bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imaging the Deformation Belt of Western Hispaniola Island (Haiti) Using Multi‐Component Ambient Noise Cross‐Correlations
Authors: Lee Hsin‐Yu , Douilly Roby , Rabade Santiago , Lin Fan‐Chi
Published: February 2025

We apply ambient noise tomography to a seismic array from the Trans‐Haiti project to obtain a 2‐D shear wave velocity (Vs) across Haiti. We perform multi‐component noise cross‐correlation, measure Rayleigh wave phase velocity and its horizontal‐to‐vertical amplitude ratio (H/V) between periods of 3–18 s, and jointly invert both measurements into Vs for the crustal structures of Haiti. Both H/V and phase velocity measurements exhibit consistent patterns related to the geologic units. Sedimentary basins—CSE and Plateau Central basins—show higher H/V values, while mountain areas—Massif de la Selle, Chaine des Matheux, Montagnes Noires and Massif de Nord—exhibit lower H/V. Regarding phase velocity, higher velocities are observed in northern and southern Haiti, likely reflecting the thinner crust compared to the thicker crust showing lower velocities in the central part. While our Vs model is consistent with previous model that suggested thinner crustal thickness in the northern and southern Haiti, with thickening in the center, the Moho interface in the central domain might be shallower than previously thought.
Inverse determination of the thermal contact conductance for an interface between a Co28Cr6Mo hip stem and a PMMA-based bone cement
Authors: Evers Patrick , Reulbach Magnus , Emonde Crystal , Windhagen Henning , Jakubowitz Eike , Herbst Sebastian , Maier Hans Jürgen , Nürnberger Florian
Published: February 2025

Traditional mechanical methods for implant and bone cement removal during total hip arthroplasty (THA) revision surgeries typically lead to surrounding tissue damage and increased risk of femoral fractures. Transcutaneous induction heating is a promising new removal approach as it causes softening of the thermoplastic bone cement, and thus prevents damage to the surrounding tissue during removal and increases stability post-revision. However, precise knowledge of the heat transfer between implant and bone cement is necessary to minimize the risk of thermal damage to surrounding tissues. In this context, knowledge of the thermal contact conductance (TCC) at the interface of Co28Cr6Mo hip stems and PMMA-based bone cement is a key issue. The present study addresses the challenge of measuring TCC by proposing an inverse method of determination using infrared thermography measurements of the heating process and a finite element simulation with a variable parameter for the TCC. Results indicate TCC values of 3,125 ± 275 Wm− 2K− 1 for dry interfaces and 5,100 ± 300 Wm− 2K− 1 for wet interfaces. The influence of heat conduction on bone cement surface temperature is significant, impacting the measured surface temperatures by 15–19% for wet and 23–30% for dry interfaces. These findings are crucial for the design of heating procedures and minimization of thermal damage during induction heating assisted THA revisions.
Ga adlayer model: capturing features of GaN(0001) growth from the submonolayer to the multilayer regime
Authors: Razia  , Ranganathan Madhav
Published: February 2025

The morphology of GaN(0001) thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy is dependent on the ratio of the gallium to nitrogen flux.
Concurrent electrode–electrolyte interfaces engineering via nano-Si3N4 additive for high-rate, high-voltage lithium metal batteries
Authors: Kim Jinuk , Lee Dong Gyu , Lee Ju Hyun , Kim Saehun , Park Cheol-Young , Lee Jiyoon , Kwon Hyeokjin , Cho Hannah , Lee Jungyoon , Son Donghyeok , Kim Hee-Tak , Choi Nam-Soon , Lee Tae Kyung , Lee Jinwoo
Published: February 2025

The nano-Si3N4 additive enables the concurrent engineering of electrode–electrolyte interfaces. It promotes the formation of a bilayer, inorganic-rich SEI via its involvement in SEI formation and Li+ solvation, and a uniform CEI by scavenging HF.
Biochar colloids act as both transporters of organic pollutants and stimulants of respiratory chain electron efflux: a new understanding of microbial degradation of adsorbed pollutants
Authors: Wang Zhongmiao , Hou Jie , Xu Jiang , Yang Kun , Lin Daohui
Published: February 2025

BCCs facilitate both extracellular reduction and intracellular oxidation of their adsorbed pollutants by bacteria.
Soluble chickpea and lentil powders: a solution for elderly consumers interested in enriching their meals with protein
Authors: Badia-Olmos Celia , Laguna Laura , Igual Catalina Daniela , Tárrega Amparo
Published: February 2025

Protein intake in the elderly is often inadequate; one solution is to enrich meals with sustainable proteins.
In situ calcium isotope analysis of Sr-rich carbonates using laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Jiang Jiao , Chen Wei , Lu Jue , Liu Yonghong , Li Ming , Sun Jian , Zhao Kuidong , Jiang Shaoyong , Liu Yongsheng
Published: February 2025

A high-precision method for measuring Ca isotopic composition in Sr-rich carbonates using LA-MC-ICP-MS.
Landé g-factors of electrons and holes strongly confined in CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals in glass
Authors: Meliakov Sergey R. , Zhukov Evgeny A. , Belykh Vasilii V. , Nestoklon Mikhail O. , Kolobkova Elena V. , Kuznetsova Maria S. , Bayer Manfred , Yakovlev Dmitri R.
Published: February 2025

