bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yeats on Theatre
Authors: Morash Christopher
Published: July 2021

W. B. Yeats is recognised globally as one of the most significant poets of the past century. And yet, in his Nobel address, he singled out his work in the theatre as his main accomplishment. Yeats on Theatre restores Yeats not only a playwright, but as a writer and thinker who, over forty years, produced a body of theory covering all aspects of theatre, including the possibilities of performance space, the role of the audience and the nature of tragedy. When read as whole, in conjunction with his plays, letters, and extensive manuscript materials, Yeats's theatre writings emerge as a radical, cohesive, theatrical aesthetic, at odds with – and in advance of – the theatre of his time. Ultimately, the Yeats who takes shape in Yeats on Theatre is an artist who thinks through theatre, providing us with an urgently needed reassertion of the value of theatre as embodied thought.
The Emergence and Revival of Charismatic Movements
Authors: Andrews-Lee Caitlin
Published: July 2021

Political movements founded by charismatic leaders are often considered ephemeral. Existing literature argues that because they rest on unmediated, emotional attachments between leaders and followers, these movements either fade quickly after their leaders disappear or transform into routinized parties. Yet, charismatic movements around the world have proven surprisingly resilient and have retained their personalistic core. Focusing on Argentine Peronism and Venezuelan Chavismo, this book investigates the nature and trajectory of charismatic movements from the perspectives of both leaders and followers. Using interviews, focus groups, and survey experiments, Caitlin Andrews-Lee reveals that charismatic movements can emerge, survive, and become politically revived by sustaining - not discarding - their personalistic character. Followers' charismatic attachments to the movement founder can develop into an enduring, deeply affective political identity that successors can reactivate under certain conditions by portraying themselves as symbolic reincarnations of the founder. Consequently, charismatic movements can have lasting, deleterious effects on democracy. Also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Design and development of a backstepping controller autopilot for fixed-wing UAVs
Authors: Sartori D. , Quagliotti F. , Rutherford M.J. , Valavanis K.P.
Published: July 2021

Backstepping represents a promising control law for fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Its non-linearity and its adaptation capabilities guarantee adequate control performance over the whole flight envelope, even when the aircraft model is affected by parametric uncertainties. In the literature, several works apply backstepping controllers to various aspects of fixed-wing UAV flight. Unfortunately, many of them have not been implemented in a real-time controller, and only few attempt simultaneous longitudinal and lateral–directional aircraft control. In this paper, an existing backstepping approach able to control longitudinal and lateral–directional motions is adapted for the definition of a control strategy suitable for small UAV autopilots. Rapidly changing inner-loop variables are controlled with non-adaptive backstepping, while slower outer loop navigation variables are Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controlled. The controller is evaluated through numerical simulations for two very diverse fixed-wing aircraft performing complex manoeuvres. The controller behaviour with model parametric uncertainties or in presence of noise is also tested. The performance results of a real-time implementation on a microcontroller are evaluated through hardware-in-the-loop simulation.
Continuous flow analysis methods for sodium, magnesium and calcium detection in the Skytrain ice core
Authors: Grieman Mackenzie M. , Hoffmann Helene M. , Humby Jack D. , Mulvaney Robert , Nehrbass-Ahles Christoph , Rix Julius , Thomas Elizabeth R. , Tuckwell Rebecca , Wolff Eric W.
Published: July 2021

Dissolved and particulate sodium, magnesium and calcium are analyzed in ice cores to determine past changes in sea ice extent, terrestrial dust variability and atmospheric aerosol transport efficiency. They are also used to date ice cores if annual layers are visible. Multiple methods have been developed to analyze these important compounds in ice cores. Continuous flow analysis (CFA) is implemented with instruments that sample the meltstream continuously. In this study, CFA with ICP-MS (inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry) and fast ion chromatography (FIC) methods are compared for analysis of sodium and magnesium. ICP-MS, FIC and fluorescence methods are compared for analysis of calcium. Respective analysis of a 10 m section of the Antarctic WACSWAIN Skytrain Ice Rise ice core shows that all of the methods result in similar levels of the compounds. The ICP-MS method is the most suitable for analysis of the Skytrain ice core due to its superior precision (relative standard deviation: 1.6% for Na, 1.3% for Mg and 1.2% for Ca) and sampling frequency compared to the FIC method. The fluorescence detection method may be preferred for calcium analysis due to its higher depth resolution (1.4 cm) relative to the ICP-MS and FIC methods (~4 cm).
ON -AMENABILITY OF DUAL BANACH ALGEBRAS
Authors: JABERI ALIREZA , MAHMOODI AMIN
Published: July 2021

Generalising the concept of injectivity, we study the notion of
$\varphi $
-injectivity for dual Banach algebras. It provides a framework for studying
$\varphi $
-amenability of enveloping dual Banach algebras.
John Pym and Libellous Politics in Early Civil War England
Authors: Fullerton Samuel
Published: July 2021

