bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The General Solution to a System of Tensor Equations over the Split Quaternion Algebra with Applications
Authors: Jia Zong-Ru , Wang Qing-Wen
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a systematic investigation into the solvability and the general solution of a tensor equation system within the split quaternion algebra framework. As an extension of classical quaternions with distinctive pseudo-Euclidean properties, split quaternions offer unique advantages in multidimensional signal processing applications. We establish rigorous necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions to the proposed tensor equation system, accompanied by explicit formulations for general solutions when solvability criteria are satisfied. The theoretical framework is further strengthened by the development of computational algorithms and numerical validations through concrete examples. Notably, we demonstrate the practical implementation of our theoretical findings through encryption/decryption algorithms for color video data.
Predefined-Time Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Trajectory Tracking Control for Wheeled Mobile Robot
Authors: Zhao Zhuang , Zheng Hongbo , Xu Zhen , Si Minghao , Zhang Jinjiang
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes a dual-loop control strategy to address the trajectory tracking problem of differential wheeled mobile robots (WMRs). First, the kinematic model of the WMR is established, and the dynamic model including the actuators is derived. To tackle the issue of y-axis direction divergence in existing methods, a predefined-time velocity control law based on intermediate variables is proposed. By introducing the y-axis error term into the angular velocity control, the ability to rapidly track the target trajectory is enhanced, providing a reliable velocity tracking target for the dynamic controller. Furthermore, a predefined-time nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode controller is designed, which combines a nonsingular fast terminal sliding surface with predefined-time stability theory to overcome the singularity problem in existing approaches, achieving fast and accurate tracking of velocity errors. Additionally, to improve the system’s disturbance rejection capability, a nonlinear extended state observer (NESO) is proposed to estimate external disturbances and provide feedforward compensation to the dynamic controller. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy outperforms existing methods in terms of trajectory tracking accuracy and robustness, providing an effective solution for the high-performance control of WMRs.
Mining High-Efficiency Itemsets with Negative Utilities
Authors: Yildirim Irfan
Published: February 2025

High-efficiency itemset mining has recently emerged as a new problem in itemset mining. An itemset is classified as a high-efficiency itemset if its utility-to-investment ratio meets or exceeds a specified efficiency threshold. The goal is to discover all high-efficiency itemsets in a given database. However, solving the problem is computationally complex, due to the large search space involved. To effectively address this problem, several algorithms have been proposed that assume that databases contain only positive utilities. However, real-world databases often contain negative utilities. When the existing algorithms are applied to such databases, they fail to discover the complete set of itemsets, due to their limitations in handling negative utilities. This study proposes a novel algorithm, MHEINU (mining high-efficiency itemset with negative utilities), designed to correctly mine a complete set of high-efficiency itemsets from databases that also contain negative utilities. MHEINU introduces two upper-bounds to efficiently and safely reduce the search space. Additionally, it features a list-based data structure to streamline the mining process and minimize costly database scans. Experimental results on various datasets containing negative utilities showed that MHEINU effectively discovered the complete set of high-efficiency itemsets, performing well in terms of runtime, number of join operations, and memory usage. Additionally, MHEINU demonstrated good scalability, making it suitable for large-scale datasets.
Large-Scale AI-Based Structure and Activity Prediction Analysis of ShK Domain Peptides from Sea Anemones in the South China Sea
Authors: Hua Ziqiang , Lin Limin , Yang Wanting , Ma Linlin , Huang Meiling , Gao Bingmiao
Published: February 2025

Sea anemone peptides represent a valuable class of biomolecules in the marine toxin library due to their various structures and functions. Among these, ShK domain peptides are particularly notable for their selective inhibition of the Kv1.3 channel, holding great potential for applications in immune regulation and the treatment of metabolic disorders. However, these peptides’ structural complexity and diversity have posed challenges for functional prediction. In this study, we compared 36 ShK domain peptides from four species of sea anemone in the South China Sea and explored their binding ability with Kv1.3 channels by combining molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies. Our findings highlight that variations in loop length, residue composition, and charge distribution among ShK domain peptides affect their binding stability and specificity. This work presents an efficient strategy for large-scale peptide structure prediction and activity screening, providing a valuable foundation for future pharmacological research.
Marine Phytoplankton Bioactive Lipids and Their Perspectives in Clinical Inflammation
Authors: Cutolo Edoardo Andrea , Campitiello Rosanna , Di Dato Valeria , Orefice Ida , Angstenberger Max , Cutolo Maurizio
Published: February 2025

