bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unveiling the Threat of Maternal Advanced Glycation End Products to Fetal Muscle: Palmitoleic Acid to the Rescue
Authors: Yoshizaki Hitomi , Kawaharada Ritsuko , Tsutsumi Saki , Okami Haruka , Toriumi Akiyo , Miyata Eri , Nakamura Akio
Published: June 2024

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate in the plasma of pregnant women with hyperglycemia, potentially inducing oxidative stress and fetal developmental abnormalities. Although intrauterine hyperglycemia has been implicated in excessive fetal growth, the effects of maternal AGEs on fetal development remain unclear. We evaluated the differentiation regulators and cellular signaling in the skeletal muscles of infants born to control mothers (ICM), diabetic mothers (IDM), and diabetic mothers supplemented with either cis-palmitoleic acid (CPA) or trans-palmitoleic acid (TPA). Cell viability, reactive oxygen species levels, and myotube formation were assessed in AGE-exposed C2C12 cells to explore potential mitigation by CPA and TPA. Elevated receptors for AGE expression and decreased Akt and AMPK phosphorylation were evident in rat skeletal muscles in IDM. Maternal palmitoleic acid supplementation alleviated insulin resistance by downregulating RAGE expression and enhancing Akt phosphorylation. The exposure of the C2C12 cells to AGEs reduced cell viability and myotube formation and elevated reactive oxygen species levels, which were attenuated by CPA or TPA supplementation. This suggests that maternal hyperglycemia and plasma AGEs may contribute to skeletal muscle disorders in offspring, which are mitigated by palmitoleic acid supplementation. Hence, the maternal intake of palmitoleic acid during pregnancy may have implications for fetal health.
Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of the Mediterranean Diet: An Update of a Systematic Review
Authors: Colaprico Corrado , Crispini Davide , Rocchi Ilaria , Kibi Shizuka , De Giusti Maria , La Torre Giuseppe
Published: June 2024

It is well known that the Mediterranean diet (DM) is beneficial for health, as years of research globally have confirmed. The aim of this study was to update a previous systematic review that assessed the cost-effectiveness of adherence to the DM as a strategy for the prevention of degenerative diseases by evaluating the economic performance of this diet. The research approach utilized three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A comprehensive search was conducted to retrieve articles based on a PRISMA-compliant protocol registered in PROSPERO: CRD 42023493562. Data extraction and analysis were performed on all included studies. One thousand two hundred and eighty-two articles were retrieved, and once duplicates and irrelevant articles were removed, fifteen useful articles were reviewed. The studies indicated a clear link between dietary habits, health, and economic aspects related to dietary cost and health spending. Recognizing the significant health benefits associated with adopting DM and the potential savings on health care spending, it is important for national public health programs to consider policies that support this lifestyle.
The Role of Water-Soluble Vitamins and Vitamin D in Prevention and Treatment of Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder in Adults
Authors: Jahan-Mihan Alireza , Stevens Priscilla , Medero-Alfonso Saily , Brace Georgina , Overby Laurel Kate , Berg Kristin , Labyak Corinne
Published: June 2024

Depression is a major global health concern expected to worsen by 2030. In 2019, 28 million individuals were affected by depressive disorders. Dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression. B vitamins are crucial for neurological function and mood regulation. Deficiencies in these vitamins are linked to depression. Studies on individual B vitamins show promise in improving depressive symptoms, particularly thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate. Vitamin C deficiency may heighten depressive symptoms, but its exact role is not fully understood. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is associated with insufficient sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation for SAD shows inconsistent results due to methodological variations. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms of vitamins in depression treatment. Moreover, more research on SAD and light therapy’s efficacy and underlying mechanisms involving photoreceptors, enzymes, and immune markers is needed. Although dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression, dietitians treating psychiatric disorders face challenges due to diverse study designs, making direct comparisons difficult. Therefore, this article reviews the current literature to assess the role of dietary and supplemental vitamins in the prevention and treatment of depression. This review found that, although evidence supports the role of B vitamins and vitamins C and D in preventing and treating depression, further research is needed to clarify their mechanisms of action and determine the most effective intervention strategies.
Efficacy and Safety of Habitual Consumption of a Food Supplement Containing Miraculin in Malnourished Cancer Patients: The CLINMIR Pilot Study
Authors: López-Plaza Bricia , Álvarez-Mercado Ana Isabel , Arcos-Castellanos Lucía , Plaza-Diaz Julio , Ruiz-Ojeda Francisco Javier , Brandimonte-Hernández Marco , Feliú-Batlle Jaime , Hummel Thomas , Gil Ángel , Palma-Milla Samara
Published: June 2024

