bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Intensive Care Unit in Veterinary Clinical Practice. Organization and Management
Authors: FLOURAKI (Ε. ΦΛΟΥΡΑΚΗ) E. , SAVVAS (Ι. ΣΑΒΒΑΣ) I. , KAZAKOS (Γ. ΚΑΖΑΚΟΣ) G.
Published: February 2018

The primary idea for intensive care unit stemmed from the appreciation that patients are better served and have better survival rates when treated in a separated and specialized area of the hospital. In Europe, the number of small animal ICUs is increasing, however, most of them are located in Universities due to their high cost and the numerous and specialized personnel required. In humans, all ICUs share the below-mentioned commonalities. They all have designated and adequate spaces, specialized personnel and appropriated nurse to patient ratio and resources to provide continuous care and monitoring. In particular, personnel should be trained to provide intensive medical care to patients with life threatening conditions. In humans, most ICUs run as a close-unit model. In a close-unit model, the intensivist is the primary physician responsible for the full-time ICU care. Modern small animal ICUs usually follow the same model or are embedded in the Anaesthesia Unit. In humans' ICUs, the criteria of an incoming patient meet the following guideline: "A patient is admitted to the ICU only to be benefited of its services and discharged when these services are no longer needed". Particularly, patients entering an ICU are usually patients in need of intensive care orintensive monitoring and patients with life-threatening conditions with few chances of rehabilitation. Critical care patients are a very heterogeneous population, however, they all share the need for high level of care. Conditions that usually result in admission to an ICU vary and include cardiogenic, hypovolemic or septic shock, respiratory failure, cardiovascular abnormalities, metabolicdisorders, neurological disfunctions and trauma. Moreover, emergency surgical patients or patients undergoing elective major surgeries, such as chest or abdominal procedures, usually require post-operative hospitalization in the ICU. The main case load in Veterinary ICUs refers to septic or traumatic shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome, severe metabolic disorders, such as diabetic keto-acidosis, intoxications and trauma. The main disadvantage of a Veterinary ICU operation is the owner's ability to pay for the cost of treatment. Poor prognosis for recovery in combination with the long duration of hospitalization usually result in euthanasia. Veterinary interest on Emergency and Critical Care has grown considerably over the last 15 years, making this field one of the most rapidly developing specialties in veterinary medicine today. As dogs and cats become an integral part of our society, the demands on applying a standard of care approaching that of human medicine are increasing. Providing that long-term prognosis is good, animals stand to benefit from the development of Emergencyand Critical Care field.
Genetically modified animal models and Osteoimmunology
Authors: DOUNI (Ε.ΝΤΟΥΝΗ) E.
Published: February 2018

The completion of the human and mouse genome DNA sequences easily enabled chromosomal localization for each gene, whereas the role of each gene remains largely unknown. Functional Genomics constitutes the new area of Molecular Biology that aims to identify the function(s) of each gene in order to understand the pathogenic mechanisms in various human diseases. The mouse has been extensively used more than any other animal organism in biomedical research, because, except for the similarities it displays with humans, its genome can be genetically modified rather easily. During the last two decades, technological advances enable almost all kinds of mutations in the mouse genome. More specifically, the study of genetically modified mice revealed the continuous interaction between various systems within the organism, such as the interplay between the skeletal and the immune system, introducing the interdisciplinary area of Osteoimmunology. The cytokine RANKL constitutes the key molecule in Osteoimmunology, by regulating osteoclastogenesis, while deregulation of RANKL expression leads to diseases such as osteopetrosis or osteoporosis. In our laboratory we have recently generated, using state-of-the-art technologies, unique mouse models of RANKL-induced osteopetrosis or osteoporosis. These mouse models constitute excellent systems for the study of underlying pathogenic mechanisms and for the evaluation of novel therapeutic approaches at the preclinical level.
The use of algae in animal nutrition
Authors: CHRISTAKI (Ε. ΧΡΗΣΤΑΚΗ) E. , KARATZIA (Μ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑ) M. , FLOROU-PANERI (Π. ΦΛΩΡΟΥ-ΠΑΝΕΡΗ) P.
Published: February 2018

In this review article the use of algae as feed in animal nutrition is being examined. The algae evolved on earth 3.5 billion years ago. They are primitive, generally aquatic and photosynthetic organisms, which range in size from 0,2-2,0 μιτι in diameter -microalgae (phytoplankton) up to 60 m length- macroalgae and may divide once or more per day. Algae are classified using a combination of characteristics in the chlorophyta, phaeophyta, chrysophyta, rhodophyta (all of them are macroalgae), pyrrhophyta and cyanophyta (they are microalgae). The chemical composition of algae varies over a wide range and depends on environmental conditions. Algae are necessary in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. They can be used as biodisel from their bio-lipid oil, as feed additives (alginates, carrageenans, agar, pigments), as therapeutic agents, as cosmetics, as organic fertilizer. Moreover, edible algae are considered sources of minerals and a complementary source of food protein for human -especially infunctional foods and animal nutrition, both in ruminants and monogastric animals. Algae in the rations of lactating cows increased milk production, the average milk protein, the amount of lactose, and prolonged the lactation period, while algae rich in (n-3) fatty acids effected positively on this fatty acid content of milk. In calves the dietary algae en-hanced immune function and improved carcass characteristics. Regarding the ewes, the algae nutrition affected milk fat composition and their dairy products. Researches on monogastric animals showed that the dietary supplementation of algae rich in docosqexaenoic acid increased its content in muscle tissue of rabbits, heavy pigs (live weight around 160 kg) and in the egg yolk of laying hens. In addition, algae in poultry diets can be used effectively as pigment sources both in egg yolk and in broiler skin and shanks. Algae have been found also to be a valuable food for fish farmed by acquaculture. However, further investigation is needed concerning the use of algae in human and animal nutrition.
Location and morphological identification of Myxosporida and evaluation of the effect of freezing and Giemsa staining on the spore length
Authors: GATZIA (Κ. ΓΚΑΤΖΙΑ) K. , TZIRONI (Ε. ΤΖΙΡΩΝΗ) E. , BITCHAVA (Κ. ΜΠΙΤΧΑΒΑ) K. , ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) F.
Published: February 2018

