bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Selective Reductive Amination of Aldehydes by the Use of Hantzsch Dihydropyridines as Reductant.
Authors: Itoh Takashi , Nagata Kazuhiro , Miyazaki Michiko , Ishikawa Hiroyuki , Kurihara Ayako , Ohsawa Akio
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Clean and Simple Chemoselective Reduction of Imines to Amines Using Boric Acid‐Activated Sodium Borohydride under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Cho Byung Tae , Kang Sang Kyu
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Oxidation of Aldehydes to Esters Using S×SnO2/SBA‐1—H2O2.
Authors: Qian Guang , Zhao Rui , Ji Dong , Lu Gaomeng , Qi Yanxing , Suo Jishuan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium Complexes of 1,3,5,7‐Tetramethyl‐2,4,8‐trioxa‐6‐phenyl‐6‐phosphaadamantane: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Use in the Suzuki and Sonogashira Reactions and the α‐Arylation of Ketones.
Authors: Adjabeng George , Brenstrum Tim , Frampton Christopher S. , Robertson Al J. , Hillhouse John , McNulty James , Capretta Alfredo
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unexpected Tandem Sonogashira—Carbopallation—Sonogashira Coupling Reaction of Benzyl Halides with Terminal Alkynes: A Novel Four‐Component Domino Sequence to Highly Substituted Enynes.
Authors: Pottier Laurent Romain , Peyrat Jean‐Francois , Alami Mouad , Brion Jean‐Daniel
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
General Catalytic Synthesis of Highly Enantiomerically Enriched Terminal Aziridines from Racemic Epoxides.
Authors: Kim Sang Kyun , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 5,5′‐Diarylated 2,2′‐Bithiophenes via Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation Reactions.
Authors: Yokooji Aya , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro , Nomura Masakatsu
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heck—‐Suzuki—Miyaura Domino Reactions Involving Ynamides. An Efficient Access to 3‐(Arylmethylene)isoindolinones.
Authors: Couty Sylvain , Liegault Benoit , Meyer Christophe , Cossy Janine
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral (Salen)CoIII Catalyst for the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates.
Authors: Paddock Robert L. , Nguyen SonBinh T.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of N,N‐Di(arylmethylidene)arylmethanediamines by Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis of Arylmethylazides.
Authors: Chou Chin‐Hsing , Chu Li‐Tse , Chiu Shao‐Jung , Lee Chin‐Fan , She Yao‐Teng
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Double Nucleophilic Reaction of Amines to the Imidazole Nucleus and Selective Synthesis of 5‐Aminoimidazoles.
Authors: Kawasaki Ikuo , Osaki Tomohisa , Tsunoda Kazuya , Watanabe Emiko , Matsuyama Makie , Sanai Akiko , Khadeer Abdul , Yamashita Masayuki , Ohta Shunsaku
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regio‐ and Stereospecific Syntheses of syn‐ and anti‐1,2‐Imidazolylpropylamines from the Reaction of 1,1′‐Carbonyldiimidazole with syn‐ and anti‐1,2‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Mulvihill Mark J. , Cesario Cara , Smith Vanessa , Beck Patricia , Nigro Anthony
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile and High‐Yielding Direct Synthesis of 2‐Alkyliminothiazolines.
Authors: Attanasi Orazio A. , Carvoli Gianni , Filippone Paolino , Perrulli Francesca R. , Santeusanio Stefania , Serri Anna Mari
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Synthesis of 4‐Chloro‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrone by the reaction of Acetonide‐Protected 4,5‐Dihydroxy‐2‐chloroglycidic Ester with Magnesium Chloride.
Authors: Komiyama Takuzo , Takaguchi Yutaka , Tsuboi Sadao
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Asymmetric Cyclocarbonylation of o‐Isopropenylphenols: Enantioselective Synthesis of Six‐Membered Ring Lactones.
Authors: Dong Chune , Alper Howard
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Cyclic Alkenyl Ethers via Intramolecular Cyclization of O‐Alkynylbenzaldehydes. Importance of Combination Between CuI Catalyst and DMF.
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐4‐aryl‐4H,5H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]benzopyran‐5‐one.
Authors: Tu Shujiang , Jiang Hong , Fang Fang , Feng Youjian , Zhu Songlei , Li Tuanjie , Zhang Xiaojing , Shi Daqing
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Indolylalkylpyridazines: Synthesis of Annulated Carbazoles.
Authors: Haider Norbert , Kaeferboeck Johann
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bisbenzofuro[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐e]pyridine.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Meyer H.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chloroquine Analogues from Benzofuro‐ and Benzothieno[3,2‐b]‐4‐pyridone‐2‐carboxylic Acid Esters.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Meyer H. , Jomaa H. , Wiesner J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multienzyme System for Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate‐Dependent Aldolase Catalyzed C—C Bond Formation from Dihydroxyacetone.
Authors: Sanchez‐Moreno Israel , Garcia‐Garcia Juan Francisco , Bastida Agatha , Garcia‐Junceda Eduardo
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Group‐Transfer Cyclization of Organotellurium Compounds.
Authors: Ericsson Cecilia , Engman Lars
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Concerning the Proposed Structure of (+)‐Laurobtusol: Spectral Discrepancies with Synthetic, Racemic Stereoisomers.
Authors: Blanchfield Joanne T. , Chow Sharon , Bernhardt Paul V. , Kennard Colin H. L. , Kitching William
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(+)‐Bornyl Piperate, a New Monoterpene Ester from Piper aff. pedicellatum Roots.
Authors: Rukachaisirikul Thitima , Prabpai Samran , Kongsaeree Palangpon , Suksamrarn Apichart
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ent‐Kaurane Diterpenoids from Isodon rubescens var. rubescens.
Authors: Han Quan‐Bin , Xiao Wei‐Lie , Shen Yun‐Heng , Sun Han‐Dong
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a New Cyclic Peptide, Pseudostellarin G
Authors: Poojary Boja , Kumar K. Harish , Belagali S. L.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Amide Conjugates of NSAIDs with L‐Cysteine Ethyl Ester, Combining Potent Antiinflammatory and Antioxidant Properties with Significantly Reduced Gastrointestinal Toxicity.
Authors: Galanakis Dimitrios , Kourounakis Angeliki P. , Tsiakitzis Karyophyllis C. , Doulgkeris Christos , Rekka Eleni A. , Gavalas Antonios , Kravaritou Constantina , Charitos Christos , Kourounakis Panos N.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Route to the Synthesis of Optically Active β,β‐Difluoroglutamic Acid and β,β‐Difluoroproline Derivatives.
Authors: Suzuki Atsushi , Mae Masayuki , Amii Hideki , Uneyama Kenji
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mimicking Enzymatic Transaminations: Attempts to Understand and Develop a Catalytic Asymmetric Approach to Chiral α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Bachmann Stephan , Knudsen Kristian Rahbek , Jorgensen Karl Anker
