bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Root ABA and H+‐ATPase are key players in the root and shoot growth‐promoting action of humic acids
Authors: Olaetxea Maite , Mora Verónica , Bacaicoa Eva , Baigorri Roberto , Garnica Maria , Fuentes Marta , Zamarreño Angel Maria , Spíchal Lukáš , García‐Mina José María
Published: October 2019

Although the ability of humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) to improve plant growth has been demonstrated, knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the direct effects of HA and FA on the promotion of plant growth is scarce and fragmentary. Our study investigated the causal role of both root PM H+‐ATPase activity and ABA in the SHA‐promoting action on both root and shoot growth. The involvement of these processes in the regulation of shoot cytokinin concentration and activity was also studied. Our aim was to integrate such plant responses for providing new insights  to the current model on the mode of action of HA for promoting root and shoot growth. Experiments employing specific inhibitors and using Cucumis sativus L. plants show that both the root PM H+‐ATPase activity and root ABA play a crucial role in the root growth‐promoting action of SHA. With regard to the HA‐promoting effects on shoot growth, two pathways of events triggered by the interaction of SHA with plant roots are essential for the increase in root PM H+‐ATPase activity—which also mediates an increase in cytokinin concentration and action in the shoot—and the ABA‐mediated increase in hydraulic conductivity (Lpr).
Occupational and Physical Therapy Activities and Level of Effort in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: Association With Functional Outcomes
Authors: Zarshenas Sareh , Colantonio Angela , Horn Susan D. , Jaglal Susan , Jacob Binu , Cullen Nora
Published: October 2019

Background

Although some attention has been given to the association of functional outcomes with rehabilitation intensity, the evidence is still sparse in this field.

Objective

To investigate the effect of inpatient rehabilitation (IR) on discharge cognitive and motor function and the association of time spent in occupational and physical therapy and level of effort with cognitive and motor function in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design

Secondary analysis of TBI‐Practice Based Evidence dataset.

Settings

Inpatient rehabilitation.

Participants

One hundred forty‐nine patients with TBI who were consecutively admitted for IR between 2008 and 2011 in Ontario, Canada.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measurements

Admission and discharge Functional Independence Measure‐Rasch Cognitive and Motor Scores.

Results

Patients showed significant improvement in cognitive and motor function from admission to discharge (P < .0001). After controlling for confounding factors, discharge FIM‐Rasch cognitive and motor scores were not associated with either level of effort or time spent in physical therapy activities. Discharge motor, but not cognitive function, was associated with more time spent in the complex (β = 0.20, confidence interval [CI] 0.005, 0.05) and less time spent in simple OT activities (β = −0.13, CI −0.13, −0.01).

Conclusion

This study provides valuable information for clinicians about the effectiveness of IR on the improvement of motor and cognitive outcomes and the importance of considering the amount of time spent in activities based on their level of complexity rather than the total time of therapy to improve motor outcomes in this population.

Level of Evidence

III
Development of a multigenerational digital lifestyle intervention for women cancer survivors and their families
Authors: St. George Sara M. , Noriega Esquives Blanca , Agosto Yaray , Kobayashi Marissa , Leite Rafael , Vanegas Dario , Perez Alejandra T. , Calfa Carmen , Schlumbrecht Matthew , Slingerland Joyce , Penedo Frank J.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

This paper presents the results of a study developed to inform the design of a multigenerational digital lifestyle intervention for overweight/obese women cancer survivors and their families. We followed the first six phases of the Integrate, Design, Assess, and Share (IDEAS) framework.

Methods

Grandmothers with breast, endometrial, or ovarian cancers (n = 46; 66.1 ± 0.9 years old; 34% Hispanic, 33% non‐Hispanic black, 33% non‐Hispanic white) self‐reported their lifestyle behaviors, family structure, mobile device use, and interest in a family‐based lifestyle intervention. A randomly selected subset of 21 participants subsequently completed qualitative interviews to understand their family relationships, weight‐related challenges, and feedback on intervention prototypes.

Results

Participants reported low fruit intake (0.9 ± 0.1 servings/day), moderate vegetable intake (3.0 ± 0.2 servings/day), and high levels of moderate physical activity (990 ± 234 MET‐minutes/week). The majority owned a smartphone (93%) and expressed interest in family‐based programs (80%) that focused on weight management (91%). Qualitative data were collapsed into seven intervention considerations, including: capitalizing on existing familial support, involving local family who need lifestyle change, tapping into survivors' internal strengths, validating prior weight loss, overcoming barriers to sustained lifestyle change, providing information on cancer risk, and motivating families through reinforcing activities.

Conclusions

Following the IDEAS framework, our next steps are to develop a fully‐functioning prototype and conduct a randomized pilot trial to test the feasibility and effects of a digital intervention that empowers racially/ethnically diverse overweight/obese women cancer survivors to improve their physical activity and dietary intake and to lose weight by encouraging healthy lifestyle behaviors in their children and grandchildren.
Internet‐delivered mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression in cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nissen Eva Rames , O'Connor Maja , Kaldo Viktor , Højris Inger , Borre Michael , Zachariae Robert , Mehlsen Mimi
Published: October 2019

Objective

Internet‐delivered interventions may alleviate distress in cancer survivors with limited access to psychological face‐to‐face treatment. In collaboration with a group of cancer survivors, we developed and tested the efficacy of a therapist‐assisted internet‐delivered mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (iMBCT) program for anxiety and depression in cancer survivors.

