bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation problems of metamorphosed Pre-Cambrian rocks in Wales and S.E. Ireland
Authors: Baker J. W.
Published: May 2009

The lithological and structural characteristics of the metamorphosed Pre-Cambrian rocks of Wales and Leinster are reviewed, and the Dutch Gin Schists are not accepted as a stratigraphical unit. The Bray Series, Cullenstown Group, Ballycogly Group and Bedded Succession of North Wales are regarded as parts of a single Monian System which accumulated in a Caledonoid trough and was involved in a late Pre-Cambrian orogeny. The latter also affected the pre-Monian basement, parts of which (possibly unrelated to one another) are seen in the gneisses of Co. Wexford (Rosslare Complex), Lleyn and Anglesey.
Detrital Portland chert and limestone in the Upper Purbeck Beds at Friar Waddon, Dorset
Authors: West Ian M. , Hooper Malcolm J.
Published: May 2009

Pebbles of derived Portland chert and limestone have been found in the Upper Purbeck Beds at Friar Waddon, Dorset. The Unio Bed at this locality is of unusual lithology with derived phosphatic fossils and with fish teeth. The presence of this chert in the Upper Purbeck Beds and its apparent absence in Lower Purbeck pebble beds suggests that a major phase of silicification in the Portland Stone took place at about Middle Purbeck times. Furthermore, erosion of the Portland Beds occurred in the Weymouth region, probably on the crest of the Weymouth anticline, during Upper Purbeck times.
On the rock name beerbachite
Authors: Phillips Evan R.
Published: May 2009

It is suggested that the name beerbachite be reserved for fine- to medium-grained granular dyke rocks of gabbroic composition occurring in coarser-grained gabbro. It should not be used for basic granular hornfelses or xenoliths.
Fluviatile Deposits in Namurian rocks of Central Scotland
Authors: Alfred Read William
Published: May 2009

In the Clackmannan Syncline and the north-eastern part of the Central Coalfield the Passage Group succession between No. 2 Marine Band (?Arnsbergian, E2) and the Netherwood Coal (Kinderscoutian, R1) represents a period when meandering rivers with gently sloping floodplains replaced deltas. The succession consists of upward-fining cycles in which crossstratified sandstones with disconformable bases grade up into unstratified rooty siltstones and mudstones. The thicker sandstones probably represent meander belt deposits, the thinner sandstones the infillings of single channels and the mudstones and siltstones overbank (floodbasin) deposits. Desiccation cracks and partial oxidation phenomena indicate periods of low water table.
A simple alkalinity ratio and its application to questions of non-orogenic granite genesis
Authors: Wright J.B.
Published: May 2009

Commonly used variation diagrams do not convincingly distinguish strongly alkaline, alkaline and calc-alkaline rocks over the full range of silica contents, especially for more acid varieties. In particular, the Rittmann Suite Index, a, becomes invalid once SiO2 exceeds about 70%.
A Structural Study of the Southern End of the French Jura
Authors: Lindström Maurits
Published: May 2009

In the Chambéry region, Jura folds with a north-north-west trend meet the boundary of the Subalpine zone, which strikes north-north-east. The two fold trends were probably not formed at exactly the same time. Minor folding, thrusting on steep planes, wrench-faulting, formation of sub-horizontal stylolites, and opening of filled joints all took place during a succession of tectonic events with maximum compression at about east-west, after the aforementioned fold-trends had been formed. The evidence considered in this study seems incompatible with hypotheses of deformation by gravitational gliding.
The Provenance and Emplacement of Upper Arenigian Turbidites in Co. Mayo, Eire.
Authors: Dewey John Frederick
Published: May 2009

Five thousand feet of Upper Arenig turbidites are described with reference to their provenance and mechanism of emplacement. The turbidites were emplaced in a gently curving E.–W. trough whose width was approximately 20 miles and minimum length 50 miles. Axial and lateral derivation are recognized and it is suggested that entirely different mechanisms were responsible for the emplacement of each type.
A Note on the Composition of some Natural Acid Glasses
Authors: Carmichael Ian
Published: May 2009

Pitchstones and obsidians from Arran, Eigg, and Iceland, are shown to have small but distinct differences in their major-and trace-element composition, and it is concluded that acid magma in the British Tertiary as represented by the pitchstones from Arran and Eigg maybe more variable in composition than that of the Icelandic subprovince. Fourteen new analyses are represented.
The Madai-Baturong Limestone Member of the Chert-Spilite Formation, North Borneo
Authors: Adams C. G. , Kirk H. J. C.
Published: May 2009

Pelagic Foraminifera found in the marginal parts of the limestone at Mount Madai in south-eastern North Borneo indicate that it is of Upper Cretaceous age. Much of the limestone at Mount Madai and Mount Baturong does, however, contain algae and other microfossils characteristic of Lower Cretaceous rocks in other parts of the world.

