bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Dewatering of Marine Sediment Using a Combination of Geo-Textile and Electrokinetic Treatment
Authors: Kostia Silja , Tuomi Janika , Romantschuk Martin
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to test whether electro-osmosis can be used to increase the effectiveness of dewatering of dredged sediment being drained in geo- textile tubes. The marine sediment used in the study had a high proportion of clay known to be problematic in geo-tube treatment. The laboratory set-ups were performed using sediment-filled sacks (approximately 5-7 liters / sack) sewn from geo-textile (TenCate Geotube® GT500), and plastic columns (approximately 1.6 liters / column) closed at the bottom with geo-textile, both supplied with electrodes for applying direct current. In the sack set-ups, a seven-hour electric treatment led to the same result as the 72-hour control treatment. The volume of the sediment decreased in column set-ups by 32 % due to electric treatment while only a 14 % decrease was obtained in the controls after 189 hours. The water layer on top of the sediment treated with electro-osmosis decreased by up to one-fifth, as compared to the control columns. We can conclude that electro-osmosis is an effective approach to boost the dewatering of the dredged sediment treated in geo-textile tubes. When draining sediment with a high clay content, electric treatment can prevent the formation of a water column on top of the sediment. This in turn accelerates dewatering of the dredged material.
Emission of VOC and GHG by Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Diesel
Authors: Gonçalves Franco Marcio , Machado Corrêa Sergio , Marques Marcia , Vidal Perez Daniel
Published: October 2017

Bioremediation processes have been credited for reducing high levels of organic contaminants from soils. However, during bioremediation of diesel contaminated soils, for instance, diesel is converted to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and greenhouse gases (GHG), which means that such remediation technique contributes to the greenhouse effect. The ongoing construction of a large petrochemical industrial region in Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (COMPERJ) and the transportation of large volumes of oil byproducts (mainly diesel), have raised deep concerns regarding accidents that may result in soil and air contamination. When the problem comes, remediation techniques shall be applied. The objective of this study was to characterize the emission of GHG and VOC during bioremediation of soils contaminated with diesel oil in pilot scale. Soil samples contaminated with 0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 w/w% diesel oil were kept during 3 months in glass rectors (2 L internal volume) kept under anaerobic/anoxic conditions. The soil moisture was controlled at 80% of field capacity. Bioremediation processes were investigated with nutrient’s adjustment (biostimulation), no adjustment (natural attenuation) and sterilized soil (abiotic process). The gases emitted from different reactors were collected in activated carbon cartridges and the GHG were collected in Tedlar bags. The chemical analyzes were performed using a gas chromatograph (Agilent 7690) with multi-detection using FID for CH4, ECD for N2O and TCD for CO2. VOC were analyzed using a mass spectrometry detector (Varian 450GC MS220). The results indicated that gaseous samples contained high concentrations of CO2 but low concentrations of CH4 and N2O. The differences in composition of the gas emitted from the reactors regarding CO2 were statistically not significant. Preliminarily, regarding VOC emissions, such as alkanes and alkenes (both branched), cycloalkanes, and aromatic substituted (such as ethyl benzene), the compounds with higher emissions were cycloalkanes and branched alkanes.
Low Technological Biological Treatment of Source Separated Waste in a Biocell
Authors: Jarstad Janne H. , Vestgarden L.Semb , Berg B. E.
Published: October 2017

In 2009 the Norwegian government banned biodegradable waste in landfills to mitigate climate gas production. To be able to stabilize source separated waste before landfilling a constructed biocell has been tested during a four year period. The research is part of a pilot project organized by Avfall Norge. A total amount of 12 000 tons of waste from both industry and households were embedded in the biocell. Before loading, the waste fractions were characterized both in macro and micro scale. Anaerobic testing in lab scale documented the methane potential in different waste fractions. Especially car fluff contained toxic components which suppressed biodegradation. To avoid greenhouse gas leakage the biocell was constructed as a closed system with synthetic capping and gas wells coupled to a compressor. While the biogas was flared the leachate was collected and recycled. Leachate contains both nutrients and DOC which is supposed to increase the biological activity. During the first part of the test period the BOD/COD was above 0.5 before it declined. In addition both inorganic and organic environmental harmful components were analyzed in the leachate. Levels of heavy metal decreased during treatment. The methane production was detected on-line with IR. Both the production and gas phase concentration varied during the test period. A total of five gas wells were positioned at different levels in the biocell. Only one of them produced biogas for a considerable period. This presentation will focus on biocell construction and waste degradation related to variation in leachate constituents as a function of time.
Sediment and sludge dewatering and treatment: real examples and case studies
Authors: Nord Helena
Published: October 2017