Enteromyxum leei, Ceratomyxa spp., Polysporoplasma spans are myxosporea usually found in cultured Mediterranean marine fish. The present study refers to the evaluation of the seasonality and prevalence caused by myxosporea infections in cultured sharpsnout seabream (Puntazzo puntazzo C.) and gilthead seabream {Spams aurata L.). The main target organ of all infected fish was the intestine and some-times the gallbladder and the kidney were also target organs. The highest prevalence was observed during summer in cultured sharpsnout seabream. P. sparis has been observed in gilthhead seabream, which proved to be the main host of this parasite, but it was also observed in cultured sharpsnout seabream. The main target organ in all infected fish was the kidney. The highest prevalence was observed during summer in cultured gilthead seabream. Mature spores of Ceratomyxa diplodae were observed in sharpsnout seabream. The main target organ of the parasite in cultured fish was the gallbladder. The morphology and size observations of myxosporeans mentioned above were also studied. Freezing in -20 °C (for 1 and 6 months) and the effect of Giemsa staining in myxosporean mature spore's size were evaluated. According to the results, 6 months freezing and Giemsa staining reduced significantly the size of mature spores. Finally, the protocol for Giemsa staining for the three different myxosporea species, usually found in cultured mediterranean marine fish, was standardized. Fresh smears were stained by Giemsa, according to protocol used for fresh smears. For E. leei the best results were obtained after immersing the smears in the stain for 20 min, for C diplodae after immersing the smears in the stain for 30 min and for P. sparis after immersing the smears in the stain for 24 min.
Serological investigation of Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) in Bulgaria
Authors: CHENCHEV I. , GEORGIEV G. , YORDANOV S. , NEDELCHEV N.
Published: February 2018

The aim of the present study was to estimate the existence of EVA infection in equine's population in Bulgaria. For this purpose the clinical signs of the disease, as well as the antibodies titre against the virus in unvaccinated equines population, were estimated. Out of 1.743 tested non vaccinated animals, 1.425 blood sera were positive for antibodies to EVA, 81.76% positivity, during 2003 - 2007. The positive samples were coming from 14 stables, riding clubs and breeding farms of the country. EVA is considered as a major problem of veterinary importance in Bulgaria during the current and next years.
Management of pain - humane endpoints - euthanasia of laboratory animals
Authors: YPSILANTIS (Π. ΥΨΗΛΑΝΤΗΣ) P.
Published: February 2018

The minimization of pain and distress of laboratory animals before, during and after the experiment is one of the basic principles for the humane treatment of animals used in biomedical research. Pain and distress is assessed based on careful observation of laboratory animals and the evaluation of a series of parameters related to clinical signs, natural behaviour and provoked behaviour. Scoring of these parameters makes possible their quantitative assessment and the calculation of distress score. Based on this score we can define the humane endpoints according to which the experimenter decides to relieve the animal from pain and distress by administering analgesics, terminating the experiment or performing euthanasia. The reasons for implementing humane endpoints are ethical, legal, practical and scientific. Analgesic agents can be divided into three: narcotic analgesics, antipyretic analgesics and nociceptive blockers. The choice drug will be determined by the degree of analgesic effect, its required duration of action, the experimental protocol and the experience of the experimenter. Euthanasia methods can be divided into physical and chemical ones. Physical methods include shooting, concussion, electrical stunning, cervical dislocation, decapacitation and microwave irradiation. Chemical methods include the administration of inhalation agents (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile inhalational anesthetics), agents absorbed through the skin and gills (benzocaine, tricaine methane sulphonate, etomidate, metomidate, quinaldine) and injectable agents (the barbiturates pentobarbitone and thiopental and the agent T-61). Euthanasia methods that can be applied to unconcious animals also incude pithing, rapid freezing, exsanguination, administration of nitrogen or argon, ethanol, chloral hydrate and potassium chloride and air embolism. Death should always be confirmed after performing an euthanasia method.
Questionnaire-based survey on canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum) in Greece
Authors: SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ.Ν. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ) M. N. , KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F. , BOURDEAU P.
Published: February 2018

