bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of urinary incontinence among women and analysis of potential risk factors in Germany and Denmark
Authors: Schreiber Pedersen Louise , Lose Gunnar , Høybye Mette Terp , Elsner Susanne , Waldmann Annika , Rudnicki Martin
Published: April 2017

Introduction

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition that interferes with women's health‐related quality of life. Prevalence rates from earlier studies are wide‐ranging, due to heterogeneity in methodology, definition of UI and the populations included. We aimed to determine the prevalence of UI and associated risk factors in Germany and Denmark using the same methodology, definition and population.

Material and methods

A postal survey was conducted in two regions in Germany and Denmark, including 8000 women aged 18+ years. UI was defined as any complaint of involuntary loss of urine. The questionnaire contained socio‐demographic questions and the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ‐UI SF).

Results

The response rate in Germany and Denmark was 46.2 and 66.6% (p < 0.001) and the prevalence rate of UI was 48.3 and 46.4% (p = 0.188), respectively. Stress urinary incontinence dominated among younger women, and urgency urinary incontinence and mixed urinary incontinence among women 80+ years in Germany and Denmark, respectively. The subgroup of women with body mass index (BMI) ≥35 had the highest prevalence of UI (67.3%). The subgroup of women with BMI <35 were more likely to have stress urinary incontinence, and the subgroup of women with BMI ≥35 were more likely to have mixed urinary incontinence. UI was significantly associated with age as with BMI, vaginal delivery, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and having at least one co‐morbidity.

Conclusions

Prevalence rates in the two regions in Germany and Denmark were similar, despite significantly different response rates. This difference may reflect various attitudes towards answering a questionnaire, but the response rate on questions concerning UI seemed consistent.
Genome‐wide association studies reveal additional related loci for fatty acid composition in a Duroc pig multigenerational population
Authors: Sato Shuji , Uemoto Yoshinobu , Kikuchi Takashi , Egawa Sachiko , Kohira Kimiko , Saito Tomomi , Sakuma Hironori , Miyashita Satoshi , Arata Shinji , Suzuki Keiichi
Published: April 2017

The aim of the present study was to detect quantitative trait loci affecting fatty acid composition in back fat and intramuscular fat in a Duroc pig population comprising seventh‐generation pedigrees using genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). In total, 305 animals were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) array and five selected SNPs from regions containing known candidate genes related to fatty acid synthesis or metabolism. In total, 24 genome‐wide significant SNP regions were detected in 12 traits, and 76 genome‐wide suggestive SNP regions were detected in 33 traits. The Sus scrofa chromosome (SSC) 7 at 10.3 Mb was significantly associated with C17:0 in intramuscular fat, while the SSC9 at 13.6 Mb was significantly associated with C14:0 in intramuscular fat. The SSC12 at 1.0 Mb was significantly associated with C14:0 in back fat and the SSC14 at 121.0 Mb was significantly associated with C18:0 in intramuscular fat. These regions not only replicated previously reported loci containing some candidate genes involved in fatty acid composition (fatty acid synthase and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase) but also included several additional related loci.
Silage fermentation and ruminal degradation of stylo prepared with lactic acid bacteria and cellulase
Authors: Li Mao , Zhou Hanlin , Zi Xuejuan , Cai Yimin
Published: April 2017

In order to improve the silage fermentation of stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) in tropical areas, stylo silages were prepared with commercial additives Lactobacillus plantarum Chikuso‐1 (CH1), L. rhamnasus Snow Lact L (SN), Acremonium cellulase (CE) and their combination as SN+CE or CH1 + CE, and the fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of these silages were studied. Stylo silages treated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or cellulase, the pH value and NH3‐N ⁄ total‐N were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased while the ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom) and acid detergent fiber (ADFom) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared to control. Compared to LAB or cellulase‐treated silages, the DM, CP contents and relative feed value (RFV), and the ruminal degradability in LAB plus cellulase‐treated silages were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, but the aNDFom content was significantly (P < 0.05) lower. CH1 + CE treatment was more effective in silage fermentation and ruminal degradation than SN+CE treatment. The results confirmed that LAB or LAB plus cellulase treatment could improve the fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of stylo silage. Moreover, the combined treatment with LAB and cellulase may have beneficial synergistic effects on ruminal degradation.
A new nomenclature for classifying psychotropic drugs
Authors: Caraci Filippo , Enna Sam J. , Zohar Joseph , Racagni Giorgio , Zalsman Gil , van den Brink Wim , Kasper Siegfried , Koob George F. , Pariante Carmine M. , Piazza Pier Vincenzo , Yamada Kiyofumi , Spedding Michael , Drago Filippo
Published: April 2017

The Neuroscience‐based Nomenclature (NbN) for psychotropic drugs was developed as an alternative to the current Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) indication‐based classification in order to provide more precise designations for this drug class. The ATC nomenclature for psychotherapeutics is limited in that it fails to specify either pharmacological domains or mechanism of action and also does not describe all the potential uses of a particular agent. The disconnect between the drug classification and its clinical use is not very useful for scientific purposes and is confusing for patients and caregivers, often leading to a misunderstanding of the intended effects of the prescribed medication and, most importantly, to low treatment adherence.

