bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alleviation of Scaling Concerns and Controlling of Chemical EOR Under-Performance Risk for a Giant Sandstone Reservoir in North Kuwait
Authors: Al-Murayri Mohammed T. , Kamal Dawood S. , Khan Mohammad Y. , Al-Mayyan Haya E. , Abu Shiekah Issa , Shahin Gordon T. , Shukla Shunahshep R. , Bouwmeester Ron , de Kruijf Sander
Published: October 2019

An inverted 5-spot Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) pilot is planned for a giant sandstone reservoir in North Kuwait. Despite the development of a robust lab-optimized ASP formulation at reservoir temperature (90°C) and the execution of a successful Single Well Chemical Tracer Test (SWCTT), the combination of high temperature and divalent ion concentration (∼20,000 ppm) makes the implementation of a successful multi-well ASP pilot very difficult mainly due to the challenge of inorganic carbonate scale. This paper presents some unique challenges in connection with the design of an inverted 5-spot ASP pilot and discusses practical strategies to mitigate them.

Due to the high divalent ion concentration in the formation brine, the design basis for the planned chemical EOR pilot requires pre-flushing the reservoir using softened seawater prior to ASP injection. In the base-case scenario for the pilot, injection and production within the pattern were balanced to target a Voidage Replacement Ratio (VRR) of 1. However, it was realized that such a pre-flush strategy would still present significant carbonate scaling risk at the producers. In view of that, an extended softened-water pre-flush strategy (over-flush) was considered to alleviate the anticipated scaling concerns.

Simulations were carried out to explore various scenarios to work out the optimal over-flush strategy for the pilot to mitigate the potential for scale formation at the producers. It was realized that over-flushing the hot reservoir brine by large volumes of cooler surface water could result in significant cooling of the reservoir prior to ASP injection. This change in reservoir temperature compromises the performance the original lab-optimized formulation that was designed considering a reservoir temperature of 90°C. In view of that, careful re-tuning of the chemical formulation was necessary to make it robust for pilot conditions post softened water over-flushing.
HIV-1 Drug Resistance and Genetic Diversity among Vertically Infected Cameroonian Children
Authors: Dambaya Beatrice , Fokam Joseph , Ngoufack Ezechiel
Published: October 2019

Background: HIV-1 vertically infected children stand a high risk of HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR), especially after failure to prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) and pediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, surveillance of HIVDR might contribute in delineating optimal pediatric regimens. Objective: To evaluate HIVDR and subtype distribution among ART-naïve and ART-failing children. Methods: A study was conducted throughout 2017 amongst 102 children/adolescents at the “Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre” (CIRCB) in Cameroon. HIVDR testing was performed in protease-reverse transcriptase (RT) region and interpreted using the Stanford HIVdbv8.5; subtyping was performed using MEGA v7.0.26; and data were analysed using Epi-info v7.1.3.3, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Sequences were generated from 63 participants (19 ART-naïve, 44 ART-failure); the median-age was respectively 6[IQR:3.5–11] and 144[IQR:116.25–185] months for ART-naïve and ART-failing (median ART-duration: 23.55 [IQR:7.61–60.91] months, 63.6% receiving non-nucleoside RT inhibitors [NNRTI]-based regimens). Among ART-naïve children, overall-HIVDR was 52.6%(10/19), with 31.6%(6/19) to NNRTI, 26.3%(5/19) to NRTI and 15.8%(3/19) to PI/r. Among ART-failing children, overall-HIVDR was 97.7%(43/44), with 95.4%(42/44) to NNRTI, 90.9%(40/44) to NRTI and 18.2%(8/44) to PI/r. Multi-drug resistance was found in 21.05%(4/19) ART-naïve versus 85.7%(24/28) on NNRTI-based and 50%(8/16) on PI-based regimens; OR=4.36, p=0.045. CRF02_AG was prevalent (68.2%), without any effect on HIVDR (p=0.99). Conclusion: The high rates of HIVDR, in both ART-naïve and ART-failing children, suggest using GRT for selecting optimal pediatric ART-regimens. Multi-drug resistance is concerning among children failing ART and prompts the need of new drugs (integrase inhibitors, darunavir/ritonavir) for optimal pediatric ART management.
Detection Of Kpc And Oxa-48 Gene In Clinical Isolates Of Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Authors: Shrestha Bhanu , Sah Anil Kumar , Thakuri Laxmi Sen , Pradhan Roshani Nhuchhen , Nath Dharmendra Kumar , Mainali Sameekshya , Aryal Sagar
Published: October 2019

Objectives: The emergence of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has been problematic in health sectors. It has been increasing widely in both hospital and community settings. The resistance acquired due to presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and Oxacillinase-48 carbapenemase (OXA-48) is of great concern. This cross-sectional study was designed to detect the carbapenem resistant gene namely blaKPC and blaOXA-48 in K. pneumoniae obtained from different clinical specimens. Results: Among the clinical isolates tested, culture positivity was 51.31% with K. pneumoniae as predominant isolates with 28.20%. AST revealed 38 (69.09%) carbapenemase producing K. pneumoniae while MHT confirmed 31 (56.36%) isolates as carbapenemase producer phenotypically. Similarly, highest percentage of carbapenemase production was seen in sputum (45.16%), in male (67.74%), in age group 51-60 (25.80%) and in OPD (45.16%). PCR screening was done for 31 carbapenemase producing isolates to detect blaKPC and blaOXA-48 genes. Two (6.45%) isolates were positive for blaKPC gene and 9 (29.03%) for blaOXA-48 genes. Significant numbers of blaKPC and blaOXA-48 genes were detected in carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from clinical isolates.Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, blaKPC, blaOXA-48, Carbapenem
Comparative analysis of somatic variant calling on matched FF and FFPE WGS from a metastatic prostate sample
Authors: Brienen Louise de Schaetzen van , Larmuseau Maarten , Eecken Kim Van der , Fostier Jan , Ost Piet , Marchal Kathleen
Published: October 2019

