bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life cycle of Coitocaecum anaspidis Hickman, a New Zealand digenetic trematode
Authors: Macfarlane W. V.
Published: June 2009

The life cycle of Coitocaecum anaspidis involves three important stages. The adult occurs in Galaxias brevipennis, G. attentuatus, Gobiomorphus gobioides, and in specimens of Anguilla spp. less than 30 cm. long. Potamopyrgus antipodum and P. badia are the molluscan hosts of the sporocyst and cercaria. In New Zealand the cercaria attacks and encysts in Paracalliope fluviatilis, and in Australia in Anaspides tasmaniae. A metamorphosis of the cercarial larva into a progenetic metacercaria takes place in the amphipod.

Paracalliope does not become infected with Coitocaecum till the crustacean has reached 2·0 mm. in length. The thigmotropism of the Paracalliope fits exactly with the ground-living habit of the stumpy-tailed cercaria. The small river fish feeding in slack water acquire Coitocaecum from Paracalliope.
Studies on the germ cell cycle of the digenetic trematodeParorchis acanthusNicoll
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. The anatomy of the male and female genitalia ofParorchis acanthusis described in detail. An extensive receptaculum uterinum occurs in the female system.

2. The chromosome number inP. acanthusis twenty-two.

3. Spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and fertilization, are described in the adult worm. The chromosome number in both male and female cells is reduced to eleven at the first meiotic division.

4. Maturation in the female takes place in the “receptaculum uterinum”.

5. Cleavage of the ovum to the three cell stage has been followed.

6. The probable synonymy ofP. acanthusandP. avitusis discussed.
Cercaria strigataLebour from Cardium edule andTellina tenuis
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

Cercaria strigatawas first named and described briefly by Lebour (1908) fromTellina tenuisandDonax vittatusat Alnmouth, Northumberland. It was recorded again by the same author (1911) in 3% ofTellina tenuisat Millport. What was almost certainly the same cercaria had been previously noted by Giard (1907) between the mantle and shell in the same hosts. Giard did not name or describe the cercaria but suggested that it was the young stage ofGymnophallus oedemiae(Jameson) (=G. somateriae(Levins)) from the scoterOedemia nigraL.
Observations on a monocystid gregarine, Apolocystis elongata n.sp., in the seminal vesicles of Eisenia foetida (Sav.)
Authors: Phillips Nada E. , Mackinnon Doris L.
Published: June 2009

1. A new monocystid gregarine is reported from the seminal vesicles of brandling worms, Eisenia foetida Sav. The morphology and movements of the trophozoite are described, and the stages of gametogony and sporogony are outlined.

2. The chromosome cycle is investigated. The haploid number of chromosomes is four, and the reduction division is shown to be zygotic.

3. The systematic position of the gregarine is discussed, and it is placed in the genus Apolocystis as A. elongata n.sp.
The transmission of a plant virus complex by aphides
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of experiments on the aphistransmission of the composite virus disease of tobacco known as rosette. It is shown that the component viruses—the vein-distorting and mottle viruses—persist for long periods in the body of the aphis, and that as many as twenty consecutive tobacco plants can be infected in 24 hr. serial transfers without the insect having recourse to a fresh source of virus.

The aphis Myzus persicae is the most efficient vector, the aphis M. convolvuli being less effective. The aphides M. circumflexus and Macrosiphum gei failed to transmit the virus.

It is shown that the mottle virus can only be transmitted by the aphis when it is accompanied in the plant by the other component of the rosette disease, the vein-distorting virus. The latter virus is easily transmitted by the aphis, either alone or in combination with the mottle virus.

The writer's best thanks are due to Miss Margaret Short for her assistance with the large numbers of aphis-transmissions, and to Dr Douglas Lea and Dr Roy Markham for suggestions in the course of the work.
The anatomy of Phyllobothrium dohrnii (Oerley) from Hexanchus griseus (Gmelin)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

Several specimens of Phyllobothrium dohrnii (Oerley) were obtained from the intestine of Hexanchus griseus caught in the deep-sea fishing grounds on the Porcupine Bank to the west of Ireland. The species was first described by Oerley in 1885. Since then, several cestodes which are probably synonymous with this species, have been described by various writers. They are Crossobothrium laciniatum Linton (1889) from Odontaspis littoralis (the sand shark) at Wood's Hole, Mass., Crossobothrium campanulatum Klaptocz (1906) from Hexanchus griseus in the Gulf of Trieste, and Orygmatobothrium velamentum Yoshida (1917) from Cynias manazo (the bleeker) of Hiroshima, Japan.
On a New TrematodeMicroderma elinguisn.g., n.s.
Authors: Mehra H. R.
Published: June 2009

Four specimens of this trematode were obtained from the small intestine ofKachuga smithiiin December 1929. Two of the specimens were not sexually mature; for thought they possessed well-developed testes, ovary and a very small receptaculum seminis, they lacked the uterus and ova. In one of these immature specimens the vitellarian follicles were very feebly developed.
Nuttalliella namaqua, a New Genus and Species of Tick
Authors: Bedford G. A. H.
Published: June 2009

The following description is based upon a single fully engorged female collected under a stone at Kamieskroon, Little Namaqualand, by Dr R. F. Lawrence in October 1930. Dr Lawrence informs me that rock-rabbits were probably the commonest animals about the hill where he found it, but the host of the tick may be a bird.
Notes on Breeding Fleas, with Reference to Humidity and Feeding
Authors: Sikes Enid K.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were carried out to show the different hygroscopic properties of certain foods supplied to flea larvae. These show that larvae of Ceratophyllus wickhami require about 15 to 28 per cent, of water in their food. Dried blood, albumen (blood) and material from the bottom of a squirrel's nest were used.

