bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambiguous Progress and its Poetic Correlatives: Percy’s Reliques and Stadial History
Authors: Regan John
Published: June 2014

This article has two central contentions. The first is that the prefatory essays accompanying the second edition of Thomas Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1767) constitute an inadequately appreciated form of eighteenth-century historiography. The second is that, in mediating historical material in the form of oral verse artifacts, Thomas Percy was putting into editorial practice the ambivalences of the stadial historian. Both editor and historian were alive to the significance of writing as an index to human progress and, in his redaction of oral artifacts through prosodic crafting and the composition of errata, Percy was acting out the very same obsessions with verse’s historiographical roles that so captured historians such as Adam Ferguson, Adam Smith, and David Hume. In late-Enlightenment history’s various ambiguities of progress and decline, the historian and the poet stand between a self-conscious modernity and an inability to vacate the invigorating permanence of man’s primitive spirit. By circumscribing in sophisticated descriptive terminology the corrective influence of the heroic and the primitive, both Percy and the stadial historians seem at all times aware of their dividedness from the vigor they evoke.
The Body of the Text
Authors: Kastan David Scott
Published: June 2014

Focusing on the two earliest printed editions of John Donne’s poems (1633 and 1635), the essay considers how each edition differently constructs its idea of Donne and his poetry, as well as explores a number of historical and theoretical questions about early modern authorship, anonymity, and the complicated relationship of text and paratext. Donne was notoriously ambivalent about print, and after he took orders in 1615, none of his poetry was published in his lifetime. Only after his death were the poems collected and published, in editions that identified the author only as “J. D.” (until the seventh edition of 1669, which does the name the author). Each of these early editions is remarkably reticent about using the poet’s name, which appears only three times before it echoes through the set of remarkable “ Elegies on the Author’s Death ,” as the title page calls them. These concluding elegies, which modern editions and most critics have mostly ignored, are not merely conventional acts of approbation by contemporaries of Donne. Appropriating his language and style, the elegies ensure that he lives on, as his living presence is not only asserted but also enacted in these poems. They complete and confirm the structure of the published book, serving as “the Poet’s service,” celebrating the living corpus of Donne’s poetry instead of grieving over the corpse of the dead poet.
Adulterated Form: Violet Fane and the Victorian Verse-Novel
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: June 2014

As a tale of adulterous love, Violet Fane’s Denzil Place (1875) is a paradigmatic Victorian verse-novel. Its counter-traditionalism, like that of many examples of this understudied genre, stems not only from its subversion of the marriage plot but also from its formal hybridity. Recent criticism of long narrative poems focuses on epic, often bypassing discussions of lyricism and reducing novelistic elements to a disciplinary function. Fane’s treatment of love stages a contest between lyric and novelistic drives and temporalities. Denzil Place ’s characteristic combination of cross-generic intertextuality and adulterous content reveals how “culture takes form” in and through the nineteenth-century novel in verse.
“Ex-” in Text: An Excursus in Barthesian Text Theory
Authors: Rabaté Jean-Michel
Published: June 2014

The “Ex” of my title leads to a question: can we say that the theory of the text is “history,” or is it still operative, generating methods and protocols that can be reactivated? I survey the evolution of Barthes’s theory of the text, from the seminal essays of Writing Degree Zero and the Tel Quel period to the later essays on Textual Pleasure and Textual Bliss. We will grasp why the theory of the Text ended up undermining itself by its very insistence on the infinite productivity of texts. Text could not be reduced to its signified even though it was crucial to analyze these signifieds, since they were needed to understand the various codes underpinning them. Yet, fundamentally, “Text” brought to the fore a “significance” that both produced it and kept it open. In a last part, I compare Barthes’s trajectory with the more recent analyses of Jacques Rancière in Mute Speech , a book which never mentions the concept of “text.” Rancière resists the allegorical nature of the Barthesian Text. By historicizing texts as much as he can, Rancière follows the periodic and local metamorphoses of these cultural productions without having to hypostasize a “Text.” However, Barthes had paved the way by providing a productive allegory. His concept of an infinite Text contained a Benjaminian allegory: it presented an opaque object that condenses the riddles of history and enhanced the material side of its production.
Rupert Brooke’s Poetic Deaths
Authors: Bristow Joseph
Published: June 2014

