bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflect, Research, Revise
Authors: Barnitt Rosemary
Published: April 2015

A keynote lecture, given on 21 July 1999 at the 23rd Annual Conference of the College of Occupational Therapists, held at the University of Uverpool.
A Structure for Recording Qualitative Observations associated with a Paediatric Assessment
Authors: Sturges Jennifer
Published: April 2015

Occupational therapists often need to report their observations of the client's behaviours and emotional responses during an assessment procedure. This is because the observations are useful clinically and have relevance to the strengths, needs and goals of clients and/or because the observations may qualify information obtained from a more formal assessment. Sometimes these observations are needed during research. Therapists are cautious in reporting this type of material, which may be clinically relevant but does not easily conform to conventional notions of objective data. Formalising methods of recording these observations may increase confidence in reporting.

A method of recording qualitative observations of behaviours, associated with the administration of a self-report questionnaire for young children, was devised. This method was used with 72 children, not referred for therapy, as part of a project to develop a self-report play questionnaire.

This paper describes the terms selected and the structure devised for recording qualitative observations. The effectiveness of the terms and structure in the research situation with a play questionnaire is reported. Suggestions about their possible value for use with existing paediatric assessments are given. A standard method of recording frequency and types of behavioural and emotional responses during assessment might provide a useful resource for therapists.
The Short-Term Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Elastic Properties of the Carotid Artery and the Aorta in Epileptic Children
Authors: Doksöz Önder , Güzel Orkide , Yılmaz Ünsal , İşgüder Rana , Çeleğen Kübra , Meşe Timur , Uysal Utku
Published: April 2015

The aim of this prospective study is to investigate the effect of a 6-month-long ketogenic diet on carotid intima-media thickness, carotid artery, and aortic vascular functions. Thirty-eight drug-resistant epileptic patients who were being treated with ketogenic diet were enrolled. Fasting total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and glucose concentrations were measured and echocardiography was performed in all patients before the beginning of ketogenic diet and at the sixth month of treatment. The body weight, height, body mass index, serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein increased significantly at month 6 when compared to baseline values ( P < .05). Carotid intima-media thickness, elastic properties of the aorta, and carotid artery did not change at the sixth month of therapy compared to baseline values. A 6-month-long ketogenic diet has no effect on carotid intima-media thickness and elastic properties of the carotid artery and the aorta.
Pros and Cons of Feeding the Septic Intensive Care Unit Patient
Authors: Fremont Richard D. , Rice Todd W.
Published: April 2015

Sepsis is a common disease seen in critically ill patients. Many patients with sepsis are unable to provide nutrition for themselves, and therefore initiating artificial nutrition has become part of routine care for these patients. However, studies investigating the optimal route, composition, volume, and duration of nutrition in critically ill patients with sepsis are lacking. The best recommendations have to be extrapolated from studies in heterogeneous populations of critically ill patients or in those with syndromes such as acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) where sepsis is a common predisposing etiology. In this review, we summarize pertinent studies that inform clinical practice on providing artificial nutrition to critically ill patients with severe sepsis and make recommendations as to how these studies influence clinical care of these patients.
Investigation of the ultrasonic vibration effect in incremental sheet metal forming process
Authors: Vahdati Mehdi , Mahdavinejad Ramezanali , Amini Saeid
Published: April 2015

The mechanism of incremental sheet metal forming is based on plastic and localized deformation of sheet metal. The sheet metal is formed using a hemispherical-head tool in accordance with the path programmed into the computer numerical control milling machine controller. Experimental and numerical analyses have been performed previously on the application of ultrasonic vibration to various metal forming processes. However, thus far, the effects of ultrasonic vibration on incremental sheet metal forming have not been investigated. This article presents the process of design, analysis, manufacture and testing of a vibrating forming tool for the development of ultrasonic vibration–assisted incremental sheet metal forming. The results obtained from modal analysis and natural frequency measurement of the vibrating tool confirmed the emergence of a longitudinal vibration mode and resonance phenomenon in the forming tool. Then, the effect of ultrasonic vibration on incremental sheet metal forming was studied. The obtained experimental results from the straight groove test on Al 1050-O sheet metals showed that ultrasonic vibration led to decrease in the following parameters as compared with conventional incremental sheet metal forming: applied force on forming tool axis, spring-back and surface roughness of formed sample.
Thickness change and springback of cold roll bonded aluminum/copper clad sheets in air bending process
Authors: Habibi Parsa Mohammad , Mohammadi Seyed Vahid , Mohseni Ehsan
Published: April 2015

