bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neolithic Pottery and other Remains from Pangbourne, Berks., and Caversham, Oxon
Authors: Piggott Stuart
Published: October 2013

In the present state of our knowledge of the Neolithic period in England, and especially as regards its pottery, any light that can be thrown upon it is welcome, and it is on that account that I have brought before the Society a report on two discoveries of Neolithic remains: at Pangbourne, Berks., and Caversham, Oxon.

It is greatly to be regretted that owing to the circumstances of the discovery accurate observations could not be made. In May, 1928, workmen were engaged in levelling ground to make a tennis court, at “Farmhili,” Courtlands Hill, Pangbourne, and in doing so came upon, and, as is unhappily so often the case, disturbed and partly smashed a human skeleton, other animal bones, of which a few only survive, and a large bowl of coarse pottery, definitely of Neolithic type. It would seem that when found the bowl was imore or less complete, but Mr. G. W. Smith, of Reading, who visited the spot the day after the discovery, was only able to find about two-thirds of the vessel, in fragments, on the rubbish heaps of excavated material. These fragments, together with the other remains, were presented by the owner of the land, Lt.-Com. W. S. Macilwaine, R.N., to the Reading Museum, where the writer had the opportunity of examining them.
Pigmy Burins in Surrey and Sussex
Authors: Hooper Wilfrid
Published: October 2013

One very common, if not the commonest, type of burin on the majority of microlithic sites in these two counties is the micro-burin or beaked graver. In the course of the last two years I have collected, chiefly from the surface, upwards of 70 specimens of this type on Surrey sites, and as many more from the same number of sites in Sussex. The Surrey sites lie on the lower greensand belt which, crossing the southern portion of the county from east to west, broadens out in the south-west into a wide expanse of picturesque uplands studded with heaths and commons, and terminating in a bold escarpment overlooking the Weald. The pigmy-bearing grounds are widely scattered over the beds of this formation, and range from the valleys and comparatively low-lying heaths between 200-300 feet O.D., at the foot of its northern slopes to the extreme edge of the escarpment, which at Leith Hill reaches a height of 965 feet O.D. On these sites the micro-burin is almost invariably present in greater or less numbers. A description of this curious implement by Capt. F. Buckley appeared in the Society's Proceedings 1921-22. As regards his statement that the marks of usage invariably appear along the edge opposite the notch formed by the removal of the back flake, my experience differs from his. Several of my specimens lack any marks of usage along this edge, and the beak rather than the edge appears in these examples to have been the working portion of the tool.
The Flint Implements of the Type Station of La Madeleine
Authors: Barnes Alfred S.
Published: October 2013

The word ‘flint’ is applied as a designation of the tools in contradistinction to the tools and weapons of bone and ivory, and as an equivalent of the French ‘Silex.’ The materials from which the tools at La Madeleine are made are, in fact, chert, jasper, chalcedony, and, to a lesser extent, quartz.

The rock shelter of La Madeleine is situated at the base of lofty limestone cliffs, and the bone and ivory implements there have been well preserved.

The classification followed in the present paper will be that of Capitan and Peyrony, in which the Magdalenian culture is divided into three sections, designated Lower, Middle and Upper respectively.

There is little difference apparent to the eye in the flint tools of those three sections, and in consequence they have been classed in accordance with the character of the bone and ivory implements found in the same beds with them at La Madeleine.

The present paper is divided into three sections as follows:—

I. Observations on certain forms of Magdalenian tools.

II. Typical tools of the Lower, Middle and Upper Industries at La Madeleine.

III. The frequency distribution and dimensions of the flint tools of the industries at La Madeleine as a basis for comparison with Magdalenian industries elsewhere.
The Early Bronze Age Flint Dagger in England and Wales
Authors: Grimes W. F.
Published: October 2013

The chronology of the flint dagger which is the subject of the present paper has been discussed by R. A. Smith, who established the date of the type in the first phase of the Bronze Age, the period to which it had already been assigned by Montelius. A summary ot the list made by Mr. Smith is given in Appendix II below (p. 354-5); the few examples recorded with datable associations since 1919 bring the total up to 26.

Sir John Evans's description, adopted by Mr. Smith, gives the length and breadth of the type as varying generally between 5 and 7 ins. and 1½ to 2½ ins. respectively, although both larger and smaller examples occur. The blades are thin in proportion to their length, and lanceolate in outline, although in this respect there is a certain amount of variation. Both faces are flaked, and the working is generally of a very high character. In some cases major excrescences have been reduced by grinding.