In his most famous sonnet, “The Soldier,” which appeared in December 1914, Rupert Brooke’s poetic voice declares: “if I should die think only this of me: / That there’s some corner of a foreign field / That is forever England.” By April 1915, Brooke was dead. That Winston Churchill promptly declared that these lines expressed the “sorrow of youth about to die” immediately ensured that Brooke would become a patriotic icon of a poetic genius who had anticipated his own doom on the way to Gallipoli. Although recent criticism has sought to reveal the ways in which Brooke's sonnet belonged to a carefully crafted “celebrity aesthetic,” the present discussion situates “The Soldier” in Brooke’s longstanding poetics of death, which began during his schooldays when he immersed himself in decadent poetry. This article shows that in many of his poems Brooke struggles with his deepening fears--one mediated through several sources, such as Nietzsche, which he encountered before World War I--about the inescapable nature of decay. His poems about death venture into imaginative realms that seek to animate the afterlife, sometimes in comic forms, though with the enduring recognition that nothing can ultimately remain alive--in a phrase he gleaned from Donne--in the yearned-for “ aeterna corpora ” of art.
The Voice of Jacob: Entextualization, Contextualization, and Identity
Authors: Silverstein Michael
Published: June 2014

To analyze discursively mediated interpersonal social action we differentiate two kinds of “textual” phenomena. Using an Old Testament example, we delineate an interactional text , “what is (socially) done” in-and-as the events and encounters of everyday life. Such texts are perhaps even consciously conceptualized and represented in strategic subjective agency, in memory of “what happened,” and, to be sure, in literary depictions. We can contrast this with a denotational text , “what is (in effect) said” in-and-by the totality of means for organizing communicated information, in which minutiae of form--the “how” of saying what one says--and the orderliness of its emergence are key. Our task thus becomes to understand how the organized unfolding--the entextualization --of “what is said” in language and its penumbral cultural codes comes to project into its own contextualization , that is, to count as “what is done” in the way of intersubjective socio-cultural coherence and consequentiality for the participants in an interactional encounter. Working out an extended--if banal--example of a dyadic conversation, we show that by invoking the semiotic qualities of the most determinative of such projections, that of full-blown ritual action, a properly analyzed denotational text of even an everyday encounter by degrees dynamically figurates the interactional text that gradually comes into being as the consequence of interpersonal communication, in the instance giving rich and mutually interpretable identities to the participants.
Лаборатория империи: политическая арифметика, социальная инженерия и решение “Хайлендской проблемы” Великобритании в конце XVII – первой половине XVIII вв.
Authors: Малкин Станислав
Published: June 2014

The article bridges the traditional differentiation between “overseas” and “contiguous” (landmass) empires by focusing on the typical “continental” imperial policies of the English and then British government toward the Highland region of Scotland. The author argues that many “overseas” British imperial practices were developed in the late seventeenth century through the first half of the eighteenth century in Scotland, under the direct influence of the continental political culture of Cameralism. Thus, an important instrument used toward solving the “Highland problem” (understood as the pacification and modernization of the region) was “political arithmetic”: elementary population statistics, a precursor to political economy. The author characterizes the entanglement of academic practices with pragmatics of imperial governance and colonization as conscious social engineering. This early instance of social engineering helps in understanding many aspects of British imperial policies and latter-day attempts at social engineering as part of overseas colonialism.
Making a National Capital out of a Multiethnic City: Lithuanians and Vilnius in Late Imperial Russia
Authors: Staliūnas Darius
Published: June 2014

This article is devoted to the question of Vilnius as the capital of a modern Lithuanian nation-state in the Lithuanian national movement in the late imperial period. In this article, the author attempts to reveal the reasons behind such a decision, to identify the problems that Lithuanian nationalists faced in seeking to implement this goal, and to answer the question of how the leaders of the Lithuanian National Movement hoped to implement the goal. It is claimed that despite the very unfavorable ethnodemographic situation of Lithuanians in the city and disapproval among other nationalities, Vilnius was proclaimed the future national capital of Lithuanians/Lithuania not only in order to claim historical rights for an independent state but also because this city was the most important religious and official center of the region, and finally because of the need to nationalize the population of the Vilnius region. Lithuanian political forces tried to find allies among the movements that opposed the Russian Empire, but their search produced no results. Some of the Lithuanian leaders, particularly from the right, hoped for the support of the imperial government, but the latter was not ready to agree to the territorialization of ethnicity, and thus to the autonomy of ethnographic Lithuania with Vilnius.

