bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accidents involving pedestrians with their backs to traffic or facing traffic: an evaluation of crash characteristics and injuries
Authors: Chen Ping‐Ling , Jou Rong‐Chang , Saleh Wafaa , Pai Chih‐Wei
Published: March 2016

This paper examines pedestrian anatomical injuries and crash characteristics in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes. Pedestrian crashes involving pedestrians walking along streets (i.e. with their backs to traffic or facing traffic) have been overlooked in literature. Although this is not the most frequent type of crash, the crash consequence to pedestrians is a safety concern. Combining Taiwan A1A2 police‐reported accident data and data from the National Health Insurance Database from years 2003–2013, this paper examines anatomical injuries and crash characteristics in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes. There were a total of 830 and 2267 pedestrian casualties in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes respectively. The injuries sustained by pedestrians and crash characteristics of these two crash types were compared with those of other crossing types of crashes (nearside crash, nearside dart‐out crash, offside crash, and offside dart‐out crash). Odds of various injuries to body regions were estimated using logistic regressions. Key findings include that the percentage of fatalities in back‐to‐traffic crashes is the highest; logistic models reveal that pedestrians in back‐to‐traffic crashes sustained more head, neck, and spinal injuries than did pedestrians in other crash types, and unlit darkness and non‐built‐up roadways were associated with an increased risk of pedestrian head injuries. Several crash features (e.g. unlit darkness, overtaking manoeuvres, phone use by pedestrians and drivers, and intoxicated drivers) are more frequently evident in back‐to‐traffic crashes than in other types of crashes. The current research suggests that in terms of crash consequence, facing traffic is safer than back to traffic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The First Synthesis and Anti‐retroviral Activity of 5′,5′‐Difluoro‐3′‐Hydroxy‐Apiosyl Nucleoside Cyclomonophosphonic Acid Analogs
Authors: Kim Seyeon , Hong Joon Hee
Published: March 2016

The first synthesis of novel 5′,5′‐difluoro‐3′‐hydroxy apiose nucleoside cyclomonophosphonic acid analogs was performed as potent anti‐retroviral agents. Phosphonation was performed by direct displacement of a triflate intermediate with diethyl(lithiodifluoromethyl) phosphonate to give the corresponding (α,α‐difluoroalkyl) phosphonate. Condensation successfully proceeded from a glycosyl donor with persilylated bases to yield the nucleoside phosphonate analogs. Deprotection of diethyl phosphonates provided the target nucleoside cyclomonophosphonic acid analogs. The synthesized nucleoside analogs were subjected to anti‐viral screening against the human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1). Cytosine analogs show significant anti‐HIV activity.
Human Xq28 inversion polymorphism: From sex linkage to Genomics ‐ A genetic mother lode
Authors: Kirby Cait S. , Kolber Natalie , Salih Almohaidi Asmaa M. , Bierwert Lou Ann , Saunders Lori , Williams Steven , Merritt Robert
Published: March 2016

An inversion polymorphism of the filamin and emerin genes at the tip of the long arm of the human X‐chromosome serves as the basis of an investigative laboratory in which students learn something new about their own genomes. Long, nearly identical inverted repeats flanking the filamin and emerin genes illustrate how repetitive elements can lead to alterations in genome structure (inversions) through nonallelic homologous recombination. The near identity of the inverted repeats is an example of concerted evolution through gene conversion. While the laboratory in its entirety is designed for college level genetics courses, portions of the laboratory are appropriate for courses at other levels. Because the polymorphism is on the X‐chromosome, the laboratory can be used in introductory biology courses to enhance understanding of sex‐linkage and to test for Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium in females. More advanced topics, such as chromosome interference, the molecular model for recombination, and inversion heterozygosity suppression of recombination can be explored in upper‐level genetics and evolution courses. DNA isolation, restriction digests, ligation, long PCR, and iPCR provide experience with techniques in molecular biology. This investigative laboratory weaves together topics stretching from molecular genetics to cytogenetics and sex‐linkage, population genetics and evolutionary genetics. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44:191–201, 2016.
Plant‐wide hierarchical optimization based on a minimum consumption model
Authors: He Dakuo , Yuan Qingyun , Wang Fuli , Zhao Luping , Liu Tan , Jia Runda
Published: March 2016

Plant‐wide optimization for a complex process consisting of multiple unit processes is an effective method to achieve production with high efficiency and low consumption. However, due to the complexities of the plant‐wide optimization problem such as high dimensionality, numerous constraints, and other factors, plant‐wide optimization for a complex process is always a challenging problem in research. Therefore, this paper presents a plant‐wide hierarchical optimization method based on a minimum consumption model which can solve the feasibility and optimality of the obtained technical indices. The plant‐wide optimization problem is converted into a two‐level optimization problem, including the procedure‐level optimization and the process‐level optimization. The presented method can simplify the original plant‐wide problem and effectively reduce the computational complexity. Moreover, the hierarchical decision‐making is achieved simultaneously and the efficiency of solving the optimization problem and the global convergence is improved. Finally, the presented plant‐wide hierarchical optimization method is applied to the hydrometallurgy process of a gold smelter. The results verify the effectiveness of this method.
Developmental origins of infant stress reactivity profiles: A multi‐system approach
Authors: Rash Joshua A. , Thomas Jenna C. , Campbell Tavis S. , Letourneau Nicole , Granger Douglas A. , Giesbrecht Gerald F. ,   the APrON Study Team
Published: March 2016

