bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Field ENDOR as a Characterization Tool for Functional Sites in Microporous Materials
Authors: Goldfarb Daniella
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modeling Electrochemistry and Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cells: Part 1. Basic Principles
Authors: Kee Robert J. , Zhu Huayang , Goodwin David G.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal Interactions with Water and Sediment in Freshwaters
Authors: Barcelo‐Quintal Icela D. , Bussy Anne Laure , Solis‐Correa Hugo
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Trigonal Bipyramidal Iron(III) and Manganese(III) Oxo, Sulfido, and Selenido Complexes: An Electronic Structural Overview
Authors: Conradie Jeanet , Tangen Espen , Ghosh Abhik
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Cyclopropanations and Cycloadditions of Dioxocarbenes
Authors: Mueller Paul , Allenbach Yves F. , Chappellet Sabrina , Ghanem Ashraf
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α‐Diazoacetates as Carbene Precursors: Metallosalen‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclopropanation.
Authors: Uchida Tatsuya , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silylium Ions
Authors: Kochina T. A. , Vrazhnov D. V. , Sinotova E. N. , Voronkov M. G.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Neurotrophic Factor Responsiveness of Adrenal Medullary Cell Line tsAM5D Immortalized with Temperature‐Sensitive SV40 T‐Antigen
Authors: Murata Tomiyasu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fabricating and Controlling Molecular Self‐Organization at Solid Surfaces: Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Wan Li‐Jun
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Reactions and Structures of Telluronium Salts
Authors: Zakharov A. V. , Sadekov I. D. , Minkin V. I.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Insertion of Arynes into σ Bonds
Authors: Pena Diego , Perez Dolores , Guitian Enrique
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Considerations: Principles, Classification, and History of Templates
Authors: Busch Daryle H.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hyperbranched Polymers: Phase Behavior and New Applications in the Field of Chemical Engineering
Authors: Seiler Matthias
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From Boric Acid to Organometallics: Latest Developments in Metallacarborane Chemistry
Authors: Hosmane Narayan S. , Maguire John A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Vicinal Diamino Functionalities as Privileged Structural Elements in Biologically Active Compounds and Exploitation of Their Synthetic Chemistry
Authors: Kotti S. R. S. Saibabu , Timmons Cody , Li Guigen
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Interception of Quorum Sensing in Staphylococcus aureus: A New Niche for Peptidomimetics
Authors: Gorske Benjamin C. , Blackwell Helen E.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Concise Review of Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of Benzene and Its Metabolites
Authors: Khan Haseeb Ahmad
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Applications of 19F Multidimensional NMR
Authors: Battiste John , Newmark Richard A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Frequency Factor in Statistical Fullerene Decay
Authors: Hansen K. , Campbell E. E. B. , Echt O.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ideal für kleine Künstler: Fingerfarben
Authors: Roth Klaus
Published: August 2006

Fingermalfarben sind Vorzeigeprodukte der modernen Chemie. Die Hauptbestandteile sind Polysaccharide pflanzlichen und halbsynthetischen Ursprungs als Bindemittel, Mineralcarbonate und ‐oxide als Füllstoffe, Farbpigmente, Farbstoffe und Konservierungsstoffe. Seit 2002 ist die Zusammensetzung nach Europäischem Gesetz geregelt, vor allem, welche Pigmente, Farbstoffe und Konservierungsstoff enthalten sein dürfen. Alle Bestandteile von Fingerfarben gelten als sicher, und die meisten dürfen auch in Kosmetikartikeln und Lebensmitteln verwendet werden. Insgesamt sind Fingermalfarben ein völlig sicheres Produkt in den Händen unserer Kinder.
Blu‐Ray Disc
Authors: Borchard‐Tuch Claudia
Published: August 2006

Optischer Datenspeicher Nummer Eins – dies könnte schon bald die Blu‐Ray Disc sein, die 25 Gigabyte Informationen speichern kann. Es ist der Bedarf an immer höherem Speichervolumen, der den Sprung von der CD (Compact Disc) zur DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) und schließlich zur Blu‐Ray Disc (BD) bewirkte.
150 Jahre Mauvein
Authors: Hübner Karl
Published: August 2006

Vor 150 Jahren gewann William Henry Perkin aus Steinkohlenteer den Anilinfarbstoff Mauvein. Die Textilfärber waren begeistert. Bald wurden weitere “Anilinfarben” gefunden, und binnen weniger Jahre gründeten sich zahlreiche Farbenfabriken – auch in Deutschland. Es war der Beginn der chemischen Großindustrie.
Caspase‐8 levels correlate with the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in high‐grade but not lower grade neuroblastoma
Authors: Muscat Andrea , Hawkins Christine , Ashley David M.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND.

