bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anger Management
Authors: Glancy Graham , Saini Michael , Treffers Stefan
Published: May 2017

Chronic maladaptive anger has been associated with a number of adverse outcomes, including reductions in overall mental and physical health, deterioration of interpersonal relations, and legal consequences arising from anger expressed in the form of aggressive and violent behavior. Despite a plethora of treatment modalities, there has been little consensus on the most effective treatments for chronic maladaptive anger. The aim of this chapter is to provide a brief summary of the empirical evidence associated with a range of psychological and pharmacological interventions to help guide administration of anger management and treatment programs.
Structuralism, Poststructuralism, and Cultural Studies
Authors: Barker Chris
Published: May 2017

Structuralism and poststructuralism have been widely influential within cultural studies because both schools of thought focus on how meaning is made, and meaning‐making is an essential function of culture. Cultural studies is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry concerned with the intersection of power and meaning in popular culture. Structuralism is a theoretical approach that identifies patterns in social arrangements, mostly notably language. While poststructuralism builds on the insights of structuralism, it holds all meaning to be fluid rather than universal and predictable. Both structuralism and post‐structuralism are important theoretical influences in cultural studies and have enabled the field to explore culture as a set of signifying practices. That said, all three of the key terms in this equation – cultural studies, structuralism, and poststructural‐ism – are contestable, and the intellectual terrain they cover is vast. To make the task almost manageable it is necessary to adopt a broadly historical approach, and as a way of anchoring the slippery notion of cultural studies it is useful to focus on the work of Stuart Hall as the discipline's quintessential figure.
Cyanine based Nanoprobes for Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Bhattarai Pravin , Dai Zhifei
Published: May 2017

Cyanine dyes are greatly accredited in the development of non‐invasive therapy that can “see” and “treat” tumor cells via imaging, photothermal and photodynamic treatment. However, these dyes suffer from poor pharmacokinetics inducing severe toxicity to normal cells, insufficient accumulation in tumor regions and rapid photobleaching when delivered in free forms. Nanoparticles engineered to encapsulate these compounds and delivering them into tumor regions have increased rapidly, however, so far, these nanoparticles (NPs) have not proved to be so effective to circumvent existing challenges. Newly designed multifunctional smart nanocarriers that can improve phototherapeutic properties of these dyes, co‐encapsulate multiple potent therapeutic compounds, and simultaneously overcome limitations related to tumor recurrence, metastases, limited intracellular uptake, and tumor hypoxia have potential to revolutionize modern paradigm of cancer therapy. Such cyanine based multifunctional nanocarriers integrating imaging and therapy in a single platform can effectively produce better clinical outcomes in cancer treatment. This review briefly summarizes recent advancements of cyanine nanoprobes that are currently used as imaging/phototherapeutic agents in unimodal/bimodal/trimodal cancer theranostics. Finally, we conclude this review by addressing challenges of pre‐existing therapeutic systems and designs adopted to overcome them with a brief insight assimilating future perspective of emerging cyanine‐based NPs in cancer theranostics.
Flexible and Responsive Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal/Poly(ethylene glycol) Composite Films with Uniform and Tunable Structural Color
Authors: Yao Kun , Meng Qijun , Bulone Vincent , Zhou Qi
Published: May 2017

The fabrication of responsive photonic structures from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that can operate in the entire visible spectrum is challenging due to the requirements of precise periodic modulation of the pitch size of the self‐assembled multilayer structures at the length scale within the wavelength of the visible light. The surface charge density of CNCs is an important factor in controlling the pitch size of the chiral nematic structure of the dried solid CNC films. The assembly of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) together with CNCs into smaller chiral nematic domains results in solid films with uniform helical structure upon slow drying. Large, flexible, and flat photonic composite films with uniform structure colors from blue to red are prepared by changing the composition of CNCs and PEG. The CNC/PEG(80/20) composite film demonstrates a reversible and smooth structural color change between green and transparent in response to an increase and decrease of relative humidity between 50% and 100% owing to the reversible swelling and dehydration of the chiral nematic structure. The composite also shows excellent mechanical and thermal properties, complementing the multifunctional property profile.
Nanostructured Materials and Architectures for Advanced Infrared Photodetection
Authors: Zhuge Fuwei , Zheng Zhi , Luo Peng , Lv Liang , Huang Yu , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: May 2017

Infrared photodetectors are finding widespread applications in telecommunication, motion detection, chemical sensing, thermal imaging and bio‐medical imaging, etc. The nanostructured materials and architectures are attracting extensive interests in photodetectors in view of the potential benefits from confined light‐matter interaction, fast carrier dynamics and ultrahigh photoconductive gains. This review concentrates on the photodetection in the infrared spectrum and recent progresses in constructing advanced infrared photodetectors based on quantum wells, dots, and the rapidly evolving 1D and 2D materials are summarized. The recent achievements in exploring nanostructured plasmonic metamaterials for the intriguing subwavelength photon confinement and waveguides in devices are also surveyed considering their importance in device integration. An outlook of infrared photodetection is given in the end as a guideline for this vigorous field.
High‐Throughput Inertial Focusing of Micrometer‐ and Sub‐Micrometer‐Sized Particles Separation
Authors: Wang Lei , Dandy David S.
Published: May 2017

