bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regenerated keratin proteins as potential biomaterial for drug delivery
Authors: Cilurzo F. , Selmin F. , Aluigi A. , Bellosta S.
Published: July 2013

This work aims to preliminarily evaluate the reliability of regenerated keratins (RKs) in the design of microparticulate drug delivery systems by studying their processability and cytotoxicity. RKs were extracted by sulfitolysis from wool waste. A 4.5% w/w RK solution was spray‐dried, and microparticles were sterilized by steam vapor under pressure. Scanning electron microscope, sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize RKs and microparticles thereof. The in vitro cytotoxicity was determined by assessing the release of lactate dehydrogenase in the human monocytic cell line Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein‐1. RK‐based microparticles with a narrow and unimodal particle size distribution (~6 µm) were obtained. They had a raisin‐like structure with a smooth surface. Both microparticle morphology and RK molecular weight were well‐preserved after sterilization. The curve fitting of the amide I bands showed that RK in the microparticles was prevalently present in the disordered/α‐helix secondary structures which made the protein soluble in water. To promote crystallization in the β‐sheet secondary structure and, therefore, water insolubility, RK‐based microparticles were immersed in an aqueous solution of acetic acid at pH 3.5 overnight. RK did not induce any appreciable cellular cytotoxicity at any of the concentrations (from 1 up to 1000 µg sterile microparticles in 1 ml cell culture medium) or time‐points (24–72 h) tested. These preliminary data suggest the feasibility of producing RK biocompatible microparticles using waste wool as starting material. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The nature and extent of working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia
Authors: Cao Xiao‐yan , Li Zhi , Metcalfe Hugo M. , Yang Tian‐xiao , Tan Shu‐ping , Wang Ya , Hong Xiao‐hong , Li Zhan‐jiang , Yu Xin , Cheung Eric F. C. , Neumann David L. , Shum David H. K. , Chan Raymond C. K.
Published: July 2013

This study aimed to examine verbal and visual‐spatial working memory (WM) dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. We compared 60 patients with schizophrenia with 57 healthy controls (matched for age, educational level, and IQ) on three WM tasks. Patients with schizophrenia performed significantly more poorly than healthy controls on verbal, visual, and spatial WM tests. Moreover, WM deficits were inversely associated with both the positive and negative symptoms of the patients. Taken together, these findings suggest that there are pervasive WM impairments in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, clinical features may play a significant role in the expression of WM deficits.
Ultrafast preparation of branched poly(methyl Acrylate) through single electron transfer living radical polymerization at room temperature
Authors: Li Fang , Xue Xiaoqiang , Huang Wenyan , Yang Hongjun , Jiang Bibiao , Zheng Yiliang , Zhang Dongliang , Fang Jianbo , Chen Jianhai , Kong Lizhi
Published: July 2013

Ultrafast preparation of branched poly(methyl acrylate) (BPMA) with high‐molecular weight through single electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) of inimer at 25°C has been attempted, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at 60°C was also carried out for comparison. Gas chromatography, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and triple detection size exclusion chromatography were used to analyze these polymerizations. As expected, SET‐LRP system showed much faster polymerization rate than ATRP system, the calculated apparent propagation rate constants (kpapp) are 3.69 × 10−2 min−1 and 6.23 × 10−3 min−1 for SET‐LRP and ATRP system, respectively. BPMA with high‐molecular weight (Mw.MALLS = 86,400 g mol−1) compared with that in ATRP (Mw.MALLS = 61,400 g mol−1) has been prepared. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1579–1584, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of Solids Loading on Resonant Mixed Al‐Bi2O3 Nanothermite Powders
Authors: Nellums Robert R. , Terry Brandon C. , Tappan Bryce C. , Son Steven F. , Groven Lori J.
Published: July 2013

Sensitive nanoenergetic powders, such as nanothermites, have traditionally been processed by ultrasonic mixing of very low solids loaded suspensions in organic solvents, which has restricted their use and application due to high solvent content and associated handling issues. In this work, we report on the performance and mixing quality of nanothermite mixtures prepared in a LabRAM resonant mixer at high solids loadings as compared to ultrasonic mixing. Specifically, the aluminum‐bismuth(III) oxide (Al/Bi2O3) system processed in the polar solvent N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) was investigated. It was found that the performance and overall quality of mixing was strongly correlated to the volumetric solids loading during processing; increasing volumetric solids loading decreases separation of particles, leading to more particle interaction and more intimate mixing. The measured performance of this system processed at 30 vol‐% was similar to traditionally ultrasonicated mixtures. Increasing the solids loading above 30 vol‐% yielded diminishing returns in performance and may introduce additional safety concerns since dry powders are very sensitive to electrostatic discharge. This mixing approach uses significantly less solvent than traditional ultrasonic mixing, results in a higher density final material, and is amenable to scaling. In addition, solvent wetted nanothermite mixed at 30 vol‐% solids loading can be mixed and deposited from a single applicator and was observed to be over five orders of magnitude less sensitive to electrostatic discharge than dry powders. This relative insensitivity enables the safe deposition of high density nanothermite ink onto devices.
Self‐passivation of molecular n‐type doping during air exposure using a highly efficient air‐instable dopant
Authors: Tietze Max L. , Wölzl Florian , Menke Torben , Fischer Axel , Riede Moritz , Leo Karl , Lüssem Björn
Published: July 2013

