bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical solutions for strain-softening surrounding rock under three-dimensional principal stress condition
Authors: Yu-ming Sheng , Chao Li , Ming-yao Xia , Jin-feng Zou
Published: March 2021

In this study, elastoplastic model for the surrounding rock of axisymmetric circular tunnel is investigated under three-dimensional (3D) principal stress states. Novel numerical solutions for strain-softening surrounding rock were first proposed based on the modified 3D Hoek–Brown criterion and the associated flow rule. Under a 3D axisymmetric coordinate system, the distributions for stresses and displacement can be effectively determined on the basis of the redeveloped stress increment approach. The modified 3D Hoek–Brown strength criterion is also embedded into finite element software to characterize the yielding state of surrounding rock based on the modified yield surface and stress renewal algorithm. The Euler implicit constitutive integral algorithm and the consistent tangent stiffness matrix are reconstructed in terms of the 3D Hoek–Brown strength criterion. Therefore, the numerical solutions and finite element method (FEM) models for the deep buried tunnel under 3D principal stress condition are presented, so that the stability analysis of surrounding rock can be conducted in a direct and convenient way. The reliability of the proposed solutions was verified by comparison of the principal stresses obtained by the developed numerical approach and FEM model. From a practical point of view, the proposed approach can also be applied for the determination of ground response curve of the tunnel, which shows a satisfying accuracy compared with the measuring data.
The politics of language scholarship: there are no truly global concerns
Authors: Rambukwella Harshana
Published: March 2021

Some key categories in the study of language and society – such as the notion of identity and the very notion of language itself – have come under critical scrutiny with the rise of concepts such as translanguaging. While acknowledging the epistemological and political necessity of this critique I caution against the conflation of concepts with social realities. At the same time, I argue for a critical practice that does not subsume the local in favor of global theoretical trends, which can result from conceptual reification occurring due to an insidious nexus between neo-liberal forces and global inequalities in knowledge production.
Discursive practices control in Spanish language
Authors: Lauria Daniela
Published: March 2021

Control mechanisms for written, spoken, and multimodal discursive practices are, in my view, a priority item on today’s strategy agenda for a socially conscious approach to language in the peripheral countries of the global economic system. After describing and analyzing certain procedures for discursive regulation in Spanish language, and adopting the critical focus that glottopolitics provides, I zero in on the effects of this regulation and the subjectivities it shapes. Discursive restraints stem from several, often interconnected, sources: market dynamics, the search for greater productivity in the technologizing of the word, digital platforms, and as a condition for the approval of country loans by international economic organizations. The aim is to emphasize how discursive control reproduces the established social order and thus reinforces linguistic inequality.
Unequal discursivities and the symbolic capital of Malaysian Indian scholarship
Authors: Pillai Shanthini
Published: March 2021

This paper engages with the aspects of discursive hegemony in terms of both Metropolitan and disciplinary position and privilege, using the sociology of the language that has been produced on Malaysian Indian identity as my point of reference. It contends that these observations and articulations are able to rise to the surface more easily when they are securely located within disciplinary domains often related to determinacy. I argue that viewed as a whole, it becomes apparent that these discourses are coloured by the subjective desire of the accumulation of knowledge on the subject matters of their writings. As such, they are as much stories that are told of the Malaysian Indian community as those found in literary narratives and can ultimately lead to unequal discursivities.
On the future of IJSL: trans-collaboration and how to overcome the structural constraints on knowledge production, distribution and dissemination
Authors: del Valle José
Published: March 2021

In this essay, using as a point of departure his dilemma to accept or not the invitation to be a member of IJSL’s Editorial Board, del Valle discusses the limitations that academic publishing places on scholars in the humanities and interpretive social sciences: their choice of objects and analytical protocols, and the modes of distribution and dissemination of their production. The constraints imposed by highly bureaucratized universities and publishing companies are set against the intellectual imperative to build academic fields grounded in equality and inclusion. The essay concludes with some thinly drawn goals towards more dynamic trans-collaborative forms of knowledge production, distribution and dissemination.
Managing authorship in (socio)linguistic collaborations
Authors: Amfo Nana Aba Appiah
Published: March 2021

This article examines the issue of joint authorship in (socio)linguistic publications. On the assumption that research work in the humanities has traditionally been performed on a “lone scholar” basis, discussion of authorship attribution has not dominated conversations in the arts and humanities as compared to the natural, health and engineering sciences. However, considering the increasing occurrence of collaboration in (socio)linguistics and its resultant joint publications, this article considers author trends in the humanities generally and linguistics in particular, who qualifies to be an author and how authorship ordering and assigning should be addressed in both an ethical and a fair manner. Considering the rise of collaborations in sociolinguistic research, varied sources of data used, and the growth of multi-site projects, authorship discussions in arts and humanities disciplines can no longer be muted.
Discourse analysis for social change: voice, agency and hope
Authors: Bonnin Juan Eduardo
Published: March 2021

The aim of this essay is to propose some key challenges and problems in the field of language in society. In the current context of global crisis, we have the opportunity to design a research agenda for an uncertain future from a dark present. But there is no reason why that agenda should also be uncertain and dark. An agenda thus established can start from three aspects that I explore in this article: the recognition and appreciation of multiple voices, organized and collective agency, and an unwavering and explicit bias for hope.
Digital conferencing in times of crisis
Authors: Bolander Brook , Fine Julia
Published: March 2021