Background. Research grade Fresh Frozen (FF) DNA material is not yet routinely collected in clinical practice. Many hospitals, however, do collect and store Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. Consequently, the sample size of whole genome cancer cohort studies could be increased tremendously by including FFPE samples, although the presence of artifacts might obfuscate the variant calling. To assess whether FFPE material can be used for cohort studies, we performed an in-depth comparison of somatic SNVs called on matching FF and FFPE Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) samples extracted from the same prostate metastatic tumor. Results. We first compared the calls between FF and FFPE, showing that on average 50% of the calls in FF are recovered in FFPE, with notable differences between variant callers. Remarkably, this overlap was better than the overlap between different variant callers on the same sample. Inspecting the Variant Allele Frequency (VAF), we observed that many of the calls common to FF and FFPE belonged to the same clonal subpopulation but were detected at a lower VAF in FFPE. We also demonstrated that these calls receive higher significance scores and are often identified by more than one variant caller. Based on this observation, we propose a simple heuristic to perform reliable variant calling in FFPE samples. Our heuristic identified 3684 common calls at a F1-score of 0.83. Conclusion. This study illustrates that when using the correct variant calling strategy, the overlap between the FF and FFPE sample in somatic SNVs increases to such an extent that a large fraction of the calls detected in the FFPE sample are contained in the FF sample and the number of variants unique to each sample remains restricted. These results suggest that somatic variants derived from WGS of FFPE material can be used in cohort studies.
Dromedary camel CD14high MHCIIhigh monocytes display inflammatory properties and are reduced in newborn camel calves
Authors: Hussen Jamal , Shawaf Turke , Al-Mubarak Abdullah I. A. , Humam Naser Abdallah Al , Almathen Faisal , Schuberth Hans-Joachim
Published: October 2019

Background

in human and different animal species, blood monocytes are classified based on their expression pattern of different monocytic markers into phenotypically and functionally different subsets. In the current study, we used monoclonal antibodies to CD172a, CD14, CD163 and MHCII to identify monocyte subsets in peripheral blood of dromedary camels and to evaluate their phenotype and function.Results

similar to bovine and swine monocytes, camel CD172a can be used as a pan-monocyte marker. Based on CD14, CD163 and MHCII expression, camel CD172a+ monocytes were divided into three subsets: The major subpopulation of camel monocytes (mo-I) showed high expression of CD14 and CD163, but low expression of MHCII. A second subset of monocytes (mo-II) expressed highly all three markers, CD14, CD163 and MHCII. A third monocyte subset (mo-III) displayed low expression of CD14 and CD163 with high MHCII expression. The three monocyte subsets also showed different expression patterns of cell adhesion molecules. While the two MHCII high subsets (mo-II and mo-III) showed higher expression of CD11a in comparison to the MHCIIlow subset mo-I, CD18 and CD11b were highest expressed on the two CD14high subsets (mo-I and mo-II). Bacterial stimulation of camel leukocytes identified mo-II cells as an antimicrobial monocyte subset with the highest phagocytic and ROS production capacity. The comparison of monocyte counts and phenotype between newborn camel calves and adult camels revealed significantly reduced numbers of mo-II cells in newborn animals. Monocytes of newborns expressed significantly more CD172a and CD163 molecules but less CD14 and MHCII molecules than monocytes of adult camels.Conclusions

The analysis of phenotypic and functional properties suggests that camel monocyte subsets mo-I, mo-II and mo-III are counterparts of bovine classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes respectively. Age related changes in camel monocyte numbers and phenotype were identified.
Utility of the optical quality analysis system for decision-making in Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy in patients with light posterior capsule opacity
Authors: LU BO , Zhu Weijie , Fan Yu , Shi Dong , Ma Liwei
Published: October 2019