The Landé g-factor of charge carriers is a key parameter in spin physics controlling spin polarization and spin dynamics.
Modulation anisotropy of nanomaterials toward monolithic integrated polarization-sensitive photodetectors
Authors: Pan Yuan , Sun Huiru , Ji Lingxuan , He Xuanxuan , Dong Wenzhe , Chen Hongyu
Published: February 2025

This review provides an overview of linear, circular, and full-Stokes photodetectors, discussing how to simplify their design from complex to simple. Images by permission of: RSC 2021, WLY 2023, Optica Publishing Group 2016 and ACS 2020.
Promoting phototransistor performance by utilizing solution epitaxy templated organic semiconductor films
Authors: Wang Zhifang , Zhang Yingying , Xue Di , Wang Yandong , Wang Zi , Chi Lifeng , Huang Lizhen
Published: February 2025

High performance organic phototransistors are achieved by adopting solution epitaxy grown molecular films as templates.
An organophotocatalytic redox-neutral strategy for late-stage drug functionalization with SO2 gas
Authors: Datta Paramita , Maji Subir , Biswas Prativa , Jain Divya , Dey Partha Protim , Mandal Swadhin K.
Published: February 2025

We report here a metal-free, redox-neutral photocatalytic strategy of SO2 gas functionalization resulting in the one-pot synthesis of sulfonamides, sulfonate esters, and thiosulfonates through a photoexcited phenalenyl (PLY) ligand.
Solute dispersion in pre-turbulent confined active nematics
Authors: Alvim Tomás , Telo da Gama Margarida M. , Coelho Rodrigo C. V.
Published: February 2025

We study how self-organised active flows in confined channels disperse solutes and extend the Taylor–Aris dispersion law to incorporate active nematic flows.
Correction: Infrared spectromicroscopy of biochemistry in functional single cells
Authors: Quaroni Luca , Zlateva Theodora
Published: February 2025

Correction for ‘Infrared spectromicroscopy of biochemistry in functional single cells’ by Luca Quaroni et al., Analyst, 2011, 136, 3219–3232, https://doi.org/10.1039/C1AN15060J.
Welcome to EES Solar
Authors: Saliba Michael
Published: February 2025

Editor-in-Chief Michael Saliba introduces the first issue of EES Solar.
Two‐Stage Botnet Detection Method Based on Feature Selection for Industrial Internet of Things
Authors: Shu Jian , Lu Jiazhong
Published: February 2025

Industrial control systems (ICSs) increasingly leverage the industrial internet of things (IIoTs) for sensor‐based automation, enhancing operational efficiency. However, the rapid expansion of the IIoTs brings with it an inherent susceptibility to potential threats from network intrusions, which pose risks to both the network infrastructure and associated equipment. The landscape of botnets is characterized by its diverse array and intricate attack methodologies, spanning a broad spectrum. In recent years, the domain of industrial control has witnessed the emergence of botnets, further accentuating the need for robust security measures. Addressing the challenge of categorizing and detecting the diverse botnet attacks, this paper proposes a two‐stage feature selection–based method for botnet detection. In the first stage, a spatiotemporal convolutional recurrent network is employed to construct a hybrid network capable of classifying benign traffic and identifying traffic originating from distinct botnet families. Subsequently, in the second stage, core features specific to the traffic of each botnet family are meticulously screened using the F‐test. The identified features are then utilized to categorize the respective attack types through the application of extreme gradient boosting (XGBOOST). To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method, we conducted experiments using the N‐BaIoT dataset under 10 different attack scenarios from the Gafgyt and Mirai botnet families. The results demonstrate that our method achieves a classification accuracy and F1‐score exceeding 99%, establishing it as the highest‐performing model for botnet detection within this dataset.
Post-COVID bei jungen Menschen
Authors: Rimkus Oliver , Weisbrod Matthias
Published: February 2025

Nach aktuellen Schätzungen leiden ca. 5–10 % aller symptomatisch Infizierten nach Abklingen der akuten
COVID-19-Erkrankung unter länger anhaltenden gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen. Psychische Symptome und
kognitive Beeinträchtigungen zählen zu häufigen Symptomen von Long- und insbesondere von Post-COVID.
Während sich für Erwachsene zahlreiche Publikationen zu Long- und Post-COVID finden, ist die Datenlage
für Kinder und Adoleszente verhältnismäßig dünn und uneinheitlich. Angesichts weniger dramatischer
Akutverläufe in dieser Gruppe und der Assoziation der Schwere des Akutverlaufs zur Wahrscheinlichkeit des
Auftretens von Long- und Post-COVID war nicht mit einem bedeutsamen Auftreten in dieser Gruppe gerechnet
worden. Insbesondere hinsichtlich ihrer psychischen und kognitiven Entwicklungen sind Kinder und
Adoleszente aber besonders durch störende Einflüsse gefährdet. Diese Gefährdungen können von der
Coronavirus-Erkrankung direkt ausgehen. Auch die Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie haben wesentlich
in die Entwicklung von Kindern und Adoleszenten eingegriffen.

