bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miro1 functions as an inhibitory regulator of MFN at elevated mitochondrial Ca2+ levels
Authors: Fatiga Ferdinand F. , Wang Li‐jie , Hsu Tian , Capuno Jenica Irish , Fu Chi‐yu
Published: August 2021

Mitochondria function as an integrated network that moves along the microtubules within cells and changes the morphology through membrane fusion and fission events. Mitofusin (MFN) mediates membrane tethering and subsequent fusion of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of MFN function is critical to tackling the pathology related to mitochondrial network imbalance. Here, we reveal a novel inhibitory mechanism of MFN‐mediated fusion by mitochondrial Rho GTPase (Miro1) in response to elevated mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]m). We showed that elevated [Ca2+]m prevents the fusion between mitochondria forming the outer membrane tether by ectopically expressing MFN. Lowering [Ca2+]m by treating cells with an inhibitor of mitochondrial calcium uniporter or knocking down Miro1/2 induces more fused networks. Miro1 interacts with MFN as supported by co‐immunoprecipitation and protein association identified by proximity labeling proteomics. It suggests that Miro1 functions as a Ca2+‐sensor and inhibits MFN function at elevated [Ca2+]m. Miro1 EF‐hand mutant has a compromised inhibitory effect, which reiterates Ca2+‐modulated regulation. Dysregulated Ca2+‐handling and mitochondrial network imbalance are highly relevant in the pathology of cancers, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Miro1 functions as a coordinated Ca2+‐responder by pausing mitochondrial transport while reducing network fusion and cooperating with Drp1‐mediated fission. It likely prevents the detrimental effect of Ca2+m overload and facilitates mitophagy. Our finding reveals a novel regulation of mitochondrial network dynamics responding to [Ca2+]m through the interplay of Miro1 and MFN. Modulation of Miro1 and MFN interaction is a potential intervention to promote network homeostasis.
Aqueous two‐phase systems in Latin America: perspective and future trends
Authors: González‐González Mirna , Picó Guillermo , Lima Álvaro Silva , Ussemane Mussagy Cassamo , Pereira Jorge Fernando Brandão , Fernandez‐Lahore Hector Marcelo , Asenjo Juan A. , Rito‐Palomares Marco
Published: August 2021

Aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) have been demonstrated to be a simple and robust worldwide applied bioprocessing technology. From high value microscopic to macroscopic biological molecules obtained from a wide broad of matrices, ATPS have shown a high efficiency capacity for their concentration, enrichment, recovery, and purification. Particularly in Latin America, four relevant countries have paved the way and played important leading roles in this transformation history. This perspective article aims to present a critical analysis of the practical evolution of the main implementations of ATPS in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Special attention is given to novel applications of this biphasic bioprocess that are being explored to accomplish visionary therapeutic tasks for the healthcare, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical sectors, as well as other environmental purposes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for extraction of S‐phenylmercapturic acid from urine samples followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ye Haipeng , Shao Ji , Shi Yanpeng , Tan Siwei , Su Kewen , Zhang Ling , Shan Xiaoyue
Published: August 2021

In this study, magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) were prepared and used as sorbents for extraction of S‐phenylmercapturic acid (S‐PMA) from urine samples, followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet‐visible (HPLC‐UV/Vis) analysis. The MMIPs were synthesized by the copolymerization reaction of (phenylthio) acetic acid (template molecule), methacrylic acid (functional monomers) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (cross‐linkers). The morphology, structure property and surface groups of the prepared MMIPs were characterized by scan electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction pattern, thermogravimetric analyses, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller and vibrating sample magnetometer. The selectivity of the MMIPs was investigated in the presence of interferents. Various parameters affecting the S‐PMA extraction efficiency were investigated, including MMIPs amount, pH, sample volume, desorption solvent, as well as extraction and desorption time. The obtained optimal parameters were as follows: MMIPs amount (20 mg), pH (3.0), sample volume (5 mL), desorption solvent (methanol/acetic acid [9/1, v/v]), extraction time (30 minutes) and desorption time (2 minutes). The method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Industry on Bioanalytical Method Validation. The calibration curve for the analyte was linear in the concentration range of 0.030‐1.0 mg/L (r = 0.9995). The LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.0080 and 0.0267 mg/L, respectively. The enrichment factor of the MMIPs was 5. The relative standard deviations of intra‐ and inter‐day tests were in the range of 3.8‐5.1% and 3.9‐6.3%, respectively. The recoveries at three different concentrations of 0.10, 0.50 and 0.80 mg/L ranged between 95.2% and 98.6%. In addition, the MMIPs could be reused for at least eight times. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of S‐PMA in urine samples. In addition, this developed method could be used as a tool in the early screening and clinical diagnosis of benzene intoxication.
Trends in soil temperature in the Icelandic highlands from 1977 to 2019
Authors: Petersen Guðrún Nína
Published: August 2021

