bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progression of rapid potential-induced degradation of n-type single-crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules
Authors: Yamaguchi Seira , Masuda Atsushi , Ohdaira Keisuke
Published: October 2016

This study addresses progression of potential-induced degradation (PID) of photovoltaic modules using n-type single-crystalline silicon cells. In a PID test in which a voltage of −1000 V was applied to the cells, the modules started to degrade within 10 s and the degradation saturated within 120 s, suggesting that PID is caused by positive charge accumulation in the front passivation films. We propose that these positive charges originate from positively charged K centers formed by extracting electrons from the K centers, which explains the rapid degradation and its saturation behavior. We obtain simulated and experimental results supporting this hypothesis.
Influence of continental growth on mid‐ocean ridge depth
Authors: Sim Shi J. , Stegman Dave R. , Coltice Nicolas
Published: October 2016

The interconnectedness of life, water, and plate tectonics is strikingly apparent along mid‐ocean ridges (MOR) where communities of organisms flourish off the disequilibrium of chemical potentials created by circulation of hydrothermal fluids driven by Earth's heat. Moreover, submarine hydrothermal environments may be critical for the emergence of life on Earth. Oceans were likely present in the Hadean but questions remain about early Earth's global tectonics, including when seafloor spreading began and whether mid‐oceanic ridges were deep enough for maximum hydrothermal activities. For example, plate tectonics influences global sea level by driving secular variations in the volume of ocean basins due to continental growth. Similarly, variations in the distribution of seafloor age and associated subsidence, due to assembly and dispersal of supercontinents, explain the largest sea level variation over the past 140 Myr. Using synthetic plate configurations derived from numerical models of mantle convection appropriate for early Earth, we show that MOR have remained submerged and their depths potentially constant over geologic time. Thus, conditions in the early Earth existed for hydrothermal vents at similar depths as today, providing environments conducive for the development of life and allowing for processes such as hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crust to influence the mantle's geochemical evolution.
Building and exhumation of the Western Carpathians: New constraints from sequentially restored, balanced cross sections integrated with low‐temperature thermochronometry
Authors: Castelluccio Ada , Mazzoli Stefano , Andreucci Benedetta , Jankowski Leszek , Szaniawski Rafał , Zattin Massimiliano
Published: October 2016

Western Carpathian orogeny has been the subject of intense scientific debate due to the occurrence of enigmatic features, leading several authors to provide contrasting geological models. In this paper, a new interpretation for the tectonic evolution of the Western Carpathians is provided based on the following: (i) an analysis of the stratigraphy of the Mesozoic‐Tertiary successions across the thrust belt domains, (ii) a reappraisal of the stratigraphy and sedimentology of the “tectonic mélange” (i.e., the so‐called Pieniny Klippen Belt) marking the suture between the Inner and Outer Carpathians, and (iii) the construction of a series of balanced and restored cross sections, validated by 2‐D forward modeling. Our analysis provides a robust correlation of the stratigraphy from the Outer to the Inner Carpathians, independently of the occurrence of oceanic lithosphere in the area, and allows for the reinterpretation of the tectonic relationships among the Inner Carpathians, the Outer Carpathians, and the Pieniny Klippen Belt and the exhumation mechanisms affecting this orogenic belt. In order to constrain the evolution during the last 20 Ma, our model also integrates previously published and new apatite fission track and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data. These latter indicate a middle‐late Miocene exhumation of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. In this study, the recent regional uplift of the Pieniny Klippen Belt is described for the first time using a 2‐D kinematic model for the tectonic evolution of the Western Carpathians.
Coorientation
Authors: Taylor James R.
Published: October 2016

The concept of coorientation originated in the work of Theodore Newcomb, who argued for a conception of communication as simultaneously (a) directed to anobjectof common concern that is (b) embedded within a bilateralrelationshipof actors, each with their own different interest in the object. He designated the unit A–B–X, where A and B are the two parties, and X is the object they both focus on. Here we consider the influence of this coorientation model primarily in organizational communication research, as it has recently been assimilated into a contemporary theory of the genesis of organization as an imbricated hierarchy of practices, some focused on an object, others on the managers, who take the situated practices as their object.
Philology
Authors: Fliethmann Axel
Published: October 2016

Philology can be seen as a rather technical discipline developing methods to prove the authenticity of any edited text as well as a hermeneutical discipline dealing with the question of textual meaning in general. Philology can also be regarded as a self‐reflexive tool within communication theory and media philosophy where it helps to foster methodological awareness of the very medium we choose to operate in when addressing the question of
other
media.
Lasswell,Harold D.
Authors: Ascher William
Published: October 2016

