bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolving Role of Lawyers in Family Dispute Resolution
Authors: Kaas and Carolyn Wilkes , McCormack Beth Fawver
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the role of lawyers as client advocates in family dispute resolution (FDR). It explores the current state of advocacy and the hope for its continued evolution. It posits that family lawyers should consider themselves problem-solvers and actively participate in innovative FDR processes. It discusses the importance of professionals and parties understanding the negative impact of conflict on families, and especially children, and the numerous benefits of cooperative co-parenting. It looks at the role of lawyers in various dispute resolution modalities, focusing on collaborative law and mediation, and the need for family lawyers to become skilled negotiators. The chapter calls for lawyers to increase their participation in mediation alongside their clients and for a larger role for the interests of children in FDR processes. It describes and challenges family lawyers to understand the range of dispute resolution options available and to embrace their ethical duty to discuss those options thoroughly with every client, and it urges FDR lawyers to find ways to make their innovative approaches affordable to all clients.
Dispute Resolution Challenges for Families With a Child With Special Needs
Authors: Kaufman Robert L. , Pickar Daniel B.
Published: May 2024

Family courts are seeing an increasing number of separating and divorcing parents who have a child with special needs. Family dispute resolution (FDR) professionals must be prepared to deal with the unique challenges posed by these families. FDR interventions should be grounded in and informed by the specific and oftentimes unique needs of these children. Typical developmentally based parenting plans may not be suitable when the child’s disorder or condition is moderate to severe. FDR can take several forms. This chapter provides guidance for how to match the FDR modality with the specific needs of these families. The chapter also suggests ways that FDR professionals can implement creative approaches to shifting problematic parent dynamics.
Case Management in the Family Courts
Authors: Saini Michael
Published: May 2024

A growing number of calls have been made to reform the family courts. Families involved in the courts can expect a frustrating, time-consuming, and expensive experience when seeking to settle their personal matters in the family court. Significant delays and backlogs in the courts can negatively impact access to services in a timely and cost-efficient manner. At the same time, there is growing awareness of the negative consequences of high-conflict separation and divorce on children, effects undoubtedly exacerbated by protracted litigation. Given the complexity of factors associated with different levels of conflict and the growing reliance on the courts to solve intractable conflicts, there needs to be a more comprehensive approach to intervening with these families. With the focus on modernizing the family courts to better respond to the diversity of family experiences, this chapter focuses on case managing options and family dispute resolution services that can be targeted to the unique needs of families involved in the family courts.
Court and Community Planning for Family Dispute Resolution
Authors: Schepard Andrew , Pruett Marsha Kline , Salem Peter
Published: May 2024

This chapter proposes a planning process for family dispute resolution’s (FDR’s) integration into a community-based dispute resolution system for separating and divorcing families. FDR’s proven worth includes facilitating family self-determination, conserving family emotional and economic resources, and serving the best interests of children by encouraging parents to problem-solve rather than recriminate. FDR saves judicial resources by removing cases from the court and diverting them to more appropriate dispute resolution forums. It has gained wide acceptance in the legal community and with stakeholders, yet FDR activities remain isolated entities, underfunded and underutilized. This chapter gives examples of successful integrated planning for FDR at national, state, and local levels; describes the phases and objectives for the planning process to ensure that every family has access to high-quality FDR, and articulates the judge’s leadership role in facilitating its success.
Implementing Online Dispute Resolution in Family Court
Authors: Shack Jennifer , Shestowsky Donna
Published: May 2024