The limestone is provisionally classified as the Madai–Baturong Limestone Member of the Chert-Spilite Formation. Revision of the stratigraphy has clarified the regional structure, and it is postulated that the Chert-Spilite Formation has been uplifted against Neogene sediments along a major zone of thrust faulting.
The origin of a Pre-Cambrian diorite-granite plutonic series from Pembrokeshire (Wales)
Authors: Thorpe R. S.
Published: May 2009

A series of dioritic, granodioritic and granitic igneous rocks, of Pre-Cambrian age, is exposed near Johnston in south Pembrokeshire. Chemical analyses of representative rocks show the suite to be of calcalkaline type. An origin is suggested involving magmatic differentiation of a diorite parent magma, and the granitic rocks are compared with a granophyre of similar composition in north Pembrokeshire.
Whole-rock Rb-Sr Isotopic Investigation of some East African Granulites
Authors: Spooner C. M. , Hepworth J. V. , Fairbairn H. W.
Published: May 2009

Preliminary Rb-Sr whole-rock isotopic analyses of some East African granulites give the following ages and initial ratios:

The initial ratios, at the 0.705–0.706 level, conform with a world-wide pattern found for granulites and other deep crustal rocks. The whole-rock ages are the first such study on East African granulites. They confirm in West Nile the suspected early Pre-Cambrian age of the Uganda basement, and in Tanzania raise source rock problems which involve the Mozambique Front.
Methods and applications of fracture trace analysis in the quantification of structural geology
Authors: Huntington J. F.
Published: May 2009

Naturally occurring linear features recognisable on aerial photographs may be related to bedrock tectonics. The identification and analysis of such linear elements, “megajoints”, reveals much information about the style and dimensions of subsurface geologic structures. Various terminologies, as applicable to air photo linears, are brought together and analysis is carried out in four test applications of Permyakov's original methods, the calculation of three-dimensional parameters from two-dimensional data. Some comparison is made with other techniques. Much of this linear vector analysis is carried out manually but possibilities exist for mechanical analysis and synthesis using certain up-to-date techniques. The methods described are applicable to many fields of academic and practical geology at or above the reconnaissance level.
A Note on the Mode of Attachment and Growth of the Coral Metriophyllum gracile Schlüter
Authors: Holwill F. J. W.
Published: May 2009

A study of Metriophyllum gracile has revealed some unusual features in its mode of attachment and growth.
Permafrost Structures on Sully Island, Glamorgan
Authors: Bradshaw R. , Ingle Smith D.
Published: May 2009

Folds in the uppermost 10 feet of Triassic rocks in the cliffs of Sully Island, Glamorgan, are described and their origin is related to processes operating when the area was subject to permafrost.
Algal Limestones and Associated Sediments in the Basal Purbeck of Dorset
Authors: Brown Philip R.
Published: May 2009

The basal Purbeck of Dorset includes interesting “dirt-beds” or fossil soils. The limestones, previously considered freshwater, are here shown to be largely of marine algal origin containing species of Ortonella, Girvanella, and Solenopora and presumed algal stromatolites. Petrographic evidence of anhydrite, gypsum, and celestine suggests evaporitic conditions during their formation. This is supported by the presence of ostracods belonging to marine or super-saline species, and by the scarcity of other fauna.
The Growth and Form of Brachiopod Shells
Authors: Rudwick M. J. S.
Published: May 2009

The form of a brachiopod shell is the product of the rates of growth operating at all points on the valve edges during successive stages of growth. Shell form is analysed here in terms of these rates of growth, the rate at each point being resolved into component rates. If the antero-posterior growth gradients are linear, the shell is rectimarginate; if non-linear, the lateral commissure is “flexed” throughout ontogeny. Localized anomalies in the growth rate may modify either of these basic growth patterns at any stage in ontogeny. They produce deflections in the commissure, and these generally produce deformations in the valve surfaces (e.g. folds, sulci, costae). Two major varieties of external hinge structure are defined: strophic shells have a true hinge line and may also have interareas; non-strophic shells have no true hinge line but may have palintropes. The implications of this formal analysis are examined in relation to the systematic description of the shell form.
The Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Southern Co. Wicklow (Ireland)
Authors: Tremlett W. E.
Published: May 2009

A sedimentary formation beneath the Bray Series is found to have an extensive outcrop in southern Co. Wicklow. Evidence is given of the Pre-Cambrian age of both series. They are exposed in a Caledonian anticlinorium, which has been cut by thrusts and high-angle faults, but they had suffered strong orogenic deformation and prolonged erosion before the unconformable deposition of Lower Palaeozoic strata.
Welded tuffs and the Maelifell caldera, Alftafjordur volcano, south-eastern Iceland
Authors: Blake D. H.
Published: May 2009

The ‘Maelifell caldera’ is the name given to a separate collapse area situated on the southern margin of the main caldera of the Tertiary Alftafjordur volcano. It is 2 km in diameter and is made up of inward dipping welded tuffs, agglomerate (including patches of welded agglomerate), tuffaceous sediments and rhyolite and andesite lavas. The welded tuffs occur as thin pitchstone sheets and as much thicker felsitic masses: the former contain inclusions of basalt glass and are good examples of the simultaneous eruption of acid and basic magmas. It is suggested that the caldera represents the core of a parasitic volcano, beneath which there was a high level acid magma chamber, the immediate source of the local acid rocks. The magma chamber was intersected by numerous intrusions of basic magma, and these caused explosive eruptions and the emission of acid and basic magma to form thin pitchstone sheets. Decreased pressure in the magma chamber after eruptions caused repeated collapse within the cal
The Silurian volcanic rocks of the Mendip Hills, Somerset; and the Tortworth area, Gloucestershire, England
Authors: van De Kamp P. C.
Published: May 2009

Field, petrographic and chemical studies on the Silurian volcanic rocks of the Mendip Hills show that there are probably 15 or more rock units in the series including andesite and rhyodacite lavas, rhyodacite tuffs, agglomerates, and a dolerite dyke. The predominant rock type is rhyodacite which may be as much as 80 percent of the volcanics. Volcanics of Silurian age from the Tortworth area, Gloucestershire, are of latite-andesite composition.