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Iodocyclization of 3‐Acylamino‐2‐methylene Alkanoates: Synthesis of Analogues of N‐Benzoyl‐syn‐phenylisoserine.
Authors: Galeazzi Roberta , Martelli Gianluca , Mobbili Giovanna , Orena Mario , Rinaldi Samuele
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel Pseudodisaccharides and Neoglycoconjugates Containing an N‐Glycosyl Carbamate Backbone.
Authors: Prosperi Davide , Ronchi Silvia , Panza Luigi , Rencurosi Anna , Russo Giovanni
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation, Properties, and Applications of n‐Pentenyl Arabinofurnosyl Donors.
Authors: Lu Jun , Fraser‐Reid Bert
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iodinated Indole Alkaloids from Plakortis simplex — New Plakohypaphorines and an Evaluation of Their Antihistamine Activity.
Authors: Borrelli Francesca , Campagnuolo Claudio , Capasso Raffaele , Fattorusso Ernesto , Taglialatela‐Scafati Orazio
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Pyrimidine‐Containing 3‐Aminobutenolides.
Authors: Chiacchio Ugo , Iannazzo Daniela , Piperno Anna , Pistara Venerando , Rescifina Antonio , Romeo Giovanni , Romeo Roberto
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Confirmation of the Structure of Ventiloquinone J Through Synthesis.
Authors: Giles Robin G. F. , Green Ivan R. , van Eeden Nestor
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Furano‐Epothilone C.
Authors: Schinzer Dieter , Boehm Oliver M. , Altmann Karl‐Heinz , Wartmann Markus
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Novel Bifunctional Macrolides.
Authors: Akritopoulou‐Zanze Irini , Phelan Kathleen M. , Marron Thomas G. , Yong Hong , Ma Zhenkun , Stone Greg G. , Daly Melissa M. , Hensey Dena M. , Nilius Angela M. , Djuric Stevan W.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antimitotic Activity of Glaupalol‐Related Coumarins from Glaucidium palmatum.
Authors: Morita Hiroshi , Dota Tomoka , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Dual Inhibitors of Calpain and Lipid Peroxidation.
Authors: Auvin Serge , Pignol Bernadette , Navet Edith , Pons Dominique , Marin Jean‐G. , Bigg Dennis , Chabrier Pierre‐E.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Supramolecular Self‐Assembled Molecules as Organic Directing Agent for Synthesis of Zeolites.
Authors: Corma Avelino , Rey Fernando , Rius Jordi , Sabater Maria J. , Valencia Susana
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antimycobacterial Arylidenecyclohexanones and Related Mannich Bases.
Authors: Dimmock J. R. , Kandepu N. M. , Das U. , Zello G. A. , Nienaber K. H.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New 3‐[4‐(2,3‐Dihydro‐1,4‐benzodioxin‐5‐yl)piperazin‐1‐yl]‐1‐(5‐substituted benzo[b]thiophen‐3‐yl)propanol Derivatives with Dual Action at 5‐HT1A Serotonin Receptors and Serotonin Transporter as a New Class of Antidepressants.
Authors: Perez Silanes S. , Orus L. , Oficialdegui A. M. , Martinez Esparza J. , Lasheras B. , del Rio J. , Monge A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Review of the Thermodynamic Properties of Mg(NO3)2(aq) and Their Representation with the Standard and Extended Ion‐Interaction (Pitzer) Models at 298.15 K
Authors: Rard Joseph A. , Wijesinghe Ananda M. , Wolery Thomas J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Model for Calculating the Density of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Laliberte Marc , Cooper W. Edward
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nanostructured Oxides in Chemistry: Characterization and Properties
Authors: Fernandez‐Garcia M. , Martinez‐Arias A. , Hanson J. C. , Rodriguez J. A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benzo[b]acronycine Derivatives: A Novel Class of Antitumor Agents
Authors: Michel Sylvie , Gaslonde Thomas , Tillequin Francois
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Application of HETPHOX Ligands to the Asymmetric Intermolecular Heck Reaction of 2,3‐Dihydrofuran and 2,2‐Disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydrofurans
Authors: Kilroy Tim G. , Cozzi Pier Giorgio , End Nicole , Guiry Patrick J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fundamental Reactivity of Sulfur with Organotins: Underexploited Ar—S Bond Formation under Aqueous and Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Gingras Marc , Chabre Yoann M. , Raimundo Jean‐Manuel
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Protein Chemistry: Drug Discovery Through the Chemical Modification of Proteins
Authors: Rademann Joerg
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Occurrence, Biological Activity and Synthesis of Drimane Sesquiterpenoids
Authors: Jansen B. J. M. , de Groot Ae.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Directed Evolution of Enzymes for Product Chemsitry
Authors: Valetti Francesca , Gilardi Gianfranco
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2,6‐Dialkyl‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridines and Their Applications in Total Synthesis
Authors: Felpin Francois‐Xavier , Lebreton Jacques
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Homogeneous Catalysis for H—P Bond Addition Reactions
Authors: Tanaka Masato
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Manganese Clusters with Relevance to Photosystem II
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sumitra , Mandal Sanjay K. , Bhaduri Sumit , Armstrong William H.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biological Applications of Perturbed Angular Correlations of γ‐Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Hemmingsen Lars , Sas Klara Narcisz , Danielsen Eva
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ultraclean Gasoline Technology for the 21st Century
Authors: Mukherjee Mitrajit
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Models for the Treatment of Crystalline Solids and Surfaces
Authors: Jug Karl , Bredow Thomas
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mass Spectrometry of Simple Indoles. Part 1.Electron Ionization, Photoionization and Electron Capture Ionization
Authors: Bongiorno David , Camarda Lorenzo , Ceraulo Leopoldo , Ferrugia Mirella
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A combination of HER‐2 status and the St. Gallen classification provides useful information on prognosis in lymph node‐negative breast carcinoma
Authors: Sun Jong‐Mu , Han Wonshik , Im Seock‐Ah , Kim Tae‐You , Park In Ae , Noh Dong‐Young , Heo Dae Seog , Bang Yung‐Jue , Choe Kuk Jin , Kim Noe Kyeong
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with lymph node‐negative breast carcinoma is being recommended currently based on the St. Gallen classification. The prognostic importance of HER‐2 status in patients with lymph node‐negative breast carcinoma has been investigated extensively, with contradictory results. The authors investigated the clinical relevance of HER‐2 overexpression when combined with the St. Gallen classification in lymph node‐negative breast carcinoma.

