bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inside‐container effects drive mosquito community structure in Brazilian Atlantic forest
Authors: Albeny‐Simões Daniel , da Silva Pedro Giovâni , Breaux Jennifer Ann , Hernández Malva Isabel Medina
Published: June 2019

Metacommunity theory is a convenient framework in which to investigate how local communities linked by dispersal influence patterns of species distribution and abundance across large spatial scales. For organisms with complex life cycles, such as mosquitoes, different pressures are expected to act on communities due to behavioral and ecological partitioning of life stages. Adult females select habitats for oviposition, and resulting offspring are confined to that habitat until reaching adult stages capable of flight; outside‐container effects (OCE) (i.e., spatial factors) are thus expected to act more strongly on species distributions as a function of adult dispersal capability, which should be limited by geographic distances between sites. However, larval community dynamics within a habitat are influenced by inside‐container effects (ICE), mainly interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics (e.g., through effects of competition and predation). We used a field experiment in a mainland‐island scenario to assess whether environmental, spatial, and temporal factors influence mosquito prey and predator distributions and abundances across spatial scales: within‐site, between‐site, and mainland‐island. We also evaluated whether predator abundances inside containers play a stronger role in shaping mosquito prey community structure than do OCE (e.g., spatial and environmental factors). Temporal influence was more important for predators than for prey mosquito community structure, and the changes in prey mosquito species composition over time appear to be driven by changes in predator abundances. There was a negligible effect of spatial and environmental factors on mosquito community structure, and temporal effects on mosquito abundances and distributions appear to be driven by changes in abundance of the dominant predator, perhaps because ICE are stronger than OCE due to larval habitat restriction, or because adult dispersal is not limited at the chosen spatial scales.
Self‐perceptions about the profession of dentistry—comparisons between Lithuanian and Polish University graduating students
Authors: Aleksejūnienė Jolanta , Načaitė Marija , Pūrienė Alina , Bachanek Teresa , Chałas Renata
Published: June 2019

Aim

To examine the perceptions and overall satisfaction about the dental profession amongst the final‐year student cohorts from the Lithuanian and Polish universities.

Material and Methods

For the Lithuanian cohort, the response rate was 95% (N = 143) and for the Polish cohort it was 99% (N = 123). The survey included a pre‐tested questionnaire with multiple questions from three domains: (a) Sociodemographic, (b) Influences of others and (c) Dentistry Profession.

Results

Polish university students were older (25.3 ± 2.6 years) than Lithuanian students (23.5 ± 1.6 years), more Lithuanian (83.1%) students were single compared to Polish cohort (34.7%), and more students graduating in Poland (43.4%) were males compared to the Lithuanian students (26.6%). In both countries, students were mostly influenced towards their choice of dentistry by their parents/relatives and positive experiences. Similar profession‐related dimensions were identified for student from both countries: (a) the prestige of the profession, (b) job‐related security, and (c) self‐realisation. Satisfaction with a profession differed substantially between the two student cohorts, but none of the sociodemographic predictors explained this variation satisfactorily.

Conclusions

Sociodemographic differences were found between the students from Lithuanian and Polish universities. Yet, both student cohorts were similarly influenced towards choosing dentistry. The profession's prestige, job security and self‐realisation were the most important profession‐related dimensions. Polish university students were more satisfied with the profession than Lithuanian students.
Exploration of the factors that influence new Australian dental graduates to work rurally and their perspectives of rural versus metropolitan employment
Authors: Johnson George , Foster Kirsty , Blinkhorn Anthony , Wright Fredrick Clive
Published: June 2019

Introduction

The challenges in the recruitment and retention of dentists in rural Australia have contributed to a lack of dental service provision to rural communities. This paper explores the workforce factors involved in the employment location decisions of dentists' post‐graduation.

Materials and methods

Graduates between 2009 and 2013 from the University of Sydney, Dental School, were asked to complete a telephone interview related to their employment history. A total of 135 interviews were conducted, with 63% (135/214) of contactable graduates, or 33.4% (135/404) of all the graduates (2009‐2013). Interviews followed a semi‐structured script.

Results

Key factors which positively impacted on rural employment included the following: job competition in metropolitan areas, good rural salaries, financial incentives, clinical experience, rural lifestyle and professional mentorship. Barriers were as follows: proximity to friends and family, building a social and professional network, isolation, less professional support and reduced access to education.