In contrast to p‐dopants, highly efficient molecular n‐dopants are prone to degradation in air due to their low ionization potentials, limiting the processing conditions of doped functional organic devices. In this contribution, we investigate the air‐stability of pure films of the n‐dopant tetrakis(1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidinato)ditungsten(II) () and of layers doped by . We find that 1/3 of the initial conductivity of the doped C60 thin films can be restored by thermal annealing in vacuum after a drop by 5 orders of magnitude upon air exposure. Furthermore, we show by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and Seebeck measurements that the Fermi level shift toward the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of C60 remains after air exposure, clearly indicating a conservation of n‐doping. We explain these findings by a down‐shift of the W2(hpp)4 energy levels upon charge‐transfer to a host material with deeper lying energy‐levels, facilitating a protection against oxidation in air. Consequently, the observed recovery of the conductivity can be understood in terms of a self‐passivation of the molecular n‐doping. Hence, an application of highly efficient n‐doped thin films in functional organic devices handled even under ambient conditions during fabrication is feasible.
Phosphor Alloyed CrMnNi Austenitic As‐cast Stainless Steel with TRIP/TWIP Effect
Authors: Jahn Andreas , Steinhoff Karl‐Philipp , Dubberstein Tobias , Franke Peter , Weider Marco , Wolf Steffen , Kovalev Alexander , Glage Alexander , Weiß Andreas , Schärfl Wolfgang , Eigenfeld Klaus , Krüger Lutz , Scheller Piotr R.
Published: July 2013

In the present work the influence of phosphor on the flowability, the effect on the infiltration of ZrO2 open foam ceramics and the martensite formation as well as the resulting mechanical properties of high alloyed CrMnNi as‐cast steels is studied. Additionally, the effect of phosphor on surface tension is investigated. The study is performed using thermodynamic calculations, static tensile tests, notch‐bar impact tests, optical light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, electron backscatter diffraction, and the magnetic scale for the detection of ferromagnetic phase fractions. Maximum bubble pressure method is used to measure the surface tension of the liquid steel. The martensite phase fraction is not significantly influenced with increasing phosphor content. The flowability and the quality of the infiltration of open foam ceramics are improved with increasing phosphor contents. The investigated specimens show an increasing yield and an ultimate tensile strength with higher phosphor contents. The uniform and the fracture elongation as well as the notch impact resistance remain at high values. Moreover, an increase in phosphor content did not significantly change the surface tension of the investigated CrMnNi alloys.
Private‐sector responses to climate change in the Global South
Authors: Pulver Simone , Benney Tabitha
Published: July 2013

What is the private sector response to climate change in the Global South? And what has motivated action? The Carbon Disclosure Project and Clean Development Mechanism registries offer some systematic data in response to the first question. Despite limitations to both data sources, they show that private sector action on climate change clusters in China, India, Brazil and other large industrializing countries. Four drivers–physical, regulatory, market, and reputational–offer answers to the second question. In the more developed countries of the Global South, corporate action is driven primarily by the prospect of domestic climate regulation—some large developing countries have pledged greenhouse gas emissions reductions by 2020—and by the market opportunities created by the Clean Development Mechanism. In the less developed countries, barriers related to weak regulatory environments, low levels of industrialization and growth, restricted access to capital, and limited technical capacity intersect to limit private‐sector action on climate change. Looking to the future, the lack of depth and breadth in the push for corporate action on climate change in the Global South suggests reasons for concern. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:479–496. doi: 10.1002/wcc.240

This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change
miR‐122 Promotion of the hepatitis C virus life cycle: sound in the silence
Authors: Wilson Joyce A. , Huys Adam
Published: July 2013

The unusual role for miR‐122 in promoting the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle was first identified in 2005, but its mechanism of action remains uncharacterized. The virus appears to use the microRNA (miRNA) in a way that is opposed to that of normal miRNAs. Instead of interacting with sequences in the 3′‐untranslated region (UTR), miR‐122 binds to two sites in the 5′‐UTR, and instead of silencing gene expression or promoting the degradation of the viral RNA, it stabilizes the genome and potently augments the efficiency by which HCV RNA accumulates in infected cells. This review discusses the current knowledge and models for the mechanism by which miR‐122 promotes the HCV life cycle. Annealing of miR‐122 to the HCV genome requires particular base pairing, stimulates translation, and stabilizes the viral genome by blocking degradation by host exonucleases, but these functions are unlikely to be the whole story. We will discuss other possible functions for miR‐122, the stages of the HCV life cycle at which miR‐122 may influence HCV, and other related viruses that may be similarly regulated by miR‐122. Despite our lack of detailed mechanistic information, antagonism of miR‐122 is emerging as a powerful method to inhibit HCV infections, and unique to other HCV treatment strategies does not, thus far, appear to induce emergence of escape mutants. Used alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs, miR‐122 antagonists could be useful to both inhibit the virus and provide selective pressure to inhibit the development of resistance. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:665–676. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1186

