bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal Organic Framework Crystals in Mixed‐Matrix Membranes: Impact of the Filler Morphology on the Gas Separation Performance
Authors: Sabetghadam Anahid , Seoane Beatriz , Keskin Damla , Duim Nicole , Rodenas Tania , Shahid Salman , Sorribas Sara , Guillouzer Clément Le , Clet Guillaume , Tellez Carlos , Daturi Marco , Coronas Joaquin , Kapteijn Freek , Gascon Jorge
Published: February 2016

Mixed‐matrix membranes comprising NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) and Matrimid or 6FDA‐DAM have been investigated. The metal organic framework (MOF) loading has been varied between 5 and 20 wt%, while NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) with three different morphologies, nanoparticles, nanorods, and microneedles has been dispersed in Matrimid. The synthesized membranes have been tested in the separation of CO2 from CH4 in an equimolar mixture. At 3 bar and 298 K for 8 wt% MOF loading, incorporation of NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) nanoparticles leads to the largest improvement compared to nanorods and microneedles. The incorporation of the best performing filler, i.e., NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) nanoparticles, into the highly permeable 6FDA‐DAM has a larger effect, and the CO2 permeability increases up to 85% with slightly lower selectivities for 20 wt% MOF loading. Specifically, these membranes have a permeability of 660 Barrer with a CO2/CH4 separation factor of 28, leading to a performance very close to the Robeson limit of 2008. Furthermore, a new non‐destructive technique based on Raman spectroscopy mapping is introduced to assess the homogeneity of the filler dispersion in the polymer matrix. The MOF contribution can be calculated by modeling the spectra. The determined homogeneity of the MOF filler distribution in the polymer is confirmed by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy analysis.
Mannosylation Allows for Synergic (CD44/C‐Type Lectin) Uptake of Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles in Dendritic Cells, but Only upon Correct Ligand Presentation
Authors: Gennari Arianna , Pelliccia Maria , Donno Roberto , Kimber Ian , Tirelli Nicola
Published: February 2016

The selective targeting of dendritic cells (DCs) can lead to more efficacious vaccines. Here, materials have been designed for a synergic DC targeting: interacting with CD44 through the use of hyaluronic acid (HA), and with mannose‐binding lectins (typical DC pattern recognition receptors) through HA mannosylation. Negatively charged, HA‐displaying nanoparticles are produced via polyelectrolyte complexation of (mannosylated) HA and high‐ or low‐ molecular‐weight chitosan (CS, 36 and 656 kDa). Using CS36, HA is better exposed and the particles have a higher affinity for HA receptors; this means a higher number of receptors clustered around each particle and, due to the rather limited CD44 availability, an overall lower uptake per cell. Employing Langerhans‐like XS106 cells, all particles show negligible toxicity or inflammatory activation. The cellular uptake kinetics are qualitatively similar to other leukocytic models and thus considered to be CD44‐dominated; the uptake increases with increasing HA mannosylation and with the use of adjuvants (LPS, mannan) for CS36/HA but not for CS656//HA particles; this indicates that the interactions with mannose‐binding receptors requires a correct ligand presentation, and only in that case can they be enhanced by appropriate adjuvants. In summary, mannose‐binding receptors can be used to enhance the internalization of HA‐based carriers, although this positive synergy depends on the mode of ligand presentation.
Gold Nanoparticles Doped with 199Au Atoms and Their Use for Targeted Cancer Imaging by SPECT
Authors: Zhao Yongfeng , Pang Bo , Luehmann Hannah , Detering Lisa , Yang Xuan , Sultan Deborah , Harpstrite Scott , Sharma Vijay , Cutler Cathy S. , Xia Younan , Liu Yongjian
Published: February 2016

Gold nanoparticles have been labeled with various radionuclides and extensively explored for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in the context of cancer diagnosis. The stability of most radiolabels, however, still needs to be improved for accurate detection of cancer biomarkers and thereby monitoring of tumor progression and metastasis. Here, the first synthesis of Au nanoparticles doped with 199Au atoms for targeted SPECT tumor imaging in a mouse triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) model is reported. By directly incorporating 199Au atoms into the crystal lattice of each Au nanoparticle, the stability of the radiolabel can be ensured. The synthetic procedure also allows for a precise control over both the radiochemistry and particle size. When conjugated with D‐Ala1‐peptide T‐amide, the Au nanoparticles doped with 199Au atoms can serve as a C‐C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)‐targeted nanoprobe for the sensitive and specific detection of both TNBC and its metastasis in a mouse tumor model.
Improvement of Doxorubicin Efficacy by Conjugating to pH‐Sensitive Copolymer‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Siami Fatemeh , Ahmadpanahi Homayon , Heidarinasab Amir , Moniri Elham , Akbarzadeh Azim
Published: February 2016

