bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical techniques for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments between surgeons with high versus low single surgery success rates
Authors: Starr Matthew R. , Hsu Jason , Yonekawa Yoshihiro , Mittra Robert A. , Ryan Claire , Forbes Nora J. , Ammar Michael , Patel Luv G. , Obeid Anthony , Capone Antonio , Emerson Geoffrey G. , Joseph Daniel P. , Eliott Dean , Gupta Omesh P. , Regillo Carl D. , Ryan Edwin H. ,   the Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes (PRO) Study Group
Published: March 2021

Background/Aims

To identify differences in preoperative characteristics and intraoperative approaches between surgeons with higher versus lower single surgery success rates (SSSR) for repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs).

Methods

This study is a sub‐analysis of subjects who underwent RRD repair in the Primary Retinal Detachment Outcomes (PRO) study, a multi‐institutional, retrospective comparative interventional study. The PRO study examined consecutive primary RRD surgeries from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015. The primary outcome was variations in surgical approach to different types of RRDs with secondary analyses of pre and intraoperative metrics for surgeons with SSSR > 90% compared to those <80% who performed at least 40 operations during the study period.

Results

A total of 689 surgeries were included in the analysis. The mean SSSR was 94% for the higher tier and 75% for the lower tier (p < 0.0001). Surgeons with >90% SSSR were more likely to have graduated fellowship more recently (p = 0.0025), use less perfluorocarbon liquid (p < 0.0001), perform less 360 degree laser retinopexy (p < 0.0001), and perform a higher percentage of primary buckles and combined PPV/SB (p < 0.0001). For pseudophakic eyes there was no difference between PPV and PPV/SB use (p = 0.6211).

Conclusion

Surgeons with high SSSR typically performed SB as well as combination PPV/SB for more RRDs. Similar numbers of PPV and PPV/SB were performed for pseudophakic eyes, suggesting that the difference in SSSR between the two groups may be related to a combination of preoperative and intraoperative decisions as well as differences in technique.
Genotype–phenotype correlation in von Hippel‐Lindau disease
Authors: Reich Michael , Jaegle Sabine , Neumann‐Haefelin Elke , Klingler Jan‐Helge , Evers Charlotte , Daniel Moritz , Bucher Felicitas , Ludwig Franziska , Nuessle Simone , Kopp Julia , Boehringer Daniel , Reinhard Thomas , Lagrèze Wolf A. , Lange Clemens , Agostini Hansjuergen , Lang Stefan J.
Published: March 2021

Background/Aims

Retinal haemangioblastomas (RH) remain a major cause of visual impairment in patients with von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) disease. Identification of genotype–phenotype correlation is an important prerequisite for better management, treatment and prognosis.

Methods

Retrospective, single‐centre cohort study of 200 VHL patients. Genetic data and date of onset of RH, central nervous system haemangioblastomas (CNSH), pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL), clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (PNEN) were collected. The number and locations of RH were recorded.

Results

The first clinical finding occurred at an age of 26 ± 14 years (y) [mean ± SD]. In 91 ± 3% (95% CI 88–94) of the patients, at least one RH occur until the age of 60y. A total of 42 different rare VHL gene variants in 166 patients were detected. A higher age‐related incidence of RH, CNSH, ccRCC and PNEN was detected in patients with a truncating variant (TV) compared to patients with a single amino‐acid substitution/deletion (AASD) (all p < 0.01), while it is reverse for PPGL (p < 0.01). Patients with a TV showed 0.10 ± 0.15 RH per y during their lifetime compared to 0.05 ± 0.07 in patients with AASD (p < 0.02). The median enucleation/phthisis‐free survival time in patients with a TV was 56y (95% CI 50–62) compared to 78y (95% CI 75–81) in patients with AASD (p < 0.02).

Conclusion

Compared to patients with AASD, patients with a TV develop RH, CNSH, ccRCC and PNEN earlier. They experience a higher number of RH and bear a higher risk of enucleation/phthisis. Thus, patients with a TV might be considered for a more intensive ophthalmological monitoring.
The future is old – Patients with topical ocular hypotensive treatment in the Nordic region between 2008 and 2017 with projections for 2040
Authors: Bro Tomas , Wickström Kerstin , Lindén Christina
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The primary objective was to evaluate prescribing trends for topical ocular hypotensive treatment in the Nordic region during the last decade and, by population projections, estimate the glaucoma burden in 2040. A secondary objective was to analyse national variations in prescription patterns across the Nordic region.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of national pharmacy data between 2008 and 2017 on the dispensation of topical ocular hypotensive treatment in the Nordic region was performed. Predictions of the glaucoma burden in 2040 were calculated from official population projections.

Results

The total number of patients with ocular hypotensive treatment in the Nordic region increased from 346 000 to 418 000 (21%) between 2008 and 2017. The number of patients with ocular hypotensive treatment in the age group of 50 years and older increased from 3.6% to 3.9%. The daily defined dose (DDD) per patient and day during the study period increased from 1.22 to 1.26. Adjusted for beta‐blocker combinations, the same value increased from 1.49 to 1.67. Across the Nordic countries, Finland had almost twice as many DDD per patient and day in 2017 (2.1) compared with Iceland (1.1). Between 2008 and 2017, the annual treatment cost for ocular hypotensive treatment in the Nordic region decreased from 96 million to 87 million Euro (−9%). In 2040, the number of patients with ocular hypotensive treatment in the Nordic region is estimated to 633 000 individuals (+51% compared with 2017).

