bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Customer Effort, Expectation, and Satisfaction
Authors: Cardozo Richard N.
Published: November 2018

Results of a laboratory experiment indicate that customer satisfaction with a product is influenced by the effort expended to acquire the product, and the expectations concerning the product. Specifically, the experiment suggests that satisfaction with the product may be higher when customers expend considerable effort to obtain the product than when they use only modest effort. This finding is opposed to usual notions of marketing efficiency and customer convenience. The research also suggests that customer satisfaction is lower when the product does not come up to expectations than when the product meets expectations.
An Experiment in Probability Estimation
Authors: Green Paul E. , Halbert Michael H. , Robinson Patrick J.
Published: November 2018

While the activity of marketing research can be fruitfully viewed within a statistical decision theoretic model, relatively little is known concerning the descriptive aspects of how people—managers or consumers—revise probabilities in the light of new information. This paper reports the results of a behavioral study in probability revision, and the implications of these findings for the operational use of decision theoretic concepts in prescriptive and descriptive choice-making models.
What Big Agency Men Think of Copy Testing Methods
Authors: Adler Lee , Greenberg Allan , Lucas Darrell B.
Published: November 2018

A 4-A sponsored survey of the opinions of research directors of the 50 highest billing advertising agencies showed considerable agreement that: comprehension tests, behavioral, recall and attitude (toward brand or company) tests are of real or high value, and that recognition tests have minor value in testing single advertisements, whether printed or broadcast.
An Appraisal of Markov Brand-Switching Models
Authors: Ehrenberg A. S. C.
Published: November 2018

Using no mathematics other than a simple arithmetical example, this article reviews fundamental difficulties in applying Markov theory to brand-switching data. No successful practical applications of the theory appear to be available.
The Level of Consciousness: A Dynamic Approach to the Recall Technique
Authors: Cohen Louis
Published: November 2018

➤ The “level of consciousness,” a technique using a form of position of brand recall, is offered as a more sensitive measure of brand strength than is total brand recall, so often used for this purpose. Applications of the new technique to consumer, industrial and media research are discussed.
New Uses of Telephone Methods in Survey Research
Authors: Sudman Seymour
Published: November 2018

➤ This article describes new uses of the telephone which have reduced survey interviewing costs. Wasted travel time has been reduced by making advance appointments by telephone, with no reduction in cooperation. Long distance telephone interviews of doctors, and telephone screening for visual impairment have also been proved successful.
White and Negro Responses to Package Designs
Authors: Krugman Herbert E.
Published: November 2018

➤ White and Negro beer drinkers were tested on proposed package designs for a new malt liquor. Verbal measures of preference and physical measures of pupil dilation showed that both groups responded better to designs prepared for whites than to designs prepared for Negroes. The client was encouraged to select one package design to serve both markets.
Sensitivity, Reliability and Consumer Taste Testing
Authors: Gruber Alin , Lindberg Barbara
Published: November 2018

This article concerns the importance, in consumer taste tests, of screening respondents for sensitivity and reliability. A methodological approach involving triad comparisons is described as one procedure which proved convenient and efficient.
Overlap among Self-Designated Opinion Leaders: A Study of Selected Dental Products and Services
Authors: Silk Alvin J.
Published: November 2018

This article reports a study of the amount of overlap among self-designated opinion leaders for five dental products and services. The amount of overlap actually observed is compared with that which would be expected by chance assuming that being an opinion leader for one product is independent of being an opinion leader for another product. No significant differences were found between the actual and expected degrees of overlap.
Measuring the Cumulative Net Coverage of Any Combination of Media
Authors: Hofmans Pierre
Published: November 2018

Despite computers and simulation methods, “naive” media calculation methods which give immediate information still have a place. The proposed method measures, with great accuracy, the total number of readers, viewers, or listeners of a combination of media and issues. It can be used on a total population figure or on any desired category of readers, on absolute or percentage figures. It requires just paper and pencil, or, for more speed, a desk calculator.
Life Cycle Concept in Marketing Research
Authors: Wells William D. , Gubar George
Published: November 2018

This article reviews the ways “life cycle position” has been used as an independent variable in marketing research.
Analysis of Retailer Advertising Behavior
Authors: Massy William F. , Frank Ronald E.
Published: November 2018

Retailer-placed newspaper advertising is often an important component of a manufacturer's promotional mix. This article examines the relation between the size of a manufacturer's advertising allowance and the response of retail advertisers. The brand's market share and the time since the last ad for the brand by the store are treated as intervening variables. The product studied is a food item that is often used to stimulate total store traffic.
Experimental Study of Consumer Behavior Conformity and Independence
Authors: Venkatesan M.
Published: November 2018

