bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Premature Mortality in Canada
Authors: Liang Catherine , Buajitti Emmalin , Rosella Laura
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Premature mortality (deaths before age 75) is a well-established metric of population health and health system performance. In Canada, underlying differences between provinces/territories present a need for stratified mortality trends.

Methods: Using data from the Canadian Vital Statistics Database, a descriptive analysis of sex-specific adult premature deaths over 1992-2015 was conducted by province, census divisions (CD), socioeconomic status (SES), age, and underlying cause of death. Premature mortality rates were calculated as the number of deaths per 100,000 individuals aged 18 to 74, per 8-year era. SES was measured using the income quintile of the neighbourhood of residence. Absolute and relative inequalities were respectively summarized using slope and relative indices of inequality, produced via unadjusted linear regression of the mortality rate on income rank.

Results: Premature mortality in Canada declined by 21% for males and 13% for females between 1992-1999 and 2008-2015. The greatest reductions were in Central Canada, while Newfoundland saw notable increases. CD-level improvements appeared mostly in the southern half of Canada. As of 2008-2015, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Nunavut had the highest mortality rates. Low area-level income was associated with higher mortality. SES inequalities grew over time. Newfoundland’s between-quintile differences rose from 1292 to 2389 deaths per 100k males, or 1.33 to 2.12-fold, and 586 to 1586 per 100k females, or 1.24 to 1.74-fold. In 2008-2015, mortality rates of the bottom quintile in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were more than 2.5 times those of the top. Mortality increased with age, and varied regionally. Low mortality in Central Canada and BC, and high mortality in the Territories were consistent across eras and sexes. Cause of death distributions shifted with age and sex, with more external deaths in younger males.

Conclusion: Improvements were seen in adult premature mortality rates over time, but were unequal across geographies. Evidence exists for growing socioeconomic disparities in mortality.
Examining the implementation of the Healthy Kids Community Challenge
Authors: Kelly Marian , Laxer Rachel , Harrington Daniel
Published: June 2020

Introduction: The Healthy Kids Community Challenge (HKCC) was a community-based, multi-stakeholder obesity prevention program aimed at children and youth in Ontario, which was funded and coordinated by the Ministry of Health and Long-term Care from 2015-2018. This project contributed to the process evaluation of the HKCC, which is being carried out by Public Health Ontario. The objective of my research was to identify and understand the barriers and facilitators to implementation of the HKCC, from the perspective of members of the Local Steering Committees (LSCs), who were directly involved in implementation.

Methods: 10 questions from the 2018 LSC Survey were coded and thematically analyzed, using NVivo 11.0 software, according to the themes presented within Durlak and Dupre’s Ecological Framework for Effective Implementation. Themes were summarized according to barriers, challenges, factors associated with implementation, strategies communities used to engage partners and reach vulnerable populations, as well as positive experiences. The findings were presented in a report which featured a rich, qualitative account, accompanied by direct quotations and code frequency charts.

Results: A number of perceived barriers to implementation were identified, including program structure (i.e., tight timelines, short duration), low SES (i.e., barriers related to lack of time, transportation and access to childcare, as well as difficulty accessing HKCC information) and geography and transportation (i.e., to access programming). Some important perceived facilitators of implementation included: funding, partnerships, HKCC messaging, and an inclusive, accessible approach to planning events. Participants expressed interest in sustaining programs and partnerships beyond the HKCC funding period, although the loss of provincial funding was identified as a challenge. Participants also noted potential for sustainability, particularly related to increased cross-sectoral collaboration and increased capacity for community-based health promotion.

Implications: The results could be used to improve implementation of future community-based, multi-stakeholder health promotion programs. They might also offer insight into how to tailor the implementation process of large-scale community-based health promotion programs to local contexts.
Non-pharmacological Management of Soft Tissue Disorders of the Shoulder
Authors: Yu Hainan , Côté Pierre , Wong Jessica J , Shearer Heather M , Cancelliere Carol , The OPTIMa Collaboration
Published: June 2020

Objective: To develop an evidence‐based clinical practice guideline for the non‐pharmacological management of shoulder soft tissue disorders (shoulder pain).

Methods: This guideline is based on seven systematic reviews. A multidisciplinary expert panel formulated recommendations based on evidence of effectiveness, safety, cost-effectiveness, societal and ethical values, and patient experiences (through qualitative research). Target audience includes clinicians; target population is adults with shoulder pain (sprains/strains, tendinopathies).

Recommendations: When managing shoulder pain, clinicians should rule out major pathologies, assess prognostic factors for delayed recovery, offer education and reassurance, and provide care in partnership with the patient. For shoulder pain ≤3 months’ duration, clinicians may consider cervicothoracic manipulation and mobilization as adjunct to usual care, thoracic manipulation, multimodal care (heat/cold, mobilization, exercise), or low-level-laser therapy. For shoulder pain >3 months’ duration, clinicians may consider exercise, laser acupuncture, low-level-laser therapy, general practitioner care, thoracic manipulation, cervicothoracic manipulation and mobilization with usual care, or multimodal care (combining heat/cold, mobilization, exercise). Clinicians should not offer cervical mobilization as adjunct to multimodal care, cervicothoracic manipulation and mobilization as adjunct to exercise, multimodal care (combining exercise, mobilization, taping, psychological intervention, massage), shockwave therapy, ultrasound, taping, interferential current, diacutaneous fibrolysis, or massage. For calcific tendinitis, clinicians may consider shockwave therapy. Clinicians should reassess at every visit and determine whether discharge or a referral is indicated.