Conclusions

The study revealed an increased use of glaucoma medications in the Nordic region the last decade. This was mainly caused by an increased number of patients with ocular hypotensive treatment, but also because of a more intensive treatment. Marked national differences were detected. Due to the introduction of generic medications, the total cost for ocular hypotensive treatment did however decrease during the last decade. In 2040, the current number of individuals with ocular hypotensive treatment is estimated to have increased with an additional 50% due to a growing number of ageing individuals. This will lead to higher costs, not only for medications but also for diagnosing, monitoring and other aspects of glaucoma care.
Proteomic analysis of urinary and tissue‐exudative extracellular vesicles to discover novel bladder cancer biomarkers
Authors: Tomiyama Eisuke , Matsuzaki Kyosuke , Fujita Kazutoshi , Shiromizu Takashi , Narumi Ryohei , Jingushi Kentaro , Koh Yoko , Matsushita Makoto , Nakano Kosuke , Hayashi Yujiro , Wang Cong , Ishizuya Yu , Kato Taigo , Hatano Koji , Kawashima Atsunari , Ujike Takeshi , Uemura Motohide , Takao Tetsuya , Adachi Jun , Tomonaga Takeshi , Nonomura Norio
Published: March 2021

Proteomic analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a powerful approach to discover potential bladder cancer (BCa) biomarkers, however urine contains numerous EVs derived from the kidney and normal urothelial epithelium, which can obfuscate information related to BCa cell‐derived EVs. In this study, we combined proteomic analysis of urinary EVs and tissue‐exudative EVs (Te‐EVs), which were isolated from culture medium of freshly resected viable BCa tissues. Urinary EVs were isolated from urine samples of 11 individuals (7 BCa patients and 4 healthy individuals), and Te‐EVs were isolated from 7 BCa tissues. We performed tandem mass tag (TMT)‐labeling liquid chromatography (LC‐MS/MS) analysis for both urinary EVs and Te‐EVs and identified 1960 proteins in urinary EVs and 1538 proteins in Te‐EVs. Most of the proteins identified in Te‐EVs were also present in urinary EVs (82.4%), with 55 of these proteins showing upregulated levels in the urine of BCa patients (fold change > 2.0; P < .1). Among them, we selected 22 membrane proteins as BCa biomarker candidates for validation using selected reaction monitoring/multiple reaction monitoring (SRM/MRM) analysis on urine samples from 70 individuals (40 BCa patients and 30 healthy individuals). Six urinary EV proteins (heat‐shock protein 90, syndecan‐1, myristoylated alanine‐rich C‐kinase substrate (MARCKS), MARCKS‐related protein, tight junction protein ZO‐2, and complement decay‐accelerating factor) were quantified using SRM/MRM analysis and validated as significantly upregulated in BCa patients (P < .05). In conclusion, the novel strategy that combined proteomic analysis of urinary EVs and Te‐EVs enabled selective detection of urinary BCa biomarkers.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus: Revised diagnostic criteria based on literature analysis
Authors: Svoboda Steven A. , Huang Simo , Liu Xinyang , Hsu Sylvia , Motaparthi Kiran
Published: March 2021

Background

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is a rare autoimmune bullous disease classically associated with an underlying neoplasm. The heterogeneous clinical and histopathologic features of the disease make diagnosis challenging for clinicians. There are no formally accepted diagnostic criteria, and newer techniques for identifying antibodies directed against plakin proteins have largely replaced immunoprecipitation, the historic gold standard.

Methods

An analysis of 265 published cases of PNP was performed. The clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic features of PNP were assessed.

Results

Based on this review, we modified previous diagnostic criteria to capture 89.4% of PNP cases compared to 71.2% of cases captured by the most commonly referenced criteria devised by Camisa and Helm (p‐value < 0.01, z‐test; 95% CI [10.2, 33.6]).

Conclusion

These revised diagnostic criteria address the variable clinical, histopathologic, and biochemical features of PNP, allowing physicians to have greater confidence in diagnosis of this rare and often fatal disease. The revised criteria include three major criteria and two minor criteria, whereby meeting either all three major criteria or two major and both minor criteria would fulfill a diagnosis of paraneoplastic pemphigus. The major criteria include (a) mucous membrane lesions with or without cutaneous involvement, (b) concomitant internal neoplasm, and (b) serologic evidence of anti‐plakin antibodies. The minor criteria include (a) acantholysis and/or lichenoid interface dermatitis on histopathology and (b) direct immunofluorescence staining showing intercellular and/or basement membrane staining.
Measuring demand chasing behavior
Authors: Kirshner Samuel N. , Moritz Brent B.
Published: March 2021

Chasing behavior is an example of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic that occurs in many business contexts. In inventory management settings, decision makers often engage in demand chasing by adjusting order quantities toward recent demand observations. This can result in lower profit for the firm and increased variability across the supply chain. Prior research suggests that demand chasing can be measured by regression or correlation. Using two empirical datasets, we show that the observed costs associated with chasing are better captured using regression. We complement our empirical findings through comprehensive simulations across a range of order generating functions, supporting the robustness of regression models. Finally, we discuss behavioral differences between approaches and explain why certain models are better equipped for measuring demand chasing.
Tyneside Pegboard Test for unimanual and bimanual dexterity in unilateral cerebral palsy: association with sensorimotor impairment
Authors: Decraene Lisa , Feys Hilde , Klingels Katrijn , Basu Anna , Ortibus Els , Simon‐Martinez Cristina , Mailleux Lisa
Published: March 2021

Aim

We explored the psychometric properties of the recently developed Tyneside Pegboard Test (TPT) for unimanual and bimanual dexterity in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) and investigated the impact of sensorimotor impairments on manual dexterity.

