bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspectos microbiológicos e informação nutricional de molho de tomate orgânico oriundo da agricultura familiar
Authors: Melo Jair Martins Maria Cavalcante , Guilhome Patrícia Dormeia , Nascimento Kamila De Oliveira Do , Barbosa Júnior José Lucena , Barbosa Maria Ivone Martins Jacintho
Published: November 2012

O sistema de produção orgânico vem crescendo, tanto em área cultivada como em número de produtores e mercado consumidor. Contudo, informações técnico-científicas sobre estes alimentos in natura e processados ainda são incipientes. O tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) desempenha um importante papel para os produtores orgânicos de todo o mundo, em função do retorno financeiro e da grande demanda. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi elaborar um molho de tomate orgânico, aproveitando os saberes dos agricultores, bem como avaliar sua qualidade microbiológica e determinar sua informação nutricional. O molho estudado apresentou 93,45% de umidade, 0,89% de proteínas, 0,13% de lipídeos, 1,50% de cinzas e 4,03% de carboidratos totais. Quanto aos aspectos microbiológicos, o molho apresentou condição sanitária satisfatória, de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), e valor calórico menor do que os molhos comerciais disponíveis no mercado. Os produtos processados foram rotulados e vendidos nas feiras agroecológicas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, agregando valor ao tomate e gerando renda aos agricultores familiares.
Aproveitamento da casca de citros na perspectiva de alimentos: prospecção da atividade antibacteriana
Authors: Gerhardt Carin , Wiest José Maria , Girolometto Giovani , Silva Magnólia Aparecida Silva da , Weschenfelder Simone
Published: November 2012

Os citros são as frutas mais produzidas e consumidas no mundo. O Brasil ocupa primeiro lugar na produção mundial e na exportação de suco de laranja, sendo o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul um importante produtor. Ao longo do cultivo e do processamento dos citros, são geradas toneladas de resíduos de baixo valor comercial, mas com grande potencial de aproveitamento dentro da indústria de alimentos. Esses resíduos possuem elevados teores de nutrientes, pigmentos e componentes bioativos, bem como possuem baixa toxicidade e baixo custo. Há evidências de que a casca de diferentes espécies de citros possui princípios ativos antibacterianos e antifúngicos. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, foi verificar a atividade antibacteriana de extratos alcoólicos da casca de citros na perspectiva da desinfecção e da conservação de alimentos, propondo alternativas sustentáveis e naturais voltadas a consumidores cada vez mais preocupados com sua saúde. Foram obtidos extratos alcoólicos da casca crua de bergamota-ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco), pomelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) e limão-bergamota (Citrus limonia Osbeck ou limão-cravo) maduros, provenientes de cultivo agroecológico, cujas atividades antibacterianas foram avaliadas quanto à Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e à Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) frente a cinco diferentes bactérias. O extrato de limão-bergamota apresentou a melhor atividade antibacteriana, apresentando CIM em torno de 24 mg.mL-1 e CBM de 42 mg.mL-1 para as bactérias mais resistentes. A bactéria mais sensível a todos os extratos foi Pseudomonas aeruginosa, com CIM entre 16 e 36 mg.mL-1 e CBM entre 28 e 49 mg.mL-1. Os extratos inibiram ou inativaram na sua totalidade as bactérias testadas, indicando a possibilidade de se tornarem alternativas naturais na desinfecção e na conservação de alimentos.
Effectiveness of micro phases on water/cement ratio
Authors: Ozturk Ali Ugur
Published: November 2012

Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis has been performed to determine the effects of microstructural phases formed during hydration period of cement pastes to forecast their water/cement ratios. Image analysis methods have been used to determine the properties of microstructural phases in order to predict water/cement (w/c) ratio of cement pastes. Water/cement ratio has a great effect on strength and durability characteristics of cement-based structural members in their service life. In this study, the relationship between microstructural phases such as anhydrated cement part, hydration products, capillary porosity, and w/c ratios predicted by MLR analysis, has been established. The predicted values are compared with estimated values obtained by proposed method in the literature. MLR model indicates that volumetric ratios of microstructural phases in cement paste are effective in predicting w/c ratios of cement pastes.
Effects of accelerators on concrete containing electric arc furnace dust
Authors: Al Mutlaq Fahad M. , Page Christopher L.
Published: November 2012

The incorporation of electric arc furnace dust into concrete at substantial levels of addition is known to be associated with excessive retardation of cement hydration owing to the presence of high levels of zinc and other heavy metals in the material. The research described herein was aimed at evaluating the potential for counteracting this by controlled addition of chloride-free accelerating admixtures to concrete containing electric arc furnace dust. Calcium nitrite and calcium formate were both found to be effective in accelerating the hardening process but ineffective in reducing the setting time. They were also found to improve the workability of concrete containing a substantial level of electric arc furnace dust. The role of the accelerators as a means of countering the effect of electric arc furnace dust in delaying formation of portlandite and other cement hydration products was elucidated by thermal analysis techniques.
Corrosion behaviour of reinforcing steel embedded in a concrete surface treated by in situ synthesised super-absorbent resin
Authors: Song X. F. , Zhang D. , He T. Sh.
Published: November 2012