Public health impact/implications: Our guideline provides evidence-based recommendations intended to optimize patient care, reduce inefficient practices and healthcare costs, and improve health outcomes related to shoulder pain. Our recommendations help guide shared decision-making with patients, bridge the gap between research and practice, and reduce variation in care among clinicians. Our guideline identifies interventions that may provide some benefit, little effect, or potential harm to assist policymakers with decision-making at the population level. Overall, this guideline contributes to preventing and limiting the burden of musculoskeletal disability.
Perspectives of Post-Secondary Students on Community Mental Health Services
Authors: Rampal Nishant , Kaukab Tanvir , Parekh Khush
Published: June 2020

Background: The primary objective of our study was to identify trends and determine patterns in the opinions of post-secondary students regarding the community mental health services. The study was carried out by a team of 3 students from the Research Analyst Postgraduate Program at the Humber College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Toronto. The study commenced in October 2017 and was concluded by April 2018. It was approved by the Program Coordinator who is a designated member of the Humber College’s Research Ethics Board.

Methods: A mixed-method approach was adopted with an online survey (n = 185), two focus group discussions and four semi-structured interviews serving as primary tools for data collection. Postsecondary students in the Greater Toronto Area, between the ages of 18-29, were eligible for the study.

Results: The descriptive findings revealed students’ preference for the peer support services over all other service types. The focus-groups and interview participants had expressed diverse opinions and had highlighted pros and cons of the online and the in-person counselling services. Although majority (79%) of the students surveyed were aware of the mental health services on their campus, the qualitative analysis revealed their disillusionment with the promotion & the accessibility of the services. Moreover, our quantitative analysis indicated statistically significant variation in the students’ perspectives on the mental health services based on academic background and sex.

Conclusion: Post-secondary students in the Greater Toronto Area expressed varying opinions, level of awareness on, and approach towards the mental health services. Our study can serve to inform college/university administrations, and policymakers about the necessity to conduct a broader need-based assessment and evaluation of student perceptions and concerns with regards to the mental health care system. Further evaluation of the observed trends and patterns may help in the development of more effective mental health programs.
COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES IN NEGOTIATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE PULSE SHOOTING TRAGEDY
Authors: Manuhuruk Daniel Boy , Siregar Alvii T.B.
Published: June 2020

The research is based on the case study of 911 Emergency Call
Reparasi dan Perhitungan Tahanan Kapal Nelayan di Daerah Nambangan Kelurahan Kedung Cowek – Surabaya
Authors: Pranatal Erifive , Basuki Gatot , Prasetya Norita , Zau Beu Maria Margareta , Basuki Minto
Published: June 2020

Wooden hulls have been damaged and overgrown by fouling have negative impact on the service life and also increase the resistance of ship thereby increasing fuel consumption. Therefore the ship have to repaired regularly. The problem discussed is how to repair wooden ships such as replacing plank, cleaning hull and coating; and hull analysis to determine resistance of ship. Therefore the object of this paper is to repair wooden ships and analysis of the hull. The method used is training that is followed by demonstration and also science and technology simulation that explains the form hull and resistance of the ship with use of software Maxsurf. The result is replacement plank on the keel, and the side; clean the hull, putty and coating. The ship is measured and the main dimension is obtained and then makes line plans and 3D ship models. The calculation of the ship's resistance shows that ship use main engine Honda GX 160 with 5.5 hp will produce 6.325 knots.ABSTRAKKondisi lambung kapal kayu yang rusak dan ditumbuhi biota laut (fouling) berdampak negatif pada umur pakai kapal dan juga menambah tahanan kapal sehingga meningkatkan konsumsi bahan bakar. Oleh karena itu kapal harus diperbaiki secara berkala. Permasalah yang diselesaikan adalah bagaimana reparasi kapal kayu seperti penggantian papan kayu, pembersihan lambung, pengecatan dan juga analisa bentuk lambung kapal kayu untuk mengetahui tahanan kapal kayu. Sehingga tujuan penulisan ini adalah melakukan reparasi kapal kayu dan juga analisa lambung kapal. Sendangkan metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah adalah pelatihan yang diikuti demonstrasi dan juga simulasi ipteks yang menjelaskan bentuk lambung dan tahanan kapal dengan bantuan software Masurf. Kapal yang reparasi dilakukan pergantian papan pada lunas kapal, dan sisi kapal, pembersihan lambung, pendempulan dan pengecatan. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran kapal untuk mendapatkan ukuran utama dan pembuatan gambar rencana garis dan model kapal 3D. Pada perhitungan tahanan kapal dengan menggunakan motor penggerak Honda GX 160 dengan daya 5,5 HP akan menghasilakan kecepatan 6,325 knot.
Edukasi Konsep dan Produk Koperasi Syariah pada Kelompok Pengajian Masjid Al-Hikmah Desa Tanimulya Kecamatan Ngamprah Kabupaten Bandung Barat
Authors: Wisnuadhi Bambang , Setiawan Setiawan , Munawar Ghifari , Mauluddi Hasbi Assidiki , Danisworo Dimas Sumitra
Published: June 2020