The Mendip rocks have been deuterically altered. Calcite-quartz-laumontite veins are common in fractures in these rocks. The agglomerates are particularly susceptible to weathering and some bombs are extensively altered to clays. Twelve rocks were chemically analysed for 36 elements each. No anomalous base metal concentrations were found in the volcanics although Pb, Zn, and Cu mineralisation is known in the area. K/Rb varies from 202 to 909 in these calc-alkaline rocks.
Microscopic and megascopic fabrics in the Skiddaw Group, Black Combe inlier, English Lake District
Authors: Helm Douglas G.
Published: May 2009

The rocks of the Skiddaw Group of the Black Combe inlier were subjected to low grade regional metamorphism during the D1 movementphase of an intra-Lower Ordovician orogenic episode. Mimetic recrystallisation of clay minerals parallel to the bedding was ubiquitous. Later, axial-plane cleavages were superimposed on this fabric. The nature of the cleavages and possible mechanism of their formation is discussed.

Silica has been mobilised on at least three occasions during the tectonic history of the inlier. In no case was this due to metasomatism but simply to metamorphic differentiation. The D1 veins are of either quartz, or quartz and chlorite whereas veins of later generations are of quartz alone.
Pseudo-pleochroic Calcite in Recrystallized Shell-Limestones
Authors: Hudson J. D.
Published: May 2009

Limestones consisting of recrystallized shells of lamellibranchs, originally composed of aragonite, contain a brown-coloured calcite which is strongly pleochroic. Maximum “absorption’ corresponds to the extraordinary ray. The effect is shown to be a pseudo-pleochroism, caused by scattering of the extraordinary ray by inclusions, which follow the shell structure, in the calcite. Aragonite shells, which have not recrystallized, show a pseudo-pleochroism of similar colour but reversed sign. The inclusions originate in the conchiolin of the lamellibranch shell; their present nature is not known. Their progressive destruction by thermal metamorphism is described.
The Petrology of the Mt. Alford Ring-Complex, S.E. Queensland
Authors: Stevens N. C.
Published: May 2009

The Mt. Alford ring-complex consists of a central boss of porphyritic microdiorite, granophyre and andesite, with a semicircular zone of rhyolitic and trachytic ring-dykes intrusive into upturned sandstones, and cross-cutting non-arcuate dykes of rhyolite, comendite, trachyte, andesite, phonolite and basalt. The petrology and geochemistry of these rocks are discussed and it is concluded that the various rocks have been produced by differentiation of a basic magma.
An Interpretation of Moine-Lewisian Relations in Central Ross-shire
Authors: Sutton John , Watson Janet
Published: May 2009

The paper describes those features of the Scardroy Lewisian mass, a sheet-like body of basement rocks thrust into the younger Moine Series, which suggest that this mass was driven up through a thickness of several kilometres of Moinian rocks and inserted as a narrow wedge within the Moine succession, never penetrating the highest members of that succession. The relations of the Scardroy mass, to which most of the Lewisian outcrops of central Ross-shire belong, differ from those of the more westerly outcrops of Lewisian in the region of Glenelg where the basement rocks have been shown by the work of Clough and others to represent wedges lying between tightly-compressed synclines of Moinian rocks which form a more or less autochthonous cover. The connection between the two types of structure is discussed.
The Tectonics of the Aberystwyth Grits
Authors: Price Neville J.
Published: May 2009

A brief description is given of the sedimentary features of the Aberystwyth Grits. The form and distribution of the major folds are demonstrated and their relationship to the sedimentary pattern is indicated. Thrust, wrench, and normal fault systems are discussed in relation to the stress field which initiated them. Cleavage and joint patterns are also considered. Finally the major structures of the Aberystwyth Grits are compared and contrasted with those which have developed in adjacent areas.
Gravity Anomalies in the Channel Islands
Authors: Day A. A.
Published: May 2009

Bouguer gravity anomalies have been determined at seventy-nine stations on Alderney, Guernsey, and Jersey. On Alderney the anomalies are clearly dependent on the nature of the outcropping rock-types, and permit approximate values for the thickness of two outcropping rock masses to be obtained. On Guernsey the anomalies are not closely related to the surface geology, and suggest that the north-eastern coastal area is underlain by a body of dense rock, possibly of ultrabasic composition. The anomalies on Jersey indicate that the sedimentary rocks of western Jersey are underlain at no great depth by rock of density comparable to that of granite. In eastern Jersey the dominating feature of the anomalies is a pronounced “high” centred near Grande Charriére. It is shown that this feature is most reasonably considered to be the effect of a large buried gabbro intrusion.
Mechanics of Jointing in Rocks
Authors: Price Neville J.
Published: May 2009

The current theories dealing with the mechanics of joint development are discussed critically. An analysis of the stress conditions which can exist in competent rocks in the crust is presented. The conclusion is reached that “Master” and “Regional” Joints can be, generically, either “tensional” or “shear” structures. They are, however, post-tectonic phenomena which develop as a result of uplift. Joints form a part of “movement pictures” because their orientation is determined by residual stresses. Reasons are given which indicate that the mechanism described is generally applicable to joint development in folded sediments, igneous rocks, and also to incompetent material.
The Composite Sill of Rudh' an Eireannaich, Skye
Authors: Buist D. S.
Published: May 2009

