bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Recovery Efforts at the Millville Mill Site (41RK223), Rusk County, Texas
Authors: Foster Eugene R. , Clander Wayne
Published: May 2019

In September 1993, data recovery efforts were undertaken by Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc. (EH&A) of Austin, Texas, to mitigate the effects of lignite mining on site 41RK223 in Texas Utilities Mining Company's Oak Hill/2280 Acre Mine permit area of north-central Rusk County, Texas. The data recovery efforts were planned and conducted in coordination with the Department of Antiquities Protection at the Texas Historical Commission (THC) and Mr. Matthew Tanner of TU Services. The site was originally recorded by EH&A during a 1989 survey of the Oak Hill/2280 Acre Mine permit area based on information received from local informants, Orville Todd and Herman Ballow. Both men recalled swimming as children in the vicinity of an old framework of heavy timbers submerged within Boggy Branch, a tributary to Mill Creek. Local history accounts suggested that the timbers were likely the remains of one of several old water-powered mills historically associated with the Mill Creek floodplain.
A Two-Phase or Tiered Caddo Mound at The Camp Joy Site (41UR144), Lake 0' the Pines
Authors: Turner Mike
Published: May 2019

As the United States expanded in the late eighteenth century and through most of the nineteenth century, much interest and question was raised over the increasing numbers of earthen mounds and earthen constructions encountered by the settlers moving westward across the southeastern woodlands. Mounds? Mound builders? Enough questions were raised about their origins that in 1881, the Division of Mound Exploration of the Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, was established to address and resolve these issues. The work of the Division of Mound Exploration can be considered the first "modern archeology" done in the United States. Their mound research covered the Dakotas to Texas and all points east.

The final research report by Division Head, Cyrus Thomas, was published as the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. In this report, Thomas mentions in the Gulf District that: some two or three mounds of peculiar form have been discovered in Mississippi and the Arkansas district that have not been observed elsewhere in the mound area. These may be described as earthen platforms surmounted by a conical mound or a conical mound surrounded by a terrace. Sometimes the conical mound is small in proportion to the platform and is not central...A double mound of this type, or mound with two apices, has been observed in western Mississippi.

The primary purpose of this report is to make known the occurrence of a two-phase Caddoan earthen mound in Upshur County. Furthermore, this report seeks to add this site to the inventory of known archeological resources of the Cypress Creek basin. Available data relevant to the Cypress Basin and the immediate area of the site has also been summarized and reported here to suggest chronological associations for the two-phase mound.
The Z.V. Davis-McPeek Site, an Early Caddoan Mound Site in the Little Cypress Creek Valley, Upshur County, Texas
Authors: Nelson Bo , Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Z.V. Davis-McPeek site (41UR4/99) is an Early Caddoan period mound and habitation area located in northwest Upshur County. The mound is on a broad terrace along Little Cypress Creek, in the western portion of the Cypress Basin. Since the initial recording of the site some 60 years ago, there have been several different but limited investigations there, but none have been published. These limited investigations, coupled with the uncertainty of the site's exact location (see below), prompted the authors (with the able assistance of Mike Turner) to relocate the site, assemble known information about it, evaluate the current condition and integrity of the site's archeological deposits, and gather additional data on the location of any Caddoan habitation areas (no investigations were conducted on the mound itself). This effort is part of both a long-term systematic survey and testing program to gain a better understanding of Early Caddoan occupations in the Little Cypress Creek drainage, and the hope to formulate preservation measures for the site with the landowner's assistance.
Four Clovis Points from San Augustine County, Texas
Authors: Brown Kenneth M.
Published: May 2019

Four surface-collected Clovis points (two complete, two fragmentary) from the northeastern valley margin of the Angelina River in San Augustine County are described. One specimen is made from Manning fused glass and is the oldest artifact known to have been made of that rock type. The others appear to be made of chert from the Edwards Plateau.
Archaeological Investigations at the Tobert Potter and Harriet Ames Cabin (41MR51) on Potter's Point, Caddo Lake
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

This paper discusses recent archaeological investigations at the Robert Potter and Harriet Ames cabin site (41MR51) on Caddo Lake at Potter's Point. The cabin site represents a relatively intact mid-nineteenth century archaeological deposit from a Northeast Texas cultural resource of considerable historical significance.

The site was located by Mr. Claude McCrocklin and members of the Louisiana Archaeological Society in the summer of 1992. The artifacts collected from these limited investigations were then turned over to the author for study as the first step in assessing the site's archaeological character and preservation potential.
Archaeological Research at the Rowland Clark Site (41RR77), Red River County, Texas
Authors: Perino Gregory
Published: May 2019

The Rowland Clark site is located in Red River County, Texas, on a prehistoric river channel of the Red River that has been intersected by a more recent channel of the river. It is approximately 16 km south of the Arnold Roitsch or Sam Kaufman (41RR16) site. The site had small Coles Creek and Early Caddoan period occupations, but the major occupation was of a McCurtain phase group of the Late Caddoan period. I

The site has been in the Clark family for more than a century. The land the site is on is the property of Mr. Rowland Clark.

