bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resilience of Pollen and Post‐Flowering Response in Diverse Sorghum Genotypes Exposed to Heat Stress under Field Conditions
Authors: Sunoj V.S. John , Somayanda Impa M. , Chiluwal Anuj , Perumal Ramasamy , Prasad P.V. Vara , Jagadish S.V. Krishna
Published: March 2017

The predicted increase in global temperatures will increase the probability of exposing sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] to heat stress during critical reproductive developmental stages, such as flowering and post‐flowering periods. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to quantify the impact of heat stress on pollen germination and other post‐flowering physiological processes affecting grain yield. Pollen collected from 24 diverse sorghum genotypes grown under greenhouse conditions were tested for their tolerance to heat stress. Using the same set of genotypes, field‐based heat tents were used to impose heat stress from booting stage to maturity. Pollen grains from field experiments were tested under three different types of heat stress combinations to identify genotypes with pollen having true heat tolerance. Heat stress induced a significant reduction in grain yield (16–73%), pollen germination (2–95%), photosynthesis (0.5–50%), and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (1–8%) and increased thylakoid membrane damage (2–27%) compared with control conditions. Reduced grain yield with heat stress exposure was not compensated by grain weight increase. In vitro pollen germination revealed SC155 to possess true heat‐tolerant pollen, even under severe stress exposure. Macia and BTx378 recorded higher relative grain yield and pollen germination, providing opportunities for mapping genomic regions responsible for heat tolerance using currently available biparental mapping populations in RTx430 and BTx623 backgrounds, respectively.
Agenda internacional 2030: perspectivas de la Cooperación para el desarrollo
Authors: Nieto Ariza Mary
Published: March 2017

La publicación “Agenda Internacional para 2030: Perspectivas de cooperación para el desarrollo” es una compilación realizada por Ibelis Blanco Rangel, quien nos lleva por un recorrido académico a través de un prólogo y seis capítulos que buscan integrar desde sus temáticas a alguno de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Para esto se recurre a diversos académicos expertosen el tema de cooperación internacional quienes mediante la utilización de estudios de caso, informes, datos estadísticos y otros recursos dan a conocer la situación de América Latina, particularmente de Colombia, frente a aspectos como salud, educación y economía. Esta multiplicidad de autores ofrece a la publicación distintas miradas a diversas realidades y al mismo tiempo brinda algunas posibles recomendaciones a seguir en el marco de una agenda internacional para el desarrollo sostenible, partiendo del particular momento que está viviendo la región latinoamericana en sus relaciones internacionales y de cooperación.
Wavelet transform analysis of reference crop evapotranspiration during the growing season in three typical regions of Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Li Ruiping , Shi Haibin , Zou Chunxia , Hu Shouzhong
Published: March 2017

Management and scheduling of irrigation water requires consideration of evapotranspiration, one of the most important hydrological variables. This study investigates the variations in the daily potential evapotranspiration (ET0), and its aerodynamic (ETa) and radiometric (ETr) components in three areas (western, central and eastern) of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) during the growing season (April–September, 2007). In this study, a data-driven approach was followed, and the wavelet transformation analysis method was used to investigate the evapotranspiration characteristics of a relatively large geographic region. The results show that there are close correlations in the variations of ET0 with those of ETa and ETr. For the western area of the IMAR, the timing of the largest ETa is 1 month earlier and its wave period is 10 days shorter than those of ET0 and ETr. For the central area, the wave period of ETa is 20 days shorter, and the timing of the largest ETa is approximately 1 month earlier than those of ET0 and ETr. For the eastern area, there are two large fluctuations in ETa, and they occur 1 month earlier than those of ET0.
Hydrochemical characteristics and quality assessment of urban groundwater in Urmia City, NW Iran
Authors: Chitsazan M. , Aghazadeh N. , Mirzaee Y. , Golestan Y. , Mosavi S.
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and hydrochemical characteristics of urban groundwater in Urmia City, northwest of Iran. In order, 59 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various anions and cations. Result shows that, mineral weathering, ion exchange and anthropogenic activity are the main hydrochemical processes controlling urban groundwater chemistry. The evaluation of groundwater geochemistry in the flow path beneath the urban area shows that, due to land use changes, the hydrochemical change occurs predominantly in electrical conductivity (EC), Cl− and NO3–. The EC is increased in the direction of groundwater flow and in the last decade in industrial areas. According to the groundwater quality index values, most of the samples fit into the good quality class and samples with poor quality are located in the old residential, parks and agricultural areas of the city. The calculation of the irrigation water quality indices (Na%, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability index, residual sodium carbonate), and industrial water quality indices (Ryznar stability index, Langelier saturation index, Larson–Skold, Puckorius scaling index) indicated that the quality of water for irrigation purposes could be classified in the excellent to permissible categories. However, as for the industrial uses, the results also revealed that most of the samples could be classified in the aggressive and very aggressive categories.
Monitoring accumulation sediment characteristics in full scale sewer physical model with urban wastewater
Authors: Regueiro-Picallo Manuel , Naves Juan , Anta Jose , Suárez Joaquín , Puertas Jerónimo
Published: March 2017