The composite sill of Rudh' an Eireannaich, Skye, is composed of basalt and felsite with narrow hybrid zones between them. The petrography of the rocks is described, accompanied by some chemical and spectrographic data.
The Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous Stratigraphy of Boscastle and Tintagel, Cornwall
Authors: Selwood E. B.
Published: May 2009

The discovery of trilobites characteristic of the Gattendorfia Zone is described from the California Quarry, Boscastle. The possible stratigraphical implications are discussed and a comparison is made with beds of similar age at Launceston. It is suggested that there is no important stratigraphical break at the top of the Devonian and that there is a conformable passage from the Tintagel Volcanic Series into the Carboniferous. The Tredorn Phyllites are tentatively equated with the Woolgarden Phyllites. There is no evidence to support the contention that the Lower Culm contains an important greywacke sequence; these beds are probably of Upper Culm age.
The Torridonian Succession of the Isle of Rhum
Authors: Black G. P. , Welsh W.
Published: May 2009

The Torridonian rocks of Rhum are divided into five sub-divisions on lithological grounds and the succession is found to be closely comparable with that of Skye. On the basis of the comparison, four sub-divisions, totalling 8,500 feet in thickness, are allocated to the Diabaig Group while the 6,000 feet of strata belonging to the fifth and highest sub-division are allocated to the Applecross Group. The sediments of the Diabaig Group are now seen to form a great wedge thickening and coarsening consistently from Gairloch south-south-westwards to Rhum; a phenomenon obscured by the previously held correlation of the Rhum Torridonian with that of Skye and the Mainland.
The Deformation of Confined, Incompetent Layers in Folding
Authors: Williams Emyr
Published: May 2009

Shearing stresses acting on an incompetent layer confined between competent beds during its deformation in the development of folds, differ from those commonly accepted as the cause of a number of minor structures associated with the deformation. It is suggested that the effect of bedding drag is negligible, and that the structures described as slaty cleavage, fracture cleavage, and drag folds can be explained by the laminar flow of the incompetent material whilst accommodating itself to the interspaces determined by the more competent layers.
Scapolite-Bearing Marbles and Calc-Silicate Rocks from Tungkillo and Milendella, South Australia
Authors: White A. J. R.
Published: May 2009

On the eastern side of the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia, impure marbles and calc-silicate rocks characterized by assemblages rich in scapolite and pyroxene have been formed on a regional scale by high grade metamorphism of limestones and calcareous shales. It is suggested that this metamorphism is essentially iso-chemical and that even chlorine in the scapolite (Me 55[60) could have been derived from the original sediments.

A secondary paragenesis consisting of epidote, actinolite, and calcite at Tungkillo and epidote, actinolite, calcite, and garnet at Milendella, is the result of late metasomatism and reaction associated with the formation of granites, migmatites, and veined gneisses. At Tungkillo, outside the sphere of granite activity, the secondary, retrograde assemblage is due to limited metasomatism chiefly involving the introduction of water, whereas at Milendella where marbles and calc-silicate rocks are intimately associated with granitic rocks, reaction and metasomatism giving rise to the secondary minerals has been more intense. Here garnet of the andradite-grossularite series has developed.
Concerning Mr. A. Hallams' Article on Gryphaea
Authors: Swinnerton H.H.
Published: May 2009

The basis for Mr. Hallam' rejection of the hypothesis on the evolution of Liostrea into Gryphaea is briefly examined and is shown to be inadequate. For Liostrea real evidence is lacking. For Gryphaea the evidence, though copious, is unsound for it is based upon an improper treatement of his collections. Moreover, the features he measures are not sufficiently significant and the reader is left in considerable doubt as to the actual range of his measurements. His aspersion upon previous workers in this field is entirely unjustified.
The Ordovician and Associated Pre-Cambrian Rocks of the Pontesford District, Shropshire
Authors: Dean W. T. , Dineley D. L.
Published: May 2009

Following a recent re-mapping of the district east of Pontesford Hill, Shropshire, it now seems likely that the Uriconian and Longmyndian rocks at The Lyd Hole are faulted against one another, and that the Pontesford Shales form two outcrops, separated by faulting, and not a single outcrop as previously suggested. Doubt is cast on the validity of the so-called “rhyolite” of Habberley Brook, and the faunas and correlation of the Pontesford Shales are reviewed in the light of new evidence.
The Central and Eastern Parts of the Lammermuir-Stranraer Moraine
Authors: Sissons J. B.
Published: May 2009

The Lammermuir-Stranraer moraine was first described by Charlesworth and interpreted by him as marking an important readvance. The central and eastern parts of this feature are discussed. It is concluded that it is not a true moraine in these areas and that the readvance supposed to have formed it did not occur.
Erosion of a Rock Floor by Tidal Sand Streams
Authors: Donovan D. T. , Stride A. H.
Published: May 2009

Some closed basins extending along the strike of soft rocks in the English and Bristol Channels were cut by sand moved by tidal currents.
A Note Concerning the Age of the Metamorphism of the Dalradian Rocks of Western Ireland
Authors: Dewey J. F.
Published: May 2009

