bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’évolution de l’école secondaire en Angleterre depuis 1945 : essai d’interprétation
Authors: Lemosse Michel
Published: September 2019

Après avoir consacré depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale tous ses efforts à employer le système éducatif secondaire pour réduire les différences entre les classes sociales, l’Angleterre a adopté dans les années 1980 une politique éducative entièrement originale fondée sur la course à l’efficacité dans un univers scolaire régi par les lois du marché et de la concurrence. La réforme spectaculaire symbolisée par la création des comprehensive schools affirme le souci de mettre fin aux clivages sociaux et de multiplier à cette fin les classes hétérogènes. On s’efforce également de comprendre et de réduire les inégalités raciales. Les Conservateurs n’ont pas attendu la loi de Kenneth Baker de 1988 pour démanteler la gestion de l’enseignement telle qu’elle était organisée entre les enseignants, les autorités locales et le gouvernement central. Il est encore trop tôt pour faire le bilan de réformes aussi radicales et qui se prolongent maintenant en amont et en aval de l’enseignement secondaire.
Plaidoyer pour le bilinguisme
Authors: Girard Denis
Published: September 2019

Speaking up for Bi-Lingual Schools.

This plea in favour of bilingual teaching does not aim at increasing the numeric superiority of bilingual speakers but at improving radically the results of language teaching. It is interesting to see how bilingual education can be combined with an early initiation to foreign languages in primary schools. France and Great Britain have had a very similar experience of that formula in the 1970s. Psycholinguists confirm how easy it is for children under nine to learn and handle several languages. This is why all great specialists advocate an early stage of bilingual training. Concrete examples, like that of Alban and his grandfather, corroborate this conviction. It would be easy in France to set up bilingual education rapidly, at least from the first year at primary school, at the cost of an appropriate training of primary school teachers who now all hold a university degree.
Winds of Change?
Authors: Corbett Anne
Published: September 2019

The OECD has played an important part in the survey of education among its member states. The treaty of European Union, better known as the Treaty of Maastricht, has given competence to the Union in matters of education. The commission has two ways to impact national educational policies : one is to exhort, as in Edith Cresson’s White Paper «Towards a learning Society», the other is to intervene by «bottom up» methods which are in sharp contrast with OECD ’s «top down » approach. The French and English systems remain in sharp contrast if one looks at their structures. Yet they operate in remarkably identical circumstances in terms of demographic and economic statistics. Differences seem to point out that whatever the Europeanisation of educational issues can be, nation states remain very much the proprietors of their systems.
Beauté cosmique et harmonie sociale chez les Navajo Hozho ("Le Bonheur")
Authors: Feltes-Strigler Marie-Claude
Published: September 2019

Cosmic Beauty and Social Harmony among the Navajo. Hozho ("Happines").

The full meaning of Hozho is much more than mere "happiness". Hozho refers to a quality of goodness or rightness vis à vis other people in society and other beings in the cosmos. An individual’s place in the cosmos is defined by his relation to other humans, animals and plants, and even more so by his relation to the great forces of life. These are the forces that move all things in the cosmos through cycles of depletion and renewal, and that therefore embody the power of life. Hozho is the state of being in the right place at the right time relative to all these beings and forces.
Religion publique, religion privée chez Thomas Paine
Authors: Caron Nathalie
Published: September 2019

Thomas Paine’s Religion : A Private or a Public Matter ?

Paine’s Deism, like his republicanism, was an expression of the interest he took in individual liberty. In the theological writings he published from 1794 onwards, he advocated total freedom of conscience, which had to be supported by government and which he saw perfectly embodied in the American context. In Paine’s Deism, however, lies an unresolved dilemma. On the one hand he acknowledges the right everyone has to think whatever they wish privately, according to their consciences. On the other he violently and publicly criticizes the Christian system, which he opposes to the only true religion - Deism. Though contradictory, Paine’s scathing criticism plays an active role in the ineluctable emergence of a rational religion by setting the march of progress in motion.
Femmes et religion entre sphères publique et privée
Authors: Richet Isabelle
Published: September 2019

Reléguées à une position subordonnée par la théologie chrétienne et à la sphère privée par les pasteurs protestants, les femmes ont, au cours de l’histoire américaine - inconsciemment d’abord, de plus en plus consciemment ensuite -, utilisé l’Eglise comme canal privilégié d’accès à la sphère publique. A travers le procès d’Anne Hutchinson au XVIIIe siècle, le journal d’Esther Edwards Burr au XVIIIe siècle et le développement de l’«empire bénévole» au siècle suivant, l’article étudie ce processus, en soulignant comment les catégories religieuses propres au protestantisme ont graduellement permis aux femmes de définir leur place dans la sphère publique.
Othello : white skin, black masks
Authors: Morse Ruth
Published: September 2019

