bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
English Need Analysis for Mataram Children Forum in Mataram City
Authors: Haliza Alda Nurul , Wilian Sudirman , Farmasari Santi , Sujana I Made
Published: November 2023

As an international language, English has become highly important in supporting Mataram Children Forum (MCF) members' participation in raising children's voices at the national and international levels. However, there is no program that can help to develop their understanding of English skills. This research aims to find out the English levels and English needs of MCF members, the population of which were all members of the MCF while the samples are all the 15 active members with 3 additional samples from facilitators selected through a purposive sampling technique. All data were collected using triangulation techniques, including tests with the CEFR guideline, interviews, and questionnaires. They are then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively based on the data specifications. The research reveals that (i) the members’ level of English was still low (7% at the pre-beginner level, 47% at the beginner level, 33% at the elementary level, and 13% at the intermediate level); (ii) their basic need is to be able to communicate orally in order to participate in the fulfillment of children's rights; (iii) their desire is to be able to communicate and understand English not just for organizational purposes, but also to help them in achieving their future goals; (iv) they tend to have issues in English comprehension, particularly at speaking and listening skills, which limits their level of participation. Therefore, it is recommended that the MCF members make an English learning program that could help meets their needs and function in raising children voice.
Entrepreneurial Behavioral of Garlic Farmers in the Garlic Production Center Area, Sembalun District, East Lombok Regency
Authors: Maryati Sri , Danasari Idiatul Fitri , Sari Ni Made Wirastika , Supartiningsih Ni Luh Sri , Sjah Taslim
Published: November 2023

This study aims to identify and analysis of the entrepreneurial behaviour of garlic farmers as entrepreneurial farmers in the garlic production center area in Sembalun District, East Lombok Regency. This research was conducted in March–May 2023. The data used were primary data obtained through interviews with 80 farmers in Sembalun Bumbung and Sembalun Lawang Village; both locations were chosen because they were villages with the highest number of farmers, production, and garlic land area in Sembalun District. The analysis of the Entrepreneurial Behavioural Index (EBI) is carried out statistic descriptive using FAO ideas. It is classified into four components: Entrepreneurial Qualities, Entrepreneurial Competencies, Managerial Competencies, and Technical Competencies. The results showed that the entrepreneurial activities of garlic farmers in the national garlic production center area of Sembalun District, East Lombok Regency, were still dominated by low levels of entrepreneurial activity in the criteria of entrepreneurial qualities  (63.75%) and entrepreneurial competencies (51.25%). While the Managerial  Competencies criteria are at a high level (51.25%), and the Technical Competencies criteria are at a moderate level (51.25%). As consequences, training, farmers’ field schools, and extension services are still needed to improve the quality and competence of garlic farmers as a whole.
Mathematical Reasoning Ability and Mastery of Science Concepts in High School Students
Authors: Roslina Roslina , Apriana Evi , Armi Armi , Hakim Lukmanul , Andalia Nurlena
Published: November 2023

Mathematics arises because the human mind deals with ideas, processes and reasoning. The thought process carried out during science activities is a form of thinking called reasoning. In studying the concepts of Natural Sciences (IPA) requires two types of reasoning, namely deductive reasoning (deduction) and inductive reasoning (induction). Both types of reasoning help students think creatively, critically, analytically, meticulously and logically in dealing with everyday life problems. The purpose of this study is for students' ability to do mathematical reasoning, and examine the mastery of science concepts (Physics and Biology) in students of SMA Negeri Kodya Banda Aceh. The research method used is descriptive and correlational, to describe the ability of mathematical reasoning and mastery of science concepts (Physics and Biology). The subjects of the study population were all grade II students of SMA Negeri Kodya Banda Aceh. While the research sample subjects used were six classes from one of the Kodya State High Schools Banda Aceh which were determined purposively by the curriculum field. Research instrument to capture mathematical reasoning ability data using the Mathematical Reasoning Ability Test (TKPM). And mastery of the science concept using the Science Concept Mastery Test (TPKIPA) in the form of a description. As well as using the average value statistic ( ) and using the chi-squared formula (x2). The results of the study that mathematical reasoning skills in learning science concepts (Physics and Biology) on average are still in the category of lacking. The ability to reason mathematics has a high relationship with mastery of science concepts in high school students.
Effectiveness of The Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Jigsaw Learning Model on Students' Creative Thinking Skills: A- Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dewanto Dewanto , Wantu Hasyim Mahmud , Dwihapsari Yanurita , Santosa Tomi Apra , Agustina Ika
Published: November 2023

