bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical usefulness of B‐type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of pleural effusions due to heart failure
Authors: MARINHO FELIPE C.A. , VARGAS FRANCISCO S. , FABRI JR JOSÉ , ACENCIO MILENA M.P. , GENOFRE EDUARDO H. , ANTONANGELO LEILA , SALES ROBERTA K.B. , TEIXEIRA LISETE R.
Published: January 2011

Background and objective:  Light's criteria are frequently used to evaluate the exudative or transudative nature of pleural effusions. However, misclassification resulting from the use of Light's criteria has been reported, especially in the setting of diuretic use in patients with heart failure (HF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements as a diagnostic tool for determining the cardiac aetiology of pleural effusions.

Methods:  Patients with pleural effusions attributable to HF (n = 34), hepatic hydrothorax (n = 10), pleural effusions due to cancer (n = 21) and pleural effusions due to tuberculosis (n = 12) were studied. Diagnostic thoracentesis was performed for all 77 patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of plasma BNP and pleural fluid BNP for the prediction of HF.

Results:  The areas under the ROC curves were 0.987 (95% CI 0.93–0.998) for plasma BNP and 0.949 (95% CI 0.874–0.986) for pleural fluid BNP, for distinguishing between patients with pleural effusions caused by HF (n = 34) and those with pleural effusions attributable to other causes (n = 43). The cut‐off concentrations with the highest diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of HF as the cause of pleural effusion were 132 pg/mL for plasma BNP (sensitivity 97.1%, specificity 97.4%) and 127 pg/mL for pleural fluid BNP (sensitivity 97.1%, specificity 87.8%).

Conclusions:  In patients with pleural effusions of suspected cardiac origin, measurements of BNP in plasma and pleural fluid may be useful for the diagnosis of HF as the underlying cause.
Critical findings of severe influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia in children
Authors: Ishigaki Hidetoshi , Sai Shuji , Shirai Masami , Hongo Teruaki
Published: January 2011

Background:  Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) causes severe pneumonia in children. The mechanism of development of respiratory failure in pneumonia patients remains unknown. This report describes clinical features of childhood influenza A pneumonia.

Methods:  The clinical and laboratory findings of 31 H1N1 pneumonia patients hospitalized in Iwata City Hospital from 1 October 2009 to 31 January 2010 were reviewed. Intubation and mechanical ventilation were required due to respiratory failure in eight patients, who were classified as the intubation group. Other patients without mechanical ventilation were classified as the non‐intubation group. Clinical features and laboratory findings were compared between the two groups.

Results:  The median age was 6.3 years (range, 3–10 years). The male to female ratio was 22:9. Clinical manifestations of tachycardia, tachypnea and cyanosis were significant findings in the intubation group at admission. Lymphocytopenia was observed in both groups. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia was the risk factor for intubation.

Conclusions:  Tachycardia, tachypnea, cyanosis and leukocytosis with neutrophilia, could be useful predictors at admission to identify high‐risk influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia in children.
Evaluation of Japanese practice guidelines for newly diagnosed childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Higashigawa Masamune , Yamamoto Tomohiro , Yoshino Ayako , Nashida Yuji , Maji Tomoaki , Fujiwara Takashi , Inoue Masakazu
Published: January 2011

Background:  Practice guidelines for childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were proposed in 1998 and 2004 in Japan. It is important to evaluate the feasibility and validity of the guidelines because the guidelines are based not on evidence but on opinion.

Methods:  Records of 30 consecutive hospitalized patients aged 0–15 years (median, 3 years; 17 boys, 13 girls) were retrospectively reviewed. The feasibility and validity of the 2004 guidelines were evaluated by calculating an implementation rate, a response rate to first treatments, and a final clinical outcome.

Results:  Deviation from the guidelines was found in two patients. Management of the other 28 patients followed the guidelines. The implementation rate was 93.3%. Twenty‐one of the 28 eligible patients (75%) responded to the first treatment, whereas seven patients (25%) required additional treatment. In 23 patients (76.7%) platelet counts returned to normal within 6 months. Seven patients (23.3%) developed chronic conditions. All patients had no complications and achieved a platelet count >150 000/µL within 6 years.

Conclusion:  The 2004 Japanese guidelines are feasible and valid for the management of newly diagnosed childhood ITP patients.
Multiple alkane hydroxylase systems in a marine alkane degrader, Alcanivorax dieselolei B‐5
Authors: Liu Chenli , Wang Wanpeng , Wu Yehui , Zhou Zhongwen , Lai Qiliang , Shao Zongze
Published: January 2011

