bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Molecular Forces and Rotating Planets Create Life
Authors: Spitzer Jan
Published: February 2021

A reconceptualization of origins research that exploits a modern understanding of non-covalent molecular forces that stabilize living prokaryotic cells.

Scientific research into the origins of life remains exploratory and speculative. Science has no definitive answer to the biggest questions—“What is life?” and “How did life begin on earth?” In this book, Jan Spitzer reconceptualizes origins research by exploiting a modern understanding of non-covalent molecular forces and covalent bond formation—a physicochemical approach propounded originally by Linus Pauling and Max Delbrück. Spitzer develops the Pauling–Delbrück premise as a physicochemical jigsaw puzzle that identifies key stages in life's emergence, from the formation of first oceans, tidal sediments, and proto-biofilms to progenotes, proto-cells and the first cellular organisms.

Spitzer argues that non-covalent molecular forces, acting in cycling geochemical processes, bring about phase separations—the creation of purified, lower entropy, potentially living biological matter. Geochemical cycling processes—diurnal solar radiation and tidal hydration-dehydration—underpin life's emergence and evolution. After presenting a physicochemical view of how non-covalent molecular forces stabilize a bacterial cell during its cell cycle, Spitzer assembles the puzzle pieces into a working provisional picture of life's emergence. He classifies early Archaean evolution as micro-evolution, meso-evolution, and macro-evolution according to physicochemical mechanisms that can modify the nucleoid during a prokaryotic cell cycle. Finally, he describes some experimental ideas, based on cyclically driven processes.
Intronic enhancer region governs transcript-specific Bdnf expression in rodent neurons
Authors: Tuvikene Jürgen , Esvald Eli-Eelika , Rähni Annika , Uustalu Kaie , Zhuravskaya Anna , Avarlaid Annela , Makeyev Eugene V , Timmusk Tõnis
Published: February 2021

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) controls the survival, growth, and function of neurons both during the development and in the adult nervous system. Bdnf is transcribed from several distinct promoters generating transcripts with alternative 5' exons. Bdnf transcripts initiated at the first cluster of exons have been associated with the regulation of body weight and various aspects of social behavior, but the mechanisms driving the expression of these transcripts have remained poorly understood. Here, we identify an evolutionarily conserved intronic enhancer region inside the Bdnf gene that regulates both basal and stimulus-dependent expression of the Bdnf transcripts starting from the first cluster of 5' exons in mouse and rat neurons. We further uncover a functional E-box element in the enhancer region, linking the expression of Bdnf and various pro-neural basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors. Collectively, our results shed new light on the cell-type- and stimulus-specific regulation of the important neurotrophic factor BDNF.
Finding a balance between equal treatment, transparency, and legal certainty when allocating scarce authorisations
Authors: Drahmann Annemarie
Published: February 2021

The Dutch Council of State recently ruled that potential applicants should have the right to compete in a transparent procedure when scarce authorisations are allocated. This right to compete is based on the Dutch principle of equality, and is inspired by the European principles of
equal treatment and transparency. Until this ruling, most scarce authorisations in the Netherlands were granted for an indefinite period of time, with no transparent allocation procedure. The question which follows is: should these scarce authorisations be withdrawn, or would this be contrary
to the principle of legal certainty? By looking at the definition of a scarce authorisation and the development of the principles under EU, ECHR and Dutch case law, I conclude that competent authorities are allowed to withdraw the old scarce authorisations ex officio after a transitional period
or payment of compensation. However, in my opinion, competent authorities are not obliged to withdraw old scarce authorisations, since old scarce authorisations cannot be amended substantially and therefore will become available in due time. In this way, old scarce authorisations remain intact
for a longer period of time and, therefore, the infringement of the right of property is reduced. In other words, in the end, competent authorities should be allowed to decide what the best option is: either (1) withdrawing the authorisations ex officio after a transitional period or payment
of compensation or (2) awaiting a request to amend the authorisation – with due regard to the circumstances of the case.
Principle of Proportionality and The Principle of Reasonableness
Authors: Borriello Filippo
Published: February 2021

This paper examines a principle of particular relevance for administrative action and the concept of good administration, namely the principle of reasonableness, at the EU level, from the point of view of the Italian administrative doctrine, and jurisprudence of the Council of State.
Specific attention will be paid to the many faces and functions of reasonableness, in administrative proceeding as well as in judicial review of discretion, and its connection with the idea of proportionality. Moreover, this article will discuss the influence and effects of the application
of general principles of EU law on the Italian legal order. Finally, it will describe the EU principle of reasonableness has influenced the Italian administrative (case) law. This article aims to show that on the one hand the European principles of reasonableness and proportionality seem to
be smoothly absorbed in the Italian administrative case law; on the other, the Europeanisation process still encounters resistance from a part of the Italian doctrine that persists in categorizing reasonableness as a principle different from proportionality.
Software evolution: the lifetime of fine-grained elements
Authors: Spinellis Diomidis , Louridas Panos , Kechagia Maria
Published: February 2021

