bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A retrospective study on sex difference in patients with urolithiasis: who is more vulnerable to chronic kidney disease?
Authors: Chien Tsu-Ming , Lu Yen-Man , Li Ching-Chia , Wu Wen-Jeng , Chang Hsueh-Wei , Chou Yii-Her
Published: June 2021

Background

Urolithiasis is considered a vital public health issue with a substantial burden on kidney function. Additionally, only few reports focused on the gender difference in patients with urolithiasis. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics of sex difference and their potential risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with urolithiasis.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with stone disease from 2013 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed and divided into two groups by gender. Clinical demographic characteristics, stone location, stone composition, urine chemistries, and renal function were investigated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the relationship and potential risk of CKD between sex groups.

Results

A total of 1802 patients were included: 1312 from men and 490 from women. Female patients had a higher rate of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Male patients predominantly had calcium-containing stones, especially calcium oxalate stone, uric acid stone, and struvite stone. Carbonate apatite stone was more frequently found in women. Complex surgeries such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) were more frequently performed in women than that in men. Multivariate analysis confirmed that age > 60 years (odds ratios [ORs] = 6.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8–10.8), female sex (ORs = 5.31; 95% CI 3.3–8.4), uric acid stone (ORs = 3.55; 95% CI 2.0–6.4), hypertension (OR = 7.20; 95% CI 3.8–13.7), and diabetes (OR = 7.06; 95% CI 3.1–16.2) were independent predictors of poor prognoses in CKD.

Conclusions

The female gender is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of CKD among patients with urolithiasis. Therefore, women with stone disease may need close renal function monitoring during follow-up.
Economic evaluation of HIV testing options for low-prevalence high-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Medu Olanrewaju , Lawal Adegboyega , Coyle Doug , Pottie Kevin
Published: June 2021

Introduction

This study reviewed the economic evidence of rapid HIV testing versus conventional HIV testing in low-prevalence high-income countries; evaluated the methodological quality of existing economic evaluations of HIV testing studies; and made recommendations on future economic evaluation directions of HIV testing approaches.

Methods

A systematic search of selected databases for relevant English language studies published between Jan 1, 2001, and Jan 30, 2019, was conducted. The methodological design quality was assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) and the Drummond tool. We reported the systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Results

Five economic evaluations met the eligibility criteria but varied in comparators, evaluation type, perspective, and design. The methodologic quality of the included studies ranged from medium to high. We found evidence to support the cost-effectiveness of rapid HIV testing approaches in low-prevalence high-income countries. Rapid HIV testing was associated with cost per adjusted life year (QALY), ranging from $42,768 to $90,498. Additionally, regardless of HIV prevalence, rapid HIV testing approaches were the most cost-effective option.

Conclusions

There is evidence for the cost-effectiveness of rapid HIV testing, including the use of saliva-based testing compared to usual care or hospital-based serum testing. Further studies are needed to draw evidence on the relative cost-effectiveness of the distinct options and contexts of rapid HIV testing.
Managing sustainability risks of bioenergy in four Nordic countries
Authors: Hansen Anders Chr. , Clarke Nicholas , Hegnes Atle Wehn
Published: June 2021

Background

Bioenergy plays a key role in the transition to a sustainable economy in Europe, but its own sustainability is being questioned. We study the experiences of Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway, to find out whether the forest-based bioenergy chains developed in the four countries have led to unsustainable outcomes and how the countries manage the sustainability risks. Data were collected from a diversity of sources including interviews, statistical databases, the scientific literature, government planning documents and legislation.

Results

Sustainability risks of deforestation, degradation of forests, reduced carbon pools in forests, expensive biopower and heat, resource competition, and lack of acceptance at the local level are considered. The experience of the four countries shows that the sustainability risks can to a high degree be managed with voluntary measures without resorting to prescriptive measures. It is possible to add to the carbon pools of forests along with higher harvest volumes if the risks are well managed. There is, however, a marginal trade-off between harvest volume and carbon pools. Economic sustainability risks may be more challenging than ecological risks because the competitiveness order of renewable energy technologies has been reversed in the last decade. The risk of resource competition harming other sectors in the economy was found to be small and manageable but requires continuous monitoring. Local communities acting as bioenergy communities have been agents of change behind the most expansive bioenergy chains. A fear of non-local actors reaping the economic gains involved in bioenergy chains was found to be one of the risks to the trust and acceptance necessary for local communities to act as bioenergy communities.