Taste disorders (TDs) are common among systemically treated cancer patients and negatively impact their nutritional status and quality of life. The novel food approved by the European Commission (EFSA), dried miracle berries (DMB), contains the natural taste-modifying protein miraculin. DMB, also available as a supplement, has emerged as a possible alternative treatment for TDs. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of habitual DMB consumption in malnourished cancer patients undergoing active treatment. An exploratory clinical trial was carried out in which 31 cancer patients were randomized into three arms [standard dose of DMB (150 mg DMB/tablet), high dose of DMB (300 mg DMB/tablet) or placebo (300 mg freeze-dried strawberry)] for three months. Patients consumed a DMB tablet or placebo daily before each main meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). Throughout the five main visits, electrochemical taste perception, nutritional status, dietary intake, quality of life and the fatty acid profile of erythrocytes were evaluated. Patients consuming a standard dose of DMB exhibited improved taste acuity over time (% change right/left side: −52.8 ± 38.5/−58.7 ± 69.2%) and salty taste perception (2.29 ± 1.25 vs. high dose: 2.17 ± 1.84 vs. placebo: 1.57 ± 1.51 points, p < 0.05). They also had higher energy intake (p = 0.075) and covered better energy expenditure (107 ± 19%). The quality of life evaluated by symptom scales improved in patients receiving the standard dose of DMB (constipation, p = 0.048). The levels of arachidonic (13.1 ± 1.8; 14.0 ± 2.8, 12.0 ± 2.0%; p = 0.004) and docosahexaenoic (4.4 ± 1.7; 4.1 ± 1.0; 3.9 ± 1.6%; p = 0.014) acids in erythrocytes increased over time after DMB intake. The standard dose of DMB increased fat-free mass vs. placebo (47.4 ± 9.3 vs. 44.1 ± 4.7 kg, p = 0.007). Importantly, habitual patients with DMB did not experience any adverse events, and metabolic parameters remained stable and within normal ranges. In conclusion, habitual consumption of a standard 150 mg dose of DMB improves electrochemical food perception, nutritional status (energy intake, fat quantity and quality, fat-free mass), and quality of life in malnourished cancer patients receiving antineoplastic treatment. Additionally, DMB consumption appears to be safe, with no changes in major biochemical parameters associated with health status. Clinical trial registered (NCT05486260).
Exploring the Role of Lactoferrin in Managing Allergic Airway Diseases among Children: Unrevealing a Potential Breakthrough
Authors: Gori Alessandra , Brindisi Giulia , Daglia Maria , Giudice Michele Miraglia del , Dinardo Giulio , Di Minno Alessandro , Drago Lorenzo , Indolfi Cristiana , Naso Matteo , Trincianti Chiara , Tondina Enrico , Brunese Francesco Paolo , Ullah Hammad , Varricchio Attilio , Ciprandi Giorgio , Zicari Anna Maria
Published: June 2024

The prevalence of allergic diseases has dramatically increased among children in recent decades. These conditions significantly impact the quality of life of allergic children and their families. Lactoferrin, a multifunctional glycoprotein found in various biological fluids, is emerging as a promising immunomodulatory agent that can potentially alleviate allergic diseases in children. Lactoferrin’s multifaceted properties make it a compelling candidate for managing these conditions. Firstly, lactoferrin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which can mitigate the chronic inflammation characteristic of allergic diseases. Secondly, its iron-binding capabilities may help regulate the iron balance in allergic children, potentially influencing the severity of their symptoms. Lactoferrin also demonstrates antimicrobial properties, making it beneficial in preventing secondary infections often associated with respiratory allergies. Furthermore, its ability to modulate the immune response and regulate inflammatory pathways suggests its potential as an immune-balancing agent. This review of the current literature emphasises the need for further research to elucidate the precise roles of lactoferrin in allergic diseases. Harnessing the immunomodulatory potential of lactoferrin could provide a novel add-on approach to managing allergic diseases in children, offering hope for improved outcomes and an enhanced quality of life for paediatric patients and their families. As lactoferrin continues to capture the attention of researchers, its properties and diverse applications make it an intriguing subject of study with a rich history and a promising future.
Calcifediol or Corticosteroids in the Treatment of COVID-19: An Observational Study
Authors: Entrenas-Castillo Marta , Entrenas-Costa Luis Manuel , Pata María P. , Jurado-Gamez Bernabe , Muñoz-Corroto Cristina , Gomez-Rebollo Cristina , Mira-Padilla Estefania , Bouillon Roger , Quesada-Gómez Jose Manuel
Published: June 2024