Newly hatched flea larvae were fed on different substances at varying humidities and a constant temperature. A relative humidity of 80 per cent. gave the best results.

Dried blood is a convenient food for breeding flea larvae in the laboratory, and may be used with or without a mixing medium, such as sand. Albumen is a more simple food on which a few larvae will survive, but at lower humdities than dried blood.

Flea larvae will eat a great variety of other foods, including squirrel faeces, ground-up cockroach and dead adult fleas, but these do not provide a complete diet.

It does not seem necessary for the larvae to have dried blood from the host of their parents, rabbit or human blood being quite as satisfactory.
Note on the Tick Ornithodorus talaje (Guér.-Mén.)
Authors: Matheson Robert
Published: June 2009

On 9. 1. 1928, Mrs R. A. Neuman of Ransomville, N.Y., sent me a tick for identification, stating that it was a kind of “bug” with which she was not familiar and that it was occasionally found on the walls of her home. She collected in all about six specimens, but sent me only one, which proved to be an Ornithodorus talaje (Guérin-Méneville), my identification having been since confirmed by Professor Nuttall and Mr Warburton.
Some Observations and Experiments on the Biology of Larval Trematodes
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. Experiments on the liberation of cercariae from their snail hosts have shown that under normal conditions C. limbifera (Seifert) and Cercaria “Z” n.sp. emerge during the day-time only, while in C. cambrensis I (Wright) the emergence takes place during the whole twenty-four hours, but considerably more so during the night-time.

Continual darkness causes a decrease in the numbers emerging, and a lowering of the temperature partially or completely checks the escape of the larvae.

In Cercaria “Z” there is a double maximum between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. in the numbers liberated.

The invasion of L. truncatula by the larval stages of Fasciola hepatica leads to the disintegration of the host's tissues, the appearance of black pigment and the reduction of the liver cells to a thin layer of protoplasm containing the nuclei.
Spermatogenesis in Ixodes ricinus Linn
Authors: Nordenskiöld Erik
Published: June 2009

It has long been known that ticks possess spermatozoa that differ considerably from the typical flagellate form. In similar cases science has always attempted to trace the aberrant type back to the normal with a view to identifying its constituent parts. Many forms, even those which at first sight appear incapable of being compared with the normal, have recently been thoroughly analysed in this manner. On the other hand there occur several types of spermium whose parts it is impossible to compare with those of the normal type and in these instances all that can be done is to identify the elements that take part in the fertilization, viz. the nucleus and centrosome.
Malformations in Ticks
Authors: Robinson L. E.
Published: June 2009

In 1909, and again in 1914, papers, recording cases of deformity in Ticks, were contributed to this journal, by Warburton and Nuttall, and Nuttall, respectively: since that time, numerous examples of malformation have been observed in the material examined by them and by myself, in the course of our collaboration in work on Ticks in general. Of these examples, the five which are described and figured below, are sufficiently striking to be placed on record. The figures have been drawn with the aid of the Abbe-Zeiss camera lucida, and, in each case, the degree of magnification is indicated by a scale representing a length of one millimetre.
On a New Schizogregarine:Schizocystis legerin. sp, an Intestinal Parasite of Dipterous Larvae (Systenus)
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The hosts of the new Schizogregarine herein described are the larvae of Dolichopodid flies:Syslenus adpropinquansLoew andS. scholtziiLoew which live in the decomposed sap or wood-pulp filling the wounds of Elm and Horsechestnut trees. The larvae used for the present study have been obtained from two trees only: an Elm tree standing on the Caius College playing ground at Newnham and a Horse-chestnut tree standing on the Downing site. The new parasiteSchizocystis legerin.sp., in company with a gregarineDendrorhynchus systeniKeilin (1920), often completely fills the lumen of the host's midgut, but, even when heavily parasitised, the host does not show any sign of infection. The latter can only be detected when the larvae, slightly pressed between a slide and a coverslip, are examined under the microscope.
Further Inquiries into the Zoological Status of the Polymorphic Mammalian Trypanosomes of Africa, and the Means by which they are Spread in Nature
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

The object of this paper is to develop the ideas put forward in previous publications (Duke, 1919, 1921).
Some Strongylata
Authors: Lane Clayton
Published: June 2009

