bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paleogeographic evolution of Asia in the Cenozoic reconstructed with the Terra Antiqua software
Authors: Dupont-Nivet Guillaume , Aminov Jovid , Poblete Fernando , Ruiz Diego , Li Haipeng
Published: March 2024

The ability to reconstruct the geologic evolution of the Earth as a system including the geosphere, atmosphere and biosphere interactions, is essential to understand the fate of our environment in the context of the Climate, Life and Energy crises of the new Anthropocene era. Scientists of tomorrow working on environmental changes require ever more detailed databases and maps to access and correlate the overwhelming mass of information stemming from the ongoing surge of environmental data and models. Earth System reconstructions are fundamental assets to assess potential sources and locations of key geo-resources that are now vital for the energy transition (e.g. raw materials, rare earth elements, subsurface storage, geothermal sites). Earth System reconstructions are also the best means to communicate past and future Life and Environmental evolutions, while providing consciousness of our role and situation in the immensity of Time and Nature. They convey these essential lessons in a didactic fashion for teachers and students, museums, or for governments and NGOs to make decisions and promote public awareness. Although Earth System reconstructions have long been recognized as essential, they have yet to deliver their full breakthrough potential combining various booming disciplines. As part of a large project over Asia, we review here the case of the intensely studied, yet still extremely controversial India-Asia collision with major implications on regional environmental, depositional and global climate transitions. Ongoing debates argue for radically different end-member models of the collision timing and its configuration, and of associated topographic growth in the collision zone. We present here new Asian paleogeographic reconstructions at 50 and 30 Ma that complement an existing set at 60, 40 and 20 Ma with updates. These integrate various end-members models of the India-Asia collision and associated topographic patterns and land-sea masks with implications on the locus, source and generation of resources. Results are provided online (https://map.paleoenvironment.eu/) in various model-relevant formats with associated database and discussion forums to comment an contribute to the amelioration of these maps and databases. We also present the latest developments of the user-friendly and open-source Terra Antiqua Q-GIS plugin (https://paleoenvironment.eu/terra-antiqua/) that has been used and specifically developed with new tools including data-driven and web-based applications
Emissions and atmospheric distribution of methane in Scandinavia: Results and lessons learned from the MAGIC2021 international campaign
Authors: Crevoisier Cyril , Bès Caroline
Published: March 2024

In August 2021, a large-scale international campaign called MAGIC2021 took place in Scandinavia, with the aim of improving our knowledge of natural and anthropogenic emissions of methane and evaluate the contribution of satellite missions to the study of these emissions in the circumpolar region. Lead by CNRS and CNES, the campaign gathered 70 scientists from 14 research teams. During two weeks, more than twenty instruments were deployed on 3 research aircrafts, several small and large stratospheric balloons, as well as on ground. They covered a large region extending from Abisko Lake (Sweden) to Sodenkylä (Finland) and combined in-situ (air samplers, CRDS analyzers) and remote sensing observation (lidars, spectrometers) of atmospheric concentration of methane.
Here, we will present the main results derived from the unique dataset of vertical profiles (from the ground to the mid-stratosphere), weighted columns (from the ground or from aircrafts) and 2D coverage at several altitudes of emission hotspots gathered during the MAGIC2021 campaign. We will show preliminary evaluation of wetland emissions inventories. We will also bring evidence for the crucial need for a better understanding of the vertical distribution of methane concentration, especially in the stratosphere, and the need to consider long-scale horizontal transport (e.g. fire emissions) in order to benefit from methane column measurement from remote sensing when inferring surface fluxes. Finally, we will present some lessons learned from the campaign and introduce future plans for large scale campaigns in the Artic.
Main funding for the MAGIC2021 campaign came from CNES, CNRS, ESA, EUMETSAT and DLR. The campaign is part of the general MAGIC (Monitoring of Atmospheric composition and Greenhouse gases through multi-Instruments Campaigns) initiative launched in 2018 (https://magic.aeris-data.fr).
Effective radius of corrugated drainage pipes wrapped with a thin geotextile envelope
Authors: Yang Haoyu , Guo Chenyao , Wu Jingwei
Published: March 2024

Subsurface drainage is widely used in farmland. Entrance resistance occurs when water flows into a perforated drain pipe, reducing the drainage efficiency and resulting in a high water table. Using the real radius will overestimate the drainage discharge. Accurately calculating effective radius is essential for subsurface drainage calculation and simulation. New effective radius formulas for corrugated drains wrapped with a thin geotextile were proposed by dividing the entrance resistance into corrugation and perforation resistance. The accuracy of the formulas was verified by sand tank experiments. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the factors that affected effective radius, indicating that corrugation was the main factor. When the radius and structure of the drain wall were determined, the opening area exhibited high sensitivity with interactivity between it and drainage discharge. The effect of the opening area and position of the perforations on the effective radius was evaluated for different drainage discharges. Putting the perforations on the bottom was better for drainage efficiency. For small drainage discharge of less than 0.1 cm3 s-1 cm-1, the opening area was not significant, and an opening area of 15 cm2 m-1 was sufficient. However, for greater drainage discharge, an opening area of 60 cm2 m-1 with three or more row perforations would be required.
Enhancing Capabilities for Integrated Onshore and Offshore Freshened Groundwater Modeling: A Case Study in the Maltese Islands
Authors: Gauci Adam , Thomas Ariel , Azzopardi Joel
Published: March 2024

