bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zinc Antagonizes Glyphosate Efficacy on Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)
Authors: Abouziena H. F. , Elmergawi R. A. , Sharma S. , Omar A. A. , Singh M.
Published: January 2009

Growers of glyphosate-resistant crops apply micronutrients tank-mixed with glyphosate to save time and production costs. Therefore, effect of zinc (Zn), as Zn sulfate, on absorption, translocation, and efficacy of glyphosate on yellow nutsedge was investigated. Glyphosate at 850 g ae ha−1provided 90% yellow nutsedge control at 5 wk after treatment (WAT). Presence of Zn at 1,000 ppmw in the glyphosate spray solution reduced yellow nutsedge control to 24 and 8%, 3 and 5 WAT, respectively. Yellow nutsedge control decreased with increasing Zn level (500 to 2,000 ppmw) in the spray solution. Yellow nutsedge treated with higher rates of Zn tank-mixed with glyphosate produced more tubers and tillers per plant than untreated plants. An abrupt decrease in absorption and translocation of14C–glyphosate occurred between 500 and 1,000 ppmw Zn. The antagonistic effect of Zn on glyphosate depended mainly on reduced absorption and translocation of14C–glyphosate within treated tissues. Less than 10% of applied14C–glyphosate was absorbed when glyphosate was mixed with 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 ppmw Zn as compared with 85% absorption for glyphosate alone. These treatments inhibited > 90% of14C–glyphosate translocation out of the treated leaf and > 50% of tuber translocation relative to glyphosate alone. Results indicate that micronutrients containing Zn are not suitable for tank-mixing with glyphosate.
Esterase Polymorphism for Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure of Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) Populations
Authors: Frigo Mariléia J. , Mangolin Claudete A. , Oliveira Rubem S. , de Fátima P. S. Machado Maria
Published: January 2009

Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used in the current study to identify polymorphism in α- and β-esterase loci in leaf tissues of wild poinsettia plants for the analysis of genetic diversity and structure of populations. Seeds were collected from different plants in 12 different populations. Two to three allelic variants were at Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Est-4, Est-5, Est-6, and Est-7 loci. The estimated proportion of polymorphic loci in populations is 87.5%. High and low values of observed and expected proportion of heterozygous loci in 12 populations confirm our suspicion that the populations are genetically structured (FST = 0.1663). The heterozygous deficiencies are evidenced by the positive value of FIS (0.1248). The positive FIS value indicates a deficit of heterozygous (12.48%) or an excess of homozygous plants, which could be the result of frequent herbicide application in areas where seeds were collected and/or the result of self-pollination. Overall inbreeding or nonrandom breeding, according to the significant FIT value (0.2703), did play a major role in shaping the genetic structure of these populations. Identity values represented in the dendrogram should play a more central role in developing policies to manage and control this species.
Impact of Weed Management Practices on Grapevine Growth and Yield Components
Authors: Sanguankeo Paolo P. , Leon Ramon G. , Malone Julian
Published: January 2009