В статье рассказывается об обосновании выбора Вильнюса в качестве будущего литовского национального государства литовским национальным движением в позднеимперский период. Автор исследует аргументы в пользу выбора именно Вильнюса, а также проблемы, с которыми столкнулись националисты, претворяя в жизнь свои планы, и способы решения этих проблем. Несмотря на крайне незначительную долю литовцев среди жителей Вильнюса (всего несколько процентов) и возражения со стороны других национальных групп, Вильнюс был объявлен столицей будущего литовского государства. Это было сделано не только для подтверждения исторических прав нового независимого государства, но и потому, что Вильнюс являлся главным религиозным и административным центром региона. Провозглашение Вильнюса литовской столицей должно было способствовать национализации населения. Литовские политические силы безрезультатно пытались найти поддержку своим планам среди других движений, оппозиционных по отношению к имперским властям. Некоторые литовские лидеры, прежде всего с правого фланга, возлагали надежду на имперское правительство, но оно не было готово к признанию территориализации этничности, а значит, и к автономии этнографической Литвы с центром в Вильнюсе.
Idiocy and Aberrancy: Disability, Paul de Man, and Wordsworth’s “Idiot Boy”
Authors: Laville Claire
Published: June 2014

This essay approaches Wordsworth’s “Idiot Boy” by way of juxtaposing disability studies scholarship with deconstructive readings proposed by Paul de Man.
Dearly Beloveds: The Politics of Intimacy in Juliana Spahr’s This Connection of Everyone with Lungs
Authors: Milne Heather
Published: June 2014

This essay examines how Juliana Spahr’s collection of anti-war poetry, This Connection of Everyone with Lungs , engages the potential of the political lyric to advance a poetics of global intimacy and to explore themes of connectivity and complicity in the context of 9/11 and the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq.
“Wholesome Lessons”: Love as Tact between Matthew Arnold and Anthony Trollope
Authors: Van Dam Frederik
Published: June 2014

This article argues that the representation of love in Anthony Trollope’s Marion Fay (1882) is informed by the conceptualization of tact in Matthew Arnold’s essays. According to David Russell, Arnold conceives of tact as a certain reserve that allows one to find a middle ground between conflicting opinions. Tact thus differs from fixed rules of interpretation such as those of physiognomy or etiquette, since these produce distance rather than proximity. Trollope satirizes such fixed rules by means of his novel’s setting in the suburbs. Conversely, his depiction of love serves to promote a sociability that is intimate, even tactile. Touching plays a crucial role in the recognition of love: it forges an unconscious connection. Trollope highlights this motif by contrasting tact with the taboo and the sublime. This contrast reveals that whereas the taboo and the sublime are structurally dependent on inequality, love can only exist on the basis of equality. This sets up a relation that is always in danger of tipping over into possessiveness and that, as such, must leave lovers dissatisfied. Trollope’s thematic exploration of love as tact is mirrored in the novel’s style: Marion Fay achieves a measure of reserve by framing love within moments that abruptly descend from the exalted to the banal.
“Passionate Reciprocity”: Love, Existentialism, and Bodily Knowledge in The French Lieutenant’s Woman
Authors: Rokotnitz Naomi
Published: June 2014

John Fowles’s novel presents romantic love as a force that strips away cant and propriety, revealing a self unmasked. If heeded, this unmasking can function as a catalyst for existential investigation, for it reveals the self to be not a stable pre-formed entity but, rather, a continually evolving creative project. At the same time, the novel tests the limits of conscious intervention in the governance of this project. While its narrator celebrates the advantages of having “existentialist philosophy at our disposal,” analysis of the novel suggests that Fowles finds philosophy inadequately equipped to tackle either the primary impetus of love or its impact. Instead, the novel articulates an understanding that anticipates very recent findings in cognitive science and neuropsychology. Current developments in the sciences provide retroactive support for Fowles’s intuitive claims and shed further light upon the novel’s implications regarding choice and decision-making in love.
Holocaust Denial Literature Twenty Years Later: A Follow-up Investigation of Public Librarians' Attitudes Regarding Acquisition and Access
Authors: Drobnicki John
Published: June 2014

This study was undertaken to learn about public librarians' attitudes and opinions concerning the sometimes conflicting issues of intellectual freedom, collection balance, and controversial materials, and whether those attitudes and opinions have changed over twenty years. The investigation focused on Holocaust denial literature, a body of work which ranges from minimizing the Holocaust to outright denying that it happened. Public librarians in Nassau County, New York, were surveyed, and the results were compared with a similar survey from 1992. The results indicate that librarians are even more open to Holocaust denial literature than they were twenty years ago and, regardless of outside pressures, would acquire and provide ready access to this material in their libraries.
Automated Radar Video Map Production at NOS
Authors: Bolton Ronald , Hoover Russell
Published: June 2014

The Aeronautical Charting Division (ACD), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) produces the Radar Video Maps (RVM's) used by air traffic controllers to monitor and control the Nation's airspace. These complex maps depict the local Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airspace definition and show airways, intersections, holding patterns, selected navigational aids, special-use airspace boundaries, and other radar display elements critical to the traffic controller's radar scope displays. Previously produced by tedious manual methods, the ACD's Aeronautical Chart Automated Production (ACAP) system now provides the tools for automated production of this integral part of the FAA air traffic control system.
The Development of Children's Spatial Knowledge: Implications for Geographic Education
Authors: Plumert Jodie M.
Published: June 2014

