bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical treatment of hand vascular anomalies: A case report
Authors: Kozarski Jefta , Pavlovic Dragomir , Sijan Goran , Cvetanovic Srdjan , Stankovic Goran
Published: January 2014

Background. Vascular anomalies in the hand do not occur frequently. Their
presence in the metacarpal region can cause different functional disorders.
The extent of such disorders directly depends on the localization and size of
vascular anomalies, duration and the nature of the anomaly growth as well as
on eventual secondary complications such as ulceration or bleeding. The aim
of this case report was to show the specifics in the clinical picture,
pathogenesis and evolution of such anomalies, applied diagnostic procedures
(radiography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance, electromyography) and surgical
treatment as well as postoperative functional results. Case report. In the
Clinic for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Military Medical Academy Belgrade, two
patients were treated surgically for vascular anomalies of the middle palmar
region of the hand. The first patient, a 36-year-old male, a former active
sportsman (professional handball player) was treated for acute increase in
the vascular anomaly of hand in the metacarpal region and proximal phalange
of III and IV fingers of his right hand. The anomaly was detected 6 months
prior to his hospitalization while two weeks before the hospitalization there
was a sudden growth and increase in the change. The second case, a
15-year-old male patient actively pursuing a career in professional
basketball was treated for a tumor localized in the metacarpal zone of his
left hand. According to the information provided by his parents, the anomaly
had been present since his birth. Initially, the anomaly manifested itself as
a discoloration of the skin with a marked capillary drawing, gradually
increasing throughout the last five years to the present dimension. The
growth of the malformation was noticed to coincide in both patients with more
active pursuit of their professional sports career. Conclusion. The clinical
picture of hand vascular anomalies is dominated by the symptoms of
compression of neurovascular structures (paresthesia, intense hand pain,
swollen fingers). If it is a chronic progressive process, signs of ischemic
intrinsic muscle fibrosis with corresponding functional deficit, as well as
tissue defect (usura) of bone and joint structures represent the basic
pathological findings. Acute increase is accompanied by compartment syndrome
symptoms and ischemic fibrosis of intrinsic hand musculature and development
of irreversible dysfunction of the hand. In the presented cases rapid
response implies accurate diagnostic methods followed by surgical extirpation
in order to treat compartment syndrome.
Do Analysts' Cash Flow Forecasts Mitigate the Accrual Anomaly? International Evidence
Authors: Gordon Elizabeth A. , Petruska Karin A. , Yu Minna
Published: January 2014

We investigate the role of analysts' cash flow forecasts in mitigating the accrual anomaly in an international setting. Based on a sample from 20 world market economies, we find less market overestimation of the accrual component of earnings for firms where analysts issue both cash flow forecasts and earnings forecasts, compared with firms where analysts only issue earnings forecasts. Further tests show that analysts' provisions of cash flow forecasts are more likely to be a mechanism that attenuates investors' fixations on earnings in common law countries as opposed to code law countries. This finding is consistent with cash flow predictions by analysts being useful in countries where public disclosures are the primary communication channels in the capital markets. We also find the accrual anomaly to be less severe when analysts provide more accurate cash flow forecasts in common law countries. Our results are robust to additional sensitivity tests, including controlling for potential sample selection bias and an endogeneity bias.

JEL Classifications: G14, G15, M41.

Data Availability: Data used are available from sources identified in the paper.
The Influence of Output Variability from Renewable Electricity Generation on Net Energy Calculations
Authors: Kunz Hannes , Hagens Nathan , Balogh Stephen
Published: January 2014

One key approach to analyzing the feasibility of energy extraction and generation technologies is to understand the net energy they contribute to society. These analyses most commonly focus on a simple comparison of a source’s expected energy outputs to the required energy inputs, measured in the form of energy return on investment (EROI). What is not typically factored into net energy analysis is the influence of output variability. This omission ignores a key attribute of biological organisms and societies alike: the preference for stable returns with low dispersion versus equivalent returns that are intermittent or variable. This biologic predilection for stability, observed and refined in academic financial literature, has a direct relationship to many new energy technologies whose outputs are much more variable than traditional energy sources. We investigate the impact of variability on net energy metrics and develop a theoretical framework to evaluate energy systems based on existing financial and biological risk models. We then illustrate the impact of variability on nominal energy return using representative technologies in electricity generation, with a more detailed analysis on wind power, where intermittence and stochastic availability of hard-to-store electricity will be factored into theoretical returns.
Temporal and Spatial Melanoma Trends in Austria: An Ecological Study
Authors: Haluza Daniela , Simic Stana , Moshammer Hanns
Published: January 2014

Annual solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is mostly determined by latitude and altitude. Over the last decades, increasing UVR ground levels have been observed. Exposure to UVR is associated with a life-time risk to develop melanoma, a malign skin cancer. Thus, we hypothesized that melanoma incidence in Austria is associated with altitude of place of living and time of diagnosis. We investigated this hypothesis in an ecological study by district and year for Austrian melanoma incidence (1990–2010) and mortality (1970–2011) data. As expected, incidence rates increased with altitude (about 2% per 10 m) and year (about 2%). Additionally, melanoma incidence rates were about 50% higher in urban than in rural districts. In contrast, mortality rates decreased with altitude (for males: 0.4% per 10 m, for women: 0.7% per 10 m, respectively). The observed discrepancy between incidence and mortality data could partly be explained by melanoma diagnosis at earlier tumor stage in districts with higher altitude. Possible reasons for this finding include higher awareness of patients, better diagnostic performance of medical professionals working at higher altitudes, or slower tumor growth due to protective effects of sun light-associated vitamin D synthesis.
Syk/JNK/AP-1 Signaling Pathway Mediates Interleukin-6-Promoted Cell Migration in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Chuang Jing-Yuan , Huang Yuan-Li , Yen Wei-Lin , Chiang I-Ping , Tsai Ming-Hsui , Tang Chih-Hsin
Published: January 2014

