bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE VARIABILITY OF POLYSPORA LINI LAFFERTY
Authors: Henry A. W.
Published: April 2011

Polyspora lini, the fungus which causes the browning and stem-break disease of flax, was isolated from flax material obtained from Ireland, Sweden, the United States and Canada. Cultural differences in pigmentation and growth characters were exhibited between different strains when grown on potato dextrose, corn meal and prune agars.Saltants arose in the form of sectors from most of the parent cultures. The parent strain from Ireland was particularly prolific in the production of saltants. New strains differing from parental strains and others in cultural characters originated in this way. Many of these in turn produced sectors. Monosporous strains appeared to produce saltations as readily as polysporous strains.Most of the original isolations yielded a special form of the fungus, characterized by the production on all media tested of firm, tough colonies consisting of abundant densely packed mycelia and a relatively sparse development of spores. On the same media the usual form of the fungus develops soft, loose, profusely sporulating colonies. Strains of the new form of the fungus have arisen as saltants either as sectors or as islands in colonies of the ordinary form of the fungus. They have thus far failed to revert to the parental type even after long culture on artificial media or on passage through the host plant.Preliminary pathogenicity tests indicate that the same variety of flax may differ in its reaction to different strains of Polyspora lini, so that strains of this fungus may differ both in cultural characters and in pathogenicity.
AMIDE NITROGEN IN GERMINATING SEEDS
Authors: McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Experiments with cereal seeds indicate that the amide groups of reserve seed proteins are more readily removed from the protein during germination than are the other structural units of the protein. No accumulation of amides was found in the non-protein nitrogen of seeds nor in seedlings.
A PHOTOELECTRIC CELL METHOD OF MEASURING THE VELOCITY OF PROJECTILES
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

The velocities of rifle bullets have been measured by causing the bullet to interrupt successively beams of light shining on photoelectric cells. The resulting current pulse in the photoelectric cells, after being amplified, actuates a recording device. Two methods of taking the records were used. In the first the amplified current from the photoelectric cells is recorded by an oscillograph consisting of an Einthoven galvanometer and a rotating drum camera. In the second method each current pulse from the amplifier caused by the interruption of the beam of light by the bullet actuates a thyratron so that it discharges a condenser. The current through the condenser is recorded by the Einthoven galvanometer. The time record for both methods is obtained from a valve-maintained tuning fork having a frequency of 1000 cycles per second. The output of the tuning fork circuit excites a second fibre in the Einthoven galvanometer. Four photoelectric cell stations were used in a range of about 150 ft. The first was placed about 23 ft. from the muzzle, the others at equal intervals down the range. The accuracy was such that in measuring velocities of about 4000 ft. per sec. the probable error under the best conditions was of the order of five or six feet per second.
A SINGLE FACTOR MUTATION IN MELILOTUS ALBA DESC. HAVING MULTIPLE EFFECTS ON HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
Authors: Kirk L. E. , Armstrong J. M.
Published: April 2011

The multiple effect of a single factor mutation in Melilotus alba which affects several diverse characters of the plant including shape of leaflets and petals, position of the staminal column, morphology of the pistil, female fertility and vigor of growth, is described.The results are significant in showing that one of the genes which presumably determined leaf shape in the species ancestor still continues to modify the shape of those organs which have evolved from the leaf.
THE RELATION BETWEEN AWNS AND YIELD IN SPRING WHEAT
Authors: Aamodt O. S. , Torrie J. H.
Published: April 2011

Considerable interest has been aroused over the possible relationships existing between the presence of awns and the grain yield of wheat. The general consensus of opinion is that awned varieties tend to outyield awnletted or awnless varieties. A number of investigations with barley and wheat have shown that the awns play an important role in transpiration, and that their removal results in reduced yields. Genetic studies dealing with the relation between awns and grain yield of wheat have given contradictory evidence. Certain workers have reported positive, others negative, and still others no relationship, existing between the presence of awns and grain yield.In the present investigation, the problem was studied with a number of F3 lines of Reward × Caesium, and also with a number of awned and awnletted strains of Marquillo × Marquis-Kanred. In neither case were any significant relationships found to exist between awns and grain yield. The apparently contradictory results obtained by the different investigators suggest that the relation between the two characters differs, depending both upon the material used and the environmental conditions under which it is grown.
A NEW OPHIOBOLUS ON EELGRASS
Authors: Mounce Irene , Diehl Wm. W.
Published: April 2011

Ophiobolus halimus Diehl and Mounce n. sp. is reported on Zostera marina L. from St. Andrews, N.B. It was collected on rhizomes and fertile shoots, and developed in leaves kept in sea water in the laboratory. The fungus is described and illustrated and it is compared with related species.
F2 ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO BREEDING TECHNIQUE WITH INTER-SPECIFIC WHEAT CROSSES
Authors: Harrington J. B. , Marshall J. B.
Published: April 2011