Background: This study tested the hypothesis that maternal physiological and psychological variables during pregnancy discriminate between theoretically informed infant stress reactivity profiles. Methods: The sample comprised 254 women and their infants. Maternal mood, salivary cortisol, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and salivary α‐amylase (sAA) were assessed at 15 and 32 weeks gestational age. Infant salivary cortisol, RSA, and sAA reactivity were assessed in response to a structured laboratory frustration task at 6 months of age. Infant responses were used to classify them into stress reactivity profiles using three different classification schemes: hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)‐axis, autonomic, and multi‐system. Discriminant function analyses evaluated the prenatal variables that best discriminated infant reactivity profiles within each classification scheme. Results: Maternal stress biomarkers, along with self‐reported psychological distress during pregnancy, discriminated between infant stress reactivity profiles. Conclusions: These results suggest that maternal psychological and physiological states during pregnancy have broad effects on the development of the infant stress response systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 578–599, 2016.
LPS‐induced neonatal stress in mice affects the response profile to an inflammatory stimulus in an age and sex‐dependent manner
Authors: Barth Cristiane R. , Luft Carolina , Funchal Giselle A. , de Oliveira Jarbas R. , Porto Bárbara N. , Donadio Márcio V. F.
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study is to evaluate the response to an inflammatory stimulus in mice exposed to LPS‐induced neonatal stress at different ages and sexes. Balb/c mice were submitted to intraperitoneal injections on postnatal days 3 and 10 with lipopolysaccharide (nLPS) or saline solution (nSal). At 21 or 60 days, either saline solution was injected or an inflammatory stimulus was induced by the injection of 1% carrageenan. Inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) production were measured in peritoneal fluid. LPS‐induced neonatal stress can reduce inflammatory cytokines in males and females. An increase in NETs production was observed when 60 day nLPS animals were compared to 21 day mice in both sexes. The ROS production was not affected by neonatal stress. The results shown here indicate that LPS‐induced neonatal stress can alter cytokine production in response to inflammatory stimuli at different ages, in a sex‐dependent effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 600–613, 2016.
Tri(3‐pyridyl)‐ and Tri(4‐pyridyl)­phosphine Chalcogenides and Their Complexes with ZnTPP (TPP = Tetraphenylporphyrinate)
Authors: Dubován Lea , Pöllnitz Alpár , Silvestru Cristian
Published: March 2016

The preparation, spectroscopic characterization (NMR and IR spectroscopy), and solid‐state structures of tri(3‐pyridyl)‐ and tri(4‐pyridyl)phosphine chalcogenides (E = O, S, Se) as well as their ability to behave as ligands for ZnTPP (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrinate) moieties are reported. In the solid state, the compounds from this family are three‐bladed molecular propellers that crystallize as racemates. Both triorganophosphine sulfides and selenides, (3‐Py)3PE [Py = pyridyl, NC5H4; E = S (2), Se (3)] and (4‐Py)3PE [E = S (6), Se (7)], quantitatively form complexes with ZnTPP by selective coordination of all three pyridyl groups of a molecular unit to three metalloporphyrin moieties. The formation of these complexes in chlorinated solvents is unambiguously proven by spectroscopic methods (i.e., multinuclear NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy). The affinity of these ligands towards ZnTPP is different in benzene, yielding a mixture of products in solution.
The Developing Concept of Bifunctional Catalysis with Transition Metal N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes
Authors: Ramasamy Balasubramaniyam , Ghosh Prasenjit
Published: March 2016

Though N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have long become popular as ligands of choice in transition metal mediated homogeneous catalysis, their related utility in bifunctional catalysis remains surprisingly overlooked. Conceptually more challenging, the bifunctional catalysis requires synchronous activations of substrates at complementary active‐sites of a carefully crafted catalyst architecture, and which has been successfully realized in a number of interesting NHC‐based bifucntional catalysts in recent times. The microreview summarizes the latest developments of this emerging area of the NHC‐based bifunctional catalysis by looking into the underlying commonality existing behind these catalytic transformations from a mechanistic perspective.
Demonstration of 11–21‐Membered Intramolecular Sulfonium Ylides: Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spiro‐Oxindole‐Incorporated Macrocycles
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Selvaraj Karuppu , Suresh Eringathodi
Published: March 2016

An expeditious and convenient method for the generation of 11–21‐membered intramolecular macrocyclic sulfonium ylides using catalytic Rh2(OAc)4 is presented. Using this approach, a wide variety of sulfur‐macrocycles incorporating the oxindole unit were produced in good yields and with high diastereoselectivity. Interestingly, tetracyclic macrocycles were also attained in good yields and with good regioselectivity using the disclosed sulfonium ylides. Ring‐opening reactions of tetracyclic macrocycles were also demonstrated.
Electrochemical Study of a CuO–Carbon Conversion Anode in Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Application in Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Verrelli Roberta , Laszczynski Nina , Passerini Stefano , Hassoun Jusef
Published: March 2016

