bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POINT-COUNTERPOINT
Authors: Schwartz Richard H. , Morgan John P.
Published: December 2021

In the September 1992 issue of Pediatrics in Review in which the article on drugs of abuse (amphetamine and methamphetamine) appeared, Dr John Morgan failed to mention MDMA (3,4 methylenedioxymetham-phetamine), a substituted methamphetamine designer drug with hallucinogenic properties, known by its popular name "ecstasy" on XTC. MDMA is used with some frequency by college students (2.3% of college students took the drug in 1990). It is a prevalent drug of abuse in the United Kingdom, where it is ingested by teenagers and young adults who attend popular dance halls known as "The Rave." It is also a drug of growing importance among youth in New York City where The Rave has introduced.
Neonatal Jaundice
Authors: Gartner Lawrence M.
Published: December 2021

Jaundice in the newborn has presented a diagnostic challenge to clinicians for millennia. Because virtually every newborn infant has an elevated serum bilirubin in comparison with the normal adult and more than 50% are visibly jaundiced during the first week of life, the physician's first challenge is to differentiate pathology from variations within the normal range. Today, clinicians are faced with critical therapeutic decisions as well; treatment should be instituted only when benefit will accrue. During the past several years, clinical experts and scholars have reconsidered the risks and possible benefits of bilirubin in the newborn, have altered indications for diagnostic procedures, and have suggested new criteria for therapy. In addition, the relationship between breastfeeding and neonatal jaundice has been clarified. These major new concepts have changed the management of jaundice in the newborn significantly, particularly in the healthy term infant. This review examines these new concepts, places them in a clinical perspective, and provides guidelines for management based on a synthesis of expert opinions and the recently published practice guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics. 1

Definitions

The term neonatal jaundice designates all situations in the newborn infant in which the serum bilirubin is sufficiently elevated to cause at least minimally visible yellowing of the skin, ocular sclerae, or both.
Pediatric Dental Update
Authors: Shusterman Stephen
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Pediatricians are in an ideal position to influence the oral health of their young patients, from the first prenatal interview with prospective parents and the initial newborn examination through the duration of their general pediatric care. Teeth begin calcification between 14 and 16 weeks of embryonic life, and most of the crowns of the primary teeth, as well as the occlusal edges of some permanent teeth, are calcified by birth. Early plaque removal from gum pads and erupting teeth, the use of fluoride as a dietary supplement in nonfluoridated communities, and timely visits to the dentist all will help to assure a caries-free dentition and healthy oral environment for the child of the 21st century.

Dentistry has emerged from its position as a little understood and poorly tolerated sideline of the itinerant surgeon to its status of partner in supporting total bodily health. Such gains as local anesthesia and the means to administer it painlessly, high-speed instrumentation to remove caries comfortably (albeit mechanically), bonded resins (eg, pit and fissure sealants, composite resin restorative materials) to prevent caries and esthetically restore broken or deformed teeth, and implants to replace missing teeth and to restore function and appearance have highlighted its recent evolution.
Nutrition Update
Authors: Barness Lewis A.
Published: December 2021

Recommendations for improved nutrition have been somewhat modified in the past decade, as evidence clarifies the physiology of digestion, the relation of activity to nutritional requirements, the possible relation of early nutrition to later diseases, the re-evaluation by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition of the use of whole milk in early life, and the recommendations of the USDA of a healthy diet. Breastfeeding continues to be the recommended feeding for infants.

Digestive Processes

Swallow, digestive, and metabolic processes are well developed in the term infant at birth. Fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid occurs at 16 to 17 gestational weeks; at 30 to 34 gestational weeks, infants develop the ability to suck. At birth, development of the lower esophageal sphincter is incomplete and gastroesophageal reflux is demonstrable; reflux is common up to about 4 months.

At birth, the rooting reflex propels the infant to the food source, that is, the mother's or an artificial nipple. The swallowing reflex enables material from the posterior reaches of the mouth to progress to the esophagus, and peristalsis moves the food through the digestive tract. The extrusion reflux, present for up to 2 to 3 months, pushes material out from the anterior part of the mouth, perhaps as a protective mechanism.
Consultation with the Specialist
Authors: McBride Margaret C.
Published: December 2021

Status epilepticus has been defined as continuous seizure activity or intermittent seizure activity without recovery of consciousness between seizures that lasts for more than 30 minutes. However, if a seizure has continued unabated for 5 minutes, status epilepticus should be presumed and therapy initiated. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency, and all primary care physicians should know how to initiate its treatment.

Usually status epilepticus consists of generalized or asymmetric clonic activity with unconsciousness. However, prolonged absence or partial seizures comprise 10% of episodes. Absence status epilepticus usually occurs in children who have severe primary generalized epilepsy or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Partial status epilepticus occurs in children who have focal brain pathology. The initial treatment of both is like that for generalized status epilepticus, with only slightly less urgency. The remainder of this review concerns generalized status epilepticus.

