bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chitin synthesis in Spodoptera frugiperda wing imaginal discs. II. Selective action of chlorfluazuron on wheat germ agglutinin binding and cuticle ultrastructure
Authors: Zimowska Grazyna , Mikołajczyk Piotr , Silhacek Donald L. , Oberlander Herbert
Published: February 2005

The action of the chitin synthesis inhibitor, chlorfluazuron, was investigated in Spodoptera frugiperda wing imaginal discs cultured in vitro. Electron microscopy and cytochemical labeling with a lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), were used to monitor morphogenesis, as well as the presence and localization of chitin and non‐polymerized N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (GlcNAc). Chlorfluazuron (CFA) selectively inhibited 20‐ hydroxyecdysone–stimulated chitin synthesis and procuticle deposition in imaginal discs, without otherwise affecting their morphogenesis. Tracheole migration, evagination, exocytosis, and endocytosis in the epithelial cells, and the presence of non‐polymerized GlcNAc in the extracellular matrix, were observed in both CFA‐treated and control wing discs. On the other hand, CFA prevented the appearance of WGA‐labeled chitin in newly formed procuticle, while the deposition of proteinaceous cuticulin and epicuticle was unaffected. A brief treatment with CFA resulted in WGA labeling of non‐polymerized GlcNAc, but not chitin in the procuticle region. The lack of chitin in CFA treated wing discs was correlated with the appearance of an amorphous, non‐lamellar procuticle region. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Acetylcholinesterase from the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) II: Biochemical and molecular properties
Authors: Xu Gang , Bull Don L.
Published: February 2005

Purified acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of the horn fly was characterized to elucidate the enzymological, inhibitory, and molecular properties of the enzyme. Maximum activity of the AChE against the substrate acetylthiocholine (ATCh) occurred when reactions were conducted at 37°C and pH 7.5. Km and Vmax values were (9.2 ± 0.35) × 10−6 M and 239.8 ± 10.8 units/mg, respectively, for ATCh and (1.5 ± 0.07) × 10−5 M and 138.5 ± 5.5 units/mg, respectively, for butyrylthiocholine (BTCh). The activity of AChE decreased when concentrations of ATCh or BTCh were higher than 1 mM. Studies of the interaction of AChE with different inhibitors revealed pl50 values of 8.88 for eserine, 6.90 for BW284C51, and 4.97 for ethopropazine. Bimolecular reaction constants (kis) for the organophosphorus (OP) anticholinesterases were (2.74 ± 0.14) × 106 M−1 min−1 for coroxon, (7.20 ± 0.28) × 105 M−1 min−1 for paraoxon, and (2.33 ± 0.12) × 105 M−1 min−1 for stirofos. Two major forms of native AChE molecules were found on non‐denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with Triton X‐100, corresponding to bands AChE‐2 and AChE‐4 found on PAGE without Triton X‐100. AChE‐2 had an estimated molecular weight of 603,000 and was amphiphilic. AChE‐4 had a molecular weight of 147,000 and was hydrophilic. Results of PAGE analyses indicated that the purified enzyme had two bands, one of about 123 kDa and the other greater than 320 kDa, prior to disulfide reduction and only one band at about 54 kDa after reduction on SDS‐PAGE. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Molecular cloning of a Drosophila melanogaster gene coding for an homologue of human carboxypeptidase E
Authors: Bernasconi Paul
Published: February 2005

PCR primers derived from two functional domains of vertebrate carboxypeptidase E (CPE) were used to generate a probe for screening a size‐selected Drosophila melanogaster genomic library. A sequence representing about 50% of the expected complete sequence was obtained by translation of the two open reading frames present on a 1.6 kb DNA genomic fragment. This partial sequence, homologous to human CPE, CPM, and CPN, contained the conserved arginine and zinc binding domains. Similarities to the human enzymes were found with stretches that were equally divergent from the three vertebrate carboxypeptidases. Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of a 6.9 kb transcript for this gene in Drosophila embryos. I postulate that insects possess a single protein fulfilling CPE, CPM, and CPN functions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Reduced appendage”: A mutation affecting development of pupal and adult appendages of the moth, Plodia interpunctella
Authors: Shirk Paul D. , Ogren Karen L.
Published: February 2005

A mutant that results in the reduced length of pupal and adult appendages was isolated from a laboratory colony of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). “Reduced appendage” (rda) was determined to be an autosomal recessive mutation that affects the development of pupal and adult appendages during the larval/pupal molt. The rda mutation had no observed effect on the larval phenotype. After pupation, the appendages of rda were reduced in size as compared with wild‐type. In addition, unsclerotized cuticle underlying the pupal appendages was exposed and the establishment of the boundary between the unsclerotized and sclerotized pupal abdominal cuticle appeared normal even though the imaginal discs of rda did not evaginate normally. This demonstrates that rda affects only imaginal discs and that the morphogenesis of structures that were not derived from the imaginal discs were not dependent on interactions with evagination of imaginal discs. Although the rda phenotype resulted in shorter antennae, mouth parts, legs, and wings in pupae and adults, the mutation did not affect the number of cells comprising the imaginal discs or the pupal appendages. Cell counts showed that forewing imaginal discs and pupal forewings from the rda mutants contained the same number of cells as did the imaginal discs and wings from the wild‐type strain. Thus, rda appears to affect processes related to disc evagination and not cell proliferation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Glycosylation and adhesiveness differentiate larval Ceratitis capitata tyrosinases
Authors: Charalambidis Nektarios D. , Bournazos Stavros N. , Zervas Christos G. , Katsoris Panagiotis G. , Marmaras Vassilis J.
Published: February 2005

