bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immobilization of Lipases – A Review. Part I: Enzyme Immobilization
Authors: Thangaraj Baskar , Solomon Pravin Raj
Published: October 2019

Free enzymes employed as biological catalysts have many advantages such as low reaction time, involving low energy and less waste output when compared to conventional chemical catalysts. However, commercial utilization of free enzymes is often hampered by the lack of operational stability, high cost, and non‐reusability. Immobilization of enzyme is an option to overcome these obstacles. Immobilized enzyme expresses stable performance in organic solvents even in adverse pH, which makes the biomolecules reusable and prosperous as a biological catalyst. Biological catalysis with immobilized enzymes is found to be an alternative method instead of chemical catalysis for chemical reactions in the foreseeable future. Sources of lipase, techniques in immobilization and cross‐linkers are dealt with in this paper.
Immobilization of Lipases – A Review. Part II: Carrier Materials
Authors: Thangaraj Baskar , Solomon Pravin Raj
Published: October 2019

Carriers used in the immobilization process play a major role in enhancing the properties of the biocatalyst. Polymers are used as organic carriers for enzyme immobilization to improve the thermal, chemical, and operational stability of the enzyme. A variety of carriers are used in the immobilization of enzymes, e.g., mica, silica, zeolites, hydrotalcites, activated carbon, gold and magnetic nanoparticles. Silica‐based carriers offer suitable matrices for enzyme immobilization to manufacture industrial products. Immobilization on nanoparticles has become attractive in biocatalytic applications due to the combination of physical, chemical, catalytic, electronic, and optical properties. Gold nanoparticles also have received attention in the preparation of biocatalysts due to the above‐mentioned reasons. Magnetic nanoparticles are used as a carrier since they can be isolated by an external magnetic field, which is of special interest in the synthesis of organic products such as biodiesel. Different carrier materials involved in the immobilization of enzymes are discussed in this paper.
Additive‐Free Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Xianhe , Tang Yumin , Yang Kun , Chen Peng , Guo Xugang
Published: October 2019

With the extensive research efforts paid over the past 30 years, the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) has been steadily improved from below 1 % to greater than 16 %. While fullerene derivatives have traditionally played a dominant role as acceptor materials in the first two decades, the distinctive advantages of non‐fullerene acceptors, such as tunable energy levels, broad absorption, and improved device stability, have rendered them as the mainstream acceptors in OSCs, recently. However, in most cases, processing additives are required for morphology optimization of the photoactive layer, and these additives usually possess high boiling point, which makes it difficult to remove them completely. The residual additives would accelerate performance deterioration, leading to poor device stability. Furthermore, the tedious optimization of additives complicates device fabrication and decreases performance reproducibility. In this review, we summarize the recent works based on non‐fullerene OSCs without using additives, affording insights into materials design and device fabrication for enabling highly efficient additive‐free non‐fullerene OSCs, which should be critical for the practical applications of OSCs.
Direct oxidation esterification of methacrolein with methanol: Oxygen vacancy promotion of Zr‐doped Au/CeO2 nanorods
Authors: Li Yuchao , Tian Yun , Zheng Yanxia , Ge Tingting , Fu Zhongjun , Jiao Tiantian , Wang Ming , Huang Haofei , Zuo Cuncun
Published: October 2019

A series of Zr‐doped CeO2 nanorods supported by Au nanoparticle catalysts with different morphologies were prepared for methyl methacrylate (MMA) synthesis via direct oxidation esterification of methacrolein (MAL) with methanol. Catalytic activities under mild conditions (0.3 MPa; 80°C) were evaluated in the kettle reactor. Different characterization methods, such as XRD, Raman, N2 adsorption, ICP, TEM, SEM, XPS, and H2‐TPR techniques, were applied to study the relationship between catalytic activity and structural characteristics, especially the form of Zr doped into the lattice of CeO2 and the promotion mechanism of selective oxidation. The influence of Au supported on Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 nanorods (Au/CZ‐R) was also discussed. The results exhibited that the highest catalytic activity for the oxidative esterification with a MAL conversion of 99% and a MMA selectivity of 74% was achieved. The MMA synthesis performance correlated well with the surface oxygen vacancies, in particular for the active oxygen species around the Au particles.
Efficient and Recyclable Cobalt(II)/Ionic Liquid Catalytic System for CO2 Conversion to Prepare 2‐Oxazolinones at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Zhou Zhi‐Hua , Chen Kai‐Hong , He Liang‐Nian
Published: October 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Converting CO2 into value‐added chemicals represents a promising way to alleviate the CO2 derived environmental issues, for which the development of catalysts with high efficiency and recyclability is very desirable. Herein, the catalytic system by combining cobalt source and ionic liquid (IL) has been developed as the efficacious and recyclable catalyst for the carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amine and CO2 to prepare 2‐oxazolinones. In this protocol, various propargylic amines were successfully transformed into the corresponding 2‐oxazolinones with CoBr2 and diethylimidazolium acetate ([EEIM][OAc]) as the catalyst under atmospheric CO2 pressure. It is worth noting that the turnover number (TON) of this transformation can be up to 1740, presumably being attributed to the cooperative effect of the cobalt and IL. Furthermore, the existence of IL enables the catalytic system to be easily recycled to 10 times without losing its activity.
A Polarity‐Sensitive Fluorescent Amino Acid and its Incorporation into Peptides for the Ratiometric Detection of Biomolecular Interactions
Authors: Yokoo Hidetomo , Kagechika Hiroyuki , Ohsaki Ayumi , Hirano Tomoya
Published: October 2019

