bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RP-HPLC DETERMINATION OF GINSENOSIDES RG1 AND RB1 IN PANAX GINSENG FRUITS
Authors: Liu Ying , He Qingnan , Liu Donghai , Wan Wuqing , Liu Xiaoyan , Wen Chuan , Fang Wenjing , Zhou Wenqi , Xia Zhenkun
Published: June 2023

Background: At present, there has been a lot of research at home and abroad on the roots, stems and leaves of Panax Ginseng as well as their extracts, but the fruits of Panax Ginseng have been relatively little studied. Materials and Methods: To establish a method for determination of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 in Panax Ginseng fruits. RP-HPLC method is adopted, column used is a ZOBAX SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mnl, 5 μm), mobile phase A is water, and B is acetonitrile, gradient elution conditions are: 0~20 min (A:B 20:80), 20~60 min (A:B 20~35: 80~65); and detection wavelength 203 nm.

Results: Ginsenosides Rgl and Rb1 have good linear relationships within the ranges of 1.04~10.40 μg and 0.50~5.00 μg, respectively, and r is 0.9998 and 0.9997; reproducibility and recovery of the method are both in line with requirements. Conclusion: The method established is simple, accurate and fast, which is suitable for the simultaneous determination of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 in Panax Ginseng fruits.
IN VITRO IMMUNE-MODULATORY POTENTIAL OF CRUDE EXTRACT OF LEAFS OF ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA AGAINST STIMULATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR AND RAW CELLS
Authors: Makgatho Marema Ephraim , Mashele Aubrey , Makhubele Game , Sedibane Moditi , Mashinya Felistas , Mokgotho Matlou , Matsebatlela Thabe , Makola Robert
Published: June 2023

The effect of crude leaf extract of Albizia gummifera (5-160µg/ml) was evaluated on cytotoxic activity against peripheral blood mononuclear and RAW cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (25ng/ml) and formyl peptides (1µM) respectively using the WST-1 technique. Nitric oxide production by RAW cells and Intereukin-2 (IL-2) production by PBMC were also assessed at the same crude leaf extract concentrations (5-160µg/ml) employing colorimetric procedures. The plant leaf extract dose-dependently inhibited growth of mononuclear cells while promoting that of RAW cells (p
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THREE MEDICINAL PLANTS (ARTEMISIA INDICA, MEDICAGO FALCATA AND TECOMA STANS)
Authors: Adnan Muhammad , Adnan Muhammad , Tariq Akash , Akhtar Basreen , Ullah Riaz , AbdElsalam Naser M.
Published: June 2023

Background: Artemisia indica, Medicago falcata and Tecoma stans are traditionally being use for medicinal purposes in Pakistan. Present study was designed to check in-vitro efficacy of these plants against selected bacterial and fungal strains.

Methodology: Chloroform, butanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of these plants were used for antimicrobial screening. Antibacterial activity was tested against four pathogenic bacterial strains i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus while antifungal activity was tested against four fungal strains i.e. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani.

Results: Chloroform, butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Artemisia indica, Medicago falcata and Tecoma stans showed high inhibitory activities (between 15-20 mm) against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. However, all extracts of Artemisia indica showed inhibitory activities (12-14 mm) against Salmonella typhi. As antifungal activities, the n-Hexane and chloroform extracts of Artemisia indica have completely inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Fusariun solani, respectively. Ethyl acetate and butanol extract of Medicago falcata completely inhibited Fusarium solani and Aspergillus fumigates, respectively. The n-hexane extract of Tecoma stan completely inhibited Fusarium solani, while its ethyl acetate extract shows excellent activity against Aspergillus niger.

Conclusions: These findings provide scientific evidence of traditional use of medicinal plants and also indicate the potential of these plants for the development of antimicrobial agents.
ANTRODIA CINNAMOMEA EXTRACT ATTENUATES CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED CHRONIC LIVER FIBROSIS IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS
Authors: Lan Chuan-Ching , Tsai Yueh-Ting , Huang Chun-Chih
Published: June 2023

Background: Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) mycelia have been traditionally used by majority of the indigenous populace in Taiwan for symptoms including treating alcohol intoxication. Other beneficial effects have been studied at some point. The present study evaluated the hepato-protection effects in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Methods: The model used carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce a chronic liver injury in male rats. Animals were treated with silymarin 200 mg/kg and AC mycelia at doses of 206, 619 and 1,032 mg/kg. The effects of AC on hepatic enzyme markers alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST) and other biochemical parameters were measured in the CCl4 -induced rats.

Results: AC demonstrated a hepato-protective effect by decreasing ALT and AST levels and increasing albumin levels in CCl4 treated rats. The effects of AC on the activity of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. AC administration restored the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GrD). The degree of liver fibrosis was significantly reduced by AC administration in CCl4 -treated rats.

Conclusion: These results suggest that AC could protect the hepatocytes from CCl4 -induced liver injury likely via an antioxidant mechanism.
A NOVEL ACYCLIC DITERPENIC ALCOHOL ISOLATED FROM ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF CENTAUROTHAMNUS MAXIMUS GROWN IN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: SIDDIQUI NASIR ALI , Al Enezi Mohammed A. , Alam Perwez , Haqque Anzarul , Ali Mohammad
Published: June 2023

Background: Isolation and characterization of a new compound from the antioxidant active ethanol extract of leaves of an endemic plant Centaurothamnus maximus.