Marine phytoplankton is an emerging source of immunomodulatory bioactive lipids (BLs). Under physiological growth conditions and upon stress challenges, several eukaryotic microalgal species accumulate lipid metabolites that resemble the precursors of animal mediators of inflammation: eicosanoids and prostaglandins. Therefore, marine phytoplankton could serve as a biotechnological platform to produce functional BLs with therapeutic applications in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases and other clinical conditions. However, to be commercially competitive, the lipidic precursor yields should be enhanced. Beside tailoring the cultivation of native producers, genetic engineering is a feasible strategy to accrue the production of lipid metabolites and to introduce heterologous biosynthetic pathways in microalgal hosts. Here, we present the state-of-the-art clinical research on immunomodulatory lipids from eukaryotic marine phytoplankton and discuss synthetic biology approaches to boost their light-driven biosynthesis.
High-Efficiency Extraction of Lithium and Aluminum from Coal Fly Ash Using Activation-Sintering Technology
Authors: Zhang Chenliang , Li Yanheng , Zhao Qiaojing , Xu Mingjing , Yao Bin , Zhang Pengpeng , Ji Xuan , Fan Jiawei
Published: February 2025

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential for extracting lithium and aluminum from coal fly ash in depth. The activation-sintering method was used to study how factors like activators, sintering agents, sintering time, leaching concentration, and temperature affect the leaching of lithium and aluminum. A 1:2 Na2CO3 activator was proportioned with coal fly ash for primary incineration at a temperature of 1000 °C for 30 min, after which a 3:1 Na2SO4 sintering agent was added to be proportioned with coal fly ash for secondary incineration at a temperature of 1000 °C for 30 min. The temperature was then increased to 400 °C for 60 min, after which the lithium and aluminum were leached with a 1% H2SO4 solution at 80 °C for 60 min. The leaching process was highly effective, with the lithium and aluminum leached out at rates of approximately 80%.
W-Band Low-Noise Amplifier with Improved Stability Using Dual RC Traps in Bias Networks on a 0.1 μm GaAs pHEMT Process
Authors: Han Seong-Hee , Kim Dong-Wook
Published: February 2025

This paper demonstrates that potential oscillations in various frequency bands of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) can be effectively suppressed using well-designed dual RC traps in the bias networks. The proposed approach is applied to the design and development of a highly stable W-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) MMIC for high-precision millimeter-wave applications. The amplifier is fabricated using the 0.1 µm GaAs pHEMT process from Win Semiconductors. The cascaded four-stage design consists of two low-noise-optimized stages, followed by two high-gain-tuned stages. Stability is enhanced through the integration of dual RC traps in the bias networks, which is rigorously evaluated using stability factors (K and μ) and network determinant function (NDF) encirclement analysis. In low-noise mode, the developed low-noise amplifier MMIC achieves a noise figure of 5.6−6.2 dB and a linear gain of 17.8−19.8 dB over the 90−98 GHz frequency range, while only consuming a DC power of 96 mW. In high-gain mode, it has a noise figure of 6.2−6.9 dB and a linear gain of 19.8−21.7 dB.
Analysis and Prediction of Melt Pool Geometry in Rectangular Spot Laser Cladding Based on Ant Colony Optimization–Support Vector Regression
Authors: Wang Junhua , Wang Jiameng , Zha Xiaoqin , Lu Yan , Li Kun , Xu Junfei , Xie Tancheng
Published: February 2025

The rectangular spot laser cladding system, due to its large spot size and high efficiency, has been widely applied in laser cladding equipment, significantly improving cladding’s efficiency. However, while enhancing cladding efficiency, the rectangular spot laser cladding system may also affect the stability of the melt pool, thereby impacting the cladding’s quality. To accurately predict the melt pool morphology and size during wide beam laser cladding, this study developed a melt pool monitoring system. Through real-time monitoring of the melt pool morphology, image processing techniques were employed to extract features such as the melt pool width and area. The study used laser power, scanning speed, and the powder feed rate as input variables, and established a prediction model for the melt pool width and area based on Support Vector Regression (SVR). Additionally, an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm was applied to optimize the SVR model, resulting in an ACO-SVR-based prediction model for the melt pool. The results show that the relative error in predicting the melt pool width using the ACO-SVR model is less than 2.2%, and the relative error in predicting the melt pool area is less than 9.13%, achieving accurate predictions of the melt pool width and area during rectangular spot laser cladding.
Development of a Next-Generation Cooling Channel Technology with High Cooling Efficiency by Roughing Cooling Channels Using a Combination of Laser Machining and Embossing Techniques
Authors: Kuo Chil-Chyuan , Lin Geng-Feng , Farooqui Armaan , Huang Song-Hua , Tseng Shih-Feng
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the development of a rapid wax injection tooling with enhanced heat dissipation performance using aluminum-filled epoxy resin molds and cooling channel roughening technology. Experimental evaluations were conducted on cooling channels with eleven surface roughness variations, revealing that a maximum roughness of 71.9 µm achieved an 81.48% improvement in cooling efficiency compared to smooth channels. The optimal coolant discharge rate was determined to be 2 L/min. The heat dissipation time for wax patterns was significantly reduced, enabling a cooling time reduction of approximately 12 s per product. For a production scale of 100,000 units, this equates to a time savings of about 13 days. Empirical equations were established for estimating heat dissipation time and pressure drop, with a high coefficient of determination. This research provides a valuable contribution to the mold and dies manufacturing industry, offering practical solutions for sustainable and efficient production processes.
Redesigning FDM Platforms for Bio-Printing Applications
Authors: Turker Burak
Published: February 2025

