bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical Excitability across the ALS Clinical Motor Phenotypes
Authors: Dharmadasa Thanuja
Published: May 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by its marked clinical heterogeneity. Although the coexistence of upper and lower motor neuron signs is a common clinical feature for most patients, there is a wide range of atypical motor presentations and clinical trajectories, implying a heterogeneity of underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Corticomotoneuronal dysfunction is increasingly postulated as the harbinger of clinical disease, and neurophysiological exploration of the motor cortex in vivo using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has suggested that motor cortical hyperexcitability may be a critical pathogenic factor linked to clinical features and survival. Region-specific selective vulnerability at the level of the motor cortex may drive the observed differences of clinical presentation across the ALS motor phenotypes, and thus, further understanding of phenotypic variability in relation to cortical dysfunction may serve as an important guide to underlying disease mechanisms. This review article analyses the cortical excitability profiles across the clinical motor phenotypes, as assessed using TMS, and explores this relationship to clinical patterns and survival. This understanding will remain essential to unravelling central disease pathophysiology and for the development of specific treatment targets across the ALS clinical motor phenotypes.
Deep Learning-Based Studies on Pediatric Brain Tumors Imaging: Narrative Review of Techniques and Challenges
Authors: Shaari Hala , Kevrić Jasmin , Jukić Samed , Bešić Larisa , Jokić Dejan , Ahmed Nuredin , Rajs Vladimir
Published: May 2021

Brain tumors diagnosis in children is a scientific concern due to rapid anatomical, metabolic, and functional changes arising in the brain and non-specific or conflicting imaging results. Pediatric brain tumors diagnosis is typically centralized in clinical practice on the basis of diagnostic clues such as, child age, tumor location and incidence, clinical history, and imaging (Magnetic resonance imaging MRI / computed tomography CT) findings. The implementation of deep learning has rapidly propagated in almost every field in recent years, particularly in the medical images’ evaluation. This review would only address critical deep learning issues specific to pediatric brain tumor imaging research in view of the vast spectrum of other applications of deep learning. The purpose of this review paper is to include a detailed summary by first providing a succinct guide to the types of pediatric brain tumors and pediatric brain tumor imaging techniques. Then, we will present the research carried out by summarizing the scientific contributions to the field of pediatric brain tumor imaging processing and analysis. Finally, to establish open research issues and guidance for potential study in this emerging area, the medical and technical limitations of the deep learning-based approach were included.
Experimental Platform to Study Spiking Pattern Propagation in Modular Networks In Vitro
Authors: Pigareva Yana , Gladkov Arseniy , Kolpakov Vladimir , Mukhina Irina , Bukatin Anton , Kazantsev Victor B. , Pimashkin Alexey
Published: May 2021

The structured organization of connectivity in neural networks is associated with highly efficient information propagation and processing in the brain, in contrast with disordered homogeneous network architectures. Using microfluidic methods, we engineered modular networks of cultures using dissociated cells with unidirectional synaptic connections formed by asymmetric microchannels. The complexity of the microchannel geometry defined the strength of the synaptic connectivity and the properties of spiking activity propagation. In this study, we developed an experimental platform to study the effects of synaptic plasticity on a network level with predefined locations of unidirectionally connected cellular assemblies using multisite extracellular electrophysiology.
Cognitive Control of Working Memory: A Model-Based Approach
Authors: Boag Russell J. , Stevenson Niek , van Dooren Roel , Trutti Anne C. , Sjoerds Zsuzsika , Forstmann Birte U.
Published: May 2021

Working memory (WM)-based decision making depends on a number of cognitive control processes that control the flow of information into and out of WM and ensure that only relevant information is held active in WM’s limited-capacity store. Although necessary for successful decision making, recent work has shown that these control processes impose performance costs on both the speed and accuracy of WM-based decisions. Using the reference-back task as a benchmark measure of WM control, we conducted evidence accumulation modeling to test several competing explanations for six benchmark empirical performance costs. Costs were driven by a combination of processes running outside of the decision stage (longer non-decision time) and inhibition of the prepotent response (lower drift rates) in trials requiring WM control. Individuals also set more cautious response thresholds when expecting to update WM with new information versus maintain existing information. We discuss the promise of this approach for understanding cognitive control in WM-based decision making.
Molecular Profiles of Brain Metastases: A Focus on Heterogeneity
Authors: Ali Shan , Górska Zuzanna , Duchnowska Renata , Jassem Jacek
Published: May 2021

Brain metastasis is a common and devastating clinical entity. Intratumor heterogeneity in brain metastases poses a crucial challenge to precision medicine. However, advances in next-generation sequencing, new insight into the pathophysiology of driver mutations, and the creation of novel tumor models have allowed us to gain better insight into the genetic landscapes of brain metastases, their temporal evolution, and their response to various treatments. A plethora of genomic studies have identified the heterogeneous clonal landscape of tumors and, at the same time, introduced potential targets for precision medicine. As an example, we present phenotypic alterations in brain metastases originating from three malignancies with the highest brain metastasis frequency: lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. We discuss the barriers to precision medicine, tumor heterogeneity, the significance of blood-based biomarkers in tracking clonal evolution, the phylogenetic relationship between primary and metastatic tumors, blood–brain barrier heterogeneity, and limitations to ongoing research.
Right and Left Colorectal Cancer: Differences in Post-Surgical-Care Outcomes and Survival in Elderly Patients
Authors: Mirón Fernández Irene , Mera Velasco Santiago , Turiño Luque Jesús Damián , González Poveda Iván , Ruiz López Manuel , Santoyo Santoyo Julio
Published: May 2021