Für das Verständnis von Long- und Post-COVID bei Kindern und Adoleszenten und für die Entwicklung von
Therapieansätzen ist die Kenntnis der vorliegenden Forschungsergebnisse relevant. Dieser Artikel fasst
daher das aktuelle Wissen um Long-COVID und Post-COVID bei Kindern und Adoleszenten hinsichtlich
psychischer und kognitiver Symptome zusammen.
Barrieren bei der Implementierung pharmakogenetischer Testungen in der Psychiatrie
in Deutschland – Ergebnisse aus der FACT-PGx Studie
Authors: Hahn Martina , Frantz Amelie Merle , Eckert Andreas , Reif Andreas
Published: February 2025

Ziel der Studie Die FACT-PGx Studie sollte Barrieren bei der Implementierung von
pharmakogenetischen Testungen auf Station einer psychiatrischen Klinik aufdecken, um sie in Folge
überwinden zu können, so dass die flächendeckende Implementierung schneller erfolgen kann.

Methodik 104 Patienten (50 % Frauen) mit F32.x oder F33.x wurden genotypisiert. 67 Patienten (64
%; 57 % Frauen) beantworteten den selbstentwickelten Fragebogen. Der Einfluss demografischer Daten wie
Bildungsstand, Alter und Vorbehandlungen die Antworten des Fragebogens wurden mittels t-Test (kategorial)
Wilcoxon-Rank-Test (kontinuierlich) untersucht.

Ergebnisse Kein Patient lehnte eine Genotypisierung ab. 99 % glaubten, dass PGx ihren Aufenthalt
verkürzen könne. Patienten > 40 Jahre und mit höherem Bildungsgrad waren eher bereit, Geld für eine
Genotypisierung auszugeben (beides p = 0.009). Durchschnittlich waren die Patienten bereit, im Mittel
117,42 € ± 140,49 € auszugeben und 15,83 ± 8,92 Tage auf Befunde zu warten. Die Prozessabläufe für eine
Genotypisierung in der Klinik unterscheiden sich von dem Routinelabor.

Schlussfolgerung Patienten stellen bei der Implementierung keine Barriere dar, sondern befördern
eher die Implementierung. Prozessabläufe können Barrieren darstellen, die jedoch durch Optimierung
überwunden werden können.
Diagnostik, Therapie und psychosoziale Aspekte bei late-onset Morbus
Pompe
Authors: Hahn Philipp , Siefen Rainer-Georg , Benz Korbinian , Jackowski Jochen , Köhler Cornelia , Lücke Thomas
Published: February 2025

Morbus Pompe ist eine schwerwiegende lysosomale Stoffwechselerkrankung, die sich von frühester Kindheit
bis ins Erwachsenenalter klinisch manifestieren kann. Ihre Diagnose wird durch ein breites
Symptomspektrum erschwert. Eine frühe Diagnose mittels Enzymaktivitätsbestimmung aus Trockenblut und
humangenetischer Sicherung ist insbesondere seit Einführung der Enzymersatztherapie (in Deutschland 2006)
entscheidend für das Behandlungsergebnis und die Lebensqualität der Patienten. Bei unklaren muskulären
Erkrankungen ist daher auch ein M. Pompe in Erwägung zu ziehen. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über
die Erkrankung und konzentriert sich auf die Diagnostik ihres spätmanifestierenden Typs, der sowohl im
Kindes- und Jugendalter als auch im Erwachsenenalter auftreten kann. Die relevantesten Aspekte der
interdisziplinären Versorgung Betroffener werden dargestellt. Darüber hinaus beleuchtet er die
psychosozialen Belastungen bei Kindern mit M. Pompe und ihren Familien, welche von psychischen Störungen
bis hin zu sozialem Rückzug reichen können und gibt Hinweise zum Umgang mit Eltern betroffener
Kinder.
Fallot and Its Variants: From Diagnosis to Pulmonary Valve Replacement
Authors: Rüffer André , Bertram Harald
Published: February 2025

In this article, we summarize the most important issues and recommendations on the anatomy and physiology of tetralogy-like lesions, diagnosis prior to medical, interventional, or surgical intervention, timing and types of interventions, management of high-risk patients, and the need for future interventions in a subset of patients. The long versions of the original guidelines are reprinted in the supplement, providing a more comprehensive overview and enabling a more detailed approach to tetralogy and its variants.
Effect of Gravitational Waves on Yang-Mills condensates
Authors: Gosala Narasimha Reddy , Dasgupta Arundhati
Published: February 2025