Chemotherapy is one of the main treatment regimens for cancer therapy. Efficacy of chemotherapy is limited issues such as nonspecific cytotoxicity, poor aqueous solubility, and bioavailability. Targeted drug delivery is an ideal strategy to overcome these barriers. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a great drug delivery system have drawn considerable attention. Functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) here were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy techniques. An anticancer agent, doxorubicin (DOX), was loaded onto the NPs and then the release behavior and cytotoxicity effects of nanodrug were determined. The pH‐sensitive behavior of drug release was observed. While the total loaded drug was released at pH 1.2 in 30 min, the amount of drug release was equal to 8% in pH 7 after 8 h. The drug‐loading efficiency was found to be 88%. Also, NPs potentiate the efficacy of the drug by increasing its cytotoxicity, in which IC50 of 57 and 39 μM for the nanodrug and drug was estimated, respectively. In conclusion, the results of the study showed that MNPs are promising vehicle for DOX delivery.
Global optimization of multicomponent distillation configurations: 2. Enumeration based global minimization algorithm
Authors: Nallasivam Ulaganathan , Shah Vishesh H. , Shenvi Anirudh A. , Huff Joshua , Tawarmalani Mohit , Agrawal Rakesh
Published: February 2016

We present a general Global Minimization Algorithm (GMA) to identify basic or thermally coupled distillation configurations that require the least vapor duty under minimum reflux conditions for separating any ideal or near‐ideal multicomponent mixture into a desired number of product streams. In this algorithm, global optimality is guaranteed by modeling the system using Underwood equations and reformulating the resulting constraints to bilinear inequalities. The speed of convergence to the globally optimal solution is increased by using appropriate feasibility and optimality based variable‐range reduction techniques and by developing valid inequalities. The GMA can be coupled with already developed techniques that enumerate basic and thermally coupled distillation configurations, to provide for the first time, a global optimization based rank‐list of distillation configurations. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2071–2086, 2016
C‐reactive protein increases with gestational age during pregnancy among Chinese women
Authors: Mei Zuguo , Li Hongtian , Serdula Mary K. , Flores‐Ayala RAFAEL C. , Wang Linlin , Liu Jian‐Meng , Grummer‐Strawn Laurence M.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To examine the concentration of C‐reactive protein (CRP) in relation to gestational weeks during pregnancy among Chinese women.

Methods

From a randomized control trial of prenatal supplementation with folic acid, iron‐folic acid, and multiple micronutrients in China, we examined 834 pregnant women with CRP measured initially between 5 and 20 weeks and at follow‐up between 28 and 32 weeks gestation. We calculated and plotted CRP geometric means by gestational weeks. The same analysis was repeated for women who had normal pregnancies (624 women) by excluding women with stillbirth, preterm, small for gestational age, body mass index <18.5 kg/m2 or >30 kg/m2 at enrollment, and hypertension or anemia during pregnancy.

Results

We observed a significant positive trend between log‐transformed CRP and gestational age from 5 to 20 weeks and from 28 to 32 weeks both in the full sample and in the subset of women who had normal pregnancies. CRP geometric mean was 0.81 mg/l at 5–7 weeks of gestation, 2.85 mg/l at 19–20 weeks of gestation, and 3.89 mg/l at 32 weeks of gestation. A similar increasing trend in the CRP median or percentage of elevated CRP were also observed.

Conclusion

We concluded that CRP increased with gestational age among healthy Chinese women who delivered healthy infants. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:574–579, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The orthopedic characterization of Goltz syndrome
Authors: Smith Amanda , Hunt Thomas R.
Published: February 2016

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH), also known as Goltz syndrome, is a rare condition in which congenital anomalies result in a multitude of defects that affect many systems of the body. These defects can involve the eyes, skin, teeth, and cardiovascular, skeletal, and gastrointestinal systems. There have been many associated abnormalities reported in the literature. An appreciation of the clinical presentation of Goltz syndrome is important because physicians rely heavily on recognition of key physical characteristics in order to help make a diagnosis. In this report, we summarize the clinical findings observed when we were afforded the unique opportunity to interview and physically examine 19 patients, the largest group of individuals with Goltz syndrome brought together in one place to date. The findings are intended to characterize the orthopedic phenotypic manifestations of Goltz syndrome. This collection of data revealed that the most common orthopedic findings were syndactyly (68%), ectrodactyly (68%), leg length discrepancy (57%), and reduction defects of long bones (52%). Nail irregularities were present in 89% of the patients seen. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutritional consequences of folivory in a small‐bodied lemur (Lepilemur leucopus): Effects of season and reproduction on nutrient balancing
Authors: Dröscher Iris , Rothman Jessica M. , Ganzhorn Jörg U. , Kappeler Peter M.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Small‐bodied folivores are rare because processing leaves often requires extensive gut adaptations and lengthy retention times for fiber fermentation. However, the <1 kg nocturnal white‐footed sportive lemurs (Lepilemur leucopus) persist on a leaf‐based diet. We investigated how extrinsic (i.e., seasonality in temperature and food availability) and intrinsic factors (i.e., reproductive state) influence nutrient intake and explored how nutrient and energy needs are met in this species.

Materials and Methods

We conducted full night focal follows across all seasons and analyzed nutrients in all items eaten by adults of both sexes to investigate nutrient intake and nutritional priorities in L. leucopus. We estimated digestible protein content, as this is a biologically more meaningful measure than crude protein.