The need for reducing costs and making grape production more sustainable has prompted the search for alternative weed control practices that optimize production while maintaining profits. For this reason, it is imperative to understand how different weed management practices modify vine–weed interactions. In the present study, we evaluated the effect on weed growth and Zinfandel grapevine growth and production of five weed control practices: (1) flumioxazin, (2) simazine, (3) cultivation, (4) cover crop, and (5) untreated control. The herbicide treatments had the lowest weed biomass, followed by the cultivation, being approximately 10 and 2 times lower than the weed biomass of either the cover crop or untreated control treatments, respectively. However, the differences in grape yield were not as evident. In 2006, a rainy year, the herbicides and cultivation treatments did not differ in grape yield, but the cover crop and untreated control had a reduction of approximately 20% compared with the other treatments. In 2007, a dry year, in comparison to the herbicide treatments, the grape yield reductions of cultivation were around 22%, and those of the cover crop and untreated control were around 48%. Although the cover crop reduced grape yield, it suppressed weed species considered important, such as horseweed, panicle willowherb, scarlet pimpernel, and sowthistle. Also, it was concluded that vines can tolerate a certain amount of weed competition, and that properly timed postemergence control actions (e.g., cultivation or POST herbicides) could provide the necessary level of control to obtain the desired yields. However, under limited soil moisture conditions, the use of PRE herbicides could prove important to maintain vine yield and vigor.
Habitat Selection and Home Range Dynamics of Eastern Spotted Skunks in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA
Authors: LESMEISTER DAMON B. , GOMPPER MATTHEW E. , MILLSPAUGH JOSHUA J.
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT  Since the 1940s, eastern spotted skunks (Spilogale putorius) have declined dramatically throughout the Midwest. One hypothesis for the decline is the loss of suitable habitat, although little is known about the ecological requirements of this species. To elucidate seasonal home range and habitat selection by eastern spotted skunks, we conducted telemetry‐based field work in the Ouachita Mountains of western Arkansas, USA. During 2 years of field work, we collected day‐ and nighttime radiolocations for 33 eastern spotted skunks. We used kernel‐based utilization distributions, volume of intersection indices, and weighted compositional analysis to evaluate seasonal home range dynamics and habitat selection. Although we found moderate adult male site fidelity, there were large seasonal differences in home range size, with ranges of between 76 ha and 175 ha (± 22–62 SE) during summer, fall, and winter, and home ranges of 866 ha (± 235 SE) during spring. Male home range increases in the spring were likely caused by questing behavior in search of reproductive females. Females maintained home ranges of 54 ha to 135 ha (± 7–30 SE) and moderate site fidelity during all seasons. During each season, we observed selection of young shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and hardwood stands over other available cover types, likely due to a preference for a dense, complex understory and a closed canopy overstory to reduce predation risk. Most habitats in the study region were managed for an herbaceous understory and an older, more open canopy, in part to benefit red‐cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) populations. Thus, if simultaneous management for these 2 vertebrates is a goal, a balance of early and late successional habitat should be reached.
Effects of Tidal and Diel Cycles on Dugong Habitat Use
Authors: SHEPPARD JAMES K. , JONES RHONDDA E. , MARSH HELENE , LAWLER IVAN R.
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT  Quantifying the factors influencing behaviors of aquatic mammalian grazers may enhance the generic understanding of grazer ecology. We investigated diel and tidal patterns in movements of the dugong (Dugong dugon) by Global Positioning System—tracking 12 animals in 5 inshore—intertidal and 3 offshore—subtidal habitats along the coast of Queensland, Australia. We examined effects of tide height and time of day on the dugong's distance from 1) the nearest coast, 2) water >3 m deep, 3) actual water depth (bathymetry + tide ht) experienced, and 4) distribution of the directions of movements. Both tidal and diel cycles influenced dugong movement. Tracked dugongs tended to be closer to shore at high tide than at low tide and closer to shore at night than during the day. Onshore movement was more prevalent on incoming tides and in the afternoon and evening. Offshore movement was more prevalent on outgoing tides and from midnight through the morning until midday. Tidal and diel variation in water depths used by the inshore—intertidal dugongs was small, but probably underestimated, hidden by a sampling bias in the telemetry equipment. Onshore movement at high tide allowed dugongs to exploit intertidal seagrass beds. Dugongs are closer to shore in afternoons and evenings than in mornings. This behavior may be related to the avoidance of predators or watercraft. Our findings can be used to predict spatial patterns of dugongs within areas of conservation management significance and to assess, avoid, and mitigate adverse effects of anthropogenic disturbance.
Arts-Informed Inquiry in Teacher Education: Contesting the Myths
Authors: Ewing Robyn , Hughes John
Published: January 2009