Etiology

It is important to obtain both remote and recent histories from the child's family or attendant as soon as possible so that an appropriate differential diagnosis may be developed. In 25% of cases, status is idiopathic. In another 25% it is provoked only by fever (febrile status). In the 20% of children who have a static encephalopathy, the condition is termed remote symptomatic status epilepticus. In another 20%, status is termed acute symptomatic and is an expression of an acute encephalopathy or brain injury.
Rubella Vaccine
Authors: Hoffman-Rosenfeld Jamie
Published: December 2021

Rubella usually is a mild viral illness characterized by an erythematous maculopapular rash, slight fever, and lymphadenopathy. Although serious complications of rubella, such as encephalitis and thrombocytopenia, are rare in children, the devastating consequences of the congenital rubella syndrome continue to propel a multipronged strategy to eliminate rubella infection.

Rubella vaccine is a live virus vaccine, which in the United States is the RA27/3 rubella virus strain grown in human diploid cell culture. Although one dose of vaccine confers lifelong immunity in greater than 90% of vaccine recipients, two doses now are recommended in conjunction with the measles vaccine. Because congenital rubella is a potentially devastating consequence of primary vaccine failure, the second dose of vaccine serves as an additional safeguard against such failures.
INDEX OF SUSPICION
Authors: Kidd John , Batisky Donald L. , Stratakis Constantine A. , Garnica Adolpho , Waller Benjamin R. , Pendergrass Landon B.
Published: December 2021

This section of Pediatrics in Review reminds clinicians of those conditions that can present in a misleading fashion and require suspicion for early diagnosis. Emphasis has been placed on conditions in which early diagnosis is important and that the general pediatrician might be expected to encounter, at least once in a while. The reader is encouraged to write possible diagnoses for each case before turning to the discussion, which is on the following page.

We invite readers to contribute case presentations and discussions.

Case 1 Presentation

A 4-year-old boy who has SC (sickle cell-hemoglobin C) hemoglobinopathy comes to the Resident Practice Group Clinic for a preschool evaluation. At present he has no complaints, although he has had several hospital admissions related to febrile illnesses and painful crises from his sickle cell disease. He has been receiving penicillin prophylaxis and folic acid supplementation.

A complete blood count yields the following findings: white blood cell count, 27 900/mm3, with 1% band forms, 19% segmented neutrophils, 26% lymphocytes, 9% monocytes, and 45% eosinophils; hemoglobin, 10.9 g/dL; hematocrit, 31.8%; and platelet count, 464 000/mm3.

Further evaluation is undertaken because of his abnormal hematologic picture, revealing two unsuspected conditions.

Case 2 Presentation

Twins are born after a 29-week first pregnancy to healthy parents.
Consultation with the Specialist
Authors: Siegel David M.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Inflammation involving any part of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid) is described as uveitis. Adjacent ocular structures, including the retina, vitreous, and optic nerve, may be affected as well. The term uveitis is derived from the Latin uva, or "grape," due to the similarity in appearance between the bluish vein structure visible in a peeled blue grape and the middle vascular layer of the eye, the uvea. Within the broader term of uveitis are more specific designations, depending on the anatomic area involved. Thus, inflammation of the iris is called iritis, inflammation of the ciliary body is called cyclitis, and both occurring together is termed iridocyclitis. These latter structures, along with the anterior choroid, share a common blood supply and, if affected, tend to be inflamed together. Such inflammation can be referred to as anterior uveitis. Posterior uveitis describes inflammation of the posterior choroid (choroiditis), the retina (retinitis), or both (chorioretinitis). When the middle portion of the eye is involved (primarily retinal vessels and the peripheral portions of the retina and uveal tract), the condition is described as intermediate uveitis. This term has replaced other labels that appear in the literature, including chronic cyclitis, peripheral uveitis, and pars planitis.
Microcephaly
Authors: Rios Angel
Published: December 2021

Microcephaly is characterized by a head circumference that is below the normal range. The diagnosis is made by measuring the largest circumference of the head, using the glabella and the occipital protuberance as reference points.