This article explores the royalist libels that afflicted the parliamentarian leader John Pym during the early 1640s to argue that the period marked an important turning point in English libellous politics. First, like many of the political libels circulating in early Civil War England, royalist attacks against Pym transitioned unsteadily from manuscript to cheap print and then finally into official court-sponsored publications throughout the period as contemporaries grew more comfortable with openly libellous language. That medial transformation, in turn, was informed by a broader personalization of politics that drew on early Stuart modes of ‘politic thinking’ to frame the nascent military conflict as a battle of rival political personalities. Both contexts informed the creation and dissemination of the most vicious anti-Pym libel of the period: an allegation that Pym's mother had once committed the act of bestiality with a horse, and that Pym himself was the miscegenated result of their illicit union. Rather than a spurious invention, moreover, the horse libel in fact possessed tangible roots in an embarrassing episode of Pym's family history thirty years prior. Consequently, it demonstrates the importance of oral and scribal transmission alike in shaping and sustaining the vitriolic libellous politics of early Civil War England.
The impact of lifestyle and socioeconomic parameters on body fat level in early childhood
Authors: Kryst Łukasz , Żegleń Magdalena , Artymiak Paulina , Kowal Małgorzata , Woronkowicz Agnieszka
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the differences between selected lifestyle and socioeconomic parameters among preschool (3–7 years of age) children of differing adiposity status. The study was conducted from February to June 2018 in 20 randomly selected kindergartens in Kraków, Poland. Triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal and calf skinfold thicknesses were measured. The sum of all six skinfolds was calculated and the children were subsequently characterized by low (≤–1 SD [standard deviation]), normal (–1 to 1 SD) or high body fat (≥1 SD). Socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics were obtained using a questionnaire filled out by the children’s parents or legal guardians. Preschool children in the high adiposity category had, on average, fewer siblings and longer screen time; additionally, their parents had lower education and more often worked in manual jobs, in comparison to the children in the low and average adiposity categories. In conclusion, it was observed that children in different adiposity categories varied in terms of some socioeconomic as well as lifestyle characteristics. Knowledge regarding the influence that those factors can have on the metabolic health of children is essential for children’s present as well as future well-being. Moreover, it can help health care professionals and parents decide what intervention and/ or preventive measures should be undertaken to ensure the best possible outcomes, as the development of successful obesity prevention strategies should rely on evidence-based information. Nonetheless, future research examining the issue of factors influencing the metabolic health of children, as well as these outcomes later in life, is crucial. Well-planned studies including a large number of individuals, as well as longitudinal research, will be particularly beneficial in this regard.
Farm Product Prices, Redistribution, and the Early U.S. Great Depression
Authors: Hausman Joshua K. , Rhode Paul W. , Wieland Johannes F.
Published: July 2021

We argue that falling farm product prices, incomes, and spending may explain 10–30 percent of the 1930 U.S. output decline. Crop prices collapsed, reducing farmers’ incomes. And across U.S. states and Ohio counties, auto sales fell most in crop-growing areas. The large spending response may be explained by farmers’ indebtedness. Reasonable assumptions about the marginal propensity to spend of farmers relative to nonfarmers and the pass-through of farm prices to retail prices imply that the collapse of farm product prices in 1930 was a powerful propagation mechanism worsening the Depression.
A study of a provincial ear, nose and throat service in a British city prior to the National Health Service: Nottingham and South Nottinghamshire (1886–1947)
Authors: Bradley Patrick J
Published: July 2021

Background

It was in twentieth-century Britain that the two distinct surgical disciplines, otology and laryngology, became united under the title oto-laryngology. Aural departments were established in general hospitals in the hands of specialists long before throat departments. The development and politics of the specialty occurred in London, while provincial services commenced in the early eighteenth century, with ophthalmologists, setting up a clinic or dispensary, progressing onto a hospital.

Methods

The following resources were used: the Nottinghamshire Archives; Manuscripts and Special Collections at the University of Nottingham Libraries and The Local Studies Library, Nottingham Central Library.

Results

The Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose was established in 1886, staffed by part-time general practitioners. The Nottingham Children's Hospital appointed two qualified surgeons in the 1910s and subsequently the General Nottingham Hospital appointed them as honorary assistant surgeons. Both hospitals provided access to beds, not available to the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose. Following The Education Act of 1907, Nottingham created a School Health Services. By the 1920s, Nottingham had four institutions providing clinical and surgical ENT services. The National Hospitals Survey conducted in 1945 recommended that the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose be closed and amalgamated with The General Hospital Nottingham.

Conclusion

The General Hospital Nottingham was slow to create a service for the diagnosis and treatment of ENT diseases and disorders, but established a Departmental Service by 1927. The surgical staffing was common to all four of the ENT services from mid-1930.
Seasonal variation of patulous Eustachian tube diagnoses using climatic and national health insurance data
Authors: Lee S , Choi S-W , Kim J , Lee H M , Oh S-J , Kong S-K
Published: July 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to analyse if there were any associations between patulous Eustachian tube occurrence and climatic factors and seasonality.

Methods

The correlation between the monthly average number of patients diagnosed with patulous Eustachian tube and climatic factors in Seoul, Korea, from January 2010 to December 2016, was statistically analysed using national data sets.

Results

The relative risk for patulous Eustachian tube occurrence according to season was significantly higher in summer and autumn, and lower in winter than in spring (relative risk (95 per cent confidence interval): 1.334 (1.267–1.404), 1.219 (1.157–1.285) and 0.889 (0.840–0.941) for summer, autumn and winter, respectively). Temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity had a moderate positive (r = 0.648), negative (r = –0.601) and positive (r = 0.492) correlation with the number of patulous Eustachian tube cases, respectively.

