bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes containing Open‐Chain Crown Ether
Authors: Cheng Feixiang , Tang Ning , Chen Longhai
Published: June 2008

Four polypyridyl bridging ligands BL1−4 containing open‐chain crown ether, where BL1−3 formed by the condensation of 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐oxime with diethylene glycol di‐p‐tosylate, triethylene glycol di‐p‐tosylate, and tetraethylene glycol di‐p‐tosylate, respectively. BL4 formed by the reaction of 4‐(1,10‐phenanthrolin‐5‐ylimino)methylphenol with triethylene glycol di‐p‐tosylate, have been synthesized. Reaction of Ru(bpy)2Cl2·2H2O with BL, respectively, afforded four bimetallic complexes [(bpy)2RuBL1−4Ru(bpy)2]4+ as [PF6]− salts. Electrochemistry of these complexes is consistent with one RuII‐based oxidation and several ligand‐based reductions. These complexes show metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer absorption at 439‐452 nm and emission at 570‐597 nm.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Mononuclear and Binuclear Lanthanide Halide Complexes with Diglyme
Authors: Petriček Saša , Senčar Natalija
Published: June 2008

Two types of isostructural complexes of lanthanide chlorides with diglyme have been synthesized. These are mononuclear molecular complexes [LnCl3(diglyme)(THF)] (Ln = Eu (1), Gd (2), Dy (3), Er (4), Yb (5); diglyme = diethylen glycol dimethyl ether) and binuclear molecular complexes [LnCl3(diglyme)]2 (Ln = Dy (3d), Er (4d), Yb (5d)). Complex 1 was obtained by the reaction of [EuCl3(DME)2] with diglyme in THF. The complexes 2–5 and 3d–5d resulted from reactions of LnCl3·6H2O, (CH3)3SiCl and diglyme in THF. The mononuclear complexes 2–5 crystallized directly from the solutions where the reactions of lanthanide compounds with diglyme took place. Recrystallizations of the powder products of the same reactions from dichloromethane resulted in the binuclear complexes 3d–5d. Reactions of lanthanide bromide hydrates, (CH3)3SiBr and diglyme in THF achieved mononuclear molecular complexes [LnBr3(diglyme)(L)] (Ln = Gd, L = H2O (6); Ln = Ho, L = THF (7)). Crystals of 6 and 7 were grown by recrystallization from dichloromethane. The lanthanide atoms (Ln = Eu–Yb) are seven‐coordinated in a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal fashion in all reported complexes, 1–7 and 3d–5d. Four oxygen atoms and three halide ions are coordinated to lanthanide atoms in 1–7, [LnX3(diglyme)(L)]. Four chloride ions, two bridging and two nonbridging, and three oxygen atoms are coordinated to lanthanide atoms in 3d–5d, [LnCl3(diglyme)]2.
Die Kristallstruktur von [BeCl2(15‐Krone‐5)]
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt , Puchta Ralph
Published: June 2008

Crystal Structure of [BeCl2(15‐Crown‐5)]

Single crystals of [BeCl2(15‐crown‐5)] (1) were obtained from dichloromethane solutions of BeCl2 in the presence of the equivalent amount of 15‐crown‐5 and characterized by IR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Space group P21/c, Z = 4, lattice dimensions at 100 K: a = 1036.2(1), b = 1071.1(1), c = 1360.1(1) pm, β = 109.86(1)°, R1 = 0.0225. The structure determination shows no disorder, all hydrogen positions were refined isotropically. The results are in contrast to the previously reported crystal structure determination in the space group P21nb. The beryllium atom of 1 forms a BeO2C2 five‐membered heterocycle with terminal chlorine atoms to give a distorted tetrahedral coordination with distances Be–O 166.5(2), 169.9(2) pm, and Be–Cl 195.8(2), 197.8(2) pm. The structural results are in good agreement with DFT calculations on B3LYP/6‐311+G** level.
M(H2O)2(4,4′‐bipy)[C6H4(COO)2]·2H2O (M = Mn2+, Co2+) – Two Isotypic Coordination Polymers with Layered Structure (Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 2007, 633, 1127)
Authors: Robl Christian
Published: June 2008

M(H2O)2(4,4′‐bipy)[C6H4(COO)2]·2H2O (M = Mn2+, Co2+) – Zwei isotype Koordinationspolymere mit Schichtstruktur

Im Zusammenhang mit kürzlich erschienenen Arbeiten von uns [1, 2, 3], die auf den Ergebnissen aus [4] beruhen, wurden wir auf Publikationen anderer Autoren aufmerksam, die uns weder bei der Abfassung des Manuskripts noch bei der Ausführung unserer experimentellen Arbeiten bekannt waren und auf die wir gerne eingegangen wären.

Die beiden Verbindungen aus [1] (M=Mn2+, Co2+) sind isotyp zu der in [5] (M=Co2+) und einer in [6] (M=Mn2+) beschriebenen Struktur.

Unsere in [2] beschriebene Verbindung ist nicht identisch mit der Nickelverbindung aus [7], hat aber gleichartige Anionenteilstruktur.

