bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Option-études Châteauguay
Authors: Côté Benoît , Lamarre Patricia , Razakamanana Andry Nirina
Published: June 2016

En 2007, un programme scolaire novateur est né : Option-études Châteauguay. Ce programme offre pour la première fois au niveau secondaire au Québec, une scolarisation commune d’élèves du secteur francophone et du secteur anglophone. Plus spécifiquement, il permet aux élèves de « traverser la frontière scolaire » et de faire la moitié de l’année dans une école francophone et la moitié de l’année dans une école anglophone, et ce, tout en respectant la Charte de la langue française. Ce programme, en plus de se distinguer par cette scolarisation commune, prend également appui sur la théorie des contacts intergroupes, un modèle issu de la psychologie sociale. Une recherche qualitative et longitudinale a permis de cerner les impacts perçus à court et à moyen terme de ce programme sur ces élèves, notamment en ce qui a trait aux rapports intercommunautaires et a l’identité linguistique.
Range of Motion and Plantar Pressure Evaluation for the Effects of Self-Care Foot Exercises on Diabetic Patients with and Without Neuropathy
Authors: Cerrahoglu Lale , Koşan Umut , Sirin Tuba Cerrahoglu , Ulusoy Aslihan
Published: June 2016

Background: We aimed to investigate whether a home exercise for self-care program that consists of range of motion (ROM), stretching, and strengthening exercises could improve ROM for foot joints and plantar pressure distribution during walking in diabetic patients to prevent diabetic foot complications.

Methods: Seventy-six diabetic patients were recruited (38 with neuropathy and 38 without neuropathy). Neuropathy and nonneuropathy groups were randomly divided into a home exercise group (n = 19) and a control group (n = 19). Exercise groups performed their own respective training programs for 4 weeks, whereas no training was done in the control group. Total contact area and plantar pressure under six foot areas before and after the exercise program were measured. Ankle and first metatarsophalangeal joint ROM were measured before and after the exercise program.

Results: In the exercise group, there were significant improvements in ROM for the ankle and first metatarsophalangeal joints (P < .001); static pedobarographic values showed significant reduction in right forefoot-medial pressure (P = .010); and significant decreases were seen in dynamic pedobarographic values of peak plantar pressure at the left forefoot medial (P = .007), right forefoot lateral (P = .018), left midfoot (P < .001), and right hindfoot (P = .021) after exercise. No significant positive or negative correlation was found between the neuropathy and nonneuropathy groups (P > .05).

Conclusions: A home exercise program could be an effective preventive method for improving ROM for foot joints and plantar pressure distribution in diabetic patients independent of the presence of neuropathy.
Neurectomy for Bilateral Morton's Neuroma
Authors: Shibata Terufumi , Yoshimura Ichiro , Kanazawa Kazuki , Hagio Tomonobu , Minokawa So , Nagatomo Masaya , Naito Masatoshi
Published: June 2016

Morton's neuroma is a common condition that mainly affects middle-aged women, and many articles have addressed the surgical treatment of this condition. Previous reports have described bilateral neuroma excision in women but not in men. We report a rare case of bilateral neuromas in a male patient treated with simultaneous neurectomy.
Forecasting the Value of Podiatric Medical Care in Newly Insured Diabetic Patients During Implementation of the Affordable Care Act in California
Authors: Labovitz Jonathan M. , Kominski Gerald F.
Published: June 2016

Background: Because value-based care is critical to the Affordable Care Act success, we forecasted inpatient costs and the potential impact of podiatric medical care on savings in the diabetic population through improved care quality and decreased resource use during implementation of the health reform initiatives in California.

Methods: We forecasted enrollment of diabetic adults into Medicaid and subsidized health benefit exchange programs using the California Simulation of Insurance Markets (CalSIM) base model. Amputations and admissions per 1,000 diabetic patients and inpatient costs were based on the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development 2009-2011 inpatient discharge files. We evaluated cost in three categories: uncomplicated admissions, amputations during admissions, and discharges to a skilled nursing facility. Total costs and projected savings were calculated by applying the metrics and cost to the projected enrollment.

Results: Diabetic patients accounted for 6.6% of those newly eligible for Medicaid or health benefit exchange subsidies, with a 60.8% take-up rate. We project costs to be $24.2 million in the diabetic take-up population from 2014 to 2019. Inpatient costs were 94.3% higher when amputations occurred during the admission and 46.7% higher when discharged to a skilled nursing facility. Meanwhile, 61.0% of costs were attributed to uncomplicated admissions. Podiatric medical services saved 4.1% with a 10% reduction in admissions and amputations and an additional 1% for every 10% improvement in access to podiatric medical care.