Results of a laboratory experiment indicate that in consumer decision making, in the absence of any objective standard, individuals tended to conform to the group norm. However, when the group pressure was to “go along” with the group, resulting in restriction of choices, the individuals tended to resist the group pressure.
Response Patterns to Mail Surveys
Authors: Cox William E.
Published: November 2018

Response patterns to mail surveys are shown to be sufficiently stable and predictable to permit a sharp reduction in the time required to conduct multi-wave mail surveys. Fifteen mail surveys, covering both consumer and industrial goods and services, are reviewed to demonstrate that the interval between each mailing can be reduced to seven days. This would permit a two-wave mail survey to be conducted in two weeks.
Negro and White Automobile-Buying Behavior: New Evidence
Authors: Akers Fred C.
Published: November 2018

Both parametric and nonparametric tests show that Negroes do, in fact, tend to buy more expensive and larger automobiles than comparable income whites. This tendency, however, does not appear to be explained by the upward mobility hypothesis.
Risk-Reduction Processes in Repetitive Consumer Behavior
Authors: Sheth Jagdish N. , Venkatesan M.
Published: November 2018

This experimental study of consumer decision making over time explored risk-reduction processes of information seeking, prepurchase deliberation, and brand loyalty. Perceived risk was manipulated by creating low-risk and high-risk groups. The task was to choose among brands of hair spray. Results showed that information seeking and prepurchase deliberation declined over time and brand loyalty increased over time.
The Negro and American Advertising, 1946–1965
Authors: Kassarjian Harold H.
Published: November 2018

This article presents a content analysis of ads that have used Negro models or actors in selected mass circulation magazines over a 20-year period—a communications research technique seldom used in marketing. Results indicate that the frequency of using Negroes has not increased over the 20-year period. Instead it decreased in 1956, and by 1965 it merely reached the 1946 level. The Negro's occupational status, however, has risen significantly, but he is still seldom found in conventional middle-class settings.
NBD Model of Repeat-Purchase Loyalty: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Grahn Gary L.
Published: November 2018

This article describes a model for predicting repeat-purchase loyalty based on consumer panel data. A modification of the original model is offered that permits its application to areas in which brands are not purchased as a multiple of a single-unit pack size. Results of the original and modified models are shown.
Management Control of Marketing Research
Authors: Myers James H. , Samli A. Coskun
Published: November 2018

While marketing research does not readily lend itself to control and evaluation in the traditional business management sense, techniques do exist and are used for this important function. The authors review various approaches for keeping the research effort productive and for evaluating its contribution to the firm.
Forecasting the Demand for New Convenience Products
Authors: Massy William F.
Published: November 2018

The author's stochastic evolutionary adoption model (STEAM) is briefly described. Methods for estimating its parameters from panel data covering the first part of the introductory period are outlined. A method by which the future purchase history of each panel household can be simulated and the results projected into a total market forecast is reported. Results obtained by applying the model and simulation procedure to live data for a new product are shown and compared with the product's actual sales during the years after its introduction.
Statistical Significance and Reporting Test Results
Authors: Rosekrans Frank M.
Published: November 2018

Presenting the results of experiments as either statistically significant or not significant often ignores useful information for decision making. A more useful figure may be the probability of making the correct choice between two alternatives. Figures that indicate the magnitude of the difference are also important.
The Price-Quality Relationship: An Extension
Authors: Stafford James E. , Enis Ben M.
Published: November 2018

In this laboratory experiment, the influence of two kinds of market information—price and store image—on consumers’ judgments of product quality was measured. Although price was the dominant individual variable, the inclusion of store image significantly affected product quality perceptions even though that information in itself had little impact.
An Analysis of Price Aggressiveness in Gasoline Marketing
Authors: Churchill Gilbert A. , Ford Neil M. , Ozanne Urban B.
Published: November 2018

An investigation of the relationship between the pricing behavior of retail gasoline outlets and a number of identifying characteristics reveals the limited usefulness of association tests. The authors employ multiple discriminant analysis to panel-type data to measure the ability of certain variables to predict price aggressiveness.
How Are Laggards Different? An Empirical Inquiry
Authors: Uhl Kenneth , Andrus Roman , Poulsen Lance
Published: November 2018

The concern in this article is with laggards, the persons who are last to adopt an offering. Two measures were used to identify laggard food buyers of new grocery products. Then various univariate tests and a multivariate test, discriminant analysis, were used to help distinguish correlates of laggards and their behavior.
Shelf Position and Space Effects on Sales
Authors: Frank Ronald E. , Massy William F.
Published: November 2018

The authors report a cross-sectional analysis of the effects of shelf position and space on sales for a frequently purchased, branded grocery product. As is the case in most cross-sectional studies of the effects of shelf policy variables, they are apt to be confounded with store, container size and brand differences in sales. This investigation illustrates the use of several procedures for mitigating the effects of these confounding variables.
Limitations of Incremental Search in Media Selection
Authors: Shocker Allan D.
Published: November 2018