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a prominent additive manufacturing technique known for its ability to provide cost-effective and fast printing solutions. FDM enables the production of computer-aided 3D designs as solid objects at macro scales with high-precision alignment while sacrificing excellent surface smoothness compared to other 3D printing techniques such as SLA (Stereolithography) and SLS (Selective Laser Sintering). Electro-Spinning (ES) is another technique for producing soft-structured nonwoven micro-scale materials, such as nanofibers. However, compared to the FDM technique, it has limited accuracy and sensitivity regarding high-precision alignment. The need for high-precision alignment of micro-scaled soft structures during the printing process raises the question of whether FDM and ES techniques can be combined. Today, the printing technique with such capability is called Melt Electro Writing (MEW), and in practice, it refers to the basic working principle on which bio-printers are based. This paper aims to examine how these two techniques can be combined affordably. Comparatively, it presents output production processes, design components, parameters, and materials used in output production. It discusses the limitations and advantages of such a hybrid platform, specifically from the perspective of engineering design and its biomedical applications.
Green-Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Inhibit and Eradicate the Biofilms of Pathogenic Bacteria Through Intracellular ROS Production
Authors: Bano Fareha
Published: February 2025

Objectives: Bacterial infections, mainly due to rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), are an immense global health threat, complicating treatment, prolonging illness, and increasing mortality. The WHO lists AMR as one of the major threats to human health. Biofilm plays a crucial role in AMR, protecting bacteria and promoting resistance. Targeting biofilms improves antibiotic efficacy and reduces chronic infections. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) have emerged as a promising candidate in drug delivery, diagnostics, and antimicrobial therapies due to their distinctive properties. Methods: Due to the challenge of AMR and the potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles, this study investigates antibiofilm activity and intracellular ROS production by TiO2-NPs produced from Linum usitatissimum seed extract. Results: The crystal size of LU-TiO2-NPs was determined as 8.024 nm, and TEM validated the average particle size as 14.30 ± 5.93 nm. FTIR confirmed the presence of the O-Ti-O bond near 684 cm−1. LU-TiO2-NPs effectively inhibited biofilms, reducing biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 3160 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 by 79.96% and 71.85%, respectively. Microscopic analysis also showed a reduction in bacterial adherence and colonization. This inhibition was supported by the reduction in exopolysaccharides, a major biofilm component. The biofilm inhibition was likely mediated by the induction of intracellular ROS production by LU-TiO2-NPs. Furthermore, LU-TiO2-NPs successfully eradicated established biofilms of both the Gram +ve and Gram −ve bacteria. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that TiO2-NPs hold significant promise in tackling biofilm-associated bacterial infections and may prove beneficial in addressing the escalating problem of AMR.
First Report and Pathogenicity Analysis of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in Cage-Cultured Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) Associated with Skin Ulcers
Authors: Zhou Dandan , Zhang Binzhe , Qiu Yulie , Li Xuepeng , Zhang Jian
Published: February 2025

Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida (PDP), a marine bacterium, has been reported to infect a variety of economically important marine species worldwide. Understanding the occurrence and pathogenicity of PDP is crucial for effective disease control and ensuring the success of aquaculture operations. In late August 2023, an epidemic outbreak of P. damselae subsp. piscicida DQ-SS1, accompanied by significant mortality, was recorded in cage-cultured black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) located on Daqin Island for the first time. Genomic analysis revealed that DQ-SS1 possesses 2 chromosomes, with a total size of 4,510,445 bp and 3923 predicted CDSs. Pathogenic genes analysis identified 573 and 314 genes related to pathogen–host interactions and virulence, respectively. Additionally, DQ-SS1 displayed susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials, was resistant to 11 antimicrobials, and was intermediately sensitive to four antibiotics. Meanwhile, the in vitro assay revealed that the extracellular products (ECP) of DQ-SS1 were lethal to macrophages and exhibited hemolysin, lipase, and amylase activities. Moreover, DQ-SS1 also demonstrated the ability to survive in fish serum and resist complement-mediated killing. The in vivo assay showed that the infected fish exhibited severe histopathological alterations, such as the infiltration of inflammatory cells, cellular degeneration and necrosis, and loose cell aggregation. Lastly, the in vivo infection assays revealed the LD50 of DQ-SS1 was 1.7 × 103 CFU/g. This is the first study to elucidate the pathogenicity and genomic characteristics of multidrug-resistant PDP in cage-cultured S. schlegelii, which contributes to the advancement of diagnostic and preventative strategies for this disease in marine-cultured fishes and provides information for an in-depth study of the pathogenic mechanism of PDP.
Effect of Flotation Variables on Slurry Rheological Properties and Flotation Performance of Lead–Zinc Sulfide Ores
Authors: Luo Kehua , Sun Chuanyao , Sun Tichang
Published: February 2025

