bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Throughput Next-Generation Sequencing of Polioviruses
Authors: Montmayeur Anna M. , Ng Terry Fei Fan , Schmidt Alexander , Zhao Kun , Magaña Laura , Iber Jane , Castro Christina J. , Chen Qi , Henderson Elizabeth , Ramos Edward , Shaw Jing , Tatusov Roman L. , Dybdahl-Sissoko Naomi , Endegue-Zanga Marie Claire , Adeniji Johnson A. , Oberste M. Steven , Burns Cara C.
Published: December 2016

The poliovirus (PV) is currently targeted for worldwide eradication and containment. Sanger-based sequencing of the viral protein 1 (VP1) capsid region is currently the standard method for PV surveillance. However, the whole-genome sequence is sometimes needed for higher resolution global surveillance. In this study, we optimized whole-genome sequencing protocols for poliovirus isolates and FTA cards using next-generation sequencing (NGS), aiming for high sequence coverage, efficiency, and throughput. We found that DNase treatment of poliovirus RNA followed by random reverse transcription (RT), amplification, and the use of the Nextera XT DNA library preparation kit produced significantly better results than other preparations. The average viral reads per total reads, a measurement of efficiency, was as high as 84.2% ± 15.6%. PV genomes covering >99 to 100% of the reference length were obtained and validated with Sanger sequencing. A total of 52 PV genomes were generated, multiplexing as many as 64 samples in a single Illumina MiSeq run. This high-throughput, sequence-independent NGS approach facilitated the detection of a diverse range of PVs, especially for those in vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV), circulating VDPV, or immunodeficiency-related VDPV. In contrast to results from previous studies on other viruses, our results showed that filtration and nuclease treatment did not discernibly increase the sequencing efficiency of PV isolates. However, DNase treatment after nucleic acid extraction to remove host DNA significantly improved the sequencing results. This NGS method has been successfully implemented to generate PV genomes for molecular epidemiology of the most recent PV isolates. Additionally, the ability to obtain full PV genomes from FTA cards will aid in facilitating global poliovirus surveillance.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligation Enhances HIV-1 Replication in Activated CCR6
+
CD4
+
T Cells by Increasing Virus Entry and Establishing a More Permissive Environment to Infection
Authors: Bolduc Jean-François , Ouellet Michel , Hany Laurent , Tremblay Michel J.
Published: December 2016

In this study, we investigated the effect of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligation on the permissiveness of activated CD4
+
T cells to HIV-1 infection by focusing our experiments on the relative susceptibility of cell subsets based on their expression of CCR6. Purified primary human CD4
+
T cells were first subjected to a CD3/CD28 costimulation before treatment with the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4. Finally, cells were inoculated with R5-tropic HIV-1 particles that permit us to study the effect of TLR2 triggering on virus production at both population and single-cell levels. We report here that HIV-1 replication is augmented in CD3/CD28-costimulated CCR6
+
CD4
+
T cells upon engagement of the cell surface TLR2. Additional studies indicate that a higher virus entry and polymerization of the cortical actin are seen in this cell subset following TLR2 stimulation. A TLR2-mediated increase in the level of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 subunit was also detected in CD3/CD28-costimulated CCR6
+
CD4
+
T cells. We propose that, upon antigenic presentation, an engagement of TLR2 acts specifically on CCR6
+
CD4
+
T cells by promoting virus entry in an intracellular milieu more favorable for productive HIV-1 infection.

IMPORTANCE
Following primary infection, HIV-1 induces an immunological and structural disruption of the gut mucosa, leading to bacterial translocation and release of microbial components in the bloodstream. These pathogen-derived constituents include several agonists of Toll-like receptors that may affect gut-homing CD4
+
T cells, such as those expressing the chemokine receptor CCR6, which are highly permissive to HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate that TLR2 ligation in CD3/CD28-costimulated CCR6
+
CD4
+
T cells leads to enhanced virus production. Our results highlight the potential impact of bacterial translocation on the overall permissiveness of CCR6
+
CD4
+
T cells to productive HIV-1 infection.
Increasing Type 1 Poliovirus Capsid Stability by Thermal Selection
Authors: Adeyemi Oluwapelumi O. , Nicol Clare , Stonehouse Nicola J. , Rowlands David J.
Published: December 2016

Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by poliovirus (PV). It can result in paralysis and may be fatal. Integrated global immunization programs using live-attenuated oral (OPV) and/or inactivated (IPV) PV vaccines have systematically reduced its spread and paved the way for eradication. Immunization will continue posteradication to ensure against reintroduction of the disease, but there are biosafety concerns for both OPV and IPV. They could be addressed by the production and use of virus-free virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines that mimic the “empty” capsids (ECs) normally produced in viral infection. Although ECs are antigenically indistinguishable from mature virus particles, they are less stable and readily convert into an alternative conformation unsuitable for vaccine purposes. Stabilized ECs, expressed recombinantly as VLPs, could be ideal candidate vaccines for a polio-free world. However, although genome-free PV ECs have been expressed as VLPs in a variety of systems, their inherent antigenic instability has proved a barrier to further development. In this study, we selected thermally stable ECs of type 1 PV (PV-1). The ECs are antigenically stable at temperatures above the conversion temperature of wild-type (wt) virions. We have identified mutations on the capsid surface and in internal networks that are responsible for EC stability. With reference to the capsid structure, we speculate on the roles of these residues in capsid stability and postulate that such stabilized VLPs could be used as novel vaccines.

