bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactive blend of epoxy‐novolac resin and epoxide‐terminated low‐molecular‐weight poly(phenylene oxide)
Authors: Mo Jingzhao , Xia Lei , Pan Pengju , Shentu Baoqing , Weng Zhixue
Published: June 2012

The epoxide‐terminated low‐molecular‐weight poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), EPPO, was synthesized by modifying the terminal hydroxyl group of PPO and it was reactively blended with epoxy‐novolac resin (EPN). The curing kinetics, phase morphology, thermal stability, dielectric property, and water absorption behavior of the cured EPN/EPPO blends were investigated and compared with the unmodified EPN/PPO blends. As revealed by the FTIR and DSC analysis, EPPO takes part in the curing reaction and forms a reactive blend with EPN. The curing rate of both EPN/PPO and EPN/EPPO blends first increases and then decreases with increasing the PPO or EPPO fraction. The blends have lower degree of curing than neat EPN, due to the steric hindrance effects of PPO or EPPO. Because of the reaction between blend components, EPN/EPPO blends show faster curing rate and higher degree of curing than the corresponding EPN/PPO blends. The reactive blending improves the dispersion of EPPO in EPN matrix and the EPN/EPPO blend forms a co‐continuous morphology even at a low EPPO content, compared to the typical sea‐island morphology of the EPN/PPO blend. The EPN/EPPO blend has remarkable smaller dielectric constant, dissipation factor, and water absorption than neat EPN. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
In‐line near‐infrared spectroscopy: A tool to monitor the preparation of polymer‐clay nanocomposites in extruders
Authors: Barbas Joana M. , Machado Ana V. , Covas José A.
Published: June 2012

In‐line diffuse reflectance and on‐line transmission near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIR) measurements are performed at the same location of the barrel of a twin screw extruder during the preparation of a polypropylene/clay nanocomposite. Their performance is evaluated by means of a 7‐parameter chemometric model using off‐line rheological and structural (FTIR) data obtained from samples prepared under different screw speed, compatibilizer content and clay loading, as well as a process‐related thermomechanical index. Despite the higher variability of the diffuse reflectance signal, the two models present analogous high quality indices. The aptness of the reflectance measurements is thus validated, which has direct practical advantages, as this probe can be fixed in any typical melt pressure transducer port. The probe is then used for the real‐time in‐line monitoring of the production of the same nanocomposite but now using different throughputs, and the chemometric‐based predictions are compared with experimental off‐line characterization data. The nonlinear effect of throughput is correctly anticipated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Nanoindentation as a Probe for Mechanically‐Induced Molecular Migration in Layered Organic Donor–Acceptor Complexes
Authors: Varughese Sunil , Kiran Mangalampalli S. R. N. , Ramamurty Upadrasta , Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: June 2012

Nanoindentation and scratch experiments on 1:1 donor–acceptor complexes, 1 and 2, of 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene with pyrene and phenanthrene, respectively, reveal long‐range molecular layer gliding and large interaction anisotropy. Due to the layered arrangements in these crystals, these experiments that apply stress in particular directions result in the breaking of interlayer interactions, thus allowing molecular sheets to glide over one another with ease. Complex 1 has a layered crystal packing wherein the layers are 68° skew under the (002) face and the interlayer space is stabilized by van der Waals interactions. Upon indenting this surface with a Berkovich tip, pile‐up of material was observed on just one side of the indenter due to the close angular alignment of the layers with the half angle of the indenter tip (65.35°). The interfacial differences in the elastic modulus (21 %) and hardness (16 %) demonstrate the anisotropic nature of crystal packing. In 2, the molecular stacks are arranged in a staggered manner; there is no layer arrangement, and the interlayer stabilization involves CH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds and π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. This results in a higher modulus (20 %) for (020) as compared to (001), although the anisotropy in hardness is minimal (4 %). The anisotropy within a face was analyzed using AFM image scans and the coefficient of friction of four orthogonal nanoscratches on the cleavage planes of 1 and 2. A higher friction coefficient was obtained for 2 as compared to 1 even in the cleavage direction due to the presence of hydrogen bonds in the interlayer region making the tip movement more hindered.
Haploinsufficiency of CMIP in a Girl With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Delay due to a De Novo Deletion on Chromosome 16q23.2
Authors: Van der Aa Nathalie , Vandeweyer Geert , Reyniers Edwin , Kenis Sandra , Dom Lina , Mortier Geert , Rooms Liesbeth , Kooy R. Frank
Published: June 2012

In a developmentally delayed girl with an autism spectrum disorder, Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis showed a de novo 280 kb deletion on chromosome 16q23.2 involving two genes, GAN and CMIP. Inactivating mutations in GAN cause the autosomal recessive disorder giant axonal neuropathy, not present in our patient. CMIP was recently implicated in the etiology of specific language impairment by genome‐wide association analysis. It modulates phonological short‐term memory and hence plays an important role in language acquisition. Overlaps of specific language impairment and autism have been debated in the literature regarding the phenotypical language profile as well as etiology. Our patient illustrates that haploinsufficiency of CMIP may contribute to autism spectrum disorders. Our finding further supports the existence of a genetic overlap in the etiology of specific language impairment and autism. Autism Res 2012, 5: 277–281. © 2012 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating the techno‐economic trade‐offs of hydrogen source using a response surface model of drop‐in biofuel production via bio‐oil upgrading
Authors: Wright Mark M. , Román‐Leshkov Yuriy , Green William H.
Published: June 2012

This study presents a parametric fitting of the economics of bio‐oil stabilization and hydroprocessing to naphtha and diesel range blend fuel. The data is fit with a response surface model (RSM). Technical variables evaluated in this study are rate of bio‐oil upgrading and natural gas input rate. Economic variables considered include bio‐oil, natural gas, hydrogen, catalyst, capital, and fossil carbon costs.

