bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives of Aryl Acetic Acid as Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Agents.
Authors: Amir Mohammad , Saifullah Khalid , Akhter Wasim
Published: November 2011

Two series of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives of type (III) and (VII) are prepared and tested as anti‐inflammatory and analgesic agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Antibacterial Assessment of Novel Chromones Featuring 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole.
Authors: Diwakar Santosh D. , Joshi Ratnadeep S. , Gill Charansing H.
Published: November 2011

The compounds (III) are screened in vitro for their antibacterial activity against E.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Domino Reaction: Synthesis of 2H‐1‐Benzopyran‐2‐one Derivatives Using Alkaline Protease from Bacillus licheniformis.
Authors: Wang Chang‐Heng , Guan Zhi , He Yan‐Hong
Published: November 2011

The catalytic process proceeds through a Knoevenagel/intramolecular transesterification reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: (Bromodimethylsulfonium) Bromide‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Venkatesham R. , Manjula A. , Rao B. Vittal
Published: November 2011

In the described multicomponent reaction 3‐Nitropyridin‐2‐amine does not react.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Ketene Dithiolates Toward Alkyl Bromides.
Authors: Padmavathi Venkatapuram , Reddy Guda Dinneswara , Reddy Gali Sudhakar , Mahesh Konda , Padmaja Adivireddy
Published: November 2011

The reactivity of barbituric and thiobarbituric ketene dithiolates, which are formed in the reaction of the compounds (I) with carbon disulfide, with the compounds (III) and (V) is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Room‐Temperature Multicomponent Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroquinoxalin‐2‐amine Derivatives Using Highly Ordered 3D Nanoporous Aluminosilicate Catalyst.
Authors: Shobha D. , Chari M. Adharvana , Sang L.‐C. , Aldeyab Salem S. , Mukkanti K. , Vinu A.
Published: November 2011

The procedure allows the preparation of polysubstituted pyrazine derivatives of pharmaceutical interest within a short time.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization of N‐(2‐Cyclopent‐1‐en‐1‐ylphenyl)benzamides in Solution and under Mass Spectrometric Conditions.
Authors: Kazaryants S. A. , Erastov A. S. , Galkin E. G. , Vyrypaev E. M. , Salikhov Sh. M. , Abdrakhmanov I. B.
Published: November 2011

The cyclization of benzamides (I) into benzoxazines by action of a series of electrophilic initiators as well as under conditions of electron impact is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiomethylation of Heteroaromatic Amines.
Authors: Akhmetova V. R. , Niatshina Z. T. , Starikova Z. A. , Korzhova L. F. , Ibragimov A. G.
Published: November 2011

Thiomethylation of heteroaromatic amines using formaldehyde/hydrogen sulfide provides linear and cyclic heteroatom containing compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Diboration Reaction by Activation of Diboron Compounds with Simple Lewis Bases.
Authors: Bonet Amadeu , Pubill‐Ulldemolins Cristina , Bo Carles , Gulyas Henrik , Fernandez Elena
Published: November 2011

Synthetically useful diboronic reagents are efficiently prepared by reaction of nucleophilic substrates and nucleophilic reagents in the presence of methanol and a Lewis base.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiol—Ene Click Reaction as a General Route to Functional Trialkoxysilanes for Surface Coating Applications.
Authors: Tucker‐Schwartz Alexander K. , Farrell Richard A. , Garrell Robin L.
Published: November 2011

A wide variety of trialkoxysilyl thioethers is prepared from the corresponding thiols and alkenes, using a low‐power 15‐W blacklight and Irgacure 651 as photoinitiator for the radical‐based reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Modular Synthesis of Axially Chiral 3,3′‐Disilyl Dicarboxylic Acids by Silalactones.
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Takagaki Toshiki , Kimura Hidenori , Maruoka Keiji
Published: November 2011

The method is based on the dehydrogenative silalactonization of axially chiral dicarboxylic acid (I) with chlorohydrosilanes, followed by ring opening with Grignard compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: An Effective Borate‐Mediated Approach to 1‐Trifluoromethyl‐1‐hydroxy‐3‐ketophosphonates, Phosphinates, and Phosphine Oxides.
Authors: Chizhov Dmitrii L. , Vogel Vera , Tverdomed Sergey N. , Charushin Valery N. , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: November 2011

It is shown that acyltrifluoroacetones and analogues react with different phosphorus compounds to yield adducts resulting from reaction of the fluoroalkyl‐substituted carbonyl group.
ChemInform Abstract: Sweet (Hetero)aromatics: Glycosylated Templated for the Construction of Saccharide Mimetics.
Authors: Wiebe Christine , Schlemmer Claudine , Weck Stefan , Opatz Till
Published: November 2011

Several general strategies for the construction of mono‐ and diglycosylated (hetero)aromatics as potential metabolically stable oligosaccharides are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents from Cassia occidentalis Linn.
Authors: Yadava R. N. , Satnami D. K.
Published: November 2011

Compounds (I), (II), and (III) are isolated from the seeds of the title plant.
ChemInform Abstract: Lead Oxides: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Perry Dale L.
Published: November 2011