A slurry’s rheological properties significantly affect flotation performance. Flotation variables—including mineral composition, slurry concentration, and ore particle size—influence these properties by altering the interaction forces between mineral particles and the slurry’s microstructure, thereby impacting flotation outcomes. This study investigated the effects of flotation variables on the rheological properties and flotation performance of lead–zinc sulfide ores in two ternary systems comprising galena or sphalerite + kaolinite and quartz. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to analyze the slurries’ interaction forces and microstructure. The results show that finer ore particle sizes increase the formation of particle agglomerates, leading to larger structures and higher slurry apparent viscosity. This improves the metal mineral recovery rate during flotation but simultaneously increases gangue mineral entrainment, reducing concentrate grade. As the slurry concentration increases, the ternary system with kaolinite as the main gangue mineral forms a denser and more rigid honeycomb network structure. This results in higher yield stress and apparent viscosity, which negatively impacts lead and zinc sulfide separation during flotation. In contrast, the quartz-dominated system forms a slightly denser, stacked structure that lacks a solid network and thus maintains lower yield stress and apparent viscosity, which favors mineral separation. Adding sodium hexametaphosphate enhances particle dispersion by increasing repulsive forces between mineral particles. This thins or disrupts the kaolinite network structure, reducing the slurry’s apparent viscosity and yield stress, thereby improving its rheological properties and facilitating the flotation separation of lead and zinc sulfide minerals.
Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activities, and Model of Action of Indolyl Derivatives Containing Amino-Guanidinium Moieties
Authors: Li Yu-Xi , Geng Xiang , Tao Qi , Hao Ruo-Chen , Yang Ya-Jun , Liu Xi-Wang , Li Jian-Yong
Published: February 2025

The objectives of the study were to design, synthesize, and evaluate the antibacterial activity of a series of novel aminoguanidine-indole derivatives. Thirty-seven new compounds were effectively synthesized through nucleophilic substitution reaction and guanidinylation reaction. Chemical structures of all the desired compounds were identified by NMR and HR-MS spectroscopy. Most of the synthesized compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens and clinical resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) isolates. K. pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen that often threatens the health of immunocompromised people such as the elderly, children, and ICU patients. The most active compound 4P showed rapid bactericidal activity against resistant K. pneumoniae 2108 with MIC and MBC values that were 4 and 8 µg/mL, respectively. The hemolytic activity of 4P was low, with an HC50 value of 123.6 µg/mL. Compound 4P induced the depolarization of the bacterial membrane and disrupted bacterial membrane integrity and was not prone to antibiotic resistance. The dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity was also notably inhibited by 4P in vitro. Molecular docking revealed that the aminoguanidine moiety and indole structure of 4P played an important role in binding to the target site of the K. pneumoniae dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) receptor. In the mouse pneumonia model caused by K. pneumoniae, 4P improved the survival rate of mice, reduced bacterial loads, and alleviated tissues’ pathological injuries at a dosage of 4 mg/kg. Therefore, compound 4P may be a promising lead compound or drug candidate for antibacterial purposes against K. pneumoniae.
Playing Around the Coumarin Core in the Discovery of Multimodal Compounds Directed at Alzheimer’s-Related Targets: A Recent Literature Overview
Authors: Rullo Mariagrazia , La Spada Gabriella , Stefanachi Angela , Macchia Eleonora , Pisani Leonardo , Leonetti Francesco
Published: February 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes a great socioeconomic burden because of its increasing prevalence and the lack of effective therapies. The multifactorial nature of AD prompts researchers to search for new strategies for discovering disease-modifying therapeutics. To this extent, the multitarget approach holds the potential of synergic or cooperative activities arising from compounds that are properly designed to address two or more pathogenetic mechanisms. As a privileged and nature-friendly scaffold, coumarin has successfully been enrolled as the heterocyclic core in the design of multipotent anti-Alzheimer’s agents. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the most recent literature (2018–2023), covering the rational design and the discovery of coumarin-containing multitarget directed ligands (MTDLs) whose anti-AD profile encompassed at least two different biological activities relevant for disease onset and progression. To enhance the clarity of presentation, synthetic coumarin-based MTDLs are categorized into four clusters based on their substitution pattern and reported bioactivities: (i) mono-, (ii) di-, and (iii) polysubstituted coumarins directed at protein targets, and (iv) coumarins directed at protein targets with additional metal-chelating features. Before discussing multimodal coumarins, the rationale for addressing each biological target is briefly presented.
Acetylenic Substituent: Influence on the Structure, Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Thermal Properties of Rhenium(I) and Platinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Zowiślok Bartosz , Świtlicka Anna , Maroń Anna Maria , Kula Sławomir
Published: February 2025

