bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of grassland cutting frequency on soil carbon storage – a case study on public lawns in three Swedish cities
Authors: Poeplau C. , Marstorp H. , Thored K. , Kätterer T.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Soils contain the largest terrestrial carbon pool and thus play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Grassland soils have particularly high soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. In Europe (EU 25), grasslands cover 22 % of the land area. It is therefore important to understand the effects of grassland management and management intensity on SOC storage. City lawns constitute a unique study system in this context, since they provide a high functional diversity and thus a wide range of different management intensities per unit area. In this study we investigated frequently mown (on average eight times per season) utility lawns and rarely mown (once per season) meadow-like lawns at three multi-family housing areas in each of three Swedish cities: Uppsala, Malmö, and Gothenburg. The two different lawn types were compared regarding their aboveground net primary production (NPP) and SOC storage. In addition, root biomass was determined in Uppsala. We found significantly higher aboveground NPP and SOC concentrations and significantly lower soil C : N ratio for the utility lawns compared with the meadow-like lawns. On average, aboveground NPP was 24 % or 0.7 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 higher and SOC was 12 % or 7.8 Mg ha−1 higher. Differences in SOC were well explained by differences in aboveground NPP (R2 = 0.39), which indicates that the increase in productivity due to more optimum CO2-assimilating leaf area, leading to higher carbon input to the soil, was the major driver for soil carbon sequestration. Differences in soil C : N ratio indicated a more closed N cycle in utility lawns, which might have additionally affected SOC dynamics. We did not find any difference in root biomass between the two management regimes, and concluded that cutting frequency most likely only exerts an effect on SOC when cuttings are left on the surface.
Three dimensional soil organic matter distribution, accessibility and microbial respiration in macro-aggregates using osmium staining and synchrotron X-ray CT
Authors: Rawlins Barry G , Wragg Joanna , Rheinhard Christina , Atwood Robert C , Houston Alasdair , Lark R. Murray , Rudolph Sebastian
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The spatial distribution and accessibility of organic matter (OM) to soil microbes in aggregates – determined by the fine-scale, 3-D distribution of organic matter, pores and mineral phases – may be an important control on the magnitude of soil heterotrophic respiration (SHR). Attempts to model SHR at fine scales requires data on the transition probabilities between adjacent pore space and soil OM, a measure of microbial accessibility to the latter. We used a combination of osmium staining and synchrotron X-ray CT to determine the 3-D (voxel) distribution of these three phases (scale 6.6 μm) throughout nine aggregates taken from a single soil core (range of organic carbon (OC) concentrations 4.2–7.7 %). Prior to the synchrotron analyses we had measured the magnitude of SHR for each aggregate over 24 hours under controlled conditions (moisture content and temperature). We test the hypothesis that larger magnitudes of SHR will be observed in aggregates with shorter length scales of OM variation (i.e. more frequent, and possibly more finely disseminated, OM and a larger number of aerobic microsites). After scaling to their OC concentrations, there was a six-fold variation in the magnitude of SHR for the nine aggregates. The distribution of pore volumes, pore shape and volume normalised surface area were similar for each of the nine aggregates. The overall transition probabilities between OM and pore voxels were between 0.02 and 0.03, significantly smaller than those used in previous simulation studies. We computed the length scales over which OM, pore and mineral phases vary within each aggregate using indicator variograms. The median range of models fitted to variograms of OM varied between 178 and 487 μm. The linear correlation between these median length scales of OM variation and the magnitudes of SHR for each aggregate was −0.42, providing some evidence to support our hypothesis. We require a larger number of observations to make a statistical inference. There was no evidence to suggest a statistical relationship between OM:pore transition probabilities and the magnitudes of aggregate SHR. The solid-phase volume proportions (45–63 %) of OM we report for our aggregates were surprisingly large by comparison to those assumed in previous modelling approaches. We suggest this requires further assessment using accurate measurements of OM bulk density in a range of soil types.
Analyzing airflow in static ice caves by using the calcFLOW method
Authors: Meyer Christiane , Meyer Ulrich , Pflitsch Andreas , Maggi Valter
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In this paper we present a method to detect airflow through ice caves and to quantify the corresponding airflow speeds by the use of temperature loggers. The time series of temperature observations at different loggers are cross-correlated. The time shift of best correlation corresponds to the travel time of the air and is used to derive the airflow speed between the loggers. We apply the method to test data observed inside Schellenberger Eishöhle (ice cave). The successful determination of airflow speeds depends on the existence of distinct temperature variations during the time span of interest. Moreover the airflow speed is assumed to be constant during the period used for the correlation analysis. Both requirements limit the applicability of the correlation analysis to determine instantaneous airflow speeds. Nevertheless the method is very helpful to characterize the general patterns of air movement and their slow temporal variations. The correlation analysis assumes a linear dependency between the correlated data. The good correlation we found for our test data confirms this assumption. We therefore in a second step estimate temperature biases and scale factors for the observed temperature variations by a least-squares adjustment. The observed phenomena, a warming and an attenuation of temperature variations, depending on the distance the air traveled inside the cave, are explained by a mixing of the inflowing air with the air inside the cave. Furthermore we test the significance of the determined parameters by a standard F test and study the sensitivity of the procedure to common manipulations of the original observations like smoothing. In the end we will give an outlook on possible applications and further development of this method.
Mona Hensman: An Indian Woman at the World Missionary Conference in Tambaram (1938)
Authors: Ludwig Frieder
Published: April 2016

The World Missionary Conference in Tambaram 1938 is one of the most important ecumenical conferences. It was the first such meeting that took place in India (at the Madras Christian College). Representatives of the so-called younger churches made up the majority of the 471 delegates. Although a number of publications analyzed “Tambaram,” most of them did not focus on the experiences of these participants from the global South. This article will introduce Mona Hensman, one of the seventy female delegates and a member of the Indian delegation. Originally from Bengal, she was an Anglican, but her family background was transconfessional. Hensman became involved in feminist as well as in Christian organizations and brought her ideas and visions to the Tambaram conference. The concrete outcome of this meeting did not live up to her expectations, but many fundamental questions discussed there for the first time later became critically important for the ecumenical movement.
Gaining Competitiveness via Procurement Transformation That Retains German Engineering Origin
Authors: Feyerlein Daniel
Published: April 2016

