bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coupling finite elements and auxiliary sources for electromagnetic wave propagation
Authors: Casati Daniele , Hiptmair Ralf , Smajic Jasmin
Published: May 2020

We propose four approaches to solve time‐harmonic Maxwell's equations in ℝ3 through the finite element method (FEM) in a bounded region encompassing parameter inhomogeneities, coupled with the multiple multipole program (MMP) in the unbounded complement. MMP belongs to the class of methods of auxiliary sources and of Trefftz methods, as it employs point sources that spawn exact solutions of the homogeneous equations. Each of these sources is anchored at a point that, if singular, is placed outside the respective domain of approximation. In the MMP domain, we assume that material parameters are piecewise constant, which induces a partition into one unbounded subdomain and other bounded, but possibly very large, subdomains, each requiring its own MMP trial space. Hence, in addition to the transmission conditions between the FEM and MMP domains, one also has to impose transmission conditions connecting the MMP subdomains. Coupling approaches arise from seeking stationary points of Lagrangian functionals that both enforce the variational form of the equations in the FEM domain and match the different trial functions across subdomain interfaces. We discuss the following approaches:

Least‐squares‐based coupling using techniques from PDE‐constrained optimization.

Discontinuous Galerkin coupling between the meshed FEM domain and the single‐entity MMP subdomains.

Multi‐field variational formulation in the spirit of mortar FEMs.

Coupling through the Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann operator.

We compare these approaches in a series of numerical experiments with different geometries and material parameters, including examples that exhibit triple‐point singularities and infinite layered media.
Dynamic changes in snowfall extremes in the Songhua River Basin, Northeastern China
Authors: Zhong Keyuan , Zheng Fenli , Zhang Xunchang , Qin Chao , Xu Ximeng , Lalic Branislava , Ćupina Branko
Published: May 2020

Rainfall and snowfall differ greatly in terms of their effects on hydrological processes. Snowfall is usually regarded as snow water equivalent in studying precipitation extremes, without considering the difference between snowfall and rainfall. Although snowfall is a key indicator of global change, no generally accepted and no unified indices for the assessment of snowfall extremes currently exist. The objectives of this study are to identify a suite of extreme snowfall indices that can be used to describe extreme snowfall events, and to analyse the dynamic changes in the extreme snowfall indices that have occurred in the Songhua River Basin (SRB), China. The study employs a dataset that contains daily data from 60‐meteorological stations that cover a 55‐year period. The results include a suite of extreme snowfall indices that can be used to assess extreme snowfall events. These extreme snowfall indices include four comprehensive indices, four intensity indices, four grade indices and two date indices. The total snowfall, the number of snowfall days, the ratio of snowfall to total precipitation, the snowfall intensity (SNI), the amounts of extreme snowfall and very extreme snowfall display insignificant trends over the entire SRB. The changes in the ending snowfall date exhibit a significant advancing trend (p < .001), while the changes in beginning snowfall date display a significant delaying trend (p < .05), which have led to a reduced snowfall season length (p < .001). These results provide a series of reference indices in describing snowfall extremes and they can enhance our understanding of the variations in snowfall that occur under global warming.
Characteristics of the potential vorticity and its budget in the surface layer over the Tibetan plateau
Authors: Sheng Chen , Wu Guoxiong , Tang Yiqiong , He Bian , Xie Yongkun , Ma Tingting , Ma Ting , Li Jinxiao , Bao Qing , Liu Yimin
Published: May 2020

The variability of interior atmospheric potential vorticity (PV) is linked with PV generation at the Earth's surface. The present paper reveals the features of the surface PV and provides a stepping stone to investigate the surface PV budget. In this study, the formats of the PV and PV budget adopting a generalized vertical coordinate were theoretically examined to facilitate the calculation of the surface PV and its budget. Results show that the formats of the PV and PV budget equations are independent of the vertical coordinate. While the vertical component of the surface PV dominates over the platform of the Tibetan Plateau, the horizontal component plays an important role over the slopes of the Tibetan Plateau, especially the southern slope owing to the strong in‐situ meridional gradient of the potential temperature. These results indicate that the employment of complete surface PV not only provides a finer PV structure but also more appropriately reveals its effect on atmospheric circulation. Diagnosis based on reanalysis and model output demonstrates that the surface PV budget equation is well balanced both in terms of the climate mean and synoptic process, and the surface PV budget in June has a prominent diurnal cycle. The diabatic heating with a minimum in the early morning and a maximum from evening to midnight contributes dominantly to this diurnal cycle. It is further indicated that positive PV generation due to diabatic heating is essential for the formation, development, and movement of the Tibetan Plateau vortex.
Small Proportion of Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants With Ostomy and Intestinal Failure Due to Short‐Bowel Syndrome Achieve Enteral Autonomy Prior to Reanastomosis
Authors: Smazal Anne L. , Massieu L. Adriana , Gollins Laura , Hagan Joseph L. , Hair Amy B. , Premkumar Muralidhar H.
Published: May 2020

Background

It is challenging to provide optimum nutrition in low‐birth‐weight (LBW) infants with short‐bowel syndrome (SBS) and ostomy. This study aims to evaluate the clinical course of LBW infants with SBS and ostomy in response to enteral feeds, recognize characteristics associated with achievement of enteral autonomy prior to reanastomosis, and evaluate associated short‐term outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 52 LBW neonates with intestinal failure (IF) caused by SBS and ostomy treated in a neonatal intensive care unit from 2012 to 2018 was performed. Clinical characteristics and short‐term outcomes were studied in relation to the location of the ostomy and the success with enteral feeding achieved prior to reanastomosis.