A concrete surface was treated by in situ synthesised super-absorbent resin (SAR) of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide). Experiments aimed at determining the resistance to carbonation and the chloride permeability of SAR-treated concrete compared with control concrete specimens were conducted. The corrosion risk and corrosion rate for the rebar embedded in SAR-treated and control concrete specimens at various periods of carbonation were evaluated through the accelerated corrosion test, wherein the rebar was subjected to 3·5% sodium chloride solution. The results show that the resistance to carbonation and chloride permeability of SAR-treated concrete is higher than that of control concrete, and that the corrosion risk and corrosion rate of steel embedded in SAR-treated concrete is smaller than that of steel in control concrete. Lighter carbonation can effectively decrease the chloride permeability of concrete, but serious carbonation is harmful to the long-term maintenance of the passive film of steel in concrete.
Briefing: Peak car use – what does it mean for urban design and planning?
Authors: Newman Peter
Published: November 2012

The trends in urban car use are now demonstrating a new phenomenon where a peak has occurred and rapid declines are setting in. Some of the causes of peak car use are suggested, but more importantly the need for urban design and planning to change their practice is suggested. This should include: first, not increasing road capacity and using the road space freed up for sustainable transport improvements, especially walkability; second, planning for 50% reductions in cars with all the growth being electric vehicles; third, ensuring quality electric transit is the key facilitator of further urban growth and is tied into it through value capture; and fourth, facilitating green urban renewal as the main game in urban planning to achieve the polycentric city.
Decreasing litter size of marmots over time: a life history response to climate change?
Authors: Tafani Marion , Cohas Aurélie , Bonenfant Christophe , Gaillard Jean-Michel , Allainé Dominique
Published: November 2012

The way that plants and animals respond to climate change varies widely among species, but the biological features underlying their actual response remains largely unknown. Here, from a 20‐year monitoring study, we document a continuous decrease in litter size of the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) since 1990. To cope with harsh winters, Alpine marmots hibernate in burrows and their reproductive output should depend more on spring conditions compared to animals that are active year‐round. However, we show that litter size decreased over time because of the general thinning of winter snow cover that has been repeatedly reported to occur in the Alps over the same period, despite a positive effect of an earlier snowmelt in spring. Our results contrast markedly with a recent study on North American yellow‐bellied marmots, suggesting that between‐species differences in life histories can lead to opposite responses to climate change, even between closely related species. Our case study therefore demonstrates the idiosyncratic nature of the response to climate change and emphasizes, even for related species with similar ecological niches, that it may be hazardous to extrapolate life history responses to climate change from one species to another.
Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Novel Approach to Treatment
Authors: Armey Michael F.
Published: November 2012

This study provides an introduction to ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods and the potential use of ecological momentary intervention (EMI) for nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The novel use of EMA and EMI are discussed within the context of the emotion regulation function of NSSI, the ability of these approaches to complement established treatments (i.e., cognitive behavior therapy & dialectical behavior therapy), and the specific areas in which an EMI treatment approach can augment traditional treatment. Based on established EMA findings in general and specific applications of EMA to the NSSI, a model EMI for NSSI is proposed.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Case Formulations for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Andover Margaret S.
Published: November 2012

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a highly prevalent behavior among clinical and nonclinical samples. Despite the prevalence, maladaptive, and potentially dangerous nature of the behavior, no empirically supported interventions have been identified specifically for NSSI, and clinicians report a lack of knowledge regarding the treatment of NSSI. This article discusses the application of a common component of therapy, the case formulation, to conceptualizing and treating NSSI. This strategy for case formulation incorporates cognitive-behavioral and functional analytic approaches while focusing on factors pertinent to the development, maintenance, and treatment of NSSI. A case example is presented.
Co-Occurring Disorders in the Treatment of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: An Evidence-Informed Approach
Authors: Washburn Jason J. , Gebhardt Michelle , Styer Denise M. , Juzwin K. R. , Gottlieb Lev
Published: November 2012

Co-occurring disorders are common among patients who present for treatment with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Evidence-based approaches specifically designed for the treatment of NSSI are limited, although interest in this area of research is growing. An evidence-informed model for the treatment of NSSI and co-occurring disorders is presented here to stimulate interest in addressing co-occurring disorders in the treatment of NSSI. Case examples are presented to highlight the complexity of treating NSSI and co-occurring disorders and to illustrate a model of treatment at the acute level of care. The case examples also underscore the need for clinical researchers to address co-occurring disorders when developing treatments specifically for NSSI.
Evaluating the Mood State Dependence of Automatic Thoughts and Dysfunctional Attitudes in Remitted Versus Never-Depressed Individuals
Authors: Lau Mark A. , Haigh Emily A. P. , Christensen Bruce K. , Segal Zindel V. , Taube-Schiff Marlene
Published: November 2012