Arts-informed inquiry has attracted a great deal of controversy in recent times as it has gained popularity as an educational research methodology in teacher education. As with other innovative approaches and methodologies, there have been lively debates about its rigour, authenticity and appropriateness. This article suggests principles for its use in exploring relevant questions in teacher education research and examines some of the issues that have been used to challenge its integrity. Several recent teacher education research projects undertaken by staff and research higher degree graduates at the University of Sydney are discussed initially as exemplars and to provide a context for the discussion. The authors demonstrate how research using arts-informed inquiry contributes perspectives and understandings that are distinctive from other methodologies and so can offer new understandings about some of the liminal issues in teacher education.
A taxonomic account of Utricularia Linn. from Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman M Oliur
Published: January 2009

A taxonomic account of eight species of Utricularia Linn. viz. U. aurea Lour., U. bifida Lin., U. caerulea Linn., U. gibba Linn., U. inflexa Forsk., U. minutissima Vahl, U. scandens Benj. and U. stellaris L. f. has been provided from Bangladesh. An updated nomenclature including important synonyms, habitat and distribution have been furnished under each species. A key has also been given for easy identification of the species. Key words Utricularia, taxonomy, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v12i2.603Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 12(2): 63-70, 2005 (December)
Hydrobiological studies within the tea gardens at Srimangal, Bangladesh. V. Desmids (Euastrum, micrasterias, actinotaenium and cosmarium)
Authors: Islam AKM Nurul , Irfanullah Haseeb Md
Published: January 2009

Ninety-three desmid taxa belonging to four genera, namely Euastrum, Micrasterias, Actinotaenium and Cosmarium have been recorded from different aquatic habitats located within the tea gardens at Srimangal, Maulvi Bazar. Of these, 20 are described as new records for Bangladesh, including a new variety, E. substellatum Nordst. var. bangladeshicum Islam & Irfanullah var. nov. and a new forma, Cosmarium depressum (Näg.) Lund. var. apertum (Turner) Hirano fa. spinosum Islam and Irfanullah fa. nov. Key words: acidic habitats, species diversity, phytoplankton, desmids, new taxa, new records DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i1.589 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(1): 1-20, 2006 (June)
Desmids from some selected areas of Bangladesh: 3. Genus Staurastrum Meyen (2)
Authors: Islam AKM Nurul , Akter Nasima
Published: January 2009

The paper deals with 13 taxa belonging to Desmid genus Staurastrum Meyen from some selected areas of Bangladesh. Of these, eight taxa are new records for Bangladesh and two taxa are new to science. Key words: Desmids, Staurastrum, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i1.592 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(1): 41-47, 2006 (June)
Evaluation of RAPD markers for taxonomic relationships in some aquatic species of Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae)
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Oliur
Published: January 2009

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess relationship across nine aquatic species of Utricularia. The highest numbers of RAPD bands were detected in Utricularia bremii and U. intermedia. The highest genetic similarity was observed between U. australis and U. dimorphantha; between U. australis and U. vulgaris; and between U. dimorphantha and U. macrorhiza indicating that these species are closely related. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis based on the RAPD profile in aquatic Utricularia resolved the taxa into three clusters: the first cluster included U. aurea, U. australis, U. dimorphantha, U. macrorhiza and U. vulgaris; the second cluster constituted from U. bremii and U. gibba while U. intermedia formed the third cluster with U. minor. The Neighbour Joining (NJ) tree showed that aquatic species could be placed in two main groups and the results obtained from the NJ analysis were coherent with that of the UPGMA clustering method. The molecular findings revealed from this study support the systematic relationships in Utricularia inferred from morphological investigations. Key words: Aquatic Utricularia, Genetic affinity, Neighbour Joining, RAPD, Systematic relationships, UPGMA DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v13i2.580 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 13(2): 73-82, 2006 (December)
An enumeration of collections of Bauhinia subgen. Phanera (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) from Bangladesh in Central National Herbarium (CAL), India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay S
Published: January 2009

Not available. Key words: Bauhinia subgen. Phanera, Collections, CAL, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i1.526 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(1): 75-77, 2007 (June)
Additions to the Pleurocarpous mosses of Bangladesh : Family - Plagiotheciaceae
Authors: Khatun Hamida , Hadiuzzaman Syed
Published: January 2009