Evidence is adduced to relate the published minimum absolute date of — 475 m.y., for the metamorphism of the Connemara Schists, to its correct position in the Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy of Western Ireland. The metamorphism pre-dates the Didymograptus extensus zone of the Arenig in Connemara and South Mayo and an Upper Cambrian or Tremadocian age is considered likely.
Buried Valleys of the Upper Rheidol (Cardiganshire)
Authors: Adams T. D.
Published: May 2009

Four Boulder Clay-infilled channels of the upper Afon Rheidol (Cardiganshire) are described as relict river valleys of a progressive localized diversion by glacial interference.
The Non-marine Mollusca of the Cainscross Terrace near Stroud, Gloucestershire
Authors: Large N. F. , Sparks B. W.
Published: May 2009

Recent collecting has revealed a typical cold mollusc fauna in the Cainscross Terrace of the Frome valley near Stroud. Cold conditions are also indicated by lithology and vertebrates. The most likely date seems to be the Irish Sea Glaciation, i.e. the main phase of the Last Glaciation.
Notes on the distribution of English Bathonian Foraminifera
Authors: Cifelli Richard
Published: May 2009

The English Bathonian contains a rich foraminiferal fauna composed largely of Lagenidae. The succession of foraminifera is as yet only partially revealed, but some faunal changes between the Lias and Bathonian are apparent, and four faunules have been distinguished in the Bathonian. In Dorset and the vicinity of Bath the faunules occur in the same order of superposition. In comparing the English Bathonian foraminifera with those in the German section the present data suggest that a number of species range higher in England than in Germany.
Cornstone
Authors: Allen J. R. L.
Published: May 2009

Two dissimilar rocks have been confused under the title “cornstone”: one is a concretionary limestone, the other a calcareous conglomerate. A return to the names “concretionary cornstone” and “conglomeratic cornstone” is advocated since the rocks differ in their significance. Conglomeratic cornstones, intra-formational in character, point to sudden increases in current activity. Concretionary cornstones suggest declines in the supplies of clastic detritus.
The Ordovician Rocks of the Chatwall District, Shropshire
Authors: Dean W. T.
Published: May 2009

A detailed account is given of the stratigraphical succession of the Chatwall Flags and Sandstone of the type area in South Shropshire, and a restricted use of the name “Chatwall Sandstone” is proposed.
Mudstone Inclusions in Salopian Conglomerates from County Clare
Authors: Weir J. A.
Published: May 2009

Mudstone inclusions in graded greywacke-conglomerates of Salopian age from the Slieve Bernagh Mountains, Co. Clare, are considered to have been formed by fracture of the conglomerates in the course of slumping shortly after deposition and the infilling of the resulting cavities by mud derived from the underlying beds. The attitudes of the inclusions and of associated pebble imbrication suggests that slumping took place on a slope with a northerly inclination of 10°.
Eocene Limestones to the West of Jersey
Authors: Curry Dennis
Published: May 2009

This note records the presence of Eocene limestones in situ on the bed of the English Channel along an east-west line to the west of the island of Jersey. The microfauna of samples of these limestones is compared with those of some other beds of similar age. There are comments on the relevance of the above discoveries to the structural history of the area.
A New Species of Tretaspis from South Wales
Authors: Cave R.
Published: May 2009

Tretaspis moeldenensis sp. nov. from “Bala Limestone” of Carmarthenshire is described. Almost identical forms previously referred to T. kiaeri Størmer and T. aff. kiaeri occur in the Calymene Beds of Northern England. The trilobite previously described as T. cf. kiaeri from the Phillipsinella parabola Zone of the Ashgill Series of North Wales is discussed and thought to be another new species.
On the Tectonic Environment Of Basic Magma
Authors: Joplin Germaine A.
Published: May 2009

An attempt has been made to show that basic magma is associated with vertical and not with folding movement, that basic intrusions take the form of those characteristic of unfolded regions and of relatively high levels and that differentiation in situ is common.

It is argued that basic magma is emplaced in the orogenic belts as flows and typically non-orogenic intrusions during the geosynclinal or sinking phase of the orogenic cycle, that rocks of the appinitic suite, which commonly occur as stocks associated with granodiorites, are formed from these non-orogenic basic rocks by a process of hybridization during a subsequent folding phase, but that no further basic magma is introduced during this phase.

It is suggested that the terms Non-orogenic Association and Orogenic Association might replace Volcanic Association and Plutonic Association to indicate the relation of basic and acid magmas to their tectonic environment.
An Occurrence of Tilleyite-Bearing Limestones in the Isle Of Rhum, Inner Hebrides
Authors: Hughes Charles J.
Published: May 2009

Metamorphosed limestones carrying tilleyite are described from the northern slopes of Glen Dibidil, Isle of Rhum.
Cyclic Sedimentation: A Review
Authors: Wells Alan J.
Published: May 2009

The well-known Carboniferous cyclothems of North America and Europe are discussed as examples to illustrate the great extent and lateral variation of sedimentary cycles. Very many other instances of cyclic sedimentation, in rocks of most ages, in many parts of the world, are also characterized by a more or less regular lateral migration of simultaneously existing depositional environments, caused by repeated transgressions and regressions of the sea over an epicontinental platform. Theories of varying complexity which have sought to explain cyclic sedimentation are briefly summarized, and it is suggested that the two basic requirements are a slowly subsiding sedimentary basin and more or less regular eustatic changes of sea level. The former will decide the geographical location. The latter could be a natural, periodic and world-wide consequence of the combination of the continuous effects of sedimentation and sostatic or orogenic movements of the sea floor.
Large Scale Patterned Ground in the Valley of the Worcestershire Avon
Authors: Shotton F. W.
Published: May 2009