Conclusion

The number of patulous Eustachian tube cases was highest in summer and increased in proportion to changes in temperature and humidity, which could be due to physiological changes caused by climatic factors or diet trends.
Electromagnetic turbulence in increased β plasmas in the Large Plasma Device
Authors: Rossi G.D. , Carter T.A. , Seo B. , Robertson J. , Pueschel M.J. , Terry P.W.
Published: July 2021

The variation of pressure-gradient-driven turbulence with plasma

$\beta$

(up to

$\beta \approx 15\,\%$

) is investigated in linear, magnetized plasma. The magnitude of magnetic fluctuations is observed to increase substantially with increasing

$\beta$

. More importantly, parallel magnetic fluctuations are observed to dominate at higher

$\beta$

values, with

$\delta B_\parallel / \delta B_\perp \approx 2$

and

$\delta B / B_0 \approx 1\,\%$

. Parallel magnetic fluctuations are strongly correlated with density fluctuations and the two are observed to be out of phase. The relative magnitude of and cross-phase between density and parallel magnetic field fluctuations are consistent with the dynamic pressure balance (

$P+{B_{0}^2}/{2\mu _0} = \textrm {constant}$

). A local slab model theory for electromagnetic, modified drift Alfvén waves, including parallel magnetic fluctuations, shows partial agreement with experimental observations.
Enacting Border Governance through Multi-scalar Violence: Exclusion and discrimination of Rohingya people in Rakhine state
Authors: YONI NYANA
Published: July 2021

While international focus has been on armed violence and Rohingya refugee flows from Rakhine state, this article pays attention to the myriad forms of ‘everyday discrimination’ that Muslim Rohingya people have experienced over a prolonged time. These forms of discrimination were observed by the author and reported by Rohingya informants in three areas of Rakhine state during research conducted in 2015. The article argues that systemic discrimination against Rohingya people can be understood as the violent enactment of bordering processes by both state and non-state actors at multiple scales, thus contributing to border governance. Bordering processes can be observed at the national level through the construction of citizenship in law and documentation; at the sub-national level through the restriction of travel and mobility at the township and village levels in Rakhine state; at the household level through household registrations and the control of births, marriages, and family relationships; as well as at the individual level through arrests, detention, and acts of violence. The border is enacted through such processes, with Rohingya people treated as an embodiment of both a political boundary between Myanmar and Bangladesh, and a social boundary constructing the Muslims as ‘fearsome and disgusting others’ by the country's non-Rohingya groups, particularly by the majority Bamar Buddhist population.
‘Keeping silent to keep the peace’: changes in grandmother's access to their grandchildren following the loss of the son/father
Authors: Regev Irit , Hochman Yael , Segev Einav
Published: July 2021

Relations between grandmothers and their grandchildren following the loss of the son/father have not been studied to date. The present article focuses on this experience, as reflected in the stories of grandmothers (bereaved mothers) and spouses (widows) after the loss, and explores the perception of grandparenthood following the loss of the son/husband. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten grandmothers (bereaved mothers) and spouses (widows) who were recruited as a convenience sample. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. The findings revealed three key patterns of the grandmother–grandchild relations, as perceived by the two groups of women. The patterns indicate complex relations between widows and bereaved mothers, which have implications for the access of the grandmothers to their grandchildren and for their perception of grandparenthood. The study sheds light on the patterns of relations in families that have lost the son/husband/father. The change in power balance between family members and the asymmetry in the family structure created by the absence of the son/husband affect grandparenthood relations. The study emphasises the role of the widows, as the middle generation, in shaping or mediating relationships following the loss. The findings stress the importance of clinical intervention with both the bereaved mothers and the widows.
Space, scale, and global politics: Towards a critical approach to space in international relations
Authors: Lambach Daniel
Published: July 2021

Space matters for global politics but the treatment thereof in International Relations (IR) has been uneven. There is broad interest in spatial aspects across many research communities but only a nascent theoretical discussion and little cross-field communication. This article argues for a fuller engagement of IR scholars with sociospatial concepts and proposes a spatial approach to global politics based on four essential dimensions: a spatial ontology, the constructedness of space, a scalar perspective, and the interaction of materiality and ideas. As one possible way of integrating these aspects into a more specific concept, the article elaborates a framework of spatial practices and uses the example of Arctic Security research to illustrate the upsides of such a spatial approach for IR research.
Suffrutex grasslands in south-central Angola: belowground biomass, root structure, soil characteristics and vegetation dynamics of the ‘underground forests of Africa’
Authors: Gomes Amândio L. , Revermann Rasmus , Gonçalves Francisco M. P. , Lages Fernanda , Aidar Marcos P. M. , Sanguino Mostajo Graciela A. , Finckh Manfred
Published: July 2021