With the evolution of globalization, multinational companies face increasing competition on national and international markets. As a result, they seek to implement proper strategies to maximize capacity and competitiveness. This article asks whether a multinational company in medical devices has the strategic potential to transform its procurement strategy to embrace a local sourcing concept to gain competitiveness while retaining engineering origin. Study results from the medical-device industry show that attributes delivered by German origin can improve competitiveness. A significant majority of customers see the importance in the “Made in Germany” label. Customers also tend to accept the conception of local production that retains German engineering. The medical-device industry represents several branches in areas such as quality and technology. The results of this paper address product marketing, product strategy, and decision-makers dealing with sourcing alternatives. The results suggest that the strategy of pairing local production with German engineering is desirable to enhance competitiveness.
Scalable Route to Chiral Phosphoramidites
Authors: Krasutsky Sergiy G. , Jacobo Sheila H.
Published: April 2016

The chiral copper-catalyzed conjugate addition is a well-developed methodology to create asymmetric C-C bonds. Many efforts have been dedicated to design efficient systems and identifying highly efficient ligands. Among the most proficient ligands, the ones possessing a bis-phenol or a bis-naphthol moiety are the most prominent. Herein we describe a scalable convenient route that can afford phosphoramidites in excellent yield.
Please find "Figure 1. General structure and application of phosphoramidites" in PDF format.
Development of a Novel 2-Dimensional Micro-Heater Array Device with Regional Selective Heating
Authors: Horade Mitsuhiro , Kojima Masaru , Kamiyama Kazuto , Mae Yasushi , Arai Tatsuo
Published: April 2016

This paper reports the development of a micro-heater array device that can be selectively heated at an arbitrary location. To confirm the heating characteristics of this micro-heater array device, heating experiments using a thermo-responsive gel were conducted. Since a micro-heater can supply heat with a rapid-response on a micro-scale, various applications have been studied. Based on these characteristics, micro-heaters have often been used in recent research applications involving biological cells. To expand the versatility of the micro-heater, the development of micro-heater array systems that can supply heat selectively at an arbitrary location is required. In this work, to support micro-heater applications in the field of biochemistry, the design and materials of a micro-heater array device were optimized and a fabrication process was established. Furthermore, the usefulness of this device was verified using a thermo-responsive gel, and control of the temperature distribution on a glass substrate was successfully demonstrated. This micro-heater array device can be heated with regional selectivity, and each region can be controlled to an arbitrary temperature, so the device is also capable of generating temperature gradients.
Introducing a Pictographic Language for Envisioning a Rich Variety of Enactive Systems with Different Degrees of Complexity
Authors: Moore Roger K.
Published: April 2016

Notwithstanding the considerable amount of progress that has been made in recent years, the parallel fields of cognitive science and cognitive systems lack a unifying methodology for describing, understanding, simulating and implementing advanced cognitive behaviours. Growing interest in ‘enactivism’ - as pioneered by the Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela - may lead to new perspectives in these areas, but a common framework for expressing many of the key concepts is still missing. This paper attempts to lay a tentative foundation in that direction by extending Maturana and Varela's pictographic depictions of autopoietic unities to create a rich visual language for envisioning a wide range of enactive systems - natural or artificial - with different degrees of complexity. It is shown how such a diagrammatic taxonomy can help in the comprehension of important relationships between a variety of complex concepts from a pan-theoretic perspective. In conclusion, it is claimed that visual language is not only valuable for teaching and learning, but also offers important insights into the design and implementation of future advanced robotic systems.
A 3D Laboratory Test-Platform for Overhead Power Line Inspection
Authors: Liu Chang-An , Dong Ruifang , Wu Hua , Yang Guo-Tian , Lin Wei
Published: April 2016

Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for performing automatic inspection of overhead power lines instead of foot patrols is an attractive option, since doing so is safer and have considerable cost savings, among other advantages. The purpose of this paper is to design a 3D laboratory test-platform to simulate UAVs' inspection of transmission lines and secondly, proposing an automated inspection strategy for UAVs in order to follow transmission lines. The construction and system architecture of our 3D test-platform is described in this paper. The inspection strategy contributes to knowledge pertaining to an automated inspection procedure and includes two steps: flight path planning for UAVs and visual tracking of the transmission lines. The 3D laboratory test-platform is applied to test the performance of the proposed strategy and the tracking results of our inspection strategy are subsequently presented. The availability of the 3D laboratory test-platform and the efficiency of our tracking algorithm are verified by experiments.
A New Path Generation Algorithm Based on Accurate NURBS Curves
Authors: Jalel Sawssen , Marthon Philippe , Hamouda Atef
Published: April 2016

The process of finding an optimum, smooth and feasible global path for mobile robot navigation usually involves determining the shortest polyline path, which will be subsequently smoothed to satisfy the requirements. Within this context, this paper deals with a novel roadmap algorithm for generating an optimal path in terms of Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) curves. The generated path is well constrained within the curvature limit by exploiting the influence of the weight parameter of NURBS and/or the control points' locations. The novelty of this paper lies in the fact that NURBS curves are not used only as a means of smoothing, but they are also involved in meeting the system's constraints via a suitable parameterization of the weights and locations of control points. The accurate parameterization of weights allows for a greater benefit to be derived from the influence and geometrical effect of this factor, which has not been well investigated in previous works. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through extensive MATLAB computer simulations.
Determination of ubiquitin fitness landscapes under different chemical stresses in a classroom setting
Authors: Mavor David , Barlow Kyle , Thompson Samuel , Barad Benjamin A , Bonny Alain R , Cario Clinton L , Gaskins Garrett , Liu Zairan , Deming Laura , Axen Seth D , Caceres Elena , Chen Weilin , Cuesta Adolfo , Gate Rachel E , Green Evan M , Hulce Kaitlin R , Ji Weiyue , Kenner Lillian R , Mensa Bruk , Morinishi Leanna S , Moss Steven M , Mravic Marco , Muir Ryan K , Niekamp Stefan , Nnadi Chimno I , Palovcak Eugene , Poss Erin M , Ross Tyler D , Salcedo Eugenia C , See Stephanie K , Subramaniam Meena , Wong Allison W , Li Jennifer , Thorn Kurt S , Conchúir Shane Ó , Roscoe Benjamin P , Chow Eric D , DeRisi Joseph L , Kortemme Tanja , Bolon Daniel N , Fraser James S
Published: April 2016