The soil temperature trend at Hveravellir, a weather station in the Icelandic highlands, is investigated. Hveravellir is stationed in a barren landscape but the site itself is grass covered. The maritime climate of Iceland is warmer than expected for the latitude and the annual temperature at Hveravellir, at 641 m a.s.l., is 0.3°C. Soil temperature has been measured at the site since 1965 at 10, 20, 50 and 100 cm depth but the data is not fully digitized. Here, the time series used span 42 years, from 1977 to 2019. Annual and seasonal trends are calculated as well as the annual number of thawing degree days (TDD) and freezing degree days (FDD). During this period, there has been a considerable warming in Iceland, not only because of global warming but also because of its start coinciding with the end of a local cold period. In the soil, warming is detected in all seasons except May to June, which is the melting season, the end of which varies greatly from year to year. The most warming is found during the autumn and winter months. These results contrast with those from continental cool sites where the largest warming has been seen in the spring months. The autumn cooling starts 2–3 weeks later now than at the start of the time series, resulting in the soil experiencing a longer summer. The number of TDD has increased and the number of FDD has decreased, both in air and in soil. At 100 cm depth TDD has increased by 80°C day dec−1 and FDD decreased by 38°C day dec−1. There is a correlation between the increase in air temperature and soil temperature, for every 1°C increase in 2 m temperature the soil temperature at 100 cm has increased by 0.6°C.
Design and analysis of laser photoelectric detection sensor
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , Li Hanshan , Zhang Shanshan
Published: August 2021

In order to solve the problem of unstable detection and low detection ability of traditional photoelectric detection target in complex environment, a design method of laser photoelectric detection sensor is proposed. Laser photoelectric detection sensor with active and passive laser detection screen is formed by adding line laser to the traditional photoelectric detection target. According to the characteristics of laser echo energy when the projectile passing through the laser detection screen, the calculation model of the laser echo power received by the photoelectric detector under the random intersection of projectile and target is established, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio calculation function of the system is derived. Through the comparative test, the results show that the detection ability of the laser photoelectric detection sensor is obviously better than that of the traditional photoelectric detection target, especially in the low illumination environment; moreover, the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the laser photoelectric detection sensor still follows the law of decreasing with the increase of detection distance, and it keeps the detection characteristics of photoelectric detection system. By increasing the laser emission power, the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the laser photoelectric detection sensor is improved to a certain extent, and the detection ability of the system is improved. The results verify that the design method and theoretical model of photoelectric detection sensor proposed in this paper are scientific and feasible.
Addressing psychosocial health in the treatment and care of adolescents with obesity
Authors: Jebeile Hiba , Cardel Michelle I. , Kyle Theodore K. , Jastreboff Ania M.
Published: August 2021

Obesity affects 158 million youth worldwide and is associated with psychosocial comorbidity. This review describes weight management options utilized by adolescents, including both self‐directed weight loss and medically supervised obesity treatment interventions, and associated psychosocial impacts. A majority of adolescents with obesity attempt to manage weight on their own, primarily through attempting weight loss, sometimes with supplement use. Approaches such as these are associated with a degree of risk, disordered eating behaviors, and further weight gain. In contrast, medically supervised multicomponent interventions are associated with improved psychosocial health, including quality of life, self‐esteem, and body image, and reduced symptoms of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. Few studies utilizing antiobesity pharmacotherapy have reported psychosocial outcomes, and trials of bariatric surgery show some early improvements with a need for sustained psychological support following surgery. Greater access to medically supervised treatment services is required to facilitate obesity care for adolescents. Early data on psychosocial health and obesity treatment offer promising outcomes; however, larger randomized controlled trials and longer‐term data are needed. Future research should include both physiological and psychosocial outcomes to assess impact of interventions on the holistic health of adolescents with obesity.
A randomized study of effects of obesity framing on weight stigma
Authors: Parnarouskis Lindsey , Jouppi Riley J. , Cummings Jenna R. , Gearhardt Ashley N.
Published: August 2021

Objective

Growing evidence suggests highly processed foods may trigger an addictive‐like process, which is associated with obesity. Other research suggests an addictive‐like process occurs in response to eating itself, rather than specific foods. Addiction‐based obesity explanations raise concerns about double stigmatization of people with obesity and addiction. This study compared effects of obesity framings on external and internalized weight stigma.

Methods

The study was preregistered via Open Science Framework. Four hundred and forty‐seven adults read an informational passage that described food addiction, eating addiction, or calorie balance explanations for obesity or a control passage about memory. Participants then completed external and internalized weight stigma measures.