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Internet of Things (IoT)-based Jigsaw learning model on students' creative thinking skills. This research is meta-analysis research. The data sources in this study come from 19 national and international journals published in 2020-2023. Literature search process through Google Scholar, Eric, Springer, ScienceDirect, Sage journal, and ProQuest. Data collection techniques are direct observation and documentation through the journal database. Inclusion criteria are articles or proceedings indexed by SINTA and WOS. Research is in the form of experiments or quasi-experiments. Research is related to the Jigsaw and IoT learning models on students' creative thinking skills and has complete data to be able to calculate the effect size (ES). Data analysis is a quantitative analysis with the help of the JSAP application. The results showed that the average effect size (ES = 0.882) was very high dengan nilai p < 0.05. These findings explain that the Internet of Things (IoT)-based jigsaw learning model has a significant influence on students' creative thinking skills. Furthermore, the IoT-based jigsaw model helps teachers be more creative in conveying subject matter to students.
Analysis of Waste Management Processes Based on Peer Interaction
Authors: Agustina Haruki , Herdiansyah Herdis , Adinegoro Habibulloh
Published: November 2023

Peers advisory is important to help improving individual behavior, including waste-management and handling activities. The data analyzed in this study were derived from primary data collection on some populous provinces in Indonesia, along with waste-management problem. A survey has been conducted on more than 2,000 observations at individual level, gathered from 563 household to examine how social and education affect the probability of a person to follow correct waste-handling actions: put trash righteously. This study found that urban citizens in Indonesia are probably 1.7 times more likely to follow correct waste-handling actions, if they’re have been taught in environmental caring. This study also found that peers’ advice in terms of environmental caring will affect people 3.77 times more likely to put trash righteously. Overall, this study found that peer’s socialization environment is important in reshaping human’s behavior on handling wastes. In addition, good habits formed during childhood, and self-initiative behavior has not also been important enough to solve waste-handling problems.
Studies on the relative efficacies of a few chemical herbicides in the control of Spergula arvensis, L. and Oxalis latifolia HB&K., two important weeds of the Nilgiris
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, T.R NARAYANAN , D MEENAKSHISUNDARAM ,   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

Spergula arvensis E, commonly known as spurry and Oxalis latifolia HB&K, are the two major weeds of cultivated lands above 5,000 feet, on the Nilgiris. Spergula arvensis L, which was introduced from Europe in earlier years, is an annual, reproducing by seeds produced in abundance. Oxalis latifolia HB&K, a native of Mexico, has spread in many places of the Nilgiris as a troublesome weed. It is a perennial with underground bulbs, by means of which it is able to reproduce and persist in the field for a long time. These two species have now become the most predominant and pernicious of the weed population found in potato fields. Trials were conducted for the control of these weeds with chemical herbicides at the Agricultural Research Station, Nanjanad and the results are presented in this paper.
Studies on Drought Resistance in Rice Part II
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, K RAJAGOPALAN
Published: November 2023

Considerable work has been done on the physiology of drought resistance in crop plants. Most of the work, however, represents attempts to find some simple index of measuring drought resistance by means of easily observable anatomical or physiological characters. Studies of such physiological characters as water requirement, transpiration rates, bound water content, osmotic pressure and water balance are some of the popular aspects of approach to the problem of drought resistance. Among these characters, osmotic pressure and transpiration rate have been studied in great detail by many workers. Root studies have not received adequate attention owing to the difficulty in studying this underground part of the plant. The present studies relate to the above three characters in rice varieties which differ in their degree of drought resistance.
Some Agronomic Experiments with Unirrigated Desi' Cotton at the Agricultural Research Station, Kovilpatti from 1901 to 1949
Authors:   Madras Agricultural Department, L NE LAKANTAN , V.D GURUSWAMY RAJA ,   Madras Agricultural Department
Published: November 2023

The Agricultural Research Station, Kovilpatti was opened in 1901. Among the various activities of this Station, breeding and agronomic experiments on the indigenous desi cotton known as Tinnevellies or Karunganni formed an important programme of work. Breeding investigations came to be intensified in 1949 under a special scheme financed by the Indian Central Cotton Committee. This work is in progress. The results of a large number of agronomic experiments concluded during the period 1901 to 1949 are summarised in this paper in order to serve as a guide to future investigations on problems of agronomical importance. The results are classified under the following sections.
Eugenia jambolana plant is subject to the attack by a number of insect pests. Padmanabha Aiyar (1942) noted three major caterpillar pests namely Bombetelia delatrix Quen, Argypoploce mormopa Meyrick and Thalassodes flavifusata Wlk., doing extensive damage to Eugenia in Travancore. "Ananthanarayanan and Venugopal (1954) recorded observations on five important pests on this crop including this geometrid for the first time in South India. Thalassodes flavifusta, W. is, beautiful geometriad moth and has a wider distri- bution in India, Sikkim, Ceylon, Java and Borneo. The following is a brief account on its bionomics and control of this interesting insect.
Authors:   Entomology Section,Agricultural College and Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003, S VENUGOPAL
Published: November 2023

