bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The T‐shaped FST pharyngoplasty step‐by‐step closure technique
Authors: Petruzzi Gerardo , Di Giorgio Danilo , Leone Federico , Pichi Barbara , Campo Flaminia , De Virgilio Armando , Valentini Valentino , Pellini Raul
Published: September 2022

Pharyngocutaneous fistula is one of the most common and serious complications associated with total laryngectomy. Numerous studies tried to evaluate causative and predisposing factors associated with this complication, but data are considerably variable and there is still no international consensus. Incidence rate varies considerably between studies, with reported rates from 3% to 65%. This 4K video presents our T‐shaped four‐step technique (FST) for closing the pharyngeal mucosa after total laryngectomy in a step‐by‐step manner. All sutures were performed by braided absorbable 3/0 26 mm 1/2c (Vicryl plus 3.0; Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA). Recordings were performed using a Karl Storz 4K 3D VITOM® exoscope (Karl Storz SE & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany). We have been described this technique through a high‐definition video, showing each step, and tips from the authors. Our T‐shaped pharyngoplasty closure technique can be divided into four steps: 1. “Key Stitches”; 2. “Area Refinement Stitches”; 3. “Modified Connell Suture”; 4. “Modified Purse String Suture.” Our T‐shaped FST closure technique proved to be an effective and reproducible method, which we feel could be the preferred choice for primary pharyngoplasty closure.
Why health services worldwide should start planning today to be net zero
Authors: Lentzos Sophia
Published: September 2022

Synopsis

Gender and race disparity exists in the health‐related consequences of climate change, and worldwide collaboration is needed to tackle this global public health issue.
Assessment of commercial polymers with and without reactive groups using amino acid derivative reactivity assay based on both molar concentration approach and gravimetric approach
Authors: Fujita Masaharu , Nakashima Natsumi , Wanibuchi Sayaka , Yamamoto Yusuke , Kojima Hajime , Ono Atsushi , Kasahara Toshihiko
Published: September 2022

The amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA), an alternative method for testing skin sensitization, has been established based on the molar concentration approach. However, the additional development of gravimetric concentration and fluorescence detection methods has expanded its range of application to mixtures, which cannot be evaluated using the conventional testing method, the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA). Although polymers are generally treated as mixtures, there have been no reports of actual polymer evaluations using alternative methods owing to their insolubility. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated skin sensitization potential of polymers, which is difficult to predict, using ADRA. As polymers have molecular weights ranging from several thousand to more than several tens of thousand Daltons, they are unlikely to cause skin sensitization due to their extremely low penetration into the skin, according to the 500‐Da rule. However, if highly reactive functional groups remain at the ends or side chains of polymers, relatively low‐molecular‐weight polymer components may penetrate the skin to cause sensitization. Polymers can be roughly classified into three major types based on the features of their constituent monomers; we investigated the sensitization capacity of each type of polymer. Polymers with alert sensitization structures at their ends were classified as skin sensitizers, whereas those with no residual reactive groups were classified as nonsensitizers. Although polymers with a glycidyl group need to be evaluated carefully, we concluded that ADRA (0.5 mg/ml) is generally sufficient for polymer hazard assessment.
MAP3K11 facilitates autophagy activity and is correlated with malignancy of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Liu Pei‐Feng , Chen Chun‐Feng , Ger Luo‐Ping , Tsai Wei‐Lun , Tseng Ho‐Hsing , Lee Cheng‐Hsin , Yang Wen‐Hsin , Shu Chih‐Wen
Published: September 2022

Autophagy‐related 4B (ATG4B) is a protease required for core machinery of autophagy. Phosphorylation of ATG4B promotes autophagy and is correlated with poor outcome of cancer. However, little is known about the upstream kinases for ATG4B phosphorylation and their association with clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Through siRNA library screening, MAP3K11 was identified as a potential kinase that phosphorylates ATG4B and increases its proteolytic activity. Ablation of MAP3K11 attenuated pS383/392‐ATG4B protein levels and autophagic flux in oral cancer cells. Moreover, loss of MAP3K11 inhibited oral cancer cell growth, migration/invasion, and synergized starvation‐reduced cell viability. MAP3K11 knock‐out cancer cells also showed growth inhibition in vivo. Furthermore, the protein level of MAP3K11 was higher in tumor tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), comprising 179 buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma (BMSCC) and 249 tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). MAP3K11 protein levels were positively correlated with ATG4B and pS383/392‐ATG4B levels in patients with OSCC, particularly in TSCC. In addition, high coexpression of MAP3K11 and ATG4B was associated with poor disease‐specific survival in BMSCC and TSCC, while high coexpression of MAP3K11 and pS383/392‐ATG4B was associated with unfavorable disease‐free survival in BMSCC and TSCC. Taken together, our results indicated that MAP3K11 stimulated activity of ATG4B and autophagy, which may confer to malignancy of cancer cells. The expression of MAP3K11 and ATG4B was further associated with poor survival of OSCC, suggesting MAP3K11 could serve as a theranostic target of patients with OSCC.
Soil bacterial community structure as affected by stand age in Chinese fir plantations: Insights at the aggregate scale
Authors: Liao Zongxin , Ye Shaoming , Wang Shengqiang
Published: September 2022