The bursate nematodes here described have been obtained from three sources: (a) Dr F. W. O'Connor permitted me to deal with his valuable collection from Samoa and the Ellice and Gilbert Islands; (b) Sir Arthur Keith and Mr Burne allowed me to collect and examine certain Strongylata parasitising a gorilla whose body had been placed at the disposal of the College of Surgeons, and to compare them with Cobbold's type material from the ostrich; I am much indebted to these gentlemen for their aid; (c) my own Indian collection, supplemented by a gift from Professor Gedoelst, has furnished the remainder of the material.
Studies on the Influence of the Environment on the Sheep Blow-fly, Lucilia sericata Meig
Authors: Evans A. C.
Published: June 2009

The length of life at various humidities of unfed flies and of flies fed for 1 day and 6 days on diets of meat, sugar and water, sugar and water, meat and water, and water alone, is discussed. The continued feeding of flies on a diet of meat, sugar and water brings about a shortening of their life at all humidities when the flies are starved owing to their increased rate of metabolism. Flies fed on sugar and water are more resistant to humidity than flies fed on meat, sugar and water, and the females are more resistant than the males. Flies fed on meat, sugar and water lose weight more rapidly than flies fed on sugar and water.

High humidity is more favourable for growth of the ovaries than low humidity. Humidity has no effect on oviposition at temperatures of 10–35° C., but at 40° C. low humidity is unfavourable.
Two New Fungi of the Genus Coelomomyces Parasitic in Larvae of Anopheles
Authors: Iyengar M. O. T.
Published: June 2009

In India larvae of several species of Anopheles(Culicidae, Nematocera, Diptera) are parasitised by two species of fungi which form numerous large-sized spores in the host. These fungi occur in the haemocele of the Anopheles larva, and in heavily infected larvae the fungus can be seen to fill the entire haemocele from the thorax to the last segment of the abdomen. In many instances mycelia and spores occur even within the head of the insect. The fungi were not observed to invade the anal gills of the larva (except in a solitary instance in which spores occurred within the deteriorating anal gills).
The Preparation of Gradocol Membranes and their Application in the Study of Plant Viruses
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , Doncaster J. P.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the preparation of Elford's gradocol membranes and their application in the study of plant viruses. The technique is discussed step by step and the chief sources of error are indicated. It is shown that plant virus suspensions clog the membranes, and suggestions are made for the preparation of those suspensions for filtration. The effect of virus content, purification and pH of virus fluids upon their filtration is discussed.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

(A) Enteromonas hominis Fonseca, 1915 (emend. Dobell, 1921) is the correct designation of the flagellate first adequately described as Tricercomonas intestinalis by Wenyon and O'Connor in 1917.

Organisms morphologically indistinguishable, at all stages in the life-cycle, inhabit various macaques (M. rhesus, M. sinicus, M. nemestrinus). I have grown the simian species in “pure” cultures, and have obtained all stages in vitro and in vivo: and I have also obtained evidence—not “experimental ”, but from observed spontaneous spread of infection—that the species in M. rhesus and M. sinicus, at least, are identical.

An attempt to infect a man experimentally, by oral administration of cysts from a pure culture of the simian species (from M. sinicus), was unsuccessful.

(B) Embadomonas intestinalis [ = Retortamonas Wenrich nec Grassi] is probably the correct designation of the flagellate described by Wenyon and O'Connor (1917) as Waskia: and it is the only intestinal protozoon of Man which can be readily cultivated at all temperatures from 15° to 38° C. This species closely resembles several others described from other vertebrates—both warm-blooded and cold-blooded—but the identity of them all is still questionable.

A species similar to E. intestinalis has been observed in macaques by several workers, and has been assumed to be identical on insufficient evidence. Two attempts which I have made to infect macaques (M. rhesus and M. sinicus) experimentally, by feeding on cysts in pure cultures of E. intestinalis from Man, were completely negative.

(C) Consequently, while it seems probable on general grounds that both the Enteromonas and the Embadommas of men and macaques are specifically identical, it is still premature—with only negative evidence for their transmissibility from host to host—to assert this conclusion as a fact.
The occurrence of Rickettsia-like bodies in the Reduviid bug Triatoma rubrofasciata and their transmission to laboratory animals
Authors: Webb J. Lewis
Published: June 2009

1. Rickettsia-like bodies are recorded from the reduviid bug, Triatoma rubrofasciata.

2. These Rickettsiae are capable of being transmitted hereditarily and have been found in the unhatched embryos and larvae of the bug.

3. They produce pathological lesions in laboratory animals and can be maintained for at least five passages through guinea-pigs.
Description of the young female and of the male of Ascodipteron africanum Jobling (Diptera, Streblidae)
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

There are about seven species of the genus Ascodipteron in the tropical parts of the Old World. Their endoparasitic females, which live embedded in the skin of bats, are not uncommon on certain species of the genera Emballonura, Hipposideros and especially of Rhinolophus and Miniopterus. The males, on the other hand, are extremely rare, and have never been taken on bats before. There is a description of the male of Ascodipteron speiserianum only, by Muir (1912), who bred this species in Amboina, Dutch East Indies.
The inactivation of plant viruses by radiation
Authors: Lea D. E. , Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

Experiments on the inactivation of various plant virus preparations by ultra-violet light and by X-rays are described. The curves obtained by plotting against the dose of radiation the number of lesions obtained on inoculation of a test plant are exponential and the rate of inactivation is proportional to the intensity of the radiation. The inactivation curves obtained with preparations of a given virus in different states of aggregation do not appear to be systematically different.