Results

Protein intake was constant across seasons, while non‐protein energy and dry matter intake increased from the hot wet to the cold dry season. Males and females did not differ in their nutrient or apparent energy intake irrespective of female reproductive state.

Discussion

We conclude that these animals prioritize protein over non‐protein energy intake as dietary protein is in limited supply, and that thermoregulation poses higher energetic costs than reproduction in this species. While protein intake did not differ across female reproductive states, the relative protein content of the diet was highest during the lactation period, indicating that the balance of non‐protein to protein intake may be more important than absolute intake. Dry matter intake was high compared to other folivorous primates, indicating that L. leucopus follows an intake rather than an efficiency strategy to meet its energy requirements. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:197–207, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Triazine‐Based Sequence‐Defined Polymers with Side‐Chain Diversity and Backbone–Backbone Interaction Motifs
Authors: Grate Jay W. , Mo Kai‐For , Daily Michael D.
Published: February 2016

Sequence control in polymers, well‐known in nature, encodes structure and functionality. Here we introduce a new architecture, based on the nucleophilic aromatic substitution chemistry of cyanuric chloride, that creates a new class of sequence‐defined polymers dubbed TZPs. Proof of concept is demonstrated with two synthesized hexamers, having neutral and ionizable side chains. Molecular dynamics simulations show backbone–backbone interactions, including H‐bonding motifs and pi–pi interactions. This architecture is arguably biomimetic while differing from sequence‐defined polymers having peptide bonds. The synthetic methodology supports the structural diversity of side chains known in peptides, as well as backbone–backbone hydrogen‐bonding motifs, and will thus enable new macromolecules and materials with useful functions.
New Twists and Turns for Actinide Chemistry: Organometallic Infinite Coordination Polymers of Thorium Diazide
Authors: Monreal Marisa J. , Seaman Lani A. , Goff George S. , Michalczyk Ryszard , Morris David E. , Scott Brian L. , Kiplinger Jaqueline L.
Published: February 2016

Two organometallic 1D infinite coordination polymers and two organometallic monometallic complexes of thorium diazide have been synthesized and characterized. Steric control of these self‐assembled arrays, which are dense in thorium and nitrogen, has also been demonstrated: infinite chains can be circumvented by using steric bulk either at the metallocene or with a donor ligand in the wedge.
Preparation and assessment of a self‐healing material based on microcapsules filled with ethyl phenylacetate
Authors: Ma Wanpeng , Zhang Wei , Zhao Yang , Yu Helong
Published: February 2016

A self‐healing material was developed on the basis of a biological system. The self‐healing epoxy resin, which incorporated microcapsules filled with ethyl phenylacetate (EPA), was investigated. The microcapsules were prepared by an in situ polymerization method. The microcapsule‐formation process was monitored by optical microscopy, and the surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The self‐healing performance of the epoxy resin was assessed by manual and in situ healing experiments. We investigated the effects of the healing time, amount of EPA, and degree of curing of matrix on the healing performance by manually injecting EPA into the crack plane. The maximum healing efficiency was obtained within 24 h. The swelling curve was overlaid onto the healed load plot; this indicated that crack healing was achieved as a result of solvent diffusion. The healing load reached the maximum value when the amount of EPA was 0.5 μL and was capable of filling the crack volume. Moreover, the healing performance was related to the degree of swelling. The in situ healing efficiency was dependent on the microcapsule concentration. The fracture toughness could be fully restored when the microcapsule concentration was 10%. Finally, the crack interface was analyzed with SEM. The results show that the fracture line was difficult to detect, and this suggested complete crack healing by EPA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43430.
Noncovalent assembly of carbon nanofiber–layered double hydroxide as a reinforcing hybrid filler in thermoplastic polyurethane–nitrile butadiene rubber blends
Authors: Roy S. , Srivastava S. K. , Mittal V.
Published: February 2016

A new synthetic route was applied to develop carbon nanofiber (CNF)–layered double hydroxide (LDH) hybrid through a noncovalent assembly using sodium dodecyl sulfate as bridging linker between magnesium–aluminum LDH and CNF and then characterized. Furthermore, this hybrid was used as nanofiller in thermoplastic polyurethane–acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (TN; 1:1 w/w) blend. Mechanical measurements showed that the 0.50 wt % hybrid loaded TN blend exhibited the maximum improvements in the elongation at break, tensile strength, and storage modulus of 1.51 times and 167 and 261% (25 °C), respectively. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis showed maximum improvements in the melting temperature (5 °C), crystallization temperature (17 °C), and thermal stability (14 °C) in the 0.50 wt % surfactant modified carbon nanofiber–LDH loaded blend compared to the neat blend. Such enhancement in the properties of the TN nanocomposites could be attributed to the homogeneous dispersion, strong filler–blend interfacial interaction, and synergistic effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43470.
Wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors and thermal adaptability of cotton knitted fabrics containing crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) moieties
Authors: Shi Wenzhao , Xing Jianwei , Liu Jinshu , Lu Shaofeng
Published: February 2016

