bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometrie und Tragverhalten von doppelt gekrümmten Ganzglasschalen aus kalt verformten Glaslaminaten
Authors: Fildhuth Thiemo , Knippers Jan
Published: March 2011

Die Herstellung doppelt gekrümmter Glaselemente mittels Kaltverformens, wie sie auf der glasstec 2010 vorgestellt wurden, ist vielversprechend für die Verwendung für Ganzglas‐Schalenkonstruktionen, deren optische und technische Qualität auf die Ansprüche der Architektur nach hochtransparenten, sanft gekrümmten Formen reagiert.

Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung von Formgebungs‐ und Materialeigenschaften der kaltgekrümmten Scheiben ermöglichten die Erarbeitung und Vorauswahl entsprechender doppelt gekrümmter Schalengeometrien. Charakteristische Grundformen sind dann Parameterstudien und Sensibilitätsanalysen zur Ermittlung des Tragverhaltens abhängig von Fügung, Lagerung und Einteilung unterzogen worden. Antiklastische Geometrien haben sich dabei als besonders interessant herausgestellt.

Research on Glass Shell Design from Double Curved, Cold Bent Glass Laminates.The manufacturability of cold bent, double curved laminated glass panels as presented at glasstec 2010 is promising for the application in full glass membrane shells. Their optical and technical quality meets with the demand of smoothly curved, transparent surfaces in architecture.

The material and shape properties of cold bent laminates limit the range of adequate double curved shell geometries. Parametric and sensitivity analyses performed on characteristic shell geometries have been used to explore the structural behaviour and performance of joining, supports and element layout. Especially anticlastic geometries are interesting for such shallow shells.
Zum Biegeverhalten von VSG‐Laminaten unter Quer‐ oder Längsbelastung
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Langosch Katharina
Published: March 2011

In derzeitiger Bemessungspraxis wird eine Verbundwirkung der Zwischenfolie von VSG nicht angesetzt, sofern diese günstig wirkt. Bei ungünstiger Wirkung des Schubverbunds, beispielsweise bei wechselnder Belastung, kann es jedoch durchaus relevant werden, den Schubmodul der Zwischenschicht anzusetzen. Hierzu ist eine übersichtliche Darstellung des Laminatschlupfund ‐biegeverhaltens von Vorteil. Im Aufsatz werden auf Grundlage der Schlupfdifferentialgleichung für verschiedene Arten von Querlasten und Längsbelastung, jeweils bei freiem Endschlupf in der Verbundfuge, die Verformungs‐ und Spannungszeitfunktionen abhängig von Belastung hergeleitet. Ein kurzer Vergleich mit Versuchen und Numerik schließt sich an.

Bending behaviour of laminated safety glass subjected to cross or axial loading. According to recent practise the composite action of interlayers of laminated glass is not being considered in case this effect is favourable. In case the composite action is unfavourable, for example during alternating loads, it can also be relevant to consider the shear bond of the interlayer. Therefore a comprehensive presentation of the slip and bending behaviour of laminated glass will be advantageous. In this paper the derivation of the deflection and stress functions based on the slip differential function are presented. Thereby different kinds of transversal and normal loading with non‐slip restraint at the endings of the glass laminates are treated. Finally a short comparison of the results with experiments and numerical calculations is shown.
Zwei Verfahren zum rechnerischen Nachweis der dynamischen Beanspruchung von Verglasungen durch weichen Stoß
Authors: Schneider Jens , Schula Sebastian , Burmeister Albrecht
Published: March 2011

Der Nachweis des weichen Stoßes zur Simulation eines Personenanpralls ist für Fassaden‐ und Dachverglasungen häufig bemessungsrelevant. Der Beitrag stellt hierzu zwei rechnerische Nachweisverfahren vor, die auf den Forschungsergebnissen, den experimentellen und praktischen Erfahrungen der letzten zehn Jahre beruhen. Ein Nachweisverfahren basiert auf transienten Simulationsberechnungen auf Grundlage der Methode der Finiten Elemente; hieraus abgeleitet wurde ein vereinfachtes Verfahren mit statischen Ersatzlasten auf Basis eines Zweimassenschwingers. Beide Verfahren sind geeignet, experimentelle Ergebnisse von Pendelschlagversuchen mit dem Doppelreifen‐Pendelkörper mit sehr guter Übereinstimmung abzubilden. Die in diesem Teil der Veröffentlichung vorgestellten Berechnungsverfahren werden anschließend in Teil 2 angewendet.

Two mechanical design concepts for simulating the soft body impact at glazings – Part 1: Numerical, transient Finite Element simulation and simplified concept with equivalent static loads. Glass facades and glass roofs should be designed to resist dynamic human body impact. This article presents two mechanical design concepts based on the experimental and theoretical research from the last decade. One concept uses dynamic, transient Finite Element (FE‐)simulations, the other (simplified) concept uses equivalent static loads derived from a two degree of freedom (2‐DOF‐) model. The agreement between experimental results and the design concepts is very good. The concepts presented here are practically applied in part 2 of this article.
Bemessung von Dreifach‐Isolierglas
Authors: Feldmeier Franz
Published: March 2011

Das im Scheibenzwischenraum eingeschlossene Gasvolumen bewirkt eine mechanische Kopplung der Scheiben und verteilt die von außen einwirkenden Lasten auf die Scheiben des Isolierglases. Des Weiteren führt eine Änderung der Temperatur oder eine Änderung des äußeren Luftdruckes zu einer Druckdifferenz zwischen Scheibenzwischenraum und der Umgebung und damit zu einer flächigen Belastung der Einzelscheiben. Der Beitrag gibt eine zusammenfassende Darstellung des Tragverhaltens und der Behandlung der internen Lasten von Mehrscheiben‐Isolierglas.