Die pyroelektrische Kristallstruktur aus [3] wurde mit anderen Übergangsmetallionen (Zn2+ in [8] und Co2+ in [9]) bzw. falscher Raumgruppe in [10] (Co2+) beschrieben. Über ein Mangan‐pyrazin‐phthalat mit Schichtstruktur wurde in [11] berichtet.
Investigation of Silver(I) Ion Sensing Property of Ruthenium(II) Thiosemicarbazone Complex Using Coated Graphite and Polymeric Membrane Electrodes
Authors: Mahajan Rakesh Kumar , Puri Rajiv Kumar , Bawa Gagandeep , Lobana Tarlok Singh
Published: June 2008

A ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(PPh3)2(pytsc)2] {Hpytsc = pyridine‐2‐carbaldehydethiosemicarbazone, (C5H5N)C2(H)=N3‐N2(H)‐C1(=S)N1H} has been used as an ion carrier for the selective determination of silver(I) ions in solution. Silver(I) ion‐selective coated graphite based (CGE) and PVC polymeric membrane based (PME) electrodes exhibit Nernstian slope for silver(I) ions over a wide concentration range from 1.0 × 10−1 M to 5.0 × 10−6 M (with CGE) and 1.0 × 10−1 M to 2.0 × 10−5 M (with PME). The working pH range of these electrodes has been found to be from 1.2 to 7.2 for CGE and 2.2 to 6.5 for PME. The proposed CGE sensor exhibits better analytical features like sensitivity and selectivity towards different secondary ions in comparison to the corresponding PME with no interference from mercury(II) ions $({\rm log} K ^{Pot}_{AG{\rm ^{+}}, \textrm{ } Hg{\rm ^{2+}}}=-3.30)$. These electrodes also act as indicator electrodes in potentiometric titration and have been successfully used for the determination of silver content in solution of real samples (1 gm dissolved in 100 mL of dilute nitric acid) such as silver ornaments and thin silver foils. Silver content determined by the use of ion selective electrode was found to vary in the concentration range from 1.20 x 10−2 M to 7.45 x 10−2 M and results were found to be comparable with those obtained from the traditional volumetric method of analysis. It is the first report of a metal‐ligand complex used as an ion carrier in ion selective electrode, which is selective for a metal ion other than the one used in the complex.
A comparison of tools for teaching formal software verification
Authors: Feinerer Ingo , Salzer Gernot
Published: June 2008

We compare four tools regarding their suitability for teaching formal software verification, namely the Frege Program Prover, the
Key
system, Perfect Developer, and the Prototype Verification System (
PVS
). We evaluate them on a suite of small programs, which are typical of courses dealing with Hoare-style verification, weakest preconditions, or dynamic logic. Finally we report our experiences with using Perfect Developer in class.
Adolescent patellofemoral pain: Implicating the medial patellofemoral ligament as the main pain generator
Authors: Luhmann Scott J. , Schoenecker Perry L. , Dobbs Matthew B. , Eric Gordon J.
Published: June 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to define the clinical presentation of adolescent patellofemoral pain.

Methods

A review was completed of all patients with patellofemoral pain at a children's hospital sports clinic over a 3-year period.

Results

One hundred and one patients (91 female) with 136 symptomatic knees were identified. Mean age was 14.4 years. Knee pain was localized to the anteromedial or anterior region of the knee in 96% of patients and was typically produced with running (94%), jumping (92%) and stair use (69%). On physical examination there was usually a non antalgic gait (99%), no patellofemoral crepitation (98%), normal lower extremity angular (84%) and rotational alignment (94%), with no foot malalignment (>97%). The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) was the most palpably tender area of the knee in 98% of patients. During “lateral apprehension” testing, 89% had pain at the MPFL, but not true apprehension. A “J-sign” was present at terminal knee extension in 65%. Mean Q-angle was 18.7°. Means of all radiographic measures were within normal ranges.

Conclusion

The prototypical patient had anterior/anteromedial knee pain of insidious onset during running and jumping. The most consistent physical findings were focal tenderness at the MPFL, positive terminal J-sign, and an elevated Q-angle. Most patients required only nonsurgical treatments, but 18% underwent surgical interventions for persistent pain.
The Maudsley Early Onset Schizophrenia Study: The effect of age of onset and illness duration on fronto-parietal gray matter
Authors: Burke L. , Androutsos C. , Jogia J. , Byrne P. , Frangou S.
Published: June 2008

Objective

In Early Onset Schizophrenia (EOS; onset before the 18th birthday) late brain maturational changes may interact with disease mechanisms leading to a wave of back to front structural changes during adolescence. To further explore this effect we examined the relationship between age of onset and duration of illness on brain morphology in adolescents with EOS.

Subjects and methods

Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained from 40 adolescents with EOS. We used Voxel Based Morphometry and multiple regressions analyses, implemented in SPM, to examine the relationship between gray matter volume with age of onset and illness duration.

Results

Age of onset showed a positive correlation with regional gray matter volume in the right superior parietal lobule (Brodmann Area 7). Duration of illness was inversely related to regional gray matter volume in the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 11/47).

Conclusions

Parietal gray matter loss may contribute to the onset of schizophrenia while orbitofrontal gray matter loss is associated with illness duration.
TBP recruitment to the U1 snRNA gene promoter is disrupted by substituting a U6 proximal sequence element A (PSEA) for the U1 PSEA
Authors: Barakat Nermeen H. , Stumph William E.
Published: June 2008

Transcription of Drosophila U1 or U6 snRNAs by RNA polymerases II and III respectively requires a unique ∼21 base‐pair promoter element termed the proximal sequence element A (PSEA) recognized by the snRNA activating protein complex (DmSNAPc). A five‐nucleotide substitution that changed the U1 PSEA to a U6 PSEA inactivated the U1 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated this substitution did not affect DmSNAPc DNA binding but instead interfered with SNAPc recruitment of TBP to the TATA‐less U1 promoter. These findings support a model wherein sequence differences between the U1 and U6 PSEAs induce distinct DmSNAPc conformational states involved in RNA polymerase selectivity.
Prevalence of selected infectious organisms and comparison of two anatomic sampling sites in shelter cats with upper respiratory tract disease
Authors: Veir Julia K. , Ruch-Gallie Rebecca , Spindel Miranda E. , Lappin Michael R.
Published: June 2008

