bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Undifferentiated Malignant Neoplasm Involving the Interdental Gingiva: A Case Report
Authors: Elkhoury Jad , Cacchillo David A. , Tatakis Dimitris N. , Kalmar John R. , Allen Carl M. , Sedghizadeh Parish P.
Published: February 2005

Background: Metastases to the gingiva are uncommon. They can be a diagnostic challenge clinically because of their rarity and tendency to mimic benign lesions. In this report, we present a case of an undifferentiated malignant neoplasm of unknown origin presenting as benign inflammatory gingival lesions and we review the literature on metastases to the gingiva.

Methods: A 44‐year‐old female patient was referred by a local periodontist for evaluation of multiple painless gingival lesions that clinically resembled pyogenic granulomas or periodontal abscesses, but with an uncharacteristic multifocal presentation in the background of good oral hygiene. Her medical history was unremarkable except for recent weight loss. Periapical radiographs were obtained, as well as two incisional biopsies, one placed in formalin for routine histology and immunohistochemistry, the other in phosphate buffered saline for flow cytometry.

Results: Radiographic findings were non‐contributory for hard tissue pathoses. Histopathological findings were consistent with a poorly differentiated malignancy, suggestive of metastatic disease. Immunohistochemical studies and flow cytometry were unsupportive in delineating any tumor differentiation. The patient subsequently developed multiple tumors throughout the body with similar histopathological findings, yet no primary tumor was identified and a definitive diagnosis could not be rendered. She was discharged one month later in poor condition with the principal diagnosis of hemorrhage/ pancytopenia, and a secondary diagnosis of metastatic head and neck cancer.

Conclusion: This case of malignant metastatic tumor of unknown origin presenting as benign gingival lesions illustrates the importance of thorough patient evaluation, which should include a biopsy when necessary for definitive diagnosis. J Periodontol 2004;75:1295‐1299.
Molekulare Erkennung in organischen Kristallen: gerichtete intermolekulare oder nichtlokalisierte Bindungen?
Authors: Dunitz Jack D. , Gavezzotti Angelo
Published: January 2005

Moleküle werden hauptsächlich durch Kräfte zusammengehalten, die zwischen einzelnen Atomen wirken. Gilt gleiches auch für molekulare Cluster? Beruht die intermolekulare Kohäsion auf schwachen Bindungen zwischen einzelnen Atomen in separaten Molekülen oder auf weniger lokalisierten, diffuseren Wechselwirkungen zwischen Molekülen? Wir diskutieren diese Fragen aus mehreren Blickwinkeln, insbesondere vergleichen wir Folgerungen aus einer erweiterten Atoms‐in‐Molecules‐Theorie, die intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen bei Systemen mit abgeschlossenen Elektronenschalen berücksichtigt, mit solchen aus der neuen Pixel‐Methode zur Berechnung von Coulomb‐, Polarisations‐, Dispersions‐ und Abstoßungsenergien aus der Elektronendichte molekularer Cluster.
Internal mammary nodes and breast cancer
Authors: Purushotham A D , Cariati M
Published: January 2005

Prognostic significance
Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of colorectal surgery with or without mechanical bowel preparation (Br J Surg 2004; 91: 1125–1130)
Authors: Roumen R M H
Published: January 2005

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses can be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk) or by post. All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length. Letters submitted by post should be typed on A4-sized paper in double spacing and should be accompanied by a disk.
Testimony on Health Information Confidentiality
Authors: Frawley Kathleen A.
Published: January 2005

The following testimony was delivered to the Subcommittee on Government Management, Information and Technology of the Government Reform and Oversight Committee on June 14, 1996.
Lanthanide(III) Complexes of a Mono(methylphosphonate) Analogue of H4dota: The Influence of Protonation of the Phosphonate Moiety on the TSAP/SAP Isomer Ratio and the Water Exchange Rate
Authors: Rudovský Jakub , Cígler Petr , Kotek Jan , Hermann Petr , Vojtíšek Pavel , Lukeš Ivan , Peters Joop A. , Vander Elst Luce , Muller Robert N.
Published: January 2005

