bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FLOOD ROUTING THROUGH A FLAT, COMPLEX FLOODPLAIN USING A ONE‐DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY FLOW COMPUTER PROGRAM1
Authors: Peters John C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The routing of flood waves through the Central Basin of the Passaic River in New Jersey is complex because of flat gradients and flow reversals. The one‐dimensional unsteady flow program DWOPER, developed by the National Weather Service, was used to simulate flood wave movement through the Basin. A historical event was used for calibration and two synthetic events were simulated. Boundary conditions consisted of discharge hydrographs at inflow points to the study area, local flow hydrographs at interior points, and a stage discharge relation for flow over the crest of a diversion dam at the basin outlet. Manning's n values were adjusted based on stage and discharge data for the historical event; however, verification data were not available for events comparable in magnitude to the synthetic events. Aspects of the investigation reported include techniques for characterizing the flow system, model calibration, techniques for representing a tunnel diversion, and simulation results.
KRIGED ESTIMATES OF TRANSMISSIVITY IN THE MESILLA BOLSON, NEW MEXICO1
Authors: Palumbo M. R. , Khaleel R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Kriging utilizes a statistically based procedure of spatial interpolation that incorporates the spatial correlation structure of the phenomenon, and provides an error estimate. Kriging was applied to a total of 141 transmissivity values in an attempt to quantify the transmissivity distribution of the Santa Fe aquifer in Mesilla Bolson. New Mexico. The analysis produced contour maps of estimated transmissivity values and associated estimation variances. Through variogram analysis and fitting of an exponential variogrsm to 141 natural log of transmissivity (InT) values, the range was determined to be 3 miles, the average variance 2.74 (σInT= 1.65) with a mean of 8.65. Kriged estimates were generally lower when compared to estimates based on available transmissivity maps.
LOADING FUNCTIONS FOR PREDICTING NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Delwiche Lora L. Dickerhoff , Haith Douglas A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A loading function methodology is presented for predicting runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from complex watersheds. Separate models are defined for cropland, forest, urban and barnyard sources, and procedures for estimating baseflow nutrients are provided. The loading functions are designed for use as a preliminary screening tool to isolate the major contributors in a watershed. Input data sources are readily available and the functions do not require costly calibrations. Data requirements include watershed land use and soil information, daily precipitation and temperature records and rainfall erosivities. Comparison of predicted and measured water, sediment, and nutrient runoff fluxes for the West Branch Deleware River in New York, indicated that runoff was underpredicted by about 14 percent while dissolved nutrients were within 30 percent of observed values. Sediment and solid‐phase nutrients were overpredicted by about 50 percent. An annual nutrient budget for the West Branch Delaware River showed that cornland was the major source of sediment, solid phase nutrients, and total phosphorus. Waste water treatment plants and ground water discharge contributed the most dissolved phosphorus and dissolved nitrogen, respectively.
THROUGHFALL pH: EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION : TIMING AND AMOUNT1
Authors: Moore Ian D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Precipitation, throughfall, and stream pH were measured weekly over a 27‐week period in 1982 on the Little Millseat watershed in eastern Kentucky. The average pH values over the study period were 4.3, 4.9, and 6.4, respectively, indicating significant buffering as water moved from the atmosphere, through the deciduous canopy, and through or over the soil to the stream. Regression analysis demonstrated that the timing and amount of precipitation were important factors influencing the pH of the throughfall. Weekly precipitation and the three‐week average precipitation were statistically significant variables, explaining 53 percent of the variance in the observed through‐ fall pH. Precipitation pH was not a statistically significant variable for this watershed and sampling period.
ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN PROJECT, WASHINGTON1
Authors: Karlinger M. R. , Hansen A. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Appraisal‐level, engineering economic analyses for two types of irrigation systems are compared: (1) a surface‐water irrigation system, and (2) a ground‐water recharge irrigation system. An artificial recharge irrigation system is an economically viable alternative to surface‐distributed irrigation in a conjunctive irrigation plan if electric power rates remain sufficiently low. As electric rates increase, this viability generally decreases until it becomes completely unattractive at rates of about 0.012 dollars per kilowatt hour.
USE OF GEOSTATISTICS TO EVALUATE WATER QUALITY CHANGES DUE TO COAL MINING1
Authors: Rogowski A. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Large variability of water quality data often makes it difficult to judge whether or not the conditions in an aquifier or a stream are deteriorating or not the conditions in an aquifer or a stream are deteriorating or improving. A technique for separation of variograms into positive and negative difference components is proposed. This technique was applied to water quality data from a requality improved with time on the stripmined and undisturbed areas, declined in a seep and an adjoining stream and remained about the same in the deep mined zone.