The discussion of these results shows that the particles in an aggregated virus suspension cannot be considered to be permanent clusters of elementary virus particles. Two possible alternatives which are compatible with the radiation experiments are discussed, either (a) the aggregation consists of the attachment of a single elementary virus particle to inert matter, or (b) the aggregation consists of a reversible union of elementary virus particles, there being a dynamic equilibrium between the aggregates which are constantly dissociating and the elementary particles which are constantly aggregating. The dose of X-radiation required for inactivation of the virus is consistent with the view that inactivation is caused by the production of a single ionization in the elementary virus particle, the size of which is approximately known from nitration experiments.
The mechanism of insemination in the argasid tick, Ornithodorus moubata Murray
Authors: Robinson G. G.
Published: June 2009

The spermatophore in Ornithodorus moubata consists of a bulb with a neck at the end of which are two large capsules. When the spermatophore issues from the male opening the capsules are invaginated into the bulb to form a compact but tense object which the male applies to the female aperture with his proboscis. The male releases his grip on the neck, and the tension in the walls of the bulb causes the capsules to evaginate and thus enter the uterus of the female.
Further work on the comparative efficacy of different culicifuges under laboratory conditions
Authors: Roy D. N. , Ghosh S. M.
Published: June 2009

A preliminary report on the results of our studies on the comparative efficacy of different culicifuges under laboratory conditions has been published (Roy, Ghosh & Chopra, 1942).
New parasitic mites (Acarina)
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

The genusEulaelapswas raised by Antonio Berlese in 1903 to include the species of Laelaptidae in which the genito-ventral scutum of the female was large and extended to the anal scutum, and which possessed a large triangular meta-podal scutum posterior to coxa iv.
The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Some further aspects of activity, seasonal and diurnal
Authors: Milne A.
Published: June 2009

The idea has been mooted that the sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus L.) is active at different times on different host species. Tick-activity curves for sheep, deer, hare, rabbit, skylark and meadow-pipit are similar in form and timing. With these animals, therefore, there is no indication of any marked individual species effect on activity.

Where spring activity occurs, males, females and nymphs usually have similar and concurrent activity curves, but nymphs may occasionally have their peak 2–3 weeks later than adults. Larval activity is always later, the peak being several weeks after the female peak. The data for nymphs amend the general statement on activity in a previous paper by the present author.

Ticks are active during the hours of darkness but the activity-density then is considerably less than in daylight. This diurnal fluctuation in activity seems to follow fairly closely the diurnal fluctuation in atmospheric temperature.
The structure of the cuticle in Eomenacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch), (Mallophaga)
Authors: Webb J. E.
Published: June 2009

In recent work on the deposition of the epicuticle, Wigglesworth (1946) has shown that, in Rhodnius prolixus, not only is the epicuticle a composite structure comprising several distinct layers, but that the pore canals, which hitherto have been believed to terminate at the base of the epicuticle, do in fact penetrate its innermost regions. Wigglesworth extends the term epicuticle to cover the four outer layers of the cuticle in Rhodnius. The innermost of the four is a cuticulin layer which is followed by a polyphenol layer, a wax layer and an outer cement layer respectively. The pore canals penetrate the cuticulin layer.
The second ecdysis of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (Zeder)
Authors: Crofton H. D.
Published: June 2009

(1) Ecdysis of the infective larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis was induced by the action of pepsin.

(2) Exsheathment occurred by the loss of the anterior cap.

(3) pH 4−5 is shown to be the most favourable pH for eedysis and survival. This pH is within the range quoted for the stomach contents of rabbits.

(4)Eedysis was complete in the majority of larvae after 60 hr.
The life cycle of Stegodexamene anguillae n.g., n.sp., an allocreadiid trematode from New Zealand
Authors: Macfarlane W. V.
Published: June 2009

1. A new genus of trematode (family Allocre-adiidae) from the intestine of freshwater eels is described, and named Stegodexamene anguillae.

2. The genus is related to Aephnidiogenes, Lepidapedon and Neophasis, but differs significantly from each of them.

3. The life cycle followed is from the adult in Anguilla dieffenbachii to the redia in Potamopyrgus antipodum (fresh-water gastropod). The cercaria encysts in the eloetrid fish Gobiomorphus gobioides.

4. Progenetic production of eggs and spermatozoa occurs in the metacercariae.

5. Metacercarial excretory spherules are composed of calcium carbonate.
Antagonism of Spirillum minus infection in rats towards Trypanosoma lewisi and T. equinum
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

1. Rats infected with Spirillum, minus are strongly resistant to infection with Trypanosoma lewisi and T. equinum if inoculated with these parasites shortly after inoculation with Spirillum minus. The resistance is most highly developed for a period of from 2 to 4 weeks after inoculation with S. minus.

2. Simultaneous inoculation of rats with S. minus and either of the trypanosomes does not influence the course of the resulting trypanosome infection.