Conclusions: When implementing the Affordable Care Act, inclusion of podiatric medical services on multidisciplinary teams and in chronic-care models featuring prevention helps shift care to ambulatory settings to realize the greatest cost savings.
Alignment layer-free molecular ordering induced by masked photopolymerization with non-polarized light
Authors: Hisano Kyohei , Kurata Yosuke , Aizawa Miho , Ishizu Masaki , Sasaki Takeo , Shishido Atsushi
Published: June 2016

Controlled and uniform molecular alignment can provide and enhance functionality in polymer films. We first report that masked photopolymerization with non-polarized light enables direct and precise control of molecular alignment without using a conventional molecular alignment layer. The photopolymerization of a mixture composed of an optically anisotropic acrylate monomer and an isotropic dimethacrylate crosslinker induces either unidirectional or complex molecular alignment, depending upon the shape of the photomask. Such molecular alignments are successfully achieved by shear stress arising from molecular diffusion, even when the photopolymerization is carried out at isotropic temperatures of both the monomer mixture and the obtained polymers.
Probing shallow electron traps in cerium-doped Gd3Al2Ga3O12 scintillators by UV-induced absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Kitaura Mamoru , Kamada Kei , Kurosawa Shunsuke , Azuma Junpei , Ohnishi Akimasa , Yamaji Akihiro , Hara Kazuhiko
Published: June 2016

From measuring absorption spectra of cerium-doped Gd3Al2Ga3O12 (Ce:GAGG) and undoped GAGG crystals at low temperatures under UV-light irradiation, we find that they exhibit a broad band at around 12000 cm−1. This band is enhanced by high-temperature annealing under a hydrogen atmosphere. On the basis of present experimental results, the UV-induced band is assigned to shallow electron traps of defect complexes associated with oxygen vacancies. The UV-induced band completely disappears with Mg2+ codoping. We conclude that the Mg2+ codoping has the effect of inhibiting the formation of shallow electron traps, which realizes a faster scintillation response of Ce:GAGG.
Analysis of stochastic effects in chemically amplified poly(4-hydroxystyrene-co-t-butyl methacrylate) resist
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro , Santillan Julius Joseph , Itani Toshiro
Published: June 2016

Understanding of stochastic phenomena is essential to the development of a highly sensitive resist for nanofabrication. In this study, we investigated the stochastic effects in a chemically amplified resist consisting of poly(4-hydroxystyrene-co-t-butyl methacrylate), triphenylsulfonium nonafluorobutanesulfonate (acid generator), and tri-n-octylamine (quencher). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of resist patterns were analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation on the basis of the sensitization and reaction mechanisms of chemically amplified extreme ultraviolet resists. It was estimated that a ±0.82σ fluctuation of the number of protected units per polymer molecule led to line edge roughness formation. Here, σ is the standard deviation of the number of protected units per polymer molecule after postexposure baking (PEB). The threshold for the elimination of stochastic bridge generation was 4.38σ (the difference between the average number of protected units after PEB and the dissolution point). The threshold for the elimination of stochastic pinching was 2.16σ.
Ferroelectricity of nondoped thin HfO2 films in TiN/HfO2/TiN stacks
Authors: Nishimura Tomonori , Xu Lun , Shibayama Shigehisa , Yajima Takeaki , Migita Shinji , Toriumi Akira
Published: June 2016

We report on the impact of TiN interfaces on the ferroelectricity of nondoped HfO2. Ferroelectric properties of nondoped HfO2 in TiN/HfO2/TiN stacks are shown in capacitance–voltage and polarization–voltage characteristics. The Curie temperature is also estimated to be around 500 °C. The ferroelectricity of nondoped HfO2 clearly appears by thinning HfO2 film down to ∼35 nm. We directly revealed in thermal treatments that the ferroelectric HfO2 film on TiN was maintained by covering the top surface of HfO2 with TiN, while it was followed by a phase transition to the paraelectric phase in the case of the open surface of HfO2. Thus, it is concluded that the ferroelectricity in nondoped HfO2 in this study was mainly driven by both of top and bottom TiN interfaces.
Resistive switching characteristics in memristors with Al2O3/TiO2 and TiO2/Al2O3 bilayers
Authors: Alekseeva Liudmila , Nabatame Toshihide , Chikyow Toyohiro , Petrov Anatolii
Published: June 2016

Differences between the resistive switching characteristics of Al2O3/TiO2 and TiO2/Al2O3 bilayer structures, fabricated by atomic layer deposition at 200 °C and post-deposition annealing, were studied in Pt bottom electrode (Pt-BE)/insulator/Pt top electrode (Pt-TE) capacitors. The Pt-BE/Al2O3/TiO2/Pt-TE capacitor exhibits stable bipolar resistive switching with an on-resistance/off-resistance ratio of ∼102 controlled by a small voltage of ±0.8 V. The forming process occurs in two steps of breaking of the Al2O3 layer and transfer of oxygen vacancies (VO) into the TiO2 layer. The capacitor showed poor endurance, particularly in the high-resistance state under vacuum conditions. This indicates that the insulating TiO2 layer without VO is not formed near the Al2O3 layer because oxygen cannot be introduced from the exterior. On the other hand, in the Pt-BE/TiO2/Al2O3/Pt-TE capacitor, multilevel resistive switching with several applied voltage-dependent nonvolatile states is observed. The switching mechanism corresponds to the Al2O3 layer’s trapped VO concentration, which is controlled by varying the applied voltage.
Incorporating popularity in a personalized news recommender system
Authors: Jonnalagedda Nirmal , Gauch Susan , Labille Kevin , Alfarhood Sultan
Published: June 2016