Eugenia jambolana plant is subject to the attack by a number of insect pests. Padmanabha Aiyar (1942) noted three major caterpillar pests namely Bombetelia delatrix Quen, Argypoploce mormopa Meyrick and Thalassodes flavifusata Wlk., doing extensive damage to Eugenia in Travancore. "Ananthanarayanan and Venugopal (1954) recorded observations on five important pests on this crop including this geometrid for the first time in South India. Thalassodes flavifusta, W. is, beautiful geometriad moth and has a wider distri- bution in India, Sikkim, Ceylon, Java and Borneo. The following is a brief account on its bionomics and control of this interesting insect.
A Brief Review of the Progress in the Utilisation of Wild Species of Gossypium for the Improvement Cultivated Cottons in Madras
Authors:   Madras Agricultural Department, V SANTHANAM
Published: November 2023

The genus Gossypium L. comprises of twenty different species falling under two distinct cytological groups viz., those with 2n=26 chromosomes and others with 2n=52. The cultivated cottons of the world belong to only one or other of four species of Gossypium viz., hirsutum and barbadense in the American group (2n=52) and arboreum and herbaceum in the Asiatic group (2n=26). There are nearly sixteen other related wild species in existence and some of these are known to possess very useful characters like lint fineness, fibre strength, resistance to drought, pests and diseases etc. The role of these wild species as sources of new genes for desirable characters that can be transferred to cultivated cottons has been increasingly recognised in recent times.
Some Important Caterpillar Pests of Madras State
Authors:   Madras Agricultural Department, S VENUGOPAL
Published: November 2023

Insects, as a group, are more injurious than beneficial to mankind. Imms (1947), has recorded seven lakhs of species of insects of which about ten thousand are known to be injurious, affecting plants and of these about five hundred are major pests. In South India alone, Ramakrishna Iyer (1932) has recorded under various families, two hundred forms causing considerable damage to the cultivated crops in some form or other. Unlike many other groups, the members of this order, with few rare exceptions, are herbivorous vertable pests during the larval stage. The larval stage is familiarly known as caterpillars. The large majority are external feeders but a good number, work unseen inside plant tissue. In a large number of cases, the plant may be disfigured, the foliage reduced considerably or the growth of the plant ratarded. Some- times the evidence of damage is seen in the form of castings on the leaves, bore-holes, scrapings, cut-ends of the leaf, fluffy secretions on the stem and dead hearts.
Cost and Economics of Bench Terracing
Authors:   Asst Soil Conservation Officer, Govt of India Soil Con Res.., Taining Centre Ootachamund, S NARAYANASWAMY , C.R SHANMUGHAM ,   Asst Agri.., Eng., State Soil Conservation Scheme Ootachamund
Published: November 2023

Bench terracing is the process by which a series of platforms is constructed across the slope of a land, at suitable interval separated by "risers" or nearly vertical cut faces. These, in effect, break up the long slope into a set of steps or platforms; and as such function effectively as a measure to control erosion and conserve soil and moisture. This method is generally adopted for irrigated fields situated on sloping terrain; elsewhere in hilly country, on, slopes steeper than 15% where area avilable for cultivation is scarce and soil conditions are favourable and where it is economical to have these measures for soil conservation.
Chilean Nitrate as a Fertilizer for Ragi (Eleusine coracana)
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, M RAYAPPA PILLAI , G PURUSHOTHAMAN ,   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

Chilean nitrate, according to the Nitrate Corporation of Chile, London, is a natural fertilizer obtained from the mineral deposits of Northern Chile. Its special properties are attributed to the natural blending of plant nutrients. Chilean nitrate contains 16 percent nitrogen in the nitrate form, directly assimilable by the roots of plants. It is most efficient as a top dressing dissolving rapidly into the soil and providing the crop with immediately available nitrogen. The effect is maintained during the entire growing period and is often seen on the subsequent crops. Owing to its natural stability, Chilean nitrate, is unaffected by soil conditions and is not subject to any loss of nitrogen by volatilization. It increases the activities of microorganisms in the soil and therefore has special value where conditions of reduced bacterial action prevail as a result of high temperature. The availability of phosphates in the soil is increased by the use of Chilean nitrate. It also conserves soil calcium and prevents acidification. The supplementary action of sodium improves the vigour of plants giving them strength to withstand attacks of pests and disease. Chilean nitrate also decreases wilting in hot dry weather.
A Monosome in Rice
Authors:   Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753 006., D.V SESHU , T VENKATASWAMY ,   Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753 006.
Published: November 2023