Larval Ceratitis capitata phenoloxidases (POs) from hemocytes, serum, integument, and fat body were analyzed. Two types of PO were recorded: the tyrosinase type found in hemocytes, serum, integument, and fat body and the laccase type found in integument. Tyrosinase from all larval tissues and integumental laccase as well, showed similarity in molecular weight (93 KDa), activation by Escherichia coli at 5 mM Ca2+, and reactivity to antibodies raised against serum tyrosinase. However, the enzymes differed with respect to their glycosylation and adhesiveness. The serum and integumental enzyme forms contain concanavalin A reacting material, whereas hemocyte and integumental tyrosinase(s) are adhesive. These differences in enzyme forms, although not influencing their substrate specificity, seem to give advantages to performing their function, i.e., the adhesive enzyme form facilitates the adherence to E. coli cell wall and hemocyte surface (unpublished data) while the glycosylated form facilitated the secretion into serum. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological profile of octopamine and 5HT receptors on the lateral oviducts of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana
Authors: Bamji Shernaz X. , Orchard Ian
Published: February 2005

The effects of the amines 5HT and octopamine on the myogenic activity of Periplaneta americana (L.) oviducts and the pharmacological profile of octopamine and 5HT receptors on the lateral oviducts have been determined. Application of 5HT to the oviducts resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in basal tonus and amplitude of contractions. Antagonist studies revealed that the 5HT receptor on the cockroach oviduct most resembles the mammalian 5HT2 receptor. Application of octopamine resulted in a decrease in basal tonus and had a biphasic effect on the amplitude of contractions, being stimulatory at low doses and inhibitory at higher ones. The inhibitory effects of octopamine appear to be mediated via cAMP and are blocked by antagonists which indicate that the octopamine receptor is of the octopamine‐2 type. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation, identification, and synthesis of Mas‐MG‐MT I, a novel peptide from the larval midgut of Manduca sexta (lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Authors: Yi S.‐X. , Tirry L. , Bai C. , Devreese B. , van Beeumen J. , Degheele D.
Published: February 2005

A five‐residue myotropic peptide, Manduca sexta midgut myotropin I (Mas‐MG‐MT I), was isolated from an extract of 800 midguts of fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. It was purified by reverse phase and normal phase HPLC. Myotropic activity was screened by a heterologous Locusta migratoria oviduct bioassay. Sequence analysis, amino acid composition analysis, and comparison of candidate synthetic peptides in the amide and acid form revealed the following primary structure: Ala‐Glu‐Pro‐Tyr‐Thr‐NH2. This is the first fully identified peptide isolated directly from the midgut of an insect species. Few significant sequence homologies with known vertebrate and invertebrate peptides have been found. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenylglyoxal suppresses cationic lysine/K+ symport under alkaline conditions in brush border membrane vesicles from larval Manduca sexta midgut
Authors: Parthasarathy R. , Harvey William R.
Published: February 2005

The arginine‐specific reagent, phenylglyoxal, decreases the initial rate of lysine/K+ symport (cotransport) as well as maximum lysine accumulation at pH 9.2, by brush border membrane vesicles obtained from the larval midgut of the lepidopteran, Manduca sexta. The symport of a neutral amino acid, leucine, remained unaffected. Following exposure to phenylglyoxal, the apparent dissociation constant for lysine increased by a factor of 2.5 whereas the maximum uptake rate decreased by a factor of 0.4. More than one arginine residue appears to react with phenylglyoxal. Apparently phenylgyoxal reacts preferentially with arginine residues on a symporter that is specific for positively charged lysine. Phenylglyoxal shows promise as a specific covalent label for the identification of a cationic amino acid symporter. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for an endogenous neurocidin in the Manduca sexta ventral nerve cord
Authors: Choi M. K. , Fahrbach S. E.
Published: February 2005

Half of the neurons in the abdominal nervous system of the moth Manduca sexta die after adult eclosion. Two physiological signals regulate post‐eclosion neuronal death in adult moths. The first is endocrine: a decline in blood ecdysteroids is necessary for the death of neurons in the segmental ganglia. The second signal, which is highly specific for a pair of motoneurons found at the posterior midline in each of the three unfused abdominal ganglia, originates in the nervous system. It is transmitted from the fused pterothoracic ganglion to abdominal ganglion A3 via the intersegmental connectives. To characterize the signal of neural origin, we have developed an in vitro bioassay for neuron‐killing factors (“neurocidins”). Aqueous extracts of pterothoracic ganglia were prepared and applied to cultured ventral nerve cords. These extracts exhibited concentration‐dependent effectiveness in killing motoneurons. The active component of the extract was heat‐stable and protease‐sensitive. Size fractionation studies suggested that the active component has a molecular mass between 10 and 30 kD. This is the first report of an endogenous neuron‐killing protein from an insect nervous system. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Juvenile hormone binding components of locust fat body
Authors: Braun R. P. , Edwards G. C. , Yagi K. J. , Tobe S. S. , Wyatt G. R.
Published: February 2005