Online news reading has become a widely popular way to read news articles from news sources around the globe. With the enormous amount of news articles available, users are easily overwhelmed by information of little interest to them. News recommender systems help users manage this flood by recommending articles based on user interests rather than presenting articles in order of their occurrence. We present our research on developing personalized news recommendation system with the help of a popular micro-blogging service, “Twitter.” News articles are ranked based on the popularity of the article identified from Twitter’s public timeline. In addition, users construct profiles based on their interests and news articles are also ranked based on their match to the user profile. By integrating these two approaches, we present a hybrid news recommendation model that recommends interesting news articles to the user based on their popularity as well as their relevance to the user profile.
Arabidopsis YAK1 regulates abscisic acid response and drought resistance
Authors: Kim Dongjin , Ntui Valentine Otang , Xiong Liming
Published: June 2016

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important phytohormone that controls several plant processes such as seed germination, seedling growth, and abiotic stress response. Here, we report that AtYak1 plays an important role in ABA signaling and postgermination growth in Arabidopsis. AtYak1 knockout mutant plants were hyposensitive to ABA inhibition of seed germination, cotyledon greening, seedling growth, and stomatal movement. atyak1‐1 mutant plants display reduced drought stress resistance, as evidenced by water loss rate and survival rate. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that AtYak1 deficiency led to elevated expression of stomatal‐related gene, MYB60, and down‐regulation of several stress‐responsive genes. Altogether, these results indicate that AtYak1 plays a role as a positive regulator in ABA‐mediated drought response in Arabidopsis.
αB‐Crystallin interacts and attenuates the tyrosine phosphatase activity of Shp2 in cardiomyocytes under mechanical stress
Authors: Gonçalves Danieli C. , Marin Talita M. , Pereira Michelle B. M. , Santos Aline M. , Paes Leme Adriana F. , Franchini Kleber G.
Published: June 2016

The small heat shock protein αB‐Crystallin (CryAB, HspB5) and SH2 domain‐containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) are important molecules in heart response to pathophysiological stress. Here we show that CryAB interacts with and potentially regulates Shp2 catalytic activity in stretched cardiomyocytes. Such an interaction requires CryAB oligomer to attenuate Shp2 activation. Stretched cardiomyocytes show a robust CryAB/Shp2 association accompanied by a reduction in the Shp2 phosphatase activity. Accordingly, CryAB knock‐down in cardiomyocytes enhances Shp2 activity induced by mechanical stress. These results revealed a new role for CryAB, as a modulator of Shp2 phosphatase activity during a functionally relevant stimulus in cardiomyocytes.
Pathways and mechanisms of offshore water intrusions on the Espírito Santo Basin shelf (18°S–22°S, Brazil)
Authors: Palóczy A. , Brink K. H. , da Silveira Ilson C. A. , Arruda Wilton Z. , Martins Renato P.
Published: June 2016

The pathways and physical mechanisms associated with intrusions of cold, nutrient‐rich South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) on the continental shelf of the Espírito Santo Basin (ESB), off southeast Brazil (18°S–22°S), are investigated. To this end, a set of process‐oriented, Primitive‐Equation (PE) numerical models are used, together with an independent and more complete PE model, available observations and simple theoretical ideas. SACW enters the model ESB shelf mostly through two preferential pathways along the Tubarão Bight (TB, 19.5°S–22°S). These pathways are found to be locations where an equatorward along‐isobath pressure gradient force (PGFy*) of
m s−2) develops in response to steady wind forcing. This equatorward PGFy* is essentially in geostrophic balance, inducing onshore flow across the shelf edge, and most of the shelf proper. The Brazil Current (BC) imparts an additional periodic (in the along‐shelf direction) PGFy* on the shelf. The intrinsic pycnocline uplifting effect of the BC in making colder water available at the shelf edge is quantified. The BC also induces local intrusions by inertially overshooting the shelf edge, consistent with estimated Rossby numbers of
0.3–0.5. In addition, the planetary β‐effect is related to a background equatorward PGFy*. A modified Arrested Topographic Wave model is shown to be a plausible rationalization for the shelf‐wide spreading of the pressure field imparted by the BC at the shelf edge. The deep‐ocean processes examined here are found to enhance the onshore transport of SACW, while wind forcing is found to dominate it at leading order.
Modeling relative permeability of water in soil: Application of effective‐medium approximation and percolation theory
Authors: Ghanbarian Behzad , Sahimi Muhammad , Daigle Hugh
Published: June 2016