Conclusion

Recommendations to increase rural employment include: competitive rural salaries, financial incentives and formal mentorship during both recruitment and integration into a rural community. Dental schools should consider advertising identified drivers of rural employment, namely good salaries, full‐time employment, clinical experience and rural lifestyle. This study provides important information related to rural employment and rural retention.
Acute physical exercise increases APPL1/PI3K signaling in the hypothalamus of lean mice
Authors: Gaspar Rafael Calais , Muñoz Vitor Rosetto , Kuga Gabriel Keine , Nakandakari Susana Castelo Branco Ramos , Crisol Barbara Moreira , Lenhare Luciene , Breda Leonardo , Botezelli José Diego , Sant'Ana Marcella Ramos , da Silva Adelino S. R. , Cintra Dennys Esper , de Moura Leandro Pereira , Ropelle Eduardo Rochete , Pauli José Rodrigo
Published: June 2019

Adiponectin is an adipokine that acts in the control of energy homeostasis. The adaptor protein containing the pleckstrin homology domain, phosphotyrosine‐binding domain, and leucine zipper motif 1 (APPL1) is a key protein in the adiponectin signaling. The APPL1 mediates a positive effect on the insulin signaling through the interaction with the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K). Thus, the present study aimed to explore the effects of an acute physical exercise session on the hypothalamic adiponectin signaling. Firstly, using bioinformatics analysis, we found a negative correlation between hypothalamic APPL1 mRNA levels and food consumption in several strains of genetically diverse BXD mice. Also, the mice and the human database revealed a positive correlation between the levels of APPL1 mRNA and PI3K mRNA. At the molecular level, the exercised mice showed increased APPL1 and PI3K (p110) protein contents in the hypothalamus of Swiss mice. Furthermore, the exercise increases co‐localization between APPL1 and PI3K p110 predominantly in neurons of the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARC). Finally, we found an acute exercise session reduced the food intake 5 hr after the end of fasting. In conclusion, our results indicate that physical exercise reduces the food intake and increases some proteins related to adiponectin pathway in the hypothalamus of lean mice.
Land‐use change and the ecological consequences of personality in small mammals
Authors: Brehm Allison M. , Mortelliti Alessio , Maynard George A. , Zydlewski Joseph
Published: June 2019

Many plants rely on animals for seed dispersal, but are all individuals equally effective at dispersing seeds? If not, then the loss of certain individual dispersers from populations could have cascade effects on ecosystems. Despite the importance of seed dispersal for forest ecosystems, variation among individual dispersers and whether land‐use change interferes with this process remains untested. Through a large‐scale field experiment conducted on small mammal seed dispersers, we show that an individual's personality affects its choice of seeds, as well as how distant and where seeds are cached. We also show that anthropogenic habitat modifications shift the distribution of personalities within a population, by increasing the proportion of bold, active, and anxious individuals and in‐turn affecting the potential survival and dispersal of seeds. We demonstrate that preserving diverse personality types within a population is critical for maintaining the key ecosystem function of seed dispersal.
Immediate enamel bond strength of universal adhesives to unground and ground surfaces in different etching modes
Authors: Takeda Mitsuhiro , Takamizawa Toshiki , Imai Arisa , Suzuki Takayuki , Tsujimoto Akimasa , Barkmeier Wayne W. , Latta Mark A. , Miyazaki Masashi
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the immediate bond effectiveness of universal adhesives to unground and ground enamel surfaces in different etching modes, through shear bond strength (SBS) tests and scanning electron microscopy observations. Three universal adhesives, a conventional two‐step self‐etch adhesive, and a conventional single‐step self‐etch adhesive were compared. Human enamel specimens from lower anterior teeth were divided into four groups and subjected to the following treatments: (i) unground enamel in self‐etch mode; (ii) ground enamel in self‐etch mode; (iii) unground enamel in etch‐&‐rinse mode; and (iv) ground enamel in etch‐&‐rinse mode. Bonded assemblies were subjected to SBS testing. All the adhesives showed significantly higher SBS values in etch‐&‐rinse mode than in self‐etch mode, regardless of whether enamel was unground or ground. The influence of the enamel surface condition on SBS was different in different etching modes. Without pre‐etching, all tested materials showed lower SBS values in unground enamel than in ground enamel. In etch‐&‐rinse mode, no significant differences in SBS values were observed between unground enamel and ground enamel for any of the adhesives tested. Phosphoric acid pre‐etching before application of self‐etch adhesives to an unground enamel surface is essential to enhance initial enamel bond effectiveness.
Cav3.2 T‐type calcium channel mutation influences kindling‐induced thalamic neuronal firing patterns in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats From Strasbourg
Authors: Çarçak Nihan , Ali Idrish , Powell Kim , Zheng Thomas , Onat Filiz , O'Brien Terence J.
Published: June 2019

Objective

Recent data indicate that amygdala kindling leads to significant changes in interictal neuronal firing patterns of thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) neurons by decreasing the spontaneous firing rate and increasing burst firing in nonepileptic control (NEC) rats. Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats From Strasbourg (GAERS) were resistant to these kindling‐induced firing changes in TRN neurons, and are also resistant to the progression of kindling. We investigated whether a homozygous, missense, single nucleotide mutation (R1584P) in the Cav3.2 T‐type Ca2+ channel gene, which has been correlated with the expression of absence seizures in GAERS, influenced kindling progression and TRN firing patterns.