Conclusions

The Nordic experience shows that it has been possible to manage the sustainability risks examined in this paper to an extent avoiding unsustainable outcomes. Sustainability risks have been managed by developing an institutional framework involving laws, regulations, standards and community commitments. Particularly on the local level, bioenergy chains should be developed with stakeholder involvement in development and use, in order to safeguard the legitimacy of bioenergy development and reconcile tensions between the global quest for a climate neutral economy and the local quest for an economically viable community.
Food consumption patterns, nutrient adequacy, and the food systems in Nigeria
Authors: Mekonnen Daniel A. , Trijsburg Laura , Achterbosch Thom , Brouwer Inge D. , Kennedy Gina , Linderhof Vincent , Ruben Ruerd , Talsma Elise F.
Published: June 2021

Previous studies in Nigeria examined food and nutrition security mainly using anthropometric indicators, total calorie intake, or the household dietary diversity score (HDDS). However, recent evidence on nutrient and dietary gaps, especially from nationally representative surveys, is weak. This study contributes by examining factors influencing household mean nutrient adequacy and HDDS with focus on components of food systems in Nigeria. Based on the 2015/16 Nigeria General Household Survey, we found that fruits and animal source foods were the least consumed food groups. Yet, these food groups seem to be the main sources of difference in HDDS and were strongly associated with the mean probability of nutrient adequacy, given covariates. Among 11 nutrients under study, large shortfalls were observed in consumption of iron, vitamin B12, and riboflavin with probability of adequacy being 0.2 or below, followed by niacin, vitamin C, and zinc with corresponding probability of adequacy ranged between 0.48 and 0.58. Further, results suggested that mobile phone ownership by the household head, household’s access to electricity, improved sources of water for household consumption, and percent of the community with improved sanitation were strongly associated with HDDS. Heterogeneities in food groups and nutrient consumption and food system drivers are discussed.
Mitochondrial genome copy number measured by DNA sequencing in human blood is strongly associated with metabolic traits via cell-type composition differences
Authors: Ganel Liron , Chen Lei , Christ Ryan , Vangipurapu Jagadish , Young Erica , Das Indraniel , Kanchi Krishna , Larson David , Regier Allison , Abel Haley , Kang Chul Joo , Scott Alexandra , Havulinna Aki , Chiang Charleston W. K. , Service Susan , Freimer Nelson , Palotie Aarno , Ripatti Samuli , Kuusisto Johanna , Boehnke Michael , Laakso Markku , Locke Adam , Stitziel Nathan O. , Hall Ira M.
Published: June 2021

Background

Mitochondrial genome copy number (MT-CN) varies among humans and across tissues and is highly heritable, but its causes and consequences are not well understood. When measured by bulk DNA sequencing in blood, MT-CN may reflect a combination of the number of mitochondria per cell and cell-type composition. Here, we studied MT-CN variation in blood-derived DNA from 19184 Finnish individuals using a combination of genome (N = 4163) and exome sequencing (N = 19034) data as well as imputed genotypes (N = 17718).

Results

We identified two loci significantly associated with MT-CN variation: a common variant at the MYB-HBS1L locus (P = 1.6 × 10−8), which has previously been associated with numerous hematological parameters; and a burden of rare variants in the TMBIM1 gene (P = 3.0 × 10−8), which has been reported to protect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We also found that MT-CN is strongly associated with insulin levels (P = 2.0 × 10−21) and other metabolic syndrome (metS)-related traits. Using a Mendelian randomization framework, we show evidence that MT-CN measured in blood is causally related to insulin levels. We then applied an MT-CN polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from Finnish data to the UK Biobank, where the association between the PRS and metS traits was replicated. Adjusting for cell counts largely eliminated these signals, suggesting that MT-CN affects metS via cell-type composition.

Conclusion

These results suggest that measurements of MT-CN in blood-derived DNA partially reflect differences in cell-type composition and that these differences are causally linked to insulin and related traits.
Efficacy of affirmative cognitive behavioural group therapy for sexual and gender minority adolescents and young adults in community settings in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Craig Shelley L. , Eaton Andrew D. , Leung Vivian W. Y. , Iacono Gio , Pang Nelson , Dillon Frank , Austin Ashley , Pascoe Rachael , Dobinson Cheryl
Published: June 2021

Objective

This study tested the efficacy of AFFIRM, a brief affirmative cognitive-behavioural group intervention tailored to reduce psychosocial distress and improve coping among sexual and gender minority adolescents and young adults (SGMY).

Method

SGMY (n = 138; M age = 22.44) were allocated to immediate 8-week AFFIRM intervention delivered at 12 community-based organisations or an 8-week waitlisted control. At baseline, post-intervention or post-waitlist, participants completed self-reported assessments of depression, hope, coping, and stress appraisal. Implementation outcomes of feasibility and acceptability were also assessed.

Results

Compared to waitlist, SGMY in the intervention condition significantly reduced their depressive symptoms (b = − 5.79, p = .001) as well as increased reports of hope (agency: b = 0.84, p = .001; pathway: b = 0.79, p = .001), and coping by emotional support (b = 0.59, p < .001), instrumental support (b = 0.67, p < .001), positive framing (b = 0.59, p < .001), humour (b = 0.36, p = .014), planning (b = 0.49, p < .001) as well as reflective coping (b = 0.27, p = .009). Intervention participants were also less likely to perceive stress as a threat (b = − 0.43, p = .001), and more likely to perceive stress as challenge (b = 0.67, p < .001) and have the resources to deal with that stress (b = 0.38, p = .016) in comparison to waitlisted control participants. All outcomes had medium to large effect sizes. AFFIRM participants reported low attrition (8.5%) and high levels of engagement and acceptability (e.g. 99% agreed intervention was relevant to their lives). Over 63% of the community organizations that participated in the training hosted AFFIRM at least once during the study.