Methods: The air dried powdered leaves of the plant was extracted successively with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The obtained extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator. The antioxidant activity was carried out on various concentrations (1000, 500, 100, 50 and 10 µg/ml) of all the extracts by DPPH free radical scavenging method. After screening for antioxidant potential the ethanol fraction was selected for the isolation of phytoconstituents by column chromatography using LiChroprep RP-18 as stationary phase and water, MeOH and CHCl3 in different combinations as eluent. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques (DEPT, COSY, H M B C and HSQC) aided by EIMS mass and IR spectra.

Results: The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract was highly comparable with standard ascorbic acid as compared to other extracts. A new compound along with two known compounds has been isolated from antioxidant active ethanol extract. The chemical structure of unknown compound was established as 2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethyl hexadec-12-cis-en-5α, 7α, 9α, 14α-tetraol (CM1) while the known compound isolated Luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranosyl-6''-O-(6''→1''')-β-D-rhamno-pyranoside (CM-2) and stigmast-5,22–dien-3β –ol (CM3).

Conclusion: On the basis of interpretation of different spectroscopy data we concluded that the compound CM1 is an acyclic diterpenic alcohol. The authors are reporting the isolation of CM1 from plant source for the first time but CM2 and CM3 are known compounds. Ethanol extract of leaves can be recommended as potent antioxidant for ethno-medical purposes. The antioxidant properties might be due to some well-known antioxidants like (CM-2) and other falvonoidal compounds.
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITIES OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACT FROM SPERANSKIA TUBERCULATA
Authors: Zhou Yan-Xi , Wang Su-Juan , Li Yuan , Xia Wei , Meng Xiong-Yu , Peng Cheng , Zhang Hong
Published: June 2023

Background: Speranskia tuberculata (Bunge) Baill, has been used to prevent and treat many diseases in Chinese folk medicine, nevertheless, few investigations had been reported.

Materials and Methods: Animals were orally administered STE at the doses of 125, 250, 500 mg/kg. The analgesic effect was estimated in mice by hot-plate test and the acetic acid-induced writhing test. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using rat paw edema model elicited by fresh egg white and the mouse ear edema model caused by dimethylbenzene. The antipyretic effect was determined using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat fever model. In addition, the acute oral toxicity of STE was studied.

Results: STE significantly and dose-dependently reduced the number of writhing responses in mice, prolonged reaction time of mice against heat stimulation, depressed egg white-induced paw edema in rats and the dimethylbenzene-caused ear edema in mice, but did not alleviate LPS-induced pyrexia in rats. No death of mice was observed when orally administered STE up to 52.8 g/kg (approximately 2080 times of clinical dose used).

Conclusion: STE possesses evident analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, but has no antipyretic effect. Furthermore STE has a favorable safety. These findings support the applications of Speranskia tuberculata as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug in folk medicine.
CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE AND PREDNISONE INCREASE PROPORTION OF SPLENIC CD4+CD25-FOXP3+ CELLS AND ALLEVIATE GLOMERULAR LESION IN MRL/LPR MICE
Authors: Ning Lin , Zhong Jiaxi , Ye Liu , Jieying Feng , Ganghua Huang , Xia Sun
Published: June 2023

Objective: This study investigated the effects of Chinese herbal medicine and prednisone on CD4+FoxP3+ T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells in the MRL/lpr mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Methods: MRL/lpr mice were treated with herbal medicine (yin-nourishing and heat-clearing therapy), prednisone, and a combination of both for 7 weeks. The proportions of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells, CD4+CD25-FoxP3+ cells, and CD4+IL-17+ cells in splenic mononuclear cell suspension were determined by flow cytometry. Histological slices of kidneys were stained by H&E, PAS, and Masson’s method. Activity indexes (AI) of glomerular lesions were scored.

Results: The result showed that both herbal medicine and prednisone significantly increased the proportion of CD4+CD25-FoxP3+ cells (P
EFFECTS OF DANCHI DECOCTION ON P450AROM, SURVIVIN OF EUTOPIC ENDOMETRIUM OF PATIENTSWITH ENDOMETRIOSIS AFTER CONSERVATIVE SURGERY
Authors: Yang Yanhuan , Zhao RuiHua , Hao ZengPing , Li Li , Xu Cai , Cui YangYang
Published: June 2023

Background: Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease, which can seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients. However,

there is not a satisfactory way to treat endometriosis with a low recurrence rate.

Materials and Methods: Including twenty patients with endometriosis given conservative surgery, a prospective clinical study was performed

with randomly grouping and positive control. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and western medicine (WM) groups were given Danchi

decoction and GnRH-a or gestrinone respectively. Treatment was given in 1–5 days during the first menstruation. The eutopic endometriums

were collected before and 3 months after the treatment, respectively. Then immunohistochemistry was performed to obtain the expressions of

P450arom and survivin. In the normal control (NC) group no drugs were administered.

Results: Before the treatment, the expressions of P450arom and survivin in both TCM and WM groups were much higher than the NC group

(P0.05). The expressions of the two groups were remarkably decreased after

the treatment (P0.05).