Methods

Double‐crossed (GAERS vs NEC; F2) rats that were homozygous for the Cav3.2 mutation (PP) and those negative for the mutation (RR) were implanted with a stimulating electrode in the amygdala. Rats received a total of 30 kindling stimulations at their afterdischarge threshold current twice daily, and kindling progression was evaluated. Thereafter, the extracellular neuronal activity of TRN neurons was recorded in vivo under neuroleptanesthesia to investigate the influence of Cav3.2 mutation on TRN firing patterns.

Results

We found that the R1584P mutation did not affect kindling progression in F2 crosses (P = 0.78). However, it influenced kindling‐induced neuronal firing of TRN neurons. After 30 stimulations, RR rats exhibited a lower firing rate and a higher percentage of burst firing compared to PP rats. The decrease in firing frequency was correlated with the increase in the amount of burst firing in RR rats (R2 = 0.497).

Significance

Our findings suggest that mutation in Cav3.2 T‐type Ca2+ channels may play a role in the resistance to kindling‐induced changes in TRN neurons to a low‐frequency and high‐percentage bursting pattern seen in association with the convulsive stages of amygdala kindling, but is not in itself enough to explain the resistance to kindling progression observed in GAERS.
Multiple species within the Striated PriniaPrinia crinigera–Brown PriniaP. polychroacomplex revealed through an integrative taxonomic approach
Authors: Alström Per , Rasmussen Pamela C. , Sangster George , Dalvi Shashank , Round Philip D. , Zhang Ruiying , Yao Cheng‐Te , Irestedt Martin , Le Manh Hung , Lei Fumin , Olsson Urban
Published: June 2019

We re‐evaluated the taxonomy of the Striated PriniaPrinia crinigera–Brown PriniaP. polychroacomplex using molecular, morphological and vocal analyses. The extensive seasonal, sexual, age‐related, geographical and taxon‐specific variation in this complex has never before been adequately studied. As no previous genetic or vocal analyses have focused on this group, misinterpretation of taxonomic signals from limited conventional morphological study alone was likely. Using mitochondrial and nuclearDNA, we found thatP. crinigera sensu lato(s.l.) comprises two non‐sister groups of taxa (Himalayancrinigeraand Chinesestriatagroups) that differ substantially morphologically and vocally and that are broadly sympatric in Yunnan Province, China.Prinia polychroa cooki(Myanmar) andP. p. rocki(southern Vietnam) are each morphologically, vocally and genetically distinct. Thai, Cambodian and Laotian populations formerly ascribed toP. p. cookiare morphologically and vocally most similar to and most closely related to JavanP. p. polychroa, and require a new name, proposed here.Prinia p. bangsiof Yunnan is part of thecrinigeragroup rather than ofP. polychroa, and hence there is no evidence for sympatry betweenP. polychroa s.l. andP. crinigera s.l., nor of the occurrence ofP. polychroain mainland China or Taiwan. We recommend the recognition of five species in the complex, with the following suggestions for new English names: Himalayan PriniaP. crinigera sensu stricto(s.s.; with subspeciesstriatula, crinigera, yunnanensisandbangsi); Chinese PriniaP. striata(subspeciescatharia,parumstriataandstriata); Burmese PriniaP. cooki(monotypic); Annam PriniaP. rocki(monotypic) and Deignan's PriniaP. polychroa s.s. (subspecies Javanpolychroaand the new Southeast Asian taxon). This study underlines the importance of using multiple datasets for the elucidation of diversity of cryptic bird species and their evolutionary history and biogeography.
TNF‐α differently regulates TRPV2 and TRPV4 channels in human dental pulp cells
Authors: Liu J. , Zhao Z. , Wen J. , Wang Y. , Zhao M. , Peng L. , Zang C. , Que K.
Published: June 2019

Aim

To investigate the influence of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α on transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily type 2 (TRPV2) and TRPV4 channels in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs), and explore the potential downstream signalling pathway mediating this process.

Methodology

Immunofluorescence staining and ratiometric calcium imaging were used to confirm the expression and activation of TRPV2 and TRPV4 channels. Different regulations of 1 and 10 ng mL−1 as well as short‐ and long‐term TNF‐α treatments to TRPV2 and TRPV4 response were examined by RT‐qPCR, Western blot analysis, flow cytometry and ratiometric calcium imaging. Functions of TNF receptor (TNFR)1 and p38 MAPK signalling pathways in this process were also detected by respective inhibitors. Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) was used to examine long‐term effect of TNF‐α on TRPV2 expression at the subcellular level. Data were analysed statistically with t‐test, and one‐way analysis of variance was used with the non‐parametric Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

TRPV2 and TRPV4 channels were activated by respective agonists in HDPCs. Neither TRPV2 nor TRPV4 channels were upregulated by 1 ng mL−1 TNF‐α (P > 0.05). TRPV2, but not TRPV4, was upregulated by 10 ng mL−1 TNF‐α (P < 0.05). Both short‐ and long‐term treatments with 10 ng mL−1 TNF‐α significantly enhanced TRPV2 responses, whereas only short‐term treatment of TNF‐α increased TRPV4 response (P < 0.05). Moreover, the inhibitors of TNFR and p38 both significantly decreased the TNF‐α‐induced up‐regulation of TRPV channels (P < 0.05). At the subcellular level, prolonged TNF‐α treatment significantly increased the functional expression of the TRPV2 channel especially in the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