Exploring the variations of soil bacterial communities can contribute to the sustainability of Chinese fir plantations (CFPs). As the living environments of soil bacteria, soil aggregates significantly affect the diversity and composition regarding soil bacterial communities in CFPs. However, the distribution characteristics exhibited by soil bacteria at the aggregate scale are still not clear. In the present research, the diversity and composition regarding soil bacterial communities (using high‐flux sequencing) in CFPs with diverse stand ages (3, 9, 17, and 26 years) were analyzed from the perspective of soil aggregates (>2, 1–2, 0.25–1, <0.25 mm) in Guangxi, China. According to the results, regardless of the aggregate size and the stand age, bacterial communities in soil were mainly composed of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria. During Chinese fir growth, the relative abundance (RA) of soil Proteobacteria first elevated and afterwards reduced, with the greatest level in the 17 years, while that of soil Chloroflexi exhibited an inverse trend. In addition, the RA of soil Acidobacteria increased over time. At the aggregate scale, the 17‐year‐old CFPs presented the greatest soil bacterial community diversity (based on the Chao 1 and Shannon indices). After 17 years, the destruction of coarse macroaggregates (>2 mm) could induce the reduction of soil bacterial community diversity, as coarse macroaggregates, taking up the majority of bulk soil, offered suitable environments for soil bacteria to survive and thrive. Moreover, soil organic C and total N concentrations and soil pH also significantly affected the diversity and composition regarding soil bacterial communities over time. Hence, the conservation of coarse macroaggregates after 17 years of Chinese fir growth is important to sustain the soil health as well as the bacterial community diversity in Guangxi, China.
Urban green spaces management during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Experiences from Kraków, Poland
Authors: Gorzelany Julia , Noszczyk Tomasz , Kukulska‐Kozieł Anita , Hernik Józef
Published: September 2022

SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19) has spread all over the world, significantly affecting our everyday lives. People changed their habits during the pandemic and made use of urban green spaces (UGS). Our Web of Science and Scopus queries confirm a knowledge gap in green space planning and public space management studies in the field of UGS availability during COVID‐19. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to determine the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on urban green spaces management, identify the needs of the residents in terms of urban green spaces furniture, and assess the accessibility of urban green spaces to propose recommendations for the institution charged with managing urban green spaces in the City (Krakow). To this end, we used an expert interview, spatial analyses, and survey research among residents of Kraków, one of the largest cities in Poland. The survey involved 1350 respondents. The spatial analyses employed geoprocessing algorithms and GIS tools. The results showed that 96% of Kraków citizens have access to urban green spaces within 300 m from their homes. Therefore, UGS are an important part of the City's identity, making their reasonable management vital, especially during crises. The respondents indicated that the existing UGS needed more lighting, rubbish bins, and benches as places of respite. Results of the expert interview showed that the COVID‐19 pandemic has affected urban green spaces management. The results may influence urban green spaces management, and the research is an innovative combination of spatial analysis, a qualitative approach (expert interview), and a quantitative method (a survey) proposing new procedures for analysing UGS.
Tailoring Polymer‐Based Nanoassemblies for Stimuli‐Responsive Theranostic Applications
Authors: Muthwill Moritz S. , Kong Phally , Dinu Ionel Adrian , Necula Danut , John Christoph , Palivan Cornelia G.
Published: September 2022

Polymer assemblies on the nanoscale represent a powerful toolbox for the design of theranostic systems when combined with both therapeutic compounds and diagnostic reporting ones. Here, recent advances in the design of theranostic systems for various diseases, containing—in their architecture—either polymers or polymer assemblies as one of the building blocks are presented. This review encompasses the general principles of polymer self‐assembly, from the production of adequate copolymers up to supramolecular assemblies with theranostic functionality. Such polymer nanoassemblies can be further tailored through the incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles to endow them with multifunctional therapeutic and/or diagnostic features. Systems that change their architecture or properties in the presence of stimuli are selected, as responsivity to changes in the environment is a key factor for enhancing efficiency. Such theranostic systems are based on the intrinsic properties of copolymers or one of the other components. In addition, systems with a more complex architecture, such as multicompartments, are presented. Selected systems indicate the advantages of such theranostic approaches and provide a basis for further developments in the field.
Microstructure and hardness properties of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with iron (iii) oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes
Authors: Azmah Hanim M.A. , Hadirah S.N. , Dele‐Afolabi T.T. , Jung D.W. , Sapuan S.M. , Aiza Jaafar C.N.
Published: September 2022