Conclusion: Danchi decoction can control the recurrence of endometriosis by restraining abnormal secretion of aromatizing enzyme and

regulating cell apoptosis in eutopic endometrium. Excessive expressions of aromatizing enzyme and decreased apoptosis are a possible

mechanism of endometriosis recurrence.
EFFECTS OF CIJI HUA’AI BAOSHENG FORMULA ON APOPTOSIS CORRELATION FACTORS OF TUMOR CHEMOTHERAPY MODEL MOUSE WITH H22 HEPATOMA CARCINOMA CELLS
Authors: Cheng Yao , Xi Shengyan , Wang Yanhui , Gong Yuewen , Xu Yangxinzi , Shi Mengmeng , Loy Guanjie , Zhao Xinyue
Published: June 2023

Background: Ciji Hua’ai Baosheng Formula (CHBF) is a traditional Chinese empirical formula that can help the tumor patients who received chemotherapy to antagonize the toxin and side-effects so as to improve and prolong the life. This study is to evaluate the effects of Ciji Hua’ai Baosheng Formula on apoptosis correlation factors of transplanted tumor chemotherapy model mouse with H22 hepatoma carcinoma cells through detecting the protein level of serum Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the protein expression of CyclinD1 in femur bone marrow.

Materials and Methods: H22 hepatoma carcinoma cells were cultivated and diluted to 2×107/ml, and a total of 50 specific pathogen-free Kunming mice were injected subcutaneously into the right anterior armpit with H22 hepatoma carcinoma cells, after 7 days, all mice had formed tumors and were used peritoneal injection of Cytoxan (CTX) (200mg/kg) to establish the mouse chemotherapy model with transplanted tumor, then they were randomly divided into 5 groups such as model, positive control (CTX, 0.033g/kg) and three CHBF (117g/kg, 58.5g/kg and 29.25g/kg) groups with 10 mice in each group. They were administered next day after making model. Survival state was observed. After administering for 10 days, pathological tissue structural change was detected by light microscope, blood was collected through pricking eyeball, protein level of serum Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and EGFR was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the protein expression of CyclinD1 in femur bone marrow was detected by immunohistochemisty.

Results: Under the light microscope, the deteriorated degree of tumor tissue and the proliferation degree of tumor cells in three CHBF groups were obviously milder than that of model group. The protein content of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax and effective enzyme Caspase-3 in CHBF (58.5g/kg and 29.25g/kg) groups were obviously higher than that of model groups (P
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF WY14643 IN HEPATIC ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY VIA SUPPRESSING THE ACTIVATION OF TLR4/NF-ΚB P65 SIGNAL PATHWAY.
Authors: Zhou Yu-rong , Zhang Jiong , Wei-wei He , Wang Jia , Wang Fang
Published: June 2023

Background: Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a disaster common critical event which frequently occurs in a variety of clinical

scenarios. To investigate the protective effect of Wy14643 (WY) precondition against hepatic ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and its

potential mechanism.

Methods: Thirty Sprague–Dawley male rats weighing 220-250 g were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) including the sham-operated

+saline group (Sham), the ischemic-reperfusion+ vehicle (IRI), and the WY14643 preconditioning group (WY). The three groups were

pretreated with saline, ethanol and WY, at 1 h before ischemia with a concentration of 10 mg/kg , respectively. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion

(I/R) was induced by clamping blood supply to the left lateral and median lobes of the liver for 90 min. Blood samples and liver tissues were

obtained at the end of 4h reperfusion. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate

dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. The histological changes of hepatic tissues were examanied by HE staining. The expression of

interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were detected by ELISA and RT-PCR. Moreover, the

expression of TLR-4 , I-, Myd88, p65 and PPAR- were detected by western blotting.

Result: After 4 h reperfusion, compared with the IRI group, the liver dysfunction (ALT, AST and LDH), damage score, the expression

of TNF-α , IL-6, and IL-1β, the protein expression level of TLR4, Myd88, the phosphorylation level of IκB- and p65 in the WY group was

significantly decreased (all P
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MEXICAN PROPOLIS ON MDBK CELLS EXPOSED TO AUJESZKY'S DISEASE VIRUS (PSEUDORABIES VIRUS).
Authors: BÃºrquez MarÃ­a de JesÃºs GonzÃ¡lez , Mosqueda MarÃ­a de Lourdes JuÃ¡rez , Mendoza Humberto RamÃ­rez , ZÃ¡rate Carlos Ignacio Soto , Miranda Liborio Carrillo , SÃ¡nchez Tonatiuh Alejandro CrÃºz
Published: June 2023

In this work, antiviral effect of Mexican propolis was evaluated in vitro on MDBK (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney) cell cultures infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV). First was carried the cytotoxicity test of the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on this cell culture, subsequently, the infective dose of virus Shope strain was determined for the infection of cell cultures and finally the interaction between EPP and virus was done at cell culture level (two hours before, during and two hours later of infection). Also, cell culture samples with the same treatments were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe possible alterations of propolis on the virus. It was determined that using the treatment of 0.5 mg / ml of EEP two hours before being infected, the culture shows a reduction in the number of plaque forming units compared to the other treatments or with the culture infected, it is important to note that the difference found was statistically significant (p
AN INVENTORY OF INDIGENOUS PLANTS USED AS ANTHELMINTICS IN AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Wintola Olubunmi Abosede , Afolayan Anthony J.
Published: June 2023

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common chronic human infections in developing countries; particularly within the

tropical and subtropical regions. An ethno-botanical survey was carried out to document medicinal plants used for the treatment of intestinal worms

in Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province (ECP), South Africa

Materials and methods: A questionnaire-guided interview of the indigenous people by random sampling was done with the help of an interpreter

during the survey of the district.

