bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Task-Oriented Display of Landmark Pictograms in Maps
Authors: Keil Julian , Edler Dennis , Kuchinke Lars , Dickmann Frank
Published: July 2019

Abstract. When people use maps to plan and memorize a route, they commonly look for landmark representations in the form of pictograms that can be used as reference points for orientation (Anacta et al., 2017; Bestgen et al., 2016; Steck & Mallot, 2000). During navigation, matching the positions of landmark pictograms with the positions of the represented objects allows them to verify that they are following the route correctly (Golledge, 1999). When route planning functions of web mapping services as OpenStreetMap or Google Maps are used, the width of the map margins around the displayed route determines which, and how many, landmark representations are displayed in the map. Therefore, margin widths should be selected based on the relevance of specific landmarks around the route for memorizing and following the route. However, this requires to identify task-relevant landmark representations first.In order to identify factors predicting the task-relevance of landmark pictograms, we carried out two route recognition experiments on an eye-tracker monitor. These experiments examined how the relative position of landmark pictograms and the visual complexity of the map affect gaze pattern when a route is memorized. We hypothesized that landmark pictograms close to the route, decision points and potential decision points would receive more visual attention, as they can act as local reference points. Additionally, we expected that more distant landmark pictograms receive visual attention if the visual complexity of the map is low and therefore less reference points for memorizing the route are available.The results demonstrate that the relative position of a landmark pictograms is indeed a relevant predictor for visual attention. The closer landmark pictograms were to the route, decision points or potential decision points, the longer they were fixated. As expected, the average distance of all fixated landmark pictograms was also higher in maps with a low visual complexity. We conclude that small map margins around the route may be applied if a map has a high visual complexity, as enough reference points are available in the close surroundings of the route. Additionally, reducing map margins would increase the presentation size of the remaining map elements and thereby their readability. However, in maps with a low visual complexity, e.g. rural areas, large margins around the route should be applied to provide a sufficient amount of visual reference points, as landmark pictograms, for memorizing the route.
Standard elevation models for evaluating terrain representation
Authors: Kennelly Patrick , Patterson Tom , Tait Alexander , Jenny Bernhard , Huffman Daniel , Bell Sarah , Marston Brooke
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Standard Elevation ModelsWe propose the use of standard elevation models to evaluate and compare the quality of various relief shading and other terrain rendering techniques. These datasets will cover various landforms, be available at no cost to the user, and be free of common data imperfections such as missing data values, resampling artifacts, and seams. Datasets will be available at multiple map scales over the same geographic area for multi-scale analysis.
Exploring Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Twitter data Using Topic Modelling Techniques
Authors: Kim Young-Hoon , Woo Hyun-Jee
Published: July 2019

Abstract. This research purpose aims to explore the spatiotemporal aspects of social media data with Twitter data by using topic modelling techniques. The spatiotemporal limits are restricted in two areas of the Republic of Korea: Seoul and Jeju Island. This paper searches the semantics and geographical place characteristics of the Twitter data, and the semantics and place characteristics are regarded as topics in the topic modelling. This paper also discusses the temporal intensity over different spatial areas and visualizes the spatiotemporal patterns with GIS techniques.As Twitter mobility message contains a user’s interests and behavioural patterns in the geo-tagged data corresponding to its location, it is possible to explore geographical locality and the user’s mobility over space by using textual ontological techniques such as topic modelling. Therefore, this paper attempts keywords searching and textural classification to classify the shared spatial activity patterns of the Twitter users. Consequently, two main analysis themes are explored: the tourist activity patterns attracting the visitors in Jeju over time and temporal periodicity for shopping and meal preference in Seoul, respectively.In conclusion, this research represents a potential of the social network data that enables to fill the gap of spatiotemporal patterns of human beings over the online and mobile environment. Furthermore, our study confirms social data analysis techniques as an alternative geographical data source that can complement and replace the roles of spatial data, which could not be analysed in the conventional offline data.
Consideration of topographic expression for Geopark maps – Case study of the North Ibaraki Geopark
Authors: Koarai Mamoru , Imaizumi Rika
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Geopark is preserving a scientifically valuable topography, a stratum, ecology, culture, history, and archeology. Geopark utilizes these sources for education, study and tourism (Geo tourism), aim at regional vitalization. Geopark is distributing many maps as a pamphlet to tourists. Mokudai and Koarai (2011) suggested that there are some problems in Geopark maps. Maps don’t explain geographical background. Maps don’t express topography well. Geological maps and Land Condition Maps are not used in Geopark maps. The purpose of this study is to create a map that improved some problems in Geopark map. So the authors classified and evaluated maps that are used at Geopark, and they considered elements that need in Geopark maps.The authors classified and evaluated maps that are used at 23 areas of Geopark in Japan. They carried out survey that using 3 questionnaires, to know that best how to express topography. As a result, they decided essential elements of create a Geopark map. Studied areas are Lake Senba Geosite, Omiya Terrace Geosite, and Tanakura Fault Geosite in the North Ibaraki Geopark. In these areas, the authors created maps, compared and considered.