On November 2006, a total of 1,144 questionnaires related to various aspects of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) were mailed to Greek companion animal practitioners. The overall return rate was 17.6% (201/1,144) and did not differ among the nine geographical areas of the country where their practices were located. The global minimum, average and maximum frequency of CanL diagnosis, on a year-round basis, were 0.98%, 3.30% and 7.46%, respectively; these figures were lower in Crete, followed by Aegian islands and then by Macedonia, compared to Péloponnèse, Central Greece (including Evoia) and Thessaly. Most of the veterinarians (70.4%) were practicing in endemic areas of the disease with the number of new cases and cases under treatment reported to remain stable over the past years. The most common clinical manifestations of CanL reported were the progressive loss of body weight, peripheral lymphadenomegaly, anemia and exoliative dermatitis with or without alopecia; concurrent diseases, especially ehrlichiosis and dirofilariosis, were also commonly witnessed. The abnormal results of non-specific laboratory examinations, such as haematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis raised the suspicion of CanL that was subsequently confirmed mainly with serology (in-office rapid screening tests, indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA) and less often with lymph node smear microscopy and PCR. Allopurinol and pentavalent antimonials, usually in combination, and less frequently metronidazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B, fluoroquinolones or aminosidine were employed as antileishmanial medication in the cases undergone treatment. Pentavalent antimonials were associated with a higher frequency of side effects, followed by amphotericin B, whereas allopurinol was better tolerated. Side effects necessitating the discontinuation of treatment were accounted in approximately 14% of the treated dogs. The discontinuation of treatment was mainly based on serology, although additionalcriteria, such as the clinical improvement or cure, and the normalization of routine laboratory results, were also taken into account. The majority of practitioners repeated the treatment in the advent of a clinical relapse of their cases. Euthanasia was initially suggested by a few veterinarians, but eventually it was necessary in approximately 10% of the treated dogs. The widespread use of insecticides and/or insect repellents, with or without taking additional preventative measures, such as keeping the dog indoors during the night and applying a fine mesh on the screens, was also recorded. Finally, almost all the practitioners made dog owners aware of the public health issues associated with CanL; however, in most of the cases such information did not deter the owners from accepting treatment of their dogs.
Serological survey of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in organic sheep and goat farms in Greece
Authors: NTAFIS (Β. ΝΤΑΦΗΣ) V. , XYLOURI (Ε.Μ. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ) E. , DIAKOU (Α. ΔΙΑΚΟΥ) A. , SOTIRAKOGLOU (Α. Κ. ΣΩΤΗΡΑΚΟΓΛΟΥ) K. , KRITIKOS (Ι. ΚΡΗΤΙΚΟΣ) I. , GEORGAKILAS (Ε. ΓΕΩΡΓΑΚΙΛΑΣ) E. , MENEGATOS (Ι. ΜΕΝΕΓΑΤΟΣ) I.
Published: February 2018

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection with global distribution caused by the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii. The present study is divided into the preliminary and the basic research. In the preliminary research, 413 serum samples (184 sheep and 229 goats) from organic farms of Péloponnèse and Western Sterea Hellas were tested for IgG antibodies against Τ gondii, by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood sampling took place during spring of 2005 and samples were taken from male animals and female that had aborted during the reproductive period of 2004-2005. Significant prevalence of antibodies was the reason that further research of toxoplasmosis in organic farms was conducted. For the basic research, small ruminants' blood samples from organic farms of Péloponnèse, Western Sterea Hellas and the county of Ioannina, were collected during summer of 2006. Blood samples were collected from flocks with cases of abortions during the reproductive period of 2005-2006. Animals were separated into 3 groups: males, females that had abortions during the reproductive period of 2005-2006 and females that did not have abortions during the same period. A total number of 182 sheep sera and 167 goat sera were tested by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that antibodies were detected in 38.46% of male sheep, 60.87% of female sheep that had abortions during the reproductive period 2005-2006 and in 54.21% of female sheep that did not have abortions during the same period. Significant difference was determined only between male and female animals (p<0.05). In addition, antibodies were detected in 12.12% of male goats, 14.29% of female goats that had abortions and in 22.35% of female goats that did not have abortions in the reproductive period 2005-2006. There was no significant difference between the results (p>0.05). Seroprevalence in goats was significandy lower than that of the sheep (p<0.05). In animals, aged less than 4 years old, seroprevalence was significantly lower (39.58% for sheep and 13.04% for goats) than that for animals aged more than 4 years old (61.97% for sheep and 24% for goats) (p<0.05). The results of the survey suggest that there is high prevalence of toxoplasmosis both in animals that had aborted and in animals that had not aborted and that there are different species and gender susceptibility. Results also indicate that toxoplasmosis is more common in older animals.
Latest information in relation to Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome of sows
Authors: PAPATSIROS (Β.Γ. ΠΑΠΑΤΣΙΡΟΣ) V. G. , ALEXOPOULOS (Κ. ΑΛΕΞΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) C. , KYRIAKIS (Σ.Κ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ) S. C.
Published: February 2018

The «Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome» (PPDS), that is referred in literature as «Periparturient Hypogalactia Syndrome» (PHS), causes important economical losses in die global swine industry. The aetiology of syndrome includes endotoxins and generally die negative, as well as some positive gram bacteria (colibacteroides, ß-haemolytic streptococci G and L, staphylococci, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Proteus, Bacteroides, Clostridium and Haemophilus). Moreover, several aetiological agems of functional hypoagalactia, factors associated widi stress of sows and conditions that contribute in the proliferation of bacteria and consequendy in the potential endotoxemia (e.g. cystitis, metritis, vaginitis, constipation, mastitis), seem to play a significant role. Risk factors that are often suspected for PPDS are the health status of sows (Fat Sow Syndrome-¥SS, extended duration of parturition, post-partum pyrexia, teat malformation and injuries, as well as hypoplasia of mammary glands), the housing and management conditions of the sow around parturition (slippery floors, hygiene, temperaturehumidity of rooms, reduced activity of the sows, watering system), as well as diet composition (concentration of fiber, proteins, vitamin E and selenium). The clinical signs are characterized mainly by disorders of lactation and health status of sows (anorexia, depression, pyrexia, constipation and abnormal postpartum vulval discharge), as well as from decreased litter performance (unsuccessful attempts for suckling, intense discomposure, diarrhoea, poor growth rates, unevenness of litters regarding to body weight of piglets, increase of preweaning mortality).
Foot injuries in dogs and cats
Authors: GRIGOROPOULOU (Β. ΓΡΗΓΟΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) V. , PRASSINOS (Ν.Ν. ΠΡΑΣΙΝΟΣ) N. N. , PAPAZOGLOU (Λ.Γ. ΠΑΠΑΖΟΓΛΟΥ) L. G.
Published: February 2018

