bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysing the performance of health systems in Asian countries: What Myanmar can learn from Bangladesh and Vietnam
Authors: Löfgren Curt , Win Zin Mar
Published: April 2020

Background Advancements in medicine leads, among other things, to increasing life expectancy. However, at the same time, health care costs are increasing, and this may not be sustainable in the future. Governments and health care organizations need to implement efficiency measures in order to maximize health outcomes within available resources. This study aims to compare the technical efficiency of health systems in Asian countries, and to identify “efficient peers” for each “inefficient country”: in particular, for Myanmar. Methods A DEA variable returns to scale output-oriented model was used to evaluate technical efficiency in thirteen Asian countries. The input variables were current health expenditure per capita, the density of doctors, and the density of nurses and midwifery personnel. Two output variables, health adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and the infant mortality rate were (IMR) analysed separately. Myanmar may learn how to improve efficiency of its health care system through studying its efficient peers from DEA results. A review of relevant English language literature was used as a basis for informing a comparative analysis of the health systems of Myanmar and its efficient peers, Bangladesh and Vietnam. Results Among the thirteen Asian countries studied, 38.5% and 53.8% of countries were technically efficient when HALE and IMR were used as the measured output respectively. More countries were efficient at reducing IMR than increasing HALE. Myanmar is one of the most inefficient countries, and it should look at the health systems of its efficient peers, Bangladesh and Vietnam, to make its health system technically more efficient. Conclusions The results of this study suggested that countries with inefficient health systems can improve their health outcomes without increasing their health care resources. As DEA measures efficiency only, future studies should take into account equity to assess comprehensive health system performance.
Impact of Ambient Temperature on Inflammation-induced Encephalopathy in Endotoxemic Mice—Role of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Gamma
Authors: Lang Guang-Ping , Ndongson-Dongmo Bernadin , Lajqi Trim , Brodhun Michael , Han Yingying , Wetzker Reinhard , Frasch Martin G. , Bauer Reinhard
Published: April 2020

Background: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is an early and frequent event of infection-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is linked to neuroinflammation and inflammation-related microglial activity. In homeotherms, variations in ambient temperature (Ta) outside the thermoneutral zone lead to thermoregulatory responses, mainly driven by a gradually increasing sympathetic activity, and may affect disease severity. We hypothesized that thermoregulatory response to hypothermia (reduced Ta) aggravates SAE in PI3Kγ-dependent manner.Methods: Experiments were performed in wild-type, PI3Kγ knockout, and PI3Kγ kinase-dead mice, which were kept at neutral (30±0.5°C) or moderately lowered (26±0.5°C) Ta. Mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/g, from Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5, single intraperitoneal injection) - evoked systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and monitored 24 hours for thermoregulatory response and blood–brain barrier integrity. Primary microglial cells and brain tissue derived from treated mice were analyzed for inflammatory responses and related cell functions. Comparisons between groups were made with one-way or two-way analysis of variance, as appropriate. Post hoc comparisons were made with the Holm–Sidak test or t-tests with Bonferroni’s correction for adjustments of multiple comparisons. Data not following normal distribution was tested with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test.Results: We show that a moderate reduction of ambient temperature triggers enhanced hypothermia of mice undergoing LPS-induced systemic inflammation by aggravated SAE. PI3Kγ deficiency enhances blood–brain barrier injury and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well as an impaired microglial phagocytic activity.Conclusions: Thermoregulatory adaptation in response to ambient temperatures below the thermoneutral range exacerbates LPS-induced blood–brain barrier injury and neuroinflammation. PI3Kγ serves a protective role in suppressing release of MMPs, maintaining microglial motility and reinforcing phagocytosis leading to improved brain tissue integrity. Thus, preclinical research targeting severe brain inflammation responses is seriously biased when basic physiological prerequisites of mammal species such as preferred ambient temperature are ignored.
Analyzing the Effects of Temperature and Human Movement on Malaria Disease Transmission Dynamics
Authors: Phaijoo Ganga Ram
Published: April 2020

Background: Malaria disease is transmitted by the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes. Plasmodium parasites are responsible for the disease. Due to human movement from one place to the other, vector borne diseases like malaria are spreading rapidly throughout the world. They have become major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Changing temperature levels has significant impact on the life cycle, biting behavior and death rates of the mosquitoes which can transmit the disease.Methods: A multi patch SEIRS - SEI deterministic compartmental model for malaria disease is developed to study the disease transmission dynamics. The impact of temperature and human movement in transmission dynamics is investigated. Both global and local basic reproduction numbers are computed for two patches in two patch setting.Results: Disease free equilibrium is locally stable when the basic reproduction number is less than unity and unstable when the number is greater than unity. Numerical results show that the prevalence of the disease changes with the change in human movement rates between the patches; temperature affects the transmission dynamics of malaria disease.Conclusion: The burden of malaria disease can be reduced by managing the host movement between low and high disease prevalent patches. The optimal temperature for malaria disease transmission is 25 °C.
Combination of green tea catechins, polysaccharides, and flavonols against urban fine dust particle-induced bronchial damage mediated by modulation of inflammation factors and airway cilia
Authors: Kim Juewon , Choi Hyunjung , Choi Dong-Hwa , Park Kyuhee , Kim Hyung-June , Park Miyoung
Published: April 2020

Background

Many studies have reported that environmental pollution has become a serious public health issue. Airborne fine dust particles (FDPs) have been identified as major toxins in air pollution that threaten human respiratory health. Developing strategies for defense against FDPs is one of the primary goals of air pollution research.