This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
High Yield Synthesis, Detailed Spectroscopic Characterization and Electrochemical Fate of Novel Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Ullah Imdad , Naveed Ahmad , Shah Afzal , Badshah Amin , Zia‐ur‐Rehman  , Khan Gul Shahzada , Nadeem Arif
Published: July 2013

Two new cationic surfactants, N‐(dodecanoyl(ethylammonio)carbonothioyl)‐N‐ethylbenzenaminium bromide and N‐(dodecanoyl(ethylammonio)carbonothioyl)‐N‐ethyl‐N‐phenylbenzenaminium bromide were synthesized with a high yield by the reaction of appropriate amounts of lauryl chlorides, potassium thiocyanate, amine and alkyl halides. The structures were characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Cyclic, square wave and differential pulse voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical fate of both surfactants over a wide pH range.
Low-dimensional modelling of high-Reynolds-number shear flows incorporating constraints from the Navier–Stokes equation
Authors: Balajewicz Maciej J. , Dowell Earl H. , Noack Bernd R.
Published: July 2013

We generalize the POD-based Galerkin method for post-transient flow data by incorporating Navier–Stokes equation constraints. In this method, the derived Galerkin expansion minimizes the residual like POD, but with the power balance equation for the resolved turbulent kinetic energy as an additional optimization constraint. Thus, the projection of the Navier–Stokes equation on to the expansion modes yields a Galerkin system that respects the power balance on the attractor. The resulting dynamical system requires no stabilizing eddy-viscosity term – contrary to other POD models of high-Reynolds-number flows. The proposed Galerkin method is illustrated with two test cases: two-dimensional flow inside a square lid-driven cavity and a two-dimensional mixing layer. Generalizations for more Navier–Stokes constraints, e.g. Reynolds equations, can be achieved in straightforward variation of the presented results.
The Role of Gender, Attachment Dimensions, and Family Environment on Loneliness Among Turkish University Students
Authors: Demirli Aylin , Demir Ayhan
Published: July 2013

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the predictive value of gender, attachment dimensions and family environment in explaining loneliness among students. The study included 473 students (281 females, 192 males) from Ankara University. The UCLA Loneliness Scale, Family Environment Assessment Scale and Experiences in Close Relationships — Revised Questionnaire were administered to all participants. The results of the regression analyses demonstrated that the avoidance dimension of attachment accounted for 11%, avoidance and anxiety 14%, all attachment dimensions and family environment 18%, and all variables together (attachment dimensions, family environment, gender) accounted for 19% of variance in loneliness. The present study demonstrated that insecurely attached males with low-coherent families reported the highest degree of loneliness. On the contrary, securely attached females with high-coherent families reported the lowest degree of loneliness.
Organizing Rebellion: Rethinking High-Risk Mobilization and Social Networks in War
Authors: PARKINSON SARAH ELIZABETH
Published: July 2013

Research on violent mobilization broadly emphasizeswhojoins rebellions andwhy, but neglects to explain the timing or nature of participation. Support and logistical apparatuses play critical roles in sustaining armed conflict, but scholars have not explained role differentiation within militant organizations or accounted for the structures, processes, and practices that produce discrete categories of fighters, soldiers, and staff. Extant theories consequently conflate mobilization and participation in rebel organizations with frontline combat. This article argues that, to understand wartime mobilization and organizational resilience, scholars must situate militants in their organizational and social context. By tracing the emergence and evolution of female-dominated clandestine supply, financial, and information networks in 1980s Lebanon, it demonstrates that mobilization pathways and organizational subdivisions emerge from the systematic overlap between formal militant hierarchies and quotidian social networks. In doing so, this article elucidates the nuanced relationship between social structure, militant organizations, and sustained rebellion.
Dietary intake of carbohydrates and risk of type 2 diabetes: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk study
Authors: Ahmadi-Abhari Sara , Luben Robert N. , Powell Natasha , Bhaniani Amit , Chowdhury Rajiv , Wareham Nicholas J. , Forouhi Nita G. , Khaw Kay-Tee
Published: July 2013

