bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Artist as Biblical Humanist
Authors: Price David H.
Published: February 2021

Albrecht Dürer played a significant role in the emergence of the Renaissance Bible, promoting a new perception of its authority at a pivotal moment in the history of Christianity: the beginning of the age of print, followed by the onset of the Protestant Reformation. For artists across Europe, the breakthrough that suddenly raised the woodcut to the status of high art was Dürer’s 1498 publication of illustrated editions of the Book of Revelation, usually called the Apocalypse. During the decade 1494–1504, he developed a methodology for imitating classical art that represented the Bible as part of classical antiquity (Fall of Humanity, 1504). In these efforts, he worked to validate and advance the philological and historical methodologies of biblical humanism, the innovative academic discipline that revolutionized European Christianity and politics. The chapter analyzes Dürer’s Apocalypse, his representations of St. Jerome (author of the Vulgate translation), and his classicizing adaptations of the biblical Passion.
A New Prophetology for Bengal
Authors: Irani Ayesha A.
Published: February 2021

Saiyad Sultān’s narratological innovation of a Hindu prehistory to the traditional Islamic prophets is examined in this chapter. Saiyad Sultān reconstitutes Islamic prophetology to include Hindu divinities and sacred texts, tacitly enlarging the qurʾānic category of People of the Book to embrace the Hindus of Bengal. After the creation of Nūr Muhammad, specific Hindu deities, identifiable as Śiva and various avatāras of Viṣṇu, make their advent to eradicate evil from the earth. Their failure to reform their communities brings forth Ādam, and after him the line of Islamic prophets, culminating with the Prophet of Islam. One concern of this chapter is to demonstrate Sultān’s reliance upon various Perso-Arabic sources of the Tales of the Prophets (Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ) genre. Through analysis of Sultān’s portrayal of Ādam, Śīś (i.e., Shīth/Seth), and Iblīs, the chapter also highlights narratological features that exemplify how the author composes a “Purāṇa-Korān” salvation history for Bengal.
Hari the Fallen Prophet
Authors: Irani Ayesha A.
Published: February 2021

Born into the degenerate and idolatrous line of Kābil (Cain), Hari (Kr̥ṣṇa) is the only Hindu god who punctuates the line of traditional Islamic prophets after Ādam. The narrative unit on Hari is the singular focus of this chapter. Hari’s tale exemplifies Sultan’s effort to minimize local competition to the Prophet of Islam: the inclusion of this “fallen” god-turned-prophet—one of the most popular deities of medieval Bengal, and the supreme deity of the Gauṛīya Vaiṣṇavas—appropriates and marginalizes a native rival through his demotion to human status, and his conversion to Islam. He is upheld as a warning to the people of Bengal, a false god and seductive icon, whose adultery would lead only to divine wrath and the punishments of hell. In examining the complex strategies by which Sultān simultaneously demolishes the Kr̥ṣṇa avatāra while establishing the Prophet Muḥammad as the avatāra for the Kali age, this chapter shows how missionary translation is a form of creative iconoclasm.
Introduction
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon
Published: February 2021

This chapter introduces the reader to the main puzzle and argument motivating the book: piracy affects primarily weak states, but in those states, organized piracy is most common close to coastal areas with some governance and infrastructure. The chapter notes the limitations of existing research on maritime piracy, compares Pirate Lands with research on transnational crime, and argues that the authors’ comparative political economy focus is well-suited to capture the subnational conditions that drive armed robbery on ships and maritime piracy. The chapter sketches the research design and empirical approach. The chapter concludes with the organization of the book.
Maritime Piracy, Past and Present
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon
Published: February 2021

This chapter offers comparisons of historical and contemporary maritime piracy. It examines the conditions that have driven commerce raiding in the past and the present, which include political violence, privation, geographic opportunity, and governance. The chapter notes that imperial competition, legitimacy gaps, and capacity limits drove privateering and piracy up through the nineteenth century. But while legitimacy gaps and capacity limits continue to incentivize piracy today, weak capacity and lack of legitimacy originate within states rather than states being unable to control and regulate the world’s oceans. Contemporary pirates collude with corruptible local elites rather than with far-off imperial powers. The chapter concludes that historical piracy was often an extension of regime capability, while modern pirates stand in opposition to central state power even as they partner with local governance actors to plunder transiting ships.
Describing Contemporary Maritime Piracy
Authors: Daxecker Ursula , Prins Brandon
Published: February 2021