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gallium Compounds (Update 2010)
Authors: Yamaguchi M.
Published: November 2011

Review: 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Synthesis of Lignans
Authors: Lindsley Craig W. , Hopkins Corey R. , Sulikowski Gary A.
Published: November 2011

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Flavonoids: From Monomers to Supra‐Complex Molecules
Authors: Oyama Kin‐ichi , Yoshida Kumi , Kondo Tadao
Published: November 2011

Review: 188 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: SERM: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator
Authors: Song Zhiguo Jake
Published: November 2011

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Efavirenz: A Non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI), and a Previous Structurally Related Development Candidate
Authors: Yasuda Nobuyoshi , Tan Lushi
Published: November 2011

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fundamentals and Applications of Immobilized Microfluidic Enzymatic Reactors
Authors: Matosevic Sandro , Szita Nicolas , Baganz Frank
Published: November 2011

Review: 147 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmental Catalysts for Complete Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds and Methane
Authors: Imanaka Nobuhito , Masui Toshiyuki , Yasuda Keisuke
Published: November 2011

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Recipe for Sophisticated Cocktails: Organocatalytic One‐Pot Reactions — Concept, Nomenclature, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Albrecht Lukasz , Jiang Hao , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: November 2011

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Electrochemical Fluorination of Organic Molecules and Macromolecules in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Fuchigami Toshio , Inagi Shinsuke
Published: November 2011

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of Cyclic β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Mesesane Ishmael B.
Published: November 2011

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: ROS Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: A New Potential Target for Anticancer Drugs
Authors: El‐Deeb Ibrahim Mustafa , Yoo Kyung Ho , Lee So Ha
Published: November 2011

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Shuttle‐Mediated Drug Delivery to the Brain
Authors: Malakoutikhah Morteza , Teixido Meritxell , Giralt Ernest
Published: November 2011

Review: 130 refs.
Studies of EPR g factors for tetragonal and rhombic Cr5+ centers in ferroelectric PbTiO3
Authors: Yu‐Guang Yang , Yang Mei , Ping Su , Wen‐Chen Zheng
Published: November 2011

The anisotropic g factors (gx, gy, gz) at low temperature and the motionally averaged isotropic g factor at high temperature for two Cr5+ centers, the tetragonal t‐Cr5+ center and the rhombic O‐Cr5+ center, in ferroelectric PbTiO3 are calculated from the high‐order perturbation formulas based on a two‐mechanism model. In the model, the contributions to g factors from both the crystal‐field (CF) mechanism concerning the CF excited states and the charge‐transfer (CT) mechanism (which is neglected in CF theory) concerning the CT excited states are contained. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values. From the calculations, the defect models of t‐Cr5+ center (which is attributed to Cr5+ in the tetragonally‐compressed octahedron caused by Jahn‐Teller effect rather than in the tetragonally‐elongated octahedron in the host PbTiO3) and O‐Cr5+ center (which is due to the t‐Cr5+ center perturbated by the electrical polarization perpendicular to the C4 axis) are confirmed, and the defect structure of t‐Cr5+ center is obtained. It is found that in the precise calculations of g factors for the high valence state d1 ions in crystals, both the contributions due to CF and CT mechanisms should be taken into account. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sublimation growth of c ‐plane AlN single crystals on SiC substrates
Authors: Sumathi R. R. , Gille P.
Published: November 2011

1‐inch diameter, (0001)‐plane AlN single crystals were grown on 6H‐SiC substrates by the sublimation method. With the optimised growth conditions, 1–3 mm thick, yellow‐coloured crystals with smooth c ‐facet and good structural properties were obtained. X‐ray diffraction rocking curves show a full width at half maximum (FWHM) value of about 100 arcsec. The crystal surface exhibits 3D‐microstructures with different morphologies as observed by laser scanning microscopy. All these structures reflect the hexagonal symmetry. The origin of these structures was further investigated by atomic force microscopy and an overlapping double growth spiral was observed in the middle of these structures that is attributed to a dislocation core. Green colouration observed in some of the grown crystals was analysed with the electron probe microanalysis and the results infer that more incorporation of carbon may be the cause. Further a high silicon content of up to 5.5 wt% was observed at the top layer of 3 mm thick green‐coloured crystals whereas 3 wt% were measured for the yellow‐coloured ones. The distribution of Si is uniform over the entire diameter of the crystals. Yellowish crystals show improved structural properties compared to the greenish ones. The FWHM value and the peak positions of Raman phonon modes represent a high crystalline quality and also confirm that the crystals are relaxed from stress. Raman micro‐mapping analysis indicates the presence of small, localized tensile stress on the growth spiral region, whereas this is not observed at smooth areas of the crystal surface without spirals. Uniform E2(high) FWHM and phonon intensity over the entire mapped area further prove that the grown crystals are structurally very homogeneous. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chemical analysis of two new designer drugs: buphedrone and pentedrone
Authors: Maheux Chad R. , Copeland Catherine R.
Published: November 2011