A model regarding the lifetime of individual source code lines or tokens can estimate maintenance effort, guide preventive maintenance, and, more broadly, identify factors that can improve the efficiency of software development. We present methods and tools that allow tracking of each line’s or token’s birth and death. Through them, we analyze 3.3 billion source code element lifetime events in 89 revision control repositories. Statistical analysis shows that code lines are durable, with a median lifespan of about 2.4 years, and that young lines are more likely to be modified or deleted, following a Weibull distribution with the associated hazard rate decreasing over time. This behavior appears to be independent from specific characteristics of lines or tokens, as we could not determine factors that influence significantly their longevity across projects. The programing language, and developer tenure and experience were not found to be significantly correlated with line or token longevity, while project size and project age showed only a slight correlation.
The potential for income improvement and biodiversity conservation via specialty coffee in Ethiopia
Authors: Schuit Pascale , Moat Justin , Gole Tadesse Woldemariam , Challa Zeleke Kebebew , Torz Jeremy , Macatonia Steven , Cruz Graciano , Davis Aaron P.
Published: February 2021

The specialty coffee sector represents opportunities for coffee farmers and other actors due to increased value within the supply chain, driven by elevated consumer purchase prices. We investigated these relationships up to the export stage, as well as the potential for specialty coffee to improve stakeholder participation in biodiversity conservation. Household data was collected from a sample of 272 coffee farmers belonging to five primary cooperatives, in the heavily forested area of Yayu, in the Illubabor administrative zone of Oromia regional state in south-western Ethiopia, for the 2017/2018 harvest season. Qualitative and quantitative data, gathered between 2015 and 2019, from focus group discussions, was used to supplement the survey and to explain the empirical findings. We show that the income from coffee (and thus household income) can be increased, in some cases substantially, via participation in the specialty coffee market. The unit price for coffee was much higher than standard market prices and those including certification premiums. Whilst quality is a key factor for specialty coffee, income increases via the specialty market are caveat bound. In particular, there is a critical requirement for efficient and effective cooperative management, and we provide suggestions for improvements. In the long-term, more focus is needed to increase the financial and human capacities of Ethiopian coffee cooperatives, to make them more effective partners in the specialty coffee value chain. The high conversion rates from harvested to clean exportable specialty coffee (8:1, or higher) is identified as a major constraint on profitability. We show that specialty coffee can bring about positive environmental benefits. Elevating coffee prices and farm profitability to bring household income levels to around or above the global poverty line may ensure the continuation of forest coffee production, and thus the retention of forest. The increases in income via specialty coffee production, reported in the study, were achieved without increasing land use or the application of environmentally costly inputs. Moreover, analysis of satellite data shows that a large proportion of the coffee farms surveyed retain a level of forest cover and quality approaching primary (undisturbed) forest, and that the coffee production area at Yayu has not experienced any significant deforestation (since 2000). We recommend that coffee premiums linked to environmental benefit should demonstrate clearly defined and appropriate metrics, as we have demonstrated here for forest (canopy) quality and coverage (area).
The Slavcleft: a three-center study of the outcome of treatment of cleft lip and palate. Nasolabial appearance
Authors: Stebel Adam , Urbanová Wanda , Klimova Irena , Brudnicki Andrzej , Dubovska Ivana , Polackova Petra , Kroupová Daniela , Koťová Magdalena , Fudalej Piotr S.
Published: February 2021

Background

There is a multitude of protocols of treatment of cleft lip and palate (CLP) worldwide differing in number of operations, surgical techniques, and timings of surgeries. Despite, facial appearance in subjects with CLP is rarely ideal and residual stigmata are easy to notice in many patients irrespective of the protocol. The prospective controlled investigations are optimal for comparing effectiveness of treatment protocols. Because prospective studies are very challenging to perform in CLP field, it is reasonable to retrospectively assess different surgical protocols to identify the promising ones and then to test them in a prospective way.

Methods

Our objective was to assess the nasolabial appearance in a preadolescent Slavic population with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) by using the 0–200 numeric scale with reference photographs. Patients treated in Warsaw, Poland (n = 32), Prague, Czech Republic (n = 26) and Bratislava, Slovakia (n = 17) were included in this retrospective study. Each cleft center used a unique surgical protocol. Two panels of professional raters (n = 7) and laypeople (n = 10) scored blindly the nasolabial esthetics on cropped frontal and profile images with cropped reference photograph present on the same slide. Intra- and inter-rater agreement was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha, intraclass correlation coefficients, t-tests, and Bland–Altman plots. Inter-group differences were evaluated with one-way ANOVA and regression analysis.

Results

The agreement within and between raters was acceptable. We found that patients treated in Warsaw, Prague, and Bratislava showed comparable nasolabial appearance on frontal and profile photographs when judged by both professional raters (p > 0.05) and laypeople (p > 0.05). Regression analysis did not identify influence of gender, group (i.e., Warsaw, Prague, and Bratislava), age at lip repair, surgeon, and age at photographic assessment on esthetic outcome (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

This study showed that none of the surgical protocols showed superiority to produce good nasolabial appearance.
modelBuildR: an R package for model building and feature selection with erroneous classifications
Authors: Knoll Maximilian , Furkel Jennifer , Debus Juergen , Abdollahi Amir
Published: February 2021

Background

Model building is a crucial part of omics based biomedical research to transfer classifications and obtain insights into underlying mechanisms. Feature selection is often based on minimizing error between model predictions and given classification (maximizing accuracy). Human ratings/classifications, however, might be error prone, with discordance rates between experts of 5–15%. We therefore evaluate if a feature pre-filtering step might improve identification of features associated with true underlying groups.