The site lies on a narrow alluvial terrace at the edge of the floodplain, and it is bounded on the north by a comparatively recent river bank with springs at the base. An older river bank is to the east, and to the west is a small range of sandy pimple mounds, some 5-6 feet tall. These pimple mounds may be ancient sand dunes. A shallow swampy depression, part of an older watercourse, lies between the sandy mounds and the site.
A Update of Archaeological Investigations at the Tyson Site (41SY92)
Authors: Middlebrook Tom
Published: May 2019

In recent years, much of the research concerning prehistoric and historic Caddoan lifeways has focused on socio-political organization and community structure. Models have been proposed to predict the character of the archaeological record based on European observations of Caddo an life during the 17th-19th centuries. A brief review of these models is warranted to provide the necessary background for interpreting the results of recent archaeological work at an interesting 15th century site in Deep East Texas.

Story and Creel have developed an integrative model to describe Hasinai Caddo "settlement patterns, socio-political organization, and intergroup interactions" based on ethnographic and archaeological data. The smallest component within their model was the layout of individual hamlets, with these being integrated into communities (as exemplified by the Deshazo Site). A number of these individual settlements --along with short-term use sites, community cemeteries, and a lesser political/ritual center (e.g., the residence of the caddi or village headman)-- reflected a "constituent group" in the next level of group organization.
Rowland Clark and Dan Holdeman Site Human Skeletal Remains
Authors: Loveland Carol J.
Published: May 2019

The Rowland Clark site was occupied by Caddoan Indian groups from approximately A.D. 1300-1600+. Twenty one of the 39 burials recovered during the Museum of the Red River excavations were assigned to the earliest McCurtain phase occupation (ca. A.D. 1300-1450); 14 burials were ascribed to a later McCurtain occupation between ca. A.D. 1450 and 1600; four burials belonged to the final McCurtain occupation (ca. A.D. 1600+) of the site. Since infants and children were buried under house floors rather than in the cemetery area associated with each time period, their interment does not necessarily follow the assigned time period. Due to poor preservation and small sample sizes all burials were evaluated as a single Caddoan population.

The burials from the Dan Holdeman site were found in a mound and three cemetery areas located on a terrace adjacent to the Red River. Skeletons of 26 individuals were recovered. The remains of an additional 15 individuals could not be retrieved due to their poor preservation. The acidity of the soil at the site contributed to considerable disintegration of the bones, leaving all burials in fragmentary condition.

Three time periods are represented in the burials from the Dan Holdeman site. Burials 22, 23, and 25 were associated with a Formative Caddoan occupation (that Perino designated the Spiro Focus) dating about A.D. 1000. Interments corresponding with the Middle Caddoan Sanders Focus, dated about A.D. 1200, include Burials 1-20 and 24. One subadult, Burial 21, dates to the latter portion of the McCurtain phase (ca. A.D. 1650). The skeletal material that could not be retrieved represented individuals living during the Formative and Middle Caddoan occupations.

Since much of the data on the osteoarcheology of the Clark and Holdeman sites has been presented in Loveland, specifically stature estimates, skeletal anomalies, and caries rates, it is the purpose of this appendix to summarize other aspects of the skeletal biology of the prehistoric inhabitants of the two sites. However, the poor condition of the skeletons recovered from the sites precludes accurately assessing the biological condition and adaptive efficiency of the people who lived at the site. However, the analyses presented here, and in Loveland, present data that provides a fairly complete picture of Caddoan adaptive efficiency on the Red River in Northeast Texas.
41HSS74, The Coleman Farm Site on Starkey Creek
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

Recent archaeological research on the Middle Caddoan period in Northeast Texas has made it abundantly clear that Middle Caddoan archaeological sites are much more common in the region than previously thought. Furthermore, with additional archaeological investigations, some radiocarbon dates, and a different perspectives on the regional archaeological record, a number of sites in the Sabine River drainage that used to be considered of Late Caddoan age are now more properly seen to be part of an intensive Middle Caddoan settlement of much of the basin. Truly, a broader and more complete view of the important Middle Caddoan period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) in Northeast Texas looms before us.

With the understanding of the Middle Caddoan period increasing anew through field investigations, as well as the synthetic efforts of the East Texas Caddoan Research Group, and the implications of new archaeological findings (such as the Oak Hill Village excavation) a further motivation for new archaeological research, documenting other Middle Caddoan sites remains important. That is the goal of this paper, namely to document an assemblage of lithic and ceramic artifacts from a late Middle Caddoan period component at the Coleman Farm site (41HS574) in Harrison County, Texas. The archaeological materials reported on here are from a surface collection made by Marshall Macintosh at the site in late 1994.
Some Observations on Four Probable Middle Caddo Period Cemeteries in Camp and Upshur Counties, Northeast Texas
Authors: Turner Robert L.
Published: May 2019