Cytogenetics of rice and rice hybrids has not been fully studied inspite of its economic importance. One field of study is hybrid sterility. It is well established that hybrids between indica and japonica sub-species of rice show varying degrees of sterility and also that by normal selection fertile types can be secured in the progeny. The occurrence of semi-sterility in hybrids between plants of the same species namely O. sativa L. is of theoretical interest and hence a detailed study of the nature of this sterility has been undertaken at the Central Rice Research Institute. During such a study it was found that the hybrids between indica and japonica varieties are a good source of chromosome variability and an instance of such a variant-secured from hybrid progenies is given below. The mode of origin of such variants is inferred to be caused by the cryptic chromosomal structural differences present in the sub-species affecting the meiotic mechanism thus resulting in chromosome variability in later generations. A study of such chromosome variations would be of use in interpreting differences between the indica and japonica sub-species and also in tracing the evolution of cultivated rice. The variants may also have use in rice breeding, for it is well known that aneuploids have been successfully used in other crop plants like wheat (Sears 1953 and Sikka et al., 1956) and tobacco (Cluusen and Cameron 1944).
Development of Callosobruchus chinensis in Certain Vegetable Seeds
Authors:   Division Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi 110012, B.K SRIVASTAVA , S.K BHATIA ,   Division Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi 110012
Published: November 2023

Unlike other insects associated with stored grains and seeds, the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis is rather specific in its food habits. The natural hosts of this species have been listed by Chittenden (1898), Lefroy (1909), Fletcher (1914), Rao (1917), Fletcher and Ghosh (1919), Black (1922), Ghosh (1937) and Pruthi and Singh (1950). In India it has been found to feed only on a particular group of host seeds belonging to the Natural Order Leguminosae. During surveys of insect pests of vegetable seeds in stores and certification of the vegetable seed samples, this pest has been intercepted from almost every kind of the important leguminous vegetable seeds. It was observed that this beetle laid eggs freely in. all such seeds but its further development in these seeds was not uniform, which was also noticed by Ghosh (1937). In some, it developed very fast while in others it could hardly subsist and even died without entering the seed.
The Control of the Rice Mealy Bug-Ripersia Oryzae Gr-in the Tanjore Delta of the Madras State
Authors:   Entomology Section,Agricultural College Coimbatore  641 003, K.P ANANTANARAYANAN , E.V ABRAHAM ,   Entomology Section,Agricultural College Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

Mealy bugs and scales are serious pets on culti- vated crops-The mealy bug Ripersia Oryzae Gris responsible for the malady popularly known as "soorai" on paddy in the Madras State. It is widely distributed in the Madras State and has been noted in Tanjore, South Arcot, Tiruchirappalli, Coimbatore, and Malabar districts. It occurs in a fairly severe form more often in the Tanjore delta than in other tracts.
Note on the Liberation of Hydrogen Sulphide in Submerged Paddy Soils
Authors:   Chemistry Section, Agricultural College Coimbatore 641003, C.P NATARAJAN , T SESHAGIRI RAO ,   Chemistry Section, Agricultural College Coimbatore 641003, A MARIAKULANDAI ,   Chemistry Section, Agricultural College Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

Hydrogen sulphide is toxic to plants even in small puantities. It causes injury to the root cells and inhibits respiration. The toxicity is a function of the concentration and time of contact of H.S with the plant. The injury increases with time of exposure of the plant to the gas even in minute quantities (1. 2). The uptake of nutrients is vitally affected and Baba et al, (3) from their studies on the nutrition of rice showed that the absorption of some nutrients particularly potassium and silica and of water was decreased by the addition of H.S. As a result of similar studies, Mitsui et al, (4, 5) showed that passing HS through the culture solution at the rate of two bubbles a second for 30 minutes caused a market reduction in ion accumulation, water absorption and protein synthesis during the subsequent 23 hours. Ion uptake was roduced in the following order: P₂O5 KO Sio> NH2 MnO> HO> Mgo CaO. They concluded that the severe Helminthsporium root rot noticed in certain soils was a result of HS injury. The toxicity due to HS is believed to be the cause of the disease known locally in Japan as 'AKIOCHI or autumn disease which is prevalent in old sandy degraded soils (6). The subject has rightly received more than passing interest in Japan and detailed studies have been made there with reference to the conditions favouring HS toxicity and ameliora- tive mehods to be adopted to prevent the disease.
Studies on Weed control by Herbicides: Observations on the phytocidal action of chemical herbicides on some weeds in Madras State
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, T.R NARAYANAN , D MEENAKSHISUNDARAM ,   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

That growth-regulating substances have found wide use in the field of agriculture as weedkillers in recent years, revolutionising the method of eradication of weeds is too well known to need emphasis. Among the synthetic hormones, derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid such as 2, 4-D (2, 4-Dichloro-phenoxy acetic acid), MCPA (2-methyl 4-chloro phenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-Trichloro phenoxy acetic acid) have proved to be the most effective. Commercial preparations of these are available in various forms such as acids, mineral salts, organic salts or amines and esters under different trade names. Against broad-leaved weeds 2, 4-D and MCPA are the most commonly used hormone weedicides. There is no great difference between these two chemicals in their biological activity. 2, 4, 5-T is also closely allied to 2, 4-D and has been found very effective in killing shrubby weeds and woody plants. It finds use also as an arboricide for killing trees and tree stumps.
A Caution Against Possible Sterility Due to Vegetative Propagation in Horticultural and other Crops
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, J SAKHARAM RAO
Published: November 2023