In this article, an advanced analytical formulation is developed to predict thickness change of an aluminum/copper clad sheet. Springback analytical formulation is also introduced using the combination of advanced and primary bending theories in air bending process. Experiments were performed to verify analytical results and to investigate the effect of different geometrical parameters such as punch stroke, die opening, punch radius and setting condition on the springback. It was observed that die opening had the most striking effect, while setting condition had a negligible effect on springback. On the other hand, setting condition played a crucial role on thickness change in bent clad sheets. Clad sheet thickened in the Al/Cu setting condition, while in the Cu/Al setting it thinned. Finite element method simulation was also applied to verify analytical predictions of the thickness change and study stress distribution in the layers of the clad sheet. Good correlation was observed between analytical and numerical results.
A modeling approach for contact stiffness of spindle–tool holder based on fractal theory
Authors: Gao Xiangsheng , Wang Min , Zhang Yidu , Zan Tao
Published: April 2015

Elastic connection of spindle–tool holder is one of the weak points of spindle systems. It directly affects dynamic characteristics of machining system. Stiffness modeling of spindle–tool holder is the key problem in dynamic analysis of spindle system. Considering the influence of cutting force, an analytical method combining classic elasticity theory with fractal theory is proposed to estimate the contact stiffness at the spindle–tool holder interface. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by self-designed experiment. An approximate model is proposed to replace finite element model in the processing of identification of contact stiffness of spindle–tool holder in order to save calculation time. On that basis, effects of cutting force on contact stiffness of spindle–tool holder are investigated in this article. The conclusion can be drawn that cutting force has great effect on stiffness of spindle–tool holder. Contact stiffness of spindle–tool holder can be obtained by the method proposed in this research on the premise of not making prototypes or utilizing hammer-hitting pulse-inspirit method. The calculating model and method in this article can be implemented to solve the contact stiffness at the spindle–tool holder during the design stage.
Female anglers in a predominantly male sport: Portrayals in five popular fishing-related magazines
Authors: Carini Robert M , Weber Jonetta D
Published: April 2015

Kim Bain-Moore galvanized public interest as the first female competitor in the 2009 Bassmaster Classic fishing tournament. To examine the extent to which women were depicted by the fishing media during and after this watershed event, as well as how they were portrayed, we analyzed the content of five for-profit, fishing-related magazines from 2009–2012. Female anglers were numerically underrepresented relative to a national estimate of participation in the USA (27%); they were depicted on just 10% of covers and in 9% and 6% of fishing and ‘hero’ images, respectively. Women authored only 1% of feature articles and were often sexualized, noted for physical beauty, or portrayed as obstacles to fishing for men. More positive portrayals included women as experts on fishing or ecology, competent anglers, or valued fishing partners to men. However, the last reinforces fishing as a male-centric activity, particularly when there were virtually no instances of women fishing alone or with other women. Further, the emphasis on the performance ethic in these magazines may dissuade women, who tend to be motivated to fish more by social factors than men. These findings contribute to research on how the media influences the socialization of women in predominantly male sports/leisure.
The value of vengefulness: Reputational incentives for initiating versus reciprocating aggression
Authors: Benard Stephen
Published: April 2015

Why do individuals engage in surprisingly costly aggression? Theory and research suggest that individuals aggress in order to establish a reputation as a strong competitor and thereby deter aggression from others. However, we know little about whether these reputational concerns lead individuals to initiate aggression or instead to reciprocate when challenged. Correspondingly, it is unclear whether initiating or reciprocating aggression provides greater reputational benefits. This study uses a behavioral experiment to investigate these questions and finds that (1) the opportunity to earn a reputation for reciprocating aggression increases aggressive behavior, while the opportunity to earn a reputation for initiating aggression does not; (2) reputations for reciprocating aggression more effectively deter aggression from interaction partners than reputations for initiating aggression; (3) reputations for reciprocating aggression are perceived as more convincing signals of underlying competitive ability than reputations for initiating aggression; and (4) individual competitive ability is an important moderator of the effect of reputation systems on aggressive behavior. The findings clarify the mechanism by which reputation systems promote aggressive behavior and help explain how the type of information available in a reputation system shapes levels of aggression.
Inside the “Black Box” of a Knowledge Translation Program in Applied Health Research
Authors: Heaton Janet , Day Jo , Britten Nicky
Published: April 2015

In this article, we present the findings of a participatory realistic evaluation of a 5-year program of health care research intended to promote the translation of knowledge into routine clinical practice. The program was one of the nine pilot Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care funded by the English National Institute for Health Research between 2008 and 2013. Our aim was to delineate the mechanisms by which, and circumstances in which, some projects carried out under the program achieved success in knowledge translation while others were frustrated. Using qualitative methods, we examined how closer collaboration between academics and clinicians worked in four purposefully chosen case studies. In a synthesis of the findings, we produced a “black box” model of how knowledge translation was enabled by the activation of nine mechanisms. These are summarized in the form of five simple rules for promoting knowledge translation through collaborations based on principles of coproduction.
Using Mixed Methods to Identify and Answer Clinically Relevant Research Questions
Authors: Shneerson Catherine L. , Gale Nicola K.
Published: April 2015

