bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) – a New Host Plant Genus of Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca sp.)
Authors: Lebeda  , Křístková  , Rybka  , Havránek
Published: March 2003

Symptoms of powdery mildew infections were recorded on a group of 15 Utricularia species cultivated in a glasshouse. A white superficial mycelium formed rings around the peduncles and also occurred on both sides of the leaves of several species. The microscopic examination proved that the fungus belonged to the powdery mildews – Erysiphales, only the anamorph was observed. Its morphological characters are typical for powdery mildews from the tribe Cystotheceae. Conidia were able to cause infections on cotyledons of susceptible Cucumis sativus cv. Stela F1. Based on all observations, it is very probable that this fungus belongs to the genus Sphaerotheca. This is the first report of a powdery mildew on Utricularia spp. and the family Lentibulariaceae.
Inheritance of Anthracnose Resistance in the Common Bean Differential Cultivar G 2333 and Identification of a New Molecular Marker Linked to the Co‐42 gene
Authors: Alzate‐Marin  , Menarim  , Baía G. Soares , Paula JR , De Souza K. Almeida , Da Costa  , De Barros E. Gonçalves , Moreira
Published: March 2003

The inheritance of anthracnose resistance of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) differential cultivar G 2333 to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races 73 and 89 was studied in crosses with the susceptible cultivar Rudá. The segregation ratios of 15 : 1 in the F2 and 3 : 1 in the backcrosses to Rudá indicate that for each of the races tested there are two independent resistance loci in G 2333. A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular marker (OPH181200C) linked in resistance to race 73 was identified in a BC3F2:3 population derived from crosses between Rudá and G 2333. A RAPD molecular marker OPAS13950C, previously identified as linked to gene Co‐42, was also amplified in this population. Co‐segregation analyses showed that these two markers are located at 5.6 (OPH181200C) and 11.2 (OPAS13950C) cM of the Co‐42 gene. These markers were not present in BC1F2:3 plants resistant to race 89 indicating that this population carries a different resistance gene. DNA amplification of BC1F2:3 plants with RAPD molecular marker OPAB450C, previously identified as linked to gene Co‐5, indicated that this gene is present in this population.
Sensitive and Specific Detection of Pseudomonas avellanae using Primers based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequences
Authors: Scortichini M. , Marchesi U.
Published: March 2003

A rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based procedure was developed for the detection of Pseudomonas avellanae, the causal agent of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) decline in northern Greece and central Italy. The partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of P. avellanae strain PD 2390, isolated in central Italy, was compared with the sequence coding for the same gene of P. syringae pv. syringae type‐strain LMG 1247t1. Primers PAV 1 and PAV 22 were chosen, and after the PCR, an amplification product of 762 base pairs was specifically produced only by 40 strains of P. avellanae isolated from northern Greece and central Italy. No other bacterial species among those tested showed an amplification product under optimized PCR conditions. The adding of 4% BLOTTO (10% skim milk powder and 0.2% NaN3) in the PCR mixture proved essential in order to avoid interference of hazelnut extracts during the amplification. The procedure proved more effective than repetitive PCR with ERIC primer sets in diagnosing apparently healthy hazelnut trees as infected. This technique could be of great help for screening the hazelnut propagative material as well as for monitoring the wild C. avellana trees growing in the woods near the infected hazelnut orchards.
Partial Characterization of a Tymovirus Infecting Passion Fruit in Colombia, South America
Authors: MORALES F. J. , LOZANO I. , CASTAÑO M. , ARROYAVE J. , VELASCO A. C. , VARON F.
Published: March 2003

A tymovirus was isolated from passion fruit plants with conspicuous yellow mosaic leaf symptoms in Colombia. Partial sequencing of its genome showed that this virus is distinct from other tymoviruses for which nucleotide sequences are available; it had only 60–76% homology with the closest related tymovirus species, Kennedya yellow mosaic virus. However, the pathogenic and antigenic properties of the Colombian tymovirus are similar to those of Passion fruit yellow mosaic virus (PFYMV), a tymovirus that infects Passiflora spp that has previously been found in Brazil. Therefore, this name will be retained for the tymovirus occurring in Colombia until a Brazilian isolate of PFYMV is characterized at the molecular level.
AFLP Fingerprinting of the Strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis Inducing Citrus Canker Disease in Southern Iran
Authors: KHODAKARAMIAN G. , SWINGS J.
Published: March 2003

A total of 73 strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis, 57 of which were isolated from affected citrus trees in southern Iran and the remaining 16 were representatives of all five currently described pathogenicity groups of the pathogen that cause citrus canker and spot diseases(A, B, C, D and E), were compared by amplified fragment length poymorphism fingerprinting. The following five clusters were found: 1, strains of group C; 2, strains of group B and D; 3, strains of pathotype E; 4, strains of pathotype A together with the main group of the Iranian strains; 5, seven strains from Iran which constituted a separate cluster. These latter seven strains are of new pathotype due to their dissimilarity with the other pathotypes.
Characterization of Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from potato in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Bakonyi J. , Heremans B. , Jamart G.
Published: March 2003

