bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presurgical Orthopedics and Satisfaction in Motherhood: A Randomized Clinical Trial (dutchcleft)
Authors: Prahl Charlotte , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Van't Hof Martin A. , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne M.
Published: May 2008

Objective:

To study the effect of infant orthopedics on satisfaction in motherhood.

Design:

Prospective two-arm randomized controlled trial in parallel with three participating academic cleft palate centers. Treatment allocation was concealed and was performed by means of a computerized balanced allocation method.

Setting:

Cleft palate centers of Amsterdam, Nijmegen, and Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Patients:

Two groups of infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate and no other malformations.

Interventions:

Group IO+ (n  =  27) wore passive maxillary plates during the first year of life, group IO− (n  =  27) did not.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Mean satisfaction scores were obtained from completed questionnaires at 6, 24, and 58 weeks of age. A 4-point scale was used (1  =  very satisfactory to 4  =  very unsatisfactory).

Results:

The range of the mean scores for the individual items on the questionnaires for both groups ranged between 1.1 and 2.4. No differences were found between groups. Mothers appear to be satisfied in motherhood, least satisfied with the available time for themselves, and very satisfied with hugging and walking their babies. No differences were found between groups.

Conclusions:

Results from the present study show that infant orthopedics, with a passive plate during the first year of life, in children with a unilateral cleft lip and palate has no influence on the mothers’ satisfaction in motherhood.
Relapse Tendency in Maxillary Arch Width in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients with Different Maxillary Arch Forms
Authors: Al-Gunaid Talat , Asahito Toshikazu , Yamaki Masaki , Hanada Kooji , Takagi Ritsuo , Ono Kazuhiro , Saito Isao
Published: May 2008

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the relapse tendency in the maxillary dental arch widths in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients with different types of maxillary arch form.

Subjects:

Thirty-two unilateral cleft lip and palate patients treated by one-stage surgical palatal closure were included. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the types of the maxillary arch forms: group A, symmetrical arch form; group B, collapse of minor segment; group C, collapse of both segments.

Methods:

Using dental casts obtained at three different times, relapse in the intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths in each group was assessed and differences between groups were investigated.

Results:

Patients in group A showed stable results in all measurements. Patients in group B showed posttreatment relapse in the intercanine width only, whereas patients in group C demonstrated significant posttreatment relapses in the interpremolar and intermolar widths. Comparison between groups showed more significant relapse in the interpremolar and intermolar widths of group C than in those of group B.

Conclusion:

The types of the maxillary arch forms in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients might play a stronger role in the stability of the maxillary dental arch widths after orthodontic treatment in patients with collapse of both segments and a severe degree of maxillary narrowness.
Quality Assurance Guidelines for Surgical Outreach Programs: A 20-Year Experience
Authors: Eberlin Kyle R. , Zaleski Katherine L. , Snyder H. Dennis , Hamdan Usama S.
Published: May 2008

Numerous American volunteer organizations travel throughout the developing world, providing surgical services to those in need. Medical staff who undertake such missions must contend with the realities inherent to providing healthcare abroad. Inadequate medical facilities and equipment, coupled with a short mission duration and the lack of substantial integration with the local medical community, greatly increase the risk of unnecessary medical complications. At present, there is no definitive set of quality assurance guidelines for the surgical outreach community. This report draws on 20 years of outreach experience to recommend a set of quality assurance guidelines for surgical outreach missions.
Reprogrammed Mouse Fibroblasts Differentiate into Cells of the Cardiovascular and Hematopoietic Lineages
Authors: Schenke-Layland Katja , Rhodes Katrin E. , Angelis Ekaterini , Butylkova Yekaterina , Heydarkhan-Hagvall Sepideh , Gekas Christos , Zhang Rui , Goldhaber Joshua I. , Mikkola Hanna K. , Plath Kathrin , MacLellan W. Robb
Published: May 2008

Forced expression of the four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 is sufficient to confer a pluripotent state upon the murine fibroblast genome, generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Although the differentiation potential of these cells is thought to be equivalent to that of embryonic stem (ES) cells, it has not been rigorously determined. In this study, we sought to identify the capacity of iPS cells to differentiate into Flk1-positive progenitors and their mesodermal progeny, including cells of the cardiovascular and hematopoietic lineages. Immunostaining of tissues from iPS cell-derived chimeric mice demonstrated that iPS cells could contribute in vivo to cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells. To compare the in vitro differentiation potential of murine ES and iPS cells, we either induced embryoid body (EB) formation of each cell type or cultured the cells on collagen type IV (ColIV), an extracellular matrix protein that had been reported to direct murine ES cell differentiation to mesodermal lineages. EB formation and exposure to ColIV both induced iPS cell differentiation into cells that expressed cardiovascular and hematopoietic markers. To determine whether ColIV-differentiated iPS cells contained a progenitor cell with cardiovascular and hematopoietic differentiation potential, Flk1-positive cells were isolated by magnetic cell sorting and exposed to specific differentiation conditions, which induced differentiation into functional cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells. Our data demonstrate that murine iPS cells, like ES cells, can differentiate into cells of the cardiovascular and hematopoietic lineages and therefore may represent a valuable cell source for applications in regenerative medicine.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Implementing Socket Seal Surgery as a Socket Preservation Technique for Pontic Site Development: Surgical Steps Revisited – A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Landsberg Cobi J.
Published: May 2008