Some typological development may be observed in the forms, although this cannot be compared with the elaborate evolution of the well-known Scandinavian series (below, p. 350). The changes take place in the butt. The earliest form typoiogically speaking, would seem to be a simple leaf-shaped blade, the widest part of which is approximately at the middle. There is no distinction between blade and tang or handle, and the latter is generally rounded off. Such daggers as the Green Low, Alsop Moor (Appendix I, no. 27, and fig. 1), and Acklam Wold (126) examples represent this form. It is not always easy to decide, however, whether other blades approximating to this shape represent a so-called prototype, and care has also to be taken to differentiate surface-found laurel-leaf blades of Solutrean age, although these are more usually pointed at both ends.
Neolithic Pottery from Larne
Authors: Piggott Stuart , Childe V. G.
Published: October 2013

In the Antrim Collection at the Ashmolean Museum is a group of sherds said to be from a chambered cairn near Lame, co. Antrim. There are no exact details of the find available, but a label pasted inside one sherd states that it was found in a tumulus in 1869. Mr. E. Thurlow Leeds first drew attention to this pottery in 1927 and indicated its importance, but it has not hitherto been fully studied.

The group is unambiguously linked by certain sherds with a small series of Scottish Neolithic wares, represented by the well-known bowls from the Clachaig and Beacharra segmented cairns, but other fragments show remarkable features which serve to isolate it as a group sui generis.

The importance of the group lies in the mixture of styles represented. The actual forms of the pottery suggest kinship with the great Windmill Hill family of the British Neolithic wares, and certain sherds (Nos. 4, 5, 11, 12, and 16) exhibit features of decoration (transverse strokes on the rim, shallow grooves, etc.) characteristic of this class alone. On the other hand, the motifs of cord impressions, both plain and whipped, hatched triangles and herringbone on the other sherds are completely unknown in the pure Windmill Hill ceramics and occur in the British Neolithic only in the pottery of the Peterborough culture. The arrangement of the ornament in panels on Nos. 1 and 3 is, however, a distinctive Windmill Hill style.
The Curved Flint Sickle Blades of Britain
Authors: Clark Grahame
Published: October 2013

The type of flint implement which we are investigating here was first distinguished by the late Sir John Evans in his Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain as long ago as 1872. Out of a total of 52 specimens noted in this paper, 12 were mentioned by Evans in his 2nd edition, 12 have been published elsewhere, and 28 are here recorded for the first time. Outlines of 50 and a photograph of another are given in Figs. 1-3,7 and 8.

They consist of long narrow blades carefully flaked over both faces, which are of roughly equal convexity, to produce two cutting edges. In plan the tip and the butt are usually defined by the more tapering character of the former, while the general outline is asymmetric. The type as thus defined is quite distinct from any other, though it differs only by its asymmetry from certain leaf-shaped blades flaked over both faces. There is, however, a further characteristic, namely a varying extent and degree of concavity of one cutting edge, which further defines our type and marks it off still more from other flint forms. We mention in this paper two examples showing asymmetry of form (Nos. 28 and 29), but lacking any degree of concavity in either cutting-edge, as they may be related to the true sickle form.
Some Littoral Sites of Early Post-Glacial Times Located in North Ireland
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: October 2013

In 1931 I described two newly-discovered stone age industries of post-glacial age situated in north-east Ireland which had been made by myself and worked in conjunction with my friend C. Blake Whelan: the one from the Lower Estuarine Clay on Islandmagee, and the other from what is probably a fluviatile gravel intercalated between the Upper and Lower Estuarine Clays in the raised-beach formation at Cushendun.

The former of these cultures has its counterpart in the blade industry beneath alluvium in the Orwell Estuary at Ipswich, Suffolk; whilst the latter finds its parallel in the raised-beach at Campbeltown in Argyllshire, Scotland. Adopting the familiar culture-sequence of Central Europe I had previously designated these two groups as phases of the Magdalenian period, but, in order to avoid confusion between the time-periods and the nomenclature of continental cultures, I have decided to base my chronology of the north Irish industries upon the natural changes of climate revealed by a study of the deposits in which they were found. The industries to be described below were contemporary with the Mesolithic Forest Cultures distinguished by Childe and Clark over the plain of northern Europe.
Effects of nest success and mate fidelity on breeding dispersal in a population of Snowy PloversCharadrius nivosus
Authors: PEARSON WENDY J. , COLWELL MARK A.
Published: October 2013

Breeding dispersal subsequent to nest failure is hypothesised to be a behavioural response to danger posed by nest predators. We used histories and locations of male and female Snowy PloverCharadrius nivosusnests in northern California over a 10-year period to examine effects of nest fate, mate fidelity, residency, predator exclosures, and age on dispersal distance. Within years, females moved a median distance of 2.2 km after changing mates; males moved a median of 0.9 km. Between years, plovers moved the shortest distances when they retained a mate from the prior year and were successful in hatching eggs (males = 0.2 km, females = 0.3 km). Both females (13.0 km) and males (2.6 km) dispersed farther when mate change coincided with nest failure in the prior year. The observation that most plovers did not disperse far enough to move away from sites where predators are abundant and have strong effects on plover reproductive success suggests that effective predator management will be challenging.
Anomalous right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA), and aberrant right subclavian artery in a 2-month infant with heart failure
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , Vahidshahi Koorosh , Tehrani Ramin Baghai , Ali-Akbar Hamidreza Poor , Godarzi Mohammad Rad
Published: October 2013

Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) is a very rare congenital heart anomaly. Most of the cases are asymptomatic during infancy and childhood. We report ARCAPA associated with aberrant right subclavian artery in a 2-month male infant presenting with heart failure. We used computed tomography angiography for confirming the diagnosis and also for post-operative follow-up.
Grammatical morphology as a source of early number word meanings
Authors: Almoammer Alhanouf , Sullivan Jessica , Donlan Chris , Marušič Franc , Žaucer Rok , O’Donnell Timothy , Barner David
Published: October 2013

Significance

Languages vary in how they grammatically mark number (e.g., in nouns, verbs, and so forth). We test the effects of this variability on learning number words—for example,
one
,
two
,
three
—by investigating children learning Slovenian and Saudi Arabic, which have singular-plural marking, but also dual marking (for sets of two). We find that learning the dual is associated with faster learning of the meaning of
two
than in any previously studied language, even when accompanied by less experience with counting. We conclude that although exposure to counting is important to learning number word meanings, hearing number words used outside of these routines—in the quantificational structures of language—may also be highly important in early acquisition.
Female competition and aggression: interdisciplinary perspectives
Authors: Stockley Paula , Campbell Anne
Published: October 2013

This paper introduces a Theme Issue combining interdisciplinary perspectives in the study of female competition and aggression. Despite a history of being largely overlooked, evidence is now accumulating for the widespread evolutionary significance of female competition. Here, we provide a synthesis of contributions to this Theme Issue on humans and other vertebrates, and highlight directions for future research. Females compete for resources needed to survive and reproduce, and for preferred mates. Although female aggression takes diverse forms, under most circumstances relatively low-risk competitive strategies are favoured, most probably due to constraints of offspring production and care. In social species, dominance relationships and threats of punishment can resolve social conflict without resort to direct aggression, and coalitions or alliances may reduce risk of retaliation. Consistent with these trends, indirect aggression is a low cost but effective form of competition among young women. Costs are also minimized by flexibility in expression of competitive traits, with aggressive behaviour and competitive signalling tailored to social and ecological conditions. Future research on female competition and the proximate mediators of female aggression will be greatly enhanced by opportunities for interdisciplinary exchange, as evidenced by contributions to this Theme Issue.
Proximate perspectives on the evolution of female aggression: good for the gander, good for the goose?
Authors: Rosvall Kimberly A.
Published: October 2013

Female–female aggression often functions in competition over reproductive or social benefits, but the proximate mechanisms of this apparently adaptive behaviour are not well understood. The sex steroid hormone testosterone (T) and its metabolites are well-established mediators of male–male aggression, and several lines of evidence suggest that T-mediated mechanisms may apply to females as well. However, a key question is whether mechanisms of female aggression primarily reflect correlated evolutionary responses to selection acting on males, or whether direct selection acting on females has made modifications to these mechanisms that are adaptive in light of female life history. Here, I examine the degree to which female aggression is mediated at the level of T production, target tissue sensitivity to T, or downstream genomic responses in order to test the hypothesis that selection favours mechanisms that facilitate female aggression while minimizing the costs of systemically elevated T. I draw heavily from avian systems, including the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), as well as other organisms in which these mechanisms have been well studied from an evolutionary/ecological perspective in both sexes. Findings reveal that the sexes share many behavioural and hormonal mechanisms, though several patterns also suggest sex-specific adaptation. I argue that greater attention to multiple levels of analysis—from hormone to receptor to gene network, including analyses of individual variation that represents the raw material of evolutionary change—will be a fruitful path for understanding mechanisms of behavioural regulation and intersexual coevolution.
Gastrointestinal involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis: histological features and outcome
Authors: Latus Joerg , Koetter Ina , Fritz Peter , Kimmel Martin , Biegger Dagmar , Ott German , Stange Eduard F. , Amann Kerstin , Alscher Dominik M. , Braun Niko
Published: October 2013

Aim

Gastrointestinal (GI) involvement in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) or microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is rare.

Method

Medical charts of seven patients with GPA and MPA and GI involvement were reviewed regarding clinical presentation, outcome, diagnostic tools and therapy. Second, the cellular composition of the inflammatory infiltrate associated with the vascular lesions in histological samples (ileum, colon, rectum, duodenum) were investigated to identify possible treatment targets. Immunohistochemistry was done with antibodies against CD20, CD3 and CD34. Samples from a healthy control group (n = 15) were used for comparison.

Results

Mean age at onset of the first symptoms of vasculitis was 48 ± 21.3 years. At time of diagnosis GI symptoms were present in five out of seven patients (71%) and occurred during relapse of the vasculitis in two patients (29%). All patients had abdominal pain, four of seven (57%) had an acute kidney injury and three patients required renal replacement therapy. At the time of diagnosis five of seven patients (71%) required surgery and mean Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) on admission was high (26.3 ± 7.7). Regarding outcome, one patient died due to gastrointestinal bleeding. Histological analysis showed significantly higher expression of CD3 in this patient compared to the control group (P = 0.02). Analysis of expression of CD20 and CD34 showed no statistically significant differences between patients with GPA and MPA with GI involvement compared to the control group.