Methods

Data was simulated for up to 100 samples and up to 10,000 features, 10% of which were associated with the ground truth comprising 2–10 normally distributed populations. Binary and semi-quantitative ratings with varying error probabilities were used as classification. For feature preselection standard cross-validation (V2) was compared to a novel heuristic (V1) applying univariate testing, multiplicity adjustment and cross-validation on switched dependent (classification) and independent (features) variables. Preselected features were used to train logistic regression/linear models (backward selection, AIC). Predictions were compared against the ground truth (ROC, multiclass-ROC). As use case, multiple feature selection/classification methods were benchmarked against the novel heuristic to identify prognostically different G-CIMP negative glioblastoma tumors from the TCGA-GBM 450 k methylation array data cohort, starting from a fuzzy umap based rough and erroneous separation.

Results

V1 yielded higher median AUC ranks for two true groups (ground truth), with smaller differences for true graduated differences (3–10 groups). Lower fractions of models were successfully fit with V1. Median AUCs for binary classification and two true groups were 0.91 (range: 0.54–1.00) for V1 (Benjamini-Hochberg) and 0.70 (0.28–1.00) for V2, 13% (n = 616) of V2 models showed AUCs < = 50% for 25 samples and 100 features. For larger numbers of features and samples, median AUCs were 0.75 (range 0.59–1.00) for V1 and 0.54 (range 0.32–0.75) for V2. In the TCGA-GBM data, modelBuildR allowed best prognostic separation of patients with highest median overall survival difference (7.51 months) followed a difference of 6.04 months for a random forest based method.

Conclusions

The proposed heuristic is beneficial for the retrieval of features associated with two true groups classified with errors. We provide the R package modelBuildR to simplify (comparative) evaluation/application of the proposed heuristic (http://github.com/mknoll/modelBuildR).
A Two-Step SO3H/ICG Catalyst Synthesis for Biodiesel Production: Optimization of Sulfonation Step via Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Saimon Nur Nazlina , Ngadi Norzita , Jusoh Mazura , Zakaria Zaki Yamani
Published: February 2021

Conventional heating, a common method used for heterogeneous solid acid catalyst synthesis unknowingly consumes massive time and energy. In this study, acid catalyst was prepared through sulfonation process of incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) via microwave-assisted technique to shorten the heating time and energy consumption. Optimization of the sulfonation process of ICG via microwave-assisted was carried out. Four-factor-three-level central composite design (CCD) was used to develop the design of experiments (DOE). Interaction between two factors was evaluated to determine the optimum process conditions. A quadratic model was proposed for prediction of biodiesel yield (Y) from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and its conversion (C). The application of DOE successfully optimized the operating conditions for the two-step SO3H/ICG catalyst synthesis to be used for the esterification process. The optimized conditions of the best performing SO3H/ICG with maximum Y and C were at 7.5 minutes of reaction time, 159.5 mL of H2SO4 used, 671 rpm of stirring rate as well as 413.64 watt of power level. At these optimum conditions the predicted yield percentage and conversion percentage were 94.01% and 91.89%, respectively, which experimentally verified the accuracy of the model. The utilization of sulfonated glucose solid acid catalyst via microwave-assisted in biodiesel production has great potential towards sustainable and green method of synthesizing catalyst for biodiesel. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Desafios do tratamento odontológico na síndrome de Sturge-Weber: relato de caso
Authors: Fortuna Tila , De Oliveira Caroline Argolo Brito , Medrado Alena Ribeiro Alves Peixoto , De Oliveira Viviane Maia Barreto , Tunes Roberta Santos , Marchionni Antônio Márcio Teixeira
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare condition characterized by facial capillary malformation, involves ocular, neurological, and cutaneous alterations. Associated with unilateral characteristic port-wine stains, gingival growth and purple-red coloration. Aim: his case aims to report dental treatment challenges in patients with SWS and importance of oral health maintenance in these individuals. Case report: a 20-year-old woman with an established diagnosis of SWS, presented bad breath and spontaneous gingival bleeding, with gingival growth and reddish-purple spots spread to labial and alveolar mucosa, tongue, and palate. Conditioning of the patient’s oral environment by supra and subgingival scraping, dental unit extraction was performed. A conservative treatment plan was adopted for management adequacy of oral environment owing to possible complications inherent to the condition. Conclusion: it is important to emphasize the importance of dental surgeon’s performance in relation to a multidisciplinary health team, as well as cooperation of patient, to obtain better results from the proposed therapy
Ocorrência de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) e transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) em estudantes de 11 a 18 anos de uma escola pública de Salvador, BA
Authors: Santos Tourinho Stefanio Emanoel , Hemany Curt , Reis de Oliveira Irismar
Published: February 2021

Introdução: o objetivo deste estudo é descrever a ocorrência de sintomas de TAG e TOC em adolescentes, com idade entre 11 e 18 anos, procedentes de escola pública da cidade do Salvador. Metodologia: estudo observacional e transversal, com 674 adolescentes de uma escola pública, que responderam a uma escala para avaliação de sintomas de TAG e TOC, aplicada entre o período de março e dezembro de 2015. Resultados: os escores da RCADS para TAG e TOC foram, em média, superiores aos pontos de corte estabelecidos pela escala, sugerindo aumento da presença desses sintomas na população estudada, com prevalência maior entre as alunas nos dois grupos de sintomas estudados. Conclusão: os dados apontam para a presença de sintomas de ansiedade generalizada e de TOC entre escolares, sugerindo uma maior necessidade de estudos para a compreensão do papel desses sintomas na qualidade de vida dessa população, como também sua importância como fatores de risco para o adoecimento mental. Medidas de prevenção devem direcionar os esforços para estudos metodologicamente mais robustos na área
A influência da idade e do genótipo sobre os níveis de cloreto do suor em uma população pediátrica com fibrose cística no estado da Bahia
Authors: Jesus Adson Santana de , Souza Edna Lúcia
Published: February 2021

