bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogeography and divergence date estimates of a lichen species complex with a disjunct distribution pattern
Authors: Otálora Mónica A. G. , Martínez Isabel , Aragón Gregorio , Molina M. Carmen
Published: January 2010

Disjunct species distributions may result from a combination of geologic events and long‐distance dispersal. The foliose lichen species complex Leptogium furfuraceum‐L. pseudofurfuraceum has an intercontinental disjunction pattern. Populations of this species complex are found in western North America, southern South America, Africa, and southern Europe. We conducted a phylogenetic study to reconstruct the biogeographic history of this species complex using two ribosomal genes (ITS and LSU) and a protein‐coding gene (partial RPB2). Results indicated that the complex comprises four geographically restricted genetic lineages. A sister relationship was found between populations from the same hemispheres, incongruent with previous data derived from morphological characteristics and geographical classification schemes. Incorporating Bayesian ancestral area reconstruction and Bayesian divergence time estimation, we proposed an evolutionary hypothesis for the species complex. The results suggested that processes of biotic expansion via transoceanic dispersal were responsible for the species divergence and distribution patterns observed today. This study also expands the view that cryptic speciation is not a rare phenomenon among fungi and lichens.
The Case: Lymphoma of the Distal Femur
Authors: Freire Maxime , Simonelli Priya S.
Published: January 2010

A 71-year-old woman presented with a 1-month history of right distal leg pain.
Journey to the Challenger Deep: 50 Years Later With the Nereus Hybrid Remotely Operated Vehicle
Authors: Fletcher Barbara , Bowen Andrew , Yoerger Dana R. , Whitcomb Louis L.
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe hybrid remotely operated vehicle Nereus, developed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in collaboration with the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific and Johns Hopkins University, is designed to provide a new level of access to a maximum
depth of 11,000 m. Nereus operates in two different modes. The vehicle can operate untethered as an autonomous underwater vehicle for broad area survey, capable of exploring and mapping the seafloor with sonars, cameras, and other onboard sensors. Nereus can be converted at sea
to become a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to enable close-up imaging and sampling. The ROV configuration incorporates a lightweight fiber-optic tether to the surface for high-bandwidth real-time video and data telemetry to the surface to enable high-quality teleoperation, additional cameras
and lights, manipulator arm, and sampling gear. Nereus underwent sea trials in May and June of 2009 during which it completed eight dives, including two dives to more than 10,900 m in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench with a total bottom time in excess of 12 h.
Human Exploration of the Deep Seas: Fifty Years and the Inspiration Continues
Authors: Kohnen William
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe deep seas have facinated the world for centuries. The flow of new ideas has traveled through the centuries and inspired people to dive below the surface and explore the forms of life that exist in the abyss. Many early ideas led primarily to military developments,
with scientific research emerging much later. Only in the past 100 years has the technological capability matched the human desire to deep dive into the oceans and discover its true mysteries. This article looks back at the history and flow of such ideas that involved submersible vehicles,
how this led to the development of the Trieste bathyscaph, concurrent activities around the world, the efforts involved in completing the dives, and the impact this deep dive has had on the evolution of submersibles. It presents the successes, the challenges, as well as the grit and
luck it sometimes took to make it happen. After fifty years, it is clear that the sea still holds many mysteries. Human-occupied underwater vehicles will remain a central element among the modern tools at the service of knowledge acquisition. The future calls us to see and discover this underwater
world—not simply to be awed by its power and beauty but to learn; to comprehend the complex web of inter-relations between our life on land and its impact on the seas. We stand on the shoulders of many dedicated engineers and explorers as we continue to inspire the next generation to
study the many alien creatures that will teach us anew.
The ABISMO Mud and Water Sampling ROV for Surveys at 11,000 m Depth
Authors: Yoshida Hiroshi , Ishibashi Shojiro , Watanabe Yoshitaka , Inoue Tomoya , Tahara Junnichiro , Sawa Takao , Osawa Hiroyuki
Published: January 2010

AbstractRecently, a number of novel bacteria have been isolated from a mud sample taken in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench. Although the need exists for taking sediment samples at full ocean depth, no high-power remotely operated vehicle (ROV) with full depth capability
and the ability to take sediment samples existed anywhere in the world as of April 2005. JAMSTEC started developing such a sediment sampling system beginning in April 2005. The system consists of a sampling launcher and a pre-observation probe vehicle. The launcher contains a water sampler
as well as sediment samplers. It launches the probe vehicle to make a preliminary survey, dropping the sediment sampler to obtain a sample. We carried out four sea trials from January 2007 to June 2008, including dives in the Mariana Trench, and we were able to obtain sediment samples from
the deepest part of the Challenger Deep.
Downy Chess Grass as a Host of the Pear Psylla
Authors: Wilde W. H. A.
Published: January 2010

Pear and quince are primary hosts of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster (Smith, 1941; Wilde, 1962), but the scarcity of quince in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia eliminates it as an important host in that area.