Results

Of the 52 infants with SBS, jejunostomy, ileostomy, and colostomy were present in 9, 40, and 3 infants, respectively. Fourteen (26.92%) infants achieved enteral autonomy transiently, and 7 (13.46%) sustained until reanastomosis. All 9 infants with jejunostomy were parenteral nutrition dependent, compared with 22 with ileostomy and none with colostomy (P = 0.002). Infants who achieved enteral autonomy showed lower incidence of cholestasis (P = 0.038) and better growth velocity (P = 0.02) prior to reanastomosis.

Conclusions

A minority of LBW infants with SBS and ostomy achieved enteral autonomy prior to reanastomosis. Distal ostomy (ileostomy and colostomy), reduced cholestasis, and better growth were associated with achievement of enteral autonomy. Our report highlights the challenges in establishing enteral autonomy in LBW infants with IF and ostomy, and the feasibility of that approach in a minority of patients, with tangible benefits.
Alcohol use and the development of periodontal pockets: An 11‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Sankaranarayanan Rajeswari , Saxlin Tuomas , Knuuttila Matti , Ylöstalo Pekka , Suominen Anna Liisa
Published: May 2020

Background

This study investigates whether alcohol use predicts the periodontal pocket development over an 11‐year follow‐up period.

Methods

The study participants’ periodontal condition was examined both in the Health 2000 and 2011 Surveys (BRIF8901). Participants were aged 30 to 65 years, dentate, periodontally healthy, and did not have diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis in 2000. Periodontal outcome measures in 2011 were the number of teeth with deepened (≥4 mm) periodontal pockets and the presence of deepened periodontal pockets. The exposure in 2000 was alcohol use (amount [g/week], frequency [any alcohol or different beverages]). Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using negative binomial regression model and Poisson regression model with a robust variance estimator.

Results

Overall, the amount of alcohol use or use over the risk limit in 2000 was inconsistently associated with the development of periodontal pockets (IRRs varied from 0.6 to 1.0). The frequency of alcohol use (any alcohol or different beverages) had an inconsistent association with the presence of periodontal pockets (IRRs varied from 0.5 to 1.2) while there was an inverse association with the number of teeth with periodontal pockets. Among smokers, there were no clear associations between any of the exposures and either of the outcomes. The same was found among non‐smokers except an inverse association was found between frequency of alcohol use and the number of teeth with periodontal pockets.

Conclusion

Alcohol use was not consistently associated with the periodontal pocket development over a period of 11 years.
Aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease: A review
Authors: Dominas Christine , Gadkaree Shekhar , Maxfield Alice Z. , Gray Stacey T. , Bergmark Regan W.
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by a triad of symptoms: asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, and a respiratory reaction to aspirin and other cyclooxygenase‐1 inhibitors, also known as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The objective of this review is to provide otolaryngologists with an overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this under‐recognized condition.

Data sources and methods

Foundational papers on AERD were reviewed, focusing on the clinical otolaryngology and allergy/immunology literature and other high impact journals or trials.

Results

AERD results from increased production of pro‐inflammatory leukotrienes and a decrease in production of anti‐inflammatory prostaglandins associated with the dysregulation of multiple enzymes influencing eicosanoid metabolism. Diagnosis hinges on a high index of suspicion, careful history, and confirmatory testing for all three elements. Treatments include endoscopic sinus surgery; topical, inhaled, or oral corticosteroids; aspirin desensitization; leukotriene modifying drugs; and the new class of biologics such as dupilumab.

Conclusion

AERD is an under‐recognized disease associated with substantial patient‐reported morbidity. We expect rapid progress in the pathophysiological understanding of this disease and available treatments in the coming decades.

Level of evidence

5
Spin Angular Momentum Controlled Multifunctional All‐Dielectric Metasurface Doublet
Authors: Yu Lieguo , Fan Yubin , Wang Yujie , Zhang Chen , Yang Wenhong , Song Qinghai , Xiao Shumin
Published: May 2020

Lenses are the most important components of portable and integrable optical systems. Due to the inherent limitation of system sizes, external accessories are required for realizing additional functions such as close‐up or telegraph imaging, making the entire system complicated and cumbersome. Herein, based on the developments of metalenses, a spin angular momentum controlled multifunctional camera system is reported. Two types of metalens with high efficiencies are designed and fabricated for circularly polarized and nonpolarized light, respectively. By combining them into a doublet, multiple functions are realized beyond a camera lens. For left‐handed circular polarization light, the doublet works as a compound microscope with a magnification factor of 20 and a resolution of 1.07 µm. The system switches to a Galileo telescope when the incident light turns to be right‐handed circularly polarized. This research shall extend and strengthen the practical applications of metasurfaces in portable imaging systems as well as the integrated sensing terminals.
Effects of exercise frequency on the gut microbiota in elderly individuals
Authors: Zhu Qiwei , Jiang Shangfei , Du Guankui
Published: May 2020