Head circumference reflects brain volume, with a small skull usually reflecting a small brain. Furthermore, the smaller the head, the less likely that intelligence will be normal. Avery et al reported that the incidence of moderate-to-severe mental retardation among infants who have a head circumference from 2 to 3 standard deviations (SD) below the mean is 33%, while among infants who have a head circumference more than 3 SD below the mean, the incidence is 62%.
Consultation with the Specialist
Authors: Brodsky Linda
Published: December 2021

Congenital stridor is a common problem that has many very different etiologies. A complete history and physical examination will allow the astute clinician to direct the laboratory evaluation efficiently. Establishing a relationship with a specialist will be useful for consultation when considering a referral in questionable situations. Referral to an otolaryngologist who has experience and equipment capable of diagnosing and treating airway problems in the neonate and young infant is necessary in children who have atypical presentations or exhibit severe symptoms or in whom secondary management, particularly surgery, is contemplated or necessary.
Malabsorption in Childhood
Authors: Talusan-Soriano Karen , Lake Alan M.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The evaluation of the child whose rate of growth is impaired or who fails to thrive frequently includes evaluation for malabsorption. Although diarrhea may be a cardinal feature of most malabsorptive disorders, it may not be present or appreciated. The pediatrician must recognize manifestations of malabsorptive disease so as to establish early diagnosis and initiate treatment to minimize the long-term consequences of malnutrition.

To establish a diagnosis requires an understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of digestion and absorption. Digestion begins as an intraluminal event, requiring oral, gastric, and pancreatic enzymes and bile acids for micelle formation. Absorption requires adequate mucosal surface area, brush border and intracellular enzymes, and specific transport mechanisms. The diseases and their symptoms vary with age and even with socioeconomic conditions. For example, in the developing world, malabsorption most often is encountered in the context of mucosal injury from recurrent or persistent infections, perpetuated by poor hygiene and nutrition.

Infants present predominantly with congenital disorders of specific nutrient digestion or absorption (Table 1). Older children typically have an acquired mucosal disease such as those listed in Table 2. The overlap is tremendous, and diseases such as cystic fibrosis and gluten-sensitive celiac disease present in different manners at different ages.
Rifampin
Authors: Glatman-Freedman A.
Published: December 2021

Rifampin is a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin B that is active against a wide range of microorganisms and bactericidal for extracellular as well as intracellular pathogens. Most gram-positive and many gram-negative bacteria, as well as mycobactenia, are inhibited by nifampin. Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Neisseria meningitidis, N gonorrheae, and Haemophilus influenzae are very sensitive to rifampin. The drug works by inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thus preventing the initiation of chain formation in RNA synthesis.

Rifampin is available in the United States in oral and intravenous preparations. It is almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, reaching peak plasma concentrations in 2 to 4 hours.
Patient Safety and Quality Improvement: Reducing Risk of Harm
Authors: Leonard Michael S.
Published: December 2021

Most medical errors and preventable adverse events represent failures of complex systems. Pediatric clinicians must ensure a safe environment for health-care delivery to children. To do so, they must recognize risk factors for errors and adverse events; ensure effective communication with patients, parents, and colleagues; heighten situation awareness; develop high-functioning, high-reliability teams; implement and employ technology carefully; and provide integrated, ongoing education to trainees.
Wound Management
Authors: Black Kelly D. , Cico Stephen John , Caglar Derya
Published: December 2021

The care of wounds is common in pediatric practice. Most simple wounds can be handled by clinicians in the office or by trained emergency medicine clinicians. Knowledge of appropriate wound care, wound repair techniques, and judicious use of antibiotics for prophylaxis ensures the best possible long-term outcomes. The following review describes appropriate recommendations for acute and long-term wound care, management, and special circumstances common to pediatric practice.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children
Authors: Byrne William J.
Published: December 2021

With advances in diagnostic technology, specifically upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy, peptic ulcer disease in infants and children should no longer be considered rare. Whereas secondary ulcers are usually gastric and are often multiple, primary ulcers occur with almost equal frequency in the duodenum or stomach and tend to be solitary. In spite of intensive scientific investigation, the etiology of peptic ulcer disease remains unclear. Genetic factors appear to play a role and a polygenic mode of inheritance has been proposed. Emotional factors also seem to be important. Children with peptic ulcer disease tend to be of above-average intelligence, are often overachievers who have trouble dealing with frustation, and tend to internalize their feelings. Hydrochloric acid has traditionally been implicated in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer and most therapies are directed at either "neutralizing" acid or blocking its secretion. Recently, local factors such as gastric mucus, alkaline secretion by the gastric mucosal cells, gastric blood flow, and prostaglandins have been shown to be important in local tissue resistance to acid and to digestive enzymes. The diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease depends on a high index of suspicion. Although pain is the most common symptom, there is no typical or characteristic pattern. Nausea and vomiting may also occur in conjunction with the pain. The finding of occult blood in the stool definitely warrants a diagnostic evaluation. An upper gastrointestinal tract radiographic series with small bowel follow-through should be done first. If this is nondiagnostic in a child with persistent pain or in a child with blood in the stool, upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy is indicated. When performed by a skilled pediatric gastroenterologist, this procedure can usually be done under local sedation with minimal discomfort, either psychologic or physical, to the patient. Antacids have been the cornerstone of therapy for peptic ulcer disease and are recommended for the patient younger than 3 years of age. Cimetidine, an H2-receptor blocker, although not officially approved for use in children, is recommended for patients 3 to 12 years of age. Ranitidine, another H2 blocker, is useful in patients older than 12 years of age because of its less frequent (twice daily) dosage schedule. Sulcrafate, a coating agent, is an effective alternative to the above for the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Therapy should continue for 6 to 8 weeks. Repeat gastrointestinal series or endoscopy is only necessary if symptoms persist during therapy or return following cessation of therapy. With earlier diagnosis and newer therapeutic modalities, the long range outlook for complete recovery is good.
Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease in Children
Authors: Motil Kathleen J. , Grand Richard J.
Published: December 2021