In order to describe the isolation rates of potential pathogens and to compare anatomic sampling site suitability, nasal and pharyngeal swabs were taken from cats with acute clinical upper respiratory disease in a humane society. DNA of feline herpesvirus-1 was amplified from 51 of 52 cats sampled, Mycoplasma species were cultured or detected by PCR in samples from 34 of 42 cats sampled for both culture and PCR, and Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from three of 59 cats sampled for aerobic culture. A single swab was positive for calicivirus and no swabs were positive for Chlamydophila felis. Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Moraxella species were all isolated from at least one cat in which no primary pathogen was identified. With the exception of B. bronchiseptica, which was detected in nasal swabs only, recovery rates for all suspect primary pathogens were comparable between sampling sites.
Submerged archaeological sites along the Ionian coast of southeastern Sicily (Italy) and implications for the Holocene relative sea-level change
Authors: Scicchitano Giovanni , Antonioli Fabrizio , Berlinghieri Elena Flavia Castagnino , Dutton Andrea , Monaco Carmelo
Published: June 2008

Precise measurements of submerged archaeological markers in the Siracusa coast (Southeastern Sicily, Italy) provide new data on relative sea-level change during the late Holocene. Four submerged archaeological sites have been studied and investigated through direct observations. Two of them are Greek archaic in age (2.5–2.7 ka) and are now 0.98–1.48 m below sea level; the other two developed during the Bronze age (3.2–3.8 ka) and are now 1.03–1.97 m below sea level. These archaeological data have been integrated with information derived from a submerged speleothem collected in a cave located along the Siracusa coast at − 20 m depth. The positions of the archaeological markers have been measured with respect to present sea level, corrected for tide and pressure at the time of surveys. These data were compared with predicted sea-level rise curves for the Holocene using a glacio-hydro-isostatic model. The comparison with the curve for the southeastern Sicily coast yields a tectonic component of relative sea-level change related to regional uplift. Uplift rates between 0.3 and 0.8 mm/yr have been estimated.
Petrogenesis of Triassic post-collisional syenite plutons in the Sino-Korean craton: an example from North Korea
Authors: PENG PENG , ZHAI MINGGUO , GUO JINGHUI , ZHANG HUAFENG , ZHANG YANBIN
Published: June 2008

More than ten Triassic syenite plutons are revealed to be distributed in North Korea along the boundary to South Korea. The Tokdal Complex is one of these but is unique in its incorporation of early pyroxenite cumulate in the clinopyroxene/amphibole/biotite/nepheline-bearing syenite main body. A SHRIMP U–Pb zircon age of 224 ± 4 Ma was obtained from a biotite syenite sample. Clinopyroxene in pyroxenite is zoned, with either phlogopite and apatite inclusion or ilmenite and magnetite exsolution, and may have resulted from crystallization at high pressure in an active continental margin arc environment followed by ascent and decompression. The pyroxenite and syenite are enriched in light REE and LILE, but strongly depleted in HFSE, with87Sr/86Srtvalues of ~0.7115 and ϵNdtvalues of −14 to −20 (t = 224 Ma). The Tokdal Complex could have originated from an enriched lithospheric mantle and undergone assimilation of juvenile materials during differentiation. It indicates an extension of post-collisional magmatism in the Sino-Korean craton. This complex along with many other Triassic plutons in the Sino-Korean craton together constitute three syenite belts along the northern, southern and eastern margins of the craton, possibly resulting in its final configuration in eastern Asia.
Species abundance distributions and numerical dominance in gastrointestinal helminth communities of fish hosts
Authors: Poulin R. , Luque J.L. , Guilhaumon F. , Mouillot D.
Published: June 2008

The abundances of different species in a parasite community are never similar: there is typically one or a few numerically dominant species and many species with low abundance. Here, we determine whether basic features of parasite communities are associated with strong dominance by one or a few species, among 39 component communities of gastrointestinal helminths in marine fishes from Brazil. First, we tested whether the shape of the species abundance distribution in these communities fits that predicted by several theoretical models, using a goodness-of-fit procedure. Only the canonical lognormal model could be rejected for 5 out of 39 communities; all other comparisons of observed and predicted abundance distributions showed no significant differences, although this may be due to limited statistical power. Second, we used the ratio between the abundance of the most abundant species and either the second or third most abundant species, as indices of dominance; these show, for instance, that the dominant species in a community is typically twice, but sometimes over ten times, as abundant as the next most abundant species. We found that these ratios were not influenced by either the community's species richness, the mean number of individual parasites per host, or the taxonomic identity of the dominant species. However, the abundance ratio between the first and third most abundant species in a community was significantly correlated with an independent index of species interactivity, based on the likelihood that the different parasite species in a component community co-occur in the same host individuals: the difference in abundance between the dominant and third most abundant species was greater in communities characterized by weak interactions. These findings suggest that strong interactions may lead to greater evenness in the abundance of species, and that numerical dominance is more likely to result from interspecific differences in recruitment rates.
Evaluation of a measles vaccine campaign by oral-fluid surveys in a rural Kenyan district: interpretation of antibody prevalence data using mixture models
Authors: OHUMA E. O. , OKIRO E. A. , BETT A. , ABWAO J. , WERE S. , SAMUEL D. , VYSE A. , GAY N. , BROWN D. W. G. , NOKES D. J.
Published: June 2008

