bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sunday mass attendance as a cultural institution
Authors: Servais E. , Bonmariage J.
Published: March 2007

Cherchant & dépasser l'approche de l'appartenance religieuse à partir des variables de sitruation, nous adoptons ici une perspective culturelle. Les données empiriques dont nous disposions nous ont permis, croyons-nous, de mettre en lumière l'intérêt de cette approche et, dans une étape ulté rieure de la démarche, d'en dégager quelques apports possibles, sans nier toutefois qu'elle pose un certain nombre de problèmes quant aux mé thodes de collecte et de traitement des données.

Les observations réalisées à Louvain sur l'échantillon de 903 étudiants nous ont d'abord conduits à fonder l'hypothèse d'éléments culturels propres aux pratiquants. A propos d'un certain nombre d'éléments de l'univers culturel, on peut, en effet, observer une dichotomie significative entre pratiquants et non pratiquants, que ceux-ci soient belges ou étrangers.

Au moyen d'une analyse de corrélation, nons avons ensuite identifié un certain nombre de contenus mentaux collectifs lies à la pratique. Cette identification fournit un matériel susceptible de renouveler les hypothèses portant sur l'appartenance religieuse. Tontefois, la formulation précise de celles-ci passe par la découverte d'une organisation — unique ou multiple — des éléments culturels liés à la pratique. Cette découverte semble requérir un traitement des donnoés en termes d'interrelations ou de covariation plutôt qu'en termes de variables dépendantes 'expliquées' par des variables indépendantes.

De plus, la rigueur des hypothèses que fournirait une telle analyse dé pend en partie, croyons-nous, d'un perfectionnement des méthodes d'ob servation en sociologie. Le niveau de l'expression verbale d'une adhésion intellectuelle n'est pas, en effet, le seul qui intéresse la sociologie.
A Protestant Ethic Scale
Authors: Hassan Riaz
Published: March 2007

Cet article rend compte d'une étude dont l'objectif était de mettre au point un instrument de mesure de l'intériorisation de l'éthique protestante. L'échelle constituée à cette fin a été ap pelée « Echelle de l'éthique protestante ». Elle consiste en 47 items et mesure l'intériorisation des 6 « dimensions centrales » mises en évidence par Ch.T. Jonassen. Ces dimensions sont les suivantes : 1) attitude rationnelle et scientifique en face de la nature et de l'expérience; 2) refus de la spontanéité; 3) mé thode et discipline dans le mode de vie ; 4) conception du travail comme vocation et rationalité dans l'accomplissement du devoir ; 5) primat de la responsabilité personnelle ; 6) ascétisme intra-mondain et attitude rationnelle devant Dieu.

Pour vérifier et mesurer la relation entre ces 6 dimensions, l'auteur a réalisé une anayse factorielle qui a permis de mettre en évidence 4 ou 5 facteurs. La disparition des autres est peut être due à l'insuffisance du nombre d'items dans l'échelle.

On constate que la plupart des dimensions sont en liaison significative. Sur la base de cette analyse statistique et de son application à une étude empirique, il semble que l'instrument ainsi constitué puisse permettre de mesurer l'intériorisation sociale de l'éthique protestante.
Anglican and Roman Catholic Priests in South Africa : Some Questionnaire Responses
Authors: Verryn Trevor David
Published: March 2007

Une étude d'opinion a été réalisée récemment auprès de prêtres anglicans et catholiques d'Afrique du Sud ; les ré ponses obtenues représentent les deux tiers de l'univers.

Les résultats font apparaître une faible relation entre, d'une part, le statut matrimonial, le type de confession, le statut politique (vote) et, la manière dont les prêtres considèrent leur travail. Une distinction générale sépare toutefois les grou pes d'âge : en effet, l'attitude des jeunes est davantage orien tée vers « ce monde » , celle des plus âgés vers « l'autre monde ».
The Methodology of Collection and Processing of Primary Sociological Information in Study of Problems of Religion and Atheism (*)
Authors: Pivovarov V.G.
Published: March 2007

C'est article fournit un rapide tour d'horizon des études soviétiques en matière de méthodologie et de recherche sociologique. En Union Soviétique, la méthodologie inclus des éléments théoriques plus étendus comme le matérialisme historique. Les méthodes, quant à elles, se réfèrent aux techni ques de recherche. L'auteur note que méthodologie et méthodes en matière de phénomènes religieux ont été peu approfondies. Son étude est une des premières tentatives pratiques de re cherche en sociologie des masses.