Remediation of contaminated sediments is becoming more and more common in Sweden, and often the remediated sediments are accompanied by large amounts of water when remediation is done by suction dredging or excavation dredging. RGS 90 have developed techniques to dewater the remediated sediments to minimize the cost of treatment as well as the environmental impact (e.g. less transports are needed if the sediments are being dewatered on site). In the stream Viskan outside Borås in western Sweden, RGS 90 performed a suction dredging where the sediments were dewatered and stabilized. Also, in a pond near Kristinehamn in mid-Sweden, RGS 90 performed an excavation dredging where the sediments were dewatered on a tilting plane.
Hydrogen sulfide elimination from natural gas by native isolated bacteria from hot-spring
Authors: Heydarzadeh Hamid , Najafpour Ghasem , Ghoreyshi Aliasghar , Younesi Habibollah
Published: October 2017

Recently due to strict environmental regulations, concentration of hazardous organic sulfur compounds from gas stream should be reduced. A new efficient method for removal of hydrogen sulfide from natural gas is required. Conventional methods for desulfurization are very costly and required solvent, high operation temperature, and pressure. In contrary, biological processes have great potential to eliminate hydrogen sulfide under mild conditions. Extensive research has been conducted on sulphur oxidizing bacteria for the removal of hydrogen sulfide. However, with present achievements is still not enough to satisfy the industrial requirements. To improve the biodesulfurization efficiency additional research required to isolate a particular strain organism. In this article the ability of newly isolated bacteria was discussed. For this purpose the mixed culture was isolated from native hot spring in the hill side of Damavand Mountain (in North of Iran). The isolated culture was inoculated on nutrient plate agar under anaerobic condition. After incubation for duration 72 h two distinct colonies white and yellow color were observed. Each species was separately grown in nutrient broth and then the optimal conditions were obtained. The desired conditions for white colony such as temperature, pH and agitation rate were 36˚C, 6.5 and 180 rpm, respectively. All the above conditions for yellow colony were identical except for pH slightly reduced to 6. On the basis of optimal biodesulfurization conditions, maximum cell dry weight for the each isolated specie was achieved; approximately were 1.35 and 1.12 g.l-1 for white and yellow colony respectively. The removal of hydrogen sulfide from natural gas stream as the aim of present work was obtained. The percentage removals were 67 and 35% for white and yellow colony, respectively.
Bioelectricity generation in annulus structure of single chamber membrane-less microbial fuel cell using wastewater from chocolate industry
Authors: Najafpour Ghasem , Nouri Parisa , Rahimnejad Mostafa
Published: October 2017

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is an efficient system for generating low power where wastewater is substrate for the biocatalyst. In this work, Annular Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (ASCMFC) with spiral anode was fabricated and tested. Carbon cloth and stainless steel 400 meshes were selected as cathode and anode electrodes, respectively. In order to enhance the conductivity of anode, the graphite coating was applied. A 40% platinum as catalyst was used on carbon based cathode in MFC. The carbon cloth was coated with 5% Nafion solution. In fact Nafion acts as Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) in the fabricated MFC. For the first time, wastewater of Chocolate industry with COD 1400 mg/L was used as substrate in anode compartment. Also a mixture of anaerobic sludge from wastewater treatment plant (Qaem-Shahr, Iran) was introduced into MFC. Maximum voltage obtained in the ASCMFC system was 792 mV in an open-circuit mode. Also, Fabricated MFC operating at 30 ◦C, the maximum achieved power density using an external resistance of 500Ω was about 4.8 W/m3. The upshots from single chamber MFC were compared to dual chamber MFC. The findings demonstrate that, due to the generated high power density and voltage by the cell, the ASCMFC has a great potential for COD removal and wastewater treatment.
Feasibilities and perspectives for landfill mining in Lithuania
Authors: Denafas Gintaras , Bučinskas Algimantas
Published: October 2017

Despite that mechanical-biological treatment and incineration as municipal waste treatment methods are already under starting positions, the landfilling leaves still a main MSW disposal method in Lithuania. Currently 11 modern regional landfills are exploited, and all in Lithuania acted district and township landfills and dumps have been closed and rehabilitated. The expected total amount of formerly landfilled recyclable fractions is about 645 Mt.For EU funds closed and rehabilitated local landfills can not be in principle "touched". However the used and eventually almost already fullfilled regional MSW landfills have the additional inducement for restoration by landfill mining. Also the mining of special landfills for construction and demolition waste becomes already the practical character.
Specification the metal content of waste glass from an old glass landfill
Authors: Jani Yahya , Hogland William , Augustsson Anna
Published: October 2017

Glass has been manufactured in Småland region (the “Kingdom of Crystal Glass”) since the 18th century and during all these years a huge amount of heavy metals accumulated in this region. There is more than 25 glassworks in Småland which contain an estimated of 310 tons of arsenic, 19 tons of cadmium and 1600 tons of lead. Recently, the Sweden’s county administrative boards have mapped 20,000 locations that are contaminated with hazardous materials for human and environment. 10 of the 22 acute risks and dangerous locations are glassworks in Småland. The first stage to handle these wastes is to specify the metal content of the waste glass and the contaminated soils. Semi-quantified X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) was used to analyze 14 samples of waste glass from an old glassworks landfill in the south of Sweden. The results showed that different amount of metals were detected and with a high concentration like Pb (about 3500 ppm), As (about 500 ppm), Fe (about 30000 ppm), Mn (about 1000 ppm) and others.
Remediation and treatment of dioxin contamination: a former sawmill site with soil and sediments contaminated with dioxin and pentachlorophenol have been remediated using excavation methods, and the most dioxine impacted soil have been successfully treate
Authors: Nord Helena
Published: October 2017

