bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1980
Authors: Dapsis L. J. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

‘Sun-up’ cabbage was transplanted to a field in Sunderland, MA on May 9. Trifluran was applied and disced into the soil on May 7 for weed control. Fertilizer (5-10-10) was applied to the field on May 8. The soil type was a fine sandy loam and had a pH of ca 6.5. Each treatment consisted of two 6.1 m rows. This was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a gallon stainless steel backpack sprayer at 150 gal of water/acre. A single application of Amaze was made on May 12. All other treatments were applied May 12, 20, 30 and Jun 6. Evaluations were made on Jun 10. For each plot the number of surviving plants was recorded and 20 plants/treatment/rep were harvested. The roots of these plants were inspected for damage. A scale of 1-4 was employed: no damage, slight feeding, extensive feeding and root destroyed, respectively. A root damage index was calculated by multiplying the number of plants at each damage level by the damage level number. Hence, 12 plants at stage 3 would be equivalent to a root damage index of 36. A mean index of root damage/10 plants/treatment/rep was then calculated and submitted to an analysis of variance.
Variegated Cutworm Egg Mortality, 1981
Authors: Grafius E. , Morrow E. A. , Otto M. A. , Love A.
Published: March 2022

Variegated cutworm eggs from a lab reared culture were transferred to cellophane tape, dusted with talcum powder to cover excess stickiness, taken to the field and attached to celery leaves on Sep 2. Three plants from each plot were marked and a group of 17-25 eggs was attached to one leaf of each plant. The tapes containing the eggs were stapled to the underside of the leaves in locations similar to those where natural oviposition might occur. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Each plot was 3 rows by 25 ft long. Egg masses were placed in the center of the middle rows, to insure the best coverage of insecticide. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom sprayer with drop nozzles at 30 gpa, on Sep 2. Egg masses remained under field conditions till Sep 11, when they were removed from the plants and brought into the lab. Egg masses were checked for % hatch, dead larvae (outside the eggs) and % egg loss (eaten by predators?), compared with initial numbers of eggs.
Celery Insect Control, 1979
Authors: Grafius E. , Otto M. A. , Love A. P. , May T.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted May 18 (Standak plot transplanted on May 25). Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Each plot was 3 rows by 25 ft long. Treatments (except for Standak) were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer at 20 gpa (early in the season) or 40 pga with drop nozzles (beginning Jul 11). Standak was applied just prior to transplanting in an 8 inch band and rototilled in to a depth of 4-6 inches. Sweep samples were taken weekly from each plot and numbers of pest and beneficial insects were recorded. Plots were surveyed periodically for possible phytotoxicity and aster yellow disease.
European Corn Borer Control on Sweet Corn, 1981
Authors: Fletcher-Howe G. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

The corn was planted on Jun 23 in Sunderland, MA using a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Rows were 3 ft apart, 25 ft long, and plants were spaced 10 inches apart in the row with 4 rows per plot. Standard fertilization procedures were employed including a Jul 24 sidedressing with ammonium sulphate at 160 lb/acre. Atrazine was applied at 1.0 lb/acre on Jun 29. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn sprayer with drop nozzles, at 60 psi pressure and 160 gal water/acre. Treatments were applied on Aug 11, 14, 18, 25 and 28, except for Lannate (DPX-3247) which was applied on Aug 11, 14 and 21. On Sep 3, 25 ears and 25 stalks were harvested from each plot and rated either damaged or undamaged. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Use of Entomogenous Fungi on Eggplant for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1981
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Special Hibush’ eggplant were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on May 20. Micrgplots consisted of screen cages 20 inches x 15 inches x 14 inches arranged with 2 plants/cage. Beauvariabassiana (WP, 80 x 108 spores/gm) and Metarhiziumanisopiiae (formulated on rice, spore concentration unknown) were formulated and supplied by BioControl International. Methods of application with B. bassiana were soil surface spray (1.5 g/100 ml), soil mix (1.5 g/100 ml/kg soil), foliar spray (25 g/500 ml with spreader sticker) and dilute foliar spray (same as foliar spray diluted 1:10); methods of application with M. anisopliae were soil mix broadcast (40 gm/kg soil) and soil broadcast (40 gm/2,000 sq. cm). All sprays were applied with a CO2-operated bicycle sprayer with 3 nozles/row calibrated to deliver 45 gal/acre at 40 psi. Twenty adult Colorado potato beetles were buried 2 inches below the soil surface in the center of the microplot and covered with soil just prior to treatment application (May 27); cages were than placed over each microplot. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 2 replications.
Insect Control on Eggplant in Florida, 1980
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set Sep 8, 18 inches apart on 2.5 ft wide by 8 inch high beds of Myakka fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 plants and were replicated 4 times in randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied at ca 120 gpa using a 2.5 gal hand hald stainless steel sprayer with a single adjustable cone nozzle at 40 psi. Sprays were applied Sep 16, 22, 29; Oct 6, 13, 20, 27; Nov 3, 10, 19, 24; and Dec 1. On Nov 5 the number of green peach aphids and leafmines on the lowest leaf of 5 plants were counted. Plant height was also recorded as a reflection of phytotoxicity. Plots were harvested Nov 7, 14, 21 and Dec 1, and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and number of fruit damaged by lepidopterous larvae determined.
Field Evaluation of Insecticide Seed Treatments for Preflowering Mungbean Insect Pests, 1981
Authors: Venugopal M. S. , Litsinger J. A. , Apostol R. F.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides as seed treatments at 10 g ai/100 kg seed were tested at IRRI (Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines) for control of preflowering mungbean insect pests. Mungbean seeds (100 kg/ha) were shaken in a plastic bag with each insecticide and 25$ gum arabic before sowing to 5 m plots on Feb 26 in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Plant stand was thinned to 300,000 plants/ha after emergence. The Santa Rita series soil (clayey amorphos isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludolls) -- pH = 6.5, 52% pore space, 2.7% organic matter, 34% clay, 36% silt, 30% sand -- averaged 39° and 28°C for daily maximum and minimum temperatures at 5 cm depth, respectively, the first 14 days after sowing.
Thrips Damage and Control in Onions, 1981
Authors: Grafius E. , Morrow E. A. , Russell J. , Love A.
Published: March 2022

treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications (blocks). The plots were 6 rows wide and 25 ft long. An untreated row was left as a buffer between treatments. Insecticides were applied on Jul 16, 22, 29; aug 5, 12 and 25 with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gpa. Each week 10 randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for numbers of thrips (adults and larvae) present. Spraying was withheld until an average of 5-7 thrips per plant were counted, total weight and mean weight per bulb were taken on Sep 24 for 15 row ft. On Oct 14 an additional 2 middle rows of the plots were harvested, to have a 45 row ft total sample.
Onion Maggot Control, 1981
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted May 1 in muck soil near Potter, NY on the Palermo Farm. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination, damage, and yield data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All treatments were applied in the seed furrow with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gpa through a gravity fed system. Dithane M-45 (80WP) was applied in the furrow with each treatment at 2.4 lb ai/acre for control of onion smut. Stand counts were taken May 29. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plats ca twice/week from the time of stand counts until harvest on Sep 16. Yield data were taken by pulling, topping, and weighing the onions in each 20 ft row.
Insect Control in Cabbage, 1983
Authors: Grafius E. , May A.W. , Otto M.E. , Pax R.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted into 4-ft rows on 2 Aug. at the M.S.U. Hortic. Exp. Stn., Sodus, Mich. (Berrien Co.). Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications (= blocks). Each plot was three rows wide (12 ft) and 15 ft long. Treatments were applied 18 and 26 Aug., 6, 13, and 23 Sept., and 10 Oct. with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre. Efficacy was determined by examining (approximately weekly) two entire plants from the center of each plot for insects. Weekly counts and total number of insects observed during the season were analyzed.
Cabbage, Efficacy, and Yield Response Determinations of Furadan Treatments, 1983
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael
Published: March 2022

F1 Stonehead cabbage plants were transplanted 6 May on the VPI & SU Hortic. Farm, Montgomery Co., Va. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. Each plot consisted of three 30-ft rows with 20 plants per row (18-in. spacing). Row placement was 3 ft with 5 ft alleys between replicates. Two rates of Furadan 4F (1.0 lb and 2.0 lb (AI)/acre)were applied 9 May . A compressed air sprayer equipped with 1 fan-type nozzle (Teejet 8003) and delivering 20 gal/acre at 30 lb/in.2 was used for placement of the insecticide over each treated row of plants.
Control of Caterpillars on Cabbage, 1983
Authors: Shelton A.M. , Wilsney W.T. , North R.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 18 July at the Veg. Res. Farm, near Geneva, N.Y. Plots consisted of one 9-ft row on 36-in centers with 16-in plant spacing. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, having three nozzles per row and delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 lb/in2, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 29 Sept. and evaluated 6 Oct. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting larval populations.
Control of Cabbage Caterpillars, 1983
Authors: Tuttle A.F. , Ferro D.N.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted to the field on 1 June, 1983 for this trial. Fertilizer (10-10-10) was applied at 1200 lb (AI)/acre at planting. The soil was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 6.7. Each plot was a 15-ft row and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were based on 3-ft row spacing. All applications were made with a CO2, pressurized sprayer delivering ca. 60 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2.
Leafminer Control on Carrot with Trigard, Winter, 1982-83
Authors: Leibee Gary L.
Published: March 2022

‘Pak Mor’ carrots were planted 15 Nov. in Montverde muck on a commercial vegetable farm in Zellwood, Fl. The carrots were planted in two, four-row bands (each band was 4-in wide), 10-in apart on raised beds on 48-in centers. Because there were two bands per bed, spraying was based on 24-in centers. A plot consisted of 15 ft of one bed. Plots were separated by one unsprayed bed. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied as a band over the top of each band of carrots at 40 lb/in2 and 2 mph. The volume of spray for the first and second applications was 25 and 63 gal/acre, respectively. The volume for the remaining treatments was 50 gal/acre. All rates were applied on 9 Dec. The 0.125 and 0.500 rates were applied again on 15, 22, and 28 Dec. One meter of carrot tops was collected from each of the two bands in each plot on 5 Jan. The samples were maintained at 25 ± 1°C in rearing containers until all the larvae exited the leaves. The rearing container consisted of a 9-in by 12 1/4-in by 4 1/8-in deep clear plastic box, with lid, containing a 1/4-in wire cloth to support the foliage and lined with a paper towel to soak up excess moisture. The puparia were collected and held in pill cups until the adults emerged and died. The number of adults, normal and deformed puparia, unemerged puparia, and parasites were recorded.
Seasonlong Collards Insect Control, 1992
Authors: Sorensen K.A. , Johnson E.M.
Published: March 2022

