bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tall Buildings
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

City people regarded tall buildings for living and working with wonder and pride but had mixed feelings about what the new vertical City meant and how they should relate to it. The tall buildings necessitated a perceptual reorientation and required new words and extended meanings of old words. Word images of tall buildings and of the new ways of living in and around them reveal some of the popular meaning of social change in the private world of domestic life and in the public world of the streets.
The Sporting Life
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

Other attractions of the bright lights of city life, these catering chiefly to men, were the companion activities of public drinking, gambling, and prostitution. Around 1850, the expressions the sporting life, sporting for short, or just sport came to denote, from the male point of view, the comradery of drinking establishments, the action of betting in gambling houses, and the cynical use of prostitutes. These incongruous labels emerged because competitive athletic and other sporting events became an occasion for gambling; drinking in saloons was associated with betting on sporting events and other gambling; and loose women inevitably came into the picture. A sporting gentleman had meant a gambler since the 1830s. A sporting house by the late 1850s was an establishment catering to gamblers and drinkers and by the 1870s the phrase patently denoted a brothel. A sporting lady, of course, was a prostitute, especially one in a brothel. A sportsman, or just a sport, was an avid gambler, drinker, and brothel patron.
Eluding the Enemy
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

The twenty-five guerilla fighters of the Iskra otriad arranged themselves in a circle. The man responsible for this assembly stood in the middle and seemed to tower over them, not because of actual height, but some intangible inner strength.
The Emergence of New Social Arrangements
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

“When you are in the forest you see individual trees. Only when you leave it, outside from far you see the entire forest in all its glory. The same happened to me. I saw much more as a tourist than the people that were there. I was amazed at what Tuvia did. I saw the workshops, the children (cries) ... I saw an orthodox Jew pray. People worked, they fixed watches, made shoes, they made leather from cowhide. People from all the surrounding areas came there to have things fixed.
The End of the Otriad
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

By the end of 1943 close to three million Polish Jews had perished, about ninety percent of the prewar Jewish population. In Western Belorussia this Jewish destruction was evident in the German liquidation of surrounding ghettos and camps. In contrast, within the Russian partisan movement, informal anti-Semitism seemed to be losing its effectiveness while official acceptance of Jews appeared to be increasing. The Bielski otriad continued to grow as more Jewish fugitives reached the camp. Some new arrivals had come after one or more stopovers at hiding places that for a variety of reasons became exposed. Some covered vast distances. For example, one family had traveled from as far away as Vilna. Still others were guerillas who had left Russian detachments because as Jews they felt discriminated against.
The Birth and Infancy of the NFL
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

George S. Halas, founder and long-time coach of the Chicago Bears, is often referred to as the “father of the NFL.” Halas was there at its beginning, and there is no doubt that he exercised great influence in pro football circles for well over sixty years, but he does not deserve this title. The men who conceived of and developed the first viable organization for pro football teams (they called it first a “conference” and then an “association”) were several businessmen in northeastern Ohio.
The Pro Style Is Born
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

During its first forty-odd years, professional football was the raggedy step child of the glamorous college game. The pros took their cues about the rules and how to play the game from the college authorities. The major collegiate football powers were far better known and more popular than the top pro teams well into the 1930s, outdrawing the pros in their own localities by five to one.
The Television Era Bging
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

There are three reasons that 1950 was a watershed year for the NFL. First, professional football was finally at peace after four years of interleague warfare with the AAFC. Second, the league made permanent the experimental rule permitting unlimited substitution. The NFL had tinkered with variations of the substitution rule during World War II and in 1949 had set a one-year trial for unlimited substitution. Making that rule permanent in 1950 led to the now universal practice of having separate teams for offense and defense and the development of such specialists as place kickers and punters. Finally, 1950 marked the beginning of pro football as the television sport.
The World of the Law
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

Lawyers are easily stereotyped, and the stereotypes are rarely favorable. In this respect, early modern France differed not at all from contemporary Europe or America.1 A particularly nasty 1782 critic went so far as to call lawyers “gnawing vultures who do not let their prey escape until they have fully gorged themselves.”2 Of course, a few images, generally produced by the legal profession itself, have always gone to the other extreme. In them, lawyers are depicted as a secular priesthood, the con science of a nation, and generally the thin wedge protecting civilization from barbarian hordes. Early modern France produced its share of such writings as well (Chapter 2 will examine how they in fact contributed to the formation of an organized legal profession in Paris).
Building an Independent Profession
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