The cognitive model of depression specifies the role of schema-driven negative processing biases in the onset and maintenance of depression. Research has shown that cognitive reactivity, or the ease with which negative thinking patterns are activated by mild changes in negative mood, is related to relapse and recurrence. The goal of this study was to examine cognitive reactivity following a mood prime in individuals vulnerable to depression. Formerly (n = 28) and never (n = 36) depressed individuals were assessed on two measures of negative cognition, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS), before and after participating in a sad or neutral mood induction procedure (MIP). The negative mood induction resulted in increased belief in negative automatic thoughts across groups; however, only the formerly depressed participants assigned to this condition demonstrated increased DAS scores. Importantly, individuals who completed the neutral mood induction did not exhibit increases in negative cognition, providing evidence against the possibility that the MIP itself may lead to increases in negative cognition. These findings are discussed in relation to understanding the role of negative cognition and vulnerability to depression.
Simulation of Radionuclide Transport through Unsaturated, Fractured Rock: Application to Yucca Mountain, Nevada
Authors: Robinson Bruce A. , Chu Shaoping , Lu Zhiming
Published: November 2012

This paper describes the numerical methods developed to simulate the transport of radionuclides through the unsaturated, fractured rock below the proposed repository at the Yucca Mountain. Regardless of the disposition of the Yucca Mountain License Application, this method has general applicability for modeling contaminant transport through deep vadose zones. Using a dual‐permeability solution for fluid flow as a basis, the transport model represents contaminant transport with a cell‐based particle‐tracking technique in which particles move from cell to cell in the three‐dimensional large‐scale grid of two overlapping continua. Particle movement between cells, and the residence time within a cell, is computed probabilistically based on transfer functions using numerical solutions of the transport equations for an idealized fracture‐matrix system. Using this approach, the following transport phenomena are simulated: advection through fracture and matrix continua, including between these continua, dispersion, sorption of dissolved radionuclides to the matrix continuum, and within the fault zones, and molecular diffusion between the fractures and matrix. In addition to providing a realistic representation of the relevant processes, this method has the virtue of computational efficiency. After describing the numerical method, this paper presents sensitivity analyses for radionuclide transport travel time distributions from the proposed repository to the water table through the unsaturated zone for the Yucca Mountain system.
Hydromechanical Processes in Freezing Soils
Authors: Rempel Alan W.
Published: November 2012

The study of freezing in soils has benefited immensely from analogies with physical processes that take place within the unsaturated zone. The surface energies and wetting interactions that produce differences in pressure between the pore‐filling phases cause a qualitatively similar saturation dependence on geometrical characteristics, such as the pore size distribution. The ability of solid ice surfaces to support shear tractions contrasts with the fluidity of air, however, and the limited need for transport on solidification is notably different from the wholesale displacement of gas and liquid volumes that is necessary to change saturation levels in the vadose zone. This brief review outlines the main points of common ground and some of the essential differences that separate partially frozen and unsaturated soils. Particular attention is paid to an illustration of the ice and liquid saturation behavior in a two‐dimensional model porous medium, both in a pure water system and with solutes present at a specified (bulk) concentration relative to the total mass of pore constituents. A derivation is developed for the net thermomolecular force exerted by sediment particles on an ice lens, and the model soil parameters are used to examine how the colligative effects of impurities modify the loads that can be supported in this way. The focus of this study is on describing and quantifying the physical interactions that underlie the vast range of hydro‐mechanical processes in freezing soils.
Discovery of uranium mineralizations in the rhyolite-granite complex in the Jabal Eghei area of southern Libya
Authors: Kovacevic Jovan , Tereesh Bashir , Radenkovic Mirjana , Miljanic Scepan
Published: November 2012

During investigation of the Jabal Eghei area in southern Libya and the
production of geological maps at a scale of 1:250 000 (Tibesti sector, sheet
Wadi Eghei NF 34-1 and NF 34-2), regional prospecting for mineral raw
materials was performed. Radiometric survey of observed targets at the sites
indicated two significant uranium mineralizations in rhyolites, and some
smaller ones in granites that are in close contact with rhyolites. Rhyolites
are located in the central part of the investigated region. They cut through
granite rocks. The first mineralization is in the central part of the
rhyolite region, which is mostly composed of silificated rhyolites. The
second one was discovered near the granite-rhyolite contact zone,
characterized by the presence of silicified breccia rocks. These findings
were confirmed by laboratory measurements of more than seventy samples
collected in the area, using high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. The
concentrations of uranium in these mineralizations were found to range from
approx. 50 mg kg-1 to more than 600 mg kg-1. The latter value is about 240
times above the Earth?s average. Besides uranium, these measurements have
also given concentrations of thorium and potassium. Additional geochemical
analysis was performed on samples taken from locations where uranium
anomalies were discovered using ICP-MS technique, in which concentrations of
more than forty elements were determined. Uranium mineralizations are
accompained by increased contents of silver (up to 17 times), arsenic (up to
8 times), molybdenum (up to 50 times), mercury (up to 9 times), and lead (up
to 14 times), in regard to the Clark?s values. These results warrant a
continued investigation of this region because of potential interest in the
discovery of nuclear mineral raw materials.
Changing Physical Activity Behavior in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Avery Leah , Flynn Darren , van Wersch Anna , Sniehotta Falko F. , Trenell Michael I.
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE

Behavioral interventions targeting “free-living” physical activity (PA) and exercise that produce long-term glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes are warranted. However, little is known about how clinical teams should support adults with type 2 diabetes to achieve and sustain a physically active lifestyle.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (published up to January 2012) to establish the effect of behavioral interventions (compared with usual care) on free-living PA/exercise, HbA1c, and BMI in adults with type 2 diabetes. Study characteristics, methodological quality, practical strategies for increasing PA/exercise (taxonomy of behavior change techniques), and treatment fidelity strategies were captured using a data extraction form.