Harold D. Lasswell (1902–1978) made groundbreaking contributions to political science, public policy analysis, political psychology, jurisprudence, and futures studies, based on his advances in the theory and methods of communications. The intertwined aspects of Lasswell's normative commitment, research approaches, and theories demonstrate his contributions in systematizing and integrating conventional and psychodynamic theories about the connections between communications and political dynamics. This was accomplished through the analysis of propaganda, legal communications, attention structures, content analysis, developmental constructs, symbols, psychodynamic displacement, and the triple‐appeal principle.
Performance
Authors: Rose Heidi M.
Published: October 2016

Performance typically claims a place in academic departments of, for example, communication, theater, and dance, and it has been embraced additionally in fields such as cultural studies, folklore, and cultural anthropology. This entry explains the central concepts of performance, traces the academic history of its study with attention to key thought leaders, and describes its trajectory of theory and research in communication.
Gadamer,Hans‐Georg
Authors: Grondin Jean
Published: October 2016

The German philosopher Hans‐Georg Gadamer (1900–2002) was the very influential founder of “philosophical hermeneutics.” He argued that our understanding is always guided by “prejudices,” which are not to be understood as preconceived or false opinions not established on facts or reason, but as provisional anticipations of meaning that can be rectified. Nonetheless we understand on the basis of the expectations and motivations of our time. This leads him to view understanding as a “fusion of horizons” between the past and the present, and to stress the linguistic character of our world experience.
System Theory
Authors: Seidl David , Schoeneborn Dennis
Published: October 2016

System theory provides researchers with a transdisciplinary vocabulary and a framework for creating synergies between different disciplines. From a historical perspective, one can distinguish three generations of systems thinking which each represent a different research approach. The earliest of these relies on the notion of open systems, its successor on closed systems, and the current approach on autopoietic systems. This chapter discusses especially
autopoietic
system theory and its perspective on social phenomena in general and communication processes in particular.
Face‐To‐Face Communication
Authors: Meyer Christian
Published: October 2016

This entry discusses research that treats “face‐to‐face communication” as a subject in its own right possessing specific self‐emergent dynamics and not as indicative of something else (such as “personality” or “power structure”). The concept of face‐to‐face communication is used in contrast to medial forms of communication and emphasizes properties in situations of bodily copresence of the persons who communicate. Since, in physical copresence and temporal simultaneity, communication is unmediated and direct, this type of communication is also called “interaction.” In particular, the fact that interaction is immediately responsive and that communicators orient their actions at this fact has challenged sender–message–receiver models of communication. After a brief overview of the historical dimensions of the subject, the entry presents the emergence and establishment of interaction studies in the 20th century, followed by current questions and future directions of research.
Harmony Theory (
C
hinese)
Authors: Chen Guo‐Ming
Published: October 2016

This entry describes Chinese harmony from three perspectives as an attempt to help people better understand Chinese culture and communication in the globalizing society. First, the philosophical foundation of Chinese harmony is explained; second, 10 key concepts surrounding Chinese harmony are explicated; and third, three observable communication behaviors that realize Chinese harmony are discussed. Cautions are stipulated for theorizing a cultural value such as Chinese harmony.
J
udaism
Authors: Cohen Yoel
Published: October 2016

This entry discusses Jewish theological principles about mass media behavior. As a moral code regulating man's relationship with his fellow man, and man's relationship with God, the Torah proposes a code of norms regulating aspects of mass media behavior—most prominent being the principle of the right to know. The entry also examines how different religious streams within Judaism today interpret these teachings, and how Orthodox streams inside Israel have created their own alternative media—offering a laboratory for the practical application of their interpretation of Jewish media ethics.
Ontology
Authors: Eicher‐Catt Deborah
Published: October 2016

This entry outlines the contours of ontology within the context of other branches of philosophy (epistemology, axiology, and logic) and also within the context of communication theory and research. It explores the topic through two predominant ontological lenses that shape research in the discipline of communication. It situates ontology as a discursive construction from the standpoint of phenomenology and semiotics, employing Martin Heidegger's ideas concerning fundamental ontology.
H
ovland,
C
arl
I
.
Authors: Malin Brenton J.
Published: October 2016

Carl Hovland was an important figure in mid‐20th‐century communication theory and research who came to prominence in large part as a result of his experiments on soldiers during World War II. Interested in questions of persuasion, Hovland's work focused on how media shaped people's knowledge, values, and opinions, as well as how those influences were mitigated by such things as the passage of time. Hovland used applied communication experiments to formulate theories of media effects, and then tested and refined those theories through further experimentation.
Data‐Mining
Authors: Gunter Barrie
Published: October 2016

Data‐mining comprises a variety of research tools that can scan, extract, and analyze large quantities of data. It combines mathematical and linguistic analysis methods. Its tools can handle both structured numerical and statistical data sets and unstructured texts. Software tools have been developed that can impose structure upon unstructured texts and extract data that can be numerically coded and analyzed with quantitative techniques. Data‐mining (also known as text‐mining) has given researchers data analysis capabilities that can handle vast quantities of structured and unstructured content stored on the World Wide Web. These analytical techniques can analyze massive amounts of data and identify content patterns and relationships between variables that would be impossible to find otherwise. These techniques have been applied across a wide range of fields including health and political communications, financial data, and scientific data.
Popularity
Authors: Krämer Benjamin
Published: October 2016