Background: To evaluate whether the Optical Quality Analysis System (OQAS) can serve as a valuable additional indicator for appropriate posterior capsulotomy referral.
Methods: One hundred and five eyes from 96 patients undergoing capsulotomy were divided into precapsulotomy logMAR CDVA ≤ 0.1 group and logMAR CDVA > 0.1 group. CDVA， and the Visual Function 14 index (VF-14) score were estimated before and 1 month after capsulotomy. Objective scattering index (OSI) value was measured by using the OQAS. Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) severity was assessed with Evaluation of PCO 2000 (EPCO 2000) software.
Results：In logMAR CDVA > 0.1 group, the correlations of OSI, logMAR CDVA, EPCO score and VF-14 score were very strong preoperatively. In logMAR CDVA ≤ 0.1 group, preoperatively, OSI was correlated with logMAR CDVA (r = 0.451), EPCO score (r = 0.789), and VF-14 score (r = 0.852). LogMAR CDVA has weak correlation with VF-14 score (r = -0.384) and EPCO score (r = 0.566). VF-14 score was correlated with EPCO score (r = -0.669). In the logMAR CDVA ≤ 0.1 group, there was no significant difference in logMAR CDVA between precapsulotomy and postcapsulotomy (P > 0.05). In the two groups, all the other optical quality parameters were significantly improved after capsulotomy (P < 0.05).
Conclusions：The OSI was useful for the evaluation of PCO and prediction of beneficial capsulotomy. Especially for patients with slight PCO and better visual acuity, OSI is more valuable than CDVA and a complete objectivity examination.
Trial registration: The study protocol was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Register: ChiCTR1800018842 (Registered Date: October 13th, 2018).
Keywords: Posterior capsule opacification, Objective scattering index, Capsulotomy, Visual Function 14 index, Visual outcomes
JM-1232(-) and propofol, a new combination of anesthetics with short-acting and non-cumulative preferable properties
Authors: Adachi Yushi Ueda , Taharabaru Saori , Higashi Michiko , Matsuda Naoyuki , Satomoto Maiko , Tamura Takahiro , Sato Aiji Boku , Okuda Masahiro
Published: October 2019

Background Drug interactions are significant in anesthesiology because drug combinations can potentially possess novel properties. The pharmacological advantages of a new combination of the benzodiazepine receptor agonist JM-1232(-) and propofol were investigated in mice.Methods Male adult mice were administered JM-1232(-) or propofol or combinations of the two drugs intravenously. Loss of the righting reflex was evaluated as achieving hypnosis, and the time until recovery of the reflex was measured as hypnosis time. After determining the ED50, doses double and triple the ED50 of propofol were injected with JM-1232(-) to compare hypnosis time. The injections were repeated four times, and the hypnosis times were compared. Flumazenil was administered separately immediately after the last dose was injected.Results The ED50 values ([95% confidence interval]) for hypnosis were 3.76 [3.36–4.10] for JM-1232(-) and 9.88 [8.03–11.58] mg kg-1 for propofol. Co-administration of 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg-1 JM-1232(-) reduced the ED50 values of propofol to 1.76 [1.21–2.51] and 1.00 [0.46–1.86] mg kg-1, respectively. The drug combination for hypnosis produced a supra-additive interaction. Hypnosis time was significantly shorter in the groups given the mixtures compared to each hypnotic administered alone. After repeated injections, hypnosis time with the mixtures showed smaller prolongation than that with the hypnotic alone. Flumazenil completely restored the recovery time after anesthesia.Conclusions The combination of JM-1232(-) and propofol showed a supra-additive interaction, and the reduced hypnotic dose contributed to a faster recovery even after multiple injections.
Socio-demographic factors associated with early sexual experience among South African female youth
Authors: Baruwa Ololade Julius , Amoateng Acheampong Yaw
Published: October 2019

Early sexual experiences affect the sexual and reproductive health of young persons because they put them at the risk of risky sexual behaviours including multiple sexual partners and inconsistent condom use. As a consequence, early sexual experiences increase the risk of unintended pregnancies and STIs, including HIV/AIDS. There has been limited research on the prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of early sexual experience in South Africa. Thus, this study aimed to fill the void by assessing the socio-demographic factors that are associated with early sexual experience among South African female youth using the 2016 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS). Results showed that female youth with secondary (HR: 0.69, CI: 0.61-0.77) and higher (HR: 0.47, CI: 0.41-0.54) education had lower hazard risk of early sexual experience compared to those who had no education and primary education. Female youth between the ages of 25-34 (HR: 0.70, CI: 0.65-0.74) had hazard lower risk of early sexual experience compared to those from poor wealth index. Belonging to “other” population group reduced the hazard risk of early sexual experience among female youth compared to those belonging to African population group (HR: 0.87, CI: 0.77-0.98). Programs should target high-risk groups to delay early sexual initiation.
Patterns of Fish and Whale Consumption and Concentrations of Methylmercury in Hair Among Residents of Western Canadian Arctic Communities
Authors: Walker Emily Victoria , Yuan Yuan , Girgis Safwat , Goodman Karen J.
Published: October 2019

Background. Methylmercury contamination of the environment represents a substantial environmental health concern. Human exposure to methylmercury occurs primarily through consumption of fish and marine mammals. Heavily exposed subgroups include sport or subsistence fishers residing in Arctic communities. We aimed to estimate the association of fish/whale consumption patterns of Canadian Arctic subsistence fishers with the internal dose of methylmercury as measured in hair.
Methods. This research was conducted within ongoing community projects led by the CANHelp Working Group in Aklavik and Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories and Old Crow, YT. We interviewed each participant using a fish-focused food-frequency questionnaire during September-November 2016 and collected hair samples concurrently. Methylmercury was measured in the full-length of each hair sample using gas chromatography inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Multivariable random-effects linear regression estimated beta-coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the effect of fish/whale consumption on hair-methylmercury concentrations.
Results. In total, 101 participants provided hair samples and diet data. The mean number of fish/whale species eaten by participants was 3.5 (SD:1.9). The mean hair-methylmercury concentration was 0.60μg/g (SD:0.47). Fish/whale consumption was positively associated with hair-methylmercury concentration, after adjusting for sex, hair length and use of permanent hair treatments. Hair-methylmercury concentrations among participants who consumed the most fish/whale in each season ranged from 0.30- 0.50μg/g higher than those who consumed <1 meal/week.
Conclusions. Hair-methylmercury concentrations were below the 6.0μg/g threshold for safe exposure defined by Health Canada, suggesting that fish/whale consumption patterns among participants are not increasing their risk of known serious health effects of methylmercury exposure.
Efficacy of Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Zhang Wenyue , Tang Yao , Huang Juan , Ren Hong , Yang Yixuan , Yang Qinbing , Hu Huaidong
Published: October 2019