Despite its importance for carbon stocks accounting, belowground biomass (BGB) has seldom been measured due to the methodological complexity involved. In this study, we assess woody BGB and related carbon stocks, soil properties and human impact on two common suffrutex grasslands (Brachystegia- and Parinari grasslands) on the Angolan Central Plateau. Data on BGB was measured by direct destructive sampling. Soil samples were analysed for select key parameters. To investigate vegetation dynamics and human impact, we used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and fire data retrieved via Google Earth Engine. Mean belowground woody biomass of sandy Parinari grasslands was 17 t/ha and 44 t/ha in ferralitic Brachystegia grasslands of which 50% correspond to carbon stocks. As such, the BGB of Brachystegia grasslands almost equals the amount of aboveground biomass (AGB) of neighbouring miombo woodlands. Almost the entire woody BGB is located in the top 30 cm of the soil. Soils were extremely acid, showing a low nutrient availability. Both grassland types differed strongly in EVI and fire seasonality. The Parinari grasslands burnt almost twice as frequent as Brachystegia grasslands in a 10-year period. Our study emphasizes the high relevance of BGB in suffrutex grasslands for carbon stock accounting.
Conformal geodesics on gravitational instantons
Authors: DUNAJSKI MACIEJ , TOD PAUL
Published: July 2021

We study the integrability of the conformal geodesic flow (also known as the conformal circle flow) on the SO(3)–invariant gravitational instantons. On a hyper–Kähler four–manifold the conformal geodesic equations reduce to geodesic equations of a charged particle moving in a constant self–dual magnetic field. In the case of the anti–self–dual Taub NUT instanton we integrate these equations completely by separating the Hamilton–Jacobi equations, and finding a commuting set of first integrals. This gives the first example of an integrable conformal geodesic flow on a four–manifold which is not a symmetric space. In the case of the Eguchi–Hanson we find all conformal geodesics which lie on the three–dimensional orbits of the isometry group. In the non–hyper–Kähler case of the Fubini–Study metric on $\mathbb{CP}^2$ we use the first integrals arising from the conformal Killing–Yano tensors to recover the known complete integrability of conformal geodesics.
Mismatches at the syntax-semantics interface: The case of non-finite complementation in American Norwegian
Authors: Putnam Michael T. , Søfteland Åshild
Published: July 2021

Non-finite complementation strategies found in American Norwegian (AmNo) (made available by the Corpus of American Nordic Speech (CANS)) reveal unique and diverging patterns when compared to both standard and dialectal Norwegian and English. We argue in this paper that the majority of these divergent structures are the result of overextension (Rinke & Flores, 2014; Rinke et al., 2018; Putnam & Hoffman, 2021; Kupisch, 2014), where heritage language speakers produce structures that differ from both grammars in an attempt to generate forms that are distinct from the more dominant language. Our treatment of these nuanced structures in AmNo shows that this heritage grammar significantly restricts bare (ornaked) TPs (Situations) serving as non-finite complements. To avoid bare TP-complements, AmNo has developed two distinct, yet related strategies, (1) reducing non-finite complements tovPs (Events), or (2) incorporating an additional element, a preposition, to ensure that the non-finite complement functions as the object of a preposition. We analyze this latter strategy as an instance of the emergence of structural salience (Polinsky, 2018) in the syntax of AmNo and suggest that this variation is best understood as a syntax–semantics interface phenomenon.
GPS-BDS-Galileo double-differenced stochastic model refinement based on least-squares variance component estimation
Authors: Hu Hong , Xie Xuefeng , Gao Jingxiang , Jin Shuanggen , Jiang Peng
Published: July 2021

Stochastic models are essential for precise navigation and positioning of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). A stochastic model can influence the resolution of ambiguity, which is a key step in GNSS positioning. Most of the existing multi-GNSS stochastic models are based on the GPS empirical model, while differences in the precision of observations among different systems are not considered. In this paper, three refined stochastic models, namely the variance components between systems (RSM1), the variances of different types of observations (RSM2) and the variances of observations for each satellite (RSM3) are proposed based on the least-squares variance component estimation (LS-VCE). Zero-baseline and short-baseline GNSS experimental data were used to verify the proposed three refined stochastic models. The results show that, compared with the traditional elevation-dependent model (EDM), though the proposed models do not significantly improve the ambiguity resolution success rate, the positioning precision of the three proposed models has been improved. RSM3, which is more realistic for the data itself, performs the best, and the precision at elevation mask angles 20°, 30°, 40°, 50° can be improved by 4⋅6%, 7⋅6%, 13⋅2%, 73⋅0% for L1-B1-E1 and 1⋅1%, 4⋅8%, 16⋅3%, 64⋅5% for L2-B2-E5a, respectively.
A bathymetric compilation of the Cape Darnley region, East Antarctica
Authors: Smith Jodie , Nogi Yoshifumi , Spinoccia Michele , Dorschel Boris , Leventer Amy
Published: July 2021

The Cape Darnley region in East Antarctica has been an area of scientific interest for a variety of disciplines over the last three decades. The recent acquisition of several high-resolution bathymetry datasets enabled the compilation of a detailed regional bathymetry grid. We present a high-resolution bathymetric compilation of the Cape Darnley region in East Antarctica, including areas of the Mac.Robertson Land shelf, slope and adjacent deep sea. A variety of data, single-beam and multibeam swath bathymetry and digitized depths from nautical charts were sourced from numerous institutions. The 100 m-resolution gridded bathymetric dataset improves previous bathymetric representations of the region and enables visualization of the seafloor morphology in unprecedented detail. The bathymetry grid has been constructed using a layered hierarchy approach based on the source of each dataset. This data compilation forms important baseline information for a range of scientific applications and end users including oceanographers, glacial modellers, biologists and geologists. The compilation will aid numerical modelling of ocean circulation, reconstruction of palaeo-ice streams and refinement of ice-sheet models.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF NON-NORM-ATTAINING OPERATORS
Authors: Dantas Sheldon , Jung Mingu , Martínez-Cervantes Gonzalo
Published: July 2021