(1) There is evidence of the embryological, anatomical, histological, genetic and immunological differences between right colon cancer (RCC) and left colon cancer (LCC). This research has the general objective of studying the differences in outcome between RCC and LCC. (2) A longitudinal analytical study with prospective follow-up of the case–control type was conducted from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2017 including 398 patients with 1:1 matching, depending on the location of the tumor. Inclusion criteria: programmed colectomies, 15 cm above the anal margin, adults and R0 surgery. (3) Precisely 6.8% of the exitus occurred in the first 6 months of the intervention. At 6 months, patients with LCC presented a mean survival of 7 months higher than RCC (p = 0.028). In the first stages, it can be observed that most of the exitus are for patients with RCC (stage I p = 0.021, stage II p = 0.014). In the last stages, the distribution of the deaths does not show differences between locations (stage III p = 0.683, stage IV p = 0.898). (4) The results show that RCC and LCC are significantly different in terms of evolution, progression, complications and survival. Patients with RCC have a worse prognosis, even in the early stages of the disease, due to more advanced N stages, larger tumor size, more frequently poorly differentiated tumors and a greater positivity of lymphovascular invasion than LCC.
Unravelling the Encapsulation of DNA and Other Biomolecules in HAp Microcalcifications of Human Breast Cancer Tissues by Raman Imaging
Authors: Marro Monica , Rodríguez-Rivero Anna M. , Araujo-Andrade Cuauhtémoc , Fernández-Figueras Maria Teresa , Pérez-Roca Laia , Castellà Eva , Navinés Jordi , Mariscal Antonio , Julián Joan Francesc , Turon Pau , Loza-Alvarez Pablo
Published: May 2021

Microcalcifications are detected through mammography screening and, depending on their morphology and distribution (BI-RADS classification), they can be considered one of the first indicators of suspicious cancer lesions. However, the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) calcifications and their relationship with malignancy remains unknown. In this work, we report the most detailed three-dimensional biochemical analysis of breast cancer microcalcifications to date, combining 3D Raman spectroscopy imaging and advanced multivariate analysis in order to investigate in depth the molecular composition of HAp calcifications found in 26 breast cancer tissue biopsies. We demonstrate that DNA has been naturally adsorbed and encapsulated inside HAp microcalcifications. Furthermore, we also show the encapsulation of other relevant biomolecules in HAp calcifications, such as lipids, proteins, cytochrome C and polysaccharides. The demonstration of natural DNA biomineralization, particularly in the tumor microenvironment, represents an unprecedented advance in the field, as it can pave the way to understanding the role of HAp in malignant tissues.
Immune System-Related Changes in Preclinical GL261 Glioblastoma under TMZ Treatment: Explaining MRSI-Based Nosological Imaging Findings with RT-PCR Analyses
Authors: Calero-Pérez Pilar , Wu Shuang , Arús Carles , Candiota Ana
Published: May 2021

Glioblastomas (GB) are brain tumours with poor prognosis even after aggressive therapy. Previous work suggests that magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) could act as a biomarker of efficient immune system attack onto GB, presenting oscillatory changes. Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) constitute the most abundant non-tumour cell type within the GB and can be polarised into anti-tumour (M1) or pro-tumour (M2) phenotypes. One of the mechanisms to mediate immunosuppression in brain tumours is the interaction between programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1). We evaluated the subpopulations of GAMs in responding and control GB tumours to correlate PD-L1 expression to GAM polarisation in order to explain/validate MRSI-detected findings. Mice were evaluated by MRI/MRSI to assess the extent of response to treatment and with qPCR for GAMs M1 and M2 polarisation analyses. M1/M2 ratios and PD-L1 expression were higher in treated compared to control tumours. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the M1/M2 ratio. The oscillatory change in the GAMs prevailing population could be one of the key causes for the differential MRSI-detected pattern, allowing this to act as immune system activity biomarker in future work.
Liquid Biopsy and Other Non-Invasive Diagnostic Measures in PCNSL
Authors: Baraniskin Alexander , Schroers Roland
Published: May 2021

Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare but highly aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that remains confined to the CNS neuroaxis. The diagnosis of PCNSL requires a high level of suspicion as clinical presentation varies depending on the involved CNS areas. Neurological symptoms and MRI findings may mimic gliomas, demyelinating lesions, or infectious and granulomatous diseases. Almost all PCNSL patients undergo invasive surgical procedures for definite diagnosis. Stereotactic biopsy is still the gold standard in achieving a diagnostic accuracy of 73–97%. Both the potential procedural morbidity and mortality, as well as the time to definite histopathologic diagnosis resulting in delays of treatment initiation, have to be considered. On the contrary, minimally invasive procedures, such as MRI, CSF cytology, and flow cytometry, still have limited value due to inferior specificity and sensitivity. Hence, novel diagnostic approaches, including mutation analyses (MYD88) in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and the determination of microRNAs (miR-21, miR-19b, and miR-92) as well as cytokine levels (IL10 and IL6) in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and vitreous fluid (VRF), move into the focus of investigation to facilitate the diagnosis of PCNSL. In this review, we outline the most promising approaches that are currently under clinical consideration.
Emerging Insights into Targeted Therapy-Tolerant Persister Cells in Cancer
Authors: Cabanos Heidie Frisco , Hata Aaron N.
Published: May 2021

Drug resistance is perhaps the greatest challenge in improving outcomes for cancer patients undergoing treatment with targeted therapies. It is becoming clear that “persisters,” a subpopulation of drug-tolerant cells found in cancer populations, play a critical role in the development of drug resistance. Persisters are able to maintain viability under therapy but are typically slow cycling or dormant. These cells do not harbor classic drug resistance driver alterations, and their partial resistance phenotype is transient and reversible upon removal of the drug. In the clinic, the persister state most closely corresponds to minimal residual disease from which relapse can occur if treatment is discontinued or if acquired drug resistance develops in response to continuous therapy. Thus, eliminating persister cells will be crucial to improve outcomes for cancer patients. Using lung cancer targeted therapies as a primary paradigm, this review will give an overview of the characteristics of drug-tolerant persister cells, mechanisms associated with drug tolerance, and potential therapeutic opportunities to target this persister cell population in tumors.
Not Only Immune Escape—The Confusing Role of the TRP Metabolic Pathway in Carcinogenesis
Authors: Kwiatkowska Iwona , Hermanowicz Justyna Magdalena , Przybyszewska-Podstawka Alicja , Pawlak Dariusz
Published: May 2021

Background: The recently discovered phenomenon that cancer cells can avoid immune response has gained scientists’ interest. One of the pathways involved in this process is tryptophan (TRP) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP). Individual components involved in TRP conversion seem to contribute to cancerogenesis both through a direct impact on cancer cells and the modulation of immune cell functionality. Due to this fact, this pathway may serve as a target for immunotherapy and attempts are being made to create novel compounds effective in cancer treatment. However, the results obtained from clinical trials are not satisfactory, which raises questions about the exact role of KP elements in tumorigenesis. An increasing number of experiments reveal that TRP metabolites may either be tumor promoters and suppressors and this is why further research in this field is highly needed. The aim of this study is to present KP as a modulator of cancer development through multiple mechanisms and to point to its ambiguity, which may be a reason for failures in treatment based on the inhibition of tryptophan metabolism
“It’s Always Been a Second Class Cancer”: An Exploration of the Experiences and Journeys of Bereaved Family Carers of People with Sarcoma
Authors: O’Connor Moira , Smith Greta , Pantaleo Ashleigh , Haywood Darren , Weaver Rhys , Halkett Georgia Kb
Published: May 2021

Sarcomas are a group of rare and aggressive cancers, which develop in bones and connective tissue throughout the body. Sarcomas account for only 1–2% of all cancers worldwide; however, mortality rates for sarcoma are high with approximately two in four sarcoma patients dying following a diagnosis. Delays in diagnosis, poor management of symptoms, patients’ high symptom loads and high carer burden are all associated with carer distress, which may lead to complications after bereavement. The experience of having a family member referred for palliative care is also distressing for carers, with the realisation that their family member is dying. This study aimed to explore the experiences of bereaved family carers of people diagnosed with sarcoma. A qualitative descriptive design using a social constructionist framework was adopted. Interviews were conducted with sixteen participants, and thematic analysis was used to identify patterns in the data. Four overarching themes emerged: beginning the journey; moving through treatment; transitioning to palliative care; and experiencing bereavement. The narratives were coherent and potent, and people reflected on their journeys. Interventions and supports for bereaved carers could include opportunities for counselling to support reflections, supports for developing a narrative such as writing therapy, and preparation for the death of the family member.
Preliminary Radiogenomic Evidence for the Prediction of Metastasis and Chemotherapy Response in Pediatric Patients with Osteosarcoma Using 18F-FDG PET/CT, EZRIN, and KI67
Authors: Kim Byung-Chul , Kim Jingyu , Kim Kangsan , Byun Byung Hyun , Lim Ilhan , Kong Chang-Bae , Song Won Seok , Koh Jae-Soo , Woo Sang-Keun
Published: May 2021