Cotton knitted fabrics were treated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the presence of polyhydric alcohol etherified dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea as the crosslinker and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as the catalyst. In wet–dry cycles, the fabrics treated with 30% PEG1500 in the presence of 15% crosslinker and 3% catalyst showed obvious wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors in terms of a 12% shrinkage rate in the wet state and a 80% shrinkage‐recovery rate in the dry state. The results of weight gain, morphological structures, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X‐ray diffraction pattern tests confirmed PEG deposits on the surface of the treated fabrics, demonstrated the crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG and crosslinker, and also explained the wet‐driven shape‐memory mechanism. The results from differential scanning calorimetry show that the treated fabrics with wet‐driven shape‐memory behaviors had a phase‐change enthalpy and heat‐storage capacity. The crosslinking of cotton cellulose with PEG had a strong influence on the mechanical performance and air permeability of the cotton knitted fabrics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43473.
Histologic Examination of an Assemblage of Psittacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) Juveniles From the Yixian Formation (Liaoning, China)
Authors: Bo Zhao , Hedrick Brandon P. , Chunling Gao , Tumarkin‐Deratzian Allison R. , Fengjiao Zhang , Caizhi Shen , Dodson Peter
Published: February 2016

Psittacosaurus is one of the most abundant dinosaurs known, which allows for extensive study of its growth and form. Previous studies have evaluated growth trajectories of Psittacosaurus using bone histology. However, we present the first study of Psittacosaurus comparative juvenile histology and describe the histology of Psittacosaurus within its first year of life based on multiple sections taken from an exquisite monospecific assemblage of juveniles from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China. Specimens studied had femur lengths ranging from 30 to 36 mm. The five juveniles examined all have similar histologic patterns in the midshaft and epiphyseal regions showing that there is limited plasticity in bone development in juvenile Psittacosaurus and that all of the specimens in the assemblage were likely the same age. The microstructure patterns are compatible with the hypothesis that Psittacosaurus was precocial and that these juveniles were neonates. Based on comparisons with other juvenile ornithischians, juvenile Psittacosaurus had a growth rate similar to Orodromeus, slower than that of Maiasaura, Dysalotosaurus, or hadrosaurs consistent with small body size. Our results support previous studies that demonstrated that the orientation of vascular canals is likely not solely reflective of growth rate, but is also affected by underlying biomechanical, structural processes. The number of studies done on theropod and sauropodomorph histology dwarfs those of ornithischians. More studies of ornithischian histology are necessary in order to better establish phylogenetic trends in microstructure and to learn more about growth in this important clade. Anat Rec, 299:601–612, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stopping Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Treatment in Patients With Established Rheumatoid Arthritis in Remission or With Stable Low Disease Activity: A Pragmatic Multicenter, Open‐Label Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ghiti Moghadam Marjan , Vonkeman Harald E. , ten Klooster Peter M. , Tekstra Janneke , van Schaardenburg Dirkjan , Starmans‐Kool Mirian , Brouwer Elisabeth , Bos Reinhard , Lems Willem F. , Colin Edgar M. , Allaart Cornelia F. , Meek Inger L. , Landewé Robert , Bernelot Moens Hein J. , van Riel Piet L. C. M. , van de Laar Mart A. F. J. , Jansen Tim L. ,   on behalf of the Dutch National POET Collaboration
Published: February 2016

Objective

Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) biologic agents are an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unclear whether patients whose disease is in remission or who have stable low disease activity need to continue use of TNFi or can stop this treatment. This study was undertaken to assess whether patients with established RA who are in remission or have stable low disease activity can effectively and safely stop their TNFi therapy.

Methods

The study was designed as a pragmatic multicenter, open‐label randomized controlled trial. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of RA according to the American College of Rheumatology 1987 classification criteria, as well as use of a TNFi for at least 1 year along with a stable dose of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs and a Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) of <3.2 over the 6 months preceding trial inclusion. Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either stop or continue treatment with their current TNFi. Flare was defined as a DAS28 of ≥3.2 during the 12‐month follow‐up period and an increase in score of ≥0.6 compared to the baseline DAS28.

Results

In total, 531 patients were allocated to the stop group and 286 to the TNFi continuation group. At 12 months, more patients had experienced a flare in the stop group (272 [51.2%] of 531) than in the continuation group (52 [18.2%] of 286; P < 0.001). The hazard ratio for occurrence of a flare after stopping TNFi was 3.50 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.60–4.72). The mean DAS28 in the stop group was significantly higher during the follow‐up period compared to that in the continuation group (P < 0.001). Of the 195 patients who restarted TNFi treatment after experiencing a flare and within 26 weeks after stopping, 165 (84.6%) had regained a DAS28 of <3.2 by 6 months later, and the median time to a regained DAS28 of <3.2 was 12 weeks (95% Cl 10.7–13.3). There were more hospitalizations in the stop group than in the continuation group (6.4% versus 2.4%).

Conclusion

Stopping TNFi treatment results in substantially more flares than does continuation of TNFi in patients with established RA in remission or with stable low disease activity.
Two Phenotypes Are Identified by Cluster Analysis in Early Inflammatory Back Pain Suggestive of Spondyloarthritis: Results From the DESIR Cohort
Authors: Costantino Félicie , Aegerter Philippe , Dougados Maxime , Breban Maxime , D'Agostino Maria‐Antonietta
Published: February 2016

Objective

To determine whether disease manifestations at baseline would combine according to distinguishable ordered phenotypes in patients with early inflammatory back pain (IBP) suggestive of spondyloarthritis (SpA).