This essay stems from our growing concern about the carbon intensity of academia, and of conferencing as an epitome of this. Face-to-face conferencing is widely recognised as both unsustainable and inequitable. Against this backdrop, digital conferencing (online only, or in hybrid form) offers a viable alternative. However, shifting to digital forms of conferencing does not automatically bring about equity. Drawing on white papers, academic discussions and results from a PollEverywhere survey, this essay explores issues of sustainability and equity across modes of face-to-face and digital conferencing, with the aim of charting a path towards more sustainable and accessible digital practises for a diverse community of linguists.
When language policy is not enough
Authors: Smagulova Juldyz
Published: March 2021

By focusing predominantly on discourse production and language management, language policy research de-emphasizes the material sources of inequality. The paper argues that language management, often restricted by ritualistic and symbolic gestures, cannot rectify historically formed relations of power and calls for critical examination of both sociolinguistic and socio-economic consequences of language reforms.
Education, multilingualism and bilingualism in Botswana
Authors: Bagwasi Mompoloki Mmangaka
Published: March 2021

Botswana is a multilingual country. It has about 28 languages (see Anderson, Lars-Gunnar & Tore Janson. 1997. Languages in Botswana. Gaborone: Longman Botswana). Although multilingualism breeds bilingualism or vice versa, bilingualism in Botswana is not as extensive and as widespread among the 28 languages. It is mostly concentrated amongst certain groups of people and a limited number of languages. This paper interrogates the pattern of bilingualism in Botswana and the role that education plays in shaping it. Further, the paper examines the extent to which the pattern of bilingualism in Botswana fits into Liddicoat, Anthony. 1991. Bilingualism and bilingual education. NLIA Occasional Paper 2. 1–21 folk and elite bilingualism categories. The paper argues that even though bilingualism in Botswana is fostered by education, it is not elite. Most bilinguals in Botswana are speakers of minority languages who feel obliged to learn English and Setswana. There are not many speakers of English who also speak Setswana and not many speakers of Setswana who also speak the minority languages. The paper hights one of the inadequacies of multilingualism, its inability to create equality and interrelationship between languages. This paper argues that the pattern of bilingualism found in Botswana is asymmetrical and is heavily influenced by the socio-economic-cultural power relations that exist in the country. Thus, the pattern of bilingualism that is found in Botswana does not support multilingualism, instead it is detrimental to it.
Aqueous extract ofAdansonia digitataprevents Cadmium Chloride-induced testicular damage in Wistar Rats
Authors: Dare Babatunde Joseph , Olaniyan Olugbemi Tope , Oyeniyi Oluwafemi Isaac , Okotie Gloria Enevwo , Lawal Ismail Adetayo , Eweoya Olugbenga
Published: March 2021

Objectives

The role of aqueous extract ofAdansonia digitatawas investigated against cadmium chloride-induced testicular damage in Wistar Rats.

Methods

Thirty (30) male Wistar Rats weighing (150–170) were divided into six groups (n=5). Group A served as control and received oral administration of phosphate buffer saline; group B received 800 mg/kgA. digitataonly; group C were injected intraperitoneally with single dose 2 mg/kg b.w cadmium chloride; group D were injected intraperitoneally with single dose 2 mg/kg b.w cadmium chloride and treated with 800 mg/kg aqueous extract ofA. digitata; group E received 300 mg/kg vitamin E only; group F were injected intraperitoneally with single dose 2 mg/kg b.w cadmium chloride and treated with 300 mg/kg vitamin E. After 21 days, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the testes were excised fixed in Bouins fluids for histological analysis and the other homogenized in 5% sucrose solution for determination of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzyme activity, biochemical assay.

Results

The group treated with cadmium chloride plusA. digitatacaused significant decrease in MDA levels with significant increase (p<0.05) in antioxidant activities and biochemical enzymes when compared to cadmium chloride only group.

Conclusions

Aqueous extract ofA. digitataappears to have ameliorative effect against cadmium chloride-induced testicular damage. This could be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compound.
New York: Gateway to the East
Authors: Desser David
Published: March 2021

After a number of aborted attempts to secure distribution and exhibition in the West in the 1950s and 60s, producers of the Chinese cinema came to understand that film festival prizes, which had been the Japanese model, were not going to work for them. Instead, early attempts were made to break into the US market via an exhibition in New York. The commercial distribution of Hong Kong’s commercially-oriented martial arts movies in the 1970’s satisfied the long-standing desire of producer Run Run Shaw for success in the West, but hardly provided a similar opportunity for the more specialized auteur-cinema of the Mainland and Taiwan in the 1980s. Instead, the New York Film Festival emerged as the premier showcase for Fifth Generation Chinese filmmakers and the New Cinema of Taiwan, along with the Art cinema of Hong Kong’s Wong Kar-wai.
A Few Issues Surrounding Research into the General History of Chinese Film
Authors: Ding Yaping
Published: March 2021