Design of triple insulating glass units. The gas volume inside the cavity of an insulating glass unit (IGU) causes a mechanical coupling of the glasses panes and distributes the external loads to all of the unit. Furthermore, variations of temperature or external air pressure result in a difference of pressure between the enclosed gas volume and the environment and this leads to an uniform load of the single panes. This article gives a summary of the load bearing behavior and the handling of internal loads of IGUs.
engineered transparency – international conference at glasstec
Authors: Krampe Philipp
Published: March 2011

Erstmalig fand 2010 die internationale Tagung enginereed transparency im Rahmen der glasstec in Düsseldorf statt. 220 Teilnehmer aus 23 Nationen konnten sich am 29. und 30. September 2010 über die neuesten Trends und Entwicklungen im Glasbau und glasverwandten Themen im Bauwesen informieren. Die Veranstaltung wurde von der Technischen Universität Darmstadt und der Technischen Universität Dresden in Kooperation mit der Messe Düsseldorf organisiert und insbesondere durch die Ingenieurkammer‐Bau Nordrhein‐Westfalen unterstützt
A comparative study on different analysis approaches for estimating the axial loads on columns and structural walls at tall buildings
Authors: Kurc Ozgur , Lulec Andac
Published: March 2011

Estimating axial loads on columns and structural walls at tall buildings is a complicated task because time‐dependent deformations of concrete and the way the building is constructed affect the way the gravity loads are carried by them. The accurate computation of axial loads is crucial for determining the size and strengths of columns and structural walls. This study investigates several analysis approaches commonly used during the design of such buildings. Construction sequences, time‐dependent deformations and longitudinal reinforcement were considered, and their influences on results were discussed. A simplified model of an actual 37‐story building was used as a case study. The results indicated that the column and wall axial load might vary up to 45% depending on the type of analysis and effects that were considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal buckling of clamped thin rectangular FGM plates resting on Pasternak elastic foundation (Three approximate analytical solutions)
Authors: Kiani Y. , Bagherizadeh E. , Eslami M.R.
Published: March 2011

Buckling of rectangular plates made of functionally graded material (FGM) under various types of thermal loading is considered. It is assumed that the plate is in contact with an elastic foundation during deformation. The derivation of equations is based on the classical plate theory. It is assumed that the mechanical and thermal non‐homogeneous properties of FGM plate vary smoothly by distribution of power law across the plate thickness. Using the non‐linear strain‐displacement relations, the equilibrium and stability equations of plates made of FGMs are derived. The boundary conditions for the plate are assumed to be clamped for all edges. The elastic foundation is modelled by two parameters Pasternak model, which is obtained by adding a shear layer to the Winkler model. Three distinct analytical solutions are presented to study the thermal buckling problem of thin FGM plates. These methods may be useful to study the eigenvalue problems for other loading types of FGM plates. Closed‐form solutions are presented and effects of various parameters, such as geometric characteristics and Pasternak elastic coefficients, are presented comprehensively.
Potential Economic Benefit of Cleft Lip and Palate Repair in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Alkire Blake , Hughes Christopher D. , Nash Katherine , Vincent Jeffrey R. , Meara John G.
Published: March 2011

Background

Acceptance of basic surgical care as an essential element of any properly functioning health system is growing. To justify investment in surgical interventions, donors require estimates of the economic benefit of treating surgical disease. The present study aimed to establish a methodology for valuing the potential economic benefit of surgical intervention using cleft lip and palate (CLP) in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) as a model.

Methods

Economic modeling of cleft lip and cleft palate (CLP) in SSA was performed with retrospective demographic and economic data from 2008. The total number of Disability‐Adjusted Life‐Years (DALYs) secondary to CLP in 2008 was calculated from accepted clefting incidence rates and disability weights taken from the Global Burden of Disease Project. DALYs were then converted to monetary terms ($US), using both a human capital approach and Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) approach.

Results

With the human capital approach, the potential economic benefit if all incident cases of CLP in SSA in 2008 were repaired at birth ranged from $252 million to $441 million. With VSL, the potential economic benefit of the same CLP repair would range from $5.4 billion to $9.7 billion.

