bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereocontrolled 1-S-glycosylation and comparative binding studies of photoprobe-thiosaccharide conjugates with their O-linked analogs
Authors: Deng Lingquan , Wang Xin , Uppalapati Suji , Norberg Oscar , Dong Hai , Joliton Adrien , Yan Mingdi , Ramström Olof
Published: January 2013

The use of thioglycosides and other glycan derivatives with anomeric sulfur linkages is gaining increasing interest, both in synthesis and in various biological contexts. Herein, we demonstrate the occurrence and circumvention of anomerization during 1-S-glycosylation reactions, and present highly efficient and stereocontrolled syntheses of a series of photoprobe-thiosaccharide conjugates. Mutarotation of glycosyl thiols proved to be the origin of the anomeric mixtures formed, and kinetic effects could be used to circumvent anomerization. The synthesized carbohydrate conjugates were then evaluated by both solution- and solid-phase-based techniques. Both binding results showed that the S-linked glycosides interact with their cognate lectins comparably to the corresponding O-analogs in the present cases, thus demonstrating the reliability of the solid-support platform built upon our photo-initiated carbohydrate immobilization method for probing protein bindings, and showing the potential of combining these two means for studying carbohydrate–protein interactions.
Multiculturalism and Egalitarianism
Authors: Mookerjea Sourayan
Published: January 2013

This essay examines the links between Canadian multiculturalism and racism and presents a critical account of its historical transformation over the last forty years. To this end, the essay discusses the role of multicultural ideology in the formation of the postwar hegemonic historic bloc in which a new national identity emerged out of the ruins of the British Empire and through the passage to U.S. global paramountcy. The essay explores the contradictions of this postwar nationalism and examines its crisis, providing an account of the structural transformation underway of both racism and multiculturalist ideology as the Harper Conservatives seek to establish a new historic bloc in the face of the deep crisis of U.S. global hegemony. The essay argues for the importance of understanding how the Utopianism of multiculturalism depends on the revitalization of an egalitarian counter-environment to the republic of property and its world system of nation-states.

Cet essai porte sur les liens du racisme et du multiculturalisme dans un exposé critique de la transformation historique de ce dernier au cours des quarante dernières années. À cette fin, nous y abor-dons le rôle de l'idéologie multiculturelle dans la formation du bloc historique hégémonique de l’après-guerre, lorsqu’une nouvelle identité nationale a émergé des ruines de l'Empire britannique et de l’avènement de la domination mondiale des États-Unis. Nous y examinons les contradictions et la crise de ce nationalisme, en présentant un compte rendu de la transformation structurelle en cours à la fois du racisme et de l’idéologie multiculturelle, alors que les conservateurs de Stephen Harper cherchent à établir un nouveau bloc historique face à la profonde crise de l’hégémonie mondiale des États-Unis. Dans cet essai, nous soutenons que l'importance de comprendre comment l'utopisme du multiculturalisme dépend de la revitalisation d'un contre-environnement égalitaire qui s’oppose à la république de la propriété et à son système mondial d'états-nations.
Multiculturalism as Part of the Lived Experience of the “Second Generation”?: Forging Identities by Lebanese-Origin Youth in Halifax
Authors: Tastsoglou Evangelia , Petrinioti Sandy
Published: January 2013

This paper focuses on the process of identity negotiation and formation by Canadian-born youth of Lebanese descent in Halifax, a middle tier city in Atlantic Canada. If multiculturalism, as collective identity and normative framework for national identity building (Kymlicka 2004) involves a negotiation between “us, them and others” (Winter 2011), how does individual identity negotiation and formation for the Canadian born of Lebanese descent take place in this context and does it partake in the collective identity? Our question is then essentially about the multicultural experience of youth, their lived experience of multiculturalism. Through sixteen qualitative, in-depth interviews with Canadian-born youth of Christian Lebanese origin, we collect and analyze data about the definition of identities, their meanings to participants, and the ways in which such identities were formed through lived experiences in families, schools, community and employment. The alienation and “otherness” felt up to high school completion is gradually replaced by a hybrid ethnocultural identity including attributes from local mainstream and parental cultures. Throughout the research, we underscore the significance of “place” in shaping the lived experience and identities of youth.

Cet article porte sur le processus de la négociation et de la formation de l’identité chez les jeunes d’origine libanaise nés au Canada et vivant à Halifax, une ville de niveau intermédiaire (‘middle tier’) sur la côte atlantique du Canada. Si le multiculturalisme, en tant qu’identité collective et cadre normatif pour la construction de l’identité nationale (Kymlicka 2004), implique une négociation entre «nous, eux et les autres» (Winter 2011), comment, dans ce contexte, la négociation et la formation de l’identité de l’individu pour les Canadiens de naissance d’origine libanaise, prendelle part à cette identité collective? Notre question se pose donc essentiellement sur l’expérience multiculturelle de la jeunesse et son expérience vécue du multiculturalisme. Seize entrevues qualitatives et menées en profondeur auprès de jeunes chrétiens d’origine libanaise nés au Canada, nous ont permis d’assembler et d’analyser des données sur la définition des identités, de leurs significations pour les participants et sur les façons dont elles se sont formées à travers les expériences vécues dans les familles, les écoles, la communauté et le travail. L’aliénation et l’«altérité» (‘otherness’) ressenties jusqu’à l’achèvement des études secondaires sont progressivement remplacées par une identité hybride ethnoculturelle incluant des attributs de la culture principale locale et de celle des parents. Tout au long de la recherche, nous soulignons l’importance de la «place» dans l’élaboration de l’expérience vécue et de l’identité des jeunes.
“From Mosaic To Multiversality”: Repriming Multicultural Governance in a Postnational Canada
Authors: Fleras Augie
Published: January 2013