Othello’s race, Desdemona’s perfect purity, and Iago’s motives have long occupied critics of the play. For Coleridge, the survival of lago confirmed his belief that Shakespeare’s character represented motiveless malignity, a threat whose persistence is symbolized in Othello’s last scene. Coleridge’s emotions were involved, and in his criticism we feel the passion of his elevation of Desdemona, his wonder, his horror even, at the idea that Othello, Moor of Venice, could be any kind of African but a noble, northern, Arab, not black, but comely. When critics talk about the title, Moor of Venice, they concentrate on Moor rather than “of Venice”. This essay takes the problems of Othello’s origins and Desdemona’s ostensible perfection and attempts to recontextualize them as part of a play about judgement. Othello’s speed of judgement is appropriate to a soldier, but also to a foreigner ; therefore some of the audience ’s willing suspension follows from Othello’s strangeness. Desdemona, too, misjudges in ways which contrast with the care of the Venetians. Thus we see, in logo’s preservation, the readiness to be patient of good judges. The question is less one of the persistence of evil -though that is a true question and one that is always with us -than whether or not the state will be able to discover the truth.
The other in the mirror : prejudice and stereotypes on the English Renaissance stage
Authors: Hoenselaars Ton
Published: September 2019

Stereotyping is inherent not only in everyday social behavior but equally in literature. The creative interaction of ideas that we define as literature, once it obtains a status in print, captures elevated ideas as much as it fossilizes fallacious beliefs about national character. This discussion reveals that critics may well themselves have been prejudiced about the Renaissance dramatists’ prejudices. Late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth century literature presents a widespread debate on the subject in explicit terms, in an attempt to break through existing prejudice and self-deception and to generate a more balanced view of Englishmen and foreigners. In the drama, the argument is pervasive, though implicit and largely given expression through satire. The satire serves as an iconoclastic means of expressing discontent. It operates by overturning established beliefs but there is no attempt, beyond skepticism, to present a new mirror of minds.
Le concept de frontière en sciences sociales : vers de nouvelles acceptions
Authors: Lejeune Catherine
Published: September 2019

The concept of border in the social sciences : towards new definitions.

This review of recent conceptions of the border in the social sciences looks at how a new examination of a notion can lead to the renewal of a field. This is the case with anthropology, which in the sixties opened an avenue for the study of cultural and symbolic borders. The introduction of this innovative approach has strongly influenced the field of social sciences, and we can see its legacy in the emergence of cultural history or geography. These two disciplines actively use and work with the notions of borders and borderlands. The process of border formation has recently been the topic of many studies that incorporate and combine geographic, human, and political parameters. Such studies enable us to expand our understanding of the concept. Furthermore, they contribute to the development of interdisciplinary research and they inform us about state and nation building.
Les femmes passe-frontières, ou études féminines et histoire de la politique extérieure des États-Unis font-elles bon ménage ?
Authors: Rossignol Marie-Jeanne
Published: September 2019

Les historiennes des Relations internationales des États-Unis veulent aujourd’hui inclure les femmes dans leurs recherches. Il ne s’agit pas simplement de souligner le rôle des ambassadrices ou des femmes missionnaires, mais de transformer le champ grâce aux théories féministes. Celles-ci permettent en effet de critiquer les concepts traditionnels de la discipline : sécurité, guerre, État, et d’envisager les Relations internationales sous un autre angle, plus proche, moins conflictuel, ou plus complexe. Si les travaux historiques menés dans le cadre de la problématique du “genre” ne semblent pas à même de remplacer les schémas d’analyse antérieurs, les réflexions théoriques inspirées par le féminisme peuvent nourrir utilement les débats de politique internationale de l’après Guerre froide.
The Sequoia Files : L’arbre merveilleux
Authors: Brunet François
Published: September 2019

The Sequoia Files : the tree of wonder.

The cult of the Sierra Nevada giant sequoia, which lasted through the second half of the 19th century, reflected not only its significance as an emblem for American primitivist and nationalist discourse, but also the more popular taste for the marvelous in nature, widely associated with California after 1850. This paper reviews a series of descriptions of sequoias published between 1860 and 1890, in order to identify the main components of a highly consistent genre. Centering on the sequoia as a challenge to representation, this literature tends to describe the logic of exploration in purely rhetorical terms, and thus to translate the otherness of the frontier into a space of language play, which seems typical of the Victorian era.
L’art de l’échec dans The Recognitions et JR de William Gaddis
Authors: Félix Brigitte
Published: September 2019

The art of failure in William Gaddis’s The Recognitions and JR.

William Gaddis’s novels are all centered to a greater or lesser degree around plots involving the issue of artistic creation, but the first two, The Recognitions and JR, certainly provide a more thorough examination of the situation of the artist. Starting with an analysis and description of the relationship between the notion of originality and the work of art as it appears in The Recognitions through the figure of the painter and forger Wyatt Gwyon, this paper tries to explore the ways in which the reader is gradually led to recognize failure as the dominant and even constitutive feature in artistic creation. Since art no longer offers an ultimate refuge for transcendent values that could replace the absence of other, more religious, transcendent references, JR stages the passage from the art of failure to the failure of art even more systematically as the overpowering presence of money and the financial jargon seem to rule out the necessity of and need for artistic creation.
From Mother Tongue to Second Language : the Cultural Model of “Community” in African English
Authors: Wolf Hans-Georg
Published: September 2019

De la langue maternelle à la seconde langue : le modèle culturel de la «communauté» en anglais d’Afrique.

