bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EWSR1‐SMAD3 rearranged fibroblastic tumor: Case series and review
Authors: Habeeb Omar , Korty Katelen E. , Azzato Elizabeth M. , Astbury Caroline , Farkas Daniel H. , Ko Jennifer S. , Billings Steven D.
Published: September 2020

We report the largest series to date (N = 6) of EWSR1‐SMAD3 rearranged fibroblastic tumor. Initially described in 2018, the tumor features a marked female predominance (F:M, 5:1, mean age 44‐years, median age 45.5 years; range 27‐57), with most cases (5/6, 83%) arising in acral locations (4 on foot/toe, 1 on hand). One case presented on the lower extremity. The lesions presented as nodules and were composed of short, variably cellular, intersecting fascicles of uniform spindled cells in a collagenous to myxoid stroma. In four cases, the tumor abutted the epidermis without a grenz zone. In one case, there was an abrupt transition to a central, acellular hyalinized area. Two other cases had admixed smaller collagenous areas, reminiscent of collagen rosettes. One had a concentric arrangement of tumor cells around blood vessels. Mitotic activity was low (<1/10 HPFs). All were positive for ERG by immunohistochemistry and negative for CD34 (6/6). An EWSR1‐SMAD3 fusion was identified in three cases tested by next‐generation sequencing (3/3). Rearrangement of EWSR1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization was showed in 1/1 case. Our series reaffirms prior findings and expands the known histopathologic spectrum of this emerging entity.
Modelled distributions and conservation priorities of wild sorghums (Sorghum Moench)
Authors: Myrans Harry , Diaz Maria V. , Khoury Colin K. , Carver Daniel , Henry Robert J. , Gleadow Roslyn
Published: September 2020

Aim

To fill knowledge gaps regarding the distributions, ecogeographic niches and conservation status of sorghum's wild relatives (Sorghum Moench).

Location

The study covered the potential native ranges of wild Sorghum taxa worldwide, including Australia, New Guinea, Asia, Africa and Central America.

Methods

We modelled the distributions of 23 wild Sorghum taxa, characterized their ecogeographic niches, assessed their conservation status both ex situ and in situ and performed preliminary threat assessments.

Results

Three taxa were categorized as “high priority” for further conservation based on their ex situ and in situ assessments, with a further 19 as “medium priority” and only one as “low priority”. The preliminary threat assessment indicated that 12 taxa may be Endangered, four Vulnerable and four Near Threatened. The taxa fill a wide range of climatic niches, both across and within taxa, including temperatures and precipitation.

Main conclusions

Taxon richness hotspots, especially in northern Australia, represent hotspots for conservation action, including further seed collection and habitat protection, with Sorghum macrospermum E. D. Garber being the highest priority for increased in situ protection. Outside Australia, Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc. stands out for further ex situ conservation, especially given its close relationship to the crop.
Nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy attending rehabilitation centers
Authors: Ruiz Brunner María de las Mercedes , Cieri Maria E , Rodriguez Marco Maria P , Schroeder A Sebastian , Cuestas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

Aim

To describe the nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy (CP) from rehabilitation and therapeutic centers in Argentina, and to analyze their risk of undernutrition based on their Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level.

Method

This was a cross‐sectional study with data collected from 321 children (196 males, 125 females) with CP age 2 to 19 years (mean age 9y 3mo, SD 4y 5mo) from 17 rehabilitation and therapeutic centers in five Argentine provinces. Nutritional status was defined by height, weight, and body mass index for age z‐scores using World Health Organization growth charts. Odds ratios were used to evaluate the association between GMFCS level and nutritional status.

Results

Of the children with CP studied, 52.4% were in GMFCS levels IV and V. Regarding the nutritional status, 41.7% were normal, 19.0% had moderate undernutrition, 33.9% severe undernutrition, 2.5% overweight, and 2.8% obese. When compared to those in GMFCS levels I to III, the odds of children in GMFCS levels IV and V having moderate undernutrition are four times greater and the odds of having severe undernutrition are 14 times greater.

Interpretation

There is a high prevalence of undernutrition associated with CP (GMFCS levels IV and V) among children in rehabilitation and therapeutic centers in Argentina. Risk of severe undernutrition increases with increased motor compromises.

What this paper adds

High prevalence of moderate and severe undernutrition among children with cerebral palsy was found.

Children attending Argentine rehabilitation and therapeutic centers are most commonly in levels IV and V of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS).

Children classified in GMFCS levels IV and V demonstrate more risk of severe undernutrition.
Methodological quality of clinical guidelines for universal newborn hearing screening
Authors: Kamenov Kaloyan , Chadha Shelly
Published: September 2020

Aim

To review existing guidelines for universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS), identify those that provide comprehensive and clear recommendations on the subject, and provide a brief overview.

Method

A scoping literature review was performed in PubMed, the Guidelines International Network library, and national guideline databases to identify guidelines on newborn hearing screening developed or updated between 2004 and 2019. The quality of the guidelines was checked with the Checklist for the Quality Assessment of Guidelines (AGREE II).

