bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Russia, Revolution of 1905–1907
Authors: Mandel David
Published: September 2017

The Revolution of 1905 was the first to occur in Europe since the Paris Commune of 1871, when the workers and other “little people” of the French capital rose up to establish a popular, grassroots democracy in that city. The Revolution of 1905, which came on the heels of three decades of rapid growth of the trade union and socialist movements in the industrialized world, opened what would turn out to be the most revolutionary century in the history of humanity. This is something rarely recalled today, when capitalism in its brutal, neoliberal form is once again triumphant across the world.
R
ussia, Revolution of October/November 1917
Authors: Mandel David
Published: September 2017

The Russian Revolution of October 1917 is arguably the most influential event of the twentieth century. The revolution occurred only eight months after the February Revolution, as a workers' insurrection in the capital, supported by the garrison, overthrew the absolute monarchy with the objective of establishing a democratic republic.
R
ussia, Revolutions: Sources and Contexts
Authors: Mandel David
Published: September 2017

In the early part of the twentieth century Russia lived through three revolutions in the course of 12 years. The workers and peasants who made these revolutions initially conceived of their goals as a liberal (capitalist) democracy to replace the absolute monarchy and agrarian reform to distribute the vast estates of the nobility among the land‐hungry peasants.
S
aint‐
S
imon,
C
omte
de
(1760–1825)
Authors: Block Marcelline
Published: September 2017

Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint‐Simon (or simply Henri de Saint‐Simon) was the founder of French socialism. Born into an impecunious noble family in Paris, Saint‐Simon led a turbulent life filled with travel, adventure, and danger. At the age of 16 or 17, he joined the American Revolution on the side of the American colonists and was wounded in battle. As a supporter of the French Revolution, he drafted a
cahier de doléances
for the Estates General and renounced his aristocratic title. Although he was awarded certificates of
civisme
for his revolutionary ardor, he was nevertheless imprisoned in the Palais du Luxembourg in Paris during the Terror for purchasing property at a very low price, which was considered a violation of revolutionary ethics. He was released from prison after a year and afterward continued working for the government under the Directory, with the goal of establishing peace with the British in the city of Lille. His real estate speculation had made him wealthy, but only temporarily; he later spent his fortune trying to implement his social theories and passed the last two decades of his life in dire poverty.
S
andinista
N
ational
L
iberation
F
ront (
FSLN
)
Authors: Sierakowski Robert
Published: September 2017

The Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN), currently a major political party in Nicaragua, has its origins in a guerilla organization founded to combat the Somoza dictatorship which ruled over that country for nearly half a century. The FSLN governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, then led the political opposition between 1990 and 2006, at which point it recaptured the presidency.
S
antal Rebellion
Authors: Chattopadhyay Kunal
Published: September 2017

British colonial penetration in India resulted in major upheavals among ethnic groups collectively designated “tribals.” Tribals objected to the colonial intrusion of their areas, the imposition of alien norms, alien property laws, the abolition of customary rights (especially through control over forests), and above all the intrusion of moneylenders, traders, and revenue farmers emerging under British rule.
Witbooi, Hendrik (ca. 1825–1905)
Authors: Dedering Tilman
Published: September 2017

Hendrik Witbooi was born into a prominent family of the Witbooi Nama, a subgroup of the southern African Khoekhoe, who roamed the northern frontier region of the Cape Colony as pastoralists, hunters, and cattle‐raiders. Hendrik was educated by European missionaries and was profoundly influenced by their religious teachings. He was highly literate and communicated in writing to other Namibian chiefs and German officials. Witbooi became famous as an exceptional leader seeking to maintain the independence of his people from colonial intruders. In contemporary Namibia, Hendrik Witbooi is officially commemorated as among the most important figures in the anti‐colonial struggle.
Women's Movement,Cuba
Authors: Weisman Jean
Published: September 2017

The women's movement in Cuba in many ways illustrates the broader Latin American women's movement. Looking more closely at the events in Cuba and the feminist leaders who have made an impact in that country can further bring to life the picture of the Latin American women's movement.
Women's Movement,Peru
Authors: Mannarelli Maria Emma
Published: September 2017

Women have been fighting for their rights in Peru for centuries. At the end of the eighteenth century, during the time of Tupac Amaru II and Tupac Katari's rebellions, female commoners and leaders alike protested the tax abuses levied by the colonial government. While the most prominent figure was Micaela Bastidas, wife of Tupac Amaru, other Quechua and Aymara women played major roles in the taxation uprisings in the southern and central Andes. Nevertheless, involvement in these movements by women was almost always in connection with their family relationships. Around 1821, demonstrations against the colonial regime also included women, and although they did not make demands related to their feminine identity, their actions brought into question the patriarchal regime. Many young Creole women supported libertarian causes, collaborating in the defeat of royal armies.
Women's Movement,
S
outhern
A
frica
Authors: Zukas Lorna Lueker
Published: September 2017