The law is an old profession in Paris. Its origins go back to the high Middle Ages, and by the Renaissance, barristers possessed most of the criteria generally associated with modern professions, such as a distinct vocational identity, an established body of theory taught in universities, and uniform standards for training and performance.1 An independent bar association, however, dates only from the time of Louis XIV. Over the long span of the king’s “personal rule” and the Regency that followed (1661-1723), Parisian barristers gradually constructed a powerful, cohesive organization for themselves. It had a governing committee, a mandatory training program, and a library that also served as a meeting place. Most importantly, it controlled who could become, and remain, a barrister.
The Profession Transformed
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

Two dramatic and well-known judgments, close together in time, mark an end of one era in the history of the French legal profession and the start of another. On August 6, 1761, the parlement of Paris, following a long campaign masterminded by Louis-Adrien Le Paige, voted to close all colleges, associations, and seminaries of the Jesuit Order in France. Within three years, Louis XV himself reluctantly agreed to the parlement’s decision, and the Jansenists’ greatest enemies were summarily expelled from French soil. Jansenists continued to suffer some vestiges of persecution, and Le Paige continued to detect Jesuit conspiracies in every shadow. Still, the turmoil caused by the Bull Unigenitus had effectively come to an end. By the 1780’s, Le Paige was actively cooperating with the lieutenant general de police to squelch conflicts over Jansenism, and even drafting arrets de conseil to suppress hostile proclamations by anti Jansenist bishops.
Introduction
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

This book is a study in perceptions. Its central focus is the Holocaust, but rather than providing a narrative of the event, its goal is to examine the manner in which a variety of perspectives on violence have molded European views and redefined individual and collective identities in a process of emulation, mutual reflection, and distortion. Hence the book is conceived somewhat as a hall of mirrors wherein repeated images, seen from different angles, provide a prism through which we can distill a clearer understanding of the origins, nature, and impact of the atrocity that occurred in the heart of our civilization and has become the defining event of the twentieth century.
Elusive Enemies
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

The discourse on enemies and victims, its effects on our conduct in and perceptions of war and genocide, and the extent to which such perceptions have in turn redefined our views of victimhood and identity can be viewed as among the most crucial issues of this century. This is an important key to understanding German self perceptions and attitudes toward Jews; French conduct in the “somber years” and subsequent conceptualizations of the nation; and Jewish self-definitions and views of real and perceived enemies. But in the larger context, the relationship between enemies and victims has broad implications for grasping the phenomenon of modern genocide, for while it molds national and individual identities, it also retains a persistently pernicious potential that has often led to obfuscation, repression, and violence, rather than understanding and reconciliation. At the end of the twentiety century, we need to ask whether we have succeeded in breaking out of the vicious circle of defining enemies and making victims, which has characterized a great deal of the last hundred years and has been at the root of so much violence and bloodshed. Since historians have been implicated in much of this discourse in the past, they would do well to think about its ramifications for their own time as well.
Apocalyptic Visions
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

Carl Schmitt, the legal theorist and political philosopher, whose critique of liberalism in the last days of the Weimar Republic continues to draw the attention of neoconservatives and postmodernists alike, has been called “an apocalyptic of the Counter-revolution.” Schmitt’s controversial essay The Concept of the Political (1932) presents the “political” as predicated on a friend-and-enemy relationship between and within states, the ultimate manifestation of which is the willingness to die and kill in a war against a recognized collective enemy. Without this relationship, argues Schmitt, politics, and therefore the state, will lose its meaning and wither away, thereby depriving human existence of the seriousness and commitment that ultimately makes it human.
The Earth Is Still Hot and Mobile
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

People in Maryland knew something was up when the snows of late spring were brown, blue, even red. It was 1816, an unusually cold year. Brown snow fell in Hungary that year, and for the citizens of Taranto in southern Italy, where any snow is unusual, the red and yellow snows that season caused consternation and alarm. The world had gone awry. “During the entire season,” wrote one observer, “the sun arose each morning as though in a cloud of smoke, red and rayless, shedding little light or warmth and setting at night behind a thin cloud of vapor, leaving hardly a trace of its having passed over the face of the Earth.” In New England, 1816 was called “the Year Without a Summer” and also, with Yankee wryness, “Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death.” As the spring wore on into summer, there were successive cold waves and frosts every month. We know just how cold because the presidents of Yale University during this period-a succession of clergymen and scholars-were willing to rise each morning at 4:30 to read and record the temperature.
... And from Time to Time Its Surface Moves Around
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