Conclusions

GI involvement in GPA and MPA is rare. Therapy directed at T cells might be an alternative treatment option.
Early Australasian experience with branched endovascular thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Authors: Jamieson Russell W. , Huilgol Ravi L.
Published: October 2013

Introduction

Endovascular technology can now support total endovascular thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair with branches maintaining visceral and renal perfusion thus avoiding the need for massive open surgery. High‐volume centres have reported encouraging results. We report our Australasian experience of 10 cases including the first‐in‐man ‘off‐the‐shelf’ graft.

Methods

Ten consecutive endovascular repairs performed with prospective data collection have been retrospectively analysed.

Results

Six men and four women with an average age of 72.4 years (range 55–85) were treated between 2009 and 2012. The mean aneurysm diameter was 7 cm (range 4.8–10.0) with aneurysms across all five Crawford classifications. One hundred per cent procedural technical success was achieved and all branches and fenestrations were patent at a median follow up of 12 months. In total, 30 branches were utilized together with seven fenestrations. One death from respiratory failure occurred on day 30 without endograft problems and there were two late aneurysm related deaths. Three patients experienced spinal cord ischaemia and one patient experienced two separate late endoleaks. Six patients had successful endografts and remain alive and well.

Discussion

For experienced endovascular surgeons working with a proctor 100% technical success in graft deployment is achievable. Endovascular skills alone do not guarantee long‐term success; our results demonstrate the need for careful patient selection, the danger of spinal cord ischaemia and the potential for endoleaks.
White matter alterations in bipolar disorder: potential for drug discovery and development
Authors: Marlinge Emeline , Bellivier Frank , Houenou Josselin
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Brain white matter (WM) alterations have recently emerged as potentially relevant in bipolar disorder. New techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging allow precise exploration of these WM microstructural alterations in bipolar disorder. Our objective was to critically review WM alterations in bipolar disorder, using neuroimaging and neuropathological studies, in the context of neural models and the potential for drug discovery and development.

Methods

We conducted a systematic PubMed and Google Scholar search of the WM and bipolar disorder literature up to and including January 2013.

Results

Findings relating to WM alterations are consistent in neuroimaging and neuropathology studies of bipolar disorder, especially in regions involved in emotional processing such as the anterior frontal lobe, corpus callosum, cingulate cortex, and in fronto‐limbic connections. Some of the structural alterations are related to genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder and may underlie the dysfunctional emotional processing described in recent neurobiological models of bipolar disorder. Medication effects in bipolar disorder, from lithium and other mood stabilizers, might impact myelinating processes, particularly by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 beta.

Conclusions

Pathways leading to WM alterations in bipolar disorder represent potential targets for the development and discovery of new drugs. Myelin damage in bipolar disorder suggests that the effects of existing pro‐myelinating drugs should also be evaluated to improve our understanding and treatment of this disease.
Genetic variation in CD36,HBA,NOS3 and VCAM1 is associated with chronic haemolysis level in sickle cell anaemia: a longitudinal study
Authors: Coelho Andreia , Dias Alexandra , Morais Anabela , Nunes Baltazar , Ferreira Emanuel , Picanço Isabel , Faustino Paula , Lavinha João
Published: October 2013

Chronic haemolysis stands out as one of the hallmarks of sickle cell anaemia, a clinically heterogeneous autosomal recessive monogenic anaemia. However, the genetic architecture of this sub‐phenotype is still poorly understood. Here, we report the results of an association study between haemolysis biomarkers (serum LDH, total bilirubin and reticulocyte count) and the inheritance of 41 genetic variants of ten candidate genes in a series of 99 paediatric SS patients (median current age of 9.9 yr) followed up in two general hospitals in Greater Lisboa area (median follow‐up per patient of 5.0 yr). Although in a large number of tests a seemingly significant (i.e. P < 0.05) association was observed, the following ones were confirmed upon correction for multiple comparisons: (i) an increased serum LDH level was associated with haplotype 7 within VCAM1 gene; (ii) a lower total bilirubin was associated with the 3.7‐kb deletion at HBA gene, rs2070744_T allele at NOS3 gene, and haplotype 9 within VCAM1 promoter; and (iii) a diminished reticulocyte count was associated with the 3.7‐kb deletion at HBA, whereas an increased count was associated with rs1984112_G allele at CD36 gene. On the whole, our findings suggest a complex genetic architecture for the sickle cell anaemia haemolysis process involving multiple pathways, namely control of vascular cell adhesion, NO synthesis and erythrocyte volume and haemoglobinisation.
Scabies community prevalence and mass drug administration in two Fijian villages
Authors: Haar Karin , Romani Lucia , Filimone Raikanikoda , Kishore Kamal , Tuicakau Meciusela , Koroivueta Josefa , Kaldor John M. , Wand Handan , Steer Andrew , Whitfeld Margot
Published: October 2013

Background

Scabies has been estimated to affect approximately 300 million people worldwide each year. Scabies rates are high and pose a significant public health problem in Fiji. Community‐based comparison treatment trials have not been undertaken. We estimated scabies prevalence and compared the efficacy and tolerability of mass drug administration (MDA) of benzyl benzoate lotion (BB) or oral ivermectin (IVM) in two villages in Fiji.