In this paper, I discuss probable Middle Caddo period ceramic vessels and other artifacts from cemeteries at the Rumsey (41CP3), Harold Williams (41CP10), Graydon Adkins #1 (41UR21), and Graydon Adkins#2 (41UR17) sites in Camp and Upshur counties.
The Middle Caddoan Period in the Big Cypress Creek Drainage Basin
Authors: Nelson Bo , Turner Mike
Published: May 2019

The Middle Caddoan period in the Big Cypress Creek drainage basin has been based upon a synthesis of Thurmond's (1990) archaeological overview of the basin. Thurmond defines a transitional Caddoan period (dating ca. A.D. 1300-1400) from 14 sites that have ceramic assemblages combining Early Caddoan and Late Caddoan stylistic attributes. A review of these sites, along with additional information from recent archaeological investigations, suggests that the Middle Caddoan period in the Big Cypress Creek basin has an evolving cultural diversity that extends over a longer period of time, fitting well with Story's definition of the period as dating from ca. A.D. 1200- 1400.

Although there is an absence of documented subsistence evidence and few radiocarbon dates (only seven from four sites), there are recognizable distinctions that may be made about Middle Caddoan period settlement patterns, mortuary practices, and the material culture record in the basin. Based on these observations, and the currently available archaeological record, 38 sites in the Big Cypress Creek drainage basin may now be classified as belonging to the Middle Caddoan period.
The Caddoan Archaeology of the Sabine River Basin during the Middle Caddoan Period
Authors: Perttula TImothy K. , Cruse J. Brett
Published: May 2019

Compared to the earlier and later parts of the prehistoric Caddoan archaeological record in Northeast Texas, archaeologists do not know much about the Middle Caddoan period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) in the Sabine River basin. During the last few years, however, new archaeological information on settlements, subsistence, and the diverse material culture record suggest that the era was a time of significant cultural change for Caddoan peoples living in the upper and middle Sabine River basin.
The Middle Caddoan Period in East Texas: A Summary of the Findings of the East Texas Caddoan Research Group
Authors: Middlebrook Tom , Pertulla Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The second meeting of the East Texas Caddoan Research Group (ETCRG) met in San Antonio on October 27, 1996, to consider the archaeology of the Middle Caddoan period in East Texas. The meeting was arranged as a three hour symposium held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the Texas Archeological Society.

The meeting's format involved the informal presentation by several ETCRG members of major research findings along thematic lines for each of several river basins in the region. The presenters distributed handouts to participants and mixed their comments with slides, photographs, and the hands-on examination of a few selected artifacts. The presentations and discussions were tape-recorded, and transcribed and edited proceedings of the meeting are to be published in a future volume of the Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology. Brief periods of discussion did occur between the presenters, and the audience participated as well, during the three hour meeting; however, the general consensus of the group was that more time was needed and there was much left to be discussed. This paper attempts to summarize the information presented during the ETCRG meeting, and may (we think) represent a good starting place for continued dialog on the archeology of the Middle Caddoan period, as well as further dialog on the organization and arrangement of future ETCRG meetings.

Eight handouts were available to the research group. Four were river basin archaeological summaries prepared by Maynard Cliff (the lower Sulphur River basin), Bo Nelson and Mike Turner (Cypress Creek Drainage basin), Tim Perttula and Brett Cruse (the upper and middle Sabine River basin), and Tom Middlebrook (Attoyac and Angelina River basins). Two handouts not associated with presentations were also prepared for the ETCRG members, namely archaeological summaries of the Middle Caddoan period by Tim Perttula for the middle Red River basin and the upper Sulphur River basin. Jim Corbin provided extensive information on the Middle Caddoan Washington Square Mound site (41NA49) in Nacogdoches County, while Bob Turner discussed archaeological materials found in three Middle Caddoan period cemeteries in Camp and Upshur counties.
A Keno Trailed Vessel from the Spoonbill Site in Wood County, Texas
Authors: Walters Mark
Published: May 2019

A Keno Trailed vessel was discovered by J. A. Walters in 1967 at the Spoonbill Caddo site (41WD109) on the east side of Caney Creek in Wood County, Texas. The site is on a terrace 0.75 miles from Caney Creek, and 0.5 miles east of Crane Lake, a natural lake in the Caney Creek floodplain. The Spoonbill site was later investigated by Southern Methodist University archaeologists in 1 CJ79, prior to the creation of Lake Fork Reservoir. During construction of the reservoir, the portion of the site excavated by Mr. Walters was destroyed by new road construction.