This chapter draws on the first neutral evaluation of a family court online dispute resolution (ODR) system in the United States to recommend steps courts can take to enhance their ODR programs. After reviewing arguments both in favor and against the use of ODR for the resolution of legal disputes, the authors share some key findings from their evaluation of a post-judgment text-based ODR program. These findings affirm the view that ODR’s potential as a convenient and effective process for resolving family law disputes when parties have access to, and are comfortable with, technology. However, they also uncover barriers to access, such as inadequate information available to parties, ODR platform technological limitations, and lack of internet availability for otherwise eligible parties. The chapter concludes by suggesting concrete ways that courts might ensure greater access to services and uphold party self-determination.
Social Science Research in Family Dispute Resolution
Authors: Pruett Marsha Kline , Briskin Ellie A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter assesses trends in the field of family dispute resolution (FDR) and the empirical evidence supporting their utility and efficacy/effectiveness. The authors highlight newer programs and interventions rather than offering an exhaustive or systematic review. Focusing on benefits, challenges, and outcomes, four FDR processes that have received substantial empirical attention are reviewed: mediation, parenting coordination, online dispute resolution, and parenting education for separating and divorcing parents. Findings support the significance and place of FDR in the family court system. The authors conclude that although research to date supports the effectiveness of FDR, existing research is limited and that additional study is needed to determine when, for whom, and how FDR can be best implemented across programs and interventions.
Confidentiality and Privilege Considerations in Family Dispute Resolution
Authors: Firestone Gregory
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an opportunity to study and understand specific jurisdictional family dispute resolution (FDR) communication protections and a roadmap to determine if an FDR communication is confidential and/or privileged. The opportunity for parties to communicate privately is a necessity and major benefit for most successful FDR processes. The potential consequences of a party disclosing information outside the FDR process is greater in FDR than when a party consults a lawyer or mental health counselor because a party in an FDR process is typically disclosing information in the presence of other parties who likely have adverse interests to those of the party and the parties are or may become involved in litigation. Protecting communications from disclosure also can enable more open and frank discussions during the FDR process, increasing the likelihood of resolution. Unfortunately, some practitioners erroneously, tell parties that everything that happens during the FDR process is confidential and cannot be disclosed to anyone. Such inaccurate descriptions of communication protections prevent parties from making informed decisions regarding what to disclose in the FDR process. FDR approaches broadly fall into one of four categories: advisory, collaborative, delegated, and hybrid methods. These methods may have divergent communication protections in the same and across different jurisdictions.
Amphetamine and Queer Materiality in Andy Warhol’s Factory Films
Authors: Suárez Juan A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter studies the role of amphetamine in Warhol’s Factory films. Widely consumed in the postwar years, the drug propitiated an absorbing immersion into matter and materiality that Warhol’s films, and others made in their orbit, reflect. The chapter explores the social history of amphetamine, its reception in the art and literature of the time, the perceptual changes induced by the substance, the modes of eroticism and community it facilitated, and the ways in which it influenced the temporality and style of Warhol’s films. It shows that many of these films’ characteristics, from their length and their fascination with unscripted micro-events to their peculiar handling of light, masses, textures, bodies, and sound are indebted to what Warhol named “the amphetamine thing.” These material concerns disclose a queer materiality, opening up unsuspected vibrations in the physical–objectual horizon captured by the camera and channeling the peculiar sexuality—the queerness—of Warhol’s films.
Synthetic, Exotic, Magnetic
Authors: Suárez Juan A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the association of visual and aural noise with queer embodiment and sociality. It theorizes the connections between noise and queerness; inquires into the main avenues for the introduction of noise into experimental music and film from mid-century forward; and shows how queer experimental filmmakers used noise to convey unruly corporealities and queer styles of relationality and community. The chapter distinguishes between the “regimes of noise” of the 1940s and 1950s, influenced by musical exoticism and by John Cage’s ideas and practice; of the 1960s and early 1970s, characterized by the vogue of electronically generated noise and the affordances of magnetic tape; and of the 1980s and 1990s, characterized by eclecticism and resistant vernaculars rife with glitch and malfunction. It explores how these noise regimes influenced experimental film between mid-century and the present, from Sidney Peterson and James Broughton to Lionel Soukaz, Abigail Child, and Ashley Hans Scheirl.
Vehicles for Patient-Centered Care
Authors: McClimans Leah M.
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines two different philosophical approaches sometimes discussed in conjunction with patient-centered measures: subjective well-being and objective list theory. This chapter argues that both approaches fail to capture what is at stake in patient-centered measurement. And what is at stake? The answer proposed is patient-centeredness itself. To make the concerns with these philosophical approaches explicit, the first half of this chapter examines the historical development of patient-centered measures. Out of this discussion, two requirements for patient-centeredness are posited. Patient-centeredness requires measures to (1) prioritize patient involvement and (2) be inclusive of patient perspectives. These requirements serve to illustrate what is lacking in subjective well-being and objective list theories and point the way forward toward an account of patient-centered measurement.
Epistemic Dialogue
Authors: McClimans Leah M.
Published: May 2024

This chapter develops the first of the patient-centered criteria laid down in Chapter 2: prioritize patient involvement. The aim is to lay down the foundations of an epistemic theory for patient-centered measures. Most of the development of this criterion focuses on the ethical and epistemic importance of prioritizing involvement of people with disabilities, patients, and other ill persons in the development of patient-centered measures. An approach to prioritizing patient involvement is developed called epistemic dialogue. Epistemic dialogue helps to foreground and take seriously marginalized testimony from the first-person perspective, but it also provides a role for secondhand perspectives such as health researchers. Thus, prioritizing patient involvement in measure development does not mean acquiescing to patient points of view; rather, it means coming to understand better the constructs patient-centered measures aim to access while making the most of the expertise people with disabilities, patients, and other ill people have on them.
Conclusion
Authors: McClimans Leah M.
Published: May 2024

This book brings philosophical concepts and tools to bear on health measurement. It asks health researchers to make ethics and epistemology part of their work-a-day vocabulary. It is a work of interdisciplinary scholarship. This is also a book that brings Gadamer’s hermeneutic insights to bear on analytic philosophy of science and measurement. It is a work that aims to enrich conceptual orientations. Are the arguments and ideas put forward in this book risky and unorthodox? Or conventional and obvious? The conclusion looks back at the chapters that precede it to address this question as well as other outstanding concerns, while also articulating the author’s intentions in writing it.
The End of Ambition
Authors: Cook Steven A.
Published: May 2024