Results

While searching for an anti-FDP reagent, we found that green tea extract (GTE) and green tea fractions rich in flavonol glycosides (FLGs) and crude green tea polysaccharides (CTPs) had protective effects against FDP-stimulated cellular damage in the BEAS-2B airway epithelial cell line. The results demonstrated that GTE, FLGs, and CTPs significantly increased viability and lowered oxidative stress levels in FDP-treated cells. Major catechin and flavonol compounds increased cell survival, and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and myricetin exerted synergistic effects on cell survival under FDP stimulation. Combined treatment with GTE, FLGs, and CTPs also exerted synergistic protective effects on cells, and the green tea components attenuated FDP-induced elevations in inflammatory gene expression. Moreover, the green tea components increased the proportion of ciliated cells and upregulated ciliogenesis in the airway in FDP-stimulated BEAS-2B cells.

Conclusions

Our findings provide insights into how natural phytochemicals protect the airway and suggest that green tea could be used to reduce FDP-induced airway damage as an individual therapeutic agent or as an ingredient in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.
Incidence of inherited metabolic disorders in southern Israel: A comparison between consanguinity and non-consanguinity communities
Authors: Hazan Guy , Hershkovitz Eliyahu , Staretz-Chacham O
Published: April 2020

Background - Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) are group of rare monogenic diseases, usually derived from reduced or absent activity in a single metabolic pathway. Most of the IMDs are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The incidence of IMDs varies from country to country and within different ethnic groups, but data is still scarce. Consanguinity rate among populations is highly contributor factor for IMDs incidence. There are no reports comparing the incidence of IMD in consanguineous and non-consanguineous populations from the same geographic region with the same diagnostic capabilities. Our study objective is to compare the incidence of IMDs between between the relatively low consanguineous Jewish population and the consanguineous Bedouin population, both living in the southern of Israel. Results - During 1990-2017 there were 393,772 live births in the Negev district, of Southern of Israel. Among them 187,049 were of Jewish origin while 206,723 were of Bedouin-Muslim origin. A total of 223 children were diagnosed in this study period with IMDs. Among those 223 children with IMD, 33 were of Jewish origin while the other 190 children were of Bedouin-Muslim origin. The overall incidence for IMDs of the overall Negev population was 56.6/100,000 live birth. The incidence for IMD's among the Bedouin population was significantly higher than among Jewish population. Conclusions - IMDs are extremely more common in the consanguineous Bedouin compared with the relatively non-consanguineous Jewish population of Southern Israel. Health policy makers should consider these data and prepare educational and genetic counselling problems accordingly.
The Formation Principle and Characteristics of Self-supercharging Pulsed Water Jet
Authors: Ge Zhaolong , Ling Yuanfei , Tang Jiren , Lu Yiyu , Zhang Yangkai , Wang Lei , Yao Qi
Published: April 2020

High-pressure pulsed water jet technology has high development potential in the field of rock fragmentation. Technical bottlenecks such as difficulty in pressurization and inconvenient frequency adjustment for existing types of pulsed jets, a self-supercharging pulsed water jet generation method is proposed based on the theory of pulsed water jet and principle of hydraulic boosting, which changes the flow direction of fluid medium through the valve core to make the piston reciprocate in the cylinder, and relies on the effective area difference between the front and rear chambers in the stroke stage of the piston to realize the organic combination of “pulse” and “supercharging” of the jet, so as to self-supercharging pulsed water jet. Based on revealing the formation principle of self-supercharging pulsed jet, the self-supercharging pulsed jet generation system was designed, and the self-supercharging pulsed jet testing platform was built, many groups of pressure collection and jet shape observation experiments were carried out for different operating parameters. The research results show that both the jet pressure and the jet shape show periodic change, and higher pulse pressure can be obtained at lower inlet pressure. The error of the pressure ratio calculated according to the experimental results is less than 3% compared with the theoretical design value, thus verifying the feasibility of the method . Pulse pressure and pulse frequency are controllable, that is, as the inlet flow rate increases in the stroke phase of the piston, the pulse pressure and pulse frequency increase, and the pulse duration decreases, as the inlet flow rate increase in the backward stroke phase of the piston, the pulse frequency increases, and the pulse pressure and pulse duration remain unchanged. The research results lay the foundation for enriching the theory of pulsed jet generation and expanding its application range.
Accurate Bone Tunnel Location Based on Three-Dimensional Printing Navigation Module Technology in Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction: Virtual Model vs. Real Model
Authors: Zhang Lei , Feng Qi , Xiong Lu-jing , He Si-yuan , Yi Gang , Guo Xiao-guang , Zhou Xin
Published: April 2020