Once considered rare in pediatric practice, chronic inflammatory bowel disease is now recognized with increasing frequency in children. Ulceractive colitis and Crohn disease constitute the two major entities, and it is still not clear whether these are two separate entities or different portions of the spectrum of one disease. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and anemia are prominent findings in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease; however, extraintestinal manifestations may dominate the clinical findings, masquerading as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic growth failure, or even anorexia nervosa. Often, it is not until intestinal manifestations are recognized that a correct diagnosis is made.1

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Since 1950, there has been an increase, in the incidence of Crohn disease, ranging from 100% to 400% in all age groups.2 In contrast, the incidence of ulcerative colitis has not changed significantly. Ulcerative colitis is diagnosed in 15% of patients before the age of 20 years, usually in adolescence. Although ulcerative colitis may occur in infancy, inflammatory disease of the colon during the first year of life is more often due to food allergy3 or infectious disease.

Certain groups of children are at greater risk for the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease occur more commonly among Northern European, Anglo-Saxon races, in urban rather than rural dwellers, and in Jewish individuals living in Europe and North America.
Epidemic of Polypharmacy and Suggestions to Control It
Authors: Stickler Gunnar B.
Published: December 2021

The term "polypharmacy" is used to describe the excessive use of drug therapy. In 1980, I reviewed the evidence of a continuing epidemic of polypharmacy.1 In 1975, there were 1.7 billion visits per year to physicians in private practice.2 Such visits to a family physician resulted in the prescription of medications to 73% of the patient contacts; in 63% of the patient visits, medications were suggested by a pediatrician. Do two thirds of our patients require medication when seen in an ambulatory setting?

Pediatric hospitals did not fare much better. Of 993 patients admitted to a children's hospital, 36.7% received antibiotics.3 Using strict criteria, these authors concluded that 38% of medical patients received antibiotics inappropriately and 78% of the surgical patients did not require antibiotics.
Financial statement manipulation in failing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Buljubasic Musanovic Elvisa , Halilbegovic Sanel
Published: December 2021

The overall objective of this research is to analyze the financial condition of failing companies prior to bankruptcy, in comparison with non-failing companies, which are matched on the industry, size, and time-period. The sample consists of 168 SMEs from the wholesale and retail industry, whose financial statements were analyzed for the 2011-2015 period. The analysis is primarily based on the ratio analysis and the models developed for bankruptcy prediction and financial statement manipulation. Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare differences between failing and non-failing SMEs for a set of twenty variables. Research findings indicate that there is a significant difference between failing and non-failing SMEs, especially in accruals, asset quality, leverage, profitability, and liquidity. For the very first time in the transition economy of CEE Bosnia and Herzegovina, the pre-bankruptcy behavior of failing SMEs is analyzed, providing insights into potentially manipulated areas, which represent the main contribution of the research.
The rise in youth employment? Impact evaluation of COVID-19 consequences
Authors: Svabova Lucia , Gabrikova Barbora
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has significant consequences in many areas and has largely contributed to rising unemployment in almost all countries. The situation is similar in Slovakia, where various degrees of shut-down measures have caused an inflow of newly unemployed people in all age groups. This article focuses on unemployed youth as a vulnerable and disadvantaged group of the working population, as starting a career during a pandemic is complicated or even impossible in some industries under these conditions. In this study, the real situation in Slovakia in 2020-2021 is compared with the development of the job market before the pandemic. The main contribution of the study is the quantification of the extent of the pandemic impact on unemployed youth, but also on other age groups; this evaluation can be considered very accurate given the counterfactual approach used. The results of this study can be used in practice to identify the most affected groups of the population and to implement policy measures aimed at mitigating the effects of the pandemic, and then to adjust the intensity and amount of allocated funds that will be needed to be spent to support the placement of young people into the labor market.
Effective strategies to manage the teacher intellectual work productivity in distance learning
Authors: Kharadze Natalia , Giorgobiani Maia , Melkoshvili Tina , Dzebisauri Lia , Pirtskhalaishvili Dea
Published: December 2021