Chemotherapy response and metastasis prediction play important roles in the treatment of pediatric osteosarcoma, which is prone to metastasis and has a high mortality rate. This study aimed to estimate the prediction model using gene expression and image texture features. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) images of 52 pediatric osteosarcoma patients were used to estimate the machine learning algorithm. An appropriate algorithm was selected by estimating the machine learning accuracy. 18F-FDG PET/CT images of 21 patients were selected for prediction model development based on simultaneous KI67 and EZRIN expression. The prediction model for chemotherapy response and metastasis was estimated using area under the curve (AUC) maximum image texture features (AUC_max) and gene expression. The machine learning algorithm with the highest test accuracy in chemotherapy response and metastasis was selected using the random forest algorithm. The chemotherapy response and metastasis test accuracy with image texture features was 0.83 and 0.76, respectively. The highest test accuracy and AUC of chemotherapy response with AUC_max, KI67, and EZRIN were estimated to be 0.85 and 0.89, respectively. The highest test accuracy and AUC of metastasis with AUC_max, KI67, and EZRIN were estimated to be 0.85 and 0.8, respectively. The metastasis prediction accuracy increased by 10% using radiogenomics data.
Phase I Trial of Prophylactic Donor-Derived IL-2-Activated NK Cell Infusion after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from a Matched Sibling Donor
Authors: Devillier Raynier , Calmels Boris , Guia Sophie , Taha Mohammed , Fauriat Cyril , Mfarrej Bechara , Venton Geoffroy , Vivier Eric , Olive Daniel , Chabannon Christian , Blaise Didier , Ugolini Sophie
Published: May 2021

Background: NK cell-based immunotherapy to prevent relapse after allogeneic transplantation is an appealing strategy because NK cells can provide strong antitumor effect without inducing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Thus, we designed a phase-I clinical trial evaluating the safety of a prophylactic donor-derived ex vivo IL-2 activated NK cell (IL-2 NK) infusion after allo-HSCT for patients with hematologic malignancies. Methods: Donor NK cells were purified and cultured ex vivo with IL-2 before infusion, at three dose levels. To identify the maximum tolerated dose was the main objective. In addition, we performed phenotypical and functional characterization of the NK cell therapy product, and longitudinal immune monitoring of NK cell phenotype in patients. Results: Compared to unstimulated NK cells, IL-2 NK cells expressed higher levels of activating receptors and exhibited increased degranulation and cytokine production in vitro. We treated 16 patients without observing any dose-limiting toxicity. At the last follow up, 11 out of 16 treated patients were alive in complete remission of hematologic malignancies without GVHD features and immunosuppressive treatment. Conclusions: Prophylactic donor-derived IL-2 NK cells after allo-HSCT is safe with low incidence of GVHD. Promising survivals and IL-2 NK cell activated phenotype may support a potential clinical efficacy of this strategy.
CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Melanoma: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Garutti Mattia , Targato Giada , Buriolla Silvia , Palmero Lorenza , Minisini Alessandro Marco , Puglisi Fabio
Published: May 2021

Historically, metastatic melanoma was considered a highly lethal disease. However, recent advances in drug development have allowed a significative improvement in prognosis. In particular, BRAF/MEK inhibitors and anti-PD1 antibodies have completely revolutionized the management of this disease. Nonetheless, not all patients derive a benefit or a durable benefit from these therapies. To overtake this challenges, new clinically active compounds are being tested in the context of clinical trials. CDK4/6 inhibitors are drugs already available in clinical practice and preliminary evidence showed a promising activity also in melanoma. Herein we review the available literature to depict a comprehensive landscape about CDK4/6 inhibitors in melanoma. We present the molecular and genetic background that might justify the usage of these drugs, the preclinical evidence, the clinical available data, and the most promising ongoing clinical trials.
Bioprinting on 3D Printed Titanium Scaffolds for Periodontal Ligament Regeneration
Authors: Lee Ui-Lyong , Yun Seokhwan , Cao Hua-Lian , Ahn Geunseon , Shim Jin-Hyung , Woo Su-Heon , Choung Pill-Hoon
Published: May 2021

The three-dimensional (3D) cell-printing technique has been identified as a new biofabrication platform because of its ability to locate living cells in pre-defined spatial locations with scaffolds and various growth factors. Osseointegrated dental implants have been regarded as very reliable and have long-term reliability. However, host defense mechanisms against infections and micro-movements have been known to be impaired around a dental implant because of the lack of a periodontal ligament. In this study, we fabricated a hybrid artificial organ with a periodontal ligament on the surface of titanium using 3D printing technology. CEMP-1, a known cementogenic factor, was enhanced in vitro. In animal experiments, when the hybrid artificial organ was transplanted to the calvarial defect model, it was observed that the amount of connective tissue increased. 3D-printed hybrid artificial organs can be used with dental implants, establishing physiological tooth functions, including the ability to react to mechanical stimuli and the ability to resist infections.
Progenitor/Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling during Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Dierick France , Solinc Julien , Bignard Juliette , Soubrier Florent , Nadaud Sophie
Published: May 2021