IMPORTANCE
Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by PV and is on the verge of eradication. There are biosafety concerns about reintroduction of the disease from current vaccines that require live virus for production. Recombinantly expressed virus-like particles (VLPs) could address these inherent problems. However, the genome-free capsids (ECs) of wt PV are unstable and readily change antigenicity to a form not suitable as a vaccine. Here, we demonstrate that the ECs of type 1 PV can be stabilized by selecting heat-resistant viruses. Our data show that some capsid mutations stabilize the ECs and could be applied as candidates to synthesize stable VLPs as future genome-free poliovirus vaccines.
Structural Insights into Reovirus σ1 Interactions with Two Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Dietrich Melanie H. , Ogden Kristen M. , Katen Sarah P. , Reiss Kerstin , Sutherland Danica M. , Carnahan Robert H. , Goff Matthew , Cooper Tracy , Dermody Terence S. , Stehle Thilo
Published: December 2016

Reovirus attachment protein σ1 engages glycan receptors and junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) and is thought to undergo a conformational change during the proteolytic disassembly of virions to infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs) that accompanies cell entry. The σ1 protein is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we present a structural and functional characterization of two neutralizing antibodies that target σ1 of serotype 1 (T1) and serotype 3 (T3) reoviruses. The crystal structures revealed that each antibody engages its cognate σ1 protein within the head domain via epitopes distinct from the JAM-A-binding site. Surface plasmon resonance and cell-binding assays indicated that both antibodies likely interfere with JAM-A engagement by steric hindrance. To define the interplay between the carbohydrate receptor and antibody binding, we conducted hemagglutination inhibition assays using virions and ISVPs. The glycan-binding site of T1 σ1 is located in the head domain and is partly occluded by the bound Fab in the crystal structure. The T1-specific antibody inhibited hemagglutination by virions and ISVPs, probably via direct interference with glycan engagement. In contrast to T1 σ1, the carbohydrate-binding site of T3 σ1 is located in the tail domain, distal to the antibody epitope. The T3-specific antibody inhibited hemagglutination by T3 virions but not ISVPs, indicating that the antibody- and glycan-binding sites in σ1 are in closer spatial proximity on virions than on ISVPs. Our results provide direct evidence for a structural rearrangement of σ1 during virion-to-ISVP conversion and contribute new information about the mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of reovirus.

IMPORTANCE
Virus attachment proteins mediate binding to host cell receptors, serve critical functions in cell and tissue tropism, and are often targeted by the neutralizing antibody response. The structural investigation of antibody-antigen complexes can provide valuable information for understanding the molecular basis of virus neutralization. Studies with enveloped viruses, such as HIV and influenza virus, have helped to define sites of vulnerability and guide vaccination strategies. By comparison, less is known about antibody binding to nonenveloped viruses. Here, we structurally investigated two neutralizing antibodies that bind the attachment protein σ1 of reovirus. Furthermore, we characterized the neutralization efficiency, the binding affinity for σ1, and the effect of the antibodies on reovirus receptor engagement. Our analysis defines reovirus interactions with two neutralizing antibodies, allows us to propose a mechanism by which they block virus infection, and provides evidence for a conformational change in the σ1 protein during viral cell entry.
Expression of the Antisense-to-Latency Transcript Long Noncoding RNA in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Authors: Schifano Jason M. , Corcoran Kathleen , Kelkar Hemant , Dittmer Dirk P.
Published: December 2016

The regulation of latency is central to herpesvirus biology. Recent transcriptome-wide surveys have uncovered evidence for promiscuous transcription across the entirety of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genome and postulated the existence of multiple viral long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Next-generation sequencing studies are highly dependent on the specific experimental approach and particular algorithms of analysis and therefore benefit from independent confirmation of the results. The antisense-to-latency transcript (ALT) lncRNA was discovered by genome-tiling microarray (Chandriani et al., J Virol 86:7934–7942, 2010,
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00645-10
). To characterize ALT in detail, we physically isolated this lncRNA by a strand-specific hybrid capture assay and then employed transcriptome sequencing and novel reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays to distinguish all RNA species in the KSHV latency region. These methods confirm that ALT initiates at positions 120739/121012 and encodes a single splice site, which is shared with the 3′-coterminal K14-vGPCR/ORF74 mRNA, terminating at 130873 (GenBank accession number
GQ994935
), resulting in an ∼10,000-nucleotide transcript. No shorter ALT isoforms were identified. This study also identified a novel intron within the LANA 5′ untranslated region using a splice acceptor at 127888. In summary, ALT joins PAN/nut1/T1.1 as a bona fide lncRNA of KSHV with potentially important roles in viral gene regulation and pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
Increasing data support the importance of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and lncRNAs, which have been shown to exert critical regulatory functions without coding for recognizable proteins. Defining the sequences of these ncRNAs is essential for future studies aiming to functionally characterize a specific ncRNA. Most lncRNA studies are highly dependent on high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analyses, few studies follow up on the initial predictions, and analyses are at times discordant. The manuscript characterizes one key viral lncRNA, ALT, by physically isolating ALT and by a sequencing-independent assay. It provides for a simple assay to monitor lncRNA expression in experimental and clinical samples. ALT is expressed antisense to the major viral latency transcripts encoding LANA as well as the viral miRNAs and thus has the potential to regulate this key part of the viral life cycle.
Effect of HIV-1 Env on SERINC5 Antagonism
Authors: Beitari Saina , Ding Shilei , Pan Qinghua , Finzi Andrés , Liang Chen
Published: December 2016