A CuO–Carbon anode storing lithium through a conversion mechanism is electrochemically studied in cells employing Pyr14TFSI–LiTFSI electrolyte [Pyr14: N‐butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium], [TFSI: bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide]. The electrode delivers a specific capacity as high as 580 mAh g−1 with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 98 %. The combination of CuO–carbon with a high‐voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode in the ionic liquid electrolyte produces a Li‐ion battery with an average operating voltage of 3 V and specific capacity of approximately 120 mAh g−1. The cell, employing easily‐prepared electrodes and a safe ionic liquid electrolyte, represents a good candidate for use in sustainable power sources.
In vivo imaging of microglial activation by positron emission tomography with [11C]PBR28 in the 5XFAD model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mirzaei Nazanin , Tang Sac Pham , Ashworth Sharon , Coello Christopher , Plisson Christophe , Passchier Jan , Selvaraj Vimal , Tyacke Robin J. , Nutt David J. , Sastre Magdalena
Published: March 2016

Microglial activation has been linked with deficits in neuronal function and synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is known to be upregulated in reactive microglia. Accurate visualization and quantification of microglial density by PET imaging using the TSPO tracer [11C]‐R‐PK11195 has been challenging due to the limitations of the ligand. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the new TSPO tracer [11C]PBR28 as a marker for microglial activation in the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD. Dynamic PET scans were acquired following intravenous administration of [11C]PBR28 in 6‐month‐old 5XFAD mice and in wild‐type controls. Autoradiography with [3H]PBR28 was carried out in the same brains to further confirm the distribution of the radioligand. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed on adjacent brain sections of the same mice to evaluate the co‐localization of TSPO with microglia. PET imaging revealed that brain uptake of [11C]PBR28 in 5XFAD mice was increased compared with control mice. Moreover, binding of [3H]PBR28, measured by autoradiography, was enriched in cortical and hippocampal brain regions, coinciding with the positive staining of the microglial marker Iba‐1 and amyloid deposits in the same areas. Furthermore, double‐staining using antibodies against TSPO demonstrated co‐localization of TSPO with microglia and not with astrocytes in 5XFAD mice and human post‐mortem AD brains. The data provided support of the suitability of [11C]PBR28 as a tool for in vivo monitoring of microglial activation and assessment of treatment response in future studies using animal models of AD. GLIA 2016;64:993–1006
Fast detection of Piscirickettsia salmonis in Salmo salar serum through MALDI‐TOF‐MS profiling
Authors: Olate Verónica R. , Nachtigall Fabiane M. , Santos Leonardo S. , Soto Alex , Araya Macarena , Oyanedel Sandra , Díaz Verónica , Marchant Vanessa , Rios‐Momberg Mauricio
Published: March 2016

Piscirickettsia salmonis is a pathogenic bacteria known as the aetiological agent of the salmonid rickettsial syndrome and causes a high mortality in farmed salmonid fishes. Detection of P. salmonis in farmed fishes is based mainly on molecular biology and immunohistochemistry techniques. These techniques are in most of the cases expensive and time consuming. In the search of new alternatives to detect the presence of P. salmonis in salmonid fishes, this work proposed the use of MALDI‐TOF‐MS to compare serum protein profiles from Salmo salar fish, including experimentally infected and non‐infected fishes using principal component analysis (PCA). Samples were obtained from a controlled bioassay where S. salar was challenged with P. salmonis in a cohabitation model and classified according to the presence or absence of the bacteria by real time PCR analysis. MALDI spectra of the fish serum samples showed differences in its serum protein composition. These differences were corroborated with PCA analysis. The results demonstrated that the use of both MALDI‐TOF‐MS and PCA represents a useful tool to discriminate the fish status through the analysis of salmonid serum samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive homolytic and heterolytic decomposition pathways of gas‐phase negative ions generated from aminobenzoate esters
Authors: Xia Hanxue , Zhang Yong , Pavlov Julius , Jariwala Freneil B. , Attygalle Athula B.
Published: March 2016

An alkyl‐radical loss and an alkene loss are two competitive fragmentation pathways that deprotonated aminobenzoate esters undergo upon activation under mass spectrometric conditions. For the meta and para isomers, the alkyl‐radical loss by a homolytic cleavage of the alkyl‐oxygen bond of the ester moiety is the predominant fragmentation pathway, while the contribution from the alkene elimination by a heterolytic pathway is less significant. In contrast, owing to a pronounced charge‐mediated ortho effect, the alkene loss becomes the predominant pathway for the ortho isomers of ethyl and higher esters. Results from isotope‐labeled compounds confirmed that the alkene loss proceeds by a specific γ‐hydrogen transfer mechanism that resembles the McLafferty rearrangement for radical cations. Even for the para compounds, if the alkoxide moiety bears structural motifs required for the elimination of a more stable alkene molecule, the heterolytic pathway becomes the predominant pathway. For example, in the spectrum of deprotonated 2‐phenylethyl 4‐aminobenzoate, m/z 136 peak is the base peak because the alkene eliminated is styrene. Owing to the fact that all deprotonated aminobenzoate esters, irrespective of the size of the alkoxy group, upon activation fragment to form an m/z 135 ion, aminobenzoate esters in mixtures can be quantified by precursor ion discovery mass spectrometric experiments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid screening of Alternaria mycotoxins using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry
Authors: Sivagnanam Kumaran , Komatsu Emy , Rampitsch Christoph , Perreault Hélène , Gräfenhan Tom
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

Members of the Alternaria genus produce various toxins whose occurrence in agricultural commodities is a major concern for humans and the environment. The present study developed a simple and efficient matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) method for the rapid detection of Alternaria toxins.