Alcanivorax dieselolei strain B‐5 is a marine bacterium that can utilize a broad range of n‐alkanes (C5–C36) as sole carbon source. However, the mechanisms responsible for this trait remain to be established. Here we report on the characterization of four alkane hydroxylases from A. dieselolei, including two homologues of AlkB (AlkB1 and AlkB2), a CYP153 homologue (P450), as well as an AlmA‐like (AlmA) alkane hydroxylase. Heterologous expression of alkB1, alkB2, p450 and almA in Pseudomonas putida GPo12 (pGEc47ΔB) or P. fluorescens KOB2Δ1 verified their functions in alkane oxidation. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR analysis showed that these genes could be induced by alkanes ranging from C8 to C36. Notably, the expression of the p450 and almA genes was only upregulated in the presence of medium‐chain (C8–C16) or long‐chain (C22–C36) n‐alkanes, respectively; while alkB1 and alkB2 responded to both medium‐ and long‐chain n‐alkanes (C12–C26). Moreover, branched alkanes (pristane and phytane) significantly elevated alkB1 and almA expression levels. Our findings demonstrate that the multiple alkane hydroxylase systems ensure the utilization of substrates of a broad chain length range.
Nietzsche's Sensualism
Authors: Riccardi Mattia
Published: January 2011

Abstract: The late Nietzsche defended a position which he sometimes to refers as ‘sensualism’ and which consists of two main theses: senses ‘do not lie’ (T1) and sense organs are ‘causes’ (T2). Two influential interpretations of this position have been proposed by Clark and Hussain, who also address the question whether Nietzsche's late sensualism is (Hussain) or not (Clark) compatible with the epistemological view which he held in his previous work and which has been dubbed the ‘falsification thesis’ (FT). In my paper I will show that both readings raise substantial difficulties and propose an alternative account of Nietzsche's sensualism. In particular, I will argue: (a) that according to Nietzsche the representational content of sensory experience ‘does not lie’ since it is physically grounded in causal exchanges with the external world which are mediated by sense organs; (b) that Nietzsche believes that the claim that senses ‘do not lie’ is also true of the phenomenal, qualitative content of sensory experience; and (c) that FT, despite its prima facie tension with (a) and (b), fit well Nietzsche's sensualism.
Low‐level efficacy of cosmetic preservatives
Authors: Lundov M. D. , Johansen J. D. , Zachariae C. , Moesby L.
Published: January 2011

Synopsis

Preservation using combinations of preservatives has several advantages. This study shows that the concentration of some of the most frequently used allergenic preservatives can be markedly lowered when they are combined with phenoxyethanol. The antimicrobial efficacy of cosmetic preservatives and known allergens of various potency [diazolidinyl urea, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI), methylisothiazolinone (MI) and phenoxyethanol] was tested alone and in various combinations of two or three preservatives together. The preservatives were tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and possible synergy using fractional inhibitory concentration. MCI/MI was the only preservative showing low‐level MIC against all four tested microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Different combinations of the preservatives indicated additive effects against the microorganisms. No combination of preservatives showed any inhibitory action on each other. Challenge tests with different concentrations and combinations were performed in a cosmetic cream. Diazolidinyl urea and MCI/MI alone were ineffective against C. albicans in a challenge test at concentrations up to 16 times higher than the observed MIC values. When combining phenoxyethanol with either one of the allergenic preservatives diazolidinyl urea, MCI/MI or MI, the cosmetic cream was adequately preserved at concentrations well below the preservatives’ MIC values as well as 10–20 times below the maximum permitted concentrations. By using combinations of preservatives, effective preservation can be achieved with lower concentrations of allergenic preservatives.
Efficacy of a piroctone olamine/climbazol shampoo in comparison with a zinc pyrithione shampoo in subjects with moderate to severe dandruff
Authors: Schmidt‐Rose T. , Braren S. , Fölster H. , Hillemann T. , Oltrogge B. , Philipp P. , Weets G. , Fey S.
Published: January 2011

Synopsis

Dandruff is a chronic scalp disorder characterized by scaling and itching. A successful anti‐dandruff shampoo not only has to provide superior anti‐dandruff relief to ensure patient compliance. It also needs to offer excellent cosmetic and hair conditioning benefits at the same time. In this study, the efficacy of a shampoo containing 0.5% piroctone olamine and 0.45% climbazole (shampoo 1) was compared with a widely available commercial shampoo containing 1% zinc pyrithione (shampoo 2). In vitro studies investigating the anti‐mycotic efficacy of a combination of 0.5% piroctone olamine and 0.45% climbazole as well as 1% zinc pyrithione were performed. To study substantivity, pig skin punches were used as a model system and a test of wet combability was performed to characterize combing ease. In vivo home‐in‐use studies were carried out to determine the efficacy of both shampoos to improve scalp condition and reduce itching in subjects suffering from moderate to severe dandruff. Results demonstrated a comparable anti‐fungal effectiveness for 0.5% piroctone olamine plus 0.45% climbazole and 1% zinc pyrithione, respectively. Shampoo 1 showed a significantly higher anti‐mycotics substantivity compared to shampoo 2. After treatment with shampoo 1, the wet combing force was significantly reduced compared with shampoo 2, suggesting a better combability following the use of shampoo 1. In an in vivo split head design study, shampoo 1 was shown to be equally effective in reducing the amount of dandruff on the scalp compared with shampoo 2. The approval rate of volunteers regarding the question ‘The use of this shampoo decreases the itching of my scalp?’ after a 4‐week treatment with shampoo 1 equaled 90%. Overall, the shampoo formulation with 0.5% piroctone olamine and 0.45% climbazole effectively reduces the amount of dandruff and, at the same time, provides hair conditioning advantages.
Non‐attendance rate in a Danish University Clinic of Dermatology
Authors: Carlsen K.H. , Carlsen K.M. , Serup J.
Published: January 2011

Aim  To clarify the rate of non‐attendance (NA) in an out‐patient clinic.