RESULTS

Seventeen RCTs fulfilled the review criteria. Behavioural interventions showed statistically significant increases in objective (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.45, 95% CI 0.21–0.68) and self-reported PA/exercise (SMD 0.79, 95% CI 0.59–0.98) including clinically significant improvements in HbA1c (weighted mean difference [WMD] –0.32%, 95% CI –0.44% to –0.21%) and BMI (WMD –1.05 kg/m2, 95% CI –1.31 to –0.80). Few studies provided details of treatment fidelity strategies to monitor/improve provider training. Intervention features (e.g., specific behavior change techniques, interventions underpinned by behavior change theories/models, and use of ≥10 behaviour change techniques) moderated effectiveness of behavioral interventions.

CONCLUSIONS

Behavioral interventions increased free-living PA/exercise and produced clinically significant improvements in long-term glucose control. Future studies should consider use of theory and multiple behavior change techniques associated with clinically significant improvements in HbA1c, including structured training for care providers on the delivery of behavioural interventions.
Pharmacist Interventions to Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Diabetes
Authors: Santschi Valérie , Chiolero Arnaud , Paradis Gilles , Colosimo April L. , Burnand Bernard
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assesses the effect of pharmacist care on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among outpatients with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Pharmacist interventions were classified, and a meta-analysis of mean changes of blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and BMI was performed using random-effects models.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis included 15 RCTs (9,111 outpatients) in which interventions were conducted exclusively by pharmacists in 8 studies and in collaboration with physicians, nurses, dietitians, or physical therapists in 7 studies. Pharmacist interventions included medication management, educational interventions, feedback to physicians, measurement of CVD risk factors, or patient-reminder systems. Compared with usual care, pharmacist care was associated with significant reductions for systolic BP (12 studies with 1,894 patients; −6.2 mmHg [95% CI −7.8 to −4.6]); diastolic BP (9 studies with 1,496 patients; −4.5 mmHg [−6.2 to −2.8]); TC (8 studies with 1,280 patients; −15.2 mg/dL [−24.7 to −5.7]); LDL cholesterol (9 studies with 8,084 patients; −11.7 mg/dL [−15.8 to −7.6]); and BMI (5 studies with 751 patients; −0.9 kg/m2 [−1.7 to −0.1]). Pharmacist care was not associated with a significant change in HDL cholesterol (6 studies with 826 patients; 0.2 mg/dL [−1.9 to 2.4]).

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis supports pharmacist interventions—alone or in collaboration with other health care professionals—to improve major CVD risk factors among outpatients with diabetes.
Basal Supplementation of Insulin Lispro Protamine Suspension Versus Insulin Glargine and Detemir for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Esposito Katherine , Chiodini Paolo , Capuano Annalisa , Petrizzo Michela , Improta Maria Rosaria , Giugliano Dario
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE

We compared the effect of insulin lispro protamine suspension (ILPS) with that of insulin glargine and insulin detemir, all given as basal supplementation, in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted an electronic search until February 2012, including online registries of ongoing trials and abstract books. All randomized controlled trials comparing ILPS with insulin glargine or detemir with a duration of ≥12 weeks were included.

RESULTS

We found four trials lasting 24–36 weeks involving 1,336 persons: three studies compared ILPS with glargine, and one trial compared ILPS with detemir. There was no significant difference in change in HbA1c level between ILPS and comparators, in the proportion of patients achieving the HbA1c goals of ≤6.5 or <7%, in weight change, or in daily insulin doses. There was no difference in overall hypoglycemia, but nocturnal hypoglycemia occurred significantly more with ILPS than with comparator insulins (mean difference 0.099 events/patient/30 days [95% CI 0.03–0.17]). In a prespecified sensitivity analysis comparing data obtained in patients who remained on their once-daily insulin regimen, not significantly different event rates for nocturnal hypoglycemia were observed between ILPS and comparator insulins (0.063 [−0.007 to 0.13]), and ILPS was associated with lower insulin dose (0.07 units/kg/day [0.05–0.09]).

CONCLUSIONS

There is no difference between ILPS and insulin glargine or detemir for targeting hyperglycemia, but nocturnal hypoglycemia occurred more frequently with ILPS than with comparator insulins. Nocturnal hypoglycemia was not significantly different in people who injected insulin once daily.
Metformin and the Risk of Cancer
Authors: Suissa Samy , Azoulay Laurent
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE

Time-related biases in observational studies of drug effects have been described extensively in different therapeutic areas but less so in diabetes. Immortal time bias, time-window bias, and time-lag bias all tend to greatly exaggerate the benefits observed with a drug.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

These time-related biases are described and shown to be prominent in observational studies that have associated metformin with impressive reductions in the incidence of and mortality from cancer. As a consequence, metformin received much attention as a potential anticancer agent; these observational studies sparked the conduction of randomized, controlled trials of metformin as cancer treatment. However, the spectacular effects reported in these studies are compatible with time-related biases.