The ability to study individual bacteria or subcellular organelles using inertial microfluidics is still nascent. This is due, in no small part, to the significant challenges associated with concentrating and separating specific sizes of micrometer and sub‐micrometer bioparticles in a microfluidic format. In this study, using a rigid polymeric microfluidic network with optimized microchannel geometry dimensions, it is demonstrated that 2 µm, and even sub‐micrometer, particles can be continuously and accurately focused to stable equilibrium positions. Suspensions have been processed at flow rates up to 1400 µL min−1 in an ultrashort 4 mm working channel length. A wide range of suspension concentrations—from 0.01 to 1 v/v%—have been systematically investigated, with yields greater than 97%, demonstrating the potential of this technology for large‐scale implementation. Additionally, the ability of this chip to separate micrometer‐ and sub‐micrometer‐sized particles and to focus bioparticles (cyanobacteria) has been demonstrated. This study pushes the microfluidic inertial focusing particle range down to sub‐micrometer length scales, enabling novel routes for investigation of individual microorganisms and subcellular organelles.
Supersäuren basierend auf Pentafluoroorthotelluraten des Aluminiums
Authors: Wiesner Anja , Gries Thomas W. , Steinhauer Simon , Beckers Helmut , Riedel Sebastian
Published: May 2017

Die neue Lewis‐Säure Al(OTeF5)3 und sein Acetonitril‐Addukt wurden mit Hilfe einer einfachen Syntheseroute in Mengen bis zu 15 g hergestellt und charakterisiert (IR‐, Raman‐Spektroskopie, DFT‐Rechnungen). Ausgehend von der Brønsted‐Säure H[Al(OTeF5)4] wurden mittels Protonierung fünf verschiedene Salze des schwach koordinierenden Anions [Al(OTeF5)4]− in einer zweistufigen Synthese synthetisiert. [Ph4P][Al(OTeF5)4], Cs[Al(OTeF5)4], [Ph3C][Al(OTeF5)4] sowie die protonierten Benzolderivate [C9H13][Al(OTeF5)4] und [C6H7][Al(OTeF5)4] wurden mittels Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyse und ihrer NMR‐Spektren charakterisiert. Festkörperstrukturen solcher Areniumionen sind selten und wurden in dieser Arbeit auf einem einfachen Weg hergestellt.
Chemically Tailoring the Dopant Emission in Manganese‐Doped CsPbCl3 Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Das Adhikari Samrat , Dutta Sumit K. , Dutta Anirban , Guria Amit K. , Pradhan Narayan
Published: May 2017

Doping in perovskite nanocrystals adopts different mechanistic approach in comparison to widely established doping in chalcogenide quantum dots. The fast formation of perovskites makes the dopant insertions more competitive and challenging. Introducing alkylamine hydrochloride (RNH3Cl) as a promoting reagent, precise controlled doping of MnII in CsPbCl3 perovskite nanocrystals is reported. Simply, by changing the amount of RNH3Cl, the Mn incorporation and subsequent tuning in the excitonic as well as Mn d–d emission intensities are tailored. Investigations suggested that RNH3Cl acted as the chlorinating source, controlled the size, and also helps in increasing the number of particles. This provided more opportunity for Mn ions to take part in reaction and occupied the appropriate lattice positions. Carrying out several reactions with varying reaction parameters, the doping conditions are optimized and the role of the promoting reagent for both doped and undoped systems are compared.
AgHalo: A Facile Fluorogenic Sensor to Detect Drug‐Induced Proteome Stress
Authors: Liu Yu , Fares Matthew , Dunham Noah P. , Gao Zi , Miao Kun , Jiang Xueyuan , Bollinger Samuel S. , Boal Amie K. , Zhang Xin
Published: May 2017

Drug‐induced proteome stress that involves protein aggregation may cause adverse effects and undermine the safety profile of a drug. Safety of drugs is regularly evaluated using cytotoxicity assays that measure cell death. However, these assays provide limited insights into the presence of proteome stress in live cells. A fluorogenic protein sensor is reported to detect drug‐induced proteome stress prior to cell death. An aggregation prone Halo‐tag mutant (AgHalo) was evolved to sense proteome stress through its aggregation. Detection of such conformational changes was enabled by a fluorogenic ligand that fluoresces upon AgHalo forming soluble aggregates. Using 5 common anticancer drugs, we exemplified detection of differential proteome stress before any cell death was observed. Thus, this sensor can be used to evaluate drug safety in a regime that the current cytotoxicity assays cannot cover and be generally applied to detect proteome stress induced by other toxins.
Double‐Layered Plasmonic–Magnetic Vesicles by Self‐Assembly of Janus Amphiphilic Gold–Iron(II,III) Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Song Jibin , Wu Binghui , Zhou Zijian , Zhu Guizhi , Liu Yijing , Yang Zhen , Lin Lisen , Yu Guocan , Zhang Fuwu , Zhang Guofeng , Duan Hongwei , Stucky Galen D. , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: May 2017

Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) offer unique features, including the precisely controlled distribution of compositions, surface charges, dipole moments, modular and combined functionalities, which enable excellent applications that are unavailable to their symmetrical counterparts. Assemblies of NPs exhibit coupled optical, electronic and magnetic properties that are different from single NPs. Herein, we report a new class of double‐layered plasmonic–magnetic vesicle assembled from Janus amphiphilic Au‐Fe3O4 NPs grafted with polymer brushes of different hydrophilicity on Au and Fe3O4 surfaces separately. Like liposomes, the vesicle shell is composed of two layers of Au‐Fe3O4 NPs in opposite direction, and the orientation of Au or Fe3O4 in the shell can be well controlled by exploiting the amphiphilic property of the two types of polymers.
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: A Molecular Vestige of the Origin of Life on Minerals
Authors: Akouche Mariame , Jaber Maguy , Maurel Marie‐Christine , Lambert Jean‐Francois , Georgelin Thomas
Published: May 2017

In this contribution, we report the formation under prebiotic conditions of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) as a molecular precursor in the one‐pot synthesis of a canonical nucleotide, namely adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from its building blocks (KH2PO4 or Pi, adenine, and d‐ribose), on a fumed silica surface. The on‐the‐rocks approach has been successfully applied to the simultaneous phosphorylation and glycosylation of ribose. The one‐pot formation mechanism of AMP involves a two‐step pathway via an activated intermediate, namely PRPP, obtained by multiple ribose phosphorylations upon mild thermal activation.
Single‐Site Active Cobalt‐Based Photocatalyst with a Long Carrier Lifetime for Spontaneous Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Wei , Cao Linlin , Cheng Weiren , Cao Yuanjie , Liu Xiaokang , Zhang Wei , Mou Xiaoli , Jin Lili , Zheng Xusheng , Che Wei , Liu Qinghua , Yao Tao , Wei Shiqiang
Published: May 2017

An active and stable photocatalyst to directly split water is desirable for solar‐energy conversion. However, it is difficult to accomplish overall water splitting without sacrificial electron donors. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy via constructing a single site to simultaneously promote charge separation and catalytic activity for robust overall water splitting. A single Co1‐P4 site confined on g‐C3N4 nanosheets was prepared by a facile phosphidation method, and identified by electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. This coordinatively unsaturated Co site can effectively suppress charge recombination and prolong carrier lifetime by about 20 times relative to pristine g‐C3N4, and boost water molecular adsorption and activation for oxygen evolution. This single‐site photocatalyst exhibits steady and high water splitting activity with H2 evolution rate up to 410.3 μmol h−1 g−1, and quantum efficiency as high as 2.2 % at 500 nm.
Partial crosslinking method for poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)–poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes to obtain optimized stability and permeability
Authors: Yan Tingou , Zhu Hong , Gao Ke , Wu Cuiming , Wu Yonghui
Published: May 2017

A partial crosslinking method was developed to modify hydrophilic membranes. The membrane was sandwiched between two porous plates to protect part of the areas, then immersed into a crosslinking solution such as glutaraldehyde, and finally, set free from the plates. The protected and unprotected areas were alternatively distributed to form a heterogeneous membrane. The unprotected areas were crosslinked to enhance the membrane stability, whereas the protected areas retained their original permeability. Three types of hydrophilic base membranes were selected and prepared from poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) and poly(vinyl alcohol). The base membranes were partially crosslinked (5.56% of the direct area with enlarged areas) to investigate their stability and diffusion dialysis (DD) performances. The partially crosslinked membranes had remarkably reduced water uptake and swelling degrees compared with the base membranes (72.4–250.4 vs 178.2%–544.4% and 94.0%–408.0% vs. 163.8%–814.8%). Meanwhile, the membranes still retained high DD performances for separating HCl–FeCl2 or NaOH–NaAlO2 solutions. The dialysis coefficients of HCl and NaOH were much higher than those of the fully crosslinked membranes (0.0209 vs. 0.0109 m/h and 0.0059–0.0085 vs. 0.0017–0.0022 m/h). Hence, partial crosslinking was effective in optimizing the membrane hydrophilicity and permeability. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45305.
Effects of relocation on metabolic profiles of freshwater mussels: Metabolomics as a tool for improving conservation techniques
Authors: Roznere Ieva , Watters G. Thomas , Wolfe Barbara A. , Daly Marymegan
Published: May 2017

Freshwater mussels are among the most endangered animals in North America. Although there are numerous state and federal programmes aimed at conserving them, knowledge of the effects of captivity and relocation remains limited.

Metabolomic techniques were used to assess the physiological state of freshwater mussels (Amblema plicata) relocated from the Muskingum River in Ohio to a conservation facility and to another stream in Ohio. Haemolymph samples were taken from mussels in the Muskingum River (MUS group), the facility (CAP group), and Big Darby Creek (DAR group) in September 2012 (month 3 post‐relocation), November 2012 (month 5), May 2013 (month 11), and August 2013 (month 14). Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.

In total, 95 biochemicals were identified during the 2012 sampling period and 104 biochemicals during the 2013 sampling period. Glucose and lipid metabolism remained similar among all groups. Differences between the MUS group and the CAP and DAR groups were observed in altered amino acid and nucleotide metabolism.

