bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WORK COMMITMENT AND CONSTRAINT AMONG MOTHERS ON WORKFARE
Authors: OLIKER STACEY J.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of a study of single mothers who are mandated to participate in workfare programs. It examines how low-income single mothers become involved in paid work and how the structures of their personal lives and their strategies of parenthood in low-income urban environments shape their economic action. Interviews with workfare participants show how single mothers view their economic field of action and how they interpret economic opportunities and make decisions about work in the context of their obligations and commitments to their children and their close kin. This study extends sociological perspectives on the relationship between work and family life to the study of women on welfare and addresses the shortcomings of poverty policy studies that ignore the family and neighborhood contexts of welfare mothers' economic activity.
Metropolitan Prosperity from Major League Sports in the CBD: Stadia Locations or Just Strength of the Central City? A Reply to Arthur C. Nelson
Authors: Wassmer Robert W.
Published: March 2007

This comment on Nelson’s article, “Prosperity or Blight? A Question of Major League Stadia Locations,” which appears in this issue of Economic Development Quarterly, looks at the possible economic contribution of professional sports to a metropolitan area by summarizing earlier critiques of the literature on the topic, three regression studies that are similar to Nelson’s, and an article that relates central-city economic vitality to suburban economic vitality. The possibility of omitted variable bias in Nelson’s analysis is raised and the appropriate caution provided that sports stadia in a central business district may only be acting as a proxy for the overall strength of the central city. Nelson is commended for the work he has done, but more work along this line needs to be completed before specific public policy toward the desired locations of professional sports stadia is set.
The Impact of the SBIR on Creating Entrepreneurial Behavior
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Weigand Juergen , Weigand Claudia
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Congress created the Small Business Innovation Research program in 1982 in response to the loss of American competitiveness in global markets. Congress mandated that each federal agency allocate approximately 4% of its annual budget to fund innovative small firms to help restore American international competitiveness. This article examines the impact of the SBIR. Specifically, the authors identify the degree to which (a) SBIR recipients have altered their career choices as a result of the award, particularly with respect to commercialization in the form of a new firm, and (b) their behavior has “spilled over” by inducing other colleagues to commercialize their knowledge by starting a new firm. This enables one to determine how the SBIR has contributed to changing the behavior of knowledge workers and to the creation of a science-based entrepreneurial economy.
Business Climate, Taxes, and Economic Development
Authors: Warner Paul D.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the treatment given to state and local fiscal policy by modern business climate studies and contrasts it with research findings. Empirical evidence on the impact of tax differentials on economic growth has undergone major changes in recent years. Tax rates, when observed in isolation, are now widely believed to have a negative impact on state and local economic growth. This shift in consensus lends support to the major business climate studies that assign a prominent role to taxes. Unfortunately, most current business climate studies are too simplistic to provide a useful guide for economic development policy. In particular, the tax variables used in the studies are overly aggregative and government expenditures are virtually ignored. By contrast, recent empirical research that examines both sides of the budget and utilizes econometric analysis provides information that has the potential to enhance the efficiency and flexibility of economic development strategy.
Adopting New Manufacturing Technology: Can it Help Declining Manufacturing Industries?
Authors: Dewar Margaret E.
Published: March 2007

Expert groups such as the President's Commission on Industrial Competitiveness see innovation in manufacturing processes as vital to strengthening mature American manufacturing. At the same time, management experts largely ignore such innovation as a way to improve a firm's competitiveness in a declining manufacturing industry. Economists' research offers insights into the effects of technological innovation and suggests that management experts underestimate the importance of new technology. The research suggests that early innovators in a declining industry can profit from innovations in manufacturing processes, although later innovators may only reduce their losses. The profits are a function of time required for the innovation to diffuse through the industry, size of the firm's market, and initial reduction in costs. Many factors, in turn, influence an innovation's diffusion rate. Process innovations can also make declining industries more competitive in international markets as an innovation becomes widespread. An American industry's position in international markets generally depends on innovation, but innovation cannot make all mature industries competitive.
Chicago's Defense-Based High Technology: A Case Study of the "Seedbeds of Innovation" Hypothesis
Authors: Markusen Ann , McCurdy Karen
Published: March 2007

Large urban agglomerations have been termed "seedbeds of innovation" and have been expected to engender new industries even as older ones disperse. However, new industries may exhibit locational tendencies quite different from those they supplant. We show for the case of Chicago, whose seedbed function is in doubt, that defense-related high-tech industries in particular have shunned the area. The key reasons appear to be the indifference of successful commercially oriented firms to defense opportunities and the absence of key military facilities.
Developing the Wealth of the Nation: A Call for a National Human Resources Policy
Authors: O'Toole James , Simmons John
Published: March 2007

