bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magma Chamber Detected Beneath an Arc Volcano With Full‐Waveform Inversion of Active‐Source Seismic Data
Authors: Chrapkiewicz K. , Paulatto M. , Heath B. A. , Hooft E. E. E. , Nomikou P. , Papazachos C. B. , Schmid F. , Toomey D. R. , Warner M. R. , Morgan J. V.
Published: October 2022

Arc volcanoes are underlain by complex systems of molten‐rock reservoirs ranging from melt‐poor mush zones to melt‐rich magma chambers. Petrological and satellite data indicate that eruptible magma chambers form in the topmost few kilometres of the crust. However, very few chambers have ever been definitively located, suggesting that most are too short‐lived or too small to be imaged, which has direct implications for hazard assessment and modeling of magma differentiation. Here we use a high‐resolution technology based on inverting full seismic waveforms to image a small, high‐melt‐fraction magma chamber that was not detected with standard seismic tomography. The melt reservoir extends from ∼2 to at least 4 km below sea level (b.s.l.) at Kolumbo—a submarine volcano near Santorini, Greece. The chamber coincides with the termination point of the recent earthquake swarms and may be a missing link between a deeper melt reservoir and the high‐temperature hydrothermal system venting at the crater floor. The chamber poses a serious hazard as it could produce a highly explosive, tsunamigenic eruption in the near future. Our results suggest that similar reservoirs (relatively small but high‐melt‐fraction) may have gone undetected at other active volcanoes, challenging the existing eruption forecasts and reactive‐flow models of magma differentiation.
A Parametric Study of Oxygen Ion Cyclotron Harmonic Wave Excitation and Polarization by an Oxygen Ring Distribution
Authors: Liu Xu , Chen Lunjin , Sun Jicheng , Wang Xueyi , Usanova Maria E.
Published: October 2022

Oxygen ion cyclotron harmonic (OCH) waves are electromagnetic emissions with frequencies near the harmonics of the oxygen ion cyclotron frequency. These waves can be excited by an energetic O+ ring distribution. Here, we perform a parametric study of OCH waves by an O+ ring distribution. We investigate the effects of ring concentration (ηho), velocity (vr), temperature (Tr), total O+ concentration (ηo), and wave normal angles (WNAs) on the wave growth rate and polarization. We find that four‐wave modes are related to OCH waves. The growth rates and frequency range increase with ηho and ηo and decrease with Tr. The peak growth rate roughly follows the first peak of (square of the Bessel function corresponding to the O+ ring) or cold plasma wave modes, which can be used to explain the vr and WNA dependences. OCH waves shift from the transverse mode to the compressional mode as vr increases.
Dependencies of GPS Scintillation Indices on the Ionospheric Plasma Drift and Rate of Change of TEC Around the Dawn Sector of the Polar Ionosphere
Authors: Wang Y. , Jayachandran P. T. , Ma Y.‐Z. , Zhang Q.‐H. , Xing Z.‐Y. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Shepherd S. G. , Lester M.
Published: October 2022

The dependencies of global positioning system (GPS) scintillation indices on ionospheric plasma flow and the rate of change of total electron content (TEC) around the dawn sector for the first time of the polar ionosphere are investigated. The phase scintillation index (σφ) derived from GPS measurements of the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) shows linear dependencies on both the plasma drift speed measured by the SuperDARN radar and on the rate of change of TEC estimated from the GPS receivers of CHAIN. However, the amplitude scintillation index (S4) does not show any dependence on the plasma flow or the rate of change of TEC. These results further support Wang et al. (2018), https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024805 at the noon sector. The dependence of the phase scintillation index on the plasma flow further evidences that the standard phase scintillation index is dominated by refractive variations due to the use of a fixed cut‐off frequency of 0.1 Hz while detrending the phase observable. The dependence of the phase scintillation index on the rate of change of TEC consolidates the dominance of refractive variations inside.
Impact of Cloud Process in the Mixing State and Microphysical Properties of Soot Particles: Implications in Light Absorption Enhancement
Authors: Fu Yuzhen , Peng Xiaocong , Sun Wei , Hu Xiaodong , Wang Dian , Yang Yuxiang , Guo Ziyong , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhang Guohua , Zhu Jianxi , Ou Jie , Shi Zongbo , Wang Xinming , Bi Xinhui
Published: October 2022

The radiative forcing of soot is dependent on the morphology, mixing state and structure. Cloud processing has been predicted to affect their mixing properties but little is known about the resulting light absorption properties. We collected ambient particles in the pre‐cloud period, the cloud residues and interstitials in the in‐cloud period at Mt. Tianjing (southern China). The morphology parameters of soot aggregates with varying mixing materials [sulfate (S) and organics (OM)] and mixing structures were investigated by a transmission electron microscope, and their absorption cross section were calculated based on discrete dipole approximation. We found that the number contribution of soot‐S decreased from 45% in the pre‐cloud period to 32% in the in‐cloud period, and that of soot‐OM increased from 44% to 60%. Moreover, the number proportion of soot‐OM with fully embedded structure increased remarkably in the in‐cloud period (29%), compared with that in the pre‐cloud period (3%). In addition, the soot‐S aggregates became denser after in‐cloud aqueous process. However, for soot‐OM aggregates, the morphology remained relatively constant. The distinctly different change of soot‐S and soot‐OM in morphology highlights the chemically resolved reconstruction of soot morphology. Theoretical calculation further shows that the changes of soot particles in the mixing state and morphological characteristics by the cloud process resulted in the light absorption enhancement increase from 1.57 to 2.01. This study highlights that the evolution of microphysical properties upon cloud processing should also be considered in climate models to more accurately evaluate the impacts of soot particles.
End‐Member Mixing Analysis as a Tool for the Detection of Major Storms in Lake Sediment Records
Authors: Patterson R. Timothy , Nasser Nawaf A. , Reinhardt Eduard G. , Patterson Calder W. , Gregory Braden R. B. , Mazzella Veronica , Roe Helen M. , Galloway Jennifer M.
Published: October 2022