SERINC5 is able to restrict HIV-1 infection by drastically impairing the infectivity of viral particles. Studies have shown that the HIV-1 Nef protein counters SERINC5 through downregulating SERINC5 from the cell surface and preventing the virion incorporation of SERINC5. In addition, the Env proteins of some HIV-1 strains can also overcome SERINC5 inhibition. However, it is unclear how HIV-1 Env does so and why HIV-1 has two mechanisms to resist SERINC5 inhibition. The results of this study show that neither Env nor Nef prevents high levels of ectopic SERINC5 from being incorporated into HIV-1 particles, except that Env, but not Nef, is able to resist inhibition by virion-associated SERINC5. Testing of a panel of HIV-1 Env proteins from different subtypes revealed a high frequency of SERINC5-resistant Envs. Interestingly, although the SERINC5-bearing viruses were not inhibited by SERINC5 itself, they became more sensitive to the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc and some neutralizing antibodies than the SERINC5-free viruses, which suggests a possible influence of SERINC5 on Env function. We conclude that HIV-1 Env is able to overcome SERINC5 without preventing SERINC5 virion incorporation.

IMPORTANCE
HIV-1 Nef is known to enhance the infectivity of HIV-1 particles and to contribute to the maintenance of high viral loads in patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remained elusive until the recent discovery of the antiviral activity of SERINC5. SERINC5 profoundly inhibits HIV-1 but is antagonized by Nef, which prevents the incorporation of SERINC5 into viral particles. Here, we show that HIV-1 Env, but not Nef, is able to resist high levels of SERINC5 without excluding SERINC5 from incorporation into viral particles. However, the virion-associated SERINC5 renders HIV-1 more sensitive to some broadly neutralizing antibodies. It is possible that, under the pressure of some neutralizing antibodies
in vivo
, HIV-1 needs Nef to remove SERINC5 from viral particles, even though viral Env is able to resist virion-associated SERINC5.
Fungal mobile mass on echocardiogram: native mitral valveAspergillus fumigatusendocarditis
Authors: Rofaiel Rymon , Turkistani Yosra , McCarty David , Hosseini-Moghaddam Seyed M
Published: December 2016

The most common type of infective endocarditis is bacterial endocarditis. However, fungal infections have been seen more frequently, mostly in the immunocompromised population. We report a case of invasiveAspergillus fumigatusnative mitral valve endocarditis. The patient received appropriate empiric antifungal treatment with a combination of liposomal amphotericin B and flucytosine, associated with surgical debridement, valve replacement and chordae tendineae repair. Despite receiving the standard treatment ofAspergillusendocarditis, and susceptibility of the microorganism to the antifungal regimen, the patient, unexpectedly, developed early-onset septic emboli. It is surprising to see that the patient had developed such complications early, despite attempts to eliminate the source of infection with surgical intervention.
Rapidly progressing dual infection withAspergillus and Rhizopus: when soil inhabitants become deadly invaders
Authors: Bhagat Milind , Rapose Alwyn
Published: December 2016

We present a case report of a 61-year-old patient with acute pulmonary and cerebral infections withAspergillusandRhizopus.The only risk factor for invasive fungal disease was high-dose corticosteroids used to treat her chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. She had rapid progression and succumbed to her infections within 2 weeks of diagnosis in spite of aggressive antifungal therapy and surgery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of rapidly fatal dual infection withAspergillusandRhizopus. Our case highlights the role of high-dose corticosteroids as a risk factor for invasive fungal disease in patients without traditional risk factors like haematological malignancies, solid organ transplantation or uncontrolled diabetes.
Multifactorial pathological hip subluxation in neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1) due to intra-articular plexiform neurofibroma, lumbar radiculopathy and neurofibromatous polyneuropathy
Authors: Waheed Waqar , Diego F Lemos Diego F , Nathaniel Nelms Nelms , Tandan Rup
Published: December 2016

Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1) is a multisystem disorder with very rare descriptions of hip instability. We report a case of a 37-year-old man with known NF1 and childhood-onset of left foot drop, who developed persistent left hip pain following a minor trauma. Physical examination revealed left-sided mild foot drop, hip abductor weakness, bilateral sensory loss in feet and an antalgic gait. Work-up revealed anterolateral subluxation of the left femoral head along with left hip plexiform neurofibroma (PN), dysplastic and degenerative changes, neurofibromatous neuropathy and chronic left L5 radiculopathy. Initial improvement after surgical resection of the PN was unsustained and followed by increasing pain and recurrent hip subluxation, prompting a total hip arthroplasty which resulted in marked improvement of symptoms. Our patient, unlike those in other reports, illustrates multiple aetiologies of hip dislocation in NF1 including local factors, lumbar radiculopathy and polyneuropathy, reinforcing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of such cases.
Building capacity to use and undertake research in health organisations: a survey of training needs and priorities among staff
Authors: Barratt Helen , Fulop Naomi J
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Efforts to improve healthcare and population health depend partly on the ability of health organisations to use research knowledge and participate in its production. We report the findings of a survey conducted to prioritise training needs among healthcare and public health staff, in relation to the production and implementation of research, across an applied health research collaboration.

