bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Maternal Caffeine Consumption During Pregnancy With Child Growth
Authors: Gleason Jessica L. , Sundaram Rajeshwari , Mitro Susanna D. , Hinkle Stefanie N. , Gilman Stephen E. , Zhang Cuilin , Newman Roger B. , Hunt Kelly J. , Skupski Daniel W. , Grobman William A. , Nageotte Michael , Robinson Morgan , Kannan Kurunthachalam , Grantz Katherine L.
Published: October 2022

Importance

Greater caffeine consumption in pregnancy is associated with reduced birth size, but potential associations with childhood growth are unclear.

Objective

To evaluate the associations of pregnancy caffeine and paraxanthine measures with child growth in a contemporary cohort with low caffeine consumption and a historical cohort with high caffeine consumption.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes cohort of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies (ECHO-FGS; 10 sites, 2009-2013) was a pregnancy cohort with 1 child measurement between ages 4 and 8 years (follow-up in 2017-2019). The Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP) was a pregnancy cohort (12 sites, 1959-1965) with child follow-up through 8 years (1960-1974). The current secondary analysis was conducted in 2021 and 2022.

Exposures

Concentrations of caffeine and its primary metabolite, paraxanthine, were quantified from plasma (ECHO-FGS) and serum (CPP) collected in the first trimester. Cut points for analyses were defined by quartiles in ECHO-FGS and quintiles in CPP.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Child z scores for body mass index, weight, and height were evaluated, as well as fat mass index and percentage and obesity risk measured at 1 time between age 4 and 8 years in ECHO-FGS. In a secondary analysis of the CPP cohort, child z scores and obesity risk longitudinally through age 8 years were evaluated.

Results

In ECHO-FGS (median caffeine intake <50 mg/d), 788 children (mean [SD] age, 6.8 [1.0] years; 411 boys [52.2%]) of women in the fourth vs first quartile of plasma caffeine concentrations had lower height z scores (β = −0.21; 95% CI, −0.41 to −0.02), but differences in weight z scores were only observed in the third quartile (β = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.47 to −0.07). In CPP, beginning at age 4 years, 1622 children (805 boys [49.7%]) of women in the highest caffeine quintile group had lower height z scores than their peers from the lowest group, with the gap widening with each successive year of age (β = −0.16 [95% CI, −0.31 to −0.01] at 4 years; β = −0.37 [95% CI, −0.57 to −0.16] at 8 years). There were slight reductions in weight at ages 5 to 8 years for children in the third vs first caffeine quintile (β = −0.16 to −0.22). Results were consistent for paraxanthine concentrations in both cohorts.

Conclusions and Relevance

Intrauterine exposure to increasing levels of caffeine and paraxanthine, even in low amounts, was associated with shorter stature in early childhood. The clinical implication of reductions in height and weight is unclear; however, the reductions were apparent even with levels of caffeine consumption below clinically recommended guidelines of less than 200 mg per day.
TRAF trimers form immune signalling networks viaRING domain dimerization
Authors: Das Anubrita , Foglizzo Martina , Padala Prasanth , Zhu Jingyi , Day Catherine L.
Published: October 2022

For many inflammatory cytokines, the response elicited is dependent on the recruitment of the tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor (TRAF) family of adaptor proteins. All TRAF proteins have a trimeric C‐terminal TRAF domain, while at the N‐terminus most TRAFs have a RING domain that forms dimers. The symmetry mismatch of the N‐ and C‐terminal halves of TRAF proteins means that when receptors cluster, it is presumed that RING dimers connect TRAF trimers to form a network. Here, using purified TRAF6 proteins, we provide direct evidence in support of this model, and we show that TRAF6 trimers bind Lys63‐linked ubiquitin chains to promote their processive assembly. This study provides critical evidence in support of TRAF trimers as key players in signalling.
Clinical heterogeneity in a family with flail arm syndrome and review of hnRNPA1‐related spectrum
Authors: Han Xiaochen , Zhan Feixia , Yao Yuxin , Cao Li , Liu Jianguo , Yao Sheng
Published: October 2022

Objective

Flail arm syndrome (FAS) is one of the atypical subtypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in hnRNPA1 encoding heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1 are a rare genetic cause of ALS. Herein, marked clinical heterogeneity of FAS in a pedigree with a known hnRNPA1 variant was described to raise early awareness of the ALS variant. Furtherly, a literature review of the hnRNPA1‐related spectrum was made to summarize the clinical and genetic characteristics.

Methods

Detailed clinical evaluation, muscle pathology, and whole‐exome sequencing were performed. The sequence and co‐segregation of the mutation among the family members were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

Results

The great clinical variability was found in a FAS pedigree. Muscle pathology revealed a cluster distribution of angulated or rounded atrophic fibers, accompanied by significant multi‐nucleus aggregation. Immunohistochemical staining showed that mutant hnRNPA1 proteins accumulated in muscle fiber cytoplasm. Exome sequencing identified a documented variant in hnRNPA1 gene c.1018C > T (p.P340S), which co‐segregated with disease in the family. Besides, highly phenotypic heterogeneity was also found in other hnRNPA1‐related diseases.

