bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of erythropoietin receptor and erythropoietin expression and function in human ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Jeong Jee‐Yeong , Feldman Laurie , Solar Peter , Szenajch Jolanta , Sytkowski Arthur J.
Published: September 2007

The identification of erythropoietin receptors (EpoR) on cancer cells has caused concern, since it implies the possibility that treatment of cancer patients with erythropoietin (Epo) and related agents with demonstrable antiapoptotic activity could enhance cancer growth and progression. However, the function and even the validity of the identification of these receptors have been called into question. We now report the characterization of EpoR and Epo expression by 4 human ovarian cancer cell lines: A2780, CaOV, SKOV and OVCAR‐3. Using semiquantitative RT‐PCR, restriction digestion of the PCR products and DNA sequence analysis, we determined that each of the lines expresses the EpoR and Epo at the mRNA level. A2780 cells were the highest expressers of both genes. We demonstrated EpoR protein both by western blotting and by immunofluorescence and biologically active Epo protein by quantitative in vitro bioassay. The EpoR on A2780 cells was shown to be functional, since Epo stimulation resulted in phosphorylation of Erk1/2, an important EpoR mitogenic signaling intermediate. None of the cell lines exhibited a growth response in culture to exogenous Epo. However, addition of a neutralizing anti‐Epo antibody to A2780 cells resulted in partial growth inhibition that was reversed by the addition of excess Epo, providing evidence for an autocrine/paracrine mechanism of growth enhancement in these cells. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erythropoietin treatment of human ovarian cancer cells results in enhanced signaling and a paclitaxel‐resistant phenotype
Authors: Solar Peter , Feldman Laurie , Jeong Jee‐Yeong , Busingye Jacqueline R. , Sytkowski Arthur J.
Published: September 2007

Erythropoietin (Epo), a glycoprotein hormone that is the principal regulator of erythropoiesis, is known to act also on nonhematopoietic cell types. Epo receptors have been reported on several normal and neoplastic human cells and tissues, including ovarian cancer cells. We found that long‐term Epo treatment of A2780 cells resulted in the development of a phenotype exhibiting both enhanced Epo signaling, evidenced by increased peak levels of phospho‐Erk1/2 and increased paclitaxel resistance. This phenotypic effect was specific for paclitaxel, since no change in cisplatin or carboplatin sensitivity was observed. In addition, the change in phenotype was stable, even after the removal of Epo. Measurement of mono‐ and oligonucleosome formation revealed that long‐term Epo treated A2780 cells exhibited markedly less apoptosis than nonerythropoietin treated cells at essentially all concentrations of paclitaxel tested. Western blot analyses revealed that the long‐term Epo treated cells had significantly reduced expression of apoptosis‐related proteins Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐10. These findings may have implications for the clinical use of recombinant human Epo and other erythropoiesis stimulating agents to correct anemia in paclitaxel‐treated cancer patients. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The CD155/poliovirus receptor enhances the proliferation of ras‐mutated cells
Authors: Kono Tokuyuki , Imai Yasuo , Yasuda Shin‐ichi , Ohmori Kyoko , Fukui Hirokazu , Ichikawa Kazuhito , Tomita Shigeki , Imura Johji , Kuroda Yoshikazu , Ueda Yoshihiko , Fujimori Takahiro
Published: September 2007

Stimulation of the CD155/poliovirus receptor, which localizes in the cell–matrix and at cell–cell junctions, inhibits cell adhesion and enhances cell migration. Necl‐5, a mouse homolog of CD155, is implicated in the formation of adherence junctions. Recently, Necl‐5 has also been found to enhance cell proliferation via the stimulation of serum and platelet‐derived growth factor through the Ras‐Raf‐MEK‐ERK signaling pathway. In our present study, we find that CD155 significantly enhances the serum‐induced cell proliferation of NIH3T3 cells which have been transformed by an oncogenic Ras (V12Ras‐NIH3T3), but not the parental cells. CD155 expression in V12Ras‐NIH3T3 cells is also found to upregulate cyclin D2, downregulate p27Kip1 and shorten the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. An inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase does not reduce this CD155‐mediated enhancement of V12Ras‐NIH3T3 cell proliferation. The expression of CD155ΔCP, which lacks the cytoplasmic region including the immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif (ITIM), has a reduced ability to enhance the serum responsiveness of V12Ras‐NIH3T3 cells, suggesting that the ITIM might be required for this effect of CD155. In addition, the overexpression of exogenous CD155 enhances the serum responsiveness of HT1080 cells, which harbor a mutant N‐ras gene. On the other hand, siRNA‐induced knockdown of endogenous CD155 and/or CD155ΔCP expression significantly repress the serum responsiveness of DLD‐1 cells, which express endogenous CD155 and harbor a mutant K‐ras gene, suggesting that this mutant may function in a dominant negative manner. Taken together, our present data suggest that CD155, at least in part, enhances the proliferation of ras‐mutated cells. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of SDF‐1α/CXCR4 axis in the enhanced peritoneal metastasis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Kajiyama Hiroaki , Shibata Kiyosumi , Terauchi Mikio , Ino Kazuhiko , Nawa Akihiro , Kikkawa Fumitaka
Published: September 2007