Results: Medicinal plants mostly used for traditional management of intestinal worms were selected from 13 plant families: Alliaceae,

Anacardiaceae, Asphodelaceae, Asteraceae, Crassulaceae, Dracaenaceae, Fabaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Lamiaceae, Longaniaceae, Punicaceae,

Polygonaceae, and Verbenaceae. Out of these, Hypoxis hererocallidea (17%), Strychonos henningsii (14%), Rumex lanceolatus (12%), Ozoroa

mucronata (9%) and Acacia karoo (9%) belonging to the families Hypoxidaceae, Longaniaceae, Polygonaceae, Anacardiaceae and Fabaceae

respectively were found as the most cited, the least cited plant was Cotyledon orbiculata (2%). Leaves and roots from these plants were found to commonly used (36%), followed by the root (27%), bark (14%), the bulb and stem (9%), and rhizome collectively constitute (5%). Oral method administration by decoction (50%) and infusion (39%) was however found to be a common method by respondents.

Conclusion: The current study however showed that ethno-pharmacological knowledge of the traditional healers in ECP largely depends on naturally

growing species, documentation of which will go a long way in validating the therapeutic uses and safety of these plants as anthelmintic plants.
PHENOLIC CONTENT DISTRIBUTION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF TERMINALIA SERICEA BURCH
Authors: Anokwuru Chinedu P. , Ramaite Isaiah D. I. , Bessong Pascal
Published: June 2023

Background: Terminalia sericea has been used traditionally for the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. This study was aimed at determining the distribution of phenols in the leaves, stem bark and root bark of Terminalia sericea and their antioxidant activity.

Materials and methods: Hot and cold water, methanol/acetone extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), flavone/flavonol content (FFC), flavonone/dihydroflavone content (FDFC), hydroxycinnamic acid derivative content (HCAC) and tannin content (TC). DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals and reducing power assays were used to assess the antioxidant activity.

Results: The leaves had the highest average TPC (440) expressed in milligram Gallic Acid Equivalent (mgCAE) /gram of the extract. The leaves also had the highest average TC (7.14) expressed in milligram Quercetin Equivalent (mgQE) /gram of the extract. The stem had the highest average FDFC (19.23 mgQE/g) while the root had the highest average FFC (74.76 mgQE/g) and HCAC (214.57) expressed in milligram Caffeic Acid Equivalent mgCAE/ gram of the extract. The stem exhibited the highest average DPPH free radical scavenging (9.85 µg/mL) and reducing power (6.01 µg/mL) activities. Water was a better extracting solvent for TPC and FDFC while methanol/acetone was a better extracting solvent for FFC and HCAC. The correlation between TC and reducing power activity (r=0.668) at P < 0.05 suggests that tannins were responsible for the antioxidant activity.

Conclusion: This study has shown that the distribution of phenolics differs in the organs of T. sericea, and could affect the quality of medicinal products sold.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-OXIDANT) OF FRACTIONS AND METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PHILONOTIS HASTATA (DUBY WIJK & MARGADANT).
Authors: Oyedapo Oluboade Oluokun , Makinde Morakinyo Amos , Ilesanmi Monijesu Gbemisola , Abimbola Olasunbo Eunice , Akinwunmi Feyisayo Kemi , Akinpelu Ayinke Bolajoko
Published: June 2023

Background: Bryophytes like other lower plants (non-vascular plants) are not traditionally employed for therapeutic purposes. Hence this study evaluated the in vitro anti-oxidant potentials and anti-inflammatory activities of the fractions and methanolic extract of Moss (Philonotis hastata, Duby) with a view to studying its biological activities.

Methods: Plant materials were collected, identified, dried, pulverized and extracted with 70% (v/v) methanol to afford methanolic extract (ME). The ME was fractionated using solvent of increasing polarity and followed by phytochemical screening of the extract and fractions. The anti-oxidant potentials (total phenolics and flavonoids), anti-oxidant activities (DPPH-radical scavenging, reductive power, hydroxyl radical scavenging and ABTS+ radical scavenging) and anti-inflammatory activity (red blood stabilizing) of the extract and fractions were investigated.

Results: Phytochemicals detected included alkaloids, steroids and cardiac glycosides. The fractions and methanolic extract exhibited moderate anti-oxidant potentials with various models. The flavonoid contents of the methanol extract and fractions ranged between 1.70 ± 0.05 and 129.70 ± 1.00 mg/g extract RE (Rutin Equivalent) and total phenol content ranged between 1.84 ± 0.62 and 136.25 ± 0.18 mg/g extract TAE (Tannic Acid Equivalent). The reductive power activity ranged between 5.71 ± 0.02 and 40.40 ± 0.30 mg/g Vitamin C equivalent, the hydroxyl radical scavenging (15.54 ± 0.02 to 30.07± 0.29 %), and the ABTS+- radical scavenging activity (11.59 ± 2.85 to 40.50 ± 1.35%). The membrane stabilizing potentials of the fractions and extract (methanol) ranged between 19.19 ± 2.66% and 78.26 ± 2.60%. The activities were comparable to standard anti-inflammatory drugs and chemicals.