Growing evidence has shown that exercise can affect the gut microbiota. The effects of exercise frequency on the gut microbiota in elderly individuals are still largely unknown. In the present study, samples from 897 elderly and 1,589 adult individuals (18–60 years old) from the American Gut Project were screened. Microbial diversity and composition were analyzed by QIIME2, and microbial function was predicted by PICRUSt2. The outcomes were further analyzed by STAMP. The analysis showed that the α‐diversity of gut microbiota increased with increasing age, and regular exercise reshaped the alterations in microbial composition and function induced by aging. Moreover, the α‐diversity of gut microbiota was higher in overweight elderly individuals than in normoweight elderly individuals, and regular exercise significantly affected the microbial composition and function in overweight elderly individuals. In conclusion, we revealed that regular exercise benefits elderly individuals, especially overweight elderly individuals, by modulating the gut microbiota.
A metamaterial‐based compact broadband planar monopole MIMO antenna with high isolation
Authors: Wang Chao , Yang Xue‐Song , Wang Bing‐Zhong
Published: May 2020

A miniaturized broadband planar monopole multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna is proposed for the 3.5 GHz frequency band of the Long‐Term Evolution Advanced application. Two novel broadband metamaterial split‐ring resonator units are used to reduce the mutual coupling of the MIMO antenna, also expanding the antenna impedance bandwidth. The size of the whole antenna is 47.5 mm × 40 mm × 1.6 mm (1.15λg × 0.97λg × 0.039λg) and the center distance between the two antenna elements is only 0.25λ0. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones. The measured 10‐dB impedance bandwidth is 3.35 to 3.78 GHz (12.3%), and the isolation is up to 15 dB within the bandwidth.
Lin28 gene and mammalian puberty
Authors: Cao Guiling , Gao Zeyang , Jiang Yunliang , Chu Mingxing
Published: May 2020

Lin28a and Lin28b, homologs of the Caenorhabditis elegans Lin28 gene, play important roles in cell pluripotency, reprogramming, and tumorigenicity. Recently, genome‐wide association and transgenic studies showed that Lin28a and/or Lin28b gene were involved in the onset of mammalian puberty, the stage representing the attainment of reproduction capacity; however, the detailed mechanism of these genes in mammalian puberty remains largely unknown. The present paper reviews the research progress on the roles of Lin28a/b genes in the onset of mammalian puberty by analyzing the results coming from gene expression patterns, mutations, and transgenic studies, and put forward possible pathways for further studies on their roles in animal reproduction.
Bilanz Österreich
Authors: Hofinger Sylvia
Published: May 2020

In Österreich ist die allgemeine Wirtschaft im Laufe des Jahres 2019 immer langsamer gewachsen. Die chemische Industrie bilanziert aber positiv. Dabei führten pharmazeutische Erzeugnisse und Kunststoffwaren.
Halloysite‐reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites: Physico‐mechanical, rheological, and thermal investigations
Authors: Pourmohammadi‐Mahunaki Mohammadali , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein , Koosha Mojtaba , Yazdi Mohammad
Published: May 2020

Different thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites with various amounts of halloysite nanotube (HNT) were prepared. The morphological, rheological, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the nanocomposites were also investigated. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy shows that increasing HNT results in increased degree of phase separation. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms indicate positive effects of HNT on the hard phase crystallinity due to interactions between the surface functional groups of nanotubes and the polyurethane hard phase and also disinclination to form spherulites. According to the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis results, storage modulus of the nanocomposites increased up to 185% with increasing the HNT content in the experimental temperature window, which is in accordance with the tensile strength results. Mechanical analysis indicates that the modulus of nanocomposite increased up to 122% with increasing the HNT content. Rheo‐mechanical spectroscopy results showed that by the addition of low contents of HNT into the TPU matrix, the storage modulus did not show significant variations; however, an upturn in storage modulus was observed by increasing the amount of HNT to 4.2 wt%. In addition, the average volume conductivity of HNT‐reinforced nanocomposites was decreased comparing to the pure TPU even at low amounts of HNT. Therefore, addition of HNT into the TPU matrix resulted in higher mechanical properties in the related nanocomposites.
Observation and implications of the Franz‐Keldysh effect in ultrathin GaAs solar cells
Authors: van Eerden Maarten , van Gastel Jasper , Bauhuis Gerard J. , Mulder Peter , Vlieg Elias , Schermer John J.
Published: May 2020

Voltage‐dependencies were observed in the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra of ultrathin GaAs solar cells. The subbandgap tail was shown to increase going from forward to reverse bias, while at energies above the bandgap, voltage‐dependent oscillations in the EQE were measured. Using optical simulations, it is irrefutably shown that the voltage‐dependencies are caused by the Franz‐Keldysh effect, that is, an electric field‐dependent absorption coefficient near the bandgap. The dependency on voltage of the subbandgap tail is demonstrated to be strongest in thin‐film cells with a textured rear mirror, since the absorptivity below the bandgap is enhanced by light trapping. The voltage‐dependent subbandgap tail has important implications for the use of the reciprocity relation between photovoltaic quantum efficiency and electroluminescence. It is shown that the radiative limit for the open‐circuit voltage of thin‐film cells integrated with light management schemes can be underestimated by more than 25 mV. Consequently, these cells may be assumed to be closer to the radiative limit than they really are.
Large open‐circuit voltage boosting of pure sulfide chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)S2 prepared using Cu‐deficient metal precursors
Authors: Kim Shinho , Nagai Takehiko , Tampo Hitoshi , Ishizuka Shogo , Shibata Hajime
Published: May 2020