Cet article défend Vidée qu’il peut y avoir un transfert de la langue maternelle à une seconde langue et que ce passage peut préserver l’arrière-plan culturel du locuteur ; l’écart linguistique peut dès lors être considéré comme fournissant un indice qui nous permet de comprendre la culture. C’est pourquoi cet article applique le concept méthodologique de «modèle culturel» qui a été élaboré par l’anthropologie cognitive, à l’étude des nouvelles variétés d’anglais. L’analyse se concentre essentiellement, mais pas uniquement, sur l’anglais du Cameroun, une variété d’anglais second représentative du modèle communautaire africain dans son ensemble. Cette analyse ne prétend pas rendre compte de manière exhaustive du modèle communautaire africain, mais se concentre sur un échantillon de métaphores conceptuelles et sur leur forme linguistique qui ne sont pas présentes dans les différentes variétés d’anglais 1, car elles reflètent l’arrière plan culturel des locuteurs s’exprimant en anglais 2.
Anne Morgan, la «lecture publique» et la France : le lent cheminement d’une influence culturelle américaine
Authors: Fouché Nicole
Published: September 2019

Anne Morgan and the Creation of Public Libraries in France.

The creation of free public libraries in France is an example of the successful dissemination of American values by an individual in France. Although backed up by a network of extremely competent, dedicated and efficient American women, it was Anne Morgan herself who was the driving force of the American Committee for Devastated France between 1917 and 1923. Crossing the Atlantic with the American model in mind, she believed that it was possible to transpose this model in France. But if the transplant of public libraries was successful, it was clearly because the turf was ripe. However, it was to take the French a long time to make this project their own. Only in 1945 were the demands for French public libraries recognized.
Le pavillon américain à l’exposition universelle de Séville en 1992 : enjeux et ambiguïtés des représentations nationales
Authors: Marteau Véronique
Published: September 2019

The American Pavilion in Seville (Expo '92 ) : the Functions and Contradictions of National Icons.

The American pavilion in Seville was a failure . However, in each of the three world’s fairs which took place before Seville, the American pavilion was one of the most successful ones. But with the end of the Cold War and the emergence of a new information technology, the United States lost interest in participating in a world’s fair. This is probably why so little public funding was allocated to the American pavilion in Seville whose commissioner general had to turn to the private sector for help. Hence, with each sponsor imposing its own requirements, it was difficult to offer a consistent image. When analyzed, many elements of the pavilion represented a throwback to the esthetics and ideology of the 1950’s and 1960’s. But the American pavilion in Seville was also the product of Ronald Reagan ’s and George Bush’s America.
Focalisation sur la modalité négative en vieil-anglais
Authors: Stambouli Hanène
Published: September 2019

En vieil-anglais, la négation la plus fréquente est NE. Bien que NE soit habituellement inaccentué, il peut faire l’objet d’une focalisation prosodique, mais la prosodie est difficile à déceler dans les textes écrits. Le deuxième procédé de focalisation est l’emploi de négations composées dans lesquelles NE est combiné à des marqueurs de parcours (A, etc.), l’indication de l’occurrence minimale (WIHT etc.) ou les deux (NAWIHT etc.). Enfin, en VA, il est possible d’accumuler deux négations et parfois davantage dans le même énoncé. On trouve ainsi NE, soit répété, soit employé en même temps que la conjonction NE ou qu’une négation composée.
Diaspora et créolité
Authors: Chancé Dominique
Published: September 2019

Le terme de «diaspora», utilisé fréquemment dans les études anglophones est inusité dans la littérature francophone des Antilles. Cette différence lexicale recouvre une divergence théorique. En effet, si le mouvement de la négritude, dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, pouvait suggérer l'idée d'une diaspora africaine, les auteurs antillais francophones se sont davantage attachés à définir un espace et une identité qui leur étaient propres. Construisant le concept de néoautochtonie, ils ont défini une «créolité» née aux Antilles, d'une rencontre historique et violente, dans le contexte colonial. Les auteurs comme Édouard Glissant et Joël Des Rosiers, plus récemment, ont théorisé cette identité composite. Ils transforment l'exil d'un peuple en une errance dans le monde, un déracinement assumé.
Baldwin ou les spores perdues de l'Amérique : Conscience de l'origine et origine de la conscience
Authors: Rocchi Jean-Paul
Published: September 2019

As individual memory and history, autobiographical accounts and fiction in Baldwin's works overlap each other in order to refashion the notions of origin, identity, and diasporic consciousness. Through the blurring of traditional binarisms and the reinvention of spatiotem-porality, Baldwin debunks the illusory role assigned to the origin in the temporal continuity of the being. As the writer's texts move from a historical frame to an imaginary perspective, new displacements are unfolded. The experience of exile, the subsequent transformations of consciousness, and the interaction of black identity and homosexuality, partake in the uncovering of the origin as the very location of both desire and the fantasy of "race"
Du prestige de l'étranger en littérature
Authors: Bruyère Claire
Published: September 2019

Foreignness in fiction

The following questions are addressed in this essay : what factors excite the readers' curiosity for fiction signed by foreign authors, with what consequences for literature and book publishing ? This is explored through a number of instances in Britain, France and the United States over a period of time (XVIIIth to XXth century) long enough to reveal changes in what is perceived as attractively exotic or unfamiliar and to exhibit the range of writers’ and publishers’ strategies, from the translation of real authors to that of imaginary ones.
Une subjectivité qui se dérobe : l'effacement des marques dans «Strandhill, the Sea», de John McGahern
Authors: Louvel Liliane , Chuquet Hélène
Published: September 2019