A fluorescent amino acid containing our recently developed 1,5‐naphthyridin‐2(1H)‐one based‐ fluorophore, which is a structural component of the fluorescent natural compounds amarastelline A and nigakinone, has been developed. It has useful functions, that is, solvent‐polarity‐dependent change of fluorescence ratio at 370/480 nm and strong fluorescence in both aqueous solution and less polar organic solvents. To demonstrate its utility, it was incorporated into a C5 peptide with the aim of detecting the interaction of this peptide with calmodulin. As expected, the fluorescence ratio at 370/480 nm of the peptide was changed by the calmodulin only in the presence of Ca2+, thus indicating that the fluorescent peptide could sense the conformational change of calmodulin induced by Ca2+, followed by its interaction. These results also suggest that this fluorescent amino acid as well as its precursor, a succinimidyl ester, could be applicable for detecting various biomolecular interactions.
The Future of Precision Medicine
Authors: Verstegen Ruud H.J. , Ito Shinya
Published: October 2019

Precision medicine is an emerging framework to maximize therapeutic benefit by modifying the treatment for individual patients based on their variations in demographic, genomic, and environmental factors. In particular, “Pharmacogenomics” and “Therapeutic Drug Monitoring” are key elements of individualized drug treatment, staging Clinical Pharmacology at the forefront of precision medicine.
2D Sandwich‐Like α‐Zirconium Phosphate/Polypyrrole: Moderate Catalytic Activity and True Sulfur Confinement for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Liu Ye , Yan Wenjun , Zhang Wei , Kong Wei , Wang Zhongde , Hao Xiaogang , Guan Guoqing
Published: October 2019

Although lithium–sulfur batteries are promising environmentally friendly and low‐cost energy storage devices with high energy densities, many obstacles such as poor conductivity, volume expansion and the “shuttle effect” still limit their large‐scale commercialization. In this work, a 2D sandwich‐like α‐ZrP/polypyrrole (α‐ZrP/PPy) material with a nanosheet structure was designed as a sulfur host. The material can provide unique ion transfer channels for the rapid transfer of Li+ ions and catalytically promote the conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Moreover, the α‐ZrP nanosheets provides a true covalent anchor for sulfur species, whereas the PPy builds a physical barrier and forms a conductive network for accelerating the electron transport and promoting the electrochemical performance. In addition, the moderate catalytic activity and true sulfur confinement effect of α‐ZrP were confirmed by experiments and theoretical calculations. The α‐ZrP/PPy@S cathode exhibits a highly reversible capacity of 727.2 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 5 C, offering a novel cathode material for high performance Li–S batteries.
A Comparative Technoeconomic Analysis of Algal Thermochemical Conversion Technologies for Diluent Production
Authors: Kumar Mayank , Oyedun Adetoyese Olajire , Kumar Amit
Published: October 2019

Microalgae offer desirable attributes as a renewable feedstock. Herein, a technoeconomic assessment of using microalgae to produce chemicals (diluent) for bitumen transport is conducted. Two thermochemical technologies, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and fast pyrolysis, are analyzed for a plant of 2000 dry t day−1. A detailed process model is developed for the two thermochemical conversion technologies and used to perform a data‐intensive technoeconomic assessment to estimate diluent cost using biomass. The product values of diluents from HTL and pyrolysis are 1.60 ± 0.09 and 1.69 ± 0.11 $ L−1, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicates that product yield has the highest impact on product value, followed by the biomass cost. The effect of using industrial carbon dioxide in a situation where the producer pays to the algae conversion plant to avoid paying a carbon levy is assessed. For HTL and fast pyrolysis, diluent cost falls to 1.06 and 1.16 $ L−1, respectively, when carbon tax increases to 40 $ t−1. Herein, insights into the technoeconomic feasibility of producing chemicals from algal‐based thermochemical technologies are offered.
Recent Progress of All‐Bromide Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Tong Guoqing , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing
Published: October 2019

Inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted enormous attention during the past 5 years. Many advanced strategies and techniques have been developed for fabricating inorganic PSCs with improved efficiency and stability to realize commercial applications. CsPbBr3 is one of the representative materials of inorganic perovskites and has demonstrated excellent stability against thermal and high humidity environmental conditions. The power conversion efficiency of CsPbBr3‐based PSCs has increased significantly from 5.95% in 2015 to 10.91%, and the storage stability under moisture (≈80% relative humidity) and heat (≈80 °C) is more than 2000 h. The outstanding performance of CsPbBr3 PSCs shows great potential in light‐to‐electricity conversion applications. In this review, recent developments of CsPbBr3‐based PSCs including the physico‐chemical as well as optoelectronic properties, processing techniques for fabricating CsPbBr3 films, derivative phase structures, efficiency, and stability of devices are reviewed and discussed. Finally, the challenges and outlook of CsPbBr3 PSCs for future research directions are outlined.
Long‐term outcomes and toxicities of carbon‐ion radiotherapy in malignant tumors of the sphenoid sinus
Authors: Hagiwara Yasuhito , Koto Masashi , Bhattacharyya Tapesh , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Ikawa Hiroaki , Nemoto Kenji , Tsuji Hiroshi
Published: October 2019

Background

Most of the primary sphenoid sinus tumors present with locally advanced stages with involvement of adjacent critical structures and are not amenable to radical resection. We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carbon‐ion radiotherapy (C‐ion RT) for sphenoid sinus malignancies.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of 22 patients of primary sphenoid carcinomas treated with definitive C‐ion RT.