We performed a comparative study to find out the reasons why it is necessary to prepare the pure sulfide chalcopyrite, Cu(InGa)S2 (CIGS) under a Cu‐deficient condition to improve solar cell performance. It has been shown that CIGS that was grown under Cu‐deficient condition exhibits large open‐circuit voltage (VOC) boosting compared with that the one grown under Cu‐excess condition. Thus, CIGS were prepared from Cu‐excess and Cu‐deficient metal precursor (MP) and characterized concerning the origins of the different VOC. We observed that CIGS prepared using Cu‐excess MP suffered large recombination at buffer/CIGS interface and in bulk, which resulted in serious limitation of the VOC. On the other hand, CIGS prepared from Cu‐deficient MP exhibited largely improved VOC with reduced recombination. We conducted defect analysis using the photoluminescence (PL) method, and CIGS prepared using Cu‐excess MP exhibited strong deep emissions. However, CIGS prepared from Cu‐deficient MP exhibited PL emission characteristics without deep level transition. This implies that a large number of deep level defects exist in the CIGS prepared using Cu‐excess MP, and this might be the reason for the large recombination limiting VOC of the device. Finally, we also present the reason for deep levels in the CIGS prepared using Cu‐excess MP.
Verbotene Ordnung im Flächenland
Authors: Keim Peter
Published: May 2020

Phasenübergänge wie von flüssig nach fest sind mit Symmetriebrüchen verknüpft. Denn im isotropen, homogenen flüssigen Zustand gibt es keine symmetrische Vorzugsrichtung, im anisotropen Kristall schon. Da der flüssige Zustand mehr räumliche Transformationen zulässt, die invariant sind, ist er symmetrischer. Vor diesem Hintergrund besagt das Mermin‐Wagner‐Hohenberg‐Theorem, dass es in Systemen mit weniger als drei Dimensionen (3D) die kontinuierliche Symmetrie, wie sie in Flüssigkeiten vorliegt, nicht zu einer diskreten Symmetrie, wie sie in 3D‐Kristallen existiert, gebrochen werden kann. Demnach dürfte es keine zweidimensionalen (2D) Kristalle geben. Doch Graphen und Kristalle in kolloidalen Monolagen existieren. Dass sie das dürfen, verdanken solche Systeme langwelligen Fluktuationen der Ordnung, die den globalen Symmetriebruch verhindern, lokal aber Ordnung erlauben. Diese Mermin‐Wagner‐Hohenberg‐Fluktuationen wurden kürzlich experimentell nachgewiesen.
Heiße Jupiter, zweite Erden und die Neptunwüste
Authors: Eigmüller Philipp
Published: May 2020

Im vergangenen Vierteljahrhundert hat die Erforschung extrasolarer Planetensysteme große Fortschritte gemacht. Von der ersten Entdeckung sind wir nun zu über 4000 bekannten Exoplaneten gekommen. Die meisten der gefundenen Systeme sehen anders aus als unser Sonnensystem, allerdings wäre ein Planetensystem wie das Sonnensystem auch noch an der Grenze des Beobachtbaren. Hier müssen wir in unseren Möglichkeiten noch einen Schritt weitergehen, bevor wir das „zweite Sonnensystem“ entdecken. Zukünftige Satellitenmissionen wie PLATO werden uns hier helfen.
Den kosmischen Leichtgewichten auf der Spur
Authors: Drexlin Guido , Valerius Kathrin , Weinheimer Christian
Published: May 2020

Auch 90 Jahre nach ihrer „Erfindung“ und über 60 Jahre nach ihrem experimentellen Nachweis geben uns die Neutrinos zahlreiche Rätsel auf. So konnte bisher ihre Masse nicht bestimmt werden, obgleich bereits lange bekannt ist, dass Neutrinos mit Abstand die leichtesten Elementarteilchen sind. Der Mechanismus, durch den die Neutrinos ihre winzige Masse erhalten, bleibt bisher ebenfalls im Dunkeln. Mit dem KATRIN‐Experiment in Karlsruhe, einer hochkomplexen technischen Anlage, ist es nun in einer ersten Messphase gelungen, den erlaubten Bereich der Neutrinomasse um einen Faktor zwei stärker einzugrenzen als bisher. Durch die in den kommenden Jahren bevorstehende weitere Datennahme hofft die Forschung, der Neutrinomasse endlich auf die Spur zu kommen und damit wichtige Fragen in der Kosmologie und der Teilchenphysik zu beantworten.
Healthcare services and medication use among widowed partners of patients deceased due to cancer ‐ results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)
Authors: Costa Ana Rute , Alves Luís , Lunet Nuno
Published: May 2020

Objective

This study aimed to quantify the effect of a cancer death on healthcare and medication use among widowed individuals (Widowed‐Cancer), by comparing this population with partnered individuals and with widowed individuals whose partners were deceased due to cardiovascular diseases (Widowed‐CVD).

Methods

Data were retrieved from the Sixth Wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe ‐ SHARE, conducted in 2015, in 18 countries. Widowed‐Cancer were matched by country, sex, age and educational level with currently partnered individuals (1:2; n = 901 and n = 1802, respectively) and with Widowed‐CVD (1:1; n = 606 and n = 606, respectively). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were computed using logistic regression.