This chapter begins by describing pirates and their organizations. It provides a sketch of “typical” pirate organizations in countries such as Indonesia, Somalia, and Nigeria. The chapter then proceeds to explore pirate activity. It describes the Maritime Piracy Event and Location Dataset (MPELD) and compares and contrasts these data with other databases on modern sea piracy. Next, the chapter uses the data to illustrate geographic and temporal patterns of maritime piracy. The last section of the chapter provides assessments of key determinants of piracy mentioned in the literature. These empirical patterns provide a basic picture of contemporary maritime piracy.
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Meier Paul F.
Published: February 2021

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a catalytic polymerization reaction that can be used to make transportation fuels, primarily gasoline and diesel. The process was invented in 1925 and used commercially by Nazi Germany in World War II as well as South Africa, starting in the 1950s. Initially, the fuel of choice to start the process was coal, but recently there has been increased interest in natural gas and biomass. The interest in natural gas is of most interest, as it provides an option for taking stranded natural gas and converting it into a liquid. This avoids the need for pipeline or liquefied natural gas (LNG) transport, which may be difficult to implement due to both geography and geopolitical reasons. The levelized cost of producing gasoline and diesel through this process is competitive with refining, but new commercial implementation has been hindered by the high capital cost of building the plant.
Generation of Electricity by US States
Authors: Meier Paul F.
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores how the fifty US states generate electricity, and the analysis shows significant variation in how electricity is generated state-by-state. While coal was formerly the dominant fuel for generating electricity, natural gas surpassed coal in 2015. Although thirteen states still produce more than 50% of their electricity from coal, fourteen states generated less than 5%. There have been no new nuclear power plants built since 1996, but seven states still generated more than 40% of their electricity from this resource. In renewable energy, wind and solar are gaining in importance. Fourteen states now generate more than 10% of their electricity from wind, and three states more than 30%. Solar energy is also growing, but mostly in the sun-drenched states of California, Arizona, Nevada, and North Carolina, which account for 67% of US solar energy. Hydroelectric is also important, and five states generated more than 50% of their electricity from hydroelectric plants.
An Equal Place
Authors: Cummings Scott L.
Published: February 2021

This book is about the role of lawyers in the movement to challenge economic inequality in one of America’s most unequal cities: Los Angeles. Covering a transformative period of city history—from the 1992 riots to the 2008 recession—the book examines how law has been used, and what it has achieved, in the struggle to make Los Angeles a more equal place. The backdrop is the dramatic growth of low-wage work powered by global outsourcing, declining unionism, increasing labor contingency, and surging immigration. The book’s narrative focus is on five pivotal campaigns in which lawyers allied with the city’s dynamic labor, immigrant rights, and environmental movements mobilize law to transform key sectors of the regional economy. These campaigns, analyzed through in-depth case studies, reveal how law has shaped low-wage work in Los Angeles—and at times provided a potent weapon to contest it. Drawing upon archival research, extensive interviews with key actors, and a review of court files, this book explores the role of lawyers in defining the city as a space for redefining work. Challenging critical accounts of lawyers in social movements, its central claim is that by advancing an innovative model of legal mobilization, the L.A. campaigns have achieved meaningful regulatory reform, while strengthening the position of workers in the field of local politics. Through multidimensional advocacy to promote worker organizing, lawyers and activists have succeeded in converting policy change into greater interest group power—forging a new model of progressive city-building for the twenty-first century.
Who Is Responsible for Abortions?
Authors: Nakachi Mie
Published: February 2021

The falling birth rate in 1948 became a political problem, and all demographic data were made secret thereafter. V. N. Starovskii, the head of the Central Statistical Administration, suggested that the rising number of illegal abortions was the primary cause of the declining birth rate. Saddled with this allegation, the medical and legal professions undertook comprehensive study of both legal and illegal abortion, including a survey of illegal abortion, compiled through interviews with hundreds of women hospitalized after botched abortions. The results led to a shift in reformist focus from prosecution to prevention, and a new understanding of the causes underlying Soviet women’s reproductive decisions.
Music Making as Emotional Care
Authors: Rogers Jillian C.
Published: February 2021

This chapter addresses how grief, trauma, and their unspeakability were intertwined with music’s emergence as an important medium through which French musicians negotiated wartime social expectations and traumatic experiences. French medical and psychology texts, obituaries and funeral accounts in Parisian newspapers, and musicians’ correspondence and diaries demonstrate that trauma and personal grief were, for many musicians, rendered inexpressible within a nationalistic culture that privileged heroic masculinity above all else in wartime. Through analysis of conventions of musical and verbal expression during wartime, as well as consideration of French musicians’ wartime musical activities through their letters and war diaries, this chapter shows how listening to and performing music became means of emotional self-care as well as community care in contexts where self-expression was otherwise silenced.
Abstinence-Only and the Struggle to Define Sex Education
Authors: Slominski Kristy L.
Published: February 2021