One of the many challenges facing the education system today is providing children with a better understanding of geography. Increasingly, cartographers and educators have turned to developmental psychologists for information about how children's spatial cognitive development influences their ability to understand and learn about the spatial relations on maps. Central to the process of learning and remembering spatial relations is the ability to organize locations within some kind of spatial structure. Recently, the role that hierarchical organization plays in remembering and reasoning about locations has received increasing attention within the field of cognitive psychology. Studies have shown that both children and adults alike tend to organize locations into regions with nested levels of detail. For example, the location of a toothbrush might be remembered as on the second shelf in the medicine cabinet in the bathroom upstairs, or the location of Iowa City might be known as in the state of Iowa in the Midwest region of the United States. There are, however, limitations in children's ability to make use of hierarchical spatial structures; this has important implications for cartographic education. As a result, younger children may require more visual aids and explicit organizational frameworks when learning and communicating information about locations. The ideas and suggestions presented here about the relations between children's spatial cognitive development and their understanding of geography are aimed at fostering further collaboration between cartographers and developmental psychologists.
Designing Animated Maps For A Multimedia Encyclopedia
Authors: DiBiase David
Published: June 2014

Between January and June 1993, GeoSystems-an R.R. Donnelley and Sons Company-compiled and produced thirty animated maps for the 1994 edition of the New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Animated subjects requested by Grolier included the American Revolutionary War, World War II, and Magellan's circumnavigation of the world. I collaborated with GeoSystems as a private consultant, providing design specifications for the series. In this paper, I discuss some of the cartographic challenges GeoSystems faced in condensing these complex events into brief (4-5 minute) animations.
Current Trends in Electronic Atlas Production
Authors: Rystedt Bengst
Published: June 2014

Electronic atlases have the potential to add a new dimension to the use of atlas information. An electronic version can contain data and software to produce maps not possible in book form. They can serve as a preliminary stage to Atlas Information Systems and can also form the core of a multimedia system. The ICA commission on national atlases was formed at the 13th International Cartographic Conference in Morelia, Mexico in 1987 to serve as a forum for electronic atlas conception and production. Electronic atlases have been a topic at every commission meeting ever since. The observations presented in this paper are findings from these meetings.
Copyright and Cartographic Multimedia
Authors: Suchan Trudy
Published: June 2014

Maps are just one of many resources used in multimedia by cartographers. Increasingly complex copyright issues are developing around single media and their compilation in multimedia productions. This paper describes US copyright law and practices as they apply to multimedia works. The paper is directed to cartographers working in multimedia, and therefore, cuts a narrow path through the vast array of issues and information on this subject. It introduces legitimate ways to use copyrighted resources, as well as the process of copyrighting one's own work and includes recognition of ambiguities inherent in copyright law applied to any creative work.
Geographic Information Retrieval and the World Wide Web: A Match Made in Electronic Space
Authors: Johnson David , Gluck Myke
Published: June 2014

This article looks at the access to geographic information through a review of information science theory and its application to the WWW. The two most common retrieval systems are information and data retrieval. A retrieval system has seven elements: retrieval models, indexing, match and retrieval, relevance, order, query languages and query specification. The goal of information retrieval is to match the user's needs to the information that is in the system. Retrieval of geographic information is a combination of both information and data retrieval. Aids to effective retrieval of geographic information are: query languages that employ icons and natural language, automatic indexing of geographic information, and standardization of geographic information. One area that has seen an explosion of geographic information retrieval systems (GIR's) is the World Wide Web (WWW). The final section of this article discusses how seven WWW GIR's solve the the problem of matching the user's information needs to the information in the system.
The Limits of Possibility: Rand McNally in American Culture, 1898-1929
Authors: Schulten Susan
Published: June 2014

In the early twentieth century, Rand McNally held a large share of the commercial market for maps and atlases in the United States. How the company built its reputation as an American cartographic authority—by both accepting and resisting change—is the subject of this essay. Critical to the company’s success was its ability to design materials that reinforced American notions of how the world ought to appear, an indication that the history of cartography is governed not just by technological and scientific advances, but also by a complex interplay between mapmakers and consumers.
A History of Distributed Mapping
Authors: Crampton Jeremy W.
Published: June 2014