In 1962 suspicious chlorotic streaking, symptomatic of feeding by sucking insects, was seen on downy chess grass, Bromus tectorum L., growing in two pear orchards heavily infested with pear psylla. As a result, greenhouse and field trials were conducted to ascertain if pear psylla, on occasion, feeds on this grass and causes phytotoxic symptoms. Cages, enclosing small, potted Anjou pear trees and clumps of downy chess grass growing around the base of these trees, were used in the greenhouse for confining 30 adult pear psyllids. An equal number of potted trees and clumps of grass were maintained under the same greenhouse conditions but without adult psyllids. Observations on feeding and phytotoxic symptoms produced in downy chess grass by the pear psylla were made between July 12 and October 19.
Host Specificity of Calophasia lunula (Hufn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Harris P.
Published: January 2010

This report shows: (1) by starvation tests on representative economic plants that none of them is a suitable host for C. lunula, (2) by feeding tests on plants in the Scrophulariaceae that only plants in the tribe Antirrhineae are potential hosts of the larvae, (3) by feeding tests with plant extracts that plants in the tribe Antirrhineae contain an unidentified feeding stimulant, (4) by preference tests with adults and larvae that, although the moths can be raised with difficulty in the laboratory on snapdragon and other ornamentals in the susceptible tribe, they are unlikely to attack these plants in nature.
Oligonychus bicolor (Banks) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) in Nova Scotia
Authors: Specht H. B.
Published: January 2010

The phytophagous mite Oligonvchus bicolor (Banks) has been observed feeding on red oak, Quercus borealis Michx. f., at Kentville, N.S. It has not previously been reported in Canada east of Ontario. McGregor (1950) reported this mite as being found on chestnut, hickory, maple, oak and spruce in Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina and Washington. Pritchard and Baker (1955) studied specimens taken from oak at Ithaca, N.Y., red oak at Hamden, Conn. and Washington, D.C., willow oak and white oak at Durham, N.C., and pin oak at Lawrence, Kansas. Garman (1923, 1940) found it common on oak and also present on chestnut, maple, hickory and birch. Johnson (1956) reported O. bicolor fairly common in Connecticut and believed its distribution to be the east coast of the United States. He stated that it was the most important mite species on chestnut in Connecticut and that when present occurred in large numbers. Caesar and Ross (1921) found O. bicolor heavily infesting ornamental oak trees in different parts of the Niagara district of Ontario.
Wing Base Structure in Lepidoptera I. Fore Wing Base
Authors: Sharplin J.
Published: January 2010

The fore wing bases of Monotrysia can be homologized with the plan for a generalized insect wing base (Snodgrass, 1935). The wing bases of advanced Lepidoptera are very different from those of primitive forms. An evolutionary series can be traced through the order showing how the changes may have taken place.

The positions of the bending cuticle areas vary very little within the order. Within each superfamily the axillary region is surprisingly constant. It is impossible to distinguish between the wing bases of many related ditrysian families.

The jugum is particularly interesting; it is present in all the members of the old group “Microlepidoptera” and not only in the Monotrysia or “Jugatae”.
First North American Record of Bufolucilia silvarum (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Parasitizing Bufo terrestris americanus Holbrook
Authors: Bleakney J. Sherman
Published: January 2010

In European countries parasitism of toads by flies of the genus Bufolucilia is of rather common occurence. Although the species silvarum is holarctic in distribution, Hall (1947) considers it “not a common species” in North America. At the time of his publication it had been reported from only one species of North American anuran, the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, when forty-eight parasitized frogs of this species were discovered near Franklin, California. Since then, reference to the species in the literature seems to be limited to reports of the adult flies (James, 1953; Schoof, et al., 1956; and Judd, 1956).
A Survey of the Sucking Insects of the Birches in the Maritime Provinces
Authors: Varty I. W.
Published: January 2010

A survey of the sucking insect fauna of the birches has been conducted in the Maritime Provinces, and a check-list of 75 species of Homoptera and Hemiptera, with tabulated data on host relationships, is presented. The bulk of the population on any of the three birches (Betula alleghaniensis Britt., B. papyrifera Marsh., and B. populifolia Marsh.) has three major components: the Oncopsis leafhoppers, Psylla striata Patch, and the phyllaphidine aphids. The many other species present occur at much lower density but often have a broader dependence upon other hosts. The main homopterous families and their relationships to birch and the forest communities are discussed.
Methods of Sexing and Sex Ratios of the Southern Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm
Authors: Osgood E. A. , Clark E. W.
Published: January 2010

Several criteria for determining the sex of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., were investigated. The combination of the prominence of the frontal tubercles and depth of frontal groove was 100% accurate and was chosen as the best criterion. Data on sex ratios at different points in the beetle's life history are given.
Some Sexual Differences in the Granary Weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.)
Authors: Qureshi A. H.
Published: January 2010

External morphological differences between male and female adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.), useful for quick and accurate sexing, have been described and compared with differences described by other authors.
Wing Base Structure in Lepidoptera II. Hind Wing Base
Authors: Sharplin J.
Published: January 2010

When the Zeugloptera are compared with advanced Lepidoptera three major changes in the hind wing base are noticed:

1) The apparent loss of the prescutal arm which is fused to the second basalare in Ditrysia.