Women have always been involved in – and often led – struggles for self‐determination and freedom in Southern Africa. Oral histories from indigenous sovereign states of pre‐colonial Southern Africa, archival records from the colonial period, and ongoing activism in the current nationstates of Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) provide ample evidence of the existence of women's movements and women's resistance to colonialism, racism, and gender oppression.
Women's Movement,
S
pain
Authors: Guirao Pedro García
Published: September 2017

Despite the existence of distinctive female personalities and individual interventions on behalf of women, feminism – understood as a mass movement – remained a rarity in Spain until April 14, 1931; that is, until the proclamation of the Second Republic. For feminism to triumph, two things were necessary: first, the popularization of the ideas represented by the French Revolution, and second, the Industrial Revolution. Neither of these two prerequisites existed in Spain until the Second Republic and the country remained in the grip of conservative Catholicism, without anything resembling the Industrial Revolution that was happening in the rest of Europe.
Women's Movement,
U
nited
S
tates, 20th Century
Authors: Adkins Lucille A.
Published: September 2017

The First Wave of feminism in the nineteenth century gathered sufficient momentum in the early twentieth century as more radical expressions of feminism emerged and culminated, in 1920, in the triumph of woman suffrage through the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution. A long‐term waning of women's rights efforts from the Great Depression through the end of the 1950s was reversed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by a dramatic resurgence in the struggle for women's rights in what some have termed the Second Wave of feminism. Its impact continued to be felt well into the early years of the twenty‐first century.
Women's Movements,
E
astern
E
urope
Authors: Vesela Pavla
Published: September 2017

Despite differences in individual countries, the history of women's movements in Eastern Europe can be divided into three periods: the time when these movements originated and gained their first achievements in the mid‐nineteenth until the early twentieth centuries; the era after World War II, when women were officially liberated by the socialist state; and finally the period after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, when women's movements again emerged in their original diversity.
World Social Forums
Authors: Rousset Pierre
Published: September 2017

The World Social Forum, founded in January 2001 in Porto Alegre, Brazil, was created as an open forum for groups and movements dedicated to resisting globalization. According to its charter of principles, the Social Forum is “an open meeting place for reflective thinking, democratic debate of ideas, formulation of proposals, free exchange of experiences and interlinking for effective action, by groups and movements of civil society that are opposed to neoliberalism and to domination of the world by capital and any form of imperialism, and are committed to building a society centered on the human person.”
Xuma, Alfred Bitini (1893–1962)
Authors: van der Walt Lucien
Published: September 2017

Alfred Bitini “A. B.” Xuma was a leading African nationalist in South Africa in the 1940s. Born to a Christian peasant family at Manzana, the Transkei, Cape Colony, Xuma was educated in mission schools, led a student strike, and qualified as a teacher in 1911. Two years later, he went to the United States, where he studied at Tuskegee, the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis), Northwestern University (Evanston), and Marquette University and the Lewis Institute (Chicago). He supported himself by working as a laborer and a cleaner.
Yaa Asantewaa (ca. 1840–1921)
Authors: Aikins Joshua Kwesi
Published: September 2017

Nana Yaa Asantewaa is remembered throughout Africa and the African diaspora as a leading figure in African anti‐colonial resistance. She was the military leader and commander‐in‐chief of the Asante army during the Asante‐British War of 1900–1, which is remembered as Yaa Asantewaa War.
Young Ireland
Authors: Mulligan William H.
Published: September 2017

Young Ireland was an Irish nationalist movement highly influenced by Thomas Carlyle and the Romantic movement. The name was chosen by a group of nineteenth‐century Irish nationalists who wanted to differentiate their approach to Irish nationhood from that of Daniel O'Connell.
Yugoslavia, Anti‐Fascist “People's Liberation War” and Revolution, 1941–1945
Authors: Kanzleiter Boris
Published: September 2017

World War II in the territory of former Yugoslavia started with the unannounced bombarding of Belgrade by the German Luftwaffe on April 6, 1941. In the days that followed, the German Wehrmacht and its Italian, Hungarian, and Bulgarian allies invaded the country, which had refused to align with the German Reich. On the orders of Adolf Hitler the state territory was split up. The unfolding war turned Yugoslavia into one of the most destructive battle grounds of World War II. According to estimates around 1 million people were killed. The communist partisans defeated not only the Wehrmacht and its local collaborationists, but also turned the war into a process of social revolution.
Zapata, Emiliano (1879–1919) and the Comuna Morelense
Authors: McClellan Janet E.
Published: September 2017

Conditions and treatment of indigenous persons in northern and southern Mexico during the conquest of New Spain and the colonial period (1519–1821) varied because of historical and cultural differences between the peoples in those regions. The south comprised a more obvious economic, cultural, social, and political heritage and managed to maintain a great deal of autonomy, with recourse to traditional land rights and access to the established Indian courts for the possibility of redress of grievances. The north did not enjoy such opportunities. Being less populated and more widely disbursed, the people there were subjected to the Spanish
encomiedia
(forced labor) system. In the south the acknowledgment of the historical rights of pueblos, villages, and land ownership assured greater acceptance of the colonial governance, while unfortunately supporting the development of the hacienda system (patronage land grants for Spanish and foreign entities). During the childhood and youth of Emiliano Zapata the centuries‐long struggle for land rights, economic survival, and political recognition became increasingly intense.
Zenroren Labor Federation
Authors: Fuse Keisuke
Published: September 2017