The representation of subjectivity in “Strandhill, the Sea”, by John McGahern, is highly paradoxical, for subjective point of view seems scarcely to be marked and yet is ever present. Our study of the tenuous traces of point of view shows how the centre of consciousness — that of the child as “recorder” of the adults’ world — is built up through ellipsis, parataxis, indétermination and “fuzziness”. This elusive subject can assert himself only by taking refuge in the “world of imagination”, which enables him both to bring together the strands of the story and to escape from the mediocrity of the adults’ world.
«Poems for the millennium» : Jerome Rothenberg et Pierre Joris lisent Charles Reznikoff
Authors: Cohen-Cheminet Geneviève
Published: September 2019

Poems for the Millennium tente de cartographier les écritures poétiques radicales et constitue un poème long, un collage-montage-nexus de poésies trouvées. Quand Jerome Rothenberg et Pierre Joris amputent Kaddish de la série modulaire Testimony (Going To and Fro and Walking Up and Down 1941), ils privilégient la surface et la dislocation dans le collage-montage-assemblage au détriment de l'esthétique reznikoffienne de la greffe, brisure et germination, qui fait du langage poétique un processus de dissémination discursive.
Peace it Together : Collage in the Recent Work of Geoffrey Hill
Authors: Kilgore Jennifer
Published: September 2019

Rapiécer la paix : le collage dans les œuvres récentes de Geoffrey Hill.

La forme en collage des derniers recueils de poèmes de Geoffrey Hill illustre une quête irénique où les voix multiples, le babel des langages, les allusions à la théologie et à l’histoire, les images, les citations poétiques, les allusions aux arts visuels et musicaux engagent le lecteur, l’impliquant dans l'œuvre de poïesis.
Leverage, Leaks and Liabilities : Holy Loch and the «Special» Anglo-American Nuclear Relationship, 1960-65
Authors: Whitham Charlie
Published: September 2019

In March 1960, Macmillan and Eisenhower agreed on the sale of Skybolt missiles to Britain in return for the provision of facilities for US nuclear submarines on the West coast of Scotland. How Britain performed regarding Holy Loch is instructive of what the Anglo-American “special” nuclear relationship actually meant, not only in terms of the British government’s willingness to sacrifice power and interests but also for Westminster’s readiness to use location as a bartering token with scant disregard for local sensibilities. These were critical decisions made at a critical juncture in world affairs which temporarily put the little-known Scottish inlet of Holy Loch at the forefront of the Cold War.
Variations iconoclastes et musique du souvenir chez Grace Paley
Authors: Lévy Paule
Published: September 2019

Grace Paley : Iconoclastic Variations and The Music of Memory.

«A Conversation with my Father» and «Mother», two highly autobiographical stories by Grace Paley, will be considered as a diptych and a series of variations on the interrelated motives of family relationships, memory and transmission. «A Conversation with my Father» appears as an attempt to experiment and define a radically subversive aesthetics which is to find its most remarkable and most problematic expression in «Mother».
Chelm’s Fall into History : Reading Nathan Englander’s “The Tumblers”
Authors: Halpern Nikki
Published: September 2019

Ce travail propose une analyse approfondie de «The Tumblers», nouvelle de Nathan Englander qui figure dans son recueil For the Relief of Unbearable Urges. L ’histoire se déroule à Chelm, lors de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, quand les nazis occupent la ville et envoient les Juifs vers les camps d’extermination. Cet essai met en évidence l’utilisation des contes populaires de Chelm comme hypotexte. Deux interrogations sont privilégiées : d ’une part, dans quelle mesure la fiction peut-elle véhiculer la transmission de la mémoire et d’autre part, quel serait le rôle d ’une mémoire fictive, et doit-elle être intertextuelle ?
«This old Chronology of Selfishness and Pride» : la conception émersonienne de l’histoire
Authors: Bellot Marc
Published: September 2019

The Emersonian conception of history went through dramatic changes, from the theory of exegesis developed in the essay «History», which posited the unveiling of the universality of human nature through the deciphering of the events of history, to a more Hegelian concept postulating the advancement of liberty superseding the negativity of the legislation on slavery. This global theory of the progress of societies, however, still regards man as the ultimate reference in the dialectical tension between historical determinism and individual free will.
Les angles de l'acte. Usages d’Emerson dans la philosophie de William James
Authors: Girel Mathias
Published: September 2019

This article deals with William James’ use of Emerson ’s thought. It argues that James’ would-be criticism of Emerson’s monism and ethics should be qualified, and that, more generally, James’ special relation to Emerson should help provide a more accurate definition of James ’ pragmatism. In fact, what James’ appropriates in Emerson for his own use is not so much a carlylean philosophy of action, as a philosophy of the act, in which the latter interprets and publicly exposes the uniqueness of a voice.
Exploration #6 : Architecture et narrativité dans House of Leaves de Mark Z. Danielewski
Authors: Félix Brigitte
Published: September 2019