Conclusions

Results demonstrate efficacy for the community-based implementation of an affirmative clinical intervention designed for SGMY to address depression and foster coping with universal and minority stressors.
Evaluation of erosion characteristics of soils using the pinhole test
Authors: Dinh Ba Huu , Nguyen Anh-Dan , Jang Seo-Yong , Kim Young-Sang
Published: June 2021

This paper investigates the erosion characteristics of soils using the pinhole test. The tests were conducted with two undisturbed clay samples and five disturbed sandy soil samples. Based on the pinhole test results, a process to analyze the critical shear stress and erosion rate was proposed. The result indicates that the particle size distribution and coefficient of uniformity of soils are significant factors that affect the erosion characteristics of the soil. Samples with a grain size ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 mm is most susceptible to soil erosion. The erosion coefficients can be used to distinguish between the low erodible soils (ND3 and ND4) and high erodible ones (D1 and D2). Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the critical shear stress might be used as an identification parameter for erosion characteristics of the soil: τc > 3.5 Pa (ND3), 3.0 Pa < τc < 3.5 Pa (D2), and τc < 3.0 Pa (D1).
Bioelectrical impedance analysis-guided fluid management promotes primary fascial closure after open abdomen: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wang Kai , Sun Shi-Long , Wang Xin-Yu , Chu Cheng-Nan , Duan Ze-Hua , Yang Chao , Liu Bao-Chen , Ding Wei-Wei , Li Wei-Qin , Li Jie-Shou
Published: June 2021

Background

Fluid overload (FO) after resuscitation is frequent and contributes to adverse outcomes among postinjury open abdomen (OA) patients. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a promising tool for monitoring fluid status and FO. Therefore, we sought to investigate the efficacy of BIA-directed fluid resuscitation among OA patients.

Methods

A pragmatic, prospective, randomized, observer-blind, single-center trial was performed for all trauma patients requiring OA between January 2013 and December 2017 to a national referral center. A total of 140 postinjury OA patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a BIA-directed fluid resuscitation (BIA) protocol that included fluid administration with monitoring of hemodynamic parameters and different degrees of interventions to achieve a negative fluid balance targeting the hydration level (HL) measured by BIA or a traditional fluid resuscitation (TRD) in which clinicians determined the fluid resuscitation regimen according to traditional parameters during 30 days of ICU management. The primary outcome was the 30-day primary fascial closure (PFC) rate. The secondary outcomes included the time to PFC, postoperative 7-day cumulative fluid balance (CFB) and adverse events within 30 days after OA. The Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test were utilized for PFC after OA. A generalized linear regression model for the time to PFC and CFB was built.

Results

A total of 134 patients completed the trial (BIA, n = 66; TRD, n = 68). The BIA patients were significantly more likely to achieve PFC than the TRD patients (83.33% vs. 55.88%, P < 0.001). In the BIA group, the time to PFC occurred earlier than that of the TRD group by an average of 3.66 days (P < 0.001). Additionally, the BIA group showed a lower postoperative 7-day CFB by an average of 6632.80 ml (P < 0.001) and fewer complications.

Conclusion

Among postinjury OA patients in the ICU, the use of BIA-guided fluid resuscitation resulted in a higher PFC rate and fewer severe complications than the traditional fluid resuscitation strategy.
3D Biomechanics of Rugby Tackle Techniques to Inform Future Rugby Research Practice: a Systematic Review
Authors: Edwards Suzi , Lee Roger , Fuller Gordon , Buchanan Matthew , Tahu Timana , Tucker Ross , Gardner Andrew J.
Published: June 2021

Background

The tackle is the most common in-play event in rugby union and rugby league (the rugby codes). It is also associated with the greatest propensity for injury and thus accounts for the most injuries in the sport. It is therefore of critical importance to accurately quantify how tackle technique alters injury risk using gold-standard methodology of three-dimensional motion (3D) capture.

Objective

To examine the 3D motion capture methodology of rugby-style tackle techniques to provide recommendations to inform practice for future rugby code research and advance the knowledge of this field.

Study Design

Systematic review.

Methods

Articles published in English language, up to May 2020, were retrieved via nine online databases. All cross-sectional, correlational, observational, and cohort study designs using 3D motion capture of tackle techniques in rugby code players met inclusion criteria for this review. A qualitative synthesis using thematic analysis was pre-specified to identify five key themes.

Results

Seven articles met eligibility criteria. Participant demographic information (theme one) involved a total of 92 rugby union players, ranging in skill level and playing experience. Experimental task design information (theme two) included one-on-one, front-on (n=5) or side-on (n=1) contact between a tackler and a ball carrier, or a tackler impacting a tackle bag or bump pad (n=3). 3D data collection (theme three) reported differing sampling frequencies and marker sets. 3D data reduction and analysis (theme four) procedures could be mostly replicated, but the definitions of temporal events, joint modelling and filtering varied between studies. Findings of the studies (theme five) showed that the one-on-one tackle technique can be altered (n=5) when tackle height, leg drive and/or tackle speed is modified. A study reported tackle coaching intervention.