Results

Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common histology (15 patients, 68.2%). The median follow‐up of this cohort was 48.5 months. The actuarial local control and overall survival at 5 years were 51.0% and 62.7%, respectively. Grade 4 visual impairment and grade 4 brain necrosis were seen in six and one patient, respectively.

Conclusion

C‐ion RT can provide a reasonably good clinical outcome in locally advanced sphenoid sinus malignancies with a marginally higher late toxicity profile because of extremely close proximity of the target volume to critical structures.
Factors predicting for patient refusal of head and neck cancer therapy
Authors: Amini Arya , Verma Vivek , Li Richard , Vora Nayana , Kang Robert , Gernon Thomas J. , Chang Sue , Karam Sana , Massarelli Erminia , Maghami Ellie G. , Glaser Scott
Published: October 2019

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the national rate of treatment refusal in head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods

The National Cancer Database was queried for nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oncologic therapy referred to receipt of surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.

Results

Compared to the 230 424 patients who received treatment, 2965 (1.3%) were reported to have refused definitive therapy. Predictors included older age, female sex, African‐American/other race, nonprivate insurance, greater comorbidities, more advanced disease, and residence closer to the treating facility (P < .05). Patients with a prior history of cancer, Hispanic race, those treated at academic centers, and those from higher income counties were less likely to refuse therapy (P < .05). Patients who refused definitive therapy experienced poorer survival (median 79.1 vs 8.7 months, P < .001).

Conclusions

Refusing oncologic therapy is relatively rare in HNC and appears to be multifocal in nature.
Homogeneous‐heterogeneous chemical action and non‐Fourier flux theory effects in a flow with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Sangapatnam Suneetha , Ketineni Subbarayudu , Lalahamed Wahidunnisa , Haq Rizwan Ul
Published: October 2019

A theoretical outline is sketched to figure out the stream of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–based CNTs along a moving surface with multiple slip effects on homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions. The nonlinear radiant, heat, and nonuniform heat source/sink is incorporated in the energy equation to discuss the heat transport phenomenon. The novel theory of non‐Fourier flux model of heat diffusion is also merged in the energy equation. Two kinds of nanoparticles are considered, namely, single wall carbon nanotubes and multiple wall carbon nanotubes, and are suspended in the working PVA to illustrate the flow behavior. Due to a large variety of applications, PVA is used in papermaking, textiles, and a variety of coatings. The principal structure of mathematical model is based upon the system of differential equations, which has been tackled through Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method in MATLAB software. Graphical images are made vs different physical parameters which emerged in the model. The heat transfer of the fluid enhances with the increase of nonuniform thermal radiation. The homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions slow down the concentration rate.
Risk of CIN2 or more severe lesions after negative HPV‐mRNA E6/E7 overexpression assay and after negative HPV‐DNA test: Concurrent cohorts with a 5‐year follow‐up
Authors: Zorzi Manuel , Del Mistro Annarosa , Giorgi Rossi Paolo , Laurino Licia , Battagello Jessica , Lorio Melania , Soldà Marika , Martinotti Gabellotti Eva , Maran Michela , Dal Cin Antonella , Fiore Annarita , Rugge Massimo , Maggino Tiziano
Published: October 2019

Aim of this study was to compare the 5‐year risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ (CIN2+)/CIN3+ and the performance parameters at 3‐year rescreening of a negative E6/E7 mRNA‐human papillomavirus (HPV) test with those of a HPV‐DNA‐negative test. We studied a cohort of HPV‐negative women tested with the Aptima HPV‐mRNA Assay (“HPV‐mRNA cohort”) versus a cohort of HPV negatives tested with the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) DNA test living in neighboring areas. Both cohorts were rescreened after 3 years by a HPV‐DNA test (HC2 or Cobas 4800 HPV test). HPV test positivity, referral to colposcopy and detection of CIN2+ at 3‐year rescreening were computed. The Veneto Cancer Registry was checked to search for invasive cancers and CIN3 diagnosed up to 5 years from the negative baseline test. Some 22,338 HPV‐mRNA and 68,695 HPV‐DNA‐negative women were invited to 3‐year rescreening, and, respectively, 16,641 (74.5%) and 54,630 (79.6%) complied with the invitation. The proportion of HPV‐positive tests, referral to colposcopy and detection of CIN2+ in the HPV‐mRNA and HPV‐DNA cohorts were, respectively. 4.0 and 3.9% (ratio 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99–1.17), 2.6 and 2.5% (ratio 1.06, 95% CI 0.95–1.18) and 1.4 and 1.7‰ (ratio 0.85, 95% CI 0.54–1.33). The relative 5‐year cumulative risk of cancer and of CIN2+ in the HPV‐mRNA and HPV‐DNA cohorts were 4.5 and 8.7/100,000 (ratio 0.51; 95%CI 0.01–4.22) and 1.1 and 1.5/1,000 (ratio 0.74; 95%CI 0.45–1.16), respectively. A negative HPV‐mRNA test confers a risk of invasive cervical carcinoma and of CIN2+ at 5 years comparable to that of a negative HPV‐DNA test.
Chronic oral anticoagluation and risk of prostate cancer: Evidence of detection bias
Authors: Ward Michael M.
Published: October 2019