Methods

A total of 1282 cancer survivors were screened for anxiety and depression during their routine oncology follow‐up; eligible breast (n = 137) and prostate cancer (n = 13) survivors were randomized to iMBCT or care‐as‐usual (CAU) wait‐list. Primary outcomes of anxiety and depression were assessed at baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks (post intervention), and 6 months.

Results

Significant effects were found for both anxiety (Cohen's d = 0.45; P = .017) and depressive symptoms (d = 0.42; P = .024) post intervention. The effects were maintained at follow‐up for anxiety (d = 0.40; P = .029), but not for depressive symptoms (d = 0.28; P = .131).

Conclusions

Our preliminary findings suggest iMBCT to be a helpful intervention for cancer survivors suffering from symptoms of anxiety. Further studies on the efficacy for symptoms of depression are needed.
Cryo‐EM map interpretation and protein model‐building using iterative map segmentation
Authors: Terwilliger Thomas C. , Adams Paul D. , Afonine Pavel V. , Sobolev Oleg V.
Published: October 2019

A procedure for building protein chains into maps produced by single‐particle electron cryo‐microscopy (cryo‐EM) is described. The procedure is similar to the way an experienced structural biologist might analyze a map, focusing first on secondary structure elements such as helices and sheets, then varying the contour level to identify connections between these elements. Since the high density in a map typically follows the main‐chain of the protein, the main‐chain connection between secondary structure elements can often be identified as the unbranched path between them with the highest minimum value along the path. This chain‐tracing procedure is then combined with finding side‐chain positions based on the presence of density extending away from the main path of the chain, allowing generation of a Cα model. The Cα model is converted to an all‐atom model and is refined against the map. We show that this procedure is as effective as other existing methods for interpretation of cryo‐EM maps and that it is considerably faster and produces models with fewer chain breaks than our previous methods that were based on approaches developed for crystallographic maps.
Stairway to translocation: AAA+ motor structures reveal the mechanisms of ATP‐dependent substrate translocation
Authors: Gates Stephanie N. , Martin Andreas
Published: October 2019

Translocases of the AAA+ (ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities) family are powerful molecular machines that use the mechano‐chemical coupling of ATP hydrolysis and conformational changes to thread DNA or protein substrates through their central channel for many important biological processes. These motors comprise hexameric rings of ATPase subunits, in which highly conserved nucleotide‐binding domains form active‐site pockets near the subunit interfaces and aromatic pore‐loop residues extend into the central channel for substrate binding and mechanical pulling. Over the past 2 years, 41 cryo‐EM structures have been solved for substrate‐bound AAA+ translocases that revealed spiral‐staircase arrangements of pore‐loop residues surrounding substrate polypeptides and indicating a conserved hand‐over‐hand mechanism for translocation. The subunits' vertical positions within the spiral arrangements appear to be correlated with their nucleotide states, progressing from ATP‐bound at the top to ADP or apo states at the bottom. Studies describing multiple conformations for a particular motor illustrate the potential coupling between ATP‐hydrolysis steps and subunit movements to propel the substrate. Experiments with double‐ring, Type II AAA+ motors revealed an offset of hydrolysis steps between the two ATPase domains of individual subunits, and the upper ATPase domains lacking aromatic pore loops frequently form planar rings. This review summarizes the critical advances provided by recent studies to our structural and functional understanding of hexameric AAA+ translocases, as well as the important outstanding questions regarding the underlying mechanisms for coordinated ATP‐hydrolysis and mechano‐chemical coupling.
Identification and characterization of new mutations in mitochondrial cytochrome b that confer resistance to bifenazate and acequinocyl in the spider miteTetranychus urticae
Authors: Fotoukkiaii Seyedeh Masoumeh , Tan Zoë , Xue Wenxin , Wybouw Nicky , Van Leeuwen Thomas
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

In spider mites, mutations in the mitochondrial cytochrome b Qopocket have been reported to confer resistance to the Qoinhibitors bifenazate and acequinocyl. In this study, we surveyed populations of the two‐spotted spider miteTetranychus urticaefor mutations in cytochrome b, linked newly discovered mutations with resistance and assessed potential pleiotropic fitness costs.