Our base case consists of a 1440 tonnes per day bio‐oil upgrading biorefinery concept design for the production of naphtha and diesel range blend stock fuels. The RSM represents variation around this base case. The process model includes reforming, stabilization, and hydroprocessing sections. Total project investment for this concept is $171.5 million or $2.34 per gallon of bio‐oil input capacity. This base case biorefinery generates 71.8 million gallons of fuel (5182 barrels per day) at a minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $2.48 per gallon.

We investigated the techno‐economic impacts of different hydrogen sources on the bio‐oil upgrading process. Hydrogen from bio‐oil reforming results in the lowest biofuel emissions but is not always economical. A portion of available bio‐oil should be converted to hydrogen under two main conditions: the cost of hydrogen from bio‐oil is lower than procuring hydrogen from other sources and the lost income due to a lower biofuel output; and/or when there is a market or policy constraint limiting fossil fuel use. Results indicate that to minimize fuel costs, the amount of bio‐oil upgraded should decrease from ≥90% to 80% as bio‐oil prices decline from $1.37 to $0.70 per gallon depending on market conditions. Carbon emission constrains such as those mandated by the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) could force bio‐oil upgrading rates to less than 90%.
Envisioning the transition to a next‐generation biofuels industry in the US Midwest
Authors: Dweikat Ismail , Weil Clifford , Moose Stephen , Kochian Leon , Mosier Nathan , Ileleji Klein , Brown Patrick , Peer Wendy , Murphy Angus , Taheripour Farzad , McCann Maureen , Carpita Nicholas
Published: June 2012

Corn grain ethanol production is a mature industry built on a Midwestern agricultural infrastructure. Second‐ and third‐generation biofuels and bio‐based products industries could take advantage of this robust framework. Significant but not insurmountable barriers remain for grower acceptance of bioenergy crop plants and capital investment in transitioning from grain to lignocellulosic biomass at scale. The existing infrastructure in the Midwest provides a model for implementing an environmentally responsible and sustainable next‐generation biofuels industry into the agro‐economy. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Hydrothermal conversion of glycerol to chemicals and hydrogen: review and perspective
Authors: Long Yun‐Duo , Fang Zhen
Published: June 2012

Abstract: As biodiesel production worldwide is expanding dramatically, its main by‐product glycerol (accounting for 10 wt% of total products) should find other applications by converting it to value‐added products. Hydrothermal process is used in the conversion of glycerol to acrolein, lactic acid, and other promising commodity chemicals. This review mainly focuses on the hydrothermal conversion of glycerol to chemicals in sub‐ and super‐critical water with acid /base catalysts or without catalysts. Hydrothermal gasification of glycerol to hydrogen is also covered. Furthermore, the mechanisms of hydrothermal conversion of glycerol under different conditions are introduced. The problems and future perspective for the practical applications of glycerol are also discussed. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Bias analysis and the simulation‐extrapolation method for survival data with covariate measurement error under parametric proportional odds models
Authors: Yi Grace Y. , He Wenqing
Published: June 2012

It has been well known that ignoring measurement error may result in substantially biased estimates in many contexts including linear and nonlinear regressions. For survival data with measurement error in covariates, there has been extensive discussion in the literature with the focus on proportional hazards (PH) models. Recently, research interest has extended to accelerated failure time (AFT) and additive hazards (AH) models. However, the impact of measurement error on other models, such as the proportional odds model, has received relatively little attention, although these models are important alternatives when PH, AFT, or AH models are not appropriate to fit data. In this paper, we investigate this important problem and study the bias induced by the naive approach of ignoring covariate measurement error. To adjust for the induced bias, we describe the simulation‐extrapolation method. The proposed method enjoys a number of appealing features. Its implementation is straightforward and can be accomplished with minor modifications of existing software. More importantly, the proposed method does not require modeling the covariate process, which is quite attractive in practice. As the precise values of error‐prone covariates are often not observable, any modeling assumption on such covariates has the risk of model misspecification, hence yielding invalid inferences if this happens. The proposed method is carefully assessed both theoretically and empirically. Theoretically, we establish the asymptotic normality for resulting estimators. Numerically, simulation studies are carried out to evaluate the performance of the estimators as well as the impact of ignoring measurement error, along with an application to a data set arising from the Busselton Health Study. Sensitivity of the proposed method to misspecification of the error model is studied as well.
Recovery modeling of tangential flow systems
Authors: Rao Suma , Gefroh Eva , Kaltenbrunner Oliver
Published: June 2012