Method

In this cross‐sectional study, the TPT was assessed in 49 children with unilateral CP (mean age 9y 8mo, SD 1y 11mo, range 6–15y; 30 males, 19 females; 23 with right unilateral CP). All participants additionally underwent a standardized upper limb evaluation at body function and activity level. We investigated: (1) known‐group, concurrent, and construct validity and (2) impact of sensorimotor impairments including spasticity, grip force, stereognosis, and mirror movements using analysis of covariance, Spearman’s rank correlation (r), and multiple linear regression (R2) respectively.

Results

TPT outcomes significantly differed according to the Manual Ability Classification System (p<0.001, known‐group validity). Relationships were found between the unimanual TPT tasks and the Jebsen‐Taylor Hand Function Test (r=0.86–0.88, concurrent validity). Bimanual TPT tasks were negatively correlated with the Assisting Hand Assessment, ABILHAND‐Kids, and Children’s Hand‐use Experience Questionnaire (r=−0.38 to −0.78, construct validity). Stereognosis was the main determinant influencing all tasks (p<0.001, R2=37–50%). Unimanual dexterity was additionally determined by grip strength (p<0.05, R2=8–9%) and mirror movements in the more impaired hand (p<0.05, R2=4–8%). Bimanual dexterity was also explained by mirror movements in the more impaired hand (p<0.01, R2=10–16%) and spasticity (p=0.04, R2=5%).

Interpretation

The TPT is a valid test to measure unimanual and bimanual dexterity in unilateral CP. The results further emphasize the importance of somatosensory impairments in children with unilateral CP.

What this paper adds

The Tyneside Pegboard Test is valid for measuring unimanual and bimanual dexterity in unilateral cerebral palsy.

Children with poorer manual ability show worse unimanual and bimanual dexterity.

Stereognosis is the main predictor of both unimanual and bimanual dexterity.

Stronger mirror movements in the more impaired hand result in worse bimanual dexterity.
Microstructural changes in the spinal cord of adults with cerebral palsy
Authors: Trevarrow Michael P , Baker Sarah E , Wilson Tony W , Kurz Max J
Published: March 2021

Aim

To quantify the microstructural differences in the cervical‐thoracic spinal cord of adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

Magnetic resonance imaging of the proximal spinal cord (C6–T3) was conducted on a cohort of adults with CP (n=13; mean age=31y 11mo, standard deviation [SD] 8y 7mo; range=20y 8mo–47y 6mo; eight females, five males) and population norm adult controls (n=16; mean age=31y 4mo, SD 9y 9mo; range=19y 4mo–49y 5mo; seven females, nine males). The cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the spinal cord, gray and white matter, magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and fractional anisotropy of the cuneatus and corticospinal tracts were calculated.

Results

The total spinal cord CSA and proportion of the spinal cord gray matter CSA were significantly decreased in the adults with CP. The corticospinal tracts’ MTR was lower in the adults with CP. Individuals that had reduced gray matter also tended to have reduced MTR in their corticospinal tracts (r=0.42, p=0.029) and worse hand dexterity clinical scores (r=0.53, p=0.004).

Interpretation

These results show that there are changes in the spinal cord microstructure of adults with CP. Ultimately, these microstructural changes play a role in the extent of the hand sensorimotor deficits seen in adults with CP.

What this paper adds

Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) have a reduced spinal cord cross‐sectional area (CSA).

Spinal cord gray matter is reduced in adults with CP.

Spinal cord CSA is associated with hand dexterity.

Magnetization transfer ratio of corticospinal tracts was lower in adults with CP.
Product–Service Systems Applied to Reusable Packaging Systems: A Strategic Design Tool
Authors: Long Yuan , Ceschin Fabrizio , Mansour Noha , Harrison David
Published: March 2021

Environmental sustainability is under the threat of excessive single‐use plastic packaging waste, which current waste management fails to address. Therefore, the issue has led to an identification of the solution that can curb packaging waste without sacrificing social needs.

Reusable packaging systems (RPSs) represent a circular approach to close the loop of consumption in which packaging can stay longer in the system to satisfy social needs. However, the implementation of reusable packaging is limited. Product–service systems (PSSs) are widely regarded as a sustainable business model innovation for embracing circular consumption. As a result, applying PSSs to RPSs should be promising in addressing the packaging waste issue. Even so, there is limited knowledge regarding adopting this approach to address the packaging crisis. This paper explores how to apply PSSs to RPSs to support professionals in addressing the packaging crisis in the food and household products industry.