2) The separation of the prescutal apodeme from the prescutum by membrane so that the third tergopleural muscle appears to insert on the mesopostnotum.

3) The reduction of the median plates and the development of cubital plates.
Laboratory Emergence of Adults from Overwintering Pupae of the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Stevenson A. B.
Published: January 2010

Emergence in the laboratory at 80°F. of apple maggot adults from pupae overwintering outdoors was compared at different times of the dormant period and with emergence from pupae stored at 37-40° for all or varying parts of the dormant period. Shorter incubation times were required for emergence when pupae from outdoors were placed in incubation in autumn, one to three months after larval maturity, than during winter or early spring. Exposure for at least six weeks to low temperatures, either outdoors or in the laboratory, at first increased the incubation time required for emergence. Later the required incubation times of insects overwintering outdoors or in the refrigerator decreased as the duration of exposure to low temperature (or duration of dormancy) increased. But no such decrease was evident in samples of pupae held at 37-40°F. for periods longer than six months. Comparison of emergence from pupae from outdoors with those stored at 37-40°F. when incubated in spring and early summer showed that outdoor temperatures before June 1, in 1959-61 at least, had no effect on the subsequent emergence from pupae overwintering outdoors. When incubation at 70°, 75°, 80°, 85° and 90°F. was compared, the times required for emergence decreased with increased incubation temperature up to 85°F. However incubation at 90°F. resulted in a decrease in the percentage of incubated insects that emerged as adults.
A Taxonomic Review of the Genus Hoploseius Berlese (Acarina: Blattisocidae)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: January 2010

The genus Hoploseius is redefined on the basis of H. cometa (Berlese), H. drosophili (Chant) new combination, and H. bakeri new species, which are described, keyed, and illustrated. Fragmentary ecological data with specimens of Hoploseius make it apparent that the mites are associated with polyporous bracket fungi and have a phoretic relationship with adult drosophilid flies.
Larval Habitats, Development, and Parasites of some Tabanidae (Diptera) in Southern Ontario
Authors: James H. G.
Published: January 2010

Blood-sucking horse flies and deer flies of the family Tabanidae are important pests of livestock and man in Hastings County, Ontario. In a survey made during 1951-56, immatures of 29 species were collected and reared to obtain information on their insect parasites and other biotic control agents in different habitats. Most of the tabanid specimens were found at five sites where populations were high. The periods of pupation and emergence of Chrysops and of the larger tabanids are shown. The most numerous biotic agents found were two egg parasites, Trichogramma minutum Riley and Telenomus emersoni Girault. Parasites of the larva were a tachinid, Phorostoma novaeangliae (West) and Bathymermis sp., a nematode parasite of Chrysops spp. There were two pupal parasites: Diglochis occidentalis (Ashm.) (Pteromalidae) and Trichopria sp., probably tabanivora Fouts (Diapriidae). There is evidence that both these parasites attack the mature larva of the host.
The World Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) III. New Rhyparochrominae from the Ethiopian region
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: January 2010

This paper contains the description of seven new genera and 26 new species of Ethiopian Lygaeidae. Keys to species are given where possible and a key to the genera of the Clerada complex of Cleradini is provided. The genus Mahisa Distant is resurrected from synonymy and Migdilybs furcifer var. capensis Hesse is raised to specific status.
The Provancher Species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Burks B. D.
Published: January 2010

The extant types of chalcids described by Provancher are re-examined. A few are lost or so badly damaged that accurate placement is now impossible, but the majority of species are correctly identified in modern literature. Five new combinations and nine new synonymies are proposed.
The Infestation of Canadian Produce Inspected in United Kingdom Ports Between 1953 and 1959
Authors: Hurlock E. T.
Published: January 2010

Over 5,000 cargoes of grain, grain products, oilseeds, oilseed products and pulses from Canada were examined between 1953 and 1959. Only a few cargoes were found to be infested and there was a general decline in infestation over this period. Many of the insects recorded were acquired from the structure of the ships but mites were more frequently introduced with the grain. The miles which occurred most frequently were Acarus sira, Glycyphagus spp. and Cheyletus spp.; the commonest insects were Psoeopreri and Cryptolestes spp. Including those species derived from residues in ships, the total of species and species groups recorded was 77. Cases where insects have been derived from infested residues in the ships are described. A greater variety of species is to be found on Western Canadian, than on Eastern Canadian grain. This appears to foe due to the damp conditions brought about by overstowage of the grain with lumber and the consequent high proportion of mycetophagous species. The incidence of most grain-infesting insects and mites declined steadily during the examination period
The Storage of Ambrosia Fungus Spores by the Pitted Ambrosia Beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: January 2010