Conclusion: It could be concluded that the fractions and methanol extract of P. hastata exhibit moderate, potent and appreciable anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions elicited highest activities. As such, bryophytes possess therapeutic potentials and could be employed in the treatment and management of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory disorders.
EFFECTS OF POLLEN TYPHAE TOTAL FLAVONE ON β-ARRESTIN-2/SRC/ AKT SIGNALING IN ADIPOSE TISSUES OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Feng Xiao-Tao , Zhai Lin-Na , Wang Chun-Ling , Zhao Wei , Chen Qun , Huang Xiao-Qi
Published: June 2023

Background: Pollen Typhae total flavone (PTF), the extract from Pollen Typhae, a Chinese herbal medicine, has been reported to improve

insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats, but the potential mechanisms keep unclear.

Materials and Methods: Type 2 diabetic model rats were induced by high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin, and then were administered

PTF by intragastrical gavage. After treatment for 4 weeks, insulin receptor-β level in adipose tissues was determined by ELISA, and the protein

expression was analyzed by western blotting.

Results: Administration of PTF increased insulin receptor-β level and enhanced β-arrestin-2 protein expression in adipose tissues of type 2

diabetic rats. Although having no effect on the protein expression of Src or Akt, PTF promoted phosphorylation of Src at Tyr416 and Akt at

Ser473.

Conclusion: The results indicate that PTF has beneficial effects on the β-arrestin-2/Src/Akt signaling in adipose tissues of type 2 diabetic rats,

implying the underlying mechanisms of PTF in ameliorating insulin resistance.
THINKING OF THE SAFETY APPLICATION OF TCM BY YOU GU WU YUN, A CHINESE ANCIENT MEDICINE APPLICATION PRINCIPLE
Authors: Peng Wei , Gao Fei , Jiang Yan-Ping , Yang Huan , Gan Yan-Xiong , Lu Jun-Rong , Fu Chao-Mei , Li Peng
Published: June 2023

Background: You Gu Wu Yun (有故无殒), a Chinese ancient medicine application principle, has played an important role in Traditional

Chinese Medicine (TCM) clinical practice so far.

Materials and Methods: It emphasized that disease, medicine and treatment method were interconnecting and the relationship among these

three aspects should be handled reasonably. The major factors (including organism status, medicine source, medicine processing, compatibility

of medicines, dose and course, dosage form) under the three aspects which have a more important and direct influence on the medicine clinical

effect should be considered seriously in the TCM application.

Results: However, it was analyzed that most of side effects of TCM may be due to the incorrect application, which violated this principle to a

certain degree. In order to help people to understand the safety and toxicity of TCM objectively and provide a rational guidance for the safe and

effective application of TCM, we will introduce the concept of You Gu Wu Yun and discuss these factors having influence on medicine in this

review. An example will be shown in order to clarify how these factors work in medicine.

Conclusions: As a unique medical system, TCM has its own theoretical basis and treatment principle. It stresses syndrome
COMPARISON OF RISKS FOR ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS BETWEEN TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINES AND WESTERN MEDICINES: A REVIEW OF CHINESE-LANGUAGE LITERATURES
Authors: Song Yan , Ruan Zhen , Yin Shi , Bian Ying
Published: June 2023

Background: This study aimed to compare the risks for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) between traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and

Western medicines (WMs).

Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of ADR cases reported in the Chinese-language literatures from January 2006 to December

2011 was conducted to identify the frequency, severity and hazard of ADRs associated with TCMs and WMs. Sort ratio (SR) was employed to

compare the ranking of TCMs and WMs. SR>1 when WMs ranked higher than TCMs. For group comparisons, nonparametric Mann-Whitney

test was used whenever possible.

Results: A total of 5097 cases were induced by 212 TCMs and 908 WMs according to 3842 reports in the final full-text analysis. In the

comparisons for the entire study group, as well as groups by pharmacology category and administration route, most WMs ranked higher than

TCMs in occurring frequency, severity and hazard caused by ADRs. The results showed the adverse effects from Chinese medicines were

comparatively rare and the risks caused by them were milder than by western medicine-related ADRs.

Conclusion: This study concluded by indicating that TCMs were safe in clinical practice compared with WMs, though not risk free.

Improvements in quality control and in the training and regulation of practitioners could substantially reduce the already low incidence of

problems involving TCMs.
SOME QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND INDIVIDUAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF EUROPEAN PEAR CULTIVARS
Authors: Ã–ztÃ¼rk Ahmet , Desmirsoy Leyla , Demirsoy Husnu , Ozturk Sema
Published: June 2023

Background: Pear fruits are an important source of secondary plant metabolites and one of the major sources of dietary phenolic compounds.

Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the individual phenolic compounds and some chemical characteristics of the flesh and peel of the fruit in the four pear cultivars. The phenolic composition of these pear cultivars was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD).