Mr. Walters excavated a cemetery containing 15 burials (covering a 16-21 m diameter area), laid out in an east-west direction. The Keno Trailed vessel was from grave lot #8. Other grave goods included Harleton Appliqued, Simms Engraved (hub-cap variety), Nash Neck Banded, and Taylor Engraved, along with a clay elbow pipe.
Decorated Caddoan Ceramics from Two Sites on the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, Dallas County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Caddoan pottery is widely distributed as items of trade and exchange across the northern and eastern parts of the state of Texas (and indeed in several other states outside Texas), although specific information on the amounts and/or kinds of Caddoan pottery actually recovered in such non-Caddoan archaeological contexts is still quite spotty. Over the last several years, l have been compiling this ceramic information where it is available (i.e., in the published literature, from unpublished papers, and in the collections of avocational archaeologists) as part of a broader study of prehistoric Caddoan interaction and trade with neighboring groups. In this paper, I document small but interesting samples of decorated Caddoan ceramics from 41DL239 and 41DL240 on the Elm Fork of the Trinity River in Dallas County, Texas.
Reflections on the Early Ceramic Period and the Terminal Archaic in South Central East Texas
Authors: Corbin James E.
Published: May 2019

The most significant shift in cultural adaptation in eastern Texas is generally attributed to the Caddoan cultures. Consequently, considerably more archaeology has been focused on the period from ca. A.D. 800-1750 than to the preceding 1000 years of culture change and adaptation. During this period, ceramics and the bow and arrow were incorporated into the subsistence tool kit of the indigenous Archaic cultures of the region. Demographic shifts on the landscape suggest that these societies were exploiting and/or settling on a different and/or greater range of environmental niches than the previous or subsequent societies. The archaeological record also suggests the Early Ceramic societies of the region were also participating in the wide-ranging trade networks that were extremely important factors in the success of the Caddoan societies that followed them.
Silica Froth: An Indicator of Thatch Artchitecture
Authors: Jurney David H. , Bergstrom Velicia
Published: May 2019

Archaeological reports of silica froth are noted from Kansas to Texas, and are usually interpreted as evidence of burned grass- or cane-thatched buildings. However, many archaeological excavations in the Caddoan region fail to mention this material. Does this reflect idiosyncratic factors in the formation of silica froth, lack of expertise on the part of excavators/analysts, or differential recovery techniques? Archaeological and experimental data indicate that Caddoan houses frequently left silica froth as a residue when they burned. The implications are that archaeologists may be missing this key architectural item and that silica froth may be used to infer the presence of a house in the absence of traditional features such as post molds.
Human Skeletal Remains from 41CP25, the Peach ORchard Overlook Site, and their Archaeological Context
Authors: Wilson Diane E. , Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

Human skeletal remains analyzed from the Peach Orchard Overlook site (41CP25) were recovered from a burial exposed along the eroding shoreline of Lake Bob Sandlin in the mid-1980s. Although the remains appeared to be from a single individual, a minimum of two individuals were represented by the human remains studied by Wilson; there was also one non-human tooth (possibly a deer molar) that will not be discussed in this article. The human remains described here from the Peach Orchard Overlook site are from an Early Caddoan (ca. A.D. 1000-1200) period component, based on the recovery of Crockett Curvilinear Incised and East Incised vessels in association with the dental remains. According to Thurmond, mortuary patterns from the Early Caddoan period in the Big Cypress Creek basin are not well known because few intact burials have been found and studied.
Exploratory Pollen Analysis of Hargrove Lake, Davy Crockett National Forest Houston County, Texas
Authors: Kelso Gerald K.
Published: May 2019

The objectives of this exploratory pollen analysis of selected samples from a sediment core taken at Hargrove Lake, Davy Crockett National Forest, Houston County, Texas, are to ascertain the quality of pollen preservation in the lake bottom matrix and to evaluate the potential of the pollen spectra deposited in the lake for providing information about former environmental conditions on Davy Crockett National Forest. Hargrove Lake is a natural lake in the floodplain of the Neches River in Houston County, Texas. The Hargrove Lake site (41H0150) lies a short distance to the west. The lake is presently is surrounded by a 10m wide stand of buttonbush (Cephalanthus). These plants are three m tall and have two to ten em diameter trunks. A woodland dominated by water oaks (Quercus nigra) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) lies beyond the button bush. These trees are 30 to 40 m tall, and the woodland canopy is 90 to 98 percent closed. The lake is normally about 50 m wide by 200 m long, giving it a normal surface area of approximately 2.5 hectares. The mean depth of the lake at high water is about 90 em. Bedrock marl underlies the area, and the lake retains water during even the most severe droughts. It should provide a continuous pollen deposition record.
The Caddo
Authors: Jelks Edward R. , Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Knowledge of early Caddo culture comes from both archaeological and ethnographic sources. Enough archaeological research had been completed by the early 1970s to provide a fairly thorough chronology for the major pre-Columbian developments in the Caddoan area. and archaeological research has been extensive since that time.

Accounts of the DeSoto expedition of 1541-1542 constitute the earliest source of ethnohistoric data on the Caddo. Translations of the De Soto documents may be found in Bourne, Robertson, Varner and Varner, and more recently, Clayton. Some scholars think it likely that Coronado reached the edge of Caddo territory in 1541, but the consensus is strongly against that possibility. Swanton discusses the problem cogently and gives translations of pertinent excerpts from the Coronado documents. Essays in Young and Hoffman consider the route and travels of the De Soto expedition, and its effects on the Caddo groups, as does Hudson.
The M. W. Burks Site (41WD52): A Late Caddo Hamlet in Wood County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Skiles Bob D. , Yates Bonnie C.
Published: May 2019

While attempting to locate and evaluate prehistoric Caddo archaeological sites in the Dry Creek watershed, Wood County, Texas, that had been originally recorded by A. T. Jackson and M. M. Reese in 1930, the M. W. Burks site (41WD52) was discovered by James E. Bruseth and Bob D. Skiles in June 1977. The site is in the Forest Hill community, about 5 km north of Quitman, Texas, in the East Texas Pineywoods and Gulf Coastal Plain. It is on a small rise in the uplands overlooking a small intermittent drainage that is an unnamed tributary of Little Dry Creek.