Conclusions

Low and high concentrations, as well as short‐ and long‐term TNF‐α treatments regulated the activity of TRPV2 and TRPV4 channels in HDPCs differently, and this effect might be mediated by TNFR1 and p38 MAPK signalling pathways. IEM was used to confirm that prolonged TNF‐α treatment significantly increased the functional expression of the TRPV2 channel at a subcellular level.
Healthy work environments are critical for nurse job satisfaction: implications for Oman
Authors: Albashayreh Alaa , Al Sabei Sulaiman D. , Al‐Rawajfah Omar M. , Al‐Awaisi Huda
Published: June 2019

Aims

To (1) examine the level and variability of nurse work environment and job satisfaction and (2) explore how nurse job satisfaction in tertiary hospitals in Oman is influenced by the nurses' characteristics and work environment.

Background

In Oman and the Middle East, a scarcity of research addressing nurse work environment and job satisfaction exists. Such evidence is necessary for policymaking to positively impact nurse job outcomes, and therefore, quality of care.

Methods

We used a cross‐sectional descriptive design employing a sample of 454 local and expatriate nurses who responded to a self‐administered questionnaire.

Results

The work environment was favourable, and it positively correlated with job satisfaction. Nationality, education, hospital type, staffing, resources and participation in hospital affairs were significant predictors of nurse job satisfaction. The greatest amount of variation in nurse job satisfaction was explained by the work environment.

Conclusion

The influence of work environment on nurse job satisfaction is greater than nurse characteristics and hospital and unit types. Enhancing nurse participation in hospital affairs and providing adequate staffing and resources are central means of establishing healthy work environments, which is an auspicious, cost‐effective strategy for satisfying, and therefore, retaining nurses.

Implications for nursing and health policy

To enhance nurse work environment and job satisfaction in Oman and the Middle East, nurse and health leaders need to consider developing work and professional regulations and adopting policies to promote staffing, resources, wages, and benefits for nurses and encourage their promotion and career advancement; and foster nurse participation in hospital affairs.
Estimation of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations using sentinel surveillance data—La Paz, Bolivia. 2012–2017
Authors: Chavez Dabeyva , Gonzales‐Armayo Vicente , Mendoza Elvis , Palekar Rakhee , Rivera Rosario , Rodriguez Angel , Salazar Claudia , Veizaga Angel , Añez Arletta
Published: June 2019

Objective

The objective was to estimate the number of hospitalizations associated with influenza and RSV using data from severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance from El Alto‐La Paz. Bolivia.

Methods

All persons who met the case definition for SARI at one sentinel hospital had a clinical sample collected and analyzed by rRT‐PCR for influenza and by indirect immunofluorescence for RSV. The SARI‐influenza and SARI‐RSV case counts were stratified by six age groups. The proportion of cases captured in the sentinel hospital in relation to the non‐sentinel hospitals of area was multiplied by the age‐specific census population, to build the denominators. The annual incidence and a 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated.

Results

During 2012‐2017, n = 2606 SARI cases were reported (average incidence 120/100 000 inhabitants [95% CI: 116‐124]); the average incidence of influenza‐associated SARI hospitalization was 15.3/100 000 (95% CI: 14.1‐16.7), and the average incidence of RSV‐associated SARI hospitalization was 9/100 000 inhabitants (95% CI: 8.1‐10.1). The highest incidence of influenza was among those less than one year of age (average 174.7/100 000 [range: 89.1‐299.5]), followed by those one to four years of age (average 51.8/100 000 [range: 19.8‐115.4]) and then those 65 years of age and older (average 47.7/100 000 [range: 18.8‐117]). For RSV, the highest incidence was highest among those less than one year of age (231/100 000 [range: 119.9‐322.9]).

Conclusion

Influenza and RSV represent major causes of hospitalization in La Paz, Bolivia—with the highest burden among children under one year of age. Our estimates support current prevention strategies in this age group.
Editing the Reactive Genome: Towards a Postgenomic Ethics of Germline Editing
Authors: Guttinger Stephan
Published: June 2019

The reported birth of genetically modified twins in late 2018 has given new fuel to debates about the ethics of germline genome editing (GGE). There is a broad consensus among stakeholders that clinical uses of GGE should be temporarily banned as the technology is not yet deemed safe for use in humans. However, the idea of a complete ban is dismissed by many based on the expectation that more research will eventually allow scientists to make the technology safe without having to put humans at risk first. In this article, I will analyse this assumption and argue that it is undermined by recent developments in the postgenomic life sciences. In particular, I will argue that in a postgenomic view of germline editing a complete ban on specific uses of the technology is warranted, because the research needed to assess the safety of these interventions would not be morally defensible.
The herbivorous fish family Kyphosidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) represents a recent radiation from higher latitudes
Authors: Knudsen Steen Wilhelm , Choat J. Howard , Clements Kendall D.
Published: June 2019

Aim

Herbivorous reef fishes are considered to have difficulty digesting plant material at extratropical temperatures and are thus largely restricted to tropical waters where they are thought to have evolved. However, the herbivorous Kyphosidae, with both temperate and tropical species, provides an ideal opportunity to test this view. Previous studies have resolved the taxonomy and distribution patterns of all species. Here, we use a calibrated phylogeny to analyse the age, geographical origin and pattern of diversification of kyphosids to determine their origins in space and time, and thus refine hypotheses on the evolutionary origins of herbivory in reef fishes.