Background: Tooth removal is always followed by the loss of vital soft and hard tissues. When occurring in the anterior region of the maxilla, the resulting ridge deformation may cause severe functional and esthetic problems. Diverse soft and hard tissue regenerative procedures have been developed for correcting ridge defects with the aim of establishing functional and esthetically pleasing pontic or implant restoration sites. However, these technically demanding procedures may be regarded as non‐predictable in the hands of most clinicians. To reduce the need for restoring challenging ridge defects, an alternative exists in the form of a simple, minimally invasive socket‐preservation procedure immediately following tooth extraction known as socket seal surgery. This article describes the currently improved surgical steps to be implemented with the objective of achieving a functional and esthetically acceptable pontic site.

Methods: Immediately following tooth extraction, the socket bony walls are debrided and decorticated, and the soft tissue walls are deepithelialized by a coarse round diamond bur. The socket is filled with particles of a slowly resorbing bone substitute material except for 2 to 3 mm coronally. A cylindrically shaped soft tissue graft that matches the socket orifice contours is harvested from the palatal mucosa and placed atop the bone graft. The soft tissue graft is usually stabilized with six to eight simple interrupted 6‐0 monofilament polyamide or 7‐0 polypropylene sutures or, when the case allows, by a broad‐based pontic restoration that is placed at a minimal distance from the graft.

Results: Two cases, each representing a different technique for stabilizing the soft tissue graft, demonstrate successful graft survival. Clinically and radiographically, successful regeneration of the ridge's hard and soft tissues, including the ability to develop functional and esthetically acceptable pontic sites, was demonstrated.

Conclusions: Socket seal surgery is an efficacious procedure for ridge preservation and is effective in providing the necessary conditions for the development of functional and esthetic pontic sites.
Thyroid Hormones May Influence Cortical Bone Healing Around Titanium Implants: A Histometric Study in Rats
Authors: Feitosa Daniela da Silva , Bezerra Beatriz de Brito , Ambrosano Gláucia Maria Bovi , Nociti Francisco Humberto , Casati Márcio Zaffalon , Sallum Enilson Antônio , de Toledo Sérgio
Published: May 2008

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate, by histometric analysis, the influence of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), on bone healing around titanium implants inserted in rat tibiae.

Methods: Forty‐two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the experimental groups: G1 = healthy animals (control; N = 15); G2 = hypothyroidism (N = 13); and G3 = hyperthyroidism (N = 14). Once alterations were confirmed by total serum levels of T3 and T4, one screw‐shaped titanium implant was placed in the rat tibiae. Sixty days later, the animals were sacrificed, and undecalcified sections were obtained. Bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC), bone area within the limits of the implant threads, and bone density in a 500‐μm‐wide zone lateral to the implant were obtained separately for the cortical (zone A) and cancellous (zone B) bone regions.

Results: Intergroup analysis demonstrated that thyroid hormones may significantly affect cortical bone healing around titanium implants. Hyperthyroidism significantly increased the area of newly formed bone in zone A (P <0.05), whereas hypothyroidism significantly decreased the area of newly formed bone and bone density around the implant in zone A (P <0.05) compared to the healthy group. In addition, hyperthyroidism significantly increased BIC extension in zone A compared to hypothyroidism (P <0.05).

Conclusion: Thyroid hormones may influence the healing process in the cortical bone around titanium implants placed in rats, whereas cancellous bone seems to be less sensitive to changes in T3 and T4 serum levels.
Disease Progression in Periodontally Healthy and Maintenance Subjects
Authors: Teles R.P. , Patel M. , Socransky S.S. , Haffajee A.D.
Published: May 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether the rate of attachment loss in periodontally healthy subjects in a prevention regimen would differ from the rate of disease progression in periodontitis subjects enrolled in a maintenance program.

Methods: Fifty‐five periodontally healthy subjects and 57 periodontitis subjects were clinically and microbiologically monitored at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 years. Clinical parameters measured at six sites per tooth included bleeding on probing, visible plaque, probing depth, and attachment level. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesio‐buccal aspect of every tooth and were analyzed for the levels of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization. The significance of differences over time in the clinical parameters was determined using repeated‐measures analysis of variance, whereas the significance of differences between groups was determined using the unpaired t test. The Mann‐Whitney test was used for microbial analyses, and P values were adjusted for multiple comparisons.