During the course of a study of the bionomics of the pitted ambrosia beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm., in southern Ontario in 1959, the method of overwintering fungal spores and their transmission from brood galleries to healthy plants by the beetles was determined. This process was not clearly understood with respect to any of the ambrosia beetles until recently when Francke-Grosmann (1956) described in detail the different structures, present in several species of Platypodidae and Scolytidae, used in storing fungal spores. In Scolytidae she found that the females of some Trypodendron species store spores in tube-like structures within the prothorax (invaginations of the prothoracic wall); that females of Xylosandrus germanus Bldf. and Anisandrus dispar Fabr. keep spores overwinter in shallow pouches in the intersegmental membrane between the pronotum and mesonotum; that females of Xyleborinus saxeseni Ratz. store them in a small cavity at the anterior edge of the elytra; and that females of Xyleborus pfeili Ratz. store the spores in a receptacle on the “posterior” abdominal tergite. In some species of Platypodidae she found somewhat similar structures in both males and females. In 1959 Fernando (1959) described spore storage by the shot-hole borer, Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. He found that females store spores in sacs on either side of the head, situated anterior to the brain, and that the sacs open by ducts into the upper part of the oral cavity.
Studies on the Canadian and Alaskan Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera). I. The Genera Achrotile Fieber and Laccocera Van Duzee (Delphacidae)
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: January 2010

This is the first of a series of papers which will consider the systematics of the Canadian and Alaskan Fulgoromorpha. The aim is to produce eventually a work on the Fulgoromorpha similar to that on the Cicadellidae of the same area by Beirne (1 956).

The two Delphacid genera Achrotile Fieber and Laccocera Van Duzee can be recognized by the presence of distinct pits on the frons, notum and abdominal dorsum. The frons in Achrotile has two median parallel carinae whilst only one is present in Laccocera.
Some Ecological Attributes of a Pteromalid Parasite and its Housefly Host
Authors: Nagel W. P. , Pimentel David
Published: January 2010

The habits and dispersal of the pteromalid parasite Nasonia vitripennis and its housefly host, Musca domestica, and their density relationships were investigated. Male parasite longevity averaged 1.62 days and female longevity 6.96 days. The average number of progeny per female parasite was 139.8. When 25 pairs of parasites were placed with 300 housefly pupae of three sizes, the percentage parasitism was 45.0 for the small (less than 2.0 mm. in diameter), 72.8 for the medium (from 2.0 to 2.5 mm.), and 65.7 for the large (greater than 2.5 mm.). The number of parasites produced per parasitized pupa was 2.20 for the small, 4.30 for the medium, and 6.11 for the large pupae. Increasing the extent of superparasitism produced significantly smaller parasite progeny. A significantly greater normal mortality occurred in small housefly pupae (21.5 per cent) compared with either the medium (6.3 per cent) or the large (5.2 per cent).

The parasite dispersed significantly faster when unfed than when fed. Housefly pupae which had been previously exposed to parasites also stimulated the tendency for subsequent parasite emigration. Housefly dispersal was found to be density-dependent under the experimental conditions of the multi-cell population cage.

With an increasing parasite-host ratio the rate of parasitization increased until all hosts at a 1 to 1 ratio were parasitized in 24 hours; percentage of parastized hosts producing parasites reached a peak of 71 per cent at the 1 to 2 ratio; and above the 10 to 1 ratio all parasite progeny died due to super-parasitism.
Two New Species of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from Western Canada and Alaska
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: January 2010

The two species described here were discovered during studies on a revision of the Ips of North America. They belong to a group of closely related species composed of Ips tridens (Mann.), I. engelmanni Sw., I. yoboensis Sw., I. pilifrons Sw. and I. sulcifrons Wood. The females in this group have the lower part of the front of the head slightly elevated as in I. yohoensis to very strongly protuberant as in I. tridens. All of them breed in species of spruce. The males of this group are difficult to determine from external characters alone. Descriptions were made under a magnification of 50X, using 100X occasionally.
A Fruit-Piercing Moth of Samoa and the South Pacific Islands
Authors: Comstock John Adams
Published: January 2010

During four months of 1961 I had the opportunity of investigating and illustrating numerous species of Lepidoptera on the Island of Tutuila, American Samoa.

This was made possible through the cooperation of Mr. and Mrs. M. T. Hollingsworth of the Educational Division of the Samoan Government, the Director of Agriculture, Mr. Noel Bayless, and the Governor, Mr. H. Rex Lee.

