiò Luciano , Loche Danilo , Serpe Angela , Deplano Paola , Concas Giorgio , Pop Flavia , Avarvari Narcis , Laura Mercuri Maria
Published: February 2014

Here we report on new tris(haloanilato)metallate(iii) complexes with general formula [M(X2An)3]3−, their crystal structures, DFT calculations and magnetic properties.
Reversible CO2 binding triggered by metal–ligand cooperation in a rhenium(i) PNP pincer-type complex and the reaction with dihydrogen
Authors: Vogt Matthias , Nerush Alexander , Diskin-Posner Yael , Ben-David Yehoshoa , Milstein David
Published: February 2014

Metal–ligand cooperation in a rhenium PNP pincer complex gives rise to the reversible activation of CO2 and H2 and the efficient catalytic decomposition of formic acid under base-free conditions.
Uptake of one and two molecules of CO2 by the molybdate dianion: a soluble, molecular oxide model system for carbon dioxide fixation
Authors: Knopf Ioana , Ono Takashi , Temprado Manuel , Tofan Daniel , Cummins Christopher C.
Published: February 2014

Herein we report the finding that molybdate absorbs not just one but two equivalents of CO2 (the second, reversibly) together with complete characterization including single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the resulting mono- and dicarbonate complexes.
When to Recommend Intervention
Authors: Olswang Lesley B. , Bain Barbara A.
Published: February 2014

The first treatment efficacy decision that faces the clinician is deciding when a child with language impairments can benefit from intervention. This article reviews the critical issues that influence this decision and recommends a data-based approach to answering the question. Three procedures (profiling, dynamic assessment, and tracking/monitoring) are recommended as the tools for helping speech-language pathologists make informed decisions about when children might best benefit from intervention.
Development and Content Validation of the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool (Pedi-EAT)
Authors: Thoyre Suzanne M. , Pados Britt F. , Park Jinhee , Estrem Hayley , Hodges Eric A. , McComish Cara , Van Riper Marcia , Murdoch Kimberly
Published: February 2014

Purpose

In this article, the authors describe the development and content validation of a parent-report measure of problematic eating behaviors: the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool (Pedi-EAT).

Method

In Phase I, items were generated from parents' descriptions of problematic feeding behaviors of children, review of literature, and review of existing eating-related instruments. In Phase II, interdisciplinary experts on pediatric eating behaviors rated the items for clarity and relevance using content validity indices (CVI) and provided feedback on the comprehensiveness of the instrument. In Phases III and IV, 2 groups of parents of children with and without feeding difficulties participated in cognitive interviews to gain respondent feedback on content, format, and item interpretation. The authors analyzed interviews using matrix display strategies.

Results

Experts rated the total scale CVI > .90 for both relevance and clarity; item CVI ranged from .67 to 1.0 for relevance and .5 to 1.0 for clarity. Analysis of each item with low scores, along with experts' and parents' feedback, resulted in refinement of the items, scoring options, and directions. Experts and parents added additional items. Readability after refinements was acceptable at less than a 5th-grade level.

Conclusion

The Pedi-EAT was systematically developed and content validated with input from researchers, clinicians, and parents.
Performance of Younger and Older Adults on Tests of Word Knowledge and Word Retrieval: Independence or Interdependence of Skills?
Authors: Kavé Gitit , Yafé Ronit
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between vocabulary knowledge and word retrieval in younger and older adults.

Method

Three tests of word retrieval and 2 tests of word knowledge were administered to 140 Hebrew-speaking adults, half of whom were younger (
M
age
= 24.20 years) and half of whom were older (
M
age
= 74.83 years).

Results

Younger adults outperformed older adults on tests of retrieval, whereas older adults outperformed younger adults on tests of vocabulary, and no association was found between the 2 skills across the entire sample. Once age and education were taken into account, both skills contributed to the prediction of each other and were similarly related within each group. Older adults performed equally well when required to produce and recognize word meanings, whereas younger adults were better at recognition than at production.

Conclusions

Older age is associated with better knowledge and with retrieval difficulties, yet individual differences in vocabulary within each age group affect level of retrieval, and variability in search skills affects performance on vocabulary tests. Although the assessment of vocabulary is not free of retrieval demands, older adults as a group are more successful than are younger adults at producing word definitions, most likely because their knowledge is more complete.
Use of the Children's Communication Checklist—2 for Classification of Language Impairment Risk in Young School-Age Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Timler Geralyn R.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at elevated risk for language impairment (LI). This study examined the feasibility of using the Children's Communication Checklist—2 (CCC–2; Bishop, 2006) to classify risk for LI in young children, ages 5–8 years, with ADHD.

Method

Parents of 32 children with ADHD and 12 typically developing peers completed the CCC–2. The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition (Semel, Wiig, & Secord, 2003) and the Test of Narrative Language (Gillam & Pearson, 2004) were administered to diagnose LI. Language samples were collected to examine clinical markers of LI.

Results

CCC–2 General Communication Composite scores ≤ 85 correctly classified 10 participants with ADHD diagnosed with LI as defined by composite scores ≤ 85 on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition, or on the Test of Narrative Language. Five of these participants demonstrated 1 or more clinical markers of LI in language samples. Three additional participants, who received a General Communication Composite score ≤ 85 yet scored above 85 on the language tests, demonstrated CCC–2 profiles suggestive of pragmatic impairment. Sensitivity and specificity rates were 100% and 85.29%, respectively. CCC–2 scores and most measures were significantly correlated.