The methodology of this paper is a combination of case studies and expert interviews. Fifty‐seven case studies are collected, analyzed, and formulated into 15 archetypal models that represent all types of RPSs in the current market. In parallel, a classification is developed to embrace those 15 archetypal models, and a total of 24 experts—packaging consultants, NGO professionals who address plastic waste, and reusable packaging entrepreneurs—were invited for the evaluation of the design tool.

This research provides a strategic design tool to support packaging professionals to design RPSs. The application of the tool is to support understanding RPSs, analyzing the markets, and identifying new opportunities, and to generate RPSs. The implication of this research is to provide insights for academics and businesses in terms of tackling single‐use packaging waste and to build a foundation to further develop the design tool for generating RPSs.
Simulating the Cognitive Leap Using Brainwriting
Authors: Langham Jo’Anne , Paulsen Neil
Published: March 2021

Idea generation and brainstorming are most effective when conducted in groups and in person. However, in‐person co‐creation activities have many limitations. The digital environment provides opportunities to ideate remotely and to enhance creativity. We designed an online experiment to assess the impact of brainwriting on the effectiveness of ideation. Our intention was to determine whether remote digital brainstorming could improve ideation, harnessing diversity in experience and knowledge while problem solving. Results revealed that unusual and novel ideas occurred in approximately 53 percent of cases using our simulated environment. Compared to the presession control activity, ideas generated were more sophisticated and included improvement in all cases. Our experiment demonstrates that digital brainwriting can significantly improve the quality and quantity of new ideas.
Topographical reorganization of brain functional connectivity during an early period of epileptogenesis
Authors: Li Lin , He Lingna , Harris Neil , Zhou Yufeng , Engel Jerome , Bragin Anatol
Published: March 2021

Objective

The current study aims to investigate functional brain network representations during the early period of epileptogenesis.

Methods

Eighteen rats with the intrahippocampal kainate model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy were used for this experiment. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements were made 1 week after status epilepticus, followed by 2–4‐month electrophysiological and video monitoring. Animals were identified as having (1) developed epilepsy (E+, n = 9) or (2) not developed epilepsy (E−, n = 6). Nine additional animals served as controls. Graph theory analysis was performed on the fMRI data to quantify the functional brain networks in all animals prior to the development of epilepsy. Spectrum clustering with the network features was performed to estimate their predictability in epileptogenesis.

Results

Our data indicated that E+ animals showed an overall increase in functional connectivity strength compared to E− and control animals. Global network features and small‐worldness of E− rats were similar to controls, whereas E+ rats demonstrated increased small‐worldness, including increased reorganization degree, clustering coefficient, and global efficiency, with reduced shortest pathlength. A notable classification of the combined brain network parameters was found in E+ and E− animals. For the local network parameters, the E− rats showed increased hubs in sensorimotor cortex, and decreased hubness in hippocampus. The E+ rats showed a complete loss of hippocampal hubs, and the appearance of new hubs in the prefrontal cortex. We also observed that lesion severity was not related to epileptogenesis.

Significance

Our data provide a view of the reorganization of topographical functional brain networks in the early period of epileptogenesis and how it can significantly predict the development of epilepsy. The differences from E− animals offer a potential means for applying noninvasive neuroimaging tools for the early prediction of epilepsy.
The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram
Authors: Dyson S.
Published: March 2021

The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram (RHpE) comprises 24 behaviours, the majority of which are at least 10 times more likely to be seen in lame horses compared with non‐lame horses. The observation of ≥8/24 behaviours is likely to reflect the presence of musculoskeletal pain, although some lame horses score <8/24 behaviours. A marked reduction in RHpE scores after resolution of lameness using diagnostic anaesthesia proves a causal relationship between pain and RHpE scores. Horses should be assessed for approximately 10 min in walk, trot (including 10 m diameter circles), canter and transitions. The validity of the RHpE has been verified for use in horses which perform dressage‐type movements, and which have been trained to work with the front of the head in a vertical position. It has not, as yet, been used in horses while jumping, racehorses, western performance or endurance horses. The RHpE provides a valuable tool for riders, trainers, veterinarians and other equine professionals to recognise the presence of musculoskeletal pain, even if overt lameness cannot be recognised. Riders with a higher skill‐level may improve gait quality, but cannot obscure behavioural signs of pain, although specific behaviours may change. Tight saddle tree points, the rider sitting on the caudal third of the saddle and rider weight may influence RHpE scores. Accurate application of the RHpE requires training and practice. The RHpE is a powerful tool for the assessment of ridden horses and the identification of likely musculoskeletal pain. Such pain merits further investigation and treatment, to improve equine welfare and performance. The RHpE provides an additional means of evaluating the response to diagnostic anaesthesia. It provides a mechanism for client education and a diplomatic way of communicating with clients about equine discomfort related to saddle‐fit, rider size, their position in the saddle and ability to ride in balance.
Study design synopsis: Observational study design in equine research
Authors: Lawson April , Pinchbeck Gina
Published: March 2021