Medical treatment of coronavirus 19 disease (COVID-19) is a therapeutic challenge. The available data strongly suggest that calcifediol treatment may reduce the severity of COVID-19, and corticosteroids are the treatment of choice worldwide for severe COVID-19. Both have a very similar action profile, and their combined use in patients may modify the contribution of each administered compound. Objective: To evaluate how treatment with calcifediol and/or corticosteroids in medical practice modified the need for ICU admission, death, or poor prognosis of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first outbreaks. Design, patients and setting: A retrospective observational cohort study of patients admitted for COVID-19 to the Pneumology Unit of the Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (Córdoba, Spain). Interventions: Patients were treated with calcifediol or/and corticosteroids with the best available therapy and standard care, according to clinical practice guidelines. Measurements: Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) or death during hospitalization and poor prognosis. Results: Seven hundred and twenty-eight patients were included. According to the treatment received, they were included in four groups: calcifediol (n = 68), glucocorticoids (n = 112), both (n = 510), or neither (n = 38). Of the 578 patients treated with calcifediol, 88 were admitted to the ICU (15%), while of the 150 not treated with calcifediol, 39 required ICU admission (26%) (p < 0.01). Among the patients taking calcifediol without glucocorticoids, only 4 of 68 (5.8%) required ICU admission, compared to 84 of 510 (16.5%) treated with both (p = 0.022). Of the 595 patients who had a good prognosis, 568 (82.01%) had received treatment with calcifediol versus the 133 patients with a poor prognosis, of whom 90 (67.66%) had received calcifediol (p < 0.001). This difference was not found for corticosteroids. Interpretation: The treatment of choice for hospitalized patients with moderate or mild COVID-19 could be calcifediol, not administering corticosteroids, until the natural history of the disease reaches a stage of hyperinflammation.
Probing the Dark Matter Capture Rate in a Local Population of Brown Dwarfs with IceCube Gen 2
Authors: Bhattacharjee Pooja , Calore Francesca
Published: June 2024

This study explores the potential for dark matter annihilation within brown dwarfs, investigating an unconventional mechanism for neutrino production. Motivated by the efficient accumulation of dark matter particles in brown dwarfs through scattering interactions, we focus on a mass range above 10 GeV, considering dark matter annihilation channels χχ→νν¯νν¯ through long-lived mediators. Using the projected sensitivity of IceCube Generation 2, we assess the detection capability of the local population of brown dwarfs within 20 pc and exclude dark matter-nucleon scattering with cross-sections as low as a few multiples of 10−36cm2.
Phenolic Composition of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Extract and Its Anti-Inflammatory, Hepatoprotective, and Antileukemia Effects
Authors: Ez-Zahra Amrati Fatima , Mssillou Ibrahim , Boukhira Smahane , Djiddi Bichara Mehdi , El Abdali Youness , Galvão de Azevedo Renata , Mohamed Chebaibi , Slighoua Meryem , Conte Raffaele , Kiokias Sotirios , Soares Pontes Gemilson , Bousta Dalila
Published: June 2024

Crataegus monogyna (C. monogyna) is a prominent plant used in Moroccan traditional medicine. This study investigated the phenolic composition and the anti-inflammatory, the hepatoprotective, and the anticancer activities of a hydroethanolic extract of C. monogyna leaves and stems. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography identified the phenolic profile. The in vitro anticancer activity was evaluated using the MTT assay on HL-60 and K-562 myeloleukemia cells and liver (Huh-7) cell lines. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The hepatoprotective effect at 300 and 1000 mg/kg doses against the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity on rats was studied for seven days. Additionally, molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate the extract’s inhibitory potential against key targets: lipoxygenase, cytochrome P450, tyrosine kinase, and TRADD. The extract exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against K-562 and HL-60 cells, but not against lung cancer cells (Huh-7 line). The 1000 mg/kg dose demonstrated the most potent anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting edema by 99.10% after 6 h. C. monogyna extract displayed promising hepatoprotective properties. Procyanidin (−7.27 kcal/mol), quercetin (−8.102 kcal/mol), and catechin (−9.037 kcal/mol) were identified as the most active molecules against lipoxygenase, cytochrome P450, and tyrosine kinase, respectively. These findings highlight the untapped potential of C. monogyna for further exploration in treating liver damage, inflammation, and leukemia.
Daphnetin Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain via Regulation of Microglial Responses and Glycerophospholipid Metabolism in the Spinal Cord
Authors: Liang Wulin , Zhang Tianrui , Zhang Mingqian , Gao Jiahui , Huang Rikang , Huang Xiyan , Chen Jianhua , Cheng Lu , Zhang Liyuan , Huang Zhishan , Tan Qiling , Jia Zhanhong , Zhang Shuofeng
Published: June 2024

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common type of chronic pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. This condition imposes a considerable economic burden on society and patients. Daphnetin (DAP) is a natural product isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb with various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. However, the underlying mechanisms of these effects are not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate DAP’s anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and explore the underlying mechanisms of action. The NP model was established as chronic constrictive injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, and pain sensitivity was evaluated by measuring the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal threshold (TWT). The activation of microglia in the spinal dorsal horn was measured via immunofluorescence staining. Protein levels were measured using a western blot assay. Using a mass-spectrometry proteomics platform and an LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics platform, proteins and metabolites in spinal cord tissues were extracted and analyzed. DAP treatment ameliorated the MWT and TWT in CCI rats. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was inhibited by DAP treatment in the spinal cords of CCI rats. Moreover, the activation of microglia was suppressed after DAP treatment. The elevation in the levels of P2X4, IRF8, IRF5, BDNF, and p-P38/P38 in the spinal cord caused by CCI was inhibited by DAP. Proteomics and metabolomics results indicated that DAP ameliorated the imbalance of glycerophospholipid metabolism in the spinal cords of CCI rats. DAP can potentially ameliorate NP by regulating microglial responses and glycerophospholipid metabolism in the CCI model. This study provides a pharmacological justification for using DAP in the management of NP.
An Effective Model for Capturing the Role of Excitonic Interactions in the Wave-Packet Dynamics of DNA Nucleobases
Authors: Guan Tong , Jha Ajay , Zhang Pan-Pan , Duan Hong-Guang
Published: June 2024

