bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Various Specificities of the DNA Dependent RNA Polymerase for Synthetic Templates
Authors: Matzura Hans
Published: February 2015

The transcription of the homopolymer templates poly dA: dT and poly dG: dC with RNA polymerase is described. In both cases the pyrimidine strands are transcribed preferably, as shown by studies in which only one or both of the triphosphates complementary to the strands were present as substrates. A poly dA: dT dependent poly A synthesis which had reached a plateau could no longer be stimulated by addition of new poly dA: dT. If instead poly dG: dC and GTP were added, the beginning of a poly G synthesis could be observed.
II. Mitt.: Verhalten in Tomatenpflanzen
Authors: Grimmer Falko , Dedek Wolfgang , Leibnitz Eberhard
Published: February 2015

The metabolism of dimethoate and its N-butyl homologues in tomato plants has been studied by use of 32P and 35S labelled initial products. The preparation of thiol-35S-labelled dimethoate is described. Formation and break down of dimethoxon and N-tert.-butyl-dimethoxon have been measured by radio-thin layer chromatography. The calculated biological half times have been compared with those in aqueous buffer solutions; remarkable differences between dimethoate and dimethoxon derivatives have been observed. The extension of the N-alkyl chain causes a more rapid biological breakdown. The technique described is also useful for the comparison of other organophosphorus compounds (OPC).
Isolierung und Charakterisierung von zwei Hexokinasen unterschiedlicher Spezifität aus dem Flußkrebs Orconectes limosus (RAFINESQUE)
Authors: Wolter Sabine
Published: February 2015

Two hexokinase activities of different substrate specificity (fraction I and II) have been isolated by means of column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose from the antennal gland of the crayfish Orconectes limosus (RAFINESQUE). Chromatographically, the two fractions are uniform. Out of 10 sugars, fraction I converts mannose and fructose only; the phosphorylation of fructose amounts to 20% only of the conversion of mannose. Fraction II phosphorylates six out of the 10 sugars tested, and in its substrate specificity it corresponds to an unspecific hexokinase. The products of phosphorylation are with both enzymes for all substrates sugar-6-phosphates. The Km values of fraction I for mannose and fructose are 3,9·10-5 and 2,9·10-3Μ, those of fraction II for glucose, mannose and fructose 7,1·10-5Μ, 8,0·10-5Μ and 6,7·10-3Μ. The same enzymes have been found in the heart and in the hindgut, with proportions in the three organs, however, different.

Experiments with the crude extract had the following results as regards the properties of the enzymes: the activity is not particle-bound. Optimal activity is obtained at a pH-value of more than 7.7. High concentrations of salt as well as pH-values below 6 or above 8 rapidly destroy the activity in storage.
Protogynie bei Papageifischen (Scaridae)
Authors: Reinboth Rudolf
Published: February 2015

Histological investigation of the gonads of 24 specimens of parrotfishes, belonging to several species, revealed the existence of secondary males and of females changing into males in this family. These findings are very similar to those having been described in protogynous wrasses. Considering various data in the literature on sexual dichromatism and spawning behavior, it may be concluded that parrotfishes are protogynous, just as some wrasses, to which they are closely related.
Wiedererscheinen von Tetrahydrobiopterin in der Regenerationsknospe von Triturus-Arten
Authors: Kokolis Nikos , Ziegler Irmgard
Published: February 2015

Tetrahydrobiopterin which is present in larval skin of Triturus completely disappears after metamorphosis. In T. cristatus it is mainly riboflavin which remains in the dorsal skin, while in T. alpestris it is mainly isoxanthopterin as well as smaller amounts of pterincarbonic-acid (6), 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridin and (in T. alpestris) biopterin which are found. In T. vulgaris all 4 compounds are found in about equal amounts. The regeneration buds of the tail in T. cristatus and T. alpestris are dark and show melanophores in the epidermis. Moreover, the tetrahydrobiopterin has reappeared whereas riboflavin and isoxanthopterin are diminished respectively. As differentation progresses, the ratios tetrahydrobiopterin/riboflavin and tetrahydrobiopterin/isoxanthopterin gradually regain their “adult” values. The slightly greyish regeneration bud in T. vulgaris, however, does not show any melanophores in the epidermis, nor does tetrahydropterin of the larval stage reappear. The relations between repigmentation of the regeneration bud and the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin from its purin-precursor are discussed.
Wechselwirkungen zwischen Lysozym und Influenzaviren
Authors: Grossgebauer Klaus , Langmaack Heike
Published: February 2015

Gereinigten Influenzavirus-Partikeln und unvorbehandelten Normalallantois-Flüssigkeiten embryonierter Hühnereier konnten antibakterielle Aktivitäten zugeordnet werden. Das antibakterielle Prinzip löste den Micrococcus lysodeikticus, war hitzestabil und pH 2-stabil. Es hat daher Eigenschaften mit Ei-Lysozym gemeinsam. Es wird vermutet, daß diese vom Virus ausgehende Wirkung auf angelagertes oder wirtseigenes Lysozym oder eine ähnliche kationische Verbindung zurückgeht.

In weiteren Versuchen wurden Wechselwirkungen zwischen Influenzaviren und Lysozym nachgewiesen:

1. Influenzaviren ließen sich durch kommerzielles Lysozym präzipitieren.

2. Lysozym konnte an Influenzaviren angelagert werden.

3. Influenzaviren verstärkten die Lysozym-bedingte antibakterielle Wirkung gegen Micrococcus lysodeikticus im Agarose-Lysistest.

4. Die Lysozym-bedingte Hämagglutination wurde durch die verschiedensten Influenzavirus-Präparationen gehemmt.
Untersuchungen zum endogenen Stoffwechsel von Mykobakterien
Authors: Iwainsky H. , Reutgen H.
Published: February 2015

Als Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Wirkungsweise des INH wird der direkte Eingriff dieses Mittels und die indirekte Auswirkung bei der Resistenzausbildung untersucht.

Nach einer Markierung von Mykobakterien mit 32P unter Bedingungen der endogenen Atmung wird eine Aufteilung in Lipide, säurelösliche und Nucleinsäure-Fraktion durchgeführt. Die säurelösliche Fraktion wird mit Hilfe der Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie weiter fraktioniert.