The modernist politics of multicultural governance no longer resonate with authority in a postmulticultural era. Mosaic models of state multiculturalism are being contested by the changing nature of global transmigration and the proliferation of immigrant-driven differences. This paper argues that the transnational politics of multiversality in a globalizing and diversifying Canada are exerting pressure to rethink the limits of a “mosaic” multiculturalism (Mawani 2008; also Shome 2012). A “multiversal” multiculturalism is proposed instead as an alternative governance model for living together with a diversity-of-diversities (“multiversality”) across shifting and intersecting contexts (Latham 2007/08; Vertovec 2010; Ramadan 2011). The paper concludes by exploring whether Canada can move beyond a mosaic multiculturalism whose tendency to conflate cultures into a singular commonality papers over transmigrant identities and intrasecting differences. Time will tell if Canada is ready for a multicultural 2.0 governance in advancing a framework that ensures differentiated differences are kept safe from—yet safe for—a postnational Canada (Sandercock 2003; also Parekh 2005).

La politique moderniste de gouvernance multiculturelle n’est plus en harmonie avec l’autorité dans une période post-multiculturelle. La mosaïque du multiculturalisme d’état propose un modèle mis à mal par la nature changeante de la transmigration mondiale et la prolifération de différences due à l’immigration. Dans cet article, nous soutenons que la politique transnationale de multiversatilité dans un Canada qui se mondialise et se diversifie, exerce une pression pour repenser les limites d’un multiculturalisme de ‘mosaïque’ (Mawani 2008 et Shome 2012), ou ‘multiversel’. Ce qui est proposé à la place, c’est un modèle alternatif de gouvernance pour vivre ensemble dans une diversité-des-diversités (‘multiversalité’), qui englobe des contextes changeants et croisés (Latham (2007/2008, Vertovec 2010 et Ramadan 2011). En conclusion, nous examinons si le Canada peut dépasser un multiculturalisme de mosaïque dont la tendance à assembler des cultures dans une standardisation unique masque des identités trans-migrantes et des différences croisées. Le temps dira si le Canada est prêt à promouvoir une gouvernance multiculturelle 2.0 structurée pour assurer que la différenciation des différences soit protégée de – et néanmoins pour – un avenir post-national (Sandercock 2003; aussi Parekh 2005).
How New Models Open Opportunities to Re-Understanding and Expanding Established Insights: Reaction and Critique of Elke Winter’s Us, Them, and Others
Authors: Ramos Howard
Published: January 2013

This research note offers critical reaction to Elke Winter’s Us, Them and Others in an effort to trigger debate around the issues she identifies and her model (us + others 1-n = multicultural we ≠ them 1-n ). Critiques include: a looseness and inconsistency with some key concepts and arguments, a narrow sample and timeframe of analysis, and missed opportunities to revisit past luminaries that identify underlying causal mechanisms rather than descriptive labels alone. Despite these criticisms, it is argued that Winter’s model has the potential to strike a chord with a broad range of scholars because it tackles issues that are front and center in contemporary debates, and it manages to offer new insights that allow scholars to return to overlooked and under-appreciated scholarship.

Cette note de recherche propose une réaction critique contre Us, Them and Others par Elke Winter, dans le but de stimuler un débat autour des problèmes et du modèle présentés dans ce livre (nous + autres 1-n = un nous multiculturel ≠ eux 1-n ). Les défauts relevés sont, entre autres, une imprécision et des incohérences dans certains concepts clés et arguments principaux, une analyse portant sur un échantillon et une période restreints, et des occasions manquées pour revoir des théories classiques sur les mécanismes de causalité au lieu de simplement s’en tenir à un étiquetage descriptif. Malgré ces critiques, il est clair que le modèle de Winter a beaucoup de potentiel pour trouver un écho auprès d’une grande variété de chercheurs parce qu’il aborde des questions qui sont au cœur des débats contemporains et qu’il offre de nouvelles perspectives nous permettant de revenir sur des travaux négligés et sous-estimés.
Multiculturalism—An Anniversary Celebration
Authors: Yalden Maxwell
Published: January 2013

The presentation comprises three main elements
1.   
A review of the development of multiculturalism policy from the perspective of the author’s experience as a senior government official working on those issues in the late 1960s and 70s, and later as Official Languages Commissioner and Chief Commissioner of the Canadian Human Rights Commission.
2.   
An analysis of the similarities and differences between the multiculturalism model and the interculturalism policy put forward by the Quebec authorities.
3.   
An examination of how multiculturalism can be accommodated within a framework of common Canadian values.

The author concludes that “Canadians seem … to have succeeded in their ‘multicultural gamble’ more effectively than one might have expected,” and that, for the future, with changing demographic patterns and population movements, some form of multiculturalism may well be inevitable.