Warfarin treatment has been associated with lower risks of prostate cancer, without a specified biological mechanism. Our study tested the hypothesis that reluctance to perform prostate biopsies in men who are anticoagulated results in lower rates of diagnosed prostate cancer, leading to an apparent protective effect. Rates of prostate biopsies have decreased from 2000 to 2015, allowing calendar time to be used as the intervention. In a national population‐based sample of elderly men, our study compared trends in prostate cancer incidence between 17,815 men treated with chronic oral anticoagulation for prosthetic heart valve thromboprophylaxis and a general population comparison group of 356,300 men. Cancer events were based on administrative claims. Among men enrolled in 2000–2001 and followed through 2015, prostate cancer incidence was substantially lower in the anticoagulation group (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62–0.80). Incidence decreased over time in the general population group to approach that of the anticoagulation group among men enrolled in 2008–2010 (IRR 0.86; 95% CI 0.71–1.04). Rates of prostate biopsies also decreased over time in the general population group to match the rate in the anticoagulation group. These results indicate that the apparent protective effect of warfarin treatment on the risk of prostate cancer is likely the result of detection bias from lower rates of biopsies among men who are anticoagulated.
Aligning poly[1,6‐di‐(N‐carbazolyl)‐2,4‐hexadiyne] crystalline fibers as conducting channels for transistor applications
Authors: Lin Fang‐Ju , Tao Yu‐Tai
Published: October 2019

Aligned crystallites of 1,6‐di‐(N‐carbazolyl)‐2,4‐hexadiyne (DCHD) were prepared on the phenyltrichlorosilane‐modified SiO2/Si surface using the brush‐coating method. The length and width as well as the orientation of the crystallites depend on the coating speed. At a lower coating speed of 0.2 ~ 0.3 mm/s, well‐separated fibers with a width of 1–2 μm and a length of hundreds of μm were grown along the coating direction. Higher speeds resulted in shorter fibers together with randomly oriented tiny crystallites appearing in between. The diacetylene crystallites upon UV irradiation gave polydiacetylene fibers with deformations along the fiber axis. The poly(ene‐yne) backbones were shown to align along the fiber axes. With these poly‐DCHD fibers as a conducting channel for transistor fabrication, a highest field‐effect mobility of 0.039 cm2/Vs was obtained.
Towards comparative analyses of salamander limb regeneration
Authors: Dwaraka Varun B. , Voss S. Randal
Published: October 2019

Among tetrapods, only salamanders can regenerate their limbs and tails throughout life. This amazing regenerative ability has attracted the attention of scientists for hundreds of years. Now that large, salamander genomes are beginning to be sequenced for the first time, omics tools and approaches can be used to integrate new perspectives into the study of tissue regeneration. Here we argue the need to move beyond the primary salamander models to investigate regeneration in other species. Salamanders at first glance come across as a phylogenetically conservative group that has not diverged greatly from their ancestors. While salamanders do present ancestral characteristics of basal tetrapods, including the ability to regenerate limbs, data from fossils and data from studies that have tested for species differences suggest there may be considerable variation in how salamanders develop and regenerate their limbs. We review the case for expanded studies of salamander tissue regeneration and identify questions and approaches that are most likely to reveal commonalities and differences in regeneration among species. We also address challenges that confront such an initiative, some of which are regulatory and not scientific. The time is right to gain evolutionary perspective about mechanisms of tissue regeneration from comparative studies of salamander species.
Up-regulation of miR-27a promotes monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses in Kawasaki disease by inhibiting function of B10 cells
Authors: Luo Ying , Yang Jun , Zhang Chi , Jin Yan , Pan Hong , Liu Lanlan , Gong Yifeng , Xia Yu , Wang Guobing , Zhang Jiaosheng , Li Chengrong , Li Qiu
Published: October 2019

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis and activation of monocytes plays a central role in the pathogenesis of it. B10 cells, a B cell subset with negative regulatory properties, are functionally identified by their ability to express cytoplasmic IL-10 after ex vivo stimulation. Here, we aimed to explore the functional role of B10 cells during monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses in KD, as well as elucidate the underlying microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulatory mechanisms. Expression of IL-10 by each group of B cells (total B cells, transitional B cells, naïve B cells, and memory B cells) and inhibition of monocyte-derived TNF-α by activated B cells were measured by flow cytometry. Expression of miRNAs (miR-21-3p, miR-98-5p/3p, miR-27a-3p, let7b-5p, and miR-1423p/5p) that affect IL-10 levels in B cells was quantitated by real-time PCR. The relationship between IL-10 and these miRNAs was examined by multivariate analysis. MiR-mediated RNA interference in B cells was performed to investigate the role of miR-27a on expression of IL-10. The results showed expression of cytoplasmic IL-10 in B cell subsets from patients with KD was down-regulated. The inhibitory effect of B10 cells on production of TNF-α by monocytes from patients with KD was also compromised. The miR-27a-3p expression was markedly up-regulated during the acute phrase of KD, and it promoted monocyte-mediated TNF-α release by negatively regulating expression of cytoplasmic IL-10 within B cells in vitro. The data suggest up-regulated miR-27a in B cells from patients with KD may promote monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses by inhibiting the regulatory function of B10 cells.
Characterization of tropical cyclone rapid intensification under two types of El Niño events in the Western North Pacific
Authors: Shi Donglei , Ge Xuyang , Peng Melinda , Li Tim
Published: October 2019

