bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A verticalization theory of language shift
Authors: Brown Joshua R. , Salmons Joseph
Published: August 2022

This chapter has two primary goals. First, we examine the field of language shift studies from the past to the present. We review previous approaches used in studying language maintenance and shift situations and, importantly, how those approaches have created foundations for new theories of shift. We then highlight the verticalization model of language shift. Verticalization is anchored in community structure, a focus of this chapter and book, along with how such structure connects down to social networks, families, and individuals. The theoretical section reviews key previous applications of the theory to shift situations and reviews how verticalization is developed in this volume.
Politics and cooperatives
Authors: Johnson Mirva
Published: August 2022

This chapter demonstrates how Warren’s (1978) horizontal structures can be applied to cultural communities dispersed across relatively wide geographic distances. Using Keiser’s (2009; 2012) “strawberry vine” terminology, this chapter examines how Finnish-American communities in northern Wisconsin created and maintained social connections to other Finns via workers’ associations and cooperative networks. These networks acted as “gatekeepers,” allowing Finnish-speaking immigrants to buy and sell goods and attend social events in venues within a geographically dispersed but socially and economically more insular Finnish-American community. This chapter offers a case study showing that the degree of Finnish language preservation in two rural Wisconsin communities was influenced not only by the effects of urbanization, but by the strength of their ties to the Finnish-American socioeconomic network.
Introduction
Authors: van Dijk Boyd
Published: August 2022

The introduction presents the book’s most important arguments and methodology. It suggests an alternative way of thinking about the Conventions’ history and explains what motivated the drafters to establish the most important rules for armed conflict ever formulated. In making the Conventions, they sought to contest European imperial rule, challenge state sovereignty, fight Cold War rivalries, ensure rights during wartime, reinvent the concept of war crimes, and prepare for (civil) wars to come. This alternative reading of the making of humanitarian law has crucial implications for our understanding of the history and theory of international law in wartime today.
Indiscriminate Warfare: Bombing, Nuclear Weapons, and Starvation
Authors: van Dijk Boyd
Published: August 2022

Chapter 5 takes a more overarching view, looking at how the protections to be adopted under the future Conventions might endure the dual threat of bombing and blockade. Although the story of Nuremberg’s silence on air-nuclear warfare is widely known, this chapter adds a new dimension to this history by revealing how Geneva struggled to obtain rules for protecting civilian populations. In the first part of the chapter, the analysis reconstructs attempts to limit aerial bombing and blockade before 1949, which eventually disappeared from the drafters’ radar. The remainder of the chapter demonstrates how international law’s silence on indiscriminate bombing and its conditional acceptance of starvation as a weapon of war was less the result of a strictly drawn legal distinction between “Hague” and “Geneva Law” than a concerted campaign of subversion on the part of a cartel of Western drafters. Unlike some other participants, they believed that limits should be put on the ways in which the central concept of “victims of war” was interpreted. This created a major struggle over whether humanitarian law would become relevant in aerial warfare, with crucial consequences for the Conventions’ future.
Planting Clues
Authors: Gibson David J.
Published: August 2022

This book addresses the lack of an appreciation for plants and the common inability to identify them in the context of the law. Forensic botany is concerned with the use of plants as evidence in legal settings, both criminal and civil cases. It cites many examples of forensic botany, which is clear from the discussions with law enforcement officials and in the writings of some of the most prominent current forensic botanists that an appreciation of the value of plants in forensics is often lacking. The book describes specialists that has to be brought in when botanical materials are observed at a crime scene, by which time the scene may be disturbed and key evidence lost. The most critical part of any botanical forensic work is the correct identification of specimens or exhibits with evidentiary value, often from microscopic or degraded fragments.
GETTING CAUGHT UP
Authors: Gibson David J.
Published: August 2022

This chapter describes several cases that illustrate different aspects of Locard’s exchange principle using macroscopic plant data, the utility of plants, plant parts, or fragments of plants that can be seen with the naked eye. Detailed examination of this evidence generally involves using some sort of magnification process, ranging from a hand lens to an electron microscope. It talks about macroscopic evidence in forensic botany, which may be the most obvious application of botanical materials in forensic investigations. The chapter looks at cases involving the seemingly straightforward recovery of plant materials on suspects, their clothing, or their vehicles that help place them at a crime scene. It mentions, for example, part of the evidence that helped convict the serial murderer Ted Bundy that included plant fragments that were caught up under his vehicle.
HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT
Authors: Gibson David J.
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines different kinds of plant trafficking across international borders, and how forensic scientists try to tackle this illegal trade. Rare, invasive, and narcotic plants are illegally poached and trafficked across borders, representing a major international problem. The chapter talks about activities that are considered ‘plant crimes’ and acts of ‘biopiracy’ when inadequate compensation is given to the country or Indigenous Peoples from which the plant is harvested. The chapter introduces invasive non-native plants that have escaped into new habitats, disrupting and damaging ecosystems, and threatening native species. The spread of these plants is a biosecurity issue, much like the spread of a virus during a pandemic, and everyone must treat it as such.
Rhetoric, Philosophy, Medicine
Authors: Champion Michael W.
Published: August 2022