Results: Mean clinical parameters improved for both groups over time. By the end of the study, 4% of the sites in maintenance subjects lost ≥2 mm of attachment, whereas in the prophylaxis subjects only 1% of the sites lost ≥2 mm of attachment. Maintenance subjects lost attachment primarily at shallow buccal and lingual sites. The maintenance subjects harbored significantly higher levels of most test species throughout the study. The maintenance program did not reduce the levels of red complex species to those typical of healthy subjects.

Conclusions: Treated periodontitis subjects under maintenance displayed more rapid attachment loss than periodontally healthy subjects in a preventive regimen. The greater propensity to disease progression may be related to an elevated exposure to periodontal pathogens.
Using Heat to Characterize Streambed Water Flux Variability in Four Stream Reaches
Authors: Essaid Hedeff I. , Zamora Celia M. , McCarthy Kathleen A. , Vogel Jason R. , Wilson John T.
Published: May 2008

Estimates of streambed water flux are needed for the interpretation of streambed chemistry and reactions. Continuous temperature and head monitoring in stream reaches within four agricultural watersheds (Leary Weber Ditch, IN; Maple Creek, NE; DR2 Drain, WA; and Merced River, CA) allowed heat to be used as a tracer to study the temporal and spatial variability of fluxes through the streambed. Synoptic methods (seepage meter and differential discharge measurements) were compared with estimates obtained by using heat as a tracer. Water flux was estimated by modeling one‐dimensional vertical flow of water and heat using the model VS2DH. Flux was influenced by physical heterogeneity of the stream channel and temporal variability in stream and ground‐water levels. During most of the study period (April–December 2004), flux was upward through the streambeds. At the IN, NE, and CA sites, high‐stage events resulted in rapid reversal of flow direction inducing short‐term surface‐water flow into the streambed. During late summer at the IN site, regional ground‐water levels dropped, leading to surface‐water loss to ground water that resulted in drying of the ditch. Synoptic measurements of flux generally supported the model flux estimates. Water flow through the streambed was roughly an order of magnitude larger in the humid basins (IN and NE) than in the arid basins (WA and CA). Downward flux, in response to sudden high streamflows, and seasonal variability in flux was most pronounced in the humid basins and in high conductivity zones in the streambed.
Nitrogen Fluxes through Unsaturated Zones in Five Agricultural Settings across the United States
Authors: Green Christopher T. , Fisher Lawrence H. , Bekins Barbara A.
Published: May 2008

The main physical and chemical controls on nitrogen (N) fluxes between the root zone and the water table were determined for agricultural sites in California, Indiana, Maryland, Nebraska, and Washington from 2004 to 2005. Sites included irrigated and nonirrigated fields; soil textures ranging from clay to sand; crops including corn, soybeans, almonds, and pasture; and unsaturated zone thicknesses ranging from 1 to 22 m. Chemical analyses of water from lysimeters and shallow wells indicate that advective transport of nitrate is the dominant process affecting the flux of N below the root zone. Vertical profiles of (i) nitrogen species, (ii) stable isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen, and (iii) oxygen, N, and argon in unsaturated zone air and correlations between N and other agricultural chemicals indicate that reactions do not greatly affect N concentrations between the root zone and the capillary fringe. As a result, physical factors, such as N application rate, water inputs, and evapotranspiration, control the differences in concentrations among the sites. Concentrations of N in shallow lysimeters exhibit seasonal variation, whereas concentrations in lysimeters deeper than a few meters are relatively stable. Based on concentration and recharge estimates, fluxes of N through the deep unsaturated zone range from 7 to 99 kg ha−1yr−1Vertical fluxes of N in ground water are lower due to spatial and historical changes in N inputs. High N fluxes are associated with coarse sediments and high N application rates.
Pesticides in Rain in Four Agricultural Watersheds in the United States
Authors: Vogel Jason R. , Majewski Michael S. , Capel Paul D.
Published: May 2008

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1‐napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.
Extractability of Elements in Sugar Maple Xylem along a Gradient of Soil Acidity
Authors: Bilodeau Gauthier Simon , Houle Daniel , Gagnon Christian , Côté Benoît , Messier Christian
Published: May 2008

Dendrochemistry has been used for the historical dating of pollution. Its reliability is questionable due primarily to the radial mobility of elements in sapwood. In the present study, the extractability of seven elements was characterized to assess their suitability for the monitoring of environmental conditions. Nine mature sugar maple trees (Acer saccharum Marsh.), a wide‐ranging species in eastern North America that has suffered decline in past decades, were sampled in three Quebec watersheds along a soil acidity gradient. Five‐year groups of annual tree rings were treated by sequential chemical extractions using extractants of varying strength (deionized H2O, 0.05 M HCl, and concentrated HNO3) to selectively solubilize the elements into three fractions (water‐soluble, acid‐soluble, and residual). Monovalent K; divalent Ba, Ca, Cd, Mg, Mn; and trivalent Al cations were found mostly in the water‐soluble, acid‐soluble, and residual fractions, respectively. Forms more likely to be mobile within the tree (water‐soluble and acid‐soluble) do not seem to be suitable for temporal monitoring because of potential lateral redistribution in sapwood rings. However, certain elements (Cd, Mn) were responsive to current soil acidity and could be used in spatial variation monitoring. Extractability of Al varied according to soil acidity; at less acidic sites, up to 90% of Al was contained in the residual form, whereas on very acidic soils, as much as 45% was found in the water‐soluble and acid‐soluble fractions. Sequential extractions can be useful for determining specific forms of metals as key indicators of soil acidification.
Variations in Pesticide Leaching Related to Land Use, Pesticide Properties, and Unsaturated Zone Thickness
Authors: Webb Richard M. T. , Wieczorek Michael E. , Nolan Bernard T. , Hancock Tracy C. , Sandstrom Mark W. , Barbash Jack E. , Bayless E. Randall , Healy Richard W. , Linard Joshua
Published: May 2008