The recent report of the MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity is the latest in a series of recent studies that reach the same conclusion: Neglect of human resources is the major competitive failing of the United States. Indeed, if one considers the sum total of the citizenry's entrepreneurial spirit talents, skills, education, training, and their willingness to innovate, cooperate, learn, and solve problems-then the key factor in the nation's economic development is clearly our people. Yet, human resources are the most underutilized (and worst managed) factor of production in the United States. In most U.S. corporations, the talents and productivity of employees are frustrated by poor organization and the unwillingness of managers to listen to their workers. As a result, organizations tap only a small percentage of the productive and innovative capacities of their employees. Similarly, state, local, and national policies fail to develop the full potential of the citizenry-education, training, and welfare institutions all fall far short of the mark. Hence, a National Human Resource Policy is needed to address these problems in both the public and private sectors. The president of the United States should use his office as a bully pulpit to encourage private corporations to utilize their work forces more fully, and to direct government agencies to bring some sense to myriad and self-defeating education, training, welfare, and job creation policies. Private initiatives to restructure work and to encourage greater labor/management cooperation, along with public efforts relating to education, pension reform, welfare, and job placement can lead to a more competitive economy, a higher quality of life, a higher standard of living, and greater social equality for all Americans.
The Effect of Labor Cost Differences on the Location of Economic Activity under the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Roberts Karen , Smith Phillip R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to compare compensation costs for Canadian and U.S. workers to evaluate how relative compensation costs may affect firm location decisions with the implementation of the Free Trade Agreement. Using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Labour Division of Statistics Canada, the major findings were that compensation costs for U.S. labor were consistently higher than for Canadian labor; and, that despite apparent Canadian preferences for social insurance, U.S. nonwage compensation was also higher. Higher U.S. costs persisted after allowing for large shifts in the exchange rate except in retail trade. When differences in labor productivity were incorporated, the Canadian cost advantage disappeared except in wholesale trade. Major conclusions were that cost differences will motivate firms to locate distribution centers on the Canadian side of the border; and, that socialization of medical costs in Canada will increase pressure for restructuring financing of health insurance in the United States.
What are the Potential Economic Development Impacts of High-Speed Rail?
Authors: Thompson Chris , Bawden Tim
Published: March 2007

General claims currently being put forward for the likely economic development benefits of high-speed rail (HSR) are systematically disaggregated into more specific areas of impact. Evidence for each is sought from previous studies and in working HSR systems elsewhere. Findings should give some perspective on the likely scales, probabilities, and contingent conditions that need to be taken into account when planners, policymakers, and legislators are considering similar arguments for their own particular cases. This information should allow officials to deal more effectively and realistically with any requests for public financial support for private HSR projects made on the basis of these expected wider social and economic benefits.
Outside Looking in: International Migration and the Cities
Authors: Levin Melvin R.
Published: March 2007

A principal challenge to U.S. policy in coming decades will be the prospect of large-scale immigration from the chronically impoverished and misgoverned developing nations that make up most of world population. In contrast, interregional economic disparities (including slum areas) are likely to provide less troublesome problems for public policy. The ease of communications, the presence of large colonies of successful (or successfully coping) Third World migrants, and the weakness of immigration controls point to the United States as a major target for legal and illegal immigrants perhaps approaching the 1900-1910 level, that is, in 1990 terms, 2.5-3.0 million a year, approximately three to four times the level of the 1980s.
The Role of Public Infrastructure in Urban Economic Development
Authors: Immergluck Daniel W.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews selected research on linkages between infrastructure and economic development. While numerous studies point to significant effects of infrastructure investment on regional and national output, employment growth, and firm openings, the effects of differences in infrastructure stock on the economic performance of municipalities and neighborhoods within metropolitan areas have been left relatively unexplored. The empirical evidence of infrastructure's impact on economic performance may imply more than generic calls for increased investments across broad categories of public capital; infrastructure research and planning need to be differentiated by type (e.g., water and sewer vs. highways, industrial vs. residential, and so forth). Moreover, the regional development perspective may not be sufficient; care needs to be taken to consider the effects on development within the metropolitan area. The evidence thus far suggests that infrastructure issues be more fully incorporated into comprehensive economic development planning at all levels of government.
An Assessment of whether the Convention Center in New York is Successful as a Tool for Economic Development
Authors: Fenich George G.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, cities of all sizes have developed or expanded convention centers with the goal of stimulating economic or physical revitalization. The justification for such rapid growth has focused primarily on the benefits of convention center development and much less on the costs. The research at hand uses the case method to more fully examine both sides of the issue. The case is the Jacob Javits Convention Center in New York and discussion focuses on issues such as convention attendance, conventioneer spending, and center financial performance within the more macro context of urban affairs. This paper begins with a general discussion of the center and its location, and is tied to the literature by an explanation of the city's pattern of decline. Ensuing discussion encompasses issues specific to this case, such as the economic activity generated, subsequent tax revenues, and the degree of spin-off development near the center. The conclusion of the article considers the fiscal and physical impact of the Jacob Javits Convention Center.
Identifying Neighborhood Businesses: A Comparison of Business Listings
Authors: Carlson Virginia L.
Published: March 2007