A monophosphonate analogue of H4dota, 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐4,7,10‐tris(carboxymethyl)‐1‐methylphosphonic acid (H5do3aP), and its complexes with lanthanides were synthesized. Multinuclear NMR studies reveal that, in aqueous solution, lanthanide(III) complexes of the ligand exhibit structures analogous to those of H4dota complexes. Thus, the central ion is nine‐coordinate, surrounded by four nitrogen atoms, three acetate and one phosphonate oxygen atoms, and one water molecule in an apical position. For complexes of H5do3aP with LnIII ions in the middle of the series, the abundance of the desired twisted square‐antiprismatic (TSAP) isomer is higher than for the corresponding H4dota complexes. The TSAP/square‐antiprismatic (SAP) isomer ratio is highly sensitive to protonation of the phosphonate group: a higher abundance of the TSAP isomer was found in acidic solutions. The microscopic protonation constants of the TSAP isomers are higher than those of the SAP isomers. The presence of one water molecule in the first coordination sphere of the complexes in the pH region studied (pH 2.5–7.0) is confirmed by 17O NMR spectroscopy. The results of a simultaneous fit of variable‐temperature 17O NMR relaxation data and 1H NMRD profiles show that the residence time of water (τM) in the GdIII complex is much smaller than for [Gd(dota)(H2O)]−. The exchange rate appears to be dependent on the pH of the solution. The values of τM are 37, 40, and 14 ns at pH 2.5, 4.7, and 7.0, respectively. These observations can be explained by an extensive second‐sphere hydrogen‐bonding network that varies with the state of protonation of the phosphonate moiety. Upon protonation of the complex, the second‐sphere hydration probably becomes more ordered, which may result in a decrease in penetrability and an increase in τM. The relaxivity of the GdIII complex is almost independent of the pH and is equal to 4.7 s−1 mM−1 (20 MHz, pH 7 and 37 °C). The solid‐state structure was determined for the NdIII complex. It crystallizes as the TSAP isomer and the unit cell contains two independent molecules of the complex with different NdO(water) bond lengths of 2.499 and 2.591 Å.
New Insight into Solvent Effects on the Formal HOO. + HOO. Reaction
Authors: Foti Mario C. , Sortino Salvatore , Ingold K. U.
Published: January 2005

The 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile)(AIBN)‐induced autoxidation of γ‐terpinene (TH) at 50 °C produces p‐cymene and hydrogen peroxide in a radical‐chain reaction having HOO. as one of the chain‐carrying radicals. The kinetics of this reaction in cyclohexane and tert‐butyl alcohol show that chain termination involves the formal HOO. + HOO. self‐reaction over a wide range of γ‐terpinene, AIBN, and O2 concentrations. However, in acetonitrile this termination process is accompanied by termination via the cross‐reaction of the terpinenyl radical, T., with the HOO. radical under conditions of relatively high [TH] (140–1000 mM) and low [O2] (2.0–5.5 mM). This is because the formal HOO. + HOO. reaction is comparatively slow in acetonitrile (2k∼8×107 M−1 s−1), whereas, this reaction is almost diffusion‐controlled in tert‐butyl alcohol and cyclohexane, 2k∼6.5×108 and 1.3×109 M−1 s−1, respectively. Three mechanisms for the bimolecular self‐reaction of HOO. radicals are considered: 1) a head‐to‐tail hydrogen‐atom transfer from one radical to the other, 2) a head‐to‐head reaction to form an intermediate tetroxide, and 3) an electron‐transfer between HOO. and its conjugate base, the superoxide radical anion, O2−.. The rate constant for reaction by mechanism (1) is shown to be dependent on the hydrogen bond (HB) accepting ability of the solvent; that by mechanism (2) is shown to be too slow for this process to be of any importance; and that by mechanism (3) is dependent on the pH of the solvent and its ability to support ionization. Mechanism (3) was found to be the main termination process in tert‐butyl alcohol and acetonitrile. In the gas phase, the rate constant for the HOO. + HOO. reaction (mechanism (1)) is about 1.8×109 M−1 s−1 but in water at pH≤2 where the ionization of HOO. is completely suppressed, this rate constant is only 8.6×105 M−1 s−1. The very large retarding effect of water on this reaction has not previously been explained. We find that it can be quantitatively accounted for by using Abraham's HB acceptor parameter, ${{\rm \beta} {{{\rm H}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$, for water of 0.38 and an estimated HB donor parameter, ${{\rm \alpha} {{{\rm H}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$, for HOO. of about 0.87. These Abraham parameters allow us to predict a rate constant for the HOO. + HOO. reaction in water at 25 °C of 1.2×106 M−1 s−1 in excellent agreement with experiment.
Regional patterns and trends in cancer mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1990–2001
Authors: Espey David , Paisano Roberta , Cobb Nathaniel
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

National estimates of cancer mortality indicate relatively low rates for American Indians (AIs) and Alaska Natives (ANs). However, these rates are derived from state vital records in which racial misclassification is known to exist.

METHODS

In this cross‐sectional study of cancer mortality among AIs and ANs living in counties on or near reservations, the authors used death records and census population estimates to calculate annualized, age‐adjusted mortality rates for key cancer types for the period 1996–2001 for 5 geographic regions: East (E), Northern Plains (NP), Southwest (SW), Pacific Coast (PC), and Alaska (AK). Mortality rate ratios (MRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) also were calculated to compare rates with those in the general United States population (USG) for the same period. To examine temporal trends, MRRs for 1996–2001 were compared with MMRs for 1990–1995.