Methods  Attendance lists of 3592 patients were collected daily from 21 July–21 August and 21 October–21 November, 2009. NA patients were contacted to determine extenuations. To study NA in relation to diagnosis and age, a control group of patients who attended before or after a NA was established. Furthermore, two time periods from 8:00–11:30 am and 11:30 am–3:00 pm were compared.

Results  In total, 13% NA gave no cancellation (54.2% females and 45.8% males). Divided into age groups, 496 patients 0–25 years old had appointments, but 87 (18.6%) showed NA. In the 26–65 years old, 2188 patients were planned, but 313 (14.1%) showed NA. Over 65 years old, 878 patients were planned, but 69 patients (7.9%) showed NA. NA was higher (P < 0.05) in patients 0–25 years old in comparison with the other age groups. Diagnoses had no influence on the rate of NA (P > 0.05), neither had seasons nor time of the day. The main explanations reported by the NA were: forgetfulness (34.3%), erroneous scheduling (27.7%) and various reasons (38.0%). However, 18.5% had shown NA before while 17.1% were NA first timers.

Conclusion  The NA rate 13% of 3592 patients was mostly patient‐related. Erroneous scheduling was estimated to be 3.6%. NA was more frequent among young patients. NA rate is small in comparison with non‐adherence to medicines, however, of major practical and economic consequence for the health system. SMS or e‐mail notification and improved scheduling are potential actions to improve NA in the routine.
‘Our Journey Through Time’: an oral history project carried out by young people with learning disabilities
Authors: Bentley Sarah , Nicholls Rickie , Price Maxine , Wilkinson Aaron , Purcell Matthew , Woodhall Martin , Walmsley Jan
Published: January 2011

Accessible summary

 This paper is about an oral history project to find out about long‐stay hospitals in their local area carried out by a group of young people with learning disabilities.

 It describes how they went about the project and made a film, and what they learnt through doing it.

We are five young people with learning disabilities who found out about the history of hospitals for people with learning disabilities in our area, and made a film about the project. The project taught us what life had been like for some people with learning disabilities only 30 years ago. It was very different to our lives; we have more choice, more freedom and more opportunities. As part of the project, we learnt how to ask questions, to listen, to record information and to produce a film.
Sketching the first 45 years of the journal Psychophysiology (1964–2008): A co‐word‐based analysis
Authors: Viedma‐Del‐Jesus Maria Isabel , Perakakis Pandelis , Muñoz Miguel Ángel , López‐Herrera Antonio Gabriel , Vila Jaime
Published: January 2011

This article presents a keyword‐based bibliometric study of the thematic evolution of the journal Psychophysiology since its first publication in 1964 until 2008. Bibliometric maps showing the most relevant associations among the main topics treated by the journal are provided separately for the periods 1964–1978, 1979–1988, 1989–1998, and 1999–2008. These maps offer insight into the conceptual structure of psychophysiology as a research discipline and help to visualize the division of the field into several interconnected subfields. Bibliometric maps created by co‐word analysis can be used by both experts and novices to understand the current state of the art of a scientific field and to predict where future research could lead.
Effects of competitive pressure on expert performance: Underlying psychological, physiological, and kinematic mechanisms
Authors: Cooke Andrew , Kavussanu Maria , McIntyre David , Boardley Ian D. , Ring Christopher
Published: January 2011

