bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Application of La2O3 and CuO Nano Particles as Catalysts for Ammonium Perchlorate Thermal Decomposition
Authors: Pandas Hossein Momenizadeh , Fazli Mostafa
Published: October 2018

Nanoparticles (NPs) from lanthanum oxide (La2O3) and copper oxide (CuO) with spherical morphology were synthesized through precursor calcinations of copper and lanthanum carbonate and then using a bioactive shell membrane of eggshell. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate particle size, chemical structure, purity and morphology of the synthesized La2O3 and CuO NPs. The XRD outcomes established the creation of the targeted compounds, SEM images obviously displayed morphology of the synthesized La2O3 and CuO as spherical NPs with average particle sizes of roughly 35 and 30 nm, correspondingly. The catalytic effects of these NPs on the thermal decomposition behavior of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were tested using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in coupling with thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TG). The results of these experiments showed that the addition of 5 % La2O3 nanoparticles has an attractive catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of the AP. Moreover, AP thermal decomposition was facilitated by the addition of 5 % CuO NPs. A more accurate comparison was made between the catalytic effects of synthesized NPs via computing their thermal decomposition activation energies (E), ΔS#, ΔH# and ΔG# using diverse non‐isothermal approaches.
Particle Swarm Optimization of Kinetic Parameters for Thermal Cook‐Off Modelling
Authors: Seng Yeow Sing
Published: October 2018

The technique of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was successfully applied to calibrate the kinetic parameters of the energetic material (EM) PBXN109. A total of nine parameters, was derived from a finite set of One Dimensional Time to Ignition (ODTX) experimental data by minimizing the difference between simulation and experimental ignition times. This difference was found to be 6.4 %, which is more than two times lower than those generated from the published kinetic parameters. This work demonstrates PSO as an effective optimization method for calibrating physical parameters of materials models used in EM modelling.
Combustion of Magnesium‐Sulfur Composite Particles Ignited by Different Stimuli
Authors: Monk Ian , Schoenitz Mirko , Dreizin Edward L.
Published: October 2018

Composite Mg ⋅ S powders were prepared by mechanical milling. Magnesium powders coated with sulfur were prepared by soft milling using glass beads as milling media. Three‐dimensional composite powders, in which magnesium and sulfur were mixed on the nanoscale were prepared by milling using steel balls as milling media. Both composite powders were explored in two ignition experiments. In one case, monolayers of the prepared powders were exposed to electrostatic discharge (ESD). In the other case, powder particles were fed through a focused CO2 laser beam. In both experiments, emission traces produced by burning particles were captured using a filtered photomultiplier tube; the data were processed to recover respective combustion times. Combustion products were collected and examined using electron microscopy for the ESD‐ignition experiments. It was found that the burn times of the sulfur coated magnesium powders were shorter than those of three‐dimensional composites in both experiments. No effect of ignition method on burn times was observed for the sulfur‐coated powders. For three‐dimensional composite powder, burn times of ESD‐ignited particles were shorter than those for particles ignited by passing through the CO2 laser beam. Analysis of the captured combustion products suggests that magnesium and sulfur are readily separated upon heating for the coated powders, but not for the three‐dimensional composites. For the latter case, the reaction is dominated by MgS formation, while for the former case, it is primarily magnesium oxidation in air.
Abnormal Grain Growth in AlScN Thin Films Induced by Complexion Formation at Crystallite Interfaces
Authors: Sandu Cosmin Silviu , Parsapour Fazel , Mertin Stefan , Pashchenko Vladimir , Matloub Ramin , LaGrange Thomas , Heinz Bernd , Muralt Paul
Published: October 2018

Sputter deposited Al(1–x)ScxN thin films with a Sc content from x = 0 to 43 at% are investigated by electron microscopy in order to study and explain the formation and growth of abnormally oriented grains (AOG). It is found that the latter did not nucleate at the interface with the substrate, but at high energy grain boundaries, at which systematically higher Sc concentrations are detected. The AOGs are thus formed during the growth of c‐textured grains. They grow faster than those, and finally protrude from the c‐textured film surface, having at their end a pyramidal shape with three facets of a hexagonal wurtzite crystal: one (0001) and two (110) facets. Process conditions favoring less compact grain boundaries, and lower surface diffusion across grain boundaries are thought to promote nucleation of AOGs. Finally, a 4‐step growth mechanism explaining the nucleation from a Sc‐rich complexion and proliferation of AOGs with increasing film thickness is proposed.
Organic Electrochemical Transistors Based on Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Performance and Stability
Authors: Kaphle Vikash , Liu Shiyi , Keum Chang‐Min , Lüssem Björn
Published: October 2018