Between 1928 and 1976, a sawmill was located at the shore of Brosjön in the small village of Ydrefors in Ydre municipality in eastern Sweden. During the last ten years of the sawmill’s operating years, a product namned Servarex was used to prevent fungus attacks of the timber. Servarex caused a contamination of dioxins in the soil, as well as pentachlorophenol (PCP) in groundwater. In the main study, the sampling revealed concentrations of dioxins (610,000 ng/kg) that was the highest detected level in Sweden. During the autumn of 2013, RGS 90 performed remediation of dioxins contaminated soil and sediment through excavation. The dioxins contaminated soil with levels above the hazardous waste limit (15,000 ng/kg) is not allowed to be deposed in Sweden. The soil was therefore successfully treated with chemical oxidation at RGS 90:s facility in Norrköping, Sweden.
Power of solid municipal waste
Authors: Mykhaylenko Valeriy , Denafas Gintaras
Published: October 2017

Land pollution belongs to the most serious environmental problems in Ukraine. The existing system of placing municipal solid waste (MSW) on landfills without proper pre-treatment based on ideas of the 1970s still dominates. Natural landscapes of Ukraine are largely destroyed due to legal and illegal landfills that exceed the space of all National parks and natural reserves. Currently Ukraine is going through massive social and political changes that allow modernization of the country on the basis of the fundamental trends of the sustainable development (SD). Waste management is a subject of particular attention. There is risk to give preference to outwardly attractive economic development, without regard to the unified, holistic models of the SD concept. Landscape ecology is one of the sciences that explore complex issues of interaction between society, economy and environment. It has to be effective in producing appropriate knowledge for landscape-development processes and would be suitable for use in collaborative decision-making on a local level. The purpose of this publication is to highlight opportunities for applied research in the area of MSW management which is the most problematic area in social and environmental measures. This is a subject for international environmental cooperation aimed at ensuring proper quality of Ukrainian landscapes as the country is seeking to be part of Western Europe. This paper presents local feasibility plan aimed at resolving problem of handling municipal waste flows and improving quality of urban landscapes. It is also aimed to show how significant the role of university has been in supporting the Triple Helix model, a driving force of MSW management on the local level.
In situ nitrogen management in landfill bioreactors using combined sharon and anammox processes
Authors: Shalinia S. Sri , Joseph Kurian
Published: October 2017

Landfill bioreactors (LFBR) are gaining significant attention as sustainable alternative for conventional landfilling. Nitrogen management is an important issue in landfill bioreactors. The present study is to establish the combined SHARON (single reactor system for high activity ammonia removal over nitrite) and ANAMMOX (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) processes in landfill bioreactors for in situ nitrogen management. Laboratory scale landfill bioreactors (43 L volume capacity) as SHARON-ANAMMOX LFBR were loaded with mined municipal solid waste operated for 147 days at a nitrogen loading rate of 1.2 kg N/m3/d. The results showed a nitrogen removal efficiency of 84% with maximum partialnitritation efficiency of 56% and specific ANAMMOX activity of 0.7 mg Amm-N/mg MLVSS/d was achieved in the LFBR. Nitrogen transformations, biomass development and, hydrazine and hydroxylamine formation authenticated the aerobic ammonium oxidising bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonium oxidising bacteria (AnAOB/ANAMMOX) activities responsible for combined SHARON-ANAMMOX processes in LFBR. 99% of the biogas in LFBR as N2 the end product confirmed the combined SHARON-ANAMMOX processes. The study successfully demonstrated the combined SHARON-ANAMMOX processes for in situ nitrogen management in landfill bioreactors with shorter start-up time and stable operation.
Towards recommendations for design of wetlands for post-tertiary treatment of waste water in the baltic sea region: Gdańsk case study
Authors: Waara Sylvia , Gajewska Magdalena , Dvarioniene Jolanta , Ehde Per Magnus , Gajewski Ryszard , Grabowski Pawel , Hansson Anna , Kaszubowski Jacek , Obarska-Pempkowiak Hanna , Przewlócka Maria , Pilecki Adam , Nagórka-Kmiecik Dagmara , Skarbek Jacek , Tonderski Karin , Weisner Stefan , Wojciechowska Ewa
Published: October 2017