Conclusion

The results support the feasibility of using the CCC–2 as a screener to identify children with ADHD who are at elevated risk for LI and need referral for comprehensive assessment.
Audiological Abnormalities in Patients With Turner Syndrome
Authors: Oliveira Conceição Silva , Ribeiro Francine Mendonça , Lago Renata , Alves Crésio
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, type, and severity of hearing impairment in patients with Turner syndrome (TS) and to determine whether these characteristics correlated with the patient karyotype and age.

Method

This was a cross-sectional prospective study. The participants underwent an audiological evaluation, including pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and acoustic immittance measures.

Results

This study included 52 patients with TS (mean age = 19 years,
SD
= 6 years, range = 7–37 years). The majority of these patients had a decline in pure-tone thresholds at 8000 Hz, and most also had mild to moderate hearing loss. Most patients had normal tympanometric results. More than 80% of patients had acoustic reflexes present at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz frequencies bilaterally, but less than 50% of the patients displayed an acoustic reflex at 4000 Hz bilaterally. The hearing loss was more prevalent in patients with a 45,X karyotype and isochromosomes as compared to patients with mosaicism.

Conclusion

The results showed that TS patients with a 45,X karyotype and isochromosomes with loss of the p-arm of the X chromosome had a greater risk of developing hearing loss than patients with mosaicism. There was a linear association between hearing loss and age in these patients.
Understanding the Speech-Understanding Problems of Older Adults
Authors: Humes Larry E.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this article was to review recent research from our laboratory on the speech-understanding problems of older adults.

Method

The method involved a narrative review of previously reported data from our laboratory.

Conclusion

To date, the results from most of our studies have indicated that peripheral and cognitive factors are the primary contributors to the speech-understanding problems of older adults, with the relative mix of these 2 factors changing for unaided (primarily peripheral) and aided (primarily cognitive) listening conditions.
Hearing Status in Older Persons: A Significant Determinant of Depression and Loneliness? Results From the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
Authors: Pronk Marieke , Deeg Dorly J. H. , Kramer Sophia E.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

In this study, the authors' aims were to (a) determine the longitudinal relationships between baseline hearing status and 4-year follow-up depression and loneliness in an older population and (b) investigate possible differences across subgroups in these relationships.

Method

The authors used data from 2 waves of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (4-year follow-up, baseline ages 63–93 years). Sample sizes were 996 (self-report analyses) and 830 (speech-in-noise test analyses). The authors used multiple linear regression analyses to assess the associations between baseline hearing status and 4-year follow-up of depression, social loneliness, and emotional loneliness. Hearing was measured by self-report and by a speech-in-noise test. Age, gender, hearing aid use, baseline depression or loneliness, and relevant confounders and effect modifiers were incorporated.

Results

Both hearing measures showed significant associations with loneliness (
p
< .05), but these effects were confined to specific subgroups of older persons. For instance, adverse effects were confined to nonusers of hearing aids (self-report, social loneliness model) and men (self-report and speech-in-noise test, emotional-loneliness model). No significant effects appeared for depression.

Conclusion

Significant adverse effects of poor hearing on loneliness were found for specific subgroups of older persons. In future research, investigators should further examine the subgroup effects observed. Eventually, this may contribute to the development of tailored prevention programs.
State and Territory EHDI Databases: What We Do and Don't Know About the Hearing or Audiological Data From Identified Children
Authors: Uhler Kristin , Thomson Vickie , Cyr Nicole , Gabbard Sandra Abbott , Yoshinaga-Itano Christine
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to define the information currently collected by state and territory Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) coordinators and to determine whether best practice guidelines are used.

Method

A multiple-choice electronic survey querying areas of diagnostic assessment, amplification, early intervention (EI) and medical information regarding hearing loss was sent to all state and territory EHDI coordinators.

Results

Seventy percent of surveys were completed. Diagnostic, amplification, and Part C services were tracked by the majority of respondents. Additionally, medical prenatal and postnatal risks were collected.

Conclusion

Data collected on audiologic screening and diagnostic evaluations has increased. On the basis of these results, it is difficult to discern whether best practices are being used for each child. A delay in reporting a confirmed hearing loss was observed. Amplification results suggest that systems are not in place to ensure consistency and accountability for fitting amplification in infants. The results of this survey identified audiologic and EI information tracked by states to help provide a framework to monitor quality care in the future.
The Effects of Digital Signal Processing Features on Children's Speech Recognition and Loudness Perception
Authors: Crukley Jeffery , Scollie Susan D.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of hearing instruments set to Desired Sensation Level version 5 (DSL v5) hearing instrument prescription algorithm targets and equipped with directional microphones and digital noise reduction (DNR) on children's sentence recognition in noise performance and loudness perception in a classroom environment.

Method

Ten children (ages 8–17 years) with stable, congenital sensorineural hearing losses participated in the study. Participants were fitted bilaterally with behind-the-ear hearing instruments set to DSL v5 prescriptive targets. Sentence recognition in noise was evaluated using the Bamford–Kowal–Bench Speech in Noise Test (Niquette et al., 2003). Loudness perception was evaluated using a modified version of the Contour Test of Loudness Perception (Cox, Alexander, Taylor, & Gray, 1997).

Results

Children's sentence recognition in noise performance was significantly better when using directional microphones alone or in combination with DNR than when using omnidirectional microphones alone or in combination with DNR. Children's loudness ratings for sounds above 72 dB SPL were lowest when fitted with the DSL v5 Noise prescription combined with directional microphones. DNR use showed no effect on loudness ratings.

Conclusion

Use of the DSL v5 Noise prescription with a directional microphone improved sentence recognition in noise performance and reduced loudness perception ratings for loud sounds relative to a typical clinical reference fitting with the DSL v5 Quiet prescription with no digital signal processing features enabled. Potential clinical strategies are discussed.