This study investigates the impacts of two different El Niño scenarios, the east Pacific warming El Niño (EPW) and the central Pacific warming El Niño (CPW), on the tropical cyclone (TC) rapid intensification (RI) in the western North Pacific (WNP). The ratio of TCs with at least one RI occurrence (RITC) to all TC numbers (RITC ratio) shows different monthly variations between the two El Niño groups. Higher RITC ratio is found during July–October (November–December) for the EPW (CPW) years. Further analyses indicate that the difference in the RITC ratio is attributed to differences in TC genesis locations, TC tracks and large‐scale environmental conditions. During July–October (TC peak season), TCs formed more in the southeastern region with EPW than with CPW. TCs in the southeastern WNP tend to move westward (northward) in the presence of weak (significant southerly) steering flow anomalies in EPW (CPW), allowing a longer (shorter) duration over the warm tropical ocean. Meanwhile, a smaller environmental vertical wind shear is also observed in the main RI region with EPW. These two mechanisms contribute to a higher peak‐season RITC ratio in the EPW years. During November–December (late season) of the EPW years, the southern WNP is dominated by anomalous anticyclonic flow that suppresses TC genesis and intensification, which leads to notably less TC frequency and RITC ratio. The anomalous equatorial heating source near the dateline induces cyclonic flow in the southeastern WNP through Gill‐type response during the late season in CPW years. The resulting larger low‐level relative vorticity, stronger upward motion, higher mid‐level relative humidity and weaker vertical wind shear all favour TCs genesis over the southeastern WNP and their subsequent intensification in the main RI region. In addition, a greater TC heat potential is evident during the late season in CPW. Hence, the more favourable atmospheric and oceanic conditions result in a greater late‐season RITC ratio in CPW than in EPW.
Uncertainty of stationary and nonstationary models for rainfall frequency analysis
Authors: Ouarda Taha B. M. J. , Charron Christian , St‐Hilaire André
Published: October 2019

The development of nonstationary frequency analysis models is gaining popularity in the field of hydro‐climatology. Such models account for nonstationarities related to climate change and climate variability but at the price of added complexity. It has been debated if such models are worth developing considering the increase in uncertainty inherent to more complex models. However, the uncertainty associated to nonstationary models is rarely studied. The objective of this article is to compare the uncertainties in stationary and nonstationary models based on objective criteria. The study is based on observed rainfall data in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where strong nonstationarities were observed. In this study, a nonstationary frequency analysis introducing covariates into the distribution parameters was carried out for total and maximum annual rainfalls observed in the UAE. The generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution was used to model annual maximum rainfalls and the gamma (G) distribution was used to model total annual rainfalls. A number of nonstationary models, using time and climate indices as covariates, were developed and compared to classical stationary frequency analysis models. Two climate oscillation patterns having strong impacts on precipitation in the UAE were selected: the Oceanic Niño Index and the Northern Oscillation Index. Results indicate that the inclusion of a climate oscillation index generally improves the fit of the models to the observed data and the inclusion of two covariates generally provides the overall best fits. Uncertainties of estimated quantiles were assessed with confidence intervals (CIs) computed with the parametric bootstrap method. Results show that for the small sample sizes in this study, the width of the CIs can be very large for extreme nonexceedance probabilities and for the most extreme values of the climate index covariates. The weaknesses of nonstationary models revealed by the bootstrap uncertainties are discussed and words of caution are formulated.
Early Detection of Muscle Weakness and Functional Limitations in the Critically Ill: A Retrospective Evaluation of Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Baldwin Claire E. , Fetterplace Kate , Beach Lisa , Kayambu Geetha , Paratz Jennifer , Earthman Carrie , Parry Selina M.
Published: October 2019

Background

The potential for bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) to identify muscle weakness and functional limitations in critical illness is unknown; this study aimed to determine association of BIS with strength/function and differences between 3 intensive care units (ICUs).

Methods

A retrospective post hoc analysis of BIS, strength, and functional data from adults who required ≥48 hours of mechanical ventilation was conducted. Measures of body composition included the proportion (%) of total body water (TBW), fat mass (FM), and fat‐free mass (FFM). The Medical Research Council sum score (MRC‐ss) and Physical Function in ICU Test–Scored (PFIT‐s) were used for strength and functional assessments. Nonparametric cross‐sectional analyses were done at enrollment (≤48 hours of admission: site‐A, site‐C) and awakening from sedation (site‐A, site‐B). Raw impedance variables including 50‐kHz phase angle (PA) and impedance ratio (IR) were available from site‐A and site‐B.

