bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prelude
Authors: Marchal Joseph A.
Published: December 2019

The opening prelude of Appalling Bodies establishes some of the contours for the interaction between biblical studies and queer studies in this project by briefly introducing both areas and their broader contexts. The prelude surveys key ideas about the Roman imperial context, the development of queer theory, and the letters of Paul. Readers who are unfamiliar with one or more of these domains become further acquainted with key concepts including ancient views of penetration and receptivity, and feminist conceptualizations of kyriarchy, intersectionality, and history, particularly as they might help us create alternative angles on the subjects marginalized within Pauline epistles and interpretations. In doing so, the prelude sets up the audacious juxtapositions of these domains in the chapters to follow, providing new insights on those targeted by figures of vilification in the first and in the twenty-first centuries.
A Close Corinthian Shave
Authors: Marchal Joseph A.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 2 grapples with 1 Corinthians 11:1–16, one of the letter’s attempts to limit women’s prophetic speech in the community. Allusions to androgyny appear in a couple of places in this text, but most especially in strange references to head hair (11:5–6). This is just one vexed marker of gender variety and multiplicity, which can be reimagined with more recent figures of female masculinity like drag kings, butch lesbians, transgender dykes, or gender queers (especially as examined in transgender studies). Alternative practices of masculinity alter the perspective on prophetic females addressed by the arguments in the first letter to the Corinthians. Through the lenses of gendered performativity and female masculinity, these juxtapositions qualify and challenge Pauline prescriptions for the initiation and participation of women.
Use
Authors: Marchal Joseph A.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 4 seeks another way to approach Onesimus, the enslaved figure and object of negotiation in Paul’s letter to Philemon. Onesimus is also the butt of another casual “joke,” this time about the bodily vulnerability of enslaved people, including for the sexual use of the owner (Philemon 11). To work more creatively with this slim epistle, the coordinates of such arguments are rearranged by a juxtaposition with an alternative ethic that reconfigures constraint in relation to consent. The role of the bottom in BDSM practices (bondage, discipline, dominance, submission, sadomasochism) can help to challenge the ancient ethos around enslaved people, without swerving away from its horrors and lingering heritages, most especially when it attends to the role of race and historical reference in such practices. This juxtaposition foregrounds other ways to configure scripts of consent and submission, while grappling with the distinctly racialized heritages of our embodied practices.
Epilogue
Authors: Marchal Joseph A.
Published: December 2019

Appalling Bodies concludes with a brief Epilogue, reflecting further on the kinds of drag these chapters and queer temporalities more broadly perform. Because our encounters with the biblical can be such a drag, the epilogue considers multiple meanings of drag, in both scholarly and colloquial ways, as it might reframe the strange temporalities of scriptures. Drag is a key early example for Judith Butler’s explication of gender performativity. Elizabeth Freeman suggests the utility of drag for describing ambivalent, even complicated temporalities, all of the ways the past pulls on, impresses on, lives within, or simply haunts the present. As the examples of temporal drag within Paul’s letters also indicate, not all touches across time should be valorized. Bodies are marked by histories, including the histories of surgery and slavery, with all their unwelcome forms of contact. The drag of history demonstrates that anachronism is the least of our worries.
Hope and Democracy
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter explains why hope matters for democracy. It offers insight into both what Americans hope for and how they hope together. It shows how democracy and hope are mutually supportive of one another. This chapter considers how Americans work toward goals they set through hoping—a verb, a practice, rather than a noun or object we possess. It demonstrates how hoping connects us to other people and how our aims are best realized by working together with others. It describes how Americans might work together to tell new stories about our country and to set new goals for democracy and bring them into fruition. In part, this is done through harnessing democratic dissent—converting citizens’ frustrations into social movements that bring about change.
The Russian Years
Authors: Azize Joseph
Published: December 2019

While he was in Russia (1911/1912–1919), Gurdjieff taught many ideas and some practices that would come to play significant roles in the development of his methods of Transformed-contemplation. These include his reference to the Ego Exercise of Mount Athos, his exercises for relaxation and sensing, and the Stop Exercise. This chapter examines the early critique of contemplation and meditation made by Gurdjieff and Ouspensky, and shows that his reticence about contemplative exercises was probably due chiefly to their monastic origin, and his desire to bring a method that would be used not in monasteries but in daily social life.
The Four Ideals Exercise
Authors: Azize Joseph
Published: December 2019