Results

Six guidelines met all the inclusion criteria. All six were based on the 1‐3‐6 benchmark (screening completed by 1mo, audiological diagnosis by 3mo, enrolment in early intervention by 6mo). However, the guidelines varied in terms of their recommendations for the application of screening methods, role of health professionals in the screening process, and quality. Based on the AGREE II score, flexibility, adaptability, and foundation role for all other guidelines, the 2019 guidelines of the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing position statement were identified as the most appropriate to be recommended for adaptation by countries or programmes.

Interpretation

The diversity in the existing guidance can be confusing for countries and institutions that are planning to develop universal hearing screening programmes. As more countries and organizations develop their newborn hearing screening programmes, they will need examples to emulate. This review provides an evaluation of the quality, comprehensiveness, and applicability of existing clinical guidelines that can serve as a facilitator for countries, institutions, or organizations in their planning and implementation of a UNHS programme.
Household Bargaining and Spending on Children: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania
Authors: Ringdal Charlotte , Sjursen Ingrid Hoem
Published: September 2020

This paper studies whether an increase in women's intrahousehold bargaining power causes couples to allocate more resources to their child's education, and, if so, what the underlying mechanisms for this might be. We conduct a between‐subject lab experiment with couples and vary the relative bargaining power between spouses. The paper provides two main insights. First, increasing the wife's bargaining power improves gender equality in allocation to children's education. However, it does not increase the amount invested in the child's education. Second, we show that the difference in time preferences between spouses matters for how much the household invests in the child's education. It benefits the child that the most patient spouse has more relative bargaining power. This implies that increasing the wife's bargaining power may reduce the allocation to the child's education if she is the less patient spouse. The results provide new insights into the current debate on female empowerment, and highlight the importance of incorporating a broader set of preferences in the analysis of intrahousehold decision‐making.
An in‐depth study of the larval head skeleton and the external feeding structures related with the ingestion of food particles by the eristaline flower flies Eristalis tenax and Eristalinus aeneus
Authors: Campoy Andrés , Aracil Andrea , Pérez‐Bañón Celeste , Rojo Santos
Published: September 2020

There is an important lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms and morphology of the structures involved in the feeding process of the bee‐mimicking eristaline flower fly species (Diptera: Syrphidae). In order to look more deeply into their larval feeding biology, a morphological study of the head skeleton and the external feeding structures of the three larval instars of Eristalis tenax (L.) and Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli), important pollinators and bioindicators of water quality, was carried out, using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Additionally, an analysis of the ingested particle size was conducted, using various pollen grains and fungal spores. The main differences, found between the third instars of both species, consisted of the more restrictive mandibular lobes of E. tenax, which prevent the ingestion of bigger particles, and a wider filtering area in the cibarium of E. aeneus, which increases the number of particles that can be retained and ingested. Eristalinus aeneus is able to ingest bigger particles (80–100 μm) than E. tenax (70–80 μm). These results suggest that the structures involved in the feeding process of E. aeneus are less restrictive, thus increasing its survival chances when, under artificial rearing conditions, the same medium is used for both species. This study may contribute to the improvement in artificial rearing for future studies on pollination and decomposition.
The hidden ageing costs of sperm competition
Authors: Lemaître Jean‐François , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Ramm Steven A.
Published: September 2020

Ageing and sexual selection are intimately linked. There is by now compelling evidence from studies performed across diverse organisms that males allocating resources to mating competition incur substantial physiological costs, ultimately increasing ageing. However, although insightful, we argue here that to date these studies cover only part of the relationship linking sexual selection and ageing. Crucially, allocation to traits important in post‐copulatory sexual selection, that is sperm competition, has been largely ignored. As we demonstrate, such allocation could potentially explain much diversity in male and female ageing patterns observed both within and among species. We first review how allocation to sperm competition traits such as sperm and seminal fluid production depends on the quality of resources available to males and can be associated with a wide range of deleterious effects affecting both somatic tissues and the germline, and thus modulate ageing in both survival and reproductive terms. We further hypothesise that common biological features such as plasticity, prudent sperm allocation and seasonality of ejaculate traits might have evolved as counter‐adaptations to limit the ageing costs of sperm competition. Finally, we discuss the implications of these emerging ageing costs of sperm competition for current research on the evolutionary ecology of ageing.
Digital Module 16: Longitudinal Data Analysis
Authors: Harring Jeffrey R. , Johnson Tessa L.
Published: September 2020