The AquaINFRA project, aimed at fostering collaboration and data accessibility in marine and freshwater research, serves as the backdrop for a targeted study focusing on the Maltese Islands. Our research within the AquaINFRA framework involves a comprehensive approach to improve the understanding of freshwater dynamics, bridging the gap between onshore and offshore environments. We initiate the project by retrieving baseline geological, hydrological, and remote sensing data from both onshore and coastal waters surrounding the Maltese Islands. This dataset forms the foundation for subsequent analyses and model development. Leveraging a novel virtual environment, we assess and test the developed services in both inland and coastal water environments of the Maltese Islands in collaboration with local water resource authorities. This phase ensures the applicability and effectiveness of the infrastructure in diverse settings. Building upon previous hydrogeological studies, this study will integrate the enhanced dataset in a virtual environment to develop an improved model. This model aims to quantify the likelihood of offshore freshened groundwater surrounding the Maltese Islands. Additionally, we investigate the probability of a deeper freshwater lens beneath the island, contributing valuable insights into the island's hydrogeological dynamics. By aligning our study objectives with the AquaINFRA project's overarching goals, we strive to contribute not only to the advancement of integrated freshwater and marine research but also to the effective utilization of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) as a unifying research infrastructure for scientists and stakeholders.
Geospatial and remote sensing based modelling of water erosion under climate change impact in North Tunisia: Case of Medjerda Watershed 
Authors: Ben Othman Dhouha
Published: March 2024

Abstract.The comprehension of a process variability mode and its causing factors may help decision- makers for preventive and mitigation purposes. Indeed, modelling of water erosion variability and soil loss rates estimation seem crucial in regions where this process may have serious consequences that adversely affects countries sustainable development and agricultural production. Under impact of climate changes, several previous studies deal with aggressiveness of soil erosion dynamic throughout the Mediterranean region. The present research focuses on modelling and assessment of soil loss in Medjerda watershed in North Tunisia. Indeed, erosion potential model (EPM) combined with geospatial and remote sensing techniques was adopted in order to develop spatial distribution map of erosive hazard and to quantify sediment yield. Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) performances were used for parameterization, calibration and validation of EPM model structure in the study area. The second part of this study is preserved to identify the potential link between water erosion variability and global climate changes indices (NAO, MO, WeMOi and ENSO) in North Tunisia. Indeed, a combined approach between spectral (continuous wavelet transform, wavelets coherence) and statistical analyses (multiple linear regression) was addressed.Finding of this research are mainly the development of mean annual soil loss spatial distribution map in Medjerda watershed will helps to identify highly vulnerable zones with estimation of soil losses rates. This map can be used as a decision support document for developing of soil and water resources management strategies in North Tunisia. In addition, regressive models expressing impacts of global climate fluctuations on spatial regionalization of water erosion process was developed.Keywords: water erosion, EPM model, GIS and RS techniques, climate changes, spectral and statistical analyses, Medjerda watershed, North Tunisia
Interactive visualisation system for compound weather and climate extremes in Hungary based on station data series
Authors: Dezső Zsuzsanna , Mikes Márk Zoltán , Pongrácz Rita
Published: March 2024

Due to climate change, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events is expected to increase. Compound events, when several extreme events occur simultaneously or amplify each other, may also become more frequent in the future. To provide a realistic picture of the extremity of everyday weather events to citizens, it is important to show which phenomena are considered extreme in a given location and season. For this purpose, we developed an interactive visualisation system for the compound weather and climate extremes in Hungary. The system uses the daily measured data of 70 synoptic and climatological stations in Hungary from 2002 to the present, which are available in the database of the Hungarian Meteorological Service. The following extreme events and their intensities are calculated from the stations’ data series: days with extreme cold and warm mean temperatures, days with extreme warm maximum temperatures, days with extreme cold minimum temperatures, days with extreme daily temperature range, stormy days, days with extreme high precipitation, extreme rainy periods, extreme dry periods.The visualisation system allows users to view the extremity of weather events for a single station, regionally or nationally, with customised settings. This tool can be used as a communication platform from scientists towards non-professional users to raise climate change awareness with a special focus on extremes with high potential impacts.Acknowledgements: Research leading to this study has been supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (under grant K-129162) and the National Multidisciplinary Laboratory for Climate Change (RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00014).
The subsurface thermal regime alteration brought by groundwater pumping 
Authors: Klepikova Maria , Bense Victor , Bour Olivier , Le Borgne Tanguy , Guiheneuf Nicolas
Published: March 2024