Although it is well established that performance is influenced by competitive pressure, our understanding of the mechanisms which underlie the pressure–performance relationship is limited. The current experiment examined mediators of the relationship between competitive pressure and motor skill performance of experts. Psychological, physiological, and kinematic responses to three levels of competitive pressure were measured in 50 expert golfers, during a golf putting task. Elevated competitive pressure increased putting accuracy, anxiety, effort, and heart rate, but decreased grip force. Quadratic effects of pressure were noted for self‐reported conscious processing and impact velocity. Mediation analyses revealed that effort and heart rate partially mediated improved performance. The findings indicate that competitive pressure elicits effects on expert performance through both psychological and physiological pathways.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome in a Neonate
Authors: BHAT MUSHTAQ AHMAD , KAWOOSA MASSARAT SULTANA , BHAT JAVEED IQBAL , ALI SYED WAJID
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Antiphospholipid syndrome presenting in the neonatal period is very rare. Although antiphospholipid antibodies from mothers with antiphospholipid syndrome can cross the placenta and put their neonates at risk, the occurrence of thrombotic complications in these neonates is uncommon. We present a 10‐day‐old neonate who developed Klebsiella sepsis with arterial gangrene of the left lower limb. Investigations revealed thrombosis of the left femoral artery with both the mother and the neonate positive for antiphospholipid antibodies. In conclusion, passive transfer of antiphospholipid antibodies from mothers to their offspring can be associated with significant complication in the presence of secondary risk factors.
Familial Annular Erythema—A Rare Dermatology Diagnosis
Authors: WILLIAMS CHRISTINA , MERCHANT WILLIAM J. , CLARK SHEILA M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  We report the second case of autosomal dominant familial annular erythema since its original description in 1966 by Beare et al. A three and a half‐year‐old boy presented at five days of age with a widespread annular urticated erythematous rash which has persisted despite treatment with various antihistamines and mast‐cell stabilizers. His mother reports an identical eruption with an absence of systemic symptoms.
Disseminated Congenital Comedones
Authors: VANO‐GALVAN SERGIO , HERNÁNDEZ‐MARTÍN ANGELA , COLMENERO ISABEL , TORRELO ANTONIO
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  A 3‐month‐old boy with congenital and extensive skin comedones without any other extracutaneous manifestations is reported. This patient does not fit with other reported disorders of congenital or childhood extensive comedones, such as nevus comedonicus, familial dyskeratotic comedones, idiopathic disseminated comedones, childhood flexural comedones, and acne neonatorum.
Linear Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum: An Unusual Location
Authors: PAHWA POOJA , KAUSHAL SEEMA , GUPTA SOMESH , KHAITAN BINOD K , SHARMA VINOD K , SETHURAMAN GOMATHY
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Syringocystadenoma papilliferum is a rare benign adnexal skin tumor of apocrine or eccrine glands. We report here an 18‐year‐old girl who had linear syringocystadenoma papilliferum in the pubic region, which is very rare.
Improvement of Nonbullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma Following Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: GREEN JULIE S. , DONOVAN THOMAS , SIEGFRIED ELAINE C.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:   We report the case of a child with congenital nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma on long‐term isotretinoin who developed progressively worsening ichthyosis along with recurrent bouts of sinusitis. Endoscopic sinus surgery revealed osteophytes, most likely an isotretinoin‐related adverse event, and post operatively the patient’s sinus disease and skin disease both dramatically improved. This case represents the first report, to our knowledge, of ichthyosis improving after endoscopic sinus surgery.
Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumor with Molecular and Cytogenetic Analysis
Authors: Leclerc‐Mercier Stéphanie , Pedeutour Florence , Fabas Thibault , Glorion Christophe , Brousse Nicole , Fraitag Sylvie
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  A child with plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor is presented, in whom a superficial biopsy was misdiagnosed as an inflammatory granuloma. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a 46,X,del(X)(q13)[3]/46,XX[23] karyotype. However, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array‐comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis failed to detect any numerical or quantitative genomic anomaly. Because of lack of specific chromosomal hallmarks, a molecular diagnosis of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor with the currently available tools is not reliable.
A New Method for In Vivo Visualization of Vessel Remodeling Using a Near‐Infrared Dye
Authors: BILLAUD MARIE , ROSS JEREMY A. , GREYSON MARK A. , BRUCE ANTHONY C. , SEAMAN SCOTT A. , HEBERLEIN KATHERINE R. , HAN JENNY , BEST ANGELA K. , PEIRCE SHAYN M. , ISAKSON BRANT E.
Published: January 2011

Please cite this paper as: Billaud, Ross, Greyson, Bruce, Seaman, Heberlein, Han, Best, Peirce and Isakson (2011). A New Method for In Vivo Visualization of Vessel Remodeling Using a Near‐Infrared Dye. Microcirculation 18(3), 163–171.

Objectives:  Vascular obstructive events can be partially compensated for by remodeling processes that increase vessel diameter and collateral tortuosity. However, methods for visualizing remodeling events in vivo and with temporal comparisons from the same animal remain elusive.

Methods:  Using a novel infrared conjugated polyethylene glycol dye, we investigated the possibility of intravital vascular imaging of the mouse ear before and after ligation of the primary feeder artery. For comparison, we used two different mouse models known to have impaired vascular remodeling after ligation (i.e., aged and PAI‐1−/− mice). The results obtained with the infrared dye were confirmed using immunofluorescence labeling of the ear microvasculature with confocal microscopy.

Results:  After ligation, increases in vessel diameter (between 10% and 60%) and tortuosity (approximately 15%) were observed in C57Bl/6 mice using both the infrared dye and the immunofluorescence technique. However, aged C57Bl/6 and PAI‐1−/− mice did not show vascular remodeling following ligation.