Results

Participants in the food addiction condition reported higher internalized weight stigma compared with those in the control condition. Obesity framing did not significantly affect external weight stigma compared with the control.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that food addiction explanations for obesity may elicit greater internalized weight stigma than non‐obesity‐related messages. Addiction‐based and traditional obesity explanations do not appear to influence external weight stigma. Illuminating the effects of obesity framing on stigma will help researchers communicate discoveries in ways that mitigate stigma.
Minimum norm partial eigenstructure assignment problems in high‐order system via feedback control
Authors: Yu Peizhao , Wang Chuang , Fang Jie , Sun Junwei
Published: August 2021

In this article, the minimum norm partial eigenstructure assignment problem (MNPESAP) is considered in a symmetric high‐order system using feedback control law with the highest‐order derivative term. Two new orthogonality relations are constructed using the system matrices and undetermined feedback gains. The parametric expressions of the feedback controller and the necessary and sufficient condition for solving the partial eigenstructure assignment problem are derived. The Sylvester matrix equations and gradient formula are presented for solving MNPESAP. An algorithm is proposed to obtain the minimum norm solutions of feedback gains using gradient‐based optimization method. Numerical examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of given results.
Quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix and processed products based on the analysis of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides by liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector
Authors: Xie Qi , Tian Hemiao , Huan Xiaohan , Cao Lanlan , Wang Yan , Cheng Xuemei , Ning Chuguang , Hu Fangdi , Wang Changhong
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Codonopsis Radix (CR) is an edible food and traditional Chinese herb medicine that is widely used in China and Southeast Asia. Saccharides, including fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS) and polysaccharides, are among the most important active substances in CR. However, a quality evaluation of CR based on oligosaccharides has not been conducted.

Objective

This study aimed to establish a high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector method (HPLC‐CAD) for the quality evaluation of CR and processed products based on analysis of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides.

Method

A sensitive and rapid HPLC‐CAD method for the simultaneous determination of two monosaccharides (D‐fructose and D‐glucose), sucrose, and FOS (GF2–GF6) was established to evaluate the quality of CR for the first time. In the present study, 65 batches of CR from three species of the genus Codonopsis were analysed using multivariate statistical techniques. Furthermore, the effects of cultivation management measures (plant growth retardants supply, harvesting time, and growth period) and primary process (drying methods) in the production areas on the target compounds were studied by analysing 34 batches of processed samples.

Results

Different varieties of CR resulted in considerably different saccharide contents. Cultivation management measures and processing method remarkably affected the quality of CR. Low concentration of plant growth retardants was recommended. The best harvest time is in October after 4 years of growth. Dryer‐drying was suggested to meet the requirement for large‐scale processing.

Conclusion

This method would provide an efficient analytical tool for monosaccharides and oligosaccharides of CR and contribute to the improvement of CR quality.
Effect of a Lateral Overgrowth Process on the Strain Evolution of AlN Films Grown on a Nanopatterned Sapphire Substrate for Ultraviolet‐C Light‐Emitting Diode Applications
Authors: Liu Shangfeng , Hoo Jason , Chen Zhaoying , Yan Long , Wang Tao , Sheng Shanshan , Sun Xiaoxiao , Yuan Ye , Guo Shiping , Wang Xinqiang
Published: August 2021

Strain evolution of AlN grown on hole‐type (HT) and pillar‐type (PT) nanopatterned sapphire substrates (NPSSs) during the epitaxial lateral overgrowth process is comparably studied. It is found that, after complete coalescence, the residual strain of AlN on HT‐NPSS is tensile, whereas AlN on PT‐NPSS is almost strain free. The different strain states are associated with different behaviors of crystal merging during the lateral overgrowth process, depending on the type of pattern. Then, ultraviolet‐C (UVC) light‐emitting diode (LED) wafers are grown on two types of AlN templates with the distinctive strain states. It is confirmed that AlN on HT‐NPSS with tensile strain offers the advantage of producing a high‐quality AlGaN layer with a fairly flat surface, which is the key point for fabricating high‐performance UVC LEDs.
Morin improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats by enhancing axon regeneration via the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway
Authors: Jin Haiming , Qi Fangzhou , Chu Feifan , Liu Chen , Qian Tianchen , Zeng Weimin , Wang Qingqing , Wang Xiangyang , Xiao Jian
Published: August 2021

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological occurrence that usually leads to a loss of motor and sensory function in patients. Axon regeneration has been reported to be crucial for recovery after trauma to the nervous system. Morin, a natural bioflavonoid obtained from the Moraceae family, has previously been reported to exert neuroprotective effects. In our study, we investigated the protective effects of morin on PC12 cells and primary neurons treated with oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) and its function in an SCI model. In vitro experiments showed that treating neuronal cells with morin enhanced axonal regeneration after OGD treatment by regulating microtubule stabilization and protecting mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, morin protected neuronal cells exposed to OGD by activating the nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) pathway. An in vivo study illustrated that oral morin administration improved microtubule stability and promoted axon regeneration in SCI rats. Taken together, this study showed that treatment with morin improves functional recovery after SCI and that morin may serve as a potential agent for treating SCI.
Targeted covariance inflation for 3D‐volume radar reflectivity assimilation with the LETKF
Authors: Vobig Klaus , Stephan Klaus , Blahak Ulrich , Khosravian Kobra , Potthast Roland
Published: August 2021