Design

A questionnaire survey using a validated tool, the Hennessy-Hicks Training Needs Assessment Questionnaire. Participants rated 25 tasks on a five-point scale with regard to both their confidence in performing the task, and its importance to their role.

Setting

A questionnaire weblink was distributed to a convenience sample of 35 healthcare and public health organisations in London and South East England, with a request that they cascade the information to relevant staff.

Participants

203 individuals responded, from 20 healthcare and public health organisations.

Interventions

None.

Outcome measures

Training needs were identified by comparing median importance and performance scores for each task. Individuals were also invited to describe up to three priority areas in which they require training.

Results

Across the study sample, evaluation; teaching; making do with limited resources; coping with change and managing competing demands were identified as key tasks. Assessing the relevance of research and learning about new developments were the most relevant research-related tasks. Participants’ training priorities included evaluation; finding, appraising and applying research evidence; and data analysis. Key barriers to involvement included time and resources, as well as a lack of institutional support for undertaking research.

Conclusions

We identify areas in which healthcare and public health professionals may benefit from support to facilitate their involvement in and use of applied health research. We also describe barriers to participation and differing perceptions of research between professional groups.
Life after prostate cancer diagnosis: protocol for a UK-wide patient-reported outcomes study
Authors: Downing Amy , Wright Penny , Wagland Richard , Watson Eila , Kearney Therese , Mottram Rebecca , Allen Majorie , Cairnduff Victoria , McSorley Oonagh , Butcher Hugh , Hounsome Luke , Donnelly Conan , Selby Peter , Kind Paul , Cross William , Catto James W H , Huws Dyfed , Brewster David H , McNair Emma , Matheson Lauren , Rivas Carol , Nayoan Johana , Horton Mike , Corner Jessica , Verne Julia , Gavin Anna , Glaser Adam W
Published: December 2016

Background

Prostate cancer and its treatment may impact physically, psychologically and socially; affecting the health-related quality of life of men and their partners/spouses. The Life After Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (LAPCD) study is a UK-wide patient-reported outcomes study which will generate information to improve the health and well-being of men with prostate cancer.

Methods and analysis

Postal surveys will be sent to prostate cancer survivors (18–42 months postdiagnosis) in all 4 UK countries (n=∼70 000). Eligible men will be identified and/or verified through cancer registration systems. Men will be surveyed twice, 12 months apart, to explore changes in outcomes over time. Second, separate cohorts will be surveyed once and the design will include evaluation of the acceptability of online survey tools. A comprehensive patient-reported outcome measure has been developed using generic and specific instruments with proven psychometric properties and relevance in national and international studies. The outcome data will be linked with administrative health data (eg, treatment information from hospital data). To ensure detailed understanding of issues of importance, qualitative interviews will be undertaken with a sample of men who complete the survey across the UK (n=∼150) along with a small number of partners/spouses (n=∼30).

Ethics and dissemination

The study has received the following approvals: Newcastle and North Tyneside 1 Research Ethics Committee (15/NE/0036), Health Research Authority Confidentiality Advisory Group (15/CAG/0110), NHS Scotland Public Benefit and Privacy Panel (0516-0364), Office of Research Ethics Northern Ireland (16/NI/0073) and NHS R&D approval from Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Using traditional and innovative methods, the results will be made available to men and their partners/spouses, the funders, the NHS, social care, voluntary sector organisations and other researchers.
Association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol within the normal range and NAFLD in the non-obese Chinese population: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study
Authors: Sun Dan-Qin , Wu Sheng-Jie , Liu Wen-Yue , Wang Li-Ren , Chen Yi-Ran , Zhang Dong-Chu , Braddock Martin , Shi Ke-Qing , Song Dan , Zheng Ming-Hua
Published: December 2016

Objectives

The relationship between normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in non-obese individuals remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the precise prevalence and incidence of NAFLD within the normal LDL-c range in non-obese individuals.

Design

Cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

Setting

Wenzhou Medical Center of Wenzhou People's Hospital from 2010 to 2014.

Participants

183 903 non-obese individuals were enrolled from a cross-sectional population, and a total of 16 173 initially NAFLD-free non-obese individuals were included who completed a 5-year follow-up examination in the longitudinal population.

Results

In our study, NAFLD was defined by ultrasonographic detection of steatosis in the absence of other liver disease. The cross-sectional study showed that at baseline, the prevalence of NAFLD was 13.9% in non-obese individuals with normal LDL-c levels. The prospective study demonstrated that NAFLD-free participants developed NAFLD during the 5-year follow-up period, with a cumulative incidence of 14.4%. In addition, the ORs for NAFLD in the cross-sectional population were 1.11 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.18), 1.37 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.47) and 1.56 (95% CI 1.43 to 1.69), respectively, after adjusting for known confounding variables. The HRs for NAFLD in the longitudinal population were 1.15 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.36), 1.32 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.58) and 1.82 (95% CI 1.47 to 2.52), compared with Q1. Individuals with higher LDL-c level within the normal range had an increased cumulative incidence rate of NAFLD in non-obese individuals.