The demand for increased formulation concentrations for protein therapeutics puts a significant strain on already existing tangential flow filtration (TFF) systems that were constructed with lower protein concentration targets as part of their design criteria. TFF is commonly used to buffer exchange and concentrate the product to the appropriate drug substance concentration. Analyzing the ability of an existing TFF system to process under conditions outside its original design specifications can be challenging. In this analysis, we present a systematic approach to assess the operational limits of a TFF process with consideration of system performance parameters for changing process targets. In two new engineering diagrams, the recovery efficiency diagram and the operating space plot, all relevant operational constraints and parameters are related to allow rapid process fit evaluation. The engineering assessment of TFF systems presented in this article allows a rational review of system limitations during process fit evaluations of existing TFF systems. It also provides a rational basis for targeted system upgrades and setting system design specifications for the design of new systems if existing systems are found inadequate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3084–3092. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new large‐scale manufacturing platform for complex biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Vogel Jens H. , Nguyen Huong , Giovannini Roberto , Ignowski Jolene , Garger Steve , Salgotra Anil , Tom Jennifer
Published: June 2012

Complex biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant blood coagulation factors, are addressing critical medical needs and represent a growing multibillion‐dollar market. For commercial manufacturing of such, sometimes inherently unstable, molecules it is important to minimize product residence time in non‐ideal milieu in order to obtain acceptable yields and consistently high product quality. Continuous perfusion cell culture allows minimization of residence time in the bioreactor, but also brings unique challenges in product recovery, which requires innovative solutions. In order to maximize yield, process efficiency, facility and equipment utilization, we have developed, scaled‐up and successfully implemented a new integrated manufacturing platform in commercial scale. This platform consists of a (semi‐)continuous cell separation process based on a disposable flow path and integrated with the upstream perfusion operation, followed by membrane chromatography on large‐scale adsorber capsules in rapid cycling mode. Implementation of the platform at commercial scale for a new product candidate led to a yield improvement of 40% compared to the conventional process technology, while product quality has been shown to be more consistently high. Over 1,000,000 L of cell culture harvest have been processed with 100% success rate to date, demonstrating the robustness of the new platform process in GMP manufacturing. While membrane chromatography is well established for polishing in flow‐through mode, this is its first commercial‐scale application for bind/elute chromatography in the biopharmaceutical industry and demonstrates its potential in particular for manufacturing of potent, low‐dose biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3049–3058. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human neuronal uncoupling proteins 4 and 5 (UCP4 and UCP5): structural properties, regulation, and physiological role in protection against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Ramsden David B. , Ho Philip W.‐L. , Ho Jessica W.‐M. , Liu Hui‐Fang , So Danny H.‐F. , Tse Ho‐Man , Chan Koon‐Ho , Ho Shu‐Leong
Published: June 2012

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) belong to a large family of mitochondrial solute carriers 25 (SLC25s) localized at the inner mitochondrial membrane. UCPs transport protons directly from the intermembrane space to the matrix. Of five structural homologues (UCP1 to 5), UCP4 and 5 are principally expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Neurons derived their energy in the form of ATP that is generated through oxidative phosphorylation carried out by five multiprotein complexes (Complexes I–V) embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In oxidative phosphorylation, the flow of electrons generated by the oxidation of substrates through the electron transport chain to molecular oxygen at Complex IV leads to the transport of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space by Complex I, III, and IV. This movement of protons to the intermembrane space generates a proton gradient (mitochondrial membrane potential; MMP) across the inner membrane. Complex V (ATP synthase) uses this MMP to drive the conversion of ADP to ATP. Some electrons escape to oxygen‐forming harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proton leakage back to the matrix which bypasses Complex V resulting in a major reduction in ROS formation while having a minimal effect on MMP and hence, ATP synthesis; a process termed “mild uncoupling.” UCPs act to promote this proton leakage as means to prevent excessive build up of MMP and ROS formation. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of mitochondrial UCPs 4 and 5 and factors influencing their expression. Hypotheses concerning the evolution of the two proteins are examined. The protective mechanisms of the two proteins against neurotoxins and their possible role in regulating intracellular calcium movement, particularly with regard to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease are discussed.
Giant Vesicles “Colonies”: A Model for Primitive Cell Communities
Authors: Carrara Paolo , Stano Pasquale , Luisi Pier Luigi
Published: June 2012

Current research on the origin of life typically focuses on the self‐organisation of molecular components in individual cell‐like compartments, thereby bringing about the emergence of self‐sustaining minimal cells. This is justified by the fact that single cells are the minimal forms of life. No attempts have been made to investigate the cooperative mechanisms that could derive from the assembly of individual compartments. Here we present a novel experimental approach based on vesicles “colonies” as a model of primitive cell communities. Experiments show that several advantages could have favoured primitive cell colonies when compared with isolated primitive cells. In fact there are two novel unexpected features typical of vesicle colonies, namely solute capture and vesicle fusion, which can be seen as the basic physicochemical mechanisms at the origin of life.
ChemInform Abstract: Annealing Temperature Dependence of Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Fe2CrAl and Fe2CrGa Heusler Alloys.
Authors: Umetsu R. Y. , Morimoto N. , Nagasako M. , Kainuma R. , Kanomata T.
Published: June 2012

By controlling the annealing temperature, single phase Fe2CrAl alloys with A2 (1573 K), B2 (873 K), and L21‐type structures (673 K) can be obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Facet‐Dependent Photoreactivity of BiOCl Single‐Crystalline Nanosheets.
Authors: Jiang Jing , Zhao Kun , Xiao Xiaoyi , Zhang Lizhi
Published: June 2012