This chapter analyses intersections between Dorotheus’ ascetic education and classical rhetorical, philosophical, and medical discourses. His appropriation of these discourses sits within a larger project which views ascetic paideia as fundamentally transformative for students and their communities. The chapter aims to establish how Dorotheus engaged with rhetoric, philosophy, and medicine, to identify distinctive ascetic emphases, and to map how those discourses are developed in the course of Dorotheus’ interaction with them. The exploration of his appropriation of rhetoric, philosophy, and medicine argues that Dorotheus aims to build a distinctively ascetic programme of education that can be read as a microcosm of the wider culture he would like to construct in part through his adaptation of these classical discourses.
Education and Epistemology
Authors: Champion Michael W.
Published: August 2022

Education produces hierarchies of knowledge and establishes privileged ways of knowing. Such epistemological concerns are central to understanding Dorotheus’ ascetic pedagogy. So the chapter asks ‘how did Dorotheus think knowledge should be ordered?’ and ‘what ways of knowing did Dorotheus seek to promote?’ It compares Dorotheus’ epistemology to that which may be inferred from contemporary Neoplatonic Prolegomena to Philosophy, highlighting influential intersections between Dorotheus’ project and philosophical ideas of godlikeness and the practice of death. It then analyses how humility, understood as an epistemic virtue, organizes Dorotheus epistemology and generates epistemic practices in the monasteries. It concludes by exploring mechanisms for establishing epistemic authority, highlighting the production and circulation of letters and meditative practices. These aspects of Dorotheus’ epistemic world, like the insistence that humility is an epistemic virtue, highlight the significance of community for evaluating truth claims and generating truthful knowledge, especially in the context of life-long learning.
Two-peakedness in South Swedish and the Scandinavian tone-accent typology
Authors: Myrberg Sara
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents the results of a production study with twelve speakers of South Swedish. The results show that South Swedish has so-called two-peak contours in non-utterance-final nuclear accents and in phrase-initial accents (so-called initiality accents). The shape of the two-peak contours is reminiscent of contours reported from East Norway and West Sweden. These results contradict previous assumptions in typological work on Scandinavian, which has categorized South Swedish as a one-peak dialect. The results thus indicate that South Swedish is more closely related to West Swedish and East Norwegian than previously thought. Based on this insight, it is argued that the distinction between one-peak and two-peak systems in the Scandinavian accent typology is not binary, as has been assumed in previous research (e.g. Gårding 1977; Bruce 1977). Rather, a continuum between one-peaked and two-peaked dialects is proposed.
Prosodic asymmetries in nominal vs. verbal phrases in Bantu
Authors: Hyman Larry M.
Published: August 2022

Investigations into phonological differences between nouns and verbs focus almost exclusively on the lexical (word) level, showing that underlying contrasts are more numerous and stable (“faithful”) on nouns (Smith 1998, 1999). This raises the question of whether these (or other) alleged differences in word-level phonology generalize to the nominal vs. verbal phrase. The Bantu family provides an ideal testing ground for such an investigation. Based on Bantu, I show that nouns are more likely to undergo modification at the phrase level than verbs, thereby obeying less “faithfulness” to the input than verbs. Nominal phrases also show more distinct outputs and complex idiosyncrasies than their verbal counterparts. After establishing that there are distinct asymmetric properties in the phrasal phonology of nominal vs. verbal constituents in Bantu, the chapter raises the question of what causes these asymmetries and whether they are general or pertain only to Bantu and other African languages.
Just how metrical is the Autosegmental-Metrical model?
Authors: Gussenhoven Carlos
Published: August 2022

A listing of a dozen generalizations governing pitch-accent locations in sentences in Nubi, Persian, and English yields two findings that contradict current assumptions. First, only one of the generalizations has a phonological structural description, φ-based English Iambic Reversal, which refers to a constituent in the prosodic hierarchy. Second, in no case do structural descriptions include reference to a metrical grid, to a metrical tree, or to s-w labelings. The majority have morphosyntactic contexts, while Persian and English share a rule of Post-Focal Deaccenting. The three languages are argued to employ a location marker for the association of tone, ‘accent’ (in the sense of Goldsmith (1976). A parsimonious description assumes default accent assignments to the output of the morphological grammar, deriving the surface accents by means of accent deletions. The conclusion is that the Autosegmental-Metrical model does not distinguish itself from the general model of autosegmental phonology.
Interactions between lexical and postlexical tones
Authors: Kubozono Haruo
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines how lexical and postlexical tones interact with each other in vocative intonation (calling tunes) across several Japanese dialects. The four dialects examined here vary in the organization of lexical prosody from the mora-based multipattern system of standard Tokyo Japanese to the syllable-based two-pattern system of Kagoshima Japanese. While exhibiting word-final pitch fall as a common feature of vocative intonation, these dialects differ in the way the boundary tone is manifested, which can be attributed at least in part to the differences in their lexical prosodic organization. Our data also support crosslinguistic observations reported in the literature: (i) that intonational boundary tones generally win over lexical tones to resolve tonal clash or crowding, and (ii) that one syllable can generally bear up to two tones. They also show that postlexical tonal neutralizations take place to differing degrees across the dialects as lexical tones are overridden by postlexical ones.
Prosodic phrasing, long-distance rise, and structural prominence-marking in Japanese dialects without lexically contrastive tones
Authors: Igarashi Yosuke
Published: August 2022