GRADUATE EDUCATION IN WATER RESOURCES: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH1
Authors: Sprague Henry H. , Block Richard , Bulkley Jonathan W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The production of videotape as a product of a water resources seminar is an innovative approach to graduate education. The research effort required builds upon the traditional graduate seminar approach. The videotape production requires research effort to be focused into a coherent body of information which may be widely disseminated and effectively communicates information to the public. The use of outside speakers and field trips blends very well into the preparation of a videotape. The requriement to present the many sides of a complex water resource issue in a fair and equitable manner requires maturity and professional capability on the part of the students. The research effort requires the students to meet their professional obligation to present an objective, factual, and accurate statement of the issues studies.
A PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT LP MODEL CASE STUDY1
Authors: Jenq Tzay‐Rong , Granstrom Marvin L. , Hsueh Shing‐Fu , Uchrin Christopher G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A linear programming model to assess the cost‐effectiveness of appropriate point and nonpoint phosphorus control measures was constructed for Carnegie Lake, an eutrophic lake located in Mercer County, New Jersey. The resultant model was tested for present and future conditions. Feasible solutions were obtained only after significant relaxation of receiving water quality standards. The high levels of point source treatment required to meet the in‐stream water quality standards and the mesotrophic loading conditions suggest that a source control solution may not be feasible.
REUSE OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATERS: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1
Authors: Knapp Keith C. , Dinar Ariel
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The profitability of reusing agricultural drainage water for crop production depends on the salt tolerance of the crop being grown the salt concentration of the drainage water, the cost of obtaining it and price of good water. In the this paper the economics of drainwater resue is examined for six crops in two areas of southern California. The results suggest that drainwater reuse is not profitable for the fruit and vegetable crops considered but is profitable for the field crops considered when the price of good water is relatively high and cost of obtaining the draingage water is low.
IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF CONVERSION FROM FURROW TO DRIP IRRIGATION1
Authors: Yamauchi Hiroshi
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A model is developed to analyze the groundwater conservation and depletion effects of converting sugarcane irrigation from the furrow to the drip method. The results do not support the commonly held notion that more efficient use of irrigation water will release scarce water supplies for metropolitan growth.
DETERMINATION OF CROP PRODUCTION LOSS DUE TO INADEQUATE DRAINAGE IN A LARGE WATERSHED1
Authors: Kanwar R. S. , Johnson H. P. , Fenton T. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Results of a field survey designed to assess the extent of crop production losses due to inadequate drainage in a large watershed of Iowa is presented. Information on the current status of drainage of the watershed, located in the Des Moines River basin, was collected through personal interviews with 256 farmers from 60 legal drainage districts. The results of the survey indicate that 95 percent of the area in upper Des Moines River basin has inadequate district mains or main outlet drains currently having a design capacity of ≤ 0.64 cm/day drainage coefficient. Outlet capacity of 1.27 cm/day d.c. would be required for full production. Inadequate drainage in the watershed is currently responsible for crop yield reduction equal to about one‐third of the maximum yield potential for average weather conditions.
FLOOD WARNINGS AND FLOOD RESPONSES FOR THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH1
Authors: Goulter I. C. , Hannan T. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe flooding conditions in the basin of the Red River of the North are reviewed in terms of the accuracy of the flood forecasts and the response of both the floodplain occupants and government agencies to these forecasts. The flood prediction methods in Canada and the United States are compared. The accuracy of these prediction measures for the major floods in recent history is reviewed. The differences between the way in which the American and Canadian authorities approach the flood emergencies are outlined. The accuracy of the forecasts are plotted against a number of parameters which reflect the efficiency of the flood fighting measures initiated by those flood forecasts. The significant features of these plots are discussed.
SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR SELECTION OF PIPELINE ROUTES1
Authors: Whitehurst C. A. , Kinney R. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A brief review of environmental assessment methods is presented as an introduction to a study of environmental management problems in a coastal area of southern Louisiana. The assessment method used in the study is called suitability analysis and involves the use of matrices. The matrix approach is simply a convenient method for organizing all factors representing environmental concerns in a region. The matrices proved to be very useful in defining the present state of an environmental regime and in maintaining an inventory of regional features and potential impacts.

