bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combination of FEM simulations and shearography for defect detection on artwork
Authors: Buchta D. , Heinemann C. , Pedrini G. , Krekel C. , Osten W.
Published: January 2018

Digital shearography is an interferometric technique, which is often used for defect detection on composite structures. The measurement is fast and non‐destructive and thus suitable for the application to cultural heritage. However, a major drawback of the technique is the indirect measurement, because surface strain is used to detect subsurface defects. So the determination of depth, size, and type of the defects is rather difficult. To overcome this issue, we use a combination of finite element method simulation and shearographic measurement. Due to the comparison of both data sets, the inverse problem can be solved in a more reliable way. In this paper, we investigate the application of finite element method simulation for an improved defect detection on anisotropic material. We validate the technique on a wooden sample with notches on the backside.
Combined morphological and thermal analysis of lava flows: A way to boost understanding of emplacement dynamics
Authors: Tarquini Simone , Coppola Diego
Published: January 2018

During emplacement, lavas modify the pre‐existing topography and release a large amount of heat. In spite of the relevance of both heat and mass release, combined morphological and thermal analyses have been seldom carried out at a flow‐field scale. Here, we consider a channelised lava flow unit formed at Mt Etna during the 2001 flank eruption, and we show that, by combining a morphological analysis of the pre‐ and post‐emplacement topography with the analysis of the syn‐eruptive thermal signature, critical insights about the processes driving mass and heat dissipation can be derived. Our results suggest that, in the considered lava flow, the pre‐emplacement slope controls heat dissipation and can influence the thickness of the final lava deposit, with possible implications for hazard assessment. The width of the lava channel, instead, appears less sensitive to the pre‐emplacement slope, and tends to regularly increase with increasing distance from the vent.
An efficient analytical method for computing the Boltzmann entropy of a landscape gradient
Authors: Gao Peichao , Zhang Hong , Li Zhilin
Published: January 2018

Entropy is a central concept in thermodynamics and plays a fundamental role in understanding nature. It is commonly computed using Shannon's equation, and has been widely used to characterize disorder and to bridge the gap between disorder and thermodynamic interpretations. However, the thermodynamic basis of Shannon entropy is questioned by researchers, and it is suggested to use Boltzmann entropy as an alternative. Very recently, the first and only computation method has been proposed for the Boltzmann entropy of a landscape gradient, but the method is not efficient as it involves a series of numerical processes, which are computation‐intensive and time‐consuming. To improve it, a novel method is proposed in this study by developing an analytical solution to the key mathematical problem of the original method and incorporating a parallelization strategy. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is both effective and efficient. Developed based on the proposed method, a software tool (as well as its source code) is released for free use. The proposed method and the developed tool shall contribute to an easy computation of the Boltzmann entropies of not only landscape gradients, but also remote sensing images and other quantitative raster data.
Crowdsourcing the character of a place: Character‐level convolutional networks for multilingual geographic text classification
Authors: Adams Benjamin , McKenzie Grant
Published: January 2018

This article presents a new character‐level convolutional neural network model that can classify multilingual text written using any character set that can be encoded with UTF‐8, a standard and widely used 8‐bit character encoding. For geographic classification of text, we demonstrate that this approach is competitive with state‐of‐the‐art word‐based text classification methods. The model was tested on four crowdsourced data sets made up of Wikipedia articles, online travel blogs, Geonames toponyms, and Twitter posts. Unlike word‐based methods, which require data cleaning and pre‐processing, the proposed model works for any language without modification and with classification accuracy comparable to existing methods. Using a synthetic data set with introduced character‐level errors, we show it is more robust to noise than word‐level classification algorithms. The results indicate that UTF‐8 character‐level convolutional neural networks are a promising technique for georeferencing noisy text, such as found in colloquial social media posts and texts scanned with optical character recognition. However, word‐based methods currently require less computation time to train, so currently are preferable for classifying well‐formatted and cleaned texts in single languages.
Vaginal mesh in prolapse surgery
Authors: Campbell Patrick , Jha Swati , Cutner Alfred
Published: January 2018

Key content

Mesh used in gynaecology can be permanent or absorbable.

According to the Amid classification, there are four types of permanent synthetic mesh. In gynaecology, type 1 monofilament polypropylene mesh is used.

Autologous, cadaveric (allograft) or porcine/bovine (xenograft) meshes are more correctly termed ‘grafts’. All are prepared so they are acellular, and free of antigens and viruses.

Mesh usage has seen a rise and subsequent decline.

When using mesh in practice, it is imperative to adhere to criteria recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

Learning objectives

To gain an overview of the types of mesh used in gynaecological surgery and their characteristics.

To understand the origins of the use of meshes in practice, and their advantages and disadvantages.

To understand the criteria that must be fulfilled before using mesh to avoid litigation.

Ethical issues

Informed consent through shared decision making is perhaps the most important ethical issue associated with the use of vaginal mesh in prolapse surgery.

The characteristics of some patients might preclude them from accessing the best surgical approach for their problems, even if it involves the use of mesh.