The End of Ambition: America’s Past, Present, and Future in the Middle East posits that in the post–World War II era, the United States was successful in the Middle East when it pursued policies aimed at preventing harm to its core interests. There were moral and material costs to this success, of course, but oil flowed freely from the region, Israel was secure, and the United States remained predominant. The American failure in the Middle East since the end of the Cold War reflects a shift from preventive policies in favor of an ambitious effort to transform the Middle East through the establishment of a Palestinian state, regime change in Iraq, and the Freedom Agenda. Rather than retrench or withdraw from the Middle East, The End of Ambition advocates that the United States remain active in the region, but that Washington must place a premium on prudence, discretion, efficiency, and balance in its approach.
Unbreakable Bonds
Authors: Cook Steven A.
Published: May 2024

The third chapter examines the development of US-Israel ties. The two countries did not always enjoy a “special relationship.” During Israel’s early years, the Truman and Eisenhower administrations provided Israel with modest economic assistance but otherwise held the Jewish state at arm’s length. It was not until John F. Kennedy became president that the contemporary US-Israel relationship began to take shape. The chapter highlights the development of these ties with an emphasis not only on military assistance but also on cooperation in science and technology. It culminates in a discussion of the moral and political costs of America’s successful effort to help ensure Israel’s security.
Faith, Politics, and the Pursuit of Humanity
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2024

Humanism soon acquired importance in New Spain after the fall of the Aztec capital to the Spaniards and their allies in 1521. Intellectual developments in Europe account for the perspectives and practices of Fray Pedro de Gante and the very first missionaries from Flanders, and, from the 1530s onwards, important historical protagonists were inspired by Erasmian principles and by classical learning. Fray Juan de Zumárraga organized the translation of Greek patristic literature, as well as establishing colleges and a printing press in Mexico City; Vasco de Quiroga, prompted by his reading of Lucian and Thomas More’s Utopia, established residential communities for natives in the Valley of Mexico and in Michoacán; and Fray Julián Garcés deployed his knowledge of Roman antiquity in a treatise that elicited a papal bull protecting the Indians. Chapter 1 consists of the following sections: I. ‘Humanism in Europe and the Hispanic world’; II. ‘The earliest missionaries in New Spain’; III. ‘Fray Juan de Zumárraga and his associates’; IV. ‘Vasco de Quiroga’; V. ‘Fray Julián Garcés’; and VI. ‘Conclusions.’
Persuasion for a Pagan Audience
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2024

Latin treatises on missionary rhetoric from sixteenth-century Mexico exhibit a striking variety of attitudes towards native groups. Although Fray Bartolomé de las Casas affirmed the importance of peaceful teaching of the Christian faith, two Franciscans, Fray Juan Focher and Fray Diego Valadés, endorsed the principle of waging just war. The visual illustrations, the emphasis on the art of memory, and the presentation of the Aztec calendar in Valadés’ Rhetorica Christiana show how the author’s knowledge of classical literature determined his ideas of Mexican culture. Classical models and rhetorical theory also feature prominently in a first-hand account by Fray Cristóbal Cabrera of Vasco de Quiroga’s work in Michoacán, which narrates an encounter with an unconverted nomadic tribe. Chapter 2 consists of the following sections: I. ‘Rhetoric in the Christian tradition and humanist education’; II. ‘Teaching religion by peaceful persuasion: Fray Bartolomé de las Casas’ De unico vocationis modo (c. 1539)’; III. ‘Conversion by force: Fray Juan Focher and Fray Diego Valadés’; IV. ‘Fray Diego Valadés’ Rhetorica Christiana, 1579’: (i) ‘Conception and structure’, (ii) ‘Valadés’ visual illustrations’, (iii) ‘Art of memory in the Rhetorica Christiana’, (iv) ‘Valadés’ Mexican calendar’; V. ‘Conversion through action: Fray Cristóbal Cabrera, De solicitanda infidelium conversione, 1582’; and VI. ‘Conclusions’.
Between Babel and Utopia
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2024

Advances in the study of grammar in Renaissance Europe underpinned the methods of missionary linguists in Mexico. Erasmus’ interpretation of the Babel story motivated the Franciscans, but their approach to Amerindian languages was highly practical, as they were aware that those tongues could not be completely governed by the principles of Latin: Fray Andrés de Olmos’ exposition of Nahuatl in his pioneering study of the Mexican language diverged from the foundational model of Antonio de Nebrija’s Latin grammar; and the early study of Purépecha by Fray Maturino Gilberti required a completely different systematization from that which the same author would employ in his grammar of Latin (the first to be produced in the Americas). Chapter 3 consists of the following sections: I. Latin and vernacular grammar in Renaissance Europe; II. Humanist models for artes and vocabularies of Amerindian languages; III. Erasmus’ interpretation of Babel and the confusion of tongues; IV. Latin and the artes of Amerindian languages; V. Antonio de Nebrija’s Introductiones Latinae, c. 1487, and Fray Andrés de Olmos’ Arte de la lengua mexicana, 1547; VI. Fray Maturino Gilberti’s Arte de la lengua de Michuacan, 1558, and Grammatica Maturini, 1559; and VII. Conclusions.
Humanism and Ethnohistory
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2024