A series of experiments were carried out with real wastewater in a pilot flume located at A Coruña wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (Spain). A full scale model was developed to test a circular (300 mm inner diameter) and an equivalent area egg-shaped plastic pipe under controlled experimental conditions (pipe slope 2–5‰, averaged discharge Q = 4 L/s). Velocity profiles and sediment accumulation in the pipe invert was daily measured. Within the 7–11 days, the average sediment accumulation rate found in the circular pipe was between 1.4 and 3.8 mm/d. The sediment height depended on the input wastewater sediment distribution and organic content. The egg-shaped pipe presented no sediment deposit for the same downstream boundary conditions, although biofilms were attached to the walls of both pipes. Besides, wastewater quality was monitored continuously and sediment composition was studied at the end of experiments. Two types of sediment were recorded: a granular bed deposit (ρ = 1,460 kg/m3, d50 = 202 μm) and wall biofilms (ρ = 1,190 kg/m3, d50 = 76 μm).
LA DESAMORTIZACIÓN Y NACIONALIZACION DE LOS BIENES DE LA IGLESIA DE SAN CRISTÓBAL DE LAS CASAS, CHIAPAS
Authors: Pedrero Nieto Gloria
Published: March 2017

San Cristóbal de Las Casas fue la capital política y eclesiástica de Chiapas durante la Colonia y la primera mitad del siglo XIX, lo cual propició la concentración de la riqueza en los cleros secular y regular de esa ciudad. El proceso de desamortización se inició pocos meses después de ser promulgada la ley de mismo nombre el 25 de junio de 1856; posteriormente, con la ley de nacionalización se completó el ataque contra los bienes de la institución más poderosa de México. Prácticamente todos los bienes de la Iglesia pasaron a ser propiedad de particulares, aun cuando el proceso se vio interrumpido durante varios años por los levantamientos armados de los conservadores que apoyaban a la institución eclesiástica, así como por la intervención francesa. Finalmente este proceso culminó durante el Porfiriato.
CAFETICULTURA INDÍGENA EN YAJALÓN: UN ESCENARIO AL MARGEN DEL COMERCIO JUSTO
Authors: Aguilar Pinto Emma , González Alma Amalia
Published: March 2017

Actualmente existen aproximadamente 224 organizaciones campesinas en México que exportan directamente su café con sellos de certificación solidaria y de agricultura orgánica.

Más allá de las ventajas que este proceso social ha traído a sus agremiados, poco se han abordado aquellas organizaciones que están fuera de estos dispositivos de comercialización. ¿Cuáles son las situaciones que enfrentan?, ¿cómo sus procesos organizativos internos y su relación con los agentes de desarrollo local? Nuestras preguntas se concretan en el área de influencia de la ciudad de Yajalón. Partimos del análisis de uno de los Despachos de Consultoría Técnica, DCT, con mayor antigüedad en la región y con mayor número de productores atendidos. Explicamos cómo surgieron y se desenvuelven las organizaciones que permanecen ajenas al comercio justo, CJ, con el fin de explicar el surgimiento de nuevas formas de intermediación y de organización rural en laé poca actual.

ABSTRACT

Approximately 224 campesino farming organizations currently exist in Mexico that directly export their coffee, sporting certification seals of solidarity-based and organic agricultural practices.

Beyond the advantages this social process has brought to its affiliates, little attention has been directed toward those organizations that are outside of these commercialization tools. What situations do they face? What are their internal organizational processes, and their relations with local development agents? Our questions focus on the area of influence of the city of Yajalón. We begin based on analysis of one of the region’s oldest Technical Consulting Offices (DCT for its initials in Spanish) which attends to one of the highest numbers of coffee growers. We explain how the organizations that remain outside of Fair Trade (FT) emerged and how they develop, as a way of explaining the emergence of new forms of intermediation and rural organization in the current era.
VEJEZ EN EDAD EXTREMA. UN ESTUDIO DE ETNOGERONTOLOGÍA SOCIAL
Authors: Reyes Gómez Laureano , Villasana Benítez Susana
Published: March 2017

El trabajo busca ejemplificar, a través de seis estudios de caso, cómo viven la vejez los adultos mayores indígenas zoques cuando, producto de la edad avanzada, la enfermedad se convierte en insidiosa, multifactorial, su salud se diezma y está más en riesgo; se sustenta en la experiencia de personas en edad extrema, es decir, que han superado la barrera etaria de 84 años, dando cuenta de las redes sociales y soportes tanto afectivos como solidarios y de política pública que presentan.

 

ABSTRACT

This article seeks to exemplify, through six case studies, the ways in which elderly Zoque indigenous people experience old age when, as a result of advanced age, their illnesses become insidious and multi-factorial in nature, their health deteriorates and they are at higher risk. This article is based on the experiences of persons in extreme old age, or those who are at least 84 years old, and describes the social networks, emotional support and solidarity expressed, and public policy assistance.
CHOICE AND NON-COORDINATION BEHAVIOR IN A GLOBAL AND LOCAL INFORMATION SETTING: A COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH
Authors: Valdivia López Marcos
Published: March 2017

This paper studies conformity effects on individual choice when both local and global information are present. A standard discrete choice model that incorporates the social interaction effect to assign choice probabilities to agents is studied. The model is analyzed by using computational simulations. Agents are dispersed in a two dimensional toroidal lattice and they can gather information either from their von Neumann neighbors or from the whole community of agents. Agent heterogeneity is introduced through diversity in private incentives among agents. The main results of the simulations show that the effects of global and local information can produce conflicting informational data streams in agents, making it likely that unstable and volatile aggregate choice emerges. Likewise, the results indicate that the interaction between global and local information affects the shape of the distribution of the size of informational cascades.