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are becoming a key device in the field of organic bioelectronics. For many applications of OECTs, in particular for enzymatic sensing, a complex mixture of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) combined with other electrolytes is used as a gate electrolyte, making the interpretation of experimental trends challenging. Here, the switching mechanism of OECTs using such RTILs is studied. It shows that ions smaller in size than the ions contained in the RTIL (e.g., Na+) have to be added to the ionic liquid to ensure switching of the OECTs. Furthermore, it is shown that OECTs based on RTILs exhibit noticeable gate‐bias stress effects and a hysteresis in the electrical transfer characteristics. A model based on incomplete charging/discharging of the effective gate capacitance during operation of the OECT and a dispersion in the ion mobilities is proposed to explain these instabilities, and thus it shows that the hysteresis can be minimized by optimizing the geometry of the device. Overall, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of switching and stability of OECTs based on RTILs is the first step toward various applications such as lactate acid sensors and neurotransmitter recording.
Antioxidant and spectral properties of chalcones and analogous aurones: Theoretical insights
Authors: Xue Yunsheng , Liu Yunping , Zhang Ling , Wang Han , Luo Qingquan , Chen Ran , Liu Yin , Li Ya
Published: October 2018

Density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) have been employed to elucidate the radical scavenging capacity and the UV–Vis spectral property of several chalcones and analogous aurones. Three main antioxidant mechanisms, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET‐PT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) were investigated. The results indicate that all the studied compounds adopt a fully planar conformation in their neutral, radical, cationic as well as anionic forms. 2′‐OH plays important role in the stabilization of phenolic radicals due to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds (IHBs). Introduction of electron‐donating substituent on B‐ring is helpful for improving the activity. For the considered compounds, HAT is proposed as the thermodynamically favored mechanism in gas phase and nonpolar environment, while SPLET is preferred in polar media. The results confirmed the crucial role of hydroxyl group on A‐ring, especially on position 5′/5, in terms of the radical scavenging ability. The absorption spectra of title compounds were successfully simulated and the lowest energy transitions predominantly correspond to the π‐π* transitions from HOMO to LUMO with charge transfer (CT) character.
Educating China on the move: A typology of contemporary Chinese higher education mobilities
Authors: Xu Cora Lingling , Montgomery Catherine
Published: October 2018

The landscape of global higher education is changing rapidly in response to and alongside the geopolitical and geosocial global transformations, with China and East Asia becoming key players in higher education. As China's economic power and strategic reach grows against a context of global uncertainty, it has become increasingly important to develop a nuanced understanding of Chinese globalisation, not least for its significance to the balance of power relations within and beyond Asia. Higher education provides a powerful lens through which to see how China is globalising and how this might impact on the world. This is manifested in its many established and newer forms of education mobilities. Recognising the lack of research efforts to systematically understand the complexities of contemporary higher education mobilities across China, this paper proposes a typology through a thematic narrative review of more than 250 peer‐reviewed journal articles, government and media documents. This typology of Chinese higher education mobilities reveals three key insights, including (1) a critique on the ‘mobility imperative’ and the role of the Chinese state, (2) a call for more longitudinal and/or retrospective research to facilitate a relational understanding of the fluid nature of higher education mobilities in China, and (3) a note on the urgency of developing a comprehensive theoretical and conceptual tool kit. This article contributes to an updated understanding of the fluid, multiple and multi‐directional nature of contemporary higher education mobilities of China.
Context and Implications Document for: Educating China on the move: A typology of contemporary Chinese higher education mobilities
Authors: Xu Cora Lingling , Montgomery Catherine
Published: October 2018

This guide accompanies the following article: Xu, C.L. & Montgomery, C., Educating China on the move: A typology of contemporary Chinese higher education mobilities, Review of Education, https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3139.
Concise Reviews: Stem Cells and Kidney Regeneration: An Update
Authors: Marcheque Julia , Bussolati Benedetta , Csete Marie , Perin Laura
Published: October 2018

Significant progress has been made to advance stem cell products as potential therapies for kidney diseases: various kinds of stem cells can restore renal function in preclinical models of acute and chronic kidney injury. Nonetheless this literature contains contradictory results, and for this reason, we focus this review on reasons for apparent discrepancies in the literature, because they contribute to difficulty in translating renal regenerative therapies. Differences in methodologies used to derive and culture stem cells, even those from the same source, in addition to the lack of standardized renal disease animal models (both acute and chronic), are important considerations underlying contradictory results in the literature. We propose that harmonized rigorous protocols for characterization, handling, and delivery of stem cells in vivo could significantly advance the field, and present details of some suggested approaches to foster translation in the field of renal regeneration. Our goal is to encourage coordination of methodologies (standardization) and long-lasting collaborations to improve protocols and models to lead to reproducible, interpretable, high-quality preclinical data. This approach will certainly increase our chance to 1 day offer stem cell therapeutic options for patients with all-too-common renal diseases. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:82–92
Model averaging for robust extrapolation in evidence synthesis
Authors: Röver Christian , Wandel Simon , Friede Tim
Published: October 2018