The NbN classifies psychopharmacological agents on the basis of contemporary scientific information on their pharmacology and mechanisms of action so as to provide physicians clear alternatives when selecting or altering therapeutic regimens. The classification of each psychotropic drug includes four additional dimensions: approved indications; efficacy and side effects; practical note; neurobiology. By emphasizing the pharmacology and the molecular mechanism of action, NbN provides a vehicle for clinicians and basic scientists to improve the understanding and clinical use of this important drug class.
Cross‐lagged relations between teacher and parent ratings of children's task avoidance and different literacy skills
Authors: Georgiou George K. , Hirvonen Riikka , Manolitsis George , Nurmi Jari‐Erik
Published: April 2017

Background

Task avoidance is a significant predictor of literacy skills. However, it remains unclear whether the relation between the two is reciprocal and whether it is affected by the type of literacy outcome, who is rating children's task avoidance, and the children's gender.

Aim

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the cross‐lagged relations between teacher and parent ratings of children's task avoidance and different literacy skills.

Sample

One hundred and seventy‐two Greek children (91 girls, 81 boys) were followed from Grade 1 to Grade 3.

Methods

Children were assessed on reading accuracy, reading fluency, and spelling to dictation. Parents and teachers rated the children's task‐avoidant behaviour.

Results

Results of structural equation modelling showed that the cross‐lagged relations varied as a function of the literacy outcome, who rated the children's task avoidance, and children's gender. Earlier reading and spelling performance predicted subsequent parent‐rated task avoidance, but parent‐rated task avoidance did not predict subsequent reading and spelling performance (with the exception of spelling in Grade 3). Teacher‐rated task avoidance and reading fluency/spelling had a reciprocal relationship over time. In addition, the effects of teacher‐rated task avoidance on future spelling were significantly stronger in boys than in girls.

Conclusions

This suggests that poor reading and spelling performance can lead to subsequent task avoidance in both classroom and home situations. The fact that task avoidance permeates across different learning environments is alarming and calls for joint action from both parents and teachers to mitigate its negative impact on learning.
Prevalence and risk factors for red blood cell alloimmunization in 175 children with sickle cell disease in a French university hospital reference centre
Authors: Allali Slimane , Peyrard Thierry , Amiranoff Denise , Cohen Jérémie F. , Chalumeau Martin , Brousse Valentine , de Montalembert Mariane
Published: April 2017

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) show a high prevalence of red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization, but few studies have focused on children. We aimed to study the prevalence and risk factors of RBC alloimmunization in SCD children. We retrospectively analysed the medical and transfusion files for 245 SCD children hospitalized in our centre in 2014 and included 175 patients who had received at least one RBC unit in their lifetime. The main clinical and immuno‐haematological characteristics of alloimmunized and non‐alloimmunized patients were compared. The prevalence of alloimmunization was 13·7% [95% confidence interval (CI) (8·6–18·6)], and 7·4% [95% CI (3·5–11·3)] after excluding the probable irregular natural antibodies (anti‐M, anti‐Lea, anti‐Leb, anti‐Lex). Main risk factors for alloimmunization were increased number of RBC units received (median of 65 vs. 10 units per patient; P = 0·01) and the presence of one or more red cell autoantibodies (46·2% vs. 4·7%; P < 0·0001). The alloimmunization rate was higher for episodically transfused than chronically transfused patients (1·43 vs. 0·24/100 units received; P < 0·001). The presence of red cell autoantibodies appears to be a major risk factor for alloimmunization in SCD children and could justify specific transfusion guidelines.
Axonal loss in the multiple sclerosis spinal cord revisited
Authors: Petrova Natalia , Carassiti Daniele , Altmann Daniel R. , Baker David , Schmierer Klaus
Published: April 2017