The landowner, Mr. M. W. Burks, had resided in this part of Wood County since the 1920s, and recalled where A. T. Jackson and crew had spent time excavating the J. H. Reese (41WD2) site. He mentioned that while putting in a fence on his property in the early 1960s, adjacent to the property where the Reese site is located, he had found some pottery sherds in one of the post holes. Bruseth and Skiles placed a small shovel test next to this fence post hole, and a large articulated red-slipped Ripley Engraved carinated bowl was encountered at 65 em below the surface (bs) in tan sand E-horizon deposits. This find demonstrated that the Burks site contained both intact archaeological deposits as well as an apparently undisturbed Late Caddo Titus phase burial or cemetery.

Bruseth, Skiles, and Perttula followed up this work with more intensive investigations in the spring and fall of 1978. This research was carried on as an adjunct to the ongoing (and final season of) archaeological work being conducted by Bruseth and Perttula at Lake Fork Reservoir on Lake Fork Creek, a few miles to the west of the Burks site. Our purpose in carrying out archaeological research at the Burks site was to examine in more detail the spatial character of a Late Caddo Titus phase settlement, and also obtain information on the material culture remains (especially the ceramics) made and used by the Caddo peoples that lived at the Burks site some 400-500 years ago.
Archaeological Investigations at 41AN115
Authors: Furman Ed , Amick Clyde
Published: May 2019

41AN115 is located in the northwestern part of Anderson County, Texas, on a western terrace of Town Creek approximately nine miles from the Trinity River. It is a multi-component prehistoric occupation, and the artifacts found here indicate it has been used from Late Paleoindian to Woodland period times. The late Paleoindian occupation is represented by Dalton and San Patrice dart points; the Archaic occupations are marked by Bell, Bulverde, and Yarbrough dart points; while the Woodland period occupation includes Gary points and sandy paste pottery. The site was used intermittently over thousands of years as a hunting camp and later as a seasonal campsite. The tool kit included flake knives, gravers, spokeshaves, punches, and scrapers, along with many ground stone tools. The lithic materials chosen for tool use are a combination of local and non-local material with cherts, fine-grained quartzite, ferruginous sandstone, and petrified wood. One Late Archaic occupational features has been found at the site.
The Rainbow Site, An Unusual Syrup Mill in Gregg County, Texas
Authors: Skinner S. Alan
Published: May 2019

The Rainbow site is a historic archaeological site that was recorded during a cultural resources survey of a proposed Wal-Mart SuperCenter site in Longview, Texas. It was first interpreted as the location of an illegal whiskey still, but testing revealed that the furnace had been part of a sugar cane syrup mill. The early 1900s furnace is unusual when compared to other reported furnaces in that the firebox had been constructed below the original ground level and the flue/pan area had walls that were barely 1.5 ft. above the surrounding ground, whereas most furnaces were constructed on level ground and had waist-high walls where workers could stand upright when processing syrup. In addition, a brick vault had been constructed over the north end of the firebox and no other examples of such a feature have been reported from syrup mill furnaces.
Walters Farm, Smith County, Texas
Authors: Walters Mark
Published: May 2019

"I had a farm in Africa," the opening line of the movie Out of Africa, always reminds me of my little farm in East Texas and what it has meant to me during the 25 years we have been associated. Owning land, particularly when you are relying on it to provide your livelihood, can be a very gratifying (and humbling) experience. Since the land and I are now enjoying a well-deserved rest, I have had time to reflect on our relationship and to wonder how people before me related to the land, especially on these upland settings. Why people choose to settle on any given landscape can be the result of a multitude of factors, environmental as well as social, political, or ideological. I know from scattered remains of tenant houses that my farm was cultivated before me at least back to the mid -19th century. While I have not conducted any formal archaeological survey of my 300 acres in Smith County, I have been observant as I have wandered around on my place. From time to time, as the surface has been exposed from farming or timber operations, I have noted artifacts indicating the presence of past occupations. I am sure as time goes on I will find other sites on my farm.