Information on local economic activity is often collected from a list of firms. However, it is difficult to gauge the accuracy of any one source of business listings, given that there is no independent list against which a source may be evaluated. The research presented here constructs such a master list by combining records from several sources and verifying the accuracy of a substantial number of the records. The five lists used to construct the master file are then evaluated against this complete listing. The lists compared here include Dun's Market Indicators, the Hanis Directory, Covered Employment and Wages file (ES202), the Manufacturers Directory, and a locally enumerated database.
State-Level Locational Determinants of Biotechnology Firms
Authors: Goetz Stephan J. , Morgan R. Shannon
Published: March 2007

The biotechnology industry has experienced remarkable growth since its inception, and growth prospects are strong for the remainder of the decade. In this article, the authors develop a formal model to discern factors affecting the location of biotechnology firms. The number of biotechnology firms per million residents in 1990, in each of the 50 states, is used as the dependent variable. Explanatory variables include traditional business-climate variables thought to influence firm location, as well as a set of variables hypothesized to specifically affect location in the biotechnology industry. In the estimation procedure, the authors separate variables that (a) affect the probability that a state has a biotechnology industry from those that (b) affect the number of biotechnology firms in a state, conditional on the state having such an industry.
Economic Development Breaks the Mold: Community-Building, Place-Targeting, and Empowerment Zones
Authors: Snow Luther K.
Published: March 2007

This essay reviews foundation reports, Internet list proceedings, and grassroots publications, which show how community-building can enable economic developers to "transcend place"for economic justice. The new federal Empowerment Zones and other "place-targeting" policies put economic development back in the business of fighting poverty but face the "zero-sum dilemma" common to traditional economic development. The popular emergence of a New Community Movement provides lessons for solving the zero-sum problem with an open-sum approach focused on the common good. Community-building can enable the underprivileged to create power through collective action, at the same time enabling the privileged to understand and direct their responsibilities to the whole community. Examples from current Community Economic Development practice illustrate the balancing act required to apply community-building to the economic development of poor places.
Equity Development in Chicago: Robert Mier's Ideas and Practice
Authors: Giloth Robert , Wiewel Wim
Published: March 2007

Robert Mier (1942-1995) influenced planning and economic development during his career as professor Chicago economic development official, and consultant. He developed a vision and practice based on social justice and equity. In economic development, he emphasized job creation, the role of community organizations, and the importance of race issues. For planning generally, he called attention to the importance of leadership and the use of metaphors and stories in generating social change. His work also illustrates dilemmas that all planners face: the nature of knowledge required in practice, the tension between long-term goals and short-term opportunities, and the problem of being a practitioner and being a credible commentator on that practice at the same time. Mier's legacy is his profound challenge to maintain a moral vision of an equity agenda while working pragmatically in the day-to-day context of political reality.
The Effect of State Economic Development Agency Spending on State Income and Employment Growth
Authors: Goss Ernest P. , Phillips Joseph M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the effect of state economic development (ED) agency spending on state income and employment growth using data from the 1986-1994 period. The study finds that ED spending has a modest positive effect on the generation of state income and employment, even after controlling for the negative effect of collecting taxes to fund ED spending. It is estimated that a doubling of state ED spending (on average $71.5 million in 1992)funded by an increase in taxes would raise the yearly average employment growth rate by 0.16% (from 1.52% to 1.68%) and the yearly average per capita income growth rate by 0.22% (from 4.07% to 4.29%). The study also finds that ED spending interacts with state and local taxes, so that the negative effect of taxes on economic growth is underestimated when ED spending is omitted from the analysis.
THE PARADOXICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER INEQUALITY AND RAPE
Authors: WHALEY RACHEL BRIDGES
Published: March 2007