In this article, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of non-norm-attaining operators in
$\mathcal {L}(E, F)$
. By using a theorem due to Pfitzner on James boundaries, we show that if there exists a relatively compact set K of
$\mathcal {L}(E, F)$
(in the weak operator topology) such that
$0$
is an element of its closure (in the weak operator topology) but it is not in its norm-closed convex hull, then we can guarantee the existence of an operator that does not attain its norm. This allows us to provide the following generalisation of results due to Holub and Mujica. If E is a reflexive space, F is an arbitrary Banach space and the pair
$(E, F)$
has the (pointwise-)bounded compact approximation property, then the following are equivalent:

(i)

$\mathcal {K}(E, F) = \mathcal {L}(E, F)$
;

(ii)

Every operator from E into F attains its norm;

(iii)

$(\mathcal {L}(E,F), \tau _c)^* = (\mathcal {L}(E, F), \left \Vert \cdot \right \Vert )^*$
,

where
$\tau _c$
denotes the topology of compact convergence. We conclude the article by presenting a characterisation of the Schur property in terms of norm-attaining operators.
Forging, Bending, and Breaking: Enacting the “Illiberal Playbook” in Hungary and Poland
Authors: Pirro Andrea L. P. , Stanley Ben
Published: July 2021

In recent years, Central and Eastern Europe have furnished several examples of illiberalism in power. The most prominent and consequential cases are Fidesz, which has ruled in Hungary since 2010, and Law and Justice (PiS), which has ruled in Poland since 2015. In both cases, illiberal governments have embarked upon an extensive project of political reform aimed at dismantling the liberal-democratic order. We examine the nature, scope, and consequences of these processes of autocratisation. We first argue that illiberal changes are ideologically founded and identify how both populism and nativism figure in the policymaking of illiberals in power. We then show how these practices emerge from a common “illiberal playbook”—a paradigm of policy change comprising forms of forging, bending, and breaking—and elaborate on the notion that illiberal governments are using legalism to kill liberalism. The fine-grained approach that we employ allows us to distinguish between different rationales and gradations of illiberal policymaking, and assess their implications for the rule of law, executive power, and civil rights and freedoms
Überprüfung der Effekte dissonanzbasierter Primärprävention von Internet- und Computerspielabhängigkeit in der Jahrgangsstufe 5 auf die Einstellung zum Gaming: Eine Pilotstudie
Authors: Lindenberg Katajun , Hofmann Sarah
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Das Kindesalter wurde bei der Entwicklung von wirksamen Präventions- und Interventionsprogrammen bei Computerspiel- und Internetabhängigkeit bisher kaum berücksichtigt. PROTECTdissonanz wurde daher als 1-stündiges dissonanzbasiertes universelles Primärpräventionsprogramm für die Klassenstufe 5 konzipiert. Die vorliegende Pilotstudie überprüft die unmittelbaren Effekte der Dissonanzinduktion auf die Einstellung zum Gaming. Methodik: In einem einarmigen A+B-Design mit drei Messzeitpunkten (T0, T1, T2) wurde die Einstellung zum Gaming anhand des Gaming Attitude Test (GAT) erfasst. In die Baselinesequenz (Sequenz A, T0 bis T1, Teilstichprobe) wurden N = 83 Schüler_innen eingeschlossen (Alter: M = 10.27; SD = 0.48) und in die Interventionssequenz (Sequenz B, T1 bis T2, Gesamtstichprobe) N = 200 Schüler_innen (Alter: M = 10.24; SD = 0.47). Akzeptanz und Zufriedenheit wurden nach der Intervention erfasst. Ergebnisse: Hierarchisch lineare Wachstumsmodelle zeigten eine signifikante Reduktion der GAT-Symptome durch die Intervention, sowohl im Gesamtwert des GAT als auch auf der Subskala „Bagatellisierung negativer Konsequenzen“. Im natürlichen Verlauf (Baselinesequenz A) zeigten sich keine Veränderungen. Die Schüler_innen bewerteten PROTECTdissonanz zudem mit einer hohen Zufriedenheit. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine kurze, gezielte Übung zur Dissonanzinduktion zeigt unmittelbare Effekte auf ein Einstellungsmaß zum Gaming. Zur Weiterverfolgung dieses vielversprechenden Ansatzes sollte in künftigen Studien untersucht werden, ob sich eine verringerte Bagatellisierung negativer Konsequenzen von Gaming im Sinne der kognitiven Dissonanztheorie auch tatsächlich in einer Verhaltensänderung widerspiegelt.
Investigation of the Uncertainties of Simulated Optical Properties of Brown Carbon at Two Asian Sites Using a Modified Bulk Aerosol Optical Scheme of the Community Atmospheric Model Version 5.3
Authors: Xu Lulu , Peng Yiran , Ram Kirpa , Zhang Yanlin , Bao Mengying , Wei Jing
Published: July 2021