‘Morris Heading’ collards were transplanted 18 May near Benson, N. C. Treatment plots were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 42-in. centers. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2. Applications were made on 1, 9, 16, 23, and 30 June, 7, 14, 21, and 28 July, and 4 Aug. Biweekly evaluations for target pests were conducted beginning on 1 June.
Tank Mixes for Control of Cabbage Worm Complex, Spring 1982
Authors: Sorensen K.A. , Johnson E.M.
Published: March 2022

‘Morris Heading’ collards were transplanted 18 May near Benson, NC. Treatment plots were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 42-in centers. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 Ib/in2 Applicaions were made on 1, 9, 16, 23, and 30 June, 7, 14, 21, and 28 July, and 4 Aug. Biweekly evaluations for target pests were conducted beginning on 1 June.
Sweet Corn, First Brood European Corn Borer Control, 1983
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

The sweet corn utilized in this study was planted on 5 May on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N. H. Each plot consisted of a single 30-foot row of corn and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized block design. The treatments were applied at the whorl stage when signs of leaf feeding injury were detected. Spray applications were made using a B & G CO2, pressurized hand sprayer at 40 lb/in2. and a volume of 29 gal/acre. The granular applications were directed into the whorls using a Gandy plot application. Evaluation for insect damage was conducted at harvest time on 3 Aug. by examining all stalks and ears in each treatment and determining the percentage of injury resulting from European corn borer feeding.
Foliar Sprays to Control Lepidopteran Larvae on Late-Planted Sweet Corn, 1983
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted 14 July to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were four rows wide on 30-in. centers and 25 ft long. Whorl sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one nozzle centered over the row calibrated to deliver 55 gal/acre at 200 lb/in2; foliar sprays at silking were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with four nozzles per row, directed at the ear zone, which delivered 220 gal/acre at 200 lb/in2. Whorl treatments were applied 23 and 31 Aug. Foliar sprays at silking were applied 16, 19, and 29 Sept. Twenty plants from the middle two rows were evaluated on 6 Sept. for armyworm damage. The categories for armyworm foliar feeding damage are as follows: 0, no damage; 1, slight damage; 2, 10% damage; 3, moderate damage, 25% of whorl destroyed; 4, heavy damage, 50% of whorl destroyed; and 5, severe damage, skeletonized, whorls destroyed. At harvest (1 Oct.) 20 ears from the middle two rows of each plot were evaluated for ‘worm’ damage as “none” (clean-no damage), “tip” (less than 1.5-in. tip damage) and “side” (culls). On 10 Oct., 20 stalks from the middle two rows of each plot were split from tassel to soil surface; each inch of European corn borer damage was recorded as one cavity.
Striped Cucumber Beetle Control on Pickling Cucumber, 1983
Authors: Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

Cucumber seeds were planted on 20 May in Sunderland, Mass., at 8 in between plants and 5 ft between rows. Soil type was a sandy loam and the pH was 6.4. Fertilizer (1,000 lb lOn: lOp: lOk/acre) was broadcast and incorporated before planting. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each plot was two rows wide and 20 ft long. A single application of all insecticides was made on 15 June. There was an average of 3.75 feeding holes per plant on 15 June when the plants were in the three true leaf stage. The preapplication count included feeding damage to the cotyledons and the true leaves and most of the feeding damage was to the cotyledons. The postapplication count on 20 June only included damage to the true leaves and the plants in the four true leaf stage.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Eggplant, 1983
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. , Lashomb James H.
Published: March 2022

‘Florida Market’ eggplant were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on 3 June. Single row plots were 15 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 lb/in2. Treatments were applied 24 June, 15 and 27 July, and 5 and 22 Aug. Colorado potato beetle counts were recorded 19 July and 24 Aug. Mature fruit were harvested on 25 July, 8 Aug., 8 Sept., and 7 Oct. All fruit were examined for percent damage or scarred fruit caused by Colorado potato beetle feeding. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Insect Control on Eggplant, 1983
Authors: Reed D. K.
Published: March 2022

‘Dusky’ eggplants were seeded in a Lyles sandy loam soil at the Southwestern Purdue Agrie. Cent, at Vincennes, Ind., on 20 June. Plots were 9 m long and 2 m wide arranged in a randomized complete block with three replicates and four treatments. Foliar sprays were applied with a “Hamby” tractor utilizing a one-row sprayer. Drop nozzles on either side and a nozzle over the row ensured complete coverage. Pressure was maintained at 70 lb/in2 to deliver 19 gal/acre. Applications were made at weekly intervals on 25 July, 4, 11, 18, 24, and 31 Aug., and 8 Sept. Damage from FB was recorded on 29 Aug. by applying a 2.5 cm2 template over five randomly selected leaves per plant using 10 plants per treatment, and counting the number of FB holes. CPB were counted at weekly intervals during the duration of the experiment. Yield samples were taken 29 Aug. and 9 Sept., picking all marketable fruit. Unmarketable consisted of undersize fruit less than 150 g.
Efficacy of Dyfonate on Kohlrabi for Control of Cabbage Maggot, 1981
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

