bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison between conventional and comprehensive sequencing approaches for genetic diagnosis of Alport syndrome
Authors: Yamamura Tomohiko , Nozu Kandai , Minamikawa Shogo , Horinouchi Tomoko , Sakakibara Nana , Nagano China , Aoto Yuya , Ishiko Shinya , Nakanishi Koichi , Shima Yuko , Nagase Hiroaki , Rossanti Rini , Ye Ming J. , Nozu Yoshimi , Ishimori Shingo , Morisada Naoya , Kaito Hiroshi , Iijima Kazumoto
Published: July 2019

Background

Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary disease caused by mutations in COL4A3‐5 genes. Recently, comprehensive genetic analysis has become the first‐line diagnostic tool for AS. However, no reports comparing mutation identification rates between conventional sequencing and comprehensive screening have been published.

Methods

In this study, 441 patients clinically suspected of having AS were divided into two groups and compared. The initial mutational analysis method involved targeted exome sequencing using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) (n = 147, NGS group) or Sanger sequencing for COL4A3/COL4A4/COL4A5 (n = 294, Sanger group).

Results

In the NGS group, 126 patients (86%) were diagnosed with AS by NGS, while two had pathogenic mutations in other genes, NPHS1 and EYA1. Further, 239 patients (81%) were diagnosed with AS by initial analysis in the Sanger group. Thirteen patients who were negative for mutation detection in the Sanger group were analyzed by NGS; three were diagnosed with AS. Two had mutations in CLCN5 or LAMB2. The final variant detection rate was 90%.

Discussion

Our results reveal that Sanger sequencing and targeted exome sequencing have high diagnostic ability. NGS also has the advantage of detecting other inherited kidney diseases and pathogenic mutations missed by Sanger sequencing.
Thermal lensing measurements of Ti: sapphire crystal by an optical wavefront sensor
Authors: Hussain Mukhtar , Imran Tayyab , Börzsönyi Ádám
Published: July 2019

The effects of thermal lensing appear to be dominant in lasing crystals as the power of optical pump pulses increases. This instigates the confined heating effects in crystals. The nonuniform distributions of temperature lead to the variability of spatial refractive index in the lasing crystals and consequently, the thermal effects become prominent. The thermal effects of Brewster‐cut Ti: sapphire crystal are measured in this study. The Ti: sapphire crystal is seeded at a wavelength of 800 nm of energy ∼7 nJ and pulse duration of ∼8 fs and pumped by the 25‐ps pulses at 532 nm operating at 80 MHz. The effects of thermal lensing at ∼40 and 293 K are measured as a function of average pump power which is controlled by the automatic attenuator. The measurements of wavefronts and aberration effects are carried out by using the Shack‐Hartmann optical wavefront sensor (HASO4). This study could pave a way to suppress the thermal lensing effects at a high repetition rate laser system and to correct the wavefront aberration for ultrahigh‐intensity and metrology experiments.
Retracted: Factors Influencing Angler Satisfaction and Catch Rates in Arizona Stream Put-and-Take Trout Fisheries
Authors: Beard Zachary S. , Mann Ryan D.
Published: July 2019

The following article has been retracted by agreement between the authors, Zachary S. Beard and Ryan D. Mann, the journal editor-in-chief, Daniel J. Daugherty, and the American Fisheries Society:

“Factors Influencing Angler Satisfaction and Catch Rates in Arizona Stream Put-and-Take Trout Fisheries,” by Zachary S. Beard and Ryan D. Mann, Early View. DOI: https://10.1002/nafm.10322.

The retraction has been agreed to due to unattributed overlap between this article and the following article published in the North American Journal of Fisheries Management:

Volume 34(5), October 2014: “Effect of Fishing Success on Angler Satisfaction on a Central Oregon Rainbow Trout Fishery: Implications for Establishing Management Objectives,” by Joshua L. McCormick and Timothy K. Porter, pages 938–944. DOI: https://10.1080/02755947.2014.932869.
Does interpersonal dependency affect therapeutic outcome? A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Kane Fallon A. , Bornstein Robert F.
Published: July 2019

This study examined whether interpersonal dependency affects therapeutic outcome, using meta‐analytic techniques to synthesize results from 31 studies (49 effect sizes; overall N = 3807). High levels of dependency were associated with more positive outcome in psychodynamic therapy (r = 0.11, p < 0.05), but not cognitive‐behavioural therapy (r = −0.05, ns), and were associated with a less positive outcome in pharmacological treatment (r = −0.15, p < 0.001). Other predictors of outcome included patient diagnosis (high levels of dependency were linked with more positive outcome for patients with anxiety disorders but not those with depression), outcome measure (high levels of dependency were associated with significantly greater improvement in global functioning but not symptom reduction) and dependency measure (cognitive and cognitive‐behavioural dependency scales yielded less positive results than other types of measures). These results contribute to a growing body of literature examining effects of personality on treatment process and outcome. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of different diols/polyols on the phase separation behavior as well as thermodynamic properties of tween 80
Authors: Mishu Afroja Akter , Amin Md. Ruhul , Rub Malik Abdul , Hoque Md. Anamul , Kabir Shariff E. , Asiri Abdullah M.
Published: July 2019