RESULTS

We found that 13 observational studies suffered from immortal time bias; 9 studies had not considered time-window bias, whereas other studies did not consider inherent time-lagging issues when comparing the first-line treatment metformin with second- or third-line treatments. These studies, subject to time-related biases that are avoidable with proper study design and data analysis, led to illusory extraordinarily significant effects, with reductions in cancer risk with metformin ranging from 20 to 94%. Three studies that avoided these biases reported no effect of metformin use on cancer incidence.

CONCLUSIONS

Although observational studies are important to better understand the effects of drugs, their proper design and analysis is essential to avoid major time-related biases. With respect to metformin, the scientific evidence of its potential beneficial effects on cancer would need to be reassessed critically before embarking on further long and expensive trials.
The Use of the lz and lz* Person-Fit Statistics and Problems Derived From Model Misspecification
Authors: Meijer Rob R. , Tendeiro Jorge N.
Published: November 2012

We extend a recent didactic by Magis, Raîche, and Béland on the use of the lz and lz* person-fit statistics. We discuss a number of possibly confusing details and show that it is important to first investigate item response theory model fit before assessing person fit. Furthermore, it is argued that appropriate distributions are only a first step for practical use of person-fit statistics.
THE JUDICIAL INVENTION OF PROPERTY NORMS: ELLICKSON’S WHALEMEN REVISITED
Authors: Deal Robert
Published: November 2012

Robert C Ellickson argues that the close-knit community of American whalemen in the nineteenth century used norms of their own creation to settle arguments over contested whales without violence or frequent litigation. Ellickson also contends that these norms were largely adopted by courts as the property law of whaling. A close examination of trial transcripts and depositions from two litigated whaling disputes reveals, however, that whalemen settled contests not upon clear and widely accepted norms but rather upon the application of some rather general maxims that were often poorly understood even by experienced captains and crews. Whaling disputes were, in fact, most often settled through compromises grounded in inchoate notions of what constituted honourable behaviour arising out of the particular situation and parties involved. In seeking to settle the handful of litigated disputes, judges drafted opinions that suggested a level of agreement among whalemen as to prevailing norms that never existed at sea. The scholarly acceptance that judges accurately stated whaling customs explains the mistaken belief that whalemen created the American property law of whaling. Instead, judges and the lawyers who represented ship owners were, to a large degree, responsible for creating much of what came to be memorialized in legal treatises by the end of the nineteenth century as the property law of whaling.
An Efficient Algorithm for Automatic Peak Detection in Noisy Periodic and Quasi-Periodic Signals
Authors: Scholkmann Felix , Boss Jens , Wolf Martin
Published: November 2012

We present a new method for automatic detection of peaks in noisy periodic and quasi-periodic signals. The new method, called automatic multiscale-based peak detection (AMPD), is based on the calculation and analysis of the local maxima scalogram, a matrix comprising the scale-dependent occurrences of local maxima. The usefulness of the proposed method is shown by applying the AMPD algorithm to simulated and real-world signals.
Use of RNA Interference by In Utero Electroporation to Study Cortical Development: The Example of the Doublecortin Superfamily
Authors: Reiner Orly , Gorelik Anna , Greenman Raanan
Published: November 2012

The way we study cortical development has undergone a revolution in the last few years following the ability to use shRNA in the developing brain of the rodent embryo. The first gene to be knocked-down in the developing brain was doublecortin (Dcx). Here we will review knockdown experiments in the developing brain and compare them with knockout experiments, thus highlighting the advantages and disadvantages using the different systems. Our review will focus on experiments relating to the doublecortin superfamily of proteins.
Mutations Associated with Functional Disorder of Xanthine Oxidoreductase and Hereditary Xanthinuria in Humans
Authors: Ichida Kimiyoshi , Amaya Yoshihiro , Okamoto Ken , Nishino Takeshi
Published: November 2012

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid with concomitant reduction of either NAD+ or O2. The enzyme is a target of drugs to treat hyperuricemia, gout and reactive oxygen-related diseases. Human diseases associated with genetically determined dysfunction of XOR are termed xanthinuria, because of the excretion of xanthine in urine. Xanthinuria is classified into two subtypes, type I and type II. Type I xanthinuria involves XOR deficiency due to genetic defect of XOR, whereas type II xanthinuria involves dual deficiency of XOR and aldehyde oxidase (AO, a molybdoflavo enzyme similar to XOR) due to genetic defect in the molybdenum cofactor sulfurase. Molybdenum cofactor deficiency is associated with triple deficiency of XOR, AO and sulfite oxidase, due to defective synthesis of molybdopterin, which is a precursor of molybdenum cofactor for all three enzymes. The present review focuses on mutation or chemical modification studies of mammalian XOR, as well as on XOR mutations identified in humans, aimed at understanding the reaction mechanism of XOR and the relevance of mutated XORs as models to estimate the possible side effects of clinical application of XOR inhibitors.
Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production with Novel Y2MSbO7 (M = Ga, In, Gd) under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Luan Jingfei , Chen Jianhui
Published: November 2012

