bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Tribotronic Transistors Toward Tactile Near‐Sensor Computing
Authors: Lei Hao , Yin Zi‐Yi , Huang Peihao , Gao Xu , Zhao Chun , Wen Zhen , Sun Xuhui , Wang Sui‐Dong
Published: April 2024

For the next generation of human‐machine interaction (HMI) systems, the development of a tactile interaction unit with multimodal, high sensitivity, and real‐time perception and recognition is the key. Herein, an artificial tactile near‐sensor computing (ATNSC) unit based on a triboelectric tactile sensor and an organic synaptic transistor is reported. By introducing multi‐peak microstructures, the mechanical performance of the tactile sensor is optimized, showing a high sensitivity of 0.98 V kPa−1 in the pressure range of 0–10 kPa and maintaining 0.11 V kPa−1 at high pressures up to 350 kPa. Additionally, by designing stripe‐like convex structures on the top surface, the sensor is capable of bimodal perception in both pressure and sliding sensations. Furthermore, the organic synaptic transistor, which can be driven by tactile sensing stimuli in a variety of circumstances, is achieved utilizing an ion‐rich gelatin dielectric covered by a hydrophobic polymer coating layer. The ATNSC unit well demonstrates the stimuli‐dependent short‐term memory effect, and it enables tactile near‐sensor computing for feature action recognition in an HMI system, laying a solid foundation for the construction of intelligent interaction devices.
Multifunctional Phototransistor Based on Double Van der Waals Heterojunction with Reversed Band Edge Bending
Authors: Xiao Shaowu , Zheng Tao , Chen Wenlong , Zhang Jielian , Yang Mengmeng , Sun Yiming , Zheng Zhaoqiang , Hao Derek , Huo Nengjie , Chen Zuxin , Gao Wei
Published: April 2024

Double van der Waals heterojunctions (vdWHs) based on 2D materials showcase multifunctional properties, including anti‐ambipolar behavior and polarization‐sensitive photodetection capabilities, providing a new degree of freedom for the development of next‐generation integrated electronics and optoelectronics. Herein, this work reports an anti‐ambipolar transistor with high polarized photosensitivity based on MoS2/Ta2NiS5/WSe2 double vdWH with back‐to‐back type‐I band alignment. It demonstrates a noticeable negative differential transconductance with an ultrahigh peak‐to‐valley ratio of 4.3 × 104 and a bidirectional transconductance variation from 41.6 to −17.5 nS when VD = 2 V. It is ascribed to the effective gate‐modulation of the reversed band edge bending at the double vdWH interfaces. Additionally, the structure benefits from a photogating effect and the anisotropic Ta2NiS5 interlayer, achieving a peak responsivity of 120.58 A W−1 and a decent specific detectivity of 2.65 × 1012 Jones at VD = 2 V and Vg = 5 V and exhibiting an exceptional photocurrent anisotropic ratio of 15.31 via the photovoltaic effect under 635 nm light. These findings not only expand the potential applications of the advanced 2D Ta2NiS5 material but also offer valuable insights for the development of multifunctional optoelectronic devices leveraging 2D double vdWHs.
Domains with Varying Conductance in Tensile Strained SrMnO3 Thin Films Using Out‐of‐Plane Electric Fields
Authors: van Rijn Job J. L. , Bhaduri Ishitro , Ahmadi Majid , Noheda Beatriz , Kooi Bart J. , Banerjee Tamalika
Published: April 2024

Domains and domain wall engineering have been extensively explored in ferroic materials for a wide range of applications in nanoelectronics and spintronics. Complex oxides exhibiting strongly correlated properties are model platforms for such studies where response to strain or external stimuli such as electric field, temperature and light can be probed. Here, domains in strained SrMnO3 films, grown on a degenerate semiconductor, allowing for conduction in an out‐of‐plane geometry, are studied using a combination of microscopy probes. Using conductive atomic force microscopy, electrically isolated domains with varying conductance are found and their temporal evolution is investigated. Further, their formation and microstructure are studied using scanning transmission electron microscopy and secondary electron contrast in scanning electron microscopy. An important contribution is establishing that the observed domains are formed by cracks, driven by inhomogeneous strain relaxation throughout the film, resulting in significantly high strain planes. The potential of secondary electrons to detect domain dependent contrast over a large area, ensuing due to the use of a degenerate semiconductor correlates with the conductive properties of the domains and serves as a new direction to probe domains and domain walls in ferroic materials.
Biofabrication Directions in Recapitulating the Immune System‐on‐a‐Chip
Authors: Janssen Robine , Benito‐Zarza Laura , Cleijpool Pim , Valverde Marta G. , Mihăilă Silvia M , Bastiaan‐Net Shanna , Garssen Johan , Willemsen Linette E. M. , Masereeuw Rosalinde
Published: April 2024