We evaluated the effectiveness of a measles vaccine campaign in rural Kenya, based on oral-fluid surveys and mixture-modelling analysis. Specimens were collected from 886 children aged 9 months to 14 years pre-campaign and from a comparison sample of 598 children aged 6 months post-campaign. Quantitative measles-specific antibody data were obtained by commercial kit. The estimated proportions of measles-specific antibody negative in children aged 0–4, 5–9 and 10–14 years were 51%, 42% and 27%, respectively, pre- campaign and 18%, 14% and 6%, respectively, post-campaign. We estimate a reduction in the proportion susceptible of 65–78%, with ~85% of the population recorded to have received vaccine. The proportion of ‘weak’ positive individuals rose from 35% pre-campaign to 54% post-campaign. Our results confirm the effectiveness of the campaign in reducing susceptibility to measles and demonstrate the potential of oral-fluid studies to monitor the impact of measles vaccination campaigns.
Wer geht ins Theater? Künstlerisches Interesse und Offenheit für Erfahrung als Prädiktoren für Veränderungen kultureller Partizipation in der Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Kröner Stephan , Lüdtke Oliver , Maaz Kai , Trautwein Ulrich , Köller Olaf
Published: June 2008

Zusammenfassung. In welcher Wechselwirkung stehen die Persönlichkeitsmerkmale Offenheit als Big Five-Faktor und künstlerisches Interesse als Faktor des RIASEC-Modells sowie die Teilnahme an kulturellen Aktivitäten bei jungen Erwachsenen im Übergang von Sekundarstufe II in das Studium bzw. in die berufliche Erstausbildung? Bei Kontrolle des sozialen Hintergrundes und unter Bezugnahme auf Selbstselektions- und Sozialisationsmodelle wurden diese Fragen anhand der zu zwei Messzeitpunkten erhobenen Daten von N = 2204 jungen Erwachsenen untersucht. Zu Messzeitpunkt 1 am Ende der Sekundarstufe II zeigten sich Zusammenhänge zwischen sozialem Hintergrund, Offenheit, künstlerischem Interesse und kulturellen Aktivitäten. Darüber hinaus fanden sich bei Kontrolle von sozialem Hintergrund neben hohen Stabilitäten der erhobenen Variablen Effekte von Offenheit und künstlerischem Interesse zu Messzeitpunkt 1 auf kulturelle Aktivitäten zu Messzeitpunkt 2. Die Befunde belegen die besondere Bedeutung der Persönlichkeit in Übergangsphasen.
Schule-Freizeit-Konflikte, Wertorientierungen und motivationale Interferenz in der Freizeit
Authors: Hofer Manfred , Schmid Sebastian , Živković Ilija
Published: June 2008

Zusammenfassung. In einer Untersuchung an jugendlichen Schülern 1 Der Begriff „Schüler” bezeichnet in diesem Beitrag Schülerinnen und Schüler. aus fünf Ländern wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen individuellen Wertorientierungen auf der einen Seite und der Häufigkeit von Konflikten zwischen einer schulischen und einer Freizeittätigkeit, Entscheidungen in solchen Konflikten, Erleben motivationaler Interferenz während der anschließenden Ausübung der Freizeittätigkeit und investierter außerschulischer Lernzeit andererseits ermittelt. An der Fragebogenstudie nahmen 491 deutsche, 202 italienische, 168 kroatische, 221 mexikanische und 200 indische Schüler, meist aus katholischen Schulen, teil. Die Stichproben unterschieden sich deutlich in „moderner” und „postmoderner” Wertorientierung, dem Interferenzerleben bei der Freizeittätigkeit nach einem Schule-Freizeit-Konflikt und der außerschulischen Lernzeit. Unter Konstanthaltung von Alter und Geschlecht ging postmoderne Wertorientierung mit der Entscheidung für die Freizeittätigkeit in Schule-Freizeit-Konflikten, niedrigem Interferenzerleben in der Freizeit sowie geringem Zeitinvestment für Lernen einher. Trotz erheblicher Mittelwertunterschiede zwischen den Stichproben waren die Zusammenhangsmuster über die Stichproben relativ konsistent, was für deren Generalisierbarkeit spricht.
Der Einfluss des Familienklimas und der Bindungsrepräsentation auf den Auszug aus dem Elternhaus
Authors: von Irmer Jörg , Seiffge-Krenke Inge
Published: June 2008

Zusammenfassung. Im Vergleich zur Vielzahl an soziologischen Studien über den Auszug aus dem Elternhaus existieren sehr wenige psychologische Studien, die die Ursachen und Prädiktoren von unterschiedlichem Auszugsverhalten untersuchen. Die Frage, ob Unterschiede im Auszugsverhalten auf Unterschiede im Familienklima zurückgehen, steht im Zentrum dieses Beitrags. In einer Längsschnittsstudie an 93 Familien wurden drei Gruppen mit unterschiedlichem Auszugsverhalten gefunden: rechtzeitig Ausziehende, Nesthocker und Spätauszieher/wieder Eingezogene. Während der Adoleszenz wurde das Familienklima von allen Familienmitgliedern erhoben, später wurde die Bindungsrepräsentation erfasst. Zusammengenommen wurde gefunden, dass das Familienklima zu einem altersgerechten Auszug einen Beitrag leistet, indem eine höhere Konfliktneigung und gleichzeitige frühere Unterstützung der Autonomie in der Adoleszenz einen Individuationsprozess anstoßen. Eine sichere Bindungsrepräsentation geht ebenfalls mit einem zeitgerechten Auszug einher.
Einstellungen zur Homosexualität
Authors: Simon Bernd
Published: June 2008