Results: The fruit flesh firmness ranged from 35.2 to 85.8 N in the pear cultivars. The soluble solids content was higher in the flesh, while titratable acidity, vitamin C, individual phenolic compounds and total phenolics were generally higher in the peel. Arbutin, chlorogenic acid and epicatechin were detected as major phenolic compounds in the peel and flesh of pear fruits. Arbutin, chlorogenic acid and epicatechin of the flesh and peel ranged from 834.8 to 937.9 mg kg-1; from 332.1 to 460.7 mg kg-1; and from 77.2 to 104.0 mg kg-1 for ‘Seckel’ pear fruits, respectively. The highest total phenolics were found to be in the peel and flesh of the ‘Flemish Beauty’ pear fruits.

Conclusion: Because of the higher level of antioxidant components in the peel of pear fruits (all phenolic compounds and vitamin C) consumption of unpeeled pears, after proper washing, is recommended to maximize the dietary benefit.
RADICAL SCAVENGING COMPOUNDS FROM THE AERIAL PARTS OF SOLENOSTEMON MONOSTACHYS BRIQ (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Taiwo Bamigboye Josiah , Obuotor E.M , Onawunmi Osarugue Grace , Ogundaini Oguntuga Abiodun
Published: June 2023

Background: Solenostemon monostachys Briq. (Lamiaceae) is a weed widely used in ethno-medicine to treat infections and inflammatory

conditions but the active compounds are yet to be identified. This study isolated and identified the radical scavenging compounds from S.

monostachys crude extract using diphenyl-1, 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) to monitor the separation.

Materials and Methods: The crude extract of the aerial parts of the plant was evaluated for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion test,

anti-inflammatory test using carrageenan induced oedema of the rat paw and radical scavenging test using diphenyl-1, 1-picryl hydrazyl

(DPPH). Repeated chromatographic separation of the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, monitored by

DPPH bio-autographic assay resulted in the isolation of seven active compounds, which were identified using spectroscopic methods and

comparison with literature data.

Results: The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were the most active fractions and contained apigenin, apigenin glucuronide, luteolin, caffeic

acid, methyl caffeate, rosmarinic acid and methyl rosmarinate as the radical scavenging compounds with EC50 values of 26.67 ± 0.31, 185.89 ±

1.02, 5.35 ± 0.31, 3.92 ± 0.06, 13.41 ± 0.18, 4.99 ± 0.10, 5.97 ± 0.08 μg/ml respectively compared with 2.32 ± 0.08 μg/ml for quercetin as the

reference standard.

Conclusion: The isolated compounds are reported for the first time in this plant. The presence of the compounds in S. monostachys P. Beauv.

(Briq.) (Lamiaceae) may provide justification for some of the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant in infections and inflammatory conditions.
TWO DIMENSIONAL CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AS A QUALITY MEASURE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS – SALVIA OFFICINALIS
Authors: Scheepmaker MandÃ© Michelle , Gower Neil Travis
Published: June 2023

Background: Homoeopathic mother tinctures and herbal extracts are used worldwide for medicinal purposes on the basis that the plant extract

contains the active components essential for medicinal use. Quality analysis of samples ensures that the correct active components are present

for medicinal use. Thin layer chromatography has been used extensively to determine the quality of plant extracts and could just as readily be

applied to the assessment of quality of homoeopathic mother tinctures. The development of a multidimensional technique allows for greater

quality analyses of these extracts.

Materials and Methods: The Salvia officinalis sample was extracted and the one dimensional thin layer chromatographic plate development of

extracted sample was performed according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP). Before the two dimensional thin layer

chromatographic plates where run, different solvent systems were tested through a comparison of the resultant one dimensional thin layer

chromatographic plates with that of the plate developed according to the GHP. The two dimensional thin layer chromatographic plate was

developed in one direction using the eluent given in the GHP, the plate was then rotated 90 degrees and further developed using neat

dichloromethane.

Results and Conclusion: The two dimensional thin layer chromatogram for the selected sample Salvia officinalis was successfully established.

This results in a more extensive profile regarding the identification of the individual components present in the homoeopathic mother tincture.

The further production of two dimensional chromatograms is essential to the expanded detailed analysis of individual products and potential raw

material production of even higher standards.
VASCULARIZED FIBULAR GRAFT COMBINED WITH VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE IN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF TIBIAL DEFECTS.
Authors: Liu Yi , Song Jian , Xu Li -Li , Huang Xiao-jun , Lan Hai-tao , Qin Wen-gang , Regis Ernest Mendame Ehya
Published: June 2023

Background: To investigate the application of Flow-through free vascularized fibular graft combined with Vacuum Assisted Closure for the patients

suffering from tibial defects caused by chronic osteomyelitis.

Methods: We retrospectively analysed 20 cases of patients who accepted this operation in the treatment of tibial defects. Among the tibial defects,

six cases resulted from blood stream infection while 14 cases resulted from comminuted fractures. All the patients included in the study were

accompanied with 1 to 3 sinuses. The length of the defects ranged from 6cm to 16cm, with an average of 11.3cm. 6 patients were also faced with soft

tissues defects combined with tendon or bone exposures, and the defects areas ranged from 11cm×7cm to 19cm×14cm. There were 5 patients

suffering from fibular fractures at the same side of the defects. The courses of this disease were 5.5 -15 months, with an average of 9.8 months.