RESULTS

We identified two novel mutations in the Qosite: G132A (equivalent to G143A in fungi resistant to strobilurins) and G126S + A133T (previously reported to cause bifenazate and acequinocyl resistance inPanonychus citri). TwoT. urticaestrains carrying G132A were highly resistant to bifenazate but not acequinocyl, whereas a strain with G126S + A133T displayed high levels of acequinocyl resistance, but only moderate levels of bifenazate resistance. Bifenazate and acequinocyl resistance were inherited maternally, providing strong evidence for the involvement of these mutations in the resistance phenotype. Near isogenic lines carrying G132A revealed several fitness penalties inT. urticae; a lower net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (LM); a higher doubling time (DT); and a more male‐biased sex ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

Several lines of evidence were provided to support the causal role of newly discovered cytochrome b mutations in bifenazate and acequinocyl resistance. Because of the fitness costs associated with the G132A mutation, resistantT. urticaepopulations might be less competitive in a bifenazate‐free environment, offering opportunities for resistance management. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Memristors Based on the Hybrid Structure of Oxide and Boron Nitride Nanosheets Combining Memristive and Neuromorphic Functionalities
Authors: Wang Gong , Yan Xiaobing , Chen Jingsheng , Ren Deliang
Published: October 2019

Resistance random access memory (RRAM) based on a solid‐electrolyte insulator is an indispensable nanoscale device with promising potential in nonvolatile memory, multilevel switching, and neuromorphic applications. However, the random nature of the nucleation and growth of the conductive filaments (CFs) leads to instability of the switching parameter, which is the main obstacle to improving the performance of the RRAM. Herein, a novel approach to resolve this challenge by inserting boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) into the ZnO‐based device structure is reported. The hybrid structure with double switching layer device can combine memristive functions—nonvolatile bipolar memory, multilevel switching, and neuromorphic functionalities—simulating biological sensory systems in response to external stimuli. The overall device performance of the ZnO/BNNSs‐based memristor opens up a new path to improve the stability of oxide‐based RRAM, enabling hardware implementation of the nervous system.
What influences development of science content standards?
Authors: Judson Eugene , Hayes Kathryn N. , Glassmeyer Kristi
Published: October 2019

Although 20 states have adopted Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), 24 other states have developed their own K‐12 science standards based on the same National Research Council (NRC) Framework. Understanding what influences content standards developers, realizing the supports and impediments to implementation they foresee, and knowing their rationales for implementing standards is important because these elements potentially affect their contributions and may have repercussions throughout the educational system. Forty‐four developers of one state's NRC Framework‐based science standards indicated the degree to which they were affected by educational system influencers (e.g., accountability), by their beliefs, values, and experiences, and by consideration of others (e.g., administrators). Developers described rationales they think others will have for supporting and being concerned about new science standards and their personal rationales for supporting new science standards. Among results, developers were substantially influenced by considerations of educators interpreting new standards and designing curriculum. Developers' experiences with teaching science and implementing standards weighed considerably more on their minds than considerations about administrators or colleagues. Developers believe new science standards possess tremendous intrinsic value but also believe others will primarily leverage rationales that new science standards are connected to state assessments and accountability as means to obtain teacher buy‐in.
Intraoperative Strategies for Minimal Manipulation of Autologous Adipose Tissue for Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapies: Concise Review
Authors: Trivisonno Angelo , Alexander Robert W. , Baldari Silvia , Cohen Steven R. , Di Rocco Giuliana , Gentile Pietro , Magalon Guy , Magalon Jérémy , Miller Randy B. , Womack Hayley , Toietta Gabriele
Published: October 2019

The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a heterogeneous population of stem/stromal cells isolated from perivascular and extracellular matrix (ECM) of adipose tissue complex (ATC). Administration of SVF holds a strong therapeutic potential for regenerative and wound healing medicine applications aimed at functional restoration of tissues damaged by injuries or chronic diseases. SVF is commonly divided into cellular stromal vascular fraction (cSVF) and tissue stromal vascular fraction (tSVF). Cellular SVF is obtained from ATC by collagenase digestion, incubation/isolation, and pelletized by centrifugation. Enzymatic disaggregation may alter the relevant biological characteristics of adipose tissue, while providing release of complex, multiattachment of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix, effectively eliminating the bioactive ECM and periadventitial attachments. In many countries, the isolation of cellular elements is considered as a “more than minimal” manipulation, and is most often limited to controlled clinical trials and subject to regulatory review. Several alternative, nonenzymatic methods of adipose tissue processing have been developed to obtain via minimal mechanical manipulation an autologous tSVF product intended for delivery, reducing the procedure duration, lowering production costs, decreasing regulatory burden, and shortening the translation into the clinical setting. Ideally, these procedures might allow for the integration of harvesting and processing of adipose tissue for ease of injection, in a single procedure utilizing a nonexpanded cellular product at the point of care, while permitting intraoperative autologous cellular and tissue-based therapies. Here, we review and discuss the options, advantages, and limitations of the major strategies alternative to enzymatic processing currently developed for minimal manipulation of adipose tissue. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:1265&1271
Metal Chalcogenides: Paving the Way for High‐Performance Sodium/Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tan Huiteng , Feng Yuezhan , Rui Xianhong , Yu Yan , Huang Shaoming
Published: October 2019