In the present study, we investigated the association between dietary intake of carbohydrates and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Incident cases of diabetes (n 749) were identified and compared with a randomly selected subcohort of 3496 participants aged 40–79 years. For dietary assessment, we used 7 d food diaries administered at baseline. We carried out modified Cox proportional hazards regression analyses and compared results obtained from the different methods of adjustment for total energy intake. Dietary intakes of total carbohydrates, starch, sucrose, lactose or maltose were not significantly related to diabetes risk after adjustment for confounders. However, in the residual method for energy adjustment, intakes of fructose and glucose were inversely related to diabetes risk. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of diabetes comparing the extreme quintiles of intake were 0·79 (95 % CI 0·59, 1·07; P for trend = 0·03) for glucose and 0·62 (95 % CI 0·46, 0·83; P for trend = 0·01) for fructose. In the nutrient density method, only fructose was inversely related to diabetes risk (HR 0·65, 95 % CI 0·48, 0·88). The replacement of 5 % energy intake from SFA with an isoenergetic amount of fructose was associated with a 30 % lower diabetes risk (HR 0·69, 95 % CI 0·50, 0·96). Results of the standard and energy partition methods were similar to those of the residual method. These prospective findings suggest that the intakes of starch and sucrose are not associated, but that those of fructose and glucose are inversely associated with diabetes risk. Whether the inverse associations with fructose and glucose reflect the effect of substitution of these carbohydrate subtypes with other nutrients (i.e. SFA), their net higher intake or other nutrients associated with their intake remains to be established through further investigation.
Ferric citrate decreases ruminal hydrogen sulphide concentrations in feedlot cattle fed diets high in sulphate
Authors: Drewnoski Mary E. , Doane Perry , Hansen Stephanie L.
Published: July 2013

Dissimilatory reduction of sulphate by sulphate-reducing bacteria in the rumen produces sulphide, which can lead to a build-up of the toxic gas hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the rumen when increased concentrations of sulphate are consumed by ruminants. We hypothesised that adding ferric Fe would competitively inhibit ruminal sulphate reduction. The effects of five concentrations and two sources (ferric citrate or ferric ammonium citrate) of ferric Fe were examinedin vitro(n6 per treatment). Rumen fluid was collected from a steer that was adapted to a high-concentrate, high-sulphate diet (0·51 % S). The addition of either source of ferric Fe decreased (P< 0·01) H2S concentrations without affecting gas production (P= 0·38), fluid pH (P= 0·80) orin vitroDM digestibility (P= 0·38) after a 24 h incubation. Anin vivoexperiment was conducted using eight ruminally fistulated steers (543 (sem12) kg) in a replicated Latin square with four periods and four treatments. The treatments included a high-concentrate, high-sulphate control diet (0·46 % S) or the control diet plus ferric ammonium citrate at concentrations of 200, 300 or 400 mg Fe/kg diet DM. The inclusion of ferric Fe did not affect DM intake (P= 0·21). There was a linear (P< 0·01) decrease in the concentration of ruminal H2S as the addition of ferric Fe concentrations increased. Ferric citrate appears to be an effective way to decrease ruminal H2S concentrations, which could allow producers to safely increase the inclusion of ethanol co-products.
Greek Family Firms in the Azov Sea Region, 1850–1917
Authors: Sifneos Evrydiki
Published: July 2013

Greek family firms developed sustainable businesses in the Azov Sea area during the nineteenth century. Despite the discouraging conditions for entrepreneurship and the geographical constraints, they succeeded in constructing trading and shipping networks based on kinship, common historical experience, and close links with their place of origin. Medium-size firms represent the main bulk of Greek family enterprises that were located in the Azov port cities, and through their activities these contributed to the integration of the area's economy in the world market. Geographical mobility and diversification in transport services were their main responses to situations of high risk and controversy. The key to understanding their resilience and flexibility in adapting to environmental changes resided in their family culture, shared values, and social-network support that added value to their international performance.
Acute sphenoid sinusitis leading to contralateral cavernous sinus thrombosis: a case report
Authors: Dyer S R , Thottam P J , Saraiya S , Haupert M
Published: July 2013

Introduction:

The objective of this article was to report a case of isolated, acute, right-sided sphenoid sinusitis that progressed to contralateral cavernous sinus thrombosis in an 18-year-old male patient. We describe the atypical presentation of this case and discuss the relevant anatomy, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment.

Case report:

A case report of sphenoid sinusitis leading to contralateral cavernous sinus thrombosis was reviewed and presented along with a comprehensive literature review of the relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, microbiology, diagnostic work-up and treatment options.

Conclusion:

Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare clinical entity in the antibiotic era. However, limited sphenoid sinusitis may progress to cavernous sinus thrombosis in spite of maximal medical treatment, as highlighted in this case report. The mainstay of treatment includes early diagnosis allowing aggressive intravenous antibiotics and appropriate surgical management.
Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 genotype and a physically active lifestyle in late life: analysis of gene–environment interaction for the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease dementia
Authors: Luck T. , Riedel-Heller S. G. , Luppa M. , Wiese B. , Köhler M. , Jessen F. , Bickel H. , Weyerer S. , Pentzek M. , König H.-H. , Prokein J. , Ernst A. , Wagner M. , Mösch E. , Werle J. , Fuchs A. , Brettschneider C. , Scherer M. , Maier W.
Published: July 2013

Background

As physical activity may modify the effect of the apolipoprotein E (APOE)ε4 allele on the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, we tested for such a gene–environment interaction in a sample of general practice patients aged ⩾75 years.