A comparative study was made of three interspecific wheat crosses with regard to the relationship between seed plumpness and plant character in the F2 generation. In general, the degree of vulgare-ness of the plants was associated with the degree of shrunkenness of the seeds, the most shrunken seeds producing the most vulgare-like plants. However, many shrunken seeds did not produce vulgare-like plants and many plump seeds did not produce plants resembling the 14-chromosome parental variety. Desirable vulgare-like plants were obtainable from each plumpness class, the largest proportion being from the shrunken seeds. Plants from shrunken seeds that were germinated under ideal conditions proved to be no more vulgare-like than those which survived sowing under rigorous conditions in the field. The durum × vulgare cross was high in percentage of shrunken seeds and relatively high in the proportion of vulgare-like plants from plump seeds. The dicoccum × vulgare cross was low in proportion of shrunken seeds and had relatively few vulgare-like plants from plump seeds. In these crosses it would appear unnecessary for the breeder to pay attention to differences in F2 seed plumpness. The persicum × vulgare cross showed a fair proportion of shrunken seeds but had relatively few vulgare-like plants from plump seeds. In this cross it would appear advisable to have an abundance of F2 seeds and sow only the more shrunken half of them.
CERTAIN REACTIONS OF GAMMA KETONIC ACIDS
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Normington J. B. , Wilson C. V.
Published: April 2011

A considerable number of highly substituted acrylic acids or their lactols have been synthesized, and the Grignard reagent used to differentiate between the two possible structures. Acetyl chloride was found to be a satisfactory confirmatory agent, giving chlorides with the lactols, but not reacting with the open-chain acids. From the available evidence it is concluded that the differences may be attributed to cis-trans isomerism.Two other series of ketonic acids were investigated with both reagents; the Grignard reagent indicated mostly open-chain structures. The use of acetyl chloride led to a variety of products; by varying the procedure, dimers of undetermined structure, unsaturated lactones, enolic acetates, and methyl esters were obtained.Cyclohexanone gave cyclohexenyl acetate with acetyl chloride.The mechanism of the reactions is discussed, as well as the evidence for the possible structures of derivatives of levulinic acid. A mechanism is suggested to account for the formation of enolic esters and unsaturated lactones of enolized ketonic acids.
THE ADDITION OF CYANOACETAMIDE TO α-METHOXYBENZALACETOPHENONE
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Scarrow J. A.
Published: April 2011

When attempts were made to add substances of the type HA to α-methoxybenzalacetophenone in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, it was found that the components were largely recovered unchanged, except in the case of cyanoacetamide; the addition product from the latter is a hydropyridine. The hydropyridine gives two distinct series of reaction products; in the first, the substances are all pyridine derivatives and always contain a methoxyl group. In the second, partial degradation has taken place, giving rise to cyclic derivatives of a δ-ketonic acid.
Laboratory Test of Ultrasonic Depth Sounder
Authors: Field Geo. S.
Published: April 2011

not available
RAPID DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN GRAIN: II. CALIBRATION AND COMPARISON OF ELECTRICAL MOISTURE METERS WITH VACUUM OVEN FOR HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: Cook W. H. , Hopkins J. W. , Geddes W. F.
Published: April 2011

The electrical moisture meters studied were: the Burton-Pitt, Davies, Limbrick, hand-operated and motor-operated Tag-Heppenstall. The Burton-Pitt is a "dielectric" type; all the others depend on the resistance principle.The calibration curve for the Burton-Pitt instrument is parabolic within the range 11.0 to 17.0% moisture. The resistance type instruments all show a linear relation between moisture content and the logarithm of the resistance at moisture contents below 17.0%, and a parabolic relation at higher moisture contents. The accuracy of the meters, as determined by the experimental errors and the standard error of prediction of the vacuum oven moisture, decreases in the following order within the moisture range, 11.0 to 17.0%: motor-operated Tag-Heppenstall, Limbrick, hand-operated Tag-Heppenstall, Burton-Pitt and Davies. At higher moisture contents than 17.0% the Burton-Pitt and Davies instruments are definitely unreliable, and the remaining meters are also less precise.The temperature coefficient of the wheat-instrument system was found to be appreciably different from that of the wheat alone in the Limbrick and Burton-Pitt. The temperature coefficient was also found to differ somewhat in different moisture ranges. The effect of humidity is most pronounced in the Limbrick, but is in all instruments small in comparison with that of temperature. The limited number of low grade samples studied appeared to follow the same calibration curve as high grade samples in all meters and 28 samples of the hard-kernelled variety Garnet were also found to follow the calibration curve deduced from the general reliability experiments in all meters, with the exception of the hand-operated Tag-Heppenstall. The discrepancy with this meter is not great and can be attributed to the roll space being unsuitable for this hard-kernelled variety.The moisture range satisfactorily covered by the instruments decreases in the order: motor-operated Tag-Heppenstall, hand-operated Tag-Heppenstall, Limbrick, Burton-Pitt and Davies. In all cases the upper limit is finally determined by the increasing inaccuracy of the meter, rather than by its physical range, which is limited at 21.5% moisture with the Limbrick only when used at the highest sensitivity. With wheat below 11.0% moisture, only the Burton-Pitt and Tag-Heppenstall instruments can be used, and the calibration curve for the Burton-Pitt obtained with wheat of higher moisture content cannot be extrapolated over this lower range.
THE EVOLUTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE A.-C. ELECTROLYSIS OF SODIUM CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE SOLUTIONS, AND THE DISCHARGE POTENTIALS OF CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE IONS
Authors: Shipley J. W.
Published: April 2011