RESULTS

The overall cancer mortality rate was lower in AIs and ANs (165.6 per 100,000 population; 95% CI, 161.7–169.5) than in the USG (200.9 per 100,000 population; 95% CI, 200.7–201.2). In the regional analysis, however, cancer mortality was higher in AK (MRR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17–1.36) and in the NP (MMR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.31–1.44) than in the USG. In both regions, the excess mortality was attributed to cancer of the lung, colorectum, liver, stomach, and kidney. In the SW, the mortality rate for cancer of the liver and stomach was higher than the rate in the USG, in contrast with that region's nearly 4‐fold lower mortality rate for lung cancer (MRR = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.19–0.27). Rates of cervical cancer mortality were higher among AIs and ANs (MRR = 1.35; 95% CI, 1.13–1.62), notably in the NP and SW. Rates of breast cancer mortality generally were lower (MRR = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.55–0.66), notably in the PC, SW, and E. Cancer mortality increased by 5% in AIs and ANs (MRR for 1996–2001 compared with 1990–1995: 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01–1.08), whereas it decreased by 6% in the USG (MMR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.94–0.94).

CONCLUSIONS

Regional data should guide local cancer prevention and control activities in AIs and ANs. The disparity in temporal trends in cancer mortality between AIs and ANs and the USG gives urgency to improving cancer control in this population. Cancer 2005. Published 2005 by the American Cancer Society.
Reproducibility of cytologic atypia in repeat nipple duct lavage
Authors: Johnson‐Maddux April , Ashfaq Raheela , Cler Leslie , Naftalis Elizabeth , Leitch Ann Marilyn , Hoover Susan , Euhus David M.
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

It is believed that atypical cells identified by nipple duct lavage (NDL) indicate an increased risk for breast carcinoma similar to atypical ductal hyperplasia diagnosed by tissue biopsy, but many basic performance characteristics of NDL currently are undefined.

METHODS

NDL was performed in 108 patients unselected for breast carcinoma risk and then was repeated after 2–14 months (median, 8 months) if the initial lavage was classified as atypical. Breast magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were obtained from a subset of patients who had atypical lavage results.

RESULTS

Marked atypia was diagnosed in 22% of 36 breasts with an incident carcinoma compared with 7% of 172 unaffected breasts (P = 0.01). After excluding breasts with an incident carcinoma, there were 32 patients (30%) with either mild or marked atypia. The lavage was repeated in 23 of these women, and the second lavage was classified as atypical in 48%. Neither marked atypia on the initial lavage nor a 5‐year Gail risk ≥ 1.7% predicted atypia on repeat lavage, but there was a trend for improved reproducibility when the atypia initially was diagnosed in a fluid‐producing duct. MRIs were abnormal in 13% of 24 breasts with an atypical lavage, and ductal carcinoma in situ was diagnosed subsequently in 1 breast.

CONCLUSIONS

Atypia frequently is diagnosed by NDL, but the reproducibility of repeat lavage is low. Lavage atypia may be physiologic or artifactual rather than pathologic in many instances. Marked atypia occasionally may represent mammographically occult ductal carcinoma in situ. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Levels of angiogenesis and expression of angiogenesis‐related genes are prognostic for organ‐specific metastasis of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Fukata Satoshi , Inoue Keiji , Kamada Masayuki , Kawada Chiaki , Furihata Mutsuo , Ohtsuki Yuji , Shuin Taro
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

To identify organ‐specific, metastasis‐related factors that can be used to predict the development and location of metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CRCC), the authors assessed the angiogenesis and the expression of angiogenesis‐related genes in primary and metastatic tumors.

METHODS

They evaluated intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) by immunohistochemical staining, assessed the expression of angiogenesis‐related genes by mRNA in situ hybridization, and determined the clinicopathologic characteristics of 92 archival specimens of primary and metastatic CRCCs from 54 patients. All 38 metastatic tumor specimens were resected from 24 patients.

RESULTS

The pathologic stage (P = 0.026) of the primary tumor specimen was an important predictor for metastasis, as were MVD (P = 0.000025) and the ratio of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to E‐cadherin (M/E ratio; P = 0.000041). In addition, primary tumor specimens resected from patients with metastatic CRCCs had high MVD, high levels of MMP‐2 expression, and a high M/E ratio (P < 0.05). Relative to the primary tumors, the metastatic tumors also had high MVD, overexpression of basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin‐8, MMPs, and a high M/E ratio (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that MVD and the M/E ratio in the primary tumor were independent prognostic factors for metastasis (P = 0.049 and P = 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the M/E ratio in metastatic tumor specimens resected from the lung and lymph node was an independent prognostic factor for metastasis (P = 0.01823 and P = 0.03950, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The current study indicated that angiogenesis and M/E ratio were specific predictors for metastases of RCC, especially to the lung or lymph node. Therefore, MMPs and E‐cadherin could be relevant targets for novel therapeutic strategies to control or prevent the metastasis of RCC. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Risk of childhood germ cell tumors in association with parental smoking and drinking
Authors: Chen Zhi , Robison Leslie , Giller Roger , Krailo Mark , Davis Mary , Gardner Kathleen , Davies Stella , Shu Xiao‐Ou
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

The etiology of childhood germ cell tumors (GCT) is not well understood. The Children's Oncology Group conducted the largest case–control study of childhood GCT to investigate whether parental exposures to smoking and alcohol contributed to the disease.