The hydrochloride salts of buphedrone and pentedrone, two new designer drugs, have recently been identified in shipments destined for Canada. To confirm their identities, we have synthesized reference materials for these methcathinone analogues and herein provide complete characterization by FTIR, FT‐Raman, 1H NMR, 13 C NMR, GC/MS and ESI‐HRMS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental proof of voltage‐current waveform sensor output of resin molded type for measurement of power factor and harmonics in general power distribution system
Authors: Furukawa Tatsuya , Hirakawa Masahito , Fukumoto Hisao , Yoshino Shinya , Ohchi Asashi
Published: November 2011

We have proposed a voltage‐current sensor of resin molded type for measurement of the power factor and harmonics. To understand the characteristics of the conventional prototype sensor and the problems of its practical use, we conducted a finite element analysis. Problems involving the cost and practical usage of the sensor were identified. Therefore, we have redesigned the prototype sensor, incorporating the current sensor designed on the basis of the FEM and a ready‐made voltage sensor. In this paper, we describe feasibility field experiments with the present sensor in a practical 6.6‐kV distribution system and show that the sensor can measure the power factor and harmonics of horizontal and vertical power line systems successfully. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(3): 1–10, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21213
A Direct Palladium‐Catalyzed Route for the Synthesis of Benzo[a]carbazoles through Sequential C–C Bond Formation and C–H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Kianmehr Ebrahim , Ghanbari Mohammad
Published: November 2011

A direct palladium‐catalyzed route for the synthesis of novel benzo[a]carbazoles through sequential C–C bond formation and C–H bond functionalization by using readily available starting materials has been demonstrated. Prominent among the advantages of this new method are operational simplicity and good yields.
Effect of injector opening pressure on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of DI diesel engine fueled with diesel and honne oil methyl ester
Authors: Venkanna B.K. , Venkataramana Reddy C.
Published: November 2011

Honne oil methyl ester (HOME), a nonedible vegetable oil has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel. The present research is aimed to investigate experimentally the performance, exhaust emission, and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine, when fueled with neat diesel (ND) and HOME. The injector opening pressure (IOP) is varied from 200 bar (manufacturer specified value) to 260 bar in steps of 20 bar.

The combustion parameters of HOME (IOP 260 bar) are found to be very close to ND. For other IOPs, these combustion parameters deviated compared to ND. The performance (BTE, BSFC, and EGT) of HOME (IOP 260 bar) is almost the same as that of ND. For other IOPs, BTE is inferior compared to ND. The emissions (CO and SO) of HOME (IOP 260 bar) are dropped significantly compared to ND. HC emissions of HOME (IOP 240 bar) are slightly decreased, whereas for other IOPs, it is increased compared to ND. NOx emissions of HOME (IOP 200 to 260 bar) are slightly decreased.

The reductions in exhaust emissions and increase in BTEmade HOME (IOP 260 bar) a suitable alternative fuel for diesel fuel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 148–155, 2013.
Modulation of working memory function by motivation through loss‐aversion
Authors: Krawczyk Daniel C. , D'Esposito Mark
Published: November 2011

Cognitive performance is affected by motivation. Few studies, however, have investigated the neural mechanisms of the influence of motivation through potential monetary punishment on working memory. We employed functional MRI during a delayed recognition task that manipulated top‐down control demands with added monetary incentives to some trials in the form of potential losses of bonus money. Behavioral performance on the task was influenced by loss‐threatening incentives in the form of faster and more accurate performance. As shown previously, we found enhancement of activity for relevant stimuli occurs throughout all task periods (e.g., stimulus encoding, maintenance, and response) in both prefrontal and visual association cortex. Further, these activation patterns were enhanced for trials with possible monetary loss relative to nonincentive trials. During the incentive cue, the amygdala and striatum showed significantly greater activation when money was at a possible loss on the trial. We also evaluated patterns of functional connectivity between regions responsive to monetary consequences and prefrontal areas responsive to the task. This analysis revealed greater delay period connectivity between and the left insula and prefrontal cortex with possible monetary loss relative to nonincentive trials. Overall, these results reveal that incentive motivation can modulate performance on working memory tasks through top‐down signals via amplification of activity within prefrontal and visual association regions selective to processing the perceptual inputs of the stimuli to be remembered. Hum Brain Mapp , 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preventing vaccinia virus class‐I epitopes presentation by HSV‐ICP47 enhances the immunogenicity of a TAP‐independent cancer vaccine epitope
Authors: Raafat Nermin , Sadowski‐Cron Charlotte , Mengus Chantal , Heberer Michael , Spagnoli Giulio C. , Zajac Paul
Published: November 2011