In this digital ITEMS module, Dr. Jeffrey Harring and Ms. Tessa Johnson introduce the linear mixed effects (LME) model as a flexible general framework for simultaneously modeling continuous repeated measures data with a scientifically defensible function that adequately summarizes both individual change as well as the average response. The module begins with a nontechnical overview of longitudinal data analyses drawing distinctions with cross‐sectional analyses in terms of research questions to be addressed. Nuances of longitudinal designs, timing of measurements, and the real possibility of missing data are then discussed. The three interconnected components of the LME model—(1) a model for individual and mean response profiles, (2) a model to characterize the covariation among the time‐specific residuals, and (3) a set of models that summarize the extent that individual coefficients vary—are discussed in the context of the set of activities comprising an analysis. Finally, they demonstrate how to estimate the linear mixed effects model within an open‐source environment (R). The digital module contains sample R code, diagnostic quiz questions, hands‐on activities in R, curated resources, and a glossary.
Digital Module 17: Data Visualizations: Effective Evidence‐Based Practices https://ncme.elevate.commpartners.com
Authors: Gregg Nikole , Leventhal Brian C.
Published: September 2020

In this digital ITEMS module, Nikole Gregg and Dr. Brian Leventhal discuss strategies to ensure data visualizations achieve graphical excellence. Data visualizations are commonly used by measurement professionals to communicate results to examinees, the public, educators, and other stakeholders. To do so effectively, it is important that these visualizations communicate data efficiently and accurately. These visualizations can achieve graphical excellence when they simultaneously display data effectively, efficiently, and accurately. Unfortunately, measurement and statistical software default graphics typically fail to uphold these standards and are therefore not suitable for publication or presentation to the public. To illustrate best practices, the instructors provide an introduction to the graphical template language in SAS and show how elementary components can be used to make efficient, effective, and accurate graphics for a variety of audiences. The module contains audio‐narrated slides, embedded illustrative videos, quiz questions with diagnostic feedback, a glossary, sample SAS code, and other learning resources.
Ideal vascular health and cognitive performance in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health
Authors: Suemoto C. K. , Szlejf C. , Santos I.S. , Brunoni A. R. , Goulart A.C. , Bertola L. , Bittencourt M. S. , Viana M. C. , Barreto S. M. , Lotufo P. A. , Bensenor I. M.
Published: September 2020

Background and purpose

Most evidence for the association between ideal vascular health (IVH) and cognitive performance comes from high income countries. The aim was to investigate this association in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health.

Methods

Cognition was assessed using the word list, verbal fluency and trail making tests. The IVH score included ideal metrics for body mass index, smoking, physical activity, diet, blood pressure, fasting glucose and total cholesterol. Poor, intermediate and optimal health were characterized in those presenting 0–2, 3–4, 5–7 ideal metrics, respectively. To determine the association between IVH score and cognitive performance, linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, race, alcohol use, depression and thyroid function were used.

Results

In 12 271 participants, the mean age was 51.3 ± 8.9 years, 54% were women, 57% White and 53% had poor vascular health. Participants with intermediate (β = 0.064, 95% confidence interval 0.033; 0.096) and optimal health (β = 0.108, 95% confidence interval 0.052; 0.164) had better global cognitive Z‐scores. In addition, interactions of IVH score with age, education and race were found, suggesting a better cognitive performance with higher IVH in older adults, Black/Brown participants and those with lower levels of education.

Conclusion

Ideal vascular health was associated with better cognitive performance. Older, Black/Brown and low‐educated participants had better cognition in the presence of higher IVH scores.
COVID‐19 meningitis without pulmonary involvement with positive cerebrospinal fluid PCR
Authors: Khodamoradi Z. , Hosseini S. A. , Gholampoor Saadi M. H. , Mehrabi Z. , Sasani M. R. , Yaghoubi S.
Published: September 2020

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) typically presents with respiratory illness ranging in severity. Neurological complications of the disease remain largely unknown. Herein, we discuss the case of a woman diagnosed with COVID‐19 meningitis following two positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) RT‐PCR assays, and highlight the importance of recognizing the neurological manifestations of the disease.

Case report

The patient was a 49‐year‐old woman with a history of hypertension who presented with non‐specific symptoms (fever, headache, malaise, nausea/vomiting). Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a lack of pulmonary involvement and oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal RT‐PCR was negative for COVID‐19. A lumbar puncture was performed on the third day of admission and the CSF analysis elucidated a viral pattern, but the CSF bacterial culture and RT‐PCR assay for herpes simplex virus were both negative. Surprisingly, the CSF RT‐PCR for COVID‐19 was positive. The diagnosis of COVID‐19 meningitis was made and the patient was treated solely with Kaletra®, with a second CSF analysis confirming our unique finding 1 week later. The patient's clinical characteristics improved progressively, and she was discharged in excellent general condition after 21 days.