A collection of 49 isolates of Phytophthora infestans, collected from blighted potato foliage in 1998 in Flanders, were analysed for mating type, response to metalaxyl (48 isolates), allozymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (Gpi), peptidase (Pep) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with probe RG57 (39 isolates). Forty‐one A1 and eight A2 isolates were detected. Resistance to metalaxyl was frequently observed: 30 resistant, four intermediate and 14 sensitive isolates were found. Gpi genotypes 100/100 and 90/100 occurred in 30 and nine isolates, respectively. The dominating banding pattern for Pep was 100/100 (32 isolates), but genotypes 96/96, 96/100 and 83/96, never previously reported in continental western Europe, were also identified. Thirteen RG57 fingerprints were observed. On the basis of combined traits, 15 multilocus genotypes were revealed among 39 isolates. Genotypic diversity measured by the normalized Shannon diversity index was 0.56. The results indicate that, besides asexual variation and/or migration, sexual events may have played a role in the establishment of the isolates studied.
Infection and Development of Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) on Old Leaves
Authors: Li B. , Xu X.
Published: March 2003

Apple leaves were inoculated artificially and naturally with conidia of Venturia inaequalis under glasshouse and outside conditions. Fungal development on the inoculated leaves was examined microscopically. Results showed that conidia can infect the under surface of leaves of any ages, ranging from newly emerged leaves to ones that are up to 4 months old. On young leaves, mycelia grew at a faster rate and thus led to visual symptoms sooner than on old leaves. Mycelia on very old leaves grew so slowly that they did not lead to visual symptoms at the time of leaf‐fall, even though some of these symptomless colonies had already produced conidia when viewed microscopically. A considerable amount of symptomless infections may therefore be expected on old leaves in autumn. As a consequence, these symptomless infections may have considerable impact on the amount of primary inoculum in the following season and thus on disease management.
Pathogenicity and Vegetative Compatibility of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Isolates from Olive in Morocco
Authors: Cherrab M. , Bennani A. , Charest P. M. , Serrhini M. N.
Published: March 2003

Thirty‐eight strains of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. from diseased olive stems originating from the most important regions of olive in Morocco, were tested by vegetative compatibility analysis to investigate their genetic diversity. Two media, water agar chlorate (WAC) and minimal medium chlorate (MMC) were used to induce the nit‐mutants. The WAC medium generated a higher frequency of nit‐mutants than MMC medium. Based on complementarity of nit‐mutants, 47% of isolates were assigned to VCG4B, 32% in VCG2 (A or B) and the 18% remaining isolates could not be grouped to any VCGs tested. These latter belonged to southern regions. Pathogenicity and aggressivity of twelve isolates from this population were assessed on four plant species which are frequently intercropped with olives. These were tomato, eggplant, cotton and pepper. All isolates were pathogenic and highly aggressive on cotton and eggplant. On cotton, the isolates from southern regions induced more severe symptoms than those from northern regions. Weak to moderate symptoms were induced by all isolates on tomato and they differed in aggressivity. No isolate was pathogenic on pepper, while four isolates from northern regions were recovered from basal stems of inoculated plants. The cor‐ relation between VCGs and pathogenicity on the intercropped species is discussed with regard to the regional distribution of V. dahliae population from olive.
Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Peaches and Nectarines by Yeasts
Authors: Karabulut O. A. , Baykal N.
Published: March 2003

Abstract Biocontrol activities of a total of 103 yeast isolates were tested against postharvest diseases of peaches. Seven isolates, with the best efficacy in reducing the number of infected wounds or lesion sizes of Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, were selected for further large‐scale experiments. In large‐scale experiments, all selected isolates were significantly effective (P ≤ 0.05) in reducing the number of infected wounds and the diameter of lesions caused by P. expansum, B. cinerea, and Monilinia fructicola. DR52 was significantly superior to all the other yeasts in effectiveness against all three pathogens. The efficacy of the other yeast antagonists against B. cinerea and P. expansum was almost equal, while the control of M. fructicola was inferior. DR52 was selected for further storage experiment because its efficacy was higher against the three pathogens and it also showed a different random amplified polymorphic DNA‐polymerase chain reaction pattern compared with other isolates. DR52 was identified by Centraalbureau voor Schimmeelcultures (Baarn, The Netherlands) as Kloeckera apiculata. K. apiculata completely controlled both pathogens after 30 days of storage. Its efficacy declined to an 83.4% reduction in B. cinerea incidence and an 87.5% reduction in P. expansum incidence after 45 days of storage.
Immunocytochemical Localization of Cell Wall‐Bound Thionins and Hydroxyproline‐Rich Glycoproteins in Fusarium culmorum‐Infected Wheat Spikes
Authors: Kang Z. , Buchenauer H.
Published: March 2003

Abstract In the present study, a rabbit polyclonal antiserum against cell wall‐bound thionins from barley leaf and a mouse monoclonal antibody against hydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins (HRGP) from maize were used to investigate the subcellular localization of thionins and HRGP or extensins in Fusarium culmorum‐infected wheat spikes by means of the immunogold labelling technique. The proteins were localized in cell walls of different tissues including the lemma, ovary and rachis, while the cytoplasm and organelles in these tissues showed almost no labelling. However, accumulation of thionins and HRGP in infected wheat spikes of resistant wheat cultivars differed distinctly from those of susceptible cultivars. Compared with the healthy tissues, labelling densities for the two types of proteins in cell walls of the infected lemma, ovary and rachis increased only slightly in the susceptible cultivar Agent, while in cell walls of infected tissues of the resistant cultivar Arina labelling densities of thionins and HRGP increased markedly. These findings indicated that accumulation of thionins and HRGP in cell walls of infected resistant wheat spikes may be involved in defence responses to infection and in spreading of F. culmorum.
Pregnancy Rate after Ultrasound‐Guided Follicle Aspiration in Nonlactating Cows from Different Breeds
Authors: Schernthaner W. , Wenigerkind H. , Stojkovic M. , Palma G. A. , Mödl J. , Wolf E. , Brem G.
Published: March 2003