This exercise from Gurdjieff is published in its full form. It is an esoteric exercise, worked at in seclusion, in order to draw down into the exercitant’s body the “higher substances” that are collected somewhere in space, around the “ideals” who are Jesus Christ, Buddha, Muhammad, and an entity named “Lama,” who is associated in some way with Tibetan Buddhism. These substances are described as being “emanations” sent towards their ideal by people who are praying to them: interestingly, Gurdjieff states that some of these emanations hardly rise, but others mount almost to the very ideal, thereby suggesting that the ideal has an objective existence above atmosphere of the earth. This exercise is transcribed from notes made by George Adie, which can reasonably be dated to 1948, at which time there is evidence, from other of Adie’s notes, that Gurdjieff taught him this exercise. Also set out is the perfectly sound evidence for Gurdjieff teaching a similar, but less complete, version of this exercise on other occasions.
The “Lord Have Mercy” Exercises
Authors: Azize Joseph
Published: December 2019

At several times, Gurdjieff taught exercises in Transformed-contemplation that call on the exercitant to use the prayer “Lord have mercy.” Those that were recorded by George Adie, Helen Adie, and Jeanne de Salzmann are noted and commented upon. Gurdjieff related the prayer to his own teaching, and in particular to the words “I am” and “I wish to be. I have the sensation of myself,” and restraining one’s emanations, all as elements of a prayer. The exercise also points to Gurdjieff’s likely sources in the Orthodox Christian tradition, and his statement that some of the Christian liturgy had come from “ancient knowledge”. It is further evidence of the religious turn which his teaching was increasingly taking in the 1940s, marking a contrast with the earlier dispensation, especially that of the Russian years. Interestingly, George Adie specifically related the version of the “Lord Have Mercy Exercise” which he had been taught to the “Practice of the Presence of God,” known from the work of Brother Lawrence of the Resurrection.
Gurdjieff’s Last Exercises
Authors: Azize Joseph
Published: December 2019

The chapter takes two exercises given by Gurdjieff to various people as their last exercise from him. The first, from Solange Claustres, is a discipline for being more conscious as one goes through one’s daily activities by relating them to one’s conscious aim and efforts to remember oneself. The second, given to Helen Adie, harks back to Gurdjieff’s First Assisting Exercise in Life Is Real, Only Then, When “I Am.” The chapter also concludes, as to the form and purpose of Gurdjieff’s contemplative exercises, why he is much misunderstood. Finally, it summarizes what has been said about his sources for his Transformed-contemplation, and the importance of these exercises, and Gurdjieff’s contribution to mysticism. It concludes that what was specific to Gurdjieff’s Transformed-contemplation was the need to consciously sense one’s body in a relaxed state; while having some awareness of one’s feeling; with all this being directed by an undistracted intellect. This aims to maintain a unified calm in one’s common presence; so that higher hydrogens can be received and digested; and the higher being bodies coated, which allow the higher and the lower centers to work together in unison; leading to the exercitants’ achieving their own real “I,” with powers of consciousness, will, expressive of their own individuality, and able to hear and support their conscience.
Conclusion
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa
Published: December 2019

Film can be a political narcotic, suppressing rather than expressing the humanity that is supposed to flourish in democracy. Most popular films today, like many elected representatives, have this effect. In its best form, however, representation, both filmic and political, can add something irreplaceable to democracy. A human being is something that makes itself available for presenting and representing only over time. When representation succeeds, it causes some part of this being to come to the fore and be visible in a way that it was not before. Great representatives and great representations are rare, but when they do appear, they enhance our politics by sustaining the reciprocal equality that is at the heart of any human society.
Bayle’s Narrative
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter begins with a preliminary consideration of the “Aristotelian” critique of Spinoza in the work of Pierre Bayle. The critique is so labeled to highlight Bayle’s claim that the substance-mode metaphysics that Descartes adopted from scholasticism, and that is purportedly an important source of the downfall of Spinoza’s substance monism, derives ultimately from Aristotle. The main result of the second part of the chapter, however, is the negative one that Aristotle’s accidents differ substantially from the modes that Suárez later introduced into scholasticism. Such a result indicates the crucial importance of later scholastic revisions of Aristotle’s own views for a consideration of the metaphysics of the material world in early modern thought.
Quantity, Integral Parts, and Boundaries
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on an aspect of Suárez’s metaphysics that is especially relevant to the non-scholastic identification of matter with extension in early modern thought, namely, his account of the nature of the Aristotelian accident of “continuous quantity.” The chapter begins with Suárez’s contribution to a debate within medieval scholasticism between “realist” and “nominalist” views of quantity. One distinctive feature of this contribution is Suárez’s insistence that this accident bears a special relation to impenetrability. There is then a consideration of Suárez’s contribution to a scholastic debate over the mereological relation between wholes and their “integral parts” that pits anti-reductionists against reductionists. The chapter ends with an examination of Suárez’s contribution to scholastic debates over the ontological status of the “indivisible” boundaries of parts, namely, points, lines, and surfaces. Suárez adopts a “moderate realism” that takes boundaries to be really distinct from the parts they limit.
Metaphysical Themes from Descartes
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores certain metaphysical themes from Descartes that serve to link his views to those of Spinoza. It is argued that Spinoza appropriated and revised the substance-mode metaphysics found in Descartes in the service of defending a material monism very different from Descartes’s material pluralism. There is an initial consideration of the distinctive Spinozistic claim that only a causa sui can be a substance, and that there is a single substance that possesses infinitely many attributes. Then there is an examination of the “mode” portion of Spinoza’s metaphysics that emphasizes his identification of finite modes with determinate “expressions” of God’s power. The chapter ends with a reading of Spinoza’s account of the relation of the attribute of extension to its “infinite mode” of motion and rest that draws on his own “power ontology.”
The Empowered Life: Freedom
Authors: Andrew Youpa
Published: December 2019