The practice of film history highlights the value and significance of the researcher. A more comprehensive view of the situation of film history raises several issues. General research into the history of film is directly related to the production of film history. The question of how to reinvent general film history research is necessarily connected to ideologies, cultures, systems and concepts, as well as the broad scope and complexity of film history. Writing a general history of Chinese film demands a combination of innovation and continuing tradition, with an emphasis on the construction of a rational and scientific discipline of film history and historical empiricism. The aim should be a more rational history. The paper expresses my own thoughts and efforts with respect to relevant issues and attempts to deepen and open up general research into the history of Chinese film.
A proof of a conjecture by Jabara on groups in which all involutions are odd transpositions
Authors: Bettio Egle
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we prove that if 𝐺 is a group generated by elements of order two with the property that the product of any two such elements has order 1, 2, 3 or 5 with all possibilities occurring, then

G
≃

A
5

G\simeq A_{5}

or

G
≃

PSU
⁢

(
3
,
4
)

G\simeq\mathrm{PSU}(3,4)

.
This provides an affirmative answer to Problem 19.36 in the Kourovka notebook.
Error performance analysis of optical communication over Lognormal-Rician turbulence channel using Gram-Charlier Series
Authors: Miao Maoke , Li Xiaofeng
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the symbol-error rate (SER) performance of a coherent free-space optical (FSO) communication system in lognormal-Rician turbulence channel is analyzed using the generalized Gram-Charlier (GCC) series. We proposed the differential evolution (DE) algorithm to solve the parameters in GCC efficiently. It is shown that highly accurate closed-form SER expressions are obtained for M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) schemes with maximum ratio combining (MRC) technique. The asymptotic error rate analysis is presented to reveal the performance behavior in the high signal-to-noise (SNR) regime. The effects of imperfect phase noise compensation on the error rate performance are also studied, and it is found that the impact of phase compensation error can be small enough with loop SNR ρ

c
more than seven.
atención a la diversidad durante la COVID-19: revisión legislativa de las medidas según LOMCE
Authors: Rodríguez Torres Javier , Gómez Jiménez Óscar
Published: March 2021

Tras el establecimiento del estado de alarma provocado por la COVID-19 y, el consiguiente cierre de los centros educativos a nivel nacional, la educación formal se ha trasladado de un contexto de enseñanza presencial a entorno virtuales de aprendizaje en cuestión de horas. En este trabajo, presentamos una revisión de la normativa educativa española sobre la atención a la diversidad del alumnado y de las medidas a aplicar en contextos extraordinarios de aprendizaje, como el que vivimos a nivel mundial. Para su realización, hemos realizado un análisis de los contenidos, centrado en las medidas de atención a la diversidad existentes en la legislación orgánica nacional y en las directrices de aplicación del Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional. Las políticas educativas, y las administraciones responsables, no se encuentran preparadas para un cambio en la metodología de atención al alumnado, que incida en la disminución de las desigualdades del alumnado y proporcione un acceso equitativo al aprendizaje, ya que el rol compensador de la escuela (como institución) no puede suplirse a través de la virtualización de la enseñanza. En este aspecto, los docentes y la autonomía de los centros suponen un valor añadido en la igualdad de oportunidades, el cual se ve disminuido en entornos virtuales educativos por las condiciones socioeconómicas del alumnado, aumentando la desigualdad educativa.
Análisis de las publicaciones de la cuenta de Instagram del ministerio de asuntos exteriores y cooperación, desde una perspectiva de género
Authors: Romero-Vara Laura , Parras-Parras Alicia
Published: March 2021

Introducción:El presente estudio de carácter cualitativo y cuantitativo busca identificar las acciones que lleva a cabo el gobierno de España para fomentar y promover la igualdad de género en el propio país y alrededor del mundo. Metodología: Se lleva a cabo un análisis de contenido de las publicaciones encontradas en la cuenta de Instagram del MAEC (Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y Cooperación) descubriendo así la importancia que le otorgan las instituciones españolas a este tema. Para lograr ese objetivo, se han analizado los 861 postsde Instagram publicadas a partir del 11 de marzo de 2016, fecha de la en la que aparece la primera publicación, hasta el 30 de noviembre de 2019. La hipótesis central es que dos sucesos importantes ocurridos en España en el 2018 –la huelga feminista del 8M y la moción de censura del expresidente Rajoy– han favorecido que el gobierno preste más atención a la igualdad de género y por tanto, aumente el número de publicaciones respecto a esta temática. Discusión y resultados: en torno a cuatro ejes (interacción y engagement, las temáticas, la representación de la mujer en la cuenta de instagram @exteriores.maec y contenido audiovisual, hashtags y emojis). El nivel de interacción que tiene la cuenta de Instagram del MAEC es bajo (0,33%). Las categorías donde se encontró un número más alto de publicaciones que incluyen la cuestión de género encontramos la utilización del lenguaje inclusivo. Se prima el uso fotografías únicas, antes que carruseles (24,66%) o vídeos (12%) y en el periodo y muestra analizada, cabe destacar que en un 74% del contenido audiovisual relacionado con la igualdad de género encontrado en la cuenta de Instagram del MAEC es posible encontrar presencia femenina. Conclusiones:Aunque en el último par de años se puede observar un aumento considerable en las publicaciones relacionadas con la igualdad de género en la cuenta de Instagram del MAEC, siguen siendo pocas y se centran principalmente en la celebración o conmemoración alrededor de fechas clave como es el Día Internacional de la Mujer o el Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Violencia contra la Mujer.
Specific Surface Area of Plastic Clays from Equilibrium Sediment Volume under Salt Environment
Authors: Das Dhanesh Sing , Venkata Tadikonda Bharat
Published: March 2021