Thirty‐six cows (21 Simmental, 5 Holstein‐Frisian, 5 Brown Swiss and 5 Charolais) with high genetic superiority were punctured by ultrasound‐guided follicle aspiration within the last 18 months for 503 times under equal conditions. Follicle aspiration was done twice per week. Most of the donor cows suffered from several disturbances of fertility. On average, 5 oocytes per session were collected. After in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilisation (IVF) and culture (IVC), 0.8 embryos per puncture session were transferred. After evaluation of the embryos by morphological criteria, these embryos were transferred to heifers that were oestrus synchronised (2,0 ml Estrumate® i. m.) seven days after onset of oestrus. On day 21 after onset of oestrus the progesterone level in plasma was determined by radioimmunoassay. The pregnancy control was performed by ultrasound on day 35. After transfer of 397 embryos (to synchronised heifers), 125 pregnancies were established. Comparison of the different breeds and donor cows revealed significant differences in the number of oocytes recovered, embryos produced and pregnancies established. Transfer of embryos with insufficient morphological quality resulted in increased rates of embryonic loss between day 21 and day 35.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Diminazene in Lactating Goats and Sheep
Authors: Banna H. A. El , El‐Sooud K. Abo , Soliman G. A.
Published: March 2003

The pharmacokinetic aspects of diminazene aceturate were studied in lactating goats and sheep after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations of 3.5 mg/kg b.wt. Plasma and milk concentrations were determined by use of reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after ion‐pair extraction. Following intravenous injection, the disposition of diminazene in goats and sheep conformed to a two‐compartment model with rapid distribution and slower elimination phases. Values of (t1/2β) were obtained indicating a slower final disappearance of the drug from plasma of sheep (21.17 h) than in goats (16.39 h). Diminazene concentrations were maintained for more than 4 days in the plasma of goats and sheep. In both species of animals, diminazene was rapidly absorbed following intramuscular administration of 3.5 mg/kg b.wt. The peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 7.00 and 8.11 μg/ml and were attained at (Tmax) 0.92 and 1.12 hours in goats and sheep, respectively. The elimination half‐life (t1/2el) of diminazene after intramuscular administration was shorter in goats (16.54 h) than in sheep (18.80 h). Systemic bioavailabilities (F%) of diminazene after intramuscular administration were 94.94 % and 82.64 % in goats and sheep, respectively. Diminazene could be detected in milk of goats and sheep within 10 min post‐injection. Milk concentrations of the drug were lower in goats than in sheep and were detected for 5 and 6 days following both routes of administration, respectively.
Absence of Postmyelographic Adverse Effects and High Radiographic Resolution of Iotrolan Used in the Cervical Myelography for the Clinically Normal Cat: An Open‐Placebo Controlled Study
Authors: Patsikas M. N. , Polizopoulou Z. , Koutinas A. , Galatos A. , Moustardas N. , Tzegas S. , Dessiris A.
Published: March 2003

Iotrolan solution at 300 mgI/ml (Isovist® 300, Schering AG), was injected into the cerebromedullary cistern in 8 cats (Isovist group), at a volume of 0.5 ml/Kg BW and over one minute. In 3 cats (control group), normal saline was also injected at a same volume and speed. During the subarachnoid injection and at 1, 5 and 10 min thereafter all the cats were being monitored for evidence of respiratory arrest, bradycardia or changes in the arterial blood pressure. The cats were also checked for postmyelographic adverse effects for at least 3 h after their complete recovery from anaesthesia. Postmyelographic neurologic examination was done for 3 consecutive days and the myelographic quality of the films taken at 5 and 15 min postinjection was evaluated.

No significant differences were detected between the Isovist and the control groups for all the variables evaluated immediately before, during and up to 3 days after the injection. No actual postmyelographic adverse effects were seen in the animals of both groups. At 15 and 30 min postinjection the opacity, the distention of the subarachnoid space and the detail of all the myelograms obtained were assessed as highly diagnostic.
Inhibition of Spontaneous Smooth Muscle Contractions in Rat and Rabbit Intestine by Blockers of the Thromboxane A2 Pathway
Authors: Schultheiss G. , Diener M.
Published: March 2003

The effect of inhibitors of the thromboxane A2 pathway on spontaneous contractions of intestinal smooth muscle preparations was studied. The thromboxane A2 antagonists Bay u3405, SK and F 88046 and KW‐3635 concentration‐dependently inhibited both the amplitude and the frequency of spontaneous contractions of the longitudinal muscle from the rat proximal colon. A concentration‐dependent inhibition of the myogenic contractions was also observed with the thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor U‐51605, and with the combined cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid, whereas indomethacin, a pure cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was ineffective. None of these inhibitors affected the contractile response evoked by the cholinergic agonist carbachol, excluding non‐specific actions on intestinal motility.