Background: Finding ideal bone tunnel location is key to reconstruction of the coracoclavicular (CC) ligament, which has become a fundamental surgical method for acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation. The study aims to explore virtual model vs. real model of accurate bone tunnel location in coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstruction based on 3-dimensional (3D) navigation module printing technology.Methods: Eighty human shoulders including clavicle and scapula were scanned by dual-source computed tomography (CT). CT scans of shoulder joints including clavicle and scapula were imported, the acromioclavicular joints were repositioned to form a whole model, and find the best bone tunnel through digital optimization design by Mimics 19.0 software. In Geomagic Studio software, forming the clavicle navigation module, which was generated for 3D printing. Then 10 parameters of a real bone tunnel and virtual bone tunnel can be measured and compared.Results: Eighty human shoulders including clavicle and scapula were designed and printed successfully. Then 10 parameters of the real and virtual bone tunnels were recorded and compared. No difference was significantly found between the real and virtual bone tunnels in 10 measurements (p>0.05).Conclusions: The accuracy of bone tunnel location for CC reconstruction in adult shoulders based on 3D printing navigation module technology is reliable.
Epigenetic control of INSL4 promotes cell growth and invasiveness in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Scopetti Damiano , Piobbico Danilo , Brunacci Cinzia , Pieroni Stefania , Bellezza Guido , Castelli Marilena , Ludovini Vienna , Tofanetti Francesca Romana , Sidoni Angelo , Puxeddu Efisio , Della-Fazia Maria Agnese , Servillo Giuseppe
Published: April 2020

Background Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer accounts for 80–85% of all forms of Lung Cancer as leading cause of cancer-related death in human. Despite remarkable advances in the diagnosis and therapy of Lung Cancer, no significant improvements have thus far been achieved in terms of patients’ prognosis. Here, we investigated the role of INSL4 – a member of the relaxin family –in NSCLC.Methods We permanently overexpressed INSL4 in NSCLC cells in vitro to analyse the growth rate and the tumourigenic features. We further investigated the signalling pathways engaged in INSL4 overexpressing cells and the tumour growth ability by studying the tumour development in a patient derived tumour xenograft mouse model. Results We found a cell growth promoting effect by INSL4 overexpression in vitro in H1299 cells and in vivo in NOD/SCID mice. Surprisingly, in NSCLC-A549 cells, stable INSL4 overexpression has not showed similar effect, despite has an INSL4-mRNA expressed up to 22.000 fold more respect H1299. The INSL4-mRNA analysis of eight different NSCLC-derived cell lines, has revealed a great discrepancy between the amount of INSL4-mRNA and specific protein. Notably, similar result has been observed in studied NSCLC patients analysing and comparing INSL4 mRNA and protein expression. However, in a cohort of NSCLC patients, we found a significant inverse correlation between INSL4 expression and Overall Survival.Conclusions By combining the results from the in vitro and in vivo models and in silico analysis in patients whose NSCLCs adenocarcinoma spontaneously expressed high levels of INSL4 our results suggest that epigenetic modifications that affect INSL4 does not allow to assess precision therapy in selected patients without consider protein INSL4 amount.
RNF43 and PWWP2B inhibit cancer cell proliferation and are a treatment biomarker of gastric cancer patients and their response to FDA-approved drugs
Authors: Sohn Sung-Hwa , Sul Hee Jung , Kim Bohyun , Kim Hyeong Su , Lim Hyun , Kang Ho Suk , Soh Jae Seung , Kim Kab Choong , Cho Ji Woong , Seo Jinwon , Koh Youngho , Zang Dae Young
Published: April 2020

Background: Abnormal regulation of genes was closely related to gastric cancer. The characterization of gastric cancer has necessitated the development of new therapeutics as well as the identification of prognostic markers to predict the response to novel drugs. Methods: In our study, we have performed RNA sequencing analysis on gastric cancer tissues that decreased levels of RNF43 and PWWP2B were significantly associated with recurrence. RNF43 inhibit gastric cancer-related Wnt/β-catenin signaling by interacting with Wnt receptors. PWWP2B is unknown gene which is downregulated in gastric cancer. Therefore, we investigated the screening of 1,449 FDA-approved drugs in male-derived human cell lines such as HAP1, HAP1 RNF43 KO, and HAP1 PWWP2B KO and female-derived human cell line such as SNU620 cells. Results: We demonstrated that RNF43 KO and PWWP2B KO cells showed significantly increased proliferation and migration abilities. Next, we investigated the inhibitory effects of 1,449 drugs in HAP1, HAP1 RNF43 KO, HAP1 PWWP2B KO, and SNU620 cells. After the first round of screening, candidate drugs were selected based on an inhibition rate of > 60% loss of viability compared to wild type cells. Among these FDA-approved drugs, nine drugs (aprepitant, docetaxel trihydrate, ethinyl estradiol, griseofulvin, INC280, pelitinib, pimobendan, tepotinib, and uprosertib) showed strong inhibitory effects in RNF43 KO cells and PWWP2B KO cells. Migration and apoptosis analyses demonstrated that docetaxel trihydrate and pelitinib showed the best inhibition and apoptotic rates, with the smallest half maximal inhibitory concentrations among the screened candidate drugs. In a murine xenograft model, tumor volumes were significantly reduced in the docetaxel trihydrate, uprosertib or pelitinib-treated group, when administered by oral gavage.Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that RNF43 and PWWP2B are a biomarker that predict recurrence of gastric cancer. Our findings suggest that pelitinib could be used as novel therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer with an aberrant decrease in RNF43 and PWWP2B expression.
Using equity lens to explore Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Nigeria: A Qualitative study
Authors: Mahmud Fatima Muhammad , Nedjat Saharnaz , Sajadi Haniye Sadat , Parsaeian Mahbubeh , Majdzadeh Reza
Published: April 2020