Juvenile hormone (JH) binding components from the fat body of the African migratory locust were analyzed in a search for a potential nuclear JH receptor. Biosynthetically prepared 10R[3H]JH III gave a high proportion of specific binding to isolated nuclei and extracted proteins; data obtained with the JH analogs, [3H]methoprene and [3H]pyriproxyfen, on the other hand, were obscured by abundant non‐specific binding. The vast majority of the high affinity JH III binding activity present in cytosolic and nuclear extracts was due to a high molecular weight JH binding protein (JHBP) which has previously been identified in locust hemolymph. This protein has several chromatographic forms which interfered in the search for a nuclear JH receptor. When specific antiserum was used to remove JHBP from nuclear extracts, a novel JH binding activity (NBP) was detected. NBP could be separated from JHBP by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. NBP displayed a high affinity for JH III (Kd = 0.25 nM) and JH I and JH II competed strongly for JH III binding, whereas methoprene and pyriproxyfen showed apparent competition when present in 1,000‐fold excess. NBP was present in nuclear extracts at approximately 25,000 sites per cell; levels were similar in male and female locusts and were not greatly affected by the presence or absence of JH. The characteristics of NPB make it a strong candidate for a nuclear JH receptor. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro bioassay for hypertrehalosemic hormone‐dependent trehalose biosynthesis by fat body from adult Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches
Authors: Keeley Larry L. , Sowa Sheila M. , Hesson Aaron S.
Published: February 2005

An in vitro bioassay suitable for routine use to investigate hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH)‐dependent trehalose biosynthesis was developed for the cockroach fat body. Blaberus discoidalis fat bodies were isolated and divided so that eight matched pieces from a single tissue could be compared for multiple control and experimental treatments. Optimum incubation conditions and the properties of HTH‐dependent trehalose synthesis were determined. Dose‐response studies determined an EC50 of 0.044 nM HTH for male fat body and 0.16 nM HTH for female tissue. HTH increased trehalose production by male fat body 3‐fold compared to only a 67% maximum increase by the female tissue, and only the male tissue was used in subsequent studies. Fat body required only 5‐min exposure to HTH for maximum trehalose production for 1 h. Trehalose synthesis was inhibited by ≥ 15 mM trehalose in the incubation medium. The fat body showed a developmental increase in trehalose synthesis in vitro that was reflected by hemolymph trehalose in vivo. Basal and HTH‐related trehalose synthesis were low between days 0 and 10, increased 3‐fold by day 20, and were high thereafter. These studies have established baseline data for future investigations to identify the signal transduction mechanisms involved in HTH regulation of fat body metabolism. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fate of a terminal olefin with Drosophila microsomes and its inhibitory effects on some P‐450 dependent activities
Authors: Cuany André , Helvig Christian , Amichot Marcel , Pflieger Philippe , Mioskowski Charles , Salaun Jean‐Pierre , Pauron David , Larroque Christian , Berge Jean‐Baptiste
Published: February 2005

In vitro bioassays were used to analyze the metabolism of the 11‐dodecenoic acid (11‐DDNA) by microsomes prepared from Drosophila melanogaster RalDDTR strain. 11‐DDNA is metabolized to 11,12‐epoxylauric acid (epoxyLA) in a NADPH‐dependent way. The microsomal production of epoxyLA reaches a plateau very quickly, suggesting the occurrence of an enzyme inactivation process. After incubation of microsomes with (1‐14C)11‐DDNA, three proteins of Mr ≈︁ 50 kDa were labeled. 11‐DDNA inhibits the microsomal metabolism of lauric acid and 7‐ethoxycoumarin in a time and NADPH‐dependent process. An inhibition of metabolites generated from DDT and testosterone was also obtained but at higher concentrations. These results are discussed according to the fact that RalDDTR is an insecticide resistant strain characterized as a high metabolizer of the insecticide DDT and also of lauric acid, testosterone, and ethoxycoumarin. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PBAN regulation of pheromone biosynthesis in female tobacco hornworm moths,Manduca sexta (L.)
Authors: Fang Nianbai , Teal Peter E. A. , Tumlinson James H.
Published: February 2005

Manduca sexta females that were decapitated produced no pheromone during the scotophase following decapitation, indicating that they were free of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). When deuterated hexadecanoic or (Z)‐11‐hexadecenoic acid was applied to the sex pheromone glands of decapitated or intact females of the same age, and allowed to incubate in vivo for 24 h, deuterium labeled Δ‐11‐ and Δ‐10, 12‐unsaturated 16‐carbon fatty acids were produced in both types of females. Injection of PBAN into intact or decapitated females 23 h after application of labeled acids had no effect on the production of unsaturated labeled fatty acids. However, deuterium labeled aldehydes were produced only in females that were injected with PBAN. Therefore, in this species, PBAN activates the process by which fatty acyl precursors in the pheromone gland are converted into the pheromonal aldehydes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Vitellin and formation of yolk spheres in vitellogenic follicles of the moth, Plodia interpunctella
Authors: Zimowska Grażyna , Shirk Paul D. , Silhacek Donald L. , Shaaya Eli
Published: February 2005