After a brief history of the concept of the people, political popularity is discussed with regard to explanatory factors, the concept of charismatic leadership, and populism. This is followed by an overview of perspectives on popular culture, including theories of distinction among taste cultures; evaluative views by conservatives, critical theorists, and academic populists; and the discussion in cultural studies of the reproduction of dominant ideologies and resistant cultural practices. Finally, some theoretical arguments on the measurements or construction of popularity are summarized.
Postcolonial Theory
Authors: Shome Raka
Published: October 2016

Postcolonial studies is concerned with theorizing, analyzing, and critiquing the various logics of colonialism as they have existed in the past and continue in the present. This entry offers a discussion of postcolonial studies, marking its objectives and tracing its development. The entry then addresses how postcolonial and communication studies may have shared concerns that would advance both projects.
M
arxism
Authors: Cloud Dana L.
Published: October 2016

Marxism is an Enlightenment political philosophy, historical method, and critical paradigm that has influenced communication theory since World War II. It interrogates the inherently exploitative character of labor in capitalism, affirms a vision of history driven by struggle from below, and connects the production and communication of ideas to the dominant influences of a ruling class. Its major contributions in communication theory have been to critical theory, cultural studies, ideology critique, and political economy of the media.
Digitalization
Authors: Brennen J. Scott , Kreiss Daniel
Published: October 2016

“Digitization” and “digitalization” are two conceptual terms that are closely associated and often used interchangeably in a broad range of literatures. This entry considers each term in detail and argues that there is analytical value in explicitly making a clear distinction between them. The entry definesdigitizationas the material process of converting analog streams of information into digital bits. It definesdigitalizationas the way many domains of social life are restructured around digital communication and media infrastructures.
Intergroup Communication
Authors: Watson Bernadette , Gallois Cindy
Published: October 2016

Intergroup communication reflects a way of looking at communication among members of different social categories or groups (ethnicity, gender, age, health status, organizational membership, etc.), and the ways in which social identities, attitudes, and motivations influence and are negotiated in communication. The field has multidisciplinary origins, and it is diverse in theory and eclectic in methodology. This entry gives a broad overview of the main theories, methods, and contexts of this field.
Signs
Authors: Cobley Paul
Published: October 2016

This entry defines “sign” and indicates some of its relations with “symbol” as a synonym for “sign” or as a subcategory of signs. It introduces a general definition of signs with a brief historical overview of the practice of understanding signs “as signs” rather than merely using signs to indicate. It also uses some paradigm cases developed in the last hundred years for understanding signs: the linguistic sign as adumbrated by Saussure, the nonverbal sign as adapted in semiology by Roland Barthes, the multivalent sign envisaged by Peirce, the “symbolic form” investigated by Cassirer, and the sign distinguished from “object” and “thing” as proposed by Deely. The entry focuses on the way in which the investigation of signhood has been characterized by the different apprehensions of the relations subtending signs and contrasting approaches to what signs do.
Ethnic Studies
Authors: Ceisel Christina M. , Valdivia Angharad N.
Published: October 2016

This entry provides an overview of the wide‐ranging work deriving from ethnic studies in the heterogeneous discipline of communications. Following a brief definition of ethnic studies, the entry details its presence in all areas of the field—from interpersonal and organizational communications to media studies and its four components: production, content, audiences, and effects. The entry ends with the contemporary turn to hybrid and interracial identities as well as the transnational flow of ethnic populations and—therefore—ethnic studies in communication.
Structuralism
Authors: Coman Mihai
Published: October 2016

Structuralism is a paradigm (although many of its exponents have declared that it is just a research method) that argues that the objective of scientific investigation is to identify the abstract structures that determine any social and cultural manifestation of the human being. Structuralists stress: (1) that in any system the units have no value and sense through substantial attributes, but through positional attributes; in other words relationships are more important than contents; and (2) that the aim of research has to be the discovery of the unconscious structure behind the surface manifestations. Pure structuralist inquiry tends to privilege hyperabstract models and to neglect the dynamics of cultural phenomena. That seems to be one of the reasons that few researchers in communication studies adopt the structuralist paradigm, because they believe that communication does not seem to be determined by such structures, but by multiple and fluent interactions.
Relativism
Authors: Bergman Mats
Published: October 2016