Estimation of three-dimensional structure of forest and development of roots of trees using LiDAR data
Authors: Koarai Mamoru , Narikiyo Akane , Murakami Wataru
Published: July 2019

Abstract. There is deterrent effect to the slope collapse for development of the root of the tree. However, it's difficult to know the development situation of the roots of the forest. On the other hand, they're becoming able to estimate the forest three-dimensional structure such as the tree height, the tree number and diameter breast height, etc. by LiDAR data. Because tree height and diameter are related to development of roots of trees, the authors try to estimate the root system development situation of the forest by LiDAR data to presume indirectly the stability of slope. The authors surveyed the diameters and root system development of about one hundred trees in the cut forest of cedar woods in the weathered granite Abukuma Mountains, Fukushima Prefecture. The three-dimensional structure of the cut forest was presumed from LiDAR data before felling. As the results of consideration, this report show that the three-dimensional structure of the forest is presumed from LiDAR data, and the development situation of the roots of the forest was estimated for slope stability analysis.
Mapping the hot and cold spots of spatial change in Tokyo following the bubble economy period
Authors: Koizumi Ryo , Wakabayashi Yoshiki
Published: July 2019

Abstract. After the bubble economy collapsed at the beginning of the 1990s, the government’s deregulation policies accelerated urban development in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. This resulted in increased trade in real estate and accelerated population growth in downtown Tokyo. However, that trend was not observed in all areas: instead, it exacerbated the spatial differentiation that was already apparent in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Hirayama (2005, 2006, 2011) found that government policy to promote housing supply and increase urban redevelopment split urban space into hot spots, with new investments, and redeveloped districts and cold spots, with stagnant and depopulated districts. However, the precise locations of such spots are not obvious, as those studies did not map them.This study identified and mapped hot and cold spots in Tokyo with the use of spatial analysis with GIS. To this end, we employed grid square population statistics for 1985, 1995, and 2005, which encompasses the entire period of the bubble economy and its aftermath. The analysis of hot spots using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was performed on data for population change in 23 wards of Tokyo in this period. Then, we explored the detailed composition of the population and the background of the changes in a consideration of the socio-economic shift of Tokyo during this period.The results of the analysis indicated that hot and cold spots coexisted in central Tokyo, and their spatial distribution changed drastically following the collapse of the bubble economy at the beginning of the 1990s. Between 1985 and 1995, populations show a concentric pattern of change: cold spots are observed in areas close to the city center and hot spots appear on the outskirts of the study area. This pattern is a result of population outflows due to soaring land prices during the period of the bubble economy.However, population changes between 1995 and 2005 indicated a different pattern and the resulting distribution of hot and cold spots was dispersed. Specifically, hot spots appeared in the south and east parts of central Tokyo, where highrise condominiums were being built on the sites of former factories or warehouses in the coastal areas of Tokyo Bay. In these districts, a marked increase of white-collar workers was observed, an indicator of gentrification. By contrast, cold spots are noted on the northern side of central Tokyo, where large public housing estates are located and their population has declined and aged. The contrast between the north and the south of Tokyo became obvious after the bubble economy collapsed.
Seeing the UN Sustainable Development Goals through Maps
Authors: Kraak Menno-Jan , Ricker Britta , Roth Robert
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Purpose: In this presentation, we announce a book project to map the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The book project is a collaboration between the UN Cartographic Unit, Geospatial Information Section, and the International Cartographic Association (ICA), with layout and production completed by the University of Wisconsin Cartography Lab. The book provides a visual primer on basic and advanced cartographic design principles, demonstrating the power of mapping to engage with persistent social, economic, and environmental inequities while also illustrating the potential of maps to mislead and therefore reinforce these inequities. Target audiences include: policymakers and researchers collecting geospatial information on SDG indicators to improve data policy and products; analysts and designers utilizing geospatial information to improve maps and graphics of the SDGs; and the general public to promote awareness and dialogue about the most pressing challenges facing our planet. In the following, we describe background on the SDGs, book organization, and development process.