Groundwater is widely exploited, leading to substantial drops in groundwater levels, which modify the recharge/discharge relationships between large-scale hydrogeological units. In addition, this anthropogenic hydraulic forcing is also responsible for changes in thermal regimes of groundwater systems. While the impact of climate and hydrologic forcings on the hydrogeological cycle has long been demonstrated, we still have insufficient knowledge on the influence of human activities on thermal regimes of groundwater systems and, as a consequence, on groundwater quality. The major scientific obstacle that prevents accurate understanding of the impact of these forcings on the critical zone’s thermal dynamics is a dire lack of field observations, i.e., repeated temperature-depth profiles collected over decades. In this paper, we analyse new temperature data illustrating the complex interplay of climate warming and enhanced groundwater flow on subsurface thermal regimes from two sites in different hydrogeological settings: (1) an aquifer in fractured crystalline bedrock (Ploemeur, France), and (2) a sedimentary aquifer (La Cabine, Netherlands). A simple numerical model is then used for the interpretation of the observed temperature anomalies. We first demonstrate that pumping may have a significant impact on the thermal regime of the critical zone, and that depending on hydrogeological conditions and the natural geothermal gradient, this impact might be even more important than that of the climate change.
Artificial intelligence for dynamic and intelligent methane inventory 
Authors: Guisiano Jade Eva , Lauvaux Thomas , Tzompa Sosa Zitely , Moulines Éric , Sublime Jérémie
Published: March 2024

Atmospheric methane contributes to approximately 20-30% of the current global radiative forcing by greenhouse gases. Despite the potential for a 39% reduction in emissions from the oil and gas sector at no net cost, the lack of dependable emission data hinders governments from implementing timely and impactful mitigation actions aligned with the Global Methane Pledge. Existing regulations rely on national methane emission inventories, significantly underestimating methane sources across various emission sectors as revealed by recent studies. The primary cause of this discrepancy is the exclusion of super-emitters in these inventories. Super-emitters, characterized by high emission rates, collectively account for an average of 40% of total methane emissions. To implement effective regulations for reducing methane emissions, a novel, reliable, and accurate inventory methodology is needed. We propose here a framework for an innovative dynamic and intelligent inventory based on artificial intelligence tools.  The dynamic component involves the collection and automatic association, over time, of methane plume detections from satellite source points with the oil and gas infrastructures at their origin. The intelligent part of the inventory enables automatic statistical and forecasting analyses contributing to the definition of multi-level emission profiles in near real-time, spanning country, region, basin, operator, site, and infrastructure levels. The proposed framework is divided into two main parts, the first part focusing on instantiated detection of potentially methane-emitting infrastructures, without recourse to fixed inventories of oil and gas (O&G) infrastructures. As the landscape of O&G infrastructures is constantly evolving, the use of an emission inventory produced at time t can quickly become inaccurate. The principle of snapshot instantiation is essential for building up an up-to-date inventory of infrastructures especially in the context of quasi-continuous monitoring. This first part is based on the use of object detection algorithms to automatically detect and recognize O&G infrastrucutres for each methane plume detection with an accuracy of over 94%. The second part of the framework consists in matching the infrastructure closest to that of the detected plume, using the K-nearest-neighbor algorithm. Carried out successively in time, this method allows to build up a time series of the rate and frequency of methane emissions by O&G infrastructures which form the basis for methane emissions spatio-temporal analysis and forecasting. To show how this framework can be used, we present a study case that consists in estimating a methane emissions inventory for compressors, tanks and wells in the Permian Basin (USA).
Continuously monitoring the phenological dynamics and growth patterns of trees through TreeTalkers in a mixed and multi-layered broadleaved Mediterranean forest
Authors: Alvites Cesar , Antonucci Serena , Santopuoli Giovanni , Tognetti Roberto
Published: March 2024