This article develops and tests a refined feminist theory of rape. The author proposes that the short-term effect of gender equality is an increased rape rate via increased threats to the status quo, whereas the long-term effect of gender equality is reduced rape rates via an improved social climate toward women. Using panel data for 109 U.S. cities over three decades—1970, 1980, and 1990—the author's expectations are generally confirmed. Because measures of inequality are used, supportive cross-sectional coefficients are negative and supportive lagged coefficients are positive. In the short term, gender inequality reduces the rape rate, whereas in the long term, higher levels of gender inequality are associated with higher levels of rape. Gender inequality in income, education, access to high-status occupations, and legal status are each positively associated with the change in rape in at least one change period (1970 to 1980, 1980 to 1990, and 1970 to 1990).
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RACE AND GENDER IN SCHOOL SUCCESS AMONG LATINAS AND LATINOS IN COLLEGE
Authors: BARAJAS HEIDI LASLEY , PIERCE JENNIFER L.
Published: March 2007

This article considers how race and gender shape latina and Latino paths to school success in college. A purposive sample of successful high school and college students was selected. Through interviews, fieldwork, and school records, the researchers find that Latinas navigate successfully through negative stereotypes by maintaining positive definitions of themselves and by emphasizing their group membership as Latina. Young Latino men also see themselves as part of a larger cultural group but tend to have less positive racial and ethnic identities than women do. Typically, they are supported by mentors, such as white athletic coaches, and tend to draw from the meritocratic ethos of sports, regarding their success in individualistic terms. While successful Latinas do not assimilate in the ways predicted by the literature, the young men in this study accept the individualistic and meritocratic ethos of the dominant culture, but with a psychological price.
WORK-FAMILY POLICIES:
Authors: MARTIN PATRICIA YANCEY , SEYMOUR SANDRA , COURAGE MYRNA , GODBEY KAROLYN , TATE RICHARD
Published: March 2007

American leaders (N = 261) in four realms were studied to assess their views on the helpfulness to workers with family obligations of employers' policies and services. The realms were corporate management, labor unions, the pro-family movement, and the feminist movement. The data were analyzed by leadership realm and gender in relation to policies of two types: (1) scheduling and work arrangements (such as flextime, four-day weeks) and (2) services and benefits (such as child care at work and extended maternity leave). Gender accounted for the respondents' views better than class (management, labor) or social movement (pro-family, feminist) did. Except for feminist men, the men held similar views regardless of leadership realm. The pro-family women differed from the other women (and pro-family men) in failing to view most services and benefits as particularly helpful to employees. Union and corporate women's favorable views on services and benefits suggest that fundamental change in workplace supports for workers' family obligations could develop if more women became leaders in unions and corporations.
RETHINKING JUDICIAL PATERNALISM:
Authors: DALY KATHLEEN
Published: March 2007

Many scholars think that women are sentenced more leniently than men because judges are paternalistic toward women. In this article, I suggest that paternalism is a multilayered concept and that it is important to distinguish between judicial concerns for protecting women and those for protecting children and families. To learn what factors judges consider in sentencing and whether these differ for men and women defendants, I interviewed 20 men and 3 women judges in two state criminal courts. I learned that the primary objects of judicial protection were not women, but children, and men's and women's economic support or care for families. However, there was a labor hierarchy in the judges' minds in that they believed that care giving was more important than wage earning for the maintenance of families. Interactive influences among the defendant's gender, familial status, race or ethnicity, and the nature of the offense charged are discussed.
THE INVISIBLE INTRUDER:
Authors: SHEFFIELD CAROLE J.
Published: March 2007

The analysis of male sexual violence as an integrated phenomenon rests on a theoretical premise that violence and its threat are the foundation of male dominance. I call this phenomenon “sexual terrorism”: the system by which males frighten, and by frightening, dominate and control females. Sexual terrorism is manifested through both actual and implied violence and takes many forms. This article discusses the obscene phone call, a commonly experienced form of intimidation. In this study, while respondents reported a variety of responses to obscene phone calls, most experienced them as “terroristic.” The dynamics of obscene telephone calls mirror the social construction of gender and the fusion of dominance and sexuality.
LIMITATIONS OF THE MEDICAL MODEL IN THE CARE OF BATTERED WOMEN
Authors: WARSHAW CAROLE
Published: March 2007