Les difficultés furent nombreuses, mais les résultats ont prouvé que les questions religieuses pouvaient être abordées de cette manière.
L'Athéisme à Vatican II De la condamnation du communisme à la négociation avec l'humanisme athée
Authors: Ladrière Paul
Published: March 2007

The passage devoted by the pastoral constitution of Vati can II, Gaudium et Spes, to atheism can be considered as the exemplary place of a change. We assist at the spectacular abandonment of a position of condemnation. This abandon ment is carried out by a series of displacements : the passage of communism in the singular to atheism in the plural, of politics to anthropology, of rejection to negotiation. But this change has limits : the survival of anti-communism, restrictive conditions for dialogue, the persistance of ecclesiocentralism, a perennial natural theology and a constructed opposition between religion in its essence and atheisms in their historical forms.
Avertissements epistemologico-politiques pour une sociologie latino-américaine des religions
Authors: Maduro Otto
Published: March 2007

This article, product of a reflection on the contribution of Marxism to Latin-American sociology of religion, analyzes the tasks, conditions, limits and scope of sociology of religion in the socio-political circumstances of today's Latin-America. Beginning with an axiomatic definition of every form of know ledge as partial, partisan, presumptive and provisional, the author tries to disclose the advantages and consequences of that definition for Latin-American sociologists of religion en gaged in the struggle against oppression.
La sorcellerie comme pratique sociale des Kumu et l'opposition au Kitawala
Authors: Batende Mwene
Published: March 2007

The article shows the connection and the functioning of sorcery and its elements in the Kumu clans in Zaïre, and the reaction against that phenomenon by the Kitawala, a symbolic system coming from outside and adopted by a large number of clans.
Religion and Politics in Spain : From Conflict to Consensus above Cleavage
Authors: Linz Juan J.
Published: March 2007

Les données empiriques fournies par l'Auteur de cet article montrent clairement que, dans la société espagnole, la dimen sion religieuse des attitudes est tout a fait fondamentale pour comprendre les enjeux de la vie politique.
Religion and Castes - South India An Introduction / Religion et Castes — L'Inde du Sud En guise d'introduction
Authors: Houtart François , Lemercinier Geneviève
Published: March 2007

Aborder le problème des castes signifie entrer dans celui de l'hindouisme et donc dans le rôle du facteur religieux. On connaît les ouvrages prestigieux de Louis Dumont sur la question1. Les articles de ce numéro de Social Compass adop teront cependant une perspective assez différente, car ils essaient de situer le phénomène des castes comme une réalité de caractère religieux dont la signification sociale est engendrée par des conditions économiques et socia les spécifiques. L'Inde du Sud fournit un environnement parti culier, mais qui permet de véri fier un certain nombre d'hypo thèses concernant ce sujet. Mais pour bien les comprendre, il faut les resituer dans leur construc tion originelle.
Le quotidien et l' histoire
Authors: Prandi Carlo
Published: March 2007

Going through the various contributions of this issue, the Author of this «point of view» emphazies the need, in any study of the three-cornered play between religion, values and everyday life, to take into account all the cultural, geographical and deno micational contexts which can make the observations and theori zations which can be extracted from different epistemological pre suppositions, vary considerably.

Likewise, should one not try to extract the diachronic impli cations which make it possible to reintroduce the everyday into the framework of a historical reality from documentation - col lected by sociologists of everyday life — which is apparently strictly synchronic and «cold» (in the sense which Lévi-Strauss gives this term).

Without these efforts, one would not perceive that everyday life is to history what parts are to the whole: it refers to a context in which everyday life takes on its authentic and ulimate meaning.
The social construction of charisma
Authors: Wallis Roy
Published: March 2007

Max Weber laisse planer une certaine ambiguité à propos de la nature du charisme qui réside soit dans une particularité inhé rente à un individu, soit dans le caractère d'une relation sociale.

Cet article analyse le cas de David Berg, ou «Moïse David», fondateur, leader et prophète des Enfants de Dieu.

Jusqu'à ses 40 ans, la vie de Berg ne manifeste aucune parti cularité et il n'est qu'une sorte de «raté entre deux ages». Son cha risme trouve son origine dans la coïncidence entre la révolte des jeunes qui furent attirés par son rejet de la société américaine dont il annonce la fin prochaine et l'assurance qu'il acquiert d'avoir des adeptes prêts à reconnaître le statut et les honneurs qui lui étaient dû.

Au sein de la communauté charismatique elle-même, les familiers rassemblés autour de Berg obtiennent leur statut de leur proximité du leader et renforcent sa position par la reconnaissance des bénéfices qu'ils ont reçu. Ils exportent également leur statut charismatique au dehors de la communauté parmi des subordon nés et convertis puisque la proclamation de la position de leur lea der est aussi une proclamation de leur statut propre d'associés. Mais le charisme est essentiellement précaire. Il exige constam ment renforcement et protection. Il dépend de manière cruciale de l'exclusion du contact avec lui, y compris I'exclusion ou la restric tion de la reconnaissance des contestations de ceux qui, à l'inté rieur du mouvement, mettraient en question le statut du leader. Ainsi, un des mécanismes fondamentaux de la construction sociale du charisme est l'isolement social du leader et la purge.
Conceptions ecclésiales et modèles pastoraux
Authors: Spruit Léo
Published: March 2007

The theory of Johann Baptist Metz concerning the future of christianism in the starting point of this article.
An Empirical Analysis of Secular-Religious Bases of Quebec Nationalism
Authors: Nevitte Neil , Gingras François-Pierre
Published: March 2007