Islam is the religion with the most adherents in Indonesia, but until now Muslims have not been able to dominate the economy. Economic control has only reached 12 percent by Muslims in Indonesia. Whereas Muslims have a good place for education to be able to start and even apply economic activities practically through the taklim assembly. The speakers at the majelis taklim must start giving material that is economically charged such as the construction of sharia-based cooperatives. To be able to run a sharia cooperative, of course, it must be preceded by an understanding of sharia-based products that might be developed in sharia cooperatives. There are still many study participants at the Al-Hikmah Mosque in Tanimulya Village, Ngamprah District, West Bandung Regency who do not understand the concept of sharia co-operation and also products in sharia cooperatives. To overcome these problems, the Community Service Team of the Politeknik Negeri Bandung provides education on the concepts and products of Islamic cooperatives. There were 20 participants attending the Community Service activities. The method used is lectures and discussions. After completing the activities, a technical evaluation and measurement of understanding are carried out. Through the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test different results obtained that this activity is very useful because it can increase the understanding of participants. By carrying out these activities it is expected that the Al-Hikmah study group can make the understanding it gets to establish a sharia cooperative.
STUDI TENTANG PARTISIPASI PESERTA DIDIK KELAS VIII DALAM KEGIATAN EKSTRAKURIKULER PADA SENI BUDAYA TARI DI MADRASAH TSANAWIAH NEGERI KOTA TERNATE
Authors: Adam Nuraisyah , Hasmawati Hasmawati
Published: June 2020

This research is motivated by an activity to foster the talents, interests and skills of students in the school, which are called extracurricular activities in cultural arts and dance. This study aims to determine the form of student participation in extracurricular activities in dance culture, as well as factors that inhibit the participation of students in extracurricular activities in dance culture. This study uses a type of descriptive qualitative research aimed at gaining a general understanding of social reality from a participant's perspective. The technique of collecting data through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data is analyzed using Data Reduction, Data Presentation, and Verification of Data and conclusions scientifically. The results of this study indicate the form of student participation in extracurricular activities in dance culture arts. The number of eighth grade students in the MTs Negeri Kota Ternate Ternate is 219 students. Only 50 students participated in extracurricular activities. This shows that the participation of students in extracurricular activities is very minimal. Because students are less interested and less like extracurricular activities in dance culture. Factors that hinder the participation of students in extracurricular activities in dance culture are mostly male students who feel inferior to participate in extracurricular activities in the field of dance culture, this is due to male students assume that extracurricular activities in dance culture are especially for female students. So that students who take extracurricular activities in the art of dance culture are mostly female students compared to male students. Keywords: extracurricular activities, dance culture, learners, participation
PEMBERDAYAAN DAN MOTIVASI KINERJA GAPOKTAN PADA PROGRAM DEM AREA BUDIDAYA TANAMAN SEHAT PADI
Authors: Aisyah Siti
Published: June 2020

Program Dem Area Budidaya Tanaman Sehat Padi merupakan program nasional dalam rangka peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan petani dalam melaksanakan budidaya tanaman padi yang telah dilaksanakan oleh Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia sejak tahun 2018. Program ini bertujuan terlaksananya budidaya tanaman sehat pada tanaman padi oleh petani dan meningkatnya pengetahuan petani dalam pengelolaan OPT.            Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Suranenggala Kulon Wilayah Kerja UPT BP3K Gunung Jati Kabupaten Cirebon. Dilaksanakan pada bulan Nopember 2018 sampai dengan Juni 2019. Bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pemberdayaan dan Motivasi Kinerja Kelompok Tani Pada Program DEM AREA.  Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif, dimana bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan gejala-gejala yang terjadi pada masa penelitian. Variabel yang diteliti adalah Pemberdayaan dan Motivasi Kinerja Kelompok Tani Pada Program DEM AREA. Untuk mengetahui variabel yang diteliti digunakan analisis data secara deskriptif dengan data primer dan sekunder, analisis  regresi linier berganda, dan Uji F serta Uji-t (uji beda dua rata-rata sampel berpasangan).           Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Variabel pemberdayaan berpengaruh nyata terhadap kinerja kelompok tani pada program DEM AREA, itu dibuktikan dari hasil analisis dan diperoleh nilai thitung 3,453 > ttabel 2,009 dengan nilai sig 0,002. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa variabel pemberdayaan dari ketiga indikator yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, monitoring dan evaluasi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja kelompok tani, (2) Variabel motivasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap kinerja kelompok tani pada program DEM AREA, itu dibuktikan dari hasil analisis dan diperoleh nilai thitung 2,513 > ttabel 2,009 dengan nilai sig 0,028. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa variabel pemberdayaan dari keenam indikator yaitu kebutuhan dan tututan hidup yang layak, dorongan untuk partisipasi, tuntutan untuk bekerja, mencapai tujuan secara tepat, lingkungan kerja yang sehat, terpenuhinya kebutuhan pribadi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja kelompok tani, dan (3) Variabel pemberdayaan dan motivasi berpengaruh nyata secara bersama-sama (simultan) terhadap kinerja kelompok tani pada program DEM AREA, itu dibuktikan nilai Fhitung 15,232 > Ftabel 3,18 dengan nilai Sig. 0,000 < 0,05 Kata Kunci: Pemberdayaan, Motivasi Kinerja, Gapoktan, Dem Area
PERILAKU AGRIBISNIS PETANI MANGGA DI KECAMATAN PANYINGKIRAN KABUPATEN MAJALENGKA PROVINSI JAWA BARAT
Authors: Rasmikayati Elly , Saefudin Bobby Rachmat , Nadapdap Hendrik , Supriyadi Supriyadi
Published: June 2020