Interpretation

We described a Chinese pedigree with hnRNPA1‐related FAS, which showed significant clinical variability among the intrafamilial members. FAS is a relatively milder variant of ALS, due to the highly heterogeneous clinical spectrum, early observation is of paramount importance. In addition, the highly phenotypic heterogeneity and molecular genetic mechanism of the hnRNPA1‐related spectrum are still beyond fully understood. Further, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the clinical diversity is warranted to be explored.
Data‐driven model prediction and optimal control for interventional policy of a class of susceptible‐infectious‐removed dynamics with COVID‐19 data
Authors: Treesatayapun Chidentree
Published: October 2022

Adaptive optimal‐control and model prediction are proposed for a class of susceptible‐infectious‐removed dynamics according to the COVID‐19 data. From the practical point of view, data sets of COVID‐19 pandemics are daily collected and presented in a discrete‐time sequence. Therefore, the discrete‐time mathematical model of COVID‐19 pandemics is formulated in this work. By developing the time‐varying transmission rate, the model's accuracy is significantly contributed to the actual data of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Furthermore, the interventional policy is derived by the proposed optimal controller when the closed‐loop performance is guaranteed by theoretical aspects and numerical results.
Research on automatic control algorithms for the motion of redundant robotic arms of industrial robots
Authors: Liu Yingni , Wang Lei
Published: October 2022

The development of intelligent technology has led to the more frequent use of robots in industrial production, but the control problems in the redundant robotic arms of industrial robots have hindered their normal development. Therefore, in the study, in order to achieve automatic control of the redundant robotic arm of industrial robots, a multi‐objective redundant robotic arm automatic control algorithm based on improved generalized weighted least squares and multi‐objective feedback teaching and learning optimization algorithm is proposed. In the results, it is shown that the multi‐objective optimization algorithm is effective for the control of the redundant robotic arm, and from the rectification results it is shown that the speed and position errors are only manifested at 0.005 s after time and there is no difference between its speed and position values. The above results show that for the automatic control of redundant robotic arms of industrial robots, the use of multi‐objective optimization control is effective and can provide theoretical support for industrial production and industrial development, thus promoting the development of China's market economy.
In‐situ N‐rGO Scaffold @3D Graphite Felt for High Power Polyhalide Hybrid Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Mariyappan Karuppusamy , Saravanakumar Pandian , Thamizhselvan Rahul , Ragupathy Pitchai , Ulaganathan Mani
Published: October 2022

Bromine polyhalide (BP) based redox flow batteries are considered as specific potential nominees for extreme energy level storage due to their high energy density as well as cost‐effectiveness. However, the BP system encountered with slow kinetics of Br2/Br− redox couple due to high positive electrode polarization results in poor power density. Herein, the heteroatom (nitrogen) doped reduced graphene oxide (N‐rGO) composite electrode is designed and used as a positive electrode to improve the electro‐catalytic activity of Br2/Br− redox couple. The cellulose (Rayon) based graphite felt incorporated with N‐rGO catalyst offers high conductivity and reduces the electrode polarization which in turn provides more catalytic sites for Br2/Br− redox reaction. N‐linked rGO preparation is carried out by two different methods namely, pyrolysis (thermally treated) and hydrothermally treated process called as HT‐N‐rGO@GF and Hy‐N‐rGO@GF, respectively. More impressively, the N‐rGO adopted graphite felt (N‐rGO@GF) exhibits remarkable rate performance even at 120 mA cm−2. Moreover, no detectable degradation is observed for both N‐rGO adopted felt over 100 cycles. The HT‐N‐rGO@GF and Hy‐N‐rGO@GF electrode shows 91.1% and 88.8% of Coulombic efficiency at 100th cycle respectively. On the other hand, the power density region of 1472 (HT‐N‐rGO@GF) and 1456 mW cm−2 (Hy‐N‐rGO@GF) are observed, which seems to be much better than that of pristine felt (1275 mW cm−2).
Optically Defined Reconfigurable THz Metasurfaces using Graphene on Iron‐Doped Lithium Niobate
Authors: Gorecki Jon , Noual Adnane , Mailis Sakellaris , Apostolopoulos Vasilis , Papasimakis Nikitas
Published: October 2022

Graphene plasmonic devices have been demonstrated to show great potential for reconfigurable metasurfaces due to the tuneable electronic charge transport properties of graphene in response to electrostatic gating. Iron‐doped lithium niobate is proposed as a platform for patterning‐free optically reconfigurable graphene metasurfaces in the THz spectral region. Under structured illumination, the lithium niobate undergoes charge migration in the bulk, where carriers migrate away from illuminated regions, forming spatially patterned charge distributions capable of electrostatic tuning of graphene. These charge distributions are stable in the dark, however, can be redefined by subsequent illumination. Through the use of numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that optically defined charge distributions in lithium niobate can tune locally the graphene Fermi level allowing for plasmonic resonances at THz frequencies.
Evolutive Optical Fibers Combining Oxide and Chalcogenide Glasses with Submicronic Polymer Structures
Authors: Strutynski Clément , Deroh Moise , Bizot Rémi , Evrard Marianne , Désévédavy Frédéric , Gadret Grégory , Jules Jean-Charles , Brachais Claire-Hélène , Kibler Bertrand , Smektala Frédéric
Published: October 2022