The article aims to empirically determine the effective strategies to manage intellectual work (IW) productivity (IWP) in distance learning (DL), for example, university teachers in Georgia. Based on the expert assessment methods, determining indicators for assessing the level of Teacher Intellectual Work Productivity (TIWP) of three large universities in Georgia and its current level was analyzed using the method of integral assessment.  Using the ANOVA method, determined the main factors influencing the TIWP at DL. We use the decision tree to systematize the factors of influence to TIWP and substantiate effective management strategies, taking into account teachers' qualifications, age category, and competencies to ensure the continuity and quality of DL. The results allow flexibility in managing the TIWP in the DL conditions and determining the most effective management strategies, taking into account the characteristics of teachers and the current level of development of the TIWP.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Krüger Bridge Simone , Stock Jonathan P.J.
Published: December 2021

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Din Psikolojisine Adanmiş Bir Ömür: Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Peker
Authors: ÇELİK Yılmaz , KARA Mustafa
Published: December 2021

Din Psikolojisi dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de hızla gelişen ve araştırmacılar tarafından yoğun ilgi gören bir bilim dalıdır. Bu makalede, Türkiye’de Din Psikolojisi’nin ilk dönem temsilcilerinden olan, son yarım yüzyıla yakın bir zaman diliminde alana pek çok kitap, makale, bildiri, yönettiği tez ve yetiştirdiği öğrencilerle önemli katkılar sunan ve sunmaya da devam eden duayen hocalardan Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Peker’in, Din Psikolojisi’ne katkıları incelenmektedir. Biyografi niteliğindeki bu araştırma, onun eserlerine, onunla ilgili röportajlara, yetiştirdiği bazı öğrencilerin kanaatlerine, alanın bazı hocaları ile yapılan görüşmelere ve literatür taramasına dayanmaktadır. Araştırma, giriş kısmını takip eden iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde; araştırmanın yöntemi, amacı ve önemi yer almaktadır. Birinci bölümde, Hüseyin Peker Hoca’nın hayatı, kitapları, makaleleri ve bildirileri, ikinci bölümde ise, Türkiye’de Din Psikologlarının değerlendirmeleri bağlamında Peker Hoca’nın alana katkıları ele alınmaktadır. Değerlendirme ve sonuç kısmı ile çalışma tamamlanmaktadır. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda, Peker Hoca’nın eserleri, yetiştirdiği öğrencileri ve yönettiği tezlerle, Din Psikolojisi Bilim Dalı’nın gelişmesine, geniş kitlelerce tanınmasına ve sevilmesine önemli katkılar sunduğu görülmüştür.
Influence of structure of burned pellets on strength and destruction in static compression tests
Authors: Dmitriev A. N. , Smirnova V. G. , Vyaznikova E. A. , Dolmatov A. V. , Vit'kina G. Yu.
Published: December 2021

The burned pellets must retain the strength from the time they come off the roasting machine until they are loaded into the blast furnace. One indicator of the strength of burned pellets is the compressive strength, i.e., the maximum applied load at which the iron-ore pellet completely collapses. The paper studies the character of destruction of burned iron-ore titanomagnetite pellets of fraction 10 - 16 mm in the static compression test according to the Russian State Standard 24765-81. It is shown that the main type of destruction during the test is the emergence and development of plane cracks passing through the center of the magnetite core, where the maximum radial tensile stresses act or in the immediate vicinity. In some cases, the trajectory of one of the destructive cracks deviates from the above plane and envelopes the magnetite core. Obviously, this is due to the presence of a second area of tensile stress concentration at the boundary of the magnetite core and the hematite shell, formed during cooling of the pellets, due to differences in their mechanical and thermophysical properties. As a result, the final structure of pellets is characterized by the presence of two zones -peripheral hematite and central magnetite. The role of the relative size of the magnetite core on the compressive strength of burned pellets has been determined. It was established that the strength characteristics of the pellet increase with a decrease in relative size of the magnetite core. During the process of magnetite complete oxidation (when the whole volume of the pellet consists of hematite), the maximum level of the pellets compressive strength can be: the maximum destructive force - 3300 N, destructive energy - 0.55 J, mass destructive energy - 0.18 J/g.
Thermodynamic modeling of iron recovery processes
Authors: Rybenko I. A. , Protopopov E. V.
Published: December 2021