Agribisnis hendaknya menjadi budaya dalam mengelola perusahaan agribisnis maka otomatis pendapatan dan kesejahteraan petani pun akan meningkat. Namun demikian, masih rendahnya kualitas dan kuantitas hasil produksi mangga yang disebabkan teknologi yang masih sederhana dan perilaku petani yang sulit untuk mengikuti arahan penyuluh pertanian dalam kegiatan agribisnis mangganya. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk menganalisis perilaku agribisnis petani mangga di Kecamatan Panyingkiran Kabupaten Majalengka Provinsi Jawa Barat pada semua subsistem agribisnisnya. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa kebanyakan petani mangga di Kecamatan Panyingkiran Kabupaten Majalengka menggunakan sumber modal sendiri dalam usahatani, sumber saprotan membeli sendiri, memiliki tenaga kerja 1 orang dari keluarga sendiri dan 0-3 orang selain dari keluarga, menerapkan teknologi off season, pengendalian OPT menggunakan pestisida dan perangkap hama, memiliki hasil panen dengan kualitas grade A dan B berkisar 50-70%, dan produktivitas mangga 100 – 300 kg/pohon. Mayoritas petani menggunakan lahan kebun/ladang untuk bertanam mangga dan menjual hasil panen ke pedagang pengumpul/tengkulak, jarak ke pasar < 10 km, dan penetapan harga jual mangga hampir 90% oleh pembeli. Kata Kunci: Perilaku Agribisnis, Sistem Agribisnis, Petani Mangga.
Factor and expert analysis in the management system oF the socio-cultural sphere oF rural areas of Ukraine
Authors: Leonid Shmorgun , Oleksandr Atamanyuk
Published: June 2020

Factor and expert analysis, personnel management, management ofsocio-cultural sphere of rural territories
Innovation of the finnish education system and integration into ukrainian educational institutions
Authors: Sergiy Sirenko
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the article is to explore and study the history of Finland’sschool education methodology in order to improve and integrate it into theUkrainian education system. Is it possible to integrate the methodology in Ukraineand why. Why Finland is taken requires further investigation. the methodologyof the study is to analyze the methodology of schools and how the school year isplanned in Finnish schools. Grading system for primary and secondary students.Historical information on the formation of specialized institutions in Finland. Thefirst experiments of implementation of this methodology in the education ofUkraine. the scientific novelty is to identify, based on analyzed materials from amore developed country, the basic techniques of Finnish educational institutionsin the course of education for possible implementation in Ukraine. conclusions Inthe author’s opinion, the main aspects of Finland’s education were revealed. Studieshave shown that Finnish education is one of the most successful in the world.Finland’s education system ranks first in terms of knowledge, number of childrenwho enjoy reading, second place in the natural sciences, and fifth place inmathematics. “According to PISA, Finland is considered to be one of the mostsuccessful countries in the system. Here, children are not just gobbling upinformation, they can use it to solve life’s challenges, and this is extremelyimportant. Our business is not to adopt the Finnish system – it is simply impossible,but to multiply our positive experience with their methods and practices to makeour children competitive in today’s world. Unfortunately, today’s school educationin Ukraine does not give maximum results for our children, ”Anna Novosad said.She also emphasized that Ukrainian children are facing new goals and newchallenges related to globalization and other complexities of the modern world.“We must move away from the tradition of suffering of the Ukrainian people,which we transmit to our children through Ukrainian literature,” – EducationMinister Anna Novosad [1]. She is right, because without the necessary reformsin Ukrainian education there is no future. Reform will be effective when we trustthe teachers and the teachers trust the children. “Big starts with small”, you needto set the right goal. For example, in the USA – to become the number one countryin the world in all directions, in Poland – to be in line with European standards.We need something in the middle where Ukraine can take a worthy place in theworld.
QUALITY ACCREDITATIONS OF DENTAL CLINICS: NEED OF THE HOUR
Authors: Dhule Manjusha
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT:
Accreditation is usually a voluntary programme in which trained external peer reviewers evaluate a healthcare organization's compliance and compare it with pre-established performance standards.
The aim of this article is to provide information about accreditation programmes applicable for dentistry. The article is more focused on NABH Accreditations for DHSP (Dental Health Service Providers) specifically for dental clinics.