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) typically migrates and metastasizes. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine associated with disease status and cancer outcomes. The effect of IL-6 on human OSCC cells, however, is unknown. Here, we showed that IL-6 increased cell migration and Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in OSCC cells. Pretreatment of OSCC cells with IL-6R monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly abolished IL-6-induced cell migration and ICAM-1 expression. By contrast, IL-6-mediated cell motility and ICAM-1 upregulation were attenuated by the Syk and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors. Stimulation of OSCC cells with IL-6 promoted Syk and JNK phosphorylation. Furthermore, IL-6 enhanced AP-1 activity, and the IL-6R mAb, Syk inhibitor, or JNK inhibitor all reduced IL-6-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation, c-Jun binding to the ICAM-1 promoter, and c-Jun translocation into the nucleus. Our results indicate that IL-6 enhances the migration of OSCC cells by increasing ICAM-1 expression through the IL-6R receptor and the Syk, JNK, and AP-1 signal transduction pathways.
Effects of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation Exposures on Stress-Responsive Gene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Sokolov Mykyta , Neumann Ronald
Published: January 2014

There is a great deal of uncertainty on how low (≤0.1 Gy) doses of ionizing radiation (IR) affect human cells, partly due to a lack of suitable experimental model systems for such studies. The uncertainties arising from low-dose IR human data undermine practical societal needs to predict health risks emerging from diagnostic medical tests’ radiation, natural background radiation, and environmental radiological accidents. To eliminate a variability associated with remarkable differences in radioresponses of hundreds of differentiated cell types, we established a novel, human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based model to examine the radiobiological effects in human cells. Our aim is to comprehensively elucidate the gene expression changes in a panel of various hESC lines following low IR doses of 0.01; 0.05; 0.1 Gy; and, as a reference, relatively high dose of 1 Gy of IR. Here, we examined the dynamics of transcriptional changes of well-established IR-responsive set of genes, including CDKN1A, GADD45A, etc. at 2 and 16 h post-IR, representing “early” and “late” radioresponses of hESCs. Our findings suggest the temporal- and hESC line-dependence of stress gene radioresponses with no statistically significant evidence for a linear dose-response relationship within the lowest doses of IR exposures.
Characterization of an Invertebrate-Type Dopamine Receptor of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana
Authors: Troppmann Britta , Balfanz Sabine , Krach Christian , Baumann Arnd , Blenau Wolfgang
Published: January 2014

We have isolated a cDNA coding for a putative invertebrate-type dopamine receptor (Peadop2) from P. americana brain by using a PCR-based strategy. The mRNA is present in samples from brain and salivary glands. We analyzed the distribution of the PeaDOP2 receptor protein with specific affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies. On Western blots, PeaDOP2 was detected in protein samples from brain, subesophageal ganglion, thoracic ganglia, and salivary glands. In immunocytochemical experiments, we detected PeaDOP2 in neurons with their somata being located at the anterior edge of the medulla bilaterally innervating the optic lobes and projecting to the ventro-lateral protocerebrum. In order to determine the functional and pharmacological properties of the cloned receptor, we generated a cell line constitutively expressing PeaDOP2. Activation of PeaDOP2-expressing cells with dopamine induced an increase in intracellular cAMP. In contrast, a C-terminally truncated splice variant of this receptor did not exhibit any functional property by itself. The molecular and pharmacological characterization of the first dopamine receptor from P. americana provides the basis for forthcoming studies focusing on the significance of the dopaminergic system in cockroach behavior and physiology.
Influence of Oxygen Content and Microstructure on the Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of Ti–15 wt%Mo Alloy Used for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Martins, Jr. José , Araújo Raul , Donato Tatiani , Arana-Chavez Victor , Buzalaf Marília , Grandini Carlos
Published: January 2014

The Ti–15Mo alloy has its mechanical properties strongly altered by heat treatments and by addition of interstitial elements, such as, oxygen, for example. In this sense, the objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of the introduction of oxygen in selected mechanical properties and the biocompatibility of Ti–15Mo alloy. The samples used in this study were prepared by arc-melting and characterized by density measurements, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness, modulus of elasticity, and biocompatibility tests. Hardness measurements were shown to be sensitive to concentration of oxygen. The modulus results showed interstitial influence in value; this was verified under several conditions to which the samples were exposed. Cytotoxicity tests conducted in vitro showed that the various processing conditions did not alter the biocompatibility of the material.
Hormesis of Glyceollin I, an Induced Phytoalexin from Soybean, on Budding Yeast Chronological Lifespan Extension
Authors: Liu Yuancai , Wu Ziyun , Feng Shengbao , Yang Xuena , Huang Dejian
Published: January 2014