Analysis of records of women at risk for abuse showed that though information about abuse was present, emergency room physicians rarely utilized it. The doctor-patient interaction tended to obscure rather than elucidate knowledge of abuse. Medicine's epistemologic model of care reconstructs abusive relationships through a medical encounter in which what is most significant is not seen. Nurses are less affected by the model but are under institutional constraints that lead to similar outcomes.
EXPORT-ORIENTED INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE DEMAND FOR FEMALE LABOR:
Authors: RÍOS PALMIRA N.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between Puerto Rico's export-oriented development program and the demand for women workers in the manufacturing sector from 1952 to 1980. Its central proposition is that the consistently high proportion of women in the manufacturing sector was the result of an employment structure characterized by specialization in assembly-type activities and low wages. Although the Puerto Rican government pursued a development strategy designed to increase job opportunities for men, the manufacturing industries attracted to the island by its export-oriented industrialization policies generated a strong demand for women workers. The apparent contradiction between the employment practices of manufacturing establishments and government policies is due to the restructuring of the global economy and the emergence of a new international division of labor that brought increasing numbers of women into the labor market.
ACTIVIST MOTHERING:
Authors: NAPLES NANCY A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the cross-generational continuity of community work performed by women living and working in low-income communities and demonstrates the complex ways in which gender, race-ethnicity, and class contribute to the social construction of mothering. The analysis of low-income women's community work challenges definitions of mothering that are limited to biological and legal expressions, thus neglecting the significance of community-based nurturing work for geographic communities and racial-ethnic and class-based groups. The analysis utilizes a broadened understanding of labor and contests the divisions between paid and unpaid work traditionally used to discuss women's work. The article compares and contrasts the experiences of African-American and Latina (predominantly Puerto Rican women) community workers from low-income communities in New York City and Philadelphia. The findings of the research further demonstrate the ways that knowledge generated from the standpoint of women from different classes and racial-ethnic backgrounds transforms our understanding of politics, labor, and mothering.
WAITERING/WAITRESSING:
Authors: HALL ELAINE J.
Published: March 2007

Work organizations construct gender relations by two mechanisms. First, they allocate men and women to different positions. Instead of the traditional pattern of firm-specific segregation of waiters and waitresses, quantitative data show that most restaurants in this study have integrated wait staffs. Second, work organizations define job performances in gender terms. Qualitative data from five illustrative restaurants show that male and female servers in integrated staffs “do gender” by performing gendered service styles. Even when men and women are coservers, job titles and dress codes suggest that providing service in a fine dining restaurant is waitering, whereas serving in a coffee shop is waitressing. Focusing on gendered styles of services expands our definition of gender and has serious implications for efforts to achieve occupational integration.
FROM ACCOMMODATION TO LIBERATION
Authors: ESTERBERG KRISTIN G.
Published: March 2007

The gay and lesbian liberation movement and its predecessor, the homophile movement that originated in the 1950s, have been relatively little studied by sociologists; yet theories of ethnic mobilization, especially competition theory, help us to understand the mobilization of lesbians and gay men. At the same time, lesbian/gay social movement activity provides an important critique of social movement theories. This article focuses on the Daughters of Bilitis (DOB), a homophile organization for women founded in 1956. Competition theory furnishes a useful framework for understanding the transformation and decline of the DOB and its publication, the Ladder, at the end of the 1960s, but it cannot fully explain lesbian social and political organization. By viewing group identities as multiple and overlapping, new social movement theory contributes a more complete understanding of the Daughters of Bilitis and its relationship to other social movement groups in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
“IT'S HARD TO CHANGE WHAT WE WANT TO CHANGE”
Authors: FRIED AMY
Published: March 2007

Like other groups associated with social movements, rape crisis centers have been judged co-optive by some and progressive by others. This article argues that organizational theory yields fuller explanations of their dynamics and character. In a case study, two subcultures—dubbed the politicized and service perspectives—developed and epitomized fundamentally different approaches to sexual violence. These subcultures emerged for a number of reasons, including the organization's goals, the character of the fiminist movement, and organizational features such as permeability, a broad constituency, a collective goods orientation, and an emphasis on open discourse. This article argues that similar organizational and environmental features in rape crisis centers and other social movement-related organizations are associated with organizational fluidity and conflict. While these groups may not be cohesive and stable actors for broad social change, they contribute incrementally to long-term shifts in gendered social structures.
DOING DIFFERENCE
Authors: WEST CANDACE , FENSTERMAKER SARAH
Published: March 2007

In this article, we advance a new understanding of “difference” as an ongoing interactional accomplishment. Calling on the authors' earlier reconceptualization of gender, they develop the further implications of this perspective for the relationships among gender, race, and class. The authors argue that, despite significant differences in their characteristics and outcomes, gender, race, and class are comparable as mechanisms for producing social inequality.
PAMELA'S PLACE
Authors: GIMLIN DEBRA
Published: March 2007