Paws are very important for weight-bearing and ambulation in small animals. These abilities are highly preserved due to the presence of foot pads on the palmar and plantar surface of the paws. The incidence of distal limb skin injuries is relatively high and these wounds require immediate and meticulous management, especially if there is skin loss. In the later cases, the use of specialized reconstructive surgical techniques makes foot salvage possible, thus avoiding limb amputation, which was the only solution in the past.
Performance and carcass characteristics of growing rabbits as affected by the dietary inclusion of a natural zeolite
Authors: FORTOMARIS (Π. ΦΟΡΤΟΜΑΡΗΣ) P. , ARSENOS (Γ. ΑΡΣΕΝΟΣ) G. , CHRISTAKI (Ε. ΧΡΗΣΤΑΚΗ) E. , FLOROU-PANERI (Π. ΦΛΩΡΟΥ - ΠΑΝΕΡΗ) P.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a diet containing a clinoptilolite rich material (tuff) on growth and carcass characteristics of fattening rabbits. Three diets were formulated; diet C was a standard commercial diet that served as control, while diet L contained 1.25% natural zeolite (NZ) and diet Η contained 2.5% NZ. Seventy-two New Zealand χ Californian rabbits were used after weaning at 35 days of age. They were randomly allocated into three groups (n=24, with three replicates of four male and four female rabbits each, balanced for body weight) according to the above dietary treatments. All rabbits were weighed individually on weaning and thereafter on weekly basis. Feed intake was monitored weekly on subgroup basis. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. Performance traits and mortality level were recorded in the aforementioned period. In the end of this period all rabbits were stunned and slaughtered to obtain the European carcass weight. Six carcasses per group (two per subgroup, one male and one female) were randomly selected for the determination of carcass characteristics. The results of the current study showed that the incorporation of a clinoptilolite rich tuff (natural zeolite) in the diet of growing rabbits did not affect their growth or the carcass characteristics, whereas feed efficiency and mortality level were negatively affected.
Surgical excision of skin folds from the head of a goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758)
Authors: ANGELIDIS (Π. ΑΓΓΕΛΙΔΗΣ) P. , VATSOS (Ι.Ν. ΒΑΤΣΟΣ) I. N. , KARAGIANNIS (Δ. ΚΑΡΑΓΙΑΝΝΗΣ) D.
Published: February 2018

Goldfish Oranda very often exhibit skin overgrown folds in the dorsal head area. In many cases, these folds extend laterally towards the periocular area resulting in tunnel vision and thus stress of the fish. A goldfish, about four years old, with overgrown skin folds around its eyes underwent a surgical excision of these folds. Prior to surgery and the last three consecutive days the fish was treated with the wide spectrum antibiotic nifurpirinol (Aquafuran) by bath. After the fish was anaesthetized with phenoxyethanol, the excessive skin folds were excised with a scalpel. Histological examination of the excised skin revealed hyperplasia of the epidermis and excessive subcutaneous fat tissue. During the first 24 hours after surgery the fish started to eat. In the next few days, its appetite and overall behaviour showed significant improvement compared to those prior to the operation, while almost 12 months post operation, no new skin folds appeared around the eyes, a fact that indicates that the operation improved the life of the fish.
Marteiliosis in molluscs
Authors: KARAGIANNIS (Δ. ΚΑΡΑΓΙΑΝΝΗΣ) D. , ANGELIDIS (Π. ΑΓΓΕΛΙΔΗΣ) P.
Published: February 2018

The protozoans, belonging to the phylum Paramyxea and particularly to the genera Marteilia, are the more important mollusc pathogens. The last thirty years marteiliosis has caused economic losses in mollusc aquaculture worldwide. According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (O.I.E.), it is not a zoonosis and it is classified in List II that includes mollusc diseases which are an obligatory statement in the European Union. The disease is characterized by progressive loss of body-weight of the infected shellfish and alteration of the colour of the digestive gland. Because of the absence of pathognomonic symptoms, histological and molecular techniques are required for the diagnosis of the disease. In Greece, marteiliosis constitutes a continuous threat for the mollusc aquaculture and demands surveillance and proper management. Genetic improvement of host species, in order to produce individuals resistant to the disease, as well as knowledge of the biology of Marteilia sp. constitute useful tools for the reduction of the impact of marteiliosis.
Organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition
Authors: GIANNENAS (Η. ΓΙΑΝΝΕΝΑΣ) I. A
Published: February 2018