Preventing chronic disease deterioration is an unmet need in people with multiple sclerosis, where axonal loss is considered a key substrate of disability. Clinically, chronic multiple sclerosis often presents as progressive myelopathy. Spinal cord cross‐sectional area (CSA) assessed using MRI predicts increasing disability and has, by inference, been proposed as an indirect index of axonal degeneration. However, the association between CSA and axonal loss, and their correlation with demyelination, have never been systematically investigated using human post mortem tissue. We extensively sampled spinal cords of seven women and six men with multiple sclerosis (mean disease duration= 29 years) and five healthy controls to quantify axonal density and its association with demyelination and CSA. 396 tissue blocks were embedded in paraffin and immuno‐stained for myelin basic protein and phosphorylated neurofilaments. Measurements included total CSA, areas of (i) lateral cortico‐spinal tracts, (ii) gray matter, (iii) white matter, (iv) demyelination, and the number of axons within the lateral cortico‐spinal tracts. Linear mixed models were used to analyze relationships. In multiple sclerosis CSA reduction at cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels ranged between 19 and 24% with white (19–24%) and gray (17–21%) matter atrophy contributing equally across levels. Axonal density in multiple sclerosis was lower by 57–62% across all levels and affected all fibers regardless of diameter. Demyelination affected 24–48% of the gray matter, most extensively at the thoracic level, and 11–13% of the white matter, with no significant differences across levels. Disease duration was associated with reduced axonal density, however not with any area index. Significant association was detected between focal demyelination and decreased axonal density. In conclusion, over nearly 30 years multiple sclerosis reduces axonal density by 60% throughout the spinal cord. Spinal cord cross sectional area, reduced by about 20%, appears to be a poor predictor of axonal density.
Screening for subclinical subclavian artery stenosis before coronary artery bypass grafting: Should we do it?
Authors: Abdul Jabbar Ali , Houston Justin , Burket Mark , Il'Giovine Zachary J. , Srivastava Bal K. , Agarwal Ajay
Published: April 2017

Atherosclerotic subclavian artery disease is detected in about 5% of patients referred for coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery. The internal mammary artery, a branch of the subclavian artery, is the most frequently utilized graft to restore coronary circulation because of its longevity. Stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery can cause retrograde blood flow in the ipsilateral internal mammary artery, known as “steal,” compromising coronary circulation supplied by the graft. Steal may be asymptomatic or may result in symptoms of myocardial ischemia. Symptomatic subclavian artery stenosis post bypass is referred to as coronary subclavian steal syndrome post‐CABG. The incidence is not well defined, and the benefits of screening patients referred for CABG are not known. Despite the various modalities available to detect subclavian artery stenosis, current guidelines fail to provide guidance about screening high‐risk patients for this entity. Detection of subclavian artery disease prior to CABG can reduce complications posed by post‐mammary artery graft cardiac ischemia. This review discusses the utility of preoperative subclavian artery screening prior to CABG.
Gender gap, capital accumulation and the demographic transition
Authors: Guo Kaiming , Yu Jingwen
Published: April 2017

This paper focuses on explaining the demographic transition and some of the broad patterns that are associated with it. We present an endogenous growth model that incorporates altruism and son preference within the family as well as gender wage gap and gender wage discrimination in the labour market. We show that with the accumulation of physical capital and human capital, the output share of mental labour increases and the gender wage gap narrows. In the early stages of economic development, gender discrimination is becoming prevalent and the substitution effect of capital accumulation, which raises the cost of child rearing, is dominated by the income effect, so the growth rate of population increases with income. When the degree of gender wage discrimination starts to decline, the increased cost of child rearing induces families to invest more in the human capital of children and the growth rate of the population falls. The quantitative analysis shows that gender wage discrimination is indeed an important contributor to the demographic transition.
The effect of background plant odours on the behavioural responses of Frankliniella occidentalis to attractive or repellent compounds in a Y‐tube olfactometer
Authors: Koschier Elisabeth H. , Nielsen Mette‐Cecilie , Spangl Bernhard , Davidson Melanie M. , Teulon David A.J.
Published: April 2017

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), causes major losses in agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. The volatile compounds methyl isonicotinate, p‐anisaldehyde, eugenol, and linalool are known as olfactory attractants, and salicylaldehyde is known as a repellent for F. occidentalis under clean‐air conditions in laboratory experiments. In the present study we assessed the responses of F. occidentalis to these compounds when presented alone, in combination, and in the presence of background odours emanating from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., Cucurbitaceae), capsicum (Capiscum anuum L., Solanaceae), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., Asteraceae), clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.), and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L., both Lamiaceae) plants in a Y‐tube olfactometer. In the presence of any background plant odour, the attractiveness of pure methyl isonicotinate to F. occidentalis proved to be consistently significant. Compared to clean‐air conditions, a slightly lower percentage of thrips chose the Y‐tube arm loaded with 10% p‐anisaldehyde in the presence of cucumber leaf odour. With non‐flowering clove basil plants in the background, F. occidentalis responses to 1% eugenol, a constituent of clove basil essential oil, were neutral, and the same applied to responses to pure linalool, a constituent of lavender essential oil, in the presence of flowering lavender plants. Also, thrips responses to pure or diluted salicylaldehyde were clearly influenced by plant background odours. We simulated a push‐pull situation and found a trend indicating that the percentage of F. occidentalis choosing the airflow loaded with the attractant methyl isonicotinate was higher when the airflow in the other arm of the Y‐tube was loaded with the repellent salicylaldehyde compared to clean air, and vice versa. We showed interactions between attractive or repellent volatile compounds and the environmental odours in the chemical ecology of F. occidentalis and the potential of a combined use of these compounds in thrips pest management.
The impact of ‘stop‐go’ demand management policy on Britain's consumer durables industries, 1952–65
Authors: Scott Peter M. , Walker James T.
Published: April 2017