Pesticide leaching through variably thick soils beneath agricultural fields in Morgan Creek, Maryland was simulated for water years 1995 to 2004 using LEACHM (Leaching Estimation and Chemistry Model). Fifteen individual models were constructed to simulate five depths and three crop rotations with associated pesticide applications. Unsaturated zone thickness averaged 4.7 m but reached a maximum of 18.7 m. Average annual recharge to ground water decreased from 15.9 to 11.1 cm as the unsaturated zone increased in thickness from 1 to 10 m. These point estimates of recharge are at the lower end of previously published values, which used methods that integrate over larger areas capturing focused recharge in the numerous detention ponds in the watershed. The total amount of applied and leached masses for five parent pesticide compounds and seven metabolites were estimated for the 32‐km2 Morgan Creek watershed by associating each hectare to the closest one‐dimensional model analog of model depth and crop rotation scenario as determined from land‐use surveys. LEACHM parameters were set such that branched, serial, first‐order decay of pesticides and metabolites was realistically simulated. Leaching is predicted to be greatest for shallow soils and for persistent compounds with low sorptivity. Based on simulation results, percent parent compounds leached within the watershed can be described by a regression model of the form e−depth (a ln t½−b ln KOC) where t1/2 is the degradation half‐life in aerobic soils, KOC is the organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient, and a and b are fitted coefficients (R2 = 0.86, p value = 7 × 10−9).
Antibiotic Losses from Unprotected Manure Stockpiles
Authors: Dolliver Holly A.S. , Gupta Satish C.
Published: May 2008

Manure management is a major concern in livestock production systems. Although historically the primary concerns have been nutrients and pathogens, manure is also a source of emerging contaminants, such as antibiotics, to the environment. There is a growing concern that antibiotics in manure are reaching surface and ground waters and contributing to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. One such pathway is through leaching and runoff from manure stockpiles. In this study, we quantified chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin losses in runoff from beef manure stockpiles during two separate but consecutive experiments representing different weather conditions (i.e., temperature and precipitation amount and form). Concentrations of chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin in runoff were positively correlated with initial concentrations of antibiotics in manure. The highest concentrations of chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin in runoff were 210, 3175, and 2544 μg L−1, respectively. Relative antibiotic losses were primarily a function of water losses. In the experiment that had higher runoff water losses, antibiotic losses ranged from 1.2 to 1.8% of total extractable antibiotics in manure. In the experiment with lower runoff water losses, antibiotic losses varied from 0.2 to 0.6% of the total extractable antibiotics in manure. Manure analysis over time suggests that in situ degradation is an important mechanism for antibiotic losses. Degradation losses during manure stockpiling may exceed cumulative losses from runoff events. Storing manure in protected (i.e., covered) facilities could reduce the risk of aquatic contamination associated with manure stockpiling and other outdoor manure management practices.
Antibiotic Losses in Leaching and Surface Runoff from Manure‐Amended Agricultural Land
Authors: Dolliver Holly , Gupta Satish
Published: May 2008

A 3‐yr field study quantified leaching and runoff losses of antibiotics from land application of liquid hog (chlortetracycline and tylosin) and solid beef (chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin) manures under chisel plowing and no‐tillage systems. The study was conducted in southwestern Wisconsin, a karst area with steep, shallow, macroporous soils. Relative mass losses of chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin were <5% of the total amount applied with manure. Chlortetracycline was only detected in runoff, whereas monensin and tylosin were detected in leachate and runoff. Highest concentrations of monensin and tylosin in the leachate were 40.9 and 1.2 μg L−1, respectively. Highest chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin concentrations in runoff were 0.5, 57.5, and 6.0 μg L−1, respectively. For all three antibiotics, >90% of detections and 99% of losses occurred during the non‐growing season due to fall manure application and slow degradation of antibiotics at cold temperatures. During years of high snowmelt, runoff accounted for nearly 100% of antibiotic losses, whereas during years of minimal snowmelt, runoff accounted for approximately 40% of antibiotic losses. Antibiotic losses were generally higher from the no‐tillage compared with chisel plow treatment due to greater water percolation as a result of macroporosity and greater runoff due to lack of surface roughness in the no‐tillage plots during the non‐growing season. The results from this study suggest that small quantities of dissolved antibiotics could potentially reach surface and ground waters in the Upper Midwestern USA from manure‐amended shallow macroporous soils underlain with fractured bedrock.
Application of Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay Analysis for Determination of Monensin in Environmental Samples
Authors: Dolliver Holly , Kumar Kuldip , Gupta Satish , Singh Ashok
Published: May 2008