Bei direktem INH-Einsatz ist eine generelle Hemmung des 32P-Einbaues in die Bakterien festzustellen.

Sowohl bei direkter Anwendung als auch bei vergleichenden Untersuchungen an INH-sensiblen und -resistenten Keimen ergibt sich ein veränderter Stoffwechsel des CMP, des NAD und des Glu-1-P.

Bei direkter Anwendung des INH ist die Synthese des NAD und des AMP stark gehemmt. Bei erhöhter Konzentration des CMP und des Glu-1-P wird der 32P-Einbau inhibiert. Daneben ist ein verstärkter 32P-Umsatz für GDP und die Triphosphate zu verzeichnen.

INH-resistente Keime lassen über die Erhöhung der CMP- und NAD-Konzentration hinaus einen erhöhten 32P-Umsatz des Glu-1-P und des CDP erkennen.
Einige chemische Aspekte der Osmiumtetroxidfixierung
Authors: Schiechl H.
Published: February 2015

Das Studium der Reaktionen des OsO4 mit den einzelnen biologischen Substanzen unter den üblichen Bedingungen der Fixierung ergibt, daß das OsO4 vorzüglich mit den Lipoiden reagiert. Die Proteine beteiligen sich in der Hauptsache mit ihren schwefelhaltigen Seitenketten an der Reaktion. Von beiden Substanzgruppen wird das OsO4 zu Os(VI) reduziert und gebunden. Die bevorzugten Bindungsorte des Osmiums in den verschiedenen Gewebestrukturen werden diskutiert. Polysaccharide und verwandte Verbindungen sowie Nucleinsäuren zeigen keine Osmiumaufnahme.
Zur spektroskopischen Untersuchung der Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen
Authors: Mauser Heinz
Published: February 2015

Verfolgt man die Extinktionen während einer chemischen Reaktion und trägt die Extinktionsänderung bei einer Wellenzahl gegen die Extinktionsänderung bei einer anderen Wellenzahl auf, so erhält man Kurven, die charakteristisch von Art und Zahl der Teilreaktionen abhängen. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, welche Informationen solche Extinktionsdifferenzen-Diagramme über den Ablauf von Dunkel- und Photoreaktionen geben können.
Bildung von Cyclonucleotiden bei Bestrahlung wäßriger Lösungen von Purinnucleotiden
Authors: Keck Klaus
Published: February 2015

A 8,5′-cyclonucleotide was shown to be a product in the γ-radiolysis of oxygen-free aqueous solutions of adenosine-5′-monophosphate. Evidence for this was obtained by NMR-spectroscopy and chemical degradation to 8-formyladenine, 8-hydroxymethyladenine and 8-carboxyadenine. The chromatographic and spectral data of these compounds are given. Irradiation of other purinnucleotides leads to similar cyclonucleotides.
IR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an NH- und ND-Formazanen
Authors: Otting W. , Neugebauer F. A.
Published: February 2015

The solid and solution IR spectra of the yellow formazans (1) show in most cases a strong J'(NH) or ν (ND) band. The ν (NH) absorption of the red formazans (2) is so weak (ε ≈ 1 [liter mole-1 cm-1]), that it is only observed in solutions and with long path length. In the case of C-ethoxycarbonyl-N.N′-diphenylformazan opening of the intramolecular N — H - - - N hydrogen bridge by light gives rise to a new intramolecular N — H - - - O hydrogen bridge. The nuclear N — H resonance of the red formazans is shifted far to low field (14 p. p.m.).
Zur Biosynthese einiger Alkaloide von Glycosmis arborea (Rutaceae)
Authors: Gröger D. , Johne S.
Published: February 2015

The biosynthesis of some alkaloids of Glycosmis arborea (Roxb.) DC has been studied. Using labelled compounds it has been shown that the chinazolone-alkaloid arborine is derived from phenylalanine and anthranilic acid. After feeding anthranilic acid-T the isolated acridone-alkaloid arborinine was degradated to 1-methyl-4-chinolon-3-carboxylic acid. This compound had the same specific radioactivity as arborinine. So one might conclude anthranilic acid is a precursor of ring A of the acridine-alkaloids.

Die Familie der Rutaceen umfaßt etwa 150 Genera, die vorwiegend in den Tropen und Subtropen verbreitet sind. In rund 40 Gattungen, besonders der Unterfamilien Rutoideae und Toddalioideae, sind bisher Alkaloide nachgewiesen worden. Die Alkaloide gehören den unterschiedlichsten Struktur-Typen an. Die am häufigsten vertretene Gruppe sind die Furochinoline. Das Vorkommen dieses Alkaloid-Types sowie der Acridine, Imidazol-Alkaloide und Indolochinazoline scheint auf die Rutaceen beschränkt zu sein.
Anticryptoccal Serum Factors in Experimental Liver Disease
Authors: Gadebusch Hans H.
Published: February 2015

Lysozyme and β-lysin activity in rat serum have been studied biochemically and microbiologically after induction of hepatic dysfunction. Under the conditions of these experiments β-lysin activity was adversely affected by liver necrosis or cirrhosis, while both factors (β-lysin ** and lysozyme) were affected by hyperbilirubinemia. Lysozyme and β-lysin activity were unaffected in serum from rats afflicted with (a) malnutrition, (b) fatty liver in the absence of significant necrosis, (c) disturbance in porphyrin metabolism as represented by hexachlorobenzene intoxication, and (d) extent of glycogen deposition in the liver.