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a kind of chronic liver disease among general population. Recent years, more and more new experiments have made the role of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) become clearer. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed the efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods We searched the Web of Science, Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane library databases for relavent studies published before March 1, 2019. We examined 134 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effectiveness of UDCA in NAFLD against placebo or other treatments. Next, we conducted meta-analysis by Stata(version 12.0) to examine the change among several indices: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), Alkaline phosphatase (AP), total bilirubin and albumin. Results Following the application of different inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 articles with 1106 participants were finally selected. The forest plot displayed that UDCA treatment can significantly decrease the ALT levels among the NAFLD patients (SMD=0.17,95%CI [0.03 to 0.3], P=0.07). However, UDCA treatment did not significantly affect the AST, GGT, AP, total bilirubin and albumin levels. Further, the subgroup analyses suggested the significant role of UDCA treatment in different geographical regions, age group and treatment duration (P=0.003 in people from Europe, P=0.001 in people older than 50 years and P=0.008 in longer duration(>6 months)). Conclusion In this study, several indices we analyzed among 9 articles. UDCA treatment was found beneficial in lowering the ALT levels in NAFLD patients. The remaining indices like AST, GGT, AP showed non-significant changes in this analysis. This could be attributed for the insufficient number of trials because all parameters were not analyzed in each individual RCT. Therefore, future meta-analysis will be required to fully confirm and validate the efficacy of UDCA in NAFL.
The significance of multidisciplinary classifications based on transbronchial pathology in possible idiopathic interstitial pneumonias
Authors: xu jian , Wang Weixue , Liu Chunfang , Feng Ruie , Zhao Junjun , Gao Na , Jiang Ling , Zhang Xiaolin , Han Xue , Ren Lina , Zhao Xiaohui , Liu Yuan
Published: October 2019

Background the multidisciplinary diagnosis based on clinic–radiologic–pathologic information had been widely used as the diagnostic gold standard for idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs). Surgical lung biopsy (SLB) had been recommended as the standard method to sample lung parenchymal lesions for suspected IIPs. Here, we attempted to show the diagnostic conﬁdence of multidisciplinary classifications based on transbronchial pathology including transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy (EBUS-TBNA) in IIPs. Methods all new suspected interstitial lung diseases (ILD) were in-patient at the respiratory department of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital from June 2016 to December 2018. The multidisciplinary discussion (MDD) were made to exclude known causes of ILD and typical IPF depending on clinical, radiological information. The cases of atypical IPF, and possible IIPs were included and suggested to transbronchial pathological evaluation. Initial MDD classifications were made depending on clinical, radiological and transbronchial pathological information. The final MDD classifications was confirmed by following therapeutic effect. Results 70 subjects were eligible including 24 males and 46 females. The sampled lung parenchyma from TBLC were enough for confirmation of pathological diagnosis in 68.6% (48/70) cases. If the confirmed pathological evaluations through EBUS-TBNA and BALF were involved, 77.1% (54/70) cases had gotten the defined diagnosis. All cases were following up. Meanwhile, 60% was improved, 11.43% was relapsed when glucocorticoid was reduced to small dose or withdrawal, 14.29% was steady and 8.57% was progressed in which the diagnosis were modified in 4 cases. 94.3% initial MDD classifications based on transbronchial pathology were agreed with the final MDD, the difference of diagnostic yield wasn’t significant between initial and final MDD (Z=-1.414, p=0.157). Conclusion classifications of IIPs based on transbronchial pathology were useful and quite agreed with final MDD.
RNA-seq and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed genomic and proteomic signatures during bacteriophage-host interactions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Tan Yinling , Zhong Qiu , Zhao Xia , Chen Canhuang , Li Yang , Le Shuai , Chen Ming
Published: October 2019

Background
Understanding the biological nature of bacteriophage is important in exploring the therapeutic and biotechnological potentials of bacteriophages. However, available information is limited to the infection processes on either model phages infecting Escherichia coli or lytic phages against pathogens. The interplay between lysogenic phage and its host was rarely studied.
Results
We investigated the interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a lysogenic bacteriophage PaP3 through RNA-seq and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE). Compared to the uninfected host, a total of 2,891 (51.3%) differentially expressed genes (DGEs) were identified, most of which were repressed by phages, including the changes in metabolic-related and virulence-associated genes. The RT-qPCR results showed consistent directional changes compared with the RNA-seq results. According to 2D-GE, phage structure proteins were detected after phage infection. The host proteins, such as flagella hook-associated proteins, disappeared gradually after phage infection and may be shut off by phage.
Conclusions All these indicate that although lysogenic phages do not immediately lyse the host, they play a significant regulatory role in the expression of host genes. Our findings provide an expanded view of the lysogenic phage infection processes and may offer potential targets for therapeutic intervention against P. aeruginosa infections.
Predicting Cover Crop Nitrogen Content with a Handheld Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Meter
Authors: White Charles M. , Bradley Brosi , Finney Denise M. , Kaye Jason P.
Published: October 2019

Core Ideas

Cover crop biomass N content (CC‐N) can be estimated in the field with a handheld NDVI meter.