BiOCl single‐crystalline nanosheets with exposed {001} and {010} facets are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous solutions of Bi(NO3)3 and KCl (autoclave, 160 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [H3O]+/M2+ (M: Fe, Zn, Cu, Hg) Salts with [AsF6]‐.
Authors: Mazej Zoran , Goreshnik Evgeny , Jaglicic Zvonko
Published: June 2012

The title compounds are characterized by single crystal XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: “Zeoball” [Sn36Ge24Se132]24‐: A Molecular Anion with Zeolite‐Related Composition and Spherical Shape.
Authors: Lin Yumei , Massa Werner , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: June 2012

The new compounds [bmmim]24[Sn36Ge24Se132] (I) (bmmim: 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium) and [bmim]24[Sn32.5Ge27.5Se132] (II) are ionothermally synthesized by heating SnCl4 and [K4(H2O)3][Ge4Se10] in [bmmim][BF4] or [bmim][BF4], respectively, in the presence of a small amount of 2,6‐dimethylmorpholine (sealed pyrex tube, 150 °C, 2 d, 34 and 28% yield for (I) and (II), respectively).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Assembly of 2‐Oxindole and α‐Angelica Lactone Units to Construct Vicinal Quaternary Chiral Centers.
Authors: Huang Xin , Peng Jin , Dong Lin , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: June 2012

An oxygen‐bridged quinidine derivative is successfully used as a chiral catalyst for the allylic alkylation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman carbonates (I) with lactones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiomerically Enriched trans‐Diols from Alkenes in One Pot: A Multicatalyst Approach.
Authors: Hrdina Radim , Mueller Christian E. , Wende Raffael C. , Wanka Lukas , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: June 2012

A non‐natural oligopeptide with distinctly different catalytic moieties catalyzes a multistep one‐pot sequence starting from simple alkenes (I) yielding highly enantiomerically enriched trans‐diols (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Isochromanones and Isoquinolines via Yb(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Tandem Oxirane/Aziridine Ring Opening/Friedel—Crafts Cyclization.
Authors: Wei Lai , Zhang Junliang
Published: June 2012

A general protocol for the catalytic ring opening/cyclization of aryl oxiranyl ketones (I), (V) and (VII) and aryl aziridinyl ketones (IX) through selective C—C bond cleavage rather than the labile C—O/N bond cleavage under mild conditions is explored.
ChemInform Abstract: Activator‐Free and One‐Pot C‐Allylation by Simple Palladium Catalyst in Water.
Authors: Shue Yi‐Jen , Yang Shyh‐Chyun
Published: June 2012

The Pd‐catalyzed allylation of various types of cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: A Copper‐Based Catalytic System for Carboxylation of Terminal Alkynes: Synthesis of Alkyl 2‐Alkynoates.
Authors: Inamoto Kiyofumi , Asano Narumi , Kobayashi Koji , Yonemoto Misato , Kondo Yoshinori
Published: June 2012

Under ambient conditions, aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic alkynes undergo the CuI/PEt3 catalyzed carboxylation with CO2 and alkyl bromides or iodides to give the title esters.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Selective Copper‐Catalyzed Reduction of Secondary Amides.
Authors: Das Shoubhik , Join Benoit , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: June 2012

In situ‐generated Cu(II)—pybox catalyst system allows for the selective reduction of secondary amides (I) to the corresponding amines (II) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions: The Regioselective Alkoxy Allylation of Activated Olefins and Its Application in Sequential Fe Catalysis.
Authors: Dieskau Andre P. , Holzwarth Michael S. , Plietker Bernd
Published: June 2012

The first example of a sequential Fe catalysis consisting of regioselective alkoxy allylation and allylic sulfenylation is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized 3‐Chloro‐1‐naphthols via Friedel—Crafts Acylation of Vinyl Chlorides.
Authors: Linghu Xin , McLaughlin Mark , Chen Cheng‐yi , Reamer Robert A. , Dimichele Lisa , Davies Ian W.
Published: June 2012

A straightforward synthesis of title compounds is achieved via intramolecular Friedel—Crafts cyclization of readily synthesized vinyl chlorides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of New 2‐Oxo‐azetidine Derivatives.
Authors: Upadhyay Apoorva , Srivastava S. K. , Srivastava S. D.
Published: June 2012

The easily accessible N‐(arylidene amino acetamidyl) framework in (I) is modified by heterocyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate‐Mediated Oxidation of Monoaryl‐Substituted Methylenecyclobutanes: A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of Spirocyclobutyl‐1,2‐dioxethanes.
Authors: Yu Lei , Ren Lingfeng , Yi Rong , Guo Rong
Published: June 2012

The CAN‐mediated oxidation of methylenecyclobutanes is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Tandem Alkoxide Conjugate Addition to Nitroalkenes/Radical 5‐exo Cyclizations — A Versatile Synthesis of Functionalized 3‐Nitrotetrahydrofurans.
Authors: Jahn Ullrich , Rudakov Dmytro , Jones Peter G.
Published: June 2012