In recent years, the consciousness that climate change influences forest health and vitality has increased, encouraging the development of methods and instruments for remote forest monitoring and assessment. Data routine and IoT (Internet of thing) instruments have been proposed and tested to assess tree functional traits. Here, we applied the TreeTalker technology in a broadleaved mixed and multi-layered Mediterranean forest. The Tree Talkers (TTs) devices collect real-time data on tree dynamics, ensuring continuous monitoring of tree ecophysiological features (e.g., monthly, weekly, daily, hourly). Using real-time TTs data, we investigated the phenological dynamics and growth patterns of two important tree species, Quercus cerris L. and Fagus sylvatica L. Tree phenology was measured through a spectrophotometer that intercepts the amount of light penetrating the crown (crown transparency). The light transmitted through the forest canopies, and its spectral components (measured by a spectrometer), were used to monitor the leaf phenological activity, while the radial growth was measured through a radial trunk growth sensor which measures the distance to the tree bark with an infrared ray. TTs give information on stem growth and, thus, on the formation of tree rings and the basal area index. In particular, we compared the tree growth patterns of the two species in two spring seasons (2021 and 2022) to highlight differences in growth rates and their relationships with forest structural parameters.Moreover, the environmental variables, such as air temperature (C°) and relative humidity (%), were also tested as drivers of reactivation to understand whether there are significant differences in the phenological seasons and the effects on tree growth. Despite the two species showed different growth rates, differences were small between the two years. In 2021, both species showed low values of tree growth in April-May and high values in October. By contrast, in 2022, Quercus cerris L. maintained the growth rates recorded in 2021, while Fagus sylvatica L. had lower growth values compared to 2021. The main challenges were associated with weather conditions, revealing a significant influence on the recording of tree dynamics. 
 
Examining flood dynamics using the Rain-on-Grid method: An Investigation for the Selška Sora Watershed, Slovenia
Authors: Alexopoulos Marcos Julien , Dimitriadis Panayiotis , Iliopoulou Theano , Bezak Nejc , Kobold Mira , Koutsoyiannis Demetris
Published: March 2024

The study evaluates the Rain on Grid (RoG) hydraulic model's sensitivity to Digital Elevation Model (DEM) resolution when simulating an extreme flood in Slovenia. The RoG model is validated against a high-resolution benchmark, showing strong agreement with a Kling-Gupta Efficiency of 0.913 and Pearson correlation of 0.964 for a 1 m DEM. Differences are observed in peak shapes and concentration times, attributed to rainfall propagation in RoG grids. DEM resolution significantly impacts performance, with the largest decrease between 1m and 5m resolutions. Coarser DEMs yielded higher depths, indicating slope decreases and terrain smoothing. The study concludes that high-resolution DEMs (<1m) are needed for adequate RoG performance, while commercially available coarser DEMs (30m) degraded accuracy and should be avoided using this method. Differences from semi-empirical concentration time models are also discussed, and an emphasis is given also on the impacts on water velocity and numerical stability.
Observation of Nonseismic Sea level Oscillations at TsunamiTimescales (T < 2 hours) along the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Rohith Balakrishnan , Sidharth Sudheer , Anup Nambiathody
Published: March 2024

Sea-level observations provide information on various processes occurring over different spatio-temporal scales prone to coastal flooding hazards. However, the research on sea-level extremes is often limited to hourly or daily datasets, which prevent the quantification and analyses of shorter-period processes, like seiches, meteotsunamis, infragravity, and coastal waves, which may even dominate in low tidal basins. This study examines for the first time the intensity, frequency and spatio-temporal distribution of nonseismic (< 3 h) sea level variations along the Indian subcontinent using a 13-year sea level record with a sampling rate of 1 to 6 mins along 50 tide gauge stations in the east and west coast of the Indian Subcontinent. A meticulous two-stage quality control (QC) has been carried out for the data reduction of outliers, stuck values, datum shifts, spikes, and clock errors. A buddy checking has also been carried out if the tide gauge has multiple sensors and the sensor having the least data loss is taken for the analysis. Finally, we implemented a visual inspection interactive tool to eliminate spurious erroneous data to ensure data accuracy and reliability and, each data point is assigned a quality control flag on a scale from 0 to 6, indicating research-grade data following each QC level. The QC flags and interactive Python-based QC module will be open to the research community. Preliminary analysis shows the existence of nonseismic sea level oscillations (<2 hours) along the entire Indian subcontinent. The range of these oscillations is comparable with the climatological storm surge height on the west coast of India. Finally, an overview of all the existing major frequencies and its temporal and spatial distribution is described across the east and west coast of the Indian subcontinent. Our findings emphasize the relevance of high-frequency sea level variability for regional sea level forecasting and flood risk management.
Can the time scale of glacial isostatic adjustment condition rate-induced tipping of the West-Antarctic Ice Sheet?
Authors: Montoya Marisa , Swierczek-Jereczek Jan , Robinson Alexander , Alvarez-Solas Jorge
Published: March 2024