The research of sodium/potassium‐ion batteries (SIBs/KIBs) still has some way to go but its success could possibly radically alter the way electricity is stored and used. As the key part of battery technology, advances in electrode materials are instrumental in accelerating the uptake of these renewable and innovative storage solutions. This is where metal chalcogenides (MCs) that tick all the right boxes can fit in to fill the gap. In this review, an overview is provided on the recent progress of MCs, with an emphasis on nanostructured metal sulfides and selenides, and the impact that metal chalcogenides may have on the future of SIBs and KIBs technology is discussed by taking a glimpse at the diverse set of properties inherent in them. In addition, several promising strategies are highlighted to address the imminent challenges faced by MCs in SIBs and KIBs, hoping to cast an insightful outlook for possible future direction in this field.
Palaeobiogeography and evolutionary patterns of the larger foraminiferBorelisde Montfort (Borelidae)
Authors: Bassi Davide , Braga Juan C. , Di Domenico Giovanni , Pignatti Johannes , Abramovich Sigal , Hallock Pamela , Könen Janine , Kovács Zoltan , Langer Martin R. , Pavia Giulio , Iryu Yasufumi
Published: October 2019

The palaeobiogeography of the alveolinoidBorelisspecies reveals the evolutionary patterns leading to the two extant representatives, which occur in shallow‐water tropical carbonate, coral reef‐related settings. Type material and new material of fossilBorelisspecies, along with Recent specimens were studied to assess their taxonomic status, species circumscriptions (based on proloculus size, occurrence of Y‐shaped septula, and the index of elongation), palaeobiogeography and evolutionary dynamics. The species dealt with here are known from exclusively fossil (B. pygmaea, B. inflata, B. philippinensis, B. melo, B. curdica), and from fossil and modern (B. pulchra, B. schlumbergeri) specimens. For the first time, fossil and RecentBorelisspecimens are illustrated via micro‐computed tomography scanning images. Depending on the occurrence of Y‐shaped septula, two lineages are distinguished. Deriving from the middle–upper EoceneBorelis vonderschmitti, the first lineage includesB. inflata, B. pulchraandB. pygmaea, lacking Y‐shaped septula. The first species bearing Y‐shaped septula is the RupelianB. philippinensisof the western Indo‐Pacific. The westward migrants ofB. philippinensisinto the Mediterranean gave rise toB. melo(Aquitanian–Messinian) andB. curdica(Burdigalian–Tortonian). These two species became isolated from the Indo‐Pacific by the Langhian eastern closure of the Mediterranean basin and disappeared during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Since the Tortonian,B. schlumbergeri, which descended fromB. philippinensis, has inhabited the Indo‐Pacific along withB. pulchra. From the central Pacific Ocean,B. pulchrareached the Caribbean area before the early Piacenzian closure of the Central America seaway.
Live Monitoring of Haemodynamic Changes with Multispectral Image Analysis
Authors: Ayala Leonardo A. , Wirkert Sebastian J. , Gröhl Janek , Herrera Mildred A. , Hernandez-Aguilera Adrian , Vemuri Anant , Santos Edgar , Maier-Hein Lena
Published: October 2019

State-of-the-art concepts in the field of computer assisted medical interventions are typically based on registering pre-operative imaging data to the patient. While this approach has many relevant clinical applications, it suffers from one core bottleneck: it cannot account for tissue dynamics because it works with “offline” data. To overcome this issue, we propose a new approach to surgical imaging that combines the power of multispectral imaging with the speed and robustness of deep learning based image analysis. Core innovation is an end-to-end deep learning architecture that integrates all preprocessing steps as well as the actual regression task in a single network. According to a quantitative in silico validation, our approach is well-suited for solving the inverse problem of relating multispectral image pixels to underlying functional tissue properties in real time. A porcine study further suggests that our method is capable of monitoring haemodynamic changes in vivo. Deep learning based multispectral imaging could thus become a valuable tool for imaging tissue dynamics.
A simple construction of complete single-peaked domains by recursive tiling
Authors: Zhan Ping
Published: October 2019

Single-peakedness was introduced by Black (J Political Econ 56:23–34, 1948) as a sufficient condition to overcome Condorcet paradox. Since then it has been attracting interest from researchers in various fields. In this paper, we propose a simple recursive procedure of constructing complete single-peaked domains of tiling type explicitly for any finite alternative sets, by combining two results published in recent years, and some observations of known results and examples by the author. The underlying basic structure of tiling type and properties of single-peaked domains provided here give a good visualization and make further developments on single-peakedness more easy.
Virus–Host Coevolution with a Focus on Animal and Human DNA Viruses
Authors: Kaján Győző L. , Doszpoly Andor , Tarján Zoltán László , Vidovszky Márton Z. , Papp Tibor
Published: October 2019

Viruses have been infecting their host cells since the dawn of life, and this extremely long-term coevolution gave rise to some surprising consequences for the entire tree of life. It is hypothesised that viruses might have contributed to the formation of the first cellular life form, or that even the eukaryotic cell nucleus originates from an infection by a coated virus. The continuous struggle between viruses and their hosts to maintain at least a constant fitness level led to the development of an unceasing arms race, where weapons are often shuttled between the participants. In this literature review we try to give a short insight into some general consequences or traits of virus–host coevolution, and after this we zoom in to the viral clades of adenoviruses, herpesviruses, nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses, polyomaviruses and, finally, circoviruses.
On the subsonic near-wake of a space launcher configuration with exhaust jet
Authors: Saile Dominik , Kühl Viktor , Gülhan Ali
Published: October 2019