KEYWORDS:
Quality accreditations, Dental Clinics, ISO, NABH, JCI
MENGENDUS PATOLOGI MEDIA SOSIAL DARI PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT POSTMODERNISME
Authors: Fensi Fabianus
Published: June 2020

Media sosial dalam seluruh sejarah kelahirannya tidak dapat dipisahkan dari sejarah modernitas itu sendiri. Dia tidak lagi hanya sebuah fenomena gaya hidup tetapi juga pernyataan diri pengguna sebagai subjek yang otonom. Keberadaan media sosial, di satu sisi menyapa dunia dengan segala keramahannya, tetapi di sisi lain, ia menjadi alat teror sosial bagi masyarakat. Ini disebut patologi. Media sosial mengadopsi cara kerja modernitas untuk menggambarkan keberadaannya. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan postmodern, penelitian ini berupaya mengungkap patologi media sosial. Pendekatan postmodern digunakan untuk memberikan peluang bagi pengoperasian nilai-nilai etis tradisional dalam bentuk, misalnya, melindungi privasi setiap orang, memastikan keakuratan informasi, melindungi hak asasi setiap orang, memastikan semua orang untuk mengakses berbagai sumber daya yang tersedia, dan kebebasan berekspresi. harus selalu mempertimbangkan kemajemukan sosial dengan berbagai narasi kecil yang menyertainya. Media sosial sebagai penanda modernitas tidak selalu berlawanan dengan berbagai pertimbangan etis, tetapi selalu bergerak bersama untuk membangun peradaban yang konstruktif. Postmodernisme, tidak hanya menawarkan pendekatan progesi, tetapi juga cara bekejra regresi, yaitu kembali ke etika tradisional  apa adanya.
Identifying Functional Impacts of Heat-Resistant Fungi on Boreal Forest Recovery After Wildfire
Authors: Day Nicola J. , Cumming Steven G. , Dunfield Kari E. , Johnstone Jill F. , Mack Michelle C. , Reid Kirsten A. , Turetsky Merritt R. , Walker Xanthe J. , Baltzer Jennifer L.
Published: June 2020

Fungi play key roles in carbon (C) dynamics of ecosystems: saprotrophs decompose organic material and return C in the nutrient cycle, and mycorrhizal species support plants that accumulate C through photosynthesis. The identities and functions of extremophile fungi present after fire can influence C dynamics, particularly because plant-fungal relationships are often species-specific. However, little is known about the function and distribution of fungi that survive fires. We aim to assess the distribution of heat-resistant soil fungi across burned stands of boreal forest in the Northwest Territories, Canada, and understand their functions in relation to decomposition and tree seedling growth. We cultured and identified fungi from heat-treated soils and linked sequences from known taxa with high throughput sequencing fungal data (Illumina MiSeq, ITS1) from soils collected in 47 plots. We assessed functions under controlled conditions by inoculating litter and seedlings with heat-resistant fungi to assess decomposition and effects on seedling growth, respectively, for black spruce (Picea mariana), birch (Betula papyrifera), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana). We also measured litter decomposition rates and seedling densities in the field without inoculation. We isolated seven taxa of heat-resistant fungi and found their relative abundances were not associated with environmental or fire characteristics. Under controlled conditions,Fayodia gracilipesandPenicillium arenicoladecomposed birch, but no taxa decomposed black spruce litter significantly more than the control treatment. Seedlings showed reduced biomass and/or mortality when inoculated with at least one of the fungal taxa.Penicillium turbatumreduced growth and/or caused mortality of all three species of seedlings. In the field, birch litter decomposed faster in stands with greater pre-fire proportion of black spruce, while black spruce litter decomposed faster in stands experiencing longer fire-free intervals. Densities of seedlings that had germinated since fire were positively associated with ectomycorrhizal richness while there were fewer conifer seedlings with greater heat-resistant fungal abundance. Overall, our study suggests that extremophile fungi present after fires have multiple functions and may have unexpected negative effects on forest functioning and regeneration. In particular, heat-resistant fungi after fires may promote shifts away from conifer dominance that are observed in these boreal forests.
The Effect of Post-Processing on the Mechanical Behavior of Ti6Al4V Manufactured by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion for General Aviation Primary Structural Applications
Authors: Pirozzi Carmine , Franchitti Stefania , Borrelli Rosario , Chiariello Antonio , Di Palma Luigi
Published: June 2020

In this work a mechanical characterization of Ti6Al4V processed by electron beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing was carried out to investigate the viability of this technology for the manufacturing of flyable parts for general aviation aircraft. Tests were performed on different manufacturing conditions in order to investigate the effect of post processing as machining on the mechanical behavior. The study provides useful information to airframe designers and manufacturing specialists that work with this technology. The investigation confirms the low process variability and provides data to be used in the design loop of general aviation primary structural elements. The test results show a high level of repeatability indicating that the process is well controlled and reliable enough to match the airworthiness requirements. In addition, the so-called “as-built specimens”, i.e., specimens produced by the electron beam melting machine without any major post-processing, have lower mechanical performances than specimens subjected to a machining phase after the electron beam melting process. Specific primary structural elements will be designed and flight cleared, resulting from the findings presented herein.
Endophytism of Lecanicillium and Akanthomyces
Authors: Nicoletti Rosario , Becchimanzi Andrea
Published: June 2020