Well water grew turbid and hibernating snakes took up their warm-weather rounds. Groundwater levels rose and fell. Radon levels changed radically and sensors showed that the ground was tilting. Domestic animals behaved strangely. A report notes that “pigs bit each other and tried to run up walls, cows fought each other and pawed the ground, deer ran away, turtles were seen to jump out of the water and to make noise, and a hen was seen to fly to a tree top.” This took place in Liaoning Province in northeastern China in early February 1975. Earlier, in January, the Earthquake Research Branch of the provincial government had predicted that a major earthquake would occur in the region that month or the following month. A massive quake had occurred in nearby Bo Hai in 1969, and Liaoning Province had been laced with monitoring devices in the intervening years.
... And on Rare Occasions There Are Changes in Its Community of Living Things
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

When European settlers arrived on the east coast of North America, they were confronted by vast stretches of virgin forest made up largely of enormous old trees-the stuff of picture postcards. Today we rhapsodize over such places and seek to protect them, but to the early settlers fresh from the domesticated landscapes of Europe, this forest was a dark place, a savage wilderness that needed taming. And, practically speaking, none of it is left. Attitudes about “nature” change. Indeed, one scholar found that the very word “nature” has more than 100 separate meanings. To a geologist, nature is every thing and every process, and life is merely one phenomenon that has come about in nature. And life is dangerous. The existence of (1) the immune system and (2) the fossil record attests to this obvious but often overlooked fact of life. Immune systems, which all higher animals and most plants possess in one form or another, are in a nearly constant battle against other forms of life. The fossil record makes it clear that far more species have vanished than now live on the planet.
Bill Evans A Need to Know
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Pianist Bill Evans was much aware of the freedom involved in jazz improvisation ( “the idea of doing something in music that somebody hadn’t ‘t thought of opened a whole new world to me “). He was equally aware of the sizable disciplines involved. And of the need for any artist to arrive at his own best style, a style that would allow him continued artistic development and growth.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Parallel processing algorithms is a very broad field -in this introduction we will try to give some kind of overview. Certain applications of computers require much more processing power than can be provided by today ‘s machines. These applications include solving differential equations and some areas of artificial intelligence like image processing. Efforts to increase the power of sequential computers by making circuit elements smaller and faster have approached basic physical limits. Consequently, it appears that substantial increases in processing power can only come about by somehow breaking up a task and having processors work on the parts independently. The parallel approach to problem solving is sometimes very different from the sequential one-we will occasionally give examples of parallel algorithms that convey the flavor of this approach.
Relations between PRAM models
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

In this section we will use the sorting algorithm developed in the last section to com pare several variations on the PRAM models of computation. We begin by describing two models that appear to be substantially stronger than the EREW model: CREW - Concurrent Read, Exclusive Write. In this case any number of processors can read from a memory location in one program step, but at most one processor can write to a location at a time. In some sense this model is the one that is most commonly used in the development of algorithms.
Generic Parallel Algorithms.
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

We will consider how several different networks handle many common algorithms. In order to do this, we follow Preparata and Vuillemin in [125] in defining a pair of generic parallel algorithms that can be easily implemented on the common network-Naturally, some networks are better than others for developing parallel algorithms. Essentially, they have structural properties that make it easier to describe the data movement operations necessary for parallel computations. We will consider several such architectures in this chapter. In every case, physical computers have been con structed that implement the given architecture.
The Butterfly Network
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Naturally, some networks are better than others for developing parallel algorithms. Essentially, they have structural properties that make it easier to describe the data movement operations necessary for parallel computations. We will consider several such architectures in this chapter. In every case, physical computers have been constructed that implement the given architecture.
Cube-Connected Cycles
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

One of the limiting factors in designing a computer like the butterfly computer is the number of connections between processors. Clearly, if processors are only allowed to have two communication lines coming out of them the whole network will form a tree or ring. Since both of these networks only allow a limited amount of data to flow through them, it is clear that networks with high data flow must have at least three communication lines coming out of most of the processors. The butterfly network is close to this optimum since it has four lines through most processors. It is possible to design a network that has the same asymptotic performance as the butterfly with precisely three communications lines coming out of each processor. This is called the cube-connected cycles (or CCC) network.
Asynchronous Parallel Programming
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

In this section we will consider software for asynchronous parallel programs. These are usually run on MIMD computers with relatively few processors, although it is possible to develop such programs for networks of sequential computers. Many of the important concepts were first discussed in§ 7.3.1 in chapter II. Portable programming packages. In this section we will discuss a general programming system that hasbeen implemented on many different parallel computers. Our main emphasis will be on the LINDA package. It is widely available striking in its simplicity and elegance. The original system, called LINDA, was developed by Scientific Computing Associates and they have ported it to many platforms. There are also sever free versions of LINDA: a package called POSYBL that can be obtained via anonymous ftp from and a package called Prolog-D-Linda (available by ftp from ftp.cs.uwa.edu.au,with a full research report). This package is particularly interesting because it is designed to be used in conjunction with a version of Prolog (SICSTUS prolog).
The Discrete Fourier Transform
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