There is growing concern that antibiotic use in livestock production is contributing to contamination of soil and aquatic environments. Monensin, a polyether ionophore antibiotic, accounts for approximately 13% of total subtherapeutic livestock antibiotic usage in the USA and has been widely detected in aquatic environments. Due to insufficient ultraviolet absorbance, liquid chromatography analysis of monensin in environmental samples is limited to equipment with mass spectrometry (e.g., liquid chomatography–mass spectrometry [LC‐MS]). However, LC‐MS equipment is costly, and extensive sample preparation and clean‐up is often required. Rapid, low‐cost analytical techniques are needed to monitor for monensin residues in the environment. In this study, a commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting monensin in animal feed extracts was evaluated for determination of monensin in water, soil, and manure. The monensin ELISA was highly sensitive, with limits of detection and quantification at 1.5 and 3.0 μg L−1, respectively. Recovery of monensin in spiked water samples was approximately 100%. Cross‐reactivity was not observed with similar polyether ionophores, tetracyclines, macrolides, or sulfonamides. Concentrations of monensin using ELISA were greater than concentrations measured with LC‐MS. This is attributed to cross‐reactivity of the monensin ELISA toward structurally similar monensin compounds, such as factors (slight naturally produced structural variants) and metabolites. Results from this study showed that ELISA can be a reliable, rapid, and low‐cost alternative to LC‐MS analysis of environmental samples.
Leachability and Phytoavailability of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium from Different Bio‐composts under Chloride‐ and Sulfate‐Dominated Irrigation Water
Authors: Ahmad Zahoor , Yamamoto Sadahiro , Honna Toshimasa
Published: May 2008

Concerns over increased phosphorus (P) application with nitrogen (N)‐based compost application have shifted the trend to P‐based composed application, but focusing on one or two nutritional elements does not serve the goals of sustainable agriculture. The need to understand the nutrient release and uptake from different composts has been further aggravated by the use of saline irrigation water in the recent scenario of fresh water shortage. Therefore, we evaluated the leachability and phytoavailability of P, N, and K from a sandy loam soil amended with animal, poultry, and sludge composts when applied on a total P–equivalent basis (200 kg ha−1) under Cl− (NaCl)‐ and SO42− (Na2SO4)‐dominated irrigation water. Our results showed that the concentration of dissolved reactive P (DRP) was higher in leachates under SO42− than Cl− treatments. Compost amendments differed for DRP leaching in the following pattern: sludge > animal > poultry > control. Maize (Zea mays L.) growth and P uptake were severely suppressed under Cl− irrigation compared with SO42− and non‐saline treatments. All composts were applied on a total P–equivalent basis, but maximum plant (shoot + root) P uptake was observed under sludge compost amendment (73.4 mg DW−1), followed by poultry (39.3 mg DW−1), animal (15.0 mg DW−1), and control (1.2 mg DW−1) treatment. Results of this study reveal that irrigation water dominated by SO42− has greater ability to replace/leach P, other anions (NO3−), and cations (K+). Variability in P release from different bio‐composts applied on a total P–equivalent basis suggested that P availability is highly dependent on compost source.
Evaluating Phosphorus Loss from a Florida Spodosol as Affected by Phosphorus‐Source Application Methods
Authors: Agyin‐Birikorang S. , O'Connor G. A. , Brinton S. R.
Published: May 2008

Incorporating applied phosphorus (P) sources can reduce P runoff losses and is a recommended best management practice. However, in soils with low P retention capacities, leaching can be a major mechanism for off‐site P loss, and the P‐source application method (surface or incorporation) may not significantly affect the total amount of off‐site P loss. We utilized simulated rainfall protocols to investigate effects of P‐source characteristics and application methods on the forms and amounts of P losses from six P sources, including five biosolids materials produced and/or marketed in Florida, and one inorganic fertilizer (triple superphosphate). A typical Florida Spodosol (Immokalee fine sand; sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquods) was used for the study, to which the P sources were each applied at a rate of 224 kg P ha−1 (approximately the P rate associated with N‐based biosolids applications). The P sources were either surface‐applied to the soil or incorporated into the soil to a depth of 5 cm. Amended soils were subjected to three simulated rainfall events, at 1‐d intervals. Runoff and leachate were collected after each rainfall event and analyzed for P losses in the form of soluble reactive P (SRP), total dissolved P (TDP), total P (TP), and bioavailable P (BAP) (in runoff only). Cumulative masses (runoff + leachate for the three rainfall events) of P losses from all the P sources were similar, whether the amendments were surface‐applied or incorporated into the soil. The solubility of the amendment, rather than application method, largely determines the P loss potential in poorly P‐sorbing Florida Spodosols.
Possible limitations of the classical model of orientational optical nonlinearity in nematics
Authors: Sierakowski Marek , Teterycz Małgorzata
Published: May 2008