Quarters and laboratory facilities were made available at the newly leased Agricultural Experiment Station of Mulinu'u, an 18-acre tract richly covered by native vegetation and cocoanut palms. The residence, formerly owned by the previous Governor, Peter Tali Coleman, was supplied with electricity, which made possible the use of neon and black light.
A New Species of Aspidaphis Gillette (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

Aspidaphis Gillette is a small genus of poorly known aphids that are readily recognizable by the flangeless cornicles and the presence of a tubercle on the eighth abdominal tergum. In addition to the present species rhree other species have been described, two of which occur in North America.
The Rearing of European Red Mite under Controlled Environmental Conditions
Authors: Specht H. B.
Published: January 2010

A method has been described for the rearing of European red mite wherein the temperature, light, and air humidity were controlled. It consisted of a sealed glass tube containing an apple twig with a mite infested leaf. The tube was ventilated with air of the desired humidity and the leaf was kept alive by inserting the end of the twig into daily-changed tap water.
Laboratory Evaluation of DDT and Phosphamidon on the Western Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst)
Authors: Randall A. P. , Jackson C.
Published: January 2010

Spray tower application of DDT in fuel oil at 0.2 lb. DDT/acre, proved to be highly toxic to the larvae of the western hemlock looper. Tolerance to DDT appeared to vary directly with larval age. Phosphamidon applied in aqueous solution to hemlock foliage showed a high order of contact and systemic toxicity to larvae placed on the treated foliage.
A New Species of Nepytia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), of Economic Importance to Douglas Fir in British Columbia
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Nepytia freemani, a new species attacking Douglas fir in British Columbia, is described and compared with its near relatives.
A New Species of Thecodiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Red Pine in Wisconsin
Authors: Kearby W. H. , Benjamin D. M.
Published: January 2010

Investigations into the causal organism of late fall browning in Wisconsin disclosed an undescribed species of gall midge. The taxonomic description and a summary statement of the life history are presented.
The Role of Disease and Desiccation in the Population Dynamics of the Gypsy Moth Porthetria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Campbell Robert W.
Published: January 2010

The population dynamics of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), are being studied on 10 sites in the Town of Glenville, New York. This paper discusses the role of disease and a condition here termed “desiccation” in the dynamics of these populations during a 4-year period, 1958-1961 inclusive.

The term “desiccation” refers to dead pre-pupae that appeared shriveled, and were stiff to the touch, and which had a solid mass of food in their gut. The incidence of desiccation among pre-pupae was closely related to the number of eggs per egg mass produced at the end of the generation (a measure of relative insect density).

Disease incidence among larval gypsy moth populations was directly related to insect density. Disease incidence was also related to site conditions, with higher mortality occurring in wet sites.

When larval populations reached high densities, they always declined from the dense level within a few generations. These declines ranged from a sudden drastic reduction to a much more gradual decline. The former was preceded by virtual food exhaustion, while the latter was not usually preceded by exhaustion of the food supply.

Disease and desiccation were primary factors in producing the sudden type of population reduction noted above. Pathogens may also play an important part in the more gradual type of decline, but this point remains to be clarified.
Life History and Habits of a Spruce Needle-Miner, Eucordylea ducharmei Free. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: January 2010

The life history and habits of Eucordylea ducharmei, a gelechiid needle-miner on spruce, are described along with short notes on some of its parasites.
The Aphididae of the Canadian Arctic (Homoptera)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

Eighteen species are listed of which eight are described as new. Most of these species were collected in the more southerly parts of the Canadian Arctic, but two species were collected at Lake Hazen which is situated in the extreme northeastern portion of Ellesmere Island. The majority of the species belong to well known Holarctic genera. Characteristically Palaearctic groups are represented by five species, but exclusively Nearctic groups are represented by a single species. The most conspicuous biological feature is the apparent reversal of the switch mechanism governing the production of sexuales since, in spite of the excessively long photoperiod, oviparae are common.
Growth of Red Pine Trees After Chemical Suppression of the European Pine Shoot Moth
Authors: Talerico Robert L. , Heikkenen Herman J. , Miller William E.
Published: January 2010

Height growth and number of side branches developing the first growth season after chemical suppression of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), were measured on 40 treated and nontreated plots of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., in Michigan. Some plots had been treated during the summer-treatment period and some during the spring-treatment period. Summer treatment increased the height growth and number of side branches over no treatment; the degree of chemical suppression was useful in estimating tree growth during the following growing season. In contrast, spring suppression had no effect on height growth and number of side branches.
Kendall's “Tau” Coefficient as an Index of Similarity in Comparisons of Plant or Animal Communities
Authors: Ghent A. W.
Published: January 2010