The potential role of these and other pertinent factors in host resistance to cryptoccosis has been discussed.
Untersuchungen über Isopolychromate
Authors: Glemser O. , Höltje W. , Stockburger M.
Published: February 2015

The infra-red absorption spectrum and laser raman spectrum of crystalline potassium trichromate are reported and compared with the corresponding spectra of potassium dichromate. It is shown that the state of aggregation of acid and concentrated aqueous chromate solutions can be investigated by use of laser raman spectroscopy. Trichromate ions are found to exist in acid dichromate solutions having concentrations ≧ 3 M and acidity pH ≪ 0, and in aqueous solutions of chromium trioxide provided concenrations are ≧ 2 M.
Das Trichlormethyl-Radikal als Reaktionszwischenprodukt
Authors: Steudel Ralf
Published: February 2015

Verschiedene Kohlenstoff-Halogen-Verbindungen werden in der Gasphase (0,1 Torr) unter Strömungsbedingungen thermisch oder in einer Glimmentladung (G.E.) zersetzt. Die Reaktionsprodukte werden unmittelbar hinter der Reaktionszone kontinuierlich massenspektroskopisch analysiert oder nach Einfrieren bei —190 °C IR-spektroskopisch untersucht. Es entstehen (Reaktionsprodukte nach abnehmender Konzentration) aus

CCl4 (90 °C): Cl2, CCl3, C2Cl6, C2Cl4, C;

CCl4 (G.E.): Cl2, C2Cl4, CCl3, C2Cl6, C2Cl2;

C2Cl6 (900°): Cl2, CCl3, C2Cl4, CCl4, C;

CHCl3 (700-900°): HCl, C2Cl4, C, CCl3, C2Cl6, C2Cl2, C3Cl4;

CHCl3 (G.E.): HCl, C2Cl4, C2HCl3, C, C2Cl6, C2Cl2, CCl3, C3Cl4, Cl2;

SCCl2 (900° oder G.E.): CS2, Cl2, CCl3, S—Cl-Verbindungen, C2Cl4, C2Cl2, C2Cl6, C, (C3S2);

C2Cl4 (G.E.): C2Cl6, C2Cl2, Cl2, C3Cl4, (CCl2);

CCl3SiCl3 (600°): SiCl4, C2Cl6, C2Cl4, Si2Cl6, C2Cl2, C3Cl4, u. a.;

CCl3SiCl3 (G.E.): Cl2, SiCl4, C2Cl4, C2Cl6, CCl4, C2Cl2, C, (SiCl2);

CCl2Br2 (900°): Br2, C2Cl4, Chlor-Brom-Äthylene, C;

CBr4 (700°): Br2, C2Br6, C2Br4, C;

CCl3F ( + Ag, 700°): trans-C2F2Cl2, und andere.

Bei den sechs ersten Reaktionen wird das CCl3 durch direkte Isolierung bei —190 °C als Zwischenprodukt nachgewiesen. Die Reaktionsmechanismen werden auf der Grundlage der qualitativen und halbquantitativen Produktanalyse diskutiert. Durch Reaktion von Radikalen CCln mit S bzw. Se werden CS2 und SCCl2 bzw. CSe2 und die neue Verbindung SeCCl2 erhalten.
Über die Strahlenempfindlichkeit der Wasserstoffbrücken in der Desoxyribonucleinsäure
Authors: Ullrich M. , Hagen U.
Published: February 2015

Calf thymus DNA was irradiated in aqueous solution and fractionated on columns of kieselgur with methylated serum albumin (MAK). Irradiated DNA was firmly bound by the MAK-column in neutral pH, exponentially to the radiation-dose; it could be eluted, however with 2 N-ammonia. There is only a limited region of the DNA-molecule, which is responsible for the retention, as the irradiated DNA-molecules could be degraded by ultrasound to fragments which are retained by the column and to those which can be eluted.

Experiments with DNA, degraded by DNase or ultrasound, have shown, that breaks of the double helix or breaks of a single strand are not responsible for this retention. Crosslinks between the molecules or alterations of the nucleotide bases could as well be excluded.

The sensitivity of the DNA concerning the observed radiation effect depends on the ionic strength of the solution during irradiation. In 0.4 M NaCl, where the helical structure of the DNA is more stable, the radiosensitivity is lower than in 0.01 M NaCl. This leads to the conclusion, that snort single stranded regions are formed by irradiation and are responsible for the binding by the column. The denatured regions in irradiated DNA can not be recognized, however, by alteration of absorbancy-temperature relationships. The size of these regions in the DNA-chain and the mechanism of their formation is discussed.
Long-Range-13C-H-Kopplungen in einigen Cyclobutadien-eisentricarbonylen. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bindungsverhältnisse im komplexgebundenen Cyclobutadien
Authors: Brune Hans Albert , Wolff Hans Peter , Hüther Hans
Published: February 2015

All observable long-range 13C-H-coupling constants have been measured for cyclobutadiene-iron-tricarbonyl, 1.2-dimethyl-cyclobutadiene-irontricarbonyl, trimethyl-cyclobutadiene-irontricarbonyl and tetramethyl-cyclobutadiene-irontricarbonyl. The couplings are assigned and discussed with respect to bonding problems in the four-membered ring. A quadratic structure of the cyclobutadiene-system with uniform C—C-bond order is postulated on the basis of these measurements.
Über ein Glykoproteid in den Pygidialwehrblasen des Gelbrandkäfers
Authors: Schildknecht H. , Bühner R.
Published: February 2015

Aus den Pygidialwehrblasen des Gelbrandkäfers (Dytiscus marginalis) konnte ein in Methanol unlöslicher, farbloser Niederschlag isoliert werden. Das IR-Spektrum deutet auf ein Glykoproteid hin. Das Glykoproteid, in dem sich 18 Aminosäuren nachweisen ließen, war durch Elektrophorese nicht zum Wandern zu bringen. Vermutlich erfolgt durch den zu 80% in den Blasen vorhandenen p-Hydroxybenzaldehyd über die ε-Aminogruppen des Lysins und durch Oxydation über —S—S-Brücken eine vielfache Vernetzung. In Übereinstimmung damit besteht wahrscheinlich die Funktion des Proteids darin, die in den Blasen vorhandenen bakterizid und fungizid wirkenden Stoffe an der Oberfläche des Käfers festzuhalten, eine Hypothese, die durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen z. T. bestätigt werden konnte.
Die Explosionschemie der Bombardierkäfer (Coleoptera, Carabidae) III. Mitt.: Isolierung und Charakterisierung der Explosionskatalysatoren
Authors: Schildknecht H. , Maschwitz Eleonore , Maschwitz U.
Published: February 2015