Methods

Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics as well as imaging features and biologic data on patients included in the French multicenter Devenir des Spondyloarthropathies Indifferérenciées Récentes cohort were analyzed by multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis to identify subgroups of patients based on shared characteristics.

Results

Cluster analysis allowed us to classify the 679 patients with no missing data into 2 major groups—one with a predominance of isolated axial manifestations and the other with associated peripheral symptoms. The application of the same analysis to selected subsets of the cohort, such as HLA–B27–positive and –negative patients and patients fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial SpA, resulted again in an optimal division of the samples into 2 recurrent clusters of patients similar to those observed in the whole cohort.

Conclusion

Cluster analysis of SpA manifestations among patients with early IBP highly suggestive of SpA allowed us to clearly identify at baseline 2 different clinical phenotypes—one with predominant axial manifestations and the other with predominant peripheral manifestations. Ongoing follow‐up will allow us to determine whether these clusters correspond to different patterns of disease severity.
Immediate Administration of Intraarticular Triamcinolone Acetonide After Joint Injury Modulates Molecular Outcomes Associated With Early Synovitis
Authors: Sieker Jakob T. , Ayturk Ugur M. , Proffen Benedikt L. , Weissenberger Manuela H. , Kiapour Ata M. , Murray Martha M.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To test whether intraarticular corticosteroid injection mitigates injury‐induced synovitis and collagen degradation after anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and to characterize the synovial response using a functional genomics approach in a preclinical model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.

Methods

Yorkshire pigs underwent unilateral ACLT without subsequent corticosteroid injection (the ACLT group; n = 6) or ACLT with immediate injection of 20 mg triamcinolone acetonide (the steroid group; n = 6). A control group of pigs (the intact group; n = 6) did not undergo surgery. Total synovial membrane cellularity and synovial fluid concentration of C1,2C neoepitope–bearing collagen fragments 14 days after injury were primary end points and were compared between the ACLT, steroid, and intact groups. Cells were differentiated by histologic phenotype and counted, while RNA sequencing was used to quantify transcriptome‐wide gene expression and monocyte, macrophage, and lymphocyte markers.

Results

In the intact group, total cellularity was 13% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 9–16) and the C1,2C concentration was 0.24 μg/ml (95% CI 0.08–0.39). In the ACLT group, significant increases were observed in total cellularity (to 21% [95% CI 16–27]) and C1,2C concentration (to 0.49 μg/ml [95% CI 0.39–0.59]). Compared to values in the ACLT group, total cellularity in the steroid group was nonsignificantly decreased to 17% (95% CI 15–18) (P = 0.26) and C1,2C concentration in the steroid group was significantly decreased to 0.29 μg/ml (95% CI 0.23–0.35) (P = 0.04). A total of 255 protein‐coding transcripts were differentially expressed between the ACLT group and the intact group. These genes mainly enriched pathways related to cellular immune response, proteolysis, and angiogenesis. Mononuclear leukocytes were the dominant cell type in cell‐dense areas. MARCO, SOCS3, CCR1, IL4R, and MMP2 expression was significantly associated with C1,2C levels.

Conclusion

Early intraarticular immunosuppression mitigated injury‐induced increases in collagen fragments, an outcome better predicted by specific marker expression than by histologic measures of synovitis.
Synthesis and Thermal Responses of Polygonal Poly(ethylene glycol) Analogues
Authors: Kawasaki Shunichi , Muraoka Takahiro , Hamada Tsutomu , Shigyou Kazuki , Nagatsugi Fumi , Kinbara Kazushi
Published: February 2016

As a new type of topological poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) analogue, a series of polygonal PEGs with digonal to hexagonal structures were developed. Polygonal PEGs with structures between the digonal and tetragonal types showed molecular‐level dispersion in water at 20 °C, whereas the pentagonal and hexagonal PEGs aggregated, which is suggestive of enhanced hydrophobicity by ring expansion. Heating induced conformational changes in the polygonal PEGs and increased their hydrophobicity. Among the polygonal PEGs, only the trigonal and hexagonal PEGs showed a distinct thermal response to form and increase the size of the aggregates, respectively. Given that tetragonal and pentagonal PEGs only marginally responded to heat treatment, the thermal responses are likely due to a topological effect. At low temperatures, the larger polygonal PEGs are more restricted despite the expanded rings. The trigonal PEG showed the largest change in mobility, whereas the tetragonal PEG exhibited the smallest change. Hence, the topology of the polygonal PEGs influences the intramolecular packing and the local dynamics.
Control of Conformation and Chirality of Nonplanar π‐Conjugated Diporphyrins Using Substituents and Axial Ligands
Authors: Ito Satoru , Hiroto Satoru , Ousaka Naoki , Yashima Eiji , Shinokubo Hiroshi
Published: February 2016