Conclusions

NAFLD is prevalent in the non-obese Chinese population. Furthermore, this is the first study to demonstrate that increased normal LDL-c levels are independently associated with an elevated risk of NAFLD in non-obese individuals.
Bedside cerebral microdialysis monitoring of delayed cerebral hypoperfusion in comatose patients with poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Patet Camille , Quintard Hervé , Zerlauth Jean-Baptiste , Maibach Thomas , Carteron Laurent , Suys Tamarah , Bouzat Pierre , Bervini David , Levivier Marc , Daniel Roy T , Eckert Philippe , Meuli Reto , Oddo Mauro
Published: December 2016

Background

Delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) is frequent after poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Owing to the limited accuracy of clinical examination, DCI diagnosis is often based on multimodal monitoring. We examined the value of cerebral microdialysis (CMD) in this setting.

Methods

20 comatose SAH participants underwent CMD monitoring—for hourly sampling of cerebral extracellular lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR) and glucose—and brain perfusion CT (PCT). Patients were categorised as DCI when PCT (8±3 days after SAH) showed cerebral hypoperfusion, defined as cerebral blood flow <32.5 mL/100 g/min with a mean transit time >5.7 s. Clinicians were blinded to CMD data; for the purpose of the study, only patients who developed cerebral hypoperfusion in anterior and/or middle cerebral arteries were analysed.

Results

DCI (n=9/20 patients) was associated with higher CMD LPR (51±36 vs 31±10 in patients without DCI, p=0.0007) and lower CMD glucose (0.64±0.34 vs 1.22±1.05, p=0.0005). In patients with DCI, CMD changes over the 18 hours preceding PCT diagnosis revealed a pattern of CMD LPR increase (coefficient +2.96 (95% CI 0.13 to 5.79), p=0.04) with simultaneous CMD glucose decrease (coefficient −0.06 (95% CI −0.08 to −0.01), p=0.03, mixed-effects multilevel regression model). No significant CMD changes were noted in patients without DCI.

Conclusions

In comatose patients with SAH, delayed cerebral hypoperfusion correlates with a CMD pattern of lactate increase and simultaneous glucose decrease. CMD abnormalities became apparent in the hours preceding PCT, thereby suggesting that CMD monitoring may anticipate targeted therapeutic interventions.
Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty in the era of transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a narrative review
Authors: Keeble Thomas R , Khokhar Arif , Akhtar Mohammed Majid , Mathur Anthony , Weerackody Roshan , Kennon Simon
Published: December 2016

The role of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) in the management of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis has come under the spotlight following the development of the transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) technique. Previous indications for BAV were limited to symptom palliation and as a bridge to definitive therapy for patients undergoing conventional surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR). In the TAVI era, BAV may also be undertaken to assess the ‘therapeutic response’ of a reduction in aortic gradient in borderline patients often with multiple comorbidities, to assess symptomatic improvement prior to consideration of definitive TAVI intervention. This narrative review aims to update the reader on the current indications and practical techniques involved in undertaking a BAV procedure. In addition, a summary of the haemodynamic and clinical outcomes, as well as the frequently encountered procedural complications is presented for BAV procedures conducted during both the pre-TAVI and post-TAVI era.
Thoracoscopic‐assisted removal of a retained surgical swab following open pericardiectomy in a dog
Authors: Howes Charlotte , Nelissen Pieter , Demetriou Jackie
Published: December 2016

A nine‐year‐old labrador retriever presented for routine postoperative thoracic radiographs following open pericardiectomy via median sternotomy. The surgery was performed six weeks previously to treat restrictive pericarditis. The dog had made a good recovery and on presentation had normal vital parameters; however, radiographic examination of the thoracic cavity revealed a retained surgical swab. Thoracoscopic‐assisted removal of the retained surgical swab was performed successfully without complication. Thoracoscopy offers a minimally invasive option for exploration of the thoracic cavity and facilitates removal of foreign material with reduced morbidity.
Reproductive development in captive reconditioned female steelhead kelts: evidence for consecutive and skip spawning life histories
Authors: Pierce Andrew L. , Blodgett Joseph W. , Cavileer Timothy D. , Medeiros Lea R. , Boyce Josh , Caldwell Lucius K. , Bosch William J. , Branstetter Ryan , Fast David E. , Hatch Douglas R. , Nagler James J.
Published: December 2016