Conclusions

This is the first review to evaluate 3D motion capture of rugby-style tackle technique research. A research framework was identified: (i) participant demographic information, (ii) experimental task design information, (iii) 3D motion capture data specifications, and (iv) 3D data reduction and analysis. Adherence of future 3D tackling research to these framework principles will provide critical scientific evidence to better inform injury reduction and performance practices in the rugby codes.

Trial Registration

The review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42018092312).
Diosgenin and galactomannans, natural products in the pharmaceutical sciences
Authors: Shahrajabian Mohamad Hesam , Sun Wenli , Marmitt Diorge Jonatas , Cheng Qi
Published: June 2021

Background

Diosgenin is an isospirostane derivative, which is a steroidal sapogenin and the product of acids or enzymes hydrolysis process of dioscin and protodioscin. Galactomannans are heteropolysaccharides composed of D-mannose and D-galactose, which are major sources of locust bean, guar, tara and fenugreek.

Methods

Literature survey was accomplished using multiple databases including PubMed, Science Direct, ISI web of knowledge and Google Scholar.

Results

Four major sources of seed galactomannans are locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua), guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), tara (Caesalpinia spinosa Kuntze), and fenugreek (T.foenum-graecum). Diosgenin has effect on immune system, lipid system, inflammatory and reproductive systems, caner, metabolic process, blood system, blood glucose and calcium regulation. The most important pharmacological benefits of galactomannan are antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, anticholinesterase, antiviral activities, and appropriate for dengue virus and gastric diseases.

Conclusions

Considering the importance of diosgenin and galactomannans, the obtained findings suggest potential of diosgenin and galactomannans as natural products in pharmaceutical industries.
Correlation of periodontal diseases with intracranial aneurysm formation: novel predictive indicators
Authors: Liu Keyun , Sun Jia , Shao Lingling , He Hongwei , Liu Qinglin , Li Youxiang , Ge Huijian
Published: June 2021

Background

We investigated whether periodontal diseases, specifically, periodontitis and gingivitis, could be risk factors of the incidence of intracranial aneurysms (IAs).

Methods

We performed a case–control study to compare the differences in the periodontal disease parameters of 281 cases that were divided into the IAs group and non-IAs group. All cases underwent complete radiographic examination for IAs and examination for periodontal health.

Results

Comparing with those in the non-IAs group, the cases in the IAs group were older (53.95 ± 8.56 vs 47.79 ± 12.33, p < 0.001) and had a higher incidence of hypertension (76 vs 34, p = 0.006). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age (> 50 years) and hypertension were predictive risk factors of aneurysm formation (odds ratio [OR] 1.047, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.022–1.073, p < 0.001 and OR 2.047, 95% CI 1.232–3.401, p = 0.006). In addition, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the parameters of periodontal diseases, including gingival index, plaque index, clinical attachment loss, and alveolar bone loss, were significantly associated with the occurrence of IAs (all p < 0.05). For further statistical investigation, the parameters of periodontal diseases were divided into four layers based on the quartered data. Poorer periodontal health condition (especially gingival index > 1.1 and plaque index > 1.5) had the correlation with IAs formation (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Severe gingivitis or periodontitis, combining with hypertension, is significantly associated with the incidence of IAs.
The context of presenting “others”: the construction of meaning and the potential of communication in ethnographic film
Authors: Xiong Xun , Li Jing
Published: June 2021

How can images be used as an expressive, yet clearly limited, tool to represent “the other” in ethnographic films? Based on the objectives of visual anthropology and visual communication, this article analyzes the four presentational traditions of meaning construction. These traditions have been incorporated into the audio-visual communication context to illustrate the similarities or differences between ethnographic films and ethnographic texts in terms of traditions, structures, features, and limitations. Through the analysis of the four traditions, the relationships between visual presentation and text writing, visual patterns and communication concepts, and visual potentials and ethnographic films have been fully examined. In the context of Chinese ethnographic films, the four presentational traditions have been well showcased and developed. These works, in their different contexts, have constituted a meaningful visual text system of contemporary Chinese anthropology.
3D Printed frames to enable reuse and improve the fit of N95 and KN95 respirators
Authors: McAvoy Malia , Bui Ai-Tram N. , Hansen Christopher , Plana Deborah , Said Jordan T. , Yu Zizi , Yang Helen , Freake Jacob , Van Christopher , Krikorian David , Cramer Avilash , Smith Leanne , Jiang Liwei , Lee Karen J. , Li Sara J. , Beller Brandon , Huggins Kimberley , Short Michael P. , Yu Sherry H. , Mostaghimi Arash , Sorger Peter K. , LeBoeuf Nicole R.
Published: June 2021

Background

In response to supply shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs or “masks”), which are typically single-use devices in healthcare settings, are routinely being used for prolonged periods and in some cases decontaminated under “reuse” and “extended use” policies. However, the reusability of N95 masks is limited by degradation of fit. Possible substitutes, such as KN95 masks meeting Chinese standards, frequently fail fit testing even when new. The purpose of this study was to develop an inexpensive frame for damaged and poorly fitting masks using readily available materials and 3D printing.