Conclusions:  Vascular remodeling can be visualized and accurately quantified using a new infrared dye in vivo. This analysis technique could be generally employed for quantitative investigations of changes in vascular remodeling.
Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry of Triacylglycerols and Other Components in Fingermark Samples*
Authors: Emerson Beth , Gidden Jennifer , Lay Jackson O. , Durham Bill
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The chemical composition of fingermarks could potentially be important for determining investigative leads, placing individuals at the time of a crime, and has applications as biomarkers of disease. Fingermark samples containing triacylglycerols (TAGs) and other components were analyzed using laser desorption/ionization (LDI) time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS). Only LDI appeared to be useful for this application while conventional matrix‐assisted LDI‐TOF MS was not. Tandem MS was used to identify/confirm selected TAGs. A limited gender comparison, based on a simple t‐distribution and peaks intensities, indicated that two TAGs showed gender specificity at the 95% confidence level and two others at 97.5% confidence. Because gender‐related TAGs differences were most often close to the standard deviation of the measurements, the majority of the TAGs showed no gender specificity. Thus, LDI‐TOF MS is not a reliable indicator of gender based on fingermark analysis. Cosmetic ingredients present in some samples were identified.
Fatal Accidental Hanging by a High‐chair Waist Strap in a 2‐Year‐old Girl
Authors: Souheil Mlayeh , Audrey Farrugia , Anny Geraut , Sebastien Raul J. , Bertrand Ludes
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  High chairs are commonly used to feed children after 6 months. Related injuries are oftentime minor and rarely leading to death. We describe a case of a 2‐year‐old female child who used to jump alone on her high chair and also had the habit to fasten the straps by herself. Her mother found her hanging by the waist straps. A thorough investigation showed that she climbed her high chair and fastened the waist straps but not the crotch one. The girl slid down into the seat, trapping her neck in the waist straps and thus resulting in hanging. Inhere, we concluded that the victim’s death was caused by asphyxia, itself, caused by accidental hanging. The present case is of a special interest because of the rare similar cases reported. This case suggests that a correct restraint use and a close supervision would have prevented such a fatal issue.
A Re‐examination of Cremains Weight: Sex and Age Variation in a Northern California Sample*
Authors: Van Deest Traci L. , Murad Turhon A. , Bartelink Eric J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The reduction of modern commercially cremated remains into a fine powder negates the use of traditional methods of skeletal analysis. The literature on the use of cremains weight for estimating aspects of the biologic profile is limited, often with conflicting results. This study re‐evaluates the value of weight in the assessment of biologic parameters from modern cremated remains. A sample of adults was collected in northern California (n = 756), with a cremains weight averaging 2737.1 g. Males were significantly heavier than females ( = 3233.2 g versus  = 2238.3 g, respectively; p < 0.001). Comparison of this sample with other previously reported samples from southern California, Florida, and Tennessee indicates a consistent sex difference, with the most similar mean values to the Tennessee study. Although cremains weight decreases with age as expected, the relationship is weak; thus, cremains weight cannot accurately predict age‐at‐death. While sex estimation shows considerable accuracy (86.3% for males and 80.9% for females), sectioning points may be population specific.
The Utility of Polyester and Cotton as Swabbing Substrates for the Removal of Cellular Material from Surfaces*
Authors: Mulligan Christina M. , Kaufman Stacie R. , Quarino Lawrence
Published: January 2011

Abstract: Various types of cotton and polyester fabrics were tested to ascertain the optimal physical and chemical characteristics of fabrics needed for the removal of cellular material from surfaces. DNA quantitation values obtained on dried saliva stains showed no difference between cotton and polyester across all constructions and solvent conditions. Fabrics used dry and with water yielded higher quantitation values than those used with isopropanol. Quantitation values were also higher for wovens and nonwovens than knits across all solvent conditions. Low thread count fabrics used with water yielded higher quantitation values, but no correlation between thread count and quantitation values was observed with dry fabrics. A low thread count woven fabric, however, outperformed other tested fabrics when swabbing object surfaces in a highly used room. Full DNA profiles from fingerprints on glass surfaces were obtained with low thread count woven and nonwoven fabrics but not with the knit fabric tested.
Application of Three Spectrometric Methods to Total Selenium Determination in Postmortem Material in a Case of Acute Selenium Compound Poisoning
Authors: Wietecha‐Posłuszny Renata , Lech Teresa , Kościelniak Paweł
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Three spectrometric methods, that is, spectrofluorimetry (SF), atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (ET‐AAS), and atomic fluorescence spectrometry with hydride generation (HG‐AFS) were used for the determination of total selenium in biological samples taken from postmortem material in a case of acute selenium compound poisoning. The precision of the SF, ET‐AAS, and HG‐AFS methods (RSD, n = 10) was found to be in the ranges of 10.0–15.0, 3.0–6.0 and 1.0–1.5%, respectively, and the detection limit was 10.0, 4.0, and 0.1 μg/L of Se, respectively. In the case of HG‐AFS, the analytical procedure takes less time and is less laborious than the other methods considered. The obtained results show the usefulness of the HG‐AFS method as a supplementary analytical tool to the SF and ET‐AAS methods with respect to the determination of selenium as well as the possibility of using this method as a primary one in forensic toxicology practice.
Sudden Death Owing to Right Atrial Hemangioma*
Authors: Patel Junaid , Sheppard Mary N.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Primary cardiac tumors are rare, with an autopsy incidence of 0.03%. Seventy‐nine percent to 85% of primary cardiac tumors are benign, and of the benign tumors, cardiac hemangiomas account for 5–10% of cases. Most cardiac hemangiomas are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally at autopsy, or by echocardiography, computerized tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. We report a case of sudden death owing to cardiac hemangioma in a 22‐year‐old woman who collapsed while shopping and became unresponsive. The autopsy revealed a hemorrhagic mass on the surface of the right atrium which was infiltrating and replacing the wall of the right atrium; histopathological examination confirmed the tumor was a cavernous hemangioma. Fewer than 20 cases of right atrial cavernous hemangiomas have been reported in English literature, emphasizing the rarity of our case.
Ethical and Legal Consideration of Prisoner’s Hunger Strike in Serbia*
Authors: Alempijevic Djordje , Pavlekic Snezana , Jecmenica Dragan , Nedeljkov Aleksandra , Jankovic Milos
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Hunger strike of prisoners and detainees remains a major human rights and ethical issue for medical professionals. We are reporting on a case of a 48‐year‐old male sentenced prisoner, intravenous heroin user, who went on a hunger strike and died 15 days later. Throughout the fasting period, the prisoner, who was capable of decision making, refused any medical examination. Autopsy findings were not supporting prolonged starvation, while toxicology revealed benzodiazepines and opiates in blood and urine. Cause of death was given as “heroin intoxication” in keeping with detection of 6‐MAM. Legal and ethical issues pertinent to medical examination and treatment of prisoners on hunger strike are explored in accordance with legislation and professional ethical standards in Serbia. A recommendation for the best autopsy practice in deaths following hunger strike has been made.
Incidence and risk factors of fetal death in Norway: a case‐control study
Authors: HELGADOTTIR LINDA BJÖRK , SKJELDESTAD FINN EGIL , JACOBSEN ANNE FLEM , SANDSET PER MORTEN , JACOBSEN EVA‐MARIE
Published: January 2011