In the mid-1500s, some native governors lodged appeals, in Latin, for the restoration of territory, reduction of tribute, coats of arms, and other privileges for their polities. This chapter examines three little-known Latin texts in detail: a short official report by the native judge Juan de Tlaxcala about a claim Pedro de Montezuma made for lands in Tula; and two letters (presented in Appendix 2), an appeal to Emperor Charles V by Antonio Cortés Totoquihuatzin, governor of Tlacopan, and a petition to Philip II of Spain by the rulers of Azcapotzalco. These texts offer unparalleled testimonies about the histories of principalities in the Valley of Mexico. The rhetorical and literary devices employed in the letters show how some indigenous nobles made use of the humanist education they had received for their own ends. Chapter 6 consists of the following sections: I. Juan de Tlaxcala, ‘Verba sociorum domini petri tlacauepantzi’, 1541; II. Antonio Cortés Totoquihuatzin, ‘S.C.C. Majestati’ to Charles V, 1552: (i) Context and argument of the Latin letter to Charles V, (ii) Further narratives in the 1552 letter; III. Rulers of Azcapotzalco, ‘Invictissimo Hispaniarum Regi’ to Philip II, 1561: (i) Context and argument of the Latin letter to Philip II, (ii) Competing accounts of the Tepaneca and Mexica, (iii) Humanist style and Nahuatl idiom, (iv) Antonio Valeriano as author of the Azcapotzalco letter; and IV. Conclusions.
Aztec Gods and Orators
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2024

The Florentine Codex (c. 1580), a twelve-book investigation of the beliefs and customs of pre-Hispanic Mexico in Nahuatl and Spanish, contains several enigmatic evocations of classical and patristic sources. Latent echoes of Virgil, Plutarch, and Josephus in the Nahuatl text can be attributed to the native Latinists who transcribed it. On the other hand, Fray Bernardino de Sahagún’s role as the general architect of the work is evident from its relation to medieval and Renaissance precursors, and from his prefaces to individual books. Sahagún translated and introduced the Nahuatl speeches, adages, and metaphors in Book 6, conceiving these indigenous discourses as rhetorical, but some widespread assumptions about their nature can be questioned. Overall, the different uses of humanist learning in the Florentine Codex highlight the dialogical quality of the work. As well as differentiating the agency of the native Latinists from that of Sahagún himself, it is important to distinguish those indigenous Latinists who mediated the primary material in Nahuatl from the indigenous elders who first supplied it. Chapter 8 consists of the following sections: I. Conception of the Historia general; models and precedents; II. Greco-Roman paganism and the extirpation of idolatry; III. Classical allusions in the Historia general; IV. Book 6: De la Rethorica, y philosophía moral, y theología, 1577: (i) The Nahuatl speeches in Book 6, chapters 1–40; (ii) The Adagios, Caçaniles, and Methaphoras: Book 6, chapters 41–43; and V. Conclusions.
Universal Histories for Posterity
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2024

Some native and mestizo chroniclers exploited European forms of knowledge to embellish and dignify their accounts of their territories in the Valley of Mexico. Analogies from Roman literature were employed by Diego Muñoz Camargo in his histories of Tlaxcala, and by Hernando de Alvarado Tezozomoc, who produced chronicles of Mexico-Tenochtitlan in Nahuatl and in Spanish. In the early 1600s, Chimalpahin cited classical sources as authorities to validate his annalistic history in Nahuatl, and Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl used Greco-Roman and Renaissance texts as literary models in portraying his ancestor Nezhualcoyotl, the pre-Hispanic ruler of Texcoco. Chapter 9 consists of the following sections: I. Classical illustrations in the works of Diego Muñoz Camargo and Hernando de Alvarado Tezozomoc; II. Classical authorities in Chimalpahin’s Nahuatl annals; III. Classical models in Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl’s portrayal of Nezahualcoyotl; and IV. Conclusions.
Solidarity and the Just Society
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe
Published: May 2024