Herpes simplex virus protein ICP47, encoded by US12 gene, strongly downregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class‐I antigen restricted presentation by blocking transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) protein. To decrease viral vector antigenic immunodominance and MHC class‐I driven clearance, we engineered recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVV) expressing ICP47 alone (rVV‐US12) or together with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐targeted Melan‐A/MART‐127–35 model tumor epitope (rVV‐MUS12). In this study, we show that antigen presenting cells (APC), infected with rVV‐US12, display a decreased ability to present TAP dependent MHC class‐I restricted viral antigens to CD8+ T‐cells. While HLA class‐I cell surface expression is strongly downregulated, other important immune related molecules such as CD80, CD44 and, most importantly, MHC class‐II are unaffected. Characterization of rVV‐MUS12 infected cells demonstrates that over‐expression of a TAP‐independent peptide, partially compensates for ICP47 induced surface MHC class‐I downregulation (30% vs. 70% respectively). Most importantly, in conditions where clearance of infected APC by virus‐specific CTL represents a limiting factor, a significant enhancement of CTL responses to the tumor epitope can be detected in cultures stimulated with rVV‐MUS12, as compared to those stimulated by rVV‐MART alone. Such reagents could become of high relevance in multiple boost protocols required for cancer immunotherapy, to limit vector‐specific responsiveness.
Microvascular and mitochondrial PO2 simultaneously measured by oxygen‐dependent delayed luminescence
Authors: Bodmer Sander I. A. , Balestra Gianmarco M. , Harms Floor A. , Johannes Tanja , Raat Nicolaas J. H. , Stolker Robert J. , Mik Egbert G.
Published: November 2011

Measurement of tissue oxygenation is a complex task and various techniques have led to a wide range of tissue PO2 values and contradictory results. Tissue is compartmentalized in microcirculation, interstitium and intracellular space and current techniques are biased towards a certain compartment. Simultaneous oxygen measurements in various compartments might be of great benefit for our understanding of determinants of tissue oxygenation. Here we report simultaneous measurement of microvascular PO2 (μPO2) and mitochondrial PO2 (mitoPO2) in rats. The μPO2 measurements are based on oxygen‐dependent quenching of phosphorescence of the near‐infrared phosphor Oxyphor G2. The mitoPO2 measurements are based on oxygen‐dependent quenching of delayed fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Favorable spectral properties of these porphyrins allow simultaneous measurement of the delayed luminescence lifetimes. A dedicated fiber‐based time‐domain setup consisting of a tunable pulsed laser, 2 red‐sensitive gated photomultiplier tubes and a simultaneous sampling data‐acquisition system is described in detail. The absence of cross talk between the channels is shown and the feasibility of simultaneous μPO2 and mitoPO2 measurements is demonstrated in rat liver in vivo. It is anticipated that this novel approach will greatly contribute to our understanding of tissue oxygenation in physiological and pathological circumstances. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tissue engineering of small‐diameter vascular grafts by endothelial progenitor cells seeding heparin‐coated decellularized scaffolds
Authors: Zhou Min , Liu Zhao , Liu Cheng , Jiang Xuefeng , Wei Zhiqing , Qiao Wei , Ran Feng , Wang Wei , Qiao Tong , Liu Changjian
Published: November 2011

Successful construction of a small‐diameter bioartificial vascular graft remains a great challenge. This study reports on novel tissue engineering vascular grafts (TEVGs) constructed by endothelial progenitor cells and heparin‐coated decellularized vessels (DV). The DVs were fabricated from canine carotid arteries with observable depletion of cellular components. After heparin coating, the scaffolds possessed excellent antithrombogeneity. Canine endothelial progenitor cells harvested from peripheral blood were expanded and seeded onto heparin‐coated DVs and cocultured in a custom‐made bioreactor to construct TEVGs. Thereafter, the TEVGs were implanted into the carotid arteries of cell‐donor dogs. After 3 months of implantation, the luminal surfaces of TEVGs exhibited complete endothelium regeneration, however, only a few disorderly cells and thrombosis overlaid the luminal surfaces of control DVs grafts, and immunofluorescent staining showed that the seeded cells existed in the luminal sides and the medial parts of the explanted TEVGs and partially contributed to the endothelium formation. Specifically, TEVGs exhibited significantly smaller hyperplastic neointima area compared with the DVs, not only at midportion (0.64 ± 0.08 vs. 2.13 ± 0.12 mm2,p< 0.001), but also at anastomotic sites (proximal sites, 1.03 ± 0.09 vs. 3.02 ± 0.16 mm2,p< 0.001; distal sites, 1.84 ± 0.15 vs. 3.35 ± 0.21 mm2,p< 0.001). Moreover, TEVGs had a significantly higher patency rate than the DVs after 3 months of implantation (19/20 vs. 12/20,p< 0.01). Overall, this study provided a new strategy to develop small‐diameter TEVGs with excellent biocompatibility and high patency rate. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Differences in pathological gambling prevalence estimates: facts or artefacts?
Authors: Sassen Monika , Kraus Ludwig , Bühringer Gerhard
Published: November 2011