My intent in this paper is to answer two questions: what were the principal events in the development of distributed mapping, and how should a narrative of its development be written? Distributed mapping is a mode of cartography arising from the convergence of the World Wide Web, GIS, and digital cartography. It marks a significant break with traditional cartography because (1) the set of rules that shape the map archive are being fundamentally altered; (2) the distributivity of spatial data, their analysis and visualization are at unprecedented levels; and (3) new forms of interactivity are emerging. After discussing some theoretical issues in the history of cartography, I locate the multiple origins of distributed mapping in the work on animated mapping during the quantitative revolution in geography and the availability of computing power from the 1960s through the 1980s. The technology is a series of non-deterministic negotiations with resistance leading to delays in implementation, back-tracking, and multiple avenues of exploration. The popularization of the World Wide Web during the latter part of the 1990s brought commercial attention to distributed mapping, not as cartography, but as support service for travel sales channels. Commercialization will detach distributed mapping from academic geography as it did with GIS before it. In conclusion, I outline the forseeable research issues for distributed mapping.
Anatomy of a Cartographic Surrogate: the Portrayal of Complex Electoral Boundaries in the Congressional District Atlas
Authors: Monmonier Mark
Published: June 2014

Compiled and published by the Bureau of the Census, the Congressional District Atlas describes the boundaries of the nation’s 435 congressional districts. Since its inception in 1960, the atlas has grown in length from 103 to 1,272 pages. The most noteworthy increase, between the 1987 and 1993 editions, reflects judicial pressure to equalize district population within a state as well as Department of Justice efforts to maximize the number of minority-majority districts. Single-district states like Delaware and Wyoming still consume a single printed page, and because county boundaries are documented elsewhere, a singlepage map is usually adequate for states in which district boundaries do not split counties. By contrast, non-traditional borders winding through multiple counties require numerous large-scale maps efficiently formatted as telescopically nested insets. In the most recent edition, published in two volumes in 1993, Florida and Texas individually account for more pages than the entire first edition, and North Carolina’s 12th district, which the Supreme Court ridiculed in Shaw v. Reno, stretches across 30 separate pages. Because of this parsimonious portrayal of boundaries, the atlas affords a convenient state-level descriptor of geographic complexity: the ratio of map pages to seats in the House of Representatives. Cartographic and statistical analysis of this index reveals a concentration of complex boundaries in the Southeast and other areas in which the Voting Rights Act mandates preclearance by the Justice Department. Not surprisingly, the index is a near-perfect predictor of judicial challenges to race-based redistricting
Poems Shaped Like Maps: (Di)Versifying the Teaching of Geography, II
Authors: Haft Adele J.
Published: June 2014

This paper is about poems shaped like maps. It presents a brief history of visual poetry, beginning with the ancient Greek technopaignia and culminating in the concrete and experimental map-poems of the latter half of the twentieth century. After outlining some resemblances between concrete poetry and maps generally, the paper focuses on nine works spanning nearly forty years: from “Geographica Europa” by Eugen Gomringer, a founder of concrete poetry (1960), to “Manhattan” by Howard Horowitz, a professional geographer and poet (1997). Because these poems are maps, and because visual poetry resembles cartography in its graphic form, these playful map-poems offer a delightfully eccentric way to teach how maps—like/as poems—are generalized, simplified, and selective views of the world. This paper will tell their stories.
Visualizing Data Certainty: A Case Study Using Graduated Circle Maps
Authors: Edwards Laura D. , Nelson Elisabeth S.
Published: June 2014

Several techniques have been proposed for displaying data certainty on maps, but few have been empirically tested for effectiveness. While it is important to make data certainty information easily accessible, the addition of such data should not unduly increase map complexity. Thus, it becomes important for cartographers to examine the available methods for displaying this aspect of metadata and to test each for its effectiveness. The focus of this study was the display of data certainty information on graduated circle maps. Four types of accuracy indicators were evaluated for their effectiveness in communicating data certainty information. Two were traditional accuracy indicators: reliability diagrams and legend statements. Two were bivariate in form, one using a value-size combination and the other mimicking the idea of focus byn varying the line value of the graduated circles to suggest a fading of symbolization for least certain data. The study was designed to assess whether subjects could identify data certainty information on test maps, and evaluate how accurately and confidently they could extract and interpret both thematic and data certainty information. Mean accuracy and confidence rates were compared for maps using different accuracy indicators to evaluate their relative effectiveness. Results suggest that subjects had most difficulty identifying and extracting data certainty information using maps that employed legend statements. They were most successful when data certainty was wedded to thematic data on the map using the bivariate accuracy indicator that mimicked the concept of focus. Identification and extraction of thematic data values were not significantly affected by choice of accuracy indicator.
The Map Library’s Emerging Role in the Dissemination of Cartographic Information on the Internet
Authors: McGlamery Patrick , Cromley Robert G.
Published: June 2014