 

RESUMEN

Esta investigación analiza los efectos de conformidad en las decisiones de los individuos en un contexto en donde los agentes económicos acceden a información global y local. Un modelo de decisión discreta que incorpora el efecto de interacción social es analizado por medio de simulaciones computacionales. Los agentes bajo estudio están dispersos en una cuadrícula de dos dimensiones en donde recolectan información ya sea a partir de sus vecinos von Neumann o de la comunidad entera de agentes. La heterogeneidad es introducida a partir de la diversidad en los incentivos privados de los agentes. Los principales resultados de las simulaciones indican que los efectos de la información global y local pueden producir flujos informativos conflictivos para la toma de decisiones, de tal forma que el comportamiento agregado de decisión de los agentes emerge como volátil e inestable. Asimismo, los resultados indican que la interacción entre información global y local afecta la forma de la distribución del tamaño de las cascadas informativas.
DE LA UNIDAD DOMÉSTICA A LA ORGANIZACIÓN FAMILIAR PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN. EL CASO DE LAS ENGORDAS DE GANADO EN EL BAJÍO GUANAJUATENSE
Authors: Chávez Torres Martha
Published: March 2017

A partir del dato etnográfico, en este trabajo se mostrará cómo la categoría de unidad doméstica es insuficiente para comprender la organización y funcionamiento de un tipo de unidad productiva rural —basada en las engordas de ganado— de un rincón del Bajío, que toma en cuenta alianzas familiares entre miembros unidos por lazos de parentesco de primer grado. Su organización y funcionamiento está en manos de los hombres que las administran, muchas veces guiados por el padre; las mujeres mantienen una participación muy marginal. Estas unidades nacen y se desarrollan a partir de los años ochenta del siglo pasado, impulsadas principalmente por los migrantes que residen en Estados Unidos. La lógica que las origina y sostiene es diferente entre el familiar que las administra y sus propietarios ausentes, dándose un interjuego entre lo económico y lo emocional.
LA TEORÍA GENERAL DEL DERECHO FRENTE A LA ANTROPOLOGÍA POLÍTICA
Authors: Correas Óscar
Published: March 2017

Este artículo tiende a mostrar que no es la Teoría General del Derecho, TGD, el obstáculo para el reconocimiento del pluralismo jurídico, sino más bien las necesidades de hegemonía del propio Estado moderno. La TGD contemporánea ofrece conceptos teóricos que permiten pensar el pluralismo jurídico, entendido aquí como el fenómeno de coexistencia de dos o más sistemas jurídicos que reclaman eficacia en un mismo territorio. También la dificultad para reconocer al sistema normativo indígena como «derecho» proviene de ideologías, como la de «soberanía», que no tienen plausibilidad teórica y que deben ser dejadas de lado por la ciencia social contemporánea. La eficacia del sistema jurídico dominante proviene, entre otras cosas, precisamente de la ideología en que son educados los juristas. Si las normas válidas son las que tienen efectividad y pertenecen a un sistema eficaz, como quiere TGD, entonces como las normas del derecho indígena son las eficaces, son también las válidas. Sin embargo esta validez es desconocida por los funcionarios del sistema hegemónico, que no han sido educados para pensar en la posibilidad del pluralismo jurídico.

 

SUMMARY

The article tends to demonstrate that GTL is not the obstacle for recognition of juridical pluralism, but rather the hegemonic needs of the modern State itself. Contemporary General Theory of Law (GTL) offers theoretical concepts that may be used by coexistence of two or more juridical systems that demand efficacy in a same territory. Also the difficulty to recognize the indigenous normative system as law stems from ideologies, such as that of sovereignty, that have no theoretical plausibility and should be left aside by contemporary social science. The effectiveness of the dominant juridical system originates out of, among other things, precisely the ideology in which lawyers are educated. If the valid norms are those with effectiveness and that pertain to an effective system, as GTL poses, then, given that the indigenous law norms are those that are effective, they are also those that are valid. However, this validity is ignored by the functionaries of the hegemonic system, who have not been educated to ponder the possibility of juridical plurality.
BALANCES Y PERSPECTIVAS DEL PERITAJE ANTROPOLÓGICO: RECONOCER O BORRAR LA DIFERENCIA CULTURAL
Authors: Fabre Zarandona Artemia
Published: March 2017

Reflexionar y discutir en general sobre los actuales cambios constitucionales en términos de los usos de los instrumentos jurídicos legales, por parte no solo de los operadores de justicia sino también de los mismos individuos y colectivos indígenas, se vuelve una tarea fundamental en nuestro quehacer. En específico para el caso que nos ocupa de los peritajes antropológicos es necesario observar los avances y retrocesos en materia de los derechos indígenas, y fundamentalmente conocer cambios en la cultura político-jurídica que estas modificaciones constitucionales hayan generado o no, en especial en los operadores de justicia, teniendo en cuenta si este instrumento es o no pertinente en la procuración e impartición de justicia. De igual forma, es pertinente preguntarnos si podemos hablar del peritaje como un instrumento que incluye la diversidad cultural en los aparatos de justicia y, por ende, que dé una respuesta edificante para los individuos y grupos con culturas diferentes en México.