Multimaterial optical fibers combining tellurite with chalcogenide glasses and featuring thin polymer structures are fabricated via the thermal drawing process. It is demonstrated that micrometric polyethersulfone films can be embedded within larger elongated tellurite/chalcogenide glass architectures. Taking advantage of the strong chemical reactivity contrasts which exist in the considered fiber geometries, a quasi‐exposed‐core waveguide is obtained by selective etching of the glass cladding. The potential of the postprocessed fiber structure is then assessed through evanescent‐wave probing of liquids and numerical investigations are carried out to establish the device performances as function of selected optogeometric parameters. Those results open the way for the development of evolutive photonic objects benefiting from postdrawing processing of multimaterial fibers.
Wearable Photomedicine for Neonatal Jaundice Treatment Using Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Toward Textile‐Based Wearable Phototherapeutics
Authors: Choi Seungyeop , Jeon Yongmin , Kwon Jeong Hyun , Ihm Chunhwa , Kim Seung Yeon , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: October 2022

Neonatal jaundice is a very common disease in newborns and can lead to brain damage or death in severe cases. Phototherapy with light‐emitting diode (LED) arrays is widely used as the easiest and fastest way to relieve jaundice in newborns, but it has distinct disadvantages such as loss of water in the patient, damage to the retina, and separation from parents. In this paper, a novel light source‐based phototherapy for neonatal jaundice is proposed using a textile‐based wearable organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) platform that can move flexibly and conform to the curvature of the human body. The soft and flexible textile‐based blue OLED platform is designed to have a peak wavelength of 470 nm, suitable for jaundice treatment, and shows performance (>20 µW cm−2nm−1) suitable for intensive jaundice treatment even at low voltage (<4.0 V). The textile‐based OLEDs fabricated in this study exhibit an operating reliability of over 100 h and low‐temperature operation (<35 °C). The results of an in vitro jaundice treatment test using a large‐area blue OLED confirm that the bilirubin level decreases to 12 mg dL−1with 3 h of OLED irradiation.
On‐Site Quantification and Infection Risk Assessment of Airborne SARS‐CoV‐2 Virus Via a Nanoplasmonic Bioaerosol Sensing System in Healthcare Settings
Authors: Qiu Guangyu , Spillmann Martin , Tang Jiukai , Zhao Yi‐Bo , Tao Yile , Zhang Xiaole , Geschwindner Heike , Saleh Lanja , Zingg Walter , Wang Jing
Published: October 2022

On‐site quantification and early‐stage infection risk assessment of airborne severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) with high spatiotemporal resolution is a promising approach for mitigating the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic and informing life‐saving decisions. Here, a condensation (hygroscopic growth)‐assisted bioaerosol collection and plasmonic photothermal sensing (CAPS) system for on‐site quantitative risk analysis of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus‐laden aerosols is presented. The CAPS system provided rapid thermoplasmonic biosensing results after an aerosol‐to‐hydrosol sampling process in COVID‐19‐related environments including a hospital and a nursing home. The detection limit reached 0.25 copies/µL in the complex aerosol background without further purification. More importantly, the CAPS system enabled direct measurement of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus exposures with high spatiotemporal resolution. Measurement and feedback of the results to healthcare workers and patients via a QR‐code are completed within two hours. Based on a dose‐responseµ model, it is used the plasmonic biosensing signal to calculate probabilities of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection risk and estimate maximum exposure durations to an acceptable risk threshold in different environmental settings.
Powerful 2D Soft Morphing Actuator Propels Giant Manta Ray Robot
Authors: Sun Yi , Feng Hui , Liang Xinquan , Goh Aaron J. Y. , Qi Peng , Li Miao , Ang Jr Marcelo H. , Yeow Raye C. H.
Published: October 2022

Soft actuator is the main technology that drives the development of soft robotics as it defines the capabilities of soft machines. One of the key challenges in soft actuator research is to simultaneously produce complex morphing (e.g., surface morphing) and high force. Therefore, a soft robotic pad (SRP) was developed as a new soft actuator that can potentially tackle this challenge. This article demonstrates the highly flexible customization process of the SRP regarding fabrication, morphing design, and force scaling for a challenging application: a giant manta ray robot with the Mobuliform swimming mode. Soft robotic pectoral fins (SRPFs) are customized using the SRP technology for the robot. Detailed characterization results show that the SRPFs can generate almost 100 N force or 25 Nm torque with a dual curving motion to mimic the manta ray fin kinematics. The SRPFs are able to propel the manta ray robot to a decent swimming speed with biomimetic fin motions. As a new member of the soft actuator family, SRPs exhibit strong capabilities through this manta ray robot, and they can potentially become unique tools for many engineers and researchers to tackle challenging applications requiring high force and surface morphing.
Reprogrammable Magnetically Actuated Self‐Assembled Cilia Array
Authors: Sohn Sunwoo , Lee Hyoryong , Kee Hyeonwoo , Park Sukho
Published: October 2022