Not available. Key words: Pleurocarpous mosses, Hypnobryales, Plagiotheciaceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i1.527 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(1): 79-82, 2007 (June)
New records of phytoplankton for Bangladesh. 4. Chlorococcales
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Bhuiyan Rauf Ahmed , Yeasim Jenat , Alam Munirul , Sack R Bradley , Huq Anwar , Colwell Rita
Published: January 2009

This study presents three species from each of Schroederia, Monoraphidium and Ankistrodesmus, two species and one variety of Dictyosphaerium, two varieties of Pediastrum, and Tetraedron arthrodesmiforme var. contorta, Chlorotetraedron polymorphum, Myrmecia aquatica, Oocystis tainoensis, Nephrocytium spirale, Kirchneriella irregularis, Coelastrum indicum and Scenedesmus similagineus. These taxa have been reported from some ponds of Mathbaria of Pirojpur and Bakerganj of Barisal Districts in Bangladesh. Key words: Chlorococcales, New records, Phytoplankton, Ponds DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i2.528 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 83-91, 2007 (December)
New records of phytoplankton for Bangladesh. 6. Lepocinclis Perty, Strombomonas Defl., Astasia Dujardin, Menoidium Perty
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Bhuiyan Rauf Ahmed , Yeasmin Jenat , Alam Munirul , Sack R. Bradley , Huq Anwar , Colwell Rita R.
Published: January 2009

The paper deals with a systematic account of 17 euglenoid phytoplakton. Of these, seven taxa belong to Lepocinclis and seven to Strombomonas. The other three taxa are Astasia cylindrical Pringsheim, A. pygmaea Skuja and Menoidium tremulum Skv. The taxa are reported from some pond ecosystems located in Pirojpur and Barisal districts of Bangladesh.Keywords: Phytoplankton, New records, Bangladesh, Lepocinclis, Strombomonas, Astasia, Menoidium, PondsÂ DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v15i2.1740Â Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 15(2): 107-114, 2008 (December)
Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch.- A new record of ascomycetous fungus for Bangladesh
Authors: Shamsi Shamim , Sultana Razia
Published: January 2009

Not available.Keywords: Gibberella zeae, Ascomycetes, BangladeshÂ DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v15i2.1755Â Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 15(2): 163-165, 2008 (December)
Pimarane-type Diterpenes: Antimicrobial Activity against Oral Pathogens
Authors: Porto Thiago S. , Rangel Rander , Furtado Niege A. J. C. , De Carvalho Tatiane C. , Martins Carlos H. G. , Veneziani Rodrigo C. S. , Da Costa Fernando B. , Vinholis Adriana H. C. , Cunha Wilson R. , Heleno Vladimir C. G. , Ambrosio Sergio R.
Published: January 2009

Seven pimarane type-diterpenes re-isolated from Viguiera arenaria Baker and two semi-synthetic pimarane derivatives were evaluated in vitro against the following main microorganisms responsible for dental caries: Streptococcus salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis and Lactobacillus casei. The compounds ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (PA); ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3b-ol; ent-15-pimarene-8b,19-diol; ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3b-acetoxy and the sodium salt derivative of PA were the most active compounds, displaying MIC values ranging from 2 to 8 μg∙mL-1. Thus, this class of compounds seems promising as a class of new effective anticariogenic agents. Furthermore, our results also allow us to conclude that minor structural differences among these diterpenes significantly influence their antimicrobial activity, bringing new perspectives to the discovery of new natural compounds that could be employed in the development of oral care products.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Intermolecular Stetter Reactions Catalyzed by a Novel Triazolium Derived N‐Heterocyclic Carbene.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Han Jianwei , Henseler Alexander
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recyclization of (2‐Aminophenyl)bis(5‐tert‐butyl‐2‐furyl)methanes into Indole Derivatives: Unusual Dependence on Substituted at Nitrogen Atom.
Authors: Butin Alexander V. , Smirnov Sergey K. , Tsiunchik Fatima A. , Uchuskin Maxim G. , Trushkov Igor V.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Quick and Advantageous Synthesis of 2H‐1‐Benzopyran‐2‐ones Unsubstituted on the Pyranic Nucleus.
Authors: Bratulescu George
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Approved Drug Mimics of Short Peptide Ligands from Protein Interaction Motifs.
Authors: Parthasarathi Laavanya , Casey Fergal , Stein Amelie , Aloy Patrick , Shields Denis C.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Winter precipitation intensity and ENSO/PDO variability in the Willamette Valley of Oregon
Authors: Praskievicz Sarah , Chang Heejun
Published: January 2009