Results

Participants were 135 adults (site‐A n=59, site‐B n=33, site‐C n=44), with a median (interquartile range) age of 59 (50–69) years. At enrollment, TBW%, FM%, and FFM% were similar between site‐A and site‐C (P>.05); pooled data were not associated with MRC‐ss at awakening or MRC‐ss/PFIT‐s at ICU discharge. At awakening, there was less TBW%, less FFM%, and greater FM% at site‐B vs site‐A (P≤.001) but no associations with MRC‐ss/PFIT‐s when using pooled data. Trends with pooled data of a lower PA and higher IR being associated with awakening MRC‐ss were confirmed within site‐B (PA ρ=0.70, P≤.001; IR ρ=−0.79, P≤.001).

Conclusion

Site‐by‐site data suggest that raw impedance variables might be useful for screening weakness and poor function.
Olive tree physiology and chemical composition of fruits are modulated by different deficit irrigation strategies
Authors: Gonçalves Alexandre , Silva Ermelinda , Brito Cátia , Martins Sandra , Pinto Luís , Dinis Lia‐Tânia , Luzio Ana , Martins‐Gomes Carlos , Fernandes‐Silva Anabela , Ribeiro Carlos , Rodrigues M. Ângelo , Moutinho‐Pereira José , Nunes Fernando M. , Correia Carlos M.
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Cropping practices focusing on agronomic water use efficiency and their impact on quality parameters must be investigated to overcome constraints affecting olive groves. We evaluated the response of olive trees (Olea europaea, cv. ‘Cobrançosa’) to different water regimes: full irrigation (FI, 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc)), and three deficit irrigation strategies (DIS) (regulated (RDI, irrigated with 80% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) in phases I and III of fruit growth and 10% of ETc in the pit hardening stage), and two continuous sustained strategies (SDI) – a conventional SDI (27.5% of ETc), and low‐frequency irrigation adopted by the farmer (SDIAF, 21.2% of ETc).

RESULTS

The effects of water regimes on the plant water status, photosynthetic performance, metabolite fluctuations and fruit quality parameters were evaluated. All DIS treatments enhanced leaf tissue density; RDI and SDI generally did not affect leaf water status and maintained photosynthetic machinery working properly, and the SDIAF treatment impaired olive tree physiological indicators. The DIS treatments maintained the levels of primary metabolites in leaves, but SDIAF plants showed signs of oxidative stress. Moreover, DIS treatments led to changes in the secondary metabolism, both in leaves and in fruits, with increased total phenolic compounds, ortho‐diphenols, and flavonoid concentration, and higher total antioxidant capacity, as well higher oil content. Phenolic profiles showed the relevance of an early harvest in order to obtain higher oleuropein levels with associated higher health benefits.

CONCLUSION

Adequate DIS are essential for sustainable olive growing, as they enhance the competitiveness of the sector in terms of olive production and associated quality parameters. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Value and Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound‐Guided Full Core Needle Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Lymphadenopathy: A Retrospective Evaluation of 793 Cases
Authors: Wilczynski Alexandra , Görg Christian , Timmesfeld Nina , Ramaswamy Annette , Neubauer Andreas , Burchert Andreas , Trenker Corinna
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Whole surgical lymph node excision (SNE) is considered the standard diagnostic method in the primary diagnosis of lymphadenopathy (LA) suspected of malignancy. Ultrasound‐guided full core needle biopsy (UFCNB) offers an alternative method to SNE. This study examined the accuracy of UFCNB in the diagnosis of unexplained LA in 793 cases.

Methods

From January 2006 to June 2015, a total of 793 cases of LA of unknown origin received a UFCNB. The lymph nodes were located peripherally (68%) or abdominally (32%). The final diagnoses from histopathologic examinations were non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 245), Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 53), solid nonlymphocytic lymph node metastases (n = 359), and benign LA (n = 136). The results of the biopsies were retrospectively evaluated with regard to sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy.

Results

In the total collective of 793 biopsies, the sensitivity of UFCNB was 94.4%; the specificity was 97.8%; and the diagnostic accuracy was 95.0%. In the subgroups, the following results were obtained: non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (sensitivity, 97.2%), Hodgkin lymphoma (sensitivity, 88.7%), metastases (sensitivity, 93.3%), and benign LA (specificity, 97.8%). In 17 cases (2.2%), an additional rebiopsy of the lymph node was needed, and in 85 cases (10.7%), an additional SNE was performed.

Conclusions

Due to the diagnostic accuracy of 95.0% in the total collective, UFCNB seems to be an alternative diagnostic procedure to the standard procedure of SNE for LA of unknown origin. A prospective comparative study to definitively clarify the diagnostic value of UFCNB compared to SNE in the unexplained LA is warranted.
Corrosion behaviour of AA2024 aluminium alloy in different tempers in NaCl solution and with the CeCl3 corrosion inhibitor
Authors: Jegdić Bore , Bobić Biljana , Linić Suzana
Published: October 2019