Crop markings reveal a polygonal network resembling that of “patterned ground” in arctic Alaska. From this the former presence of perennially frozen ground is inferred, with the implication that the mean annual isotherm of this part of Worcestershire was at least 13½° C. lower than it is at present. It is argued that this condition obtained at the period of the Irish Sea Glaciation maximum.
The Oslobreen Series, Upper Hecla Hoek of Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen
Authors: Gobbett D. J. , Wilson C. B.
Published: May 2009

Six formations, totalling 1,210 metres and grouped as the Oslobreen Series, are dominantly of dolomite and limestone often with evidence of discontinuous deposition. They contain a Lower Cambrian and a Canadian fauna. The succession is similar to those of this age in N.W. Scotland, where a revised thickness is given, and in E. Greenland. A new species of Canadian trilobite (Hystricurus) is described in the Appendix.
Coal Measures and Volcanism off the Fife Coast
Authors: Francis E. H. , Ewing C. J. C.
Published: May 2009

Underground borings through the Lower and Middle Coal Measures beneath the Firth of Forth have proved sequences of rhythmically bedded volcanic detritus and a thin basalt lava. The detritus is believed to have been derived from a contemporaneous cinder cone or cones previously located by an off-shore boring. The new evidence suggests that locally there was an eastward shift of focus of eruption during Coal Measure times. The relationship of volcanism to this type of rhythmic sedimentation is discussed.
The Structure of Coccoliths from the English Chalk
Authors: Black Maurice , Barnes Barbara
Published: May 2009

Carbon replicas of coccoliths examined under the electron microscope reveal structural details which are invisible under an oilimmersion microscope, but are essential for a systematic study of these minute bodies. In an appendix, one new genus and six new species are described. Some of these appear to have a limited vertical range within the English Chalk.
Upper Carboniferous Plant Spore Assemblages from the Gastrioceras subcrenatum Horizon, North Staffordshire
Authors: Neves R.
Published: May 2009

From a locality in North Staffordshire. Microspore assemblages are described from the Six Inch Mine coal seam, the immediately overlying carbonaceous shales, and the marine shale bed. Marked differences occur within this thin sequence in the proportions of certain genera present; in particular, the dominance of Florinites in the marine shales is discussed. Whilst the proportionate numbers of genera vary, the actual species present are more or less the same, though a greater variety exists in the shales. Three new genera and seven new species are described.
Tectonic Regimes
Authors: Harland W. B. , Bayly M. B.
Published: May 2009

The concept of tectonic regimes is developed so as to specify the symmetry and orientation of bulk deformation for use in tectonic analysis. Four symmetry patterns combined with possible arrangements of principal axes in vertical and horizontal directions as in a compression belt give thirteen regimes which are in turn defined and tentatively related to some known tectonic structures. A theoretical orogenic sequence of regimes is developed and the paper concludes with a review of some of the difficulties.
Alternating Pleistocene Morphogenetic Systems
Authors: Cotton C. A.
Published: May 2009

Alternation of morphogenetic systems conditioned by wide swinging of climatic belts equatorward and poleward has been used to explain otherwise puzzling relict forms in many regions. A characteristic finely dissected landscape relief prevalent in some middle-latitude regions is in strong contrast with smoothed, coarse-textured, whalebacked, relatively featureless relief in others, notably western Europe, which are now in the humid-temperate zone. This latter is believed to be relict from the periglacial regimes of Pleistocene ice ages. In New Zealand where the former landscape type is typically developed, there has also been quite strong “periglaciation”, and in Europe running-water erosion cannot but have operated to some extent in interglacial ages. It appears that the periglacial smoothing has been pushed to the extreme limit in Europe but that its effects have been neutralized in New Zealand by the vigour of dissection in the alternating warm ages. Periglacial smothering, or “fossilization”, of fine-textured relief, which has been followed by renewed fine dissection, is very common at Wellington, New Zealand. The reasons are not clear why running water should have been (and should still be) more efficient in dissecting the New Zealand landscape than that of Europe, so that the relict periglacial landscape remains intact in the latter region.
High-level Gravels in and near the Lower Severn Valley
Authors: Hey R. W.
Published: May 2009

The Woolridge Terrace gravels of the lower Severn are re-examined, and certain high-level gravels west of the Severn valley examined for the first time. It is concluded that the deposits are of two different ages. The older series is probably the outwash of a Severn valley glacier, the younger was laid down by a stream coming from the Silurian hills near Ledbury. A Gipping age is suggested for both.
Composition of Pelites from Connemara, Co. Galway, Ireland
Authors: Leake Bernard E.
Published: May 2009

Seventeen Connemara pelites have been chemically and modally analysed and a garnet, a staurolite, and a biotite from them chemically analysed. The results show that these pelites are rather poor in silica and rich in alumina and total iron. It is believed that this was an original feature of the composition.
New Occurrences of Fish Remains in the Silurian of the Welsh Borderland
Authors: Squirrell H. C.
Published: May 2009

The important records of fish remains in the Ludlow Series and Ludlow Bone Bed of the Welsh Borderland are summarized. New occurrences of thelodont and acanthodian denticles in the Llandovery, Wenlock, and Ludlow Series of the Welsh Borderland, and the rocks in which they occur, are described.
A note on kyanite in the Moine Series of Southern Ross-shire, and a review of related rocks in the Northern Highlands of Scotland
Authors: Clifford T. N.
Published: May 2009