Glyceollin I, an induced phytoalexin isolated from soybean, has been reported to have various bioactivities, including anti-bacterial, anti-nematode, anti-fungal, anti-estrogenic and anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, insulin sensitivity enhancing, and attenuation of vascular contractions. Here we show that glyceollin I has hormesis and extends yeast life span at low (nM) doses in a calorie restriction (CR)-dependent manner, while it reduces life span and inhibits yeast cell proliferation at higher (μM) doses. In contrast, the other two isomers (glyceollin II and III) cannot extend yeast life span and only show life span reduction and antiproliferation at higher doses. Our results in anti-aging activity indicate that glyceollin I might be a promising calorie restriction mimetic candidate, and the high content of glyceollins could improve the bioactivity of soybean as functional food ingredients.
Impact of Tree-Oriented Growth Order in Marker-Controlled Region Growing for Individual Tree Crown Delineation Using Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) Data
Authors: Zhen Zhen , Quackenbush Lindi , Zhang Lianjun
Published: January 2014

Region growing is frequently applied in automated individual tree crown delineation (ITCD) studies. Researchers have developed various rules for initial seed selection and stop criteria when applying the algorithm. However, research has rarely focused on the impact of tree-oriented growth order. This study implemented a marker-controlled region growing (MCRG) algorithm that considers homogeneity, crown size, and shape using airborne laser scanning (ALS) data, and investigated the impact of three growth orders (i.e., sequential, independent, and simultaneous) on tree crown delineation. The study also investigated the benefit of combining ALS data and orthoimagery in treetop detection at both plot and individual tree levels. The results showed that complementary data from the orthoimagery reduced omission error associated with small trees in the treetop detection procedure and improved treetop detection percentage on a plot level by 2%–5% compared to ALS alone. For tree crown delineation, the growth order applied in the MCRG algorithm influenced accuracy. Simultaneous growth yielded slightly higher accuracy (about 2% improvement for producer’s and user’s accuracy) than sequential growth. Independent growth provided comparable accuracy to simultaneous growth in this study by dealing with overlapping pixels among trees according to crown shape. This study provides several recommendations for applying region growing in future ITCD research.
Super-Resolution Reconstruction for Multi-Angle Remote Sensing Images Considering Resolution Differences
Authors: Zhang Hongyan , Yang Zeyu , Zhang Liangpei , Shen Huanfeng
Published: January 2014

Multi-angle remote sensing images are acquired over the same imaging scene from different angles, and share similar but not identical information. It is therefore possible to enhance the spatial resolution of the multi-angle remote sensing images by the super-resolution reconstruction technique. However, different sensor shooting angles lead to different resolutions for each angle image, which affects the effectiveness of the super-resolution reconstruction of the multi-angle images. In view of this, we propose utilizing adaptive weighted super-resolution reconstruction to alleviate the limitations of the different resolutions. This paper employs two adaptive weighting themes. The first approach uses the angle between the imaging angle of the current image and that of the nadir image. The second is closely related to the residual error of each low-resolution angle image. The experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed method and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive weighted super-resolution approach.
Stretchable and Flexible High-Strain Sensors Made Using Carbon Nanotubes and Graphite Films on Natural Rubber
Authors: Tadakaluru Sreenivasulu , Thongsuwan Wiradej , Singjai Pisith
Published: January 2014

Conventional metallic strain sensors are flexible, but they can sustain maximum strains of only ~5%, so there is a need for sensors that can bear high strains for multifunctional applications. In this study, we report stretchable and flexible high-strain sensors that consist of entangled and randomly distributed multiwall carbon nanotubes or graphite flakes on a natural rubber substrate. Carbon nanotubes/graphite flakes were sandwiched in natural rubber to produce these high-strain sensors. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy, the morphology of the films for both the carbon nanotube and graphite sensors were assessed under different strain conditions (0% and 400% strain). As the strain was increased, the films fractured, resulting in an increase in the electrical resistance of the sensor; this change was reversible. Strains of up to 246% (graphite sensor) and 620% (carbon nanotube sensor) were measured; these values are respectively ~50 and ~120 times greater than those of conventional metallic strain sensors.
Governing Sustainability: A Discourse-Institutional Approach
Authors: Genus Audley
Published: January 2014

The paper considers problems and possibilities connected with governing and realising the “transition to sustainability”—or at least to a more deeply resilient energy system. Conceptually its focus is on neo-institutional analysis and critical discourse analysis and the development of a discourse-institutional perspective. The first strand of the paper outlines the limitations of and potential insights into the governance of sustainability transitions that may be derived from adopting an approach based on a more thoroughgoing appreciation and application of work in sociology on neo-institutional theory. The second strand of the paper concerns discourse, recognising the role of text, discursive practice and social structures in framing the possibilities considered available and legitimate for governance. The two strands are brought together in a discourse-institutionalist framework, an approach that is illustrated by a case study of microgeneration in the UK. The paper’s conclusion makes suggestions regarding the conduct of future research employing the proposed approach, and for furthering our understanding of issues connected with the governance of sustainability transitions.
Many-body effects in semiconducting single-wall silicon nanotubes
Authors: Wei Wei , Jacob Timo
Published: January 2014