Extrapolation from a source to a target, eg, from adults to children, is a promising approach to utilize external information when data are sparse. In the context of meta‐analyses, one is commonly faced with a small number of studies, whereas potentially relevant additional information may also be available. Here, we describe a simple extrapolation strategy using heavy‐tailed mixture priors for effect estimation in meta‐analysis, which effectively results in a model‐averaging technique. The described method is robust in the sense that a potential prior‐data conflict, ie, a discrepancy between source and target data, is explicitly anticipated. The aim of this paper is to develop a solution for this particular application to showcase the ease of implementation by providingR code, and to demonstrate the robustness of the general approach in simulations.
In Situ Formation of a 3D Amorphous Cobalt‐ Borate Nanoarray: An Efficient Non‐Noble Metal Catalytic Electrode for Non‐Enzyme Glucose Detection
Authors: Deng Wenqing , Dai Rui , You Chao , Hu Pingyue , Sun Xuping , Xiong Xiaoli , Huang Ke , Huo Feng
Published: October 2018

It is highly desirable to design enzyme‐free nanoarray architecture as an efficient three‐dimensional (3D) catalyst electrode for sensitive and selective detection of glucose. In this communication, we report that in situ electrochemical development of an amorphous cobalt‐borate nanoarray supported on carbon cloth (Co–Bi /CC) as a durable and efficient 3D nanoarray electrocatalyst for glucose detection. As a glucose sensor, Co−Bi/CC electrode shows a fast amperometric response toward glucose, a detection limit of 0.042 μM (S/N=3), a response sensitivity of 4191.7 μA mM−1 cm−2. Importantly, it also demonstrates favourable reproducibility and long‐term stability.
Effect of pH of Precursor on Up/Downconversion and Cathodoluminescence of Gd2O3:Ho3+/Yb3+ Phosphor and Magneto‐Optic Studies
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Couto Maria H. M. , Tiwari Surya P. , Kumar Kaushal , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G.
Published: October 2018

The effect of pH of precursor solution has studied on structural and up/downconversion emission properties of Ho3+/Yb3+ doped Gd2O3 host synthesized through hydrothermal route. Best sample morphology (rod‐shaped) is found corresponding to the pH value of pH‐9.1 of the precursor solution. Due to the low phonon frequency of Gd2O3 host, intense green upconversion emission around 539, 550 nm wavelength is observed from the sample on 980 nm diode laser excitation. In down conversion emission mode, bands around 539, 550 nm and 653 nm are found on 449 nm arc lamp excitation. The prepared samples were further studied for cathodoluminescence and the effect of magnetic field on the upconversion emission. The sample has also shown optical bi‐stability in upconversion emission when the magnetic field was increased from zero to 1.05x104 Oe and then decreased to zero.
One Ni(II) Polymer with Fluorescent Response Based on Mixed Ligands
Authors: Yin Xiu‐Ju , Zhu Long‐Guan
Published: October 2018

One new nickel polymer [Ni(L)2⋅(3‐Sb)]n (1) (L=2‐pyrimidinecarboximidamide; 3‐Sb=3‐sulfo‐benzoic acid) has been synthesized and it is characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, FTIR and elemental analysis. The results show that polymer 1 belongs to the monoclinic system, P21/n space group, with a=11.3572(8), b=13.1745(8), c=13.2345(9) Å, β=98.887(6)°, V=1956.4(2) Å3, Mr=535.13. TGA shows that polymer 1 began to decompose at 230 C, which indicates 1 have good thermal stability. The fluorescence analysis of 1 in the solid state at room temperature shows that this new Ni(II) polymer material has good fluorescence response.
Development of a Water‐Dispersible SBA‐15‐Benzothiazole‐Derived Fluorescence Nanosensor by Physisorption and Its Use in Organic‐Solvent‐Free Detection of Perborate and Hydrazine
Authors: Gawas Ram U. , Anand Shivesh , Ghosh Barun K. , Shivbhagwan Princee , Choudhary Kushav , Ghosh Narendra Nath , Banerjee Mainak , Chatterjee Amrita
Published: October 2018

We have synthesized a water dispersible SBA‐15 based sensing material (nanosensor 1) for the detection of perborate ions and hydrazine in water. The nanosensor was prepared by simple physisorption of chemosensing unit 2‐(benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)phenyl acetate (2) onto PEG‐stabilized SBA‐15. The probe molecule undergoes spontaneous cleavage of acetate group in the presence of both perborate ions and hydrazine to produce corresponding phenol (3), which results in greenish blue fluorescence by excited state intra‐molecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism. The limit of detection (LOD) for both analytes was observed in ppb level; 49.9 ppb for perborate ions and 8.0 ppb for hydrazine. Simple synthesis, effortless modification, high water dispersibility make this nanosensor very efficient for perborate ions and hydrazine. Finally, this is a demonstration of the physisorption strategy in building useful sensing materials which can be applied to any analyte based on the choice of a suitable chemosenors.
Efficient Ternary Organic Solar Cells with Two Compatible Non‐Fullerene Materials as One Alloyed Acceptor
Authors: An Qiaoshi , Zhang Jian , Gao Wei , Qi Feng , Zhang Miao , Ma Xiaoling , Yang Chuluo , Huo Lijun , Zhang Fujun
Published: October 2018

