bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of long-term sagittal lip changes using Burstone line: Pilot Study
Authors: Sathekge Rachel , Lesar Colin
Published: January 2021

Objective

Lip position has become one of the most important soft tissue analyses as it influences the occlusion, tooth stability and facial aesthetic. Hence, the objective of this study was to compare the short-term and long-term sagittal lip positions/changes using the Burstone line (B-line).

 

Methods

The sample consisted of 18 Caucasoid females only (14 extractions, 4 non-extractions) who were successfully treated with edgewise appliances. All the patients were evaluated before treatment (T1),at the end of active treatment (T2), and at a long-term follow-up observation (T3). The mean age at commencement was 13.2 years with the range of 10.5-19 years.

The linear distance between the tip of the lips and the B-line were measured.

 

Results

T1-T2 time intervals showed the upper lip underwent a mean change of 1.272 mm relative to the B-line (-32.8%) which was statistically significant. The lower lip showed a mean change of 1.549 mm (-22.2%), but these changes were not statistically significant.

Lip protrusion relative to the B-line continued to reduce during the long term follow up period. The upper lip showed slight changes (-9.2%), whereas the lower lip demonstrated greater change (-53.8%).

 

Conclusion

Using B-line, the sagittal soft tissue lip positions were more retrusive on the long-term follow-up records for both extraction and non-extraction cases, their values were not very different from the normal values of the untreated cases. Although the differences were not statistically significant,  upper lips were retrusive post treatment from T1-T2, while were statistically significant the lower lips were retrusive from T1-T2.
La naturaleza de los bienes y servicios para evaluación social de la vida
Authors: Silva Cleber Vinicius Vitorio da , Lima Eliana Beatriz Nunes Rondon , Lenz Elenice Rachid da Silva , Lima Evandro , Lins Gustavo Aveiro , Almeida Josimar Ribeiro de , Aguiar Lais Alencar de
Published: January 2021

Una evaluación de impacto debe abarcar los siguientes aspectos: describirla acción propuesta, así como otras alternativas; predecir la naturaleza ymagnitud de los 'efectos ambientales'; predecir los aspectos humanos;interpretar los resultados; y prevenir los efectos ambientales. Además, hayque disponer de una metodología para las fases de comunicación (informaciónal público y al ejecutivo) y, de acuerdo al caso, para los procedimientos deinspección durante la fase de construcción y de operación del proyecto o laacción de que se trate.
CLUSTER COMPLEXES OF RHENIUM WITH CARBONYL AND AMINE CONTAINING LIGANDS
Authors: Agahuseynova Minira M. , Gudratova Fidan D.
Published: January 2021

Methods for the synthesis of rhenium cluster complexes based on carbonyl and amine containing organic bifunctional ligands have been developed. The structure of the obtained cluster combinations were determined on the basis of IR spectroscopy data, methods of thermogravimetry and elemental analysis. Samples of ligands I and II were obtained by condensation of cyclopentane and cyclohexane carboxylic acids chloroanhydrides with ethylene, followed by the replacement of the chlorine atom by amine groups. To obtain cluster complexes of rhenium with the synthesized ligands, an ultradisperse solution of rhenium in distilled water was prepared in advance. To this end, the rhenium trichloride salt (ReCl3) was dissolved in water and the calculated amount of sodium borohydride in a nitrogen atmosphere was added in portions to the resulting solution with vigorous stirring. Rapidly arising black dispersed nanoparticles of metallic rhenium were not deposited. When organic ligands I and II are added, the corresponding cluster compounds III and IV are formed, which gradually over 30 minutes. precipitated from aqueous solution. The resulting black-brown precipitates were washed with distilled water and dried in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 35-40 °C. The melting points of the synthesized compounds are determined, which are components for cluster III-195 °С and cluster IV- 212 °С (with decomposition). In the IR spectra of cluster compounds, intense absorption bands were found, which characterize the presence of both a ketone carbonyl group (1718 sm–1, 1720 sm–1) and an amine fragment (2727 sm–1, 2720 sm–1 and 2613 sm–1, 2609 sm–1). The absorption bands of ketone groups in cluster compounds are shifted toward higher frequencies compared to the initial ligands. A similar picture is observed when comparing IR vibrations of C – N bonds in the initial ligands and the corresponding cluster compounds. The results of elemental analysis confirm the structure of cluster compounds and are in complete agreement with the notion that the reduction of rhenium salts with metal hydrides in an aqueous solution forms cluster compounds. Apparently, in this case, the most stable rhenium clusters with a tetrahedral structure are formed. Thermogravimetric analysis made it possible to establish the presence of a peak at a temperature of 318 °С with a mass number of 744.8 c.u. corresponding to the cluster combination of four rhenium atoms. At each stage of decomposition, the experimental mass loss agrees well with the calculated values.
DESARROLLO Y MEJORA DE LA COMPETENCIA PRAGMÁTICA EN NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES CON TRASTORNO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA Y LENGUAJE FUNCIONAL
Authors: Camargo Fernández Laura , Cortés García Regina
Published: January 2021