Le nationalisme contemporain au Québec est habituellement explique à partir des changements politiques, sociaux et culturels survenus au cours de la «revolution tranquille» des annees 1960. L'argument à ce propos est que la «revolution tranquille» fut déterminante, dans la mesure où elle signifia la transformation du Québec passant d'une société traditionnelle dominée par les insti tutions et les valeurs religieuses à une société moderne et séculari sée.
Religion and Secularization in Finland
Authors: Sihvo Jouko
Published: March 2007

La Finlande est, du point de vue religieux, homogène: plus de 89 % de la population appartient à l'Eglise évangélique luthé rienne; 2 à 3 % à d'autres religions, et 8 à 9 % n'appartiennent à aucune religion. Les mebres de l'Eglise en observent scrupuleuse ment les rites : baptêmes, confirmation, mariage et enterrement. La proposrtion de ceux qui sont baptisés, confirmés et enterrés religieusement est plus importante que ne la laisserait attendre la proportion des fidèles. C'est là une indication sur les liens qui unissent la population à l'Eglise. Par contre, l'assitance au culte est très faible: 2 à 5 % du total des membres appartenant à l'Eglise pour le service religieux du dimanche. L'évolution religieuse va d'une religiosité publique à une religiosité privée. Ce processus est en rapport avec la différenciation sociale et peut être décrit comme un processus de sécularisation. Un élément permettant clairement de mesurer ce processus est celui qui se manifeste par l'abandon de l'Eglise. Durant la décennie 1976-1985, ceux qui ont abandonné l'Eglise sont 3 à 4 fois plus nombreux que ceux qui y sont entrés. La région d'Helsinki est la plus différenciée et la plus sécularisée de Finlande. La croyance en Dieu, la prière et l'assis tance au culte sont plus faibles à Helsinki qu'ailleurs.
Renouveaux religieux et individualisme: le cas du catholicisme et du judaïsme en France
Authors: COHEN Martine
Published: March 2007

In France, the charismatic Renewal and the phenomenon of “study circles” constitute two poles of a new socio-religious dynamic within Catholicism and Judaism, respectively. This article first of all juxtaposes these religious renewals to changes within French society, notably those concerning the crisis of collective and political ideals of the years 1968-75. It shows their privileged rapport, on the one hand with the counter culture and its religious component, on the other with leftist and then regionalist movements.

The re-evaluation of the concepts of “community” and “tradition” within these renewals can appear to be a rejection of the individualism characteristic of our modern societies. In fact it is nothing of the kind. Rather, it is brought about in the first instance, paradoxically, by a route that strengthens modern individualism: solicitude for the person (faced with a bureaucratized society) or particularist revendication (faced with French Jacobinism). Also, within the very bosom of the Catholic and Jewish collectivity, there has been a progression of the values of personal liberty (the diversity of groups permits each to choose) and of equality (men/women, clerics/laics). On the whole, the holistic traits — proper to Gemeinschaft — re-evaluated here seem quite subordinated to individualist traits, proper to the Gesellschaft. Thus, there is no question of rejection of individualism, but rather of its “redefinition”. This confirms the thesis of L. Dumont according to which “community” and “society” are “both presented as a principle of modern society”, but that “they are to be met with at different levels of social reality”.
L'Eglise orthodoxe et la diaspora hellénique
Authors: BRUNEAU Michel
Published: March 2007

Today the Greek diaspora is located mainly in English-speaking countries in both northern and southern hemispheres. The Greek Orthodox Church is a central institution of this diaspora, at all parochial and diocesan levels, and also on the world scale with its patriarchates, especially the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. In the face of a rapid anarchic growth of independent communities at the beginning of the 20th century, the Ecumenical Patriarchate established two strong archdioceses, one in New York and another in Sydney. In Europe in the 1960s, while the number of migrants was on the rise particularly in Germany and England, seven autonomous metropolitan units, located in different capitals, were created by the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Africa has its own patriarch of Alexandria, with 13 metropolites heading Churches which are more and more Africanized.

The Orthodox Church, which was already the core institution for the Christians during the Ottoman Empire, has maintained its Byzantine structures through the centuries. A repressive environment has anchored Orthodoxy deep within Greek identity. With its strong bureaucratic structure at the diocese-archdiocese level, Orthodoxy has a layered confederal organization of self-governed parishes on the one hand and autonomous or autocephalous Churches on the other. It usually compromises with the democratic spirit of the communities, but can be challenged by them. These community structures are another main component of the Greek identity coming from a pre-Christian stratum, the ancient city-state. These two models of political organization continue to compete within the diaspora even though the first model is now predominant.
Les balises étatiques de la religion au Canada
Authors: ZYLBERBERG Jacques , COTE Pauline
Published: March 2007

This systematic study of relations between religion and politics in Canada examines the growing role of State processes in the activities of religious groups. This study is divided into two parts. The first part, which deals with historical aspects, shows how the growth of the Canadian State and of the provinces imposed limits on religious activity and led to the consolidation of the establishment of the three main Christian Churches, closely associated but subordinated to the State.