Ever since the implementation of microfluidics in the biomedical field, in vitro models have experienced unprecedented progress that has led to a new generation of highly complex miniaturized cell culture platforms, known as Organs‐on‐a‐Chip (OoC). These devices aim to emulate biologically relevant environments, encompassing perfusion and other mechanical and/or biochemical stimuli, to recapitulate key physiological events. While OoCs excel in simulating diverse organ functions, the integration of the immune organs and immune cells, though recent and challenging, is pivotal for a more comprehensive representation of human physiology. This comprehensive review covers the state of the art in the intricate landscape of immune OoC models, shedding light on the pivotal role of biofabrication technologies in bridging the gap between conceptual design and physiological relevance. The multifaceted aspects of immune cell behavior, crosstalk, and immune responses that are aimed to be replicated within microfluidic environments, emphasizing the need for precise biomimicry are explored. Furthermore, the latest breakthroughs and challenges of biofabrication technologies in immune OoC platforms are described, guiding researchers toward a deeper understanding of immune physiology and the development of more accurate and human predictive models for a.o., immune‐related disorders, immune development, immune programming, and immune regulation.
Lignin Derived Ultrathin All‐Solid Polymer Electrolytes with 3D Single‐Ion Nanofiber Ionic Bridge Framework for High Performance Lithium Batteries
Authors: Liu Yuhan , Wang Pinhui , Yang Zhenyue , Wang Liying , Li Zhangnan , Liu Chengzhe , Liu Baijun , Sun Zhaoyan , Pei Hanwen , Lv Zhongyuan , Hu Wei , Lu Yunfeng , Zhu Guangshan
Published: April 2024

The lignin derived ultrathin all‐solid composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) with a thickness of only 13.2 µm, which possess 3D nanofiber ionic bridge networks composed of single‐ion lignin‐based lithium salt (L‐Li) and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) as the framework, and poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PEO/LiTFSI) as the filler, is obtained through electrospinning/spraying and hot‐pressing. t. The Li‐symmetric cell assembled with the CPE can stably cycle more than 6000 h under 0.5 mA cm−2 with little Li dendrites growth. Moreover, the assembled Li||CPE||LiFePO4 cells can stably cycle over 700 cycles at 0.2 C with a super high initial discharge capacity of 158.5 mAh g−1 at room temperature, and a favorable capacity of 123 mAh g−1 at −20 °C for 250 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the reason that the nanofiber ionic bridge network can afford uniformly dispersed single‐ion L‐Li through electrospinning, which synergizes with the LiTFSI well dispersed in PEO to form abundant and efficient 3D Li+ transfer channels. The ultrathin CPE induces uniform deposition of Li+ at the interface, and effectively inhibit the lithium dendrites. This work provides a promising strategy to achieve ultrathin biobased electrolytes for solid‐state lithium ion batteries.
Boosting Formate Electrooxidation by Heterostructured PtPd Alloy and Oxides Nanowires
Authors: Wang Tian‐Jiao , Sun Li‐Bo , Ai Xuan , Chen Pei , Chen Yu , Wang Xin
Published: April 2024

Direct formate fuel cells (DFFCs) receive increasing attention as promising technologies for the future energy mix and environmental sustainability, as formate can be made from carbon dioxide utilization and is carbon neutral. Herein, heterostructured platinum‐palladium alloy and oxides nanowires (PtPd‐ox NWs) with abundant defect sites are synthesized through a facile self‐template method and demonstrated high activity toward formate electrooxidation reaction (FOR). The electronic tuning arising from the heterojunction between alloy and oxides influence the work function of PtPd‐ox NWs. The sample with optimal work function reveals the favorable adsorption behavior for intermediates and strong interaction in the d−p orbital hybridization between Pt site and oxygen in formate, favoring the FOR direct pathway with a low energy barrier. Besides the thermodynamic regulation, the heterostructure can also provide sufficient hydroxyl species to facilitate the formation of carbon dioxide due to the ability of combining absorbed hydrogen and carbon monoxide at adjacent active sites, which contributes to the improvement of FOR kinetics on PtPd‐ox NWs. Thus, heterostructured PtPd‐ox NWs achieve dual regulation of FOR thermodynamics and kinetics, exhibiting remarkable performance and demonstrating potential in practical systems.
Suppressed Lone Pair Electrons Explain Unconventional Rise of Lattice Thermal Conductivity in Defective Crystalline Solids
Authors: Jang Hanhwi , Toriyama Michael Y. , Abbey Stanley , Frimpong Brakowaa , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Jung Yeon Sik , Oh Min‐Wook
Published: April 2024

Manipulating thermal properties of materials can be interpreted as the control of how vibrations of atoms (known as phonons) scatter in a crystal lattice. Compared to a perfect crystal, crystalline solids with defects are expected to have shorter phonon mean free paths caused by point defect scattering, leading to lower lattice thermal conductivities than those without defects. While this is true in many cases, alloying can increase the phonon mean free path in the Cd‐doped AgSnSbSe3 system to increase the lattice thermal conductivity from 0.65 to 1.05 W m−1 K−1 by replacing 18% of the Sb sites with Cd. It is found that the presence of lone pair electrons leads to the off‐centering of cations from the centrosymmetric position of a cubic lattice. X‐ray pair distribution function analysis reveals that this structural distortion is relieved when the electronic configuration of the dopant element cannot produce lone pair electrons. Furthermore, a decrease in the Grüneisen parameter with doping is experimentally confirmed, establishing a relationship between the stereochemical activity of lone pair electrons and the lattice anharmonicity. The observed “harmonic” behavior with doping suggests that lone pair electrons must be preserved to effectively suppress phonon transport in these systems.
Direct and Inverse Spin Splitting Effects in Altermagnetic RuO2
Authors: Guo Yaqin , Zhang Jing , Zhu Zengtai , Jiang Yuan‐yuan , Jiang Longxing , Wu Chuangwen , Dong Jing , Xu Xing , He Wenqing , He Bin , Huang Zhiheng , Du Luojun , Zhang Guangyu , Wu Kehui , Han Xiufeng , Shao Ding‐fu , Yu Guoqiang , Wu Hao
Published: April 2024

