bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capital Culture Revisited: Sex, Testosterone and the City
Authors: McDOWELL LINDA
Published: July 2010

In this essay I want to revisit and add to the arguments in my book Capital Culture: Gender at Work in the City, published a decade before the first signs of the current financial crisis. There I suggested that the City of London, the financial heart of the UK, is an arena riven by sexualized and gendered scripts: in other words capitalism is gendered. A decade or so later, these arguments seem just as relevant as the financial ‘masters of the universe’ are brought low, in part by their own behaviour. Here, I explore more explicitly the implications of testosterone‐fuelled risk taking by both the traders and the chief executive officers of investment banks in the current world of casino capitalism.

Ce travail reprend et complète le propos de Capital Culture: Gender at Work in the City, le livre que j’ai publié une décennie avant l’apparition des premiers signes de la crise financière actuelle. Cet ouvrage préconisait que la City de Londres, cœur financier du Royaume‐Uni, était une arène scindée selon des scénarios différenciés par sexe et genre, autrement dit le capitalisme était sexué. Près de dix ans plus tard, ces propos semblent tout aussi pertinents d’autant que les ‘maîtres de l’univers’ de la finance sont amoindris, en partie à cause de leur propre comportement. Sont examinées ici de plus près les implications des prises de risques nourries à la testostérone auxquelles se livrent à la fois les traders et les directeurs généraux des banques d’investissement dans un monde où règne un capitalisme de casino.
‘Not Relevant to the System’: The Crisis in the Backyards
Authors: BERNT MATTHIAS , RINK DIETER
Published: July 2010

This essay provides insights into the crisis unfolding in the ‘backyards’ of globalization, that is, in regions that are largely abandoned in terms of capital and are characterized by de‐industrialization and depopulation. We take Eastern Germany as an example to examine how the crisis manifests itself in this context. We look at the turmoil around the failed sale of the Opel car company, the acquisition of pre‐fab housing estates by global investors and risky financial transactions by municipal companies to show how crucial decisions about the fate of urban regions have become widely disembedded from local democratic structures. We argue that regions that are ‘not relevant to the system’ are not only particularly hard hit by the current crisis, but are also at considerable disadvantage when attempting to mobilize power to achieve solutions that are adequate to solve their problems.

Ce texte fournit un éclairage sur la crise qui se développe dans les ‘arrière‐cours’ de la mondialisation, autrement dit dans les régions presque totalement délaissées par le capital et marquées par la désindustrialisation et la dépopulation. Le cas de l’Allemagne de l’Est permet d’examiner comment la crise se manifeste dans cet environnement. En étudiant l’agitation autour de la vente avortée d’Opel, l’acquisition d’immeubles de logements en béton préfabriqué par des investisseurs mondiaux et les transactions financières risquées de sociétés municipales, il est montré comment des décisions essentielles pour le destin de régions urbaines se sont largement dissociées des structures démocratiques locales. Les régions ‘inintéressantes pour le système’ sont non seulement particulièrement frappées par la crise actuelle, mais aussi nettement défavorisées lorsqu’elles s’efforcent de mobiliser le pouvoir en place afin de mettre en œuvre des solutions appropriées à leurs problèmes.
Amsterdam in Crisis: How the (Local) State Buffers and Suffers
Authors: ENGELEN EWALD , MUSTERD SAKO
Published: July 2010

The Dutch institutional configuration is unique in its hybrid character. The specific mixture of a strong welfare state and an Anglo‐American‐oriented economy, which is even more pronounced in the case of Amsterdam, creates a buffering capacity. However, this capacity is expected to be insufficient to absorb the entire impact of the current financial and economic crises. The Amsterdam economy, segments of the housing market and urban development in general will be hard hit by the crises. The state will be reasserting itself, but will soon suffer from a lack of investment capital.

La configuration institutionnelle néerlandaise est unique par son caractère hybride. La combinaison singulière d’une protection sociale forte et d’une économie d’orientation anglo‐américaine – encore plus flagrante dans le cas d’Amsterdam – crée une capacité d’amortissement. Celle‐ci devrait toutefois ne pas suffire pour absorber tout l’impact des crises financière et économique actuelles. À Amsterdam, ces dernières vont gravement affecter à la fois l’économie, certains segments du marché du logement et l’urbanisme en général. L’État se rétablira, mais ne tardera pas à souffrir d’un manque de capitaux d’investissement.
Population and individual level effects of over‐winter supplementary feeding mountain hares
Authors: Newey S. , Allison P. , Thirgood S. , Smith A. A. , Graham I. M.
Published: July 2010