Entre los aspectos de la conducta social alterados en las personas con trastorno del espectro autista y lenguaje funcional (TEA grado 1, también diagnosticado como síndrome de Asperger) la competencia pragmática es uno de los más estudiados. No obstante, faltan trabajos empíricos sobre la posible mejora de los aspectos comunicativos problemáticos con el desarrollo evolutivo y la praxis comunicativa. El objetivo de esta investigación es revisar los déficits pragmáticos más habituales en niños y adolescentes con TEA y lenguaje funcional y comprobar si la práctica del uso social del lenguaje puede implicar una mejora en su competencia pragmática. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, se ha realizado una recogida de datos a través de un cuestionario de 26 preguntas entre 110 padres y madres de niños y jóvenes de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 18 años diagnosticados con TEA grado 1. Los resultados confirman, en línea con trabajos anteriores, cuáles son los aspectos de la competencia pragmática más problemáticos en estos niños y adolescentes -asociados a la comprensión y expresión de la intención comunicativa, la dinámica conversacional, la comunicación no verbal y la comprensión del lenguaje figurado-, a la par que revelan que algunas de las habilidades alteradas se pueden adquirir o mejorar con el paso de los años. El estudio confirma, asimismo, el hecho de que la adquisición o mejora de ciertas destrezas no garantiza que puedan ponerse en práctica en todos los contextos, dadas las dificultades para generalizar aprendizajes que presentan las personas con TEA.
Firm Size Distribution and the Effects of Ownership Type
Authors: Csabay Marek , Stehlikova Beata
Published: January 2021

Size distribution is generally accepted as an important characteristic of business structure, one which impacts on competitiveness, with firm size often regarded as the key determinant of entrepreneurial innovativeness. This article describes the size distribution of enterprises taken from a statistical set of Slovak business entities with a special focus on the relation between size and ownership of the businesses. A change in the probability firm size distribution is an undisputable indicator of a change in the business structure. This article seeks to create an eventual starting point for better policymaking in Slovakia, a country which bases its competitiveness primarily on large and medium-sized foreign investments. The authors’ main objective is to determine the size distribution type of the firms. The Anderson-Darling and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to determine if the dataset has been taken from a population with a specific distribution. Among the main results with regard to Slovak business structure, a statistically significant dependence was shown between the ownership type and the size type of SMEs. The authors confirmed the Pareto, Power and Generalized Gamma distributions as appropriate probability distributions of firm sizes. The probability distribution of SMEs in general as well as according to individual ownership type shows a Lévy distribution. The authors used the environment of the R programming language along with the software EasyFit.
Factors Affecting Job Announcement Competitiveness on Job Listing Websites
Authors: Rozsa Zoltan , Machova Veronika
Published: January 2021

Recruitment as a Human Resource Management function is seen as the factor influencing the development of a competitive advantage. Merely a moment in the online environment can determine whether a potential job candidate responds to a job offer, and thus factors influencing the candidate’s attention also influence the employer’s competitiveness. The paper aims to determine factors that affect job pursuit intentions (JPI) in the job listing websites environment based on the evaluation of a particular job offer that has attracted the respondent. Data was collected from a randomly selected sample of 412 Czech (CR) and Slovak Republic (SR) university students (effective response rate 29.11 percent). Multiple linear regression was used to determine independent variables to help explain the response. Two models were constructed: the first model contained all suspected variables (explaining the variance of 34.59 percent); the second model also contained their second-degree combinations (explaining the variance of 40.23 percent). The results showed that informativeness about salary and benefits (ISB), employer attractiveness (EA), informativeness about employee responsibilities (IER), as well as informativeness about work-life balance (IWLB) significantly affected job pursuit intentions (JPI) in both models. The second model revealed that the attractiveness of content (CA) also contributes to explaining variance by this factor’s affecting of the attractiveness of the employer (EA). The study extends the research into job pursuit intention into the online environment, with empirical validation of the models showing the mechanisms and conditions through which the selected variables affect job pursuit intention. The conclusion also offers suggestions for future work that can identify and more deeply describe factors which attract job candidates.
Limiting factors and improving solutions of P-I-N type tin-lead perovskite solar cells performance
Authors: Wang Li-Xuan , Li Ren-Jie , Liu Hui , Wang Peng-Yang , Shi Biao , Zhao Ying , Zhang Xiao-Dan ,   Solar Energy Conversion Center, Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China,   Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300350, China,   Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China,   Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300072, China
Published: January 2021