Zusammenfassung. Die Studie untersucht die Ausprägung homosexuellenfeindlicher Einstellung und ihre psychologischen Korrelate bei in Deutschland lebenden Jugendlichen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund. Neben Jugendlichen ohne Migrationshintergrund wurden Jugendliche, die bzw. deren Vorfahren aus einem Staat der ehemaligen UdSSR stammen, und Jugendliche mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund im Sommer 2006 mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens zu folgenden Themen befragt: Einstellung zur Homosexualität, persönliche Kontakte zu Homosexuellen, Ausmaß der persönlichen Integration in die deutsche Gesellschaft, wahrgenommene Diskriminierung von Migranten, Akzeptanz traditioneller Männlichkeitsnormen sowie Religiosität. Die Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund zeigen durchweg eine stärker ausgeprägte homosexuellenfeindliche Einstellung als die Jugendlichen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Bei den anderen Variablen zeigen sich parallele bzw. komplementäre Unterschiede. Die in Regressionsanalysen identifizierten psychologischen Korrelate homosexuellenfeindlicher Einstellung verweisen auf die Bedeutung der sozialen Meso-Ebene (z.B. persönliche Kontakte zu Homosexellen) und insbesondere auf die Bedeutung der kulturellen Makro-Ebene (Akzeptanz traditioneller Männlichkeitsnormen und Religiosität). Die Studie verweist darüber hinaus auf die besondere Bedeutung der (islamischen) Religion für die von Jugendlichen mit türkischem Migrationshintergrund gezeigten Einstellungen zur Homosexualität.
Das Kohärenzgefühl als Ressource beim Übergang ins Studium
Authors: Born Aristi , Crackau Brit , Thomas Dirk
Published: June 2008

Zusammenfassung. Der Übergang ins Studium ist ein normatives kritisches Lebensereignis für junge Erwachsene, die eine höhere Bildungslaufbahn verfolgen. In dieser Studie werden aus salutogenetischer Perspektive die positiven Effekte des Kohärenzgefühls (engl. Sense of Coherence, SOC) nach Antonovsky auf das Wohlbefinden der Studienanfänger fokussiert, wobei die transaktionale Stresstheorie nach Lazarus zu Grunde gelegt wird. 157 Studienanfänger zwischen 18 und 24 Jahren wurden zu ihrer Einschätzung der aktuellen Studiensituation, ihrer emotions- und problemorientierten Bewältigungsstrategien, ihres subjektiven Wohlbefindens und ihres Kohärenzgefühls befragt. Die Erhebung des Kohärenzgefühls erfolgt mittels einer modifizierten SOC-Skala mit einheitlichen Antwortkategorien statt einer wechselnden Bezeichnung der Antwortpole. Das getestete Strukturgleichungsmodell zeigt, dass das Kohärenzgefühl mit seinen Komponenten Verstehbarkeit, Handhabbarkeit und Sinnhaftigkeit ein positiver Prädiktor für die positive Einschätzung der aktuellen Situation, die problemorientierte Bewältigung und das Wohlbefinden ist. Die Ergebnisse ermutigen, das Kohärenzgefühl als Ressource zu betrachten, das die Befindlichkeit der Studienanfänger positiv beeinflussen kann.
Gesundheitspsychologische Aspekte der Internetnutzung in Zusammenhang mit gesundheitsbezogener Informationssuche und Pharmakabezug über das World Wide Web
Authors: König Dorothea , Stetina Birgit U. , Stangl Oliver G. , Kryspin-Exner Ilse
Published: June 2008

Zusammenfassung. In vorliegender Online-Studie wurden gesundheitsbezogene psychologische Konstrukte bei Personen, die das Internet zur Suche von Gesundheitsinformationen genutzt hatten, erhoben. Von den 432 in die Stichprobe aufgenommenen Teilnehmern (Durchschnittsalter: 33.1 Jahre, Bereich: 16–76 Jahre) bezogen 33.1% darüber hinaus pharmazeutische Produkte über das World Wide Web. Untersucht wurde, ob sich jene Personen, die ausschließlich Gesundheitsinformationen online suchten, von Pharmakabeziehern hinsichtlich folgender Merkmale unterscheiden: Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung, internaler Kontrollüberzeugungen, Kohärenzsinn, dispositionellem Optimismus, wahrgenommener sozialer Unterstützung und Risikobereitschaft sowie der Einschätzung medizinischer Informationen im Internet. Pharmakabezieher konnten lediglich über erhöhte Ausprägungen von Risikobereitschaft und Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung von ausschließlich Informationssuchenden differenziert werden. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass Pharmakabezieher netzbasierte medizinische Informationen emotionaler beurteilen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse werden in Hinblick auf potenzielle Gesundheitsgefährdungen der untersuchten Gruppe von Internet-Usern diskutiert.
Ion energization in Ganymede’s magnetosphere: Using multifluid simulations to interpret ion energy spectrograms
Authors: Paty C. , Paterson W. , Winglee R.
Published: June 2008