Investigating exciton dynamics within DNA nucleobases is essential for comprehensively understanding how inherent photostability mechanisms function at the molecular level, particularly in the context of life’s resilience to solar radiation. In this paper, we introduce a mathematical model that effectively simulates the photoexcitation and deactivation dynamics of nucleobases within an ultrafast timeframe, particularly focusing on wave-packet dynamics under conditions of strong nonadiabatic coupling. Employing the hierarchy equation of motion, we simulate two-dimensional electronic spectra (2DES) and calibrate our model by comparing it with experimentally obtained spectra. This study also explores the effects of base stacking on the photo-deactivation dynamics in DNA. Our results demonstrate that, while strong excitonic interactions between nucleobases are present, they have a minimal impact on the deactivation dynamics of the wave packet in the electronic excited states. We further observe that the longevity of electronic excited states increases with additional base stacking and pairing, a phenomenon accurately depicted by our excitonic model. This model enables a detailed examination of the wave packet’s motion on electronic excited states and its rapid transition to the ground state. Additionally, using this model, we studied base stacks in DNA hairpins to effectively capture the primary exciton dynamics at a reasonable computational scale. Overall, this work provides a valuable framework for studying exciton dynamics from single nucleobases to complex structures such as DNA hairpins.
Importance of the Rotational Transform for L–H Transitions in the TJ-II Stellarator
Authors: van Milligen Boudewijn Philip , Estrada Teresa , Carreras Benjamin , García Luis ,   the TJ-II Team
Published: June 2024

We study the effect of the rotational transform profile on the L–H confinement transitions in the neutral beam-heated plasmas in the TJ-II stellarator. The rotational transform profile in the vacuum is determined by the external coil currents but is modified by the plasma current, Ip. We find that L–H confinement transitions systematically occur when the configuration and plasma current are such that a low-order rational is placed in the plasma edge region, with a distribution centered around ρ=0.8±0.05. It is suggested that magnetohydrodynamic turbulence plays an important role in triggering the L–H transitions at TJ-II.
The Influence of Citrus Pectin and Polyacrylamide Modified with Plant-Derived Additives on the Properties of α-TCP-Based Bone Cements
Authors: Czechowska Joanna P. , Pańtak Piotr , Kowalska Kinga J. , Vedaiyan Jeevitha , Balasubramanian Mareeswari , Ganesan Sundara Moorthi , Kwiecień Konrad , Pamuła Elżbieta , Kandaswamy Ravichandran , Zima Aneta
Published: June 2024

Materials based on highly reactive α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder were developed and evaluated. Furthermore, the impact of different polymeric additives, such as citrus pectin or polyacrylamide (PAAM) modified with sago starch, neem flower, or rambutan peel, on the physiochemical and biological properties of the developed materials was assessed. The addition of modified PAAM shortened the setting process of bone cements and decreased their compressive strength. On the other hand, the addition of citrus pectin significantly enhanced the mechanical strength of the material from 4.46 to 7.15 MPa. The improved mechanical properties of the bone cement containing citrus pectin were attributed to the better homogenization of cementitious pastes and pectin cross-linking by Ca2+ ions. In vitro tests performed on L929 cells showed that 10% extracts from α-TCP cements modified with pectin are more cytocompatible than control cements without any additives. Cements containing PAAM with plant-derived modifiers show some degree of cytotoxicity for the highly concentrated 10% extracts, but for diluted extracts, cytotoxicity was reduced, as shown by a resazurin reduction test and live/dead staining. All the developed bone substitutes exhibited in vitro bioactivity, making them promising candidates for further biological studies. This research underscores the advantageous properties of the obtained biomaterials and paves the way for subsequent more advanced in vitro and in vivo investigations.
Temperature-Dependent Viscosity Analysis of Powell–Eyring Fluid Model during a Roll-over Web Coating Process
Authors: Ali Fateh , Narasimhamurthy Srikantha , Hegde Soniya , Usman Muhammad
Published: June 2024