This article examines the impacts of British government ‘stop‐go’ policy on domestic sales of consumer durables over the period 1952–65, via hire purchase restrictions and punitive Purchase Tax rates. Our analysis includes a general review of contemporary evidence regarding the impacts of these measures, a more detailed study of the television sector, and time‐series econometric analysis for both televisions and a representative high‐ticket labour‐saving consumer durable: washing machines. We find that the restrictions had devastating impacts on Britain's consumer durables industries, preventing firms from fully exploiting economies of scale, reducing output growth and international competitiveness, and eroding industrial relations. Government officials were aware of these problems, but considered them a price worth paying to facilitate moves towards sterling convertibility and the re‐establishment of the City as a leading financial and trading centre.
Metabolic syndrome in antipsychotic naive African patients with severe mental illness in usual care
Authors: Saloojee Shamima , Burns Jonathan K. , Motala Ayesha A.
Published: April 2017

Background

To determine the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with a first episode of severe mental illness from South Africa.

Methods

Antipsychotic naïve study subjects with a first episode of severe mental illness and control subjects were recruited at baseline for a prospective study. Individuals without metabolic syndrome at baseline were followed up for 12 months after antipsychotic medication was initiated. Metabolic syndrome was determined at baseline and at the 12‐month follow‐up using the Joint Interim Statement criteria.

Results

At baseline, the 67 study (M:F; 48:19) and 67 control subjects (M:F; 48:19) had a mean age of 22.8 (±3.7) and 23.3 (±2.6) years (P = .4), respectively. The majority were of black African ethnicity (97%) and 82% were diagnosed with schizophrenia. There was no difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (4.5%) or any of the individual components between the study and control group prior to the initiation of antipsychotics. Of the 64 study subjects without metabolic syndrome at baseline, only 36 (M:F; 25:11) completed the 12‐month follow‐up (response rate 56.3%) and 2 subjects developed metabolic syndrome .The incidence of metabolic syndrome was 5.5% with a significant increase in the elevated waist circumference criterion after 1 year of antipsychotic treatment (P = .02).

Conclusions

There was a low prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome in this group of patients with a first episode of severe mental illness.
Dynamics of BKPyV reactivation and risk of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Höller Konstantin , Fabeni Lavinia , Herling Marco , Holtick Udo , Scheid Christof , Knops Elena , Lübke Nadine , Kaiser Rolf , Pfister Herbert , Di Cristanziano Veronica
Published: April 2017

Objectives

Aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the dynamics of BKPyV reactivation in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in order to identify patients with higher risk to develop BKPyV‐associated hemorrhagic cystitis (BKPyV‐associated HC).

Methods

The study included 58 allo‐HSCT recipients from the University Hospital of Cologne detected BKPyV positive by real‐time PCR between 2009 and 2015. For correlative analysis, the first detected BKPyV‐DNA load in urine and in plasma as well as the onset and severity of HC following the first day of conditioning regimen was considered. Phylogenetic analysis of BKPyV isolates was performed.

Results

In 25 of 58 patients, BKPyV‐DNA was detected in urine only (group U), whereas 33 patients developed additional viremia (group P). A chronologic sequence viruria‐viremia‐HC was identified. Viral load of >106 copies/mL at first viruria and evidence of viremia after 45 days from the start of conditioning represented risk factors for the onset of HC. Molecular characterization revealed a non‐stereotypic distribution of viral subtypes across groups U and P.

Conclusions

Monitoring of BKPyV‐DNA by real‐time PCR after initiation of conditioning, regularly performed in clinical practice, can be a crucial tool for the early identification of patients with higher risk of BKPyV‐associated HC.
Early discontinuation of antiseizure medications in neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy
Authors: Fitzgerald Mark P. , Kessler Sudha Kilaru , Abend Nicholas S.
Published: April 2017

Objective

Neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) managed with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) often experience acute symptomatic seizures, prompting treatment with antiseizure medications (ASMs). Because the risk of seizure occurrence after hospital discharge is unknown, the optimal ASM treatment duration is unclear. We aimed to determine the risk of seizure occurrence after hospital discharge and the impact of ASM treatment duration on this outcome.

Methods

We performed a single‐center, retrospective study of consecutive neonates with HIE managed with TH who received ASMs for acute symptomatic seizures from June 2010 through December 2014. Neonates were monitored with continuous electroencephalography (EEG) during TH.

Results

Follow‐up data were available for 59 (82%) of 72 neonates who survived to discharge, with a median follow‐up period of 19 months (interquartile range [IQR] 11–25). Acute symptomatic seizures occurred in 35 neonates (59%), including electrographic seizures in 21 neonates (36%). ASMs were continued upon discharge in 17 (49%) of 35 neonates. Seizures occurred in follow‐up in four neonates (11%). No patient for whom ASMs were discontinued prior to discharge experienced seizures during the follow‐up period.