This study focuses on the effects of iron (iii) oxide (Fe3O4) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the microstructure and hardness of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs). Aluminum matrix composites reinforced with iron (iii) oxide nanoparticles and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes having sample formulation of aluminum‐5iron (iii) oxide‐xcarbon nanotubes (Al‐5Fe3O4‐xCNT; x = 0 wt.%, 0.01 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% and 0.5 wt.%) were prepared using the powder metallurgy technique. Microstructural characterization revealed that the aluminum‐5iron (iii) oxide exhibited a better microstructure relative to the aluminum‐5iron (iii) oxide‐xcarbon nanotubes counterparts which exhibited a defective microstructure. More so, the hardness results showed that the aluminum‐5iron (iii) oxide exhibited the highest hardness value of 48.32 HRH 60. However, the defective microstructure observed in the aluminum matrix composites reinforced with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes can be attributed to the relatively lower hardness values of the aluminum‐5Iron (iii) oxide‐xcarbon nanotubes samples (22.87 HRH 60‐40.24 HRH 60).
Impact of insulation materials and wall types of reference buildings on building energy efficiency with three methods in Çorum city
Authors: Karakoç V.R. , Tüzün F.N.
Published: September 2022

The improvement of energy efficiency in buildings is one of the most important factors of the energy policy of Turkey owing to its energy import, especially of natural gas. Çorum city, one of the colder cities of Turkey that uses a high amount of natural gas as fuel for heating, was selected to demonstrate the reduction in energy loss and carbon dioxide emissions of buildings and to contribute to the insulation sector in the Çorum industry. Therefore, two different methods, namely, the Turkish standard 825 and heating degree‐days, are applied in cost‐optimal methodology, using four types of traditional insulation materials, namely, standard expanded polystyrene, neopor (graphite‐added expanded polystyrene), extruded polystyrene, and stone wool, and two state‐of‐the‐art insulation materials, aerogel and vacuum insulation panels in two types of reference buildings comprising hollow brick and pumice stone walls. As a consequence of application of the Turkish standard 825 and heating degree‐days methods in the cost optimal methodology of the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive with the utilization of the optimum insulation thicknesses of six types of insulation materials calculated from both the Turkish standard 825 and heating degree‐days methods at four different types of windows and one top side measure, a new methodology was developed. Results obtained from three methodologies are compared based on insulation materials and wall types.
A study on microstructure and mechanical performance of gas metal arc welded AISI 304 L joints
Authors: Ezer M.A. , Çam G.
Published: September 2022

Arc welding is a widely applied process in the fabrication of stainless steel structures. Various difficulties may arise in joining of these steels, particularly if high heat input is used. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of heat input on microstructure of the joint region and thus on the mechanical behavior of gas metal arc welded AISI 304 L austenitic plates. To this end, AISI 304 L plates with a thickness of 5 mm were butt‐welded by employing two different heat input values. Detailed microstructural and mechanical characterization were carried out. In addition, the influence of heat input on the microstructure and joint performance values was also determined. The higher heat input resulted in a complete recrystallization at the heat affected zone whereas the base metal microstructure was maintained in the lower heat input joint. Both joints displayed strength matching within the weld region, thus exhibited slightly higher tensile strength than that of the base plate (102 %).
Serotonin Transporter Imaging in Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Chou Kelvin L. , Dayalu Praveen , Koeppe Robert A. , Gilman Sid , Spears C. Chauncey , Albin Roger L. , Kotagal Vikas
Published: September 2022

Background

Both Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) exhibit degeneration of brainstem serotoninergic nuclei, affecting multiple subcortical and cortical serotoninergic projections. In MSA, medullary serotoninergic neuron pathology is well documented, but serotonin system changes throughout the rest of the brain are less well characterized.

Objectives

To use serotonin transporter [11C]3‐amino‐4‐(2‐dimethylaminomethyl‐phenylsulfaryl)‐benzonitrile positron emission tomography (PET) to compare serotoninergic innervation in patients with MSA and PD.

Methods

We performed serotonin transporter PET imaging in 18 patients with MSA, 23 patients with PD, and 16 healthy controls to explore differences in brainstem, subcortical, and cortical regions of interest.

Results

Patients with MSA showed lower serotonin transporter distribution volume ratios compared with patients with PD in the medulla, raphe pontis, ventral striatum, limbic cortex, and thalamic regions, but no differences in the dorsal striatal, ventral anterior cingulate, or total cortical regions. Controls showed greater cortical serotonin transporter binding compared with PD or MSA groups but lower serotonin transporter binding in the striatum and other relevant basal ganglia regions. There were no regional differences in binding between patients with MSA–parkinsonian subtype (n = 8) and patients with MSA–cerebellar subtype (n = 10). Serotonin transporter distribution volume ratios in multiple different regions of interest showed an inverse correlation with the severity of Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score in patients with MSA but not patients with PD.