Herein, the cloud points (CPs) of tween 80 (Tw 80) in water/(water + diols [ethanediol, propanediol, and butanediol])/(water + polyols [glucose, fructose, and sorbitol]) systems were measured. For diols‐Tw 80‐water system and polyols‐Tw 80‐water system, the CP values were obtained to reduce gradually with increasing content of diols and polyols at a particular concentration of Tw 80. For a certain concentration of Tw 80 having different contents of diols, the observed ∆H0c, as well as ∆S0c values, were negative over the range of concentration of diols studied, and the negative values of ∆H0c and ∆S0c were reduced with the enhancement of the content of diols. The values of ∆H0c were negative, which indicate the process was exothermic. The clouding process of Tw 80 in the presence of different diols is mainly enthalpy‐controlled process, while the contributions of enthalpy tend to reduce with enhancing of the contribution of diols. In the case of polyols‐Tw 80 mixture in an aqueous environment, the ∆Gc0 values were achieved positive. The values of ∆Hc0 and ∆Sco were obtained negative for studied systems, while the negative values reduce with enhancing of polyol (glucose and fructose) concentrations. For sorbitol‐Tw 80 system, the values of ∆Hc0 were observed to be negative and the negative magnitudes reduce with enhancing of sorbitol concentrations. The thermodynamic parameters of transfer are also evaluated and illustrated in detail.
Fear of cancer recurrence across the survivorship trajectory: Results from a survey of adult long‐term cancer survivors
Authors: Götze Heide , Taubenheim Sabine , Dietz Andreas , Lordick Florian , Mehnert‐Theuerkauf Anja
Published: July 2019

Objective

Our study analysed fear of cancer recurrence (FoR) in long‐term cancer survivors in relation to medical variables, depression, anxiety, and quality of life.

Methods

We present data obtained from 1,002 cancer survivors (53% male, mean age=68 years, 26% prostate cancer, 22% breast cancer) across all cancer types 5 (N=660) and 10 (N=342) years after diagnosis, who were recruited via a large Clinical Cancer Registry in Germany in a cross‐sectional study. FoR, depression, and anxiety were measured using validated self‐report questionnaires (12‐item short version of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire [FoP‐Q‐SF], Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 [PHQ‐9[, and General Anxiety Disorder‐7 [GAD‐7]). Hierarchical regression models were carried out with FoR as dependent variable and time since diagnosis as control variable.

Results

We found high FoR‐values in 17% of the cancer survivors (FoP‐Q‐SF total score>33). FoR was higher in the 5‐year cohort (P=.028, d=0.153). Cancer survivors were most worried about the future of the family; they report being nervous prior to doctor's appointment and being afraid of relying on strangers help. Higher FoR was related to female gender (Beta=.149, P<.001), younger age (Beta=‐.103, P<.001), low social (Beta=‐.129, P<.001) and emotional functioning (Beta=‐.269, P<.001), received hormone therapy (P=.025, d=0.056), and high anxiety levels (Beta=.227, P<.001).

Conclusions

Even though FoR declines slightly over time, it is still a common mental health problem for long‐term survivors even 10 years after cancer diagnosis. Since FoR is associated with reduced emotional and social quality of life, patients who are at greater risk of experiencing FoR must be identified and supported. Particularly at risk are younger women who received hormone therapy.
Adaptations to cognitive problems reported by breast cancer survivors seeking cognitive rehabilitation: A qualitative study
Authors: Green Heather J. , Mihuta Mary E. , Ownsworth Tamara , Dhillon Haryana M. , Tefay Merilyn , Sanmugarajah Jasotha , Tuffaha Haitham W. , Ng Shu‐Kay , Shum David H.K.
Published: July 2019

Objective

Qualitative studies have elucidated cancer survivors' experiences of cognitive changes associated with cancer and cancer treatment. This study specifically explored experiences of women treated for breast cancer who were seeking cognitive rehabilitation. The objective was to characterise the frequency and nature of cognitive changes and adaptations to cognitive change reported by these participants to better understand treatment needs of this group.

Method

Australian women who had completed primary treatments for breast cancer (surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy) and volunteered to participate in one of two cognitive rehabilitation intervention studies were interviewed via telephone. Interview responses regarding cognitive changes and adaptations to cognitive change were transcribed by the interviewers, then coded and analysed by two researchers using content analysis.

Results

Among the 95 participants (age M=54.3 years, SD=9.6), the most commonly reported cognitive change was memory (79% of participants) and 61% reported more than one type of cognitive change. Adaptations to change were reported by 87% of participants, with written or electronic cues the most common (51%). Most often, participants reported using a single type of adaptation (48%) with only 39% reporting multiple types of adaptations.

Conclusions

Women treated for breast cancer, who were seeking cognitive rehabilitation, most commonly reported memory changes, which were mainly managed through a single type of adaptation. These results suggest that there is considerable scope for increasing the range of cognitive adaptations to improve the quality of life of cancer survivors who experience adverse cognitive changes.
Using the novel HiBiT tag to label cell surface relaxin receptors for BRET proximity analysis
Authors: Hoare Bradley L. , Kocan Martina , Bruell Shoni , Scott Daniel J. , Bathgate Ross A. D.
Published: July 2019