Creating a Digital Atlas of French Public Architecture (1795–1840)
Authors: Krause Lena
Published: July 2019

Abstract. After the French Revolution, a national council called Conseil des bâtiments civils was put in charge of the nation's public architecture. Its aim was to build the Republic, providing the necessary infrastructure to establish the new political power and to control public space. The CONBAVIL database consists in the compiled statements of the council meetings, from its creation in 1795 until 1840. It therefore contains all civil building projects pertaining to this time, as each project was examined by the council due to nation-wide administrative centralisation. This database is currently available on the web, yet its use is constrained to interrogation through a static form. Each query returns a list of results which can be studied individually. This model makes limited use of the digital potential within the database and restricts exploration of its contents.In this presentation, the focus will be set on the intrinsically spatial nature of the data. Beyond the immediate implementation of architecture in space, civil buildings were planned and constructed with spatial awareness on local, regional and national scales. What kind of interface can render these characteristics of the CONBAVIL data? Furthermore, how can it impact discovery and knowledge production? My hypothesis is that creating an interactive interface focused on visual and spatial approaches to the data will enable discovery and foster new theories on its contents. My thesis therefore consists in the editorialization and visualization of the CONBAVIL database into a Digital Atlas of French Public Architecture.
Image of Excellence – Developing Wine Maps for Austria
Authors: Kriz Karel
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The Austrian wine industry made the fundamental decision to intensify the marketing of Austrian wine via its origin. Therefore, the creation of protected wines of origin has once again become the focus of interest. Since the marketing of Austrian wine through vineyard designations is increasing every year, it is necessary to present Austria's vineyards in an informative way in order to bring the special features of the protected geographical origin of Austrian quality wines closer to the consumer. The comprehensive, precise and professional acquisition as well as appealing geographic map design of vineyards for different demands, tasks and presentations is widely seen as a conceptual framework for the dissemination of wine relevant issues.Under this assumption, a collaboration project between representatives of the wine industry and academia came into being. Developing Wine Maps for Austria is an embedded research and development project with the aim of conceiving a functional as well as user-centered geographic communication portal of all Austrian vineyards to record, represent and communicate relevant factors dealing with wine and their spatial-temporal characteristics. The Austrian Wine Marketing Company (ÖWM Österreich Wein Marketing GmbH) commissioned the project in cooperation with the University of Vienna, Department of Geography and Regional Research and the Technical Office for Landscape Planning plan+land, Artner & Tomasits OG in order to promote the creation of protected wines of origin as well as to explore new horizons of geo-communication.The project aims to establish a web portal that visualizes and disseminates information on Austrian vineyards in an effective and appealing way. Thus also communicating additional information to accentuate on wine specific features within a defined geographic entity. The goal is to play a pioneering role in the presentation of vineyards and associated products emphasizing in the objective of achieving (cartographic) image of excellence.The presentation will discuss the general conceptual framework clarifying the communication structures and workflow within the system. Thereby explaining the methods and structures based on the defined system architecture. In this context the development and implementation of interfaces for the digital storage and manipulation of all decreed vineyards in Austria will be introduced. These are embedded in a geographical and political hierarchy. This paper will also focus on the prerequisites of wine maps as well as their digital representation with special emphasis on quality assessment and map design. It will compare and discuss currently accessible geo-data sources as well as online applications and finally present an approach to accommodate the described difficulties to facilitate sustainable data caption, creation and design for wine maps that must fulfill the conceptual framework.
How colour palettes in maps are re-coloured by daltonization methods
Authors: Kvitle Anne Kristin
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The ability of identifying objects and elements based on colour is important in order to decode the information in a map or other information graphics. For this reason, the colours need to appear correct and be perceived in the desired and intended way. Map reading is reported as a challenging task for people with impaired colour vision. In reviews of the challenges of colour vision deficiencies (CVD) in everyday life (Cole, 2004), up to 60 % of the subjects in the studies reported problems in reading colour coded charts, slides and prints. Other studies (Carter and Silverstein, 2010) describes the difficulties to distinguish and identify coloured objects in weather, financial and other maps and charts.Colour vision deficiencies are common, where congenital CVD affects about 8 % of the male population and 0.4 % of the female population. In addition, colour vision and colour perception may be affected by medical conditions or injury (acquired CVD) and situational conditions (situation induced CVD).Reviews of visual usability and accessible map design conclude that few maps appear to have been designed with CVD users in mind (Cartwright, 2015) and that the design efforts or research of accessible colours palettes for CVD observers are mostly limited to thematic maps such as choropleths (Kvitle, 2018).Daltonization methods are image processing methods to automatically enhance information in existing images. A common enhancement method is re-colouring, changing the colours in the original image to make be more distinguishable to the CVD observers. The daltonization method targets a specific type of CVD, and may also have been designed for specific applications (natural images, scientific images, information graphics etc). Therefore, the evaluation of the methods is often based on a limited set of test images. Using one specific map image as input will give very different results based on the daltonization methods.The aim of the work is primarily to examine how the colour palettes in a map are altered by different daltonization methods. Second, the aim is to explore how different map types are influenced by the daltonization methods and to propose requirements and guidelines for test images for future work. The set of test images in this work includesInformation graphics (such as a tube map).Choropleth map.Reference map based on different map providers. To illustrate the visual differences, CVD simulation methods are applied on the original images and the daltonized versions of the images.
