bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substrate and Enzyme Trafficking as a Means of Regulating 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Synthesis and Action: The Human Innate Immune Response
Authors: Adams John S , Chen Hong , Chun Rene , Ren Songyang , Wu Shaoxing , Gacad Mercedes , Nguyen Lisa , Ride Jonathan , Liu Philip , Modlin Robert , Hewison Martin
Published: February 2008

Tissue availability of the active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] is dependent on expression of the activating enzyme 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27b1) and its catabolic counterpart 24-hydroxylase (CYP24). The activity of these two enzymes is in turn controlled by factors including affinity of the serum vitamin D–binding protein (DBP) for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]; the availability of enzyme cofactors; and the relative amount of hydroxylase gene product expressed. In recent years, it has become clear that directed trafficking of substrate and enzyme is also a pivotal component of the regulated process of hormone synthesis by both renal and extrarenal tissues expressing the CYP27b1 and CYP24 genes. Extracellular regulatory trafficking events are defined by the quantity of substrate 25(OH)D entering the circulatory pool. Entry into some target cells in vivo, such as the macrophage and proximal renal tubular epithelial cells, requires 25(OH)D binding to serum DBP, followed by recognition, internalization, and intracellular release. The “released” intracellular substrate is moved to specific intracellular destinations (i.e., the mitochondrial CYP enzymes and the vitamin D receptor [VDR]) by the hsc70 family of chaperone proteins. Synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D is also regulated by CYP24 and its metabolically inactive splice variant CYP24-SV. Finally, initiation of transcription of 1,25(OH)2D-regulated genes, such as the CYP24, requires movement of the CYP27b1 product, 1,25(OH)2D, to the VDR in the same cell for intracrine action or export to another cell for paracrine action. In either case, the 1,25(OH)2D ligand is required for the VDR to heterodimerize with the retinoid x receptor and compete away the dominant-negative acting, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-related, vitamin D response element–binding proteins that inhibit hormone-directed transactivation of genes. In this review, we use vitamin D–directed events in the human innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a physiologically relevant model system in which to highlight the importance of these intracellular traffic patterns.
Vitamin D Requirement During Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Hollis Bruce W
Published: February 2008

The current recommended dietary requirement for vitamin D intake (200 IU/d) during pregnancy and lactation is based on little, if any, scientific evidence, and as a result is clinically irrelevant with respect to maintaining nutritional vitamin D status during these demanding human conditions. Current research has shown that the actual dietary requirement during pregnancy and lactation may actually be as high as 6000 IU/d. Current data on which these new recommendations could be based are presented.
Vitamin D Toxicity, Policy, and Science
Authors: Vieth Reinhold
Published: February 2008

The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration that is the threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established. Hypercalcemia is the hazard criterion for vitamin D. Past policy of the Institute of Medicine has set the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D at 50 μg (2000 IU)/d, defining this as “the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risks of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population.” However, because sunshine can provide an adult with vitamin D in an amount equivalent to daily oral consumption of 250 μg (10,000 IU)/d, this is intuitively a safe dose. The incremental consumption of 1 μg (40 IU)/day of vitamin D3 raises serum 25(OH)D by ∼1 nM (0.4 ng/ml). Therefore, if sun-deprived adults are to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations >75 nM (30 ng/ml), they will require an intake of more than the UL for vitamin D. The mechanisms that limit vitamin D safety are the capacity of circulating vitamin D–binding protein and the ability to suppress 25(OH)D-1-α-hydroxylase. Vitamin D causes hypercalcemia when the “free” concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is inappropriately high. This displacement of 1,25(OH)2D becomes excessive as plasma 25(OH)D concentrations become higher than at least 600 nM (240 ng/ml). Plasma concentrations of unmetabolized vitamin D during the first days after an acute, large dose of vitamin D can reach the micromolar range and cause acute symptoms. The clinical trial evidence shows that a prolonged intake of 250 μg (10,000 IU)/d of vitamin D3 is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects in almost all individuals in the general population; this meets the criteria for a tolerable upper intake level.
An Eleventh Century Illuminated Manuscript on Amorgos
Authors: Spatharakis Ioannis , Bartholf Gale
Published: February 2008

The Lectionary, no. 15, is to be found in the Monastery of the Panagia Chozoviotissa on Amorgos, one of the Cycladic Islands. The lectionary is half-covered with a wooden plate and is made up of 341 folia of parchment, numbered on both sides with page numbers and sewn together with three unnumbered inserted bifolia illustrated with full-page miniatures. The last six folia show considerable damage below at the right due to bookworm. The folia measure approximately 29.5×22 cm. and the miniatures 19.7×15.6 cm. There is no colophon in the manuscript. However, it can be dated in the middle of the eleventh century on the basis of stylistic and palaeographic evidence. The miniatures, all against a gold background, show a Deësis, St. John dictating to Prochoros, St. Luke writing, St. Gregory of Nazianzus standing, St. Mark reading and St. Athanasios standing. The portrait of St. Matthew is missing.
Michel Balard, Croisades et Orient latin XIe-XIVe siècles
Authors: Favreau-Lilie Marie-Luise
Published: February 2008

In diesem für den Unterricht an französischen Universitäten konzipierten, reichhaltig mit Karten, Stadtplänen und Grundrissen ausgestatteten Studienbuch gibt der Autor, ein ausgewiesener Kenner der italienischen und insbesondere der genuesischen Seehandels- und Kolonialpolitik im östlichen Mittelmeer und im Schwarzmeergebiet nach 1204/1261 (La Romanie génoise. 2 Bde. [BEFAR 235], Roma 1978), dem wir bereits eine kleine Kreuzzugsgeschichte verdanken (Les Croisades, Paris, MA Editions, 1988), nicht nur einen elementaren Überblick über die Geschichte der Kreuzzüge, sondern zugleich einen Einblick in die Entwicklung der im Vorderen Orient entstandenen Kreuzfahrerstaaten, wobei er gelegentlich auch auf die Quellenlage zu Spezialproblemen und auf den aktuellen Forschungsstand hinweist.
Leslie Brubaker / John Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (ca 680-850): The Sources. An Annotated Survey
Authors: Mango Cyril
Published: February 2008