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) spreads by implantation of tumor cells onto the human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) lining the peritoneal cavity. The aim of this study was to determine whether the stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α)/CXCR4 axis is involved in the interaction of EOC cells with HPMCs in peritoneal metastasis. Clinically, we first evaluated CXCR4 expression in sections from 36 primary EOCs using immunohistochemistry. We next examined whether SDF‐1α played roles in EOC progression, including in proliferation, cell motility, attachment to HPMCs, and the in vivo development of peritoneal metastasis through CXCR4. Of the 36 carcinomas, 16 cases (44.4%) were positive for CXCR4 immunoexpression. Positive CXCR4 expression significantly predicted poorer overall survival compared with negative expression (p = 0.0069). We found CXCR4 expression in both EOC cells and HPMCs. In contrast, the level of production of SDF‐1α by HPMCs was higher than that by various EOC cells. Functionally, SDF‐1α induced enhanced attachment between ES‐2 cells and HPMCs or extracellular matrix components. The enhancement of adhesion potential by SDF‐1α was inhibited by AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, and by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and p44/42 inhibitors. Furthermore, intraperitoneal treatment with AMD3100 resulted in reduced dissemination in nude mice inoculated with ES‐2 cells. The present results suggest that there may be a link between the SDF‐1α/CXCR4 axis and enhanced intraperitoneal dissemination of EOC and that CXCR4 may be a novel target for the treatment of EOC. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution in invasive cervical cancers in France: EDITH study
Authors: Prétet Jean‐Luc , Jacquard Anne‐Carole , Carcopino Xavier , Charlot Jean‐François , Bouhour Damien , Kantelip Bernadette , Soubeyrand Benoit , Leocmach Yann , Mougin Christiane , Riethmuller Didier ,   for the EDITH study group
Published: September 2007

Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in France. Since human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of ICC, the aim of this study was to assess the type‐specific prevalence of HPV in ICC in France in order to locally evaluate the potential benefit of an HPV 16/18 L1 virus‐like particles (VLP) vaccination. A total of 516 histological specimens collected in 15 centers were analyzed. Among them, 86% had a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) whereas 14% were adenocarcinomas (ADC). HPV genotyping was performed using the INNO‐LiPA assay allowing the specific detection of 24 HPV genotypes both high risk (HR) and low risk (LR). The overall HPV prevalence in ICC was 97%. The most prevalent genotypes were HPV 16 (73%) and HPV 18 (19%) followed by HPV 31 (7%), 33, 68, 45, 52 and 58 (4.1–2.3%). HPV 16 and/or 18 were associated with 82% of ICC, 10% being HPV 16 and 18 coinfections. While HPV 16 was the most prevalent type in both SCC (74%) and ADC (64%), HPV 18 was by far more prevalent in ADC (37%) compared to SCC (16%; p < 0.001). Multiple infections with at least two different HR HPV genotypes were observed in 22% of ICC. Given the high HPV 16/18 prevalence and taking into account possible production of crossneutralizing antibodies against other HPV types, HPV 16/18 L1 VLP vaccination would be expected to significantly reduce the burden of ICC in France. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in high grade cervical lesions (CIN 2/3) in France: EDITH study
Authors: Prétet Jean‐Luc , Jacquard Anne‐Carole , Carcopino Xavier , Monnier‐Benoit Sylvain , Averous Gerlinde , Soubeyrand Benoit , Leocmach Yann , Mougin Christiane , Riethmuller Didier ,   for the EDITH study group
Published: September 2007

High grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2/3) have a high potential to progress to invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Pap testing including follow‐up and treatment of CIN 2/3 is currently the best prevention of ICC, but is associated with morbidity, namely obstetrical adverse effects and psychological distress. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is universally accepted as the necessary cause of ICC. The objective of the present study was to describe the type‐specific prevalence of HPV in CIN 2/3 in France and hereby to locally estimate the potential benefit of an HPV 16/18 L1 virus‐like particles (VLP) vaccine. A total of 493 formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded CIN 2/3 specimens were analyzed. Medical records were examined for patient related data. HPV were genotyped with the INNO‐LiPA assay allowing the detection of 24 HPV genotypes. The overall prevalence of LiPA detectable HPV was 98%. The most prevalent genotype was HPV 16 (62%) followed by HPV 31 (15%), 33 (12%), 52 (9%), 51 (8%), 58 (7%), 35 and 18 (4%). Multiple infection with at least two different high‐risk (HR) HPV genotypes was observed in 26% of all specimens including 2.6% with HPV 16 and 18 multiple infections. The present study indicates that HPV 16 is by far the most common HPV type associated with CIN 2/3 in France. With an HPV 16 and 18 prevalence of 64%, HPV 16/18 L1 VLP vaccines would be expected to significantly reduce the burden associated with the management and treatment of CIN 2/3 in France. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting NOX, INOS and COX‐2 in inflammatory cells: Chemoprevention using food phytochemicals
Authors: Murakami Akira , Ohigashi Hajime
Published: September 2007