Accurate prediction of the relative permeability to water under partially saturated condition has broad applications and has been studied intensively since the 1940s by petroleum, chemical, and civil engineers, as well as hydrologists and soil scientists. Many models have been developed for this purpose, ranging from those that represent the pore space as a bundle of capillary tubes, to those that utilize complex networks of interconnected pore bodies and pore throats with various cross‐section shapes. In this paper, we propose an approach based on the effective‐medium approximation (EMA) and percolation theory in order to predict the water relative permeability. The approach is general and applicable to any type of porous media. We use the method to compute the water relative permeability in porous media whose pore‐size distribution follows a power law. The EMA is invoked to predict the relative permeability from the fully saturated pore space to some intermediate water saturation that represents a crossover from the EMA to what we refer to as the “critical region.” In the critical region below the crossover water saturation Swx, but still above the critical water saturation Swc (the residual saturation or the percolation threshold of the water phase), the universal power law predicted by percolation theory is used to compute the relative permeability. To evaluate the accuracy of the approach, data for 21 sets of undisturbed laboratory samples were selected from the UNSODA database. For 14 cases, the predicted relative permeabilities are in good agreement with the data. For the remaining seven samples, however, the theory underestimates the relative permeabilities. Some plausible sources of the discrepancy are discussed.
Extraordinary sediment delivery and rapid geomorphic response following the 2008–2009 eruption of Chaitén Volcano, Chile
Authors: Major Jon J. , Bertin Daniel , Pierson Thomas C. , Amigo Álvaro , Iroumé Andrés , Ulloa Héctor , Castro Jonathan
Published: June 2016

The 10 day explosive phase of the 2008–2009 eruption of Chaitén volcano, Chile, draped adjacent watersheds with a few cm to >1 m of tephra. Subsequent lava‐dome collapses generated pyroclastic flows that delivered additional sediment. During the waning phase of explosive activity, modest rainfall triggered an extraordinary sediment flush which swiftly aggraded multiple channels by many meters. Ten kilometer from the volcano, Chaitén River channel aggraded 7 m and the river avulsed through a coastal town. That aggradation and delta growth below the abandoned and avulsed channels allow estimates of postdisturbance traction‐load transport rate. On the basis of preeruption bathymetry and remotely sensed measurements of delta‐surface growth, we derived a time series of delta volume. The initial flush from 11 to 14 May 2008 deposited 0.5–1.5 × 106 m3 of sediment at the mouth of Chaitén River. By 26 May, after channel avulsion, a second delta amassed about 2 × 106 m3 of sediment; by late 2011 it amassed about 11 × 106 m3. Accumulated sediment consists of low‐density vesicular pumice and lithic rhyolite sand. Rates of channel aggradation and delta growth, channel width, and an assumed deposit bulk density of 1100–1500 kg m−3 indicate mean traction‐load transport rate just before and shortly after avulsion (∼14–15 May) was very high, possibly as great as several tens of kg s−1 m−1. From October 2008 to December 2011, mean traction‐load transport rate declined from about 7 to 0.4 kg−1 m−1. Despite extraordinary sediment delivery, disturbed channels recovered rapidly (a few years).
Can we manage groundwater? A method to determine the quantitative testability of groundwater management plans
Authors: White E. K. , Peterson T. J. , Costelloe J. , Western A. W. , Carrara E.
Published: June 2016

Groundwater is the world's largest freshwater resource and due to overextraction, levels have declined in many regions causing extensive social and environmental impacts. Groundwater management seeks to balance and mitigate the detrimental impacts of development, with plans commonly used to outline management pathways. Thus, plan efficiency is crucial, but seldom are plans systematically and quantitatively assessed for effectiveness. This study frames groundwater management as a system control problem in order to develop a novel testability assessment rubric to determine if plans meet the requirements of a control loop, and subsequently, whether they can be quantitatively tested. Seven components of a management plan equivalent to basic components of a control loop were determined, and requirements of each component necessary to enable testability were defined. Each component was weighted based upon proposed relative importance, then segmented into rated categories depending on the degree the requirements were met. Component importance varied but, a defined objective or acceptable impact was necessary for plans to be testable. The rubric was developed within the context of the Australian groundwater management industry, and while use of the rubric is not limited to Australia, it was applied to 15 Australian groundwater management plans and approximately 47% were found to be testable. Considering the importance of effective groundwater management, and the central role of plans, our lack of ability to test many plans is concerning.
Convergent approaches to determine an ecosystem's transpiration fraction
Authors: Berkelhammer M. , Noone D. C. , Wong T. E. , Burns S. P. , Knowles J. F. , Kaushik A. , Blanken P. D. , Williams M. W.
Published: June 2016

The transpiration (T) fraction of total terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET), T/ET, can vary across ecosystems between 20–95% with a global average of ∼60%. The wide range may either reflect true heterogeneity between ecosystems and/or uncertainties in the techniques used to derive this property. Here we compared independent approaches to estimate T/ET at two needleleaf forested sites with a factor of 3 difference in leaf area index (LAI). The first method utilized water vapor isotope profiles and the second derived transpiration through its functional relationship with gross primary production. We found strong agreement between T/ET values from these two independent approaches although we noted a discrepancy at low vapor pressure deficits (VPD). We hypothesize that this divergence arises because stomatal conductance is independent of humidity at low VPD. Overall, we document significant synoptic‐scale T/ET variability but minimal growing season‐scale variability. This result indicates a high sensitivity of T/ET to passing weather but convergence toward a stable mean state, which is set by LAI. While changes in T/ET could emerge from a myriad of processes, including aboveground (LAI) or belowground (rooting depth) changes, there was only minimal interannual variability and no secular trend in our analysis of T/ET from the 15 year eddy covariance time series at Niwot Ridge. If the lack of trend observed here is apparent elsewhere, it suggests that the processes controlling the T and E fluxes are coupled in a way to maintain a stable ratio.
The strong freshwater anomaly during the onset of the 2015/2016 El Niño
Authors: Gasparin F. , Roemmich D.
Published: June 2016