Conclusion

In contrast to what was originally believed, the SARS‐CoV‐2 can cause meningitis in isolation, perhaps by crossing the blood‐brain barrier. Hence, it seems essential that physicians maintain a high index of suspicion for neurological involvement among COVID‐19 patients, with early CSF analysis and brain imaging sometimes being indicated.
A bibliometric analysis of European Financial Managementʼs first 25 years
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Kumar Satish , Pandey Nitesh
Published: September 2020

This bibliometric analysis recognizes European Financial Managementʼs (EFM) 25th anniversary. EFMʼs output and impact have grown considerably since 1994. Although EFM focuses on financial issues in Europe, US authors are now its most frequent contributors. Evidence suggests greater gender diversity and collaboration among EFM authors over time. Most EFM publications focus on the stock market and investor behavior, portfolio performance, risk and risk management, firm ownership and corporate governance, banking, and organizational performance. We also identify key attributes associated with EFMʼs citations such as article and title length, reference count, and lead female author.
Semantic segmentation and colorization of grayscale aerial imagery with W‐Net models
Authors: Dias Maria , Monteiro João , Estima Jacinto , Silva Joel , Martins Bruno
Published: September 2020

The semantic segmentation of remotely sensed aerial imagery is nowadays an extensively explored task, concerned with determining, for each pixel in an input image, the most likely class label from a finite set of possible labels. Most previous work in the area has addressed the analysis of high‐resolution modern images, although the semantic segmentation of historical grayscale aerial photos can also have important applications. Examples include supporting the development of historical road maps, or the development of dasymetric disaggregation approaches leveraging historical building footprints. Following recent work in the area related to the use of fully‐convolutional neural networks for semantic segmentation, and specifically envisioning the segmentation of grayscale aerial imagery, we evaluated the performance of an adapted version of the W‐Net architecture, which has achieved very good results on other types of image segmentation tasks. Our W‐Net model is trained to simultaneously segment images and reconstruct, or predict, the colour of the input images from intermediate representations. Through experiments with distinct data sets frequently used in previous studies, we show that the proposed W‐Net architecture is quite effective in colouring and segmenting the input images. The proposed approach outperforms a baseline corresponding to the U‐Net model for the segmentation of both coloured and grayscale imagery, and it also outperforms some of the other recently proposed approaches when considering coloured imagery.
Complex Pythagorean Dombi fuzzy operators using aggregation operators and their decision‐making
Authors: Akram Muhammad , Khan Ayesha , Borumand Saeid Arsham
Published: September 2020

A complex Pythagorean fuzzy set, an extension of Pythagorean fuzzy set, is a powerful tool to handle two dimension phenomenon. Dombi operators with operational parameters have outstanding flexibility. This article presents certain aggregation operators under complex Pythagorean fuzzy environment, including complex Pythagorean Dombi fuzzy weighted arithmetic averaging (CPDFWAA) operator, complex Pythagorean Dombi fuzzy weighted geometric averaging (CPDFWGA) operator, complex Pythagorean Dombi fuzzy ordered weighted arithmetic averaging (CPDFOWAA) operator and complex Pythagorean Dombi fuzzy ordered weighted geometric averaging (CPDFOWGA) operator. Moreover, this paper explores some fundamental properties of these operators with appropriate elaboration. A decision‐making numerical example related to the selection of bank to purchase loan is given to demonstrate the significance of our proposed approach. Finally, a comparative analysis with existing operators is given to demonstrate the peculiarity of our proposed operators.
Optimizing a bi‐objective vehicle routing problem that appears in industrial enterprises
Authors: López‐Sánchez Ana D. , Molina Julián , Laguna Manuel , Hernández‐Díaz Alfredo G.
Published: September 2020

In this paper, a new solution method is implemented to solve a bi‐objective variant of the vehicle routing problem that appears in industry and environmental enterprises. The solution involves designing a set of routes for each day in a period, in which the service frequency is a decision variable. The proposed algorithm, a muti‐start multi‐objective local search algorithm (MSMLS), minimizes total emissions produced by all vehicles and maximizes the service quality measured as the number of times that a customer is visited by a vehicle in order to be served. The MSMLS is a neighbourhood‐based metaheuristic that obtains high‐quality solutions and that is capable of achieving better performance than other competitive algorithms. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is able to perform rapid movements thanks to the easy representation of the solutions.
Constructing We‐ness: A Communal Coping Intervention for Couples Facing Chronic Illness
Authors: Rohrbaugh Michael J.
Published: September 2020

Communal coping occurs when relationship partners view a stressful health problem as “ours,” rather than yours or mine, and take collaborative action to deal with it. Although research employing linguistic (we‐talk) and other measures of communal coping demonstrates relevance to a variety of chronic illnesses, the literature offers little about how clinicians can actively promote we‐ness and teamwork to help patients and their partners achieve the health benefits this appears to confer. This paper highlights clinical and supporting scientific features of a narrative intervention designed to foster communal coping by couples in which one partner has a chronic illness. The illustrative illness is diabetes, but with modification the protocol is suitable for other chronic conditions as well. Grounded in systemic and narrative models of problem maintenance and change, the communal coping intervention represents a distillation of research and clinical experience with family consultation over several decades. In contrast to more directive and educational approaches, the intervention consists entirely of questions, with no direct suggestions or instruction about how patients, partners, or couples should change. These questions comprise 8 sequential modules (Coping Challenges, Trajectory and Focus, Illness as External Invader, You as a Couple, Past Teamwork in Overcoming Adversity, Present and Future Teamwork, Obstacles to Teamwork, and Wrap‐Up), described here in manual‐like detail.
SH3P2 suppresses osteoclast differentiation through restricting membrane localization of myosin 1E
Authors: Nakamura Shota , Masuyama Ritsuko , Sakai Kosuke , Fukuda Karin , Takeda Kohsuke , Tanimura Susumu
Published: September 2020