In the context of anthropogenic global warming, the West-Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is expected to be the greatest contributor to sea-level rise in the coming centuries, thus posing a significant threat for high population densities in coastal regions. Equilibrium simulations of regional warming have shown that the WAIS can tip to a largely collapsed state at forcing levels that will be reached even for relatively low emission paths (SSP2), a process that can be mathematically understood as crossing a bifurcation. It has been shown that some systems might undergo tipping before reaching their bifurcation point due to large rates of the forcing. This process is known as rate-induced tipping (R-tipping) and typically involves competing timescales between negative and positive feedbacks. In the case of the WAIS, the main positive feedback is known as the marine ice-sheet instability, which consists in an increase of the outflow of ice at the grounding line as it retreats on a retrograde bedrock, possibly giving rise to a runaway process. In some cases, such a retreat can however be stabilised by the land uplift and the local drop in sea-surface height following an ice thinning. This process is commonly called glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and presents an important negative feedback on marine-terminating ice sheets. Due to a regional anomaly of low viscosities of the upper mantle, the GIA timescale in West-Antarctica has been proven to be one of the shortest observed globally, which could prevent the occurrence of R-tipping. The upper-mantle viscosity of West-Antarctica is however subject to large uncertainties due to the sparsity of seismic data available. To assess how the upper-mantle viscosity can condition the occurrence of R-tipping of the WAIS, we present coupled ice-sheet/solid-Earth simulations that sample the range of plausible viscosity fields under various rates of climatic forcing.
 
Analysis of Land Use Change at Wind Turbine Sites
Authors: Mikovits Christian , Öberseder Thomas
Published: March 2024

A wind power plant's development causes a range of disturbances, both short-term and long-term. Wind turbine pads, access roads, substations, service buildings, and other equipment that physically occupy land or produce impermeable surfaces are examples of these disruptions. Development in forested areas, where more land must be removed around each turbine, is linked to extra direct impacts. Although the land cleared around a turbine pad does not produce impermeable surfaces, the quality of the ecosystem may be significantly degraded as a result of this alteration.This work includes the outcomes derived from a sequence of data analytics. The analyses entail aggregating unprocessed data obtained from Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite images covering the timeframe from 2015 to 2023. The development of algorithms tailored to distinct regions (such as EU countries and sub-regions) to identify alterations, together with the subsequent statistical examination of the alteration data, are essential elements of this procedure. The change dataset has a spatial resolution of 10m x 10m, which is the same as the input data from Sentinel-2. It is a binary raster dataset that visually shows the changes happening below and near the wind turbine sites that were built between 2015 and 2023. The statistical analysis includes the evaluation of this data and the examination of the changing raster, land-cover data, the biogeographical area, and terrain data. The statistical calculations are conducted for both individual wind turbines and wind parks comprising many wind turbines. 
Exploring stress-paths and vegetation reinforcement mechanisms in a compacted soil
Authors: Fraccica Alessandro , Romero Enrique , Fourcaud Thierry
Published: March 2024

The use of vegetation is a sustainable technique to mitigate the risk of landslides and erosion phenomena. Literature agrees that roots improve soil shear strength properties. The reinforcement of roots on soils is complex and depends on their morphological and mechanical characteristics and the stresses that develop at the soil–root interface. In this regard, many models have been produced in literature to infer the increase in soil shear/tensile strength due to roots. Among them, soil hydraulic state was poorly considered.Large cell triaxial consolidated drained compression tests and tensile tests were carried out to explore the mechanical effects of vegetation on a compacted soil at low confining stresses and at different hydraulic states (identified in terms of suction and degree of saturation). Root features were thoroughly assessed for each soil specimen and were correlated, jointly with soil hydro-mechanical states, to the two soil reinforcement mechanisms observed (roots breakage and slippage). Different stress-strain responses were observed during the mechanical tests, depending on soil initial suction. Strain spatial distributions during tensile tests were observed by an advanced imaging technique (Particle Image Velocimetry): roots contributed to redistribute the tensile stresses over larger soil volumes. A combination of two literature reinforcement models was adopted to interpret the results: one model to consider root tensile strength full exploitation and breakage, and the other to predict friction forces at the soil–root interface during root slippage. The correlation coefficients of these two models were calibrated based on this experimental campaign.Fraccica, A., Romero Morales, E. E., & Fourcaud, T. (2019). Multi-scale effects on the hydraulic behaviour of a root-permeated and compacted soil. In IS-Glasgow 2019–7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials (pp. 1-5). EDP Sciences.Fraccica, A., Romero, E., & Fourcaud, T. (2022). Tensile strength of a compacted vegetated soil: Laboratory results and reinforcement interpretation. Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment, 30, 100303.Fraccica, A., Romero, E., & Fourcaud, T. (2023). Large cell triaxial tests of a partially saturated soil with vegetation. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 382, p. 05005). EDP Sciences.Fraccica, A., Romero, E., & Fourcaud, T. (2024). Effects of vegetation growth on soil microstructure and hydro-mechanical behaviour. Géotechnique (accepted)Oorthuis, R., Hürlimann, M., Fraccica, A., Lloret, A., Moya, J., Puig-Polo, C., & Vaunat, J. (2018). Monitoring of a full-scale embankment experiment regarding soil–vegetation–atmosphere interactions. Water, 10(6), 688.
Core magnetic field and associated surface flow variations from 1999 to 2023
Authors: Lesur Vincent
Published: March 2024