Vitellin (Vt) was found not to be critical to the formation or structure of yolk spheres in oocytes of the moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Vitellogenic activities of the follicular tissues were determined by visualizing the immunocytolocalization of Vt subunits (YP1 and YP3) and of a follicular epithelium yolk protein (FEYP) subunit (YP2) in ultrathin sections or in whole‐mounted tissues. Vitellogenin was detectable in the inter‐follicular epithelial cell (FC) spaces of patent, vitellogenin follicles of normal females. When the follicles entered terminal growth phase, the inter‐FC spaces closed equatorially around the follicle which excluded vitellogenin from that region. The closure of the spaces spread towards the poles in more mature follicles. Vt was immunolocalized to yolk spheres of vitellogenic and terminal growth phase oocytes. To examine the role of Vt in formation of yolk spheres, ovaries were transplanted into males. Vt was not detected in the inter‐FC spaces, vitelline membrane, or yolk spheres of follicles from transplanted ovaries developing in males. However, the FEYP subunit YP2 was detected in the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles of columnar FC and in the yolk spheres of the oocytes from transplanted ovaries. During the late vitellogenic period, late yolk spheres appeared in the cortical region of the oocytes. In addition, YP2 was detected in the electron‐translucent vitelline membrane of terminal growth phase follicles. We conclude that Vt is not required for the formation of yolk spheres or the electron‐translucent layer of vitelline membrane. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Possible involvement of an enzymatic system for superoxide generation in lepidopteran larval haemolymph
Authors: Arakawa Toru
Published: February 2005

The superoxide generative system in Pseudaletia separata larval haemolymph plasma was shown to consist of at least two components, low (LMF) and high (HMF) molecular weight factors using ultrafiltration, dialysis, and gel filtration. The LMF was concluded to be a molecule(s) smaller than 5 kDa while the HMF to be a protein(s) larger than 100 kDa. The total amount of superoxide produced depended on the amount of LMF and was independent of that of HMF added to the reaction mixture. Both the LMF and HMF were required for O2− generation. From results in the present article, it was hypothesized that the LMF was a substrate(s) discharging electrons and HMF was an enzyme(s) to mediate the electron transfer to O2 forming O2−. Superoxide production was detected in the haemolymph plasma of 5 lepidopteran species in addition to P. separata. It was concluded that superoxide production is a common phenomenon at least in these lepidopterans. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of charged amino acid side chains in the stability and lipid binding of Manduca sexta apolipophorin III
Authors: Upadhyaya Minal , Oikawa Kim , Kay Cyril M. , Scraba Douglas G. , Bradley Roger , Ryan Robert O.
Published: February 2005

Chemical modification procedures were employed to neutralize charged amino acid side chains of apolipophorin III (apoLp‐III). Glutamate plus aspartate carboxylate side chains were amidated while, in other experiments, the ϵ‐amino groups of lysine residue side chains were acetylated. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was performed to assess the effect of chemical modification on the secondary structure of apoLp‐III. Compared to control, unmodified apoLp‐III, both amidated and acetylated apoLp‐IIIs possessed significantly diminished levels of α‐helical structure. A similarly significant amount of α‐helix structure could be induced in both modified apoLp‐IIIs, however, by the addition of 50% trifluoroethanol, a helix inducing solvent, indicating that the proteins have retained their capacity to form helical secondary structures. The lipid binding interactions of chemically modified apoLp‐IIIs were also examined in lipoprotein binding assays. Whereas control, unmodified apoLp‐III displayed lipid binding activity, neither modified apoLp‐III was capable of interaction with the substrate lipid surface. In phospholipid binding assays using the model compound, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, acetylated apoLp‐III failed to interact while amidated apoLp‐III showed limited interaction. When sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles were employed as a model lipid surface, interaction of the modified apoLp‐IIIs was observed. To characterize the relative stability of the interaction of control and modified apoLp‐IIIs with SDS micelles, urea denaturation studies were performed. These experiments showed that, while control and amidated apoLp‐IIIs were relatively resistant to urea induced denaturation, acetylated apoLp‐III was susceptible. Taken as a whole, the results suggest that charged amino acid residues play an important role in stabilization of the lipid‐free helix bundle conformation of apoLp‐III and may promote stabilization of the lipid bound state through charge‐charge interactions with lipoprotein surface components. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent advances in radioimmunoassay technology for the juvenile hormones
Authors: Goodman Walter G. , Orth Anthony P. , Toong Yock C. , Ebersohl Richard , Hiruma Kiyoshi , Granger Noelle A.
Published: February 2005