The method is described in detail and illustrated by evaluating the potential impacts of a major pipeline construction job in the area. Of major concern is the potential impact on the water resources of the region. Disruption to the natural drainage could be detremental, and affect the suitability of available water for a given use. Limitations of the method are discussed and potential areas for improvement and research are noted. Coupled with an economic assessment, the suitability analysis method should prove beneficial for selecting development sites for industries, residential areas, and other construction activities.
PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT TO PROTECT LAKE WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Antosch Larry M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Hallett Quarry gravel pit lakes are an active sand and gravel extraction operation located 0.4 km north of the City of Ames, Iowa. During periods of drought, these lakes serve as a supplemental water supply for Ames. A modified version of the Vollenweider input‐output model was used to predict future water quality under various watershed land use, drainage, and lake configurations. The dominant factor controlling the future water quality of the lakes was found to be the nutrient input. It is recommended that a management plan to protect the future water quality should be oriented towards reducing the sources of phosphorus to the lakes.
DYNAMICS OF ADDED NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE COMPARED IN A NORTHERN CALIFORNIA WOODLAND STREAM1
Authors: Sebetich Michael J. , Kennedy Vance C. , Zand S. Marc , Avanzino Ronald J. , Zellweger Gary W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:

Injections of NO3 and PO4 were made during September 1975 into Little Lost Man Creek, a small pristine stream in Redwood National Park, California. Chloride, a conservative constituent, was added in a known ratio to the nutrients. Nutrient loss at a downstream point was calculated using concentration of added Cl as a reference. Nitrate nitrogen (NO3‐N), added for 4 h, reached 920 μg/1 (above 5 μg/1 background) just below the injection point, but increased only to 405 μg/1 at 310 m downstream. The concentration decrease was attributed to dispersion and to uptake by stream biota. Percent of NO3‐N lost decreased with increasing concentration of NO3‐N. Phosphate phosphorus (PO4‐P) was added a week after the NO3‐N for 3 h, causing a concentration increase of 296 μg/1 (above 13 μg/1 background) just below the injection point, of 161 μg/1 at 90 m downstream, and of 98 μg/1 at 310 m. Percent loss of PO4‐P at downstream sites increased with increasing PO4‐P concentration and also for a short period after peak concentration occurred, but then decreased as PO4‐P concentration continued decreasing. Differences in stream response to added NO3‐N and PO4‐P are attributed to differing rates of reaction with biota and differing degrees of interaction with abiotic stream solids.
IMPACT OF WATER CUTBACK ON SUGARCANE PRODUCTION IN THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES1
Authors: Shih S. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) was planted in six lysimeters containing Pahokee muck (Lithic Mediaprist) where water tables were maintained at 30, 60, and 90 cm depths. The main objective was to study the impact of a 40 percent water cutback (108 mm) on sugarcane production during the period near the end of the dry season (i.e., May). The water cutback treatment was simulated through manipulation of water table depth. Due to the high available water capacity of the muck soil and selection of a sugarcane cultivar ‘CP63‐588’ (which has a high tolerance of water table fluctuations), the sugarcane growth, and the yields of sugarcane biomass and sugar were not significantly different as a result of the treatments with and without 40 percent water cutback during a period of two months. This result is in good agreement with the 1981 cane yield in the Everglades Agricultural Area where a 35 percent water cutback was imposed during the 1981 drought.
EMERGING CONCEPTS FOR THE CONDUCT OF STATE WATER RESOURES PLANNING1
Authors: Shabman Leonard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The development of water resources planning at the state level is discussed. Although there are significant specific differences among state planning programs, some common general principles of state water resources planning are emerging over time. In the interest of reconciling conflict over water allocation states are engaged in policy clarification, mediation of interst group conflict, and provision of baseline information.
A VESSEL LICENSING FEE AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROPOSAL FOR A DEEP DRAFT WATERWAY USER CHARGE1
Authors: Martin Michael V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Congress, with the support of the Reagan Administration, is considering the imposition of a user fee on deep draft waterways and ports. Two major bills emerged in the 98th Congress and proposes a tax on import‐export value while the other proposes a tax on import‐export tonnage. This paper proposes and discusses another user fee alternative, a vessel licensing system. It outlines the advantages of such a fee system under a set of assumed objectives and discusses the range of possible license charge levels under a cost recovery target of $250 million.
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO TWO ESTUARINE FISH SPECIES SUBJECTED TO BIS (tri‐n‐butyltin) OXIDE1
Authors: Hall Lenwood W. , Pinkney Alfred E. , Zeger Scott , Burton Dennis T. , Lenkevich Michael J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the avoidance responses of juvenile striped bass, Morone saxatilis and Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus to bis (tri‐n‐butyltin) oxide. An avoidance responses was exhibited by striped bass at a total organic tin concentration of 24.9 μg/L. Atlantic menhaden exhibited avoidance to total organic tin concentrations of 5.5 μg/L and greater. Atlantic menhaden are generally more sensitive to toxicants than striped bass; therefore, avoidance responses reported in this study are not surprising. It is highly likely that the concentrations of total organic tin that were avoided by the test species in this study were much higher than expected environmental concentrations. Ecologically significant hazards may occur due to potential effects that unperceived or non‐avoided organotin concentrations may have on behavioral responses mediated by chemosensory systems.
RELATIONS BETWEEN COLOR AND SOME LIMNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDA LAKES1
Authors: Canfield Daniel E. , Linda Stephen B. , Hodgson Lynn M.
Published: June 2007