Specific surface area is one of the crucial surface properties of clay soils. The surface area is used as the surrogate compatibility index and is related to many engineering properties of clays. Accurate estimation of the surface area, Sa, is essential for predicting the saturated and unsaturated characteristics of clays in engineering applications. A simple technique for a routine estimation of the surface area of plastic clays was developed based on the sediment volume in the salt environment. The method utilized equilibrium sediment volume measurement of clay soil in 0.1 N sodium chloride solution and used the theoretical equation for the surface area estimation, which accounts for both the surface and body forces. A comparative assessment of the proposed method with commonly used techniques on 12 clay soils is presented. The proposed method showed a good agreement, qualitatively, with the ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) and methylene blue methods for the studied soils. The estimated surface area by the proposed method was, however, higher than the existing two methods for the highly plastic clays, such as the bentonites. The relative merits of different methods are discussed in detail. The utilization of water as the probe molecule in the proposed method in a dispersed state of the swollen clay structure ensured greater accessibility to the internal surface. The proposed method was a quick and simple way to estimate the specific surface area of soil with great repeatability. The method is beneficial for routine practice to estimate the surface area of soils and should be readily adopted in the standard practice as an additional method.
Activation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Channels in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract and Activation of Dynorphin Input to the Median Preoptic Nucleus Contribute to Impaired BAT Thermogenesis in Diet-Induced Obesity
Authors: Conceição Ellen P. S. , Reynolds Christian A. , Morrison Shaun F. , Madden Christopher J.
Published: March 2021

The impairment of cold-evoked activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) requires the activity of a vagal afferent to the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS). We determined the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation in the mNTS, and of a dynorphin input to the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) in the impaired BAT thermogenic response to cold in HFD-fed rats. The levels of some linoleic acid (LA) metabolites, which can act as endogenous TRPV1 agonists, were elevated in the NTS of HFD rats compared with chow-fed rats. In HFD rats, nanoinjections of the TRPV1 antagonist, capsazepine (CPZ) in the NTS rescued the impaired BAT sympathetic nerve activity (BAT SNA) and thermogenic responses to cold. In contrast, in chow-fed rats, cold-evoked BAT SNA and BAT thermogenesis were not changed by nanoinjections of CPZ into the NTS. Axon terminals of NTS neurons that project to the dorsal lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBd) were closely apposed to LPBd neurons that project to the MnPO. Many of the neurons in the LPBd that expressed c-fos during cold challenge were dynorphinergic. In HFD rats, nanoinjections of the κ opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), in the MnPO rescued the impaired BAT SNA and thermogenic responses to cold. These data suggest that HFD increases the content of endogenous ligands of TRPV1 in the NTS, which increases the drive to LPBd neurons that in turn release dynorphin in the MnPO to impair activation of BAT.
Differential Impact of Inhibitory G-Protein Signaling Pathways in Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons on Behavioral Sensitivity to Cocaine and Morphine
Authors: DeBaker Margot C. , Marron Fernandez de Velasco Ezequiel , McCall Nora M. , Lee Anna M. , Wickman Kevin
Published: March 2021

Drugs of abuse engage overlapping but distinct molecular and cellular mechanisms to enhance dopamine (DA) signaling in the mesocorticolimbic circuitry. DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are key substrates of drugs of abuse and have been implicated in addiction-related behaviors. Enhanced VTA DA neurotransmission evoked by drugs of abuse can engage inhibitory G-protein-dependent feedback pathways, mediated by GABABreceptors (GABABRs) and D2DA receptors (D2Rs). Chemogenetic inhibition of VTA DA neurons potently suppressed baseline motor activity, as well as the motor-stimulatory effect of cocaine and morphine, confirming the critical influence of VTA DA neurons and inhibitory G-protein signaling in these neurons on this addiction-related behavior. To resolve the relative influence of GABABR-dependent and D2R-dependent signaling pathways in VTA DA neurons on behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse, we developed a neuron-specific viral CRISPR/Cas9 approach to ablate D2R and GABABR in VTA DA neurons. Ablation of GABABR or D2R did not impact baseline physiological properties or excitability of VTA DA neurons, but it did preclude the direct somatodendritic inhibitory influence of GABABR or D2R activation. D2R ablation potentiated the motor-stimulatory effect of cocaine in male and female mice, whereas GABABR ablation selectively potentiated cocaine-induced activity in male subjects only. Neither D2R nor GABABR ablation impacted morphine-induced motor activity. Collectively, our data show that cocaine and morphine differ in the extent to which they engage inhibitory G-protein-dependent feedback pathways in VTA DA neurons and highlight key sex differences that may impact susceptibility to various facets of addiction.
Loxhd1
Mutations Cause Mechanotransduction Defects in Cochlear Hair Cells
Authors: Trouillet Alix , Miller Katharine K. , George Shefin Sam , Wang Pei , Ali Noor-E-Seher , Ricci Anthony , Grillet Nicolas
Published: March 2021