METHODS

Cases included 274 children with GCT diagnosed between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2001 who were age < 15 years. Controls (n = 421) were selected by random digit dialing and were frequency matched based on gender, age (±1 year), and geographic area. Exposure information was collected from subjects' parents using independent telephone interviews and self‐administrated questionnaires.

RESULTS

No association was found between parental smoking or drinking alcohol and risk of childhood GCT (for smoking: odds ratio [OR] = 1.0, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.8–1.3 and OR = 1.2, 95% CI, 0.9–1.5, for mothers and fathers, respectively; for drinking: OR = 0.9, 95% CI, 0.7–1.2 and OR = 1.0, 95% CI, 0.8–1.3, for mothers and fathers, respectively). No significant trend was observed for length of maternal exposure to passive smoking during the index pregnancy and GCT risk (for total subject: P = 0.77; boys: P = 0.52; girls: P = 0.93).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors found no evidence that childhood GCT was related to prenatal exposure to parental cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and maternal passive smoking. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A reassessment of dynamic characteristics of the Quincy Bayview Bridge using output‐only identification techniques
Authors: Pridham Brad A. , Wilson John C.
Published: January 2005

A reassessment of the dynamic characteristics of the 542 m cable‐stayed Bayview Bridge in Quincy, Illinois, is presented using a newly developed output‐only system identification technique. The technique is applied to an extensive set of ambient vibration response data acquired from the bridge in 1987. Vertical, torsional and transverse modal frequencies of the deck are identified, and uncertainty in damping values are estimated using an automated procedure on several redundant measurements at four locations. Important practical implementation issues associated with the implementation of the procedure and selection of algorithm design parameters for stochastic subspace identification techniques are discussed.

An overall mean and standard deviation of damping of 1.0±0.8% is estimated considering all identified vertical, torsional and transverse modes in the 0–2 Hz band. The mean damping for the fundamental vertical mode (0.37 Hz) is identified as 1.4±0.5%, and for the first coupled torsion–transverse mode (0.56 Hz) is identified as 1.1±0.8%. Variability in the damping estimates is shown to decrease as estimated modal RMS acceleration levels increase. Standard deviations on estimated damping range from 0.05% to 2%. The results are shown to be a substantial improvement in the evaluation of damping compared to earlier spectral analysis conducted on the same data set. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On tuned mass dampers for reducing the seismic response of structures
Authors: Miranda Julio C.
Published: January 2005

This paper presents an energy‐based theoretical model for a two degree‐of‐freedom mechanical system. After a general formulation in Appendix A, the model is specialized to study tuned mass dampers as a means to substantially increase modal damping in order to induce a consequential decrease of the seismic response of the structures thus provided. Although approximate since it neglects coupling due to damping, it is shown that the model yields a first‐order approximation to the exact frequencies, providing values of optimum damping that closely match exact results proposed by others. In view of this, it is proposed that the model be applied through an iterative numerical procedure that identifies the pertinent optimum parameters. It is also shown that for certain particular benchmark cases the model provides closed‐form equations for the parameters defining the dynamic states related to these special conditions. Despite its approximate nature the model presented in this paper is rational, and due to its explicit consideration of energy balance and overall simplicity, it provides a convenient platform for the study of tuned mass dampers, as well as for other methods of structural passive control. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modelling of two‐dimensional and axisymmetric gravity currents
Authors: Patterson M. D. , Simpson J. E. , Dalziel S. B. , Nikiforakis N.
Published: January 2005

A series of two‐dimensional (2D), axisymmetric and three‐dimensional (3D) numerical flow simulations using an implicit large Eddy simulation (ILES) are carried out for gravity‐driven fluid flows. The results are compared directly with experiments undertaken to test the model. Two‐dimensional results show that the Large Eddy algorithm is successful in modelling a gravity current's large scale structure. Examination of the 3D results shows that macroscopic features of the flow (the lobe and cleft instability) observed at the interface between the light and dense fluid are also modelled well. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incompressible separated flows simulations with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics gridless method
Authors: Issa R. , Lee E. S. , Violeau D. , Laurence D. R.
Published: January 2005

The gridless Lagrangian method smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is preferentially used in CFD to simulate complex flows with one or several convoluted free surfaces. Indeed, this type of flow would require distorted meshes with Lagrangian finite difference methods or very fine meshes with VOF. As the literature is quite scarce concerning SPH validations for academic problems, we present in this paper some results relative to laminar recirculating flows. The ability of SPH to reproduce recirculation zone is revealed through a 2D hill and a backward‐facing step geometry: axial velocity profiles obtained with SPH are quite satisfactory and separation and reattachment points are well predicted in both cases. Moreover, some practical and robust wall modelling conditions are also introduced and the limitation of the nearly incompressible assumption, used in most standard SPH codes, is illustrated. Indeed, we reveal that it is necessary to consider a relatively high speed of sound in order to avoid numerical voids. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
String gradient weighted moving finite elements
Authors: Wacher Abigail , Sobey Ian , Miller Keith
Published: January 2005

Moving finite element methods are well established for solution of systems of partial differential equations which contain regions where the solution is rapidly varying but moving. The string or second gradient weighted moving finite element method (SGWMFE) uses a piecewise linear discretization of a single evolving manifold to approximate the solution of the PDEs.

