bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origin of the Platinum Resistance Thermometer
Authors: Hunt L. B.
Published: February 2024

Since the beginning of this century the platinum resistance thermometer has been relied upon as a most convenient means of temperature measurement and control in industrial applications, while its accuracy in precision thermometry has contributed largely to the definition of the International Temperature Scale. Its origin stems, however, from the early years of the costly and hazardous attempts to lay underwater telegraph cables, before even a standard unit of resistance had been generally adopted.
Ozone Control in High-Flying Jet Aircraft
Authors: Budd A. E. R.
Published: February 2024

To conserve fuel whenever practicable, and to limit cost increases resulting from world-wide increases in oil prices, passenger aircraft are now flying at higher altitudes than previously. This frequently takes them into the ozone-containing layer of the atmosphere, and when this is drawn into aircraft by air conditioning systems it may cause physical discomfort and irritation to aircrews and passengers. Catalytic decomposition, using a metal supported platinum catalyst, provides an economic practical solution in this problem by reducing to an acceptable level the amount of ozone entering the aircraft cabins.
Platinum Metal Complexes of Substituted Aryl Phosphines
Authors: Rauchfuss Thomas B.
Published: February 2024

Highlights of the co-ordination chemistry of platinum metal complexes of phosphorus-oxygen chelating agents are described. The ligands of interest all contain the oxygen bearing substituent (methoxy, hydroxy, formyl, carboxy-) ortho to a phosphine on a benzene ring; complexes of these ligands are efficient homogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation, isomerisation and polymerisation reactions. Furthermore, these studies have revealed structural and reactivity patterns which are suggestive of new and improved strategies towards useful catalytic systems.
The Development of Ideas on Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Robertson A. J. B.
Published: February 2024

Since the discovery by Davy in 1817 of catalytic oxidation on the surface of platinum there has been much discussion of the underlying reasons for the occurrence of heterogeneous catalysis. Early ideas of Liebig found little favour with Berzelius, Ostwald and others. The adsorption theory of Faraday became generally accepted, although alternative views were proposed over a long period. Langmuir put the concepts of Faraday into definite form, and his formulations and developments of them have been used up to the present.
Surface Science Studies of Catalysed Reactions on Platinum Surfaces
Authors: Somorjai Gabor A. , Mark Davis S.
Published: February 2024

Advances in platinum catalyst technology applied to hydrocarbon conversion have resulted in substantial improvements in the selectivity and durability of the processes. However, our understanding of the mechanism of the complex reactions involved, and in particular of their relationship to the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst, remains incomplete. This paper reviews important work carried out over the last ten years on the role of atomic sites on platinum surfaces and also presents for the first time a molecular model of the working platinum catalyst surface.
The Photodissociation of Water
Authors: Harriman Anthony
Published: February 2024

The development of artificial photosynthesis units capable of converting solar energy into useful chemical products is still at a very preliminary stage, although some progress has been made during the last few years. Most work concerns the photodissociation of water, and this paper considers the two basic strategies that are being followed. Both of these require the use of a catalyst and, to date, platinum metal catalysts have proved to be the most efficient. With many laboratories actively investigating photodissociation, rapid progress should ensue.
Ruthenium Catalysed Oxidations of Organic Compounds
Authors: Gore Ernest S.
Published: February 2024

Ruthenium and its complexes can be used to catalyse the oxidation, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, of a wide range of organic substrates. These include olefins, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, sulphides, amines, and phosphines. A wide variety of oxidants can be used under mild conditions; conversions and selectivities are usually high, and the catalyst can be easily recovered. Ruthenium can also be used to catalyse the oxidative destruction of pollutants in both gas and liquid phases.
Catalysis by Osmium Metal Clusters
Authors: Jackson S. David , Wells Peter B.
Published: February 2024

Recent studies of catalysis by supported metal cluster compounds have shown that these systems exhibit novel behaviour. Although difficult to characterise, by using a combination of analytical techniques an overall picture can be developed of the cluster nuclearity and the number and type of ligands present. Chemisorption and catalytic studies have both shown behaviour fundamentally different from that obtained with conventional metal catalysts.
Platinum and the Standard of Light
Authors: Cottington Ian E.
Published: February 2024

The properties of platinum make it very suitable for many exacting applications where absolute consistency must be maintained in fluctuating conditions over long periods of time. One of the earliest uses of platinum and its alloys was for the manufacture of standard weights and measures, while the platinum resistance thermometer is still used to fix a wide range of temperatures on the International Practical Temperature Scale. Additionally, for a long period platinum contributed to the definition of the candela, the international unit of luminous intensity. This article gives a brief account of some of the pioneering work carried out by people seeking to establish a primary standard of light by utilising the unique properties of platinum.
Energy Storage and Transmission
Authors: Giordano N. , Cacciola G. , Parmaliana A.
Published: February 2024