‘Early White Vienna’ kohlrabi was seeded into 25-ft, 2-row beds having 22-in row and 16-in interplant spacing on 8 May. The Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) soil had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2. Dyfonate was broadcast at 1, 2, and 4 lb (AI)/acre and then incorporated 4- to 6-in deep by rototilling on 8 May, in the preplant application. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. Plots were sprinkler irrigated as needed at a rate of 0.375 acre-in/h. Efficacy was determined at harvest by examining 16 roots/plot for insect damage. Phytotoxicity (stand loss) was determined at thinning, ca. 6 weeks after planting.
Mushroom Phorid Control with Pounce, 1981
Authors: Rinker D. L. , Snetsinger R.
Published: March 2022

Eight mushroom growing trays (0.37 m2 by 0.15 m), each containing 18 kg of deammoniated and pasteurized Phase II wheat-straw-bedded horse manure compost (70% water) were individually spawned with 110 g of mushroom spawn (PSU#348) and placed into each of three small mushroom production rooms. A total of 8,928 adult female phorids per m2 of production surface were released into each production room beginning 7 days after spawning (DAS). Pounce 3.2 EC and 2% Dust were applied at the active rates of 0.0625 lb and 0.06 lb per 35,000 ft3 into each of two production rooms, respectively, for 20 daily applications beginning 7 DAS. Both formulations were applied an additional 10 times, with two applications between each break of mushrooms. The third production room served as an infested check. A Pestolite Insect Trap (Model RD-lP), equipped with blacklight fluorescent bulb, was used to monitor fly populations in each room. Mushroom culture conditions were similar to the commercial mushroom industry.
Mushroom Sciarid Control with Dimilin, 1983
Authors: Rinker D. L. , Tetrault R.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen mushroom growing trays (0.37 m2 x 0.15 m), each containing 22.7 kg of deammoniated and pasteurized Phase II wheat-straw-bedded horse manure compost (70% water) were individually spawned with 110 g of mushroom spawn (PSU#324) and placed into a single small mushroom production room. Dimilin 25W at active rates of 0.05, 0.06, and 0.10 lb per ton wet compost was thoroughly incorporated into the compost just before spawning. Three trays were used for each treatment. The trays were arranged in four columns, regularly spaced and separated by dividers. Each tray unit was enclosed in plastic on the day of spawning and removed 10 days later. A total of 210 gravid female sciarids were released into each tray unit within the first 3 days after spawning. When cased, each tray was covered with 5.56 kg (0.014 m3 ) peat moss (68.8% water). On the next to last watering, 3 days after casing, 0.176 and 0.211 lb (AI) Dimilin per 1,000 ft2 production surface was applied as a drench to the casing layer of the 0.05 lb treated compost and to three trays of untreated compost, respectively. The remaining three trays served as an infested check. Compost and casing material were sampled for larval sciarids using a sugar-flotation and centrifuge procedure (1979 J. Econ. Entomol. 72: 703-705). Mushroom cultural practices were similar to those of the commercial mushroom industry.
Apple, Post Bloom Aphicide Treatments, 1983
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 2 June to 6-yr-old ‘Red Delicious’ trees infested with well established aphid colonies. Rosy apple aphids were protected from spray contact by tightly curled leaves. Single tree plots were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated four times. Treatments were sprayed to runoff, using a handgun with a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 lb/in2. Treatments were evaluated for effects on rosy apple aphid populations by counting all colonies per replicate on 6 June. Each colony was checked for aphid survival and the percent having live aphids was recorded. Effects on white apple leafhoppers were evaluated on 6 June by counting adults and nymphs on 10 leaves per replicate. Twenty-five randomly selected terminals per tree were checked for apple aphids on 9 June. Percent infested terminals was determined as well as the number of live aphids on the third and fifth leaf of each infested terminal.
European Corn Borer Control on Green Pepper, 1983
Authors: Corredor D. , Ferro D.N.
Published: March 2022

Green pepper plants were transplanted 1 June at the Univ. of Massachusetts Res. Farm, Sunderland, Mass. Each plot was two rows, 18 ft long with 18 in between plants and 3 ft between rows. Fertilizer (1000 lb 10:10:10/acre) was incorporated prior to planting. The insecticides were applied on 2, 10, 18, and 24 Aug., with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at ca 60 gal/acre and 40 lb/in2 European corn borer control was assessed by harvesting 25 commercial size peppers from each plot on 9 Sept., and examining them for injury.
Insect Control in Green Bell Peppers, 1983
Authors: Grafius E. , May A. , Otto M.E. , pax R. , Morrow E.
Published: March 2022