Zenroren, the National Trade Union Confederation of Japan, is the second‐largest labor federation in Japan, and the most militant class‐based federation in the country. Formed in November 1989, Zenroren's roots emerged from leftist unions in the prewar era. In 1950 all communist‐influenced labor unions were effectively banned in the red purge. Japan unions affiliated with Sohyo, a major federation formed in 1950, disbanded in 1989. Zambetsu Federation (Japan Council of Industrial Labor Unions), affiliated with the Japanese Communist Party, broke away and joined Sohyo, which embraced an anti‐communist ideology, similar to the US union federations. The breakup of Sohyo created three federations: Rengo (center‐left), Zenroren (left), and Zenroyko (independent left).
Zhou Enlai (1898–1976)
Authors: Pantsov Alexander V.
Published: September 2017

Zhou Enlai, born in Huaian County, Jiangsu, on March 5, 1898, was a leading figure in the Chinese Communist Party and Revolution of 1949. He enrolled in Nankai University in Tianjin in 1913. He went to study in Japan in 1917, and returned in 1919 in time to take part in the May 4th movement, an anti‐imperialist sustained mass mobilization that aimed at combating Japan's occupation of Chinese territories and the West's collusion with that occupation. It also opposed the conservative Beijing warlord regime that had failed to resist Japan's encroachments. Originating in Beijing, hundreds of thousands of Chinese youth throughout the nation joined the May 4th movement.
Zimbabwe, Labor Movement, 1890–1980
Authors: Scarnecchia Timothy
Published: September 2017

The very foundation of Southern Rhodesia, first as the province of the British South Africa Company (BSAC) and then after 1923 as a white settler‐controlled British crown colony, established a privileged position for white workers in relation to African workers. The failure of the BSAC to find large and profitable mining prospects in Southern Rhodesia ‐ as compared to Northern Rhodesia's copper belt and the gold and diamonds of South Africa ‐ meant that the landlocked colony would look to agriculture as its primary asset, along with capital‐intensive gold mining, and a large deposit of coal at Wankie. In order to satisfy the interests of white farmers, industrialists, and mining companies, the Southern Rhodesian government instituted a regime of laws and regulations used to recruit labor ‐ often forced labor ‐ and to maintain strict controls on terms of employment and wages.
Zimbabwe People's Army (ZIPA)
Authors: O'Brien Stephen
Published: September 2017

In late 1975 a movement of young Marxist‐inspired guerrillas formed the Zimbabwe People's Army (ZIPA). ZIPA's combination of a persuasive approach to politics, a transformational vision, and aggressive military tactics altered the course of the liberation struggle against Ian Smith's Rhodesia. However, its success also paved the way for its downfall and the rise to power of Robert Mugabe.
Zola, Emile (1840–1902)
Authors: Richardson Annette
Published: September 2017

Emile Zola was a French novelist and social critic whose novels criticized all aspects of Second Empire France (1852–70). In 1898 he protested the imprisonment of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army who had been falsely convicted of being a traitor. This volatile article
J'accuse
(“I Accuse”) polarized the country and resulted in his conviction for criminal libel.
C
hina, Labor Resistance, 1989–2009
Authors: Loong‐Yu Au , Ruixue Bai
Published: September 2017

In contemporary China, no sustained labor movement has emerged in the strict sense of the term, namely, an organized social movement initiated from below aimed at the redistribution of national income for the benefit of labor, or power sharing. The reasons for the absence of a militant labor movement in the early twenty‐first century contrast with previous historical periods.
Rivera Cusicanqui, Silvia (b. 1949)
Authors: Miner Dylan
Published: September 2017

Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, an Aymara sociologist and historian from Bolivia, is Professor Emeritus at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés and Professor in Andean Human Rights at the Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar.
Ervin, Lorenzo Komboa (b. 1947)
Authors: Vitale Alfred
Published: September 2017

Lorenzo Komboa Ervin, a member of the Black Panther Party who became an anarchist writer and community organizer, has been active in struggles for civil rights, labor and worker rights, and in opposition to police brutality, racism, and US involvement in the Vietnam War. Born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1947, Ervin was directly exposed to racism as an African American in the US South. In the 1950s, at the age of 12, he became active in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the struggle for civil rights.
Fabbri, Luce (1908–2000)
Authors: Romanos Eduardo
Published: September 2017

Luce Fabbri was an anarchist journalist and theorist. Her thought was influenced early on by anarchists such as her father, Luigi Fabbri, and Errico Malatesta, as well as by Rodolfo Montoro, a Marxist professor at the University of Bologna (where Luce studied literature and wrote a dissertation on Elisée Reclus). Born in Rome in 1908, Fabbri left Italy illegally in 1929 to reunite with her exiled parents in Paris. She joined them after their expulsion from France to Belgium and finally to Montevideo, where she settled and lived until her death in 2000.
First Wave Feminism (Ca. 1848–1960s)
Authors: Block Marcelline
Published: September 2017