Solidarity is best understood as mutual responsibility between the members of a real or imagined community. It can be displayed by individuals and by collectives. It is also a principle that can govern institutions. The institutionalization of solidarity plays a major role in the pursuit of social justice. Yet, the institutions central to the pursuit of social justice cannot all be conceptualized as institutionalized solidarity. This is of particular importance in our increasingly diverse societies but does not prevent the virtue of solidarity, as practiced both by individuals and collectives, from being of great importance to the pursuit of social justice.
Nile Cruising Boats
Authors: Şahin Christine M.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 1 steps aboard the Nile Maxim five-star boat to compare and contrast three different dancers’ shows for the ways they construct and perform gender, sexuality, nationalism, and identity through bodily, physical, and ideological borders and boundaries. This chapter highlights how space shapes meanings but how bodies moving within such spaces choreograph significant weight in what semiotics are created, deconstructed, and exchanged. While the overall variety “packaged performance” entertainment on cruise boats is designed to sell an image of Egypt to locals and tourists, what exactly that package says about the female dancing body, and the nation at large, is largely dependent upon the individual dancer through her intersectionally understood identity and what she intends to say with her art. Further, the chapter’s writing structure is broken down into two parts to embody the common two-part raqs sharqi show structure on boats.
Discos
Authors: Şahin Christine M.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 scrolls then steps into raqs sharqi within Cairo’s controversial disco-clubs via the viral social media clips shared from their stages as intertwined sites of policing in larger local and global dance and socio-political revolutionary movements. What possibilities, cautions, and tactics gather in moving toward more revolutionary realities, when such moves are deemed risqué?” Vibe is employed as a way to understand and embody these interconnections. Vibe is theorized as an embodied environment of potential unity and possibility. When realized, vibe not only makes visible interconnections and their significations, but likewise cultivates an energetic environment influenced by the bodies within the shared space, environments potentially rippling with revolutionary possibilities capable of sustainable embodiment. This embodiment necessitates sliding into serious (and often quite scandalous) risk. However, this risk is critical in exposing the core of policing, which operates as a “triple threat” intertwined within and between state, society, and self.
Immaculate Conflicts
Authors: Favila Cesar D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the embodied musical world of nuns in early modern New Spain, as it relates the concept of immaculate sounds to the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception and the ideal of virginity. The sonification of virginity and the Virgin Mary became especially meaningful for nuns who vowed to defend the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception upon professing. Mary was framed as a resonator of God’s voice, sonified and tied to the Incarnation through the daily singing of her Magnificat, which was essential to belief in her virginal status. The concept of virginity was moreover rhetorically associated with an aesthetically appealing imagined sound. In this regard, this chapter also shows that the conflict between the Church’s virginal ideal for nuns and the reality of non-virgin and indigenous women wishing to profess as nuns was sublimated to yield immaculate sounds.
Feasting Sounds
Authors: Favila Cesar D.
Published: May 2024

New Spanish nuns engaged in the sacrament of the Eucharist through their music and devotion to the Body of Christ. Because of their gender, nuns had a close union with Christ that sensually framed the female monastic body as the receptacle of the Body of Christ’s divine love. Consuming the Eucharist was moreover perceived to lead to the nuns’ harmonization with the Body of Christ, yet, authorities imposed limits on the frequency of sacramental communion, whereas spiritual communion served as an alternative. By placing Eucharistic villancicos sung by nuns in dialogue with Eucharistic devotional literature, this chapter argues for a sonically inclined form of spiritual communion for the brides of Christ. Furthermore, the Body of Christ was itself comparable to music because of its invisibility and veiling in the bread, which enhanced the centrality of Eucharistic devotion among veiled nuns.
COVID-19 and Mass Incarceration
Authors: Kajeepeta Sandhya , Prins Seth J.
Published: May 2024

Incarcerated people have been among the nation’s most vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic: By late April 2020, 8 of the 10 largest COVID-19 hotspots in the United States were prisons or jails. Rather than enact the level of mass releases required to mitigate coronavirus spread or employ basic infectious disease prevention strategies, government officials predominantly used ineffective and inhumane containment strategies while maintaining high jail and prison populations. By December 2021, one in every five people incarcerated in a prison in the United States had had COVID-19. This chapter focuses on COVID-19 and mass incarceration, including jail and prison responses to the threat of COVID-19, with a focus on broader social inequalities including by race/ethnicity. The intersection of the coronavirus pandemic with mass criminalization and incarceration makes it harder to ignore what has always been true: we are only as safe and healthy as the most vulnerable and oppressed person in the most abhorrent jail or prison conditions.
Neighborhoods and COVID-19
Authors: Kim Byoungjun , Whalen Adam M. , Rundle Andrew G. , Morrison Christopher N. , Branas Charles C. , Duncan Dustin T.
Published: May 2024