In the case of one space dimension, x, and two dependent variables, u(x,t) and v(x,t), the solution is calculated from the normal motion of a single manifold [x(τ,t),u(τ,t),v(τ,t)], where τ is a parameter along the maniflold, or a ‘string’ embedded in [x,u,v] space. This method can be extended to multiple dimensions and an arbitrary number of dependent variables in which case the ‘string’ parameterization analogy is replaced by a multi‐variable parameterization.

In this paper, we outline the application of SGWMFE for solution of the shallow water equations in one and two space dimensions. We describe the results of a number of numerical experiments, including varying the initial distribution of nodes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A ghost fluid, moving finite volume plus continuous remap method for compressible Euler flow
Authors: Bailey D. A. , Sweby P. K. , Glaister P.
Published: January 2005

A numerical solution method for accurately capturing material interfaces in unsteady compressible Euler flows is presented. The method consists of a finite volume scheme on a moving computational mesh and employs the HLLC approximate Riemann solver to evaluate intercell numerical fluxes. The mesh is moved in a Lagrangian fashion with the material, and to avoid grid distortion, remapping is performed at the end of each time interval, with the distorted grid being rezoned back to the initial mesh. The focus of the work is multimaterial flows consisting of two immiscible materials separated by an interface. The innovative aspect of the work is the application of a conservative ghost fluid method, together with a volume of fluid technique, within the moving mesh plus continuous remap framework. In addition a preliminary discussion, concerning the extension of the solution method to two spatial dimensions, includes a new area preserving volume fraction version of the interface reconstruction algorithm reported by Bonnell et al. (Material Interface Reconstruction. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of an experimental gas–gas jet generated by single‐hole diesel‐like injection
Authors: El Ganaoui O. , Habchi C. , Bruneaux G. , Danaila I.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we address the issue of accurate modelling of experimental data in order to provide numerical settings for Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) numerical simulation of the gas–gas jet generated by a single‐hole diesel‐like injector. Since experimental operating conditions usually do not document the inlet boundary conditions, both subsonic and supersonic inlets have been considered for the numerical simulation. For the supersonic case, a two‐dimensional (2D) cartesian mesh has been used. For this case, good agreement with experimental jet penetration is obtained when realistic time evolution of the inlet pressure is prescribed but the jet shape is different compared to the experimental one. For the subsonic case, the axisymmetric RANS simulation allows to obtain the best agreement between experimental and numerical jet penetrations, head jet shapes and fuel density profiles. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of a pharmaceutical risk sharing agreement based on the purchaser's total budget
Authors: Zaric Gregory S. , O'Brien Bernie J.
Published: January 2005

Many public and private healthcare payers use formularies as a tool for controlling drug costs and quality. Although the price per dose is often negotiated as part of the formulary listing, payers may still face unlimited financial risk if demand is much greater than expected at the time of listing. The requirement for drug manufacturers to submit a budget impact analysis as part of the drug approval process suggests that payers are concerned not only with the cost effectiveness of a proposed drug but also with the potential increase in total expenditures that may result from new formulary listings. In this paper we define and analyze a model for financial risk sharing based on the total budget. Our analysis focuses on optimal decision making by manufacturers in the presence of a specific risk sharing agreement. We derive a manufacturer's optimal statement of budget impact and discuss several properties of the optimal solution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflammatory cytokines reaction elicited by root‐end filling materials
Authors: Huang Tsui Hsien , Yang Chi Chiang , Ding Sinn Jyh. , Yeng Ming. , Kao Chia Tze , Chou Ming Yung
Published: January 2005

Cytokines are inflammation in the list of tissue reactions that cytokines control of cell and tissue growth, development, and differentiation. Root‐end filling materials often contact with existing periapical tissue, and they need to be biocompatible with remnant periapical tissue. The aim of this study was to focus the effects of the root end filling materials on bone cell viability and expression of inflammatory cytokines and their role in maintaining health and stability of the restored dental tissues. Calcium hydroxide‐based (Life), zinc oxide eugenol‐based (Super EBA), and mineral trioxide aggregate‐based (MTA) root‐end filling materials were used to investigate their effect on a human osteosarcoma cell line (U2OS). The cell attachment assay was observed microscopically, and the expression of interleukin‐2, ‐4, and ‐10 were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Any resultant difference between the root‐end filling material was analyzed statistically by one‐way analysis of variance. The results showed that the best cell attachment to root‐end filling material occurred with MTA. The IL‐4 (0.824 ± 0.396) and IL‐10 (2.06 ± 1.24) levels were greater for the MTA group, whereas IL‐2 expression for the three kinds of root‐end filling materials was similar. All materials were able to induce expression of inflammatory cytokines from cultured bone cells. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 123–128, 2005
Assessing the dog as a model for human total hip replacement: Analysis of 38 postmortem‐retrieved canine cemented acetabular components
Authors: Skurla Carolyn P. , James Susan P.
Published: January 2005