Conclusions

Cleft lip and cleft palate can have a substantial impact on the economic health of countries in the developing world. Further studies should be directed at quantifying the economic benefit of surgical interventions and quantifying their costs with an economically sound approach.
Retained Surgical Items and Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Gibbs Verna C.
Published: March 2011

A retained surgical item is a surgical patient safety problem. Early reports have focused on the epidemiology of retained‐item cases and the identification of patient risk factors for retention. We now know that retention has very little to do with patient characteristics and everything to do with operating room culture. It is a perception that minimally invasive procedures are safer with regard to the risk of retention. Minimally invasive surgery is still an operation where an incision is made and surgical tools are placed inside of patients, so these cases are not immune to the problem of inadvertent retention. Retained surgical items occur because of problems with multi‐stakeholder operating room practices and problems in communication. The prevention of retained surgical items will therefore require practice change, knowledge, and shared information between all perioperative personnel.
Diagnosis and management of glutaric aciduria type I – revised recommendations
Authors: Kölker Stefan , Christensen Ernst , Leonard James V. , Greenberg Cheryl R. , Boneh Avihu , Burlina Alberto B. , Burlina Alessandro P. , Dixon Marjorie , Duran Marinus , García Cazorla Angels , Goodman Stephen I. , Koeller David M. , Kyllerman Mårten , Mühlhausen Chris , Müller Edith , Okun Jürgen G. , Wilcken Bridget , Hoffmann Georg F. , Burgard Peter
Published: March 2011

Glutaric aciduria type I (synonym, glutaric acidemia type I) is a rare organic aciduria. Untreated patients characteristically develop dystonia during infancy resulting in a high morbidity and mortality. The neuropathological correlate is striatal injury which results from encephalopathic crises precipitated by infectious diseases, immunizations and surgery during a finite period of brain development, or develops insidiously without clinically apparent crises. Glutaric aciduria type I is caused by inherited deficiency of glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase which is involved in the catabolic pathways of L‐lysine, L‐hydroxylysine and L‐tryptophan. This defect gives rise to elevated glutaric acid, 3‐hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaconic acid, and glutarylcarnitine which can be detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (organic acids) or tandem mass spectrometry (acylcarnitines). Glutaric aciduria type I is included in the panel of diseases that are identified by expanded newborn screening in some countries. It has been shown that in the majority of neonatally diagnosed patients striatal injury can be prevented by combined metabolic treatment. Metabolic treatment that includes a low lysine diet, carnitine supplementation and intensified emergency treatment during acute episodes of intercurrent illness should be introduced and monitored by an experienced interdisciplinary team. However, initiation of treatment after the onset of symptoms is generally not effective in preventing permanent damage. Secondary dystonia is often difficult to treat, and the efficacy of available drugs cannot be predicted precisely in individual patients. The major aim of this revision is to re‐evaluate the previous diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for patients with this disease and incorporate new research findings into the guideline.
Metabolic cutis laxa syndromes
Authors: Mohamed Miski , Kouwenberg Dorus , Gardeitchik Thatjana , Kornak Uwe , Wevers Ron A. , Morava Eva
Published: March 2011

Cutis laxa is a rare skin disorder characterized by wrinkled, redundant, inelastic and sagging skin due to defective synthesis of elastic fibers and other proteins of the extracellular matrix. Wrinkled, inelastic skin occurs in many cases as an acquired condition. Syndromic forms of cutis laxa, however, are caused by diverse genetic defects, mostly coding for structural extracellular matrix proteins. Surprisingly a number of metabolic disorders have been also found to be associated with inherited cutis laxa. Menkes disease was the first metabolic disease reported with old‐looking, wrinkled skin. Cutis laxa has recently been found in patients with abnormal glycosylation. The discovery of the COG7 defect in patients with wrinkled, inelastic skin was the first genetic link with the Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG). Since then several inborn errors of metabolism with cutis laxa have been described with variable severity. These include P5CS, ATP6V0A2‐CDG and PYCR1 defects. In spite of the evolving number of cutis laxa‐related diseases a large part of the cases remain genetically unsolved. In metabolic cutis laxa syndromes the clinical and laboratory features might partially overlap, however there are some distinct, discriminative features. In this review on metabolic diseases causing cutis laxa we offer a practical approach for the differential diagnosis of metabolic cutis laxa syndromes.
Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics of Propolis from the Basque Country (Northeastern Spain)
Authors: Bonvehí Josep Serra , Gutiérrez Arrate Lacalle
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity (AA) of 19 propolis extracts prepared in different solvent (ethanol and propylene glycol). It was observed that all the samples tested had AA, although results varied considerably between extracts, i.e. 420–1,430 μmol Trolox/g (ABTS), 108–291 mg ascorbic acid/g (DPPH), and 1,573–4,669 μmol iron++ sulfate/g (FRAP). The ethanol may enhance the potency of the AA, and the correlation coefficient between total phenolic content (TPC) (200–340 mg/g propolis extracts) and AA was statistically significant. Total flavonoids ranged from 72 to 161 mg/g propolis extracts. The results indicate that TPC and flavonoids contributed to AA.
Fatty Acids, Tocopherols and Sterols of Cephalocroton cordofanus in Comparison with Sesame, Cotton, and Groundnut Oils
Authors: Mariod Abdalbasit , Matthäus Bertrand , Hussein Ismail H.
Published: March 2011