There is growing concern about the effects of inter‐annual climatic variability, such as the El‐Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), on regional hydrology and water resources. We analysed patterns of wintertime precipitation intensity, using both simple intensity and number of heavy precipitation days per year, for eight stations in northwestern Oregon's Willamette Valley for the period 1972–2006, and examined the separate and combined influence of ENSO and PDO on precipitation intensity. The analysis was accomplished using Kendall's tau and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine differences in precipitation intensity among combinations of positive and negative ENSO and PDO phases. The results suggest that the relation between ENSO phase and precipitation intensity is negative in November and positive in April, while the relation between PDO and intensity is negative and strongest in January and March. These varying seasonal associations with ENSO/PDO phase may be related to the Willamette Valley's location in the transitional zone between positive and negative El Niño response and to the moderating effects of out‐of‐phase ENSO/PDO. This seasonal variability of heavy rainfall has implications for the quantity and quality of regional water resources. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning
Authors: Wilby R. L. , Troni J. , Biot Y. , Tedd L. , Hewitson B. C. , Smith D. M. , Sutton R. T.
Published: January 2009

Although the use of climate scenarios for impact assessment has grown steadily since the 1990s, uptake of such information for adaptation is lagging by nearly a decade in terms of scientific output. Nonetheless, integration of climate risk information in development planning is now a priority for donor agencies because of the need to prepare for climate change impacts across different sectors and countries. This urgency stems from concerns that progress made against Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) could be threatened by anthropogenic climate change beyond 2015. Up to this time the human signal, though detectable and growing, will be a relatively small component of climate variability and change. This implies the need for a twin‐track approach: on the one hand, vulnerability assessments of social and economic strategies for coping with present climate extremes and variability, and, on the other hand, development of climate forecast tools and scenarios to evaluate sector‐specific, incremental changes in risk over the next few decades. This review starts by describing the climate outlook for the next couple of decades and the implications for adaptation assessments. We then review ways in which climate risk information is already being used in adaptation assessments and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of three groups of techniques. Next we identify knowledge gaps and opportunities for improving the production and uptake of climate risk information for the 2020s. We assert that climate change scenarios can meet some, but not all, of the needs of adaptation planning. Even then, the choice of scenario technique must be matched to the intended application, taking into account local constraints of time, resources, human capacity and supporting infrastructure. We also show that much greater attention should be given to improving and critiquing models used for climate impact assessment, as standard practice. Finally, we highlight the over‐arching need for the scientific community to provide more information and guidance on adapting to the risks of climate variability and change over nearer time horizons (i.e. the 2020s). Although the focus of the review is on information provision and uptake in developing regions, it is clear that many developed countries are facing the same challenges. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Annual and seasonal precipitation over Italy from 1961 to 2006
Authors: Toreti Andrea , Fioravanti Guido , Perconti Walter , Desiato Franco
Published: January 2009

Annual and seasonal precipitation series were derived from a set of 59 synoptic meteorological stations homogeneously distributed over Italy, in order to evaluate possible changes in precipitation behaviour and identifying areas of coherent variability. The time series were homogenized and standardized anomaly series were calculated for three areas: north, centre and south of Italy. Rotated principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to monthly data and the related loading maps were generated. The annual series do not show significant trends, while among the seasonal series only those of winter in northern and central Italy are non‐stationary; they are characterized, respectively, by a decreasing trend for the entire period and by a positive trend since 1989. Seven common patterns were identified from clustered rotated principal components and linked with synoptical weather regimes. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Sunshine and synoptic cloud observations at Ebro Observatory, 1910–2006
Authors: Curto J. J. , Also E. , Pallé E. , Solé J. G.
Published: January 2009