 

SUMMARYReflecting on and generally discussing current constitutional changes in terms of uses of legal juridical instruments on the part not only of the operators of justice but also of indigenous individuals and collectives themselves has become a fundamental task within our daily work. Specifically for the case at hand regarding anthropological investigations, it is necessary not only to observe the progress made and the setbacks encountered in indigenous rights matters, but fundamentally to identify changes in the political-juridical culture that these constitutional modifications have or have not generated, especially in the operators of justice, and whether or not this instrument is pertinent in the procurement and enforcement of justice. In the same way, it is pertinent to ask ourselves whether we can talk of expert investigation as an instrument that includes cultural diversity in the justice apparatus and therefore that provides an edifying response for individuals and groups from different cultures in Mexico.
DE LA COMPETENCIA COMUNICATIVA A LA COMPETENCIA INTERCULTURAL: UNA PROPUESTA TEÓRICA Y DIDÁCTICA PARA LA EDUCACIÓN INTERCULTURAL EN LATINOAMÉRICA
Authors: Fajardo Salinas Delia María
Published: March 2017

En este artículo se revisa la evolución del concepto de competencia comunicativa desde que fuera propuesto por Dell Hymes, pasando por los principales modelos de análisis de dicho constructo, con un énfasis en la relevancia que fue cobrando la formulación de ciertas capacidades y actitudes para afrontar la relación con la diferencia cultural, en el marco de la enseñanza de lenguas, todo ello como fundamento para elaborar una propuesta teórica del concepto de competencia intercultural factible de convertirse en el núcleo curricular de una propuesta didáctica para programas de educación intercultural en Latinoamérica. Entre los modelos de análisis considerados destacamos el de Cantero (2009), por la novedad de su aporte con un enfoque apoyado en la teoría de la complejidad para explicar las relaciones entre los elementos que integran la competencia comunicativa y, más importante aún, el potencial descriptivo y normativo de su modelo de análisis para la enseñanza de lenguas.

 

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the evolution of the concept of communicative competence proposed by Dell Hymes, including the main models for the analysis of this construct with an emphasis on the relevance acquired by the formulation of certain capabilities and attitudes to face the relationship with cultural difference within the framework of language teaching. This is the foundation for the development of a theoretical proposal about the concept of intercultural competence that may feasibly become the curricular core of a didactic proposal for intercultural education programs in Latin America. Cantero's model (2009) is noted among the most outstanding analysis models because of the novelty of his contribution with an approach that uses complexity theory to explain both the relationships among the elements integrating communicative competence and even more importantly the descriptive and normative potential of his analysis model for language teaching.
LAS POLÍTICAS CULTURALES DE LOS GOBIERNOS LOCALES EN LA ARGENTINA
Authors: Mendes Calado Pablo
Published: March 2017

Este artículo tiene por objeto presentar el trabajo que desde el proyecto de investigación Políticas Culturales en los Gobiernos Locales*, la Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero viene desarrollando en este campo poco explorado del quehacer público en cultura. El trabajo en cuestión consiste en un estudio de casos mediante herramientas metodológicas tales como entrevistas en profundidad, observaciones, grupos focales, análisis presupuestario y observaciones participantes. Desde el 2007 a la fecha, doce municipios han sido objeto de estudio en Argentina. Lo que aquí se presenta son reflexiones en torno a algunos de los resultados hasta ahora obtenidos, los cuales se organizan en los siguientes temas: el desarrollo institucional, los objetivos, la nominación del destinatario y los recursos disponibles. Finalmente, se hace un balance de la actual situación que los gobiernos locales en la Argentina presentan en materia de políticas culturales y cuáles podrían ser algunos caminos para avanzar en un sentido que haga de las políticas culturales locales una fuente de desarrollo y de construcción de lazos sociales.

 

ABSTRACTThe objective of this article is to present the work that the Argentine National University of Tres de Febrero has been developing in the practically unexplored field of public engagement with culture, based on a research project on Cultural Policies in Local Governments*. This piece of research consists of a study of cases using various methodological tools, such as in-depth interviews, observations, focal groups, budget analysis and participant observations. From 2007 to the present, twelve municipalities have been the object of study in Argentina. This article presents reflections about some of the results obtained so far, which are organized under the following themes: institutional development, objectives, nomination of target groups, and resource availability. Finally, a balance is made regarding the current situation that local governments in Argentina present in terms of cultural policies and which could be some pathways to follow in order to turn local cultural policies into a source of development and a means to construct social bonds.
EL FOGÓN ABIERTO DE TRES PIEDRAS EN LA PENÍNSULA DE YUCATÁN: TRADICIÓN Y TRANSFERENCIA TECNOLÓGICA
Authors: Cantú Gutiérrez Citlalli , Quiroz Carranza Joaquín
Published: March 2017