First wave feminism refers to the earliest period of feminist activism during the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century in the United States and Britain. First wave feminism focused primarily on abolitionism, on obtaining female suffrage, and on eradicating inequalities between men and women inscribed in the legal system, such as women's lack of access to education and to medical, legal, and most other professions from which they were excluded. First wave feminists also fought for women's financial independence and the right to own and control property, and for equal salary and equal privileges at work. Later on in the movement, women's reproductive freedom, such as legal access to contraception, became an important part of first wave feminism, which included the right for women to own and take responsibility for their bodies in order to free married women from the tyrannical enslavement of their “owners” (husbands).
Frumkin, Abraham (1872–1940)
Authors: Horrox James
Published: September 2017

Abraham Frumkin was among the leading intellectuals of the late nineteenth‐century European Jewish anarchist movement, best known as editor of
Arbeter Fraint
. He was born into a politically active Jewish family in Jerusalem. After an early career in journalism he spent a year teaching Arabic at the Belkind School in Jaffa, and in 1891 went to Constantinople to study law. When his promised funding failed to materialize he traveled to New York, among whose Jewish immigrant community he first encountered anarchist ideas.
Gross, Otto (1877–1920)
Authors: Antliff Allan
Published: September 2017

Austrian‐born psychologist and anarchist Otto Gross influenced many before his untimely death in 1920. Abandoning a position as lecturer in psychopathology at the University of Graz, he chose instead an itinerant lifestyle amongst the anarchist milieus of Munich, Berlin, and Ascona, Switzerland. Cocaine, morphine, and opium addictions plagued him throughout his adult life (Michaels 1983: 11–31). Nonetheless, Gross was a prolific essayist and, by all accounts, very charismatic.
I
taly, Gladio Counterinsurgency, 1970s–1980s
Authors: Azzellini Dario
Published: September 2017

Gladio, otherwise known as the “strategy of tension,” was a counterinsurgency policy established by Italian state secret services and economic elites with the support of fascist organizations and terror groups to oppose leftist movements and political parties. Through the use of bomb attacks and secret operations carried out by the Gladio structure, it sought to create an atmosphere of instability, placing the state as a neutral victim of right‐ and left‐wing extremist forces. By generating public fear, Gladio paved the way for the legitimation of a strong authoritarian state through stern legal measures and zealous police enforcement.
Martí Ibañez, Félix (1913–1972)
Authors: Lee Andrew H.
Published: September 2017

Félix Martí Ibañez was a Spanish doctor who wrote and lectured on anarchism, sexuality, and psychology. He wrote a regular column, “Psychic–Sexual Consultation,” in the anarchist journal
Estudios
, and argued for sex not simply for procreative purposes but as a natural recreation. Active in the Catalan branch of the War Resisters' League at the beginning of the civil war, he became director of health services in Catalonia, establishing centers for infants, children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers, and legalizing abortion. After the civil war, Martí Ibañez went into exile in the United States, where he enjoyed a successful career as a medical man, writer, and editor. He died in New York of a heart attack.
Ortega, Margarita (?–1914)
Authors: Miner Dylan
Published: September 2017

Margarita Ortega was a Mexican anarchist and schoolteacher active during the early twentieth century. Born into an upwardly mobile mestizo family in Baja California, Ortega renounced her class and racial privilege to work with the anarchist Partido Liberal Mexicano (Mexican Liberal Party, PLM), founded by Ricardo Flores Magón and others.
Pelletier, Madeleine (1874–1939)
Authors: Buelinckx Erik
Published: September 2017

Born into the working class, Madeleine Pelletier, the first French woman to receive a medical degree in psychiatry, was a feminist and, by turns, a socialist, communist, and anarchist activist. Initially an anthropologist, she contested the idea, often used to argue that women were inferior to men, that brain size was proportionally linked to intelligence. As an adolescent she participated in anarchist as well as feminist meetings, but for some time sought state power for women and workers, rejoining anarchist circles only after World War I. She helped establish the French section of the Second International in 1905, fought for women's suffrage, and championed the Bolsheviks after 1917, visiting Alexandra Kollontai in Moscow in 1921.
P
uerto
R
ico, Protests and Revolution in Historical Perspective
Authors: de Laforcade Geoffroy
Published: September 2017

In the eighteenth century, when the Bourbon dynasty in Spain enacted a policy of administrative reforms designed to strengthen its control over Spanish America, Puerto Ricans living outside of San Juan barely felt the presence of the colonial state. Puerto Rico was a peripheral outpost of the empire, of far less strategic value than Cuba, and had been dependent for centuries on the
Audiencia
of Santo Domingo. This link to administration of the Spanish state was severed in 1795 by the cessation of Santo Domingo to France. The following year, Spain took up arms on the side of revolutionary France, causing a military retaliation from Britain that took the form of attacks on the entire system of Spanish defense in the Caribbean, in particular the islands of Trinidad and Puerto Rico. In April 1797, the Puerto Rican resistance to occupation by the world's most powerful naval empire achieved an epic victory that galvanized the patriotism of creoles and caused Spain to tighten its control over the island. Thus an incipient discourse of national belonging or pride was articulated by the privileged elites of Puerto Rico, just as the colonial power extended its bureaucratic and military presence throughout the colony for the first time.
R
inke,
E
rnst
O
tto (
a.k.a.
R
inkius,
R
au) (1853–1899)
Authors: Müller Stefan
Published: September 2017