Emerging studies, primarily in North American and European contexts, have identified various social and built environments as potential determinants of COVID-19 outcomes, including infection, hospitalization, and death. Beyond these direct COVID-19 outcomes, neighborhood characteristics not only play important roles in COVID-19 prevention, such as facilitating spatial access to testing and vaccine uptake, but also are linked with COVID-19-related comorbidities, as well as collateral health outcomes due to mandated lockdowns and social distancing (e.g., mental health, substance use, domestic violence). In this chapter, the authors discuss theoretical mechanisms of neighborhood effects on COVID-19, followed by an overview of current research. They suggest important caveats of current studies and considerations for future research on the neighborhood effects of COVID-19. And finally they discuss existing and future place-based interventions, such as revitalizing outdoor streets for pedestrians and promotion of non-motorized transportation (i.e., active transportation), for COVID-19 prevention and mitigation.
China's Galaxy Empire
Authors: Keane John , He Baogang
Published: May 2024

This short but lively book targets a development of enormous contemporary significance: China’s return, after two centuries of decline and subjugation, to a position of prominence in world affairs. The daring thesis is that China is a newly rising empire of a kind never before witnessed: a galaxy empire, so called to emphasize that it is the first to be born of the digital communications era, and to show how the gravitational, push/pull effects of this young, economically, and politically powerful and heavily armed empire are impacting every continent and even reconfiguring outer space, where China is competing with the United States, India, and Europe to become the leading power. The galaxy empire approach rejects clichéd misdescriptions of China as a ‘big power’, hegemonic ‘sovereign state’, or monolithic ‘autocracy’. It explains why the galaxy empire defies older definitions of land, sea, and air-based empires. It offers fresh ways of thinking about major developments, such as the launch of the massive state capitalist Belt and Road Initiative, the rapid rise of a global Chinese middle class, internal colonialism in Tibet and Xinjiang, the growth of the world’s largest standing army and the galaxy empire’s efforts to re-define the US-led ‘rules-based global order’ by means of new currency arrangements, cross-border protocols, bio-protection agreements, and peacekeeping and military operations. The galaxy empire thesis underscores the protean, shapeshifting qualities of this young empire, and it therefore warns against the political and military perils of simple-minded, friend-versus-enemy thinking and Big China, Bad China politics. But it also proffers a forewarning to China’s rulers: while every rising empire aims to shift the balance of power in its favour, no empire lasts forever, and some are stillborn, because they indulge illusions of greatness and reckless power adventures.
The Nature and Value of Friendship
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: May 2024

This chapter presents an account of friendship built around two real-life cases of the author’s close friendships. The essentially historical nature of friendship is emphasized by showing how the other paradigmatic features of friendship—concern and affection, special knowledge, and a desire to share lives—depend upon and are a function of the past interactions of the friends. After a discussion of ways of thinking about friendship that ought to be avoided because they move a philosophical account beyond ordinary experience, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the ending of friendship. Even the very best of close friendships may be terminated, and examining the endings and exitings from friendships can tell us a great deal about the role of friendship in our lives: seeing what we lose and what we cause others to lose when a friendship is terminated reveals what friendship adds to our lives.
Partiality and Intimacy in an Imperfect World
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: May 2024

Even if we accept that we have reasons of intimacy, we have to recognize that those reasons compete with our agent-neutral reasons to aid persons less privileged than ourselves. Many people in the world are in dire need of the basic necessities of life and have little hope of providing a comfortable and rewarding life for themselves or for their intimates. So we need to consider that our reasons of intimacy may be outweighed and that our actual practices of partiality are unjustified. This chapter considers some important ways in which this conflict between partiality and need has been conceptualized, and examines both charitable giving and inheritance tax to show how what are sometimes seen as only political problems are really personal problems for all of us. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the limitations of philosophy in approaching these issues.
Introduction: Interpreting Plato’sLaws
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a road map for the interpretive project undertaken in the book. The current consensus emphasizes the dialogue’s ambition to describe a “community of the virtuous.” Optimistically, scholars hold that Magnesia instils rational freedom among ordinary citizens. This book argues, by contrast, that Plato was a “realist” as well as an “idealist.” While the Athenian Stranger aspires to cultivate virtue in ordinary citizens, the dialogue emphasizes the obstacles to his ambition—in particular, that Magnesians cannot rule themselves rationally. The conflict between idealism and realism leads to the dialogue’s presentation of politics as an ineluctably tragic enterprise. The dialogue’s sensitive portrayal of its characters leads readers to wonder about the identity of the Athenian Stranger himself. He turns out to be an itinerant, Platonically educated philosopher with eudaimonistic ambitions of his own.
The “Truest Tragedy” in Plato’sLaws
Authors: Balot Ryan K.
Published: May 2024

Toward the end of Book 7, the Athenian offers a pregnant reflection on his own political project. He has established the Magnesian regime as a mimesis of the best life; and that, he says, is the “truest tragedy.” According to the conventional interpretation, the Athenian’s prove superior to those of the traditional tragic poets, his rivals. While this interpretation fits the understanding of Magnesia’s ordinary citizens, Magnesia’s civil religion suggests the need to uncover, in addition, a deeper meaning. This chapter argues that the tragedy of the Athenian’s political project lies in the necessary ignorance of the ordinary citizens for whom the regime, with its civil religion, is created. Their teleological purpose as human beings is frustrated because they fail to live lives of rational self-governance. Subsequent discussions of astronomy and mathematics sharpen this distinction between ordinary citizens and philosophers.
Introduction
Authors: Aziz Sahar F. , Esposito John L.
Published: May 2024