Introdução: a fibrose cística é a doença autossômica recessiva mais comum em populações caucasianas e a sua etiologia está associada a variantes patogênicas no gene CFTR. O teste do suor é considerado o padrão ouro para o diagnóstico dessa enfermidade. Estudos apontam que o genótipo do CFTR e a idade dos indivíduos influenciam as concentrações de cloreto no suor. Objetivos: pesquisar a correlação entre os níveis de cloreto no teste do suor e a idade ao diagnóstico de indivíduos com fibrose cística e comparar as concentrações iônicas do cloreto entre os sexos, diferentes faixas etárias e três grupos diversos de genótipos do CFTR. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal, incluindo sujeitos de 0 a 20 anos, com diagnóstico confirmado de fibrose cística. Os indivíduos selecionados foram agrupados de acordo com as variáveis analisadas. Calcularam-se os valores descritivos das concentrações de íons cloreto de cada grupo. Utilizou-se o teste de Spearman para a análise da correlação entre a idade ao diagnóstico e os níveis de cloreto no suor. Resultados: 64 indivíduos foram incluídos no estudo, sendo 51,56% do sexo masculino. A mediana (Min – Max) da idade ao diagnóstico foi de 7 meses (1-206). Não foi observada correlação entre a idade dos indivíduos ao diagnóstico e os níveis de cloreto no suor. As concentrações medianas de cloreto foram maiores nos escolares (106 mEq/l), no sexo feminino (102 mEq/l) e nos heterozigotos F508del/Classe I a III (108 mEq/l); e menores nos adolescentes (100 mEq/l) e nos heterozigotos F508del/Classes IV a VI (77 mEq/l). Conclusão: Os níveis de cloreto no suor não apresentaram correlação com a idade dos indivíduos ao diagnóstico. A variação considerável dos níveis iônicos entre os grupos de diferentes genótipos corrobora que o teste do suor é um bom preditor da avaliação funcional do canal CFTR.
Para entender a escola do trabalho
Authors: Andrade Leonardo Carlos de
Published: February 2021

Essa resenha tem como objeto desvelar o livro "A Escola do Trabalho: Formação Humana em Marx", que foi fruto da pesquisa de doutorado elaborada por Caio Antunes na Faculdade de Educação da UNICAMP, a qual traz à tona à essência dos escritos marxianos, minuciosamente desenvolvida pela dialética do método da economia política.A obra versa sobre a “escola do trabalho”, e tem por objetivo principal discutir o papel do trabalho na formação humana. Entendemos que o livro traz ricas contribuições para entender a libertação do trabalhador como obra do próprio trabalhador, compreendendo assim o profundo processo formativo e tomada de consciência dos sujeitos sociais.
A educação brasileira à luz da concepção pedagógica de Antonio Makarenko
Authors: Frazão Samara Sales , Da Silva Barroso Maria Cleide
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo trata de pesquisa bibliográfica que tem como objetivo refletir sobre a contribuição da concepção pedagógica do pedagogo russo Anton Semionóvitch Makarenko (1888-1939) à educação brasileira na contemporaneidade. A fim de contribuição com nossas reflexões, elencamos autores como Oliveira (2012), Cury e Mouta (2014) e Baía e Machado (2020) que sinalizam as características da pedagogia makarenkiana, na qual tem como principal preceito a coletividade, desenvolvido a partir da experiência educacional da Colônia de Gorki, situada na então União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS). Encontramos na concepção pedagógica de Makarenko consonância com os tempos atuais, nos quais a educação no e para o coletivo ainda faz-se um desafio para os sistemas educacionais e para a sociedade.
Engels e acrítica do Estado comocapitalista global ideal: notas sobre o planejamento e a objeção à lógica estatal
Authors: Brandão Luiz Felipe Leão Maia
Published: February 2021

O caráter naturalizado, atribuído ao Estado, resulta na produção de análises dos problemas sociais, inscritas dentro da lógica estatal, e no rebaixamento do horizonte de reivindicações da classe trabalhadora. Para contrapor tal paradigma, o presente artigo discorre acerca da questão do Estado na obra de Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) cujo conteúdo é marcado tanto por negativação do Estado, quanto por reconhecimento da necessidade de uma “prática operária de Estado”. Para tanto, debate-se: a atuação do Estado como um capitalista global ideal; a concepção de prática operária do Estado e ditadura do proletariado; e o papel do Estado no controle de antagonismos no planejamento.   
O debate sobre a revolução em Berlim
Authors: Engels Friedrich
Published: February 2021

Engels analisa os resultados e os debates da revolução de 18 de março de 1848: de um lado, o armamento do povo, o direito de associação, a soberania do povo conquistada de fato; de outro, a conservação da monarquia e o ministério Camphausen-Hansemann, isto é, o governo dos representantes da alta burguesia.
Ensino de Dança na perspectiva de professoras atuantes em escolas públicas estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Franken Corrêa Josiane Gisela , Dos Santos Vera Bertoni
Published: February 2021