Motile cilia move in an asymmetric pattern and implement a metachronal wave (MCW) to facilitate fluid movement in a viscous environment. Studies have been conducted to mimic MCW movement of motile cilia, but the fabrication process is too complicating or there are difficulties in accurately mimicking the shape of the cilia. To overcome these limitations, a self‐assembly method is introduced to fabricate a reprogrammable magnetically actuated self‐assembled (RMS) cilia array that can be reprogrammed by changing the magnetization direction through additional magnetization. Using the RMS cilia array, a unilateral cilia array (UCA) channel and a bilateral cilia array (BCA) channel are constructed, and the motion and fluid flow of the RMS cilia array are analyzed by applying different magnetic fields (strike magnetic field and rotating magnetic field). When a rotating magnetic field is applied to the UCA channel, a distinct MCW appears. In the BCA channel test, fluid pumping is observed when a strike magnetic field is applied, whereas fluid mixing is observed when a rotating magnetic field is applied. Based on these results, it is expected that the proposed RMS cilia array and magnetic field actuation can be applied to lab‐on‐a‐chip or microfluidic channels for fluid mixing and pumping.
Recent Advances in Copper‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Unactivated C(sp3)−H Bonds
Authors: Deshpande Neha , Satani Piyushkumar , Bharodiya Akshay , Naveen Togati
Published: October 2022

C(sp3)−H functionalization is a core part of organic chemistry because of the presence of C(sp3)−H bonds in various organic molecules. However, since most C(sp3)−H bonds are non‐reactive, their functionalization is an uphill task. Standard methods of functionalization employ pre‐functionalized reactants, expensive organometallic reagents, strong acids or bases and similar other harsh reaction conditions. These methods eventually affect the reaction and prevent it from yielding optimum results. Transition metal‐based catalysts like Pd, Rh and Ru provide a direct functionalization route without unwanted pre‐functionalization steps. These catalysts furnish superior results under mild reaction conditions. But, their expense, toxicity and low natural abundance prevent them from achieving ideality. Therefore, 3d transition metal catalysts like Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu catalysts have gained significance as an alternative for conventional transition metal catalysts due to their high natural abundance, low toxicity and affordability. Copper‐based catalysts are particularly important owing to the wide range of oxidation states of copper and the facile tunability of their catalytic properties. Hence, an immense amount of research is being conducted on the catalytic activity of copper for C(sp3)−H functionalization. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of some recent reports on C(sp3)−H functionalization using catalytic systems based on copper.
Bonobo social organization at the seasonal forest‐savanna ecotone of the Lomami national park
Authors: Fasbender David , Yamba Uyulu , Keuk Kenneth , Hart Terese , Hart John , Furuichi Takeshi
Published: October 2022

Examining the relationship between food and primate social organization helps us understand how the environment shaped hominin social evolution. However, there is debate as to whether the social differences between our two closest relatives, bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), are due to differences in food availability between their respective habitats or to nonenvironmental factors. The most prominent theory is that bonobo communities have more socially cohesive, stable parties, centered on gregarious females because they evolved in food‐rich habitat where individuals, especially females, are less burdened by competition with groupmates. However, more research on bonobos in habitats with seasonal variation in food is needed. This study measured food availability and bonobo social organization at Luzaka, a new site in a seasonal forest fragment. Fruit abundance and dispersion were recorded for a year at Luzaka with the same methods used at Wamba, a bonobo site in more seasonally stable habitat and terrestrial herbaceous vegetation density was measured. At Luzaka, bonobo parties were also recorded for a year using camera traps. Fruit was more seasonal and dispersed at Luzaka than at Wamba. However, the social organization of Luzaka bonobos resembled social organization of bonobos at less seasonal sites. There were minor effects of fruit clumping on party size without effects on the proportion of females in parties suggesting that at Luzaka, the clumping of fruit slightly affected social cohesiveness but does not disproportionately affect females. Bonobo social cohesiveness and female gregariousness appears consistent and compatible with seasonal habitat.
Investigations of mixing and heat transfer in a structured tube‐in‐tube millireactor by numerical, experimental and statistical methods
Authors: Liu Hanyang , Jiang Junan , Wang Chenfeng , Yang Ning , Yang Xiaoxia , Wang Rijie
Published: October 2022

Millireactors are widely used in flow chemistry due to their process intensification performance and sufficient product throughout. A novel structured tube‐in‐tube millireactor with industrial potential was designed, whose mixing and heat transfer were investigated by experiment and CFD. Partial least square regression (PLS) was introduced in the flow chemistry study and used to determine that the key parameters of the millireactor were jet Reynolds (
) and hole diameter
. The introduction of twist tape in the annular space generates swirling flow, which effectively increases the heat transfer capacity (up to 16.5 times). This millireactor achieves excellent mixing (>99% of mixing intensity after 1 cm) and the heat transfer enhancement ratio up to 6.5. The local flow field and concentration field from CFD model agreed with those obtained from PIV and PLIF visualization experiments.
Structure, morphology, thermal, and sorption characteristics of epoxidized natural rubber conjugated spent coffee via one‐pot synthesis
Authors: Raju Gunasunderi , Shaban Mahmoud M. , Farag Reem K. , Karunakaran Thiruventhan , Khalid Mohammad
Published: October 2022