The rise of the holobiont concept confers a prominent importance to the endophytic associates of plants, particularly to species known to be able to exert a mutualistic role as defensive or growth-promoting agents. The finding that many entomopathogenic fungi are harbored within plant tissues and possess bioactive properties going beyond a merely anti-insectan effect has recently prompted a widespread investigational activity concerning their occurrence and functions in crops, in the aim of an applicative exploitation conforming to the paradigm of sustainable agriculture. The related aspects particularly referring to species of Lecanicillium and Akanthomyces (Sordariomycetes, Cordycipitaceae) are revised in this paper, also in light of recent and ongoing taxonomic reassessments.
Rapeseed Oil in New Application: Assessment of Structure of Oleogels Based on their Physicochemical Properties and Microscopic Observations
Authors: Kupiec Milena , Zbikowska Anna , Marciniak-Lukasiak Katarzyna , Kowalska Małgorzata
Published: June 2020

The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of the type of gelling substance on the selected physicochemical properties of oleogels. Rapeseed oil (RO) and 5% w/w of one of the following structuring compounds (SC) were used for their production waxes: sunflower (SUN), candelilla (CAN), bees white (BW), bees yellow (BY), or monoacylglycerols (MAG). The ability of SC to form a network in RO was assessed on the basis of an analysis of the texture of oleogels (hardness and spreadability test, stability determined by the centrifugal method). Oxidative stability was determined using the Rancimat test. In addition, the microstructure of an oleogel samples was observed at a magnification of 600 times in polarized light and in a bright field. Differences in the brightness and color of the samples were also assessed using the CIELab reflection method. The highest hardness (5.52 N) and physical stability (99.67%) were found in oleogel with candelilla wax. A higher value of the force causing deformation of the sample indicates a denser network of oil gel, which was confirmed by the microscopic images analyzed in the work. The organogel with CAN had the shortest (on average 8.49 nm) and the most regularly distributed crystals compared to other samples. The lowest values of organogel strength and spreadability test parameters (e.g., firmness, work of shear, stickness, work of adhesion), which were respectively 0.73 N, 4.39 N, and 9.74 N mm, while −4.87 N and −2.68 N mm were obtained with the variant, which was yellow beeswax. Considering the texture results obtained and the centrifugal stability, it was found that organogels with yellow beeswax were characterized by the worst structuring of rapeseed oil. Sunflower wax was considered the best among the analyzed gelling agents (under the conditions of the experiment). The organogel with its 5% w/w share was distinguished by the closest to the white color and texture most reminiscent of cream. In addition, it had the highest work of shear value and the longest induction time (6.8 h) in the Rancimat test.
Development of a Solid Bioherbicide Formulation by Spray Drying Technology
Authors: de Almeida Thiago C. , Spannemberg Stefani S. , Brun Thiarles , Schmaltz Silvana , Escobar Otávio , Sanchotene Danie M. , Dornelles Sylvio H. B. , Zabot Giovani L. , Tres Marcus V. , Kuhn Raquel C. , Mazutti Marcio A.
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to compare the herbicidal activity of solid formulas obtained by spray drying with conventional liquid formulas containing biomolecules produced by submerged cultivation of the fungus Diaporthe sp. in a stirred-tank bioreactor. The solid formula presented the highest phytotoxicity on plant control (96.7%) and the phytotoxicity was directly related to the concentration of fermented broth in the formula. The use of adjuvant improved the efficiency of the bioherbicide. Dry matters of treatments were lower than the control and this was correlated with an increase in oxidative stress, since the activity of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase increased in the treatment with a high level of phytotoxicity. Spray drying technology is a promising tool to concentrate bioherbicide without the loss of bioactive compounds since one of the major challenges in the production of bioherbicides is the low concentration of active ingredients in the fermented broth.
Food Systems and Food Security: The Role of Small Farms and Small Food Businesses in Santiago Island, Cabo Verde
Authors: Rodrigues Fortes Arlindo , Ferreira Vladmir , Barbosa Simões Elsa , Baptista Isaurinda , Grando Stefano , Sequeira Erik
Published: June 2020

This study aims to analyse the role and contribution of small farms and small food businesses on the food system and food security. Drawing on a conceptual framework, methodology, and data from the EU H2020 ‘SALSA-Small farms, small food businesses and sustainable food and nutrition security’ project hereafter referred as SALSA project, this issue has been analysed in relation to four staple products (tomato, chicken, maize, and banana) in Santiago Island (Cabo Verde). The study follows a regional approach based on a detailed analysis of the territorial food systems and of the production/consumption balance of those staple products. The results show that the subsystems of production, processing, distribution, and consumption are different in the different food systems map for the four staple products, with complex and diversified interrelationships between small farms and related small businesses linking with various markets and all kinds of actors. Moreover, the evidence shows that small farms, in conjunction with small food businesses, are crucial to national food security in Santiago Island. The small farm is fundamental for greater food availability produced in the region, and the small food business is a key component playing a very important role by ensuring the stability of supply, being primarily responsible for establishing relationships to population centres.
Cropping System and Rotational Grazing Effects on Soil Fertility and Enzymatic Activity in an Integrated Organic Crop-Livestock System
Authors: Galindo Fernando Shintate , Delate Kathleen , Heins Bradley , Phillips Hannah , Smith Andrew , Pagliari Paulo Humberto
Published: June 2020