Data obtained from a limnological survey of 165 Florida lakes were analyzed to determine regional differences in lake color (Pt‐Co units) and relations between color and various physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Average color measurements for the different lakes ranged from 0 to 416 Pt‐Co units with individual measurements being as high as 600 Pt‐Co units. With the exception of extreme south Florida, lake color concentrations were found to increase from north to south and from inland highlands to lowlands. Central Florida had the greatest heterogeneity in lake color because of an extremely diverse geology and physiography. Color was inversely related to Secchi disc transparency and positively related to total iron concentrations. Color was not strongly related to pH, total alkalinity, nutrients, chlorophyll a, and many other limnological parameters. Although lakes having color concentrations greater than 20 Pt‐Co units can often be visually identified as colored lakes, the limnological processes in these are not necessarily different from those of lakes having clear water.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF A DRAINAGE SIMULATION MODEL1
Authors: Kanwar R. S. , Johnson H. P.
Published: June 2007

A sensitivity analysis of a computer model, simulating major water and nitrogen processes of a soil‐water‐plant‐climatic system on an annual basis, was conducted to determine how the model reacts to the variations in selected hydrologic and nitrogen parameters. Two major output variables (namely, total subsurface drain volume and cumulative nitrate loss with subsurface drain water) were selected for the sensitivity analysis. Model sensitivity analysis shows that the model is most sensitive to hydrologic parameters. The model is very sensitive to variations in the initial water content in the soil profile.
HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF A LARGE‐SCALE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE (DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS) EPIDEMIC1
Authors: Potts Donald F.
Published: June 2007

The Jack Creek watershed, a 133 km2 (51.5 mi2) drainage in southwestern Montana, was impacted by a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) epidemic in 1975–1977 which killed an estimated 35 percent of its total timber. Analyses of USGS streamflow data for four years prior to and five years after mortality suggest a 15 percent post‐epidemic increase in annual water yield, a two‐to three‐week advance in the annual hydrograph, a 10 percent increase in low flows and little increase of peak runoff.
A QUARTER CENTURY OF INDUSTRIAL WATER USE AND A DECADE OF DISCHARGE CONTROLS1
Authors: David E. L.
Published: June 2007

This paper explores the trends in industrial water intake, discharge, recycling, and gross water use to see whether or not the 1972 Clean Water Act (CWA) has had an impact on industrial effluent discharge.

Quinquennial Census data indicate that the levels of discharge, both generally and per unit of product, have been falling for as long as these data have been gathered. Trends in gross water use and recycling ratios suggest that during the 25 years of record production processes were gradually modified so that less total water was discharged and less was used per unit of output.

Untreated discharge as a percent of all discharge fell fairly steadily across all industries until 1973 and continued to fall in 1978 in the major BOD‐discharging industries. By 1978, 75 percent of the pulp and paper effluent and 40 percent of the food processing effluent was treated. The consistent increase in treated discharge in the pulp and paper mills, with their large component of BOD‐related process discharge, was not matched by parallel trends in the steel, petroleum, and chemicals industries with their relatively smaller amounts (and percents) of process discharge. This suggests that the CWA may have been responsible in part for the change in the former.

In the pulp and paper industry, there is further evidence that the CWA has influenced wastewater discharge. Although, for the century as a whole, pulp and paper mills discharged less water, and more discharge was treated, in 1978 than in 1973, these trends were especially dramatic among firms in the Northeast where controls were likely to have been most stringent. Finally, using the only direct evidence we have, it appears that the drop in discharge levels and the increasing amounts of treatment had a significant effect on the amount of BOD discharged to surface and ground water. In 1973 the pulp and paper mills in Wisconsin discharged an average of about 868,000 lbs/day; by 1982, despite increased levels of production, they discharged less than 10 percent of that.

There is no doubt that industrial water use changed over the 25 years of record. Although the evidence is circumstantial, it appears that the CWA and the environmental ethic which spawned it played an important part in some aspects of the shifts.
IMPACTS ON GROUNDWATER DUE TO LAND APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE1
Authors: Higgins Andrew J.
Published: June 2007

The project was designed to demonstrate the potential benefits of utilizing sewage sludge as a soil conditioner and fertilizer on Sassafras sandy loam soil. Aerobically digested, liquid sewage sludge was applied to the soil at rates of 0, 22.4, and 44.8 Mg of dry solids/ha for three consecutive years between 1978 and 1981. Groundwater, soil, and crop contamination levels were monitored to establish the maximum sewage solids loading rate that could be applied without causing environmental deterioration. The results indicate that application of 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha of sludge is the upper limit to ensure protection of the groundwater quality on the site studied. Application rates at or slightly below 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha are sufficient for providing plant nutrients for the dent corn and rye cropping system utilized in the study.
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITIES1
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: June 2007

The entire water resources field is not contemplated, although reference thereto will be registered. Water supply for potable and hygienic purposes will be presented as symbolic of the global issues confronting 4.8 billion people. Some two billion of these live in the so‐called developing or less favored countries. They are either underserved or not served at all by utility systems of whatever grade. Targets for meeting their needs were exemplified by the international agencies in the International Water and Sanitation Decade of 1980‐1990. Some successes are apparent, but, in general, hopes are not fulfilled. The pace of accomplishment is very slow. Constraints will be reviewed in some detail. Challenges for reducing these and increasing pace of installations are presented. The potential for a global public works program unprecedented in history is reviewed.