As far as the archaeology on the Walters Farm, I would like to draw attention to what I believe was a substantial prehistoric occupation by peoples with a distinctive culture with a preference for upland settings on the landscape as well as a material culture represented by Williams, Palmillas, and Rice Lobed-like points, made from exotic cherts, and ground stone tools. To distinguish this unique archaeological assemblage I am calling this prehistoric occupation at sites the Browning phase. Browning phase sites are Archaic sites that occur on upland settings usually long distances from water and have a tool kit of large well-made square, expanding, and incurving (or bifurcated) base dart points including numerous examples of Williams, Palmillas, and Rice Lobed-like points. They are made predominately of exotic chert materials. Ground stone tools are found on Browning phase sites. The number of points at some of these locations certainly indicate a major occupation or a series of seasonal occupations.
The Shreveport Caddo, 1835-1838
Authors: Tiller Jim
Published: May 2019

Period records, such as the reports of Many, Bonnell and Riley, clearly make reference to at least four Caddo villages located between the Red River and the United States-Mexico/Texas boundary in the mid-1830s. In the early 1990s, one of these sites, Timber Hill, was located just to the west of Jim's Bayou in Marion County. In this article I will discuss the location and demise of at least four and possible five additional 1830s-era villages located south of Caddo Lake. In the interest of preserving the sites mentioned, the specific locations of the villages discussed in this article are approximate.
Late Titus Phase Sites Along Caney Creek in Northern Wood County, Texas
Authors: Walters Mark
Published: May 2019

There are a number of seemingly late Titus phase (ca. after A.D. 1670) Caddo sites clustered on the middle to upper reaches of Caney Creek in northern Wood County. This is based on a large collection of grave goods amassed by a collector in the 1960s from Caddo sites in this area. No European goods were reported from any of the sites but several of the vessel types have been shown to often occur in association with a few European trade goods at other published Caddo sites. There are examples in the collection of Ripley Engraved carinated bowls with inverted rims (and often with red-filming) that seem to indicate a transition from Ripley Engraved scrolls to motifs such as ticked horizontal lines also seen on historic Caddo pottery types Natchitoches Engraved and Patton Engraved.
The Gum Creek Cluster: Protohistoric Caddo Sites in the Little Cypress Creek Basin, ca. 1670-1720
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

The Gum Creek cluster represents a group of contemporaneous Caddo sites in the Little Cypress Creek basin of East Texas that were apparently occupied between ca. A.D. 1670-1720. These sites are closely affiliated with the Titus phase and may represent some of the very latest occupied Titus phase settlements in the Cypress Creek basin.

The Gum Creek cluster Caddo sites were excavated by Buddy Calvin Jones in the 1950s and 1960s, but were never reported by him during his lifetime. After his death, his vessel collection and other artifacts were documented by Perttula, with the able assistance of Bo Nelson and Bobby Gonzalez, and at that point it became clear that a certain number of excavated Caddo cemeteries in the Little Cypress Creek basin-the Gum Creek area specifically-had a distinctive artifact assemblage (especially in the form and decoration of certain vessels) that sometimes occurred in association with a few European trade goods. Caddo sites with European trade goods are otherwise very rare in the Big and Little Cypress Creek basins, and it seems likely that most of the aboriginal Caddo populations had vacated the area by the very end of the 17th century. Those few sites that are left. such as the Gum Creek cluster and various sites along Caney Creek and Stouts Creek in Wood and Hopkins counties, Texas, may hold one of the keys in understanding this rapid abandonment of an area of East Texas occupied by Caddo peoples for many centuries.
Kinsloe Focus Artifact Assemblages and Nadaco Caddo
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Kinsloe focus (now phase) was defined by Jones on the basis of seven sites in Gregg, Harrison, and Rusk counties in East Texas, in the middle reaches of the Sabine River basin. These sites are Ware Acres (41GG31), Kinsloe (4IGG3), Susie Slade (4IHSI3), Brown I (4IHS26I), C. D. Marsh (4IHS269), Millsey Williamson (4IRK3), and Cherokee Lake (41RK132). As currently understood, these historic Caddo sites were most likely occupied by Nadaco Caddo people between ca. A.D. 1680-1800.

For our purposes here, my interest is in compiling in one place the characteristic material culture items found in the known Kinsloe phase sites as a whole, even though it is recognized that the seven sites probably were not all contemporaneously occupied and some of them may date as early as the late 17th century and others may date as late as the early 19th century. This compilation will be useful in any basic comparisons that may be made between the archaeology and material culture of the Nadaco Caddo and other historic Caddo groups living in East Texas, particularly in the diverse composition of cemrnic vessel assemblages and the abundance and range of European trade goods obtained by the various Caddo groups from the French, Spanish, and English traders.
Recent Research on the Archaeological and Historical Evidence of the Hasanai
Authors: Marceaux Paul S.
Published: May 2019

This article was assembled using information collected for my dissertation proposal. The Allen Phase Caddo sites and other aboriginal Historic sites of interest are located in the upper Neches and Angelina River basins in East Texas, and were identified from various sources in the archaeological literature . In addition, regional archaeologists and a vocational archaeologists, including several participants of the East Texas Caddo Research Group 2006 meeting, provided information and helped in the process of vetting sites.