Methods

A prospective MDA trial was undertaken in two Fijian villages, comparing three daily applications of BB with single dose IVM or permethrin cream for those aged under two years. The therapies were offered to all community members regardless of the presence of scabies or its symptoms. The difference in prevalence was measured before and after the intervention and absolute risk reduction (ARR) and relative risk (RR) calculated.

Results

In the BB group, there were 572 eligible participants, of whom 435 (76%) enrolled and 201 (46%) returned for follow‐up. In the IVM group, there were 667 eligible participants, of whom 325 (49%) enrolled and 126 (39%) returned. Scabies prevalence was lower after the intervention in both groups. It fell from 37.9 to 20.0% (ARR 18.0%; RR 0.52) in the BB group and from 23.7 to 9.5% (ARR 14.2%; RR 0.40) in the IVM group.

Conclusions

Our study provides proof of principle that MDA for scabies can reduce scabies prevalence at the community level, and that there was no significant difference in this trial between BB and oral IVM.
Milk and rice
Authors: Eisenberg S. , Benbenishty J.
Published: October 2013

The following short article is an account of Israeli nurses caring for Syrian wounded. These wounded are shuffled across the Syrian border into Israeli hospitals. Until today and including today, we are considered ‘enemy countries’ with no diplomatic relations and fire arms pointing at each other. Six months ago when the Syrian wounded started trickling into our hospitals, the nurses did not know how to react and stood on shaky ground. The casualties were admitted directly into the intensive care units and emergency rooms without knowledge of mechanism of injury, date or circumstances of injury, and alone with no family support. We were told not to communicate with them. However, that request was quickly overlooked and relationships developed. The following report is that of one of the bedside nurses in an Israeli border hospital and her experience of caring for a Syrian casualty.
Tootsie Pops: How many Licks to the Chocolate?
Authors: Heid Cory
Published: October 2013

Tootsie Pops are lollipops on sticks with a ball of chocolate inside them. How many licks does it take to reach the chocolate? Every American child has wondered. Cory Heid set out to find the answer.
Maternal and neonatal health outcomes following the implementation of an innovative model of nurse practitioner‐led care for diabetes in pregnancy
Authors: Murfet Giuliana O. , Allen Penny , Hingston Tania J.
Published: October 2013

Aim

To investigate maternal and neonatal outcomes following implementation of a nurse practitioner‐led model of care for diabetes in pregnancy.

Background

Diabetes in pregnancy increases the risk of adverse health outcomes in mothers and infants. The management of diabetes in pregnancy is crucial to reduce poor outcomes.

Design

Uncontrolled before‐after intervention study.

Methods

International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify pregnancies suspected of being complicated by diabetes. Demographic, health, diabetes and maternity data were extracted from hospital records. Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared pre‐ (2003–2006) and postintervention (2010–2011). Adjusted relative risks (aRR) were calculated using the glm command in Stata.

Results

A total of 261 pregnancies were included: 112 pre‐intervention and 149 managed under the nurse practitioner‐led model. There were 37 women with pre‐existing diabetes (26 T1DM, 11 T2DM) and 195 with gestational diabetes. Referrals to dieticians and diabetes educators increased, while referrals to physicians decreased. There was no decrease in the risk of adverse maternal outcomes for all women with DIP or women with GDM. However, there was a 24% decrease in adverse neonatal outcomes overall and a 40% decrease among infants of women with gestational diabetes.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that nurse practitioner‐led models of care for diabetes in pregnancy are feasible. The findings suggest that the model reduced adverse neonatal outcomes. By improving information provision, support and care coordination, the model is particularly valuable in rural areas, where access to medical specialists is often restricted.
New insights on diapirism in the Adriatic Sea: the Tremiti salt structure (Apulia offshore, southeastern Italy)
Authors: Festa Vincenzo , Teofilo Gianvito , Tropeano Marcello , Sabato Luisa , Spalluto Luigi
Published: October 2013

The reinterpretation of public seismic profiles in the Adriatic offshore of Gargano (Apulia, southern Italy) allowed the detection of a kilometre‐scale salt‐anticline, the Tremiti diapir, within the larger Tremiti Structure. This anticline was generated by diapirism of Upper Triassic anhydrites within a thick Mesozoic to Quaternary sedimentary succession. Both internal stratal patterns and shapes of Plio‐Quaternary units, and the occurrence of an angular unconformity between early Tortonian and Pliocene rocks on the Tremiti Islands, suggest that halokinesis began during the late Miocene and is still active today. An ancient extensional SE‐dipping fault, cutting an older Mesozoic low‐amplitude anhydritic ridge, played an important role during salt mobilization, which was promoted by NW‐SE shortening. The diapir grew in the footwall of this fault, causing its upward propagation. In some places, the ancient fault served as a preferential channel for the upward migration of the anhydrites.
A Fully Implicit, Lower Bound, Multi-Axial Solution Strategy for Direct Ratchet Boundary Evaluation: Implementation and Comparison
Authors: Jappy Alan , Mackenzie Donald , Chen Haofeng
Published: October 2013