The use of mesh is associated with greater litigation than native tissue repair.
Utility of zinc protoporphyrin in management of whole blood donors
Authors: Schotten Nienke , Zalpuri Saurabh , Pasker‐de Jong Pieternel C.M. , Swinkels Dorine W. , van den Hurk Katja , de Kort Wim L.A.M. , van Kraaij Marian G.J. , van Noord Paulus A.H.
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

Deferral for low hemoglobin (Hb) increases the likelihood that donors do not return for future donations. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) has been described as a sensitive marker of iron‐deficient erythropoiesis, before Hb decreases. It is a relatively cheap, rapid, and easy‐to‐perform measurement in a drop of whole blood. To assess the utility of ZPP measurement in donor management we examined whether ZPP and Hb levels among first‐time donors differ from repeat donors. We further explored whether ZPP increases over subsequent donations at a donor population level and whether increasing ZPP levels coincide with decreasing Hb levels and donor deferral.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We included first‐time (n = 4983) and repeat (n = 3533) whole blood donors from the ZPP and Iron in the Netherlands Cohort (ZINC) study. ZPP and Hb were measured at each subsequent donation during a 4‐year period after inclusion in the study.

RESULTS

Median ZPP levels were higher in repeat than in first‐time donors. In first‐time donors, especially women, ZPP levels were increased with a corresponding decline in Hb levels over subsequent donations. ZPP levels were increased among first‐time donors deferred for low Hb.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that adding ZPP to Hb measurements in the daily blood collection setting, especially for first‐time donors and first‐time female donors may add to the identification of a donor subpopulation with low functional iron stores.
From Mythologıcal Ages to Contemporary Ages: Child Education
Authors: Yakar Halide Gamze İnce
Published: January 2018

Seeking the solution to the problems of contemporary man and approaching the social events through mythology is the other way to use the healing power of literature education. Having served as a guide for people in the past, mythology is the mirror of the past, which indicates the reasons and possible results of the events that have experienced today. The communities, which internalize the information well through myths, can direct their future, as well. In this study, we aim to examine the child education and the social problems that arise as a result of this education through the protagonist of Duca Kocaoğlu Deli Dumrul story, his relation with his parents and his life told in one of the twelve texts in the Book of Dede Korkut, which is an epic of Oghuz Turks. To this end, Suphi Altındöken, which had sparked a debate by killing Özgecen Aslan, a university student in Mersin in 2015, and Deli Dumrul, who shows relatively different characteristics from the other protagonists in the Book of Dede Korkut will be compared by their education that they receive from their parents and the environment that they grew up. In this comparison, we have used two tragedia; of Alcestis and of Antigone by Euripides and Sophocles, two playwrights from 5th and 4th centuries B.C. respectively, and used the story of Dumrul and Azrael, published by Murathan Mungan in 2000. In the context of a mythological story from the 12th century and an event from the 21st century, the main elements of child education, especially the parents' attitude, will be included.
The Effect of 12-Week Passive Aquatic Bodywork on Sympathovagal Balance of Obese Youth
Authors: Tufekcioglu Ertan , Erzeybek Mustafa Sait , Kaya Fatih , Ozan Goksel
Published: January 2018

Background:  Obesity has been identified as a global epidemic that is associated with numerous comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancer, cardiovascular disease. We have investigated the effects of Watsu® therapy and Immersion on HRV parameters of obese male subjects. Methods and Results: Volunteer 34 obese subjects with BMI above 30 without any other chronic health issues were included (age, 18.30±.31, height, 166.02±29.60, BMI, 36.54±5.96). Randomized controlled trial was conducted with Watsu and Immersion protocols whereas control group received no therapy in water or on land for 12 weeks. A baseline HRV was recorded 5 minutes in four different circumstances. Polar H7 heart rate sensor and digital standardized HRV signal processing software were used to record the R-R intervals in millisecond. The repeated measures were used to compare the conditions between the therapies. The HRV analyses were performed using three-way Mixed ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were done with a Bonferroni adjustment of the alpha level (0.05). The collective results of HF showed significant negative effect (13.01±1.36, 9.99±1.11) and HF laying supine value (20.62±2.22) was the highest (p<0.05). Conclusion: A significant inverse correlation was found between HRV values and both therapeutic interventions. Counterintuitively, 12-week of watsu and immersion therapies decreased LF and HF.
Problems Facing the Citrus Industry
Authors: Schwarz H. W.
Published: January 2018

The so-called Cinderella of the citrus industry, Frozen Orange Juice Concentrate, started with a production of 226,000 gallons in 1946. Last year 67,000,000 gallons of Frozen Orange Juice concentrate were produced. In 1946 there was only one plant in operation on the product as it is known today. Today there are 24 plants operating. In considering the phenomenal growth of this product and its impact on the citrus industry, there is one very important fact to keep in mind: This is that the frozen product was originally conceived as a high quality product which would be competitive with fresh juice. Most of you will remember that the Single Strength industry got its start primarily as a by-product. The idea was that while the Single Strength product was not as good as fresh juice, it would produce some profit for the grower and would expand the use of the citrus crop. The general feeling in the Single Strength industry has been that it could not return to the grower the same profit that the fresh market would and many people considered it strictly a salvage operation. The philosophy surrounding frozen concentrate is entirely different. While the question of its comparative taste against freshly squeezed product can be debated, the fact remains that the housewife has accepted it wholeheartedly. During last season over 50% of the Florida orange crop went into orange concentrate.