Increasingly the energy needs of society will have to be met from renewable resources. The use of these is limited at present by their location, the technologies available to harness them and the major problems associated with their storage. One possible solution to these difficulties has now been demonstrated, and is described here, while further development wcrk is continuing. Hydrogen produced by any convenient means is used as a medium for energy storage and transmission. Close to its production site the hydrogen is catalytically reacted with toluene to yield methylcyclohexane; this is transferred safely by pipeline or container to the point of energy requirement where it is catalytically dehydrogenated. The hydrogen released is then available for use in a wide variety of ways, while the toluene is returned to the source for further hydrogenation, and the cycle is repeated.
The Chemistry of the Platinum Group Metals
Authors: B.A.M.  , G.G.F.  , R.J.P.
Published: February 2024

Sponsored by the Dalton Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Third International Conference on the Chemistry of the Platinum Group Metals, was held at Sheffield University in July 1987. The first meeting in this series was held at Bristol in 1981 and the second in Edinburgh in 1984. Over three hundred and fifty delegates from academia and industry attended with more than half from abroad and with over twenty countries represented. During the week forty-five lectures were presented along with over one hundred and seventy posters.
The Chemical Characterisation of Rhodium-Platinum Surfaces
Authors: McCabe A. R. , Smith G. D. W.
Published: February 2024

During the manufacture of nitric acid, rhodium-platinum gauzes are used to catalyse the oxidation of ammonia, an operation that results in a major reconstruction of the alloy surface. In this study, the effect of pretreatments, similar to those employed to prepare the catalysts for commercial use, have been examined to determine both the chemical and the physical effects on the surface. A successful pretreatment is shown to produce a generally clean, chemically receptive surface containing reactive crystal orientation sites. Additionally, the nature of the surface during catalyst operation has been investigated using a rapid quench facility in a miniature reactor. It has been established that, during catalyst operation, the surface of the catalyst is metallic, and not covered by an oxide layer as previously thought.
Flammable Gas Detection
Authors: Jones T. A. , Walsh P. T.
Published: February 2024

There is an obvious need to detect the presence of flammable gases before their concentration levels approach explosive proportions. The platinum metals find application in the three main types of detector developed for this purpose, and each is considered here.
Control of Corrosion in Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Authors: Wyatt M. , Fisher J. M.
Published: February 2024

Molten carbonate fuel cells have the potential to succeed phosphoric acid fuel cells as systems for large scale electrical power generation. Their introduction, however, will depend on the wide acceptance of first generation phosphoric acid technology and on solutions being found to a number of significant technical problems, including corrosion of fuel cell components by the molten carbonate electrolyte. Ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, silver and gold have all been shown to exhibit resistance to corrosion by molten carbonates under the conditions experienced at the anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell. In addition, rhodium and ruthenium are not wetted significantly by the molten carbonate electrolyte.
The Effect of Fuel and Oil Additives on Automobile Catalyst Performance
Authors: Wilkins A. J. J. , Hannington N. A.
Published: February 2024

Stringent standards controlling the emission of exhaust pollutants from gasoline-fuelled spark ignition engines have necessitated studies of many factors that influence the efficiency of the catalysts used for the destruction of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. This review of the literature considers the effects on the catalyst of lead, manganese and phosphorus, which may be present as additives in fuel or lubricating oils. The first two elements can be detrimental to catalytic activity, and also to the environment, so must be minimised. The deactivation caused by phosphorus can be avoided by the use of catalysts designed to be compatable with the specified lubricants. Catalysts containing platinum group metals remain the preferred means of controlling the three designated exhaust gases.
Non-Faradaic Electrochemical Modification of Catalytic Activity
Authors: Vayenas C. G. , Bebelis S. , Yentekakis I. V. , Tsiakaras P. , Karasali H.
Published: February 2024

The catalytic activity and selectivity of platinum metals can be altered dramatically and reversibly by interfacing the metal with a solid electrolyte which supplies ions onto the catalyst surface under the influence of an external potential. The induced change in catalytic rate is orders of magnitude higher than the rate of ion supply. This new effect has revealed a surprisingly simple exponential relationship between catalytic activity and catalyst work function. The effect appears to apply to all heterogeneously catalysed reactions, but is particularly pronounced for platinum. This interfacing of electrochemistry and catalysis appears to offer some exciting theoretical and technological possibilities.
Quantitative Analysis of Molecular Oxygen Using Palladium Porphyrins
Authors: Anthony Harriman
Published: February 2024

A simple optical method for the quantitative determination of dissolved oxygen under physiological conditions is described. The technique involves measurement of room temperature phosphorescence from palladium(II) porphyrins. Such emission is rare for large organic molecules, and its long lifetime, together with the favourable absorption characteristics of the porphyrin receptor, ensure that the phosphorescence can be resolved easily, even in heterogeneous media. Phosphorescence yields and lifetimes are shown to be highly sensitive to the concentration of dissolved oxygen, but do not depend upon the nature of the environment, and can be used separately or together to determine oxygen levels within a biological substrate. This technique should be applicable to all areas of clinical, medicinal and biomedical chemistry.
The Chemistry of the Platinum Group Metals
Authors: Barnard C.F.J.
Published: February 2024