The need for mixed methods research in answering health care questions is becoming increasingly recognized because of the complexity of factors that affect health outcomes. In this article, we argue for the value of using a qualitatively driven mixed method approach for identifying and answering clinically relevant research questions. This argument is illustrated by findings from a study on the self-management practices of cancer survivors and the exploration of one particular clinically relevant finding about higher uptake of self-management in cancer survivors who had received chemotherapy treatment compared with those who have not. A cross-sectional study generated findings that formed the basis for the qualitative study, by informing the purposive sampling strategy and generating new qualitative research questions. Using a quantitative research component to supplement a qualitative study can enhance the generalizability and clinical relevance of the findings and produce detailed, contextualized, and rich answers to research questions that would be unachievable through quantitative or qualitative methods alone.
School Health Services for Children With Special Health Care Needs in California
Authors: Baker Dian L. , Hebbeler Kathleen , Davis-Alldritt Linda , Anderson Lori S. , Knauer Heather
Published: April 2015

Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) are at risk for school failure when their health needs are not met. Current studies have identified a strong connection between school success and health. This study attempted to determine (a) how schools meet the direct service health needs of children and (b) who provides those services. The study used the following two methods: (a) analysis of administrative data from the California Basic Educational Data System and (b) a cross-sectional online survey of 446 practicing California school nurses. Only 43% of California’s school districts employ school nurses. Unlicensed school personnel with a variety of unregulated training provide school health services. There is a lack of identification of CSHCN, and communication barriers impair the ability to deliver care. Study results indicate that California invests minimally in school health services.
Clinical and Economic Impact of Empirical Extended-Infusion Piperacillin-Tazobactam in a Community Medical Center
Authors: Brunetti Luigi , Poustchi Shirin , Cunningham Daniel , Toscani Michael , Nguyen Joanne , Lim Jeremy , Ding Yilun , Nahass Ronald G.
Published: April 2015

Background: Current medical center practice allows for the automatic conversion of all piperacillin/tazobactam orders from intermittent to extended infusion (EI). Objective: To compare the clinical and cost impact of empirical extended-infusion piperacillin/tazobactam. Methods: All consecutive patients treated with piperacillin/tazobactam for >48 hours were reviewed for inclusion. Patients were stratified into 2 groups: (1) traditional infusion (TI), preprotocol implementation, and (2) EI, postprotocol implementation. Patient demographics and primary and secondary diagnoses were extracted from the hospital discharge database. All patients were assessed for the primary end point of all cause 14-day in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay, duration of antibiotic therapy, cost per treatment course, and occurrence of Clostridium difficile infection. Results: A total of 2150 patients were included (EI = 632; TI = 1518). After adjusting for comorbidity, length of stay, and age, 14-day in-hospital mortality was similar between groups (odds ratio = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.85-1.58; P = 0.37). Length of stay was similar between the EI group versus TI (mean ± SD: 12.5 ± 9.58 days vs 11.8 ± 9.58 days, respectively; P = 0.10) after adjusting for age and Chalson-Deyo comorbidity index. Total cost per treatment course was reduced in the EI group by 13% compared with the TI group ($565.90 ± $257.70 vs $648.30 ± $349.20, respectively; P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Automatic substitution of EI for TI piperacillin/tazobactam is safe and associated with significant cost savings. EI piperacillin/tazobactam was not associated with a reduction in mortality or length of stay.
Follow-up on long-term antiretroviral therapy for cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus
Authors: de Oliveira Medeiros Sheila , Abreu Celina Monteiro , Delvecchio Rodrigo , Ribeiro Anísia Praxedes , Vasconcelos Zilton , de Moraes Brindeiro Rodrigo , Tanuri Amilcar
Published: April 2015

Objectives

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that induces AIDS-like disease in cats. Some of the antiretroviral drugs available to treat patients with HIV type 1 are used to treat FIV-infected cats; however, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not used in cats as a long-term treatment. In this study, the effects of long-term ART were evaluated in domestic cats treated initially with the nucleoside transcriptase reverse inhibitor (NTRI) zidovudine (AZT) over a period ranging from 5–6 years, followed by a regimen of the NTRI lamivudine (3TC) plus AZT over 3 years.

Methods

Viral load, sequencing of pol (reverse transcriptase [RT]) region and CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio were evaluated during and after treatment. Untreated cats were evaluated as a control group.

Results

CD4:CD8 ratios were lower, and uncharacterized resistance mutations were found in the RT region in the group of treated cats. A slight increase in viral load was observed in some cats after discontinuing treatment.