L’exposé comprend trois éléments principaux :
1.   
Un compte rendu du développement de la politique du multiculturalisme du point de vue d’un cadre supérieur responsable de ces questions dans les années 60 et 70, et, par la suite, comme Commisssaire aux langues officielles et Président de la Commission canadienne des droits de la personne.
2.   
Une analyse des ressemblances et différences entre la politique du multiculturalisme et celle de l’interculturalisme mis en avant par les autorités québécoises.
3.   
Un examen de la manière dont le multiculturalisme peut entrer dans le cadre de valeurs canadiennes communes.

L’auteur conclut que «les Canadiens semblent … avoir réussi leur ‘pari multiculturel’ mieux que l’on n’aurait pu s’y attendre», et qu’à l’avenir, vu les changements démographiques et les mouvements de populations qui se dessinent, une certaine forme de multiculturalisme pourrait bien s’avérer inévitable.
The Shadow of Terrorism: Competing Identities and Loyalties among Tamil Canadians
Authors: Thurairajah Kalyani
Published: January 2013

Allegations of terrorism have caused immigrant populations to be questioned with respect to their political identities and their national loyalties. Even among populations that have been raised primarily in their country of settlement, there is a concern regarding their level of attachment to the homeland. The process by which these second generation populations determine their loyalties and identities is complex and dynamic. This paper examines how Tamil Canadians negotiate both their personal and political identities in a charged environment, particularly following the designation of the Tamil Tigers as a terrorist organization. Based on in-depth interviews conducted with second-generation Sri Lankan Tamils in Toronto, the paper explores how the members of the diasporic community negotiate their Canadian and Tamil identities, and the process through which they determine their loyalties between Sri Lanka—their homeland—and Canada—their country of settlement.

Suite à des allégations de terrorisme, des populations immigrantes se sont vu questionner sur l’engagement de leur identité politique et de leur loyauté nationale. Même chez les personnes ayant grandi principalement dans leur pays d’accueil, il demeure une inquiétude quant à leur attachement au pays d’origine. Le processus par lequel ces populations de seconde génération déterminent leur engagement est complexe et dynamique. Dans cet article, nous examinons comment les Canadiens tamouls négocient une identité composite, à la fois sur le plan personnel et politique et dans un environnent complexe, en particulier après la désignation des Tigres tamouls comme organisation terroriste. À partir d’entrevues réalisées en profondeur auprès de Tamouls sri lankais de seconde génération vivant à Toronto, nous explorons dans cet article comment les membres de la diaspora négocient leur double identité canadienne et tamoule, ainsi que le processus par lequel ils déterminent leur loyauté envers le Sri Lanka — leur pays d’origine — et le Canada — leur pays d’accueil.
How Canada Killed Multiculturalism
Authors: Frost Catherine
Published: January 2013

Elke Winter’s latest work on pluralism and national identity has an iconoclastic quality that helps put Canadian multiculturalism in a new and more interesting light. But it also raises troubling questions about how this national tradition operates. This critique focuses on six aspects of her work: 1) the othering process that persists within the pluralist dynamic; 2) the moral questions surrounding negotiation; 3) whether normative pluralism has any moral qualities; 4) the absence of intention in the process she describes; 5) the implications of her work for our understanding of nation-building; and 6) the conformist qualities of Canadian multiculturalism.

Le caractère iconoclaste des derniers travaux de Elke Winters sur le pluralisme et l’identité nationale permet de jeter un éclairage nouveau et plus intéressant sur le multiculturalisme canadien. Mais il soulève aussi des questions troublantes sur la manière dont cette tradition nationale opère. Cette critique se focalise sur six aspects de ces travaux : 1) l’image de l’Autre qui persiste au sein de la dynamique pluraliste; 2) les questions morales autour de la négociation; 3) si un pluralisme normatif a une quelconque qualité morale; 4) l’absence d’intention dans le processus qu’elle décrit; 5) les implications de ses travaux dans notre compréhension de la construction d’une nation et 6) le caractère conformiste du multiculturalisme canadien.
Multiculturalism: Sorting Identities, Rights, and Conflicts
Authors: Driedger Leo
Published: January 2013

Multiculturalism studies in Canada evolved into three major visions and debates after World War II. In the early 1970s, the British and French peoples assumed monolingual-monocultural states, and expected that others would assimilate into their dominant cultures. In the 1970s, this was changed to official bilingual and multicultural visions where more diversity was accepted. By the 1980s, demographic diversity called for debates on equal rights for all, without discrimination and prejudice. Multiple identities, however, often clash, but slowly more diverse visions and structures emerged. Here is a brief summary of the historical and sociological changes that occurred in Canada.