We investigate the ion population and energy distribution within Ganymede’s magnetosphere by examining Ganymede’s ionospheric outflow as a source of heavy (O+) and light (H+) ions and the Jovian magnetospheric plasma as an external source of heavy ions. We develop a method for examining the energy distributions of each ion species in a three‐dimensional multifluid simulation in a way directly comparable to the observations of the Plasma Experiment on the Galileo spacecraft. This is used to provide new insight to the existing controversy over the composition of Ganymede’s observed ionospheric outflow, and enables further examination of the energetic signatures of the ion population trapped within Ganymede’s magnetosphere. The model‐predicted ionospheric outflow is consistent with the in situ ion energy spectrograms observed by the Galileo Plasma Experiment at closest approach, and requires that both ionospheric H+ and O+ are present in the population of ions exiting Ganymede’s ionosphere over the polar cap. The outward flux of ionospheric ions was calculated to be ~1026 ions/cm2/s, which is in agreement with independently calculated sputtering rates of Ganymede’s icy surface. The modeled spectrograms define characteristic energy signatures and populations for various regions of Ganymede’s magnetosphere, which illustrate the major sources of ions trapped within the magnetosphere are Ganymede’s ionospheric O+ and H+. The fact that very little plasma was observed inside Ganymede’s magnetosphere during the G8 flyby is attributed to the region being shadowed from the sun for ~60 h, which may indicate the importance of photoionization for sustaining Ganymede’s ionospheric plasma source.
Numerical simulation of recurrence of asperity rupture in the Sanriku region, northeastern Japan
Authors: Kato Naoyuki
Published: June 2008

A numerical simulation study is presented for the recurrence of great earthquakes and aseismic sliding in the Sanriku region, northeastern Japan, where the Pacific Plate subducts beneath northern Honshu and M8 class earthquakes have occurred approximately every 100 years. The friction on the plate interface is assumed to obey a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law, and the spatial distribution of constitutive parameters of the friction law is estimated, so that the simulated slip histories mimic those estimated from seismic and geodetic observations. By introducing two large asperities that have velocity‐weakening frictional properties, earthquakes similar to the 1968 Tokachi‐oki earthquake (Mw = 8.2) and the 1994 Sanriku‐oki earthquake (Mw = 7.7) can be modeled. The former broke both the large asperities, and the latter broke one of them. The ruptures of the two simulated large earthquakes started from almost the same location, and their nucleation processes are similar to each other. Two smaller asperities were introduced to represent smaller earthquakes. One of the small asperities is for the largest aftershock (Mw = 6.9) of the 1994 Sanriku‐oki earthquake, which was located westward from the 1994 main shock area and took place 10 d after the main shock. The present simulation suggests that the largest aftershock was triggered by stress caused by propagation of postseismic sliding. In the simulation, the area of greatest intensity of postseismic sliding is located in the region between the main shock slip area and the largest aftershock area, which is consistent with the estimation from GPS data analyses for the postseismic sliding of the 1994 Sanriku‐oki earthquake. Some important characteristics of seismic and aseismic processes, as estimated from observations, are reproduced in the model. This suggests that spatially nonuniform frictional properties on the plate interface can be estimated to some extent by comparison between model results and observed data.
Validation and intercomparison of global Leaf Area Index products derived from remote sensing data
Authors: Garrigues S. , Lacaze R. , Baret F. , Morisette J. T. , Weiss M. , Nickeson J. E. , Fernandes R. , Plummer S. , Shabanov N. V. , Myneni R. B. , Knyazikhin Y. , Yang W.
Published: June 2008

This study investigates the performances of four major global Leaf Area Index (LAI) products at 1/11.2° spatial sampling and a monthly time step: ECOCLIMAP climatology, GLOBCARBON (from SPOT/VEGETATION and ATSR/AATSR), CYCLOPES (from SPOT/VEGETATION) and MODIS Collection 4 (main algorithm, from MODIS/TERRA). These products were intercompared during the 2001–2003 period over the BELMANIP network of sites. Their uncertainty was assessed by comparison with 56 LAI reference maps derived from ground measurements. CYCLOPES and MODIS depict realistic spatial variations at continental scale, while ECOCLIMAP poorly captures surface spatial heterogeneity, and GLOBCARBON tends to display erratic variations. ECOCLIMAP and GLOBCARBON show the highest frequency of successful retrievals while MODIS and CYCLOPES retrievals are frequently missing in winter over northern latitudes and over the equatorial belt. CYCLOPES and MODIS describe consistent temporal profiles over most vegetation types, while ECOCLIMAP does not show any interannual variations, and GLOBCARBON can exhibit temporal instability during the growing season over forests. The CYCLOPES, MODIS, and GLOBCARBON LAI values agree better over croplands and grasslands than over forests, where differences in vegetation structure representation between algorithms and surface reflectance uncertainties lead to substantial discrepancies between products. CYCLOPES does not reach high enough LAI values to properly characterize forests. In contrast, the other products have sufficient dynamic range of LAI to describe the global variability of LAI. Overall, CYCLOPES is the most similar product to the LAI reference maps. However, more accurate ground measurements and better representation of the global and seasonal variability of vegetation are required to refine this result.
Relating capillary pressure to interfacial areas
Authors: Pyrak‐Nolte Laura J. , Nolte David D. , Chen Daiquan , Giordano Nicholas J.
Published: June 2008

Experiments were performed on transparent two‐dimensional microfluidic porous systems to investigate the relationships among capillary pressure and the interfacial areas per volume between two fluid phases and one solid phase. Capillary pressures were calculated from the observed interfacial curvature of the wetting‐nonwetting interface, and these correlated closely to externally measured values of applied pressure. For each applied pressure, the system established mechanical equilibrium characterized by stationary interfaces, uniform curvatures across the model, and random surface normals. To study the relationships among capillary pressure and the interfacial areas, we compare the curvature‐based capillary pressure with the differential change in interfacial areas per volume as a function of wetting‐phase saturation. The differential pressure contributions calculated from the experimental measurements are found to be nearly independent of the measured capillary pressure. These results suggest that other contributions to the capillary pressure must be significant when imbibition and drainage processes result in saturation gradients.
Erosion and delivery of deposited peat sediment
Authors: Marttila Hannu , Kløve Bjørn
Published: June 2008