The tandem reactions which consist of conjugate addition of alkoxides to nitroalkenes and radical 5‐exo cyclizations are a convenient strategy to obtain functionalized tetrahydrofurans in a single step.
ChemInform Abstract: Impregnated Copper or Palladium—Copper on Magnetite as Catalysts for the Domino and Stepwise Sonogashira‐Cyclization Processes: A Straightforward Synthesis of Benzo[b]furans and Indoles.
Authors: Cano Rafael , Yus Miguel , Ramon Diego J.
Published: June 2012

Copper on magnetite is an active catalyst for the preparation of benzofurans through a domino Sonogashira‐cyclization process.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐2,5‐Disubstituted Pyrrolidines via Wacker‐Type Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization of Alkenes with tert‐Butanesulfinamide Nucleophiles.
Authors: Redford Joanne E. , McDonald Richard I. , Rigsby Matthew L. , Wiensch Joshua D. , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: June 2012

The products are obtained in an enantiopure form with mostly excellent diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Opening of Dihydro‐2‐pyridones and Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Chou Shang‐Shing P. , Wu Chien‐Jung J.
Published: June 2012

Pyridones (I) undergo a new ring opening in the presence of NaH to give dienoic amides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(II) Catalyzed Intermolecular Double C‐Alkylation: A Method for the Synthesis of Tetraindoles and Indolophanes.
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Karikalan Thangaraju , Gunananthan Chidambaram , Suresh Eringathodi
Published: June 2012

The reaction affords the target compounds with excellent regiocontrol.
ChemInform Abstract: New Efficient Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Trisubstituted Imidazoles and Imidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines by a Tandem Aza‐Wittig/Electrocyclic Ring‐Closure Process.
Authors: Nie Yi‐Bo , Duan Zhuan , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: June 2012

The title reactions are performed with iminophosphoranes (I) and aldehydes to give imidazoles, or iminophosphoranes like (V) and isocyanates to provide imidazo‐fused quinazolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzisoxazolines by the Coupling of Arynes with Nitrones.
Authors: Lu Chun , Dubrovskiy Anton V. , Larock Richard C.
Published: June 2012

A facile, mild, and general method to prepare benzisoxazolines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free, Aqueous and Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of New 5‐Substituted 1H‐Tetrazoles via a Multicomponent Domino Knoevenagel Condensation/1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Tisseh Zeinab Noroozi , Dabiri Minoo , Nobahar Mohsen , Khavasi Hamid Reza , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: June 2012

The novel, efficient, green, and convenient one‐pot method for the synthesis of the tetrazoles includes an easy work‐up.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Methodologies. Part 8. Efficient and General Synthesis of 3‐Aryl Coumarins Using Cyanuric Chloride.
Authors: Sashidhara Koneni V. , Palnati Gopala Reddy , Avula Srinivasa Rao , Kumar Abdhesh
Published: June 2012

Optimized conditions allow the preparation of the target compounds in high yield and a short reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Thiopyrans Using a Sulfur‐Enabled Anionic Cascade.
Authors: Li Fang , Calabrese David , Brichacek Matthew , Lin Ivy , Njardarson Jon T.
Published: June 2012

A new one‐pot synthesis from readily available building blocks is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyridines from Ketoximes and Terminal Alkynes via C—H Bond Functionalization.
Authors: Martin Rhia M. , Bergman Robert G. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: June 2012

The procedure allows a convenient access to highly substituted pyridines and fused pyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Fluorinated 2,3‐Dihydroquinolin‐4(1H)‐ones via a One‐Pot Multistep Transformation.
Authors: Li Feng , Nie Jing , Wu Jun‐Wei , Zheng Yan , Ma Jun‐An
Published: June 2012

Brominated and chlorinated analogues are also available.
ChemInform Abstract: A Direct Synthesis of Octahydropyrrolo[2,1,5‐cd]indolizin‐6‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Belei Dalila , Abuhaie Cristina , Bicu Elena , Jones Peter G. , Hopf Henning , Birsa Lucian M.
Published: June 2012

The primary products of the double 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of pyridinium ylides to olefins (II) are the tricyclic enamines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrazoloquinolines as PDE10A Inhibitors: Discovery of a Tool Compound.
Authors: McElroy William T. , et al. et al.
Published: June 2012

A variety of hydroxybenzyl‐substituted pyrazoloquinolines as well as heterocyclic analogues (VI), (VII) is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Assembly of Phenylimidazoquinoxalines via a One‐Pot Two‐Step MCR Process.
Authors: De Moliner Fabio , Hulme Christopher
Published: June 2012

Medicinally important target compounds are obtained from the microwave‐assisted multicomponent reaction, where 4 new bonds and 2 aromatic rings are formed.
ChemInform Abstract: [5 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of 2‐Vinylaziridines and Sulfonyl Isocyanates. Synthesis of Seven‐Membered Cyclic Ureas.
Authors: Kanno Eri , Yamanoi Kenichi , Koya Shunsuke , Azumaya Isao , Masu Hyuma , Yamasaki Ryu , Saito Shinichi
Published: June 2012

Treatment of 2‐vinylaziridines of type (I) and (VI) with sulfonyl isocyanates in CH2Cl2 allows a new and simple access to 7‐membered cyclic ureas.
ChemInform Abstract: Sabiperones A—F, New Diterpenoids from Juniperus sabina.
Authors: Janar Jenis , Nugroho Alfarius Eko , Wong Chin Piow , Hirasawa Yusuke , Kaneda Toshio , Shirota Osamu , Morita Hiroshi
Published: June 2012