We present a recent update of the MCM series of magnetic field models and associated core surface flows. The models were derived sequentially from year 1999 to 2023, using magnetic satellite and ground observatory data. A linear Kalman filter approach and prior statistics based on numerical dynamo runs were used. The core field, the secular variation and the core surface flow models present the same characteristics as previous versions. In particular, filtering out the flow variation periods longer than ∼11.5 years leads to a filtered azimuthal flow with the same ∼7 years periodicities and patterns propagating westward by ∼60o longitude per year. The observed patterns are very likely related to the propagation of Magneto-Coriolis waves in the outer core.
Paleoweathering of Deccan Basalt: A Rock Magnetic Prospective
Authors: Srivastava Priyeshu , Florindo Fabio , Egli Ramon , Rawat Suman , Jovane Luigi
Published: March 2024

The paleoweathering surfaces (boles) developed during the quiescence periods in successive eruptions of the Deccan flood volcanism (DFV) contain significant information on surficial weathering processes and atmospheric conditions. We studied rock magnetic properties of four well-developed bole profiles of three different colors i.e., red (dark=10R-3/6 and light=10R-4/8), brown (5YR-4/4) and green (5G-6/2) from the Poladpur formation of the Wai Subgroup, Deccan Basalt. These boles are mainly composed of smectite clays and show moderate chemical weathering. The green bole shows an overall depletion in ferrimagnetic titano-(magnetite) concentrations with respect to the protolith basalt as well as absence of secondary antiferromagnetic minerals (e.g., hematite). The absence of hematite in green bole is consistent with the deeper/lower saprolitic weathering of basalt under reducing environment. The brown bole consists of pseudo single domain (PSD) ferrimagnetic particles. The dark red bole shows nearly complete oxidation of ferrimagnetic minerals into hematite. The high amount of hematite and low concentration of superparamagnetic (SP) ferrimagnetic particles in moderately weathered dark red bole suggests that high temperature heating from the overlying lava flow under aerobic conditions would have enhanced oxidation of ferrimagnetic minerals into hematite. The light red bole shows paragenesis of SP and single domain (SD) ferrimagnetic particles, and hematite indicating pedogenic alteration of protolith basalt in an oxidizing semi-arid climatic condition. Heating from the upper lava flow was restricted to top ~20 cm of the light red bole profile. We document a variety of surficial/deep alteration processes of basalts modified by secondary hydro-(thermal) alterations and addition of volcanic ash leading to genesis of different color boles. In all the studied boles, only light red bole showed minimal influence of these secondary processes and partly preserves the pedogenic signatures. The light red bole is also free from any signatures of acid rains (such as extensive dissolution of titanomagnetites) and endorse the “mock aridity” condition in the proximal areas of the Deccan Traps during the successive eruptions of DFV. 
Evidence of palaeoclimatic changes through marine macrofaunas from the Pleistocene of South-eastern Sicily 
Authors: Sanfilippo Rossana , Minniti Gianmarco , Reitano Agatino , Insacco Gianni , Rosso Antonietta
Published: March 2024

Mediterranean ecosystems and species are drastically affected by today's climate change. To predict future changes, it is useful to know their history in the geological past through the fossil record and other geohistorical archives. The abrupt climatic changes of Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles are well demonstrated by marine benthic fossil assemblages that underwent rapid changes with relatively small resolution on a scale of a few hundred thousand years. For this reason, knowing how their biodiversity and composition varies can help in interpreting what is happening today and predicting future changes.
Case studies from Pleistocene outcrops of south-eastern Sicily are described, including invertebrate benthic associations (mainly bivalve molluscs and gastropods, bryozoans, barnacles, serpulids), some of which include thermophilic species alternating to other ones having cold climatic significance and boreal Guests. Species with Atlantic affinity also co-occur, together with taxa characterized by an increase in size due to metabolic slowdown.
Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing Techniques for the monitoring of dam environment: case of Kulekhani 1 Reservoir in Nepal
Authors: Rimal Bhagawat
Published: March 2024