Major Tropical Cyclone (TC) events cause extensive damage in coastal regions of the western North Atlantic Basin. The short instrumental record leaves significant gaps in understanding long‐term trends in TC recurrence and intensity, creating uncertainty about future storm trends. Analysis of an ∼520‐year core record from Harvey Lake, located >80 km from the Atlantic coast in southwestern New Brunswick, Canada was carried out using: (a) end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) of lake sediment grain size data to identify storm‐linked sedimentological processes; and (2) ITRAX X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) derived element/ratios (Fe, Ti, Ca/Sr, Zr/Rb, K/Rb, and Br + Cl/Al) associated with precipitation, weathering, catchment runoff, and air masses. Three derived end members were correlated to heavy rainfall events (EM01), spring freshet (EM02), and TCs (EM03). CONISS analysis of the EMMA and XRF core data resulted in recognition of four unique climatic zones distinguished by distinct distributions of TC and rainfall/weathering/runoff/and air masses. Numerous, major (EM01) rainfall events and (EM03) TC events characterized the basal core record during the early Little Ice Age (LIAa; Zone 1) phase, terminating at ∼1645. A near cessation of heavy rainfall and TC events differentiated the subsequent colder LIAb (∼1645–1825; Zone 2) and subsequent Little Ice Age Transition (∼1825–1895; Zone 3). A resurgence of major rainfall and TC events occurred during recovery from the LIA starting in ∼1895 (Zone 4). EMMA provides a robust tool for recognition of TC and major rainfall events, and greatly expands the potential for paleo‐storm activity research well inland from coastal regions.
Super‐UWB MIMO Antenna With Dual Band‐Notched and High Gain
Authors: Rahim Sajjad , Elobied Abubaker Ahmed , Huang Wei , Yang Xue‐Xia
Published: October 2022

A 2 × 2 multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna with super‐ultra wideband (super‐UWB), dual band‐notched characteristics and high gain is proposed. The antenna element consists of a circular slot shape radiator fed by a tapered feedline on the top side of the substrate, whereas defected ground structure (DGS) is etched on the bottom ground plane. The DGS and tapered feedline has been designed to produce the super‐UWB performance. Dual‐band notch is achieved by etching a J‐shape slot in the radiator and an I‐shape slot at the edges of the ground plane. The dual‐band notch prevents the electromagnetic interference allocated for other wireless applications. High isolation is realized by incorporating a plus‐shape decoupling structure with four small arm shape stubs at the center of the ground plane. A prototype was fabricated to verify the simulated and measurement results. The proposed design achieves a super‐ultra wide bandwidth of 165% (3.4 ∼ 35 GHz), isolation of 21 dB, and a peak gain of 13 dBi. The notched bands are at 6.6 and 10 GHz. The envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.01. The overall size of the MIMO design is 0.58λ0L × 0.34λ0L (λ0L is the free‐space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency).
Flash Drought Onset and Development Mechanisms Captured With Soil Moisture and Vegetation Data Assimilation
Authors: Ahmad Shahryar K. , Kumar Sujay V. , Lahmers Timothy M. , Wang Shugong , Liu Pang‐Wei , Wrzesien Melissa L. , Bindlish Rajat , Getirana Augusto , Locke Kim A. , Holmes Thomas R. , Otkin Jason A.
Published: October 2022

Flash droughts evolve and intensify rapidly under the influence of anomalous atmospheric conditions. In this study, we investigate the role of assimilating remotely sensed soil moisture (SM) and vegetation properties in capturing the evolution and impacts of two flash droughts in the Northern Great Plains. We find that during 2016 drought triggered by anomalously high temperatures and excessive evaporative demands, multivariate data assimilation (DA) of MODIS‐derived leaf area index (LAI) and Soil Moisture Active Passive SM within Noah‐Multiparameterization model helps capture elevated transpiration at onset. Assimilation of LAI particularly helped model the resulting rapid decline in SM during onset with as high as 10.0% steeper rate of decline compared to the simulation without any assimilation. Modeled‐SM anomalies exhibit a 7.5% and 11.7% increase in similarity with Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) data and U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) maps, respectively. In contrast, during 2017 flash drought driven by record‐low precipitation during summers, SM assimilation resulted in largest rates of decline in rootzone SM, as large as 48.4% compared to results from no assimilation. Multivariate DA of SM and LAI results in 6.7% and 14.3% higher spatial similarity with ESI and USDM, respectively, and is necessary to model rapid intensification caused by anomalous precipitation deficits. This study elucidates the need to incorporate multiple observational constraints from remote sensing to effectively capture rapid onset rates, intensification, and severity of flash drought following different propagation mechanisms. This is fundamental for drought early detection to provide a wider window of response and implement efficient mitigation strategies.
Observation of room temperature excitons in an atomically thin topological insulator
Authors: Syperek Marcin , Stühler Raul , Consiglio Armando , Holewa Paweł , Wyborski Paweł , Dusanowski Łukasz , Reis Felix , Höfling Sven , Thomale Ronny , Hanke Werner , Claessen Ralph , Di Sante Domenico , Schneider Christian
Published: October 2022