Seedling green bell peppers were transplanted in 5-ft rows on 1 June at the M.S.U. Hortic. Exp. St. in Sodus, Mich. (Berrien Co.). Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications (= blocks) per treatment. Each plot was three rows wide (15 ft) by 15 ft long. Treatments were applied on 23 June, 7, 14, 21, and 28 July, 2, 11, 18, 25, and 31 Aug., and 13 and 23 Sept., with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre. Efficacy was determined by examining two plants from the center row of each plot. Entire plants were examined for corn borer egg masses, two leaves per plant (mid season) or five per plant (late season) were examined for aphids, and three mature fruit (if present) from the center of each plot were examined for corn borer damage.
Insecticide Selectivity Trial, 1980
Authors: Dripps James E. , Smilowitz Zane , Conrad George
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted at the Hortic. Farm, Agrie. Res. Cent., Centre Co., Pa. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Plots consisted of six 40 ft long rows. Temik 15G at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied at planting. Green peach aphid (GPA) and potato leafhopper (PLH) populations were sampled weekly starting 14 Jul. A censored sample of GPA on 200 leaves per treatment was made, the density classes being 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, >4 GPA per leaf. Total PLH nymphs per leaf were counted on the same leaves. Two spray schedules were used for each compound. Applications were made either twice, on 31 Jul and 14 Aug., or 5 times, on 25, 31 Jul., 7, 14 and 21 Aug. Chemicals were applied with a boom sprayer in 40 gal water per acre. Two rows in each plot were harvested on 6 Oct.
Control of Green Peach Aphid with Foliar Sprays, 1983
Authors: Jansson Richard K. , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul , Wallace Jean
Published: March 2022

Certified, Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted on 25 May, with a 9-inch spacing between plants. A randomized complete block design with two replications was used. Treatment plots consisted of three 50-ft rows planted 34 inches apart. Blocks were separated by a 20-ft alleyway. Temik 15 G (0.5 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in furrow at planting. Carbaryl was applied weekly at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre to reduce the number of green peach aphid predators. Dithane M-45 was applied at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre on a 7-day spray schedule for potato late blight control. The foliar insecticides were applied 22 Aug., 29 Aug., and 8 Sep. in 30 gal of water per acre at 60 lb/in2 with a CO2-pressurized tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with two TeeJet D2-25 disc-core cone nozzles/row. Tractor speed was 3 mph. Three leaves per plant, 12 plants per treatment plot (72 total leaves/treatment) were sampled weekly from 2 Aug. to 12 Sep. for green peach aphids (GPA). One row/treatment plot was harvested on 6 Oct. and graded for size. Rainfall in inches totaled 0.50 May, 4.96 Jun., 1.70 Jul., 2.67 Aug., 2.16 Sep. Mean monthly temperatures (°F) were 59.1 May, 67.2 Jun., 71.2 Jul., 69.3 Aug. and 62.6 Sep.
Impact of Foliar Sprays on Green Peach Aphids and Ladybird Beetles, 1982
Authors: Jansson Richard K. , Smilowitz Zane , Wallace Jean , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

Certified, Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted on 4 May, with a 9-inch spacing between plants. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Treatment plots consisted of three 25-ft rows planted 34 inches apart. A 10-ft alleyway separated blocks. Temik 15 G (2.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in furrow at planting. Dithane M-45 was applied at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre on a 7-day schedule for potato late blight control. The foliar insecticides were applied 30 Jul., 13 Aug., 23 Aug., and 13 Sep. in 40 gal of water per acre at 62 lb/in2 with a 6-ft boom sprayer equipped with three TeeJet D2-25 disc-core cone nozzles per row. Tractor speed was 3 mph. Three leaves per plant, three plants per treatment plot (27 total leaves/treatment) were sampled weekly from 12 Jul. to 16 Sep. for green peach aphids. The number of ladybird beetle predators was counted on one stem per plant, three stems per treatment plot (nine total stems/treatment). A minimum of one row per treatment was harvested from each block on 5 Oct. and graded for size. Rainfall in inches totaled 3.07 May, 7.71 Jun., 4.11 Jul., 1.72 Aug., 2.80 Sep. Mean monthly temperatures (°F) were 61.5 May, 63.5 Jun., 71.1 Jul., 65.4 Aug., and 61.2 Sep.
Critical Timing for Control of Potato Leafhopper Injury, 1983
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 21 May, at the Rosemount Agric. Exp. St., Dakota Co., Minn. Treatments were applied to the middle two rows of four row plots, 50 ft long, with 40-inch row spacing between plots and 10-inch spacing between plants. The outer 2 rows of the 4-row plots were used for other experiments. Bravo fungicide was applied veekly per label recommendations from 5 Jul. to the end of the season. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer delivering 38 gal water/acre at 30 lb/in2 . Potato leafhopper and other potentially injurious insects were suppressed at various stages of plant development by application of sprays of the insecticide Guthion applied at the rate of 0.5 lb(AI)/acre. Six treatment schedules were employed: (1) (V-I) from the period of vegetative growth (V) until the initiation of tuber formation (I); (2) (V-B) from the period of vegetative growth through the period of mid-tuber bulking (B); (3) from the period of vegetative growth until maturity (M); (4) (I-B) from the period of tuber-initiation until the period of raid-tuber bulking; (5) (I-M) from the period of tuber-initiation until harvest; and (6) (B-M) from the period of mid-tuber bulking until harvest. Spray applications were made on 4 Jul., 19 Jul., 1 Aug., 15 Aug. and 29 Aug. Counts were made from the treated plots by sampling 35 mid-plant leaves per plot for potato leafhopper nymphs.
Control of Potato Leafhopper Using Methoxychlor Insecticide on Potatoes Grown on Irrigated Sand Plains, 1983
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 17 June at the Sand Plain Experimental Field, Becker, Minn. Plots were 4 rows, 25 ft long with 38-inch row spacing in a randomized block design with 8 replications. Foliar treatments were applied using a CO2 powered hand-held sprayer delivering 38 gal water/acre at 30 lb/in2. Treatments were applied to the entire plot but only the middle two rows were dug and yields taken. Plots were dug 14 Oct.
Preplant Granular Treatments for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1982
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M.
Published: March 2022