The Internet is allowing a range of cartographic products from images of map documents to numerical databases of cartographic content to be transmitted to a global user community. This technological innovation is forcing map libraries to rethink the manner in which to provide their services since libraries have traditionally had the responsibility for the storage of, and access to, information by society. The functions of a map library that allow a patron to search the holdings, go to the storage location, browse the document, and ultimately copy it in-house or check out the document can now be provided online. This paper describes the efforts and problems of collection development, assessment of user community needs and access policies associated with an internet-based map library.
Henry Reed’s Poetic Map of Verona: (Di)versifying the Teaching of Geography, IV
Authors: Haft Adele J.
Published: June 2014

Henry Reed’s “A Map of Verona” became the title piece of the only poetry collection published by this multi-talented Englishman (1946). By recalling his trip to Naples and prophesying his devotion to Verona, the poem foreshadows Reed’s lifelong passion for Italy. In “A Map of Verona,” Reed is unique among map-poets in presenting himself as the star-crossed lover of a place, whose mapped image he eroticizes into the beloved’s body. Because Reed ultimately rejects his map as illusory, the poem invites us to consider the type of map he was gazing at while composing “A Map of Verona.” This paper, the fourth in a series about the use of poetry in the teaching of geography, argues that Reed might have used the 1928 edition of Italy from the Alps to Naples, one of the popular Baedeker travel guides esteemed for their accurate maps and plans. Yet a gulf separates the Baedeker map of Verona from earlier, more romantic depictions of the city. Perhaps no image comes closer to sharing Reed’s sensibility than the complementary views of Verona displayed in Braun and Hogenberg’s magnificent Civitates Orbis Terrarum (1581).
Hillshading With Oriented Halftones
Authors: Kennelly Patrick J.
Published: June 2014

Hillshading renders a surface with a three-dimensional appearance using shades of gray. Although shades appear as continuous tones, they must undergo a halftoning process for use with most computer output devices. This process generally uses one pattern of black and white pixels for each shade of gray, while attempting to make patterns associated with black and white pixels as difficult to detect as possible.The method described in this paper adds aspect information to hillshaded maps with oriented halftones. Twelve orientations of clustered-dot ordered dithers represent 30° intervals of aspect. Additionally, dithering matches sixteen shades of gray associated with analytical hillshading, with each interval representing 16 of 256 shades of gray. This process allows pattern and gray tone representations of the surface simultaneously.
Moving the Atlas of Saskatchewan from a Hardcopy (Millennium Edition) to a Multi-Media (CD-ROM Edition) Platform
Authors: Martz Lawrence , Pietroniro Elise
Published: June 2014

Production of the Atlas of Saskatchewan (CD-ROM Edition) required a synthesis of skills including technical expertise in the fields of digital multimedia technology, geographic information systems technology and cartography. Recent advances in electronic media based technology have had a substantial impact on certain aspects of cartography in recent years. Some of these advances include the use of multimedia tools for map design and production, presentation and interactivity. CD-ROM atlases, in particular, have become extremely popular and have been produced in increasing numbers in recent years. According to the literature, advances in electronic technology render electronic atlases more effective in communicating geographic information than those in a paper medium. The former can combine multimedia elements such as sound and motion that cannot be incorporated in a printed atlas. The effects of these advances on cartographic information processing (cartographic communication) forces cartographers to reexamine the way they design maps. Layout, screen real estate, image resolution and colour are among some of the design features that will differ in an electronic medium.The development of the Atlas of Saskatchewan (CD-ROM Edition), an electronic version of the existing hard-copy Atlas of Saskatchewan (Millennium Edition) incorporated many of these new multi-media features and tackled a number of issues associated with the implementation of new technology. These issued included; generalization, legibility, speed, screen resolution and color, as well as software capabilities, hardware requirements, cross platform and file size issues. The fact that this CD-ROM atlas was generated from the transformation of an existing paper version did not make the production any less complex. Issues of consistency, continuity, layout and design had to be considered for the electronic medium. This paper discusses these issues and the ensuing stages in the development of the Atlas of Saskatchewan (CD-ROM Edition) in the context of cartographic communication. It also looks at various techniques employed and the multi-disciplinary nature of the development of the interactive CDROM Atlas, as well as some of the issues that surfaced in the production process.
Visualizing Metadata: Design Principles for Thematic Maps
Authors: Comenetz Joshua
Published: June 2014

This paper argues that the best way to transmit metadata to thematic map users is through cartography rather than text notes or digital means. Indicators such as reliability diagrams, common on maps derived from air photos or satellite images, are rarely included on thematic maps based on the census or other socioeconomic data sources. These data not only suffer from an array of quality problems but also are widely distributed among the general public in cartographic format. Metadata diagrams for thematic maps based on human variables therefore must be clear and concise, so as to be comprehensible by the non-specialist. Principles of good metadata diagram creation are proposed, with attention to the balance between clarity and space constraints.
From Afghanistan to Iraq in Media Maps: Journalistic Construction of Geographic Knowledge
Authors: Churchill Robert R. , Stege E. Hope
Published: June 2014