The results are indicative of a general stress response, which is evident for a year post‐relocation. Decreased levels of these metabolites are likely to be responsible for decreased growth rates and higher mortality often observed in relocated mussels.
Purification and functional characterization of lectin with phenoloxidase activity from the hemolymph of cockroach, Periplaneta americana
Authors: Arumugam Ganesh , Sreeramulu Bhuvaragavan , Paulchamy Ramaraj , Thangavel Sakthivel , Sundaram Janarthanan
Published: May 2017

Lectins also identified as hemagglutinins are multivalent proteins and on account of their fine sugar‐binding specificity play an important role in immune system of invertebrates. The present study was carried out on the hemolymph lectin of cockroach, Periplaneta americana with appropriate screening and purification to understand its molecular as well as functional nature. The lectin from the hemolymph was purified using ion‐exchange chromatography. The approximate molecular weight of purified lectin was 340
kDa as determined by FPLC analysis. Rabbit erythrocytes were highly agglutinated with purified lectin from the hemolymph of P. americana. The hemagglutination activity (HA) of lectin was specifically inhibited by fucose. Glycoproteins also inhibited the HA activity of lectin. The amino acid sequences of the purified lectin revealed homology with amino acid sequences of allergen proteins from P. americana. Purified lectin showed the highest phenoloxidase activity against dopamine. The activators such as exogenous proteases and LPS from Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota significantly enhanced the PO activity of the purified lectin. Besides, the presence of copper and hemocyanin conserved domain in the purified lectin provided a new facet that insects belonging to the ancient clade such as cockroaches retained some traces of evolutionary resemblance in possessing lectin of ancient origin.
Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Porphyrin Based Conjugated Polymers for Ambipolar Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Zhou Shichao , Li Cheng , Zhang Jianqi , Yu Yaping , Zhang Andong , Wu Yonggang , Li Weiwei
Published: May 2017

Porphyrin‐based molecules have been widely used in dye‐sensitized solar cells and bulk heterojunction solar cells, but their application in field‐effect transistors (FETs) is limited. In this work, two conjugated polymers based on diketopyrrolopyrrole and porphyrin units were developed for FETs. The polymers exhibit extra‐low band gap with energy levels close to −4.0 eV and −5.0 eV due to the strong electron‐donating and withdrawing ability of porphyrin and diketopyrrolopyrrole. With additionally high crystalline properties, ambipolar charge carrier transports with a hole mobility of 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1 in FETs were realized in these polymers, representing the highest performance in solution‐processed FETs based on porphyrin unit.
The just world hypothesis as an argumentative resource in debates about unemployment benefits
Authors: Goodman Simon , Carr Philippa
Published: May 2017

The concept of the “just world” is established as a key explanation for how people make sense of inequality so that those deemed to score high in belief in a just world are more likely to hold prejudicial beliefs and to blame people in poverty for their situations. However, this is an inadequate explanation for such complicated and controversial issues. To better understand talk about the just world and the controversial issue of the distribution of unemployment benefits (an issue of inequality), a discursive psychological approach to the just world is used. Therefore, a discourse analysis focusses on 2 feature length British televised discussions about benefit claimants called “The Big Benefit Row: Live” (Channel 5 3/2/2014) and “Benefits Britain: the Debate” (Channel 4 17/2/2014). The analysis demonstrates that people draw on both just and unjust world arguments simultaneously and also topicalise what counts as just so as to support their positions on unemployment benefits, rather than in the consistent way that just world theory would predict. It is therefore argued that the just world should be recast as a cultural value that facilitates arguments about benefits, rather than an internally held belief.
A Fluorescent RNA Forced‐Intercalation Probe as a Pan‐Selective Marker for Influenza A Virus Infection
Authors: Haralampiev Ivan , Schade Matthias , Chamiolo Jasmine , Jolmes Fabian , Prisner Simon , Witkowski Peter T. , Behrent Marie , Hövelmann Felix , Wolff Thorsten , Seitz Oliver , Herrmann Andreas
Published: May 2017

The influenza A virus (IAV) genome is segmented into eight viral ribonucleoproteins, each expressing a negatively oriented viral RNA (vRNA). Along the infection cycle, highly abundant single‐stranded small viral RNAs (svRNA) are transcribed in a segment‐specific manner. The sequences of svRNAs and of the vRNA 5′‐ends are identical and highly conserved among all IAV strains. Here, we demonstrate that these sequences can be used as a target for a pan‐selective sensor of IAV infection. To this end, we used a complementary fluorescent forced‐intercalation RNA (IAV QB‐FIT) probe with a single locked nucleic acid substitution to increase brightness. We demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) that this probe is suitable and easy to use to detect infection of different cell types by a broad variety of avian, porcine, and human IAV strains, but not by other influenza virus types. IAV QB‐FIT also provides a useful tool to characterize different infection states of the host cell.
Descending aorta to right atrial fistula
Authors: Ho Andrew B. , Magee Alan G. , Hayes Nicholas
Published: May 2017

Here, we report a four‐day old neonate presenting with cardiovascular collapse secondary to a descending aorta to right atrial fistula. Echocardiography was suggestive of the diagnosis and confirmed with computed tomographic (CT) imaging. The fistula was successfully occluded via cardiac catheterization using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug II implanted from the right atrial aspect. This report includes the first CT imaging of this extremely rare congenital defect as well as detailing the first successful transcatheter occlusion of this particular lesion.
SERS and SERRS Detection of the DNA Lesion 8‐Nitroguanine: A Self‐Labeling Modification
Authors: Dick Susan , Bell Steven E. J. , Alexander Katie J. , O'Neil Ian A. , Cosstick Richard
Published: May 2017