Recently, the altermagnetic materials with spin splitting effect (SSE), have drawn significant attention due to their potential to the flexible control of the spin polarization by the Néel vector. Here, the direct and inverse altermagnetic SSE (ASSE) in the (101)‐oriented RuO2 film with the tilted Néel vector are reported. First, the spin torque along the x‐, y‐, and z‐axis is detected from the spin torque‐induced ferromagnetic resonance (ST‐FMR), and the z‐spin torque emerges when the electric current is along the [010] direction, showing the anisotropic spin splitting of RuO2. Further, the current‐induced modulation of damping is used to quantify the damping‐like torque efficiency (ξDL) in RuO2/Py, and an anisotropic ξDL is obtained and maximized for the current along the [010] direction, which increases with the reduction of the temperature, indicating the present of ASSE. Next, by way of spin pumping measurement, the inverse altermagnetic spin splitting effect (IASSE) is studied, which also shows a crystal direction‐dependent anisotropic behavior and temperature‐dependent behavior. This work gives a comprehensive study of the direct and inverse ASSE effects in the altermagnetic RuO2, inspiring future altermagnetic materials and devices with flexible control of spin polarization.
Is boarding compromising our residents' education? A national survey of emergency medicine program directors
Authors: Goldflam Katja , Bradby Cassandra , Coughlin Ryan F. , Cordone Alexis , Bod Jessica , Bright Leah , Merrill Rebecca , Tsyrulnik Alina
Published: April 2024

Background

Boarding patients in the emergency department (ED) potentially affects resident education. Program director (PD) perceptions of the impact of boarding on their trainees have not been previously described.

Methods

We surveyed a cross‐sectional convenience sample of emergency medicine PDs using a mixed‐methods approach to explore their perceptions of how boarding has affected their residents' training. Descriptive data were reported as percentages and differences were calculated using Pearson's chi‐square test, withp < 0.05 considered significant. A framework model was used to qualitatively analyze free‐text responses.

Results

A total of 170 responses were collected, for a response rate of 63%. Most respondents felt that boarding had at least some effect on resident education with 29%, 35%, 18%, and 12% noting “a little,” “a moderate amount,” “a lot,” and “a great deal,” respectively, and 5% noting “no effect at all.” Respondents perceived a negative impact of boarding on resident education and training, with 80% reporting a “somewhat” or “extremely negative” effect, 18% feeling neutral, and 2% noting a “somewhat positive” effect. Most noted a “somewhat” or “extremely negative” effect on resident education in managing ED throughput (70%) and high patient volumes (66%). Fifty‐four percent noted a “somewhat” or “extremely negative” impact on being involved in the initial workup of undifferentiated patients. Thirty‐two percent saw a “somewhat” or “extremely positive” effect on learning the management of critically ill patients. Qualitative analysis of challenges, mitigation strategies, and resident feedback emphasized the lack of exposure to managing departmental patient flow, impact on bedside teaching, and need for flexibility in resident staffing.

Conclusions

Most PDs agree that boarding negatively affects resident education and identify several strategies to mitigate the impact. These findings can help inform future interventions to optimize resident learning in the complex educational landscape of high ED boarding.
Shape Programmable and Multifunctional Soft Textile Muscles for Wearable and Soft Robotics
Authors: Hoang Trung Thien , Nguyen Chi Cong , Phan Phuoc Thien , Davies James , Tran Hien Anh , Thai Mai Thanh , Truong Vi Khanh , Nguyen Tuan‐Khoa , Vo‐Doan Tat Thang , Phan Hoang‐Phuong , Lovell Nigel Hamilton , Do Thanh Nho
Published: April 2024

Textiles are promising candidates for use in soft robots and wearable devices due to their inherent compliance, high versatility, and skin comfort. Planar fluidic textile‐based actuators exhibit low profile and high conformability, and can seamlessly integrate additional components (e.g., soft sensors or variable stiffness structures [VSSs]) to create advanced, multifunctional smart textile actuators. In this article, a new class of programmable, fluidic soft textile muscles (STMs) that incorporate multilayered silicone sheets with embedded fluidic channels is introduced. The STMs are scalable and fabricated by apparel engineering techniques, offering a fabrication approach able to create large‐scaled multilayered structures that can be challenging for current microfluidic bonding methods. They are also highly automation compatible due to no manual insertion of elastic tubes/bladders into textile structures. Liquid metal is employed for creating fluidic channels. It is not only used for actuation but also used as channels for additional features such as soft piezoresistive sensors with enhanced sensitivity to STMs’ pressure‐induced elongation, or VSSs of either low‐melting‐point alloys or a new thermo‐responsive epoxy with low viscosity and transition temperature. The STMs hold promising prospects for soft robotic and wearable applications, which is demonstrated by an example of a textile‐based wearable 3D skin‐stretch haptic interface.
Heat‐related fatalities in North Carolina 1999–2017
Authors: McClure Elizabeth S. , Ranapurwala Shabbar I. , Nocera Maryalice , Richardson David B.
Published: April 2024

Objectives

Research shows the highest rates of occupational heat‐related fatalities among farm laborers and among Black and Hispanic workers in North Carolina (NC). The Hispanic population and workforce in NC have grown substantially in the past 20 years. We describe the epidemiology of heat‐related fatal injuries in the general population and among workers in NC.

Methods

We reviewed North Carolina death records and records of the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner to identify heat‐related deaths (primary International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision diagnosis code: X30 or T67.0‐T67.9) that occurred between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2017. Decedent age, sex, race, and ethnicity were extracted from both the death certificate and the medical examiner's report as well as determinations of whether the death occurred at work.