In this review article, the use of organic acids as feed additives is being examined in pig and poultry nutrition. The aim of this article was to evaluate the effect of organic acids and their salts on pig and poultry performance, to describe the organic acids used in animal nutrition, to discuss the route of administration and to investigate the mode of their action. The most widely used organic acids are formic, acetic, propionic, fumarie, citric, sorbic and butyric acid, and their salts as well. These organic acids are administered mainly through the feed, but they may be  administered through the drinking water as well. Successful utilization of organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition requires knowledge of their mode of action. It is generally accepted that organic acids and their salts lower feed and gastric pH, increasing the activity of proteolytic enzymes and, thus, improving protein digestion. Besides, they reduce the buffering capacity of the feeds, resulting in reduced intestinal colonization with pathogens. They also improve the apparent digestibility of proteins and amino acids, increase the absorption of minerals and affect the composition of intestinal microflora and mucosal morphology. Relevant experimentations suggest that the organic acids improve growth rate and feed efficiency ratio in weaned piglets and fattening pigs. Also, the organic acids improve the performance of broiler chickens when used in relatively high doses, whereas, in laying hens, they improve the absorption of macroelements, like phosphorus and calcium. The present article suggests that after the recent ban on the use of the antibiotic growth promoting substances by the EU, the use of organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition appears to be an interesting alternative. However, the effect of organic acids on performance of pigs and poultry varies considerably and, thus, further research is needed for a better understanding of the mode of action and the efficacy of these compounds.
Canine and feline vestibular syndrome
Authors: POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ. Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) Z. S. , DANOURDIS (Α. Μ. ΔΑΝΟΥΡΔΗΣ) A. M. , KOUTINAS (Α. Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F.
Published: February 2018

Signs of vestibular dysfunction (head tilt, asymmetric ataxia, spontaneous nystagmus,  unilateral falling and rolling) are characteristic enough to be easily recognized without difficulty, even by inexperienced clinicians. Further differentiation between the peripheral (inner ear, vestibular nerve) and the central (vestibular nuclei, cerebellar peduncles, fastigial nucleus and flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum) vestibular system should be based on a thorough history and an astute neurological examination. Affected animals should be reevaluated by serial neurological reexaminations to improve the accuracy of the initial assessment. Concomitant neurological signs, such as spastic hemiparesis or tetraparesis, proprioceptive déficits, other cranial nerve dysfunction and/or behavioral changes are indicative of central than peripheral vestibular syndrome. Apart from the minimum data base (complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis), the diagnostic evaluation should also include otoscopy, plain radiography of tympanic bullae (peripheral vestibular lesions), ear CT, brain MRI and cererebrospinal fluid analysis (central vestibular lesions). The present review first describes the clinical features of the vestibular syndrome from a differential point of view, regarding its neuroanatomical origin and secondly the most common conditions primarily characterized by vestibular dysfunction in the dog and cat.
Diagnostic approach of canine Pancytopenia
Authors: MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) M. E. , KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F. , KASABALIS (Δ. ΚΑΣΑΜΠΑΛΗΣ) D.
Published: February 2018

Canine pancytopenia in the peripheral blood is often the result of monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis), parvoviral enteritis, sepsis and the use of various drugs (antineoplastic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiepileptic, estrogens) accounting for bone marrow hypoplasiaaplasia. Sporadic cases of pancytopenia, induced by neoplastic myelophthisis, myelodysplastic and hemophagocytic syndromes, myelofibrosis, myelonecrosis and systemic lupus erythematosus may also be seen. A comprehensive diagnostic plan may include a detailed history (i.e. recent drug exposure), a thorough clinical examination, complete blood count, routine serum biochemistry and the microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears, to rule out false thrombocytopenia or leukopenia and to search for E canis morulae, leukemic cells and toxic neutrophilic changes. However, the diagnostic cornerstone in the pancytopenic dog is bone marrow cytology, for the undisputable differentiation between myelosuppressive and non-myelosuppressive monocytic ehrlichiosis and the confirmation of hemopoietic tumors, myelodysplastic or hemophagocytic syndromes and bone marrow aplasia. Bone marrow core biopsy and histopathology is the method of choice for the definitive diagnosis of myelofibrosis, myelonecrosis and occasionally of bone marrow aplasia. Also, serology for E canis and antinuclear antibodies and fecal ELISA for parvovirus antigen are strongly recommended, along with the application of various imaging techniques, especially for the detection of ovarian tumors.
Seizure activity after xylazine administration in a horse
Authors: SAVVAS (Ι. ΣΑΒΒΑΣ) I.
Published: February 2018

A vicious stallion, schedule for castration, became very stressed during the attempts to place a jugular catheter. Finally, xylazine was injected direcdy from the syringe into the jugular vein and immediately the animal fell down and developed seizures. Acepromazine and fluids were administered to successfully treat the condition. No evidence of haematoma formation was noticed. Xylazine in stressed animals may activate al-adrenoceptors, resulting to central neural system excitement and seizures. Moreover, xylazine may had sensitized the myocardium to endogenous catecholamines, resulting to cardiac arrhythmias, cerebral hypoxia and seizures. Xylazine administration in stressed animals may increase the incidence of adverse reactions.
Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis infection among privately-owned dogs in northern Bulgaria
Authors: TSACHEV I. , PAPADOGIANNAKIS (E.I. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΑΝΝΑΚΗΣ) E. I. , KONTOS (Β. ΚΟΝΤΟΣ) V. , ZARKOV I. , PETROV V. , PELAGIC V.
Published: February 2018

A serologic survey was carried out to detect the prevalence of Ehrlichia canis antibodies among privately-owned dogs in the counties of Varna, Silistra, Ruse, Montana, Veliko Tarnovo and Pleven of northern Bulgaria. A total of 120 serum samples were IFA tested for anti-Ehrlichia canis IgG antibodies. A mean seroprevalence rate of 37.5% was recorded with Varna county showing the highest value (60%) followed by Silistra (55%), Ruse (30%), Montana (30%), Veliko Tarnovo (25%) and Pleven (25%) counties. These results clearly show that dogs residing in northern Bulgaria are highly exposed to E. canis.
Differentiation of leptospiral serovars by restriction endonucleases analysis
Authors: ELJALII Ι. Μ. , ALI A. S.
Published: February 2018