Relationships between landslides and land use changes in the Sanbagawa and Mikabu Belts, Shikoku, Japan
Authors: Lai Roxanne , Oguchi Takashi
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Changing land use is an increasingly important issue as human habits, behaviors, and needs change. There has been an increase in land and agricultural abandonment in some places of the world. In Japan, movement of the population from rural to urban areas have resulted in much land and agricultural abandonment. In 2016, a land ministry survey showed that 4.1 million hectares of land in Japan had unclear ownership, with farmland making up 16.9% of the total. As vegetation cover changes after land abandonment, this temporal and spatial effect may have important effects on geomorphic processes such as landslide susceptibility and landslide kinematics.Here we track long-term land use changes over vegetated landslide areas of the Sanbagawa and Mikabu Belts of Shikoku Island, Japan. The Sanbagawa and Mikabu Belts are metamorphic belts that run across Southwest Japan, and are home to numerous large crystalline schist landslides, including the widely-studied slow but continuously moving Zentoku landslide. Villages and communities have been built on these landslide areas due to historical and cultural factors, as well as the fertility of the soil. Consequently, given the changing land uses including land abandonment in these landslide areas over time, we use long-term high-resolution land cover vegetation datasets to examine first the long-term land use changes, and then use statistical methods to explore their relationships with landslide susceptibility and kinematics. Mapping of spatial data and their analysis using GIS constitute a core part of the research. The results suggest interconnections between land use changes and land movement.
Analysis of Travel Patterns of Seoul Tourists by Trajectory Data Mining
Authors: Lee Juyoon , Kang Youngok , Kim Nayeon , Kim Dongeun , Park Yearim
Published: July 2019

Abstract. It is necessary to identify the preferences and characteristics of tourists for vitalizing the tourism industry, as the tourism industry is of the fast-growing industries in the economic sector. A trajectory of tourists, a movement of tourists over time, is a very valuable information since it shows tourism characteristics, such as the length of tourists’ visit, tourists’ preferred attraction, the time of arrival to specific tourist attractions, and the movements in between different tourists’ destinations. Earlier studies regarding the movements of tourists were conducted by surveys, or by analyzing the data derived from GPS devices that were handed out to the research areas. However, these approaches using surveys or GPS devices are not only time consuming and requiring a lot of time for the analysis, but also difficult to detect the actual travel patterns. Recently, advances in mobile technologies and multimedia have allowed large amounts of user-generated data, such as travel photos, to be created and shared. This expands the use of such data on tourism industry since it enables to extract and analyze the trajectory of users by using geotagged data that were uploaded on Social Network Services (SNS)(Vu et al. 2015; Zheng et al. 2012).The purpose of this research is to analyze the movement pattern of tourists who visited Seoul by using Flickr data, which is one type of SNS. For this, we went through the following process. First, we collected the Flickr data and preprocessed. Second, we separated the visitors and residents from the collected data. Third, we selected the main tourist attractions. Fourth, we produced trajectory data targeting tourists. Lastly, we analyzed the movement characteristics of tourists using trajectories.
Visual analysis of ICC themes and topics from 2009 to 2019
Authors: Li Jing , Liu Haiyan , Kang Lei
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The themes and topics of the conference reflect the hot issues of the conference. The change of conference theme reflects the development and change of the hot topics of discipline research from the side. This paper uses bibliometrics to quantitatively analyze the topics and topics of International Cartographic Conference（ICC）from 2009 to 2019, and presents them through visualization methods such as label clouds, charts and so on.The research mainly includes three aspects: 1. Fixed topic analysis refers to the analysis of topics in past years, which can reflect the core content of ICC; 2. High-frequency topic analysis refers to the analysis of topics with high frequency, which can reflect hot topics of general concern; 3. Sudden topic analysis refers to the division of topics with sudden increase in short time. The analysis can reflect the research content with high heat in a short time. From the perspective of text analysis, this study analyzed the conference topics, which reflected the development and research changes of Cartography in the ten years, and provided some references for our experts in their research.