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption. Src homology 3 (SH3) domain‐containing protein‐2 (SH3P2)/osteoclast‐stimulating factor‐1 regulates osteoclast differentiation, but its exact role remains elusive. Here, we show that SH3P2 suppresses osteoclast differentiation. SH3P2 knockout (KO) mice displayed decreased femoral trabecular bone mass and enhanced localization of osteoclasts on the tibial trabecular bone surface, suggesting that SH3P2 suppresses bone resorption by osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation based on cellular multinuclearity induced by macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) was enhanced in bone marrow‐derived macrophages lacking SH3P2. RANKL induced SH3P2 dephosphorylation, which increased the association of actin‐dependent motor protein myosin 1E (Myo1E) with SH3P2 and thereby prevented Myo1E localization to the plasma membrane. Consistent with this, Myo1E in the membrane fraction increased in SH3P2‐KO cells. Together with the attenuated osteoclast differentiation in Myo1E knocked down cells, SH3P2 may suppress osteoclast differentiation by preventing their cell‐to‐cell fusion depending on Myo1E membrane localization.
A Randomized, Double‐Dummy, Emergency Department‐Based Study of Greater Occipital Nerve Block With Bupivacaine vs Intravenous Metoclopramide for Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Friedman Benjamin W. , Irizarry Eddie , Williams Andrew , Solorzano Clemencia , Zias Eleftheria , Robbins Matthew S. , Harrilal Melissa A. , Del Valle Michael , Bijur Polly E. , Gallagher E. John
Published: September 2020

Background

Greater occipital nerve blocks (GONB) are used increasingly to treat acute migraine.

Objective

We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine whether GONB was as effective as intravenous metoclopramide for migraine.

Methods

This was a double‐dummy, double‐blind, parallel‐arm, non‐inferiority study conducted in 2 emergency departments (EDs). Patients with migraine of moderate or severe intensity were randomized to receive bilateral GONB with each side administered 3 mL of bupivacaine 0.5% or metoclopramide 10 mg IV, the putative standard of care. The primary outcome was improvement in pain on a 0‐10 scale between time 0 and 1 hour later. To reject the null hypothesis that metoclopramide would be more efficacious in relieving pain, we required that the lower limit of the 95% CI for the difference in pain improvement between those randomized to GONB vs those randomized to metoclopramide be >−1.3, a validated minimum clinically important difference. Secondary outcomes included sustained headache relief, defined as achieving and maintaining for 48 hours a headache level of mild or none without the use of additional analgesic medication, and the use of rescue medication in the ED.

Results

Over a 2.5‐year study period, 1358 patients were screened for participation and 99 were randomized, 51 to GONB and 48 to metoclopramide. All of these patients were included in the primary analysis. Patients who received the GONB reported mean improvement of 5.0 (95% CI: 4.1, 5.8) while those who received metoclopramide reported a larger mean improvement of 6.1 (95% CI: 5.2, 6.9). The 95% CI for the between group difference of −1.1 was −2.3, 0.1. Sustained headache relief was reported by 11/51 (22%) GONB and 18/47 (38%) metoclopramide patients (95% CI for rounded difference of 17%: −1, 35%). Of the 51 GONB patients, 17 (33%) required rescue medication in the ED vs 8/48 (17%) metoclopramide patients (95% CI for rounded difference of 17%: 0, 33%). An adverse event was reported by 16/51 (31%) GONB patients and 18/48 (38%) metoclopramide patients (95% CI for (rounded) difference of 6%: −13, 25%).

Conclusion

GONB with bupivacaine was not as efficacious as IV metoclopramide for the first‐line treatment of migraine in the ED.
INNOVATE Research: Impact of a workshop to develop researcher capacity to engage youth in research
Authors: Hawke Lisa D. , Darnay Karleigh , Brown Marion , Iyer Srividya , Ben‐David Shelly , Khaleghi‐Moghaddam Mohammad , Relihan Jacqueline , Barbic Skye , Lachance Lisa , Mathias Steve , Halsall Tanya , Kidd Sean A. , Soklaridis Sophie , Henderson Joanna
Published: September 2020

Background

Engaging youth in research provides substantial benefits to research about youth‐related needs, concerns and interventions. However, researchers require training and capacity development to work in this manner.

Methods

A capacity‐building intervention, INNOVATE Research, was co‐designed with youth and adult researchers and delivered to researchers in three major academic research institutions across Canada. Fifty‐seven attendees participated in this research project evaluating youth engagement practices, attitudes, perceived barriers, and perceived capacity development needs before attending the intervention and six months later.