In order to break through the limit of Shockley-Queisser (SQ) radiation and further improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells, tin-lead perovskite solar cells have widely and successfully been used as narrow-bandgap bottom cells in all-perovskite tandem solar cells. The highest efficiency of tin-lead perovskite solar cells has recently reached 21.7%, which, however, is still lower than that of lead-based perovskite solar cells. This article analyzes the main factors that limit the further improving of their performances, and summarizes the effective solutions proposed by researchers in recent years. The main points are as follows: 1) by adding tin-rich additives, strong reducing agents or compounds containing large organic cations, Sn2+ oxidation is inhibited and the p-doped degree of tin-lead perovskite and the open-circuit voltage loss are reduced; 2) through regulating the composition, changing the method of preparing the perovskite film, adding functional groups or solvent engineering, the crystallization rate of tin-lead perovskite film is delayed and the crystallization quality of the film is improved; 3) by selecting an appropriate electron transport layer or hole transport layer the influence of energy level mismatch on carrier transport or the instability of carrier transport layer on devices can be avoided. Finally, the future development of Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells is prospected. It is believed that the tin-lead perovskite solar cells can realize not only the high efficiency and stable single-junction solar cells, but also high efficiency perovskite-perovskite tandem solar cells.
Degenerate four-wave mixing-based double-channel optical gain spectrum with two frequency bands
Authors: Wang Dan , Guo Rui-Xiang , Dai Yu-Peng , Zhou Hai-Tao ,   College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Published: January 2021

Focusing on the frequency division multiplexing technology in the applications of large scale optical communication, the double-channel optical gain spectrum with two frequency bands is studied in this paper. The double-channel gain spectrum, named probe channel and four wave mixing channel, comes from a co-propagating degenerate four wave mixing in a hot atomic ensemble. The intention is to divide the gain spectrum into several sub frequency bands through dressed four wave mixing. When a dressed field is exerted on one transition that shares the common excited state with the degenerate four wave mixing, the excited state can experience dressed splitting. It opens two transition paths for the degenerate four wave mixing simultaneously. Because of quantum interference between the two paths, the degenerate four wave mixing are suppressed at two-photon resonance. Consequently, Autler-Townes splitting appears in the gain spectrum, i.e. spectrum is changed from single frequency band into two “M”-type bands. In this paper, the nonlinear density matrix element describing the degenerate (dressed) four wave mixing is solved through perturbation theory, and then the gain spectrum in Doppler broadening atomic medium is plotted, and its Autler-Townes splitting is analyzed by using the dressed-state theory. It shows that the Autler-Townes splitting depends on both the Rabi frequency and single photon detuning of the dressed field. Relevant experiment is performed in cesium vapor at 60 ℃, a pair of high-gain optical spectra with two frequency bands for both double channels is successfully obtained. Moreover, the Autler-Townes splitting as a function of the dressed field intensity and single photon detuning are studied quantitatively. The experimental results accord well with the theoretical predictions. Compared with the degenerate four wave mixing, the atom-field coupled system is changed from an original open two-level into a closed Λ three-level due to the external dressed field, which greatly improves the atomic population on the coherent ground state via optical pumping, and therefore enhancing the gain significantly. This work is important for the field of atom-based optical communication. It provides an optional way of conveying multi-frequency information to the two parallel channels as well as improving the gain of four wave mixing.
Numerical analysis of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells on Si substrate
Authors: Liu Hui-Cheng , Xu Jia-Xiong , Lin Jun-Hui ,   School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
Published: January 2021

The Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cell prepared on Si substrate has an advantage of low lattice mismatch between CZTS and Si substrate, but the conversion efficiency of reported p-CZTS/n-Si solar cells is still low at present. In this work, the CZTS solar cells on Si substrate are calculated numerically by heterojunction solar cell simulation software Afors-het. The calculated results show that the p-CZTS and n-Si act as window layer and absorber respectively in the p-CZTS/n-Si solar cell because the band gap of p-CZTS is larger than that of n-Si. The conversion efficiency of p-CZTS/n-Si solar cell increases as the thickness of p-CZTS window layer decreases. The highest calculated conversion efficiency of p-CZTS/n-Si solar cell is 18.57%. In the best p-CZTS/n-Si solar cell, most of the incident light cannot pass through the p-CZTS window layer due to the high absorption coefficient of p-CZTS, which limits the conversion efficiency of solar cell. In order to solve the problems existing in the p-CZTS/n-Si structure, a novel n-ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/n-CdS/p-CZTS/p-Si solar cell structure is proposed, where n-ZnO:Al and i-ZnO are window layers, n-CdS is buffer layer, p-CZTS is absorber, and p-Si is substrate and back electrode. The dark current density-voltage (J-V) characteristic curves of p-CZTS/p-Si structure varying with the thickness and doping concentration of p-Si and the doping concentration of p-CZTS are calculated to investigate the feasibility of p-Si as a back electrode of p-CZTS. All the calculated J-V characteristic curves of p-CZTS/p-Si structure are linear, indicating the formation of ohmic contact between p-CZTS and p-Si. The photovoltaic properties of n-ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/n-CdS/p-CZTS/p-Si solar cell are further calculated. The built-in electric field distributed in n-ZnO:Al, i-ZnO, n-CdS, and p-CZTS contribute to the collection of photo-generated carriers. The conversion efficiency of n-ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/n-CdS/p-CZTS/p-Si solar cell is enhanced with the decrease of the thickness of p-Si and the increase of doping concentrations of p-Si and p-CZTS and the thickness of p-CZTS. Without considering the effect of parasitic series resistance and parallel resistance and defect states, the highest conversion efficiency of ideal n-ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/n-CdS/p-CZTS/p-Si solar cell is 28.41%. The calculated results in this work show that the n-ZnO:Al/i-ZnO/n-CdS/p-CZTS/p-Si solar cell has an appropriate structure for CZTS solar cell on Si substrate.
Quantitative analysis of trace elements in bismuth brass with high repetition rate laser-ablation spark-induced breakdown spectrum
Authors: Huang Mei-Ting , Jiang Yin-Hua , Chen Yu-Qi , Li Run-Hua ,   School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
Published: January 2021

