bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chas S. Clifton and Graham Harvey, eds., The Paganism Reader
Authors: Ezzy Douglas
Published: April 2008

Chas S. Clifton and Graham Harvey, eds., The Paganism Reader (London: Routledge, 2004), xi + 387 pp., £65.00/$110 (cloth), £19.99/$34.95 (paper).
Chaos from Order
Authors: Starr Martin P
Published: April 2008

This article presents a study of a post-1962 attempt to craft a new religious movement in the United States of America primarily developed from the elements of the occult orders and writings of the English occultist and prophet of the Law of Thelema, Aleister Crowley (1875–1947). The leaders of groups influenced by Crowley’s abundant esoteric legacy, itself the synthesis of a range of earlier Western esoteric initiatic systems, often developed a compelling unity of purpose within their small hierarchically organized collectives espousing Crowley’s beliefs, despite the radical antinomian overtones of the thelemic maxim “Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.” The article reviews the literature, traditions, history, and transmission of authority in the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO), culminating in a particular focus on the development of one such novel religious group, the “Solar Lodge” of Los Angeles, and shows how its conflict with society drove the surviving members of Crowley’s OTO to reactivate their esoteric order in the United States.
“Be Pagan Once Again”
Authors: Chase Christopher
Published: April 2008

Religious music serves to co-create and carry strategies of theology, authenticity, and behavior. This article examines the history of folk music and folk ideology in creating and maintaining such strategies. I examine several prominent examples of American folk music and Pagan music, articulating their shared historical and theological relationships. Focusing on nationalism, feminism, and populism, I also argue that an ideology of the common ritual year is a prominent shared theme between American folk music and contemporary Paganism. While underscoring the need for greater attention to this area, the article concludes that the legitimization processes at work are similar to other American heritage musics and aspects of American cultural politics.
Wandering Dreams and Social Marches
Authors: Hallett Jennifer
Published: April 2008

This article takes paganism to mean the use of images and ideas from the ancient pre-Christian Mediterranean world. It explores two varieties of paganism in operation in England during the closing decades of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth: one based in literature, the other based in intellectual debates and early socialism. While the former has previously been discussed by scholars, the addition of the latter adds a new dimension to the examination of paganism during this period. These two varieties of paganism, in their own ways, negotiated versions of paganism specifically designed to cater for the spiritual and human aspirations of the radical Victorians and Edwardians who imagined them.
Russian Paganism and the Issue of Nationalism
Authors: Aitamurto Kaarina
Published: April 2008

Nationalism has been one of the most hotly debated issues concerning Russian Paganism, both within the movement and in public and scholarly debates about it. This article critically examines the usage of the concept in scholarly research. After considering Russian Pagan nationalistic discourse in general, it analyses a Pagan umbrella organization, the Circle of Pagan Tradition, as a case study, and focuses especially on its founding document, the Bitsa Appeal. Using this example, the article demonstrates the hazards in applying the concept of nationalism without very delicate consideration of its multiple aspects. Examining the Bitsa Appeal and the reception it received among Pagans also highlights some basic orientations and one central cause of internal tension within Russian Paganism.
Nikki Bado-Fralick, Coming to the Edge of the Circle: A Wiccan Initiation Ritual
Authors: Cowan Douglas E
Published: April 2008

Nikki Bado-Fralick, Coming to the Edge of the Circle: A Wiccan Initiation Ritual (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), xii + 181 pp. $35.00 (cloth).
The Goddess Eostre
Authors: Cusack Carole
Published: April 2008

Modern Pagan groups often consult texts from the European Middle Ages and rely upon scholarly assessments of the authenticity of these texts and the traditions they contain. Often these texts become ‘scripture’ for Pagans and are thus vitally important for identity and community. This applies equally to Traditional and Eclectic Pagans, although they differ in their attitude to the past, the former group engaging in reconstruction where the latter are more flexible and engage in reinvention. This article investigates the sources for a minor Anglo-Saxon goddess, Eostre, best known for bestowing her name on the Christian festival of Easter. Eostre has been chosen precisely because of her obscurity; academic discourses in Anglo-Saxon studies are unable to reach agreement even concerning her existence. In contrast to these cautious, sceptical, ‘outsider’ voices, the ‘insider’ voices of the contemporary Pagan community celebrate Eostre and perform rituals in her honour. It is here argued that there is a continuum of interpretations of the Eostre/Ostara material, with scholarly scepticism at one end and Eclectic Pagan reinvention at the other end, while the more historically grounded Traditional Pagan interpretations found in Asatru and some other Northern traditions negotiate a compromise between ‘objective’ scholarship and ‘subjective’ faith.
Ancestral Wisdom and Ethnic Nationalism
Authors: Shnirelman Victor
Published: April 2008