This paper’s aim is to present Mark Danielewski’s highly acclaimed first novel, House of Leaves, by focusing on what might be the book’s most impressive and original achievement, its complex narrative layering and structure that rely on the architectural object and metaphor of the house. We examine the various ways in which the narrative explores the space of its own architectural metaphor, which makes us experience, in the words of Jerome McGann, " the constructed character of textuality. ” The analysis takes into consideration the reading process, which is necessarily influenced by such a foregrounding of the spatial dimension of narrativity and literature.
La mise en scène de l’écriture dans les trois derniers romans de David Markson : Reader’s Block, This Is Not A Novel, Vanishing Point
Authors: Palleau-Papin Françoise
Published: September 2019

In his latest three novels, David Markson dramatizes his character’s plight in fragmented utterances that sound like stage directions. The narrator is like an actor giving disjuncted lines that favor nominal clauses, as so many stage props put forward for the audience to ponder. The text seems to be carved in stone, inscribed in lapidary formulae in nominal, concise phrasing. Best fitted to condemn fanaticism or conversely, to extoll mimetically the “discalced” anchorite’s poverty, that style reflects on the artist’s condition in our consumer world. It builds up a Kaddish of its own for all artists, writers and their characters in a dramatic gesture to praise their effort to “paint the stars” (Van Gogh).
La pesanteur et la grâce : Carrying the Body de Dawn Raffel
Authors: Manolescu-Oancea Monica
Published: September 2019

This article analyzes Dawn Raffel's Carrying the Body, looking at its narrative structure and techniques, trying to place the novel within a larger literary context. It discusses the pervasive use of the imperative and the compulsive proliferation of the interrogative mode, the extensive repetitions, the syncopated, autistic functioning of the dialogues and the lyrical lilt of the monologues. A certain number of relevant intertexts are taken into account, from Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher and Dickens’ Great Expectations to Chekhov’s Three Sisters.
Les empires de la révolution américaine : perspectives d’Edward Gibbon en 1776
Authors: Mankin Robert
Published: September 2019

Empires of the American Revolution : The Perspectives of Edward Gibbon in 1776.

In February of 1776, Edward Gibbon was a member of Parliament as well as the author of what we know as the first of six volumes of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. This essay examines how the first volume of the Decline may throw light on Gibbon’s sense of the growing problems between Great Britain and its American colonies. The essay suggests that the emerging idea of ‘empire ’ was as much or even more associated with land masses and in central Europe and North America than with the commercial expansion of Britain.
La République, un « habit neuf » ?
Authors: Léchenet Annie
Published: September 2019

Le passage de l’état de Colonies à celui de Républiques ne fut sans doute pas aussi aisé que l’affirme rétrospectivement Jefferson. Il fallait d’abord inventer un modèle constitutionnel pour une société moderne, constituée du seul élément populaire, et l’on sait que c’est la Constitution Fédérale de 1787 qui «inventa » un nouvel équilibre des pouvoirs permettant d’éviter le risque de la «pure démocratie ». Mais conscient du risque inverse, celui de l’oligarchie, Madison se rallie à Jefferson, qui dès 1777 a travaillé à «une fondation (sociale) au gouvernement républicain », construisant ainsi une conception démocratique de la république. Celle-ci revêt alors un sens moral nouveau et éminemment moderne, celui de la discussion publique des intérêts privés.
Benjamin West : An Independent Eye
Authors: Karsky Barbara
Published: September 2019

Benjamin West : un œil indépendant.

Benjamin West naquit aux périphéries de l’empire britannique et mourut à son centre. Durant sa vie, West témoigna par sa peinture de la croissance rapide de cet empire, mais aussi des défis que posait la liberté. Tout en bénéficiant de la protection royale, West resta fidèle à la lutte des colonies américaines pour leur indépendance. Certains de ses tableaux offrent des indices quant à l’indépendance de regard et d’esprit de Benjamin West qui lui-même se transformait, au cours de la transition entre colonies et républiques, d'un sujet britannique en un Américain expatrié.
“The Friends of Equality and of the French Revolution” : Toasts and Popular Opposition to George Washington’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Newman Simon P.
Published: September 2019

«Les amis de l’égalité et de la révolution française» : toasts et l’opposition populaire à la politique étrangère de George Washington.

Cet article analyse l’opposition populaire à la politique étrangère de George Washington, telle qu’elle s ’exprimait au travers des les toasts portés par les Américains moyens. Un grand nombre de ces toasts portés après les banquets et les fêtes civiques du début des années 1790 exprimaient un soutien populaire envers la révolution française, en totale opposition avec les politiques pro-britanniques du gouvernement de Washington. Les journaux américains ont publié des milliers de ces toasts, ce qui a permis aux hommes américains de toutes catégories d’exprimer leurs opinions politiques, et ainsi de participer au développement du parti républicain, qui s ’est développé en opposition au gouvernement fédéraliste de Washington.
“Finding Ourselves on the Frontiers” : from Colonies to Republics on the Tennessee Frontiers, 1770-1796
Authors: Serme Jean-Marc
Published: September 2019

Se chercher à la frontière : de colonies à républiques sur les frontières du Tennessee 1770-1796.