Incremental search heuristics do not identify the optimal solution to the media choice problem. With media discounts, such heuristics may not provide even a good approximation. This article discusses the reasons for this situation and considers several supplementary heuristics for improving the quality of solutions.
The Effect of Display Location on the Sales and Pilferage of Cigarettes
Authors: Kennedy John R.
Published: November 2018

This article reports research findings which indicate that display location and facilities affect both the sale and pilferage of carton and single pack cigarettes. The basic data, together with ancillary information collected in the same study, provide insights into supermarket shopping behavior and suggestions on how merchandising efficiency might be improved.
Fitting Parameters to Complex Models by Direct Search
Authors: Van Wormer Theodore A. , Weiss Doyle L.
Published: November 2018

Empirical validation and testing of simulation models have been hampered by the problems associated with estimating parameters for their nonlinear structures. This article discusses direct search techniques as a methodology for fitting parameeters of models too complex for linear regression analysis.
Political Instability as a Determinant of Direct Foreign Investment in Marketing
Authors: Bennett Peter D. , Green Robert T.
Published: November 2018

This empirical study of the relationship between national political stability and the direct investment by United States firms in marketing activities questions the results of much of the previous literature. Political instability was found not to discourage such investment.
On the Interpretation of Canonical Analysis
Authors: Alpert Mark I. , Peterson Robert A.
Published: November 2018

Canonical correlation analysis has been increasingly applied to marketing problems. This article presents some suggestions for interpreting canonical correlations, particularly for avoiding overstatement of the shared variation between sets of independent variables and for explicating relationships among variables within each set.
Prepurchase Information Seeking for New Cars and Major Household Appliances
Authors: Newman Joseph W. , Staelin Richard
Published: November 2018

National survey data on the amount of information seeking by buyers of new cars and major household appliances are analyzed by AID and MCA. The findings lend support to the hypothesis that purchase and use of a product result in learning which later influences buying behavior.
Vertical Cooperative Advertising Ventures
Authors: Berger Paul D.
Published: November 2018

This article discusses how parameters of a cooperative advertising arrangement are currently decided upon and presents decision models which demonstrate that quantitative analysis can lead to a better decision when profits are to be maximized. A real-world application of the methodology is presented.
Consumer Dissatisfaction: The Effect of Disconfirmed Expectancy on Perceived Product Performance
Authors: Anderson Rolph E.
Published: November 2018

Four psychological theories are considered in determining the effects of disconfirmed expectations on perceived product performance and consumer satisfaction. Results reveal that too great a gap between high consumer expectations and actual product performance may cause a less favorable evaluation of a product than a somewhat lower level of disparity.
Analyzing Free-Response Data in Marketing Research
Authors: Green Paul E. , Wind Yoram , Jain Arun K.
Published: November 2018

This article presents a new approach to the analysis of free-response data matrices using reduced-space and clustering procedures. Two marketing applications are presented; limitations and possible methodological and substantive extensions of the approach are highlighted.
The Cognitive Processes Mediating Acceptance of Advertising
Authors: Wright Peter L.
Published: November 2018

The process of advertising influence is modeled in terms of an array of cognitive responses to the message, and a methodology for directly measuring these mediators is introduced. Research indicates that these variables are important mediators of attitudinal message acceptance, and that their relative weighting is affected by message modality and receiver involvement.
Personality and Implicit Behavior Patterns
Authors: Greeno Daniel W. , Sommers Montrose S. , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: November 2018

Q-sorts of 38 products were obtained from 190 housewives. A cluster analysis of the sorts produced six groups of housewives who differ in the emphasis they accord five implicit behavior patterns. Using these patterns as a criterion, personality traits are used to account for the differences and socioeconomic descriptors are used to establish the clusters as meaningful segments.
Expectancy Theory Predictions of Salesmen's Performance
Authors: Oliver Richard L.
Published: November 2018

As a result of a lack of empirical investigation, the variance in salesmen's performance attributable to motivational constructs has not been estimated. Vroomian expectancy theory was used to show that the motivational perceptions attributed to a set of sales “incentives” by a sample of life insurance salesmen were related to two performance criteria.
Measuring the Job Satisfaction of Industrial Salesmen
Authors: Churchill Gilbert A. , Ford Neil M. , Walker Orville C.
Published: November 2018

While the unique characteristics of the industrial salesman's role has stimulated much recent research, this uniqueness requires the development and use of occupation-specific measurement instruments. A job satisfaction measure specifically designed for industrial salesmen is presented together with norms, a detailed description of the methodology employed, and techniques to evaluate the new instrument's factor structure, reliability, and construct validity.
Political Advertising: A Neglected Policy Issue in Marketing
Authors: Rothschild Michael L.
Published: November 2018