Relativism holds that matters such as truth, knowledge, goodness, or beauty are relative to frames of reference like personal disposition, culture, conceptual structure, perspective of inquiry, or historical era. A relativist believes that there are no absolute criteria by which to rationally resolve disputes concerning such issues. There are many different sources and kinds of relativism; the field can be partly systematized by considering how relativized domains and relativizing frames can be combined. Depending on scope, it is possible to distinguish more or less radical versions of relativism. Critics of relativism typically argue that the position is self‐refuting or irresponsible.
Neuroscience
Authors: Cascio Christopher N. , Falk Emily B.
Published: October 2016

Communication neuroscience is a subfield of communication studies that combines methods from social neuroscience and communications. Communication neuroscience encompasses studies that map neural systems associated with communication processes, as well as work that treats neural activity as a predictor, mediator, or moderator of communication processes and outcomes. For example, communication neuroscience aims to understand how direct and indirect messages delivered through mediated and interpersonal communication influence individuals, groups, and populations by examining the neural mechanisms associated with message‐processing and subsequent attitude and behavioral outcomes. This entry highlights the recent contributions communication neuroscience has made to the field of communication studies.
Two‐Step and Multistep Flows of Communication
Authors: Jensen Klaus Bruhn
Published: October 2016

Two‐step flows of communication join mass communication and interpersonal communication. Formulated in early studies that began to consolidate the field of media and communication research, the two‐step flow model served to identify the complexity of the effects of mass media on individuals, groups, and societies—and of communication as a general social process. The model helped to differentiate the understanding of media “effects,” over time and at various levels of individual and collective cognition and action; it also anticipated current conceptions of communication in society in terms of networked structures and flows. With digital and mobile media, communication can be seen to flow in multiple steps and directions, across a growing range of technological platforms, if still anchored in humans as embodied communicators.
Gender Studies
Authors: Montiel Aimée Vega
Published: October 2016

Gender studies is an interdisciplinary field of research where sociology, history, anthropology, economy, political science, psychoanalysis, law, and communication converge. It incorporates a wide diversity of theories and methods for the analysis of gender, power, sexuality, and communication and their intersection with other hierarchies of power. Its political goal is to achieve human rights for women and gender equality in and through media.
Interaction Design
Authors: Cockton Gilbert
Published: October 2016

Interaction design (IxD) gives form, behaviors, and capabilities to interactive digital artifacts (e.g., Web sites, computer games, and in‐car systems) that compute responses to user actions. Computed responses can combine physical output, changes to computer memory, and exchanges of data over a network. IxD aims to support enjoyable meaningful effective user experiences by associating user input with appropriate responses. Unlike other forms of media, interactive digital artifacts have persistent and dynamic states: a newspaper or a film is not changed as a result of being read or viewed, but instances of most applications and Web sites change permanently as a result of usage. Designing these digital applications requires attention to detail over a range of timescales, from subseconds to months and even years. IxD teams combine craft knowledge and repertoires with strategic goals, primary and secondary research, and evaluation activities. Successful design results from an appropriate balance and integration of design activities.
Quantification
Authors: Smith Benjamin K. , Jensen Eric A. , Wagoner Brady
Published: October 2016

Counting has long been a major tool in social science research methodology. In many fields, to understand a phenomenon is to quantify it, to represent both observed and latent qualities through numerical quantities. Yet the process of quantification is not easy or simple: It requires careful thought, planning, and a skeptical mind‐set. The quantification process involves converting qualitative phenomena into numbers, operationalization, and the application of aggregate analysis to individuals. First we provide a simple definition of quantification, then a brief history of quantification in the social sciences. This is followed by a discussion of the appropriate use of quantification, and in turn aggregation, as they apply to social science research. We conclude with two critical case studies that exemplify the misapplication of quantification in the context of rating scales and big data.
Philosophy
Authors: Hannan Jason
Published: October 2016

Philosophy was once hailed as the “queen of the sciences,” a form of inquiry so basic and fundamental that it was thought to be the foundation of every major field and discipline. Yet, for all its magnanimity and dramatic history, philosophy as an idea is curiously difficult to define and more difficult still to make sense of. This has everything to do with the many different ways of approaching the multifaceted thing we call “philosophy.” This entry attempts to make sense of philosophy, both as an idea and as a tradition, by reviewing the major historical periods and traditions of philosophical thought. It covers the prehistory of philosophy, as well as the ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary periods. It then covers the major domains of philosophical inquiry: metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics.
Remediation
Authors: Bolter Jay David
Published: October 2016

Remediation is a term used to describe the way various media forms borrow from and refashion one another. At any given time, our media culture consists of processes of cooperation and competition among various media and their forms. In the current media culture, digital media forms, such as video games and social media, are among the key remediators. Remediation can be understood as a contribution to the larger theoretical approach known as intermediality.
Sociology of Culture
Authors: Robinson Laura , Schulz Jeremy
Published: October 2016