Ubiquitin is essential for eukaryotic life and varies in only 3 amino acid positions between yeast and humans. However, recent deep sequencing studies indicate that ubiquitin is highly tolerant to single mutations. We hypothesized that this tolerance would be reduced by chemically induced physiologic perturbations. To test this hypothesis, a class of first year UCSF graduate students employed deep mutational scanning to determine the fitness landscape of all possible single residue mutations in the presence of five different small molecule perturbations. These perturbations uncover 'shared sensitized positions' localized to areas around the hydrophobic patch and the C-terminus. In addition, we identified perturbation specific effects such as a sensitization of His68 in HU and a tolerance to mutation at Lys63 in DTT. Our data show how chemical stresses can reduce buffering effects in the ubiquitin proteasome system. Finally, this study demonstrates the potential of lab-based interdisciplinary graduate curriculum.
Understanding form and function of the stem in early flattened echinoderms (pleurocystitids) using a microstructural approach
Authors: Gorzelak Przemysław , Zamora Samuel
Published: April 2016

Pleurocystitid rhombiferans are among the most unusual echinoderms whose mode of life has been long debated. These echinoderms are usually interpreted as vagile epibenthic echinoderms, moving over the sea bottom by means of a flexible stem. Although their life habits and posture are reasonably well understood, the mechanisms that control the movement of stem are highly controversial. Specifically, it is unknown whether the stem flexibility was under the control of muscles or ligamentary mutable collagenous tissues (MCTs). Here, we reconstruct palaeoanatomy of the two Ordovician pleurocystitid rhombiferans (PleurocystitesandAmecystis) based on stereom microstructure. We show that the articular facets of columnals in pleurocystitid rhombiferans are composed of fine labyrinthic stereom. Comparison with modern echinoderms suggests that this type of stereom was associated with muscles implying that their stem was a muscular locomotory organ supporting an active mode of life.
Diversity improves performance in excitable networks
Authors: Gollo Leonardo L. , Copelli Mauro , Roberts James A.
Published: April 2016

As few real systems comprise indistinguishable units, diversity is a hallmark of nature. Diversity among interacting units shapes properties of collective behavior such as synchronization and information transmission. However, the benefits of diversity on information processing at the edge of a phase transition, ordinarily assumed to emerge from identical elements, remain largely unexplored. Analyzing a general model of excitable systems with heterogeneous excitability, we find that diversity can greatly enhance optimal performance (by two orders of magnitude) when distinguishing incoming inputs. Heterogeneous systems possess a subset of specialized elements whose capability greatly exceeds that of the nonspecialized elements. We also find that diversity can yield multiple percolation, with performance optimized at tricriticality. Our results are robust in specific and more realistic neuronal systems comprising a combination of excitatory and inhibitory units, and indicate that diversity-induced amplification can be harnessed by neuronal systems for evaluating stimulus intensities.
Elevational variation in body-temperature response to immune challenge in a lizard
Authors: Zamora-Camacho Francisco Javier , Reguera Senda , Moreno-Rueda Gregorio
Published: April 2016

Immunocompetence benefits animal fitness by combating pathogens, but also entails some costs. One of its main components is fever, which in ectotherms involves two main types of costs: energy expenditure and predation risk. Whenever those costs of fever outweigh its benefits, ectotherms are expected not to develop fever, or even to show hypothermia, reducing costs of thermoregulation and diverting the energy saved to other components of the immune system. Environmental thermal quality, and therefore the thermoregulation cost/benefit balance, varies geographically. Hence, we hypothesize that, in alpine habitats, immune-challenged ectotherms should show no thermal response, given that (1) hypothermia would be very costly, as the temporal window for reproduction is extremely small, and (2) fever would have a prohibitive cost, as heat acquisition is limited in such habitat. However, in temperate habitats, immune-challenged ectotherms might show a febrile response, due to lower cost/benefit balance as a consequence of a more suitable thermal environment. We tested this hypothesis inPsammodromus algiruslizards from Sierra Nevada (SE Spain), by testing body temperature preferred by alpine and non-alpine lizards, before and after activating their immune system with a typical innocuous pyrogen. Surprisingly, non-alpine lizards responded to immune challenge by decreasing preferential body-temperature, presumably allowing them to save energy and reduce exposure to predators. On the contrary, as predicted, immune-challenged alpine lizards maintained their body-temperature preferences. These results match with increased costs of no thermoregulation with elevation, due to the reduced window of time for reproduction in alpine environment.
High‐frequency terrestrial water storage signal capture via a regularized sliding window mascon product from GRACE
Authors: Sakumura Carly , Bettadpur Srinivas , Save Himanshu , McCullough Christopher
Published: April 2016

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has provided an unprecedented global, homogeneous observational data set of time variation in terrestrial water storage since 2002. The typical GRACE product uses approximately 30 equally weighted days of data to estimate a monthly mean gravity field with 300+ km resolution. The coarse spatial and temporal resolution of the typical GRACE solution, however, limits scientific analysis to primarily seasonal and long‐term hydrological processes. In this study, we enhance the temporal and spatial resolution of the GRACE data product through the use of sliding windows, regularization, and mascon basis functions in the estimation process. Each regularized sliding window mascon (RSWM) gravity field is composed of 21 days of observational data differentially weighted to optimize the frequency retention while ensuring sufficient observability for a global solution. Tikhonov regularization informed by RL05 error is applied in the estimation process, and the product is derived in mascon basis functions to increase the amplitude and localization of signal retention. The final RSWM data product is the first daily time‐variable gravity data set created solely from GRACE information. The improved filter design reduces aliasing, increases the signal bandwidth, and better captures the amplitude and power of geophysical signals. Comparison with land surface model and in situ data sets shows a similar spatial and temporal signal content at all frequencies within the filter bandwidth and highlights the overall accuracy of the product. The new data set expands opportunities for scientific analysis of subseasonal terrestrial water storage variability.
Near‐Infrared‐Light‐Assisted Photothermal Polymerization for Transdermal Hydrogelation and Cell Delivery
Authors: Lee Hwangjae , Chung Solchan , Kim Min‐Gon , Lee Luke P. , Lee Jae Young
Published: April 2016