The roll coating method is of considerable significance in several industries, as it is applied practically in the production of paint, the manufacturing of PVC-coated cloth, and the plastic industry. The current study theoretically and computationally analyses the Powell–Eyring fluids with variable viscosity during the non-isothermal roll-over web phenomenon. Based on the lubrication approximation theory (LAT), the problem was formulated. The system of partial differential equations (PDEs) obtained from the mathematical modeling was further simplified to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using suitable transformations. A regular perturbation method was implemented to obtain the solution in terms of velocity, pressure gradient, pressure, and flow rate per unit width. This study also captures important engineering characteristics such as coating thickness, Nusselt number, shear stress, roll/sheet separating force, and roll-transmitted power to the fluid. Along with a comparison between the present work and published work, both graphical and tabular representations wer made to study the effects of various factors. It was observed that the velocity profile is the decreasing function of non-Newtonian and Reynold viscosity parameters. In addition, the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the sensitivity of the shear stress and the Nusselt number.
Preparation of Monodisperse Silica Mesoporous Microspheres with Narrow Pore Size Distribution
Authors: Shan Jiaqi , Liu Jia , Zhu Jiahui , Chen Lifei , Xu Ting , Ren Xingfa , Guo Xingzhong
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this study is to prepare monodisperse silica mesoporous microspheres with narrow pore size distribution to promote their application in the field of liquid chromatography. An improved emulsion method was used to prepare silica mesoporous microspheres, and the rotary evaporation temperature, emulsification speed, dosage of porogen DMF, and dosage of the catalyst NH3·H2O were optimized. Subsequently, these microspheres were respectively treated by alkali–heating, calcination, and sieving. The D50 (particle size at the cumulative particle size distribution percentage of 50%) of as–prepared silica mesoporous microspheres is 26.3 μm, and the D90/D10 (the ratio of particle size at a cumulative particle size distribution percentage of 90% to a cumulative particle size distribution percentage of 10%) is 1.94. The resultant silica mesoporous microspheres have distinctive pore structures, with a pore volume of more than 1.0 cm3/g, an average pore size of 11.35 nm, and a median pore size of 13.4 nm. The silica mesoporous microspheres with a large particle size, uniform particle size distribution, large average pore size and pore volume, and narrow mesopore size distribution can basically meet the requirements of preparative liquid chromatographic columns.
Titration of Dietary Histidine during a 22- to 42-Day Feeding Phase following a 0- to 21-Day Feeding Phase with Variable Dietary Histidine Concentrations in Female Cobb 500 Broilers
Authors: Nelson Kenneth B. , Costa Matheus F. , Wells-Crafton Savannah C. , Rao Shivaram K. , Mullenix Garrett J. , Maynard Craig W. , Kidd Michael T.
Published: June 2024

Further reductions of crude protein in broiler diets may cause essential amino acids traditionally considered to be supplied at adequate levels to become limiting. Requirement data for histidine are currently scarce and this amino acid is uniquely able to be stored within the body. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate female Cobb 500 broiler growth performance and carcass characteristic responsiveness to increasing digestible histidine to digestible lysine ratios (dHis:dLys) during a 22- to 42-day feeding period and determine if dHis:dLys in preceding feeds influence the former responses. Starter diets were formulated to contain dHis:dLys of 33% or 38% and grower diets were formulated to contain dHis:dLys of 28%, 33%, 38%, or 43%, which gave rise to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. No interactions (p > 0.05) between the starter or grower diet dHis:dLys occurred. Increasing the dHis:dLys from 22 to 42 days resulted in body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and total breast meat yield quadratic responses (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, it appears that dHis:dLys between 33% and 38% fed during the starter phase does not influence broiler responsiveness to different dHis:dLys during the grower phase.
Multilayer Commingled Production Effects in Hydrate Reservoirs with Underlying Gas
Authors: Jia Shu , Yang Jin , Sun Ting , Edrisi Ali Reza , Chen Yuan , Chen Kejin , Wen Zhiliang
Published: June 2024

Multilayer commingled production is a widely used development method to improve the production capacity of gas reservoirs. However, there is currently limited research on the gas production characteristics of multilayer commingled production in hydrate reservoirs with underlying gas. The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of multilayer commingled production in order to determine suitable hydrate reservoirs for such a development method. Firstly, we employed analytical solutions to the equations of fluid flow in porous media to determine the factors affecting the production capacity. Then, by employing numerical simulation and depressurization methods, the rates of gas production and gas release from hydrate dissociation in a single production well were estimated. Additionally, the production capacity ratio of multilayer commingled production and separated-layer production was proposed. The influence of different reservoir characteristics on multilayer commingled production yield was determined and plotted. When there is an interlayer between hydrates and the underlying gas, the formation pressure ratio is the decisive factor affecting the multilayer commingled production yield. When there is no interlayer, the multilayer commingled production rate will increase with an increase in the permeability ratio, hydrate saturation, and underlying gas saturation. This study provides a theoretical foundation for predicting the production capacity of hydrate reservoirs, as well as assistance in selecting the hydrate reservoirs most suitable for multilayer commingled production.
American Ginseng Slice Drying and Optimization: Effect of Different Drying Methods on Drying Kinetics and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Wang Dong , Ma Minzhuo , Zhao Zeying , Yuan Yuejin , Chitrakar Bimal , Li Cunliang , Li Pei , Xiao Hongwei
Published: June 2024