This entry charts the important lines of research in the sociology of culture, a recently invigorated subfield within the field of sociology now claiming one of the largest memberships of any section within the American Sociological Association. The entry contends that the sociology of culture is not only distinguished by its empirical and methodological pluralism, but embraces five distinct conceptual frameworks oriented toward five distinct empirical research programs, namely
lifeworld culture
,
organic culture
,
dispositional culture
,
produced culture
, and
media and communication culture
. Given its reach, analytical sophistication, and ecumenicism, the sociology of culture has the potential to inform a broad spectrum of research into the contemporary phenomenon of digitized communication and media at the dawn of the digital revolution.
Entertainment
Authors: Zerlang Martin
Published: October 2016

A definition of entertainment must combine a general, anthropological perspective with a specific, historical perspective. The pursuit of happiness is an anthropological constant in human history, closely related to play, not least that of people playing together. But, as a consequence of the process of modernization, this pursuit has been undergoing a great deal of differentiation. A distinction between active and passive pleasures has often been used as a criterion for distinguishing between art and entertainment, active pleasures being considered higher than passive pleasures. In its interplay with society, entertainment may be considered simultaneously as an experiment with society and as an escape from society. Entertainment can be described as play put on display.
Incommunicability
Authors: Chang Briankle G.
Published: October 2016

Communication presupposes communicability: the ability on the part of the participants in communication to make it possible. At the same time, it is a common experience that, however hard we try, our expressions often fall short of representing our feelings or thoughts, and of communicating to others what we intend to convey. This entry explores incommunicability as a constituent and a condition of communication, even while communicability enjoys conceptual or logical priority over incommunicability, just as possibility precedes impossibility. Communication can be understood as a promise: In promising and communicating, we bring ourselves into a future that may or may not arrive.
Ethnography
Authors: La Pastina Antonio C. , Yadlin‐Segal Aya
Published: October 2016

Ethnography has its roots in the enlightenment project of European colonial empires of the 19th century. Scholars, mapping and studying the lands controlled by European powers, began to compile information not only about the natural world but also about the cultural practices among the “primitive” peoples encountered around the world. From the early 20th century ethnography emerged in its recognizable form as a participatory practice providing an in‐depth understanding of the conditions under which culture is produced. Over the last century, ethnography has mutated from the purview of anthropology alone, and has become well established and accepted within the social sciences. This entry reviews the introduction of ethnography into communication research from the 1960s, its development and consolidation in the field, and recent ethnographic approaches to online communication.
Public Opinion Research
Authors: Johnson Courtney N. , Moy Patricia
Published: October 2016

The study of public opinion is critical to understanding the ideas, norms, and politics of any society. This entry provides an overview of the history of public opinion; it focuses on some normative debates about the nature of the public, juxtaposes the public with other entities, and explores how publics are important in all societies, not merely in democracies. The latter parts of this entry review the key methods by which public opinion is studied today.
Muscle synergies after stroke are correlated with perilesional high gamma
Authors: Godlove Jason , Gulati Tanuj , Dichter Ben , Chang Edward , Ganguly Karunesh
Published: October 2016

Movements can be factored into modules termed “muscle synergies”. After stroke, abnormal synergies are linked to impaired movements; however, their neural basis is not understood. In a single subject, we examined how electrocorticography signals from the perilesional cortex were associated with synergies. The measured synergies contained a mix of both normal and abnormal patterns and were remarkably similar to those described in past work. Interestingly, we found that both normal and abnormal synergies were correlated with perilesional high gamma. Given the link between high gamma and cortical spiking, our results suggest that perilesional spiking may organize synergies after stroke.
Design and Printing Strategies in 3D Bioprinting of Cell‐Hydrogels: A Review
Authors: Lee Jia Min , Yeong Wai Yee
Published: October 2016

Bioprinting is an emerging technology that allows the assembling of both living and non‐living biological materials into an ideal complex layout for further tissue maturation. Bioprinting aims to produce engineered tissue or organ in a mechanized, organized, and optimized manner. Various biomaterials and techniques have been utilized to bioprint biological constructs in different shapes, sizes and resolutions. There is a need to systematically discuss and analyze the reported strategies employed to fabricate these constructs. We identified and discussed important design factors in bioprinting, namely shape and resolution, material heterogeneity, and cellular‐material remodeling dynamism. Each design factors are represented by the corresponding process capabilities and printing parameters. The process‐design map will inspire future biomaterials research in these aspects. Design considerations such as data processing, bio‐ink formulation and process selection are discussed. Various printing and crosslinking strategies, with relevant applications, are also systematically reviewed. We categorized them into 5 general bioprinting strategies, including direct bioprinting, in‐process crosslinking, post‐process crosslinking, indirect bioprinting and hybrid bioprinting. The opportunities and outlook in 3D bioprinting are highlighted. This review article will serve as a framework to advance computer‐aided design in bioprinting technologies.
Molecular Layer Deposition for Surface Modification of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Ban Chunmei , George Steven M.
Published: October 2016