Location

Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Western Australia.

Methods

The age and geographic origin of Kyphosidae were determined by incorporating fossil calibrations and species distributions onto a phylogeny of all extant species based on fragments from mitochondrial markers and three nuclear markers, and using Bayesian modelling to reconstruct ancestral distributions. Evolution of both diet and tooth shape was also examined using ancestral reconstruction.

Results

Ancestral reconstruction suggested a subtropical, Southern Hemisphere Indo‐Pacific origin for the family. The chronogram indicates that Kyphosus originated in the early Miocene and that tropical diversity reflects very recent diversification.

Main conclusions

Contrary to the general perception that herbivorous reef fishes invaded high latitudes from the tropics, herbivorous kyphosids evolved at intermediate latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere and subsequently diversified into low latitudes where several species dispersed recently to achieve circumglobal distributions. The southern temperate/subtropical reef environment appears to have generated episodes of diversification in several, well‐established, widespread reef fish taxa. Some of these reef fish taxa have remained restricted to southern temperate reef environments despite a long tenure in the Cenozoic (e.g. odacines and aplodactylids), and some such as the kyphosids which diversified very recently in both hemispheres resulting in both regional endemics and species with worldwide distributions.
Recovery of complete left bundle branch block following heart failure improvement by left bundle branch pacing in a patient
Authors: Li Yuqiu , Chen Keping , Dai Yan , Li Chao , Sun Qi , Chen Ruohan , Yan Lirong , Lin Jinxuan , Zhang Shu
Published: June 2019

A 57‐year‐old male presented with symptomatic systolic heart failure and complete left bundle branch block (LBBB). Left bundle branch pacing corrected LBBB at a low capture threshold (0.5V @0.4ms) with right bundle branch conduction delay and paced QRS morphology changed to near‐normal by adjusting AV delay with diminished RBBD. At 1‐year follow‐up, the patient had a significant improvement in heart failure and LBBB automatically resolved with a rate‐dependent pattern. LBBP may be an alternative to conventional cardiac resynchronization therapy with the likelihood of recovery of LBBB. More research is needed to evaluate the potential use of this pacing strategy in patients with LBBB and heart failure.
Determinants of Trust in Institutions in Times of Crisis: Survey‐Based Evidence from the European Union
Authors: Drakos Konstantinos , Kallandranis Christos , Karidis Socrates
Published: June 2019

We employ Eurobarometer micro‐level data on trust in institutions, in order to explore its determinants, considering socio‐demographic characteristics, and macroeconomic indicators. The main contribution of our analysis is the investigation of the potential impact of sovereign credit rating episodes and the adoption of bail‐out programmes. We find that trust in institutions is substantially eroded in countries that experience downgrade episodes and participate in fiscal adjustment programmes while it is significantly strengthened following credit rating upgrades.
Interim tissue changes following connective tissue grafting and two‐stage implant placement. A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Papapetros Dimitrios , Karagiannis Vassilis , Konstantinidis Antonis , Apatzidou Danae A.
Published: June 2019

Aim

To determine tissue changes at implants placed either conventionally or in combination with a connective tissue graft (CTG).

Materials and methods

Forty‐eight partially edentulous subjects were randomized into two treatment Groups, and 46 completed the study. Group‐A (NA = 23) received crestal implant placement. In Group‐B (NB = 23), a CTG harvested from the palate was stabilized over the implant neck. At the time of implant placement (T0), Groups were categorized as having thin mucosa ≤ 2.5 mm at the surgical site (NSubgroup‐AI = 12, NSubgroup–BI = 11) or thick mucosa > 2.5 mm (NSubgroup‐AII = 11, NSubgroup–BII = 12). Mucosa thickness, width of keratinized tissue (WKT), crestal bone levels and relative bone thickness were determined at T0 and at the two‐stage surgery (T1).

Results

At T1, on the alveolar crest, mucosa thickness significantly decreased in the thick mucosa Subgroups (‐AII/‐BII, both p = 0.001), but increased at thin mucosa grafted sites (p = 0.049). No significant changes were noted in the WKT for either group. Thin mucosa grafted Subgroups (‐AI/‐BI) demonstrated significant decreases in crestal bone levels (both p ≤ 0.008). Crestal relative bone thickness decreased in all Subgroups (p ≤ 0.027 for significant changes).