L’article explore la transformation du Tennessee en un Etat de l’Union des années 1760 à 1796. La spéculation foncière, la sécurité des colons, les traités de cession et les préoccupations constitutionnelles sont quelques-uns des aspects de cette rapide évolution du territoire. Une élite régionale issue des 13 colonies exerça une influence déterminante sur sa définition politique et sociale. Mais les intérêts particuliers et la conscience du bien public forgeaient une alliance instable et créèrent de nombreuses tensions entre les Etats et leurs territoires de l’Ouest. Si le Congrès bénéficia d’abord d’une grande popularité en tant que soutien potentiel des aspirants à la colonisation, il fut le lieu à la fin du XVIIIe siècle des dissensions grandissantes entre les défenseurs des droits des Etats et les Fédéralistes.
"God's scattered text" : wordscape and escape in George Szirtes' "Portrait of my father in an english landscape"
Authors: Sears John
Published: September 2019

George Szirtes’ sonnet sequence “Portrait of my Father in an English Landscape” explores landscape as a verbally constructed space, a wordscape offering the poet escape from history and exile. This paper analyses the poem’s movements across this wordscape, between parental histories and biographies, mapping its author’s developing comprehension of poetry’s functions in relation to memory and experience, and of the possibilities offered by narratives and images of the past.
Character-Scape in Wang Ping's The magic whip : scraping the shape of Chinese characters to revisit their scope
Authors: Cormier Cécile
Published: September 2019

In The Magic Whip, her last collection of poems (published in 2003), Wang Ping explores the notion of identity. She illustrates its diversity and complexity through the examples of individuals who, like her, lef their native land and who, once in a new socially and culturally disconcerting environ¬ ment, are confronted with a new language. It appears throughout the poems that this experience triggers the need to question one's origins and culture, especially by reverting to one’s mother tongue, and in Wang’s case, to the Chinese language. Wang writes her poems in English, her language of adoption, but from time to time some Chinese characters rise up from the surface of her texts. These graphic and linguistic inclusions are not merely ornamental motif but the poetic source of the texts.
The form of the inscape, or the landscape of the shadow
Authors: Savinel Christine
Published: September 2019

Inspirée par le lexique critique inventé par G. M. Hopkins, et notamment le terme d’ inscape, cette étude porte sur la possibilité même d'un paysage intérieur en poésie, et sur la manière dont il peut se configurer. À travers une boucle qui part de Dickinson pour y revenir, en passant notamment par Lorine Niedecker, on voit s’élaborer un dedans du poème, une forme qui s’enrichit de tout ce qui, du réel, se perd. Un détour par des oeuvres plastiques représentant l’ombre ou l’absence (Man Ray et Duchamp par la poussière, Parmiggiani par la fumée) permet de mieux cerner les conditions d’existence de l’image. On voit finalement le paysage interne du poème se matérialiser, par dissemblance, par réfraction, toujours à travers une forme de résistance du langage.
Original Pirate Material : Male Interracial Desire in Isaac Julien’s Young Soul Rebels
Authors: Rees-Roberts Nick
Published: September 2019

Tout un pan de la théorie queer des années 1990 fut consacré au croisement de la question raciale et de l’homosexualité . Il est malaisé d’aborder le thème des relations interraciales car elles cristallisent des conflits de pouvoir, telles que la domination blanche et l’oppression noire, qui influent sur nos fantasmes les plus intimes et façonnent notre sexualité. Dans le sillage d’Alan Sinfield, cette étude prend comme postulat que ces enjeux de pouvoir ne sauraient être écartés purement et simplement, les contradictions qui leur sont propres devant être examinées avec attention. Prenant d’abord appui sur Kobena Mercer, qui critique les manque-à-penser de la théorie post-coloniale en matière de politiques de la sexualité, la présente analyse approfondit ensuite la lecture du seul film de cinéma qu’ait réalisé Isaac Julien, Young Soul Rebels (1991), dans lequel le réalisateur, en ressuscitant l’atmosphère musicale et culturelle de l’Angleterre de la fin des années 1970, ainsi que ses utopies, propose, loin du piège de la réification, d’autres modèles de l’homosexualité masculine interraciale.
L’emploi des deux-points dans le cadre du discours rapporté chez M. Atwood et J. M. Coetzee
Authors: Crake-Rossette Fiona
Published: September 2019

Writers are continually experimenting with punctuation and this is particularly the case in the context of reported speech. This article explores the use of the colon in the work of two authors writing in English, and their translations into French. Particularly marked uses of the colon are found in English, which either lose their markedness in French or are translated differently. It is suggested that the colon subtly introduces a particular point of view and therefore lends itself to marking passages of free indirect speech.
Statut de la source assertive dans les tournures passives du type at home I was thought ugly
Authors: Mégy-Doro Françoise
Published: September 2019

It is commonly taken for granted that the assertive source of passive utterances such as “at home I was thought to be ugly ” can only be determined by the prepositional phrase “by Y”. The purpose of this article is to examine the status of this source in the light of the semantic properties of the reporting verbs think and believe.

In the case of think, the assertive origin of the reported clause can be identified either contextually or by shared knowledge. As far as believe is concerned, the question of the assertive origin is not relevant since the verb refers to a “quasi-assertion ” located relative to any utterer.