There is a debate among scholars about whether human beings in Spinoza’s view can be free and about the precise conception of freedom that is relevant to human agents, finite modes of God-or-Nature that we are. For Spinoza, something can be said to be free insofar as it is an adequate cause of its existence and operations. A thing is unfree insofar as it is an inadequate cause of its existence and operations. The question is: Is it possible for human beings to be adequate causes of any effects whatsoever? This chapter argues that human beings can be adequate causes and therefore can be free. In addition to a discussion of freedom in section 1, section 2 argues that the free human, the model of human nature, is not an impossibly distant ideal but, rather, a better version of actual human beings that we can attain.
Introduction
Authors: Simmons Caleb
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to the history of the Mysore kingdom and the courts of Tipu Sultan and Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. It investigates the kingdom’s development before and during the British colonial encounter in order to show the historical circumstances that led to the rearticulation of sovereignty in the late early modern and early colonial period. This chapter frames the period under discussion as a time in which the Mysore courts searched for their sovereign identity, which became intimately connected to religious idioms and the kings’ royal devotion. Lastly, this introduction provides an overall outline of the book and its major arguments.
The Sultan, the Sufi, and the Guru
Authors: Simmons Caleb
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines the process of devotional continuity as a way of situating kingship within Tipu Sultan’s reign. Tipu Sultan made claims about his relationship to the divine and thereby about his sovereignty. The Mysore king enacted many of the same devotional practices as his predecessors in the region, patronizing regionally significant dargahs, temples, and mathas that had been associated with royal devotion. The primary focus of the chapter is how Tipu Sultan performed his succession as the king of Bidanuru by sponsoring goddess rituals at the Shringeri Matha and through his devotion to its jagadguru, who Tipu Sultan claimed was responsible for the agricultural and military stability of the Mysore kingdom. This is read alongside Tipu Sultan’s devotional relationship with Gisu Daraz, the Sufi saint patronized by the Bahmani kings of Gulbarga and the Adil Shahs of Bijapur, who visits Tipu Sultan in his dreams.
Portraying Devotion
Authors: Simmons Caleb
Published: December 2019

Through patronage, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III and his court constructed a cultural memory of devotion that cemented the identity of the Wodeyar lineage as the “ancient Hindu Rajahs” and displayed the king and his Wodeyar predecessors as ideal king-devotees. To supplement his acts of charity, Krishnaraja III commissioned a host of paintings and sculptures that display the king participating in royal devotional rituals in the palace and worshipping in various important temples throughout the region. These images were placed alongside older sculptures of royal patrons at key pilgrimage sites throughout the Mysore kingdom and identified with former Wodeyar kings, creating a visual genealogy of devotion that permeated the sacred landscape of southern Karnataka and situated the entire Wodeyar lineage in an unbroken line of regional devotionalism. In doing so, Krishnaraja III and his court constructed dynastic continuity through representations of devotion and redefining Indian kingship through a devotional lens.
Parenting Today
Authors: Lim Sun Sun
Published: December 2019

This chapter identifies the key priorities among parents of Asia’s urban middle-class families. The three key priorities are inculcating values in their children to ensure positive maturation, exercising oversight and supervision over them to protect them from harm and adverse influence, and providing support for their children’s academic achievement for future success. This chapter also reviews existing literature on the sociology of parenting and parenting trends that influence and are influenced by transcendent parenting. Parenting concepts such as intensive parenting, concerted cultivation, and paranoid parenting will also be analyzed in relation to transcendent parenting.
Out and About
Authors: Lim Sun Sun
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses parents’ use of mobile media to enhance their children’s personal safety. There is an extensive slate of mobile communication features, customized apps and services that parents now actively tap to monitor their children’s whereabouts, or to simply have a sense of their well-being. Mobile media such as live webcam feeds, CCTV cameras, and location-tracking services and apps have effectively enabled parents to keep track of their children even when they are physically apart. As children grow older, parental oversight continues through ceaseless mobile connections and even an extended parental surveillance network. Parents of teens and emerging adults also tend to use their children’s social media footprints to undertake subtle and covert surveillance.
Turnout and Partisan Vote Choice
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R.
Published: December 2019