Objective. To estimate incidence and risk factors for intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) in a Norwegian study‐population applying two different control groups. Design. Case‐control study. Setting. Two university hospitals in Oslo, Norway, January 1990 through December 2003. Sample. The cases: 377 women with IUFD. Controls: 1) all women delivering at the study‐hospitals in the period (facility‐based), and 2) 1 215 women with live births at one study‐hospital in the period (selected). Methods. Information from cases and selected controls was collected from medical records. Data on facility‐based controls were provided by the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Data were analyzed using chi‐squared test and logistic regression. Main outcome measures. Incidence of IUFD and adjusted odds ratios of risk factors. Results. The incidence was 4.1/1 000 deliveries. Small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) and placental abruption were the strongest risk factors for IUFD. Hypertensive disorders were of low risk if not associated with SGA. Low to moderate risk factors were pre‐pregnancy diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, placenta previa, gestational diabetes, smoking and twin pregnancy. Advanced maternal age was significant when compared with facility‐based controls. Risk estimates pointed in the same direction independent of control‐group. Hypertension appeared overestimated when using facility‐based controls, whereas advanced age was underestimated in the analysis among selected controls. Conclusion. SGA has a strong association with IUFD, and the risk of hypertensive disorders is mediated through SGA. The other risk factors, except placental abruption, are of low prevalence and of limited importance in the prevention of a relatively low incidence, although dramatic, event like IUFD.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the clinical factors associated with the suicide of psychiatric in‐patients
Authors: Large M. , Smith G. , Sharma S. , Nielssen O. , Singh S. P.
Published: January 2011

Large M, Smith G, Sharma S, Nielssen O, Singh SP. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the clinical factors associated with the suicide of psychiatric in‐patients.

Objective:  To estimate the strength of the associations between the suicide of psychiatric in‐patients and demographic, historical, symptomatic, diagnostic and treatment factors.

Method:  A systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled studies of the suicide of psychiatric in‐patients including suicides while on approved or unapproved leave.

Results:  Factors that were significantly associated with in‐patient suicide included a history of deliberate self‐harm, hopelessness, feelings of guilt or inadequacy, depressed mood, suicidal ideas and a family history of suicide. Patients suffering from both schizophrenia and depressed mood appeared to be at particular risk. The association between suicidal ideas and in‐patient suicide was weak and did not reach statistical significance after a quantitative correction for publication bias. A high‐risk categorization as defined by a combination of retrospectively determined individual risk factors was strongly statistically associated with in‐patient suicide (OR = 10.9), with a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 85%.

Conclusion:  Despite the apparently strong association between high‐risk categorization and subsequent suicide, the low base rate of in‐patient suicide means that predictive value of a high‐risk categorization is below 2%. The development of safer hospital environments and improved systems of care are more likely to reduce the suicide of psychiatric in‐patients than risk assessment.
Instrumental analysis of the pattern of improvement and that of recurrence of melasma in Thai females treated with Kligman–Willis triple combination therapy: confirmation by using its two different formulae
Authors: Pratchyapruit Walaiorn , Vashrangsi Niramol , Sindhavananda Jirot , Tagami Hachiro
Published: January 2011

Background: Melasma is common among females. At present, its most reliable topical treatment is the Kligman–Willis formula.

Objectives: To evaluate objectively the pattern of pigmentation improvement and recurrence.

Methods: Thirty‐four Thai females with melasma showing similar lesions on both cheeks were randomly assigned to 8‐week daily treatment with either one of two different versions of the formula together with strict sun protection. They were objectively evaluated instrumentally with a Mexameter® every 2 weeks, and were followed up for the subsequent 40 weeks.

Results: Thirty of 34 subjects who completed their 8‐week treatment displayed a similar improvement pattern with either formulae. All expressed satisfaction with the results of the treatment. Instrumental evaluation detected that the pigmentation reached a nadir after 6 weeks, regardless of the formulae. Twenty‐one subjects, who were further followed up, exhibited mild relapse within 2 months after finishing the treatment. Yet, their pigmentation levels remained significantly lower than those before treatment. Both formulae increased transepidermal water loss and skin surface hydration during the treatment period.