Vegetative propagation is being adopted at present in many of horticultural and other crops. The primary object in adopting such vegetative methods, is to secure a homogeneous plant material of the parent. In the case of dioecious crops where fruits and seeds are required, it is particularly useful, as otherwise there is a chance of all the seed-raised plants turning out to be male plants that are of no use.
Millets in Ramanathapuram and Tirunelveli Districts with Special Reference to Spread of Strains
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, G Sri RAMABHADRAN , K Sri DIVAKARAN ,   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

The term "Millets" is a collective name for eight different cereals grown mostly under rainfed conditions.. The more important among them-Cholam, Cumbu and Ragi form the major millets and Samai, Varagu, Kudiraivali, Tenai and Panivaragu which are of lesser importance are called minor millets. The above mentioned cereals thrive in areas of low fertility and rainfall and form the staple food of the population in areas where they are extensively cultivated. Millets are also very important fodder crops and are grown practically in all the districts of the State, except in the heavy rainfall districts.
Soil Erosion Problems in the Nilgiris
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, S NARAYANASWAMY , N.D REGE ,   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

The Nilgiri district in the Madras State lies between latitude 11°-7' and 11°-40'N and longitude 76°-15" and 77° and has an area of 989 squire miles. It is bounded on the north and south by the rivers Moyar and Bhavani and by Coimbatore district on the east and Malabar-Wynaad on the west. The whole of the district has a very undulating topography with mostly very steep and long slope and was once covered with dense vegetation such as forest, grasses, bushes, etc. But the introduction of potato during the latter part of 19th century and leasing of Government lands for its cutivation led to extensive clearance of these areas. During the grow more food campagin, a large extent. was still further brought under potato cultivation through the extensive destruction of the protective cover. During the last 40 years the area brought under cultivation has practically doubled. At present more than 1,20,000 acres are being cultivated with semi-permanent and annual crops.
Curing Trials on Groundnu.
Authors:   Oilseed Section, Department of Agriculture Madras, C.R SESHADRI , M BHAVANISANKER RAO ,   Oilseed Section, Department of Agriculture Madras
Published: November 2023

Of the two million acres sown to groundnuts in the prosent Madras State nearly 90% of the area is in the rainfed season. Sowings are done in July August with the receipt of south west monsoon rains and the crop utilises both the monsoons for growth and development. Harvest synchronises with the declin- ing activity of the north east monsoon. Groundnut harvest. is a big problem to the cultivators as ideal conditions are obtained possibly once in a few years. Without adequate soil moisture harvests become costly and inefficient and in rare cases the crop is altogether abandoned. When continuous wet weather prevails harvests are no doubt easy but adequate drying facilities are lacking and invariably the quality is affected. The groundnut crop is valued primarily on its quality as may be seen from the fact that while good quality produce fetches Rs. 150/- per candy of 531 lb. to-day, poor quality produce is offered Rs. 90/- or even less per candy. Quality is mainly influenced by the stage of maturity and the post harvest handling of the produce.
Manuring Crops
Authors:   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, A Dr. MARIAKULANDAI
Published: November 2023

It was Dr. J. A. Voelcker, consulting Chemist, Royal Agricultural Society, who, in 1889, first recommended the use of fertilisers for India. At that time only ammonium sulphate, superphosphate and sodium nitrate were known. In 1909, the first permanent Manurial experiments in India were started at Coimbatore to compare the effects of N, P and K individually and and in combination with Farm Yard Manure. Later when the Council of Agricultural Research in India got interested in fertiliser studies, a number of manurial trials were initiated. At that time results had shown that nitrogen and organic matter responded to their use while response to phosphorus and potash were varying and conflicting. Meanwhile, the science of Statistics came to be well established as an adjunct to agricultural investigations and subsequent experiments on manures and fertilisers were laid out according to the requirements of this science. Many short term experiments to compare the effect of different forms of fertilisers were laid out throughout the country, particularly for the major crops like paddy, wheat, cotton and sugarcane.
The Soils of Madras-Part-III The Red Soils of Madras
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, P. K. R. MENON , A Dr. MARIAKULANDAI ,   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

In Part of I of the series (1) the distribution of the different soils in the state as a whole and in the various districts and taluks was described. In the second part (2) a fairly detailed description of the black soil of Madras was presented with data as to the mechanical composition, alkalinity, cation exchange properties and the fertility status of two of the important types. In the present paper the red soil of Madras including the red earths, lateritic and laterite soils are dealt with. The broad basis for the revenue classification of soils are colour and texture and all soils with red colour are put into one group irrespective of their mineralogical and chemical composition. However, from a consideration of their properties and composition the red soils can be subdivided into two main categories: (1) the red earth with Kaolinitie clay and (2) the lateritic and laterite soils with a preponderance of hydrous oxide clay. The red soil is the most important soil in Madras in respect of area. It occupies 19 million acres (63% of the total cultivable area) as compared with less than 6 million acres of black soil.
Quicker Methods in the Analysis of Variance
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, T.A GOVINDA IYER
Published: November 2023