My dissertation will examine the archival and archaeological records in hopes of identifying the archaeological correlates of Hasinai Caddo groups in East Texas. To accomplish this l will revisit primary documents and their translations, analyze known archaeological site collections, and locate, document, analyze and, if possible, contextualize unreported private collections. Utilizing multiple lines of evidence, including a broad survey of sites, collections, and a detailed examination of regional ceramic attributes, I propose to link archaeological sites to specific Hasinai regional entities.

Native Caddo groups inhabited the area between the Neches and Angelina river valleys of East Texas for hundreds of years before the first European contact at ca. A.D. 1542. Written accounts from the time of sustained contact, more than 100 years later have informed and influenced our understanding of the social, political, and economic organization of the Caddo. Over the last half-century many public and privately owned archaeological sites have been excavated and reported, but to my knowledge there has not been a detailed region-wide ceramic study of archaeological sites and collections from the upper Neches and Angelina river drainages.
Points of Discussion and Directions for Research on Caddo Historic Archaeology
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

I start with the premise that there are considerable gaps remaining in our basic knowledge of the Caddo historic archaeological record for the period from ca. 1670-1850 in East Texas. The period between ca. A.D. 1542-1670 is better known archaeologically, thanks in large measure to some significant work at Late Caddo sites along the Red River, along Big Cypress Creek, and in the Neches-Angelina River basins, but there are considerable gaps there as well in what we think we know about the life and times of the Caddo in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially on the role Europeans may have played in those early times in effecting the lifeways of Caddo peoples.
Historic Caddo Archaeology: An Occasional Meeting of the East Texas Caddo Research Group, December 2-3, 2006, in Nacogdoches Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Middlebrook Tom
Published: May 2019

The articles in this issue of the Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology had their origins in a meeting held in December 2006 of the East Texas Caddo Research Group (ETCRG). The meeting of archaeologists was held on December 2 and 3, 2006 at the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture on the campus of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas.

The ETCRG is an informal group of individuals interested in advancing the general understanding of Caddo archaeology in the East Texas region, and we have attempted to do this by convening meetings at various times to discuss pertinent and current problems and research issues concerning East Texas Caddo archaeology. The group has met several times between 1996 and 1999, and our most productive sessions dealt with a specific topic: namely, new understandings of the Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400).
Ceramic Comparisons Between Certain Historic Caddo Sites in Nacogdoches County, Texas: Henry M. (41NA60), Spradley (41NA206), and Deshazo (41NA27)
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Henry M., Deshazo, and Spradley sites are three of the better and recently studied Historic Caddo ceramic assemblages in East Texas. All three are in Nacogdoches County, Henry M. and Deshazo on Bayou Loco, and Spradley on Lanana Creek.

How do these sites compare with respect to the decorative classes present in the utility wares and fine wares? All three sites are dominated by brushed utility wares. At Spradley, brushed pottery comprises 53.4% of the decorated sherds compared to 72.7-85.6% of the decorated sherds from Henry M. and Deshazo. Incised, punctated, and incised-punctated decorative classes, however, are also abundant in the Spradley ceramic assemblage (30.8%), but much rarer in the Henry M. and Deshazo utility wares.
Issues Regarding the Early Development of Caddo Culture Discussion Topics for the East Texas Caddo Research Group, December 2008
Authors: Girard Jeffery S.
Published: May 2019

Is there a consensus regarding which archaeological traits are diagnostic of Caddo culture? What are the necessary and sufficient traits for designating a context as “Caddo” as opposed to, for example, “pre-Caddo” or “Coles Creek?”
Ceramic Vessel Sherds from the Kah-Hah-Ko-Wha Site (41CE354), an Allen Phase Component in Northwestern Cherokee County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Kah-hah-ko-wha site (41CE354) is an Historic Caddo Allen phase (ca. A.D. 1650-1800) habitation site situated in an upland saddle landform in the Flat Creek valley in the upper Neches River basin of East Texas. Flat Creek flows west a few kilometers to its confluence with the Neches River, not far downstream of Lake Palestine. The site was found and investigated as part of survey and test excavation investigations for a proposed U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-permitted lake on Flat Creek in northwestem Cherokee County.

During those 2006 investigations, a large assemblage of Allen phase Caddo ceramics were recovered from household areas in the North and Alley parts of the site, making it one of the very few upper Neches Historic Caddo Allen phase domestic sites ever studied. As such, a detailed analysis of the domestic ceramics found at the Kah-hah-ko-wha site provides a unique opportunity to document the ceramic practices and traditions of these Caddo peoples.

Ceramic vessel sherds are abundant at the Kahhah- ko-wha site, with 474 decorated sherds and 94 plain sherds from at least 36 vessels (based on the number of recovered rim sherds). The density of ceramic vessel sherds is 16.9 per m2 in the North area excavation units (n=213) and 37.0 per m2 in the Alley area (n=314 ). The plain/decorated sherd ratio (P/DR) for the site as a whole is only 0.20, quite comparable with the Allen phase component at the Deshazo site (Story 1995; Fields 1995), where the P/DR is 0.29, and the 18th century Nabedache Azul and Nabedache Blanco sites in the Neches River basin, Houston County; the P/DR ranges from 0.3 1-0.32 at these sites. By area, the P/DR in the North area is 0.31, compared to 0.13 from the Alley area.