Nonplanar conformations of pyrazine‐fused ZnII diporphyrins could be controlled by the choice of the meso‐aryl substituents and an axial ligand on the central metals. ZnII diporphyrins bearing sterically demanding meso‐aryl groups with ortho‐substituents led to a twisted chiral D2 conformation, while an achiral C2h form was preferred in the case of aryl groups without ortho‐substituents. Helical chirality induction on ZnII diporphyrins in the twisted conformation was achieved by controlling their handedness of the molecular twist through coordination of optically active 1‐phenethylamine.
Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit von Bestandsgebäuden
Authors: Fauth Rainer , Schwarz Jürgen , Büllesbach Jürgen
Published: February 2016

Die größte Rolle für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung in der Bau‐ und Immobilienwirtschaft spielt der Gebäudebestand. Das Immobilienmanagement trifft regelmäßig Entscheidungen, die einen großen Einfluss auf die nachhaltige Entwicklung der betreuten Objekte haben. Ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Objektqualitäten sind Ausdruck der Nachhaltigkeit und können nur dann angemessen berücksichtigt werden, wenn die Entscheider im Immobilien‐Asset‐Management (IAM) und Property‐Management (PrM) ein konkretes Bild vom Ist‐Zustand ihrer Objekte haben. Der Artikel leitet einen neuen Ansatz ab, nachhaltige Objektqualitäten in einer erweiterten Bestandsaufnahme zur erfassen und zu messen. Auf diese Weise gelingt es, Nachhaltigkeit für die Beurteilung von Entscheidungsalternativen greifbar zu machen und eine Basis für den langfristigen Erfolg eines Objekts zu schaffen.

Development of a procedure to assess the sustainability of existing buildings – Sustainability in real estate asset management and property management

Existing buildings will play an increasing role for a sustainable development for construction and real estate industry. The real estate management has to decide regularly about measures affecting the sustainable development of the assets. Only if decision‐makers clearly know the actual condition of their assets the environmental, economic and social qualities of properties will be taken into account in an adequate proportion. The paper shows different options for building surveys by real estate managers including a new approach to assess sustainable qualities of assets. By means of this new method sustainability becomes more tangible for the evaluation process which is the basis for the long‐term success of assets.
Factors to consider when applying transcranial magnetic stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex when resting motor threshold is asymmetric: A case study
Authors: Maller Jerome J. , Thomson Richard H.S. , McQueen Susan , Elliot David , Fitzgerald Paul B.
Published: February 2016

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an increasingly popular tool in treating psychiatric conditions. The dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is typically targeted for stimulation, with magnetic field intensity being calibrated by establishing resting motor threshold (RMT) at hand region of primary motor cortex (M1 hand). This presumes that scalp‐to‐cortex distance (SCD) and cortical thickness is similar at both sites. We present data from a patient who had very asymmetrical RMTs (47 and 78). We investigated SCDs in this patient at the M1 hand and DLPFC, and the M1 hand cortical thickness. We also investigated TMS electric field distribution. The M1 hand SCD and cortical thickness of the M1 hand was larger on the side with higher RMT. Electric field finite element modelling demonstrated the focal point did not effectively reach the M1 hand with higher RMT as the postcentral gyrus was shunting it. Hence, successful DLPFC treatment was based upon the side with lower RMT. This study highlights the importance of tailoring DLPFC treatment intensity not only based on RMT at the M1 hand, and upon the degree to which SCD distance differs between sites, but also based upon size, shape, and density of M1 hand, as well as electric field distribution. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:130–135, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing Phobic Behavior Near Water and Increasing Water Approach Skills
Authors: Chan Paula E. , Crosland Kimberly A. , Fogel Victoria A.
Published: February 2016

Drowning is the leading cause of unintentional death worldwide, and the highest rates are among children. The purpose of this study was to utilize a multi‐component intervention to increase water skills for three typically developing children, who had a history of fear of swimming, and to evaluate changes in both phobic behaviors and positive affect. The intervention, comprised of goal setting, self‐monitoring, behavioral skills training and positive reinforcement, was used in community pools to teach basic water skills. Results suggest that the intervention was successful in increasing the participant's water skills and positive affect while intervals with phobic behaviors decreased. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population-based cohort study of the management and survival of patients with early-stage oesophageal adenocarcinoma in England
Authors: Chadwick G , Riley S , Hardwick R H , Crosby T , Hoare J , Hanna G , Greenaway K , Varagunam M , Cromwell D A , Groene O
Published: February 2016

Background

Until recently, oesophagectomy was the treatment of choice for early oesophageal cancer. Endoscopic treatment has been introduced relatively recently. This observational national database study aimed to describe how endoscopic therapy has been introduced in England and to examine the safety of this approach.

Methods

A population-based cohort study was undertaken of patients diagnosed with oesophageal adenocarcinoma between October 2007 and June 2009 using three linked national databases. Patients with early-stage disease (T1 tumours with no evidence of spread) were identified, along with the primary treatment modality where treatment intent was curative. Short-term outcomes after treatment and 5-year survival were evaluated.