Die Inhaltsstoffe der paarigen Pygidialwehrblasen der Bombardierkäfer, Hydroperoxid und Hydrochinon, werden beim „Schuß“ in kleinen Portionen in Chitinkammern gepreßt und dort explosionsartig zu Sauerstoff, Chinon und Wasser umgesetzt. Diese Brennkammerreaktion wird durch Enzyme katalysiert, die als tiefbraune, 40 bis 60-proz. Eiweißlösung aus den einzelligen Annexdrüsen in die Vorkammern entleert werden. Beim Bombardierkäfer Brachynus explodens ließen sich daraus rund 10 µg, bei B. crepitans 30 μg Protein isolieren. Das Sekret konnte elektrophoretisch in mehrere teils katalatisch, teils peroxydatisch wirksame Fraktionen aufgetrennt werden. Die Proteine von sieben Brachynus-Arten und einer Aptinus-Art ergaben bei der Mikro-Zonenelektrophorese charakteristische artspezifische Trennbilder. Durch Disk-Elektrophorese waren bei B. crepitans und B. explodens je sechs verschiedene Eiweißfraktionen nachzuweisen.
Über den Einfluß einer Genom-Plastom-Disharmonie auf die Thylakoidanordnung
Authors: Schötz Franz , Diers Lothar , Bathelt Helmtraud
Published: February 2015

A very irregularly shaped thylakoid system may appear in the chloroplasts of the Oenothera hybrid Oe. (lamarckiana × hookeri) velans · hhookeri with lamarckiana plastids as a result of a disharmony between genom and plastom. By means of serial sections the three-dimensional shape of this thylakoid system was elucidated in a scale model (fig. 3 and figs. 5 a to 5 e) . On single sections the thylakoid arrangement of such chloroplasts resembles the thylakoid system in the cells of various Cyanophyceae. Bridge-like connections between thylakoids (fig. 1) reveal a characteristic alteration in the course of the thylakoid direction; it turns by about 90° above and below the respective juncture. This seems to be a more general occurring type of the thylakoidal structure (fig. 2). — The stacks of only a few very extensive thylakoids (fig. 6) which are occasionally observed correspond to a similar thylakoid packing in various eukaryontic algae. Thus the disharmony between genom and plastom does not only prevent unspecifically the chloroplast differentiation, but it may also lead to a shape of the thylakoid system which is exceptional for higher plants but common with types lower in the system.
Potential Constants, Mean Amplitudes of Vibration, Shrinkage Constants and Coriolis Coupling Coefficients of Monohalo Acetylenes
Authors: Venkateswarlu K. , Mathew Mariamma P.
Published: February 2015

The potential constants are obtained for the monohaloacetylenes using the general valence force field. The theory of the mean-square amplitude matrices is applied to these molecules and the parallel and perpendicular mean-square amplitudes for the interatomic distances are calculated. The perpendicular amplitudes have been used for calculating the shrinkage effect. The Coriolis coupling coefficients are also obtained for all these molecules.
Die Abbildungseigensdiaften autoradiographischer Systeme
Authors: Bleecken S.
Published: February 2015

A model is given which describes the essential properties of an autoradiographic arrangement. By means of approximation methods, a contrast transfer function, a spread function, and related functions are calculated. Image functions and image contrasts for periodic and nonperiodic distributions of radioactivity can be derived from these functions.
Die Abbildungseigenschaften autoradiographischer Systeme
Authors: Bleecken S.
Published: February 2015

In autoradiographic transfer two characteristic ranges can be distinguished which result from the composed kind of dose function (e−kR/R2). In “photographic region” of transfer, i. e. when thickness of emulsion and object are comparable with the maximum range of beta particles, the influence of absorption or beta energy is predominant and that of geometry can be neglected. The autoradiographic transfer properties are very similiar to those of photographic transfer.

In the “crossfire region” of autoradiographic transfer i. e. when the thickness of emulsion and object are very small compared with the maximum particle range, the influence of geometric parameters is predominant. High crossfire causes blurred images, typical for microautoradiography with nuclides of high energies.

In addition to linear transfer of periodic and nonperiodic distributions of radioactivity, the nonlinear transfer is considered. The influence of exposure on contrast transfer and grain density is also considered.

Contrast measurements, made by using 131I- and 32P-labelled sine wave gratings, are in agreement with the calculated contrast transfer functions.
Bindungsverhältnisse in Prussiaten
Authors: Haberditzl W. , Schleinitz K.-D. , Bartel H.-G.
Published: February 2015

Die Spektren im Bereich von 300—600 nm der wäßrigen Lösungen von Prussiaten (II) zeigen in den meisten Fällen drei Banden, denen die Übergänge 1A1→ 1E (1), 1A1→ A2 und 1A1→ 1E(2) zugeordnet werden konnten (C4v-Symmetrie, Dt < 0). Durch vergleichende Überlegungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Spektrum des [Fe(CN)5NO] 2⊖ wurde eine Reihe für die Störwirkung erhalten. Der Komplex [Fe(CN)5NO2]4⊖ zeigt eine sehr geringe Störung der Oh-Symmetrie.

Für die Prussiate (III) wurden unter Vernachlässigung der gestörten Oh-Symmetrie nach einer von NAIMAN 6 angeführten Methode für [Fe(CN)6]3⊖ aus den Werten der Spektren von wäßrigen Lösungen die Dq-Werte abgeschätzt. Dabei zeigte wiederum das [Fe(CN)5NO2]3⊖ mit einem Wert Dq=3350 cm-1 die geringste Abweichung von dem des Hexacyanoferrates(III) (3495 cm-1), während die berechneten Werte der anderen Prussiate bei 3200±40 cm-1 lagen. Für die in den Spektren beobachteten Banden bei 17 500, 24 500 und 35 400 cm-1 wurden Zuordnungen getroffen. Die Banden bei 17 500 cm-1 sind bis auf den Fall des [Fe(CN)5NH3]2⊖ durch CT-Banden überlagert.
Polybenzoate und -acetate des Phorbols und Phorbol-3-ols und funktionelle Derivate der Allylgruppierung des Phorbols
Authors: Schairer Hans Ulrich , Thielmann Heinz Walter , Gschwendt Michael , Kreibich Gert , Schmidt Rainer , Hecker Erich
Published: February 2015

Base catalysed transesterification of phorbol-12,13,20-tribenzoate yields phorbol-12,13-dibenzoate. By base catalysed transesterification of phorbol-pentaacetate phorbol-9,12,13-triacetate is obtained. This can be re-acetylated to give phorbol-9,12,13,20-tetraacetate which is also obtained by treatment of phorbol-12,13,20-triacetate with acetic anhydride/p-toluene-sulfonic acid.