Les études sur le multiculturalisme au Canada ont donné lieu à trois visions et débats majeurs depuis la deuxième guerre mondiale. Au début des années soixante-dix, les Canadiens anglais et français ont cru en deux états monolingues et monoculturels, et s’attendaient à ce que les autres s’assimilent à leurs cultures dominantes respectives. Au cours des années suivantes, un changement vers des visions de bilinguisme et de multiculturalisme officiel s’est opéré, alors qu’on acceptait une hétérogénéité grandissante. Pendant les années quatre-vingt, la diversité démographique a provoqué des débats sur l’égalité des droits pour tous, sans discrimination ni préjudice. Cependant, même si des identités multiples se télescopent souvent, des visions et des structures diverses ont pourtant peu à peu émergé. Ceci est un court résumé des changements historiques et sociologiques qui se sont fait jour au Canada.
Multiculturalism, Ethnicity and Minority Rights: The Complexity and Paradox of Ethnic Organizations in Canada
Authors: Guo Shibao , Guo Yan
Published: January 2013

Ethno-specific organizations are often criticized for threatening national unity, diluting Canadian identity, and promoting ghettoization and separatism. Drawing from two case studies, this article examines the role of Chinese ethnic organizations in responding to changing community needs in Edmonton and Calgary. The study results suggested that ethno-specific organizations can be an effective alternative in providing accessible and equitable social services for immigrants because they are more closely connected with and responsive to ethnic community needs. The study reveals the salience of ethnicity as both an important resource and a liability. On the one hand, ethnicity was utilized by the state as a way to mobilize ethnic political support to serve an ethnic-specific community; on the other hand, the same ethnicity also became a device for the state to legitimize its political agenda in multiculturizing ethno-specific organizations with an ultimate goal of assimilation. To build an inclusive society, it is imperative to treat ethno-specific organizations as an integral part of Canadian society and to adopt minority rights that recognize and accommodate the distinctive identities and needs of ethno-cultural groups and their ethnic communities.

Les organisations ethniques se font souvent critiquer pour menacer l’unité nationale, diluer l’identité canadienne et promouvoir la ghettoïsation et le séparatisme. À partir de l’étude de deux cas, cet article porte sur le rôle d’organisations ethniques chinoises qui répondent aux besoins changeants d’une communauté en évolution à Edmonton et à Calgary. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que des organisations ethniques particulières peuvent représenter une alternative efficace en fournissant des services sociaux accessibles et équitables aux immigrants, parce qu’elles sont plus étroitement connectées aux besoins de la communauté et y répondent mieux. Cette étude révèle le poids de l’ethnicité à la fois comme ressource importante et comme handicap. D’une part, l’État y a recouru comme moyen de mobiliser un soutien politique ethnique afin de servir une communauté correspondante donnée; d’autre part, cette même ethnicité est aussi devenue pour lui un outil qui rend légitime son programme politique visant la multiculturalisation d’organisations ethniques particulières dans un but ultime d’assimilation. Si on veut construire une société inclusive, il est impératif de traiter ces dernières comme faisant partie intégrale de la société canadienne et d’adopter des droits des minorités qui reconnaissent les identités et besoins distincts de groupes ethno-culturels et de leurs communautés, et s’y adaptent.
Du «Comment» participer à «Pourquoi» participer?: Analyse de la notion de participation dans le multiculturalisme canadien et l’interculturalisme québécois
Authors: Sauvageau Marie-Michèle
Published: January 2013

This paper presents a comparison between the two ways of managing immigration and diversity existing in Canada: multiculturalism (Canada-wide) and interculturalism (Quebec). While some authors (see Juteau, McAndrew and Pietrantonio 1998) argue that the two policies are more similar than different, others, like Gérard Bouchard (2011), argue that interculturalism is a rather unique model of managing diversity in Quebec. In this paper we aim to make a contribution to the debate by providing an analysis of the way both models understand immigrants’ participation in their new society. Indeed, both models seem to consider participation as having a central role in the process of integrating newcomers. However, we will show that the reasons put forward by interculturalism and by multiculturalism to explain their interest in participation are very different. On the one hand, multiculturalism recognizes the importance of participation as a way of protecting individual identities, in line with the spirit of liberalism. On the other hand, for interculturalism, the issue of participation seems to be more fundamental: not only is participation one of the founding pillars of the policy, but it is also consistent with the political, legal and historical characteristics of the province of Quebec.
A Sense of Our Uniqueness: Gender and Time in Joseph Brodsky’s “Lullaby”
Authors: Lavers Michael
Published: January 2013

Joseph Brodsky’s 1992 poem “Lullaby” is a key text in furthering the discussion on Brodsky’s poetic preoccupation with time: the image of the Christ child surrounded by the desert is an image of finite time surrounded by the infinite. The poem also represents a unique attempt in Brodsky’ oeuvre to speak extendedly in a female voice. In its original Russian, the poem’s language goes out of its way to identify the speaker as a woman, reinforcing the speaker’s separateness from both her son and the poet, and insufficient critical attention has been paid to the reasons for and effects of this heavily feminized monologue. In addition to thematic discussions, this paper will address how Brodsky uses prosody to transform the poem itself into a physical embodiment of time and gender. The poem’s ability to create and reinforce two fundamental aspects of human identity, gender and temporality, fosters in its readers a heightened sense of their own uniqueness.
Intertextual Links: Reading Uncle Tom’s Cabin in James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man
Authors: Miskolcze Robin
Published: January 2013