Thirty‐eight cemented acetabular components that had been clinically implanted in client‐owned dogs were retrieved postmortem and analyzed for mechanical stability, volumetric wear, and articular surface damage. Comparison of the results from this study with similar studies on autopsy‐retrieved human components will provide insight into the adequacy of the dog as a model for human total hip replacement (THR). The canine average volumetric wear rate (6.7 ± 4.2 mm3per year) was an order of magnitude lower than similar studies of human components; however, articular surface damage was considerably different from, and more severe than, that reported in the literature for human acetabular components. The incidence of mechanical loosening of the canine acetabular component was high, with 20 of 38 (52.6%) testing as loose. There was a positive correlation between articular surface damage and mechanical loosening of the acetabular component, but there was no significant correlation between volumetric wear and mechanical loosening, as seen in human retrieval studies. Initial failure events for the canine acetabular component appear to be mechanical in nature. Differences between human and canine acetabular components with regard to wear volume, articular surface damage, and mechanical loosening need to be taken into account when one is designing studies using dogs as the animal model for human THR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Particle analysis for the determination of UHMWPE wear
Authors: Scott M. , Morrison M. , Mishra S.R. , Jani S.
Published: January 2005

Three types of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular liners were tested against cobalt–chrome (CoCr) femoral heads on a hip simulator to approximately 20 million cycles. The materials included (1) conventional, nonirradiated liners (C‐PE); (2) 5 Mrad γ‐irradiated, remelted, and artificially aged liners (5‐XPE); and (3) 10 Mrad γ‐irradiated, remelted, and artificially aged liners (10‐XPE). Wear was quantified by gravimetric analysis and wear particle characterization. Particle number and morphology were quantified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared between groups. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure particle height in an effort to improve the total wear volume estimation. The wear debris, as characterized by SEM, was predominantly submicron and round, with occasional fibrils documented in the C‐PE material. AFM analysis showed that particle height was approximately one‐third of the particle equivalent circular diameter for all three materials. This correlation was used to improve the estimation of volumetric wear rate through SEM particle analysis. This technique is particularly useful for high‐dose crosslinked UHMWPE, such as 10‐XPE, which show weight gain due to fluid absorption during wear testing. This study has shown that particle analysis provides additional particle morphology and quantity information that cannot be obtained through gravimetric analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Antisense clusterin oligodeoxynucleotides increase the response of HER‐2 gene amplified breast cancer cells to Trastuzumab
Authors: Biroccio Annamaria , D'Angelo Carmen , Jansen Burkhard , Gleave Martin E. , Zupi Gabriella
Published: January 2005

Clusterin (CLU) is a heterodimeric secreted glycoprotein implicated in several physiological and pathological processes including cancer. Although recent data showed that overexpression of CLU is closely associated with disease progression in patients with breast tumor, the functional role of CLU expression in this tumor hystotype remains to be determined. The objectives in this study were to evaluate CLU expression levels after treatment with Trastuzumab, a HER2‐targeted monoclonal antibody used in the clinical management of advanced breast cancer patients, and to test the usefulness of combined treatment with OGX‐011, the second generation 2′‐methoxyethyl gapmer oligonucleotides targeting the CLU gene, and Trastuzumab in this tumor hystotype. By using the HER‐2 gene amplified‐BT474 human breast cancer cells, we found Trastuzumab decreased HER‐2 expression and inhibited cell proliferation without affecting apoptosis. Interestingly, Trastuzumab treatment up‐regulated CLU protein expression in a dose‐dependent fashion. We therefore hypothesized that the treatment with OGX‐011, by blocking Trastuzumab‐induced CLU expression, might potentiate the growth‐inhibitory effect of Trastuzumab alone. Although OGX‐011 had no effect on the behavior of the BT474 cells when used alone, it significantly enhanced the sensitivity of cells to Trastuzumab. A significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells, analyzed in terms of annexin V positivity and cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase, was observed after combined treatment with OGX‐011 plus Trastuzumab but not with either agent alone. Altogether our findings suggest that combined targeting of HER‐2 and CLU may represent a novel, rational approach to breast cancer therapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of caffeine and five of the major metabolites in urine by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Weimann Allan , Sabroe Mads , Poulsen Henrik E.
Published: January 2005