The a.-c. electrolysis of sodium carbonate solutions at voltages as high as 110, even when arcing occurs on the electrodes, does not cause the evolution of carbon dioxide. In the a.-c. electrolysis of aqueous bicarbonate solutions with platinum electrodes, hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide are evolved freely until all the bicarbonate has been transformed to carbonate, after which the evolution of carbon dioxide ceases and only hydrogen and oxygen are given off. In a.-c. electrolysis of sodium bicarbonate solutions and solutions of the sodium salts of aliphatic acids, a deposit of finely divided platinum is formed on the electrodes. This deposit inhibits the evolution of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen, but does not affect the current flow. The decomposition potential of bicarbonate solutions in respect to the evolution of carbon dioxide on smooth platinum and with d.c. was found to be 2.2 volts, and of carbonate solutions, 3.5 volts. The anodic discharge potential of HCO3− is − 1.45 to − 1.50 volts, and of CO3−−, − 1.90 to − 1.95 volts. The evolution of carbon dioxide does not appear to cause any polarizing effect on the anode.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CEREALS: II. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUGAR CONTENT AND REACTION TO STEM RUST OF MATURE AND IMMATURE TISSUES OF THE WHEAT PLANT
Authors: Johnson T. , Johnson O.
Published: April 2011

In Part I of these studies it has been shown that the rapidly growing tissues of the wheat plant are more susceptible to stem rust than the older tissues. An attempt was made to discover if a physiological or chemical basis could be found for the difference in reaction of the young and older tissues.Analyses were made to determine the sugar content of young (susceptible) and older (resistant) tissues of four wheat varieties resistant in the adult stage and of the corresponding plant parts of three wheat varieties which in the adult stage showed little or no resistance to rust. The young tissues comprised the young leaves still enfolded by the uppermost sheaths and the young stems below the uppermost node; the older tissues were represented by the fully developed upper leaves and their adherent sheaths. The analyses showed a considerably higher content of sugars in the young than in the older tissues of the seven varieties tested. The difference was particularly great in the content of reducing sugars but rather slight in the disaccharide content (expressed as invert sugar). However, as all the varieties, irrespective of resistance or susceptibility to rust in the adult stage, showed much the same difference in the sugar content of their young and older tissues, it does not seem likely that there is any direct relation between sugar content and reaction to rust.
THE CAUSE OF BOLTING IN SWEDE TURNIPS (BRASSICA NAPUS VAR. NAPOBRASSICA (L.) PETERM.)
Authors: Peto F. H.
Published: April 2011

The relation of growth temperature to "bolting" (premature seed-stalk development) in swede turnips was investigated by growing plants in a greenhouse at high and low temperatures for different periods of time at various stages of their development. It was found that an initial growth temperature of approximately 53° F. for 30 to 50 days induced incipient bolting 71 days after seeding, as indicated by a rapid increase in internode length accompanied by a retarded root development. Flowering was inhibited to a large extent by growth temperatures above 65° F. in plants that had shown incipient bolting as a result of previous low-temperature treatments. None of the plants grown continuously at high temperatures gave any indication of bolting. It may be concluded, therefore, that high temperatures favor vegetative growth while low temperatures favor sexual reproduction.
THE SORPTION OF VAPORS BY ACTIVE SILICA
Authors: Pidgeon L. M.
Published: April 2011

The sorptive properties of a new active silica have been examined. This sorbent is prepared by the action of acids on the mineral serpentine. The quartz spiral sorption balance has been employed to obtain isotherms for water, benzene and alcohol. Relative rates of sorption have been measured and compared with those for silica gel.Efficiency measurements have also been made, using the dynamic method, with water vapor as the sorbate. Comparative measurements have been carried out on commercial silica gel, and data are cited from the literature for activated alumina. A comparison of the data indicates that active silica is inferior to silica gel but somewhat better than commercial alumina. Its simple method of production combined with reasonably good sorptive properties should result in a cheap and effective sorbent for technical purposes.The type of isotherm exhibited by active silica is similar to that associated with the "chalky" gels described by Holmes. Certain theoretical aspects of sorption by "chalky" and "vitreous" gels are discussed.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FRACTIONS OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS: VI. EXTRACT OF DRIED AND GROUND ORGANISMS
Authors: Gwatkin Ronald
Published: April 2011

Filtrates prepared from dry, ground Brucella abortus (Huddleson) caused a fall in temperature and death in some cases in guinea pigs injected by the intraperitoneal route. The filtrates were not as active as bacterial suspension antigen in the complement fixation test. They produced reactions in the skin of infected guinea pigs. Intraperitoneal injections failed to protect guinea pigs against infection by eye with Br. abortus. The preparation of this material gave rise to marked symptoms in a hypersensitive human subject.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALLERGY TO TUBERCULIN OF GUINEA PIGS VACCINATED WITH B.C.G.
Authors: Frappier Armand , Fredette Victorien
Published: April 2011