This chapter directly assesses the expectation that an increase in turnout from one election to the next produces a larger vote share for the Democratic candidate, while a decline in turnout reduces it. It offers straightforward data to analyze changes through time for presidential elections (overall and within states, from 1948 through 2016), Senate elections (overall, and for all one hundred seats from 1966 through 2016), gubernatorial elections (overall, and for all fifty states from 1966 through 2016), and congressional elections (overall, and for all 435 districts from 1972 through 2010). The focus is on aggregate patterns and relationships. The data indicate that partisan vote choice is not significantly correlated with turnout.
If Turnout Isn’t Driving Election Swings, What Is?
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R.
Published: December 2019

The previous chapters focused on refuting the turnout bias thesis. This chapter presents a theoretically satisfying empirical account for what does explain the oscillations in partisan fortunes between elections, focusing on the linkage of high-turnout presidential elections and much lower turnout congressional midterms. The concern remains the contribution of turnout oscillation to the result. The analysis uses the concept of surge and decline, an idea formulated decades ago by Angus Campbell and elaborated upon by many since, but mostly lost due to the recent obsession with turnout differences between the parties. In so doing, we expand on the analysis in chapter 7 about the greater susceptibility of peripheral voters to information about extant circumstances and to institutional arrangements, which can affect the marginal costs of voting.
The Ottoman Rationale for Codification: The Mecelle
Authors: Ayoub Samy A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter is dedicated to the Mecelle, the first Islamic civil law code. It is primarily concerned with the substance of the articles of the Mecelle. This chapter contends that the Mecelle is a culminating articulation of late Ḥanafī legal scholarship in the early modern period. What is important about the Mecelle, this chapter argues, is not only that it represents a faithful synthesis of late Ḥanafī jurisprudential norms in this period but also that it promulgated new social and legal norms for the late Ottoman Empire. The Mecelle underscores the increasing bureaucratization and centralization of judicial and legal authority in the Ottoman Empire. This chapter stresses that the Mecelle should be understood in the context of the Ottoman modernization project and that it constitutes a response from within the Islamic legal tradition to the Tanzimat and the penetration of Western laws into Ottoman society.
Conclusion
Authors: Ayoub Samy A.
Published: December 2019

The development of Ḥanafī jurisprudence during the Ottoman period cannot be fully understood through the juxtaposition of state qānūn and jurists’ sharīʿa. This approach, which tends to view Ḥanafī legal developments through the religious versus secular dichotomy, fails to capture the inner workings of Ḥanafī jurisprudence with regard to the legal contours of Ottoman imperial power. By engaging with the legal logic of Ḥanafī jurists, I have been able to explore the microdynamics of Ḥanafī juristic discourses, allowing me to identify a series of practices, norms, and encounters through which early modern Ḥanafism was formulated, imagined, and sustained.
Models, Fictions, and Conditionals
Authors: Godfrey-Smith Peter
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses recent debates about scientific models and fictional or imaginary systems. Model-based science often apparently deals in non-actual or fictional systems, and does so by design. This practice raises questions about the relationships that can exist between such models and their real-world targets, especially about the evident empirical utility of some highly idealized scientific models. The chapter considers a range of recent treatments of models and offers an account that gives a central role to counterfactual conditionals. This chapter takes these conditionals to be the typical output of scientific modeling. These conditionals raise many problems of their own, but understanding models in these terms does enable some progress.
Enslaved in Porto Alegre
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

In 1831, Rufino’s young master, an army cadet, took him to the province of Rio Grande do Sul, where he was sold to a merchant from the capital city of Porto Alegre. When his new master went bankrupt, Rufino was auctioned and bought by the police chief of the province. He worked as a cook at home and probably as a hire-out worker in the streets as well. Rio Grande received scores of slaves imported from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. By 1819, 30 percent of Porto Alegre’s population were slaves. As the city grew, daily conflicts between slaves and the police and maroon activity became a major problem.
The Trial of the Ermelinda
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

The Ermelinda’s trial by the Mixed Commission in Sierra Leone started in January, 1842, and lastd 40 days. The British alleged that evidence of slave trading equipment was found on board, such as large pots and a stove, enough food and water barrels for feeding numerous people, wood planks to separate women from men, etc. However, the charge was not watertight, because neither manacles nor shackleswere found aboard the ship. The British commissioners decided to condemn the ship, but their Brazilian counterparts did not agree. The decision was made by flipping a coin, the Brazilian side won, and the ship was acquitted.
The Malês of Recife and a Doctrinal Dispute
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