Conclusions

Connective tissue grafting resulted in smaller reductions of mucosa thickness on the alveolar crest and appeared to have the greater effects at sites with initially thin mucosa.
Effectiveness of community‐based early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Nahmias Allison S. , Pellecchia Melanie , Stahmer Aubyn C. , Mandell David S.
Published: June 2019

Background

Research trials of early intervention (EI) programs for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) generally demonstrate medium‐to‐large gains, on average, compared with “treatment as usual,” in different developmental domains. Almost all children with ASD receive their treatment through community‐based services, however, and studies suggest that evidence‐based interventions rarely make their way into community practice. Understanding the effectiveness of community‐based EI and factors associated with these effects is the first step in developing strategies for wide‐scale implementation of effective EI.

Methods

Studies of community‐based EI for children with ASD were identified through a systematic search. Changes in cognitive, communication, social, and adaptive functioning from pre‐treatment to post‐treatment were assessed using standardized mean gain scores. Effect sizes were estimated using random effects models. Moderators of interest included type of community EI program, year of publication, intervention duration, and sample selection. Moderator effects were assessed using analysis of variance of mixed‐effects models and meta‐regression analyses.

Results

Forty‐six groups from 33 studies met inclusion criteria (1,713 participants, mean age 37.4 months, 81.1% male). There were small but statistically significant gains in each of the four domains. Hedges's g ranged from 0.21 for adaptive behavior to 0.32 for communication outcomes, after removing outliers and correcting for publication bias. EI programs associated with universities and hospitals were superior, on average, to other community EI programs for cognitive and adaptive behavior outcomes. Intervention duration was negatively associated with effect sizes for communication and adaptive behavior outcomes.

Conclusions

These results indicate that there remains a large gap between outcomes observed in community settings and those reported in efficacy trials.
A system dynamics model of infection risk, expectations, and perceptions on antibiotic prescribing in the United States
Authors: Kianmehr Hamed , Sabounchi Nasim S. , Sabounchi Shabnam Seyedzadeh , Cosler Leon E.
Published: June 2019

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing is still a major concern that can lead to devastating outcomes including antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to simulate the antibiotic prescribing behaviour by providers for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and to evaluate the impact of patient expectation, provider's perception of patient's expectation to receive a prescription, and patient's risk for bacterial infection, on the decision to prescribe.

Methods

We developed a unique system dynamics (SD) simulation model based on the significant factors that impact the interaction between provider and patient during visits for ARTIs and the decision to prescribe antibiotics. In order to validate the model for different age groups and regions in the United States, we used the sample of 53 000 ARTI patient visits made at outpatient settings between 1993 and 2015, based on the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS).

Results

Simulation results reveal that physician diagnosis for prescribing antibiotics is based on physician's experience from their prior prescribing behaviour, their perception of patient's infection risk, and patient's expectation to receive antibiotics. Also, there are some variations depending on patient's age and residential region. The simulation analysis also depicts the decreasing trend in patient's expectation over the past two decades for most age groups and regions.

Conclusions

Given the high number of unnecessary prescriptions for ARTI, we found that policies are needed to influence provider's prescribing behaviour through patient's expectation and provider's perception regarding those expectations. Our simulation framework can further be used by policymakers to design and evaluate interventions that may modify the interaction between health providers and patients to optimize antibiotic prescriptions among ARTI patients for different regions and age groups.
Fluid management for critical patients undergoing urgent colectomy
Authors: Grass Fabian , Pache Basile , Butti Fabio , Solà Josep , Hahnloser Dieter , Demartines Nicolas , Hübner Martin
Published: June 2019

Rationale

The present study aimed to define thresholds for perioperative fluids and weight gain after urgent colectomies.

Method

Consecutive urgent colonic resections within an enhanced recovery pathway (2011‐2017) were included. Primary outcomes were postoperative complications, stratified as overall (I‐V) and major (IIIb‐V) according to Clavien scale. Fluid‐management–related thresholds were identified through receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Outcomes were compared for patients above vs below threshold, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for overall complications.

Results

Overall, complications were observed in 133 out of 224 patients (59%), severe complications in 43 patients (19%). For overall complications, area under ROC (AUROC) was 0.71, identifying a critical cut‐off of 3 L of total IV fluid administration at the day of surgery (negative predictive value [NPV]: 90%). Further, a critical cut‐off for postoperative weight gain of 2.3 kg at postoperative day (POD) 2 was identified (AUROC 0.7, NPV 92%). Multivariable analysis identified fluid administration of >3 L (OR 5.33; 95% CI, 2.36‐12.02) and weight gain of >2.3 kg at POD 2 (OR 2.5; 95% CI, 1.13‐5.53) as independent predictors for overall complications. Median length of stay was 7 (5‐10) days in patients receiving <3 L at POD 0 and 13 (9‐19) days in patients receiving >3 L (P < .001).