Ensuring sufficient safety against ratcheting is a fundamental requirement in pressure vessel design. However, determining the ratchet boundary using a full elastic-plastic finite element analysis can be problematic and a number of direct methods have been proposed to overcome difficulties associated with ratchet boundary evaluation. This paper proposes a new lower bound ratchet analysis approach, similar to the previously proposed hybrid method but based on fully implicit elastic-plastic solution strategies. The method utilizes superimposed elastic stresses and modified radial return integration to converge on the residual state throughout, resulting in one finite element model suitable for solving the cyclic stresses (stage 1) and performing the augmented limit analysis to determine the ratchet boundary (stage 2). The modified radial return methods for both stages of the analysis are presented, with the corresponding stress update algorithm and resulting consistent tangent moduli. Comparisons with other direct methods for selected benchmark problems are presented. It is shown that the proposed method evaluates a consistent lower bound estimate of the ratchet boundary, which has not previously been clearly demonstrated for other lower bound approaches. Limitations in the description of plastic strains and compatibility during the ratchet analysis are identified as being a cause for the differences between the proposed methods and current upper bound methods.
Enhancement of Peripheral Stents Reliability: Developing Interactive Procedure Planning by Means of Numerical Simulations and Clinical Software Development
Authors: Silvestro Claudio , Morero Massimo , Ghidini Roberto , Guala Carlo , Dubini Gabriele , Migliavacca Francesco , Horner Marc , Rochette Michel , Chiarini Alessandro , Lawford Patricia
Published: October 2013

Around 20% of the population over 60-years-old have peripheral arterial disease. Symptoms can cause major lifestyle limitation through pain on walking (intermittent claudication). Progressive disease can also lead to critical limb ischemia, which is the major cause of amputation for adults. The implant of a stent is the endovascular therapy of election for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. This, however, can increase the risk of fatigue fracture of the implanted device, under in vivo loading conditions. RT3S (real time simulations for safer vascular stenting) is a scientific project involving both universities and private companies, for a funded budget of more than $4.5 million (www.rt3s.eu). The project aims at providing physicians with interactive clinical software for an enhanced pre-operative planning of femoral artery stenting including a prediction of in vivo stent fracture risk, computed by means of numerical simulations. Software-developing companies developed an interactive application allowing physicians to upload the patient's clinical images and plan the stenting procedure, estimating the device fatigue fracture risk, for a specific case of stent and anatomical geometry/boundary conditions. Thanks to the application of innovative response surface techniques, results obtained with the numerical model (requiring 8-day running time) can be exploited quasi real time by the software user. Outcomes of the project will be also exploited for designing activities of next-generation stent devices.
Transient Air-to-Fuel Ratio Control of an Spark Ignited Engine Using Linear Quadratic Tracking
Authors: Pace Stephen , Zhu Guoming G.
Published: October 2013

Modern spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engines maintain their air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) at a desired level to maximize the three-way catalyst conversion efficiency and durability. However, maintaining the engine AFR during its transient operation is quite challenging due to rapid changes of driver demand or engine throttle. Conventional transient AFR control is based upon the inverse dynamics of the engine fueling dynamics and the measured mass air flow (MAF) rate to obtain the desired AFR of the gas mixture trapped in the cylinder. This paper develops a linear quadratic (LQ) tracking controller to regulate the transient AFR based upon a control-oriented model of the engine port fuel injection (PFI) wall wetting dynamics and the air intake dynamics from the measured airflow to the manifold pressure. The LQ tracking controller is designed to optimally track the desired AFR by minimizing the error between the trapped in-cylinder air mass and the product of the desired AFR and fuel mass over a given time interval. The performance of the optimal LQ tracking controller was compared with the conventional transient fueling control based on the inverse fueling dynamics through simulations and showed improvement over the baseline conventional inverse fueling dynamics controller. To validate the control strategy on an actual engine, a 0.4 l single cylinder direct-injection (DI) engine was used. The PFI wall wetting dynamics were simulated in the engine controller after the DI injector control signal. Engine load transition tests for the simulated PFI case were conducted on an engine dynamometer, and the results showed improvement over the baseline transient fueling controller based on the inverse fueling dynamics.
Analytical Solutions and a Numerical Approach for Diffusion-Induced Stresses in Intermetallic Compound Layers of Solder Joints
Authors: An Tong , Qin Fei , Xia Guofeng
Published: October 2013