Method

Data were derived from follow-up waves I–IV of the longitudinal German study on Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe). The Kaplan–Meier survival method was used to estimate dementia- and AD-free survival times. Multivariable Cox regression was used to assess individual associations ofAPOE ε4 and physical activity with risk for dementia and AD, controlling for covariates. We tested for gene–environment interaction by calculating three indices of additive interaction.

Results

Among the randomly selected sample of 6619 patients, 3327 (50.3%) individuals participated in the study at baseline and 2810 (42.5%) at follow-up I. Of the 2492 patients without dementia included at follow-up I, 278 developed dementia (184 AD) over the subsequent follow-up interval of 4.5 years. The presence of theAPOE ε4 allele significantly increased and higher physical activity significantly decreased risk for dementia and AD. The co-presence ofAPOE ε4 with low physical activity was associated with higher risk for dementia and AD and shorter dementia- and AD-free survival time than the presence ofAPOE ε4 or low physical activity alone. Indices of interaction indicated no significant interaction between low physical activity and theAPOE ε4 allele for general dementia risk, but a possible additive interaction for AD risk.

Conclusions

Physical activity even in late life may be effective in reducing conversion to dementia and AD or in delaying the onset of clinical manifestations.APOE ε4 carriers may particularly benefit from increasing physical activity with regard to their risk for AD.
Asset Poverty in Urban China: A Study Using the 2002 Chinese Household Income Project
Authors: HUANG JIN , JIN MINCHAO , DENG SUO , GUO BAORONG , ZOU LI , SHERRADEN MICHAEL
Published: July 2013

Defining asset poverty as insufficiency of assets to satisfy household basic needs for a limited period of time, the study examines asset-poverty rates in urban China using the 2002 survey data from the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP). We find that asset-poverty rates in urban China are lower than those of developed countries, in part due to Chinese households’ strong commitment to precautionary savings and the low poverty standards. However, the liquid asset-poverty rate is five times that of the income-poverty rate in urban China. Notably, the asset-poverty-gap ratio shows that most households in asset poverty have zero liquid assets or negative net worth. Asset building could be an integral part of the anti-poverty agenda to protect the poor from economic hardship and provide them with opportunities for economic growth.
Les pratiques de coordination en gestion de cas dans le secteur du soutien à domicile pour les personnes en perte d’autonomie liée au vieillissement, une analyse conventionnaliste
Authors: Carrier Sébastien
Published: July 2013

The objective of this article is to understand coordination as it unfolds in case management practices in the context of integrated care networks devoted to frail elderly individuals. More specifically, we describe practical coordination processes. We conducted a qualitative exploratory study using an embedded case study design. Our study covers three health and social service centers in Québec. We noted that coordination produces convention in case management practices through a process of bringing together different types of compromise in home care situations where multidimensionality appears to be more or less important. We constructed four different types of compromise-producing convention with regard to coordination in case management practices: compromise at the interface, scheduling compromise, compromise of opportunity, and compromising change.
Peculiar Quarantines: The Seamen Acts and Regulatory Authority in the Antebellum South
Authors: Schoeppner Michael
Published: July 2013

In 1824, the American schoonerFoxsailed into Charleston harbor with seasoned mariner and Rhode Island native Amos Daley on board. When officials boarded the ship, they interrogated the captain and crew before cuffing Daley and hauling him off to the Charleston jail, where he remained until theFoxwas set to leave harbor. Daley's detainment occurred because 16 months earlier the South Carolina General Assembly had enacted a statute barring the entrance of all free people of color into the state. Unlike other antebellum state statutes limiting black immigration, this law extended further, stretching to include in its prohibition maritime laborers aboard temporarily docked, commercial vessels. This particular section of the law was passed on the assumption that such sailors inspired slave insurrection and thereby posed a direct threat to the safety and welfare of the citizenry. Over the course of the next four decades, the states of North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas would join South Carolina in passing statutes, commonly referred to as the “Seamen Acts,” which limited the ingress of free black mariners. Amos Daley was only one of ~10,000 sailors directly affected by these particularly Southern regulations.
Ontological characterization of functions: Perspectives for capturing functions and modeling guidelines
Authors: Kitamura Yoshinobu , Mizoguchi Riichiro
Published: July 2013