Sound detection happens in the inner ear via the mechanical deflection of the hair bundle of cochlear hair cells. The hair bundle is an apical specialization consisting of actin-filled membrane protrusions (called stereocilia) connected by tip links (TLs) that transfer the deflection force to gate the mechanotransduction channels. Here, we identified the hearing loss-associated
Loxhd1/DFNB77
gene as being required for the mechanotransduction process. LOXHD1 consists of 15 polycystin lipoxygenase α-toxin (PLAT) repeats, which in other proteins can bind lipids and proteins. LOXHD1 was distributed along the length of the stereocilia. Two LOXHD1 mouse models with mutations in the 10th PLAT repeat exhibited mechanotransduction defects (in both sexes). While mechanotransduction currents in mutant inner hair cells (IHCs) were similar to wild-type levels in the first postnatal week, they were severely affected by postnatal day 11. The onset of the mechanotransduction phenotype was consistent with the temporal progression of postnatal LOXHD1 expression/localization in the hair bundle. The mechanotransduction defect observed in
Loxhd1
-mutant IHCs was not accompanied by a morphologic defect of the hair bundle or a reduction in TL number. Using immunolocalization, we found that two proteins of the upper and lower TL protein complexes (Harmonin and LHFPL5) were maintained in the mutants, suggesting that the mechanotransduction machinery was present but not activatable. This work identified a novel LOXHD1-dependent step in hair bundle development that is critical for mechanotransduction in mature hair cells as well as for normal hearing function in mice and humans.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
Hair cells detect sound-induced forces via the hair bundle, which consists of membrane protrusions connected by tip links. The mechanotransduction machinery forms protein complexes at the tip-link ends. The current study showed that LOXHD1, a multirepeat protein responsible for hearing loss in humans and mice when mutated, was required for hair-cell mechanotransduction, but only after the first postnatal week. Using immunochemistry, we demonstrated that this defect was not caused by the mislocalization of the tip-link complex proteins Harmonin or LHFPL5, suggesting that the mechanotransduction protein complexes were maintained. This work identified a new step in hair bundle development, which is critical for both hair-cell mechanotransduction and hearing.
SİYAH ÇAY ÜRETİM ATIKLARINDAN KONSANTRE ÇAY EKSTRAKTI ÜRETİMİNDE KREMA OLUŞUM KOŞULLARININ VE BİLEŞİMİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Authors: BALCI TORUN Ferhan , ÖZDEMİR Kübra Sultan , MAVUŞ Rukiye , TORUN Mehmet
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışmada, Türk siyah çayı işletme atıklardan konsantre çay ekstraktı üretimi gerçekleştirilmiş, üretim sırasında oluşan krema miktarı ve bileşimi ile son ürünün bazı özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda en uygun ekstraksiyon koşullarının belirlenmesi amacıyla üç farklı sıcaklık (75, 85 ve 95 ºC), 5 farklı süre (15, 30, 45, 69 ve 90 dakika) ve 2 farklı atık çay/su besleme oranında (1/15 ve 1/20) ekstraksiyonlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ekstraksiyon çalışmaları en uygun şartların 95 °C, 30 dakika ve 1/15 besleme oranı olduğunu göstermiş ve elde edilen ekstraktın suda çözünür kuru madde miktarı 1.8 °Bx, kafein miktarı 0.45 g/100 g ve bulanıklık 27.6 NTU olarak ölçülmüştür. Ön konsantre (15 °Bx) edilen ekstraktlarda 4 ˚C’de 12 saat sonunda en fazla miktarda (1.98 g/100 mL) çay kreması oluşumu gözlenmiş ve kremanın %15.88 kafein, %17.08 protein, %8.72 epigallokateşin, %5.89 epigallokateşin gallat, %5.38 kateşin gallat, %4.04 epikateşin gallat, %2.83 gallokateşin, %2.15 epikateşin ve %1.37 kateşinden oluştuğu görülmüştür.
Geszeft i landara: o przyczynach pejoratywizacji zapożyczeń
Authors:   Uniwersytet Warszawski, Bańko Mirosław
Published: March 2021

In evolution of a language, words, occasionally, are affected by a more pejorative or ameliorated effect on their meaning, i.e. deterioration or improvement of their content. The mechanism of these phenomena is not completely clear, and their causes have not been explained in sufficient detail. This article focuses on several words whose meaning has become significantly more pejorative under the influence of factors which were both external or internal with respect to the language. Among the latter ones attention was predominantly paid to the effect of words of similar structure carrying negative features.
Z zagadnień polsko-ruskich kontaktów językowych w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim. Zapożyczenia leksykalne za pośrednictwem polszczyzny w wybranych gatunkach piśmiennictwa starobiałoruskiego XVI–XVII wieku
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Citko Lilia
Published: March 2021

This article is dedicated to the issue of Polish and Russian language contacts in the 16th and 17th centuries. The analysed Old Belarusian historical assets document the presence of foreign vocabulary assimilated via the Polish language. Research shows that the Polish Language of that period formed a medium used to transfer words of German, Latin, Czech or Italian origin to the Belorusian land. The functioning of such borrowings has been tracked on the basis of two popular literary genres on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – chronicles (Kronika Supraska and Kronika Bychowca), representing original Belorusian literature, and chivalric romance (Białoruski Tristan), which was an example of translated literature. Loanwords supplemented native lexical resources with lacking units to name such areas as state, church and military institutions, living needs, war craft and the life of knights.
Język pism Józefa Piłsudskiego – Zadania praktyczne rewolucji w zaborze rosyjskim
Authors:   Towarzystwo Kultury Języka, Warszawa, Dubisz Stanisław
Published: March 2021