Intermetallic compounds (IMC) play a key role in the mechanical reliability of solder joints. The present work investigates the diffusion-induced stress developed in the Cu pad/IMC/solder sandwich structure during a solid-state isothermal aging process. An analytical model and a numerical approach are proposed to predict the stress. The model consists of a Cu6Sn5 layer sandwiched between a Cu pad and a solder layer, and it is assumed that the diffusivity of the Cu atoms is much greater than that of the Sn atoms. We use the Laplace transformation method to obtain the distribution of the Cu atoms concentration. The diffusion-induced stress is determined analytically by the volumetric strain resulted from the effect of the atomic diffusion. It is found that the Cu6Sn5 layer is subjected to compressive stress due to the Cu atoms diffusion. As the diffusion time is long enough, the diffusion-induced stress shows a linear relationship with the thickness of the Cu6Sn5 layer. A finite element approach to calculate the diffusion-induced stress is proposed, and it is compared and validated by the analytical solution. The results show that the proposed approach can give a well estimation of the diffusion-induced stress in the Cu6Sn5 layer, and is also efficient in predicting the diffusion-induced stress in the structures with more complex geometry. The distribution of the Cu atoms concentration and the diffusion-induced stress in the model with a scallop-like or flat-like Cu6Sn5/solder interface are calculated by the numerical approach. The results show that the interfacial morphology of the Cu6Sn5/solder has great influence on the evolution of the Cu atoms concentration, and the diffusion-induced stress in the Cu6Sn5 layer with the scallop edge is less than that with the flat edge.
Fatty Rhythms
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: October 2013

Circadian secretion of a lipid metabolite from the liver induces fatty acid uptake in the muscle.
Connecting Energy Status to Proliferation
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: October 2013

By phosphorylating the kinase B-Raf, the energy-responsive kinase AMPK inhibits signals that lead to cell proliferation.
Fine-root distributions of Central European forest soils and their interaction with site and soil properties
Authors: Hartmann Peter , von Wilpert Klaus
Published: October 2013

Fine-root distributions (FRDs) of forest stands are hypothesized to be a reflection of the influence of site properties on the intrinsic rooting strategies of trees. Based on forest soil survey data, we present a multivariate approach to identify the main parameters of FRD patterns of Central European forests, compare them with the FRD model according to Gale and Grigal (1987), and aim to detect the decisive site and soil properties. Two main parameters for the description of FRDs were found: one describes “shallowness” and the other additionally characterizes “divergence” from an evenly decreasing FRD with depth. With these two parameters, distinct FRD patterns could be described better than with absolute values of depth-dependent fine-root densities or with the compared FRD model. Comparing all sites, no significant differences occurred regarding stand types for most of the analysed fine-root parameters. Specific site and soil properties were seemingly more responsible for the expression of FRD. Results of multivariate analyses suggest that the shape of FRDs is mainly a reflection of the trees’ strategy to optimally adapt to the local soil physical and hydrological conditions. Soil chemical properties were of increased relevance when sites with either spruce or beech were analysed and for the prediction of uneven FRDs. The applied soil survey design enabled us to identify parameters, which can describe FRD patterns and how they are influenced by several soil and site properties in general. These multivariate relationships should be considered and discussed in the context of ecological forest models in further research.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EDITOR/INTERPRETER FOR A VISUAL LOGIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Authors: BANYASAD OMID , COX PHILIP T.
Published: October 2013

The design and implementation of a programming environment including an editor, a debugger and an interpreter engine for Lograph, a general-purpose visual logic programming language, is discussed. The rationale for user-interface design decisions is presented, the goal of which is to increase cognitive support for the creation, exploration and debugging of Lograph programs. The design of the interpreter engine allows for animation of execution in the debugger. The engine takes full advantage of an efficient implementation of Prolog, and operates on a Prolog translation of Lograph programs and queries. The translated Lograph programs are probed with instrumentation code at appropriate places so that applications of Lograph rules are reported to the visual interface of the Lograph debugger as a side effect of the execution of a program.
Financial Crisis and Interest Rate Pass-Through in Australia
Authors: Sathye Milind
Published: October 2013

The study contributes to the extant literature on interest rate pass-through in two ways. First, we examine the impact of the global financial crisis on the historical relationship between policy rate and the home lending rate. Second, we provide evidence from a hitherto unexplored OECD country (Australia) using data from recent years and provide new insights for advancing the pass-through literature. We found complete or near-complete pass-through in the money market rates and a statistically significant temporary change in the relationship between the policy rate and home lending rate since the onset of the financial crisis.
BONE CELLS UNDER MICROGRAVITY
Authors: SHANG PENG , ZHANG JIAN , QIAN AIRONG , LI JINGBAO , MENG RUI , DI SHENGMENG , HU LIFANG , GU ZHONGZE
Published: October 2013

Weightlessness environment (also microgravity) during the exploration of space is the major condition which must be faced by astronauts. One of the most serious adverse effects on astronauts is the weightlessness-induced bone loss due to the unbalanced bone remodeling. Bone remodeling of human beings has evolved during billions of years to make bone tissue adapt to the gravitational field of Earth (1g) and maintain skeleton structure to meet mechanical loading on Earth. However, under weightlessness environment the skeleton system no longer functions against the pull of gravity, so there is no necessity to keep bone strong enough to support the body's weight. Therefore, the balance of bone remodeling is disrupted and bone loss occurs, which is extremely deleterious to an astronaut's health during long-term spaceflight. Bone remodeling is mainly orchestrated by bone mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Here, we review how these bone cells respond to microgravity environment.
PROGRESS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS
Authors: MA FUYIN , WU JIU HUI , HOU HAIYUN
Published: October 2013