Though literary critics of James Weldon Johnson’s 1912 The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man convincingly regard the novel as reminiscent of the slave narrative, few readers have considered the scope and significance of Johnson’s reference to a major best-selling literary predecessor: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin . Johnson’s explicit reference to Stowe’s 1852 novel early in his story solicits a reading of the intertextual links between the two novels. Specifically, I explore how Johnson’s narrator and Stowe’s Uncle Tom are connected by the symbol of the coin necklace, a gift from white men that carries a paternalistic force. In addition to Uncle Tom, I also analyze the similarities between Johnson’s narrator and Stowe’s biracial character, Adolph. Comparing Johnson’s and Stowe’s narrative choices for their biracial characters illustrates the trajectory of cultural politics involved in defining race and normative sexuality from the pre-Civil War years to the early twentieth century.
Charlie Chaplin in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction: Reflexive Ambiguity in Modern Times
Authors: Howe Lawrence
Published: January 2013

Charlie Chaplin produced Modern Times in the midst of social upheaval and professional peril: the Great Depression called into question the optimism that had surrounded the ‘Machine Age,’ and the success of talking motion pictures threatened Chaplin’s cinematic career as a silent filmmaker and star. These factors have influenced a critical consensus that views Modern Times as resorting to exhausted Chaplin formulas and shying away from social criticism. In light of a careful reading of the reflexive gestures in Chaplin’s film and of primary documents of the period, Howe questions this consensus. Instead, his analysis interprets the reflexivity in Chaplin’s film as representations of production and consumption that emphasize the dynamism that these two economic forces exerted on society as a whole and on Hollywood in particular. The film’s double reflexivity, Howe concludes, establishes a parallel between Chaplin’s dilemma as a filmmaker and the equivocal cultural attitudes toward the influence of industrial technology on economics, politics, and aesthetics because both derive from the tension between technological change in society and the technological basis of art in the early twentieth century. In that intersection of forces, Modern Times reflects not only Chaplin’s own political and aesthetic concerns, but also the complex meanings that technology had acquired in both the production of culture and the culture of production.
Titus , Broadway, and Disney’s Magic Capitalism; or, the Wonderful World of Julie Taymor
Authors: Anderson Thomas P.
Published: January 2013

Anderson argues that corporate or media allegory as a hermeneutic practice offers necessary context for understanding creative production and that, in the case of Julie Taymor’s film Titus , it alters how we might view the film’s representation of historical, cultural, and familial relationships. Anderson claims that the film extends Shakespeare’s ambivalence over a Roman cultural and religious inheritance to her own position as an inheritor of two legacies—one, the historical avant-garde and two, the wonderful world of Disney. In making Titus her first film after the considerable success of her Disney collaboration The Lion King , Taymor delegitimizes her corporate partnership by symbolically disowning her Disney past: like young Lucius at the end of the film who walks into pixilated sunrise and away from what has become a Roman mausoleum, the director rejects Disney’s powerful corporate legacy that promises to shape the reception of her avant-garde work.
Sireno and Philisides: The Politics of Piety in Spanish Pastoral Romance and Sidney’s Old Arcadia
Authors: Crowley Timothy D.
Published: January 2013

This essay reevaluates how and why, in the Old Arcadia ’s Third and Fourth Eclogues, Sir Philip Sidney imitates and revises specific aspects of two Spanish pastoral romances: Jorge de Montemayor’s Diana (ca. 1559–60) and Gaspar Gil Polo’s Diana Enamorada (1564). Each respective portion of the two Spanish works cited above relates to the protagonist shepherd Sireno. These representations of Sireno bear an important relationship to Catholic Christian piety. And each representation relates to the respective author’s specific concerns with political patronage. Sidney blends and transforms those two Spanish Sireno models as a means to invent both his pastoral persona Philisides and the wedding of Lalus and Kala in his Old Arcadia ’s Eclogues. By this means, Sidney invents moderate Protestant representations of affective individual piety and of marriage, each implicitly complementing Philipp Melanchthon’s theology of synergism. This thesis builds upon recent work on Sidney’s Defence of Poesy for a refined perspective on the continuity between theory and practice in his oeuvre. The argument also sheds new light on the relationship between Philisides’s political discourse and his discourse about love. In the Old Arcadia , these Eclogues’ non-allegorical representation of virtue and their rhetoric about marriage supplement the work’s main narrative plane rather than moralize it or illuminate it philosophically.
Thomas Heywood and London Exceptionalism
Authors: Griffin Andrew
Published: January 2013

We misread Thomas Heywood’s city plays, I argue, when we read them as city plays, or as plays concerned with the city as a distinctly urban space separate from the world beyond its walls. Instead, Heywood’s If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody, Part II and Wise Woman of Hoxton resist this sense of “London exceptionalism” by drawing attention to the complicated ways that London fits within the extra-civic nation or kingdom. By exploring the curious social, cultural, and political position of the city in Heywood’s plays, this article draws attention to the confused status of the early modern city within its world: Was London the metropolitical center of a nation? Was it a key node in a cosmopolitical network of relatively de-nationalized “world cities”? Was it a semi-autonomous city-state thanks to its historic liberties and economic might? In some sense, it was all of the above, and Heywood’s plays help to make this fraught space ideologically knowable to their audiences.
Francis Bacon’s “Jewish Dreams”: The Specter of the Millennium in New Atlantis
Authors: DeCook Travis
Published: January 2013