“Zadania praktyczne rewolucji w zaborze rosyjskim” is an original lecture edited to appear in a written form. This caused de-individualisation of the language in which the message is conveyed, limiting idiolectic properties (they have textual rather than systemic nature) and giving the linguistic material of the text exclusively all-Polish features. The style of this text balances between determinants of a nearly academic lecture and features of a political presentation including persuasive elements.
Kwolek czy Chwałek? O nazwisku rodowym słynnej chemiczki
Authors:   Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Duda Henryk
Published: March 2021

Stefania (in the US: Stephanie Louise) Kwolek is an American chemist of Polish descent. Globally, she is primarily known as a co-inventor of kevlar, material used to manufacture, among other things, bulletproof vests. Numerous works dedicated to the life and achievements of the famous researcher point to doubts with regard to the spelling of her maiden name. According to certain publications, the name Kwolek is either an Americanised or a distorted Polish name Chwałek. The author of this article shows that both surnames have the same origin – Chwałek is a standard, literary form, and Kwolek is a dialectical form, compliant with the pronunciation in the dialects of south-eastern Poland. The form Kwolek started being used by the society in distant past, still before the official codification of surnames on the Polish territory. That was the name used by Stefania’s father at the time he emigrated to America, therefore, there is no reason to refer to him by the name Chwałek, even if the name Kwolek may seem less prestigious.
Wychowanie przez słownik (na przykładzie słownika pojęć religijnych dla dzieci B. Boguszewskiej)
Authors:   Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Nowak Małgorzata
Published: March 2021

This article contains deliberations on the pedagogical dimension of Ilustrowany słownik katechetyczny (ISK) by Beata Boguszewska addressed at children of early school age, their parents and catechists. In an analysis of source, categories indicated in that context by Bogusław Nowowiejski, i.e. pure theory of law, encyclopaedic learning, educational character and persuasiveness, were used as verifiers of pedagogical dimension of the lexicon. Despite the fact that ISK had all the above mentioned properties, in the pedagogical aspect mainly open persuasiveness and educational character have become active. A high degree of persuasiveness of the ISK, compliant with the objectives of the dictionary in abstracto intended for children and youth, should be treated as its characteristic feature.
Stereotyp kapłana wpisany w XVII-wieczne kazania pogrzebowe
Authors:   Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań, Pihan-Kijasowa Alicja
Published: March 2021

17th century funeral sermons, a set of approximately 600 texts, structured following the antic rhetoric principles, modified in modern times, are a genre of panegyric literature, praising the deceased. Among preserved prints, sermons prepared on the occasion of funerals of the clergy constitute a large collection. Their structure, although basically convergent with the principles of laudation applicable to that type of expression, shows certain differences on the level of the degree of a realisation of its individual elements. The element which depicts the time preceding the birth of the clergyman and arguments referring to his lineage are eliminated or significantly reduced. On the other hand, emphasis is put on all aspects which show the piety of the deceased priest, his merits for the Church, relationship towards the faithful under his care. The image of the clergy presented in the sermons is poorly individualised, in fact, it could even be referred to as a stereotypical one.
Leptin deficiency affects glucose homeostasis and results in adiposity in zebrafish
Authors: He Junling , Ding Yi , Nowik Natalia , Jager Charel , Eeza Muhamed N H , Alia A , Baelde Hans J , Spaink Herman P
Published: March 2021

Leptin is a hormone which functions in the regulation of energy homeostasis via suppression of appetite. In zebrafish, there are two paralogous genes encoding leptin, called lepa and lepb. In a gene expression study, we found that the lepb gene, not the lepa gene, was significantly downregulated under the state of insulin-resistance in zebrafish larvae, suggesting that the lepb plays a role in glucose homeostasis. In the current study, we characterised lepb-deficient (lepb−/−) adult zebrafish generated via a CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing approach by investigating whether the disruption of the lepb gene would result in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic complications. We observed that lepb−/− adult zebrafish had an increase in body weight, length and visceral fat accumulation, compared to age-matched control zebrafish. In addition, lepb−/− zebrafish had significantly higher blood glucose levels compared to control zebrafish. These data collectively indicate that lepb−/− adult zebrafish display the features of T2DM. Furthermore, we showed that lepb−/− adult zebrafish had glomerular hypertrophy and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, compared to control zebrafish, suggesting that lepb−/− adult zebrafish develop early signs of diabetic nephropathy. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that lepb regulates glucose homeostasis and adiposity in zebrafish, and suggest that lepb−/− mutant zebrafish are a promising model to investigate the role of leptin in the development of T2DM and are an attractive model to perform mechanistic and therapeutic research in T2DM and its complications.
Novel adipokine asprosin modulates browning and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue
Authors: Miao Yanli , Qin Haojie , Zhong Yi , Huang Kai , Rao Caijun
Published: March 2021