Previous studies in advanced‐stage neuroblastoma (NB) have shown a link between the silencing of caspase‐8 and methylation of a regulatory region at the boundary between caspase‐8 exon 3 and intron 3. However, a number of recent studies from NB cell lines have shown that the transcriptional regulation of caspase‐8 may reside with interferon γ‐sensitive promoters through the action of transcription factors, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT‐1). In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that there is a correlation between caspase‐8 and STAT‐1 protein expression levels that may be linked to methylation of the regulatory elements of either of these genes.

METHODS.

Thirty clinical tumor samples of all stages, including 13 samples from patients with Stage 4 disease, were analyzed by quantitative immunoblotting for caspase‐8 and STAT‐1. The DNA methylation status of putative caspase‐8 and STAT‐1 regulatory elements were determined by bisulfite‐modified sequencing analysis.

RESULTS.

A significant correlation was observed between caspase‐8 and STAT‐1 protein levels in Stage 4 NB samples but not in lower stage NB samples. Caspase‐8 and STAT‐1 protein levels varied widely across all stages of NB and did not correlate with methylation of these genes.

CONCLUSIONS.

A strong correlation was observed between STAT‐1 levels and caspase‐8 levels in clinical Stage 4 NB. This suggests that STAT‐1 or similar transcription factors, and not methylation, may play a role in controlling caspase‐8 levels in this illness. No evidence of such a correlation between caspase‐8 and STAT‐1 levels was observed in lower clinical stages, suggesting that mechanisms controlling caspase‐8 expression in NB vary with clinical stage. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Comprehensive long‐term follow‐up programs for pediatric cancer survivors
Authors: Aziz Noreen M. , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Brooks Sandra , Turoff Alicia J.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND.

The objective of this study was to provide a detailed description of comprehensive long‐term follow‐up (LTFU) programs for pediatric cancer survivors.

METHODS.

Program directors from 24 comprehensive LTFU programs in the U.S. and Canada completed a 6‐page survey that provided details in 5 categories: description of the program, perceived benefits and strengths of the program, barriers to the development and use of the program, methods to improve the program, and an ideal model of care for pediatric cancer survivors.

RESULTS.

Participants identified the following primary benefits to health care delivered to survivors through LTFU programs: health care delivered by clinicians familiar with long‐term risks of survivors, provision of risk‐based screening and surveillance for late effects, and targeted education for risk reduction and healthy lifestyles. Key barriers to the functioning of LTFU programs included system‐ driven and patient/survivor‐driven factors. System‐driven factors included inadequate resources and finances to sustain programs, low institutional commitment toward the provision of survivorship care, lack of capacity to care for the growing population of survivors, and difficulties with ongoing communication with community physicians. Survivor‐driven barriers included lack of interest and lack of awareness of cancer‐related risks.

CONCLUSIONS.

This report describes the frequency, content, and setting of follow‐up care delivered by pediatric comprehensive LTFU programs. Critical challenges as survivorship care evolves will include integrating a structured process of program evaluation and building capacity for care. Cancer 2006. Published 2006 by the American Cancer Society
An instrumentation technique for online analysis of multithreaded programs
Authors: Roşu Grigore , Sen Koushik
Published: August 2006

This paper presents an automatic code instrumentation technique, based onmultithreaded vector clocks, for extracting the causal partial order on relevant state update events from a running multithreaded program. This technique is used in a formal testing environment, not only to detect, but especially topredict safety errorsin multithreaded programs. The prediction process consists of rigorously analyzing other potential executions that are consistent with the causal partial order: some of these can be erroneous despite the fact that the particular observed execution was successful. The technique has been implemented as part of a Java program analysis tool. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CO Combustion on Supported Gold Clusters
Authors: Arenz Matthias , Landman Uzi , Heiz Ueli
Published: August 2006

Recent progress in the understanding of the fascinating catalysis of CO combustion by supported gold particles is summarized. Focusing on size‐selected gold clusters consisting of only a few atoms, that is, the size regime with properties nonscalable from the bulk properties, we discuss the current knowledge of the different factors controlling the reactivity at the molecular level. These factors include the role of the oxide support, its defects, cluster charging as well as the structural fluxionality of clusters, the cluster size dependency, and the promotional effect of water. By combining experimental results with quantum mechanical ab initio calculations, a detailed picture of the reaction mechanism emerges. While similar mechanisms might be active for gold nanoparticles in the scalable size regime, it is shown that for different systems (defined by the cluster size, the support, experimental conditions, etc.) the reaction mechanism differs and, hence, no generalized explanation for the catalytic driving force of small gold particles can be given.
Mechanism‐Based Inactivation of Coenzyme B12‐Dependent 2‐Methyleneglutarate Mutase by (Z)‐Glutaconate and Buta‐1,3‐diene‐2,3‐dicarboxylate
Authors: Buckel Wolfgang , Pierik Antonio J. , Plett Sandra , Alhapel Ashraf , Suarez Diana , Tu Shang‐min , Golding Bernard T.
Published: August 2006