Cephalocroton cordofanus, a perennial much‐branched shrub, is dominant in the eastern and western states of Sudan. The seeds of C. cordofanus sesame, groundnut, and cotton were compared for their oil and protein content as well as for fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterols. Fatty acids and sterols were analyzed by GC while tocopherols were analyzed by HPLC. The oil of C. cordofanus showed low levels of saturated fatty acids in comparison with the other three oils. The other reported fatty acids of C. cordofanus were 8.60 % oleic, 17.2% linoleic, 64.2% vernolic, and 2.0% coronaric acids. Neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids of C. cordofanus oil accounted for 77.5, 14.4, and 8.1% of the total lipid fraction, respectively. The oil of C. cordofanus showed higher levels of tocopherols (113.53 mg/100 g) in comparison to sesame, groundnut, and cottonseed oils, with 64.74, 27.96, and 77.83 mg/100 g, respectively. The primary tocopherol of C. cordofanus was γ‐tocopherol (106.21 mg/100 g), which amounted to 93.8% of the total tocopherols. β‐ and δ‐tocopherol were present at levels below 5.0 mg/100 g. In comparison to sesame, groundnut, and cottonseed oils, C. cordofanus oil contains more (304.4 mg/100 g) total sterols than ground nut (294.0 mg/100 g), but less than sesame (774.9 mg/100 g) and cotton seed (492.4) oils. Due to its high level of epoxy fatty acids, C. cordofanus oil is used for industrial rather than edible applications.
A note on the Witt group and theKO-theory of complex Grassmannians
Authors: Yagita Nobuaki
Published: March 2011

For a complex GrassmannianX, there is an isomorphism

between Balmer's Witt group and the quotient of topologicalK-theories.
POINTWISE CONVERGENCE AND SEMIGROUPS ACTING ON VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
Authors: COWLING MICHAEL G. , LEINERT MICHAEL
Published: March 2011

A submarkovian C0 semigroup (Tt)t∈ℝ+ acting on the scale of complex-valued functions Lp(X,ℂ) extends to a semigroup of operators on the scale of vector-valued function spaces Lp(X,E), when E is a Banach space. It is known that, if f∈Lp(X,ℂ), where 1<p<∞, then Ttf→f pointwise almost everywhere. We show that the same holds when f∈Lp(X,E) .
A fermented formula in pre-term infants: clinical tolerance, gut microbiota, down-regulation of faecal calprotectin and up-regulation of faecal secretory IgA
Authors: Campeotto Florence , Suau Antonia , Kapel Nathalie , Magne Fabien , Viallon Vivian , Ferraris Laurent , Waligora-Dupriet Anne-Judith , Soulaines Pascale , Leroux Bernard , Kalach Nicolas , Dupont Christophe , Butel Marie-José
Published: March 2011

Intestinal bacterial colonisation in pre-term infants is delayed compared with full-term infants, leading to an increased risk of gastrointestinal disease. Modulation of colonisation through dietary supplementation with probiotics or prebiotics could decrease such a risk. The present study evaluated clinical tolerance, the effects on gut microbiota, and inflammatory and immunological mucosal responses to an infant formula adapted for pre-term infants that included in its manufacturing process a fermentation step with two probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065, inactivated by heat at the end of the process. A total of fifty-eight infants (gestational age: 30–35 weeks), fed either the fermented pre-term formula or a standard pre-term formula, were followed up during their hospital stay. Clinical tolerance, faecal microbiota using a culture and a culture-independent method (temporal temperature gel electrophoresis), faecal calprotectin and secretory IgA were analysed weekly. No difference was observed regarding anthropometric data and digestive tolerance, except for abdominal distension, the incidence of which was lower in infants fed the fermented formula for 2 weeks. Bacterial colonisation was not modified by the type of feeding, particularly for bifidobacteria. Faecal calprotectin was significantly lower in infants fed the fermented formula for 2 weeks, and secretory IgA increased with both mother's milk and the fermented formula. The fermented formula was well tolerated and did not significantly modulate the bacterial colonisation but had benefits on inflammatory and immune markers, which might be related to some features of gastrointestinal tolerance.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver of type 2 diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats: improvement by a combination of nutrients
Authors: Hao Jiejie , Shen Weili , Sun Lijuan , Long Jiangang , Sharman Edward , Shi Xianglin , Liu Jiankang
Published: March 2011

Treatment with a combination of four nutrients, i.e.R-α-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, nicotinamide and biotin, just as with pioglitazone, significantly improves glucose tolerance, insulin release, plasma NEFA, skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress in Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rats. However, it is not known whether treatment with these nutrients can improve mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress in GK rats. The effects of a combination of these four nutrients on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and apoptosis in GK rat liver were investigated. Livers of untreated GK rats showed (1) abnormal changes in the activities of mitochondrial complexes (decreases in I, III and IV and increases in II and V), (2) increases in protein oxidation, (3) decreases in antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathioneS-transferase, NADH-quinone oxidoreductase-1), (4) a decrease in total antioxidant capacity but increases in reduced glutathione level and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression and (5) significant increases in apoptosis biomarkers, including expression of p21 and p53. A 3-month treatment with the four nutrients significantly improved most of these abnormalities in GK rats, and the effects of the nutrient combination were greater than those of pioglitazone for most of these indices. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with nutrients that are thought to influence mitochondrial function may be an effective strategy for improving liver dysfunction in GK diabetic rats.
Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in twins discordant for schizophrenia
Authors: Shotbolt P. , Stokes P. R. , Owens S. F. , Toulopoulou T. , Picchioni M. M. , Bose S. K. , Murray R. M. , Howes O. D.
Published: March 2011