The last two decades have seen a marked rise in the number of maps in the popular media, yet academic interest in journalistic cartography remains low, though the bulk of the public relies on the media for its geographic knowledge. Because they invoke a sense of belonging, identity, and allegiance, the number of media maps, like flags and other patriotic icons, increases during conflict. From the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan until the proclamation of victory in Iraq almost two years later, three major American news magazines published nearly 200 related maps. Early maps of Afghanistan affirmed U.S. military prowess and promised quick retribution, but with the failure of this promise, pointed to obstacles from terrain to climate. As interest in Afghanistan cooled and rhetoric over Iraq heated up, cartographic attention shifted accordingly. Initial maps of Iraq were provocative, focusing especially on the state’s supposed possession of weapons of mass destruction. Maps again depicted American military might, and as the invasion progressed seemingly unimpeded, Baghdad came into cartographic focus. In these compositions the melding of artwork, remotely sensed images, and photography lends even greater veracity to the maps themselves, which not only convey but also construct both political and geographic knowledge.
The Many Uses of Maps: The Producer at the Center
Authors: Kovarsky Joel
Published: June 2014

Most of us encounter a map, or some sort of cartographic device, on nearly a daily basis. This is true whether or not we are conscious of the occurrence. We may be planning or imagining our travels, or conceptualizing a project, but we somehow interact with the map, whether written or visual. When we read an heroic novel, we track the journey. When we hear the news of wars or weather, the map functions as a communicator and guide. The purpose of this essay is to give an overview of map uses, but not strictly from the vantage of the individual use or user. The producer of the map -- whether an individual or group, whether a financier or artisan -- is at the center of this conversation. The producer will likely have planned uses for a map, and may themselves be a user, but without their construct the map does not exist.
The Cartographic Apprentice: By the End of This Assignment, Someone Will be Fired
Authors: Feeney Alison E.
Published: June 2014

The encouragement for group work and collaborative learning is supported in education. Simulations, role playing, and games are common techniques to engage students in actively participating in the learning process. Creating the rules and organizing the groups are some of the challenges facing instructors, especially in mapping courses where students vary greatly in both content knowledge and technical skill development. Surprisingly, successful tactics were adopted from the growing fascination of reality tv. The Cartographic Apprentice simulated Donald Trump’s business tactics to engage students, create competition, and mediate group dynamics. The semester-long game had students working in groups to create posters that were evaluated by faculty and students. Winning teams were rewarded by maintaining their successful group, while losing teams had to meet in the cartographic board room and critically evaluate their projects, which eventually led to someone being fired.
A Publishing History of John Mitchell’s Map of North America, 1755-1775
Authors: Edney Matthew H.
Published: June 2014

John Mitchell’s Map of the British and French Dominions in North America (London, 1755) is a prominent feature of the history of cartography of the British colonies in North America. A close examination of the history of the publication of its seven identified variants (1755-1775) indicates, however, that the map is properly understood in terms of the British, and more specifically London, market for maps and geographical information. There, it contributed to public discussions about the nature of the British empire and the British nation. This study also demonstrates the validity and necessity of applying the established bibliographical scheme of edition, printing, issue, and state to maps.
Trends in Internet and Ubiquitous Cartography
Authors: Peterson Michael P.
Published: June 2014

The widespread distribution of maps through the Internet is a direct result of the introduction of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s. The mobile Web, enabled through cell phones, is now creating an even more ubiquitous map form. These methods of map distribution facilitate greater access to spatial information, increased levels of interactivity with maps, real-time locational information, and greater integration of multimedia content through pictures, sound, and video. While normally not networked, GPS navigation devices have also changed the map-use landscape. Examined here are the current trends in online- and cell-phone-delivered maps.
Freeing CP: GIS&T and NACIS in the Open Educational Resources Movement
Authors: DiBiase David
Published: June 2014

This article positions higher education in geographic information science and technology (GIS&T), including cartography, in relation to the Open Educational Resources (OER) movement. After defining OER and the movement it denotes I compare several initiatives designed to promote free sharing of GIS&T-related educational resources and, in one special case, free provision of graduate education. Finally I consider a justification for conceiving Cartographic Perspectives as an open educational resource, and for freeing it from its current exclusive distribution to NACIS members, subscribers and their patrons.
The Vertical Space Problem
Authors: Perdue Nicholas Adam
Published: June 2014