Results

An iterative design process yielded a mask frame consisting of two 3D printed side pieces, malleable wire links that users press against their face, and cut lengths of elastic material that go around the head to hold the frame and mask in place. Volunteers (n = 45; average BMI = 25.4), underwent qualitative fit testing with and without mask frames wearing one or more of four different brands of FFRs conforming to US N95 or Chinese KN95 standards. Masks passed qualitative fit testing in the absence of a frame at rates varying from 48 to 94 % (depending on mask model). For individuals who underwent testing using respirators with broken or defective straps, 80–100 % (average 85 %) passed fit testing with mask frames. Among individuals who failed fit testing with a KN95, ~ 50 % passed testing by using a frame.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that mask frames can prolong the lifespan of N95 and KN95 masks by serving as a substitute for broken or defective bands without adversely affecting fit. Use of frames made it possible for ~ 73 % of the test population to achieve a good fit based on qualitative and quantitative testing criteria, approaching the 85–90 % success rate observed for intact N95 masks. Frames therefore represent a simple and inexpensive way of expanding access to PPE and extending their useful life. For clinicians and institutions interested in mask frames, designs and specifications are provided without restriction for use or modification. To ensure adequate performance in clinical settings, fit testing with user-specific masks and PanFab frames is required.
A rapid RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Ivacaftor and Tezacaftor and in silico study of their metabolitic products
Authors: Donakonda Madhuri , Indrakanti Srija , Pasala Praveen Kumar , Desari Malleswari , Kammari Shireesha
Published: June 2021

Background

This study was designed to develop a reliable method for estimation of Ivacaftor and Tezacaftor in pure and its pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC in human plasma. Molecular docking studies were carried out and the results were visualized using PyMol and Discovery studio visualizer (Discovery studio visualizer ver. 2.5). The pharmacokinetic properties such as Swiss ADME and pKCSM of the Ivacaftor and its metabolites Ivacaftor M1, M6 and Tezacaftor and metabolites Tezacaftor M1, M2 were predicted. In admetSAR, web-based query tools incorporating a molecular built-in interface enable the database to be queried by SMILES.

Results

A simple, linear, precise, and accurate RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Ivacaftor (IVA) and Tezacaftor (TEZ) in human plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved isocratically on Inspire C18, (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) column at 30°C. Mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.05% formic acid in ratio of 95:5 with flow rate of 1 mL/min with injection volume 20 μl detector used is PDA at 235 nm. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and found to be linearity range was found to be for TEZ (10–50 μg/mL) and IVA (15–75 μg/mL). IVA and TEZ drugs and its metabolites were retrieved from the PubChem database and the 2D chemical structures were generated from SMILES notation by using the Chemsketch Software. The structure was viewed using Swiss-PDB Viewer to form a better understanding of the molecule for toxicity and biological activity prediction.

Conclusion

The results obtained by the proposed method from validation parameters and from assay confirmed that the determination of Tezacaftor (TEZ) and Ivacaftor (IVA) in their combined dosage form in human plasma was sensitive and selective method. In silico study has revealed that IVA and its metabolites IVA M1, IVA M6 are according to Lipinski rule. The oral bioactivity of IVA was found to be more when compared to its metabolites (Molinspiration) and TEZ and its metabolites TEZ M1, TEZ M2 even though they have the molecular weight > 500, but all other parameters from Molinspiration revealed better oral bioactivity of TEZ M2. Validation of the developed isocratic RP-HPLC procedure revealed that, regardless of how the sample was purified, the method was characterized by good linearity, sensitivity, reproducibility, specificity, and low values of LOD (0.090 μg/mL) and LOQ (0.275 μg/mL). From the in silico docking results, it is quite evident that metabolites of TEZ and IVA have the great potential against cystic fibrosis.
Rethinking methane from animal agriculture
Authors: Liu Shule , Proudman Joe , Mitloehner Frank M.
Published: June 2021

Background

As the global community actively works to keep temperatures from rising beyond 1.5 °C, predicting greenhouse gases (GHGs) by how they warm the planet—and not their carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalence—provides information critical to developing short- and long-term climate solutions. Livestock, and in particular cattle, have been broadly branded as major emitters of methane (CH4) and significant drivers of climate change. Livestock production has been growing to meet the global food demand, however, increasing demand for production does not necessarily result in the proportional increase of CH4 production. The present paper intends to evaluate the actual effects of the CH4 emission from U.S. dairy and beef production on temperature and initiate a rethinking of CH4 associated with animal agriculture to clarify long-standing misunderstandings and uncover the potential role of animal agriculture in fighting climate change.