Ponds of landuse in Yangmei District and Pingzhen District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
Authors: Lin Tzu-Hui
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to explore the land use of the pond in Taoyuan where located in north Taiwan. Apply ponds to gather water to irrigate the paddy field is a special landscape in this area. In this study, six maps from 1921 to 2015 were selected to digitize the change of the landuse, and intersection, erase analysis functions of GIS were used to show the growth and decline process of ponds, combined with literature analysis to discuss the background of the landuse development. The results reveal that from 1921 to 1989, 91% ponds were converted to paddy field. In 1989 to 1993, only 68% paddy fields and 30% settlements exist. The reasons for the conversion of ponds to paddy field were the construction of Shimen Reservoir in that time led to decline people’s willingness to use the pond to irrigate; the reason for the increase in settlements was the increase in population. This study proved that the growth and decline of pond was absolutely related to human interaction, and has an absolute impact on agricultural use in all days.
Mapping of the maritime jurisdiction for Arctic Navigation
Authors: Liu Haiyan , Pang Xiaoping
Published: July 2019

Abstract. In recent years, Arctic glaciers have gradually melted due to the global warming, which makes the exploitation of Arctic and its seabed resources possible. Though numerous disagreements and potentials over Arctic maritime jurisdiction still exist, the surround-Arctic nations have agreed the United Nations' Convention on the Law of the Sea to divide the Arctic Ocean into zones that can be regulated and exploited. The IBRU of Durham University has mapped the known claims, agreed boundaries and potential claims of the surround-Arctic nations in the Arctic to clear the maritime jurisdiction in the region. However, different countries may have different requirements within their jurisdictional areas. Clarifying these requirements is essential for Arctic Navigation of investigation ships and merchant ships for their route planning.In this paper, based on the map of maritime jurisdiction and boundaries in Arctic region (IBRU), we analysed the international conventions and relevant laws of the surround-Arctic nations to find out the rights and obligations of ships in different zones. The limitations on activities and recommendations on navigation planning are marked for different zones according to different purposes, i.e. science or commerce. The map could not only provide navigational guidance for the activities in the Arctic Ocean, but offer references for the countries not surrounding the Arctic in the formulation of the Arctic strategies.
Characterizing Spatial Variations of Urban Growth Patterns in Beijing, China through Spatial Analysis and Geovisualization
Authors: Liu Ting , Yang Xiaojun
Published: July 2019

Abstract. As the capital city and one of the largest cities of China, Beijing has experienced rapid urban growth in the past several decades. Despite the numerous research efforts of monitoring the spatiotemporal urban growth patterns in Beijing, there is a lack of consensus and comparable results for theory development or decision-making.This paper presents a systematic approach of characterizing urban growth patterns in Beijing through spatial analysis and geovisualization. Specifically, we focus on characterizing the different dimensions of urban growth across scales, including density, continuity, direction, and centrality (Galster et al. 2001). We first derive general land cover information in Beijing from satellite imagery for the years of 1998, 2008, and 2018. The urban extent of Beijing is extracted for each year to be used for further analysis. We then characterize the urban growth patterns through various geovisualization and spatial analysis techniques at both the metropolitan level and the local/cell level (Table 1).At the metropolitan level, we present the general trends of urban growth patterns in Beijing through landscape pattern metrics and spatial statistics. In addition, we compare the measurements of density, continuity and direction across the four functional zones in Beijing, i.e., urban core, extensive urban, new urban, and ecological conservation zone. The result reveals the regional variations and the underlying processes of urban growth in the Beijing metropolitan area. At the local level, we measure the spatial variations of urban growth patterns using a GIS-based moving windows analysis. As the moving window passes over the landscape, each calculated metrics is returned to the focal cell. This creates a surface representation of the selected metrics, which enables the creation of a contour map. The distribution of the contours delineates the spatial variations of urban growth at a finer scale. The developed approach can be applied to urban studies of other geographic areas, which will eventually lead to a comparative study of urban development.