Separate calibration equations exist for different cover crop types in fall and spring.

Rapidly estimating CC‐N could facilitate management of N‐related services provided by cover crops.

Cover crop (CC) biomass nitrogen content (CC‐N; kg ha−1) is related to a number of ecosystem services but is rarely measured by farmers and agronomists because of the expense of sampling and analysis. We hypothesized that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measured by a handheld meter could predict CC‐N. Using a dataset of 598 observations, we predicted fall biomass N with two separate calibrations for (i) clover‐type legumes and (ii) CCs consisting of brassicas (Brassica spp.), cereal grasses, vining legumes, and grass–legume–brassica mixtures. Spring biomass N was predicted with three separate calibrations for (i) cereal grain CCs, (ii) brassicas, and (iii) CCs consisting of pure legumes and grass–legume–brassica mixtures. Quality of the calibrations ranged from r2 = 0.72 to r2 = 0.87. Rapidly and inexpensively estimating CC‐N with an NDVI meter could enhance the ability of farmers and agronomists to routinely monitor and manage the N‐related ecosystem services provided by CCs.
Characterization of Excreted Salt from the Recretohalophytes Distichlis spicata and Spartina pectinata
Authors: Morris Logan , Yun Kassandra , Rutter Allison , Zeeb Barbara A.
Published: October 2019

Recretohalophytes are salt‐tolerant plants that excrete excess salts through specialized glands on their leaf surfaces. They have the potential to be applied as a phytotechnology to remediate salt‐impacted soils by removing the salt from the soil and allowing it to be mobilized on the wind (haloconducted) and hence dispersed over a wide area where the salt ions will act as nutrients rather than pollutants. This study is the first to characterize the excreted salts of two recretohalophytic grasses, Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link and Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At above‐optimal conditions for salt excretion (i.e., >65% humidity and >26°C), salt appeared on the stem and leaf surfaces as a sap‐like excretion that could not be easily mobilized. The mean diameter of the salt crystals excreted by S. pectinata (31 ± 24 μm) is significantly smaller than the diameter of those excreted by D. spicata (49 ± 22 μm) (p < 0.05). Spartina pectinata excreted significantly more salt crystals per unit area of plant surface (60 ± 41 crystals mm−2) than D. spicata (27 ± 16 crystals mm−2). These salt crystal characteristics can now be used to assist with determining the optimal species for haloconduction, and in particulate dispersal modeling systems to help determine the fate of the excreted salts once they become airborne by wind.

Core Ideas

Recretohalophytes excrete salts that disperse via winds through “haloconduction.”

The mean diameter of excreted salt crystals varied by plant species.

The mean number of salt crystals per unit of leaf area varied by plant species.

Air particulate modeling can use this to assess the effectiveness of salt dispersal.

Salt excretion and dispersal may prove to be a useful form of salt remediation.
Reconstructing the EFT of inflation from cosmological data
Authors: Durakovic Amel , Hunt Paul , Patil Subodh , Sarkar Subir
Published: October 2019

Reconstructions of the primordial power spectrum (PPS) of curvature
perturbations from cosmic microwave background anisotropies and
large-scale structure data suggest that the usually assumed power-law
PPS has localised features (up to \sim 10\%∼10%
in amplitude), although of only marginal significance in the framework
of \LambdaΛCDM
cosmology. On the other hand if the cosmology is taken to be Einstein-de
Sitter, larger features in the PPS (up to \sim
20\%∼20%
in amplitude) are required to accurately fit the observed acoustic
peaks. Within the context of single clock inflation, we show that any
given reconstruction of the PPS can be mapped on to functional
parameters of the underlying effective theory of the adiabatic mode
within a 2nd-order formalism, provided the best fit fractional change of
the PPS,
\Delta{P}_{R}/{P}_{R}ΔPR/PR
is such that (\Delta{P}_{R}/{P}_{R})^3(ΔPR/PR)3
falls within the 1\,\sigma1σ
confidence interval of the reconstruction for features induced by
variations of either the sound speed c_\mathrm{s}cs
or the slow-roll parameter \epsilonϵ.
Although there is a degeneracy amongst these functional parameters (and
the models that project onto them), we can identify simple
representative inflationary models that yield such features in the PPS.
Thus we provide a dictionary (more accurately, a thesaurus) to go from
observational data, via the reconstructed PPS, to models that reproduce
them to per cent level precision.
AVRUPA UYGARLIK EŞİĞİNDE BÂBIÂLİ : 1856 PARİS ANDLAŞMASI TEMELİNDE ULUSLARARASI HUKUK VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU İLİŞKİSİNE AVRUPALILARIN GÖZÜYLE BİR BAKIŞ
Authors: ÜNYILMAZ Habip
Published: October 2019