Relaxin family peptide 1 (RXFP1) is the receptor for relaxin a peptide hormone with important therapeutic potential. Like many G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), RXFP1 has been reported to form homodimers. Given the complex activation mechanism of RXFP1 by relaxin, we wondered whether homodimerization may be explicitly required for receptor activation, and therefore sought to determine if there is any relaxin‐dependent change in RXFP1 proximity at the cell surface. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) between recombinantly tagged receptors is often used in GPCR proximity studies. RXFP1 targets poorly to the cell surface when overexpressed in cell lines, with the majority of the receptor proteins sequestered within the cell. Thus, any relaxin‐induced changes in RXFP1 proximity at the cell surface may be obscured by BRET signal originating from intracellular compartments. We therefore, utilized the newly developed split luciferase system called HiBiT to specifically label the extracellular terminus of cell surface RXFP1 receptors in combination with mCitrine‐tagged receptors, using the GABAB heterodimer as a positive control. This demonstrated that the BRET signal detected from RXFP1‐RXFP1 proximity at the cell surface does not appear to be due to stable physical interactions. The fact that there is also no relaxin‐mediated change in RXFP1‐RXFP1 proximity at the cell surface further supports these conclusions. This work provides a basis by which cell surface GPCR proximity and expression levels can be specifically studied using a facile and homogeneous labeling technique such as HiBiT.
Copper Thiocyanate and Copper Selenocyanate Hole Transport Layers: Determination of Band Offsets with Silicon and Hybrid Perovskites from First Principles
Authors: Sajjad Muhammad , Singh Nirpendra , De Bastiani Michele , De Wolf Stefaan , Schwingenschlögl Udo
Published: July 2019

Copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) and copper selenocyanate (CuSeCN) combine a high work function with a high optical transparency. To elucidate their potential as transparent hole selective materials, herein, first‐principles calculations of the structural and electronic properties are reported, with special attention to the band offsets with crystalline Si and hybrid perovskites (CH3NH3PbI3, CH3NH3PbBr3, and CHN2H4PbBr3). The structural parameters and electronic band structure are obtained using the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional, resulting in indirect and direct bandgaps of 2.13 and 1.81 eV for CuSCN and CuSeCN, respectively. The (100) surfaces of the two materials do not feature in‐gap states, maintaining the semiconducting nature. Band offsets are determined by the electrostatic potential lineup method using slab calculations. Small valence band offsets of 0.10 eV for CuSCN/Si and 0.08 eV for CuSCN/CH3NH3PbI3 are desirably found, i.e., a promising hole transport layer character of CuSCN for Si and CH3NH3PbI3‐based solar cells. Type‐II band alignment is obtained for all studied heterojunctions.
A Correlation between Iodoplumbate and Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells Observed by Precursor Solution Aging
Authors: Shin Gwang Su , Kim Seul‐Gi , Zhang Yong , Park Nam‐Gyu
Published: July 2019

This study reports the aging effect of a perovskite precursor solution on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells. The precursor solution is aged at different temperatures of 4, 25 (room temperature), and 65 °C. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) is found to depend on the aging condition. Average PCE increases with aging time, where optimal aging time for best the PCE decreases with aging temperature. Average PCE of 17.29% obtained from a 24 h aged solution at 4 °C is higher than that of 16.48% from a nonaged fresh solution. At 25 °C, a 2–4 h aged solution yields highest PCE of 17.41%. The aging effect is more accelerated at 65 °C, where the best PCE of around 17.10% is achieved from the solution aged for 1.5–2 h. It is commonly observed that photocurrent density is substantially influenced by aging time, while voltage is less affected. Fill factor declines with aging time regardless of aging temperature. Iodoplumbate PbI2S4 (S = solvent) formed in the precursor solution increases its concentration, as aging time increases at a given temperature, which is beneficial for improving photovoltaic performance. No aging effect is found for excess MAI or PbI2 due to initially formed sufficient iodoplumbate.
Durability of pretensioned concrete girders in coastal climate bridges: Basis for better maintenance and future design
Authors: Osmolska Magdalena J. , Kanstad Terje , Hendriks Max A. N. , Hornbostel Karla , Markeset Gro
Published: July 2019

This study was based on findings from the Norwegian Public Roads Administration's Bridge Management System and field investigations on corrosion damage in pretensioned Norwegian standard I‐beam (NIB) girders in 227 coastal climate bridges. The main durability design parameters are summarized and related to regulations over the last 80 years. Environmental exposure is discussed in the light of the global, local, and micro climate. We found that 51% of the bridges have girder corrosion damage. The percentage is highest for bridges built when the cover thickness required was lowest. Cover thickness below that required (resulting from production faults) caused 74% of corrosion damage. Most of the severe chloride‐induced corrosion damage in bridges was found in the inner NIB girders, particularly in the support‐zones and their vicinity. This can be due to interaction between geometry and exposure. Corrosion of reinforcement in support‐zones can impact structural behavior, particularly NIB girder shear performance.
Non‐invasive cell‐free fetal DNA testing for aneuploidy: multicenter study of 31 515 singleton pregnancies in southeastern China
Authors: Xu L. , Huang H. , Lin N. , Wang Y. , He D. , Zhang M. , Chen M. , Chen L. , Lin Y.
Published: July 2019

Objective

To analyze the non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for aneuploidy results of 31 515 singleton pregnancies in Fujian province, southeastern China, and assess its performance in low‐, moderate‐ and high‐risk pregnancies.

Methods

Women were categorized into groups according to whether their risk for fetal abnormality was low, moderate or high. Cell‐free plasma DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples was subjected to low‐coverage whole‐genome sequencing. Standard Z‐score analysis of the mapped sequencing reads was used to identify fetal aneuploidy, including the three main trisomies (T21, T18 and T13) and sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA). NIPT‐positive results were confirmed by amniocentesis and karyotyping. The performance of NIPT for detection of T21, T18, T13 and SCA was assessed by calculating the sensitivity and specificity.