Physiological acoustics is a very hot topic in modern acoustic research, which is to study the hearing mechanism and the utterance of both humans and animals. It could be divided into two main aspects: physical acoustics of the ear and physiological acoustics. In physiological acoustics, there are some common research methods, such as objective experimental testing, subjective feelings evaluation survey statistical method, building the physical acoustic model and numerical simulation methods, etc. The authors are researching the accurate mathematical model of equal loudness curves, critical band and masking effects, by applying the holographic concept with several biological factors which are required to build a standard model. The cochlear emission information should be extracted from wavelet analysis method and two hearing protection technologies are being developed by band shielding.
A New and Environmentally Friendly Route for Preparation of Carbon Microspheres from Wheat Straw
Authors: Leishan Chen , Cunjing Wang , Yu Miao , Gairong Chen
Published: October 2013

The reactions were performed to synthesize carbon materials using wheat straw powder as raw material. The wheat straw powder was first hydrolyzed at the absence of a catalyst at 190°C for 1 h, then the hydrolyzate solution was used as carbon source to prepare carbon materials via hydrothermal carbonization at 180°C in the absence of a catalyst for 8 h. The influence of solid‐liquid‐ratio of wheat straw to water on the morphology of the product was investigated. The samples were examined by a scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the product was carbon microspheres with a large number of O–H, CHO, and other functional groups, and the diameters of carbon microspheres noticeably depended on the solid‐liquid ratio. When the solid‐liquid ratio was 1 : 60, the diameters of carbon microspheres were in the range of 100 to 300 nm when the solid‐liquid ratio was 1 : 40, carbon microspheres with larger and more uniform diameters mostly about 250 nm were obtained, and when the solid‐liquid‐ratio was 1 : 20, there were more larger carbon microspheres with diameters about 800 nm in the product and the surface of these carbon microspheres is smoother, whereas; the uniformity of the product deteriorates.
CFD Analysis of Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Characteristics in a Circular Tube Fitted with Quadrant-Cut Twisted Tape Inserts
Authors: Salman Sami D. , Kadhum Abdul Amir H. , Takriff Mohd S. , Mohamad Abu Bakar
Published: October 2013

This paper reports numerical investigations of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in swirling flow conditions using CFD simulation. A commercial CFD package, FLUENT 6.3.26, was used in this study. 3D models for circular tube fitted with classical and quadrant-cut twisted tape (QCT) inserts with three twist ratios (y= 2.93, 3.91, and 4.89) and different cut depths (w= 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm) were generated for the simulation. The data obtained from the CFD simulation were verified with the literature correlations of plain tube with the discrepancy of less than ±8% for Nusselt number and ±10% for friction factor. The results show that there was a significant increase in heat transfer coefficient and friction factor in the tube fitted with quadrant-cut twisted tape (QCT) with decreasing of twist ratio (y) and cut depth (w). Furthermore, the configuration of QCT insert with a twist ratio ofy= 2.93 and a cut depth ofw= 0.5 cm offered higher heat transfer rate and friction factor than other twist ratios.
Beliefs and Attitudes of Medical Students from Public and Private Universities in Malaysia towards Individuals with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Choy Koh Kwee , Rene Teh Jae , Khan Saad Ahmed
Published: October 2013

We describe the findings from a survey assessing the beliefs regarding testing, confidentiality, disclosure, and environment of care and attitudes towards care of people with HIV/AIDS (PLHWA), in 1020, 4th and 5th year medical students, from public and private medical universities in Malaysia. A self‐administered validated questionnaire based on the UNAIDS Model Questionnaire with a 5‐point Likert scale (5, strongly disagree; 4, disagree; 3, neutral; 2, agree; 1, strongly agree) was used as a survey tool. The survey included demographic data and data on undergraduate training received on HIV/AIDS. Statistical significance in the demographic data and training received by respondents was evaluated using the chi‐square test while the independent Student’s t‐test was used for comparison of means between public and private universities. A P
value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant with 95% confidence interval. Our study revealed less than 20% of medical students received adequate training to care for PLHWA. They had prevalent negative beliefs regarding testing, confidentiality, disclosure and environment of care towards PLHWA although in giving care to PLHWA, their attitudes were largely positive and nondiscriminatory.
On Abelian and Related Fuzzy Subsets of Groupoids
Authors: Shin Seung Joon , Kim Hee Sik , Neggers J.
Published: October 2013

We introduce the notion of abelian fuzzy subsets on a groupoid, and we observe a variety of consequences which follow. New notions include, among others, diagonal symmetric relations, several types of quasi orders, convex sets, and fuzzy centers, some of whose properties are also investigated.