Conclusions

Brainstem and some forebrain subcortical region serotoninergic deficits are more severe in MSA compared with PD and show an MSA‐specific correlation with the severity of motor impairments. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Nonparametric inference of stochastic differential equations based on the relative entropy rate
Authors: Dai Min , Duan Jinqiao , Hu Jianyu , Wang Xiangjun
Published: September 2022

The information detection of complex systems from data is currently undergoing a revolution, driven by the emergence of big data and machine learning methodology. Discovering governing equations and quantifying the dynamical properties of complex systems are among the central challenges. In this work, we devised a nonparametric approach to learning the relative entropy rate from observations of stochastic differential equations with different drift functions. The estimator corresponding to the relative entropy rate is then presented via the Gaussian process kernel theory. Meanwhile, this approach enables us to extract the governing equations. We illustrate our approach with several examples. Numerical experiments show the proposed approach performs well for rational drift functions, not only polynomial drift functions.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy applied in the monitoring of photocuring process in epoxy diacrylate resins: Positive effect
Authors: Borges Francis de Souza , Moraes Fernando José Habib , Pereira Neto Mário Anselmo , d'Almeida José Roberto Moraes , Bento Antonio Carlos , Cella Norberto
Published: September 2022

The main goal of this study is to show that photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) can be applied in the monitoring of photocuring processes in epoxy diacrylate resins. The resin used was EBECRYL 3720‐TP25 with the photoinitiator Omnirad 808. Comparison between the conventional transmission and absorption photoacoustic spectra of the resin is presented. Amplitude and phase of the photoacoustic signal were used to monitor the photocuring. The wavelength of the modulated photocuring light and the concentration of the photoinitiator were the parameters varied in the monitoring. The novelty was found when the resin was irradiated by a continuous light, centered at the absorption peak of the photoinitiator and simultaneously with the modulated light. In the time window when this continuous light was on (off) the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal increased (decreased). This is called “positive effect,” as it has been observed when PAS was applied to study photosynthesis in leaves. A mechanism is proposed to correlate the positive effect with the oxygen inhibition effect during the photocuring of the epoxy diacrylate resin. The results suggest that the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal and the positive effect can be used as monitoring parameters in the studies of photocuring process in epoxy diacrylate resins.
Periostin‐ and podoplanin‐positive cancer‐associated fibroblast subtypes cooperate to shape the inflamed tumor microenvironment in aggressive pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Neuzillet Cindy , Nicolle Rémy , Raffenne Jérôme , Tijeras‐Raballand Annemilaï , Brunel Alexia , Astorgues‐Xerri Lucile , Vacher Sophie , Arbateraz Floriane , Fanjul Marjorie , Hilmi Marc , Samain Rémi , Klein Christophe , Perraud Aurélie , Rebours Vinciane , Mathonnet Muriel , Bièche Ivan , Kocher Hemant , Cros Jérôme , Bousquet Corinne
Published: September 2022

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are orchestrators of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) microenvironment. Previously we described four CAF subtypes with specific molecular and functional features. Here, we have refined our CAF subtype signatures using RNAseq and immunostaining with the goal of defining bioinformatically the phenotypic stromal and tumor epithelial states associated with CAF diversity. We used primary CAF cultures grown from patient PDAC tumors, human data sets (in‐house and public, including single‐cell analyses), genetically engineered mouse PDAC tissues, and patient‐derived xenografts (PDX) grown in mice. We found that CAF subtype RNAseq signatures correlated with immunostaining. Tumors rich in periostin‐positive CAFs were significantly associated with shorter overall survival of patients. Periostin‐positive CAFs were characterized by high proliferation and protein synthesis rates and low α‐smooth muscle actin expression and were found in peri‐/pre‐tumoral areas. They were associated with highly cellular tumors and with macrophage infiltrates. Podoplanin‐positive CAFs were associated with immune‐related signatures and recruitment of dendritic cells. Importantly, we showed that the combination of periostin‐positive CAFs and podoplanin‐positive CAFs was associated with specific tumor microenvironment features in terms of stromal abundance and immune cell infiltrates. Podoplanin‐positive CAFs identified an inflammatory CAF (iCAF)‐like subset, whereas periostin‐positive CAFs were not correlated with the published myofibroblastic CAF (myCAF)/iCAF classification. Taken together, these results suggest that a periostin‐positive CAF is an early, activated CAF, associated with aggressive tumors, whereas a podoplanin‐positive CAF is associated with an immune‐related phenotype. These two subpopulations cooperate to define specific tumor microenvironment and patient prognosis and are of putative interest for future therapeutic stratification of patients. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Advances in proteomics sample preparation and enrichment for phosphorylation and glycosylation analysis
Authors: Xie Zehu , Feng Quanshou , Zhang Shun , Yan Yinghua , Deng Chunhui , Ding Chuan‐Fan
Published: September 2022

As the common and significant chemical modifications, post‐translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in the functional proteome. Affected by the signal interference, low concentration, and insufficient ionization efficiency of impurities, the direct detection of PTMs by mass spectrometry (MS) still faces many challenges. Therefore, sample preparation and enrichment are an indispensable link before MS analysis of PTMs in proteomics. The rapid development of functionalized materials with diverse morphologies and compositions provides an avenue for sample preparation and enrichment for PTMs analysis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the application of novel functionalized materials in sample preparation for phosphoproteomes and glycoproteomes analysis. In addition, this review specifically discusses the design and preparation of functionalized materials based on different enrichment mechanisms, and proposes research directions and potential challenges for proteomic PTMs research.
Biomimetic color‐changing skin based on temperature‐responsive hydrogel microspheres with the photonic crystal structure
Authors: Xu Minghao , Liang Shuzhang , Zhang Wenqiang , Feng Lin , Chen Kehan , Deng Xue , Zhang Deyuan , Cai Jun
Published: September 2022