There are many challenges that need to be addressed if the far reaching objectives on high environmental status as required in the EU Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive will be met in the Baltic Sea Region within the next decade. For wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) this implies, in spite of the many improvements made during the last decade, development and introduction of new technology to further reduce eutrophying compounds, hazardous chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Constructed wetlands when properly designed and operated have been shown to be robust systems with low energy requirements that may not only reduce many types of pollutants but may also provide many additional ecosystem services beyond requirements generally imposed by authorities. For example, they may support and enhance biodiversity and be used to convert brownfield areas in urban landscapes to recreational areas. Reduced cost is possible if treated water is reused in industry or for irrigation. In a project, supported by the Swedish Institute, a group of scientists, a water company and water using industry has together with local authorities through workshops, field studies and literature studies worked on finding a general first recommendation on design and operation. In this paper we will present the scientific rational and legal constraints for the general design and operation of a wetland system for post-tertiary treatment of waste water from WWTPs using Gdańsk as an example. The proposal includes a first part, which mainly will be focusing on pollutant and pathogen removal using particle traps and a HSSF wetland on land owned by the WWTP and a second part consisting of a FWS wetland which, in addition to further polishing the water, will enhance biodiversity and provide recreational areas on derelict land owned by the city.
Treatment of MSW in biocellreactor at Hyllstofta waste treatment plant
Authors: Waldemarson Dan
Published: October 2017

Biodegradable MSW, industrial waste and sludge was treated biocellreactor (BCR). The waste was crushed and put in piles and covered with plastic foil. Horizontal gas drainage pipes and water pipes were placed in the waste. The waste was digested for about 5 years and then dug out, composted and sieved into 2 fractions, burnable and fine fraction. The burnable fraction was incinerated and the fine fraction is used as construction material in covering of an old landfill. After about 5 years the waste was digested and there was no odour when the reactor was dug out. The total weight lost was about 40 % due to gas production and drainage of water. After sieving the material in a 40 mm drum sieve the course fraction, about 45 % of initial weight, was sent to incineration. The fine fraction, about 15 % of the initial weight showed high content of copper (>400 mg/kg) and zinc (>1000 mg/kg) and has a content of about 60 % of inorganic material. The treatment in BCR was about 15 euro/ton and 18 euro/ton cheaper than incineration or landfilling.
Characterization of self-heating in stored waste
Authors: Persson Henry
Published: October 2017

A common cause of fires in large bulk storages is spontaneous combustion. This project aimed at creating a general test procedure and an evaluation methodology to obtain relevant risk parameters for different types of waste with respect to self-heating characteristics and the risk of spontaneous combustion. SLF (Shredder Light Fraction) from shredding of automobiles has been used as a pilot waste. The methodology is aiming at being used by e.g. the waste management sector in order to examine the propensity to self-heating of a specific waste fraction. Based on such characterization, storage could be better planned to avoid fires. The work of the project showed that with a combination of a relatively large scale test method (1 m3), and isothermal calorimetry one can study both how a material behaves regarding self-heating in bulk form and how the various constituent components affect self-heating. This means that these methods can give an indication on the cause of a specific fire, on which components of a given waste contribute to the self-heating, on how a particular mixture behaves in relationships to another, etc. In summary the developed methodology involves: 1) Representative sampling and characterization of the waste including grinding of subsamples for analysis by laboratory methods, 2) Analysis of heat generation from self-heating by isothermal calorimetry, 3) Determination of thermal properties of the waste bulk material by using a small-scale test method (TPS) for the heat capacity and for the effective thermal conductivity, 4) Large scale self-heating tests with the waste in its original fraction to provide information on critical temperatures for varying storage conditions.
Toward a broader systems approach to resource management: an utopian vision to guide realists
Authors: Singh Jagdeep , Baard Patrik
Published: October 2017

This paper proposes an ideal/utopian normative vision on sustainable resource management with its twofold aim to highlight; the need to explicate and address the underlying evaluative and normative assumptions in industrial ecology (IE) research (theoretical challenges), and the challenges to implement such broader system level solutions (practical challenges). The main theoretical challenges highlighted in the paper are the lack of linkages between natural science, social science and normative analysis. The main practical challenges remain the issues regarding mutual trust and, governance and regulation in a global context. The normative vision aims to propose actions to develop (current) realistic approaches to resource management.
Ecotoxicological assessment of drill cuttings of oil deposits by biotesting methods
Authors: Kapelkina Ludmila P. , Chugunova Marina V. , Bardina Tamara V.
Published: October 2017

Complex multi-component wastes include sewage sludges of treatment plants, industrial and domestic wastes, as well as drill cuttings. In the oil-producing regions, they are the main large-capacity waste. Chemical composition of drill cuttings is conditioned by mineralogical composition of drilled solids and properties of chemicals used in drilling. Since the composition of the latter is not always known (in some cases it can be protected by patent), it is almost impossible to establish the danger or safety of drill cuttings to the environment, based only on the use of chemical analysis methods. Therefore, the only way allowing to assess the cumulative toxicity of drilling waste is biotesting which is based on the determination of reaction of the living organisms to content of the pollutant in the tested sample.

While assessing the toxicity of drill cuttings by biological methods, scientists often test the aqueous extract to which the soluble forms of pollutants tend to migrate (eluate biotesting method), and various hydrobionts are used as the tested organisms. However, for adequate assessment of multicomponent solid mediums apart from the eluate methods, it is necessary to use substrate biotesting that provides direct contact of test organism with the tested sample, and thus allows to establish the level of cumulative impact rendered by the contaminants present in the solid substrates, on the living organisms. Therefore we, especially for the purpose of drill cuttings evaluation, have developed substrate methods in which higher plants and natural complex of microorganisms contained in the sludge itself are used as the tested organisms.