Inspired by recent successes in applying molecular layer deposition (MLD) to stabilize lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) electrodes, this review presents the MLD process and its outstanding attributes for electrochemical applications. The review discusses various MLD materials and their implementation in Li‐ion electrodes. The rationale behind these emerging uses of MLD is examined to motivate future efforts on the fundamental understanding of interphase chemistry and the development of new materials for enhanced electrochemical performance.
Emergency Radiology “Boot Camp”: Educating Emergency Medicine Residents Using E‐learning Radiology Modules
Authors: Minkowitz Shlomo , Leeman Kristen , Giambrone Ashley E. , Kherani Jennifer F. , Belfi Lily M. , Bartolotta Roger J.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

There is an overall paucity of literature on the radiologic education of emergency medicine (EM) clinicians. Given the fact that many EM clinicians preliminarily review images for their patients, we hypothesized that a brief imaging curriculum could be efficacious in teaching basic and relevant radiologic interpretation.

Methods

We designed a 4‐hour “radiology boot camp” for a group of 20 EM residents (from all years of training) covering several subject specific e‐learning modules. They completed precourse and postcourse quizzes to evaluate the efficacy of these modules. These modules included interactive PowerPoint‐based tutorials, games, and imaging decision support simulators. Matched results from the pre‐ and posttests were analyzed using paired t test. An additional questionnaire was administered to the EM residents to evaluate their perception of the educational experience.

Results

The precourse and postcourse quizzes demonstrated a statistically significant level of improved knowledge due to the educational modules (p < 0.0001). In addition, all of the participants believed the modules were a useful learning experience (100%) and a vast majority described them as a valuable resource for future reference (95%).

Conclusion

We demonstrate a model for providing an easy and effective means of educating EM residents on basic imaging interpretation and utilization, using e‐learning modules.
Patterns of milk macronutrients and bioactive molecules across lactation in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and a Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)
Authors: Power Michael L. , Schulkin Jay , Drought Heather , Milligan Lauren A. , Murtough Katie L. , Bernstein Robin M.
Published: October 2016

In addition to nutrients, milk contains signaling molecules that influence offspring development. Human milk is similar in nutrient composition to that of apes, but appears to differ in other aspects such as immune function. We examine the longitudinal patterns across lactation of macronutrients, the metabolic hormone adiponectin, the growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor β2 (TGF‐β2), and two receptors for these growth factors (EGF‐R and TGF‐β2‐RIII) in milk samples collected between days 175 and 313 postpartum from a Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) and between days 3 and 1,276 from a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), and compare the results with human data from the literature. Milk macronutrients and hormones were measured using standard nutritional assays and commercially available enzyme immunoassay kits. Ape milk fat content was lower than human milk values, but protein and sugar were similar. Concentrations of all bioactive molecules were consistently detectable except for TGF‐β2 in orangutan milk. Concentrations of adiponectin, EGF, and TGF‐β2 in both ape milks were lower than found in human breast milk. Concentrations declined with infant age in orangutan milk; in gorilla milk concentrations were high in the first months, and then declined to stable levels until 2–3 years after birth when they increased. However, when expressed on a per energy basis milk constituent values did not differ with age for orangutan and the variation was reduced at all ages in gorilla. In orangutan milk, the ratio of EGF‐R to EGF was constant, with EGF‐R at 7.7% of EGF; in gorilla milk the EGF‐R concentration was 4.4 ± 0.2% of the EGF concentration through 3 years and then increased. These data indicate that potent signaling molecules such as EGF and adiponectin are present in ape milk at physiological concentrations. However, human breast milk on average contains higher concentrations.
Structure and Reaction Chemistry of Magnesium Organocuprates Derived from Magnesiacyclopentadienes and Copper(I) Salts
Authors: Liu Liang , Wei Junnian , Chi Yue , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: October 2016

The chemistry of magnesium organocuprates, including their synthesis, structures, and reactions, remains underexplored. In this work, by taking advantage of the high reactivity and ready availability of magnesiacyclopentadienes, a series of magnesiacyclopentadiene‐based organocuprates were synthesized and structurally characterized. A variety of CuX salts (X=Cl, Br, I, or alkynyl) were successfully applied to react with magnesiacyclopentadienes. Besides CuX salts, AgX salts (X=Cl, alkynyl) also undergwent the above reaction to afford the corresponding magnesium organoargentates. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis and DFT calculations of these butadienyl magnesium organocuprates revealed unique structural characteristics and bonding modes. These results are also very useful to understand the transmetalation process, since the product can be viewed as the resting‐state intermediate of a transmetalation reaction between organomagnesium compounds and coinage‐metal salts. Preliminary information on the reaction chemistry of these magnesium organocuprates is provided by their reactions with allyl bromide, benzoyl chloride, and CO2.
Hysteretic Four‐Step Spin Crossover within a Three‐Dimensional Porous Hofmann‐like Material
Authors: Clements John E. , Price Jason R. , Neville Suzanne M. , Kepert Cameron J.
Published: October 2016