Novel photocatalysts Y2MSbO7 (M = Ga, In, Gd) were synthesized by the solid state reaction method for the first time. A comparative study on the structural and photocatalytic properties of Y2MSbO7 (M = Ga, In, Gd) was reported. The results showed that Y2GaSbO7, Y2InSbO7 and Y2GdSbO7 crystallized with the pyrochlore-type structure, cubic crystal system, and space group Fd3m. The lattice parameter for Y2GaSbO7 was 10.17981 Å. The lattice parameter for Y2InSbO7 was 10.43213 Å. The lattice parameter for Y2GdSbO7 was 10.50704 Å. The band gap of Y2GaSbO7 was estimated to be 2.245 eV. The band gap of Y2InSbO7 was 2.618 eV. The band gap of Y2GdSbO7 was 2.437 eV. For the photocatalytic water-splitting reaction, H2 or O2 evolution was observed from pure water with Y2GaSbO7, Y2InSbO7 or Y2GdSbO7 as catalyst under visible light irradiation. (Wavelength > 420 nm). Furthermore, H2 and O2 were also evolved by using Y2GaSbO7, Y2InSbO7 or Y2GdSbO7 as a catalyst from CH3OH/H2O and AgNO3/H2O solutions, respectively, under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). Y2GaSbO7 showed the highest activity compared with Y2InSbO7 or Y2GdSbO7. At the same time, Y2InSbO7 showed higher activity compared with Y2GdSbO7. The photocatalytic activities were further improved under visible light irradiation with Y2GaSbO7, Y2InSbO7 or Y2GdSbO7 being loaded by Pt, NiO or RuO2. The effect of Pt was better than that of NiO or RuO2 for improving the photocatalytic activity of Y2GaSbO7, Y2InSbO7 or Y2GdSbO7.
Biofouling of Water Treatment Membranes: A Review of the Underlying Causes, Monitoring Techniques and Control Measures
Authors: Nguyen Thang , Roddick Felicity , Fan Linhua
Published: November 2012

Biofouling is a critical issue in membrane water and wastewater treatment as it greatly compromises the efficiency of the treatment processes. It is difficult to control, and significant economic resources have been dedicated to the development of effective biofouling monitoring and control strategies. This paper highlights the underlying causes of membrane biofouling and provides a review on recent developments of potential monitoring and control methods in water and wastewater treatment with the aim of identifying the remaining issues and challenges in this area.
Metabolic Consequences of TGFb Stimulation in CulturedPrimary Mouse Hepatocytes Screened from Transcript Data with ModeScore
Authors: Hoppe Andreas , Ilkavets Iryna , Dooley Steven , Holzhütter Hermann-Georg
Published: November 2012

TGFb signaling plays a major role in the reorganization of liver tissue upon injury and is an important driver of chronic liver disease. This is achieved by a deep impact on a cohort of cellular functions. To comprehensively assess the full range of affected metabolic functions, transcript changes of cultured mouse hepatocytes were analyzed with a novel method (ModeScore), which predicts the activity of metabolic functions by scoring transcript expression changes with 987 reference flux distributions, which yielded the following hypotheses. TGFb multiplies down-regulation of most metabolic functions occurring in culture stressed controls. This is especially pronounced for tyrosine degradation, urea synthesis, glucuronization capacity, and cholesterol synthesis. Ethanol degradation and creatine synthesis are down-regulated only in TGFb treated hepatocytes, but not in the control. Among the few TGFb dependently up-regulated functions, synthesis of various collagens is most pronounced. Further interesting findings include: down-regulation of glucose export is postponed by TGFb, TGFb up-regulates the synthesis capacity of ketone bodies only as an early response, TGFb suppresses the strong up-regulation of Vanin, and TGFb induces re-formation of ceramides and sphingomyelin.
Glycomic Expression in Esophageal Disease
Authors: Mohanty Sanjay , Tsiouris Athanasios , Hammoud Zane
Published: November 2012

Glycosylation is among the most common post translation modifications of proteins in humans. Decades of research have demonstrated that aberrant glycosylation can lead to malignant degeneration. Glycoproteomic studies in the past several years have identified techniques that can successfully characterize a glycan or glycan profile associated with a high-grade dysplastic or malignant state. This review summarizes the current glycomic and glycoproteomic literature with specific reference to esophageal cancer. Esophageal adenocarcinoma represents a highly morbid and mortal cancer with a defined progression from metaplasia (Barrett's esophagus) to dysplasia to neoplasia. This disease is highlighted because (1) differences in glycan profiles between the stages of disease progression have been described in the glycoproteomic literature; (2) a glycan biomarker that identifies a given stage may be used as a predictor of disease progression and thus may have significant influence over clinical management; and (3) the differences in glycan profiles between disease and disease-free states in esophageal cancer are more dramatic than in other cancers.
Medicinal Plants: A Public Resource for Metabolomics and Hypothesis Development
Authors: Wurtele Eve , Chappell Joe , Jones A. , Celiz Mary , Ransom Nick , Hur Manhoi , Rizshsky Ludmila , Crispin Matthew , Dixon Philip , Liu Jia , P.Widrlechner Mark , Nikolau Basil
Published: November 2012