In the presence of holo 2‐methyleneglutarate mutase, buta‐1,3‐diene‐2,3‐dicarboxylate and (Z)‐glutaconate [(Z)‐pent‐2‐ene‐1,5‐dicarboxylate], but not (E)‐glutaconate, each induced homolysis of the Co–C bond of coenzyme B12 to afford cob(II)alamin and the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl radical. The latter probably added to the double bond in (Z)‐glutaconate and one of the double bonds in buta‐1,3‐diene‐2,3‐dicarboxylate to afford a corresponding “radical adduct”. The formation of new radicals and cob(II)alamin was diagnosed by UV/Visible and EPR spectroscopy. (Z)‐Glutaconate rapidly inactivated the mutase with formation of aquocobalamin, which was possibly derived by electron transfer from cob(II)alamin to the radical adduct. In contrast, buta‐1,3‐diene‐2,3‐dicarboxylate was a much slower inactivator. In this case, the spectroscopic data revealed a relatively stable complex of the radical adduct with cob(II)alamin in the active site of the enzyme. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Total Synthesis of the Cytotoxic Guaipyridine Sesquiterpene Alkaloid (+)‐Cananodine
Authors: Craig Donald , Henry Gavin D.
Published: August 2006

The enantiospecific total synthesis of the cytotoxic guaipyridine sesquiterpene alkaloid (+)‐cananodine (1) is described. A chiral pool/chiral auxiliary based approach is described for the synthesis of a key oxazolidinone intermediate. Subsequent key steps involve diastereoselective oxazolidinone allylation, cycloheptenylmethanol formation using ring‐closing olefin metathesis, microwave‐assisted decarboxylative Claisen rearrangement reaction, and use of a novel pyridine‐forming method.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cover Picture: (Benzylideneamino)thioureas – Chromogenic Interactions with Anions and N–H Deprotonation (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 16/2006)
Authors: Bonizzoni Marco , Fabbrizzi Luigi , Taglietti Angelo , Tiengo Federico
Published: August 2006

The cover picture shows the behavior of a family of neutral N‐R1‐substituted‐benzylideneamine)‐N′‐(R2‐substituted‐phenyl)thioureas (LH) as anion receptors. Spectrophotometric and 1H NMR titration experiments in MeCN solution have shown that oxo anions (e. g. CH3COO–, H2PO4–) form genuine H‐bond complexes with LH receptors through complementary N–H···O– interactions. The use of fluoride ions gives a two‐step interaction, which involves (i) the formation of the [LH···F]– complex, (ii) the release of an HF molecule to give [HF2]– and the deprotonated form of the receptor, L–. Direct deprotonation of LH is obtained on reaction with 1 equiv. of OH–. The occurrence of the different processes can be visually perceived through definite color changes. The colors shown in the picture refer to the receptor with R1 = NO2 and R2 = OCH3. Details are discussed in the article by L. Fabbrizzi et al. on pp. 3567 ff.
Approximate incremental dynamic analysis using the modal pushover analysis procedure
Authors: Han Sang Whan , Chopra Anil K.
Published: August 2006

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)—a procedure developed for accurate estimation of seismic demand and capacity of structures—requires non‐linear response history analysis of the structure for an ensemble of ground motions, each scaled to many intensity levels, selected to cover the entire range of structural response—all the way from elastic behaviour to global dynamic instability. Recognizing that IDA of practical structures is computationally extremely demanding, an approximate procedure based on the modal pushover analysis procedure is developed. Presented are the IDA curves and limit state capacities for the SAC‐Los Angeles 3‐, 9‐, and 20‐storey buildings computed by the exact and approximate procedures for an ensemble of 20 ground motions. These results demonstrate that the MPA‐based approximate procedure reduces the computational effort by a factor of 30 (for the 9‐storey building), at the same time providing results to a useful degree of accuracy over the entire range of responses—all the way from elastic behaviour to global dynamic instability—provided a proper hysteretic model is selected for modal SDF systems. The accuracy of the approximate procedure does not deteriorate for 9‐ and 20‐storey buildings, although their dynamics is more complex, involving several ‘modes’ of vibration. For all three buildings, the accuracy of the MPA‐based approximate procedure is also satisfactory for estimating the structural capacities for the limit states of immediate occupancy, collapse prevention, and global dynamic instability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of rapidly varying flow using an efficient TVD–MacCormack scheme
Authors: Liang Dongfang , Lin Binliang , Falconer Roger A.
Published: August 2006

An efficient numerical scheme is outlined for solving the SWEs (shallow water equations) in environmental flow; this scheme includes the addition of a five‐point symmetric total variation diminishing (TVD) term to the corrector step of the standard MacCormack scheme. The paper shows that the discretization of the conservative and non‐conservative forms of the SWEs leads to the same finite difference scheme when the source term is discretized in a certain way. The non‐conservative form is used in the solution outlined herein, since this formulation is simpler and more efficient. The time step is determined adaptively, based on the maximum instantaneous Courant number across the domain. The bed friction is included either explicitly or implicitly in the computational algorithm according to the local water depth. The wetting and drying process is simulated in a manner which complements the use of operator‐splitting and two‐stage numerical schemes. The numerical model was then applied to a hypothetical dam‐break scenario, an experimental dam‐break case and an extreme flooding event over the Toce River valley physical model. The predicted results are free of spurious oscillations for both sub‐ and super‐critical flows, and the predictions compare favourably with the experimental measurements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of losses in the flow through the last stage of low‐pressure steam turbine
Authors: Dykas Slawomir , Wróblewski Włodzimierz , Łukowicz Henryk
Published: August 2006