The goal of our researches was ecotoxicological assessment of drill cuttings in the oil fields of the Western Siberia, applying methods of substrate and eluate biotesting. For this purpose, test organisms at various levels of organization were used: microorganisms, aquatic organisms, higher plants, and mammals.

It has been established that the studied drill cuttings are hypotoxic or practically nontoxic. According to current statutory regulations of the Russian Federation, they can be classified within IV and V hazard classes. The results of the conducted researches indicate the advisability of applying, for the purpose of environmental assessment of drill cuttings, of both eluate and substrate biotesting methods.
Eow criteria for waste-derived aggregates
Authors: Hjelmar Ole , Van der Sloot Hans A. , Comans Rob N. J. , Wahlström Margareta
Published: October 2017

Waste-derived aggregates are being considered as possible candidates for development of End-of-Waste (EoW) criteria at European Union (EU) level in accordance with Article 6 (1) of the EU Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) as a means of increasing the recovery of resources from waste. If a waste-derived aggregate achieves EoW status, it will become a (construction) product and hence be regulated by the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) which means that in most EU Member States there will be no applicable environmental protection regulation. It is therefore important that the criteria a waste-derived aggregate must fulfil to achieve and maintain EoW status ensure sufficient protection of the environment and human health. It is shown that EoW criteria that do not include restrictions on the conditions of the use of waste-derived aggregates for specific construction purposes will result in leaching limit values that are so stringent that very few, if any, waste-derived aggregates can meet them. It is therefore proposed to impose restrictions and conditions on the use as part of possible future EoW criteria for waste-derived aggregates, and a step-wise methodology for development of more realistic leaching limit values for EoWis outlined. The methodology incorporates the mitigating effects of various measures that reduce the potential environmental impact of construction applications with waste-derived aggregates. Recommendations are also made of the practical testing and documentation procedures for aggregates with EoW status within the framework of the CPR.
The economics of landfill mining shredder residue: focus on the aftercare
Authors: Rosendal René Möller
Published: October 2017

See PDF
Silver in urban wastewater
Authors: Amneklev Jennie
Published: October 2017

As the use of consumer products is increasing, a similar increase of hazardous substances can be seen in sewage sludge in Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Silver (Ag) is a heavy metal with a high accumulation rate in soils when applying sewage sludge as fertilizer on arable land. Silver is therefore prioritized in REVAQ, a certificate system for Swedish WWTPs. The levels of Ag in the incoming water to the WWTP are today too high and must be reduced. This study aims to identify major diffuse emission sources of Ag and map out the inflow to, the stock (accumulated amount in the technosphere) and the outflow from Stockholm during 2012. In 2012, 62 kg silver was measured in the sludge in Henriksdal WWTP in Stockholm. Sources explaining 56 % of the measured amount of silver have been identified in this study, corresponding to 46 mg Ag per person and year. The sources with the largest contribution of silver are estimated to be textiles (19 %), urine and faeces (from for example amalgam fillings and food) (15 %) as well as cleaning products (7 %). The inflow of Ag to Stockholm during 2012 was estimated to 3 200 kg and the stock to 105 tons, where electric goods and appliances as well as silverware and jewellery together explain 94 % of the inflow and 98 % of the stock.
Application ro techniques with "open channel" membranes to treat wastewater for recycling and reuse: modern methods of environmental protection and water resources management
Authors: Matveev Nikita , Alm H.
Published: October 2017

The solution to contemporary ecological problems such as wastewater reuse requires rational water resources management, and in turn, rational water resources management requires the development of new, more efficient techniques. The modern concept of rational water resources management requires the development of new efficient techniques that provide wastewater treatment and reuse. For many local industries, the problem of wastewater treatment and discharge into surface reservoirs can’t be solved through the use of conventional biological treatment techniques. Current discharge standards require very strict removal of a number of impurities such as ammonia, nitrates, phosphate, etc. To reach this level of removal, expensive reagents and sorbents are used. As RO membranes simultaneously reject all dissolved impurities such as BOD, TDS, ammonia, phosphates etc., they become very attractive for the direct treatment of wastewater without biological stage. To treat wastewater, specially designed membrane "open channel" modules are used that do not possess "dead areas" that cause fouling or require pretreatment. A solution to the concentrate disposal problem is presented that consists of reducing of initial wastewater volume by 100 times. Concentrate is withdrawn from membrane unit as sludge humidity. Local utilities and privately-held industrial sites are encouraged to reuse wastewater and reduce freshwater intake, thereby prompting rational water management and reducing environmental pollution.
Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soils with alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Marchand Charlotte , Kaczala Fabio , Jani Yahya , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

