bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS MODEL TYPE OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING GROUP BASED ON COLLABORATIVE INVESTIGATION AND SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE TOWARDS STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES PHYSICS SMA NEGERI 1 SECANGGANG
Authors: Tumanggor Arko Alfathar , . Sahyar
Published: March 2017

The purposes of the research are to determine the differences between learning outcomes physics students with cooperative learning model based Collaborative Group Investigation and learning model of Direct Instruction; The difference in results between the groups studied physics scientific attitude is low and the high; Interaction between learning model with the level of scientific attitude of students in influencing student learning outcomes. The sampling technique in this study conducted in cluster random sampling of two classes, where first class as a class experiment applied cooperative learning model Group Investigation and second class as a class of control applied learning model of Direct Instruction. The instruments used in this research achievement test physics in the form of descriptions of 10 questions and instrument scientific attitude questionnaire with 22 questions that have been declared valid and reliable. From the results of this study concluded that there are differences in learning outcomes physics students with cooperative learning model Group Investigation based collaborative learning and model direct instruction learning, this means that learning outcomes of students who learned with group investigation model of learning is better than learning model of direct instruction. There are differences between groups of low scientific attitude and high scientific attitude; this means that the learning outcomes of students who have high scientific attitude is better than learning outcomes of students who have low scientific attitude. There is interaction between learning models with the level of scientific attitude of students in influencing student learning outcomes; this means that the model of good cooperative group investigation applied to students who have a high scientific attitude.
ANALYSIS LEARNING MODEL OF DISCOVERY AND UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT PRELIMINARY TO PHYSICS LEARNING OUTCOMES SMA
Authors: Sebayang Sri Rosepda , Turnip Betty M.
Published: March 2017

This study aims: 1) to determine whether the student learning outcomes using discovery learning is better than conventional learning 2) To determine whether the learning outcomes of students who have a high initial concept understanding better then of low initial concept understanding, and 3) to determine the effect of interaction discovery learning and understanding of the initial concept of the learning outcomes of students. The samples in this study was taken by cluster random sampling two classes where class X PIA 3 as a class experiment with applying discovery learning and class X PIA 2 as a control class by applying conventional learning. The instrument used in this study is a test of learning outcomes in the form of multiple-choice comprehension test initial concept description form. The results of research are: 1) learning outcomes of students who were taught with discovery learning is better than the learning outcomes of students who are taught by conventional learning, 2) student learning outcomes with high initial conceptual understanding better than the learning outcomes of students with low initial conceptual understanding, and 3) there was no interaction between discovery learning and understanding of initial concepts for the student learning outcomes.
EFFECT OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) MODEL AND LEARNING MOTIVATION ON LEARNING OUTCOMES OF CLASS XI SEMESTER II SUBJECT MATTER OF FLUID DYNAMICS IN SMA
Authors: Indagiarmi Yosico , Siregar Abdul Hakim
Published: March 2017

This research aims to determine the effect of Problem Based Learning model on the student’s learning outcomes in the subject matter dynamic fluid. This research is a quasi-experimental study with two group design Pre-test and post-test, this study population was all students of class XI SMA Private Panca Budi Medan TP 2014 / 2015. The samples were taken by cluster random sampling technique, which consists of two classes, PBL applied in experiment class and conventional learning applied in control class, Data was obtained by using 12 essay instruments, observation ofactivities, attitudes and skills of students. From the analysis of the data for the experiment class gained an average of 30.5 Pre-test and the average value of Post-test 74.2. Control classes gained an average of 33.2 Pre-test and average Post-test 65.8. Both classes are normally distributed and have a homogen variation. t count was 2,016 at the real level of 0.05 where t count was 2,407 and t count > t table. So that there is significant effect of Problem Based Learning (PBL) to student’s learning result in the subject matter dynamic fluid of class XI SMA Private Panca Budi Medan TP 2014/2015.
EFFECT OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODEL AND MOTIVATION LEARNING ON LEARNING OUTCOMES IN CLASS X SMA SINAR HUSNI
Authors: Pelawi Halimatus Sakdiah , Sinulingga Karya
Published: March 2017

This study aims to determine the effect of problem based learning model towards student learning outcomes, determine the effect learning motivation toward student learning outcomes and determine the effect of interaction between learning model with motivation toward learning outcomes of students. This research is aquasi-experimental, conducted at SMA Swasta Sinar Husni the academic year 2014/2015. Population in the study were all students of class X IPA consisting of 2 classes. Sampling was done by purposive sampling, while the determination of a with drawal carried out by random sample class. This study uses Two group pretest-posttest design. Data analysis using ANOVA two ways. From the study concluded that the results of studying physics students apply problem based learning model is better than the conventional learning models, learning outcomes Physics students who have learning high motivation is better than students with low learning motivation, and there was an interaction between the model of learning by learning motivation on student learning outcomes. That is,the result of learning with problem based learning model is always better than the conventional learning. Likewise, learning outcomes of students who have high motivation to learn will always be better than the learning outcomes of students who have low learning motivation.
THE EFFECT OF KOOPERATIF LEARNING MODEL TYPE GROUP INVESTIGATION AND FIRST CONCEPT UNDERSTANDING TO SCIENCE PROCESS SKILL OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT
Authors: Siregar Hiba Dertyana , . Motlan
Published: March 2017