Recent studies have suggested that brown carbon (BrC), an absorbing component in organic aerosol, has strong absorption in the near‐ultraviolet wavelengths, and contributes to regional and global radiative forcing (RF). However, the inclusion of BrC in global climate models leads to significant uncertainties in estimated RF, mainly attributed to uncertain BrC properties and relevant BrC parameters assigned in the model. In this study, we modified the bulk aerosol optical scheme (BAOS) in Community Atmospheric Model version 5.3 by including BrC absorption and evaluated the performance of the modified BAOS by comparing the simulated aerosol absorption with 2‐year surface observational data in two Asian cities, Kanpur, India and Nanjing, China. The mean relative errors in the simulated total aerosol absorption (Babs) and absorption Angstrom exponent in modified BAOS are around 35% in Kanpur and even below 20% in Nanjing. Our results show that the inclusion of BrC remedies the underestimated total aerosol absorption by 20% and 14% on average at Kanpur and Nanjing, respectively, exhibiting a better agreement with ground‐based observations of aerosol absorption at both sites. We also conducted a series of sensitivity experiments to quantify the uncertainties caused by varying parameters related to BrC. The model simulations suggest that the imaginary refractive index of BrC is the most significant factor contributing to the uncertainties in aerosol optical properties calculated in BAOS at the Kanpur site. While in the Nanjing site, both particle size distribution and mixing state have dominant impacts on the calculated aerosol optical properties.
Limited Presence of Permafrost Dissolved Organic Matter in the Kolyma River, Siberia Revealed by Ramped Oxidation
Authors: Rogers Jennifer A. , Galy Valier , Kellerman Anne M. , Chanton Jeffrey P. , Zimov Nikita , Spencer Robert G. M.
Published: July 2021

Increasing Arctic temperatures are thawing permafrost soils and liberating ancient organic matter, but the fate of this material remains unclear. Thawing of permafrost releases dissolved organic matter (DOM) into fluvial networks. Unfortunately, tracking this material in Arctic rivers such as the Kolyma River in Siberia has proven challenging due to its high biodegradability. Here, we evaluate late summer abruptly thawed yedoma permafrost dissolved organic carbon (DOC) inputs from Duvannyi Yar. We implemented ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry alongside ramped pyrolysis oxidation (RPO) and isotopic analyses. These approaches offer insight into DOM chemical composition and DOC radiocarbon values of thermochemical components for a permafrost thaw stream, the Kolyma River, and their biodegraded counterparts (n = 4). The highly aliphatic molecular formula found in undegraded permafrost DOM contrasted with the comparatively aliphatic‐poor formula of Kolyma River DOM, represented by an 8.9% and 2.6% relative abundance, respectively, suggesting minimal inputs of undegraded permafrost DOM in the river. RPO radiocarbon fractions of Kolyma River DOC exhibited no “hidden” aged component indicative of permafrost influence. Thermostability analyses suggested that there was limited biodegraded permafrost DOC in the Kolyma River, in part determined by the formation of high‐activation energy (thermally stable) biodegradation components in permafrost DOM that were lacking in the Kolyma River. A mixing model based on thermostability and radiocarbon allowed us to estimate a maximum input of between 0.8% and 7.7% of this Pleistocene‐aged permafrost to the Kolyma River DOC. Ultimately, our findings highlight that export of modern terrestrial DOC currently overwhelms any permafrost DOC inputs in the Kolyma River.
Extreme Climate Anomalies Enhancing Cyanobacterial Blooms in Eutrophic Lake Taihu, China
Authors: Qin Boqiang , Deng Jianming , Shi Kun , Wang Jia , Brookes Justin , Zhou Jian , Zhang Yunlin , Zhu Guangwei , Paerl Hans W. , Wu Li
Published: July 2021

Climate warming in combination with nutrient enrichment can greatly promote phytoplankton proliferation and blooms in eutrophic waters. Lake Taihu, China, is a large, shallow and eutrophic system. Since 2007, this lake has experienced extensive nutrient input reductions aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms. However, intense cyanobacterial blooms have persisted through 2017 with a record‐setting bloom occurring in May 2017. Causal analysis suggested that this bloom was sygenerically driven by high external loading from flooding in 2016 in the Taihu catchment and a notable warmer winter during 2016/2017. High precipitation during 2016 was associated with a strong 2015/2016 El Niño in combination with the joint effects of Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), while persistent warmth during 2016/2017 was strongly related to warm phases of AMO and PDO. The 2017 blooms elevated water column pH and led to dissolved oxygen depletion near the sediment, both of which mobilized phosphorus from the sediment to overlying water, further promoting cyanobacterial blooms. Our finding indicates that regional climate anomalies exacerbated eutrophication via a positive feedback mechanism, by intensifying internal nutrient cycling and aggravating cyanobacterial blooms. In light of global expansion of eutrophication and blooms, especially in large, shallow and eutrophic lakes, these regional effects of climate anomalies are nested within larger scale global warming predicted to continue in the foreseeable future.
A Coreflood‐on‐a‐Chip Study of Viscoelasticity's Effect on Reducing Residual Saturation in Porous Media
Authors: Du Yujing , Xu Ke , Mejia Lucas , Balhoff Matthew
Published: July 2021