The author considers political advertising as a policy question and presents a model to hypothesize some of its effects. Supporting data are used to discuss several policy issues and to raise additional questions in this area.
Validity and Reliability of Criterion-Based Preferences
Authors: Best Roger J.
Published: November 2018

Preference as a criterion in marketing and consumer research has certain limitations. The findings of this study demonstrate that a part of the error observed in many studies is due to error in the criterion, error caused by the stochastic nature of preferences which lack behavioral significance.
Aggregation Criteria in Normative Market Segmentation Theory
Authors: Tollefson John O. , Lessig V. Parker
Published: November 2018

The aggregation of consumers into market segments on the basis of similarity of elasticities, marginal responses, or response function coefficients has been presented in the marketing literature as the normative ideal. Explicit theoretical analyses which do not support the use of these criteria and research which reinforces the conclusions of the theoretical analyses are presented. In addition, superior aggregation criteria are identified.
Identifying the Deal Prone Segment
Authors: Blattberg Robert , Buesing Thomas , Peacock Peter , Sen Subrata
Published: November 2018

A model of consumer buying behavior is used to identify household characteristics that should affect deal proneness. The model treats household purchasing and inventory decisions like those of a firm. In other words, the household's purchasing decisions are assumed to be based on such factors as transaction costs, holding costs, and stockout costs in addition to product price. Household characteristics then are related to these cost parameters to identify households that are likely to be deal prone. The predictions are tested empirically by use of panel data for five frequently purchased products. The empirical results indicate that deal prone households can be identified and that the key variables affecting deal proneness are household resource variables such as home ownership and automobile ownership.
Introduction to the Special Section: Measurement and Marketing Research—Is the Flirtation Going to Lead to a Romance?
Authors: Ray Michael L. , Churchill Gilbert A.
Published: November 2018

The articles in this special section provide practical guidelines and examples for carrying out reliability and validity measurement testing, which is essential to the advancement of marketing research. A content analysis of JMR articles shows increasing concern with these issues in the past five years. A special AMA committee and a new JMR section are proposed to move the field beyond concern (flirtation) and into action (romance).
Consumers’ Level of Prejudice and Response to Black Models in Advertisements
Authors: Bush Ronald F. , Hair Joseph F. , Solomon Paul J.
Published: November 2018

The authors report the results of a 2 × 3 factorial experiment which measures high and low prejudice white consumers’ evaluations of ads for which models’ race is manipulated. The study disconfirms the results of a previous study which differ substantially from those of the general body of literature on the effects of black models. The response of consumers to black models is found to be consistent with previous research findings.
Advertising and the S-Curve: A New Approach
Authors: Johansson J. K.
Published: November 2018

A flexible class of sigmoid or “S-shaped” functions useful in estimating the relationship between advertising and sales or market share is developed. The class, called the “odds” models, consists of functions able to depict relationships ranging from diminishing returns to nonsymmetric S-curves, including different saturation levels and nonzero intercepts. Which one of the member models applies to a given set of data can be determined on the basis of the estimated advertising coefficient, and thus it is easy to identify whether or not the relationship under analysis is S-shaped.
The Performance of the Linear Discriminant Function in Nonoptimal Situations and the Estimation of Classification Error Rates: A Review of Recent Findings
Authors: Dillon William R.
Published: November 2018

This article is a review of the results, as are available, on the performance of the linear discriminant function in situations where the assumptions of multivariate normality and equal group dispersion structures are violated. Some new results are discussed for the case of classification using discrete variables, and in the case of both binary and continuous variables. In addition, alternative methods which have been proposed, and evaluated, for estimating misclassification error rates are thoroughly reviewed. In all cases, the material is reviewed in terms of practical significance, with particular emphasis on the conditions unfavorable to the performance of each procedure.
Discrimination Procedures for the Analysis of Nominally Scaled Data Sets
Authors: Gitlow Howard S.
Published: November 2018

The author compares two discrimination procedures used for analyzing nominally scaled data sets, dummy variable multiple discriminant function analysis and multivariate nominal scale analysis. Both procedures are illustrated on an in-home consumption data base.
A Comparison of Two Logit Models in the Analysis of Qualitative Marketing Data
Authors: Flath David , Leonard E. W.
Published: November 2018

The authors compare the application of two logit models for the analysis of qualitative marketing data. A weighted least squares logit model is compared with a maximum likelihood logit model different from that mentioned by Green et ai. Empirical applications are used to compare the models. Suggestions are presented for interpreting and reporting the results of logit-type models, with special attention to interaction effects.
Analyzing Cross-Classification Data: An Improved Method for Predicting Events
Authors: Winer Russell S. , Ryan Michael J.
Published: November 2018