The ‘wire-like’ acetylenic moiety is an important building block in organic and coordination chemistry that can facilitate electron transfer in donor–acceptor compounds, contributing to the enhancement of their photophysical properties. 2,6-Bis-(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine (dtpy) functionalized with a 4-phenylacetylene group (Ph-C≡C-dtpy) was, for the first time, used for the preparation of [ReCl(CO)3(Ph-C≡C-dtpy)] and [Pt(Ph-C≡C-dtpy)Cl]CF3SO3 in order to understand the properties derived from the use of the acetylenic substituent. The coordination ability of Ph-C≡C-dtpy toward Pt(II) and Re(I) centers was determined. All the studied compounds were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and, in the case of the free ligand and rhenium(I) complex, single-crystal X-ray analysis was also used. Their electrochemical, photophysical, and thermal properties were compared with the previously described similar systems. The photoluminescence spectra of Ph-C≡C-dtpy, [ReCl(CO)3(Ph-C≡C-dtpy)] and [Pt(Ph-C≡C-dtpy)Cl]CF3SO3 were investigated in solution and in the solid state at 298 K and 77 K. The experimental results were supported by the DFT and TD-DFT calculations. As a result of the introduction of the -C≡C- moiety into the organic ligand skeleton, the Re(I) and Pt(II) complexes display room-temperature emission. In the case of [Pt(Ph-C≡C-dtpy)Cl]CF3SO3, photoluminescence lifetime in a microsecond regime was observed, whereas nanosecond lifetime for [ReCl(CO)3(Ph-C≡C-dtpy)] in solution is comparable to lifetimes previously observed for rhenium(I) compounds with 4-substituted dtpys.
Citrus aurantium Flowers: Overview of Chemistry, Functionality, and Technological Applications
Authors: Seyyedi-Mansour Sepidar , Donn Pauline , Barciela Paula , Perez-Vazquez Ana , Nogueira-Marques Rafael , Chamorro Franklin , Carpena Maria , Prieto Miguel A.
Published: February 2025

Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.), a member of the Rutaceae family, finds global utility in both the treatment of various ailments and its role as a rootstock for Citrus species in agriculture. Various parts of Citrus aurantium L. have been employed in traditional medicine due to their multifarious therapeutic potential. The blossom of this plant serves as a rich source of bioactive compounds, notably polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenes. Additionally, it harbors substantial quantities of functional, nutritive, and biologically active compounds, which manifest their presence through antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, and neuroprotective properties. The recovery of bioactive compounds is significantly affected by extraction methods. Many conventional methods have been explored for the recovering of bioactive compounds from bitter orange flowers. However, in response to the limitations of conventional techniques, green extraction methods, characterized by their ability to significantly increase the yield and reduce the time, energy, and solvent requirements, have also been assessed for this matrix. Therefore, the study of the functionalities of bitter orange blossoms represents a domain with unexplored research opportunities. Consequently, this review aims to offer a comprehensive insight into the biological properties and medicinal applications of the active compounds found within C. aurantium.
Theoretical Analysis of Efficient Thermo-Optic Switching on Si3N4 Waveguide Platform Using SiOC-Based Plasmo-Photonics
Authors: Bellas Dimitris V. , Lampadariou Eleftheria , Dabos George , Vangelidis Ioannis , Markey Laurent , Weeber Jean-Claude , Pleros Nikos , Lidorikis Elefterios
Published: February 2025

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are crucial for advanced applications in telecommunications, quantum computing, and biomedical fields. Silicon nitride (SiN)-based platforms are promising for PICs due to their transparency, low optical loss, and thermal stability. However, achieving efficient thermo-optic (TO) modulation on SiN remains challenging due to limited reconfigurability and high power requirements. This study aims to optimize TO phase shifters on SiN platforms to enhance power efficiency, reduce device footprint, and minimize insertion losses. We introduce a CMOS-compatible plasmo-photonic TO phase shifter using a SiOC material layer with a high TO coefficient combined with aluminum heaters on a SiN platform. We evaluate four interferometer architectures—symmetric and asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs), an MZI with a ring resonator, and a single-arm design—through opto-thermal simulations to refine performance across power, losses, footprint, and switching speed metrics. The asymmetric MZI with ring resonator (A-MZI-RR) architecture demonstrated superior performance, with minimal power consumption (1.6 mW), low insertion loss (2.8 dB), and reduced length (14.4 μm), showing a favorable figure of merit compared to existing solutions. The optimized SiN-based TO switches show enhanced efficiency and compactness, supporting their potential for scalable, energy-efficient PICs suited to high-performance photonic applications.
Toward Enhancing the Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 Alloys by Co-Evaporation of Bi2Te3:Bi and Sb2Te3:Te
Authors: Dores Bernardo S. , Maciel Marino J. , Correia José H. , Vieira Eliana M. F.
Published: February 2025