Increasingly, attention is being given to the religious underpinnings of Francis Bacon’s project to reform natural philosophy. Within this discussion, however, his vital invocations of Jewish religion and culture have been ignored or represented as largely static and unproblematic, rather than understood in terms of contemporary cultural and theological struggles. In his utopia New Atlantis , Bacon draws on the dynamics of Christian-Jewish relations for several interrelated polemical purposes. One purpose is to imagine, not a complete sundering of science from religion as some past scholars have concluded but nevertheless a specific kind of division between these two spheres at the level of social organization. Another is to affirm such a qualified division of religion and science at the level of the relationship between God and nature; this division is specifically affirmed against the background of the contemporary upsurge of radical forms of millenarianism and messianism, alluded to in New Atlantis , which put the relationship between God, nature, and earthly political order under new scrutiny. These theologically and politically heretical developments are at the heart of Bacon’s most significant polemical purpose here: to defend his project against a set of vulnerabilities historically associated with natural philosophy’s reception by Christianity, vulnerabilities heightened by Bacon’s apocalyptic framework and its susceptibility to being paralleled with these disruptive eschatologies.
Cracking the Mysteries of “China”: China(ware) in the Early Modern Imagination
Authors: Degenhardt Jane Hwang
Published: January 2013

This essay explores early modern views of China as they were expressed through European representations of Chinese porcelain. Analyzing a range of artistic, printed, and dramatic texts, I show how sixteenth-and seventeenth-century western mythologies surrounding the production of chinaware offer a striking contrast to the more denigrating discourse of chinoiserie that developed in the eighteenth century. Focusing particularly on descriptions of chinaware that circulated in early modern England, I demonstrate how writers ranging from Mandeville to Hakluyt to Shakespeare and Jonson foster ideas about the mysteries of Chinese porcelain that emphasize its virtuous and magical properties. I also consider contemporary English translations of Marco Polo, the Portuguese trader Duarte Barbosa, and the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci, as well as Italian paintings by Andrea Mantegna and Giovanni Bellini, revealing an admiration for chinaware that circulated throughout Europe. Examining the shifting ways that commodification affected perceptions of chinaware and vice versa, I draw attention to a particular period of transition over the first half of the seventeenth century when Chinese porcelain became increasingly available to moneyed English consumers. During this time, the myths surrounding porcelain’s creation were both demystified and reclaimed, while on the public stage diverse perceptions of chinaware offered a way to arbitrate social competency. Throughout, I chart an early modern discourse of chinaware in relation to an evolving history of East-West trade, revealing how the mysterious origins of Chinese porcelain both resisted and played into its commodification.
William Wordsworth and Philosophical Necessity
Authors: Ulmer William A.
Published: January 2013

Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Hazlitt both testified that William Wordsworth in his radical years believed in the doctrine of philosophical necessity. Prompted by that testimony, this essay undertakes a detailed reconstruction of Wordsworth’s necessitarianism. Wordsworth was most probably converted to necessity by his reading of William Godwin’s Political Justice . As a convert to the doctrine in its Godwinian formulation, Wordsworth would have accepted several ideas implicated in the necessitarian infrastructure of Political Justice : the human mind’s deterministic obligation to reasoned preference, the principle of universal benevolence, a marginalization of human agency and guilt, a prospective approach to ethical questions, and the inevitable triumph of reason and social reform. Wordsworth apparently believed in this complex of ideas only briefly, for the moral pessimism of Adventures on Salisbury Plain intimates a lapsing of the poet’s Godwinism, including his loss of faith in necessity, by late 1795. By 1797, however, Coleridge allowed Wordsworth to reclaim his necessitarianism by introducing him to an alternate version of the doctrine indebted to Hartleyan associationism and freed from its objectionable Godwinian features. Wordsworth grandly expounds this new version of philosophical necessity in 1798 poetry written for The Recluse , but then suddenly seems to lose interest in the idea. In concluding, the essay invokes both Coleridge’s 1799 dissatisfaction with necessity and Wordsworth’s later writing, especially The Excursion , to speculate about the poet’s reasons for finally rejecting the doctrine of philosophical necessity in late 1798.
The N-Town Presentation of Mary in the Temple and the Production of Rhetorical Knowledge
Authors: Napolitano Frank M.
Published: January 2013

In this article, I argue that the Virgin Mary’s translating, glossing, and reciting of the fifteen Gradual Psalms upon her entrance to the Temple serve as models of the type of rhetorical and interpretive work that the lay audience of the Presentation of Mary is to emulate. Such work entails assiduous rhetorical inquiry into spiritual truths and humbly acknowledges the need for divine revelation. I then explore how Mary’s rhetorical efforts inform an encounter later in the play, when an angel feeds her heavenly food, and she, in turn, distributes conventional food to the impoverished people outside the Temple walls. I connect Mary’s eating and distribution of food to the late medieval metaphor likening food to spiritual teaching and argue that, by using Mary to distribute the spiritual “food” to the masses, the playwright signals the process by which spiritual instruction becomes more applicable to the interpretive situations of the play’s audience. I also argue that the playwright is advocating for a much larger group of rhetors, one that includes all who wish to take part in the rhetorical process started by Mary. I then explore the ways in which the playwright contributes to the late medieval debate concerning interpretive control over scripture and conclude by pointing out the essential relationship between Mary’s role as rhetorical catalyst and her more commonly recognized role as an exemplum of humility and charity.
Australian Aboriginal Deaf People and Aboriginal Sign Language
Authors: Power Des
Published: January 2013