The present work highlights the preparation of the epoxidized natural rubber conjugated spent coffee biocomposites (ENR‐g‐SC) via one‐pot synthesis to control petroleum oil spills. The structural determination of the spent coffee grafted epoxidized natural rubber (ENR‐g‐SC) was confirmed through FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopic analyses. The thermal performance, tensile tests, and morphological properties of the synthesized (ENR‐g‐SC) biocomposites were performed. The data revealed that ENR‐g‐SC biocomposite with 20 phr of spent coffee (SC) exhibited the highest tensile properties due to maximal chemical linkages of spent coffee and epoxide groups in ENR. The epoxidized natural rubber conjugated spent coffee copolymers were evaluated as oil sorbers for oil absorbency applications in chloroform, toluene, and 10% crude petroleum diluted with toluene. The data revealed that the oil absorbency increased slightly with chloroform or toluene instead of 10% crude oil diluted with toluene. Furthermore, swelling and network parameters including the maximum oil absorbency (Qmax), swelling rate constant (k), polymer‐solvent interaction (χ), effective crosslink density (ύe), equilibrium modulus of elasticity (GT), and average molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc) and theoretical crosslink density (ύt) were determined, and correlated to the efficiency of the synthesized epoxidized natural rubber conjugated spent coffee.
Non‐Thermal Plasma Assisted Fabrication of Ultrathin NiCoOx Nanosheets for High‐Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Gicha Birhanu Bayissa , Tufa Lemma Teshome , Goddati Mahendra , Adhikari Samir , Gwak Juyong , Lee Jaebeom
Published: October 2022

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Jaebeom Lee from Chungnam National University. The cover picture shows exfoliation of bulk NiCoOx layered double hydroxides into few layers of ultrathin nanosheets using a non‐thermal Ar‐plasma exfoliation strategy to obtain a single layer of NiCoOx nanosheets with excellent supercapacitive properties owing to improvement on the accessible active sites for charge storage and transport. Read the full text of the Research Article at 10.1002/batt.202200270.
Evaluating the effectiveness of physical exercise in improving standardized testing performances through attention indices
Authors: Huang Jeffrey , Huang Hubert , Chang Benjamin , Ho Jocelyn
Published: October 2022

Introduction

In the United States, standardized tests have risen in prevalence, extending their importance from education placement to employment. Attention is crucial to improving testing performance. Past studies have established that acute, coordinative, aerobic exercise improves attention, which is measured by the D2 Attention Test, emotional analysis, reading time, and eye movement tracking. No studies have drawn connections between physical exercise's quantifiable improvement in attention to improvements in standardized tests; therefore, this study would attempt to do so.

Methods

This study defines attention to be positively related to reading speed and negatively related to the number of eye drifts. High school students were selected to read and answer two reading passages from an SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) exam, before and after a short 80% intensity run. Their reading times, facial video, and test scores were recorded. Dlib plots the facial landmark and OpenCV tracks movement of the pupil.

Results

Through paired‐samples t‐tests, this study found out that after exercise, subjects displayed increased reading speed and fewer eye drifts, coupled with increased mean scores.

Conclusion

Thus, this study demonstrated that running, as an acute, coordinative, aerobic exercise, helps increase the testing performance of the SAT reading section by measuring attention. Future research could focus on including head movement as an attention index, replicate the experiment on different standardized tests or exercises, and conduct natural experiments to better simulate real‐life conditions to increase applicability.
Chemometric Approach to the Composition of Flavonoid Compounds and Phenolic Acids and Antioxidant Potential ofArtemisiaSpecies from Different Habitats
Authors: Ickovski Jovana D. , Arsić Biljana B. , Mitić Milan N. , Stojković Milan B. , Đorđević Milan M. , Stojanović Gordana S.
Published: October 2022

FourArtemisiaspecies from Serbia were selected for the study:A. annuaL.,A. absinthiumL.,A. vulgarisL. andA. scopariaWaldst. et Kit. because of the proven excellent action in treating certain medical conditions and diseases.A. absinthiumL.,A. vulgarisL.,A. annuaL. andA. scopariaWaldst. et Kit. collected from different habitats across Serbia (48 samples in total) were studied from the statistical aspect considering the phenolic and flavonoid contents, compositions, and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts in correlation with the soil type. The components were identified using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), while antioxidant activities were determined by seven assays (TP (Total phenolic content), TF (Total flavonoid content), DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical‐based, ABTS (2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)) radical cation‐based, FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), TRP (Total Reducing Power), and CUPRAC (Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity). The results were processed using five statistical methods (PCA (Principal Component Analysis), ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), MANOVA (Multivariate analysis of variance), DA (Discriminant analysis), and AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering)). Principal component analysis enabled very well separation of the analyzedArtemisiaspecies based on the content of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and the values obtained from antioxidant tests, but not on the individual compounds identified and quantified by HPLC. The MANOVA analyses showed that forA. scopariaandA. annuathere was a significant effect of soil type on the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant tests. In contrast, forA. vulgarisandA. absinthium, that effect was not significant. Additional MANOVA analyses showed a significant effect of soil type on phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the case ofA. vulgaris,A. annua, andA. absinthium. The overall correct classification rate of all samples of four investigatedArtemisiaspecies by the discriminant analysis was 81.25 % using the training sample and 72.92 % the cross‐validation results based on TP, TF, and antioxidant tests, but a much lower based on selected compounds identified and quantified by HPLC. MANOVA analyses based on particularArtemisiaspecies show that soil is a significant factor affecting the measurable variables.
Catalytic Base‐Free Transfer Hydrogenation of Biomass Derived Furanic Aldehydes with Bioalcohols and PNP Pincer Complexes
Authors: Padilla Rosa , Ni Zhenwei , Mihrin Dmytro , Wugt Larsen René , Nielsen Martin
Published: October 2022