This chapter describes aspects of the prosodic structures of Japanese accentless dialects with a focus on prosodic phrasing, pitch peak alignment, and prosodic focus-marking. The accentual phrases in these dialects can contain more than one phonological word. Hence, there is a tendency for accentual phrases to be long. In some accentless dialects, the pitch peak location in the accentual phrase varies considerably. When it is located around the end of a long accentual phrase, a long, continuously rising contour is observed. Focus is signaled structurally by inserting an accentual phrase boundary at the beginning of the focused word. When a long-distance rise occurs, there is a gap between the focus location and the peak location. This discrepancy between semantic and phonetic salience indicates that prominence in accentless dialects is realized purely structurally, with the left edge of the accentual phrase being the phonologically prominent position.
Prosody of declaratives and questions in Rere (Koalib)
Authors: Chai Yuan , Kunda Titus Kubri Kajo , Rodríguez Alejandro , Rose Sharon
Published: August 2022

The prosodic system of declarative sentences and questions in Rere (Koalib), a Niger-Congo language of Sudan, is characterized by pitch raising and lowering, which target boundary positions and particular tones. Declarative utterances are marked by a final L% boundary tone. This has different effects depending on the size of the utterance and the final tone type, lowering a final sequence of high tones and causing a pitch fall on the final syllable. Polar questions are marked by a final low-toned clitic. The low-tone of the clitic blocks H tone lowering found in corresponding declaratives, and a H% raises the rightmost H tone of the question if one is present. Upsweep affects a series of high tones, and pitch raising also marks the boundary between the verb and a post-verbal subject. Finally, a high tone added at the left edge of the verb marks wh-ex-situ questions as well as similar constructions.
Xitsonga tone: The syntax–phonology interface
Authors: Lee Seunghun J. , Selkirk Elisabeth
Published: August 2022

Patterns of prosodic-structure-sensitive high tone spread in the Bantu language Xitsonga reveal mismatches between syntactic and phonological/prosodic constituency. A modular account of these mismatches is proposed: Match constraints (Selkirk 2011) are re-construed as spell-out constraints relating the output representation of the morphosyntax to the input representation for the phonology. It’s argued that in Xitsonga the spell-out constraint MatchPhraseLEX relates only phrases with lexical category heads to phonological phrases in the phonological input representation. In the phonology per se, a novel class of prosodic-structure faithfulness constraints interacts with prosodic-structure markedness constraints to produce further constituency mismatches in the output phonological representation.
On the (lack of) correspondence between syntactic clauses and intonational phrases
Authors: Ishihara Shinichiro
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the syntax–prosody mapping at the clause-level, or the potential absence thereof. In particular, it reexamines the validity and the necessity of the clause-level mapping constraint, MATCHCLAUSE, proposed in Match theory (Selkirk 2009, 2011). First, it will be shown, based on the results of previous empirical studies, that data from embedded clauses in Japanese do not provide positive evidence for MATCHCLAUSE. The discussion includes a critical review of Selkirk’s (2009) analysis of wh-prosody in Fukuoka Japanese. Secondly, it will be claimed, following other recent proposals in the literature, clausehood is irrelevant in what has been assumed to be mapping between so-called illocutionary clauses to intonational phrases (ι). An alternative approach is suggested in which the intonational phrase (ι) is related to speech acts rather than the syntactic clausehood.
Matching and alignment
Authors: Bellik Jennifer , Ito Junko , Kalivoda Nick , Mester Armin
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows that both Match and Align constraints are needed to account for an asymmetry in Japanese syntax-to-prosody mapping. In Japanese, four-word left-branching syntactic phrases undergo prosodic rebracketing, such that the first pair and second pair of words form distinct phonological phrases, while four-word right-branching syntactic phrases are matched to isomorphic phonological phrases. Match Theory is shown to be unable to explain this asymmetry, whereas Align constraints do not account for matching effects in recursive phonological phrases. Japanese is analyzed as involving the interaction of Match and Align with binarity constraints favoring phonological rebracketing. This indicates that both Match and Align are present in the universal set of syntax-prosody mapping constraints responsible for phonological phrasing.
Kant’s Appearances as Object-Dependent Senses
Authors: Tolley Clinton
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents a novel interpretation of Kant’s account of appearances, according to which an appearance plays a role in an intuition akin to the role played by an object-dependent “sense” (Sinn), as this is understood on broadly Fregean accounts of cognitive content. It is argued that this approach best captures several key features that Kant attributes to appearances. Perhaps most importantly, this Fregean interpretation best captures the fact that, for Kant, appearances are representations of some further object (a “something = x”), despite being themselves the (phenomenologically) immediate objects of intuitions. The Fregean interpretation can help illuminate the ideality of appearances and the extent to which appearances might nevertheless count as dependent upon real things. This interpretation is contrasted with other recently prominent interpretations, such as those given by Aquila, Van Cleve, Langton, Allison, and Allais.
Noumena as Grounds of Phenomena
Authors: Bader Ralf M.
Published: August 2022