An Improved Algorithms of Stroke Generation Considering Multi-level Information Quantity
Authors: Liu Yi , Li Wenjing , Lin Zhiyong
Published: July 2019

Abstract. As a critical component of road network data, stroke has been widely used in analysis and application of road network. However, most conventional stroke generation strategies are based solely on a regular angle threshold, ignoring the structural characteristics of the road network. In fact, map information comes from the diversity and difference of elements and their distribution characteristics. Different road network structures should also correspond to different angle thresholds, rather than a fixed value. Therefore, quantitatively describing the structure characteristics of road network, has an important impact on the determination of the threshold in stroke generation strategies. In this paper, we propose an algorithm of stroke generation based on spatial feature information, which achieves the selection of the optimal threshold under different road network structures.
Transformation of the landscape of pre-industrial space in the multimedia depiction
Authors: Lorek Dariusz
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The issue touched upon in the research is connected with the interdisciplinary attitude towards the study of the constantly changing landscape in the nineteenth century Central Europe. Such interdisciplinarity results from the combination of the historical approach with the geographical attitude towards the examination of the past presented by unique cartographic materials.The aim of the research was to work out the method of employing cartographic sources and adapting other sources of spatial information for the study and presentation of the landscape transformations in the nineteenth century that occurred as a result of the industrialization process in Europe.Prussian manuscript topographic maps at 1 : 25 000 scale along with early nineteenth-century maps depicting the pre-industrial landscape constitute a significant cartographic source of knowledge. Apart from city plans and other maps, also space descriptions, preserved statistical data, documents, inventories and archives were utilized as sources of spatial information. Photographs, postcards and prints depicting the nineteenth-century landscape were another relevant source of information. Moreover, the data collected during field work, e.g. pictures and short videos made in selected research areas, were also highly useful. The research was conducted, for example, in towns of Greater Poland of different level of economic development. A few types of settlement units were selected, i.e. the village, the town with a mansion (palace), the ‘Olęder’ settlement and the town.On the basis of maps and archives collected for the research area the multimedia method of presentation of landscape types and their transformations, with the employment of geoinformation tools, was suggested. That methodology of multimedia integration of historical materials allowed one to demonstrate consecutive stages of the transformation characteristic of the nineteenth-century landscape.As a result, it became possible to define landscape types for the areas of different level of transformation and preserve the pre-industrial state. Short videos consisting of several sequences that demonstrated the changing form of specific topographic objects, elements of the landscape from the nineteenth century till this day, were the effect of the work. On the basis of the nineteenth-century topographic maps that employed the hatching method for the demonstration of the relief the models of the terrain were generated, which allowed one to create the transition from the parallel perspective to the bird’s eye view that was employed to depict the pre-industrial landscape.
Digital processing of old topographical maps for the reference base for quantitative and qualitative studies of landscape changes
Authors: Lorek Dariusz , Medynska-Gulij Beata , Cybulski Paweł , Horbinski Tymoteusz
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The undertaken issue was the digital processing of cartographic material such as Prussian old topographical maps from the beginning and the end of the XIX century. These maps play a crucial role in studies of the development of the landscape in the past. Quantitative and qualitative changes in geographical space could be analyzed after the transformation of historical material according to the present day coordinate system.The main source of data were two types of Prussian topographical maps – Urmesstischblätter which represents topographical features from the 1820s and Messtischblätter which depicts the landscape from the 1880s and were based on more precise measurements. These two maps were drawn in the 1 : 25 000 scale and because of that they are very useful in comparative analysis. Regions presented on them are the Upper Silesia Industrial District and the Ruhr Area.The main aim of this research was to design and develop a reference basis for further quantitative and qualitative studies of landscape changes in two mentioned regions. The research included a set of methods such as georeferencing old maps based on the current coordinate system, vectorization of the selected geographical features, unification of symbolization, and proofreading of prepared reference maps.The processing of old cartographic maps was divided into stages which helped to achieve the main goals of the research and gave the results which were reference maps with uniformed style in one coordinate system. These reference maps have also become the basis for the creation of bargraphs of land usage, which are used to describe changes in selected elements of the landscape in individual time periods from 1830.