One of the promising directions in metallurgy is the use of iron-containing waste, such as converter production sludge, iron-containing concentrates, rolling scale, iron ore processing waste and others. Development of new resource-saving technologies using such waste requires preliminary research and accumulation of information in the field of iron recovery. The paper considers the processes of iron recovery from oxides under various conditions. The authors used the method of thermodynamic modeling based on the search for the entropy maximum. The thermodynamic modeling tool was TERRA software package created at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. TERRA complex is designed to calculate the thermodynamic properties and composition of the phases of equilibrium state of arbitrary systems with chemical and phase transformations. Using this software package, studies of the processes of iron recovery by various reducing agents (carbon, manganese, and silicon) in model thermodynamic systems were carried out, and optimal conditions for temperature and consumption of reducing agents were determined. The paper presents the results of a study of processes in the metal-slag system in equilibrium. The analysis of the metal-slag system equilibrium state was carried out for the temperature range of 1773 - 1973 K with different amounts of slag. Boundaries of the areas of redox processes were determined and the influence of metal components on conditions for iron oxides recovery from slag to metal was evaluated. The dependences of the system equilibrium composition on temperature at different ratios of metal and slag were obtained, as well as the optimal conditions for iron recovery.
STUDI PENGARUH LAJU ALIRAN UDARA PENDINGIN PADA CONDENSER TERHADAP DISTRIBUSI SUHU MODEL LOOP HEAT PIPE
Authors: Reynaldi Rifa , Kusuma Mukhsinun Hadi , Giarno Giarno , Wulandari Dyah Arum
Published: December 2021

Penggunaan sistem pendingin pasif perlu ditingkatkan dalam rangka meningkatkan keselamatan operasi instalasi nuklir. Salah satu teknologi sistem pendingin pasif yang berpotensi untuk digunakan adalah loop heat pipe (LHP). Tujuan studi eksperimen ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh besarnya laju aliran udara pendingin terhadap pembuangan kalor oleh model LHP, dan mempelajari fenomena perpindahan kalor yang terjadi di dalamnya. Dalam studi ini peneliti melakukan eksperimen dengan mengoperasikan model LHP pada berbagai variasi laju aliran pendinginan udara sebesar 0 m/s, 1 m/s, 1,5 m/s dan 2 m/s. Pemberian beban kalor pada evaporator digunakan dengan memvariasikan suhu air panas pada 35°C, 45°C, 55°C, dan 65°C. Model LHP diisi dengan fluida kerja berupa air demineral pada filling ratio 200%. Model LHP divakum dengan tekanan awal -74 cm Hg. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa model LHP memiliki hambatan termal terendah sebesar 0.0017 °C/W pada saat diberikan laju aliran pendingin 2 m/s. Kesimpulan studi menyebutkan bahwa semakin besar laju aliran pendingin di condenser dapat meningkatkan unjuk kerja termal model LHP.
“Aleksei Alekseichi” of Bunin’s short stories: integration elements of an unassembled cycle
Authors:   Siberian Federal University (Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation), Bazhenova Ya. V.
Published: December 2021

The paper analyzes I. A. Bunin’s short story “Alexey Alekseich,” which is the central element of the unassembled cycle with a hero named Alexey Alekseevich. The cycle also includes short stories “The Archival File” and “Inscriptions.” A reconstruction of the writer’s strategy of composing the cycle expressed in Bunin’s metaposition towards literature as an aesthetic activity is carried out. Bunin actualizes the expressiveness of the authors’ proper noun (patronymic name) to hold a dialogue with his predecessors and intensify a debate with contemporaries in the literary field. On the one hand, in “Alexey Alekseich,” Bunin diminishes the role of a literary word in culture by parodying authoritative pretexts and polemics with them (L. N. Tolstoy). In this way, the writer invokes the specific theme of modernists – experimental attitude to the literary sign (Potekhin’s character). In addition, he introduces motifs of tomfoolery and oratorical behavior (with allusions to M. Gorky). On the other hand, comparing the different editions of “Alexey Alekseich” and its linkage with other two texts of the unassembled cycle shows that Bunin rehabilitates an artistic word and literary activity by applying onomatopoetic and narrative devices in the poetics of his short story. In this aspect, the role of the literary sign in culture is justified by its unique ability to confront death and oblivion. Thus, Bunin’s short story “Alexey Alekseich” reveals extensive use of the meaningforming possibilities of the proper name.
“Hell would take them, these gifts!”: sources of the semantics of a false gift in the literary creativity of V. M. Shukshin
Authors:   Altai State University (Barnaul, Russian Federation), Maryin D. V.
Published: December 2021