Obesity is an increasingly serious epidemic worldwide characterized by an increase in the number and size of adipocytes. Adipose tissue maintains the balance between lipid storage and energy utilization. Therefore, adipose metabolism is of great significance for the prevention, treatment and intervention of obesity. Asprosin, a novel adipokine, is a circulating hormone mainly secreted by white adipose tissue. Previous studies have shown that asprosin plays a role in fasting-induced homeostasis, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance. However, whether it can regulate the metabolism of adipose tissue itself has not been studied. This study intended to examine the roles and potential mechanisms of asprosin in adipose regulation. We first demonstrated that the expression level of asprosin was significantly downregulated in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed or cold-stimulated mice. Overexpression of asprosin in scWAT reduced heat production, decreased expression of the browning marker uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and other browning-related genes, along with upregulation of adipogenic gene expression. Mechanistically, we found that Nrf2 was activated upon cold exposure, but this activation was suppressed after asprosin overexpression. In primary cultured adipocytes, adenovirusmediated asprosin overexpression inhibited adipose browning and aggravated lipid deposition, while Nrf2 agonist oltipraz could reverse these changes. Our findings suggest that novel adipokine asprosin negatively regulated browning and elevate lipid deposition in adipose tissue via a Nrf2-mediated mechanism. Asprosin may be a promising target for the prevention and treatment of obesity and other metabolic diseases.
Rechtsschutz bei Settlement-Verfahren der Europäischen Kommission
Authors: Bueren Eckart , Imgarten Nils
Published: March 2021

Das europäische Kartellvergleichs- oder Settlement-Verfahren kommt mittlerweile in jedem zweiten Kartellbußgeldverfahren zum Einsatz. Zudem hat es die Kommission auf weitere Bereiche übertragen. Fragen des Rechtsschutzes im Zusammenhang mit Settlement-Beschlüssen sind bislang gleichwohl kaum beleuchtet. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht systematisch Rechtsschutzfragen im Zusammenhang mit Settlements sowie die dazugehörige Rechtsprechung. Während der Befund zum Rechtsschutz der Adressaten überzeugt, zeigen sich bei hybriden Verfahren rechtsstaatliche Defizite, die Anlass zu Verbesserungsvorschlägen geben.
Verbraucherschutz und Digitalisierung: Ausgewählte Problemfelder und aktuelle Themen in der digitalen Welt
Authors: Kenning Peter , Zimmermann-Janssen Vita E. M.
Published: March 2021

Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung stellt auch die Verbraucherpolitik und den Verbraucherschutz vor Herausforderungen. Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, diese Herausforderungen zu strukturieren und anhand dreier aktueller Problembereiche zu diskutieren. Ein übergreifendes Ergebnis der Diskussion ist, dass eine zukunftsgerichtete Verbraucherpolitik über den klassischen Verbraucherschutz hinausgehen und eine Perspektivenerweiterung erfahren sollte. Ein wesentliches Element einer in diesem Sinne modernen Verbraucherpolitik wäre es, die Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher stärker noch als bisher als aktive Akteure des Wirtschaftslebens zu verstehen.
Die Facebook-Entscheidung des BGH – ein neuer Kompass für die Missbrauchskontrolle?
Authors: Nagel Stephan Manuel , Horn Stefan
Published: March 2021

Die Facebook-Entscheidung des BGH enthält wichtige Aussagen zum Ausbeutungsmissbrauch, zu den Anforderungen an die Kausalität beim Ausbeutungsmissbrauch und zum Behinderungsmissbrauch, denen erhebliche Bedeutung weit über den Fall hinaus zukommen wird. Zudem betrifft die Entscheidung die im Fokus von Gesetzgebern und Wettbewerbsbehörden stehenden digitalen Märkte mit ihrer massenhaften Verarbeitung und Nutzung personenbezogener Daten. Indem der BGH seine Entscheidung – anders als das Bundeskartellamt – nicht auf datenschutzrechtliche Erwägungen stützt, sondern auf eine aufgedrängte, entgeltliche Leistungserweiterung zieht er ein originär kartellrechtliches Konzept heran. Und indem der BGH – anders als das OLG Düsseldorf – von einer wettbewerblichen Dimension des Falls ausgeht und hierauf stützend die Entscheidung des Bundeskartellamts im Ergebnis aufrechterhält, zeigt er, dass das Kartellrecht datengetriebenen Geschäftsmodellen Grenzen setzt.
Enhanced cellulose degradation of wheat straw during aqueous ethanol organosolv treatment
Authors: Lindemann Martin , Friedl Anton , Srebotnik Ewald
Published: March 2021

The degradation of cellulose in wheat straw during aqueous ethanol organosolv (AEO) treatment under different pulping conditions was investigated. For this purpose, molecular weight distribution (MWD) and degree of polymerization (DP) of the resulting cellulose pulp were determined using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The most pronounced effects regarding cellulose degradation were observed when varying the ethanol-to-water ratio. UV detection in HPSEC indicated that residual lignin in wheat straw fibers from organosolv treatments does not occur in free form, but rather is associated with hemicellulose (xylan) and to a minor extent also with cellulose. The established method was suitable for relative comparisons of MWD of variously treated wheat straw fibers and hence for obtaining information regarding the severity of organosolv treatment in terms of cellulose degradation. In summary, AEO treatment at a low ethanol-to-water ratio favours the efficient delignification and removal of xylan from wheat straw, but this occurs at the price of a greatly reduced fiber quality in terms of DP.
Populus nigra as a phytoremediator for Cd, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soil
Authors: El-Mahrouk El-Sayed Mohamed , Eisa Eman Abd El-Hakim , Ali Hayssam M. , Hegazy Mahmoud Abd El-naby , Abd El-Gayed Mohamed El-Sayed
Published: March 2021