The paper analyses the corrosion behaviour of naturally and artificially aged AA2024 alloy in NaCl solution and in the presence of an environment‐friendly corrosion inhibitor, CeCl3. On the basis of the values of polarisation resistance and corrosion current density, the corrosion resistance of the protective inhibitor film is established as well as the general corrosion resistance of this aluminium alloy. Resistance to pit formation is determined based on the difference in pitting and corrosion potentials while resistance to pit growth is determined based on the amount of charge consumed during pit growth. A scanning electron microscope is used to examine the morphology of the pits formed during the pitting corrosion testing, as well as to determine the cerium content on intermetallic particles and the matrix AA2024 alloy. The corrosion behaviour of AA2024 alloy is investigated after different test periods in NaCl solution and in the same solution with the CeCl3 inhibitor. The corrosion resistance of both tempers of AA2024 alloy is more than one order of magnitude higher in the presence of CeCl3. An explanation of the observed differences in the corrosion behaviour of the naturally and artificially aged AA2024 alloy is proposed. Different corrosion behaviour of the alloy after different test periods is also explained.
Versatile, Highly Controlled Synthesis of Hybrid (Meth)acrylate–Polyester–Carbonates and their Exploitation in Tandem Post‐Polymerization–Functionalization
Authors: Pearce Amanda K. , Vasey Catherine E. , Anane‐Adjei Akosua B. , Sodano Federica , Crucitti Valentina Cuzzucoli , Irvine Derek J. , Howdle Steve M. , Alexander Cameron , Taresco Vincenzo
Published: October 2019

The use of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) as a mild catalyst for the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of the pharma‐friendly and biodegradable monomer lactide and a functionalizable tert‐butyloxycarbonyl (BOC)‐protected cyclic carbonate is explored. Successful and controlled ROP is demonstrated when employing a series of labile‐ester (bis)(meth)acrylate initiators to produce macromonomers suitable for a range of post‐polymerization modifications. Importantly, the use of DBU ensured retention of the BOC group of the carbonate monomer during the polymerization, thus facilitating the production of highly functionalizable hybrid materials unobtainable using the more reactive triazabicyclodecene (TBD). Subsequently, a variety of short homo‐ and copolymers are synthesized with good control over material properties and final polymer composition. Successful attainment of these short copolymers confirm that DBU can overcome the previously observed limitations of TBD related to its kinetic competition between ROP and transesterification side‐reactions under these reaction conditions. Furthermore, the fidelity of the hydroxyl and (meth)acrylic end groups are maintained as confirmed by a series of secondary tandem reactions. The macromonomers are also utilized in reversible addition−fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization (RAFT) polymerization for the production of amphiphilic block or random copolymers with a hydrophilic comonomer, poly(ethyleneglycol)methacrylate. The amphiphilic copolymers produced via the tandem RAFT reaction demonstrate the ability to self‐assemble into monodisperse nanoparticles in aqueous environments.
Investigation into the Kinetics of n‐Pentyl Methacrylate Radical Polymerization
Authors: Nitschke Annika , Riemann Lara , Kollenbach Leon , Braun Vanessa , Buback Michael , Vana Philipp
Published: October 2019

The precise knowledge of rate coefficients is of key importance for the understanding and the application of radical polymerization processes. Propagation rate coefficients, kp, of n‐pentyl methacrylate (PnMA) radical polymerization are measured in bulk and partly in toluene solution over an extended temperature range via pulsed laser polymerization (PLP) in conjunction with size‐exclusion chromatography (PLP–SEC). Rate coefficients, kti,i, for termination of two radicals of chain length i are determined as a function of chain length by single‐pulse PLP in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (SP–PLP–EPR). The as‐obtained data that allow for modeling PnMA polymerization kinetics and product properties at moderate degrees of monomer conversion are compared with reported data for several other alkyl methacrylates. A distinct family behavior of this group of monomers is seen.
Soy and Isoflavone Consumption and Multiple Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses of Observational Studies and Randomized Trials in Humans
Authors: Li Ni , Wu Xiaoting , Zhuang Wen , Xia Lin , Chen Yi , Zhao Rui , Yi Mengshi , Wan Qianyi , Du Liang , Zhou Yong
Published: October 2019

Scope

To assess the existing evidence of associations between consumption of soy and isoflavone and multiple health outcomes.

Methods and results

This is an umbrella review of meta‐analyses and systematic reviews of randomized trials and observational studies in humans. 114 Meta‐analyses and systematic reviews are identified with 43 unique outcomes. Soy and isoflavone consumption seems more beneficial than harmful for a series of health outcomes. Beneficial associations are identified for cancers, cardiovascular disease, gynecological, metabolic, musculoskeletal, endocrine, neurological, and renal outcomes, particularly in perimenopausal women. Harmful association is only found for gastric cancer (RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.02–1.36) for high intake of miso soup (1–5 cups per day) in male.

Conclusion

Generally, soy and isoflavone consumption is more beneficial than harmful. The results herein support promoting soy intake as part of a healthy diet. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm this finding.
A compact triple‐band metamaterial‐inspired antenna for wearable applications
Authors: AlSabbagh Haider M. , Elwi Taha A. , Al‐Naiemy Yahiea , Al‐Rizzo Hussain M.
Published: October 2019