Conclusions

Fluid administration of 3 L at the day of surgery and weight gain of 2.3 kg at POD 2 may represent critical thresholds for adverse outcomes after urgent colectomy. The suggested thresholds need to be confirmed through independent validation.
Effects of temperature on amoebic gill disease development: Does it play a role?
Authors: Benedicenti Ottavia , Pottinger Tom G. , Collins Catherine , Secombes Christopher J.
Published: June 2019

A relationship between increasing water temperature and amoebic gill disease (AGD) prevalence in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has been noted at fish farms in numerous countries. In Scotland (UK), temperatures above 12°C are considered to be an important risk factor for AGD outbreaks. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test for the presence of an association between temperature and variation in the severity of AGD in Atlantic salmon at 10 and 15°C. The results showed an association between temperature and variation in AGD severity in salmon from analysis of histopathology and Paramoeba perurans load, reflecting an earlier and stronger infection post‐amoebae exposure at the higher temperature. While no significant difference between the two temperature treatment groups was found in plasma cortisol levels, both glucose and lactate levels increased when gill pathology was evident at both temperatures. Expression analysis of immune‐ and stress‐related genes showed more modulation in gills than in head kidney, revealing an organ‐specific response and an interplay between temperature and infection. In conclusion, temperature may not only affect the host response, but perhaps also favour higher attachment/growth capacity of the amoebae as seen with the earlier and stronger P. perurans infection at 15°C.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of gurum (Citrulluslanatus var. Colocynthoide) seed oil and its properties comparison with conventional methods
Authors: Karrar Emad , Sheth Sujitraj , Wei Wei , Wang Xingguo
Published: June 2019

Lipid composition, physicochemical, antioxidant, and thermal properties of gurum seed oil obtained from supercritical CO2, screw pressing and hexane extraction were studied. Results showed that the highest yield of lipids was obtained by the hexane extraction (34.04%) as compared to supercritical CO2 (30.05%) and screw pressing (27.5%), respectively. The physicochemical properties of oil extracted by different methods are important criteria to select the oil for edible purpose. Supercritical CO2 gurum oil has higher linoleic acid composition in comparison to the screw press gurum oil and hexane gurum oil. Supercritical CO2 gurum oil and hexane gurum oil showed lower free fatty acid values (0.60 and 0.46%, respectively). Supercritical CO2 gurum oil has shown higher amounts of (C18:1‐C18:1‐C18:2)‐TAG. Supercritical CO2 gurum oil has excellent properties, especially in the terms of polyphenol, β‐tocopherol, ergosta‐7, 22‐dein‐3‐ol, and antioxidant activity. Thus, suggesting the supercritical CO2 gurum oil as desired alternative for extracting fats with altitude nutritional value, while keeping bioactive compounds intact.

Practical applications

This study is beneficial for extraction of oil from seeds. Supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SFE) is quite demanding technique on the industrial scale. SFE is a novel method to extract the oil from gurum seed and can be used in various fields such as food and pharmaceutical industries. The presented results revealed that gurum seed oil extracted by SFE could be the desired alternative for extracting fats with altitude nutritional values while keeping intact healthier bioactive compounds for wellbeing of human health.
Quality of breaded and nonbreaded chicken nuggets baked in a radiant wall oven
Authors: Ozen Emine , Singh Rakesh K.
Published: June 2019

Instrumental quality characteristics of breaded and nonbreaded chicken nuggets baked in a radiant wall oven (RWO) was measured and compared to deep‐fat fried and conventional oven (CO) baked samples. Overall, the breaded chicken nuggets had the similar lightness to that of the control treatments. The RWO baked chicken nuggets had similar crispness to that of the fried and conventional oven baked controls. Breaded nuggets had significantly lower fat content compared to fried nuggets because of the high oil uptake of the coating. The moisture content of the breaded chicken nuggets was similar to those of the control treatments while nonbreaded nuggets had lower moisture than controls. This moisture difference was because the coating prevented moisture loss from the coated products.

Practical Application

Radiant wall oven (RWO), an infrared oven, was used to bake chicken nuggets, and measured the quality of them. RWO processing decreased the fat content of the nuggets comparing to fried nuggets by providing similar quality attributes. After some improvements, RWO baking process can be an alternative to the immersion frying and oven baking.
Process optimization of polyphenol‐rich milk powder using bee pollen based on physicochemical and functional properties
Authors: Thakur Mamta , Nanda Vikas
Published: June 2019

The present study aims to optimize and explore the bee pollen as a functional component in milk powder using response surface methodology. The experimental design comprised of process variables: bee pollen (5–15%), temperature (20–30°C), and pressure (15–25 inHg) to investigate their effect on physical properties and total phenolic content of developed product. Results indicated an increase in powder recovery (41.53–52.96%) with pollen, temperature, and pressure whereas total phenolic content (12.35–22.65%) raised with pollen and pressure. The solubility (74.86–83.73%) and bulk density (0.37–0.63 g cm−3) decreased with pollen and temperature while hygroscopicity (13.10–18.29%) increased with pollen. The optimum conditions for polyphenol‐rich milk powder were 13.72% pollen, 26.84°C temperature, and 23.37 inHg pressure. Further, the morphological and FTIR analysis also strengthens the presence of polyphenols in optimized product. This investigation, thus, would open door for utilization of polyphenol‐rich milk powder in formulating several value‐added food products.