The authors have been involved in ontological modeling of function for over 15 years. As an instance of the revisionary approach discussed in Vermaas's position paper, we have proposed an ontological definition of function and a modeling framework based on it, which has been deployed in industry. In addition, as an instance of the overarching approach, we have proposed a reference ontology of function that explains some kinds, definitions, and practical expressions of functions. In this paper, we explain our methodology in an overarching approach based onperspectives for capturing functions. When one captures a function of an artifact, one focuses on a specific aspect of the artifact from a specific perspective. In this paper, we conceptualize such perspectives behind the reference ontology. In addition, based on our experiences in deployment in an industrial setting, we report some solutions, such as ontological modeling guidelines, for overcoming some of the difficulties faced in the practical functional modeling approach described in Eckert's position paper. Our findings suggest that such solutions will help engineers to describe consistent functional models compliant with a single definition of function.
Infant color vision and color preferences: A tribute to Davida Teller
Authors: BROWN ANGELA M. , LINDSEY DELWIN T.
Published: July 2013

Almost 40 years ago, Davida Teller developed the forced-choice preferential looking method for studying infant visual capabilities and used it to study infant color vision. About 10 years ago, she used infant looking preferences to study infant color perception. Here, we examine four data sets in which the infant looking preference was measured using a wide range of saturated colors. Three of those data sets, from papers by Marc Bornstein and by Davida Teller and Anna Franklin and their respective collaborators, were fit successfully using MacLeod and Boynton’s model of the equiluminant plane in color space, in spite of the varied luminances used in those studies. A fourth data set, from a paper by Zemach, Chang, and Teller, was less well fit by that model. Apparently, infants are able to ignore luminance, and pay attention just to the color of stimuli. These results are discussed in the context of Davida Teller’s work on the philosophy of vision science.
Linking appearance to neural activity through the study of the perception of lightness in naturalistic contexts
Authors: MAERTENS MARIANNE , SHAPLEY ROBERT
Published: July 2013

The present paper deals with the classical question how a psychological experience, in this case apparent lightness, is linked by intervening neural processing to physical variables. We address two methodological issues: (a) how does one know the appropriate physical variable (what is the right x?) to look at, and (b) how can behavioral measurements be used to probe the internal transformation that leads to psychological experience. We measured so-called lightness transfer functions (LTFs), that is the functions that describe the mapping between retinal luminance and perceived lightness for naturalistic checkerboard stimuli. The LTFs were measured for different illumination situations: plain view, a cast shadow, and an intervening transparent medium. Observers adjusted the luminance of a comparison patch such that it had the same lightness as each of the test patches. When the data were plotted in luminance–luminance space, we found qualitative differences between mapping functions in different contexts. These differences were greatly diminished when the data were plotted in terms of contrast. On contrast–contrast coordinates, the data were compatible with a single linear generative model. This result is an indication that, for the naturalistic scenes used here, lightness perception depends mostly on local contrast. We further discuss that, in addition to the mean adjustments, one may find it useful to consider also the variability of an observer’s adjustments in order to infer the true luminance-to-lightness mapping function.
Escaping the snare of chronological growth and launching a free curve alternative: General deviance as latent growth model
Authors: Wood Phillip Karl , Jackson Kristina M.
Published: July 2013

Researchers studying longitudinal relationships among multiple problem behaviors sometimes characterize autoregressive relationships across constructs as indicating “protective” or “launch” factors or as “developmental snares.” These terms are used to indicate that initial or intermediary states of one problem behavior subsequently inhibit or promote some other problem behavior. Such models are contrasted with models of “general deviance” over time in which all problem behaviors are viewed as indicators of a common linear trajectory. When fit of the “general deviance” model is poor and fit of one or more autoregressive models is good, this is taken as support for the inhibitory or enhancing effect of one construct on another. In this paper, we argue that researchers consider competing models of growth before comparing deviance and time-bound models. Specifically, we propose use of the free curve slope intercept (FCSI) growth model (Meredith & Tisak, 1990) as a general model to typify change in a construct over time. The FCSI model includes, as nested special cases, several statistical models often used for prospective data, such as linear slope intercept models, repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance, various one-factor models, and hierarchical linear models. When considering models involving multiple constructs, we argue the construct of “general deviance” can be expressed as a single-trait multimethod model, permitting a characterization of the deviance construct over time without requiring restrictive assumptions about the form of growth over time. As an example, prospective assessments of problem behaviors from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (Silva & Stanton, 1996) are considered and contrasted with earlier analyses of Hussong, Curran, Moffitt, and Caspi (2008), which supported launch and snare hypotheses. For antisocial behavior, the FCSI model fit better than other models, including the linear chronometric growth curve model used by Hussong et al. For models including multiple constructs, a general deviance model involving a single trait and multimethod factors (or a corresponding hierarchical factor model) fit the data better than either the “snares” alternatives or the general deviance model previously considered by Hussong et al. Taken together, the analyses support the view that linkages and turning points cannot be contrasted with general deviance models absent additional experimental intervention or control.
Relational aggression, victimization, and adjustment during middle childhood
Authors: Ostrov Jamie M. , Godleski Stephanie A.
Published: July 2013