Rapid and sensitive methods to detect DNA lesions are essential in order to understand their role in carcinogenesis and for potential diagnosis of cancers. The 8‐nitroguanine DNA lesion, which is closely associated with inflammation‐induced cancers, has been characterized for the first time by surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). This lesion has been studied as the free base, as well as part of a dinucleotide and oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) at 5 different excitation wavelengths in the range 785–488 nm. All nitrated samples produced distinctly different spectra from their control guanine counterparts, with nitro bands being assigned by DFT calculations. Additional resonance enhancement was observed at the shorter excitation wavelengths, these SERRS measurements allowed the detection of one nitrated guanine in over 1,300 bases. In addition, SER(R)S can be used to detect whether the unstable lesion is covalently attached to the ODN or has been released by hydrolytic depurination.
A DFT Study on the Stabilization of the B≡B Triple Bond in a Metallaborocycle: Contrasting Electronic Structures of Boron and Carbon Analogues
Authors: Ghorai Sagar , Jemmis Eluvathingal D.
Published: May 2017

The electronic structure of (η5‐Cp)2Zr(NH2‐BB‐NH2) (3 b) suggests that it could be a candidate for having a boron–boron triple bond in the cyclic system; however, computational studies shows that 3 b is a very high energy isomer on its potential energy surface. Replacement of amines with tricoordinate nucleophilic boron groups (η5‐Cp)2Zr[B(PH3)2‐BB‐B(PH3)2] (3 c) reduces the relative energy dramatically. The B≡B triple bond arises through the donation of two electrons from the metal fragment, ZrCp2, to the in‐plane π‐bonding orbital of the central B–B unit. Strong σ‐donating and chelating bis‐phosphine ligands (Me2P(CH2)nPMe2), which stabilize donor–acceptor bonding interaction in gem‐diborene L2B‐BBr2 (10), would be a good choice along the synthetic path towards 3 d, (η5‐Cp)2Zr[B4(Me2P(CH2)3PMe2)2]. A comparison of the energetics of the reaction leading to a cyclic boryne system (3 d), with the linear boryne isomer [(B2NHCPh)2] shows that the angle strain from cyclization is compensated by stabilization from the metal.
Comparison of glass slides and various digital‐slide modalities for cytopathology screening and interpretation
Authors: Hanna Matthew G. , Monaco Sara E. , Cuda Jacqueline , Xing Juan , Ahmed Ishtiaque , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Whole‐slide imaging in cytology is limited when glass slides are digitized without z‐stacks for focusing. Different vendors have started to provide z‐stacking solutions to overcome this limitation. The Panoptiq imaging system allows users to create digital files combining low‐magnification panoramic images with regions of interest (ROIs) that are imaged with high‐magnification z‐stacks. The aim of this study was to compare such panoramic images with conventional whole‐slide images and glass slides for the tasks of screening and interpretation in cytopathology.

METHODS

Thirty glass slides, including 10 ThinPrep Papanicolaou tests and 20 nongynecologic cytology cases, were digitized with an Olympus BX45 integrated microscope with an attached Prosilica GT camera. ViewsIQ software was used for image acquisition and viewing. These glass slides were also scanned on an Aperio ScanScope XT at ×40 (0.25 μm/pixel) with 1 z‐plane and were viewed with ImageScope software. Digital and glass sides were screened and dotted/annotated by a cytotechnologist and were subsequently reviewed by 3 cytopathologists. For panoramic images, the cytotechnologist manually created digital maps and selected representative ROIs to generate z‐stacks at a higher magnification. After 3‐week washout periods, panoramic images were compared with Aperio digital slides and glass slides.

RESULTS

The Panoptiq system permitted fine focusing of thick smears and cell clusters. In comparison with glass slides, the average screening times were 5.5 and 1.8 times longer with Panoptiq and Aperio images, respectively, but this improved with user experience. There was no statistical difference in diagnostic concordance between all 3 modalities. Users' diagnostic confidence was also similar for all modalities.

CONCLUSIONS

The Aperio whole‐slide scanner with 1 z‐plane scanning and the Panoptiq imaging system with z‐stacking are both suitable for cytopathology screening and interpretation. However, ROI z‐stacks do offer a superior mechanism for overcoming focusing problems commonly encountered with digital cytology slides. Unlike whole‐slide imaging, the acquisition of representative z‐stack images with the Panoptiq system requires a trained cytologist to create digital files. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:701‐9. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Ecohydrological role of biological soil crusts across a gradient in levels of development
Authors: Whitney Kristen M. , Vivoni Enrique R. , Duniway Michael C. , Bradford John B. , Reed Sasha C. , Belnap Jayne
Published: May 2017