In this paper, the numerical modelling of the flow through the low‐pressure steam turbine last stage was presented. On the basis of predicted wet steam flow‐field, the aerodynamic as well as thermodynamic losses were estimated. For calculations of the wet steam steady flow‐field three numerical methods were employed. The first method was a streamline curvature method (SCM). The commercial CFD code (CFX‐TACflow) and an in‐house code, both solving the 3‐D RANS equations, were the next two methods. In the wet steam region, by means of all three methods, the equilibrium flow was modelled. Additionally, the in‐house CFD code was used for modelling of the non‐equilibrium steam condensing flow. In this work, the comparison of the cascade loss coefficient for stator and rotor and selected flow parameters for the stage were presented, compared and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Net expansion of dried demineralized dentin matrix produced by monomer/alcohol saturation and solvent evaporation
Authors: Agee Kelli A. , Becker Thomas D. , Joyce Anthony P. , Rueggeberg Frederick A. , Borke James L. , Waller Jennifer L. , Tay Franklin R. , Pashley David H.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this work was to determine if nonaqueous methacrylate monomer/alcohol mixtures could expand dried collapsed demineralized dentin matrix. Thin disks (ca. 200 μm) of human dentin were demineralized and placed in wells beneath contact probes of linear variable differential transformers. The probes were placed on water‐saturated expanded matrices to record the shrinkage associated with drying. Monomer mixtures containing hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3 methacryloyloxy)propoxyphenyl] propane, or triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate were mixed with methanol or ethanol at alcohol/monomer mass fraction % of 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, or 30/70. They were randomly applied to the dried matrices to determine the rate and magnitude of expansion; then shrinkage was recorded during evaporation of the alcohols. The results indicated that matrix expansion was positively correlated with the Hoy's solubility parameters for hydrogen bonding forces (δh) of the monomer/solvent mixtures (p < 0.001). Expansions were more rapid with methanol‐containing than with ethanol‐containing monomer mixtures. For the test solutions, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate‐containing mixtures produced the slowest rate of matrix expansion and hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐containing mixtures the most rapid expansion. When the solvents were evaporated, the matrix shrank in proportion to the solvent content and the δh of the monomer‐solvent mixtures. The results indicate that expansion of dried, collapsed dentin matrices requires that the δh of the mixtures be larger than 17 (J/cm3)1/2. The greater the δh of the monomer solutions, the greater the rate and extent of expansion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Temperature‐induced cell detachment on immobilized pluronic surface
Authors: Higuchi Akon , Aoki Nobuo , Yamamoto Taro , Miyazaki Toyohiko , Fukushima Hisashi , Tak Tae Moon , Jyujyoji Shin , Egashira Satsuki , Matsuoka Yuki , Natori Shizue Hayashi
Published: August 2006

The Pluronic F68 and F127, a triblock copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, was activated using carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), and CDI‐activated Pluronic F68 and F127 was subsequently immobilized on the surface of a poly‐L‐lysine‐coated polystyrene tissue culture flask. Cell culture was performed on the Pluronic‐immobilized flask. The morphology of fibroblasts (L929 cells) on the Pluronic F127‐immobilized flask was mainly spherical, and showed less spreading behavior than that on the Pluronic F68‐immobilized flask and conventional tissue culture flask. This observation indicates that L929 cells on Pluronic F127‐immobilized flasks were cultured in a bio‐inert environment. L929 cells were successively detached from both Pluronic F127‐immobilized flask and Pluronic F68‐immobilized flask by cooling the flask to 4–15°C. This detachment is due to the hydration and dehydration properties of Pluronic, depending on the temperature. Umbilical cord blood was cultured in the Pluronic F127‐immobilized and conventional polystyrene tissue culture flasks at 37°C. The expression ratio of surface markers on hematopoietic stem cells (CD34 and CD133) cultured in the Pluronic F127‐immobilized flask was significantly higher than that of the cells in polystyrene tissue culture flask. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Microsphere‐based bioresorbable structures loaded with proteins for tissue regeneration applications
Authors: Zilberman Meital , Shraga Inbal
Published: August 2006