The Turkish imam Abd al-Raman al-Bagdádi visited and preached to Muslim communities in Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Recife in 1865. For him, African Muslims he met had a rudimentary understanding of their religion and a lifestyle that was far removed from its principles. The use in Recife of unorthodox divination methods by Muslim preachers caught his attention. They were similar to Rufino’s religious practices, whom he may have met in person. Muslim presence in Recife was solid, as indicated by a debate among Africans of different religions published during several days in a local newspaper.
Dreams of Silk and Wine
Authors: Stanwood Owen
Published: December 2019

The next chapter moves on to the political economic significance of the overseas Refuge. While dreams of Eden motivated the migration, Huguenots had to promote themselves as useful subjects, and they did so increasingly by lauding their skills in making Mediterranean commodities like silk and wine. In this the Huguenots plugged into longstanding dreams of English and Dutch imperialists, who had long wanted to develop these commodities to correct their balances of trade. The chapter focuses particularly on three colonies—Virginia, South Carolina, and the Cape of Good Hope—that became the prime locations for Huguenot migrants. These dreams of silk and wine rarely came true, but they proved a lasting engine to overseas settlement.
A New Age of Projects
Authors: Stanwood Owen
Published: December 2019

The final chapter examines a new push to create Huguenot colonies in the era of the Seven Years’ War. The drama began back in France, where Protestants and others started a campaign for religious toleration. One plank in this campaign was for Huguenots to threaten to leave, and they began to negotiate with the British to do just that, envisioning colonies in places like Nova Scotia, Florida, and Minorca. The realization of the plan came through the efforts of Jean-Louis Gibert, a Protestant minister who became the founder of New Bordeaux in South Carolina. This colonial vision represented a renewal of themes from the first years of the Refuge. It was driven by desires to make silk and wine as well as the push for religious toleration in France. Thus the Huguenots adapted their old program to an age of Enlightenment.
Dancing the World Smaller
Authors: Kowal Rebekah J.
Published: December 2019

This book examines international dance performances in New York City in the 1940s as sites in which dance artists and audiences contested what it meant to practice globalism in mid-twentieth-century America. Debates over globalism in dance proxied larger cultural struggles over how to reconcile the nation’s new role as a global superpower. In dance as in cultural politics, Americans labored over how to realize diversity while honoring difference and manage dueling impulses toward globalism, on the one hand, and isolationism, on the other.
Staging Diaspora
Authors: Kowal Rebekah J.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on the artistic, cultural and political significance of Sierra-Leonean choreographer Asadata Dafora’s work in the mid-1940s. The first part of the chapter examines the import of three African dance festivals that Dafora directed and produced at Carnegie Hall on behalf of the African Academy of Arts and Research (AAAR), a pro-nationalist and anti-colonialist organization founded by Nigerian students living in New York City at the time. Seen in this light, Dafora’s performance of diaspora makes visible practices of black creativity and resistance, seeking to bridge Africanist solidarities toward the formation of a black American identity defined in global terms. The second part of the chapter analyzes the importance of a tour Dafora took with his dance company, Shogola Oloba African Dance Group, across the American South and Midwest, performing “Africa” for largely African American audiences on the eve of the civil rights movement.
Staging Diversity/Staging Containment
Authors: Kowal Rebekah J.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 4 focuses on the 1948 International Dance Festival and the New York Golden Jubilee Celebration to investigate the cultural paradoxes surrounding international dance performance in the early Cold War years. Promotion of cross-cultural exchange and openness to difference took a nationalistic turn if the public reception and critical discourse surrounding the festival are any indication. The chapter reveals through this case study that by the late 1940s the promise of American globalism imagined at the conclusion of World War II had diminished under the strain of containment of communism, signaling a growing public anxiety about the threat of cultural outsiders and outside influences. The 1948 International Dance Festival highlights the shifting attitudes to American globalism and the redirection of national ideals regarding cultural pluralism, within the culture of containment.
The Pogroms as Soviet (Jewish) Sites of Memory
Authors: Bemporad Elissa
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 explores the Soviet politics of memory of the pogroms of the civil war. It does so by examining instances of trials of pogromists; the impact that the reports about the assassination of Symon Petliura and the Scholem Schwarzbard trial had on the memory of violence; pogrom memorials; memoirs, literary accounts, exhibitions, and other visuals about the violence; and the place of the pogrom in Soviet Jewish historiography and in the Yiddish school curriculum. This chapter captures the encumbered memory of violence and the emergence of two distinct narratives largely competing with each other: on the one hand, the pogrom became a universal Soviet site of memory, on the other hand it remained a particular Jewish site of memory. As the Soviet politics of memory imposed its qualitative choice on anti-Jewish violence, it elected which pogroms to remember and publicly discuss and which ones to ignore, and eventually forget.
How Social Comparison Affects the Self
Authors: Mussweiler Thomas
Published: December 2019