Currently natural and anthropogenic activities  around dam areas are  highly affected .. Complex landscape, gully erosion, landslide, flood triggered by heavy rainfall , climate change and construction activities  around dam area,   continuing reservoir sedimentation in dam environment are major threat for continue supply of  power in same scale. The lower and middle mountains part of the Nepal hydropower projects have found  serious challenges for long term sustainable power supply  due to complex topography and undermine the environmental  performance in the hydropower project.    In this study, we have explored  major environmental challenges one of the oldest storage type of  hydropower project, Kulekjhani I  of Nepal using time serious  satellite images (i.e Landsat Images, QuickBird, GeoEye, SPOT6/7).   First, we have evaluated the surface water content of the reservoir from 1988-2020 applying Normalize Difference Water Index (NDWI) using Landsat images. Secondly, evaluated the land use land cover change of dam environment ( Kulekhani basin) using support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm in 2004-2020).   Thirdly, the climate induce changes were evaluated for the analysis of major challenges of the reservoir area. The surface water content level was expanded in the study area due to high sedimentation collection and deposition where multiple factor were associated such as landslide around the dam area , flood, gully erosion  and other  development activities. Very high landslide risk area was observed around the dam area.      Similarly, residential area  and barren land including landslide were increased from 25.19 (ha) to 55.49 (ha) and 22.12 to 32.36 (ha), respectively between 2004 to 2020. The road construction materials released directly deposited in reservoir and not found the effective control mechanism. The mean temperature is in increasing trend and annual precipitation is in decreasing which highly affected on water resources of dam.  These all causes showed that the dam environment of Kulekhani I has found major challenges for sustainable continuous power supply.
Unveiling Research Hotspots in Geosciences: Insights from the Data-Driven DDE Scholar Report
Authors: Zhao Yu , Cheng Li , Wang Meng , Ding Jiaxin , Wu Lyuwen , Wang Xinbing
Published: March 2024

This paper provides an overview of the DDE Scholar Report, which investigates global research topics in the geosciences through the utilization of  bibliometrics, altmerics and global voting research methods.Background: Geoscientists need to keep up to date with the latest developments to identify research subjects, gain insights into the fields, and facilitate academic communication. The DDE Report uses big data approaches to bring about a paradigm shift in deep-time Earth research and provide a comprehensive view of solid Earth disciplines.Objective: The objective of the DDE Scholar Report is to identify and define current research hot topics in the field of solid Earth sciences. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the most recent advancements, trending subjects, and prospective research paths in the field of geosciences.Data: The data for the report is collected from various sources, including over 400,000 papers from 466 Geoscience journals and approximately 5,800 papers from 93 interdisciplinary journals. These datasets encompass a broad spectrum of subfields in the geosciences and provide a comprehensive overview of research trends in the field. Methods: The DDE Scholar Report combines both expert-driven and data-driven approaches to identify research hotspots. It utilizes co-citation analysis and co-word analysis methods to reveal the connections and relationships between research topics. Co-citation analysis examines the frequency with which papers are cited by the publication, while co-word analysis explores the co-occurrence patterns of words to gain insights into the relationships between concepts.Results: The final version of DDE Scholar Report presents 30 hot topics in the geosciences, with ten key works identified for each topic. This version improves upon previous iterations by achieving a moderate level of granularity and successfully integrating expert domain knowledge, literature information, and co-citation/co-occurrence methods. The hotspots cover research topics in deep space, deep time, deep earth, habitable earth, and big data domains.In conclusion, the DDE Scholar Report provides a comprehensive view of research hot topics in the geosciences. By combining expert-driven and data-driven approaches, the report offers valuable insights into the latest developments and future research directions in the field. The identified hot topics contribute to advancing knowledge and fostering academic communication in the geosciences.
Approaches to semantic interoperability in the ITINERIS project
Authors: Di Muri Cristina , Raho Davide , Muresan Alexandra N. , Pulieri Martina , Rosati Ilaria
Published: March 2024

Strengthening semantic interoperability within interdisciplinary contexts is crucial to facilitate the discovery, (re)use and integration of scientific data by diverse research communities. The Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS) project coordinates a network of national nodes from 22 Research Infrastructures (RIs) operating mainly in the environmental domain and it represents a perfect interdisciplinarity model to foster the implementation of FAIR semantics. 
The main goal of the ITINERIS project is to build a national hub with centralised access to data and services, provided by the participating RIs, to enhance the study of environmental processes in the atmosphere, marine, terrestrial biosphere, and geosphere landsurface domains. In this context, semantic interoperability is crucial to allow the accurate exchange and interpretation of information by both humans and machines. To this aim, a terminology service will be developed and also integrated within the hub to improve semantic interoperability among and within RIs. To design the structure and functioning of the terminology service two actions are being performed: i) a review of existing semantic artefacts and semantic catalogues that will be queried by the terminology service; and ii) the identification of appropriate technological solutions and requirements. 
The review of semantic resources produced a collection of 540 semantic artefacts available across 17 semantic catalogues relevant to ITINERIS stakeholders. Moreover, the identified semantic resources were examined to assess some of the key aspects of their FAIRness and to highlight gaps and challenges limiting semantic interoperability. 
The technological solutions and requirements were defined by evaluating the state-of-the-art of the existing semantic technologies to provide a lightweight federator that includes existing services and featured functionalities to improve alignments and annotations of semantic resources.
The approaches to semantic interoperability adopted within the ITINERIS project, through the integration of internationally-endorsed and FAIR-compliant methodologies, and the implementation of new services, could boost the interdisciplinary data and service interoperability and advance the environmental research at the national level and beyond.
Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900-2022
Authors: Muller Joanne , Mooney Kaylee , Bowen Steven , Klotzbach Philip , Martin Tynisha , Philp Tom , Bhatt Dhruvkumar , Dixon Richard
Published: March 2024