Significance

Among neonates with HIE, seizures after hospital discharge were rare in those with acute symptomatic seizures and did not occur in neonates without acute symptomatic seizures. ASM discontinuation prior to discharge did not increase the risk of seizures during the follow‐up period, suggesting that ASMs may be discontinued in many neonates prior to discharge.
Bias in the Family: Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Custody Disputes
Authors: Maldonado Solangel
Published: April 2017

This essay examines the role of racial, ethnic, and cultural bias in custody cases. It analyzes cases where the court explicitly considered the parents’ racial, ethnic, or cultural background and cases where the court did not acknowledge these factors but where it is clear from the court's opinion that biases influenced its decision. It then briefly describes the literature on implicit bias to demonstrate how biases may influence the assessments of custody evaluators, lawyers, and judges despite best efforts to make fair and impartial decisions. Drawing on studies suggesting that individuals can reduce their implicit biases and their effects on decision making, the essay explores individual strategies and institutional reforms to address bias in custody disputes.
The Nature and Determinants of Child Representation Practice in Child Welfare Cases
Authors: Zinn Andrew , Orlebeke Britany
Published: April 2017

The representation of children in dependency cases is an emerging legal specialty. Although scholars have attempted to articulate the duties that should characterize best practices, there has been little, if any, research concerning what child representatives actually do in practice. Using a sample of 168 child representatives in Georgia and Washington State, this study examines the relative significance of various case‐related activities and how these vary as a function of case‐ and attorney‐level characteristics. Based on the findings, we conclude that attorney activities are influenced by a combination of case and attorney characteristics, suggesting several distinct avenues for improving legal representation for children in dependency cases.
Multi‐Domain User‐Generated Content Based Model to Enrich Road Network Data for Multi‐Criteria Route Planning
Authors: Khoshamooz Giti , Taleai Mohammad
Published: April 2017

By utilizing today's web‐based technologies, people can act as sensors and share their perceptions, emotions and observations in a variety of data forms, such as images, videos, texts, Global Positioning System (GPS) trajectories and maps. These forms are collectively called user‐generated content (UGC). These data are in different domains and have a multi‐modality nature. Although recent efforts have probed the acquisition of local knowledge by using single‐domain UGC data in specific applications, such efforts have not thus far presented a model considering multi‐domain UGC specifically to enrich road network data. This article aims at presenting such a model wherein, with the help of each data domain of UGC, one aspect of people knowledge about the road segment is obtained. These different aspects of knowledge are integrated using a Skyline operator to support multi‐criteria route finding. We name this model ERSBU (enriching road segments based on UGC). In ERSBU, road segments are basic spatial units, and their subjective properties have been extracted by using available UGC. The scenic score for each road segment was computed by using geo‐tagged Panoramio photos. The accessibility level of each road segment to different facilities was calculated based on data captured from Wikimapia and OpenStreetMap. Moreover, for measuring the movement popularity of each road segment, Wikiloc and Everytrail GPS trajectories were utilized. For the implementation of the ERSBU model, Tehran region 6 was considered the case study area. The Evaluation of the results proved that road segments that achieved a high score based on knowledge extracted from UGC also mostly gained top scores by analyzing traditional maps. ERSBU allows users to accomplish more‐qualitative path finding by considering the multi‐view characteristics of road segments.
Efficacy of rhythmic exercise and walking exercise in older adults' exercise participation rates and physical function outcomes
Authors: Park Yang Sun , Koh Kyung , Yang Ji Seung , Shim Jae Kun
Published: April 2017

Aim

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of two different exercise types, rhythmic exercise designed from local music and dance (RE) and walking exercise (WE), in terms of exercise participation and physical function changes in older adults over a period of 12 weeks.

Methods

Exercise participation was assessed through the attendance rate and retention rate, and physical function was evaluated through the Short Physical Performance Battery, static balance test and gait test.

Results

The RE group showed significantly higher attendance and retention rates; greater improvement in Short Physical Performance Battery scores; and greater improvement in static balance, as compared with the WE. No differences were found between the RE and WE groups in gait parameters.

Conclusions

The results suggest that RE was more effective than WE in retaining exercise participation and improving physical function in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2311–2318.
Training older workers: resource‐oriented strategies
Authors: Jeske Debora , Stamov Roβnagel Christian , Strack Juliane
Published: April 2017

The goal of this paper is to outline resource‐oriented strategies which may help practitioners provide training that caters for the needs of older workers. Building on resource‐oriented frameworks, we review research that directly or indirectly examines the relationship between age and training performance. We identify three personal and three organizational resources which support training performance and participation. The personal resources comprise prior experience, individual characteristics and personal strategies. The organizational resources comprise providing room for time control and autonomy in training, supporting learning‐inclined team climates and participative training designs. Practical recommendations focus on personal and organizational resource assessments and personal and structural interventions to optimize resource constellations at the personal and organizational level.
Efectos potenciales de la dualidad del mercado laboral en los países de una unión monetaria
Authors: KOSIOR Anna , RUBASZEK Michał , WIERUS Kamil
Published: April 2017