Though biological soil crusts (biocrusts) form abundant covers in arid and semiarid regions, their competing effects on soil hydrologic conditions are rarely accounted for in models. This study presents the modification of a soil water balance model to account for the presence of biocrusts at different levels of development (LODs) and their impact on one‐dimensional hydrologic processes during warm and cold seasons. The model is developed, tested, and applied to study the hydrologic controls of biocrusts in the context of a long‐term manipulative experiment equipped with meteorological and soil moisture measurements in a Colorado Plateau ecosystem near Moab, Utah. The climate manipulation treatments resulted in distinct biocrust communities, and model performance with respect to soil moisture was assessed in experimental plots with varying LOD as quantified through a field‐based roughness index (RI). Model calibration and testing yielded excellent comparisons to observations and smooth variations of biocrust parameters with RI approximated through simple regressions. The model was then used to quantify how LOD affects soil infiltration, evapotranspiration, and run‐off under calibrated conditions and in simulation experiments with gradual modifications in biocrust porosity and hydraulic conductivity. Simulation results show that highly developed biocrusts modulate soil moisture nonlinearly with LOD by altering soil infiltration and buffering against evapotranspiration losses, with small impacts on run‐off. The nonlinear and threshold variations of the soil water balance in the presence of biocrusts of varying LOD helps explain conflicting outcomes of various field studies and sheds light on the ecohydrological role of biocrusts in arid and semiarid ecosystems.
A foundation of ecology rediscovered: 100 years of succession on the William S. Cooper plots in Glacier Bay, Alaska
Authors: Buma Brian , Bisbing Sarah , Krapek John , Wright Glenn
Published: May 2017

Understanding plant community succession is one of the original pursuits of ecology, forming some of the earliest theoretical frameworks in the field. Much of this was built on the long‐term research of William S. Cooper, who established a permanent plot network in Glacier Bay, Alaska, in 1916. This study now represents the longest‐running primary succession plot network in the world. Permanent plots are useful for their ability to follow mechanistic change through time without assumptions inherent in space‐for‐time (chronosequence) designs. After 100‐yr, these plots show surprising variety in species composition, soil characteristics (carbon, nitrogen, depth), and percent cover, attributable to variation in initial vegetation establishment first noted by Cooper in the 1916–1923 time period, partially driven by dispersal limitations. There has been almost a complete community composition replacement over the century and general species richness increase, but the effective number of species has declined significantly due to dominance of Salix species which established 100‐yr prior (the only remaining species from the original cohort). Where Salix dominates, there is no establishment of “later” successional species like Picea. Plots nearer the entrance to Glacier Bay, and thus closer to potential seed sources after the most recent glaciation, have had consistently higher species richness for 100 yr. Age of plots is the best predictor of soil N content and C:N ratio, though plots still dominated by Salix had lower overall N; soil accumulation was more associated with dominant species. This highlights the importance of contingency and dispersal in community development. The 100‐yr record of these plots, including species composition, spatial relationships, cover, and observed interactions between species provides a powerful view of long‐term primary succession.
Municipal Responses to Ecological Fiscal Transfers in Brazil: A microeconometric panel data approach
Authors: Droste Nils , Lima Guilherme Rodrigues , May Peter Herman , Ring Irene
Published: May 2017

Ecological fiscal transfers in Brazil, the so‐called ICMS‐Ecológico or ICMS‐E, redistribute part of the state‐level value‐added tax revenues on the basis of ecological indicators to local governments. We analyze whether the introduction of this economic instrument in a state offers incentives to municipal responses in terms of further protected area (PA) designation. We provide a microeconomic model for the functioning of ICMS‐E and test the derived hypothesis empirically. Employing an econometric analysis on panel data for two decades we estimate the correlation of the introduction of ICMS‐E in Brazilian states with PA coverage. We find that the introduction of ICMS‐E correlates with a higher average PA share. While the introduction of ICMS‐E schemes may be a compensation for a high share of federal and state PA, we also find an incentive effect for municipalities to designate additional PA. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Spatially modeling the effects of meteorological drivers of PM2.5in the Eastern United States via a local linear penalized quantile regression estimator
Authors: Russell Brook T. , Wang Dewei , McMahan Christopher S.
Published: May 2017

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses a significant risk to human health, with long‐term exposure being linked to conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and atherosclerosis. In order to improve the current pollution control strategies and to better shape public policy, the development of a more comprehensive understanding of this air pollutant is necessary. To this end, this work attempts to quantify the relationship between certain meteorological drivers and the levels of PM2.5. It is expected that the set of important meteorological drivers will vary both spatially and within the conditional distribution of PM2.5levels. To account for these characteristics, a new local linear penalized quantile regression methodology is developed. The proposed estimator uniquely selects the set of important drivers at every spatial location and for each quantile of the conditional distribution of PM2.5levels. The performance of the proposed methodology is illustrated through simulation, and it is then used to determine the association between several meteorological drivers and PM2.5over the Eastern United States. This analysis suggests that the primary drivers throughout much of the Eastern United States tend to differ based on season and geographic location, with similarities existing between “typical” and “high” PM2.5levels.
Constrained moving least‐squares immersed boundary method for fluid‐structure interaction analysis
Authors: Qu Yegao , Batra Romesh C.
Published: May 2017