Efficient ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) are fabricated by employing a polymer PBT1‐C as the donor and two non‐fullerene materials, MeIC and MeIC2, as one alloyed acceptor. The optimized ternary OSCs with 30 wt% MeIC2 in acceptors achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.55%, which is much higher than that of 11.47% for MeIC‐based binary OSCs and 11.41% for MeIC2‐based binary OSCs. The >9.4% improvement in PCE is mainly attributed to the optimized photon harvesting and morphology of ternary active layers, resulting in the simultaneously improved short‐circuit current and fill factor. Furthermore, good compatibility and similar lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of MeIC and MeIC2 are beneficial to form one alloyed acceptor for efficient electron transport in the ternary active layers. This work may provide new insight when selecting the third component for preparing efficient ternary OSCs.
Fabrication of a homogeneous large‐volume polymethacrylate monolith: A thermal mixing approach
Authors: Chan Yi Wei , Adam Siti Nurul N. , Obeng Eugene M. , Ongkudon Clarence M.
Published: October 2018

To date, the reported works relating to the utilization of monolith in multi‐omics applications are mostly limited to analytical scale due to limited progress in the development of large‐scale monolith. In the case of polymethacrylate monolith, the up‐scaling progress has been hampered by issues pertaining to excessive internal heat build‐up as a function of poor heat transfer which leads to defects in pore homogeneity and often results in cracking of the adsorbent. Herein, this article presents the proof of concept of a thermal mixing method to address the impediments of heat build‐up in monolith up‐scaling. In this method, the upsurge of heat was alleviated by modulating the heat input into and out of the monolith mixture throughout the course of bulk free radical polymerization. The resulting 150 mL polymethacrylate monolith showed about 56.3% reduction in peak thermal build‐up and featured homogeneous pores throughout the adsorbent. This research has put forward an interesting concept of minimizing the intensity of thermal build‐up. The overall outcome generated from this research is encouraging for heat‐based monolith upscaling.
In search of an institutional framework for anticorruption: Lessons from Scandinavia
Authors: Paik Yongsun , Warner‐Søderholm Gillian , Huse Morten
Published: October 2018

Scandinavian countries continue to build strong reputations as the world's least corrupt countries. In this case study, in a search for an institutional framework that other countries and policy makers can learn from, we explore sources of high transparency and anticorruption norms in Scandinavia. The most important lesson from this study is that legislative, normative, and cultural institutional pillars must be aligned to achieve the highest level of transparency and anticorruption. We made three main observations. First, adequate and comprehensive legislation in addition to severe noncompliance consequences contribute to an ethical business environment in Scandinavian countries. Second, a willingness to embrace integrity norms and standards through active participation in international conventions and agreements on anticorruption movements contributing to high transparency and integrity management in the Scandinavian countries. Third, a national culture that emphasizes high governmental and civic trust makes bribery and corruption less sustainable. Residents' high level of trust in public officials and police in addition to high civil and media engagement in antibribery cases results in corruption being “starved of oxygen”. The findings suggest high trust levels, enforced regulative legislation, small country size, and high human development help craft a framework that drives a transparent business environment.
Real‐time hybrid aeroelastic simulation of wind turbines with various types of full‐scale tuned liquid dampers
Authors: Zhang Zili , Basu Biswajit , Nielsen Søren R.K.
Published: October 2018

The present paper presents the real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) technique for multimegawatt wind turbine (WT) with various types of full‐scale tuned liquid dampers (TLDs). As an evolvement of the pseudodynamic testing technique, the RTHS is executed in real time, thus allowing accurate investigation of the interaction between the aeroelastic WT system and the rate‐dependent nonlinear TLD device. As the numerical substructure, the WT is simulated in the computer using a 13‐degree‐of‐freedom (13‐DOF) aeroelastic model. As the physical substructure, the full‐scale TLDs are manufactured and physically tested. They are synchronized with each other by real‐time controllers. Taking advantage of RTHS technique, 2‐ and 3‐MW WTs have both been simulated under various turbulent wind conditions. TLDs with different configurations have been extensively investigated, eg, various tuning ratios by varying the water level, TLD without and with damping screens (various mesh sizes of the screen considered), and TLD with flat and sloped bottoms. It is shown that a well‐designed TLD is very effective in damping lateral tower vibrations of WTs. Furthermore, RTHS results and results from a proposed theoretical model are compared. This study gives comprehensive guidelines for employing various types of TLDs in large WTs and indicates huge potentials of applying RTHS technique in the area of wind energy.
Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism in UK Biobank demonstrate a shared role for myopia susceptibility loci
Authors: Shah Rupal L. , Guggenheim Jeremy A. ,   UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium
Published: October 2018