A similar response was observed for the rabbit jejunum, which, in contrast to the rat colon, exhibits more regular, high‐frequency spontaneous contractions, which were inhibited by Bay u3405, SK and F 88046 and KW‐3635 in a concentration‐dependent manner, whereas the response to carbachol remained unaffected. These results suggest a role for thromboxane A2 in the generation and/or facilitation of spontaneous smooth muscle contractions in the gut.
Alterations of Brain Monoamine Levels in Pigs Exposed to Acute Immobilization Stress*
Authors: Piekarzewska A. , Sadowski B. , Rosochacki S. J.
Published: March 2003

Concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), dopamine (DA) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), as well as DA metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and the main 5HT metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA), were measured using the HPLC technique in 15 brain areas of control and immobilized Duroc pigs. The animals were immobilized for 5, 15, 30 and 60 min in a prone position. Control pigs displayed patterns of regional distribution of brain monoamines similar to those described in other species, especially rats and dogs. However, absolute values of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the hypothalamus were much higher than in other species. Also, in most structures, the DOPAC/DA ratio was relatively high, in comparison to a relatively low HVA/DA ratio, which suggests a species‐related difference in the turnower of dopamine.

The most conspicuous changes produced by immobilization stress consisted of a substantial decrease in the hypothalamic levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline. Dopamine and 5‐HT turnover was affected in the hippocampus (cornu Ammonis), and in the raphe nuclei. These structures are proposed to play a major role in the responsiveness of pigs to acute stress conditions.
Effect of Two Dosages of d‐Cloprostenol on Intrauterine Pressure and Uterine Motility during Dioestrus in Experimental Cows
Authors: Hirsbrunner G. , Knutti B. , Burkhardt H. , Küpfer U. , Steiner A.
Published: March 2003

Prostaglandins are commonly used in herd management for their luteolytic properties; however, prostaglandins also have a direct contractile effect on the myometrium. We hypothesized that different dosages (0.15 and 0.3 mg) of d‐cloprostenol, a synthetical prostaglandin F2α preparation, would differ as to their contractile effects on the uterus. Intrauterine pressure was recorded during dioestrus of lactating dairy cows, using a transcervically placed intraluminal pressure microtransducer. After recording of physiological uterine motility for 30 min, a placebo or d‐cloprostenol at one of the two different dosages was administered intramuscularly, followed by a 2‐h recording period. Significant differences were found for the area under the curve (P ≤ 0.05) and mean amplitude (P ≤ 0.05), whereas the number of spikes per 15 min and the baseline pressure during the last 3 min of every 15‐min period did not differ significantly among treatments. Peak values for area under the curve and mean amplitude were found between 15 and 30 min after administration of the lower dosage of d‐cloprostenol, and between 75 and 90 min after administration of the higher dosage. Using the higher dosage of d‐cloprostenol, a steady plateau from 15 to 30 min after administration until the end of the recording session was obtained. Thus, double the luteolytic dose of the d‐cloprostenol preparation gives a significantly better reaction in terms of uterine contractility than the single dose.
Pharmacological and Dietary Treatment of Canine Malabsorption Syndrome: A Retrospective Study of 17 Clinical Cases
Authors: Rodríguez‐Franco F. , Sainz A. , Tesouro M. A. , Amusategui I. , Cortes O.
Published: March 2003

The present study deals with the symptomatology, diagnosis (by means of gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy) and response to a combined dietary/immunosuppressive pharmacological treatment of 17 dogs with malabsorption syndrome. Clinical signs, body weight and serum protein levels evolved favourably in all individuals included in this study during the 150 days following initiation of treatment.
Bovine Dermatophilosis and its Influencing Factors in Central Ethiopia
Authors: Berhanu D. , Woldemeskel M.
Published: March 2003

A study of bovine cutaneous dermatophilosis was carried out on a total of 6530 animals under different management systems. Of the 6530 animals examined, 334 (5.1 %) were found to be positive. A significantly (P > 0.01) higher breed susceptibility was found in Holstein–Friesian cattle (12.8 %) than in the local zebu (4.8 %). The prevalence of the disease on feed‐lots, a ranch, traditional farms and urban dairy farms was 2.9 %, 4.2 %, 7.1 % and 12.8 % respectively. Management and breed differences were found to be very important risk factors associated with the disease. However, other factors, including ticks, were also found to be apparently associated with the disease, indicating a complex interplay of several factors in the pathogenesis of dermatophilosis. Possible measures to be taken into account in the control of the disease are suggested.
Pharmacokinetics of Miocamycin Following Intravenous Administration to Cattle
Authors: Litterio N. J. , Rubio M. R. , Formentini E. A. , Díaz D. C. , Picco E. J. , Encinas T. , Boggio J. C.
Published: March 2003