Photopolymerization of hydrogels has been widely used to encapsulate cells and support their growth in 3D environments. However, common light sources (i.e., ultraviolet and visible light) strongly interact with biological systems and are therefore inappropriate for in vivo applications, such as transdermal polymerization. Using near infrared (NIR) light that minimally interacts with living tissues, this study investigates NIR light‐assisted photothermal polymerization (NAPP) of diacrylated polyethylene glycol (PEGDA), in which interactions between NIR light and gold nanorods activate a thermal initiator (i.e., AIPH), resulting in generation of radicals for polymerization of PEGDA. Gelation parameters, including precursor concentrations and NIR power, are investigated to minimize the use of initiator and temperature increases (<43 °C) during NAPP. Cell viability is as high as 80% after NAPP‐based encapsulation. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified with a cell‐adhesive peptide moiety (Arg‐Gly‐Asp) into the gel system further enables prolongation of cell viability during incubation up to 7 d. NAPP results in successful transdermal gelation and good viability of the transplanted cells. Thus, this new cell encapsulation approach, demonstrated for the first time in this study, will benefit various applications, including cell delivery and remote control over cellular environments.
Gold‐Catalyzed Aminoalkenylation of β‐Amino‐1,n‐Diynols to Cycloalkyl‐, Piperidinyl‐ and Pyranyl‐Fused Pyrroles
Authors: Kothandaraman Prasath , Zhao Yichao , Lee Bo Ra , Le Ng Clarrisa Jia , Lee Jun Yi , Ayers Benjamin James , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: April 2016

A synthetic method to prepare cycloalkyl‐, piperidinyl‐ and pyranyl‐fused pyrroles efficiently by gold(I)‐catalyzed dehydrative aminoalkenylation of β‐amino‐1,n‐diynols under mild conditions at room temperature is described.

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Whole exome sequencing is necessary to clarify ID/DD cases with de novo copy number variants of uncertain significance: Two proof‐of‐concept examples
Authors: Giorgio Elisa , Ciolfi Andrea , Biamino Elisa , Caputo Viviana , Di Gregorio Eleonora , Belligni Elga Fabia , Calcia Alessandro , Gaidolfi Elena , Bruselles Alessandro , Mancini Cecilia , Cavalieri Simona , Molinatto Cristina , Cirillo Silengo Margherita , Ferrero Giovanni Battista , Tartaglia Marco , Brusco Alfredo
Published: April 2016

Whole exome sequencing (WES) is a powerful tool to identify clinically undefined forms of intellectual disability/developmental delay (ID/DD), especially in consanguineous families. Here we report the genetic definition of two sporadic cases, with syndromic ID/DD for whom array—Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) identified a de novo copy number variant (CNV) of uncertain significance. The phenotypes included microcephaly with brachycephaly and a distinctive facies in one proband, and hypotonia in the legs and mild ataxia in the other. WES allowed identification of a functionally relevant homozygous variant affecting a known disease gene for rare syndromic ID/DD in each proband, that is, c.1423C>T (p.Arg377*) in the Trafficking Protein Particle Complex 9 (TRAPPC9), and c.154T>C (p.Cys52Arg) in the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (VLDLR). Four mutations affecting TRAPPC9 have been previously reported, and the present finding further depicts this syndromic form of ID, which includes microcephaly with brachycephaly, corpus callosum hypoplasia, facial dysmorphism, and overweight. VLDLR‐associated cerebellar hypoplasia (VLDLR‐CH) is characterized by non‐progressive congenital ataxia and moderate‐to‐profound intellectual disability. The c.154T>C (p.Cys52Arg) mutation was associated with a very mild form of ataxia, mild intellectual disability, and cerebellar hypoplasia without cortical gyri simplification. In conclusion, we report two novel cases with rare causes of autosomal recessive ID, which document how interpreting de novo array‐CGH variants represents a challenge in consanguineous families; as such, clinical WES should be considered in diagnostic testing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic microRNA signatures derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Wong Nathan , Khwaja Shariq S. , Baker Callie M. , Gay Hiram A. , Thorstad Wade L. , Daly Mackenzie D. , Lewis James S. , Wang Xiaowei
Published: April 2016

Identification of novel prognostic biomarkers typically requires a large dataset which provides sufficient statistical power for discovery research. To this end, we took advantage of the high‐throughput data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to identify a set of prognostic biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) including oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and other subtypes. In this study, we analyzed miRNA‐seq data obtained from TCGA patients to identify prognostic biomarkers for OPSCC. The identified miRNAs were further tested with an independent cohort. miRNA‐seq data from TCGA was also analyzed to identify prognostic miRNAs in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Our study identified that miR‐193b‐3p and miR‐455‐5p were positively associated with survival, and miR‐92a‐3p and miR‐497‐5p were negatively associated with survival in OPSCC. A combined expression signature of these four miRNAs was prognostic of overall survival in OPSCC, and more importantly, this signature was validated in an independent OPSCC cohort. Furthermore, we identified four miRNAs each in OSCC and LSCC that were prognostic of survival, and combined signatures were specific for subtypes of HNSCC. A robust 4‐miRNA prognostic signature in OPSCC, as well as prognostic signatures in other subtypes of HNSCC, was developed using sequencing data from TCGA as the primary source. This demonstrates the power of using TCGA as a potential resource to develop prognostic tools for improving individualized patient care.
The benefits of being bilingual
Authors: Fritz Gregory K.
Published: April 2016

Whenever I travel abroad, I am invariably impressed by the language abilities of adults and children in whatever country I'm visiting. In a recent trip to Argentina, I enjoyed the opportunity to use my rudimentary Spanish, but usually the conversation shifted pretty quickly to English because whomever I was speaking with was much more fluent in English than I was in Spanish. A number of such experiences over a week can't help but make one wonder why being bilingual in the United States isn't more common compared to other countries.
Gold Nanoparticle–Polydopamine–Reduced Graphene Oxide Ternary Nanocomposite as an Efficient Catalyst for Selective Oxidation of Benzylic C(sp3)−H Bonds Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Majumdar Biju , Bhattacharya Tamalika , Sarma Tridib K.
Published: April 2016

