bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG) and Hospital Business Performance Management
Authors: Szynkiewicz Piotr , Iltchev Petre , Piechota Anna , Sierocka Aleksandra , Marczak Michał
Published: January 2015

The goal of this article is to present the possibility of using Diagnosis- Related Groups (DRG) in the hospital management process and to analyse the need for business performance management on the part of hospital management staff. The following research methods were used: literature analysis, case studies, and poll analysis. It is not possible to increase the effectiveness of operation of healthcare entities without increasing the importance of IT systems and using DRG more effectively in the management process. Training users in IT and the use of DRGs is important to achieving hospital effectiveness. The increased importance of analyses and planning in a hospital should be reflected in the organisational structure of service providers. Hospital controllers should have a similar role to those present in most companies in other industries.
The saker falcon (Falco cherrug) population, diet and nest boxes in Slovakia: LIFE-project report 2011–2014
Authors: Chavko Jozef , Slobodník Roman , Deutschová Lucia , Lipták Ján , Mihók Jozef , Obuch Ján , Nemcek Vladimír
Published: January 2015

From October 201 0 until December 201 4 the LIFE09 NAT/HU/000384 project was implemented in four Special Protected Areas in Slovakia. The recent project was complementary to a previous LIFE project implemented between 2006 and 201 0. Both projects supported regular monitoring of the population of saker falcon and new approaches to conservation of the species. The LIFE09 project helped to increase knowledge about the prey composition and the behaviour of the species. The population was strongly affected in 201 3 by extremely bad weather conditions (1 .79 fledglings/breeding attempt). Although the total number of saker falcon pairs in Slovakia is thought to be higher, 31 pairs were breeding in 201 4. By analysis of the diet (2991 individuals), 47 prey species were identified, from which birds were predominant (80%). More than half of the diet consisted of feral pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) (59%)
Movement of satellite-tracked juvenile saker falcons (Falco cherrug) in SW Slovakia
Authors: Nemcek Vladimír , Chavko Jozef , Deutschová Lucia
Published: January 2015

During the period 2008-2011 nine juvenile saker falcon females from SW Slovakia were tracked with satellite telemetry. The movement of four of those females tagged with satellite tracking devices was analysed in 2011 (two juveniles for 6 months, one for 5 months and one for 3 months). The analysis of the collision risk with wind turbines also used telemetry data from previous years (2008-2009) - five birds tracked from abandoning their nest to abandoning their post-fledging areas (i.e. 45, 48, 37, 11 3 and 1 34 days). The juveniles visited 1 3 different countries during their post-fledging dispersal and migration. Maximum distance from the nest varied between 1 53 and 2094 km. For two birds the cause of death was recorded: one female was electrocuted and other female was probably also electrocuted. We also evaluated two factors of potential wind turbine threat: a) the distance ofGPS locations from the nearest wind turbines in the vicinity of post-fledging areas, b) numbers ofwind turbines in post-fledging areas. Assessment of the collision risk with wind turbines showed low risk for the tracked individuals. Two of four tracked birds were at medium risk (2-5 km) from wind turbines. The highest risk for the young falcons comes from wind turbines in neighbouring countries, where they are constructed near borders
Winter ranging behaviour of a greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga) in southeast Spain during four consecutive years
Authors: Pérez-García Juan M. , Sellis Urmas , Väli Ülo
Published: January 2015

Knowing the winter behaviour is essential for deciding on conservation strategies for threatened migratory species such as the greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga). Fidelity and inter-annual variation in winter home range of an Estonian greater spotted eagle were studied during the first four years of its life by means ofGPS satellite telemetry in south-eastern Spain. Results show the eagle exploited a small area (1 2.7 km2, 95% kernel) with high inter-annual fidelity during all winter stages. The A. clanga preferred marshes and water bodies and avoided irrigated crops and urban areas. Waterfowl hunting did not show any effect on the spatial pattern of the eagle’s behaviour, although water level management in reservoirs could influence their use by the A. clanga. Our study highlights that the wintering home range may be limited to a small suitable habitat patch where human activities, especially water reservoir management, should be regulated
Can in Shakespeare and Marlowe
Authors: Skorasińska Monika
Published: January 2015

This paper seeks to present the main meanings and the use of the modal verb can in the plays of two Early Modern English playwrights, William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. In particular, the study aims at presenting a comparative analysis and provides descriptive as well as quantitative data. The research is based on the analysis of the corpus consisting of the plays written by Shakespeare and Marlowe between 1593-1599. The choice of the works is not random but includes the plays which bear the strongest resemblance in terms of theme, structure, and most importantly, the language of both authors.
Prewintering Aquatic and Semiaquatic True Bugs in the Timiş River Valley: Adaptations, Diversity, Community Structure and the Role of Antropic Impact
Authors: Olosutean Horea , Ilie Daniela
Published: January 2015