This study compared four drying methods, namely hot-air and vacuum combined drying (HAVCD), hot-air drying (HAD), vacuum drying (VD), and vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), with the aim to select a high-quality and efficient drying method to dry American ginseng slices. Drying kinetics and various physicochemical properties, such as color, rehydration ratio, total ginsenoside content, total ginsenoside residual rate, hardness, and microstructure were explored. An improved multi-indicator test formula method was used to score the experimental results quantitatively. HAVCD resulted in comprehensive advantages, with the highest product score for the dried American ginseng slices. Therefore, HAVCD was subjected to a response surface methodology (RSM) analysis and process optimization. The interaction of hot-air temperature and vacuum temperature on the comprehensive score of American ginseng drying was highly significant (p < 0.01). The optimized and validated process parameters obtained were a hot-air temperature of 57 °C, a vacuum temperature of 54 °C, and a moisture content at the conversion point of 39% (wet basis). Under these conditions, the best drying time was 170 min; the total ginsenoside content was 2.3 mg/100 g; the L* value was 91.68; the rehydration ratio was 3.10; and the comprehensive score was 96.77. The findings of this work indicated HAVCD as a promising drying method for American ginseng slices, considering the drying time and dried-product quality attributes.
Effects of Ti/Al Ratio on Formation of Ti-Al Intermetallics/TiB2 Composites by SHS from Ti-Al-B Powder Mixtures
Authors: Yeh Chun-Liang , Chan Yi-Cheng
Published: June 2024

Ti-Al intermetallics/TiB2 composites were prepared from elemental powder mixtures by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Reactant mixtures were formulated to contain two parts; one group was (2Ti + 4B) to form 2TiB2 and the other group was (Ti + xAl) to produce Ti-Al intermetallic compounds. The content of Al ranged between x = 0.33 and 3.0, which was equivalent to the Ti/Al atomic ratio from Ti-25% Al to Ti-75% Al in the (Ti + xAl) group. The results showed that the increase of Al percentage reduced the overall combustion exothermicity and led to a slower self-sustaining combustion wave speed and a lower combustion temperature. Apparent activation energy of the Ti-Al-B solid-state combustion reaction was determined to be 114.7 kJ/mol by this study. Based on the XRD analysis, Ti-Al intermetallics/TiB2 composites featuring Ti3Al, TiAl, TiAl2, and TiAl3 as the dominant aluminide phase were respectively synthesized from the samples of Ti-25%~40% Al, Ti-50%~60% Al, Ti-71.4% Al, and Ti-75% Al. For the samples of Ti-25% Al and Ti-30% Al, Ti3Al was the only aluminide formed. The microstructure of the composites exhibited that TiB2 grains with a columnar shape of 2–3 μm in length were well distributed and embedded in the aluminide matrix. This study demonstrated an effective and energy-saving fabrication route for producing Ti-Al intermetallics/TiB2 composites with different dominant aluminide phases.
Nirmatrelvir: From Discovery to Modern and Alternative Synthetic Approaches
Authors: Galli Michela , Migliano Francesco , Fasano Valerio , Silvani Alessandra , Passarella Daniele , Citarella Andrea
Published: June 2024

The global urgency in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed extensive research into discovering efficacious antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2. Among these, Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332) has emerged as a promising candidate, exhibiting potent antiviral activity by targeting the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, and has been marketed in combination with ritonavir as the first oral treatment for COVID-19 with the name of PaxlovidTM. This review outlines the synthetic approaches to Nirmatrelvir, ranging from Pfizer’s original method to newer, more sustainable strategies, such as flow chemistry strategies and multicomponent reactions. Each approach’s novelty and contributions to yield and purification processes are highlighted. Additionally, the synthesis of key fragments comprising Nirmatrelvir and innovative optimization strategies are discussed.
Comparison of Socket Geometry, Socket Comfort, and Patient Experience between Manually- and Digitally-Designed Prosthetic Sockets for Lower-Limb Amputees: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Eshraghi Arezoo , Phillips Clara , MacKay Crystal , Dilkas Steven , Riondato Zonsire , Lehkyj Stefania , Heim Winfried
Published: June 2024

Prosthetic socket manufacturing is experiencing a revolutionary shift towards using digital methods, such as 3D scanning and 3D printing. However, using digital methods requires the clinician to transfer their skills from making sockets by hand to making sockets with a computer. This shift in practice may change the socket geometry and fit; however, to what extent is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of analyzing geometric and clinical differences between digitally- and manually-designed sockets. Nine adult inpatients with below-knee amputation were recruited. Two sockets were 3D printed for each participant from 3D socket models that were developed from: (1) 3D scanning a manually-modified hand-casted positive mold of the residuum; and (2) a digitally-modified 3D scan of the residuum. Manual and digital procedures were compared for three measures: final socket geometry, the Socket Comfort Score, and a patient experience survey. Feasibility data were collected to measure protocol implementation fidelity to inform a future larger study. These data revealed that 89% of participants followed the intended protocol, no participants dropped out, and only one adverse event was report. As no significant geometric differences were found and participants experienced similar comfort scores between manually- and digitally-designed sockets, study feasibility was determined to be successful. Thus, a randomized control trial study will be conducted to draw statistically relevant conclusions from these outcome measures that may provide meaningful information for improving digital design procedures.
Receptors Implicated in Microgravity-Induced Bone Loss
Authors: Martinez Elizabeth Ferreira , Pelegrine André Antonio , Holliday L. Shannon
Published: June 2024