When planning to conduct research, thorough consideration of the study design is essential to enable valid results and purposeful conclusions. A good study design will provide a strong basis for robust conclusions that can contribute to the evidence base. Conversely, a poor study design may unintentionally lead to invalid conclusions with inappropriate claims of the clinical importance. The purpose of this article is to review important aspects of observational study design, with an emphasis on observational clinical research. The value of an observational study can be manifold and the benefit of studying clinical cases can add substantial value to the evidence base and equine health and welfare, however this value will be diminished if study designs are flawed, or are inadequately reported. It is essential that clinicians have the skills to critically appraise observational studies, to determine strengths, limitations and the applicability to their clinical practice.
Updating the consensus on fishway efficiency: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Hershey Henry
Published: March 2021

To update the consensus on the effectiveness of fish passage mitigation structures or “fishways,” I conducted a meta‐analysis on the fish passage literature and synthesized attraction and passage efficiency estimates from 60 peer‐reviewed articles. One hundred unique species were studied at 75 unique fishways of various designs and sizes yielding 210 and 252 estimates of attraction and passage efficiency, respectively. Following Bunt et al. (River Research and Applications, 28, 2012, 457), the fishways were grouped into five types: nature‐like, denil, pool‐and‐weir, vertical slot or locks and lifts that were operated automatically. Generalized linear mixed effects models showed that fishway type was not a significant predictor of passage efficiency, although nature‐like fishways had significantly lower attraction efficiency than other types. Neither fishway slope, nor elevation change was significant predictors of attraction or passage efficiency. Models comparing efficiency between ecological guilds of fishes (pelagic or benthic and rheophilic or limnophilic) showed that attraction and passage efficiency were highest for pelagic rheophiles and lowest for limnophiles. Models comparing migratory guilds of fishes (diadromous, potamodromous, facultative or non‐migratory) showed that diadromous species outperformed other guilds, as expected. Fish that were captured inside or above fishways had significantly higher passage performance than fish that were naive to the fishway. Inconsistency in fishway evaluation methods was pervasive in the surveyed literature and made this meta‐analysis challenging. When designing studies of fishway evaluations, researchers should conform to best practices so that their results are more generalizable and their conclusions of wider scope.
Neighborhood Blighted Property Removal and 311 Calls for Non‐Emergency Services: A Test of a Marker of Social Control
Authors: Theall Katherine P. , Morrison Christopher N. , Jacoby Sara F. , Tucker Amber , Wallace Maeve E. , Kondo Michelle C. , Branas Charles C. , Gustat Jeanette
Published: March 2021

Many studies have demonstrated that collective efficacy is associated with positive health outcomes, lower crime, and violence in urban communities, and residents’ emotional connection to their community. Remediation of blighted properties has been theoretically linked to increases in collective efficacy. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of blighted property remediation on city non‐emergency 311 calls for public incivilities and deterioration, as potential markers of collective efficacy. We used a quasi‐experimental design to test whether 311 calls for service changed around remediated vacant lots in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, many of which were left vacant after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In six city neighborhoods eligible for blighted property remediation as part of a city program, 203 treated vacant lots were matched 1:3 without replacement to control lots that were eligible for but did not receive treatment. This yielded a total of 812 vacant lots partitioned within 48 months, or 38,976 lot‐months. Controls were in the same New Orleans neighborhoods as their matched treatment lots but were at least 250 feet away to minimize contamination. Overall difference‐in‐differences models detected postintervention declines in calls related to dumping and garbage, and slight but mostly non‐significant changes in calls between intervention and control lots in all but calls for dumping and vehicles. Blighted property remediation may have an impact on dumping and garbage, which is important. Despite being geographically specific, low‐cost and longitudinal, the nature of 311 calls and structural and historic factors at play in both the concentration of vacant properties in communities and residents’ willingness to call must be considered. Further analyses of changes in 311 data and additional qualitative inquiry are warranted to more fully determine the utility of these data.
From zero to infinity: Minimum to maximum diversity of the planet by spatio‐parametric Rao’s quadratic entropy
Authors: Rocchini Duccio , Marcantonio Matteo , Da Re Daniele , Bacaro Giovanni , Feoli Enrico , Foody Giles M. , Furrer Reinhard , Harrigan Ryan J. , Kleijn David , Iannacito Martina , Lenoir Jonathan , Lin Meixi , Malavasi Marco , Marchetto Elisa , Meyer Rachel S. , Moudry Vítězslav , Schneider Fabian D. , Šímová Petra , Thornhill Andrew H. , Thouverai Elisa , Vicario Saverio , Wayne Robert K. , Ricotta Carlo
Published: March 2021

Aim

The majority of work done to gather information on the Earth's biodiversity has been carried out using in‐situ data, with known issues related to epistemology (e.g., species determination and taxonomy), spatial uncertainty, logistics (time and costs), among others. An alternative way to gather information about spatial ecosystem variability is the use of satellite remote sensing. It works as a powerful tool for attaining rapid and standardized information. Several metrics used to calculate remotely sensed diversity of ecosystems are based on Shannon’s information theory, namely on the differences in relative abundance of pixel reflectances in a certain area. Additional metrics like the Rao’s quadratic entropy allow the use of spectral distance beside abundance, but they are point descriptors of diversity, that is they can account only for a part of the whole diversity continuum. The aim of this paper is thus to generalize the Rao’s quadratic entropy by proposing its parameterization for the first time.