This study aims to: know the difference science process skills of students using cooperative learning model group investigation with direct instruction teaching model. This study is quasi exsperiment. The sample in this research was done by using cluster random sampling two classes. Instruments used in this research is understanding the concept of the initial test in the form of multiple-choice comprised of 10 questions and test science process skills in the form of 15 questions of multiple choice. From the results of this study concluded that: 1) there are differences in students' science process skills are taught using cooperative learning model group investigation, 2) there is a difference science process skills of students who have an understanding of the concept of high and low initial, 3) there is an interaction between the model of cooperative learning group investigation and understanding of the initial concept of the science process skills that students have a better learning model applied to students who have an understanding of the high initial concept.
There and Back Again: One Caribou’s (Rangifer tarandus) Migratory Behaviour Hints at Genetic Exchange between Designatable Units
Authors: Watters Megan , DeMars Craig
Published: March 2017

Spatial overlap periodically occurs between Boreal Caribou designatable unit (DU) 6 and Northern Mountain Caribou DU7, although overlaps are thought to occur primarily in winter when the likelihood of genetic exchange is low. In May 2013, a Caribou migrated from the Parker Boreal Caribou range (DU6) to calve in the alpine area of the Muskwa Northern Mountain Caribou range (DU7). This individual calved in the Parker range in 2014, but in 2015, she repeated her 2013 migration, travelling intothe Muskwa range to calve within 700 m of her 2013 calving location. This individual’s behaviour points to possible genetic exchange between the two DUs.
Arginase-II Promotes Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Release From Pancreatic Acinar Cells Causing β-Cell Apoptosis in Aging
Authors: Xiong Yuyan , Yepuri Gautham , Necetin Sevil , Montani Jean-Pierre , Ming Xiu-Fen , Yang Zhihong
Published: March 2017

Aging is associated with glucose intolerance. Arginase-II (Arg-II), the type-II L-arginine-ureahydrolase, is highly expressed in pancreas. However, its role in regulation of pancreatic β-cell function is not known. Here we show that female (not male) mice deficient in Arg-II (Arg-II−/−) are protected from age-associated glucose intolerance and reveal greater glucose induced-insulin release, larger islet size and β-cell mass, and more proliferative and less apoptotic β-cells compared with the age-matched wild-type (WT) controls. Moreover, Arg-II is mainly expressed in acinar cells and is upregulated with aging, which enhances p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activation and release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Accordingly, conditioned medium of isolated acinar cells from old WT (not Arg-II−/−) mice contains higher TNF-α levels than the young mice and stimulates β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction, which are prevented by a neutralizing anti–TNF-α antibody. In acinar cells, our study demonstrates an age-associated Arg-II upregulation, which promotes TNF-α release through p38 MAPK leading to β-cell apoptosis, insufficient insulin secretion, and glucose intolerance in female rather than male mice.
Corrosión de acero galvanizado en un ambiente que contiene cloruros y sulfatos mediante técnicas electroquímicas
Authors: Peña Ballesteros Darío Yesid , Sandoval Amador Anderson , Estupiñán Durán Hugo Armando , Sierra Fajardo Deisy , Quintero Ascanio Leidy
Published: March 2017

Se estudió el comportamiento de la corrosión en láminas de acero galvanizado, inmersas en soluciones con diferentes concentraciones de NaCl y Na2SO4. Las láminas de acero se sumergieron empleando un elevador de muestras, con el fin de simular una atmosfera, donde las láminas estuvieran siempre interactuando con el medio corrosivo. El deterioro del galvanizado se evaluó mediante espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica y curvas potenciodinámicas. La morfología del ataque se analizó por microscopía electrónica de barrido y la composición de los productos de corrosión se determinó por EDX y DRX. Los resultados tras 30 días mostraron que el potencial de corrosión del galvanizado aumentó en el tiempo, lo que corrobora la formación de productos pasivos sobre la superficie; la velocidad de corrosión también aumentó, originando corrosión por picado. Para los primeros días de exposición se obtuvo una corrosión generalizada como consecuencia de productos, de naturaleza pasiva, porosa y de color blanco.
Editorial
Authors: Narváez Agudelo Aura Elvira
Published: March 2017

Se presenta el editorial
Aplicación de microesferas poliméricas expandibles en la elaboración de materiales: Una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Vélez Herrera Juan Sebastián , Velásquez Restrepo Sandra Milena , Giraldo Vásquez Diego Hernán , Castaño Rivera Patricia
Published: March 2017

La gestión estratégica de la información científicotecnológica resulta cada vez más importante para innovar en el desarrollo de nuevos productos y procesos. El trabajo investigativo en diferentes áreas como por ejemplo la ciencia de los materiales, en conjunto con la industria, es la fórmula perfecta para descubrir un producto, mejorar uno existente y encontrarle aplicaciones alternativas. Este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura acerca de las principales características y tendencias en la utilización de microesferas poliméricas expandibles, incluyendo aplicaciones derivadas tanto de estudios terminados como de líneas de investigación en desarrollo. Algunas aplicaciones destacadas son: la modificación superficial de algunos tipos de materiales como el cuero, aislamiento térmico, fabricación de piezas para automóviles y fabricación de prótesis maxilofaciales. Entre las aplicaciones potenciales que vale la pena resaltar están: la fabricación de materiales con aislamiento acústico y como componente en materiales, tales como los elastómeros para la obtención de suelas livianas y cómodas
Editorial
Authors: Narváez Agudelo Aura Elviira
Published: March 2017