Six new diterpenoids, sabiperones A‐F are isolated together with three known diterpenoids.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐Dimethoxy‐4,5‐dimethylene: A New Protecting Group for Acyclic Amino Acid Derivatives Prepared by Stevens Rearrangement.
Authors: Tayama Eiji , Takedachi Keisuke , Iwamoto Hajime , Hasegawa Eietsu
Published: June 2012

The protecting group is introduced into amino acids by N,N‐dialkylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of O‐Spiro‐C‐Aryl Glycosides Using Organocatalysis.
Authors: Mainkar Prathama S. , Johny Kancharla , Rao Tadikamalla Prabhakar , Chandrasekhar Srivari
Published: June 2012

The synthetic approach to the papulacandin aglycone includes the preparation of the known allo and gluco isomers as well as that of the altro isomer.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Phthalocyanines: A Brief Overview
Authors: Wang Aijian , Long Lingliang , Zhang Chi
Published: June 2012

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Arynes with Carbon‐Heteroatom Double Bonds
Authors: Okuma Kentaro
Published: June 2012

Review: recent achievements in the construction of heterocycles using the title reaction; 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Trimethylsilyl‐2‐propynylcopper(I)
Authors: Jones Graham B. , Huber Robert S.
Published: June 2012

Review: 7 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: (Trimethylsilyl)ethynylcopper(I)
Authors: Jones Graham B. , Chapman Brant J.
Published: June 2012

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Tetrahydropyranyloxy‐1‐trimethylsilyl‐1‐propyne
Authors: De Clercq Pierre J. , Nuyttens Frank
Published: June 2012

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1′‐(Chloromethylene)bis[1,1,1]‐trimethylsilane
Authors: Williams David R. , Walsh Martin J.
Published: June 2012

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Biomedical Delivery Applications
Authors: Elasabahy Mahmoud , Wooley Karen L.
Published: June 2012

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multifunctional Dendritic Polymers in Nanomedicine: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Khandare Jayant , Calderon Marcelo , Dagia Nilesh M. , Haag Rainer
Published: June 2012

Review: 192 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Targeted Polymeric Therapeutic Nanoparticles: Design, Development and Clinical Translation
Authors: Kamaly Nazila , Xiao Zeyu , Valencia Pedro M. , Radovic‐Moreno Aleksandar F. , Farokhzad Omid C.
Published: June 2012

Review: 444 refs.
A novel phenotype for the dynein heavy chain mutation Loa: Altered dendritic morphology, organelle density, and reduced numbers of trigeminal motoneurons
Authors: Wiggins Larisa M. , Kuta A. , Stevens James C. , Fisher Elizabeth M.C. , von Bartheld Christopher S.
Published: June 2012

Dynein, the retrograde motor protein, is essential for the transport of cargo along axons and proximal dendrites in neurons. The dynein heavy chain mutation Loa has been reported to cause degeneration of spinal motor neurons, as well as defects of spinal sensory proprioceptive neurons, but cranial nerve nuclei have received little attention. Here, we examined the number and morphology of neurons in cranial nerve nuclei of young, adult, and aged heterozygous Loa mice, with a focus on the trigeminal, facial, and trochlear motor nuclei, as well as the proprioceptive mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. By using stereological counting techniques, we report a slowly progressive and significant reduction, to 75% of wild‐type controls, in the number of large trigeminal motoneurons, whereas normal numbers were found for sensory mesencephalic trigeminal, facial, and trochlear motoneurons. The morphology of many surviving large trigeminal motoneurons was substantially altered, in particular the size and length of perpendicularly extending primary dendrites, but not those of facial or trochlear motoneurons. At the ultrastructural level, proximal dendrites of large trigeminal motoneurons, but not other neurons, were significantly depleted in organelle content such as polyribosomes and showed abnormal (vesiculated) mitochondria. These data indicate primary defects in trigeminal α‐motoneurons more than γ‐motoneurons. Our findings expand the Loa heterozygote phenotype in two important ways: we reveal dendritic in addition to axonal defects or abnormalities, and we identify the Loa mutation as a mouse model for mixed motor–sensory loss when the entire neuraxis is considered, rather than a model primarily for sensory loss. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2757–2773, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neural tube defects by NUAK1 and NUAK2 double mutation
Authors: Ohmura Tomomi , Shioi Go , Hirano Mariko , Aizawa Shinichi
Published: June 2012

Background: NUAK1 and NUAK2, members of the AMP‐activated protein kinase family of serine/threonine kinases, are prominently expressed in neuroectoderm, but their functions in neurulation have not been elucidated. Results: NUAK1 and NUAK2 double mutants exhibited exencephaly, facial clefting, and spina bifida. Median hinge point was formed, but dorsolateral hinge point formation was not apparent in cranial neural plate; neither apical constriction nor apico‐basal elongation took place efficiently in the double mutants during the 5–10‐somite stages. Concomitantly, the apical concentration of phosphorylated myosin light chain 2, F‐actin, and cortactin was insignificant, and development of acetylated α‐tubulin‐positive microtubules was poor. However, the distribution of F‐actin, cortactin, Shroom3, Rho, myosin heavy chain IIB, phosphorylated myosin light chain 2, α‐tubulin, γ‐tubulin, or acetylated α‐tubulin was apparently normal in the double mutant neuroepithelia at the 5‐somite stage. Conclusions: NUAK1 and NUAK2 complementarily function in the apical constriction and apico‐basal elongation that associate with the dorsolateral hinge point formation in cephalic neural plate during the 5‐ to 10‐somite stages. In the double mutant neural plate, phosphorylated myosin light chain 2, F‐actin, and cortactin did not concentrate efficiently in apical surfaces, and acetylated α‐tubulin‐positive microtubules did not develop significantly. Developmental Dynamics 241:1350–1364, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A universal analysis tool for the detection of asymmetric signal distribution in microscopic images
Authors: Matis Maja , Axelrod Jeffrey D. , Galic Milos
Published: June 2012