Previous studies have suggested that naturally occurring genetic variation contributes to the risk of astigmatism. The purpose of this investigation was to identify genetic markers associated with corneal and refractive astigmatism in a large-scale European ancestry cohort (UK Biobank) who underwent keratometry and autorefraction at an assessment centre. Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism were performed in individuals of European ancestry (N = 86,335 and 88,005 respectively), with the mean corneal astigmatism or refractive astigmatism in fellow eyes analysed as a quantitative trait (dependent variable). Genetic correlation between the two traits was calculated using LD Score regression. Gene-based and gene-set tests were carried out using MAGMA. Single marker-based association tests for corneal astigmatism identified four genome-wide significant loci (P < 5 × 10−8) near the genes ZC3H11B (1q41), LINC00340 (6p22.3), HERC2/OCA2 (15q13.1) and NPLOC4/TSPAN10 (17q25.3). Three of these loci also demonstrated genome-wide significant association with refractive astigmatism: LINC00340, HERC2/OCA2 and NPLOC4/TSPAN10. The genetic correlation between corneal and refractive astigmatism was 0.85 (standard error = 0.068, P = 1.37 × 10−35). Here, we have undertaken the largest genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism to date and identified four novel loci for corneal astigmatism, two of which were also novel loci for refractive astigmatism. These loci have previously demonstrated association with axial length (ZC3H11B), myopia (NPLOC4), spherical equivalent refractive error (LINC00340) and eye colour (HERC2). The shared role of these novel candidate genes for astigmatism lends further support to the shared genetic susceptibility of myopia and astigmatism.
Appropriate use criteria for lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid testing in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Shaw Leslie M. , Arias Jalayne , Blennow Kaj , Galasko Douglas , Molinuevo Jose Luis , Salloway Stephen , Schindler Suzanne , Carrillo Maria C. , Hendrix James A. , Ross April , Illes Judit , Ramus Courtney , Fifer Sheila
Published: October 2018

Introduction

The Alzheimer's Association convened a multidisciplinary workgroup to develop appropriate use criteria to guide the safe and optimal use of the lumbar puncture procedure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing for Alzheimer's disease pathology detection in the diagnostic process.

Methods

The workgroup, experienced in the ethical use of lumbar puncture and CSF analysis, developed key research questions to guide the systematic review of the evidence and developed clinical indications commonly encountered in clinical practice based on key patient groups in whom the use of lumbar puncture and CSF may be considered as part of the diagnostic process. Based on their expertise and interpretation of the evidence from systematic review, members rated each indication as appropriate or inappropriate.

Results

The workgroup finalized 14 indications, rating 6 appropriate and 8 inappropriate.

Discussion

In anticipation of the emergence of more reliable CSF analysis platforms, the manuscript offers important guidance to health‐care practitioners and suggestions for implementation and future research.
Is Civics Enough? High School Civics Education and Young Adult Voter Turnout
Authors: Siegel-Stechler Kelly
Published: October 2018

Research on civic development in schools has identified a number of promising practices for increasing civic knowledge and interest among youth. This study examines the relationship between the most promising practices and increased political engagement as a young adult, using the likelihood of voting as a proxy. By assessing nationally representative survey data using a linear probability model, I explore whether youth who take civics in high school are more likely to vote as young adults. Results show a significant positive association between taking a civics course and extracurricular participation in high school, and likelihood of voting as a young adult, even after adjusting for other determinants of civics education and voter turnout. This paper explains the significance of these findings and makes the case for the importance of high school civic education and for further exploration of the factors involved in the process.
Intensive grazing as a threat in protected areas: the need for adaptive management to protect the Critically Endangered Crau plain grasshopperPrionotropis rhodanica
Authors: Bröder Linda , Tatin Laurent , Danielczak Anja , Seibel Tobias , Hochkirch Axel
Published: October 2018

Livestock grazing is a key factor in many grassland ecosystems and can substantially influence the conservation of grassland species. The Crau steppe in southern France is a protected area that is traditionally grazed by sheep. The Critically Endangered Crau plain grasshopperPrionotropis rhodanicais endemic to the area and a flagship for the conservation of this unique ecosystem. Its population has declined significantly during the last 2 decades, but the reasons remain poorly understood. One potential factor is an altered habitat structure caused by changes in the grazing regime. We examined the microhabitat preferences of the species and compared the habitat structure of populated sites with those where the species is now extinct (former habitat). We found that populated sites had denser and higher vegetation, whereas former habitat had higher cover of stones and bare ground. Vegetation structure in the habitat of the smallest subpopulation was similar to areas of former habitat, suggesting a marginal habitat quality. Our results show thatP. rhodanicarequires 50–70% vegetation cover and suggest that grazing has contributed considerably to the population decline, but it remains unclear whether this is a direct effect of habitat degradation or an indirect effect by attracting predators associated with grazing activities. We recommend careful management of grazing to improve habitat quality, which would also benefit other invertebrates and insectivores. Continued monitoring is required to conserve habitat specialists in protected areas.
The characteristics of psychotic features in bipolar disorder
Authors: van Bergen Annet H. , Verkooijen Sanne , Vreeker Annabel , Abramovic Lucija , Hillegers Manon H. , Spijker Annet T. , Hoencamp Erik , Regeer Eline J. , Knapen Stefan E. , Riemersma-van der Lek Rixt F. , Schoevers Robert , Stevens Anja W. , Schulte Peter F.J , Vonk Ronald , Hoekstra Rocco , van Beveren Nico J. , Kupka Ralph W. , Sommer Iris E.C. , Ophoff Roel A. , Kahn René S. , Boks Marco P.M.
Published: October 2018