The plasma pharmacokinetics for a single intravenous dose (10 mg/kg body weight) of miocamycin (a 16‐membered macrolide drug) was investigated in Holando Argentino cattle (n = 5). Blood drug concentrations were determined by a microbiological method and data were best‐fitted to a two‐compartment open model. The pharmacokinetic profile consisted of a short distribution phase (t1/2α = 7.41 ± 0.53 min), followed by an extended terminal elimination phase (t1/2β = 2.49 ± 0.23 h). The volume of distribution at steady‐state was large (2.13 ± 0.17 l/kg), suggesting extensive tissue distribution, the clearance value was 0.60 ± 0.03 l/h.
Brain, Liver and Plasma Unsaturated Aldehydes in Nutritional Encephalomalacia of Chicks
Authors: Fuhrmann H. , Sallmann H.‐P.
Published: March 2003

Vitamin E deficiency and linoleic acid‐feeding lead to nutritional encephalomalacia (NE) in chicks, affecting the cerebellum exclusively. The relevance of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products to the pathogenesis of the disease was studied. Laying hens received a diet low in vitamin E. Resulting chicks were assigned to four groups fed either with linoleic (C18 : 2n‐6) or linolenic (C18 : 3n‐3) acid together with 1 or 50 p.p.m. vitamin E. Nine days post‐hatching NE occurred in the vitamin E‐deficient group fed linoleic acid. With each chick showing NE, a healthy one from all four groups was killed. Unsaturated aldehydes were determined in plasma, liver, cerebrum and cerebellum. Results underlined that the type of dietary fat is decisive for the aldehyde pattern. In the liver of linoleic acid‐fed animals total aldehydes were increased. Diseased animals had increased aldehydes stemming from n‐3 fatty acids. In plasma, vitamin E deficiency led to higher malondialdehyde and OH‐nonenal concentrations. In brain, neither vitamin E deficiency nor NE were accompanied by increased aldehyde concentrations. In consequence a direct role of unsaturated aldehydes for the development of NE in the cerebellum is not probable.
Mechanical Factors affecting the Occurrence of Intervertebral Disc Calcification in the Dachshund ‐ a Population Study
Authors: Jensen V. F. , Ersbøll A. K.
Published: March 2003

In a population sample comprising 48 standard wirehaired dachshunds, the occurrence of intervertebral disc calcification was determined by plain spinal radiography. Body dimensions of the dogs were measured and information obtained from owners about exercise patterns, including stair climbing, and the relation of these variables to the number of calcified discs was analysed by logistic regression. In the Danish population of wirehaired dachshunds, the prevalence of disc calcification was estimated at 77 %. The spinal distribution of calcified discs is similar amongst different populations, while the prevalence varies significantly. Most types of exercise included in the variable ‘duration of exercise’ as well as moderate stair climbing seemed to reduce the rate of occurrence of disc calcification. The effects of moderate stair climbing (OR = 0.34) and duration of exercise (OR = 0.52) were statistically significant and the effects appear to be additive. Running next to a bicycle was the only type of exercise with a positive association with the number of calcified discs. This was, however, not significant. Effects of body conformation, including absolute and relative body measurements, were not found.
Digoxin‐ and Monensin‐induced Changes of Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration in Isolated Guinea‐pig Ventricular Myocyte
Authors: MERAL I. , HSU W. , HEMBROUGH F. B.
Published: March 2003

This study was undertaken to determine the possible mechanisms of actions of monensin and digoxin by using isolated guinea‐pig ventricular myocytes. Since Ca2+ is the major signal for triggering contraction of cardiac muscle, the objective of this study was to determine whether monensin and digoxin affect the [Ca2+]i of cardiac myocytes and if so is this effect due to an increase in [Na+]i. Three different concentrations of digoxin (0.3, 1 and 3 μmol/l) and three different concentrations of monensin (0.3, 1 and 3 μmol/l) were used. Each treatment was monitored for two hours by using computerized fluoroscopy. Both digoxin and monensin increased the [Ca2+]i and accelerated the onset time of [Ca2+]i increase in a dose‐dependent manner. Normal myocytes (loaded with fura‐2 for 30 min before the treatment) were also compared with `weakened' myocytes (loaded with fura‐2 for 3 h before the treatment to create a `weakened' condition). It was found that although 0.3 μmol/l monensin and digoxin did not change the [Ca2+]i in normal myocytes, they increased the [Ca2+]i in `weakened' myocytes. Finally, a Na+‐free medium was used to demonstrate the effect of [Na+]o on both monensin‐ and digoxin‐induced increases in [Ca2+]i. It was found that digoxin did not increase the [Ca2+]i in the Na+‐free medium. Although monensin increased the [Ca2+]i in the Na+‐free solution, this increase was not as large as in the Na+‐containing medium. The results of the study led to the conclusion that the positive inotropic effect of digoxin depends on [Na+]o. However, monensin increases [Ca2+]i in Na+‐dependent and ‐independent ways. An addition conclusion was that `weakened' myocytes are more sensitive to the monensin and digoxin treatment than normal myocytes.
Effect of Energy Density in the Diet and Milking Frequency on Hepatic Long Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation in Early Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: ANDERSEN J. B. , LARSEN T. , NIELSEN M. O. , INGVARTSEN K. L.
Published: March 2003