In this article, we investigate the interactions of a Yang-Mills (YM) wave fluctuation of a classical isotropic, homogeneous YM condensate, which models gluon plasma, with a Gravitational Wave (GW). We re-analyse the study of fluctuations of the gluon plasma using vector decomposition of the gauge field into scalar, longitudinal, and transverse modes. We find that there is an energy transfer between isotropic gluon condensate and plasmon modes, but the effect is delayed, and dependent on the initial conditions. We also studied quarks in the background of YM condensate and GW. We find that the quarks break the isotropy of the condensate and the GW couples quarks of different flavours of the SU(2) group. Thus, the GW induces flavour fluctuations, which has interesting implications for experimental observations and quark-gluon plasma physics.
Welding quality diagnosis approaches with a normalized amplitude-invariant feature value
Authors: Fang Shengkun , Long Danfeng , Li Ping , Deng Zhiwen , Guo Xiuhan
Published: February 2025

Intelligent diagnostic technology is helpful in the detection of welding quality issues which has significant impact on product reliability, and attracts increasing concern. Welding diagnostic technology typically extracts feature values from raw signals and make quality judgments based on the feature values. The conventional feature values extracted from electrical signals are not sensitive enough to indicate the welding quality and their amplitude varies for different welding powers, giving rise to the difficulty of welding quality judgement. To address this problem, this paper proposes a normalized amplitude-invariant feature value (NAIFV), its extraction algorithm, as well as NAIFV-based threshold categorization (TC) and NAIFV-based support vector machine (SVM) for welding quality diagnosis. Experiments were conducted to validate the proposed approaches. It was found that NAIFV has advantages in rapidity, normalization and consistency compared to conventional feature values. Results also showed that the diagnosis accuracy of the NAIFV-based TC and NAIFV-based SVM were up to 97.5% and 98.7% respectively, much higher than those based on spectral kurtosis, which is the best among the four conventional feature values discussed in this study.
Electronic, thermodynamic, and optical characterization of schiff base compound (C11H7IN2O2S)
Authors: Evecen Meryem , Ciftci Yasemin Oztekin
Published: February 2025

Total energy optimization, electronic band structure, and thermodynamic and optical properties calculations for a Schiff base molecule (C11H7IN2O2S) have been performed using the first-principles Density functional (DFT) calculations. The electronic properties were investigated using theoretical techniques, revealing a moderate bandgap indicative of semiconducting behavior suitable for optoelectronic applications. The estimated band gap was about 1.85 eV. The calculated HOMO–LUMO energies show that charge transfer is done within the molecule. The thermodynamic analysis provided insights into the stability and thermal behavior of the compound, including parameters such as heat capacity, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, which confirmed its structural robustness under standard conditions. The optical properties were characterized by the dielectric function, refractive index, absorption coefficient, and optical conductivity. The compound exhibited strong absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) region, with a prominent absorption edge near ∼1.8 eV and significant peaks at ∼3.5 eV, highlighting its potential as a UV-sensitive material. The refractive index and reflectivity analysis demonstrated its efficient light interaction and propagation properties, while the plasmon energy loss function confirmed energy dissipation peaks in the UV range. These findings position the Schiff base compound as a promising candidate for advanced applications in optoelectronics, UV photodetectors, and energy-efficient photonic devices. The synergistic combination of electronic, thermodynamic, and optical attributes underscores the compound’s versatility and utility in emerging technological fields.
Design and implementation of an independent-drive bionic dragonfly robot
Authors: Cheng Danguo , Yang Zhong , Chen Guojun , Xu Hongyu , Liao Luwei , Chen Wei
Published: February 2025

Bionic flapping wing robots achieve flight by imitating animal flapping wings, which are safe, flexible, and efficient. Their practicality and human-machine symbiosis in narrow and complex environments are better than traditional fixed-wing or multirotor drones, indicating broader application potential. By systematic and biomimetic methods, a bionic dragonfly robot with four independent drive flapping wings, called DFly-I, was designed. Firstly, the mechanical structure of the robot was introduced, especially the fluttering structure and the wing structure. Then, a novel motion controller utilizing multi-channel field-oriented control (FOC) is proposed for its motion mechanism, which relies on four sets of brushless DC motors based on FOC control and four sets of servos to achieve independent control of the flapping speed, rhythm, and angle of the four flapping wings. In addition, the system model is analyzed, and based on this, the robot motion and posture control are realized by a proportional–integral–derivative and active disturbance rejection based controller. Lastly, a physical prototype was made, and its feasibility was verified through flight experiments in indoor venues.
The Great Inheritance
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: February 2025

The two pre-World War I generations saw a greater concatenation of fundamental technical inventions and innovations than in any other period in human history. The Age of Synergy (1867–1914) brought electricity for lighting homes and public spaces and for taking over household chores; electric motors began to revolutionize industrial production and transportation; Otto-cycle internal combustion engines were first deployed in cars and then in airplanes, while Diesel engines began their conquest of marine shipping; new fossil-fueled processes provided the affordable, large-scale production of steel (for machines and buildings) and cement; electricity made it possible to produce inexpensive aluminum; the discovery of ammonia synthesis opened the way for feeding billions of people; and the new ways of paper production, printing, and image reproduction and the introduction of wired (telephone) and wireless (radio) communication marked the beginning of the Information Age.
Behavioral Neuroscience
Authors: Breedlove S. Marc , Watson Neil V.
Published: February 2025