Biological, biochemical and physical stimuli activate inflammatory leukocytes, such as macrophages, resulting in induction and synthesis of proinflammatory proteins and enzymes, together with free radicals, as innate immune responses. On the other hand, chronic and dysregulated activation of some inducible enzymes, including NADPH oxidase (NOX), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, have been shown to play pivotal roles in the development of certain inflammatory diseases such as oncogenesis. While the use of synthetic agents, especially those targeting molecules, is an attractive and reasonable approach to prevent carcinogenesis, it should be noted that traditional herbs and spices also exist along with their active constituents, which have been demonstrated to disrupt inflammatory signal transduction pathways. In this mini‐review, the molecular mechanisms of activation or induction of NOX, iNOS and COX‐2, as well as some food phytochemicals with marked potential to regulate those key inflammatory molecules, are highlighted. For example, 1′‐acetoxychavicol acetate, which occurs in the rhizomes of the subtropical Zingiberaceae plant, has been shown to attenuate NOX‐derived superoxide generation in macrophages, as well as lipopolysaccharide‐induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production through the suppression of iNOS and COX‐2 synthesis, respectively. Notably, this phytochemical has exhibited a wide range of cancer prevention activities in several rodent models of inflammation‐associated carcinogenesis. Herein, the cancer preventive potentials of several food phytochemicals targeting the induction of NOX, iNOS and COX‐2 are described. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in human carcinogenesis
Authors: Federico Alessandro , Morgillo Floriana , Tuccillo Concetta , Ciardiello Fortunato , Loguercio Carmela
Published: September 2007

A wide array of chronic inflammatory conditions predispose susceptible cells to neoplastic transformation. In general, the longer the inflammation persists, the higher the risk of cancer. A mutated cell is a sine qua non for carcinogenesis. Inflammatory processes may induce DNA mutations in cells via oxidative/nitrosative stress. This condition occurs when the generation of free radicals and active intermediates in a system exceeds the system's ability to neutralize and eliminate them. Inflammatory cells and cancer cells themselves produce free radicals and soluble mediators such as metabolites of arachidonic acid, cytokines and chemokines, which act by further producing reactive species. These, in turn, strongly recruit inflammatory cells in a vicious circle. Reactive intermediates of oxygen and nitrogen may directly oxidize DNA, or may interfere with mechanisms of DNA repair. These reactive substances may also rapidly react with proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, and the derivative products may induce a high perturbation in the intracellular and intercellular homeostasis, until DNA mutation. The main substances that link inflammation to cancer via oxidative/nitrosative stress are prostaglandins and cytokines. The effectors are represented by an imbalance between pro‐oxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities (lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione‐peroxidase), hydroperoxides and lipoperoxides, aldehydes and peroxinitrite. This review focalizes some of these intricate events by discussing the relationships occurring among oxidative/nitrosative/metabolic stress, inflammation and cancer. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recommendations to improve space projection models and university space usage
Authors: Stigall Sam W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews the current space projection model for the State of Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) and compares this methodology to other select states.
The Logistical Tracking System (LTS) five years later: What has been accomplished?
Authors: Valcik Nicolas A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses creation and implementation at The University of Texas at Dallas of a software application developed in house to capture facilities, inventory, and personnel data for the purposes of federal and state mandatory reporting.
The impact of facilities on recruitment and retention of students
Authors: Reynolds Gary L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses an analysis performed on facility information and correlates the data to recruitment and retention of students. The chapter discusses how this information affects the decision‐making process at higher education institutions.
The ecology of learning: The impact of classroom features and utilization on student academic success
Authors: Herzog Serge
Published: September 2007

This study shows that the physical size of classrooms and timing of classes correlate with cognitive growth and retention of first‐year students enrolled at a medium‐size, moderately selective public university.
Taking a fresh look at facilities data: Lessons learned
Authors: Coburn Kari C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter highlights some important themes from the previous chapters that will assist institutional research professionals and other higher education leaders interested in expanding use of facilities data in planning and decision making.
Preliminary explorations of the role of mitochondrial proteins in refractory epilepsy: Some Findings From Comparative Proteomics
Authors: Jiang WenJing , Du BinFeng , Chi ZhaoFu , Ma Lin , Wang ShengJun , Zhang XuHua , Wu Wei , Wang XiaoHua , Xu GuangRun , Guo ChunNi
Published: September 2007