O texto integra uma pesquisa de doutorado que trata da docência em Dança nas escolas públicas estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul. No recorte apresentado, discute-se acerca de elementos estruturantes para a efetivação do ensino de Dança no contexto em questão, tendo como escopo teórico os estudos de autores como Veiga (2011), Strazzacappa (2012), Tardif e Lessard (2014), entre outros. Através de uma bricolagem metodológica (FORTIN, 2009), na qual é evidenciada a pesquisa narrativa (SOUZA, 2003), a investigação envolve cinco professoras licenciadas em Dança que atuam em escolas de Educação Básica como regentes da disciplina Ensino de Arte – especificidade Dança. Nesse sentido, é possível identificar objetivos, conteúdos, procedimentos metodológicos, abordagens docentes, formas de avaliação e recursos utilizados no ensino de Dança, elementos que compõem as práticas pedagógicas das professoras participantes. E, a partir disso, considerar que a profissão docente em Dança no contexto selecionado é marcada pela inventividade e produção das profissionais que, ao investirem nas relações que permeiam os seus locais de trabalho, desempenham um papel fundamental, pois, junto às suas comunidades, fundam o ensino de Dança nas escolas públicas estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul.
CÓDIGOS E FRONTEIRAS NA PALESTRA-PERFORMANCE: POR UMA POÉTICA DO CONHECIMENTO
Authors: Lordelo Lia Rocha
Published: February 2021

Este trabalho explorará o formato da palestra-performance, subgênero de performance existente desde os anos 60. Seu formato vai de encontro à ideia de que o discurso é algo que tem menos valor, ou apenas teórico (MILDER, 2011); uma palestra-performance é, ainda, um modo de performar o texto (ROCHA, 2014). Aqui, discuto três solos baianos, de artistas de diferentes linguagens: Edital, do dançarino Fábio O. Monteiro; Instruções de Escuta, do músico Pedro Filho; e A Capella de Waly, do poeta Alex Simões. A partir destes trabalhos, elejo, em comum, três características da palestra-performance: a dimensão performativa, a subversão do código e a arte como modo de conhecer o mundo.
O processo de formação política da Marcha Mundial das Mulheres – Núcleo Agreste de Pernambuco
Authors: Barbosa de Lima Érika Patrícia , Lage Allene Carvalho , Da Silva Filipe Antonio Ferreira
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo é um estudo sobre a formação política desenvolvida na Marcha Mundial das Mulheres- Núcleo Agreste. Temos como objetivo geral compreender como se dá o processo de formação política da Marcha Mundial das Mulheres diante de uma sociedade patriarcal, juntamente com os objetivos específicos: identificar o processo de formação política da Marcha Mundial das Mulheres; caracterizar o Movimento da Marcha Mundial das Mulheres e descrever as principais condições de opressão sexista o qual as mulheres vivem no patriarcalismo. Este trabalho justifica-se pela emergência de uma prática feminista dentro dos movimentos sociais, como é o caso da Marcha Mundial das Mulheres- Núcleo Agreste. Nossa problematização é saber como ocorre o processo de formação política da Marcha Mundial das Mulheres diante de uma sociedade patriarcal? Em nossa metodologia adotamos uma pesquisa qualitativa/ exploratória/ explicativa e descritiva (GIL, 2002; MINAYO 2008; DESLAURIERS, 2008; LAGE, 2013) apoiada ao estudo do Caso Alargado (SANTOS, 1983) para análise e sistematização dos dados, também utilizamos as bases teóricas apoiadas pelas epistemologias feministas e teorias de gênero para situar o nosso trabalho dentro de um contexto atual. Nossas conclusões foram na linha horizontal e não-linear de construir o conhecimento sobre os enfrentamentos oriundos do patriarcado e do sexismo, construindo uma epistemologia feminista de prática não sexista.
Maria Zuíla e Silva Morais: Pioneirismo e protagonismo na fundação da Apae de Juazeiro
Authors: Lopes Tânia Maria Rodrigues , De Sousa Francisca Genifer Andrade , Fialho Lia Machado Fiuza
Published: February 2021

O escopo foi biografar Maria Zuíla e Silva Morais, fundadora da Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (Apae) da cidade de Juazeiro do Norte-CE, com ênfase na sua luta por condições de melhor desenvolvimento das pessoas com deficiência. A metodologia utilizada foi a história oral, por meio da qual coletaram-se 06 entrevistas - com uma de suas filhas e com cinco mulheres que conviveram com a biografada na Apae. As narrativas orais foram gravadas, transcritas, textualizadas e validadas. Reconstituiu-se uma vida que desvela as particularidades da história de uma mulher que logrou de trajetória educativa privilegiada e diferenciada no interior cearense, pois Maria Zuíla iniciou os seus estudos no que hoje entende-se por Educação Infantil em uma instituição privada, o que já demonstra certo poder econômico de sua família; cursou o ensino primário no melhor grupo escolar da região, o Grupo Escolar Padre Cícero e estudou o curso Normal na primeira escola normal rural do Brasil, a Escola Normal Rural de Juazeiro do Norte (ENRJN). Após o nascimento do seu filho mais novo, diagnosticado com síndrome de Down, ela viajou a vários estados brasileiros em busca de atendimento especializado, o que a instigou a fundar a Apae em Juazeiro do Norte, se tornando pioneira na luta por condições de desenvolvimento para as pessoas com deficiência naquela região do Ceará.
Reconstituting Natural Cell Elements in Synthetic Cells
Authors: Gaut Nathaniel J. , Adamala Katarzyna P.
Published: February 2021