Editorial
PARAMETER FISIK DAN JUMLAH PERKIRAAN TERDEKAT COLIFORM AIR DANAU BUYAN DESA PANCASARI KECAMATAN SUKASADA BULELENG
Authors: Manik Widiyanti Ni Luh Putu , Sukra Warpala I Wayan , Suryanti Ida Ayu Putu
Published: March 2017

Air merupakan kebutuhan pokok bagi makhluk hidup di bumi ini. Air bersih maupun air minum harus memenuhi syarat fisik, kimia, mikrobiologi dan radioaktif. Parameter mikrobiologi merupakan salah satu parameter yang harus mendapat perhatian karena dampaknya yang berbahaya yaitu dapat menimbulkan penyakit infeksi. Dalam penyediaan air minum harus memenuhi syarat-syarat sesuai dengan Permenkes RI No 492/MENKES/Per/IV/2010. Menurut ketentuan WHO dan APHA, kualitas air ditentukan oleh kehadiran dan jumlah bakteri di dalam air. Terdapat beberapa jenis bakteri yang hidup di dalam air antara lain bakteri coliform dan jenis Escherichia coli sebagai indikator pencemaran air. Coliform merupakan bakteri fekal berasal dari tinja hewan termasuk manusia. Danau Buyan yang terletak di Desa Pancasari-Sukasada-Buleleng- Bali merupakan kawasan pariwisata yang air danaunya digunakan untuk pariwisata air yaitu dayung dan memancing. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan parameter fisik air danau Buyan yang terukur pada saat penelitian : pH terendah dan kecerahan tidak memenuhi baku mutu air. Sedangkan parameter pH tertinggi, salinitas dan suhu memenuhi baku mutu air. Jumlah total bakteri coliform pada air danau Buyan berdasarkan metode Most Probable Number berkisar antara 20 â€“ >1100.
KAJIAN KARAKTERISTIK PURE KERING UBI JALAR DENGAN PERLAKUAN SUHU DAN LAMA ANNEALING SEBAGAI SEDIAAN PANGAN DARURAT
Authors: Sunyoto Marleen , Andoyo R. , Radiani A. H. , Nurmalinda Rista
Published: March 2017

Klon ubi jalar unggulan Awachy 5 memiliki kandungan pati tinggi dan ketahanan hama yang lebih baik dibandingkan ubi jalar lokal. Namun pengolahannya menjadi pure kering dengan menggunakan suhu tinggi menyebabkan kerusakan granula pati karena kurang stabil terhadap pemanasan dan berdampak pada Â tekstur produk yang menjadi lengket. Masalah ini dapat diperbaiki melalui proses modifikasi annealing.. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan perlakuan suhu dan lama annealing yang menghasilkanÂ  pure kering ubi jalar dengan karakteristik yang berbeda. Metode penelitian adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan, yaitu kontrol, annealing 40oC selama 4 jam; 40oC, 8 jam; 50oC, 4 jam; danÂ  50oC, 8 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pure kering ubi jalar dengan perlakuan annealing 50oC selama 4 jam menghasilkan karakteristik terbaik dengan kadar air 4,88%, suhu awal gelatinisasi 54,30oC, viskositas puncak 850,5 cP, viskositas breakdown 29,37 cP, viskositas setback 395 cP, hardness 108,54 gf, adhesiveness -69,774 gf, kesukaan panelis terhadap warna 3,311, daya rehidrasi 3,216 ml/g, rendemen sebesar 23,11%%, serta memiliki kandungan protein 1,76%, lemak 1,89%, abu 0,76%, dan karbohidrat 90,88%. Karakteristik tersebut menunjukan bahwa pure kering dapat menjadi sediaan pangan darurat dalam bentuk basah dan semi basah seperti sup dan produk siap konsumsi dengan direhidrasi.
RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASI INVENTARIS BPJS KETENAGAKERJAAN CABANG PEKALONGAN
Authors: Subhiyakto Egia Rosi , Safina Nabila
Published: March 2017

BPJS (Social Security Provider) Employment Branch Pekalongan has the Information Technology division that havingÂ  responsibilities to implement data recapitulation such as Â incoming goods data, outgoing goods data, and inventory data. Currently the data management still uses conventional methods that is manual system resulting some problems, these are; really takes time in searching data and less effective in doing the job. The aim of this study are to design and to build a system inventory information on BPJS Employment Branch Pekalongan supported by waterfall method. In the information system has the features of good data management items of incoming and outgoing goods. Continued to make the reports that can be printed in pdf format. The evaluation was done to measure several parameters such as the usefulness of the application parameters, usability and user satisfaction. Based on the results of the evaluation in the user environment involving four respondents obtained positive results. This indicates that the information system has the benefit value, usefulness and help in improving the performance of the relevant sections.
APLIKASI HUMIN PADA PROSES ADSORPSI REDUKTIF AuClâ‚„Ë‰ DI BAWAH PENGARUH SINAR UV
Authors: Ardhayanti Lutfia Isna
Published: March 2017