Between 1960 and 1991, the spectacular growth of the provincial and federal State apparatuses led to the decline of the majority historical religions. Their loss of influence, demographic stagnation and lack of resources have combined with growing state regulation and dispossession of sectors that the State had traditionally abandoned to the Churches. According to the authors, this constant and growing extension of State control better explains the loss of influence of Churches than secularization.
Une alternative de pouvoir dans l'Eglise
Authors: BOFF Leonardo
Published: March 2007

On the basis of contemporary historical experience of base communities in Brazil, the author enquires into the emergence and possible significance of another form of ecclesiastical organization than that born of the conquest and “romanization”. He proposes two models: the society Church and the community Church, examining their respective social functions. He enquires into the reasons for the appearance of this second model in Latin America today and the reasons for the opposition it engenders on the part of the Roman ecclesiastical centre. As an actor involved in the development of this Church, popular and base community inspired, he attempts to evaluate the religious and social implications.
Féminisme et islamisme dans le monde arabe: essai de synthèse
Authors: DIALMY Abdessamad
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to analyse the relations between feminism and Islamism in the Arab world, that is between the principal contemporary Arab discourses on the Arabic woman. It does so sociologically by considering them as social movements, with due consideration of country contexts. The sociological approach employed is ideal-typical, and falls into two main parts. The first describes the fundamental opposition between feminism and Islamism, structured particularly in the domains of space and power without ever being simply reduced to them. The struggle between them produces stereotypes which make the opposition between feminism and Islamism an opposition of men/women, left/right, or West/East. The second part attempts to identify the social origins and forms of institutionalization of feminism and Islamism. More concentrated, leading inevitably to its organization into associations, feminism appears to occupy a position of weakness in relation to a hegemonic Islamism which draws strength from an increasing awareness of political underdevelopment. The article concludes with a critique of the strategy employed by both movements, each attempting to assimilate the other, and proposes ways towards a true reconciliation between modernity and Islam, towards finding in the law and in the sacred texts an Islamic theory of the equality of the sexes.
Les recompositions religieuses et les tendances actuelles de la sociologie des religions en France
Authors: HERVIEU-LEGER Danièle
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes—in a deliberately subjective way—a retrospective of the trajectory of the sociology of religions in France since the 1950s. It identifies three moments: they correspond both to typical periods of the French religious evolution since the Second World War and to intellectual problems that have marked the theoretical development of the research. Till the 1960s (the first moment), the classical vision of secularization found its confirmation with the observation of the collapse of the Catholic parochial civilization. A second moment is linked with the discovery of a proliferation of beliefs throughout the allegedly secularized society. A third moment deals with the question of the shaping and transmission of socio-religious identities in a multicultural society, where the need for redefining the very notion of laïcité is at the centre of public debate.
Les ambiguïtés du catholicisme face à la question noire au Brésil
Authors: VALENTE Ana Lúcia
Published: March 2007

The author succinctly discusses the experience of a black Brazilian group, the Agentes de Pastoral Negros, attached to the Catholic Church and ideologically inspired by Liberation Theology. She sheds light on difficulties black Catholics meet with in affirming their presence in an institution resistant to change, although claiming to be close to the poor and oppressed. The author only deals here with certain aspects of a question which has been investigated over three years of research taking an anthropological approach, which has been the object of her doctoral thesis.
Discontinuity, Tradition, and Innovation: Anthropological Reflections on Jewish Identity in Contemporary Hungary
Authors: MARS Leonard
Published: March 2007

Since the end of Communist rule Hungary has been re-examining its own national identity and so too have its Jewish citizens. The renegotiation and reconstruction of Jewish identity is characterized by the ability of individuals and groups to choose from a variety of identities. Choices, pace Giddens, are not made by some decontextualized individual in a quest for self-identity but rather in the context of social networks and resources. The choices are taken within a framework embracing the state, a mode of production and within the Jewish group which latter is not homogeneous. The author shows how internal and external links are mobilized and how cultural brokers act as agents in the development of new forms of Jewish identity.
New Age Spiritualities as Secular Religion: a Historian's Perspective
Authors: HANEGRAAFF Wouter J.
Published: March 2007

The New Age movement represents the historically innovative phenomenon of a secular type of religion based upon a radically private symbolism. This thesis is developed against the background of a three-part definition of religion, according to which “religion” in general may manifest in the form of either “religions” or “spiritualities”. Secularization, in this context, refers not to a decline or disappearance but to a through transformation of religion under the impact of new developments. The essence of this process lies in the autonomization of “spiritualities” with respect to “religions”: while spiritualities had traditionally been embedded in the collective symbolism of an existing religion, New Age spiritualities are manifestations of a radically private symbolism embedded directly in secular culture. From a historical point of view, this phenomenon is new and unprecedented. Special attention is given to how and why private symbolism in the New Age context tends to concentrate on “the Self” and its spiritual evolution.
Ritual Combat in the Gospels and Josephus: a New Methodological Approach
Authors: STAPLES Peter
Published: March 2007