Reconditioning of post-spawned anadromous rainbow trout (steelhead kelts, Oncorhynchus mykiss) is being implemented as a recovery tool on the Yakima River in the mid-Columbia River Basin. We assessed reproductive development in female Yakima River kelts by measuring plasma estradiol-17β (E2) and vitellogenin (VG) levels during reconditioning in 2009–2011. Plasma E2 and VG levels showed that fish separated into rematuring (consecutive spawning) and nonrematuring (presumed skip spawning) cohorts by October. Rematuration rates varied from 25% to 65%. Rematuring fish were consistently detected migrating toward spawning areas after release, whereas nonrematuring fish were occasionally detected on spawning migrations the following year. Rematuring fish grew more rapidly than nonrematuring fish over the reconditioning period and had higher muscle lipid levels and condition factor in October. Plasma E2 was elevated in rematuring fish by June–July, whereas plasma VG was elevated by June–August, suggesting that maturation decisions occur early in reconditioning. Rematuring and nonrematuring females could be separated by plasma E2 and VG levels by August–September, enabling separate management of consecutive and presumed skip spawners.
MONTHLY PERIODIC OUTBREAK OF HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME IN CHINA
Authors: LI LI
Published: December 2016

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) spreading from rodent to human beings is a major public health problem in China, which causes high mortality rate. Data obtained from the China Ministry of Health shows that cases of HFRS in China exhibited monthly periodic outbreak. To well reveal the mechanisms about the outbreak of HFRS, we established a dynamical model to explain the periodic behaviors of HFRS in China. We obtained the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text], analyzed the dynamical behavior of the model, and used the model to fit the monthly data of HFRS cases. Our results demonstrated that periodic transmission rates and rodent periodic birth rate of HFRS in China can give rise to the periodic outbreak of HFRS, hence providing insights into taking measures to control HFRS in China.
BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBTHRESHOLD RESONANCE OSCILLATIONS AND SUBTHRESHOLD MEMBRANE OSCILLATIONS IN NEURONS
Authors: V-GHAFFARI BABAK , KOUHNAVARD M. , KITAJIMA T.
Published: December 2016

Subthreshold-level activities in neurons play a crucial role in neuronal oscillations. These small-amplitude oscillations have been suggested to be involved in synaptic plasticity and in determining the frequency of network oscillations. Subthreshold membrane oscillations (STOs) and subthreshold resonance oscillations (SROs) are the main constituents of subthreshold-level activities in neurons. In this study, a general theoretical framework for analyzing the mechanisms underlying STOs and SROs in neurons is presented. Results showed that the resting membrane potential and the hyperpolarization-activated potassium channel ([Formula: see text]-channel) affect the subthreshold-level activities in stellate cells. The contribution of [Formula: see text]-channel on resonance is attributed to its large time constant, which produces the time lag between [Formula: see text] and the membrane potential. Conversely, the persistent sodium channels (Nap-channels) only play an amplifying role in these neurons.
Analytical Solutions for Stress and Displacement Fields in Disks under Arbitrarily Distributed Loads
Authors: Qi Dexuan , Jiao Yongshu , Pan Lingling
Published: December 2016

The general series solution (GSS) approach is presented, in order to determine the stress and displacement fields in disks under arbitrarily distributed normal and tangential loads. An Airy stress function in series form is selected. Stresses are expressed by infinite coefficients. Thus displacements are expressed by the infinite stress coefficients. And self-equilibrated loads acting on the side edge are extended to Fourier series. Stress coefficients are related to loading coefficients by stress boundary conditions. Then five examples show the validity of this approach. The GSS approach might lead to industrial applications in rock mechanics, petroleum and mining engineering, etc.
A detrital record of the Nile River and its catchment
Authors: Fielding Laura , Najman Yani , Millar Ian , Butterworth Peter , Ando Sergio , Padoan Marta , Barfod Dan , Kneller Ben
Published: December 2016

This research uses analyses from Nile catchment rivers, wadis, dunes and bedrocks to constrain the geological history of NE Africa and document influences on the composition of sediment reaching the Nile delta. Our data show evolution of the North African crust, highlighting phases in the development of the Arabian–Nubian Shield and amalgamation of Gondwana in Neoproterozoic times. The Saharan Metacraton and Congo Craton in Uganda have a common history of crustal growth, with new crust formation at 3.0 – 3.5 Ga, and crustal melting at
c.
2.7 Ga. The Hammamat Formation of the Arabian–Nubian Shield is locally derived and has a maximum depositional age of 635 Ma. By contrast, Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks are derived from more distant sources. The fine-grained (mud) bulk signature of the modern Nile is dominated by input from the Ethiopian Highlands, transported by the Blue Nile and Atbara rivers. Detrital zircons in the Nile trunk are predominantly derived from Phanerozoic cover rocks. Most detritus from the upstream White Nile is trapped in the Sudd marshes and contributes little to the Nile trunk. Therefore, the White Nile downstream is dominated by locally derived Phanerozoic cover. The White Nile proximal to the Gezira Fan is influenced by the fan's Blue Nile signature.