Building a live cell from non‐living building blocks would be a fundamental breakthrough in biological sciences, and it would enable engineering new lineages of life, not directly descendant of the Last Universal Common Ancestor. Fully engineered synthetic cells will have architectures that can be radically different from the natural cells, yet most life processes reconstituted in synthetic cells so far are built from natural and biosimilar building blocks. Most natural processes have already been reconstituted in synthetic cell chassis. This paper summarizes recent advancements in using non‐living building blocks to reconstitute some of the most crucial features of living systems in a fully engineerable chassis of a synthetic cell.
A Process Optimization Strategy for Texturing 3D Surfaces Using Direct Laser Interference Patterning
Authors: Kuisat Florian , Rößler Florian , Lasagni Andrés Fabián
Published: February 2021

Laser‐based surface modification methods have attracted considerable interest in the last 20 years due to their flexibility, efficiency, and multiple technical application that are possible. A particular challenge for these methods is the treatment of curved 3D surfaces. The presented study reports on the process optimization in laser texturing of 3D surfaces using Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP). Periodic line‐like structures are fabricated using a picosecond‐pulsed laser on spherical stainless‐steel parts. The aim is to identify the possibility of processing curved geometries using an innovative hexapod positioning system. For this purpose, the effect of two different structuring strategies is investigated and compared by evaluating the obtained structure depths and the structure period of the fabricated structures as function of the position over the samples. All treated surfaces are examined using a confocal microscope. The results demonstrate an improvement in the structure homogeneity in terms of structure depth and period when using the fitted hexapod positioning approach.
Structure and Potential‐Dependent Selectivity in Redox‐Metallopolymers: Electrochemically Mediated Multicomponent Metal Separations
Authors: Chen Raylin , Feng Jiangyan , Jeon Jemin , Sheehan Thomas , Rüttiger Christian , Gallei Markus , Shukla Diwakar , Su Xiao
Published: February 2021

Electro‐responsive functional materials can play a critical role in selective metal recovery and recycling due to the need for molecular differentiation between transition metals in complex mixtures. Redox‐active metallopolymers are a promising platform for electrochemical separations, offering versatile structural tuning and fast electron transfer. First, through a judicious selection of polymer structure between a main‐chain metallopolymer (polyferrocenylsilane) and a pendant‐group metallopolymer (polyvinylferrocene), charge‐transfer interactions and binding strength toward competing metal ions are tuned, which as a result, dictate selectivity. For example, almost an order of magnitude increase in separation factor between chromate and meta‐vanadate can be achieved, depending on polymer structure. Second, these metallopolymer electrodes exhibit potential‐dependent selectivity that can even flip ion preference, based solely on electrical means—indicating a control parameter that is orthogonal to structural modifications. Finally, this work presents a framework for evaluating electrochemical separations in multicomponent ion mixtures and elucidates the underlying charge‐transfer mechanisms resulting in molecular selectivity through a combination of spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations. The findings demonstrate the applicability of redox‐metallopolymers in tailored electrochemical separations for environmental remediation, value‐added metal recovery, waste recycling, and even mining processing.
Synergistic Manipulation of Zn2+ Ion Flux and Desolvation Effect Enabled by Anodic Growth of a 3D ZnF2 Matrix for Long‐Lifespan and Dendrite‐Free Zn Metal Anodes
Authors: Yang Yang , Liu Chaoyue , Lv Zeheng , Yang Hao , Zhang Yufei , Ye Minghui , Chen Libao , Zhao Jinbao , Li Cheng Chao
Published: February 2021

Aqueous rechargeable Zn metal batteries have attracted widespread attention due to the intrinsic high volumetric capacity, low cost, and high safety. However, the low Coulombic efficiency and limited lifespan of Zn metal anodes resulting from uncontrollable growth of Zn dendrites impede their practical application. In this work, a 3D interconnected ZnF2 matrix is designed on the surface of Zn foil (Zn@ZnF2) through a simple and fast anodic growth method, serving as a multifunctional protective layer. The as‐fabricated Zn@ZnF2 electrode can not only redistribute the Zn2+ ion flux, but also reduce the desolvation active energy significantly, leading to stable and facile Zn deposition kinetics. The results reveal that the Zn@ZnF2 electrode can effectively inhibit dendrites growth, restrain the hydrogen evolution reactions, and endow excellent plating/stripping reversibility. Accordingly, the Zn@ZnF2 electrode exhibits a long cycle life of over 800 h at 1 mA cm−2 with a capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2 in a symmetrical cell test, the feasibility of which is also convincing in Zn@ZnF2//MnO2 and Zn@ZnF2//V2O5 full batteries. Importantly, a hybrid zinc‐ion capacitor of the Zn@ZnF2//AC can work at an ultrahigh current density of ≈60 mA cm−2 for up to 5000 cycles with a high capacity retention of 92.8%.
Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Response of Few‐Layer MXene Nb2C and Applications for Square‐Wave Laser Pulse Generation
Authors: Li Guoru , Liu Junting , Wang Feifei , Nie Hongkun , Wang Ruihua , Yang Kejian , Zhang Baitao , He Jingliang
Published: February 2021