Telah dilakukan proses adsorpsi reduktif larutan AuClâ‚„Ë‰ menggunakan humin di bawah pengaruh sinar UV. Humin diisolasi dari tanah gambut Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia, menggunakan metode yang diadopsi dari International Humic substances Society (IHSS). Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan humin isolasi memiliki kandungan â€“COOH dan â€“OH fenolat yang bertanggung jawab dalam proses adsorpsi dan reduksi AuClâ‚„Ë‰ menjadi Au. Kondisi optimum reaksi diperoleh pada pH 2 dengan waktu interaksi selama 900 menit di bawah sinar UV, waktu ini lebih cepat dibandingkan interaksi pada kondisi gelap. Kinetika adsorpsi mengikuti model kinetika pseudo orde dua. Sedangkan model isoterm adsorpsi mengikuti model isoterm Langmuir dengan kapasitas adsorpsi sebesar 83,33 mg/g. Kemampuan humin dalam mereduksi AuClâ‚„Ë‰ ditunjukkan dengan keberadaan puncak karakteristik logam Au pada difraktogram humin setelah proses adsorpsi
SISTEM INSTALASI AIR RUMAH TERKOMPUTERISASI BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER DENGAN PERINTAH SMS
Authors: Darmawan I Dewa Made Bayu Atmaja , Mogi I Komang Ari , Santiyasa I Wayan
Published: March 2017

Penelitian ini berangkat dari permasalahan yang dialami masyarakat Jimbaran dalam mengelola instalasi air karena permasalahan distribusi air yang sering bermasalah. Masyarakat pada kawasan tersebut pada umumnya memiliki dua buah tandon air, tandon tertanam dan tandon atas. Suplai air didapatkan dari perusahaan air minum daerah yang sering kali mengalami permasalahan dalam distribusinya. Pihak ketiga penyedia air bersih digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih. Permasalahan tersebut mengharuskan pemilik rumah harus mengetahui kondisi tandon air bawah tanah dan atas sebelum memutuskan untuk membeli air bersih di pihak ketiga. Hal tersebut relatif sulit dilakukan dengan pengamatan langsung. Sistem mikrokontroler digunakan sebagai solusi untuk permasalahan tersebut. Sistem yang dibangun memungkinkan pengguna dalam mengontrol instalasi air. Fitur yang dibangun meliputi, notifikasi kapasitas air di setiap tandon air, mengontrol secara otomatis pompa air untuk mengisi tandon atas, mengontrol secara otomatis keran PDAM. Fitur tersebut didukung dengan layanan SMS. Sehingga pemilik rumah dapat mengontrol dan monitoring instalasi air rumah menggunakan layanan SMS.
Taux de maladies chroniques au Canada : quel dénominateur utiliser pour l’estimation de l’ensemble de la population?
Authors: Ellison J. , Nagamuthu C. , Vanderloo S. , McRae B. , Waters C.
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Les taux de maladies chroniques du Système canadien de surveillance des
maladies chroniques (SCSMC) de l’Agence de la santé publique du Canada sont fondés
sur les données administratives sur la santé fournies par les ministères de la Santé des
provinces et des territoires. Les dénominateurs utilisés pour calculer ces taux reposent sur
des estimations de population tirées des dossiers d’assurance-maladie, données toutefois
pas systématiquement accessibles à tous les chercheurs. Le recensement de Statistique
Canada constitue quant à lui une autre source d’estimation de la taille de la population.
Notre étude visait d’abord à calculer les principaux écarts entre les dénominateurs de
population à partir des estimations du SCSMC et à partir de celles de Statistique Canada et
ensuite à déterminer les causes à l’origine des écarts entre ces sources de données.

Méthodologie

Nous avons comparé pour 2009 les dénominateurs fournis par le
SCSMC et ceux fournis par Statistique Canada. Le dénominateur du SCSMC a été ajusté
pour tenir compte des composantes de la croissance (naissances, décès, émigrants et
immigrants) tirées des données de recensement de Statistique Canada.

Résultats

Le dénominateur non ajusté du SCSMC était de 34 429 804 personnes, soit
une différence de + 3,2 % par rapport à l’estimation de population de Statistique
Canada pour 2009. Après ajustement du dénominateur du SCSMC pour tenir compte
des composantes de la croissance, la différence entre les deux estimations s’est trouvé
réduite à 431 323 personnes, soit un écart de 1,3 %. L’estimation tirée du SCSMC constitue
une surestimation par rapport à celle de Statistique Canada. Le plus grand écart
entre les deux estimations relève de la composante de croissance liée à l’immigration,
alors que l’écart le moindre provient de la composante de croissance liée à la population
émigrante.

Conclusion

Disposant des descriptions de données par source de données, les chercheurs
peuvent choisir quelle estimation de la population utiliser dans leurs calculs des
fréquences de maladies.
Kia Whai Reo Te Wao
Authors: Hoskins Hemi
Published: March 2017

The traditional domains in which the Maori language has been able to flourish or even survive have been severely reduced as a result of colonisation and associated language loss. The breakdown of traditional Maori communities and the economic and social pressures experienced by Maori have all contributed to our language decline as our people increasingly left their traditional communities for the urban centres in the hope of securing a better existence for them and their whanau.  This move away from papakainga combined with the restrictions upon access to traditional mahinga kai (food gathering places) has meant the domain of te taiao (the environment) and associated language around the hunting and gathering practices of our tupuna (ancestors )are now held by a declining number of repositories of the reo. Furthermore advances in technology, techniques and equipment used in the modern harvest of wild foods have occurred faster than the evolution of the language.