3. Rats inoculated with Trypanosoma equinum during the period of acute infection with Spirillum minus develop only a very slight transient primary infection with the trypanosome and may survive for many weeks, up to 49, whereas control rats die in 5–17 days. Usually the resistant rats ultimately die from a relapse of the Trypanosoma equinum infection.

4. Similarly, in rats inoculated with T. lewisi during the resistant phase due to an infection with Spirillum minus, the primary acute infection with the trypanosome is suppressed and the rats develop a slight or subpatent infection.

5. The non-specific resistance to trypanosomes conferred by the acute S. minus infection soon disappears and is replaced by a specific trypanosome resistance which is active only against reinoculation with the same species of trypanosome. Thus, in this phase of resistance, a rat infected with Trypanosoma equinum is refractory to reinoculation with T. equinum but has no resistance to superinoculation with T. lewisi. Conversely, a rat infected with T. lewisi is refractory to reinoculation with that species but it is as susceptible to superinoculation with T. equinum as a normal rat.
Studies of acari
Authors: Turk F. A.
Published: June 2009

The present paper is mainly concerned with the records and descriptions of new species of parasitic acari obtained in Ceylon and sent to me during 1947 by Mr Gordon B. Thompson, of whose collection they form a part. The study of the specimens of the tropical rat mite,Echinolaelaps echidninus(Berl.), represented in this material led me to re-examine both the literature and the specimens of this species contained in my own collection, and I have included in the present paper the results of this investigation and have established various forms of the species which this necessitates besides showing the probable relationships existing between them.
The distribution and biology of the harvest mite in Great Britain (Trombiculidae, Acarina)
Authors: Richards W. S.
Published: June 2009

Previous work is discussed and described. The numbers of larvae present in a square yard of soil can be estimated by the use of caged guinea-pigs or by light traps. The infestation observed on the ears of wild rabbits gives a rough index of the population present in a given area.

Using a modified light trap, gorged larvae can be collected from their hosts.

Adults can be extracted from light, friable soils by flotation in water and from any type of soil by the Salt-Hollick soil-sampling machine.

The harvest mite occurs throughout the British Isles. It seems possible that climate and the geological origin of the soil do not affect harvest mite abundance. They are, however, less numerous on heavy clays.

Larvae are most abundant in late summer and autumn. Adults remain constant in numbers throughout the year.

The larvae appear to infest most warm-blooded vertebrates. They do not attack at night. Nymphs have been observed sucking the contents of nymphophanes.

Adults have been found at a depth of 3 ft. They appear to come nearer the surface in warm, moist weather, but are driven down by drought, heavy rain and ground frost.
On the behaviour and sensory physiology of the house-fly larva,Musca domesticaL. I. Feeding stage
Authors: Hafez M.
Published: June 2009

The reactions of the house-fly larva to four environmental factors, namely temperature, air humidity, smell and light have been studied in the Laboratory. It was hoped that the results would shed some light on the general behaviour of the larva in its normal habitat. A comprehension of this behaviour will assist in understanding the ecology of the species, and hence facilitate its control. In order to analyse the behaviour of the larva, its reactions (other than to light) were first studied in relation to one factor at a time. An attempt was then made to test experimentally its reactions to various combinations of factors.
Observations on the behaviour of land-leeches (genus Haemadipsa)
Authors: Stammers F. M. G.
Published: June 2009

The descriptions which have been given by travellers leave no doubt that land-leeches can cause considerable annoyance, and that the protective garments and substances that were applied by them to the skin and clothing were unsatisfactory. It was thought that other and more elaborate clothing would not supply the answer, as they would be hot and uncomfortable to wear. Accordingly, a search was made for an efficient repellent. Altogether seventy-eight substances were examined, and of these hydroxycitronellal was the most powerful but expensive and not readily obtainable. Di-methyl phthalate was efficient and the most generally useful. As di-methyl phthalate is a liquid which easily escapes from containers, creams incorporating the substance were evolved. Formulae for these creams are given.
The Penetration of the host tissue by the harvest mite, Trombicula Autumnalis shaw
Authors: Jones B. M.
Published: June 2009

1. The introduction refers to the fragmentary state of our knowledge on Trombiculid mites and indicates that most attention has been devoted to the taxonomy and bionomics of the group. The life cycle and general method of feeding are briefly outlined and reference is made to previous work directly concerned with the present treatise.

2. The morphology of the organs related to the phenomenon of piercing and sucking in the larva of Trombicula autumnalis is described.

3. The physical factors of the skin influence the choice of habitat upon the host.

4. The food consists of tissue fluid and disintegrated cells of the malpighian layer partially liquefied by the action of injected saliva, a condition typical of extra-intestinal digestion.

5. The mechanism of the initial piercing of the skin, which is done by the cheliceral claws, is described.

6. A tubular tissue canal is gradually formed in the skin of the host and around its insoluble wall are deposited superimposed layers of keratinized protective tissue.