Behavioral Neuroscience presents the most current research in this field. The first chapter introduces this tenth edition of this book and gives an overview of the subject. Part 1 looks at the biological foundations of behavioral neuroscience. It contains chapters on functional neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, the chemistry of behavior, and hormones. The second part turns to the evolution and development of the nervous system. The third part is about perception and action and includes chapters which look at sensory processing, touch, pain, hearing, balance, taste, smell, vision, motor control, and plasticity. The next part is about regulation and behavior and touches on sex, homeostasis, and biological rhythms. Part 5 looks at emotions and mental disorders. The final part is about cognitive neuroscience and here chapters examine learning, memory, attention, higher cognition, language, and lateralization.
Psychopathology
Authors: Breedlove S. Marc , Watson Neil V.
Published: February 2025

This chapter discusses the profound impact of psychiatric disorders, using Eleanor's experience of schizophrenia as a vivid example. It details how her life was upended by disembodied voices that escalated into menacing demands, highlighting the disorder's severe social and emotional toll. Schizophrenia, affecting about 1% of individuals globally, exemplifies the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to psychiatric conditions. The chapter traces the historical connection between biological factors and mental illnesses, such as the discovery that syphilitic psychosis was caused by a bacterial infection. With modern tools like genome-wide association studies (GWAS), researchers are uncovering genetic overlaps between disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, challenging traditional diagnostic boundaries and paving the way for more nuanced understandings and treatments.
The Perception of Color
Authors: Wolfe Jeremy M. , Levi Dennis M. , Holt Lori L. , Bartoshuk Linda M. , Herz Rachel S. , Klatzky Roberta L. , Merfeld Daniel M.
Published: February 2025

This chapter explains the mechanisms underlying color perception, starting with the basic principles where color arises from the interaction between light wavelengths and the nervous system. It outlines three essential steps: detection, where photoreceptors in the eye convert light into signals; discrimination, where the nervous system distinguishes between different wavelengths; and appearance, where perceived colors are assigned to objects and remain stable under various conditions. The chapter then highlights individual differences in color perception, from genetic factors to cultural influences, and explores the unique role of color in everyday vision, including its adaptive significance for tasks like recognizing objects or signals. Finally, it considers broader questions, such as the purpose of color vision and its ability to transform the physical wavelengths of light into the rich, subjective experience of a colorful world. These insights emphasize how biological and perceptual processes intertwine to create our vibrant visual reality.
Music and Speech Perception
Authors: Wolfe Jeremy M. , Levi Dennis M. , Holt Lori L. , Bartoshuk Linda M. , Herz Rachel S. , Klatzky Roberta L. , Merfeld Daniel M.
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines the intricate relationship between music perception and speech perception, highlighting their shared roots in physical acoustics and their unique roles in human communication. It explains how music, through elements such as pitch, rhythm, and cultural variation, expresses emotions and shapes personal and collective identities. The chapter explores speech perception by describing its production mechanics—respiration, phonation, and articulation—and showing how unique human anatomy enables precise and flexible communication. It addresses key challenges in understanding speech perception, such as coarticulation and categorical perception, and explains how redundancy in acoustic cues supports comprehension. Finally, the chapter examines the profound influence of experience, beginning prenatally, in shaping our auditory capabilities and cultural language comprehension.
Development of the Brain
Authors: Watson Neil V. , Breedlove S. Marc
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores the intricate development and transformation of the brain, emphasizing its dynamic nature from conception to old age. It begins by outlining the brain's orderly growth, detailing six key cellular processes that guide its maturation, including neurogenesis and synapse rearrangement. A surge in synaptic connections during early life leads to selective pruning, with environmental experiences and neural activity shaping these changes. The chapter then highlights the impact of maternal care on gene expression, showing how nurturing influences stress responses and behavior across lifetimes. The brain's plasticity extends into adulthood, as new neurons support learning and memory, though aging brings challenges, such as the gradual decline in hippocampal volume that affects memory. Insights into Alzheimer's disease reveal its association with amyloid plaques, neural tangles, and the loss of acetylcholine-producing neurons, underscoring the importance of maintaining mental and physical activity to delay cognitive decline.
Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell
Authors: Watson Neil V. , Breedlove S. Marc
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores the intricate sensory systems of hearing, balance, taste, and smell, highlighting their evolutionary significance for survival and interaction. The external and middle ear capture pressure waves in the air and transmit them to the cochlea, which converts these vibrations into neural signals that the brain decodes to discern pitch, intensity, and localization. The vestibular system in the inner ear governs balance by sensing head movement and spatial orientation through specialized structures like semicircular canals and otolith organs, enabling coordination and posture. Taste buds on the tongue house receptor cells that detect five basic tastes—salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami—while the olfactory system identifies airborne chemicals through receptors in the nasal cavity, linking odors to memory and emotion. Ultimately, the brain has remarkable capacity to integrate sensory information, though challenges such as hearing loss, motion sickness, and anosmia underscore their fragility and impact on human life.
Vision
Authors: Watson Neil V. , Breedlove S. Marc
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines how visual information travels from the eye to the brain, enabling perception. Neurons across the visual system, from the retina to the cortex, possess specialized receptive fields for detecting features like edges, motion, and color. The visual system integrates signals from retinal cones sensitive to different wavelengths, constructing our experience of color through complex neural processing. Cortical visual areas are organized into two streams: the “what” stream identifies objects, while the “where” stream processes spatial locations and guides movement. Highlighting species-specific visual adaptations, the chapter also discusses macular degeneration as a leading cause of vision loss with age, underscoring the brain's remarkable capacity to efficiently handle vast amounts of visual information.
Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
Authors: Watson Neil V. , Breedlove S. Marc
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores the intricate connections between emotions, aggression, and stress, focusing on their physiological, behavioral, and neural underpinnings. Theories like the James-Lange model and the Cannon-Bard model explain how autonomic reactions shape emotional perception, while research highlights the universality of facial expressions and cultural nuances in their display. It demonstrates that neural circuits, such as those involving the amygdala, mediate fear and other emotions through conditioned responses and brain self-stimulation. Hormonal factors like testosterone and neurotransmitters such as serotonin influence aggression, while neural circuits like the ventromedial hypothalamus trigger aggressive behaviors. The chapter examines how chronic stress harms long-term health, emphasizes the adaptive role of stress immunization in early life, and recommends strategies like mindfulness to mitigate the negative effects of prolonged stress.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 17
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 17 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on elimination reactions.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 27
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 27 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus in organic chemistry.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 29
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 29 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on aromatic Heterocycles 1: reactions.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 34
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 34 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on pericyclic reactions 1: cycloadditions.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 37
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 37 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on radical reactions.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 41
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 41 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on asymmetric synthesis.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 42
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 42 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on the organic chemistry of life.
Perception and Mental Imagery
Authors: Chun Marvin M. , Most Steven B.
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines perception as a construction of the mind, emphasising its complexity and reliance on cognitive processes. Perception actively interprets incomplete and ambiguous sensory input, allowing the brain to synthesise coherent representations by filling in gaps based on experience and context. The challenges of perception, such as object recognition and segmentation, emerge vividly in the struggle artificial systems face when attempting to replicate human perceptual abilities, as well as in cases where illusions reveal the brain's interpretive strategies. Mental imagery functions as a closely related but distinct cognitive skill, enabling individuals to visualise scenarios or objects without direct sensory input, while relying on many of the same neurological mechanisms as perception. Together, these concepts reveal the dynamic interplay between sensory input, cognitive processing, and neural organisation, highlighting the sophistication of human perceptual and imaginative abilities.
HHIP protein interactions in lung cells provide insight into COPD pathogenesis
Authors: Deritei Dávid , Inuzuka Hiroyuki , Castaldi Peter J , Yun Jeong Hyun , Xu Zhonghui , Anamika Wardatul Jannat , Asara John M , Guo Feng , Zhou Xiaobo , Glass Kimberly , Wei Wenyi , Silverman Edwin K
Published: February 2025