The son of a forester from Schmiegel in the German province of Posen (now part of Poland), Ernst Rinke, who worked as a locksmith, was an anarchocommunist activist and journalist, memorialized as the character of Otto Trupp in John Henry Mackay's novel
The Anarchists
(1891).
S
ari, Dita (b. 1972) and Indonesia'S Labor Insurgency, 1992–2009
Authors: Marching Soe Tjen
Published: September 2017

Dita Indah Sari is an “ordinary” Indonesian woman who dropped out of university but was able to defy rich and powerful multinational companies through student and labor organizing. Born in Jakarta in 1972, Dita Sari first became involved in politics in 1992 when she attended a demonstration organized by the then underground Students in Solidarity for Democracy in Indonesia (SMID). She became increasingly active in the organization and later decided to abandon her law degree in order to learn more from laborers directly rather than from the secure and remote ivory towers of the university, where she found research often lacking in understanding the real‐life situations of the working class.
Seguí i Rubinat, Salvador (1887–1923)
Authors: Lee Andrew H.
Published: September 2017

Salvador Seguí i Rubinat was the leading moderate figure in the earliest years of the Spanish anarchosyndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Labor Confederation, CNT), especially in Catalonia. While a firm believer in anarchism, Seguí viewed it as a distant dream and promoted moderate and peaceful progress within the unions. As a CNT leader, Seguí often sought alliances with the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores (General Union of Workers, UGT), including joining with them in the failed 1917 national general strike. The success of this approach was almost always thwarted by aggressive tactics by the state and employers. Despite his moderate positions, he was well regarded and respected as a true representative of the working class by even the more radical members of the CNT.
Slovenia, New Social Movements, 2000–2010
Authors: Zadnikar Darij
Published: September 2017

Amid the disintegration of Yugoslavia that began in the late 1980s and Slovenian independence, communist reformists, liberal civil society, and conservative nationalists transformed into the new political elite. There were no significant programmatic differences between these new leaders: all agreed to the accession to the European Union (EU) and NATO, the privatization of the economy, a wide‐ranging neoliberal agenda, and playing up nationalistic cultural values against what was seen as the “wild” Balkans.
Thibedi, T. W. (Thibedi William) (1888–1960)
Authors: van der Walt Lucien
Published: September 2017

The son of a Wesleyan minister, the Reverend Jeremiah Molefe Thibedi, Thibedi William Thibedi, who trained as a schoolteacher, went on to become one of the most important African labor leaders, syndicalists, and communist/socialist revolutionaries in South Africa from the 1910s to the 1940s.
Zisly, Henri (1872–1945)
Authors: Boni Stefano
Published: September 2017

Henri Zisly, self‐labeled individualist anarchist, is considered one of the forerunners and principal organizers of the naturist movement in France and one of its most able and outspoken defenders worldwide. His political activity, primarily aimed at supporting a return to “natural life” through writing and practical involvement, stimulated lively confrontations within and outside the anarchist environment. Zisly vividly criticized progress and civilization, which he regarded as “absurd, ignoble, and filthy.” He openly opposed industrialization, arguing that machines were inherently authoritarian, defended nudism, advocated a non‐dogmatic and non‐religious adherence to the “laws of nature,” recommended a lifestyle based on limited needs and self‐sufficiency, and disagreed with vegetarianism, which he considered “anti‐scientific.” Employed by the Compagnie des Chemins de Fer du Nord in 1897, he was dismissed in 1915 and briefly imprisoned because of an anti‐patriotic article that appeared in
Bataille syndicaliste
. He published essays in numerous anarchist periodicals in several European countries as well as in North and South America and edited
La Nouvelle Humanité
(1895–8),
L'Ordre naturel
(1905), and
La Vie naturelle
(1907–27). Zisly supported
milieux libres
, communities organized according to naturist and libertarian principles, and personally took part in the Vaux colony (1902–7) established in Essômes‐sur‐Marne (Aisne), where several anarchist tendencies cohabited. Amongst his writings, the following papers and brochures are noteworthy: “En conquête de l'état naturel” (1899), “Voyage au beau pays de Naturie” (1900), “La conception du naturisme libertaire” (1918), and “Naturisme pratique dans la civilisation” (1928). His thoughts are drastically yet efficiently summarized in his slogan, “
A bas la Civilisation! Vive la Nature!
” (“Down with Civilization! Long live Nature!”).
Class War
Authors: Franks Benjamin , Stott Paul
Published: September 2017