Novel bioresorbable fiber/microsphere composite structures loaded with proteins were developed and studied. These unique polymeric structures are designed to combine good mechanical properties with a desired controlled protein‐release profile, in order to serve as scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications. The composite fiber structures were formed by “coating” poly(L‐lactic acid) fibers with protein‐containing poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microspheres. The microspheres were prepared by a double emulsion technique and were loaded with the model enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The present study focused on the effect of the double emulsion's composition and processing conditions on the microsphere structure and on the resulting cumulative protein release for 90 days. The release profiles generally exhibited an initial burst effect, a lag period and an increased release rate after 2 months. HRP release from these structures was governed by diffusion, rather than by degradation. A decrease in the emulsion's mixing rate significantly improved the release profile through unique matrix‐like structures. The initial burst effect can be reduced by decreasing the internal phase quantity and its protein content, or by adding a surfactant to the internal emulsion. Proper selection of the double emulsion formulation and processing conditions can yield fiber microsphere structures with the desired protein release behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Binary caps with many free pairs of points
Authors: Lisoněk Petr
Published: August 2006

We introduce the following new viewpoint in the study of caps in PG(m,q). The objective is to maximize, among all caps of given cardinality in a given projective space, the number of free pairs of points, which we define as pairs of points not participating in any coplanar quadruple of points of the cap. We survey the known results (which were motivated by an application in statistical experiment design) and then we improve the known lower bound on the number of free pairs of points for q = 2 and the smallest cap sizes for which the maximization problem is non‐trivial. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 14: 490–499, 2006
Concerning eight mutually orthogonal latin squares
Authors: Abel R. Julian R. , Cavenagh Nicholas
Published: August 2006

In this article, we provide a direct construction for 8 mutually orthogonal latin squares (MOLS)(48). Using this design together with one of Wilson's recursive constructions produces 8 new MOLS(v) for 88 other values of v. We also mention a few other new sets of 8 and 12 MOLS obtained recursively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 255–261, 2007
The macrophage heterogeneity: Difference between mouse peritoneal exudate and splenic F4/80+ macrophages
Authors: Liu Guangwei , Xia Xue‐Pei , Gong Shou‐Liang , Zhao Yong
Published: August 2006

Macrophages isolated from various tissues manifest differences in cell shape, the expression of surface markers, as well as metabolic and functional activities. However, the heterogeneity of macrophages expressing the same marker in different tissues has not been fully addressed. In the present study, mouse F4/80+ peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) and splenic macrophages (SPMs) appeared similar in most respects. But the percentages of cells expressing CD80, CD40, MHC‐II, TLR2, or TLR4, but not CD11c, CD54, or CD23, in freshly isolated F4/80+ SPMs were significantly higher than those in PEMs, whereas the levels of CD86+ cells in F4/80+ SPMs were markedly lower than those in PEMs. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, F4/80+ SPMs expressed significantly higher levels of CD86, CD40, or MHC‐II than F4/80+ PEMs, but not CD11c, CD80, CD54, or CD23. F4/80+ SPMs had remarkably lower non‐opsonic phagocytotic capacity against chicken RBCs or allo‐T cells than PEMs as determined by two‐photon microscopes and flow cytometry. SPMs produced markedly more NO than PEMs when cultured with LPS or allo‐T cells. Furthermore, SPMs exhibited stronger immunogenicity than PEMs, as determined by the ability to stimulate T cell proliferation, delayed type hypersensitivity, and IFN‐γ production. The data showed the differences between SPMs and PEMs with regard to the phenotypes, phagocytosis, and immunogenicity, which may offer important information for us to better understand the distinguished immune responses of macrophages in spleens and the peritoneal cavity. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 341–352, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and characterization of a sperm motility promoting glycoprotein from buffalo blood serum
Authors: Mandal Mahitosh , Saha Sudipta , Ghosh Anil Kumar , Majumder Gopal Chandra
Published: August 2006

Early investigators reported the occurrence of unidentified protein factors in biological fluids that may regulate sperm motility essential for fertility potential. This study reports for the first time purification of a forward motility stimulating protein (FMSF‐I), to apparent homogeneity, from a biological fluid (buffalo blood serum) and its characterization. FMSF‐I is the major motility protein of buffalo serum: a rich source of the factor. FMSF showed high protein specificity and affinity for activating forward motility of goat cauda epididymal spermatozoa. The motility promoter at 0.5 µM level showed maximal activity when nearly 60%–70% of spermatozoa expressed forward motility. It is a 66 kDa monomeric acidic protein rich in aspartate, glutamate, and leucine with isoelectric point of 3.7. FMSF: a Mg2+‐dependent protein binds to concanavalin A‐agarose and the glycoprotein nature of FMSF has been confirmed by PAS staining. The factor lost activity completely when treated with α‐mannosidase showing that the sugar part of the protein is essential for its biological activity. FMSF has no species specificity for its motility‐activating potential. Sperm surface has specific receptors of FMSF, which is strongly immunogenic. The factor is present in testis and epididymis although liver is its richest source. Motility promoting efficacy of FMSF is markedly higher than the well‐known non‐protein motility activators: theophylline and bicarbonate or their combination. FMSF is a physiological activator of sperm motility and as a slaughterhouse byproduct it has potentiality for solving some of the problems of animal breeding, conservation of endangered species, and human infertility: a global social problem. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 353–362, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasound guided site specific gene delivery system using adenoviral vectors and commercial ultrasound contrast agents
Authors: Howard Candace M. , Forsberg Flemming , Minimo Corrado , Liu Ji‐Bin , Merton Daniel A. , Claudio Pier Paolo
Published: August 2006