Recent refinements in juvenile hormone radioimmunoassay technology now make this method significantly more sensitive and easier to use. Rabbit poly‐clonal antisera against (10R) JH III and racemic JH II have been developed to determine hemolymph hormone titers in the low picogram range. The antisera display minimal cross‐reactivity with JH metabolites, JH analogs, and hemolymph lipids. One antiserum recognizes racemic JH I, II, and (10R) III almost equivalently, exhibiting 50% displacement between 100 and 130 pg per tube. Another antiserum is JH II‐specific and exhibits 50% displacement at 35 pg per tube. Assay sensitivity has been enhanced by using (10R,11S) [methyl−3H]‐JH II of very high specific activity (> 80 Ci/mmol) generated with Hyalophora cecropia accessory gland S‐adenosylmethionine transferase and S‐[methyl−3H]‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine. Preparation of biological samples has been simplified with overall recoveries of JH from hemolymph ranging between 60 and 75%. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variations of the pharyngeal raphe
Authors: Shimada Kazuyuki , Gasser Raymond Frank
Published: February 2005

The pharyngeal raphe is described traditionally as a straight, continuous, median, fibrous band that provides attachment for and separates each pair of the three constrictor muscles of the pharynx. The posterior wall of the pharynx was dissected in 236 adult human cadavers of the Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid races. The arrangement of the raphe in each specimen was recorded. The various arrangements of the raphe were then organized into three types (I, II, or III) and eight subtypes (a, b, or c). The raphe was most often (47%) located between the inferior constrictor muscles only (type I) where it was either a straight or a curved line or had a fusiform to oval shape. The second most frequent pattern (40%) was a raphe located between the superior and middle constrictor muscles only (type II) with a shape similar to type I. The middle constrictor muscles were sometimes well developed and attached superiorly to the pharyngeal tubercle by way of a strong raphe. The raphe extended from the pharyngeal tubercle through all the constrictor muscles to the esophagus (type III) in only 13% of the specimens and was more often interrupted rather than a continuous line. The type usually described in anatomy textbooks (type IIIa) was found in only 5% of the specimens.
Influence of wrist position on the performance of fast isometric contractions of human hand muscles
Authors: Brown J. M. M. , Bronks R.
Published: February 2005

The influence of wrist position on the motor control of intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles during the performance of fast isometric precision‐grip contractions was evaluated. Ten male and female subjects, aged 17–28 years, attempted to produce accurately 75%, 50%, 25%, and 10% of a predetermined maximum criterion force level with the wrist in the flexed, functional, and extended positions. Feedback on the accuracy of each contraction was provided by a visual error display after each trial. Trials selected for analysis fell within ± 5% error of the required force level. Surface electromyograms were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous, adductor pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, common flexor muscles and the extensor digitorum. Wrist position was shown to influence significantly the integrated electromyographic values representing the activity of the first dorsal interossous but not the adductor pollicis. Significant alterations in the onset time of the antagonist extensor digitorum were also detected. On the basis of the these results we suggest that the intrinsic muscles of the hand can be classified as either wrist position dependent or independent.
Mediastinal bronchogenic cyst from azygos lobe formation
Authors: Parke Wesley W. , Settles Harry E.
Published: February 2005

A large unilocular multilobate bronchogenic cyst was found in the right superior mediastinum of a 93‐year‐old female anatomic cadaver. By reason of its location, shape, and serous membrane (pleural) coverings, it appeared to have been formed from a sequestered azygos lobe which slowly acquired alternate sources of vascu‐larization through adhesion to pericardial vessels and the arch of the azygos vein. It is postulated here that the relatively rudimentary organization of this cyst did not reflect a primitive stage of origin but was indicative of a plasticity in developing lung tissue that permitted a regression from a more advanced stage of morphogenesis when subjected to spatial restrictions; a process well demonstrated in a cited animal model. Thus, this case may illustrate that mediastinal bronchogenic cysts are not necessarily derivatives of the very early foregut components as previously proposed.
Selective entrapment palsy of the posterior interosseous nerve: A case report
Authors: Haw D. W. M.
Published: February 2005

A 27‐year‐old woman developed a paralysis of her right hand, which affected the power of extension of her middle, ring, and little fingers, but spared the index finger and the thumb. There was a past history of injury of the elbow and dislocation of the head of the radius, and compression of the posterior interosseous nerve was suspected. After confirmation of the diagnosis by nerve conduction tests, the course of the nerve was explored surgically in the antecubital fossa. Compression seemed to be a result of two small vessels put under tension by subluxation of the head of the radius. Division of the vessels led to rapid recovery of function. The affected and unaffected muscles in this paralysis are supplied by separate branches of the posterior interosseous nerve. It seems likely that the fibers of the affected branch had been selectively compressed within the trunk of the posterior interosseous nerve. This suggests that there is sharp topographical localization of branches within the trunk of the nerve.
Age‐related changes in the lumbar facet joints
Authors: Wang Zhan Li , Yu Shiwei , Haughton Victor M.
Published: February 2005

The normal appearance of the lumbar facet joints has been related to the age of the subject. We classified the changes in the menisci, articular cartilage, and subarticular cortical bone with respect to age in 24 cadavers. Normally the meniscus diminishes in size, the articular cartilage thins, and subarticular cortical bone thickens with age. Determination of normality must be made with respect to age.
Optic strut: Posterior root of sphenoid
Authors: Parkinson Dwight
Published: February 2005