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by an important occlusive vascular remodeling with the production of new endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, and fibroblasts. Identifying the cellular processes leading to vascular proliferation and dysfunction is a major goal in order to decipher the mechanisms leading to PAH development. In addition to in situ proliferation of vascular cells, studies from the past 20 years have unveiled the role of circulating and resident vascular in pulmonary vascular remodeling. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge on the different progenitor and stem cells that have been shown to participate in pulmonary vascular lesions and on the pathways regulating their recruitment during PAH. Finally, this review also addresses the therapeutic potential of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
Negative Regulation of FGFR (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor) Signaling
Authors: Szybowska Patrycja , Kostas Michal , Wesche Jørgen , Haugsten Ellen Margrethe , Wiedlocha Antoni
Published: May 2021

FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) signaling controls fundamental processes in embryonic, fetal and adult human life. The magnitude, duration, and location of FGFR signaling must be strictly controlled in order to induce the correct biological response. Uncontrolled receptor signaling has been shown to lead to a variety of diseases, such as skeletal disorders and cancer. Here we review the numerous cellular mechanisms that regulate and turn off FGFR signaling, once the receptor is activated. These mechanisms include endocytosis and endocytic sorting, phosphatase activity, negative regulatory proteins and negative feedback phosphorylation events. The mechanisms act together simultaneously or sequentially, controlling the same or different steps in FGFR signaling. Although more work is needed to fully understand the regulation of FGFR signaling, it is clear that the cells in our body have evolved an extensive repertoire of mechanisms that together keep FGFR signaling tightly controlled and prevent excess FGFR signaling.
Affinity between Bitumen and Aggregate in Hot Mix Asphalt by Hyperspectral Imaging and Digital Picture Analysis
Authors: Mei Alessandro , Fusco Raffaella , Moroni Monica , Fiore Nicola , Fontinovo Giuliano , D’Andrea Antonio
Published: May 2021

This study investigated the viability of quantifying the affinity between aggregate and bitumen by means of different imaging techniques. Experiments were arranged in accordance with the rolling-bottle test, as indicated in UNI EN 12697-11, “Test methods for hot bituminous conglomerates—Part 11”. Digital image processing (DIP) techniques have only recently been used for such quantification. The data gathered with a multi-sensor optical platform equipped with VIS–NIR and SWIR spectrometers were compared with DIP outcomes. Data were processed using the unsupervised ISODATA and the supervised parallelepiped algorithms. The exposed aggregate index (EAI) and the bitumen index (BIT) were calculated to retrieve the bitumen percentage coverage of different mixtures. The comparison with the results obtained employing the traditional 6, 24, 48 and 72 testing hours reveals the possibility to implement a standardized analysis methodology combining digital and hyperspectral imagery to highlight potential inaccuracies deriving from the visual interpretation.
Hybrid Feedback Control for Exponential Stability and Robust H∞ Control of a Class of Uncertain Neural Network with Mixed Interval and Distributed Time-Varying Delays
Authors: Chantawat Charuwat , Botmart Thongchai , Supama Rattaporn , Weera Wajaree , Noinang Sakda
Published: May 2021

This paper is concerned the problem of robust H∞ control for uncertain neural networks with mixed time-varying delays comprising different interval and distributed time-varying delays via hybrid feedback control. The interval and distributed time-varying delays are not necessary to be differentiable. The main purpose of this research is to estimate robust exponential stability of uncertain neural network with H∞ performance attenuation level γ. The key features of the approach include the introduction of a new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) with triple integral terms, the employment of a tighter bounding technique, some slack matrices and newly introduced convex combination condition in the calculation, improved delay-dependent sufficient conditions for the robust H∞ control with exponential stability of the system are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The results of this paper complement the previously known ones. Finally, a numerical example is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Wetting Behavior of the Ag-5CuO Brazing Alloy on ZTA Composite Ceramic with/without CuO Coating in Air
Authors: Feng Guangjie , Liu Manqin , Liu Yalei , Jin Zhouxin , Wang Yifeng , Deng Dean
Published: May 2021

The wetting of Ag-5 wt.% CuO (Ag-5CuO) alloy on initial/CuO-coated zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) composite ceramic in air was studied in detail. The results showed that the contact angle of the Ag-5CuO/ZTA system rapidly decreased from 81° at 970 °C to 45° at 990 °C during the heating process, however, moderate reductions in contact angle were observed in the subsequent heating and temperature holding stages. In comparison with the contact angle of pure Al2O3, an increment of about 4° of the stable contact angle of Ag-5CuO alloy on the heterogeneous ZTA was observed. The reaction between Al2O3 and CuO can reduce the damage of the CuO-rich liquid to ZrO2 in the ZTA substrate. Both oxygen and CuO were helpful in reducing the contact angle of Ag on ZTA and enhancing the bonding of the Ag/ZTA interface. The continuous CuO coating on ZTA and the monotectic liquid containing more CuO in the region near the triple line induced reductions of more than 40° and about 10° in the contact angle, respectively, between the initial and the CuO coating-improved wetting systems.
Geographic and Socioeconomic Disparity of Gastric Cancer Patients in Canada
Authors: Cattelan Leila , Ghazawi Feras M. , Le Michelle , Lagacé François , Rahme Elham , Zubarev Andrei , Sasseville Denis , Litvinov Ivan V. , Waschke Kevin A. , Netchiporouk Elena
Published: May 2021