The title led me to expect a somewhat different kind of book. What we are offered is not so much a dossier on Iconoclasm, like André Grabar's, as a dossier on the Dark Age of Byzantium. It falls into two parts: the first and more original is devoted to material culture, while the second is a checklist of written sources, largely overlapping the Prolegomena volume of PmbZ. Aimed at university students, this is essentially a work of reference. A further volume of synthesis is promised.
Axinia Džurova, L 'enluminure du palimpseste cyrillique du Vatican Vat. Gr. 2502
Authors: Pavlikianov Kyrill
Published: February 2008

The recent detailed study of Prof. Axinia Džurova deals, from a codicological point of view, with a palimpsest codex kept in the Vatican Library, Vat. gr. 2502. Known to the scholarly community since 1981, this rather common minuscule Greek evangeliary (Gospel lectionary) of the 12th or 13th century has been written over the text of an earlier Slavic evangeliary followed by an accompanying Synaxarion. The book is bilingual, in French and Bulgarian, and is devoted exclusively to the ornamentation of the partially effaced Slavic text.
Epistularum Byzantinarum Initia, conscripsit Michael Grünbart
Authors: Fatouros Georgios
Published: February 2008

Durch die Veröffentlichung des vorliegenden Bandes wird ein Desideratum der Briefliteratur verwirklicht, auf welches bereits S. Lampros im Jahr 1915 hingewiesen hat. Es handelt sich um ein alphabetisches Verzeichnis der Anfänge aller in griechischer Sprache geschriebener Briefe aus dem Zeitraum von etwa 300 n.Chr. bis ca. 1500, das über 15.000 Briefexordia von etwa 260 spätgriechischen und byzantinischen Briefschreibern umfaßt und sich auf die jeweils neuesten Editionen von Briefsammlungen stützt, wobei an die 890 Eintragungen von unedierten Briefen stammen. Treffliche Emendationen werden bei den aufgenommenen Exordia berücksichtigt sowie auch wichtige Handschriftenvarianten, die evtl. die Autorenhand wiederzugeben beanspruchen. Briefanfänge, die ein Zitat darstellen, werden durch Kursivschrift gekennzeichnet, darunter auch viele, die nicht von den Herausgebern selbst, sondern erst vom Autor des vorliegenden Bandes erkannt worden sind. Bei welchem Wort das zu aufnehmende Exordium unterbrochen werden muss, ist eine delikate Sache, die im Verzeichnis in der Weise geregelt wird, dass der Eintrag nach Möglichkeit eine Sinneinheit bildet, weswegen auch die aufgenommenen Exordia von unterschiedlicher Länge sind. Urkundenschreiben werden in der Regel nicht berücksichtigt, in Fällen jedoch, in welchen sie sich von Briefen nicht einwandfrei unterscheiden lassen, sind sie in das Verzeichnis aufgenommen worden.
Miroslav Marcovich (ed.), Eustathius Macrembolites De Hysmine et Hysminiae amoribus libri XI
Authors: Cupane Carolina
Published: February 2008

Der Roman Hysmine und Hysminias des Eumathios Makrembolites ist zweifellos einer der meistgelesenen Texte dieser Gattung; die handschriftliche Überlieferung, die über vierzig, sich vom 13. bis ins 18. Jahrhundert erstreckenden Träger zählt, zeugt davon. Auch die moderne Forschung hat diesem Umstand Rechnung getragen: Als einziger der byzantinischen Erzähltexte wurde Hysmine und Hysminias Gegenstand mehrerer eingehender literarischer Analysen. Trotzdem verfügte man bis jetzt über keine moderne Ausgabe dieses Bestsellers der erotischen Literatur. Mit der vorliegenden Edition setzte sich also der bekannte klassische Philologe M. M(arcovich), der sich bereits mit Rhodanthe und Dosikles des Theodoros Prodromos an dem byzantinischen Roman herangewagt hatte, das Ziel, ein dringendes Desideratum der Byzantinistik zu erfüllen.
Stefano Parenti, Liturgia delle ore italo-byzantina (Rito Grottaferrata). Introduzione e traduzione
Authors: Winkler Gabriele
Published: February 2008

Der bekannte Liturgiewissenschaftler, der nicht nur in der Abtei Grottaferrata, sondern auch als Dozent für Liturgiewissenschaft am Pont. Ateneo «Anselmianum» in Rom tätig und mit dem byzantinischen Ritus und den Handschriften Grottaferratas bestens vertraut ist, hat nun diese schöne Einführung in das Offizium Grottaferratas vorgelegt, die der italienischen Übersetzung vorangestellt wurde.
Robert W. Thomson, The Armenian Adaptation of the Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus
Authors: Winkelmann Friedhelm
Published: February 2008