Bismuth brass has very good mechanical properties and is friendly to environment. Therefore, it can be widely used in different fields. In order to realize the convenient, rapid and sensitive elemental analysis of trace elements in bismuth brass, fiber laser based high repetition rate laser-ablation spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy (HRR LA-SIBS) is developed. In the experiments, a compact fiber laser operated at 5 kHz pulse repetition rate is used to ablate the sample and produce plasma, and the spark discharge is used to further break down the ablated sample and enhance the plasma emission for sensitive elemental analysis. A compact fiber-optic spectrometer coupled with non-intensified charge-coupled device (CCD) is used to record the spectra. Bismuth, lead and tin in several bismuth brass standard samples are quantitatively analyzed. The plasma temperature is determined to be about 7962 ± 300 K by using the Boltzmann plots of copper, zinc and tin elements; the electron density is determined to be about 1.049 × 10–17 cm–3 based on the Stark broadening of Cu (I) 510.47 nm analytical line. The plasma is determined to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) state according to McWhirter criterion as well as appended criteria for transient plasma. Under the present experimental condition, the calibration curves of bismuth, lead and tin in bismuth brass are built with fitting goodness of higher than 95%. The detection limits of bismuth, lead and tin are determined to be 25.5 ppm, 64.2 ppm and 316.5 ppm, respectively. The weak transition probability of tin atoms leads to worse detection limit of tin than the scenarios of bismuth and lead. The ways to further improve the analytical sensitivity and minimize system dimensions are discussed in this article. It is demonstrated that high repetition rate laser-ablation spark-induced breakdown spectrometer based on compact fiber laser as well as compact fiber-optic spectrometer can be used to realize the convenient, rapid and sensitive elemental analysis of trace elements in bismuth brass. This study is also helpful in analyzing the trace harmful elements, including bismuth, lead and tin in high temperature alloys with HRR LA-SIBS. In comparison with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), the HRR LA-SIBS technique has several intrinsic advantages, such as fast spectral data collection speed, cost-effective system and low continuum background and so on. This technique is very useful in implementing the elemental analysis of different alloy samples and can be potentially used in metallurgical industry in the future.
LabOratory
Authors: Kaji-O'Grady Sandra , Smith Chris L.
Published: January 2021

An illustrated examination of laboratory architecture and the work that it does to engage the public, recruit scientists, and attract funding.

The laboratory building is as significant to the twenty-first century as the cathedral was to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The contemporary science laboratory is built at the grand scales of cathedrals and constitutes as significant an architectural statement. The laboratory is a serious investment in architectural expression in an attempt to persuade us of the value of the science that goes on inside. In this lavishly illustrated book, Sandra Kaji-O'Grady and Chris L. Smith explore the architecture of modern life science laboratories, and the work that it does to engage the public, recruit scientists, and attract funding.

Looking at the varied designs of eleven important laboratories in North America, Europe, and Australia, all built between 2005 and 2019, Kaji-O'Grady and Smith examine the relationship between the design of contemporary laboratory buildings and the ideas and ideologies of science. Observing that every laboratory architect and client declares the same three aspirations—to eliminate boundaries, to communicate the benefits of its research programs, and to foster collaboration—Kaji-O'Grady and Smith organize their account according to the themes of boundaries, expression, and socialization. For instance, they point to the South Australian Health and Medical Institute's translucent envelope as the material equivalent of institutional accountability; the insistent animal imagery of the NavarraBioMed laboratory in Spain; and the Hillside Research Campus's mimicry of the picturesque fishing village that once occupied its site. Through these and their other examples, Kaji-O'Grady and Smith show how the architecture of the laboratory shapes the science that takes place within it.
Community Safety and Well-being in Touristic Spots Using Open Data
Authors:   NOVA Information Management School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisbon, Portugal, Assis Dineu , de Castro Neto Miguel , Motta Marcel
Published: January 2021