This article draws from field research in a Long Island beauty salon to explore the ways that female beauty work constructs gendered, classed identities. Stylists use their attachment to beauty culture to nullify status differences between themselves and their clientele, and to imagine themselves their customers' friends and social equals. However, the emotional ties stylists profess force them to accomodate clients' appearance preferences, even when they are, in the stylists' estimation, unattractive or unstylish. Hairdressers' emotion work thus serves to undermine their status as professionals. While stylists use beauty culture to nullify status differences, clients use professional identities to resist beauty ideology. Customers' understandings of beauty, rather than following some omnipotent ideal, are instead driven by social location and cultural distinctions. Women use beauty work to stress social differences; rather than an endpoint, beauty is exploited in the service of class and status.
Dementia in Rural Primary Care Practices in Lake County, Oregon
Authors: Camicioli Richard , Willert Peyton , Lear Joyce , Grossmann Sandy , Kaye Jeffrey , Butterfield Patricia
Published: March 2007

Procedures used in assessing patients with dementia in rural settings are little studied. Among all patients aged 65 years and older in the four primary care practices in Lake County, Oregon, dementia cases were identified from computerized office databases using preselected International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, codes. A semi-structured chart review determined (1) a dementia diagnosis, (2) cognitive and functional domains assessed, and (3) diagnostic studies performed. Of 1540 available records, 30 had dementia. Nineteen of them met National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive impairment was documented in 73% of the 51 identified charts and all with AD. Laboratory studies were recorded in 33% overall and in 42% with AD. Neuroimaging was documented in 18% overall and in 16% with AD. The prevalence of documented dementia in these rural practices may be low, possibly because cases of mild dementia may not be labeled as such. Laboratory studies were performed in a minority of cases of dementia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:87—92).
The Male Menopause and Mood: Testosterone Decline and Depression in the Aging Male—Is There a Link?
Authors: Margolese Howard C.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to review the literature on the hormonal changes that occur in aging males in order to determine if testosterone declines in relation to depressed mood and if testosterone might prove useful in treatment of depression. Pertinent articles were identified through a MEDLINE search from 1966 to 1999 and by careful review of the bibliographies of articles most relevant to the topic. There is a moderate decline of total testosterone and more significant decline of bioavailable testosterone in aging males. Elderly males who are depressed appear to have the lowest testosterone levels. In eugonadal males, testosterone replacement does not have a significant effect on mood; in hypogonadal males, some studies show an effect whereas others do not. In several small studies of depressed hypogonadal males, testosterone was effective in alleviating depression. Major side effects of testosterone include increased hematocrit and potential effects on the prostate and lipid metabolism. Testosterone replacement as primary or adjuvant treatment of depression may prove useful in elderly, hypogonadal males who fail to respond to conventional antidepressants. Further studies are needed to confirm these initial impressions. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:93-101).
The Global Deterioration Scale: Relationships to Neuropsychological Performance and Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Vascular Dementia
Authors: Paul Robert H. , Cohen Ronald A. , Moser David J. , Zawacki Tricia , Ott Brian R. , Gordon Norman , Stone William
Published: March 2007

In the present study, we examined the relationships between ratings on the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and activities of daily living and cognitive function in 39 individuals with vascular dementia (VaD). The results of the study revealed significant correlations between GDS rating and performance on cognitive tests, including memory and overall cognitive ability. In addition, the GDS was significantly related to ratings of instrumental activities of daily living. Comparisons between patients with VaD with GDS scores between 4 and 6 (n = 21) and patients with scores between 2 and 3 (n = 18) revealed greater cognitive and functional deficits in the group with higher GDS scores. Further, the GDS score accurately classified 87% of the patients with VaD. These findings provide support for the validity of the GDS in general staging of dementia severity of VaD. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:50-54).
Hippocampal Atrophy Disrupts Transfer Generalization in Nondemented Elderly
Authors: Myers Catherine E. , Kluger Alan , Golomb James , Ferris Steven , de Leon Mony J. , Schnirman Geoffrey , Gluck Mark A.
Published: March 2007

Specific reductions in hippocampal volume in nondemented elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment have been shown to correlate with future development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hippocampal atrophy (HA) is also correlated with cognitive impairments, leading to the promise of behavioral markers for early AD. Prior theo retical work has suggested that hippocampal dysfunction may selectively impair generalization involving novel recombinations of familiar stimuli. In this study, nondemented elderly individuals were trained on a series of con current visual discriminations and were then tested for transfer when stimulus features were recombined in new ways. Presence or absence of HA, revealed by neuroimaging, was not correlated with concurrent discrimination per formance ; however, individuals with mild HA showed significant decreases in transfer performance relative to nonatrophied participants. These preliminary results suggest that even very mild degrees of hippocampal atrophy may be associated with subtle behavioral impairments. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:82-90).
A Case of Organic Mania Associated with Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Kotrla Kathryn J. , Chacko Ranjit C. , Barrett Shawn A.
Published: March 2007