The electronic and optical properties of semiconducting silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) are studied by means of the many-body Green’s function method, i.e., GW approximation and Bethe–Salpeter equation. In these studied structures, i.e., (4,4), (6,6) and (10,0) SiNTs, self-energy effects are enhanced giving rise to large quasi-particle (QP) band gaps due to the confinement effect. The strong electron−electron (e−e) correlations broaden the band gaps of the studied SiNTs from 0.65, 0.28 and 0.05 eV at DFT level to 1.9, 1.22 and 0.79 eV at GW level. The Coulomb electron−hole (e−h) interactions significantly modify optical absorption properties obtained at noninteracting-particle level with the formation of bound excitons with considerable binding energies (of the order of 1 eV) assigned: the binding energies of the armchair (4,4), (6,6) and zigzag (10,0) SiNTs are 0.92, 1.1 and 0.6 eV, respectively. Results in this work are useful for understanding the physics and applications in silicon-based nanoscale device components.
Studies on the interaction of isocyanides with imines: reaction scope and mechanistic variations
Authors: Ghashghaei Ouldouz , Manna Consiglia Annamaria , Vicente-García Esther , Revés Marc , Lavilla Rodolfo
Published: January 2014

The interaction of imines with isocyanides has been studied. The main product results from a sequential process involving the attack of two units of isocyanide, under Lewis acid catalysis, upon the carbon–nitrogen double bond of the imine to form the 4-membered ring system. The scope of the reaction regarding the imine and isocyanide ranges has been determined, and also some mechanistic variations and structural features have been described.
The difluoromethylene (CF2) group in aliphatic chains: Synthesis and conformational preference of palmitic acids and nonadecane containing CF2 groups
Authors: Wang Yi , Callejo Ricardo , Slawin Alexandra M Z , O’Hagan David
Published: January 2014