Specialized compounds from photosynthetic organisms serve as rich resources for drug development. From aspirin to atropine, plant-derived natural products have had a profound impact on human health. Technological advances provide new opportunities to access these natural products in a metabolic context. Here, we describe a database and platform for storing, visualizing and statistically analyzing metabolomics data from fourteen medicinal plant species. The metabolomes and associated transcriptomes (RNAseq) for each plant species, gathered from up to twenty tissue/organ samples that have experienced varied growth conditions and developmental histories, were analyzed in parallel. Three case studies illustrate different ways that the data can be integrally used to generate testable hypotheses concerning the biochemistry, phylogeny and natural product diversity of medicinal plants. Deep metabolomics analysis of Camptotheca acuminata exemplifies how such data can be used to inform metabolic understanding of natural product chemical diversity and begin to formulate hypotheses about their biogenesis. Metabolomics data from Prunella vulgaris, a species that contains a wide range of antioxidant, antiviral, tumoricidal and anti-inflammatory constituents, provide a case study of obtaining biosystematic and developmental fingerprint information from metabolite accumulation data in a little studied species. Digitalis purpurea, well known as a source of cardiac glycosides, is used to illustrate how integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics data can lead to identification of candidate genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes in the cardiac glycoside pathway. Medicinal Plant Metabolomics Resource (MPM) [1] provides a framework for generating experimentally testable hypotheses about the metabolic networks that lead to the generation of specialized compounds, identifying genes that control their biosynthesis and establishing a basis for modeling metabolism in less studied species. The database is publicly available and can be used by researchers in medicine and plant biology.
Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Norbornene and Derivatives by the Triply Bonded Ditungsten Complex Na[W2(µ-Cl)3Cl4(THF)2]·(THF)3
Authors: Floros Georgios , Saragas Nikolaos , Paraskevopoulou Patrina , Psaroudakis Nikolaos , Koinis Spyros , Pitsikalis Marinos , Hadjichristidis Nikos , Mertis Konstantinos
Published: November 2012

In this study, the reactions of the bimetallic compound Na[W2(µ-Cl)3Cl4(THF)2]·(THF)3 (1, (W 3 W)6+, a'2e'4) with norbornene (NBE) and some of its derivatives (5-X-2-NBE; X = COOH (NBE–COOH), OH (NBE–OH), CN (NBE–CN), COOMe (NBE–COOMe), CH=CH2 (VNBE); norbornadiene (NBD)) are described. Complex 1 contains a tungsten–tungsten triple bond, bearing three halide bridges and two labile THF ligands, in a cisoidal relationship along the metal–metal axis. The complex was found to be a highly efficient room temperature homogeneous and heterogeneous unicomponent initiator for the catalytic ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of most substrates. NBE provides polynorbornene (PNBE) of high molecular weight (Mw) in high yields, soluble in organic solvents. The reaction proceeds with high cis-stereoselectivity (80%–86% cis), independently of the reaction conditions. Strongly coordinating pendant groups (–COOH, –OH, –CN) deactivate 1, whereas substrates bearing softer ones (–COOMe, –CH=CH2) are quantitatively polymerized. NBD gives quantitatively insoluble PNBD. The polymers have been characterized by 1H, 13C NMR and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). Monitoring the reactions in situ by 1H NMR (1/NBD or NBE) provides direct evidence of the metathetical nature of the polymerization with the observation of the active tungsten alkylidene propagating polymeric chains. Mechanistic aspects of the reactions are discussed.
Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows
Authors: Knowles Jonathan P , Elliott Luke D , Booker-Milburn Kevin I
Published: November 2012

Synthetic photochemistry carried out in classic batch reactors has, for over half a century, proved to be a powerful but under-utilised technique in general organic synthesis. Recent developments in flow photochemistry have the potential to allow this technique to be applied in a more mainstream setting. This review highlights the use of flow reactors in organic photochemistry, allowing a comparison of the various reactor types to be made.
Le futur passé de la séparation des pouvoirs
Authors: Barberis Mauro
Published: November 2012

Résumé L’étiquette « séparation des pouvoirs », appliquée à la doctrine de Montesquieu, signifie trois choses : une distinction des fonctions constitutionnelles et deux règles différentes – balance et séparation des pouvoirs au sens strict – pour les distribuer entre les organes constitutionnels. En adoptant cette grille analytique, l’intervention constate que seul le judiciaire, d’après Montesquieu, devait être séparé des autres pouvoirs : mais en l’attribuant à des jurés et non à des juges permanents. De plus le travail montre que le temps historique de la séparation des pouvoirs – l’époque de l’État législatif, en tant qu’opposé à l’État constitutionnel – est suspendu entre un passé et un futur où, non seulement législatif et exécutif se sont toujours balancés entre eux, mais où les juges ont toujours participé à la production du droit.
De l'usage des pouvoirs neutres
Authors: Baume Sandrine
Published: November 2012

Résumé La notion de pouvoir neutre a connu essentiellement trois traductions institutionnelles dans les régimes démocratiques : la présidence, la juridiction constitutionnelle et plus récemment les autorités de régulation. Ces instances se sont approprié d’une manière particulière le concept de neutralité et ont défini leur rôle en fonction d’un équilibre institutionnel à restaurer. C’est dans les correctifs que ces pouvoirs neutres réalisent que résident à la fois la légitimité de leur pouvoir, mais aussi les critiques très vives qu’ils inspirent.
La multiplication des pouvoirs
Authors: Beaud Olivier
Published: November 2012

