bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unconventional Implant Placement Part III: Implant Placement Encroaching upon Residual Roots – A Report of Six Cases
Authors: Szmukler‐Moncler Serge , Davarpanah Mithridade , Davarpanah Keyvan , Capelle‐Ouadah Nedjoua , Demurashvili Georgy , Rajzbaum Philippe
Published: July 2014

Background

When a residual root is found in the way of a planned implant placement, invasive surgery is usually performed in order to remove it. Consequently, implant therapy is rendered more complex and lengthy.

Purpose

We present 6 cases treated according to an unconventional protocol in which invasive surgery was avoided by allowing the implants to encroach upon the residual roots in order to permit a prosthetically driven surgery.

Materials and Methods

Six patients were treated with 7 implants placed through a residual root (4 in the mandible and 3 in the maxilla). The residual roots had to be clinically and radiographically asymptomatic and covered by bone or healthy gingiva. The radiographic follow‐up ranged from 20 months to 9 years.

Results

Healing was uneventful. Implants were clinically stable, and radiographic examination did not show any unusual feature at the root‐implant interface.

Conclusion

Several types of new implant‐tissue interfaces were created in addition to the classical implant‐bone interface, but this did not seem to jeopardize implant integration. Reports of more cases with a longer follow‐up are needed before this protocol can be endorsed for routine application. Nonetheless, if confirmed as acceptable, this protocol might open intriguing possibilities; it might also lead to revision of one of the leading concepts in dental implantology.
Fresh extraction socket: spontaneous healing vs. immediate implant placement
Authors: Discepoli Nicola , Vignoletti Fabio , Laino Luigi , de Sanctis Massimo , Muñoz Fernando , Sanz Mariano
Published: July 2014

Aim

To evaluate the impact that immediate implant placement may have on bone remodelling in comparison with adjacent sockets left to heal spontaneously.

Materials and methods

In a beagle dog model (N = 16 dogs), mandibular premolars were extracted, and implants were placed in each distal socket (test) with the corresponding mesial site left to heal undisturbed (control). Healing was assessed measuring both the vertical distance between buccal and lingual crest (B'L') and the width of buccal and lingual walls at different levels. Five healing periods were evaluated. Differences between means for each variable and for each healing period between test and control were compared (Kruskal–Wallis test; Friedman test).

Results

At 2 and 8 weeks of healing, the B'L' distance revealed significant higher values at test compared to control sites, being this difference three times higher at the end of the study (P < 0.05). In the test group, the width of the crest was reduced between baseline (0.37 [0.04]) and 8 weeks healing (0.13 [0.64]), demonstrating a 62% reduction of the initial width. These differences were not observed in the control group.

Conclusions

Immediate implant placement into fresh extraction sockets may jeopardize the vertical bone remodelling of the socket. Furthermore, a tendency towards greater buccal horizontal resorption was observed in the most coronal aspect of the buccal bone crest.
Beliefs About the True Self Explain Asymmetries Based on Moral Judgment
Authors: Newman George E. , De Freitas Julian , Knobe Joshua
Published: July 2014

Past research has identified a number of asymmetries based on moral judgments. Beliefs about (a) what a person values, (b) whether a person is happy, (c) whether a person has shown weakness of will, and (d) whether a person deserves praise or blame seem to depend critically on whether participants themselves find the agent's behavior to be morally good or bad. To date, however, the origins of these asymmetries remain unknown. The present studies examine whether beliefs about an agent's “true self” explain these observed asymmetries based on moral judgment. Using the identical materials from previous studies in this area, a series of five experiments indicate that people show a general tendency to conclude that deep inside every individual there is a “true self” calling him or her to behave in ways that are morally virtuous. In turn, this belief causes people to hold different intuitions about what the agent values, whether the agent is happy, whether he or she has shown weakness of will, and whether he or she deserves praise or blame. These results not only help to answer important questions about how people attribute various mental states to others; they also contribute to important theoretical debates regarding how moral values may shape our beliefs about phenomena that, on the surface, appear to be decidedly non‐moral in nature.
Outcomes of adult liver re‐transplant patients in the model for end‐stage liver disease era: is it time to reconsider its indications?
Authors: Montenovo Martin I. , Hansen Ryan N. , Dick André A. S.
Published: July 2014

Objective

To better understand the outcomes and utility of liver re‐transplantation in non‐hepatitis C patients, we sought to identify predictors that impact post‐transplant patient and graft survival comparing primary liver transplant patients to those receiving subsequent allografts.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using the United Network for Organ Sharing database from February 2002 through December 2012, including non‐hepatitis C infected adults (18 yr and older) who underwent primary and repeat liver transplantation. Patient and graft survival were compared between the two groups using the Kaplan–Meier estimator. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to evaluate variables associated with both patient and graft survival.

Results

We identified 33 176 primary transplant recipients and 2710 re‐transplants. Re‐transplantation patients were more likely to be on dialysis prior to transplant (18% vs. 10%), hospitalized (26% vs. 16%), in the intensive care unit (ICU) (34% vs. 13%), on a ventilator (17% vs. 3%), and had higher model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score (27 vs. 21). Re‐transplants also received livers with a lower donor risk index (DRI) (1.57 vs. 1.64). We estimated an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.7 for patient survival (95% CI: 1.56–1.84) and 1.61 (95% CI: 1.5–1.73) for graft survival.

Conclusions

Liver re‐transplantation in non‐hepatitis C patients, although life saving, has significantly inferior patient and graft survival compared to primary liver transplantation. Higher quality grafts are used inefficiently in a sicker patient population, suggesting that a more optimal strategy may include restricting their use to patients who obtain a longer term benefit.
Causal learning from probabilistic events in 24‐month‐olds: an action measure
Authors: Waismeyer Anna , Meltzoff Andrew N. , Gopnik Alison
Published: July 2014

How do young children learn about causal structure in an uncertain and variable world? We tested whether they can use observed probabilistic information to solve causal learning problems. In two experiments, 24‐month‐olds observed an adult produce a probabilistic pattern of causal evidence. The toddlers then were given an opportunity to design their own intervention. In Experiment 1, toddlers saw one object bring about an effect with a higher probability than a second object. In Experiment 2, the frequency of the effect was held constant, though its probability differed. After observing the probabilistic evidence, toddlers in both experiments chose to act on the object that was more likely to produce the effect. The results demonstrate that toddlers can learn about cause and effect without trial‐and‐error or linguistic instruction on the task, simply by observing the probabilistic patterns of evidence resulting from the imperfect actions of other social agents. Suchobservational causal learningfrom probabilistic displays supports human children's rapid cultural learning.
Thrombolysis in patients with prior stroke within the last 3 months
Authors: Heldner M. R. , Mattle H. P. , Jung S. , Fischer U. , Gralla J. , Zubler C. , El‐Koussy M. , Schroth G. , Arnold M. , Mono M.‐L.
Published: July 2014

Background and purpose

Patients with prior stroke within 3 months have been mostly excluded from randomized thrombolysis trials mainly because of the fear of an increased rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). The aim of this study was to compare baseline characteristics and clinical outcome of thrombolyzed patients who had a previous stroke within the last 3 months with those not fulfilling this criterion (comparison group).

Methods

In all, 1217 patients were included in our analysis (42.2% women, mean age 68.8 ± 14.4 years).

Results

Patients with previous stroke within the last 3 months (17/1.4%) had more often a basilar artery occlusion (41.2% vs. 10.8%) and less frequently a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 0–1 prior to index stroke (88.2% vs. 97.3%) and a higher mean time lapse from symptom onset to thrombolysis (321 min vs. 262 min) than those in the comparison group. Stroke severity was not different between the two groups. Rates of sICH were 11.8% vs. 6%. None of the sICHs and only one asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in the region of the former infarct. At 3 months, favorable outcome (mRS ≤ 2) in patients with previous stroke within 3 months was 29.4% (vs. 48.9%) and mortality 41.2% (vs. 22.7%).

Conclusions

In patients with prior stroke within the last 3 months, none of the sICHs and only one asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in the region of the former infarct. The high mortality was influenced by four patients, who died until discharge due to acute major index stroke. It is reasonable to include these patients in randomized clinical trials and registries to assess further their thrombolysis benefit−risk ratio.
Developing predictive rules for coordination geometry from visible circular dichroism of copper(II) and nickel(II) ions in histidine and amide main‐chain complexes
Authors: Stanyon Helen F. , Cong Xiaojing , Chen Yan , Shahidullah Nabeela , Rossetti Giulia , Dreyer Jens , Papamokos George , Carloni Paolo , Viles John H.
Published: July 2014

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in the visible region (vis‐CD) is a powerful technique to study metal–protein interactions. It can resolve individual d–d electronic transitions as separate bands and is particularly sensitive to the chiral environment of the transition metals. Modern quantum chemical methods enable CD spectra calculations from which, along with direct comparison with the experimental CD data, the conformations and the stereochemistry of the metal–protein complexes can be assigned. However, a clear understanding of the observed spectra and the molecular configuration is largely lacking. In this study, we compare the experimental and computed vis‐CD spectra of Cu2+‐loaded model peptides in square‐planar complexes. We find that the spectra can readily discriminate the coordination pattern of Cu2+ bound exclusively to main‐chain amides from that involving both main‐chain amides and a side‐chain (i.e. histidine side‐chain). Based on the results, we develop a set of empirical rules that relates the appearance of particular vis‐CD spectral features to the conformation of the complex. These rules can be used to gain insight into coordination geometries of other Cu2+–or Ni2+–protein complexes.
From SARS to MERS: crystallographic studies on coronaviral proteases enable antiviral drug design
Authors: Hilgenfeld Rolf
Published: July 2014

This review focuses on the important contributions that macromolecular crystallography has made over the past 12 years to elucidating structures and mechanisms of the essential proteases of coronaviruses, the main protease (Mpro) and the papain‐like protease (PLpro). The role of X‐ray crystallography in structure‐assisted drug discovery against these targets is discussed. Aspects dealt with in this review include the emergence of the SARS coronavirus in 2002–2003 and of the MERS coronavirus 10 years later and the origins of these viruses. The crystal structure of the free SARS coronavirus Mpro and its dependence on pH is discussed, as are efforts to design inhibitors on the basis of these structures. The mechanism of maturation of the enzyme from the viral polyprotein is still a matter of debate. The crystal structure of the SARS coronavirus PLpro and its complex with ubiquitin is also discussed, as is its orthologue from MERS coronavirus. Efforts at predictive structure‐based inhibitor development for bat coronavirus Mpros to increase the preparedness against zoonotic transmission to man are described as well. The paper closes with a brief discussion of structure‐based discovery of antivirals in an academic setting.
Impact of Regulatory Enforcement on Leakages Prior to Analyst Recommendations
Authors: Madura Jeff , Premti Arjan
Published: July 2014

The financial press suggests that information is commonly leaked prior to analyst recommendations. We examine the impact that three regulatory actions (Regulation Fair Disclosure, Global Analysts Research Settlement, and the legal case against Galleon Group) have on information leakage prior to analyst recommendations. We find that all three regulatory actions have significantly reduced the leakage of information prior to analyst recommendations, even after controlling for several characteristics that explain the variation in information leakage. Our results are robust when applying an alternative method of measuring information leakage, and when forming various samples of analyst recommendations based on different criteria.
Investing in place: articulations and congregations of capital in the wine industry
Authors: Overton John , Murray Warwick E
Published: July 2014

There has been a longstanding debate about the role of capital in agriculture. Most of this has taken place in the context of the so‐called ‘agrarian question’. This discussion has often been overgeneralised and simplified the specific geographies of agrarian transformations. We argue this has arisen due to a failure to characterise and analyse the different forms of capital engaged in agricultural production and how they are articulated and assembled. It is the existence of this diversity of capital that partly explains the differentiated unfolding of the geographies of the agrarian transition that we witness empirically. This paper argues that we need to understand the nature of what we refer to as ‘congregations of capital’ and the articulations between their different forms if we are to better appreciate the way capital engages in agriculture, the ways it shapes labour relationships, and the ways it restructures agrarian economy and society. In order to do this, we use the example of the global wine industry with particular reference to the unfolding strategies used to attach capital to land evident in theNewZealand sector.
Relative Economic Values of Open Space Provided by National Forest and Military Lands to Surrounding Communities
Authors: Ham Charlotte , Loomis John B. , Champ Patricia A.
Published: July 2014

Open space lands are provided by a variety of entities from private individuals to the federal government and these entities make management decisions based on a very broad range of priorities. The net benefits of additional open space depend on the number, quality, and composition of existing open space in the vicinity. In areas where open space is abundant and there is a significant proportion that is federally owned, the net benefits are not well understood. In this study, the marginal willingness to pay for proximity to public open space is estimated using the hedonic property method and home sales transactions in 2007 forElPasoCountyColorado, a location that boasts of having over 150,000 acres of open space. Results from a generalized spatial two‐stage least squares regression indicate that homes in close proximity to open space provided locally by city, county, and state governments sell for a premium, but larger premiums are associated with proximity to thePikeNationalForest andCheyenneMountainAirForceStation likely at least partially due to the natural amenities of theRockyMountains. In contrast, proximity toFortCarsonArmyInstallation is found to negatively affect house sales prices likely due to undesirable activities that occur on and around the installation. As for the other area of federal lands, proximity to theU.S.AirForceAcademy and toPetersonAirForceBase was found to negatively affect house prices; however, these effects were not statistically significant.
Rare case of transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis E from the blood of a donor infected with the hepatitis E virus genotype 3 indigenous to Japan: Viral dynamics from onset to recovery
Authors: Matsui Takeshi , Kang Jong‐Hon , Matsubayashi Keiji , Yamazaki Hajime , Nagai Kazumasa , Sakata Hidekatsu , Tsuji Kunihiko , Maguchi Hiroyuki
Published: July 2014

Aim

The transfusion transmission of hepatitis E can occur even in non‐endemic areas in the world as autochthonous hepatitis E has been increasingly reported in developed countries where the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is not prevalent. We investigated the post‐transfusion transmission of hepatitis E in a patient by molecularly confirming its presence, and characterized the viral kinetics of HEV in this case.

Methods

A Japanese man underwent re‐thoracotomy for hemostasis followed by platelet transfusion. After the transfusion, the blood donor was found to be HEV positive. The donated blood was re‐examined and was found to contain HEV. Throughout the prospective follow up of the patient, we analyzed the viral kinetics, chronological anti‐HEV antibody level changes and disease progression during the entire course of HEV infection from transfusion until the end of viremia.

Results

Sequence analysis of the strains isolated from both the donor and the patient who contracted acute hepatitis E showed an identical match for 326 nucleotides in open reading frame 1. Two strains belonged to HEV genotype 3 indigenous to Japan.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed report on the entire natural course of hepatitis E from viral transmission, then clearance, to replication preceding liver injury caused by HEV genotype 3, which is responsible for autochthonous infection in developed countries. The findings provide valuable insights into the mechanism of the transfusion transmission of HEV and subsequent viral dynamics.
Disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow originating from hepatocellular carcinoma. A case report
Authors: Honda Yohji , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Aikata Hiroshi , Kan Hiromi , Fujino Hatsue , Kobayashi Tomoki , Fukuhara Takayuki , Naeshiro Noriaki , Hiramatsu Akira , Imamura Michio , Kawakami Yoshiiki , Hyogo Hideyuki , Arihiro Koji , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: July 2014

A 50‐year‐old male patient was admitted to the hospital for persistent high fever and back pain. He was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), bone marrow metastasis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Despite the diagnosis and treatment, the general condition deteriorated rapidly and he died of cerebral hemorrhage associated with generalized bleeding tendency. Autopsy showed multiple HCC in the liver and systemic metastasis including bone marrow. The case describes a rare complication of HCC with disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow (DCBM) complicated with DIC, with rapid deterioration and death. This is the first case of DCBM from HCC. Physicians need to be aware of DCBM in patients with HCC.
Off‐Market Buybacks in Australia: Evidence of Abnormal Trading around Key Dates
Authors: Au Yong Hue Hwa , Brown Christine , Ho Chloe Choy Yeing
Published: July 2014

Off‐market share buybacks in Australia are often structured with the buyback price comprising a large dividend component (which may carry imputation tax credits) and a small capital component. This unique structure has the consequence that institutions on low tax rates stand to benefit most from selling shares into the buyback. In this article, we explore evidence of abnormal trading activities around key dates in the conduct of off‐market buybacks and investigate the drivers of these activities. We find evidence of abnormal trading activities around the initial announcement and the final announcement dates of the buyback. The significant differences in abnormal volumes between the buybacks with and without imputation tax credits highlight the importance of tax motivations in explaining abnormal trading activities in the shares of companies conducting off‐market buybacks, and are consistent with observed buying pressure around the announcement of the buyback.
The radiation of the clownfishes has two geographical replicates
Authors: Litsios Glenn , Pearman Peter B. , Lanterbecq Déborah , Tolou Nathalie , Salamin Nicolas
Published: July 2014

Aim

The study of adaptive radiations provides an evolutionary perspective on the interactions between organisms and their environment, and is necessary to understand global biodiversity. Adaptive radiations can sometimes be replicated over several disjunct geographical entities, but most examples are found on island or in lakes. Here, we investigated the biogeographical history of the clownfishes, a clade of coral reef fish with ranges that now span most of the Indo‐Pacific Ocean, in order to explore the geographical structure of an unusual adaptive radiation.

Location

Indian Ocean, Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA) and Central Pacific Ocean.

Methods

We generatedDNAsequence data comprising seven nuclear markers for 27 of the 30 clownfish species. We then inferred a Bayesian phylogeny and reconstructed the biogeographical history of the group using three different methods. Finally, we applied a biogeographical model of diversification to assess whether diversification patterns differ between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Results

The phylogenetic tree is highly supported and allows reconstruction of the biogeographical history of the clade. While most species arose in theIAA, one clade colonized the eastern shores of Africa and diversified there. We found that the diversification rate of clownfishes does not differ between the main radiation and the African clade.

Main conclusions

The clownfishes first appeared and diversified in theIAA. Following a colonization event, a geographically independent radiation occurred in the Indian Ocean off East Africa. This rare example of replicated adaptive radiation in the marine realm provides intriguing possibilities for further research on ecological speciation in the sea.
The Efficacy of the Natural Plant Extracts, Thymol and Carvacrol against Campylobacter Colonization in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Arsi K. , Donoghue A.M. , Venkitanarayanan K. , Kollanoor‐Johny A. , Fanatico A.C. , Blore P.J. , Donoghue D.J.
Published: July 2014

Campylobacter is a leading worldwide cause of foodborne illness associated with consumption of poultry products. Unfortunately, most preharvest treatments fail to reduce this enteric foodborne pathogen in poultry. The efficacy of natural plant extracts, such as thymol and carvacrol, has efficacy against other enteric pathogens but has not been evaluated against Campylobacter. To accomplish this, day old broiler chicks (n = 10 chicks/dose) were fed 0% (controls) or thymol or carvacrol or combinations of these compounds in feed in four different trials. Birds were orally challenged with Campylobacter jejuni at day 3 and at day 10, cecal samples were collected for Campylobacter enumeration. Campylobacter counts were reduced for 0.25% thymol (trial 1), 1% carvacrol or 2% thymol (trial 2) treatments, or a combination of both thymol and carvacrol at 0.5% (trial 3) in this study (P < 0.05). These results support supplementation of these compounds in feed to reduce Campylobacter colonization in chickens.

Practical Applications

Campylobacter is one of the major causes of foodborne enteritis worldwide, and the majority of human campylobacteriosis cases were reported to be associated with improper handling and/or consumption of undercooked poultry . Because poultry are the major contributors for human infections, eliminating or reducing Campylobacter in poultry would greatly reduce the risk of campylobacteriosis in humans. Many strategies have been tried to eliminate Campylobacter with limited success. Considering the increasing consumer demand for natural, safer food products, free from synthetic residues, use of natural compounds with proven antimicrobial efficacy appears to be a promising strategy to control Campylobacter in poultry. In the present study we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of different concentrations and combinations of two natural compounds, thymol and carvacrol, against Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens.
Biomechanics and functional distortion of the human mandible
Authors: Choi Andy H. , Conway Richard C. , Taraschi Valerio , Ben‐Nissan Besim
Published: July 2014

The reaction to the use of finite element analysis (FEA) in the study of the human body has been particularly enthusiastic. Of equal and challenging complexity is the investigation of load/stress distribution and morphological distortion of the human mandible under functional loads. Furthermore, the mandible also impacts directly on body function and esthetics, playing a vital role, such as mastication and speech. The application of FEA to the biomechanical investigation of the oral systems, such as human teeth and mandibular bone remodeling, began in the early 1970s. The clinical significance of jaw deformation is unknown. The primary concern is that deformation might result in an ill‐fitting superstructure or the creation of harmful strains in the patient–implant complex. Although mandibular implant treatment has a high success rate, the possibility of failure caused by these dimensional changes and the related micromotion cannot be ignored.
Neurokinin‐3 Receptor Activation in the Retrochiasmatic Area is Essential for the Full Pre‐Ovulatory Luteinising Hormone Surge in Ewes
Authors: Porter K. L. , Hileman S. M. , Hardy S. L. , Nestor C. C , Lehman M. N. , Goodman R. L.
Published: July 2014

Neurokinin B (NKB) is essential for human reproduction and has been shown to stimulate luteinising hormone (LH) secretion in several species, including sheep. Ewes express the neurokinin‐3 receptor (NK3R) in the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) and there is one report that placement of senktide, an NK3R agonist, therein stimulates LH secretion that resembles an LH surge in ewes. In the present study, we first confirmed that local administration of senktide to the RCh produced a surge‐like increase in LH secretion, and then tested the effects of this agonist in two other areas implicated in the control of LH secretion and where NK3R is found in high abundance: the preoptic area (POA) and arcuate nucleus (ARC). Bilateral microimplants containing senktide induced a dramatic surge‐like increase in LH when given in the POA similar to that seen with RCh treatment. By contrast, senktide treatment in the ARC resulted in a much smaller but significant increase in LH concentrations suggestive of an effect on tonic secretion. The possible role of POA and RCh NK3R activation in the LH surge was next tested by treating ewes with SB222200, an NK3R antagonist, in each area during an oestradiol‐induced LH surge. SB222200 in the RCh, but not in the POA, reduced the LH surge amplitude by approximately 40% compared to controls, indicating that NK3R activation in the former region is essential for full expression of the pre‐ovulatory LH surge. Based on these data, we propose that the actions of NKB in the RCh are an important component of the pre‐ovulatory LH surge in ewes.
Sexual Functioning in Military Personnel: Preliminary Estimates and Predictors
Authors: Wilcox Sherrie L. , Redmond Sarah , Hassan Anthony M.
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Although the military is a young and vigorous force, service members and veterans may experience sexual functioning problems (SFPs) as a result of military service. Sexual functioning can be impaired by physical, psychological, and social factors and can impact quality of life (QOL) and happiness.

Aims

This study aims to estimate rates and correlates of SFPs in male military personnel across demographic and psychosocial characteristics, to examine the QOL concomitants, and to evaluate barriers for treatment seeking.

Methods

This exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted using data from a larger nationwide study conducted between October 2013 and November 2013. This sample consists of 367 male active duty service members and recent veterans (military personnel) age 40 or younger.

Main Outcome Measures

Erectile dysfunction (ED) was determined using the five-item International Index of Erectile Function, sexual dysfunction (SD) was determined using the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale, Male, and QOL was determined using the World Health Organization Quality of Life, Brief.

Results

SFPs were associated with various demographic, physical, and psychosocial risk factors. The rates of SD and ED were 8.45% and 33.24%, respectively, for male military personnel aged 21–40. Those who were 36–40, nonmarried, nonwhite, and of lower educational attainment reported the highest rates of SFPs. Male military personnel with poor physical and psychosocial health presented the greatest risk for ED and SD. SFPs were associated with reduced QOL and lower happiness, and barriers for treatment were generally related to social barriers.

Conclusions

SFPs in young male military personnel are an important public health concern that can severely impact QOL and happiness.
Temporal and small‐scale spatial variations in abundance and biomass of seagrass‐dwelling sponges in a tropical estuarine system
Authors: Ávila Enrique , Ávila‐García Ana K. , Cruz‐Barraza José A.
Published: July 2014

Although marine sponges are one of the most ecologically important benthic groups in marine ecosystems, their ecological role in seagrass beds from estuarine environments is little known. In this study we investigated the temporal and small‐scale spatial variability in the abundance and biomass of the three common seagrass‐dwelling sponges Halichondria melanadocia, Haliclona implexiformis and Chondrilla caribensis in a tropical estuary of the Southern Gulf of Mexico. The influence of biotic (physical characteristics of the seagrass) and abiotic (temperature, salinity, water movement, sediment particle size and sedimentation rate) variables on the spatio‐temporal variability of these population descriptors was evaluated. In addition, a complete identification of the sponge species through morphology and COI mtDNA sequences (integrative taxonomy) was performed. Chondrilla caribensis and H. melanadocia had the highest overall average abundance and biomass, respectively. There was no significant correlation with temperature and salinity. In H. melanadocia, temporal variations in its average biomass were positively related to changes in the average size of individuals, whereas in H. implexiformis and C. caribensis these intra‐annual variations in biomass were positively related to changes in their average abundance. Important declines in the average biomass and size of H. melanadocia and in the average abundance of H. implexiformis occurred during the transition period from the dry to the rainy season, which was attributed to fragmentation and shrinkage processes. Moreover, the abundance and biomass of the three sponge species showed high small‐scale spatial variations within the seagrass meadow, but without a clear pattern of variation related with the distance from the shore. In H. implexiformis a significant negative relationship was found between its average biomass and the seagrass biomass. In H. melanadocia and H. implexiformis as well, their abundance was positively related with the proportion of coarse particles of the sediment (mollusk shell debris). Multivariate analyses confirmed that the proportion of coarse particles in the sediment, either acting alone or in conjunction with other variables such as seagrass shoot density and sedimentation/resuspension rate, was the variable that best explained the distribution of sponges within the seagrass meadow. This is one of the few studies on the population dynamics of sponges in seagrass meadows from estuarine environments.
Democracy's Conundrum: Reforms Take Time to Mature—But Voters Want Results Now
Authors: MONTI MARIO
Published: July 2014

Historically, liberal democracy was born as a means to curb the power of kings and tyrants through mechanisms that would ensure accountability and consent of the governed. A system of checks and balances—two legislative chambers, executive and independent courts—were instituted to ensure power did not become too concentrated.

Today's highly diverse, mass consumer societies, however, have presented another set of challenges. Power is so diffused governance is becoming ineffective. The short‐term mentality of voters and the lobbying of special interests undermine the ability of democracies to focus on the long‐term and the common interest. Because there are more checks than balances, gridlock has supplanted consensus.

In this section, we compare Chinese and Western systems on their ability to deliver good governance. The editors of the Economist magazine put the debate in historical context.
The Fourth Revolution: Reinventing the State and Democracy for the 21st Century
Authors: MICKLETHWAIT JOHN , WOOLDRIDGE ADRIAN
Published: July 2014

Historically, liberal democracy was born as a means to curb the power of kings and tyrants through mechanisms that would ensure accountability and consent of the governed. A system of checks and balances—two legislative chambers, executive and independent courts—were instituted to ensure power did not become too concentrated.

Today's highly diverse, mass consumer societies, however, have presented another set of challenges. Power is so diffused governance is becoming ineffective. The short‐term mentality of voters and the lobbying of special interests undermine the ability of democracies to focus on the long‐term and the common interest. Because there are more checks than balances, gridlock has supplanted consensus.

In this section, we compare Chinese and Western systems on their ability to deliver good governance. The editors of the Economist magazine put the debate in historical context.
Pathogen evolution and the immunological niche
Authors: Cobey Sarah
Published: July 2014

Host immunity is a major driver of pathogen evolution and thus a major determinant of pathogen diversity. Explanations for pathogen diversity traditionally assume simple interactions between pathogens and the immune system, a view encapsulated by the susceptible–infected–recovered (SIR) model. However, there is growing evidence that the complexity of many host–pathogen interactions is dynamically important. This revised perspective requires broadening the definition of a pathogen's immunological phenotype, or what can be thought of as its immunological niche. After reviewing evidence that interactions between pathogens and host immunity drive much of pathogen evolution, I introduce the concept of a pathogen's immunological phenotype. Models that depart from the SIR paradigm demonstrate the utility of this perspective and show that it is particularly useful in understanding vaccine‐induced evolution. This paper highlights questions in immunology, evolution, and ecology that must be answered to advance theories of pathogen diversity.
Outcome and Management of Pacemaker‐Induced Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Authors: FU HAI‐XIA , HUANG XIN‐MIAO , ZHONG LI , OSBORN MICHAEL J. , BJARNASON HARALDUR , MULPURU SIVA , ZHAO XIAN‐XIAN , FRIEDMAN PAUL A. , CHA YONG‐MEI
Published: July 2014

Background

We aimed to determine the long‐term outcomes of percutaneous lead extraction and stent placement in patients with pacemaker‐induced superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome.

Methods

The study retrospectively screened patients who underwent lead extraction followed by central vein stent implantation at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN, USA), from January 2005 to December 2012, to identify the patients with pacemaker‐induced SVC syndrome. Demographic, clinical, and follow‐up characteristics of those patients were collected from electronic medical records.

Results

Six cases were identified. The mean (standard deviation) age was 56 (15) years (male, 67%). All patients had permanent dual‐chamber pacemakers, with a mean 11‐year history of pacemaker placement. The entire device system was explanted in five patients; one patient had a 21‐year‐old pacemaker lead that could not be removed. Eight stents were implanted in six patients: five patients had one stent, one patient had three. A new pacemaker system was reimplanted through the stented vein in five patients. Technical success was achieved in all patients, without any complication. Symptoms rapidly resolved in all patients after stent deployment. The mean follow‐up duration was 48 months (range, 10–100 months). Three patients remained symptom free. Reintervention with percutaneous balloon venoplasty was successful in three patients with symptom recurrence.

Conclusion

Percutaneous stent implantation after lead removal followed by reimplantation of leads is a feasible alternative therapy for pacemaker‐induced SVC syndrome, although some cases may require repeat intervention.
The neurophysiological bases of EEG and EEG measurement: A review for the rest of us
Authors: Jackson Alice F. , Bolger Donald J.
Published: July 2014

A thorough understanding of the EEG signal and its measurement is necessary to produce high quality data and to draw accurate conclusions from those data. However, publications that discuss relevant topics are written for divergent audiences with specific levels of expertise: explanations are either at an abstract level that leaves readers with a fuzzy understanding of the electrophysiology involved, or are at a technical level that requires mastery of the relevant physics to understand. A clear, comprehensive review of the origin and measurement of EEG that bridges these high and low levels of explanation fills a critical gap in the literature and is necessary for promoting better research practices and peer review. The present paper addresses the neurophysiological source of EEG, propagation of the EEG signal, technical aspects of EEG measurement, and implications for interpretation of EEG data.
Treatment with LL‐37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard‐to‐heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Grönberg Alvar , Mahlapuu Margit , Ståhle Mona , Whately‐Smith Caroline , Rollman Ola
Published: July 2014

Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are one of the most prevalent types of chronic wounds. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and dose–response efficacy of the human synthetic peptide LL‐37 in the treatment of hard‐to‐heal VLUs. This first‐in‐man trial included 34 participants with VLUs and comprised a 3‐week, open‐label, run‐in period on placebo, followed by a 4‐week randomized double‐blind treatment phase with twice weekly applications of LL‐37 (0.5, 1.6, or 3.2 mg/mL) or placebo, and a 4‐week follow‐up. The healing rate constants for 0.5 and 1.6 mg/mL of LL‐37 were approximately six‐ and threefold higher than for placebo (p = 0.003 for 0.5 mg/mL and p = 0.088 for 1.6 mg/mL). Square‐root transformed wound area data showed improved healing for the 0.5 and 1.6 mg/mL dose groups compared with pretreatment values (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). Consistently, treatment with the two lower doses markedly decreased the mean ulcer area (68% for 0.5 mg/mL and 50% for 1.6 mg/mL groups). No difference in healing was observed between the groups receiving 3.2 mg/mL of LL‐37 and placebo. There were no safety concerns regarding local or systemic adverse events. In conclusion, topical treatment with LL‐37 for chronic leg ulcers was safe and well tolerated with the marked effect on healing predictors at the two lower doses warranting further investigations.
Rational rigidity for
Authors: Guralnick Robert , Malle Gunter
Published: July 2014

We prove the existence of certain rationally rigid triples in${E}_{8}(p)$for good primes$p$(i.e. $p>5$) thereby showing that these groups occur as Galois groups over the field of rational numbers. We show that these triples arise from rigid triples in the algebraic group and prove that they generate an interesting subgroup in characteristic zero. As a byproduct of the proof, we derive a remarkable symmetry between the character table of a finite reductive group and that of its dual group. We also give a short list of possible overgroups of regular unipotent elements in simple exceptional groups.
Stability conditions and birational geometry of projective surfaces
Authors: Toda Yukinobu
Published: July 2014

We show that the minimal model program on any smooth projective surface is realized as a variation of the moduli spaces of Bridgeland stable objects in the derived category of coherent sheaves.
Morphology and Crystallographic Characterization of Nickel Nanowires—Influence of Magnetic Field and Current Density During Synthesis
Authors: Samykano Mahendran , Mohan Ram , Aravamudhan Shyam
Published: July 2014

This paper presents results and discussion from a comprehensive morphological and crystallographic characterization of nickel nanowires synthesized by template-based electrodeposition method. In particular, the influence of magnetic and electric field (current density) conditions during the synthesis of nickel nanowires was studied. The structure and morphology of the synthesized nanowires were studied using Helium ion microscopy (HIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The HIM provided higher quality data and resolution compared to conventional SEM imaging. The crystallographic properties of the grown nanowires were also studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results clearly indicated that the morphological and crystallographic properties of synthesized nickel nanowires were strongly influenced by the applied magnetic field and current density intensity during the synthesis process.
Wind-Wave Misalignment Effects on Floating Wind Turbines: Motions and Tower Load Effects
Authors: Bachynski Erin E. , Kvittem Marit I. , Luan Chenyu , Moan Torgeir
Published: July 2014

The dynamic responses of a spar, tension leg platform (TLP), and two semisubmersible floating wind turbines (FWTs) in selected misaligned wind and wave conditions are investigated using numerical simulation with an aero-hydro-servo-elastic computational tool. For a range of representative operational conditions, the platform motions and short-term fatigue damage in the tower base and tower top are examined. Although some misalignment conditions result in increased motions both parallel and perpendicular to the wave direction, aligned wind and waves cause the largest short-term tower base fatigue damage for the studied platforms and conditions. Several factors which lead to larger fatigue damage for certain platforms in particular conditions are identified, such as tower resonance due to the 3p blade passing frequency in low wind speeds; surge and pitch motions, particularly in the wave frequency range; and the variations in first-order hydrodynamic loads due to wave direction. A semisubmersible platform with large displacement suffers the least damage at the base of the tower.
Validation of a Real-Time Multibody Model for an X-by-Wire Vehicle Prototype Through Field Testing
Authors: Pastorino Roland , Sanjurjo Emilio , Luaces Alberto , Naya Miguel A. , Desmet Wim , Cuadrado Javier
Published: July 2014

This research focuses on the experimental validation of a real-time vehicle multibody (MB) model whose bodies are considered rigid. For this purpose, a vehicle prototype has been built and automated in order to repeat reference maneuvers. Numerous sensors on the prototype gather the most relevant magnitudes of the vehicle motion. Two low speed maneuvers involving the longitudinal and lateral vehicle dynamics have been repeated multiple times in a test area. Then, a real-time MB model of the vehicle prototype has been self-developed as well as a simulation environment that includes a true graphical environment, a true road profile, and collision detection. Subsystems like brakes and tires have also been modeled. Both test maneuvers have been simulated with the MB model in the simulation environment using inputs measured experimentally. Selected simulation variables have been compared to their experimental counterparts provided with a confidence interval (IC) that characterizes the field testing (FT) process errors. The results of the comparisons show good correlation between simulation predictions and experimental data, thus allowing to extract useful guidelines to build accurate real-time vehicle MB models. In this way, the present work aims to contribute to the scarce literature on vehicle complete validation studies.
Deflection Corridors of Abdomen and Thorax in Oblique Side Impacts Using Equal Stress Equal Velocity Approach: Comparison With Other Normalization Methods
Authors: Yoganandan Narayan , Arun Mike W. J. , Humm John , Pintar Frank A.
Published: July 2014

The first objective of the study was to determine the thorax and abdomen deflection time corridors using the equal stress equal velocity approach from oblique side impact sled tests with postmortem human surrogates fitted with chestbands. The second purpose of the study was to generate deflection time corridors using impulse momentum methods and determine which of these methods best suits the data. An anthropometry-specific load wall was used. Individual surrogate responses were normalized to standard midsize male anthropometry. Corridors from the equal stress equal velocity approach were very similar to those from impulse momentum methods, thus either method can be used for this data. Present mean and plus/minus one standard deviation abdomen and thorax deflection time corridors can be used to evaluate dummies and validate complex human body finite element models.
A Discrete Sliding-Mode Guidance Law
Authors: Zhou Di , Sun Sheng , Zhou Jing Yang , Teo Kok Lay
Published: July 2014

Based on the discrete form of the target-missile relative motion equations in plane, a discrete sliding-mode guidance (DSMG) law is proposed. All previous missile seeker's measurements are used in the design of the DSMG law to estimate the target acceleration such that noises in the seeker's measurements are effectively being smoothened. It is proved that the proposed DSMG law is finite time convergent. Quasi sliding-mode bands of the DSMG law are discussed, and the formula for calculating the terminal miss distances of the missile under the DSMG law are presented. Simulation results from a space interception process verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Elastic Modulus Measurements on Large Diameter Nanowires Using a Nano-Assembled Platform
Authors: Palapati Naveen K. R. , Muth Adrienne , Zhu Yujie , Wang Chunsheng , Subramanian Arunkumar
Published: July 2014

This paper presents atomic force spectroscopy (AFM) results from large diameter nanowires (NWs), which range in radius from 150 nm to 300 nm, within a nano-assembled platform. The nanomechanical platform is constructed by assembling single NWs across pairs of gold nano-electrodes using dielectrophoresis and contains a short, suspended segment of the NW (in air) between the assembly electrodes. Atomic force microscope (AFM) force spectroscopy measurements are obtained by indenting the NW within this suspended segment and result in deformation of the NW involving a combination of both, bending and nano-indentation modes. This paper demonstrates the measurement technique using lithium iron phosphate NWs as a model system and presents a finite element model to extract the Young's modulus from nanomechanical data. The estimated Young's modulus of this material, which is an electrode material system of interest for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, was found to be diameter dependent and was observed to range in values between 100 MPa and 575 MPa.