Supplementary feeding studies are widely used to assess the effects of food availability on herbivore population dynamics. Supplementary feeding studies make the implicit and often untested assumption that supplementary feed is used by the target population. Here we describe and present the results of a supplementary feeding experiment to assess the effects of over‐winter food availability on mountain hare Lepus timidus body condition, fecundity and survival in two fed and two control areas. We used passive induced transponder (PIT) tags and feeding stations equipped with PIT tag readers and data loggers to monitor individual use of supplementary feed. Fifty per cent, of 119 PIT‐tagged hares, which were resident on the fed areas, used food, but individual variation in the time spent feeding was large. Food supplementation was associated with greater male body mass, earlier breeding, higher fecundity and longer survival. At the population (treatment) level these differences were not statistically significant. At the individual level the combined radio‐telemetry and PIT tag data revealed a large and highly significant effect of supplementary feeding on survival. Recent syntheses of mountain hare population ecology have not identified food as a key factor determining dynamics. Our experimental study however demonstrates that food may have profound effects on individuals. In addition our study raises critical questions about the design and interpretation of supplementary feeding studies.
The neurology of coeliac disease in childhood: what is the evidence? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: LIONETTI ELENA , FRANCAVILLA RUGGIERO , PAVONE PIERO , PAVONE LORENZO , FRANCAVILLA TERESA , PULVIRENTI ALFREDO , GIUGNO ROSALBA , RUGGIERI MARTINO
Published: July 2010

Aim  The aim of this article was to review and conduct a meta‐analysis of the paediatric literature on the neurology of coeliac disease.

Method  We conducted a review of paediatric studies published in English assessing neurological illness in coeliac disease identified through a MEDLINE search (1950–2009). Calculation of computed relative risk, odds ratio, and risk difference was performed using the fixed effect method if applicable.

Results  Fifteen studies were analysed (11 772 participants). The meta‐analysis showed that (1) the relative risk of epilepsy in individuals with coeliac disease, and of coeliac disease in individuals with epilepsy, compared with the general population, was 2.1 and 1.7, respectively, and the risk difference was close to zero, indicating that it was probably a chance association; and (2) the relative risk of headache in individuals with the disease compared with comparison groups was 3.2. In two studies, cerebellar ataxia was documented in 2.7 to 5.4% of participants; in two further studies, the risk of cerebellar dysfunction was zero. Two studies found an association between coeliac disease and peripheral neuropathy. Brain white matter lesions were recorded in two other studies. An association between autism and coeliac disease is disputed.

Interpretation  Children with coeliac disease are at risk of developing neurological complications, but the risk is lower than in adulthood. The discrepancy might be due to short disease duration, early elimination of gluten from the diet, stricter adherence to diet, or different susceptibility to immune‐mediated disorders.
Screening in pregnancy for fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: systematic review
Authors: Kamphuis MM , Paridaans N , Porcelijn L , De Haas M , van der Schoot CE , Brand A , Bonsel GJ , Oepkes D
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Kamphuis M, Paridaans N, Porcelijn L, De Haas M, van der Schoot C, Brand A, Bonsel G, Oepkes D. Screening in pregnancy for fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: systematic review. BJOG 2010;117:1335–1343.

Background  Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a potentially devastating disease, which may lead to intracranial haemorrhage (ICH), with neurological damage as a consequence. In the absence of screening, FNAIT is only diagnosed after bleeding symptoms, with preventive options limited to a next pregnancy.

Objectives  To estimate the population incidence of FNAIT and its consequences to prepare for study design of a screening programme.

Search strategy  An electronic literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane database, and references of retrieved articles. No language restrictions were applied.

Selection criteria  Prospective studies on screening for human platelet antigen 1a (HPA‐1a) alloimmunisation in low‐risk pregnant women.

Data collection and analysis  Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion and extracted data. Main outcome data were prevalence of HPA‐1a negativity, HPA‐1a immunisation, platelet count at birth and perinatal ICH. We aimed to compare outcome with and without intervention.

Main results  HPA‐1a alloimmunisation occurred in 294/3028 (9.7%) pregnancies at risk. Severe FNAIT occurred in 71/227 (31%) immunised pregnancies, with perinatal ICH in 7/71 (10%). True natural history data were not found because interventions were performed in most screen‐positive women.

Authors’ conclusions  Screening for HPA‐1a alloimmunisation detects about two cases in 1000 pregnancies. The calculated risk for perinatal ICH of 10% in pregnancies with severe FNAIT is an underestimation because studies without interventions were lacking. Screening of all pregnancies together with effective antenatal treatment such as intravenous immunoglobulin may reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with FNAIT.
Chronic restraint stress impairs neurogenesis and hippocampus‐dependent fear memory in mice: possible involvement of a brain‐specific transcription factor Npas4
Authors: Yun Jaesuk , Koike Hiroyuki , Ibi Daisuke , Toth Erika , Mizoguchi Hiroyuki , Nitta Atsumi , Yoneyama Masanori , Ogita Kiyokazu , Yoneda Yukio , Nabeshima Toshitaka , Nagai Taku , Yamada Kiyofumi
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1840–1851.

Neurogenesis in the hippocampus occurs throughout life in a wide range of species and could be associated with hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory. Stress is well established to seriously perturb physiological/psychological homeostasis and affect hippocampal function. In the present study, to investigate the effect of chronic restraint stress in early life on hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus‐dependent memory, 3‐week‐old mice were subjected to restraint stress 6 days a week for 4 weeks. The chronic restraint stress significantly decreased the hippocampal volume by 6.3% and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis as indicated by the reduced number of Ki67‐, 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐ and doublecortin‐positive cells in the dentate gyrus. The chronic restraint stress severely impaired hippocampus‐dependent contextual fear memory without affecting hippocampus‐independent fear memory. The expression level of brain‐specific transcription factor neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4) mRNA in the hippocampus was down‐regulated by the restraint stress or by acute corticosterone treatment. Npas4 immunoreactivity was detected in progenitors, immature and mature neurons of the dentate gyrus in control and stressed mice. Our findings suggest that the chronic restraint stress decreases hippocampal neurogenesis, leading to an impairment of hippocampus‐dependent fear memory in mice. Corticosterone‐induced down‐regulation of Npas4 expression may play a role in stress‐induced impairment of hippocampal function.
The G2019S pathogenic mutation disrupts sensitivity of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 to manganese kinase inhibition
Authors: Covy Jason P. , Giasson Benoit I.
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 36–46.

Mutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of late‐onset Parkinson disease. Previously, we showed that the G2019S pathogenic mutation can cause a dramatic increase (approximately 10‐fold) in kinase activity, far above other published studies. A notable experimental difference was the use of Mn‐ATP as a substrate. Therefore, the effects of metal cation‐ATP cofactors on LRRK2 kinase activity were investigated. It is shown, using several divalent metal cations, that only Mg2+ or Mn2+ can support LRRK2 kinase activity. However, for wild‐type, I2020T, and R1441C LRRK2, Mn2+ was significantly less effective at supporting kinase activity. In sharp contrast, both Mn2+ and Mg2+ were effective at supporting the activity of G2019S LRRK2. These divergent effects associated with divalent cation usage and the G2019S mutation were predominantly because of differences in catalytic rates. However, LRRK2 was shown to have much lower (approximately 40‐fold) ATP Km for Mn‐ATP compared with Mg‐ATP. Consequently, sub‐stoichiometric concentrations of Mn2+ can act to inhibit the kinase activity of wild‐type, but not G2019S LRRK2 in the presence of Mg2+. From these findings, a new model is proposed for a possible function of LRRK2 and the consequence of the G2019S LRRK2 pathogenic mutation.
The RGD‐containing peptide fragment of osteopontin protects tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells against toxic insult in primary ventral mesencephalic cultures and in the rat substantia nigra
Authors: Iczkiewicz Joanna , Broom Lauren , Cooper Jonathan D. , Wong Andrew Ming Sham , Rose Sarah , Jenner Peter
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1792–1804.

We have previously shown that the multi‐functional phosphoprotein osteopontin (OPN) is present in the substantia nigra (SN) and that its mRNA and protein expression are up‐regulated following toxic insult. We now report the effects of the arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD)‐containing peptide fragment of OPN and OPN inactivation on the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurones in primary rat ventral mesencephalic (VM) cultures and in SN in the rat. Treatment of VM cultures with the fragment of OPN containing the RGD integrin binding domain did not decrease TH positive cell number, but instead the peptide fragment protected against cell loss induced by both MPP+ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Incorporation of an OPN antibody into VM cultures caused a concentration‐dependent loss of TH positive neurones. The OPN antibody also exacerbated MPP+‐ and LPS‐induced cell loss at all concentrations tested. In the rat, administration of the RGD‐containing peptide fragment of OPN protected TH positive neurones against a mechanically‐induced lesion and against 6‐hydroxydopamine‐ and LPS‐induced cell loss. The protection against 6‐hydroxydopamine toxicity was confirmed in a separate study using stereological analysis. By contrast, stereotaxic injection of the OPN antibody into the SN resulted in a loss of TH positive cells. These results suggest that OPN may be necessary for the survival of TH positive cells in SN but through the RGD‐containing peptide fragment may also have neuroprotective properties relevant to Parkinson’s disease.
Glial but not neuronal development in the cochleo‐vestibular ganglion requires Sox10
Authors: Breuskin Ingrid , Bodson Morgan , Thelen Nicolas , Thiry Marc , Borgs Laurence , Nguyen Laurent , Stolt Claus , Wegner Michael , Lefebvre Philippe P. , Malgrange Brigitte
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1827–1839.

The cochleo‐vestibular ganglion contains neural crest‐derived glial cells and sensory neurons that are derived from the neurogenic otic placode. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the tightly orchestrated development of this structure. Here, we report that Sox10, a high‐mobility group DNA‐binding domain transcription factor that is required for the proper development of neural crest cell derivatives, is specifically expressed in post‐migratory neural crest cells in the cochleo‐vestibular ganglion. Using Sox10‐deficient mice, we demonstrate that this transcription factor is essential for the survival, but not the generation, of the post‐migratory neural crest cells within the inner ear. In the absence of these neural crest‐derived cells, we have investigated the survival of the otocyst‐derived auditory neurons. Surprisingly, auditory neuron differentiation, sensory target innervation and survival are conserved despite the absence of glial cells. Moreover, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression is increased in the hair cells of Sox10‐deficient mice, a compensatory mechanism that may prevent spiral ganglion neuronal cell death. Taken together, these data suggest that in the absence of neural crest‐derived glial cells, an increase trophic support from hair cells promotes the survival of spiral ganglion neurons in Sox10 mutant mice.
Prasugrel: A Novel Thienopyridine Antiplatelet Agent. A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies and the Mechanistic Basis for Its Distinct Antiplatelet Profile
Authors: Jakubowski Joseph A. , Winters Kenneth J. , Naganuma Hideo , Wallentin Lars
Published: July 2010