Results

The rate of chromosomal abnormality detected by NIPT in the study population was 1.38%. A higher rate of chromosomal abnormality was found in the high‐risk group (1.57%) compared to the moderate‐risk (1.05%) and low‐risk (1.18%) groups (P < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were 98.96% (95/96) and 99.94% (31 274/31 292) for detection of T21, 100% (25/25) and 99.96% (31 352/31 363) for T18, 100% (7/7) and 99.97% (31 373/31 381) for T13 and 100% (61/61) and 99.74% (31 245/31 327) for SCA. Positive predictive values were high for T21 (84.07%) and T18 (69.44%) and moderate for T13 (46.67%) and SCA (42.66%).

Conclusion

Our findings support the application of NIPT for reliable and accurate testing of the general population of reproductive‐age women for clinically significant fetal aneuploidy. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Visible spectra of heavy ions with an open 4f shell
Authors: Murata Shunichi , Safronova Marianna S. , Safronova Ulyana I. , Nakamura Nobuyuki
Published: July 2019

We present visible to near‐infrared spectra of highly charged Yb (the atomic number 70) and W (74) obtained with a compact electron beam ion trap. By observing the dependence on the electron beam energy, the charge state that should be assigned to the observed lines is determined. For In‐like Yb21+ and W25+ and Sn‐like W24+, the experimental spectra are compared with theoretical calculations done by the CI+all‐order method. In each spectrum, the most prominent line is identified as the magnetic dipole transition from the first excited fine structure level to the ground level in the ground electronic configuration, 4f3 for In‐like ions and 4f4 for Sn‐like ions.
Cultivating the next generation designers: group work in urban and regional design education
Authors: Qu Lei , Chen Yawei , Rooij Remon , de Jong Peter
Published: July 2019

This article contributes to the discussion about learning from group methods in design education. Based on action research results, it presents and reflects on teaching activities related to urban and regional design in TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, conducted and coordinated by the authors. Constructive alignment of the teaching triangle and feedbacks from students and teachers are used to assess the effectiveness of learning from group methods in these courses from the perspective of teaching quality. The evaluation does not aim for revealing missing components or links in theory on design education. Instead, it is using existing theories to analyse education practices, for a better understanding and performance of group work in a specific field of design education. The conclusions of the article focus on pros and cons of group work in urban and regional design education, with highlighted common challenges for teaching, such as assessment on individual performance, as well as specific ones, such as stimulating ‘out of the box thinking’ and supervising interdisciplinary groups.
Knowledge embedded
Authors: Kindermann Dirk
Published: July 2019

How should we account for the contextual variability of knowledge claims? Many philosophers favour an invariantist account on which such contextual variability is due entirely to pragmatic factors, leaving no interesting context-sensitivity in the semantic meaning of ‘know that.’ I reject this invariantist division of labor by arguing that pragmatic invariantists have no principled account of embedded occurrences of ‘Sknows/doesn’t know thatp’: Occurrences embedded within larger linguistic constructions such as conditional sentences, attitude verbs, expressions of probability, comparatives, and many others, I argue, give rise to a threefold problem of embedded implicatures.
Positive effect of AgNPs and AuNPs in in vitro cultures of Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
Authors: Jadczak Paula , Kulpa Danuta , Bihun Magdalena , Przewodowski Włodzimierz
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was determined how an addition of gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) and silver NPs (AgNPs) into culture media affects plant development and formation of oil glands in narrow-leaved lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) cv. ‘Munstead’. Plant shoots were propagated on media supplemented with 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg dm−3 AuNPs or AgNPs (diameter of 24.2 ± 2.4 nm and 27.5 ± 4.8 nm). Both of NPs positively influenced the growth and development of lavender propagated in vitro. The culture media with NPs stimulated formation of shoots and increased plant weight. Roots of plants propagated on the media supplemented with NPs were usually longer than those in the control. Only high concentrations of NPs (20 and 50 mg dm−3) in the culture media were toxic to plants, as demonstrated by restricted shoot length and gradual decrease in the value of other morphological features. Increases in AgNPs concentration caused the number of secretory trichomes to decrease. The diameter of the trichomes on both sides of the leaf blade was larger when the plants were propagated on the media supplemented with 1 and 2 mg dm−3 NPs. The diameter of trichomes formed on the adaxial surface of the leaf blade was greatest in the media enriched with 2 mg dm−3 AgNPs and 5 mg dm−3 AuNPs, and smallest in the media enriched with 5 mg dm−3 AgNPs. The diameter of trichomes formed on the abaxial surface was largest in plants exposed to 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg dm−3 AuNPs, 1 mg dm−3 AgNPs, and smallest in plants exposed to 5 mg dm−3 AgNPs.
Fostering adolescent curiosity through a question brainstorming intervention
Authors: Clark Shelby , Harbaugh Allen G. , Seider Scott
Published: July 2019

Introduction

High adolescent curiosity is associated with several positive outcomes, yet questioning, a common behavioral manifestation of curiosity, declines once children enter formal schooling. The present quasi‐experimental study empirically investigated whether directly teaching students to question helps to foster students’ more enduring, dispositional tendency towards curiosity.