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of diet energy density (high versus low) and increased milk yield, induced by increased milking frequency (two versus three times daily), on the hepatic status of triacylglycerol (TAG) and glycogen content and hepatic long chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation capacity in early lactation in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Forty multiparous Danish‐Holstein dairy cows were used from 8 weeks before to 8 weeks after calving. Liver biopsies and blood samples were taken in weeks − 2, 2, and 7 from calving. The cows fed the high energy density diet, compared with the cows fed the low energy density diet, had an 18 and 28% higher milk production and net energy intake, respectively. Milk yield was increased by 10% when the cows were milked three times compared with twice daily. Complete (CO2 production) and incomplete (ketone body production) LCFA oxidation capacity in the liver were 35 and 32% higher, respectively, and liver TAG content was 48% lower for the cows fed the high energy density diet compared with the low energy density diet. Overall there was no effect of milking frequency on liver parameters. However, a significant interaction between diet and milking frequency showed that the cows milked three times daily and fed the low energy density diet had the lowest liver LCFA oxidation (CO2 and ketone body) capacity. Furthermore, these cows had the numerically highest liver TAG content. The results for liver LCFA metabolism are discussed in relation to the plasma concentration of metabolites and insulin. In conclusion, cows in early lactation given a high energy density diet will, in general, have a lower risk of high TAG infiltration in the liver.
Cytometric Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Dogs with Lymphoma during Chemotherapy
Authors: Winnicka A. , Jagielski D. , Hoffmann‐Jagielska M. , Lechowski R.
Published: March 2003

Twenty dogs with clinically diagnosed multicentric lymphoma were evaluated for percentages of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations. Cytometric analysis was performed before and during chemotherapy. The results were compared to those obtained from a control group of healthy dogs. The percentages of CD5+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were markedly decreased and CD21‐like+ cellsmarkedly increased in dogs with lymphoma in comparison withthe control group. During the course of chemotherapythese values returned to ranges observed in healthy animals.
Endocrine, Metabolic and Clinical Effects of Intravenous Endotoxin Injection after Pre‐Treatment with Meloxicam in Heifers
Authors: KÖNIGSSON K. , ODENSVIK K. , KINDAHL H.
Published: March 2003

Meloxicam (M), a non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drug for use in animals, reduces prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenases‐1 and ‐2. The aim of this study was to evaluate M's capability to prevent the inflammatory response elicited by endotoxin (ET). Furthermore, we wanted to evaluate a possible effect of M on Δ13‐reductase and 15‐hydroxy prostanoate dehydrogenase, enzymes responsible for the initial metabolism of PGF2α. Four heifers acting as their own controls were used in the study. The heifers received an i.v. injection of either saline (S) or M (0.5 mg/kg) at 1.5 h before an i.v. injection of ET (50 ng/kg b.w. i.v.). The trial lasted 57 h after ET injection and blood samples were withdrawn for analyses of 15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α(PG metabolite), cortisol, white blood cells (WBC), Fe, Zn and Ca. Clinical examinations were performed throughout the trial. In the S + ET trial, ET injection elicited a rapid increase of the PG metabolite, a prolonged cortisol release and reduced levels of WBC, Fe, Zn and Ca. General appearance and body temperature were affected. In the M + ET trial the PG release was totally abolished, the cortisol release was reduced and the clinical effect was milder, also effects on Fe, Zn and Ca were milder in the M + ET trial, but M did not prevent the pyrogenic effect of ET. In the next two trials, we injected PGF2α(500 ng/kg i.v.) with and without M pre‐treatment. After PGF2αinjection, plasma samples were collected for measurement of the PG metabolite. M had no effect on PGF2αmetabolism. In conclusion, M effectively suppresses several of the inflammatory reactions seen after ET injections and has no major influence on the PGF2αmetabolism.
In Vitro Development of Bovine Embryos Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate
Authors: YÁNIZ J. L. , SANTOLARIA P. , LÓPEZ‐GATIUS F.
Published: March 2003

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro development of bovine embryos encapsulated in alginate. Day‐4 embryos produced in vitro (n = 110) were encapsulated with 1.5% sodium alginate and co‐cultured with oviduct cells. Unencapsulated embryos (n = 106) were used as controls. In vitro development rate to the blastocyst stage at Day 7 was similar between encapsulated, 42.7%, (47/110) and control, 34% (36/106), embryos. Although encapsulated embryos were able to hatch on Day 9, they did so in a lower proportion than controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, alginate encapsulation of bovine embryos does not disturb the in vitro development up to the blastocyst stage but significantly reduces the hatching process.
Protective Activity of the Purified Protein Antigen of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Pigs
Authors: Yamazaki Y. , Sato H. , Sakakura H. , Shigeto K. , Nakano K. , Saito H. , Maehara N.
Published: March 2003

We purified the protein antigen (P64), which contains 66 and 64 kDa proteins, from the alkaline extract (AE) of whole cells of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strain Agata (serovar 5) to determine the protective activity of the antigen against E. rhusiopathiae infection in pigs. The serum titre of antibody against P64 rapidly increased in pigs immunized with 500 and 100 μg of P64 and reached maximum values at 3 weeks after the first immunization (1 week after the second immunization). However, the serum antibody titres were not increased in pigs immunized with 20 μg of P64 and in nonimmunized pigs. In the pigs immunized with live cell vaccine (acriflavin‐fast attenuated strain Koganei 65‐0.15), the serum titres of antibody against P64 also increased at 1–2 weeks after immunization. In a pig challenge test performed on immunized and nonimmunized pigs, all nonimmunized pigs showed typical clinical signs of swine erysipelas (fever, erysipeloid, arthritis), while all pigs immunized with 500 and 100 μg of P64 and live cell vaccine showed no clinical signs of this disease. In Western blot analysis, sera from pigs immunized with P64 and live cell vaccine strongly reacted with the 64 kDa protein. In contrast, the serum from nonimmunized pigs did not react with any proteins. From these results, it was suggested that a specific antibody against the 64 kDa protein could be increased in pigs immunized with P64 or live cell vaccine and that this anti‐P64 antibody has a strong protective effect against E. rhusiopathiae infection in pigs.
Biotin‐Streptavidin Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Chickens
Authors: Haas B. , Hinz K.H. , Glünder G.
Published: March 2003