We will consider how several different networks handle many common algorithms. In order to do this, we follow Preparata and Vuillemin in [125] in defining a pair of generic parallel algorithms that can be easily implemented on the common network-Naturally, some networks are better than others for developing parallel algorithms. Essentially, they have structural properties that make it easier to describe the data movement operations necessary for parallel computations. We will consider several such architectures in this chapter. In every case, physical computers have been constructed that implement the given architecture.
Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

The semantics of this language are somewhat simpler and clearer than C*, and it is well-suited to both SIMD and MIMD parallel programming. This language has been developed in conjunction with a MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer - the Triton system, being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. They have implemented Modula* on the CM-2 Connection Machine, and the MasPar MP-1, and intend to implement it upon their MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer, the Triton/1, when it is complete. The discussion in this section follows the treatment of Modula* in [68], by Christian Herter and Walter Tichy The semantics of this language are somewhat simpler and clearer than C*, and it is well-suited to both SIMD and MIMD parallel programming. This language has been developed in conjunction with a MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer - the Triton system, being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. They have implemented Modula* on the CM-2 Connection Machine, and the MasPar MP-1, and intend to implement it upon their MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer, the Triton/1, when it is complete.
Graph Algorithms
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Introduction. This section develops an algorithm for parsing precedence gram mars and the evaluation of an arithmetic expression in O(lg n) time. Although parts of this algorithm are somewhat similar to the doubling algorithms of the previous section, we put these algorithms in a separate section because of their complexity. They are interesting for a number of reasons.
Women’s Survival StrategiesGifts and Giving as Methods of Resistance, 1846 –1880
Authors: González Deena J
Published: November 2023

The widow Chaves was blessed, luckier than many women of the postwar generation. She was born into a prominent Santa Fe family, had inherited land and livestock, and had managed to preserve and improve her estate. Wealthy, but in poor health in 1871, unable to read or write English, the widow turned to the law clerk Edwin Dunn, whom she asked to draw up her will. Having found her attorney absent, she hired Dunn because he seemed capable and was interested in helping her. Luckily, though to her horror, as she later told a friend, her son returned from a trip and examined the will, only to dis- cover that the law clerk and an unscrupulous priest were colluding to dupe her. Apparently, the will Dunn recorded contained unapproved donations to the church and the poor, as well as a substantial sum of money for the clerk’s law office.
The Politics of Disidentification and RecuperationNotations about the “New” Western American History
Authors: González Deena J
Published: November 2023

This book has suggested a framework for unraveling historically the positions and situations of Chicanas by examining their history in one com- munity across a relatively short expanse of time last century (relative, that is, to their presence in the region studied). Its structure and its arguments have made the point that a different angle of vision is necessary if we are to unpack the implications of colonization. Becauses they were persistent, accommodating survivors, it is not surprising that the Spanish-Mexican women I have writ- ten about persevered and that their grandchildren, the Chicanas of Santa Fe, presently endure ongoing colonization. What is surprising, however, is how hidden female ancestors have been in the stories men have told of Santa Fe— how undervalued or invisible they have been in these renderings, even in re- cent decades. This chapter situates these oversights in the context of newer writings that deal with the racial and sexual politics surrounding the “encoun- ters “ between westering Euro-American and Spanish-Mexican frontiers- people. It offers a critique of that literature and proposes different possibili- ties—as each chapter has in this book—for examining the lives of women on this and other colonized frontiers of the world.
Before and After the Social War
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

In the course of the 350s two developments altered the degree of power exercised by the Athenians in the Aegean area. One of these was the revolt of some of their major allies. The other was the growth in the power of Philip II, as he consolidated his inherited kingdom and intervened repeatedly in Thessaly and Thrace. The fortunate preservation of several Athenian speeches from this period makes it possible to assess the state of opinion in the city, survey many of the political leaders, and observe the unsuccessful efforts of Demosthenes to attain prominence.
That Old Black Magic Called Love
Authors: Ruggiero Guido
Published: November 2023