Materials that display multiple stepped spin crossover (SCO) transitions with accompanying hysteresis present the opportunity for ternary, quaternary, and quinary electronic switching and data storage but are rare in existence. Herein, we present the first report of a four‐step hysteretic SCO framework. Single‐crystal structure analysis of a porous 3D Hofmann‐like material showed long‐range ordering of spin states: HS, HS0.67LS0.33, HS0.5LS0.5, HS0.33LS0.67, and LS. These detailed structural studies provide insight into how multistep SCO materials can be rationally designed through control of host–host and host–guest interactions.
ortho‐C−H Arylation of Benzoic Acids with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides Catalyzed by Ruthenium
Authors: Biafora Agostino , Krause Thilo , Hackenberger Dagmar , Belitz Florian , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: October 2016

A system consisting of catalytic amounts of [(p‐cym)RuCl2]2/PEt3⋅HBF4, K2CO3 as the base, and NMP as the solvent efficiently mediates the ortho‐C−H arylation of benzoic acids with aryl bromides at 100 °C. Replacing the phosphine ligand with the amino acid dl‐pipecolinic acid enables the analogous transformation with aryl chlorides. The key advantage of this broadly applicable transformation is the use of an inexpensive ruthenium catalyst in combination with simple carboxylates as directing groups, which can either be tracelessly removed or used as anchor points for decarboxylative ipso substitutions.
Green synthesis and characterization of spherical copper nanoparticles as organometallic antibacterial agent
Authors: Keihan Amir Homayoun , Veisi Hamed , Veasi Hojat
Published: October 2016

A facile and green route for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) has been achieved using green tea extract as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. UV–visible spectra gave surface plasmon resonance at 560 nm. The Cu NPs were characterized using various techniques. The size of the Cu NPs was about 20 nm. Antibacterial activity of biogenic Cu NPs were investigated against bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and compared based on diameter of inhibition zone in disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of NPs dispersed in liquid cultures. The NPs showed better inhibitory activity against Gram‐positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) compared to Gram‐negative bacteria. Toxicity of the NPs was evaluated against animal cell line using MTT assay.
Magnetically recoverable copper nanorods and their catalytic activity in Ullmann cross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Rajabzadeh Maryam , Eshghi Hossein , Khalifeh Reza , Bakavoli Mehdi
Published: October 2016

A novel polydentate ligand supported on Fe3O4@SiO2 was designed and demonstrated for the synthesis of Cu nanorods. The Fe3O4@SiO2/EP.EN.EG@Cu was characterized using X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. The Fe3O4@SiO2/EP.EN.EG@Cu showed excellent catalytic efficiency for the cross‐coupling reaction of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles with aryl halides. The catalyst could be effectively separated from the reaction mixture by simply applying an external magnetic field and reused at least five times without loss of activity.
Interpenetrating photopolymers for intraocular lens application
Authors: Shaik Syed Hussain , Donempudi Shailaja , Tammishetti Shekharam , Rao Garikapati Koteswara , Pal Bhadra Manika
Published: October 2016

Interpenetrating photopolymer network materials suitable for intraocular lens application are presented. A rapidly curable, transparent, hydrophobic material with appropriate optical and thermomechanical properties has been prepared from Benzyl acrylate and Benzyl methacrylate. To improve its biocompatibility and optimize surface—cell interactions, this material was modified with respect to its hydrophobicity. Materials which are more hydrophobic, and more hydrophilic, than the base resin were prepared by copolymerization with either a fluoroacrylate or a PEG acrylate respectively. All materials were characterized for their optical and thermomechanical properties. Their in‐vitro cytotoxicity and interaction with mouse fibroblast cells were also studied. It was shown that all materials of the study were biocompatible and more hydrophilic materials resisted cell attachment and may be more suitable for IOL application than their more hydrophobic counter parts of the study. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44496.
Rapid Activation of Transforming Growth Factor β–Activated Kinase 1 in Chondrocytes by Phosphorylation and K63‐Linked Polyubiquitination Upon Injury to Animal Articular Cartilage
Authors: Ismail Heba M. , Didangelos Athanasios , Vincent Tonia L. , Saklatvala Jeremy
Published: October 2016

Objective

Mechanical injury to cartilage predisposes to osteoarthritis (OA). Wounding of the articular cartilage surface causes rapid activation of MAP kinases and NF‐κB, mimicking the response to inflammatory cytokines. This study was undertaken to identify the upstream signaling mechanisms involved.