Prasugrel (CS‐747, LY640315) is a novel member of the thienopyridine class of oral antiplatelet agents that includes ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Like other thienopyridines, prasugrel is a prodrug that is inactive in vitro. Prasugrel's distinct chemical structure permits efficient conversion to its active metabolite with a less rigorous dependence on specific cytochrome P‐450 enzymes. Prasugrel is rapidly converted in vivo to an active metabolite (R‐138727) that binds specifically and irreversibly to the platelet P2Y12 purinergic receptor inhibiting ADP‐mediated platelet activation and aggregation. Preclinical studies indicated that prasugrel is approximately 10‐ and 100‐fold more potent at inhibiting ex vivo platelet aggregation and in vivo thrombus formation than clopidogrel and ticlopidine, respectively. Early clinical data in healthy subjects confirmed the greater platelet inhibition and consistency with prasugrel compared to clopidogrel. While the active metabolites of prasugrel and clopidogrel resulted in similar levels of platelet inhibition in vitro, the amount of each active metabolite generated in vivo was quite different—prasugrel (60 mg) resulting in an approximately 12‐fold greater exposure to its active metabolite compared with clopidogrel (300 mg). This observation provides a mechanistic basis for the faster, greater, and more consistent inhibition of platelet aggregation observed with prasugrel. Clinical studies in patients with cardiovascular disease confirmed the potent antiplatelet effect of prasugrel compared with clopidogrel. Collectively, these phase 1/1b studies and a phase 2 study (JUMBO‐TIMI 26) aided in dose selection for the recently completed phase 3 trial (TRITON‐TIMI 38) in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Critical Thinking of Nurse Managers Related to Staff RNs’ Perceptions of the Practice Environment
Authors: Zori Susan , Nosek Laura J. , Musil Carol M.
Published: July 2010

Background Information and Significance: Critical thinking (CT) skills and the inclination to engage in critical thinking are essential for nurse managers to function as transformational leaders capable of influencing staff to align with organizational goals. In an extensive literature review, numerous studies were found examining the concept of CT in students and no studies were found exploring CT in nurse managers. Identifying the attributes, such as CT, that lead to success in the nurse manager role is useful when preparing nurse managers to lead effectively in the current healthcare climate.

Research Question: Is there a difference between nurse managers’ CT dispositions and their respective staff nurses’ perceptions of the practice environment?

Design: A convenience sample of 12 nurse managers and a random sample of 132 of their respective staff registered nurses (RNs) participated in this descriptive study. CT in nurse managers was measured by the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI). Staff RNs’ perceptions of the practice environment were measured by the Practice Environment Scale (PES). The research question was answered using a t test.

Findings: Significant (p < .001) differences were found between specific nurse managers’ CCTDI scores for open‐mindedness, analyticity, and critical thinking confidence, and significant differences (p < .01) were found for systematicity when compared with their respective staff RNs’ mean subscale and overall PES scores.

Conclusions: Results of the study support the positive relationship between strength in critical thinking dispositions of nurse managers and their respective staff RNs’ perceptions of the practice environment. Nurse managers with stronger CT dispositions may be better able to create positive practice environments that are conducive to job satisfaction and thus the retention of staff RNs. Inclusion of strategies to support the development and use of CT in nurse managers is recommended. CT and other leadership attributes and skills including emotional and social intelligence and management of change through an appreciative inquiry process may provide opportunities to improve leadership effectiveness in nurse managers.

Clinical Relevance: Enhancing critical thinking skills and dispositions of nurse managers may help to create positive work environments for staff RNs. Staff RNs who work in an environment perceived to be positive may be in a better position to deliver high quality, safe patient care.
Application of Non‐Arrhenius Method for Analyzing the Decomposition Kinetics of SrCO3 and BaCO3
Authors: Maitra Saikat , Bandyopadhyay Narayan , Pal Jayita
Published: July 2010

The nonisothermal kinetics of thermal decomposition of SrCO3 and BaCO3 was studied by thermo‐gravimetry following non‐Arrhenius integral approach of Harcourt and Esson. Variation of activation energy of these two carbonates with fraction decomposition was compared and the average activation energy in the decomposition range was computed.
Influence of lateral pressure to the implant bed on osseointegration: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Pantani Fabio , Botticelli Daniele , Garcia Idelmo Rangel , Salata Luiz Antonio , Borges Germana Jayme , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: July 2010

Aim: To study osseointegration and bone‐level changes at implants installed using either a standard or a reduced diameter bur for implant bed preparation.

Material and methods: In six Labrador dogs, the first and second premolars were extracted bilaterally. Subsequently, mesial roots of the first molars were endodontically treated and distal roots, including the corresponding part of the crown, were extracted. After 3 months of healing, flaps were elevated and recipient sites were prepared in all experimental sites. The control site was prepared using a standard procedure, while the test site was prepared using a drill with a 0.2 mm reduced diameter than the standard one used in the contra‐lateral side. After 4 months of healing, the animals were euthanized and biopsies were obtained for histological processing and evaluation.

Results: With the exception of one implant that was lost, all implants were integrated in mineralized bone. The alveolar crest underwent resorption at control as well as at test sites (buccal aspect ∼1 mm). The most coronal contact of bone‐to‐implant was located between 1.2 and 1.6 mm at the test and between 1.3 and 1.7 mm at the control sites. Bone‐to‐implant contact percentage was between 49% and 67%. No statistically significant differences were found for any of the outcome variables.