Supplementary material
: Sample information, analytical methods and data tables are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3569490
Compact High-Efficiency Li-Ion Fast-Charger
Authors: Martis Jan , Vorel Pavel , Cipin Radoslav , Prochazka Petr , Toman Marek
Published: December 2016

This contribution presents improvements of the flyback converter topology to be used in a 600 Watt compact, light-weight and high-efficiency Li-Ion battery charger. The improved flyback converter, utilizing modern components (e.g. SiC semiconductors) and circuit modifications, is used in place of the standard forward converter with great results. Total efficiency of the charger of over 93 % is possible. The charger is controlled by an MCU which takes information from an external BMS. Low standby consumption (<0.5 W) is assured.
High Efficiency Fast-Chargers for Lead-Acid Batteries
Authors: Vorel Pavel , Cervinka Dalibor , Prochazka Petr , Toman Marek , Martis Jan
Published: December 2016

Fast-chargers developed for lead-acid batteries are presented in this contribution. The first charger (700 W) is matched to classical automotive applications (lead-acid batteries 12 V or 6 V). The second one (1500 W) was created for a traction lead-acid battery 48 V / 40 Ah of an electric scooter. Both of the chargers are equipped with a cascade control structure with master (outer) voltage control loop and slave (inner) current control loop. This way better stability of the control process is achieved than using parallel voltage and current control. The adjustable current limit can decrease the maximum charging current according to the actual size of the charged battery. The 12 V charger provides maximum current of 50 A which can help starting a car with an older or discharged battery. A DC/DC converter with high switching frequency and PWM control is the base of both chargers. Minimum size and weight as well as high efficiency were reached.
Li-Ion Battery Charging Efficiency
Authors: Toman Marek , Cipin Radoslav , Cervinka Dalibor , Vorel Pavel , Prochazka Petr
Published: December 2016

The main objective of this article is determination of the charging and discharging efficiency of the Li-ion battery depending on the value of the charging and discharging current. An automated workplace allows us to measure the capacity of cells, temperature and other parameters required for assessing the performance of batteries. A dependence of the energy storage efficiency on the charging and discharging current was found out. Consequently this measured dependence was approximated with an analytical expression. The obtained analytical result can be used e.g. in predictive models of EVs action radius etc.
The Second Life Ageing of the NMC/C Electric Vehicle Retired Li-Ion Batteries in the Stationary Applications
Authors: Swierczynski Maciej , Stroe Daniel Ioan , Laserna Egoitz Martinez , Sarasketa-Zabala Elixabet , Timmermans Jean Marc , Goutam Shovon , Teodorescu Remus
Published: December 2016

This work presents the lifetime degradation of second life batteries (commercial nickel manganese cobalt oxide based cathode and graphite based anode NMC/C) used in a stationary application that aims at mitigating the variability of a grid-scale PV power plant. Moreover, in this work, it is also investigated how battery cell history is affecting the performance of the second life battery pack.
Finite Element Approach of Current Density Distribution in Lead Acid Battery Grid
Authors: Vyroubal Petr , Kazda Tomáš , Bača Petr
Published: December 2016

In a lead-acid cell the active materials there are lead dioxide (PbO2) in the positive plate, sponge lead (Pb) in the negative plate, and a solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in water as the electrolyte. A chemical reaction proceeds place between lead plates and sulphuric acid, producing electric current. When the charge is depleted, the battery can be recharged many times. This article deals with optimization of the shape of lead acid battery grid by discharging process using numerical simulation.
Automatic Li-Ion Accumulator Measuring Stand
Authors: Cipin Radoslav , Prochazka Petr , Toman Marek , Martis Jan , Cervinka Dalibor
Published: December 2016

This paper deals with a description of a simple Li-ion accumulator measuring stand. Stand is based on National Instruments modules which are capable of precise and fast measurement of voltage and temperature. Control of measuring stand is provided by personal computer with installed program LabVIEW. Measuring stand is capable of provide basic accumulator tests, e.g., cyclic recharging and accumulator resistance measurement. Main advantage of introduced stand is a very simple modification of its functionality, i.e., very easy reprogramming stand functions in LabVIEW. All introduced functions of measuring stand are verified with measurement of accumulator Panasonic NCR18650A.
Delayed Thermal Runaway Investigation on Commercial 2.6 Ah NCM-LCO Based 18650 Lithium Ion Cells with Accelerating Rate Calorimetry
Authors: Hildebrand Stephan , Friesen Alex , Haetge Jan , Meier Vladislav , Schappacher Falko , Winter Martin
Published: December 2016

The thermal runaway behavior during a nail penetration test of lithium metal oxide based commercially available 18650-type lithium ion cells was investigated regarding the influence of nail design, state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) under quasi-adiabatic conditions. Whether an immediate or a delayed thermal runaway occurs, is highly dependent on the angle of the nail tip. A rather blunt nail provokes a more severe reaction leading to an immediate thermal runaway at 100% SOC. The lower the SOC, the less severe is the cell self-heating. After nail penetration further self-heating causing a thermal runaway is highly dependent on the adjusted SOC. The impacts of aging result to be beneficial for safety down to a SOH of 90%.
Combined Effect of Acryl Fibers and TiO2 in Negative Active Mass of Lead-Acid Accumulator
Authors: Zimáková Jana , Vaculík Sebastian , Fryda Daniel , Bača Petr
Published: December 2016

This work deals with the study of influence of additives added to the negative active mass of the lead-acid battery electrode. As additives it were used acryl fibers and TiO2. Acryl fiber were added in amount of 1.4 wt.%. TiO2 was used in an amount of 0; 0.15; 0.46; 0.78; 1.4; 2.65 and 5.15 wt.%. Electrodes ran in PSoC regime and Deep of Discharge cycles (conditioning cycles). The resulting values of the measured voltages and capacitances are shown in the appropriate graphs
Temperature Changes of Lead Acid Battery Cell with Pulse Charging in a Flooded State
Authors: Křivík Petr
Published: December 2016