Se investiga si la incidencia del empleo temporal en países de la Unión Económica y Monetaria europea explica las divergencias en las dinámicas del desempleo. Con datos de 11 países de la zona del euro para 1995–2013 y regresiones de panel, los autores encuentran un efecto robusto y significativo de la dualidad laboral –coexistencia de contratos temporales y permanentes– en el desempleo: la primera intensifica la reacción del segundo a las fluctuaciones del producto, aunque disminuye su duración, lo cual genera más problemas de divergencia en una unión monetaria. Una armonización coordinada mediante la introducción del ≪contrato único≫ aumentaría la estabilidad tanto nacional como de la eurozona.
Productividad en las empresas manufactureras alemanas. ¿Influye el empleo temporal?
Authors: NIELEN Sebastian , SCHIERSCH Alexander
Published: April 2017

Con un amplio conjunto de datos de empresas manufactureras alemanas y diversos modelos de datos de panel, los autores investigan la relación entre productividad del trabajo e intensidad de la contratación temporal, teniendo en cuenta las posibles distorsiones que pueden resultar de la autoselección en el uso de estos contratos. Sus resultados empíricos no ofrecen evidencia de una relación en forma de U invertida o negativa. Concluyen pues que no existe relación significativa entre ambas variables, por lo que las políticas de flexibilización para promover la competitividad de las empresas no se justifican.
Protección de los trabajadores y trabajo informal. Análisis comparado de países europeos, 2004–2012
Authors: FLÓREZ Luz Adriana , PERALES Francisco
Published: April 2017

El trabajo informal merma la productividad y los ingresos fiscales estatales y frena el crecimiento económico. Con datos de la Encuesta Social Europea de 2004–2012 sobre 20 países y mediante estimaciones de pseudo panel, los autores encuentran que la protección del empleo, las prestaciones de desempleo y el gasto social contribuyen a reducir el trabajo informal asalariado. Dado que la mayoría de las reformas socioeconómicas en Europa, sobre todo desde 2008, han recortado estas medidas de protección de los trabajadores, podrían haber incrementado la incidencia del trabajo informal. Los autores muestran también la superioridad metodológica de las estimaciones de pseudo panel respecto de otros métodos utilizados hasta el momento.
La seguridad del empleo juvenil y las instituciones laborales: una perspectiva dinámica
Authors: BERLOFFA Gabriella , MATTEAZZI Eleonora , ŞANDOR Alina , VILLA Paola
Published: April 2017

El interés político en la seguridad del empleo ya no se centra en la estabilidad laboral, sino en la empleabilidad, lo cual exige cambios en el modo de evaluar el desempeño de los jóvenes en el mercado de trabajo. Con datos sobre la evolución mensual de la situación laboral y sobre la duración real del empleo, se investigan ambos parámetros en jóvenes europeos unos cinco años después de finalizar sus estudios. El 40 por ciento sufre inestabilidad laboral pero su nivel de empleabilidad les permite encontrar rápidamente un empleo en caso de perderlo. Las autoras defienden políticas que refuercen la empleabilidad, una protección del empleo temporal más estricta y más gasto en políticas de activación (PAMT).
The clinical academic workforce in Australia and New Zealand: report on the second binational summit to implement a sustainable training pathway
Authors: Windsor John , Garrod Tamsin , Talley Nicholas J. , Tebbutt Carmel , Churchill James , Farmer Elizabeth , Baur Louise , Smith Julian A.
Published: April 2017

There has been a decline in the proportion of clinical academics compared with full‐time clinicians, since 2004. A Working Party was established to help develop and implement a model for the training of clinical academics. After a highly successful first summit in 2014 that summarised the challenges faced by clinical academics in Australia and New Zealand, a second summit was convened late in 2015 to report on progress and to identify key areas for further action. The second summit provided survey results that identified the varied training pathways currently offered to clinical academics and the institutions willing to be involved in developing improved pathways. A literature review also described the contributions that clinical academics make to the health sector and the challenges faced by this workforce sector. Current training pathways created for clinical academics by Australasian institutions were presented as examples of what can be done. The perspectives of government and research organisations presented at the summit helped define how key stakeholders can contribute. Following the summit, there was a strong commitment to continue to work towards developing a sustainable and defined training pathway for clinical academics. The need for a coordinated and integrated approach was highlighted. Some key objectives were agreed upon for the next phase, including identifying and engaging key advocates within government and leading institutions; publishing and profiling the contributions of successful clinical academics to healthcare outcomes; defining the stages of a clinical academic training pathway; and establishing a mentoring programme for training clinical academics.
Body composition and micronutrient deficiencies in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Horadagoda Charith , Dinihan Timothy , Roberts Mary , Kairaitis Kristina
Published: April 2017

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multisystem disorder. Abnormal body composition (BC) and micronutrient deficiencies (MD) contribute significantly to morbidity associated with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). COPD is a major health problem in Western Sydney.