Several issues will not be discussed in this paper. Their omission rests primarily upon the fact that their resolution is improbable for decades ahead, if ever.

Economists have categorized water as any other economic commodity ‐ and should always be subject to benefit‐cost scrutiny. I do not share that view. People could well live without the telephone or the automobile, a destroyer. Without water, their survival is a matter of days. Cost‐benefit seems unreal and singularly inappropriate under such circumstances.

Secondly, the search for quantifying the health impact of safe water goes on forever. My view is that the results speak for themselves ‐ while sturdy souls continue to seek out the exact correlation figure. Thirdly, the population explosion, although softened a bit, proceeds apace while I write. Lastly, the exposition herein is restricted to potable water and its associated sanitation aspects. Other major uses of water, obviously highly important, are not addressed.
STATE WATER CONSERVATION STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES1
Authors: Sawyer Stephen W.
Published: June 2007

States have the potential to play a major role in moving water conservation from conferences and reports that identify its advantages to actual practice. The research identifies four generic “strategies” that categorize the states' approaches toward conservation and reports on the states' current conservation activities. The four strategies are: reliance on agricultural advisors, leverage incentives, performance standards, and mandatory actions. Four levels of state conservation activity exist. California and Florida maintain the most extensive programs; Arizona, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Oklahoma also have numerous programs but significantly lower staff commitments; eight additional states maintain more

modest conservation effotts. Elsewhere, state directed conservation actions remain minimal and limited to those provided as agricultural advice. The study found support for water conservation the norm among water supply planners.
IMPROVING WETLAND POLICY THROUGH AMELIORATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS ON LOCAL ECONOMIES1
Authors: Leitch Jay A. , Scott Donald F.
Published: June 2007

An input‐output model was used to estimate changes in expenditure and income flows due to restoring drained wetlands in North Dakota. Results indicate a payment in addition to the amount paid to the landowner may be necessary to make local economies as well off after restoration as before.
DESIGN FOR A STABLE CHANNEL IN COARSE ALLUVIUM FOR RIPARIAN ZONE RESTORATION1
Authors: Jackson William L. , Haveren Bruce P. Van
Published: June 2007

Geomorphic, hydraulic and hydrologic principles are applied in the design of a stable stream channel for a badly disturbed portion of Badger Creek, Colorado, and its associated riparian and meadow complexes. The objective is to shorten the period of time required for a channel in coarse alluvium to recover from an impacted morphologic state to a regime condition representative of current watershed conditions. Channel geometry measurements describe the stream channel and the normal bankfull stage in relatively stable reaches. Critical shear stress equations were used to design a stable channel in noncohesive materials with dimensions which approximate those of less disturbed reaches. Gabion controls, spaced at approximately 300 m intervals, are recommended to help reduce the chance of lateral migration of the newly constructed channel. Controls are designed to allow for some vertical adjustment of the channel bed following increased bank stability due to revegetation. The flood plain is designed to dissipate flood flow energy and discourage multiple flood channels. The channel has approximately a 90 percent chance of remaining stable the first two years following construction, the time estimated for increased stability to occur due to revegetation.
METHODS OF FITTING A STRAIGHT LINE TO DATA: EXAMPLES IN WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Hirsch Robert M. , Gilroy Edward J.
Published: June 2007

Three methods of fitting straight lines to data are described and their purposes are discussed and contrasted in terms of their applicability in various water resources contexts. The three methods are ordinary least squares (OLS), least normal squares (LNS), and the line of organic correlation (OC). In all three methods the parameters are based on moment statistics of the data. When estimation of an individual value is the objective, OLS is the most appropriate. When estimation of many values is the objective and one wants the set of estimates to have the appropriate variance, then OC is most appropriate. When one wishes to describe the relationship between two variables and measurement error is unimportant, then OC is most appropriate. Whee the error is important in descriptive problems or in calibration problems, then structural analysis techniques may be most appropriate. Finally, if the problem is one of describing some geographic trajectory, then LNS is most appropriate.
FORESTS AND OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH STREAMFLOWS IN EAST TEXAS1
Authors: Chang Mingteh , Watters Steven P.
Published: June 2007