The paper aims at investigating whether survey methodology has recently converged to justify the common practice of comparing prevalence estimates and interpreting differences within and between countries. To this end, prevalence studies of problem (PrG) and pathological gambling (PG) published in peer‐reviewed journals between 2000 and 2010 were critically reviewed. A systematic computer‐based literature search was conducted within various databases and major gambling journals. In a two‐step search process, a total of 39 studies reporting current prevalence data of non‐clinical national samples from different countries were identified. Analyses revealed wide ranges in estimated PrG/PG rates for adults, adolescents, and college students, whereas similar estimates were reported in two studies on PrG/PG in seniors. Despite the discussion on methodological consistency in the field of gambling research, comparability of the reported estimates was found to be still highly limited by major variation between studies with regard to survey description, administration format, exclusion criteria, assessment instrument, cut‐off scores, sample frame, and reference period. The interpretation of differences in PrG and PG prevalence estimates within and between countries may be improved by using valid and reliable instruments and by applying comparable survey methodology in well‐defined populations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timing of androgen deprivation therapy use and fracture risk among elderly men with prostate cancer in the United States
Authors: Beebe‐Dimmer Jennifer L. , Cetin Karynsa , Shahinian Vahakn , Morgenstern Hal , Yee Cecilia , Schwartz Kendra L. , Acquavella John
Published: November 2011

Purpose

Fractures are a recognized consequence of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); however, less is known about the incidence of fracture in relation to the timing of ADT use or the impact of fracture on mortality in men with prostate cancer.

Methods

Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare linked database, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) using time‐dependent Cox regression for fracture incidence related to the recency of exposure and dose among prostate cancer patients on gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, as well as mortality associated with fractures.

Results

In our cohort of 80 844 patients, ADT was associated with an increased rate of fracture in both non‐metastatic patients (aHR = 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29–1.39) and metastatic patients (aHR = 1.51; 95%CI = 1.36–1.67). Fracture rates increased with increasing cumulative GnRH dose but decreased with increasing number of months since last use in each dose category. The mortality rate doubled for men experiencing a fracture after their diagnosis compared with that for men who did not experience a fracture (aHR = 2.05; 95%CI = 1.98–2.12).

Conclusions

ADT in elderly men with prostate cancer increased the incidence of fractures, and the effect appears to diminish with increasing time since the last dose of a GnRH agonist. Experiencing a fracture after the diagnosis of prostate cancer was associated with decreased survival. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mechanism of solar cell degradation in high intensity, high temperature space missions
Authors: Zimmermann C. G. , Nömayr C. , Kolb M. , Rucki A.
Published: November 2011

The behavior of standard space photovoltaic assemblies in a high intensity, high temperature environment (HIHT) is addressed. Experimentally, an HIHT environment, typical for missions to the inner planets of the solar system such as Mercury, characterized by temperatures of 500K and 11 solar constant irradiance in the ultraviolet region below 400 nm, was simulated in a vacuum. Independently of the triple junction cell technology used, module degradation up to 20% in power was observed during several hundred hours of test. Electroluminescence analysis identified discrete top cell shunts close to the cell edge, in particular around the frontside contact pads. Cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy performed on several degraded cells revealed an etched contact pad metallization/cap layer interface and more importantly, several 100‐nm large, oriented Cu3P inclusions at the shunted locations. A chemical degradation mechanism is proposed. Short wavelength ultraviolet light interacting with polysiloxanes used as module encapsulant produces hydrogen and methyl radicals. With these building blocks, an organic acid can be formed on external reaction surfaces such as the Ag busbars that simultaneously serve as a source of oxygen. Cu traces present in the Ag segregate to the surface and are transported by this acid to the contact pad of the cell in the liquid phase. An adapted cell design was developed to prevent this degradation mechanism believed to be of relevance for all HIHT space environments. A several hundred micrometer‐wide rim composed of the outermost cell area is electrically separated from the inner cell area and provides a barrier against environmental attack. None of the photovoltaic assemblies featuring this mesa cell design showed any fill factor‐induced power degradation any more. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fertility, Natural Growth, and Migration in the Czech Republic: an Urban–Suburban–Rural Gradient Analysis of Long‐Term Trends and Recent Reversals
Authors: Vobecká Jana , Piguet Virginie
Published: November 2011

This paper examines long‐term trends in fertility and recent reversals in natural increase, net migration, and general fertility across residential contexts in the post‐communist Czech Republic. Long‐term differentials are analysed on the cumulative fertility of cohorts whose fertility was completed before and after the change in political regime in 1989. The results show important effects education and residential context (urban–suburban–rural gradient) have on the cohorts with (almost) completed fertility. For the youngest cohorts with incomplete fertility, the factor of timing, education, and residential context are the strongest predictors of fertility levels. Although the results based on 2001 Czech census data show relatively persistent patterns across the cohorts, trends in natural increase, general fertility, and net migration between 1991 and 2007 show a reversal of longstanding trends due to the recent increase in the process of residential suburbanisation. We suggest that the increase in the number of babies born in suburban areas (and therefore the higher natural increase and general fertility there) is due to the selective residential migration of young couples and results not just from the larger cohorts of potential mothers but also, possibly, from the higher fertility of new resident couples owing to their more reproduction‐oriented values. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistent approximate models of the global atmosphere in non‐spherical geopotential coordinates
Authors: White A. A. , Wood N.
Published: November 2011