‘Superior’ potatoes were planted on 14 Apr., near Benson, N.C. Plots were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 40-inch centers. Treatments were applied to the furrow just prior to planting. The soil temperature at this time was 20°C, soil moisture was adequate. The soil was a sandy loam type with 0.8% organic matter and a pH of 5.7. Percentage of defoliation was evaluated on 1 June and 28 June. Potatoes were harvested on 6 Jul., graded and weighed.
Foliar Sprays to Control Colorado Potato Beetle on Tomato, 1983
Authors: Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

In Sunderland, Mass. ‘Marglobe’ seedlings were transplanted to the field 30 Aug. The soil type was a sandy loam. Fertilizer (1,100 lb 10:10:10/acre) was broadcast and incorporated before planting. Treatment plots were 2-rows wide with nine plants per row, 4 ft between rows, and 2 ft between plants. The plots were arranged in a randomized, complete block design with four replicates. Insecticides were applied on 9 Sept. with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at 40 lb/in2 and ca 60 gal/acre. The number of live adults on five plants and dead adults within a 12 inch radius of the base of the plant were recorded for each plot on 12 Sept.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Tomatoes with Vydate and Pydrin, 1983
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘UC-134-1-2’ tomato transplants were planted bare root in 35-foot rows on 17 May. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 72 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Foliar spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at a rate of 50 gal/acre at 90 lb/in2. Treatments were applied with a custom built row crop sprayer equipped with six drop nozzles per row. The sprayer was tractor drawn and equipped with a PTO driven pump. Foliar sprays were applied 25 May, 1,8, and 30 Jun. Transplant water treatments were applied at the rate of 400 gal of water/acre (7 oz/plant) on 17 MaY- Dip treatments were planted on 17 May but the plants were dipped on 13 May. Soil surface temp was 72°F and at the 6-inch depth it was 60°F at time of transplanting. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle larvae and adults/10 ft of row and the percentage of defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 8 Aug.
Effects of Stubble Applications of Insecticides and Paraquat for Control of Potato Leafhopper, 1983
Authors: Luna John M.
Published: March 2022

To evaluate the effectiveness of stubble-applied pesticides for potato leafhopper control, a randomized block experiment was conducted in Blacksburg, Va., in a 4-yr-old stand of alfalfa during the 3rd regrowth. Seven treatments with 45 by 45-ft plots were each replicated 4 times. Materials were applied one day after alfalfa harvest 21 July in 25 gal water/acre at 18 lb/in2 using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 6-ft boom. Potato leafhoppers were sampled using a 15-in. diam. sweep-net, with each sample consisting of 10 pendular sweeps. Two samples were taken in each plot on each sampling date, and insects were counted in the field as they emerged from the sweep-net. Three stem lenghts of alfalfa were also measured in each plot on each sampling date. Data were transformed using square root (X + 0.5) before statistical analysis.
Aphid and Weevil Control on Alfalfa, 1982
Authors: Tuttle D.M. , Mullis C.H.
Published: March 2022

Several materials were tested in this experiment for the control of aphids and the Egyptian alfalfa weevil on alfalfa at the Yuma Mesa Exp. Stn. during March. The spray treatments were applied with a small-plot sprayer at 15 gal/acre and 40 lb/in2 (CO2 controlled). The boom was equipped with six flat nozzles (8001). Plots consisted of four replicates 8 ft by 80 ft (total 0.05 acre per treatment). The aphid population averaged ca. 60% blue alfalfa and 40% pea aphid. During the test period the overall population was more or less declining. Likewise, the weevil population was also declining, especially by 22 Mar., but the damage continued to be noticeable.
Alfalfa Insect Control in Louisiana, 1983
Authors: Wilson Howard K. , Quisenberry Sharron S.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a seedling stand of alfalfa at the Rosepine Agric. Exp. St., Rosepine, La. Treatments were applied during the vegetative growth stage when alfalfa was ca. 38.8 cm tall. Plots were 6.1 by 12.2 m arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Treatments were made on 23 July. Sprays were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated 60 21.1 gal/acre and 22 lb/in2 using 11004 flat-fan nozzles on a 2.1 m boom. Temperature at treatment was ca. 30°C, and 9 cm of rain fell during the 2 weeks following treatment. Samples were obtained by taking 10 pendulum-sweeps with a 38-cm diam. sweep net on each sampling date. Sample dates were pretreatment, and 3, 7, and 14 days posttreatment. Each sample was bagged and frozen for later counting.
Field Corn, Fall Armyworm Control, 1983
Authors: All J. N. , Javid A. , Dix D. , Chamberlin J.
Published: March 2022