Approximately 20–30% of patients with epilepsy continue to have seizures despite carefully monitored treatment with antiepileptic drugs. The mechanisms that underlie why some patients are responsive and others prove resistant to antiepileptic drugs are poorly understood. Increasing evidence supports a role for altered mitochondrial function in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. To gain greater molecular insight in the pathogenesis of intractable epilepsy, we undertook a global analysis of protein expressions in a pharmacoresistant epileptic model selected by phenytoin in electrical amygdala‐kindled rats by using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF‐TOF). We identified five increased proteins and 14 decreased proteins including voltage‐dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) with a 2.82‐fold increased level (P < 0.05) and voltage‐dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2) with a 3.97‐fold decreased level (P < 0.05) in hippocampus of pharmacoresistant rats. The increased VDAC1 and decreased VDAC2 were confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Vascular mitochondria and apoptosis neurons were observed through electron microscopy. Energy contents, the adenine nucleotides, were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The correlation analyses were carried out between VDAC and the energy charge. These findings indicate that the increase of VDAC1 and the decrease of VDAC2 play an important role during the process and provide new molecular evidence in understanding mechanism of refractory epilepsy. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endogenous neurogenesis and neovascularization in the neocortex of the rat after focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Shin Hye Young , Kim Jin Hyun , Phi Ji Hoon , Park Chul‐Kee , Kim Jung Eun , Kim Jong‐Hoon , Paek Sun Ha , Wang Kyu‐Chang , Kim Dong Gyu
Published: September 2007

The present study was designed to examine whether endogenous neurogenesis and neovascularization occur in the neocortex of the ischemic rat brain after unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into six groups (n = 29): one control group (n = 4) and five groups composed of animals sacrificed at increasing times post‐MCAO (2 days and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks; n = 5 per group). To determine the presence of neurogenesis and neovascularization in the ischemic brain, nestin, Tuj1, NeuN, GFAP, Tie2, RECA, and 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) were analyzed immunohistochemically. In addition, nestin, GFAP, and Tie2 expression was determined by Western blotting. Triple‐labeling of nestin, BrdU, and laminin was performed to visualize the interaction between endogenous neurogenesis and neovascularization. The number of BrdU‐ and nestin‐colabeled cells increased markedly in the neocortex and border zone of the ischemic area up to 1 week after MCAO and decreased thereafter. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of nestin, Tie‐2, and GFAP was amplified in the ipsilateral hemisphere 2days after MCAO and peaked 1 week after MCAO, compared with that in the normal brain. After ischemic injury, nestin‐ and BrdU‐colabeled cells were observed in the vicinity of the endothelial cells lining cerebral vessels in the ipsilateral neocortex of the ischemic brain. Endogenous neurogenesis and neovascularization were substantially activated and occurred in close proximity to one other in the ipsilateral neocortex of the ischemic rat brain. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Up‐regulation of platelet‐derived growth factor by peripheral‐blood leukocytes during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Authors: Koehler Niklas K. U. , Roebbert Markus , Dehghani Kourosh , Ballmaier Matthias , Claus Peter , von Hoersten Stephan , Shing Mona , Odin Per , Strehlau Jürgen , Heidenreich Fedor
Published: September 2007

In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), clinical disease is associated with infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) by immune cells. Subsequent remission with remyelination has been linked to an increased occurrence of oligodendrocyte progenitor (O2A) cells. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor–2 (FGF‐2) are key growth factors for O2A cells, yet little is known about their relevance in EAE and MS. We analyzed the expression of PDGF, FGF‐2, and their receptors by peripheral‐blood leukocytes (PBLs) and lymphocyte subsets during MBP‐induced EAE. Strong up‐regulation of PDGF, but not FGF‐2, was observed in PBLs, with the highest expression after the disease maximum. T, NK, and NKT cells expressed PDGF, which is a novel observation because thus far only monocytes/macrophages have been reported to express PDGF. These results extend the idea that growth factors may contribute to improved CNS tissue repair, including PDGF, which is secreted by lesion‐homing immune cells. The production of PDGF by lymphocytes may have potential therapeutic value when activating or modulating T‐cell responses in demyelinating diseases. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
L‐DOPA‐induced activation of striatal p38MAPK and CREB in neonatal dopaminergic denervated rat: Relevance to self‐injurious behavior
Authors: Sivam Subbiah P. , Pugazhenthi Subbiah , Pugazhenthi Vidya , Brown Heath
Published: September 2007

The destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) during the neonatal period results in dopamine (DA) loss and susceptibility for self‐injurious behavior (SIB) when challenged with L‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA), via a supersensitive D1 receptor‐mediated mechanism. However, there are no changes in D1 receptor binding or mRNA levels, suggesting a potential postreceptor signaling mechanism(s). Here, we examined whether L‐DOPA‐induced SIB is associated with altered MAPK signaling (p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK) and their nuclear target, CREB. Neonatal dopaminergic lesioned animals were challenged, as adults, with L‐DOPA, observed for SIB for 6 hr, and then sacrificed. The data were grouped as follows: control, lesioned rats without SIB (SIB–), and lesioned rats that were positive for SIB (SIB+). HPLC analysis of striatal extracts revealed a more significant loss of DA and an increase of serotonin in the SIB+than in the SIB–group. The striatal levels of TH protein were severely decreased, but D1 receptor levels were unaltered in the lesioned groups. These results confirm and extend previous studies indicating that SIB is associated with a near‐total loss of DA and TH, an increase in serotonin, and no change in D1 receptor levels. The present studies further revealed that the levels of active phosphorylated forms of p38MAPK and CREB were significantly higher in the SIB+group than in the SIB–group in the striatum, but not in cortex or olfactory tubercle. The results indicate an induction of striatal p38MAPK and an activation of its nuclear target, CREB, as additional mechanisms in the genesis of L‐DOPA‐induced SIB. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Purkinje cell survival in organotypic cultures: Implication of Rho and its downstream effector ROCK
Authors: Julien Sylvie , Schnichels Sven , Teng Henry , Tassew Nardos , Henke‐Fahle Sigrid , Mueller Bernhard K. , Monnier Philippe P.
Published: September 2007