METHODS

The medical records of patients with breast carcinoma negative for lymph node involvement who underwent surgery between January 1995 and December 2000 at the Seoul National University College of Medicine (Seoul, Korea) were reviewed retrospectively. Risk groups based on the St. Gallen classification were categorized as average or minimal risk. The prognostic values of HER‐2 in combination with the St. Gallen classification were analyzed with respect to disease‐free survival (DFS) rates.

RESULTS

A total of 906 patients were eligible for analysis. The overall 7‐year DFS rate was 87.5%. The 7‐year DFS rates for patients with HER‐2–positive and HER‐2–negative tumors were, respectively, 77.9% and 91.2% (P = 0.002). The 7‐year DFS rates for patients with average and minimal risk group were 85.0% and 97.9%, respectively. The authors found that HER‐2 overexpression significantly predicted the risk of disease recurrence (odds ratio = 3.03 [95% confidence interval, 1.63–5.63]). Furthermore, when HER‐2 status was combined with the St. Gallen classification, the DFS rate of the HER‐2–positive average risk group was 73.3% compared with 88.4% for the HER‐2–negative average risk group (P = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of HER‐2 overexpression and the St. Gallen classification was more useful than either alone to predict the risk of disease recurrence in patients with lymph node‐negative breast carcinoma. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Sinonasal malignancies with neuroendocrine differentiation
Authors: Rosenthal David I. , Barker Jerry L. , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Glisson Bonnie S. , Kies Merrill S. , Diaz Eduardo M. , Clayman Gary L. , DeMonte Franco , Selek Ugur , Morrison William H. , Ang K. Kian , Chao K. S. Clifford , Garden Adam S.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors are rare malignancies that are represented by a spectrum of histologies, including esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB), sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), and small cell carcinoma (SmCC). The authors reviewed their institutional experience to determine whether sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors of different histologies have distinct clinical characteristics that warrant individualized treatment approaches.