Paper published with permission.
Problems Related to the Production and Distribution of Cartoned Orange Juice
Authors: Hamrick David O.
Published: January 2018

Cartoned, or chilled orange juice as it is commonly called, is single strength orange juice which is marketed in a waxed fiberboard carton. It is prepared and treated in such a manner as to retain most of the flavor and aroma which is associated with freshly extracted orange juice. As a result it is quite perishable in nature and must be maintained under adequate refrigeration in order to reach the ultimate consumer in a palatable form. It is now produced by more than twenty processing firms in the state of Florida and marketed under more than seventy trade names or labels. In addition to the Florida producers there are several firms in the state of California producing a similar product for distribution on the West Coast. Chilled, or cartoned, orange juice produced in the state of Florida is distributed throughout the United States as far North as Canada and as far West as Oklahoma City. During the past season more than 3,000,000 boxes of Florida oranges were used in the production of this product. It is anticipated that during the current season an excess of 5,000,000 boxes will be utilized. Producers of this product range in size and investment from large citrus processing firms which have been well established in other citrus products for years, to small operators who have only two extracting machines and some used dairy equipment as a physical plant. Distribution ranges from large fleets of privately owned refrigerated trucks to once a week shipping schedules by a chartered refrigerated van.

Paper published with permission.
Handling and Packaging Trends in Fresh Fruit Operation
Authors: Perry T. R.
Published: January 2018

The present day packinghouse for processing and shipping fresh fruit has come a long way since the machinery was driven by manpower on hand cranks and shipped by steamboat to market. Compared to some of the other automized industries of today, much of the packing and handling of fresh fruit is still done by hand labor and brute strength.

Paper published with permission.
Points to Consider in Using Natural Gas as a Fuel in Citrus Plants
Authors: Humphrey J. W.
Published: January 2018

The construction of the Louisiana-Florida gas line will bring natural gas to the 48th state to receive this fuel. Florida is the only remaining state without natural gas according to gas suppliers. The consumption of natural gas has been steadily increasing in industry in the past and will continue to increase in the future. The ease with which gas can be handled and burned makes it an attractive fuel for most industrial needs.

Paper published with permission.
Treating and Mechanical Packaging for the Fresh Fruit Packing House
Authors: Ellison Samuel
Published: January 2018

When an air conditioning engineer is asked to calculate the load for a room such as this, he must know how many people will occupy the room. He must know this because each one of us here is liberating about 400 BTU per hour of heat energy. That is, when we are at rest. If we dance or do some similar exercise, our heat rate goes up to as much as 700 BTU per hour.

Paper published with permission.
Electronic Brix Indication and Control - As Applied to the Citrus Concentrate Industry
Authors: Reed Francis S.
Published: January 2018

Quality control of any product is of paramount importance to a manufacturer. The usual concept is to maintain standards to satisfy the customer and regulatory bodies in government and industry. Recently a more subtle meaning is emerging as a matter of great interest to industry. The uniformity of product is now being considered as a guidepost to the profit involved. Furthermore, the desire to maintain a uniform product has had a tremendous effect on the overall efficiency of plant operations, which in turn increase profit.

Paper published with permission.
Water Extraction of Fruit Solids From Orange Pulp
Authors: Wenzel F. W. , Huggart R. L. , Olsen R. W.
Published: January 2018

Most of the citrus processing plants in Florida producing frozen orange concentrate are now using various types of equipment and processes, which are usually referred to as “pulp washing”, for the water extraction of fruit solids from orange pulp. Such processes, which were added for the first time in some Florida plants during the 1957–58 citrus season, have been adopted extensively during the 1958–59 season because of two reasons, (a) the increase in yield of soluble solids from fruit made possible by the water extraction of orange pulp from juice finishers and (b) the possibility for improving the quality of frozen orange concentrate by substitution of pulp washing procedures for a double juice finishing operation. That an increase in yield results from water extraction of pulp has been definitely established, but the question concerning the effect of such a process on the quality of frozen orange concentrate is still being debated by many persons in the industry.

Paper published with permission.
Electrical Insulating Materials for the Citrus Industry
Authors: Mulder L. Ed.
Published: January 2018

The topic we will discuss is a fast changing one — I have purposely used the term, “Electrical Insulating Materials”, for the fact that the materials mentioned can be used in many phases of the industry, but the main application discussed here will be basically rotating electrical machinery.