Innovation

The parametric Rao’s quadratic entropy, coded in R, (a) allows the representation of the whole continuum of potential diversity indices in one formula, and (b) starting from the Rao’s quadratic entropy, allows the explicit use of distances among pixel reflectance values, together with relative abundances.

Main conclusions

The proposed unifying measure is an integration between abundance‐ and distance‐based algorithms to map the continuum of diversity given a satellite image at any spatial scale. Being part of the rasterdiv R package, the proposed method is expected to ensure high robustness and reproducibility.
The longer‐term labor market impacts of paid parental leave
Authors: Stock Wendy A. , Inglis Myron
Published: March 2021

Although paid family leave (PFL) has the potential to improve labor market and other outcomes for mothers, there is also concern that PFL might also lead to discrimination against women of childbearing age. We examine the impact of California's paid family leave law (CA‐PFL) on labor market outcomes over time during the post‐law decade, as well as the law's effect for groups with differing levels of education. Results indicate that the law had negligible impacts on young women's labor force participation, unemployment duration, and earnings, but persistent small negative impacts on their relative employment. The negative employment impacts are concentrated among college‐educated women, for whom the law is associated with a 2–3 percentage point decrease in labor force participation and a 1–2 percentage point decline in employment. The CA‐PFL does not appear to have impacted the relative labor force participation, employment, unemployment duration, or earnings of less‐educated young females.
Circulating long noncoding RNA growth arrest‐specific transcript 5 as a diagnostic marker and indicator of degree of severity in plaque psoriasis
Authors: Ahmed Shehata Wafaa , Maraee Alaa , Abd El Monem Ellaithy Manal , Tayel Nermin , Abo‐Ghazala Asmaa , Mohammed El‐Hefnawy Sally
Published: March 2021

Background

The current study aims at evaluating the role of circulating or cell‐free long noncoding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) growth arrest‐specific 5 (GAS5) in plaque psoriasis and at investigating its relationship with the presented clinical data.

Methods

This case‐control study was conducted on 180 subjects, divided into two main categories as follows: 90 cases with plaque psoriasis and 90 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Full history taking, thorough general examination, and full dermatological examination with determination of number and site of lesions were performed. Disease severity was assessed by Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score. Relative quantification of the expression level of cell‐free lncRNA (GAS5) was performed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technique.

Results

There was significant increase of GAS5 expression level in cases when compared with controls (U = 719.0, P < 0.001). Indeed, there was significant positive correlation between GAS5 and PASI score (r = 0.0.668, P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that GAS5 could identify patients from controls: GAS5 at a cut‐off value ≥0.31 provides a sensitivity of 95.56% and a specificity of 82.22%; at a cut‐off value ≥0.75, it can differentiate between mild and moderate cases, at a sensitivity of 77.78% and a specificity of 91.43%; at a cut‐off value ≥1.61, it can discriminate between moderate and severe cases, with a sensitivity of 71.43% and a specificity of 74.07%.

Conclusion

lncRNA GAS5 expression could be considered as a diagnostic marker of plaque psoriasis and indicator of its severity.
Developing Museum Education Content: AR Blended Learning
Authors: Lee JiHye , Lee Hyun‐Kyung , Jeong Dabin , Lee JiEun , Kim TaeRyun , Lee JiHyon
Published: March 2021

Traditional museums of culture and history are failing to develop or make effective use of augmented reality (AR) technology. To address this deficit, the present study sought to develop online and offline experiential AR learning tools that would enable children to more fully explore museum artefacts. The study approach was based on the Blended Learning Model, which utilises symbiotic online and offline conversions and arrangements to enhance learning effectiveness. First, the study investigated the characteristics and limitations of existing AR technology from the perspective of children’s education by focusing on cultural assets. Second, an educational app with cultural heritage content was designed on the basis of a survey of stakeholders’ perceptions and needs. A blended learning experiment was then conducted, involving five steps (1) making a 3D assembly model (offline); (2) viewing the 3D model through the AR app; (3) learning about the cultural relic from a textbook (offline); (4) exploring the 3D model through the AR Quiz Game (online); and ( 5) visiting the museum (offline). This programme was found to be appropriate for elementary school third and fourth graders, who responded with high levels of flow and interest. The findings suggest that this experiential AR blended learning tool provides a more meaningful experience that motivates children to appreciate the value of cultural/historical assets.
Effects of classroom‐based active breaks on cognition, sitting and on‐task behaviour in children with intellectual disability: a pilot study
Authors: Mazzoli E. , Salmon J. , Pesce C. , Teo W.‐P. , Rinehart N. , May T. , Barnett L. M.
Published: March 2021

Background

Classroom‐based active breaks can help typically developing children reduce sitting, increase physical activity and improve cognitive functions and on‐task behaviour. Yet, this strategy has not been tested in children with intellectual disability (ID) – a population who are insufficiently active. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 5‐week active breaks intervention on cognitive functions and on‐task behaviour in schoolchildren with ID.