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide. The primary causes of COPD are environmental, including cigarette smoking; however, genetic susceptibility also contributes to COPD risk. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWASes) have revealed more than 80 genetic loci associated with COPD, leading to the identification of multiple COPD GWAS genes. However, the biological relationships between the identified COPD susceptibility genes are largely unknown. Genes associated with a complex disease are often in close network proximity, i.e. their protein products often interact directly with each other and/or similar proteins. In this study, we use affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to identify protein interactions with HHIP, a well-established COPD GWAS gene which is part of the sonic hedgehog pathway, in two disease-relevant lung cell lines (IMR90 and 16HBE). To better understand the network neighborhood of HHIP, its proximity to the protein products of other COPD GWAS genes, and its functional role in COPD pathogenesis, we create HUBRIS, a protein–protein interaction network compiled from 8 publicly available databases. We identified both common and cell type-specific protein–protein interactors of HHIP. We find that our newly identified interactions shorten the network distance between HHIP and the protein products of several COPD GWAS genes, including DSP, MFAP2, TET2, and FBLN5. These new shorter paths include proteins that are encoded by genes involved in extracellular matrix and tissue organization. We found and validated interactions to proteins that provide new insights into COPD pathobiology, including CAVIN1 (IMR90) and TP53 (16HBE). The newly discovered HHIP interactions with CAVIN1 and TP53 implicate HHIP in response to oxidative stress.
Calibrating the absolute magnitude of type Ia supernovae in nearby galaxies using [OII] and implications for H0
Authors: Dixon M , Mould J , Lidman C , Taylor E N , Flynn C , Duffy A R , Galbany L , Scolnic D , Davis T M , Möller A , Kelsey L , Lee J , Wiseman P , Vincenzi M , Shah P , Aguena M , Allam S S , Alves O , Bacon D , Bocquet S , Brooks D , Burke D L , Rosell A Carnero , Carollo D , Carretero J , Conselice C , da Costa L N , Pereira M E S , Diehl H T , Doel P , Everett S , Ferrero I , Flaugher B , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gatti M , Gaztanaga E , Giannini G , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gutierrez G , Herner K , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Kuehn K , Lima M , Marshall J L , Mena-Fernández J , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Myles J , Nichol R C , Ogando R L C , Palmese A , Pieres A , Malagón A A Plazas , Samuroff S , Sanchez E , Cid D Sanchez , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Sobreira F , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , To C , Tucker B E , Tucker D L , Vikram V , Walker A R , Weaverdyck N
Published: February 2025