Background

Elevated striatal dopamine synthesis capacity is thought to be fundamental to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and has also been reported in people at risk of psychosis. It is therefore unclear if striatal hyperdopaminergia is a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia, or a state feature related to the psychosis itself. Relatives of patients with schizophrenia are themselves at increased risk of developing the condition. In this study we examined striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in both members of twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia.

Method

In vivostriatal dopamine synthesis capacity was examined using fluorine-18-l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) scans in seven twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia and in a control sample of 10 healthy control twin pairs.

Results

Striatal 18F-DOPA uptake was not elevated in the unaffected co-twins of patients with schizophrenia (p=0.65) or indeed in the twins with schizophrenia (p=0.89) compared to the control group. Levels of psychotic symptoms were low in the patients with schizophrenia who were in general stable [mean (s.d.) Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total=56.8 (25.5)] whereas the unaffected co-twins were largely asymptomatic.

Conclusions

Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity is not elevated in symptom-free individuals at genetic risk of schizophrenia, or in well-treated stable patients with chronic schizophrenia. These findings suggest that striatal hyperdopaminergia is not a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia.
Agouti-related protein in patients with acute and weight-restored anorexia nervosa
Authors: Merle J. V. , Haas V. , Burghardt R. , Döhler N. , Schneider N. , Lehmkuhl U. , Ehrlich S.
Published: March 2011

Background

An imbalance in appetite-regulating neuropeptides of the central nervous system has been associated with anorexia nervosa (AN), but the mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Agouti-related protein (AGRP), an orexigenic mediator of the hypothalamus, increases food intake and decreases energy expenditure in times of negative energy balance. The aim of the present study was to investigate AGRP in acute and fully weight-restored patients with AN, as well as during weight gain.

Method

Plasma AGRP and leptin levels were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit in a total of 175 female participants, including 75 patients with acute AN, 37 weight-restored AN patients and 63 healthy controls. Of the patients with acute AN, 33 were reassessed after partial weight gain.

Results

In weight-restored AN patients plasma AGRP levels were similar to those in healthy controls, whereas in patients with acute AN, AGRP was elevated. AGRP was inversely correlated with indicators of undernutrition such as body mass index and plasma leptin. In addition, AGRP levels normalized during weight gain of longitudinally assessed AN patients.

Conclusions

Our results underline the significance of undernutrition and hypoleptinemia for the interpretation of peripheral AGRP concentrations. This provides support for the hypothesis that abnormal AGRP plasma levels in AN patients reflect undernutrition, rather than disease-specific traits.
Movement disorders are associated with schizotypy in unaffected siblings of patients with non-affective psychosis
Authors: Koning J. P. , Tenback D. E. , Kahn R. S. , Vollema M. G. , Cahn W. , van Harten P. N.
Published: March 2011

Background

Movement disorders and schizotypy are both prevalent in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia and both are associated with the risk of developing psychosis or schizophrenia. However, to date there has been no research into the association between these two vulnerability factors in persons with an increased genetic risk profile. We hypothesized that unaffected siblings of patients with non-affective psychosis have more movement disorders and schizotypy than healthy controls and that these co-occur.

Method

In a cross-sectional design we assessed the prevalence and inter-relationship of movement disorders and schizotypy in 115 unaffected siblings (mean age 27 years, 44% males) and 100 healthy controls (mean age 26 years, 51% males). Movement disorders were measured with the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), and one separate item for dystonia. Schizotypy was assessed with the Structured Interview for Schizotypy – Revised (SIS-R).

Results

There were significant differences in the prevalence of movement disorders in unaffected siblings versus healthy controls (10% v. 1%, p<0.01) but not in the prevalence of schizotypy. Unaffected siblings with a movement disorder displayed significantly more positive and total schizotypy (p=0.02 and 0.03 respectively) than those without. In addition, dyskinesia correlated with positive schizotypy (r=0.51, p=0.02).

Conclusions

The association between movement disorders (dyskinesia in particular) with positive and total schizotypy in unaffected siblings suggests that certain vulnerability factors for psychosis or schizophrenia cluster in a subgroup of subjects with an increased genetic risk of developing the disease.
Olanzapine versus placebo for out-patients with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Attia E. , Kaplan A. S. , Walsh B. T. , Gershkovich M. , Yilmaz Z. , Musante D. , Wang Y.
Published: March 2011

Background

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is little empirical support for specific treatments and new approaches are sorely needed. This two-site study aimed to determine whether olanzapine is superior to placebo in increasing body mass index (BMI) and improving psychological symptoms in out-patients with AN.

Method

A total of 23 individuals with AN were randomly assigned in double-blind fashion to receive olanzapine or placebo for 8 weeks together with medication management sessions that emphasized compliance. Weight, other physical assessments and measures of psychopathology were collected.