Optical spectroscopy of ultimately thin materials has significantly enhanced our understanding of collective excitations in low-dimensional semiconductors. This is particularly reflected by the rich physics of excitons in atomically thin crystals which uniquely arises from the interplay of strong Coulomb correlation, spin-orbit coupling (SOC), and lattice geometry. Here we extend the field by reporting the observation of room temperature excitons in a material of non-trivial global topology. We study the fundamental optical excitation spectrum of a single layer of bismuth atoms epitaxially grown on a SiC substrate (hereafter bismuthene or Bi/SiC) which has been established as a large-gap, two-dimensional (2D) quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator. Strongly developed optical resonances are observed to emerge around the direct gap at the K and K’ points of the Brillouin zone, indicating the formation of bound excitons with considerable oscillator strength. These experimental findings are corroborated, concerning both the character of the excitonic resonances as well as their energy scale, by ab-initio GW and Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations, confirming strong Coulomb interaction effects in these optical excitations. Our observations provide evidence of excitons in a 2D QSH insulator at room temperature, with excitonic and topological physics deriving from the very same electronic structure.
Constitutional isomerism of the linkages in donor–acceptor covalent organic frameworks and its impact on photocatalysis
Authors: Yang Jin , Ghosh Samrat , Roeser Jérôme , Acharjya Amitava , Penschke Christopher , Tsutsui Yusuke , Rabeah Jabor , Wang Tianyi , Djoko Tameu Simon Yves , Ye Meng-Yang , Grüneberg Julia , Li Shuang , Li Changxia , Schomäcker Reinhard , Van De Krol Roel , Seki Shu , Saalfrank Peter , Thomas Arne
Published: October 2022

When new covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are designed, the main efforts are typically focused on selecting specific building blocks with certain geometries and properties to control the structure and function of the final COFs. The nature of the linkage (imine, boroxine, vinyl, etc.) between these building blocks naturally also defines their properties. However, besides the linkage type, the orientation, i.e., the constitutional isomerism of these linkages, has rarely been considered so far as an essential aspect. In this work, three pairs of constitutionally isomeric imine-linked donor-acceptor (D-A) COFs are synthesized, which are different in the orientation of the imine bonds (D-C=N-A (DCNA) and D-N=C-A (DNCA)). The constitutional isomers show substantial differences in their photophysical properties and consequently in their photocatalytic performance. Indeed, all DCNA COFs show enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution performance than the corresponding DNCA COFs. Besides the imine COFs shown here, it can be concluded that the proposed concept of constitutional isomerism of linkages in COFs is quite universal and should be considered when designing and tuning the properties of COFs.
Detection and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections during the Omicron variant circulation in France
Authors: Bal Antonin , Simon Bruno , Destras Gregory , Chalvignac Richard , Semanas Quentin , Oblette Antoine , Quéromès Grégory , Fanget Remi , Regue Hadrien , Morfin Florence , Valette Martine , Lina Bruno , Josset Laurence
Published: October 2022

From December 2021-February 2022, an intense and unprecedented co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants with high genetic diversity raised the question of possible co-infections between variants and how to detect them. Using 11 mixes of Delta:Omicron isolates at different ratios, we evaluated the performance of 4 different sets of primers used for whole-genome sequencing and developed an unbiased bioinformatics method for the detection of co-infections involving genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Applied on 21,387 samples collected between December 6, 2021 to February 27, 2022 from random genomic surveillance in France, we detected 53 co-infections between different lineages. The prevalence of Delta and Omicron (BA.1) co-infections and Omicron lineages BA.1 and BA.2 co-infections were estimated at 0.18% and 0.26%, respectively. Among 6,242 hospitalized patients, the intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates were 1.64%, 4.81% and 15.38% in Omicron, Delta and Delta/Omicron patients, respectively. No BA.1/BA.2 co-infections were reported among ICU admitted patients. Among the 53 co-infected patients, a total of 21 patients (39.6%) were not vaccinated. Although SARS-CoV-2 co-infections were rare in this study, their proper detection is crucial to evaluate their clinical impact and the risk of the emergence of potential recombinants.
Breadth of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and protection induced by a nanoparticle vaccine
Authors: Li Dapeng , Martinez David R. , Schäfer Alexandra , Chen Haiyan , Barr Maggie , Sutherland Laura L. , Lee Esther , Parks Robert , Mielke Dieter , Edwards Whitney , Newman Amanda , Bock Kevin W. , Minai Mahnaz , Nagata Bianca M. , Gagne Matthew , Douek Daniel C. , DeMarco C. Todd , Denny Thomas N. , Oguin Thomas H. , Brown Alecia , Rountree Wes , Wang Yunfei , Mansouri Katayoun , Edwards Robert J. , Ferrari Guido , Sempowski Gregory D. , Eaton Amanda , Tang Juanjie , Cain Derek W. , Santra Sampa , Pardi Norbert , Weissman Drew , Tomai Mark A. , Fox Christopher B. , Moore Ian N. , Andersen Hanne , Lewis Mark G. , Golding Hana , Seder Robert , Khurana Surender , Baric Ralph S. , Montefiori David C. , Saunders Kevin O. , Haynes Barton F.
Published: October 2022