Polymer aqueous solutions are widely used in nonaqueous phase liquid recovery and aquifer remediation processes due to their high viscosity. Additional reduction of residual saturation by polymer's viscoelasticity has recently been discovered which elevates the ultimate displacement efficiency. However, there is no consensus on how, and under what conditions, viscoelasticity reduces residual saturation. This is in part because most studies utilize relatively low salinity and high viscosity, which also contribute to higher recoveries. We separate the effects of viscosity, elasticity and salinity, by performing microfluidic experiments in long (30 cm) heterogeneous glass micromodels (coreflood‐on‐a‐chip). In the experiments, a highly viscous Newtonian aqueous phase flood is first performed so that the system reaches residual saturation, followed by polymer flood with varying elasticity and salinity. This is followed by another highly viscous Newtonian aqueous phase flood. We observe significant redistribution and reconnection of residual ganglia due to viscoelasticity induced instabilities during high‐viscoelasticity polymer floods, which results in residual ganglia remobilization that ultimately reduces residual saturation. In contrast, no fluid redistribution and saturation reduction are observed in low‐viscoelasticity polymer floods. During low salinity polymer floods (regardless of the relative elasticity), spontaneous emulsification occurs inside ganglia and results in ganglia swelling, which enhances ganglia reconnection when elastic instability happens, therefore amplifies the residual saturation reduction.
Aflibercept in clinical practice; visual acuity, injection numbers and adherence to treatment, for diabetic macular oedema in 21 UK hospitals over 3 years
Authors: Talks S. J. , Stratton I. , Peto T. , Lotery A. , Chakravarthy U. , Eleftheriadis H. , Izadi S. , Dhingra N. , Scanlon P. ,   the UK Aflibercept Users’ Group, Talks James , Scanlon Peter , Mohamed Quresh , Lotery Andrew , Kashani Sharam , Georgas Nasos , Jones Colin , Gashut Abdisattar , Santiago Cynthia , Chhabra Romi , Antcliff Richard , Dhingra Naren , Bailey Clare , Chakravarthy Usha , Peto Tunde , Ghanchi Faruque , Mcinerney Linda , Natha Salim , Khan Rehna , Dias Indra , Mukhrejee Raj , Izadi Shahrnaz , Tahir Irfan , Eleftheriadis Haralabos
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Randomised controlled trials provide evidence that a treatment works. Real world evidence is required to assess if proven treatments are effective in practice.

Method

Retrospective data collection on patients given aflibercept for diabetic macular oedema over 3 years from 21 UK hospitals: visual acuity (VA); Index of multiple deprivation score (IMD); injection numbers; protocols used, compared as a cohort and between sites.

Results

Complete data: 1742 patients (from 2196 eligible) at 1 year, 860 (from 1270) at 2, 305 (from 506) at 3 years. The median VA improved from 65 to 71, 70, 70 (ETDRS letters) at 1, 2 and 3 years with 6, 9 and 12 injections, respectively. Loss to follow-up: 10% 1 year, 28.8% at 3. Centres varied: baseline: mean age 61–71 years (p < 0.0001); mean IMD score 15–37 (p < 0.0001); mean VA 49–68 (p < 0.0001). Only four centres provided a loading course of five injections at monthly intervals and one 6. This did not alter VA outcome at 1 year. Higher IMD was associated with younger age (p = 0.0023) and worse VA at baseline (p < 0.0001) not total number of injections or change in VA. Lower starting VA, higher IMD and older age were associated with lower adherence (p = 0.0010).

Conclusions

The data showed significant variation between treatment centres for starting age, VA and IMD which influenced adherence and chances of good VA. Once treatment was started IMD did not alter likelihood of improvement. Loading dose intensity did not alter outcome at one year.
Insights into the molecular properties underlying antibacterial activity of prenylated (iso)flavonoids against MRSA
Authors: Kalli Sylvia , Araya-Cloutier Carla , Hageman Jos , Vincken Jean-Paul
Published: July 2021

High resistance towards traditional antibiotics has urged the development of new, natural therapeutics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Prenylated (iso)flavonoids, present mainly in the Fabaceae, can serve as promising candidates. Herein, the anti-MRSA properties of 23 prenylated (iso)flavonoids were assessed in-vitro. The di-prenylated (iso)flavonoids, glabrol (flavanone) and 6,8-diprenyl genistein (isoflavone), together with the mono-prenylated, 4′-O-methyl glabridin (isoflavan), were the most active anti-MRSA compounds (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) ≤ 10 µg/mL, 30 µM). The in-house activity data was complemented with literature data to yield an extended, curated dataset of 67 molecules for the development of robust in-silico prediction models. A QSAR model having a good fit (R2adj 0.61), low average prediction errors and a good predictive power (Q2) for the training (4% and Q2LOO 0.57, respectively) and the test set (5% and Q2test 0.75, respectively) was obtained. Furthermore, the model predicted well the activity of an external validation set (on average 5% prediction errors), as well as the level of activity (low, moderate, high) of prenylated (iso)flavonoids against other Gram-positive bacteria. For the first time, the importance of formal charge, besides hydrophobic volume and hydrogen-bonding, in the anti-MRSA activity was highlighted, thereby suggesting potentially different modes of action of the different prenylated (iso)flavonoids.
Rational design of on-chip gold plasmonic nanoparticles towards ctDNA screening
Authors: Tadimety Amogha , Wu Ziqian , Molinski John H. , Beckerman Russell , Jin Congran , Zhang Lauren , Palinski Timothy J. , Zhang John X. J.
Published: July 2021