The strong freshwater anomaly in the equatorial Pacific is investigated during the onset of the 2015/2016 El Niño using oceanic observational data sets and atmospheric reanalyzes. The 2015 salinity patterns are marked by a large equatorial freshwater anomaly whose extensive spatial and large amplitude characteristics have not previously been captured in the 2004–2014 Argo record. As the main contributors of the freshwater budget, zonal advection and surface forcing have similar amplitude but with maxima located at different longitudes around the dateline. The comparison of the substantial rainfall and westerly winds observed in 2015 with the 2009 and 1997 El Niño onset years shows that 2015 characteristics combine both typical salinity‐related patterns of Central and Eastern Pacific El Niños. Dynamically, this large freshwater anomaly causes a positive steric height anomaly in the western Pacific and increases eastward surface acceleration at the SSS front due to the zonal pressure gradient.
Earthquake‐induced soft‐sediment deformations and seismically amplified erosion rates recorded in varved sediments of Köyceğiz Lake (SW Turkey)
Authors: Avşar Ulaş , Jónsson Sigurjón , Avşar Özgür , Schmidt Sabine
Published: June 2016

Earthquake‐triggered landslides amplify erosion rates in catchments, i.e., catchment response (CR) to seismic shocks. In addition to historical eyewitness accounts of muddy rivers implying CRs after large earthquakes, several studies have quantitatively reported increased sediment concentrations in rivers after earthquakes. However, only a few paleolimnological studies could detect CRs within lacustrine sedimentary sequences as siliciclastic‐enriched intercalations within background sedimentation. Since siliciclastic‐enriched intercalations can easily be of nonseismic origin, their temporal correlation with nearby earthquakes is crucial to assign a seismic triggering mechanism. In most cases, either uncertainties in dating methods or the lack of recent seismic activity has prevented reliable temporal correlations, making the seismic origin of observed sedimentary events questionable. Here we attempt to remove this question mark by presenting sedimentary traces of CRs in the 370‐year‐long varved sequence of Köyceğiz Lake (SW Turkey) that we compare with estimated peak ground acceleration (PGA) values of several nearby earthquakes. We find that earthquakes exceeding estimated PGA values of ~20 cm/s2 can induce soft‐sediment deformations, while CRs seem only to be triggered by PGA levels higher than 70 cm/s2. In Köyceğiz Lake, CRs produce Cr‐ and Ni‐enriched sedimentation due to the seismically mobilized soils derived from ultramafic rocks in the catchment. Given the varve chronology, the residence time of the seismically mobilized material in the catchment is determined to be 5 to 10 years.
An observationally constrained evaluation of the oxidative capacity in the tropical western Pacific troposphere
Authors: Nicely Julie M. , Anderson Daniel C. , Canty Timothy P. , Salawitch Ross J. , Wolfe Glenn M. , Apel Eric C. , Arnold Steve R. , Atlas Elliot L. , Blake Nicola J. , Bresch James F. , Campos Teresa L. , Dickerson Russell R. , Duncan Bryan , Emmons Louisa K. , Evans Mathew J. , Fernandez Rafael P. , Flemming Johannes , Hall Samuel R. , Hanisco Thomas F. , Honomichl Shawn B. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Huijnen Vincent , Kaser Lisa , Kinnison Douglas E. , Lamarque Jean‐Francois , Mao Jingqiu , Monks Sarah A. , Montzka Denise D. , Pan Laura L. , Riemer Daniel D. , Saiz‐Lopez Alfonso , Steenrod Stephen D. , Stell Meghan H. , Tilmes Simone , Turquety Solene , Ullmann Kirk , Weinheimer Andrew J.
Published: June 2016

Hydroxyl radical (OH) is the main daytime oxidant in the troposphere and determines the atmospheric lifetimes of many compounds. We use aircraft measurements of O3, H2O, NO, and other species from the Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) field campaign, which occurred in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) during January–February 2014, to constrain a photochemical box model and estimate concentrations of OH throughout the troposphere. We find that tropospheric column OH (OHCOL) inferred from CONTRAST observations is 12 to 40% higher than found in chemical transport models (CTMs), including CAM‐chem‐SD run with 2014 meteorology as well as eight models that participated in POLMIP (2008 meteorology). Part of this discrepancy is due to a clear‐sky sampling bias that affects CONTRAST observations; accounting for this bias and also for a small difference in chemical mechanism results in our empirically based value of OHCOL being 0 to 20% larger than found within global models. While these global models simulate observed O3 reasonably well, they underestimate NOx (NO + NO2) by a factor of 2, resulting in OHCOL ~30% lower than box model simulations constrained by observed NO. Underestimations by CTMs of observed CH3CHO throughout the troposphere and of HCHO in the upper troposphere further contribute to differences between our constrained estimates of OH and those calculated by CTMs. Finally, our calculations do not support the prior suggestion of the existence of a tropospheric OH minimum in the TWP, because during January–February 2014 observed levels of O3 and NO were considerably larger than previously reported values in the TWP.
On the failure of upscaling the single‐collector efficiency to the transport of colloids in an array of collectors
Authors: Messina Francesca , Tosco Tiziana , Sethi Rajandrea
Published: June 2016