In Armenien stand von den Fortsetzungen des Eusebianischen Geschichtswerkes, die die Zeit von Konstantin I. bis in die erste Hälfte des 5. Jahrhunderts behandelten, also einen Zeitabschnitt, der für die Herausbildung der armenischen christlichen Theologie grundlegend war, nur die Kirchengeschichte des Sokrates Scholastikos in hohem Ansehen, da man glaubte, sie sei der armenischen christologischen Position am nächsten. So ist sie uns in zwei armenischen Übersetzungen überliefert, einer wortgetreuen, ausführlichen Version, die aus der sogenannten hellenisierenden Übersetzerschule stammt, und einer in einem verständlichen zeitgenössischen Armenisch verfaßten Kurzversion. Die als erstes genannte Übersetzung ist für die Konstituierung des griechischen Textes des Werkes des Sokrates von großer Bedeutung, wie es Günther Christian Hansen in dessen Edition ausführlich belegt (Sokrates Scholastikos, Kirchengeschichte, Berlin 1995 [GCS], S. XXVIIff.]). Sie hat aber wegen ihrer engen Orientierung an der griechischen Sprache in Armenien nur einen kleinen Kreis von griechisch Gebildeten erreichen können. Die Kurzversion dagegen fand weite Verbreitung. Bei ihrer in der Forschung umstrittenen Datierung schließt sich Thomson der Auffassung an, daß das Kolophon in einer der Handschriften, das eine Datierung enthält und den Übersetzer nennt, auf die Kurzversion zu beziehen ist (S. 9ff. mit allen notwendigen Literaturangaben). Sie sei also auf das Jahr 695/6 zu datieren. Und es handele sich nicht um eine Übersetzung aus dem Original, sondern lediglich um eine Überarbeitung der älteren langen Version (S. 11f.). Ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Forschung ist auch das Bemühen, den Übersetzer P'ilon Tirakac'i und den Auftraggeber der Übersetzung Nerseh Kamsarakan zu verifizieren (S. 36-40).
La Biblioteca Palatina di Heidelberg e una lettera dimenticata di Leone Allacci
Authors: Canfora Luciano
Published: February 2008

Il prelievo della Biblioteca Palatina fu, nel 1623, ad un secolo circa dall'inizio della Riforma, l'atto non solo simbolico con cui si cercò di vulnerare alla radice la cultura protestante asportando la Biblioteca di Heidelberg, vanto dell'intellettualità riformata e stimata superiore perfino alla Vaticana. In una lettera del 14 luglio 1608 a Janus Gruter, bibliotecario della Palatina, Scaligero era molto esplicito nella comparazione tra le due biblioteche, simbolo delle rispettive confessioni: «Indicem bibliothecae vestrae legi. Locupletior est, et meliorum librorum quam Vaticana» (Lib. VI, Ep. 434). La concreta operazione di prelievo e trasporto dei libri fino a Roma, via Monaco, affidata a Leone Allacci, andò incontro ad una serie di difficoltà, a cominciare dalla imprevista totale indisponibilità di mezzi di trasporto: i «carri» di cui ampiamente si parla nel documento che qui di seguito pubblichiamo. Che fosse così arduo reperirli, ovvero trovare qualcuno che li mettesse a disposizione, era in realtà solo un aspetto - e certo non irrilevante - della più generale ostilità che circondò l'operazione. Ostilità che Allacci stesso bene avverte («Quando passo [per le strade] - scrive - li sento sospirare e dolere intrinsecamente, se bene all'esteriore bisogna che stiano savij»), e che sarà sedata solo dal deciso intervento del conte di Tilly (su di lui ved. oltre), intervenuto direttamente a Heidelberg il 14 gennaio 1623, al fine appunto di sbloccare la situazione. Ma veniamo al documento ed alla sua esemplare vicenda.
Imagination and Documentation: Eagle Silks in Byzantium, the Latin West and ‘Abbāsid Baghdad
Authors: Cutler Anthony
Published: February 2008

In the course of his closing remarks at the Copenhagen Congress, the then President of the Association International des Études Byzantines reminded those who worried about the state of our field of “the rule that science may begin with imagination but … rests on factual documentation rather than conjecture”. As one who was (and is) less troubled about the way things were (and are) going, an art historian may be permitted to point to an example in which a document can be shown to corroborate educated guesswork, and consequently to demonstrate one way in which peace between the two camps can (at least on this occasion) be achieved. The result may not be the absolute certainty demanded by our ancien président, but it comes as close to proof as anything available in a domain notorious for its lack of “factual documentation”. The method in question is triangulation—a third datum brought to bear on two previously known bodies of evidence—and the example that of the Middle Byzantine silks that display images of eagles. At issue is the belief that surviving examples were originally gifts offered to foreigners who in turn presented them to institutions or individuals of the Latin church.
Bemerkungen zur Hand des Theodoros Skutariotes
Authors: Tocci Raimondo
Published: February 2008

Die Beschäftigung mit der Hand des Theodoros Skutariotes wird durch das Fehlen eines von ihm subskribierten Exemplars erschwert. Über seine Tätigkeit als Patriarchatsbeamter, Metropolit von Kyzikos (1277–1283) und Chronist hinaus ist Theodoros der Forschung jedoch als Handschriftensammler und -besitzer bekannt. Ausgangspunkt jeder Untersuchung zu seinem Schriftstil sind deshalb die Marginalien der Kodizes, die sich in seinem Besitz befanden. Durch seinen autographen, monokondylischen Besitzervermerk †σϰουταϱϊώτου λευΐτου θεοδώϱου† (Taf. XXVIII) konnten bisher sechs Kodizes seiner Bibliothek zugeordnet werden:

1. Marcianus gr. 450, 9./10. Jh., Photius, Bibliotheca.

2. Parisinus gr. 1741, 10. Jh., Sammlung rhetorischer Traktate.

3. Oxoniensis Cromwell 19, 11. Jh. 2. H., Ioannes Chrysostomus, Homiliae 1–45 in Matthaeum.

4. Athous, Kutlumusiu 15 (Lampros 3084), 12. Jh., Gregorius Nazianzenus; Ioannes Chrysostomus.

5. Parisinus gr. 1234, 13. Jh. 2. H., Nicetas Choniates, Panoplia Dogmatica.

6. Vaticanus gr. 636, 13. Jh. 2. H., Euthymius Zigabenus, In s. Pauli epistulas.
So Near, Yet So Far: Medieval Courtly Romance, and Imberios and Margarona. A case of de-medievalization
Authors: Yiavis Kostas
Published: February 2008