Background

In a large and comprehensively assessed sample of patients with bipolar disorder type I (BDI), we investigated the prevalence of psychotic features and their relationship with life course, demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics. We hypothesized that groups of psychotic symptoms (Schneiderian, mood incongruent, thought disorder, delusions, and hallucinations) have distinct relations to risk factors.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study of 1342 BDI patients, comprehensive demographical and clinical characteristics were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) interview. In addition, levels of childhood maltreatment and intelligence quotient (IQ) were assessed. The relationships between these characteristics and psychotic symptoms were analyzed using multiple general linear models.

Results

A lifetime history of psychotic symptoms was present in 73.8% of BDI patients and included delusions in 68.9% of patients and hallucinations in 42.6%. Patients with psychotic symptoms showed a significant younger age of disease onset (β = −0.09, t = −3.38, p = 0.001) and a higher number of hospitalizations for manic episodes (F11 338 = 56.53, p < 0.001). Total IQ was comparable between groups. Patients with hallucinations had significant higher levels of childhood maltreatment (β = 0.09, t = 3.04, p = 0.002).

Conclusions

In this large cohort of BDI patients, the vast majority of patients had experienced psychotic symptoms. Psychotic symptoms in BDI were associated with an earlier disease onset and more frequent hospitalizations particularly for manic episodes. The study emphasizes the strength of the relation between childhood maltreatment and hallucinations but did not identify distinct subgroups based on psychotic features and instead reported of a large heterogeneity of psychotic symptoms in BD.
Dialectical behaviour therapy v. mentalisation-based therapy for borderline personality disorder
Authors: Barnicot Kirsten , Crawford Mike
Published: October 2018

Background

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) and mentalisation-based therapy (MBT) are both widely used evidence-based treatments for borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet a head-to-head comparison of outcomes has never been conducted. The present study therefore aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of DBT v. MBT in patients with BPD.

Methods

A non-randomised comparison of clinical outcomes in N = 90 patients with BPD receiving either DBT or MBT over a 12-month period.

Results

After adjusting for potentially confounding differences between participants, participants receiving DBT reported a significantly steeper decline over time in incidents of self-harm (adjusted IRR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.87–0.99, p = 0.02) and in emotional dysregulation (adjusted β = −1.94, 95% CI −3.37 to −0.51, p < 0.01) than participants receiving MBT. Differences in treatment dropout and use of crisis services were no longer significant after adjusting for confounding, and there were no significant differences in BPD symptoms or interpersonal problems.

Conclusions

Within this sample of people using specialist personality disorder treatment services, reductions in self-harm and improvements in emotional regulation at 12 months were greater amongst those receiving DBT than amongst those receiving MBT. Experimental studies assessing outcomes beyond 12 months are needed to examine whether these findings represent differences in the clinical effectiveness of these therapies.
Between St Bernard and St Francis: a Reassessment of the Excavated Church of Beaulieu Abbey, Nicosia
Authors: Olympios Michalis
Published: October 2018

In a section of a chapter on the historiography of Gothic architecture in the formerly Byzantine-ruled territories of the eastern Mediterranean entitled ‘Perspectives and Future Directions’, Tassos Papacostas summed up the relative lack of impact that this traditionally marginal field of medieval artistic production has had on wider arthistorical discourses. In asking why ‘western’ medievalists should ‘bother to look’ at Gothic buildings in the East, he argued that these buildings are of interest to them primarily from the point of view of the cultural, technical and financial processes involved in the transfer of western artistic idioms and models to lands hitherto steeped in an altogether different architectural and artistic tradition. However, it is also the case that, while the prevalent trend in the study of medieval architectural monuments in the eastern Mediterranean prioritizes the local context and how it affected the artistic process, this need not preclude the possibility that at least a few of these buildings could challenge long-held assumptions about western European developments and open new perspectives on them, if approached with the right questions in mind.
Robinson College, Cambridge, and the Twilight of a Collegiate Modernism, 1974–81
Authors: Smith Otto Saumarez
Published: October 2018