Results

The intervention attracted researchers across various career levels, roles and disciplines. Participants were highly satisfied with the workshop activities. Follow‐up assessments revealed significant increases in self‐efficacy six months after the workshop (P = .035). Among possible barriers to youth engagement, four barriers significantly declined at follow‐up. The barriers that decreased were largely related to practical knowledge about how to engage youth in research. Significantly more participants had integrated youth engagement into their teaching activities six months after the workshop compared to those who were doing so before the workshop (P = .007). A large proportion (71.9%) of participants expressed the need for a strengthened network of youth‐engaged researchers; other future capacity‐building approaches were also endorsed.

Conclusions

The INNOVATE Research project provided improvements in youth engagement attitudes and practices among researchers, while lifting barriers. Future capacity‐building work should continue to enhance the capacity of researchers to engage youth in research. Researchers notably pointed to the need to establish a network of youth‐engaged researchers to provide ongoing, sustainable gains in youth engagement.
Home is where the heart rot is: violet click beetle, Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821), habitat attributes and volatiles
Authors: Cuff Jordan Patrick , Müller Carsten Theodor , Gilmartin Emma Christine , Boddy Lynne , Jones Thomas Hefin
Published: September 2020

The decreasing number of veteran trees in Europe threatens old‐growth habitats and the fauna they support. This includes rare taxa, such as the violet click beetle, Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821).

Samples of wood mould were taken from all beech trees in Windsor Forest previously confirmed to have contained L. violaceus larvae, and from trees where L. violaceus had not previously been detected, the latter categorised as having high, medium or low likelihood of containing the beetle during recent surveys. Habitat characteristics were measured, and volatile profiles determined using gas‐chromatography mass‐spectrometry.

Water content significantly differed between tree hollows of different violet click beetle status, high‐potential habitats having higher and relatively stable water content compared with habitats with medium or low potential of beetle occupancy. Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were significantly associated with L. violaceus habitats. No differences in other characteristics were detected.

The distinction in water regime between habitats highlights that recording this quantitatively could improve habitat surveys. Several potential L. violaceus attractant VOCs were identified. These could potentially be integrated into existing monitoring strategies, such as through volatile‐baited emergence traps or volatile‐based surveying of habitats, for more efficient population monitoring of the beetle.
Sintering and microstructural study of mullite prepared from kaolinite and reactive alumina: Effect of MgO and TiO2
Authors: Suhasinee Behera Pallavi , Bhattacharyya Sunipa
Published: September 2020

Mullite ceramic was prepared using kaolinite and synthesized alumina (combustion route) by solid‐state interaction process. The influence of TiO2 and MgO additives in phase formation, microstructural evolution, densification, and mechanical strengthening was evaluated in this work. TiO2 and MgO were used as sintering additives. According to the stoichiometric composition of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), the raw materials, ie kaolinite, synthesized alumina, and different wt% of additives were wet mixed, dried, and uniaxially pressed followed by sintering at different temperature. 1600°C sintered samples from each batch exhibit enhanced properties. The 1 wt% TiO2 addition shows bulk density up to 2.96 g/cm3 with a maximum strength of 156.3 MPa. The addition of MgO up to 1 wt% favored the growth of mullite by obtaining a density and strength matching with the batch containing 1 wt% TiO2. These additives have shown a positive effect on mullite phase formation by reducing the temperature for complete mullitization by 100°C. Both additives promote sintering by liquid phase formation. However, the grain growth, compact microstructure, and larger elongated mullite crystals in MgO containing batch enhance its hardness properties.
Investigating recent audit reform in the Australian context: An analysis of the KAM disclosures in audit reports 2017–2018
Authors: Kend Michael , Nguyen Lan Anh
Published: September 2020

The aim of this study is to explore the new Australian auditing regulations around Key Audit Matters (KAMs), fully adopted since 2017, by reporting on matters published in over 3,000 Australian statutory audit reports from 2017 to and including 2018 reports. The study provides the first evidence on whether auditors used the same or different disclosures related to audit procedures when reporting on the same KAM in the second year in Australia. The findings suggest the most common KAM disclosures are related to “impairments of goodwill and intangible assets,” “revenue recognition,” “asset valuation,” “acquisitions,” and “exploration and evaluation.” Around 70% of Australian auditees had the same KAMs disclosed in both years 2017 and 2018. The study found differences between large and small audit practitioners related to the average number of KAMs disclosed and the average number of audit procedures undertaken per KAM. There were also differences found between industries and auditee size.
Psychometric properties of the Self‐assessment Practice Scale for professional training contexts: evidence from confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis
Authors: Yan Zi , Brubacher Sonja , Boud David , Powell Martine
Published: September 2020