Conclusions and relevance

The data strongly suggest that treated cats were resistant to therapy, and uncharacterized resistance mutations in the RT gene of FIV were selected for by AZT. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term antiretroviral therapy in cats. To date, resistance mutations have not been described in vivo.
‘Can you hear me?’ Mobile–radio interactions and governance in Africa
Authors: Gagliardone Iginio
Published: April 2015

The exponential diffusion of mobile phones in Africa and their ability to interact with other media have created new avenues for individuals to interface with power. These forms of engagement, however, have primarily been interpreted through the lenses of the ‘liberation technology’ agenda, which privileges the relationship between citizens and the state, neglecting the variety of actors and networks that intervene in shaping governance processes, alongside or in competition with the state. Through an ethnography of two local radio stations in Kenya, this article offers a more realistic picture of mobile–radio interactions and their repercussions on governance. The findings illustrate that (1) while these interactive spaces are open to all listeners with access to a phone, they are in practice inhabited by small cohorts of recurrent characters often connected to existing power structures; (2) even in places where basic services are offered by actors other than the state, including non-governmental organizations and criminal networks, the state continues to represent the imagined figure to which listeners address most of their demands; (3) in contrast to the expectations that authorities will act on claims and grievances made public through the media, other factors, including ethnicity, intervene in facilitating or preventing action.
Experimental measurements of n-heptane liquid penetration distance and spray cone angle for steady conditions relevant to early direct-injection low-temperature combustion in diesel engines
Authors: Wang Jin , Mirynowski Eileen M , Bittle Joshua A , Fisher Brian T
Published: April 2015

Early direct-injection is a diesel-engine combustion strategy in which fuel is injected early in the compression stroke when in-cylinder temperature and density are both much lower than for conventional operation, increasing the potential for impingement and wall wetting due to slower vaporization of fuel. Quantitative understanding of liquid-phase fuel penetration and dispersion, therefore, is necessary for these conditions in order to avoid problems such as impingement that are counterproductive to advanced combustion strategies. This work reports liquid penetration distances and spray cone angles of n-heptane measured using high-speed imaging of elastic light scattering in a constant-pressure flow vessel. Air temperatures in the constant-pressure flow vessel included well below, near, and well above saturation temperatures of n-heptane, which should provide insight into spray behavior of diesel fuel components for early-injection conditions that also potentially range from below to above saturation. Maximum liquid penetration distances and spray angles were found to be essentially independent of injection pressure and injection duration, as well as air flow velocity, but strongly dependent on thermodynamic properties of the flowing air. Maximum liquid penetration trends with respect to temperature and spray angle trends with respect to density were in qualitative agreement with model predictions, but did not agree with expected quantitative values. In addition, trends of maximum liquid penetration versus density and spray angle versus temperature were either non-existent or in direct opposition to model predictions. Results strongly suggest that well-accepted models, based on mixing-limited vaporization of fuel and ignoring heat and mass transfer of individual droplets, are insufficient for these conditions relevant to early direct-injection.
Divergent mind-sets, convergent policies: Policing models against organized crime in Italy and in England within international frameworks
Authors: Sergi Anna
Published: April 2015

The fight against organized crime is a very fertile ground for policymaking at various levels. On one side, because of the perceived transnationality of the phenomenon, national states are inclined to develop harmonized responses within the European or international law frameworks. On the other side, national conceptualizations and manifestations of organized crime often make these harmonizations quite challenging.

This paper shares the findings of a socio-legal investigation carried out in England and in Italy through interviews and document analysis, comparing the two national models against organized crime. The paper presents these two models – the Italian Structure Model and the English Activity Model, which are very different in many ways – in order to identify divergences and convergences of policies and practices. This comparative exercise not only improves our understanding of national approaches, beyond cultural, linguistic and legal boundaries, but also improves the dialogue towards concerted efforts at the international level.

Nevertheless, the globalization of criminal markets and the internationalization of policies have influenced perceptions of organized crime and related policing tactics at national levels too. This paper will briefly look at international perspectives to assess to what extent divergent and convergent areas between the two models are also areas of interest and focus at the international level, in order to conclude with an enhanced understanding of both models before drawing conclusions.
A microbiological evaluation of SiO2-coated textiles in hospital interiors: The effect of passive coatings on the cleaning potential of interior textiles
Authors: Mogensen Jeppe Emil , Jørgensen Poul-Erik , Thomsen Trine Rolighed
Published: April 2015