Conclusions: After 4 months of healing, lateral pressure to the implant bed as reflected by higher insertion torques (36 vs. 15 N cm in the premolar and 19 vs. 7 N cm in the molar regions) did not affect the bone‐to‐implant contact.

To cite this article:
 Pantani F, Botticelli D, Garcia IR Jr., Salata LA, Borges GJ, Lang NP. Influence of lateral pressure to the implant bed on osseointegration: an experimental study in dogs. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 1264–1270. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01941.x
Comparison of a synthetic bone substitute composed of carbonated apatite with an anorganic bovine xenograft in particulate forms in a canine maxillary augmentation model
Authors: Kim Do Kyun , Lee Shin‐Jae , Cho Tae Hyung , Hui Pan , Kwon Min‐Su , Hwang Soon Jung
Published: July 2010

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a porous geometry in particulate bone on new bone formation by comparison of anorganic bovine carbonate apatite (ABCA) with synthetic carbonated apatite (SCA), which have similar properties but different micro‐structures.

Material and methods: Porous structures and anorganic components of ABCA and SCA were evaluated using scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared. They were implanted in maxillary augmentation models with the mouth split design in a total of 15 Beagle dogs. The animals were sacrificed 4, 8 and 16 weeks after surgery, and the histomorphometrical results were statistically analyzed for the material's geometrical relationship and new bone formation in relation to the available space and contact surface for osteoconduction.

Results: Both materials showed a typical infrared pattern of CO32−‐substituted hydroxyapatite (HA). Porous structures and a bridging effect of osteoconductive bone material were relatively better observed in SCA. The ratio of the material area to the total area was higher (P<0.01) for ABCA (28.03±6.09) than for SCA (20.26±4.23). The ratio of the number of particles possessing a pore structure to the total number and the interparticular space was greater (P<0.001 and 0.01) for SCA (18.12±9.44 and 79.74±4.23) compared with ABCA (1.45±1.74 and 71.63±5.85). The new bone areas and the bone–material contact lengths were greater in SCA than in ABCA (P<0.05).

Conclusions: The present study showed that porous structures may have an influence on new bone formation in osteoconductive bone substitutes.

To cite this article:
 Kim DK, Lee S‐J, Cho TH, Hui P, Kwon M‐S, Hwang SJ. Comparison of a synthetic bone substitute composed of carbonated apatite with an anorganic bovine xenograft in particulate forms in a canine maxillary augmentation model. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 1334–1344. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01953.x
Effects of nicotine on gene expression and osseointegration in rats
Authors: Yamano Seiichi , Berley Joel A. , Kuo Winston P. , Gallucci German O. , Weber Hans‐Peter , Sukotjo Cortino
Published: July 2010

Background: While many studies have focused on the hazardous effects of smoking, there is little direct evidence regarding the specific detrimental effects of the nicotine on the osseointegration of implants.

Objective: To understand the effects of nicotine on gene expression and osseointegration of titanium implants in rats.

Material and methods: Forty‐four rats were administered with nicotine or saline for a period of 8 weeks. The femurs were then harvested and analyzed using a three‐point bending test. Osseointegration level was determined using bone/implant contact ratio at 2 or 4 weeks after implants were placed. Expression levels of bone matrix‐related genes were measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The results of the three‐point bending showed that there was no significant difference detected in stiffness between control and nicotine groups at 8 weeks post‐saline/nicotine delivery (P=0.705). The bone/implant contact ratio in nicotine‐delivered group was significantly decreased compared with those in the control group at 4 weeks (P<0.05). Also, expression levels of osteopontin, type II collagen, bone morphogenic protein‐2, bone sialoprotein, and core‐binding factor α‐1 were significantly down‐regulated in the nicotine‐delivered group compared with the control.

Conclusions: Although systemic exposure to nicotine did not affect rat bone development, bone wound healing around the implant after placement was affected. These findings suggest that nicotine might inhibit the bone matrix‐related gene expressions required for wound healing and thereby diminish implant osseointegration at late stage.

To cite this article:
 Yamano S, Berley JA, Kuo WP, Gallucci GO, Weber HP, Sukotjo C. Effects of nicotine on gene expression and osseointegration in rats. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 1353–1359. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01955.x
The efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse compared with 0.2% on plaque accumulation and periodontal parameters: a systematic review
Authors: Berchier C. E. , Slot D. E. , Van der Weijden G. A.
Published: July 2010

Berchier CE, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. The efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse compared with 0.2% on plaque accumulation and periodontal parameters: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 829–839. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01575.x.

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinse compared with 0.2% on plaque and periodontal parameters.

Materials and methods: MEDLINE‐PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for (randomized) clinical trials and cohort studies. Plaque scores, parameters of periodontal inflammation and periodontal attachment loss were selected as primary outcome parameters.

Results: Screening of 409 titles and abstracts identified eight eligible publications. A meta‐analysis of seven studies using the same plaque index showed a significant difference between 0.2% and 0.12% CHX (p=0.008). The Weighted Mean Difference for plaque based on the Quigley & Hein Plaque Index (1968) was 0.10 (95%CI [0.03–0.17]) (heterogeneity I2=0%, p=0.87). Three studies that compared 0.12% and 0.2% CHX mouthrinse products provided data on gingival inflammation. No difference in the effect of gingivitis between the two concentrations was found in these studies. No studies could be found that compared the two CHX concentrations and evaluated the probing pocket depth and/or the periodontal attachment level.