Class War
was a radical newspaper that developed into a formal anarchist grouping of the same name. According to Ian Bone, the principal originator of the paper, its first contributors were drawn from the London Autonomists, members of Red Action (a militantly anti‐fascist Marxist faction), preexisting London anarchist groups, and sex workers based in West London (Bone 2006: 130, 143). Its first edition, which came out for May Day 1983, was marked by a combination of acerbic wit and aggressive working‐class politics; its humor distinguished the paper from the overly somber papers of the orthodox left, whilst its assertive class consciousness demarcated it from the then largely pacifist anarchist periodicals. The paper's belligerent style was adapted from Bone's earlier alternative newssheet,
Alarm
. It was also a feature of
Xtra
, a London‐based publication edited by Martin Wright, who joined Bone in producing Class War. Class War's satirical tone also harked back to nineteenth‐century political newssheets like Johann Most's Freiheit.
Dewey, John (1859–1952)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Born in 1859 to a working‐class family in Burlington, Vermont, John Dewey was considered a pragmatic and realistic socialist thinker and a leading intellectual proponent of universal education and civil rights. He was a highly intelligent young man, graduating from the University of Vermont as a Phi Beta Kappa. He became a schoolteacher, but after two years he returned to academia, earning his PhD at Johns Hopkins University, and then joining the faculty at the University of Michigan, where he taught for ten years before moving to the newly founded University of Chicago. He eventually left Chicago to return east, as his revolutionary theories and concepts of educational pedagogy and pragmatism would clash too much for the more rigid thinkers in Chicago. Columbia University offered him a professorship, which he held until his retirement.
Ellsberg, Daniel (b. 1931)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Born in 1931 in Chicago, Daniel Ellsberg was a whistleblower who, in 1968, disclosed the US government's misrepresentation of the causes and course of the Vietnam War through distributing to the press the Pentagon Papers, causing growing unpopularity of the American military expedition. Ellsberg attended Harvard University on a full academic scholarship and went on to Cambridge University under a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship. Upon graduation from Cambridge, Ellsberg volunteered for the US Marine Corps, where he served as a platoon leader and company commander. Deciding to return to academia, he returned to Harvard and eventually earned his PhD in economics. However, his degree was delayed for several years when he suspended his studies to work for the Rand Institute, a government contractor, to conduct a strategic analysis on nuclear strategy.
Li Eul‐Kyu (1894–1972)
Authors: Oh Jang‐Whan
Published: September 2017

Li Eul‐Kyu, a revolutionary and anarchist theorist sometimes called “the Korean Kropotkin,” was the elder brother of Li Jung‐Kyu. He was an active member of the Je‐jung‐kuk jo‐sun mu‐jung‐bu ju‐eu‐ja yun‐meng (Korean Anarchist Federation in China), founded in Beijing in 1924. Complying with a request from young Chinese anarchists, the Li brothers, along with Yu Ja‐Myung, Jung Hwa‐Am, Baik Jung‐Gi, and Li Hoe‐Young, participated as members of the preparatory committee of the National Labor University in Shanghai, which was proposed and supported by Chinese anarchists.
H
e
Z
hen (Late 19th Century – ?)
Authors: Cairns Daniel
Published: September 2017

Born in Jiangsu in the late nineteenth century, He Zhen is among the first Chinese socialist and revolutionary feminist and anarchist writers, who lived in exile in Japan. She was also a leading figure among anarchists in Japan, who advocated non‐industrial, decentralized communalism, concordant with the political philosophy of Tolstoy. Many details of her life remain unclear and much of what little is known results from her marriage to the scholar Liu Shipei (1884–1919).
Leuenroth, Edgard (1881–1968)
Authors: Freitas da Silva Filipe Gordino
Published: September 2017

Born in São Paulo, Brazil, Edgard Leuenroth was a prominent anarchist militant and theoretician. Having lost his father early in childhood, he was forced to quit school and find employment, where he encountered the intense Brazilian anarchosyndicalist movement that would determine his political consciousness.
N
ewton,
H
uey (1942–1989)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Huey Percy Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party, was born in 1942 in Monroe, Louisiana, to a sharecropping family, and three years later, his family moved to Oakland, California. Newton's parents, both active in church life and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), named their seventh child after the populist Louisiana governor Huey Long. As a teenager, Newton was a rebellious student, often suspended from school, and in fact was arrested for vandalism and gun possession at the age of 14. Though graduating high school as an illiterate, Newton taught himself to read and went on to Oakland City (Junior) College where he earned an Associate's degree in 1966 after approximately six years. At college, Newton met Bobby Seale, and together in October 1966, they founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense.
Robinson,Jackie (1919–1972)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in 1919 to a family of sharecroppers in rural Cairo, Georgia. One year later, after his father abandoned the family, Robinson's mother took her five children west to Pasadena, California, where she raised her family. After graduating high school, he enrolled in junior college, where he excelled at sports. He then went on to the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), where he was the first student to win varsity letters in four sports. After graduation, he worked for the National Youth Administration, a New Deal program, until it was discontinued some months later. He then moved to Hawaii to play semi‐professional football for a racially integrated team. At the end of the season, he returned to California to pursue his athletic career when the bombing of Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the war.
R
ocker,
R
udolf (1873–1958)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Born Johann Rudolf Rocker to a poor family in Mainz, Germany, in 1873, Rudolf Rocker is among the leading theoreticians of anarchosyndicalism who has remained relevant to many labor scholars and activists into the twenty‐first century. At the separate deaths of his parents while he was a young boy, Rocker was placed into a Catholic orphanage from which he ran away on several occasions. As an adolescent, he became apprenticed to a bookbinder, and pursued this trade for several years as a traveling journeyman. Attracted to socialism, Rocker joined the Social Democrat Party. However, as he joined a left‐wing opposition group known as Die Jungen (The Young), he was expelled from the party in 1890.
R
yner,
H
an (1861–1938)
Authors: Frigerio Vittorio
Published: September 2017