Reduction of phorbol-12,13,20-triacetate with LiAlH4 yields phorbol-3-ol which reduces Fehling's and Tollen's reagent. Reduction of the 3-keto group alone can be accomplished with sodium borohydride. From all phorbol-esters investigated only in phorbol-pentaacetate an acetyl migration is observed during the sodium borohydride reduction leading to phorbol-3-ol-3,9,12,13,20-pentaacetate. By these findings those two tertiary hydroxyl groups of phorbol which are not acetylated with acetic anhydride/pyridine at room temperature were further characterized.

Oxidation of phorbol-12,13-diacetate with activated manganese dioxide yields phorbol-20-al-12,13-diacetate. By evaluation of nmr-spectra of this aldehyde and of some of its derivatives as well as of the epoxide of phorbol-12,13-diacetate and of 6-oxo-7-hydroxy- and 6,7-diacetoxy-20-nor-phorbol-12,13-diacetate the sequence of C-atoms around the allylic alcohol group of phorbol is further characterized.
Zur Chemie des Phorbols, V
Authors: Kreibich Gert , Hecker Erich
Published: February 2015

In phorbol and partial acetates of phorbol the hydroxyl groups in the 20-, 13-, 12- and 4-positions can be etherified with one of the following methods: diazoalkane/Al-i-propylate, tritylchloride/pyridine and methyl-iodide/silveroxide. The investigation of suitable phorbol ethers with Fehling's and Tollens' reagent proves that the tertiary hydroxyl at the cyclopropane ring is solely responsible for the reducing properties of phorbol. Thus, phorbol is the first natural compound in which this reaction of tertiary cyclopropanols was detected.
Maternal Effect on Reproductive Capacity of Irradiated Female Mice
Authors: Ehling U. H.
Published: February 2015

Radiation sterilization of female mice is genetically controlled. After irradiation differences in reproductive performance between F1 hybrid females from reciprocal crosses are attributable to a maternal factor.
DNS-Synthese nach Röntgenbestrahlung bei homozygoten Hefestämmen verschiedenen Ploidiegrades
Authors: Jannsen Sigrid , Lochmann Ernst-Randolf , Laskowski Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

Since Saccharomyces cells have only a very small uptake of thymine or thymidine, the uptake of labelled samples of these compounds cannot be used to measure the rate of DNA synthesis.

Instead two other methods were used for both X-irradiated and unirradiated cells of a series of homozygous isogenic Saccharomyces strains of different ploidy:

1. Yeast cells were incubated with adenine-8-C14, the labelled DNA was isolated and completely separated from RNA, and the specific radioactivity of the DNA was determined. The reduction of the specific radioactivity after irradiation as a proportion of the specific radioactivity of unirradiated control cells gave the X-ray induced inhibition in the rate of DNA synthesis.

2. The uptake of thymine-2-C14-5′-monophosphate, which is the only thymine compound incorporated into the DNA of Saccharomyces in any appreciable amount, was measured after various incubation times for irradiated and control cells.

The results of the two methods are compared and the possibilities for their application are discussed.

The dose effect curve for the rate of DNA synthesis after X-irradiation shows two phases: a steep slope at low doses with a shallow slope at high doses.

For low doses the proportional decrease with X-irradiation in the rate of DNA synthesis is of the same order of magnitude as that of the colony forming ability, and is considerably greater than that of other metabolic processes such as protein and RNS synthesis, respiration or fermentation.

The dependence of this proportional decrease on degree of ploidy is also similar to that dependence shown by colony forming ability and is again different from the dependence shown by RNA or protein synthesis.

The reduction in DNA synthesis is greater the greater the time of incubation after irradiation.
Correlation between Field Formation, Proton Translocation, and the Light Reactions in Photosynthesis
Authors: Schliephake W. , Junge W. , Witt H. T.
Published: February 2015

Electrical field changes across the function membrane of photosynthesis have been measured via special absorption changes. These occur by the action of the field on pigments which are located within the membrane. - Proton translocation has been measured by absorption changes of added pH indicators. Repetitive flash technique has been used for the sensitive detection of these absorption changes.

1. Each of the two light reactions of photosynthesis sets on one half of the electrical field.

2. The action spectra indicate that the two light reactions which set on the field are identical with those which promote the electron transfer.

3. The voltage set on in the elementary act both light reactions is V0=50 mV.

4. Each of the two light reactions translocates one proton across the membrane.

5. The proton uptake is faster than 8 · 10−3 sec.

6. Two protons are translocated per one electron transferred to a terminal acceptor.

7. A reaction scheme compatible with the measured correlation between the light reactions, electron transfer, field formation, and proton translocation is depicted in Fig. 7.
Zur Chemie des Phorbols, VIII
Authors: Gschwendt Michael , Hecker Erich
Published: February 2015

Oxidation of phorbol with one mole of lead tetraacetate yields bisdehydrophorbol, tiglophorbol and small amounts of phorbolacton-semiacetal. By chemical and spectroscopic investigations of bisdehydrophorbol and its derivatives its complete structure 16 is derived based upon the partial structures and structural elements of phorbol (1 - 3) which have been deduced in preceding communications. By consideration of the mechanism of the oxidative scission of the cyclopropanol unit in phorbol the structure 15 of this new tetracyclic diterpene is obtained. 15 has a pentamethyl-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopropabenzazulene skeleton (tiglian) carrying as functional groups a tertiary hydroxyl group, an α,β-unsaturated tertiary 1.2-ketol group, a primary allyl alcohol group and a α- [hydroxycyclopropyl] -carbinol group. Phorbol is 4.9.12β.13.20-pentahydroxy-tigliadien- (1.6) -on- (3) (15) , bisdehydrophorbol 4.9.12β.20-tetrahydroxy-13.15-seco-tigliatrien- (1.6.15) -dion- (3.13) (16) the conformations of which have been determined. The structure of phorbolacton-semiacetal is determined in the following communication of this series. Based upon the structure of phorbol and additional chemical and spectroscopic evidence the structure of tiglophorbol (17) is also derived. With the data provided the relative configuration and the conformation of six out of the eight asymmetric centers of phorbol is determined.
Neuraminsäure in Pflanzen? Die 2-Keto-3-desoxyaldonsäuren in Pflanzen und die Synthese der 3-Desoxy-ᴅ-glycero-β-ᴅ-galakto-nonulosonsäure
Authors: Gielen W.
Published: February 2015