New occurrences of kyanite-bearing schists in the Moine Series in southern Ross-shire demonstrate the order of appearance of the typomorphic minerals staurolite, kyanite, garnet, and sillimanite, and are of significance in elucidating the relationship of regional metamorphism to orogenesis. The scarcity of kyanite in the Northern Highlands is the result of both isochemical and allo-chemical effects, and its distribution is compared with that of its polymorphs andalusite and sillimanite.
Post-Tectonic Granite-Gabbro Complexes in South-eastern Queensland
Authors: Gradwell R.
Published: May 2009

Work on post-tectonic complexes in South-eastern Queensland has led to a general hypothesis concerning their formation. The earliest rocks, the gabbros, are intrusive, and these are followed by metamorphic trondhjemitic types which become progressively more granodioritic and finally granitic. The true granites act intrusively towards the earlier rocks of the complex.
Weathering and Subsurface Erosion in Granite at The Piedmont Angle, Balos, Sudan
Authors: Ruxton B. P.
Published: May 2009

Sub-surface erosion is intensely active in weathered granite debris at the scarp foot of Jebel Qasim. Powerful flushes of sub-surface water after heavy rain remove much of the decomposing feldspar partly by solution and partly by mechanical eluviation. The sedentary debris gradually contracts as the feldspar is removed and when removal is nearing completion the debris may become compacted. The compacted debris occupies less than 40 per cent by volume of the granite from which it was derived.

The upper fringing pediment around this hill is mantled by moist incoherent debris holding small local pockets of water which persist throughout the dry season. Annual recharge of this sub-surface water ensures intense weathering in the debris.

The combination of intense weathering and sub-surface erosion with ensuing contraction of the debris occurring just below the piedmont angle may be sufficient to explain the maintenance of this angle during slope retreat.
The Upper Jurassic Faunas of Southern Israel
Authors: Hudson R. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Upper Jurassic faunas from Wadi Hathira (Kurnub Anticline), Southern Israel, are listed and allocated to the Callovian, Lower Oxfordian, Argovian, and Sequanian.
Some Discordant Fold Structures from the Dalradian of Craignish, Argyll, and Rosguill, Co. Donegal
Authors: Knill J. L. , Knill D. C.
Published: May 2009

The paper describes minor fold structures, from the Dalradian of Scotland and Donegal which, following their formation, appear to have suffered partial rotation. These folds lie with their axial directions at an angle to the regional fold pattern.
The Cretaceous Succession in Jamaica
Authors: Chubb L. J.
Published: May 2009

There are wide divergencies between the views of different authors as to the correlation of the Jamaican Cretaceous rocks, the extreme views being (a) that the range covered is Albian to Turonian, and (b) that the rocks are mainly or wholly Maestrichtian in age.

An examination of all known occurrences of the rudist genera Barrettia and Titanosarcolites in the Antillean and Central American area suggests that the oft-repeated statement that these two genera occur in association is erroneous. In Jamaica the Barrettia Limestone lies at least 2,500 ft. below the Titanosarcolites Limestone.

Six palaeontological zones may be recognized in the Cretaceous of Jamaica, each containing its own peculiar assemblage of fossils, and with very few species common to two zones. Evidence is brought forward that only the highest part, comprising the uppermost two zones, should be included in the Maestrichtian, that the underlying shale is Campanian, that the Barrettia Limestone and associated shales are Turonian, and that the lowest zone at present known is Cenomanian.
Wealden Plant Microfossils
Authors: Hughes N. F.
Published: May 2009

One new and several re-interpreted species of Lower Cretaceous age are included in Pyrobolospora, a new organ-genus of large spores bearing neck structures; in Triletes (section Aphanozonati) are placed two other species of megaspores, one emended and one new. These are a small part of a distinctive Wealden assemblage of plant microfossils, which represents a critical period in plant evolution and which should play its part in stratigraphy. Certain difficulties in nomenclature and morphology are discussed.
The Geomorphology and Tectonics of the Gebel Akhdar (Cyrenaica)
Authors: Hey R. W.
Published: May 2009

The main topographical features of the Gebel Akhdar are described, and attributed to various phases of marine and subaerial erosion. The tectonic structures of the Gebel are also described, and their relations to the erosional features are examined. On this basis an attempt is made to reconstruct the Late Tertiary history of the region in terms of earth-movements and erosional phases; this is a period for which normal stratigraphical evidence is almost non-existent.
The Supposed Moinian Basal Conglomerate at Glen Strathfarrar, Inverness-shire
Authors: Ramsay John G.
Published: May 2009

At various localities along the contact of the Moine Series with the supposed Lewisian Inlier at Glen Strathfarrar structures resembling those of a conglomerate have been described. New evidence is brought forward which suggests that these structures are of tectonic origin and were produced by the disruption of competent bands in an incompetent matrix.
Zonal Variations in Selected Morphological Features of Echinocorys scutata Leske
Authors: Willcox N. R.
Published: May 2009