Method

The study explored the impact of a direct‐instruction student‐brainstorming intervention, the Question Formulation Technique (QFT), on adolescents' curiosity. The study's sample included adolescents (N = 3173) in four public high schools in the United States nested within 43 educators' English/Language Arts classrooms. Teachers (N = 43) were randomly assigned to two groups, one of which received professional development in the QFT in fall 2015 and the other in the winter of 2016. The study utilized student self‐report questionnaires and teacher fidelity checks at three time points (fall, winter, and spring) to consider the impact of the QFT on participating adolescents' curiosity.

Results

Multilevel modeling results indicated a positive treatment effect of the QFT on adolescents' curiosity, a positive adherence effect on adolescents' curiosity growth, and a positive dosage effect on adolescents’ curiosity growth.

Conclusions

The study suggests that adolescent dispositional curiosity can be significantly increased by directly teaching students to question.
European Ultrahigh‐Field Imaging Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (EUFIND)
Authors: Düzel Emrah , Acosta‐Cabronero Julio , Berron David , Biessels Geert Jan , Björkman‐Burtscher Isabella , Bottlaender Michel , Bowtell Richard , Buchem Mark v , Cardenas‐Blanco Arturo , Boumezbeur Fawzi , Chan Dennis , Clare Stuart , Costagli Mauro , de Rochefort Ludovic , Fillmer Ariane , Gowland Penny , Hansson Oskar , Hendrikse Jeroen , Kraff Oliver , Ladd Mark E. , Ronen Itamar , Petersen Esben , Rowe James B. , Siebner Hartwig , Stoecker Tony , Straub Sina , Tosetti Michela , Uludag Kamil , Vignaud Alexandre , Zwanenburg Jaco , Speck Oliver
Published: July 2019

Introduction

The goal of European Ultrahigh‐Field Imaging Network in Neurodegenerative Diseases (EUFIND) is to identify opportunities and challenges of 7 Tesla (7T) MRI for clinical and research applications in neurodegeneration. EUFIND comprises 22 European and one US site, including over 50 MRI and dementia experts as well as neuroscientists.

Methods

EUFIND combined consensus workshops and data sharing for multisite analysis, focusing on 7 core topics: clinical applications/clinical research, highest resolution anatomy, functional imaging, vascular systems/vascular pathology, iron mapping and neuropathology detection, spectroscopy, and quality assurance. Across these topics, EUFIND considered standard operating procedures, safety, and multivendor harmonization.

Results

The clinical and research opportunities and challenges of 7T MRI in each subtopic are set out as a roadmap. Specific MRI sequences for each subtopic were implemented in a pilot study presented in this report. Results show that a large multisite 7T imaging network with highly advanced and harmonized imaging sequences is feasible and may enable future multicentre ultrahigh‐field MRI studies and clinical trials.

Discussion

The EUFIND network can be a major driver for advancing clinical neuroimaging research using 7T and for identifying use‐cases for clinical applications in neurodegeneration.
A systematic review of central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) diagnostic reliability and error
Authors: Larsen Emily N. , Gavin Nicole , Marsh Nicole , Rickard Claire M. , Runnegar Naomi , Webster Joan
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To establish the reliability of the application of National Health and Safety Network (NHSN) central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) criteria within established reporting systems internationally.

Design:

Diagnostic-test accuracy systematic review.

Methods:

We conducted a search of Medline, SCOPUS, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL (EbscoHost), and PubMed (NCBI). Cohort studies were eligible for inclusion if they compared publicly reported CLABSI rates and were conducted by independent and expertly trained reviewers using NHSN/Centers for Disease Control (or equivalent) criteria. Two independent reviewers screened, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the QUADAS 2 tool. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values were analyzed.

Results:

A systematic search identified 1,259 publications; 9 studies were eligible for inclusion (n = 7,160 central lines). Publicly reported CLABSI rates were more likely to be underestimated (7 studies) than overestimated (2 studies). Specificity ranged from 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58–0.81) to 0.99 (95% CI, 0.99–1.00) and sensitivity ranged from 0.42 (95% CI, 0.15–0.72) to 0.88 (95% CI, 0.77–0.95). Four studies, which included a consecutive series of patients (whole cohort), reported CLABSI incidence between 9.8% and 20.9%, and absolute CLABSI rates were underestimated by 3.3%–4.4%. The risk of bias was low to moderate in most included studies.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest consistent underestimation of true CLABSI incidence within publicly reported rates, weakening the validity and reliability of surveillance measures. Auditing, education, and adequate resource allocation is necessary to ensure that surveillance data are accurate and suitable for benchmarking and quality improvement measures over time.