Sponsored by the Dalton Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the fourth International Conference on the Chemistry of the Platinum Group Metals was held at the University of Cambridge on 9th to 13th July 1990. Previous meetings in this series have been held in Bristol (1981), Edinburgh (1984) and Sheffield (1987). More than three hundred delegates, over one third from overseas, attended the meeting for a programme of twenty-seven lectures and almost two hundred poster presentations.
The Photogeneration of Hydrogen
Authors: Harriman Anthony
Published: February 2024

Bimetallic colloidal particles, comprising variable mol fractions of platinum and gold, function as effective catalysts for the photochemical production of hydrogen under sacrificial conditions. With increasing mol fraction of gold there is a significant decrease in the rate of hydrogenation of the reactants such that higher yields of hydrogen are attainable.
The +IV Oxidation State in Organopalladium Chemistry
Authors: Canty Allan J.
Published: February 2024

The organometallic chemistry of palladium is dominated by the +II oxidation state, and the chemistry of complexes containing simple organic groups bonded to palladium in the +IV oxidation state has developed only recently. Organic synthesis and catalytic reactions that may involve undetected palladium(IV) intermediates have been suggested frequently, and the new oxidation state +IV chemistry provides some support for these proposals, and gives encouragement for the development of new systems involving palladium(IV). The chemistry of organopalladium(IV) is reviewed here, and possible catalytic roles forpalladium(IV) are discussed. The synthesis and decomposition reactions of palladium(IV) complexes provide “models” for catalytic proposals. The palladium(IV) complexes are formed by oxidative addition of organohalides to palladium(II) complexes, and most complexes decompose under mild conditions by carbon-carbon bond formation in reductive elimination reactions, for example, for methyl(pheny1) (2,2’-bipyridyl)palladium(II) as a substrate, oxidative addition of benzyl bromide gives PdIV BrMePh(CH2Ph) (bpy), which reductively eliminates toluene to form the complex PdIIBr(CH2Ph)(bpy).
First European Congress on Catalysis
Authors: Bond G. C.
Published: February 2024

The first European Congress on Catalysis (EUROPACAT I), which was held at the CORUM Conference Centre in Montpellier, France, from the 12th to the 17th September, 1993 coincided with the formation of the European Federation of Catalysis Societies (EFCATS). The Congress and the setting up of the Federation marked the culmination of three years intensive planning by representatives of almost every European country where catalysis is practised and studied, including those of Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The Spanish Monopoly of Platina
Authors: Capitán Vallvey Luis Fermín
Published: February 2024

The discovery of platina towards the middle of the eighteenth century in alluvial gravels worked for gold in the Spanish South American viceroyalty of New Granada, and the interest which this new metal aroused among European scientists as its presence became known, eventually induced the authorities to recognise the situation and then to take action to control it by means of a royal monopoly. Here, in the first of this two-part paper, governmental action is related to European discoveries up until the time when the usefulness of platina was firmly established.
The Spanish Monopoly of Platina
Authors: Capitán Vallvey Luis Fermín
Published: February 2024

The success of Pierre François Chabaneau and Fausto de Elhuyar in the refining of platina may be seen as marking the end of the first phase of the Spanish attempt to establish a monopoly of this new metal. It then became necessary to organise the collection and shipment of platina from New Granada to Spain. Initially this was not as successful as the Viceroy would have liked, and an attempt by Juan José de Elhuyar to refine platina in New Granada prior to its shipment to Europe was also fruitless.
Palladium Alloy Pinning Wires for Gas Turbine Blade Investment Casting
Authors: Power D. C.
Published: February 2024

Turbine blades in aero-engine and land-based power generation gas turbines are complex components manufactured to precise geometric, structural and machanical property tolerances. High pressure turbine blades used in the hottest, most hostile and demanding sections of gas turbines often contain integral cooling channels. The production of such cooling channels has been a significant advance in gas turbine efficiency and emission control. Pinning wires are used during mould preparation and investment casting of the blades for reliable manufacture of the cooling channels. Traditional platinum-based materials and new palladium-refactory alloys for use as pinning wire are discussed here.
Progress in Platinum Group Metal Coating Technology, ACT™
Authors: Coupland D. R. , McGrath R. B. , Evens J. M. , Hartley J. P.
Published: February 2024

Refractory ceramics have long fonned a vital part of the glass making and glass processing industries. Due to market pressures these industries are moving towards increasingly higher quality products and progressively improved plant efficiency. However, significant improvements to the refractory ceramics are difficult because of the range of properties which they are required to have. This second paper on ACT™ (Advanced Coating Technology) using platinum group metals, describes the latest developments and advantages conferred by ACT™ coatings to the various ceramic forehearth components.
Zeolite-Encapsulated Rhodium Catalysts – The Best of Both Worlds?
Authors: Andersen J. M.
Published: February 2024

The syntheses and catalytic behaviour of rhodium catalysts encapsulated in zeolites are reported. Several parameters are investigated in this catalyst system, including the auxiliary ligands and the zeolite supports used. It is demonstrated that the zeolite support can be crucial in determining the types of products formed from catalytic hydroformylation reactions. The results are rationalised in terms of fundamental principles of organometallic chemistry. This enhances the understanding of these catalyst systems at a molecular level and demonstrates that a synergy exists between the development of new, efficient catalyst systems and understanding chemistry at a fundamental level.
Harnessing the Unique Properties of Iridium
Authors: Savchenko V.I. , Makaryan I. A. , Dorokhov V. G.
Published: February 2024

With the exception of osmium, iridium is the least abundant of the six platinum group metals. It is of crucial importance in a number of high technology applications and, at least in the past, has been regarded as a strategic material and stockpiled by major governments. In recent years it has become more readily available, prompting renewed interest by researchers, including those seeking to develop improved catalysts. In this paper we discuss the results of our investigations on the use of iridium as an hydrogenation catalyst. Data are presented on the characteristics of an iridium-based catalyst developed here for the effective and selective synthesis of substituted N-aryl-hydroxylamines and chloro-substituted anilines, symmetric and asymmetric azoxybenzenes, and unsaturated alcohols. These demonstrate that iridium is unique among the platinum metals.
PREPARATION AND THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF Bi2Te(3-x)Sex SAMPLES BY HIGH-ENERGY BALL MILLING AND SPARK PLASMA SINTERING METHOD
Authors: Li Fanguo , Lu Shihong , Li Junping , Zhang Zhang , Yang Xu , Yan Peimei , Liu Luteng , Gao Shuai
Published: February 2024

Thermoelectric (TE) materials are environmentally friendly materials used in electrical conductivity and heat conversion processes. Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3)-based TE materials are relatively maturity near low temperatures. Bismuth telluride-based TE material samples (Bi2Te(3-x)Sex) with different Se doping ratios were prepared by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) methods. We investigated the effects of different doping ratios on the performance of the samples and found that the grain sizes in the samples obtained by the combined HEBM-SPS method were small with no obvious preference orientation. The TE properties of the Bi2Te(3-x)Sex samples displayed obvious regularity with an increase in the Se doping amount. The ZT value of the sample was 0.62 when the doping amount was 0.6.
POROUS MEDIUM INFLUENCED DISSIPATIVE HYBRID CASSON NANOFLUID FLOW OVER A NONLINEARLY STRETCHING SHEET UNDER INCLINED OHMIC LORENTZ FORCE FIELD
Authors: Deepika A. R. , Govardhan Kamatam , Basha Hussain , Reddy G. Janardhana
Published: February 2024

The main aim of this numerical analysis is to demonstrate the influence of inclined magnetic field on the hybrid
Casson nanofluid flow over a permeable stretching sheet with porous medium and thermal source/sink effects. A
novel magnetic Ohmic heating and slip effects are introduced into the boundary conditions to simulate flow behavior
accurately. Pertaining to this, the developed nonlinear coupled two-dimensional partial differential equations are
rendered dimensionless through appropriate similarity transformations. The produced complex nonlinear boundary
value nanofluid problem is solved by deploying a robust matlab-based Runge-Kutta fourth order scheme with shooting
technique. The magneto-thermo nanofluid features are discussed through suitable graphical and tabular illustrations
by virtue of velocity, temperature and concentration fields within the boundary layer regime. It is recorded from
the current investigation that magnifying porous number and nanofluid volume fraction decelerates the velocity
field. Enhancing radiation number amplifies the thermal transfer process. Accelerating Lewis number diminish the
concentration field. Hybrid nanofluids show higher order thermal performance when compared to the usual nanofluids.
Finally, the novelty of the present study is to generalize the former studies by including porous medium, Ohmic
heating, heat source/sink, radiation, thermophoresis, and Brownian effects into the respective governing equations. A
comparative study with the former results indicates good agreement with the previously published results.
FORMATION OF MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONAL LITERACY OF YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN
Authors:   Ala-Too International University, Kaldybaev Salidin , Attokurova Chynar ,   Kyrgyz Academy of Education of the Kyrgyz Republic
Published: February 2024

In this article we will talk about functional, mathematical and mathematical-functional literacy of younger schoolchildren. The issues of formation of functional literacy, mathematical skills in younger schoolchildren, the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in practice are considered. It is recommended to discuss among teachers the importance of the ability to deduce textual and situational questions, to deduce them in several ways, to explain, to analyze conclusions. It also provides for the formation of mathematical and functional literacy among younger schoolchildren, the ability to identify the causes of the opposite opinion (mistakes made) and give their recommendations on it. Prepared on the basis of system-activity approaches used in neighboring countries, authors I.Bekboev, N.Ibraeva considered the need to change the content of textbooks in mathematics for students of grades 1-4 in accordance with the requirements of the time
THE STUDY OF FOLKLORE WORKS AS A SOURCE OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION IN KYRGYZ ETHNOPEDAGOGY
Authors:   Kyrgyz State University named after I.Arabaev, Kaldybaeva Aichurok , Batyrov Azizbek ,   Kyrgyz State University named after I.Arabaev
Published: February 2024

The article provides an overview of the works of Kyrgyz ethnopedagogues studying how the ideas of patriotic education are reflected in the folklore heritage. The views of Kyrgyz ethnopedagogues who express ideas on ethnopedagogy and patriotic education in folklore works are explained in a new way. The article was devoted to researchers of the theory and history of ethnopedagogy. In our opinion, in the patriotic education of students, works of literature perform the following functions: a communicator that unites in the collective recognition of the ideals, values of patriotic personalities in the children's environment; a means that allows a teacher-educator to instill in students feelings, values about the Motherland and patriotism; a means that deepens, complements, strengthens inner care and love for the Motherland, place birth, civic duty to the Motherland, reflection on their social role, as well as a means of self-education. In the studies of a number of scientists, opinions are expressed about Kyrgyz folklore, ethnography, philosophy, and pedagogical views in oral folk art.
FEMALE IMAGE IN ANTHROPOCENTRIC PROVERBS AND SAYINGS (based on Kazakh proverbs)
Authors:   Kyrgyz National University named after Jusup Balasagyn, Aliyeva Salima , Shamshieva Gauhar ,   Associate Professor, Kalkabayeva Gulmira ,   Academy of Logistics and Transport
Published: February 2024

The article presents a comparative analysis of proverbs and sayings on the gender of femininity in the Kazakh language. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that in the work proverbs and sayings are systematized on the basis of comparative classification by gender. In the course of the study, we found that in Kazakh proverbs and sayings, the gender sign of femininity is more often expressed by the presence of the words ana (woman) and ayel (wife). This is due to the fact that the system of values in relation to women was formed on the basis of one of the important functions of a woman - to have children, to be a wife and keeper of the hearth and comfort. In her article, the author emphasized the similarity of Kazakh and Kyrgyz proverbs. On the other hand, Kyrgyz and Kazakh proverbs and sayings about women did not differ in their similarity.
Standard DAB Staining for Free-floating Fixed NHP Brain Tissue v2
Authors: C. Bostan Andreea
Published: February 2024

This protocol details the procedure for immunohistochemical 3,3’-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining of free-floating fixed brain tissue sections using the avidin/biotin ABC complex. This protocol has been tested with free-floating non-human primate (NHP) and rodent (mouse, rat) brain tissue that has been fixed (10% formalin or 4% paraformaldehyde), cryoprotected (sucrose or glycerol gradients), and cryo-sectioned - .
Differential gene expression analysis v1
Authors: Kilfeather Peter
Published: February 2024

Differential gene expression analysis from Kilfeather, Khoo et al., 2024
Protocol 1* v2
Authors: Coats Mitt
Published: February 2024

A short abstract
DNA Quality Control by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis v1
Authors: Schwessinger Benjamin
Published: February 2024

This protocols is part of the ANU Biosecurity mini-research project #1 "Plant Pathogen Diagnostics: Visuals, subcultures, and genomics". You will be provided four pots of 3-4 week old wheat plants that have been infected with different wheat pathogens. Each pot has been infected with one major pathogen. You will not know which pot has been infected with which pathogen. However, you will be provided a compendium of 10-15 wheat pathogens that will guide you to identify the infective agent for each treatment group. The fifth treatment group will be uninfected wheat plants which will be clearly identified. You can use treatment group #5 as negative control for your experiments. In total, each group will obtain five pots each: This specific protocol is a step by step guide to assess DNA quality via agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis lets you assess the size of DNA molecules. In addition, you can estimate DNA concentrations and impurities of RNA. During agarose gel electrophoresis DNA gets linearised. Larger molecules take longer to migrate through the gel when migration is driven by a electric potential at the specific pH of the buffer. When running a standard DNA ladder with bands of known molecular size, one can compare the DNA size of ones DNA or PCR sample with the known standards. The final goal is to achieve the following: To assess DNA length of molecules in total DNA stock samples and for all PCR reactions. To approximately estimate relative DNA concentrations. To test if negative PCR controls did not amplify anything as appropriate. To test if whole DNA extracts contain RNA in addition to DNA. Select samples from three research groups to be sequenced in the practical of week 6. This protocol is applicable for week 5. Protocols progress overview: Week 5 Run a 1% Agarose Gel electrophoresis for all samples of each research group. Some useful explainers and resources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4846332/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarose_gel_electrophoresis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDZUAleWX78
Exploring external load variations in elite female soccer players during 6v6 small-sided games
Authors: González-García Jaime , Morencos Esther , García-de-Alcaraz Antonio , Ramírez-Campillo Rodrigo , Romero-Moraleda Blanca
Published: February 2024