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Avrupa
Ahengi’ne kabulünün vesikası olan 1856 Paris Andlaşması’nda, İmparatorluğun
aynı zamanda Avrupa kamu hukukuna da dâhil edildiği düzenlenmiştir. Buna rağmen
söz konusu düzenlemenin mahiyeti ve sonuçlarına dair uluslararası hukuk
tarihiyle ilgilenenlerin aşina olduğu eski bir tartışma devam edegelmiştir. Bu
çalışmada yüzyılın uluslararası hukuk öğretisi ve uygulaması izah edilerek öncelikle
ilgili tartışmada kullanılan kavramlar ve kurumlar düşünsel bütünü içinde
anlamlandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Hem hukuk öğretisinin ideolojik güdülenmesinin
hem de yüksek siyasetin tesirindeki hukuk uygulamasının şekillendirdiği bu
tartışmaya dair farklı görüşler açıklanarak sunulmuştur. Bu görüşler üzerinden
yapılan değerlendirmede ilkin Avrupa kamu hukukunun sınırlı ve değişken
karakterine dikkat çekilmiştir. Ardından İmparatorluğun Avrupalı uluslar
ailesinin bir parçası olabilmek için giriştiği faaliyetlerin teyit edildiği
önemli bir aşama olmasına rağmen Paris Andlaşması’nın ancak kısmen bu konuda
etki doğurduğu ihtimali ortaya konmuştur. Böylece uygarlık eşiğini geçerek
uluslar ailesinin üyesi olduğu düşünülen Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun bilhassa yüzyılın
ikinci yarısındaki tecrübelerinin 19. yüzyılın karmaşık ve kesinlikten uzak
uluslararası hukuk düşüncesini açıklamak için öğretici bir vakıa çalışması
olduğu görülecektir.
Current perspectives on fixed-dose ACE inhibitordiuretic combination therapy in the management of arterial hypertension
Authors: Gorokhovskaya G. N. , Yun V. L. , Martynov A. I. , Vasyuk Yu. A. , Moiseenko S. V.
Published: October 2019

Despite our achievements in modern medicine, arterial hypertension (AH) remains one of the main causes of fatal complications, such as myocardial infarction and acute cerebrovascular accident leading to disability and mortality of patients, including those of working age. The prevalence of hypertension is significantly higher among old and senile age population, however, it has recently tended to increase in young and middle-aged people. Thus, the Russian epidemiological ESSE-RF study, in which representative sample of the Russian population aged 25–64 years were studied, showed that the prevalence of hypertension in individuals of that age group was 44%. It was predicted that the world’s burden of hypertension would increase by 15–20% to approximately 1.5 million people in the year 2015. Due to the high incidence of hypertension and complications associated with hypertension development, further study of pathogenetic mechanisms, development of diagnostic examination methods, prophylactic measures and the search for new treatment options with fixed-dose combination drugs is an important area of modern medicine. This article provides an overview of clinical studies of the components (lisinopril and indapamide) of a rational ACE inhibitor–diuretic combination and a clinical example.
A Rational Approach to a De-Escalation of Double Antithrombotic Therapy: The Possibilities of Clopidogrel
Authors: Kashtalap V. V. , Barbarash O. L.
Published: October 2019

In the review based on existing clinical recommendations and guidelines of the European cardiology society and results of clinical and register trials difficult questions about a antithrombotic therapy in the patients with an acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary interventions were discussed. The perspective strategy of risk management on ischemic and hemorrhagic events were described. Need of the maximum personification of purpose of double antithrombotic therapy at patients with an acute coronary syndrome or after carrying out transdermal coronary interventions is updated. Real requirement on constant assessment of balance in risks of ischemic and hemorrhagic events in this group of patients were defined. The perspective strategy of risk management in ischemic and hemorrhagic events from a position of results of relevant clinical trials were described. Results of clinical trials (TOPIC, TROPICAL-ACS) about transfer the ACS patients from “new” desaggregants on clopidogrel were presented (De-Escalation approach). Examples of the clinical situations suitable for realization of such approach were reviewed. The prospects of use of De-Escalation approach are designated and positions of a clopidogrel and, in particular, the original drug Plavix were provided. At the same time, appointment in patients with ACS within 12 months of double antiaggregant therapy is the proved option of treatment allowing to improve the prognisis. However, in some cases there is a reasonable requirement of the transfer of the patient from the “new” antiaggregants (ticagrelor or prasugrel) to clopidogrel (“de-escalation”). It needs to perfome according to the available evidence base recommendations and it is strict according to clinical indications. In particular, patients can have a perspective de-escalation with high risk of bleedings or with already developed bleeding; in patients with the forced refusal of reception of “new” antiaggregants owing to development of side effects / intolerance / allergic reactions; in the presence of indications for life long intake of anticoagulants in case of the need for purpose of double or triple antithrombotic therapy; in patients with ACS with low risk.
Response of melt water and rainfall runoff to climate change and their roles in controlling streamflow changes of the two upstream basins over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Yueguan , Hao Zhenchun , Xu Chong-Yu , Lai Xide
Published: October 2019