Taking the spherical geopotential approximation as a starting point, previous work has revealed a quartet of dynamically consistent models of the global atmosphere according to whether approximations of shallow and quasi‐hydrostatic type are or are not made. The generalization of this quartet of consistent models is sought within the framework of geopotential surfaces that are zonally symmetric but not assumed to be spherical. The distinction between approximations of shallow and quasi‐hydrostatic type is more subtle than in the spherical case: consistent quasi‐hydrostatic approximation requires the simultaneous omission of two metric terms that vanish identically in the spherical case (and indeed whenever the vertical metric factor is independent of the meridional coordinate). These two metric terms are not eliminated by the formal process of metric factor approximation by which consistent models of shallow type may be generated. Consistently approximated, hydrostatic, shallow forms are obtained by applying quasi‐hydrostatic and shallow approximations successively, and are comparable with the well‐known spherical geopotential forms as regards the number and nature of the terms present. The formulation of shallow‐water models in non‐spherical geopotential coordinates is considered in conclusion. Copyright © 2011 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Field ion microscopy study of 1 × 2 reconstruction on Pt surfaces
Authors: Lin R. J. , Fu T. Y.
Published: November 2011

With the use of field ion microscopy we have investigated an atomic structure of a 1 × 2 reconstruction of a Pt(110) and a Pt(331) crystallographic planes. For the Pt(110), a transition from a (1 × 1) phase into the (1 × 2) missing‐row structure is observed upon annealing treatment at 450 K which is interpreted in terms of jumping or descending atom motions. For the Pt (331), a similar transition takes place upon heating at 600 K, and the atomic arrangement in two top 1 × 2 layers is compatible with the so called saw‐tooth model. We propose a new structural model for the Pt (331)‐(1 × 2) reconstruction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic level analysis of biomolecules by a scanning atom probe
Authors: Taniguchi Masahiro , Nishikawa Osamu , Ikai Atsushi
Published: November 2011

The biomolecules methionine, cystine, glycine, and leucine were analyzed by a scanning atom probe. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes grown by the high‐pressure carbon monoxide process were used to prepare a small ball of tangled carbon nanotubes, which was then attached to a tungsten tip using silver paste. A prepared tip was dipped into a sample solution of each biomolecule. Various ions, such as methyl, amino and carboxyl groups, were detected and indicated the binding states of the molecules. Cysteine, cystine, and methionine are the only amino acids that contain sulfur, and were analyzed to investigate the binding state of the sulfur atom. The number of atoms in each of the major mass peaks were counted and compared with the number known to be in the molecule. The results indicate that the scanning atom probe analysis is reasonably quantitative. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-resolution sequence stratigraphic division and distribution of tidal deposits in the Zhuhai Formation, Huizhou Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
Authors: ZHENG WENBO , DENG HONGWEN
Published: November 2011

The Zhuhai Formation of the Huizhou Oilfield has been interpreted as being deposited in a tide-dominated estuarine setting. This paper uses stratigraphic principles, cores and logging data to analyse the facies changes of tidal sedimentation in response to the base level cycle. We conclude that the mud flat progradational allocycle is the result of a long-term base level fall, while the fining-upwards autocycle is in response to a short-term base level fall. Region-wide mud layers of supratidal zones and scour surfaces of subtidal zones are stratigraphic surfaces of tidal sedimentation. By integrating high-resolution stratigraphic correlations with seismic attributes extracted from the stratal slicing of 3-D data volumes, we use an attribute map of RMS (root mean square) amplitude to image the distribution and evolution of tidal deposits in the study area. Intertidal zones and the upper parts of the tidal cycle are favourable areas for prospecting and oil reserves and thus provide a basis for petroleum exploration and development.
A systematic review of CALL in English as a second language: Focus on primary and secondary education
Authors: Macaro Ernesto , Handley Zöe , Walter Catherine
Published: November 2011

After explaining why consideration of the use of technology in second language (L2) teaching in the primary and secondary sectors is necessary, this systematic review presents a keyword map of 117 studies of technology in L2 learning since 1990. It reveals that research effort in these educational sectors has increased in line with technological developments and there have been important differences between the primary and secondary sectors in the adoption of applications. There then follows an in-depth review of 47 post-2000 studies investigating the efficacy of technology in the teaching of L2 English. It asks what technology has been used and why, what evidence there is that technology facilitates language learning, and what other insights can be drawn from the research in this field. The evidence that technology has a direct beneficial impact on linguistic outcomes is slight and inconclusive, but it may impact indirectly and positively on learner attitudes and behaviours and may promote collaboration. On the whole, the research reviewed lacked the quality that would reassure practitioners and policy-makers that technological investment is warranted. We argue that future research needs to provide a tighter link between technological applications, Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory, and learning outcomes.
Rapid resonance Raman microspectroscopy to probe carbon dioxide fixation by single cells in microbial communities
Authors: Li Mengqiu , Canniffe Daniel P , Jackson Philip J , Davison Paul A , FitzGerald Simon , Dickman Mark J , Burgess J Grant , Hunter C Neil , Huang Wei E
Published: November 2011