There are many different reasons that can lead a tourist to decide which destination will be chosen on his/her next trip. Besides knowing what are the attractions that must be visited, it is also common to look for more information regarding the overall safety and well-being conditions of travel destinations. Usually shared by local authorities, this kind of information can also be found in a less structured form through public sources, such as web sites and social platforms. However, there are a couple of challenges to be considered: the predominance of unstructured data; the lack of a common standard to distinguish safe and unsafe places; the distinct period needed to update the collected data. In this study, the proposed model combines official census data with open data, social platforms and other online sources, allowing the definition of a score for touristic spots in Lisbon. The resulting score should be able to quantify the community safety and well-being, as well as to identify threats and opportunities for the local tourism industry. Furthermore, it would not only help tourists in their traveling decisions but also, allow decision-makers to track socioeconomic issues and to support public management through a data-driven approach.
Improved Gaussian Process Acquisition for Targeted Bayesian Optimization
Authors:   Dept. of Computer Science, UCL, London, UK, Mitic Peter
Published: January 2021

A black-box optimization problem is considered, in which the function to be optimized can only be expressed in terms of a complicated stochastic algorithm that takes a long time to evaluate. The value returned is required to be sufficiently near to a target value, and uses data that has a significant noise component. Bayesian Optimization with an underlying Gaussian Process is used as an optimization solution, and its effectiveness is measured in terms of the number of function evaluations required to attain the target. To improve results, a simple modification of the Gaussian Process ‘Lower Confidence Bound’ (LCB) acquisition function is proposed. The expression used for the confidence bound is squared in order to better comply with the target requirement. With this modification, much improved results compared to random selection methods and to other commonly used acquisition functions are obtained.
Distributed Heating System for Residential Homes
Authors:   Technical University of Cuj-Napoca, Romania, Clitan Iulia , Muresan Vlad , Abrudean Mihail , F. Clitan Andrei
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a home automation plant, consisting of a distributed heating system. It is a system implemented on a residential home, however it could be extended and used for other buildings as well. The paper presents the distributed heating system’s structure, extended from a classical heating system, and the authors also describe the equipment used for the designing and implementation of such a system. The way the system works is depicted, and the authors enfold all the benefits of using such a distributed heating system, such as, increasing the user’s thermal comfort on different living areas and reducing the costs of thermal heating.
Response of Ovalbumin to Fructose Addition and pH Variations - Ultrasonic and FTIR Study
Authors: Palaniappan Lakshmanan , Kavitha Kathiroli
Published: January 2021

Main aim of this work is to understand how the protein ovalbumin is affected by the presence of cosolvent and variations in pH of the medium.  The addition of cosolvent in many cases is found to control the extent of denaturation and pH is one of the main sources of denaturant of proteins.  In this work, keeping fructose solution as cosolvent and pH of the solution as main variable, the extent of denaturation is analysed by ultrasonic methods and are further confirmed by FTIR amide-I second derivative spectra at 303 K. Obtained results shows that denaturation is sensitive to pH, however, acidic and alkaline behave totally in a different way.  It was found that the impact of alkaline pH produces lesser denaturation and is slower whereas the impact of acidic pH is specific and instantaneous. Ultrasonic analysis shows that pH variation can denature the protein whereas the addition of cosolvent supports renaturation. FTIR spectra were recorded for the experimental samples from which the second derivative curve fitted spectra were constructed using Origin program.  Quantitative assignment of peaks and the variations in cumulative areas calculated for the structures like α-helix, β-sheets etc confirms the observations of ultrasonic analysis that the pH variations aid in denaturation whereas the cosolvent supports the renaturation of protein.
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): A review of graded severity algorithms and national adaptations
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Robaina Katherine
Published: January 2021

Babor, T., & Robaina, K. (2016). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): A review of graded severity algorithms and national adaptations. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(2), 17-24. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i2.222Aims: Since it was first released in 1989, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) has generated a large amount of research to evaluate its psychometric properties. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the literature relevant to applications of the AUDIT in screening, brief intervention, and treatment referral programs, and identify national adaptations of the AUDIT to country-specific health, education, and reimbursement needs.Methods: Methods comprised a search of the world literature published since 2004, combined with review articles published since 1997.Findings: We identified 431 studies of the AUDIT, including 386 articles, 26 review papers, and 11 book chapters since 2004, with a six-fold increase in the last decade. The factor structure of the AUDIT items remains unclear, but the weight of evidence supports a two-factor model. Despite the translation of the AUDIT into numerous languages, the alcohol consumption questions were rarely adapted to suit cultural or national conditions. Although numerous studies have supported the recommended cutoff thresholds for a possible alcohol use disorder, only three studies evaluated the classification accuracy of the AUDIT’s graded severity system.Conclusions: Further development of the AUDIT score’s severity zones is needed to guide intervention selection in clinical settings.
A Mechanistic Probe into the Dual Inhibition of T. cruzi Glucokinase and Hexokinase in Chagas Disease Treatment – A Stone Killing Two Birds?
Authors: Omolabi Kehinde F. , Odeniran Paul O. , Olotu Fisayo A. , Soliman Mahmoud E. S.
Published: January 2021