Results

The use of drugs for sleep problems (OR = 1.42, 95%CI:1.12‐1.80) and anxiety or depression (OR = 1.56, 95%CI:1.20‐2.03) was more common among Widowed‐Cancer than in partnered individuals; a tendency towards higher odds of being hospitalised in the previous year was also observed in Widowed‐Cancer (OR = 1.20, 95%CI:0.98‐1.47). Among participants whose partners were deceased in 2015, Widowed‐Cancer were more likely than Widowed‐CVD to report ≥10 contacts with medical doctors or nurses in the previous year (OR = 3.32, 95%CI:1.20‐9.24; P for interaction = .042) and a higher use of drugs for sleep problems (OR = 14.43, 95%CI:1.74‐119.84; P for interaction = .027).

Conclusion

Widowed individuals whose partners were deceased due to cancer had a higher use of healthcare, which highlights the importance of improving the quality of end‐of‐life care, even during widowhood.
Neferine, an alkaloid from lotus seed embryo targets HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cells via pro‐oxidant anticancer mechanism
Authors: Dasari Subramanyam , Bakthavachalam Velavan , Chinnapaka Somaiah , Venkatesan Reshmii , Samy Angela L. P. A. , Munirathinam Gnanasekar
Published: May 2020

Apoptosis and autophagy are important processes that control cellular homeostasis and have been highlighted as promising targets for novel anticancer drugs. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of Neferine (Nef), an alkaloid from the lotus seed embryos of Nelumbo nucifera (N. nucifera), as a dual inducer of apoptosis and autophagy through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation in cervical cancer cells. Nef and N. nucifera extract suppressed the cell viability of HeLa and SiHa cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Importantly, Nef showed minimal toxicity to normal cells. Furthermore, Nef inhibited anchorage‐independent growth, colony formation and migration ability of cervical cancer cells. Nef induces mitochondrial apoptosis by increasing pro‐apoptotic protein bax, cytochrome‐c, cleaved caspase‐3 and caspase‐9, poly‐ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, DNA damage (pH2AX) while downregulating Bcl‐2, procaspase‐3 and procaspase‐9, and TCTP. Of note, apoptotic effect by Nef was significantly attenuated in the presence of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), suggesting pro‐oxidant activity of this compound. Nef also promoted autophagy induction through increasing beclin‐1, atg‐4, atg‐5 and atg‐12, LC‐3 activation, and P62/SQSTM1 as determined by western blot analysis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Nef is a potent anticancer compound against cervical cancer cells through inducing apoptosis and autophagic pathway involving ROS.
Electrochemical Characterization of Redox Probes at Gold Screen‐Printed Electrodes: Efforts towards Signal Stability
Authors: Ribeiro José A. , Silva Elisa , Moreira Patrícia S. , Pereira Carlos M.
Published: May 2020

In this work, three universally used redox probes in amperometric biosensing devices, [Fe(CN)6]3−/[Fe(CN)6]4−, Ru[(NH3)6]3+, and ferrocenedimethanol (FDM), were selected to evaluate the stability of electrochemical signals provide by the reporting systems. Studies were carried out at disposable gold screen‐printed electrode (AuSPE) biosensing platforms, commonly used for screening chemical and biological relevant biomolecules. Firstly, electrochemical combined‐surface plasmon resonance (eSPR) studies were performed to evaluated adsorption reversibility and/or formation of redox probe complexes at the bare gold surface when routinely used electrochemical techniques, namely cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square‐wave voltammetry (SWV), are recorded. Then, the results obtained were compared with those obtained at the AuSPE under the same electrochemical conditions. Based on our findings, best experimental conditions, including the type of electrochemical technique used, are speculated for each reporting system in order to improve the analytical signal stability. Finally, a methodology based on SWV technique was applied to modified electrodes to provide a simple and easy tool to ensure diffusion controlled permeability of probes thorough the films to electrode surface.
Multiple Ways Realizing Charge‐State Transform in AuCu Bimetallic Nanoclusters with Atomic Precision
Authors: Li Qinzhen , Chai Jinsong , Yang Sha , Song Yongbo , Chen Tao , Chen Cheng , Zhang Hui , Yu Haizhu , Zhu Manzhou
Published: May 2020

Thiolate‐protected nanoclusters with different charge states usually show similar structure frameworks but different electronic configurations, which are proved to dramatically affect their properties such as magnetism, photoluminescence, and catalytic activity. Until now, few nanoclusters with alterable charge states have been reported and only some of them are structurally solved, limiting the in‐depth studies on their interesting properties. Here, a new AuCu alloy nanocluster [Au18Cu32(SPhCl)36]2− (HSPhCl = 4‐chlorophenylthiophenol) is synthesized and structurally solved by X‐ray crystallography. Interestingly, it is found that this nanocluster can be reduced to another nanocluster with a different charge state, that is, [Au18Cu32(SPhCl)36]3−. This change in charge states is clearly proved by X‐ray crystallography, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, and electron paramagnetic resonance. Furthermore, several redox methods are carried out to realize the reversible interconversion between these two nanoclusters, including electrochemical redox, introduction of H2O2/NaBH4, and oxidation with silica under air atmosphere. This work offers new insight into the transform progress of charge states with AuCu alloy nanoclusters which contributes to the understanding of the relationship between electronic structure and properties of nanoclusters and further development of AuCu nanoclusters with excellent performance.
Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy of a Molecular Rotor Resolves Microscopic Viscosity Parameters in Complex Environments
Authors: Steinmark I. Emilie , Chung Pei‐Hua , Ziolek Robert M. , Cornell Bethan , Smith Paul , Levitt James A. , Tregidgo Carolyn , Molteni Carla , Yahioglu Gokhan , Lorenz Christian D. , Suhling Klaus
Published: May 2020