Organotypic cultures of postnatal day 1 (P1) to P7 mouse cerebella are well‐established models for studying cell survival. In the present work, we investigate the involvement of the Rho/ROCK intracellular pathway in Purkinje cell survival by using organotypic cultures of P3 Swiss mice. Specific inhibitors of Rho or ROCK were applied at different concentrations to the slice cultures, which were maintained for 5 days in vitro. We show that the bacterial exoenzyme C3 transferase, a specific inhibitor of the small GTPase Rho, increases Purkinje cell survival. There is a 4.5‐ and 2.5‐fold increase in Purkinje cell survival when C3 intracellular uptake is promoted either by the PEP‐1 peptide or by the C2IN carrier protein, respectively, and not with the commonly used TAT peptide. Moreover, treatment with Y27632 and H‐1152, two specific inhibitors of the Rho kinase ROCK, also strongly reduces apoptotic cell death and results in 6.5‐ and 8.5‐fold increases in cell survival, respectively. In immunohistochemical analysis, we also show that H‐1152 did not change either glial fibrillary acidic protein or isolectin‐B4 staining, indicating that this compound did not alter the cellular composition in our cultures. Thus, our data demonstrate that inhibition of Rho and its downstream effector ROCK may be used to enhance cell survival in neurodegenerative diseases. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of endothelins as mediators of injury‐induced alterations of glial glutamate turnover
Authors: Lehmann Claudia , Eisner Friederike , Engele Jürgen
Published: September 2007

Astroglia terminate glutamatergic neurotransmission and prevent excitotoxic extracellular glutamate concentration by clearing synaptically released glutamate through the high‐affinity, sodium‐dependent glutamate transporters GLT‐1 and GLAST. Many brain injures are associated with the disturbed expression of glial glutamate transporters and a subsequent increase of extracellular glutamate to neurotoxic levels. We have now followed up initial hints pointing to endothelins, a family of injury‐regulated peptides, as mediators of this injury‐induced loss of glial glutamate transporter expression. We observed that, in line with such a role, endothelins not only act as potent inhibitors of basal and exogenously (dbcAMP)‐induced expression of GLT‐1 in cortical astrocytes as shown before, but likewise inhibit expression of GLT‐1 or GLAST in astrocytes cultured from the diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum, and spinal cord. We further demonstrate that endothelins equally inhibit GLT‐1 expression in cortical slice cultures, a culture system closely resembling the in vivo situation. Although brain injuries are usually associated with an increase in the expression of the glutamate‐converting enzyme glutamine synthetase, cultured cortical astrocytes maintained with endothelins showed an almost complete loss of glutamine synthetase. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of endothelins on the expression of glutamine synthetase, but not of glutamate transporters, was overridden by high extracellular glutamate, indicating that the primarily inhibitory action of endothelins on the various components of glial glutamate turnover dissociates in the injured brain. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline microinjection in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of unanesthetized rats
Authors: Pelosi Gislaine Garcia , Tavares Rodrigo Fiacadori , Antunes‐Rodrigues José , Corrêa Fernando Morgan Aguiar
Published: September 2007

The periaqueductal gray area (PAG) is a mesencephalic area involved in cardiovascular modulation. Noradrenaline (NA), a neurotransmitter involved in central blood pressure control, is present in the rat PAG. We report here on the cardiovascular effects caused by NA microinjection into the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) of unanesthetized rats and the peripheral mechanism involved in their mediation. NA microinjection in the vlPAG of unanesthetized rats evoked dose‐related pressor and bradycardiac responses. No significant cardiovascular responses were observed in urethane‐anesthetized rats. The pressor response was potentiated by pretreatment with the ganglion blocker pentolinium (5 or 10 mg/kg, intravenously). Pretreatment with the vasopressin antagonist dTyr(CH2)5 (Me)AVP (50 μg/kg, intravenously) blocked the pressor response evoked by the NA microinjection into the vlPAG. Additionally, circulating vasopressin content was found to be significantly increased after NA microinjection in the vlPAG. The results suggest that activation of noradrenergic synapses within the vlPAG modulates vasopressin release in unanesthetized rats. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression of histone deacetylase 11 in the murine brain
Authors: Liu Hedi , Hu Qichen , Kaufman Amanda , D'Ercole A. Joseph , Ye Ping
Published: September 2007