Social comparisons have powerful effects on the self. They influence how people see themselves, how they feel about themselves, and how they behave. The selective accessibility model attributes these self-evaluative, affective, motivational, and behavioral consequences of social comparison to changes in the accessibility of self-knowledge. Comparing to a social standard changes what knowledge about the self is accessible, which, in turn, produces the variety of downstream comparison consequences. This chapter provides an overview of the selective accessibility model along with the pertinent empirical evidence.
Agency and Communion in Social Comparison
Authors: Locke Kenneth D.
Published: December 2019

Social comparisons help people to assess whether specific communal goals (to fit in and get along) or agentic goals (to stand out and get ahead) are likely to be fulfilling versus frustrating. For example, connective comparisons (e.g., perceiving shared attitudes) strengthen communal motives, whereas contrastive comparisons (e.g., perceiving incompatible attitudes) dampen them. Likewise, upward assimilation and downward contrast comparisons strengthen agentic motives, whereas upward contrast and downward assimilation dampen them. People also advance their agentic and communal goals by making comparisons selectively (e.g., noticing similarities with people they want to connect with) or selectively making themselves the targets of others’ downward, upward, or connective comparisons by advertising their weaknesses, strengths, or similarities. Finally, while some situations (e.g., competition) stimulate agentic motives and vertical comparisons and others (e.g., cooperation) stimulate communal motives and horizontal comparisons, many situations (e.g., ongoing partnerships) stimulate complex combinations of agentic and communal motives and comparisons.
Stereotypes and Relative Social Status in Social Comparisons
Authors: Swencionis Jillian K. , Fiske Susan T.
Published: December 2019

How do people compare themselves to others who are relatively higher or lower in social status, and what are the interpersonal consequences of these status comparisons? This chapter reviews past and emerging research on interpersonal interactions that involve social comparisons across social status divides. The chapter begins with a framework for comparing the self to others on dimensions of warmth and competence, then reviews social neuroscience studies of status comparisons, and, finally, reviews studies of social comparisons across social class and social status divides, including studies of interpersonal interactions and behavior. In a world in which social inequality continues to increase, social comparisons across status divides continue to increase in prevalence. Understanding the social contexts and consequences of status comparisons will only become more important.
Local Comparisons and General Standards
Authors: Klar Yechiel
Published: December 2019

Member-to-group comparisons, in which the relative standing of particular group members vis-à-vis the other group members is judged (e.g., how competent is Dan relative to the others in the department? How tasty is this pizza relative to the other pizzas on the counter) are highly prevalent. According to LOGE theory, in making such comparisons, people strike a compromise between the local judgmental standard pertaining to the judged group and the general standard, which refers to the broader parent category. The resultant nonselective superiority and inferiority comparative biases are described, and their generality and robustness are reviewed. The author suggests that the egocentric superiority and inferiority biases in self–others comparisons can be viewed as part of these more general judgmental tendencies.
How Social Networks Shape Social Comparison
Authors: Zhang Jingwen , Centola Damon
Published: December 2019

While social comparison research has focused on the processes and consequences of how the comparer gleans information from the comparison other (individual or group), recent research on social networks demonstrates how information and influence are distributed across persons in a network. This chapter reviews social influence processes in social networks. The authors first review recent research on social comparison and its negative consequences in online social networks. Then the authors delve into discussing the social network causes of biased social perceptions online and how this can be remedied by building more accurate perceptions through constructed online networks. Lastly, the authors discuss findings from recent experimental studies that illustrate how constructed online networks can harness social comparison to induce significant changes in health behavior.
The Sound of Music at Outdoor Summer Musical Theatres
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

This chapter visits three large, unique, outdoor venues for musical theatre in the summer: the Mountain Play in Mill Valley, California, the Zilker Summer Musical in Austin, Texas, and the Open Air Theatre at Washington Crossing, New Jersey, focusing on each theatre’s production of The Sound of Music. The Mountain Play has produced of one show each spring since 1913 in a 3,750-seat amphitheatre on the top of Mt. Tamalpais. The Zilker Summer Musical, established by the local recreation department in 1959, offers an annual free musical on a hillside that attracts thousands of spectators, many of whom would not otherwise see a play. The Open Air Theatre, which opened in 1964, presents thirteen shows each summer to more than eighteen thousand spectators. Each one of these venues, all located in old and well-established state parks, also boasts a complex history in relation to state and local government. Coincidentally, these three organizations produced The Sound of Music in successive years—the perfect show for an outdoor theatre. When Maria sings, “The hills are alive with the sound of music,” it was true: The hills are alive with the sound of music, though not actually the Austrian mountains where the classic Rodgers and Hammerstein musical is set.
Epidemiology by Design
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