The base‐free transfer hydrogenation of biomass derived furanic aldehydes with ruthenium and iridium pincer complexes was studied using bio‐alcohols as the hydrogen source. The furanic substrates, such as 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and thiophene‐2‐carboxaldehyde (TC), were reduced under mild conditions (35–80 °C) affording the desired alcohols with excellent conversions and yields. It was also possible to extend this methodology for the transfer hydrogenation of 5‐formylfurfural (DFF) at 130 °C. Deuterium labelling of C−H functions in the furanic alcohols was also investigated in the presence of ethanol‐d6. Finally, proposed catalytic resting species derived from the interactions between one of the catalysts and furanic reagents/product as well as the solvent during the transfer hydrogenation (TH) reaction were analysed.
Surface Modification, Topographic Design and Applications of Superhydrophobic Systems
Authors: Zhao Weinan , Wang Yi , Han Mei , Xu Jiaxin , Tam Kam Chiu
Published: October 2022

Superhydrophobic surfaces with expanded wetting behaviors, like tunable adhesion, hybrid surface hydrophobicity and smart hydrophobic switching have attracted increasing attention due to their broad applications. Herein, the construction methods, mechanisms and advanced applications of special superhydrophobicity are reviewed, and hydro/superhydrophobic modifications are categorized and discussed based on their surface chemistry, and topographic design. The formation and maintenance of special superhydrophobicity in the metastable state are also examined and explored. In addition, particular attention is paid to the use of special wettability in various applications, such as membrane distillation, droplet‐based electricity generators and anti‐fogging surfaces. Finally, the challenges for practical applications and future research directions are discussed.
Ionic γ‐FeO(OH) Nanocrystal Stabilized by Small Isopolymolybdate Clusters as Reactive Core for Water Oxidation
Authors: Mallick Laxmikanta , Chakraborty Biswarup
Published: October 2022

At near neutral to basic pH, hydrolysis‐induced aggregation to insoluble bulk iron‐oxide is often regarded as the pitfalls of molecular iron clusters. Iron‐oxide nanocrystals are encouragingly active over the molecular clusters and/or bulk oxides albeit, stabilizing such nanostructures in aqueous pH and under turnover condition remain a perdurable challenge. Herein, an Anderson‐type [Mo7O24]6− isopolyanion, a small (dimension ca. 0.85 nm) isolable polyoxometalate (POM) possessing only {31} atoms, has been introduced for the first time as a covalent linker to stabilize an infinitely stable and aqueous‐soluble γ‐FeO(OH) nanocore. During the hydrothermal isolation of the material, a partial dissociation of the parent [Mo7O24]6− may lead to the in situ generation of few analogous [MoxOy]n− clusters, proved by Raman study, which can also participate in stabilizing the γ‐FeO(OH) nanocore, MoxOy@FeO(OH). However, due to high ionic charge on {Mo=O} terminals of the [MoxOy]n−, they are covalently linked via MoVI‐μ2O‐FeIII bridging to γ‐FeO(OH) core in MoxOy@FeO(OH), established by numerous spectroscopic and microscopic evidence. Such bonding mode is more likely as precedent from the coordination motif documented in the transition metal clusters stabilized by this POM. The γ‐FeO(OH) nanocore of MoxOy@FeO(OH) behaves as potent active center for electrochemical water oxidation with a overpotential, 263 mV @ 10 mA cm−2, lower than that observed for bare γ‐FeO(OH). Despite of some molybdenum dissolution from the POM ligands to the electrolyte, residual anionic POM fragments covalently bound to the OER active γ‐FeO(OH) core of the MoxOy@FeO(OH) makes the surface predominantly ionic that results in an ordered electrical double layer to promote a better charge transport across the electrode‐electrolyte junction, less likely in bulk γ‐FeO(OH).
Two Terpenoid Derivatives with Different 3/5/6/6/5‐FusedPentacyclic Skeletons fromHedyosmum orientale
Authors: Fan Yao‐Yue , Zheng Cheng‐Yu , Zhou Bin , Zimbres Flavia M. , Cassera Maria B. , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: October 2022

Comprehensive Summary

Chemical investigation ofHedyosmum orientaleled to the identification of two terpenoid derivatives, dyosmunoids A and B (1and2) featuring two different 3/5/6/6/5‐fused pentacyclic ring systems, respectively. Compound1is the second natural product of this C25terpenoid compound class, and compound2is a rare dinor‐C25terpenoid with a peroxide bridge. Their structural elucidation was achieved by the comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and ECD calculation. Putative biosynthetic pathways for compounds1and2are proposed. Compound2exhibited strong antimalarial activity with an IC50value of 0.42 μmol·L–1.
Complex statistical modelling for phylogenetic inference
Authors: Susko Edward
Published: October 2022