Islamophobia is a rapidly growing problem across the world, arising from a convergence of right-wing populism, xenophobia, and a normalization of anti-Muslim scapegoating. The consequences are devastating for Uyghurs in China indefinitely detained in concentration camps, Indian Muslims attacked in pogroms, and the Rohingya murdered in a genocide. Muslims in the global north, meanwhile, are denied religious freedom and other civil rights on account of their purported corruption of liberal values. The case studies of ten countries across three continents—North America, Europe, and Asia—demonstrate a troubling trend: right-wing politicians, buttressed by civil society groups and conservative media outlets, deploy Islamophobia to intensify the majority ethnic populations’ fears of losing power and wealth. Global Islamophobia in an Era of Populism is the first to tackle these complex, interconnected phenomena through empirically supported analysis by internationally known scholars.
Postcolonialism, Post–National Socialism, German Reunification, and the Rise of the Far Right
Authors: Hafez Farid
Published: May 2024

This chapter demonstrates that postcolonialism, post-Nazism, and German reunification are three important factors in the making of Germany’s self-imagination that explain the relevance and rise of Islamophobia in Germany today. The belated arrival of the Alternative for Germany (AfD), a successful right-wing populist party with an anti-Muslim agenda, does not indicate a belated arrival of Islamophobia. Rather, the AfD was able to mobilize a preexisting narrative about Muslims contained in the centrist parties, first and foremost the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union, as well as an existing Islamophobic state praxis in the wake of 9/11 that goes even back to colonial times. The chapter shows that with rising violence committed by underground right-wing groups, state authorities have realized that the growing Islamophobia has increasingly become a threat to the state itself.
France’s Islamophobic Bloc and the “Mainstreamization” of the Far Right
Authors: Mohammed Marwan
Published: May 2024

In the European context, the rise of Islamophobia is regularly associated with the growth of political and electoral forces from the radical right and neofascist movements over the last three decades. One recent development, however, has been the penetration and legitimization—also called the “mainstreamization”—of far-right ideas, theses, and opinions in politics. But in France, the idea that the Muslim presence poses a problem as soon as it becomes visible crosses both sides of the political field. This chapter addresses Islamophobia across France’s political spectrum, which spans from views on the left to those on the extreme right. Mohammed argues that there is an “Islamophobic bloc” whose ideologies and rhetoric converge in the construction of a “Muslim problem.”
Islamophobia in Russia
Authors: Calderone Sarah , Aziz Sahar F.
Published: May 2024

Russia has been home to native Muslim minorities for centuries, and after the fall of the Soviet Union, migrant populations from Muslim-majority, post-Soviet countries in Central Asia began arriving in large numbers. Despite the official government narrative that Russia is a multinational, multi-denominational country, those migrants still experience xenophobia and discrimination on the basis of their ethnicity, nationality, and religion. The chapter discusses Russia’s complicated history with its Muslim minorities and that history’s effect on relations with migrants from post-Soviet states in the form of a Good Muslim/Bad Muslim paradigm. The chapter considers public opinion about these groups, which is driven in part by xenophobic right-wing populism that is considered acceptable by the Russian government. And it covers how Russia’s national security and migration laws reflect and contribute to these conditions. Central Asian migrants are subject to considerations of whether Muslims are accepted or not into Russian society, including those of their religiosity, political ambitions, and usefulness to government aims. A populist nationalism underlies relations with Muslims and other groups threatening Russian authority generally.
Introduction
Authors: Bolton Charles C.
Published: May 2024

Economic and military mobilization during World War II brought changes to the Deep South’s economic, social, and political systems, a process that had begun a decade earlier with Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies. Wartime mobilization transformed the Deep South’s economy, completing the agricultural revolution begun during the 1930s and generating a new wave of industrialization. As part of its mobilization for total war, the federal government decreed the need for nondiscrimination in war industry employment and military training and service. In the Deep South, where race relations operated in an openly discriminatory manner, federal nondiscrimination directives clashed with White southern tradition in war workplaces and in and around military camps.
The FEPC and Black Workers
Authors: Bolton Charles C.
Published: May 2024

In the South, the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) proved particularly ineffectual in bringing about change. White Southerners had created a system of racial apartheid designed to legally enshrine social, legal, and economic discrimination against its Black population. FDR’s Executive Order 8802, which created the FEPC, endorsed nondiscrimination but provided few mechanisms to enforce it. The South had Black citizens who pressed for change, although challenging White supremacy in the region entailed personal risks. Most employers in the Deep South maintained discriminatory employment practices throughout the war. This chapter looks closely at three examples of how employers in the Deep South that made major contributions to war production managed to evade the requirements of Executive Order 8802 and limit Black industrial employment in the region: the Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company in Mobile, Alabama; the Bell Bomber Plant in Marietta, Georgia; and the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation in Pascagoula, Mississippi.
Theodore Bilbo: Southern Reactionary
Authors: Bolton Charles C.
Published: May 2024