Conclusions: In comparing 0.12% and 0.2% CHX, information concerning the effect on gingival inflammation was sparse and no studies could be found that compared the two CHX concentrations and evaluated the probing pocket depth and/or the periodontal attachment level. With respect to plaque inhibition, the results showed a small but significant difference in favour of the 0.2% CHX concentration. However, the clinical relevance of this difference is probably negligible.
SOX10 immunostaining distinguishes desmoplastic melanoma from excision scar
Authors: Ramos‐Herberth Frances Ivette , Karamchandani Jason , Kim Jinah , Dadras Soheil S.
Published: July 2010

Background: Sry‐related HMG‐BOX gene 10 (SOX10), a nuclear transcription factor that plays an important role in schwannian and melanocytic cell differentiation, has recently been shown to be a useful marker in the diagnosis of melanocytic and schwannian tumors. Fibroblasts and histiocytes that could histopathologically mimic melanoma cells often express S100, which complicates the evaluation of melanoma excision specimens for residual tumor. Distinguishing melanoma cells from immature fibrocytes or histiocytes is made more challenging in desmoplastic melanoma excision specimens.

Methods: We compared the utility of melanoma markers [SOX10, S100, HMB‐45, Melan‐A and micropthalmia transcription factor (MiTF)] in 3 invasive, 9 desmoplastic and 14 intraepidermal melanomas. We also evaluated 18 excision scars. The staining intensity for all the cellular components in melanoma and scar specimens was scored.

Results: SOX10 strongly highlighted all in situ, invasive and desmoplastic melanomas. In contrast, MiTF expression was weak to absent in desmoplastic melanomas. In scars, S100 highlighted background spindled fibrocytes and histiocytes with greater intensity than SOX10. MiTF highlighted multi‐nucleated histiocytes, while SOX10 did not.

Conclusion: Our results showed that SOX10 was strongly expressed by desmoplastic melanoma. Furthermore, SOX10 was less likely than S100 and MiTF to be expressed by background fibrocytes and histiocytes within scars.

Ramos‐Herberth FI, Karamchandani J, Kim J, Dadras SS. SOX10 immunostaining distinguishes desmoplastic melanoma from excision scar.
Investigation of aging effects in human hair using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Jeong Ki Heon , Kim Kyung Sook , Lee Gi Ja , Choi Sam Jin , Jeong Taek Jo , Shin Min‐Kyung , Park Hun Kuk , Sim Woo Young , Lee Mu‐Hyoung
Published: July 2010

Background: A thorough characterization of the morphological structure and physical properties is essential for an understanding of human hair. A number of techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy have been used to study hair surfaces. Recently, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as an ideal method for the non‐invasive examination of hair surfaces.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of aging on normal Korean hair diameter and surface features using AFM.

Methods: We enrolled 60 Korean volunteers of various ages who had no hair diseases. We analyzed hair diameter, AFM images of the hair surface, cuticular descriptors and micro‐scale mechanical properties for their associations with aging.

Results: Hair diameter was found to increase for the first 20–30 years of life, after which it began to decrease. AFM images of most of the younger subjects showed typical step‐like topographic properties with clear scale edges. The AFM images of most of the older subjects revealed dilapidated structures, poorly demarcated scale edges and undulated surfaces. Among the cuticular descriptors, surface roughness increased significantly with age. Force to distance analysis demonstrated a dependence on age.

Conclusion: These results suggest that aging causes changes in hair diameter and surface structure.
Preterm elective caesarean section and early enteral feeding in gastroschisis
Authors: Reigstad I , Reigstad H , Kiserud T , Berstad T
Published: July 2010

Aims:  To evaluate the effect of elective caesarean section (CS) before term and early enteral nutrition on length of parenteral nutrition and hospital stay in infants with gastroschisis.

Methods:  Retrospective review of all infants with gastroschisis treated in a regional level III hospital from 1993 to 2008. During 1993–97, there was no established standard for management of pregnancy or delivery while a protocol on close foetal monitoring and early elective CS was adhered to for 1998–2008. Introduction of human milk on the first day after complete closure of the abdominal wall and rapid increase was the policy during the whole period.

Results:  With early elective CS, no foetal deaths occurred after 28‐ week gestational age (GA). Ten infants were born during the first period and 20 during the second period at a median GA (range) of 36.5 (34–40) and 35 (34–37) weeks (p = 0.013). Seven and 20, respectively, were born by CS. Median (range) days before full enteral feeds and hospital stay were 11.5 (7–39) and 13.0 (7–46) (p = 0.85), and 17.5 (12–36) and 22.5 (13–195) (p = 0.67), respectively. One child died of volvulus after discharge.