A ternary nanocomposite comprising of Au nanoparticles (NPs), polydopamine, and reduced graphene oxide exhibits excellent activity and selectivity towards the oxidation of C−H bonds in benzylic hydrocarbons under mild conditions in the presence of N‐hydroxyphthalimide. All the components in the nanocomposite play an important role in the effectiveness of the catalyst. Sufficient electron transfer from polydopamine to the Au NPs afforded a more negatively charged nanoparticle surface and was favorable for molecular oxygen activation, leading to C−H bond oxidation. The reaction followed a free radical pathway as shown by detailed mechanistic studies. Further, easy separation and excellent reusability without significant loss in activity over several iterations make the ternary nanocomposite an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for C−H oxidation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: INFRARED STUDY OF THE SURFACE REACTIVITY OF HEMATITE
Authors: LORENZELLI V. , BUSCA G. , SHEPPARD N.
Published: April 2016

IR‐Spektren von α‐FezOy Pulvern (durch thermische Zers. von Goethit) mit und ohne adsorbierte organische Elektronendonormoleküle (Pyridin, Acetonitril, Acetamid, Essigsäure, Acetanhydrid, Acetylchlorid, Acetaldehyd und Ethylalkohol) zeigen, daß organische Moleküle in Kontakt mit in Luft oder O2 aktiviertem α‐Fe2O3 an dessen Oberfläche sowohl physials auch chemisorbiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: PROTON NMR STUDIES ON INNER‐MOLECULAR MOBILITY OF SUBSTITUTED 1,3‐DIAZABUTADIENES
Authors: MICHALIK M. , EVERS R.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Koaleszenzverhalten wird auf 2 Isomerisierungsprozesse geschlossen.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL COMPLEXES OF DIIMINODIPHOSPHINES. STRUCTURAL AND REACTIVITY PATTERNS
Authors: JEFFERY J. C. , RAUCHFUSS T. B. , TUCKER P. A.
Published: April 2016

Die durch 1:2‐molare Umsetzung von Ethylen‐ bzw. 1,3‐Propylendiamin mit o‐ Diphenylphosphinobenzaldehyd gebildeten vierzähnigen PNNP‐Liganden (L1 : Ausb. 85%) setzen sich mit Tetrakis‐[acetonitril]‐Cu(I)‐perchlorat, Ag(I)‐ oder Ni(II)‐ tetrafluoroborat bzw. Hexaaquo‐Ni(II)‐tetrafluoroborat zu den Komplexen (I), (III) und (VI) um.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM PENTAKIS(ISOTHIOCYANATO)BIS(2,2′‐BIPYRIDINE)URANATE(IV)
Authors: WILEY R. O. , VON DREELE R. B. , BROWN T. M.
Published: April 2016

Die luftstabile Titelverbindung wurde durch Reaktion von Tetraethylammoniumoktaisocyanatouranat und 2,2′‐Bipyridyl in MeCN dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: RADICAL FORMATION AND RADIATION DAMAGE IN ADAMANTANE
Authors: LLOYD R. V. , DIGREGORIO S. , DIMAURO L. , WOOD D. E.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kokondensation von Na‐Dampf, 1‐ bzw. 2‐Brom‐adamantan und Adamantan werden nicht‐radiolytisch das Adamantyl‐(l)‐ bzw. ‐(2)‐Radikal erzeugt.
ChemInform Abstract: NITROXIDE CHEMISTRY. PART XVI. REACTIONS BETWEEN BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL) NITROXIDE AND SOME ALIPHATIC DERIVATIVES OF SULFUR
Authors: BANKS R. E. , BIRCHALL J. M. , HASZELDINE R. N. , NONA S. N.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Bistrifluoromethylnitroxids (I) mit Dimethylsulfid (II) liefert neben dem Methylthiomethylhydroxylamin (III) und dem Hydroxylamin (IV) Spuren von Perfluordimethylamin (V) und Tri‐ ‐ fluornitromethan (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOLATION AND FURTHER REACTIONS OF CHARGED SPECIES RESULTING FROM IPSO‐ATTACK IN THE NITRATION OF AROMATIC AMINES
Authors: HELSBY P. , RIDD J. H.
Published: April 2016

Die substituierten Aniline (I) bzw. (IV) reagieren mit 70%iger Salpetersäure zu den Ionen (II) bzw. (V), die als Hexafluorophosphate isoliert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF BICYCLIC CORIOLIN MODELS
Authors: HASHIMOTO H. , ITO T. , SHIRAHAMA H. , MATSUMOTO T.
Published: April 2016

Es werden ausgehend von dem Methylbicyclo‐octenon (I) stereoselektiv durch Methylenierung und zweifache Epoxidierung Coriolin‐Modellverbindungen (IV) und (VI) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AMINOALKYL KETONES IN SULFUR HETEROCYCLIC SERIES
Authors: CAGNIANT P. , KIRSCH G. , WIERZBICKI M. , LEPAGE F. , CAGNIANT D. , LOEBENBERG D. , PARMEGIANI R. , SHERLOCK M.
Published: April 2016

Aminomethylierung der Thienocyclenone (I), (IV), (VI), (VIII) bzw. (X) mit Paraformaldehyd und den Aminen (II) oder deren Hydrochloriden führt zu den Mannich‐Basen (III), (V), (VII), (IX) bzw. (XI); die Aminocyclenone (XIII) bzw. (XV) lassen sich durch Aminierung der α‐Bromketone (XII) bzw. (XIV) gewinnen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 5‐AMINO‐2‐PYRROLIDINONE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: KOSUGI Y. , HAMAGUCHI H. , NAGASAKA T. , OZAWA N. , OHKI S.
Published: April 2016

Aus der Lactamcarbonsäure (Ia) erhält man über eine Abbaureaktion das Carbamat (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF FURAN ANALOGS OF ISOFLAVONES WITH HYDRAZINE
Authors: GRISHKO L. G. , ZHIROVA T. I. , KHILYA V. P.
Published: April 2016