The local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) suggested by Hunt et al., 2007 is a very popular method for ensemble data assimilation. It is the operational method for convective‐scale data assimilation at Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). At DWD, based on the LETKF, three‐dimensional volume radar observations are assimilated operationally for the operational ICON‐D2. However, one major challenge for the LETKF is the situation where observations show precipitation (reflectivity) whereas all ensemble members do not show such reflectivity at a given point in space. In this case, there is no sensitivity of the LETKF with respect to the observations, and the analysis increment based on the observed reflectivity is zero. The goal of this work is to develop a targeted covariance inflation (TCI) for the assimilation of 3D‐volume radar data based on the LETKF, adding artificial sensitivity and making the LETKF react properly to the radar observations. The basic idea of the TCI is to employ an additive covariance inflation as entrance point for the LETKF. Here, we construct perturbations to the simulated observation which are used by the core LETKF assimilation step. The perturbations are constructed such that they exhibit a correlation between humidity and reflectivity. This leads to a change in humidity in such a way that precipitation is more likely to occur. We describe and demonstrate the theoretical basis of the method. We then present a case study where targeted covariance inflation leads to a clear improvement of the LETKF and precipitation forecast. All examples are based on the German radar network and the ICON‐D2 model over Central Europe.
Stability of nonlinear distributed delay system with parameter uncertainties: Integral‐based event‐triggered impulsive control strategy
Authors: Li Hongfei , Zhang Liruo , Zhang Xiaoyu , Yu Junzhi
Published: August 2021

This article investigates the stability of nonlinear uncertain distributed delay system via integral‐based event‐triggered impulsive control (IETIC) strategy. First, a IETIC mechanism is presented to reduce the redundant data transmission over the system, in which the integral‐based event‐triggered mechanism uses the integration of system states over a time period in the past. Second, a new lemma is proposed to eliminate the Zeno behavior of the established model through the IETIC mechanism. Third, a novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) method related to probability density function is constructed to guarantee the stability of the established model based on LMI conditions, where a probability density function is introduced as a distributed delay kernel. Compared with existing methods, the constructed novel LKF method is less conservative or requiring less number of decision variables. Numerical examples are further provided to confirm the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed approach.
The first Silurian trilobite with three‐dimensionally preserved soft parts reveals novel appendage morphology
Authors: Siveter Derek J. , Fortey Richard A. , Briggs Derek E. G. , Siveter David J. , Sutton Mark D.
Published: August 2021

The first Silurian trilobite known with soft parts preserved, a Dalmanites species, is described from the Herefordshire Lagerstätte. Biramous appendages and much of the alimentary system are evident. High‐fidelity three‐dimensional preservation reveals a novel arrangement of the exopod, in which successive filaments are connected by a presumed membrane. This morphology explains a misinterpretation of the exopod as supporting spiral structures, originally reported nearly 150 years ago. Comparison with other trilobite limbs indicates that the exopod morphology of Dalmanites is present in other members of Phacopida. The function of the exopod is considered to be primarily respiratory.
Antibiotic resistance and random amplified polymorphic DNA typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical and water samples
Authors: Giri Shobha , Shekar Malathi , Shetty A. Veena , G Puneeth T. , Shetty Avinash K.
Published: August 2021

The study aimed to screen for the presence of multidrug‐resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from diarrheal stool and environmental water samples and to check the epidemiological link between the two categories. Isolates obtained after culturing on different media were tested for antibiotic resistance and extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) production. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was done for important β‐lactamase encoding genes. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing was done using two primers. Results showed a high prevalence of K. pneumoniae from fish market effluents compared with stool and well water. Stool isolates showed high resistance to ceftazidime (80.0%) and cefepime (80.0%), fish market effluent isolates to cefoperazone–sulbactam (92.1%), and erythromycin (78.9%), while well water isolates to erythromycin (72.7%) and cefuroxime (54.4%). The ESBL genes blaCTX, blaSHV, and blaTEM were detected in 22.85%, 14.28%, and 42.85% of K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. The results of RAPD‐PCR showed high genetic similarities between the isolates from different sources.

Practitioner Points

Detection of multi‐drug resistant Klebsiella strains in hospital wastewater and drinking water sources has progressively increased since its emerging resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins and carbapenems.

Detection of beta‐lactamase encoding genes by molecular techniques and typing by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) can be useful in identifying the genetic fingerprints for epidemiological study.

Implementation of effective antimicrobial stewardship program and infection control policy thereby helps assess the risk factors associated with infections.
Liquidity and the Impact of Information Shocks: A Macroeconomics Course Application
Authors: Ozenbas Deniz , Pagano Michael S. , Schwartz Robert A. , Weber Bruce W.
Published: August 2021

This chapter explains how “information shocks” can affect the liquidity of financial markets and stock prices. The focus is on unexpected macroeconomic news as a key type of information shock. The final portion of the chapter discusses some realworld events that demonstrate the effects of these shocks on financial markets and how investors react to unexpected macroeconomic news items.
Trading and Technology: An Information Systems Course Application
Authors: Ozenbas Deniz , Pagano Michael S. , Schwartz Robert A. , Weber Bruce W.
Published: August 2021