Paper published with permission.
Electric Powered vs. Gas Powered Lift Truck Applications in the Citrus Industry
Authors: Markell G. A.
Published: January 2018

Gentlemen, it’s a real pleasure to be here today and to have the opportunity to talk with you on “Electric vs. Gas Powered Lift Truck Applications in the Citrus Industry”. As you may know, “Gas vs. Electric” has been hotly argued in the materials handling field for over twenty years. I doubt very seriously that you can ever convert a died-in-the-wool gas truck man to electric trucks or vice versa, no matter how hard you try. However, that is not my objective here today. Rather, I would like to discuss this subject with you from the standpoint of costs, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of each in the Citrus Industry.

Paper published with permission.
Aluminum Cans for the Citrus Industry
Authors: Burleson M. Neal
Published: January 2018

This group’s interest in aluminum cans is very timely. Less than one year ago, the citrus industry was still considering the aluminum can as a possibility, but today it is a commercial reality.

Paper published with permission.
A Discussion of the Methods for the Production of Essential Oils in Florida
Authors: Kesterson J. W.
Published: January 2018

The processing of citrus fruits is a vast and important part of the Florida citrus economy today. This industry has grown to such proportions that more than half of the Florida orange and grapefruit crop is now processed. The principal and primary products that result from the processing of this huge quantity of fruit are canned single strength juice, frozen and hot pack concentrated citrus juices, and canned citrus section.

Paper published with permission.
Alcohol and Glycol Type Brines vs. Air Blast Freezing
Authors: Lohkamp A. T.
Published: January 2018

Concentrate freezing differs quite radically from freezing water into ice. Actually, the freezing of citrus contentrate is more a process of congealing than freezing, since there is no clear heat of fusion as there is in freezing ice. When freezing water, the temperature drops almost consistantly 1° per pound for each BTU of heat removed. When the temperature reaches 32°F., no further decline of temperature takes place until 144 BTU have been removed from each pound of water and we have a change of state, or a change from liquid to solid. After water freezes to ice, additional heat can be removed as specific heat, but there is no additional heat of fusion.

Paper published with permission.
The Treatment and Disposal of Citrus Processing Waste Water
Authors: McNary Robert R. , Fiske James M.
Published: January 2018

This presentation was originally intended to be an account of the shake-down cruise and initial operating results of the Kraft Foods, Citrus Processing Waste Water Treatment Plant. Since this plant has not yet been completed, there are no operating results; and, we will have to confine our remarks to the why’s and wherefore’s of this particular design. In order to do this logically, a quick review of waste procedures available to the citrus industry will help to orient the reader. (See Figure 1.). An explanation of each procedure follows.

Paper published with permission.
Progress in Foam-Mat Drying of Orange Juice
Authors: Veldhuis M. K. , Tatum J. H. , Wagner C. J. , Bissett O. W. , Graham Robert P. , Morgan Arthur I.
Published: January 2018

Investigations have been undertaken at the U. S. Fruit and Vegetable Products Laboratory at Winter Haven on the application of the foam-mat drying process to orange juice. An experimental drier has been built and is being used to test various methods of preparation of powder and to investigate the properties of the products.

Paper published with permission.
High Temperature Short Time Evaporation
Authors: Cook Ralph W.
Published: January 2018

Before 1935, orange juice had been made into concentrate in California and elsewhere, using milk evaporators. The concentrate produced was for soft drink bases, but was not good enough to be reconstituted for drinking.

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Rough Handling of Filled Cans as Related to Leakage Type Spoilage
Authors: Troy V. S.
Published: January 2018

Spoilage occurs occasionally in canned foods filled hot or thermally processed where the causative organisms are non-heat resistant types. Since these non-heat resistant organisms would not survive the heat treatment received by the product, it is obvious that the contamination entered the can subsequent to processing. In the industry, this is referred to as “leakage-type” spoilage.

Paper published with permission.
Pulp Wash System Development
Authors: McKinnis Ronald B. , Andrews Richard A. , Jones Herman L.
Published: January 2018

The use of pulp wash as an aid in the production of citrus juice has gained acceptance since 1957. Earlier use is known, but real recognition seemed to await a certain period in the development of frozen orange juice concentrate, and a freeze. The history of this product could be divided into three time periods each approximately equal. The first period of time was certainly formative in which the product enjoyed all of the advantages of novelty. The second period of time was characterized by increasing competition and need for lowering costs. This required that the plants measure the fruit in terms of pounds of soluble solids and that they recover as product all that could be had without an unquestionable damage to quality. The demand for more recovery of the soluble solids exceeded the capability of any mechanical finishing equipment to distinguish between the juice left on a quite dry pulp and the pulp, which still had good juice on it. This brought about fresh thinking and new processing ideas, including one of gently rinsing the juice from a wet pulp. This became known as “Pulp Wash” and was developed during the third period of time.