Examples of ritual combat can be found in Josephus as well as in other Jewish traditions and the Gospels. Ritual combat was part of an elaborate liturgy (including pilgrimage, holy war, and temple restoration) which was performed in Second Temple Judaism. The ideology associated with this rite and the recursive practices which it motivated can be called the Temple Restoration Gestalt. It was firmly embedded in the culture of the period. In order to reconstruct the TRG, a new method is required. This procedure is explained. Its application not only sheds new light on the problem of Christian origins, but also contributes to the sociology of early Christianity.
Look Good, Feel Better: Beauty Therapy as Emotional Labour
Authors: Sharma Ursula , Black Paula
Published: March 2007

This article is based on research among beauty therapists in two cities. Therapists saw their work less in terms of what it does to make women look better, more in terms of what it does to make women feel better. They described the treatment as offering stress relief and greater self-confidence, but also described the work they do to manage their own emotions in the salon. Beauthy therapy could, therefore, be seen as a form of what Hochschild has called `emotional labour'. The authors argue that this claim can be understood `as an instance of occupational rhetoric'; the interviewees stressed the emotional work they performed as an argument for a better and more professional perception of beauty therapy than it actually enjoys. But it can also be read as a description of aspects of the labour process in which they are engaged. Like much emotional labour this expenditure of effort on the part of the beauty therapists is not reflected in pay and conditions, being to a large extent socially `invisible' in a highly gendered (but not sexualised) occupation. Therefore the claim to perform emotional labour may be a somewhat risky strategy in terms of developing a `professional project' for beauty therapy.
Thank Heaven for Little Girls: `Girl Heaven' and the Commercial Context of Feminine Childhood
Authors: Russell Rachel , Tyler Melissa
Published: March 2007

This paper is based on a critical analysis of a chain of retail outlets called `Girl Heaven', aimed primarily at 3-13-year-old girls, described variously as `a piece of retail folklore' (Lumsden, 1999) and as `Guardian Wimmin Hell' (Kettle, 1999). It argues that while on the one hand Girl Heaven appears to provide a celebratory social space in which girls can affirm their femininity, it also seems to epitomize the commercial appropriation of childhood femininity. As a way into exploring these two alternatives, this article is concerned initially with what it means to `do' feminine childhood against the backdrop of contemporary consumer culture. It then outlines the methodological approach that we take to researching Girl Heaven, and the ways in which we explore young girls' lived experience of consumer culture and gender acquisition. We then consider the commercial context of Girl Heaven in relation to the increasing market recognition of `tweenies', as well as the significance of pester power and branding in childhood approaches to consumption. We subsequently focus on Girl Heaven as a cultural text, concentrating on its construction of femininity. Our analysis culminates in an attempt to reflect critically on the complex relationship between consumer culture and the process of becoming a woman. We reflect on Girl Heaven - with which, our research suggests, young girls themselves are acutely aware of having a relationship that is far from straightforward - as a notable manifestation of this complexity.
The Mode of Operation of Antiredeposition Agents in Detergent Solutions
Authors: Stillo H.S. , Kolat R.S.
Published: March 2007

Application of colloid stability theory to soil redeposition in detergent liquors has enabled the formulation of a working hypothesis for the effect of polymeric additives on the process. Ionogenic additives are presumed to function by increasing the electrical repulsive forces between soil and fabric, while nonionogenic or weakly ionogenic addi tives may decrease the attractive dispersion forces or increase the nonelectrical repulsive forces. The electrical repulsive force is inferred from soil redeposition tests to be at a maximum when the zeta potentials of soil and fabric are equal in sign and magnitude. As the difference in zeta potential between the two substrates is increased, an attractive force results, even though the sign of the zeta potential is the same for both substrates. This behavior is attributed to an induced charge effect.
Some Dynamometric Applications of an Electronic Integrator-Differentiator
Authors: Grignet J. , Monfort F.
Published: March 2007

One of the authors (J. G.) has devised an electronic integrator-differentiator which can be connected to two recorders which will then record in one operation the classical load-extension curve, the work of stretching, and the slope of the load-extension curve. The recorders give a continuous trace from which at any moment can be read off as ordinates the corresponding work of stretching and the rate of loading or rate of exten sion. The technique can be applied equally well to measurements made by dynamometers on fibers, yarns, rovings, or slivers. Moreover, the integrator-differentiator circuit which is used is also appropriate for many additional uses, since it can be fed by the variable voltage which is produced in many types of apparatus now being widely used in the laboratory. In this way, without any additional work, both the integrated and the differentiated curve can be obtained for whatever function is being measured.-

The authors have employed this circuit for (1) a critical study of the extent to which the constancy of rate of loading or extension is realized in two yarn dynamometers which have been put on the market recently, and (2) for the continuous measurement of the work of stretching and the rate of loading of woul, nylon, Terylene, and other fibers when they are being tested on a dynamometer supposed to give a constant rate of extension.