As the cornerstone science of public health, evidence-based medicine, and comparative effectiveness research, a clear understanding of study designs is central to the study of epidemiology. Causal inference is increasingly being understood as the theoretical foundation underlying epidemiologic study designs and the science as a whole. This textbook takes a causal approach to traditional introductory epidemiology, through the organizing principle of study designs and the lens of modern causal inference approaches (potential outcomes, counterfactuals, identification conditions). The intended audience is first-year graduate students and advanced undergraduates in epidemiology and allied fields more broadly. Section I introduces measures of prevalence and incidence (survival curves, risks, rates, odds) and measures of contrast (differences, ratios), the fundamentals of causal inference, and principles of diagnostic testing, screening, and surveillance. Section II describes three key study designs through the lens of causal inference: randomized trials, prospective observational cohort studies, and case-control studies. For each, the author discusses logistics and conduct, advantages and disadvantages including biases, basic approaches to analysis, and briefly reviews several additional study designs. Section III extends material in previous sections, moving from concerns about internal validity (within a sample) to questions of external validity and population impact. This book provides new students with a rigorous foundation in epidemiologic methods and an introduction to methods and thinking in causal inference, serving as an excellent foundation for further study of the field.
Measuring Disease
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

The first task of epidemiology is to understand in some depth the concepts of prevalence and incidence, how to quantify them, and key types of error that can affect the measurements of each. In Chapter 1, the author describes prevalence and incidence in single samples (a single population), as well as how to quantify these measures. The chapter will focus on the survival curve as the central measure of incidence of disease over time in a population and then describe how simpler measures such as the incidence proportion (that is, the risk), incidence rate, incidence odds, and measures of time can be derived from the survival curve.
Causal Inference, Causal Effect Estimation, and Systematic Error
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 discusses basic concepts in causal inference, beginning with an introduction to potential outcomes and definitions of causal contrasts (or causal estimates of effect), concepts, terms, and notation. Many concepts introduced here will be developed further in subsequent chapters. The author discusses sufficient conditions for estimation of causal effects (which are sometimes called causal identification conditions), causal directed acyclic graphs (sometimes called causal diagrams), and four key types of systematic error (confounding bias, missing data bias, selection bias, and measurement error/information bias). The author also briefly discusses alternative approaches to causal inference.
Randomized Trials
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

In Chapter 5, the author describes randomized trials. The chapter gives a broad overview of types of trials and the steps in conducting a trial and also describes how trials meet (and fail to meet) core causal identification conditions. The author provides a brief introduction to the analysis of randomized trial data. As well, the chapter introduces factorial trials as well as subgroup analysis of trials as a way of explaining differences between causal interaction and effect measure modification. Finally, the author describes issues in the generalizability and transportability of trials and quantitative approaches to these issues.
Causal Impact
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

In Chapter 9, the author discusses the causal impact framework, an approach to epidemiologic methods that can be used to move from internally valid estimates to externally valid estimates to valid estimates of the effects of population interventions. Such work is essential if epidemiologists want the results of their experimental or observational studies to directly inform public health policy decisions. The bulk of this chapter outlines and describes an approach to epidemiologic methods relevant to implementation science. The author summarizes the entire book by briefly addressing the lessons of the previous chapters for the so-called hierarchy of evidence (hierarchy of study designs).
Introduction
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: December 2019

This introduction presents Benjamin Latrobe as a rebel who left the Moravian Church and remade himself as an architect and engineer in the United States. It emphasizes his rapid ascension as an architect and engineer in the new republic as well as his very American penchant for speculation. The themes in this short introduction are his constant moving, his chronic debt, and his commitment to buildings that expressed American exceptionalism and connected the United States to the admired republics of ancient Greece and Rome. The introduction also previews the themes of the book: his life spent in motion, his chronic debilitating headaches along with his optimism and resilience, and his family as a sanctuary. It establishes the six cities he lived in as important background for his struggles and discusses the monumental National Endowment for the Humanities project that published his letters and drawings.
Breaking Points
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 covers Latrobe’s efforts to make money after he lost his job as surveyor of public buildings in Washington. In order to do so, he moved to Pittsburgh and, financed by Robert Fulton, he intended to build a commercial boat powered by steam. But this relationship ended when Fulton cut off his credit. After his return to Washington, Latrobe began rebuilding the Capitol, which had been largely destroyed by the British during the War of 1812. Soon, however, with his expenditures for the building receiving harsh criticism, Latrobe quarrelled with the commissioner of public buildings, resigned, and without any salary was forced to declare bankruptcy.
Conclusion
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: December 2019