METHODS

The authors treated 72 adults with pathologically proven, nonmetastatic, primary sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors from 1982 to 2002. There were 31 patients with ENB, 16 patients with SNUC, 18 patients with NEC, and 7 patients with SmCC. Patients with ENB usually were treated with local therapy alone (surgery and/or radiotherapy); only 3 of 31 patients (9.7%) received treatment (radiation) to regional lymphatics, and only 5 of 31 patients (16.1%) received chemotherapy. In contrast, patients with non‐ENB histologies usually received chemotherapy (10 of 16 patients with SNUC, 12 of 18 patients with NEC, and 5 of 7 patients with SmCC), and nonsurgical locoregional therapy was used more frequently (6 of 16 patients with SNUC, 4 of 18 patients with NEC, and 5 of 7 patients with SmCC).

RESULTS

The median follow‐up for surviving patients was 81.5 months (range, 6–266 months). The Kaplan–Meier estimate of overall survival at 5 years was 93.1% for patients with ENB, 62.5% for patients with SNUC, 64.2% for patients with NEC, and 28.6% for patients with SmCC (P = 0.0029; log‐rank test). The local control rate at 5 years also was superior for patients who had ENB (96.2%) compared with patients who had SNUC (78.6%), NEC (72.6%), or SmCC (66.7%) (P = 0.04). The regional failure (RF) rate at 5 years was 8.7% for patients with ENB, 15.6% for patients with SNUC, 12.9% for patients with NEC, and 44.4% for patients with SmCC. Additional late events increased the RF rate for patients with ENB to 31.9% at 10 years. The distant metastasis rate at 5 years was 0.0% for patients with ENB, 25.4% for patients with SNUC, 14.1% for patients with NEC, and 75.0% for patients with SmCC.

CONCLUSIONS

This spectrum of malignancies with neuroendocrine features shares a common site of origin within the head and neck, but their natural histories appear to diverge into two main groups: ENB and non‐ENB. Patients with ENB had excellent local and distant control rates with local therapy alone. Given the higher rates of systemic failure for patients with SNUC, NEC, and SmCC, the authors favor the use of combined‐modality therapy for these patients. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of mitochondrial generation and release of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Mattiasson Gustav
Published: November 2004

Background

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are mainly produced in mitochondria and are important contributors to many forms of cell death. ROS also function as second messengers within the cell and may constitute a signaling pathway from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and nucleus. The aim of the present study was to develop a protocol to detect changes in intra‐ and extramitochondrial releases of ROS, which could be used to analyze the role of mitochondria in cell signaling and cell death.

Methods

Fluorescence‐based assays were used to measure (a) total production of ROS, (b) intramitochondrial ROS, (c) extramitochondrial hydrogen peroxide, and (d) superoxide outside inverted (inside‐out) submitochondrial particles. ROS generation in the samples was increased or decreased by the addition of different substrates, enzymes, and inhibitors of the electron transport chain.

Results

The individual assays used were sensitive to increased (e.g., after addition of antimycin A; increased signal) and decreased (ROS scavenging; decreased signal) levels of ROS. In combination, the assays provided information about mitochondrial ROS generation and release dynamics from small samples of isolated mitochondria.

Conclusions

The combination of fluorescent techniques described is a useful tool to study the role of ROS in cell death and in cellular redox signaling. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening for Thermostable Esterases: From Deep Sea to Industry
Authors: Ravot G. , Buteux D. , Favre‐Bulle O. , Wahler D. , Veit T. , Lefèvre F.
Published: November 2004

Lipases/esterases represent one of the most important classes of industrial biocatalysts due to their ability to catalyze reactions in organic media. These enzymes fulfill many important industrial specifications such as chemoselectivity, regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. The recent use of thermostable enzymes opens novel perspectives in applications involving poorly soluble substrates (or products), such as the synthesis of specialty intermediates for cosmetics. In order to discover novel thermostable esterases we have screened various thermophilic microorganisms selected within the Archaea and the Bacteria domains using CLIPS‐O™ substrates. One of these strains which showed activity at very high temperature was selected and the corresponding esterase gene was cloned and characterized. After recombinant expression optimization, a complete production process of this thermophilic esterase was developed, turning a ‘gene discovery’ into a biocatalyst available for industry.
Multipoint Mutagenesis for the Generation of Enzyme Libraries
Authors: Orologas N. , May O.
Published: November 2004