Defining the removal efficiency of a filter is a key aspect for colloid transport in porous media. Several efforts were devoted to derive accurate correlations for the single‐collector removal efficiency, but its upscaling to the entire porous medium is still a challenging topic. A common approach involves the assumption of deposition being independent of the history of transport, that is, the collector efficiency is uniform along the porous medium. However, this approach was shown inadequate under unfavorable deposition conditions. In this work, the authors demonstrate that it is not adequate even in the simplest case of favorable deposition. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were run in a vertical array of 50 identical spherical collectors. Particle transport was numerically solved by analyzing a broad range of parameters. The results evidenced that when particle deposition is not controlled by Brownian diffusion, nonexponential concentration profiles are retrieved, in contrast with the assumption of uniform efficiency. If sedimentation and interception dominate, the efficiency of the first sphere is significantly higher compared to the others, and then declines along the array down to an asymptotic value. Finally, a correlation for the upscaled removal efficiency of the entire array was derived.
Infiltration experiments demonstrate an explicit connection between heterogeneity and anomalous diffusion behavior
Authors: Filipovitch N. , Hill K. M. , Longjas A. , Voller V. R.
Published: June 2016

Transport in systems containing heterogeneity distributed over multiple length scales can exhibit anomalous diffusion behaviors, where the time exponent, determining the spreading length scale of the transported scalar, differs from the expected value of
. Here we present experimental measurements of the infiltration of glycerin, under a fixed pressure head, into a Hele‐Shaw cell containing a 3‐D printed distribution of flow obstacles; a system that is an analog for infiltration into a porous medium. In support of previously presented direct simulation results, we experimentally demonstrate that, when the obstacles are distributed as a fractal carpet with fractal dimension H < 2, the averaged progress of infiltration exhibits a subdiffusive behavior
. We further show that observed values of the subdiffusion time exponent appear to be quadratically related to the fractal dimension of the carpet.
Trajectories of Low Back Pain From Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Authors: Coenen Pieter , Smith Anne , Paananen Markus , O'Sullivan Peter , Beales Darren , Straker Leon
Published: June 2016

Objective

Despite the high prevalence and burden of low back pain (LBP), understanding of its course during the transition from adolescence to adulthood is limited. The aim of this study was to identify and describe trajectories of LBP and its impact among a general population sample followed from adolescence to young adulthood.

Methods

Data from followup assessments at years 17, 20, and 22 of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study were used (n = 1,249). Self‐reported LBP and its impact on daily life were assessed, and latent class analysis was used to identify clusters. Resultant clusters were profiled on sex, waist circumference, diagnosed comorbid pain, and health‐related quality of life.

Results

Four clusters were identified: a cluster of participants with a consistently low prevalence of LBP and its impact (53%) during the period from adolescence to young adulthood, a cluster with an increase in the prevalence of LBP and its impact (22%), a cluster with a decrease in the prevalence of LBP and its impact (15%), and a cluster with a consistently high prevalence of LBP and its impact (10%). These clusters differed markedly on the profiling variables.

Conclusion

The identified clusters provide unique information on LBP and its impact during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Consideration of these trajectories could be important in the design of early prevention and management strategies.
“You Obviously Just Have to Put on a Brave Face”: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences and Coping Styles of Men With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Flurey Caroline A. , Hewlett Sarah , Rodham Karen , White Alan , Noddings Robert , Kirwan John R.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To explore the experiences, coping styles, and support preferences of male rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Methods

Six focus groups comprised 22 men with RA. Transcripts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Three overarching themes describe the experiences, coping styles, and support preferences of men with RA. In “challenges to masculinity,” the men described a “reduction in strength and abilities,” which can lead to loss of independence, “challenges to masculine identity and role,” and “loss of power and control.” Coping by “getting through life with RA” meant dealing with RA by “just getting on with it,” “information seeking,” engaging in “destructive behaviors,” and “withdrawing socially.” Preferred “sources of support” tended not to include friends, as they were perceived to lack understanding or support. For acceptable support the men reported a preference for information‐giving sessions rather than a discussion group, but there was no agreement on whether these should be mixed‐sex or men only, or who should run the sessions.

Conclusion

Male patients reported a range of coping styles and support preferences to address their experiences of living with RA, many of which may not be shared with women. Further research is needed to investigate whether these findings exist in a larger sample and whether the support preferences of men with RA are broadly different from those of women with RA to decide whether there is a clinical need to design a service for the potentially different needs of men.
A Robust Design for Cellular Vehicles of Gold Nanorods for Multimodal Imaging
Authors: Ratto Fulvio , Centi Sonia , Avigo Cinzia , Borri Claudia , Tatini Francesca , Cavigli Lucia , Kusmic Claudia , Lelli Beatrice , Lai Sarah , Colagrande Stefano , Faita Francesco , Menichetti Luca , Pini Roberto
Published: June 2016