The two simplest designs for field experiments: Completely Randomised and Randomised Block, are in use in the various Agricultural Research Stations of the State. The statistical analysis of experimental data arising from these designs are done by the well known "Analysis of Variance" method developed by R. A. Fisher. Use of this technique is straightforward and the whole analysis is easily done with the help of a calculating machine. The calculation of Sum of squares in this technique of analysis is much quickened by the use of a calculator. Unfortunately, in the absence of a calculating machine, the tedious calculations are done using Tables of Squares. The object of this paper is to place before the Research workers an alternative method which involves no calculation of "Sums of Squares" and consequently is quicker and less laborious.
Manuring Crops
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, A Dr. MARIAKULANDAI
Published: November 2023

Manurial experiments have been conducted during the past four decades on sugarcane in Madras State primarily in the Research Stations at Gudiyattam in North Arcot District and Palur in South Arcot District.
Modern Trends in Indian Agriculture with Reference to the Cultivation of Oilseed Crops
Authors:   Oilseed Specialist, Agricultural College Coimbatore, A Sri. ABDUL SAMAD
Published: November 2023

India is one of the major oilseeds producing countries in the world and it will not be incorrect to say that oilseeds occupy a very prominent place in the agricultural and industrial economy of the State. The all India acreage is 29-3 million with a production of 53 lakhs tons and the major oilseed crops viz. groundnut, gingellyand caster cover an area of 20.3 million acres, producing 40-5 lakhs tons. In the Madras State they are cultivated in an area of over 20 lakhs acres with an annual production of 8-23 lakhs tons. The area of coconut in India is 1.53 million acres the world acreage being 8-4 million. In this State it is grown in an area of 5'5 lakh acres, producing 1,200 million nuts.
Modern Trends in Fruit Preservation
Authors:   Assitant in Chemistry, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, S MALATHI DEVI
Published: November 2023

Although the subject for today's symposium is 'Modern, trends in Indian Agriculture', I shall confine myself to 'Modern trends in Fruit preservation'.
Modern Trends in Agriculture: Water use and Irrigation Problems
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, A.H SUBRAMANIA SARMA
Published: November 2023

Water and nutrients are more often the limiting factors in maintaining or improving crop production. The capacity of soil to hold water, the movement and subsequent release of this water by the soil and its ultimate use by the plant have all been subjects of intensive study by agricultural scientists and irrigation engineers for a long time. Naturally a peep into some of the problems in this soil plant-water relationships will be most proper in a sequence of discussions on Modern Trends in Agriculture.
Preliminary Studies on Raising Sesbania Speciosa for Green Manure in the Laterite Soils
Authors:   Chemistry Section, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, K.S NAIR , S VARADARAJAN ,   Chemistry Section, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, T RAJAGOPALA IYENGAR ,   Chemistry Section, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

The laterite soils of the West Coast are characterised by their low pH values, poor base status, and low availability of phosphoric acid, though they are well supplied with total phosphoric acid and nitrogen, as seen from the figures of analysis of a typical sample, given in table I. Besides, the soils are very porous lacking in humus and hence have a low moisture holding capacity. To raise their level of productivity it is necessary to build up their organic matter status, for which the best course open is by raising green manures. Sesbania speciosa, because of its performance everywhere was considered to be the best for this purpose. But preliminary studies, carried out in the laterite soils of Mangalore showed, that Sesbania speciosa did not produce good growth, and nodule formation was also poor even after inoculation of the seeds with the proper Rhizobia.
Price Spread of Cotton in the Tirupur Area
Authors:   Secretary, The Coimbatore Market Committe, Tirupur, K SRIRAMAN
Published: November 2023

Tirupur in Coimbatore district is a very important assembling centre for cotton. Mainly Cambodia and Karunganni are the two varieties marketed in this place. There are 26 ginning factories at Tirupur and nearly 32 kapas commission merchants housed within the regulated market at Tirupur market the bulk of the arrivals. The sales through the Co-operative Sales Society and the regulated market of the Coimbatore Market Committee are negligible. Nearly 2 lakhs pothis of kapas (280. lbs a pothi) arrive annually in the Tirupur market. The busy marketing season is from March to June. Hardly within 30 miles from Tirupur is situated the Coimbatore town-the "Manchester of South India" which bustles with industry, having 42 yarn and textile, mills. Hence the cotton assembled in the Tirupur area gets ginned at Tirupur and finds a ready sale for consumption in the mills at Coimbatore. The conditions for cotton trade are thus ideal with the producing, processing and consuming centres being so nearly situated. A study of the expenses incurred in marketing the cotton and the share each sector obtains from out of the sale proceeds, in such an important cotton growing and consuming area should be of great interest to the student of economics. The details of such a study are presented herein.
A Note on the Influence of Manuring on the Incidence of the Fulgorid-Nilaparvata lugens S on Paddy.
Authors:   Assitant in Entomology,Agricultural College and Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003, E.V ABRAHAM
Published: November 2023