The debate between one-world and two-worlds interpretations of transcendental idealism generally proceeds on both systematic and exegetical grounds. A common objection to two-worlds interpretations is that they are committed to an implausible, if not incoherent, ontology and that considerations of charity consequently speak against attributing such a view to Kant. This chapter focuses primarily on systematic rather than exegetical considerations. It aims to develop an account of the relation between noumena and phenomena that makes sense of a two-world ontology. In particular, the goal is to elucidate this relation in such a way that it neither undermines noumenal ignorance nor ontologizes space and time. Far from being incoherent or implausible, the resulting theory constitutes a powerful metaphysical system.
Structure–Function Study of a Novel Inhibitor of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase C in Arabidopsis
Authors: Saito Ami N , Maeda Akari E , Takahara Tomoaki T , Matsuo Hiromi , Nishina Michiya , Ono Azusa , Shiratake Katsuhiro , Notaguchi Michitaka , Yanai Takeshi , Kinoshita Toshinori , Ota Eisuke , Fujimoto Kazuhiro J , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Nakamichi Norihito
Published: August 2022

The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system with a period of about 24 h, coordinates many physiological processes with the day–night cycle. We previously demonstrated that BML-259 [N-(5-isopropyl-2-thiazolyl) phenylacetamide], a small molecule with mammal CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE 5 (CDK5)/CDK2 inhibition activity, lengthens Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) circadian clock periods. BML-259 inhibits Arabidopsis CDKC kinase, which phosphorylates RNA polymerase II in the general transcriptional machinery. To accelerate our understanding of the inhibitory mechanism of BML-259 on CDKC, we performed structure–function studies of BML-259 using circadian period-lengthening activity as an estimation of CDKC inhibitor activity in vivo. The presence of a thiazole ring is essential for period-lengthening activity, whereas acetamide, isopropyl and phenyl groups can be modified without effect. BML-259 analog TT-539, a known mammal CDK5 inhibitor, did not lengthen the period nor did it inhibit Pol II phosphorylation. TT-361, an analog having a thiophenyl ring instead of a phenyl ring, possesses stronger period-lengthening activity and CDKC;2 inhibitory activity than BML-259. In silico ensemble docking calculations using Arabidopsis CDKC;2 obtained by a homology modeling indicated that the different binding conformations between these molecules and CDKC;2 explain the divergent activities of TT539 and TT361.
Generation and Field Relations of Low-δ18O Silica-Undersaturated and Mildly Saturated Alkaline Magmas: a Case Study from the Fataga Group, Gran Canaria
Authors: Cortes-Calderon Edgar A , Ellis Ben S , Harris Chris , Mark Darren F , Neukampf Julia , Wolff John A , Ulmer Peter , Bachmann Olivier
Published: August 2022

The origins of felsic low-δ18O melts (< +5.5‰) are usually attributed to assimilation of high-temperature hydrothermally altered (HTHA) rocks. Very few alkaline (silica-undersaturated and/or peralkaline) examples are known. Here, we classify the Miocene Fataga Group in Gran Canaria, a silica-undersaturated to mildly saturated alkaline volcanic sequence consisting of trachytic to phonolitic extra-caldera ignimbrites and lavas, as a new low-δ18O felsic locality. We provide new mineral, glass, and bulk geochemical data linked to a well-constrained stratigraphy to assess the processes involved in the magma reservoir that fed the Fataga eruptions. New high-precision single crystal feldspar 40Ar/39Ar ages of the study area span 13.931 ± 0.034 Ma to 10.288 ± 0.016 Ma. Fractional crystallization at shallow depths of sanidine/anorthoclase, biotite, augite/diopside, titanite, ilmenite, and titanomagnetite is the main driving process to produce phonolitic magmas from trachytic melts. Evidence of mafic hotter recharge is not found in the field, but some units exhibit trachytic compositions characterized by positive Eu/Eu* anomalies and high Ba contents, interpreted as melts of feldspar-dominated cumulates, the solid remnants of fractional crystallization. Hence, recharge magmas halted in the crystal mush and provided the heat needed to sustain cumulate melting and volcanic activity. This cumulate signature might be lost if fractional crystallization continues before the eruption. The interplay among meteoric water, the caldera-fault system, intra-caldera ignimbrites (Mogán Group), and the Fataga magma reservoir favoured assimilation of up to ca. 30% of HTHA rocks. Such assimilation is variable through time and recorded by δ18Omelt values down to +4.73‰. We did not find any direct relation between assimilation and silica saturation of the Fataga volcanic deposits.
A Remarkable Expansion of Oligopeptide Transporter Genes in Rust Fungi (Pucciniales) Suggests a Specialization in Nutrient Acquisition for Obligate Biotrophy
Authors: Guerillot Pamela , Salamov Asaf , Louet Clémentine , Morin Emmanuelle , Frey Pascal , Grigoriev Igor V. , Duplessis Sébastien
Published: August 2022