Results

In NC between 1999 and 2017, there were 225 deaths from heat‐related injuries, and 25 occurred at work. The rates of occupational heat‐related deaths were highest among males, workers of Hispanic ethnicity, workers of Black, multiple, or unknown race, and in workers aged 55–64. The highest rate of occupational heat‐related deaths occurred in the agricultural industry.

Conclusions

Since the last report (2001), the number of heat‐related fatalities has increased, but fewer were identified as workplace fatalities. Rates of occupational heat‐related deaths are highest among Hispanic workers. NC residents identifying as Black are disproportionately burdened by heat‐related fatalities in general, with a wider apparent disparity in occupational deaths.
Divergent Associations of Slow‐Wave Sleep versus Rapid Eye Movement Sleep with Plasma Amyloid‐Beta
Authors: Rosenblum Yevgenia , Pereira Mariana , Stange Oliver , Weber Frederik D. , Bovy Leonore , Tzioridou Sofia , Lancini Elisa , Neville David A. , Klein Nadja , de Wolff Timo , Stritzke Mandy , Kersten Iris , Uhr Manfred , Claassen Jurgen A. H. R. , Steiger Axel , Verbeek Marcel M. , Dresler Martin
Published: April 2024

Objective

Recent evidence shows that during slow‐wave sleep (SWS), the brain is cleared from potentially toxic metabolites, such as the amyloid‐beta protein. Poor sleep or elevated cortisol levels can worsen amyloid‐beta clearance, potentially leading to the formation of amyloid plaques, a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease. Here, we explored how nocturnal neural and endocrine activity affects amyloid‐beta fluctuations in the peripheral blood.

Methods

We acquired simultaneous polysomnography and all‐night blood sampling in 60 healthy volunteers aged 20–68 years. Nocturnal plasma concentrations of amyloid‐beta‐40, amyloid‐beta‐42, cortisol, and growth hormone were assessed every 20 minutes. Amyloid‐beta fluctuations were modeled with sleep stages, (non)oscillatory power, and hormones as predictors while controlling for age and participant‐specific random effects.

Results

Amyloid‐beta‐40 and amyloid‐beta‐42 levels correlated positively with growth hormone concentrations, SWS proportion, and slow‐wave (0.3–4Hz) oscillatory and high‐band (30–48Hz) nonoscillatory power, but negatively with cortisol concentrations and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) proportion measured 40–100 minutes previously (all t values > |3|, p values < 0.003). Older participants showed higher amyloid‐beta‐40 levels.

Interpretation

Slow‐wave oscillations are associated with higher plasma amyloid‐beta levels, whereas REM sleep is related to decreased amyloid‐beta plasma levels, possibly representing changes in central amyloid‐beta production or clearance. Strong associations between cortisol, growth hormone, and amyloid‐beta presumably reflect the sleep‐regulating role of the corresponding releasing hormones. A positive association between age and amyloid‐beta‐40 may indicate that peripheral clearance becomes less efficient with age. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:46–60
Small Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Molecule Drives Strong Adhesives
Authors: Liu Kai , Wu Peiyi
Published: April 2024

Nature has inspired scientists to fabricate adhesive materials for applications in many burgeoning areas. However, it is still a significant challenge to develop small‐molecule adhesives with high‐strength, low‐temperature and recyclable properties, although these merits are of great interest in various aspects. Herein, we report a series of strong adhesives based on low‐molecular‐weight molecular solids driven by the terminal modification of ionic liquids (ILs) and subsequent supramolecular self‐assembly. The emergence of high strength and liquid‐to‐solid transitions for these supramolecular aggregates relies on modifying IL with a high melting point motif and enriching the types of noncovalent interactions in the original ILs. Using this strategy, we demonstrate that our IL‐based molecular solids can efficiently obtain a high adhesion strength (up to 8.95 MPa). Importantly, we elucidate the mechanism underlying the reversible and strong adhesion enabled by monomer‐to‐polymer transitions. These fundamental findings provide guidance for the design of high‐performance supramolecular adhesive materials.
Selective Arylation of RNA 2′‐OH Groups via SNAr Reaction with Trialkylammonium Heterocycles
Authors: Chatterjee Sayantan , Xiao Lu , Zhong Wenrui , Feng Sheng , Kool Eric T.
Published: April 2024

Small‐molecule reactions at the 2′‐OH groups of RNA enable useful applications for transcriptome technology and biology. To date, all reactions have involved carbonyl acylation and mechanistically related sulfonylation, limiting the types of modifications and properties that can be achieved. Here we report that electron‐deficient heteroaryl species selectively react with 2′‐OH groups of RNA in water via SNAr chemistry. In particular, trialkyl‐ammonium (TAA)‐activated aromatic heterocycles, prepared in one step from aryl chloride precursors, give high conversions to aryl ether adducts with RNAs in aqueous buffer in ~2–3 h. Remarkably, a TAA triazine previously used only for reaction with carboxylic acids, shows unprecedented selectivity for RNA over water, reacting rapidly with 2′‐OH groups while exhibiting a half‐life in water of >10 days. We further show that a triazine aryl species can be used as a probe at trace‐level yields to map RNA structure in vitro. Finally, we prepare a number of functionalized trialkylammonium triazine reagents and show that they can be used to covalently label RNA efficiently for use in vitro and in living cells. This direct arylation chemistry offers a simple and distinct structural scaffold for post‐synthetic RNA modification, with potential utility in multiple applications in transcriptome research.
N‐(sulfonio)sulfilimin‐Reagenzien: Nicht‐oxidierende Quellen von elektrophilen Stickstoffatomen für Skeletal Editing
Authors: Heilmann Tobias , Lopez‐Soria Juan M. , Ulbrich Johannes , Kircher Johannes , Li Zhen , Worbs Brigitte , Golz Christopher , Mata Ricardo A. , Alcarazo Manuel
Published: April 2024

Die Eintopfsynthese von λ4‐Dibenzothiophen‐5‐imino‐N‐dibenzothiophenium triflat (1) im Multigramm‐Maßstab wird vorgestellt. Diese Verbindung reagiert mit Rh2(esp)2 (esp=α,α,α′,α′‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐benzol‐dipropionsäure) zu einem Rhodium koordinierten Sulfonitren, das die elektrophile Nitreneinheit auf Olefine transferieren kann. Unter Verwendung von Indenen als Substrate werden Isoquinoline in guten Ausbeuten erhalten. Wir vermuten, dass nach der Bildung des entsprechenden N‐sulfonioaziridins eine Ringerweiterung über den selektiven C−C‐Bindungsbruch und der damit einhergehenden Eliminierung von Dibenzothiophen stattfindet. Überraschenderweise liefert die Reaktion mit 1‐Arylcyclobutenen 1‐Cyano‐1‐arylcyclopropane als Produkte. Unsere dazu durchgeführten Rechnungen lassen vermuten, dass die Aziridinbildung in diesem Fall nicht bevorzugt ist. Stattdessen werden die zunächst gebildeten Sulfilimin substituierten Cyclobutylcarbokationen unter Ringkontraktion in die isolierten Cyclopropane umgewandelt. Beide Reaktionsvorschriften sind einfach in der Durchführung, tolerieren eine Reihe von funktionellen Gruppen – eingeschlossen oxidationsempfindlicher Alkohole und Aldehyde – und ermöglichen die Herstellung von 15N‐markierten Produkten. Diese Resultate demonstrieren das Potential von Verbindung 1 als alternativer Weg zur selektiven Übertragung von Stickstoffatomen auf organische Moleküle.
Non‐Fluorinated Ethers to Mitigate Electrode Surface Reactivity in High‐Voltage NCM811‐Li Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhijie , Che Xiangli , Wang Danni , Wang Yanyan , He Xiaomei , Zhu Ye , Zhang Biao
Published: April 2024

Lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) with nickel (Ni)‐rich layered oxide cathodes exhibit twice the energy density of conventional Li‐ion batteries. However, their lifespan is limited by severe side reactions caused by high electrode reactivity. Fluorinated solvent‐based electrolytes can address this challenge, but they pose environmental and biological hazards. This work reports on the molecular engineering of fluorine (F)‐free ethers to mitigate electrode surface reactivity in high‐voltage Ni‐rich LMBs. By merely extending the alkyl chains of traditional ethers, we effectively reduce the catalytic reactivity of the cathode towards the electrolyte at high voltages, which suppresses the oxidation decomposition of the electrolyte, microstructural defects and rock‐salt phase formation in the cathode, and gas release issues. The high‐voltage Ni‐rich NCM811‐Li battery delivers capacity retention of 80 % after 250 cycles with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.85 %, even superior to that in carbonate electrolytes. Additionally, this strategy facilitates passivation of the Li anode by forming a robust solid‐electrolyte interphase, boosting the Li reversibility to 99.11 % with a cycling life of 350 cycles, which outperforms conventional F‐free ether electrolytes. Consequently, the lifespan of practical LMBs has been prolonged by over 100 % and 500 % compared to those in conventional carbonate‐ and ether‐based electrolytes, respectively.
An Indocyanine Green‐Based Nanoprobe for In Vivo Detection of Cellular Senescence
Authors: Baker Andrew G. , Hartono Muhamad , Ou Hui‐Ling , Popov Andrea Bistrović , Brown Emma L. , Joseph James , Golinska Monika , González‐Gualda Estela , Macias David , Ge Jianfeng , Denholm Mary , Morsli Samir , Sanghera Chandan , Else Thomas R. , Greer Heather F. , Vernet Aude , Bohndiek Sarah E. , Muñoz‐Espín Daniel , Fruk Ljiljana
Published: April 2024

There is an urgent need to improve conventional cancer‐treatments by preventing detrimental side effects, cancer recurrence and metastases. Recent studies have shown that presence of senescent cells in tissues treated with chemo‐ or radiotherapy can be used to predict the effectiveness of cancer treatment. However, although the accumulation of senescent cells is one of the hallmarks of cancer, surprisingly little progress has been made in development of strategies for their detection in vivo. To address a lack of detection tools, we developed a biocompatible, injectable organic nanoprobe (NanoJagg), which is selectively taken up by senescent cells and accumulates in the lysosomes. The NanoJagg probe is obtained by self‐assembly of indocyanine green (ICG) dimers using a scalable manufacturing process and characterized by a unique spectral signature suitable for both photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and fluorescence imaging. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies all indicate that NanoJaggs are a clinically translatable probe for detection of senescence and their PAT signal makes them suitable for longitudinal monitoring of the senescence burden in solid tumors after chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Umbrella‐Shaped Amphiphiles: Internal Alkylation of an Aromatic Micelle and Its Impact on Cavity Features
Authors: Endo Masaya , Aoyama Shinji , Tsuchido Yoshitaka , Catti Lorenzo , Yoshizawa Michito
Published: April 2024

To develop new hybrid micelles with alkyl/polyaromatic core–shell structures, we synthesized umbrella‐shaped amphiphiles bearing a bent anthracene dimer with a linear alkyl chain (i.e., octyl and hexadecyl groups). The amphiphiles quantitatively assemble into spherical micelles (~2–3 nm in core diameter), possessing an alkylated cavity surrounded by a polyaromatic framework, in water. The alkylation significantly enhances the stability of the micellar structures against dilution (up to 9 μM) and heat (up to >120 °C). The highly condensed hexadecyl core of the hybrid micelle, as indicated by solvatochromic guest probes, displays increased uptake ability toward large alkylated metallodyes. Interestingly, efficient uptake of aromatic macrocycles (i.e., [n]cycloparaphenylenes) by the present micelle provides pseudorotaxane‐shaped host–guest composites with high emissivity (ΦF=up to 35 %). Internal multi‐alkylation of an aromatic micelle can thus successfully enhance its assembly stability/guest uptake functions.
Two‐Dimensional Conjugated Metal–Organic Frameworks with a Ring‐in‐Ring Topology and High Electrical Conductance
Authors: Yang Mingyu , Zhang Yi , Zhu Renlong , Tan Junjun , Liu Jinxin , Zhang Wei , Zhou Meng , Meng Zheng
Published: April 2024

Electrically conducting two‐dimensional (2D) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant interest due to their remarkable structural tunability and outstanding electrical properties. However, the design and synthesis of high‐performance materials face challenges due to the limited availability of specific ligands and pore structures. In this study, we have employed a novel highly branched D3h symmetrical planar conjugated ligand, dodechydroxylhexabenzotrinaphthylene (DHHBTN) to fabricate a series of 2D conductive MOFs, named M–DHHBTN (M=Co, Ni, and Cu). This new family of MOFs offers two distinct types of pores, elevating the structural complexity of 2D conductive MOFs to a more advanced level. The intricate tessellation patterns of the M–DHHBTN are elucidated through comprehensive analyses involving powder X‐ray diffraction, theoretical simulations, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope. Optical‐pump terahertz‐probe spectroscopic measurements unveiled carrier mobility in DHHBTN‐based 2D MOFs spanning from 0.69 to 3.10 cm2 V−1 s−1. Among M–DHHBTN famility, Cu‐DHHBTN displayed high electrical conductivity reaching 0.21 S cm−1 at 298 K with thermal activation behavior. This work leverages the “branched conjugation” of the ligand to encode heteroporosity into highly conductive 2D MOFs, underscoring the significant potential of heterogeneous double‐pore structures for future applications.
Angiogenic and anti‐angiogenic factors during the post‐hatching growth of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) spleen
Authors: Bayram Bayram , Liman Narin , Alan Emel , Sağsöz Hakan
Published: April 2024

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members are responsible for endothelial cells' growth, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and differentiation and proliferation of non‐endothelial cell types. VEGF and its receptors are found in mammalian lymphoid organs. The present study was conceived to determine (a) the presence and localization of angiogenic VEGF and its receptors (Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 [Flt1/fms], fetal liver kinase 1 [Flk1]/kinase insert domain receptor [KDR], Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 4 [Flt4]) and vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) in the quail spleen; and (b) whether their expressions in the spleen components change during the post‐hatching growth of the organ, using immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical stainings showed that VEGI, VEGF, and VEGF receptors were expressed in many components, including the vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, ellipsoid‐associated cells (EACs), and immune cells, of quail spleen and that VEGF and its receptors' immunostaining intensity scores (ISs) varied depending on the post‐hatching growth period, while VEGI‐IS did not change. In addition, ISs of VEGI, VEGF, Flt1/fms, and Flt4 in EACs were weak to moderate, while flk1/KDR‐IS in EACs adjacent to the capsule of Schweigger‐Seidel sheaths (ellipsoids) was higher than other proteins, supports a more important and specific role of Flk1/KDR in the EAC function. These specific expressions of VEGI, VEGF, flt1/fms, flk1/KDR, and flt4 proteins in splenic cell types suggest their particular roles, in the functional development of splenic components and thus, are critical to post‐hatching maturation of quail spleen. These findings indicate that the expression levels of VEGF, Flt1/fms, and Flt4, except Flk1/KDR, are low in the quail spleen, and only a few components of the spleen express VEGF, Flt1/fms, and Flt4 under normal conditions.
Distributed moving horizon fusion estimation for linear constrained uncertain systems
Authors: Wang Shoudong , Xue Binqiang
Published: April 2024

In this paper, the distributed moving horizon fusion estimation of uncertain systems with constraints of system noise and state variables is studied. Firstly, relying on the basic idea of consensus algorithm, the cost function in the performance index is reconstructed by weighted fusion of the state prediction values. Secondly, considering the performance index with uncertain parameters, the min‐max optimization problem of the algorithm is transformed into the least squares optimization problem based on 2‐norm regularization method. Thirdly, the scalar‐weighted linear minimum variance fusion estimation strategy is used to realize the weighted fusion of local state estimation values. Then, on the premise of minimum network connectivity and collective observability, the stability of the proposed algorithm is studied, and the sufficient conditions for the expected convergence of the fused estimation error norm square are given. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by numerical simulation.
Das LT‐Brückenbauverfahren zur materialsparenden und schnellen Errichtung von Spannbetonbrücken
Authors: Untermarzoner Franz , Rath Michael , Kollegger Johann
Published: April 2024

Bauherren von Infrastrukturbauwerken stehen in den kommenden Jahren vor enormen Herausforderungen. Viele Ingenieurbauwerke, insbesondere Brücken, müssen saniert oder neu gebaut werden. Sie halten entweder den aktuellen Belastungen nicht mehr stand oder weisen Dauerhaftigkeitsprobleme auf. Gespräche mit Bauherren haben gezeigt, dass ein zügiger Baufortschritt bei Ersatzneubauten von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Die Baustellen sollen den normalen Verkehrsfluss so wenig wie möglich beeinträchtigen. Demzufolge wurde ein neues, ressourcenschonendes und schnelles Bauverfahren für Brücken entwickelt. Um den genannten Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, wurden innovative Fertigteilelemente für die Längsträger und die Fahrbahnplatte entworfen. Diese werden durch Anschlussbewehrung und eine Ortbetonschicht auf der Baustelle verbunden. Ein Vergleich der Umweltauswirkungen basierend auf den Baustoffen (Lebenszyklusphasen A1–A3) zwischen einem Bauabschnitt einer LT‐Brücke und einer typischen deutschen Autobahnbrücke zeigt ein geringeres Treibhauspotenzial der neuen Brückenbaumethode aufgrund der Einsparung von Baustoffen. Die Durchführbarkeit dieser neuen Baumethode wird anhand eines bereits ausgeführten Pilotprojekts in Österreich gezeigt.
Recent advances in the synthesis of single‐stranded DNA in vitro
Authors: Li Shuai , Tan Wei , Jia Xuemei , Miao Qing , Liu Ying , Yang Dayong
Published: April 2024

Single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) is the foundation of modern biology, with wide applications in gene editing, sequencing, DNA information storage, and materials science. However, synthesizing ssDNA with high efficiency, high throughput, and low error rate in vitro remains a major challenge. Various methods have been developed for ssDNA synthesis, and some significant results have been achieved. In this review, six main methods were introduced, including solid‐phase oligonucleotide synthesis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐based ssDNA synthesis, reverse transcription, primer exchange reaction, asymmetric polymerase chain reaction, and rolling circle amplification. The advantages and limitations of each method were compared, as well as illustrate their representative achievements and applications. Especially, rolling circle amplification has received significant attention, including ssDNA synthesis, assembly, and application based on recent work. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities of ssDNA synthesis were summarized and discussed. Envisioning the development of new methods and significant progress will be made in the near future with the efforts of scientists around the world.
Cardiovascular toxicity with CTLA‐4 inhibitors in cancer patients: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu Huiyi , Fu Lu , Jin Shuyu , Ye Xingdong , Chen Yanlin , Pu Sijia , Xue Yumei
Published: April 2024

Background

With the emergence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated protein‐4 (CTLA‐4) inhibitors, the outcomes of patients with malignant tumors have improved significantly. However, the incidence of cardiovascular adverse events has also increased, which can affect tumor treatment. In this study, we evaluated the incidence and severity of adverse cardiovascular events caused by CTLA‐4 inhibitors by analyzing reported trials that involved CTLA‐4 inhibitor therapy.

Methods

Randomized clinical trials published in English from January 1, 2013, to November 30, 2022, were searched using the Cochrane Library and PubMed databases. All included trials examined all grade and grades 3–5 cardiac and vascular adverse events. These involved comparisons of CTLA‐4 inhibitors to placebo, CTLA‐4 inhibitors plus chemotherapy to chemotherapy alone, CTLA‐4 inhibitors combined with PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors to PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors alone, and CTLA‐4 inhibitors plus target agent to PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors plus target agent. The odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Mantel‐Haenszel method.

Results

Overall, 20 trials were included. CTLA‐4 inhibitors significantly increased the incidence of all‐grade cardiovascular toxicity (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.00–1.75, p = 0.05). The incidence of all‐grade cardiovascular toxicity increased in malignant tumor patients who received single‐agent CTLA‐4 inhibitors (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.13–2.65, p = 0.01), as well as the incidence rate of grades 3–5 cardiovascular adverse events (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.08–3.70, p = 0.03). Compared with the non‐CTLA‐4 inhibitor group, CTLA‐4 inhibitors plus chemotherapy, PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors, or target agent did not significantly affect the incidence of cardiac and vascular toxicity. The incidence of grades 3–5 cardiac failure, hypertension, pericardial effusion, myocarditis, and atrial fibrillation were much higher among patients exposed to CTLA‐4 inhibitor, but the data were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the incidence rate of all cardiovascular toxicity and severe cardiovascular toxicity increased in patients who were administered CTLA‐4 inhibitors. In addition, the risk of serious cardiovascular toxic events was independent of the type of adverse event. From these results, physicians should assess the benefits and risks of CTLA‐4 inhibitors when treating malignancies.
LncRNA NEAT1 in the pathogenesis of liver‐related diseases
Authors: Saleh Raed Obaid , Alkhafaji Adnan Taan , Mohammed Jaafaru Sani , Bansal Pooja , Kaur Harpreet , Ahmad Irfan , Hjazi Ahmed , Mohammed Israa Hussein , Jawad Mohammed Abed , Zwamel Ahmed Hussein
Published: April 2024

Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that is widely expressed in a variety of mammalian cell types. Altered expression levels of the lncRNA NEAT1 have been reported in liver‐related disorders including cancer, fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, viral hepatitis, and hepatic ischemia. lncRNA NEAT1 mostly acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge various miRNAs (miRs) to regulate different functions. In regard to hepatic cancers, the elevated expression of NEAT1 has been reported to have a relation with the proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, as well as epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells. Furthermore, NEAT1 upregulation has contributed to the pathogenesis of other liver diseases such as fibrosis. In this review, we summarize and discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NEAT1 contributes to liver‐related disorders including acute liver failure, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fibrosis, and liver carcinoma, providing novel insights and introducing NEAT1 as a potential therapeutic target in these diseases.
An Air and Moisture Stable Boat Shaped Hydroxo‐Bridged Ruthenium(II) Binuclear Complex for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2
Authors: Das Uttam K. , Tizzard Graham J. , Coles Simon J. , Owen Gareth R.
Published: April 2024

A new hydroxo‐bridged ruthenium (II) complex [{Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(iPr2P−O)}2(μ‐OH)]Cl (2) has fortuitously been isolated from the reaction between the known ruthenium(II) complex [RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)(iPr2P‐OH)] (1) in either CDCl3 or CHCl3 solutions in the presence of excess DBU (1,8‐diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec‐7‐ene) at room temperature. Complex 2 is only formed under specific conditions as an orange‐colored air and moisture stable binuclear complex. It is formed via the deprotonation of the P−OH unit in [RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)(iPr2P‐OH)]. Complex 2 has been fully characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods. Its structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction which reveals a boat‐shaped motif containing a bridging hydroxide unit which undergoes hydrogen bonding with a chloride counterion. Complex 2 was utilized as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid salt using molecular hydrogen. The catalytic reactions were performed at 100 °C in THF in the presence of DBU as a base to isolate [DBU+H][OC(O)H] salt as the final product. Using catalyst loadings down to 0.01 mol%, it was possible to hydrogenate gaseous CO2 with TONs up to 9900.
Variation in Catalytic Efficacies of a 2D pH‐Stable MOF by Altering Activation Methods
Authors: Behera Janaki , Pal Arun , Sahoo Rupam , Das Madhab C.
Published: April 2024

Although it is well‐known that the Lewis acidity of Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) can effectively enhance their catalytic activity in organic transformations, access to these Lewis‐acidic sites remains a key hurdle to widespread applications of Lewis‐acidic catalysis by MOFs. Easy accessibility of strong Lewis acidic sites onto 2D MOFs by using proper activation methods can be a cornerstone in attaining desired catalytic performance. Herein, we report a new 2D chemically stable MOF, IITKGP‐60, which displayed excellent framework robustness over a wide pH range (2–12). Benefiting from the abundant open metal sites (OMSs) and framework robustness, the catalytic activity of the developed material was explored in one‐pot three‐component Strecker reaction and Knoevenagel condensation reaction. Moreover, the developed catalyst is superior in catalyzing the reactions involving sterically hindered substrate (1‐naphthaldehyde) with high turnover number. A comparative catalytic study was conducted using different activation methods (chloroform and methanol exchanged activated samples), highlighting the significant effect of activation methods on its catalytic performances. The sustainable synthetic pathway under solvent‐free conditions for a broad scope of substrates using low catalyst loading and excellent recyclability made the developed pH‐stable framework a promising heterogeneous catalyst.
Synthesis of Calix[4]arene‐Based Porous Organic Cages and Their Gas Adsorption
Authors: Kong Qidi , Liu Lei‐Lei , Li Zhongyue
Published: April 2024

Two crystalline large‐sized porous organic cages (POCs) based on conical calix[4]arene (C4A) were designed and synthesized. The four‐jaw C4A unit tends to follow the face‐directed self‐assembly law with the planar triangular building blocks such as tris(4‐aminophenyl)amine (TAPA) or 1,3,5‐tris(4‐aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB) to generate a predictable cage with a stoichiometry of [6+8]. The formation of the large cages is confirmed through their relative molecular mass measured using MALDI‐TOF/TOF spectra. The protonated molecular ion peaks of C4A‐TAPA and C4A‐TAPB were observed at m/z 5109.0 (calculated for C336H240O24N32: m/z 5109.7) and m/z 5594.2 (calculated for C384H264O24N24: m/z 5598.4). C4A‐POCs exhibit I‐type N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherms with the BET surface areas of 1444.9 m2 ⋅ g−1 and 1014.6 m2 ⋅ g−1. The CO2 uptakes at 273 K are 62.1 cm3 ⋅ g−1 and 52.4 cm3 ⋅ g−1 at a pressure of 100 KPa. The saturated iodine vapor static uptakes at 348 K are 3.9 g ⋅ g−1 and 3.5 g ⋅ g−1. The adsorption capacity of C4A‐TAPA for SO2 reaches to 124.4 cm3 ⋅ g−1 at 298 K and 1.3 bar. Additionally, the adsorption capacities of C4A‐TAPA for C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6 were evaluated.
A Highly Sterically Encumbered Boron Lewis Acid Enabled by an Organotellurium‐Based Ligand
Authors: Wegener Daniel , Pérez‐Bitrián Alberto , Limberg Niklas , Wiesner Anja , Hoffmann Kurt F. , Riedel Sebastian
Published: April 2024

Lewis acidic boron compounds are ubiquitous in chemistry due to their numerous applications, yet tuning and optimizing their properties towards different purposes is still a challenging field of research. In this work, the boron‐based Lewis acid B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 was synthesized by reaction of the teflate derivative HOTeF3(C6F5)2 with BCl3 or BCl3 ⋅ SMe2. This new compound presents a remarkably high thermal stability up to 300 °C, as well as one of the most sterically encumbered boron centres known in the literature. Theoretical and experimental methods revealed that B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 exhibits a comparable Lewis acidity to that of the well‐known B(C6F5)3. The affinity of B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 towards pyridine was accessed by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) and compared to that of B(OTeF5)3 and B(C6F5)3. The ligand‐transfer reactivity of this new boron compound towards different fluorides was demonstrated by the formation of an anionic Au(III) complex and a hypervalent iodine(III) species.