Die ausschließliche Charakterisierung von Neuraminsäure mittels der Perjodat-Thiobarbitursäure-Reaktion ist nicht ausreichend. Diese Reaktion erfaßt alle Verbindungen vom Typ der 2-Keto-3-desoxyaldonsäuren. Die aus Sojabohnen und Bananen isolierten Substanzen gehören zur Gruppe dieser stickstofffreien 2-Keto-3-desoxyaldonsäuren. Sie zeigen eine positive Perjodat-Thiobarbitursäure-Reaktion. reagieren aber nicht mit Bials Reagenz.
On the mechanism of solvolysis of orthophosphoramidates
Authors: Peacock C. J.
Published: March 2015

The data on the solvolysis of orthophosphoramidates are collected and rationalized into two groups: a mechanism involving a unimolecular decomposition of the compounds where nitrogen contains a positive charge, and a bimolecular one for molecules with uncharged nitrogen involving the entering and leaving groups at right angles to each other. The first mechanism is invoked for all acid catalyzed reactions and the decomposition of monoamidophosphoric acid, the second for all mononanions and acids except monoamidophosphoric and possibly the N-arylphosphoramidic.
Transduction of Streptococcus pyogenes K 56 by Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of the Transducing Phage A 25
Authors: Malke Horst
Published: March 2015

Experiments aimed at increasing the efficiency of transduction by the virulent group A streptococcal phage A 25 were carried out using temperature-sensitive phage mutants. Lysates of phages carrying ts mutations proved to transduce more efficiently than wild type lysates, the order of increasing effectiveness being ts+ < tsl ~ ts2 < tsl — 2. Differential survival of the recipient, K 56, appeared to be the principal reason for the improvement of transduction when cells decapsulated by hyaluronidase were transduced at the restrictive temperature. In transduction of encapsulated recipient cells, in which the superiority of ts lysates was less pronounced, the possibility was considered that mutant lysates might contain higher fractions of transducing particles than wild type lysates produced under parallel conditions.

The transducing activity of wild type lysates depended strongly on the temperature at which the phage had multiplied on the donor strain, the frequency of transduction increasing with decreasing temperature. Since the minimal latent period of the phage varied roughly in the same way with temperature, a connection is suggested between the time required for phage multiplication and the proportion of transducing particles formed.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Hydrazins und seiner Derivate XIV
Authors: Linke K.-H. , Skupin D.
Published: February 2015

Einige physikalische Eigenschaften des Selenocarbohydrazids, wie Löslichkeit, hygroskopisches Verhalten und thermische Stabilität, wurden quantitativ bestimmt. Die Salze SeC (NH-NH2) 2·2 HBr, SeC(NH-NH2)2·2 HJ, SeC(NH-NH2)2·H2SO4 und SeC(NH-NH2) 2·H3PO4 wurden erstmals dargestellt und charakterisiert.
Herstellung und Analyse von ikosaedrischen Dodecahydro-dodecaboraten
Authors: Harzdorf C. , Niederprüm H. , Odenbach H.
Published: February 2015

Es wird über eine neue Synthese von Natriumdodecahydro-dodecaborat berichtet. Die Identifizierung des B12H12-Ions erfolgte über 11B-Kernresonanzspektren, die Analyse durch Fällung als Tetraphenylarsoniumsalz. Maßanalytische Analysenmethoden werden diskutiert.
Über die Herstellung und UV-Absorption einiger Siliciumester und Metalle enthaltender Benzophenon-Derivate
Authors: Ismail Roshdy M.
Published: February 2015

Es wird die Herstellung von neuen organischen Silicium-Benzophenon-Derivaten durch Umsetzung von Chlorsilanen mit 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenon beschrieben. Die UV-Absorption dieser neuen Verbindungen wird mit der von Benzophenon-Derivaten des Aluminiums und Phosphors verglichen.
I. Reactions of Uranium pentaethoxide with carboxylic acids
Authors: Dubey S. , Bhandari A. M. , Kapoor R. N.
Published: February 2015

Reactions of carboxylic acids in different stoichiometric ratios have been carried out under anhydrous conditions, the compounds of the type U (OEt) 4 (OOCR), U (OEt) 3(OOCR)2 U (OEt) 2 (OOCR) 3 and U (OEt) (OOCR)4 (where R is CH3, C2H5, C3H7 and C6H5) have been isolated. Lactic acid yielded the compounds of the type U (OEt)3 (C3H4O3), U (OEt) (C3H4O3)2, U2 (C3H4O3) 5 and U (C3H4O3) (C3H5O3). Determination of molecular weight of some of the soluble derivatives of benzoic acid, suggest them to be dimeric in boiling benzene.
Potentiometric Determination of some Thio-compounds using Copper(I) Chloride as the Titrimetric Reagent
Authors: Misra G. J. , Tandon J. P.
Published: February 2015

Copper (I) chloride has been used for the potentiometric determination of sulphur compounds, namely, n-dodecane-thiol, toluene-α-thiol, thiophenol, monothioglycerol, 2-mercaptoethanol and β-mercaptopropionic, thioglycollic, thiobenzoic and thiosalicylic acids. The determinations are possible even in the presence of their corresponding oxygen derivatives and results within an accuracy of ± 0.4% have been obtained.
I. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen am Trioseredukton
Authors: Frimmel F. , Fritz H. P.
Published: February 2015

The infrared and Raman spectra of triosereductone in polycrystalline state as well as its 1H-n.m.r. spectrum in DMSO-solution support a structure with two five-membered chelate rings.
Some Heterocyclic Nitrogenous Compounds as Radioprotectants for Hematological Levels in X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Roushdy H. M. , Pierotti T. , Polverelli M.
Published: February 2015

In normal controls, the levels of hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit values remained almost unchanged throughout the experimentation period.

Intraperitoneal administration of imidazole and benzimidazole affected rapid pharmacodynamic incidences which were not detected with cysteamine. Administration of imidazole did not induce detectable change in the level of hemoglobin concentration but slightly decreased the hematocrit value. Benzimidazole created slight depression in hemoglobin concentration and exerted no effect on hematocrit value. Cysteamine caused slight depression of both hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value. Those changes were readily restorable with imidazole and benzimidazole while those with cysteamine lasted for more than three days.

Irradiation caused progressive decrease in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit values which continued till the death of the animals. A significant increase in the sedimentation rate of red blood cells was recorded.

Irradiation of chemically protected animals caused initial decrease in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit values which lasted till the fifths post-exposure day. Later, gradual restoration of normal levels of hematological values was recorded. Restoration was more rapid with benzimidazole than with imidazole, while cysteamine lied half way in its action. The increase in sedimentation rate of red blood cells was less pronounced and gradual restoration of the normal sedimentation rate was maintained during the post-irradiation time.

It seems likely that the radioprotectants act on cellular and subcellular levels in the protected tissues but the actual role played by such compounds still awaits further investigation.

Imidazole and benzimidazole proved to be effective radioprotectants of the hematopoietic tissue. Benzimidazole proved to exert the best radioprotective characters amongst the tested compounds in this concern.
I. Untersuchungen in vitro in Humanserum mit 14C-Trichlorphon
Authors: Dedek Wolfgang , Lohs Karlheinz
Published: February 2015

14C-Trichlorphon (14CH3O-markiert) wurde mit Humanserum 3 h bei 37.5°C inkubiert. Das gefällte Protein wurde hydrolysiert und die Aminosäuren getrennt. Im Eluat sind mindestens 3 scharfe Maxima der 14C-Aktivität vorhanden. Es wird angenommen, daß Methylierungs-Reaktionen an definierten Substraten einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der komplexen Wirkung toxischer Organophosphor-Verbindungen darstellen.
Die Wirkung hoher Salzkonzentration auf die Permeabilität der pflanzlichen Zellmembran
Authors: Weigl Josef
Published: February 2015

Using the device of Fig. 1 (this paper and 1. c. 3) efflux of Cl⊖ across the plasma membrane of root cortex cells was found to increase with increasing external concentration of various salts. We conclude that non-specific (passive) plasma membrane permeability (!) to anions increases with increasing external concentration of salts. As a primary result passive efflux of anions, which is downhill in the electrical gradient, increases.

Efflux of Rb⊕ across the plasma membrane is only slightly stimulated by external KCl and is inhibited by Ca2⊕.

The decrease in electrical potential with increasing external salt concentration is a consequence of the increase in passive plasma membrane permeability to anions.

Interaction of salts with charged groups of the plasma membrane is not unlikely to be the reason for the increase of the permeability to anions and for the multiple hyperbolic influx isotherm observed at high external concentrations (1-100 mM). We want to emplasize that a multiple hyperbolic isotherm may be considered a feature of passive ion movement across a barrier of different charged groups.
The Infrared Absorption Spectra of Some Samarium Ethylbenzoyl Acetate Complexes
Authors: Tandon S. P. , Mehta P. C. , Kapoor R. N.
Published: February 2015

Infrared absorption spectra of four (ethylbenzoyl acetate) [EBA] complexes of trivalent samarium of the general formula XpSm(EBA)q [X = isopropoxy or t-butoxy group; when p=1, q=2 and vice versa] have been studied in the region 4000-250 cm-1 for the first time. About twenty five bands in each complex have been observed and assigned to different modes of vibration. The separation between asymmetric and symmetric CO stretching vibrations indicates that the bonding in all the complexes is nearly the same. The spectra show that the interaction between the two ligand rings is small in five coordinated metal complexes.
Kozic Acid Complexes of Copper(II), Cobalt(II) and Nickel(II)
Authors: Syamal A.
Published: February 2015

Kozic acid complexes of copper (II), cobalt (II), and nickel (II) are described. Kozic acid behaves as a bidentate ligand coordinating through oxygens. A tetrahedral structure is assigned to the complexes on the basis of magnetic and electronic spectral data. Approximate values of ligand field and electronic parameters are given for [Co (kozate) 2] compound. Infra-red spectra of the complexes are discussed in the carbonyl and MO stretching region.
Unterschiede im Fragmentierungsverhalten isomerer Phenanthroline
Authors: Budzikiewicz H. , Kramer V. , Perkampus H.-H.
Published: February 2015

Characteristic differences in the fragmentation pattern of 12 isomeric phenanthrolines are discussed.
Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Metallkomplexen des Antivirusmittels Isatin-3-thiosemicarbazon
Authors: Barz P. , Fritz H. P.
Published: February 2015

The infrared spectra of isatin-3-thiosemicarbazone and its 1-methyl derivative “Marboran” are discussed. By means of i.r. and 1H-n.m.r. spectra their molecular conformations in solid and dissolved state are established. Complexes of Cu (II), Cu (I), Ni (II) and Zn (II) as well as of Fe (II), and Co (II) were prepared. Their structures follow from spectra and magnetic measurements.
Die Beziehung zwischen der cytotoxischen und elektrokinetischen Wirkung von Humanserum auf L-Zellen und Yoshida-Hepatom- Asciteszellen
Authors: Boehmer H. von , Bayer Renate , Gladigau V. , Ruhenstroth-Bauer G.
Published: February 2015

Humanserum reduziert die elektrophoretische Beweglichkeit von L- und Yoshida-Hepatom- Asciteszellen. Eine Ig-G-Globulin-Fraktion A1F1 aus dem Serum wirkt nur bei niedriger Ionen­starke (μ = 0,03), jedoch nicht bei einer dem Serum entsprechenden Ionenstärke. Die Untersuchung dieses Problems führte zu folgenden Befunden:

1.Im Humanserum kommen komplementabhängige cytotoxische Antikörper gegen L-Zellen und Yoshida-Hepatom-Asciteszellen (YA-Zellen) vor. Während 30 von 51 untersuchten Humanseren jeweils über 90% der YA-Zellen lysierten, wirkten alle 46 untersuditen Seren auf jeweils iiber 90% der L-Zellen cytotoxisch. Eine Korrelation zwischen den Blutgruppen ABO oder Rh und der cyto- toxischen Aktivitat des Humanserums gegeniiber YA-Zellen besteht nicht. Alle 6 untersuchten Kaninchenseren lysierten jeweils über 90% der YA-Zellen, jedoch nur weniger als 20% der L-Zellen. Die cytotoxische Wirkung des Kaninchenserums gegenüber YA-Zellen ist ebenfalls auf ein Anti- korper-Komplement-System zurückzuführen.