Aims

To study the pattern of BC and MD in patients admitted with an AECOPD to Western Sydney.

Methods

The BC and serum levels of selected micronutrients were recorded in prospective, consecutive patients admitted to hospital with AECOPD in Western Sydney.

Results

A total of 94 patients was enrolled, 43% female, and the average age was 69.8 ± 8.2 years (SD). Admission spirometry revealed a mean spirometric ratio of 0.42 ± 0.14 (SD) and a severely reduced mean percentage FEV1 of predicted at 29.1% ± 11.6 (SD). A total of 51% of the population was overweight or obese, with an average body mass index of 25.9 ± 7.7 kg/m2 (SD). When fat‐free mass (FFM) was also considered 23% were cachectic, 9% had muscle atrophy and 6% were semi‐starved. Vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) was present in 53% and vitamin B12 deficiency (<222 pmol/L) was present in 31%. Anaemia was present in 30%, with 38% of these being iron deficient. Living status (alone or with family) was not associated with BC or micronutrient deficiencies (MD). Patients with ≥2 hospital admissions for AECOPD had a significantly lower mean B12 level (280.5 ± 143.0 pmol/L (SD) vs 360.5 ± 198.1 pmol/L (SD) P = 0.042). The malnutrition screening tool, a questionnaire‐based assessment of malnutrition used by the local health area did not accurately predict patients with abnormal BC or those with >2 MD.

Conclusions

In patients admitted with AECOPD, the majority of subjects were overweight or obese, with a low FFM. MD, in particular B12 and vitamin D, were common. Interventional studies addressing BC and MD are required to assess potential improvements in AECOPD‐related morbidity and mortality.
Goals of patient care system change with video‐based education increases rates of advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation decision‐making and discussions in hospitalised rehabilitation patients
Authors: Johnson Claire E. , Chong Jeffrey C. , Wilkinson Anne , Hayes Barbara , Tait Sonia , Waldron Nicholas
Published: April 2017

Background

Advance cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) discussions and decision‐making are not routine clinical practice in the hospital setting. Frail older patients may be at risk of non‐beneficial CPR.

Aim

To assess the utility and safety of two interventions to increase CPR decision‐making, documentation and communication for hospitalised older patients.

Methods

A pre‐post study tested two interventions: (i) standard ward‐based education forums with CPR content; and (ii) a combined, two‐pronged strategy with ‘Goals of Patient Care’ (GoPC) system change and a structured video‐based workshop; against usual practice (i.e. no formal training). Participants were a random sample of patients in a hospital rehabilitation unit.

The outcomes were the proportion of patients documented as: (i) not for resuscitation (NFR); and (ii) eligible for rapid response team (RRT) calls, and rates of documented discussions with the patient, family and carer.

Results

When compared with usual practice, patients were more likely to be documented as NFR following the two‐pronged intervention (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 6.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0; 13.6). Documentation of discussions with patients was also more likely (aOR: 3.3, 95% CI:1.8; 6.2). Characteristics of patients documented NFR were similar between the phases, but were more likely for RRT calls following Phase 3 (P 0.03).

Conclusion

An increase in advance CPR decisions occurred following GoPC system change with education. This appears safe as NFR patients had the same level of frailty between phases but were more likely to be eligible for RRT review. Increased documentation of discussions suggests routine use of the GoPC form may improve communication with patients about their care.
Does habitat specialization shape the evolutionary potential of wild bird populations?
Authors: Martinossi‐Allibert I. , Clavel J. , Ducatez S. , Viol I. Le , Teplitsky C.
Published: April 2017

Because specialist species evolved in more temporally and spatially homogeneous environments than generalist species, they are supposed to experience less fluctuating selection. For this reason, we expect specialists to show lower overall genetic variation as compared to generalists. We also expect populations from specialist species to be smaller and more fragmented, with lower neutral genetic diversity. We tested these hypotheses by investigating patterns of genetic diversity along a habitat specialization gradient in wild birds, based on estimates of heritability, coefficients of variation of additive genetic variance, and heterozygosity available in the literature. We found no significant effect of habitat specialization on any of the quantitative genetic estimators but generalists had higher heterozygosity. This effect was mainly a consequence of the larger population size of generalists. Our results suggest that evolutionary potential does not differ at the population level between generalist and specialist species, but the trend observed in heterozygosity levels and population sizes may explain their difference in susceptibility to extinction.
The evolutionary origin of variation in song length and frequency in the avian family Cettiidae
Authors: Wei Chentao , Price Trevor D. , Liu Jiayu , Alström Per , Zhang Yanyun
Published: April 2017

Aspects of bird song have been shown to correlate with morphological and ecological features, including beak and body size, and habitat. Here we study evolution of song length and song frequency among 30 species belonging to the Cettiidae. Frequency is negatively correlated with body size, and song length increases with latitude. Although migration distance correlates with latitude, the association of song length with latitude is only present within the non‐migratory species, implying the association is not a consequence of migration. We place these correlations in a historical framework to show that the body size‐frequency association arose early in the group, but the latitude‐song length association is more evolutionarily labile. We suggest that latitudinal correlates of song length may reflect increased importance of sexual selection by female choice.
Medical students' attitudes towards the use of virtual patients
Authors: Sobocan M. , Klemenc‐Ketis Z.
Published: April 2017

An increasing number of virtual patients (VPs) are being used in the classroom, which raises questions about how to implement VPs to improve students' satisfaction and enhance their learning. This study developed and validated a scale that measures acceptability and attitudes of medical students towards the use of the VP education tool in the classroom.