The syntheses of palmitic acids and a nonadecane are reported with CF2 groups located 1,3 or 1,4 to each other along the aliphatic chain. Specifically 8,8,10,10- and 8,8,11,11-tetrafluorohexadecanoic acids (6b and 6c) are prepared as well as the singly modified analogue 8,8-difluorohexadecanoic acid (6a). Also 8,8,11,11-tetrafluorononadecane (27) is prepared as a pure hydrocarbon containing a 1,4-di-CF2 motif. The modified palmitic acids are characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine melting points and phase behaviour relative to palmitic acid (62.5 °C). It emerges that 6c, with the CF2 groups placed 1,4- to each other, has a significantly higher melting point (89.9 °C) when compared to the other analogues and palmitic acid itself. It is a crystalline compound and the structure reveals an extended anti-zig-zag chain. Similarly 8,8,11,11-tetrafluorononadecane (27) adopts an extended anti-zig-zag structure. This is rationalized by dipolar relaxation between the two CF2 groups placed 1,4 to each other in the extended anti-zig-zag chain and suggests a design modification for long chain aliphatics which can introduce conformational stability.
Single scattering by realistic, inhomogeneous mineral dust particles with stereogrammetric shapes
Authors: Lindqvist H. , Jokinen O. , Kandler K. , Scheuvens D. , Nousiainen T.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Light scattering by single, inhomogeneous mineral dust particles was simulated based on shapes and compositions derived directly from measurements of real dust particles instead of using a mathematical shape model. We demonstrate the use of the stereogrammetric shape retrieval method in the context of single-scattering modelling of mineral dust for four different dust types – all of them inhomogeneous – ranging from compact, equidimensional shapes to very elongated and aggregate shapes. The three-dimensional particle shapes were derived from stereo pairs of scanning-electron microscope images, and inhomogeneous composition was determined by mineralogical interpretation of localized elemental information based on energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Scattering computations were performed for particles of equal-volume diameters, from 0.08 μm up to 2.8 μm at 550 nm wavelength, using the discrete-dipole approximation. Particle-to-particle variation in scattering by mineral dust was found to be quite considerable and was not well reproduced by simplified shapes of homogeneous spheres, spheroids, or Gaussian random spheres. Effective-medium approximation results revealed that particle inhomogeneity should be accounted for even for small amounts of absorbing media (here up to 2% of the volume), especially when considering scattering by inhomogeneous particles at size parameters 3
A new study of sea spray optical properties from multi-sensor spaceborne observations
Authors: Dawson K. W. , Meskhidze N. , Josset D. , Gassó S.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) satellite sensor require the assumption of an extinction-to-backscatter ratio, also known as the lidar ratio. This paper evaluates a new method to calculate the lidar ratio of sea spray aerosol using two independent sources: the AOD from the Synergized Optical Depth of Aerosols (SODA) algorithm and the integrated attenuated backscatter from CALIOP. With this method, the particulate lidar ratio can be derived for individual CALIOP retrievals in single aerosol layer columns over the ocean. Global analyses are carried out using CALIOP level 2, 5 km sea spray aerosol layer products and the collocated SODA nighttime data from December 2007 to December 2009. The global mean lidar ratio for sea spray aerosols was found to be 26 sr, roughly 30% higher than the current value prescribed by CALIOP standard retrieval algorithm. Data analysis also showed considerable spatiotemporal variability in the calculated lidar ratio over the remote oceans. The calculated aerosol lidar ratios are shown to be inversely related to the mean ocean surface wind speed: increase in ocean surface wind speed (U10) from 0 to >15 m s−1 reduces the mean lidar ratios for sea spray particles from 32 sr (for 015 m s−1). Such changes in the lidar ratio are expected to have a corresponding effect on the sea spray AOD. The outcomes of this study are relevant for future improvements of the SODA and CALIOP operational product and could lead to more accurate retrievals of sea spray AOD.
On the wintertime low bias of Northern Hemisphere carbon monoxide in global model studies
Authors: Stein O. , Schultz M. G. , Bouarar I. , Clark H. , Huijnen V. , Gaudel A. , George M. , Clerbaux C.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The uncertainties in the global budget of carbon monoxide (CO) are assessed to explain causes for the long-standing issue of Northern Hemispheric wintertime underestimation of CO concentrations in global models. With a series of MOZART sensitivity simulations for the year 2008, the impacts from changing a variety of surface sources and sinks were analyzed. The model results were evaluated with monthly averages of surface station observations from the global CO monitoring network as well as with total columns observed from satellites and with vertical profiles from measurements on passenger aircraft. Our basic simulation using MACCity anthropogenic emissions underestimated Northern Hemispheric near-surface CO concentrations on average by more than 20 ppb from December to April with the largest bias over Europe of up to 75 ppb in January. An increase in global biomass burning or biogenic emissions of CO or volatile organic compounds (VOC) is not able to reduce the annual course of the model bias and yields too high concentrations over the Southern Hemisphere. Raising global annual anthropogenic emissions results in overestimations of surface concentrations in most regions all-year-round. Instead, our results indicate that anthropogenic emissions in the MACCity inventory are too low for the industrialized countries during winter and spring. Thus we found it necessary to adjust emissions seasonally with regionally varying scaling factors. Moreover, exchanging the original resistance-type dry deposition scheme with a parameterization for CO uptake by oxidation from soil bacteria and microbes reduced the boreal winter dry deposition fluxes and could partly correct for the model bias. When combining the modified dry deposition scheme with increased wintertime road traffic emissions over Europe and North America (factors up to 4.5 and 2, respectively) we were able to optimize the match to surface observations and to reduce the model bias significantly with respect to the satellite and aircraft observations. A reason for the apparent underestimation of emissions may be an exaggerated downward trend in the RCP8.5 scenario in these regions between 2000 and 2010, as this scenario was used to extrapolate the MACCity emissions from their base year 2000. This factor is potentially amplified by a lack of knowledge about the seasonality of emissions. A methane lifetime of 9.7 yr for our basic model and 9.8 yr for the optimized simulation agrees well with current estimates of global OH, but we cannot exclude a potential effect from errors in the geographical and seasonal distribution of OH concentrations. Finally, underestimated emissions from anthropogenic VOCs can also account for a small part of the missing CO concentrations.
Modeling coral calcification accounting for the impacts of coral bleaching and ocean acidification
Authors: Evenhuis C. , Lenton A. , Cantin N. E. , Lough J. M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Coral reefs are diverse ecosystems threatened by rising CO2 levels that are driving the observed increases in sea surface temperature and ocean acidification. Here we present a new unified model that links changes in temperature and carbonate chemistry to coral health. Changes in coral health and population are able to explicitly modelled by linking the rates of growth, recovery and calcification to the rates of bleaching and temperature stress induced mortality. The model is underpinned by four key principles: the Arrhenius equation, thermal specialisation, resource allocation trade-offs, and adaption to local environments. These general relationships allow this model to be constructed from a range of experimental and observational data. The different characteristics of this model are also assessed against independent data to show that the model captures the observed response of corals. We also provide new insights into the factors that determine calcification rates and provide a framework based on well-known biological principles for understanding the observed global distribution of calcification rates. Our results suggest that, despite the implicit complexity of the coral reef environment, a simple model based on temperature, carbonate chemistry and different species can reproduce much of the observed response of corals to changes in temperature and ocean acidification.
Up-scaling short-term process-level understanding to longer timescales using a covariance-based approach
Authors: Lim W. H. , Roderick M. L.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. General experience in hydrologic modelling suggests that the parameterisation of a model changes over different time and space scales. As a result, hydrologists often re-parameterise their models whenever different temporal or spatial resolutions are required. Here, we investigate theoretical aspects of this issue in a search for the cause(s) of the need for re-parameterisations. Based on Taylor series expansion, we present a mathematical approach for temporal up-scaling that involves covariance-based corrections. We apply the theory using a unique database of half-hourly pan evaporation measurements (comprising 237 days) and examine how the model parameters change when integrating from half-hour to daily and then monthly integration periods. We show that the model parameters change over different integration periods because of changes in the covariance between the model variables. In our model system, we find that the covariance-based correction is highly variable from day to day but settles down to a reasonably constant value over periods longer than about 15 days. The 15 days timescale is likely to be specific to our model system, nonetheless the underlying principle that there is a characteristic timescale for the covariance-based scaling correction of a particular hydrologic process might be general. If that proved true it would open up the possibility of systematically searching for characteristic integration periods for the key covariance-based scaling terms in other key hydrologic processes. That would in turn enable the development of more generalised hydrologic closure scheme(s).
Dissolved and particulate nutrient transport dynamics of a small Irish catchment: the River Owenabue
Authors: Harrington S. T. , Harrington J. R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between water and sediment discharge on the transport of enriching nutrients: nitrogen and phosphorus. Water discharge, suspended sediment concentration and dissolved and particulate forms of nitrogen and phosphorus were monitored on the 105 km2 River Owenabue catchment in Ireland. Water discharge was found to have an influence on both particulate and dissolved nutrient transport, but more so for particulate nutrients. The particulate portion of N and P in collected samples was found to be 24 and 39% respectively. Increased particulate nitrogen concentrations were found at the onset of high discharge events, but did not correlate well to discharge. High concentrations of phosphorus were associated with increased discharge rates and coefficient of determination, r2, between most forms of phosphorus and both discharge and suspended sediment concentrations were observed to be greater than 0.5. The mean TN yield is 4004 kg km−2 yr−1 for the full 29 month monitoring period with a mean PN yield of 982 kg km−2 yr−1, 25% of the TN yield. The contribution to the yield of PN and PP estimated to be 25 and 53% respectively. These yields represent a PN and PP contribution to the suspended sediment load of 5.6 and 0.28% respectively for the monitoring period. While total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels were similar to other European catchments, levels of bio-available phosphorus were elevated indicating a potential eutrophication risk to the river where phosphorus was found to be the limiting nutrient.
Drifting snow measurements on the Greenland Ice Sheet and their application for model evaluation
Authors: Lenaerts J. T. M. , Smeets C. J. P. P. , Nishimura K. , Eijkelboom M. , Boot W. , van den Broeke M. R. , van de Berg W. J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. This paper presents autonomous drifting snow observations performed on the Greenland Ice Sheet in the fall of 2012. High-frequency Snow Particle Counter (SPC) observations at ~1 m above the surface provided drifting snow number fluxes and size distributions; these were combined with meteorological observations at six levels. We identify two types of drifting snow events: katabatic events are relatively cold and dry, with prevalent winds from the southeast, whereas synoptic events are short-lived, warm and wet. Precipitating snow during synoptic events disturbs the drifting snow measurements. Output of the regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2, which includes the drifting snow routine PIEKTUK-B, agrees well with the observed near-surface climate at the site, as well as with the frequency and timing of drifting snow events. Direct comparisons with the SPC observations at 1 m reveal that the model overestimates the typical size of drifting snow particles, as well as the horizontal snow transport at this level.
Modelling the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet since the last interglacial
Authors: Maris M. N. A. , Ligtenberg S. R. M. , Crucifix M. , de Boer B. , Oerlemans J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We present the effects of changing two sliding parameters, a deformational velocity parameter and two bedrock deflection parameters on the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet over the period from the last interglacial until the present. These sensitivity experiments have been conducted by running the ice-dynamical model ANICE forward in time. The climatological forcing over time is established by interpolating between two climate states from a regional climate model over time. The interpolation is done in such a way that both temperature and surface mass balance follow the Epica Dome C ice-core proxy record for temperature. We have determined an optimal set of parameter values, for which a realistic grounding line retreat history and present-day ice sheet can be simulated, the simulation with this set of parameter values is defined as the reference simulation. An increase of sliding with respect to this reference simulation leads to a decrease of the Antarctic ice volume due to enhanced ice velocities on mainly the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The effect of changing the deformational velocity parameter mainly yields a change in East-Antarctic ice volume. Furthermore, we have found a minimum in the Antarctic ice volume during the mid-Holocene. This is a robust feature in our model results, where the strength and the timing of this minimum are both dependent on the investigated parameters. More sliding and a slower responding bedrock lead to a stronger minimum which emerges at an earlier time. From the model results we conclude that the Antarctic Ice Sheet has contributed 10.7 ± 1.3 m of eustatic sea level to the global ocean from the Last Glacial Maximum (about 16 kyr ago for the Antarctic Ice Sheet) until the present.
Wczesne Wykrywanie Raka Płuca—Rola Badań Przesiewowych
Authors: Orłowski Tadeusz
Published: January 2014