Theodore Bilbo served as a US senator from Mississippi throughout World War II. Bilbo saw the war years as presenting existential dangers to the southern way of life. During World War II, Bilbo and other White Southerners believed that the nondiscrimination stance of the federal government posed challenges to the South’s system of race relations. Federal initiatives also helped create an atmosphere where Black activism—even in places as hostile to Black freedom as Mississippi—could begin to flourish. Bilbo feared a coming race war and proposed as a solution that all Blacks be removed from the United States and returned to Africa. During the war, Bilbo became the most outspoken opponent of any efforts to weaken racial segregation and White supremacy in the South and the nation, and by the summer of 1945, a sustained and national anti-Bilbo movement (mostly among Northerners) emerged.
Claudia Jones
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2, “Claudia Jones: ‘The Negro question in the United States is prior to, and not equal to, the woman question,’ ” examines Jones’ Black left internationalist feminist analyses and activism related to the issues of fascism, imperialism, capitalism, poverty, sexism, slavery and rape, abolition and suffrage, Jim Crow and segregation, lynching, and police brutality as represented in her essay “An End to the Neglect of the Problems of the Negro Woman!” (1949). It is argued that Jones’ triple-oppression analysis takes seriously the simultaneity of racial oppression, gender oppression, and class oppression in ways that explicitly center and make visible Black women’s lived experience as well as their militant agency. It is also argued that although Jones and Beauvoir take quite different approaches to the issues of their times (both publishing their most popular text in 1949), Jones must be credited for facilitating one of the earliest recoveries of The Second Sex in the US context.
Simone de Beauvoir’s Analogical Approach
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia
Published: May 2024

Chapter 5, “The Analogical Approach: ‘There are deep analogies between the situations of women and blacks,’ ” gives a close textual analysis of the use of the race/gender analogy and other comparative and competing frameworks of oppression in The Second Sex. The following arguments are made: (1) Beauvoir’s comparative and competing frameworks of oppression pose at least two problems—on the one hand, she collapses diverse systems of oppression as the same, and on the other hand, she also attempts to distinguish between these systems of oppression by privileging gender difference and oppression above other forms of identity and oppression; (2) Beauvoir’s utilization of the race/gender analogy omits the experiences and oppressions of Black women and other Women of Color who experience racial and gender oppression simultaneously; and furthermore, (3) even when white feminists critique Beauvoir’s use of analogies and/or other comparative and competing frameworks of oppression, often they do not cite and engage Black and Latina feminists who have taken up these issues in Beauvoir.
Slavery and Womanhood
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6, “Slavery and Womanhood: ‘Assimilating woman to the slave is a mistake,’ ” distinguishes the aforementioned race/gender analogy from the slave/woman analogy (e.g., when Beauvoir portrays woman as enslaved by man, enslaved by domestic duties, and enslaved by the body’s reproductive functions for the species, as well as her use of Hegel’s master-slave dialectic as a theoretical framework for the subjugation of woman). It is argued that Beauvoir’s historical and metaphorical accounts of slavery do not adequately address racialized slavery. As a corrective, the chapter takes up examine critiques of her use of the slave/woman analogy while also taking seriously the lived experiences of enslaved Black women in the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia
Published: May 2024

Conclusion, “Simone de Beauvoir: ‘I think The Second Sex will seem like an old, dated book, after a while. But nonetheless . . . a book which will have made its contribution’ ” takes up interviews with Beauvoir about The Second Sex and how her relationship to the text evolved over time (between 1974 and 1979). In a 1976 interview with John Gerassi (“Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex Twenty-Five Years Later”), she acknowledges the limits of the text and says that if a project like that were to be done again it should be a collaborative effort with different women speaking from their own lived experiences and situations. Unfortunately, she goes on to undermine this important insight when she also asserts that Black women in America should be listening to white women instead of supporting Black men: “It is the same in America, where black women refused to listen to the women’s liberation movement proselytizers because they were white. Such black women remained supportive of their black husbands despite the exploitation, simply because the person trying to make them aware of the exploitation were white.”1 Thus, in one of the few instances in which Beauvoir takes up Black women in the United States, she assumes we are ignorant of our own oppression and should be enlightened by white women liberators to raise our consciousness about our situation. The conclusion revisits Audre Lorde, specifically her “Open Letter to Mary Daly” and its implications for Beauvoir and The Second Sex. The conclusion also revisits identity politics and intersectionality as coalitional practices, comes back to Maria Lugones on decolonial feminisms and coalition, and closes with (or rather opens up to) Mariana Ortega’s call for coalitional politics and a praxis of intersectional philosophy.