Design of cooperative update mechanism of national geographic conditions monitoring and basic surveying and mapping
Authors: Luo Fujun , Zhao Yousong
Published: July 2019

Abstract. National geographic conditions monitoring and basic surveying and mapping are two important tasks of the surveying and mapping department, and they are similar in production organization and technology realization. In the process of operation, both of them need to carry out internal collection, base map production, field verification and so on. It is operationally feasible to carry out cooperative production of national geographic conditions monitoring and basic surveying and mapping. From the perspective of technical process and method, both of them are carried out by combination internal and field work. Firstly, based on remote sensing images and thematic geographic data, the internal work will perform image interpretation and obtain staged results data. Then, the field verification will be carried out to make judgments and adjustments. Finally, the results of the field verification will be transferred back to the internal work, and the data will be further edited and organized in the internal work to obtain the final data.Basic surveying and mapping focuses on abstract representation of the real world, but lacks comprehensive integration of information and in-depth knowledge mining. National geographic condition monitoring focuses on the spatial distribution, characteristics and interrelations of natural and human geographical elements on the surface. There are many differences between basic surveying and mapping and national geographic conditions monitoring in the content and index of data collection, data stratification and element attribute. But basic surveying and mapping results are the basic data for national geographic conditions monitoring and national geographic conditions monitoring data is an important update data source for basic surveying and mapping.On the one hand, part of the geographic information can be updated on the basis of extracting relevant basic geographic information element data and attribute information, On the other hand, timely basic geographic information data can be used as the direct basis for the collection of geographic information.This paper designs the technical methods and workflow of the cooperative update mechanism based on the relevant technical documents of national geographic conditions monitoring and basic surveying and mapping. It will enable one-time acquisition of data needed for the national geographic conditions monitoring and basic surveying and mapping, "one-time collection, classification and utilization". It will save a lot of time and effort, reduce workload and improve productivity.
Ethics of Location-Based Data in Crisis Situations
Authors: MacEachren Alan M.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. This presentation will provide an overview of a Workshop-based effort on ethics in location-based, organized by the Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights, and Law Program of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). More specifically, the AAAS organized three workshops during 2017 and 2018 directed to exploring the ethical implications of collecting, analysing, and acting upon location-based data in crisis situations – “Developing Ethical Guidelines and Best Practices for the Use of Volunteered Geographic Information and Remotely Sensed Imagery in Crisis Situations.”. The outcome of those workshops and follow up efforts was a document detailing principles and guidelines with the objective of empowering crisis response actors to use location-based data responsibly and ethically. On behalf of all those involved, as a Participant in all three workshops and a AAAS Fellow, I will present an overview of the results of this effort. The presentation will outline the five principles developed and provide examples of their motivation and use:Do No Harm: Identify and minimize potential risk, particularly as they may affect the vulnerability of individuals and populationsDefine Your Purpose: Ensure action is mission-driven and goal-orientedDo Good Science: Employ scientifically rigorous and responsible methodsCollaborate and Consult: Engage with local partnersGive Access to Your Data: Share data openly, when safe and practicable The presentation will also reflect on (a) the specific relevance of this effort and its outcome for the international cartographic community and (b) our obligation as academic/professional cartographers to address the dual challenges of leveraging locational data cartographically to support crisis management and humanitarian efforts while also guarding against misuse of the data collected and map generated. I will conclude by reflecting on my experience in working with a diverse, interdisciplinary, international group on this hard problem.
Atlas of Yellowstone, 2nd Edition: Celebrating 150 Years of the World’s First National Park, 1872–2022
Authors: Marcus W. Andrew , Meacham James E. , Menke Justin T. , Steingisser Aleathea Y. , Rodman Ann E.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The Second Edition of the Atlas of Yellowstone will celebrate the 150-year history of the world’s first national park – and reflect on the future of Yellowstone and its evolving place in the world. Like the first Atlas of Yellowstone published in 2012, the Second Edition will provide a comprehensive view of the human and natural setting of Yellowstone National Park. Also like the First Edition, the new edition will portray variations over space and time, explore human-nature interactions throughout the region, document connections of Yellowstone to the rest of the world, and – ultimately – guide the reader to a deeper appreciation of Yellowstone.Beyond that, the new edition will provide much expanded coverage of the park’s history. Readers will better understand the many different ways in which the creation of Yellowstone National Park has preserved and altered the landscapes and ecology of Yellowstone and conservation thought and practice, both locally and around the world.The new atlas will also reflect advances in scientific data collection, knowledge, and insight gained since publication of the first edition. New topic pages will address key management issues ranging from increased visitor impact to wildlife disease to light pollution. In addition, many of the 850 existing graphics will be updated, reimagined, or replaced by new graphics that capture the remarkable wealth of data that has become available since the First Edition. Whether it be tracking of individual wolves, ecosystem imagery from space, or detailed visitor surveys – new data provide insights that could not be graphically displayed before.The Second Edition celebrates 150 years of America’s best idea and what that has meant to the world. The significance of Yellowstone National Park to conservation, scholarship, and the human experience is enormous, and deserves a volume that captures that importance.