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the external loads response of elite female soccer players to different small-sided games (SSG). Twelve elite female soccer players (26.5 ± 5.7 years, 58.6 ± 5.6 kg, 164.4 ± 5.3 cm) performed four different 6vs6 SSG: two different sizes (20x20m and 30x30m) and with minigoals (MG) and without mini-goals (NG). Methods: Total distance (TD), low-intensity running distance (LIR), high-intensity running distance (HIR), sprint distance (SD), accelerations (ACC), decelerations (DEC), repeated sprints (RS) and Bodyload (BL) was collected using a 15Hz global positioning satellite system. The variables were compared across all SSG formats using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p<.05) and non-clinical magnitude-based inferences (Cohen´s d). Results: Compared to 20x20m SSG, the 30x30m SSG induced greater TD (p=.001, d=1.20), LIR (p=.001, d=1.06), HIR (p=.001, d=1.20) and BL (p=.008, d=1.04) in NG condition. Similarly, in SSG with MG, greater number of ACC (p=.003, d=.38), DEC (p=.005, d=.42), LIR (p=.009, d=.86) and HIR (p=.070 d=.61) occurred in 30x30m vs. 20x20m. When NG 30x30m and 20x20m SSG were played, greater TD (p=.001, d=1.70; p=.001, d=1.13; respectively), LIR (p=.001, d=1.84; p=.001, d=1.39), ACC (p=.54, d=.39; p=.003, d=.74; respectively) and BL (p=.001, d=1.60; p=.001, d=1.15; respectively) were noted compared to MG. Conclusion: greater external load response of elite female soccer players was observed in SSG without mini-goals and played in greater pitch sizes. These findings are usefulness for coaches and physical trainers to design proper training tasks according to game demands.
Oncoprotective effects of chondroprotectors: glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and undenatured type II collagen
Authors: Torshin I. Yu. , Chuchalin A. G. , Gromova O. A.
Published: February 2024

Objective: to systematize fundamental, clinical, and epidemiological data on the oncoprotective effects of chondroprotectors: chondroitin sulfate (CS), glucosamine (including glucosamine sulfate, GS), and undenatured type II collagen (UC-II).Material and methods. A systematic computer analysis of 6176 publications on the relationship between CS/GS/UC-II and tumor diseases found by the query “(glucosamine OR chondroitin OR ((“Collagen Type II” OR “type II collagen”) AND pharmacology)) AND (Cancer OR cancers OR tumor OR tumors OR tumors OR tumour*) NOT tumor necrosis)” in PubMed and Embase databases was performed. All articles of any format from 1900 to the present day with full available abstracts were taken. A topological approach to data analysis was used.Results. Large-scale clinical and epidemiological studies and meta-analyses showed that regular consumption of CS/GS reduced the risk of colorectal cancer and lung cancer, as well as mortality from tumor diseases. The mechanisms of oncoprotective action of CS/GS are through inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cascade of tumor necrosis factor alpha, CD44 receptor and nuclear factor kappa B, and initiation of tumor cell apoptosis. By modulating the CD44 receptor and specific O-glycosylation of intracellular proteins, GS inhibits the pro-inflammatory effects of arachidonic acid cascade, interleukins IL-6, IL-8, the PI3K/Akt proliferative pathway, and cyclin-dependent kinases. The first postgenomic studies of CS/GS oncoprotective effects, including microbiome studies, was performed. Additionally, CS contributes to the inhibition of the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinases involved in tumor metastasis and invasion. Potentially, CS/GS oncoprotective effects may be enhanced by the anti-inflammatory effect of UC-II: the addition of NC-II substance to CS/GS complex makes it possible to reduce the autoimmune branch of pathogenesis not only in primary, but also in secondary OA and rheumatoid arthritis.Conclusion. The CS and glucosamine (including GS) chondroprotectors exhibit oncoprotective effects. The use of CS and GS together with UС-II standardized pharmaceutical forms can enhance their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
Socio-economic burden of respiratory syncytial viral infection of the lower respiratory tract in children aged from birth to 5 years in the Russian Federation: modeling results
Authors: Ignatyeva V. I. , Ovsyannikov D. Yu. , Tsygankov A. E. , Yagnenkova E. E. , Amirova V. R. , Maryanyan M. M. , Mokrova A. S.
Published: February 2024