The romance Imberios and Margarona does not belong to the Renaissance. It does not acknowledge many of the issues which become current in the age of Humanism: the value of individual consciousness, to name but one, will wait until the seventeenth century to be explored in Greek literature. And yet, the vintage of Imberios is hybrid: being late medieval and modelled after a popular European prototype, it slants ever so gently towards what will later be fully fledged humanistic sensibilities.
Massimo BERNABÒ, Le miniature per i manoscritti greci del Libro di Giobbe. Patmo, Monastero di San Giovanni Evangelista, cod. 171; Roma, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, cod. Vat. gr. 749; Sinai, Monastero di Santa Caterina, cod. 3; Venezia, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, cod. gr. 538
Authors: Krause Karin
Published: February 2008

Das Buch ist den vier ältesten illustrierten und mit Kommentarkatenen versehenen Hss. des Buches Hiob gewidmet, die zwischen dem 9. und dem 11. Jh. entstanden sind: Patmos, Johanneskloster, Cod. 171 (nachfolgend Patm.); Rom, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 749 (Vat.); Sinai, Katharinenkloster, Cod. 3 (Sin.); Venedig, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Cod. gr. 538 (Ven.). Insgesamt sind 15 illustrierte griechische Katenenhss. allein des Buches Hiob erhalten (siehe die Übersicht p. 9–11). Das in ihnen enthaltene Bildmaterial zu Hiob wird ergänzt durch Illustrationen in weiteren Mss. unterschiedlichen Textinhalts (p. 11–14). Während seitens der Textkritik fundamentale Arbeit zur wissenschaftlichen Erschließung des griechischen Hiob-Textes und seiner Kommentare geleistet wurde, stellt das Buch von Bernabò (B.) die erste nennenswerte Publikation mit primär kunstwissenschaftlicher Ausrichtung dar. Rund 2000 (p. VII), überwiegend noch unpublizierte, byzantinische Miniaturen zum Buch Hiob sind überkommen, was erahnen läßt, welcher Schatz auf diesem Gebiet zukünftig noch zu heben ist. Ursprünglich war eine komplette Publikation der bebilderten Hiob-Mss. im Rahmen des Corpus of the Illustrations in the Manuscripts of the Septuagint der Universität Princeton geplant – ein Projekt, das vor allem wegen seines erheblichen Umfangs nicht hat realisiert werden können. Kurt Weitzmann hatte bis zu seinem Tod im Jahre 1993 Bildmaterial in großem Umfang zusammengetragen. Dieses konnte B. nicht nur für sein Buch verwenden, sondern löste mit selbigem gleichzeitig das seinem Lehrer noch zu Lebzeiten gegebene Versprechen ein, das gemeinsam begonnene Projekt nach dessen Tod fortzuführen (p. X–XI). Im Aufbau, wenngleich nicht in Seitenumfang und Buchformat, richtet sich die vorliegende Publikation nach den bereits er-schienenen Bänden des Princetoner Corpus.
Chrys. C. CARAGOUNIS, The development of Greek and the New Testament. Morphology, syntax, phonology and textual transmission. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 167
Authors: Karla Grammatiki , Manolessou Io
Published: February 2008

Den Schwerpunkt des vorliegenden Buches von C. Caragounis (im Folgenden C.), Professor für Neutestamentliche Exegese an der Universität Lund, bildet der Beitrag über die Kenntnisse der neugriechischen Sprache für die Textkritik und die Interpretation des Neuen Testaments (im Folgenden NT). Dieser besteht aus einer Einleitung und 8 Kapiteln, die in drei Hauptteile gegliedert sind. Der erste Teil bietet einen Überblick über die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache von den ersten schriftlichen Zeugnissen bis heute, in dem die Kontinuität der griechischen Sprache und Kultur aufgezeigt werden soll. Der zweite Teil beschreibt an ausgewählten Beispielen den Wandel vom Klassischen Griechisch zum Neugriechischen aufgrund verschiedener morphologischer und syntaktischer Erscheinungen. Hierbei wurde der Versuch unternommen, die neutestamentliche Sprache in diese Entwicklung einzuordnen. Im dritten Teil beschäftigt sich der Autor mit dem Thema „Aussprache des Altgriechischen“, zu dem er die These vertritt, dass das neugriechische phonologische System bereits vor dem 5. Jh. v. Chr. herausgebildet war. Im Folgenden ist er bestrebt, bei verschiedenen textkritischen und hermeneutischen Problemen des NTs zu belegen, dass ein Verstehensprozess, der nur von der Kenntnis der klassischen Sprache ausgeht, in einigen Fällen zu Missverständnissen und Inkonsequenzen führt, wohingegen die Kenntnis der späteren sprachlichen Phasen die Lösung findet.
Herman GEERTMAN (ed.), Atti del colloquio internazionale Il Liber Pontificalis e la storia materiale, Roma, 21–22 febbraio 2002. Mededelingen van het Nederlands Instituut te Rome/Papers of the Netherlands Institute in Rome, 60–61
Authors: Noble Thomas F. X.
Published: February 2008

In his introduction to this extraordinarily important and useful volume, Herman Geertman (G.) points out that the editions of the Liber Pontificalis produced around a century ago by Theodor Mommsen and Louis Duchesne made the Liber more an instrument, than an object, of research. For some years an international group of scholars under the leadership of Girolamo Arnaldi, François Bougard, Paolo Delogu, and G. himself, have been conducting a collaborative project on “The Liber Pontificalis as Source for the History and Material Culture of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: A Collective Research Project on the Biographies from 314 to 891.” This book arises out of that project. But the present study, reflecting in particular G.'s interests, does not confine itself to “history” and “material culture.” Although the volume contains many valuable contributions on these important subjects, it also emphasizes the nature of the text of the Liber Pontificalis, the intentions of its redactors, and the accessibility of the text in terms of its language, contents, and conceptual underpinnings. G. notes that the project and the book also attempt a systematic updating of Duchesne's historical and archaeological material. The volume under review contains excellent papers that do indeed update DUCHESNE, but it cannot be said that this volume is “systematic” if by that word one understands comprehensive and exhaustive. I am not, be it emphasized, criticizing G. and his collaborators for failing to accomplish the impossible. It is important to say, however, that G.'s approach makes the Liber Pontificalis once again an object as well as an instrument of research.
Michael GRÜNBART, Formen der Anrede im byzantinischen Brief vom 6. bis zum 12. Jahrhundert. Wiener Byzantinistische Studien, 25
Authors: Tinnefeld Franz
Published: February 2008