Coronavirus vaccines that are highly effective against current and anticipated SARS-CoV-2 variants are needed to control COVID-19. We previously reported a receptor-binding domain (RBD)-sortase A-conjugated ferritin nanoparticle (scNP) vaccine that induced neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and pre-emergent sarbecoviruses and protected non-human primates (NHPs) from SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 infection. Here, we find the RBD-scNP induced neutralizing antibodies in NHPs against pseudoviruses of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 variants including 614G, Beta, Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/BA.5, and a designed variant with escape mutations, PMS20. Adjuvant studies demonstrate variant neutralization titers are highest with 3M-052-aqueous formulation (AF). Immunization twice with RBD-scNPs protect NHPs from SARS-CoV-2 WA-1, Beta, and Delta variant challenge, and protect mice from challenges of SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant and two other heterologous sarbecoviruses. These results demonstrate the ability of RBD-scNPs to induce broad neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants and to protect animals from multiple different SARS-related viruses. Such a vaccine could provide broad immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Dimensional reduction and incommensurate dynamic correlations in the $$S=\frac{1}{2}$$ triangular-lattice antiferromagnet Ca3ReO5Cl2
Authors: Zvyagin S. A. , Ponomaryov A. N. , Wosnitza J. , Hirai D. , Hiroi Z. , Gen M. , Kohama Y. , Matsuo A. , Matsuda Y. H. , Kindo K.
Published: October 2022

The observation of spinon excitations in the $$S=\frac{1}{2}$$
S
=

1

2

triangular antiferromagnet Ca3ReO5Cl2 reveals a quasi-one-dimensional (1D) nature of magnetic correlations, in spite of the nominally 2D magnetic structure. This phenomenon is known as frustration-induced dimensional reduction. Here, we present high-field electron spin resonance spectroscopy and magnetization studies of Ca3ReO5Cl2, allowing us not only to refine spin-Hamiltonian parameters, but also to investigate peculiarities of its low-energy spin dynamics. We argue that the presence of the uniform Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) shifts the spinon continuum in momentum space and, as a result, opens a zero-field gap at the Γ point. We observed this gap directly. The shift is found to be consistent with the structural modulation in the ordered state, suggesting this material as a perfect model triangular-lattice system, where a pure DMI-spiral ground state can be realized.
Retinoblastoma protein as an intrinsic BRD4 inhibitor modulates small molecule BET inhibitor sensitivity in cancer
Authors: Ding Donglin , Zheng Rongbin , Tian Ye , Jimenez Rafael , Hou Xiaonan , Weroha Saravut J. , Wang Liguo , Shi Lei , Huang Haojie
Published: October 2022

Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins including BRD4 play important roles in oncogenesis and immune inflammation. Here we demonstrate that cancer cells with loss of the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor became resistant to small molecule bromodomain inhibitors of BET proteins. We find that RB binds to bromodomain-1 (BD1) of BRD4, but binding is impeded by CDK4/6-mediated RB phosphorylation at serine-249/threonine-252 (S249/T252). ChIP-seq analysis shows RB knockdown increases BRD4 occupancy at genomic loci of genes enriched in cancer-related pathways including the GPCR-GNBIL-CREB axis. S249/T252-phosphorylated RB positively correlates with GNBIL protein level in prostate cancer patient samples. BET inhibitor resistance in RB-deficient cells is abolished by co-administration of CREB inhibitor. Our study identifies RB protein as a bona fide intrinsic inhibitor of BRD4 and demonstrates that RB inactivation confers resistance to small molecule BET inhibitors, thereby revealing a regulatory hub that converges RB upstream signaling onto BRD4 functions in diseases such as cancer.
Metabolic control of CD47 expression through LAT2-mediated amino acid uptake promotes tumor immune evasion
Authors: Wang Zenan , Li Binghao , Li Shan , Lin Wenlong , Wang Zhan , Wang Shengdong , Chen Weida , Shi Wei , Chen Tao , Zhou Hao , Yinwang Eloy , Zhang Wenkan , Mou Haochen , Chai Xupeng , Zhang Jiahao , Lu Zhimin , Ye Zhaoming
Published: October 2022

Chemotherapy elicits tumor immune evasion with poorly characterized mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that chemotherapy markedly enhances the expression levels of CD47 in osteosarcoma tissues, which are positively associated with patient mortality. We reveal that macrophages in response to chemotherapy secrete interleukin-18, which in turn upregulates expression of L-amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2) in tumor cells for substantially enhanced uptakes of leucine and glutamine, two potent stimulators of mTORC1. The increased levels of leucine and enhanced glutaminolysis activate mTORC1 and subsequent c-Myc-mediated transcription of CD47. Depletion of LAT2 or treatment of tumor cells with a LAT inhibitor downregulates CD47 with enhanced macrophage infiltration and phagocytosis of tumor cells, and sensitizes osteosarcoma to doxorubicin treatment in mice. These findings unveil a mutual regulation between macrophage and tumor cells that plays a critical role in tumor immune evasion and underscore the potential to intervene with the LAT2-mediated amino acid uptake for improving cancer therapies.
Engineered helicase replaces thermocycler in DNA amplification while retaining desired PCR characteristics
Authors: Gavrilov Momčilo , Yang Joshua Y. C. , Zou Roger S. , Ma Wen , Lee Chun-Ying , Mohapatra Sonisilpa , Kang Jimin , Liao Ting-Wei , Myong Sua , Ha Taekjip
Published: October 2022