RESULTS

A new method for the detection of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tentoxin (TEN) by MALDI‐TOF MS was developed. Different solid phase extraction (SPE) clean‐up methods were tried to optimize the purification of wheat matrix, and an optimal extraction method was designed to recover the three Alternaria toxins. In addition, various MALDI matrices were examined and α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) matrix gave good repeatability for all three Alternaria toxins.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to report the detection of three important Alternaria toxins concurrently using MALDI‐TOF MS and opens up the possibility of rapid screening of Alternaria toxins in several other cereals and food products. © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Marketing Relationships in the New Millennium B2B Sector
Authors: Ndubisi Nelson Oly , Nataraajan Rajan
Published: March 2016

Marketing relationships have been touted as an appropriate response to the challenges of the new millennium business environment. An organization that has honed the skill of managing knowledge can respond successfully to the challenges of the new economy. For example, by forging strong and long‐lasting relationships with suppliers and distributors, manufacturers can ensure a stable and sufficient flow of quality products in a timely manner at competitive prices. By doing the same, service providers can ensure not only a wider coverage and greater brand awareness, but also that quality support services are available to both internal and external customers of the firm. This article briefly discusses the role of marketing relationships and relationship marketing in the new millennium business environment and the contributions of Psychology & Marketing to the marketing relationships/relationship marketing discourse. It also introduces the contributions to this special edition and suggests some future research directions.
B2B: A Paradigm Shift from Economic Exchange to Behavioral Theory: A Quest for Better Explanations and Predictions
Authors: LaPlaca Peter , da Silva Rui Vinhas
Published: March 2016

The development of industrial marketing theory has been largely characterized by descriptive approaches in the scrutiny of B2B marketing phenomena. In its pursuit for scientific legitimacy and credibility to academics and practitioners alike, research into B2B relationships as a subject of scientific enquiry will need to seriously engage into what can be termed a true paradigm shift, one that advances discovery in this area from sheer descriptive analysis and reporting to the development of explanatory schemata and theoretical frameworks of a kind that allow for more accurate prediction of underlying B2B phenomena. In doing so, theoreticians and practitioners alike will be better equipped to understand both current and emerging issues at hand as well as their implications to organizations across any geography, cultural context, or business situation. Should this be attained with some degree of success, it will mean a reduction in ambiguity accruing to the decision making of individuals in organizations, and thus a significant contribution to the overriding objective of corporate strategic planning and correspondent resource allocation.
Relational Governance Mechanisms and Uncertainties in Nonownership Services
Authors: Ndubisi Nelson Oly , Ehret Michael , Wirtz Jochen
Published: March 2016

Entrepreneurs, managers, and consumers are attracted by the promise of nonownership services in the sharing economy—to enjoy benefits of assets without bearing the costs and downsides of ownership. Firms using nonownership contracts aim to transform uncertainties of clients (e.g., unpredictable changes in value of that asset, unforeseen costs such as repairs, or even black swan events) into business opportunities for providers. In many cases, the reality is that nonownership does not live up to the promised value propositions (as present in the struggle of companies such as Uber, BP, or the entire Biopharma industry) to exploit the potential of nonownership. This paper unveils the underlying paradox of nonownership, which aims at a smart allocation of uncertainty upsides and downsides between providers and clients. It identifies the potential of relational governance mechanisms to handle the uncertainty challenges apparent in nonownership. Further, it presents a pioneering case study of Rolls‐Royce airplane engines, which unveils the contribution of relational governance in unfolding the economic benefits of nonownership.
The Use of Procedural Fairness in Electronic Reverse Auctions to Enhance Relationship Quality
Authors: Muylle Steve , Standaert Willem
Published: March 2016

In this study, the use of procedural fairness by a buying organization in an electronic reverse auction (ERA) is examined. Drawing on the literature, a conceptual model is developed that relates procedural fairness to two key ERA outcomes: relationship quality and quality of the offering. The hypothesized relationships between procedural fairness and quality outcomes are empirically tested through a global field study with 179 procurement professionals in multinational companies, and explored through a supporting field study with 31 sales professionals from supplier firms. The results show that the use of procedural fairness by a buying organization is positively related to relationship quality and quality of the offering, without jeopardizing price savings. In addition, the positive association between procedural fairness and relationship quality is found to increase in the case of a repeat auction. This study contributes to the relationship marketing literature by examining how procedural fairness can mitigate relationship quality concerns in ERA use by buying organizations.
Gastrostomy Complications in Pediatric Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Single‐Institution Review
Authors: Fernandez‐Pineda Israel , Sandoval John A. , Jones Reagan M. , Boateng Nana , Wu Jianrong , Rao Bhaskar N. , Davidoff Andrew M. , Shochat Stephen J.
Published: March 2016

Background

Complications in pediatric cancer patients after a gastrostomy (GT) placement have not been widely investigated. We aimed to evaluate the complication rate and nature of complications in this specific population.