Orientational nonlinearity is the major mechanism of nonlinear optical phenomena observed in liquidcrystalline phase while it does not appear to such extent in any other materials. It is caused by distortion of initial molecular arrangement of an anisotropic medium induced by optical field. Deformation of the anisotropic structure means spatial changes of refractive index of the medium. This effect has been studied in earnest since the 1980s as its application became more apparent. In this paper, some results of experimental examination of molecular reorientation in nematics by optical field are presented, which are not explained in frame of existing Oseen-Frank model and Erickson-Leslie continuous theory. Possible reasons of this discordance are considered and a way of explanation is suggested.
Evaluation of a spectroscopic tandem method using information theory
Authors: Ružičková Silvia , Matherny Mikuláš
Published: May 2008

To obtain vital spectroscopic data, a specific tandem spectroscopic method consisting of excitation in the DC are separated from the evaporation process was applied. Recently developed tandem spectroscopic methods require a complex evaluation process that can be described by metrological characteristics and from them derived parameters. Evaluation of the novel method optimization process is a part of the application of some chosen, specific, and generally accepted statistical methods. For this purpose, it is suitable to determine parameters of the information theory. It is necessary to compare experimental parameters of the information theory with tolerance parameters representing the values which are supposed to be achieved. To evaluate the given parameters, influence of the concentration range used was taken into account.
Complexes of transition metals bonded to silica via β-diketonate groups — synthesis, structure, and catalytic activity
Authors: Rykowska Iwona , Urbaniak Włodzimierz
Published: May 2008

Transition metal complexes bonded to silica via silanes with β-diketonate groups can be used as packings for complexation gas chromatography or as immobilized homogenous metal complex catalysts. On basis of elemental analysis and the determination of surface area, possible structures of the complexes formed on the silica surface have been proposed. The possibility of using the immobilized complexes as catalysts has been indicated. Especially nickel complexes were taken into consideration. These immobilized complexes were used previously as packings for complexation gas chromatography.
Herbicide Systems for Control of Horse Purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L.), Smellmelon (Cucumis melo L.), and Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats) in Peanut
Authors: Grichar W. James
Published: May 2008

Field studies were conducted during the 2003 through 2005 growing seasons to evaluate soil-applied herbicides alone or in combination with postemergence (POST) herbicides for horse purslane, smellmelon, and Palmer amaranth control in peanut. Pendimethalin alone applied preplant incorporated (PPI) failed to control any of the three weeds (< 70% control). Pendimethalin in combination with diclosulam, followed by imazethapyr applied preemergence (PRE), or followed by either acifluorfen or imazapic applied postemergence (POST) controlled all three weed species at least 80%. The soil-applied herbicides flumioxazin, imazethapyr, S-metolachlor, or dimethenamid applied alone failed to control horse purslane and smellmelon (< 75%). Pendimethalin controlled Palmer amaranth less than 42% while flumioxazin at 0.07 kg/ha or dimethenamid at 1.12 kg/ha controlled Palmer amaranth less than 75%. Imazethapyr alone or pendimethalin applied PPI followed by imazethapyr applied PRE or imazapic applied POST controlled Palmer amaranth at least 99%. Pendimethalin applied PPI was present in all herbicide systems that yielded greater than the untreated check. In addition, 80% or greater control of at least 2 of 3 weed species resulted in the highest yields, with the exception of pendimethalin followed by acifluorfen.
Interactions of Chlorpyrifos and Herbicides Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Jordan David L. , Brandenburg Rick L. , Johnson P. Dewayne , Royals Brian M. , Watson Brenda
Published: May 2008

Experiments were conducted from 2004 through 2006 in North Carolina to determine peanut injury, pod scarring, pod yield, and percentages of extra large kernels (%ELK), fancy pods (%FP), and total sound mature kernels (%TSMK) following chlorpyrifos applied as a granular at pegging or as emulsifiable concentrate applied preplant incorporated (PPI) in mixture with pendimethalin. In one experiment, preemergence (PRE) herbicides consisted of S-metalochlor, S-metalochlor plus diclosulam, and S-metalochlor plus flumioxazin following chlorpyrifos. In a separate experiment, the postemergence (POST) herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, and paraquat plus bentazon were applied when peanut diameter was 10 to 15 cm. Chlorpyrifos did not interact with diclosulam or flumioxazin applied PRE or with the POST herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, or paraquat plus bentazon with respect to visual injury and pod yield. Applying chlorpyrifos at pegging was more effective than PPI applications in reducing pod scarification caused by southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi) feeding. Although PRE and POST herbicides injured peanut in a manner consistent with standard application of these herbicides, pod yield, %ELK and %TSMK were not affected by early season injury. However, pod yield was lower in the experiment with POST herbicides when chlorpyrifos was applied PPI compared with granular application at pegging. No differences in pod yield, %ELK, %FP, and %TSMK were noted when comparing PPI and pegging applications of chlorpyrifos in the PRE herbicide experiment.
Peanut Response to Naturally-Derived Herbicides Used in Organic Crop Production
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Mullinix Benjamin G. , Boudreau Mark A.
Published: May 2008