The Ariane 5 failure flight 157 made clear that the loads in the base region of space launcher configurations were underestimated and its near-wake dynamics required more attention. In the recent years, many studies have been published on buffet/buffeting in the critical high subsonic flow regime. Nevertheless, not much experimental data are available on the interaction of the ambient flow with an exhaust jet over a wide subsonic Mach number range. Further, a preceding study without exhaust jet revealed questions regarding a similar distribution of the velocity and Reynolds stress in the near-wake if scaled with the reattachment length. Consequently, a generic space launcher configuration featuring a cold, supersonic, over-expanded jet is investigated experimentally in the vertical test section Cologne (VMK) by means of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for five subsonic Mach numbers ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 with corresponding Reynolds numbers between $$Re_{\text {D}}=0.8\times 10^6$$ReD=0.8×106 to $$1.6\times 10^6$$1.6×106. The velocity and Reynolds stress distribution are provided for the near-wake flow and additionally for the incoming boundary layer. Just as in the preceding study, self-similar features are found in the flow field as long as the separated shear layer reattaches on the solid nozzle wall. Substantial changes are then measured for an alternating (hybrid) reattachment between the solid nozzle wall and supersonic exhaust jet as found for Mach 0.8, one of them being the increased axial turbulence in the recirculation bubble due to a ‘dancing’ large-scale, clockwise-rotating vortex.

Graphic abstract
Prevalence and risk factors for pelvic floor disorders during early and late pregnancy in a cohort of Austrian women
Authors: Bodner-Adler Barbara , Kimberger Oliver , Laml Thomas , Halpern Ksenia , Beitl Clara , Umek Wolfgang , Bodner Klaus
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To investigate the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) in a cohort of Austrian women either during their early or late pregnancy and to search for clinical risk factors which correlate with pelvic floor symptoms during pregnancy.

Methods

A prospective study was conducted and 200 pregnant women answered the validated German pelvic floor questionnaire during their first or third trimenon of gestation. Furthermore, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine independent risk factors for PFDs after adjusting for confounders.

Results

96/200 (48%) women reported psychological strain in at least 1 of the 4 pelvic floor domains while the remaining 104 women (52%) were asymptomatic. Affected women showed a significant higher BMI, a more frequent positive family history and a higher rate of multiple pregnancies was noted compared to asymptomatic women (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a statistically significant positive correlation could be observed between BMI, smoking and mean bladder score as well as mean prolapse score, signifying more symptom bother from bladder and prolapse in smokers with high BMI. A significant positive correlation was also detected between mean bowel score and parity. In the multivariate model, high BMI (CI 1.013–1.143), positive family history (CI 0.044–0.260) and multiple pregnancies (CI 0.011–0.244) remained independently associated with pelvic floor symptoms (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that pelvic floor-related quality of life during pregnancy is a prevalent condition which is strongly affected by the expectant mother’s weight as well as her family history. In addition, women with multiple pregnancies seem to be at increased risk.
Eplet mismatch analysis and allograft outcome across racially diverse groups in a pediatric transplant cohort: a single-center analysis
Authors: Philogene Mary Carmelle , Amin Anita , Zhou Sheng , Charnaya Olga , Vega Renato , Desai Niraj , Neu Alicia M. , Pruette Cozumel S.
Published: October 2019

HLA eplet mismatch load has been suggested as an improvement to HLA antigen mismatch determination for organ selection. Given that eplet mismatches are determined based on amino acid sequence difference among HLA alleles, and that the frequency of HLA alleles varies between racial groups, we investigated the correlation between eplet mismatch load and allograft outcomes in 110 pediatric kidney transplant recipients who received their first organ from a donor of the same race (SRT) versus a donor of a different race (DRT). Adjusted modified Poisson regression was used to assess the interaction between eplet mismatch load and race mismatch and its effect on outcome. Caucasians and living donor recipients had lower eplet mismatched loads against their donors compared with non-Caucasian and deceased donor recipients. Overall, for the entire population, the risk of de novo HLA-DSA development was significantly increased with higher eplet loads (p < 0.001). Compared with the SRT group, the DRT group had higher eplet loads when compared with their donor, for HLA class I but not HLA class II molecules; however, there was no significant difference in the incidence of de novo HLA-DSA between the 2 groups. The risk of rejection increased significantly for DRT compared with SRT, only when class I eplet load was ≥ 70 (p = 0.04). Together this data show that eplet mismatch load analysis is an effective tool for alloimmune risk assessment. If considered for donor selection, acceptable eplet mismatch loads determined from studies in homogenous populations may restrict transplantation across racially diverse donor and patient groups with no evidence of poor outcome. Therefore, an acceptable eplet mismatch load threshold must consider the heterogeneity of the transplant population.
The prognostic significance of wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) in breast cancer
Authors: Aljohani Abrar I. , Toss Michael S. , Kurozumi Sasagu , Joseph Chitra , Aleskandarany Mohammed A. , Miligy Islam M. , Ansari Rokaya El , Mongan Nigel P. , Ellis Ian O. , Green Andrew R. , Rakha Emad A.
Published: October 2019

Background

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a prerequisite step in breast cancer (BC) metastasis. We have previously identified wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) as a key putative driver of LVI. Thus, we explored the prognostic significance of IDH2 at transcriptome and protein expression levels in pre-invasive and invasive disease.