Procedure

Medical records of pediatric cancer patients having a GT placed at our institution from 1998 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Variables analyzed included gender, age, diagnosis, surgical procedure, GT device, duration of GT usage, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) level at surgery, and complications.

Results

One hundred seventy‐one patients (92 males, 79 females), median age of 6 years (range, 0.2–21), who underwent 181 procedures (110 open, 59 endoscopic, and 12 laparoscopic) were identified. Diagnosis included central nervous system tumor (n = 101), solid tumor (n = 45), and leukemia/lymphoma (n = 25). A GT tube was used in 139 procedures and a GT button in 42. Median ANC level at procedure was 3,300/mm3 (range, 0–38,988). Median duration of GT usage was 8 months (range, 0.2–142). One hundred seventy‐seven complications occurred in 106 patients (61.9%) and were categorized as perioperative (<1 month after surgery, 20.3%) and late (>1 month after surgery, 79.7%). Major complications included 42 (23.7%) GT site infections and four (2.2%) intrabdominal complications. The most common minor complication was granulation tissue (28.8%). Younger age at procedure was associated with complications (P = 0.048) and an open technique was associated with GT site infection (P = 0.003). No statistical significance was observed between complications and gender, diagnosis, GT device, duration of GT usage, and ANC at procedure.

Conclusions

Younger patients were more likely to have complications, and GT site infections were more common after open GT procedures.
MALDI SpiralTOF high‐resolution mass spectrometry and Kendrick mass defect analysis applied to the characterization of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) copolymers
Authors: Fouquet Thierry , Nakamura Sayaka , Sato Hiroaki
Published: March 2016

Rationale

Poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) copolymers – usually referred to as EVA – are first class industrial polymers used for applications ranging from padding to photovoltaics as encapsulant for the silicon solar cells. Various techniques have been used for their characterization but the analysis of intact EVA chains using mass spectrometry (MS) has not been reported so far.

Methods

Three copolymers containing 18, 25 and 40 wt% vinyl acetate (VA) have been characterized using an off‐line coupling of size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) spiral‐time‐of‐flight (TOF) high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The representativeness of those results for the entire samples has been checked using 13C NMR spectroscopy. Lastly, Kendrick mass defect analysis has been proposed as an alternative and user‐friendly data treatment method.

Results

The shortest chains isolated by SEC fractionation and mass‐analyzed by HRMS have been thoroughly described in terms of end‐groups (found to be hydrogens) and co‐monomeric composition. The VA content was successfully derived from the peak assignments in MS spectra for the EVA 40 wt% and 25 wt% while it tended to be overestimated for the latest EVA 18 wt% (increasing poly(ethylene) character). Similar results have been found using a faster data treatment method relying on the Kendrick mass defect analysis of the MS data.

Conclusions

EVA low molecular weight intact oligomers have been extensively characterized by MS for the first time and the structural features confidently extended to the full sample according to NMR data. The Kendrick mass analysis finally constituted an efficient method for a fast evaluation of their VA content with no need for manual assignment. © 2016 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Research in the Rehabilitation Unit Presents Challenges to Nurse Researchers
Authors: Rose Mary Ann , Neil Janice A. , Castles Ricky , Pokorny Marie , Watkins Frank , Hand Mark
Published: March 2016

Purpose:

Gathering data from patients on a rehabilitation unit poses challenges for nurse researchers.

Design:

A case study is presented that describes ways the researchers attempted to meet these challenges while conducting their study.

Methods:

The case study presents the approaches that the investigators took to undertake the study and then described the ways in which these approaches could have been improved.

Findings:

Their successes and failures are described.

Conclusions:

Suggestions are made for future investigators.

Clinical Relevance:

Clinical nursing research is required to develop an evidence base for practice in the rehabilitation unit. An analysis of the challenges and possible methods of overcoming these challenges is useful to both future investigators and nurses in practice to insure that studies can be carried out effectively.
Phase I study of IMGN901, a CD56-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, in patients with CD56-positive solid tumors
Authors: Shah Manisha H. , Lorigan Paul , O’Brien Mary E. R. , Fossella Frank V. , Moore Kathleen N. , Bhatia Shailender , Kirby Maurice , Woll Penella J.
Published: March 2016