Since 1980 landfalling continental US hurricanes have caused over one trillion dollars in damage (Consumer Price Index-adjusted) with damage increases growing exponentially since 1900. In the context of future risk mitigation, understanding these loss trends and their drivers through time is of great importance. In order to understand hurricane loss trends through time we use “normalization” so that the direct economic losses at the time can be understood in the context of contemporary societal conditions. Our research provides an update to normalized continental US hurricane economic losses from 1900 to 2022. It also provides updates to the existing methodology. The 2022 normalization methodology finds Hurricane Katrina as the costliest historical hurricane since 1900 at US$228 billion. The top 50 hurricanes resulted in over US$2.8 trillion in economic losses. The primary drivers of observed increases in hurricane-related damage are upsurges in inflation, coastal population, regional wealth, and higher replacement costs. These trends are especially impactful for some rapidly growing coastal regions along the U.S. Gulf and Southeast Coasts. With projected future coastal growth and population trends, in addition to any climate change influence on hurricane behavior, we may expect to see higher hurricane losses than previously observed. 
Pros and cons of methane clumped isotope analysis by high-resolution isotope-ratio mass spectrometry and laser absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Naizhong , Prokhorov Ivan , Kueter Nico , Bernasconi Stefano , Nakagawa Mayuko , Gilbert Alexis , Ueno Yuichiro , Tuzson Béla , Emmenegger Lukas , Mohn Joachim
Published: March 2024

Bulk isotope analytical methods of CH4 quantify carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios (δ13C and δD) to provide information on the sources and sinks of CH4 in natural environments. A more extensive tracing of CH4 pathways, especially when multiple processes and sources are involved, has been realized by novel measurements techniques capable of methane clumped isotope analysis (termed as Δ13CH3D and Δ12CH2D2) during the past decade. These paired datasets can either be used as proxy for exploring CH4 formation temperatures under thermodynamic equilibrium, or studying contributions of kinetically controlled processes during CH4 formation and consumption1.Currently, methane clumped isotope analysis is performed by two different techniques: isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (e.g. 253 Ultra from Thermo Fisher Scientific2 or Panorama from Nu Instruments1) or laser absorption spectroscopy (e.g. QCLAS from Aerodyne Research3,4), both of which have demonstrated a precision better than 0.5‰ for Δ13CH3D and 1.5‰ for Δ12CH2D2, which is sufficient for most applications. This work will provide insights about the main instrumental features, measurement protocols and performance of the 253 Ultra HR-IRMS at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan)2,5, and the QCL absorption spectrometer at Empa (Switzerland)4. Furthermore, advantages and limitations of both techniques during current applications in natural methane samples are discussed. Finally, perspectives for future applications at low CH4 concentrations, such as atmospheric monitoring, are provided. References:Young et al., 2017, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 2. Dong et al., 2020, Thermo Scientific white paper; 3. Gonzalez et al., 2019, Analytical Chemistry; 4. Prokhorov and Mohn, 2022, Analytical Chemistry; 5. Zhang et al., 2021, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Towards a global coastal ocean model based on unstructured grids
Authors: Galeotti Chiara , Federico Ivan , De Cillis Giovanni , Iovino Doroteaciro , Epicoco Italo , Verri Giorgia , Micaletto Giorgio , Causio Salvatore , Barletta Ivano , Bonino Giulia , Masina Simona , Coppini Giovanni , Pinardi Nadia
Published: March 2024

We present a 1-year simulation performed by the MUSE (Multiscale Unstructured model for Simulating the Earth ocean) model. This is a global-ocean extension of the model SHYFEM-MPI (Micaletto et al., 2022), an MPI-based parallelization of the three-dimensional finite-element circulation model SHYFEM (System of HYdrodynamic Finite Element Modules). Some of the latest improvements in the global model include the implementation of the z-star vertical coordinates system, a new tidal module and the addition of river discharge.The experiment is run on an eddy-permitting global mesh with a variable resolution that ranges from 25 km at the equator to 6 km at the poles. The simulation is driven by the ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis and initialised with temperature and salinity climatological values from the World Ocean Atlas 2018. Atmospheric fluxes are computed through the ECMWF bulk formulae. The model results are compared with the structured-grid model NEMO, run on the ORCA025 grid with a comparable experimental setting. Furthermore, temperature and salinity are validated with satellite and in-situ data, while sea surface height is validated in coastal locations by means of tide gauge data. The analysis reveals an overall satisfactory representation of the studied variables, in both coastal and open ocean regions.Further configurations with coastal mesh refinement are currently under development. The scope is to assess storm surges induced by hurricane events, with the aim of quantifying the added value of having a higher resolution at coast in the global domain. This study could represent a step towards a new generation of models capable of integrating the coastal with the global scale.