In November 2011 during a normal overwintering period, a small number of active, aquatic and semiaquatic adult insects were collected from several habitats along the Timiș River basin. This active state for the insects was closely related to higher temperatures found in certain deeper, stagnant water habitats, which also had greater amounts of aquatic vegetation and more stable living conditions. Most such habitats seem to be of anthropic origin, emphasizing the role of human impacts on the life of the discussed group of insects and the need to consider anthropic activities in the conservation of certain species of insects. The state of Aphelocheirus aestivalis is also discussed, along with a proposal to study the species on a larger scale and its possible inclusion on the Romanian Red List.
Timiş River (Banat, Romania) Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities Structure Spatial Dinamic
Authors: Curtean-Bănăduc Angela , Farcaş Adina Nicoleta
Published: January 2015

This study presents the description of the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate communities of the Timiș River (Danube Watershed) in correlation with environmental parameters. The results are based on quantitative benthic macroinvertebrates (105 samples) taken in 2011 (June-September) from 21 stations of the the Timiş River, situate between its sources and the Romanian-Serbian border (241 km). The assessed biotope variables were: altitude, slope, riverbed width, depth, substratum types, channel modification and water physico-chemical caracteristics. The results of the study reveal that the spatial structure of benthic macroinvertebrates is induced by the substrate type, by the minor riverbed modifications in comparison with the natural conditions and the quantities of oxidable matters in the water.
The Diversity of Caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) Species in TimiȘ River Catchment Area (Western Romania)
Authors: Pârvu Mălina , Pârvulescu Lucian
Published: January 2015

In order to determine the benthic macro invertebrates communities role as bioindicators, researchers worldwide carried out analyses into the structure, dynamics and diversity of the different groups as well as into the physical-chemical factors. A total of twenty one species of caddisfly larvae were identified in the study. Numerical abundance, frequency and diversity values recorded for the caddisfly species varied according to the physicalchemical conditions specific to each sample collecting station. The physical and chemical parameters monitored in Timiș River water catchment basin have corresponded with the limits of the Ministry of Environment and Water Management (MEWA) Order 161/2006, which states the ecological status of surface bodies of water with, few exceptions being identified.
Alkaline Lake System in Danube and Tisza Interfluve (Szeged, Hu) – Climate Change and Landscape Degradation
Authors: Halmos László , Bozsó Gábor , Pál-Molnár Elemér
Published: January 2015

Sodic areas can be found in every continent. The main condition of the salt accumulation in sodic soils is the near-surface groundwater. There is a serious environmental problem in the Danube-Tisza Interfluve which threatens the natural alkaline lakes and sodic areas with landscape destruction. The aim of this study is to collect information about the seasonal geochemical cycles in the sediments of Lake Fehér. Based on the results of this research, the protection of the similar alkaline wetlands could be more effective. The study area was an alkaline lake system sorrounded by sodic areas called Lake Fehér by Szeged. The investigation was carried out in three periods based on the seasonal distribution of precipitation. There were eight sampling dates on the same site during one meteorological year. For the short-term monitoring, the type of the soil, the particle content, the pH and the EC were investigated. The groundwater and precipitation data of the last century were used for the long-term observation. The results show that the precipitation decreased in the southern part of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve in the last 100 years. Along with the decreasing precipitation, the groundwater level has been sinking. Knowing the dynamics of the area, the problem could be managed; otherwise, the ecosystems of the alkaline lakes will vanish.
Methodical Approach to Determine the Influence of Economic Activity in the Region on the State of the Territorial Environment of the Territory
Authors: Berezina Olena , Petrovskiy Maksim
Published: January 2015

The goal of this research work is the formation of methodological approach of ecological factor assessment impact on the development level of territorial economic systems. This article presents the quality indicators of the development of socio-economic areas, which reflect total level and the extent of human impact on the natural environment characterizing the level of economy influence (economic activities) on the environment. This article suggests the approach to the calculation of Eco-intensity indicator and general air pollution dynamics in Ukraine, regarding regions, type of economic activities/industries. The research studies the comparative evaluation and the characteristics of the ecological status of the territories. It was determined that for the period from 2005 till 2012 the emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile pollution sources are being gradually reduced due to the decreasing level of production enterprises, which were the main polluters of the atmosphere. According to the types of economic activity, the measurements of Eco-intensity emissions of pollutants and carbon dioxide indicated that the biggest indices were in energy distribution, mining and processing industries.
Species Complexes of Predatory Phytoseiid Mites (Parasitiformes, Phytoseiidae) in Green Urban Plantations of Uman’ (Ukraine)
Authors: Grabovska S. L , Kolodochka L. A
Published: January 2015

Structure of species complexes of predatory phytoseiid mites (Phytoseiidae) and their distribution were studied in plant associations of Uman’ town (Cherkasy Region, Ukraine). Twelve species of seven genera of phytoseiid mites were revealed. It was observed centripetal reduction of the species diversity in the phytoseiid complexes from the outlying districts to the center of the town.
Comparative Analysis of Karyotypes of Two Cryptic Species of Pelobatid Frogs (Amphibia, Anura) of Ukraine
Authors: Suryadnaya N. N
Published: January 2015