A one step PCR mutagenesis method has been tested for generating a focused mutant library. Seven positions have been targeted simultaneously by using a mixture of double stranded mutagenic oligonucleotides, PCR, DpnI digestion and transformation into an expression host for screening. Library sizes of several thousands of mutants could easily be achieved. Sequencing of randomly picked clones revealed a regular distribution of the number of introduced mutations. No wildtype sequence was found, but “hot spots” that do not closely correlate with the melting temperature, the GC percentage or the length of the primers have been observed.
From Enzymes to “Designer Bugs” in Reductive Amination: A New Process for the Synthesis of L‐tert‐Leucine Using a Whole Cell‐Catalyst
Authors: Menzel A. , Werner H. , Altenbuchner J. , Gröger H.
Published: November 2004

A whole‐cell‐catalyst for the asymmetric reductive amination of α‐keto acids has been developed and applied for the synthesis of the non‐proteinogenic α‐amino acid L‐tert‐leucine. Besides the economical whole‐cell catalyst, bearing a leucine dehydrogenase from Bacillus cereus and a formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii, it is further advantageous that there is no need for the addition of external cofactor. The desired product is formed with high conversion and an enantiomeric purity of > 99 % ee.
Satisficing in surveys: Initial evidence
Authors: Krosnick Jon A. , Narayan Sowmya , Smith Wendy R.
Published: November 2004

A new theoretical perspective proposes that various survey response patterns occur partly because respondents shortcut the cognitive processes necessary for generating optimal answers and that these shortcuts are directed by cues in the questions.
Translating survey questionnaires: Lessons learned
Authors: McKay Ruth B. , Breslow Martha J. , Sangster Roberta L. , Gabbard Susan M. , Reynolds Robert W. , Nakamoto Jorge M. , Tarnai John
Published: November 2004

The rapid increase in non‐English‐speaking populations within the United States dictates the need for well‐translated instruments to reduce nonresponse and measurement error in surveys.
Performance audit and evaluation: Similar tools, different relationships?
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Summa Hilkka
Published: November 2004

A comparison is made of the ways in which evaluators and performance auditors address a series of issues common to both. Based mainly on British and Finnish practice, it is suggested that the most important differences may lie less in the tools and methods used than in the framework of institutional relationships within which the activities are carried out.
Transforming qualitative data from templates into quantitative assessment of multisite programs
Authors: Jo Lamberti Mary , Katzenmeyer Conrad
Published: November 2004

Use of template methodology in an evaluation of several teacher enhancement/development institutes enabled evaluators to examine an extensive amount of qualitative data in a quantitative manner and to identify crosscutting themes and patterns.
Clarifying goals, reporting results
Authors: Wholey Joseph S. , Newcomer Kathryn E.
Published: November 2004

The evaluation profession has been affected by two crises during the last two decades: the evaluation crisis, characterized by a deficit in evaluation utilization, and a more important governance crisis, characterized by deficits in government performance and credibility. Tactics and tools for evaluators to use in addressing these challenges are described in this chapter, and recommendations are offered for evaluators and program managers to better define, measure, and improve government performance.
Clarifying goals, reporting results
Authors: Wholey Joseph S.
Published: November 2004

Planning and performance measurement can improve government management of programs, policy decision‐making, and the public's confidence in government.
Principled evaluation: A critique of the AEA Guiding Principles
Authors: House Ernest R.
Published: November 2004

The American Evaluation Association's succinct Guiding Principles for Evaluators quietly establish new boundaries for addressing ethical problems of the profession.
Ethics and internal evaluators
Authors: Lovell Robert G.
Published: November 2004

Demand for program evaluation has led many government agencies to develop in‐house evaluation units, and a web of possible conflicts of interest presents internal evaluators with decisions about ethical actions not encountered by an independent evaluator.
The future of ethics in evaluation: Developing the dialogue
Authors: Newman Dianna L.
Published: November 2004

The author presents an agenda of issues related to the future development of ethics in evaluation and suggests initial steps in addressing these issues, emphasizing the role of evaluators, clients, and organizations supporting evaluation.
Monetary policy, composite leading economic indicators and predicting the 2001 recession
Authors: Mostaghimi Mehdi
Published: November 2004

On 26 November 2001, the National Bureau of Economic Research announced that the US economy had officially entered into a recession in March 2001. This decision was a surprise and did not end all the conflicting opinions expressed by economists. This matter was finally settled in July 2002 after a revision to the 2001 real gross domestic product showed negative growth rates for its first three quarters.
A series of political and economic events in the years 2000–01 have increased the amount of uncertainty in the state of the economy, which in turn has resulted in the production of less reliable economic indicators and forecasts. This paper evaluates the performance of two very reliable methodologies for predicting a downturn in the US economy using composite leading economic indicators (CLI) for the years 2000–01. It explores the impact of the monetary policy on CLI and on the overall economy and shows how the gradualness and uncertainty of this impact on the overall economy have affected the forecasts of these methodologies. It suggests that the overexposure of the CLI to the monetary policy tools and a strong, but less effective, expansionary money policy have been the major factors in deteriorating the predictions of these methodologies. To improve these forecasts, it has explored the inclusion of the CLI diffusion index as a prior in the Bayesian methodology. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cortex, a Drosophila gene required to complete oocyte meiosis, is a member of the Cdc20/fizzy protein family
Authors: Chu Tehyen , Henrion Gwénola , Haegeli Véronique , Strickland Sidney
Published: November 2004