The ideology of contemporary Russian Paganism is analysed as a version of nationalism, ‘nation’ being understood as a primordial ethnic community. The author reveals a mixture of Soviet ideology with fragments of folk beliefs in the contemporary Pagan outlook, which serves as a sort of patriotism after the empire has collapsed and given way to a globalization that challenges national states and ethnic communities. Hence the Russian Pagans’ main goals are to form a ‘stable ethnic community’ and to promote ethnic Russian values.
Kabbalah Recreata:
Authors: Asprem Egil
Published: April 2008

In the early twentieth century, certain elements of the Kabbalah were transformed by being given new interpretations and uses in the context of what I term the “programmatic syncretism” of modern, fin de siècle occultism. In so doing I will focus specifically on one text by Aleister Crowley, which I consider the full-blown example of the phenomenon in question. The text demonstrates how the occultists' Kabbalah functions first and foremost as a classificatory tool and a mnemonic system, mainly for practical use in magical rituals. That use is part of a reinterpretation of the Kabbalah in the modern occult revival, mainly from Eliphas Levi through the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, culminating in the works of Aleister Crowley. It is my intention that this focus will not only shed light on a process of reinterpretation peculiar to fin de siècle occultism, but also on the processes characteristic of religious innovation in the modern age in general.
Planification linguistique, droit à la langue et développement
Authors: Chaudenson Robert
Published: April 2008

The strong multilingualism of many African states makes unfeasible the officialization and planning of many of these languages (even though regional or vehicular languages are promoted). Apart from economic obstacles, the choice of these languages presents considerable political difficulties. On the other hand, being the official language either French (or other European language) or an African language, the great problem of its large-scale spreading among the population always arises, who, if they don't know that language, will be deprived of their right to use it and also of access to human development. In this sense, the audio-visual space represents a means of high importance for language planning, conceived in connection with development and within the respect to linguistic rights, because it allows the coexistence—inside the same territory and through different media (radio, television, video)—of several languages, at the same time that it avoids the great part of planning problems and costs, bound to language spelling and exploitation. Likewise, it allows a total adjustment to a wide variety of functions and audiences. The audio-visual space represents, in short, a means of development specially effective and adapted to African countries.
Le jeu des langues dans les familles bilingues d´origine étrangère
Authors: Deprez Christine
Published: April 2008

The observation in vivo of family bilingualism that have their origin in the inmigration in Paris, reveals that theoretic methods that prove to be more familiar (through notions like diglossia or domains), do not prove to be the most suitable for describing such situations. In these cases, a ”double mediation” occurs in families, to the effect that parents transmit their native language to their children, but these ones, at the same time, take French home. The strict separation ”one language / one person” is not fit for daily interactions and the researcher must make use of models of a preferential kind. Likewise, children from these families build a strong functional bilingualism, acquiring their parents´ language not only inside the family but also on the occasion of their holiday season in their parents´ native land. On the other hand, code-switching fulfills the actual asymmetry between the repertoires of both generations, and constitutes the implementation of a real poliphony through the simultaneous inter-play of conversational alliances and expressive modalizations. The bilingual speech of these families receives a negative picture in the case of the native monolingual speakers from both countries, and frequently this picture is also internalized by bilinguals. However, some designations (”fran-yougo”) and some demands for the normality of such speech, and also for its natural character, are signs of a change in the emergent identities framework among this new generation.
Bilingual and trilingual competence
Authors: Hoffmann Charlotte
Published: April 2008

Research into child bilingualism over the last twenty years has yielded a considerable amount of data and opened possible new ways for its description as well as theoretical approaches. Most studies have been concerned with bilingualism. Trilingualism has received much less specific attention. Sometimes authors acknowledge the existence of trilingualism with additions such as "two or more languages", but only rarely have attempts been made to contrast the phenomena of bilingualism and trilingualism. The aim of this paper is to investigate linguistic competence in trilingual children in terms of how it manifests itself and how it can be explained. The paper will examine certain aspects of this issue which are related to the establishment and manifestation of bilingual and trilingual competence, such as language awareness, language choice and language mixing. It will also consider some strategies of language use such as code-switching and translation on the one hand, and certain learning strategies on the other.
Monolingual ideologies in multilingual states
Authors: Blackledge Adrian
Published: April 2008