Self‐assessment is a fundamental skill for professionals because self‐assessment can promote self‐regulated learning and professional development. However, studies reporting the use of self‐assessment instruments in the professional training context are scarce. This study aimed to re‐evaluate the psychometric properties of the Self‐assessment Practice Scale (SaPS), which was originally developed in the school context, and extend its use to the professional training context. A sample of 200 investigative interviewer trainees from Australia and North America were invited to complete the modified SaPS. After removing misfitting items, the confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed a first‐order four‐factor solution. The multidimensional Rasch analysis demonstrated that the resultant 16 items had satisfactory fit to the Rasch model. In general, the results supported the use of the 16‐item modified SaPS as a valid measure for the sample in this study. The potential of using the SaPS in professional training contexts is discussed.
Using the Learning Transfer System Inventory to test the effects of trainee and training design characteristics on the transfer of agricultural training in Uganda
Authors: Kiwanuka Joseph , Miiro Richard F. , Matsiko Frank B. , Nkalubo Stanley
Published: September 2020

The study was conducted to determine the role of training design and trainee characteristics in predicting the transfer of agronomic training among bean seed farmers in Uganda. Gender differences in levels of transfer were also studied. Data were from a sample survey of 300 respondents. Independent t‐tests and hierarchical multivariate regression were used to answer the specific issues of the study. Results showed transfer was generally high, with women having a significantly higher training transfer than men. Using the Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI) model, we identified factors relating to trainee characteristics – motivation to transfer, readiness to learn and performance self‐efficacy – that have shown a significant relationship with the transfer of training. We concluded by discussing potential implications for both theory and practice.
Impact of the EU–Turkey Statement on Smugglers’ Operations in the Aegean and Migrants’ Decisions to Engage with Smugglers
Authors: Yıldız Ayselin
Published: September 2020

The article reviews how and to what extent the EU–Turkey Statement of 18 March 2016 has affected the modus operandi of migrant smugglers in the Aegean region and migrants’ decisions to interact with them for irregular crossings from Turkey to Greece. It draws on field research, including 46 in‐depth interviews with migrants in Izmir, Turkey, a transit city and migrant smuggling hub. Based on analysis of these narratives and participant observation, it argues that the Statement has generated changes concerning the smugglers’ modalities and services while not affecting migrants’ decisions to engage with them to reach Europe. Although the Statement aimed to decrease irregular migration, disrupt smugglers’ “business models,” and open safe routes for migrants, it has instead increased their vulnerability and exploitation to an extent. Accordingly, the article reveals the paradoxical and controversial aspects of the Statement vis‐à‐vis the promises and consequences it generated in the field.
Evaluation of inpatient oxygen therapy in hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Anderson James , Hoang Tiffany , Hay Karen , Tay George
Published: September 2020

Background

High concentration oxygen therapy in hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with increased mortality. In ward‐based patients with acute exacerbation of COPD and hypercapnia, this study examines oxygen prescription and the association between high concentration oxygen therapy and adverse outcome.

Aims

To investigate the association between over‐oxygenation and in‐hospital adverse events.

Methods

Inpatients with acute exacerbation of hypercapnic COPD at a tertiary Australian hospital over a 1‐year period were retrospectively identified. Oxygen prescription and therapy was determined based on chart review. Over‐oxygenation was defined as ≥10% of nursing chart observations recording oxygen delivery with oxygen saturation above 92%. A composite adverse outcome was defined as medical emergency team response, recommencement of non‐invasive ventilation or death. The association between over‐oxygenation and adverse outcome was assessed using survival analysis and conditional logistic regression modelling.

Results

The study cohort comprised 106 unique patients and 157 admissions. Oxygen prescription was recorded in 132 (84%) and over‐oxygenation occurred in 97 (62%) admissions. Over‐oxygenation was higher in non‐respiratory ward admissions (76% vs 57%, P = 0.03) and those without any form of oxygen prescription (84% vs 58%, P = 0.01). During follow up, 23 (22%) patients experienced an adverse event. Cox proportional hazards modelling found weak evidence for increased risk of an adverse event in over‐oxygenated patients (hazard ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 0.8–7.3, P = 0.10). Conditional logistic regression, after matching on age, Charlson comorbidity category and length of follow up, found a similar estimate of association (hazard ratio 2.6; 95% confidence interval 0.8–8.7, P = 0.12).

Conclusions

Over‐oxygenation to hypercapnic COPD inpatients is common and rates of oxygen prescription are suboptimal. We found weak evidence of association between over‐oxygenation and adverse events, likely due to low statistical power. Larger prospective studies are needed.
A glance over the fence: Using phylogeny and species comparison for a better understanding of antigen recognition by human γδ T‐cells
Authors: Herrmann Thomas , Karunakaran Mohindar Murugesh , Fichtner Alina Suzann
Published: September 2020