Résumé La science du droit constitutionnel appréhende la séparation des pouvoirs de façon formelle en considérant qu’il s’agit des fonctions juridiques créatrices de règles de droit exercées par des organes de l’État. Or, la conception matérielle de la séparation des pouvoirs proposée par Hauriou et la prise en compte de nouveaux pouvoirs matériellement importants (comme le pouvoir financier, les pouvoirs territoriaux) et la redécouverte de la justice invitent à penser autrement la séparation des pouvoirs.
La nouveauté de la prédication protestante dans les villes francophones XVI e -XVII e siècles
Authors: Krumenacker Yves , Léonard Julien
Published: November 2012

La prédication est, pour Calvin, une des deux caractéristiques de l’Église. De fait, parmi les signes du passage à la Réforme, la plupart des chroniques mentionnent la prédication par des laïcs d’abord dans les maisons, puis surtout dans des espaces publics. Dans le même temps, des clercs favorables aux nouvelles idées prêchent de manière nouvelle dans les églises. On trouve de multiples exemples de ce processus dans les villes d’Allemagne, de Suisse, de France. Le cas de Metz est particulièrement significatif, depuis les premières prédications des années 1525 jusqu’au passage de Farel en 1542. Partout, l’enjeu est d’occuper l’espace public, de préférence des églises, bien que, pendant les guerres de religion, le culte doit souvent rester confiné dans des maisons, quand le protestantisme est minoritaire. Après cette période troublée, la prédication s’institutionnalise. « Aller au prêche » devient la marque de l’exercice du culte. En ville, au XVII e siècle, la prédication a ses lieux, son rythme, ses particularités. Plusieurs exemples, dont celui de Metz, permettent de montrer les spécificités de cette prédication à la fois par rapport à celle qui se fait dans les villages et par rapport aux pratiques catholiques. Mais, en dehors de cas particuliers comme Metz ou les villes huguenotes du Sud de la France, elle échoue à s’installer au cœur de l’espace urbain.
Les prédicateurs à Paris, à Rome et dans quelques autres villes
Authors: Brian Isabelle
Published: November 2012

Au cours des XVII e et XVIII e siècle, la dynamique propre à la Réforme catholique, liée à la volonté d’encadrement et d’édification des populations a entraîné une généralisation de la prédication dans les villes de la catholicité, en premier lieu Rome et Paris. Dans ces pôles urbains qui s’affirment comme capitales religieuses, la parole des prédicateurs ne se limite pas aux sermons dominicaux mais se manifeste avec un éclat particulier lors des cycles liturgiques de carême, d’avent et lors des octaves du Saint-Sacrement. Si les membres des ordres mendiants, consacrés dès leur origine à la prédication, assument majoritairement celle-ci dans la plupart des villes, à Rome et plus encore à Paris où les mécanismes de la nomination des orateurs donnent lieu à une forte concurrence entre les sanctuaires, les séculiers, simples abbés sans charge d’âmes, sont nombreux. La demande de sermons particulièrement forte en ville entraîne ainsi l’apparition de professionnels de la parole, s’accompagnant de formes d’annonces et de publicité relayées par des imprimés spécialisés ou des journaux, une forme de vie religieuse propre à la ville, étroitement liée à la multiplication des chaires dans les paroisses, les couvents et les monastères.
La afiliación sindical en Argentina. Análisis sobre sus determinantes
Authors: Delfini Marcelo
Published: November 2012

El fenómeno de la caída de la tasa de afiliación sindical ha suscitado diversas interpretaciones, las cuales pueden agruparse en dos grandes corrientes. La primera de ellas atribuye las causas de la baja en la afiliación a los factores contextuales de las organizaciones sindicales, vinculadas a las transformaciones económicas y políticas. La segunda pone la impronta en los factores internos al movimiento obrero organizado, vinculado a formas organizativas del sindicato. Entre los primeros se han señalado los cambios relativos a la estructura económica, las características individuales de los trabajadores y los factores sociolaborales como determinantes de la afiliación. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la afiliación sindical en su vinculación con diferentes variables de carácter contextual entre los trabajadores argentinos, estableciendo en qué medida se acercan a las hipótesis tradicionales sobre la crisis de representación sindical.
O pensamento francês na geografia rural do Brasil
Authors: Alves Flamarion Dutra
Published: November 2012

O presente artigo tem como propósito discorrer acerca da evolução teórico-metodológica da geografia agrária brasileira, tendo como marco inicial o ano de 1939. Através da análise de periódicos científicos da geografia, selecionados, foi possível evidenciar a predominância da tradição francesa, lablacheana, nos estudos rurais publicados entre 1939 a 1970. Desta forma, o resgate de trabalhos originários e clássicos da geografia agrária brasileira contribuirá para reflexões teóricas e metodológicas da história do pensamento, bem como auxiliar em debates acerca das abordagens teórico-metodológicas utilizadas nas pesquisas recentes.