Many Australian Aboriginal people use a sign language ("hand talk") that mirrors their local spoken language and is used both in culturally appropriate settings when speech is taboo or counterindicated and for community communication. The characteristics of these languages are described, and early European settlers' reports of deaf Aboriginal people signing are surveyed. The article also considers the use of these sign languages by deaf people in their communities and by deaf children in schools. Suggestions are made as to how the acceptance of signing in Aboriginal culture might help reduce the communicative isolation of Aboriginal deaf people.
Historical Development of Hong Kong Sign Language
Authors: Sze Felix , Lo Connie , Lo Lisa , Chu Kenny
Published: January 2013

This article traces the origins of Hong Kong Sign Language (hereafter HKSL) and its subsequent development in relation to the establishment of Deaf education in Hong Kong after World War II. We begin with a detailed description of the history of Deaf education with a particular focus on the role of sign language in such development. We then compare the use of sign language among Deaf students in the first two Deaf schools in Hong Kong in the postwar period, and how both signing varieties contributed to the later development of HKSL. We maintain that the modern form of HKSL is a mixture of the Nanjing/Shanghai variety of Chinese Sign Language and the signing varieties developed locally among Deaf people in Hong Kong. This finding supports Woodward's (1993) hypothesis that some form of signing must have existed in Hong Kong before Nanjing/Shanghai signs were introduced in 1948 and 1949 by a Deaf signing couple who set up the first signing school.
Numeral Incorporation in Japanese Sign Language
Authors: Ktejik Mish
Published: January 2013

This article explores the morphological process of numeral incorporation in Japanese Sign Language. Numeral incorporation is defined and the available research on numeral incorporation in signed language is discussed. The numeral signs in Japanese Sign Language are then introduced and followed by an explanation of the numeral morphemes which are bound to root morphemes. Fourteen different paradigms are presented and, from these paradigms, two rules for numeral incorporate in Japanese Sign Language are proposed.
Signs and Transitions: Do They Differ Phonetically and Does It Matter?
Authors: Jantunen Tommi
Published: January 2013

The point of departure of this article is the cluster of three pre-theoretical presuppositions (P) governing modern research on sign languages: (1) that a stream of signing consists of signs (S) and transitions (T), (2) that only Ss are linguistically relevant units, and (3) that there is a qualitative (e.g., phonetic) difference between Ss and Ts. Of these, the article focuses on the relatively untested P3, which is used to back up P1 and P2, and investigates the velocity and acceleration properties of Ss and Ts on the basis of continuous motion-capture data from Finnish Sign Language. The main finding of the study is that the speed of Ss is slower (and varies less) than that of Ts but that Ss still involve more accelerating (and varying) motion. The purely linguistic interpretation of the results is that the slower speed of Ss enables the addressee to perceive more accurately the fine S-internal linguistic details, manifested by high acceleration. The more theoretical conclusion is that the results support all three Ps but that only P3 is supported directly. As previous key research findings concerning Ts partly contradict P1 and P2, further research on Ts is called for.
Tactile Signing with One-Handed Perception
Authors: Mesch Johanna
Published: January 2013

Tactile signing among persons with deaf-blindness is not homogenous; rather, like other forms of language, it exhibits variation, especially in turn taking. Early analyses of tactile Swedish Sign Language, tactile Norwegian Sign Language, and tactile French Sign Language focused on tactile communication with four hands, in which partially blind or functionally blind signers use both hands for production and perception in the conversation dyad. In this article, I add to this body of research by focusing on tactile one-handed perception in Swedish Sign Language, in which a signer uses the left hand to produce and receive signs, and an addressee uses the right hand not only to receive but also to produce signs after taking a turn. As part of this discussion, I also look at issues of conversation regulation, hand movement during the turn change, and variation in the backchannel signals. The study shows that in tactile signing, interlocutors must change hand position when taking turns.
Interação medicamentosa associada à reinternação hospitalar: estudo retrospectivo em um hospital geral
Authors: Moura Cristiano Soares de , Tavares Ludmila Santana , Acurcio Francisco de Assis
Published: January 2013

OBJETIVO: Analisar a relação entre interação medicamentosa potencial e reinternação hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com 1.487 pacientes maiores de 18 anos admitidos em um hospital geral em Vitória da Conquista, BA, de janeiro a dezembro de 2007. Os dados foram extraídos da Autorização de Internação Hospitalar do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde. O relacionamento probabilístico foi empregado para combinar múltiplas autorizações de uma mesma internação em um único registro e para identificar readmissões. Informações sobre prescrições foram agregadas manualmente aos registros do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar. Regressão logística foi utilizada para quantificar a influência de interação medicamentosa potencial e reinternação. Regressão de Cox foi empregada para testar a influência dessa variável no tempo até a primeira reinternação. RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas 99 readmissões (7% dos pacientes). Interação medicamentosa potencial foi encontrada em 35% das prescrições analisadas. Pacientes com potencial de interação medicamentosa na admissão prévia foram mais propensos à reinternação. A razão de chance ajustada indicou que esses pacientes tinham chance 2,4 vezes maior de readmissão; a taxa de risco ajustada mostrou que em pacientes com interação medicamentosa esse risco foi 79% maior (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho sugerem associação entre exposição à interação em internação prévia e risco aumentado de reinternação. Os profissionais de saúde devem atentar para os riscos potenciais de certas combinações medicamentosas e monitorar cuidadosamente pacientes em maior risco, como aqueles com insuficiência renal ou idosos.
Deficiências após a alta medicamentosa da hanseníase: prevalência e distribuição espacial
Authors: Nardi Susilene Maria Tonelli , Paschoal Vânia Del´Arco , Chiaravalloti-Neto Francisco , Zanetta Dirce Maria Trevisan
Published: January 2013