A low‐profile (28 mm × 32 mm × 0.394 mm), metamaterial‐inspired antenna employing an array of 3 × 5 Hilbert‐shaped unit radiators printed on the upper side of a flexible dielectric substrate while the lower side contains a partial‐ground plane and the rest consists of a periodic square‐slotted ground plane is presented for wearable wireless devices covering Long‐Term Evolution (LTE), Long Term Evolution‐Advanced (LTE‐A), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) bands. The antenna provides steerable radiation patterns for frequencies ranging from 3.3 to 3.9 GHz and a directive end‐fire radiation in the 5.8 GHz band. At 2.45 GHz, the antenna allows short‐range communications between a wearable sensor and handheld wireless device or a nearby base station. Two prototypes are fabricated; the first using traditional wet etching with copper; the second using inkjet printing with silver nano‐particles (SNPs) as the conducting material. We provide a systematic design procedure and a new physical insight into the operation of the antenna, in particular the end‐fire radiation patterns, which is based on the anisotropic dispersion characteristics of the radiating structure along the length axis leading to different effective electrical length to width ratios within the stopband. The realized gain varies from 0 to 2.5 dBi for frequencies ranging from 3.3 to 3.9 GHz where the 3‐dB beamwidth varies from 110° to 140° and the boresight is steered from 0° to 80°. The maximum realized gain varies from 4.75 to 4.5 dBi over the frequency range from 4.4 to 6 GHz, with slight change in the beamwidth and main lobe direction. Experimental measurements for the SNP prototype are reported in air and on a standard phantom model.
Challenges of human resources management in nursing in Iran: A qualitative content analysis
Authors: Zamanzadeh Vahid , Valizadeh Leila , Neshat Hanieh
Published: October 2019

Aim

Health service providers are appreciated among the vital components in a society wherein nurses are also considered as the main human resources. Thus, examining the existing challenges in managing these human resources through taking correct measures can contribute to identifying the priorities and consequently influence the quality of services provided. This study aims to investigate the challenges of human resources management in nursing from the perspective of professionals in Iran.

Design

Qualitative content analyses.

Methods

Present study is carried out using purposive sampling conducted on 12 nurses involved in different professional nursing positions. To this end, the participants' perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes were collected via two focus group sessions. Data were collected during Febuary and March 2018.

Results

From the perspective of the professionals, the challenges could be observed in a wide variety of human resources management dimensions in nursing such as job analysis, recruitment, as well as development and retention of workforce.
Viscoelastic behaviour of self‐assembling polyurethane and poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Bercea Maria , Gradinaru Luiza Madalina , Plugariu Ioana‐Alexandra , Mandru Mihaela , Tigau Daniel Laurentiu
Published: October 2019

The rheological behaviour of polyurethane (PU) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was investigated in aqueous solution and the hydrogel state. The dependence of viscosity on polymer concentration is discussed. The formation of supramolecular structures induced by temperature increase or shear conditions was evidenced. In PU solutions, as temperature increases, a self‐assembling process occurs due to hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions determining a thermoreversible hydrogel formation. In creep and recovery tests, the weak PU network presents high elasticity only at low shear stress (below 10 Pa); it recovers only 15%–20% of strain above 40 Pa and the hydrogel structure fails at high shear stress (above 150 Pa). Also, PU hydrogel is not able to recover its structure after being submitted to successive low and high deformations. In PVA solutions, a shear induced aggregation was observed at 37 °C. PVA hydrogels obtained by the freezing–thawing method present high elasticity and stability due to the strong polymer–polymer interactions established between the polymer chains. Physical networks based on PU/PVA mixtures synergistically combine the characteristics of the two polymers, showing high elasticity when a shear stress up to 3000 Pa is applied during the creep test followed by a fast recovery of the hydrogel structure after exhibiting successive levels of deformation (self‐healing ability). Therefore, these hydrogels are suitable materials for tissue engineering applications. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The Role of Physiatry Practice in a Multidisciplinary Breast Tumor Board: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Power Katherine , Martone Patrick , Khanna Ashish , Hluchan Christine M. , Gall Nolan , Wisotzky Eric
Published: October 2019

Background

Cancer rehabilitation medicine is a growing field in physiatry, but more studies are needed to demonstrate how physiatry can contribute to patient care within the cancer care continuum.

Objective

To quantify and describe physiatric participation during a multidisciplinary tumor board for breast cancer patients.

Design

A prospective descriptive study.

Setting

A multidisciplinary breast tumor board at a large academic medical center.

Participants

Five hundred thirty‐seven breast cancer cases presented at a multidisciplinary breast tumor board.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

The number of times physiatry actively participated in a multidisciplinary breast tumor board in the categories of referral to physiatry, referral to rehabilitation services, referral to other services, advice given on patients/symptom management, and discussion of available services.

Results

Out of 537 breast cancer cases presented, 221 cases (41.2%) resulted in a physiatry recommendation for referral to either physiatry, rehabilitation services, other services, or advice on patient and symptom management.

Conclusion

Physiatry can actively participate in the care of cancer patients during a multidisciplinary breast cancer tumor board.
Transition of the prion protein from a structured cellular form (PrPC) to the infectious scrapie agent (PrPSc)
Authors: Baral Pravas K. , Yin Jiang , Aguzzi Adriano , James Michael N. G.
Published: October 2019

Prion diseases in mammals are caused by a conformational transition of the cellular prion protein from its native conformation (PrPC) to a pathological isoform called “prion protein scrapie” (PrPSc). A molecular level of understanding of this conformational transition will be helpful in unveiling the disease etiology. Experimental structural biological techniques (NMR and X‐ray crystallography) have been used to unravel the atomic level structural information for the prion and its binding partners. More than one hundred three‐dimensional structures of the mammalian prions have been deposited in the protein databank. Structural studies on the prion protein and its structural transitions will deepen our understanding of the molecular basis of prion pathogenesis and will provide valuable guidance for future structure‐based drug discovery endeavors.