The pursuit of more selectivity in the delivery of plasmonic particles to tumors is critical before their penetration into clinical applications as the photoacoustic imaging and the photothermal ablation of cancer. As their direct infusion into the bloodstream remains problematic, due to a multitude of biological barriers, the development of alternative approaches is emerging as a new challenge. In this context, the recruitment of homologous tumor‐tropic cells that may serve as Trojan horses stands out as a fascinating possibility. Here, a novel model of gold nanorods is presented that feature a composite shell and undergo efficient and reproducible endocytic uptake from murine macrophages, which is fine‐tunable over a broad range of conditions. These cells preserve their viability and more than 90% of their innate chemotactic behavior in vitro, even with a cargo exceeding 200 000 particles per cell. In addition, we show that these vehicles are detectible by photoacoustic imaging down to concentrations in the order of 1% in whole blood and by clinical X‐ray computed tomography below 10%, which is within the typical fraction of a leukocytic infiltrate in a tumor microenvironment, and may even work as contrast agents for the photothermal ablation of cancer.
Doping Effects and Grain Boundaries in Thermal CVD Graphene on Recrystallized Cu Foil
Authors: Čermák Jan , Yamada Takatoshi , Ganzerová Kristína , Rezek Bohuslav
Published: June 2016

Thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene on a copper (Cu) foil is strongly affected by Cu foil recrystallization and grain formation resulting in a heterogeneous graphene layer. Correlated microscopic scanning probe techniques show different chemical and structural properties (Raman microspectroscopy), electrical conductivity (conductive atomic force microscopy), and electronic structure (Kelvin probe force microscopy) across various types of grains. Graphene on clean Cu grains exhibits work function (WF) higher by 300 meV. This is attributed to the contact doping effect. Graphene of higher quality is formed on Cu grains with a surface cuprous oxide (Cu2O) which forms during the thermal CVD process. The graphene WF is higher by 430 meV there. The WF difference is attributed to the contact doping effect and additional strain‐induced doping due to the highly corrugated Cu2O surface. Local electrical conductivity measured by atomic force microscopy and a pair of conductive microprobes corroborates different graphene quality on various Cu grains and reveals that graphene is electrically interrupted at the Cu grain boundaries. Corresponding structural and electronic model of thermal CVD graphene on the Cu foil is presented. The correlation of grain boundaries in Cu foil and graphene is discussed.
3D Holographic Photonic Crystals Containing Embedded Functional Features
Authors: Zhang Runyu , Ning Hailong , Krueger Neil A. , Bacon‐Brown Daniel , Braun Paul V.
Published: June 2016

Lack of good ways to incorporate functional features and materials into 3D architectures has impeded progress in 3D photonic crystals (PhCs). Utilizing a modified transfer printing strategy, this study demonstrates the introduction of functional external materials of a diversity of form‐factors into the interior of holographically defined 3D PhCs. PhCs containing solid SU‐8 features, layers of porous silicon (PSi) or emissive LaF3:Nd3+ nanocrystals, and silica colloids are formed. For the LaF3:Nd3+ layer, both enhancement (≈50%) and suppression (≈25%) of the spontaneous emission (λ ≈ 1.32 μm) could be realized by modifying the position of the photonic crystal stop band relative to the rare earth emission. Finite‐difference time‐domain simulations suggest the observed spontaneous emission modification is a result of Bragg mirror‐like reflection, while the measured enhancement is likely caused by the spontaneous emission coupling to a defect mode. Via electrodeposition, this study demonstrates structural inversion of a low refractive index photonic crystal (photoresist‐based) to a high (Cu2O) refractive index contrast photonic crystal in the presence of an embedded defect, providing an opportunity to enhance the light‐matter interactions using a materials system with transparency in the visible.
Synthesis, Thermal and Combustion Properties of New Polyamide/Amidoacid@Fe3O4 Nanocomposite
Authors: Modiri‐Delshad Tayebeh , Khoobi Mehdi , Shabanian Meisam , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Shafiee Abbas
Published: June 2016

A new amidoacid‐functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticle was provided as an aliphatic‐aromatic polyamide‐based nanocomposite. The aliphatic‐aromatic polyamide was synthesized by the direct polycondensation reaction of azelaic acid and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone. Also, for better compatibility, Fe3O4@SiO2 was modified by diethylenetriamine and succinic anhydride. The neat Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNP) and amidoacid‐functionalized Fe3O4 (AFM) were separately incorporated into the polyamide. Flammability as well as thermal properties of PA and the nanocomposites were studied by microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The properties of the nanocomposites were strongly related to the dispersion and interaction between the nanoparticles and the polyamide matrix. Results revealed that incorporation of amidoacid‐functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticle into the polyamide improved the thermal and combustion properties of polyamide compared to the neat Fe3O4 nanoparticles. According to TGA data, a 69% increase was observed in the char yield value, which has been achieved by the introduction of 2 wt.% amidoacid‐functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticle into PA.
Mass‐transfer enhancement in single drop extraction in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic field
Authors: Vahedi Amid , Dehkordi Asghar Molaei , Fadaei Farzad
Published: June 2016