Background IMGN901 is a CD56-targeting antibody-drug conjugate designed for tumor-selective delivery of the cytotoxic maytansinoid DM1. This phase 1 study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary activity of IMGN901 in patients with CD56-expressing solid tumors. Methods Patients were enrolled in cohorts of escalating IMGN901 doses, administered intravenously, on 3 consecutive days every 21 days. A dose-expansion phase accrued patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), or ovarian cancer. Results Fifty-two patients were treated at doses escalating from 4 to 94 mg/m2/day. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined to be 75 mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicities included fatigue, neuropathy, headache or meningitis-like symptoms, chest pain, dyspnea, and myalgias. In the dose-expansion phase (n = 45), seven patients received 75 mg/m2 and 38 received 60 mg/m2 for up to 21 cycles. The recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) was established at 60 mg/m2 during dose expansion. Overall, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were experienced by 96.9 % of all patients, the majority of which were Grade 1 or 2. The most commonly reported Grade 3 or 4 TEAEs were hyponatremia and dyspnea (each 8.2 %). Responses included 1 complete response (CR), 1 clinical CR, and 1 unconfirmed partial response (PR) in MCC; and 1 unconfirmed PR in SCLC. Stable disease was seen for 25 % of all evaluable patients who received doses ≥60 mg/m2. Conclusions The RP2D for IMGN901 of 60 mg/m2 administered for 3 consecutive days every 3 weeks was associated with an acceptable tolerability profile. Objective responses were observed in patients with advanced CD56+ cancers.
The effect of airplane noise on frogs: a case study on the Critically Endangered Pickersgill's reed frog (Hyperolius pickersgilli)
Authors: Kruger Donnavan J. D. , Du Preez Louis H.
Published: March 2016

Species communicating acoustically may develop behavioral responses that aid them to transmit information and overcome signal masking in habitats disturbed by anthropogenic noise. Although many studies have concentrated on road traffic noise, very few studies mentioned effects of low flying airplane flyby noise on the vocal behavior of frogs. We studied the Critically Endangered Pickersgill's Reed frog (Hyperolius pickersgilli) native to the eastern coastal regions of South Africa as a case study. In order to evaluate the call of H. pickersgilli, we compared a site with high levels of airplane flyby noise to a reference site without any airplane activity. Our results show that H. pickersgilli males made changes in both temporal and spectral properties of their call. Males call significantly more during and after an airplane flyby in relation to the call rate before the noise stimulus, but resumed normal call rhythms when measurements were taken 15 min after overflight. We found that males call at higher mean dominant frequencies (df difference = 161.4 Hz, P < 0.05) when exposed to high‐intensity airplane flyby noise. In comparison with call rate 5 min before the airplane flyby, males called 12 % more during and 18 % more after the airplane flyby. Although changes in the spectral and temporal properties of the call of H. pickersgilli were observed, this species was actively calling for much longer than any other local species. This is the first study from Africa to report effects of anthropogenic noise on anuran communication.
CHEN WEI 陳偉 (ED.), QIN JIANDU HEJI 秦簡牘合集 [CORPUS OF QIN DOCUMENTS WRITTEN ON BAMBOO AND WOOD]: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Venture Olivier
Published: March 2016

The Qin jiandu heji 秦簡牘合集 [Corpus of Qin documents written on bamboo and wood] is the result of a long-term teamwork and collaboration project, directed by Professor Chen Wei 陳偉 of Wuhan University. This publication provides a new, updated edition of seven collections of Qin documents, including those from Shuihudi 睡虎地 (Tomb 4 and 11), Longgang 龍崗 (Tomb 6), Haojiaping 郝家坪 (Tomb 50), Zhoujiatai 周家臺 (Tomb 30), Yueshan 嶽山 (Tomb 36), and Fangmatan 放馬灘 (Tomb 1). Although former editions have not become entirely useless for the various reasons evoked in this article, Qin jiandu heji should now be considered the new standard edition for any serious academic research on those materials.
Nitrogen fluorescence induced by the femtosecond intense laser pulses in air
Authors: Li He , Li Suyu , Li Shuchang , Liu Dunli , Tian Dan , Chen Anmin , Wang Ying , Wang Xiaowei , Zhang Yunfeng , Jin Mingxing
Published: March 2016

Our experiments show that external focusing and initial laser energy strongly influences filament generated by the femtosecond Ti–sapphire laser in air. The experimental measurements show the filament length can be extended both by increasing the laser energy and focal length of focusing lens. On the other hand, the plasma fluorescence emission can be enhanced by increasing the laser energy with fixed focal length or decreasing the focal length. In addition, the collapse distance measured experimentally are larger than the calculated ones owing to the group-velocity-dispersion effect. In addition, we find that the line widths of the spectral lines from

$\text{N}_{2}$

is independent of filament positions, laser energies and external focusing.
Development of the Source Reconstruction System by Combining Sound Source Localization and Time Reversal Method
Authors: Lin S.-C. , Too G.-P. , Tu C.-W.
Published: March 2016

This study explored the target sound source location at unknown situation and processed the received signal to determine the location of the target, including the reconstructed signal of source immediately. In this paper, it used triangulation sound sources localization and time reversal method (TRM) to reconstruct the source signals. The purpose is to use a sound source localization method with a simple device to quickly locate the position of the sound source. This method uses the microphone array to measure signal from the target sound source. Then, the sound source location is calculated and is indicated by Cartesian coordinates. The sound source location is then used to evaluate free field impulse response function which can replace the impulse response function used in time-reversal method. This process reduces the computation time greatly which makes possible for a real time source localization and source signal separation.
CLASSIFICATION THEORY FOR ACCESSIBLE CATEGORIES
Authors: LIEBERMAN M. , ROSICKÝ J.
Published: March 2016