Summary: Mutations in cortex and grauzone cause abnormal arrest in Drosophila female meiosis. cortex was mapped to a 14 kb interval in 26F–27A by the male recombination mapping method. While these experiments mapped the gene accurately, they also illustrated some complexities of this method. Rescue results showed that a 2.8 kb genomic fragment from this interval was able to fully rescue the cortex phenotype. The 2.8 kb rescuing fragment contains a single open reading frame. The predicted amino acid sequence indicates that cortex encodes a WD‐repeat protein and is a distant member of the Cdc20 protein family. Results from a developmental Northern analysis showed that the cortex transcript is expressed at high levels during oogenesis and early embryogenesis. Interestingly, the meiotic metaphase‐anaphase II arrest defect in embryos laid by cortex homozygous females resembles the mitotic metaphase‐anaphase defects observed in yeast cdc20 mutants. The predicted nature of the Cortex protein, together with the observed meiotic phenotype in cortex mutants, suggest that a similar pathway to the cdc20 dependent APC‐mediated proteolysis pathway, which governs the metaphase‐anaphase transition in mitosis, is also important in regulating oocyte meiosis. genesis 29:141–152, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethics and conflicts, the role of insolvency professionals in the integrity of the Canadian bankruptcy and insolvency system
Authors: Sarra Janis
Published: November 2004

Insolvency practice involves a balance between adherence to rules of ethical conduct and the avoidance of conflicts of interest, and the need to find cost effective methods of debt collection or restructuring under the statutory regime. Potential conflicts of interest are inherent in the multiple roles granted to such professionals under the insolvency system, whether the financial distress is personal or commercial. This article begins to explore whether or not these conflicts serve as barriers to the effective administration of the insolvency and bankruptcy system. It also examines whether oversight of professional ethics and avoidance of conflicts is a matter for legislative intervention or best left to the profession, including temporal and materiality issues in disclosure of potential conflicts, and accountability to stateholders through the appointment process. The key issue is how one manages those conflicts while maintaining the integrity of the system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mouse chorionic gonadotropin β‐subunit‐like (muCGβl) molecule produced by tumor cells elicits the switch of T‐cell immunity response from TH2 to TH1 in mice immunized with DNA vaccine based on rhesus monkey homologous CGβ (rmCGβ)
Authors: Shi Shu‐Qun , Peng Jing‐Pian , Xu Li , Yang Ying , Chen Yun
Published: November 2004

Background

CGβ is expressed not only in placenta, but also in a wide range of tumors. To study DNA vaccine based on xenogeneic CGβ for cancer immuno‐therapy, we investigated whether rhesus monkey CGβ (rmCGβ) DNA vaccine could induce protective T‐cell responses and humoral responses in mouse.

Methods

We constructed a plasmid containing the rmCGβ coding sequence. Two cloned syngeneic SP2/0 myeloma cell lines that stably express muCGβl (SP2/0‐muCGβl) and HN (SP2/0‐HN) protein were established. Inoculation of these cell lines was made into mice that had been immunized with DNA vaccine. Specific IgG and IgG type were measured by ELISA and the cytokine expression was detected with RT‐PCR. To measure the lymphocyte metabolic activity, the MTS assay was used.

Results

After injection of SP2/0‐muCGβl into mice that had been immunized with DNA vaccine, a significant increase in the IgG2a specific to the antigen (p < 0.05) and a decrease in the specific IgG1 (p < 0.05) were measured. The expression of TH1 but not TH2 cytokines, including IFN‐γ and IL‐2, were detected in the splenocytes. However, injection of tumor cells expressing irrelevant or mock molecules into immunized mice could not induce these changes. The survival rate of vaccine‐immunized mice injected with SP2/0‐muCGβl was as high as 58.3% after 55 days.

Conclusions

The rmCGβ DNA vaccine has proved to be a potential strategy for protection against tumors with homologous molecules. The muCGβl produced by tumors is able to elicit an immunity switch from TH2 to TH1 in vaccinated mice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene transfer of constitutively active caspase‐3 induces apoptosis in a human hepatoma cell line
Authors: Cam Laurence , Boucquey Antoine , Coulomb‐L'hermine Aurore , Weber Anne , Horellou Philippe
Published: November 2004

Background

The caspase‐3 gene is expressed at significantly lower levels in human hepatocellular carcinomas than in normal hepatocytes. Gene transfer technologies offer the possibility to restore caspase‐3 gene expression. We explored the interest for cancer gene therapy of a constitutively active recombinant caspase‐3 (RevCasp3) obtained by rearranging its subunits.

Methods

An amphotropic retroviral vector was used to express the RevCasp3 gene. HuH7 cells were infected 1 and 2 days after plating. Caspase‐3 activity was measured every 24 h for the following 6 days. The level of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage induced by caspase‐3 was measured by Western blot. The percentage of apoptotic cells was estimated after Hoechst‐acridine orange and TUNEL stainings.