A secondary analysis of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development was conducted to test the mechanisms by which relational aggression in third grade was associated both directly and indirectly with relational victimization in sixth grade. A large sample (N =1,035; 522 girls;M= 8.3 years old;SD= 0.23) and multiple informants (teacher, child, and parent report) and methods were used to test several theoretically driven hypotheses. Our path analysis model suggested evidence for both direct and indirect pathways consistent with the sequential social process model of peer harassment. Relational aggression was significantly associated with future relational victimization even after controlling for physical aggression and gender. Loneliness mediated the direct association between relational aggression and peer victimization. A second model testing the reverse direction of effect revealed that relational victimization in third grade predicted relational aggression in sixth grade and was associated with loneliness and depressive symptoms in fifth grade, but there was no evidence for any of the indirect pathways.
Language and internalizing and externalizing behavioral adjustment: Developmental pathways from childhood to adolescence
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Hahn Chun-Shin , Suwalsky Joan T. D.
Published: July 2013

Two independent prospective longitudinal studies that cumulatively spanned the age interval from 4 years to 14 years used multiwave designs to investigate developmental associations between language and behavioral adjustment (internalizing and externalizing behavior problems). Altogether 224 children, their mothers, and teachers provided data. Series of nested path analysis models were used to determine the most parsimonious and plausible paths among the three constructs over and above stability in each across age and their covariation at each age. In both studies, children with poorer language skills in early childhood had more internalizing behavior problems in later childhood and in early adolescence. These developmental paths between language and behavioral adjustment held after taking into consideration children's nonverbal intellectual functioning, maternal verbal intelligence, education, parenting knowledge, and social desirability bias, as well as family socioeconomic status, and they applied equally to girls and boys.
LE COMMENTAIRE D'IBN MUʿĀḎ SUR LE CONCEPT DE RAPPORT
Authors: Vahabzadeh Bijan
Published: July 2013

The Andalusian mathematician and astronomer Ibn Muʿāḏ al-Jayyānī (11th century) is the author of an important commentary on the concept of ratio, in which he attempts to justify the Euclidean definition of proportionality between magnitudes – the celebrated Definition V.5 – and that of greater ratio. In addition to an analysis of the commentary, we provide a French translation and a critical edition of the original Arabic text. We also attempted to settle some problems linked to the biography of Ibn Muʿāḏ.
AL-ANṬĀKĪ'S USE OF THE LOST ARABIC VERSION OF PHILOPONUS'CONTRA PROCLUM
Authors: Wakelnig Elvira
Published: July 2013

Ibn al-Faḍl al-Anṭākī'sKitāb Bahjat al-muʾmin, theBook of the Delight of the Believerpreserves, in the first part, in at least three of its 100 philosophical and theological problems, passages from the hitherto lost Arabic version of Philoponus'De Aeternitate mundi contra Proclum. All quotations are taken from the refutation of the first proof, one of them from the beginning which is also lost in Greek. For this latter passage a parallel is found in al-Isfizārī who draws on the same Philoponus source in hisKitāb fī Masāʾil al-umūr al-ilāhiyya(Book on Metaphysical Questions). A comparison of the other passages to the extant Greek text suggests that al-Anṭākī quotes Philoponus faithfully, but with some omissions and occasional re-arrangement of his source. Additional evidence for al-Anṭākī's overall accurate use of sources can be gained from his quotations of the extant Arabic versions of theDe Anima-paraphrase, Nemesius'De Natura hominisand ʿAlī b. Rabban al-Ṭabarī'sFirdaws al-ḥikma(Paradise of Wisdom).
Entering a city: on a lost early modern practice
Authors: JÜTTE DANIEL
Published: July 2013

City gates and walls were among the most striking features of the pre-modern city, yet we still know relatively little about their impact on daily life and what it meant to enter a city at that time. The present article explores precisely these questions. The first section outlines the general significance of city gates and walls in pre-modern times. In the second, I examine the four distinct functions of city gates in the early modern period. The third and main section presents a detailed description of the various practices, procedures and problems that accompanied the entrance to a city. Finally, and to conclude, the history of city gates is viewed in conjunction with the broader history of the early modern city and its transformation in the transition to modernity.
The Unnatural Nature of Science
Authors: Wolpert Lewis
Published: July 2013

Science provides the best way of understanding the world. Public understanding of science is limited: science goes against common sense, the earth moves round the sun. Paranormal beliefs are all too common and they go completely against science, there is a mystical element in our brains. Unlike religion, science is universal and is almost entirely independent of the particular culture in which it is performed. It had is origin in ancient Greece. Whenever a new technology is introduced it is not for the scientists to take an ethical decision about how it should be used, but they must make public the implications.
Development of Memory for Spatial Locations and Object/Place Associations in Infant Rhesus Macaques with and without Neonatal Hippocampal Lesions
Authors: Blue Shala N. , Kazama Andy M. , Bachevalier Jocelyne
Published: July 2013