Underground storage tanks uses for waste cars draining contain many hazardous materials including hydrocarbons. These compounds pose a significant threat to the environment and affect negatively the health of living. Phytoremediation is an environmental friendly method used during the last few decades to eliminating organics pollutants from soil, sediment and water. The remediation capability of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to treat petroleum-contaminated soil from an old car scrap yard in Nybro, Sweden was further investigated using greenhouse pot-scale experiments. After five months, alfalfa survival capacity and dry biomass were significantly lower in contaminated soil (CS) in comparison to non-contaminated soil (NCS). Only 5% of plants survived in CS and petroleum hydrocarbon C10-C50 content in planted treatment were not statistically lower in comparison to the unplanted treatment. Further studies are in process to evaluate the possible degradation of hydrocarbons using organic amendment
Treating urban stormwater in constructed wetlands in Kalmar, Sweden, for improved water quality and biodiversity
Authors: Herrmann Jan , Yoshiyama Miku
Published: October 2017

Stormwaters’ heavy loads of nutrients, metals and oil etc, via urban ditches / streams, are increasingly treated in engineered shallow wetlands/ponds. Such approaches are still only remedying a minor part of affected storm waters, urban streams, and freshwater and marine recipients. In Kalmar, a middle-sized Swedish town at the Baltic Sea, > 10 such wetlands / ponds are established for reduction of such heavily polluted waters. Aiming at determining the effectiveness in reduction of nutrients and metals, and the facilitation of the aquatic biodiversity (primarily in the wetlands), monitoring programs were initiated. Regular in/outflow water sampling, water flow and biology, were followed for 1-2-3 years (varied with parameter) after construction in two of these wetlands. Skälby Dämme, constructed 14 years ago (2000), showed ca 40 % nutrient reduction figures, less for TSS and metals, while Hagbygärde Dämme, constructed two years ago (2012), attained only much lower results. Reasons for this difference might be that Hagbygärde is less surrounded by forested land, also that less than one year had elapsed before evaluation commenced, while two-three years in Skälby. More recent monitoring in Skälby Dämme is also compared with. Moreover, this kind of wetlands/ponds is shown to favour the biodiversity of benthic invertebrates, (aquatic) plants and birds, although with trends to decline in species richness some years after the initial colonization period.
Metal and metalloid sequestration in a constructed wetland system for treatment of landfill leachate during 2003-2012
Authors: Waara Sylvia , Bandaruk Tatsiana
Published: October 2017

The treatment of landfill leachate in constructed wetland systems is a common practice in Europe. However, very few studies were made to evaluate their performance over a long period of time. A free surface constructed wetland system consisting of sediment traps followed by 10 ponds connected with overflows was built at Atleverket near Örebro, Sweden in 2001. It receives pre-treated leachate from the municipal landfill. As part of the wetland monitoring programme a large data set on the surface concentrations of 15 metals and 2 metalloids has been collected from different sampling sites within the wetland during the operation period. In this study, the data from inlet and outlet of the wetland were compiled and analysed. The aim of this paper is therefore to estimate the removal efficiency of metals and metalloids using data on concentrations and flow and investigate the effect of wetland age on removal pattern. The elements with the highest removal efficiency were Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, V and Zn ranging from 95% for Pb to 65 % for Ca. The elements with the lowest reduction were B, Co K, Mg, Ni and S ranging from Co 56 % to 40 % for S. It was found that the removal efficiency was not related to inlet concentrations of the elements as the elements with high and low inlet concentrations were found in both groups. Analysis of reduction pattern also revealed that the group with higher removal efficiency showed fairly constant outlet concentrations during the study period, while the elements with lower removal efficiency demonstrated variable outlet concentrations. No statistical difference in removal due to age of the wetland was found. The study results showed that the wetland system has high removal efficiency of metals and metalloids and the removal pattern is not affected by age of the wetland. The influence on reduction due to leachate characteristics, wetland design and retention time will be discussed.
Study ZnO Nano Particles and Activated Carbon Produced from Agricultural Waste Efficiency on Removing Direct Blue 71
Authors: Larimi Seyedeh Naemeh , Ayati Bita , Omidvar Peyman
Published: October 2017

The Azo group has been one of the chemical structures in classifying dyes which is important due to its cancer causing and negative effects on the environment and interference with the ecology of the water bodies. In this study photo catalytic process was used due to its unique features in decomposition of pollutants to mineral compounds and also the physical process of agricultural waste adsorption to remove DB71 in 3 ways of adsorption/photo catalytic, photo catalytic/adsorption, and simultaneously adsorption and photo catalytic. The results have shown that in all 3 systems in pH=9 with initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L, 100 percent removal efficiency were achieved with optimal ratio of AC/ZnO in the presence of two adsorbent of walnut and almond shells of 0.75/0.096 and 1/0.096 (in adsorption/photo catalytic), 0.024/0.75 and 0.024/1 (in photo catalytic/adsorption) and 0.75/0.288 and 0.75/0.288 (in simultaneous adsorption-photo catalytic), respectively.In the optimum conditions in all the three systems, COD removal was obtained 47.22, 49.6, 42.21, 39.18, 62.23 and 63.15 percent respectively after 30 hours.
Landfill plastic to liquid oil
Authors: Suštšik Dmitri , Riisalu Hella , Muoni Rein , Kriipsalu Mait
Published: October 2017