Results

Caspase‐3 activity significantly increased from days 4 to 7 after infection. Caspase‐3 activity peaked on day 7, and was 5.4‐fold higher in RevCasp3‐transduced HuH7 cells than in control cells. Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage was first detected 6 days after the first infection. Hoechst‐acridine orange and TUNEL stainings showed that most infected HuH7 cells were apoptotic.

Conclusions

Apoptosis was selectively induced following infection of HuH7 cells with RevCasp3, demonstrating that retroviruses expressing RevCasp3 are of potential interest for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas and other tumour types. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulatory sequences of H19 and IGF2 genes in DNA‐based therapy of colorectal rat liver metastases
Authors: Ohana Patricia , Schachter Pinhas , Ayesh Basim , Mizrahi Aya , Birman Tatiana , Schneider Tamar , Matouk Imad , Ayesh Suhail , Kuppen Peter J. K. , de Groot Nathan , Czerniak Abraham , Hochberg Abraham
Published: November 2004

Background

Malignant tumors of the liver are among the most common causes of cancer‐related death throughout the world. Current therapeutic approaches fail to control the disease in most cases. This study seeks to explore the potential utility of transcriptional regulatory sequences of the H19 and insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2) genes for directing tumor‐selective expression of a toxin gene (A fragment of diphtheria toxin), delivered by non‐viral vectors.

Methods

The therapeutic potential of the toxin vectors driven by the H19 and the IGF2‐P3 regulatory sequences was tested in a metastatic model of rat CC531 colon carcinoma in liver.

Results

Intratumoral injection of these vectors into colon tumors implanted in the liver of rats induced an 88% and a 50% decrease respectively in the median tumor volume as compared with the control groups. This therapeutic action was accompanied by increased necrosis of the tumor. Importantly, no signs of toxicity were detected in healthy animals after their treatment by the toxin expression vectors.

Conclusions

DT‐A was preferentially expressed in liver metastases after being transfected with H19 or IGF2‐P3 promoter‐driven DT‐A expression plasmids, causing a very significant inhibition of tumor growth as a result of its cytotoxic effect. Our findings strongly support the feasibility of our proposed therapeutic strategy, which may contribute to open new gene therapeutic options for human liver metastases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solving the undirected minimum cost flow problem with arbitrary costs
Authors: Sedeño‐Noda A. , González‐Martín C. , Alonso S.
Published: November 2004

We address the undirected minimum cost flow problem with arbitrary arcs costs. Any optimal solution for this problem is characterized by the property that the flow of each arc with negative cost must be equal to its capacity. That is, the flow can be nonzero in both directions. This situation implies that the flow can take values that are integer multiple of ½. Therefore, this single commodity flow problem does not satisfy the unimodularity property. However, using a reformulation of the original problem, we develop an easy method for solving it using any classical minimum‐cost flow problem algorithm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 45(1), 1–3 2005
New two‐dimensional slope limiters for discontinuous Galerkin methods on arbitrary meshes
Authors: Hoteit H. , Ackerer Ph. , Mosé R. , Erhel J. , Philippe B.
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we introduce an extension of Van Leer's slope limiter for two‐dimensional discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods on arbitrary unstructured quadrangular or triangular grids. The aim is to construct a non‐oscillatory shock capturing DG method for the approximation of hyperbolic conservative laws without adding excessive numerical dispersion. Unlike some splitting techniques that are limited to linear approximations on rectangular grids, in this work, the solution is approximated by means of piecewise quadratic functions. The main idea of this new reconstructing and limiting technique follows a well‐known approach where local maximum principle regions are defined by enforcing some constraints on the reconstruction of the solution. Numerical comparisons with some existing slope limiters on structured as well as on unstructured meshes show a superior accuracy of our proposed slope limiters. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doubling in Size, Post‐Merger, SBC Learned To Consolidate Functions Quickly and Effectively
Authors: Rick Joy
Published: November 2004

Global telecom giant SBC has gotten so big through acquisitions. And, by experience, they have learned the critical systems and processes to whip into operation to make the blend a success. Recognizing the link between business success and strict attention to human resources issues, SBC has formalized guidelines for managers to use throughout the transition process, fostered open communication of change, and determinedly intermingled work groups. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Learning from Baldrige Winners at the University of Alabama
Authors: Dew John R.
Published: November 2004

Taking full advantage of ties to leading businesses, the University of Alabama established a Quality Advisory Board, made up of representatives of private‐sector Baldrige winners. It then responded to challenges defined by this Board — to define the university's mission, vision, and common values; to define, hear and respond to its key stakeholder groups; to break down functional silos to promote teamwork among faculty, staff, and students; to accelerate the understanding of quality principles across the campus; and to encourage self‐assessment. Already, positive results are measurable. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Desensitized control of vibratory systems with friction: linear programming approach
Authors: Kim Jae‐Jun , Singh Tarunraj
Published: November 2004