“[I declare] … by means of the present contract that I obligate myself to the prince Lucifer and all the princes of Hell. I call him my Lord and am his slave until the final judgement under the agreement and condition that he grant me a grace: that he make Madonna Paolina di Modesta … be inflamed with love for me. So much so that she will have no content, no repose of her spirit or her body unless she is with me. Moreover I pray to those most wise and prudent princes of Hell that they make me this grant. In return I promise my body and my soul at death. I Andrea have written this with my own hand.”
Some Assembly Required: Biased Speculations on the Future of Human Factors Design
Authors: Pittenger John B
Published: November 2023

The night before your child’s birthday you arrive home proudly bearing that toy she’s wanted for a year--0nly to see that the label says “Some Assembly Required.” The troubleshooting guide to your VCR lists over twenty-five ways to correct your mistakes.
Family Man
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: November 2023

Family Man illustrates the ways in which everyday practices help to construct masculine identities. Scott Coltrane's search for the origins of male dominance begins at home instead of the workplace, examining the ways in which patterns of domestic labour reflect and reinforce relations between men and women in society at large.
From Natural Aristocrat to Country Squire
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

Not out of those on whom systems of education have exhausted their culture, comes the helpful giant to destroy the old or to build the new, but out of unhandselled savage nature, out of terrible Druids and Berserkers, come at last Alfred and Shakespeare.
Revolution in South Carolina
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

The Part Of the story which follows, while it pertains to the whole South in ways that will become clear, has mostly to do with South Carolinians and their struggle to see themselves in history. The ever-narrowing parochialism of South Carolina in the thirties and forties is revealed in their reflections on the idea of revolution-in their attempts to reckon with contemporary revolutionary movements abroad and with revolutionary change, both threatened and actual, at home. The growing isolationism of the state, like that of the South at large, was not the result of parochial ignorance or indifference to what was occurring elsewhere any more than it resulted from an absence of men of universal spirit. There were South Carolinians enough who were characterized by sophistication, a broad acquaintance with politics and a knowledge of history.
The Virtues In Medical Practice
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

This book constructs a virtue-based ethics for medicine and health care. Beginning with the problem of relating virtues to principles, the authors develop a theory that this linkage lies in the goals of medicine and the nature of medical practice as a moral community. Specific virtues such as trust, compassion, prudence, justice, courage, temperance, and self-effacement are discussed in separate chapters. The book ends by examining how a virtue-based ethic of medicine makes a difference in analysing problems like caring for the poor, research on human subjects, whether the medical virtues can be taught in professional training, and how a refurbished philosophy of medicine can enhance medicine and health care in the future.
The Link Between Virtues, Principles, and Duties
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

Although it remained the central concept in ethics for so long, and although it is now being refurbished, there are certain limitations to any ethical system based solely on virtue. One such limitation, as the preceding chapter shows, is the variety of definitions of virtue and of the virtues in different philosophical systems. To unravel or reconcile these differences is a formidable task, requiring nothing less than a reconciliation of opposing philosophical systems. MacIntyre has recently shown how difficult-perhaps impossible-such an enterprise must be, since so many of the differences are, to use his terminology, “incommensurable and untranslatable.”
A True Lover of Man
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da
Published: November 2023

Whoever replaced John Wray at Le Resouvenir would have to face a situation even more tense than the one Wray had found in 1808. In spite of Wray’s deliberate efforts to gain the support of the planters and to convert the slaves into an obedient, disciplined, and hard-working people, the actual effect of his work had been to intensify the conflicts that pitted slaves against masters. It had antagonized planters, managers, and local authorities and made them even less willing to accept evangelical missionaries in their midst. And, by seeking and obtaining the British government’s support for his mission whenever he met with serious opposition from the colonists, Wray also had deepened the gulf that separated them from the mother country. His disputes with his fellow missionaries left a religious community divided and even more vulnerable to the attacks of its enemies.
Socialization: Creating a Chinese Working Class
Authors: Kaple Deborah A
Published: November 2023

When the Chinese Communist Party took power in 1949, it immediately turned its attention to transforming China into a modern, industrialized, socialist state. One of its first acts, as seen in Chapter 4, was to draw up and circulate a management blueprint for managers in their new roles. The CCP’s plan of socialist industrialization would mean not only building new factories and enterprises and implementing a new socialist management regimen, but it would also require an industrial proletariat. Millions of new workers needed to be trained and educated, for they had to learn to work in the new, socialist environment.
Introduction
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