Nutrient acquisition by rust fungi during their biotrophic growth has been assigned to a few transporters expressed in haustorial infection structures. We performed a comparative genomic analysis of all transporter genes (hereafter termed transportome) classified according to the Transporter Classification Database, focusing specifically on rust fungi (order Pucciniales) versus other species in the Dikarya. We also surveyed expression of transporter genes in the poplar rust fungus for which transcriptomics data are available across the whole life cycle. Despite a significant increase in gene number, rust fungi presented a reduced transportome compared with most fungi in the Dikarya. However, a few transporter families in the subclass Porters showed significant expansions. Notably, three metal transport-related families involved in the import, export, and sequestration of metals were expanded in Pucciniales and expressed at various stages of the rust life cycle, suggesting a tight regulation of metal homeostasis. The most remarkable gene expansion in the Pucciniales was observed for the oligopeptide transporter (OPT) family, with 25 genes on average compared with seven to 14 genes in the other surveyed taxonomical ranks. A phylogenetic analysis showed several specific expansion events at the root of the order Pucciniales with subsequent expansions in rust taxonomical families. The OPT genes showed dynamic expression patterns along the rust life cycle and more particularly during infection of the poplar host tree, suggesting a possible specialization for the acquisition of nitrogen and sulfur through the transport of oligopeptides from the host during biotrophic growth.
Time-dependent Patient-reported Outcomes As Predictors of the Survival of Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: Chang Wen-Pei , Cheung Denise Shuk Ting , Xu Xinyi , Lin Chia-Chin
Published: August 2022

Background:

The importance of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) has been increasingly recognized in cancer care. No study has investigated how changes in PROs after completion of cancer treatment affect survival.

Objective:

To investigate the predictive value of patient characteristics, including PROs, for cancer survival.

Methods:

A total of 86 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of lung cancer were recruited. Data on PROs including sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, fatigue, nausea, pain, weight loss, cough, good appetite, chest tightness, and ease of breathing were collected through self-reported questionnaires at 5 time points for each patient: before treatment and 6, 12, 24, and 48 weeks after treatment.

Results:

Bivariate time-dependent Cox regression revealed the following variables to be significant: small-cell, stage IV lung cancer; pretreatment pneumonia; treatment type; and several PRO variables, including sleep disturbance (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.10, P < .001), anxiety (HR = 1.15, P < .001), depression (HR = 1.11, P < .001), weight loss (HR = 0.71, P < .001), chest tightness (HR = 0.83, P = .029), and ease of breathing (HR = 0.62, P < .001). Multivariable time-dependent Cox regression revealed that only stage IV (HR = 7.33, P = .029) and weight loss (HR = 0.76, P = .006) were significant variables associated with survival.

Conclusions:

Patient-reported weight loss was independently associated with shortened survival in patients with lung cancer.

Implications for Practice:

Health care professionals should closely monitor the PROs of patients with lung cancer. In cases of self-reported weight loss, further investigation and appropriate interventions are necessary.

What is Foundational:

Patient-reported weight loss has been recognized in our research as a modifiable risk factor in lung cancer survival. PROs have potential predictive value in cancer survival.
Helping Diagnosed Mothers and Their Adolescent-Young Adult Daughters Navigate Challenging Breast Cancer Conversations
Authors: Fisher Carla L. , Kastrinos Amanda , Curley Alana , Canzona Mollie R. , Piemonte Nicole , Wolf Bianca , Pipe Teri
Published: August 2022

Background:

Mothers diagnosed with breast cancer describe daughters as a critical source of support. Talking about breast cancer is especially distressing and challenging for mothers and their adolescent-young adult (AYA) daughters.

Objective:

The over-arching study aim was to generate findings to integrate into an intervention to enhance diagnosed mothers’ and AYA daughters’ communication skills by identifying approaches they find helpful when talking about cancer.

Methods:

We recruited 27 women (12 dyads). Diagnosed mothers and their AYA daughters (aged 18–29) participated in individual, in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were thematically analyzed. Mothers’/daughters’ perspectives were compared/triangulated.

Results:

Both mothers and daughters identified 3 approaches that helped them navigate cancer communication: (mothers) initiate conversations, keep communication positive, and limit cancer conversations. Only mothers reported it was helpful to downplay the seriousness of cancer. Only daughters identified it was important for them to reframe their perspective of mothers’ disclosures.

Conclusions:

Findings provide clinicians like nurses and families with a “psychosocial map” of communication approaches and associated strategies mothers and AYA daughters can use to talk about breast cancer in ways that promote daughters’ comfort and/or alleviate distress.

Implications for Practice:

Findings capture communication skills to focus on when tailoring developmentally focused interventions targeting diagnosed mothers and AYA daughters. Nurses can translate findings into practice to help patients talk to AYA daughters about cancer, thereby promoting a family-centered cancer care approach.