The responsive color‐changing bionic skin imitation of certain organisms such as chameleons has potential applications in the fields of chemical sensing and information transfer. Inspired by the cellular structure of the chameleon iridophores, a flexible and scalable fabrication strategy was proposed in the present study, which centers on the modular assembly of miniature color‐changing pixel dots. The color‐changing pixel dots were formed by self‐assembling charged silica particles inside hydrogels and fabricated in bulk using microfluidic methods. The pixel dots were immobilized in hydrogels to encapsulate in a membrane structure similar to biological skin. With thermal stimulation, the bionic color‐changing skin can change color from green to red and has an angle‐independent color display with good environmental adaptability.
Systematic review and cost‐utility of high flow nasal cannula versus continuous positive airway pressure in children with acute severe or moderate bronchiolitis in Colombia
Authors: Buendía Jefferson A. , Feliciano‐Alfonso John E. , Florez Ivan D.
Published: September 2022

Background

Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and High‐Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) have emerged as alternatives to orotracheal intubation and conventional invasive ventilation in patients with moderate to severe bronchiolitis. This study aims to evaluate the evidence and the cost‐utility of HFNC compared to CPAP in infants with moderate‐severe bronchiolitis in Colombia.

Methods

The search includes electronic databases such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Embase. Through inclusion and exclusion criteria, screen randomized controlled trials. A decision tree model was used to estimate the cost‐utility of CPAP compared with HFNC in infants with moderate‐severe bronchiolitis. Sensitivity analysis of transition probabilities, utilities, and cost was carried out.

Results

Incorporate five studies that meet the criteria. The risk of intubation rate in the patients with CPAP is lower than HFNC (relative risk 0.62; 95% confidence interval 0.46−0.84; I2 = 0%) The base‐case analysis showed that compared with HFNC, CPAP was associated with lower costs and higher quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). The expected annual cost per patient with CPAP was US$17,574 and with HFNC was US$29,421. The QALYs per person estimated with CPAP were 0.92 and with HFNC was 0.91. This position of absolute dominance of CPAP (CPAP has lower costs and higher QALYs than HFNI) makes it unnecessary to estimate the incremental cost‐utility ratio.

Conclusions

CPAP is cost‐effective, over the HFNC, in infants with severe‐moderate bronchiolitis in Colombia. Our study provides evidence that should be used by decision‐makers to improve clinical practice guidelines and should be replicated to validate their results in other countries.
Multidisciplinary feeding treatment for a patient with interstitial lung disease
Authors: Stubbs Kathryn H. , McMahon Meara X. H. , Popler Jonathan , Berry Rashelle C. , Sharp William G.
Published: September 2022

Children with underlying medical and developmental conditions often present with complications that include feeding difficulties. Severe feeding difficulties may meet the criteria for the psychiatric diagnosis of Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). ARFID is a disruption in feeding/eating which may include weight loss/faltering growth, nutrient deficiencies, and/or reliance on a nutritionally complete formula to meet caloric needs. Children with interstitial lung disease (ILD), have a higher prevalence of feeding problems than the general population. To date, no published literature exists to provide guidance for treating severe feeding difficulties experienced by children with ILD. In this paper, we present an encounter in which we safely and effectively treated ARFID as evidenced by underweight and dependence on a nutritionally complete formula in a 3‐year‐old male with ILD using a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Before the admission, the patient relied primarily on oral nutritional supplementation for most of his nutritional needs and therapeutic efforts to advance food intake were complicated by mealtime behavior problems and concerns regarding swallow safety. Intervention introduced 16 new foods, established consistent caloric intake of target food, and successfully weaned the patient from bottle feeding. We also review special considerations and provide guidelines for adapting treatment at multidisciplinary programs for patients with complex cardiorespiratory disease including modifications to behavior management procedures, medical monitoring, and nutritional consultation.
Airway multidrug‐resistant organisms in a population of tracheostomy and chronic ventilator‐dependent children at a tertiary care pediatric hospital
Authors: Havens Tara N. , Rosen David A. , Rivera‐Spoljaric Katherine
Published: September 2022

Objective/Background

Children with tracheostomies are at an increased risk of bacterial respiratory tract infections. Infections caused by multidrug‐resistant organisms (MDROs) are more difficult to treat and can result in severe complications. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors and sequelae of MDRO positivity in tracheostomy and chronic ventilator‐dependent children.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of 75 tracheostomy and chronic ventilator‐dependent children at St. Louis Children's Hospital. Data on demographics, respiratory cultures, hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits, and antibiotic usage were collected. We determined the frequency of MDRO positivity and compared the number of hospitalizations, number of ED visits, and antibiotic usage in patients with and without MDRO‐positive cultures. Patient clinical variables were analyzed before and after MDRO acquisition.