Background : Sulphadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) used as a preventive treatment for malaria is low among pregnant women in Nigeria. However, there is limited evidence on the barriers and facilitators of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) use in pregnant women. Thus, this study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators of IPTp use among pregnant women in Kano state, Nigeria.Methods: This qualitative study used a conventional content analysis method. Purposeful sampling strategy was used to select study participants. A total of 14 key informant interviews were conducted with policy makers, malaria experts and health care providers. Three focus group discussions (FGD) were also conducted among pregnant women. Furthermore, separate three FGDs were conducted among husbands whom were selected using opportunistic maximum variation sampling method. The data were analyzed with MaxqDA 10 software which was used to develop the categories, subcategories and themes.Results: A total of five main categories, 13 subcategories, and 17 themes were identified. Malaria policy implementation, antenatal care attendance, accessibility of intermittent preventive treatment in the communities, strengthening IPTp service delivery were the main facilitators of IPTp use. However, political reluctance, high population density, inadequate budget to implement IPTp related policies were the main barriers of IPTp use.Conclusion: This study revealed key barriers and facilitators of the use of Intermittent preventive treatment using Sulphadoxine pyrimethamine. Our study findings suggest that any strategy for improving the of IPTp use among pregnant women should focus on political reluctance, inadequate budget and strengthen the service delivery
The c-KIT Exon 11 Deletions Cause Resistant to Imatinib Treatment of GISTs through Induction of ULK1-SRC related Autophagy
Authors: Wang Hao-Chen , Chen Yu-Tang , Hou Ya-Chin , Wang Chih-Jung , Chao Ying-Jui , Lee Yueh-Tsung , Shan Yan-Shen
Published: April 2020

Background: Exon 11 deletion of c-KIT is the common mutation site with the worst prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Autophagy has shown to have both protumor and antitumor functions and protect GIST cells from imatinib (IM)-induced apoptosis. In this study, we aimed to explore whether c-KIT exon 11 deletions of GISTs drive refractory to IM treatment through regulation of autophagy.Methods: 251 GISTs were included in this study to determine the association of c-KIT exon 11 deletions with prognosis and IM resistance. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blotting were used to assess the correlation between c-KIT exon 11 deletions and autophagy and the underlying mechanism. We also studied the antitumor effect of IM in combination with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) in GIST62 cell derived xenograft mice model.Results: GISTs with c-KIT exon 11 deletions had worse survival and IM-resistant phenotype and exhibited higher autophagy levels as compared with GISTs harboring wild type or other c-KIT mutations. In addition, LC3-II expression strongly increased in GIST cell lines carrying c-KIT exon 11 deletions. Treated with autophagy inhibitors or knockdown of the autophagy-related gene ATG5 effectively inhibit GIST cells viability. Co-treatment with IM and CQ significantly suppressed tumor growth as compared with either agent alone, suggesting that autophagy protect GIST cells from IM-induced cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, c-KIT exon 11 deletions can induce autophagy by activating SRC and ULK1. SRC inhibitor can block this action.Conclusion: Our study clearly demonstrates that KIT exon 11 deletions induce ULK1-SRC related autophagy is one of reasons for imatinib resistance clinically. Combination with autophagy inhibitor shows significant promise in treatment for imatinib refractory GISTs.
Treatment for breast cancer patients during the special period of novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak
Authors: Zhou Wenbin , Wang Shui , Pan Hong , Xie Hui , Zhang Jiaxin , Zhen Linlin , Zhang Chunhui , Fang Qi , Cao Susheng , Liu Xiao , Fu Deyuan , Guan Xiaoqing , Jiang Guoqin , Xu Lingyun , Shen Enchao , Geng Qiang , Xiao Xiudi , Gu Jun , Yi Tongbo , Liu Xiaoan
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia occurred worldwide. 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can be transmitted from human to human, cause hospital infection, and seriously threatens surgical staffs and inpatients. The treatment of patients with breast cancer may be affected in this special period. Methods: From 24th January to 8th March 2020, patients diagnosed with breast cancer were enrolled from 16 hospitals in Jiangsu Province, and patients, who were candidates for surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, were also enrolled. Patients from 24th January to 8th March 2019 were included as control with the same criteria. Results: In 2019, 520 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer in these 16 hospital; however, only 229 patients (decreased by 56%) were diagnosed with breast cancer in the same period of 2020. The clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups, and core biopsy was performed to more patients in 2020 than that in 2019 (4.1 days ±3.2 vs 3.2 days ±2.6, P < 0.001), and more patients underwent mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection in 2020. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the mean interval between last time of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery in 2020 was significantly longer than that in 2019 (29.2 days ±11.1 vs 17.7 days ±8.2, P < 0.001). After examinations to rule out COVID-19, no COVID-19 was found in any patient. Conclusions: In the special period of novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak, the treatment of patients with breast cancer was delayed, but the treatment was safe after strict exclusions of COVID-19.
FTIR spectroscopy for quality evaluation of sports supplements on the Polish market
Authors: Wójcicki Krzysztof
Published: April 2020