This mixed method study first explored attitudes with 11 students in two focus groups. Later on, eight experts performed item reduction and transformation through three rounds of the Delphi‐study method, and an initial version of the scale [virtual patient integration rating scale (VPIRS)] was developed. The scale was administered among 138 medical students to determine its reliability.

A total of 88 medical students responded to the final version of the VPIRS. Principal component analysis was performed in order to determine questionnaire domains. The final, validated scale contains 25 items in four domains, with a reliability of 0.864. The identified domains are as follows: (1) acquiring and maintaining knowledge, (2) facilitation of learning, (3) inauthentic learning and (4) disadvantages of learning.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a VP rating scale has been developed. VPIRS allows for targeted engagement with students regarding learning and evaluation with VPs, thereby providing opportunities for student‐centred teaching.
Atrial electrophysiological and molecular remodelling induced by obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Channaveerappa Devika , Lux Jacob C. , Wormwood Kelly L. , Heintz Timothy A. , McLerie Meredith , Treat Jacqueline A. , King Hannah , Alnasser Donia , Goodrow Robert J. , Ballard Glenn , Decker Robert , Darie Costel C. , Panama Brian K.
Published: April 2017

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) affects 9–24% of the adult population. OSA is associated with atrial disease, including atrial enlargement, fibrosis and arrhythmias. Despite the link between OSA and cardiac disease, the molecular changes in the heart which occur with OSA remain elusive. To study OSA‐induced cardiac changes, we utilized a recently developed rat model which closely recapitulates the characteristics of OSA. Male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 50–70 days, received surgically implanted tracheal balloons which were inflated to cause transient airway obstructions. Rats were given 60 apnoeas per hour of either 13 sec. (moderate apnoea) or 23 sec. (severe apnoea), 8 hrs per day for 2 weeks. Controls received implants, but no inflations were made. Pulse oximetry measurements were taken at regular intervals, and post‐apnoea ECGs were recorded. Rats had longer P wave durations and increased T wave amplitudes following chronic OSA. Proteomic analysis of the atrial tissue homogenates revealed that three of the nine enzymes in glycolysis, and two proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, were down regulated in the severe apnoea group. Several sarcomeric and pro‐hypertrophic proteins were also up regulated with OSA. Chronic OSA causes proteins changes in the atria which suggest impairment of energy metabolism and enhancement of hypertrophy.
Identification of a synergistic interaction between endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Spencer Carrie , Abend Stephanie , McHugh Kevin J. , Saint‐Geniez Magali
Published: April 2017

The retinal pigment epithelium located between the neurosensory retina and the choroidal vasculature is critical for the function and maintenance of both the photoreceptors and underlying capillary endothelium. While the trophic role of retinal pigment epithelium on choroidal endothelial cells is well recognized, the existence of a reciprocal regulatory function of endothelial cells on retinal pigment epithelium cells remained to be fully characterized. Using a physiological long‐term co‐culture system, we determined the effect of retinal pigment epithelium‐endothelial cell heterotypic interactions on cell survival, behaviour and matrix deposition. Human retinal pigment epithelium and endothelial cells were cultured on opposite sides of polyester transwells for up to 4 weeks in low serum conditions. Cell viability was quantified using a trypan blue assay. Cellular morphology was evaluated by H&E staining, S.E.M. and immunohistochemistry. Retinal pigment epithelium phagocytic function was examined using a fluorescent bead assay. Gene expression analysis was performed on both retinal pigment epithelium and endothelial cells by quantitative PCR. Quantification of extracellular matrix deposition was performed on decellularized transwells stained for collagen IV, fibronectin and fibrillin. Our results showed that presence of endothelial cells significantly improves retinal pigment epithelium maturation and function as indicated by the induction of visual cycle‐associated genes, accumulation of a Bruch's membrane‐like matrix and increase in retinal pigment epithelium phagocytic activity. Co‐culture conditions led to increased expression of anti‐angiogenic growth factors and receptors in both retinal pigment epithelium and endothelial cells compared to monoculture. Tube‐formation assays confirmed that co‐culture with retinal pigment epithelium significantly decreased the angiogenic phenotype of endothelial cells. These findings provide evidence of critical interdependent interactions between retinal pigment epithelium and endothelial cell involved in the maintenance of retinal homeostasis.