A numerical method is presented for the analysis of interactions of inviscid and compressible flows with arbitrarily shaped stationary or moving rigid solids. The fluid equations are solved on a fixed rectangular Cartesian grid by using a higher‐order finite difference method based on the fifth‐order WENO scheme. A constrained moving least‐squares sharp interface method is proposed to enforce the Neumann‐type boundary conditions on the fluid‐solid interface by using a penalty term, while the Dirichlet boundary conditions are directly enforced. The solution of the fluid flow and the solid motion equations is advanced in time by staggerly using, respectively, the third‐order Runge‐Kutta and the implicit Newmark integration schemes. The stability and the robustness of the proposed method have been demonstrated by analyzing 5 challenging problems. For these problems, the numerical results have been found to agree well with their analytical and numerical solutions available in the literature. Effects of the support domain size and values assigned to the penalty parameter on the stability and the accuracy of the present method are also discussed.
Toward Public Bioethics?
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E.
Published: May 2017

This issue of the Hastings Center Report (May‐June 2017) features a couple of interesting takes on the governance challenges of emerging technologies. In an essay on the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine report published this February on human germ‐line gene editing, Eric Juengst, a philosopher at the University of North Carolina, argues that the NASEM committee did not manage to rethink the rules. Juengst reaches what he calls an “eccentric conclusion”: “The committee's 2017 consensus report has been widely interpreted as ‘opening the door’ to inheritable human genetic modification and holding a line against enhancement interventions. But on a close reading it does neither.” In the column Policy and Politics, Sarah Chan, a chancellor's fellow at the University of Edinburgh, discusses the emerging science of “organoids,” “embryoids,” and “synthetic human entities with embryo‐like features” and calls for a sustained effort to rethink the rules for embryo research.
Regulating Research with Biospecimens under the Revised Common Rule
Authors: Lynch Holly Fernandez , Meyer Michelle N.
Published: May 2017

Since 2011, the research community had waited with bated breath as regulators contemplated for the first time bringing secondary research with nonidentifiable biospecimens under the Common Rule and dramatically tightening the criteria for waiving consent to biospecimen research. After considerable pushback from both researchers and patients and amid rumors of intractable disagreement among Common Rule agencies, the Final Rule published on the last day of President Obama's administration left out these troubling changes, and there was a collective sigh of relief. Relief is appropriate, but celebration premature: researchers have little reason to avail themselves of the new broad consent option offered in the Final Rule, and the question of whether biospecimens ought to be treated as inherently identifiable has merely been postponed.
Foreign Relations
Authors: De La Hoz Alejandro , Díaz Eduardo , Feinstein Max Moses
Published: May 2017

In a large Colombian teaching hospital, a fifty‐five‐year‐old woman complaining of stomach pain is examined by a foreign‐exchange medical student from the United States. Speaking in Spanish, the student elicits a medical history that suggests a possible recurrence of gallstones, but nothing further. Upon discussing the patient's case in private with the attending physician, the student is shocked to learn that the patient is suffering from terminal, metastatic gastric cancer but is unaware of her diagnosis. The attending physician explains that the patient's husband instructed the health care providers not to tell the patient what her diagnosis is. The medical student feels uncomfortable withholding the diagnosis from the patient. The thought of disclosure feels equally uncomfortable, however, as it would mean contradicting the instructions of the attending physician at the host hospital as well as violating what the student suspects, but is not sure, may be acceptable medical practice in Colombia. How should the medical student proceed?
Closed Financial Loops: When They Happen in Government, They're Called Corruption; in Medicine, They're Just a Footnote
Authors: De Jesus‐Morales Kevin , Prasad Vinay
Published: May 2017

Many physicians are involved in relationships that create tension between a physician's duty to work in her patients’ best interest at all times and her financial arrangement with a third party, most often a pharmaceutical manufacturer, whose primary goal is maximizing sales or profit. Despite the prevalence of this threat, in the United States and globally, the most common reaction to conflicts of interest in medicine is timid acceptance. There are few calls for conflicts of interest to be banned, and, to our knowledge, no one calls for conflicted practitioners to be reprimanded. Contrast our attitudes in medicine with public attitudes toward financial conflicts among government employees. When enforcement of rules against conflict of interest slackens in the public sector, news organizations investigate and publish their criticism. Yet even when doctors are quoted in the media promoting specific drugs, their personal financial ties to the drug maker are rarely mentioned. Policies for governmental employees are strict, condemnation is strong, and criminal statutes exist (allowing for corruption charges). Yet the evidence that conflict is problematic is, if anything, stronger in medicine than in the public sector. Policies against conflicts of interest in medicine should be at least as strong as those already existing in the public sector.
Obstetric outcomes following fertility‐preserving management of gynecologic malignancies
Authors: Narigapalli Bindhu P. , Gundabattula Sirisha R. , Pochiraju Manjula , Marakani Lakshmi R. , Dasari Shashikala , Surampudi Kameswari
Published: May 2017

Fertility‐preserving management of gynecologic malignancies was associated with good obstetric outcomes; multicenter studies are needed to investigate further.
Accurate van der Waals force field for gas adsorption in porous materials
Authors: Sun Lei , Yang Li , Zhang Ya‐Dong , Shi Qi , Lu Rui‐Feng , Deng Wei‐Qiao
Published: May 2017