Conclusion:  Close surveillance of pregnancy, elective preterm caesarean section, early surgery and active approach to primary closure and early enteral feeds appears to be a safe and effective line of management in gastroschisis.
Proteomic and biochemical analysis of 14‐3‐3‐binding proteins during C2‐ceramide‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Pozuelo‐Rubio Mercedes
Published: July 2010

14‐3‐3 is a family of proteins comprising several isoforms that, in many cases, promote cell survival by association with proapoptotic proteins. This study was designed to obtain further understanding of the 14‐3‐3 role in apoptosis regulation, by analyzing apoptosis‐related protein–14‐3‐3 interactions. Western blot analysis of an eluted fraction from the 14‐3‐3‐affinity chromatography column identified proapoptotic proteins as receptor‐interacting protein 3 and Bcl‐2‐antagonist/killer as new phophorylation‐dependent 14‐3‐3‐binding proteins under physiological conditions. The apoptosis inducer C2‐ceramide promoted decay of the 14‐3‐3‐binding signal of protein cell extracts. Investigation of the role of 14‐3‐3 in C2‐ceramide‐induced apoptosis showed that depletion of the 14‐3‐3ζ isoform sensitized to cell death, whereas overexpression of this isoform delayed cell death. A combination of tandem affinity purification and liquid chromatography–tandem MS techniques identified 15 proteins involved in cell survival processes whose 14‐3‐3‐binding status changed during C2‐ceramide‐induced apoptosis. Under physiological conditions, desmin was clearly identified as a new 14‐3‐3‐interactor protein, and vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein, nucleophosmin and calmodulin, whose 14‐3‐3 binding was suggested by others on the basis of MS analysis, were confirmed here as phosphorylation‐dependent 14‐3‐3‐associated proteins. Interestingly, proteins related to the regulation of DNA double‐strand break repair in the early stages of apoptosis, such as DNA‐dependent protein kinase, or the regulation of cell shrinkage during apoptosis, such as vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein and death promoters like receptor‐interacting protein 3, were identified as 14‐3‐3‐associated proteins whose 14‐3‐3‐binding status changed when apoptosis was initiated. The functional diversity of these identified proteins suggests that 14‐3‐3 may regulate the apoptotic process through new mechanisms, in addition to others previously characterized.

Structured digital abstract

 A list of the large number of protein–protein interactions described in this article is available via the MINT article ID MINT‐7899808
CHIP participates in protein triage decisions by preferentially ubiquitinating Hsp70‐bound substrates
Authors: Stankiewicz Marta , Nikolay Rainer , Rybin Vladimir , Mayer Matthias P.
Published: July 2010

The E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP (C‐terminus of Hsc70‐interacting protein) is believed to be a central player in the cellular triage decision, as it links the molecular chaperones Hsp70/Hsc70 and Hsp90 to the ubiquitin proteasomal degradation pathway. To better understand the decision process, we determined the affinity of CHIP for Hsp70 and Hsp90 using isothermal titration calorimetry. We analyzed the influence of CHIP on the ATPase cycles of both chaperones in the presence of co‐chaperones and a substrate, and determined the ubiquitination efficacy of CHIP in the presence of the chaperones. We found that CHIP has a sixfold higher affinity for Hsp90 compared with Hsc70. CHIP had no influence on ADP dissociation or ATP association, but reduced the Hsp70 cochaperone Hdj1‐stimulated single‐turnover ATPase rates of Hsc70 and Hsp70. CHIP did not influence the ATPase cycle of Hsp90 in the absence of co‐chaperones or in the presence of the Hsp90 cochaperones Aha1 or p23. Polyubiquitination of heat‐denatured luciferase and the native substrate p53 was much more efficient in the presence of Hsc70 and Hdj1 than in the presence of Hsp90, indicating that CHIP preferentially ubiquitinates Hsp70‐bound substrates.

Structured digital abstract

 MINT‐7904367: CHIP (uniprotkb:Q9UNE7) and HSP 90‐beta (uniprotkb:P08238) physically interact (MI:0915) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)

 MINT‐7904785: HSP 90‐beta (uniprotkb:P08238) and p23 (uniprotkb:Q15185) bind (MI:0407) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)

 MINT‐7904047: CHIP (uniprotkb:Q9UNE7), HSP 90‐beta (uniprotkb:P08238) and p23 (uniprotkb:Q15185) physically interact (MI:0915) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)

 MINT‐7903424: Alpha‐lactalbumin (uniprotkb:P00711), HSP70 (uniprotkb:P08107) and CHIP (uniprotkb:Q9UNE7) physically interact (MI:0915) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)

 MINT‐7903354: CHIP (uniprotkb:Q9UNE7) and HSC70 (uniprotkb:P11142) bind (MI:0407) by isothermal titration calorimetry (MI:0065)

 MINT‐7903373: CHIP (uniprotkb:Q9UNE7) and HSP90‐beta (uniprotkb:P08238) bind (MI:0407) by isothermal titration calorimetry (MI:0065)
Broad and luminous [O iii] and [N ii] in globular cluster ULXs
Authors: Porter R. L.
Published: July 2010