The limitations of prediction methods used to analyze categorical data are discussed. A new approach, prediction logic, is introduced that overcomes these limitations and provides a more precise test of complex theories.
Industrial Buyers’ Choice Strategies: A Protocol Analysis
Authors: Crow Lowell E. , Olshavsky Richard W. , Summers John O.
Published: November 2018

Protocol analysis was used to develop detailed simulation models of the decision processes individual industrial buyers use in requesting quotations and selecting a final supplier. The results suggest that industrial buyers frequently employ multistage decision models involving conjunctive processes.
Discrimination Testing and Product Decisions
Authors: Moskowitz Howard R. , Jacobs Barry , Firtle Neil
Published: November 2018

Respondents were given beverages containing different amounts of sweetener. Two types of experimental evaluations were performed. In the first type (paired preferences, double triangle discrimination testing), respondents were tested for ability to discriminate differences between beverages having different sweetener levels and also were asked to indicate which they preferred. In the second type (magnitude estimation), respondents gave numerical ratings to product attributes. In both instances the sweeter products were preferred, or liked more. Discriminating respondents, as identified from the double triangle test or from their ability to track sweetness numerically by ratings, showed the same pattern of preferences as did the total population. Hence, the use of a “discriminating” panel of respondents to assess sensory differences may not necessarily afford better product decisions.
Comment on “A New Measure of Predictor Variable Importance in Multiple Regression”
Authors: Jackson Barbara Bund
Published: November 2018

The δ i2 measure suggested by Green, Carroll, and DeSarbo for measuring the importance of individual independent variables in multiple regression is shown to involve exactly the same types of shortcomings as do the measures it is intended to replace.
Estimating Response Rates for Different Market Segments from Questionnaire Data
Authors: Dolde Walter , Staelin Richard , Yao Tsu
Published: November 2018

Often the response rate for a given market segment is a function of the relevance of the topic to that segment. Consequently, in situations where the topic interest differs among segments, it is not correct to use the proportion of returned responses that indicate interest in the topic as the estimate of the population proportion. The authors describe three different models useful in assessing differential response rates and the methods for estimating each model. An application of real survey data is used to compare and contrast the different estimates.
A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions
Authors: Oliver Richard L.
Published: November 2018

A model is proposed which expresses consumer satisfaction as a function of expectation and expectancy disconfirmation. Satisfaction, in turn, is believed to influence attitude change and purchase intention. Results from a two-stage field study support the scheme for consumers and nonconsumers of a flu inoculation.
Levels of Aggregation in Conjoint Analysis: An Empirical Comparison
Authors: Moore William L.
Published: November 2018

Two segmented methods of performing conjoint anal/sis, clustered and componential segmentation, are compared with each other as well as with individual level and totally aggregate level analyses. The two segmented methods provide insights to the data that (1) are not obtainable at the aggregate level and (2) are in a form that is more easily communicated than the information from the individual level analysis. The predictive power of the clustered segmentation method is higher than that of componential segmentation, and both are superior to the aggregate analysis but inferior to individual level analysis.
Using Information Processing Theory to Design Marketing Strategies
Authors: Tybout Alice M. , Calder Bobby J. , Sternthal Brian
Published: November 2018

The research demonstrates the usefulness of information processing in designing marketing strategy. Two strategies based on information processing theory are shown to be effective in combating the impact of an adverse rumor. The traditional theoretical and intuitive strategy of directly refuting a rumor is shown to be ineffective.
Construct Validity: A Review of Basic Issues and Marketing Practices
Authors: Peter J. Paul
Published: November 2018

An attempt is made to explicate the meaning of construct validity. Operational issues in the process of construct validation are investigated. A subset of JMR studies involving construct validation are reviewed and the role of construct validity in marketing is considered.
Latent Root Regression: An Alternate Procedure for Estimating Parameters in the Presence of Multicollinearity
Authors: Sharma Subhash , James William L.
Published: November 2018

Marketing data are almost always plagued by multicollinearity. The most popular approach to addressing the problem is ridge regression which is one of the biased estimation procedures. The authors introduce to marketing a relatively new biased estimation procedure called “latent root regression.” This procedure, unlike other biased estimation procedures, not only provides stable estimates in the presence of multicollinearity, but also provides a measure for determining whether or not a biased estimation procedure is appropriate. The use of latent root regression is illustrated with previously published marketing data.
Specification of Patronage Models for Retail Center Choice
Authors: Gautsch David A.
Published: November 2018