2.Der schon von FEDOROFF et al. 9 beschriebene Antikörper gegen L-Zellen kann von YA-Zellen bei 0° nicht adsorbiert werden.

3.Meerschweinchenkomplement kann weder Humankomplement bei L-Zellen noch Human- oder Kaninchenkomplement bei YA-Zellen ersetzen. Human- und Kaninchenkomplement dagegen sind bei beiden Zellarten austauschbar.

4.Bei L- und YA-Zellen sind nur cytotoxisch aktive Seren elektrokinetisch wirksam. Der verlangsamende Effekt auf die elektrophoretischen Beweglichkeit wird in der Hauptsache durch Anlagerung bestimmter Ig-G-Globuline, die in unserer Ig-G-Fraktion A1F1 enthalten sind, nach der Schädigung der Zellen durch das Antikorper-Komplement-System hervorgerufen, welches allein elektrokinetisch kaum wirksam ist.

5.Zellen, die durch Hitzebehandlung oder infolge der Präparation ihre Vitalität eingebüßt haben, werden auch durch cytotoxisch schwach wirksames oder inaktiviertes Serum in ihrer elektrophoretischen Beweglichkeit verlangsamt. Menschliche Leukozyten und Leberparenchymzellen werden ebenfalls nach einem nicht-antikörper-bedingten Vitalitätsverlust auch durch autologes Serum elek­trokinetisch verändert.

6.In Adsorptionsversuchen mit Humanserum und L-Zellen, YA-Zellen, autologen Leukozyten sowie Leberparenchymzellen der Ratte läßt sich jeweils die zellelektrophoretisch erfaßbare Aktivi­tät des Serum auf eine Zellart durch die andere Zellart vermindern. Das gleiche Ergebnis liefern analoge Versuche mit der Ig-G-Fraktion A1F1 und hitzegetöteten YA- und L-Zellen. Demnach zeigen die von nicht-vitalen Zellen adsorbierten elektrokinetisch wirksamen Ig-G-Globuline des Hu­manserums keine Zellspezifität.

7.Die Ig-G-Fraktion A1F1 allein vermindert die elektrophoretisdie Beweglichkeit von vitalen Zellen nur bei niedriger Ionenstärke (0,03), von nicht-vitalen Zellen jedoch auch bei hoher Ionen­starke (0,15).
Trifluormethylsulfonylstickstoff-Verbindungen
Authors: Roesky H. W. , Holtschneider G. , Giere H. H.
Published: February 2015

Durch Umsetzung von Trifluormethylsulfonylamid, CF3SO2NH2, mit Phosphorpentachlorid, Thionylchlorid und Schwefeltetrafluorid konnten die Verbindungen Trichlorphosphoranylidensulfonylmethyltrifluorid CF3SO2N=PCl3,N-(Trifluormethylsulfonyl) schwefeloxidimid CF3SO2N=S=O und N-(Trifluormethylsulfonyl) iminoschwefeldifluorid CF3SO2N=SF2, hergestellt werden.

Trifluormethylsulfonylfluorid reagiert mit Dimethylamin zum Trifluormethylsulfonyldimethylamid.

Die neuen Verbindungen werden durch ihre Elementaranalyse, IR-Spektren und 19F- und 1H-KMR-Spektren charakterisiert.
72. Mitteilung über Flechteninhaltsstoffe
Authors: Huneck Siegfried , Schreiber Klaus , Snatzke Günther , Trška Petr
Published: February 2015

Decarboxyschizopelt-Säure liefert bei der Entmethylierung mit Bortribromid Di-O-desmethyl-decarboxyschizopelt-Säure, die eine positive Gibbssche Reaktion zeigt. Daraus folgt für Schizopeltsäure Struktur 1 (1.6-Dimethoxy-3.8-dimethyl-7-methoxycarbonyl-dibenzofuran-4-carbonsäure).
Extractives from Heartwoods: Part I. Isolation of Ceryl Alcohol and β-Sitosterol from Gmelina arborea
Authors: Joshi Krishna C. , Singh L. B.
Published: February 2015

The heartwood of Gmelina arborea has been extracted with benzene to isolate substances which may be responsible for its long durability. Two of the compounds isolated have been identified as ceryl alcohol and β-sitosterol. The structures of the remaining components are being further investigated.
Eine enzymatische Umlagerung cancerogener Nitrosamine
Authors: Neunhoeffer Otto , Wilhelm Gerhard , Lehmann Günter
Published: February 2015

Cancerogene Nitrosamine werden unter dem Einfluß von Leber- und Nierenhomogenat primär in die entsprechenden Amidoxime umgelagert (II). Eine enzymatische Folgereaktion bewirkt Hydrolyse der Amidoxime zu primären Aminen und Hydroxamsäuren (III), während bei der langsam verlaufenden spontanen Hydrolyse auch Hydroxylamin abgespalten wird. Die Ausbeute an den Umlagerungsprodukten steigt mit dem Grad der cancerogenen Eigenschaften der einzelnen Nitrosamine. Bei quantitativer Aufarbeitung entsprach die Summe des zurückgewonnenen Nitrosamins und der Metabolisierungs-Produkte innerhalb der Fehlergrenze derjenigen des eingesetzten. Andere Metabolisierungen, die die Cancerogenes bewirken könnten, sind demnach unwahrscheinlich. Aus dem Einfluß verschiedener Effektoren kann auf die Beteiligung von Sulfhydryl-Fermenten geschlossen werden.
Die Darstellung des Pigmentwechsels in den Flügeln der saisondimorphen Formen von Araschnia levana-prorsa L. (Nymphalidae) nach oraler Applikation von 35S-Natriumsulfat im Raupenstadium
Authors: Lüdicke M. , Plesse D.
Published: February 2015

35S-Sodium sulphate was orally applied to the larvae of Araschnia levana-prorsa. After eclosion a characteristic pattern of radioactivity could be observed on the wings of the imagines. The pigment change of Araschnia levana-prorsa caused a modification of the radioactivity pattern in the wings, which was proved by means of a radioautographic method. The red scale areas emitted the strongest radiation, whereas the radiation of the dark and the light areas was considerably weaker. The possibility of introducing 35S into the dark and light pigment matrices, as well as the direct introduction of 35S into the molecule of the red pigment Ommatin D, is dealt with.