Conclusion: Melasma in Thai females responded well to the Kligman–Willis formula. A relapse that was detected with the instrumental measurement after treatment discontinuation suggests the necessity to continue even intermittent treatment after attaining therapeutic success.
High Levels of Maternal Serum IL‐17 and Activin A in Pregnant Women Affected by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Torricelli Michela , Bellisai Francesca , Novembri Romina , Galeazzi Luna R. , Iuliano Annamaria , Voltolini Chiara , Spreafico Adriano , Galeazzi Mauro , Petraglia Felice
Published: January 2011

Citation  Torricelli M, Bellisai F, Novembri R, Galeazzi LR, Iuliano A, Voltolini C, Spreafico A, Galeazzi M, Petraglia F. High levels of maternal serum IL‐17 and activin A in pregnant women affected by systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 84–89

Problem  To evaluate changes of serum IL‐17, activin A, follistatin, and other cytokines during pregnancy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Method of study  A group of patients with SLE and controls were longitudinally studied, collecting a blood sample before and during three trimesters of pregnancy. Serum activin A, follistatin, IL‐17, IL‐6, IL‐10, and TNF‐α concentrations were evaluated by specific ELISA.

Results  Before pregnancy, while serum IL‐17, IL‐6, IL‐10, and TNF‐α resulted significantly higher in women with SLE (P < 0.001), activin A and follistatin were not changed. Serum IL‐17 concentrations were higher in SLE than in controls with no changes during pregnancy. IL‐6 increased in both groups, resulting higher in SLE than in controls only in the first trimester (P < 0.05). IL‐10 concentration in SLE increased during pregnancy resulting significantly higher than in controls (P < 0.01). TNF‐α levels were higher in SLE than in controls in third trimester (P < 0.01). Serum activin A levels in SLE were significantly higher than in controls (P < 0.001) at third trimester.

Conclusion  Women with SLE show increased secretions of activin A, IL‐17, IL‐6, IL‐10, and TNF‐α during gestation, with a different trend for the various cytokines. These data suggest that patients with SLE have a hyper‐reactive immune system, probably receiving a placental contribution.
The Role of the Demographic Transition in the Process of Urbanization
Authors: Dyson Tim
Published: January 2011

The next observation is, that … there are far more burials than christenings. This is plain…. From this single observation it will follow that London should have decreased in its people, the contrary whereof we see by its daily increase…. It is therefore certain that London is supplied with people from out of the country, whereby not only to repair the over‐plus difference of burials above‐mentioned, but likewise to increase its inhabitants—John Graunt,Natural and Political Observations made upon the Bills of Mortality.
α‐enolase: a promising therapeutic and diagnostic tumor target
Authors: Capello Michela , Ferri‐Borgogno Sammy , Cappello Paola , Novelli Francesco
Published: January 2011

α‐enolase (ENOA) is a metabolic enzyme involved in the synthesis of pyruvate. It also acts as a plasminogen receptor and thus mediates activation of plasmin and extracellular matrix degradation. In tumor cells, ΕΝΟΑ is upregulated and supports anaerobic proliferation (Warburg effect), it is expressed at the cell surface, where it promotes cancer invasion, and is subjected to a specific array of post‐translational modifications, namely acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation. Both ENOA overexpression and its post‐translational modifications could be of diagnostic and prognostic value in cancer. This review will discuss recent information on the biochemical, proteomics and immunological characterization of ENOA, particularly its ability to trigger a specific humoral and cellular immune response. In our opinion, this information can pave the way for effective new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies to counteract the growth of the most aggressive human disease.
Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Inhibits Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation
Authors: Mozar Anaïs , Louvet Loïc , Morlière Patrice , Godin Corinne , Boudot Cédric , Kamel Saïd , Drüeke Tilman B , Massy Ziad A
Published: January 2011

Uremic syndrome is attributed to the progressive retention of a large number of compounds, such as indoxyl sulfate, which under physiological conditions are excreted by the kidneys. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that uremic indoxyl sulfate concentrations induce a weak increase in the proliferation of both rat and human vascular aortic smooth muscle cells (hVASMC) after short term exposition to the toxin (i.e. 24 h). In the present study, we evaluated indoxyl sulfate effects on the proliferation of hVASMC at three different concentrations after long‐term exposure (seven days). In contrast to previously published studies, we observed a dose‐dependent and significant inhibitory effect of this toxin on hVASMC proliferation. We also demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate inhibits epidermal growth factor‐induced hVASMC proliferation after long‐term exposure. Indoxyl sulfate effects were associated with a dose‐dependent induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species and up‐regulation of p21 and p27 protein expression. Chronic exposure to indoxyl sulfate produces a significant inhibitory effect on hVASMC proliferation. The relevance of these findings must be evaluated by further studies, particularly in an in vivo setting.
Hybridized Design Concepts and Their Application to ERD Systems
Authors: Suthersan Suthan , Nelson Denice , Schnobrich Matthew
Published: January 2011

Optimization of large‐scale injection‐based remedial systems requires engineering to intentionally capitalize on the biological, chemical, and physical mechanisms that occur within and between the zones of reagent application. These types of systems can be called hybrid designs as they employ multiple processes to achieve remediation endpoints (Figure 1), resulting in optimized system performance and a reduction in the overall life‐cycle cost. While all remedial applications incorporate these mechanisms to some extent, the importance of each of these processes is magnified in large‐scale applications. This column discusses the dominant mechanisms responsible for mass reduction within both source and distal plume footprints, with a focus on the application of “Hybridized Design” for enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) systems.