Both, jawless and jawed vertebrates possess three lymphocyte lineages defined by highly diverse antigen receptors: Two T‐cell‐ and one B‐cell‐like lineage. In both phylogenetic groups, the theoretically possible number of individual antigen receptor specificities can even outnumber that of lymphocytes of a whole organism. Despite fundamental differences in structure and genetics of these antigen receptors, convergent evolution led to functional similarities between the lineages. Jawed vertebrates possess αβ and γδ T‐cells defined by eponymous αβ and γδ T‐cell antigen receptors (TCRs). “Conventional” αβ T‐cells recognize complexes of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II molecules and peptides. Non‐conventional T‐cells, which can be αβ or γδ T‐cells, recognize a large variety of ligands and differ strongly in phenotype and function between species and within an organism. This review describes similarities and differences of non‐conventional T‐cells of various species and discusses ligands and functions of their TCRs. A special focus is laid on Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cells whose TCRs act as sensors for phosphorylated isoprenoid metabolites, so‐called phosphoantigens (PAg), associated with microbial infections or altered host metabolism in cancer or after drug treatment. We discuss the role of butyrophilin (BTN)3A and BTN2A1 in PAg‐sensing and how species comparison can help in a better understanding of this human Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cell subset.
Developing children’s nursing care outcome statements in Africa using World Café methods
Authors: Coetzee Minette , Leonard Angela , Bonaconsa Candice , Power Nina , North Natasha
Published: September 2020

Nursing metrics use indicators to make the outcomes of nursing care visible through measurement. Metrics must be sensitive to the context‐specific nature of nursing and should reflect the work that nurses really do. A workshop at the Building Children’s Nursing conference (2019) was convened to develop statements of nursing care outcomes and actions specific to the work of children’s nurses in African care settings, using the World Café method and the Nightingale Metrics approach. The process resulted in the development of statements as intended. Appropriate nursing metrics can guide data‐driven practice improvements and decision‐making about supporting the nursing workforce.
Relating chemical composition, structure, and rheology in alkali‐activated aluminosilicate gels
Authors: Mills Jennifer N. , Wagner Norman J. , Mondal Paramita
Published: September 2020

Model aluminosilicate (N‐A‐S‐H) gel systems give insight to the complex reaction occurring in alkali‐activated binders, allowing for more precise control over chemical composition and exhibiting simpler kinetics. Small angle neutron scattering, oscillatory rheology, and solid‐state NMR were used to characterize N‐A‐S‐H gel samples and relate structure, chemical composition, and rheology. Aluminum concentration was varied in the gel samples at fixed silica and sodium concentration. Past the percolation point, the gel develops in two regimes distinct in structure and rheological behavior. The first gel regime is characterized by increase in modulus and initial formation of fractal structures following a diffusion‐limited monomer‐cluster aggregation mechanism. The second gel regime at higher aluminum concentrations is characterized by a modulus plateau and structure development via reaction‐limited aggregation of existing clusters. NMR data indicate a saturation of aluminum in the network at the transition between gel regimes, which may be pH driven. Understanding the structure‐property relationships critical to formation of the N‐A‐S‐H gel can give valuable insight to the reaction mechanism in alkali‐activated binders and the influence of chemical composition on resultant structure and mechanical properties.
Development of low‐loss lead‐germanate glass for mid‐infrared fiber optics: I. glass preparation optimization
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Bei Jiafang , Ahmed Naveed , Ng Alson Kwun Leung , Ebendorff‐Heidepriem Heike
Published: September 2020

Reducing the mid‐infrared attenuation loss due to absorption of hydroxyl (OH) groups and scattering of metallic Pb species for lead‐germanate glass is essential to pave the way for their applications as low‐loss mid‐infrared fiber optics. In the first part of this study, we report the understanding of the factors that determine dehydration efficiency and metallic Pb formation during the lead‐germanate glassmelting process. Combining a dry O2‐rich atmosphere containing ultra‐dry N2 together with the use of chloride dehydration agent and nitrate oxidation agent compound was found to enable efficient dehydration effect and absence of metallic Pb scattering sources in the dehydrated glasses. This glassmelting procedure overcomes previous limitations on the preparation of similar kinds of heavy‐metal oxide glasses, where only pure O2 atmosphere was used and/or use of fluoride dehydration agent deteriorated the glass thermal stability. This work provides guidance for developing other low‐loss mid‐infrared glasses/fibers containing multivalent heavy‐metal ions such as Pb, Bi, Te, Sb, etc
Structural phase evolved Ni2+‐doped fluoride nanocrystals in KF−ZnF2−SiO2 glass‐ceramics
Authors: Ding Dashuang , Wang Yanlong , Lin Changgui , Ren Jing , Shi Wenbo , Wang Pengyuan , Yang Bing , Zhang Shaoqian , Duo Liping
Published: September 2020

Incorporation of transition‐metal ions (TMIs) in the precipitated nanocrystals (NCs) of glass‐ceramics (GCs) greatly improves the photonic properties of these materials. The crystal field and coordination of TMIs show fingerprints for spectroscopic characterization. However, it is difficult to probe the effect of the host NCs’ structural phase on doped TMIs’ d‐d orbitals. Herein, ZnF2:Ni and KZnF3:Ni based on controllable crystallization in KF‐ZnF2‐SiO2:Ni2+ GCs were taken as model systems. Compared to ZnF2, perovskite‐type KZnF3 has higher binding energy Zn‐F bonds in which Ni2+ are easier to be segregated, which makes KZnF3:Ni be better “excited electron trapper” due to hole localization to intra‐gap Ni states. These findings contribute to the understanding and design of TMIs‐doped GCs in practical applications.