Results: The patients included in the study were followed up from 10 months to 4 years, with an average of 1.9 years. Sinuses of 18 patients healed

within 4 weeks, giving a primary healing rate of 90%. We undertook debridement of the remaining sinuses and they healed within 2 weeks. All skin

flaps grafted to the patients survived, thus the survival rate was 100%. The radiographs indicated that 18 patients had good prognosis and the primary

union time of grafting fibula were from 4 to 8 months, with average of 6.3 months. The healing patients achieved an average of 25.6 points based on

the Enneking evaluation system which was used to evaluate the function of limbs after the operation, indicating that 85.9% of the limb function

recovered. 4 patients required revision surgery for complications resulting from the operation: 1 wound breakdown, 2 bone non-unions, 1 graft

fracture. Infection occurred only as a pin-tract infection, and was controlled with oral antibiotics and repeated dressing; there was no deep infection

out of control in any of these patients.

Conclusion: The flow-through free vascularized fibular graft did not only repair tibial defects, but retained the continuity of trunk vessels. The flowthrough

fibular graft combined with Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) controlled the infection, shortened the course of treatment, and effectively

restored limb function when applied to the treatment of tibial defects.
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANO-SILVER PARTICLES FROM LEAF AND STEM EXTRACTS OF IBOZA (TETRADENIA RIPARIA)
Authors: Shaik Shakira , Mkize Lwamkelekile , Khumalo Mthokozisi , Singh Nisha
Published: June 2023

Background: Secondary metabolites derived from plant extracts can be used in the reduction of metal salts into their respective nanoparticles using

simple, environmentally friendly and cost effective green synthesis techniques. Metal nanoparticles have important applications in medicine and

agriculture. The leaves of Tetradenia riparia (Iboza), an important medicinal species in South Africa, are reported to contain various terpenoids and

pyrones which can be used in the reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to nano-silver particles.

Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves and stems of Iboza were oven-dried, crushed, extracted in water and methanol and filtered followed by

incubation with AgNO3. Synthesized nano-silver particles were characterised using ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron

microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Results: The bio-reduction of metal ion to base metal was rapidly conducted in a single step and at room temperature and pressure. UV-Vis spectra

showed the characteristic surface plasmon resonance band of the synthesized nano-silver particles at 410 nm for all extracts. SEM analysis revealed

predominantly aggregated spherically-shaped nano-silver particles with a size range of 20-50 nm and an average diameter of 26 nm. The presence of

elemental silver in the nanoparticles was confirmed by EDX at 3 keV. As revealed by FTIR analysis, the reducing agents included terpenoids and

pyrones which were responsible for reducing and capping the nano-silver particles.

Conclusion: Both methanol and aqueous-derived extracts of Iboza leaves and stems can be used to synthesize nano-silver particles. FTIR evidence

suggests that the reduction of the silver ions and the synthesis of the nanoparticles may have been actioned by various terpenoid and pyrone

compounds found in the plant parts.
HEXANIC FRACTION OF TURMERIC POWDER ATTENUATES MURINE MODEL OF INDUCEDNOCICEPTION AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Authors: Suloon Jacklin , Mohamad Azam Shah , Ming-Tatt Lee , Akhtar Muhammad Nadeem , Perimal Enoch Kumar , Akira Ahmad , Israf Daud Ahmad , Sulaiman Mohd Roslan
Published: June 2023

Background: The current study was conducted to further examine the antinociceptive activity of hexane fraction of turmeric powder (HFTP)

and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action underlying its antinociceptive activity in various experimental models of chemical- and

thermal-induced nociception.

Materials and Methods: Acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, hot-plate, formalin-, capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw licking tests

in mice were employed in the antinociceptive investigation of HFTP. In all experiments, HFTP was administered intraperitoneally at the doses

of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg. In a separate group of experiments, the possible sedative and toxic effects of HFTP were tested in rota rod and

preliminary acute toxicity tests, respectively.

Results: It was demonstrated that HFTP exerted significant dose-dependent antinociceptive responses in the acetic acid-induced abdominal

constriction, hot-plate, formalin-, capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw licking tests. It was also demonstrated that pretreatment with naloxone,

produced no significant effect on the antinociception induced by HFTP. Moreover, administration of HFTP shows no significant interference in

locomotor activity of the rota rod test, and in the preliminary acute toxicity test, neither abnormal behaviours nor mortality were observed.

Conclusion: Together, these results indicated that HFTP-induced antinociceptive activity at doses devoid of any detectable toxicity and sedative

effects exerts pronounced peripheral and central antinociceptive effects, with no involvement of opioidergic system but possibly related to its

ability to interact with TRPV1 receptors and the glutamatergic system.
The Right to Safe Drinking Water in International Law and in Slovenia’s legal framework and implementation
Authors: Sancin Vasilka , Juhart Miha
Published: June 2023