Registration:

Prospectively registered with International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO ID CRD42015021989; June 7, 2015). https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID%3dCRD42015021989
Towards a neuroscience-based theory of personality: within-subjects dissociation of human brain activity during pursuit and goal conflict
Authors: Perkins Adam M. , Strawbridge Rebecca , Arnone Danilo , Williams Steven C. R. , Gasston David , Cleare Anthony J. , O’Daly Owen , Kumari Veena , Ettinger Ulrich , Corr Philip J.
Published: July 2019

As demonstrated by neuroimaging data, the human brain contains systems that control responses to threat. The revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality predicts that individual differences in the reactivity of these brain systems produce anxiety and fear-related personality traits. Here we discuss some of the challenges in testing this theory and, as an example, present a pilot study that aimed to dissociate brain activity during pursuit by threat and goal conflict. We did this by translating the Mouse Defense Test Battery for human fMRI use. In this version, dubbed the Joystick Operated Runway Task (JORT), we repeatedly exposed 24 participants to pursuit and goal conflict, with and without threat of electric shock. The runway design of JORT allowed the effect of threat distance on brain activation to be evaluated independently of context. Goal conflict plus threat of electric shock caused deactivation in a network of brain areas that included the fusiform and middle temporal gyri, as well as the default mode network core, including medial frontal regions, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus, and laterally the inferior parietal and angular gyri. Consistent with earlier research, we also found that imminent threat activated the midbrain and that this effect was significantly stronger during the simple pursuit condition than during goal conflict. Also consistent with earlier research, we found significantly greater hippocampal activation during goal conflict than pursuit by imminent threat. In conclusion, our results contribute knowledge to theories linking anxiety disorders to altered functioning in defensive brain systems and also highlight challenges in this research domain.
Top Incomes in Germany, 1871–2014
Authors: Bartels Charlotte
Published: July 2019

This study provides new evidence on top income shares in Germany from industrialization to the present. Income concentration was high in the nineteenth century, dropped sharply after WWI and during the hyperinflation years of the 1920s, then increased rapidly throughout the Nazi period beginning in the 1930s. Following the end of WWII, German top income shares returned to 1920s levels. The German pattern stands in contrast to developments in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, where WWII brought a sizeable and lasting reduction in top income shares. Since the turn of the millennium, income concentration in Germany has been on the rise and is today among the highest in Europe. The capital share is consistently positively associated with income concentration, whereas growth, technological change, trade, unions, and top tax rates are positively associated in some periods and negative in others.
Representation of sentence meaning (A JNLE Special Issue)
Authors: Bojar Ondřej , Bernardi Raffaella , Webber Bonnie
Published: July 2019

This paper serves as a short overview of the JNLE special issue on representation of the meaning of the sentence, bringing together traditional symbolic and modern continuous approaches. We indicate notable aspects of sentence meaning and their compatibility with the two streams of research and then summarize the papers selected for this special issue.
Dual-band slot microstrip patch antennas with dual-radiation modes for wireless communication
Authors: Yang Guangwei , Li Jianying , Yang Jiangjun , Xing Zijian
Published: July 2019

In this paper, a novel compact dual-band microstrip patch antenna with dual-radiation modes is investigated. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular ground plane, a U-shaped feed probe, and an H-shaped slot radiating patch. By adjusting the size of these structures, a dual-band antenna can be obtained. In the low-frequency band, the antenna can radiate one radiation beam with high gain. In the high-frequency band, the antenna can achieve monopole-like radiation pattern. Therefore, an antenna prototype is fabricated and measured for validation. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results is observed in this paper. The antenna's operating frequency ranges are 3.6–3.85 GHz in the low-frequency band and 5.1–6.1 GHz in the high-frequency band with the reflection coefficient less than −10 dB. At 3.7 GHz, the antenna radiate one beam with 8.8 dBi realized gain. At 5.5 GHz, it exhibits dual-radiation beams directed to −48 and 48° with 5.6 and 5.5 dBi realized gain in the xoz-plane and −48 and 48° with 2.9 and 3.0 dBi realized gain in the yoz-plane. Therefore, the proposed antenna is a good candidate for wireless communication systems.
„Zeichne einen Menschen!“
Authors: Schwarz Rolf
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Der motorische Akt des Zeichnens von sich selbst oder anderen macht den Menschen einzigartig. Diese graphomotorische Sonderstellung wird traditionell als Indiz für die hohe kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit des Menschen interpretiert. Diagnostisch wird deshalb nahezu seit Beginn der historischen Zeichnungsanalyse die Intelligenz als Hintergrundvariable erforscht. Vermutet wird die Wirkungsrichtung, dass an kindlichen Zeichnungen der Grad der Intelligenz abzulesen sei: Intelligentere Kinder zeichnen mutmaßlich komplexer. Zur Prüfung dieser Annahme wird in dem Beitrag das Testverfahren ZEM („Zeichne einen Menschen!“) anhand einer baden-württembergischen Teilstichprobe (4 – 6-Jährige; >♂ 52,7 %; n = 385max.) aus der BeBi-Studie ( Schwarz, 2017 ) verwendet. Weiterhin soll die Frage nach den Intelligenzunterschieden im Zusammenhang mit der Zeichnungsentwicklung und unter Beachtung von Geschlecht, Alter und handmotorischen Fertigkeiten varianzanalytisch im kontrollierten und randomisierten Längsschnitt beantwortet werden. Drittens werden diese Einflussvariablen in einer schrittweisen linearen Regression auf ihre Stärke hin geranglistet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Zeichnungsentwicklung stark altersabhängig ist und sich die Geschlechter in der Zeichnungsqualität stark zu Gunsten der Mädchen unterscheiden. Mit η2part. = .074 besteht im Einjahreslängsschnitt ein mittlerer Effekt zwischen Gruppen mit über- vs. unterdurchschnittlicher Qualität des Zeichnens auf die Varianz kindlicher Intelligenzentwicklung. Der mittelstarke korrelative Einfluss der Handmotorik auf die Zeichnungsqualität erweist sich im Regressionsmodell gegenüber anderen Variablen als nachrangig und der Intelligenz (K-ABC) subsumierbar.
The Permeability Evolution of Tuffisites and Implications for Outgassing Through Dense Rhyolitic Magma
Authors: Heap Michael J. , Tuffen Hugh , Wadsworth Fabian B. , Reuschlé Thierry , Castro Jonathan M. , Schipper C. Ian
Published: July 2019