Effects of proportion of watersheds in forest and watershed physiographic factors on mean annual streamflow (1965‐76), median flow, and 12 flood flow characteristics were regionally analyzed for 19 unregulated streams in East Texas. Annual streamflow increased with decreasing proportion of forest area. Differences in annual streamflow between full forest cover and bare watersheds could be as much as 200 mm. Other things being equal, the minimum watershed area required to generate 0.142 cm (5 cfs), a criterion used by the U.S. Corps of Engineering in regulating dredge and fill activity for water pollution abatement in East Texas streams, is 70 km2 (27 mi2). Of the 31 physio‐climatic parameters analyzed, watershed area, percent forest area, shape index, spring precipitation, and annual temperature were the most significant in affecting streamflow characteristics in East Texas. Using 2‐3 of these five variables, all of the 14 streamflow characteristics can be estimated with accuracy ranging from acceptable to excellent levels.
A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS IN RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Griffin Thomas T. , Ferrara Raymond A.
Published: June 2007

The models available for simulating phosphorus dynamics and trophic state in impoundments vary widely. The simpler empirically derived phosphorus models tend to be appropriate for long‐term, steady or near steady state analyses. The more complex ecosystem models, because of computational expense and the importance of input parameter uncertainty, are impractical for very long‐term simulation and most applicable for time‐variable water quality simulations generally of short to intermediate time frames. An improved model for time variable, long‐term simulation of trophic state in reservoirs with fluctuating inflow and outflow rates and volume is needed. Such a model is developed in this paper representing the phosphorus cycle in two‐layer (i.e., epilimnion and hypolimnion) reservoirs. The model is designed to simulate seasonally varying reservoir water quality and eutrophication potential by using the phosphorus state variable as the water quality indicator. Long‐term simulations with fluctuating volumes and variable influent and effluent flow rates are feasible and practical. The model utility is demonstrated through application to a pumped storage reservoir characteristic of these conditions.
A NUMERICAL MODEL OF POLLUTION TRANSPORT IN ESTUARIES1
Authors: Henry F. S. , Ahlert R. C. , Peskin R. L. , Vichnevetsky R.
Published: June 2007

A novel model of pollution transport in estuaries is proposed. The model provides some two‐dimensional features of pollution transport while using an essentially one‐dimensional approach. The model is tested against data taken from a dye study conducted in the Delaware Estuary by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The model is able to predict both lateral and downstream concentration profiles, and is shown to match field data with reasonable accuracy.
SIMULATION OF HERBICIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN STORMFLOW FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Nutter W. L. , Tkacs T. , Bush P. B. , Neary D. G.
Published: June 2007

The breakpoint rainfall hydrology and pesticide options of the field scale model CREAMS (Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems) were used to predict average concentrations of hexazinone [3 cyclohexyl‐6‐(dimethyl‐amino)‐1‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione] in stormflow from four forested watersheds in the upper Piedmont region of Georgia. Predicted concentrations were compared with measured concentrations recorded over a 13‐month period. CREAMS accurately predicted hexazinone concetrations in the initial stormflow events which also contained the highest concentrations. The model underestimated the hexazinone concentrations in stormflow two months and greater following pesticide application. In a companion study, the daily rainfall option of the CREAMS model was used to evaluate the reltive risk associated with the maximum expected concentration of hexazinone, bromacil (5‐bromo‐3 sec‐butyl‐6 methyuracil), picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6 trichloropicolinic acid), dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐0‐anisic acid), and triclopyr {[(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} in stormflow from small forested watersheds. The model predicted the following order of potential residue appearance in stormflow: bromacil>triclopyr>hexazinone>picloram>dicamba. Subsurface movement of residues via interflow and deep leaching losses are not simulated by the version of CREAMS used in these studies.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT DELIVERY RATIOS1
Authors: Khanbilvardi R. M. , Rogowski A. S.
Published: June 2007

Ability to adequately estimate sediment yield is an important step in dealing effectively with soil erosion problems. Predictions of sediment yield made using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) with different forms of sediment delivery ratio (SDR) are compared with those made by Modified USLE (MUSLE) and a fundamentally derived Erosion‐Deposition Model (EDM). The USLE and USLE with SDR are poor predictors of sediment yield for individual storms compared to the MUSLE and EDM. Although MUSLE gave better results than USLE it showed somewhat more scatter of data points than the recently developed EDM.
NEW HAMPSHIRE WATER SYSTEMS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND OWNERSHIP CONSIDERATIONS1
Authors: Lindsay Bruce E.
Published: June 2007

An econometric model was developed to measure the influence of several environmentally oriented variables and an ownership variable upon the average total residential water costs for New Hampshire water systems. The implementation of leak detection programs, localized institutional rules and regulations, and hazardous waste inspection programs were statistically significant in influencing residential water costs. The existence of a water conservation program did not statistically influence these per unit costs.