Glucokinase (GLK) and Hexokinase (HK) have been characterized as essential targets in Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc)‐mediated infection. A recent study reported the propensity of the concomitant inhibition of TcGLK and TcHK by compounds GLK2‐003 and GLK2‐004, thereby presenting an efficient approach in Chagas disease treatment. We investigated this possibility using atomic and molecular scaling methods. Sequence alignment of TcGLK and TcHK revealed that both proteins shared approximately 33.3 % homology in their glucose/inhibitor binding sites. The total binding free energies of GLK2‐003 and GLK2‐004 were favorable in both proteins. PRO92 and THR185 were pivotal to the binding and stabilization of the ligands in TcGLK, likewise their conserved counterparts, PRO163 and THR237 in TcHK. Both compounds also induced a similar pattern of perturbations in both TcGLK and TcHK secondary structure. Findings from this study therefore provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of dual inhibition exhibited by the compounds. These results can pave way to discover and optimize novel dual Tc inhibitors with favorable pharmacokinetics properties eventuating in the mitigation of Chagas disease.
Catalyzed Sintering of Regenerated CaO Induced by Partition Evolution of Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Niu Jiaming , Li Mingchun , Wang Baoting , Yu Fuyuan , Tao Aili , Li Shengfei , Wu Yusheng
Published: January 2021

The partition evolution of parent calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and its effect on the catalyzed sintering of regenerated CaO during calcium looping cycles were investigated. The carbonation reaction rate has a heterogeneous distribution either in the particle radial direction or in the same layer, which causes the partition structure evolution of CaCO3 from overall dense structure to region partition structure. Both the residual and sintering of regenerated CaO were enhanced with the structural evolution of carbonate precursor. Within the first five cycles, an initial structural division of the CaCO3 matrix occurs accompanied by a sharp decrease in the number of mesopores, indicating a dependence of the CO2 capture ability on the structure evolution of the sorbent skeletal.
Colorectal cancer risk variants rs10161980 and rs7495132 are associated with cancer survival outcome by a recessive mode of inheritance
Authors: He Yazhou , Timofeeva Maria , Zhang Xiaomeng , Xu Wei , Li Xue , Din Farhat V. N. , Svinti Victoria , Farrington Susan M. , Campbell Harry , Dunlop Malcolm G. , Theodoratou Evropi
Published: January 2021

Previous studies using additive genetic models failed to identify robust evidence of associations between colorectal cancer (CRC) risk variants and survival outcomes. However, additive models can be prone to false negative detection if the underlying inheritance mode is recessive. Here, we tested all currently known CRC‐risk variants (n = 129) in a discovery analysis of 5675 patients from a Scottish cohort. Significant associations were then validated in 2474 CRC cases from UK Biobank. We found that the TT genotype of the intron variant rs7495132 in the CRTC3 gene was associated with clinically relevant poorer CRC‐specific survival in both the discovery (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41‐2.74, P = 6.1 × 10−5) and validation analysis (HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.03‐2.79, P = .038). In addition, the GG genotype of rs10161980 (intronic variant of AL139383.1 lncRNA) was associated with worse overall survival in the discovery cohort (HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.10‐1.39, P = 3.4 × 10−4) and CRC‐specific survival in the validation cohort (HR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.01‐1.56, P = .040). Our findings show that common genetic risk factors can also influence CRC survival outcome.
Climate-Induced Food Crisis in Africa: Integrating Policy and Adaptation
Authors: Chiawo David O. , Otiende Verrah A.
Published: January 2021

Climate change threatens development and economic growth in Africa. It increases risks for individuals and governments with unprecedented negative impacts on agriculture. Specifically, climate change presents a major threat to food security in Africa for the long term due to the low adaptive capacity to deal with successive climate shocks. There is a need for greater awareness of the trends of food crisis patterns and adaptive initiatives. The objective of this chapter was to analyze the trends of the food crisis in Africa within the past 10 years and adaptive initiatives. Quantitative data analyzed for food security indicators were obtained from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Development Indicators (WDI) available at the Environment and Climate Change data portal. Policy and adaptation measures related to climate change were reviewed in 26 countries in Africa, with the view to highlight their integrative nature in enhancing food security. High prevalence of undernourishment was observed in six countries, all in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) including Chad, Liberia, Central African Republic, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Countries with a high land acreage under cereal production recorded reduced undernourishment. Niger demonstrated effective adaptation for food security by registering the highest crop production index in extreme climate variability. However, Kenya appears to be the most predisposed by registering both high climate variability and below average crop production index. It is observed that diversification and technology adoption are key strategies applied across the countries for adaptation. However, the uptake of technology by smallholder farmers is still low across many countries in SSA.
Inclusiveness and Diversity in Citizen Science
Authors: Paleco Carole , García Peter Sabina , Salas Seoane Nora , Kaufmann Julia , Argyri Panagiota
Published: January 2021