Alternative grazing systems that incorporate cover crops may be useful to achieve a longer grazing season and maximize forage production. However, little is known about their impact on soil properties, especially in the presence or absence of cattle grazing in the early spring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interacting effects of cropping systems with and without cattle grazing in rotation with corn or soybean on the balance and dynamics of soil fertility and enzyme activity. This study was conducted as a system experiment between 2015 and 2019 in Minnesota and Pennsylvania, USA. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments included presence or absence of cattle grazing and two types of cropping systems (pasture-rye-soybean-pasture [P-R-SB-P] and pasture-wheat/vetch-corn-pasture [P-W/V-C-P]. Soil samples were collected six times during the study. Soil properties analyzed were soil pH, organic matter, salinity, K, Ca, Mg, cation exchange capacity (CEC), P, β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, aryl-sulfatase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, ammonium, nitrate, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), N%, C%, S%, and C:N ratio. Grazing increased glucosidase activity, available Ca, Mg, NO3−, NH4+, soil pH, soil C%, S%, and the C:N ratio. In the P-W/V-C-P cropping system, soil pH, available Ca, NO3−, and sulfatase activity were found to increase compared with the P-R-SB-P cropping system. In contrast, soil OM, available K, Mg, CEC, glucosidase, phosphatase, POXC, and total C%, N%, and S% were greater in the P-R-SB-P cropping system compared with the P-W/V-C-P cropping system. The results of this study suggested that rotational grazing can increase soil quality and microbial decomposition under the P-W/V-C-P cropping system, and that this result was greater than under the P-R-SB-P cropping system, leading to a faster nutrient cycling. These results show promise for producers who are seeking methods to diversify their farming operation and reduce the need for external inputs.
Methodology for Assessing Progeny Production and Grain Damage on Commodities Treated with Insecticides
Authors: Arthur Frank , Morrison W. Robert
Published: June 2020

In evaluating insecticides, progeny production on grain commodities can be evaluated by either exposing adults on a commodity for a given time period, then removing them and assessing mortality and progeny production, or by leaving the adults on the commodity continuously, and then assessing progeny production. Little research directly compares these methodologies. Thus, our aims were to: (1) determine residual efficacy of Diacon IGR+ (methoprene+deltamethrin) and Gravista (methoprene+deltamethrin+piperonyl butoxide) on wheat, corn, and brown rice over the course of a year, using bioassays with select stored product insects at different time intervals, and (2) directly compare the two different methods of parental adult exposure on progeny production. Adults were either exposed for 7 d, then removed and assessed for survival, and the commodities were held for 6–7 weeks to assess progeny production, or adults were continuously exposed on the commodities for 6–7 weeks. Commodities were aged and sampled every 3 months for 12 months. Afterwards, samples were examined for progeny, sample weight loss, and insect feeding damage. Each insecticide killed exposed adults and prevented progeny of Rhyzopertha dominica on wheat and brown rice, and Tribolium castaneum on corn. There was extensive survival of Sitophilus spp. on all commodities, though Gravista did initially suppress S. oryzae on wheat and S. zeamais on corn compared to Diacon IGR+. Progeny, weight loss, and insect feeding damage were positively correlated in the 7 d exposure compared with continuous parental exposure. Both insecticides will control R. dominica and externally-feeding insects, but may exhibit reduced effectiveness for Sitophilus spp., especially S. oryzae. Food managers can utilize these data to more effectively plan management programs.
Local-Scale Cereal Yield Forecasting in Italy: Lessons from Different Statistical Models and Spatial Aggregations
Authors: García-León David , López-Lozano Raúl , Toreti Andrea , Zampieri Matteo
Published: June 2020

Statistical, data-driven methods are considered good alternatives to process-based models for the sub-national monitoring of cereal crop yields, since they can flexibly handle large datasets and can be calibrated simultaneously to different areas. Here, we assess the influence of several characteristics on the ability of these methods to forecast cereal yields at the local scale. We look at two diverse agro-climatic Italian regions and analyze the most relevant types of cereal crops produced (wheat, barley, maize and rice). Models of different complexity levels are built for all species by considering six meteorological and remote sensing indicators as candidate predictive variables. Yield data at three different spatial aggregation scales were retrieved from a comprehensive, farm-level dataset over the period 2001–2015. Overall, our results suggest the better predictability of summer crops compared to winter crops, irrespective of the model considered, reflecting a more intricate relationship among winter cereals, their physiology and weather patterns. At higher spatial resolutions, more sophisticated modelling techniques resting on feature selection from multiple indicators outperformed more parsimonious linear models. These gains, however, vanished as data were further aggregated spatially, with the predictive ability of all competing models converging at the agricultural district and province levels. Feature-selection models tended to elicit more satellite-based than meteorological indicators, with a preference for temperature indicators in summer crops, whereas variables describing the water content of the soil/plant were more often selected in winter crops. The selected features were, in general, equally distributed along the plant growing cycle.
The Use of Proline in Screening for Tolerance to Drought and Salinity in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes
Authors: Arteaga Sugenith , Yabor Lourdes , Díez María José , Prohens Jaime , Boscaiu Monica , Vicente Oscar
Published: June 2020