Han Ryner is the pseudonym of the French writer Henri Ner (Nemours, Algeria, 1861–Paris, 1938), adopted as his own from 1898. This extremely prolific author published more than 50 works of fiction (novels, plays, short stories) and contributed thousands of articles to more than 250 newspapers and magazines of either an anarchist or pacifist bent, including
La Patrie Humaine, La Revue anarchiste, L'Anarchie, L'Unique
and
Par delà la mêlée
. His books have been translated into many languages, including English, Spanish, Italian, and German. An acute and caustic commentator of the foibles of French society, Ryner had contacts with several important figures belonging to the pacifist camp in the period of the
entre deux guerres
, such as Romain Rolland, Stephan Zweig, and Jean Giono. His philosophy is staunchly individualistic and refuses any label, including that of anarchist.
S
eeger,
P
ete (b. 1919)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Peter Seeger, born in New York into a musical family in 1919, arose to become the iconic folk singer of protest music for social justice in the United States during the twentieth and early twenty‐first century. Seeger's father was a composer and musical ethnographer, his mother was a classical violinist and music teacher, and his stepmother a significant composer. Seeger himself has been at the center of the folk music scene as well as a significant political activist for over seven decades. Graduating from boarding school, Seeger began his academic career on a partial scholarship at Harvard University. Having also joined the Young Communist League (YCL) at the age of 17, his activism had a negative effect on his studies, leading to his quickly losing his scholarship and then leaving the university.
Threshold Fluence Measurement for Laser Liftoff of InP Thin Films by Selective Absorption
Authors: Jan Antony , Reeves Benjamin A. , van de Burgt Yoeri , Hayes Garrett J. , Clemens Bruce M.
Published: September 2017

We explore conditions for achieving laser liftoff in epitaxially grown heterojunctions, in which single crystal thin films can be separated from their growth substrates using a selectively absorbing buried intermediate layer. Because this highly non‐linear process is subject to a variety of process instabilities, it is essential to accurately characterize the parameters resulting in liftoff. Here, we present an InP/InGaAs/InP heterojunction as a model system for such characterization. We show separation of InP thin films from single crystal InP growth substrates, wherein a ≈10 ns, Nd:YAG laser pulse selectively heats a coherently strained, buried InGaAs layer. We develop a technique to measure liftoff threshold fluences within an inhomogeneous laser spatial profile, and apply this technique to determine threshold fluences of the order 0.5 J cm−2 for our specimens. We find that the fluence at the InGaAs layer is limited by non‐linear absorption and InP surface damage at high powers, and measure the energy transmission in an InP substrate from 0 to 8 J cm−2. Characterization of the ejected thin films shows crack‐free, single crystal InP. Finally, we present evidence that the hot InGaAs initiates a liquid phase front that travels into the InP substrate during liftoff.
Metal‐Free Carbon Materials for CO2 Electrochemical Reduction
Authors: Duan Xiaochuan , Xu Jiantie , Wei Zengxi , Ma Jianmin , Guo Shaojun , Wang Shuangyin , Liu Huakun , Dou Shixue
Published: September 2017

The rapid increase of the CO2 concentration in the Earth's atmosphere has resulted in numerous environmental issues, such as global warming, ocean acidification, melting of the polar ice, rising sea level, and extinction of species. To search for suitable and capable catalytic systems for CO2 conversion, electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) holds great promise. Emerging heterogeneous carbon materials have been considered as promising metal‐free electrocatalysts for the CO2RR, owing to their abundant natural resources, tailorable porous structures, resistance to acids and bases, high‐temperature stability, and environmental friendliness. They exhibit remarkable CO2RR properties, including catalytic activity, long durability, and high selectivity. Here, various carbon materials (e.g., carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, diamond, nanoporous carbon, and graphene dots) with heteroatom doping (e.g., N, S, and B) that can be used as metal‐free catalysts for the CO2RR are highlighted. Recent advances regarding the identification of active sites for the CO2RR and the pathway of reduction of CO2 to the final product are comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, the emerging challenges and some perspectives on the development of heteroatom‐doped carbon materials as metal‐free electrocatalysts for the CO2RR are included.
Topological Design of Ultrastrong and Highly Conductive Graphene Films
Authors: Wen Yeye , Wu Mingmao , Zhang Miao , Li Chun , Shi Gaoquan
Published: September 2017