Results

End-of-treatment BMI, with initial BMI as a covariate, was significantly greater in the group receiving olanzapine [F(1, 20)=6.64, p=0.018]. Psychological symptoms improved in both groups, but there were no statistically significant group differences. Of the 23 participants, 17 (74%) completed the 8-week trial. Participants tolerated the medication well with sedation being the only frequent side effect and no adverse metabolic effects were noted.

Conclusions

This small study suggests that olanzapine is generally well tolerated by, and may provide more benefit than placebo for out-patients with AN. Further study is indicated to determine whether olanzapine may affect psychological symptoms in addition to BMI.
Structural divergence of the rotary ATPases
Authors: Muench Stephen P. , Trinick John , Harrison Michael A.
Published: March 2011

The rotary ATPase family of membrane protein complexes may have only three members, but each one plays a fundamental role in biological energy conversion. The F1Fo-ATPase (F-ATPase) couples ATP synthesis to the electrochemical membrane potential in bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts, while the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) operates as an ATP-driven proton pump in eukaryotic membranes. In different species of archaea and bacteria, the A1Ao-ATPase (A-ATPase) can function as either an ATP synthase or an ion pump. All three of these multi-subunit complexes are rotary molecular motors, sharing a fundamentally similar mechanism in which rotational movement drives the energy conversion process. By analogy to macroscopic systems, individual subunits can be assigned to rotor, axle or stator functions. Recently, three-dimensional reconstructions from electron microscopy and single particle image processing have led to a significant step forward in understanding of the overall architecture of all three forms of these complexes and have allowed the organisation of subunits within the rotor and stator parts of the motors to be more clearly mapped out. This review describes the emerging consensus regarding the organisation of the rotor and stator components of V-, A- and F-ATPases, examining core similarities that point to a common evolutionary origin, and highlighting key differences. In particular, it discusses how newly revealed variation in the complexity of the inter-domain connections may impact on the mechanics and regulation of these molecular machines.
Persistence of the Polarization in a Fusion Process
Authors: Didelez J.-P. , Deutsch C.
Published: March 2011

We propose an experiment to test the persistence of the polarization in a fusion process, using a terawatt laser hitting a polarized high density (HD) target. The polarized protons and deuterons heated in the plasma induced by the laser have a significant probability to fuse producing a3He and a γ-ray or a neutron in the final state. The angular distribution of the radiated γ-rays and the change in the corresponding total cross-section are related to the polarization persistence, but the resulting signal turns out to be weak. By comparison, the neutrons are produced hadronically with a larger cross-section and it is much easier to detect them. A significant reduction of the cross-section by parallel polarization of the deuterons as well as a structured angular distribution of the emitted neutrons is reliably predicted by the theory. Therefore, it is expected that the corresponding signal on the neutron counting rate could be seen experimentally. Magnetic fields, relaxation times and possibilities of local investigations are discussed.
Enhancement of line X-ray emission from iron plasma created by laser irradiation of porous targets
Authors: Fazeli R. , Mahdieh M.H. , Tallents G.J.
Published: March 2011

Enhancement of the line X-ray emission from iron plasma is investigated by simulating laser irradiation of both porous and solid targets. Spectral line intensities are calculated for selected lines of the iron plasma within the extreme ultra-violet lithography wavelength range 13.3–13.7 nm. The calculations show that X-ray yield in porous targets can be enhanced significantly in comparison with solid density targets. The results also show that for specified conditions of the driving laser, there are optimums conditions of the porous target in which maximum yield can be obtained.
The maritime imagination and the paradoxical mind in Old English poetry
Authors: Harbus Antonina
Published: March 2011

The specifically maritime imagination of Anglo-Saxon poets resolves the potentially incongruous metaphorical models of the mind in this culture as both an enclosure and a wandering entity. The dual containing and travelling aspects of the ship provide a suitable model for the embodied yet metaphysical mind, and act in conjunction with the widespread metaphor of life as a sea voyage to produce a coherent means of imagining how the mind operates in relation to the body. The Wanderer and The Seafarer illustrate how acutely this conventionalized way of representing physical and mental experience relies on the sea voyage as both the setting for and metaphorical representation of a human consciousness that is both enclosed in the body and also able to transcend the physical.
Royal wisdom and the Alfredian Context of Cynewulf and Cyneheard
Authors: Leneghan Francis
Published: March 2011

The often-anthologized story of Cynewulf and Cyneheard is typically regarded as the earliest example of heroic English prose, perhaps a summary of an earlier oral tale. Until recently, relatively little attention has been paid to its context within the A MS of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Given this text's association with King Alfred, this article locates the tale within the broader context of Alfredian writing on the morality of rule and, in particular, royal wisdom. Rather than simply endorsing the loyalty of fighting men to their lord, the tale also warns of the dangers of royal folly and the consequences of unrighteous rule.
The Edgar poems and the poetics of failure in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Authors: Smith Scott Thompson
Published: March 2011