The conclusion covers the life of Latrobe’s widow and children after his death. On the advice of Latrobe’s friend Robert Harper the family settled in Baltimore, where Harper could serve as a surrogate father, giving advice and financial support. In this city, Latrobe’s sons John and Ben became civic leaders, while unmarried Julie stayed at home with her mother. Both sons worked in different capacities with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad; both contributed to the community. The chapter ends with a brief summary of Latrobe’s contributions to the early republic. Benjamin Latrobe left professional legacies, principally his architecture such as the US Capitol, the Bank of Pennsylvania, the Baltimore Basilica, and the Merchants Exchange. His design for nearly seventy private homes established a more rational model for American domestic arrangements. He had adapted the classical style known in Europe to the climate, habits, and political ideals of his new homeland. Latrobe’s buildings and his engineering projects affected every aspect of life in the early republic—its worship, governance, communication, education, and domesticity.
The body in brief
Authors: Oksanish John
Published: December 2019

This chapter continues to develop a picture of Vitruvian expertise by interrogating the implications of Vitruvius’s repeated characterization of his text as a complete body marked by brevitas. The corpus hominis bene figurati in book 3 (so-called Vitruvian man) is reconsidered for its relevance to the corpus of De architectura as a text. The body and its parts remain powerful metaphors for composition: a body is complete and well ordered, and provides a “lifelike” mimesis of what it represents. Despite ancient and some modern claims to the contrary, textual bodies never embrace the comprehensive wholes with which they are associated and, in the Roman period, are rarely politically disinterested. Textual bodies are often emphatically reductive and, as such, mediate various wholes and universals through synopsis and other forms of “definition.” Such a bodily metaphor is especially appropriate for Vitruvius’s “expert” text. Examples from Plato, Aristotle, Cicero’s letters, and the so-called universal historians show that the textual “body” (also often described as “brief”) involved specific, ideological value before Vitruvius. His claims to have ordered the synoptic body of architecture properly suggest an analogous ideological function. Physical bodies are “compositions” of nature, so the author’s claims to have put a textual body in good order mimic nature’s sense of what is appropriate. This is another quality particular to experts. Such expertise has implications well beyond the proprietary fields on which they lay claim. By cordoning off the true totality of architecture from the reader, the guiding corpus metaphor of De architectura is basically restrictive.
Bodies as behavior
Authors: Oksanish John
Published: December 2019

The Dinocrates-Alexander episode of book 2 supplies the reader with a complex heuristic for differentiating good architects from bad. Vitruvius claims to rely on his knowledge and writing in anticipation of his own success, whereas he attributes Dinocrates’ renown to an attractive bodily appearance. A close intertextual reading of the passage threaded through Livy 1 suggests that Alexander and Dinocrates violate the ideal architect–autocrat relationship. The manner in which one interprets the episode indicates whether one can distinguish altruism from ambitio and the like. Alexander’s appetitious reaction to Dinocrates and his body is further problematized by the latter’s nudity and evocation of Hercules and athletic victors. Discussions in the rhetorical handbooks indicate that arguments concerning a plaintiff’s or defendant’s bodily state can support arguments about his character. The handbooks seem to presume a widespread valorization of what the Greeks would call καλοκἀγαθία, but there is an implicit acknowledgment that beauty dissimulates vice. The athletic and/or gladiatorial body is therefore a particular locus of contestation and controversy, as Cicero’s (and Sallust’s) depictions of Catiline show. On the Greek side, writers as early as Tyrtaeus and Xenophanes had suggested that wisdom is better than strength. Isocrates frames the issue politically, and Vitruvius takes it one step further. Following the Roman handbooks that viewed the cultivation of bodily attributes (vs. the fortuitous possession of those attributes) as the primary signifier of character, Vitruvius suggests that athletes are ethically and politically bankrupt, while writers deserve triumphs and apotheosis. Archimedes, Socrates, and even Vitruvius himself provide counterexamples.
Big-Picture Planning and Backward Mapping
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

In the second section, Planning the Course, readers who need to develop online courses will find sequential guidance and sample planning documents to aid in large-scale thinking, curriculum selection, and general course development. This section includes chapters that guide readers on writing course objectives and learning outcomes, backward mapping, determining how to narrow down what will be taught, writing or choosing curriculum, navigating textbooks and open educational resources (OERs), and considering online methods and strategies. Each chapter in this section targets course development and design to support online music appreciation instructors as they create, transfer, or refresh online music appreciation courses.