Niobium carbide (Nb2C), a newly developed 2D MXene material, has attracted much attention due to its outstanding electronic and optical properties. In this work, few‐layer 2D Nb2C nanosheets are synthesized by magnetron sputtering deposition method. Z‐scan measurements with pump source operating at 1.0 µm are performed to study the third‐order nonlinear optical response, revealing excellent light modulation capabilities of 2D Nb2C. The effective nonlinear absorption coefficient (βeff ≈ –105 cm GW–1) caused by saturable absorption effect is determined to be two orders of magnitude larger than that induced by reverse saturable absorption processes (two‐photon absorption, etc.). The positive nonlinear refractive index n2 is determined to be ≈10–13 m2 W–1 for the first time. Moreover, by decorating 2D Nb2C onto microfiber, microfiber‐based 2D Nb2C saturable absorber is fabricated and applied for compact square‐wave pulse mode‐locking ytterbium‐fiber laser. The pulse duration of SWP increases from 0.652 to 1.616 ns with the pulse energy increasing linearly up to 0.89 nJ while the peak power remains a constant. The results not only verify the capability of 2D Nb2C as an optical modulator, but also pave a new way for exploring SWP laser sources.
Hierarchically‐Ordered Zeolites: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Hartmann Martin , Thommes Matthias , Schwieger Wilhelm
Published: February 2021

Hierarchically‐ordered zeolites have received increasing attention in the last 15 years due to their outstanding properties, which are explored in catalytic reaction with industrial relevance. Up to now, a large number of different synthetic strategies have been reported that allow to introduce an additional meso‐ or macropore system in addition to the intrinsic microporosity of classical zeolites. Thus, hierarchical zeolites combine the intrinsic (catalytic) properties of conventional zeolites with facilitated access and transport via the additional pore system. In this critical review, the various synthesis pathways reported so far are evaluated, several physico‐chemical methods required for in‐depth characterization of the hierarchical pore system are discussed, and selective applications that are or potentially will be of technical relevance are introduced. The present review provides a critical analysis of the present achievements and discusses future opportunities and challenges for the research on hierarchically‐ordered zeolite in particular with respect to their industrial use.
Reversible Metal Electrodeposition Devices: An Emerging Approach to Effective Light Modulation and Thermal Management
Authors: Tao Xin , Liu Dongqing , Yu Jinshan , Cheng Haifeng
Published: February 2021

The reversible metal electrodeposition device (RMED) is a novel electrochromic application that utilizes the appearance and disappearance of a metal layer to achieve spectrum control. A thin metal film with a thickness of a few tens of nanometers would be highly reflective in the visible and infrared region, making it an ideal material to achieve light and heat modulation. Because of their outstanding spectrum control ability, RMEDs can be applied to displays, smart windows, and thermal camouflage. However, as is the case with many other electrochromic devices, difficulties in device enlargement pose significant challenges to the application of RMEDs. Herein, an overview of the milestone advances of RMEDs is provided, with a focus on their application as smart windows, which is the most extensively studied topic. Recent attempts to improve their open‐circuit stability and designs for device enlargement are highlighted. Finally, insight into the remaining challenges and future prospects in this field is provided.
OTUD1 Activates Caspase‐Independent and Caspase‐Dependent Apoptosis by Promoting AIF Nuclear Translocation and MCL1 Degradation
Authors: Luo Qingyu , Wu Xiaowei , Zhao Pengfei , Nan Yabing , Chang Wan , Zhu Xiaolin , Su Dan , Liu Zhihua
Published: February 2021

Apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) plays a dual role in regulating cell survival and apoptosis, acting as a prosurvival factor in mitochondria via its NADH oxidoreductase activity and activating the caspase‐independent apoptotic pathway (i.e., parthanatos) after nuclear translocation. However, whether one factor conjunctively controls the separated functions of AIF is not clear. Here, it is shown that OTU deubiquitinase 1 (OTUD1) acts as a link between the two functions of AIF via deubiquitination events. Deubiquitination of AIF at K244 disrupts the normal mitochondrial structure and compromises oxidative phosphorylation, and deubiquitination of AIF at K255 enhances its DNA‐binding ability to promote parthanatos. Moreover, OTUD1 stabilizes DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 10 (DCAF10) and recruits the cullin 4A (CUL4A)‐damage specific DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) complex to promote myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL1) degradation, thereby activating caspase‐dependent apoptotic signaling. Collectively, these results reveal the central role of OTUD1 in activating both caspase‐independent and caspase‐dependent apoptotic signaling and propose decreased OTUD1 expression as a key event promoting chemoresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Colorectal Cancer Stem Cell States Uncovered by Simultaneous Single‐Cell Analysis of Transcriptome and Telomeres
Authors: Wang Hua , Gong Peng , Chen Tong , Gao Shan , Wu Zhenfeng , Wang Xiaodong , Li Jie , Marjani Sadie L. , Costa José , Weissman Sherman M. , Qi Feng , Pan Xinghua , Liu Lin
Published: February 2021