The survival of the language and transmission of its knowledge now requires collaboration between those with knowledge of the language and those engaged in the environment. This will enable the development of vocabulary to keep up with the changes while maintaining the traditional knowledge base and perspective. This paper aims to examine methods of collaborating those with the specific knowledge of each field in an effort to regenerate the usage of the language in the domain from which it finds reference.
Standing for Mana
Authors: Cleave Peter
Published: March 2017

This article examines some of the issues associated with the performance of the Mana Party in the 2011 General Election. It also tackles themes of indigenous political representation and provides personal insights into the campaign process.
Empowering Voices, Transforming Communities
Authors: Ka'ai Tania
Published: March 2017

For Māori academics as a minority group within universities in Aotearoa/New Zealand, the constant struggle to ‘indigenise the academy’ and be agents of change, often becomes overwhelming.  This has seen Māori academics look to alternative places to work such as wānanga (tertiary institutions designed specifically to cater for Māori learning needs) because these providers are built on a philosophical framework and a set of core values which reflect a Māori world-view. 

Te Ipukarea - The National Māori Language Institute at the Auckland University of Technology, and its relationship with Māori involved in Māori language revitalisation in universities, polytechnics, wānanga, iwi (a tribe and often refers to a large group of people descended from a common ancestor) and community Māori language organisations nationally, has resulted in Māori opting to partner with the Institute because of their commitment to the revitalisation of the Māori language thus defying the silo attitudes of western tertiary providers which are competitive in their design.  Therefore, Te Ipukarea, serves as an agent of change within the academy to transforming the academy as well as the communities it serves.

This paper will critically examine the history and work of Te Ipukarea and the establishment of the International Centre of Language Revitalisation which sits inside Te Ipukarea as a space where indigenous epistemologies and world-views are nurtured within the academic realm. The holistic perspective to development and well-being, and the participatory nature of the indigenous community, which includes elders as repositories of knowledge and the transmission of traditional beliefs, values, skills and customs, in their quest to revitalise their language will be discussed
What Reform? Reform Stories in the Kingdom of Tonga
Authors: Brown Pulu Teena
Published: March 2017

What is the likelihood that the Kingdom of Tonga will go to a general election in 2014 and the same pool of leaders, middle-aged and older men, will get voted back to parliament?  For the small island developing state of Tonga that has a population of 104,509 thousand, the Legislative Assembly is elected every four years.  Comprising of seventeen people’s representatives voted in by constituencies of registered voters on the general roll, and nine nobles’ representatives voted in by the landed gentry of thirty three estate holders, historically, parliament is overpoweringly men.  Tongan society’s patriarchal structure and the widespread practice of Christianity as the state religion, has led to the prevalence of male political leaders being accepted as symbolic of culture.

What outside forces dismantle cultural constraints in an island Kingdom?  Reform is said to be at work, stirred by Tonga’s 2010 shift to a democratised state.  Parliamentary representatives from the people now outnumber the nobility.  So who are the reformers?  Is there resistance against free market trade because farmers and fishermen have less access to business?  And how do New Zealand’s economic reform policies effect change for this small island nation?
She’ll wake up one of these days and find she’s turned into a Tongan: Agricultural Trade in the Kingdom of Tonga
Authors: Brown Pulu Teena
Published: March 2017

In November of 2012, the Government of Tonga announced it had put $1 million Tongan pa’anga into setting up a fund for exporting taro, tapioca, watermelon, and yam targeted for sale on the New Zealand market.  It took three months for this public notice to reach independent media, getting published by local news outlets in February the following year.  Tongan farmers in villages and districts made no rush to grab the state’s money.  It was in fact a loan that had to be repaid and was not intended for them.  The middle men, meaning export businesses that bought produce from farmers to sell overseas were the benefactors.  The development logic unfolded: If the middle man borrowed from the government to pay the farmer for his fruit and vegetables, he could trade these commodities with the New Zealand importer, thus, making money to pay back the loan as well as earning a profit.

The selling point was overseas trade.  Exports could resuscitate the broken farming industry gagging for air in the broke Kingdom of Tonga.  In reality, it did not look to happen how the Tongan state imagined their plan would take off.  What was difficult about trading taro, tapioca, watermelon, and yam to New Zealand?  These were crops that had established niche markets as tropical produce on the New Zealand market.  Inside this small island developing state would the real impediment please stand up?
Report went to court: Tonga's Parliamentary report on the Nuku'alofa Reconstruction
Authors: Brown Pulu Teena
Published: March 2017

Chief Justice Michael Dishington Scott signed a court order in the Supreme Court of Tonga on December the 4th 2012, signifying structural reform in the South Pacific Kingdom.  Whether the Kingdom of Tonga was ready or not, clued-up on what a judicial review was or not, the legal process for initiating one to get a judge to review parliamentary procedure was underway.

Dishington Scott’s Supreme Court order issued by the Nuku’alofa Registry “ordered that the application for leave to apply for Judicial Review is to be heard inter parties on 23 January, 2013 at 09:00 am in Court” (Supreme Court of Tonga, 2012).  The application was made by Tonga’s former Prime Minister, Feleti Sevele, and a former Minister for Transport in his cabinet, Paul Karalus.  The other party, meaning the people defending themselves against the application, were six men.  They were named on the court order as “Samuela ‘Akilisi Pohiva, Lord Lasike now known as Hikule’o Havea, Lord Tu’i’afitu, Dr Sitiveni Halapua, Pohiva Tu’i’onetoa, and Posesi Bloomfield” (Supreme Court of Tonga, 2012).  These men were contributors to the Report of the Parliamentary Select Committee: The Nuku’alofa Development Council/Corporation and the Reconstruction of Nuku’alofa Central Business District, dated 5 June 2012 (Parliamentary Select Committee, 2012).  And it was this very report of 181 pages, which had brought about Sevele and Karalus’ joint application to the Supreme Court for a judicial review.  Put simply, Sevele and Karalus wanted the report quashed.