A full-scale Landfill Mining (LFM) project was made in 2012–2013 in Estonia at Kudjape Landfill. As a result of mining, mixed plastic waste was separated from excavated material. After sieving and shredding the received plastic fraction was washed and dried for further research. The waste plastic may be incinerated for energy and heat recovery or used as solid recovered fuel in cement industry. However, more favoured could be reprocessing this material to liquid fuel. A series of experiments were made to study pyrolysis of landfill plastic after being buried for up to ten years. Mixed plastic was treated thermally by semi-coking process as used by thermal treatment of oil shale in Estonia. The preliminary studies have shown, that oil, gas and solid carbon-rich residue may be received. All of these products show value as energy source. In this project, interdisciplinary research was done by Estonian University of Life Sciences (responsible for mining, sorting, pre-treatment and washing of landfill plastic), and Tallinn University of Technology (responsible for semi-coking of plastic waste and analyses of end-products). Results, conclusions, and proposals are presented in the article.
Assessment of biological activity of fine fraction from Högbytorp landfill by oxygen consumption measurement
Authors: Rang Merilyn , Orupõld Kaja , Kriipsalu Mait , Hogland William
Published: October 2017

The objective of this study was to estimate the biological activity of fine fraction excavated from the Ragn-Sells AB landfill site at Högbytorp (40 km north-west of Stockholm, Sweden). For this purpose cumulative oxygen consumption (respiration activity) of the fine fraction was measured with OxiTop® system. The Högbytorp landfill was sampled from 4 test-pits, each from 4 different depths. Altogether 16 samples were gathered, screened (<10 mm) and analysed in the laboratory. The mean oxygen consumption of fine fraction during 7 days was 7.6±4.1 and during 4 days 5.6±3.0 mgO2 g-1. The variability of respiration activity betweenfine fraction samples from the Högbytorp landfill is discussed. The results are compared with the proposed value for material suitable for biocover construction and also with landfill acceptance criteria for waste set in a few countries.
The development of thin-film photovoltaic applications based structures on cuinse2 within the triple helix model
Authors: Rud Vasiliy , Rud Yuri
Published: October 2017

This work concentrates on the rewiew of the study of the photoelectrical phenomena of thin films for solar cells and also show the search of a new physical effects, which may be the basis for the development of new technologies, diagnostic methods, new types of photoconverters, and devices on these multinary semiconductors. Solar cells which based on silicon or binary III–V semiconductor compounds and their solid solutions successfully fulfilled their role as the first energy sources in outer space in the 1950s–1990s. Since 1997, technological development has been carried out for amorphous Si, CdTe thin film polycristal and CuInSe2 (CIS) solar cells in the thin film solar cell family. Thin film solar cells based on CuInSe2 and the related materials heretofore have been studied only for the aims of creating efficiencies. Complex physical and technological studies of the thin film solar cells on the basis chalcogenide chalcopyrite materials have made it possible to create devices with high radiation hardness and efficiencies as high as 18% [1-4]. At the same time, basic studies aimed to speed up film deposition is conducted from the aspect of material and substrate technologies for further cost reductions. For CIS solar cells research and development efforts continue to establish both element technologies necessary for the improvement in product quality and efficiency and large-area film fabrication technologies as essential part of the solar cell production process. This study was supported by the contract “Research and Development of Deposition System for CIGS Solar Cell” signed by the Ioffe Physical Technical Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences).
Constitutions and Criminal Law Reform
Authors: Jacobsen Jørn
Published: October 2017

In 2014, a major revision of the Norwegian Constitution was carried out, the momentum being the 200th jubilee of the Constitution and of Norway’s independence in 1814. This was the first major revision of the Norwegian Constitution (the world’s second oldest, only beaten by the US Constitution). Almost ten years earlier, in 2005, a new criminal code had been enacted in Norway. In 2015, this code replaced the code of 1902. A thoroughly revised Constitution and a new criminal code are both major events in any legal order. One could therefore imagine that the Norwegian reforms were related to each other, but wrongly so. This raises the questions: Should the Constitution have played a bigger role in the reform of the criminal code and in that case - how? And more generally: How could an optimal relation between a Constitution and a criminal law reform be achieved?
CONTAR HISTORIAS: HEIDEGGER Y DERRIDA PENSADORES DE LA HISTORICIDAD
Authors: Potestà Andrea
Published: October 2017