Erosion of deposited organic peat sediments from peat harvesting ditches was studied in both laboratory and field conditions. Peat sediments were placed in a recirculation flume at controlled pH levels and allowed to stabilize from 15 min to 10 d. Afterward, different flow velocities were applied and the peat erosion was measured. The erosion rate was related to the physical properties of peat: the particle size and form, settling velocity, peat type and degree of decomposition (von Post). The mean average settling velocity for the peat was measured to be 0.87 m h−1. The median sediment particle size was 42 μm, which indicates that the peat sediment is partly cohesive. The deposited sediment formed a loose layer overlaid by more stabilized layers. Critical shear stress for the surface of the loose peat layer was 0.01 N m−2 and for the more consolidated layer was 0.059 N m−2 after a stabilization of three days. The erosion coefficients determined during laboratory study varied between 3.7·10−4 and 4.1·10−6 kg m−2 s−1. The determined erosion and sedimentation rates were used to calibrate sediment erosion and deposition models. A new approach was then developed for the uses of these models to simulate peat sediment delivery from field ditches. The model was tested against measured values which were in accordance to observed sediment transport rates.
Surface brightness variations seen by VIRTIS on Venus Express and implications for the evolution of the Lada Terra region, Venus
Authors: Helbert Jörn , Müller Nils , Kostama Petri , Marinangeli Lucia , Piccioni Giuseppe , Drossart Pierre
Published: June 2008

Venus Express is since April 11, 2006 in orbit around Venus. VIRTIS (Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) has started only hours after orbit insertion to collect an immense and unique data set. Of special interest is the wavelength range from 1–1.5 microns which includes the “atmospheric windows”. By averaging several hundred multi‐spectral images obtained during the mission we have been able to map the surface temperatures for almost the whole southern hemisphere of Venus. Blurring in the clouds limits the spatial resolution to approximately 100 km globally. The most exciting and at the same time the most complex task is to retrieve compositional information for the surface of Venus from the hyperspectral data obtained by VIRTIS. We report here about indication for variations in the surface composition in the Lada Terra region based on brightness variations mapped from VIRTIS measurements and present some tentative links to the evolution of this region.
Propagation characteristics of plasma sheet oscillations during a small storm
Authors: Gabrielse C. , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. , Kepko L. , Glassmeier K. H. , Auster H. U. , McFadden J. , Carlson C. W. , Larson D.
Published: June 2008

On 24 March 2007, the THEMIS spacecraft were in a string‐of‐pearls configuration through the dusk plasma sheet at the recovery phase of a small storm. Large undulations of the plasma sheet were observed that brought the five probes from one lobe to another. Each neutral sheet crossing was accompanied by bursty bulk flows and Pi2 oscillations. In this paper we focus on the low frequency (∼10 min) large scale plasma sheet undulations and determine their propagation characteristics, origin, and properties in the presence of storm‐time substorms. As the first case of “flapping waves” observed and analyzed during storm‐time, it is interesting to find their characteristics coincide with those described by previous quiet‐time observations. These characteristics include flankward propagation of the undulations with velocities generally between ∼40–130 km/s.
Highly periodic stormtime activations observed by THEMIS prior to substorm onset
Authors: Kepko L. , Raeder J. , Angelopoulos V. , McFadden J. , Larson D. , Auster H. U. , Magnes W. , Frey H. U. , Carlson C. , Henderson M. , Mende S. B. , Yumoto K. , Singer H. J. , Parks G. , Mann I. , Russell C. T. , Donovan E. , McPherron R.
Published: June 2008

On March 24, 2007 THEMIS observed near the dusk flank several 10 minute quasi‐periodic flow and magnetic field oscillations followed by the onset of a strong substorm (AL ∼ −1000 nT). The substorm occurred during an interval of strongly southward IMF, near the start of the recovery phase of a small storm (SYM‐H near −80 nT). Each magnetic oscillation was accompanied by a rapid flow variation, auroral intensification, energetic particle injection, and Pi2 pulsations. For several hours both prior to and following the substorm THEMIS observed highly periodic flow oscillations, with the same 10 minute periodicity. The average of these flow oscillations was non‐zero and positive, indicating net sunward transport. We suggest that the long interval of oscillatory flow constituted a periodic convective mode of the magnetosphere, and further suggest that the quasi‐periodic activations were associated with reconnection near the THEMIS location.
Role of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase‐γ (PI3Kγ)‐mediated pathway in 17β‐estradiol‐induced killing of L. mexicana in macrophages from C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Lezama‐Dávila Claudio M , Isaac‐Márquez Angelica P , Barbi Joseph , Cummings Hannah E , Lu Bao , Satoskar Abhay R
Published: June 2008

We recently demonstrated that 17β‐estradiol (E2) enhances killing of Leishmania mexicana in macrophages from both male and female DBA/2 mouse by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production. Here, we analyzed the effect of E2 on leishmanicidal activity and cytokine production by bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) from male and female C57BL/6 mice in vitro, specifically examining the role of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase‐γ (PI3Kγ) in E2‐induced parasite killing. Unlike its effect on macrophages from both male and female DBA/2 mice, E2 only increased leishmanicidal activity in macrophages from female C57BL/6 mice, which was evident by a significant reduction in both infection rates and infection levels compared to sham controls. E2‐treated BMDMs from female C57BL/6 mice expressed higher levels of interferon‐γRα, and also produced more interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐6 and NO than both the sham controls and E2‐treated male‐derived macrophages. Sham‐treated BMDMs from female PI3Kγ−/− C57BL/6 mice displayed lower infection rates and infection levels compared to sham‐treated wild‐type (WT) macrophages. However E2, unlike its effect on macrophages from female WT C57BL/6 mice, failed to reduce infection rates and infection levels in BMDMs from female PI3Kγ−/− mice. Interestingly, E2‐treated BMDMs from female C57BL/6 mice produced significant amounts of inflammatory cytokines and NO in levels comparable to those observed in sham‐treated PI3Kγ‐deficient macrophages as well as E2‐treated macrophages from WT mice. These findings show that E2 exerts a distinct effect on leishmanicidal activity of macrophages from male versus female C57BL/6 mice. In addition, they suggest that PI3Kγ is not required for E2‐induced cytokine and NO production in L. mexicana‐infected macrophages from female C57BL/6 mice but it may be involved in parasite clearance from these cells.
Predicting the Congener-Specific Environmental Behaviour of Perfluorinated Acid Contaminants Using Semi-Empirical Computational Methods
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya , Friesen Ken
Published: June 2008