The present state of cosmology is facing a crisis where there is a fundamental disagreement in measurements of the Hubble constant (H0), with significant tension between the early and late universe methods. Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are important to measuring H0 through the astronomical distance ladder. However, there remains potential to better standardise SN Ia light curves by using known dependencies on host galaxy properties after the standard light curve width and colour corrections have been applied to the peak SN Ia luminosities. To explore this, we use the 5-year photometrically identified SNe Ia sample obtained by the Dark Energy Survey, along with host galaxy spectra obtained by the Australian Dark Energy Survey. Using host galaxy spectroscopy, we find a significant trend with the equivalent width (EW) of the [OII] λλ 3727, 29 doublet, a proxy for specific star formation rate, and Hubble residuals. We find that the correlation with [OII] EW is a powerful alternative to the commonly used mass step after initial light curve corrections. Applying this [OII] EW correction to 20 SNe Ia in calibrator galaxies observed with WiFeS, we examined the impact on SN Ia absolute magnitudes and H0. Our [OII] EW corrections result in H0 values ranging between 73.04 to 73.51kms−1Mpc−1, with a combined statistical and systematic uncertainty of ∼1.31kms−1Mpc−1. However, even with this additional correction, the impact of host galaxy properties in standardising SNe Ia appears limited in reducing the current tension (∼5σ) with the CMB result for H0.
The association between healthy lifestyle and multimorbidity of non-communicable chronic diseases trajectory: evidence from a perspective study in UK biobank
Authors: Wu Jinrong , Jiang Wenbo , Ji Ce , Qiao Conghui , Wei Wei , Wang Yupeng
Published: February 2025

Background

Although a few studies have found that healthy lifestyle is linked to a range of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs), its association with the onset, progression, and prognosis of multimorbidity of NCDs (MNCDs) has never been studied.

Method

A total of 332 444 adults aged 39–73 years who were free of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer at baseline were selected. Then we used multi-state model to analyze the associations between healthy lifestyle and transition trajectory were analyzed with results expressed as hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval.

Results

A total of 62 994 participants developed first NCDs (FNCDs). After adjustment for potential confounders, healthy lifestyle was negatively associated with the transition trajectory from baseline to FNCD (HR = 0.38), from FNCDs to MNCDs (HR = 0.30), etc. Further, the transition trajectory from FNCDs to MNCDs became more pronounced among the offspring who aged ˂60 (HRFNCDs → MNCDs = 0.29), who never took medicine(HRFNCDs → MNCDs = 0.25). Besides, possessing all five healthy lifestyle factors could extend the life expectancy of MNCD participants.

Conclusion

This study suggests that healthy lifestyle is associated with almost all transition phases of MNCDs development and decreases the mortality risk of MNCDs.
Characterization of the Rbfox3‐IRES‐iCre knock‐in mouse: Revealing gene recombination activity in neural and non‐neural peripheral tissues
Authors: Nishino Shiho , Hashimoto Misuzu , Biswas Swapna Paramanya , Mikami Natsuki , Hasegawa Yoshikazu , Suzuki Hayate , Kang Woojin , Mizuno Seiya , Murata Kazuya
Published: February 2025

In vivo cell type‐specific genetic recombination based on the Cre‐loxP system has contributed to the understanding of biological processes and diseases. Neuronal nuclei (NeuN)/RBFOX3 is a widely used mature neuron marker in developmental biology and neuroscience. Here, we generated Rbfox3‐improved Cre (iCre) knock‐in mouse model and investigated the effect of iCre knock‐in into the Rbfox3 gene and Cre recombination activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. The knock‐in of internal ribosome entry site (IRES)‐iCre cassette into the Rbfox3 3′ UTR did not affect birth rate, growth, and brain weight. In the adult brain, iCre protein expression was confirmed, whereas RBFOX3 protein expression was partially reduced in the knock‐in mice. Cre recombination analysis using R26GRR fluorescent reporter strain revealed that Rbfox3‐driven iCre‐induced gene recombination in the CNS and heart during embryonic development. In the adult brain, gene recombination was observed in neurons, however, not in other glial cells. In the peripheral tissues, iCre activity was found in the sciatic nerve and in other peripheral tissues, including the heart, bladder, and testis. We validated gene recombination rate in the germline and found that 100% recombination occurred in male germ cells and approximately 50% in female germ cells. Concludingly, Rbfox3‐iCre mice induce genetic recombination in neurons within CNS as well as in some peripheral tissues and germ cells. In addition to establishing a novel Cre mouse line, the findings of this study offer valuable insights into the development and application of mouse tools that utilize the Rbfox3 gene locus.
Inborn errors of immunity with atopic phenotypes in the allergy and immunology clinic: a practical review
Authors: Taietti Ivan , Catamerò Francesco , Lodi Lorenzo , Giovannini Mattia , Castagnoli Riccardo
Published: February 2025

Purpose of review

Inborn errors of immunity with atopic phenotypes (IEIwA) are a subgroup of IEI that may present with severe and/or multiple atopic clinical manifestations. Because of their specific clinical management and prognosis, it is important to distinguish IEIwA from multifactorial allergic diseases. We aimed to review the main clinical manifestations associated with IEIwA and summarize the available data regarding the precision medicine approach for these conditions.