We have evaluated if ultrasound imaging (US) and various commercially available contrast microbubbles can serve as a non‐invasive systemically administered delivery vehicle for site‐specific adenoviral‐mediated gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. The contrast agents were tested for their ability to enclose and to protect an adenoviral vector carrying the GFP marker gene (Ad‐GFP) into the microbubbles. We have also evaluated the ability of the innate immune system to inactivate free adenoviruses as well as unenclosed viruses adsorbed on the surface of the contrast agents and in turn the ability of the microbubbles to enclose and to protect the viral vectors from such agents. In vitro as well as in vivo, innate components of the immune system were able to serve as inactivating agents to clear free viral particles and unenclosed adenoviruses adsorbed on the microbubbles' surface. Systemic delivery of Ad‐GFP enclosed into microbubbles in the tail vein of nude mice resulted in specific targeting of the GFP transgene. Both fluorescence microscopy and GFP immunohistochemistry demonstrated US guided specific transduction in the targeted cells only, with no uptake in either heart, lungs or liver using complement‐pretreated Ad‐GFP microbubbles. This approach enhances target specificity of US microbubble destruction as a delivery vehicle for viral‐mediated gene transfer. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 413–421, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
hERG1 channels in human esophagus: Evidence for their aberrant expression in the malignant progression of Barrett's esophagus
Authors: Lastraioli Elena , Taddei Antonio , Messerini Luca , Comin Camilla E. , Festini Mara , Giannelli Matteo , Tomezzoli Anna , Paglierani Milena , Mugnai Gabriele , De Manzoni Giovanni , Bechi Paolo , Arcangeli Annarosa
Published: August 2006

Ion channels regulate a broad range of cellular activities. Alteration in ion channel function has been reported in different human pathologies, such as cardiac, neuromuscular, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. We investigated the expression of hERG1 K+ channels in the human upper gastrointestinal tract, focusing our attention on the lower esophagus. In particular, we analyzed by both Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) endoscopic samples obtained from normal subjects, from patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux, associated or not with esophagitis, and from patients affected by Barrett's esophagus (BE), that is, intestinal metaplasia. None of the normal samples, nor those from patients with gastro‐esophageal reflux symptoms and reflux esophagitis expressed the hERG1 protein. On the other hand, 69% of patients with BE expressed hERG1. Since BE is a preneoplastic lesion, dysplasias (Ds) and adenocarcinomas (ADKs) arising on a previously diagnosed BE were also analyzed, and all the samples showed a high expression of the hERG1 protein. The surveillance of patients with BE showed that 89% of those who later developed ADKs displayed hERG1 expression. Data here reported, support the hypothesis that hERG1 expression marks an early step of the progression of normality to cancer in the human esophagus through a metaplastic and dysplastic stage. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 398–404, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation of elongated giant mitochondria in DFO‐induced cellular senescence: Involvement of enhanced fusion process through modulation of Fis1
Authors: Yoon Young‐Sil , Yoon Dong‐Sun , Lim In Kyoung , Yoon Soo‐Han , Chung Hae‐Young , Rojo Manuel , Malka Florence , Jou Mei‐Jie , Martinou Jean‐Claude , Yoon Gyesoon
Published: August 2006

Enlarged or giant mitochondria have often been documented in aged tissues although their role and underlying mechanism remain unclear. We report here how highly elongated giant mitochondria are formed in and related to the senescent arrest. The mitochondrial morphology was progressively changed to a highly elongated form during deferoxamine (DFO)‐induced senescent arrest of Chang cells, accompanied by increase of intracellular ROS level and decrease of mtDNA content. Interestingly, under exposure to subcytotoxic doses of H2O2 (200 µM), about 65% of Chang cells harbored elongated mitochondria with senescent phenotypes whereas ethidium bromide (EtBr) (50 ng/ml) only reformed the cristae structure. Elongated giant mitochondria were also observed in TGF β1‐ or H2O2‐induced senescent Mv1Lu cells and in old human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). In all senescent progresses employed in this study Fis1 protein, a mitochondrial fission modulator, was commonly downexpressed. Overexpression of YFP‐Fis1 reversed both mitochondrial elongation and appearance of senescent phenotypes induced by DFO, implying its critical involvement in the arrest. Finally, we found that direct induction of mitochondrial elongation by blocking mitochondrial fission process with Fis1‐ΔTM or Drp1‐K38A was sufficient to develop senescent phenotypes with increased ROS production. These data suggest that mitochondrial elongation may play an important role as a mediator in stress‐induced premature senescence. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 468–480, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myostatin induces cachexia by activating the ubiquitin proteolytic system through an NF‐κB‐independent, FoxO1‐dependent mechanism
Authors: McFarlane Craig , Plummer Erin , Thomas Mark , Hennebry Alex , Ashby Murray , Ling Nicholas , Smith Heather , Sharma Mridula , Kambadur Ravi
Published: August 2006