En México, y particularmente en la península de Yucatán, el uso del fogón abierto de tres piedras y de leña combustible es un recurso de gran importancia por su cantidad de usuarios, el sustento histórico-cultural y su significado dentro del complejo de tecnologías tradicionales. Su existencia actual representa un proceso de autonomía de las poblaciones indígenas, campesinas y pobres respecto a las redes hegemónicas de energéticos convencionales. En este artículo se describen las características del fogón abierto y de las especies preferidas como leña con base en observaciones realizadas en 4,000 viviendas de 39 localidades de Yucatán y Quintana Roo, México. Se analiza el proceso de transferencia tecnológica y se describe un proceso de entrega de fogones del gobierno federal en Yucatán, interpretándose como una política de subsidio de carbono hacia la industria capitalista local y como una forma de neutralizar lo autónomo tradicional y los esfuerzos de la sociedad civil organizada por impulsar el desarrollo participativo y comunitario.

 

ABSTRACTIn Mexico and particularly on the Yucatan peninsula, the use of the three-stone open fire cook stove and fire wood fuel is a phenomenon of great importance due to the number of people using it, its historical-cultural background and its meaning within the complex of traditional technologies. Its current existence represents a process of autonomy of the indigenous, peasant and poor populations with respect to the hegemonic networks of conventional sources of energy. Based on observations of 4000 households in 39 locations in Yucatan and Quintana Roo, Mexico, this article describes the characteristics of the open fire cook stove as well as the preferred types of firewood. It analyzes the transfer of technology and describes the process of delivery of open fire cook stoves by the federal government in Yucatan, interpreting it as a carbon subsidy policy for both local capitalist industry and developed countries, and as a way of neutralizing traditional autonomy and the efforts of organized civil society to promote participatory and community development.
RESISTENCIA Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE AUTONOMÍA: UNA EXPERIENCIA COMUNITARIA ZAPATISTA
Authors: González Ruiz Nicolás
Published: March 2017

En este artículo describo y explico las formas en que los zapatistas están construyendo procesos de resistencia y de autonomía en pequeños espacios que integran el complejo territorio autónomo zapatista. Con la intención de que se pueda comprender la complejidad del proceso que están desarrollando a niveles más amplios, identifico los problemas que pretenden superar e identifico también las relaciones que mantienen con «los otros» con quienes comparten territorio. La información la obtuve de forma directa dentro de la comunidad analizada utilizando una metodología participativa donde la observación fue fundamental. Formo parte de la comunidad y hablo la lengua nativa y estos aspectos fueron de suma importancia para construir los diversos niveles de discusión que desarrollo.

 

RESISTANCE AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTONOMY: A ZAPATISTA COMMUNITY EXPERIENCEABSTRACTThis article describes and explains the ways in which the Zapatistas are constructing resistance and autonomy processes in small areas that form part of the complex autonomous Zapatista territory. In order to help understand the complexity of the process that the Zapatistas are developing at broader levels, the author identifies the problems that they aim to overcome as well as the relations that they have with «the others» with whom they share the territory. The author obtained information directly from within the analyzed community through a participatory methodology in which observation played a crucial role. The author is part of the community and speaks the native language. These aspects were of supreme importance for the construction of different levels of discussion that unfolded.
COSTO DE TRANSACCIÓN Y CADENA DE PRODUCCIÓN FORESTAL EN LA LADERA ORIENTAL DEL VOLCÁN COFRE DE PEROTE, VERACRUZ
Authors: Gómez Puente Antonio Farreny
Published: March 2017

En este artículo se presenta una descripción etnográfica sobre diversos factores presentes en las dinámicas de conservación y cambio en el uso de suelos, predominantemente forestales, en la ladera oriente del Cofre de Perote, Veracruz, desde una perspectiva histórica. Su cubierta forestal ha sido objeto de polémicas y conflictos. En algunos espacios se ha responsabilizado a los campesinos de la deforestación, y en respuesta, diversos actores han ejercido presión para imponer regímenes de sanciones más estrictas, aduciendo el impacto de estos procesos en el clima de las ciudades cercanas y en la recarga de mantos acuíferos. Por medio del trabajo etnográfico sugiero la necesidad de entender la diversidad de agentes, con sus propias lógicas y objetivos, que intervienen en el uso y la conservación del recurso forestal. Desde este ángulo, la preservación del bosque demanda más que una vigilancia estricta para mejorar sus condiciones de aprovechamiento.
GUATEMALA: CONSTRUYENDO EL DESARROLLO PROPIO EN UN NEOLIBERALISMO DE POSGUERRA
Authors: De León Quimy , Bastos Santiago
Published: March 2017

En Guatemala, después del fin del conflicto armado, se dio una apertura a las actividades extractivas, que se instalaron en forma indiscriminada en muchas comunidades del país. Estas se organizaron para defender su territorio y su modo de vida. Este es el contexto en el que se están construyendo las propuestas de formas propias de desarrollo, entre las que se destaca la de la participación comunitaria que ha dado fuerza a la movilización y supone una propuesta nueva de relación con el Estado.