This study traces the development of spatial memory abilities in monkeys and reports the effects of selective neonatal hippocampal lesions on performance across development. Two different versions of the visual paired-comparison (VPC) task were used. The VPC-Spatial-Location task tested memory for object-locations that could be solved using an egocentric spatial frame of reference and the VPC-Object-In-Place task taxed memory for spatial relations using an allocentric reference frame. Eleven rhesus macaques (6 neonatal sham-operated controls and 5 with neonatal neurotoxic hippocampal lesions) were tested on both tasks as infants (8 months), juveniles (18 months), and adults (5–6 years). Memory for spatial locations was present by 18 months of age, whereas memory for object-place relations was present only in adulthood. Also, neonatal hippocampal lesions delayed the emergence of memory for spatial locations and abolished memory for object-place associations, particularly in animals that had sustained extensive and bilateral hippocampal lesions. The differential developmental time course of spatial memory functions and of the effects of neonatal hippocampal lesions on these functions are discussed in relation to morphological maturation of the medial temporal lobe structures in monkeys. Implications of the findings for the neural basis of spatial memory development in humans are also considered. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–12)
Real-time grammar processing by native and non-native speakers: Constructions unique to the second language
Authors: TRENKIC DANIJELA , MIRKOVIC JELENA , ALTMANN GERRY T. M.
Published: July 2013

We investigated second language (L2) comprehension of grammatical structures that are unique to the L2, and which are known to cause persistent difficulties in production. A visual-world eye-tracking experiment focused on online comprehension of English articles by speakers of the article-lacking Mandarin, and a control group of English native speakers. The results show that non-native speakers from article-lacking backgrounds can incrementally utilise the information signalled by L2 articles in real time to constrain referential domains and resolve reference more efficiently. The findings support the hypothesis that L2 processing does not always over-rely on pragmatic affordances, and that some morphosyntactic structures unique to the target language can be processed in a targetlike manner in comprehension – despite persistent difficulties with their production. A novel proposal, based on multiple meaning-to-form, but consistent form-to-meaning mappings, is developed to account for such comprehension–production asymmetries.
The L3 syntax–discourse interface
Authors: SLABAKOVA ROUMYANA , GARCÍA MAYO MARÍA DEL PILAR
Published: July 2013

This article considers the acquisition of three English syntax–discourse interface constructions: Topicalization, Focus Fronting and Left Dislocation. We use data from Basque–Spanish bilinguals learning English as a third language (L3) as a test case for the Interface Hypothesis (IH, Sorace, 2011). The IH has made specific predictions about second language (L2) acquisition and such predictions can be extrapolated to L3 on the basis of interface delay explanations. Thirty contexts and embedded test sentences with and without pronouns were used; participants had to rate the acceptability of each audio stimulus sentence in the context on a seven-point scale. We tested Basque–Spanish bilinguals dominant in Basque (n = 23), Basque–Spanish bilinguals dominant in Spanish (n = 24), Spanish L2 English learners (n = 39) as well as native English speakers (n = 24). Findings provide evidence against current L3 acquisition models and potential arguments for both cumulative enhancement as well as cumulative inhibition as possible processes in L3 acquisition.
Assessment of dietary fish consumption in pregnancy: comparing one-, four- and thirty-six-item questionnaires
Authors: Oken Emily , Guthrie Lauren B , Bloomingdale Arienne , Gillman Matthew W , Olsen Sjurdur F , Amarasiriwardena Chitra J , Platek Deborah N , Bellinger David C , Wright Robert O
Published: July 2013

Objective

Fish consumption influences a number of health outcomes. Few studies have directly compared dietary assessment methods to determine the best approach to estimating intakes of fish and its component nutrients, including DHA, and toxicants, including methylmercury. Our objective was to compare three methods of assessing fish intake.

Design

We assessed 30 d fish intake using three approaches: (i) a single question on total fish consumption; (ii) a brief comprehensive FFQ that included four questions about fish; and (iii) a focused FFQ with thirty-six questions about different finfish and shellfish.

Setting

Obstetrics practices in Boston, MA, USA.

Subjects

Fifty-nine pregnant women who consumed ≤2 monthly fish servings.

Results

Estimated intakes of fish, DHA and Hg were lowest with the one-question screener and highest with the thirty-six-item fish questionnaire. Estimated intake of DHA with the thirty-six-item questionnaire was 4·4-fold higher (97 v. 22 mg/d), and intake of Hg was 3·8-fold higher (1·6 v. 0·42 μg/d), compared with the one-question screener. Plasma DHA concentration was correlated with fish intake assessed with the one-question screener (Spearman r = 0·27, P = 0·04), but not with the four-item FFQ (r = 0·08, P = 0·54) or the thirty-six-item fish questionnaire (r = 0·01, P = 0·93). In contrast, blood and hair Hg concentrations were similarly correlated with fish and Hg intakes regardless of the assessment method (r = 0·35 to 0·52).

Conclusions

A longer questionnaire provides no advantage over shorter questionnaires in ranking intakes of fish, DHA and Hg compared with biomarkers, but estimates of absolute intakes can vary by as much as fourfold across methods.