Financial markets today are highly computerized -- from software-driven order submission to price determination to straight-through clearing and settlement -- computer technology has displaced manual activities and streamlined functions throughout the trading value chain. The previous chapters examined microeconomic principles that underpin trading and price-setting, and finance theory that provides analytical frameworks for market outcomes. Our analysis introduces real market frictions and examines how transactions costs and heterogeneity among market participants makes market structure and tracing mechanism design crucial determinants of market outcomes and behavior. . In this chapter, we drill down further into the realities of a non-frictionless market in order to focus on how technology can enhance the efficiency of an actual marketplace. Challenging market design issues are encountered when developing and operating an actual trading facility, and as IT professionals know, the devil is in the details. The practical considerations in operating a market system successfully are the next topic this book addresses.
Three-dimensional thermomechanical converting of CTMP substrates: effect of bio-based strengthening agents and new mineral filling concept
Authors: Laukala Teija , Ovaska Sami-Seppo , Kerttula Ninja , Backfolk Kaj
Published: August 2021

The effects of bio-based strengthening agents and mineral filling procedure on the 3D elongation of chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) handsheets with and without mineral (PCC) filling have been investigated. The 3D elongation was measured using a press-forming machine equipped with a special converting tool. The strength of the handsheets was altered using either cationic starch or microfibrillated cellulose. Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was added to the furnish either as a slurry or by precipitation of nano-sized PCC onto and into the CTMP fibre. The 3D elongation of unfilled sheets was increased by the dry-strengthening agents, but no evidence on the theorised positive effect of mineral fill on 3D elongation was seen in either filling method. The performance of the strengthening agent depended on whether the PCC was as slurry or as a precipitated PCC-CTMP. The starch was more effective with PCC-CTMP than when the PCC was added directly as a slurry to the furnish, whereas the opposite was observed with microfibrillated cellulose. The 3D elongation correlated positively with the tensile strength, bursting strength, tensile stiffness, elastic modulus and bending stiffness, even when the sheet composition was varied, but neither the strengthening agent nor the method of PCC addition affected the 3D elongation beyond what was expectable based on the tensile strength of the sheets. Finally, mechanisms affecting the properties that correlated with the 3D elongation are discussed.
Shared and specific patterns of structural and functional thalamo-frontal disturbances in manic and euthymic pediatric bipolar disorder
Authors: Guo Yi-Bing , Gao Wei-Jia , Long Zhi-Liang , Cao Wei-Fang , Cui Dong , Guo Yong-Xin , Jiao Qing , Qiu Jian-Feng , Su Lin-Yan , Lu Guang-Ming
Published: August 2021

Bipolar disorder (BD) is clinically defined by alternating depressive and manic episodes with a separated period of euthymia. Thalamo-frontal loop plays vital role in psychotic symptoms, altered motor control and executive difficulties in BD. It remains unclear that structural and functional alterations of thalamo-frontal loop among the different mood states in BD, especially in pediatric BD(PBD).

Twenty manic PBD (mPBD), 20 euthymic PBD (ePBD) and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were included in the study. By analyzing the T1 images and fMRI signals, thalamus volume and frontal grey matter cortical thickness were tested, and functional connectivity (FC) between bilateral thalamus and frontal cortex was calculated. Relationship between clinical indices and thalamo-frontal FC was also evaluated in mPBD and ePBD adolescents.

Compared to HCs, the cortical thickness of left middle frontal gyrus (MFG), bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG) was significantly decreased in both mPBD and ePBD patients, and volume of left thalamus and cortical thickness of right MFG significantly decreased in mPBD patients. Compared to that of the HCs and ePBD subjects, thalamo-frontal hyperconnectivity with MFG was found in mPBD, and compared with that of HCs, thalamo-frontal hypoconnectivity with precentral gyrus/SFG was found in ePBD. In ePBD patients, episode times positively correlated with FC values between thalamus and precentral gyrus.

The findings of the present study demonstrate detailed knowledge regarding shared and specific structural and functional disruption in thalamo-frontal loop in mPBD and ePBD subjects. Thalamo-frontal abnormalities reported in adult BD subjects were also observed in adolescent BD patients, and thalamo-frontal dysfunction may be a crucial treatment target in BD.
Current analytical technologies and bioinformatic resources for plant metabolomics data
Authors: Vinay Chigateri M. , Udayamanoharan Sanjay Kannath , Prabhu Basrur Navya , Paul Bobby , Rai Padmalatha S.
Published: August 2021

Plant metabolome as the downstream product in the biological information of flow starting from genomics is highly complex, and dynamically produces a wide range of primary and secondary metabolites, including ionic inorganic compounds, hydrophilic carbohydrates, amino acids, organic compounds, and compounds associated with hydrophobic lipids. The complex metabolites present in biological samples bring challenges to analytical tools for separating and characterization of the metabolites. Analytical tools such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry have recently facilitated the separation, characterization, and quantification of diverse chemical structures. The massive amount of data generated from these analytical tools need to be handled using fast and accurate bioinformatics tools and databases. In this review, we focused on plant metabolomics data acquisition using various analytical tools and freely available workflows from raw data to meaningful biological data to help biologists and chemists to move at the same pace as computational biologists.
Detecting Admixture to Mango Purée of the Alphonso Cultivar (Mangifera indica L. cv. Alphonso) by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Strecker Claas , Ara Victor
Published: August 2021