Understanding viscosity in complex environments remains a largely unanswered question despite its importance in determining reaction rates in vivo. Here, time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy imaging (TR‐FAIM) is combined with fluorescent molecular rotors (FMRs) to simultaneously determine two non‐equivalent viscosity‐related parameters in complex heterogeneous environments. The parameters, FMR rotational correlation time and lifetime, are extracted from fluorescence anisotropy decays, which in heterogeneous environments show dip‐and‐rise behavior due to multiple dye populations. Decays of this kind are found both in artificially constructed adiposomes and in live cell lipid droplet organelles. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to assign each population to nano‐environments within the lipid systems. The less viscous population corresponds to the state showing an average 25° tilt to the lipid membrane normal, and the more viscous population to the state showing an average 55° tilt. This combined experimental and simulation approach enables a comprehensive description of the FMR probe behavior within viscous nano‐environments in complex, biological systems.
Microstructure and Properties of a Medium‐Carbon High‐Strength Bainitic Steel Treated by Boro‐Austempering Treatment
Authors: Liu Man , Wang Zhoutou , Pan Chenggang , Zhang Qi , Hu Haijiang , Xu Guang
Published: May 2020

The microstructure and properties of a medium‐carbon high‐strength bainitic steel treated by integrated technology of austempering and boriding treatments (boro‐austempering) are investigated by metallographic method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and so on. The results show that the carbide‐free bainite of substrate and the borided layers on the surface are successfully obtained by integrated boro‐austempering treatment. The hardness of surface is up to 2.5–3.0 times that of substrate and the surface corrosion resistance is significantly enhanced by boro‐austempering treatment, proving that boro‐austempering treatment is an effective method for increasing corrosion resistance and hardness of high‐strength bainitic steels. The present study provides a new and effective processing technology for the production of medium‐carbon high‐strength steels with better corrosion resistance and higher hardness.
Light‐Fuelled Self‐Assembly of Cyclic Peptides into Supramolecular Tubules
Authors: Cissé Nicolas , Kudernac Tibor
Published: May 2020

The work performed by supramolecular polymers, such as microtubules and actin filaments, supports the life of the cell, and essentially involves fuel‐driven self‐assembly pathways. Developing fuel‐driven supramolecular polymerization processes is therefore crucial to the realization of mechanically active molecular systems. Here, we demonstrate supramolecular tubules with non‐equilibrium steady states that are fuelled by light. This dynamic supramolecular system features rapid cycles of self‐assembly and disassembly, at rates that appear fast enough to perform mechanical tasks in fluids effectively.
Cell‐Free Protein Synthesis in Bifunctional Hyaluronan Microgels: A Strategy for In Situ Immobilization and Purification of His‐Tagged Proteins
Authors: Heida Thomas , Köhler Tony , Kaufmann Anika , Männel Max J. , Thiele Julian
Published: May 2020

The front cover artwork is provided by the Thiele group at Leibniz IPF Dresden (Germany). The image shows a microgel hosting cell‐free synthesis of green fluorescent protein. Despite its open, membrane‐free nature, the multifunctional microgel is also able to trap proteins inside its polymer matrix. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/syst.201900058.
Correction of flashover voltage of catenary insulators based on analysis of soluble salt compositions in saline‐alkali region
Authors: Wang Sihua , Liu Yang , Wu Youlong , Fu Yuanlin
Published: May 2020

Calcium sulfate and other slightly soluble salts in the natural pollution of catenary insulators could result in differences in flashover voltages between artificially and naturally polluted insulators at the same salt deposition density. Based on the insulator pollution characteristics in saline‐alkali areas and the saturated water absorption of polluted insulators, the equivalent salt deposit density and nonsoluble deposit density of insulators are corrected according to the influence of other coexisting soluble salts on the solubility of calcium sulfate. The correction formula of the insulator flashover voltage is proposed, which considers the equivalent salt deposit density, nonsoluble deposit density and pollution components. The results from the correction formula are compared with the experimental data from the artificial pollution test of the ceramic cap and pin insulator. The results show that salt‐alkali areas are more easy to flashover than other areas. The remaining pollutants can change the conductivity of the pollutant layer by inhibiting or promoting the dissolution of calcium sulfate. Moreover, its effect on the flashover voltage cannot be ignored. The error between the calculated value based on the correction formula and the experimental data is below 6%. A pollution flashover warning mechanism based on relevant meteorological data is proposed. The results can be used as an important reference for the operation and maintenance of catenary insulators in saline‐alkali areas. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rare‐earth Metal Borosilicides R9Si15–xB3 (R = Tb, Yb): New Ordered Structures Derived from the AlB2 Structure Type
Authors: Babizhetskyy Volodymyr , Levytskyi Volodymyr , Jardin Régis , Bauer Josef , Guérin Roland , Gautier Régis , Fontaine Bruno , Halet Jean‐François
Published: May 2020