Background. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common virus causing lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), including acute bronchiolitis and pneumonia, in children in the first 5 years of life.Objective: to estimate the annual socio-economic burden for the Russian Federation (RF) due to RSV-LRTI in children aged under 5 years.Material and methods. Based on published results of meta-analysis of epidemiological data for RSV-induced infections, the annual number of RSV-LRTI cases, the number of hospitalizations, and associated lethal outcomes were calculated in the model for groups of children aged 0 – <12 months, 12 – <24 months, and 24 – 60 months. The costs of medical care were determined according to the current tariffs of the Compulsory Health Insurance system and published Russian data on the distribution of the number of RSV-LRTI cases by severity. The damage to gross domestic product (GDP) associated with fatalities was estimated taking into account life expectancy and employment.Results. According to the estimates, 397.2 thousand children aged under 5 years in the RF fall ill with RSV-LRTI during a year, including 44.6 thousand cases requiring hospitalization, and in 268 cases, the infection becomes lethal. Medical costs for treatment exceed 2.2 billion rubles, and the damage to GDP as a result of lethal outcomes reaches almost 10 billion rubles. The main damage is related to RSV-LRTI cases in children aged under 1 year, the share of which is over 50% among those hospitalized and over 70% among those who died.Conclusion. RSV significantly affects morbidity and mortality among children aged under 5 years. According to modeling data, it causes up to 3.5% of deaths in this age group, and the associated economic losses exceed 12.2 billion rubles, which justifies the need for RSV-LRTI immunoprophylaxis.
Pharmacoeconomic analysis of using empegfilgrastim for the treatment of early and locally advanced HER2+ breast cancer in the Russian Federation
Authors: Zhuravleva M. V. , Kokushkin K. A. , Luchinin E. A. , Luchinina E. V. , Kameneva T. R. , Kuznetsova E. V. , Krysanova V. S. , Makarova E. V. , Zhukova L. G.
Published: February 2024

Objective: to assess budget impact of using empegfilgrastim for the prevention of febrile neutropenia in patients with early and locally advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer who receive neoadjuvant “docetaxel / carboplatin / trastuzumab + pertuzumab” regimen, considering possible subsequent adjuvant therapy with trastuzumab emtansine or trastuzumab within the Russian healthcare system.Material and methods. We searched and analyzed published clinical, epidemiological and pharmacoeconomic studies as well as regulatory and legal documents. A decision tree model was constructed to reflect the probabilities of switching to different adjuvant therapy regimens depending on the achievement of pathomorphological complete response in patients with early and locally advanced HER2+ breast cancer. The budget impact analysis was carried out comparing two primary prophylactic options, empegfilgrastim and filgrastim.Results. Despite the higher costs of prevention with empegfilgrastim compared to filgrastim (249 vs. 134 thousand rubles), due to the higher rate of achieving a pathomorphological complete response and, accordingly, fewer cases requiring adjuvant therapy with the more expensive trastuzumab emtanzine, savings of 916 thousand rubles per 1 patient per 1 year of therapy are possible. In general, prophylaxis in the target population diagnosed with early and locally advanced HER2+ breast cancer using empegfilgrastim will result in a cost reduction of 9.4 billion rubles per 1 year compared to filgrastim.Conclusion. Empegfilgrastim prophylaxis, despite its higher annual cost, is an efficient option within the Russian healthcare system. In addition to reducing the incidence of febrile neutropenia, the frequency and dose of chemotherapy are preserved, resulting in increased efficacy of the primary therapy.
Clinical and economic analysis of treatment sequences with prolgolimab and BRAF/MEK inhibitors in adult patients with metastatic or unresectable cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Zyryanov S. K. , Orlova K. V.
Published: February 2024

Objective: evaluation of the comparative pharmacoeconomic effectiveness of treatment sequences with prolgolimab as the first line and combination therapy with BRAF/MEK inhibitors as the second line versus a regimen with BRAF/MEK inhibitors as the first line and prolgolimab as the second line in adult patients with metastatic or unresectable cutaneous melanoma.Material and methods. A detailed Markov and decision tree model was developed to allocate patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma (mCM) with BRAF gene mutation (BRAF+) to treatment with prolgolimab or to targeted therapy with BRAF/MEK inhibitors (“dabrafenib + trametinib”, or “vemurafenib + cobimetinib” combinations). The costs of BRAF+ mCM therapy and the number of life years gained (LYGs) depending on the treatment regimen were calculated using approximated overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) curves taken from relevant publications.Results. The treatment sequence for BRAF+ mCM had a significant impact on patient treatment outcomes: the median OS for the “prolgolimab → BRAF/MEK inhibitors” regimen was 41 months, while for the “BRAF/MEK inhibitors → prolgolimab” regimen it was 26 months; the median PFS was 11.5 months for the sequence starting with prolgolimab and 12.2 months for the strategy starting with “dabrafenib + trametinib” combination. The number of LYGs for a therapy regimen starting with prolgolimab and a regimen starting with “dabrafenib + trametinib” combination when modeling in the 1st year of therapy was 0.92 and 0.94 years, and at a 5-year horizon it was 3.19 and 2.75 years, respectively. At the same time, the cost of 1 LYG with a strategy starting with prolgolimab was 156 thousand rubles (5%) lower than the strategy starting with “dabrafenib + trametinib” combination.Conclusion. The developed pharmacoeconomic research model facilitated a clinical and economic analysis of using prolgolimab compared to targeted therapy with BRAF/MEK inhibitors across four lines of therapy, closely reflecting real clinical practice in the treatment of BRAF+ mCM patients.
Analysis of the clinical and economic effectiveness of using benralizumab in comparison with standard therapy in patients with severe bronchial asthma
Authors: Nedogoda S. V. , Salasyuk A. S. , Avdeev S. N. , Barykina I. N. , Lutova V. O. , Popova E. A.
Published: February 2024