The use of passive coatings could be a new solution to improve the cleaning potential of interior textiles in hospitals. In these years, the scepticism toward the use of antibacterial textiles in the health care sector is emerging, and in the Nordic countries, the implementation success is confined. From this perspective, the purpose of this paper is therefore to address focus on alternative passive coatings that without actively killing the bacteria provide a hydrophobic and easy-to-clean textile surface. The paper relates to an in-situ study evaluating the effect and cleaning potential of SiO2-coated textiles compared to traditional textiles and a hard plastic surface as a reference material. Through the study, arranged at an outpatient lung department at Hospital Vendsyssel, Denmark, five different surface materials were installed on hospital chair armrests and sampled with microbiological contact plates through a three-week period. By determining the level of contamination on these surfaces, the study illustrates that the SiO2-coated textile is possible to clean to an acceptable level below the critical limit value of 2,5 Colony Forming Units (CFU) per cm2. In comparison, the traditional textiles were only cleaned to the acceptable level in 56% of the microbiological controls, while the regular hard plastic surface only had acceptable levels of contamination in 25% of the samplings.
The Reconstruction of Morality and the Evolution of Naturalism in The Last of Us
Authors: Green Amy M.
Published: April 2015

The Last of Us plunges gamers into a decimated world, one in which the majority of the human population has succumbed to the Cordyceps fungal infection. Against the crumbling monoliths of human culture, social constructions of morality and culture are explored through the game’s protagonist Joel and the various survivors he encounters. As the narrative unfolds, it asks compelling questions about the nature of morality, the antagonism between the human and natural worlds, and whether or not humanity is worth saving. To this end, the narrative utilizes elements of naturalism and its more modern form, environmental fiction.
Distinctive features of schools in multiple deprived communities in South Africa
Authors: Maringe Felix , Masinire Alfred , Nkambule Thabisile
Published: April 2015

Multiple deprivation affects a large proportion of schools in South Africa. The past 20 years of democracy have tended to focus on reforming education through curricula revision and a raft of redress-directed interventions, through the application of what we call a broad-brush policy approach. The paper argues that a broad-brush policy application fails to recognise the contextualised challenges faced in specific schools. The central purpose of the research was to discover the specific challenges and leadership issues that schools in multiple deprived communities face, and to identify ways in which such schools dealt with these challenges. The research was conducted through a case study approach of three schools in one of the most impoverished provinces of the country. In total 3 principals, 3 parents and 26 teachers were interviewed. The study found that while the three schools shared many similar conditions of poverty that drove the poor to marginal performance, stories of success tended to be strongly related to four key factors: (1) leadership that went beyond an ordinary focus on instruction; (2) staff stability; (3) flexible scheduling that allowed parental involvement; and (4) a focus on a school-wide project that acted as a rallying point and a source of pride for the entire school. The paper identifies asset-based leadership and servant leadership approaches as generative in schools facing multiple deprivation. The paper concludes with a call for more school-based improvement initiatives that seek to interrogate the impact of factors of multiple deprivation, and a broad policy redirection towards school improvement rather than educational reform, which has been the focus in the past 20 years.
Leading schools in circumstances of multiple deprivation in South Africa
Authors: Maringe Felix , Moletsane Relebohile
Published: April 2015

The paper suggests that multiple deprivation is a concept as yet lacking in substantial theoretical analysis and that its application as a research framing tool in education is relatively recent. As a concept, multiple deprivation suggests a confluence of factors which depress learning and place unique challenges on leadership and which act in combination rather than in isolation. Given that more than three quarters of schools in South Africa are officially described as dysfunctional and that many of these schools serve communities facing multiple deprivation, the article calls for a new theoretical approach which focuses on how best schools in these circumstances can best be led. Based on extant evidence in the field, the paper identifies generative leadership practices upon which a new theory of leadership for these contexts could be constructed. Specifically, it suggests that a cocktail of leadership forms which include transformational, distributed, instructional, ethical and asset based leadership could offer the most promise for schools faced with multiple deprivation. The paper also provides an overview of the articles selected for this special edition.
On the Track of the Worker Collectivity
Authors: Karlsson Jan Ch. , Skorstad Egil J. , Axelsson Jonas
Published: April 2015

In the 1950s, the Norwegian sociologist Sverre Lysgaard investigated social relations at a pulp and paper mill, the result of which was his theory of the “worker collectivity.” This is an informal defense organization among subordinate employees against a company’s work organization and goals. Our research group returned to the same plant, which until 2012 was still a pulp and paper mill, with two questions in mind: Was the worker collectivity still present at the plant? What had happened since Lysgaard’s study when it came to the preconditions for the existence of the worker collectivity?
The Role of School Libraries in Reducing Learning Disadvantages in Migrant Children
Authors: Kleijnen Ellen , Huysmans Frank , Elbers Ed
Published: April 2015