The thinker is identified in the context or by shared knowledge whereas the believer remains, in most cases, undefined (it could be any utterer). It will be shown that this difference lies in the construction of the predicative relation.
From Pageant to Text : The Silent Discourse of Heywood’s Omissions
Authors: Coffin Charlotte
Published: September 2019

As Heywood turned from the public stage to civic entertainments in the 1630s, the writing of pageant texts offered him a unique opportunity both to promote his poetics of the spectacular, and to fashion his own status as a dramatic author. However, he seems to have seized on only one of these possibilities, and exploited his printed accounts for self-fashioning at the expense of his theatrical contribution. While entire parts of the shows are erased, Heywood’s omissions reveal a process at work : the text, its public and its author are slowly defined through excluding or circumscribing the performance, the crowd and the craftsmen. This also leads to filling in the blanks with intertextual references and anecdotes : text is constructed out of text, rather than performance.
A Kind of Excellent Dumb Discourse, langue des signes et éloquence naturelle dans le nouveau monde : The World Encompassed (1628)
Authors: Lemercier-Goddard Sophie
Published: September 2019

On s’intéressera ici à la mise en place d’une rhétorique du silence et de l’effacement dans le récit d’exploration du Nouveau Monde. The World Encompassed (1628), récit de la première circumnavigation anglaise de l’histoire (1577-1580), utilise l’ellipse ou la litote pour masquer la nature mercantile, et souvent illégale, du voyage. Cette éloquence muette caractérise aussi les scènes de premières rencontres avec les Indiens d’Amériques. Cette nouvelle rhétorique des corps et des choses s’inscrit dans le projet colonial car elle permet de prendre possession de terres nouvelles, mais elle révèle aussi un sentiment nostalgique pour le monde d’avant Babel.
La musique comme «rhétorique muette» dans la littérature théorique et dramatique de la Renaissance anglaise
Authors: Bardelmann Claire
Published: September 2019

The development of expressive criteria in Renaissance music and their increasing use as features of musical construction and not as mere ornamentation are mirrorred in many musical treatises. This convergence of principles of musical composition and literary writing hinges on the humanist desire to bring words and music together, and is also reflected by the analogy of the musical and the verbal at large.

This theory provides a basis to analyse music and the dance as supplementary forms of rhetoric in drama. In theatre plays, music and the dance are resorted to as rhetorical features in themselves and are woven into the dramatic fabric and construction. Yet, this musical rhetoric is also a «silent rhetoric» because it is enacted mainly on the symbolic level, through the subversion and distortion of musical forms. This twin rhetoric will be studied through a few examples in drama, such as the use of the musical gradatio in Fulwell’s Like Will to Like.
«In Silent Wonder of Still-Gazing Eyes» : l'enargeia dans les poèmes narratifs de William Shakespeare
Authors: Coussement-Boillot Laetitia
Published: September 2019

In Shakespeare’s narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrèce, the poet’s ambivalent attitude toward language — the undermining of copia by silence and the simultaneous celebration of verbal eloquence — reaches a climax thanks to the rhetorical process of enargeia, namely the attempt to place the object before the eyes of the hearer. In spite of the fact that enargeia claims pride of place for visual representation, it simultaneously promotes verbal rhetoric and copious speech.
Sens — dessus, dessous
Authors: Génin Isabelle
Published: September 2019

This paper begins by looking at comments made on the translation of meaning in various works about translation across centuries, and shows that there is a high degree of uncertainty concerning what meaning is and the nature of its relationships with form. The second part of the article examines a few extracts from poems by Dickinson, Moby-Dick and Carpenter’s Gothic, studying how meaning is created in the original texts and how it fares in translation. The selected texts do not offer straightforward meaning but on the contrary question the notion itself, its stability and the capacity of language to express the complexities of meaning. The “informative” content, its superficial meaning is only a small part of it, an “inessential” one to quote Walter Benjamin. The deeper meaning lies not in what the words say but in how they say it, in their sounds and rhythms, in the silences they leave or in the profusion and confusion they create requiring the translator to go beyond the superficial meaning and plunge deep into the texture of the text.
L’héroïsme au féminin chez Shakespeare et Nicolas de Montreux
Authors: Hillman Richard
Published: September 2019

Nicolas de Montreux (1561?-1608?, pseudonym «Ollenix du Mont-Sacré») was an eminent, and prolific, literary figure when he wrote his tragedy Cléopâtre (15047). He was also politically engaged in the Holy League in the service of the Duke of Mercœur, governor of Brittany, and one may associate with the militant and spirited Duchess his interest in noble heroines who prefer death to humiliation. The tragedies of Cleopatra by Shakespeare and Samuel Daniel have sufficient points in common with Montreux’s work to enter into the same «discursive space», in which politics, religion and eroticism are intermingled.
French Shakepeare : Dryden, Vigny and British Cultural Expansion
Authors: Newman Karen
Published: September 2019

On explique généralement l’amour bien connu des romantiques français pour Shakespeare par leur réaction aux canons et goûts du néo-classicisme. Mais on peut avec profit voir dans l'impact de Shakespeare en France un exemple de la mondialisation culturelle qui commence après la défaite de Napoléon. L’expansion et l’accélération de la mobilité et des échanges de biens et d'idées sont généralement comprises comme des phénomènes restreints à la fin du vingtième siècle ; les translations culturelles ne sont pour autant aucunement étrangères à la Grande-Bretagne du dix-neuvième siècle et une forme de mondialisation est tout à fait à l'œuvre dans l'institutionnalisation de son représentant le plus exemplaire, Shakespeare.
Carole Maso : Reading into Infinity
Authors: Palleau-Papin Françoise
Published: September 2019