We consider an accretion disc origin for the broad and luminous forbidden line emission observed in ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) sources CXOJ033831.8−352604 and XMMU 122939.7+075333 in globular clusters hosted by elliptical galaxies NGC 1399 and 4472, respectively. We will refer to the latter by the globular cluster name RZ2109. The first has strong [O iii] and [N ii], the second only [O iii]. Both Hα and Hβ are very weak or undetected in both objects. We assume that the large linewidths are due to Keplerian rotation around a compact object and derive expressions for maximum line luminosities. These idealized models require central masses ≳100 and ≳30 000 M⊙ for CXOJ033831.8−352604 and RZ2109, respectively. An independent, bootstrap argument for the total disc mass yields, for both systems, Mdisc≳ 10−4 M⊙ for a purely metallic disc (and two orders of magnitude larger for solar metallicities). If Roche lobe overflow is implicated, viscous time-scales are ≳300 yr. Standard disc theory then offers another limit on the central masses. Lobe radii for an ∼1 M⊙ donor are ≳1013 cm. We therefore rule out Roche lobe overflow of a white dwarf in both systems. Red giants could fill the necessary lobes. Whether they are too metal poor to produce the strong forbidden lines without strong hydrogen emission is unclear.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of adrenal chromaffin cells
Authors: Sala F. , Nistri A. , Criado M.
Published: July 2010

In the adrenal medulla, acetylcholine released by the sympathetic splanchnic nerves activates neuronal‐type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the membrane of chromaffin cells which liberate catecholamines into the bloodstream in preparation for the fight and flight reactions. On adrenal chromaffin cells the main class of nAChRs is a pentameric assembly of α3 and β4 subunits that forms ion channels which produce membrane depolarization by increasing Na+, K+and Ca2+permeability. Homomeric α7 nicotinic receptors are expressed in a species‐dependent manner and do not contribute to catecholamine secretion. Chromaffin cell nAChRs rapidly activate and desensitize with full recovery on washout. nAChR activity is subjected to various types of dynamic regulation. It is allosterically modulated by the endogenous neuropeptide substance P that stabilizes receptors in their desensitized state, thus depressing their responsiveness. The full‐length peptide CGRP acts as a negative allosteric modulator by inhibiting responses without changing desensitization, whereas its N‐terminal fragments act as positive allosteric modulators to transiently enhance nAChR function. nAChR expression increases when cells are chronically exposed to either selective antagonists or agonists such as nicotine, a protocol mimicking the condition of chronic heavy smokers. In this case, large upregulation of nAChRs occurs even though most of the extra nAChRs remain inside the cells, creating a mismatch between the increase in total nAChRs and increase in functional nAChRs on the cell surface. These findings highlight the plastic properties of cholinergic neurotransmission in the adrenal medulla to provide robust mechanisms for adapting catecholamine release to acute and chronic changes in sympathetic activity.
REVIEW: Recent advances in the diagnosis and classification of myeloid neoplasms – comments on the 2008 WHO classification
Authors: YIN C. C. , MEDEIROS L. J. , BUESO‐RAMOS C. E.
Published: July 2010

The fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms refined the criteria for some previously described myeloid neoplasms and recognized several new entities based on recent elucidation of molecular pathogenesis, identification of new diagnostic and prognostic markers, and progress in clinical management. Protein tyrosine kinase abnormalities, including translocations or mutations involving ABL1, JAK2, MPL, KIT, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, and FGFR1, have been used as the basis for classifying myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Two new entities ‐ refractory cytopenia with unilineage dysplasia and refractory cytopenia of childhood have been added to the group of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and ‘refractory anemia with excess blasts‐1’ has been redefined to emphasize the prognostic significance of increased blasts in the peripheral blood. A list of cytogenetic abnormalities has been introduced as presumptive evidence of MDS in cases with refractory cytopenia but without morphologic evidence of dysplasia. The subgroup ‘acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with recurrent genetic abnormalities’ has been expanded to include more molecular genetic aberrations. The entity ‘AML with multilineage dysplasia’ specified in the 2001 WHO classification has been renamed ‘AML with myelodysplasia‐related changes’ to include not only cases with significant multilineage dysplasia but also patients with a history of MDS or myelodysplasia‐related cytogenetic abnormalities. The term ‘therapy‐related myeloid neoplasms’ is used to cover the spectrum of disorders previously known as t‐AML, t‐MDS, or t‐MDS/MPN occurring as complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. In this review, we summarize many of these important changes and discuss some of the diagnostic challenges that remain.
Inter‐ and Intra‐Ethnic Group Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome Components Among Morbidly Obese Adolescents
Authors: Messiah Sarah E. , Carrillo‐Iregui Adriana , Garibay‐Nieto Guadalupe , Lopez‐Mitnik Gabriela , Cossio Sissi , Arheart Kristopher L.
Published: July 2010

J Clin Hypertens(Greenwich). 2010;12:645–652. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This study explored inter‐ (between) and intra‐ (within) ethnic group differences in metabolic syndrome components among a clinical sample of morbidly obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥97th percentile for age and sex) 12‐ to 18‐year‐olds originating from Latin America and the Caribbean Basin and a matched (age/ethnicity/sex/BMI percentile) national sample (N=208, both samples) of Mexican American and non‐Hispanic blacks from the 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Mexican American and non‐Hispanic black boys from the NHANES/national sample had significantly higher mean fasting glucose levels compared with Latin and Caribbean blacks (98.50 vs 85.42 mg/dL, 97.34 vs 86.44 mg/dL, respectively, (P<.001 for both comparisons). Conversely, both diastolic/systolic blood pressure was consistently higher among Latin/Caribbean adolescents vs Mexican American and non‐Hispanic blacks for all age/sex/ethnic groups. These results indicate that morbidly obese adolescents from both major ethnic groups and subgroups within these groups show health‐related comorbidities in both clinic‐ and population‐based settings.