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an essential method in molecular diagnostics and life sciences. PCR requires thermal cycling for heating the DNA for strand separation and cooling it for replication. The process uses a specialized hardware and exposes biomolecules to temperatures above 95 °C. Here, we engineer a PcrA M6 helicase with enhanced speed and processivity to replace the heating step by enzymatic DNA unwinding while retaining desired PCR characteristics. We name this isothermal amplification method SHARP (SSB-Helicase Assisted Rapid PCR) because it uses the engineered helicase and single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) in addition to standard PCR reagents. SHARP can generate amplicons with lengths of up to 6000 base pairs. SHARP can produce functional DNA, a plasmid that imparts cells with antibiotic resistance, and can amplify specific fragments from genomic DNA of human cells. We further use SHARP to assess the outcome of CRISPR-Cas9 editing at endogenous genomic sites.
Cryomicroscopy reveals the structural basis for a flexible hinge motion in the immunoglobulin M pentamer
Authors: Chen Qu , Menon Rajesh , Calder Lesley J. , Tolar Pavel , Rosenthal Peter B.
Published: October 2022

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the most ancient of the five isotypes of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules and serves as the first line of defence against pathogens. Here, we use cryo-EM to image the structure of the human full-length IgM pentamer, revealing antigen binding domains flexibly attached to the asymmetric and rigid core formed by the Cμ4 and Cμ3 constant regions and the J-chain. A hinge is located at the Cμ3/Cμ2 domain interface, allowing Fabs and Cμ2 to pivot as a unit both in-plane and out-of-plane. This motion is different from that observed in IgG and IgA, where the two Fab arms are able to swing independently. A biased orientation of one pair of Fab arms results from asymmetry in the constant domain (Cμ3) at the IgM subunit interacting most extensively with the J-chain. This may influence the multi-valent binding to surface-associated antigens and complement pathway activation. By comparison, the structure of the Fc fragment in the IgM monomer is similar to that of the pentamer, but is more dynamic in the Cμ4 domain.
A noncanonical function of EIF4E limits ALDH1B1 activity and increases susceptibility to ferroptosis
Authors: Chen Xin , Huang Jun , Yu Chunhua , Liu Jiao , Gao Wanli , Li Jingbo , Song Xinxin , Zhou Zhuan , Li Changfeng , Xie Yangchun , Kroemer Guido , Liu Jinbao , Tang Daolin , Kang Rui
Published: October 2022

Ferroptosis is a type of lipid peroxidation-dependent cell death that is emerging as a therapeutic target for cancer. However, the mechanisms of ferroptosis during the generation and detoxification of lipid peroxidation products remain rather poorly defined. Here, we report an unexpected role for the eukaryotic translation initiation factor EIF4E as a determinant of ferroptotic sensitivity by controlling lipid peroxidation. A drug screening identified 4EGI-1 and 4E1RCat (previously known as EIF4E-EIF4G1 interaction inhibitors) as powerful inhibitors of ferroptosis. Genetic and functional studies showed that EIF4E (but not EIF4G1) promotes ferroptosis in a translation-independent manner. Using mass spectrometry and subsequent protein-protein interaction analysis, we identified EIF4E as an endogenous repressor of ALDH1B1 in mitochondria. ALDH1B1 belongs to the family of aldehyde dehydrogenases and may metabolize the aldehyde substrate 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) at high concentrations. Supraphysiological levels of 4HNE triggered ferroptosis, while low concentrations of 4HNE increased the cell susceptibility to classical ferroptosis inducers by activating the NOX1 pathway. Accordingly, EIF4E-dependent ALDH1B1 inhibition enhanced the anticancer activity of ferroptosis inducers in vitro and in vivo. Our results support a key function of EIF4E in orchestrating lipid peroxidation to ignite ferroptosis.
Contact tracing reveals community transmission of COVID-19 in New York City
Authors: Pei Sen , Kandula Sasikiran , Cascante Vega Jaime , Yang Wan , Foerster Steffen , Thompson Corinne , Baumgartner Jennifer , Ahuja Shama Desai , Blaney Kathleen , Varma Jay K. , Long Theodore , Shaman Jeffrey
Published: October 2022

Understanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission within and among communities is critical for tailoring public health policies to local context. However, analysis of community transmission is challenging due to a lack of high-resolution surveillance and testing data. Here, using contact tracing records for 644,029 cases and their contacts in New York City during the second pandemic wave, we provide a detailed characterization of the operational performance of contact tracing and reconstruct exposure and transmission networks at individual and ZIP code scales. We find considerable heterogeneity in reported close contacts and secondary infections and evidence of extensive transmission across ZIP code areas. Our analysis reveals the spatial pattern of SARS-CoV-2 spread and communities that are tightly interconnected by exposure and transmission. We find that locations with higher vaccination coverage and lower numbers of visitors to points-of-interest had reduced within- and cross-ZIP code transmission events, highlighting potential measures for curtailing SARS-CoV-2 spread in urban settings.
Switchable half-metallicity in A-type antiferromagnetic NiI2 bilayer coupled with ferroelectric In2Se3
Authors: Wang Yaping , Xu Xinguang , Zhao Xian , Ji Weixiao , Cao Qiang , Li Shengshi , Li Yanlu
Published: October 2022