Water systems that were privately owned resulted in per unit costs that were higher relative to firms that were publicly owned.
SAGE: A NEW PARTICIPANT‐VALUE METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Hyman Eric L. , Moreau David H. , Stiftel Bruce
Published: June 2007

SAGE, a proposed method for environmental assessment, focuses on eliciting and incorporating value weights in multiple‐objective decision making. In this method, the value weights are inferred from the tradeoffs that people make in choices about alternatives. These weights are applied to scaled scores for accounts based on measurable attributes of each objective. In order to indicate the political ramifications of decisions and to facilitate sensitivity analysis, the values held by various groups are presented in matrix from arrayed by group affiliation or by judgment types that share common values. Results of a trial application of SAGE to a land use/watershed management problem in a growing urban area are presented.
MEASURING THE SITE‐SPECIFIC RECREATION BENEFITS RESULTING FROM IMPROVED WATER QUALITY: AN UPPER BOUND APPROACH1
Authors: Ochs Jack , Thorn Richard S.
Published: June 2007

The estimation of the value of recreation benefits resulting from improved water quality is required for many purposes. In particular, the Water Pollution Control Act of 1980 requires the consideration of the reasonableness of costs of reducing water pollution in relation to benefits to be derived from establishing effluent standards (Clean Water Act of 1977). Recreation is often the most important benefit resulting from water quality improvement. Current methods used to calculate recreation benefits are either not site‐specific or are expensive and controversial. This paper presents a relatively simple, inexpensive, and less controversial method of calculating site‐specific recreation benefits resulting from improved water quality. It does this by producing an upper bound estimate which often is adequate for the relevant decision. The upper bound estimates is based on two assumptions: 1) there are alternative equivalent substitute sites for the newly augmented water quality site, and 2) the new augmented recreation opportunities at the site will be used to their maximum supply capacity. Clearly, if an upper bound benefit estimate in a cost‐benefit ratio does not produce a favorable ratio, no other benefit estimate will. In cases where this estimate produces an ambiguous result resort must be had to other more precise methods of estimation.
REGIONALIZATION AND PREDICTION OF FLOODS IN THE FRASER RIVER CATCHMENT, B.C.1
Authors: Waylen Peter R. , Woo Ming‐ko
Published: June 2007

Probability distributions that model the return periods of flood characteristics derived from partial duration series are proposed and tested in the Fraser River catchment of British Columbia. Theoretical distributions describing the magnitude, duration, frequency and timing of floods are found to provide a goof fit to the observed data. The five estimated parameters summarizing the flood characteristics of each basin are entered into a discriminant analysis procedure to establish flood regions. Three regions were identified, each displaying flood behavior closely related to the physical conditions of the catchment. Within each region, regression equations are obtained between parameter values and basin climatic and physiographic variables. These equations provide a satisfactory prediction of flood parameters and this allows the estimation of a comprehensive set of flood characteristics for areas with sparse hydrologic information.
SALINITY ISSUES AND WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE GREEN RIVER BASIN, WYOMING1
Authors: Cooke Steven D. , Ahem John
Published: June 2007

Water development in the Green River Basin of Wyoming is projected to increase salinity downstream in the Green River and Colorado River, and thereby increase salinity costs to users of water from these two rivers. Despite these water quality and economic impacts to downstream water users, Wyoming will probably be able to develop its currently unused but allocated water supplies of the Green River Basin. The Colorado River Compact and Upper Colorado River Basin Compact are binding, and protect Wyoming's share of the Colorado River System waters for future use. The argument that water may be used to greater profit downstream is not sufficient to reduce Wyoming's allocation. In addition, the no‐injury rule under the appropriation doctrine of law does not appear to protect prior downstream appropriations from increasing salinity in this case.
ON THE USE OF SEEPAGE METERS TO ESTIMATE GROUNDWATER NUTRIENT LOADING TO LAKES1
Authors: Belanger Thomas V. , Mikutel Donald F.
Published: June 2007

Data from a study on East Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, indicate that the seepage meter measurement method may often overestimate nutrient contributions to lakes. Nutrient loading data from this method and a method employing lakeside piezometer nutrient data and seepage meter flows were not comparable. Seepage nutrient loading from the meter and piezometer methods comprised 39 and 18 percent of the nitrogen budget and 38 and 9 percent of the phosphorus budget, respectively, for East Lake Tohopekaliga. In terms of water, groundwater seepage accounted for only 14 percent of the total input to the lake. It is felt that some of the past studies using the seepage meter method to estimate nutrient loading may be in error due to reasons related to the enclosure of lake sediments by the meter and the accompanying anaerobic conditions which quickly result.
ESTIMATING REGIONAL SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT WITH A SIMPLE SIMULATION MODEL1
Authors: Kattelmann R. C. , Berg N. H. , Pack M. K.
Published: June 2007

A simple simulation model designed to monitor snow‐packs of the central Sierra Nevada is described. The model estimates average snow water equivalent for rectangular subregions in the area. Static subregion characteristics, daily precipitation and mean and minimum air temperatures measured at three index stations are the only needed input values. A water balance technique simulates daily snowpack changes in each subregion. Reasonable basinwide water equivalent values are produced. The procedure should be useful for estimating snow water distribution in large mountainous watersheds.
A NET BENEFIT MODEL FOR RECREATION PLANNING AT DRINKING WATER RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Behan John J. , Gross Meir , Klar Lawrence R.
Published: June 2007

A management model was developed for determining levels of recreation activities at public drinking water reservoirs. Quabbin Reservoir, located in central Massachusetts, served as a case study for the model. An interdisciplinary research team was formed to study the impact of selected recreation activities on water quality, public demand and willingness to pay for selected recreation activities, carrying capacity constraints, and the economic cost/benefits associated with increases in recreation at the Quabbin Reservation. Study variables were integrated into a quadratic programming model, producing the number of participants that corresponds to maximum net benefits for specific development packages on design days.