Practical applications

Bee pollen—a potent source of essential amino acids, fatty acids, dietary fiber, and polyphenols is an underutilized but nourishing food. This study aims at developing the vacuum‐dried bee pollen—rich milk powder based on process variable: bee pollen concentration, temperature, and pressure. Results showed the significant amount of total phenolic compounds in developed milk powder that is even higher compared to fresh bee pollen. The powder manufacturing process discussed here is quite simple and can be easily adapted by small and medium scale industries to achieve drying at a lower cost which may be beneficial for beekeepers to raise their economic status in developing countries. Further, the developed polyphenol‐rich milk powder can be employed in cereals, bakery, confectionery, and frozen dessert industry to make healthier processed food products.
Relationship between long‐term use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: A systematic analysis
Authors: Jiang Kailin , Jiang Xiaotao , Wen Yi , Liao Liu , Liu Feng‐bin
Published: June 2019

Background and Aim

This study aims to systematically analyze the effect of long‐term therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on the risk of gastric cancer.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China biomedical literature database (CBM) were searched for studies before February 2019. We evaluated the quality of the included articles through the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale and gathered relevant data to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) through Stata14.0.

Results

Seven relevant articles conformed to the inclusion criteria; 943 070 patients were included. The pooled OR was 2.50; 95% CI (1.74, 3.85); the subgroup analysis results showed that patients who had used PPIs for more than 36 months were most likely to develop gastric cancer, and an increased risk was observed among patients after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Noncardia gastric cancer was more likely to develop.

Conclusions

Long‐term use of PPIs can possibly increase the risk of gastric cancer even among patients after H. pylori eradication; in particular, for noncardia gastric cancer, the risk increases with longer durations of PPI use. Due to the limited number of studies, more high‐quality studies are required to be designed.
Associations of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Past‐Year DSM‐5 Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders in Older Adults
Authors: Rhee Taeho Greg , Barry Lisa C. , Kuchel George A. , Steffens David C. , Wilkinson Samuel T.
Published: June 2019

OBJECTIVES

To examine the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the associations of ACEs with psychiatric and substance use disorders among older adults in the United States.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional analysis of the 2012‐2013 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave III (NESARC‐III).

SETTING

Nationally representative drug‐related health interview survey in the United States.

PARTICIPANTS

Survey respondents aged 65 or older (n = 5806 unweighted).

MEASUREMENTS

ACEs, the key independent variable, were assessed using validated measures. Outcome variables consisted of past‐year psychiatric disorders (eg, major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder) and substance use disorders (eg, alcohol use disorder) using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. We estimated the national prevalence of ACEs in older adults and used multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression analyses to assess the association between ACEs and the outcomes after adjusting for sociodemographics and clinical comorbidities.

RESULTS

Overall, 35.9% of older adults, representative of 14.8 million older adults nationwide, reported some form of ACEs. The most common types were parental psychopathology (20.3%), other traumatic events (14.0%), and physical/psychological abuse (8.4%). Having experienced any ACEs was associated with higher odds of having a past‐year psychiatric disorder (adjusted odds ratio = 2.11; 95% confidence interval = 1.74‐2.56). Similar results were found for substance use disorders (P < .01).

CONCLUSION

ACEs are linked to an increased risk for past‐year psychiatric and substance use disorders in older adults. ACEs may have long‐term effects on older adults’ mental well‐being. Although further research is needed, preventing ACEs may lead to large improvements in public mental health that persist well into older age. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2085–2093, 2019
How to Run for Political Office: A Primer for Midwives and Other Nontraditional Candidates
Authors: Van Hoover Cheri
Published: June 2019

Service in public office is a laudatory civic activity, and nontraditional candidates such as midwives have much to offer in this role. Newcomers to the political process benefit from basic information about how to run a campaign, raise money, utilize effective messaging, deal with political attacks, and seek endorsements and other campaign support. Midwives encounter ethical and legal implications specific to their position of trust as health care providers. In order to demystify the campaign process for novices, this practical guide to the basics of running for local office has been extrapolated from the experience of one midwife candidate in order to decrease potential barriers to others’ political engagement and political ambition.
Immediate Postpartum Contraception: Intrauterine Device Insertion
Authors: Escobar Melicia , Shearin Stacey
Published: June 2019

Insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD) in the immediate postpartum period is a safe, evidence‐based form of contraception appropriate for most women. Despite the higher risk of expulsion as compared with interval insertion, the benefits of insertion in the immediate postpartum period are significant and include improved rates of contraception continuance and reduced instances of short interval birth. Through shared decision making, midwives and other clinicians can assist women in clarifying their reproductive goals and understanding of contraceptive options, including this method. In response to identified gaps in knowledge and insertion technique among midwives, this article provides an overview of immediate postpartum IUD insertion, risks and benefits, and eligibility criteria and describes preinsertion, insertion, and postinsertion care.