Experiments indicate that the development of allergy in guinea pigs vaccinated with B.C.G. (0.0025, 0.005 or 0.010 gm.), is relatively slow and varies with individuals. It is possible to measure the degree of skin sensitivity by serial intradermal tests with decreasing doses of tuberculin. Classification as to degree of allergy and study of the development of hypersensitivity can hardly be effected on the basis of strong doses of tuberculin. In fact, early positive reaction is not always a sign of lasting hypersensitivity and many guinea pigs, which respond at the same time to a strong dose of tuberculin, can be differentiated as to degree of hypersensitivity by tests with smaller doses of tuberculin. Most of the subcutaneously vaccinated guinea pigs developed allergy in from five to twenty days. The maximum allergy was reached in from one to two months. In a large number of the more sensitive animals the dose was then reduced to 0.00001 cc. and the reaction was maintained during the third and fourth months and perhaps longer. A few animals were sensitive to 0.000005 cc. in the fourth month.The observation has been verified that in subcutaneously vaccinated guinea pigs there is, as a rule, no correlation between small variations in the size of the dose of B.C.G. and the degree of allergy produced. Nevertheless, of the animals vaccinated intraperitoneally, those inoculated with the larger quantities of bacilli were more highly sensitized. This distinction was made by means of the smaller doses of tuberculin.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF BUTTER: I. THE YEAST AND MOLD COUNT OF BUTTER AS A MEASURE OF CREAMERY SANITATION
Authors: Wood F. W. , Thornton H. R.
Published: April 2011

Evidence is presented to show that the yeast and mold count of butter is inadequate as a sole measure of the microbial content of the butter and of creamery sanitation.It is recommended that for these purposes the bacterial count be used to supplement the yeast and mold count.
Note on the Scattering of X-rays at Small Angles
Authors: Gray J. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
INTERFEROMETER MEASUREMENTS OF THE HYPERFINE STRUCTURE OF SOME LINES OF SINGLY IONIZED BISMUTH
Authors: Smith Stanley , Beggs J. S.
Published: April 2011

The hyperfine structure of nine lines of Bi II and one line of Bi III has been measured by means of a quartz Lummer plate and a glass Lummer plate used in conjunction with a Hilger E 1 spectrograph. The light source was a water-cooled hollow cathode discharge in helium. Of the lines investigated the hyperfine structure of some had already been resolved either totally or in part by Fisher and Goudsmit using a 21 ft. grating, but for the lines λ6808, 6600, 4272 and 4259 the hyperfine structure has been obtained for the first time. The separation factors for the terms 6p1/2 5f31/2 144 and [Formula: see text] have been found.The interaction constants of the 5f21/2, 5f31/2, and 6d21/2 electrons have been calculated.
THE INFLUENCE OF A MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF GASEOUS AND LIQUID NITROGEN AND OXYGEN
Authors: Young Allan C.
Published: April 2011

The results of an experimental determination of the effect of a magnetic held on the dielectric constants of gaseous and liquid oxygen and nitrogen are given. With the gases a balanced resonance method was used, and with the liquids, a special bridge. The only positive result obtained was with gaseous oxygen at a pressure of 100 atm., and this can be accounted for quantitatively by the increased pressure of the oxygen in the magnetic field.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: XIV. THE ACTION OF LEAD TETRA-ACETATE AND OF MERCURIC ACETATE ON GLYCOL LIGNIN DERIVATIVES: (Preliminary communication)
Authors: Gray K. R. , Brauns Fritz , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Fully methylated glycol lignin (OCH3, 30.4%) was treated with lead tetra-acetate and with mercuric acetate. In the first case the acetoxyl group was introduced to the extent of 11.5%. With mercuric acetate in alcohol, the sole reaction was the substitution of hydrogen by the —HgOCOCH3 group, there being no addition of ethoxyl nor loss of methoxyl groups. After repeated mercurization the final product contained 42.7% of mercury, that is, a ratio of introduced mercury atoms to original methoxyl groups of 1:1.
A NOTE ON THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF LIQUID DEUTERIUM OXIDE
Authors: Brown R. S. , Barnes W. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

Preliminary determinations of the specific heats of liquid deuterium oxide from 4° to 65 °C. are described. The average specific heats over the temperature ranges 4° to 26 °C., 26° to 45 °C., and 26° to 65 °C., are 1.018, 1.003 and 1.008 respectively, while the average specific heat between 4° and 65 °C. is 1.01 cal. per gm. per degree.
THE NON-PROTEIN NATURE OF A FRACTION OF SOIL ORGANIC NITROGEN
Authors: Dyck A. W. J. , McKibbin R. R.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that not all the nitrogen in organic soils is determinable by the Kjeldahl method. In every sample tested the Dumas method gave a considerably higher percentage of nitrogen.The differences in nitrogen content, as shown by the two methods, vary from 6.4 to 29.6%, hence it is believed that an appreciable fraction of the soil organic nitrogen may be of non-protein nature.
THE HEATS OF SOLUTION AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF RHOMBIC SULPHUR IN CARBON DISULPHIDE: THE SURFACE ENERGY OF SOLID RHOMBIC SULPHUR
Authors: Williams A. R. , Johnson F. M. G. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The heats of solution of rhombic sulphur in carbon disulphide were measured over the concentration range 6 to 17% of sulphur and at 20° and 25 °C., and the specific heats of these solutions were calculated. The apparatus designed for these measurements is described. By measuring the heat of solution of finely divided sulphur and its particle size, the surface energy of solid rhombic sulphur is estimated.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION WITH PRETREATMENT OF WOOD ON ITS SUBSEQUENT DELIGNIFICATION
Authors: Corey A. J. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The results obtained by the authors in a previous investigation have been checked. The influence of an acid, a salt and a base on the pretreatment of wood at 130 °C. has been determined. It is shown that pretreatment of wood meal decreases the rate of subsequent delignification. Pretreatment was carried out over the temperature range 100° to 140 °C. and the effect of temperature is shown to be very marked. As it was found that the pH of the water after pretreatment decreased, pretreatment was carried out on a chip in which the pH was kept more constant by a forced flow of water through the chip. It is shown that the rate of delignification is increased. Pretreatment was carried out in buffer solutions and it is shown that there is a pH value for which the influence of pretreatment is a minimum. The inferences drawn in connection with sulphite cooking are briefly discussed.
HYDROGENATIONS IN A TETRALIN MEDIUM: II. DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION OF COAL WITH TETRALIN AND WITH A MIXTURE OF RELATED COMPOUNDS AS MEDIA
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Edwards J.
Published: April 2011