There is growing evidence that outgassing through transient fracture networks exerts an important control on conduit processes and explosive‐effusive activity during silicic eruptions. Indeed, the first modern observations of rhyolitic eruptions have revealed that degassed lava effusion may depend upon outgassing during simultaneous pyroclastic venting. The outgassing is thought to occur as gas and pyroclastic debris are discharged through shallow fracture networks within otherwise low‐permeability, conduit‐plugging lava domes. However, this discharge is only transient, as these fractures become clogged and eventually blocked by the accumulation and sintering of hot, melt‐rich pyroclastic debris, drastically reducing their permeability and creating particle‐filled tuffisites. In this study we present the first published permeability measurements for rhyolitic tuffisites, using samples from the recent rhyolitic eruptions at Chaitén (2008–2009) and Cordón Caulle (2011–2012) in Chile. To place constraints on tuffisite permeability evolution, we combine (1) laboratory measurements of the porosity and permeability of tuffisites that preserve different degrees of sintering, (2) theoretical estimates on grainsize‐ and temperature‐dependent sintering timescales, and (3) H2O diffusion constraints on pressure‐time paths. The inferred timescales of sintering‐driven tuffisite compaction and permeability loss, spanning seconds (in the case of compaction‐driven sintering) to hours (surface tension‐driven sintering), coincide with timescales of diffusive degassing into tuffisites, observed vent pulsations during hybrid rhyolitic activity (extrusive behavior coincident with intermittent explosions), and more broadly, timescales of pressurization accompanying silicic lava dome extrusion. We discuss herein the complex feedbacks between fracture opening, closing, and sintering and their role in outgassing rhyolite lavas and mediating hybrid explosive‐effusive activity.
A Better Way to Measure Cloud Composition
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: July 2019

An enhanced satellite remote sensing suite accurately measures ice particles, temperature, and water vapor.
Synchronous Changes in Sediment Transport and Provenance at the Iceland‐Faroe Ridge Linked to Millennial Climate Variability From 55 to 6 ka BP
Authors: Mirzaloo M. , Nürnberg D. , Kienast M. , van der Lubbe H. J. L.
Published: July 2019

Unique marine sediment cores retrieved from the southwestern slope of the Iceland‐Faroe Ridge (IFR), close to the main axis of the Iceland‐Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), revealed prominent sedimentary cycles reflecting near‐bottom current dynamics, sediment transport, and deposition, coincident with Dansgaard‐Oeschger cycles and deglacial perturbations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The transition between Greenland Stadials (GSs) and Greenland Interstadials (GIs) follows a distinct, recurring sedimentation pattern. Basaltic (Ti‐rich) silts were transported from local volcanic sources by strong bottom currents and deposited during GIs comparable to modern ocean circulation. Finer‐grained felsic (K‐rich) sediments were deposited during GSs, when Iceland‐Scotland Overflow was weak. Possible felsic source areas include British‐Ireland and/or Fennoscandian shelf areas. A cyclic sawtooth pattern of bottom current strength is characterized by gradual intensification during GIs followed by a sharp decline toward GSs as is documented at core sites along the flank of Reykjanes Ridge. The cores north of the Faroe Channel instead document the opposite pattern. This suggests that the near‐bottom currents along the Reykjanes Ridge are strongly controlled by the flow cascading over the IFR. Heinrich‐(like) HS‐1 and HS‐2, are characterized by the deposition of very fine felsic sediments pointing to weakened bottom currents. Distinct coarse‐grained intervals of ice‐rafted debris are absent from the sediment records, although pebble‐ and gravel‐sized ice‐rafted debris is irregularly distributed throughout the fine sediment matrix. Near‐bottom currents are considered to have a major control on the lithogenic sediment deposition southwest of the IFR and further downstream.
Trace Element (Mn‐Sr‐Y‐Th‐REE) and U‐Pb Isotope Systematics of Metapelitic Apatite During Progressive Greenschist‐ to Amphibolite‐Facies Barrovian Metamorphism
Authors: Henrichs I. A. , Chew D. M. , O'Sullivan G. J. , Mark C. , McKenna C. , Guyett P.
Published: July 2019