The recreation mix associated with maximum net economic benefits was found to be cost‐effective (assuming the use of reasonable entrance fees) and not deleterious to water quality. However, as a result of the findings of a related study, it was recommended that nutrients, particularly from wastewater, not be permitted to enter the reservoir, since the current phosphorous level may be at a critical point. Management techniques that would safeguard against this occurrence were recommended. The model was sensitive to management objectives; recommendations were limited to activities that would not lower the existing high quality of Quabbin water.
ASSESSMENT OF REMOTE SENSING INPUT TO HYDROLOGIC MODELS1
Authors: Rango Albert
Published: June 2007

Remotely sensed variables such as land cover type and snow‐cover extent can currently be used directly and effectively in a few specific hydrologic models. Regression models can also be developed using physiographic and snow‐cover data to permit estimation of discharge characteristics over extended periods such as a season or year. Most models, however, are not of an appropriate design to readily accept as input the various types of remote sensing parameters that can be obtained now or in the future. Because this new technology has the potential for producing hydrologic data that has significant information content on an areal basis, both inexpensively and repetitively, effort should be devoted now to either modifying existing models or developing new models that can use these data. Minor modifications would at least allow the remote sensing data to be used in an ancillary way to update the model state variables, whereas major structural modifications or new models would permit direct input of the data through remote sensing compatible algorithms. Although current remote sensing inputs to hydrologic models employ only visible and near infrared data, model modification or development should accommodate microwave and thermal infrared data that will be more widely available in the future.
PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR THE BIOMASS OF BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE IN LAKES1
Authors: Smith Val H.
Published: June 2007

In lakes which experience water quality problems due to the nuisance growth of blue‐green algae, summer concentrations of chlorophyll a may not always be a meaningful measure of water quality for making management decisions. Models for the prediction of summer mean blue‐green algal biomass were thus developed from data collected from five systems located in North America and Sweden. It is suggested that the model of choice is log BG =−0.142 + 0.596 log TP – 0.963 log Z, where BG is the biomass of blue‐green algae (g m−3), TP is the concentration of total phosphorus (mg m−3), and Z is the mean depth of the lake (m). When coupled to current loading models, this model can potentially be used to assess the impacts of phosphorus loading reductions on threshold odor in water supplies.
VALUATION OF IMPROVED IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY FROM AN EXHAUSTIBLE GROUNDWATER SOURCE1
Authors: Lee John G. , Ellis John R. , Lacewell Ronald D.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents estimates made via a recursive linear programming model of the net benefits of improving irrigation application efficiency from an exhaustible groundwater source. Net benefits were derived for different application efficiency levels under furrow, sprinkler, and LEPA irrigation systems. In addition, net benefit estimates were obtained for the transition across irrigation systems. Solutions from the model indicate that low crop prices have a differential impact on net benefits across irrigation application efficiencies and irrigation systems. Also, the more limited groundwater situations consistently reduce the economic incentive to adopt improved irrigation application techniques across all irrigation systems.
EFFECTS OF COAL PILE RUNOFF ON STREAM QUALITY AND MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES1
Authors: Swift Michael C.
Published: June 2007

Samples of coal pile runoff, Georges Creek water, and macrobenthos above and below two coal storage areas along Georges Creek, Allegany County, Maryland, were collected in July, August, and September 1982, and February and July 1983. Coal pile runoff was collected under high‐ and low‐flow conditions. Water samples were analyzed for Hg, Zn, As, Fe, Mn, Al, SO4−2, pH, filterable and non‐filterable residue, conductivity and acidity. Leachate from coal piles along Georges Creek contained high concentrations of heavy metals, particularly manganese, aluminum and zinc. Iron and sulfate were very high and the pH ranged from 1.4 to 3.1. Georges Creek water had much lower concentrations of metals, iron and sulfate and a pH of about 7.0. The distribution of macrobenthos in Georges Creek showed the effects of both runoff from coal storage piles and periodic drought. Brillouin's diversity index values were low even in areas which did not dry. Densities of tubificid worms and chironomid larvae were very high above the coal storage areas where organic inputs were high. At all the rest of the sampling stations, macroinvertebrate densities were very low. Where coal pile runoff enters Georges Creek, it compounds the effects of periodic drought and further stresses the aquatic community.