Quite apart from the advantage of having the integration and the differentiation proceeding instantaneously, this electronic device also allows a careful investigation of the effect of time in various dynamometric studies of fibers, rovings, and yarns.
Acetal Cellulose Reactants
Authors: Irvine J.B. , Kress B.H.
Published: March 2007

Three types of acetal cellulose reactants are discussed. Two are in commercial use and one is in the development stage. A general description of the nature of their re actions with cellulose is followed by an analysis of the data obtained from the laboratory evaluations of mill processed fabrics.

The acetal cellulose reactants are a group of materials which produce non-chlorine retentive dimensional control and a wide variety of hand effects including softness, permanent stiffness, and a range of crease resistances.
The Preparation and Properties of Partially Benzylated Cotton
Authors: Klein Elias , Stanonis David J. , Harbrink Pieter , Berni Ralph J.
Published: March 2007

Ternary systems, such as alcohol. water, and sodium hydroxide, have been used in the pretreatment bath or have been added in fixed quantities to cotton prior to etherifi cation with benzyl chloride. Evidence has been obtained which supports an hypothesis that increased reagent solubility, coupled with control of the cellulose: sodacellulose equilibrium. can lead to essentially homogeneous cotton cellulose modifications. In addition, the experiments have resulted in the preparation of interesting fibrous cellulose ethers. These ethers retained many of the desirable mechanical properties of the original cotton and showed increases in elastic recovery, decreased permanent set, sub stantivity to disperse dyes, microbiological resistance, and a high degree of thermo plasticity.
The Sorption of HCl by Textile Fibers
Authors: Larose P.
Published: March 2007

The contraction of nylon yarn resulting from the sorption of HCl has been studied under various conditions. Tension applied to the yarn during the sorption of the gas reduces the contraction in a way that can be explained by the theory of reaction rates. It is shown that the uptake of HCl, however, is not affected noticeably by tensioning the yarn. The contraction appears to be largely dependent on the rate of diffusion of the HCl. A coefficient of diffusion has been calculated for this rate at 22° C. The effect of drawing has also been investigated, and it was found that the greater the draw ratio, the greater the contraction, but the previous history of the yarn is very important in this respect. Twisted nylon filament has also been observed to untwist during HCl sorption. This untwisting also appears to be a rate process.
Impressions of Leadership Through a Native Woman’s Eyes
Authors: Simms Muriel
Published: March 2007

Non-Native American superintendents who lack the qualities of spirituality and community connectedness engage in discourses that silence and destroy relationships with the community. Lakota Indian Sandy White Hawk views the quality of community as essential in redirecting a superintendent’s role from power over to power with to nurture community relationships.
Racially Different Adolescents
Authors: Rosenthal David M. , Putnam Barbara A. , Hansen James C.
Published: March 2007

White-black differences in vocational maturity and preferences are unrelated to differences in self-esteem.
What Happened to the High School Discipline Crisis?
Authors: Duke Daniel Linden , Perry Cheryl
Published: March 2007

Are recent press reports of violence in the high schools outdated or exaggerated." A survey does not confirm them.
School Bureaucratization as a Response to Parents' Demands
Authors: Hollister C. David
Published: March 2007

Paradoxically, the rationalization and bureaucratization of schools serves at the same time to fend off parents' demands and to assure at least minimal compliance with them.
Evaluation of a Voluntary Busing Program through Cohort Comparisons
Authors: Guskey Thomas R. , Nordstrom Care , Wick John W.
Published: March 2007

A longitudinal study indicates that bused pupils' academic achievement persists or increases.
Student Attendance Problems and School Organization
Authors: Duke Daniel Linden , Meckel Adrienne Maravich
Published: March 2007

Although student absences are seen as an important problem, the schools studied are badly organized to deal with them.
Organizational Policy and Women's Socialization in Administration
Authors: Marshall Catherine
Published: March 2007

Contradictions of feminine and administrator roles and norms often lead to role strain, and sometimes to failure.
Suspensions and Expulsions of Male and Black Students
Authors: Bennett Christine , Harris J. John
Published: March 2007

Black students are suspended far more often than white students. The extent of disproportion depends largely upon school and staff characteristics.
Parochial School Foundations of Buffalo's Polonia
Authors: Obidinski Eugene
Published: March 2007

Parochial schools were established immediately after the establishment of Catholic parishes in Buffalo's Polish immigrant communities.
Cross-Racial Acceptance and Best Friend Choice
Authors: Jarrett Olga S. , Quay Lorene C.
Published: March 2007

When kindergarteners and first graders chose best friends, gender was more important than race.
Thinking the Unthinkable
Authors: Wolfthal Maurice
Published: March 2007

Note from the field. Have compulsory education laws failed?
The Ethics of Coercion
Authors: Rothstein Stanley William
Published: March 2007