A complex mixture of polynuclear hydrocarbons obtained in the pyrolysis of natural gas has been hydrogenated. The original mixture and the product of hydrogenation have been used as suspension media in the hydrogenation of bituminous and domestic coals, and are compared with tetralin as a medium. The original mixture is much less, and the hydrogenated mixture only slightly less, effective than tetralin.
A COMPARISON OF THE BARGE WITH OTHER METHODS OF HARVESTING WHEAT
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Cameron D. , Sinclair A. T.
Published: April 2011

In 1932, in the Edmonton district, under almost ideal harvest conditions, samples harvested by the barge method were equal to or better in grade and quality than those harvested by the binder, swather or straight-combine methods. In 1933, under more adverse conditions, the barge samples were the poorest in grade and baking quality. There was some loss of material due to molding and sprouting in the barge stacks. Bin storage markedly improved the grade and quality of barge samples.Wheat combined at 14.0% moisture content did not heat or increase in moisture content significantly during storage.
A STUDY OF MOISTURE CHANGES IN STANDING GRAIN
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Geddes W. F. , Malloch J. G. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

A study of the moisture changes in standing grain during and after the ripening period was conducted at Winnipeg, Saskatoon and Edmonton in 1932 and 1933 with a view to obtaining information on the problem of combine harvesting.Grain was found to be fit for binding four to seventeen days earlier than for straight combining.There was no evidence that fully ripened grain at moisture contents of 11–13% can absorb sufficient moisture at night, owing to the higher relative humidity, to exceed 14.4% and become tough.The rate of moisture loss in wet mature grain is much greater than the moisture loss, through the same range, in immature grain.
THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PARATETRANYCHUS PILOSUS C. & F. IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Gilliatt F. C.
Published: April 2011

Terminology, food plants, dispersion and economic importance of the European red mite, Paratetranychus pilosus C. & F., which affects deciduous fruit trees in America, are discussed. The mite, first observed in Nova Scotia in 1913, became of economic importance in 1925. The life history, obtained from an insectary and field study extending over a period of three years from 1930 to 1932, is recorded in detail. There are two complete generations and three partial generations in Nova Scotia. Fluctuations in temperature markedly affect mite development. Natural control of the winter eggs is important.
LIGHT AS A CONTROLLING FACTOR IN THE GROWTH OF BALANUS BALANOIDES
Authors: Klugh A. Brooker , Newcombe Curtis L.
Published: April 2011

Areas on different sides of the wharf of the Atlantic Biological Station that had been denuded in the spring and that had different degrees of illumination were selected and the growth of Balanus followed throughout the summer season. The results show (i) that there is a significant correspondence between rate of growth of Balanus and the amount of illumination, (ii) that the difference between the amount of growth at widely separated vertical levels is quite similar to the difference in the increment of growth in areas on the same level which are subject to wide variations in the amount of illumination, and (iii) that during the summer of 1931, there was no appreciable set of barnacles after June 6 in the St. Andrews region. The presence of a large number of elongated barnacles may result from the operation of one main factor or from the combination of several. It may indicate (i) that there has been a very heavy set, in which case exceptionally favorable growing conditions cannot necessarily be inferred, or (ii) a rapid rate of growth even though the set has not been particularly thick, or (iii) the presence of favorable growing conditions together with a good set. Each of these possibilities should be considered in the evaluation of Balanus balanoides as an organic indicator.
THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF MEACH LAKE, QUEBEC
Authors: Rocque A. La
Published: April 2011

The shallow water zone (0–10 ft.) of Meach Lake provides three types of bottom:— rock, sand and mud. Certain species of mollusca live in all three habitats, some in two and some in one. Seventeen species were found, two of which were confined to the drainage. Nine of the seventeen are recorded for Meach Lake for the first time. The number of species and the size of individuals are both smaller in the inlet and in the streams flowing into the lake than in the lake itself. A dwarfed fauna occurs at the outlet. One species has apparently disappeared from the lake in a period of two years.
THE SPECTRUM OF TREBLY IONIZED THORIUM
Authors: Lang R. J.
Published: April 2011