An ‘inclusive citizen science’ practice encourages engagement from all members of society, whatever their social status, sociocultural origin, gender, religious affiliation, literacy level, or age. In this chapter we will first address the question of inclusiveness in citizen science and how this is tackled. We will analyse the current situation of a number of projects and initiatives within the Citizen Science COST Action CA15212 and the Horizon 2020 SwafS programme, examine the data, and discuss the main factors that encourage or hinder inclusiveness. We will offer recommendations for a possible plural participation in citizen science activities and reflect on how research is improved when diverse citizens are used as in-the-field experts. We will demonstrate how research questions can be fine-tuned and how research impacts are enhanced through citizen participation, with a focus on gender representation. Bottlenecks can occur when considering inclusiveness in citizen science, including in data interpretation, tasks that require long-term participation, and tasks that have specific language and intermediation requirements.
Ethical Challenges and Dynamic Informed Consent
Authors: Tauginienė Loreta , Hummer Philipp , Albert Alexandra , Cigarini Anna , Vohland Katrin
Published: January 2021

This chapter uses informed consent as a point of departure for the description of multiple ethical facets in citizen science. It sets out an overview of general ethical challenges in citizen science, from conceptual issues around social imbalances and power relations, to practical issues, such as how to deal with privacy for participants as well as data protection, intellectual property rights and other emergent issues. The chapter goes on to describe the different types of informed consent, particularly focusing on dynamic informed consent as the solution to the challenges described. Finally, practice-oriented recommendations about how to tackle some of the ethical issues raised in the chapter are set out.
Evaluation in Citizen Science: The Art of Tracing a Moving Target
Authors: Schaefer Teresa , Kieslinger Barbara , Brandt Miriam , van den Bogaert Vanessa
Published: January 2021

Evaluation is a core management instrument and part of many scientific projects. Evaluation can be approached from several different angles, with distinct objectives in mind. In any project, we can evaluate the project process and the scientific outcomes, but with citizen science this does not go far enough. We need to additionally evaluate the effects of projects on the participants themselves and on society at large. While citizen science itself is still in evolution, we should aim to capture and understand the multiple traces it leaves in its direct and broader environment. Considering that projects often have limited resources for evaluation, we need to bundle existing knowledge and experiences on how to best assess citizen science initiatives and continually learn from this assessment. What should we concentrate on when we evaluate citizen science projects and programmes? What are current practices and what are we lacking? Are we really targeting the most relevant aspects of citizen science with our current evaluation approaches?
Citizen Science in Europe
Authors: Vohland Katrin , Göbel Claudia , Balázs Bálint , Butkevičienė Eglė , Daskolia Maria , Duží Barbora , Hecker Susanne , Manzoni Marina , Schade Sven
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, we explore the landscape of citizen science across Europe, how networks have developed, and how the science of citizen science has evolved. In addition to carrying out a literature review, we analysed publicly available data from the European Commission’s Community Research and Development Information Service (Cordis). We also extracted information from a pilot survey on citizen science strategies throughout Europe, carried out within the framework of the COST Action CA15212. Our findings are complemented by case studies from COST member countries. Finally, we offer some insights, considerations, and recommendations on developing networks, utilising the COST Action and EU-Citizen.Science as capacity building platforms.
Citizen Science in the Natural Sciences
Authors: Frigerio Didone , Richter Anett , Per Esra , Pruse Baiba , Vohland Katrin
Published: January 2021

The natural sciences include the life and physical sciences and study nature through observing and understanding phenomena, testing hypotheses, and performing experiments. Key principles such as reliability, validity, objectivity, and predictability are achieved through transparent assumptions, methods, data, and interpretations as well as multidisciplinarity.