Food authenticity is becoming increasingly important but challenges existing analytical methods. In this study, we analyze the mango cultivar Alphonso with regard to authenticity using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. This cultivar has been termed “the king of mangoes” due to its unique flavor. Regarding its metabolites however, little is known about unique constellations that allow for differentiation of the Alphonso cultivar. We find that the Alphonso cultivar is distinguished by high levels of niacin, trigonelline, and histidine but features relatively low levels of alanine. Furthermore, we develop a model based on the local outlier factor algorithm that effectively detects admixture of non-Alphonso cultivars to Alphonso purée. This task is highly challenging because we identified no metabolites that are unique or uniquely absent in the Alphonso cultivar compared to other mango cultivars analyzed in this study. Our model shows promising results on a test set: Admixtures consisting of 35% non-Alphonso and 65% Alphonso mango purée were uncovered with a sensitivity of 88%. At the same time, our model verified Alphonso samples with a good specificity of 86%.
A comprehensive review of approaches to detect fatigue using machine learning techniques
Authors: Hooda Rohit , Joshi Vedant , Shah Manan
Published: August 2021

In the past decades, there have been numerous advancements in the field of technology. This has led to many scientific breakthroughs in the field of medical sciences. In this, rapidly transforming world we are having a difficult time and the problem of fatigue is becoming prevalent. So, this study aimed to understand what is fatigue, its repercussions, and techniques to detect it using machine learning (ML) approaches. This paper introduces, discusses methods and recent advancements in the field of fatigue detection. Further, we categorized the methods that can be used to detect fatigue into four diverse groups, that is, mathematical models, rule‐based implementation, ML, and deep learning. This study presents, compares, and contrasts various algorithms to find the most promising approach that can be used for the detection of fatigue. Finally, the paper discusses the possible areas for improvement.
Recruiting underrepresented individuals in a double pandemic: Lessons learned in a randomized control trial
Authors: White Gretchen E. , Proulx Chelsea N. , Morone Natalia E. , Murrell Audrey J. , Rubio Doris M.
Published: August 2021

The Building Up Trial is a cluster-randomized trial that aims to address the issue of the leaky career pathway for underrepresented (UR) faculty in biomedical fields. Regulatory approval and recruitment for the Building Up Trial took place during the COVID-19 pandemic and the anti-racism movement. The pandemic and anti-racism movement personally and professionally impacted the target population and made recruitment challenging at both the institution and participant level. The target sample size for this study was 208 postdoctoral fellows or early-career faculty across 26 predominately white institutions. Challenges and adaptations are described. The Building Up Trial was delayed by 3 months. In total, 225 participants from 26 institutions were enrolled. Participants are predominately female (80%), Hispanic/Latinx (34%) or non-Hispanic/Latinx Black (33%), and early-career faculty (53%). At the institution level, obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval through a single Institutional Review Board (sIRB) posed the biggest challenge. We adapted to COVID-19-related challenges through simplifying sIRB forms, modifying study practices, and increasing communication with institutions. Recruiting UR postdoctoral fellows and faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic and anti-racism movement was challenging but not impossible. Studies should be prepared to modify study and recruitment policies to overcome additional barriers posed by the pandemics.
Coenzyme Q10 ameliorates the quality of mouse oocytes during in vitro culture
Authors: Lee Chan Hee , Kang Min Kook , Sohn Dong Hyun , Kim Hye Min , Yang Juri , Han Seung Jin
Published: August 2021

Oxidative stress causes several diseases and dysfunctions in cells, including oocytes. Clearly, oxidative stress influences oocyte quality during in vitro maturation and fertilization. Here we tested the ability of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improve mouse oocyte quality during in vitro culture. Treatment with 50 μM CoQ10 efficiently reduced ROS levels in oocytes cultured in vitro. The fertilizable form of an oocyte usually contains a cortical granule-free domain (CGFD). CoQ10 enhanced the ratio of CGFD–oocytes from 35% to 45%. However, the hardening of the zona pellucida in oocytes was not affected by CoQ10 treatment. The in vitro maturation capacity of oocytes, which was determined by the first polar body extrusion, was enhanced from 48.9% to 75.7% by the addition of CoQ10 to the culture medium. During the parthenogenesis process, the number of two-cell embryos was increased by CoQ10 from 43.5% to 67.3%. Additionally, treatment with CoQ10 increased the expression of Bcl2 and Sirt1 in cumulus cells. These results suggested that CoQ10 had a positive effect on ROS reduction, maturation rate and two-cell embryo formation in mouse oocyte culture.
The effect of an Empowerment-Based Human Centered Educational Program on early weaning
Authors: Irmak Naciye , Uzuner Arzu , Çifçili Saliha Serap , Aksoy Sevim , Başaran Burcu , Tellioğlu Merve
Published: August 2021

Aim:

To determine the effects of an Empowerment-Based Human Centered Educational Program on early weaning.