The aim of this study is to characterize the evolution of the number of bright sunshine hours and cloudiness at Ebro Observatory. Sunshine and synoptic cloud observations, extending over almost a century, are available from the Ebro Observatory in the north–east of Spain. Here, we analyse these time series and find a strong decadal variability in the duration of bright sunshine hours since 1910, but without a statistically significant long‐term trend. A comparison with sunshine records from other Spanish Mediterranean observatories was also performed to validate the Ebro time series over the shorter time interval for which comparison stations are available. At the same time, we find a monotonic increase in synoptic cloud amount since the 1920s. Time series of cloudiness at different heights are also available at Ebro in digital form dating from 1954, and their analysis allows us to interpret these results as a change in cloud type frequency, possibly coupled with changes in air transparency. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
A convolution quadrature Galerkin boundary element method for the exterior Neumann problem of the wave equation
Authors: Chappell D. J.
Published: January 2009

The numerical solution of the Neumann problem of the wave equation on unbounded three‐dimensional domains is calculated using the convolution quadrature method for the time discretization and a Galerkin boundary element method for the spatial discretization. The mathematical analysis that has been built up for the Dirichlet problem is extended and developed for the Neumann problem, which is important for many modelling applications. Numerical examples are then presented for one of these applications, modelling transient acoustic radiation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic Force Microscopy Study of the Kinetic Roughening in Nanostructured Gold Films on SiO2
Authors: Ruffino F , Grimaldi MG , Giannazzo F , Roccaforte F , Raineri V
Published: January 2009

Dynamic scaling behavior has been observed during the room-temperature growth of sputtered Au films on SiO2using the atomic force microscopy technique. By the analyses of the dependence of the roughness, σ, of the surface roughness power,P(f), and of the correlation length,ξ, on the film thickness,h, the roughness exponent,α= 0.9 ± 0.1, the growth exponent,β= 0.3 ± 0.1, and the dynamic scaling exponent,z= 3.0 ± 0.1 were independently obtained. These values suggest that the sputtering deposition of Au on SiO2at room temperature belongs to a conservative growth process in which the Au grain boundary diffusion plays a dominant role.
Humboldt and England
Authors: Théodoridès Jean
Published: January 2009

During his long life Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was mainly connected with three European countries: Germany, France and Russia; nevertheless, he had many scientific and personal relations with England, with British scientists, and with other distinguished citizens of Great Britain. Thus Humboldt's life provides an interesting example of international scientific relations in the nineteenth century. The present paper offers a brief account of this universal and versatile scientist's relations with England in particular.
On Not Doing the Papers of Great Scientists
Authors: Reingold Nathan
Published: January 2009

Two analogies are at the foundation of editions of writings of scientists, technologists and physicians. Both are exemplified in the collection of ‘works’, texts of printed finished versions of contributions. The literary analogy is that of authorship, of the creation of a significant assemblage of words and other symbols. Assemblages of monographs and articles of a scientist are functionally no different than comparable arrays of the writings of theologians, philosophers, poets, novelists and historians.
Physical Models and Physiological Concepts: Explanation in Nineteenth-Century Biology
Authors: Mendelsohn Everett
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

The response to physics and chemistry which characterized mid-nineteenth century physiology took two major directions. One, found most prominently among the German physiologists, developed explanatory models which had as their fundamental assumption the ultimate reducibility of all biological phenomena to the laws of physics and chemistry. The other, characteristic of the French school of physiology, recognized that physics and chemistry provided potent analytical tools for the exploration of physiological activities, but assumed in the construction of explanatory models that the organism involved special levels of organization and that there must, in consequence, be special biological laws.