Analysis of caffeine and its metabolites is of interest with respect to caffeine exposure, for kinetic and metabolism studies and for opportunistic in vivo estimation of drug metabolizing enzyme activity in humans and animals. For the latter, analysis is usually done by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. However, this method is close to the detection limit for certain of the metabolites and requires very long chromatography, 30–60 min. We have developed a fast method for the quantification of caffeine and its metabolites 1‐methylxanthine, 1‐methyluric acid, 1,7‐dimethyluric acid, 5‐acetylamino‐6‐amino‐3‐methyluracil (AAMU) and 5‐acetylamino‐6‐formylamino‐3‐methyluracil (AFMU) by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in urine that requires only its dilution with buffer and centrifugation before injection into the HPLC/MS/MS system. The chromatography lasts 7 min and is followed by 4.5 min for re‐equilibration of the HPLC column, giving a total analysis time of 11.5 min. The method provides a great sensitivity improvement with detection limits for all analytes ≤25 nM in real samples. Also, the analysis provides much improvement in capacity to ∼125 samples per 24 h. Intra‐ and inter‐day coefficients of variation of a single analysis are <6.5% for all the analytes. The inter‐day coefficient of variation of duplicate analyses is <4.8% for all analytes. The method is automated, including automated integration, and it is fast, robust and suitable for large‐scale investigations in humans and animals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similarities and differences in the electron ionization‐induced fragmentation of structurally related N‐alkoxymethyl lactams and sultams
Authors: Szmigielski Rafał , Danikiewicz Witold
Published: January 2005

Unimolecular fragmentation patterns of the molecular ions of selected lactams and sultams bearing alkoxymethyl group at the nitrogen atom were studied. The main common fragmentation reaction observed for all compounds studied in this work is the elimination of an aldehyde molecule. This reaction is considered to proceed via two different mechanisms. For lactams, hydrogen rearrangement within an alkoxymethyl group is observed, which leads to the appropriate N‐methyl derivatives. For sultams, transfer of the methyl group to the nitrogen and oxygen atoms, proceeding through an ion–neutral complex, dominates. Another important fragmentation channel characteristic exclusively for lactams is the loss of an alkyl radical. This process takes place within the N‐alkoxymethyl moiety, yielding the appropriate protonated ion of N‐formyllactams. This process is accompanied by relatively high kinetic energy release. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping Scientometrics (1981–2001)
Authors: Chen Chaomei , McCain Katherine , White Howard , Lin Xia
Published: January 2005

We investigate an integrated approach to scientometric studies with emphasis to the use of information visualization and animation techniques. This study draws upon citation and co‐citation patterns derived from articles published in the journal Scientometrics (1981–2001). The modeling and visualization takes an evolutionary and historical perspective. The design of the visualization model adapts a virtual landscape metaphor with document co‐citation networks as the base map and annual citation rates as the thematic overlay. The growth of citation rates is presented through an animation sequence of the landscape model. Issues concerning the visual‐spatial design are discussed from a citation analysis point of view.
Collaborative information synthesis
Authors: Blake Catherine , Pratt Wanda
Published: January 2005

As the quantity of scientific literature continues to soar, scientists struggle to keep up with new findings, even in narrow areas of expertise. Although advances in information retrieval have eased the task of finding relevant articles, scientists now must face the challenge of aggregating information from within the retrieved set of documents. Our study explores the user behavior and information requirements of scientists as they interact with medical literature to answer research questions. We found that although their information needs were clearly defined, they still refined the retrieval, extraction, and analysis phases of a process that we have called information synthesis. We also found that they actively collaborated throughout the process. We describe their behavior and introduce our design and progress twoards our tool METIS (Multi‐user ExTraction and Information Synthesis) that will support the collaborative information synthesis process used by public health and biomedical scientists.
Information architecuture as reflected in classrooms
Authors: Zhang Xiangmin , Strand Linda , Fisher Nancy , Kneip Jason , Ayoub Olga
Published: January 2005

Information architecture (IA) has been a hot topic in recent years. However, what constitutes IA is still being debated. While this study seeks to explore IA curricula and the perspective of educators, it does not attempt to define IA. Research undertaken for this paper centered on the examination of IA courses offered in North American universities. An analysis of 40 IA course descriptions available on the Web revealed that courses go by many different names. IA content/course coverage can be categorized into four types: IA elements, design, implementation technologies, and digital media design. Academic disciplines relating to IA education include library and information science, information technology, business administration, literature, arts, and design as well as continuing education programs. Issues revealed by the collected data are discussed.
Laptop requirement usage and impact in graduate ILS education
Authors: Li Bin , Newby Gregory B.
Published: January 2005

A new requirement for personal laptop computer ownership was implemented for graduate information and library science (ILS) students. This study evaluates the impact and usage of laptop computers, and the real and envisioned benefits of laptop ownership during the first six months of the requirement's implementation. Online and email surveys were used for data gathering, and a combination of quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Student perspectives were emphasized, and institutional background were examined. It was found that students' reaction to the requirement and their usage of laptops was influenced by their previous experiences with computers, their computer skills, and their expectations of the academic program. Understanding of Institutional context of laptop implementation was found to be important for the success of the program.
Comparing internet and mobile phone digital divides
Authors: Rice Ronald E. , Katz James E.
Published: January 2005