Objective: to evaluate the clinical and economic effectiveness of benralizumab in comparison with standard therapy in patients with severe bronchial asthma (SBA) with an eosinophilic phenotype in the Russian Federation.Material and methods. A clinical and economic analysis of using benralizumab in addition to standard therapy was carried out in comparison with standard therapy for SBA with an eosinophilic phenotype by means of a modeling method. Cost calculations were performed in a mathematical model adapted to the Russian healthcare conditions with the help of cost indicators and patient population characteristics.Results. The use of benralizumab as a mandatory component of standard therapy compared with standard therapy alone for SBA with an eosinophilic phenotype will allow for an additional 0.65 life years gained (LYGs) and 1.12 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) per 1 patient during lifelong therapy. It will provide avoiding 4.95 exacerbations, simultaneously with a reduction in total costs by 584,144 rubles by reducing gross domestic product (GDP) losses due to mortality and temporary disability over an assessment horizon equal to life expectancy. The costs of 1 LYG and 1 QALY in the case of benralizumab were 869,455 and 1,252,056 rubles, in the case of standard therapy they were 911,615 and 1,303,811 rubles, respectively.Conclusion. Intensification of SBA therapy with an eosinophilic phenotype with benralizumab is clinically justified (leads to an increase in life expectancy, a decrease in the rate of exacerbations and an increase in patients’ working life), and is also economically feasible, as it allows to reduce direct costs and GDP losses of the state.
Possibilities of bioregulation therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic tonsillitis
Authors: Ovchinnikov A. Yu. , Miroshnichenko N. A. , Nikolaeva Yu. O.
Published: February 2024

Background. There are numerous diagnostic methods and therapy regimens for chronic tonsillitis (CT). Different methods of treatment in certain conditions do not always show high efficiency, so the search for new ways of conservative management of CT is needed, the main task of which is palatine tonsils preservation.Objective: to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a multicomponent preparation with low dosage of active substances Lymphomyosot® in adult patients with CT and cervical lymphadenopathy in real clinical practice.Material and methods. A total of 170 male and female patients aged 18–65 years with CT (simple form and 1st degree toxic-allergic form) and cervical lymphadenopathy were included in an observational, open, prospective study. In the main group (n=85), a combined therapy consisting of standard CT therapy (a course of palatine tonsils lavage with 0.9% NaCl solution) with the addition of Lymphomyosot® was administered. In the control group (n=85), topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or phytotherapy were used instead of the studied drug. Ultrasound examination of regional cervical lymph nodes with measuring of their diameter (longitudinal, transverse) was chosen as a parameter of objective assessment of patients' condition dynamics. The results of therapy at Visit 1 and Visit 2 (12±2 days after Visit 1) were compared. The effectiveness of treatment regimens was analyzed according to the following parameters: complaints related to CT; oropharyngoscopic data; evaluation of CT indicators by the doctor and the patients; dynamics of cervical regional lymph nodes size; satisfaction of the doctor and the patients with the clinical effect and tolerability of therapy.Results. The dynamic observation showed a significant decrease in the number of complaints and symptoms according to objective examination, oropharyngoscopy, as well as evaluation of symptoms by the doctor and the patients at Visit 2 in both groups (p<0.001). However, in the main group, where Lymphomyosot® was administered in the complex treatment, there was a more significant decrease in cervical lymph nodes size compared to the control group (p<0.01).Conclusion. The study demonstrated that Lymphomyosot® increased the efficacy of complex therapy, reducing cervical lymphoadenopathy and other manifestations of the disease in patients with CT (simple and 1st degree toxic-allergic forms).
Acute and subacute evaluation of plasma glucose with circuit strength training in young adults: Study protocol
Authors: Fernando Alves Welyngton , Cunha Raphael Martins da
Published: February 2024

Background: Strength training with physical exercise improves glycemic stability during exercise and reduces the duration and severity of post-exercise hypoglycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Even though the effects of exercise on health are vast in the literature, the acute and sub-acute response of plasma glycemia with circuit strength training (CST) in young individuals is very scarce. Objectives: Develop a study protocol to evaluate plasma glycemic behavior in healthy young adults before, during and after CST with active rest. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Participants will be selected based on certain variables of interest, informed about the study, and signing the informed consent. Participants will undergo anamnesis, anthropometric assessment collection, in order to outline the physical-functional profile, taken to the weight room, where they will spend 10 minutes in a sitting position to collect pre-protocol capillary blood, one group will carry out a session with control protocol without exercise and another, a session with an experimental protocol with CST and will have plasma glucose collected between and post-protocols. Results: This cross-sectional study protocol is expected to contribute additional information on understanding the acute and subacute effects of plasma glycemia with CST, with active rest, in young individuals.