Organic mania has been reported to have multiple etiologies. A case is described of a patient who developed mania following a coronary artery bypass graft and mitral valve replacement. Cerebral abnormalities were not detected by computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging scans, but an area of dysfunction was found using single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging. The lesion resolved when the patient became clinically asymptomatic. The area of decreased cerebral perfusion associated with the patient's mania was in an atypical location, raising questions about which brain regions can result in well-defined psychiatric syndromes.
Valproate in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Bipolar Disorder in a Psychogeriatric Patient
Authors: Yassa R. , Cvejic J.
Published: March 2007

The authors present an 83-year-old man who had developed posttraumatic bipolar disorder 22 years earlier. His condition was characterized by recurrent manic and depressive attacks. Valproate was found effective in controlling his symptoms.
Biologic Markers and Neurochemical Correlates of Agitation and Psychosis in Dementia
Authors: Kirby Michael , Lawlor Brian A.
Published: March 2007

Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms frequently accompany the cognitive deterioration of dementia occurring in up to 80% of both community-based and nursing home patients. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), behavioral complications may develop at any stage of the disease process and tend to follow a more unpredictable course than the core cognitive symptoms. Over the past 15 years, our knowledge of the biologic and neurochemical basis of dementia, and of AD in particular, has increased significantly. Great emphasis has been placed on the cholinergic system abnormalities in the context of the cognitive impairment in AD and on the psychopharmalogic enhancement of cholinergic transmission in AD. However deficits in other neurotransmitter systems, such as the noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic systems, also occur and may contribute to the core cognitive symptoms of AD. More recently, there has been increased interest in the biologic and neurochemical basis of behavioral and psychiatric disturbances in dementia. This article reviews the evidence for biologic and neurochemical correlates of psychosis and agitation in dementia, and discusses the treatment implications for these findings. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1995; 8(suppl 1):S2-S7).
Analysis of the Diaphragm Forming of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics
Authors: Smiley A.J. , Pipes R.B.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a computational procedure for the analysis of the diaphragm forming of thermoplastic composite materials. The objective of the analysis is to simulate the diaphragm forming process and predict the resulting fiber orientation and transverse thickness distribution. A computational algonthm of the procedure is presented along with a description of each submodel in the analysis. Predictions are presented for the resulting thickness distributions and fiber orientations for a series of circular disk geometries.
Impact Failure Mechanisms in Carbon Fiber/PEEK Composites
Authors: Curson A.D. , Leach D.C. , Moore D.R.
Published: March 2007

Impact failure mechanisms in two thermoplastic matrix composites have been examined. These both had a PEEK matrix and were reinforced with AS4 and IM6 continuous carbon fibers. The IM6 fiber has higher stiffness and strength, and smaller diameter than AS4. Quasi-isotropic laminates were impacted using a low energy, in strumented falling weight apparatus and force-time curves were recorded. The impacted laminates were examined destructively and non-destructively to assess the impact damage.
Thermal Expansion Behaviour of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
Authors: Barnes J.A. , Simms I.J. , Farrow G.J. , Jackson D. , Wostenholm G. , Yates B.
Published: March 2007

The thermal expansion behaviour of a number of commercially-available and experimental continuous fibre-reinforced PEEK composites is assessed. The thermal expansion characteristics of Hercules AS4 reinforced PEEK (APC-2/AS4, ICI Fiberite) are reported in some detail, and it is shown that behaviour is both reasonable and predict able. Further, it is found that repeated thermal cycling between —160°C and + 120°C (—256°F and +248°F) has no effect on the behaviour of unidirectional laminates, and that the inherent characteristics of the composite are likely to promote such insensitivity.
In-Situ Formation of Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Baird D.G. , Sun T. , Done D.S. , Wilkes G.L.
Published: March 2007

A process has been developed in our laboratories in which the reinforce ment of engineering thermoplastics is generated during melt processing. The process con sists of blending thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers with engineering thermoplastics in an extruder. On extruding these blends through a sheet die, films (or sheet) are formed in which the LCP phase exists in the form of thin fibrils. The formation of fibrils depends on the presence of certain hydrodynamic conditions defined by the viscosity ratio, capil lary number, and flow type. The sheets are then drawn to impart molecular orientation in the LCP phase. Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) sheets reinforced with several different LCP's have been formed in which the properties are significantly enhanced. The modulus of these sheets represented almost a fourfold increase over that of the pure PPS sheet. The dynamic torsional properties of the sheet are also determined using a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer and results are correlated with the structure and molecular ori entation.
Layflat Behavior and Temperature Variation in Calendering: A Review
Authors: Tseng Ampere A.
Published: March 2007