Introduction. Our study aimed to apply medium infrared (MIR/FTIR) spectroscopy to evaluate the quality of various sports supplements available in the Polish shops and gyms. Study objects and methods. The study objects included forty-eight sports supplements: whey (15 samples), branched-chain amino acids (12 samples), creatine (3 samples), mass gainers (6 samples), and pre-workouts (12 samples). First, we determined the protein quantity in individual whey supplements by the Kjeldahl method and then correlated the results with the measured FTIR spectra by chemometric methods. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish the samples based on the measured spectra. The samples were grouped according to their chemical composition. Further, we correlated the spectra with the protein contents using the partial least squares (PLS) regression method and mathematic transformations of the FTIR spectral data. Results and discussion. The analysis of the regression models confirmed that we could use FTIR spectra to estimate the content of proteins in protein supplements. The best result was obtained in a spectrum region between 1160 and 2205 cm–1 and after the standard normal variate normalization. R2 for the calibration and validation models reached 0.85 and 0.76, respectively, meaning that the models had a good capability to predict protein content in whey supplements. The RMSE for the calibration and validation models was low (2.7% and 3.7%, respectively). Conclusion. Finally, we proved that the FTIR spectra applied together with the chemometric analysis could be used to quickly evaluate the studied products.
Mastering Entertainment. Travelling Showpeople in Upper Austria from the Nineteenth Century to the Present
Authors: Barnaš Veronika
Published: April 2020

The article provides insight into the as yet not consistently documented history of travelling showpeople (owners of funfair rides which are operated by them at temporary fairs) in Upper Austria from the end of the nineteenth century to the present. Its focus is on three aspects: (1) the interrelation between technological developments and the popular entertainment medium that is the fairground, which is reflected in its technical equipment and aesthetic manifestations, and (2) the economic conditions to which travelling showpeople are subject. It is also going to discuss the question of how travelling, the movement that determines this profession, shapes the biographies and life concepts of travelling showpeople. (3) a reflection on the transformation of their trade taking one of their ancestors, Johannes Meyerott (1840–1909), as a point of reference.
Consumer Preference of Products for the Prevention and Treatment of Stretch Marks: Systematic Product Search
Authors: Zhu Pengyi , Fung Andrew , Woo Benjamin K P
Published: April 2020

Background

Striae distensae, or stretch marks, are a common and distressing condition affecting females two-and-a-half times more frequently than males. Despite the numerous products available for stretch mark prevention and treatment, there have been few studies that consider consumer product preference.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine which products were preferred by consumers for the prevention and treatment of stretch marks based on product vehicle and product ingredients.

Methods

In January 2020, a search was conducted on internet retailer Amazon for products related to stretch marks. The top products were identified as those with 100 reviews or greater and a rating of 4 or higher. The products were classified as either stretch mark–specific or non stretch mark–specific. Price, rating, type of vehicle, and specific ingredients of both product groups were compared. Vehicle-type and ingredients in both product groups were compared with two-tailed two-sample proportion tests to determine if certain vehicles or ingredients were more likely to be found in stretch mark–specific products. P<.05 indicated statistical significance.

Results

Out of over 10,000 products, 184 were selected as the top products according to the review and rating criteria of which 117 (63.6%) were stretch mark–specific and 67 (36.4%) were non stretch mark–specific. Oil was the most common vehicle (131/184, 71.2%) while vitamin E was the most common ingredient (58/184, 31.5%). Oil, as a vehicle, was more likely to be found in stretch mark–specific products than in non stretch mark–specific products (P=.001). Olive oil (P=.02) and cocoa butter (P=.08), Centella asiatica (P=.01), and shea butter (P=.003) were the ingredients more likely to be found in stretch mark–specific products than in non stretch mark–specific products.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that there are many products available for the prevention and treatment of stretch marks and identified specific ingredients in the products preferred by customers. There are few studies investigating the effectiveness of the major ingredients in the stretch mark products that are preferred by consumers. Future studies can focus on the effectiveness of the ingredients found in the products that are preferred by consumers.
Strategic Program Development Practices to Enhance Grassroots 55-65+ Small-sided Football in Diverse International Contexts: The Art, Science and Politics of Implementation
Authors: Hubball Harry T. , Garcia Jorge Diaz-Cidoncha
Published: April 2020