Methods

Cartilage was injured by dissecting it from the articular surface of porcine metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints or by avulsing murine proximal femoral epiphyses. Protein phosphorylation was assayed by Western blotting of cartilage lysates. Immunolocalization of phosphorylated activating transcription factor 2 (ATF‐2) and NF‐κB/p65 was detected by confocal microscopy. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Receptor associated protein 80 (RAP‐80) ubiquitin interacting motif agarose was used in a pull‐down assay to obtain K63‐polyubiquitinated proteins. Ubiquitin linkages on immunoprecipitated transforming growth factor β–activated kinase 1 (TAK‐1) were analyzed with deubiquitinases.

Results

Sharp injury to porcine cartilage caused rapid activation of JNK and NF‐κB pathways and the upstream kinases MKK‐4, IKK, and TAK‐1. Pharmacologic inhibition of TAK‐1 in porcine cartilage abolished JNK and NF‐κB activation and reduced the injury‐dependent inflammatory gene response. High molecular weight species of phosphorylated TAK‐1 were induced by injury, indicating its ubiquitination. An overall increase in K63‐linked polyubiquitination was detected upon injury, and TAK‐1 was specifically linked to K63‐ but not K48‐polyubiquitin chains. In mice, avulsion of wild‐type femoral epiphyses caused similar intracellular signaling that was reduced in cartilage‐specific TAK‐1–null mice. Epiphyseal cartilage of MyD88‐null and TRAF‐6–null mice responded to injury, suggesting the involvement of a ubiquitin E3 ligase other than TRAF‐6.

Conclusion

Activation of TAK‐1 by phosphorylation and K63‐linked polyubiquitination by injury indicates its role in driving cell activation. Further studies are needed to identify the upstream ubiquitination mechanisms, including the E3 ligase involved.
Associations between Maternal Water Consumption and Birth Defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2000–2005)
Authors: Alman Breanna L. , Coffman Evan , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Luben Thomas J. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: October 2016

Background

Water and water‐based beverages constitute a major part of daily fluid intake for pregnant women, yet few epidemiologic studies have investigated the role of water consumption on birth outcomes.

Methods

We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study to conduct a case–control study investigating associations between maternal water consumption during pregnancy and birth defects (BD). We used interview data on water consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy in 14,454 cases (major BDs n ≥ 50) and 5,063 controls. Total water consumption was analyzed as a continuous variable and in quartiles. We evaluated the role of dietary quality and sugar sweetened beverage consumption. Logistic regression models were used to assess effects of water consumption on risk of BDs with adjustment for relevant covariates.

Results

Mean daily maternal water consumption among controls was 4.4 eight‐ounce glasses. We observed decreases in estimated risk associated with increases in water consumption for several BDs, including neural tube defects (spina bifida), oral clefts (cleft lip), musculoskeletal defects (gastroschisis, limb deficiencies), and congenital heart defects (hypoplastic left heart syndrome, right‐sided obstructions, pulmonary valve stenosis). Our results were generally unchanged when an indicator for overall dietary quality was included; however, there was evidence of effect measure modification by heavy consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages for some defects, but not all.

Conclusion

These analyses suggest the importance of sufficient water consumption during early pregnancy, above and beyond it being a marker of higher diet quality. Additional analyses are warranted to understand the biological mechanism for this association. Birth Defects Research 109:193–202, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cajal body function in genome organization and transcriptome diversity
Authors: Sawyer Iain A. , Sturgill David , Sung Myong‐Hee , Hager Gordon L. , Dundr Miroslav
Published: October 2016

Nuclear bodies contribute to non‐random organization of the human genome and nuclear function. Using a major prototypical nuclear body, the Cajal body, as an example, we suggest that these structures assemble at specific gene loci located across the genome as a result of high transcriptional activity. Subsequently, target genes are physically clustered in close proximity in Cajal body‐containing cells. However, Cajal bodies are observed in only a limited number of human cell types, including neuronal and cancer cells. Ultimately, Cajal body depletion perturbs splicing kinetics by reducing target small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcription and limiting the levels of spliceosomal snRNPs, including their modification and turnover following each round of RNA splicing. As such, Cajal bodies are capable of shaping the chromatin interaction landscape and the transcriptome by influencing spliceosome kinetics. Future studies should concentrate on characterizing the direct influence of Cajal bodies upon snRNA gene transcriptional dynamics.

Also see the video abstract here.
Asymmetric Catalytic Syntheses of Pharmaceutically Important β‐Amino‐α‐Hydroxyl Esters by Enantioselective Aminolysis of Methyl Phenylglycidate
Authors: Tak Rajkumar , Kumar Manish , Menapara Tusharkumar , Choudhary Manoj Kumar , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Khan Noor‐ul H.
Published: October 2016

Chiral macrocyclic CrIII salen complexes have been synthesized, characterized, and used as catalysts in the asymmetric aminolysis of aromatic ester epoxides with various anilines to prepare the β‐amino‐α‐hydroxyl esters in very good yield (up to 95 %) along with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity (dr>99/1, ee up to 96 %) under the optimized condition particularly with CrIII complex 4, which was effectively recycled four times.