In 1974, Andy MacMillan and Isi Metzstein, of the leading Glasgow practice of Gillespie, Kidd and Coia (GKC), were announced as the winners of the competition to design the new Robinson College, Cambridge, which had been endowed by the businessman David Robinson. The first (and principal) phase of their design was completed in 1981. Robinson remains the most recently created college in Cambridge, which had seen a flurry of new foundations since the mid-1950s, including Churchill College, Clare Hall, Darwin College, Fitzwilliam College, New Hall, and Wolfson (originally University) College. In addition, Robinson was the last major project by its architects, who had assumed the creative lead at GKC in the early 1950s and were subsequently responsible for a series of significant religious and institutional buildings in both Scotland and England. The firm was wound up in 1987, a move that has been described as ‘a tragedy for Glasgow and for Scottish architecture’.
Functionality, Commemoration and Civic Competition: A Study of Early Seventeenth-Century Workhouse Design and Building in Reading and Newbury
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: October 2018

In December 1624, the London draper and merchant adventurer, John Kendrick (Fig. 1), died leaving a large proportion of his considerable fortune to charitable causes. Like other early seventeenth-century metropolitan benefactors, he sought to attack the causes of poverty as well as to relieve its impact, and his legacies included the sums of £7,500 and £4,000, bequeathed respectively to the Berkshire towns of Reading and Newbury, to establish workhouses for the employment of the poor. Workhouses were a relatively new public institution at this date. In the wake of the dissolution of both monasteries and religious guilds in the 1530s and 1540s, and consequent decline in charitable support to the poor, urban authorities experimented with a range of measures to relieve poverty. A small number of towns and cities, including York (1567) and Chester (1577), used charitable funds and locally raised poor rates to establish workhouses to provide work and training to the poor. The workhouses were not residential and in some cases merely acted as distribution points for raw materials to be processed at home. In a parallel development, other towns and cities, including London (1555) and Ipswich (1569) established houses of correction to punish vagrants and to force them to work. Some also provided training schools for the young. The state moved quickly to endorse such measures. Legislation was introduced in 1576 requiring justices of the peace to supply stocks of wool, hemp, flax, iron or other materials to provide work for the poor and to establish houses of correction in each county for incorrigible rogues and those who refused to work. Penalties for non-compliance with the legislation were introduced in 1610.
The Romanesque Revival in Britain, 1800–1840: William Gunn, William Whewell, and Edmund Sharpe
Authors: Bullen J. B.
Published: October 2018

The Romanesque revival, like the Gothic revival, was an international movement. It passed easily across national boundaries and its effects were felt throughout Europe and across America. In Britain it was overshadowed by the Gothic revival out of whose historiography it grew, and is easily confused with the Norman revival that enjoyed considerable popularity in the 1830s and 1840s. Both the Norman revival and the study of the Romanesque were the fruit of British antiquarianism, because in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries there was in this country a well developed scholarly interest in pre-Gothic, round-arched buildings.
Inside Outside: Changing Attitudes Towards Architectural Models in the Museums at South Kensington
Authors: Leslie Fiona
Published: October 2018

The union of these collections and the addition of the models of St. Paul’s and various classical buildings, betoken what an Architectural Museum may become, if the individuals and the State will act together. Every foreigner who has seen this commencement sees in it the germ of the finest Architectural Museum in Europe, if the public support the attempt.

From the first years of its establishment in June 1857, to the end of the nineteenth century, the South Kensington Museum had amongst its collections over a hundred architectural models. First they were acquired through a policy of encouraged loans and gifts, followed by pro-actively commissioning model makers; other models, however, were at South Kensington through default, having remained on site where they had been made by ‘sappers’. The models, which included examples of Western, Asian and Far Eastern buildings and monuments, were first shown in displays under the headings of Ornamental, Architectural, Economics, and Educational. To give an indication of their initial importance to the museum, the early guidebooks feature architectural models amongst the ‘principle objects in the gallery’. Twenty years later most models had been transferred from what were essentially style galleries to the more utilitarian displays concerned with architectural and engineering practices, and within them they were merely included as part of the broader contextual themes. By the turn of the century, with the exception of the 1901 handbook to the models of Italian Renaissance painted interiors, they were rarely referred to at all in museum publications. By 1912 (soon after the Science and Art collections had been divided on either side of the Exhibition Road) most of the models were no longer on display and were thought by senior keepers to be of little use to museum collections. Many had been de-accessioned by the 1970s, when their position in the doldrums was reversed and models were once again included in the museum displays and exhibitions. This article explores the changes in attitude towards architectural models during the first 120 years of the V&A, focusing on the models of Western buildings.
Constructivism and Contextualism in a Modern Country House: The Design of Brackenfell (Leslie Martin and Sadie Speight 1937–38)
Authors: Campbell Louise
Published: October 2018