Recent findings

IEIwA include more than 50 monogenic disorders marked by different immune dysregulation mechanisms such as alterations in cytokine signaling, T cell receptor function, mast cell activation, and skin barrier integrity. A critical role in diagnosis is played by advanced genetic testing. Emerging treatments include targeted monoclonal antibodies and small molecules, whereas hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is still a valid option for some specific disorders and may be curative also on atopic manifestations.

The recognition and accurate diagnosis of IEIwA are crucial for timely and appropriate therapeutic intervention. The diagnosis should be suspected according to the presence of ‘red flags’ at clinical evaluation stage, such as early-onset severe atopy, recurrent/atypical infections, and autoimmunity. The diagnostic confirmation requires genetic testing. Precision medicine approaches like biological therapies and HSCT seem to provide promising results. It is worth noting that clinical and translational research in the field of IEIwA is currently paving the way for a more thorough understanding of the molecular bases of common allergic diseases.
Moving More: Physical Activity and Its Positive Effects on Depression and Anxiety in Children and Young People
Authors: Bevan Emma , Sheridan Craig , Botchey Sam , Kelly Paul , Reid Hamish
Published: February 2025

Objective:

This project has 2 aims: First, to identify and summarize the most clinically important aspects of the published evidence on physical activity and sport in children and young people for the treatment or prevention of depression, anxiety, or symptoms of these conditions. Second, this study aims to funnel and develop this evidence to create clinically meaningful summaries on the Moving Medicine website and to guide clinicians on the day-to-day conversations clinicians have with children and young people about the benefits of physical activity for mental health.

Design:

This mixed methods study combines a scoping review with expert clinical review using the knowledge creation funnel component of the KTA framework.

Data sources:

We searched Pubmed, OvidSp, Cochrane, OvidEmbase, OvidEmcare and AMED databases using the following search strategy, which included appropriate truncation symbols to account for variations of the search terms and maximize searches: Depression OR depressed OR anxiety OR “generalised anxiety disorder” OR anxious* OR “low mood” OR “Mood disorder” AND Children OR Child OR adolescen* OR teenager OR “young people*” OR “young person*” AND Exercise OR “physical activ*” OR sport OR “Physically activ*”.

Results:

Sixty-eight studies were included in this review, and evidence suggested that interventions of varying intensity can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in children and young people. The effects of physical activity on other mental health outcomes were also encouraging. The available evidence suggests that physical activity is a promising strategy to improve mental health in children and young people.

Conclusions:

The literature overwhelmingly supports the benefits of regular physical activity both in the prevention of mental health issues for children and young people and in reduction of symptoms for those with already established symptoms. This review has translated this knowledge into accessible and relevant resources for healthcare professionals to use in their practice.
Improving Perinatal HIV Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implementing a Mobile Integrated Health Program to Close the Gap
Authors: Ramakrishnan Aditi , Goldstein Madeleine , Shetty Shakti , Badell Martina , Kalokhe Ameeta S. , Colasanti Jonathan , Sumitani Jieri , LaTeshia Thomas-Seaton , Beaupierre Melissa , Hussen Sophia A. , Sheth Anandi N.
Published: February 2025

Background:

Pregnant people with HIV (PWH) often experience loss to follow-up and viral non-suppression after delivery, contributing to morbidity and HIV transmission. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted health systems and exacerbated health disparities, including for PWH and their infants. To improve perinatal HIV outcomes, we implemented a perinatal care program in September 2020 that offered multidisciplinary home visits through a Mobile Integrated Health (MIH) unit within a large, safety-net healthcare system in Atlanta, Georgia.

Methods:

We analyzed data collected from PWH who delivered one year before (8/31/19-8/31/20; pre-implementation) to six months after (9/1/20-2/28/21; post-implementation) MIH implementation to compare HIV clinical outcomes. We evaluated barriers, facilitators, and patient preferences through exit surveys with MIH program participants.

Results:

Overall, 32 (53%) delivered before and 28 (47%) PWH delivered after MIH implementation; majority were non-Hispanic Black. Three-fourths who delivered post-MIH utilized MIH, mostly (62%) for postpartum obstetric visits. HIV visit attendance within 3 months and retention in care at 6 months of delivery were significantly higher post-implementation (p = 0.04). Participants noted that the MIH program significantly improved appointment scheduling and access to healthcare services during the pandemic (p < 0.05). Participants highly rated the preferability, convenience, safety, and use of the MIH program for future pregnancies.

Conclusions:

Implementation of a perinatal MIH program for PWH and their infants led to significant improvement in engagement in HIV care after delivery. Our findings demonstrate that novel, interdisciplinary programming can fill critical gaps in care delivery, including during periods of healthcare disruption.