Das vorliegende Buch basiert auf einer Wiener Dissertation, die in den „Mitteilungen aus der Österreichischen Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik“, Nr. 14, März 2000, S. 21 als abgeschlossen bezeichnet wurde. Der Verfasser, derzeit Bibliothekar am Institut für Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik der Universität Wien, legte vor einigen Jahren erstmals einen Katalog der Anfänge byzantinischer Briefe vor. Auch das hier zu rezensierende Buch ist zum Teil ein Katalog. Er listet die Anredewörter byzantinischer Briefe auf und wird ergänzt durch je einen Index der Eigennamen und einen der Ämter, Berufe und Titel (S. 207–361). Der erste Teil des Buches ist eine grundlegende Untersuchung zum Thema (S. 28–206).
Günther Christian HANSEN (Hrsg.), Anonyme Kirchengeschichte (Gelasius Cyzicenus, CPG 6034). Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte
Authors: von Stockhausen Annette
Published: February 2008

Im Jahr 1918 erschien als 28. Band der Reihe „Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte“ (GCS), nach dem frühen Tod von Gerhard Loeschcke von Margret Heinemann unter schwierigen Bedingungen eilig fertiggestellt (L./H.), die „Gelasius Kirchengeschichte“. Nach über 80 Jahren konnte nun G. C. Hansen (Ha.) endlich eine Neubearbeitung für die GCS vorlegen, deren Anfänge (noch durch M. Heinemann selbst) bis auf das Jahr 1945 zurückgehen (S. V f.).
Visiting Hades: A transformation of the ancient God in the Ninth-Century Byzantine Psalters
Authors: Fanar Emma Maayan
Published: February 2008

The ninth-century Byzantine marginal psalters, namely the Chludov Psalter (Moscow, State Historical Museum, cod. 129) and the Pantocrator Psalter (Pantocrator 61, Pantocrator Monastery, Mount Athos) are remarkable due to the polemical character of their illustrations and an emphasis given to the destruction of evil forces. These forces include the actual enemies of the Iconophiles, namely the Iconoclasts, the Jews, as well as various diabolic creatures. Among others the personification of Hades, the ancient god of the underworld, and also the place where all souls go, seems to occupy an important place.
Is Igbo an endangered language?
Authors: Igboanusi Herbert
Published: February 2008

Igbo is one of Nigeria's three major languages, with Hausa and Yoruba being the other two. It is spoken by a population of between 20 and 25 million people. Igbo is taught, learnt and examined in Igbo as a first language from the primary school level to the tertiary level of education. Books on diverse subjects (including literary works) have been written in the language. In recent times, however, several developments (such as dwindling interest in the language as a first language, declining population of students who apply to take degree or certificate programmes in the language, non-accreditation of the language by the National Universities Commission (NUC) in some universities, and language attitude problems) have prompted some researchers to associate the Igbo situation with language endangerment. The present study sets out to investigate the true position of the Igbo language with respect to language endangerment.
Ethanol Consumption during Early Pregnancy Alters the Disposition of Tangentially Migrating GABAergic Interneurons in the Fetal Cortex
Authors: Cuzon Verginia C. , Yeh Pamela W. L. , Yanagawa Yuchio , Obata Kunihiko , Yeh Hermes H.
Published: February 2008

Consumption of alcohol (ethanol) during pregnancy can lead to developmental defects in the offspring, the most devastating being the constellation of symptoms collectively referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). In the brain, a hallmark of FAS is abnormal cerebral cortical morphology consistent with insult during corticogenesis. Here, we report that exposure to a relatively low level of ethanolin utero(average maternal and fetal blood alcohol level of 25 mg/dl) promotes premature tangential migration into the cortical anlage of primordial GABAergic interneurons, including those originating in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). This ethanol-induced effect was evidentin vivoat embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) inGAD67knock-in and BAC-Lhx6embryos, as well asin vitroin isotypic telencephalic slice cocultures obtained from E14.5 embryos exposed to ethanolin utero. Analysis of heterotypic cocultures indicated that both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors contribute to the aberrant migratory profile of MGE-derived cells. In this light, we provide evidence for an interaction between ethanol exposurein uteroand the embryonic GABAergic system. Exposure to ethanolin uteroelevated the ambient level of GABA and increased the sensitivity to GABA of MGE-derived cells. Our results uncovered for the first time an effect of ethanol consumption during pregnancy on the embryonic development of GABAergic cortical interneurons. We propose that ethanol exerts its effect on the tangential migration of GABAergic interneurons extrinsically by modulating extracellular levels of GABA and intrinsically by altering GABAAreceptor function.
Modular structures – the paradigmatic case of the heterophyllosilicates
Authors: Ferraris Giovanni
Published: February 2008

As an example of modular structures, the layered silicates named heterophyllosilicates are reviewed with emphasis on their polysomatic, merotype, plesiotype and topologic aspects. The opportunities offered by a modular analysis of complex inorganic structures are shown via the procedure followed to model the crystal structure of nafertisite and to build various types of series. The heuristic power of the modular crystallography is also proved by successful analyses of oriented intergrowths (and twinning) in members of the bafertisite mero-plesiotype series and the consequent appearance of disorder in the crystal structures of samples affected by syntaxy, e.g. epistolite. Finally, the hypotheses of using, by analogy with phyllosilicates, HOH layers of some heterophyllosilicates to obtain hybrid layered materials are reviewed. In fact, the heterogeneous HOH layers of the heterophyllosilicates can formally be derived by substituting rows of disilicate groups with X-polyhedra (X mainly Ti) in the T sheets of a TOT phyllosilicate layer.
A crystallographic review of arsenic sulfides: effects of chemical variations and changes induced by exposure to light
Authors: Bonazzi Paola , Bindi Luca
Published: February 2008