A significant growth in grassroots 55-65+ seniors’ small-sided football (e.g., 3v3, 4v4, 5v5, 6v6/futsal and walking football) programs has emerged in diverse settings on a global scale. Given the ad hoc nature of many program offerings to meet the unique needs and circumstances of older players, very little research has examined strategic program development practices to enhance and sustain participation in seniors’ small-sided football. Strategic program development is a complex and multifaceted process that provides a critical foundation for both quality assurance and quality enhancement. Case study research using multiple-case design suggests that no one size fits all, and that strategic program development draws upon a wide range of iterative and responsive program context, program planning, program leadership/coaching, and program impact assessment strategies to enhance and sustain player participation. This paper provides a conceptual framework and practical examples for strategic program development practices in diverse grassroots 55-65+ small-sided football contexts.
REQUIRED SAMPLE SIZE FOR CORRELATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Grjibovski A. M. , Gorbatova M. A. , Narkevich A. N. , Vinogradov K. A.
Published: April 2020

Sample size calculation prior to data collection is still relatively rare in Russian research practice. This situation threatens validity of the conclusion of many projects due to insufficient statistical power to estimate the parameters of interest with desired precision or to detect the differences of interest. Moreover, in a substantial proportion of cases where sample size calculations are performed simplified formulas with assumption of a normal distribution of the studied variables are used in spite of the fact that this assumption does not hold for many research questions in biomedical research. Correlation analysis is still one of the most commonly used methods of statistical analysis used in Russia. Pearson’s correlation coefficient despite its well-known limitations appears in a greater proportion of publications that non-parametric coefficients. We calculated minimal sample sizes for the parametric Pearson’s coefficient as well its non-parametric alternatives — Spearman’s rho and Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficients to assist junior researchers with the tool to be able to plan data collection and analysis for several types of data, various expected strengths of associations and research questions. The results are presented in ready-for-use tables with required sample size for the three abovementioned coefficients within the range from 0,10 through 0,90 by 0,05 for statistical power 0,8 and 0,9 and alpha-error or 5% as well as for estimation of the same correlation coefficients with the 95% confidence intervals width equal to 0,1 and 0,2.
FUNCTIONAL STATE OF OMON FIGHTERS BEFORE AND AFTER TRIP
Authors: Solonin I. G. , Varlamova N. G. , Vakhnina N. A. , Loginova T. P. , Liudinina A. Yu. , Markov A. L. , Potolitsyna N. N. , Bojko E. R.
Published: April 2020

Introduction. The study of the physiological status of representatives of power structures at different stages of service is very relevant.

Purpose: a comprehensive assessment of the functional state of the body of OMON fighters before and after a 4-month business trip on perform a special task associated with health and life risks. Materials and methods. 34 OMON fighters of the Komi Republic were examined before the trip and after a 4-month trip to the North Caucasus, where they constantly experienced stress. To assess the functional state of the body, a complex of anthropometric, physiometric, psychophysiological, physiological and biochemical studies was used.

Results and its discussion. Before the trip, the fighters showed an increase in the time of the visuomotor reaction, the index of functional changes, the myocardium index, the centralization index, the activity index of regulatory systems, blood pressure indicators and other changes that indicate the activation of free radical oxidation processes, and the appearance in individuals of prenosological and even premorbid conditions. In most of the examined patients, a shift in the autonomic balance was found towards strengthening the sympathetic link in the regulation of heart rhythm. Hypovitaminosis was found in many fighters. After a trip, the functional state deteriorated in most indicators (increased blood pressure, personal anxiety, cholesterol, etc., decreased life index and hemoglobin content, etc.) and the number of people with depleted regulatory systems almost doubled.

Conclusion. In general, the body of OMON fighters experiences increased functional stress with signs of obvious stress both before a trip to an area dangerous for health and life, and in the first days after returning to places of permanent residence in the North. In this regard, they need additional health and rehabilitation measures related to optimization of the regime of work and rest, activation of physical education, rationalization of nutrition and strengthening the work on the psychological impact.
SEASICKNESS - CURRENT STATE OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT ISSUE
Authors: Drachev I. S. , Legeza V. I. , Seleznev A. B.
Published: April 2020