In multilingual, heterogeneous societies language ideologies are constantly constructed and re-constructed in discursive interactions at micro and macro levels. When the dominant, majority group in a society, nation, nation-state or community considers that the ideal model of society is monolingual, monoethnic, monoreligious and monoideological (Blommaert & Verschueren, 1998a), we immediately encounter questions such as 'who is in?' and 'who is out?'. A dominant ideology of monolingualism in multilingual societies raises questions of social justice, as such an ideology potentially excludes and discriminates against those who are either unable or unwilling to fit the monoglot standard. In this paper I review recent research which has illuminated our understanding of language ideologies and social justice in multilingual states, and I offer an analysis of everyday discourse practices in Britain, including monolingual practices in a multilingual educational setting, a language ideological debate in local news media, and the liberal academic discourse of a recently-published report into the future of multi-ethnic Britain. My analysis suggests that in each of these contexts the many minority languages of Birmingham, and of Britain, are being written out of public discourse, as a monolingual ideology continues to prevail.
XXIe siècle: le crépuscule des langues?
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean , Varela Lia
Published: April 2008

The topics on language revitalization and promotion and on cultural diversity defense, which are widely translated into some oposition to linguistic globalization, are mostly based on a set of ideas which will be known as 'politically and linguistically correct discourse' (PLC). This discourse, on its turn, generates linguistic policy claims which usually drive us nowhere. In this article we aim to show a model of analysis of the linguistic situation at the moment of globalization and to characterize the PLC discourse, assessing its effects on linguistic policies.
Language separateness
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: April 2008

In this paper, I argue that, for a 'faithful' account of the orderliness of language alternation among bilingual speakers, an attitude of indifference must be adopted inapproaching the data. More specifically, I argue that bilingual speakers cannot be assumed to be 'normatively' speaking either language A or language B. They could also have adopted the use of both languages as the medium (Gafaranga, 1998, 1999, 2000). To demonstrate the need for such an attitude, the paper looks at four of the most influential accounts of language alternation, namely the work of Fishman, Gumperz, Myers-Scotton and Auer. It shows that these accounts fail to capture the orderliness of language alternation because they approach bilingual conversations, not with an attitude of indifference, but from a normative framework whereby every instance of language alternation is defined in terms of language separateness.
On the biological basis of gender variation
Authors: Castellano Ángela , Almeida Manuel
Published: April 2008

Studies stemming from very diverse disciplines and theories have found that the differences between men and women affect practically all the aspects of their personalities. Many of these studies have discovered that with regard to language quite large differences have been found. These are related to four facets of the individual: biological, psychological, cultural and social. In this paper, we concentrate on a point of view which we could refer to as ?cultural with a biological base'and we examine this in a study of the verbal ambiguity produced by the absence of the pronoun yo ?I'in two urban areas of the Canary Islands.
Contact languages and the preservation of endangered languages
Authors: Wurm Stephen A.
Published: April 2008

Of the 6000 languages in the world, half have less than 10,000 speakers, and a quarter less than 1000. Accumulations of small languages have led to widespread bi- and multilingualism, with more than half of the world´s languages spoken by bi- and multilinguals. Many larger languages are used as contact languages. Many of such contact languages become simplified. Pidgin languages are different. They develop through attempts at basic intercommunication between speakers of different languages. They have a limited vocabulary, and a limited grammar. If a pidgin language is extensively used, it develops and becomes richer. It eventually becomes the first language of children as a creole language. Chabacano is a typical example. As a well functioning language spoken by many over a long time it is a full language. Small and minority languages tend to become endangered, largely through pressure from monolingual speakers of large dominant languages and adverse governmental language policies. About 1970, a widespread revival of ethnic identity feeling started among speakers of minority languages, and governments often changed their language policies to positive ones. Many people kept their own languages. Bi- and multilingualism has advantages over monolingualism in matters of applied intellect, and memory and learning capacities. More languages survive now.
place of Chabacano in the Philippine linguistic profile
Authors: Lipski John
Published: April 2008

This study explores the nature of Chabacano (Philippine creole Spanish) within the Philippine linguistic profile. After describing the current status of Chabacano and Spanish in the Philippines, attention is turned toward historical documentation, and the considerable ambiguity surrounding the status of earlier attestations as examples of Spanish as spoken by Filipinos, a Spanish-based servants’ pidgin, or a true creole language. Focusing on Zamboangueño, it is proposed that this Chabacano variety and possibly the Manila Bay (Cavite and Ternate) varieties as well arose gradually, as the common denominator of several Philippine languages brought together in military garrisons and trade settings. These Philippine languages had already absorbed such a high proportion of Spanish lexical items that the resulting creole language could be readily understood by speakers of a broad crosssection of Philippine languages. Chabacano later received additional accretions from Spanish as the creole dialects became stabilized in urban environments and, in Zamboanga, increasingly absorbed lexical and structural elements from neighboring Visayan languages. Thus the relationship between Chabacano and its substrate languages is somewhat different than in prototypical creolization scenarios.
rocky road to education in creole
Authors: Bartens Angela
Published: April 2008