Methods

Two climate metrics, the standard 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100) and the recently proposed Global Warming Potential Star (GWP*), were applied to the CH4 emission from the U.S. cattle industry to assess and compare its climate contribution.

Results

Using GWP*, the projected climate impacts show that CH4 emissions from the U.S. cattle industry have not contributed additional warming since 1986. Calculations show that the California dairy industry will approach climate neutrality in the next ten years if CH4 emissions can be reduced by 1% per year, with the possibility to induce cooling if there are further reductions of emissions.

Conclusions

GWP* should be used in combination with GWP to provide feasible strategies on fighting climate change induced by short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). By continuously improving production efficiency and management practices, animal agriculture can be a short-term solution to fight climate warming that the global community can leverage while developing long-term solutions for fossil fuel carbon emissions.
Planar liquid crystal polarization optics for augmented reality and virtual reality: from fundamentals to applications
Authors: Xiong Jianghao , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2021

Planar and ultrathin liquid crystal (LC) polarization optical elements have found promising applications in augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and photonic devices. In this paper, we give a comprehensive review on the operation principles, device fabrication, and performance of these optical elements. Optical simulations methods for optimizing the device performance are discussed in detail. Finally, some potential applications of these devices in AR and VR systems are illustrated and analyzed.
Implication of Heterozygous Variants in Genes of the Leptin–Melanocortin Pathway in Severe Obesity
Authors: Courbage Sophie , Poitou Christine , Le Beyec-Le Bihan Johanne , Karsenty Alexandra , Lemale Julie , Pelloux Véronique , Lacorte Jean-Marc , Carel Jean-Claude , Lecomte Nathalie , Storey Caroline , De Filippo Gianpaolo , Coupaye Muriel , Oppert Jean-Michel , Tounian Patrick , Clément Karine , Dubern Béatrice
Published: June 2021

Context

Unlike homozygous variants, the implication of heterozygous variants on the leptin–melanocortin pathway in severe obesity has not been established.

Objective

To describe the frequency, the phenotype, and the genotype–phenotype relationship for heterozygous variants in LEP, LEPR, POMC, and PCSK1 in severe obesity.

Methods

In this retrospective study, genotyping was performed on at least 1 of the LEP, LEPR, POMC, and PCSK1 genes in 1486 probands with severe obesity (600 children, 886 adults). The phenotype was collected in 60 subjects with heterozygous variants and 16 with homozygous variants. We analyzed variant frequency, body mass index (BMI), age of obesity onset, food impulsivity, and endocrine abnormalities.

Results

The frequency of subjects with homozygous variants was 1.7% (n = 26), and 6.7% (n = 100) with heterozygous variants. Adults with homozygous variants had a higher BMI (66 vs 53 kg/m2, P = .015), an earlier onset of obesity (0.4 vs 5.4 years, P < .001), more often food impulsivity (83% vs 42%, P = .04), and endocrine abnormalities (75% vs 26%, P < .01). The BMI was higher for subjects with high-impact heterozygous variants (61 vs 50 kg/m², P = .045) and those with a second heterozygous variant on the pathway (65 vs 49 kg/m², P < .01). In children, no significant differences were found for the age of obesity onset and BMI.

Conclusion

Heterozygous variants in LEP, LEPR, POMC, and PCSK1 are frequent in severe obesity and sometimes associated with a phenotype close to that of homozygotes. These data suggest a systematic search for variants in severe early-onset obesity, to discuss therapy that targets this key pathway.
Ribosomal RNA degradation induced by the bacterial RNA polymerase inhibitor rifampicin
Authors: Hamouche Lina , Poljak Leonora , Carpousis Agamemnon J.
Published: June 2021

Rifampicin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase. Here we show that rifampicin treatment ofEscherichia coliresults in a 50% decrease in cell size due to a terminal cell division. This decrease is a consequence of inhibition of transcription as evidenced by an isogenic rifampicin-resistant strain. There is also a 50% decrease in total RNA due mostly to a 90% decrease in 23S and 16S rRNA levels. Control experiments showed this decrease is not an artifact of our RNA purification protocol and therefore due to degradation in vivo. Since chromosome replication continues after rifampicin treatment, ribonucleotides from rRNA degradation could be recycled for DNA synthesis. Rifampicin-induced rRNA degradation occurs under different growth conditions and in different strain backgrounds. However, rRNA degradation is never complete, thus permitting the reinitiation of growth after removal of rifampicin. The orderly shutdown of growth under conditions where the induction of stress genes is blocked by rifampicin is noteworthy. Inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol resulted in a partial decrease in 23S and 16S rRNA levels whereas kasugamycin treatment had no effect. Analysis of temperature-sensitive mutant strains implicate RNase E, PNPase, and RNase R in rifampicin-induced rRNA degradation. We cannot distinguish between a direct role for RNase E in rRNA degradation versus an indirect role involving a slowdown of mRNA degradation. Since mRNA and rRNA appear to be degraded by the same ribonucleases, competition by rRNA is likely to result in slower mRNA degradation rates in the presence of rifampicin than under normal growth conditions.
Challenge of diagnosing acute infections in poor resource settings in Africa
Authors: Chidzwondo Farisai , Mutapi Francisca
Published: June 2021