GUATEMALA: BUILDING ITS DEVELOPMENT IN POSTWAR NEOLIBERALISM

After the end of a period of armed conflict, Guatemala opened up indiscriminately to extraction activities in many communities throughout the country. The communities organized to defend their territory and way of life. This is the context within which proposals are being made to build their own forms of development, including the proposal for community participation that has strengthened mobilization and assumes a new relationship with the State.
Viabilidade econômica de um produto a base de algas em uma associação de maricultoras do litoral Norte Potiguar
Authors: Rebouças Lucas , Santos Júnior Josué dos , Rebouças Lucas de Oliveira Soares , Figueiredo Julianna Paula do Vale , Bessa Júnior Ambrósio Paula , Maia Ivanilson de Souza
Published: March 2017

The objective of the present study was to identify the economic sustainability of the group of the maricultores of the municipality of Rio do Fogo / RN - AMAR, in order to identify the economic data from the sale of products developed in the community and carry out the economic viability study of a product The base of kelp. To reach the data collected, workshops and a visit to the cultivated areas were carried out. As a methodological strategy, Participatory Rural Diagnosis and its own tools for knowledge mobilization were used to reconstruct all the procedural steps of the activity, its participation in the daily life of the community and the family, social and economic relations, democratic and The economic viability of this popular enterprise, past and present. The association has 6 active associates, producing seven products, algae powder, fresh seaweed, soap, coconut, mouse, gelatin and biscuit. The algae powder is responsible for 50% of the income of the association that is R$ 1,800.00 totaling R$ 300.00 / associate. For the economic feasibility study the product chosen was algae powder. The economic feasibility study has shown that the production of algae powder or talc is feasible, since the sale of this product will contribute to increase the income of associated women. This income rose by 43.3% from an average of R $ 300.00 to R$ 530.00 / month. The average family per capita income of the maricultoras increased from R $ 342.00 to R$ 488.80 after the study, or a 29.9% increase in the current per capita family income. In this way, the data of this research indicate that the economic activity of sale of products originated from the G. birdiae algae developed by the Association of Maricultoras of Rio do Fogo – AMAR has great social and economic relevance for the families of the maricultoras of the community of Rio do Fogo.
O comércio do camarão-da-amazônia (Macrobrachium amazonicum) na cidade de Breves - Pará - Brasil
Authors: Da Silva Fabricio , Nilo Lima da Silva Fabricio , Reis da Silva Fernanda , Paixão Mangas Tiago , Caldas de Oliveira Luã , Gonçalves Macedo Antonia Rafaela , Ramos de Medeiros Luciano , Martins Cordeiro Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2017

The objective of this work was to describe the profile of the sellers and the commercialization during the sale of the Amazonian shrimp (Macrobrachium amazonicum, Heller, 1862) at the Breves fair, located in Marajó Island, Pará State, Brazil. The survey was conducted in September 2016 in five points. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied with questions about: gender, age, naturalness, marital status, schooling level, working time with shrimp, main income activity, as well as shrimp trade, sale sizes of the animals, origin of this crustacean among other relevant data to draw the profile. It is evidenced the predominance of males and married men, where the majority is natural of Breves. Many have only incomplete elementary education and market fresh and salty shrimp, being sold in three sizes: small, medium and large. The sale in the free fair of Breves in the Amazon, has a great potential of growth to strengthen the local economy with the sale of Macrobrachium amazonicum.
Conservação e controle de qualidade de queijos: Revisão
Authors: Da Silva Francisco , De Santana Carolina Moreira , Melo Wyara Ferreira , Talabera Geraldo Gonzalez , Sarmento Weslley Epifanio , Sarmento Sobrinho Wenya , Alves de Sá Juliana , Machado Antônio Vitor
Published: March 2017

The cheese is one of the foods that are more common in the human diet, composing, generally, the supply of all social classes, since the dawn of humanity. For effective industrial manufacture of cheese, the milk must be pasteurized milk with the goal of eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. However, in conditions unsuitable for human consumption can trigger serious consequences for the population, becoming thus a public health problem. Thinking about it, this research aims to understand the conservation and control of quality of cheeses, upon a review of the literature. Methodologically, the research is a literature review, performed from the consultation of 108 articles available in SciELO, CAPES Periodicals, PubMed and MEDLINE and other publications in periodicals in several databases in various areas of science and technology, as well as laws. Being selected 21 articles restricted publications in Portuguese language related to conservation and/or quality control of cheeses, between the years of 2010 to 2015. In this way, the majority of studies performed, the good manufacturing practices of cheeses are not within the standards of quality offered by the laws in force, in key metrics of quality control. It is suggested that the producers of cheeses to adopt measures hygiene and sanitary conditions to ensure a product with food safety.
Morfometria e craniometria de Tuim-de-asa-azul (Forpus xanthopterygius Spix, 1824)
Authors: Souza Joyce Galvão de , Carreiro Artur da Nóbrega , La Salles Ana Yasha Ferreira de , Figuerêdo Moana Barbosa dos Santos , Abrantes Stephenson Hallison Formiga , Santos José Rômulo Soares dos , Menezes Danilo José Ayres de
Published: March 2017