The first part of this paper examines measures for promoting minority languages applicable to creole language speaking communities. It is found that there is no language which is superior because of structural features but that most creole speaking communities continue to struggle with the prejudice that their language is “bad” or “broken” English, French , Spanish or Portuguese to such an extent that auto-odi has become part of the linguistic identity. Hence the importance of valorization campaigns to precede and accompany status and corpus planning measures. Language promotion is vital to these communities as it constitutes an opportunity for approximating sociocultural—and hence socio-economic—stability. The focus of the discussion lies on the specific characteristics of creole speaking communities, e.g. continuum situations, and on the educational domain. In the second part of the paper, the language promotion measures undert a ken in the educational domain by specific communities speaking creole languages based on Spanish, Portuguese, French, English, and African languages are discussed. The third and final section attempts an evaluation of the preceding discussion with the Chabacano community of the Philippines in mind.
¿Por qué el chabacano? [pp. i-xii]
Authors: Fernández Mauro
Published: April 2008

Sorry, no abstract text available.
Los mercados lingüísticos o el muy particular análisis sociológico de los discursos de Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Alonso Luis Enrique
Published: April 2008

The objective of this article is to try to make a detailed evaluation on the contributions of theFrench sociologist Pierre Bourdieu to the current sociolinguistics and to the practices of the discourse analysis. First is revised the central concept in this program of research, the linguistic marke t and the categories that compose the center of Bourdieu´s sociological work (field, habitus, symbolic violence, etc.). That is made linking the general body of his theory with his specific conception of language. Later on they are studied the limits that Bourdieu´s conceptions impose to the study of the enunciation acts, for the excessive rigidity of their conceptual tools, for the ”reproductivism” of his foundations and for the particular style of his discourse analysis. This analysis is more concerned by being an illustration of his theory that by carrying out a concrete analysis of the linguistic concrete reality. The enormous intellectual contribution of Bourdieu for basing an authentic political sociology of the language (like an analysis of the reproduction of the symbolic powers in the communicative situations) is however limited for the poor role that the particular social actors play in the creation of situations of speech incrusted in social positions. The homology with the economic capital and the excessive ”dominocentrism” of Bourdieu´s work impose restrictions in order to observe and interpret the possibilities of social and linguistics construction of the reality and the resistant action of the popular culture in the everyday lifeworld. Nevertheless, Bourdieu´s legacy constitutes today a main source for the discourse sociological analysis and the study of the social functions of the language.
El análisis de la conversación
Authors: Valls Amparo Tusón
Published: April 2008

In this paper we are presenting some basic approaches that formulate the theoretical and methodological framework of the conversational analysis. On the one hand, we formulate the instruments that allow us to analize the conversations from a systemic point of view, bearing in mind their organization in speak turns. On the other hand, we pay attention to the mechanisms that people use to produce and to interpret the conversational sense in the local context, through the articulation of the linguistic forms and the non linguistic items that constitute the communicative interactions. The paper is concluding with some practical orientations about the gathering and treatment of conversational data.
El desarrollo histórico de las tecnologías informacionales y sus repercusiones sobre la investigación social del lenguaje
Authors: Blanco Miguel Ángel Sobrino
Published: April 2008

This contribution approaches the topic of the relations between the technological change and the transformation of the practices of production of scientific knowledge. The contrast between the present situation and the scenaries of the scientific research in past decades allows to make critical considerations about the scientific use of the informational technologies and their repercussions on the productive practices of the researcher. The question of the historical retroalimentation between technological innovation and the progress of the linguistic knowledge allows to illustrate the impact of this technologies into the scientific activity and to approach some problems a researcher must face at present when using them. It is described some of the scientific uses of the present technologies. The prospective analysis allows to identify a tendency towards the progressive automatization of the processes of knowledge production. The eventuality of a scenary of automatized production of scientific knowledge as a consequence of the socialization of ´intelligent´ technologies justifies, in conclusion, some reflections about the epistemological problems that this automatization creates for the social research; some problems which, by extension, have an effect on sociolinguists.
Linguaxe, pensamento, elaboración de artefactos e socialización na subtribo hominina
Authors: Diéguez Alfredo Iglesias
Published: April 2008

The origine of human psiquic activities (language, intelligence, capability to maje artefacts, etc.) has traditionally been looked for either in human soul singularities or inside it. There was also the explanation of the origine of the conscious activity as a singular fact of the homo gender. Nevertheless, as hominids are social beings and they show evidence of some superior psiquic activity, we must look for the roots of this psiquic activity in the common evolution of hominids and their habitat, since this was what determined their diversification and dispersion according to the coherent interaction among the different levels of action (level of intervention, level of perception and level of representation). In this article we claim that language and thought, as systems to represent nature, and the elaboration of artefacts, as a way to interfere in nature determined by the systems of representation, are the product of the own work of each species.
A enquisa na investigación sociolingüística
Authors: Ramallo Fernando , Lorenzo Anxo M.
Published: April 2008