An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed in a homologous system with bacterial ultrasonic‐treated proteins as the antigen and antisera from chickens infected orally and subcutaneously with the strain Campylobacter jejuni serovar 6 (CJ 6). The cut‐off level was determined using antisera from non‐infected specific‐pathogen‐free chickens up to the age of 10 weeks. The suitability of the ELISA system was verified using antisera taken from chickens orally infected at the age of 4 weeks with CJ 1, 6, 28 or 36 or with Campylobacter coli serovar 28 (CC 28). The development of antibodies was monitored up to 6 weeks post‐infection (p.i.). Sera from chickens infected with CJ 1, 6, 36 or CC 28 contained specific antibodies to Campylobacter, whereas in those infected with CJ 28 no specific antibodies were found. Distinct cross‐reactions were observed between CJ 6, 28 and CC 28 antigens and their antisera 6 weeks p.i., while poor cross‐reactions were found with antisera to CJ 1 and 28. Antibodies to strains of all heterologous serovars were successfully detected with an antigen pool comprised of CJ 1, 6 and 36 antigens. In 11 out of the 12 field sera obtained from 5‐ and 9‐week‐old broiler chickens suffering from campylobacteriosis, high specific antibody titres to Campylobacter jejuni were found.
Evaluation of Culture Methods for Rapid Screening of Swine Faecal Samples for Yersinia enterocolitica O:3/Biotype4
Authors: Hoorfar J. , Holmvig C. B. F.
Published: March 2003

In two studies, seven different culture protocols were compared to test naturally contaminated faecal samples from pigs for isolation of Y. enterocolitica serotype O:3/biotype 4 (n = 70 and n = 79). Four of the protocols were based on the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (NMKL protocols), while three protocols were based on a rapid and selective method (here called ITC protocols). The protocols differed mainly in time of pre‐enrichment (1, 10 and 24 d) and enrichment (2, 10, 24 d) and the type of selective enrichment media (ITC vs. MRB). The sensitivity of the rapid ITC protocol (24 % and 9 %) was comparable with the lengthy NMKL‐protocols (16 % and 11 %), while the results of direct plating after 3 h (4 %) and the extended enrichment in ITC‐broth (4 %) were very low. In addition, there was a marked reduction in the number of false positive plates in the short selective protocol (62 % vs. 12 %). The results indicate possibilities of shortening the culture methods by replacing most of the biochemical tests with an agglutination test based on a monoclonal antibody.
Filamentous Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies in Psittacine Birds. A Structural and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Scarlata E. , Salguero J. J. , Hervás J. , Chacon F. , De Lara M , Jahn J. , G J. C. , ómez‐Villamandos .
Published: March 2003

This paper concerns a disease affecting a group of African grey parrots, which involves intranuclear inclusion bodies composed of filamentous material. The disease was characterized by either sudden death or death within 2–3 days from onset of non‐specific symptoms. At necropsy, gross lesions included enlarged liver, mild hepatic congestion and focal necrosis. Samples from five birds were fixed in 10% formol and routinely processed for light and electron microscopy. In four birds, numerous hepatocytes displayed an enlarged nucleus, with peripheral margination of chromatin; the nucleus was partially or wholly filled by a basophilic inclusion body. In the remaining bird, inclusion bodies were acidophilic and completely filled the nucleus; nuclear enlargement was less evident than in the other birds. At ultrastructural examination, and in both types of IIB, nuclei contained looped filaments but no evidence of viral structures. However, virion‐like structures were observed in the cytoplasm of some hepatocytes.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) seroprevalence in the breeding cattle population of the veneto region: prospects for the implementation of a control programme
Authors: Nardelli S. , Marangon S. , Pozza M. Dalla , Ponzoni A. , Viel L. , Brichese M.
Published: March 2003

The results of a serological survey for bovine herpes virus (BHV1) antibodies in the breeding cattle population of the Veneto region are presented. The data do not support the hypothesis of an high prevalence of BHV1; on farms where vaccination was not carried out most animals were seronegative, and seropositive animals were generally older. Therefore, when drawing up the guidelines for a control programme, systematic immunization (with glycoprotein E‐deleted vaccines) should be restricted only to farms with a high prevalence of BHV1 antibodies and/or with a high risk of BHV1 occurrence; in most unvaccinated farms a ‘test and removal’ policy appears to be more appropriate in order to rapidly eradicate BHV1 from the entire stock.
Serum Bile Acids in Captive Bustards
Authors: Howlett J. C. , H W. , ölzer . , Bailey T. A. , Wernery U. , Samour J. H. , Naldo J. L.
Published: March 2003