Photosynthetic microorganisms play crucial roles in aquatic ecosystems and are the major primary producers in global marine ecosystems. The discovery of new bacteria and microalgae that play key roles in CO2 fixation is hampered by the lack of methods to identify hitherto-unculturable microorganisms. To overcome this problem we studied single microbial cells using stable-isotope probing (SIP) together with resonance Raman (RR) microspectroscopy of carotenoids, the light-absorbing pigments present in most photosynthetic microorganisms. We show that fixation of 13CO2 into carotenoids produces a red shift in single-cell RR (SCRR) spectra and that this SCRR–SIP technique is sufficiently sensitive to detect as little as 10% of 13C incorporation. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of labelled cellular proteins verifies that the red shift in carotenoid SCRR spectra acts as a reporter of the 13C content of single cells. Millisecond Raman imaging of cells in mixed cultures and natural seawater samples was used to identify cells actively fixing CO2, demonstrating that the SCRR–SIP is a noninvasive method for the rapid and quantitative detection of CO2 fixation at the single cell level in a microbial community. The SCRR–SIP technique may provide a direct method for screening environmental samples, and could help to reveal the ecophysiology of hitherto-unculturable microorganisms, linking microbial species to their ecological function in the natural environment.
MINOS1 is a conserved component of mitofilin complexes and required for mitochondrial function and cristae organization
Authors: Alkhaja Alwaleed K. , Jans Daniel C. , Nikolov Miroslav , Vukotic Milena , Lytovchenko Oleksandr , Ludewig Fabian , Schliebs Wolfgang , Riedel Dietmar , Urlaub Henning , Jakobs Stefan , Deckers Markus
Published: November 2011

The inner membrane of mitochondria is especially protein rich and displays a unique morphology characterized by large invaginations, the mitochondrial cristae, and the inner boundary membrane, which is in proximity to the outer membrane. Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins appear to be not evenly distributed in the inner membrane, but instead organize into functionally distinct subcompartments. It is unknown how the organization of the inner membrane is achieved. We identified MINOS1/MIO10 (C1orf151/YCL057C-A), a conserved mitochondrial inner membrane protein. mio10-mutant yeast cells are affected in growth on nonfermentable carbon sources and exhibit altered mitochondrial morphology. At the ultrastructural level, mutant mitochondria display loss of inner membrane organization. Proteomic analyses reveal MINOS1/Mio10 as a novel constituent of Mitofilin/Fcj1 complexes in human and yeast mitochondria. Thus our analyses reveal new insight into the composition of the mitochondrial inner membrane organizing machinery.
Longitudinal Course of Substance Treatment Benefits in Older Male Veteran At-Risk Drinkers
Authors: Zanjani Faika , Mavandadi Shahrzad , TenHave Tom , Katz Ira , Durai Nalla B. , Krahn Dean , Llorente Maria , Kirchner JoAnn , Olsen Edwin , Van Stone William , Cooley Susan , Oslin David W.
Published: November 2011

Background.  This investigation aims to determine the 12-month drinking trajectory of older at-risk drinkers in treatment. Furthermore, the drinking trajectory between at-risk drinkers who had met the threshold suggestive of alcohol dependence (problem at-risk drinkers) and those who did not meet this threshold (nonproblematic at-risk drinkers) were compared.

Methods.  This investigation is a component of the PRISM-E (Primary Care Research in Substance Abuse and Mental Health for the Elderly) Study, a multisite randomized trial comparing service use, outcomes, and cost between Integrated (IC) versus Enhanced Specialty Referral (ESR) care models for older (65+ years) adults with depression, anxiety, and/or at-risk alcohol consumption. This investigation focuses only on at-risk drinkers, generally defined as exceeding recommended drinking limits, which in the case of older adults has been classified as consuming more than one drink per day. Two hundred fifty-eight randomized older at-risk drinkers were examined, of whom 56% were problem drinkers identified through the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test-Geriatric version.

Results.  Over time, all at-risk drinkers showed a significant reduction in drinking. Problem drinkers showed reductions in average weekly consumption and number of occurrences of binge drinking at 3, 6, and 12 months, whereas nonproblematic drinkers showed significant reductions in average weekly consumption at 3, 6, and 12 months and number of occurrences of binge drinking at only 6 months. IC treatment assignment led to higher engagement in treatment, which led to better binge drinking outcomes for problem drinkers. Despite significant reductions in drinking, approximately 29% of participants displayed at-risk drinking at the end of the study.

Conclusions.  Results suggest that older at-risk drinkers, both problem and nonproblematic, show a considerable decrease in drinking, with slightly greater improvement evidenced in problem drinkers and higher engagement in treatment seen in those assigned to IC.
Improving Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Nontraditional Approaches
Authors: Park Denise C. , Gutchess Angela H. , Meade Michelle L. , Stine-Morrow Elizabeth A. L.
Published: November 2011

This article considers two nontraditional approaches for developing interventions to improve cognition in older adults. Neither of these approaches relies on traditional explicit training of specific abilities in the laboratory. The first technique involves the activation of automatic processes through the formation of implementation intentions that enhance the probability that a desired action will be completed, such as remembering to take medications. The second involves experimentally studying the role of active social and cognitive engagement in improving cognition. We then consider methodological issues associated with the use of these novel techniques.
Developing Context and Background Underlying Cognitive Intervention/Training Studies in Older Populations
Authors: Elias Jeffrey W. , Wagster Molly V.
Published: November 2011