Rak płuca stanowi pierwszą przyczynę zgo- nów nowotworowych wśród kobiet i mężczyzn [...]
Socio-Economic Status and the Duration of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Symptoms in Women Treated at the Mazovian Treatment Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in Otwock
Authors: Błachnio Maria , Zielonka Tadeusz , Błachnio Antoni , Jagodziński Jacek
Published: January 2014

Wstęp: Chorobowość na gruźlicę zależy od czynników społeczno-ekonomicznych, takich jak migracje ludności, bezdomność, niedożywienie, bezrobocie, złe warunki bytowe, starzenie się społeczeństw. Celem pracy była ocena występowania gruźlicy u kobiet leczonych w Mazowieckim Centrum Leczenia Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy w Otwocku (MCLChPiG) z określeniem statusu demograficznego, zawodowego i społecznego oraz z oceną czasu trwania choroby i rozległości zmian radiologicznych. Materiał i metody: Praca miała charakter retrospektywny. Oceniono dokumentację medyczną 100 kobiet w wieku 20–92 lat, hospitalizowanych w MCLChPiG w latach 2005–2006 z powodu potwierdzonej bakteriologicznie gruźlicy płuc. Wyniki: Większość kobiet chorych na gruźlicę mieszkała w miastach (65%), podczas gdy ze wsi pochodziło 32%, a 3% stanowiły osoby bezdomne. Wśród badanych kobiet 1/3 nie przekroczyła 40. rż., a 1/3 ukończyła 60. rż. Tylko 29% chorych kobiet było czynnych zawodowo, a 25% stanowiły kobiety bezrobotne. W badanej grupie 60% kobiet było niezamężnych. Opiekę nad dziećmi sprawowało jedynie 35% chorych na gruźlicę kobiet, a 7% porzuciło swoje dzieci. Czas trwania objawów klinicznych do chwili rozpoznania choroby wahał się od zera, gdy zmiany radiologiczne wykryto przypadkowo u osób bezobjawowych, aż do dwóch lat. U ponad 1/3 chorych kobiet objawy gruźlicy trwały ponad pół roku. Niewielkie zmiany radiologiczne obejmujące 1–2 pola płucne obserwowano u 40% chorych, natomiast u 26% stwierdzono rozległe zmiany obejmujące 5–6 pól płucnych. Wnioski: Większość prątkujących kobiet na Mazowszu to osoby samotne, niepracujące zawodowo mieszkanki dużych miast, które ukończyły 40. rż. Objawy kliniczne występowały u 30% z nich ponad pół roku przed ustaleniem rozpoznania, a u 40% zmiany radiologiczne były bardzo rozległe obejmujące 4–6 pól płucnych.
The Influence of Selected Factors on the Attendance of the High-Risk Population in the Early Lung Cancer Detection Program
Authors: Zakrzewska Agata , Szczepanowska Magdalena , Książek Janina , Biadacz Iwona , Dziedzic Robert , Jelitto-Górska Małgorzata , Rzyman Witold
Published: January 2014