Recent studies indicate that neural cell development in the central nervous system (CNS) correlates with a reduction in acetylation of histone core proteins. Moreover, histone hypoacetylation is thought to be important to oligodendrocyte lineage development. The mechanisms mediating the reduction in acetylation during postnatal neural development remain to be defined. To begin to understand these mechanisms, we investigated the expression of histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11), a newly identified HDAC, in mouse brain during postnatal development. We show that HDAC11 was widely expressed in the brain and that this expression gradually increased in a region‐specific pattern between birth and 4 weeks of age. At the cellular level HDAC11 protein was predominately localized in the nuclei of mature oligodendrocytes but only minimally in astrocytes. Although dentate gyrus granule neurons abundantly expressed HDAC11, granule neuron precursors in the subgranule layer exhibited little HDAC11 immunoreactivity. Double‐immunostaining of the corpus callosum and dentate gyrus demonstrated that HDAC11 and Ki67, a cell‐proliferating marker, are rarely colocalized in same cells. Our data show that HDAC11 was expressed in the developing brain in a temporal and spatial pattern that correlates with the maturation of neural cells, including cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. These findings support a role for HDAC11 in CNS histone deacetylation and the development of oligodendrocytes and neurons during postnatal development. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A contextual examination of new venture performance: entrepreneur leadership behavior, top management team heterogeneity, and environmental dynamism
Authors: Hmieleski Keith M. , Ensley Michael D.
Published: September 2007

This study examined the relationship of entrepreneur leadership behavior (empowering and directive), top management team heterogeneity (functional, educational specialty, educational level, and skill) and industry environmental dynamism (rate of unpredicted change in number of industry establishments, number of industry employees, industry revenue, and industry research and development intensity) on new venture performance (revenue growth and employment growth) using two different samples—theInc. 500 list of America's fastest growing startups and a national (United States) random sample of new ventures. In dynamic industry environments, startups with heterogeneous top management teams were found to perform best when led by directive leaders and those with homogenous top management teams performed best when led by empowering leaders. Conversely in stable industry environments, startups with heterogeneous top management teams were found to perform best when led by empowering leaders and those with homogenous top management teams performed best when led by directive leaders. These findings were consistent across both samples and demonstrate the value in a contextual approach to leadership, which considers adjusting leadership behavior in accordance to factors that are both internal and external to the firm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lattice dynamics of tetragonal Nd2BaZnO5
Authors: Gupta H. C. , Sharma V.
Published: September 2007

A short‐range force constant model (SRFCM) has been applied to investigate the Raman and the infrared wavenumbers in Nd2BaZnO5 in its tetragonal phase of space group I4/mcm. Calculations of zone‐center phonons are made with five stretching and five bending force constants. All the Raman and infrared values are then assigned to their corresponding modes. Two Raman modes are reassigned on the basis of group theoretical calculations. The calculated Raman wavenumbers exhibit good agreement with the observed values. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of deep‐fat frying in a wheat flour–water mixture model using a state diagram
Authors: Thanatuksorn Pariya , Kajiwara Kazuhito , Suzuki Toru
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND: Crispness is an important characteristic to be controlled in deep‐fat fried products. The physical state of food polymers influences the development of cellular structure and textural qualities of fried food. Glassy state is believed to play an important role in the mechanical properties of low‐moisture food. Therefore, an understanding of the physicochemical phenomena in the development of fried food structure using a state diagram of the frying process is discussed.

RESULTS: Wheat flour models containing 400 and 600 g kg−1 initial moisture content were fried in frying oil at 150 °C for 1–7 min. Thermal properties of wheat flour, structure alteration and textural properties of fried samples were evaluated. The porous structure continuously enlarged when the sample was in the rubbery state. As the frying time was prolonged, the state of the product became glassy due to a decrease in water content, resulting in the ceasing of porous enlargement.

Conclusion: The results revealed that physicochemical changes during frying influence the alteration of microstructure and quality of fried food, and the state diagram could be applied to explain the formation of microstructure during the frying process and used as a decision‐making tool to choose the proper conditions to provide desirable qualities in fried food. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of the porous structure and polarity of polymethacrylate‐based monolithic capillary columns for the LC‐MS separation of enzymatic digests
Authors: Eeltink Sebastiaan , Geiser Laurent , Svec Frantisek , Fréchet Jean M. J.
Published: September 2007

The porous structure as well as the polarity of methacrylate ester‐based monolithic stationary phases has been optimized to achieve the separation of various peptides originating from enzymatic digestion. The porous structure, determined by the size of both pores and microglobules, was varied through changes in the composition of porogenic solvents in the polymerization mixture, while the polarity was controlled through the incorporation of butyl, lauryl, or octadecyl methacrylate in the polymer backbone. Both the morphology and the chemistry of the monoliths had a significant effect on the retention and efficiency of the capillary columns. The best resolution of peptidic fragments obtained by digestion of Cytochrome c with trypsin in solution was obtained in a gradient LC‐MS mode using a monolithic capillary column of poly(lauryl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) featuring small pores and small microglobules. Raising the temperature from 25 to 60°C enabled separations to be carried out at 40% higher flow rates. Separations carried out at 60°C with a steeper gradient proceeded without loss of performance in half the time required for a comparable separation at room temperature. Our preparation technique affords monolithic columns with excellent column‐to‐column and run‐to‐run repeatability of retention times and pressure drops.
Experimental investigation of the band broadening originating from the top and bottom walls in micromachined nonporous pillar array columns
Authors: Eghbali Hamed , De Malsche Wim , De Smet Jan , Billen Jeroen , De Pra Mauro , Kok Wim Th. , Schoenmakers Peter J. , Gardeniers Han , Desmet Gert
Published: September 2007