The educational achievement of children from non-Western migrant families in the Netherlands and other Western countries lags behind that of natives, especially when it comes to language proficiency and reading ability. This literature review pinpoints what is known and what is as yet unknown about reducing learning disadvantages through school libraries to point to directions for future research. A considerable body of research has shown that school libraries are positively related to learning outcomes in children, as well as to their reading behavior and attitude toward reading, factors that correlate positively with reading and language skills. However, on the basis of existing research, it is hard to draw firm conclusions about the effect of school libraries on students from migrant families in particular. This article indicates that future research should explicitly focus on the impact of school libraries’ reading promotion efforts on the reading behavior, attitude toward reading, and reading and language skills of migrant students, leading to more effective educational policies.
Perceptions, Expectations, and Informal Supports Influence Exercise Activity in Frail Older Adults
Authors: Broderick Louise , McCullagh Ruth , Bantry White Eleanor , Savage Eileen , Timmons Suzanne
Published: April 2015

This study aims to explore frail older adults’ perceptions of what influences their exercise behaviors. A qualitative descriptive design was used. Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with 29 frail older adults. Thematic content analysis established the findings. Frail older adults perceive exercise as a by-product of other purposeful activities such as manual work or social activities. Progression into frailty appears to be associated with a decline in non-family support, changing traditional roles within family support networks, and lower baseline activity levels. Frail older adults perceive exercise as incidental to more purposeful activities rather than an endpoint in itself. Therefore, exercise programs concentrating on functional outcomes may be more relevant for this population. Strategies that educate and promote social support networks may also benefit frail older adults.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator is an essential regulator of murine hematopoietic stem cell viability
Authors: Krock Bryan L. , Eisinger-Mathason Tzipora S. , Giannoukos Dionysios N. , Shay Jessica E. , Gohil Mercy , Lee David S. , Nakazawa Michael S. , Sesen Julie , Skuli Nicolas , Simon M. Celeste
Published: April 2015

Key Points

ARNT promotes adult hematopoietic stem cell viability through regulation of BCL-2 and VEGF-A expression. Fetal liver hematopoietic progenitors experience hypoxia and loss of hypoxia-induced transcription decreases their survival.
PAX5 is a tumor suppressor in mouse mutagenesis models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Dang Jinjun , Wei Lei , de Ridder Jeroen , Su Xiaoping , Rust Alistair G. , Roberts Kathryn G. , Payne-Turner Debbie , Cheng Jinjun , Ma Jing , Qu Chunxu , Wu Gang , Song Guangchun , Huether Robert G. , Schulman Brenda , Janke Laura , Zhang Jinghui , Downing James R. , van der Weyden Louise , Adams David J. , Mullighan Charles G.
Published: April 2015

Key Points

Heterozygous alterations of Pax5, the most common target of genetic alteration in ALL, promote ALL in mouse mutagenesis models. Leukemia development is accompanied by the acquisition of genetic alterations commonly observed in human leukemia.
Inhibition of odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells by dental resin monomers
Authors: Kwon Ji Hyun , Park Hee Chul , Zhu Tingting , Yang Hyeong-Cheol
Published: April 2015

Background

Dental resin monomers that are leached from the resin matrix due to incomplete polymerization can affect the viability and various functions of oral tissues and cells. In this study, the effects of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) on odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) were examined. To mimic clinical situations, dental pulp cells were treated with resin monomers for 24 h prior to the analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mRNA expression of genes related to pulp cell differentiation. To elucidate the underlying signaling pathways, regulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases by resin monomers was also investigated.

Results

The ALP activity of HDPCs was reduced by TEGDMA and HEMA at noncytotoxic concentrations. The mRNA expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) was also downregulated by resin monomers. However, DSPP expression was not affected by hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
). Among the MAP kinases examined, ERK activation (ERK phosphorylation) was not affected by either resin monomers or H
2
O
2
, whereas JNK was phosphorylated by TEGDMA and HEMA. Phospho-p38 was upregulated by HEMA, while TEGDMA and H
2
O
2
suppressed p38 phosphorylation.

Conclusions

Exposure to TEGDMA and HEMA for a limited period suppresses differentiation of HDPCs via different signaling pathways.
Conditional Viral Tract Tracing Delineates the Projections of the Distinct Kisspeptin Neuron Populations to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons in the Mouse
Authors: Yip Siew Hoong , Boehm Ulrich , Herbison Allan E. , Campbell Rebecca E.
Published: April 2015