The aim of this paper is to present a description of the statistic survey since it constitutes an instrument traditionally related to the quantitative research and orientated towards social structure observation and analysis. The search for social object quantification has always been one of the most outstanding tendencies in the elaboration process of scientific knowledge, mainly from positivist theoretical perspectives. In some areas of sociolinguistic research the pertinence of surveys is obvious. After defining and contextualising surveys, we present a tipology and a section about the questionaire, which is the means of communication between the reasearcher and the analysed population. Then, we pay attention to the selection of observation unities and refer to the most important features of random and non-random samples. Finally, we offer a specific section about data treatment and we mention those most relevant theoretical aspects of descriptive and inferential statistics.
Grupo de discusión
Authors: Callejo Javier
Published: April 2008

As every social practice, the quotidian discourse is built by coherence and incoherences. In Bourdieu words, that is the logic of the practices Because is partially incoherent, the coherence is a work to the talker and to the audience. From social order perspective and as Freud pointed on, the coherence is a work from the censorship that depens on the inmediate context of discourse, from the social situation. In spite of this, conversational methods of social research as the interview, what are in very formal inmediat contexts, produce only the coherent dimension of discourse. The discussion group is a conversational method that gather the incoherent dimension. This conception follows Jesús Ibáñez, Ángel de Lucas, Alfonso Ortí and Luis Enrique Alonso works. So, the discussion group is a method nearer of casual or spontaneous discourse, where the social conflicts plays. This conception is a source of big capacity for this method and a border, because everything no is talked in public situations.
18th century linguistic mentality and history of the Galician language
Authors: Mariño-Paz Ramón
Published: April 2008

The Iberian Peninsula of the 18th century was characterized by the institutional reinforcement of the ideal of a unified Spain and, on the other side of the border, by the reaffirmation of Portuguese independence after the 16th and 17th century era of submission. In this context, the Galician language played for non-Galician intellectuals the role of an ignored and negated phenomenon, considered by some a simple vulgar variety of Castilian and by others an archaic and rustic form of Portuguese. Galician intellectuals of the time paid attention to the Galician language in a generally circumstantial or anecdotal manner that was transcended only by Padre Sarmiento who, having written a brief yet well-informed history of the Galician language, formulated regenerative projects that could begin to revive the language from its state of prostration. In this article I will provide a critical review of the contributions to the history of the Galician language made during the 18th century by various authors united by a clearly historicist attitude, which was characteristically 18th-century: for them, investigation of the linguistic history of the Peninsula provided precious keys to answering the questions they were asking at that time about Galician, Portuguese, and Castilian.
morphological expression of pragmatic values in oral and written Galician
Authors: Pollán Celia
Published: April 2008

In this work I analyse a situation of morphosyntactic variation: the use of cantara/cantei in Galician with the same tense-aspect value: the aoristic preterite of the indicative. I will begin by recognising contexts with different degrees of discursive grounding to investigate whether there are variations in the choice between cantara/cantei due to grounding. I will conduct this investigation using two data corpora, oral and written Galician. Finally I will compare the results and determine whether the two registers demonstrate differences in the degree to which cantara is selected as simple preterite over cantei. The main interest of this work concerns the application of methods and tools of classical variationism to the investigation of relative linguistic phenomena, measured in gradual and non-oppositional terms.
Functions and strategies of male humour in cross-gender interactions
Authors: Álvarez-López Sonia
Published: April 2008

In this paper I will present an analysis of the functions and strategies of male humour in an interaction among the members of a mixed group of young people. The data were obtained in the informal context of an hour and a half of real conversation, recorded and transcribed, within a group of male and female friends. The analysis is based on tools derived from conversation analysis and interactional sociolinguistics, and examines the functions of male humour: on one hand, to obtain and maintain control and monopolisation of the interaction, and, on the other hand, to forge male camaraderie. In general terms, our results demonstrate that humour becomes an important organizing factor in the interaction, which may take the form of a verbal attack, competitive word games, teasing, jokes and anecdotes. This humour, habitual among the group analysed, can have a bonding function among the male speakers, but produces an asymmetrical situation from the moment that the women become the object of their jokes or take the permanent role of audience.
Social prestige and linguistic identity
Authors: Domínguez-Seco Luzia
Published: April 2008