The two poems dedicated to King Edgar in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle manuscripts ABC can be dated with some precision. This essay consequently reads the Edgar poems as contemporary products of two very different historical moments during the Benedictine reform. Written from a distinctly monastic perspective, the poem for 973 was one of many ideological texts and events from late in Edgar's reign committed to affirming the king's divinely-sanctioned sovereignty. The 973 poem realigns the function of verse in the Chronicle, adopting dynastic praise poetry to more ecclesiastical concerns. The poem for 975, however, breaks with the Chronicle precedent of panegyric verse and instead offers a critical complaint against the attacks on monastic landholdings in the wake of Edgar's death. The two Edgar poems can be best appreciated as historically-situated verse productions.
The Homiliary of Angers in tenth-century England
Authors: Rudolf Winfried
Published: March 2011

Latin manuscripts used for preaching the Anglo-Saxon laity in the tenth century survive in relatively rare numbers. This paper contributes a new text to the known preaching resources from that century in identifying the Homiliary of Angers as the text preserved on the flyleaves of London, British Library, MS Sloane 280. While these fragments, made in Kent and edited here for the first time, cast new light on the importance of this plain and unadorned Latin collection for the composition of Old English temporale homilies before Ælfric, they also represent the oldest surviving manuscript evidence of the text.
Clustered lot quality assurance sampling: a tool to monitor immunization coverage rapidly during a national yellow fever and polio vaccination campaign in Cameroon, May 2009
Authors: PEZZOLI L. , TCHIO R. , DZOSSA A. D. , NDJOMO S. , TAKEU A. , ANYA B. , TICHA J. , RONVEAUX O. , LEWIS R. F.
Published: March 2011

We used the clustered lot quality assurance sampling (clustered-LQAS) technique to identify districts with low immunization coverage and guide mop-up actions during the last 4 days of a combined oral polio vaccine (OPV) and yellow fever (YF) vaccination campaign conducted in Cameroon in May 2009. We monitored 17 pre-selected districts at risk for low coverage. We designed LQAS plans to reject districts with YF vaccination coverage <90% and with OPV coverage <95%. In each lot the sample size was 50 (five clusters of 10) with decision values of 3 for assessing OPV and 7 for YF coverage. We ‘rejected’ 10 districts for low YF coverage and 14 for low OPV coverage. Hence we recommended a 2-day extension of the campaign. Clustered-LQAS proved to be useful in guiding the campaign vaccination strategy before the completion of the operations.
Host and environmental factors reducing mortality during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic
Authors: PAYNTER S. , WARE R. S. , SHANKS G. D.
Published: March 2011

Mortality from influenza and pneumonia during the 1918–1919 pandemic was compared between subgroups of civilian and military populations from states in Australia and the USA. Exposures to crowded environments before and during the pandemic were used as proxies for exposure to respiratory infections. In three separate datasets, civilian mortality from influenza and pneumonia was higher in urban than rural populations. In contrast soldiers from these same urban backgrounds had significantly lower mortality than their rural counterparts. This suggests the lower mortality in rural civilians was due to the rural environment, probably due to the relative social isolation in rural areas. This is encouraging for pandemic planning, as it suggests social distancing interventions have the potential to reduce mortality in future pandemics. Soldiers recruited before 1918 had significantly lower mortality than those recruited in 1918, and this effect was separate from the protection given by urban origin to soldiers. Both these effects substantially reduced mortality in soldiers. Further research to identify the mechanisms of these separate protective effects may yield important evidence to inform pandemic planning strategies.
Multiple norovirus outbreaks linked to imported frozen raspberries
Authors: SARVIKIVI E. , ROIVAINEN M. , MAUNULA L. , NISKANEN T. , KORHONEN T. , LAPPALAINEN M. , KUUSI M.
Published: March 2011

In 2009, the number of foodborne norovirus outbreaks in Finland seemed markedly high, and many outbreaks seemed to be linked to imported frozen raspberries. We reviewed the data regarding all notified foodborne outbreaks in 2009 in Finland in order to assess the magnitude of the problem and to summarize the information on raspberry–linked outbreaks. Between March and August, 13 norovirus outbreaks affecting about 900 people could be linked to imported frozen raspberries. Two raspberry samples corresponding to two batches of raspberries were positive for norovirus. These two batches proved to have been the likely source in six of the 13 outbreaks. Analytical studies had not been conducted for six outbreaks, and virological test results were inconclusive in two. However, combining epidemiological and microbiological methods often enabled finding the source, as exemplified in investigation of a large school outbreak. To ensure prompt control measures in similar situations in the future, both aspects of outbreak investigations should be strengthened.
Optimal design of studies of influenza transmission in households. I: Case-ascertained studies
Authors: KLICK B. , LEUNG G. M. , COWLING B. J.
Published: March 2011