In this work, we developed nanostructured Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 thin films by thermal co-evaporation of their alloys with corresponding pure elements (Bi, Sb, and Te). The films were fabricated on borosilicate glass at different substrate temperatures and deposition rates. At 300 °C, enhanced thermoelectric performance was demonstrated for n-type Bi2Te3:Bi and p-type Sb2Te3:Te, with Seebeck coefficients of 195 µV K−1 and 178 μV K−1, along with electrical conductivities of 4.6 × 104 (Ω m)−1 and 6.9 × 104 (Ω m)−1, resulting in maximum power factor values of 1.75 mW K−2 m−1 and 2.19 mW K−2 m−1, respectively. These values are found to be higher than some reported works in the literature, highlighting the advantage of not introducing additional elements to the system (such as extra doping, which induces complexity to the system). The structural properties, film morphology, and chemical composition of the optimized films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The films were found to be polycrystalline with preferred (0 0 6) and (0 1 5) orientations for Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 films, respectively, and stable rhombohedral phases. Additionally, a ring-shaped p-n thermoelectric device for localized heating/cooling was developed and a temperature difference of ~7 °C between the hot and cold zones was obtained using 4.8 mA of current (J = 0.068 mA/mm2).
Study on the Transverse Vibration Characteristics of Phenine Nanotubes
Authors: Zheng Zhuoqun , Li Han , Wang Lifeng , Xu Xu , Li Eric
Published: February 2025

Phenine nanotubes are tubular molecular structures with periodic hexatomic vacancies. The holes formed by these vacancies have a significant impact on their electrical, mechanical, and other properties. In this paper, the transverse vibration characteristics of phenine nanotubes (PNTs) are investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and continuum mechanics. A geometrically equivalent beam model is established for describing the geometric characteristics of holes. The effective static mechanical parameters of PNTs used in the proposed model are calibrated by MD simulations. The first four-order natural frequencies of PNTs are predicted by MD simulations and geometrically equivalent beam models. The results indicate that the geometrically equivalent beam model performs well in describing the transverse vibration characteristics of PNTs. Furthermore, the applicability ranges of geometrically equivalent beam models are discussed. This study offers valuable insights into the transverse vibration characteristics of porous nanostructure, which would be beneficial for the design of nanoscale mechanical resonators.
Research Progress on Chemiresistive Carbon Monoxide Sensors
Authors: Wei Minghui , Shi Xuerong , Zhu Min , Zhang Shengming , Zhang Heng , Yao Haiyu , Xu Shusheng
Published: February 2025

The development of high-performance carbon monoxide (CO) sensors is essential for protecting human health, ensuring industrial safety, and maintaining environmental well-being. Among various types of sensors, chemiresistive sensors exhibit considerable promise for real-time applications due to their operational capabilities. To achieve high performances of chemiresistive sensors, this review emphasizes various enhancement strategies, encompassing the refinement of sensing materials, the augmentation of sensor structures, and the optimization of gas recognition algorithms. Specifically, the modification techniques of sensing materials, which include the construction of heterostructures, the decoration with noble metals, surface functionalization, hetero-element-doping, and morphology engineering, are delved into comprehensively. This review provides insights into the rational design of cost-effective CO sensors.
Porous Carbon Electrode Made of Biomass DNAs for High-Efficiency Quasi-Solid-State Supercapacitor
Authors: Kokkiligadda Samanth , Ampasala Surya Kiran , Nam Yeonju , Kim Jeonghun , Bhang Suk Ho , Um Soong Ho
Published: February 2025

Since companies have declared their commitment to operating with 100% renewable energy, developing electrical storage systems using natural eco-friendly resources is in full swing. Efforts to replace existing materials in core electrode materials are accelerating, but the use of toxic chemicals in the complex production process is decreasing its value. This study presents a unique porous carbon electrode made of pure biomass DNA wastes synthesized simply via a single step of hydrogelation-calcination without activation through carbonization. Electrochemical analysis of the electrodes revealed energy storage performance with an outstanding specific capacitance of 563.34 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The QSSC exhibited an energy density of 13.05 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 486.67 W kg−1. It was connected to a solar panel for renewable energy storage and successfully powered a digital clock and LEDs (Light Emitting Diode), demonstrating the potential of advanced sustainable and cost-effective energy storage solutions.
Taxifolin as a Therapeutic Potential for Weight Loss: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hattori Yorito , Nakaoku Yuriko , Ogata Soshiro , Saito Satoshi , Nishimura Kunihiro , Ihara Masafumi
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The current approach to obesity care, which primarily focuses on weight loss, is often insufficient because of the challenges in maintaining long-term results. Therefore, novel, safe, and sustainable medications for obesity are highly anticipated. Taxifolin, a natural bioactive flavonoid, was found to exert pleiotropic protective effects against various diseases. Our experimental in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that taxifolin administration contributes to weight loss. Accordingly, we hypothesized that long-term oral intake of taxifolin was clinically associated with weight loss. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on participants who consistently monitored their body weight during routine clinic visits between January 2021 and July 2021. Body weight changes of the patients who received 300 mg/day of taxifolin were compared with those of patients who did not receive taxifolin. Results: The study enrolled a total of 62 patients: 36 received taxifolin and 26 did not receive taxifolin. Long-term intake of taxifolin showed greater weight loss than those not receiving taxifolin over a mean follow-up of 176.1 and 177.7 days, respectively (−1.6 vs. −0.3 kg; p = 0.026). Furthermore, long-term taxifolin intake was an independent predictor of increased weight loss (adjusted β [mean difference] −0.14, 95% confidence interval [−2.69, −0.18], p = 0.026). No adverse events were observed. Conclusions: Long-term daily oral intake of taxifolin may safely and sustainably prevent or manage obesity.
Concurrent Lead and Cadmium Exposure Among Diabetics: A Case-Control Study of Socio-Demographic and Consumption Behaviors
Authors: Adokwe Jonah Bawa , Pouyfung Phisit , Kuraeiad Saruda , Wongrith Paleeratana , Inchai Puchong , Yimthiang Supabhorn , Satarug Soisungwan , Khamphaya Tanaporn
Published: February 2025