The paper first describes in detail the karyotype of Pelobates vespertinus (Pallas, 1771) in comparison with the karyotype of Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768). Comparative morphological analysis of chromosomes has shown that these two cryptic species have a symmetrical karyotype consisting of two-armed chromosomes. It has been established that their chromosome sets consist of 7 pairs of large chromosomes and 6 pairs of small ones. The species diff er by the position of the centromere in the chromosomes of the 10th and 11th pairs. The 10th pair of P. fuscus is metacentrics, the 11th pair is submetacentric; the 10th pair of P. vespertinus is submetacentric, and the 11th one is metacentrics. Secondary constrictions are on the short arms of the 7th chromosome pair. The chromosomal formula for both species is 4 meta-(m) + 7 submeta-(sm) + 2 subtelocentrics (st), 2n = 26, N.F. = 52. Absolute length of all the chromosomes in the karyotype of P. fuscus is somewhat larger than that one in the karyotype of P. vespertinus. The parameters of relative length are equivalent on average, but they diff er in individual chromosomes. On the background of established chromosomal differences between the cryptic species, reliable diagnostic features have not been identified.
Unusual Age Structure of the Winter Aggregation of Nyctalus Noctula (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Kyiv
Authors: Godlevska L. V , Gol’din P. E
Published: January 2015

We analysed the sex and age composition of a large colony of Nyctalus noctula (605 specimens), wintering in Kyiv, Ukraine. Age was identified in 113 individuals using the method of counting growth layer groups in dentine. Males contained ca. 70 % both in the colony and in the sample of animals with the estimated ages. Males and females of all ages were in good body condition. There were bats from 0+ to 7+ years old in the sample. In males, 0+ age class was represented by 38 %; 1+ class, by 20 % of individuals. In females, 0+ and 1+ year old individuals were found in similar numbers: 29 % and 32 % correspondingly. The observed sex ratio and proportions of males and females across age classes cannot be explained only by demography. The data are interpreted in terms of migratory behaviour and mating strategy of the species: the unusual female age structure is possibly due to age-specific preferences in wintering habitat selection and search for potential mating partners.
A Survey of Gill Histopathology of Thirteen Common Fish Species in the Sanyati Basin, Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe/ Badania Histopatologiczne Skrzeli Trzynastu Pospolitych Gatunków Ryb W Zlewni Sanyati, Jezioro Kariba, Zimbabwe
Authors: Mabika Nyasha , Barson Maxwell
Published: January 2015

Following a study of gill pathology in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from the Sanyati Basin of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, a similar survey was carried out in thirteen other common fishes of Lake Kariba. Gill tissues were dissected from the fish, preserved and prepared for histology. The prepared tissue sections were observed under a light microscope. Six histopathological lesions were observed, namely epithelial lifting, hyperplasia, lamellae fusion, parasitic cysts, oedema, and aneurysm. Epithelial lifting was prevalent in all fish species whilst aneurysm was only observed in two fish species. Synodontis zambezensis had the highest prevalence of gill lesions whilst Marcusenius microlepidotus, Brycinus imberi and Micralestes acutidens had the least prevalence of lesions. Most of these histopathological lesions were mild to moderate, and this is suggestive of good health of the fish species investigated. Seventy seven percent of the fish species were infected with monogenean ectoparasites. More research on fish health in Lake Kariba is recommended and future studies should aim to quantify these histological changes in relation to environmental conditions of the lake. This will enable histopathology to be used as a biomarker or predictor of water quality.
Dorsal Surface of the Tongue of the Hazel Dormouse Muscardinus Avellanarius: Scanning Electron and Light Microscopic Studies/ Grzbietowa Powierzchnia Języka Orzesznicy Muscardinus Avellanarius: Badania Z Wykorzystaniem Mikroskopu Skaningowego I Świetlnego
Authors: Wołczuk Katarzyna
Published: January 2015

The dorsal surface of a hazel dormouse tongue was examined by scanning electron and light microscopy. The tongue of the hazel dormouse is elongated and widened in the proximal part. On the proximal one-third of the tongue a clear median groove is observed. The dorsal lingual surface was covered with five types of papillae: filiform, conical, fungiform, vallate and foliate. The arrangement, shape, size and direction of the filiform papillae vary depending on the region of the tongue. On the proximal part of the tongue, the filiform papillae are saw-like and tilted medioposteriorly, while on the distal part they have a fork-like shape and form a radial pattern with their processes oriented towards the center of the tongue. Fungiform papillae with single taste buds are evenly scattered on the anterior and middle part of the tongue body. On the root of the tongue, three star-like shaped vallate papillae are arranged in the form of a triangle and surrounded by conical papillae. A pair of foliate papillae are found on both edges of the posterior area of the tongue, forming three parallel folds separated by deep grooves. The dorsal surfaces of the vallate and foliate papillae are covered with hard-cornified epithelium, while the lateral surfaces have noncornified epithelium with numerous taste buds. The results of our studies show that the tongue structure of the hazel dormouse is more primitive in comparison with other rodents which is related to their phylogeny and feeding habits.
Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy with Silicone, Polypropylene, and T-tube Stents; Randomized Controlled Trial of Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Okuyucu Semsettin , Gorur Hatice , Oksuz Huseyin , Akoglu Ertap
Published: January 2015

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (En-DCR) with different stent materials for lacrimal sac intubation in primary nasolacrimal ductal obstructions.