We report on the experimental investigation of the effect of the top and bottom wall plates in micromachined nonporous pillar array columns. It has been found that their presence yields an additional c‐term type of band broadening that can make up a significant fraction of the total band broadening (at least if considering nonporous pillars and a nonretained tracer). Their presence also induces a clear (downward) shift of the optimal velocity. These observations are, however in excellent quantitative agreement with the theoretical expectations obtained from a computational fluid dynamics study. The presently obtained experimental results, hence, demonstrate that the employed high aspect ratio Bosch etching process can be used to fabricate micromachined pillar arrays that are sufficiently refined to achieve the theoretical performance limit.
Origin of Bends in Unperturbed Vinyl Polymers: An Illustration with Polystyrene
Authors: Tatek Yergou B. , Mattice Wayne L.
Published: September 2007

Previous experimental works have shown that dendronized vinyl polymers exhibit bends when adsorbed onto a surface. Two different mechanisms are believed to be responsible for the formation of these bends. These mechanisms are the temperature dependent random fluctuations of torsional bond states on one hand, and the intramolecular interactions due to the randomness in the stereochemical sequence of side chains on the other hand. Investigation of the amplitude and scope of the above mechanisms has been made by studying the conformational space of PS chains via RIS based Monte Carlo sampling. It was found that at low temperature bend formation is due to tacticity, whereas it was thermally driven at high temperature. The existence of a transition temperature between these two bend formation modes was demonstrated. It was also shown that for atactic chains, the maximum of bend formation occurs at Pm ≈ 0.7.

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Macromol. React. Eng. 5/2007
Authors: Albayrak Aylin Ziylan , Bilgici Zeynep Sarayli , Avci Duygu
Published: September 2007

Cover: The picture on the cover shows the synthetic scheme of one of the synthesized self‐etching adhesive monomers and its titration curve with respect to the α‐methylene carbon next to the phosphorus atom. Further details can be found in the article by A. Z. Albayrak, Z. S. Bilgici, and D. Avci* on page 537.
Productivity and employees' organizational justice perceptions in long‐term care for the elderly
Authors: Heponiemi Tarja , Elovainio Marko , Laine Juha , Pekkarinen Laura , Eccles Martin , Noro Anja , Finne‐Soveri Harriet , Sinervo Timo
Published: September 2007

We examined the associations between productivity, employer characteristics, and context variables, and the organizational justice perceptions of 330 female employees in long‐term institutional elderly people care. The productivity measure used was the proportion of the inpatient days to total costs. Employees working in high productivity units experienced higher procedural justice than those working in low productivity units. Hostile employees experienced both the procedures and management as less fair than non‐hostile employees. Unit size and resident turnover were negatively and registered nurses percentage positively associated with procedural justice perceptions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30:498–507, 2007
The protective role of tangible support on post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms in urban women survivors of violence
Authors: Glass Nancy , Perrin Nancy , Campbell Jacquelyn C. , Soeken Karen
Published: September 2007

We examined social support as a protective factor in the relationship between lifetime exposure to traumatic events and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among urban women. Seventy‐six women who sought care in a trauma center for injuries from physical or sexual violence completed an interview. When tangible support, rather than total social support, and the interaction of tangible support and lifetime trauma were tested, tangible support moderated the relationship between lifetime trauma and PTSD. Given the complex etiology of lifetime trauma, risk for future trauma and the health needs of women who have experienced trauma, a broader range of intervention strategies that include attention to tangible support need to be developed and evaluated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30:558–568, 2007
Legacy of diabetes and self‐care behavior
Authors: Scollan‐Koliopoulos Melissa , O'Connell Kathleen A. , Walker Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2007

The effect of multigenerational legacies of diabetes on health beliefs and behaviors was explored. Diabetic participants (N = 123) with family histories of diabetes responded to survey questions about their own diabetes self‐care behavior, illness representation (including consequences and controllability of diabetes), recollection of a family member's illness representation and complications, and perceived social consequences of diabetes. Recollections about family members' disease controllability (r = .21, p < .05) and social consequences (r = −.19, p < .05) and participants' own perceptions of controllability were significantly related. Significant associations were also found between perceptions of controllability and general and social consequences with medication adherence (β =−.33, β = −36, and β = −.43, respectively, all p<.05). Findings suggest that explorations of patients' recollections of a family member's experiences with diabetes can affect their illness perceptions and behavior. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30:508–517, 2007
Psychometric testing of an instrument to measure the experience of home
Authors: Molony Sheila L. , McDonald Deborah Dillon , Palmisano‐Mills Christine
Published: September 2007