7. The mechanism of suction is described and the factors which play a part are considered. The problem of the tissue canal serving as a duct for both the ejection of saliva and the suction of food is explained by the alternation of the two processes. The inter-relationship, between the intermittent injections of saliva, the formation of the tissue canal and the deposition of protective tissue, is elucidated.
Crithidia familiaris n.sp. in Cenaeus carnifex Fabr. (Hemiptera)
Authors: Gibbs Alfred J.
Published: June 2009

In a paper entitled ‘Crithidia sp., parasitic in the alimentary tract of Cenaeus carnifex’ (Gibbs, 1942), an attempt was made to describe a flagellate found in the mid-gut, hind-gut and rectum of a plant-feeding insect which is common in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. It was shown that leishmanial forms and bodies described as mould-spores were carried around attached to the flagella of leptomonads. It was also observed that, in some form, the parasite was resistant to desiccation, as nymphs became infected when allowed to feed on the dried dejecta of infected insects. Large, fast-moving leptomonads were described as being the only forms found in the mid-gut, while smaller leptomonads with the attached bodies, as well as crithidial forms, were found in the hind-gut. The rectum was not studied on account of the difficulty then experienced in removing it unruptured.
Gurleya sp. (Microsporidia) found in the gut tissue of Trachea secalis (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Gibbs Alfred J.
Published: June 2009

Among approximately eighty larvae of Trachea secalis, gathered from the same locality near Cape Town, South Africa, the incidence of microsporidian infection has been found to be 100%. In the majority of cases the parasite had heavily involved the lower portion of the gut, whereas the rectum and the upper portion of the gut were never infected. In severe cases the gut tissue was practically destroyed and replaced by an almost solid mass of spores. Except during the stages preceding spore formation, the infected portion of tissue can be detected by the unaided eye. When spores have been produced in large numbers, the involved area, which may be no larger than the head of a pin, and is usually located within the posterior third of the gut, becomes white and opaque, and contrasts sharply with the healthy surrounding tissue. The latter is transparent, and appears dark, owing to the colour of the contents. At a later stage it is not unusual to find the infected zone in the form of a narrow band which encircles the gut. The infection then spreads upwards and downwards. Finally, the entire lower portion of the gut becomes white and chalky. With the exception of the gut contents the parasite has not been found elsewhere in the body of the host.
Observations on a new cercaria developing in Melanopsis praemorsa in Israel
Authors: Ullman H.
Published: June 2009

1. An account on the cercariae found in Melanopsis praemorsa common in the River Yarkon (Israel) is given.

2. A new species of Cercaria of the Pleurolophocerca group, Cercaria orospinosa, is described.

3. The development of C. orospinosa to the stage of metacercaria in the tadpole of Bufo viridis shows its affinity to the subfamily Cryptogoniminae (Hetero-phydae).

4. An artificial genus Velocercaria is proposed to comprise cercariae which have common morphology with Cercaria orospinosa and are characterized by the same type of tail-fins.
A morphological study of a fish tapeworm, Proteocephalus pollanicola
Authors: Gresson R. A. R. , Corbett M. Pauline
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the general structure of Proteocephalus pollanicola. The genital system is dealt with in greater detail. The characteristic features of the species are enumerated.

The male portion of the reproductive system consists of 60–75 testes in a single layer; vasa efferentia with a lining epithelium; a wide, coiled vas deferens; a small cirrus-sac; a coiled ejaculatory duct and a short cirrus. A description is given of the histological structure of the male ducts.

The vagina opens anterior to the cirrus-sac. A well-developed vaginal sphincter is present. The seminal canal communicates with the oviduct and the uterine canal. An oocapt is present; the transverse vitelline ducts and the ovary open into it. A few unicellular glands are present hi the vicinity of the oocapt; these possibly represent Mehlis's gland. An ootype is absent. The histological structure of the female ducts is described.
A new anophlocephalid cestode from the gerbil
Authors: Wertheim Guta
Published: June 2009

A new cestode of unusual anatomical characteristics was collected from a group of Gerbillus pyramidum caught in August 1953, in the vicinity of Tel Aviv. It appears to be a new species of a new genus for which the name of Rajotaenia gerbilli n.g. n.sp. is proposed. Thanks are due to Mr M. Costa for collecting the infected rodents.
Some Observations on the Value and the Mechanism of the Red-Cell Adhesion Test for Trypanosomiasis of Man and other Animals
Authors: Wormall A.
Published: June 2009

1. The results of further tests with the red-cell adhesion phenomenon in trypanosomiasis of man and other animals, described first by Duke and Wallace (1930) and later by Wallace and Wormall (1931), are discussed.

2. The conclusion is reached that the tests should always be made with several different strains of trypanosomes; in this way the number of negative results with undoubted cases of trypanosomiasis is decreased considerably. It is also advisable to have available stock adhesin sera (human or monkey) so that preliminary tests can be made to determine whether the trypanosomes in any animal are capable of giving adhesion. In doubtful cases of trypanosomiasis, treatment with trypanocidal drugs should be started. This treatment usually results in a marked improvement in the power of the serum or plasma of men and monkeys infected with trypanosomes to give red-cell adhesion.

3. If a suitable small amount of phenol is added to the serum of a trypanosomiasis patient, this serum can be kept at the ordinary temperatures for 3 weeks or more without appreciable loss of its power to give red-cell adhesion. In this way it is possible to carry out tests at a central laboratory on sera which have been collected at outlying stations.