In the early years of the Second World War, Leslie Martin complied a photographic album to record the architectural work done in partnership with his wife Sadie Speight since 1934. It amounted to ‘quite a lot’, he wrote to Ben Nicholson. Thirty years later, Martin — by now Professor of Architecture at Cambridge and Head of the Land Use and Built Form Studies Centre — was to dismiss his pre-war work as ‘really insignificant in scale’. Martin’s own book, Buildings and Ideas, 1933–83, contains a highly selective account of this early period. This partial view has been further obscured by the persistent misdating and misidentification of the practice’s two most substantial pre-war houses — Brackenfell in Cumberland and Four Acres, North Ferriby, near Hull — in the literature of the Modern Movement in Britain. Of the two, Brackenfell is of particular interest, as the house of Alastair Morton, design director of a textile firm and novice painter. Martin’s own brief comments and the volume of drawings which survive for Brackenfell suggest that this was an important commission for Martin and Speight, and one which precipitated a significant shift in their approach to architecture. However, our inadequate knowledge of the work of the partnership means that the house has so far eluded full analysis. This article proposes to disconnect the evidence of this building from Martin’s subsequent career and architectural theories, and to view it instead in the context of its period. Using Brackenfell as its focus, the article aims to clarify Martin and Speight’s evolution as designers, and to probe the significance of their association with a distinguished group of artists during the late 1930s.
Forty Hall, Enfield: Continuity and Innovation in a Carolean Gentry House
Authors: Peats Richard
Published: October 2018

Forty Hall, built in 1629 for Nicholas Rainton (1569–1646), is one of a group of Jacobean and Carolean suburban villas around London. This type of house has its antecedents in medieval secret houses and Tudor lodges, and was influenced by Italian Renaissance models. It provided a convenient escape from the bustle and squalor of the City, whilst being close enough to stay in touch with business or court, and so was popular with aristocrats and merchants alike.

Rainton was one of the latter, a wealthy London merchant who imported fine textiles, principally satin and taffeta, from Florence and Genoa. He took an active part in the corporate and political life of the City, including serving as Alderman of Aldgate Ward from 1621, Sheriff of the Ward in 1622 and Lord Mayor in 1632–33. He was also master of the Haberdashers’ Company in 1622–23 and 1632–33. His religious sympathies were firmly Puritan, and he consistently sided with Parliament in its disputes with the Crown in events leading up to the Civil War.
Appropriating the Past: Romanesque Spolia in Seventeenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Moss Rachel
Published: October 2018

Although a relatively young subject, the historiography of Irish architecture has had a remarkably significant impact on the manner in which particular styles have been interpreted and valued. Since the genesis of the topic in the mid-eighteenth century, specific styles of architecture have been inextricably connected with the political history of the country, and each has been associated with the political and religious affiliations of its patrons. From the mid-nineteenth century, the focus on identifying an Irish ‘national’ architecture became particularly strong, with Early Christian and Romanesque architecture firmly believed to imbue ‘the spirit of native genius’, while Gothic, viewed as the introduction of the Anglo-Norman invader, was seen as marking the end of ‘Irish’ art. Inevitably, with such a strong motivation behind them, early texts were keen to find structures that were untouched by the hand of the colonizer as exemplars of the ‘national architecture’. Scholars, including the pioneering George Petrie (1790–1866) in works such as his 1845 study of the round towers of Ireland, believed that through historical research he and others were the first to understand the ‘true value’ of these buildings and that any former interest in them had been purely in their destruction, rather than in their restoration or reconstruction. It was believed that such examples of early medieval architecture and sculpture as had survived had done so despite, rather than because of, the efforts of former ages, and, although often in ruins, the remains could be interpreted purely in terms of the date of their original, medieval, creation.

Informed by such studies, from the mid-nineteenth century a movement grew to preserve and consolidate a number of threatened Romanesque buildings with the guiding philosophy of preserving the monuments as close to their original ‘pre-colonial’ form as possible. Consolidation of the ruins of the Nuns’ Church at Clonmacnoise (Co. Offaly) is traditionally amongst the earliest and most celebrated of these endeavours, undertaken by the Kilkenny and Southeast Ireland Archaeological Society in the 1860s, setting a precedent for both the type of monument and method of preservation that was to become the focus of activity from the 1870s, and thus for the first State initiatives in architectural conservation.
Wandesford Hospital, York: Colonel Moyser and the Yorkshire Burlington Group
Authors: Akehurst Ann-Marie
Published: October 2018

Richard Boyle, third Earl of Burlington (1694–1753), was a Yorkshireman, and his role in the north of England was significant, both as a designer and as an authoritative arbiter of taste. His position as Lord Lieutenant of both East and West Ridings of Yorkshire paralleled his land holdings at Londesborough near Beverley, the location of his family seat, and at Bolton Abbey, in Wharfedale. Significantly, his acceptance of a commission to supply the Corporation of the City of York, the social capital of the north, with a design for the new Assembly Rooms resulted in one of his most radical works. Burlington’s authorship of the Assembly Rooms is established, but less well known is how he also worked collaboratively in the county, alongside a group of craftsmen and gentlemen amateurs. One of these collaborators, James Moyser, can now be shown to have been responsible for the execution of Wandesford Hospital in York (Fig. 1).