Wstęp: Rak płuca jest jednym z najczęściej występujących nowotworów złośliwych w Polsce i na świecie. W Polsce powoduje zgon niemal 22,000 osób rocznie. Obecnie największe nadzieje na wczesne wykrywanie tego nowotworu, a tym samym jego skuteczniejsze leczenie, wiąże się z niskodawkową tomografią komputerową (LDCT). Podczas projektowania i realizacji programów wczesnego wykrywania nowotworów szczególnie istotna jest znajomość uwarunkowań socjodemograficznych wpływających na zgłaszalność uczestników. Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto 1619 kolejnych osób z 8649, które zostały poddane LDCT w ramach Pomorskiego Pilotażowego Programu Badań Przesiewowych Raka Płuca (PPPBPRP). Badanie przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem ankiety oceniającej dane społeczno-demograficzne uczestników należących do grupy wysokiego ryzyka zachorowania na raka płuca. Wyniki: Wśród uczestników PPPBPRP znalazło się 777 (48%) aktualnych palaczy tytoniu. Większość z nich reprezentowała niski lub średni stopień zamożności. Badani pozytywnie ocenili sposób przeprowadzenia kampanii promocyjnej programu, jednak 43% z nich wskazało rodzinę i znajomych jako równie ważne źródło uzyskiwania wiedzy o projekcie. Za główny bodziec skłaniający do brania udziału w podobnym programie 46% uczestników wskazało kampanię informacyjną z udziałem osoby popularnej, a 45% z nich wystąpienie nowotworu u członka rodziny. Minimalny okazał się wpływ pracowników ochrony zdrowia na zgłaszanie się uczestników na badanie wczesnego wykrywania raka płuca. Ponad połowa badanych (53%) zadeklarowała gotowość współfinansowania podobnego programu profilaktycznego w kwocie nie przekraczającej 100 PLN. Wnioski: Skuteczna kampania reklamująca prowadzenie badań wczesnego wykrywania raka płuca w mediach, wpływ rodziny oraz prowadzenie kampanii reklamowej z udziałem popularnej osoby mają największy wpływ na zgłaszalność. Wpływ pracowników ochrony zdrowia na zgłaszalność jest znikomy. Deklarowana przez uczestników gotowość do współfinansowania badań jest istotna ze względu na możliwość zredukowania wysokich kosztów prowadzenia programów profilaktycznych opartych o wykorzystanie techniki LDCT.
Testy IGRA w Diagnostyce Zakażenia Prątkami Gruźlicy w Wybranych Sytuacjach Klinicznych
Authors: Borkowska Dagmara , Radzikowska Elżbieta , Załęska Jolanta , Ziołkowski Jerzy , Klatt Magdalena , Zwolska Zofia , Augustynowicz-Kopeć Ewa , Roszkowski-Śliż Kazimierz
Published: January 2014

Przez wiele lat podstawowym testem identyfikującym latentne (utajone) zakażenie prątkami gruźlicy (LTBI) była próba tuberkulinowa, posiadająca pewne ograniczenia, które wynikają przede wszystkim z niskiej czułości i specyficzności. Obecnie stosuje się testy IGRA z krwi obwodowej, umożliwiające szybką diagnostykę LTBI poprzez pomiar interferonu gamma (IFN-γ) wydzielanego przez limfocyty T pobudzone swoistymi dla Mycobacterium tuberculosis antygenami. Wykrywanie LTBI ma istotne znaczenie w kontroli osób potencjalnie zagrożonych zachorowaniem na gruźlicę, na przykład przebywających w bliskim kontakcie z chorymi prątkującymi oraz dla pacjentów kwalifikowanych do leczenia lekami biologicznymi. W pracy przedstawiono 3 wybrane sytuacje kliniczne, w których zastosowano testy IGRA. W dwóch przypadkach rozpoznano ostatecznie utajone zakażenie prątkami gruźlicy, a w jednym aktywną gruźlicę.
Postępowanie Fizjoterapeutyczne u Pacjentów po Zabiegu Resekcji Miąższu Płuca
Authors: Wnuk Damian , Hansdorfer-Korzon Rita , Żuralska-Wnuk Joanna , Chwirot Piotr , Barna Marek
Published: January 2014