The author explores possible specification biases of conventional retail patronage models stemming from important omitted variables and from the composition of the set of alternative retail centers. The inclusion of characteristics of retail centers and of transportation modes is attempted in a systematic manner. The models are tested on a set of planned suburban shopping centers and traditional, unplanned downtown centers. Strong empirical evidence is reported which suggests that consumers consider a combination of retail center and transportation mode characteristics in their decisions to patronize alternative retail centers.
An Empirical Test of Models of Salespersons’ Job Expectancy and Instrumentality Perceptions
Authors: Teas R. Kenneth
Published: November 2018

The author reports the results of a study of the motivational implications of the industrial salesperson's personal characteristics and his or her perceptions of the job, the company's organization, and selling constraints. Predictor equations for the salesperson's expectancy and instrumentality estimates are tested empirically. The results indicate the salesperson's personal characteristics and his or her perceptions of supervisory style, organizational communication, job significance and autonomy, job variety and completeness, job complexity, and selling constraints are potentially important predictors of salesforce motivation.
Time Cue and Time Perception Effect on Response to Mail Surveys
Authors: Hornik Jacob
Published: November 2018

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of a time-cue technique on time perception and subsequently on response behavior. Time perception is manipulated by changing time cues on the cover letter. Results show that perceived short completion time stimulates a heavier, more immediate response but does not produce noticeable changes in response quality and bias. Findings suggest that response behavior can be improved by manipulating conditions that facilitate “short” time perception.
Relative Information Contributions of Consumer Purchase Intentions and Management Judgment as Explanators of Sales
Authors: Sewall Murphy A.
Published: November 2018

The author compares the information content from intention surveys with management's judgmental estimates of consumers’ intentions. Results indicate that both consumer data and judgmental estimates provide management with significant incremental information.
Identification and Analysis of Moderator Variables
Authors: Sharma Subhash , Durand Richard M. , Gur-Arie Oded
Published: November 2018

Although the concept of moderator variables has been used extensively in marketing-related studies, much confusion persists as to how they are defined and identified. To alleviate this confusion, the authors present a typology of moderator variables with a framework for identifying their presence and type. Simulated data are used to illustrate and validate the proposed framework.
Using Segmentation Approaches for Better Prediction and Understanding from Consumer Mode Choice Models
Authors: Currim Imran S.
Published: November 2018

The diagnostic and predictive efficacy of market segmentation and the relative power of two segmentation schemes (benefit and situational) are investigated by using a market share probabilistic choice model (LOGIT) as a dependent variable. The model relates consumer perceptions of several alternatives on various characteristics to discrete choice and is estimated first for the entire sample and then for each of the benefit and situational market segments. Empirical findings derived from data on consumers’ transportation preferences, perceptions, and choices in the San Francisco Bay area suggest that the models provide fairly accurate estimates of market share and that using the segmentation concept affords diagnostic and predictive advantages.
Overlapping Clustering: A New Method for Product Positioning
Authors: Arabie Phipps , Carroll J. Douglas , DeSarbo Wayne , Wind Jerry
Published: November 2018

Most clustering techniques used in product positioning and market segmentation studies render mutually exclusive equivalence classes of the relevant products or subjects space. Such classificatory techniques are thus restricted to the extent that they preclude overlap between subsets or equivalence classes. An overlapping clustering model, ADCLUS, is described which can be used in marketing studies involving products/subjects that can belong to more than one group or cluster simultaneously. The authors provide theoretical justification for and an application of the approach, using the MAPCLUS algorithm for fitting the ADCLUS model.
On Using Voice Analysis in Marketing Research
Authors: Nighswonger Nancy J. , Martin Claude R.
Published: November 2018

Voice analysis has received attention recently both in the marketing/advertising literature and among marketing research practitioners. The authors summarize the concept behind the technique and identify major concerns with its use. They draw upon research from other disciplines, particularly psycholinguistics, psychosomatic medicine, polygraphy, and acoustics for their discussion.
The Theory of Stochastic Preferences: Further Comments and Clarifications
Authors: Sharma Subhash
Published: November 2018

The theory of stochastic preference and brand switching uses market share data and a parameter ρ for generating switching matrices. In particular, ρ facilitates the generation of different matrices for different product categories having similar market shares. The parameter ρ has been termed a measure of product class brand loyalty. Because of the numerous conceptual definitions of brand loyalty, the author provides some additional insights into the meaningful interpretation of ρ. Furthermore, he emphasizes that at a general level a nonhomogeneous multinomial model can be used to represent most of the brand switching models.
Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics
Authors: Fornell Claes , Larcker David F.
Published: November 2018