Teacher ethos and ethics justify coercion, regimentation, depersonalization, andfailure.
Ethnic Identity and Academic Performance among Black and White College Students
Authors: White Clovis L.
Published: March 2007

Shared meanings associated with the identity are congruent or relevant to the meanings associated with academic performance. Ethnic identity had no effect on college student performance.
Empowering Children And Teachers In The Elementary Mathematics Classrooms Of Urban Schools
Authors: Campbel Patricia F
Published: March 2007

Project IMPACT is a school-based teacher enhancement model for elementary mathematics instruction designed to foster student understanding and to support teacher change in predominantly minority elementary schools. Project teachers consider instructional approaches consistent with a cognitive, constructivist perspective for mathematics learning, emphasizing interaction and collaboration rather than limiting instruction to a direct model. Data from the primary grades revealed that significantly higher mathematics achievement scores for the children in the IMPACT schools emerged gradually and persistently over time, becoming more evident as the mathematical abstraction of the curriculum increased. Supported by mathematics specialists, instructional change occurred in most treatment classrooms, particularly in those schools where the principal encouraged the reform.
Does Classroom Mobility Hurt Stable Students?
Authors: Heywood John S. , Thomas Marc , White Sammis B.
Published: March 2007

Common across past studies of the influence of student mobility on achievement is the presumption that mobility influences the students who actually move. We focus on a related issue, the impact of their classmates' mobility on the performance of those stable students who remain all year. Students in inner-city elementary schools are examined to determine whether those stable students in classrooms with greater mobility have smaller gains in achievement. Despite a variety of measures and several specifications, no consistent correlation emerges between classroom mobility and five measures of individual student achievement. We find virtually no evidence that mobility of classmates lowers achievement of stable students.
Perceptions of Risk Factors for Female Gang Involvement among African American and Hispanic Women
Authors: WALKER-BARNES CHANEQUA J. , MASON CRAIG A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines ethnic minority girls' perceptions of risk factors for female gang involvement. Thirty-one female students at an alternative school in a high-crime, urban environment were interviewed with regard to their beliefs about why adolescents join gangs. Peer pressure was believed to be the largest influence on female gang involvement. In addition, it was thought that girls might turn to gangs for protection from neighborhood crime, abusive families, and other gangs. Family characteristics linked to gang involvement included lack of parental warmth and family conflict. Furthermore, gangs, through their participation in illegal activities, were viewed as providing access to excitement and moneymaking opportunities not available through more legitimate societal institutions. Finally, adolescents may view gang membership as a way of obtaining respect. Implications for intervention programs and future research are discussed.
High School Students
Authors: McCONNELL ELIZABETH H.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the research was to assess whether students possess information about gangs that is useful to primary and secondary education providers. Data were collected through 193 questionnaires administered to students in an inner-city high school. A purposive sample of students in a variety of classes (English, history, study hall, vocational education, Honors English, and biology) from Grades 9-12 were surveyed. The sample was representative of the school population in terms of ethnicity, gender, and grade level. Based on the findings, the researcher concluded that the sample had personal knowledge of gangs and gang members and are a viable source of gang data.
The Effect of Middle School Extra Curricular Activities on Adolescents' Popularity and Peer Status
Authors: EDER DONNA , KINNEY DAVID A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of extracurricular activities on students' popularity and peer status in middle school as well as the processes by which these effects occur. Findings from qualitative and quantitative data provide support for different gender dynamics regarding status, whereby females do not show the consistent gains in status that males experience. The findings also indicate how popularity and peer status processes do not always converge, but are differentially influenced by different activities.
Environmental Awareness
Authors: SZAGUN GISELA , PAVLOV VLADIMIR I.
Published: March 2007

Six hundred ten German and 610 Russian adolescents in three age groups—12, 15, and 18 years—were given a questionnaire assessing their environmental awareness. In both nationalities, anxiety, sadness, and anger about environmental destruction were high, but hopelessness was rejected. Willingness to engage in pro-environmental behavior was also quite strong. German adolescents had stronger feelings and were more willing to engage in personal pro-environmental behavior than were Russians. However, their level of environmental awareness decreased with age. Females of both nationalities had higher levels of environmental awareness than did males; this difference was more pronounced from age 15. Environmental feelings and behavioral tendencies were highly correlated. Differences between culture groups were explained in terms of different societal backgrounds.
Gender Stereotyping, Homonegativity, and Misconceptions about Sexually Coercive Behavior among Adolescents
Authors: MORRISON TODD G. , McLEOD LINDSAY D. , MORRISON MELANIE A. , ANDERSON DANA , O'CONNOR WENDY E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine gender stereotyping, homonegativity, and erroneous beliefs about sexual coercion among adolescents. The researchers distributed 1, 124 questionnaires to randomly selected schools in Newfoundland and Labrador for administration to students in Grades 10 and 12. An analysis of returns (1,045 questionnaires [response rate of 93%]) revealed that (a) male respondents were more likely to endorse gender-stereotypic and homonegative attitudes and were more likely to possess erroneous beliefs about sexual coercion than were female respondents; (b) self-reported academic achievement was negatively correlated with endorsement of gender stereotypes, homonegativism, and erroneous beliefs about sexual coercion; (c) neither religiosity (operationally defined as frequency of church attendance) nor respondents' site of residence (urban vs. rural) was associated with endorsement of these attitudes; and (d) homonegativism and endorsement of erroneous beliefs about sexual coercion were positively correlated.
Relational Problems with Peers, Gender, and Delinquency
Authors: AGNEW ROBERT , BREZINA TIMOTHY
Published: March 2007