Gastric cancer is the 5th most common malignancy worldwide, representing ~5–10% of all new cancer cases. Although its incidence is declining, it is estimated that 1 in 98 Canadians will develop gastric cancer in their lifetime. The epidemiology and distribution of gastric cancer throughout Canada, however, remains poorly understood. A retrospective analysis of demographic data across Canada between 1992 and 2010 was performed using 2 population-based cancer registries. The incidence of gastric cancer was examined at the levels of provinces, cities, and postal codes. In addition, 43,955 patients were diagnosed with gastric cancer in Canada between 1992 and 2010; 66% were male and the average age of diagnosis was 68.4 years. The age-adjusted incidence rate was 5.07 cases per 100,000 individuals per year. The incidence decreased over the study period by 30%. High incidence rates were identified in rural areas of Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, and Quebec. Our study found a significant association between gastric cancer incidence rates and lower socioeconomic status, as well as Hispanic ethnicity. This is the first study to provide a comprehensive analysis of the incidence of gastric carcinoma in Canada, identifying high-risk populations that may benefit from increased primary and secondary prevention.
Red Blood Cells: Tethering, Vesiculation, and Disease in Micro-Vascular Flow
Authors: Asaro Robert J. , Cabrales Pedro
Published: May 2021

The red blood cell has become implicated in the progression of a range of diseases; mechanisms by which red cells are involved appear to include the transport of inflammatory species via red cell-derived vesicles. We review this role of RBCs in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia vera, central retinal vein occlusion, Gaucher disease, atherosclerosis, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. We propose a possibly unifying, and novel, paradigm for the inducement of RBC vesiculation during vascular flow of red cells adhered to the vascular endothelium as well as to the red pulp of the spleen. Indeed, we review the evidence for this hypothesis that links physiological conditions favoring both vesiculation and enhanced RBC adhesion and demonstrate the veracity of this hypothesis by way of a specific example occurring in splenic flow which we argue has various renderings in a wide range of vascular flows, in particular microvascular flows. We provide a mechanistic basis for membrane loss and the formation of lysed red blood cells in the spleen that may mediate their turnover. Our detailed explanation for this example also makes clear what features of red cell deformability are involved in the vesiculation process and hence require quantification and a new form of quantitative indexing.
Colonic Volume Changes in Paediatric Constipation Compared to Normal Values Measured Using MRI
Authors: Sharif Hayfa , Hoad Caroline L. , Abrehart Nichola , Gowland Penny A. , Spiller Robin C. , Kirkham Sian , Loganathan Sabarinathan , Papadopoulos Michalis , Benninga Marc A. , Devadason David , Marciani Luca
Published: May 2021

Background: Functional constipation in children is common. Management of this condition can be challenging and is often based on symptom reports. Increased, objective knowledge of colonic volume changes in constipation compared to health could provide additional information. However, very little data on paediatric colonic volume is available except from methods that are invasive or require unphysiological colonic preparations. Objectives: (1) To measure volumes of the undisturbed colon in children with functional constipation (FC) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and provide initial normal range values for healthy controls, and (2) to investigate possible correlation of colonic volume with whole gut transit time (WGTT). Methods: Total and regional (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum) colon volumes were measured from MRI images of 35 participants aged 7–18 years (16 with FC and 19 healthy controls), and corrected for body surface area. Linear regression was used to explore the relationship between total colon volume and WGTT. Results: Total colonic volume was significantly higher, with a median (interquartile range) of 309 mL (243–384 mL) for the FC group than for the healthy controls of 227 mL (180–263 mL). The largest increase between patients and controls was in the sigmoid colon–rectum region. In a linear regression model, there was a positive significant correlation between total colonic volume and WGTT (R = 0.56, p = 0.0005). Conclusions: This initial study shows increased volumes of the colon in children with FC, in a physiological state, without use of any bowel preparation. Increased knowledge of colonic morphology may improve understanding of FC in this age group and help to direct treatment.
Stochastic Thermodynamics of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Model
Authors: Costanzo Luigi , Lo Schiavo Alessandro , Sarracino Alessandro , Vitelli Massimo
Published: May 2021

We experimentally study a piezoelectric energy harvester driven by broadband random vibrations. We show that a linear model, consisting of an underdamped Langevin equation for the dynamics of the tip mass, electromechanically coupled with a capacitor and a load resistor, can accurately describe the experimental data. In particular, the theoretical model allows us to define fluctuating currents and to study the stochastic thermodynamics of the system, with focus on the distribution of the extracted work over different time intervals. Our analytical and numerical analysis of the linear model is succesfully compared to the experiments.
Causality Is an Effect, II
Authors: Schulman Lawrence S.
Published: May 2021

Causality follows the thermodynamic arrow of time, where the latter is defined by the direction of entropy increase. After a brief review of an earlier version of this article, rooted in classical mechanics, we give a quantum generalization of the results. The quantum proofs are limited to a gas of Gaussian wave packets.
Message Passing-Based Inference for Time-Varying Autoregressive Models
Authors: Podusenko Albert , Kouw Wouter M. , de Vries Bert
Published: May 2021