What compelled the Prime Minister of Tonga Lord Tu’ivakano to call for a parliamentary select committee headed by the opposition leader and deputy to write this report?  What did it allege to prompt court action from Sevele and Karalus?  If there was a judicial review of the parliamentary system governing how and why the report was carried out, then what constitutional principles might come under the court’s examination?  At the 2010 general election, this small island developing state was applauded by New Zealand, Australia, and the United States of America for moving to a more democratic system of parliament and government.  In 2013, what did the report that went to court indicate about political climate change and how key actors in the new system measured up?
When Perception Becomes Reality: The Creation and Reproduction of Images of Traditional Taonga Whakairo (Māori Carvings): An Introduction
Authors: Moon Paul
Published: March 2017

This paper explores ways of seeing as they relate specifically to traditional taonga whakairo (Māori carvings).  The focus here is not on the carvings themselves, but on the effects on the perception of these objects caused by reproducing images of taonga whakairo in books and in electronic form.  Among the themes considered are the absence of neutrality in photographs, the reduction of traditional taonga whakairo to the status of art or antiquities, and the re-mystification of a selection of these items through the same medium, using the case of the Te Māori exhibition as an example.   The conclusion reached is that in all instances, photographs tend to subvert the objects that they portray in some way.
Disaster politics: Cyclone politicking and electioneering in the Kingdom of Tonga
Authors: Brown Pulu Teena
Published: March 2017

Entering the new year of 2014 the Kingdom of Tonga had enough to worry about; a local economy choking to near death and a finance minister sacked and replaced in a political spectacle leaving the public baffled over what went wrong between him and the Prime Minister (Fayle, 2014; Lopeti, 2014c; Fonua, 2014b).  People uttered they looked forward to the end of year election tentatively set for Thursday November 27th.  The 2010 register of around forty thousand voters had increased at the 2014 intake by four thousand, mostly voters who had turned the age of suffrage at twenty one years old.  The chorus call from the masses was simple, vote them out.  Then Cyclone Ian struck on Saturday 11 January 2014 aggravating Tonga’s money shortage.

Journalist Pesi Fonua wrote “the impact on the Tongan economy of the cyclone and the salary rise for civil servants at this point of time is a matter of great concern” (Fonua, 2014a).  He was right.  The state and taxpayers could not afford economic recovery from Tonga’s cruellest cyclone, a symptom of climate change, let alone paying for a 5% rise in the cost of living allowance for public servants.  As the national debt distress sore became inflamed the Public Service Association decided it was the right time to fight cabinet for a 22% living allowance rise because 5% was not enough (Lopeti, 2014a).  This essay asks a pointed question.  Leading up to the general election of November 2014, how was cyclone politicking being manoeuvred to sway the way people would vote?
Clash of civilisations: Tonga and the West
Authors: Brown Pulu Teena
Published: March 2017

The House thanks God that the king is still in good health, and the Monarch is still in control of the affairs of the country.  We thank god for the assistance to Tonga from donor countries (Lord Lasike cited in Matangi Tonga, 2011).

At the first 2011 session of Tonga’s legislative assembly on June 9th the House was busy thanking god for king and aid donors, a variation to king and country, the usual saying.  Tongan journalist Pesi Fonua poked fun at the country’s lawmakers by translating the parliamentary minutes into English for publication on his media website.  The original Hansard transcript in the Tongan language might not have been altogether amusing, but rather, standard convention for formally addressing the monarch.  However, one question that Fonua brought to light was at this time in Tonga’s history when a more democratic government was said to have taken the helm, had the hierarchal structure really changed?  Furthermore, why had “donor countries” crept into the state’s salutations to the king, and which countries were Tongan politicians thinking of – Western ones or China? (Matangi Tonga, 2011).

Personifying a Western-centred view of Tonga’s political system, New Zealand researcher of constitutional law Guy Powles made a brash commentary to Radio Australia.  As a Palangi (white, European) observer, Powles presumptuously displayed his over-confidence in giving advice to Tonga.  Claiming the Tongan “constitution does need to be studied in detail,” he felt certain “there are areas there of what one might call unfinished business.”  Specifically, “the original principle hasn’t been carried through, that is the devolution of executive authority” (Powles cited in Garrett, 2014).

Powles was pointing at executive powers the monarch held onto compared to the ones which were handed over to the prime minister and the national executive by constitutional amendment in 2010.  Did reasonable expectation surface among the Tongan public that in the near future, all of the King’s executive authority would be delegated to the state?  Or could this be read as an explicit case of the Western ego fantasising that all Pacific Island states naturally desired to remake their civilizations and sovereignty in their likeness?