Weed-free irrigated trials were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to quantify phytotoxic effects of herbicides with the potential to be used in organic peanut production. Clove oil and citric plus acetic acid were each applied at vegetative emergence of peanut (VE), two weeks after VE (2 wk), four weeks after VE (4 wk), sequentially VE/2 wk, sequentially VE/4 wk, sequentially VE/2 wk/4 wk, and a nontreated control. Clove oil was more injurious (maximum of 28% visual injury) than citric plus acetic acid (maximum of 4% visual injury), with significant injury occurring with clove oil applied at 4-wk or sequentially. Citric plus acetic acid caused minimal peanut injury. There were no consistent effects of clove oil on peanut yield, although sequential applications of clove oil tended to reduce peanut yield. Peanut yield was not affected by citric plus acetic acid.
Synthesis of a novel benzoxazine precursor containing phenol hydroxyl groups and its polymer
Authors: Men Weiwei , Lu Zaijun , Zhan Zongrui
Published: May 2008

A novel benzoxazine precursor containing phenol hydroxyl groups was synthesized from bisphenol A, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane, and formaldehyde with a molar ratio of 2:1:4. The benzoxazine precursor was characterized with Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and size exclusion chromatography. The curing reaction was monitored by the gel time, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared. The obtained polybenzoxazine showed high thermal stability and a high glass‐transition temperature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Sorption kinetics for the removal of dyes from effluents onto chitosan
Authors: Wong Y. C. , Szeto Y. S. , Cheung W. H. , McKay G.
Published: May 2008

The ability of chitosan, a biosorbent obtained by the processing of waste seafood shells, to remove five acid dyes from effluents has been studied. Chitosan is a deacetylated bio‐polymer of chitin. The effect of varying initial dye concentration on the rate of adsorption has been investigated. The rate data have been analyzed using three kinetic models, namely, a pseudosecond order, the Ritchie modified second order, and the Elovich models. The sorption kinetics of Acid Green 25, Acid Orange 10, Acid Orange 12, Acid Red 18, and Acid Red 73 onto chitosan can be best correlated by the Elovich equation. The kinetic model was determined in accordance with the agreement between the rate equations and the differentiation of kinetic equations. The values of rate constants for the three models are in the range of 0.003–2.230, 0.004–0.237, and 0.0173–405 for the pseudosecond order, the Ritchie modified second order and the Elovich models, respectively. The sensitivity analysis, by plotting the reciprocal of the rate, ZL = (dq/dt)−1 against time, is used to identify the true kinetic model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Pheromone, juvenile hormone, and social status in the male lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea
Authors: Kou Rong , Chang Huan‐Wen , Huang Zachary Y. , Yang Rou‐Ling
Published: May 2008

In this study, the major pheromone component, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone (3H‐2B), released by dominants was measured during early scotophase. Both the JH III titer in the hemolymph and the 3H‐2B content of the sternal glands of the dominants and subordinates were then measured during late scotophase and late photophase. These investigations were performed on encounter days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 20. The results showed that, for non‐aggressive posture (AP)‐adopting socially naïve males (SNMs), both the 3H‐2B release and the hemolymph JH III titer were maintained at a low level. Once a fight occurred, 3H‐2B release was raised significantly in the AP‐adopting dominants, but not in non‐AP‐adopting subordinates, and remained raised throughout the entire experimental period. At 30 min after the first encounter, the hemolymph JH III titer was significantly increased in dominants, but not in subordinates. A significantly higher hemolymph JH III titer was observed in dominants during late scotophase on days 3, 5, 12, and 20 and during late photophase on days 3, 5, and 20. After fighting, the sternal gland 3H‐2B content of the dominants or subordinates was significantly lower than in SNMs. In dominants, the sternal gland 3H‐2B content during late scotophase was significantly lower than that during late photophase in the first 9 domination days, while, in the subordinates, the 3H‐2B content during late scotophase was either similar to, or significantly higher than, that in late photophase. In the dominants, 3H‐2B release and JH III titer were positively correlated. In rank switchers, the switched social status was positively correlated with both 3H‐2B release and JH III titer. Comparison of 3H‐2B release and JH III titer in 1‐time, 3‐time, or 5‐time dominants showed that, although winning significantly increased both 3H‐2B release and JH III titer, there is no significant difference in 3H‐2B release between 3‐ and 5‐time winners, while the JH III titer was most significantly increased in the 3‐time winners. The possible relationship between pheromone release, JH III titer, and social status is discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pyridalyl inhibits cellular protein synthesis in insect, but not mammalian, cell lines
Authors: Moriya Koko , Hirakura Setsuko , Kobayashi Jun , Ozoe Yoshihisa , Saito Shigeru , Utsumi Toshihiko
Published: May 2008