Orcin (I) reagiert mit dem Nitril (II) nach Hoesch‐Houben zu einem schwer trennbaren Gemisch der isomeren Furyl‐acetophenone (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: CHALCONE OXIMES. PART VI. NOVEL REARRANGEMENT OF 2,3‐DIHYDROBENZO‐Γ‐PYRONE OXIMES INTO Δ2‐ISOXAZOLINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: WITCZAK Z.
Published: April 2016

Die Oxime (I) isomerisieren in Trifluoressigsäure zu den Isoxalinen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NITROSOUREA DERIVATIVES OF PYRIDINE AND PIPERIDINE AS POTENTIAL ANTICANCER AGENTS
Authors: CRIDER A. M. , LAMEY R. , FLOSS H. G. , CASSADY J. M. , BRADNER W. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Harnstoffderivate (I) werden in die Nitrosoverbindungen (II) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: INHIBITORS OF PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N‐METHYLTRANSFERASE AND EPINEPHRINE BIOSYNTHESIS. 2. 1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINE‐7‐SULFONANILIDES
Authors: BLANK B. , KROG A. J. , WEINER G. , PENDLETON R. G.
Published: April 2016

Das Sulfonylchlorid (I) ergibt die Sulfonamide (II), die zu den Verbindungen (III) desacetyliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SPIROCYCLIC MEISENHEIMER COMPLEXES. STABLE TRINITROCYCLOHEXADIENATE SPIRO COMPLEX WITH A NAPHTHO(1,8‐DE)‐M‐DIOXINE RING
Authors: KNYAZEV V. N. , DROZD V. N. , MOZHAEVA T. YA.
Published: April 2016

Bei Zusatz äquimolarer Mengen von Triethyl‐ amin zur Lösung des Pikryloxy‐naphthols (I) in wasserfreiem Diethylether fällt quantitativ das Komplexsalz (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERIZATION OF BROMOPHENYLAMINOMALEIMIDES AND SOME ADDITION REACTIONS WITH NUCLEOPHILIC REAGENTS
Authors: MROCZKIEWICZ A.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelderivate (Ia) bis (Ic) isomerisieren beim Kochen in Eisessig in Gegenwart von Brom zu den Pyridazinonen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFUR ANALOGS OF PILOCARPINE DERIVATIVES. PART I
Authors: ABOUL‐ENEIN H. Y. , AL‐BADR A. A. , IBRAHIM S. E. , ISMAIL M.
Published: April 2016

Die Thiolactone (I) werden durch Bromierung über die Bromderivate (II) zu den Thiobutenoliden (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND X‐RAY STRUCTURE OF (η‐C5H5)2NI2FE(CO)3S, THE FIRST IRON‐NICKEL CLUSTER WITH A SULPHUR ATOM NEARLY SYMMETRICALLY BRIDGING THREE METAL ATOMS
Authors: BRAUNSTEIN P. , SAPPA E. , TIRIPICCHIO A. , TIRIPICCHIO CAMELLINI M.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktion der Komplexe (I) und (II) im Molverhältnis 1.5 :1 in siedendem Heptan wird die Titelverbindung (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES PT(P‐C)LX, WHERE (P‐C) IS METALATED TRI‐TERT‐BUTYLPHOSPHINE
Authors: CLARK H. C. , GOEL A. B. , GOEL R. G. , GOEL S.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:2‐molare Reaktion des trans‐Komplexes (I) mit Tri‐tert.‐butylphosphin führt zur Bildung des monomeren (II) und des Chorid‐verbrückten dimeren Komplexes (III) mit zweizähnigem 2‐Methyl‐2‐(di‐tert.‐ butylphosphino)‐propyl‐Liganden neben Tri‐tert:butylphosphoniumchlorid.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF A VARIETY OF AMINODEOXY‐α‐D‐GLYCOPYRANOSIDES BY WAY OF A NOVEL REPLACEMENT REACTION
Authors: LEMIEUX R. U. , GEORGES F. F. Z. , SMIATACZ Z.
Published: April 2016

Das aus D‐Glucaltriacetat hergestellte Tri‐O‐acetyl‐2‐desoxy‐ 2‐oximino‐D‐arabino‐hexopyranosid (I) reagiert mit nucleophilen Reagentien wie Natriumazid, Phthalimidkalium, Natriumborhydrid oder Natriumthiophenolat unter Substitution des 3‐Acetoxyrestes.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF VERRUCAROL: A STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 13,14‐DINOR‐15‐HYDROXYTRICHOTHEC‐9‐ENE
Authors: ROUSH W. R. , D'AMBRA T. E.
Published: April 2016

Norbornanon (I) reagiert in bekannter Weise über die Zwischenstufen (II) zu einem Keto‐aldehyd (III), aus dem in beschriebener Weise z.B. das Trichothec‐9‐en‐Derivat (IV) bzw. das Diol (V) hergestellt werden, die für Naturstoffsynthesen von Interesse sind.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐CARBOXYISOPENAM SULFONE: AN ANALOG OF PENICILLANIC ACID SULFONE
Authors: PANT C. M. , STOODLEY R. J.
Published: April 2016

Die β‐Lactame (I) werden in die Isopename (II) und (III) übergeführt, deren Oxidation die Sulfone (IV) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER FROM THE CEROUS ION EXCITED STATE TO CUPRIC ION
Authors: ASBURY R. P. , HAMMOND G. S. , LEE P. H. P. , POULOS A. T.
Published: April 2016

Der photoinduzierte Elektronentransfer zwischen Ce3 (aq) und Cu2+(aq) in SOä′‐Lösung gemäß Reaktion A wird mit Hilfe der Mikrosekunden‐B1itzanregung unter sucht.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL AMMINE FORMATION IN SOLUTION. XIX. ON THE FORMATION OF TETRAAMMINEDI‐μ‐HYDROXODICOPPER(II) AND HYDROXOTETRAAMMINE COMPLEXES IN AMMONIACAL COPPER(II) SOLUTIONS
Authors: BJERRUM J. , AGARWALA B. V.
Published: April 2016