DNA from ten leptospiral field isolates was digested with restriction enzymes, Hindlll, BamHl and EcoRl to differentiate leptospiral serovars. A high heterogeneity among the serovars examined was revealed. Similarities were observed among isolates of the same serovar. No relationship was found between the restriction patterns and the species from which the field strain was isolated. It appears that restriction endonucleases analysis would be useful in the differentiation of the leptospiral serovars.
Current research in rabbit biotechnology
Authors: XYLOURI (Ε. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ) E.
Published: February 2018

The advance of biotechnology has created new methods in breeding farm animals. The purpose of the present study is the description and evaluation of the new technological techniques that are applied to rabbits. Following the contribution of rabbit to the scientific research, there is a detailed description of embryo transfer in rabbits. Several experimental studies are presented in order to compare the different methods that can be used. There is a brief description of in vitro fertilization in rabbits, a technique that can be combined with embryo transfer. The production of transgenic animals includes embryo transfer. This is the reason why each step of it it is described separately, while studies referring to transgenic rabbits are presented.
Flow cytometry and its applications
Authors: PAPADOGIANNAKIS (E. Ι. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΓΙΑΝΝΑΚΗΣ) E. I. , KONTOS (Β. Ι. ΚΟΝΤΟΣ) V. I. , TAMAMIDOU (Μ. ΤΑΜΑΜΙΔΟΥ) M. , ROUMELIOTOU (Α. ΡΟΥΜΕΛΙΩΤΟΥ) A.
Published: February 2018

Flow cytometry is an automated, multiparametric and quantitative method that counts and analyses the scattering and fluorescence signals produced as a single cell stream passes through a laser beam. This article describes the method along with fluorochromes used and cell labeling techniques. Additionally, details regarding the applications of flow cytometry are also given. Although flow cytometry is not widely used in veterinary science so far, its application in the near future will rise, since more necessary reagents for veterinary use will be in the market.
Nitrate poisoning in ruminants
Authors: KATSOULOS (Π. Δ. ΚΑΤΣΟΥΛΟΣ) P. D. , PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ) N. , KARATZIAS (Χ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑΣ) H.
Published: February 2018

This paper describes the nitrate - nitrite poisoning of ruminants. This disease is caused by the ingestion of large amount of nitrate salts, which are reduced in the rumen to nitrite ions. Nitrites, after their absorption, cause the formation of methemoglobin and, in turn, respiratory and circulatory distress. The aim of the treatment is to reduce the percentage of methemoglobin in blood and to stop the continuing production of nitrite ions in the rumen. For the prevention of the disease, avoidance of feedstuff rich in nitrates and improvement of the water quality, are suggested.
Visceral Leishmaniosis and Canine Leishmaniosis in Greece and other mediterranean countries
Authors: CHARALABIDIS (Σ. Θ. ΧΑΡΑΛΑΜΠΙΔΗΣ) S. , DIAKOU (Α. Ν. ΔΙΑΚΟΥ) A.
Published: February 2018

The prevalence of canine leishmaniosis in mediterranean countries varies from 0.2% to 67% and annually, 1.4-300 cases of human infection are reported in each country. In Greece, 0.7-48.7% of dogs, 3.9% of cats, 1.2% of rodents (Citellus citellus) and 3.9-9.2% of inhabitants are seropositive, whereas 25 cases (mean annual rate) of visceral leishmaniosis are reported each year. As vector of the visceral leishmaniosis in Greece is considered the sand fly P. neglectus (0.12% infected by L. infantum) and additionally, as possible vectors the species P. sergenti, P.balcanicus and P.simici. No proven vector for the transmission of canine leishmaniosis has been found in Greece. As possible vectors are suspected P. perfìliewi and P. tobbi. No direct relation has been found between the incidence of canine leishmaniosis and the cases of the human infection in Greece. The sand flies and its preferable hosts in Greece are: P. neglectus (catde, horse, swine, rat, rarely human and never the dog), P. perfìliewi (dog, fox, catde, sheep, horse, swine, hare, rabbit, rodents), P. tobbi (sheep, dog, rabbit), P. balcanicus (bat, human), P. simici (rabbit, bat, human), P. papatasi (human), P. sergenti (human, rabbit, bat), P. similis (bat, rarely the human), P. alexandri (human, rodents), P. mascittii (dog, fox, human), Sergentomyia minuta (lizard, probably the fowls) and S. dentata (lizard, probably the fowls). The outcome of the disease is determined by a Th2 pattern (while Thl pattern results an effective cellular response and the self limitation of the disease) and the rupture of monocytes/ macrophages (multiplication of parasite), which is resulting in the lessions and the disfunction of spleen, bone marrow, liver, skin, lymphnodes, intestine, eye, membrane e.t.c, through the chronically high concentrations of immunocomplexes and the activation of complement (classic way) e.t.c. Mostly, diagnosis is established by the detection of the parasite and the detection of anti-leishmanial antibodies. The commonly used drugs to treat canine leishmaniosis are leishmanicids (meglumine antimoniate, aminosidine sulphate), leishmaniostatics (allopurinol, ketoconazole), immunostimmulants e.t.c. Repellents and insecticids (collars, shampoos, sprays) should be used to protect the dogs from May to November, while the infected dogs should be early diagnosed and treated.
Prevalence and pathology of ectoparasites of Mediterranean fish, reared under three different environmental and aquaculture conditions in Greece
Authors: VAGIANOU (ΒΑΓΙΑΝΟΥ ΣΤ) St. , ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) F. , RAGIAS (Β ΡΑΓΙΑΣ) V. , Di CAVE D. , LEONTIDIS (Λ. ΛΕΟΝΤΙΔΗΣ) L. , GOLOMAZOU (Ε. ΓΚΟΛΟΜΑΖΟΥ) E.
Published: February 2018