4. Experiments have been carried out to determine the amounts of adhesin and complement (or “X factor”) required for red-cell adhesion.

5. The adhesin is non-dialysable, and in this, and many other respects it behaves like a true immune body.
Plasmodium ovale Stephens 1922
Authors: James S. P. , Nicol W. D. , Shute P. G.
Published: June 2009

In 1922 J. W. W. Stephens the morphological characters of the asexual forms of a malaria parasite which he had studied in the blood of a patient from East Africa were different from those of any usually accepted species, and he proposed to establish the parasite as a new species with the name Plasmodium ovale. In 1927, in collaboration with D. U. Owen, he confirmed and extended the description from the study of a case infected in Nigeria. In 1930 Warrington Yorke and D. U. Owen studied another case from Nigeria and, by utilising this patient's blood in the practice of malariatherapy, they were able to show that the peculiar morphological features of the asexual stages of the parasite remain constant when it is passed from person to person by direct blood inoculation.
Coccidial Infections in the Badger Meles taxus L
Authors: Kotlán A. , Pospesch L.
Published: June 2009

In continuation of our investigations on the relationship between the various Coccidia living in man and carnivorous animals (dog, cat, fox, etc.), we have had the opportunity of examining the intestines of several badgers, Meles taxus, which died in the Zoological Gardens, Budapest. These examinations revealed in a number of cases the occurrence of Coccidia belonging to both Eimeridae and Diplosporidae. In order to eliminate the possibility of these coccidial infections having been derived from other animals (fox, dog, cat), kept in close proximity with the badgers, it was found necessary to determine whether such infections also occur in badgers living under natural conditions. With the kind help of Prof. Raitsits, head of the ambulatory clinics of our College, we succeeded in obtaining a young specimen of Meles taxus, which not only harboured Coccidia, but subsequently served as an experimental animal for various cross-infections.
Studies in Tick-borne Fever of Sheep. I. Transmission by the Tick, Ixodes ricinus, with a Description of the Disease Produced
Authors: Macleod J. , Gordon W. S.
Published: June 2009

1. The causal agent of tick-borne fever is transmitted by the adult female and the nymphal stage of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Two female ticks are sufficient to produce infection in a sheep. The larval stage does not appear to be infective. In a limited number of experiments the disease has not been produced in sheep by the inoculation of emulsions of presumably infective ticks.

2. The disease as produced by tick infestation is characterised by a period of incubation which varies from 3 to 13 days, after which there is a sharp rise in temperature; a “plateau” type of febrile reaction follows which lasts from 6 to 22 days, the temperature gradually subsiding to normal. Affected animals usually recover. Mortality as a direct result of infection is rare, but there is evidence to suggest that tick-borne fever may predispose affected animals to death from secondary causes.

3. The blood of a sheep which has reacted to the disease remains infective for some time after the subsidence of the thermal reaction.

4. The goat is susceptible to tick-borne fever.

5. The economic importance of tick-borne fever is discussed.
The Mallophagan Genus Trichophilopterus
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: June 2009

Extraordinary as any of the Mallophaga are when compared with conventional insect forms, there are some species of the order which are still more peculiar than the majority of their fellows. Among these unusually strange forms is that here to be dealt with, a species that seems to combine within itself the characteristics of two otherwise trenchantly separated groups, that possesses striking specific peculiarities and that in addition is decidedly aberrant in its choice of host. It has but once been recorded. The availability of further specimens makes possible additions to our knowledge of its structure and a reconsideration of its relationships.
Acespadia pomposa n.g. et sp. A Parasitic Copepod of Rhyncodon typicus
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and material. By the courtesy and at the request of Prof. Vladimir Ebathof of Archangel I have been enabled to examine and describe two female copepods belonging to a new genus and species of the family Lernaeopodidae, consigned to him as taken from the gills of Rhyncodon typicus Smith caught in 1913 in the Pacific between China and south-west Japan. One specimen, drawn to scale (Fig. 1), was twice the size of the other.
On two new Cestodes from the Amazon Siluroid FishBrachyplatystoma vaillantiCuv. and Val
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

Brachyplatystoma vaillantiis locally very common in the Amazon river, though, during my collecting tour in 1931, I examined only twenty-two examples, caught between Codajaz (nearly 1200 miles from the sea) and Gurupa. The local name of this Siluroid is Piramutāb; it is a fairly large fish (my largest specimen measuring 67 cm. in length) and possesses very long maxillary barbels (in some cases nearly as long as the body). From this fish I obtained two new species of Cestodes, one, the more numerous parasite, is a Phyllobothriid, and, so far as I am aware, this is the first occasion on which a Phyllobothriid has been described both from a fresh-water fish and from a Siluroid; and the other is a second and new species of Fuhrmann's genusGoezeella, very closely related to hisG. siluridescribed in 1915.
On a new Subfamily of Proteocephalid Cestodes—the Othinoscolecinae—from the Amazon Siluroid Fish Platystomatichthys sturio (Kner)
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