For humans to explore and colonize the universe, both engineering and physiological obstacles must be successfully addressed. A major physiological problem is that humans lose bone rapidly in microgravity. Understanding the underlying mechanisms for this bone loss is crucial for designing strategies to ameliorate these effects. Because bone physiology is entangled with other organ systems, and bone loss is a component of human adaptation to microgravity, strategies to reduce bone loss must also account for potential effects on other systems. Here, we consider the receptors involved in normal bone remodeling and how this regulation is altered in low-gravity environments. We examine how single cells, tissues and organs, and humans as a whole are affected by low gravity, and the role of receptors that have been implicated in responses leading to bone loss. These include receptors linking cells to the extracellular matrix and to each other, alterations in the extracellular matrix associated with changes in gravity, and changes in fluid distribution and fluid behavior due to lack of gravity that may have effects on receptor-based signaling shared by bone and other regulatory systems. Inflammatory responses associated with the environment in space, which include microgravity and radiation, can also potentially trigger bone loss.
A Plea to Thomists: Will the Real Darwinian Please Stand Up? On Some Recent Defenses of the Fifth Way
Authors: Barzaghi Amerigo
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we discuss with some contemporary Thomists the possibility of re-actualizing Thomas’s fifth way to God in the science–theology dialogue. We start with a reference to Spinoza’s critique of teleology in light of some recent Spinoza studies, and after summarizing several Thomistic defenses of Aquinas’s teleological argument, we interpret that critique as targeting the fifth way as well. We then focus on Darwin’s impact on biological design arguments. We argue that his naturalistic explanation of biological teleology also affects the fifth way. The distinction between internal-Aristotelian and external-Platonic conceptions of teleology does not seem to be able to protect the teleological argument from a Darwinian critique. We conclude by stressing the importance and fruitfulness of Thomas’s thought for contemporary interdisciplinary dialogue, provided that Darwin’s impact on the biological version of the fifth way is taken into due account.
Time-Series Analysis of Mining-Induced Subsidence in the Arid Region of Mongolia Based on SBAS-InSAR
Authors: Xie Yuxin , Bagan Hasi , Tan Luwen , Te Terigelehu , Damdinsuren Amarsaikhan , Wang Qinxue
Published: June 2024

Mongolia’s substantial mineral resources have played a pivotal role in its economic progress, with mining activities significantly contributing to this development. However, these continuous mining operations, particularly at the Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine, have induced land subsidence that threatens both production activities and poses risks of geological and other natural disasters. This study employs the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) technique to monitor and analyze time-series surface subsidence using 120 Sentinel-1A datasets from 2018 to 2022. The findings reveal that the SBAS-InSAR method successfully captures the subsidence and its spatial distribution at Oyu Tolgoi, with the maximum cumulative subsidence reaching −742.01 mm and the highest annual average subsidence rate at −158.11 mm/year. Key drivers identified for the subsidence include variations in groundwater levels, active mining operations, and changes in surface stress. This research underscores the ongoing subsidence issue at the Oyu Tolgoi mining area, providing crucial insights that could aid in enhancing mining safety and environmental conservation in the region.
A Synthetic Aperture Radar-Based Robust Satellite Technique (RST) for Timely Mapping of Floods
Authors: Lahsaini Meriam , Albano Felice , Albano Raffaele , Mazzariello Arianna , Lacava Teodosio
Published: June 2024

Satellite data have been widely utilized for flood detection and mapping tasks, and in recent years, there has been a growing interest in using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data due to the increased availability of recent missions with enhanced temporal resolution. This capability, when combined with the inherent advantages of SAR technology over optical sensors, such as spatial resolution and independence from weather conditions, allows for timely and accurate information on flood event dynamics. In this study, we present an innovative automated approach, SAR-RST-FLOOD, for mapping flooded areas using SAR data. Based on a multi-temporal analysis of Sentinel 1 data, such an approach would allow for robust and automatic identification of flooded areas. To assess its reliability and accuracy, we analyzed five case studies in areas where floods caused significant damage. Performance metrics, such as overall (OA), user (UA), and producer (PA) accuracy, as well as the Kappa index (K), were used to evaluate the methodology by considering several reference flood maps. The results demonstrate a user accuracy exceeding 0.78 for each test map when compared to the observed flood data. Additionally, the overall accuracy values surpassed 0.96, and the kappa index values exceeded 0.78 when compared to the mapping processes from observed data or other reference datasets from the Copernicus Emergency Management System. Considering these results and the fact that the proposed approach has been implemented within the Google Earth Engine framework, its potential for global-scale applications is evident.
Medium-Scale Soil Moisture Retrievals Using an ELBARA L-Band Radiometer Using Time-Dependent Parameters for Wetland-Meadow-Cropland Site
Authors: Szewczak Kamil , Łukowski Mateusz
Published: June 2024