Calendering is the most efficient process for making large-volume, high- quality polymer sheets. The major challenge in the calendering process is to produce sheets with uniform gauge and no buckling, i.e., good layflatness. In this paper, the be havior of layflatness in calendering processing is reviewed to provide a basic understand ing of layflatness behavior. The basic processing parameters that control the layflatness are also identified. Observation by measuring the temperatures of the workpiece and calender rolls during operation is then conducted. Following a description of the sensor and proce dure used in measurement, the results and their relationship to layflatness are discussed. The measuring results are also used to assist in identifying the basic controlling parame ters of the layflat behavior. Finally this paper is concluded by recommendation of areas where further work is needed. A new approach to quantify the layflatness and a modifica tion to the current process for better control of the layflatness are also included in the recommendation.
The Development of an Alternative Thermoplastic Powder Prepregging Technique
Authors: Ogden A.L. , Hyer M.W. , Wilkes G.L. , Loos A.C.
Published: March 2007

Discussed is a novel powder prepregging technique that is based on the deposition of powder onto fibers that have been moistened using an ultrasonic humidifier. The presence of moisture enhances the binding of the powder to the fiber until the powder can be melted onto the fiber in a subsequent heating step. Process characterization and early laminate evaluation are discussed.
Reduction of Composite Panel Initial Curvature by Tool Compensation
Authors: Renze Steven P. , Laananen David H.
Published: March 2007

Integrally forming stiffeners in a panel provides an economically favorable means of manufacturing stiffened composite panels for use in aerospace structures. How ever, the initial curvature that is introduced into the flat panel region between the stiffeners can significantly reduce the panel's resistance to buckling. The influence of initial curva ture on buckling due to uniaxial compression and to uniform shear is investigated. Finite element analysis is used to predict the initial curvature, and analytical results are used in compensation of the forming tool to reduce the initial curvature. Predictions are compared with experimental buckling results for panels fabricated using the compensated tool.
The Influence of Residual Stresses on Mode I Interlaminar Fracture of Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Gillespie J.W. , Chapman T.J.
Published: March 2007

A model developed to predict the time-dependent build-up of residual stresses induced during processing of continuous-fiber semicrystalline thermoplastic com posite materials has been developed. The model is employed to conduct a parametric study investigating the influence of material, geometric, and processing variables on residual stress distribution in AS4 graphite/PEEK composites. The model includes such parame ters as plate thickness, cooling rate, thermal conductivity, and ply orientation. The study indicates that all of these parameters play a role in the development and distribution of re sidual stresses. Two competing mechanisms of residual stress build-up are studied as a function of process history: stacking sequence and spatial solidification effects. The stack ing sequence effect yields traditional, discontinuous changes in in-plane stress components resulting from the mismatch in stiffness and thermal expansion of plies within the lami nate. Spatial solidification resulting from nomsothermal cooling of the thermoplastic com posites yields a parabolic residual stress distribution through the laminate thickness. Stacking sequence effects are found to dominate the residual stress distribution of cross- ply laminates for the cooling rates and laminate thickness investigated. Residual stress dis tnbution is shown to be highly sensitive to two difficult-to-measure properties: relaxation behavior and the volumetric shrinkage due to crystallization of the matrix. Based on a dou ble cantilever beam test conducted to measure performance via Mode I fracture toughness,the presence of residual stress in cross-ply laminates was shown to reduce the apparent toughness as much as 35% relative to a unidirectional baseline.
Recycling of a Cyclic Thermoplastic Composite Material by Injection and Compression Molding
Authors: Henshaw John M. , Owens Alan D. , Houston Dan Q. , Smith Irvin T. , Cook Todd
Published: March 2007

One of the primary projected advantages of the new cyclic thermoplastic- based composites, in addition to their ability to be processed by liquid composite molding, is their potential "recyclability." This paper describes a first attempt to prove the technical feasibility of recycling a cyclic polycarbonate-matrix continuous-glass-fiber composite by two common processes: compression molding and injection molding. The results are somewhat mixed but still encouraging. Parts were reprocessed from ground-up continuous-fiber composites by both injection molding and compression molding. The effects of environmental exposure (water and ethylene glycol) on the composite prior to recycling were also investigated. The injection molded parts exhibited excellent mechanical properties, in some cases exceeding those of the analogous commercially available injection molding grade. The compression molded recycled material, however, showed very poor tensile properties, but its impact properties compared well to comparable commercial materials. The mixed performance of the compression molded material was characterized by microstructural inhomogeneity and matrix microcracks thought to be due to processing deficiencies. Work continues toward improving the quality of these cyclic thermoplastic materials and the recycling processes.