Paper published with permission.
Improved Maintenance at Reduced Costs
Authors: Caldwell Kenneth S.
Published: January 2018

On May 3, 1955, Hugh Schwarz of Minute Maid delivered a paper at the first Citrus Engineering Conference. In this presentation, Mr. Schwarz outlined some of the problems that faced the citrus industry. He referred to frozen orange concentrate as the “Cinderella” of the industry. Certainly he was correct as a quick look at the growth of production volume will show — from 226,000 gallons in 1946 to 67,000,000 gallons in 1954, with a peak of 116,000,000 gallons in 1962. The industry has expanded indeed in the decade since the first conference.

Paper published with permission.
Economic Justification of Capital Expenditures
Authors: Deuel J. E.
Published: January 2018

A problem common to all managers in any business is that of investing or reinvesting capital in the business. Yearly, if not more often, the manager must select the capital investments that will insure maximum profits. This difficult selection is even more complex because of the many different choices available as the result of rapidly expanding and changing technology.

Paper published with permission.
A Procedure for Determination of Fruit Quality at Time of Receipt
Authors: Middlebrooks B. M.
Published: January 2018

The Florida Citrus Processing Industry has the least efficient system of determining incoming fruit quality which could be employed for this purpose. The quality determination I am describing pertains to fruit condition; the number of culls; the amount of unwholesome fruit; number of splits, rots, immature fruit; plugs and the like. I am not talking about the determination of juice content, acid, or Brix. This latter test, which we usually refer to as the “State Test”, has received a great deal of attention within the Industry, and is basically an adequate test. So, let me make it perfectly clear from the start, my discussion today has no reference to the State Test as we know it, but is concerned with the procedures employed within the Citrus Industry for grading out culls, or unwholesome fruit at the time fruit is received. The so-called incoming grading at the time of fruit receipt before the bins.

Paper published with permission.
Dynamics of Agriculture
Authors: Tefertiller Ken R.
Published: January 2018

Agriculture is one of the Nation’s most efficient industries. The cost of living for the average consumer would be considerably higher today without the low cost of food supplied by United States agriculture. This is particularly significant at a time when we hear so much about poverty in the United States and in other countries. Had it not been for the extremely low costs of food, there would be many more poverty stricken families today.

Paper published with permission.
Liquid Nitrogen Refrigeration
Authors: Jones David O.
Published: January 2018

“The orange juice tastes a little funny this morning.” With these immortal words, the chief purchasing agent of my household was ready for a permanent, if not lethal boycott of one of the major name brands of frozen Florida orange juice concentrate. She had opened the can the same morning, and she was right — it did have a hint of “5-day old” taste. She was wrong, though, in her choice of the culprit.

Paper published with permission.
The Changing Fruit Beverage Market
Authors: Berner F. G.
Published: January 2018

That change is the hallmark of our national economy is universally accepted. Changes have and are occurring as a result of significant technological developments and the changing needs or wants of our population. In all of these technology has played an important role.

Paper published with permission.
Bulk Storage of Dried Citrus Pulp
Authors: Young William Hugh
Published: January 2018

Bulk storage of dried citrus pulp at Plymouth was first considered because our customers, many of whom have been buying our pulp for 15 years, were adopting feeding systems which fitted bulk feeds, and because bag and bag dumping costs seemed to provide a source for sizeable savings.

Paper published with permission.
Packing House Automation in California
Authors: Johnson Maurice
Published: January 2018

This morning I would like to take you on a picture tour through some of the packing houses in California and Arizona. Our engineering group represents approximately 106 plants and that means we have approximately 106 different ideas from managers. We have about 8, 500 growers and that means that we have approximately 8, 500 different ideas as to how things probably should be done. So, this morning, I would like to preface my remarks with the fact that you are hearing one Californian’s point of view.

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Legal Requirements and Liabilities of Canner as Well as Equipment Supplier
Authors: Wilcox Donald B.
Published: January 2018

To undertake to speak on this subject perhaps indicates that one is in need of a mental examination, and to actually talk on the subject one needs a crystal ball and the clairvoyance and prognosticative abilities of a Jeane Dixon. However, as I often participate as an expert witness in various cases involving liability I did have the temerity to accept the invitation to talk to you about some of the liabilities you face as canners and equipment suppliers.

Paper published with permission.
Uses of Statistics in Citrus Operations
Authors: Hepburn William J.
Published: January 2018

The subject of “Statistics for Process Control” is rather broad, therefore, I am limiting my paper to three basic topics: first, the interpretation of patterns of variation using statistical control charts, second, quick and easy statistical tests, and third, a computer approach to solving complicated mathematical problems. My purpose is to present statistical techniques that an engineer or analyst can use with a minimum of difficulty. For me, these methods have proven valuable in the analysis of a variety of problems in the Citrus Industry.

Paper published with permission.
Mid-Peninsula Future Water Requirements, Uses, Priorities and Economics
Authors: Vernon Robert O.
Published: January 2018

“The 1970’s absolutely must be the years when America pays its debt to the past by reclaiming the purity of its air, its waters and our living environment” — President Nixon

Let us begin this discussion on future water requirements, uses, priorities and economics, by talking about population trends. The National Research Council expects the world population to double from about 3. 5 billion to 7 billion by the year 2000. Florida’s population, estimated by Kiplinger, to be in excess of 6,000,000 now, is anticipated to exceed 9,000,000 by 1980. In addition, the state now “enjoys” the visit of an additional 20 million tourists, fortunately spread rather evenly at weekly intervals throughout the year. The prospects of the future, with Disney World, Roy Roger’s Cowport, the associated supporting facilities, and an increase in commuting residents frankly scares the hell out of me.