Electrically controlled half-metallicity in antiferromagnets is of great significance for both fundamental research and practical application. Here, by constructing van der Waals heterostructures composed of two-dimensional (2D) A-type antiferromagnetic NiI2 bilayer (bi-NiI2) and ferroelectric In2Se3 with different thickness, we propose that the half-metallicity is realizable and switchable in the bi-NiI2 proximate to In2Se3 bilayer (bi-In2Se3). The polarization flipping of the bi-In2Se3 successfully drives transition between half-metal and semiconductor for the bi-NiI2. This intriguing phenomenon is attributed to the joint effect of polarization field-induced energy band shift and interfacial charge transfer. Besides, the easy magnetization axis of the bi-NiI2 is also dependent on the polarization direction of the bi-In2Se3. The half-metallicity and magnetic anisotropy energy of the bi-NiI2 in heterostructure can be effectively manipulated by strain. These findings provide not only a feasible strategy to achieve and control half-metallicity in 2D antiferromagnets, but also a promising candidate to design advanced nanodevices.
Slipping mechanics during walking along curved paths depend on the biomechanical context at slip onset
Authors: Rasmussen Corbin M. , Curtze Carolin , Mukherjee Mukul , Hunt Nathaniel H.
Published: October 2022

Curvilinear walking is common, causing limb- and radius-dependent asymmetries that distinguish it from straight walking and elevated friction demands that increase slip-and-fall risk. However, it is unclear how aspects of curvilinear walking influence the slip perturbations experienced. We cross-sectionally examined how three biomechanical slip contexts (slip onset phase, slipped foot relative to the path, path radius) influence slip direction, distance, and peak velocity. Eighteen young adults experienced unconstrained inside or outside foot slips during early, mid-, or late stance while following 1.0- or 2.0-m radius semicircular paths. We derived slip mechanics from motion-capture data and assessed their dependence on slip context using mixed-effects models. As slip onset phase progressed, slip directions exhibited an anterior-to-posterior transition, shortened mediolaterally, and accelerated anteroposteriorly. The slipped foot modified the direction transition, with inside and outside foot slips moving contralaterally and ipsilaterally, respectively. Inside foot slips were shorter and slower mediolaterally and longer anteroposteriorly than outside foot slips. Increasing path radius caused slips with greater mediolateral direction components. We show a range of context-dependent slips are possible, likely due to instantaneous magnitudes and orientations of shear ground reaction forces. Our results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of walking slips, which fall prevention methods can leverage.
Exploring the In situ pairing of human galectins toward synthetic O-mannosylated core M1 glycopeptides of α-dystroglycan
Authors: Villones Lareno L. , Ludwig Anna-Kristin , Kumeta Hiroyuki , Kikuchi Seiya , Ochi Rika , Aizawa Tomoyasu , Nishimura Shin-Ichiro , Gabius Hans-Joachim , Hinou Hiroshi
Published: October 2022

Dystroglycan (DG), which constitutes a part of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex, connects the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. The matriglycans presented by the extracellular α-DG serve as a contact point with extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) containing laminin G-like domains, providing cellular stability. However, it remains unknown whether core M1 (GlcNAcβ1-2Man) structures can serve as ligands among the various O-Mannosylated glycans. Therefore, based on the presence of N-acetylLactosamine (LacNAc) in this glycan following the core extension, the binding interactions with adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins were explored. To elucidate this process, the interaction between galectin (Gal)-1, -3, -4 and -9 with α-DG fragment 372TRGAIIQTPTLGPIQPTRV390 core M1-based glycopeptide library were profiled, using glycan microarray and nuclear magnetic resonance studies. The binding of galectins was revealed irrespective of its modular architecture, adding galectins to the list of possible binding partners of α-DG core M1 glycoconjugates by cis-binding (via peptide- and carbohydrate-protein interactions), which can be abrogated by α2,3-sialylation of the LacNAc units. The LacNAc-terminated α-DG glycopeptide interact simultaneously with both the S- and F-faces of Gal-1, thereby inducing oligomerization. Furthermore, Gal-1 can trans-bridge α-DG core M1 structures and laminins, which proposed a possible mechanism by which Gal-1 ameliorates muscular dystrophies; however, this proposal warrants further investigation.
Leveraging patient derived models of FGFR2 fusion positive intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma to identify synergistic therapies
Authors: Lidsky Michael E. , Wang Zechen , Lu Min , Liu Annie , Hsu S. David , McCall Shannon J. , Sheng Zhecheng , Granek Joshua A. , Owzar Kouros , Anderson Karen S. , Wood Kris C.
Published: October 2022

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains a deadly malignancy lacking systemic therapies for advanced disease. Recent advancements include selective FGFR1–3 inhibitors for the 15% of ICC patients harboring fusions, although survival is limited by poor response and resistance. Herein we report generation of a patient-derived FGFR2 fusion-positive ICC model system consisting of a cell line, organoid, and xenograft, which have undergone complete histologic, genomic, and phenotypic characterization, including testing standard-of-care systemic therapies. Using these FGFR2 fusion-positive ICC models, we conducted an unbiased high-throughput small molecule screen to prioritize combination strategies with FGFR inhibition, from which HDAC inhibition together with pemigatinib was validated in vitro and in vivo as a synergistic therapy for ICC. Additionally, we demonstrate broad utility of the FGFR/HDAC combination for other FGFR fusion-positive solid tumors. These data are directly translatable and justify early phase trials to establish dosing, safety, and therapeutic efficacy of this synergistic combination.
Self-organized quantum dots in marginally twisted MoSe2/WSe2 and MoS2/WS2 bilayers
Authors: Enaldiev V. V. , Ferreira F. , McHugh J. G. , Fal’ko Vladimir I.
Published: October 2022