The optic strut, the term used by radiologists and neurosurgeons, or the posterior root of the sphenoid bone, as described in anatomy texts, receives only passing notice of its existence. Yet an increasing number of operations involving the anterior portion of the cavernous sinus and the posterior orbit involve an approach via the optic strut. For these reasons the dimensions and shapes of this small structure deserve detailed consideration.
Ultrastructural study on endothelial cells in splenic autotransplantation
Authors: Sasaki Katsunori
Published: February 2005

The splenic tissue of the rat was autotransplanted into the greater omentum to investigate the angiogenic process during splenic regeneration. Chronological observations showed the following two stages. Initially surviving subcapsular sinus endothelial cells migrated to form a preliminary vascular network, which anastomosed with ingrowing omental capillaries to form a circulatory system. In this way, splenic autotransplants would not undergo necrosis and would rapidly form endothelial and reticular cells. At a later stage, the preliminary vascular network differentiated into arteries (arterioles, capillaries), splenic sinuses, and veins. Marked morphologic changes occurred in the endothelial cells, such as vacuole formation, fenestration, and the condensation of intraendothelial microfilaments, resulting in interendothelial slits. These results showed that the formation of a preliminary vascular network caused distinct splenic regeneration and that splenic autotransplantation is a suitable model to study angiogenesis in vivo.
Unsuspected field changes in the esophageal mucosa of patients with esophageal cancer
Authors: Traynor O. J. , Byrne P. J. , Stuart R. C. , Keye G. , Nolan N. , Hennessy T. P. J.
Published: February 2005

The diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma carries an extremely poor prognosis. Even after apparently curative resection, with histologically normal resection margins, there is a high incidence of locally recurrent disease. This study was performed to determine if cell surface morphological abnormalities, indicative of a “field change,” are present in the esophageal mucosa of patients with squamous carcinoma of the esophagus. Seven patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and seven patients with a normal esophagus were studied. Biopsies were examined using both light and scanning electron microscopy; they were taken from the midesophagus in the normal group and from the tumor, the normal mucosa adjacent to the tumor, and the proximal surgical resection margin in the tumor group. There was a characteristic pattern of abnormalities present in both the mucosa adjacent to tumor and the resection margin, indicative of a field change. The microplicae on the cell surfaces were reduced in number and were unfolded, and defects were found in the extracellular matrix giving rise to intercellular fissures. These changes reflect increased cell turnover and increased cell exfoliation. We conclude that scanning electron microscopy can detect widespread changes in the esophageal mucosa of patients with esophageal cancer that are not detectable by light microscopy. The fact that such field changes exist as far as the proximal surgical resection margin may help explain locally recurrent disease after apparently curative surgery.
A method for locating the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve in the neck
Authors: Fujimura Ikurou , de Souza Romeu R. , de Carvalho Claudio A. Ferraz , Rodrigues Aldo J.
Published: February 2005

In order to avoid injury to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve during surgery in the face and neck, a simple method for locating this branch was devised. The anatomical relations between the marginal mandibular nerve and both the facial artery and vein were analyzed in 19 dissection preparations. The following distances were considered: (1) the angle of the mandible to the intersection point nerve‐vein; (2) mandibular angle to the facial artery; (3) inferior mandibular margin to the intersection point nerve‐vein; (4) facial artery to the intersection point projection nerve‐vein; (5) facial artery to the intersection point projection nerve‐vein on the inferior mandibular margin; and (6) facial vein to the facial artery. These data are useful for an easier localization of the marginal mandibular nerve in the submandibular region. All reference points employed are easily detected in a living subject.
Histoarchitecture of the ileal pouch after total colectomy
Authors: Lerch Markus M. , Harder Michael , Braun Josef , Treutner Karl Heinz , Hofstaedter Ferdinand , Schumpelick Volker , Matern Siegfried
Published: February 2005

Total colectomy and the construction of an ileal pouch reservoir that preserves the patient's continence has become a surgical option for the treatment of patients who undergo total colectomy. By using histologic, electron microscopic, and morphometric methods, the histoarchitecture of the terminal ileal pouch, now functioning as a neorectum, was compared with preoperative biopsies from the normal terminal ileum, transverse colon, and rectum from patients undergoing the construction of a pouch as well as controls. Twelve patients, each of which had undergone a total colectomy with an ileal J‐pouch anal anastomosis in our hospital between 1984 and 1987, were included in the study. Over a three year period a progressive transformation to a colonic type mucosa was observed in the ileal pouch. While total mucosal thickness remained unchanged, the number and size of the crypts increased dramatically, making some specimens indistinguishable from normal colonic mucosa on histologic examination. The number of mucus producing goblet cells and Paneth cells increased, whereas the endocrine cell population demonstrated no change. The possible metabolic and physiologic consequences of this mucosal transformation are discussed.
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
Authors: Grimley Ronald P. , O'Garra Jack A. , Cheatle Timothy , Mohan Surianarayanan Ram , Hickman Paul
Published: February 2005