Magnetite nanoparticles with an average particle size of 28.8 nm were synthesized, coated with oleic acid, and characterized using various techniques such as DLS, FT‐IR, SEM, XRD, VSM, and UV‐Vis analysis. A nanofluid consisting of synthesized nanoparticles and 5 wt % acetic acid in toluene as the dispersed phase was prepared and used in the chemical test system, Toluene‐Acetic Acid‐Water, for the single drop extraction in the presence and absence of an external oscillating magnetic field. Influences of various operating and design parameters such as nanoparticle concentration, drop diameter, and the applied current and frequency on the overall mass‐transfer coefficients for the mass‐transfer direction from d→c were investigated carefully. The obtained results were used to propose a general correlation for the mass‐transfer enhancement. It was found that the maximum mass‐transfer enhancement compared with that obtained in the absence of nanoparticles and the oscillating magnetic field is about 259%. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4466–4479, 2016
Discrete particle modeling of lateral jets into a packed bed and micromechanical analysis of the stability of raceways
Authors: Hou Qinfu , E Dianyu , Yu Aibing
Published: June 2016

Gas jets are often used to promote heat and mass transfer by forming raceways or circulating regions in a packed bed. Such an operation is common and critical in many processes. Multiple raceways can interact and be affected by the formation of different flow zones. This work develops a multiscale model to examine the formation and the stability of raceways and the underlying micromechanics. Four states are observed in the fluidized flow regime. More fundamentally, a critical bed width for the observation of different flow zones and states is found through numerical simulations and a theoretical analysis. Finally, the complicated transitions between different flow states are examined at a bed scale, and two general trends of the averaged solid velocity are found. The findings from the multiscale model are useful both scientifically for the understanding of state transitions and practically for the design and the operation of relevant chemical reactors. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4240–4250, 2016
A mathematical optimization framework for the design of nanopatterned surfaces
Authors: Hanselman Christopher L. , Gounaris Chrysanthos E.
Published: June 2016

The recent explosion of capabilities to fabricate nanostructured materials to atomic precision has opened many avenues for technological advances but has also posed unique questions regarding the identification of structures that should serve as targets for fabrication. One material class for which identifying such targets is challenging are transition‐metal crystalline surfaces, which enjoy wide application in heterogeneous catalysis. The high combinatorial complexity with which patterns can form on such surfaces calls for a rigorous design approach. In this article, we formalize the identification of the optimal periodic pattern of a metallic surface as an optimization problem, which can be addressed via established algorithms. We conduct extensive computational studies involving an array of crystallographic lattices and structure‐function relationships, validating patterns that were previously known to be promising but also revealing a number of new, nonintuitive designs. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3250–3263, 2016
Optimal design of solvents for extractive reaction processes
Authors: Zhou Teng , Wang Jiayuan , McBride Kevin , Sundmacher Kai
Published: June 2016

It is well known that solvents can have significant effects on rates and equilibrium compositions of chemical reactions. The computer‐aided molecular design (CAMD) of solvents for heterogeneous liquid phase reactions is challenging due to multiple solvent effects on reaction and phase equilibria. In this work, we propose a CAMD methodology based on a genetic algorithm (GA) for identifying optimal solvents for liquid phase reactions where the objective is to maximize the reaction equilibrium conversion. In particular, a novel molecular encoding method is introduced to facilitate the construction and evaluation of solvent molecules in a defined structure space. The reliability of the method for fast identification of optimal reaction solvents is demonstrated for a selected biphasic esterification reaction. The proposed approach opens up new perspectives for intensifying extractive reaction processes via the purposeful design of solvent molecules. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3238–3249, 2016
Determinants of resting cerebral blood flow in sickle cell disease
Authors: Bush Adam M. , Borzage Matthew T. , Choi Soyoung , Václavů Lena , Tamrazi Benita , Nederveen Aart J. , Coates Thomas D. , Wood John C.
Published: June 2016

Stroke is common in children with sickle cell disease and results from an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is increased in patients with sickle cell disease to compensate for their anemia, but adequacy of their oxygen delivery has not been systematically demonstrated. This study examined the physiological determinants of CBF in 37 patients with sickle cell disease, 38 ethnicity matched control subjects and 16 patients with anemia of non‐sickle origin. Cerebral blood flow was measured using phase contrast MRI of the carotid and vertebral arteries. CBF increased inversely to oxygen content (r2 = 0.69, P < 0.0001). Brain oxygen delivery, the product of CBF and oxygen content, was normal in all groups. Brain composition, specifically the relative amounts of grey and white matter, was the next strongest CBF predictor, presumably by influencing cerebral metabolic rate. Grey matter/white matter ratio and CBF declined monotonically until the age of 25 in all subjects, consistent with known maturational changes in brain composition. Further CBF reductions were observed with age in subjects older than 35 years of age, likely reflecting microvascular aging. On multivariate regression, CBF was independent of disease state, hemoglobin S, hemoglobin F, reticulocyte count and cell free hemoglobin, suggesting that it is regulated similarly in patients and control subjects. In conclusion, sickle cell disease patients had sufficient oxygen delivery at rest, but accomplish this only by marked increases in their resting CBF, potentially limiting their ability to further augment flow in response to stress. Am. J. Hematol. 91:912–917, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.