Moiré superlattices in twistronic heterostructures are a powerful tool for materials engineering. In marginally twisted (small misalignment angle, θ) bilayers of nearly lattice-matched two-dimensional (2D) crystals moiré patterns take the form of domains of commensurate stacking, separated by a network of domain walls (NoDW) with strain hot spots at the NoDW nodes. Here, we show that, for type-II transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers MoX2/WX2 (X=S, Se), the hydrostatic strain component in these hot spots creates quantum dots for electrons and holes. We investigate the electron/hole states bound by such objects, discussing their manifestations via the intralayer intraband infrared transitions. The electron/hole confinement, which is strongest for θ < 0.5°, leads to a red-shift of their recombination line producing single-photon emitters (SPE) broadly tuneable around 1 eV by misalignment angle. These self-organized dots can form in bilayers with both aligned and inverted MoX2 and WX2 unit cells, emitting photons with different polarizations. We also find that the hot spots of strain reduce the intralayer MoX2 A-exciton energy, enabling selective population of the quantum dot states.
Adsorption of oleic acid on magnetite facets
Authors: Creutzburg Marcus , Konuk Mine , Tober Steffen , Chung Simon , Arndt Björn , Noei Heshmat , Meißner Robert H. , Stierle Andreas
Published: October 2022

The microscopic understanding of the atomic structure and interaction at carboxylic acid/oxide interfaces is an important step towards tailoring the mechanical properties of nanocomposite materials assembled from metal oxide nanoparticles functionalized by organic molecules. We have studied the adsorption of oleic acid (C17H33COOH) on the most prominent magnetite (001) and (111) crystal facets at room temperature using low energy electron diffraction, surface X-ray diffraction and infrared vibrational spectroscopy complemented with molecular dynamics simulations used to infer specific hydrogen bonding motifs between oleic acid and oleate. Our experimental and theoretical results give evidence that oleic acid adsorbs dissociatively on both facets at lower coverages. At higher coverages, the more pronounced molecular adsorption causes hydrogen bond formation between the carboxylic groups, leading to a more upright orientation of the molecules on the (111) facet in conjunction with the formation of a denser layer, as compared to the (001) facet. This is evidenced by the C=O double bond infrared line shape, in depth molecular dynamics bond angle orientation and hydrogen bond analysis, as well as X-ray reflectivity layer electron density profile determination. Such a higher density can explain the higher mechanical strength of nanocomposite materials based on magnetite nanoparticles with larger (111) facets.
Contrasting sea ice conditions shape microbial food webs in Hudson Bay (Canadian Arctic)
Authors: Jacquemot Loïc , Vigneron Adrien , Tremblay Jean-Éric , Lovejoy Connie
Published: October 2022

The transition from ice-covered to open water is a recurring feature of the Arctic and sub-Arctic, but microbial diversity and cascading effects on the microbial food webs is poorly known. Here, we investigated microbial eukaryote, bacterial and archaeal communities in Hudson Bay (sub-Arctic, Canada) under sea-ice cover and open waters conditions. Co-occurrence networks revealed a <3 µm pico‒phytoplankton-based food web under the ice and a >3 µm nano‒microphytoplankton-based food web in the open waters. The ice-edge communities were characteristic of post-bloom conditions with high proportions of the picophytoplankton Micromonas and Bathycoccus. Nano‒ to micro‒phytoplankton and ice associated diatoms were detected throughout the water column, with the sympagic Melosira arctica exclusive to ice-covered central Hudson Bay and Thalassiosira in open northwestern Hudson Bay. Heterotrophic microbial eukaryotes and prokaryotes also differed by ice-state, suggesting a linkage between microbes at depth and surface phytoplankton bloom state. The findings suggest that a longer open water season may favor the establishment of a large phytoplankton-based food web at the subsurface chlorophyll maxima (SCM), increasing carbon export from pelagic diatoms to deeper waters and affect higher trophic levels in the deep Hudson Bay.
A processable, scalable, and stable full-color ultralong afterglow system based on heteroatom-free hydrocarbon doped polymers
Authors: Zheng Xiaoxin , Han Quanxiang , Lin Qinglian , Li Cuicui , Jiang Jinke , Guo Qing , Ye Xin , Yuan Wang Zhang , Liu Yang , Tao Xutang
Published: October 2022

Pure hydrocarbon doped polymers possess long-lived and full-color afterglows and can be manufactured in numerous ways.
Fall detection based on OpenPose and MobileNetV2 network
Authors: Gao Mengqi , Li Jiangjiao , Zhou Dazheng , Zhi Yumin , Zhang Mingliang , Li Bin
Published: October 2022

The proposed fall detection approach is aimed at building a support system for the elders. In this work, a method based on human pose estimation and lightweight neural network is used to detect falls. First, the OpenPose is used to extract human keypoints and label them in the images. After that, the modified MobileNetV2 network is used to detect falls by integrating both human keypoint information and pose information in the original images. The above operation can use the original image information to correct the deviation in the keypoint labeling process. Through experiments, the accuracy of the proposed method is 98.6% and 99.75% on the UR and Le2i datasets, which is higher than the listed comparison methods.
Evidences in Uterine Artery Embolization: A Radiologist's Primer
Authors: Bellala Pavankumar , Valakkada Jineesh , Ayyappan Anoop , Kumar Santhosh
Published: October 2022