In NH3‐haltigen CuH‐Lösungen bildet sich bei niedrigen NH3‐Konzentrationen in kleinen Mengen der im nahen UV absorbierende dimere Komplex (I).
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTRA AND STRUCTURE OF THE RADICAL ANIONS OF METHYL DERIVATIVES OF HALO‐SILANES AND ‐GERMANES
Authors: HASEGAWA A. , UCHIMURA S. , HAYASHI M.
Published: April 2016

Durch γ‐Bestrahlung von Monomethyl‐ und Dimethylderivaten von Bromo‐ und Iodosilanen und ‐germanen bei 77 K in Tetramethylsilanmatrix werden Radikalanionen gebildet, deren ESR‐Parameter und Spindichten angegeben sind.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMOLABILE HYDROCARBONS. XIV. THERMAL STABILITY, STRAIN ENTHALPY, AND STRUCTURE OF SYMMETRICAL HEXAALKYL‐SUBSTITUTED ETHANES
Authors: WINIKER R. , BECKHAUS H.‐D. , RUECHARDT C. +
Published: April 2016

Die z.B. mit C3‐C5‐Alkylgruppen symmetrisch 2,3‐disubstituierten 2,3‐Dimethyl‐butane werden durch Dimerisierung der entsprechenden tert.‐Alkylchloride mit Mg in siedendem THF mit Ausb. von 0.7‐5.1% dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ENAMINE CHEMISTRY. PART 27. THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL α‐ AND β‐HETEROATOMS ON THE PΠ‐CONJUGATION AND REACTIVITY OF ENAMINES. SUB OR SUPER ENAMINES?
Authors: AHMED MD. G. , AHMED S. A. , HICKMOTT P. W.
Published: April 2016

Der Einfluß der α‐ und β‐Heteroatome in Enaminen wie z.B. (I)‐(III) besteht in der Verminderung der p?‐Konjugation zwischen einsamem N‐Elektronenpaar und den rr‐Elektronen der Doppelbindung.
ChemInform Abstract: CONFIGURATION OF ARYLCHLOROMETHANIMINOXY RADICALS. A REASSIGNMENT
Authors: ALBERTI A. , BARBARO G. , BATTAGLIA A. , DONDONI A. , PEDULLI G. F.
Published: April 2016

Die Konformationen der Radikale (I) werden korrigiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ACYLPHOSPHONATES: PHOSPHORUS‐CARBON BOND CLEAVAGE OF DIALKYL ACYLPHOSPHONATES BY MEANS OF AMINES. SUBSTITUENT AND SOLVENT EFFECTS FOR ACYLATION OF AMINES
Authors: SEKINE M. , SATOH M. , YAMAGATA H. , HATA T.
Published: April 2016

Benzoylphosphonsäureester (I) werden mit Aminen (II) umgesetzt und hierbei unterschiedliche Anteile an den Reaktionsprodukten (III)‐(V) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: CROWN CATION COMPLEX EFFECTS. 10. POTASSIUM TERT‐BUTOXIDE MEDIATED PENULTIMATE OXIDATIVE HYDROLYSIS OF NITRILES
Authors: DIBIASE S. A. , WOLAK R. P. JUN. , DISHONG D. M. , GOKEL G. W.
Published: April 2016

In Gegenwart von Kalium‐tert.‐butylat (II) werden die Nitrile (I) mit Luft oder Sauerstoff zu den Acylcyaniden (III) oxidiert, die zu den Carbonsäuren (IV) hydrolysiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: MICHAEL ADDITIONS TO α,β‐UNSATURATED SULFOXIMIDES IN TWO‐PHASE SYSTEMS. KINETIC RESOLUTION BY MEANS OF CHIRAL PHASE‐TRANSFER CATALYSTS
Authors: ANNUNZIATA R. , CINQUINI M. , COLONNA S.
Published: April 2016

Die Additionsreaktion der Nucleophilen (II) mit dem Sulfoximid (Ia) bzw. den Verbindungen (IV) in Gegenwart des homogenen Systems a) bzw. der 2‐Phasen‐Systeme b)‐e) als basischen Katalysatoren liefert die Produkte (III) (angegebene Ausb. sind Maximalwerte; Tabelle) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: HIGH‐PRESSURE KINETICS OF ELECTRON DONOR‐ACCEPTOR COMPLEX FORMATION AND CYCLOADDITION BETWEEN TETRACYANOETHYLENE AND ENOL ETHERS
Authors: SASAKI M. , TSUZUKI H. , OSUGI J.
Published: April 2016

Die Hochdruck‐Cycloaddition zwischen Tetracyanoethylen (I) und den Enolethern (II) zu den Additionsprodukten (III) verläuft über die intermediäre Bildung eines Elektronen‐Donator‐Akzeptor‐ Komplexes und eines zwitterionischen Produktes.
ChemInform Abstract: EXTRUSION OF SULFUR FROM ((ACYLMETHYL)THIO)PYRIMIDINONES
Authors: ROTH B. , LAUBE R. , TIDWELL M. Y. , RAUCKMAN B. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Pyrimidinonthionen (I) entstehen mit Phenacylbromiden (II) die Thioether (III), die bereits bei geringem Erhitzen Schwefel eliminieren und sich über diskutierte Zwischenstufen zu den Methylenpyrimidinonen (IV) umlagem.
ChemInform Abstract: ALDOL DIASTEREOSELECTION VIA ZIRCONIUM ENOLATES. PRODUCT‐SELECTIVE, ENOLATE STRUCTURE INDEPENDENT CONDENSATIONS
Authors: EVANS D. A. , MCGEE L. R.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Li‐enolaten (Ia) entstehen die Silylether (Ib) und die Zirkon‐Verbindungen (Ic), die mit den Aldehyden (II) zu den Addukten (III) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: CYANOACETYLENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES. 3. BASE‐CATALYZED AUTOHETEROCYCLIZATION OF CYANOACETYLENE CARBINOLS
Authors: SKVORTSOV YU. M. , MAL'KINA A. G. , TROFIMOV B. A. , KALABIN G. A. , VOLKOV Y. I. , MODONOV V. B.
Published: April 2016