Comparisons of ecologic communities are often limited to presentations of frequency lists in tabular or bar-graph form. Kendall's “Tau” coefficient is appropriate as a measure of rank correlation between such numerical profiles. A special problem arises where species in one community are absent from the other. Such species may either be assigned zero frequency and last-place ranking in the community where they are absent, or they may be dropped from both rankings, depending on which method yields the more conservative correlation. Tau has the same limits (± 1) as the familiar product-moment correlation coefficient. Moreover, as a nonparametric statistic it is free of considerations of distribution. Comparisons between soil-fauna communities from the Quetico-Superior forest area are used to illustrate the method. The problems of tied rankings, variance and significance of Tau, confidence limits for Tau, and the significance of a difference between Tau coefficients, are also considered.
Interspecific Territoriality in Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) and H. titia (Drury) (Odonata: Calopterygidae) with a Preliminary Analysis of the Wing Color Pattern Variation
Authors: Johnson Clifford
Published: January 2010

In its territorial behavior, the “tricolor” form of Hetaerina titia differs markedly from both typical H. titia and H. americana. Territoriality between “tricolor” and americana males is initiated only by the latter, and affects the spatial structure of a breeding population of “tricolor” males. Territoriality between americana and typical titia is initiated by either species, and usually leads to displacement of the americana male; this has no visible effect however on the population structure of americana.

H. titia and the “tricolor” form are suggested as separate species because of: (1) differences in breeding and territorial behavior (in both intra- and interspecific flights), and differential habitat selection by females for opposition. (2) existence of different and consistent female body color patterns and the breeding of these females with their specific male type. (3) the strong likelihood that the male wing color patterns are genetically governed with the implication that genes are not interchanged between titia and “tricolor”.
A Further Note on the Relation of Weather to Population Trends of the Black-headed Budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Silver G. T.
Published: January 2010

The recent black-headed budworm outbreak on the Queen Charlotte Islands is the fourth recorded association between budworm trends and weather. The decrease in this instance was associated with a prolonged period of cold, wet weather which retarded larval feeding and development, resulting in heavy larval mortality. The observations strengthen the previous associations observed between weather and the rise and fall of black-headed budworm populations.
Tetranychus sinhai Baker (Acarina: Tetranychidae) a New Pest of Cereals — Varietal Reaction of Barley
Authors: Sinha R. N. , Wallace H. A. H.
Published: January 2010

Tetranychus sinhai Baker (Acarina, Tetranychidae), a new pest was observed to infest barley, wheat, and rye crops in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. In barley, typical symptoms of the mite attack are manifested by a darkening of leaves, followed by yellowing and wilting from the bend of the leaf to its tip. The increase in number of mites per leaf was reflected by the showing of advanced symptoms on leaves. One hundred and sixty-five barley varieties from different parts of the world were examined for their reaction to T. sinhai infestation in the field. Of these 15 were found to be resistant, 47 moderately resistant, 88 moderately susceptible, and 15 susceptible. In general, the barley varieties grown in arid regions of the world appeared to be more resistant to T. sinhai infestation.

The most commonly grown barley varieties in Canada, Parkland, and Montcalm, were moderately susceptible. Only two North American varieties, Canadian Lake Shore–C.I. 2750, and Gem C.I. 7243 showed high resistance to T. sinhai infestation.
The Alfalfa Plant Bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) in Northern Saskatchewan
Authors: Craig C. H.
Published: January 2010

The alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), a well-known pest of alfalfa in Europe and the United States, was first recorded in Saskatchewan in 1947, in the Hudson Bay district about 16 miles west of the Manitoba border. By 1959 it had spread westward through the northern agricultural area of the province to within 35 miles of the Alberta border. Economic infestations appeared within two to four years of its initial occurrence in each district.

The migratory behaviour of the adult, which is apparently essential for maximum reproduction, effects rapid dispersal of the species. Also, because of this migratory behaviour control measures may have to be undertaken each year, and seedling stands may be infested in the first crop year.

The seasonal development of the insect is described. Apparently in the spread of the insect northward a univoltine population is being selected. Eggs that have overwintered in stems hatch in late May and early June. Development proceeds through five nymphal instars, and adults begin to appear toward the end of June. These adults lay eggs during the latter part of July. Most of the eggs enter diapause: less than five per cent of them hatch the same year, and any second-generation adults that do occur do not have time to mate and lay eggs before all activity is halted by freezing weather.

The main host plants of A. lineolatus are two cultivated legumes, alfalfa, Medicago media Pers., and red clover, Trifolium pratense L. No native host plants have been found in Saskatchewan.