‘Dekalb XL394’ planted 10 Aug., Univ. of Georgia Exp. St., Oconee Co. Soil type was Appling coarse sandy loam. Randomized complete block experimental design with two-row plots, 6.5 m long by 1 m row width by 1 m alleys, five replicates. Plants were treated with a full cone spray directed over the whorl at 30 lb/in2 in a final volumne of 250 liters/ha three times: 24 Aug., 31 Aug., and 7 Sept. All plants in the center 6 m of row were evaluated for fall armyworm defoliation on 13 Sept., using a 0 to 7 damage index of the following: 0, no damage; 1, slight leaf feeding, but no indication of bud damage; 2, moderate leaf feeding, but no bud damage; 3, heavy leaf feeding, and no bud damage; 4, slight to moderate feeding, and slight bud damage; 5, moderate to heavy leaf feeding damage, and moderate to heavy bud damage; 6, heavy leaf feeding, and severe bud damage; and 7, plant virtually destroyed. Silage yield taken in the center 6 m of each plot on 8 Nov.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1983
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to runoff to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with two replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and two ‘Red Delicious’, both spur-type trees. Experimental sprays were applied with a spraygun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/m pump. Spray dates were as follows: 29 Apr. (all UC-81341 treatments only), 16 and 28 June, 22 Jul., and 3 Aug. General purpose sprays of Captan 50W, Topsin M, Guthion 50W, and Sevin 50W were applied at ca. 2-week intervals throughout the summer. Average temperatures were: May 57°F, Jun. 68°F, Jul. 74°F, and Aug. 72°F. Rainfall in inches totaled: May 4.98, Jun. 4.42, Jul. 0.83, and Aug. 2.01. Effectiveness of test materials on European red mite was evaluated by making counts of mites from random samples of 25 leaves per tree, 100 leaves per treatment on several dates. Mite population pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russeting of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was determined by scoring a random sample of 30 apples per replicate, 60 apples per treatment. Fruits were rated as no russeting (1), light russeting (2), moderate russeting (3), and severe russeting (4). Possible ranges were: russeting, none to light 30-60 , light to moderate 60-90, and moderate to severe 90-120.
Second Brood European Corn Borer Aerial Trial, Wray, Colorado, 1983
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were three to five, 65-ft swaths applied by an Ag-Cat, Model A, through 39 Spray System, Inc. 45 cone D-8 orifice nozzles at 28 lb/in2 and 2 gal/acre. Applications were made on 17 Aug. and evaluated on 13 Sept. Evaluations were made by splitting the stalks of 4 groups of 10 plants and counting the live larvae. Mite ratings were on a 0 to 4 scale, with 0, no damage and 4, plant completely browned. The field received an application of Pydrin 0.05 lb (AI)/acre before the trial for Western bean cutworm control. Most of the field not treated aerially was chemigated with Pydrin 0.15 lb (All/acre + 0.5 qt oil.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm in Field Corn, 1983
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

‘Pioneer 3147’ corn was planted on 5 July at the Highland Rim Exp. stn., Springfield. Plots were 20 ft by four rows with 5-ft. alleys between blocks. Rows were spaced 40 in. apart. Nine treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Corn was thinned to 30 plants per 20 row ft. The first insecticide application was made on 4 Aug., when infestation levels reached 15.1 larvae per plant. Additional applications were made on 10 and 18 Aug. Liquid formulations were sprayed with 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 gal/acre. Granular treatments were applied with shaker jars. Newly damaged whorls were counted 1 week after each treatment.
Insecticide Rate Study for Control of Heliothis Spp. Larvae on Cotton, 1983
Authors: Conley Jim , Luttrell R. G.
Published: March 2022

A full season study was conducted at the Plant Sci. Res. Farm of the Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. St., Mississippi State, to determine the efficacy of reduced rates of pyrethroids for control of Heliothis sp. larvae on cotton. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 213’ on 27 May. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (3.66 m) by 17.06 m with two buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.6 gal/acre total volume at 30 lb/in2 through two TX-4 nozzles per row. Applications were made at about weekly intervals on 27 July, 1, 9, & 16 Aug. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 30 June, 8, 18, 27, & 29 July, 10, 22 & 24 Aug. with Guthion (0.25 lb(AI)/acre). Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 4 and 9 Aug. by randomly examining 25 squares and 25 terminals per plot. Yield data were taken on 10 Nov. by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot.
Chemical Control of Thrips in Cotton, 1983
Authors: Gallaher Martin L.
Published: March 2022

Delcot 390 variety was planted on 2 Jun. at the Univ. of Missouri Delta Center Lee Farm near Portageville (Pemiscot County), Mo. Plots were three rows by 100 ft replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The Temik 15G and Disyston 15G treatments were applied in-furrow at planting using Gandy applicator boxes. The Cygon 400 treatment was applied 20 Jun. with a Hahn high-clearance sprayer at a total spray volume of 4 gal per acre, one nozzle per row. The number of thrips in each plot was recorded on 1, 3, and 7 days following the foliar treatment. Counts were made by pulling 20 per replicate and beating them over a wire screen box that would permit thrips to fall through onto a sheet of paper. Yield data were determined by mechanically harvesting the center row of each plot on 3 Oct.
Insecticide Control Demonstration of Plant Bugs and Effect on Beneficial Spp. , 1983
Authors: Gallaher Martin L. , Kowalski Edward L.
Published: March 2022