As Chapter 5 argues, conservative Christian abstinence-only advocates learned a great deal from the liberal Protestants and comprehensive sexuality education they rejected. This phase of sex education, often defined by the struggle between competing versions of sex education, began with the emergence of abstinence-only education in the 1980s. After years of opposing sex education, conservative Christians like Tim LaHaye developed their replacements. Supported by—and supporting—the newly developed Christian Right and the evangelical pro-family movement, these programs espoused chastity before marriage and omitted information on contraceptive benefits and the diversity of sexual behaviors and identities. It was no longer a question of whether sex education belonged in schools, but rather which type would be taught. Conservatives, too, had learned how to translate religious values into secular spaces in order to gain a bigger audience for their concerns and values.
Reclaiming the Biguine
Authors: Gillett Rachel Anne
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines how the Caribbean dance known as the biguine gained enormous popularity in Paris in the late 1920s and early 1930s. After an Antillean band playing it was a hit feature at the Colonial Exposition, it (briefly) superseded the Charleston and the tango. This popularity was intensified by Josephine Baker’s performance of the biguine in the wildly successful music-hall show Paris qui remue. The chapter focuses on how the biguine was reclaimed both in practice and in print (in large part by three of the Nardal sisters). It shows how music was utilized to build anti-colonial solidarity by pan-African and communist movements and how the police then responded to musical events as a political threat.
Russian Society as Power Resource or Constraint?
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the growth of Russian human capital since the collapse of the Soviet Union in order to understand whether the health and demography of the population can support the country’s foreign policies under Vladimir Putin. It examines trends of stubbornly low, although improving, life expectancy, and fertility, high male mortality, emigration and immigration trends, and overall population growth in the post-communist period. The chapter also looks at the effects of high Russian social inequality and wealth concentration. In order to understand whether Russian social trends are supportive of increasing the global reach of the country under Putin’s leadership, the chapter also looks at post-secondary educational reforms in Russia, and the degree to which the Russian labor force is prepared to support increased economic growth in Russia.
Critical Rationalism
Authors: Alger Bradley E.
Published: February 2021

Philosophers of science and others have raised objections to Karl Popper’s principle of falsification and, since falsification is the cornerstone of Conjectures and Refutations, as well as John Platt’s program, this chapter evaluates it in detail. Falsifiability is a key property of the hypothesis, which must falsifiable in principle even though falsifiability can never be conclusive. An important distinction is between the ultimate goals of basic science, which is to understand nature, and immediate goals of applied science, such as building bridges. The author examines the status of “tested-but-not-falsified” hypotheses, the difference between “confirmation” and “corroboration,” and the basis for placing confidence in hypotheses that have passed stringent tests when it is necessary to take practical action in the world. The chapter also considers the problem of holism, the philosophical insight that each hypothesis is inextricably caught up in a web of other hypotheses, and the challenge that holism poses for hypothesis-testing in science. Because the concepts at the heart of the chapter are often neglected in introductions to scientific thinking, they may seem to be more complicated than they are and, as a result, they are often misunderstood. This chapter will straighten it all out using simple examples.
The Quantum Recipe
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

Introduction of the postulates of quantum mechanics: Wavefunctions, operators, observables, commutating operators, expectation values, probabilities, Heisenberg uncertainty. The postulates are then used to set up a ‘quantum recipe’, i.e. a straightforward recipe by which to write down the (nonrelativistic) quantum Hamiltonian of a system of particles. This chapter also discusses the representation of quantum operators as matrices, in reference to a set of ‘basis’ functions, and the variation principle. The idea of a particle trajectory must be abandoned in quantum mechanics. Observable properties of a particle correspond to eigenvalues of the associated quantum operators. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the Schrodinger’s cat paradox, quantum entanglement, and other oddities.
Atomic Units
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

This short chapter introduces the dimensionless Hartree atomic units that are used widely in theoretical and numerical quantum chemistry.
Electron Spin and General Angular Momenta
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

The historical background of the discovery of the electron spin is provided. The Stern-Gerlach and Einstein-de Haas experiments are discussed. The operators for a single electron spin are defined, along with the formulation in terms of the 2x2 Pauli matrices. The discussion then moves on to the definition of the spin for many-electron systems and explains how the famous Hund rule (or Hund’s first rule) arises from considering the energy of an open-shell spin singlet vs. triplet state. Next, the generalized angular momentum, ladder operators, and spherical vector operators are defined, and the rules for the addition of angular momenta are derived. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the total spin, orbital, and total angular momentum for open-shell atoms, term symbols, and Hund’s second and third rule.
Post-Hartree-Fock Methods and Electron Correlation: A Very Brief Overview
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