What Is Foundational:

AYA daughters are especially distressed talking about cancer with their diagnosed mothers. They can both use communication strategies to enhance their communal coping.
Comparison of survival outcomes between laparoscopic versus open radical nephroureterectomy in upper tract urothelial cancer patients: Experiences of a tertiary care single center
Authors: Hoeh Benedikt , Kosiba Marina , Wenzel Mike , Meister Nicola , Preisser Felix , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Hohenhorst Jan Lukas , Becker Andreas , Mandel Philipp , Banek Severine , Roos Frederik , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Chun Felix K.H. , Kluth Luis A.
Published: August 2022

Objectives

To test for differences in overall and recurrence-free survival between laparoscopic and open surgical approaches in patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).

Materials and methods

We retrospectively identified patients treated for UTUC from 2010 to 2020 from our institutional database. Patients undergoing laparoscopic or open RNU with no suspicion of metastasis (cM0) were for the current study population. Patients with suspected metastases at diagnosis (cM1) or those undergoing other surgical treatments were excluded. Tabulation was performed according to the laparoscopic versus open surgical approach. Kaplan-Meier plots were used to test for differences in overall and recurrence-free survival with regard to the surgical approach. Furthermore, separate Kaplan-Meier plots were used to test the effect of preoperative ureterorenoscopy on overall and recurrence-free survival within the overall study cohort.

Results

Of the 59 patients who underwent nephroureterectomy, 29% (n = 17) underwent laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, whereas 71% (n = 42) underwent open nephroureterectomy. Patient and tumor characteristics were comparable between groups (p ≥ 0.2). The median overall survival was 93 and 73 months in the laparoscopic nephroureterectomy group compared to the open nephroureterectomy group (p = 0.5), respectively. The median recurrence-free survival did not differ between open and laparoscopic nephroureterectomies (73 months for both groups; p = 0.9). Furthermore, the median overall and recurrence-free survival rates did not differ between patients treated with and without preoperative ureterorenoscopy.

Conclusions

The results of this retrospective, single-center institution showed that overall and recurrence-free survival rates did not differ between patients with UTUC treated with laparoscopic and open RNU. Furthermore, preoperative ureterorenoscopy before RNU was not associated with higher overall or recurrence-free survival rates.
Identifying Medicare Beneficiaries With Delirium
Authors: Moura Lidia M.V.R. , Zafar Sahar , Benson Nicole M. , Festa Natalia , Price Mary , Donahue Maria A. , Normand Sharon-Lise , Newhouse Joseph P. , Blacker Deborah , Hsu John
Published: August 2022

Background:

Each year, thousands of older adults develop delirium, a serious, preventable condition. At present, there is no well-validated method to identify patients with delirium when using Medicare claims data or other large datasets. We developed and assessed the performance of classification algorithms based on longitudinal Medicare administrative data that included International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition diagnostic codes.

Methods:

Using a linked electronic health record (EHR)-Medicare claims dataset, 2 neurologists and 2 psychiatrists performed a standardized review of EHR records between 2016 and 2018 for a stratified random sample of 1002 patients among 40,690 eligible subjects. Reviewers adjudicated delirium status (reference standard) during this 3-year window using a structured protocol. We calculated the probability that each patient had delirium as a function of classification algorithms based on longitudinal Medicare claims data. We compared the performance of various algorithms against the reference standard, computing calibration-in-the-large, calibration slope, and the area-under-receiver-operating-curve using 10-fold cross-validation (CV).

Results:

Beneficiaries had a mean age of 75 years, were predominately female (59%), and non-Hispanic Whites (93%); a review of the EHR indicated that 6% of patients had delirium during the 3 years. Although several classification algorithms performed well, a relatively simple model containing counts of delirium-related diagnoses combined with patient age, dementia status, and receipt of antipsychotic medications had the best overall performance [CV– calibration-in-the-large <0.001, CV-slope 0.94, and CV–area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.88 95% confidence interval: 0.84–0.91)].

Conclusions:

A delirium classification model using Medicare administrative data and International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition diagnosis codes can identify beneficiaries with delirium in large datasets.
Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation and DICER1 Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Gupte Avanti , Sood Sandeep , Kupsky William J. , Altinok Deniz , Miller Steven , Roy Sumita , Bhambhani Kanta
Published: August 2022

DICER1 syndrome is a rare inherited tumor predisposition syndrome associated with an increased risk for several malignant and benign tumors. We present a patient with pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation who was found to have a germline pathogenic variant in DICER1 gene. Pineoblastoma is a known DICER1-related tumor; however, the association between pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation and DICER1 mutation is rare with only 1 recent large molecular study that has reported this association. This report adds to the evolving tumor spectrum of DICER1 and highlights the importance of molecular evaluation of pediatric brain tumors, for both therapeutic decisions and long-term surveillance.
A Survey of the Relationship Between Trait Anxiety and Mental Resilience of Marathoners in China
Authors: Zhu Chunying , Lin Ze , Wang Mingwei , Lv Shijin
Published: August 2022