Near the beginning of his history of the Persian Wars, Herodotus tells a parable about ends. Croesus, the king of Lydia, was at the height of his wealth and power when Solon the wise Athenian visited his court. The rich oriental king entertained the simple Athenian in lavish style, gave him a tour of his treasuries, and then asked him who was the happiest man on earth. Solon disappointed Croesus by naming an Athenian, Tellus, who was fortunate enough to have lived in a prosperous city with fine sons and healthy grandchildren, and who died a brave death in battle that was rewarded with public burial on the battlefield. When Croesus in annoyance asked who came in second, Solon told the story of Cleobis and Biton, who performed a remarkable feat of strength and piety and then died at the height of their glory. The king became angry that the wise Athenian was not impressed with his own good fortune, so Solon patiently explained the famous Greek paradox that no man is happy before he is dead: the wealth or happiness we enjoy today may be lost tomorrow, and only the man whose fortune remains to the end can truly be called happy. “One must look at the end of each thing and see how it will turn out,” Solon concluded, “for god often gives men a glimpse of happiness and then destroys them entirely.” To Croesus, this talk about ends was foolish and he sent Solon away, but events that followed proved Solon correct: with a similar false confidence in his own power and in the meaning of an oracle, Croesus attacked Persia, only to lose his empire, his city, and apparently his life. Croesus was taken prisoner and placed on a pyre by Cyrus, king of the Persians, and there he remembered how Solon had said that no one could be happy while still alive. Only in suffering his own disastrous reversal did he recognize the importance of waiting for the end.
Reversal: Trojan Women
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

In Hippolytus, the unusual symmetry of closing gestures in prologue and epilogue is more than a curious detail. The repetition that seems to enhance the play’s formal perfection succeeds instead in paralyzing the plot; an exceptional play that is often judged Euripides’ best makes drama impossible. So it is with a certain sense of critical symmetry that I turn to a play that has often been considered Euripides’ worst and that deploys its closing gestures in a decidedly unbalanced and asymmetrical manner. “The Troades, produced in 415, is perhaps the least interesting of the extant tragedies. The plot consists merely of unconnected scenes, depicting the miserable fate of the Trojan captives; and the execution is not in the best style of Euripides.”A. E. Haigh’s condemnation is not entirely typical. More recent scholars, rather than dismiss the play out of hand, try to defend or justify its disconnected and episodic plot. Gilbert Murray, for example, argues that emotional intensity upstages dramatic coherence: this is “a study of sorrow, a study too intense to admit the distraction of plot interest.”2 G. M.A. Grube insists that pathos rather than plot or characterization gives the play “its beauty and appeal.”3 Gennaro Perrotta suggests that if we look not to Aristotelian notions of plot but to the “invisible” realm of feeling and emotion, we will find that “the unity of Trojan Women is perfect and absolute.”4 And Shirley Barlow argues that the play’s unity consists in a network of recurring themes and in the central role of Hecuba.5 This ambivalence is summed up in Richmond Lattimore’s conclusion that “in candor, one can hardly call The Trojan Women a good piece of work, but it seems nevertheless to be a great tragedy.”6 Rather than plead for the play’s redeeming virtues (which certainly exist), I want to begin with its defects, which are acknowledged by the scruples of its defenders no less than by the criticisms of Haigh: the plot is not a single action but a sequence of episodes, it contains no major reversal of fortunes, and it lacks movement or direction. Troy has fallen, the war is over, the city has been sacked and the women taken into slavery; pathos may remain, but no events worth telling. Whatever this play’s virtues, they are not those of Hippolytus.
Erasure: Heracles
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

My third trope-and the phenomenon it intends to describe-is more subtle. In Hippolytus, the gestures of closure are doubled, repeated both at the beginning and at the end of the work; in Trojan Women, they are moved, displaced from the end of the work to its beginning; and in Heracles these gestures are uncertain, seeming to appear-and seeming not to appear-where we expect them. The trope, like erasure itself, is a complex one: not a simple absence, but a presence that is somehow denied or effaced or rendered uncertain. At the end of Trojan Women, the lyric antistrophe precludes the use of Euripides’ closing gestures. The end of Heracles, however, both gives and takes away; the familiar closing gestures seem to be present until we look more closely and find that they have been emptied of force. Yet as we shall see, these partial or incomplete gestures are multiplied, thus “erasing” the end in a more radical manner.Heracles ends, as a tragedy well might, with burials, farewells, and departure. After agreeing to go with Theseus to Athens, Heracles says goodbye to his father Amphitryon (1418). He bids his father bury the bodies of his children and promises to bury Amphitryon in turn (1419-22). And then Heracles leaves the stage. These familiar closing themes, however, are in various ways robbed of their proper force. After Heracles in half a line reminds his father to bury the children (0a<p0’ <001tEp 1::inov miioai; 1419), Amphitryon changes the subject to ask who will bury him (eµe M 1:i.i;, 1:fa:vov; 1419). Heracles answers that he will, and when his father asks how (since Amphitryon will presumably stay in Thebes to bury the children while Heracles goes to Athens with Theseus), Heracles says he will have him brought to Athens after the children are buried (1420-21).
Helen and Romance
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