Myostatin, a transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) super‐family member, has been well characterized as a negative regulator of muscle growth and development. Myostatin has been implicated in several forms of muscle wasting including the severe cachexia observed as a result of conditions such as AIDS and liver cirrhosis. Here we show that Myostatin induces cachexia by a mechanism independent of NF‐κB. Myostatin treatment resulted in a reduction in both myotube number and size in vitro, as well as a loss in body mass in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of the myogenic genes myoD and pax3 was reduced, while NF‐κB (the p65 subunit) localization and expression remained unchanged. In addition, promoter analysis has confirmed Myostatin inhibition of myoD and pax3. An increase in the expression of genes involved in ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis is observed during many forms of muscle wasting. Hence we analyzed the effect of Myostatin treatment on proteolytic gene expression. The ubiquitin associated genes atrogin‐1, MuRF‐1, and E214k were upregulated following Myostatin treatment. We analyzed how Myostatin may be signaling to induce cachexia. Myostatin signaling reversed the IGF‐1/PI3K/AKT hypertrophy pathway by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation thereby increasing the levels of active FoxO1, allowing for increased expression of atrophy‐related genes. Therefore, our results suggest that Myostatin induces cachexia through an NF‐κB‐independent mechanism. Furthermore, increased Myostatin levels appear to antagonize hypertrophy signaling through regulation of the AKT‐FoxO1 pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 501–514, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An unusual extended DNA loop attachment region is located in the human dystrophin gene
Authors: Iarovaia Olga V. , Borounova Victoria , Vassetzky Yegor S. , Razin Sergey V.
Published: August 2006

We have found and characterized an unusual extended area of DNA association with the nuclear matrix in the human dystrophin gene. This extended DNA loop anchorage region (LAR) has been mapped and characterized using a variety of biochemical and microscopy techniques. It spans approximately 200 kbp at chromosomal locations 950–1,150 Kb downstream to the beginning of the first exon of the dystrophin gene Dp427m and covers a part of the intron 43, exon 44, and most of intron 44. The extended LAR harbors the major recombination hot spot of the dystrophin gene and a replication origin. We propose a model where DNA topoisomerase II‐mediated cleavage at the nuclear matrix may enhance recombination events within this extended LAR. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 515–521, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of Kv and MaxiK currents associated with increased MRP1 expression in small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Lam Hung D. , Lemay Anne‐Marie , Kelly Jackie , Hill Ceredwyn E.
Published: August 2006

Regulatory volume decrease and exocrine secretion studies suggest a functional relationship between K+ and organic anion efflux. To test the hypothesis that the expression of K+ channels and MRP1 is reciprocally related, we employed the patch clamp and RT‐PCR techniques on weakly (H69) and strongly MRP1‐expressing (H69AR) small cell lung cancer cells. H69AR cells do not express the time‐ and voltage‐dependent delayed rectifying K+ current (Kv) reported earlier in H69 cells and confirmed here. About 80% of the Kv current in H69 cells inactivated at 0 mV, allowing us to identify other K+ currents present in these cells. Whole‐cell currents from cells dialyzed and bathed in K‐gluconate as the major ions exhibited inward rectification in both cell types. Inwardly rectifying (Kir) currents in both H69 and H69AR cells showed time‐dependent activation and slow inactivation at large negative potentials. H69 cells also express a threefold larger Ca2+‐stimulated K+‐selective and iberiotoxin‐sensitive current relative to H69AR cells. In excised inside‐out patches exposed to 145 mM symmetrical K+ solutions, H69 cells expressed a voltage‐ and Ca2+‐sensitive large conductance (128 ± 5 pS) K+ channel (MaxiK). MaxiK‐like currents were not observed at the whole‐cell or single‐channel level in H69AR cells. RT‐PCR identified MaxiKα transcripts in H69 but not H69AR cells. These results indicate that two K+ currents (MaxiK and Kv) and the organic anion transporter MRP1 are reciprocally expressed in H69 and H69AR cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 535–541, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Independent sets in tensor graph powers
Authors: Alon Noga , Lubetzky Eyal
Published: August 2006