The paper describes the current state of development of seasickness as one of movement disease variants. The given type of pathology occurs when combining different types of ship’s motion (rolling and pitching). Circular, vertical and slow movements induce more pronounced and frequent signs of seasickness than linear, horizontal and quick ones. In the view of majority of researchers, the most likely is an intersensory conflict theory i.e. violation of coherent functioning of afferent body systems performing spatial orientation, statokinetic equilibrium and keeping balance. The leading role is played by the functional dysfunction of the vestibular analyzer. The classification of means of preventing and stopping of motion sickness is given, the mechanisms of their action, specific activity and side effects are described. It has been shown that currently the most effective drugs are M-cholinergic antagonists (scopolamine hydrobromide) and H1-histamine antagonists of the 1st generation (dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, cyclizine, meclizine, promethazine, etc.). Of the antipsychotics and blockers of D2receptors, prochlorperazine and metoclopramide are recommended. It is also worth to use prokinetics (domperidone, cisapride, renzapride, etc.), tranquilizers (barbiturates, benzodiazepines), sleeping pills and local anesthetics. Particular attention is paid to combination drugs, consisting of antiemetic and psychostimulating drugs, designed to maintain working capacity under the influence of seasickness factors on the body. Non-pharmacological means of preventing seasickness and alleviating its symptoms are described. The main directions of improving the system of measures aimed at maintaining efficiency in the presence of symptoms of seasickness are determined.
Community Participation of Yogyakarta as Climate Resilience City (CRC)
Authors: Triyana Heribertus Jaka , Itasari Endah Rantau
Published: April 2020

Community has played central roles for initiatives of the Local Resilience Action Plan (LRAP) toward Yogyakarta as Resilience Climate City (CRC) since 2012. This paper aims to ﬁnd out relevance of community participation using the Catholic Church and Islamic Youth organizations participation as the model for dissemination and education on CRC as part of global agenda for achievement of the sustainable development goals. This paper is a empirical legal research conducted through an extensive and in-depth analysis of relevance legal data, i.e. primary and secondary data. At the end, they were completed through in depth analysis of legal logic to sustain their correlation and attribution to the said indicators of availibility, accessibility, adaptability and acceptability based on localities’ contexts and perspectives in Yogyakarta city. This paper reveals two conclusions. First, Catholic Churches and Islamic Youth Organizations in Yogyakarta city have played role to educate and to disseminate CRC through its internal Church guidance of the arch Bishop of Semarang manifestation 2035 and intended speech from Islamic leaders. Secondly, internal driven motivation is one of fundamental Christian values has been effective to continuously manage house hold wastes, increase green Catholic life style, and to map potential climate vulnerabilities.
Indonesian Monetary Regulation Regarding Chinese Electronic Payment in Indonesia
Authors: Mulyawan Claudia , Latifah Emmy
Published: April 2020

This article aims to analyze and ﬁnd the answer on how the regulation for transaction activities deals with electronic money by Chinese tourists in Indonesia, especially in Bali, as well as to analyze the effect on using WeChat Pay and Alipay payment in tourism sector. This legal research is using normative research method. It is concluded that Chinese electronic payment platform WeChat Pay and Alipay by Chinese tourists for doing payment transactions in Bali has not been explicitly regulated in Indonesia because those providers have not fulﬁlled any requirements and standards from Indonesian Central Bank (Bank Indonesia) and have not obtained any Indonesian legal status as a private company. Transactions using Chinese electronic also have impact for the country’s foreign exchange reserves. Foreign exchange reserves is one of the important aspect in deciding the value of state budget (APBN) that is also inﬂuenced by foreign exchange reserves from tourism sector.
The Exchange Rate Risk and Financial Sector Performance: Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Funso KOLAPO T. , Lawal Naheem Abiola
Published: April 2020

This article looked at the connection between exchange rate risk and financial sector performance in Nigeria using time series data from 2008Q1 to 20017Q4. The study employed Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH), and Granger Causality tests as estimation techniques. Financial intermediation index was used as the dependent variable while risk from exchange rate, risk from consumer price index and risk from interest rate were used as the independent variables. The findings from the study showed that exchange rate risk (EXR) coefficient value was -0.276230 with p-value of 0.0000, implying that EXR was negative and significant to influence FII. The risk from financial intermediation index reveals a coefficient value of -5.213590 and the p-value of 0.000 implying that when financial intermediation index increases, volatility or risk reduces which means that financial intermediation index was not a risky variable which was significant during the study period. However, the study concluded that the shock from exchange rate moves at a negative and significant direction to financial intermediation index of the economy. It is also concluded that exchange rate and financial intermediation index does not have uni or bi-directional relationships between each other. It is recommended that the Government and the Apex Bank of Nigeria are encouraged to increase the stabilization measurement for exchange rate to cushion its risk and by so doing; this could improve financial sector performance.
Utilization of CFD for the Aerodynamic Analysis of a Subsonic Rocket
Authors: AYTAÇ Zeynep , AKTAŞ Fatih
Published: April 2020