Sea bream Spams aurata L. and sea bass Dicentrarchus labraxL. were sampled from three different locations in Greece (2 cage fish farms located in different geographic areas and a lagoon), in order to investigate the prevalence of Metazoa parasites, the intensity and the factors associated with the prevalence. In farm 1 (Eastern Greece) the prevalence of the ectoparasites was: 61.5% and 76.9% for Monogenea, 0% for Isopoda and 0% and 23% for Copepoda in sea bream and sea bass, respectively. In farm 2 the prevalence was: 13.3% and 26.3% for Monogenea, 13.7% and 20% for Isopoda and 0% and 13.6% for Copepoda in sea bream and sea bass, respectively. Lesions in the gills of Sparidae were due to monogeneans, but lesions in the skin and eyes were due to Ceratothoa oestroides larval stages causing severe pathology. Furnestinia. echeneis and Diplectanum aequans were host specific for sea bream and bass, respectively and showed persistence in all aquaculture systems. The Greek lagoon had the largest variety of parasites among the ecosystems studied, however, this variety did not significantly affect the health of infected fish. Lernanthropus kroyeri was host specific and was detected only in sea bass in both cage farms investigated.
Prevalence of bovine mastitis pathogens and antibioresistance of Escherichia coli isolates
Authors: ZDRAGAS (Α. ΖΔΡΑΓΚΑΣ) A. , TSAKOS (Π. ΤΣΑΚΟΣ) P. , ANATOLIOTIS (Κ. ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΩΤΗΣ) K.
Published: February 2018

Nine hundred and fifty two milk samples from clinical bovine mastitis cases, originated from 269 farms in Northern Greece, were tested. Escherichia coli was isolated in 49.3% of samples. Furthermore, Staphylococcus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp or a combination of the above bacteria were isolated. The bacteriological result from 4.3% of samples was negative. No correlation between clinical mastitis cases and seasonal variation was observed. Resistance of E. coli isolates to tetracycline was 82-96%, to enrofloxacin 10-30%, to gentamicin 58-80%, to cephalosporins 47-75%, to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprime 46-81%, to ampicillin 71-92% and to neomycin 83-97%. The highest resistance rate and the appearance of multi-resistant isolates of E. coli (6%), to 8 antibacterials, were recorded during the last year of the survey.
Canine hepatozoonosis: an update
Authors: MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) M. E. , PETANIDES (Θ. Α. ΠΕΤΑΝΙΔΗΣ) T. A , KOUTINAS (Α. Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F.
Published: February 2018

Canine hepatozoonosis is caused by two different Hepatozoon species, responsible for distinct clinical syndromes. Hepatozoonosis beyond the United States is caused by Hepatozoon canis, transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, whereas North American hepatozoonosis is caused by H. americanum, transmitted by Amblyomma maculatum. The former appears to be well adapted to its canine host, causing mostly subclinical or a mild clinical disease. Anorexia, depression, lethargy, fever, lymphadenopathy and body-weight loss are the most common clinical manifestations, which may be precipitated by concurrent infectious diseases or drug-induced immunosuppression. H. canis infection is mosdy diagnosed by the detection of intraneutrophilic gamonts in Giemsa-stained blood smears. Occasionally, a high level parasitemia may be observed (100% of circulating neutrophils), though moderate parasitemia (1-5%) is more common. Imidocarb dipropionate, with or without doxycycline, usually leads in rapid clinical remission and elimination of parasitemia, although relapses are not uncommon. In marked contrast, H. americanum, a recendy emerged pathogen, apparendy poorly adapted to dogs, is responsible for a severe chronic debilitating and often fatal disease. Fever, generalized pain, muscle atrophy and reluctance to move are prominent clinical symptoms attributable mainly to severe pyogranulomatous myositis and periosteal proliferative lesions. Since parasitemia is rarely found in H. americanum infection, a solid diagnosis should be based on muscle histopathology and/or serology. The combination of trimethoprime-sulphadiazine, clindamycin and pyrimethamine (induction phase), followed by long-term administration of the anticoccidial decoquinate (maintenance phase), achieves clinical remission and prolongs survival time, although relapses may frequently occur.
Effect of the feed supplement Bio-Mos, a mannan-oligosaccharide, on the performance of broiler chickens
Authors: SPAIS (Α.Β. ΣΠΑΗΣ) A. B. , GIANNENAS (Ι.Α. ΓΙΑΝΝΕΝΑΣ) I. A. , FLOROU-PANERI (Π. ΦΛΩΡΟΥ-ΠΑΝΕΡΗ) P. , CHRISTAKI (Ε. ΧΡΗΣΤΑΚΗ) E. , BOTSOGLOU (Ν.Α. ΜΠΟΤΣΟΓΛΟΥ) N. A.
Published: February 2018