Results

We found 75.7% (56/74) of our participants had an MDRO‐positive culture, with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, n = 36, 64%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 8, 14%) being the most commonly detected organisms. Participants with a greater number of annual nonpulmonary admissions (odds ratio [OR] = 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] (1.21–3.29), p = 0.008], inpatient antibiotic courses [OR = 1.27, 95% CI (1.07–1.50), p = 0.006], total antibiotic courses [OR = 1.26, 95% CI (1.08–1.48), p = 0.004], and chronic antibiotic use [OR = 2.31, 95% CI (1.12–4.74), p = 0.03] were at an increased risk for MDRO positivity. Those who were MDRO‐positive had more pulmonary admissions following MDRO acquisition compared those who were MDRO‐negative [p = 0.005] but not more antibiotic usage or ED visits.

Conclusion

Frequent antibiotic usage and hospitalizations increase the risk of MDRO acquisition in children with tracheostomies and ventilator‐dependence. Further antibiotic stewardship may help prevent resistant infections in technology‐dependent children.
Crosstalk between traditional Chinese medicine‐derived polysaccharides and the gut microbiota: A new perspective to understand traditional Chinese medicine
Authors: Yue Bingjie , Zong Gangfan , Tao Ruizhi , Wei Zhonghong , Lu Yin
Published: September 2022

Polysaccharide is a kind of macromolecule polymer composed of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), composed of various bioactive ingredients, is usually rich in polysaccharides. In recent years, extensive research on TCM polysaccharides has demonstrated their pharmacological effects. Polysaccharides can hardly be catabolized by enzymes encoded by the human genome but can be degraded to absorbable metabolites by bacteria inhabiting the colon. Hence, the gut microbiota plays a vital role in degrading TCM polysaccharides into short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which exert physiological functions locally and systemically. Besides, TCM polysaccharides can also modulate the composition and activities of the gut microbiota by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, ultimately restoring gut homeostasis and improving human health. In this review, we discuss the extraction and pharmacological effects of TCM polysaccharides, various functions of the gut microbiota, and the interactions between TCM polysaccharides and the gut microbiota, illuminating the mechanisms of TCM polysaccharides modulating host physiology via the gut microbiota. To firmly establish the clinical efficacy of TCM polysaccharides, further high‐quality studies especially clinical trials are needed. Generally, discussion on the interplay between TCM polysaccharides and the gut microbiota is expected to elucidate their application prospects and inspire new thoughts in the development of TCM.
Undergraduate biology students' model‐based reasoning in the laboratory: Exploring the role of drawings, talk, and gestures
Authors: Sjøberg Mari , Furberg Anniken , Knain Erik
Published: September 2022

This paper reports on a case study of undergraduate biology students' drawing‐based modeling and how this process plays out in naturalistic dialogues. Recent research has revealed the importance of drawings, talk, and gestures in students' model‐based reasoning. This study provides further insight into the complementary role of these multimodal representations in student' model‐based reasoning. The empirical basis constitutes sequences of students' interactive modeling during a laboratory exercise targeted toward the molecular mechanism behind diagnostic tests. The analytical procedure involves a social‐semiotic analysis of students' drawings and microanalyses of the sequences of student interaction while engaging with this modeling activity. Our findings reveal a pattern in the use of these representations and provide insights into their roles in students' model‐based reasoning. During three critical episodes in the students' modeling process, we show how drawings, deictic gestures, talk, and iconic gestures in a recurring pattern contributed to bringing students' meaning‐making forward: drawings contributed to opening a creative space for their reasoning, while explorative talk together with iconic gestures became an important resource in exploring the aspects that were not shown in the drawing. We also show how the different representations took on different semiotic loads depending on where in the modeling cycle they were. We show how certain semiotic choices in the first drawing seem to support the students' model‐based reasoning. Representing gestures became particularly important when the students revised and extended their models. These findings are discussed in relation to the different affordances of the various modes of representation.
Engagement in high‐leverage science teaching practices among novice elementary teachers
Authors: Davis Elizabeth A. , Palincsar Annemarie S.
Published: September 2022

As part of learning to teach, teachers must learn to use a range of teaching practices. In this longitudinal study the authors explore how novice elementary teachers learn to engage in a set of high‐leverage science teaching practices, such asleading a science sensemaking discussionandsetting up and managing small‐group investigations. Drawing primarily on videorecords from 33 lesson enactments, supplemented by transcripts of interviews with the participants, the authors follow five participants from their second year of a teacher education program through their first year of teaching. Findings suggest that high‐leverage science teaching practices can be untangled from one another and that teachers mostly demonstrated some important strengths in the dimensions of the practices. Furthermore, the teachers were able to use the practices synergistically, though in different ways, toward their goal of supporting students' sensemaking. The findings also suggest that teachers' engagement in the practices varied considerably as a function of lesson and school context. The findings have implications for the design of practice‐based teacher education experiences and for scholarship on teacher development.
The Multi‐Biological Targeted Role of Dehydrozingerone and its Analogues
Authors: Kumar Vishal , Bala Renu , Dhawan Sanjeev , Singh Parvesh , Karpoormath Rajshekhar
Published: September 2022

Curcumin (Cur) has shown its potential in the treatment of a wide variety of ailments. As a result, several investigations on curcumin have been conducted in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. Regrettably, researchers have largely lost interest in this excellent scaffold due to its chemical instability, poor solubility, and rapid metabolism, which directly affect its pharmacological properties. Alternatively, the researchers are working on it to improve the solubility and biological half‐life, it is one of the most researched natural phytochemical to date. Among these, Dehydrozingerone (DZG), a curcumin half structure has garnered considerable research interest due to a wide spectrum of its biological activities. Thus, this study offers insight into the pharmacological activity of modified DZG conjugates (incorporate multiple effective modifications to the various positions), which have been developed since 2016. Additionally, the structure‐activity relationship (SAR) of DZG hybrids was illustrated for their specific pharmacological properties. This review presents an update for the scientific community, which could assist in addressing the gaps, challenges and pharmacological aspects of DZG.
Ditopic Chemodosimeter for Selective Detection of Nerve Agent Tabun Simulant DCNP
Authors: Maurya Chandra Kant , Pathak Uma , Gupta Pradeep Kumar
Published: September 2022

Selective optical detection of highly toxic nerve agents and their mimics like diethyl cyanophosphate (DCNP) is of paramount importance for armed forces and first responders in order to decide the suitable medical countermeasures. The reported optical chemical sensors for DCNP suffered from poor selectivity due to their single point covalent interaction with analyte. To overcome this limitation, we herein, report a novel protocol utilizing a ditopic chemodosimeter which, in presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), underwent dual interaction with reactive subunits of DCNP, viz., electrophilic phosphorus and cyanide, to induce unique changes in its fluorescence as well as colorimetric properties. Other interfering analytes could not trigger the similar optical response in the sensing probe due to the absence of electrophilic phosphorus and cyanide. A truth table was constructed to reveal that only DCNP but not other analytes could induce changes in both fluorescence as well as colorimetric properties of sensing probe. The linearity range of the proposed method was found to be 30–70 μM while chromogenic limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 99 nM which are comparable to the reported methods. Thus, use of indigenously available 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde as sensing probe without requiring further chemical manipulation represented a significant improvement over the literature methods for DCNP sensing.
Removal of Vanadium(IV) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Graphene Oxide
Authors: Tan Shi‐Ying , Ouyang Peng , Zhang Qiangqiang , Yang Sheng‐Tao , Wang Haifang
Published: September 2022

Vanadium is a long‐confined contaminant. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by the modified Hummers’ method and used to remove vanadium(IV). The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of vanadium(IV) on GO at pH 2.5 and three temperatures are measured in batch experiments. The influences of ionic strength is investigated and the regeneration of GO is evaluated by washing with HCl. The results show that the adsorption isotherm corresponds to Temkin model with an adsorption capacity of 70.56 mg/g at 298 K, while the kinetic process coincides with pseudo‐second‐order model and approaches to equilibrium in 6 h. The adsorption capacity of GO is not influenced by Na+ ionic strength, but sharply inhibited by Ca2+. The superior adsorption is dominated by electrostatic interaction, coordination bonding, and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, the GO is reusable, as shown by maintaining 53.4 % of the initial efficacy after five sequential adsorption‐desorption cycles.
Interfacial Carbon Makes Nano‐Particulate RuO2 an Efficient, Stable, pH‐Universal Catalyst for Splitting of Seawater
Authors: Fang Fang , Wang Yong , Shen Le‐Wei , Tian Ge , Cahen David , Xiao Yu‐Xuan , Chen Jiang‐Bo , Wu Si‐Ming , He Liang , Ozoemena Kenneth I. , Symes Mark D. , Yang Xiao‐Yu
Published: September 2022

An electrocatalyst composed of RuO2 surrounded by interfacial carbon, is synthesized through controllable oxidization‐calcination. This electrocatalyst provides efficient charge transfer, numerous active sites, and promising activity for pH‐universal electrocatalytic overall seawater splitting. An electrolyzer with this catalyst gives current densities of 10 mA cm−2 at a record low cell voltage of 1.52 V, and shows excellent durability at current densities of 10 mA cm−2 for up to 100 h. Based on the results, a mechanism for the catalytic activity of the composite is proposed. Finally, a solar‐driven system is assembled and used for overall seawater splitting, showing 95% Faraday efficiency.
From Materials to Devices: Rationally Designing Solar Steam System for Advanced Applications
Authors: Huang Zhongming , Liu Ying , Li Shengliang , Lee Chun‐Sing , Zhang Xiao‐Hong
Published: September 2022