This work deals with what is termed here as the criteria of idiomatic correction: there is a correct manner, a “good” way of speaking, as compiled in grammars or dictionaries, which is the shared model for all speakers. This criteria unifies the diverse varieties of language via a standard while, at the same time, distinguishing between what is “speaking properly” (educated, formal registers, pertaining to the higher classes) and “speaking badly” (dialectal and vulgar varieties pertaining to the lower classes). In contemporary Galiza, the dominant ideologies affecting the Galician language have incorporated this distinction. Although this fact implies a dignifying effect (our language is no longer “uneducated”), the fact is often overlooked that “educated” and “uneducated” speakers are not on an equal footing in terms of how “dignity” is shared out. This article looks at the communicative effect of the correction criteria as manifested in the linguistic practices of a young group of friends. Here, segments of interactions are analysed as examples of what this people do, and of what they say about language.
Castilianist theory of the origin of the gheada revisited
Authors: Recalde Montserrat
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this paper is to offer a critical review of the sociolinguistic and ideological assumptions upon which the Castilianist theory of the origin of the Galician gheada is based. To this end, we will review the concepts of diglossic bilingualism and prestige, fundamental to this theory, to point out their limited applicability to the historical period to which they are applied (the 18th and 19th centuries), given the social structure and cultural situation of 18th and 19th-century Galicia. Likewise, we will endeavour to demonstrate how this theory derives from a concept of linguistic interference characteristic of xenophobic purism, resorting to naturalisation tactics to present its doctrine as common-sense truths shared by everyone, and contributing to spreading the stigma of this social variety by identifying the causes of the language change with lack of education, ignorance, or incapacity of the lowest social classes to pronounce a particular sound, thus providing a theoretical basis to the existence of practices of discrimination and social exclusion based on language use.
Sociolinguistics in Galicia
Authors: Fernández-Ferreiro Manuel , Ramallo Fernando
Published: April 2008

Sorry, no abstract text available.
discourse of language in Galiza
Authors: Herrero-Valeiro Mário J.
Published: April 2008

In this article we will conduct a review (influenced by critical historiography and critical discourse analysis) of the circulation of some terms characteristic of political-linguistic discourse and linguistic planning in the context of the discourse about language developed in Galiza throughout the last thirty years. We focus our attention especially on the terms “diglossia”, “linguistic normalisation” and “linguistic conflict”, which have come to occupy a central position in the Galician context, marked on the plane of identitary politics by the confrontation between two conflicting nationalist ideologies —identification with a nation with State (Spanish nationalism) and identification with a nation without State (Galician nationalism)—, and on the plane of language planning by (a) the conflict generated by the process of standardisation of one normative model for the Galician-Portuguese of Galiza, and (b) the critique generated by Galician linguistic nationalism of the language planning measures implemented by the autonomous government of Galiza. All of this must be understood against a general background shaped by the advanced linguistic substitution suffered by the Galician-Portuguese varieties spoken in Galiza in favour of Spanish
Change of values and future of the Galician language
Authors: Bouzada-Fernández Xan M.
Published: April 2008

In response to the observation that the Galician language finds itself in a situation of potential danger, we will reflect on some parameters that may help to define the situation. Beginning with an analysis of issues such as the socio-structural transition that Galician has experienced over the past few decades and making use of sociolinguistic data provided by some recent investigations such as the Mapa Sociolingüístico de Galicia (Sociolinguistic Map of Galicia), we will endeavour to present some interpretive advice inspired by sociological theory of culture and values, and also based upon a contrast with data proceeding from a study recently conducted in Valencia. This analysis will help us to defend the idea that the latest data available concerning the strong decline in exclusive Galician speakers must be viewed in the context that a change in culture and values is beginning. This possible change is destined to have a direct effect on the way in which the community of Galicia assumes and makes possible its own identitary plan.
Corpus of Galicia / Spanish Bilingual Speech of the University of Vigo
Authors: Rodríguez-Yáñez Xoán Paulo , Casares-Berg Hakan
Published: April 2008

Firstly, we present a brief explanation of this research project, the Corpus of Galician/Spanish Bilingual Speech (Corpus de Fala Bilingüe Galego/Castelán, abbreviated as CoFaBil), currently being complied at the University of Vigo. This ethnographicconversational based corpus has been recorded in a wide range of informal and spontaneous communicative situations, subsequently transcribed in detail with those conventions normally applied to conversation analysis. Secondly, we explain the manual annotation process of the corpus. The CHAT annotation system, applied in tagging this corpus, requires specifying the linguistic-communicative code to which each word belongs. So, we shall explain the problems to which this word by word tagging leads us. These problems cover phenomena characteristic of both bilingual conversation and languages in contact, but with the specificity that the scarce interlinguistic distance between the varieties of Galician and of Spanish call for adopting certain tagging values (presented in the text) that respond to the complex nature of the different phenomena detected. Thirdly, we present the solutions conceived for the automatic annotation of this corpus. The most important result is the computer application Anotador 1.0, which makes it possible to note down a substantial part of the phenomena appearing in the CoFaBil more speedily, while doing away with the interpretative biases involved in human annotating. Also, due to the versatility of this tool, it may be used as a corpora annotator of bilingual speech for any pair of languages.
Participation frameworks and gender in the narrative conversations of gypsy children
Authors: Poveda David , Martín Beatriz
Published: April 2008