Time-varying autoregressive (TVAR) models are widely used for modeling of non-stationary signals. Unfortunately, online joint adaptation of both states and parameters in these models remains a challenge. In this paper, we represent the TVAR model by a factor graph and solve the inference problem by automated message passing-based inference for states and parameters. We derive structured variational update rules for a composite “AR node” with probabilistic observations that can be used as a plug-in module in hierarchical models, for example, to model the time-varying behavior of the hyper-parameters of a time-varying AR model. Our method includes tracking of variational free energy (FE) as a Bayesian measure of TVAR model performance. The proposed methods are verified on a synthetic data set and validated on real-world data from temperature modeling and speech enhancement tasks.
Semi-Classical Discretization and Long-Time Evolution of Variable Spin Systems
Authors: Morales-Hernández Giovani E. , Castellanos Juan C. , Romero José L. , Klimov Andrei B.
Published: May 2021

We apply the semi-classical limit of the generalized SO(3) map for representation of variable-spin systems in a four-dimensional symplectic manifold and approximate their evolution terms of effective classical dynamics on T*S2. Using the asymptotic form of the star-product, we manage to “quantize” one of the classical dynamic variables and introduce a discretized version of the Truncated Wigner Approximation (TWA). Two emblematic examples of quantum dynamics (rotor in an external field and two coupled spins) are analyzed, and the results of exact, continuous, and discretized versions of TWA are compared.
Strategies for Positive Partial Transpose (PPT) States in Quantum Metrologies with Noise
Authors: Majumder Arunava , Shrotriya Harshank , Kwek Leong-Chuan
Published: May 2021

Quantum metrology overcomes standard precision limits and has the potential to play a key role in quantum sensing. Quantum mechanics, through the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, imposes limits on the precision of measurements. Conventional bounds to the measurement precision such as the shot noise limit are not as fundamental as the Heisenberg limits, and can be beaten with quantum strategies that employ ‘quantum tricks’ such as squeezing and entanglement. Bipartite entangled quantum states with a positive partial transpose (PPT), i.e., PPT entangled states, are usually considered to be too weakly entangled for applications. Since no pure entanglement can be distilled from them, they are also called bound entangled states. We provide strategies, using which multipartite quantum states that have a positive partial transpose with respect to all bi-partitions of the particles can still outperform separable states in linear interferometers.
Social Representation of Disability and Teachers
Authors: Rizzo Sara , Frolli Alessandro , Cavallaro Antonella , Sinigaglia Giuseppina , Scire Sebastiano
Published: May 2021

With the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), the term disability is consolidated in its dynamic meaning as a condition that is defined by the interaction between personal factors and the environment in which one lives (WHO, 2001). The characteristics of the reference context that can be an obstacle or facilitation are evaluated with greater emphasis, including the perception of disability by teachers as a factor that will mediate the implementation of different behaviors and methodologies stemming from it. The purpose of the present survey, which includes 422 teachers attending a specialization course for support activities and was conducted through the administration of a questionnaire, was precisely to evaluate this perception. In particular, it evaluated the following: the differences in starting and finishing the specialization course for the achievement of the teaching qualification in support, the impact of previous experience with the disability, and the motivation to teach. Outcomes display a progressive normalization in the characteristics of a person with disabilities. The teaching strategies undergo a change between the beginning and the end of the course, with a focus from the general to the particular, becoming more targeted and detailed. In terms of opinions, emotions, and concerns, familiarity with disability seems to produce a less prejudicial and stereotyped representation, as does the teaching experience with a disabled pupil. The importance of active previous experience is confirmed in order to develop a better representation with a consequent reduction in prejudice. Further data emerge in terms of increased ability, at the end of the course, to verbally discriminate the concepts of inclusion and integration, with probable differences in approaches. The motivation for teaching is confirmed to be connected to job placement and therefore should be further investigated with scales that control the social desirability of the response. The present study shows the importance of both the perception of familiarity with disability and specialized education in supporting disabled students. We hope that future research might further investigate this area in order to improve the quality of life of disabled people through better relations with teachers and better academic outcomes.
Porous Polymer Gel Electrolytes Influence Lithium Transference Number and Cycling in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Boz Buket , Ford Hunter O. , Salvadori Alberto , Schaefer Jennifer L.
Published: May 2021

To improve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, the development of advanced electrolytes with enhanced transport properties is highly important. Here, we show that by confining the conventional electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in EC-DEC) in a microporous polymer network, the cation transference number increases to 0.79 while maintaining an ionic conductivity on the order of 10−3 S cm−1. By comparison, a non-porous, condensed polymer electrolyte of the same chemistry has a lower transference number and conductivity, of 0.65 and 7.6 × 10−4 S cm−1, respectively. Within Li-metal/LiFePO4 cells, the improved transport properties of the porous polymer electrolyte enable substantial performance enhancements compared to a commercial separator in terms of rate capability, capacity retention, active material utilization, and efficiency. These results highlight the importance of polymer electrolyte structure–performance property relationships and help guide the future engineering of better materials.
A Large Signal Theory of Multiple Cascaded Bunching Cavities for High-Efficiency Triaxial Klystron Amplifier
Authors: Yang Fuxiang , Dang Fangchao , He Juntao , Zhang Xiaoping , Ju Jinchuan
Published: May 2021