This paper presents a linear programming based approach for the design of controllers for rest‐to‐rest manoeuvres of vibratory systems subject to friction. A multiple spring mass system is considered in the development where friction and control input forces act on the same mass. The result of the linear programming is a control profile for rest‐to‐rest manoeuvres where the static and Coulomb friction is included in the system model. The positive pulse controller is also developed when the available frictional force brings the system to rest. These controllers can be applied to precision positioning systems and servo applications where the effect of friction and flexibility are significant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tent Method, optimization and robustness
Authors: Boltyanski V.
Published: November 2004

The Tent Method solves different extremal problems (minima and maxima of smooth functions, minimax problems, optimization problems, etc.). A detailed description of the Method with its geometrical and topological foundations is given. The Tent Method has application to optimization problems; in particular, it allows to prove the Maximum Principle. The last section contains the sufficient condition of optimality (in a revised form) and the robust optimization problems. We show that the regular synthesis (which is the main instrument in the sufficient conditions of optimality) ensures the robustness. The text is illustrated by figures and examples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐medication among Finnish young men in the beginning of common military service
Authors: Linden Kari , Jormanainen Vesa , Swigonski Nancy L. , Pietilä Kirsi
Published: November 2004

Purpose

Little is known about self‐medication in adolescent and young adult males, particularly in ones exposed to increased stress. The objective of this article is to analyze self‐medication and its predictors in young Finnish men at entry into common military service.

Methods

The responding men (n = 857) from nine brigades anonymously completed a self‐administered questionnaire during the first conscription days before active military training in July 1999. The effect of pre‐disposing, need and health behavior variables on self‐medication was assessed using Andersen et al. theoretical health care utilization model.

Results

In the 2 weeks preceding the survey, 65% of the men reported self‐medication. Self‐medication for pain or common cold symptoms was reported by 54% while 8% had taken caffeine tablets or other stimulants. Multivariate analysis on overall self‐medication showed an association with brigade and using health services before the conscription. Along with pre‐disposing variables, need variables were associated with self‐medication for pain or common cold symptoms and self‐medication with stimulants. Stimulant use was also associated with health behaviors such as trial with illegal drugs during lifetime.

Conclusions

Young men frequently self‐medicate at the initial stage of conscription that may pose them at an increased risk for adverse effects of medicines or other medical problems. The military and civilian primary health care providers should discuss the proper use of self‐medication with young men. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adverse reactions of Topiramate and Lamotrigine in children
Authors: Shechter Tamar , Shorer Zamir , Kramer Uri , Lerman‐Sagie Tally , Ronen Elisheva , Rotem Rimona , Gorodischer Rafael
Published: November 2004

Purpose

To review the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of Topiramate and Lamotrigine among children in Israel, and to compare the two drugs, based on their side effect profile and tolerability among this population.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study. Four paediatric neurologists from three different tertiary medical centres in Israel documented all cases of children from birth to the age 18 years, treated with Topiramate and/or Lamotrigine in their respective outpatient clinics and hospital wards. All present ADRs and their characteristics were recorded.

Results

Reports on 45 and 65 children treated with Topiramate and Lamotrigine respectively, were received. Half of the children treated with Topiramate suffered from one or more ADRs, as opposed to one‐third of the children treated with Lamotrigine (p = 0.03). Most reactions were considered mild to moderate. There were no deaths or hospitalisations, but the drug had to be discontinued in about 10% of the patients due to ADRs. Most Topiramate and Lamotrigine ADRs appeared early in the treatment and were more frequent when Topiramate was an add‐on versus a monotherapy drug. Most ADRs of both Topiramate and Lamotrigine were related to the central nervous system; while poor appetite, drowsiness, speech difficulties and weight loss were observed only with Topiramate, and rash and headaches only with Lamotrigine. Nervousness and seizure aggravation were more frequent ADRs of Topiramate whereas sleep disturbances were observed more in children treated with Lamotrigine.

Conclusion

Results of this study indicate that Lamotrigine causes ADRs less frequently than Topiramate; however both medications are generally well tolerated. Topiramate and Lamotrigine differ in their central nervous system side effect profile. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological evaluation of metallocene polyethylenes with processing aids by multi‐wave oscillations
Authors: Vogel R. , Hatzikiriakos S. G.
Published: November 2004

During the die flow of metallocene polyethylenes, flow instabilities may occur. Namely, wall slip, “sharkskin,” and stick‐slip (pressure oscillations) and gross fracture may be obtained depending on the volume flow rate and die geometry. It was reported that fluoroelastomers and boron nitride powders with hexagonal crystal structure can be used as suitable processing aids in melt extrusion processes. Fluoroelastomers at low concentrations act as die lubricants and may eliminate flow instabilities such as surface and stick‐slip melt fracture. On the other hand, specific boron nitride powders may not only eliminate surface and stick‐slip melt fracture, but also postpone gross melt fracture to higher volume flow rates. In this paper, a way for quantitative differentiation of the influence of polymer processing additives on rheological behavior is shown. Standard material functions show no clear‐cut differences. However, using multi‐wave oscillations with higher strain amplitudes make a quantitative assessment possible. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2047–2051, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.