Frequent disease outbreaks and acute infections occur in rural and low-income urban areas of Africa, with many health systems unprepared to diagnose and control diseases that are recurrent, endemic or have extended their geographic zone. In this review, we focus on acute infections that can be characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression, severe symptoms and poor prognosis. Consequently, these infections require early diagnosis and intervention. While effective vaccines have been developed against some of these diseases, lack of compliance and accessibility, and the need for repeated or multiple vaccinations mean large populations can remain vulnerable to infection. It follows that there is a need for enhancement of national surveillance and diagnostic capacity to avert morbidity and mortality from acute infections. We discuss the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods and explore the relative merits and applicability of protein-, carbohydrate- and nucleic acid-based rapid diagnostic tests that have been trialled for some infectious diseases. We also discuss the utility and limitations of antibody-based serological diagnostics and explore how systems biology approaches can better inform diagnosis. Lastly, given the complexity and high cost associated with after-service support of emerging technologies, we propose that, for resource-limited settings in Africa, multiplex point-of-care diagnostic tools be tailor-made to detect both recurrent acute infections and endemic infections.
Transcranial direct current stimulation with functional magnetic resonance imaging: a detailed validation and operational guide
Authors: Nardo Davide , Creasey Megan , Negus Clive , Pappa Katerina , Reid Alphonso , Josephs Oliver , Callaghan Martina F. , Crinion Jenny T.
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used to modulate human brain and behavioural function in both research and clinical interventions. The combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with tDCS enables researchers to directly test causal contributions of stimulated brain regions, answering questions about the physiology and neural mechanisms underlying behaviour. Despite the promise of the technique, advances have been hampered by technical challenges and methodological variability between studies, confounding comparability/replicability.

Methods: Here tDCS-fMRI at 3T was developed for a series of experiments investigating language recovery after stroke. To validate the method, one healthy volunteer completed an fMRI paradigm with three conditions: (i) No-tDCS, (ii) Sham-tDCS, (iii) 2mA Anodal-tDCS. MR data were analysed in SPM12 with region-of-interest (ROI) analyses of the two electrodes and reference sites.

Results: Quality assessment indicated no visible signal dropouts or distortions introduced by the tDCS equipment. After modelling scanner drift, motion-related variance, and temporal autocorrelation, we found no field inhomogeneity in functional sensitivity metrics across conditions in grey matter and in the three ROIs.

Discussion: Key safety factors and risk mitigation strategies that must be taken into consideration when integrating tDCS into an fMRI environment are outlined. To obtain reliable results, we provide practical solutions to technical challenges and complications of the method. It is hoped that sharing these data and SOP will promote methodological replication in future studies, enhancing the quality of tDCS-fMRI application, and improve the reliability of scientific results in this field.

Conclusions: The method and data provided here provide a technically safe, reliable tDCS-fMRI procedure to obtain high quality MR data. The detailed framework of the Standard Operation Procedure SOP (<ns3:ext-link xmlns:ns4="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" ns4:href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.4606564&data=04%7C01%7C%7C56f525b7913e4da842fc08d8e7e3d39b%7C1faf88fea9984c5b93c9210a11d9a5c2%7C0%7C0%7C637514313094013142%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=QK6rtL9o1PyGO236Lp3KoGBYzgIQYdZGoQERLVaygrQ%3D&reserved=0">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4606564) systematically reports the technical and procedural elements of our tDCS-fMRI approach, which we hope can be adopted and prove useful in future studies.
Ultraplex: A rapid, flexible, all-in-one fastq demultiplexer
Authors: Wilkins Oscar G , Capitanchik Charlotte , Luscombe Nicholas M. , Ule Jernej
Published: June 2021

Background: The first step of virtually all next generation sequencing analysis involves the splitting of the raw sequencing data into separate files using sample-specific barcodes, a process known as “demultiplexing”. However, we found that existing software for this purpose was either too inflexible or too computationally intensive for fast, streamlined processing of raw, single end fastq files containing combinatorial barcodes.

Results: Here, we introduce a fast and uniquely flexible demultiplexer, named Ultraplex, which splits a raw FASTQ file containing barcodes either at a single end or at both 5’ and 3’ ends of reads, trims the sequencing adaptors and low-quality bases, and moves unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) into the read header, allowing subsequent removal of PCR duplicates. Ultraplex is able to perform such single or combinatorial demultiplexing on both single- and paired-end sequencing data, and can process an entire Illumina HiSeq lane, consisting of nearly 500 million reads, in less than 20 minutes.