The paper studies the semantics sources of the motif of false in literary works of V. M. Shukshin and his non-fiction texts – donation inscriptions. Donation inscriptions are considered as material for revealing the understanding of the gift by Shukshin, i. e. as the psycho-biographical analysis data, which may be useful for interpreting the motif of the gift in the writer’s work. The process of giving and a gift in the works of Shukshin acquire original symbolism, steadily repeated in a number of works. Several donation inscriptions by V. M. Shukshin left on books (his and other writers’) and photographs contain the motif of a false gift. This motif is often emphasized in the Shukshin’s autographs by indicating the purpose of the gift inscription or by using the imperative. In the prose of V. M. Shukshin, a gift is very often an imaginary, false, empty gift. However, in a number of stories (“Small сapron Christmas tree,” “Brother-in-law Sergey Sergeevich,” “Exam”), the gift motif acquires infernal features. The formation of such a perception of giving and a gift may be due to the circumstances of Shukshin’s personal life, his psychological characteristics, and facts of his biography. The analysis leads to the conclusion that in the Shukshin’s artistic world, a gift is very often understood as a false, imaginary gift, a substitute for a real gift, which is also an attribute of a demonic, evil spirit.
Articulatory peculiarities of the Baraba-Tatar phoneme о /ʊ̇/ (on MRI data)
Authors:   Institute of Philology SB RAS (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation), Ryzhikova T. R.
Published: December 2021

The paper aims to describe the articulatory traits of the Baraba-Tatar phoneme o /ʊ̇/ by the somatic methods. The method used is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eighteen Barabian tomograms comprising o-type articulation have been described and analyzed according to the technique adopted in the V. M. Nadelyayev’s Laboratory of Experimental-Phonetic Researches (Institute of Philology SB RAS). The text provides only general observations and conclusions, with a full description of all tomograms given in three tables. The experimentalphonetic analysis of the Baraba-Tatar tomograms of the vowel o allowed the author to draw several conclusions. There is a variability of the o-type tunings in Barabian, the most typical being the central-back narrow labialized ejective realization. Though it is very narrow and is phonetically transcribed as /ʊ̇/, it is acoustically perceived as o. While producing the sound o, the oral and pharyngeal cavities become very small, producing the effect of tension. Additional narrowing occurs between the soft palate and the tongue back as well as between the upper teeth and the lower lip, thus preventing the airflow from free release. The lip position is also unusual: instead of protruding forward, the upper lip moves back, tightly covering the upper teeth to produce an interesting acoustic effect. To sum up, further investigation of all vocal system units of Baraba-Tatar is needed to draw ultimate conclusions about the typological belonging of the language under consideration.
Lexicalized forms of the Russian perception verbs as a constructional family
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation), Skrebtsova T. G.
Published: December 2021

In the present study, lexicalized forms of the Russian perception verbs are treated from the construction grammar perspective. The lexicalized forms were drawn from the modern dictionaries of Standard Russian and supplied with appropriate usage examples from the Russian National Corpus. The paper presents a detailed overview of the forms concerned, encompassing both their formal and semantic features. Each lexicalized form is argued to be a construction, in the special sense accorded to the term in construction grammar. Moreover, not only lexicalized forms as listed in the dictionaries but also their specific instantiations (allowing for the variability of the verb form and the addition of extra elements, e.g., particles) are claimed to be constructions. The paper particularly focuses on the analysis of manifold relations between constructions. In construction grammar, this problem has been given scanty coverage, scholars largely concentrating on taxonomic relations between more and less schematic constructions. This particular type of relations can be said to manifest itself in the links between lexicalized forms and their instantiations. However, the data at hand make it possible to identify a number of other relations. These include the links between lexicalized forms and the corresponding verb as well as semantic relations including homonymy and polysemy, complete and partial synonymy. Taken together, they form an integrated network of relations, both formal and semantic. This is natural, given the fact that the corresponding verbs belong to the same lexical group. The paper argues for the term constructional family to be used in such cases. The constructional family is thus a subset of constructional networks.
“Instant old man” in Konstantin Vaginov’s novel “Garpagoniana” (“returned youth” as a plot of the socialist reconstruction era)
Authors:   А. M. Gorky Institute of World Literature RAS, Chechnev Ya. D.
Published: December 2021

The paper examines the image of Lokonov, a character in Konstantin Vaginov’s novel “Garpagoniana,” a “mechanical citizen” of the socialist reconstruction era who wants to regain his youth. Starting from the text of “The returned youth” by Zoshchenko, Vaginov creates a double of the main character on the principle of mirroring. This idea is supported by several facts: similarity of characters names, opposite ages, social and financial status, portrait characteristics. Unlike Volosatov (“The returned youth”), striving to follow the trends of the era and keep up with the times, Lokonov makes a number of unsuccessful attempts to rejuvenate himself in order to regain subjectivity. In the desire to regain his youth, Lokonov refuses a retrospective image of himself as he considers the projection reflected in the diaries as well as the possibility of nuancing memories through things to be unsatisfactory. Deliberately cutting off his past, Lokonov bets on the present: through his love for Yulenka, he hopes to regain his youth, but he does not succeed. Failures accompany Lokonov because he consciously emasculates his own past, remains inactive in the present, and, according to the author, cannot count on the future. For Lokonov, being young is a vague ideal of feeling young. He tries to “resurrect” these feelings by means of others without understanding the reasons.
Semantics of the initiation plot in short stories by Yu. Felzen
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Nazarenko I. I.
Published: December 2021