‘This chapter sketches how the electron correlation is treated in post-Hartree-Fock (HF) wavefunction methods. The distinction between static and dynamic correlation is explained. A configuration interaction (CI) wavefunction is a linear combination of several or many Slater determinants (SDs). Following a HF calculation, different SDs can be constructed by replacing 1, 2, 3, … occupied orbitals in the HF wavefunction with 1, 2, 3,… unoccupied or virtual orbitals, leading to pseudo-excited electron configurations at the singles, doubles, triples, … (S, D, T, …) level. The virtual orbitals are usually available as a by-product of the HF calculation in a basis set. Full CI (FCI) considers all possible substitutions, up to N-fold for an N-electron system. FCI is impractical for all but the smallest molecules. CI truncated at a lower level, e.g. S and D, suffers from lack of size extensitivity. Truncated coupled-cluster (CC) is size extensive. Open-shell systems generally require a multi-reference treatment. The chapter concludes with a treatment of the static correlation in the bond breaking of H2.
Static Perturbation Theory and Derivative Properties
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

Perturbation theory (PT) is a method by which the energies and wavefunctions of a system of interest are expressed in terms of the known solutions of a presumably simpler reference system. The Rayleigh-Schrodinger expressions for the wavefunctions and energies of exact states are derived up to 3rd and 4th order, respectively. A simple application deals with substitution effects on the absorption color of organic chromophores. The Moller-Plesset correlation energy is derived in 2nd order (MP2). It is then shown how bi-linear perturbations associated with the electric and magnetic field operators of chapter 21 define properties such as polarizability, magnetizability or susceptibility, nuclear magnetic resonance shielding and spin-spin coupling, harmonic nuclear vibrational frequencies, and many other properties. The bi-linear magnetic perturbation energy is derived for paramagnetic systems with low-energy thermally populated degenerate states. The chapter concludes with a description of derivative techniques for approximate quantum chemical methods.
Three Essays on Torts
Authors: Stapleton Jane
Published: February 2021

These essays champion tort scholarship that puts the judges at centre stage: what they do, how they understand their role, the heterogeneous reasons they give for their decisions, and their constitutional responsibility to identify and articulate the ‘living’ and ‘evolving’ common law. This is ‘reflexive tort scholarship’. Reflexive tort scholars seek dialogue with Bench and Bar. Their approach is very different from the currently fashionable academic search for ‘Grand Theories’ that descriptively assert that tort law is fundamentally ‘all about one thing’, a unifying idea that alone explains and justifies the whole of tort law. The book illustrates the advantages and pay-offs of the reflexive style of scholarship by showing how it illuminates various key features of tort law. Essay 2 identifies a principle of tort law (the ‘cooperative principle’) that is latent in the cases and that vindicates the value of collaborative human arrangements. Identifying this principle calls into question, in disputes between commercial parties, the reasoning used to support one of the most entrenched lines of authority in tort law—that based on the famous case of Hedley Byrne v Heller. Essay 3 deploys the reflexive method to argue that the iconic ‘but-for’ test of factual causation is inadequate and narrower than the concept actually utilised in the cases. Application of the method also prompts a reassessment of the ‘scope of duty’ concept and of the appropriate characterisation of the much-discussed decision in SAAMCO. These essays clearly demonstrate the value of scholarship that ‘takes the judges seriously’.
Clergy Education in America
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott
Published: February 2021

This book explores the first 150 years of how pastors, priests, rabbis were educated in the United States. These clerical and professions were educated to lead in both religious and public life—specifically through cultural production in five social arenas: the family, the congregation or parish, schools, voluntary associations, and publishing. Protestants, Roman Catholics, and Jews established distinct traditions of graduate theological education during this period of development. These schools placed theological and rabbinical disciplines within liberal arts pedagogies that emphasized the formation of character, interdisciplinary reasoning, and the oratorical performance of their professions. Other schools followed for women religious leaders, African-Americans, and working-class whites that built upon these traditions and often streamlined them more toward Biblical reasoning and vocational skills. All of these traditions of theological rabbinical and populist education were transformed by the rise of the modern research university—first in Germany, then in America. Most Protestant seminaries, Jewish rabbinical schools, and many Catholic seminaries were re-aligned to with the modern university to some degree, while populist Bible and mission schools reacted against them. The result was to limit the professional performance of pastors, priests, and rabbis on religious leadership or higher education at the expense of the other historic social arenas in which they once lead. The book ends with an exploration of how best practices from this period of develop theological and rabbinical education might restore a balance of educating clergy for both religious and public life.
Computational Models of Reading
Authors: Reichle Erik D.
Published: February 2021

This book describes computational models of reading, or models that simulate and explain the mental processes that support the reading of text. The book provides introductory chapters on both reading research and computer models. The central chapters of the book then review what has been learned about reading from empirical research on four core reading processes: word identification, sentence processing, discourse representation, and how these three processes are coordinated with visual processing, attention, and eye-movement control. These central chapters also review an influential sample of computer models that have been developed to explain these key empirical findings, as well as comparative analyses of those models. The final chapter attempts to integrate this empirical and theoretical work by both describing a new comprehensive model of reading, Über-Reader, and reporting several simulations to illustrate how the model accounts for many of the basic phenomena related to reading.
“Green Kemalism”
Authors: Türkmen Gülay
Published: February 2021

Chapter 1 opens with the analogy of “Green Kemalism,” used by some Kurdish political elites to criticize the Justice and Development Party’s (AKP) Muslim fraternity project. This line of thinking claims that the AKP is no different than the founders of the Turkish Republic in its intention to assimilate Kurds and that it differs from the latter only in its employment of religion to that end (hence the allusion to “Green”). To provide the historical and political background needed to make sense of this metaphor, the chapter then provides a detailed historical account of the role Islam has played in the Kurdish revolts and in the way the state has handled them since the late nineteenth century until 2002.
“Islam as Cement”: The Way Out?
Authors: Türkmen Gülay
Published: February 2021

Chapter 2 scrutinizes the contours of the Muslim unity project. Through interview data it demonstrates how the belief in “Islam as cement” comes to life in the discourses of several religious elites who characterize Sunni Islam as an overarching supranational identity and see Muslim fraternity as the only solution to the Kurdish conflict. Citing certain hadiths and verses from the Qur’an, they reproduce the belief that Sunni Islam could indeed bridge the ethnic divide between Kurds and Turks. To provide some historical context, the chapter goes on to analyze this discourse in relation to the Muslim ummah and Ottoman pan-Islamism. Finally, building on systematic analysis of statements by AKP cadres—mostly by President Erdoğan—it demonstrates how the AKP came to embrace a pan-Islamic solution to the Kurdish conflict, what steps it took toward accomplishing it, and how its attitude toward Kurds compares to that of the Ottomans toward their Muslim subjects.
“Only Turks Can Lead a Muslim Union”: The Case for Ethno-Religious Identity
Authors: Türkmen Gülay
Published: February 2021

Chapter 4 revolves around “ethno-religious” identity and argues that another reason the idea of Muslim unity does not work well in the Kurdish conflict is the strength of Turkish nationalism among Turkish religious elites. Through interview data, it reveals how Turkish religious elites, who seemingly advocate Islamic unity, end up privileging Turkish identity upon further interrogation. With the help of a historical overview that goes back as early as the nineteenth century, the chapter first explains in detail how this attitude and the endurance of Turkish nationalism among Turkish Muslims has its roots in the Turkish-Islamic Synthesis (TIS) and the formation of the Turkish nation-state as a Sunni Muslim entity. Through a systematic analysis of newspapers and public statements, it then documents how the AKP has replaced its emphasis on “Muslim fraternity” with an emphasis on Turkish-Muslim nationalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Türkmen Gülay
Published: February 2021

The concluding chapter summarizes the main findings and contributions of the book. It reiterates that although Turks and Kurds might seem to be “united in religion, divided by ethnicity,” the data at hand display that identity dynamics in Turkey’s Kurdish conflict are more complex than meets the eye. Building on this discussion, it goes on to briefly debate how the political developments in Turkey since the resumption of clashes in 2015 might influence the future of the conflict and the role of Islam in it. Lastly, it highlights the relevance of this case to understanding the relationship between religion and ethnicity in other similar cases.
Rap-In-Time
Authors: Barnes Adrian
Published: February 2021

In this activity designed for high school students, learners compose rap songs about specific historical events. The resulting songs will detail the significance, implications, and influences of the student-researched historical events. The activity commences by prompting students to research historical events, guiding them to delve deeper into topics that they find interesting and relevant to their lives. After students have settled on an issue that they feel compelled to study, they create rap songs that are inspired by the emotional impact of their chosen historical event. Students are also required to teach other students their songs, resulting in the entire class learning about multiple historical events through rap.
Sound Stations
Authors: McArton Lloyd
Published: February 2021

This activity is an open-ended and flexible experience for university students to experiment with effects pedals to change the tone of musical sound sources. With multiple instruments, effects pedals, and amplifiers organized into “sound stations” around the room, students can explore the power of various effects pedals to shape the tone, texture, and essence of an instrument. Real hardware effects provide a concrete and tactile experience for tone-shaping, but DAW-based pedals, such as those found in GarageBand or Logic are viable substitutes as well. The tactile experience provided by a hardware-oriented approach to effects has many crossovers in enhancing performance practices and can help students to “think outside the box” in terms of developing their own musical projects and identities.
The Tracker Producer and Top-Liner Collaborative Music Production Project (Advanced)
Authors: Anthony Brendan
Published: February 2021

This project engages students with the collaborative realities of modern popular music production via an amalgamation of the music programmer, producer, and songwriter roles. Students engage in face-to-face and remote/online communication, composition, and production to manifest an original popular music output that is generated primarily within the DAW. Student learning is encapsulated within the autonomous interaction and workflows associated with the task, and reflected upon within a journal that informs a written assessment item. This activity is designed as a profession-based engagement that bridges student interaction to the realities of the modern music industry. This is intended to promote notions of professional ability within students upon completion.
Scratch Sampler (Beginner)
Authors: Bledsoe Ryan
Published: February 2021

Technology affords musicians of all ages the ability to choose how they interact with sound. In this recipe, children learn how to use the programming language Scratch to create their own musical instrument—a sampler—which they will use to create original music. Designed for students in the elementary grades, this activity includes the following learning outcomes: coding in Scratch, musical decision making, engaging with iterative design processes, creating music with a self-designed instrument, understanding the concept of cause and effect related to sound and a music interface, working in groups, and offering and receiving feedback about the creative process.
Makey Makey Drum Pad with Scratch (Beginner)
Authors: Baum Liam
Published: February 2021

The lesson described in this chapter describes a physical computing project that allows students to create devices that trigger sounds and accompanying visuals in a computer program they code themselves. Designed for students in the sixth or seventh grade, this hands-on activity provides students experiences to learn key coding concepts such as iteration and events, basic circuitry, conductivity, teamwork, organization, and efficiency. By the completion of the activity, students will have designed and created a working musical instrument—a drum pad—made out of household materials such as cardboard and tinfoil that can trigger sampled sounds on their computers using a hardware device called Makey Makey and software called Scratch.
Knots in the Dao
Authors: Garfield Jay L. , Priest Graham
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the ways that paradox is treated in the Daodejing and the Zhuangzi. We discuss the paradox of ineffability in the Daodejing as well as the Zhuangzi’s paradoxes regarding justification, meaning, immersion, and spontaneity. We conclude that each of these texts is committed to the truth of paradoxes, and to the fact that they illuminate the paradoxical nature of reality and experience.
Introduction
Authors: Reilly James
Published: February 2021

This introductory chapter develops a new conceptual framework for understanding how China’s complex domestic structures influence the practice and effectiveness of China’s economic statecraft. China’s orchestration approach integrates three core elements: the “nesting” of orchestration tactics within its hierarchical structures; the use of lucrative “tournaments” designed to attract eager participants while facilitating oversight and discipline; and designing economic statecraft initiatives to maximize interest alignment between central leaders’ foreign policy goals and the interests of key implementing actors. The chapter concludes with the book’s research methodology and a book overview.
Never Let a Crisis Go to Waste
Authors: Reilly James
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines four Chinese economic statecraft initiatives across Western Europe. It starts with Beijing’s “purchasing diplomacy”: the public presentation of investments and purchases by major Chinese enterprises in the wake of Europe’s financial crisis. It next turns to China’s financial statecraft, examining Beijing’s purchases of euro-denominated debt and support for the EU’s currency stabilization efforts. Despite domestic criticism of both initiatives, Chinese policymakers effectively incentivized and coordinated among banks and economic agencies. The third case examines Beijing’s promotion of RMB internationalization in Europe. Policymakers successfully leveraged competition among Europe’s financial capitals to secure political support for Beijing’s policy objectives. The final case provides an example of infrastructure investment by a state-owned enterprise: COSCO’s massive investment into the Greek port of Piraeus. Despite successful implementation, Beijing’s economic statecraft exacerbated populist anxieties, undermining China’s foreign policy goals in Western Europe.
Vicarious Identity in International Relations
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J.
Published: February 2021

This book theorizes and problematizes the politics of vicarious identity in international relations, where vicarious identity refers to processes of “living through the other.” While prevalent and recognized in family and social settings, the presence and significance of vicarious identification in international relations has been overlooked. Vicarious identification offers the prospect of bolstering narratives of self-identity and appropriating a sense of reflected glory and enhanced self-esteem, but insofar as it may mask and be a response to emergent anxieties, inadequacies, and weaknesses it also entails vulnerabilities. The book explores both its attraction and potential pitfalls, theorizing these in the context of emerging literatures on ontological security, status, and self-esteem, highlighting both its constitutive practices and normative limits and providing a methodological grounding for identifying and studying the phenomenon in world politics. Vicarious identification and vicarious identity promotion are shown to be politically salient and efficacious across a range of scales, from the international politics of the everyday evident, for instance, in practices associated with (militarized) nationalism, through to interstate relations. In regard to this latter the book provides case analyses of vicarious identification in relations between the United States and Israel, the UK–US special relationship, and between Denmark and the United States, and it develops a framework for anticipating the conditions under which states may be more or less tempted into vicarious identification with others.
Introduction
Authors: Stets Jan E.
Published: February 2021