Crystal data for natural and synthetic arsenic sulfides are reported and discussed. Most of them [α- and β-dimorphite, realgar, β-As4S4 phase, pararealgar, Kutoglu’s As4S4(II) phase, alacranite, uzonite, orthorhombic As4S5 phase] have a crystal structure consisting of a packing of cage-like, covalently bonded As4Sn (n = 3, 4 and 5) molecules held together by weak interactions of van der Waals character. Their structures are compared in terms of molecular packing and molecular parameters. The layered structural arrangement of orpiment, As2S3, is described and the effects of the incorporation of Se replacing for S is discussed. The structures of wakabayashilite and getchel lite, which contain mixed (As, Sb) coordination polyhedra, are also described to outline the geometric effects of the Sb → As substitution. The results of recent studies dealing with the effects of the exposure of realgar or other arsenic sulfides to visible light are reported and discussed. Their interest in the study of arsenical pigments and their preservation in artwork is outlined with some examples of application.
Cyst(e)ine Requirements in Enterally Fed Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants
Authors: Riedijk Maaike A. , Voortman Gardi , van Beek Ron H. T. , Baartmans Martin G. A. , Wafelman Leontien S. , van Goudoever Johannes B.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. Optimal nutrition is of utmost importance for the preterm infant's later health and developmental outcome. Amino acid requirements for preterm infants differ from those for term and older infants, because growth rates differ. Some nonessential amino acids, however, cannot be sufficiently synthesized endogenously. Cyst(e)ine is supposed to be such a conditionally essential amino acid in preterm infants. The objective of this study was to determine, at 32 and 35 weeks’ postmenstrual age, cyst(e)ine requirements in fully enterally fed very low birth weight preterm infants with gestational ages of <29 weeks.

METHODS. Infants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 5 graded cystine test diets that contained generous amounts of methionine. Cyst(e)ine requirement was determined with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique ([1-13C]phenylalanine) after 24-hour adaptation.

RESULTS. Fractional [1-13C]phenylalanine oxidation was established in 47 very low birth weight preterm infants (mean gestational age: 28 weeks ± 1 week SD; birth weight: 1.07 kg ± 0.21 kg SD). Increase in dietary cyst(e)ine intake did not result in a decrease in fractional [1-13C]phenylalanine oxidation.

CONCLUSIONS. These data do not support the hypothesis that endogenous cyst(e)ine synthesis is limited in very low birth weight preterm infants with gestational ages of <29 weeks, both at 32 and 35 weeks postmenstrual age. It is safe to conclude that cyst(e)ine requirement is <18 mg/kg per day in enterally fed very low birth weight preterm infants who are older than 32 weeks’ postmenstrual age and whose methionine intake is adequate. Therefore, cyst(e)ine is probably not a conditionally essential amino acid in these infants.
p53 and Ki-67 in Barrett's carcinoma: is there any value to predict recurrence after circumferential endoscopic mucosal resection?
Authors: Lopes César Vivian , Mnif Hela , Pesenti Christian , Bories Erwan , Monges Genevieve , Giovannini Marc
Published: February 2008

BACKGROUND: There are situations in which the specimens obtained after endoscopic mucosal resection of superficial adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett's esophagus are not adequate for histopathological assessment of the margins. In these cases, immunohistochemistry might be an useful tool for predicting cancer recurrence. AIM: To evaluate the value of p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry in predicting the cancer recurrence in patients with Barrett's esophagus-related cancer referred to circumferential endoscopic mucosal resection. METHODS: Mucosectomy specimens from 41 patients were analyzed. All endoscopic biopsies prior to endoscopic mucosal resection presented high-grade dysplasia and cancer was detected in 23 of them. Positive reactions were considered the intense coloration in the nuclei of at least 90% of the cells in each high-power magnification field, and immunostaining could be classified as superficial or diffuse according to the mucosal distribution of the stained nuclei. RESULTS: Endoscopic mucosal resection samples detected cancer in 21 cases. In these cases, p53 immunohistochemistry revealed a diffuse positivity for the great majority of these cancers (90.5% vs. 20%), and Ki-67 showed a diffuse pattern for all cases (100% vs. 30%); conversely, patients without cancer revealed a superficial or negative pattern for p53 (80% vs. 9.5%) and Ki-67 (70% vs. 0%). During a mean follow-up of 31.6 months, 5 (12.2%) patients developed six episodes of recurrent cancer. Endoscopic mucosal resection specimens did not show any significant difference in the p53 and Ki-67 expression for patients developing cancer after endoscopic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry were useful to confirm the cancer; however, they had not value for predicting the recurrent carcinoma after circumferential endoscopic mucosal resection of Barrett's carcinoma.
Aspectos da mortalidade atribuível ao tabaco: revisão sistemática
Authors: Oliveira AF , Valente JG , Leite IC
Published: February 2008

O artigo teve por objetivo analisar as metodologias publicadas e empregadas no cálculo da mortalidade atribuível ao fumo. Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE, LILACS entre 1990 e 2006. Foram encontrados 186 estudos que apresentaram a mensuração de mortalidade a partir do cálculo da fração atribuível ao fumo. Desses, foram selecionados 41 artigos. Os estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos e Canadá apresentaram metodologia uniformizada e taxas de mortalidade entre 18%-23%; 25%-29% no sexo masculino e 14%-17% no feminino. As variações metodológicas podem justificar as diferenças da mortalidade entre os estudos e nas estimativas para as principais doenças tabaco-relacionadas.
Época de aplicação pós-colheita de 1-metilciclopropeno e frigoarmazenamento na vida útil de manga 'Tommy Atkins'
Authors: Lima Maria Auxiliadora Coêlho de , Silva Adriane Luciana da , Santos Polyane de Sá , Azevedo Suellen Soraia Nunes
Published: February 2008