An analysis of the spectrum of Th IV is given which includes practically all the stronger known lines of thorium which can be attributed to the trebly ionized atom. This spectrum all lies on the short wave-length side of 2350 Å, with the exception of one line, 7S—7P, which falls at λ2694.00 Å. Most of the lines of the spectrum above 2000 Å are quite intense in the spark in air, but do not appear at all in the arc and are definitely enhanced in the vacuum spark. The separation of the deepest 7P terms has the relatively enormous value of 12818 cm−1. The terms 7P, 6D, 7D, 8D, 7S, 8S, 9S, 5F and 5G have been found. The ionization potential of Th+++ is approximately 29.4 volts.
A CONVENIENT MICROPROJECTION APPARATUS
Authors: Larose P.
Published: April 2011

not available
INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN THE DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT BY ULTRASONIC WAVES
Authors: Sanders F. H.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the distribution of light energy among the various orders of the diffraction pattern produced when monochromatic light is passed through a liquid subjected to high-frequency ultrasonic disturbances have been carried out over a range of ultrasonic intensities at frequencies in the region of 5 megacycles per second. Both progressive and standing wave fields have been studied. Results of the experiments show excellent agreement with the theory of Raman and Nath for the variation in degree of scattering with varying ultrasonic intensity. Absolute measurements of the sound intensity conducted with a torsion pendulum are in good agreement with that expected from the theory for the liquids and light wave-lengths involved.
CHEESE-RIPENING STUDIES: Wildiers' Bios and the Lactic Acid Bacteria: THE FRACTIONATION OF BIOS FROM ALFALFA AND THE EFFECT OF THE FRACTIONS OBTAINED ON THE VITAL ACTIVITY OF THE BETACOCCI
Authors: Eagles Blythe Alfred , Wood Alexander James , Bowen John Francis
Published: April 2011

The influence of the Bios of Wildiers on the vital activity of two strains of Betacoccus cremoris has been studied. Alfalfa, yeast and tomatoes have been fractionated after the manner of Miller, and the effect of the respective Bios fractions on acid production determined. It has been shown that the Betacocci demand, for their most intensive metabolism, activators corresponding to those required by yeasts—Bios I, II A and II B.
THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE GUINEA PIG PLACENTA
Authors: Boyd Eldon M.
Published: April 2011

The lipid composition of the guinea pig placenta was found to vary with the duration of pregnancy. Between the 20th and the 40th days there occurred an increase in phospholipid and free cholesterol, both of which remained elevated from then on to term. There was no significant change at any time in the amount of cholesterol esters, but that of neutral fat increased steadily sixfold and more during pregnancy. These changes were interpreted as signifying a gradual change in placental lipid metabolism during pregnancy. The relation of this change to the transfer of lipids from mother to fetus, and its relation to the etiology of the lipemia of pregnancy in guinea pigs, are discussed.
THE SEMI-MICROCOMBUSTION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Young D. M.
Published: April 2011

A description is given of a semi-microcombustion method for the estimation of nitrogen in organic compounds. The method is generally applicable and has been uniformly successful. The apparatus and procedure are a combination and simplified modification of several of those previously described in scattered publications.
STUDIES IN THE SYSTEM CALCIUM-OXIDE–SULPHUR-DIOXIDE–WATER: IV. VAPOR PRESSURE STUDIES IN THE PRESENCE OF CELLULOSE AND WOOD
Authors: Gishler P. E. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A new technique has been developed for the purpose of studying, by means of vapor pressure changes, the effect of wood and cellulose on the system calcium-oxide–sulphur-dioxide–water. Preliminary experiments are described. A sample calculation has been made, to indicate that vapor pressure changes might be used to determine the relative rate of consumption of sulphur dioxide and calcium oxide during the cooking of wood. Cellulose does not yield carbon dioxide in appreciable quantities during cooking.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XIII. CORYDALIS SIBIRICA Pers.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Ten alkaloids have been isolated from this plant, of which the following five are known:— protopine (0.47%), cryptopine (trace), bicuculline (0.10%), corlumine (trace), and scoulerine (trace). Alkaloid-θ, previously found only in Corydalis scouleri, was present in traces. In addition, three non-phenolic alkaloids, all of which appear to be new, have been isolated, namely: -κ, C19H17O5N∙CH3OH(?), -λ, C19H19O5N, and -μ, C18H17O5N, the latter two containing two methoxyl groups each. Finally a phenolic alkaloid, -ι, C21H21O4N, containing one methoxyl group, is present in minute amounts.
THE EFFECT OF ACID MODIFICATION ON SOME PROPERTIES OF STARCH PASTES
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Bell Adam C.
Published: April 2011

Several series of modified potato starches covering a wide range of fluidities were prepared by treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid at 50 °C. As in the case of previous results obtained with corn starches, it is shown that the viscosity is dependent on the rate of shear and that the data are well expressed by the exponential relation F = KPn, where F is the flow, P is the pressure, K and n are constants. The value of n decreases rapidly with increasing degree of modification. It is shown that n depends on the volume occupied by the swollen granules in the paste, and that n is much greater in potato starch pastes than in corn starch pastes owing to the greater swelling of the granules. This swelling decreases with increased degree of modification. The stability of the granules in alkaline pastes is described for both potato and corn starches, and the fluidities of alkaline potato pastes are shown to be much greater than those of corn pastes of comparable extent of modification. The gelatinization temperature is shown to rise with increasing modification. At the same time, the power of hydration of the granules decreases and they appear to become denser and more compact. The resistance to mechanical injury becomes greater with increasing modification, and the injured granules swell to a lesser extent. The decreased hydration (hydration plus immobilization) leads to different forms of breakage when the granules are crushed. Prolonged heating of starch pastes causes a rapid decrease in the value of n, owing chiefly to a disruption of the granules with consequent change in the phase-volume ratio.
MICROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE: I. SOME INNOVATIONS IN THE MICROMETHOXYL AND MICROCARBON-HYDROGEN DETERMINATION
Authors: White E. V. , Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