Popliteal artery entrapment is an unusual cause of intermittent claudication in young people. Despite increasing interest since the paper by (Hamming: Angiology 10:369–371, 1959) one may still fail to ascribe exercise‐induced leg pain to this syndrome. It may be confused with a chronic posterior crural compartment syndrome or spinal stenosis. In this article two cases, occurring in young athletes who required reconstructive surgery, are presented.
Study of the contents of the foramen transversarium of the seventh cervical vertebra
Authors: Jovanovic M. S. , Roy P. E. , Royer J. , Houde G. , Houde J. P. , Falardeau J. , Pusterla A. , Martel P.
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the individual variations of the foramen transversarium of the seventh cervical vertebra. This foramen sometimes has the same dimensions as the foramina of the other cervical vertebrae, but it can also be smaller, or absent. In cases where a foramen is present in the seventh cervical vertebra, vascular or nervous structures (or both) can be occasionally observed within the space.

Results confirm that the transverse foramina of the seventh cervical vertebra almost always contain vascular and nervous branches, as well as fibrous and adipose tissue.

This report concerns the findings of the macroscopic and microscopic studies concerning the contents of the transverse foramina of the seventh cervical vertebra. The study was carried out by the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval.
Vascular engineering of the vertebral venous drainage system
Authors: Greenberg Stephen R.
Published: February 2005

The recent distribution infra‐cranial distribution of malignant cerebral neoplasms has prompted a search for possible routes to explain such spread. The intimate connections of the intracerebral veins with the vertebral venous system, the close proximity of cerebral neoplasms to the ventricular system, and the postural hemodynamics of a largely valveless drainage system have all added another dimension to the vertebral venous circulation described by Batson. This flow pattern ascended from the sacrum to the skull. An inferior “reverse” flow is now proposed by which neoplastic cells may extend into the cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes, breast, liver, or lung.
Carpal kinematics and instability: A clinical and anatomic primer
Authors: Amadio Peter C.
Published: February 2005

The complex anatomy of the wrist can be difficult to comprehend, and concepts of normal and abnormal motion may be difficult to convey to students. A conceptual framework may aid understanding in this difficult area. The key concept is that of the proximal carpal row as an intercalated segment stabilized by ligaments. On this foundation are added concepts of normal, synchronous, proximal row movement and analysis of abnormal movements. Abnormal movements are characterized by their direction and severity. The final step in analysis is localization of ligament abnormality, determining first the general class of ligament injured (extra‐articular/intra‐articular), then the specific location (proximal/distal, medial/lateral, anterior/posterior), and finally the specific ligament name.
Review of prophylactic knee bracing in athletes: Does it work?
Authors: Schneider Lawrence K. , Fogel Joseph P.
Published: February 2005

Review of the literature, primarily articles published in the last few years, revealed that the subject of prophylactic (protective) knee bracing in athletes is highly complex and controversial. Published results of studies on knee bracing strongly suggest that it is ineffective in preventing ligamentous knee injuries, that it is time‐consuming and often expensive, and most dramatically that it may contribute to a higher incidence of injury than when no external support is applied to healthy knees. Possible reasons for this include placing undue stress on the MCL (preloading), especially in varus knees, twisting or slipping of the brace during use, and changing directions of force as the knee moves during impact. Functional and rehabilitative knee braces, on the other hand, seem to have almost universal approval when combined with physical therapy and conditioning designed to prevent recurrence of knee injuries. The authors conclude that a need exists for effective prophylactic knee bracing and believe that, with continuing research, improved design, and rigorous testing, achieving this goal is possible.
Study of the mandibulo‐stylohyoid ligament
Authors: Jovanovic M.‐S. , Royer J.
Published: February 2005

The mandibulo‐stylohyoid ligament is a consistent large ligament that extends from the angle of the mandible to the stylohyoid ligament, with prolongations in the direction of the stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric and sternocleidomastoid muscles. The ligament partly separates the submandibular from the parotid gland. It is believed that this ligament should be included in anatomy textbooks, as it is important in both the clinical and surgical anatomic fields.
Septum in the external jugular vein
Authors: Kuchina Nona , Paz Zvia
Published: February 2005

We examined 70 external jugular veins from 35 cadavers. In six veins we observed a septum, 6–25 mm long, which completely divided the lumen of the vein. The septum, which has not been previously described, was located approximately 5 cm superior to the vein's termination into the subclavian vein. Histologically, the septum is composed of tunica intima and tunica media in contrast to venous valves which are composed of tunica intima only.
The quest for the deciphering stone—“How do I study for this course?”: Suggestions on how to approach medical gross anatomy
Authors: Dalley Arthur F.
Published: February 2005

Faculty are frequently asked, “How do I study for this course?” Many have formulated responses, but often there is little sharing of this wisdom among faculty, and students may receive different and often conflicting suggestions from each faculty member they encounter. Although most students believe their study problems are unique, we have found students encounter typical pitfalls as they “learn how to learn” gross anatomy. This paper will describe a six‐step Suggested Learning Plan for a dissection course in gross anatomy and its rationale, as well as other pertinent advice our students have found beneficial in making the transition from failing or “just getting by” to doing well and feeling confident about gross anatomy.
Total microvasculature in insula and caudate nucleus following occlusion of middle cerebral artery in monkeys
Authors: Theodore Deepa R. , Meier‐Ruge W. , Abraham Jacob
Published: February 2005