This essay pokes the polemics and pragmatics of Tongan civilization enacted in modern times through a distinct set of cultural values.  How has the tenacity of Tongan civilization in today’s globalized world run into trouble with Western development partners – New Zealand, Australia, and America – especially when it comes to Tonga’s foreign relations? (International Business Publications, 2011).
Book Review
Authors: Moon Paul
Published: March 2017

Review of A. J. Perry's The Old People
A Case for Creative Misunderstanding
Authors: Mazer Sharon
Published: March 2017

The differences between us necessitate the dialogue, rather than disallow it – a dialogue must take place, precisely because we don’t speak the same language. (Ahmed, 2000, p. 180, italics in the original)Human ways of life increasingly influence, dominate, parody, translate, and subvert one another. (Clifford, 1986, p. 22)I begin with an admission: I’m not Māori, not indigenous in any place or in any way that would allow me to speak and write with such authority. Nor, for that matter, am I a dancer. I’m an American theatre-trained, performance ethnographer. As a performance ethnographer, everywhere I go, everywhere I look, I see performances, and while I may not understand the language or conventions of the performances I see, even so I tell the story of my seeing performances to others.
Tonga's metaphoric hangings
Authors: Brown Pulu Teena
Published: March 2017

An opinion piece by Dr Teena Brown Pulu
He Mokopirirākau: Cliff Curtis
Authors: Wilson Jani
Published: March 2017

Mokopirirākau are native New Zealand forest geckos that metamorphosise their appearance to blend with the environment as a survival mechanism. A well-known human mokopirirākau is Te Arawa’s Cliff Curtis. Arguably the world’s most successful Māori screen actor, for more than twenty years, he has maintained a Hollywood ‘calling card’ by convincingly transfiguring himself into an array of ethnic characters: Arab to Hispanic to African-American to . . .Here in Aotearoa, we can see that Curtis’s long career in performance started when he was a school-boy, in kapa haka. Even now, he participates in an annual maurakau wānanga on Mokōia Island, and he has recently turned to competitive kapa haka at regional level with Ngāti Rongomai. Kapa haka is one of Curtis’ longest practiced performance disciplines; it underscores his film performances and lends them power. With the increased popularity of Māori-centred film and the rise of Māori TV, more kaihaka – like Curtis – are transitioning to careers on-screen. This paper asks: what power do kaihaka performers carry with them from the kapa haka stage to the screen? That is, how do they too become mokopirirākau? Further, how might the knowledge gained from kapa haka act as a scaffolding for a framework for analysing characters and performances? How could such a framework also serve to structure critical thinking both about Māori performance about non-Māori roles performed by Māori? Indeed how might a kapa haka based analytical framework provoke new ways of thinking about performances by and for non-Māori?
The Impact of Socio-Historical Context on Identity: An Analysis of Ngāi Tamarāwaho Identity in the Colonisation Era
Authors: Derby Melissa
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the influence that socio-historical context has on the identity of a group. The identity of the hapū (tribe) Ngāi Tamarāwaho is examined to demonstrate the impact that specific phenomena associated with colonisation had on hapū identity, and the major focus of this chapter is the interplay between Ngāi Tamarāwaho and the phenomenon of colonisation. This article concentrates specifically on hapū identity during the colonisation era, which, in the context of this article, commenced with the arrival of Pākehā (British) settlers in New Zealand in 1814, and concluded with the establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975. For comparative purposes, parallels are drawn with other indigenous groups globally to highlight similarities between the colonisation experiences of these groups and those of Ngāi Tamarāwaho, and to illustrate common trends that occur as a result of colonisation and its associated phenomena. The first section in this article discusses the need to consider socio-historical context in research pertaining to identity, and provides examples of research that has been conducted to this effect. The second section establishes the social context of Ngāi Tamarāwaho, and the third section outlines the historical context. Following this is an analyis of the effects of aspects of colonisation on Ngāi Tamarāwaho identity, and this article concludes by discussing ways in which the hapū revived and reasserted their identity
Analysis and Comparison of Some Recent Classes of Turbo Like Codes for the Upcoming DVB Standards
Authors: Graell Alexandre , Montorsi Guido , Vatta Francesca
Published: March 2017

In this paper, a number of powerful recent classes of turbo like codes are analyzed as possible candidates for theupcoming DVB Standards. The final selection is justified in terms of the best tradeoff between complexity and performance. One of these classes has been recently proposed by the authors in the framework of their ongoing work on the technologies, requested by the DVB Project, which could be considered as candidates for the second generation terrestrial transmission standard DVBT2(specification to be completed in 2009). In particular, withthe aim of maintaining the maximum compatibility with thefamily of DVB standards, the authors are currently addressing individual technology elements for the DVB-T2 standard, such as practical low-complexity coding structures. To this end, a serial concatenated convolutional code structure has been proposed, which is expected to overcome the turbo like coding schemes currently used in the family of DVB standards.
Lealtades y deslealtades eclesiásticas durante la “cuestión sucesoria” entre Alfonso X y Sancho IV (1282-1284)
Authors: Díaz Marcilla Francisco José
Published: March 2017

El objetivo de este artículo es, por un lado, el análisis de todos los eclesiásticos involucrados en el servicio regio –a través de los registros de cancillería–, durante la “cuestión sucesoria”, identificando los que permanecieron leales a Alfonso X y los que lo fueron al infante Sancho entre 1282-1284. Por otro lado, se destacará el papel que jugó la Iglesia como institución en este período, en cuanto fue uno de los principales factores de estabilidad o inestabilidad en la estructura del reino. También se mostrará cómo los eclesiásticos conjugaron los intereses personales con sus obligaciones eclesiásticas.
Integración política y regeneración: el sur del Duero en el Reino Asturleonés
Authors: Martín Viso Iñaki
Published: March 2017