According to the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, a total of 2.1 billion people globally lack access to safe, readily available water at home. Given the rapid population growth, demand for water has been consistently on the rise, while its available quantity has been decreasing due to its unsustainable use. Despite widespread international support for the recognition of the right to safe drinking water, which was also demonstrated by the adoption of the UN General Assembly Resolution on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation in 2010, progress achieved at international and national levels reveals significant remaining challenges, including huge inequalities between and within countries in accessing basic water services. In Slovenia, drinking water supply, for which data on water quality are available, is provided to almost 90% of the population, and in 2016, Slovenia amended its Constitution and explicitly included the universal right to drinking water (Article 70a). This article discusses the existence and normative content of the right to safe drinking water, both in international and Slovene legal contexts. Furthermore, it critically accessed the adequacy of legal protection of access to safe drinking water and analysed Slovenia9s obligations in relation to this right. Hence, in addition to looking into the normative content of the right, it also discusses whether the desired effects are already recognizable in practice, particularly focusing on the situation in Slovenia. The article also includes some de lege ferenda proposals, which competent authorities might wish to consider when further developing a normative framework or concrete policy measures.
State liability for health damage caused by excessive air pollution: Constitutinal and Private Law aspects
Authors: Lutman Karmen , Strojan Lucija
Published: June 2023

Air pollution severely damages human health and causes premature deaths. In order to fight against it, the European Commission initiated a revision of the Ambient Air Quality Directives aiming to improve the quality of outdoor air and to reach the Zero Pollution goal. However, the CJEU is already facing requests for a preliminary ruling dealing with state liability for health damage caused by excessive air pollution. The old common law maxim <The King does no wrong= according to which a citizen may not seek redress from the government for wrongs committedmby the latter has long been surpassed. The institution of state liability is thus a widely recognised concept. The paper analyses the main features of state liability for health damage caused by polluted air and its boundaries. It focuses on the recent development of EU law in this regard and the established case law of the ECtHR. Since the right to a healthy living environment is recognised by several constitutions across the world, including Slovenia, the paper deals also with the Slovenian case law on state liability for damages caused by air and noise pollution from road and rail transport.
Распространение вариантов вируса SARS-COV-2, вызывающих интерес (VOI) и субвариантов Omicron, находящихся под наблюдением (VUM), на основе количества их геномов, депонированных в базу данных GISAID за неделю с 10.06.2023 г. по 16.06.2023 г.
Authors: Дмитриева Людмила , Краснов Ярослав , Чумачкова Елена , Осина Наталья , Зимирова Анастасия , Иванова Александра , Карнаухов Игорь , Караваева Татьяна , Щербакова Светлана , Кутырев Владимир
Published: June 2023

В обзоре представлена информация по циркулирующим в настоящее время вариантам вируса SARS-COV-2 вызывающих интерес (VOI) и субвариантов Omicron, находящихся под наблюдением (VUM), геномные последовательности которых размещены в международной базе данных GISAID за неделю с 10.06.2023 г. по 16.06.2023 г.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEMILIHAN KARIR SEBAGAI AKUNTAN PUBLIK
Authors: Rahayu Ruci Arizanda , Novitasari Vivy , Maryanti Eny
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine whether financial rewards, professional training, social values, work environment and labor market considerations influence accounting students at UMSIDA and UBHARA in choosing a career as a public accountant. The population or subjects in this study consisted of students of accounting study programs at Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo University and Bhayangkara University Surabaya class 2018. In this study, quantitative methods were used by distributing online questionnaires to accounting students at UMSIDA and UBHARA. Obtained as many as 80 respondents using the Slovin formula in sampling in this study. Partially, the results provide evidence that professional training and work environment influence career choices as public accountants by accounting students of UMSIDA and PBARA. On the other hand, financial rewards, social values, and labor market considerations cannot influence career choices as public accountants by accounting students of UMSIDA and UBARA
PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PERBANKAN SYARIAH DENGAN STRATEGI MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA (SDM)
Authors: Susi Fitriani Susi Wulandari , Ayunda Putri Nilasari
Published: June 2023

Artikel ini membahas mengenai strategi manajemen sumber daya manusia untuk meningkatkan kualitas perbankan syariah. Sumber daya manusia merupakan salah satu komponen yang sangat penting dalam kegiatan operasional suatu perusahaan. Karena perbankan syariah terbilang baru, maka salah satu permasalahan yang muncul adalah kurangnya SDM yang ahli dalam keuangan syariah baik dalam akademisi maupun aktivis perbankan syariah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah dengan analisis kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan literatur review atau studi pustaka. Sumber-sumber yang penulis gunakan sebagai acuan dalam pembuatan artikel ini berasal dari beberapa jurnal, artikel dan website resmi. Sehingga penulis mendapatkan informasi yang relevan dari penelitian terdahulu yang membahas mengenai manajemen sumber daya manusia, serta penulis dapat mengemas beberapa sumber tersebut menjadi sebuah artikel dan dapat mengembangkan penelitian tersebut. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa manajemen sumber daya manusia sangat diperlukan guna meningkatkan kualitas perbankan syariah. Manajemen sumber daya manusia bertugas untuk mengelola unsur manusia secara baik agar diperoleh tenaga kerja yang dapat menjalankan pekerjaannya dengan baik dalam membantu proses pencapaian tujuan perusahaan. Karakteristik dari sumber daya manusia yang dibutuhkan di perbankan syariah jelas berbeda dibandingkan pada perbankan konvensional. Beberapa strategi perlu diimplementasikan pada perbankan syariah untuk mengembangkan sumber daya  manusia sehingga mendapatkan karyawan yang berkualitas dan berkinerja tinggi.