Perfluorinated acids (PFAs) are contaminants detected worldwide in a range of abiotic and biotic environmental matrices. The two major classes of PFAs include the perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs), both of which are considered persistent and potentially bioaccumulative. Current research and regulatory efforts are focussed on the straight-chain members of each PFA class and homologue group, primarily because these congeners are the major components of technical mixtures and are also available as pure standards. However, the numerous potential branched congeners in each PFA class represent a poorly understood family of environmental contaminants whose environmental and toxicological properties may be more important than the more prevalent straight-chain members. To help broaden the current understanding of PFA environmental fate and toxicology, semi-empirical computational methods were used predict fundamental physico-chemical properties of all potential C4 to C8 PCFA and PFSA congeners. Established quantitative structure-activity models for other multi-class emerging and legacy contaminants were applied to estimate key parameters related to the toxicology, environmental partitioning, and abiotic and biotic degradation mechanisms for each PFA class. The findings provide guidance for developing new analytical methods for separating and identifying PFAs in environmental and technical mixtures, prioritizing efforts on synthesizing authentic standards, and focussing toxicological studies on the congeners most likely to be of concern.
Learning with the Amerindians: the evaluation of pelvic floor disorders among indigenous women who live in the Xingu Indian Park,Brazil
Authors: Araujo Maita , Girão Manoel João Batista Castello , Takano Claudia Cristina , Sartori Marair Gracio Ferreira
Published: June 2008

Objective:

to evaluate the pelvic floor muscles and the incidence of pelvic organ prolapse among indigenous women who live in Xingu Indian Park, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Methods: observational study with 377 indigenous women, mean age 31+/-15 years, mean gravity 5+/-4, mean parity 4+/-3 and mean body mass index 23,3+/-4 Kg/m2. The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) was the system used to quantification the staging of pelvic support and the pelvic floor muscle strength was assessed by a perineometer. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios and 95% CI for factors that were associated with prolapse.

Results:

The overall distribution of POP-Q stage system was the following: 15,6% stage 0, 19,4% stage I, 63,9% stage II and 0,8% stage III. Parity (OR=9.40, 95% CI 2.81-31,42) and age (OR=1,03, 95% IC 1,01-1,05) were the most important risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse. The high resting pressure was considered as a protecting factor (OR=0,96, 95% IC 0,94-0,98).

Conclusions:

Like non indigenous community, age and the parity were the most important risk factors to the genital prolapse; however the pelvic floor muscles strength were intact, maybe due to the indigenous lifestyle.
Advanced x-ray stress analysis method for a single crystal using different diffraction plane families
Authors: Imafuku Muneyuki , Suzuki Hiroshi , Sueyoshi Kazuyuki , Akita Koichi , Ohya Shin-ichi
Published: June 2008

Generalized formula of the x-ray stress analysis for a single crystal with unknown stress-free lattice parameter was proposed. This method enables us to evaluate the plane stress states with any combination of diffraction planes. We can choose and combine the appropriate x-ray sources and diffraction plane families, depending on the sample orientation and the apparatus, whenever diffraction condition is satisfied. The analysis of plane stress distributions in an iron single crystal was demonstrated combining with the diffraction data for Fe{211} and Fe{310} plane families.
Hard x-ray radiography for density measurement in shock compressed matter
Authors: Ravasio A. , Koenig M. , Le Pape S. , Benuzzi-Mounaix A. , Park H. S. , Cecchetti C. , Patel P. , Schiavi A. , Ozaki N. , Mackinnon A. , Loupias B. , Batani D. , Boehly T. , Borghesi M. , Dezulian R. , Henry E. , Notley M. , Bandyopadhyay S. , Clarke R. , Vinci T.
Published: June 2008

In this letter we report on the direct density measurement in a shock compressed aluminum target using hard x-ray radiography. Experimental data employing a molybdenum Kα source at 17.5keV, generated with a short pulse laser are presented. High spatial resolution was obtained thanks to a new design for the backlighter geometry. Density values deduced from radiography are compared to predictions from hydrodynamic simulations, which have been calibrated in order to reproduce shock velocities measured from a rear-side self-emission diagnostic. Our results reveal the great potential of this technique as a diagnostic tool for direct density measurements in dense high-Z opaque materials.
Anisotropic spectra of acoustic type turbulence
Authors: Kuznetsov E. , Krasnoselskikh V.
Published: June 2008

The problem of spectra for acoustic type of turbulence generated by shocks being randomly distributed in space is considered. It is shown that for turbulence with a weak anisotropy, such spectra have the same dependence in k-space as the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili spectrum: E(k)∼k−2. However, the frequency spectrum has always the falling ∼ω−2, independent of anisotropy. In the strong anisotropic case the energy distribution relative to wave vectors takes anisotropic dependence, forming in the large-k region spectra of the jet type.