Study Design

Randomized controlled study with three parallel groups. Level of evidence is 1b.

Methods

A total of 91 patients (five bilateral) with primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) at a tertiary referral center scheduled for En-DCR were to allocated into three stent groups with a sealed envelope and were randomized into three treatments: silicone, Prolene (polypropylene), and otologic T-tube. Ophthalmology and otolaryngology clinics evaluated the patients preoperatively and postoperatively with endoscopes, lacrimal system syringing, and dacryocystography. The success of the stents was evaluated 12 months after surgery with symptom relief and ostial patency. Complications were also noted.

Results

The overall success rate of the En-DCR in the stent groups was 78.1% (75/96); specifically, 87.5% (28/32) with silicone, 84.4% (27/32) with Prolene, and 62.5% (20/32) with T-tube. The efficacy of the procedures with the T-tube was significantly lower than that of the Prolene and silicone (p = .031, χ2 test). There were no significant differences between the silicone and Prolene (p = .718, χ2 test). Prolene was found to be related with orbital complications. Spontaneous loss is a particular complication of otologic T-tube and highly portends to failure.

Conclusions

The results of our study suggest that efficacy, defined as anatomic and functional success, is equally high for silicone and Prolene stents and lower for otologic T-tube in En-DCR.
Does Atopy Influence the Effectiveness of Treatment of Adenoid Hypertrophy with Mometasone Furoate?
Authors: Rezende Renato M. , Amato Flávia S. , Barbosa Aline P. , Menezes Ulissis P. , Rezende Patrícia , Ferriani Virgínia P.L. , Anselmo-Lima Wilma T. , Valera Fabiana C. P.
Published: January 2015

Background

The effect of topical mometasone for adenoid hypertrophy treatment is well established. Nevertheless, the influence of atopy on this treatment remains ill defined.

Objective

This study aims to compare the effects of topical mometasone furoate treatment on the adenoid tissue between atopic and nonatopic children.

Methods

Fifty-one children with obstructive respiratory complaints underwent a semistructured clinical questionnaire on nasal symptoms, prick test, and nasoendoscopy. Nasoendoscopic images were digitalized, and both adenoid and nasopharyngeal areas were measured in pixels; the relative adenoid/ nasopharyngeal area was calculated. Patients were initially treated for 40 days with nasal saline solution. In a subsequent 40-day period, topical mometasone furoate (total dose, 100 μg/day) was used.

Results

Topical mometasone significantly improved nasal obstruction, snoring, and apnea and also significantly reduced the adenoid tissue area related to the nasopharynx (p < 0.0001). Treatment with this glucocorticoid was not influenced by atopy, neither for symptoms nor for adenoid area.

Conclusion

Topical mometasone furoate significantly reduced the adenoid tissue area and led to a supplementary improvement ofnasal symptoms. This improvement was similar for atopic and nonatopic patients.
Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilms Induce Apoptosis and Expression of Interferon-γ, Interleukin-10, and Interleukin-17A on Human Sinonasal Explants
Authors: Cantero Daniel , Cooksley Clare , Bassiouni Ahmed , Tran Hai Bac , Roscioli Eugene , Wormald Peter-John , Vreugde Sarah
Published: January 2015

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common bacteria associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Although S. aureus biofilms have been correlated with disease severity in CRS, little is known about the initial immune response that biofilms induce in the sinonasal mucosa.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the innate immune response (in terms of cytokines) of nondiseased human sinonasal tissue to S. aureus biofilms.

Methods

Full-thickness sinonasal explant cultures (n = 7 donors) were challenged with established S. aureus biofilms for 24 hours. The expression profiles of 17 cytokines were measured using multiplex analysis, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. Differences in expression were evaluated using Student's t-test.

Results

Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, TNF, IL-17A, and interferon (IFN)-γ were up-regulated at the RNA and protein levels in biofilm-treated tissues compared with controls. Elevation of caspase-3 in biofilm-treated samples indicates S. aureus biofilms induce apoptosis on the sinonasal mucosa.

Conclusion

S. aureus biofilms induced apoptosis and a predominant proinflammatory immune response on normal sinonasal mucosal explants. This immune response appeared to be triggered by intrinsic bacterial elements but also by components of the biofilm matrix. Live biofilms were present on the mucosa at the end of the challenge, suggesting an inability of the induced immune response to eliminate the S. aureus biofilms.
Prevalence of Nasal Polyps and its Risk Factors: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2011
Authors: We Jaewoon , Lee Woo Hyun , Tan Keng Lu , Wee Jee Hye , Rhee Chae-Seo , Lee Chul Hee , Ann Soyeon , Lee Ju Hyun , Kim Jeong-Whun
Published: January 2015

Background

Although nasal polyps (NPs) are thought to be a common otorhinolaryngologic disease, there have been few population-based epidemiologic studies on the prevalence of NPs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of NPs and the risk factors in the general Korean population.