Two novel ternary borosilicides R9Si15–xB3 (R = Tb, x = 1.80, R = Yb, x = 1.17) were synthesized from the initial elements using tin flux method. Their crystal structures were determined by means of X‐ray single crystal diffraction. Both refer to space group R32, Z = 1: a = 6.668(2) Å, c = 12.405(4) Å [R1 = 0.027, wR2 = 0.031 for 1832 reflections with Io > 2σ (Io)] for Tb9Si15–xB3, and a = 6.5796(3) Å, c = 12.2599(5) Å [RF = 0.052, wR = 0.090 for 1369 reflections with Io > 2σ (Io)] for Yb9Si15–xB3. The structures represent a new structure type, derived from that of AlB2, with ordering in the metalloid sublattice resulting in distorted [Si5B] hexagons. The presence or absence of boron in this ordered structure is discussed on the basis of difference Fourier syntheses, interatomic distances, structural analysis, and theoretical calculations in relation with the parent structures of the binaries AlB2 and Yb3Si5 (Th3Pd5 type of structure). Theoretical calculations show substantial covalent interactions between the metal and nonmetal elements. The small percentage of silicon atoms, which are missing in these nonstoichiometric compounds, probably allows strengthening boron‐metal and boron‐silicon bonding.
SU(2) channels the cancellation of K3 BPS states
Authors: Taormina A. , Wendland K.
Published: May 2020

Abstract

The conformal field theoretic elliptic genus, an invariant for N = (2, 2) superconformal field theories, counts the BPS states in any such theory with signs, according to their bosonic or fermionic nature. For K3 theories, this invariant is the source of the Mathieu Moonshine phenomenon. There, the net number of

$$ \frac{1}{4} $$

1
4

- BPS states is positive for any conformal dimension above the massless threshold, but it may arise after cancellation of the contributions of an equal number of bosonic and fermionic BPS states present in non-generic theories, as is the case for the class of ℤ2-orbifolds of toroidal SCFTs. Never-theless, the space

$$ \hat{\mathrm{\mathscr{H}}} $$

ℋ
̂

of all BPS states that are generic to such orbifold theories provides a convenient framework to construct a particular generic space of states of K3 theories. We find a natural action of the group SU(2) on a subspace of

$$ \hat{\mathrm{\mathscr{H}}} $$

ℋ
̂

which is compatible with the cancellations of contributions from the corresponding non-generic states. In fact, we propose that this action channels those cancellations. As a by-product, we find a new subspace of the generic space of states in

$$ \hat{\mathrm{\mathscr{H}}} $$

ℋ
̂

.
Evolution of the Surgical Residency System in Switzerland: An In‐Depth Analysis Over 15 Years
Authors: Moeckli Beat , Burgermeister Lea C. , Siegrist Michael , Clavien Pierre A. , Käser Samuel A.
Published: May 2020

Background

The landscape of surgical training has been subject to many changes over the past 15 years. This study examines resident satisfaction, determinants of satisfaction, demographics, working hours and the teaching rate of common operations in a longitudinal fashion with the aim to identify trends, shortcomings and possible ways to improve the current training system.

Methods

The Swiss Medical Association administers an annual survey to all Swiss residents to evaluate the quality of postgraduate medical training (yearly respondents: 687–825, response rate: 68–72%). Teaching rates for general surgical procedures were obtained from the Swiss association for quality management in surgery.

Results

During the study period (2003–2018), the number of surgical residents (408–655 (+61%)) and graduates in general surgery per year (42–63 (+50%)) increased disproportionately to the Swiss population. While the 52 working hour restriction was introduced in 2005 reported average weekly working hours did not decline (59.9–58.4 h (−3%)). Workplace satisfaction (6 being highest) rose from 4.3 to 4.6 (+7%). Working climate and leadership culture were the main determinants for resident satisfaction. The proportion of taught basic surgical procedures fell from 24.6 to 18.9% (−23%).

Conclusions

The number of residents and graduates in general surgery has risen markedly. At the same time, the proportion of taught operations is diminishing. Despite the introduction of working hour restrictions, the self‐reported hours never reached the limit. The low teaching rate combined with the increasing resident number represents a major challenge to the maintenance of the current training quality.
The effects of a 2-year physical activity and dietary intervention on plasma lipid concentrations in children: the PANIC Study
Authors: Eloranta Aino-Maija , Sallinen Taisa , Viitasalo Anna , Lintu Niina , Väistö Juuso , Jalkanen Henna , Tompuri Tuomo T. , Soininen Sonja , Haapala Eero A. , Kiiskinen Sanna , Schnurr Theresia M. , Kilpeläinen Tuomas O. , Mikkonen Santtu , Savonen Kai , Atalay Mustafa , Brage Soren , Laaksonen David E. , Lindi Virpi , Ågren Jyrki , Schwab Ursula , Jääskeläinen Jarmo , Lakka Timo A.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

We studied the effects of a physical activity and dietary intervention on plasma lipids in a general population of children. We also investigated how lifestyle changes contributed to the intervention effects.

Methods

We carried out a 2-year controlled, non-randomized lifestyle intervention study among 504 mainly prepubertal children aged 6–9 years at baseline. We assigned 306 children to the intervention group and 198 children to the control group. We assessed plasma concentrations of total, LDL, HDL, and VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL triglycerides, and VLDL triglycerides. We evaluated the consumption of foods using 4-day food records and physical activity using a movement and heart rate sensor. We analyzed data using linear mixed-effect models adjusted for age at baseline, sex, and pubertal stage at both time points. Furthermore, specific lifestyle variables were entered in these models.