About three per cent of field-collected nymphs from the Nipawin district were parasitized by braconid larvae tentatively identified as Euphorus pallipes (Curtis).
Generic Characters in the Tribe Ipini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with a New Species, a New Combination, and New Synonymy
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: January 2010

The tribe Ipini (sub-tribe Ipina) contains the genera Pityokteines Fuchs, Ips De Geer, Orthotomicus Ferrari (Balachowsky, 1949) and Orthotomides Wood. Some of the characters used in previous keys in this group are not constant within a genus but are useful when combined with other characters and when exceptions are specified. This article presents a key to the genera, with a discussion of some characters that have been used in previous keys. A new species is described and new synonymy and a new combination are established.
Cover Selection by Adults of Hypolithus bicolor Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Doane J. F.
Published: January 2010

Laboratory tests were carried out to determine if certain types of cover and surfaces were preferred by adults of Hypolithus bicolor Eschscholtz. Approximately 45% of the adults selected the rough stone when a rough stone, a smooth stone, a lump of dried manure and a square of paper were provided simultaneously as cover. Soil moisture did not seem to influence this selection, except that the cover in the soil at the highest moisture level was rejected. The selection of preferred cover appears to be in response to thigmo-kinesis coupled with a tendency of beetles to congregate in tight groups under the cover.
Hyperparasitism, a Mutualistic Phenomenon
Authors: Flanders S. E.
Published: January 2010

Hyperparasitism is a mortality factor that generally is beneficial to the continuous reproduction of the species involved.

The parasites of a primary parasite of a phytophagous insect may exhibit two distinctive types of secondary relations to that insect. These types are defined as follows:

Direct secondary parasitism: that type of host-parasite symbiosis where only the primary's parasitized host or the primary itself is attacked.

Indirect secondary parasitism: that type of host-parasite symbiosis where the primary's phytophagous host is attacked whether parasitized or not parasitized.

The host mortality caused by direct secondary parasitism may greatly exceed that caused by indirect secondary parasitism, this being manifested when the percentage of the primary parasitization of the phytophagous host is minimal.
Two New Species of Coniferous Needle Miners from Louisiana and the Description of a New Genus (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: January 2010

A new genus Pulicalvaria is erected for some species of needle miners formerly placed in the genus Recurvaria Haworth. Included are apicitripunctella Clemens, thujaella Kearfott, piceaella Kearfott, coniferella Kearfott, gibsonella Kearfott, and australis, new species. A new species Exoteleia chillcotti is also described.
Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) Parasitic upon the Falconiformes
Authors: Price Roger D. , Beer James R.
Published: January 2010

Twenty-five species of Colpocephalum sen. lat. from hawks are recognized and discussed; 8 of these are newly described: angolensis from Gypohierax angolensis, barbati from Gypaëtus barbatus aureus, californici from Gymnogyps californianus, chelictiniae from Chelictinia riocourii, ecaudati from Terathopius ecaudatus, indi from Haliastur indus, percnopteri from Neophron percnopterus, and trachelioti from Torgos tracheliotus. New synonymies include: ailurum Nitzsch, bicinctum Nitz., caudatum Giebel, costaricense Carriker, latifasciatum Piaget, longipes Piag., 1885 (nec 1880), majus Piag., 1885 (nec 1880), oxyurum Nitz., setosum Piag. (p. 519), tricinctum Nitz., and wetzeli (Eichler) with turbinatum Denny; and notatum Piag. with maculatum Piag. A key is given for the species of Colpocephalum occurring on hawks and owls.
Wheat Crops and Native Prairie in Relation to the Nutritional Ecology of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Saskatchewan
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: January 2010

Field cage experiments conducted through the complete life cycle of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) demonstrated that wheat, the major cereal crop grown in Saskatchewan, played the dominant role in the nutritional ecology of this grasshopper. A native sod mixture, comprising Stipa comata, Bouteloua gracilis, Agropyron smithii, and Carex eleocharis, four of the dominant species of the mixed prairie association, was consistently unfavourable during all stages of grasshopper growth and development. Grasshoppers reared on wheat survived better, were considerably larger and laid up to 20 times more eggs than those reared on the native prairie grasses. The presence of the native sod with wheat contributed nothing nutritionally to the food combination. The unfavourable qualities of the native grasses, although resulting in small adults, low fecundity and small pods, did not affect the hatchability of eggs laid or the development and survival of nymphs that hatched from them.
Immature Stages and Biology ofApateticus cynicus(Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Jones P. A. , Coppel H. C.
Published: January 2010

The egg and five nymphal stages ofApateticus cynicus(Say) are described and illustrated. The nymphal stages can be separated on the basis of head-capsule width, no overlap being encountered in the specimens studied. The overall growth rate was uniform. Varying growth rates were recorded for each antennal segment. Segment one remained the shortest throughout, whereas segment four, the longest in the first stage, became shorter than segment three by the fifth stage. The second segment increased in length from 0.25 to 2.78 mm.