Methods

Twenty‐four children, aged between 8 and 12 years (37.5% girls), were recruited. Children's cognitive functions (response inhibition, lapses of attention, interference and working memory) were measured at baseline and end of trial using computer‐based tests. Sitting, standing and movement patterns were assessed with inclinometers, and on‐task behaviour was directly observed in the classroom before and after active breaks, at baseline, mid‐trial and end of trial. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the intervention effects on cognitive functions and sedentary patterns; generalised linear mixed models were used to analyse on‐task behaviour data.

Results

A significant time × group interaction was found for working memory favouring the intervention (B = 11.56, 95% confidence interval [1.92, 21.21]). No significant effects were found in relation to the other measures of children's cognition or on‐task behaviour. Stepping time and bouts of sitting were positively affected.

Conclusions

Classroom‐based active breaks can increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in children with ID and might also benefit their working memory. Further research is required to clarify the effects on cognition and to investigate whether this strategy has other benefits in this population.
Market Reforms at the Zero Lower Bound
Authors: CACCIATORE MATTEO , DUVAL ROMAIN , FIORI GIUSEPPE , GHIRONI FABIO
Published: March 2021

This paper studies the impact of product and labor market reforms when the economy faces major slack and a binding constraint on monetary policy easing—such as the zero lower bound (ZLB). To this end, we build a model with endogenous producer entry, labor market frictions, and nominal rigidities. We find that while the effect of market reforms depends on the cyclical conditions under which they are implemented, the ZLB itself does not appear to matter. In fact, when carried out in a recession, the impact of reforms is typically stronger when the ZLB is binding. The reason is that reforms are inflationary in our structural model (or they have no noticeable deflationary effects). Thus, contrary to the implications of reduced‐form modeling of product and labor market reforms as exogenous reductions in price and wage markups, our analysis shows that there is no simple across‐the‐board relationship between market reforms and the behavior of real marginal costs. This significantly alters the consequences of the zero (or any effective) lower bound on policy rates.
Sex differences in dopamine innervation and microglia are altered by synthetic progestin in neonatal medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Lolier Melanie , Wagner Christine K.
Published: March 2021

The synthetic progestin 17‐α‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) is commonly prescribed to pregnant women with a history of preterm delivery, despite little evidence of efficacy. The timing of 17‐OHPC administration coincides with fetal mesocortical dopamine pathway development, yet the potential effects on cortical development and cognition are almost unknown. In rodent models, exposure to 17‐OHPC significantly increased dopaminergic innervation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an aberrant pattern of connectivity that may underlie deficits in cognitive flexibility observed in adulthood. In the present study, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was used to determine whether 17‐OHPC altered dopaminergic innervation of the mPFC during a neonatal period of synaptogenesis in males and females. Although there were no differences in the amount of TH‐immunoreactive (‐IR) fibres, there was a sex difference in TH‐IR fibre distribution in deep layers of the prelimbic area (PL) mPFC; males had a narrower pattern of dopaminergic innervation than females. 17‐OHPC exposure abolished these sex‐specific patterns, such that 17‐OHPC females had a narrower pattern in the PL than control females. In the infralimbic mPFC (IL), 17‐OHPC males had a broader pattern of distribution of TH‐immunoreactivity than control males with no differences in the amount of TH‐IR fibres. 17‐OHPC also created a sex difference in which males had a lower TH‐IR fibre density than females. We also examined microglia, brain macrophages that play a key role in sculpting dopaminergic axon outgrowth in development, using phenotype as an indirect measure of microglial activity. Females had a greater number of reactive stout microglia compared to males in the PL, and males had more active round microglia than females in the IL. 17‐OHPC treatment abolished the sex differences in both regions. These findings demonstrate that developmental exposure to 17‐OHPC can exert differential effects in males and females and may diminish sex differences in cortical maturation.
Congenital orbital teratoma: A clinicopathologic case report
Authors: Yang Zhifen , Du Lijia , Zhang Huixin
Published: March 2021

Here we report an extremely rare case of immature congenital orbital teratoma. The ultrasound scan at the 28+1 week of gestation revealed a massive, solid, and cystic mass in the left orbital region of the fetus. The lesion site was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Based on clinical examination and imaging, the diagnosis of orbital teratoma without intracranial extension was made. Histopathological examination further confirmed the diagnosis of immature teratoma. The clinical course, radiographic, and histopathological findings of this disease were also summarized.
Space, race and identity: An ethnographic study of the Black hair care and beauty landscape and Black women's racial identity constructions in England
Authors: Lukate Johanna M.
Published: March 2021

Centering the identity‐related impact of spatial structures and physical environments in shaping the sense of being and belonging of people in the diaspora is a key decolonial feminist project for and within psychology. This paper presents an ethnographic study that combines observations at three Black hair salons in England with a total of 25 qualitative interviews with Black women (n = 18) and experts such as hairdressers (n = 7). The question this study seeks to answer is: ``How are Black women's racial identities constructed, structed and shaped by and through their interactions with and navigation of the Black hair care and beauty landscape in England?’’ This paper shows that participants reflected on the navigation of space as an identity‐relevant experience. Moreover, racial identity construction happens in place through encounters and socio‐spatial interactions and Black women's ways of seeing, being, and inhabiting the world. Lastly, this paper argues the centrality or marginality of Black hair salons is relative, dependent upon the location and situatedness of the person searching or visiting it. This paper thus highlights avenues for future research into the space‐ race‐identity nexus and invites an examination of the identity‐related significance that spatial arrangements carry for people in the diaspora.
Effects of sleep deprivation on maternal behaviour in animal models: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pires Gabriel N. , Oliveira Thainá B. , Mello Victoria F. F. , Bezerra Andréia G. , Leenaars Cathalijn H. C. , Ritskes‐Hoitinga Merel , Tufik Sergio , Andersen Monica L.
Published: March 2021