The roots of this argument about concept formation in physiology are explored in the works of Theodor Schwann, Johannes Müller, François Magendie and Claude Bernard among others.
Diction and Dictionaries in the Diffusion of Scientific Knowledge: an Aspect of the History of the Popularization of Science in Great Britain
Authors: Layton David
Published: January 2009

The concept of popularization, in the present context, implies the existence of a reading public interested in science, together with a corpus of scientific knowledge, part of which, in its range and complexity, was outside the limits of the general understanding.
Hooke and the Law of Universal Gravitation: A Reappraisal af a Reappraisal
Authors: Westfall Richard S.
Published: January 2009

From the very day in 1686 when Edmond Halley placed Book I of the Principia before the Royal Society, Robert Hooke's claim to prior discovery has been associated with the law of universal gravitation. If the seventeenth century rejected Hooke's claim summarily, historians of science have not forgotten it, and a steady stream of articles continues the discussion. In our own day particularly, when some of the glitter has worn off, not from the scientific achievement, but from the character of Newton, there has been a tendency vicariously to atone for the treatment Hooke received. The judgement Lohne cites with approval from Vavilov appears to summarize the current estimate of the issue—in the seventeenth century only Newton could have written the Principia; nevertheless Hooke first sketched out its programme. What with all the knocks he has received both alive and dead, one feels guilty (and perhaps superfluous) in assuming the role of “debunker” at this late date. Apologetically draped in sackcloth then, head covered with ashes (and with whatever it is one dons for superfluity) I venture softly to suggest that Hooke has received more than his due. There is no question here of justifying Newton's behaviour toward Hooke. Wholly lacking in generosity as it appears to me, Newton's behaviour neither deserves nor can receive justification. The question turns rather on Hooke's scientific theories. Granting always his lack of demonstrations, historians have been prone to interpret his words in the light of Newton's demonstrations. A close examination of Hooke's writings does not sustain the interpretation. Contrary to what is generally asserted, he did not hold a conception of universal gravitation. And if he announced the inverse square relation, he derived it from such a medley of confusion as will not allow his claim to priority.
Goethe and the Intermaxillary Bone
Authors: Wells George A.
Published: January 2009

Johann Wolfgang Goethe* (1749–1832) believed that in 1784 he demonstrated the presence of the intermaxillary (premaxillary) bone in man, and that after a certain amount of opposition professional anatomists accepted his findings. This paper tries to show what the anatomical facts are, what it was that Goethe discovered, how his beliefs about his contribution and influence arose, and how his discovery is related to his general scientific aims and methods.
Franklin's Electrical Atmospheres
Authors: Home Roderick W.
Published: January 2009

Benjamin Franklin's enunciation of his so-called ‘one-fluid’ theory of electricity in the period 1747–55 nas often been hailed as an important milestone in the history of physics. So indeed it was, for, with the rapid and widespread acceptance of the new theory, the science of electricity became based for the first time on the view that the electrification of a body involved the accumulation of a ‘charge’ from elsewhere, rather than the excitation of matter already present in the body. Only a little more remotely, the triumph of Franklin's theory over the rival ‘excitation’ theory espoused by the Abbé Nollet paved the way for the more sophisticated fluid theories propounded by Aepinus, Cavendish, and Coulomb in the years that followed.
The Origins of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
Authors: Orange A. D.
Published: January 2009

That a coherent account of the origins and early history of the British Association for the Advancement of Science has yet to be written is not altogether surprising. Even when the facts of the matter have been retrieved from the scattered papers of Babbage, Brewster, J. D. Forbes, Murchison, John Phillips, Vernon Harcourt, Whewell, and the rest, their organization into a connected whole remains a formidable business. The present paper seeks to identify the roles played in this important chapter in the chronicles of British science by David Brewster (1781–1868), the Scottish natural philosopher, and William Vernon Harcourt (1789–1871), the York clergyman. Inquiries of this kind—into the proper apportioning of the credit for a discovery, a technique, or the rise of an institution—are only saved from sterility if they make possible a better understanding of the critical events. The present review of the origins of the British Association leads to the modest but important conclusion that the organization brought into existence by Vernon Harcourt at York in September 1831 was subtly but significantly different from that which had originally been proposed by Brewster. If this is so, some of the existing accounts of the matter stand in need of revision.
Spectroscopy and the Elements in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Work of Sir William Crookes
Authors: DeKosky Robert K.
Published: January 2009