Total microvasculature of insula and caudate nucleus of 36 monkeys following right middle cerebral artery occlusion was subjected to a sequential morphometric analysis with Leitz ASBA image analysis system. Total microvasculature comprising perfused functional and nonperfused reserve parts was visualized by staining alkaline phosphatase activity in the vessel wall. Number, length, and volume of visualized microvasculature increased at 0.5, 4, and 12 hours in both areas and in addition to at 24 hours in the insular cortex. Diameter and area of the microvessels were increased at 4 hours in caudate and at 0.5, 4, and 12 hours in the insular cortex followed by a decrease at 48 hours and 2 weeks in both. The intermicrovascular distance was significantly increased at 48 hours and 2 weeks in caudate. In insula it had decreased significantly at four, 12 and 24 hours and 2 weeks and increased at 48 hours following occlusion.
Morphometric changes in perfused microvasculature in experimental focal cerebral ischemia in primates
Authors: Theodore Deepa R. , Meier‐Ruge W. , Abraham Jacob
Published: February 2005

A significant reduction in perfused microvasculature in right caudate nucleus and right insular cortex was demonstrated in 22 monkeys at 0.5, 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours and 2 weeks following transorbital occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (RMCA). The microvasculature was visualized by an india ink perfusion method and subjected to morphometric analysis with a Leitz ASBA image analysis system. The reduction in number, length, and changes in diameter of the microvessels visualized with india ink are discussed.
Scanning electron microscopic study of spinal arachnoid plaques
Authors: Wink Carole S. , Sarkar N. K. , Zimny Marilyn L.
Published: February 2005

Calcified or ossified plaques within the spinal arachnoid membranes are often reported at autopsy and are occasionally incriminated as the cause of neurological symptoms in patients undergoing surgery. Histological studies of plaques have been done, but to our knowledge no studies using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been reported. In this study, portions of the spinal cord with plaques were removed from adult human cadavers in the dissecting laboratory and processed for SEM and energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis (EDAX). The surfaces of the plaques appeared to be fibrous in some areas, studded with irregularly shaped projections or nodules in others, and smooth in yet other areas. Cells were seen in lacunae‐like depressions on the surfaces of some plaques and EDAX revealed the presence of calcium on and near the cells. In some areas calcium and phosphorus were both detected, but not in the ratios seen in bone. No calcium was seen on smooth or fibrous areas. It is suggested that the plaques sampled in this study were composed largely of fibrous tissue encrusted in some areas with calcium salts. There was no evidence that any of the plaques contained bone.
Normal variations of the lumbar facet joint capsules
Authors: Xu Guang‐Li , Haughton Victor M. , Yu Shiwei , Carrera Guillermo F.
Published: February 2005

The anatomy and variations of the lumbar facet joint capsules have not been described in detail. Fifty lumbar cadaver facet joints were studied with cryomicrotomy. The axial sections were analyzed to describe the normal appearance of the facet joint capsule. In the majority of cases the facet joint capsule extended beyond the confines of the borders of the facet joint proper. The most common patterns were extensions along the inferior articular process near the dorsal or along the inferior or superior articular process in the ventral aspect of the joint. The study extends previous anatomic studies on the facet joint capsule.
Modulation of bone growth and remodeling by the sympathetic nervous system: Review of experimental and clinical studies
Authors: Herskovits Mark S. , Sandhu Harinder S. , Singh Inder J.
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this paper is to review the interactions of the skeletal and sympathetic nervous systems during normal growth and function as well as in pathology. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that the sympathetic nervous system may play a role in the severity of arthritis and in bone lesions evident in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. In experimental animal studies, bone deposition and mineralization significantly decreased, while bone resorption was significantly increased after sympathectomy. The findings form a basis for understanding the effects of autonomic dysfunction on the skeleton and indicate areas in which further research may have implications for the treatment of skeletal disorders.
Ultrastructure of mast cells in human inferior nasal concha
Authors: Trotter C. M. , Hall G. H.
Published: February 2005

Tissue taken from 20 patients during inferior turbinectomy was examined to elucidate the ultrastructure of mast cells, previously studied histologically, when we had noted differences in their size, granule content and staining characteristics, in epithelium, superficial and deep tunica propria of nasal mucosa.

This ultrastructural study revealed that intra‐epithelial mast cells were common, but often had fewer and more irregularly shaped granules than those in other areas. Mast cells were numerous in superficial tunica propria; they were small and spindle‐shaped, with relatively few roundish granules, and appeared motile. Those in deeper tunica propria were larger and round or ovoid, with many roundish granules. The deeply located cells were fewer and often totally surrounded by large areas of collagen fibers. Association of mast cells with other cells was frequently noted, particularly in superficial layers, often with attenuated processes of fibroblasts and also frequently with one or more plasma cells or another mast cell.

Although mast cells and unmyelinated or myelinated nerve were frequently seen in close association, specialized nerve endings were never observed.

The distribution of mast cells and their granule characteristics correlates well with our earlier published histological observations.