Several issues relating to goodness of fit in structural equations are examined. The convergence and differentiation criteria, as applied by Bagozzi, are shown not to stand up under mathematical or statistical analysis. The authors argue that the choice of interpretative statistic must be based on the research objective. They demonstrate that when this is done the Fornell-Larcker testing system is internally consistent and that it conforms to the rules of correspondence for relating data to abstract variables.
Assessing Measurement Error in Key Informant Reports: A Methodological Note on Organizational Analysis in Marketing
Authors: Phillips Lynn W.
Published: November 2018

The author examines the reliability and validity of measures of organizational characteristics used in previous marketing studies in the areas of strategic planning and distribution channels. Key informants in 506 wholesale-distribution companies provided reports on (1) characteristics of the firm's product portfolio and (2) characteristics of the firm's power-dependence relations with its major suppliers and customers. In contrast to previous investigations, which sampled only a single informant per unit of analysis, data were collected from multiple informants in each firm. Results showed that informant reports often achieved convergent and discriminant validity when variance due to methods factors was explicitly modeled. However, partitioning of variance according to trait, method, and random error components showed that informant reports often exhibited less than 50% variance attributable to the trait factor under investigation. Implications of the findings are discussed for those marketing studies which focus on organizations or organizational subunits as the unit of analysis.
Modeling Consumer Purchase Events: A Reply to Lawrence
Authors: Morrison Donald G.
Published: November 2018

In the May 1980 issue of JMR, Lawrence replaces the gamma distribution on the purchasing rate component of the negative binomial model with the lognormal distribution. In this response the author shows that Lawrence's modeling effort is incomplete and that his data analysis is inconsistent with his implied model. In addition it is argued that the gamma distribution per se has some major advantages with respect to the lognormal distribution proposed by Lawrence.
Comment on “Modeling Consumer Purchase Events: A Reply to Lawrence”
Authors: Lawrence Raymond J.
Published: November 2018

Lawrence responds to Morrison's critique of “Lognormal Distribution of Buying Frequency Rates.”
Psychological Needs and Motivational Outcomes in a High School Orchestra Program
Authors: Evans Paul , Liu Mark Y.
Published: November 2018

Motivation has formed a core strand of research in music education, reflecting its importance in educational psychology and other skill-based performance domains. Understanding motivation is crucial for explaining students’ achievement, performance, well-being, and intentions to continue participation in (or drop out of) music learning throughout school and into adulthood. In the present study, we addressed the need to better understand motivation in music education by examining the impact of psychological needs satisfaction and frustration in a high school orchestra program. Psychological needs—a core component of self-determination theory—have considerable explanatory power in other life domains and educational settings and are the focus of recent attention in music education. Participants ( N = 704) were surveyed in orchestra programs in three schools in the midwestern United States. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the effects of psychological needs satisfaction and frustration. The model explained substantial variance on three key outcomes: practice time (22%), intentions to continue participating in the orchestra program (45%), and global-self esteem (34%). The results point to psychological needs satisfaction and frustration as key elements of music education in which teachers might intervene to improve these outcomes as well as students’ learning, engagement, and psychological well-being more broadly.
“Man Cannot Exist Alone”: The Challenge of Health Care to Honor the Role of Women in Society
Authors: Scrafford Jonathan
Published: November 2018

Women’s roles in society are changing. While most of those changes recognize and enhance the contributions of feminine ingenuity to human development, some threaten to isolate women physically, socially, and emotionally. Developments in reproductive health care, and the writings of Pope Saint John Paul II, offer lenses by which to evaluate the shifting landscape of women’s role in society. On the one hand, practices such as contraception, abortion, surrogacy, and assisted reproductive technologies over time will weaken the physical, social, and emotional bonds that procreation has held between man and woman, parents and children, and families and society. On the other hand, the expansion of different modes of natural family planning and pregnancy support centers offers to preserve those bonds.

Women’s role in families, and therefore society, is invaluable. Several approaches to reproductive health offered by medicine may isolate women over time, and some evidences suggest we are already seeing that effect. Other approaches to women’s health may be able to preserve the physical, emotional, and social bonds that integrate women to the family, and therefore society.
Graduation and Academic Placement of Underrepresented Racial/Ethnic Minority Doctoral Recipients in Public Health Disciplines, United States, 2003-2015
Authors: Jackson Joanna R. , Holmes Ann M. , Golembiewski Elizabeth , Brown-Podgorski Brittany L. , Menachemi Nir
Published: November 2018

Objectives:

Given public health’s emphasis on health disparities in underrepresented racial/ethnic minority communities, having a racially and ethnically diverse faculty is important to ensure adequate public health training. We examined trends in the number of underrepresented racial/ethnic minority (ie, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander) doctoral graduates from public health fields and determined the proportion of persons from underrepresented racial/ethnic minority groups who entered academia.