This paper presents an analysis of conversations around narratives of personal experience between a mixed-sex group of Gypsy children and non-Gypsy teachers and researchers. Data was obtained in two institutional contexts, a classroom in a public school and a class in a summer-school program, through semi structured interviews and conversations. Our analysis uses tools derived from conversation analysis and the ethnography of communication and examines two aspects of conversational organization. On the one hand, turn distribution according to the gender of participants and, on the other hand, the distribution of conversational roles in co-narrative episodes. In general terms, our findings show that girls play a much more active role in these conversations than boys. These results are discussed in the light of the institutional context in which they are produced and in relation to cultural patterns of the Gypsy community regarding men and women’s orientation towards work.
construction of gender in informal face-to-face encounters
Authors: Pujolar Joan
Published: April 2008

In this article I argue that we need to treat what I call the “local fields of participation” in a methodologically systematic manner. These fields are the relatively stable domains of social participation if everyday life: family, school, clique, workplace and so on. The research on language and gender constitutes a good example of the need to build an adequate understanding of the reproduction and transformation of relations of domination. I also argue against the customary practice of making excessively direct inferences out of isolated interactions or out of very specific linguistic or pragmatic phenomena, which prevents an profound understanding of issues domination and contestation at the local level. Here I will provide data of interactions recorded amongst a group of young people and I will show how these can only be interpreted in terms of their position within the group’s set of relations, through which a given régime of gender identities were constructed, with its tensions and contradictions. This process of identity construction was in turn inserted in a wider network of relationships between the clique and various other fields (family, school, job market). Finally, I discuss some ways in which Pierre Bourdieu’s model can be used to analyze the workings of local fields and the relationships amongst social fields at various levels.
How code-switching mediates politeness
Authors: Gardner-Chloros Penelope , Finnis Katerina
Published: April 2008

In this study we explore the three-way link between three topics which are usually studied independently in sociolinguistics, namely code-switching (CS), gender and politeness. Whilst steering clear of simplistic correlations between language and gender, we show how women in this community exploit CS in carrying out certain direct speech acts traditionally viewed as unfeminine. Conversational analysts often describe CS as a site for constructing meaning through juxtaposition, the direction of the switch being less important than the fact of the contrast. Nevertheless, an ethnographic study such as this shows the potential importance of associations between each language and relevant shared meanings. Switches into Greek are employed to evoke shared cultural connotations and by extension to create humour, to create a bond/show sympathy to the interlocutor, and to legitimize directness in giving orders or making requests, Greek being a language in which such directness is markedly greater than in English. Thus, through their use of CS, women in particular enact various politeness strategies, both positive and negative. This study confirms the value of studying both politeness and gender not only cross-culturally, but specifically in bi/plurilingual contexts, as a study of CS allows strategies and constraints which could pass unobserved in monolingual speech to be clearly highlighted.
Female doctors, their practices, and the dilemma of feminity
Authors: Sánchez Ana Delgado , Rivero Ana Távora , Gómez Teresa Ortiz
Published: April 2008

With the aim of studying how personal and professional life interact in young female doctors in Spain, we have analysed three groups that practice three of the most feminized specialties general medicine, paediatrics, and psychiatry–, applying a gender perspective and a group methodology. For the analysis we identify a series of categories that are present in the three groups and that in the bibliography are related with the medical practice of women. In the professionals of our study, contradictions and ambivalent feelings show up when related to their communicative style at office, to the negotiation with colleges and patients, to their position before authority and power, and to the performance of their professional roles. In the group discourse of female doctors we identify the existence of a conflict between their identity as professionals and their identity as women.
Un enfoque interdisciplinario da relación entre lingua e xénero
Authors: Acuña-Fernández Virginia , Álvarez-López Sonia
Published: April 2008

A investigación sobre lingua e xénero está marcada na actualidade polo seu carácter interdisciplinario. Os estudios que se inclúen dentro deste campo céntranse en aspectos moi diversos e proceden de disciplinas como a lingüística, a sociolingüística, a psicoloxía social ou a antropoloxía. Neste número monográfico de Estudios de Sociolingüística pretendemos reflectir precisamente esta diversidade de aproximacións. Os artigos aquí reunidos achéganse ó estudio desta relación a través da análise de aspectos tan diversos como os usos sexistas da linguaxe, a fala na interacción, a sexualidade, o discurso dos medios de comunicación e o estilo comunicativo de mulleres e homes no mundo laboral. Nesta introducción presentamos cada un dos artigos en relación coa área de traballo á que se adscriben, ó mesmo tempo que revisamos brevemente os inicios, desenvolvemento e estado actual na investigación sobre lingua e xénero.
Bilingual emotions
Authors: Panayiotou Alexia
Published: April 2008