From three specimens of the Amazon Siluroid fish Platystomatichthys sturio (the “Lenha”) I have described (1) Othinoscolex lenha, representing not only a new genus and species but also a new subfamily (the Othinoscolecinae) of the Proteocephalidae, (2) Othinoscolex myzofer, a second species of the new genus, (3) a distinct new species of La Rue's genus Monticellia—Monticellia lenha, and (4) a new species of Proteocephalus, Proteocephalus lenha.
On the Life-Cycle of Hymenolepis fraterna (H. nana var. fraterna Stiles) of the White Mouse
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

1. Of 20 mice (previously ascertained to be free from Hymenolepis infection for a period of at least 42 days), artificially infected with Hymenolepis eggs, only one failed to show definite evidence of Hymenolepis infection when examined from three to 24 days after. Of nine control mice none showed infection during a period of at least 53 days and were found to be uninfected when killed. Of five further control mice which were subsequently artificially infected, four were found to be free from infection when killed.

These results prove conclusively that direct infection, i.e. the infection of one mouse by ingestion of the eggs laid by the Hymenolepis of another mouse, can take place without the intervention of any intermediate host. The one-host account of the life-cycle of Hymenolepis fraterna promulgated by Grassi and Rovelli and Joyeux is thus the correct one, though this does not exclude the possibility of the Hymenolepis egg occasionally developing into a cysticercoid inside the body-cavity of a flea and undergoing the rest of its development when the flea is eaten by a mouse. I have not ascertained whether or not a mouse can re-infect itself by swallowing Hymenolepis eggs contained in its own faeces.

2. Hymenolepis fraterna individuals of the same age (i.e. developed from eggs ingested at the same time) often but not always develop at very different rates in different mice and in the same mouse. Grassi and Rovelli's statement that Hymenolepis fraterna takes from 15 to 30 days to become mature is approximately correct.

Hymenolepis fraterna can become mature, i.e. possess ripe eggs in the hind proglottides, when only 6 mm. or 7 mm. long. In cases of heavy infection (e.g. 100–200 individuals in a single mouse) the worms probably always remain of small size (ca. 10 mm.) as compared with the worms in light infections where they attain a length of 20–25 mm.

Eggs can be shed as early as the fifteenth and probably on the fourteenth day of development.

3. It is probable that mature H. fraterna often sheds all its eggs within a period of a week and often less, the eggless and degenerate worm then being voided in the faeces.

4. In artificial infection of mice definite results can only be obtained with heavily-infected faecal material. Occasionally mice appear to be immune, but, judging from my experiments, such immunity is rare in mice of medium size. I cannot confirm Joyeux's statement that very young mice are most susceptible to infection. Out of some 200 mice examined I found that the smallest and largest mice were least liable to be infected, medium-sized mice supplying all my infected faeces. The largest mouse (over 35 gm.) in my experimental series, on the other hand, became infected with a weak concentration of eggs.
Maculae coeruleae and Phthirus pubis
Authors: Pavlovsky E. N. , Stein A. K.
Published: June 2009

The salivary glands (Fig. 1) consist of two pairs situated between the anteriorly protruding coeca of the midgut. The one pair are bean- or kidney-shaped (b) the other horseshoe-shaped (h) and extend further backward close to the gut. The four ducts of these glands run forward along the oesophagus, unite, and form a common duct emptying between the dorsal and ventral chitinous stylets of the mouth-parts.
On a New Ciliate, Cryptochilum boreale nov. sp., from the Intestine of Echinus esculentus Linn., together with some Notes on the Ciliates of Echinoids
Authors: Hentschel C. C.
Published: June 2009

While collecting in the Shetland Islands during August 1923, I made examinations of many marine animals in the search for protozoan parasites. Among the species examined was Echinus esculentus, and I was interested to note the presence of a large number of ciliates in the intestine of three specimens. I can find no description of this ciliate, and am obliged to believe that it has never been recorded before. This is somewhat surprising, since many of these sea-urchins must be examined every year in zoological laboratories; it is difficult to understand how such conspicuous parasites have escaped observation for so long.
Notes on the Taxonomy and Natural Relationships of Fleas, with descriptions of Four New Species
Authors: Ewing H. E.
Published: June 2009

Recently the writer has had occasion to go over and help arrange the United States National Museum collection of fleas. Although not as extensive as some of the other well-known flea collections, it is invaluable of the Philippines, and of Doctor Carrol Fox, Surgeon, United States Philippines, and of Doctor Carrol Fox, Surgeon, United States Public Health Service, Two of the foremost authorities on the Siphonaptera.
The Filariid of the Camel,Acanthocheilonema evansi(Lewis)
Authors: Boulenger C. L.
Published: June 2009

Although the common Filariid parasite of the Camel was identified as a distinct species more than forty years ago (Lewis, 1882), the recent memoir on Indian Nematodes by Baylis and Daubney (1923) contains the first intelligible account of the structure of the adult worm. Their description of the species, which they refer to the genusAcanthocheilonema, is based partly on some rather fragmentary material received from the Zoological Survey of India, and partly on notes and drawings supplied by Major F. H. Stewart, I.M.S.