Background:

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) means that the infant receives only breast milk during the first six months of life. It is essential for the healthy growth of the infants and is supported by the main health organizations all around the world. Intervention studies performed within the antenatal period suggest that the education extends the duration of breastfeeding and increases the frequency of EBF.

Methods:

This is a semi-randomized control study. An interactive training module including role-plays which contain traditional patterns, short films, short presentations, and group practice with models was prepared. The participants were recruited in the study based on the voluntary participation of pregnant women followed up for antenatal care in a total of four family health centers in Pendik, a district of Istanbul. The pregnant women of one center formed the control group while others constituted the intervention group. All of them were certified as “Baby Friendly” institution. A pretest and a posttest have been performed to measure breastfeeding knowledge in the intervention group. The mothers of the intervention group have been randomized into two subgroups: one group for reminder call and the other for routine follow-up. All the participants including control group were called at the end of the postpartum sixth month to determine the rates of EBF.

Results:

Statistically significant increase in the rates of EBF at the end of six months showed the effectiveness of the education module (42.9 versus 22.2%, P = 0.001). Supplementary food taking time was earlier in the control group (18.5 ± 8 versus 15 ± 9.5 week, P = 0.03). The main reason of early weaning reported by the mothers was “the insufficiency of the mother’s milk.”

Conclusion:

The group training and postnatal reminders were found to be more effective than the individual training provided at the baby-friendly health institutions in terms of the effectiveness on increasing the frequency of EBF.
Effect of ACEI and ARB treatment on nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function
Authors: Li Kangbo , Zemmrich Claudia , Bramlage Peter , Persson Anja Bondke , Sacirovic Mesud , Ritter Oliver , Buschmann Eva , Buschmann Ivo , Hillmeister Philipp
Published: August 2021

Summary: Background: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) are widely used as a first-line therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Here, ACEI modulate the bradykinin receptor (BDKRB1 and BDKRB2) system and NO-dependent endothelial function, thus determining cardiovascular health and regenerative arteriogenesis. The current study aims at evaluating nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function, and gene expression of bradykinin receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with ACEI or ARB treatment. Patients and methods: The WalkByLab has been established to screen cardiovascular patients for peripheral artery disease and coronary artery disease. In total 177 patients from WalkByLab with heterogenous disease and risk status were randomly selected, divided according to their medication history into the following groups: 1. ACEI group, 2. ARB group or 3. non-ACE/ARB group. Total plasma nitrite/nitrate (NO) levels were measured, endothelial function was evaluated by assessing flow meditated dilation (FMD). PBMC were isolated from peripheral whole blood, and gene expression (qRT-PCR) of bradykinin receptors and angiotensin converting enzyme were assessed. Results: Plasma total NO concentration in the ACEI group (24.66±16.28, µmol/l) was increased as compared to the ARB group (18.57±11.58, µmol/l, P=0.0046) and non-ACE/ARB group (16.83±8.64, µmol/l, P=0.0127) in patients between 40 to 90 years of age. However, FMD values (%) in the ACEI group (7.07±2.40, %) were similar as compared to the ARB (6.35±2.13, %) and non-ACE/ARB group (6.51±2.15, %), but significantly negatively correlated with age. Interestingly, BDKRB1 mRNA level was significantly higher and BDKRB2 mRNA level lower in the ACEI group (BDKRB1 3.88-fold±1.05, BDKRB2 0.22-fold±0.04) as compared to the non-ACE/ARB group (BDKRB1 1.00-fold±0.39, P<0.0001, BDKRB2 1.00-fold±0.45, P=0.0136). Conclusions: ACEI treatment enhances total nitrite/nitrate concentration, furthermore, upregulates BDKRB1 in PBMC, but downregulates BDKRB2 mRNA expression. FMD is a strong determinant of vascular aging and is sensitive to underlying heterogenous cardiovascular diseases.
Insular Cortex Response to Static Visual Sexual Stimuli
Authors: Brideau-Duquette Mathieu , Boucher Olivier , Tremblay Julie , Robert Manon , Bouthillier Alain , Lepore Franco , Nguyen Dang Khoa
Published: August 2021

Abstract. According to previous research, the insula is important for processing salient and emotional stimuli, but its precise role remains elusive. By combining high spatial and temporal resolution, intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) might contribute to filling this gap. Four drug-resistant epileptic patients with intracranial electrodes in the insula were instructed to watch and rate pictures with sexual content and neutral pictures. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were computed separately for both types of stimuli. Ninety-three percent of the anterior insula (AI) and 85% of the posterior insula (PI) contacts showed differences between ERPs. AI-positive deflections tended to have an earlier onset than PI-positive deflections. The results suggest that the AI generates a P300-like response and contributes to the early phase of the late positive potential, both components found enhanced while viewing emotional stimuli in the ERP literature. The present findings are interpreted as congruent with the role of the AI in maintaining attention to salient stimuli.
Growth of Northern Tibet: Insights From the Crustal Shear Wave Velocity Structure of the Qilian Shan Orogenic Belt
Authors: Zhao Panpan , Chen Jiuhui , Liu Qiyuan , Chen Yifang , Li Yu
Published: August 2021