This study aims to investigate the relationship between trait anxiety and mental resilience in marathoners and the general population. The study recruited 135 marathoners and 140 members of the general population. Trait anxiety and mental resilience were measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Scale and the Chinese version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The amount of weekly exercise resulted in significant differences in the trait anxiety (F = 6.358, p < 0.01) and mental resilience (F = 5.996, p < 0.05) levels of the general population and marathoners. Age led to a significant difference in the trait anxiety of marathoners (F = 10.890, p < 0.01). The half marathoners' daily exercise program is most suitable for the general population for reducing trait anxiety level and increasing mental resilience. Furthermore, marathoners showed lower trait anxiety and higher mental resilience. Therefore, long-term marathon adherence can help improve mental health.
Does Involvement in Peer Bullying Invite Self-Injury?
Authors: Uzun Cicek Ayla , Ucuz Ilknur , Sari Seda Aybuke , Comertoglu Arslan Semiha , Dogru Hicran
Published: August 2022

Previous studies have linked peer bullying to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, the evidence is largely limited to population-based groups. This study examined whether there is a relationship between NSSI and being a victim of peer bullying among adolescents in a clinical sample and how this may be influenced by types of bullying. The sample consisted of 96 outpatients with NSSI and 107 healthy adolescents. The Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, Peer Bullying Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were applied. Whereas the scores of each bullying type of adolescents with NSSI were significantly higher, their self-esteem scores were significantly lower. Each victimization score of bullying had a negative correlation with NSSI-onset age and self-esteem scores and a positive correlation with self-injury scores. This study demonstrated that being a victim of any type of bullying is strongly associated with self-injury. It would be advisable to screen adolescents with self-injury for exposure to bullying, and vice versa.
Primary Cutaneous Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Vulva: A Case Report
Authors: Al-Janabi Shaimaa , Kasius Jenneke C. , Jaspars Elisabeth H. , Snijders Malou L.H.
Published: August 2022

Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine tumors (CNET) are extremely rare. Only a few cases have been reported so far. CNET have an indolent clinical course and usually present as a single flesh-colored nodule with a predilection for the scalp and trunk in elderly patients. While primary CNET have characteristic histological and immunohistochemical features akin to other low-grade neuroendocrine tumors elsewhere in the body, diagnosing these tumors on skin biopsies can be challenging as they are particularly mistaken for other, more commonly diagnosed, entities. In the current report we present a unique case of primary CNET of the vulva. The clinical presentation will be discussed as well as the histopathologic and immunohistochemical features and most importantly the possible pitfalls in microscopic examination.
Cervical Adenosquamous Carcinoma: Detailed Analysis of Morphology, Immunohistochemical Profile, and Outcome in 59 Cases
Authors: Stolnicu Simona , Hoang Lynn , Zhou Qin , Iasonos Alexia , Terinte Cristina , Pesci Anna , Aviel-Ronen Sarit , Kiyokawa Takako , Alvarado-Cabrero Isabel , Oliva Esther , Park Kay J. , Soslow Robert A.
Published: August 2022

Although both the 2014 and 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria require unequivocal glandular and squamous differentiation for a diagnosis of cervical adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC), in practice, ASC diagnoses are often made in tumors that lack unequivocal squamous and/or glandular differentiation. Considering the ambiguous etiologic, morphologic, and clinical features and outcomes associated with ASCs, we sought to redefine these tumors. We reviewed slides from 59 initially diagnosed ASCs (including glassy cell carcinoma and related lesions) to confirm an ASC diagnosis only in the presence of unequivocal malignant glandular and squamous differentiation. Select cases underwent immunohistochemical profiling as well as human papillomavirus (HPV) testing by in situ hybridization. Of the 59 cases originally classified as ASCs, 34 retained their ASC diagnosis, 9 were reclassified as pure invasive stratified mucin-producing carcinomas, 10 as invasive stratified mucin-producing carcinomas with other components (such as HPV-associated mucinous, usual-type, or ASCs), and 4 as HPV-associated usual or mucinous adenocarcinomas with benign-appearing squamous metaplasia. Two glassy adenocarcinomas were reclassified as poorly differentiated HPV-associated carcinomas based on morphology and immunophenotype. There were no significant immunophenotypic differences between ASCs and pure invasive stratified mucin-producing carcinomas with regard to HPV and other markers including p16 expression. Although limited by a small sample size, survival outcomes seemed to be similar between all groups. ASCs should be diagnosed only in the presence of unequivocal malignant glandular and squamous differentiation. The 2 putative glassy cell carcinomas studied did not meet our criteria for ASC and categorizing them as such should be reconsidered.
Health Care Consumption, Psychiatric Diagnoses, and Pharmacotherapy 1 and 2 Years Before and After Newly Diagnosed HIV: A Case-Control Study Nested in The Greater Stockholm HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Wändell Per , Ljunggren Gunnar , Jallow Amadou , Wahlström Lars , Carlsson Axel C.
Published: August 2022

Objective

We compare individuals with newly diagnosed HIV with sex-, age-, and socioeconomic status–matched HIV-negative controls, with the aim of studying the frequency of health care visits, the types of clinics visited, registered diagnoses, and psychopharmacotherapy.

Methods

The data were collected through the Stockholm Region administrative database (Stockholm Regional Health Care Data Warehouse) for men and women (people) living with newly diagnosed HIV (PLWH) in their medical records (930 men, 450 women) and controls. The odds ratios (ORs) with 99% confidence intervals (CIs) for psychiatric comorbidities and relevant pharmacotherapies were calculated during the 2011–2018 period.