Selected morphological features in the test of zonal assemblages of Echinocorys scutata Leske from the Upper Chalk of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, and Wiltshire, have been examined and measured. The results suggest that the changes observed in these characters at certain levels in the Chalk would have made Echinocorys more suited to a burrowing or partially burrowing habit. These adaptations are associated with lithological indications of shallow water deposition. It is suggested that the shallowing of the sea was the environmental stimulus behind the adaptations towards a burrowing mode of life.
Gravity Measurements over the Northern Pennines
Authors: Bott M. H. P. , Masson-Smith D.
Published: May 2009

Gravity measurements over the Northern Pennines indicate the presence of a buried acid intrusion under Upper Weardale, from which the mineralization there has originated. The negative Bouguer anomaly is presumed due to direct density contrast between the acid intrusion and the country rock, and is consistent with a magmatic origin.
The Bearing of Rolled Garnets on the Concept of b-lineation in Moine Rocks
Authors: McLachlan G. R.
Published: May 2009

A preliminary examination of Moine rocks containing rolled garnets from three widely spaced localities in the North-West Highlands indicates that the lineation in all cases is parallel to b. This is in accord with Phillips' theory that the metamorphism of the Moine schists was due to movement in a north-easterly or south-westerly direction. A Caledonian age for the metamorphism of the Moines therefore appears to be unlikely.
A Study of the Type-Species of the BlastoidCodasterMcCoy
Authors: Joysey Kenneth A.
Published: May 2009

During a study of a Carboniferous blastoid fauna from Grassington, Yorkshire, over a thousand blastoids were collected, of which 45 individuals were referred to the genusCodaster. This study has left no doubt that the two speciesCodaster acutusMcCoy andCodaster trilobatusMcCoy are synonymous.Codaster trilobatus(in the sense of McCoy's original description), is an old age form, its characteristic feature only being attained by a minority of long-lived individuals.Codaster acutusMcCoy is the valid name, being the first described, and is also the type-species for the genus. In order to supplement observation on these specimens, biometrical methods have been employed to study the relative growth of the height, diameter, and number of hydrospires.
Modal Composition of Two Facies of the Carnmenellis Granite
Authors: Chayes F.
Published: May 2009

Modal analyses of nine specimens of Ghosh's Type I and six specimens of his Type II Carnmenellis granite indicate that there is no significant difference between the average compositions of these two facies.
Some Notes on the Cardinal Process in the Productidae
Authors: Goldring Roland
Published: May 2009

The cardinal process in the Productidae is divided into two main types, either bi- or trilobed. The process in several species, illustrating each type, is described and figured, and the development of both types compared.
Survey of Two Drowned River Valleys in Devon
Authors: McFarlane P. B.
Published: May 2009

Seismic refraction surveys of the rock channels of the River Erme (S. Devon) and the Rivers Tawe and Torridge (N. Devon) suggest that at the time these were eroded the sea-level relative to land stood some 150 ft. lower than at present. Echo-sounding and sea-bed sampling off S. Devon have failed to reveal any trace of ancient channels in the sea floor at distances greater than one mile from shore.
Zoned Hydrothermal Bodies in the Serpentinite Mass of Glen Urquhart (Inverness-shire)
Authors: Francis G. H.
Published: May 2009

Five bodies with either visible or inferred mineral zoning occur in the serpentinite mass in Glen Urquhart. Their mineralogy and petrology suggest a hydrothermal origin, and they are grouped with other hydrothermal injection phenomena in the glen thought go be phases of Older Granite activity. The two northern bodies seem clearly similar to simple vein deposits characterized by albitite without excess alumina (corundum). The origin of the remaining three bodies is discussed and the view that they too are deposits of albitite-type is favoured. They lack an exposed albitite zone, but this does not invalidate the comparison. Albitite deposits, it is suggested, originate where moving hydrothermal solutions from granites cut ultrabasic rocks. This origin for the veins is preferred to Larsen's (1928) suggestion that the hydrothermal veins represent late-stage sodic residual liquids left after the crystallization of most of the material of “ ultrabasic magmas ”.
A Myalina fauna from the Namurian of North Ayrshire
Authors: Bennison G. M.
Published: May 2009

The Maich Shell Bed of the Limestone Coal Group of the Carboniferous of North Ayrshire bears a dominantly lamellibranch fauna but includes the brachiopod Lingula squamiformis Phillips. The majority of the shells are here referred to Myalina magna (Hind). An emended description of this species is given, and its affinities with certain species of Myalina and Naiadites from the Namurian and Lower Carboniferous are discussed. The variation in the Myalina community and the distortion due to crushing are examined, and an attempt made to distinguish between them.
The Geology of the Islands of South Connemara
Authors: McKie Duncan , Burke Kevin
Published: May 2009

The exposed part of the metamorphic envelope on the south side of the Galway granite is described. It is characterized by the presence of pillow lavas and a thick greywacke series containing intraforma-tional conglomerates. This South Connemara Series is tentatively assigned to the Ordovician; such a correlation would require the Galway granite to be a laconic intrusion.
The Problem of Facies Changes and Sliding, South of Loch Leven, Argyllshire
Authors: Hardie W. G.
Published: May 2009

All the bedded rocks outcropping within the fault-intrusion of Glencoe, south and west of Garbh Bheinn summit (2,835 feet, Text-fig. 1), are shown to be exotic. They probably represent down-sloped fragments of the now eroded roof of the intrusion. This change of interpretation completely invalidates the theory of rapid facies changes, proposed by the writer in 1952. New evidence relating to the remarkable thickness variation of the Binnein Quartzite on the eastern side of the Garbh Bheinn downfold is also discussed.