Results

Of 5192 patients diagnosed with oesophageal adenocarcinoma, 306 (5·9 per cent) were considered to have early-stage disease before any treatment, of whom 239 (79·9 per cent of 299 patients with data on treatment intent) were managed with curative intent. Of 175 patients who had an oesophagectomy, 114 (65·1 (95 per cent c.i. 57·6 to 72·7) per cent) survived for 5 years. Among these, 47 (30·3 per cent of 155 patients with tissue results available) had their disease upstaged after pathological staging; this occurred more often in patients who did not have staging endoscopic ultrasonography before surgery. Of 41 patients who had an endoscopic resection, 27 (66 (95 per cent c.i. 49 to 80) per cent) survived for 5 years. Repeat endoscopic therapy was required by 23 (56 per cent) of these 41 patients.

Conclusion

Between 2007 and 2009, oesophagectomy remained the initial treatment of choice (73·2 per cent) among patients with early-stage oesophageal cancer treated with curative intent; one in five patients were managed endoscopically, and this treatment was more common in elderly patients. Although the groups had different patient characteristics, 5-year survival rates were similar.
Recasting a traditional laboratory practical as a “Design‐your‐own protocol” to teach a universal research skill
Authors: Whitworth David E.
Published: February 2016

Laboratory‐based practical classes are a common feature of life science teaching, during which students learn how to perform experiments and generate/interpret data. Practical classes are typically instructional, concentrating on providing topic‐ and technique‐specific skills, however to produce research‐capable graduates it is also important to develop generic practical skills. To provide an opportunity for students to develop the skills needed to create bespoke protocols for experimental benchwork, a traditional practical was repurposed. Students were given a list of available resources and an experimental goal, and directed to create a bench protocol to achieve the aim (measuring the iron in hemoglobin). In a series of teaching events students received feedback from staff, and peers prototyped the protocols, before protocols were finally implemented. Graduates highlighted this exercise as one of the most important of their degrees, primarily because of the clear relevance of the skills acquired to professional practice. The exercise exemplifies a range of pedagogic principles, but arguably its most important innovation is that it repurposed a pre‐existing practical. This had the benefits of automatically providing scaffolding to direct the students' thought processes, while retaining the advantages of a “discovery learning” exercise, and allowing facile adoption of the approach across the sector. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4):377–380, 2016.
Pesticide residue determination in vegetables from western China applying gas chromatography with mass spectrometry
Authors: Qin Guofu , Zou Keting , Li Yongbo , Chen Yan , He Fengrui , Ding Guirong
Published: February 2016

In this study,an effort has been made to evaluate the pesticide residues in vegetables from western China. Fifty‐one pesticides, including organophosphorus, organochlorine, carbamate and pyrethroid, were detected in 369 commonly used vegetables by GC‐MS. Concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides were detected ranging from 0.0008 to 18.8200 mg/kg, among which organophosphorus pesticide concentrations exceeded their maximum residue levels (MRLs) in five samples. Carbamate and organochlorine pesticides were determined to have concentrations in the range of 0.0012–0.7928 mg/kg. The residual concentrations of carbamate pesticides in six samples and organochlorine pesticides in four samples exceeded their MRLs. The residual concentrations of five pyrethroid pesticides were within the range of 0.0016–6.0827 mg/kg and the pyrethroid residues in two samples exceeded their MRLs. The results revealed that pesticide residues in 70.73% of the vegetables samples were not detected, while in the rest of vegetables there were one or more pesticide residues and some even exceeded their MRLs, which would threaten the health of consumers. Our work provides significant information for the food safety regulations to control the excessive use of some pesticides on those kinds of vegetables from western China. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lamotrigine as monotherapy in clinical practice: efficacy of various dosages in epilepsy
Authors: Warshavsky Anton , Eilam Anda , Gilad Ronit
Published: February 2016

Objectives/Aims

The study was designed to evaluate the optimal dosage of lamotrigine, as monotherapy, in the treatment of adults suffering from complex partial seizures with or without secondary generalization in everyday clinical practice.

Materials and Methods

The ones used in this study was the collection of the data of all adult patients treated with lamotrigine, retrospectively. The dosage and efficacy of treatment were evaluated along with side effects and retention rate.

Results

They showed that, out of 188 patients, 77% continued lamotrigine treatment; the mean effective dose was 250 mg or higher of lamotrigine, and the results more pronounced in older patients (age above 30 years) and those with a longer disease duration (5 years and more).

Conclusion

It may be appropriate to reach a daily lamotrigine dose above 250 mg in adult patients suffering from epilepsy for more than 5 years using lamotrigine as monotherapy.
Educational software tool for decoupling control in wind turbines applied to a lab‐scale system
Authors: Fragoso Sergio , Ruz Mario L. , Garrido Juan , Vázquez Francisco , Morilla Fernando
Published: February 2016

This paper presents an educational software tool, called wtControlGUI, whose main purpose is to show the applicability and performance of different decoupling control strategies in wind turbines. Nowadays, wind turbines are a very important field in control engineering. Therefore, from an educational point of view, the tool also aims to improve the learning of multivariable control concepts applied on this field. In addition, wtControlGUI allows for testing and controlling of a lab‐scale system which emulates the dynamic response of a large‐scale wind turbine. The designed graphical user interface essentially allows simulation and experimental testing of decoupling networks and other multivariable methodologies, such as robust or decentralized control strategies. The tool is available for master degree students in control engineering. A survey was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed tool when it is used in educational related tasks. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:400–411, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21718
Crystal Structure of CYP106A2 in Substrate‐Free and Substrate‐Bound Form
Authors: Janocha Simon , Carius Yvonne , Hutter Michael , Lancaster C. Roy D. , Bernhardt Rita
Published: February 2016