The paper examines the plot of initiation in the stories of the young émigré writer Yu. Felzen as a continuation of the story of the hero of his novel trilogy. In the short stories of the late 1930s, the initiation of the hero-emigrant that was reduced in the novels is found to be associated with a situation of death, provoking his personal and literary development. The plot of the story “The changes” allows correlating it with the archetypal plot of initiation: the hero, having survived a severe illness, surgery, and the departure of his beloved, seems to be moving towards gaining new consciousness, towards writing. However, considering the stories following “The changes” allows revealing the reduction of the hero’s initial transformation. The plot of the story “The repetition of the past” shows how “changes” turn out to be a “repetition” of past life situations for the hero, and he evades the existential existence. The stories “The composition” and “The figuration” confirm the conclusion about the failed initiation of the hero. The work of Russian emigrants as extras on the set of the film “The figuration” is the author’s metaphor for the fate of the Russian emigration. The author’s concept of “the repetition of the past” is the repetition of life situations in reality without being able to change anything and follow the geniuses in creative work. According to Felzen, an emigrant is doomed to adapt and repeat in the inauthentic existence of life the situations that happened to him in another culture and at a different age “The composition.” Emigration does not replace a person with another one. Neither does it form his self-sufficiency.
Free and Regulated Competition: Two Forms of the Competitive Principle Implementation
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Taranukha Yuriy V.
Published: December 2021

Although interference in the competitive mechanism is a fact of economic reality, the controversy around free and regulated competition does not subside. In contrast to opposing these forms of competition to each other, the author views them as ensuring re-creation of competitive relations at qualitatively different stages of competition development. Based on the reproduction approach, the objective nature of these forms’ existence is revealed, and the reasons for transition from free to regulated competition are shown. Free competition is interpreted as a way of the competitors selection mechanism, acting without regard to position occupied by competitors in the market. Regulated competition is characterised by external interference, carried out by influencing the mechanism and results of the competitive process, in competitive selection. Considering free and regulated competition as a means of maintaining the competitive principle and restoring rivalry relationships, the author concludes that each form reflects the specifics of the implementation of this principle at different stages of the competitive system development. At the same time, the transition from free competition to its regulated form is interpreted as a way of resolving the internal contradiction within the competition, and at the same time as an evidence of its evolution. This interpretation is not only of theoretical significance related to justification of the need to regulate competition. It is a methodological key to determine areas and boundaries of intervention in the competitive process for competitive policy. The current stage of competition development is characterised by a high rate of change, ultimate and unpredictable, and requires a transition to new regulatory measures affecting the competitive principle itself. The study of this side of regulated competition seems to be the most promising. This article focuses on the subjective side of macrocompetition represented by institutions (antitrust laws) and actors (rivals and regulators). However, the evolution of competitive conditions and competitors also change the content of the competitive principle. This requires regulation of competition from within.
Distribution of Individual Investment Accounts in the Regions of the Russian Federation
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Ivanova Karina A.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the features of distribution of a new investment instrument for the country – individual investment accounts (IIAs) – in the regions of Russia in 2015–2019. The author believes that the introduction of IIAs as an instrument for private investment in the domestic financial market was associated with the need to more actively attract domestic investment to the national economy when access to external financing was seriously limited. The article analyzes data on the number of open and declared individual investment accounts of types A and B in Russia, draws conclusions about regional imbalances in their development, identifies leading and outsider regions, and outlines the prospects for further research of the problem. IIAs are a completely new and one of the “youngest” financial and investment instruments on the Russian securities market. The emergence of IIAs as an instrument for private investment in the securities market was seen as a significant increase in the openness of the Russian stock market for private investors and as a promising way to attract domestic investment in the national economy of Russia. IIA is an excellent opportunity to diversify one’s investments; however, simple calculations show that the percentage of funds recoverable from the amount of assets on the IIA is significantly small. Summarizing the results of the comparative analysis, it can be stated that at the moment IIAs have not yet become a widespread and massive instrument in Russia for attracting domestic investment to the country’s economy. Today, only 0.07% of the working-age population of the Russian Federation owns such accounts. There are regions with only single cases of opening and declaring IIAs by citizens, and some regions do not have a single IIA opened during the five years of this instrument’s existence on the market. In general, the IMS market is characterized by significant imbalances. Against the background of outsider regions, there are also leading regions in which the opening of IIAs has become a fairly widespread phenomenon. These are the Central and Volga Federal Districts, and among the constituent entities of the federation are Moscow, Moscow Oblast, and Tatarstan. One of the pressing problems today is identifying the reasons for the existence of such disproportions and taking measures to popularize IIAs as an instrument for internal investment in Russia, especially in the regions that are outsiders of the investment process.