Introduction/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to pose a substantial global public health challenge. Current evidence has linked an increase in the risk of T2D to chronic exposure to the heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The present study aimed to examine whether the reported links existed in an area of southern Thailand with known Pb contamination. Materials and Methods: A case–control study design was used to recruit 88 diagnosed T2D cases and 90 age-, gender- and locality-matched non-diabetic controls. Blood levels of Cd and Pb were used as exposure indicators. Exposure-related risk factors and socio-demographic data were collected through questionnaires. Results: A significant association was found between blood Pb and T2D diagnosis, but the association between blood Cd and T2D was not statistically significant. Factors related to high Pb exposure were education, occupation, income, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and dietary patterns, particularly the consumption of sweet and fatty foods. Participants with higher blood Pb levels had poorer glycemic control, thereby suggesting potential interference of Pb with oral hypoglycemic agents. Conclusions: This study confirms the connection between Pb exposure and increased risk of having T2D. Additionally, it identified socio-demographic factors, and consumption habits that contributed to such an enhanced T2D risk. The role of Cd exposure requires further studies, using urinary Cd excretion, which reflects long-term exposure conditions. These findings suggest the need to incorporate environmental and occupational exposure in diabetes care strategies. From the clinical and public health perspectives, targeted interventions should focus on reducing heavy metal exposure, improving risk awareness, and strengthening occupational safety measures to prevent disease progression.
Feature Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Meegan Mary J.
Published: February 2025

This Special Issue of Pharmaceuticals (“Feature reviews in Medicinal Chemistry”) contains a series of reviews covering a broad selection of topics in Medicinal Chemistry, which are chosen to illustrate important recent results in this fast-evolving interdisciplinary research area that aims to improve human health by developing drugs to combat diseases [...]
Fmoc-FF Nanogel-Mediated Delivery of Doxorubicin and Curcumin in Thyroid Cancer Cells
Authors: Gallo Enrico , Smaldone Giovanni , Cimmino Luca , Braile Mariantonia , Orlandella Francesca Maria , Luciano Neila , Accardo Antonella , Salvatore Giuliana
Published: February 2025

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy, and is categorized into well-differentiated and aggressive anaplastic types. Novel therapeutic modalities are needed for TC. Nanomedicine is a promising strategy for the development of precision medicine. In this context, we investigated the use of nanogels (NGs) to deliver agents with different physicochemical properties, specifically the hydrophilic agent doxorubicin (DOX) and the hydrophobic compound curcumin (CUR), in TC cell lines. Methods: Nα-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) peptide-based NGs loaded with DOX and CUR were formulated using the solvent-switch method. DOX-loaded NGs were previously characterized. CUR-loaded NGs were characterized through rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Confocal microscopy, q-RT-PCR, and ATP lite assays were performed to evaluate the uptake and delivery of DOX- and CUR-loaded NGs on TC cell lines. Results: CUR-loaded NGs exhibited a mean diameter of approximately 204.3 nm and a zeta potential of −34.6 mV, indicative of a good stability. In vitro release studies revealed a sustained release profile of CUR over 72 h. Functional analyses demonstrated that Fmoc-FF-loaded NGs were internalized into TC cell lines. They were primarily localized in the cytoplasm rather than in early endosomes, thereby ensuring intracellular stability. Furthermore, Fmoc-FF NGs reduced the nuclear uptake kinetics of DOX in TC cells, suggesting a potential reduction in dose-limiting toxicity. Comparative studies with CUR-loaded NGs revealed similar internalization and delayed nuclear uptake, highlighting the efficacy of Fmoc-FF NGs in delivering hydrophobic agents. Conclusions: Overall, the data suggest that Fmoc-FF NGs represent a promising strategy for delivering agents with diverse physicochemical properties in TC, enhancing their efficacy and safety and warranting further investigation.
Efficient Frequency-Domain Block Equalization for Mode-Division Multiplexing Systems
Authors: Shen Yifan , Zhang Jianyong , Mi Shuchao , Fan Guofang , Wang Muguang
Published: February 2025