Este trabajo analiza las dinámicas sociales y políticas que surgieron como resultado de la integración política de la cuenca sur del Duero en el reino asturleonés. La implantación de una nueva estructura política supuso la implementación de nuevas redes sociales, basadas en las prestaciones militares y el encuadramiento en los obispados. Se crearon unos paisajes de regeneración marcados por la construcción de fortificaciones y por espacios funerarios específicos. Estas transformaciones se efectuaron sobre algunos centros políticos, cuyas comunidades modificaron su identidad. El colapso final de la estructura política asturleonesa en esta región no trajo consigo una ruptura total, ya que las comunidades locales se mantuvieron y continuaron con ciertos elementos de identidad. Esta evolución no debe entenderse en términos de una “sociedad de frontera” sino en clave de regeneración política.
Effects of alfaxalone administered intravenously to healthy yearling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at three different doses
Authors: Phillips Brianne E. , Posner Lysa P. , Lewbart Gregory A. , Christiansen Emily F. , Harms Craig A.
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVE To compare physiologic and anesthetic effects of alfaxalone administered IV to yearling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at 3 different doses.

DESIGN Randomized crossover study.

ANIMALS 9 healthy yearling loggerhead sea turtles.

PROCEDURES Animals received each of 3 doses of alfaxalone (3 mg/kg [1.4 mg/lb], 5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], or 10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb]) administered IV in randomly assigned order, with a minimum 7-day washout period between doses. Endotracheal intubation was attempted following anesthetic induction, and heart rate, sedation depth, cloacal temperature, and respirations were monitored. Times to first effect, induction, first voluntary muscle movement, first respiration, and recovery were recorded. Venous blood gas analysis was performed at 0 and 30 minutes. Assisted ventilation was performed if apnea persisted 30 minutes following induction.

RESULTS Median anesthetic induction time for all 3 doses was 2 minutes. Endotracheal intubation was accomplished in all turtles following induction. Heart rate significantly increased after the 3- and 5-mg/kg doses were administered. Median intervals from alfaxalone administration to first spontaneous respiration were 16, 22, and 54 minutes for the 3-, 5-, and 10-mg/kg doses, respectively, and median intervals to recovery were 28, 46, and 90 minutes, respectively. Assisted ventilation was required for 1 turtle after receiving the 5-mg/kg dose and for 5 turtles after receiving the 10-mg/kg dose. The 10-mg/kg dose resulted in respiratory acidosis and marked hypoxemia at 30 minutes.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IV alfaxalone administration to loggerhead sea turtles resulted in a rapid anesthetic induction and dose-dependent duration of sedation. Assisted ventilation is recommended if the 10 mg/kg dose is administered.
ITHQAN MAHARAT AL-LUGHAH AL-'ARABIYAH MIN KHILAL TADRIS AL-NAHW
Authors: Nasution Sahkholid
Published: March 2017

In some cases learning Nahwu was only stopped at the level of theory, yet its practice is still neglected. So many of the students mastered many nahwu theories but did not balance with the competence in listening, speaking, reading and writing in Arabic. It is true that learning Arabic is encouraged by nahwu, but the extent to which the model of Nahwu supports the language acquisition is questionable. Descriptive qualitative method was applied to deal with this research. The result showed that to master Arabic language through learning Nahwu, teachers should use al-Nahwu al-Wazhifi. Beside, they also can use this type of al-Nahwu al-'Ilmiy, giving examples of applicative and functional to complement existing examples in the book of al-Nahwu al-'Ilmi. In addition, because the books “al-Nahwu al-'Ilmy” had not been evaluated, teachers should develop aspects of evaluation by extending the exercise to hear, speak, read and write Arabic.
Physical Therapist Clinical Reasoning and Action for Individuals With Undiagnosed Lower Extremity Tumors: A Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Peterson Seth , Denninger Thomas , Porter Scott
Published: March 2017

Study Design

Resident's case problem.

Background

Although rare in the general population, bone and soft tissue tumors may be more frequently encountered in patients seeking physical therapy because of the propensity of their initial symptoms to mimic those of commonly treated musculoskeletal disorders. Screening for tumors requires the physical therapist to be attentive to unexpected findings. The purpose of this paper was to describe the clinical-reasoning and screening processes of physical therapists who facilitated the timely recognition of bone and soft tissue tumors in 3 patients referred through medical channels.

Diagnosis

The referral diagnoses were lumbar spinal stenosis, calcaneal bursitis, and postexcisional quadriceps weakness. When comprehensively examined, each of the patients had either atypical examination findings or failed to respond to physical therapy treatment. After the physical therapists alerted the appropriate medical providers of the examination findings, diagnoses of high-grade osteosarcoma of the pelvis, chondroma of the knee, and liposarcoma of the thigh followed.

Discussion

Tumors of the lower extremity can initially mimic common musculoskeletal pathology. Physical therapists must remain alert for red flags, atypical signs and symptoms, and poor responses to treatment, even when patients are referred through medical channels. Particular attention is necessary in the case of unusual symptoms in the lower extremity, where over half of primary malignant tumors occur.

Level of Evidence

Differential diagnosis, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(5):359–366. Epub 29 Mar 2017. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.7037