A new flowmeter and preheater for the Friedrich carbon-hydrogen determination are described. The micromethoxyl apparatus as described by Pregl has been simplified, only one absorption tube being necessary.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: VII. CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF HYBRID LINES OF WHEAT DIFFERING IN THEIR RUST REACTIONS
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Four lots of wheat, representing the four possible combinations of seedling and mature-plant reaction to rust, were grown in the field, and leaves were collected at the seedling stage and after heading. The material was dried, ground and analyzed for:— total ash; total nitrogen; fat; cold- and hot-water-soluble organic matter, ash, reducing compounds, reducing sugars and invert sugar; alcohol-soluble matter; reducing compounds (from hemicelluloses) and nitrogen liberated by hydrochloric acid; reducing compounds (from cellulose) and nitrogen liberated by sulphuric acid; and for ash, protein and lignin (by difference) in the remaining residue. The material was also subjected to quantitative extraction with the following solvents in series:— ligroin, ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and ethyl alcohol.Small but significant differences in constitution were found between the wheat classes. There was no evidence that these differences in constitution were related to rust reaction.
A FOUR-YEAR QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA IN SOILS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER TREATMENT
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Thexton R. H.
Published: April 2011

Numbers of Rhizobium trifolii, Rh. leguminosarum, Rh. meliloti and Azotobacter were determined at four-week intervals throughout a four-year crop rotation in three soils which had been receiving for twenty years no fertilizer, manure, and artificial fertilizer respectively. Though relatively small differences were noted in numbers of Rh. trifolii in the three soils, Rh. leguminosarum and Rh. meliloti persisted in much higher numbers in the two fertilized areas than in the unfertilized soil. Rh. trifolii, the only species with host plant in the rotation, occurred in much greater numbers than the other species, not only during and immediately following clover, but in succeeding years when little or no decline was noted. Apart from the effect of clover on Rh. trifolii no significant effect of cropping was noted nor was seasonal influence important. Freezing of the soil for three months each year produced little or no effect on the numbers of Rhizobia.Numbers of Azotobacter were consistently higher in the unfertilized soil than in the fertilized areas. A seasonal effect was noted, with maximum numbers in March and minimum numbers in July, while freezing caused no noticeable diminution in colony count. The numbers of Azotobacter found were in all cases low and suggest that the part played by this organism in nitrogen fixation in field soil is still obscure.Rh. trifolii, Azotobacter and total numbers of bacteria by the plate method showed no relation with the productivity of the soils. Numbers of Rh. leguminosarum and Rh. meliloti showed better agreement, though only in the case of Rh. meliloti were relative numbers consistent with the soils in order of crop yields throughout the rotation.
THE REACTION OF WHEAT HYBRIDS TO A SPRING FROST
Authors: Harrington J. B.
Published: April 2011

A moderate June frost proved highly efficient in the separation of wheat hybrid lines for resistance to spring frost. Eighty of 332 F6 lines of H-44-24 × Reliance and fully 56 of 227 F5 lines of (Reliance × Reward) × Reliance appeared to have the superior frost resistance of Reliance. Significant genetic differences in frost reaction were found among the lines of each of two new varieties.
HYBRIDIZATION OF TRITICUM AND AGROPYRON: II. CYTOLOGY OF THE MALE PARENTS AND F1 GENERATION
Authors: Peto F. H.
Published: April 2011

Meiosis was studied in A. glaucum (2n = 42), A. elongatum (2n = 70), and in the F1 of these species crossed on varieties of T. dicoccum, T. durum and T. vulgare. In A. glaucum a large proportion of the chromosomes formed bivalents with occasional univalents and quadrivalents. A. elongatum was very unusual in that uni-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinqui-, sexa-, and octavalent configurations were observed. With one exception the A. glaucum × Triticum hybrids averaged 4.8–6.2 bivalents per nucleus, thus indicating partial homology between one set of chromosomes from each of the parents. In the A. elongatum × Triticum hybrids, numerous multivalent configurations were observed and it was concluded that auto- as well as allosyndesis had occurred. Approximately one set of chromosomes remained unpaired in one collection of T. dicoccum var. Vernal × A. elongatum and approximately two sets remained unpaired in crosses between three varieties of T. vulgare and A. elongatum.Two of the crosses exhibited an abnormally small amount of pairing, an effect most plausibly attributed to the reaction of genetic factors limiting prophase pairing.Tentative conclusions have been made regarding the origin and genetic constitution of A. elongatum from the pairing behavior of the chromosomes in this species and its hybrids. It appears likely that A. elongatum arose through hybridization between hexaploid and tetraploid species of Agropyron with subsequent chromosome doubling. An alternative explanation is also suggested.
WEATHER AND WHEAT YIELD IN WESTERN CANADA: II. INFLUENCE OF PRE-SEASONAL PRECIPITATION ON PLOT YIELDS III. RELATION BETWEEN PRECIPITATION AND AGRICULTURAL YIELD
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

In continuance of a previous statistical study, the correlation between plot yields of wheat grown at experimental stations in central and southern Saskatchewan and Alberta and the amount of precipitation during the autumn, winter and spring months prior to sowing was investigated.There was a significant relation between pre-seasonal precipitation and the yield secured from year to year on both the fallowed and stubble plots of a summerfallow-wheat-wheat rotation, above-average moisture being associated with increased yields. The annual yields of Marquis wheat from more fertile summerfallowed varietal test plots were not, however, significantly correlated with pre-seasonal precipitation, nor was there any consistent relation between this weather factor and the relative yield of certain early, medium-early and late-maturing varieties.The annual average yield of wheat per acre from 1916–34 in three central and in three southern crop districts of Saskatchewan and Alberta showed a significant positive correlation with the available statistics of rainfall between May 1 and July 31. Yields in the southern districts were also positively correlated with pre-seasonal precipitation, whereas those in the central districts were not. The degree of association (R = 0.74, central; and 0.79, southern) was not adequate for the practical forecasting of annual production, but may be improved by refinements dependent on the accumulation of additional observational data.
ROOT ROTS OF THE RASPBERRY
Authors: Berkeley G. H.
Published: April 2011

The investigations reported here are concerned with isolations from diseased raspberry roots, preliminary inoculations with isolates, and microscopic examination of naturally and artificially infected roots.The following fungi were isolated from naturally infected roots: Coniothyrium Fuckelii, Cylindrocarpon radicicola, Fusarium sp., possibly F. orthoceras, Cylindrocladium sp., Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia Solani, Rhizoctonia sp. (orchid type), and in preliminary inoculation experiments each fungus was found to be capable of producing necrotic lesions on healthy roots. Microscopic examinations of roots artificially inoculated with pure cultures of the above fungi, showed in the roots the presence of the fungus used for inoculation. In addition the "phycomycetous mycorrhizal" fungus already associated with root rot of strawberries and tobacco was observed to be almost always present in roots of affected raspberry plants, and, to a lesser extent, in apparently healthy roots from apparently normal plants. Nematodes, especially Anguillulina pratensis, the meadow nematode, were present in and on roots from certain soils, while they were absent from roots from other soils. Strawberry and raspberry seeds were sown in sterilized and non-sterilized affected soil with the result that the roots in sterilized soil appeared to be healthy, while those in the non-sterilized soil became affected with necrotic lesions.Evidence is given which shows not only that certain symptoms of raspberry root rot are similar to the symptoms of strawberry root rot, which is considered to be a major factor in the degeneration of strawberries in both Europe and America, but also that many of the fungi and nematodes generally conceded to be associated with root rots of strawberry are likewise associated with root rots of raspberry. In the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, where certain raspberry plantations appear to be heavily infected with root rots, the possibility that these root rots may play an important role in connection with the un-thriftiness of such plantations should not be overlooked.
STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF ROOT-ROT DISEASES OF CEREALS: IV. INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL SEED INJURY ON INFECTION BY FUSARIUM CULMORUM IN WHEAT
Authors: Machacek J. E. , Greaney F. J.
Published: April 2011

The results of field experiments made in 1932, 1933, and 1934, to determine the effect of mechanical seed injury on the incidence of root rot caused by Fusarium culmorum and on yield in wheat are presented.Successful positive attacks of Fusarium root rot were experimentally induced in field plots. The tests showed that reduced emergence, increased root rot, and reduced yield uniformly followed the planting of injured wheat seed; and that the amount of disease increased and the yield decreased with an increase in the degree of seed injury. In these experiments Mindum and Marquis wheat seemed equally affected by seed injury.The investigation suggests that the large annual losses in yield caused by root-rot diseases of cereals in Western Canada may be substantially reduced by sowing clean, vigorous, sound seed.
THE BIOLOGY OF IPS PERTURBATUS EICHHOFF
Authors: Gobeil A. R.
Published: April 2011

The biology of Ips perturbatus in the Gaspé Peninsula is described from observations made during the summer of 1933 and 1934. This species generally breeds on trees killed by Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk. but was also found on white spruce dying from the attacks of Diprion polytomum Hartig. In the Gaspé peninsula there is one complete generation a year. At the end of September and the beginning of October, the young adults leave their host tree to hibernate in the ground. Emergence from the ground occurs in the spring.Experiments show that the adult stage lasts nearly two years. During their first complete summer as adults, the females lay two sets of eggs. The following spring they lay a third set and die during the summer. There are one to four egg tunnels per engraving. The average number of eggs per egg tunnel decreases with the increase in the number of females per engraving. Dissection of 500 beetles indicates that the two sexes are present in about equal proportions. Analysis of the results of a population study made on a white spruce representing 48 feet of tree superficies attacked by Ips perturbatus produced the following results: 2448 egg tunnels, 22,512 young beetles, 58,800 egg niches and a mortality rate of 58.33%.Coeloides dendroctoni Cushm. is the most important parasite of this species, but does not kill more than 5% of the larvae and pupae. No trace of woodpecker control was noticed.