This paper is part of a broader work on the cultural construction of emotions as examined
through a qualitative study with Greek/English bilingual/bicultural informants. The paper argues that there are emotions which are specific to certain languages and cultures and focuses on one example of untranslatable emotions: the Greek stenahoria (loosely translated as ‘discomfort/sadness/suffocation’) and the English frustration. The paper asserts that although a respective linguistic translation may not exist for these terms, they may, in fact, be the cultural translations of each other as shown by the descriptions given by bilinguals and their use in various cultural contexts. The use of bilingual informants in this research overcomes some of the methodological problems of previous work on the cultural and linguistic comparison of emotion terms. The author argues that bilinguals, as people who cross physical, linguistic, and cultural boundaries, offer an optimal cross-cultural comparison of emotion terms because they subjectively experience two languages and two cultures.
 Este estudo forma parte dun traballo máis amplo sobre a construción cultural das emocións  analizada nunha investigación cualitativa con informantes bilingües / biculturais en grego e  inglés. O artigo esgrime que existen emocións que son específicas de certas linguas e  culturas, e céntrase nun caso de emocións intraducíbeis: o grego stenahoria (traducido de maneira aproximada por ‘desacougo’, ‘tristura’, ‘abafo’) e o inglés frustration. No artigo afírmase que, malia non existir a correspondente tradución lingüística para estes termos, na realidade poden producirse traducións culturais dos mesmos, como o mostran as descricións dadas polos bilingües e o seu uso en diversos contextos culturais. O recurso a informantes bilingües nesta investigación supera algúns dos problemas metodolóxicos de traballos anteriores sobre a comparación cultural e lingüística dos termos de emoción. A autora argumenta que os bilingües, como persoas que traspasan límites físicos, lingüísticos e culturais, facilitan unha comparación intercultural óptima para os termos de emoción dado que subxectivamente conviven con dúas linguas e dúas culturas.
Adquisición de las propiedades morfosintácticas del español por parte de niños bilingües en etapas avanzadas
Authors: Guijarro-Fuentes Pedrp , Clibbens John
Published: April 2008

In this study we examine the development of morphosyntactical knowledge by Spanish- English and English-Spanish simultaneous bilinguals. In particular, we investigate the acquisition of verbal aspect and its semantic entailments of the Spanish preterite and imperfect tenses from a generative point of view (de Miguel, 1992; Smith, 1997). As a departure point, we would not expect to find great differences between the bilingual and monolingual grammars if both grammars evolve in a similar way; if that is not the case, and given that both languages, English and Spanish, exhibit clear differences in relation to the categories tense and aspect (Smith, 1997), we would claim that the differences could beaccounted for due to the fact that one of the languages is the dominant one and due to the transference of properties from one language to another. Overall the results show that subjects do not confuse preterite and imperfect forms in production; however, the bilingual participants have problems with the aspectual feature and its semantic entailment. In the light of these results we claim that the acquisition of these two aspects of functional categories is dissociated as has been observed in L2 grammars (Lardiere, 1998a, 1998b).
 
 
 
 
Neste estudio analizaremos o desenvolvemento do coñecemento morfosintáctico por parte de nenos bilingües simultáneos español-inglés e inglés-español. En concreto, investigaremos a adquisición da morfoloxía verbal e as súas propiedades semánticas nos tempos do pasado do español (imperfecto/indefinido) desde un punto de vista xerativista (de Miguel, 1992; Smith, 1997). Como hipótese inicial, non esperamos atopar diferenza algunha entre a gramática dun bilingüe e dun monolingüe de partirmos do presuposto de ambas gramáticas evolucionaren de forma paralela; en caso negativo, e dado que ambas linguas, inglés e español, mostran ter diferenzas con respecto ao tempo/aspecto (Smith, 1997), poderiamos esperar que ambas gramáticas amosen estruturas diferentes dependendo de cal sexa a lingua dominante e debido á transferencia de propiedades de unha a outra lingua. Os resultados indican que existen diferenzas significativas entre ambas gramáticas, e mentres que ambos grupos de bilingües simultáneos non semellan ter problemas á hora de recoñeceren as formas morfolóxicas do contraste imperfecto/indefinido en español, ese non parece ser o caso do aspecto e das súas implicacións semánticas. De aí que propoñamos que exista unha clara disociación entre aspecto e tempo na gramática bilingüe de ambos grupos de nenos tal e como semella ocorrer na adquisición de segundas linguas (Lardiere, 1998a, 1998b).