Pregnancy is a period of numerous physical and emotional changes in women’s lives, including alterations in sleep patterns and worsening of pre‐existing sleep disturbances, which possibly lead to impaired postpartum maternal behaviour and mother–infant relationship. The effects of sleep deprivation during pregnancy in maternal behaviour have been evaluated in preclinical studies, but have provided inconsistent results. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of sleep deprivation during pregnancy on maternal behaviour of animals through a systematic review and meta‐analyses. After a two‐step selection process, six articles were included, all of them describing rat studies. The most frequently used method of sleep deprivation was rapid eye movement sleep restriction, using the multiple‐platform method. Four meta‐analyses were performed, none of them presenting significant impact of sleep deprivation on maternal behaviour, failing to reproduce the results observed in previous clinical studies. In conclusion, our results show a lack of translational applicability of animal models to evaluate the effects of sleep deprivation during pregnancy on maternal behaviour.
Impact of recent drug use on the efficacy of elbasvir/grazoprevir for HCV‐infected people on opioid agonist therapy
Authors: Macías Juan , Téllez Francisco , de los Santos Ignacio , Morano Luis E. , Merino Dolores , Granados Rafael , Vera‐Mendez Francisco , González‐Serna Alejandro , Campo‐Moneo Esther , García‐Fraile Lucio , García Federico , Real Luis M. , Pineda Juan A. ,   For the RIS‐HEP20 Study and the HEPAVIR and GEHEP Study Groups
Published: March 2021

Elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) use in drug users on opiate agonist therapy (OAT) is supported by the C‐EDGE Co‐STAR trial. SVR rates in this study were within those found in the rest of patients included by the EBR/GZR development programme. In clinical practice, however, efficacy could theoretically be lower. Thus, we aimed at evaluating the SVR rates of EBR/GZR among people who injected drugs (PWID) with and without OAT in clinical practice. Patients starting EBR/GZR included in the HEPAVIR‐DAA (NCT02057003), recruiting HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients or the GEHEP‐MONO (NCT02333292), including HCV‐monoinfected individuals, prospective cohorts were analysed. Overall SVR12 (ITT), discontinuations due to adverse effects and drop‐outs were evaluated. The same analysis was carried out for PWID with and without OAT. 336 patients had started EBR/GZR and reached the SVR12 evaluation date. 318 [95%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 92%‐98%] patients achieved SVR12. SVR12 was 97% (95% CI: 93%‐99%, n/N = 141/145) among people who never used injecting drugs, 94% (95% CI: 88%‐97%, n/N = 117/125) among PWIDs without OAT and 91% (95% CI: 81%‐97%, n/N = 60/66) among PWIDs with OAT (p = 0.134). Five (1.5%) patients showed relapses, and two (0.6%) individuals showed viral breakthrough. The SVR12 rate for recent drug users was 69% (n/N = 18/26) compared with 97% (n/N = 276/284) for individuals without recent drug use (in the prior year) (p < 0.001). Among recent drug users, three (12%) showed relapses, and five (19%) were lost‐to‐follow‐up. The SVR rates achieved with EBR/GZR were high in real‐world conditions of use. However, PWID with recent drug use reach suboptimal response rates with EBR/GZR.
Death certificates compared to SEER‐Medicare data for surveillance of liver cancer mortality due to hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection
Authors: Jiang Joy J. , Shiels Meredith S. , O’Brien Thomas R.
Published: March 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To investigate the completeness of death certificates for recording viral hepatitis in HCC death, we compared the proportion of HCC deaths with hepatitis virus infection reported on death certificates to that reported as claims in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare database among individuals ≥66 years of age. For 2001–2015, we tabulated proportions of HCC deaths with HBV or HCV infection in each database overall, and by demographic factors. To correct for under ascertainment of viral hepatitis‐associated HCC on death certificates, we multiplied by the reciprocal ratio of death certificates to SEER‐Medicare. Among HCC decedents, HBV infection was reported on 3.6% of death certificates and 17.2% of Medicare claims. For HCV, corresponding proportions were 14.9% and 26.9%. The ratio of HBV‐attributable HCC deaths in death certificates to SEER‐Medicare remained ~0.21 over time. The ratio of HCV‐attributable HCC deaths decreased 22.1% per year, from 0.70 in 2001 to 0.37 in 2003, and increased 4.1% per year, from 0.47 in 2004 to 0.66 in 2015. Following correction, the 2015 mortality rate from death certificate data increased from 0.2 to 0.9 per 100,000 for HBV‐attributable HCC and from 2.3 to 3.5 per 100,000 for HCV‐attributable HCC. In conclusion, among older Americans dying from HCC, death certificates captured 21% of HBV and 55% of HCV infections compared to Medicare claims. Our results suggest that death certificates provide incomplete data for viral hepatitis‐associated HCC surveillance.