CYP106A2 from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 13368 is known as a bacterial steroid hydroxylase that is also capable of hydroxylating a variety of terpenoids. To analyze the substrate specificity of this enzyme further, different resin acids of the abietane and pimarane types were tested with regard to binding and conversion. Product formation could be shown for all tested substrates. Spectroscopic studies revealed type I binding spectra for isopimaric acid, but dehydroabietic acid did not induce a high‐spin shift of the enzyme. Interestingly, binding of abietic acid resulted in a type II difference spectrum typical for nitrogenous inhibitors. Co‐crystallization of CYP106A2 with abietic acid and structure determination revealed bending of the heme cofactor when abietic acid was bound in the active site. Quantum chemical calculations strongly suggest that this heme distortion is the cause of the unusual spectroscopic characteristics.
Impaired executive function in 14‐ to 16‐year‐old boys with conduct disorder is related to recidivism: A prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Miura Hideki , Fuchigami Yasuyuki
Published: February 2016

Background

Several studies have suggested a relationship between cognitive impairment and recidivism, but most have adopted a retrospective design.

Aim

The aim of this study was to test for any relationship between impaired executive function in adolescents with conduct disorder and subsequent recidivism up to 3 years later.

Method

In this prospective cohort study, 221 male adolescents with conduct disorder, admitted to a juvenile justice assessment centre for the first time, were interviewed about their offence, age, onset of delinquency and family history. They completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Keio version) (KWCST) and the Iowa gambling task. Scores were compared between those who subsequently re‐offended and those who did not.

Results

Seventy‐six (34%) participants re‐offended. There was no direct difference between groups in executive function, but there were age differences both in executive function and in recidivism. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the variables, which were independently associated with recidivism, were younger age, change in the person who brought up the child, and fewer (≤4) categories achieved on the KWCST. Recidivists were about twice as likely as single offenders to have achieved four categories or less on the KWCST (odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1–4.4).

Conclusions

Impaired executive function appears to predispose to recidivism among young first‐time male offenders with conduct disorder. Our findings also suggest that further precise assessments of environmental stress on developing neurocognitive function could clarify the background of antisocial behaviour. © 2016 The Authors. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Amorphous and Graphitized Carbide‐Derived Carbon Monoliths
Authors: Kern Andreas M. , Zierath Bodo , Haertlé Joachim , Fey Tobias , Etzold Bastian J. M.
Published: February 2016

The influence of graphitization and composition of carbide‐derived carbon (CDC) monoliths on the electrical and thermal conductivity was investigated. Carbon monoliths with varying porosities were synthesized employing biomorphous macroporous TiC and SiC as precursors. Graphitization was carried out in situ during high‐temperature chlorination with and without addition of nickel, iron, and cobalt chloride to the carbide. The graphitized monoliths showed improved properties. The results demonstrate that despite graphitic carbon also glass‐like carbon, stemming from the carbide synthesis, increases the thermal and electrical conductivity significantly.
Voltammetry of Ion Transfer at a Water–Toluene Micro‐ Interface
Authors: Kasuno Megumi , Matsuyama Yuki , Iijima Misaki
Published: February 2016

Voltammograms of ion transfer at the water (W)|toluene interface were recorded for the first time by using a micro‐interface electrolytic cell and bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (BTPPA+TFPB−). The high solubility of BTPPA+TFPB− in toluene at room temperature enabled the electrochemical measurements. The potential window at the W|toluene interface is about 1.09 V, which is 0.30 V larger than that at the W|1,2‐dichloroethane interface when using 10 mmol dm−3 NaCl as the supporting electrolyte in W. The transfer reactions of quaternary ammonium ions across the W|toluene interface were found to be reversible. Formal potentials for ion transfer from W to toluene were evaluated, and linear correlations were observed between these formal potentials and the standard potentials reported at the W|nitrobenzene, W|1,2‐dichloroethane, and W|2‐nitrophenyl octyl ether interfaces.
Binder‐Free Carbon‐Coated Silicon–Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Electrode Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition as a High‐Performance Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Jiaqi , Chen Dingqiong , Fu Tao , Sun Dong , Zhao Jinbao
Published: February 2016

A simple yet versatile binder‐free electrophoretic deposition method is developed to fabricate a carbon‐coated Si/reduced graphene oxide (Si@C/rGO) nanocomposite as a high‐performance anode for lithium‐ion batteries. In this nanostructure, high specific capacity Si nanoparticles are uniformly coated with the carbon layer and embedded in graphene sheets to form an integrated, robust and conductive framework. Electrochemical studies show that this nanostructured Si@C/rGO electrode exhibits a high reversible specific capability (1165 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, three times of that of graphite) and excellent cycling stability (capacity retention of 96.8 % at 1 A g−1, and 95.4 % at 2 A g−1 after 100 cycles).