Apateticus cynicushas one generation each year and overwinters in the egg stage in Wisconsin. Females deposit 1-3 egg batches with an average of 57.12 eggs per batch. Hatching in the laboratory took 14 days at approximately 22 °C. The average number of days spent in each of the five instars was 5.08, 5.27, 5.33, 5.0, and 9.5 respectively. Adult females lived up to 163 days and males to 180 days in the laboratory. The effectiveness ofA.cynicusin the population reduction ofDiprion similis(Htg.) larvae is unknown. Though a large insect and a voracious feeder throughout its immature and mature period, it has low egg production, is univoltine, and overwinters in the vulnerable egg stage, usually on the tree.
The Inheritance of Larval Color Patterns in Neodiprion pratti Dyar (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Moens Peter B. , Atwood C. E.
Published: January 2010

Crosses were made between adults of Neodiprion pratti (Dyar) derived from populations of spotted and striped larvae. Collections obtained over a period of years had indicated that these populations were homozygous for spotted and for striped larvae respectively; this conclusion was tested by spotted × spotted and by striped × striped crosses and was confirmed. The crosses spotted ♀, × striped ♂, striped ♀, × spotted ♂ and spotted F1 ♀, × striped ♂ were then made. The progeny from these crosses showed that the allele for sported is incompletely dominant over the allele for striped pattern. This incomplete dominance showed up in the occurrence of a few larvae of an intermediate type, and presumably accounts for the occurrence in nature of populations of larvae of intermediate types.
Population Dynamics ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata(Say) in Eastern Ontario: I. Spatial Pattern and Transformation of Field Counts
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: January 2010

Counts of the Colorado potato beetle on potato did not conform to the Poisson distribution, there being an excess of uninfested and highly infested hills over the expected numbers. However, when observed distributions were fitted to the negative binomial series, the discrepancies were not significant when tested by chi-square. The negative binomial parameterktended to increase with density. Using a commonk, the distribution of the various stages may be described by expansion of (q−px)−k, when values ofkare as follows: adult, 1.95; egg mass, 4.10; first instar, 0.68; second instar, 0.78; third instar, 1.04; fourth instar, 1.07.

For all stages, the variance was proportional to a fractional power of the mean. Use of the individual potato stalk as a sample unit had little effect on the skewness of the distribution. Four transformations are offered for stabilizing the variance of field counts.
Control of a Spruce Budworm Outbreak in Quebec through Aerial Spraying Operations
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: January 2010

An attempt was made to suppress an incipient spruce budworm outbreak in the Lower St. Lawrence region of Quebec through the aerial application of DDT. Operations began in 1960 and continued in 1961 and 1962 when they finally met with success. Failure to achieve success earlier was due partly to the exceptionally favourable survival conditions for the insect in 1960, and partly to the inadvertent omission of a small infested area from the program in 1961. The operations greatly reduced spruce budworm populations each year in the outbreak area, while the action of natural control factors, including parasites and predators increased. The collapse of the outbreak was the result of the combined effects of the chemical treatments and of natural control factors.
The Yellow Rose Aphid,Rhodobium porosum(Sanderson) (Homoptera: Aphididae), on Strawberry
Authors: MacGillivray M. E.
Published: January 2010

Rhodobium porosum(Sanderson), an aphid found on strawberry and rose, is discussed in this paper. The sexuales are redescribed and measurements given for the apterous and alate viviparous female.
A Re-examination of C. F. Baker's Collection of Aphid Parasites (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)
Authors: Mackauer M. J. P.
Published: January 2010

The surviving material of C. F. Baker's collection of aphid parasites comprises a total of 107 specimens of which 27 are syntypes representing 9 species described by Baker. Lectotypes are designated for Ephedrus californicus, E. nevadensis, Praon nanus, P. occidentale, Aphidius delicatus, A. coloratus, A. ferruginosus, A. pulcher, and Diaeretiella (= Diaeretus sensu auctt.) californica. The synonymy of all taxa is discussed, and redescriptions of most of the species are given. The remaining 80 specimens of the collection represent 7 genera and 14 species.
The Tachinids of Trinidad: IV. Winthemiines
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with the Trinidad Tachinids (Diptera) of the group of genera assembled by L. P. Mesnil (1939) as the tribe Winthemiini, of which the type genus is Winthemia R.-D. The group was subsequently recognized by F. I. van Emden (1954) and later by B. Herring (1960) but has not, so far as I am aware, been considered as a taxonomic unit in relation to the tachinids of the Americas. It is simply a relatively small section of the vast mass of genera called by Mesnil (1939, 1944) the Salmaciinae, or as we now say, the Goniinae, defined by the possession of a bristled prosternum, reclinate posterior frontals, a first post-sutural supraalar as strong as or stronger than, the first postdorsocentral, an absence of infrasquamal setulae, a second abdominal segment excavated to the posterior border and a short robust form. From the other Goniinae, the Winthemiini are separated mainly by the hairy “barrette”, the pattern of the humeral bristles and the reproductive habit of depositing large plano-convex undeveloped eggs on the body of the host insect, the ovipositor having the form of a membranous tube, retractile and of moderate length, reinforced by some elongate sclerites.

In the present paper, in addition to the well-known Winthemia and Nemorilla, the genera Hemisturmia and Triodontopyga have been included. The genitalia of all the Trinidad species have been studied. Their structure appears, on the whole, to reinforce the taxonomic status of the group but whether it will survive a more extensive survey of tachinid genera, remains to be seen.Seven species are described as new.