Paper published with permission.
Hydraulic Conveyance of Citrus Fruit
Authors: Curls Aaron
Published: January 2018

This paper will endeavor to acquaint you with the mechanics of moving citrus fruits hydraulically with pumps, as well as lay the ground work for further supplemental technology to be developed through the industry and participation.

Paper published with permission.
Vibration and Noise
Authors: Farber Erich A.
Published: January 2018

Being exposed to vibration and noise in our daily life, to such an extent, that laws have recently been passed to control them (noise pollution), an understanding of the underlying principles is becoming more and more important.

Paper published with permission.
Shrink Films: Their Manufacture, Properties, Applications
Authors: Quigley Eugene E.
Published: January 2018

There are many kinds of natural and synthetic polymer systems which can be formed into packaging films. Well known examples are the cellulosics, polyolefins, polyesters, vinyls, and nylons. All of these may be formed into the thin (0.003" or less) sheets which constitute the films family. However, only a relatively few can be prepared in such a fashion that, when heat is applied, they will shrink-up in an orderly fashion.

Paper published with permission.
Nutrients: A Growing Problem in Pollution Control
Authors: Patten Vincent D.
Published: January 2018

A nutrient is defined as a “nourishing substance”. It shouldn’t then, be called a pollutant. By definition it should be good for us. But, one man’s nutrient may be another man’s poison. We in the pollution control field actually are concerned when too many nutrients spoil the brew.

Paper published with permission.
Energy: Resources and Utilization
Authors: Farber Erich A.
Published: January 2018

It is almost impossible to pick up a newspaper or magazine today without being reminded of our present energy situation which by many is referred to as a “crisis”.

Paper published with permission.
Practical Noise Control
Authors: Owen Avery L.
Published: January 2018

Physical damage from acoustic energy is not a new phenomenon. The first recorded event is in Biblical history when Joshua lead seven priests around Jericho seven times blowing trumpets and the people shouted and the walls fell. Ancient mortar and gun battery crews put cotton in their ears to lessen the sound, and this was a type of noise control. Since World War II much concern has been exhibited about hearing loss due to high noise levels in work environments, In order to limit the hearing loss of the average person, the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 specifies the noise exposure of an employee for an eight-hour day shall not exceed 90 dBA. This has resulted in a massive noise control effort in industry.

Paper published with permission.
Critical need and future directions of SIMS depth profiling in CMOS fabrication
Authors: van der Heide Paul A. W.
Published: January 2018

The complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) industry continues to push the boundaries of what is possible. Along with this, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling continues to support CMOS R&D and high volume manufacturing (due to its unparalleled sensitivity and detection limits over predefined volumes and within acceptable time periods). New developments in SIMS are also being realized to support the move of the CMOS industry from planar structures to three-dimensional (3D) structures. This article presents a perspective of existing SIMS research areas for beyond one-dimensional structural analysis along with potential future SIMS implementation and data processing scenarios. The topics covered include: (1) existing SIMS depth profiling approaches for 3D structures, (2) in-fab SIMS deployment, (3) data analysis of in-fab SIMS derived depth profiles from 3D structures via pattern recognition, and (4) hybrid characterization approaches. With SIMS depth profiling of optimized (for SIMS) 3D structures already demonstrated, the remaining topics may serve to extend these and other capabilities and open new application areas for SIMS.
Comment on “Temporal and spatial variation in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina L.) roar calls from southern Scandinavia” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141, 1824−1834 (2017)]
Authors: Ravignani Andrea
Published: January 2018

In their recent article, Sabinsky and colleagues investigated heterogeneity in harbor seals' vocalizations. The authors found seasonal and geographical variation in acoustic parameters, warning readers that recording conditions might account for some of their results. This paper expands on the temporal aspect of the encountered heterogeneity in harbor seals' vocalizations. Temporal information is the least susceptible to variable recording conditions. Hence geographical and seasonal variability in roar timing constitutes the most robust finding in the target article. In pinnipeds, evidence of timing and rhythm in the millisecond range—as opposed to circadian and seasonal rhythms—has theoretical and interdisciplinary relevance. In fact, the study of rhythm and timing in harbor seals is particularly decisive to support or confute a cross-species hypothesis, causally linking the evolution of vocal production learning and rhythm. The results by Sabinsky and colleagues can shed light on current scientific questions beyond pinniped bioacoustics, and help formulate empirically testable predictions.
Clinical Outcomes of Submicroscopic Infections and Correlates of Protection of VAR2CSA Antibodies in a Longitudinal Study of Pregnant Women in Colombia
Authors: Gavina Kenneth , Gnidehou Sedami , Arango Eliana , Hamel-Martineau Chloe , Mitran Catherine , Agudelo Olga , Lopez Carolina , Karidio Aisha , Banman Shanna , Carmona-Fonseca Jaime , Salanti Ali , Tuikue Ndam Nicaise , Hawkes Michael , Maestre Amanda , Yanow Stephanie K.
Published: January 2018