Intensive application of manures and fertilisers is one of the chief methods of increasing crop yields. A close relationship between manuring and incidence of pests and diseases has been observed by research workers. The interesting observations made by the author on the influence of manuring on the incidence of the fulgorid-Nilaparvata lugens S on paddy are recorded in this note. The work done on this aspect in India is rather limited. Andrews (1923) remarks that nitrogenous manures should be used with caution. Dealing with the incidence of Helopeltis theivora W on tea, he mentions of a distinct reduction in damage by the bug with the application of potash to the soil. McCollach and Salmon (1923) conclude that silica applied in the form of sodium silicate wards off the Hessian fly-Mayetiola destructor S on wheat. Less (1926) and Evans (1938) mention that the reproduction of aphids is positively correlated with nitrogen and protein contents of the plant. Martin (1940) holds the view that increased applica- tion of nitrogenous manures creates favourable conditions for diseases and that plots not manured with potash are the first to be attacked by insects. Balasubramaniam and Kesava Iyengar (1950) have recorded that the application of groundnut cake and cattle manure has given rise to an increase in incidence of the cotton jassid - Empoasca devastens D.
Agricultural Research, Education and Extension as a Farmer Sees Them
Authors:   Retired Divisional Inspector of School, R.M SAVUR
Published: November 2023

Farmers and farming existed long before agricultural science was born or even conceived. For the first few decades after the birth of Agricultural science, scientists were merely engaged in finding out why and how certain farming practices worked. In the early stages, therefore, it was the farmers who led the scientist but not for very long. Very soon scientists took the lead and today they have far outstripped farmers and farming practices. However even today not infrequently a more successful practice is developed long before the causes of the improvement in results are discovered. For instance, take the successful practice evolved of placement of fertiliser below the seed or below and a little to either side of the seed. Why and how this works was discovered only several years later by plant physiologist using radio active phosphorus. In any science whatsoever but especially so in agriculture the dividing line between fundamental and applied research is so fine as almost to satisfy Euclid's definition of a line.
Integration of Agricultural Research, Education and Extension
Authors:   Agronomist and Professor of Agriculture, T NATARAJAN
Published: November 2023

The subject chosen for the symposium is appropriate on a memorable occasion as the celebration of the Golden Jubilee of the Agricultural Research Institute, Coimbatore. With several Research, training and Extension Schemes included in the Second Five Year Plan, it is desirable that the several aspects of Agricultural Science are properly co-ordinated for maximum effects. In all progressive countries research, teaching and extension aspects of Agriculture have been developed though to different degrees. In India also, most of the States now have Research Institutes, Agricultural Collges and Extension wings in their Agricul- tural Departments, though a few years back several states had Research and Extension only depending on neighbouring state for training of technical personnel or for results of research.
Integration of Agricultural Research, Education and Extension
Authors:   Government Entomologist ,Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, M BASHEER
Published: November 2023

Of late, when public agricultural opinion is full with questions relating to price and markets, work that is in progress in a modest manner at Agricultural Research Institute, is likely to be overlooked or at least regarded as of decidedly secondary importance. It is likely that the world is suffering from overproduction of certain commodities rather than from the reverse, and to that extent the efforts of science to remove the disabilities of the Agricultural production may be regarded as of less importance than efforts to recreate or rejuvenate markets for the sale of Agricultural produce.
Integration of Research, Education and Extension
Authors:   Administrative Officer, Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, R RATNAM
Published: November 2023

The views expressed in this note are made on my own responsibility. They do not represent the views of any of my official superiors nor do those officers stand committed in any manner through this note.
Research, Education and Propaganda in Relation to the Improvement of Chewing Variety of Tobacco in Madras State
Authors:   Super Intendent Agricultural University, Bhavanisagar 638 541 Tamilnadu., M RAYAPPA PILLAI , M CHARLES RATNASWAMY ,   Tobacco Assitant, Agricultural University, Bhavanisagar 638 541 Tamilnadu.
Published: November 2023

It is a recognised principle that to agricultural workers in all walks of life whether in the field or in the laboratory, the most essen- tial function is to help the cultivators to meet their needs. Researcli, education and propaganda in the field of agriculture have hitherto progressed in a co-ordinated manner in dealing with the problems of the cultivators. However, the chewing variety of tobaco is one which has not received due attention in Madras State until very recently. The object of the paper is to present and discuss the different problems which need such a co-ordinated effort of all concerned to impart practical knowledge to tobacco cultivators in the scientific method of cultivation.
Integration of Agricultural Research, Education and Propaganda
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, K KUPPAMUTHU
Published: November 2023