Cet article étudie deux romans de Carole Maso, Defiance (1998) et AVA (1993), dont la composition en boucle bouscule la linéarité de la lecture. Ils ouvrent un cycle herméneutique, une quête infinie et divergente pour signifier la vie qui échappe à l’écriture et une impression fugitive de plénitude face à l’angoisse, la folie ou la mort. Defiance se sert de paradoxes mathématiques pour souligner que toute expression est codée, tandis qu’AVA est composé en une fugue ou un canon à l’écrevisse dont les figures de symétrie signalent un état contemplatif à la limite du langage, ouvrant sur une lecture en spirale infinie.
The Melancholy of Anatomy by Shelley Jackson : Anatomy of Melancholy/Criticism
Authors: Vanderhaeghe Stéphane
Published: September 2019

Somewhere between a short story collection and a novel, a book and a hypertext, a text and its intertext, The Melancholy of Anatomy by Shelley Jackson playfully displaces its boundaries and, so doing, questions the organicism of the diverse reading paths it makes (im-)possible. What is taking shape, from page to page and text to text, or what is being “embodied” in this writing that progressively claims its femininity back, is somehow akin to a little epistemological drama or crisis, which renders all source of possible knowledge problematic by patiently deconstructing any critical and hermeneutic attempt, while stressing the parasitic and artificial dimension of its commentary.
Inventing One’s Way(s) through the Written Worlds in VAS
Authors: Tissut Anne-Laure
Published: September 2019

VAS, an Opera in Flatland, de Steve Tomasula, à travers sa mise en page fantaisiste et sa nature multimédia, rend la lecture problématique. Tandis que le lecteur est invité à sans cesse revoir le système de références, de critères et d’échelles sur lequel reposent ses jugements de valeur, ce livre s’avère finalement promouvoir la lecture, comme Tune des pratiques éthiques les plus précieuses.
Woolf's Reworking of a Victorian Telescope Scene : Writing and Refocus
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: September 2019

Cet article explore la genèse de la scène du télescope, que Virginia Woolf a reprise dans les nombreuses versions de sa nouvelle «The Searchlight». Laura Marcus montre l’importance que Woolf accorde à la photographie de l’époque victorienne et étudie la dimension photographique et cinématographique de cette nouvelle. Woolf s’inspire ici de la description faite par Henry Taylor d’une scène vue au télescope, qui l’incite à son tour à s’intéresser au lien entre distance et proximité, ou entre passé et présent. Cette scène, dont Marcus propose une relecture par le prisme des théories de la «dé-distanciation», permet à Woolf d’aborder la question de la composition de scènes dans son œuvre et ouvre sur un questionnement sur l’écriture et la création en général. La scène du télescope suscite chez Woolf une réflexion sur son être et sur son devenir.
Poetics of the Bedroom Scene in Fuseli, Frankenstein, Film
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: September 2019

This essay explores Henry Fuseli’s The Nightmare (1781), its intermedial modes of transmission, and the intermedial poetics and reading practices it generates. The sensational power of The Nightmare generates further commissions in the areas of dreams, the gothic and the supernatural. The striking composition and open-ended potential of Fuseli’s nocturnal interior make it a schema that helps define and disseminate works. Its intermedial circulation also defines the narrative possibilities and the visual construction of the death-bed scene in Shelley’s Frankenstein, a scene often related to Fuseli’s picture mostly for its biographical import or its afterlife in filmic adaptations.
Le bal Birotteau : une scène d’hybris démocratique
Authors: Wilhelm Fabrice
Published: September 2019

The ball scene in Balzac’s César Birotteau is a moment of climax followed by a brutal fall. This is a recurrent structure in nineteenth-century novels, where, like the hero of tragedies, the novelistic hero becomes the victim of hubris. However, whereas hubris in the tragic universe was a desire to equal the gods, here hubris is democratic as it is meant to alter the hero’s social being and to arouse envy in others. Such envy turns the hero into a member of the social living-dead.
Interprétations et transpositions du Commonwealth : L. S. Senghor et la tentation d’un ‘Commonwealth à la française’
Authors: Torrent Mélanie
Published: September 2019

From the 1950s to 1981, when he resigned as President of the Republic of Senegal, Léopold Sedar Senghor repeatedly urged France, its African partners and French-speaking countries across the world to establish a “ French Commonwealth”. For Senghor, the Commonwealth which had emerged from the London Declaration of 1949 was a model for pacific decolonisation, a forum for political dialogue and a successful network of economic cooperation. Francophone organisations, however, were very different from the Commonwealth model. Within the francophone space of international relations, politicians and diplomats alike tended to misinterpret the Commonwealth — whether they idealised it or viewed it with suspicion. This article examines the idea of a “Commonwealth model”, as proposed by Senghor. Focusing on the dynamics between the Francophonie and the Commonwealth, it demonstrates how Francophone interpretations in the 1960s and 1970s served to strengthen the increasingly vocal Commonwealth Secretariat, which then favoured self-criticism and disliked complacency.