Populations in contemporary cities are being measured, analyzed, or represented in less than optimal ways. Conventional methods of measuring density of populations in cities rely on calculating the number of people living within a bounded surface space. This approach fails to account for the multiple floor residential patterns of the contemporary urban landscape and exposes the vertical space problem in population analytics. To create an accurate representation of people in contemporary urban spaces, a move beyond the conventional conception of density is needed. This research aims to find a more appropriate solution to mapping humans in cities by employing a dasymetric method to represent the distribution of people in a city of vertical residential structures. The methodology creates an index to classify the amount of floor space for each person across the extent of the city, a metric called the personal space measure. The personal space measure is juxtaposed with the conventional population density measurements to provide a unique perspective on how population is concentrated across the urban space. The personal space metric demonstrates how improved metrics can be employed to better understand the social and structural landscape of cities. Chicago, with a large population and a high vertical extent, makes an ideal case study to develop a methodology to capture the phenomena of urban living in the 21st century and to explain alternative approaches to accurately and intelligently analyze the contemporary urban space.
Business and Cultural Aspects of Psychic Distance and Complementarity of Capabilities in Export Relationships
Authors: Griffith David A. , Dimitrova Boryana V.
Published: June 2014

Psychic distance is a key element in the field of international marketing. Unfortunately, the literature exhibits a lack of consistency with respect to its effects. To help increase understanding of the influence of psychic distance, the authors investigate business and cultural psychic distance as separate constructs. They develop a model in which an export manager's business and cultural psychic distance influences the structuring of the export relationship (i.e., whether it has complementarity of capabilities) and explore whether business and cultural psychic distance enhances or dampens the leveraging of complementary capabilities to increase an export manager's satisfaction with export performance. The results, based on a survey of 151 U.S. export managers, indicate that when export managers perceive greater business psychic distance, they select export partners with fewer complementary capabilities. Although more complementarity of capabilities results in greater satisfaction with export performance, this relationship is moderated by psychic distance. Specifically, greater cultural psychic distance enhances the positive influence of partner complementarity of capabilities on satisfaction with export performance, whereas greater business psychic distance dampens the positive influence of partner complementarity of capabilities on satisfaction with export performance.
Projective compactifications and Einstein metrics
Authors: Čap Andreas , Gover A. Rod
Published: June 2014

For complete affine manifolds we introduce a definition of
compactification based on the projective differential geometry
(i.e. geodesic path data) of the given connection. The definition
of projective compactness involves a real parameter α called
the order of projective compactness. For volume preserving
connections, this order is captured by a notion of volume
asymptotics that we define. These ideas apply to complete
pseudo-Riemannian spaces, via the Levi-Civita connection, and thus
provide a notion of compactification alternative to conformal
compactification. For many orders α, we provide an asymptotic
form of a metric which is sufficient for projective compactness of
the given order, thus also providing many local examples.

Distinguished classes of projectively compactified geometries of
orders one and two are associated with Ricci-flat connections and
non-Ricci-flat Einstein metrics, respectively. Conversely, these
geometric conditions are shown to force the indicated order of
projective compactness. These special compactifications are shown to
correspond to normal solutions of classes of natural linear PDE
(so-called first BGG equations), or equivalently holonomy reductions
of projective Cartan/tractor connections. This enables the
application of tools already available to reveal considerable
information about the geometry of the boundary at infinity. Finally,
we show that metrics admitting such special compactifications always
have an asymptotic form as mentioned above.
Sex differences in the fetal heart rate variability indices of twins
Authors: Tendais Iva , Figueiredo Bárbara , Gonçalves Hernâni , Bernardes João , Ayres-de-Campos Diogo , Montenegro Nuno
Published: June 2014

Aims: To evaluate the differences in linear and complex heart rate dynamics in twin pairs according to fetal sex combination [male-female (MF), male-male (MM), and female-female (FF)].

Methods: Fourteen twin pairs (6 MF, 3 MM, and 5 FF) were monitored between 31 and 36.4 weeks of gestation. Twenty-six fetal heart rate (FHR) recordings of both twins were simultaneously acquired and analyzed with a system for computerized analysis of cardiotocograms. Linear and nonlinear FHR indices were calculated.

Results: Overall, MM twins presented higher intrapair average in linear indices than the other pairs, whereas FF twins showed higher sympathetic-vagal balance. MF twins exhibited higher intrapair average in entropy indices and MM twins presented lower entropy values than FF twins considering the (automatically selected) threshold r
Lu. MM twin pairs showed higher intrapair differences in linear heart rate indices than MF and FF twins, whereas FF twins exhibited lower intrapair differences in entropy indices.

Conclusions: The results of this exploratory study suggest that twins have sex-specific differences in linear and nonlinear indices of FHR. MM twins expressed signs of a more active autonomic nervous system and MF twins showed the most active complexity control system. These results suggest that fetal sex combination should be taken into consideration when performing detailed evaluation of the FHR in twins.