Molecular sequence data are a primary source of information about evolutionary relationships. Over the past few decades, there have been dramatic increases in the sizes of data available. Consequently, focus has shifted towards increasingly complex models that are less prone to the biases that are a consequence of model misspecification. At the same time, the computational challenges, which were always substantial, have become greater due to these increasingly complex models and larger data sizes. In this article, we review phylogenetic inference using sequence data and some recent advances in phylogenetic modelling. We discuss strategies for dealing with complex models, future challenges and paths forward.
Lightweight cryptographic algorithms based on different model architectures: A systematic review and futuristic applications
Authors: Bhagat Vijesh , Kumar Santosh , Gupta Sachin Kumar , Chaube Mithilesh Kumar
Published: October 2022

Lightweight cryptography is a rapidly developing research field. Its main goal is to provide security for devices with fewer resources. These limited‐resource devices implement reliable ciphers that use very little power and computation. The lightweight cipher should be built for high performance while using the fewest resources possible, such as memory and power. In this article, we compare block ciphers and several other stream ciphers based on criteria such as input size, output size, structure employed, key size, number of rounds, vulnerable attacks, chip area, gate equivalent, memory use, throughput, and security features. Moreover, this article provides a detailed analysis comparing all cryptographic algorithms and their use in day‐to‐day life activities. This paper also discusses some lightweight ciphers, stream ciphers, and hybrid ciphers. Moreover, it shows the cryptanalysis of some block ciphers like DES.
Preparation of Battery Grade Li2CO3from Defective Product by the Carbonation‐Decomposition Method
Authors: Zhou Ming
Published: October 2022

Battery grade Li2CO3is successfully synthesized by the carbonation‐decomposition method using defective crude Li2CO3with the purity of 98.56 wt% containing 5873 ppm SO42−and other impurities such as Na, K, Ca, Fe, and Mg. Filter operation is found to be very important to improve quality of products. The purified Li2CO3precipitation acquired by filtering the LiHCO3solution possesses a higher purity of 99.65 wt% and greater whiteness with lower amounts of SO42−(222.0 ppm) and Fe (6.6 ppm). For further purification, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt is added into the LiHCO3solution then Ca and Fe contents in purified Li2CO3are reduced to 2.9 and 0.7 ppm, respectively. The removal efficiencies obtained for Ca, Fe, and SO42−are of 80.05%, 99.4%, and 97.5%, respectively. The research of reaction kinetics shows that the rate‐determining step of the carbonation process is diffusion control and the generated HCO3−ions can resist the further dissolution of CO2. The theoretical thermal decomposition temperature is 277.10 K by the thermodynamic calculation. SO42−impurity comes from absorbed Na2SO4and doped Li2SO4. This work is of great significance to economically and simply treat defective product with high impurity content in the actual Li2CO3production process.
Correcting Sulfur Shortages in Midwest Soils
Authors: Ehmke Tanner
Published: October 2022

Declining sulfur depositions from the atmosphere have caused sulfur shortages in soils across the Midwest for more than a decade. Fortunately for growers in regions with noticeable declines in depositions, fixing the problem typically requires minimal amounts of sulfur fertilizer. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
“Katerina gets mad”: Infants’ physiological and behavioral responses to co‐viewing educational, self‐regulatory media
Authors: Porter Chris L. , Stockdale Laura A. , Reschke Peter , Booth McCall , Memmott‐Elison Madison K. , Coyne Sarah M.
Published: October 2022

A growing body of research has focused on the physiological impact of media on older children and adolescents. Less research has been focused on the potential physiological impact of media on infants and younger children, especially media designed to be age appropriate and educational in content. In this study, we examined respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in infants (N = 269, Mage = 17.13 months) while they co‐viewed an educational video clip that modeled emotion regulation and contrasted their physiological response to an unoccupied baseline and a frustration paradigm (arm‐restraint). Given parent reports showing the calming effect of educational media viewing in young children, we anticipated that a similar pattern of calming would be observed physiologically in infants. Results showed that relative to baseline, most infants demonstrated an increase in RSA while co‐viewing, suggesting greater parasympathetic (regulatory) activation consistent with behavioral calming. However, infants who demonstrated vagal withdrawal during co‐viewing (decrease in RSA) were more likely to have parents who used a tablet to help infants go to sleep at night. Vagal withdrawal was also associated with increased levels of negative affect observed during the co‐viewing task. Findings are discussed in relation to the contextual effect of co‐viewing age‐appropriate, educational media on children's physiological responses.
A comparison of traditional and developmental measures of weight suppression in residential patients with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Wong Valerie Z. , Singh Simar , Lowe Michael R.
Published: October 2022

Objective

Weight suppression (WS) is associated with many eating disorder (ED)‐related symptoms. However, traditional calculations of WS do not consider the age or height at which one's highest past weight was reached. Lowe et al. (2022) found that developmental WS (DWS) was associated with a wider variety of ED‐related symptoms compared with traditional WS (TWS). This study replicated and extended these findings in a larger sample of individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) at a residential ED treatment center.

Methods

Participants were 1051 female patients with BN. We examined the relations between each WS measure and ED symptoms, emotional symptoms, and weight history variables.

Results

TWS and DWS showed a similar number of relations with ED‐related symptoms.

DWS was positively related to behavioral symptoms (e.g., vomiting), and negatively related to cognitive symptoms (e.g., weight/eating concern). TWS was positively related to highest premorbid, highest postmorbid, and lowest postmorbid weights. DWS was also positively related to highest premorbid z‐scored body mass index (zBMI), but negatively related to lowest and highest postmorbid zBMI.