Research related to quality of life in long‐term care has been hampered by a paucity of measurement tools sensitive to environmental interventions. The primary aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of a new instrument, the Experience of Home (EOH) Scale, designed to measure the strength of the experience of meaningful person‐environment transaction. The instrument was administered to 200 older adults in diverse dwelling types. Principal components analysis provided support for construct validity, eliciting a three‐factor solution accounting for 63.18% of variance in scores. Internal consistency reliability was supported with Cronbach's alpha of .96 for the entire scale. The EOH Scale is a unique research tool to evaluate interventions to improve quality of living in residential environments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30:518–530, 2007
A randomized controlled trial to reduce delay in older adults seeking help for symptoms of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Tullmann Dorothy F. , Haugh Kathy H. , Dracup Kathleen A. , Bourguignon Cheryl
Published: September 2007

Older adults with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have longer pre‐treatment delay times than their younger counterparts. A 2‐group, randomized controlled sample consisted of 115 adults, 65 years of age or older with a self‐reported history of coronary artery disease. A pre‐test was given to all participants followed by a structured education and counseling intervention to those in the experimental group. Data were re‐collected at 3 months. There was a statistically significant increase in knowledge, beliefs, and perceived control without an increase in anxiety in the intervention group. There was no significant difference in attitudes. Older adults at risk for AMI should be targeted for individualized education and counseling in clinics, physician offices, and community centers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30:485–497, 2007
Gene expression profiles in HPV‐infected head and neck cancer
Authors: Schlecht NF , Burk RD , Adrien L , Dunne A , Kawachi N , Sarta C , Chen Q , Brandwein‐Gensler M , Prystowsky MB , Childs G , Smith RV , Belbin TJ
Published: September 2007

Epidemiological and laboratory evidence indicate that, in addition to tobacco and alcohol, human papillomaviruses (HPV) play an important aetiological role in a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To evaluate the molecular pathogenesis of HPV‐infected HNSCC, we compared gene expression patterns between HPV‐positive and ‐negative HNSCC tumours using cDNA microarrays. Tumour tissue was collected from 42 histologically confirmed HNSCC patients from an inner‐city area of New York. Total DNA and RNA were extracted and purified from frozen tumour samples and gene expression levels were compared to a universal human reference RNA standard using a 27 323 cDNA microarray chip. HPV detection and genotyping were performed using an MY09/11‐PCR system and RT‐PCR. HPV was detected in 29% of HNSCC tumours. Most harboured only HPV16 and expressed the HPV16‐E6 oncogene. HPV prevalence was highest in pharyngeal tumours (45%). Gene expression patterns that differentiated HPV‐positive from negative tumours were compared by supervised classification analysis, and a multiple‐gene signature was found to predict HPV16 prevalence in primary HNSCC with a false discovery rate < 0.2. Focusing on never‐smokers, we further identified a distinct subset of 123 genes that were specifically dysregulated in HPV16‐positive HNSCC. Overexpressed genes in HPV‐positive HNSCC tumours included the retinoblastoma‐binding protein (p18), replication factor‐C gene, and an E2F‐dimerization partner transcription factor (TFDP2) that have also been found to be overexpressed in cervical cancer. An additional subset of genes involved in viral defence and immune response, including interleukins and interferon‐induced proteins, was found to be down‐regulated in HPV‐positive tumours, supporting a characteristic and unique transcriptional profile in HPV‐induced HNSCC. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput microRNAome analysis in human germ cell tumours
Authors: Gillis AJM , Stoop HJ , Hersmus R , Oosterhuis JW , Sun Y , Chen C , Guenther S , Sherlock J , Veltman I , Baeten J , van der Spek PJ , de Alarcon P , Looijenga LHJ
Published: September 2007

Testicular germ cell tumours (GCTs) of adolescents and adults can be subdivided into seminomas (referred to as dysgerminomas of the ovary) and non‐seminomas, all referred to as type II GCTs. They originate from carcinoma in situ (CIS), being the malignant counterparts of primordial germ cells (PGCs)/gonocytes. The invasive components mimic embryogenesis, including the stem cell component embryonal carcinoma (EC), the somatic lineage teratoma (TE), and the extra‐embryonic tissues yolk sac tumour (YST) and choriocarcinoma (CH). The other type is the so‐called spermatocytic seminomas (SS, type III GCT), composed of neoplastic primary spermatocytes. We reported previously that the miRNAs hsa‐miR 371–373 cluster is involved in overruling cellular senescence induced by oncogenic stress, allowing cells to become malignant. Here we report the first high‐throughput screen of 156 microRNAs in a series of type II and III GCTs (n = 69, in duplicate) using a quantitative PCR‐based approach. After normalization to allow inter‐sample analysis, the technical replicates clustered together, and the previous hsa‐miRNA 371–373 cluster finding was confirmed. Unsupervised cluster analysis demonstrated that the cell lines are different from the in vivo samples. The in vivo samples, both normal and malignant, clustered predominantly based on their maturation status. This parallels normal embryogenesis, rather than chromosomal anomalies in the tumours. miRNAs within a single cluster showed a similar expression pattern, implying common regulatory mechanisms. Normal testicular tissue expressed most discriminating miRNAs at a higher level than SE and SS. Moreover, differentiated non‐seminomas showed overexpression of discriminating miRNAs. These results support the model that miRNAs are involved in regulating differentiation of stem cells, retained in GCTs. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.