This paper demonstrates the design, synthesis, simulation, and testing of three distinct geometries of plasmonic gold nanoparticles for on-chip DNA screening towards liquid biopsy. By employing a seed-mediated growth method, we have synthesized gold nanospheres, nanorods, and nanobipyramids. In parallel, we developed numerical simulations to understand the effects of nanoparticle geometry on the resonance features and refractive index sensitivity. Both experimental and simulation results were compared through a series of studies including in-solution and on-chip tests. We have thoroughly characterized the impact of nanoparticle geometry on the sensitivity to circulating tumor DNA, with immediate implications for liquid biopsy. The results agree well with theoretical predictions and simulations, including both bulk refractive index sensitivity and thin film sensitivity. Importantly, this work quantitatively establishes the link between nanoparticle geometry and efficacy in detecting rare circulating biomarkers. The nanobipyramids provided the highest sensitivity, approximately doubling the sensitivity compared to nanorods. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report carrying through geometric effects of simulation to clinically relevant biosensing. We put forth here synthesis and testing of three nanoparticle geometries, and a framework for both experimental and theoretical validation of plasmonic sensitivities towards liquid biopsy.
Broadband radar invisibility with time-dependent metasurfaces
Authors: Kozlov V. , Vovchuk D. , Ginzburg P.
Published: July 2021

Concealing objects from interrogation has been a primary objective since the integration of radars into surveillance systems. Metamaterial-based invisibility cloaking, which was considered a promising solution, did not yet succeed in delivering reliable performance against real radar systems, mainly due to its narrow operational bandwidth. Here we propose an approach, which addresses the issue from a signal-processing standpoint and, as a result, is capable of coping with the vast majority of unclassified radar systems by exploiting vulnerabilities in their design. In particular, we demonstrate complete concealment of a 0.25 square meter moving metal plate from an investigating radar system, operating in a broad frequency range approaching 20% bandwidth around the carrier of 1.5 GHz. The key element of the radar countermeasure is a temporally modulated coating. This auxiliary structure is designed to dynamically and controllably adjust the reflected phase of the impinging radar signal, which acquires a user-defined Doppler shift. A special case of interest is imposing a frequency shift that compensates for the real Doppler signatures originating from the motion of the target. In this case the radar will consider the target static, even though it is moving. As a result, the reflected echo will be discarded by the clutter removal filter, which is an inherent part of any modern radar system that is designed to operate in real conditions. This signal-processing loophole allows rendering the target invisible to the radar even though it scatters electromagnetic radiation.
Surface and bulk modifications of amphibole asbestos in mimicked gamble's solution at acidic PH
Authors: Pacella Alessandro , Ballirano Paolo , Fantauzzi Marzia , Rossi Antonella , Nardi Elisa , Capitani Giancarlo , Arrizza Lorenzo , Montereali Maria Rita
Published: July 2021

This study aimed at investigating the surface modifications occurring on amphibole asbestos (crocidolite and tremolite) during leaching in a mimicked Gamble’s solution at pH of 4.5 and T = 37 °C, from 1 h up to 720 h. Results showed that the fibre dissolution starts with the release of cations prevalently allocated at the variousM- and (eventually)A-sites of the amphibole structure (incongruent dissolution). The amount of released silicon, normalized to fibre surface area, highlighted a leaching faster for the crocidolite sample, about twenty times higher than that of tremolite. Besides, the fast alteration of crocidolite promotes the occurrence of Fe centres in proximity of the fibre surface, or possibly even exposed, particularly in the form of Fe(II), of which the bulk is enriched with respect to the oxidized surface. Conversely, for tremolite fibres the very slow fibre dissolution prevents the underlying cations of the bulk to be exposed on the mineral surface, and the iron oxidation, faster than the leaching process, significantly depletes the surface Fe(II) centres initially present. Results of this work may contribute to unravel possible correlations between surface properties of amphibole asbestos and its long-term toxicity.
Clinical and imaging features of surgically treated low lumbar osteoporotic vertebral collapse in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nakajima Hideaki , Kubota Arisa , Watanabe Shuji , Honjoh Kazuya , Matsumine Akihiko
Published: July 2021

Osteoporosis and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are age-related diseases, and surgery for osteoporotic vertebral collapse (OVC) in PD patients become more common. OVC commonly affects the thoracolumbar spine, but low lumbar OVC is frequent in patients with lower bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to identify differences in clinical and imaging features of low lumbar OVC with or without PD and to discuss the appropriate treatment. The subjects were 43 patients with low lumbar OVC below L3 who were treated surgically, including 11 patients with PD. The main clinical symptoms were radicular pain in non-PD cases and a cauda equina sign in PD cases. Rapid progression and destructive changes of OVC were seen in patients with PD. The morphological features of OVC were flat-type in non-PD cases with old compression fracture, and destruction-type in PD cases without old compression fracture. Progression of PD was associated with decreased lumbar lordosis, lower lumbar BMD, and severe sarcopenia. High postoperative complication rates were associated with vertebral fragility and longer fusion surgery. Progression of postural instability as a natural course of PD may lead to mechanical stress and instrumentation failure. Invasive long-fusion surgery should be avoided for single low lumbar OVC.