The Craniometric and Prosoprometric study is of great value to establish data that may become a key to identification of the species. Morphometric and descriptive data of psittacine skulls are scarce in the literature. The present study aimed to describe the main bones and to establish measures of the skull of "Blue-winged parrotlet" (Forpus xanthopterygius). Two heads of adult specimens, one male and one female, were donated by the Paraíba Wild Animals Triage Center (CETAS - PB). These were subjected to maceration and to the identification, characterization and measurement of structures and component bones of their respective skulls. Although the natural process of fusing the bones made it difficult to identify the bones, it was possible to identify the frontal, square, jugal, maxillary and mandible bones. These bones are characteristic and easily identified, serving as a basis for locating and identifying others. The maximum length of the skull was 29.0 mm and the width of 16.0 mm. The data obtained serve as a basis for the taxonomic characterization of the species, since no data are found in the literature.
Admit No Force But Argument
Authors: Wreen Michael
Published: March 2017

Admit No Force But Argument
In the Service of Human Society: Formal, Informal or Anti-Logical? The Philosophy of the Logician Evert Willem Beth (1908-1964)
Authors: Barth E. M.
Published: March 2017

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Dominance and Affiliation: Paradigms in Conflict
Authors: Ayim Maryann
Published: March 2017

Gender patterns in speech styles provide us with models of both the dominant confrontational
style (male) and the affiliative nurturant style (female). In this paper, I argue that dominant confrontational styles are seriously problematic, in
speech as well as in behaviour generally, whereas affiliative nurturant styles offer us a model which can be generalized without contradiction. I distinguish confrontation from competition and address briefly how our classrooms might be used to teach affiliative nurturant styles of talking and living.
Theorizing the Grounds of Rhetorical Judgment
Authors: Lucaites John Loius , Taylor Charles A.
Published: March 2017

Prudence has long been an important topic for rhetorical theorists and its place in intellectual history is becoming increasingly well documented. This essay develops a conception of prudence as an ideological construct, a term crafted in the history of its public usages to govern the relationship between common sense and political action as enacted in the name of historically situated social actors. From this perspective, prudence represents the recursive interaction between a rhetoric of judgment and the grounds on which that rhetoric is evaluated by a historically particular community of arguers. A case study of the 1991 U.S. Senate debate regarding the authorization of offensive military action in the Persian Gulf illustrates how competing standards of prudential judgment are crafted and evaluated in discursive controversy.
Relevance, Conduction and Canada's Rape-Shield Decision
Authors: Allen Derek
Published: March 2017

I examine a Canadian Supreme Court decision concerning the constitutionality of Canada's 1982 rape-shield legislation, and suggest how material from the decision might profitably be used in an informal-logic class in connection with the topics of relevance and conductive argument. I also consider theoretical matters related to the decision: first I develop two analyses of what I call an argument from 'unchasteness' and connect them to George Bowles's theory of propositional relevance; then I present Trudy Govier with a problem in response to which she might revise her account of a conductive argument in a way I describe.
The Sphere of Critical Thinking in a Post-Epistemic World
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: March 2017

Just as political theorists have long argued that democracy is viable only in communities of certain sizes and shapes, perhaps epistemologists should also entertain the idea that knowledge is possible only within certain social parameters-ones which today's world may have exceeded. This is what I mean by the "postepistemic" society. I understand an "epistemic society" in Popperian terms as an environment that fosters the spirit of conjectures and refutations. After castigating analytic philosophers for their failure to see this point, I show how Rousseau and Feyerabend occupy analogous positions as critics of, respectively, the nation-state and Big Science. Rather than endorsing the disestablishment of the state, however, I offer a proposal for reinjecting the critical attitude into Big Science. It involves heightening the sporting character of scientific disputes, perhaps even to the point of enabling the public to bet on their outcomes.
The TRUE Test of Linkage
Authors: Vorobej Mark
Published: March 2017

There are many radically different ways of understanding the distinction between linked and convergent arguments. This paper provides a generic model which enables one to articulate in a rigorous manner the important differences as well as the underlying similarities that exist between competing proposals. In addition, the paper offers a TRUE (Type Reduction Upon Elimination) test for distinguishing linked from convergent arguments which best captures the informal intuition that linked arguments are especially vulnerable to local criticisms pertaining to premise acceptability.
The Domain Constraint on Analogy
and Analogical Argument
Authors: Brown William R.
Published: March 2017

Domain constraint, the requirement that analogues be selected from "the same category," inheres in the popular saying "you can't compare apples and oranges" and the textbook principle "the greater the number of shared properties, the stronger the argument from analogy." I identify roles of domains in biological, linguistic, and legal analogy, supporting the account of law with a computer word search of judicial decisions. I argue that the category treatments within these disciplines cannot be exported to general informal logic, where the relevance of properties, not their number, must be the logically prior criterion for evaluating analogical arguments.
Hybrid Arguments
Authors: Vorobej Mark
Published: March 2017

Sometimes logical support for a conclusion is provided exclusively by premises which are independently relevant to that conclusion. At other times, support is provided exclusively by independently irrelevant premises. On still other occasions, relevant and irrelevant premises may collectively offer a distinctive pattern of support. This paper provides a rigorous account of some of these differences in terms of a tripartite classification of convergent, linked and hybrid arguments. These various arguments are defined, diagrammed, and some of their logical properties are explored.
Why Critical Thinking Should Be Combined With Written Composition
Authors: Hatcher Donald L.
Published: March 2017