An accurate van der Waals force field (VDW FF) was derived from highly precise quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. Small molecular clusters were used to explore van der Waals interactions between gas molecules and porous materials. The parameters of the accurate van der Waals force field were determined by QM calculations. To validate the force field, the prediction results from the VDW FF were compared with standard FFs, such as UFF, Dreiding, Pcff, and Compass. The results from the VDW FF were in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements. This force field can be applied to the prediction of the gas density (H2, CO2, C2H4, CH4, N2, O2) and adsorption performance inside porous materials, such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), zeolites and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), consisting of H, B, N, C, O, S, Si, Al, Zn, Mg, Ni, and Co. This work provides a solid basis for studying gas adsorption in porous materials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Synthesis and Bioactivity of Novel N,N′‐disubstituted‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoxalines
Authors: Fu Ying , Wang Jing‐Yi , Chen Wen‐Geng , Li Yu , Zhao Li‐Xia , Gao Shuang , Ye Fei
Published: May 2017

A series of novel N,N'‐disubstituted‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoxalines were designed and synthesized by cyclization and acylation. The structures of all the novel compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The configuration of 4d was determined by X‐ray diffraction. The preliminary biological tests showed that all the products could protect maize against the injury caused by acetochlor to some extent.
Miniaturized quadrature coupler using low‐cost instant inkjet printing technology
Authors: Babale S. A. , Rahim S. K. A.
Published: May 2017

This article presents the design and implementation of a Miniaturized 3 dB hybrid coupler with low‐cost instant inkjet printing technology. The coupler has a promising potential advantage in applications in antenna beam forming network and feeding networks for phased antenna array. Explicit design equations were derived and used in the design of the coupler. To validate the design procedure, a prototype of the 3‐dB coupler was implemented using the low‐cost instant inkjet silver‐nano printing technology. The responses of the hybrid show that the return loss and isolation are both below −20 dB at the designed frequency. The size reduction of this coupler is 73.7%. However, there is little drop in the bandwidth from that of the conventional coupler. This bandwidth reduction is a payback for the significant size reduction.
Compact printed dual‐frequency quasi‐Yagi antenna with a monopole driver
Authors: Atuchin V. V. , Gorbachev F. P. , Tarasenko N. V.
Published: May 2017

The dual‐frequency printed quasi‐Yagi antenna with a monopole driver was designed. The S11 parameter at 1.67 and 2.12 GHz is as low as −28 and −23 dB, respectively. The antenna directivity is 3.9 and 6.1 dB at 1.67 and 2.12 GHz, respectively. The total antenna length is 40 mm.
Advanced RF CMOS power amplifier with a monolithic high‐Q transformer on a thick laminated organic layer
Authors: Kim Seong‐Ryul , Park Changkun , Yook Jong‐Min
Published: May 2017

We propose a new transformer structure for output matching networks to improve the power‐added efficiency (PAE) of CMOS power amplifiers (PAs). To minimize the effects of a lossy silicon substrate, the transformer is realized on a very thick organic layer which is formed by lamination process. The maximum available gain of the transformer is improved from −1.23 to −0.68 dB as the insulator thickness is changed from 3 to 60 μm. As a result, the PAE of the proposed CMOS PA with the proposed monolithic high‐Q transformer shows a maximum output power of 24.98 dBm with a 30.49% PAE at 2.4 GHz.
A compact ultra‐thin ultra‐wideband microwave metamaterial absorber
Authors: Ramya S. , Srinivasa Rao I.
Published: May 2017

This study presents a new, ultra‐thin compact microwave metamaterial absorber for wideband applications. The proposed metamaterial absorber comprises an outer ring and inner split ring patches on the upper surface and metallic ground in the bottom surface. A dielectric FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm was placed between the top patch and the bottom ground. The designed structure was ultra‐thin of λ0/13.9 thickness with respect to the centre frequency of the bandwidth. The simulation results showed ultra‐wideband absorption of 6.31 GHz from 10.36 to 16.67 GHz above 85% absorptivity, and peaks at 11.1, 13.2, 14.4 ,and 16.2 GHz and full width half maximum of 9.6 GHz. The mechanism of absorption for the proposed ultra‐wideband metamaterial absorber was studied. Also, the polarization behavior was tested under oblique and normal angles of incidence for transverse electric polarization. Due to its asymmetrical design, the proposed structure is polarization sensitive. The designed structure was fabricated and measured, and the practical results were in good agreement with the simulation results.
Modeling and simulation of RSOA with a dual‐electrode configuration
Authors: Liu Zhansheng , Wu Qingdian , Wang Hongji , Violas Manuel Alberto , de Valicourt Guilhem
Published: May 2017

Based on the physical model of a bulk reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) used as a modulator in radio over fiber (RoF) links, the distributions of carrier density, signal photon density, and amplified spontaneous emission photon density are demonstrated. One of limits in the use of RSOA is the lower link gain when compared with a distributed feedback laser modulator. To improve the link gain of RSOA modulator in RoF links, we investigate the characteristics of the RSOA modulator with a dual‐electrode configuration. Therefore, there are two kinds of configuration: Case I, the modulating signal is injected at the input&output facet of the ROSA modulator; Case II, the modulating signal is injected at the mirror facet. The link gain of the RSOA modulator can be improved with the dual‐electrode configuration under proper biases. The link gain improvement of about 6 dB is obtained with the Case II configuration under proper bias currents.