Methods:

We analyzed repeated cross-sectional data from restricted files collected by the National Science Foundation on doctoral graduates from US institutions during 2003-2015. Our dependent variables were the number of all underrepresented racial/ethnic minority public health doctoral recipients and underrepresented racial/ethnic minority graduates who had accepted academic positions. Using logistic regression models and adjusted odds ratios (aORs), we examined correlates of these variables over time, controlling for all independent variables (eg, gender, age, relationship status, number of dependents).

Results:

The percentage of underrepresented racial/ethnic minority doctoral graduates increased from 15.4% (91 of 592) in 2003 to 23.4% (296 of 1264) in 2015, with the largest increase occurring among black graduates (from 6.6% in 2003 to 14.1% in 2015). Black graduates (310 of 1241, 25.0%) were significantly less likely than white graduates (2258 of 5913, 38.2%) and, frequently, less likely than graduates from other underrepresented racial/ethnic minority groups to indicate having accepted an academic position (all P < .001).

Conclusions:

Stakeholders should consider targeted programs to increase the number of racial/ethnic minority faculty members in academic public health fields.
Humanae Vitae and Its Ecclesial Consequences
Authors: Gaillardetz Richard R.
Published: November 2018

This article explores the ecclesial consequences of Humanae Vitae in relation to four seminal contributions of Vatican II: (1) a renewed appreciation for the sensus fidelium; (2) the theological recontextualization of doctrine; (3) episcopal collegiality and ecclesial subsidiarity; (4) the revitalization of the church’s pastoral mission. The article argues first, that Humanae Vitae, directly or indirectly, impeded the full reception and implementation of these four contributions; and second, that the pontificate of Pope Francis has helped rehabilitate precisely those conciliar contributions that were most affected by the controversies associated with Humanae Vitae.
Sacred Heart, Beatific Mind: Exploring the Consciousness of Jesus
Authors: Ormerod Neil , Jacobs-Vandegeer Christiaan
Published: November 2018

Traditional Christologies have focused attention on the question of Jesus’ beatific knowing. On the other hand, recent explorations into Spirit Christology raise different questions about his affectivity. Both issues highlight a concern with Jesus’ psychological experience. The present article proposes that both these issues can be fruitfully examined through the lens of the psychological analogy for the Trinity. In particular, Bernard Lonergan’s developments of the analogy drawing as they do on the experience of grace, shed a new and helpful light on the question of Jesus’ knowing and loving. This approach alleviates some of the more problematic aspects of the traditional approach to Jesus’ beatific vision, while also providing a more solid trinitarian basis for Catholic devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
The Historical and Ecumenical Value of Kenneth Kirk’s Anglican Moral Theology
Authors: Jones Christopher D.
Published: November 2018

Anglican moralist Kenneth Kirk is an early twentieth-century forerunner of Catholic revisionism. Kirk critiques the moral manuals and defends a historicist, biblically grounded virtue ethic forty years prior to Catholic figures like Bernard Häring. Kirk also utilizes inductive casuistry in analyzing concrete cases to the end of promoting Christian freedom and mature Christlike character. For these reasons his moral theology has historical and ecumenical importance.
On Women’s Health and Women’s Power: A Feminist Appraisal of Humanae Vitae
Authors: Reimer-Barry Emily
Published: November 2018

Catholic feminism has flourished in the decades following Humanae Vitae. Still, Catholic women do not speak with one voice on the issue of birth control. I argue that Humanae Vitae has had far-reaching damaging effects on many Catholic women and their spirituality, moral agency, and fertility. Nevertheless, any feminist critique of the document must also take seriously the experiences of Catholic women who express that practicing natural family planning has brought empowerment, good health, and increased spousal intimacy. Further ecclesial discernment is needed, with special attention to women’s leadership on this issue.
Theorising feminist foreign policy
Authors: Aggestam Karin , Bergman Rosamond Annika , Kronsell Annica
Published: November 2018

A growing number of states including Canada, Norway and Sweden have adopted gender and feminist-informed approaches to their foreign and security policies. The overarching aim of this article is to advance a theoretical framework that can enable a thoroughgoing study of these developments. Through a feminist lens, we theorise feminist foreign policy arguing that it is, to all intents and purposes, ethical and argue that existing studies of ethical foreign policy and international conduct are by and large gender-blind. We draw upon feminist International Relations (IR) theory and the ethics of care to theorise feminist foreign policy and to advance an ethical framework that builds on a relational ontology, which embraces the stories and lived experiences of women and other marginalised groups at the receiving end of foreign policy conduct. By way of conclusion, the article highlights the novel features of the emergent framework and investigates in what ways it might be useful for future analyses of feminist foreign policy. Moreover, we discuss its potential to generate new forms of theoretical insight, empirical knowledge and policy relevance for the refinement of feminist foreign policy practice.