We investigate the trace element and U‐Pb systematics of apatite of 19 samples of metapelites and calcareous metapelites from two progressive metamorphic sequences from the Central Alps to further understanding of the behavior and stability of apatite during metamorphism. U‐Pb and trace element data were acquired from apatite mineral separates by LA‐Q‐ICP‐MS. The trace element data were explored using chondrite‐ and whole‐rock normalized multielement plots and principal component analysis biplots. Apatite rare earth element (REE) and U contents increase with increasing metamorphic grade due to competing growth/dissolution of allanite and REE epidote, with the lowest REE and U contents found in greenschist‐facies apatites. The REE, U, and Th/U systematics of pelitic apatite are highly diagnostic of metamorphic grade and can be readily exploited in provenance studies. In contrast, apatite Th/U ratios and common Pb content broadly decrease with increasing metamorphic grade. Consequently, low‐grade metapelite and calcareous metapelite apatite is often undatable by U‐Pb LA‐ICP‐MS geochronology and underrepresented in detrital apatite U‐Pb data sets but can be readily identified by its distinctive trace element characteristics. Amphibolite‐facies metapelitic apatite is more amenable to U‐Pb LA‐ICP‐MS geochronology due to its higher U and lower common Pb contents, with some amphibolite‐facies pelitic apatites yielding imprecise ages consistent with Alpine metamorphism. Refractory detrital apatite yielding Variscan U‐Pb ages with mafic igneous trace element signatures is also sporadically preserved in the greenschist‐facies metapelites. In contrast, apatite from a Variscan granitoid yields Variscan U‐Pb ages with I‐type granite trace element signatures, reflecting the generally less reactive behavior of “dry” granitoids compared to pelitic rocks.
Source of the Bursty Bulk Flow Diffuse Aurora: Electrostatic Cyclotron Harmonic and Whistler Waves in the Coupling of Bursty Bulk Flows to Auroral Precipitation
Authors: Wendel D. E. , Khazanov G. V. , Tripathi A. K. , Singhal R. P. , Zesta E.
Published: July 2019

Electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) and whistler chorus waves are recognized as the two mechanisms responsible for the resonant wave‐particle interactions necessary to precipitate plasma sheet electrons into the ionosphere, producing the diffuse Aurora. Previous work has demonstrated ECH waves dominate electron scattering at L shells >8, while whistler chorus dominates scattering at L shells L < 8. However, we find from Time History of Events and Macroscale (THEMIS) Interactions during Substorms observations of fast flows at L = 12 that oblique whistler chorus emissions play the dominant role in scattering electrons. Previous works have identified whistler‐mode waves within fast flows that are produced by an electron temperature anisotropy Te,⊥/Te,||> 1, consistent with electron betatron acceleration. Here, however, we find whistler chorus emissions throughout an interval of fast flows where Te,⊥/Te,||< 1. Parallel electron beams account for the enhanced parallel electron temperature and serve as the instability mechanism for the whistler chorus. The parallel electron beams and associated cigar‐shaped distributions are consistent with Fermi acceleration at dipolarizations in fast flows. We demonstrate that the scattering efficiency of the whistler chorus exceeds that of ECH waves, which THEMIS also detects during the fast flows. The obliquity of the whistler waves permits efficient scattering of lower‐energy electrons into the diffuse aurora. We conclude that Fermi acceleration of electrons provides one important free‐energy source for the wave‐particle interactions responsible for coupling plasma sheet electrons into the diffuse aurora during substorm conditions.
Variation of the Equatorial Height Anomaly During the Main Phase of 2015 St. Patrick's Day Geomagnetic Storm Using ANNIM and TIEGCM
Authors: Sai Gowtam V. , Lei Jiuhou , Tulasi Ram S. , Luan Xiaoli , Ren Dexin , Zhong Jiahao
Published: July 2019

A double‐peak structure in the peak height of ionospheric F2 layer around ±10o geomagnetic latitudes similar to the equatorial ionization anomaly was recently reported. This unique feature was referred as the equatorial height anomaly (EHA). In the present paper, a simulation study is carried out using the data‐driven artificial neural network‐based two‐dimensional ionospheric model (ANNIM‐2D) and the physics‐based thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIEGCM) to understand the local time and latitudinal variation of EHA during the main phase of St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm. Both the ANNIM‐2D and TIEGCM consistently show pronounced EHA during the main phase of the geomagnetic storm. Further, the local time of EHA development on the storm day is much earlier (nearly 2 hr) than the quiet time over Brazilian sector (90°W). The TIEGCM simulation revealed that the storm time enhancement of the equatorial fountain associated with the enhanced equatorial zonal electric field is the main controlling factor for the pronounced EHA during the main phase. The storm time meridional neutral winds positively contribute to the development of EHA. This study revealed the direct manifestation of the storm time‐enhanced plasma fountain on the EHA.
Seismic Layer 2A: Evolution and Thickness From 0‐ to 70‐Ma Crust in the Slow‐Intermediate Spreading South Atlantic
Authors: Estep Justin , Reece Robert , Kardell Dominik A. , Christeson Gail L. , Carlson Richard L.
Published: July 2019

Layer 2A, the porous and permeable uppermost igneous oceanic crust, permits the circulation of fluid within the crust, the exchange of dissolved mineral species between the ocean and crust, and the convective dissipation of heat from the crust. We examine the presence, temporal extent, thickness, and evolution of layer 2A using multichannel seismic data collected at 30°S in the South Atlantic across crustal age ranges of 0–70 Ma and half spreading rates of 12–31 mm/year. We observe the layer 2A/2B boundary in 0–48 Myr old crust but not in crust older than ~48 Ma. The thickness of layer 2A in the South Atlantic has substantial variability, with a mean of 760 m and a standard deviation of 290 m. Layer 2A has no systematic change in thickness with age in the South Atlantic, and thickness does not correlate with spreading rate. The crust in the South Atlantic is never fully sealed by sediment cover, which implies that the fluid circulation system in the upper crust never becomes fully closed and the thickness of layer 2A can work as a proxy for the depth at which significant circulation can occur. The disappearance of the layer 2A/2B boundary in older crust implies that fluid circulation within the upper crust continues to occur for at least ~48 Myr after crustal formation in the South Atlantic, after which layer 2A becomes indistinguishable from layer 2B in reflection images.