Underlying the attempt to change behavior or improve performance by virtue of intervention or training is the notion that change is possible and that plasticity, life-course malleability, and compensation are well-recognized concepts of life-span development. The cognition and aging literature reveals that there are a growing number of context and background variables against which the effectiveness of intervention/training can be judged beyond the intrinsic motivations for change. In this introductory article to a special issue on cognitive intervention and training, we briefly discuss several of these background variables.
Time-varying span efficiency through the wingbeat of desert locusts
Authors: Henningsson Per , Bomphrey Richard J.
Published: November 2011

The flight performance of animals depends greatly on the efficacy with which they generate aerodynamic forces. Accordingly, maximum range, load-lifting capacity and peak accelerations during manoeuvres are all constrained by the efficiency of momentum transfer to the wake. Here, we use high-speed particle image velocimetry (1 kHz) to record flow velocities in the near wake of desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria, Forskål). We use the measured flow fields to calculate time-varying span efficiency throughout the wing stroke cycle. The locusts are found to operate at a maximum span efficiency of 79 per cent, typically at a plateau of about 60 per cent for the majority of the downstroke, but at lower values during the upstroke. Moreover, the calculated span efficiencies are highest when the largest lift forces are being generated (90% of the total lift is generated during the plateau of span efficiency) suggesting that the combination of wing kinematics and morphology in locust flight perform most efficiently when doing the most work.
Teaching Money Literacy in a Positive Youth Development Program: The Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Tak Yan , Law Ben M. F.
Published: November 2011

In view of the high impact of materialistic orientation among children and adolescents, financial educational programs are provided as preventive measures. Without a clear framework, it is impossible to evaluate these programs. The goals of this paper are threefold. Firstly, the phenomena related to adolescent materialistic orientation and its associated problems in Hong Kong are examined. Secondly, the concept of financial education as a preventive measure is reviewed. Both board and narrow definitions of money literacy are examined. A framework on money literacy for children and adolescents as a founding stone for financial education is proposed. The framework finds its support from a typology proposed by the authors and results from an integration of research findings on dimensions of the concepts of money and success. Finally, curriculum units for Grades 7 to 9 students in a positive youth development program (the Project P.A.T.H.S.) are developed using the framework.
Tracheobronchial Manifestations ofAspergillusInfections
Authors: Krenke Rafal , Grabczak Elzbieta M.
Published: November 2011

Human lungs are constantly exposed to a large number ofAspergillusspores which are present in ambient air. These spores are usually harmless to immunocompetent subjects but can produce a symptomatic disease in patients with impaired antifungal defense. In a small percentage of patients, the trachea and bronchi may be the main or even the sole site ofAspergillusinfection. The clinical entities that may develop in tracheobronchial location include saprophytic, allergic and invasive diseases. Although this review is focused on invasiveAspergillustracheobronchial infections, some aspects of allergic and saprophytic tracheobronchial diseases are also discussed in order to present the whole spectrum of tracheobronchial aspergillosis. To be consistent with clinical practice, an approach basing on specific conditions predisposing to invasiveAspergillustracheobronchial infections is used to present the differences in the clinical course and prognosis of these infections. Thus, invasive or potentially invasiveAspergillusairway diseases are discussed separately in three groups of patients: (1) lung transplant recipients, (2) highly immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies and/or patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and (3) the remaining, less severely immunocompromised patients or even immunocompetent subjects.
Estimation of alternative splicing variability in human populations
Authors: Gonzàlez-Porta Mar , Calvo Miquel , Sammeth Michael , Guigó Roderic
Published: November 2011

DNA arrays have been widely used to perform transcriptome-wide analysis of gene expression, and many methods have been developed to measure gene expression variability and to compare gene expression between conditions. Because RNA-seq is also becoming increasingly popular for transcriptome characterization, the possibility exists for further quantification of individual alternative transcript isoforms, and therefore for estimating the relative ratios of alternative splice forms within a given gene. Changes in splicing ratios, even without changes in overall gene expression, may have important phenotypic effects. Here we have developed statistical methodology to measure variability in splicing ratios within conditions, to compare it between conditions, and to identify genes with condition-specific splicing ratios. Furthermore, we have developed methodology to deconvolute the relative contribution of variability in gene expression versus variability in splicing ratios to the overall variability of transcript abundances. As a proof of concept, we have applied this methodology to estimates of transcript abundances obtained from RNA-seq experiments in lymphoblastoid cells from Caucasian and Yoruban individuals. We have found that protein-coding genes exhibit low splicing variability within populations, with many genes exhibiting constant ratios across individuals. When comparing these two populations, we have found that up to 10% of the studied protein-coding genes exhibit population-specific splicing ratios. We estimate that ∼60% of the total variability observed in the abundance of transcript isoforms can be explained by variability in transcription. A large fraction of the remaining variability can likely result from variability in splicing. Finally, we also detected that variability in splicing is uncommon without variability in transcription.