Case-ascertained household transmission studies, in which households including an ‘index case’ are recruited and followed up, are invaluable to understanding the epidemiology of influenza. We used a simulation approach parameterized with data from household transmission studies to evaluate alternative study designs. We compared studies that relied on self-reported illness in household contactsvs. studies that used home visits to collect swab specimens for virological confirmation of secondary infections, allowing for the trade-off between sample sizevs. intensity of follow-up given a fixed budget. For studies estimating the secondary attack proportion, 2–3 follow-up visits with specimens collected from all members regardless of illness were optimal. However, for studies comparing secondary attack proportions between two or more groups, such as controlled intervention studies, designs with reactive home visits following illness reports in contacts were most powerful, while a design with one home visit optimally timed also performed well.
Speech style and authenticity: Quantitative evidence for the performance of identity
Authors: Guy Gregory R. , Cutler Cecelia
Published: March 2011

The question of what constitutes an authentic speaker, particularly with regard to African American Vernacular English (AAVE), has been the subject of some debate in sociolinguistics (Butters, 1984; Labov, 1980; Sweetland, 2002) and arises anew in the case of white hip-hop–affiliated youth (WHHs) who converge toward AAVE in their speech. This paper takes a quantitative approach to this question by examining how speech style alters the relationship between the frequencies of a variable in different linguistic environments. Guy (1991b) showed that the exponential relationship in English among rates of coronal stop deletion (CSD) in several morphological categories is systematically distorted by constraints on the surface-level phonology. Because stylistic variation appears to operate at this level, such distortion provides an internal measure of a speaker's stylistic shifting away from their neutral vernacular usage. Data on CSD deletion from WHHs who style shift toward AAVE show this kind of distortion when compared with the speech of AAVE speakers. This data provide strong internal evidence in support of the idea that some WHHs are “performing” a speech style that diverges from their unmarked style.
Endocrine factors in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake in females: a review of the physiological roles and interactions of ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin
Authors: Somogyi V. , Gyorffy A. , Scalise T. J. , Kiss D. S. , Goszleth G. , Bartha T. , Frenyo V. L. , Zsarnovszky A.
Published: March 2011

Controlling energy homeostasis involves modulating the desire to eat and regulating energy expenditure. The controlling machinery includes a complex interplay of hormones secreted at various peripheral endocrine endpoints, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the adipose tissue, thyroid gland and thyroid hormone-exporting organs, the ovary and the pancreas, and, last but not least, the brain itself. The peripheral hormones that are the focus of the present review (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin) play integrated regulatory roles in and provide feedback information on the nutritional and energetic status of the body. As peripheral signals, these hormones modulate central pathways in the brain, including the hypothalamus, to influence food intake, energy expenditure and to maintain energy homeostasis. Since the growth of the literature on the role of various hormones in the regulation of energy homeostasis shows a remarkable and dynamic expansion, it is now becoming increasingly difficult to understand the individual and interactive roles of hormonal mechanisms in their true complexity. Therefore, our goal is to review, in the context of general physiology, the roles of the five best-known peripheral trophic hormones (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin, respectively) and discuss their interactions in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake.
Optimal sample size for estimating the proportion of transgenic plants using the Dorfman model with a random confidence interval
Authors: Montesinos-López Osval Antonio , Montesinos-López Abelardo , Crossa José , Eskridge Kent , Sáenz Ricardo A.
Published: March 2011

Group testing is a procedure in which groups that contain several units (plants) are analysed without having to inspect individual plants, with the purpose of estimating the prevalence of genetically modified plants (adventitious presence of unwanted transgenic plants, AP) in a population at a low cost, without losing precision. When pool (group) testing is used to estimate the proportion of AP (p), there are several procedures that can be used for computing the confidence interval (CI); however, they usually do not ensure precision in the estimation ofp. This research proposes a formula for determining the required number of pools (g), given a pool size (k), for estimating the proportion of AP plants using the Dorfman model. The proposed formula ensures precision in the estimated proportion of AP because it guarantees that the width (W) of the CI will be equal to, or narrower than, the desired width (ω), with a probability of γ. This probability accounts for the stochastic nature of the sample variance ofp. We give examples to show how to use the proposed sample-size formula. Simulated data were created and tables are presented showing the different scenarios that a researcher may encounter. The Monte Carlo method was used to study the coverage and the level of assurance achieved by the proposed sample sizes. An R program that reproduces the results in the tables and makes it easy for the researcher to create other scenarios is given in the Appendix.
The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in the Relation between Quality of Attachment Relationships and Symptoms of Depression in Adolescents
Authors: Roelofs Jeffrey , Lee Chris , Ruijten Tamara , Lobbestael Jill
Published: March 2011

Background:Quality of attachment relations between adolescents and their parents and peers may be related to early maladaptive schemas as well as to symptoms of depression.Aims:The aim of the current study was to assess whether schema domains and maladaptive schemas mediate the relation between indices of quality of attachment relationships with parents and peers and symptoms of depression in non-clinical adolescents (N= 222).Method:A battery of questionnaires was completed, including measures of quality of attachment relations, maladaptive schemas, and depression.Results:The schema domains of disconnection and rejection and other-directedness mediated the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression. More precisely, the schemas’ mistrust/abuse and social isolation mediated the relation between trust in parents and depressive symptoms, whereas the schemas’ social isolation and self-sacrifice mediated the relation between alienation from peers and symptoms of depression.Conclusions:The mediation analyses suggest that treatment of adolescent depression could be focused on both attachment bonds and on changing maladaptive schemas.