The effect of the mannan-oligosaccharide Bio-Mos on broiler chicken performance, after its incorporation in the starter diet was evaluated. A total of 53,040 one day-old Cobb chicks, randomly divided into two groups with four replicates each, were used in a feeding trial that lasted 40 days. One of the groups (Control group) was fed on a basal commercial starter diet, while the other (Bio-Mos group) was given up to day 10 of age the same diet supplemented with the mannan-oligosaccharide Bio-Mos at the level of 1.5 g/kg of feed. From day 11 of age and thereafter, Bio-Mos administration was discontinued and both groups were given the same basal commercial grower and finisher diets. Results showed that chickens in the Bio-Mos fed group exhibited a significant (P<0.05) improvement in body weight compared to control at day 10 (295 vs 254 g) and day 40 (2108 vs 2017 g) of age. Feed intake per bird from day-old to day 40 of age showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the Bio-Mos group compared to control (3647 vs 3612 g), whereas feed conversion ratios also demonstrated a significant (P<0.05) improvement for the Bio-Mos group (1.73 vs 1.79). Mortality rate was lower in the Bio-Mos group compared to control (2.5 vs 2.9%), however, the difference was not statistically (P>0.05) significant.
Variations in the radiographic appearance of a nasal adenocarcinoma over time
Authors: LAMB C. R. , GREGORY S. P. , BROCKMAN D. , MANTIS (Π.Σ. ΜΑΝΤΗΣ) P. S. , DOBSON J.
Published: February 2018

A 9 year old, neutered male, mixed breed dog had epistaxis from the right nostril, right epiphora and marked upper respiratory noise. Initial radiographs revealed lesions typical of primary nasal neoplasia, but the biopsy was non-diagnostic. Subsequent radiographs, obtained one and two months later when the dog did not show any clinical signs, revealed radiographic signs typical of destructive rhinitis. Clinical signs recurred three months later and radiographic signs were again typical of advanced primary nasal neoplasia. Nasal adenocarcinoma was confirmed histopathologically. The principal reason for this unusual sequence of the radiographic findings is considered to be the temporary disappearance of a nasal mass, possibly because it became dislodged and was swallowed.
Survival of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in Feta cheese during storage
Authors: GOVARIS (Α. ΓΚΟΒΑΡΗΣ) A. , KOIDIS (Π. ΚΟΪΔΗΣ) P. , PAPATHEODOROU (Κ. ΠΑΠΑΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΥ) K.
Published: February 2018

The survival of E. co/i0157:H7 in Feta cheese and the brine used after 2 months ripening of cheese, was studied during storage at 4°C and 12°C. An inoculum of 5.3 log10CFU/ml of E. coli Ol57:H7 was added in brine, for the contamination with the pathogen of Feta cheese. E. coli Ol 57:H7 was detectable in brine by direct plating on SMAC up to 40th day and 32th day during its storage at 4°C and 12°C respectively, while by enrichment and following plating on SMAC up to 44th day (4°C) and 36th day (12°C). The E. coli 0157:H7 was detectable in Feta by direct plating on SMAC up to 44th day (4°C) and 38th day (12°C), while by enrichment and following plating on SMAC up to 50th day (4°C) and 42th day (12°C). The results showed that E. coli Ol57:H7 survived longer in Feta than in its brine, for both storage temperatures but the difference was very low. The survival of E. coli 0157:H7 in feta and brine was longer during the storage at 4°C than at 12°C.
Prevalence of Salmonella infection in pigeons, canaries and psittacines
Authors: GEORGIADES (Γ.Κ. ΓΕΩΡΓΙΑΔΗΣ) G. K. , IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ) P.
Published: February 2018

During the last decade, 618 pigeons, 182 canaries and 71 pcittacines, from Thessalonica greater area were examined in the Clinic of Poultry Diseases. Post mortem examination was performed in all birds and samples were collected from the liver, spleen, heart and intestine for bacteriological examinations. Blood agar (5% sheep blood), McConkey agar and Selenite broth were used for culturing suspect material. Serological and biochemical tests were performed from colonies grown on agar plates. Salmonella isolates were serotyped at the "Salmonella - Shigella National Research Center" in Athens, Greece. Salmonella was isolated from 53 out of 618 pigeons (8.6%), 33 out of 182 canaries (18.1%) and two out of 71 psittacines (2.8%). S. typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype in pigeons (75.5% of isolates), followed by S. enteritidis (11.3%). S. gallinarum and S. hadar (3.8%), as well as S. abony (1.9%) were less frequent. S. typhimurium was also the most frequently isolated serotype in canaries (90.9% of isolates), while S. enteritidis (6.1%) followed. S. infantis and S. gallinarum were each isolated once from psittacines. According to the results, the prevalence of Salmonella infection in the examined birds is considered rather low, while S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis seem to be the most frequent serotypes in these birds.
Population dynamics of bee colonies located in airborne contaminated regions
Authors: LIAKOS (Β. ΛΙΑΚΟΣ) V. , POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) Z. , ROUBIES (Ν. ΡΟΥΜΠΙΕΣ) N.
Published: February 2018

Effects of airborne contaminating (polluting) agents particularly Pb, on the population dynamics and brood rearing of bee colonies, were investigated. No significant differences were noted in the population dynamics and foraging habits of bees, between bee colonies located in urban areas with high levels of environmental pollutants and those situated in rural unburdened areas. Aerial pollutants at the City center hade high values, but they were lower than the upper accepted limits of the European Union. The lead (Pb) content of bee tissues, honey and pollen were found to be proportional to the location of the bee colonies, with significantly higher values recorded in urban areas. The same significant differences were noted in the Pb tissue content among foragers, domesticated bees, and larvae within the same colony. In urban areas the Pb tissue content was 4,05 ppm in 6-day old larvae, 5,90 in newly emerged bees, 8,80 in nurse bees and 6,80 in worker bees. On the contrary, the comparing values in rural areas were 1 ppm in 6- day old larvae, 1,90 in newly emerged bees, 1,90 in nurse bees and 0,70 in worker bees.