Nowadays, every single country aims to have a domestic and national defense industry. In accordance with this purpose, the design of missile structures has become more important than ever. In this study, the design and analyses of a subsonic rocket was carried out with the utilization of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools. Also, the effects of several critical parameters; i.e. Mach number, turbulence intensity, turbulence model, on the rocket performance were investigated. It was found out that a variation in Mach number has a substantial effect on the drag coefficient; i.e. an increment in Mach number at approximately 30% results in an increment of drag coefficient nearly 68%. Contrarily, changing the turbulence intensity does not make any significant difference on drag coefficient. Although the appropriate turbulence intensity should be used for every unique problem, in this case, this parameter is not a critical variable to ponder upon. Finally, the implementation of the appropriate turbulence model is critical in the design process as expected. Utilization of k-ω and k-ω SST models differs approximately 12% in terms of drag coefficient; the drag coefficient obtained from k-ω is higher than that of obtained from k-ω SST.
Physical development of primary school-age orphan boys with mental retardation
Authors: Ovcharenko Elizaveta S. , Fefelova Vera V. , Kasparov Edward V. , Koloskova Tatyana P. , Smirnova Olga V. , Ignatova Irina A.
Published: April 2020

Mental retardation is considered one of the most common pathologies of children's mental development. Parameters of physical development are actively used as informative markers of health status, social and hygienic well-being both in norm and in various pathologies. At the same time, not enough attention is given to orphans with intellectual disabilities in this context.
Aim. To study the parameters of physical development in primary school-age boys with mental retardation brought up in a specialized orphanage.
Materials and Methods. 34 Boys (7-11 years old) were examined. Of these, 20 children with a diagnosis of moderate mental retardation (F71) were brought up in a specialized children's home for mentally retarded children (without parental care). The control group included 14 intellectually healthy boys of the same age who were brought up in an orphanage of a physiological type. Anthropometric parameters (body length, body weight, chest and head circumference, cross-section diameter of the chest), sthenia index, level of physical development, and Quetelet II index were studied.
Results. The data obtained indicate a sharp decrease in parameters that characterize physical development of orphan boys with mental retardation in comparison with intellectually healthy orphan boys. Since children were in the same social and hygienic conditions, the identified features may be due to the combined influence of the presence of deviations in the intellectual deve-lopment of children and upbringing in a residential home.
Conclusion. The results obtained determine the need for closer medical and hygienic support for orphans with mental retardation.
Pengaruh Regulasi Emosi Single Mother terhadap Penerimaan Diri pada Anak Se-Kecamatan Rumbai Kota Pekanbaru
Authors: Yanti Rany Handri , Novianti Ria , Puspitasari Enda
Published: April 2020

Abstract:. This research aims to determine the level of influence of the emotional regulation of single mother to the acceptance of children in the sub-district Rumbai Pekanbaru City. The samples in this study were the son and single mother of the sub-district Rumbai Pekanbaru which amounted to 22 children and mothers. The method used is the correlation of Chi Square to see the influence between the regulatory variables of single mother's emotions towards child acceptance. The data collection techniques used are questionnaires in the form of Likert scales. Data analysis techniques using scale trials and statistical method analysis. Visible from the overall amount of the emotional Regulation indicator single mother can be concluded that the emotional regulation is in good category with a percentage of 71.83%, while on the child's self-acceptance indicators are in a very good category with Percentage of 81.31%. From the results of the test, the results of Chi Square were obtained a probability figure of 0.044 which is 0.044 < 0.05, then Ho rejected and Ha accepted. This means that there is a significant influence between single mother's emotional regulation of child acceptance. Keywords: Single mother, Emotional Regulation, Child, Self-Acceptance Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengaruh regulasi emosi single mother terhadap penerimaan diri pada anak se-Kecamatan Rumbai kota Pekanbaru. Adapun sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah anak dan ibu tunggal se-kecamatan Rumbai kota Pekanbaru yang berjumlah 22 anak dan ibu. Metode yang digunakan yaitu korelasi Chi Square untuk melihat pengaruh antara variabel regulasi emosi single mother terhadap penerimaan diri anak. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu kuesioner dalam bentuk skala Likert. Teknik analisa data menggunakan uji coba skala dan analisa metode statistik. Terlihat dari jumlah keseluruhan indikator regulasi emosi single mother dapat disimpulkan bahwa regulasi emosi berada dalam kategori baik dengan persentase 71,83 %, sedangkan pada indikator penerimaan diri anak berada dalam kategori sangat baik dengan persentase 81,31 %. Dari hasil uji Chi Square diketahuui hasil analisis diperoleh angka probabilitas sebesar 0,044 dimana 0,044 < 0,05, maka Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara regulasi emosi single mother terhadap penerimaan diri anak. Kata Kunci: Single Mother, Regulasi Emosi, Anak, Penerimaan Diri
La reescritura del pasado violento y la ficcionalización del presente conflictivo: las narrativas de Edurne Portela e Iban Zaldua
Authors: Sudupe Mikel Ayerbe
Published: April 2020

El análisis de la novela Mejor la ausencia de Edurne Portela y los relatos de Iban Zaldua publicados después del alto al fuego definitivo de ETA remarcan la necesidad de seguir ahondando literariamente en torno a las cuestiones relacionadas con el conflicto vasco, aun cuando el conflicto ha entrado en otro ciclo. Portela opta por ofrecer una revisión del pasado violento mediante una crónica familiar y la reescritura de la misma, mientras que en el caso de Zaldua, los relatos más recientes se sitúan temporal y temáticamente en la denominada era post-ETA.