We show that a number of results on abstract elementary classes (AECs) hold in accessible categories with concrete directed colimits. In particular, we prove a generalization of a recent result of Boney on tameness under a large cardinal assumption. We also show that such categories support a robust version of the Ehrenfeucht–Mostowski construction. This analysis has the added benefit of producing a purely language-free characterization of AECs, and highlights the precise role played by the coherence axiom.
QUOTIENTS OF STRONGLY PROPER FORCINGS AND GUESSING MODELS
Authors: COX SEAN , KRUEGER JOHN
Published: March 2016

We prove that a wide class of strongly proper forcing posets have quotients with strong properties. Specifically, we prove that quotients of forcing posets which have universal strongly generic conditions on a stationary set of models by certain nice regular suborders satisfy the ω1-approximation property. We prove that the existence of stationarily many ω1-guessing models in Pω2(H(θ)), for sufficiently large cardinals θ, is consistent with the continuum being arbitrarily large, solving a problem of Viale and Weiss [13].
Geographic ranges of genera and their constituent species: structure, evolutionary dynamics, and extinction resistance
Authors: Foote Michael , Ritterbush Kathleen A. , Miller Arnold I.
Published: March 2016

We explore the relationships among the geographic ranges of genera, the ranges and positions of their constituent species, and the number of species they contain, considering variation among coeval genera and changes within genera over time. Measuring range size as the maximal distance, or extent, between occurrences within a taxon, we find that the range of the most widespread species is a good predictor of the range of the genus, and that the number of species is a better predictor still. This analysis is complicated by a forced correlation: the range of a genus must be at least as large as that of each of its constituent species. We therefore focus on a second measure of range, the mean squared distance, or dispersion, of occurrences from the geographic centroid, which, by analogy to the analysis of variance, allows the total dispersion of a genus to be compared to the mean within-species dispersion and the dispersion among species centroids. We find that among-species dispersion is the principal determinant of genus dispersion. Within-species dispersion also plays a major role. The role of species richness is relatively small. Our results are not artifacts of temporal variation in the geographic breadth of sampled data. The relationship between changes in genus dispersion and changes in within- and among-species dispersion shows a symmetry, being similar in cases when the genus range is expanding and when it is contracting. We also show that genera with greater dispersion have greater extinction resistance, but that within- and among-species dispersion are not demonstrable predictors of survival once the dispersion of the genus is accounted for. Thus it is the range of the genus, rather than how it is attained, that is most relevant to its fate. Species richness is also a clear predictor of survival, beyond its effects on geographic range.
CLAUDIAN'S LAST PANEGYRIC AND IMPERIAL VISITS TO ROME
Authors: Kelly Gavin
Published: March 2016

Claudian of Alexandria's last datable poem, the Panegyric on the Sixth Consulship of Honorius, was delivered in Rome in 404, presumably on 1 January. This performance occurred in the course of the first visit to Rome by an emperor for nearly a decade and a half. Imperial visits to Rome were notoriously rare in the fourth century and, in a well-known passage of that poem, the goddess Roma herself muses on their rarity: she had only seen an Augustus three times in the last hundred years (VI Cos. 392–3). This is not quite true, but the only legitimate emperors known to have paid formal visits to Rome in that period were Constantine in 312–13, 315 and 326, Constantius II in 357, and Theodosius I, accompanied by his four-year-old son Honorius, in 389. In this article I shall begin by making an observation about the court's intentions in moving to Rome in late 403 (Section I), and then deal with two problems bound up with the interpretation of this poem and with the circumstances of imperial visits. The first problem (Section II) concerns the visit of Honorius during which the poem was first performed. In Claudian's narrative the description of Honorius' triumphal entry leads into a description of his assumption of the consulate, and scholars have sometimes asserted that he made a triumphal entry as consul on 1 January 404. This is clearly wrong: Honorius arrived in Rome weeks or months before. But even when this point is recognized, it is often asserted that the poem blends triumphal and consular imagery, and elements of the triumphal entry are confused with the assumption of the consulship (most recently by Michael Dewar in his generally outstanding commentary on the poem). My argument therefore moves from the chronology of Honorius' visit to elucidating the structure and imagery of Claudian's poem, as well as casting light on the patterns of the late antique imperial aduentus more broadly. The second problem (Section III) concerns the description of Honorius' previous visit to Rome with his father in the summer of 389. Here it has sometimes been inferred (including again by Dewar) on the basis of Claudian, and of late chronicles, that Honorius was created Caesar by his father on 13 June, the day of the aduentus. I shall show on the basis of a critical examination of the chronicle tradition, as well as a survey of contemporary numismatic, epigraphic and literary evidence, that this belief is unfounded, and that the relevant passages of Claudian require a different interpretation. However, this evidence also makes clear that signals were being sent in 389 about Honorius' imperial future.
ON THE COMBINATORICS OF BINARY SERIES-PARALLEL GRAPHS
Authors: Hofri Micha , Li Chao , Mahmoud Hosam
Published: March 2016