Located in the Tibetan Plateau, the upstream regions of the Mekong River (UM) and the Salween River (US) are very sensitive to climate change. The ‘VIC-glacier‘ model, which links a degree-day glacier algorithm with variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model, was employed and the model parameters were calibrated on observed streamflow, glacier mass balance and MODIS snowcover data. Results indicate that: (1) glacier-melt runoff exhibits a significant increase in both areas by the Mann–Kendall test. Snowmelt runoff shows an increasing trend in the UM, while the US is characterized by a decreasing tendency. In the UM, the snowmelt runoff peak shifts from June in the baseline period 1964–1990 to May for both the 1990s and 2000s; (2) rainfall runoff was considered as the first dominant factor driving changes of river discharge, which could be responsible for over 84% in total runoff trend over the two regions. The glacial runoff illustrates the secondary influence on the total runoff tendency; (3) although the hydrological regime is rain dominated in these two basins, the glacier compensation effect in these regions is obvious, especially in dry years.
Refronterización de la migración en tránsito por México. El caso de las migraciones centroamericanas por la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara
Authors: Hernández López Rafael Alonso , Porraz Gómez Iván Francisco , Morante Aguirre Mariana
Published: October 2019

La creciente securitización y militarización de las políticas migratorias mexicanas en contra de la migración irregular ha dado pie a recientes refronterizaciones marcadas por el ensanchamiento y multiplicación de las fronteras a lo largo del territorio nacional, la consolidación de una “doble imaginación geográfica,” y los intentos de gubernamentalización de las migraciones en tránsito.

Enfocarse en regiones no tradicionalmente consideradas “zonas fronterizas”, resulta vital no sólo para entender el “carácter espacial del poder”, y de los procesos estatales, sino también para desmantelar los mecanismos que transforman a determinados sujetos en cuerpos “autorizados” y “no autorizados” para transitar, permanecer o ser reconocidos. En ese sentido buscamos una interpretación de las políticas espaciales (fronteras físicas y simbólicas) en la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, México.
Geodiversidade e Geoconservação no setor sudeste do município de Piracuruca (PI)
Authors: Lima Marineldo de Brito , Silva Michele do Amaral , Dos Santos Francílio de Amorim
Published: October 2019

O mapeamento e, a Geoconservação são ações importantes para áreas com relevante Geodiversidade para uso Geoturístico, particularmente associados às paisagens do Nordeste do Brasil. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos identificar e caracterizar área com distinta Geodiversidade e potencial Geoturístico na parte Sudeste do município de Piracuruca, que se localiza no Norte do Estado do Piauí, bem como mensurar o seu Valor Turístico (Vtur). Para realizar o estudo utilizou-se de trabalho de campo, bem como uso de produtos cartográficos e instrumentos técnicos, como receptor de GPS e smartphone. Nesse contexto, foi possível caracterizar o Geossítio denominado Pedra do Índio, que se constitui um afloramento da Formação Cabeças e exibe notável relevo ruiniforme. Destaca-se, ainda, que esse afloramento está associado a uma área de deposição e, por conseguinte, gera relevo arenítico com efeitos de poligonação. No local estudado podem ser encontradas pinturas rupestres com motivos geométricos, que representam importantes testemunhos da história da humanidade. Contudo, pode-se destacar que a área pesquisada apresenta-se ameaçada frente à presença humana, principalmente devido à ocorrência de pichações sobre as pinturas rupestres. As informações aqui apresentadas ratificam a demanda pela elaboração de estratégias voltadas a Geoconservação para a área analisada, posto que apresenta relevante Geodiversidade e, como tal, possibilitará o desenvolvimento de Geoturismo, com possibilidade de implantação de atividades educativas, e científicas.
O AGENTE DE CONHECIMENTO PERSPECTIVAS NO ÂMBITO DA TRADUÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO NA SAÚDE PÚBLICA
Authors: Reis Juliana Gonçalves
Published: October 2019

Este artigo apresenta o Knowledge Broker como um agente de conhecimento para intermediar informação e comunicação bidirecionada a pesquisadores e às partes interessadas em utilizarem os resultados de pesquisa. Com finalidade de facilitar a tradução de conhecimento na saúde pública. Destaca a ausência deste perfil no Brasil e propõe uma agenda de trabalho focada em 1- Delineamento de ecossistemas de conhecimento para garantir a especificidade de interlocução com as partes interessadas; 2- Estratégias de fortalecimento de redes de colaboração; 3 - Boas práticas de mobilização de conhecimento com a finalidade de desenvolver, aplicar e avaliar estratégias e métodos para que o conhecimento faça diferença positiva e 4 – Desenvolvimento de competência para o impacto da pesquisa com objetivo de tornar os resultados de pesquisa e avaliação de dados úteis para a vida das pessoas e da sociedade.
A AVALIAÇÃO DE EVIDÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE PELA POPULAÇÃO
Authors: Galvão Maria Cristiane Barbosa , Carmona Fabio , Ricarte Ivan Luiz Marques
Published: October 2019

Introdução. Objetivou-se verificar como a população avalia as evidências sobre a saúde de crianças e adolescentes. Métodos. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram disseminadas evidências em saúde, produzidas com linguagem simples, focando os falantes da língua portuguesa, em uma plataforma tecnológica e nas mídias sociais. Resultados. Foram analisadas 113 avaliações das evidências realizadas por enquete, em plataforma tecnológica, usando questionário estruturado, bem como 136 avaliações provenientes de comentários livres registrados em mídias sociais. Percebeu-se que, nas mídias sociais, a população avalia as evidências dicotomicamente, por concordância ou discordância, considerando experiências pessoais. Já as avaliações coletadas por plataforma tecnológica empregando questionário estruturado possui menos adesão da população, porém são mais detalhadas. Observou-se que o público que mais avalia a informação são as mulheres. Conclusão. Fica o desafio de fazer com que as evidências em saúde sejam avaliadas por outros segmentos da população, preferencialmente empregando instrumentos formais de avaliação, por serem mais detalhados.
Variation of the rainfall regime in the Northern region and its effect on the Odonata (Insecta) in Been river, Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Fulan Joao Anderson , Anjos Marcelo Rodrigues dos
Published: October 2019

