bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brand names on packaging and their impact on purchase preference
Authors: Laforet Sylvie
Published: January 2011

This study examines whether appearance of corporate, product and dual brand names (or a combination of brand names used together) on packaging influence consumer purchase preference. The face‐to‐face survey consists of consumers rating their purchase preference on a 7‐point scale sixteen random brand names, and combinations of brand names on packaging along with three different prices, each for two product categories: chocolate and cereals – a total of 4032 observations are examined. Hypotheses are tested using multiple linear regression models. The findings show corporate, product and dual brand names have little impact on purchase preference per se, instead brand category dominance influence consumer choice, and corporate names do not add value as previously thought. The study suggests trends and contexts in which, a corporate name and a product brand name may be extended to optimise consumer brand associations and influence purchase, as well as strategies for extending in remote product categories. Future research needs focusing on international consumers' response on brand linkages in the international arena, and the issues of brand building and brand equity maintenance in international markets. The study makes contribution to brand extension, brand portfolio management and strategic brand management research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of usage situation on Korean consumers' brand evaluation: The moderating role of self‐monitoring
Authors: Sung Yongjun
Published: January 2011

The objective of this research is to test the theoretical conceptualizations of the self – the malleable self‐concept – by examining the interplay of brand personality and social situation in determining brand preference and evaluation. This research also aims to assess the moderating influence of self‐monitoring in the relationship. Two experimental studies were conducted in Korea. Findings suggest that the congruency of brand personality traits and social situations leads to a more positive brand attitude. This research also supported theory‐based interactions in which situation congruity was enhanced for high versus low self‐monitors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metaphoric advertisement comprehension: The role of the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Vance Kristy , Virtue Sandra
Published: January 2011

Currently little is known about how implicit processes (i.e., cognitive processes that consumers are unaware of) are utilized as consumers read metaphoric advertisements. The field of cognitive neuroscience can help marketers better understand consumers' implicit processing by examining how each cerebral hemisphere uniquely contributes during metaphoric advertisement comprehension. A right hemisphere advantage has been demonstrated during metaphoric language processing; however, it is unclear how each hemisphere of the brain processes metaphors used in advertisements. This study combines the fields of marketing and cognitive neuroscience to investigate the hemispheric processing of metaphoric advertisements. Through the use of the divided visual field paradigm, participants read metaphor, literal, or neutral slogans and responded to related target words presented to either the left visual field‐right hemisphere or the right visual field‐left hemisphere. As predicted, there was a right hemisphere advantage, compared to the left hemisphere, for metaphoric slogans. Additionally, greater facilitation was evident in the right hemisphere for literal slogans compared to metaphoric slogans. Metaphoric messages were also remembered better than literal ones. These findings provide an in‐depth account of how consumers implicitly process messages, suggesting an important role of the right hemisphere during the comprehension of both metaphoric and literal messages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring consumer adoption of a high involvement eco‐innovation using value‐belief‐norm theory
Authors: Jansson Johan , Marell Agneta , Nordlund Annika
Published: January 2011

Environmental problems are increasingly becoming everyday issues of international organizations, national governments, and individual consumers. In consumer behavior research considerable effort has been focused on understanding environmentally significant behaviors. One such research stream uses the value‐belief‐norm theory (VBN) to explain and predict a number of relatively low involvement proenvironmental consumer behaviors such as household energy use. However, many consumer behaviors with significant impact on the environment are categorized as high involvement behaviors where VBN theory has not yet been employed. The aim of this paper is to arrive at a better understanding of consumer adoption of a high involvement eco‐innovation using VBN theory. As an example of a high involvement eco‐innovation the alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) which runs on fossil oil‐alternative fuels such as electricity and biofuels is used. A representative sample of adopters and non‐adopters of these vehicles in Sweden were surveyed. Differences between adopters and non‐adopters on sociodemographic and VBN factors were analyzed and the explanatory ability of the different factors on adoption was analyzed using logistic regression. The results showed that early adopters had a higher level of education and were much more likely to live in multi‐person households compared to non‐adopters. In terms of attitudinal factors, adopters exhibited higher levels of proenvironmental values, beliefs, and personal norms (PNs). Furthermore the results established that VBN factors were successful in explaining the early adoption of a high involvement eco‐innovation such as the AFV. The implications for consumer research, public policymakers, and for marketers of eco‐innovations are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of CYP106A2 as a Regioselective Allylic Bacterial Diterpene Hydroxylase
Authors: Bleif Sabrina , Hannemann Frank , Lisurek Michael , von Kries Jens Peter , Zapp Josef , Dietzen Matthias , Antes Iris , Bernhardt Rita
Published: January 2011

The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP106A2 from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 13368 catalyzes hydroxylations of a variety of 3‐oxo‐Δ4‐steroids such as progesterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC), mainly in the 15β‐position. We combined a high‐throughput screening and a rational approach for identifying new substrates of CYP106A2. The diterpene resin acid abietic acid was found to be a substrate and was docked into the active site of a CYP106A2 homology model to provide further inside into the structural basis of the regioselectivity of hydroxylation. The products of the hydroxylation reaction were analyzed by HPLC and the Vmax and Km values were calculated. The corresponding reaction products were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and identified as 12α‐ and 12β‐hydroxyabietic acid. CYP106A2 was therefore identified as the first reported bacterial cytochrome P450 diterpene hydroxylase. Furthermore, an effective whole‐cell catalyst for the selective allylic 12α‐ and 12β‐hydroxylation was applied to produce the hydroxylated products.
Copper(I)–Anilide Complex [Na(phen)3][Cu(NPh2)2]: An Intermediate in the Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation of N‐Phenylaniline
Authors: Tseng Chia‐Kai , Lee Chi‐Rung , Han Chien‐Chung , Shyu Shin‐Guang
Published: January 2011

Complex [Na(phen)3][Cu(NPh2)2] (2), containing a linear bis(N‐phenylanilide)copper(I) anion and a distorted octahedral tris(1,10‐phenanthroline)sodium counter cation, has been isolated from the catalytic CN cross‐coupling reaction with the CuI/phen/tBuONa (phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) catalytic system. Complex 2 can react with 4‐iodotoluene to produce 4‐methyl‐N,N‐diphenylaniline (3 a) with 70.6 % yield. In addition, 2 can work as an effective catalyst for CN coupling under the same reaction conditions, thus indicating that 2 is the intermediate of the catalytic system. Both [Cu(NPh2)2]− and [Cu(NPh2)I]− have been observed by in situ electron ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) under catalytic reaction conditions, thus confirming that they are intermediates in the reaction. A catalytic cycle has been proposed based on these observations. The molecular structure of 2 has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Direct Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics and One‐Pot Amidation with Carboxylic Acids over Platinum Nanowires
Authors: Li Min , Hu Lei , Cao Xueqin , Hong Haiyan , Lu Jianmei , Gu Hongwei
Published: January 2011

A novel ultrathin platinum nanowire with uniform length and a diameter of 1.5 nm was synthesized by acidic etching of FePt nanowire in methanol. This nanowire was characterized by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data indicated that the main plane is (111). The ability of this nanowire to catalyze the heterogeneous hydrogenation of nitroaromatics to give the corresponding amines has been investigated. The catalyst showed satisfactory activity in various solvents under mild conditions and showed excellent stability. The catalytic performance was also evaluated in the one‐pot reduction of nitroaromatics and amidation with carboxylic acids under a hydrogen atmosphere at 100 °C. These methods for the hydrogenation of nitroaromatics and the direct amidation of nitroaromatics with carboxylic acids are simple, economical, and environmentally benign, and have practical advantages for the synthesis of amines and amides without the production of toxic byproducts.
Ultrahigh Density Arrays of Toroidal ZnO Nanostructures by One‐Step Cooperative Self‐Assembly Processes: Mechanism of Structural Evolution and Hybridization with Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Jang Yoon Hee , Yang Seung Yun , Jang Yu Jin , Park Cheolmin , Kim Jin Kon , Kim Dong Ha
Published: January 2011

A quick protocol for the fabrication of ultrahigh density arrays of toroidal ZnO nanostructures with tailored structures on a substrate surface is presented based on the one‐step spin coating of a common solution composed of inverse micelles of polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) copolymers (PS‐b‐P4VP) and sol–gel precursors without the need of conventional complex lithographic techniques. ZnO toroids decorated with gold nanoparticles are also obtained by subsequent loading and reduction of metallic precursors. It was elucidated that the diethanolamine moiety in the sol–gel precursors, which induces selective swelling and structural reorganization of the P4VP core blocks, plays a key role in the generation of toroidal nanostructures. Toroidal ZnO nanostructures embedded in a PS‐b‐P4VP matrix films or arrays of pure wurtzite ZnO nanorings are obtained by calcination under inert atmosphere. The structural parameters of the toroidal nanostructures such as the width, height, diameter of the rims as well as the spacing of their 2D arrays are controlled by employing PS‐b‐P4VP with different molecular weight and varying the mixing protocols.
Germline mutations of the E‐cadherin gene in families with inherited invasive lobular breast carcinoma but no diffuse gastric cancer
Authors: Xie Ze Ming , Li Lai Sheng , Laquet Claire , Penault‐Llorca Frédérique , Uhrhammer Nancy , Xie Xiao Ming , Bignon Yves Jean
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND:

Present data are highly suggestive but do not unequivocally prove the cosegregation of germ‐line CDH1 mutations with inherited invasive lobular breast cancer (ILBC).

METHODS:

Two Caucasian families with 6 pathologically confirmed ILBC cases but no diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) were identified in our oncogenetics consultations. Screening for mutations of CDH1, BRCA1, and BRCA2 genes was performed on blood samples. When available, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed on tumor samples.

RESULTS:

No BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation was found. Deleterious CDH1 germ‐line mutations c.283C>T and c.1582del were found in all the 4 living women with ILBC in family 1 and family 2, respectively. The mutation c.283C>T was also present in a healthy 71‐year‐old male and 2 obligate carriers in family 1. No DGC was observed in the 2 families. Loss of the wild‐type CDH1 allele in 1 of the breast tumors was confirmed by LOH and IHC studies, in accordance with the “2‐hit” model of tumor suppressor genes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Germline CDH1 mutation can be cosegregated with ILBC in the absence of DGC. Present data do not support recommendation of prophylactic gastrectomy in CDH1 germline mutation carriers with ILBC. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy of Fast Chain Dynamics within Denatured Protein L
Authors: Sherman Eilon , Haran Gilad
Published: January 2011

Intramolecular dynamics in the denatured state of a protein are of importance for protein folding. Native‐like contact formation within the ensemble of denatured conformations of a protein may guide its transformation towards the native conformation. The efficiency of folding is thus dependent on the diffusion of chain fragments, which facilitates contact formation. Herein we investigate intramolecular diffusion of denatured molecules of the small two‐state‐folding protein L with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). We utilize the specific quenching of the fluorescence of the oxazine dye Atto655 labeling a cysteine at position 64 (the C‐terminus of the protein) by the side chain of a tryptophan at position 47. FCS measurements allow us to probe processes ranging in timescales from tens of nanoseconds to seconds. Two fast photophysical processes can be distinguished in the fluorescence correlation curves. The slower of the two is found to be due to triplet dynamics, while the faster process is attributed to the quenching of the Atto655 by the tryptophan upon transient ground‐state complex formation. We study the dependence of the intrachain dynamics of the denatured protein on the concentration of the denaturant guanidinium chloride (GdmCl), and extract complex association and dissociation rates. While the dissociation rate does not depend on the denaturant, the association rate decreases as denaturant concentration is increased from 3 to 7 M GdmCl. This decrease in contact formation rate tracks the expansion of denatured protein L, measured in our previous work. Thus, the intramolecular diffusion coefficient calculated from the results is found to be essentially independent of the denaturant concentration over this range, even as the protein expands by more than 20 %.
Efficient temporal error concealment algorithm for H.264/AVC inter frame decoding
Authors: Liu Xingang , Yang Laurence T. , Zhu Wei , Sohn Kwanghoon
Published: January 2011

During the real‐time video transmission over error‐prone network, the compressed video signal is very sensitive to the channel disturbances, and the packet loss cannot be avoided which causes the video quality reduction in the destination. To satisfy the audiences' visual feeling, the decoder attempts to conceal the error effect by using the spatial or temporal domain information to estimate the missing video content. In this paper, an efficient temporal error concealment (ETEC) algorithm is proposed for H.264/AVC Inter frame decoding to eliminate the error effect for Human Visual System (HVS). The 4 × 4 block size is used as the basic motion vector (MV) recovery unit to increase the error concealment (EC) accuracy, and the MV of the lost macroblock (MB) is recovered by employing the MV information of the neighboring intact MBs based on the geometry and data interpolation. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better performance compared with the existing TEC methods not only for the objective quality measurement, but also for the HVS subjective view perception. Because of its simple composition, the proposed algorithm is pervasive to be used in the real‐time multimedia communication systems with the video coding standard H.264/AVC. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental enrichment delays pup‐induced maternal behavior in rats
Authors: Mann Phyllis E. , Gervais Kristen J.
Published: January 2011

Adult, virgin rats do not spontaneously display maternal behavior when exposed to foster pups. However, continuous daily exposure of the female to foster pups for about 5–7 days can induce a set of maternal behaviors similar to those shown by postpartum dams. Induction latencies depend upon a number of factors, including the stress and anxiety levels of the female. The goal of this study was to attempt to mitigate the likely stressfulness of being singly housed during testing by enriching the rat's home cage environment and to determine if the concomitant environmental change would alter the latency to express maternal behavior. In addition, the effect of varying the number of test pups used for testing was examined. Two groups of virgin Sprague–Dawley rats were first tested on the elevated plus maze after 1 week of exposure to either control (standard housing) or enriched conditions. One week later, maternal behavior testing began using one or three pups. Upon completion of maternal behavior testing, plasma corticosterone concentrations were determined following a mild stressor. The data indicate that enrichment tends to increase anxiety‐like behaviors in the elevated plus maze. In addition, enrichment delayed the onset of maternal behavior irrespective of the number of test pups. There were no effects of environmental enrichment on plasma corticosterone levels following exposure to a stressor. These results indicate that what is considered a modestly enriched environment delays the expression of pup‐oriented responses and does not apparently reduce stress or improve performance on all behavioral tasks. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:371–382, 2011.
Cannabinoid/agonist WIN 55,212‐2 reduces cardiac ischaemia–reperfusion injury in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: role of CB2 receptors and iNOS/eNOS
Authors: González Cristina , Herradón Esperanza , Abalo Raquel , Vera Gema , Pérez‐Nievas Beatriz G. , Leza Juan Carlos , Martín Ma Isabel , López‐Miranda Visitación
Published: January 2011

Background

Diabetes increases cardiac damage after myocardial ischaemia. Cannabinoids can protect against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to examine the cardioprotective effect of the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212‐2 (WIN) against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes. We performed these experiments in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat, and focused on the role of cannabinoid receptors in modulation of cardiac inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/endothelial‐type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression.

Methods

Male 20‐week‐old Zucker diabetic fatty rats were treated with vehicle, WIN, the selective CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists AM251 and AM630, respectively, AM251 + WIN or AM630 + WIN. Hearts were isolated from these rats, and the cardiac functional response to ischaemia/reperfusion injury was evaluated. In addition, cardiac iNOS and eNOS expression were determined by western blot.

Results

WIN significantly improved cardiac recovery after ischaemia/ reperfusion in the hearts from Zucker diabetic fatty rats by restoring coronary perfusion pressure and heart rate to preischaemic levels. Additionally, WIN decreased cardiac iNOS expression and increased eNOS expression after ischaemia/reperfusion in diabetic hearts. WIN‐induced cardiac functional recovery was completely blocked by the CB2 antagonist AM630. However, changes in NOS isoenzyme expression were not affected by the CB antagonists.

Conclusions

This study shows a cardioprotective effect of a cannabinoid agonist on ischaemia/reperfusion injury in an experimental model of a metabolic disorder. The activation mainly of CB2 receptors and the restoration of iNOS/eNOS cardiac equilibrium are mechanisms involved in this protective effect. These initial studies have provided the basis for future research in this field. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary on ‘Combined DTP‐HBV‐HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP‐HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B (HIB)’
Authors: Ladhani S. , Borrow R. , Ramsay M. E.
Published: January 2011

This is a commentary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Bar‐On ES, Goldberg E, Fraser A, Vidal L, Hellmann S, Leibovici L. Combined DTP‐HBV‐HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP‐HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B (HIB). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005530. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD005530.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Combined DTP‐HBV‐HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP‐HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B (HIB)’
Authors: Canadian Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: January 2011

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Bar‐On ES, Goldberg E, Fraser A, Vidal L, Hellmann S, Leibovici L. Combined DTP‐HBV‐HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP‐HBV and HIB vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae B (HIB). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005530. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005530.pub2. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Pimozide for tics in Tourette’s syndrome'
Authors: Canadian Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: January 2011

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Pringsheim T, Marras C. Pimozide for tics in Tourette's syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD006996. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD006996.pub2. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Pimozide for tics in Tourette’s syndrome'
Authors: Coffey Barbara J.
Published: January 2011

This is a commentary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Pringsheim T, Marras C. Pimozide for tics in Tourette's syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD006996. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006996.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children’
Authors: Patel Dilip R.
Published: January 2011

This is a commentary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Krul M, van der Wouden JC, van Suijlekom‐Smit LWA, Koes BW. Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD007759. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD007759.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentaries on ‘Diclofenac for acute pain in children’
Authors: de Velde Anne Van , Camu Frederic , Kokki Hannu
Published: January 2011

These are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Standing JF, Savage I, Pritchard D, Waddington M. Diclofenac for acute pain in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005538. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005538.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children’
Authors: Canadian Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: January 2011

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Yip P, Middleton P, Cyna AM, Carlyle AV. Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006447. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006447.pub2. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentaries on ‘Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children’ with a response by the review authors
Authors: Kain Zeev N. , Strom Suzanne , Kim Jarmila , Splinter William M. , Cyna Allan
Published: January 2011

These are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Yip P, Middleton P, Cyna AM, Carlyle AV. Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006447. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006447.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Stridor at night
Authors: Moja Lorenzo
Published: January 2011

Dr Cochrane is a unique self‐learning experience—the integration of Cochrane evidence with a quirky fictional story and multiple‐choice questions provides readers with the opportunity to explore and understand the applicability of a Cochrane Review or Overview in a new way. In this series of fictional clinical vignettes, Dr Cochrane travels across time from the past century to the present day, to solve clinical problems using evidence from Cochrane Reviews. Read the associated article and/or listen to the Evidence‐Based Child Health podcast available online at www.cochrane.org/podcasts/and then test your knowledge with six multiple choice questions. You can find the answers to the questions on page 276.

Based on:

Candice Bjornson, Kelly Russell, Michelle Foisy, David W Johnson The Cochrane Library and the Treatment of Croup in Children: An Overview of Reviews.

Hartling L, Scott S, Pandya R, et al.: Storytelling as a communication tool for health consumers: development of an intervention for parents of children with croup. Stories to communicate health information. BMC Pediatrics 2010 10:64. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Stridor at night
Authors: Moja Lorenzo
Published: January 2011

These are the answers to the Dr Cochrane vignette on pages 4–6. How did you get on? Register your score at ebch@wiley.com. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Density Functional Calculations on Protonation of the [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase Model Complex Fe2(μ‐pdt)(CO)4(PMe3)2 and Subsequent Isomerization Pathways
Authors: Liu Caiping , Peck Jamie N. T. , Wright Joseph A. , Pickett Christopher J. , Hall Michael B.
Published: January 2011

Results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the protonation of the [FeFe]‐hydrogenase model complex, Fe2(μ‐pdt)(CO)4(PMe3)2 (pdt = propane‐1,3‐dithiolate), show that diiron bridging‐hydride species are more stable than iron terminal‐hydride, sulfur‐hydride, or formyl isomers. Consistent with experimental observation, the transoid basal/basal forms are more stable than other μ‐H isomers. With an ether as the proton carrier, [Et2OH]+, the favoured reaction pathways appear to involve weak coordination to CO followed by transfer of the proton from ether to an iron terminal site rather than directly to the bridging site. These kinetically favoured terminal‐hydride species isomerize through a low‐energy Ray‐Dutt twist to produce the apical/basal bridging‐hydride isomer. This isomer rearranges over somewhat higher barrier Bailar twists to the cisoid and transoid basal/basal isomers, the former finally rearranging to the latter isomer.
Comparing the Reactivity of Benzenedithiolate‐ versus Alkyldithiolate‐Bridged Fe2(CO)6 Complexes with Competing Ligands
Authors: Streich Daniel , Karnahl Michael , Astuti Yeni , Cady Clyde W. , Hammarström Leif , Lomoth Reiner , Ott Sascha
Published: January 2011

The reactivity of [(μ‐X2bdt)Fe2(CO)6] [(bdt)1, X2bdt = 3,6‐disubstituted bezenedithiolate; X = H, Cl] with ligands of different donor strengths is investigated and compared to that of [(μ‐pdt)Fe2(CO)6] [(pdt)1, pdt = propyldithiolate] and [(μ‐edt)Fe2(CO)6] [(edt)1, edt = ethyldithiolate]. Strong donor ligands (L = CN–, PMe3) when added to (bdt)1 lead to mononuclear [(bdt)Fe(L)2(CO)2], (bdt)6(L), in a disproportionation and fragmentation reaction, while simple ligand‐substitution reactions occur on (edt)1 and (pdt)1 under identical conditions. In the presence of weaker ligands such as secondary amines or dmf, the alkyldithiolate‐bridged complexes are unreactive, while (bdt)1 transforms to an O2‐sensitive, magnetically uncoupled species, potentially a mononuclear FeI complex coordinated by bdt and at least 2 CO ligands.
Water Adsorption Characteristics of MIL‐101 for Heat‐Transformation Applications of MOFs (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 4/2011)
Authors: Ehrenmann Johannes , Henninger Stefan K. , Janiak Christoph
Published: January 2011

The cover picture shows how the evaporation of water vapor driven by the adsorption into an empty MOF‐sorbent generates useful cooling (for air‐conditioning) and useful heat of adsorption. The principle is demonstrated in the right half of the picture. The infrared photograph in the lower right part visualizes the different temperature levels after opening the manual valve with cooling to 5 °C of the water container and heating to 45 °C of the sorbent material. The empty MOF can be regenerated in minute intervals, preferably by solar heat. Details for MIL‐101, which adsorbs 1 g of water per gram of MOF, are discussed in the Short Communication by J. Ehrenmann, S. Henninger and C. Janiak on p. 471 ff.
Carboxylate Binding by Indole‐Based Guanidinium Receptors: Acylguanidinium Cations are Better than Aromatic Guanidinium Cations
Authors: Rether Carolin , Schmuck Carsten
Published: January 2011

The synthesis of three new indole‐based guanidinium cations 3, 4, and 16, that feature two different types of anion binding sites, either an acylguanidium cation (3) or an aromatic guanidinium cation (4) or both (16), is presented. NMR binding studies with N‐acetylalaninecarboxylate as substrate in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) show that the acylated guanidinium cation is a significantly better anion binding site than the aromatic cation by at least one order of magnitude. Therefore, in dication 16, which possesses both binding sites, stepwise formation of the 1:1 and the 1:2 complex is observed with similar affinities for each binding site to those determined for the monocations 3 and 4. However, a more detailed analysis using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies revealed that this apparent similarity in affinity is due to completely different thermodynamic reasons. For example, whereas substrate binding by the acylguanidinium cation in 3 is controlled by enthalpy, complex formation by the same binding site in dication 16 is driven by entropy. Simply looking at association constants or ΔG values can, therefore, be misleading. A thorough understanding of molecular recognition events requires closer inspection of ΔH and ΔS.
Gaining Control: Direct Suzuki Arylation of Dihydroazulenes and Tuning of Photo‐ and Thermochromism
Authors: Petersen Michael Åxman , Broman Søren Lindbæk , Kilså Kristine , Kadziola Anders , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted
Published: January 2011

A protocol for functionalizing the seven‐membered ring of the DHA/VHF photochromic system via a Suzuki cross‐coupling was developed. Kinetic studies reveal that direct attachment of an aromatic moiety on the seven‐membered ring strongly affects the thermal back reaction. By the introduction of an anilino group, pH control of both the photochromic and thermochromic properties was obtained. Furthermore, it was possible to switch between three different states: two photochromic and one thermochromic.
Synthesis of a Focused Chemical Library Based on Derivatives of Embelin, a Natural Product with Proapoptotic and Anticancer Properties
Authors: Viault Guillaume , Grée Danielle , Das Saibal , Yadav Jhillu Singh , Grée René
Published: January 2011

The synthesis of new derivatives of embelin, a natural inhibitor of X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is described. The design of these new molecules involved introduction of aromatic groups directly linked to the benzoquinone core. To allow a large flexibility in the nature and the length of the added chain, the strategy involves first aSuzuki–Miyaura reaction with functionalized aromatics, yielding a first generation of molecules. Then, by appropriate use of the functional groups, a second generation of representative embelin derivatives was prepared.
Studies on the Intermolecular Hydroarylation of N‐Ts‐ or N‐Ac‐Protected Indoles and 2,3‐Allenoates
Authors: Fang Zhao , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming
Published: January 2011

An operationally simple, TFA‐promoted regioselective hydroarylation reaction of 2,3‐allenoates with N‐Ts‐ or N‐Ac‐indoles to afford 4‐indolyl‐4‐arylbut‐2‐enoates is described. A series of substrates was tested, and the E/Z selectivity was found to depend on the reaction temperature and time. A mechanism involving the formation of E and Z allylic carbocations generated in situ from the reaction of 2,3‐allenoate with TFA and subsequent Friedel–Crafts attack at the 3‐position of the indoles was proposed to explain the results.
A loss‐of‐function variant of the antiviral molecule MAVS is associated with a subset of systemic lupus patients
Authors: Pothlichet Julien , Niewold Timothy B. , Vitour Damien , Solhonne Brigitte , Crow Mary K. , Si‐Tahar Mustapha
Published: January 2011

Dysregulation of the antiviral immune response may contribute to autoimmune diseases. Here, we hypothesized that altered expression or function of MAVS, a key molecule downstream of the viral sensors RIG‐I and MDA‐5, may impair antiviral cell signalling and thereby influence the risk for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the prototype autoimmune disease. We used molecular techniques to screen non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MAVS gene for functional significance in human cell lines and identified one critical loss‐of‐function variant (C79F, rs11905552). This SNP substantially reduced expression of type I interferon (IFN) and other proinflammatory mediators and was found almost exclusively in the African‐American population. Importantly, in African‐American SLE patients, the C79F allele was associated with low type I IFN production and absence of anti‐RNA‐binding protein autoantibodies. These serologic associations were not related to a distinct, functionally neutral, MAVS SNP Q198K. Hence, this is the first demonstration that an uncommon genetic variant in the MAVS gene has a functional impact upon the anti‐viral IFN pathway in vivo in humans and is associated with a novel sub‐phenotype in SLE. This study demonstrates the utility of functional data in selecting rare variants for genetic association studies, allowing for fewer comparisons requiring statistical correction and for alternate lines of evidence implicating the particular variant in disease.
Disruption of the SapM locus in Mycobacterium bovis BCG improves its protective efficacy as a vaccine against M. tuberculosis
Authors: Festjens Nele , Bogaert Pieter , Batni Anjana , Houthuys Erica , Plets Evelyn , Vanderschaeghe Dieter , Laukens Bram , Asselbergh Bob , Parthoens Eef , De Rycke Riet , Willart Monique A. , Jacques Peggy , Elewaut Dirk , Brouckaert Peter , Lambrecht Bart N. , Huygen Kris , Callewaert Nico
Published: January 2011

Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) provides only limited protection against pulmonary tuberculosis. We tested the hypothesis that BCG might have retained immunomodulatory properties from its pathogenic parent that limit its protective immunogenicity. Mutation of the molecules involved in immunomodulation might then improve its vaccine potential. We studied the vaccine potential of BCG mutants deficient in the secreted acid phosphatase, SapM, or in the capping of the immunomodulatory ManLAM cell wall component with α‐1,2‐oligomannoside. Both systemic and intratracheal challenge of mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis following vaccination showed that the SapM mutant, compared to the parental BCG vaccine, provided better protection: it led to longer‐term survival. Persistence of the SapM‐mutated BCG in vivo resembled that of the parental BCG indicating that this mutation will likely not compromise the safety of the BCG vaccine. The SapM mutant BCG vaccine was more effective than the parental vaccine in inducing recruitment and activation of CD11c+MHC‐IIintCD40int dendritic cells (DCs) to the draining lymph nodes. Thus, SapM acts by inhibiting recruitment of DCs and their activation at the site of vaccination.
Variance of collapse capacity of SDOF systems under earthquake excitations
Authors: Ibarra Luis , Krawinkler Helmut
Published: January 2011

The variance of collapse capacity is an important constituent of probabilistic methodologies used to evaluate the probability of collapse of structures subjected to earthquake ground motions. This study evaluates the effect of ground motion randomness (i.e. record‐to‐record (RTR) variability) and uncertainty in the deterioration parameters of single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) systems on the variance of collapse capacity.

Collapse capacity is evaluated in terms of a relative intensity defined as the ratio of ground motion intensity to a structure strength parameter. The effect of RTR variability on the variance of collapse capacity is directly obtained by performing dynamic analyses of deteriorating hysteretic models for a set of representative ground motions. The first‐order second‐moment (FOSM) method is used to quantify the effect of deterioration parameter uncertainty. In addition to RTR variability, the results indicate that uncertainty in the displacement at the peak (cap) strength and the post‐capping stiffness significantly contribute to the variance of collapse capacity. If large dispersion of these parameters exists, the effect of uncertainty in deterioration parameters on the variance of collapse capacity may be comparable to that caused by RTR variability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The variation of heat transfer in a two‐sided lid‐driven differentially heated square cavity with nanofluids containing carbon nanotubes for physical properties of fluid dependent on temperature
Authors: Gavili Anwar , Isfahani Taghi Dallali , Sabbaghzadeh Jamshid
Published: January 2011

The behavior of nanofluids containing cylindrical nanoparticles are investigated numerically inside a two‐sided lid‐driven differentially heated square cavity to gain insight into the convective recirculation and flow processes induced by a nanofluid. The physical properties of the base fluid such as viscosity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient are, respectively, assumed to be temperature independent (taking the mean temperature of the left and right walls) and temperature dependent. A model is developed to analyze the behavior of nanofluids taking into account the nanoparticle volume fraction whereas the transport equations are solved numerically with finite volume approach using SIMPLEC algorithm. The left and right moving walls are maintained at different constant temperatures while the upper and bottom walls are thermally insulated. The directions of the moving walls were considered in a way that the force and natural convections aid each other. The governing parameter Richardson number was 0.1<Ri<50.0 but due to space constraints only the results for 0.1<Ri<10.0 from fluid flow are presented. It was found that the temperature dependency of physical properties at different Richardson numbers and nanoparticle volume fractions affects the fluid flow and heat transfer in the cavities. Finally, comparisons between the behaviors of the average Nusselt number at the left wall for two cases are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modeling of the generation of internal waves by uniform stratified flow over a thin vertical barrier
Authors: Houcine H. , Chashechkin Yu. D. , Fraunié P. , Fernando H. J. S. , Gharbi A. , Lili T.
Published: January 2011