Behandelt man 1‐Cyan‐3,3‐dialkyl‐3‐hydroxy‐1‐propin (II) mit NaOH‐haltigem Dioxan, so entsteht 2,2‐Dia1ky1‐3,4‐di‐cyanmethyliden‐oxethan (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION AND REARRANGEMENT OF CYCLIC HEMIAMINALS WITH α‐MERCAPTO GROUPS
Authors: KUCKLAENDER U. + , EDOHO E. J. , RINUS O. , MASSA W.
Published: April 2016

Das rac. Halbaminal (I) addiert Thioessigsäure, Thiobenzoesäure, 2‐Amino‐thiophen01 und Thiazolidinthion‐(Z) diastereoselektiv unter Bildung der Racemat‐Gemische (II)/(III), die sich thermisch ebenfalls diastereoselektiv in rac. Gemische der Azaspirononenon‐Derivate (IV) und (V) umlagern.
ChemInform Abstract: SINGLET PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF SIMPLE ALKENES. PART 1. CIS‐TRANS PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF CYCLOOCTENE SENSITIZED BY AROMATIC ESTERS
Authors: INOUE Y. , TAKAMUKU S. , KUNITOMI Y. , SAKURAI H.
Published: April 2016

Die Titeluntersuchung bei Verwendung einer Reihe von Sensibilisatoren wie z.B. Methyl‐, Ethyl‐ und t‐Butylbenzoat, Dimethylphthalaten und substituierten Methylbenzoaten zeigt eine ungewöhnliche cis‐trans‐Photoisomerisierung von Cycloocten, in der das transmis‐Verhältnis in photostationärem Zustand anomal hoch ist.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGH‐PRESSURE EXPERIMENTS. XI. REACTION OF PHOSGENE WITH 1,3‐CYCLOHEXADIENE AT HIGH PRESSURE
Authors: KURZ K. , PLIENINGER H.
Published: April 2016

1,3‐Cyclohexadien (I) reagiert mit Phosgen bei 5000 at zu einem Gemisch von Säurechloriden, das nach Veresterung mit MeOH/Pyridin bzw. nur mit MeOH getrennt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBENES IN A RIGID MATRIX. SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF α‐CARBONYLCARBENE REACTIONS
Authors: TOMIOKA H. , OKUNO H. , IZAWA Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Photolyse z.B. des Diazoesters (I) in Ethanol bei ‐196°C ergibt im Vergleich zur Produktverteilung bei Zimmertemp.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW METHOD FOR SELECTIVE MONOFLUORINATION OF AROMATICS USING SILVER DIFLUORIDE
Authors: ZWEIG A. , FISCHER R. G. , LANCASTER J. E.
Published: April 2016

Benzol (I) wird mit Silber(II)‐fluorid (II) behandelt und hierbei zunächst das Fluorbenzol (III) erhalten, das jedoch mit weiterem (II) zusätzlichen Reaktionen unterliegt.
ChemInform Abstract: DEAMINATION OF N‐(6‐ENDO‐METHYLBICYCLO(3.1.0)HEX‐6‐EXO‐YL)‐ AND N‐(6‐ENDO‐METHYLBICYCLO(3.1.0)HEX‐2‐EN‐6‐EXO‐YL)‐N‐NITROSOUREA. ATTEMPTED NONPHOTOCHEMICAL GENERATION OF TRANS‐CYCLOHEXENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: JENDRALLA H.
Published: April 2016

Der Zerfall der stereochemisch fixierten Diazonium‐Ionen (VI) in basischem Methanol ergibt nur die Produkte (VII) + (VIIIa)‐(VIIId).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF POLYENE BIS‐Ω,Ω′‐ AND MONO‐Ω‐DIMETHYL AMINOKETONES
Authors: KRASNAYA ZH. A. , STYTSENKO T. S. , PROKOF'EV E. P. , KUCHEROV V. F.
Published: April 2016

Untersucht wird die Kondensation des Acetalaminals von β‐Dimethylaminoacrolein (II) mit (US‐ungesättigten Ketonen und einigen heterocyclischen Ketonen.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DICHLOROCARBENE WITH VINYL SULFIDES
Authors: KOSTIKOV R. R. , MOLCHANOV A. P. , AMOSOVA S. V. , TROFIMOV B. A.
Published: April 2016

Durch Einwirkung von Dichlorcarben (II) auf die Sulfide (I) entstehen die Cyclopropane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF UNSATURATED Δ‐AMINOKETONES INCLUDING A MACROCYCLIC FRAGMENT
Authors: KRASNAYA ZH. A. , PROKOF'EV O. P. , KUCHEROV V. F.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung von 1,1,3‐Trimethoxy‐3‐dimethylaminopropan (I) mit makrocyclischen Ketonen (II) erhält man die mono‐substituierten cyclischen Ketone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON FURAN DERIVATIVES. IX. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF 5‐NITRO‐2‐FURANCARBALDEHYDE: PREPARATION OF 5‐PHENOXY‐2‐FURANCARBALDEHYDES
Authors: TANAKA A. , USUI T. , SHIMADZU M.
Published: April 2016

Das Nitrofuran (II) wird durch die Phenolate (I) unter Bildung der Phenoxyfurane (III) substituiert.
ChemInform Abstract: AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 1‐ALKYL‐5‐(ALKYLAMINO)IMIDAZOLE‐4‐CARBOXAMIDES, SYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATES FOR 3,9‐DIALKYLPURINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: ITAYA T. , OGAWA K. , MATSUMOTO H. , WATANABE T.
Published: April 2016

Bei der alkalischen Spaltung der N,N‐Diethyl‐dialkyl‐adeniniumiodide (I) erhält man die Imidazole (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY AND SYNTHESIS OF THE 1,6‐DIOXA‐6AΛ4‐THIA‐3,4‐DIAZAPENTALENE SYSTEM
Authors: GARDNER J. O.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung des Dioxathiadiazapentalens (I) mit Phosphorpentasulfid erhält man bei niederer Temperatur die Schwefel‐Verbindungen (II) und (III) neben einem acyclischen Spaltprodukt (IV), das bei niederer Reaktionstemperatur zum Hauptprodukt wird.