Solar‐driven water vaporization for freshwater production attracts significant interest due to its potential for solving global water scarcity problems. In this review, the recent development of management strategies via diverse rational designs in terms of light, thermal, water, and anti‐salt fouling for enhancement of overall vaporization efficiency, is summarized. For device design, a host–guest concept is raised for clearly elaborating the detailed function and interaction between the solar–thermal material and the substrates. In addition, the rising technologies derived from solar vaporization, such as energy generation, photocatalysis, dehumidification, salt harvesting, sterilization, and biofuel production, are also highlighted. This review provides a new horizon toward the development of solar technologies and practical applications.
Polysaccharide Biomacromolecule Film Integrated with Lycium ruthenicum Anthocyanins for Food Freshness Monitoring
Authors: Hu An , Xia Bihua , Li Ting , Chen Mingqing , Wang Shibo , Dong Weifu
Published: September 2022

This study establishes a new kind of polysaccharide biomacromolecule film through solution blended and liquid phase separation methods, hydroxypropyl starch is used as the matrix material, carboxymethyl cellulose is used as the physic cross‐linking agent, glycerin is used as the plasticizer, and Lycium ruthenicum anthocyanins is used as the color indicator. The physic properties (solubility, swelling ratio, thermostability), structure characterization, and mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) are tested. Due to the high pH sensibility of L. ruthenicum anthocyanins, this polysaccharide biomacromolecule film can monitor the freshness of pork, shrimp, and milk, and it can be applied in intelligent food packaging material.
Bio‐renewable polymers based on lignin‐derived phenol monomers: Synthesis, applications, and perspectives
Authors: Yang Weijun , Ding Hui , Puglia Debora , Kenny Jose M , Liu Tianxi , Guo Jiaqi , Wang Qingwen , Ou Rongxian , Xu Pengwu , Ma Piming , Lemstra Pieter Jan
Published: September 2022

In recent decades, the continuous depletion of fossil fuels and the increasingly serious environmental issue have aroused wide attention on the development of biopolymers based on renewable biomass. Lignin is the second most abundant organic bio‐based macromolecule second to cellulose, and it can be widely found in plants. Furthermore, various phenol derivatives can be obtained by their depolymerization processes. The development of bio‐renewable polymeric materials originating from lignin‐derivative phenol monomers, such as vanillin, syringaldehyde, eugenol, vanillyl alcohol, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid, will not only valorize the bio‐sourced materials but also effectively reduce petroleum resource consumption and mitigate the environmental pollution. Therefore, an updated overview of the synthesis processes of these bio‐based polymers developed in the past decade, which includes both thermosets and thermoplastics such as epoxy, phenolic, polyimine, polybenzoxazine, polyurethane, and polyesters, are elucidated. In addition, the applications of these bio‐based polymers and their composites in flame‐retarded materials, degradable and reprocessable materials, dielectric materials, optoelectronic materials, as well as smart responsive materials are also intensively discussed. In line with the gradual development of synthesis technologies, we believe that derivatives of lignin will turn into one of the most promising materials to be considered for the preparation of high‐performance and functional bio‐based polymer materials.
Recent Advancement in Rational Design Modulation of MXene: A Voyage from Environmental Remediation to Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Hayat Asif , Sohail Muhammad , Qadeer A. , Taha T. A. , Hussain Majid , Ullah Sami , Al‐Sehemi Abdullah G. , Algarni Hamed , Amin Mohammed A. , Aqeel Sarwar Muhammad , Nawawi W. I. , Palamanit Arkom , Orooji Yasin , Ajmal Zeeshan
Published: September 2022

Use of MXenes (Ti3C2Tx), which belongs to the family of two‐dimensional transition metal nitrides and carbides by encompassing unique combination of metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity, is receiving tremendous attention, since its discovery as energy material in 2011. Owing to its precursor selective chemical etching, and unique intrinsic characteristics, the MXene surface properties are further classified into highly chemically active compound, which further produced different surface functional groups i. e., oxygen, fluorine or hydroxyl groups. However, the role of surface functional groups doesn't not only have a significant impact onto its electrochemical and hydrophilic characteristics (i. e., ion adsorption/diffusion), but also imparting a noteworthy effect onto its conductivity, work function, electronic structure and properties. Henceforth, such kind of inherent chemical nature, robust electrochemistry and high hydrophilicity ultimately increasing the MXene application as a most propitious material for overall environment‐remediation, electrocatalytic sensors, energy conversion and storage application. Moreover, it is well documented that the role of MXenes in all kinds of research fields is still on a progress stage for their further improvement, which is not sufficiently summarized in literature till now. The present review article is intended to critically discuss the different chemical aptitudes and the diversity of MXenes and its derivates (i. e., hybrid composites) in all aforesaid application with special emphasis onto the improvement of its surface characteristics for the multidimensional application. However, this review article is anticipated to endorse MXenes and its derivates hybrid configuration, which is discussed in detail for emerging environmental decontamination, electrochemical use, and pollutant detection via electrocatalytic sensors, photocatalysis, along with membrane distillation and the adsorption application. Finally, it is expected, that this review article will open up new window for the effective use of MXene in a broad range of environmental remediation, energy conversion and storage application as a novel, robust, multidimensional and more proficient materials.