We collected continuous ambient noise data recorded between 2014 and 2015 at 288 broadband stations. Phase velocity maps of Rayleigh waves are constructed from 2 to 35 s periods. Combining phase dispersions at long periods (40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 s) obtained from earthquake data, we construct a three‐dimensional crustal S‐wave velocity (Vs) model with a lateral resolution of ∼20 km beneath the Qilian orogenic belt (QLOB) and its surrounding areas. The velocity structure above 20 km is constrained by faults and agrees well with subblocks. The middle‐lower crustal shear wave velocity in the QLOB is relatively low and has an unevenly distributed low‐velocity zone (LVZ, Vs < 3.4 km/s) at depths of 20–40 km, while that in the Alxa block is normal except for a narrow region protruding through the Longshou Shan. Deformation of the upper and lower crust in the QLOB is decoupled, and the growth of northern Tibet occurs through ductile lower crustal thickening and upper crustal overthrusting. The emergence of the mid‐crust LVZ in the QLOB could be due to high heat flow, more felsic composition of the mid‐lower crust, and especially shear heating. The weak lower crust from the QLOB to the Alxa block through the Longshou Shan is conducive to the expansion of the plateau, and the active front of northern Tibet is north of the Longshou Shan.
Are Multiseasonal Forecasts of Atmospheric Rivers Possible?
Authors: Tseng Kai‐Chih , Johnson Nathaniel C. , Kapnick Sarah B. , Delworth Thomas L. , Lu Feiyu , Cooke William , Wittenberg Andrew T. , Rosati Anthony J. , Zhang Liping , McHugh Colleen , Yang Xiaosong , Harrison Matthew , Zeng Fanrong , Zhang Gan , Murakami Hiroyuki , Bushuk Mitchell , Jia Liwei
Published: August 2021

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) exert significant socioeconomic impacts in western North America, where 30 of the annual precipitation is determined by ARs that occur in less than 15 of wintertime. ARs are thus beneficial to water supply but can produce extreme precipitation hazards when making landfall. While most prevailing research has focused on the subseasonal (5 weeks) prediction of ARs, only limited efforts have been made for AR forecasts on multiseasonal timescales (3 months) that are crucial for water resource management and disaster preparedness. Through the analysis of reanalysis data and retrospective predictions from a new seasonal‐to‐decadal forecast system, this research shows the existing potential of multiseasonal AR frequency forecasts with predictive skills 9 months in advance. Additional analysis explores the dominant predictability sources and challenges for multiseasonal AR prediction.
Applications of laboratory findings in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of COVID-19
Authors: Meng Zirui , Guo Shuo , Zhou Yanbing , Li Mengjiao , Wang Minjin , Ying Binwu
Published: August 2021

The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents us with a serious public health crisis. To combat the virus and slow its spread, wider testing is essential. There is a need for more sensitive, specific, and convenient detection methods of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Advanced detection can greatly improve the ability and accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19, which is conducive to the early suitable treatment and supports precise prophylaxis. In this article, we combine and present the latest laboratory diagnostic technologies and methods for SARS-CoV-2 to identify the technical characteristics, considerations, biosafety requirements, common problems with testing and interpretation of results, and coping strategies of commonly used testing methods. We highlight the gaps in current diagnostic capacity and propose potential solutions to provide cutting-edge technical support to achieve a more precise diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19 and to overcome the difficulties with the normalization of epidemic prevention and control.
Homology between SARS CoV-2 and human proteins
Authors: Khavinson Vladimir , Terekhov Alexander , Kormilets Dmitry , Maryanovich Alexander
Published: August 2021

An extremely high contagiousness of SARS CoV-2 indicates that the virus developed the ability to deceive the innate immune system. The virus could have included in its outer protein domains some motifs that are structurally similar to those that the potential victim's immune system has learned to ignore. The similarity of the primary structures of the viral and human proteins can provoke an autoimmune process. Using an open-access protein database Uniprot, we have compared the SARS CoV-2 proteome with those of other organisms. In the SARS CoV-2 spike (S) protein molecule, we have localized more than two dozen hepta- and octamers homologous to human proteins. They are scattered along the entire length of the S protein molecule, while some of them fuse into sequences of considerable length. Except for one, all these n-mers project from the virus particle and therefore can be involved in providing mimicry and misleading the immune system. All hepta- and octamers of the envelope (E) protein, homologous to human proteins, are located in the viral transmembrane domain and form a 28-mer protein E14-41. The involvement of the protein E in provoking an autoimmune response (after the destruction of the virus particle) seems to be highly likely. Some SARS CoV-2 nonstructural proteins may also be involved in this process, namely ORF3a, ORF7a, ORF7b, ORF8, and ORF9b. It is possible that ORF7b is involved in the dysfunction of olfactory receptors, and the S protein in the dysfunction of taste perception.