In the epigraph to this chapter, Shaw registers annoyance at those who assume Eliza will marry Higgins for two reasons. The first is the ending itself: if we consider Eliza’s self-interest and her instincts (Shaw assures us), and if we ask what she might do when faced with the choice between a lifetime of fetching Higgins’s slippers and a lifetime of Freddy fetching hers, “there can be no doubt about the answer.” Given a woman like Eliza who knows what she wants, the sequel is clear and to remove any possible doubts, Shaw spends fourteen pages describing Eliza’s choices, her marriage, her later contacts with Higgins, and the flower stand she eventually opens in Covent Garden. But there is more at stake than simply correcting the record. Shaw’s second reason has to do with what the ending implies: a hand-me-down ending can only come from the ragshop of romance. Pygmalion advertises itself as “A Romance in Five Acts,” according to the subtitle, but does so with typically Shavian irony. The mythical conceit of the title and the dramatic conceit of a play about phonetics make it clear that this is no ordinary romance, and Shaw drives the point home in his epilogue, contrasting the expectations of feeble imaginations with the calculus of benefits in real life. “Complications ensued; but they were economic, not romantic.. . . But when it comes to business, to the life that she really leads as distinguished from the life of dreams and fancies, she likes Freddy and she likes the Colonel; and she does not like Higgins and Mr Doolittle.” The stakes are high indeed. If Shaw cannot convince us of his realistic sequel, he cannot convince us that his play, like all great art (and unlike ordinary romance) is “intensely and deliberately didactic.” The proof of the play is in the ending.
Orestes and Tragicomedy
Authors: Dunn Francis M
Published: November 2023

The baffling Helen generates confusions about the nature of the drama just as it generates confusion about the identity of Helen; the radically uncertain course of events threatens to reduce the action to an unintelligible chaos, while the happy end pro vides the reassuring frame of romance. In the predictable plots that Shaw reviles, the two impulses reinforce one another: the damsel must first be threatened with demons and dangers in order to justify the happy end. But in Helen, as we have seen, the two impulses are severed: profound uncertainty and comforting conclusion are connected in a purely artificial manner; the end does not seem to warrant the means, and the viewer is unable to make sense of the whole. If the play, in the end, is neither a hand me-down from the ragshop of romance nor an illustration of the unintelligibility of life, we are left wondering what sort of play it is. Four years later, in Orestes, Euripides posed similar problems in a more spectacular way. Rather than sever means from ends, he constructed an action that leads relentlessly towards two contradictory endings, toward a comic and a tragic resolution. Ionesco discovered that tragedy and comedy are really the same thing, two different aspects of the same situation: domestic life in The Bald Soprano, for example, is so utterly banal that we can’t decide whether to laugh or cry. Orestes, however, is at each moment both tragedy and comedy; it is not one situation with two different faces, but two competing actions in one. This violent contradiction, and the contrasting expectations it generates, leaves tragedy unable to give coherent shape to events not because these events lead to ends that are gratuitous, but because they lead to ends that are completely at variance with one another. Whereas Helen realizes expectations in an artificial manner, Orestes generates and realizes contradictory expectations. A detailed reading both of the ending and of the ends that the plot anticipates will show that Orestes advertises the end of tragedy-and heralds some thing entirely new.
Too Marvelous for Words
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

Art Tatum was the greatest virtuoso performer in the history of jazz piano; his technique overwhelmed almost every jazz player who heard him and caused classical virtuosos to take notice. Gunther Schuller called him `one of the most complex, enigmatic and elusive figures in jazz - and a phenomenon'. Through extensive interviews with Tatum's friends and fellow musicians, James Lester captures the complexities of this remarkable talent and the vibrant jazz world of the 1930s and 1940s in which he played. Covering his virtual blindness, extraordinary technique, and inexhaustible lifestyle, the picture that emerges is of cheerful, fun-loving, outgoing man, with none of the demonic self-destructiveness that seemed to haunt the other jazz greats of his era.
1945-1949: The Be-Bop Years
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