The tensor product of two graphs, G and H, has a vertex set V(G) × V(H) and an edge between (u,v) and (u′,v′) iff both u u′ ∈ E(G) and v v′ ∈ E(H). Let A(G) denote the limit of the independence ratios of tensor powers of G, lim, α(Gn)/|V(Gn)|. This parameter was introduced in [Brown, Nowakowski, Rall, SIAM J Discrete Math 9 (1996), 290–300], where it was shown that A(G) is lower bounded by the vertex expansion ratio of independent sets of G. In this article we study the relation between these parameters further, and ask whether they are in fact equal. We present several families of graphs where equality holds, and discuss the effect the above question has on various open problems related to tensor graph products. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Total chromatic number of planar graphs with maximum degree ten
Authors: Wang Weifan
Published: August 2006

In this article we prove that the total chromatic number of a planar graph with maximum degree 10 is 11. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 54: 91–102, 2007
Thermal Degradation of Poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) and its Dehydrogenated Derivatives: Influence of a Controlled Microstructure
Authors: Natori Itaru , Natori Shizue
Published: August 2006

Summary: The thermal degradation and carbonization of poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) (PCHD) with a controlled polymer chain, and its soluble dehydrogenated derivatives are reported for the first time. For PCHD, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis revealed a three‐stage thermal degradation. PCHD was completely decomposed and consumed at 600 °C. 1,2‐Cyclohexadiene (1,2‐CHD) units showed higher thermal stability than 1,4‐cyclohexadiene (1,4‐CHD) units in the polymer chain. The weight residue of approximately 75% dehydrogenated PCHD was between 55 and 65 wt.‐% at 800 °C. These extremely stable residues seem to originate from dehydrogenated CHD units (phenylene units), and are regarded as carbonized compounds. For soluble polyphenylene (PPH) homopolymer (i.e. completely dehydrogenated PCHD), a gradual thermal degradation was observed during the carbonization process. The weight residue for each polymer was between 60 and 70 wt.‐% at 800 °C. 1,4‐Phenylene (1,4‐Ph) units showed higher thermal stability than 1,2‐phenylene (1,2‐Ph) units. The existence of CHD units in the polymer chain accelerated the carbonization of Ph units (sequence). The results suggest that the soluble PPH homopolymer is one soluble precursor that can be utilized to obtain a new class of graphitic compounds.

Thermogravimetric (TG) curves for completely dehydrogenated poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) (soluble polyphenylene homopolymer).

magnified image

Thermogravimetric (TG) curves for completely dehydrogenated poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) (soluble polyphenylene homopolymer).
Preparation of Carbazole‐Containing Amphiphilic Copolymers: An Efficient Method for the Incorporation of Functional Nanocrystals
Authors: Sun Haizhu , Zhang Junhu , Zhang Hao , Li Wei , Wang Chunlei , Li Minjie , Tian Ye , Zhang Dalong , Chen Hongyan , Yang Bai
Published: August 2006

Summary: Novel statistical copolymers with blue fluorescence and amphiphilic groups were synthesized via the radical copolymerization of monomers NVK and OVDAC. The composition and properties of the copolymers were systematically investigated using FT‐IR, UV‐VIS, NMR, PL, DSC, and TGA. This copolymerization method yielded homogeneous random copolymers with variable composition and hence variable carrier transport properties. Besides, positively charged OVDAC groups of the copolymers made them easy to incorporate into negatively charged semiconductor nanocrystals to achieve luminescent composites. The resultant composites showed flexible processability that could be patterned through different methods.

Processing route for the nanocrystal/poly(9–vinylcarbazole‐co‐octadecyl‐p‐vinylbenzyl‐dimethyl‐ammonium chloride) composite.

magnified image

Processing route for the nanocrystal/poly(9–vinylcarbazole‐co‐octadecyl‐p‐vinylbenzyl‐dimethyl‐ammonium chloride) composite.
Reliability of interconnection networks modeled by a product of graphs
Authors: Balbuena C. , García‐Vázquez P. , Marcote X.
Published: August 2006

The product graph Gm*Gp of two given graphs Gm and Gp, defined by J.C. Bermond et al. [J Combin Theory, Series B 36 (1984) 32–48] in the context of the so‐called (Δ,D)‐problem, is one interesting model in the design of large reliable networks. This work deals with product graphs for which we provide bounds for the connectivity parameter κ. Moreover, we state sufficient conditions that guarantee these product graphs to be maximally connected or superconnected. As a consequence, we deduce that even small networks with low reliability may lead to larger networks with high levels of fault‐tolerance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 48(3), 114–120 2006
Corporate lobbying in Europe, managing knowledge and information strategies
Authors: Taminiau Yvette , Wilts Arnold
Published: August 2006

Given that knowledge and information are critical resources for acquiring access to the EU policy process, the question of this paper is how firms should manage the knowledge and information strategies surrounding their lobbying attempts. Developing an appropriate resource base is critical for firms trying to bring their interests to bear on European decision‐making. The same holds for the ability to recognize potential points of entry to the EU policy process. Next to substantial knowledge and expertise, therefore, the ability to understand policy dynamics and the appropriate timing of lobbying attempts are critically important in corporate lobbying in Europe. The implication of this argument is that managing knowledge and information strategies become increasingly important for handlings firms' public affairs.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.