RESUMO O artigo tem por objetivo analisar a raiz heideggeriana do tratamento da história no jovem Derrida. Juntamente à sua análise do problema genético em Husserl, Derrida constrói sua discussão crítica da razão histórica referindo-se ao problema da historicidade originária em "Ser e Tempo". São conhecidos os seus estudos dos anos 1970 em matéria de Heidegger, em torno do problema do tempo e da diferença (em "Ousia et grammé" e no ensaio sobre "La différance", por exemplo), porém, uma nova e mais explícita evidência sobre esta relação primária com Heidegger em torno do problema histórico é oferecida pelo curso que Derrida ministrou na École Normale Supérieure de Paris no período 1964-1965, sob o título "Heidegger: a questão do Ser e da História". Nesse curso, que acaba de ser publicado, Derrida discute a questão linguística associando-a ao problema heideggeriano da contaminação ineludível entre narração e fundação. No texto que segue, pretende-se analisar os termos de tal herança heideggeriana e, ao mesmo tempo, destacar as questões críticas que emergem desse curso e detalham a distância entre o jovem Derrida e Heidegger.
"O QUE NOSSO TEMPO MAIS PRECISA": KIERKEGAARD E O PROBLEMA DAS CATEGORIAS NA FILOSOFIA DO SÉCULO XIX
Authors: Silva Gabriel Ferreira da
Published: October 2017

Resumo: Nos últimos anos, a literatura acerca da filosofia do século XIX tem apresentado uma reavaliação, tanto no que diz respeito a seus problemas e movimentos, quanto ao papel de determinados filósofos no interior daquele panorama. Com o objetivo de evidenciar a contribuição empreendida pelo filósofo dinamarquês Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) ao contexto geral da virada anti-Hegel em meados daquele século, este artigo analisa os problemas referentes às categorias como loci da tese idealista da unidade entre lógica e ontologia a partir da crítica kierkegaardiana e de seu tratamento de tais problemas.
A CRIAÇÃO DE SI ENTRE A PARRÊSÍA E A HIPOCRISIA: ETOPOIÊTICA DO CUIDADO DE SI
Authors: Costa Gustavo Bezerra do Nascimento
Published: October 2017

RESUMO Esboça-se neste artigo uma possível via de interpretação ao problema ético-estético, ou ainda ético-poiêtico da criação de si, a partir de uma reavaliação da noção de hipocrisia, enquanto arte do engano e arte do ator, reaproximando-a da hypókrisis [ὑπόκρισις] grega. Para tanto, procura-se estabelecer um diálogo, ou mesmo um contraponto, com aqueles pensadores que, nas preleções de Foucault, conformaram na antiguidade clássica e helenística os elementos para se pensar, por meio do discurso parrêsiástico e da prática da áskêsis, a criação de si enquanto estética da existência. O lastro para essa compreensão vem de uma reavaliação das formas de inteligência estocástica e astuciosa que comandam a lida com a inconstância, a multiplicidade e os acasos - formas às quais os gregos atribuíram o nome da deusa Mêtis [Μήτις]. Mais afeitas a estas inconstâncias, práticas tais como: a simulação, a dissimulação e a ênfase - próprias da arte do engano - ganham sob essa ótica uma feição de virtuosidade que o pensamento filosófico hegemônico, afeito à retidão e ao enfrentamento heroico diante do real, dificilmente se disporia a reconhecer.
LABOUR IN SOCIAL SPACETIME: A PHILOSOPHIC UPDATER FOR MARXISM
Authors: Liu Yue Qian , Yao Hong Yu
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT Most scholars' comprehension on labour are ambiguous because of the variety of philosophical contradictions embedded in their plausible theories being not explicitly stated but irrationally taken for granted. We, therefore, inquisitively direct sole attention to social spacetime in which, and by which, labour in totality takes place. And then consider the division of labour in natural spacetime as just the appearance of the alienation of labour in social spacetime by our Marxist renewal of the notion of labour - thus manifesting its benefaction to an essential up-to-date explanation of human being, on which a labourer could struggle to survive as still a human being within social spacetime, to fight against the almighty empire of capitalism in the era of globalisation.
A crise social desenhada pelas crianças: imaginação e conhecimento social
Authors: Sarmento Manuel Jacinto , Trevisan Gabriela
Published: October 2017

RESUMO A crise social e económica que tem atingido o mundo desde 2008, com efeitos especialmente sentidos nos países do Sul da Europa, causou impactos fortes e visíveis na infância, como o aumento das taxas efetivas e de risco de pobreza e a vulnerabilidade e a exposição a fatores de risco social e de perda consistente de direitos. A análise dessas incidências tem vindo a ser trabalhada num conjunto de relatórios nacionais e internacionais, de ONG’s e estudos académicos. No entanto, poucos estudos têm dedicado atenção ao modo como a interpretação das representações das crianças sobre a crise é feita e sobre as expressões específicas que estas assumem na sua vida quotidiana. As crianças são capazes de observar os modos como a crise impacta o seu próprio grupo geracional, bem como os adultos que mais lhe são próximos. Da mesma forma, promovem interpretações económicas sobre os fenómenos, sejam elas mais “ingénuas” ou mais complexas. Este artigo incide sobre as representações das crianças sobre a crise social e económica em Portugal. São especialmente analisadas narrativas gráficas produzidas por crianças oriundas de classes trabalhadoras, com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 10 anos de idade. Por meio dessas narrativas, as crianças constroem formas visuais a partir da sua imaginação sobre a sua condição. Assim, a imaginação das crianças é um modo de acesso ao conhecimento na sociedade onde se inserem e aos seus modos próprios de compreensão de realidades complexas.