OBJETIVO: Estimar a frequência das deficiências físicas em pacientes tratados de hanseníase após alta medicamentosa e analisar sua distribuição espacial. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo transversal com 232 pessoas tratadas de hanseníase de 1998 a 2006. As deficiências físicas foram avaliadas pelo Grau de Incapacidades da Organização Mundial da Saúde (GI/OMS) e pelo Eye-Hand-Foot (EHF). Os ex-pacientes foram geocodificados pelo endereço de residência e os serviços de reabilitação pelo endereço de sua sede. Foram apresentadas as frequências para o total e para os grupos grau 0, grau 1 e grau 2 do GI-OMS, considerando-se as variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas na análise descritiva. Foram utilizados os testes t de Student, qui-quadrado (χ2) ou de Fisher, conforme apropriado, considerando-se significativos p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Cerca de 51,6% era do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 54 anos (dp15,7); 30,5% tinha menos de dois anos de educação formal; 43,5% trabalhava e 26,9% estava aposentado; a forma dimorfa predominou (39,9%). As deficiências avaliadas pelo GI-OMS e pelo EHF atingiram 32% dos ex-pacientes. A presença de deficiências foi maior com o aumento da idade (p = 0,029), em casos multibacilares (p = 0,005) e com julgamento ruim do paciente sobre sua saúde física (p < 0,001). Os que necessitavam de prevenção/reabilitação percorreram distância média de 5,5 km até o serviço de reabilitação. As pessoas com deficiência física estavam distribuídas em todo o município, mas concentravam-se na área mais populosa e de maior carência socioeconômica. CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de deficiências é elevada após a alta medicamentosa. Os ex-pacientes mais velhos, os que tiveram formas multibacilares da doença, os de baixa escolaridade e os que julgam mal a própria saúde física merecem atenção especial para a prevenção e reabilitação de deficiências. A distância entre os serviços de reabilitação e as residências dos pacientes requer reorganização da rede de atendimento no município.
Temporal and spatial variation of rocky shores intertidal benthic communities in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Zamprogno Gabriela C. , Fernandes Flavio C. , Fernandes Luiz L.
Published: January 2013

The relationships between environmental factors and temporal and spatial variations of benthic communities of three rocky shores of the state of Espírito Santo, Southeast Brazil, were studied. Sampling was conducted every three months, from August 2006 to May 2007, using intersection points. Chthamalus bisinuatus (Pilsbry, 1916) (Crustacea) and Brachidontes spp. (Mollusca) were the most abundant taxa, occupying the upper level of the intertidal zone of the rocky shore. The species richness was higher at the lower levels. The invasive species Isognomon bicolor (C. B. Adams, 1845) (Mollusca) occurred at low densities in the studied areas. The clustering analysis dendrogram indicated a separation of communities based on exposed and sheltered areas. According to the variance analyses, the communities were significantly different among the studied areas and seasons. The extent of wave exposure and shore slope influenced the species variability. The Setibão site showed the highest diversity and richness, most likely due to greater wave exposure. The communities showed greater variation in the lower levels where environmental conditions were less severe, relative to the other levels.
Diversidade de membracídeos (Hemiptera, Membracidae) e sobreposição de recursos tróficos em área do semi-árido
Authors: Creão-Duarte Antonio J. , Anjos Ulisses U. , Santos Wellington E.
Published: January 2013

Foram examinados 1.069 indivíduos de 13 espécies de membracídeos coletados em suas plantas hospedeiras, entre agosto de 2004 e setembro de 2005, em uma região do semi-árido da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Enchenopa concolor (Fairmaire, 1846) (31,6%) e E. euniceae Creão-Duarte & Rothéa, 2006 (24,8%) foram as espécies mais abundantes. Cinco famílias de plantas hospedeiras abrigaram esses insetos. Entre essas famílias, Fabaceae apresentou maior riqueza (12) e abundância (70,3%) de membracídeos. Darnis olivacea Fabricius, 1803, Hygris beckeri Sakakibara, 1998 e Sundarion flavum (Fairmaire, 1846) apresentaram os maiores valores de amplitude de nicho. Entre as espécies mais abundantes, E. minuta Creão-Duarte & Rothéa, 2006 e Micrutalis binaria (Faimaire, 1846) mostraram a maior sobreposição de nicho trófico, mas a sobreposição temporal entre elas foi relativamente baixa. Os resultados revelaram possíveis estratégias desenvolvidas pelas espécies para coexistência e exploração de recursos na Caatinga.