Abstract: The chapter provides an overview of this book on religious non-affiliation in American society. It first offers some social science background on the non-affiliated in the United States, so that readers will have some general knowledge before they embark on the book. Then it provides a brief overview of each chapter, so that readers will be familiar with what is to come. The chapter’s author is an identity scholar, so there follows a discussion of how we might understand the changing nature of the religious identity in American society. The chapter ends on a personal note with the author’s own experience and a brief evaluation of religious non-affiliation.
Religious Non-Affiliation
Authors: Trollinger William V.
Published: February 2021

For the past century, the bulk of white evangelicalism has been tightly linked to very conservative politics. But in response to social and cultural changes in the 1960s and 1970s, conservative white evangelicalism organized itself into the Christian Right, in the process attaching itself to and making itself indispensable to the Republican Party. While the Christian Right has enjoyed significant political success, its fusion of evangelicalism/Christianity with right-wing politics—which includes white nationalism, hostility to immigrants, unfettered capitalism, and intense homophobia—has driven many Americans (particularly, young Americans) to disaffiliate from religion altogether. In fact, the quantitative and qualitative evidence make it clear that the Christian Right has been a (perhaps the) primary reason for the remarkable rise of the religious “nones” in the past three decades. More than this, the Christian Right is, in itself, a sign of secularization.
Individual Right and the Living Ethical Order
Authors: Moyar Dean
Published: February 2021

This chapter gives an account of Hegel’s early Jena critique of social contract theory and the most important elements in his account of value and justice in the Jena Phenomenology of Spirit. It begins by laying out the essentials of the most important theoretical foil for Hegel’s account: J.G. Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right. The chapter sketches Hegel’s early attack on Fichte’s theory and the initial conception of life that is supposed to provide an antidote to individualist social contract doctrine. Hegel’s own mature treatment of recognition and life is first articulated in Chapter IV of the Phenomenology. The chapter outlines Hegel’s case for the isomorphism of self-consciousness and life in the Phenomenology and shows how that underwrites his theory of value and the emergence of value in the work of the servant. The chapter concludes with a treatment of Hegel’s account of immediate justice in the ancient Greek polis.
The Number and Names of the Much-Loved Five
Authors: Fenech Louis E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines two facets of the Panj Piare narrative: the actual number and the names of the Panj Piare. The earliest evidence is very unclear in regard to these two well-known features of the Panj Piare story. Drawing upon eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Sikh texts of the gur-bilas and rahit-nama genres, among others, this chapter examines the reasons for why the Tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, may have stopped his selection at five volunteers and what this specific choice further tells us about the Tenth Guru and his understanding of the legacy of the Sikh Gurus that he had inherited.
The Panj Piare and Place
Authors: Fenech Louis E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines the Panj Piare in the works of Indian nationalist and other writers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as Gokul Chand Narang and Indubhusan Banerjee, revolving loosely around the idea of place in the Cherished Five narratives. The chapter also argues about why the construct’s karmic alignment is devalued by Sikh writers of the Singh Sabha/Tat Khalsa, such as Kahn Singh Nabha and Thakur Singh. It also suggests future avenues down which Sikhs may tread in regard to making the Panj Piare a more inclusive institution, consonant with the egalitarian teachings of the Ten Sikh Gurus.
Fueling Resistance
Authors: Neville Kate J.
Published: February 2021