This paper provides evidence and arguments that, given the choice of teaching critical thinking and written composition as separate, stand-alone courses or combining them, the two should be combined into an integrated sequence.
Argument appraisal strategy: A comprehensive approach
Authors: Ennis Robert H.
Published: March 2017

A popular three-stage argument appraisal strategy calls for (1) identifying the parts of the argument, (2) classifYing the argument as deductive, inductive, or some other type, and (3) appraising the argument using the standards appropriate for the type. This strategy fails for a number of reasons. I
propose a comprehensive alternative approach that distinguishes between inductive, deductive, and other standards; calls for the successive application of standards combined with assumption-ascription, according to policies that depend for their selection on the goals of the appraiser; and provides for qualified reasoning.
The 'Most Important and Fundamental' Distinction in Logic
Authors: Goddu G.C.
Published: March 2017

In this paper I argue that the debate over the purported distinction between deductive and inductive arguments can be bypassed because making the distinction is unnecessary for successfully evaluating arguments. I provide a foundation for doing logic that makes no appeal to the distinction and still performs all the relevant tasks required of an analysis of arguments. I also reply to objections to the view that we can dispense with the distinction. Finally, I conclude that the distinction between inductive and deductive arguments is not one of the most important and fundamental ideas in logic, but rather is unnecessary.
Critical Thinking in the Schools: Why Doesn't Much Happen?
Authors: Wright Ian
Published: March 2017

The teaching of critical thinking in public schooling is a central aim. Yet, despite its widespread acceptance in curriculum documents, critical thinking is rarely taught. Motivated by Onosko (1991), and by the efforts of some post-secondary instructors of critical thinking to get critical thinking taught in schools, I look at the recent literature on (a) critical thinking in the social studies, (b) definitions of, and programs in critical thinking, (c) teachers beliefs, and (d) the milieus in which teachers work. I pose three questions and provide tentative hypotheses as to why critical thinking is not being implemented in schools.
The Rationality of Legal Discourse in Habermas's Discourse Theory
Authors: Feteris Eveline T.
Published: March 2017

This paper argues that Habermas's conception of the rationality of moral and legal discussions has import for argumentation theorists interested in the rationality of public deliberations in politics and law. I begin with a survey of Haber mas's discourse theory and his criteria of rationality for moral and legal discourse. I then explain why, in his view, the forms of rational discourse in morality and law complement each other. My aim is to show how Habermas's account of this complementary relationship opens up fruitful perspectives for argumentation theory. Specifically, his thought can stimulate research regarding, on the one hand, the ways in which legal procedures provide for presumptively rational resolutions of moral disputes and, on the other hand, the applicability of ideal argumentation-theoretic models to the legal field. I conclude with a proposal for integrating Habermas's ideas in a research program for legal argumentation.
Against the "Ordinary Summing" Test for Convergence
Authors: Goddu G.C.
Published: March 2017

One popular test for distinguishing linked and convergent argument structures is Robert Yanal's Ordinary Summing Test. Douglas Walton, in his comprehensive survey of possible candidates for the linked/convergent distinction, advocates a particular version of Yanal's test. In a recent article, Alexander Tyaglo proposes to generalize and verifY Yanal's algorithm for convergent arguments, the basis for Yanal's Ordinary Summing Test. In this paper I will argue that Yanal's ordinary summing equation does not demarcate convergence and so his Ordinary Summing Test fails. Hence, despite Walton's recommendation or Tyaglo's generalization, the Ordinary Summing Test should not be used for distinguishing linked argument structures from convergent argument structures.
Toulmin's Model of Argument and the Question of Relativism (J. A. Blair Prize, 2005)
Authors: Bermejo-Luque Lilian
Published: March 2017

In The Uses of Argument, Toulmin proposed a distinction between fielddependent and field-invariant standards for argument appraisal that gave rise to a relativistic understanding of his theory. The main goal of this paper is to show that epistemological relativism is not a necessary consequence ofToulmin's model of argument. To this end, I will analyze the role that fields are to play within this model, given a certain conception of one of its key elements: the warrant of an argument.
The Public Sphere and the Norms of Transactional Argument
Authors: Goodwin Jean
Published: March 2017

An outsider to argument theory, should she look through the rich outpouring of our recent work, might be amused to find us theorists not following our own prescriptions. We propound our ideas, but we don't always interact with each other--we don't argue. The essays by William Rehg and Robert Asen make promising start on rectifying this difficulty. I want to discuss them, first, to show how they acknowledge in exemplary fashion a pair of challenges I think we should all be addressing; and next to consider their specific responses.
Applied Epistemology and Argumentation in Epidemiology
Authors: Battersby Mark
Published: March 2017

The general goal is to encourage informal logicians and those interested in applied epistemology to look at epidemiology as a paradigmatic science crucially dependant on argumentation to justify its claims. Three specific goals are: 1. exemplify applied epistemology by looking critically at causal argumentation in epidemiology, 2. show that justification of causal claims in epidemiology is a form of “argument to the best explanation,” 3. show that there could be a symbiotic relationship between epidemiology and work in various applied reasoning disciplines such as argumentation and “applied epistemology.”