Methods

Utlising tissue microarrays from a large well annotated BC cohort including ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer (IBC), IDH2 was assessed at the transcriptomic and proteomic level. The associations between clinicopathological factors including LVI status, prognosis and the expression of IDH2 were evaluated.

Results

In pure DCIS and IBC, high IDH2 protein expression was associated with features of aggressiveness including high nuclear grade, larger size, comedo necrosis and hormonal receptor negativity and LVI, higher grade, larger tumour size, high NPI, HER2 positivity, and hormonal receptor negativity, respectively. High expression of IDH2 either in mRNA or in protein levels was associated with poor patient’s outcome in both DCIS and IBC. Multivariate analysis revealed that IDH2 protein expression was an independent risk factor for shorter BC specific-survival.

Conclusion

Further functional studies to decipher the role of IDH2 and its mechanism of action as a driver of BC progression and LVI are warranted.
Novel functional proteins coded by the human genome discovered in metastases of melanoma patients
Authors: Sanchez Aniel , Kuras Magdalena , Murillo Jimmy Rodriguez , Pla Indira , Pawlowski Krzysztof , Szasz A. Marcell , Gil Jeovanis , Nogueira Fábio C. S. , Perez-Riverol Yasset , Eriksson Jonatan , Appelqvist Roger , Miliotis Tasso , Kim Yonghyo , Baldetorp Bo , Ingvar Christian , Olsson Håkan , Lundgren Lotta , Ekedahl Henrik , Horvatovich Peter , Sugihara Yutaka , Welinder Charlotte , Wieslander Elisabet , Kwon Ho Jeong , Domont Gilberto B. , Malm Johan , Rezeli Melinda , Betancourt Lazaro Hiram , Marko-Varga György
Published: October 2019

In the advanced stages, malignant melanoma (MM) has a very poor prognosis. Due to tremendous efforts in cancer research over the last 10 years, and the introduction of novel therapies such as targeted therapies and immunomodulators, the rather dark horizon of the median survival has dramatically changed from under 1 year to several years. With the advent of proteomics, deep-mining studies can reach low-abundant expression levels. The complexity of the proteome, however, still surpasses the dynamic range capabilities of current analytical techniques. Consequently, many predicted protein products with potential biological functions have not yet been verified in experimental proteomic data. This category of ‘missing proteins’ (MP) is comprised of all proteins that have been predicted but are currently unverified. As part of the initiative launched in 2016 in the USA, the European Cancer Moonshot Center has performed numerous deep proteomics analyses on samples from MM patients. In this study, nine MPs were clearly identified by mass spectrometry in MM metastases. Some MPs significantly correlated with proteins that possess identical PFAM structural domains; and other MPs were significantly associated with cancer-related proteins. This is the first study to our knowledge, where unknown and novel proteins have been annotated in metastatic melanoma tumour tissue.
A cross-cultural comparative study of sustainability consciousness between students in Taiwan and Sweden
Authors: Berglund Teresa , Gericke Niklas , Boeve-de Pauw Jelle , Olsson Daniel , Chang Tzu-Chau
Published: October 2019

Education for sustainable development (ESD) is promoted as one important component in the endeavor toward sustainable development. Goal 4 in the Sustainable Development Goals (UN in Sustainable development goals—17 goals to transform our world, 2017) in particular targets the role of ESD in this respect. The importance of cultural specificity in ESD is emphasized in numerous international policy documents, but there are few cross-cultural studies that focus on the broad context of sustainable development and ESD. The current study investigates the sustainability consciousness of grade 12 students (age 18–19) in Taiwan (N = 617) and Sweden (N = 583) and discusses the implications for ESD policy and practice. The findings indicate that significant differences exist between the two samples, both with respect to their sustainability consciousness and within the three sub-constructs of knowingness, attitudes and self-reported behaviors. The differences are considered in light of the cultural value orientations of the East Asian and Western European regions. Implications for ESD are discussed from the perspective of cultural specificity.
KS(conf): A Light-Weight Test if a Multiclass Classifier Operates Outside of Its Specifications
Authors: Sun Rémy , Lampert Christoph H.
Published: October 2019