Uterine artery embolization is an established minimally invasive therapy for symptomatic fibroids. It has also been used for other diseases of the uterus, including adenomyosis, uterine arteriovenous malformation, ectopic pregnancy, abnormal invasive placenta, and postpartum hemorrhage. In this review, we provide an updated and comprehensive review of uterine artery embolization based on the evidence published. We review the indications, the role of MRI, technical aspects, and complications of the procedure. The issues with a future pregnancy, risk of infertility, and fetal radiation are discussed as well.
Large-eddy simulation study of rotating detonation supersonic turbine nozzle generated by the method of characteristics under oscillating incoming flow
Authors: Su Liangjun , Wen Fengbo , Wan Chenxin , Li Zuobiao , Han Jiajun , Wang Songtao , Wang Zhongqi
Published: October 2022

Rotating detonation turbine engine is receiving considerable attention due to its' high cycle efficiency, outstanding thrust characteristics, self-pressurization, and energy-saving attributes. Conventional turbines are inefficient (30%) under rotating detonation inflow conditions. In order to obtain the turbine operating efficiently under the condition of rotating detonation inflow, this paper uses the method of characteristics and Bessel parameterization to design the blade profile of the rotating detonation supersonic turbine. The Large Eddy Simulation is used to numerically study the flow field characteristics of the supersonic turbine blade designed by the method of characteristics. The study found that the rotating detonation supersonic turbine guide vane can effectively reduce the pressure oscillation amplitude of the incoming flow to 25% of the original amplitude, and the main frequency (10 kHz) of the incoming flow occupies the main part of the flow field frequency. Second, the morphological evolution of the shock waves attenuates the adverse pressure gradient on the suction surface. The separation area of the suction surface slowly oscillates and attenuates, and is eventually confined to a small region. The wake accelerates and dissipates under the squeezing jet of the dovetail wave and the intense shearing action, forming a small wake area. The attenuation of large-scale separation gradually reduces the separation loss and wake loss, and the convergence and interaction of shock waves and the wake vortex significantly enhance the proportion of entropy production in the shock region. From the pressure coefficient and is entropic Mach number distributions, it is found that the blade load is mainly concentrated in the tail, and is minimized when the flow field becomes stable. These features provide a reference for the design of rotating detonation supersonic turbines and a deeper understanding of the flow field characteristics of rotating detonation turbine engines.
Formation and breakup of twisting ligaments in a viscous swirling liquid jet
Authors: Sahu Toshan Lal , Chetan Ujjwal , Mahato Jagannath , Kar Prabir Kumar , Das Prasanta Kumar , Lakkaraju Rajaram
Published: October 2022

We analyze the successive steps of the breakup morphology of a swirling liquid jet. Three-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out using the Volume of Fluid method with adaptive mesh refinement for axial Reynolds numbers of 50 and swirl numbers of 0.50≤S≤1.55. We present fundamental flow features of the swirling jet in terms of time-averaged axial and azimuthal velocity profiles for the considered range of swirl numbers. The provision of a swirl induces helical disturbance at the interface of the jet, which exhibits an azimuthal mode number of m = 4. We identified that viscous forces are the most dominant force in the flow, which causes the suppression of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability at the interface. In contrast, we found the existence of centrifugal instability, which destabilizes the helical rim developing at the interface. As a result, centrifugally induced corrugations in the form of tiny protrusions develop along each of the helical rims, which triggers Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Subsequently, these tiny protrusions get stretched in the radially outward direction and transform into twisting ligaments that break into droplets. We have elucidated the mechanism for the twisting of ligaments and its further disintegration into first-generation droplets, which has not been reported in previous studies.
Interaction mechanism between the tip leakage flow and inlet boundary layer in a highly loaded compressor cascade based on scale-adaptive simulation
Authors: Zhang Botao , Liu Bo , Mao Xiaochen , Wang Hejian , Yang Zonghao , Li Zhanyang
Published: October 2022

Based on the scale-adaptive simulation, the interaction mechanism between the tip leakage flow (TLF) and the inlet boundary layer (IBL) and its effects on the tip flow field and aerodynamic performance of the compressor cascade were investigated. The time-averaged results show that the IBL reduces the blade tip load near the leading edge region, decreases the axial momentum of the TLF, and inhibits the development of the TLF to a certain extent. On the other hand, the IBL promotes the coupling of the tip leakage vortex, secondary vortex, and separation vortex and induces breakdown, resulting in a large area of severe flow separation in the corner region, greatly reducing the diffusion capacity and significantly increasing the flow loss in the tip region. The analysis of the unsteady transient flow fields indicates that the unsteady fluctuation in the tip region is mainly caused by the tip leakage vortex and flow separation near the blade trailing edge. The former is suppressed under the influence of the IBL, while the latter is amplified. The high-intensity oscillation due to the breakdown and decomposition of the tip vortex structures plays a critical role in the fluctuation of the cascade performance. By means of proper orthogonal decomposition, it is found that the IBL enhances the fluctuation of small-scale vortex structures related to flow separation and leakage flow and makes the stability of the tip flow field worse.