Background: Polarization of tissue is achieved by asymmetric distribution of proteins and organelles within individual cells. However, existing quantitative assays to measure this asymmetry in an automated and unbiased manner suffer from significant limitations. Results: Here, we report a new way to assess protein and organelle localization in tissue based on correlative fluorescence analysis. As a proof of principle, we successfully characterized planar cell polarity dependent asymmetry in developing Drosophila melanogaster tissues on the single cell level using fluorescence cross‐correlation. Conclusions: Systematic modulation of signal strength and distribution show that fluorescence cross‐correlation reliably detects asymmetry over a broad parameter space. The novel method described here produces robust, rapid, and unbiased measurement of biometrical properties of cell components in live tissue that is readily applicable in other model systems. Developmental Dynamics 241:1301–1309, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hes1 is required for the development of the superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic trunk and the carotid body
Authors: Kameda Yoko , Saitoh Takayoshi , Nemoto Noriko , Katoh Tokio , Iseki Sachiko
Published: June 2012

Hes1 gene represses the expression of proneural basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) factor Mash1, which is essential for the differentiation of the sympathetic ganglia and carotid body glomus cells. The sympathetic ganglia, carotid body, and common carotid artery in Wnt1‐Cre/R26R double transgenic mice were intensely labeled by X‐gal staining, i.e., the neural crest origin. The deficiency of Hes1 caused severe hypoplasia of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). At embryonic day (E) 17.5–E18.5, the volume of the SCG in Hes1 null mutants was reduced to 26.4% of the value in wild‐type mice. In 4 of 30 cases (13.3%), the common carotid artery derived from the third arch artery was absent in the null mutants, and the carotid body was not formed. When the common carotid artery was retained, the organ grew in the wall of the third arch artery and glomus cell precursors were provided from the SCG in the null mutants as well as in wild‐types. However, the volume of carotid body in the null mutants was only 52.5% of the value in wild‐types at E17.5–E18.5. These results suggest that Hes1 plays a critical role in regulating the development of neural crest derivatives in the mouse cervical region. Developmental Dynamics 241:1289–1300, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parent–offspring conflicts, “optimal bad motherhood” and the “mother knows best” principles in insect herbivores colonizing novel host plants
Authors: García‐Robledo Carlos , Horvitz Carol C.
Published: June 2012

Specialization of insect herbivores to one or a few host plants stimulated the development of two hypotheses on how natural selection should shape oviposition preferences: The “mother knows best” principle suggests that females prefer to oviposit on hosts that increase offspring survival. The “optimal bad motherhood” principle predicts that females prefer to oviposit on hosts that increase their own longevity. In insects colonizing novel host plants, current theory predicts that initial preferences of insect herbivores should be maladaptive, leading to ecological traps. Ecological trap theory does not take into account the fact that insect lineages frequently switch hosts at both ecological and evolutionary time scales. Therefore, the behavior of insect herbivores facing novel hosts is also shaped by natural selection. Using a study system in which four Cephaloleia beetles are currently expanding their diets from native to exotic plants in the order Zingiberales, we determined if initial oviposition preferences are conservative, maladaptive, or follow the patterns predicted by the “mother knows best” or the “optimal bad motherhood” principles. Interactions with novel hosts generated parent–offspring conflicts. Larval survival was higher on native hosts. However, adult generally lived longer on novel hosts. In Cephaloleia beetles, oviposition preferences are usually associated with hosts that increase larval survival, female fecundity, and population growth. In most cases, Cephaloleia oviposition preferences follow the expectations of the “mothers knows best” principle.
Inferring the annual migration patterns of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the United States from mitochondrial haplotypes
Authors: Nagoshi Rodney N. , Meagher Robert L. , Hay‐Roe Mirian
Published: June 2012

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) or fall armyworm is an important agricultural pest of a number of crops in the western hemisphere. In the United States, infestations in corn acreages extend from the Mexican to the Canadian border. Because fall armyworm does not survive prolonged freezing, the infestations annually affecting most of North America are migrants from southern Texas and Florida, where winter temperatures are mild and host plants are available. A haplotype method was developed that can distinguish between these two geographically distant overwintering populations, with the potential to delineate the associated migratory pathways. Several years of collections from major corn‐producing areas in the southern, central, and eastern United States were used to map the geographical distribution of the fall armyworm haplotypes. From these haplotype profiles, it was possible to develop the most detailed description yet of the annual northward movements of fall armyworm. The consistency of these results with past studies and the implications on our understanding of fall armyworm biology are discussed. A better understanding of fall armyworm populations and their movement is critical for the development of strategies to predict infestation levels and eventually control this pest in the United States.
Silencing of the Il2 gene transcription is regulated by epigenetic changes in anergic T cells
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sanmay , Montagna Cristina , Macian Fernando
Published: June 2012