The objective of this demonstration was to evaluate some of the currently recommended insecticides for plant bug control and to determine if soybean oil (SBOC Standard) is better suited as a carrier of insecticides than water, and to determine the effect on beneficial populations. ‘Delcot 390’ variety cotton was planted 21 May on the Univ. of Missouri Delta Center Lee Farm near Portageville (Pemiscot County), Mo. Eight row plots, 100 ft Long were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied 18 Aug. Water carried insecticides were applied with a four row boom at the rate of 4 gal/acre (5 mph, 30 lb/in2 , One TX-12 cone spray nozzle per row) through an air pressurized system. Soybean oil (SBOC Standard) carried insecticides were applied with a four row boom at the rate of 2.38 qt/acre (8.8 mph, 20 lb/in2 , one Micro max nozzle #20 orifice per row, 2,000 rpm) through an air pressurized system. Twelve ft of row were sampled (drop cloth method) at 1 day, 3 day, and 7 days posttreatment.
Laboratory Tests on Grasshoppers with Thuringiensin, B-Exotoxin of Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1983
Authors: Valovage W. D.
Published: March 2022

Thuringiensin was tested on three economically important grasshopper species. Sunflower seedlings, ca. 30 cm tall, planted six to a flat, were sprayed to runoff with the appropriate concentration of thuringiensin mixed with water. For M. bivattatus, the thuringiensin was mixed with Nalcotrol, a deposition aid, at the rate of 0.075%. For the controls, water only was sprayed on the plants with the exception of the M. bivittatus control, where 0.075% Nalcotrol was used. Field-collected adult grasshoppers were held without food 24 h before testing. The tests were conducted in a greenhouse with cages measuring 30 cm on a side. After 6 days, the flats were removed from the cages and the percent defoliation was estimated visually. Untreated foliage was then placed into each cage. Mortality counts were taken after 10 days. Chi-square tests were used to compare each treatment with the control.
Controlling Cereal Leaf Beetles with Insecticides Applied at Planting in Spring Oats, 1983
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Disulfoton 8 and Furadan 4F treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle populations in spring-planted oats. Insecticides were applied on 23 Mar., 1 week after planting ‘Noble’ oats on the Russell Settle Farm near Warsaw, Va. A randomized block design was employed with four replications. Individual plots were 8.8 by 3.0 m and spaced 0.91 m apart. Each insecticide was applied with a backpack sprayer containing a single cone nozzle that delivered 30 gal of furnished formulation per acre at 40 lb/in2 . The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments were determined 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 weeks after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae and eggs per 0.3 m of row. Yield estimates were obtained by harvesting the two center rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Comparison of Acephate Formulations for Control of Adult Grasshoppers on Rangeland, 1983
Authors: Foster R. Nelson , Reuter K. C. , Smith M. E. , Swain J. L. , Dyer R.
Published: March 2022

Each of two 640-acre adjacent square blocks of 5th stage to adult grasshopper economically-infested mixed-grass rangeland 14 miles northeast of San Carlos, Ariz., was used for the test. The population was intentionally allowed to develop to an advanced age structure to achieve a more severe test of the formulations since younger grasshoppers generally require less insecticide for control. Normal control programs would usually be conducted on a younger age structure. Each block was aerially sprayed with either the Orthene Tree and Ornamental Spray or Orthene Speciality Concentrate formulation of acephate at 0.094 lb (AI)/acre in a total volume of 32 oz/acre on 11 to 13 July 1983. Both treatments were diluted with water and contained Grandma’s Onsulfured Molasses (added for feeding enhancement) and Nalcoetrol (an anti-evaporate, anti-drift additive) at the respective rates of 3% by volume and 9 oz/100 gal of mix. Both treatments were applied from an Cessna Ag Truck aircraft operating at 120 mph. Twelve 804 flat fan stainless steel Tee Jet nozzle tips directed 45° down and aft were used to apply the treatments at an altitude of 50 ft and 38 lb/in2 . A working swath width of 75 ft was used.
Sorghum Webworm Control, 1983
Authors: Riley Thomas J.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated for control of the sorghum webworm at the LSU, Idlewild Exp. St., East Feliciana Parish, La. Funks 522 DR grain sorghum was planted in a conventional manner on 11 July. Treatments were 50 ft by one row with an untreated row between treatments. A completely randomized block design was used with four replications, 5-ft alleys between replicates and 38 in. row spacing. Insecticides were applied using a back-pack, CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 16 gal/acre at 55 lb/in2 through a single Teejet 8002 E nozzle. Sprays were applied from approximately 6 in. above the sorghum heads on 14 Sep. A pretreatment count of 100 randomly-selected heads in the test area yielded a mean of 17.9 webworms per head. The effectiveness of the insecticides was evaluated on 16 Sep. by counting the number of webworms shaken from 20 randomly selected heads from each treatment in each replication. The heads were brought into the laboratory, shaken over a white porcelin pan and inspected for live webworms that failed to dislodge.