Blood samples were collected from clinically normal male and female houbara (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii), kori (Ardeotis kori), buff‐crested (Eupodotis ruficrista gindiana) and white‐bellied bustards (E. senegalensis) to determine serum bile acid concentrations. Bile acid concentrations were determined by analysis with an Ultrospec 3000 ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometer, using an enzymatic bile acid test. The results provided values of serum bile acid concentrations for the four species, with means ± standard errors of 35.8 ± 2.8 μmol; 51.1 ± 5.0 μmol; 18.4 ± 2.1 μmol and 20.8 ± 5.4 μmol for the houbara, kori, buff‐crested and white‐bellied bustard, respectively. Although no gender or age differences were detected within species, the results demonstrated significant differences in concentrations in clinically normal individuals between the different species.
Excretion of Eimeria alabamensis Oocysts in Grazing Calves and Young Stock
Authors: Svensson C.
Published: March 2003

The aims of the present study were to investigate the excretion of Eimeria alabamensis oocysts by young cattle during their first grazing season and during the first 16 days of their second grazing period. In trial 1, nine first‐season grazing heifers were studied and found to have become infected with E. alabamensis shortly after turnout. The next grazing period they were turned out on to a permanent pasture together with two first‐season grazing calves. Faecal samples were collected before turnout and then daily from day 3 to day 16. The second‐season grazing heifers excreted insignificant numbers of E. alabamensis oocysts, whereas one of the two first‐season grazing calves excreted up to 703 000 oocysts/g of faeces (OPG), indicating that the pasture was contaminated. In trial 2, faecal samples were collected from 12 calves before their first turnout in May, daily from day 2 to day 20 after turnout and then once a week until the end of September. The calves grazed pastures used in previous years by first‐season grazing calves. Nine of the calves developed clinical E. alabamensis coccidiosis 4–7 days after turnout and excreted more than 950 000 OPG on days 9–10. By day 17 the oocyst excretion had decreased below 900 OPG and remained low throughout the rest of the grazing season. The results of the two studies indicate that reinfections with E. alabamensis are of little clinical importance in calves grazing contaminated pastures, and that young stock infected with E. alabamensis during their first grazing season may be used to cleanse contaminated pastures without risk of developing clinical coccidiosis.
Report of a Case of Bronchopneumonia Associated with Moraxella bovis Isolation in a Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica)
Authors: Lavin S. , Lastras M. E. , Marco I. , Cabaoes F. X.
Published: March 2003

A case of fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia associated with Moraxella bovis infection in a chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) is described. The animal, a 4‐month‐old female, was referred by the staff warden of the National Game Reserve of Freser‐Setcases (Catalonia, north‐eastern Spain). The animal was in good general condition and was found 4 h before death. On necropsy the lungs were congested and oedematous, with haemorrhagic areas in the cranial and middle lobes. The microscopic lesions were those of a fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia. Microbiological study of the samples obtained showed numerous small beta‐haemolytic colonies in pure culture, identified as Moraxella (Moraxella) bovis.
Congenital Thymic Aplasia in a Holstein‐Israeli female Calf
Authors: Yeruham I. , Orgad U. , Avidar Y.
Published: March 2003

An unusual case of congenital thymic aplasia in a Holstein‐Israeli female calf is described. The most prominent clinical findings were diarrhoea and weakness. At necropsy, the only significant pathological finding was the marked decrease in thymus size. Histologically, this organ was composed of loose connective tissue in which a few lymphocytes were scattered randomly.
A Survey of More Than 11 Years of Neurologic Diseases of Ruminants with Special Reference to Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) in Greece
Authors: Leontides S. , Psychas V. , Aargyroudis S. , Giannati‐stefanou A. , Paschaleri‐papadopoulou E. , Manousis T. , Sklaviadis T.
Published: March 2003

The first cases of scrapie were detected in Greece in a flock of sheep in October 1986. All the animals of the affected flock and all sheep in two flocks that were in contact were killed and buried. A systematic investigation of all available cases with signs indicating a neurological disease started in sheep and goats in late 1986, as well as in cattle in 1989. The investigation was based on clinical examination, necropsy or macroscopical examination of the brain and viscera, and histological examination of the brain in all animals except those with coenurosis. Histological examinations of specimens from the spinal cord and other tissues, and if considered necessary bacteriological, toxicological and serological examinations were also carried out. In October 1997, scrapie was diagnosed in sheep of a second flock (a mixed flock of sheep and goats), grazing in a pasture close to the place where scrapie was initially detected. All animals of the second flock were also killed and buried. Diagnosis in the first flock was based on clinical signs and histological lesions, and in the second immunoblotting was also used. Distinctive lesions of scrapie were found in the brain and/or the spinal cord of eight sheep with clinical signs from the two flocks. The lesions were revealed in the brain stem and/or in the cervical spinal cord, and tended to be symmetrical. In one sheep, severe lesions in the cortex of cerebral hemispheres and of the cerebellum were also found. In the brain of two sheep from the second flock the pathological isoform of PrP protein was detected. Despite the eradication scheme applied, scrapie in sheep reappeared after 11 years in a place close to where it occurred initially. This may indicate that the effectiveness of the eradication scheme implemented was not adequate and additional approaches may be needed.