Diagram showing the hybrid design approach which encompasses physical (sorption, advection, diffusion), chemical (mass flux, abiotic degradation) and biological (metabolic and cometabolic degradation) processes.

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Hippocampus, amygdala, and stress: interacting systems that affect susceptibility to addiction
Authors: Belujon Pauline , Grace Anthony A.
Published: January 2011

Stress is one of the major factors in drug abuse, particularly in relapse and drug‐seeking behavior. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions between stress and drug abuse are unclear. For many years, studies have focused on the role of the dopaminergic reward system in drug abuse. Our results, for example, show that increased dopaminergic activity is induced by drug sensitization and different stressors via potentiation of the ventral subiculum–nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway. Although the role of the norepinephrine (NE) system in stress is well known, its involvement in drug abuse has received less attention. This review explores the different mechanisms by which stressors can modulate the ventral subiculum–accumbens pathway, and how these modulations can induce alterations in the behavioral response to drug administration. In particular, we will focus on two main afferents to the NAc, the basolateral amygdala and the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus, and their interactions with the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system.
The history and current state of drug abuse in Japan
Authors: Wada Kiyoshi
Published: January 2011

Drug abuse in Japan began after World War II and has been characterized by three epidemics of methamphetamine abuse; in addition, solvent abuse has been prominent for a long time. Since 1995, with the beginning of the third epidemic of methamphetamine abuse, drug abuse or dependence in Japan changed, with a marked decrease in solvent abuse, stabilization of methamphetamine abuse, an increase in the abuse of such drugs as cannabis or 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (which do not have high potential of causing drug‐induced psychosis), and the emergence of designer drugs. Furthermore, the abuse of medical drugs such as Ritalin became a major issue in 2007. These changes reveal an increase in the abuse of drugs that do not as easily produce a psychotic state, underlain with a shift from personal conduct that leads to arrest to conduct that does not. Japan, therefore, needs to deal with drug abuse and dependence using not only a medical model, but also a criminal model as well.
Dye shift: a neglected source of genotyping error in molecular ecology
Authors: SUTTON JOLENE T. , ROBERTSON BRUCE C. , JAMIESON IAN G.
Published: January 2011

Molecular ecologists must be vigilant in detecting and accounting for genotyping error, yet potential errors stemming from dye‐induced mobility shift (dye shift) may be frequently neglected and largely unknown to researchers who employ 3‐primer systems with automated genotyping. When left uncorrected, dye shift can lead to mis‐scoring alleles and even to falsely calling new alleles if different dyes are used to genotype the same locus in subsequent reactions. When we used four different fluorophore labels from a standard dye set to genotype the same set of loci, differences in the resulting size estimates for a single allele ranged from 2.07 bp to 3.68 bp. The strongest effects were associated with the fluorophore PET, and relative degree of dye shift was inversely related to locus size. We found little evidence in the literature that dye shift is regularly accounted for in 3‐primer studies, despite knowledge of this phenomenon existing for over a decade. However, we did find some references to erroneous standard correction factors for the same set of dyes that we tested. We thus reiterate the need for strict quality control when attempting to reduce possible sources of genotyping error, and in cases where different dyes are applied to a single locus, perhaps mistakenly, we strongly discourage researchers from assuming generic correction patterns.
Deschampsia cespitosa and soil acidification: general and trait‐specific responses to acid and aluminium stress in a solution experiment
Authors: Göransson Pernilla , Falkengren‐Grerup Ursula , Andersson Stefan
Published: January 2011

Genetically based adaptation and phenotypic plasticity represent important means of coping with natural or human‐induced increases in soil acidity. In the present study, we examined the role of phenotypic plasticity in the grass Deschampsia cespitosa by testing for general and trait‐specific responses to acid and aluminium (Al) stress. We sampled tussocks (genets) from sites in southern Sweden differing in their exposure to acid deposition, and quantified the performance of each genet under low pH and high Al levels in a solution experiment using the length and biomass of both shoots and roots as response variables. In agreement with results from a previous solution experiment, the overall performance (expressed as total biomass) declined under acid and Al stress, and there was no evidence for local genetic adaptation with respect to acidity. Three Öland populations showed signs of being stimulated by high Al levels, despite originating from relatively basic soils. We observed a significant increase in root length under high Al levels and hypothesize that this response may be adaptive in the natural soil environment, allowing growing roots to “escape” patches of soil with toxic concentrations of this element. Our results for D. cespitosa indicate that phenotypic plasticity has the potential to mitigate the negative effects of soil acidity in this species.