Avaliou-se a influência da época de aplicação pós-colheita do 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) e do frigoarmazenamento sobre a vida útil de mangas 'Tommy Atkins', colhidas em estádio de maturação 2 (casca de cor verde-clara no ápice do fruto e polpa levemente amarela próximo à semente). Para estudo da época de aplicação, foram comparados: controle, aplicação apenas no início do armazenamento refrigerado e aplicação apenas no final da refrigeração. Os frutos foram expostos a 1.500 nL.L-1 de 1-MCP durante 12 horas. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 0; 7; 15; 18; 20; 21 e 22 dias, sendo que até o décimo quinto dia os frutos estiveram sob refrigeração (10,6ºC ± 3,6 e 84% UR ± 7) e, em seguida, foram transferidos para temperatura ambiente (24,4ºC ± 2,9 e 42% UR ± 11). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 3x7 (época de aplicação de 1-MCP x tempo de armazenamento), com quatro repetições. O aumento do croma e a redução no ângulo de cor da casca foram mais graduais nos frutos tratados com 1-MCP no final da refrigeração. A aplicação no início da refrigeração atrasou temporariamente o decréscimo na acidez titulável. O amaciamento da polpa ocorreu mais lentamente, até o sexto dia após a saída da câmara fria, nos frutos que receberam 1-MCP, independentemente da época de aplicação. Contudo, aos 22 dias, essas diferenças não eram mais reconhecidas. Registrando-se equivalência entre as duas épocas de aplicação, a opção pelo tratamento no início da refrigeração resulta em menor interferência nas operações pós-colheita atualmente praticadas.
Evolução dos pigmentos durante o amadurecimento de mamão 'Sunrise Solo' e 'Golden'
Authors: Fonseca Marcos José de Oliveira , Leal Nilton Rocha , Cenci Sérgio Agostinho , Cecon Paulo Roberto , Bressan-Smith Ricardo Enrique , Balbino José Mauro de Souza
Published: February 2008

O objetivo deste estudo foi explicar as diferenças na coloração da polpa e da casca entre os frutos dos mamoeiros 'Sunrise Solo' e 'Golden', e desenvolver escalas de maturação visual. Os frutos foram colhidos em sete estádios de maturação, baseando-se no percentual de coloração amarela na casca, em pomar comercial localizado em Linhares-ES. O mamão 'Golden' mostrou-se difícil de classificar por meio de escala visual, devido a sua coloração mais clara. O mamão 'Sunrise Solo' possui teores mais elevados de clorofila total, a e b, e reduzido teor de carotenóides totais, no primeiro estádio e em outros dois estádios (4º e 6º estádios de maturação). A mudança de cor foi mais evidente nesta cultivar. A relação entre clorofilas totais e carotenóides totais foi superior na cultivar Sunrise Solo até o sexto estádio. Por isso, recomenda-se cuidado no manuseio pós-colheita do mutante Golden, principalmente quanto ao ponto de colheita, por causa da dificuldade de distinção entre os estádios de maturação.
Mudanças fisiológicas e químicas em bananas 'Nanica' e 'Pacovan' tratadas com carbureto de cálcio
Authors: Nogueira Dijauma Honório , Pereira Walter Esfrain , Silva Silvanda de Melo , Araújo Raunira da Costa
Published: February 2008

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar mudanças fisiológicas e químicas em bananas 'Nanica' e 'Pacovan' tratadas com elevadas doses de carbureto de cálcio (CaC2), para geração de acetileno. Os frutos foram colhidos no estádio de maturação II (verdes com leves traços amarelos). As pencas foram acondicionadas em caixas de madeira (50 x 50 x 40 cm), revestidas internamente com papel alumínio, hermeticamente fechadas e tratadas com quatro doses de CaC2 (0; 15; 30 e 45 g.m-3) e (0; 7; 15 e 30 g.m-3) para 'Nanica' e 'Pacovan', respectivamente. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 6 (4 doses e 6 períodos de avaliação), com três repetições. As características avaliadas foram: atividade respiratória, conteúdos de amido, açúcares redutores (AR) e clorofila total, e evolução da coloração do fruto (escala de 1-7). O acetileno liberado do CaC2 resultou em aumento da taxa respiratória, degradação do amido e elevação dos teores de AR, degradação da clorofila e intensificação da coloração amarela, uniformizando o amadurecimento, sobretudo para a cultivar Pacovan.
Acúmulo de nutrientes e destino do nitrogênio (15N) aplicado em pomar jovem de laranjeira
Authors: Boaretto Rodrigo Marcelli , Mattos Junior Dirceu , Trivelin Paulo Cesar Ocheuze , Muraoka Takashi , Boaretto Antonio Enedi
Published: February 2008

Informações sobre absorção de nutrientes em pomares cítricos são importantes para recomendações do manejo da fertilidade do solo. Contudo, estudos sobre a distribuição dos nutrientes na planta e a validação das doses de nitrogênio (N) recomendadas são escassos na literatura brasileira. O presente trabalho avaliou (i) o acúmulo de nutrientes e a distribuição do N (15N) aplicado em citros e (ii) validou a dose de N recomendada para pomares em início de produção. Em laranjeiras 'Pêra' sobre limoeiro 'Cravo', com 3 a 4 anos de idade, foram aplicadas doses de 150; 300; 450 e 600 g de N por planta, como sulfato de amônio, divididas em três parcelas, entre a primavera e o verão. Incluiu-se um tratamento-testemunha sem N. No mesmo pomar, em outras três plantas, aplicaram-se 300 g por planta de N-[(15NH4)2SO 4)] enriquecido em 15N, para estudar o destino do N do fertilizante no pomar. Foram avaliadas a produção de frutos e o aproveitamento do 15N pela biomassa da planta. A eficiência do fertilizante, estimada com base na absorção de N pela planta, variou entre 20% e 27% do total aplicado. Os frutos exportaram 35% do N absorvido do fertilizante, e a dose de 400 g de N proporcionou a máxima produção de laranjas.
Effect of humic substances and weather conditions on leaf biochemical changes of fertigated guava tree, during orchard establishment
Authors: Dantas Bárbara França , Pereira Maiane Santos , Ribeiro Luciana de Sá , Maia Joselanne Luiza Trajano , Bassoi Luis Henrique
Published: February 2008