Conclusions

DWS, relative to TWS, may better capture the psychobiological impact of the weight discrepancy that a measure of WS is meant to reflect.

Public Significance

Weight suppression, the difference between an individual's past highest weight and current weight, is significantly related to many ED‐related symptoms. This study found that a new weight suppression measure, based on expected weight‐for‐height during physical development, relates to ED characteristics in a different manner from the traditional measure of weight suppression, showing positive associations with behavioral symptoms and negative associations with cognitive symptoms.
Climate and forest loss interactively restructure trait composition across a human‐modified landscape
Authors: Krishnadas Meghna
Published: October 2022

Traits determine species response to climate conditions and the match between phenotypes and climate mediates spatial variation in species composition. These trait–climate linkages can be disrupted in human‐modified landscapes. Human land use creates forest fragments where dispersal limitation or edge effects exclude species that may otherwise suit a given macroclimate. Furthermore, stressful macroclimate can limit viable trait combinations such that only a subset of values of any given trait occurs with respect to another trait, resulting in stronger trait covariance. Because forest loss can compound climatic stress, trait covariance from benign to harsher climates is expected to be stronger in fragments compared to contiguous forests. In a wet tropical forest landscape in the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of peninsular India, I compared fragments with adjacent contiguous forests for signatures of trait‐mediated assembly of tree communities. Using four key plant traits—seed size, specific leaf area (SLA), wood density, and maximum height—I evaluated trait–abundance associations and trait covariance across climate, soil, and elevation gradients. In the contiguous forest, smaller‐seeded, shorter, thinner‐leaved species became more abundant from low to high elevations. In fragments, species with higher SLA were more abundant at sites with more seasonal climates and lower precipitation, and larger seeded species were less abundant at warmer sites. However, traits only weakly predicted abundances in both habitats. Moreover, only contiguous forests exhibited significant compositional change via traits, driven by trait syndromes varying along a composite gradient defined by elevation, water deficit, and soil C:N ratio. Site‐level trait covariance revealed that warmer, wetter conditions in fragments favored taller species for given seed size, as compared to similar conditions in contiguous forests. Overall, trait syndromes and trait covariance, rather than single traits, determined the phenotypes best suited to macroclimate conditions and should inform management or restoration goals in fragments.
Body mass, temperature, and depth shape the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks and rays
Authors: Pardo Sebastián A. , Dulvy Nicholas K.
Published: October 2022

An important challenge in ecology is to understand variation in species' maximum intrinsic rate of population increase, rmax, not least because rmax underpins our understanding of the limits of fishing, recovery potential, and ultimately extinction risk. Across many vertebrate species, terrestrial and aquatic, body mass and environmental temperature are important correlates of rmax. In sharks and rays, specifically, rmax is known to be lower in larger species, but also in deep sea ones. We use an information‐theoretic approach that accounts for phylogenetic relatedness to evaluate the relative importance of body mass, temperature, and depth on rmax. We show that both temperature and depth have separate effects on shark and ray rmax estimates, such that species living in deeper waters have lower rmax. Furthermore, temperature also correlates with changes in the mass scaling coefficient, suggesting that as body size increases, decreases in rmax are much steeper for species in warmer waters. These findings suggest that there are (as‐yet understood) depth‐related processes that limit the maximum rate at which populations can grow in deep‐sea sharks and rays. While the deep ocean is associated with colder temperatures, other factors that are independent of temperature, such as food availability and physiological constraints, may influence the low rmax observed in deep‐sea sharks and rays. Our study lays the foundation for predicting the intrinsic limit of fishing, recovery potential, and extinction risk species based on easily accessible environmental information such as temperature and depth, particularly for data‐poor species.
Green turtles shape the seascape through grazing patch formation around habitat features: Experimental evidence
Authors: Smulders F. O. H. , Bakker E. S. , O'Shea O. R. , Campbell J. E. , Rhoades O. K. , Christianen M. J. A.
Published: October 2022

Understanding how megaherbivores incorporate habitat features into their foraging behavior is key toward understanding how herbivores shape the surrounding landscape. While the role of habitat structure has been studied within the context of predator–prey dynamics and grazing behavior in terrestrial systems, there is a limited understanding of how structure influences megaherbivore grazing in marine ecosystems. To investigate the response of megaherbivores (green turtles) to habitat features, we experimentally introduced structure at two spatial scales in a shallow seagrass meadow in The Bahamas. Turtle density increased 50‐fold (to 311 turtles ha−1) in response to the structures, and turtles were mainly grazing and resting (low vigilance behavior). This resulted in a grazing patch exceeding the size of the experimental setup (242 m2), with reduced seagrass shoot density and aboveground biomass. After structure removal, turtle density decreased and vigilance increased (more browsing and shorter surfacing times), while seagrass within the patch partly recovered. Even at a small scale (9 m2), artificial structures altered turtle grazing behavior, resulting in grazing patches in 60% of the plots. Our results demonstrate that marine megaherbivores select habitat features as foraging sites, likely to be a predator refuge, resulting in heterogeneity in seagrass bed structure at the landscape scale.