Malaria in pregnancy can cause serious adverse outcomes for the mother and the fetus. However, little is known about the effects of submicroscopic infections (SMIs) in pregnancy, particularly in areas where
Plasmodium falciparum
and
Plasmodium vivax
cocirculate. A cohort of 187 pregnant women living in Puerto Libertador in northwest Colombia was followed longitudinally from recruitment to delivery. Malaria was diagnosed by microscopy, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and placental histopathology. Gestational age, hemoglobin concentration, VAR2CSA-specific IgG levels, and adhesion-blocking antibodies were measured during pregnancy. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of SMIs on birth weight and other delivery outcomes. Twenty-five percent of women (45/180) were positive for SMIs during pregnancy. Forty-seven percent of infections (21/45) were caused by
P. falciparum
, 33% were caused by
P. vivax
, and 20% were caused by mixed
Plasmodium
spp. Mixed infections of
P. falciparum
and
P. vivax
were associated with lower gestational age at delivery (
P
= 0.0033), while other outcomes were normal. Over 60% of women had antibodies to VAR2CSA, and there was no difference in antibody levels between those with and without SMIs. The anti-adhesion function of these antibodies was associated with protection from SMI-related anemia at delivery (
P
= 0.0086). SMIs occur frequently during pregnancy, and while mixed infections of both
P. falciparum
and
P. vivax
were not associated with a decrease in birth weight, they were associated with significant risk of preterm birth. We propose that the lack of adverse delivery outcomes is due to functional VAR2CSA antibodies that can protect pregnant women from SMI-related anemia.
Continuous glucose monitoring to evaluate glycaemic abnormalities in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Zorrón Mei Hsia Pu Mariana , Gonçalves Aline Cristina , Minnicucci Walter José , Morcillo André Moreno , Ribeiro José Dirceu , Ribeiro Antonio Fernando
Published: January 2018

Objective

This study aimed to determine the glycaemic profile of patients with cystic fibrosis using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), and to evaluate the associations of glycaemic abnormalities with sex, age, pubertal stage,CFTRgene mutations, nutritional status, lung function, oral glucose tolerance test, glycated haemoglobin concentrations, fasting insulin concentrations, C peptide concentrations and exocrine pancreatic function.

Study design

This observational study evaluated CGMS data from 39 patients with cystic fibrosis who were treated at a referral centre. The patients were 10–19.9 years old, and were categorised according to whether they had normal results (27 patients) or glucose intolerance (12 patients) during the oral glucose tolerance test.

Results

The maximum interstitial glucose concentration among individuals with normal oral glucose tolerance test results was 174.9±65.1 mg/dL (9.7–3.61 mmol/L), compared with 170.4±40.9 mg/dL (9.46–2.27 mmol/L) among individuals with glucose intolerance. The CGMS revealed that 18 of the 27 patients with normal oral glucose tolerance test results had peak interstitial glucose concentrations of >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), and that 4 of these individuals had peak levels of >200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). None of the analysed clinical or laboratory characteristics predicted the occurrence of hyperglycaemic peaks on CGMS.

Conclusions

The present study revealed that CGMS could detect hyperglycaemia among patients with cystic fibrosis and ‘normal’ oral glucose tolerance test results, and that their clinical and laboratory characteristics were not useful in discerning between patients who did and did not exhibit these excursions.
Prevalence and characteristics of ocular pain in non-infectious uveitis: a quality of life study
Authors: Verhagen Fleurieke H , Wijnhoven Ralph , Ossewaarde-van Norel Jeannette , ten Dam-van Loon Ninette H , Kuiper Jonas J W , Imhof Saskia M , de Boer Joke H
Published: January 2018

Background/aim

To survey the frequency, character, severity and impact of ocular pain on quality of life in adult patients with non-infectious uveitis (NIU).

Methods

This patient-requested cross-sectional survey study describes the results of three self-administered questionnaires (the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire, the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire Dutch Language Version) from 147 patients with NIUs from a university-based tertiary referral centre in Utrecht.

Results

The mean Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ) Ocular Pain Score of all patients with NIU was 72 (±24), which is significantly lower than an ocular disease-free reference group (90±15, P<0.0001), indicating more ocular pain. This was true for all types of NIU, regardless of the localisation: although Ocular Pain Scores were lower in patients with anterior uveitis (AU) compared with patients with non-AU (mean 62 (±24) vs 74 (±24), P=0.04), patients with non-AU still scored substantially lower than the reference group that had no ocular history (P<0.0001). Patients with NIU also scored significantly lower on all other VFQ subscales as well as on the SF-36 subscales ‘Role Limitations due to physical problems’, ‘Vitality’, ‘General health’ and ‘Bodily Pain’ compared with controls. The VFQ Ocular Pain subscale correlated with other quality of life subscales (both VFQ-25 and SF-36), indicating a relationship between pain and quality of life.