Using Area Cartograms in Teaching Geography in Secondary Schools
Authors: Markowska Anna
Published: July 2019

Abstract. An area cartogram is one of the cartographic presentation forms. It is a unique way of presenting statistical data, in which the surface of the individual spatial units is proportional to the value of the phenomenon. Due to its specificity, the area cartogram is an interesting way of graphical representation of phenomena, in particular, the demographic and economic problems of the world.In my research, I discuss an empirical study that I have conducted among pupils of the secondary school in Poland. On the basis of the list of advantages and disadvantages of area cartograms collected by B.D. Denta (1999), I assumed that contiguous area cartograms seem to be more useful in teaching in the secondary schools than non-contiguous cartograms. I compared the three types of contiguous area cartograms (preserving the spatial continuity of the presentation, having no gaps between neighboring units – Figure 1): square cartograms, mosaic cartograms and diffusion-based cartograms (Gastner-Newman algorithm).
Updating of mountain trails on the “Digital Japan Basic Map” using big data of walking paths
Authors: Nakaminami Kiyoaki , Otsuka Koji , Honda Yoshikazu
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) provides the “Digital Japan Basic Map” as fundamental geospatial information of Japan. Main items of the “Digital Japan Basic Map” such as major roads, large scale buildings and administrative boundaries are quickly and continuously updated as soon as useful source data are obtained from collaborating public facility administrators and local governments. On the other hand, other items are revised at relatively long interval using ortho images, urban planning base maps and other sources depending on the changes of national land throughout Japan. Mountain trails are a part of the “Digital Japan Basic Map” as one of the road feature which should be updated quickly and continuously. When GSI provided the initial 1:25,000 scale topographic maps, which cover the whole area of national land and are one of the source of “Digital Japan Basic Map”, GSI conducted field surveys and drew mountain trails using aerial photographs. They have been updated partly so far. When landslips occur, mountain trails easily change their locations. In the thickly wooded areas, they are difficult to draw using only aerial photographs, requiring time and labour-consuming field surveys. On the other hand, the primary cause of distress in mountainous areas is getting lost. Therefore providing accurate and updated maps is essential to decrease distress and to keep mountaineers safety. People who use mountaineering applications on their smartphones and tablets are increasing more and more, as almost all smartphones and tablets have a GNSS module and provide locations on maps. The applications users post and share the information of their walking paths, which are recorded by their smartphones and tablets, on the web sites for the community of mountaineers. The more the number of the applications users increase, the more walking paths are stored as big data on the web sites. GSI concluded the agreements between two private companies respectively which manage the web sites for the community of mountaineers in December, 2017. Thus GSI received enormous walking paths information as big data from the cooperating companies and commenced to update mountain trails using big data. GSI provided the first updated maps using big data of walking paths in March, 2018. Now GSI continues to update trails of major mountains all over Japan. GSI will quickly and continuously provide the accurate and updated maps using big data, contributing to the safety and convenience of mountaineers.
Satellite Stereo Image Processing for 3D Topographic Mapping
Authors: Oh Jaehong , Lee Changno
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The large scale topographic map generation is mostly carried out using the aerial images while the high resolution satellite data are gaining popularity because of its large swath width that enables the efficient and economic mapping even over inaccessible areas. To use the satellite data for the 3D topographic mapping, the data should be acquired in the stereo mode and they requires to be aligned for the epipolar geometry. The accurate epipolar image resampling aligns stereo images to enable a stereo display on the computer monitor where human operators can easily identify and extract 3D features, such as points of interest, contours, building layers, and roads. The pushbroom type camera, which is used by most high-resolution satellites, has quite different epipolar geometry than the frame type of aerial or terrestrial cameras. Therefore, the piecewise approach should be used instead of the fundamental matrix approach that is the standard method for the frame type cameras. Regarding the sensor model, most high-resolution satellite data use RPCs (Rational Polynomial Coefficients) of RFM (Rational Function Model) while the frame type camera use the collinearity equation. But RPCs from the satellite image providers have not been accurate enough such that GCPs (Ground Control Points) are often required for improving the RPCs accuracy. The GCPs acquisition is not an easy task over the inaccessible areas and the positional accuracy of the old geospatial data such as orthoimages and traditional maps is relatively low. Fortunately, the positional accuracy of RPCs increases than the past such as up to several meters. The major problem to achieve high accuracy of stereo geometry is to ensure that the consistency between the stereo data is less than one-pixel level. Therefore, in this study, we first utilized the relative orientation method to improve the precision between the stereo data without using any GCP. The tie points are extracted using the robust stereo matching and they are used to generate quasi-GCPs by the space intersection based on the RPCs. The quasi-GCPs are projected back to the stereo data to model and remove the inconsistency in the image space. The improved RPCs were used to accurately align the stereo data for map production.