Kisspeptin neurons play an essential role in the regulation of fertility through direct regulation of the GnRH neurons. However, the relative contributions of the two functionally distinct kisspeptin neuron subpopulations to this critical regulation are not fully understood. Here we analyzed the specific projection patterns of kisspeptin neurons originating from either the rostral periventricular nucleus of the third ventricle (RP3V) or the arcuate nucleus (ARN) using a cell-specific, viral-mediated tract-tracing approach. We stereotaxically injected a Cre-dependent recombinant adenovirus encoding farnesylated enhanced green fluorescent protein into the ARN or RP3V of adult male and female mice expressing Cre recombinase in kisspeptin neurons. Fibers from ARN kisspeptin neurons projected widely; however, we did not find any evidence for direct contact with GnRH neuron somata or proximal dendrites in either sex. In contrast, we identified RP3V kisspeptin fibers in close contact with GnRH neuron somata and dendrites in both sexes. Fibers originating from both the RP3V and ARN were observed in close contact with distal GnRH neuron processes in the ARN and in the lateral and internal aspects of the median eminence. Furthermore, GnRH nerve terminals were found in close contact with the proximal dendrites of ARN kisspeptin neurons in the ARN, and ARN kisspeptin fibers were found contacting RP3V kisspeptin neurons in both sexes. Together these data delineate selective zones of kisspeptin neuron inputs to GnRH neurons and demonstrate complex interconnections between the distinct kisspeptin populations and GnRH neurons.
Ironic Institutions: Counterculture Fictions and the American Express Company
Authors: Emre Merve
Published: April 2015

This essay argues that literary redescriptions of international American Express offices by queer writers like Gregory Corso, William S. Burroughs, and James Baldwin allowed the 1960s literary counterculture to establish a relationship to American corporate culture grounded in irony: the knowledge that the vocabulary used to describe the social world is not fixed, but contingent and fluid. By ironizing the American Express—that is, by describing it only to destabilize one’s own description—novels like Baldwin’s Giovanni’s Room (1956) and Corso’s The American Express (1960) consciously resignified the institutional brand and circulated this literary resignification in tandem with the company’s promotional materials. I show how ironic style underwrote the counterculture’s surprising attraction to corporate life and the corporation’s equally surprising embrace of queer intimacies.
New insights into the evolutionary history of Gnetum (Gnetales)
Authors: Hou Chen , Humphreys Aelys M. , Thureborn Olle , Rydin Catarina
Published: April 2015

Gnetum (Gnetales: Gnetaceae) constitutes an evolutionarily isolated gymnosperm clade, comprising about 40 species that inhabit tropical areas of the world. While its closest living relative, the monotypic Welwitschia, has a well–documented fossil record from the Early Cretaceous, Gnetum–like fossils are rare and poorly understood. The phylogeny of Gnetum has been studied previously but the distant relationship to outgroups and the difficulty of obtaining plant material mean it is not yet fully resolved. Most species are tropical lianas with an angiospermous vegetative habit that are difficult to find and identify. Here a new phylogeny is presented based on nuclear and chloroplast data from 58 Gnetum accessions, representing 27 putative species, and outgroup information from other seed plants. The results provide support for South American species being sister to the remaining species. The two African species constitute a monophyletic group, sister to an Asian clade, within which the two arborescent species of the genus are the earliest diverging. Estimated divergence times indicate, in contrast with previous results, that the major lineages of Gnetum diverged in the Late Cretaceous. This result is obtained regardless of tree prior used in the BEAST analyses (Yule or birth–death). Together these findings suggest a correlation between early divergence events in extant Gnetum and the breakup of Gondwana in the Cretaceous. Compared to the old stem ages of major subclades of Gnetum, crown nodes date to the Cenozoic: the Asian crown group dates to the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary, the African crown group to the mid–Paleogene, and the South American crown group to the Paleogene–Neogene boundary. Although dispersal must have contributed to the current distribution of Gnetum, e.g., within South America and from Southeast Asian islands to the East Asian mainland, dispersal has apparently not occurred across major oceans, at least not during the Cenozoic.
THE CAPABILITY OF THE VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT PROCESS
Authors: Spetuch Vojtech , Petrik Jozef , Grambalova Eva , Medved David , Palfy Pavol
Published: April 2015

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the quality of measurement process of the dynamic viscosity using the Measurement Systems Analysis and the analysis of uncertainty. The viscosity of a fluid is defined as a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. Viscosity is a property arising from collisions between neighboring particles in a fluid that are moving at different velocities. Dynamic or absolute viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance of the fluid. The measurement process is realized which of ten samples of vegetable and mineral oils, four operators and the viscometer ―Rheotest-2‖. The temperature of individual oil was according to customer requirement. The process of the measurement according to the Measurement Systems Analysis is capable because the value of index %GRR is 8.85 %. Operators do not have a statistically significant effect on the measured viscosity or its uncertainty. The paper presents a procedure to calculate the uncertainty of the measured values of dynamic viscosity. In addition to possible sources of uncertainty that are reported in the available literature, the calculation is supplemented by further sources, also important according to authors.
DISTRIBUTION NORMAL CONTACT STRESSES IN THE ROLL GAP AT A CONSTANT SHEAR STRESS
Authors: Pernis Rudolf , Kvackaj Tibor
Published: April 2015