This paper presents a large signal theory of multiple cascaded bunching cavities for the design of high-efficiency triaxial klystron amplifiers (TKAs). The theoretical analysis of multiple cascaded bunching cavities is presented, focusing on the relationship between gap voltage and first harmonic current and velocity dispersion, which can exactly describe the clustering state of intense relativistic electron beams. The theoretical results of the first harmonic current and velocity dispersion are basically consistent with its simulation results, which can justify a high degree of confidence in the validity of that theory. This theory can predict the possibility of deep modulation of intense relativistic electron beams when the depth of the first harmonic current is about 150% by multiple cascaded bunching cavities. By properly accounting for this theory, we can design a Ku-band TKA with nearly 60% microwave conversion efficiency, which can provide theoretical and simulation guidance for the design of high-efficiency TKAs. More importantly, when we increase the electron beam voltage from 300 kV to 600 kV and keep the relativistic perveance constant, this device also can obtain more than 50% efficiency and 40 dB gain. As a result, we can design a Ku-band TKA with high average output power of about 1.5 GW, 52% efficiency and 46 dB gain.
Investigation of Compact Hollow-Anode Discharge Source for Copper Thin Films by Sputtering Processes
Authors: Kang In-Je , Kim Ji-Hun , Park In-Sun , Chung Kyu-Sun
Published: May 2021

A compact hollow-anode discharge (HAD) source with a size of 60 mm in radius and 70 mm in length has been developed to stably generate plasma jets for various sputtering processes in semiconductor and display fabrications. A developed HAD plasma source has been investigated by cylindrical electric probes, and the experimental results were compared to the values of numerical calculations. A uniform density discharge model with a geometry factor was proposed to estimate the profiles of plasma parameters. Owing to the difference of absolute magnitude, even with the similar trend of spatial variation, plasma parameters such as electron temperature (Te) and plasma density (ne) measured at z = 3 cm have been calibrated by the values of numerical calculations at the nozzle entrance (z = 0 cm, at the throat of the jet), and the calibration factors for Te and n0 have been deduced by comparing the experimental values to numerical calculations. These are to be explained by the decay mechanism along the axis of the jet with elastic collisions in terms of the mean free path. The developed HAD plasma source was tested for the deposition of Cu thin films with an optimized condition as a plausible application to sputtering processes.
Analysis and Control of Battery Energy Storage System Based on Hybrid Active Third-Harmonic Current Injection Converter
Authors: Tao Yibin , Lei Jiaxing , Feng Xinzhen , Cao Tianzhi , Hu Qinran , Chen Wu
Published: May 2021

This paper applies the emerging hybrid active third-harmonic current injection converter (H3C) to the battery energy storage system (BESS), forming a novel H3C-BESS structure. Compared with the commonly used two-stage VSC-BESS, the proposed H3C-BESS has the capability to reduce the passive components and switching losses. The operation principle of the H3C-BESS is analyzed and the mathematical model is derived. The closed-loop control strategy and controller design are proposed for different operation modes of the system, which include the battery current/voltage control and the injected harmonic current control. In particular, active damping control is realized through the grid current control, which could suppress the LC-filter resonance without the need of passive damping resistors. Simulation results show that the proposed topology and its control strategy have fast dynamic response, with a setup time of less than 4 ms. In addition, the total harmonic distortions of battery current and grid currents are only 2.54% and 3.15%, respectively. The amplitude of the injected harmonic current is only half of the grid current, indicating that the current injection circuit generates low losses. Experimental results are also provided to verify the validity of the proposed solution.
Households Behaviour towards Sustainable Energy Management in Poland—The Homo Energeticus Concept as a New Behaviour Pattern in Sustainable Economics
Authors: Graczyk Alicja Małgorzata
Published: May 2021

The presented article belongs to the research school of sustainable development economics as a relatively new science discipline within the broader area of heterodox economics. This paper is based on literature studies of homo concepts in economics, sociology and psychology. It identifies a research gap in sustainable economics, especially in sustainable energy management, formulating a novel concept of an economic man involved in energy management called homo energeticus. Homo energeticus concept is verified by empirical evidence at a local level-quantitative research conducted on a sample of 500 households in Lower Silesia region in Poland. The research’s first objective is to build the original author’s methodology on which the shift patterns from homo oeconomicus (neoclassical economics) to homo sustinens (sustainable economics) may be presented and may be used by scientists worldwide. After preparing a method for identifying concept, the second goal is to identify and describe the new concept of behaviour. The main conclusions are the sustainable behavioural pattern is dominating trend observed among households’ local energy management (homo energeticus). The homo energeticus behaviour was confirmed by every third respondent (critical threshold of 70%) or less restrictive and sustainable behaviour model homo sustinens (critical threshold of 50%) by more than 91.8% of whole respondents.