We study the problem of automatically detecting if a given multi-class classifier operates outside of its specifications (out-of-specs), i.e. on input data from a different distribution than what it was trained for. This is an important problem to solve on the road towards creating reliable computer vision systems for real-world applications, because the quality of a classifier’s predictions cannot be guaranteed if it operates out-of-specs. Previously proposed methods for out-of-specs detection make decisions on the level of single inputs. This, however, is insufficient to achieve low false positive rate and high false negative rates at the same time. In this work, we describe a new procedure named KS(conf), based on statistical reasoning. Its main component is a classical Kolmogorov–Smirnov test that is applied to the set of predicted confidence values for batches of samples. Working with batches instead of single samples allows increasing the true positive rate without negatively affecting the false positive rate, thereby overcoming a crucial limitation of single sample tests. We show by extensive experiments using a variety of convolutional network architectures and datasets that KS(conf) reliably detects out-of-specs situations even under conditions where other tests fail. It furthermore has a number of properties that make it an excellent candidate for practical deployment: it is easy to implement, adds almost no overhead to the system, works with any classifier that outputs confidence scores, and requires no a priori knowledge about how the data distribution could change.
Leveraging writing systems changes for deep learning based Chinese affective analysis
Authors: Xiang Rong , Lu Qin , Jiao Ying , Zheng Yufei , Ying Wenhao , Long Yunfei
Published: October 2019

Affective analysis of social media text is in great demand. Online text written in Chinese communities often contains mixed scripts including major text written in Chinese, an ideograph-based writing system, and minor text using Latin letters, an alphabet-based writing system. This phenomenon is referred to as writing systems changes (WSCs). Past studies have shown that WSCs often reflect unfiltered immediate affections. However, the use of WSCs poses more challenges in Natural Language Processing tasks because WSCs can break the syntax of the major text. In this work, we present our work to use WSCs as an effective feature in a hybrid deep learning model with attention network. The WSCs scripts are first identified by their encoding range. Then, the document representation of the text is learned through a Long Short-Term Memory model and the minor text is learned by a separate Convolution Neural Network model. To further highlight the WSCs components, an attention mechanism is adopted to re-weight the feature vector before the classification layer. Experiments show that the proposed hybrid deep learning method which better incorporates WSCs features can further improve performance compared to the state-of-the-art classification models. The experimental result indicates that WSCs can serve as effective information in affective analysis of the social media text.
Bed-type variability and till (dis)continuity beneath Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Muto Atsuhiro , Alley Richard B. , Parizek Byron R. , Anandakrishnan Sridhar
Published: October 2019

Recent seismic measurements from upper Thwaites Glacier indicate that the bed-type variability is closely related to the along-flow basal topography. In high-relief subglacial highlands, stoss sides of topographic highs have a relatively higher acoustic impedance (‘hard’ bed) with lower acoustic impedance (‘soft’ till) on lee sides. This pattern is similar to observations of many deglaciated terrains. Subglacial hydraulic-potential gradient and its divergence show a tendency for water to diverge over the stoss sides and converge into the lee sides. Convergence favors a thicker or more widespread water system, which can more efficiently decouple ice from the underlying till. Under such circumstances, till deformation does occur but, fluxes are relatively small. Till carried from the lee sides onto stoss sides of downstream bumps should couple to the ice more efficiently, increasing the ability for transport by till deformation. In turn, this suggests that steady-state till transport can be achieved if the stoss-side till layer is thin or discontinuous. In addition, the large basal shear stress generated in the highlands seems too high for a bed lubricated by a continuous although thin deforming till, suggesting till discontinuity, which would allow debris-laden ice to erode bedrock on stoss sides, supplying additional till for transport.
The Nuclear Sensorium: Cold War Nuclear Imperialism and Sensory Violence
Authors: Shiga John
Published: October 2019

This paper traces the sensory dimensions of nuclear imperialism focusing on the Cold War nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States military in the Marshall Islands during the 1950s. Key to the formation of the “nuclear sensorium” were the interfaces between vibration, sound, and radioactive contamination, which were mobilized by scientists such as oceanographer Walter Munk as part of the US Nuclear Testing Program. While scientists occupied privileged points in technoscientific networks to sense the effects of nuclear weapons, a series of lawsuits filed by communities affected by the tests drew attention to military-scientific use of inhabitants’ bodies as repositories of data concerning the ecological impact of the bomb and the manner in which sensing practices used to extract this data extended the violence and trauma of nuclear weapons. Nuclear imperialism projected its power not only through weapons tests, the vaporization of land and the erosion of the rights of people who lived there, but also through the production of a “nuclear sensorium”—the differentiation of modes of sensing the bomb through legal, military, and scientific discourses and the attribution of varying degrees of epistemological value and legal weight to these sensory modes.
Supported motherhood? An examination of the cultural context of male participation in maternal health care among tribal communities in India
Authors: Jungari Suresh , Paswan Balram
Published: October 2019