Henry minton had once been a sax player himself but had moved from music-making to a job as a union administrator, the first black delegate to New York Local 802. Devoted to jazz, he converted a dilapidated room in the old Hotel Cecil, on W. 118th Street, into a club and, according to Leonard Feather, “made the place an open house for musicians, where jam sessions were practically a nightly event” (Inside Be-Bop). The now legendary Minton’s Playhouse became another hothouse, in which young plants could grow fast. Among established musicians, Marlowe Morris, who played more like Tatum than anyone else according to some, was almost always there on piano.
Households Within Households: Masters And Slaves
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

Henry Jones lived with his master on a farm near Natchez. His wife, Diana, lived nearby. When sold and carried to a farm on the Big Black, Jones determined to run away. He asked Diana to go with him, but she refused, perhaps out of fear of her master, who suspected Jones’s scheme and had already questioned her about it. Or perhaps she simply accepted the undeniable authority of her master. In any case, she would have nothing more to do with her husband. Enraged, Jones lashed out violently, not at the master who had persuaded the woman to stay, nor at his new master who was taking him away, but at Diana. He caught her early one morning as she was milking cows, kicked her in the stomach, knocked her in the head, and fatally plunged a knife eight inches into her right breast.1
Organization a county community Neighborhoods, Parties, and the Politics of Development
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: November 2023

The new constitution did alter county politics. In earlier days local government mirrored informal structures of authority. That is to say, they acknowledged the importance of kinship and neighborhood leadership. In 1820 the state legislature confirmed Jacob Hyland’s unofficial position of prominence as head of one of the wealthiest and best-connected families in the county by appointing him justice of the quorum. The next year Hyland’s brother-in-law took a place on the bench as judge of probate. Andrew Glass, for several years a partner in business with Hyland’s brother, and also connected to the Hyland family by marriage, won the most powerful local elected office, that of sheriff. The three men thus stood atop family, neighborhood, and county. Of course, other neighborhoods had their leaders, and not all could hold public office. But at that time public office meant little, particularly to those who lived at a distance from the county seat. It was no coincidence that Jacob Hyland’s plantation abutted the seat of justice. But his position as justice of the quorum gave him little authority in neighborhoods other than in his own, where he was already leader even before he took his place on the bench.44
Sources of Contaminants
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

There are a variety of ways to classify the contaminants found in the environment. They can be divided as follows: (1) natural and anthropogenic; (2) according to the medium in which they are dispersed-air, water, soil, food; (3) by specific elements and/or compound classes; or (4) by their state of matter-solid, liquid, gas, or dispersion (colloid, suspension, etc.). In this chapter the contaminants are classified according to their sources, and it, therefore, becomes necessary to consider all physical and chemical forms and all media simultaneously. This approach provides the best opportunity to associate specific contaminants with the activities that generate them. Furthermore, it permits an appreciation of the total impact of a given sphere of activity, and of the possible implications of alternative control strategies in those cases where current environmental contamination levels are excessive.
Contamination Criteria and Exposure Limits: Guidelines and Standards
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

Excessive levels of chemical contaminants can clearly produce adverse health effects and degradation of environmental quality. Since the extent and frequency of the effects vary with the magnitude and duration of the exposure, it follows that the effects can be eliminated, or at least reduced in frequency and severity, by reducing the exposures.
Introduction
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

Epidemiology, the study of the occurrence and distribution of diseases and other health-related conditions in populations, is used for many purposes. One is to determine the magnitude and impact of diseases or other conditions in populations or in selected subgroups of populations. This information can be used in setting priorities for investigation and for control, in deciding where preventive efforts should be focused, in evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic procedures, and in determining treatment facilities that are needed. Collecting information on disease frequency in populations is also an essential function of surveillance programs, which evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic measures and seek to detect unexpected changes in disease occurrence. Epidemiologic studies may also be used to learn more about the natural history and clinical course of diseases and of their pathogenesis in both the community and the individual. Perhaps most commonly, however, epidemiologic studies are undertaken to identify causes of disease, and it is this application of epidemiology that will be the focus of this book. Only observational epidemiologic studies will be emphasized because randomized trials are covered in Volume 8 of this series (Meinert, 1986).
Sources of Routinely Collected Data on Disease Occurrence
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

Routinely collected data are often used to provide a rough indication of the frequency of occurrence of diseases and of their descriptive epidemiology. Such data can also serve to provide leads concerning disease etiology. In this chapter, several of the major sources of routinely collected data in the United States are described and their uses and limitations assessed; sources from outside the United States are also briefly discussed where appropriate. Data on international health are described in more detail by Basch (1990) and the National Center for Health Statistics (I 988). Although the emphasis in this chapter is on the use of various sources of data for hypothesis generation, many of the strengths and limitations of descriptive studies also apply to analytic studies designed to test hypotheses.