Conclusions: Ultraplex greatly reduces computational burden and pipeline complexity for the demultiplexing of complex sequencing libraries, such as those produced by various CLIP and ribosome profiling protocols, and is also very user friendly, enabling streamlined, robust data processing. Ultraplex is available on PyPi and Conda and via Github.
Didactic biomechanics: a modern trend of scientific research
Authors: Vako Ilia
Published: June 2021

Topicality. Human movements obey all the physical laws that determine the motion of any material body on the Earth. They include the law of gravity, and Newton's laws, and the laws of hydro-aeromechanics, vibrational and wave phenomena. The vast majority of human movements are performed for a specific purpose and are arbitrary. Such movements are part of motor actions, a set of elementary motor acts aimed at achieving a certain goal. Each motor act consists of indicative, executive and control parts. Human movements and their improvement should be considered as the result of not just interaction with the external environment, but also interaction in which the physical properties of the external environment are purposefully changed. This means that in this way one can purposefully influence the very nature of movement through the adaptive motor reactions of a human in a continuous interaction with the external environment (which can be called external control). Thus, there are internal and external control systems in the management of movements, the coordinated operation of which allows building a motor action of a human. The task of the study is to conduct a comparative biomechanical analysis of the technique of performing the techniques of "elbow lever outward", "elbow lever inward" and "throw with legs grab behind" by experienced workers and cadets of the fourth year of study with the help of optoelectronic system "Qualisys". Research methods. To achieve the set tasks, we have applied such research methods as analysis of scientific and methodological literature as well as documentary materials, methods of registration and analysis of athlete's movements (system of video recording and analysis of athlete's movements, 3D recording of human movements "Qualisys Motion Capture"). The results obtained during the study have been processed with the help of mathematical statistics methods. Results of the research. The results of research indicate the presence of general differences in the technique of performing these drills (total duration of a drill performance; phases for motor tasks solution (parallelism or sequence of motor actions); technique of motor actions)) as well as partial differences, which are characteristic of individual components of a particular technique (duration and the sequence of individual actions in the overall structure of the movements; the nature and features of their implementation). The main difference, which also serves as the most important biomechanical criterion for the effectiveness of technique implementation, is the time duration. Conclusions. The results of comparative analysis of techniques, performed by experienced employees and cadets of the fourth year of study allowed to establish that the composition of motor actions is the same in these groups, i.e. there are seizures, there are strikes, medial and lateral rotations of the upper imaginary offenders’ extremities and more. One of the most important features is the structural sequence of these motor actions.
Prerequisites for stretching use in physical education of high school female students
Authors: Bielikova Natalia , Dedeliuk Nina
Published: June 2021

The article deals with flexibility as one of the leading physical characteristic of a person, presents the scientific view of the types of flexibility and their description, as well as peculiarities of flexibility development at different stages of human life. The paper also covers flexibility development methods using various exercises, including different types of stretching. The author considers the possibilities of stretching use in physical education of secondary schools students in Ukraine.
Use of massive open online courses to develop media educational competence of teachers of professional pre-higher education institutions
Authors: Yakymchuk Iryna , Hlazunova Olena
Published: June 2021

The article examines the use of Massive Open Online Courses for teachers of professional pre-higher education institutions during the pandemic for in-service education. The necessity to develop media educational competence of pedagogical, academic and research personnel by means of massive open online courses is substantiated that will allow them to increase their professional qualification. There is a number of massive open online courses through which educators have the opportunity to independently acquire the necessary competencies for teaching disciplines. The feasibility of using different online platforms for teacher’s professional development, taking into account the pre-selected direction, is analyzed in detail. Combining different methods of obtaining information and improving the efficiency of training is substantiated. Priorities for teachers have been identified, the solution of which will allow them to master the necessary online courses freely for media competence development.
Forecasting of multivariant changes in Step test under the influence of natural adaptogens
Authors: Zukow Walery , Flyunt Igor-Severyn , Ruzhylo Sofiya , Koval’chuk Halyna , Nahurna Yaryna , Popovych Dariya , Sarancha Serhiy
Published: June 2021

Background. Earlier, we found the multivariant nature of the Popovych’s step test change in children after a course of adaptogenic balneotherapy. In particular, the step test improved in 53,7% of children, remained unchanged in 28,8%, and worsened in 17,5%. The purpose of this study is to identify predictors that allow us to forecast each variation of the step test. Material and methods. Object of observation was 80 children of both sexes, ages 10-17, arriving at the clinical sanatorium "Dzherelo" of Truskavets’ spa from radionuclide contaminated territories. The main parameter of the study was the Popovych’s step test. State of autonomous nervous, endocrine and immune systems was assessed as well as others functional and metabolic tests. Results. Discriminant analysis was subsequently applied to identify constellations of parameters-predictors of each variant of change in step test. The program selected 16 initial parameters as predictors (primarily level of step test, next sex, body mass and temperature, levels of Gench’s and Teslenko’s tests, vagal tone, erythrocytes sedimentation rate, trombocytes level as well as 7 immune parameters). The correctly of forecasting of the positive actotropic effect is 90,7%; of neutral is 78,3%; of negative is 92,9%, and total correctness is 87,5%. Conclusion. Balneotherapy causes multivariate changes in Popopvych’s step test, which determined by constellation of 16 initial parameters.