The subject for the conference symposium is "Integration of Agricultural Research, Education and Propaganda". Each one of the subject to be integrated is a vast one by itself under "Agriculture" and the integration of all into one will only solve the problems connected with Agriculture. Research in literal sense can be carried on but the results may not be of any practical use and such results of academical value cannot be integrated with Agricultural education and propaganda. Attempts in this line will result in failure only. Only such researches the results of which are of practical use can be integrated with the education, especially, Agricultural Education, which are to be transmitted to the cultivators through extension workers for achieving immediate results and to solve the present day food-problem.
La educación moderna: textos escolares y profesores normalistas en México
Authors:   Universidad Veracruzana, México, García García Ana María del Socorro , Arcos Chigo Julieta ,   Universidad Veracruzana, México
Published: November 2023

La etapa comprendida desde finales del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX, tuvo acontecimientos relevantes para la historia de México, sobre todo en el desarrollo social e intelectual del país, lo que permitió que profesoras y profesores, principales figuras de transformación, tuvieran entre sus ideas posrevolucionarias y su práctica docente, la clave para la construcción de una pedagogía moderna. A través de sus textos escolares, logramos identificar sus aspiraciones, reflexiones y compromiso para construir un proyecto educativo donde los textos escolares fueran un instrumento clave para formar a la niñez con un sentido de apropiación de su entorno, su conducta y su responsabilidad como futuro ciudadano. Estos objetos culturales no son solo atractivos por su diseño, tamaño e impresionantes imágenes sino también porque entre sus líneas observamos a este grupo de intelectuales del magisterio proveyendo de sentido el presente de ese momento. Este libro forma parte de la colección Historia de la educación en México, integrada por 5 volúmenes temáticos -distribuidos en 7 tomos- que dan cuenta de procesos, sucesos, instituciones y personajes que han forjado al sistema educativo en diferentes momentos y regiones del país. Su concepción no obedece a la intención de escribir “la historia de la educación en México”, sino que aspira a convertirse en una mirada –de otras tantas que puede haber- acerca de los temas que abordan. Cada volumen reúne a un importante número de autores con diferentes perfiles académicos y procedencia institucional, que dan como resultado un producto académico bien elaborado y con pluralidad de visiones, destinado a fortalecer los procesos de diálogo y enriquecimiento de nuestro campo investigativo.
Matrix-Material Fabrication Technique and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Banana Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Islam Nazrul , A Gafur M.
Published: November 2023

From the environmental consideration, it would be very interesting to use natural fibers such as banana, jute or coir as reinforcement materials instead of artificial fibers or any kind of synthetic materials. Natural fibers have many advantages over synthetic ones. Polypropylene banana fiber composites (PPBC) are prepared using untreated and alkalitreated banana fibers at 10-25% by weight of the fiber loading. The thermal properties of polypropylene natural fiber composites are very important for technological uses. Thermogravimetric measurements show that the incorporation of banana fiber into PP enhances the thermal stability of composites containing treated fibers, in comparison with untreated fibers. A composite of biodegradable polypropylene (PP) reinforced with short banana natural fibers was prepared by melt blending followed by a hot press molding system. The thermal properties of matrix materials were studied using thermogravimetric analyzers TGA units. It is observed that the introduction of short banana fibers slightly improved the thermo oxidative stability of PP-banana composites. Physical and chemical changes occurred through dehydration, phase transition, molecular orientation, crystallinity disruption, oxidation and decomposition, and incorporation of several functional groups. Systematic investigations of the thermal behavior of polymers in gas, vacuum or inert atmosphere give the knowledge of how change takes place in polymers. To understand such changes thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal analysis (TG) were performed. It is observed reinforcement of short banana fiber leads to little improvement in the thermooxidative stability of PPBC. Due to the enhancement of thermo-mechanical properties, such composites may be used as building materials namely roof materials, selling materials and many other engineering applications.
Design of ToF-Stereo Fusion Sensor System for 3D Spatial Scanning
Authors:   Korean Institute of Smart Media, Lee Yun Ju , Yoo Sun Kook
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we propose a ToF-Stereo fusion sensor system for 3D space scanning that increases the recognition rate of 3D objects, guarantees object detection quality, and is robust to the environment. The ToF-Stereo sensor fusion system uses a method of fusing the sensing values of the ToF sensor and the Stereo RGB sensor, and even if one sensor does not operate, the other sensor can be used to continuously detect an object. Since the quality of the ToF sensor and the Stereo RGB sensor varies depending on the sensing distance, sensing resolution, light reflectivity, and illuminance, a module that can adjust the function of the sensor based on reliability estimation is placed. The ToF-Stereo sensor fusion system combines the sensing values of the ToF sensor and the Stereo RGB sensor, estimates the reliability, and adjusts the function of the sensor according to the reliability to fuse the two sensing values, thereby improving the quality of the 3D space scan.