The digital divide – differences in access to and usage of new communication technologies across sociodemographic groups – is a major policy and social issue. While results are fairly consistent on some topics (usage gaps are associated with education, income, and age), there are contradictions in other areas, and differences based on race and gender are largely disappearing. Recent research on the digital divide is almost entirely devoted to the Internet, with little analysis of the mobile phone. The paper summarizes recent research on the extent and distinctions of the Internet (and some mobile phone) digital divide. Analyses of a national representative telephone survey in 2000 considers similarities and differences in three kinds of digital divides for both the Internet and the mobile phone — users and nonusers, users and dropouts, and recent and veteran users. The results show that these three kinds of digital divides are conceptually and empirically different both within and across the Internet and mobile phone media.
Integrating traditional user‐based search and retrieval with information technologies for metadata sharing in a global environmental change information system
Authors: Major Gene R. , Olsen Lola M.
Published: January 2005

The NASA Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) (http://gcmd.nasa.gov) is a dynamic multidisciplinary information retrieval system that holds metadata records describing Earth science data sets, their location, and their access. More than 13,000 metadata records can be searched through a Web‐based interface using controlled keywords and/or free‐text. Population of the GCMD depends on metadata content offered by Earth science data providers. The GCMD's fourtier system architecture allows the automated sharing of Earth science metadata among partners through the use of object‐oriented technologies and XML metadata. Partners have autonomy over their own metadata collections that can be searched through the GCMD's interface, thereby providing a centralized search system of distributed and shared content. In addition to user‐based search and retrieval, the GCMD architecture also allows machine‐to‐machine automated queries of the database using Java servlets over an HTTPD API protocol.
Appetite for information in the hobby of cooking
Authors: Hartel Jenna
Published: January 2005

This project examines the role that information plays in the hobby of gourmet cooking in the United States. While still in the groundwork stages of what will be an extended investigation, the ultimate aim is to address the question: How does information play a role in cooking, and ultimately, in the everyday pleasures of life? As a first step, a pilot study will be conducted in summer 2002 to establish defining characteristics of hobbyist cooks in terms of general behaviors, with attention to their information use. This will be followed by interviews with 15‐20 cooks over the course of the next year. The inquiry is innovative due to its: (1) commitment to view information as it is submerged in an enjoyable aspect of day‐to‐day life; (2) consideration of text and non‐traditional information sources such as human relationships and hands‐on experiences; and (3) interdisciplinary approach that borrows models from other social sciences.
Using visualization and structured metadata for information exploration
Authors: Normore Lorraine , Bendig Mark
Published: January 2005

A strength of the material represented in library collections is the presence of controlled metadata. Our research has focused on ways to use that metadata to provide visualizations that create overviews and navigational aids for users exploring those collections electronically.
The digital divide: Who really benefits from the proposed solutions for closing the gap
Authors: Houston Roland D. , Erdelez Sanda
Published: January 2005

The authors conducted an exploratory content analysis of 269 English language articles about the digital divide to identify potential connections between proposed solutions and the strategic interests of the proposers, or stakeholders. Articles were coded by type of suggested solution and by type of stakeholder offering the solution. Educators predominated in the study literature, stressing the need for a change in Internet connectivity, educational content, and a change in user education, socioeconomic status (SES), and culture. The digital industry provided the next largest number of articles, suggesting governmental policy changes to promote new equipment, increased Internet connectivity, the training of digital industry workers, and a change in content of the Internet. Articles from the nondigital business community suggested that no gap existed or that market dynamics (the status quo) would close it.
Using social network analysis to study the interaction patterns in an online knowledge community
Authors: Heath Angela
Published: January 2005

Traditional group study methodologies focus on the study of individuals that comprise a group. Social Network Analysis (SNA) focuses on the relationships between members that make up a group. This research demonstrates the use of SNA and content analysis as a mixed methodology for studying interaction patterns of members in a Web‐based knowledge community. Since this project is an initial investigation, further questions and directions will be included.
A conceptual model for cataloging process
Authors: Taniguchi Shoichi
Published: January 2005

This paper proposes a general model for the cataloging process at the conceptual level or, to be precise, a method to develop such a conceptual model. A general model independent of any situation/system or cataloging code is developed in the four phases. Functional and non‐functional requirements are first specified by use of the concept ‘orientedness.’ Second, a core model is build, which consists of (a) cataloger tasks, (b) basic event patterns under each task, (c) action patterns applicable to each event, and (d) orientedness involved in an event‐action pair. Third, the core model is propagated to reflect the characteristics of an individual data element and also a certain class of materials. Finally, the propagated model is defined by choosing pairs of event and action patterns in the model while referring to orientedness indicated in each event‐action pair, in order to match a particular situation. As a result, a set of event‐action pairs reflecting specific requirements through categories of orientedness is obtained, and consistent conceptual design can therefore be attained.