This book explores how and why controversies over liquid biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel) and hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) unfolded in surprisingly similar ways in the Global North and South. In the early 2000s the search was on for fuels that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions, spur economic development in rural regions, and diversify national energy supplies. Biofuels and fracking took center stage as promising commodities and technologies. But controversy quickly erupted. Global enthusiasm for these fuels and the widespread projections for their production around the world collided with local politics. Rural and remote places, such as coastal east Africa and Canada’s Yukon territory, became hotbeds of contention in these new energy politics. Opponents of biofuels in Kenya and of fracking in the Yukon activated specific identities, embraced scale shifts across transnational networks, brokered relationships between disparate communities and interests, and engaged in contentious performances with symbolic resonance. To explain these convergent dynamics of contention and resistance, the book argues that the emergence of grievances and the mechanisms of mobilization that are used to resist new fuel technologies depend less on the type of energy developed than on intersecting elements of the political economy of energy—specifically finance, ownership, and trade relations. Taken together, the intersecting elements of the political economy of energy shape patterns of resistance in new energy frontiers.
Introduction
Authors: Neville Kate J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter asks the core question of the book: What explains the grievances that underpin different energy projects, and how can we understand convergent dynamics of contention and resistance in very different places? It then sets out the central argument, that the emergence of grievances and the patterns of resistance depend on three intersecting political economy factors: the finance, ownership, and trade relations of energy projects and commodities. Together, the chapter explains, these factors create the conditions that provoke or mitigate community grievances, and thus mobilization. The chapter introduces the two case studies of the book—biofuels in Kenya and fracking in Canada’s Yukon territory—considering the energy frontiers that are represented by these new technologies in places at the margins of political and economic power. The resistance that emerges in response to energy projects involves a complex interplay between political economy and contentious politics.
Catalyzing Local Contention
Authors: Neville Kate J.
Published: February 2021

Drawing on the global debates over biofuels and fracking, this chapter develops the core theoretical approach of the book, bringing together insights from contentious politics and political economy scholarship. The chapter details three central mechanisms of mobilization: scale shifts, identity activation, and brokerage. It specifies how key elements of political economy—that is, the conditions of finance and investment, ownership and control, and trade and patterns of exchange across global and local levels—can catalyze those mechanisms of contention. This theory-building chapter brings attention to how competing narratives and strategic discourses around biofuels and fracking were constructed at the global level, through issue linkages, scientific uncertainty, and the role of key symbols in these debates. The chapter thus establishes the basis for analyzing contestation over proposals for biofuels in sub-Saharan Africa and fracking in northern North America in the chapters that follow.
Questionable Research Practices (QRPs) and Their Devastating Scientific Effects
Authors: Bausell R. Barker
Published: February 2021

The linchpin of both publication bias and irreproducibility involves an exhaustive list of more than a score of individually avoidable questionable research practices (QRPs) supplemented by 10 inane institutional research practices. While these untoward effects on the production of false-positive results are unsettling, a far more entertaining (in a masochistic sort of way) pair of now famous iconoclastic experiments conducted by Simmons, Nelson, and Simonsohn are presented in which, with the help of only a few well-chosen QRPs, research participants can actually become older after simply listening to a Beatle’s song. In addition, surveys designed to estimate the prevalence of these and other QRPs in the published literatures are also described.
The Replication Process
Authors: Bausell R. Barker
Published: February 2021

While replication of research is the ultimate arbitrator of reproducibility, the process is a bit more complex than it appears. And, like any empirical study, a replication can itself be wrong. However, replications are the best tool available for determining reproducibility if (a) they employ sufficient statistical power; (b) they follow the original study procedures as closely as possible (sans any questionable research practices present therein); (c) their investigators are able to obtain the necessary information, advice, and materials from the original authors; and (d) the replication protocol is preregistered. The chapter describes different types of replications, such as exact (seldom possible for experimental research), direct (the recommended approach, which involves employing the same methodological procedures, outcome variables, and statistical approaches as the original study), conceptual (not recommended since they customarily presume the original results to be correct and are conducted to determine the extent to which said results can be extended), self (primarily useful for the original investigators to convince themselves of the validity of a finding via a replication of an original study to ensure that its results are reproducible), and partial (seldom necessary but useful when there is no alternative, such as when all of the procedures cannot be duplicated for ethical reasons).
Introduction
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2021

The introductory chapter previews the main argument and lays out the scope of the book, defines several of the key concepts that will be used throughout the book (including justifying the usage of the term “migrant” and making explicit the interlinking relationship between human security and peace), provides a brief historical context of the case study of Colombian forced migrants in Ecuador, and presents a rationale for the significance of the book. It also previews the remaining chapters and the key points made in them in order to sketch the progression of the core argument that is developed throughout the book.
Political Invisibility and Migrants’ Networked Governance Strategies in Ecuador
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 7 illustrates how the invisibility bargain has shaped the opportunities and limitations constraining Colombian migrants in Ecuador, and how they have responded to pursue access to rights, resources, recognition, and protection. It shows that the strategies that migrants pursue most often are those that are individual and do not require collective action, but that the strategies that work are those that do not require overt claims made on the state that could invoke a backlash from the host population. Instead, informal brokering, indirect strategies, and coalition building were all associated with better access to the governance network, and as a result, better human security outcomes. The empirical cases of the 2008 constitution, Enhanced Registration, and the Interagency Program for Peace and Development in the northern border zone illustrate the mechanisms through which networked governance has improved migrant human security in Ecuador, as well as the limitations and risks.