To gain insight into the mechanism of action and selectivity of the insecticidal activity of pyridalyl, the cytotoxicity of pyridalyl against various insect and mammalian cell lines was characterized by measuring the inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. When the effect of pyridalyl on the cellular protein synthesis in Sf9 cells was evaluated by measuring the incorporation of [3H]leucine, rapid and significant inhibition of protein synthesis was observed. However, pyridalyl did not inhibit protein synthesis in a cell‐free protein synthesis system, indicating that pyridalyl does not directly inhibit protein synthesis. No obvious cytotoxicity was observed against any of the mammalian cell lines tested. In the case of insect cell lines, remarkable differences in the cytotoxicity of pyridalyl were observed: the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 mM) was found against Sf9 cells derived from Spodoptera frugiperda, whereas no obvious cytotoxicity was observed against BmN4 cells derived from Bombyx mori. Measurements of the insecticidal activity of pyridalyl against Spodoptera litura and B. mori revealed a correlation between the cytotoxicity against cultured cell lines and the insecticidal activity. From these observations, it was concluded that the selective inhibition of cellular protein synthesis by pyridalyl might contribute significantly to the insecticidal activity and the selectivity of this compound. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High gas pressure effects on yeast
Authors: Espinasse V. , Perrier‐Cornet J.‐M. , Marecat A. , Gervais P.
Published: May 2008

Dried microorganisms are particularly resistant to high hydrostatic pressure effects. However, exposure to high pressures of nitrogen proved to be effective in inactivating dried yeasts. In this study, we tried to elucidate this mechanism on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. High‐pressure treatments were performed using different inert gases at 150 MPa and 25°C with holding time values up to 12 months. The influence of cell hydration was also investigated. For fully hydrated cells, pressurized gases had little specific effect: cell inactivation was mainly due to compression effects. However, dried cells were sensitive to high pressure of gases. In this latter case, two inactivation kinetics were observed. For holding time up to 1 h, the inactivation rate increased to 4 log and was linked to a loss of membrane integrity and the presence of damage on the cell wall. In such case cell inactivation would be due to gas sorption and desorption phenomena which would rupture dried cells during a fast pressure release. Gas sorption would occur in cell lipid phases. For longer holding times, the inactivation rate increased more slightly due to compression effects and/or to a slower gas sorption. Water therefore played a key role in cell sensitivity to fast gas pressure release. Two hypotheses were proposed to explain this phenomenon: the rigidity of vitrified dried cells and the presence of glassy solid phases which would favor intracellular gas expansion. Our results showed that dried microorganisms can be ruptured and inactivated by a fast pressure release with gases. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 729–738. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A test of the Samuelson Hypothesis using realized range
Authors: Kalev Petko S. , Duong Huu Nhan
Published: May 2008

This study examines the Samuelson Hypothesis, which postulates that futures price volatility increases as the futures contract approaches its expiration. Investigating intraday data and drawing on the recently developed concept of realized range, this study provides empirical evidence regarding the Samuelson Hypothesis for 14 agricultural, metal, energy, and financial futures markets in six futures exchanges. While utilizing a nonparametric test, a simple linear regression model and a system of seemingly unrelated regressions, the study finds strong support for the Samuelson Hypothesis in agricultural futures. In contrast, no support for the Samuelson Hypothesis is observed in any of the metal and financial futures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:680–696, 2008
Probable trajectories associated with the transport of Ochlerotatus albifasciatus during a strong wind event in Buenos Aires city (Argentina)
Authors: Bejarán R. , Fischer S. , De Garin A. , Schweigmann N.
Published: May 2008

Because of its capacity to infect human beings and domestic animals with a number of different viruses, the study of the mosquito Ochlerotatus albifasciatus (Macquart, 1938, (Diptera: Culicidae)) assumes great importance from the point of view of sanitation. It is a well‐known fact that the abundance of this species peaks after drought periods in the provinces of Buenos Aires and Cordoba. This article aims at explaining the presence of the high abundance of adult O. albifasciatus in Buenos Aires city in February 2005. As no breeding immatures were recorded during the previous weeks, the most likely hypothesis was that mosquitoes entered the city from breeding sites located in the outskirts. Wind observations, the existing knowledge on this species biology, atmospheric dynamic models, and meteorological data were used to support this hypothesis and identify the sources.

Mass transport of these individuals was apparently the consequence of a convective process. It was demonstrated that the occurrence of a convective process transported air masses from the periphery towards the City of Buenos Aires. Air‐parcel trajectories, Ezeiza radar images, and the flood zones observed in satellite images indicated that the source was located in the lowlands of Ezeiza in the Rio Matanza basin, some 50 km to the southwest of the City. The evidence suggests that O. albifasciatus is transported by wind, and the trajectory models are a very useful tool to locate the sources of proliferation of these insects. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society