Conclusion

This study shows that ocular pain is highly prevalent in patients with NIU, regardless of the localisation. Furthermore, ocular pain has an impact on quality of life.
Chromothripsis and ring chromosome 22: a paradigm of genomic complexity in the Phelan-McDermid syndrome (22q13 deletion syndrome)
Authors: Kurtas Nehir , Arrigoni Filippo , Errichiello Edoardo , Zucca Claudio , Maghini Cristina , D’Angelo Maria Grazia , Beri Silvana , Giorda Roberto , Bertuzzo Sara , Delledonne Massimo , Xumerle Luciano , Rossato Marzia , Zuffardi Orsetta , Bonaglia Maria Clara
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is caused bySHANK3haploinsufficiency. Its wide phenotypic variation is attributed partly to the type and size of 22q13 genomic lesion (deletion, unbalanced translocation, ring chromosome), partly to additional undefined factors. We investigated a child with severe global neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) compatible with her distal 22q13 deletion, complicated by bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP) and urticarial rashes, unreported in PMS.

Methods

Following the cytogenetic and array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) detection of a r(22) withSHANK3deletion and two upstream duplications, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in blood and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in blood and saliva were performed to highlight potential chromothripsis/chromoanagenesis events and any possible BPP-associated variants, even in low-level mosaicism.

Results

WGS confirmed the deletion and highlighted inversion and displaced order of eight fragments, three of them duplicated. The microhomology-mediated insertion of partialAlu-elements at one breakpoint junction disrupted the topological associating domain joiningNFAM1to the transcriptional coregulatorTCF20. WES failed to detect BPP-associated variants.

Conclusions

Although we were unable to highlight the molecular basis of BPP, our data suggest thatSHANK3haploinsufficiency andTCF20misregulation, both associated with intellectual disability, contributed to the patient’s NDD, whileNFAM1interruption likely caused her skin rashes, as previously reported. We provide the first example of chromoanasynthesis in a constitutional ring chromosome and reinforce the growing evidence that chromosomal rearrangements may be more complex than estimated by conventional diagnostic approaches and affect the phenotype by global alteration of the topological chromatin organisation rather than simply by deletion or duplication of dosage-sensitive genes.
Factors associated with partner notification of STIs in men who have sex with men on PrEP in France: a cross-sectional substudy of the ANRS-IPERGAY trial
Authors: Suzan-Monti Marie , Cotte Laurent , Fressard Lisa , Cua Eric , Capitant Catherine , Meyer Laurence , Pialoux Gilles , Molina Jean-Michel , Spire Bruno
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Partner notification (PN) is a useful public health approach to enhance targeted testing of people at high risk of HIV and other STIs, and subsequent linkage to care for those diagnosed. In France, no specific PN guidelines exist and information about current practices is scarce. We used the ANRS-IPERGAY PrEP trial to investigate PN in HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) reporting a bacterial STI.

Methods

This substudy included 275 participants who completed a specific online PN questionnaire during the open-label extension study of the ANRS-Intervention Préventive de l’Exposition aux Risques avec et pour les Gays (IPERGAY) trial. Variables used as proxies of at-risk practices were defined using data collected at the previous follow-up visit about participants’ most recent sexual encounter and preventive behaviours. χ2 or Fisher’s exact test helped select variables eligible for multiple logistic models.

Results

Of the 275 participants, 250 reported at least one previous STI. Among the latter, 172 (68.8%) had informed their partner(s) of their most recent STI. Of these, 138 (80.2%) and 83 (48.3%) had notified their casual and main partners, respectively. Participants were less likely to notify their main partner when their most recent sexual encounter involved unsafe anal sex with a casual partner (adjusted OR (aOR) (95% CI) 0.18 (0.06 to 0.54), P=0.02). Older participants were less likely to inform casual partners (aOR (95% CI) 0.44 (0.21 to 0.94), P=0.03), while those practising chemsex during their most recent sexual encounter were more likely to inform their casual partners (aOR (95% CI) 2.56 (1.07 to 6.09), P=0.03).

Conclusion

Unsafe sexual encounters with people other than main partners and street drugs use were two sociobehavioural factors identified, respectively, as a barrier to main PN and a motivator for casual PN, in a sample of high-risk MSM. These results provide an insight into current PN practices regarding STI in France and might inform future decisions about how to define feasible and acceptable PN programmes.
Decarboxylative arylation of substituted pyrroles N-protected with 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEM)
Authors: Figliola Carlotta , Greening Sarah M. , Lamont Connor , Groves Brandon R. , Thompson Alison
Published: January 2018

Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative arylation is reported using pyrroles N-protected with the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEM) group and featuring 2-, 3-, and 4-substituents about the pyrrolic framework. In contrast to N-protected pyrroles previously used in decarboxylative arylation, the use of SEM allows deprotection under mild conditions.