The lower P/DR from the Alley area suggests this occupation may be slightly younger than the North area occupation, even though the calibrated radiocarbon dates from the site do not suggest this. Table 1 provides comparative sherd assemblage data from nearby Lake Palestine sites on the Neches River and the Lang Pasture site, about five miles southwest from the Kah-hah-ko-wha site.

In this particular seriation, the Kah-hah-kowha site falls in Group 1 of the seriation, and is interpreted as the youngest or most recent known Caddo occupation of the Lake Palestine area sites. By the late 17th and 18th centuries other Caddo sites are known in the Neches and Angelina river basins where brushed sherds account for ca. 50-90% of all the decorated sherds, which is consistent with the fact that more than 82% of the sherds at the Kahhah- ko-wha site are brushed.
Frankston Phase Ceramics from the Alcoa #1 (41AN87) Site, Mound Prairie Creek, Anderson County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

In 1990, Amick investigated a well-preserved Late Caddo Frankston phase midden deposit at the ALCOA #1 (41AN87) site on Mound Prairie Creek, about 7 km northeast of Palestine, Texas. During the course of that work, more than 900 Caddo ceramic vessel sherds and a few pipe sherds were recovered, but they were only cursorily described by Amick. That was unfortunate at the time because it appeared then, and is still evident now, that the ALCOA #I site was a single component 15th century A.D. Frankston phase settlement, and detailed study of the recovered ceramic assemblage would have provided unique insights into the stylistic and technological character of the ceramic vessels being made and used for culinary purposes by the prehistoric Caddo in this part of the Neches River basin.

With the renewed study of the archaeology of the Frankston phase occasioned by the Texas Department of Transportation-sponsored excavations at the Lang Pasture site (41AN38) and the recovery there of a substantial ceramic sherd assemblage-and the reexamination of sherd and vessel collections from Frankston phase collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, I returned to the detailed study of the ALCOA # 1 ceramic assemblage. The assemblage of ceramic vessel sherds from the Amick work is sufficiently robust that it is possible to characterize with some precision the use of fine wares, utility wares, and plain wares by the 15th century A.D. Caddo that lived at the site.
Prehistoric Caddo Ceramics from the Henry Lake Site (41CE324), Cherokee County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Middlebrook Tom
Published: May 2019

This article discusses the character of the Caddo ceramics from a single component Frankston phase (ca. A.D. 1400-1650) occupation at the Henry Lake site (41CE324) in northwestern Cherokee County, Texas. This follows a brief discussion of the history of the site, and we conclude this article with a consideration of the temporal and cultural place of the site's Caddo ceramic assemblage within the upper Neches River basin.
Redwine or Pie-Crust Mode Forms in East Texas Caddo Ceramics and Comparisons with Sprocket-Rims of Southwest Arkansas
Authors: Walters Marks , Middlebrook Tom , Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Caddo ceramics served many purposes, including cooking, storage, and the serving of foods and liquids. The various forms and shapes of these vessels were subject to the ideas of the potters themselves and the larger community of which they were a part. Products of human behavior reflect conscious and predictable actions that can be identified and measured in time and space. Artifacts are “embodiments of human behavior."

The various elements that make up an artifact are termed attributes. Certain attributes that reflect customary usage or current fashion are termed nodes. Irving Rouse describes a mode as “any standard, concept, or custom which governs the behavior of the artisans of a community, which they hand down from generation to generation over considerable distances." The particular artifact that is the main focus of consideration in this article is a unique prehistoric Caddo ceramic rim mode defined as the Redwine or “pie-crust” mode. We also discuss the related Myers mode or “sprocket-rim” that is another particular form of rim identified in prehistoric Caddo sites.

We examine specific Caddo ceramic vessels from East Texas sites, almost all of which date to the Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400), and in particular one unique attribute found on those vessels, to hopefully better understand prehistoric Caddo communities and their interaction. The Middle Caddo period in East Texas was dynamic in terms of the artistic ceramic artifacts characteristic of the period. Different but contemporaneous groups were experimenting with new forms of ceramic vessels as well as how they chose to decorate their vessels, as exemplified by the appearance of the engraved canebrake rattlesnake motif on fine ware vessels. These vessel forms and designs became established patterns and through contact and interaction, movement of people, and/or the sharing and adoption of ideas, they spread to other groups. In the study of Caddo archeology, we are very fortunate that the Caddo potters left an extensive ceramic record that is very rich in its stylistic diversity. By studying the ties between different but contemporaneous groups of people through the similarities and differences in ceramic styles, attributes, modes, and techniques, we can arrive at a better understanding of how these diverse groups interacted with each other. It is becoming increasingly evident that ceramic vessels were widely traded amongst widelyspaced Caddo groups, and that some kinds of ceramic vessels (such as the Redwine mode vessels or other distinctive forms) were an important indication of the existence of exchange relationships, or special bonds and alliances, between groups.