The soil moisture at the medium spatial scale is strongly desired in the context of satellite remote sensing data validation. The use of a ground-installed passive L-band radiometer ELBARA at the Bubnów-Sęków test site in the east of Poland gave a possibility to provide reference soil moisture data from the area with a radius of 100 m. In addition, the test site comprised three different land cover types that could be investigated continuously with one day resolution. The studies were focused on the evaluation of the ω-τ model coefficients for three types of land cover, including meadow, wetland, and cropland, to allow for the assessment of the soil moisture retrievals at a medium scale. Consequently, a set of reference time-dependent coefficients of effective scattering albedo, optical depth, and constant-in-time roughness parameters were estimated. The mean annual values of the effective scattering albedo including two polarisations were 0.45, 0.26, 0.14, and 0.54 for the meadow with lower organic matter, the meadow with higher organic matter, the wetland, and the cropland, respectively. The values of optical depth were in the range from 0.30 to 0.80 for the cropland, from 0.40 to 0.52 for the meadows (including the two investigated meadows), and from 0.60 to 0.70 for the wetland. Time-constant values of roughness parameters at the level of 0.45 were obtained.
Optimizing the Matching Area for Underwater Gravity Matching Navigation Based on a New Gravity Field Feature Parameters Selection Method
Authors: Zhao Xin , Zheng Wei , Xu Keke , Zhang Hebing
Published: June 2024

This article mainly studies the selection of the matching area in gravity matching navigation systems of underwater vehicles. Firstly, we comprehensively consider 14 types of gravity field feature parameters, and a new gravity field feature parameters selection method is proposed based on feature selection principles and support vector machine algorithms. Secondly, according to the new gravity field feature parameters selection method, the five feature parameters, including range, pooling difference, standard deviation of gravity anomaly, roughness, and correlation coefficient, were selected from the 14 gravity field features parameters. The selected five feature parameters are integrated using SVM, and a classification model is constructed with carefully chosen training and testing sets and parameters for validation. Based on the experimental results, compared to the pre-calibrated results, the classification accuracy of the testing set reaches 91%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the gravity field feature parameter selection method in distinguishing between the suitable and the unsuitable areas. Finally, this method is applied to another area, and we carried out navigation experiments in the areas that were suitable areas in all four directions, as not all areas were suitable in four directions. The results showed that the areas that were suitable in all four directions provided better matching effects, the mean positioning accuracy was less than 100 m, and the accuracy was more than 90%. In path planning, priority can be given to areas that are suitable in all four directions.
Dynamic Tracking Matched Filter with Adaptive Feedback Recurrent Neural Network for Accurate and Stable Ship Extraction in UAV Remote Sensing Images
Authors: Fu Dongyang , Du Shangfeng , Si Yang , Zhong Yafeng , Li Yongze
Published: June 2024

In an increasingly globalized world, the intelligent extraction of maritime targets is crucial for both military defense and maritime traffic monitoring. The flexibility and cost-effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in remote sensing make them invaluable tools for ship extraction. Therefore, this paper introduces a training-free, highly accurate, and stable method for ship extraction in UAV remote sensing images. First, we present the dynamic tracking matched filter (DTMF), which leverages the concept of time as a tuning factor to enhance the traditional matched filter (MF). This refinement gives DTMF superior adaptability and consistent detection performance across different time points. Next, the DTMF method is rigorously integrated into a recurrent neural network (RNN) framework using mathematical derivation and optimization principles. To further improve the convergence and robust of the RNN solution, we design an adaptive feedback recurrent neural network (AFRNN), which optimally solves the DTMF problem. Finally, we evaluate the performance of different methods based on ship extraction accuracy using specific evaluation metrics. The results show that the proposed methods achieve over 99% overall accuracy and KAPPA coefficients above 82% in various scenarios. This approach excels in complex scenes with multiple targets and background interference, delivering distinct and precise extraction results while minimizing errors. The efficacy of the DTMF method in extracting ship targets was validated through rigorous testing.
Further Than Fur: Effects of Sex, Body Site, and Season on Hair Color and Hair Cortisol Concentration in Captive Addax nasomaculatus Antelopes
Authors: Damián Juan Pablo , Banguese María Eugenia , Bentancor Santiago , Pérez Analía , Sierra Sarina , Echaides Cesar , Pérez-Sarasqueta Ana , Menezes Ana Claudia , Pessina Paula , Villagrán Matías
Published: June 2024

The Addax nasomaculatus is an African antelope currently considered “critically endangered”. There is little scientific knowledge about the species, which could potentially aid in species conservation. The objective of this study was to determine how hair cortisol concentration and hair color vary according to sex, body site, and season across a whole year in zoo-housed addax. The addax population was housed at Parque Lecocq Zoo, Uruguay. Hair samples were taken from the shoulder and rump in autumn, winter, spring, and summer. Hair cortisol concentration in addax varied according to sex, with males exhibiting a higher hair cortisol concentration than females (1.03 ± 0.05 pg/mg vs. 0.91 ± 0.05 pg/mg, p = 0.016, respectively), with these differences being more significant in the spring (p < 0.0001). Hair cortisol concentration varied across seasons (p < 0.0001), with maximum values observed in summer. The color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) varied across seasons (p < 0.0001). The coat was blacker and yellower in winter and whiter in summer. Males had darker and greener hair color than females (p < 0.05). Sex and season-driven variation in hair cortisol concentration and hair color seem to be important elements to consider in relation to thermal comfort and animal welfare in addax, highlighting the warmer seasons as critical.