Methods

The data were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2009-2011), which was a cross-sectional survey of noninstitutionalized populations all around the country (n = 28,009). Among them, 19,152 participants (age more than or equal to 20 years) completed medical interviews, physical examinations and endoscopic examination. Analyses were performed using a complex sample design to identify the prevalence and its risk factors.

Results

The weighted prevalence of NPs was 2.5%. The increased prevalence was associated with increasing age. In the multivariate analyses, male sex [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25-2.26], low education level (adjusted OR = 1.57, CI = 1.16-2.13), obesity (adjusted OR = 1.49, CI = 1.19-1.87), asthma (adjusted OR = 1.80, CI = 1.24-2.62), and thyroid cancer (adjusted OR = 2.98, CI = 1.26-7.09) were associated with NPs. Among those with NPs, the proportion of symptomatic NPs was 34.4% and asthma was the only significant associated risk factor.

Conclusion

The prevalence of NPs in the Korean general population was not low despite advances in medical and surgical treatment and two thirds of the subjects with NPs were asymptomatic. Further investigation is needed to exhibit the causal relationship between the associated risk factors identified and NPs.
Tension of the Ulnar, Median, and Radial Nerves During Ulnar Nerve Neurodynamic Testing: Observational Cadaveric Study
Authors: Manvell Nicole , Manvell Joshua J. , Snodgrass Suzanne J. , Reid Susan A.
Published: January 2015

Background

The ulnar nerve upper limb neurodynamic test (ULNT3) uses upper limb positioning to investigate symptoms arising from the ulnar nerve. It is proposed to selectively increase tension of the nerve; however, this property of the test is not well established.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the upper limb position that results in: (1) the greatest tension of the ulnar nerve and (2) the greatest difference in tension between the ulnar nerve and the other 2 major nerves of the upper limb: median and radial.

Design

This was an observational cadaver study.

Methods

Tension (in newtons) of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves was measured simultaneously using 3 buckle force transducers in 5 upper limb positions in 10 embalmed human cadavers (N=20 limbs). Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc tests determined differences in tension among nerves and among limb positions.

Results

The addition of shoulder horizontal abduction (H.Abd; 12.62 N; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=10.76, 14.47) and combined shoulder abduction and internal rotation (H.Abd+IR; 11.86 N; 95% CI=9.96, 13.77) to ULNT3 (scapular depression, shoulder abduction and external rotation, elbow flexion, forearm pronation, and wrist and finger extension) produced significantly greater ulnar nerve tension compared with the ULNT3 alone (8.71 N; 95% CI=7.25, 10.17). The ULNT3+H.Abd test demonstrated the greatest difference in tension among nerves (mean difference between ulnar and median nerves=11.87 N; 95% CI=9.80, 13.92; mean difference between ulnar and radial nerves=8.47 N; 95% CI=6.41, 10.53).

Limitations

These results pertain only to the biomechanical plausibility of the ulnar nerve neurodynamic test and do not account for other factors that may affect the clinical application of this test.

Conclusions

The ULNT3+H.Abd is a biomechanically plausible test for detecting peripheral neuropathic pain related to the ulnar nerve. In situations where the shoulder complex will not tolerate the combination of shoulder external rotation in abduction, performing upper limb neurodynamic tests with internal rotation instead of external rotation is a biomechanically plausible alternative.
Milked and Feathered: The Regressive Welfare Effects of Canada's Supply Management Regime
Authors: Cardwell Ryan , Lawley Chad , Xiang Di
Published: January 2015

The production and trade of dairy and poultry products in Canada are controlled by a system of supply management (SM). Output is regulated with production quotas, and imports are restricted through a system of tariff-rate quotas. Many of Canada's trading partners are seeking better access to Canadian dairy and poultry markets in negotiations over proposed preferential trade agreements. These pressures have renewed debate about the future of SM in Canada. We investigate one criticism of SM: that high prices for dairy and poultry products impose regressive distributional effects on Canadian consumers. We apply the Exact Affine Stone Index demand model to data from the Canadian Food Expenditure Survey to estimate consumer responses to price changes for dairy and poultry products. Parameters from the demand model are used to generate welfare comparisons between the current SM regime and a counterfactual liberalized market. Canada's SM policies are highly regressive, imposing a burden of approximately 2.3 percent ($339) of income per year on the poorest households, compared to 0.5 percent ($554) for the richest households. The burden is larger for households with children.
Accuracy of direct magnetic resonance imaging-guided placement of drug infusion cannulae
Authors: Chittiboina Prashant , Heiss John D. , Lonser Russell R.
Published: January 2015

An intraoperative MRI (iMRI)–compatible system has been developed for direct placement of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) cannulae using real-time imaging. To establish the precision and feasibility of this technology, the authors analyzed findings in patients who underwent direct iMRI CED cannula placement.

Three consecutive patients underwent iMRI-guided placement of CED infusion cannulae (6 cannulae) for treatment of diffuse intrinsic brainstem glioma (2 patients) or Parkinson's disease (1 patient). Convective infusion cannulae were guided to the target using the ClearPoint iMRI-based navigation platform (MRI Interventions, Inc.). Placement accuracy was analyzed.

Real-time iMRI during infusion cannula insertion allowed for monitoring of trajectory accuracy during placement. During cannula insertion, no reinsertions or changes due to errors in targeting were necessary. The mean radial error was 1.0 ± 0.5 mm (± SD). There was no correlation between the total length of the planned trajectory and the radial error (Pearson's coefficient: −0.40; p = 0.5). The mean anteroposterior and lateral errors were 0.9 ± 0.5 and 0.3 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. The mean in-plane distance error was 1.0 ± 0.4 mm. The mean tip error (scalar distance between the planned target and actual tip) was 1.9 ± 0.9 mm. There was no correlation between the length of the planned trajectory and any of the measured errors. No complications were associated with cannula placement.

Real-time iMRI-based targeting and monitoring of infusion cannula placement is a safe, effective, and accurate technique that should enable more selective perfusion of brain regions.
Giant intracranial epidermoids: is total removal feasible?
Authors: Aboud Emad , Abolfotoh Mohammad , Pravdenkova Svetlana , Gokoglu Abdulkerim , Gokden Murat , Al-Mefty Ossama
Published: January 2015

OBJECT

Epidermoid tumors arise from misplaced squamous epithelium and enlarge through the accumulation of desquamated cell debris. Optimal treatment consists of total removal of the capsule; therefore, giant and multicompartmental tumors are particularly challenging. A conservative attitude in handling the tumor capsule is common given concerns about capsule adherence to neurovascular structures, and thus the possibility of recurrence is accepted with the intent of minimizing complications. This study focuses on the outcome of surgery in patients with giant epidermoid tumors for which total capsule removal was the aim.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients with giant epidermoid tumors treated by the senior author (O.A.), who pursued total removal of the capsule through skull base approaches. Patients were divided into 2 groups: one including patients with de novo tumors and the other consisting of patients who presented with recurrent tumors.

RESULTS

Thirty-four patients had undergone 46 operations, and the senior author performed 38 of these operations in the study period. The average tumor dimensions were 55 × 36 mm, and 25 tumors had multicompartmental extensions. Total removal of the tumor and capsule was achieved with the aid of the microscope in 73% of the 26 de novo cases but in only 17% of the 12 recurrent tumor cases. The average follow-up among all patients was 111 months (range 10–480 months), and the average postsurgical follow-up was 56.8 months (range 6–137 months). There were 4 recurrences in the de novo group, and every case had had a small piece of tumor capsule left behind. One patient died after delayed rupture of a pseudoaneurysm. In the de novo group, the average preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score was 71.42%, which improved to 87.14% on long-term follow-up. In the group with recurrences, the KPS score also improved on long-term follow-up, from 64.54% to 84.54%. In the de novo group, 3 cases (11.5%) had permanent cranial nerve deficits, and 4 cases (15.4%) had a CSF leak. In the recurrence group, 3 cases (25%) had new, permanent cranial nerve deficits, and 1 (8.3%) had a CSF leak. Two patients in this group developed hydrocephalus and required a shunt.

CONCLUSIONS

Total removal of the capsule of giant epidermoid tumors was achieved in 73% of patients with de novo tumors and was associated with improved function, low morbidity and mortality, and a lower risk of recurrence. Surgery in patients with recurrent tumors was associated with higher morbidity and persistence of the disease.
Endoscopic endonasal resection of skull base chondrosarcomas: technique and early results
Authors: Moussazadeh Nelson , Kulwin Charles , Anand Vijay K. , Ting Jonathan Y. , Gamss Caryn , Iorgulescu J. Bryan , Tsiouris Apostolos John , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. , Schwartz Theodore H.
Published: January 2015

OBJECT

The authors of this study sought to report the technique and early clinical outcomes of a purely endonasal endoscopic approach for resection of petroclival chondrosarcomas.

METHODS

Between 2010 and 2014, 8 patients (4 men and 4 women) underwent endonasal endoscopic operations to resect petroclival chondrosarcomas at 2 institutions. The patients' mean age was 44.8 years (range 30–64 years). One of the patients had previously undergone radiation therapy and another a staged craniotomy. Using volumetric software, an independent neuroradiologist assessed the extent of the resections on MRI scans taken immediately after surgery and at the 3-month follow-up. Immediate complications and control of symptoms were also recorded. In addition, the authors reviewed the current literature on surgical treatment of chondrosarcoma.