In São Francisco Valley, Northeast Brazil, humic substances have been used by growers in fertigated fruit crops, due to its improvements on soil conditions and in plant nutrient uptake, metabolism and growth, reported from different growing places and crops. Nevertheless, little information about plant response to humic substance usage for local soil, weather and cropping system conditions is known. Hence, the metabolic response of guava tree during the orchard establishment to fertigation with humic substances and its correlation to the weather conditions were evaluated in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco. The treatments were manure application in soil combined with mineral fertilizers and humic substances applied through water of irrigation. The results showed that the fertigation treatments and plant age did not present conclusive effects in guava leaf contents of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. On the other side, the leaf contents of these compounds were influenced by the weather conditions.
Caracterização dos estágios fenológicos em sete cultivares e seleções de nogueira-macadâmia
Authors: Sobierajski Graciela da Rocha , Barbosa Wilson , Bettiol Neto José Emilio , Chagas Edvan Alves , Campo-Dall'Orto Fernando Antonio
Published: February 2008

O conhecimento dos estádios florais e do desenvolvimento das nozes da nogueira-macadâmia é indispensável para o adequado manejo das plantas, visando a pesquisas de polinização e de cruzamentos controlados. Pesquisaram-se, neste trabalho, os padrões fenológicos temporais de sete cultivares de macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia), do banco de germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico (IAC). Verificaram-se pequenas variações entre os estágios fenológicos iniciais, desde a emissão dos rácemos até a fase de botão floral inchado. O ciclo desde a emissão do botão floral até a queda dos frutos foi de 253 dias. Os estágios fenológicos - frutos maduros e queda dos frutos - ocorreram a partir do dia 10 de fevereiro até o final de março.
Assessment on nutrient levels in the aerial biomass of irrigated guava in São Francisco Valley, Brazil
Authors: Maia Joselanne Luiza Trajano , Bassoi Luis Henrique , Silva Davi José , Lima Maria Auxiliadora Coelho de , Assis Joston Simão de , Morais Patricia Lígia Dantas de
Published: February 2008

In perennial crops, fertilizers are applied to restore the amount of nutrient removed from the plant by harvesting. Nevertheless, the immobilized nutrient inside the whole plant should be considered. Based on it, the nutrient concentrations in the guava leaf and fruit and the nutrient contents removed by fruits and post-harvest pruning were evaluated in an irrigated orchard, in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The greatest contents removed by fruits were N and K among the macronutrients, while Fe, Zn and Mn presented higher levels among the micronutrients. More than 60% of the total content of N, P, K, Mg, Fe, and B removed by pruning were immobilized in the leaf and non-marketable fruit.
Manejo da requeima do tomateiro industrial empregando sistema de previsão
Authors: Duarte Henrique da Silva Silveira , Zambolim Laércio , Jesus Junior Waldir Cintra de
Published: February 2008

Três experimentos foram conduzidos utilizando-se o híbrido de tomateiro industrial H 7155N, em 2003 e 2004 visando adequar um sistema de previsão modificado para o uso de fungicidas no manejo da requeima causada por Phytophthora infestans. Os experimentos foram conduzidos num delineamento em blocos ao acaso com dez tratamentos e três repetições. Os fungicidas sistêmicos foram aplicados quando o valor de severidade da doença (VSD) alcançou oito, dez ou doze pontos. A alternância dos fungicidas sistêmicos com o metiram ocorreu na semana em que não foram alcançados os VSD´s. O tratamento calendário de pulverização para o controle da requeima consistiu da aplicação semanal de fungicidas após o aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas e aqueles definidos pelo sistema de previsão foram baseados nos VSD acumulados durante o experimento. A avaliação da requeima foi feita semanalmente com auxílio de uma escala descritiva de severidade e uma chave diagramática. A eficiência dos tratamentos foi comparada calculando-se a área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença, a taxa de progresso da doença (r) e produtividade de tomate. Os valores de r do melhor tratamento (dimetomorfe misturado com clorotalonil (VSD = 10) alternado com metiram variaram de 0,03 a 0,07, enquanto para o tratamento calendário semanal foi de 0,05 a 0,09 e para testemunha de 0,24 a 0,39. Dimetomorfe + clorotalonil (VSD = 10) alternado com metiram produziu em média 15,7 toneladas a mais de tomate, comparado ao tratamento calendário semanal de fungicidas. Dimetomorfe ou metalaxil-M misturado com clorotalonil (VSD = 10) baseado no sistema de previsão sem a alternância com metiram diferiu do calendário semanal baseado na severidade da doença e na produção de tomate. Os tratamentos piraclostrobina misturado com metiram (VSD = 8; VSD = 10) alternado com metiram; dimetomorfe misturado com mancozeb (VSD = 8; VSD = 10) alternado com metiram proporcionaram controle intermediário da requeima. O sistema de previsão baseado no uso de dimetomorfe misturado com clorotalonil alternado com metiram (VSD = 10) permitiu redução de uma aplicação da mistura dimetomorfe misturado com clorotalonil pulverização em dois dos três experimentos, comparados ao tratamento calendário semanal de aplicação de fungicidas, sem afetar a produção.