Numerical simulations of two‐dimensional stratified flow past an obstacle (thin vertical strip) were performed at relatively low Reynolds numbers. A finite differences solver was adopted to simultaneously solve Navier–Stokes equations together with transport equations for salinity (stratifying agent), and the standard Smagorinsky turbulent closure scheme was called in whenever necessary to account for turbulence. The emphases were on the evaluation of code for unsteady stratified flow applications as well as identification of transient and steady internal‐wave processes during flow past obstacles. Simulations were compared with laboratory experiments, where observations were made using a high resolution Schlieren technique and conductivity probes. Blocking was observed upstream of the obstacle, surrounded by near‐zero frequency internal waves, the phase lines of which joined those of lee waves through a transition zone in the proximity of the obstacle. This pattern was preceded by initial transients of the starting flow in which propagating internal waves played a dominant role. Confluence of isopycnals passing over/under the obstacle in the wake led to interesting flow phenomena, including the radiation of internal waves. The numerical simulations were in good agreement with observations, except that some phenomena could not be captured due to resolution issues of either numerical or experimental techniques. The efficacy of the code in point for stratified flow calculations with relevance to the atmosphere and oceans was confirmed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compound wall treatment with low‐Re turbulence model
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Siikonen T.
Published: January 2011

A generalized treatment for the wall boundary conditions relating to turbulent flows is developed that blends the integration to a solid wall with wall functions. The blending function ensures a smooth transition between the viscous and turbulent regions. An improved low Reynolds number k−ε model is coupled with the proposed compound wall treatment to determine the turbulence field. The eddy viscosity formulation maintains the positivity of normal Reynolds stresses and Schwarz' inequality for turbulent shear stresses. The model coefficients/functions preserve the anisotropic characteristics of turbulence. Computations with fine and coarse meshes of a few flow cases yield appreciably good agreement with the direct numerical simulation and experimental data. The method is recommended for computing the complex flows where computational grids cannot satisfy a priori the prerequisites of viscous/turbulence regions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerodynamic design using the truncated Newton algorithm and the continuous adjoint approach
Authors: Papadimitriou D. I. , Giannakoglou K. C.
Published: January 2011

In this paper, the so‐called ‘continuous adjoint‐direct approach’ is used within the truncated Newton algorithm for the optimization of aerodynamic shapes, using the Euler equations. It is known that the direct differentiation (DD) of the flow equations with respect to the design variables, followed by the adjoint approach, is the best way to compute the exact matrix, for use along with the Newton optimization method. In contrast to this, in this paper, the adjoint approach followed by the DD of both the flow and adjoint equations (i.e. the other way round) is proved to be the most efficient way to compute the product of the Hessian matrix with any vector required by the truncated Newton algorithm, in which the Newton equations are solved iteratively by means of the conjugate gradient (CG) method. Using numerical experiments, it is demonstrated that just a few CG steps per Newton iteration are enough. Considering that the cost of solving either the adjoint or the DD equations is approximately equal to that of solving the flow equations, the cost per Newton iteration scales linearly with the (small) number of CG steps, rather than the (much higher, in large‐scale problems) number of design variables. By doing so, the curse of dimensionality is alleviated, as shown in a number of applications related to the inverse design of ducts or cascade airfoils for inviscid flows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does voice go flat? How tenure diminishes the impact of voice
Authors: Avery Derek R. , McKay Patrick F. , Wilson David C. , Volpone Sabrina D. , Killham Emily A.
Published: January 2011

Although many studies have shown that the opportunity to provide input (voice) leads to more favorable employee reactions, fewer studies have examined the boundary conditions for the effect of voice on worker outcomes. Building upon Greenberg and Strasser's (1986) model of personal control in organizations, we hypothesize that the positive effect of voice on intent to remain will be less pronounced for employees with longer organizational tenures. Converging results of national surveys from the United Kingdom and the United States support the anticipated relationships. It appears the beneficial effects of voice on employee attitudes may decrease as employees accrue tenure with their employer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of downsizing on labor productivity: The value of showing consideration for employees' morale and welfare in high‐performance work systems
Authors: Iverson Roderick D. , Zatzick Christopher D.
Published: January 2011

Although downsizing remains a topic of great interest to scholars and practitioners, little research has examined the link between the process and organizational performance. The current study examines whether organizations showing greater consideration for employees' morale and welfare in the downsizing process experience increased labor productivity. Further, because downsizing diminishes human capital and interferes with an organization's social exchange relationships, we posit that attention to employees' morale and welfare will be particularly important for high‐performance work systems (HPWS) that rely on human capital for competitive advantage. We tested our hypothesis with a sample of organizations that had downsized using survey data matched with secondary data. Results support our prediction that organizations with more extensive HPWS can reduce productivity losses from downsizing by heightening their consideration for employees' morale and welfare. We discuss the implications of these findings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.