RESULTS

The mean preoperative tumor diameter and volume were 3.4 cm and 9.8 cm3, respectively. Six patients presented with cranial neuropathies. Endonasal endoscopic surgery achieved > 95% resection in 5 of the 8 patients and < 95% resection in the remaining 3 patients. One of the 6 neuropathies resolved, and the remaining 5 partially improved. One instance of postoperative CSF leakage required a reoperation for repair; no other complications associated with these operations were observed. All of the patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the authors' experience, the endoscopic endonasal route is a safe and effective approach for the resection of appropriately selected petroclival chondrosarcomas.
Surgical outcomes of modified lumbar spinous process–splitting laminectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Kanbara Shunsuke , Yukawa Yasutsugu , Ito Keigo , Machino Masaaki , Kato Fumihiko
Published: January 2015

The lumbar spinous process–splitting laminectomy (LSPSL) procedure was developed as an alternative to lumbar laminectomy. In the LSPSL procedure, the spinous process is evenly split longitudinally and then divided at its base from the posterior arch, leaving the bilateral paravertebral muscle attached to the lateral aspects. This procedure allows for better exposure of intraspinal nerve tissues, comparable to that achieved by conventional laminectomy while minimizing damage to posterior supporting structures. In this study, the authors make some modifications to the original LSPSL procedure (modified LSPSL), in which laminoplasty is performed instead of laminectomy. The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes in modified LSPSL with those in conventional laminectomy (CL) and to evaluate bone unions between the split spinous process and residual laminae following modified LSPSL.

Forty-seven patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were enrolled in this study. Twenty-six patients underwent modified LSPSL and 21 patients underwent CL. Intraoperative blood loss and surgical duration were evaluated. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scale scores were used to assess parameters before surgery and 12 months after surgery. The recovery rates were also evaluated. Postoperative paravertebral muscle atrophy was assessed using MRI. Bone union rates between the split spinous process and residual laminae were also examined.

The mean surgical time and intraoperative blood loss were 25.7 minutes and 42.4 ml per 1 level in modified LSPSL, respectively, and 22.7 minutes and 29.5 ml in CL, respectively. The recovery rate of the JOA score was 64.2% in modified LSPSL and 68.7% in CL. The degree of paravertebral muscle atrophy was 7.8% in modified LSPSL and 22.2% in CL at 12 months after surgery (p < 0.05). The fusion rates of the spinous process with the arcus vertebrae at 6 and 12 months in modified LSPSL were 56.3% and 81.3%, respectively.

The modified LSPSL procedure was less invasive to the paravertebral muscles and could be a laminoplasty; therefore, the modified LSPSL procedure presents an effective alternative to lumbar laminectomy.
Should we use cortical bone screws for cortical bone trajectory?
Authors: Ueno Masaki , Sakai Rina , Tanaka Kensei , Inoue Gen , Uchida Kentaro , Imura Takayuki , Saito Wataru , Nakazawa Toshiyuki , Takahira Naonobu , Mabuchi Kiyoshi , Takaso Masashi
Published: January 2015

OBJECT

In 2009, Santoni et al. reported cortical bone trajectory (CBT) as a method of inserting pedicle screws to obtain more solid fixation, and proposed the use of cortical trajectory screws with a more closely placed thread (cortical screws) for CBT. Since the entry trajectory in CBT differs from that in the traditional trajectory, it is unclear whether the increased strength derives from the specific trajectory or the shape of the screw thread in contact with the cortical bone. Whether the use of cortical screws is always required with CBT thus remains unclear. The authors therefore investigated the relationship between screw entry trajectory and screw thread characteristics and pullout strength in animal experiments.

METHODS

Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L4) from 4-month-old female pigs were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups, with cancellous screws or cortical screws inserted via the traditional trajectory or CBT. For pullout strength testing, the screw was pulled out vertically against the direction of insertion. Rod pullout testing (toggle testing) was also performed, and the peak breaking strength was measured.

RESULTS

The maximum pullout strength was significantly greater for CBT using cortical screws than for the traditional trajectory using cancellous screws. Pullout strength tended to be higher when cortical screws were used in both CBT and the traditional trajectory, although the difference was not significant. Toggle testing showed no significant differences among the 4 groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The specific unconventional trajectory seemed to have a major impact on the increased strength obtained with CBT.
Perspectives for development of ice-core drilling technology: a discussion
Authors: Talalay P.G.
Published: January 2015

More than 170 years ago, Louis Agassiz, one of the creators of glacial theory, made his first attempt to drill into the bed of Unteraargletscher, Swiss Alps. Since that time, various systems for thermal and mechanical drilling have been designed especially for boring into ice, and some conventional drill rigs been adopted for ice coring. Although contemporary ice-drilling knowledge and techniques are now familiar, there remain many problems to be solved by advanced modern technology. Specific challenges related to improving old drilling methods and developing new emerging technologies include: (1) identification of depth limitation of ‘dry’ drilling; (2) improvement of casing; (3) searching for the new environmentally friendly low-temperature drilling fluids; (4) reliable elimination of sticking drills; (5) improvement of core quality in the brittle zone; (6) additional core sampling from borehole walls after the core has been drilled; (7) obtaining oriented core; (8) designing automation drilling systems; (9) developing rapid-access drills. Possible ways of solving these problems are presented below.
Replicate ice-coring system testing
Authors: Johnson Jay A. , Mortensen Nicolai B. , Gibson Christopher J. , Goetz Joshua J. , Shturmakov Alexander J.
Published: January 2015

Drilling the WDC06A borehole at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide with the Deep Ice Sheet Coring (DISC) drill began in December 2007 and was successfully completed in December 2011 to a depth of 3405 m. The design and construction of a replicate coring system for use with the existing DISC drill began in 2010. In January 2012, the new replicate coring system was tested in the parent borehole at WAIS Divide. While a full deviation was not completed during the test period, much was learned about the mechanical, electrical and operational aspects of the system. Extensive testing and modifications were done over the northern/boreal summer to prepare the system for the upcoming and final season of the project. Further tuning of the system continued during the 2012/13 field season at WAIS Divide. This paper identifies the issues found with the system during the initial test season and discusses solutions, methods and testing done to arrive at an operational system.
Issues and options in the production of high value crops in coastal region of Pakistan
Authors: Khushk Ali Muhammad , Lashari Muhammad Ibrahim
Published: January 2015

Primary data from various stakeholders were collected to examine the issues and options in the production of high value crops in coastal region of Pakistan. During 2002, a list of betel leaf and muskmelon growers of Thatta District were developed and out of sampling frame, 160 growers were randomly selected. In the coastal area, growers are engaged in agriculture, fishing, and livestock activities. They keep camel, buffalo, and cattle mainly for milk, which is domestically consumed or sold at village level. The socio-economic conditions of growers living in coastal villages are very poor. Most of the male are unemployed or employed on daily wages. Women are engaged in fish processing industries as unskilled worker and earn a meager income. The analysis of betel leaf and muskmelon was carried out to examine the economic viability of these crops in the coastal region. Analysis shows that these crops have tremendous potential and have no competition in the existing crops in the region. The growers received high net return from betel leaf cultivation and reasonable income from muskmelon cultivation in the coastal region. The major issues for the development of high value crops in the region as identified were high initial cost, poor management operations, low input use, control of insectpests and diseases and lack of knowledge. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v32i3.537Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 32(3) : 359-368, September 2007
Study of crossability and F1 of interspecific hybridization between Brassica rapa (B. campestris) and B. nigra
Authors: Malik MA
Published: January 2015

Interspecific hybridization between yellow seeded variety, Binasarisha-6 of B. rapa var. Yellow Sarson (2n=20; AA) and Nigra-1 of B. nigra (2n=16; BB) were made. The crosses with Binasarisha-6 of B. rapa var. Yellow Sarson as a female parent were only successful. Chromosome number in root tip cells of the F1 hybrids was 18, which was half of the sum total of the somatic chromosome number of the parents and indicated hybrid nature. Hybrids exhibited intermediate morphology between the parents. All the hybrids showed complete pollen sterility with shrivelled, pointed tip, and pale colour anthers and reduced filaments and failed to set siliquae and seeds.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v32i3.546Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 32(3) : 445-449, September 2007
Participatory variety selection in wheat and its impact on scaling-up seed dissemination and varietal diversity
Authors: Pandit DB , Islam MM , Harun-ur-Rashid M , Sufian MA
Published: January 2015

Participatory selection was conducted at the Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Dinajpur to facilitate farmers in selecting and disseminating their preferable variety and replace widely cultivated disease susceptible Kanchan to increase wheat yield and production. Farmers need for wheat variety was identified through participatory rural appraisal in 2002 and impacts were assessed by house hold level survey in 2005. Researches were conducted as mother and baby trials. Scaling-up seed dissemination was carried out through seed supply. BAW1008, Shatabdi, and BAW 1006 produced higher yield in both mother and baby trials and got higher scores for farmers overall preference. The farmers emphasized on yield together with bold and white grains, more grains/spike, strong stem and other characters during scoring. They identified BAW 966, BAW 1006, BAW 1008, and Shatabdi for good Chapati quality. They expected to cultivate BAW1008, Shatabdi, and BAW 1006 in the following years. Farmer to farmer seed dissemination was highly satisfactory and seeds of Shatabdi reached 47% wheat farmers of the villages in 2004-05. Varietal diversity was increased remarkably and seven varieties were grown in the study villages. The area of Kanchan came down from 100% (in 2002-03) to 24% (in 2005-06). The participating personnel were hopeful to the new concept of plant breeding and expecting its widespread use in the country. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v32i3.549Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 32(3) : 473-486, September 20
Pet Food Palatability Evaluation: A Review of Standard Assay Techniques and Interpretation of Results with a Primary Focus on Limitations
Authors: Aldrich Gregory , Koppel Kadri
Published: January 2015

The pet food industry continues to grow steadily as a result of new innovative products. Quality control and product development tests for pet foods are typically conducted through palatability testing with dogs and cats. Palatability is the measure of intake of a food that indicates acceptance or the measure of preference of one food over another. Pet food palatability is most commonly measured using a single-bowl or a two-bowl assay. While these tests answer some questions about the animals’ perception of the food, there are many limitations as well. This review addresses some of these limitations and indicates opportunities for future research.