The paper describes temperature changes of lead acid battery cell in the course of discharging and pulse charging in a flooded construction. There was found effect of different pulse charging with and without depolarization pulse on increase of cell temperature compared with constant current charging mode.
Emerging Application of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Vondrák Jiří , Sedlaříková Marie , Máca Josef
Published: December 2016

The aim of this paper is a brief description of potential application of ionic liquids as the ionically conducting component of aprotic electrolytes for special power sources.
Influence of Compaction Pressure on Properties of Electrodes for Li-S Batteries
Authors: Čudek Pavel , Kazda Tomáš , Jaššo Kamil
Published: December 2016

This work deals with diagnostic of surface structure of electrodes for Li-Sulphur electrochemical power sources prepared in different pressure conditions. The electrode surface morphology was diagnosed by methods of scanning electron microscopy. The elements quantification and distribution on the electrodes were provided by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Electrical conditions of prepared electrochemical power sources were measured by Galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation methods.
Preparation and Corrosion of Biodegradable Iron Based Porous Materials
Authors: Sedlaříková Marie , Vondrák Jiří , Košíček Adam , Hávová Mariana , Smith A B , Hill H B , Meadow R D , Doe J B , Xu X.-Y. , Price T R
Published: December 2016

The research focused on samples of porous iron based materials. They were prepared by filing polyurethane foam with a mixture of iron and other metal powders (Ag, Mg and Si) and by annealing the samples in nitrogen atmosphere. Their fundamental behavior in physiologic solutions, their modifications and in blood plasma was tested. Usually, increasing the proportion of metal additives resulted in increased corrosion rate and in partial passivation. Addition of hydrogen peroxide increased corrosion rate.
The Impact of Climatic Conditions on Unexpected Expenditures on Repairs
Authors: Sukac Jiri , Vondrák Jiří , Kazda Tomáš
Published: December 2016

The paper is concerned with the impact of climatic conditions, temperature and relative air humidity on the occurrence of material corrosion with consequent influence on the military unit economics. It clarifies how corrosion affects the life cycle of a military vehicle, and how the maintenance system established in the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic is impacted. By means of Saaty’s method and Metfessel’s allocation of 100 points, a comparison of the existing corrosion protection within the maintenance system in place and a new system of corrosion protection using a newly designed short-term military vehicle storage kit was made.
Temperature Influence on the PID Affected Photovoltaic Modules Regeneration
Authors: Hylský Josef , Strachala David , Vaněk Jiri
Published: December 2016

This study focuses on the effect of temperature during the regeneration of the PID (Potential Induced Degradation) affected photovoltaic modules. Degraded PV module Evergreen ES - A - 205 is regenerated through a voltage potential of 600 V. The most affected PV cells are also locally heated to 80 ° C. The influence of temperature on regeneration rate is measured by the current-voltage characteristics and electroluminescence measurement after certain time intervals. Comparison of locally heated photovoltaic cells with the other locations of PV module clearly indicates an increase in the rate of regeneration at higher temperatures.
Degradation of Perovskite Solar Cell Based on CH3NH3PbI3-2Cl2 Structure
Authors: Strachala David , Hylský Josef , Kadlec Michal , Sionová Marcela , Čudek Pavel , Vaněk Jiri
Published: December 2016

Degradation of perovskite photovoltaic cells is one of the most serious problems in their development. This paper deals with the most common mechanisms reducing perovskite conversion efficiency. Eight reference samples were created to observe the degradation mechanisms. Four of them with an CH3NH3PbI3-2Cl2 active perovskite layer and four of them with an CH3NH3PbI3 active perovskite layer. Degradation and changes in the parameters of the perovskite samples were most influenced by the moisture and UV radiation. An interesting phenomenon has occurred related to the gradual increasing and lowering of conversion efficiency. The grains have unified leading to the enlargement of its volume. This may reduce the number of grain boundaries which forms a barrier to the current. Decrease of CH3NH3PbI3-2Cl2 perovskite solar cells efficiency was about 20 % and decrease of CH3NH3PbI3 samples was about 55 %. Photovoltaic cells were further analyzed.
MoS2 as a Negative Material for SIB
Authors: Gottwald Tomáš , Vondrák Jiří , Sedlarikova Marie , Čudek Pavel , Chladil Ladislav
Published: December 2016

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is promising intercalation material for a negative electrode in a rechargeable sodium ion battery (SIB). MoS2 is material with layered structure and trigonal prismatic coordination between the molybdenum (Mo) and sulfide (S) atoms, which are primarily covalently bonded. In the present study the electrochemical behavior of Na/MoS2 cell was examined by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic (GCPL) measurement at a room temperature. In the first charge cycle the intercalation (sodiation) process was successful and the cell reached a charge of 90 mAhg-1. In the first discharge cycle the deintercalation (de-sodiation) process was unsuccessful, with only marginal amount of sodium ions (Na+) leaving the negative electrode. Observing changes in crystallographic structure of MoS2 during intercalation–deintercalation process will show which possible adjustments to the material are needed.