Binary series-parallel (BSP) graphs have applications in transportation modeling, and exhibit interesting combinatorial properties. This work is limited to the second aspect. The BSP graphs of a given size – measured in edges – are enumerated. Under a uniform probability model, we investigate the asymptotic distribution of the order (number of vertices) and the asymptotic average length of a random walk (under different strategies) of large graphs of the same size. The systematic method throughout is to define the graphs, and the features we evaluate by a structural equation (equivalent to a regular expression). The structural equation is translated into an equation for a generating function, which is then analyzed.
A case-control study to identify risk factors for acute salmonellosis in New Zealand dairy herds, 2011–2012
Authors: STEVENSON M. A. , MORGAN P. L. , SANHUEZA J. , OAKLEY G. E. , BATEMAN R. S. , McFADDEN A. , MacPHERSON N. , OWEN K. L. , BURTON L. , WALSH S. , WESTON J. , MARCHANT R.
Published: March 2016

In late 2011 the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries reported an increase in confirmed laboratory diagnoses of salmonellosis in dairy herds. To identify risk factors for herd-level outbreaks of salmonellosis we conducted a case-control study of New Zealand dairy herds in 2011–2012. In a multivariable analysis, use of continuous feed troughs [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 6·2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·0–20], use of pelletized magnesium supplements (aOR 10, 95% CI 3·3–33) and use of palm kernel meal as a supplementary feed (aOR 8·7, 95% CI 2·5–30) were positively associated with a herd-level outbreak of salmonellosis between 1 July 2011 and 31 January 2012. We conclude that supplementary feeds used on dairy farms (regardless of type) need to be stored and handled appropriately to reduce the likelihood of bacterial contamination, particularly from birds and rodents. Magnesium supplementation in the pelletized form played a role in triggering outbreaks of acute salmonellosis in New Zealand dairy herds in 2011–2012.
Enhanced risk of illness during the 1918 influenza pandemic after previous influenza-like illnesses in three military populations
Authors: SHANKS G. D. , BURROUGHS S. A. , SOHN J. D. , WATERS N. C. , SMITH V. F. , WALLER M. , BRUNDAGE J. F.
Published: March 2016

The reasons for the unprecedented mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic remain poorly understood. We examined morbidity records from three military cohorts from years prior to and during the 1918 pandemic period to assess the effects of previous respiratory illnesses on experiences during the pandemic. Clinical registers and morbidity lists were examined to identify all medical encounters for acute respiratory illnesses in students at two U.S. military officer training academies and Australian soldiers deployed in Europe. Influenza-like illness prior to the major pandemic wave of 1918 predisposed Australian soldiers [relative risk (RR) 1·37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·18–1·60, P < 0·0001] and US officer trainees at West Point (RR 3·10, 95% CI 2·13–4·52, P < 0·0001) and Annapolis (RR 2·03, 95% CI 1·65–2·50, P < 0·0001) to increased risks of medically treated illnesses in late 1918. The findings suggest that susceptibility to and/or clinical expressions of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus depended on previous experiences with respiratory infectious agents. The findings are consistent with observations during the 2009 pandemic in Canada and may reflect antibody-dependent enhancement of influenza infection.
Issues on Luck Egalitarianism, Responsibility, and Intercultural Healthcare Policies
Authors: DE HOYOS ADALBERTO
Published: March 2016

This article analyzes the criteria for the distribution of healthcare services through different justice theories such as utilitarianism and liberalism, pointing out the problems that arise when providing services to a culturally diverse population. The international epidemiological setting is a favorable one for discussing personal responsibility and luck egalitarianism; however, some provisions have to be made so that healthcare institutions do not treat ethnic, cultural, religious, and linguistic minorities unfairly. The article concludes by proposing that accommodations and culturally sensible attention should be provided when possible, without affecting the equal opportunity of others to access these services.
Commentary: Looking beyond Treatment Refusal
Authors: Shashidhara Shilpa
Published: March 2016

This case illustrates the dilemma that occurs when a patient refuses treatment. When a patient refuses recommended interventions, it can cause much distress among the medical team and family. On the surface, the ethical issue appears to be in regard to treatment refusal. However, when we look deeper, it becomes evident that the question is truly about whether the patient has the ability to make this treatment decision, given her worsening dementia, recent hemorrhage, and depression. In this case, an essential component of an ethics consultation would be to assess this patient’s decisionmaking capacity to determine if her refusals are informed. This case has another level of complexity. If the patient does not have decisionmaking capacity, then who would be willing to serve in the role of surrogate decisionmaker? The case raises several ethical questions and thus makes directing a patient’s care and decisionmaking challenging.
Mechanism of action of cariprazine
Authors: Stahl Stephen M.
Published: March 2016

Cariprazine is a new therapeutic agent recently approved for the treatment of both schizophrenia and manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder, and is under investigation for the treatment of both bipolar depression and major depressive disorder.