Anergy is induced in T cells as a consequence of a partial or suboptimal stimulation. Anergic T cells become unresponsive and fail to proliferate and produce cytokines. We had previously shown that in anergic CD4+ T cells, Ikaros participates in the transcriptional repression of the Il2 gene by recruiting histone deacetylases that cause core histone deacetylation at the Il2 promoter. Here we show that deacetylation at the Il2 promoter is the initial step in a process that leads to the stable silencing of the Il2 gene transcription in anergic T cells. We have found that anergy‐induced deacetylation of the Il2 promoter permits binding of the histone methyl‐transferase Suv39H1, which trimethylates lysine‐9 of histone H3 (Me3H3‐K9). Furthermore, the establishment of the Me3H3‐K9 mark allows the recruitment of the heterochromatin protein HP1, allowing the silenced Il2 loci to reposition close to heterochromatin‐rich regions. Our results indicate that silencing of Il2 transcription in anergic T cells is attained through a series of epigenetic changes that involve the establishment of repressive marks and the subsequent nuclear repositioning of the Il2 loci, which become juxtaposed to transcriptionally silent regions. This mechanism may account for the stable nature of the inhibition of IL‐2 production in anergic cells.
Regulatory T cells participate in CD39‐mediated protection from renal injury
Authors: Wang Yuan Min , McRae Jennifer L. , Robson Simon C. , Cowan Peter J. , Zhang Geoff Yu , Hu Min , Polhill Tania , Wang Yiping , Zheng Guoping , Wang Ya , Lee Vincent W.S. , Unwin Robert J. , Harris David C.H. , Dwyer Karen M. , Alexander Stephen I.
Published: June 2012

CD39 is an ecto‐enzyme that degrades extracellular nucleotides, such as ATP, and is highly expressed on by the vasculature and circulating cells including Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. To study the role of purinergic regulation in renal disease, we used the adriamycin nephropathy (AN) mouse model of chronic renal injury, using human CD39‐transgenic (hCD39Tg) and wild‐type (WT) BALB/c mice. Effects of CD39 expression by Treg cells were assessed in AN by adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25− T cells isolated from hCD39Tg and WT mice. hCD39Tg mice were protected from renal injury in AN with decreased urinary protein and serum creatinine, and significantly less renal injury compared with WT mice. While WT CD25+ and hCD39Tg CD25− T cells conferred some protection against AN, hCD39Tg CD25+ Treg cells offered greater protection. In vitro studies showed direct pro‐apoptotic effects of ATP on renal tubular cells. In conclusion, hCD39 expressed by circulating leukocytes and intrinsic renal cells limits innate AN injury. Specifically, CD39 expression by Treg cells contributes to its protective role in renal injury. These findings suggest that extracellular nucleotides mediate AN kidney injury and that CD39, expressed by Treg cells and other cells, is protective in this model.
A hypomorphic mutation in the Gfi1 transcriptional repressor results in a novel form of neutropenia
Authors: Ordoñez‐Rueda Diana , Jönsson Friederike , Mancardi David A. , Zhao Weidong , Malzac Aurélie , Liang Yinming , Bertosio Elodie , Grenot Pierre , Blanquet Véronique , Sabrautzki Sybille , de Angelis Martin Hrabě , Méresse Stéphane , Duprez Estelle , Bruhns Pierre , Malissen Bernard , Malissen Marie
Published: June 2012

Using N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea‐induced mutagenesis, we established a mouse model with a novel form of neutropenia resulting from a point mutation in the transcriptional repressor Growth Factor Independence 1 (Gfi1). These mice, called Genista, had normal viability and no weight loss, in contrast to mice expressing null alleles of the Gfi1 gene. Furthermore, the Genista mutation had a very limited impact on lymphopoiesis or on T‐ and B‐cell function. Within the bone marrow (BM), the Genista mutation resulted in a slight increase of monopoiesis and in a block of terminal granulopoiesis. This block occurred just after the metamyelocytic stage and resulted in the generation of small numbers of atypical CD11b+Ly‐6Gint neutrophils, the nuclear morphology of which resembled that of mature WT neutrophils. Unexpectedly, once released from the BM, these atypical neutrophils contributed to induce mild forms of autoantibody‐induced arthritis and of immune complex‐mediated lung alveolitis. They additionally failed to provide resistance to acute bacterial infection. Our study demonstrates that a hypomorphic mutation in the Gfi1 transcriptional repressor results in a novel form of neutropenia characterized by a split pattern of functional responses, reflecting the distinct thresholds required for eliciting neutrophil‐mediated inflammatory and anti‐infectious responses.
Creditors' Committees: An Anglo‐German Comparative Study
Authors: Bork Reinhard
Published: June 2012

This article deals with the creditor's committee as a tool to increase the participation of creditors and thereby the transparency and acceptance of the office holder's decisions. For this purpose, the laws of England and Germany, as major and significant jurisdictions, will be analysed to compare the different approaches and results, particularly as regards the establishment, composition, tasks and procedure of the committee as well as the liability and the remuneration of the committee's members. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.