Results

Substance use disorder was higher in PLWH than in controls, before and after newly diagnosed HIV in men (OR = 1 year before 4.36 [99% CI = 2.00–9.5] and OR = 1 year after 5.16 [99% CI = 2.65–10.08]) and women (OR = 1 year before 6.05 [99% CI = 1.89–19.40] and OR = 1 year after 5.24 [99% CI = 1.69–16.32]). Health care contacts and psychiatric disorders were more common in cases than controls 1 and 2 years after diagnosis, particularly for depression in men 1 year after HIV (OR = 3.14, 99% CI = 2.11–4.67), which was not found in women (1 year OR = 0.94, 99% CI = 0.50–1.77).

Conclusions

Before newly diagnosed HIV, PLWH have the same level of psychiatric diagnoses as their controls, except for substance use disorder. Psychiatric problems are more common in PLWH than in their controls after newly diagnosed HIV.
Glucocorticoid Receptor Function and Cognitive Performance in Women With HIV
Authors: Rubin Leah H. , Bekhbat Mandakh , Turkson Susie , Mehta C. Christina , Maki Pauline M. , Anastos Kathryn , Gustafson Deborah , Spence Amanda B. , Milam Joel , Chow Felicia C. , Weber Kathleen , Springer Gayle , Gange Stephen J. , Neigh Gretchen N.
Published: August 2022

Objective

Alterations in glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) function may be a risk factor for cognitive complications among older people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We evaluated whether HIV serostatus and age modify the GCR function-cognition association among women.

Methods

Eighty women with HIV (n = 40, <40 years of age [younger]; n = 40, >50 years of age [older]) and 80 HIV-uninfected women (n = 40 older, n = 40 younger) enrolled in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected concurrent with neuropsychological testing were assessed for GCR function. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to examine whether a) HIV serostatus and age were associated with GCR function, and b) GCR function-cognition associations are moderated by HIV serostatus and age adjusting for relevant covariates.

Results

Among older women, higher baseline FKBP5 expression level was associated with lower attention/working memory performance among women with HIV (B = 6.4, standard error = 1.7, p = .0003) but not in women without HIV infection (B = −1.7, standard error = 1.9, p = .37). There were no significant HIV serostatus by age interactions on dexamethasone (DEX)-stimulated expression of the genes regulated by the GCR or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor α levels (with or without DEX stimulation; p values > .13). HIV serostatus was associated with GC target genes PER1 (p = .006) and DUSP1 (p = .02), but not TSC22D3 (p = .32), after DEX stimulation.

Conclusions

Collectively, these data suggest that HIV serostatus and age may modify the influence of the GCR, such that the receptor is likely engaged to a similar extent, but the downstream influence of the receptor is altered, potentially through epigenetic modification of target genes.
Surfboard Related Orbital and Periocular Injury
Authors: Davidov Bar , Leibovitch Igal , Mezad-Koursh Daphna , Feldman Ilan , Cnaan Ran Ben
Published: August 2022

Purpose:

The objective of this study is to present the complexity of surfboard related orbital and periocular injuries and to discuss the different prevention aspects of such injuries.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed on surfing related orbital and periocular injuries cases in a single tertiary medical center over a period of 10 years.

Results:

Six patients at a mean age of 34 (range 20–50) years were evaluated. All were amateur surfers. Five patients had an orbital fracture, 3 had a full thickness eyelid laceration, 3 had lacrimal drainage system damage and 3 had intraocular findings related to trauma, but no perforation of the globe was observed. Two patients had complete optic nerve avulsion or transection, 1 of them had extraocular muscle transection. Five patients underwent surgery and 2 required an additional surgical intervention. At the end of follow-up, 3 patients had an unrepairable lacrimal drainage damage, 2 had a malposition of an eyelid, 2 eyes remained blind, 1 patient had a hypoglobus, and 1 had hypoesthesia in distribution of infraorbital nerve.

Conclusions:

Surfboard related orbital injuries may cause a severe orbital injury, which may debilitate and disable a previously active and healthy group of young people. Hence, protective gear wear should be more vigorously encouraged as already been done in other sports.
The Effect of Segmentation Threshold on Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Nasal Airflow
Authors: Noblitt Bryce , Higgins John , Kopytek Katherine , Brehm Christoph , Gupta Nikita
Published: August 2022

Background:

The objective analysis of nasal airflow stands to benefit greatly from the adoption of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methodologies. In this emerging field, no standards currently exist in regard to the ideal modeling parameters of the nasal airway. Such standards will be necessary for this tool to become clinically relevant.

Methods:

Human nasal airways were modeled from a healthy control, segmented, and analyzed with an in-house immersed boundary method. The segmentation Hounsfield unit (HU) threshold was varied to measure its effect in relation to airflow velocity magnitude and pressure change.

Findings:

Surface area and volume have a linear relationship to HU threshold, whereas CFD variables had a more complex relationship.

Interpretation:

The HU threshold should be included in nasal airflow CFD analysis. Future work is required to determine the optimal segmentation threshold.