Nacre‐like graphene films are prepared by evaporation‐induced assembly of graphene oxide dispersions containing small amounts of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), followed by chemical reduction with hydroiodic acid. CNC induces the formation of wrinkles on graphene sheets, greatly enhancing the mechanical properties of the resultant graphene films. The graphene films deliver an ultrahigh tensile strength of 765 ± 43 MPa (up to 800 MPa in some cases), a large failure strain of 6.22 ± 0.19%, and a superior toughness of 15.64 ± 2.20 MJ m−3, as well as a high electrical conductivity of 1105 ± 17 S cm−1. They have a great potential for applications in flexible electronics because of their combined excellent mechanical and electrical properties.
Isolation and Stabilization of LDH 2D Crystals with Ultrahigh Surface Exposure via Polymer Gel Formation
Authors: Liang Dujuan , Peng Xin , Li Yanan , Wang Huiliang , Yang Xiaojing
Published: September 2017

A large specific surface area is one of the most attractive features of 2D crystals. However, the surfaces/interfaces of the 2D crystals of delaminated layered double hydroxides (LDHs) cannot be efficiently utilized because they are naturally unstable, and their surfaces cannot be highly exposed using current isolation methods. This study proposes a new strategy in this work to isolate LDH 2D crystals with large surface exposure by forming polymer gels. The gels are synthesized by combining ZnAl‐LDH unilamellae with acrylic acid anions (AA−) in delaminating solvent and mixing the solution with acrylamide (AAm) monomers for in situ copolymerization. The results show that the AA− inhibits the dissolution of the unilamellae in formamide and that the polymer chains fix the unilamellae in the gel network. This stabilization effect results from the anchoring bonds of the COO− groups with the LDH layer. It is found that the AA−‐containing gels without LDH have adsorptivity toward phosphate, whereas the poly‐AAm gel possesses hardly any adsorptivity. The nanocomposite hydrogels show phosphate adsorption amounts close to the theoretical values calculated according to the contents of AA− and LDH. This implies that nearly all the unilamellar LDH surfaces are exposed to phosphate.
Deracemization and Stereoinversion of α‐Amino Acids by l‐Amino Acid Deaminase
Authors: Rosini Elena , Melis Roberta , Molla Gianluca , Tessaro Davide , Pollegioni Loredano
Published: September 2017

Enantiomerically pure α‐amino acids are compounds of primary interest for the fine chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical sectors. Amino acid oxidases are used for resolving d,l‐amino acids in biocatalysis. We recently demonstrated that l‐amino acid deaminase from Proteus myxofaciens (PmaLAAD) shows peculiar features for biotechnological applications, such as a high production level as soluble protein in Escherichia coli and a stable binding with the flavin cofactor. Since l‐amino acid deaminases are membrane‐bound enzymes, previous applications were mainly based on the use of cell‐based methods. Now, taking advantage of the broad substrate specificity of PmaLAAD, a number of natural and synthetic l‐amino acids were fully converted by the purified enzyme into the corresponding α‐keto acids: the fastest conversion was obtained for 4‐nitrophenylalanine. Analogously, starting from racemic solutions, the full resolution (ee >99%) was also achieved. Notably, d,l‐1‐naphthylalanine was resolved either into the d‐ or the l‐enantiomer by using PmaLAAD or the d‐amino acid oxidase variant having a glycine at position 213, respectively, and was fully deracemized when the two enzymes were used jointly. Moreover, the complete stereoinversion of l‐4‐nitrophenylalanine was achieved using PmaLAAD and a small molar excess of borane tert‐butylamine complex. Taken together, recombinant PmaLAAD represents an l‐specific amino acid deaminase suitable for producing the pure enantiomers of several natural and synthetic amino acids or the corresponding keto acids, compounds of biotechnological or pharmaceutical relevance.

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Accurate Characterization of Triple‐Junction Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Di Carlo Rasi Dario , Hendriks Koen H. , Wienk Martijn M. , Janssen René A. J.
Published: September 2017

Triple‐junction device architectures represent a promising strategy to highly efficient organic solar cells. Accurate characterization of such devices is challenging, especially with respect to determining the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the individual subcells. The specific light bias conditions that are commonly used to determine the EQE of a subcell of interest cause an excess of charge generation in the two other subcells. This results in the build‐up of an electric field over the subcell of interest, which enhances current generation and leads to an overestimation of the EQE. A new protocol, involving optical modeling, is developed to correctly measure the EQE of triple‐junction organic solar cells. Apart from correcting for the build‐up electric field, the effect of light intensity is considered with the help of representative single‐junction cells. The short‐circuit current density (JSC) determined from integration of the EQE with the AM1.5G solar spectrum differs by up to 10% between corrected and uncorrected protocols. The results are validated by comparing the EQE experimentally measured to the EQE calculated via optical‐electronic modeling, obtaining an excellent agreement.