The goal of this work was to know the effect of precipitation in four periods (Rising, Flood, Lowing and Dry) on Odonata larvae living near to the macrophyte Salvinia auriculata Aubl., in Been River, Amazonas, Brazil. The biological material was collected in the Been river in the section near the river Madeira, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Sampling was conducted in stands of three macrophytes S. auriculata in four periods: rising (November 2012), flood (February 2013), lowing (May 2013), and dry (August 2013). A total of 286 Odonata larvae were identified in the river studied. Six families and 14 genera were identified. The flood period showed the highest abundance in the studied period. Acanthagrion presented a positive correlation with flood period in axis 1 and Telebasis also positive, but in the dry period. In conclusion, although there are few studies on Odonata larvae associated with floating macrophytes in the Amazon, the results of this work showed the importance of knowing the distribution of larval abundance throughout the year. Flood and dry period showed to be the period with the highest abundance of Odonata genera. In addition, the principal component analysis showed that some species are more sensitive to the periods of the year, Telebasis in the dry period and Acanthagrion in the flood period.
Smoked Sugar Improves Flavor Stability of Frozen Sliced Food Service Bacon
Authors: Hobson Allison , Gonzalez John M. , O’Quinn Travis , Boyle Elizabeth A. , Smith J. Scott , Karim Faris A. , Vahl Christopher I. , Johnson Robert , Houser Terry A.
Published: October 2019

Aerobically packaged frozen bacon has significant challenges to flavor and odor properties as storage length advances. Naturally smoked sugar (NSS), a food ingredient made from applying hardwood smoke to liquid sugar, may possess antioxidant functionality that is beneficial in controlling lipid oxidation in bacon. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if NSS could be added directly to a bacon formulation to limit the rate of lipid oxidation in frozen, aerobically packaged bacon. Three replications of this experiment were conducted using 5 pork bellies per replication. Individual bellies were cut in half yielding an anterior and posterior section and then randomly assigned to a treatment combination with either the anterior or posterior section receiving the NSS treatment. Treatment brines consisted of a control (CON) brine or a brine with added NSS injected to retain 12% added solution. After injection, smoking, cooking, and slicing, bacon slices were frozen (–17.8 ± 2°C) and stored aerobically for 0, 40, 80, and 120 d for sensory and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analyses or 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 d for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) analysis. There were significant (P < 0.01) Treatment × Day interactions for oxidized flavor intensity, TBARS, and hexanal concentration. Panelist oxidized flavor intensity scores, TBARS values, and hexanal content increased from d 0 to 120 (P < 0.01) for CON, whereas these measures in bacon manufactured with added NSS did not change (P > 0.16). Sensory ratings for saltiness, smoke intensity, and bacon flavor intensity were higher (P < 0.01) for the NSS treatment compared to CON. The ability of NSS to function as an effective antioxidant in frozen bacon was confirmed by the inhibition of lipid oxidation products and improved sensory panel scores over time.
Auger Electron Spectroscopy-A Review
Authors: Bhavyasri K. , Sreshta M. , Swethasri R.
Published: October 2019

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is surface sensitive analytical technique mainly,it provides quantitative elemental and chemical state information from surfaces of solid materials.It utilizes a high current, finely focused electron beam as an excitation source.In AES,A sample is probed with electron beam with energy between 3 to 3o Kev which results in ejection of electron in core level, filled by an outer level electron with excess energy being used then, this excess energy used to emit an electron this, emitted electron is said as Auger electron. That result as function of auger electron energy. The resulting spectra is obtained used to determine the composition of samples. The Auger electron kinetic energies are characteristic of emitting atoms and the measurement of their energies is used to identify the elements variation of composition with depth can be determined by ion sputtering technique. Lastly,AES is applicable for detection of thin films, characterization of materials, metallurgy and corrosion science.
DETERMINATION OF SIMULTANEOUS IRBESARTAN AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE BY ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY WITH DUAL WAVELENGTH METHOD
Authors: Syahputra Hafid , Muchlisyam M. Si. Apt , Masfria M.S. Apt
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present study was aimed to develop a spectrophotometric method by dual wavelength method in simultaneous analysis of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide on tablet preparations without separation. Irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide are a group of anti-hypertensive drugs that are very effective and safe to use to reduce blood pressure and edema. These drugs often given in combination with these active ingredients can cause problems in quantitative analysis for the quality control of preparations.

Methods: The study was carried out experimentally with a spectrophotometric method, one of which was dual wavelength method and then tested its validity based on validation parameters, namely linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ and intraday and interday. Then, this method of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet preparations.

Results: The results of the study were showed that the application of dual wavelength method on the concentration was carried out at λ 263.4 nm and 281 nm for irbesartan and at λ 243.4 nm and 247.6 nm for hydrochlorothiazide. The results obtained by irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide on tablets were (108.04 ± 2.696) and (94.28 ± 4.48)% respectively, and with good precision and accuracy.

Conclusions: The ultraviolet spectrophotometry method is dual wavelength method successfully applied for the determination of the concentration of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets.