bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peer Ratings versus Peer Nominations during Training as Predictors of Actual Performance Criteria
Authors: Schwarzwald Joseph , Koslowsky Meni , Mager-Bibi Tamar
Published: March 2007

Two types of peer evaluations, ratings and nominations during training, were compared to examine their unique contribution in explaining actual performance evaluations. A sample of 133 female soldiers who had participated in a platoon leader-training program completed a rating and nomination form on their peers. These forms served as predictors for actual performance as platoon leaders. Performance criteria included a general evaluation, specific assessments for suitability to various ranks with increasing military responsibility, and a global rank criterion measure. Factor analyses supported the hypothesis that traits would be conceptualized as more distinct with the nomination method rather than with the rating method. The former yielded two distinct factors (professional and social), whereas the latter yielded only one. Hierarchical regressions and examination of the disattenuated correlations indicated an advantage for the nomination method in predicting various criteria. Discussion focuses on explaining the underlying process involved with each type of peer assessment.
Thermal Conductivities of Unidirectional Materials
Authors: Springer George S. , Tsai Stephen W.
Published: March 2007

In this paper the composite thermal conductivities of unidirec tional composites are studied and expressions are obtained for pre dicting these conductivities in the directions along and normal to the filaments. In the direction along the filament an expression is presented based on the assumption that the filaments and matrix are connected in parallel. In the direction normal to the filaments composite thermal conductivity values are obtained first by utiliz ing the analogy between the response of a unidirectional composite to longitudinal shear loading and to transverse heat transfer; second by replacing the filament-matrix composite with an idealized ther mal model. The results of the shear loading analogy agree reason ably well with the results of the thermal model particularly at filament contents below about 60%. These results were also com pared to experimental data reported in the literature and good agreement was found between the data and those theoretical re sults that were derived for circular filaments arranged in a square packing array.
Elastic Moduli of Unidirectional Composites with Anisotropic Filaments
Authors: Whitney J.M.
Published: March 2007

Principal elastic moduli of unidirectional composites with aniso tropic filaments are predicted from available elasticity solutions of multiple-inclusion problems. Measured data obtained from composites made of graphite filaments and epoxy resins agree well with the predicted values. Filament anisotropy is shown to have significant effects on the composite elastic properties.
Exact Solutions for Composite Laminates in Cylindrical Bending
Authors: Pagano N.J.
Published: March 2007

Limitations of classical laminated plate theory are investigated by comparing solutions of several specific boundary value problems in this theory to the corresponding theory of elasticity solutions. The general class of problems treated involves the geometric configuration of any number of isotropic or orthotropic layers bonded together and subjected to cylindrical bending. In general it is found that conventional plate theory leads to a very poor description of laminate response at low span-to-depth ratios, but converges to the exact solution as this ratio increases. The analysis presented is also valid in the study of sand wich plates under cylindrical bending.
The Extension of a Superposition Principle to Wave Propagation in Nonhomogeneous Elastic Media
Authors: Sun C.T. , Valanis K.C. , Sierakowski R.L.
Published: March 2007

In this paper a superposition principle is extended to examine the wave propagation problem in composite materials, which can be phenomenologically characterized as being nonhomogeneous- isotropic. The method is particularly useful for the analysis of stresses and displacements in such media with finite geometrical bounds.

The existence of a superposition principle is first established and the resolution of the wave propagation problem in nonhomogeneous media into the solution of a static and dynamic eigen-value problem demonstrated. Finally, for purposes of illustration, a one-dimensional problem is solved and data are presented.
Exact Natural Frequencies and Modal Functions for a Thick Off-Axis Lamina
Authors: Jones Alfred T.
Published: March 2007

The three-dimensional elastic field equations that describe the vibration of a class of thick, orthotropic, laminae are solved exactly. The class is characterized by an arbitrary, in-plane, angle of inclination of the principal orthotropic axes to the plate axes. The frequency spectra and modal func tions are presented for two types of materials and five inclination angles. Comparison of these results to classical thin plate theory shows that clas sical flexural plate theory is adequate for vibration with wave lengths greater than 20 times the thickness. Thin extensional plate theory is ade quate also, but shows larger errors in some of the test cases than flexural theory. In other cases, extensional theory is astoundingly accurate
Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Randomly-Distributed Short Fiber Composite
Authors: Knight Marvin , Hahn H.T.
Published: March 2007

Experimental results for tests of strength and elastic modulus of a randomly-distributed short fiber composite are reported in this paper. Three different tests were employed: tension, 3-point flexure, and 4-point flexure. A statistical approach based on Weibull distribution was applied to account for the difference between tensile and flexural test results. Mate rial variation, as exhibited in the experimental scatter for elastic modulus, and its effect on strength were shown not to be negligible. Test results also showed wider experimental scatter than observed with continuous fiber composites. Consequently considerable penalty had to be paid by reducing the design strength in order to assure the same level of confidence and reliability.
Interlaminar Stresses of Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Composite Plates
Authors: Tang Sam
Published: March 2007

An analytical solution is obtained for bending a rectangular composite plate with two sides simply-supported and other two sides free. The inter laminar shear stresses and the normal or "peel" stress, near and at the free edges of the plate, are predicted. Numerical example of a 4-layer (+θ/-θ) s laminate is given. The magnitudes of the interlaminar shear and normal stresses may be as high as 30% and 5% respectively, of the maximum bending stress of the laminate. It would play a dominant role in fatigue fracture of composite plates such as leaf-spring of automobiles, lever-arms of painting robots, and many orthopedic in-plant devices.
On the Probability of Failure in the Chain-of-Bundles Model
Authors: Bergman BO
Published: March 2007

In two recent papers Harlow and Phoenix, [1] and [2], surveyed re sults for the chain-of-bundles model of the strength distribution of uni directional fibre composites. They also gave some exact results for small scale composites, [1], and obtained bounds for the asymptotic strength distribution of a composite in a simple case. In this note we shall give refined bounds on the asymptotic strength distribution of a composite using the same chain-of-bundles model as the one used by Harlow and Phoenix. These bounds are generalized to a more general failure model.
Failure of Composite Joints under Combined Tension and Bolt Loads
Authors: Tang S.
Published: March 2007

By observing results of experimental program for testing static strength of composite laminates under combined by-pass tension and bolt load, a tension failure factor is proposed herein to determine the failure modes of the composites. Comparison with experimental results shows that the proposed tension failure factor is a reasonable indicator. Possible application for estimating failure loads by interpolation of available data is illustrated with a numerical example.
Slowly Propagating Cracks Emanating from the Corners of Inclusions in Composite Materials
Authors: Theocaris P.S. , Prassianakis J.N.
Published: March 2007

The problem of propagation of a crack from the corners of an orthogonal inclusion in a composite was considered in this paper by using a plane-stress bi-phase model. The specimen was made from an orthogonal metallic strip penetrating into an elastic orthogonal matrix made of plexiglas, and it was submitted to a uniform stress pulse applied at the extremity of the strip.

The experimental method used in the tests was the optical method of transmitted caustics together with a high-speed camera arrangement. The successsive photographs taken during the propagation of the cracks con tained all the necessary quantities for evaluating the stress intensity factors KI and KII at the propagating-crack tips and the propagation velocities. This experimental arrangement has the advantage of creating slowly propagating cracks convenient for the study of dynamic phenomena in composites. The results of the tests were presented in diagrams and interesting conclusions for the behavior of slowly propagating cracks were derived.
Stress Concentration Factors for Cylindrically Orthotropic Plates
Authors: Hoff Nicholas J. , Muser Christoph
Published: March 2007

Stress concentration factors are presented for circular holes in circular composite plates of cylindrical orthotropy when the outer edge of the plate is subjected to uniform uniaxial traction. The values that can be calculated from the formulas presented and the values shown in the diagrams are valid rigorously only for the circular plate but they can be used as approximation for differently shaped (for instance, rectangular) finite plates also.
Transverse Cracking and Stiffness Reduction in Composite Laminates
Authors: Talreja Ramesh
Published: March 2007

A systematic classification of the effects of transverse cracking on the stress-strain response of composite laminates is presented. Stiffness reductions resulting from transverse cracking in glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy laminates from crack initiation to crack saturation are predicted using the stiffness-damage relationships developed by the author in a previous work. Good agreement with the experimental results is found. An assessment of the ply discount method for predicting stiffness reductions at crack saturation is also made.
Bi-Dimensional Compression Moulding of Super-High Fibre Volume Fraction Composites
Authors: Ashbee K.H.G.
Published: March 2007

A bi-dimensional compression moulding apparatus is described whereby a plurality of interfitting anvils, of substantially gee-shaped configuration, is advanced simul taneously in such a way as to create uniform pressure in a plane. With fibre direction perpendicular to this plane, uniaxial fibre reinforced plastics having fibre contents as high as 90% for glass and carbon fibres and higher than 95% for kevlar fibres have been successfully manufactured. Attention is drawn to the potential offered by these new materials for realisation of ultimate mechanical and electrical properties.
Predicting the Orientation of Short Fibers in Thin Compression Moldings
Authors: Jackson William C. , Advani Suresh G. , Tucker Charles L.
Published: March 2007

A method is presented for predicting the distribution of orientation of rigid short fibers in thin compression molded parts. The method extends Folgar and Tucker's model for fiber orientation in a concentrated suspension to the case of spatially non-uniform flows and orientation states. A generalized Hele-Shaw model is used to predict flow and defor mation during mold filling. Other assumptions are appropriate for sheet molding com pound : fibers much longer than the part thickness and a cold material molded in a hot mold. The predictions compare favorably to experiments on sheet molding compound and on a model suspension of nylon monofilaments in silicone oil.
Prediction of Moisture Diffusion Parameters in Composite Materials Under Stress
Authors: Neumann Shoshana , Marom Gad
Published: March 2007

Moisture absorption by polymeric composite materials is greatly dependent on the state of the applied stress. The present study deals with the most common diffusion parameters, namely, the rate, the maximum absorption capacity, and the Fickian diffusion coefficient, and proposes a model which predicts their changes with the stress level. The model is based on the considerations that the absorption capacity is determined by stress-dependent free volume changes, and that the diffusion coefficient in the unstressed as well as in the stressed state is expressed by a Doolittle-type equation. The free volume changes of the matrix are calculated through laminate theory equations using the elastic properties and the volume contents of the constituents. Experimental work with carbon fibre-reinforced epoxies of different fibre contents and orientations, loaded to various stress levels, exhibit excellent agreement with the theoretical model.
Loading Rate Effect on Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Thermoplastic Composite
Authors: Mall S. , Law G.E. , Katouzian M.
Published: March 2007

A study was undertaken to investigate the loading rate effect on delamination fracture in itiation toughness of a thermoplastic composite. For this purpose, double cantilever beam specimens of graphite/PEEK were tested in a displacement controlled mode using an Instron tensile machine. Specimens were loaded at various crosshead speeds ranging from 0.05 cm/min to 100 cm/min. The interlaminar fracture toughness was found to decrease with increasing loading rate, and this decrease was up to 65 percent over the five decades of loading rate employed.
Analysis of Fatigue Damage Evolution and Associated Anisotropic Elastic Property Degradation in Random Short-Fiber Composite
Authors: Wang S.S. , Suemasu H. , Chim E.S.M.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical analysis of cyclic fatigue damage and associated anisotropic property degradation in a random short-fiber composite is presented. The fatigue damage takes various forms of microcracking, originated from microscopic stress concentrators in the highly heterogeneous material system. A probabilistic treatment of the microcracks is in troduced to evaluate the statistical nature of the microscopic fatigue damage. Damage evo lution and accumulation are analyzed through the development of probabilistic density functions of microcrack length and orientation during the cyclic loading history. Consti tutive equations for the damaged fiber composite are then derived on the basis of a self- consistent mechanics scheme in conjunction with a three-dimensional elliptic crack theory and the microcrack density functions. Cyclic fatigue degradation and associated damage- induced anisotropy of composite material properties are determined analytically and checked against experiments. The tensorial nature of material damage and composite stiffness changes during fatigue are evaluated explicitly. A power-law relationship between the rate of damage growth and the fatigue loading cycle is obtained. The rate of fatigue damage growth is found to decrease exponentially with load cycles—a phenomenon unique to the random short-fiber composite. This study provides a comprehensive analyti cal treatment of the homogeneous fatigue damage problem for random short-fiber com posites. The fundamental mechanics and mechanisms of fatigue damage evolution and associated anisotropic property degradation in the composite are elucidated.
The Buckling of a Delaminated Sublaminate on an Elastic Foundation
Authors: Vizzini A.J. , Lagace P.A.
Published: March 2007

A one-dimensional model of a delamination in a laminated structure is considered in order to evaluate the effective edge fixity coefficient and the load at which the delaminated sublaminate buckles. A Rayleigh-Ritz energy method is applied to the model and the ef fective boundary fixity coefficient, c' , and the relative delamination tip deflection, wd/wc, are determined. Appreciable reductions in the buckling load, as compared to classical clamped boundary conditions, and nonzero deflections at the delamination front are pre dicted. The model also provides a rule of thumb as to the area around a delaminated sub laminate which must be modeled as an elastic foundation in order to properly predict the buckling behavior of the sublaminate.
Characterization of Stiffness Loss in Crossply Laminates with Curved Matrix Cracks
Authors: Allen D.H. , Harris C.E. , Groves S.E. , Norvell R.G.
Published: March 2007

Experimental evidence has shown that in crossply laminates numerous matrix cracks often become curved with respect to the plane normal to the laminate plane when three or more 90° plies are stacked in succession. This phenomenon produces damage dependent stiffness losses in both the axial and out-of-plane directions which are strongly dependent on the curved crack state. The authors have constructed a general model for predicting stiffness loss as a function of damage in composite laminates, and the current paper seeks to model this stiffness loss. The model predictions are compared to experimental results for axial stiffness and finite element results for out-of-plane stiffness, and it is shown that the model is accurate in predicting this stiffness loss due to curved cracks.
Internal Stress Superplasticity in 2024 Al-SiC Whisker Reinforced Composites
Authors: Hong S.H. , Sherby O.D. , Divecha A.P. , Karmarkar S.D. , Macdonald B.A.
Published: March 2007

The isothermal and thermal cycling creep behavior of SiC whisker reinforced aluminum composites was investigated. Compression creep tests were performed for two volume fraction composites (10% SiC and 20% SiC), in both the longitudinal and transverse direc tions. The creep rates under thermal cycling conditions are much higher than under isothermal conditions due to the contribution of internal stresses. The aluminum matrix exhibits Newtonian flow behavior under thermal cycling conditions which results in rapid reorientation of the SiC whiskers. A creep relation is developed based on an internal- stress-plasticity model, which fits well with the thermal cycling creep data.
Internal State Variable Approach for Predicting Stiffness Reductions in Fibrous Laminated Composites with Matrix Cracks
Authors: Lee Jong-Won , Allen D.H. , Harris C.E.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model utilizing the Internal State Variable (ISV) concept is proposed for predicting the upper bound of the reduced axial stiffnesses in cross-ply lami nates with matrix cracks. The axial crack opening displacement is explicitly expressed in terms of the observable axial strain and the undamaged material properties.

A crack parameter representing the effect of matrix cracks on the observable axial Young's modulus is calculated for glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy material systems. The results of the present study show that the matrix crack opening displacement and conse quently the effective Young's modulus depends not on the crack length but on its ratio to the crack spacing.

Comparisons of the present model with experimental data and other models in the litera ture show a good agreement, thus confirming direct applicability of the model to [0 p/90 r] s type laminates.
Damage Analysis in Reinforced LCP Composites by Acoustic Emission Location Techniques
Authors: Weng T. , Hiltner A. , Baer E.
Published: March 2007

Damage processes during cyclic deformation of short glass fiber reinforced liquid crystalline polyesters (LCP) have been investigated by acoustic emission (AE) source location techniques. The approach consisted of placing two sensors equidistant from a notch and monitoring the AE signals emitted from damage accumulation as cycling progressed. This was done in conjunction with a video-camera recording system and an infra-red thermal measuring device. The visual and thermal data indicated that no measur able stable crack propagation occurred. Acoustic emission measurements suggested that failure resulted in the last 20% of the cycling time by a damage-related microcracking mechanism. Three-dimensional linear location plots showed that damage was very local ized in the notch region in the reinforced materials and somewhat broader in the neat LCP resin. Correlations between the location of damage, the time and stress level at which it occurred as well as its AE amplitude characteristics have been made.
An Experimental Study of Scaling Rules for Impact Damage in Fiber Composites
Authors: Qian Y. , Swanson S.R. , Nuismer R.J. , Bucinell R.B.
Published: March 2007

The importance and complexity of impact in composite structures suggest that experiments will be needed to understand the mechanics involved. Scaling of results from subscale structures necessitates an understanding of scaling rules governing impact. An experimental study was performed in which composite plates ranging in size by a fac tor of five were geometrically scaled, and subjected to impact. The results show that analytically derived scaling rules could accurately describe the undamaged response to impact. An analysis based on the dynamic plate equations showed excellent agreement with the experiments. The formation of damage is complex, showing an apparent de pendence of delamination on absolute size as suggested by fracture mechanics.
Extrema and Zeros of Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of a Balanced Symmetric Laminate
Authors: Pramila Antti
Published: March 2007

Expressions for coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of a [θ/ — θ] s lami nate are recast into a form showing explicity their dependence on lamination angle and thermoelastic constants of laminae used. Using these new expressions, zeros and extrema have been studied. Angles giving extrema for CTEs of a laminate are shown to be indepen dent of CTEs of laminae used. Moreover, limits for G12 of laminae used are derived lead ing to 2, 1 or no angles giving extrema in addition to the trivial ones at 0° and 90°.
Analogy for the Effect of Material and Geometrical Variables on Energy-Absorption Capability of Composite Tubes
Authors: Farley Gary L. , Jones Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Simplified procedures for determining the qualitative effect a variable has on structural response of a composite tube are very useful in both preliminary design as well as in providing insight into the general response. An analysis procedure is pre sented that can be used to determine the qualitative change in the sustained crushing load due to a change in specimen material properties or geometry. The analysis procedure is similar in form to the equation for the buckling load of a column on an elastic foun dation.
On Refined Theories of Beams, Plates, and Shells
Authors: Vasil'Ev V.V. , Lur'E S.A.
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with refined beam, plate, and shell theories which are based on the reduction of the three-dimensional elasticity theory by assuming an approx imation of the displacements through the thickness. Conditions which should be imposed on this approximation to provide the consistency of the theory are obtained. For brevity's sake the derivation is performed for a beam, the results being further generalized for plates and shells. A thick isotropic plate is considered as an example.
Influence of the Filament on the Performance of a Composite Tubing Connection
Authors: Dilintas Georges
Published: March 2007

The influence of the filament orientation on the performance of a compos ite tubing threaded connection has been studied. The aim of this study is to improve the strength of the connection by decreasing stress concentrations in threads and to improve sealing by increasing contact pressure of threads.
A Failure Criterion for Laminates Governed by Free Edge Interlaminar Shear Stress
Authors: Joo J.W. , Sun C.T.
Published: March 2007

Interlaminar shear stresses in balanced and symmetric laminates with free edges and failure due to these stresses were studied. It was shown that the average in terlaminar shear stress τxz near the free edge is linearly related to the mismatch of the extension-shear coupling of the top and bottom sublaminates separated by the interface of interest. A simple failure criterion based on the mismatch of the extension shear coupling was introduced to predict laminate failure stress and strain. The validity of this criterion was verified by experiments using AS4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy composite laminates.
Mechanical Behavior of a Ceramic Sandwich Composite System
Authors: Van Voorhees Eric J. , Green David J.
Published: March 2007

The mechanical behavior of a ceramic sandwich composite system was in vestigated. The system was comprised of a low density, cellular Al2O3 core, bonded to dense Al2O3 faceplates. Tensile faceplate stresses during flexure were determined for a va riety of face thicknesses and core densities using a strain gage technique. For most com posites, the data agreed well with simple sandwich theory. For composites with relatively thick faces and low modulus cores, however, localized bending caused higher than ex pected face stresses beneath the load point. These stresses were predicted using a refined model. The strain gage data were also used to measure sandwich stiffness, which were well predicted by conventional sandwich theory when localized face bending was not prevalent. The structures were linear elastic to failure, though the failure was noncata strophic. For the sandwich geometries studied, failure initiated exclusively in the core.
Cure Cycle Optimization for the Reduction of Processing-Induced Residual Stresses in Composite Materials
Authors: White S.R. , Hahn H.T.
Published: March 2007

The control and reduction of processing-induced residual stresses has been investigated by modifying processing conditions for a graphite/BMI composite material. The effects of dwell temperature, dwell time, cool-down rate, cool-down pres sure, and postcure on residual stresses were investigated using unsymmetric cross-ply laminates. The effects on transverse mechanical properties were also measured. Experi mental results have shown that residual stresses can be reduced by as much as 25-30% while retaining or enhancing transverse mechanical properties by curing at lower tempera tures for longer times or utilizing an intermediate low-temperature dwell in three-step cure cycles. Overall process cycle times are not lengthened for three-step curing.
On the Vibration Properties of Composite Materials and Structures
Authors: Lu Y.P. , Neilson H.C. , Roscoe A.J.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, there has been a widespread assumption that composite materials and structures offer enhanced vibration and acoustic properties. This assumption has to be evaluated or validated. The objective of this article is to address the subject of vibration characteristics and the related force transmissibility properties of composite structures. For a given composite beam made of Hercules AS4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy with a layered structure sequence of (0,0,30, - 30)6 S, resonance frequencies, structural damping, responses, impedances, and force transmissibility properties are determined, discussed, and compared with those of a steel beam. This article proposes a procedure to evaluate the vibration properties of individual composites. The cnterion defined for performance com parison between composite materials and conventional materials is also discussed.
Locus of Control Measures among American Indians
Authors: Trimble Joseph E. , Richardson Susan S.
Published: March 2007

To study locus of control (LOC) with American Indians, LOC scales were administered to 740 American Indian adults at five sites. Responses were analyzed by factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Both analyses substantiate previous findings with Blacks of a separation of personal control- the control an individual has in his own life-from ideological control, a generalized societal control that people in general possess. Clusters obtained with American Indians relate to trust, personal control, race ideology, ideological control, and a residual fate ideology.
Stereotyping among Hispanics and Anglos
Authors: Triandis Harry C. , Lisansky Judith , Setiadi Bernadette , Chang Bei-Hung , Marin Gerardo , Betancourt Hector
Published: March 2007

U.S. Navy recruits (Hispanics and Anglos) provided autostereotypes and heterostereotypes of blacks, whites, and several Hispanic ethnic groups, by judging on a ten-point scale how likely it was for each of fifteen traits to be a characteristic of a given stimulus group. All autostereotypes were favorable. The Anglos had a more uniform, though not especially intensive, autostereotype than the Hispanics. The Anglo heterostereotype of Hispanics was generally positive but not uniform. The Hispanic heterostereotype of Anglos was positive and uniform. All groups were ethnocentric, in that they assigned more positive attributes to the auto- than the heterostereotype. On several traits there was convergence of the auto- and heterostereotypes. The data are consistent with the theoretical argument of Campbell (1967) and Triandis and Vassiliou (1967) concerning the way stereotypes emerge.
Recognition of Vocal Expressions of Emotion
Authors: Van Bezooijen Renée , Otto Stanley A. , Heenan Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

The results of three experiments showed that Dutch, Taiwanese, and Japanese adults were able to identify Dutch vocal expressions of emotion beyond chance expectancy. Inspection of the confusion data further revealed that, in addition to symmetrical confusions, there were quite a few confusions that were asymmetrical. The outcomes of a multidimensional scaling finally suggested that confusions were a function of similarity in levels of activity of the emotions concerned rather than, for example, similarity in evaluative meaning. The conclusion was that there are universally recognizable characteristics of vocal patterns of emotion and that these characteristics are primarily related to the activity dimension of emotional meaning.
Development of Economic Concepts among Egyptian Children
Authors: Waines Nahid Osseiran
Published: March 2007

The influence of two intracultural variables, socioeconomic status and work experience, on the development of economic concepts among Egyptian child-ren were investigated using a sample of 180 boys from 2 social classes and 2 age groups. Each age group (of 90 subjects) was subdivided into 3 groups of equal numbers: a lower-class working group, a lower-class nonworking group, and an upper-class group. Questions concerning various economic concepts were asked and were supplemented by further inquiry to clarify each child's under-standing. Children's responses were coded and analyzed on the basis of a set of categories of varying levels of conceptualization. Results demonstrate that a general developmental pattern exists in children's understanding of economic concepts comparable to Western and non-Western findings. Differences between the two socioeconomic groups were statistically significant only among the older groups. While conceptual differentiation increased with age, progression from one conceptual level to the next was not always parallel between children coming from widely different socioeconomic backgrounds. The effect of the work experience, while not reaching the conventional level of significance, was qualitatively noted in certain concepts. This highlights that the socioeconomic variable is more significant than work experience as a source of conceptual variation among different subcultural groups.
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Authors: Eysenck Hans J.
Published: March 2007

It is argued that criticisms of the use of indices of factor comparison to establish the identity of factors in personality inventories derived from different countries are mistaken. It is shown that on homologous scales the average indices of factor comparison between 24 countries come out at .98, whereas those of nonhomologous scales come out at .13. These values are almost identical with those obtained when males and females are compared in the same country, as far as factors for personality scales are concerned. It is concluded that it is justifiable to use the scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for comparisons within and between different countries.
Expectations about Development in Greek- and Anglo-Australian Families
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen , Bornholt Laurel
Published: March 2007

The present study explored the beliefs held about child development in two cultural groups. Expectations about the ages at which certain competencies emerge were elicited from members (mother, father, adolescent) of 20 Greek Australian and 20 Anglo-Australian families. They were also asked to nominate desirable qualities for teenagers and adults. Greek-Australians consistently regarded behaviors reflecting initiative and independence, personal maturity, and interpersonal sensitivity to be appropriate at a later age than did Anglo-Australians, but the converse held for respect, self-control, and unsupervised activities. The results suggest that parents' developmental timetables reflect cultural values.
Moral Judgment Patterns of University Candidates
Authors: Zeidner Moshe
Published: March 2007

This study assesses the level and pattern of moral judgment, as measured by DIT P% scores, of a representative sample of 360 college student candidates in Israel, and determines the relationship between moral judgment scores and various cognitive and demographic factors. Overall, P% norms for Israeli college applicants were found to be highly similar to comparable groups in the United States. Moral reasoning was found to correlate modestly with the examinee's social class background, with significantly higher levels of moral judgment evidenced for upper- relative to lower-class candidates. By contrast, moral judgment levels were found to be nonsignificantly differentiated by sex, ethnicity, or age. Also, principled moral reasoning scores correlate moderately with total aptitude test scores and matriculation grades.
War Initiators and War Winners
Authors: Reed William , Clark David H.
Published: March 2007

Some scholars argue that once democracies enter wars, they fight more effectively than do their autocratic counterparts. Others suggest that democratic states may win wars because they choose their opponents carefully, predisposing themselves to victory. Both are plausible, and it is possible that they are both correct. This study examines the possibility that these explanations are complementary and that omitting one or the other from empirical analysis may have consequences for inference. To assess the possible consequences of considering these explanations individually, the authors perform Monte Carlo experiments. The empirical results strongly suggest two important consequences. First, if democracies do not choose their fights any differently from other states, then estimates of the effect of democratic war-fighting ability are likely to be unbiased. Second, if democracies do choose their fights differently, then the effects of democratic war-fighting ability may be substantially overestimated.
Fairness and the Dynamic Stability of Institutions
Authors: Sherman Richard
Published: March 2007

Rawlsian fairness is motivated by two devices: the veil of ignorance that separates individuals from knowledge of their ultimate positions in society and the necessity of irrevocable consent. After making constitutional choices, individuals must live with the consequences of the distributive principles they have chosen; they cannot withdraw from society. Yet, in many problems of institutional choice, people can withdraw from cooperative arrangements after the allocation of benefits has been made. The relationship between fairness and stability in general problems of institutional choice is examined. In symmetric problems, fairness maximizes the stability of institutions. When one individual has a higher valued outside option, maximizing institutional stability requires assigning to that individual a correspondingly large share of the benefits of cooperation. An individual for whom the benefits of cooperation are more prone to risk must generally receive a larger share of the benefits of cooperation if institutional stability is to be maximized.
National Support for World Order
Authors: Angell Robert C.
Published: March 2007

The research aims to discover the causal factors that make some nations more supportive of world order than others. Seven indicators of national support for world order are identified. Scores on them and on a combined index for 114 nations are obtained. Switzerland and three Scandinavian nations rank at the top, the United States is at rank 40, and the Soviet Union at 72. Five significant causal factors are identified, which yield a multiple correlation coefficient of .69 with the Index of National Support for World Order. The most powerful predictor is the degree to which citizens of a nation participate in international nongovernmental organizations. Less powerful are national levels of enlightenment, urgency of foreign trade, productivity relative to reference nations, and, negatively, population pressure.
Social Mobilization, Political Institutionalization, and Conflict in Black Africa
Authors: Duvall Raymond , Welfling Mary
Published: March 2007

A simple model involving five concepts-social mobilization, party system institutionalization, turmoil, internal war, and elite conflict-is specified and its structural parameters are estimated for 28 black African nations. The model is fully reciprocal, involving each concept as a function of each of the others, and the concepts are measured for two time periods, 1960-1964 and 1965-1969. Two-stage least-squares regression is utilized to generate parameter estimates. The resulting model structure is evaluated according to (1) its correspondence with extant scholarly theorizing, (2) its ability to account for variance in the concepts, (3) the systematic character of the residual, or error, terms, and (4) its predictions for the future. The major conclusions are that: forms of conflict interrelate in complex ways and are not simply different aspects of a single phenomenon; conflict affects the mobilization of society and the development of political institutions; social mobilization has little, if any, effect on conflict; and, the institutionalization of party systems as linkages between publics and governments has a real impact on the mobilization of society and on the level of conflict in society.
Concession-Making and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Komorita S.S.
Published: March 2007

Assuming that the extent to which a concession (or a conciliatory act) is exploited or reciprocated depends upon the situational context in which the concession is made, the effects of two situational variables on cooperative choice were investigated: (a) the length of the competitive stalemate prior to conciliatory acts, and (b) the consequence or cost to the party initiating such acts. Pairs of undergraduate males were led to believe they were playing a Prisoner's Dilemma game, but were playing against a preprogrammed strategy of the experimenter. The dependent variable was the level of cooperation on the last block of trials. The results suggest that (a) a long stalemate initiated by a sequence of competitive acts may be effective against a competitive person, but not against a cooperative person; (b) conciliatory acts which are costly may facilitate the communication and perception of cooperative intent and, thereby, facilitate a mutually cooperative solution.
The University as a System with Competing Constituencies
Authors: Noel Barbara , Fontana Alan F.
Published: March 2007

The university is viewed as a political system with interlocking and competing constituencies. Several variables were investigated in order to examine the relative importance of different bases for determining allegiances and divisions within the university. Role group (student, faculty, and administration) and ideology emerged as the two major predictors of the three dependent domains: attitudes toward campus issues, self-images, and the types of people respected most. Age, field, and activism were predictive of attitudes toward campus issues but were of less importance in predicting the other two domains. The different tasks within the university, the varied aspirations for its development, and the differentials in power and position within the system are represented by the individual's role group membership. Ideology extends beyond specialized political concerns, exerting a pervasive influence throughout many areas of the individual's life.
Negotiation as a Joint Decision-Making Process
Authors: Zartman William
Published: March 2007

Negotiation is one of a limited number of decision-making modes whose characteristics, taken as assumptions, are not compatible with most of the theoretical work on negotiation to date. The concession/ convergence approach has problems of symmetry, determinism, and power, but above all fails to reflect the nature of negotiation as practiced. Negotiators begin by groping for a jointly agreeable formula that will serve as a referent, provide a notion of justice, and define a common perception on which implementing details can be based. Power makes the values fit together in the package and timing is important to making the formula stick. The article provides examples from cases and experiments are discussed, including the results of a new survey of UN ambassadors using miniscenarios. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the formula/detail approach are assessed.
Critical Choices for OPEC Members and the United States
Authors: Gholamnezhad Abdolhamid
Published: March 2007

In this article considering political, social, environmental, as well as economic and technological factors, we introduce a new approach in analyzing and resolving the world energy problem. We focus on the United States and selected members of OPEC-namely, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the UAE. We describe a "forward" and a "backward" process. In the forward process, possible future strategies and counterstrategies of each actor are matched against one another and analyzed for their effectiveness and stability. In the backward process, using previously derived information, desired scenarios for the actors are compared, the problems facing the attainment of each scenario are identified, and policies which could resolve these problems are formulated and assigned priorities.
Deterrence or Escalation?
Authors: Lichbach Mark Irving
Published: March 2007

Aggregate data studies of domestic political conflict have used an Action-Reaction (AR) model that has produced contradictory findings about the repression/dissent nexus: Repression by regimes may either increase or decrease dissent by opposition groups. To clarify these findings I propose an alternative Rational Actor (RA) model from which are derived three propositions. (1) An increase in a government's repression of nonviolence will reduce the nonviolent activities of an opposition group but increase its violent activities. (2) The balance of effects, that is, whether an increase in the regime's repression increases or decreases the opposition group's total dissident activities, depends upon the government's accommodative policy to the group. (3) Consistent government accommodative and repressive policies reduce dissent; inconsistent policies increase dissent. The RA model thus accounts for the contradictory findings produced by the AR-based aggregate data studies of repression and dissent.
Reagan's National Security Legacy
Authors: Smith Dale L.
Published: March 2007

As the Reagan presidency draws to an end, speculation grows as to its legacy in various areas, from domestic economics to international politics. The current study takes as its focus the Reagan legacy in the area of national security policy: specifically, the possible effects of Reagan's defense spending and Soviet policies. Using the global political-economic simulation model GLOBUS, a set of Reagan-like budgeting and foreign policies are formally implemented within the model and the resulting changes in behavior systematically evaluated. Two versions of this scenario are examined. In the first, it is assumed that the Reagan policies represent a permanent shift in the American position, while in the second case these policies are seen as a temporary aberration, remaining in effect only as long as Reagan is in the White House. Beginning with the political effects of these policy changes on Soviet-American relations and the national security of the two superpowers, the study then expands its focus to changes in the budgeting behavior of the United States and the impact on the domestic economy. These changes in American national security policy reverberate strongly throughout the political-economic system, though their effects are neither as uniformly positive as the supporters of these policies would claim nor as consistently negative as the critics profess.
Exploring the “Phoenix Factor” with the Collective Goods Perspective
Authors: Kugler Jacek , Arbetman Marina
Published: March 2007

This inquiry explores whether domestic political and economic levels of destruction account for the ability of developed nations to recover within two decades from the massive economic losses they suffer in the wake of a war. We test Olson's collective goods argument that nations defeated in war, the political structures and distributional coalitions of which are also devastated, will thereby increase economic competition and accelerate economic recovery. We also tangentially explore the impact of the economic devastation on postwar recovery. Our results show that economic destruction has a positive impact on the rates of recovery, but that the destruction of political structures does not add to that explanation. We conclude, somewhat reluctantly, that Olson's persuasive collective goods argument does not explain the well-established difference in the postwar recovery among victors and vanquished.
Arms Race Modeling
Authors: Anderton Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Since Lewis F. Richardson's seminal contribution in arms race modeling, there has been a proliferation of arms race models in journals and books across many disciplines. Despite this proliferation, there are some fundamental methodological problems associated with Richardson-type models and the arms race modeling enterprise in general that have not been adequately addressed. We discuss these methodological problems and offer some suggestions on where the arms race modeling enterprise should head.
Systemic Disequilibrium, Foreign Policy Role, and the Power Cycle
Authors: Doran Charles F.
Published: March 2007

Confronting widespread ambiguities of theory and research design, this article establishes conditions underlying international political stability for state and system. In turn, it (1) dissects the cycle of relative power and role to elucidate the concept of general equilibrium, depicting graphically the trauma of role adjustment that accompanies critical changes in relative power; (2) compares the empirical results for transitions and critical points using the same set of data; (3) shows mathematically that inversions in the trend of slope can approximate critical intervals; and (4) demonstrates via diagrams of each state's critical change why the disequilibrated system 1885-1914 succumbed to massive world war. Empirical research on systems transformation and major war must incorporate both strategic power balancing and power-role equilibration for states in the central system in a broader concept like general equilibrium.
Open Questions in Defense Economics and Economic Warfare
Authors: Shubik Martin , Verkerke J. Hoult
Published: March 2007

A distinction is made concerning five distinct war scenarios, and a discussion is given of the different economic requirements for each of these scenarios. These requirements pose a considerable number of new economic problems that were not present in defense economics prior to World War II.