In many cultural settings worldwide, within families, men tend to be responsible for important choices relating to the allocation of household resources and care-seeking behaviour that directly impact on the health of women and newborns. This study examines the extent of male participation in antenatal care (ANC), delivery, postnatal care (PNC), household chores and providing food to wives among tribal communities in India. In addition, health care providers’ views on male participation in maternal health were examined. Primary data were collected from 385 men aged 15–49 from rural Gadchiroli District in Maharashtra, India. Interviews of 385 men whose wives had delivered a child within the previous 2 years were conducted between November 2014 and March 2015. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were done. The results showed that the tribal men’s participation in maternal health care was minimal. Around 22% of the men reported accompanying their wives to ANC, 25% were present at the time of delivery of their children and 25% accompanied their wives to PNC. Participation in household work, and support for wives in other ways, were slightly better. The main reason given by men for not participating in maternal health care was that they didn’t think it was necessary, believing that all maternal health issues were women’s concern. Health care providers among these tribal communities in India should encourage men to participate in issues related to maternal health care.
Using resting-state intrinsic network connectivity to identify suicide risk in mood disorders
Authors: Stange Jonathan P. , Jenkins Lisanne M. , Pocius Stephanie , Kreutzer Kayla , Bessette Katie L. , DelDonno Sophie R. , Kling Leah R. , Bhaumik Runa , Welsh Robert C. , Keilp John G. , Phan K. Luan , Langenecker Scott A.
Published: October 2019

Background

Little is known about the neural substrates of suicide risk in mood disorders. Improving the identification of biomarkers of suicide risk, as indicated by a history of suicide-related behavior (SB), could lead to more targeted treatments to reduce risk.

Methods

Participants were 18 young adults with a mood disorder with a history of SB (as indicated by endorsing a past suicide attempt), 60 with a mood disorder with a history of suicidal ideation (SI) but not SB, 52 with a mood disorder with no history of SI or SB (MD), and 82 healthy comparison participants (HC). Resting-state functional connectivity within and between intrinsic neural networks, including cognitive control network (CCN), salience and emotion network (SEN), and default mode network (DMN), was compared between groups.

Results

Several fronto-parietal regions (k > 57, p < 0.005) were identified in which individuals with SB demonstrated distinct patterns of connectivity within (in the CCN) and across networks (CCN-SEN and CCN-DMN). Connectivity with some of these same regions also distinguished the SB group when participants were re-scanned after 1–4 months. Extracted data defined SB group membership with good accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (79–88%).

Conclusions

These results suggest that individuals with a history of SB in the context of mood disorders may show reliably distinct patterns of intrinsic network connectivity, even when compared to those with mood disorders without SB. Resting-state fMRI is a promising tool for identifying subtypes of patients with mood disorders who may be at risk for suicidal behavior.
Task-appropriate input supports word–object association in 14-month-old female infants
Authors: FAIS Laurel , VATIKIOTIS-BATESON Eric
Published: October 2019

Fourteen-month-old infants are unable to link minimal pair nonsense words with novel objects (Stager & Werker, 1997). Might an adult's productions in a word learning context support minimal pair word–object association in these infants? We recorded a mother interacting with her 24-month-old son, and with her 5-month-old son, producing nonsense words bin and din. We used these productions to determine if they had a differential effect on 14-month-old infants’ word–object association abilities. Females hearing the words spoken to the older infant, but not those to the younger, succeeded. We suggest that the task-appropriateness of utterances can support infant word learning.
Are there Field Triage Criteria that Can Predict Low-Yield Air Medical Transports?
Authors: Miyagi Hiroko , Evans David C. , Werman Howard A.
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

Air medical transport of trauma patients from the scene of injury plays a critical role in the delivery of severely injured patients to trauma centers. Over-triage of patients to trauma centers reduces the system efficiency and jeopardizes safety of air medical crews.

Hypothesis:

The objective of this study was to determine which triage factors utilized by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers are strong predictors of early discharge for trauma patients transported by helicopter to a trauma center.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review over a two-year period was performed for trauma patients flown from the injury site into a Level I trauma center by an air medical transport program. Demographic and clinical data were collected on each patient. Prehospital factors such as Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), intubation status, mechanism of injury, anatomic injuries, physiologic parameters, and any combinations of these factors were investigated to determine which triage criteria accurately predicted early discharge. Hospital factors such as Injury Severity Score (ISS), length-of-stay (LOS), survival, and emergency department disposition were also collected. Early discharge was defined as a hospital stay of less than 24 hours in a patient who survives their injuries. A more stringent definition of appropriate triage was defined as a patient with in-hospital death, an ISS >15, those taken to the operating room (OR) or intensive care unit (ICU), or those receiving blood products. Those patients who failed to meet these criteria were also used to determine over-triage rates.

Results:

An overall early discharge rate of 35% was found among the study population. Furthermore, when the more stringent definition was applied, over-triage rates were as high as 85%. Positive predictive values indicated that patients who met at least one anatomic and physiologic criteria were appropriately transported by helicopter as 94% of these patients had stays longer than 24 hours. No other criteria or combination of criteria had a high predictive value for early discharge.

Conclusions:

No individual triage criteria or combination of criteria examined demonstrated the ability to uniformly predict an early discharge. Although helicopter transport and subsequent hospital care is costly and resource consuming, it appears that a significant number of patients will be discharged within 24 hours of their transport to a trauma center. Future studies must determine the impact of eliminating “low-yield” triage criteria on under-triage of scene trauma patients.