In this chapter we present insights into the genesis of citizen science in the natural sciences and reflect on the intellectual history of the natural sciences in relation to citizen science today. Further, we consider the current scientific approaches and achievements of natural science projects, which are applying citizen science to address empirical and/or theoretical research, focusing on monitoring programmes. Presenting examples and case studies, we focus on the key characteristics of the scientific inquiries being investigated in the natural sciences through citizen science. Finally, we discuss the consequences of engagement in scientific processes in relation to the future of natural scientists in a complex world.
The Role of Perceived Technology and Consumers’ Personality Traits for Trust Transfer in Airbnb
Authors: Cirenzhuoga  , Ham Juyeon , Chung Namho
Published: January 2021

Airbnb is widely popular among tourists around the world and in the hospitality industry. With Airbnb being a sharing economy and a type of e-commerce platform, consumers’ trust in it is an important issue. This study proposed three information technology factors affecting trust in Airbnb from positive and negative aspects. Personality traits affecting trust in Airbnb and its hosts are also put forward. Using data collected from Chinese Airbnb users, this study applied the structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the proposed hypotheses. Results suggest various implications for Airbnb and similar sharing economy platforms.
Airbnb Host’s Perceptions on Airbnb Customer Social Responsibility and Organizational Justice in Airbnb 2.0
Authors: Tie Xiao Rui , Lee Hyunae , Chung Namho
Published: January 2021

In a peer-to-peer transaction of the sharing economy, an Airbnb host is a worker as well as a service provider. From this perspective, this study explores how Airbnb hosts’ perception of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and organizational justice impact their customer orientation directly and indirectly via job satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). The results highlight the importance of a host’s perception of Airbnb’s CSR and organizational justice. The results provide various implications for online accommodation businesses and guidance for future research.
Tourist Experiences at Overcrowded Attractions: A Text Analytics Approach
Authors: Yu Joanne , Egger Roman
Published: January 2021

As a result of travel activities, overtourism has become a global issue. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic, the topic of overtourism would benefit localized overcrowding as a new occurrence in the tourism industry. Since there is no specific measurement to evaluate tourist experiences at crowded attractions, this study aims to explore the perception and feelings of tourists when they visit popular and crowded attractions through topic modeling and sentiment analysis based on TripAdvisor online reviews as of the end of 2019. By investigating the top 10 attractions in Paris, the results present 24 topics frequently discussed by tourists. Examples of some topics related to overtourism are safety, service, queuing, and social interaction. Specifically, tourists felt the most negative towards safety and security among all the identified topics. By bridging overtourism, text analytics, and user-generated-content, this study contributes to the field of tourist experiences and crowd management.
Dreaming About Travel: A Pinterest Netnography
Authors: Gretzel Ulrike
Published: January 2021

Ongoing travel information search remains under-examined in general, and specifically in terms of social media use. Understanding how visual social media platforms inspire travel dreams is increasingly pertinent as visual contents gain in importance. This is especially relevant when travel is restricted, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pinterest seems to be ideally suited for supporting ongoing search but has been rarely used as a data source in e-tourism research. This paper uses a netnographic approach to explore travel-related Pinterest data. From a methodological perspective, it finds that the platform is suitable for informing ongoing travel information search research but points to potential methodological challenges. As a theoretical contribution, it highlights the popularity of capturing travel dreams through Pinterest boards and illustrates the affective labor users put into their collections of travel dreams. The paper concludes with implications for tourism marketing and recommender system design.
Exploring the Impact of Heuristic Attributes of Electronic Word of Mouth on Accommodation Sharing Platforms
Authors: Wang Yuwan , Li Lin , Yang Sung-Byung
Published: January 2021

With the rapid development of the sharing economy, accommodation sharing is a growing trend across the global. Consumers’ feelings, opinions, praises, and even criticisms regarding accommodations can be easily posted and shared via review sharing platforms. Word of mouth (WOM) breaks through the oral communication between people, and further turns out to be a more communicative and influential form, electronic word of mouth (eWOM). An empirical approach is applied to explore the relationship between eWOM attributes of accommodation sharing and accommodation popularity on Tujia.com. More specifically, the three heuristic factors of eWOM (i.e., house, review, and host attributes) are identified to influence accommodation popularity, and rental and host types are additionally considered moderating variables to better understand these relationships. This study would provide valuable suggestions for accommodation platform managers and hosts to design more popular accommodations.
How Reliable Is Social Media Data? Validation of TripAdvisor Tourism Visitations Using Independent Data Sources
Authors: Ma Shihan , Kirilenko Andrei
Published: January 2021

Social media data has been rapidly applied as alternative data source for tourism statistics and measurement in recent years due to its availability, easy collection, good spatial coverage at multiple scales, and rich content. However, frequent criticism towards the social media is the bias towards the population of social media users leading to unknown representativeness of the entire population. The purpose of this study is to cross-validate the reliability and validity of visitation pattern of tourist destinations retrieved from the social media using alternative independent data sources. The primary social media data is TripAdvisor reviews of Florida attraction points, restaurants, and hotels. The inferred visitation pattern was validated against two independent datasets: cellphone tracking data and official visitor surveys. The validity was explored in tourist origins, destinations, and travel flows. Repetitively, travel patterns inferred from the social media were found strongly correlated to those from cellphone tracking and surveys. The visitation data obtained from social media was concluded to be reliable and representative.