Results

Plasma LDL cholesterol decreased in the intervention group but did not change in the control group ( − 0.05 vs. 0.00 mmol/L, regression coefficient (β) =  − 0.0385, p = 0.040 for group*time interaction). This effect was mainly explained by the changes in the consumption of high-fat vegetable oil-based spreads (β =  − 0.0203, + 47% change in β) and butter-based spreads (β =  − 0.0294, + 30% change in β), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (β =  − 0.0268, + 30% change in β), light physical activity (β =  − 0.0274, + 29% change in β) and sedentary time (β =  − 0.0270, + 30% change in β). The intervention had no effect on other plasma lipids.

Conclusion

Lifestyle intervention resulted a small decrease in plasma LDL cholesterol concentration in children. The effect was explained by changes in quality and quantity of dietary fat and physical activity.

Clinical Trial Registry Number

NCT01803776, ClinicalTrials.gov
Comparison of the short-term results of single-dose intra-articular peptide with hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma injections in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized study
Authors: Kesiktas Fatma Nur , Dernek Bahar , Sen Ekin Ilke , Albayrak Havva Nur , Aydin Tugba , Yildiz Merve
Published: May 2020

Introduction/objectives

Intra-articular injections may be useful in terms of pain and functional status, in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Besides hyaluronic acid (HA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), peptide molecules recently begin to be used. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of intra-articular peptide Prostrolane® (CAREGEN Co. Ltd.) injection with that of the HA and PRP in the persons with OA.

Method

Fifty-four patients with OA were included in this prospective, randomized study. Patients were randomized into three groups as intra-articular HA, peptide, and PRP groups. Paracetamol was permitted three times a day to all groups. All the patients were evaluated by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and during movements. Measurements performed at the baseline, after the first week of injection, and at the first and third months of follow-up.

Results

Mean age was 55.8 ± 8.9 years. Forty-four (81.6%) were women. A week after the injections, rest and movement pain severity was measured by VAS decreased significantly in all the study groups (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of first week pain relief (p > 0.05). WOMAC pain, stiffness, function, and total scores were improved significantly in all the groups a week after the injections (p < 0.05). Improvement continued at the third month control; however, the improvement in the WOMAC pain score was significantly better in the peptide group at the third month control (p < 0.05). The decrease in the rest and movement pain was continued for 3 months except the HA group’s rest pain. There were no differences among the groups for all measurements, except for the WOMAC pain score at 3 months after treatment, which was significantly lower in the peptide group.

Conclusion

As a result, pain relief and functional improvement were obtained after the intra-articular HA, peptide, and PRP injections in OA, and decrease in pain was better in the peptide group.

Key Points• The short-term effects of intra-articular HA, peptide, and PRP injections were compared in knee osteoarthritis.• HA, peptide, and PRP injections may be useful in pain relief and functional improvement in knee osteoarthritis.
Transmission of Garlic virus B, Garlic virus C, Garlic virus D and Garlic virus X by Aceria tulipae (Keifer) in leek
Authors: Dąbrowska Elżbieta , Lewandowski Mariusz , Koczkodaj Sylwia , Paduch-Cichal Elżbieta
Published: May 2020

Viruses belonging to genusAllexivirusinfest garlic and are spread via propagation material and through a vector, the eriophyid miteAceria tulipae(Keifer).The research material was garlic bulbs originating from Poland, available commercially on the Polish retail market. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of transmission of Garlic virus B (GarV-B), Garlic virus C (GarV-C), Garlic virus D (GarV-D) and Garlic virus X (GarV-X) from garlic bulbs to leek plants by its vector,A. tulipae. These allexiviruses were detected in garlic bulbs and in leek leaves on which transferred mites fed. There was a high similarity of the genetic structure in the isolates of GarV-B, GarV-C, GarV-D and GarV-X collected from garlic bulbs and the isolates collected from the leek plants. The results of the study showed for the first time the potential of GarV-B, GarV-C, GarV-D and GarV-X to infect leek plants and constitutes the first attempt to examine the ability ofA. tulipaeto transmit these viruses from garlic to leeks.
Strategic gaze: an interactive eye-tracking study
Authors: Hausfeld J. , von Hesler K. , Goldlücke S.
Published: May 2020

We present an interactive eye-tracking study that explores the strategic use of gaze. We analyze gaze behavior in an experiment with four simple games. The game can either be a competitive (hide & seek) game in which players want to be unpredictable, or a game of common interest in which players want to be predictable. Gaze is transmitted either in real time to another subject, or it is not transmitted and therefore non-strategic. We find that subjects are able to interpret non-strategic gaze, obtaining substantially higher payoffs than subjects who do not see gaze. If gaze is transmitted in real time, gaze becomes more informative in the common interest games and players predominantly succeed to coordinate on efficient outcomes. In contrast, gaze becomes less informative in the competitive game.
Microscopic Irreversibility: Looking for a Microscopic Description of Time Asymmetry
Authors: Penrose Oliver
Published: May 2020

This paper is an attempt to understand time-reversal asymmetry better by developing the quantitative description of that asymmetry. The aim is not to explain the asymmetry, but to describe it in more detail. Two model systems are considered here; one is the classical Lorentz gas, the other a quantum Lorentz gas. In the classical case, it is argued that the distribution of the directions of motion of particles that are about to hit an obstacle is qualitatitvely different from the analogous distribution for particles that have just hit the obstacle (an entropy-like functional of the velocity distribution function is used to characterize the asymmetry). In the quantum case, a similar distinction is drawn between the density matrix describing particles that have not yet encountered an obstacle and the one describing particles that have hit an obstacle or are in the process of doing so.