In this paper, an adaptive frequency-domain block equalizer (FDBE) implementing the adaptive moment estimation (Adam) algorithm is proposed for mode-division multiplexing (MDM) optical fiber communication systems. By packing all frequency components into frequency-dependent blocks of a specified size B, we define an adaptive equalization matrix to simultaneously compensate for multiple frequency components at each block, which is computed iteratively using the Adam, recursive least squares (RLS) and least mean squares (LMS) algorithms. Simulations show that the proposed FDBE using the Adam algorithm outperforms those using the LMS and RLS algorithms in terms of adaptation speed and symbol error rate (SER) performance. The FDBE using the Adam algorithm with B=1 has the fastest adaption time, requiring about ntr=100 and ntr=900 less training blocks than the RLS algorithm at the SER of 3.8×10−3 for the accumulated mode-dependent loss (MDL) of ξ=1 dB and ξ=5 dB, respectively. The Adam algorithm with B=16 and B=8 has 0.4 dB and 0.3 dB SNR better than the RLS algorithm with B=4 for MDL and ξ=1 dB and ξ=55 dB, respectively.
Brassinosteroids in Micronutrient Homeostasis: Mechanisms and Implications for Plant Nutrition and Stress Resilience
Authors: Usmani Laiba , Shakil Adiba , Khan Iram , Alvi Tanzila , Singh Surjit , Das Debatosh
Published: February 2025

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are crucial plant hormones that play a significant role in regulating various physiological processes, including micronutrient homeostasis. This review delves into the complex roles of BRs in the uptake, distribution, and utilization of essential micronutrients such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and boron (B). BRs influence the expression of key transporter genes responsible for the absorption and internal distribution of these micronutrients. For iron, BRs enhance the expression of genes related to iron reduction and transport, improve root architecture, and strengthen stress tolerance mechanisms. Regarding zinc, BRs regulate the expression of zinc transporters and support root development, thereby optimizing zinc uptake. Manganese homeostasis is managed through the BR-mediated regulation of manganese transporter genes and chlorophyll production, essential for photosynthesis. For copper, BRs influence the expression of copper transporters and maintain copper-dependent enzyme activities crucial for metabolic functions. Finally, BRs contribute to boron homeostasis by regulating its metabolism, which is vital for cell wall integrity and overall plant development. This review synthesizes recent findings on the mechanistic pathways through which BRs affect micronutrient homeostasis and discusses their implications for enhancing plant nutrition and stress resilience. Understanding these interactions offers valuable insights into strategies for improving micronutrient efficiency in crops, which is essential for sustainable agriculture. This comprehensive analysis highlights the significance of BRs in micronutrient management and provides a framework for future research aimed at optimizing nutrient use and boosting plant productivity.
Amnat Charoen Healers in Thailand and Their Medicinal Plants
Authors: Junsongduang Auemporn , Saensouk Surapon , Balslev Henrik
Published: February 2025

Medicinal plants remain vital in the Phu Tai community in Amnat Charoen in Thailand. Traditional healers’ knowledge is largely undocumented in the literature. Our objective was to document their medicinal plant practices to preserve this valuable knowledge. Our informants were 15 Phu Tai healers. We calculated use values (UV), family importance values (FIV), and informant agreement ratios (IAR) to gauge the significance of the 211 medicinal plants used by the healers. The most important plant families were Fabaceae and Zingiberaceae (FIV = 93). Kha min (Curcuma longa) was the most important medicinal species (UV = 0.66). The decoction was the most common preparation method (85%). Skin/subcutaneous cellular tissue disorders had the highest informant agreement ratio (IAR = 0.73). Shrubs were the most common life form (36%) among the medicinal plants; the majority were collected from community forests (51%) and were native to Thailand (86%). The most frequently used plant part for medicine was the leaf (27%). Medicinal plants that can be purchased were Ueang mai na (Hellenia speciosa), Thep tharo (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon), and Som khon (Talinum paniculatum). Interestingly, monks served as traditional healers. The healer’s age and education were not correlated with the number of medicinal plants they knew. The Amnat Charoen healers possess a rich traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. The information reported here is invaluable for further research in the field of cross-cultural ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology.
Reaction Mechanism of Aluminum Toxicity on Leaf Growth of Shatian Pomelo Seedlings
Authors: Tan Dan , Yan Jingfu , Yang Yali , Yang Shaoxia , Zhang Lubin , Xue Yingbin , Liu Ying
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to examine the effects of aluminum (Al) stress on the leaves of Shatian pomelo (Citrus maxima “Shatian Yu”) and its underlying response mechanisms. Leaf phenotype analysis, physiological response index determination, transcriptome analysis, and genome verification were employed to investigate the effects of Al toxicity in detail. Al toxicity stress inhibited leaf growth and development, reducing leaf area, girth, and both dry and fresh weights. Antioxidant enzyme activity and soluble protein content in leaves significantly increased with rising Al stress levels. Additionally, Al toxicity caused an accumulation of Al ions in leaves and a decline in boron, magnesium, calcium, manganese, and iron ion content. RNA sequencing identified 4868 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under 0 mM (Control) and 4 mM (Al stress) conditions, with 1994 genes upregulated and 2874 downregulated, indicating a complex molecular regulatory response. These findings were further validated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The results provide critical insights into the molecular mechanisms of Shatian pomelo leaf response to Al toxicity and offer a theoretical basis and practical guidance for improving citrus productivity in acidic soils.