The contamination of agricultural soil with heavy metals is a complex phenomenon that causes negative consequences for various organisms. Poplars may have considerable phytoremediation potential, and this plant species can tolerate Cd, Cu, and Pb up to 15.6, 63.6, and 173.3 mg kg-1 soil, respectively, with 100% survival. The analyzed data revealed significant reduction in vegetative growth traits and leaf N, P, K, and carbohydrate (%) and leaf green color degree. However, a simultaneously significant increase in enzymatic activities and electrolyte leakage were recorded in comparison to control plants. A bioconcentration factor of plant organs was ˂ 1, and the translocation factors (TF) of Cd and Cu were ˂ 1 ( ˂100%) under various concentrations of each heavy metal, while TF of Pb was ˃ 1(>100%), except for the first level. More Cd, Cu, and Pb contents were localized in roots compared to leaves or stems. Thus, the risk of contamination through leaf can be minimized. Populus nigra has defense mechanisms against Cd, Cu, and Pb up to 7.8, 29.8, and 91.1 mg/kg soil, respectively because the tolerance index (TI) of either biomass or root was >0.8. Finally, it is a good candidate for research of phytoremediation and phytoextraction.
Do Harvest Practices of Bromeliads and Forest Management in Sierra Norte of Oaxaca Have a Negative Effect on their Abundance and Phorophyte Preference?
Authors: Velazquez-Cardenas Yetlanezi , Rendón-Aguilar Beatriz , Espejo-Serna Adolfo
Published: March 2021

The present study recorded inhabitants’ traditional knowledge and uses of bromeliads and the phorophytes present in their ecosystems in two localities of Oaxaca. We also evaluated the effect of harvest practices on the abundance and distribution of the populations of these epiphytes on different phorophytes, considering the existence, or not, of a Forest Management Program. Structured interviews were conducted with 60 adults to identify the species of bromeliads of greater cultural importance (BGCI). We identified recurrent harvest sites (RHS) and occasional harvest sites (OHS) in order to estimate the abundance and phorophyte preference of BGCI. Traditional names and uses of epiphytes and phorophytes are described; it was identified that Tillandsia deppeana, T. lucida and Catopsis occulta had the highest BGCI in both localities. Their populations showed greater abundance values in OHS in both localities compared with RHS (χ2 gl6 = 296.99, p < 0.05). T. deppeana and T. lucida were shown to prefer Quercus elliptica, while distribution of C. occulta showed a preference for Q. rugosa and Pinus oocarpa; however, phorophyte preference patterns of bromeliads may be influenced by the intensity of forest management. Decrease in abundance as the size category increased was recorded in three species, as well as the adult harvest. Finally, the inhabitants of both communities demonstrate similarities in their traditional knowledge, the intensity of harvest may be a factor influencing their abundance and preference of phorophytes, but also forest management programs determine the availability of bromeliads populations, due to the specificity phorophytes that some bromeliads exhibited.
IMPACT OF AUTOMOTIVE AND MOTORCYCLE SPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Doytchev Boyan
Published: March 2021

Automotive and motorcycle sports are motor sports in which various vehicles (serial and modified cars, motorcycles, buggies, jeeps, trucks, prototypes, etc.) compete with engines of different types (electric motors, hybrid and mostly thermal internal combustion engines - piston and partly rotary). Interest in the discuss sport are progressively increases in the years from people of different age groups. The article comments on environmental issues related to these sports and environmental recommendations for their application. The combined efforts of various institutions are needed to increase the popularity and awareness of sport that can be realized under optimal environmental conditions and does not impair its environmental sustainability. This requires an actual environmental policy and education aimed at future development in this direction.
Depression and anxiety symptoms associated with internet gaming disorder before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study
Authors: Teng Zhaojun , Pontes Halley M. , Nie Qian , Griffiths Mark D. , Guo Cheng
Published: March 2021

Background

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profoundly impacted aspects of human life globally. Playing videogames has been encouraged by several organizations to help individuals cope with the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictive measures. This longitudinal study was the first to examine gaming in the context of the pandemic and its association with depressive and anxiety symptoms.

Methods

The sample comprised 1,778 children and adolescents (50.7% male) who were part of the Project of School Mental Health in Southwest China. Data were collected at two-time intervals: before the COVID-19 pandemic (October to November 2019 – [T1]) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (April to May 2020 – [T2]). Data were collected on perceived COVID-19 impacts, videogame use, Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Cross-lagged panel models were computed to examine longitudinal relationships.

Results

The results indicated that both videogame use and IGD increased significantly for adolescents at T2. The cross-lagged panel model results suggested that depressive and anxiety symptoms at T1 positively predicted IGD and videogame use at T2 (especially for boys), but not inversely. Perceived COVID-19 impacts mediated the relationship between depressive and anxiety symptoms at T1 and IGD at T2.

Conclusion

Children and adolescents both increased videogame use at T2, but only adolescents significantly increased IGD severity at T2. The findings supported the compensatory hypothesis, and are consistent with the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model as individual responses to COVID-19 may function as a mediator between personal predisposing variables and IGD.