Resekcja miąższu płuca jest leczeniem z wyboru we wczesnym stadium zaawansowania raka płuca. Zabieg operacyjny wiąże się z utratą powierzchni oddechowej i w konsekwencji prowadzi do obniżenia wydolności fizycznej. Do odtworzenia funkcji i sprawnego działania układu oddechowego niezbędna jest właściwa rehabilitacja. Powinna stanowić integralną część leczenia chirurgicznego, być także odpowiednio wcześnie wdrożona i trwać do pełnego powrotu funkcji oraz sprawności. W pracy zostało omówione postępowanie fizjoterapeutyczne z pacjentami po zabiegu resekcji miąższu płuca. Zgodnie z obowiązującymi wytycznymi postępowanie opisano w kilku etapach. W okresie przedoperacyjnym włączenie programu ćwiczeń fizycznych pozwala lepiej przygotować pacjenta do zabiegu i zmniejszyć ryzyko wystąpienia niektórych powikłań pooperacyjnych. Ze względu na tendencję do skracania okresu pobytu w szpitalu opracowano formę ulotki dla pacjentów z wytycznymi dotyczącymi przygotowania do zabiegu. Szczegółowo opisane postępowanie w okresie okołooperacyjnym przedstawia możliwe działania fizjoterapeutyczne z pacjentem po resekcji miąższu płuca. Tok usprawniania udokumentowano zaproponowaną kartą usprawniania, opisującą podstawowe działania oraz zawierającą dodatkowe miejsce na uwagi, potrzebne na przykład w przypadku powikłań. Poszpitalny etap rehabilitacji opisany zgodnie z aktualnymi wytycznymi uzupełnia całość procesu postępowania po zabiegu operacyjnym. Do realizacji założeń rehabilitacji musi powstać ściśle współpracujący ze sobą zespół specjalistów. W jego składzie oprócz fizjoterapeutów powinni uczestniczyć także lekarze, pielęgniarki, psycholog czy terapeuta zajęciowy. Znaczącą rolę odgrywa również wsparcie najbliższej rodziny. Bardzo istotnym czynnikiem jest odpowiednia edukacja pacjentów i uświadomienie celowości takiego postępowania. Dalsza analiza pozwoliła na stworzenie algorytmu postępowania z pacjentem w niepowikłanym modelu usprawniania po chirurgicznym leczeniu raka płuca.
E-Papieros: Fakty i Mity, Doświadczenia Własne
Authors: Królikowski Krzysztof , Domagała-Kulawik Joanna
Published: January 2014

Mimo że od trzech lat liczba palaczy w Polsce nie wzrasta i utrzymuje się na poziomie 29% [...]
European Respiratory Society—Nowe Możliwości dla Młodych Członków
Authors: Skoczyński Szymon
Published: January 2014

Po raz kolejny liczba uczestników przekro-czyła 20,000 [...]
A Structure Code for Machine Readable Library Catalog Record Formats
Authors: Hoffman Herbert H.
Published: January 2014

As libraries ease into the age of electronic utilities and computerized catalogs based on records read by machine rather than interpreted by humans, a considerably greater measure of precision will have to be introduced into library work. As one step toward that goal an examination of the structure of publications will be in order.
Highlights of LITA Board Meetings
Authors: Aveny Brian
Published: January 2014

1981 ALA Midwinter Meeting, Washington, D.C.
AACR2: OCLC's Implementation and Database
Authors: Brown Georgia L.
Published: January 2014

OCLC's Online Union Catalog (OLUC) contains bibliographic records created under various cataloging guidelines. Until December 1980, no system-wide attempt had been made to resolve record conflicts caused by use of the different guidelines. The introduction of the new guidelines, the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition (AACR2), exacerbated these record conflicts. To reduce library costs, which might increase dramatically as users attempted to resolve those conflicts, OCLC converted name headings and uniform titles in its database to AACR2 form.The purpose of the conversion was to resolve record conflicts that resulted from rule changes and to conform to LC preferred forms of heading if possible.
OCLC's Database Conversion: A User's Perspective
Authors: Wajenberg Arnold , Gorman Michael
Published: January 2014

This article describes the experience of a large academic library with headings in the OCLC database that have been converted to AACR2 form. It also considers the use of LC authority records in the database. Specific problems are discussed, including some resulting from LC practices. Nevertheless, the presence of the authority records, and especially the conversionof about 40 percent of the headings in the bibliographic file, has been of great benefit to the library, significantly speeding up the cataloging operation. An appendix contains guidelines for the cataloging staff of theUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in the interpretation and use of LC authority records and converted headings.
Editor's Notes
Authors: Aveny Brian
Published: January 2014

Editor's Notes
MARC Format Simplification
Authors: Gapen D. Kaye
Published: January 2014

This is a summary of a paper written on the consideration of the feasibility as well as the benefits, disadvantages, and consequences of simplification of the MARC formats for bibliographic records.
Editorial Board Thoughts: The Promise of Immersive Libraries
Authors: Yavarkovsky Jerome
Published: January 2014

Editorial Board Thoughts: The Promise of Immersive Libraries
Book Reviews
Authors: Voigt Melvin J. , Tars Arvo , Kilgour Frederick G. , Csuri Charles , Richey James I. , De Gara John , Oldfather Margaret
Published: January 2014

Book Reviews