Differential equation describing stress state in the rolling gap was derived first time by Karman. Since the solution of the differential equation is not easy many authors try to simplify of entry conditions. Some authors have replaced the circular arch of the contact zone of rolls by straight line, polygonal curve or parabola for simplifications of solution. These simplifications allow to obtain analytical solution differential equation but with acceptation some inaccuracy of the final results. Another solution of the differential equation was focused on the substitution of the analytical solution by the numerical solution, but should also expect some uncertainty of the final results. A more sophisticated solution was given by Gubkin is based on defining a constant shear stress and the approximation of the circular arch through the straight line. Gubkin for analytic solution of differential equation used one constant that includes the friction coefficient and second constant which is including the geometry of the rolling gap. The contribution of this paper is an original analytical solution of the differential equation based on the description of the contact arc by the equation of a circle. The proposed solution for the calculation of normal stress distribution is described by two constants. The first constant is describing the geometry of the rolling gap and the second describes friction coefficient. The final solution of differential equation is sum of two independent functions involving the shear stress as a variable value. The proposed solution does not consider with material work hardening during processing.
CORROSION OF BASIC REFRACTORIES IN COPPER METALLURGY
Authors: Vadasz Pavol , Medved David
Published: April 2015

Knowledge of corrosion processes on the melt – solid boundary is very important for life time of refractories and for refractory using design. The aim of this study was to realize and evaluate laboratory corrosion tests of three types basic refractories used in copper refining. Influence of the melts of CuO-Na2O.2SiO2 on the magnesia, magnesia-chromite and magnesia-carbon refractories was studied by crucible corrosion tests. The samples for the crucible corrosion test were made up from commercially manufactured refractories. The static crucible corrosion tests were carried out in laboratory electric resistive furnace at 1350 °C during 10 hours in air atmosphere. The results of tests were evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic and chemical analysis.
Call 4 Concern: patient and relative activated critical care outreach
Authors: Odell Mandy , Gerber Karin , Gager Melanie
Published: April 2015

Patients can experience unexpected deterioration in their physiological condition that can lead to critical illness, cardiac arrest, admission to the intensive care unit and death. While ward staff can identify deterioration through monitoring physiological signs, these signs can be missed, interpreted incorrectly or mismanaged. Rapid response systems using early warning scores can fail if staff do not follow protocols or do not notice or manage deterioration adequately. Nurses often notice deterioration intuitively because of their knowledge of individual patients. Patients and their relatives have the greatest knowledge of patients, and can often pick up subtle signs physiological deterioration before this is identified by staff or monitoring systems. However, this ability has been largely overlooked. Call 4 Concern (C4C) is a scheme where patients and relatives can call critical care teams directly if they are concerned about a patient's condition—it is believed to be the first of its kind in the UK. A C4C feasibility project ran for six months, covering patients being transferred from the intensive care unit to general wards. C4C has the potential to prevent clinical deterioration and is valued by patients and relatives. Concerns of ward staff could be managed through project management. As it is relatively new, this field offers further opportunities for research.
‘Keep warm, keep well’: caring for the elderly in a cold climate
Authors: Glasper Alan
Published: April 2015

Professor Alan Glasper discusses the Government's ‘Keep warm, keep well’ campaign, which sets out advice that nurses can use to ensure elderly patients stay healthy through the winter.
The lame cat: alternative causes of non-traumatic lameness
Authors: Perry Karen L
Published: April 2015

Osteochondritis dissecans is infrequently encountered in cats but has been reported affecting the humeral head and the lateral condyle of the femur, and it remains an important differential for either thoracic or pelvic limb lameness in the cat. Based on the small number of cases reported, a positive outcome can be expected following surgical treatment. Solitary osteochondromas, osteochondromatosis and synovial osteochondromatosis can also cause lameness in cats. It is important to be aware of these three very different, albeit similarly named, conditions as the recommended treatments and prognoses vary widely between them.
Treatment of acute kidney injury
Authors: Bird Louise , Walker David
Published: April 2015

This series of four articles explores the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI). We review the causes of CKD and AKI, treatment options and secondary complications. CKD and AKI are both relatively common in general practice, and early identification and appropriate management may improve the outcome of patients with these conditions. This fourth article focuses on the treatment of AKI.
Modifiable risk factors for falls and minimizing the risk of harm
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: April 2015

The population is ageing, and there are now 11 million adults aged 65 years and over living in the UK ( Office for National Statistics, 2013 ). Most older people live in their own homes, and less than half a million (405 000) live in care homes ( LaingBuisson, 2014 ). Every year, around 30% of older adults living in the community fall at least once ( Gillespie et al, 2012 ). This means that 3.18 million older people fall every year at home. This article uses a case history approach to illustrate how health professionals can identify and treat modifiable risk factors for falls and reduce the risk of harm when risks remain.