Although there is some evidence to suggest that classic strain theory is applicable to both male and female delinquency, several theorists have argued that a distinct version of strain theory may be required to explain delinquency among females. In particular, whereas male deviance tends to be generated by classic (or economic) strain, female deviance tends to be generated by strain occurring in interpersonal relations. This study attempts to test this argument by examining the relative effects of interpersonal strain on male and female delinquency. An analysis of national survey data reveals that interpersonal strain (or problems in peer relations) is an important correlate of certain types of delinquency among female adolescents. The analysis also reveals, however, that interpersonal strain is perhaps a more important correlate of male delinquency. Implications for the understanding of female delinquency are discussed.
Fame, Fortune, and Failure
Authors: EINERSON MARTHA J.
Published: March 2007

This research explores young girls' moral language about popular music. This work is interdisciplinary and draws theoretically from communication, cultural studies, and feminist developmental psychology. The analysis was in part an exercise in sorting through the multilayered and complex web of texts that arise from these girls' interpretations of their popular music experience. Further, this study examines the girls' constructions of morality and moral behavior in their stories about the demise of a popular music group, New Kids on the Block. This is a grounded study of Gilligan's theory of girls' identity and moral development. There are implications for educators to use popular music as a learning tool for young girls' exploration of identity.
'A presence...called Germany': personal history in the construction of national identity by post-war German intellectuals: three case-studies
Authors: Morgan Peter
Published: March 2007

Behind the 'Verdrossenheit' (frustration) of the West German intellectuals lies not merely the ideological shock of the loss of Marxism, but, at a deeper level, the inability to come to terms with the relationships to the family, the nation, and the past. This thesis is supported by textual analysis of mernories of child hood and metaphors of loss in autobiographical writings of three left-wing post-war intellectuals, viewed at this point as case-studies, rather than as typologies of the generation of post-war intellectuals who are now in the socially dominant positions of the new FRG.
Psychoeducational Assessment Practices for the Learning Disabled
Authors: Duran Jane
Published: March 2007

Four lines of argument are adduced to support the contention that current disease-modeled approaches to learning disability (LD) are inadequate and that a more environmentally-centered approach should be utilized. The first argument employs philosophy of science to criticize the blatant operationalism of the extant theorizing, while noting that the theories frequently try to employ a realist slant. The second line of argument attacks the disease model itself, employing the work of other philosophers who have noted the extent to which "disease" is a value-laden construct. Still another line notes that, at first glance, current work on paternalism might seem to provide some kind of rationale for LD placement, but that this is probably not the case. The fourth line of argument adverts to the possibility that sociopolitical motivations underlie some of the labeling efforts. It is concluded that current efforts are fruitless and that a new definitional effort is needed, one which specifically cites the locus of disability as the classroom environment.
Truth, Method, and Objectivity Husserl and Gadamer on Scientific Method
Authors: Nuyen A.T.
Published: March 2007

There is a common concern in some of the writings of Husserl and Gadamer. It is the concern to defend the legitimacy and dignity of the "human sciences." They argue from the methodological standpoint that the method of the natural sciences leaves out the relationship between the object of inquiry and the inquirer. This relationship plays a key role in "understanding," which is the concem of the human sciences. In explicating it, Husserl and Gadamer stress the role of the community and the lifeworld as the context of understanding. Parallels to Husserl's and Gadamer's ideas can be found in analytical philosophy.
Must False Consciousness Be Rationally Caused?
Authors: Paprzycka Katarzyna
Published: March 2007

Denise Meyerson has recently argued that the adaptational account of false consciousness must appeal to a psychological element, contrary to explicit declarations of its proponents. In order to explain why the rulers genuinely hold ideological beliefs, one must take them to desire to think well of themselves. She concludes that the desire to think well of oneself causes the ideological beliefs. The article defends the adaptational account from Meyerson's attempt to ground it in the psychology of the rulers. Meyerson is wrong both in thinking that the desire in question is explanatorily necessary and in thinking that its explanatory role would consist in its causing ideological beliefs.
Situational Analysis and the Concept of Equilibrium
Authors: Ormerod Paul , Rosewell Bridget
Published: March 2007

The core model of orthodox economies does not take proper account of Popper's situational analysis. It follows his injunction to generalize but does not test this against actual historical development. Mathematical tools used with great success in engineering were applied to economics in the final quarter of the nineteenth century. The models constructed with them were intended to be, by their very nature, timeless.