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) presumably contribute to tumor progression and drug resistance, yet their definitive features have remained elusive. Here, simultaneous measurement of telomere length and transcriptome in the same cells enables systematic assessment of CSCs in primary colorectal cancer (CRC). The in‐depth transcriptome profiled by SMART‐seq2 is independently validated by high‐throughput scRNA‐seq using 10 × Genomics. It is found that rare CSCs exist in dormant state and display plasticity toward cancer epithelial cells (EPCs) that essentially are presumptive tumor‐initiating cells (TICs), while both retaining the prominent signaling pathways including WNT, TGF‐β, and HIPPO/YAP. Moreover, CSCs exhibit chromosome copy number variation (CNV) pattern resembling cancer EPCs but distinct from normal stem cells, suggesting the phylogenetic relationship between CSCs and cancer EPCs. Notably, CSCs maintain shorter telomeres and possess minimal telomerase activity consistent with their nonproliferative nature, unlike cancer EPCs. Additionally, the specific signature of CSCs particularly NOTUM, SMOC2, BAMBI, PHLDA1, and TNFRSF19 correlates with the prognosis of CRC. These findings characterize the heterogeneity of CSCs and their linkage to cancer EPCs/TICs, some of which are conventionally regarded as CSCs.
Reversible Pb2+/Pb0 and I−/I3− Redox Chemistry Drives the Light‐Induced Phase Segregation in All‐Inorganic Mixed Halide Perovskites
Authors: Frolova Lyubov A. , Luchkin Sergey Y. , Lekina Yulia , Gutsev Lavrenty G. , Tsarev Sergey A. , Zhidkov Ivan S. , Kurmaev Ernst Z. , Shen Ze Xiang , Stevenson Keith J. , Aldoshin Sergey M. , Troshin Pavel A.
Published: February 2021

Tunability of optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskites achieved through halide mixing can potentially enable their multiple applications, for example, in tandem solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. However, mixed halide perovskites are unstable under illumination due to their segregation to Br‐rich and I‐rich phases, which negatively affects the performance and the operational stability of devices. Research efforts over the past years provided a substantial understanding of the factors influencing light‐induced halide phase segregation. While several mechanisms have been proposed, none of them could account for all available experimental data; and hence the origin of the effect is still under active debate. Herein, the photodegradation of CsPbI2Br and Cs1.2PbI2Br1.2 is thoroughly investigated using a set of complementary techniques. In situ atomic force microscopy provides a visualization of the real‐time halide phase segregation dynamics demonstrating that iodoplumbate is selectively expelled from the mixed halide perovskite grains and nucleates as a separate I‐rich phase at the grain boundaries. A mechanism based on the reversible Pb2+/Pb0 and I−/I3− redox (photo)chemistry is proposed, which explains the experimental findings and other previously reported results. Furthermore, it sheds new insights on the underlying mechanisms of multiple phenomena related to light‐ or electric field‐induced degradation of various lead halide perovskites.
3D‐Printed Triboelectric Nanogenerators: State of the Art, Applications, and Challenges
Authors: Mahmud M. A. Parvez , Zolfagharian Ali , Gharaie Saleh , Kaynak Akif , Farjana Shahjadi Hisan , Ellis Amanda V. , Chen Jun , Kouzani Abbas Z.
Published: February 2021

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) development is undergoing rapid progress utilizing the state‐of‐the‐art 3D‐printing technologies. Herein a critical analysis of the latest developments in 3D‐printed wearable and implantable TENGs that can be used to energize small portable electronic and biomedical devices is presented. Recent progress in 3D‐printed triboelectric nanogenerator (3DP‐TENG) materials and architectural formations, as well as their performance, is evaluated for powering systems that implement physiological monitoring, multifunctional sensing, electronic energizing, noise canceling, dust filtering, and self‐healing. Furthermore, the review explicitly focuses on the 3D‐printing approaches used to form stable and robust 3DP‐TENGs. In addition, the key challenges to improving the performance of 3DP‐TENGs for optimal energy harvesting are discussed, and a roadmap is given for research and translation to commercial markets in the next decade.
Nager syndrome in patient lacking acrofacial dysostosis: Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of SF3B4‐related disease
Authors: Cadieux‐Dion Maxime , Hughes Susan , Engleman Kendra , Rush Eric T. , Saunders Carol
Published: February 2021

Nager syndrome epitomizes the acrofacial dysostoses, which are characterized by craniofacial and limb defects. The craniofacial defects include midfacial retrusion, downslanting palpebral fissures, prominent nasal bridge, and micrognathia. Limb malformations typically include hypoplasia or aplasia of radial elements including the thumb. Nager syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of SF3B4, encoding a spliceosomal protein called SAP49. Here, we report a patient with a loss of function variant in SF3B4 without acrofacial dysostosis or limb defects, whose reason for referral was developmental and growth delay. This patient is evidence of a broader phenotypic spectrum associated with SF3B4 variants than previously appreciated.
AIBN‐Initiated Oxidative Deoximation Reaction: A Metal‐Free and Environmentally‐Friendly Protocol
Authors: Wang Feng , Chen Tian , Shi Yaocheng , Yu Lei
Published: February 2021

AIBN, a very common free radical initiator, was found to be efficient for oxidative deoximation reactions. The process could employ molecular oxygen as the mild, clean and safe oxidant in most cases and did not involve any transition metals. The applied initiator loading was as low as 2 mol%. This work reports a relatively green method for deoximation reactions and may be very practical for large‐scale applications.