The selection of stress-resistant cultivars, to be used in breeding programmes aimed at enhancing the drought and salt tolerance of our major crops, is an urgent need for agriculture in a climate change scenario. In the present study, the responses to water deficit and salt stress treatments, regarding growth inhibition and leaf proline (Pro) contents, were analysed in 47 Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes of different origins. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson moment correlations and principal component analyses (PCAs) were performed on all measured traits, to assess the general responses to stress of the investigated genotypes. For most analysed growth variables and Pro, the effects of cultivar, treatment and their interactions were highly significant (p < 0.001); the root morphological traits, stem diameter and the number of leaves were mostly due to uncontrolled variation, whereas the variation of fresh weight and water content of stems and leaves was clearly induced by stress. Under our experimental conditions, the average effects of salt stress on plant growth were relatively weaker than those of water deficit. In both cases, however, growth inhibition was mostly reflected in the stress-induced reduction of fresh weight and water contents of stems and leaves. Pro, on the other hand, was the only variable showing a negative correlation with all growth parameters, but particularly with those of stems and leaves mentioned above, as indicated by the Pearson correlation coefficients and the loading plots of the PCAs. Therefore, in common beans, higher stress-induced accumulation of Pro is unequivocally associated with a stronger inhibition of growth; that is, with a higher sensitivity to stress of the corresponding cultivar. We propose the use of Pro as a suitable biochemical marker for simple, rapid, large-scale screenings of bean genotypes, to exclude the most sensitive, those accumulating higher Pro concentrations in response to water or salt stress treatments.
The Impact of Training Systems on Productivity and GHG Emissions from Grapevines in the Sughd Region in Northern Tajikistan
Authors: Chowaniak Maciej , Rashidov Naim , Niemiec Marcin , Gambuś Florian , Lepiarczyk Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Northern Tajikistan creates favorable conditions for growing grapes due to its climate. The choice of method of grape production to ensure a high-quality yield, while reducing the negative effects of such production on the environment, poses a serious challenge to implementation regarding the principles of sustainable production. In addition to the essential techniques associated with grapevine production, such as irrigation, fertilization, and plant protection, a training system plays a significant role. The objective of this research was to evaluate the environmental efficiency of vineyard training systems in northern Tajikistan. The indicators accepted for the evaluation process were the vegetative growth of plants, yield, and environmental pressure of production expressed by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The single-factor experiment was conducted in Ghafurov District, and the following training systems were used: (A) multi-arm fan; (B) Umbrella Kniffin; (C) one-side multi-arm, paired planting. Growth parameters, yield, yield quality, and GHG emissions were evaluated. The cultivation of grapes in training system “C” resulted in higher values of parameters such as Practical Bud Fertility coefficient and fruiting shoots pcs and higher yields. The training systems were ranked according to GHG emissions per yield unit in the following order, from lower to higher emissions: C < B < A.
Improving Daily Peak Flow Forecasts Using Hybrid Fourier-Series Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average and Recurrent Artificial Neural Network Models
Authors: Banihabib Mohammad Ebrahim , Bandari Reihaneh , Valipour Mohammad
Published: June 2020

In multi-purpose reservoirs, to achieve optimal operation, sophisticated models are required to forecast reservoir inflow in both short- and long-horizon times with an acceptable accuracy, particularly for peak flows. In this study, an auto-regressive hybrid model is proposed for long-horizon forecasting of daily reservoir inflow. The model is examined for a one-year horizon forecasting of high-oscillated daily flow time series. First, a Fourier-Series Filtered Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (FSF-ARIMA) model is applied to forecast linear behavior of daily flow time series. Second, a Recurrent Artificial Neural Network (RANN) model is utilized to forecast FSF-ARIMA model’s residuals. The hybrid model follows the detail of observed flow time variation and forecasted peak flow more accurately than previous models. The proposed model enhances the ability to forecast reservoir inflow, especially in peak flows, compared to previous linear and nonlinear auto-regressive models. The hybrid model has a potential to decrease maximum and average forecasting error by 81% and 80%, respectively. The results of this investigation are useful for stakeholders and water resources managers to schedule optimum operation of multi-purpose reservoirs in controlling floods and generating hydropower.
Automated Feeding Behaviors Associated with Subclinical Respiratory Disease in Preweaned Dairy Calves
Authors: Cramer Catie , Proudfoot Kathryn , Ollivett Theresa
Published: June 2020

Little is known about feeding behaviors in young dairy calves with subclinical respiratory disease (SBRD). The objective of this study was to determine if calves with their first case of SBRD exhibit different feeding behaviors during the 7 d around detection, compared to calves with their first case of clinical BRD (CBRD) or without BRD (NOBRD). Preweaned, group-housed dairy calves (n = 103; 21 ± 6 d of age) underwent twice weekly health exams (lung ultrasound and clinical respiratory score; CRS); health exams were used to classify the BRD status for each calf: SBRD (no clinical signs and lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2; n = 73), CBRD (clinical signs and lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2; n = 18), or NOBRD (never had lung consolidation ≥ 1cm2 or CRS+; n = 12). Feeding behavior data (drinking speed, number of visits, and intake volume) were collected automatically. Calves with SBRD and calves with NOBRD had similar drinking speeds (782 vs. 844 mL/min). Calves with CBRD drank slower than both calves with SBRD (688 vs. 782 mL/min) and NOBRD (688 vs. 844 mL/min). There was no effect of BRD status on any other behavior. Feeding behavior was not an effective means of identifying calves with SBRD.