Two imposing related problems confronted the chemical spectroscopist of the late nineteenth century. First, he lacked a criterion for judging the validity of claims for elemental discoveries; indeed, he possessed no satisfactory operational definition of the chemical element. Secondly, he felt the need for correlating the spectra of the elements to a conception of their ultimate constitution.
The Distortion of Werner in Lyell'sPrinciples of Geology
Authors: Ospovat Alexander M.
Published: January 2009

Lyell's performance as a historian was both fruitful and remarkable. He wrote well; his style was lucid; and he wrote with conviction and authority. In his history of geology we find none of the usual historians’ dodges. No ‘one of the first’, no ‘probablies’, no ‘it would seem that way’. Lyell did not have to resort to such ruses, because he wrote about the truth—the truth, that is, as he saw it. Most of his statements of fact are not incorrect. But in selecting his facts, he left out anything that did not suit his purpose. Other historians of the geological sciences have pointed out the polemical nature of Lyell's history in general. My investigation is limited to a single chapter of his history, Chapter IV of thePrinciples, and to his treatment of Werner.
Scientific Naturalism and Social Reform in the Thought of Alfred Russel Wallace
Authors: Durant John R.
Published: January 2009

There are few more likeable figures in the history of science than Alfred Russel Wallace. A warm-hearted and generous man, he won the admiration of virtually all who knew him for what one contemporary called ‘the charm of his personality’. Typical of this charm was his behaviour over the potentially sensitive question of his co-authorship with Darwin of the theory of natural selection. Ignoring all the disputes which might so easily have followed the events of 1858, Wallace never ceased to give Darwin all the credit for their theory. In 1864, the author of theOriginchided the younger man for his deference, writing, ‘you ought not … to speak of the theory as mine; it is just as much yours as mine. One correspondent has already noticed to me your “high-minded” conduct on this head’. But Wallace's reply was equally firm, ‘As to the theory of Natural Selection itself, I shall always maintain it to be actually yours and yours only’. If anyone is responsible for the comparative neglect from which the ‘other man’ of Darwinism has suffered, it is the other man himself.
On the Applicability of Mathematics to Nature: Roger Bacon and his Predecessors
Authors: Lindberg David C.
Published: January 2009

Roger Bacon has often been victimized by his friends, who have exaggerated and distorted his place in the history of mathematics. He has too often been viewed as the first, or one of the first, to grasp the possibilities and promote the cause of modern mathematical physics. Even those who have noticed that Bacon was more given to the praise than to the practice of mathematics have seen in his programmatic statements an anticipation of seventeenth-century achievements. But if we judge Bacon by twentieth-century criteria and pronounce him an anticipator of modern science, we will fail totally to understand his true contributions; for Bacon was not looking to the future, but responding to the past; he was grappling with ancient traditions and attempting to apply the truth thus gained to the needs of thirteenth-century Christendom. If we wish to understand Bacon, therefore, we must take a backward, rather than a forward, look; we must view him in relation to his predecessors and contemporaries rather than his successors; we must consider not his influence, but his sources and the use to which he put them.
Mendeleev's periodic system of chemical elements
Authors: Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette
Published: January 2009

Between 1869 and 1871, D. I. Mendeleev, a teacher at the University at St Petersburg published a textbook of general chemistry intended for his students. The title, Principles of Chemistry was typical for the time: it meant that chemistry was no longer an inquiry on the ultimate principles of matter but had become a science firmly established on a few principles derived from experiment.
Voluntary Science in Nineteenth Century Cambridge University to the 1850's
Authors: Becher Harvey W.
Published: January 2009

In recent years, historians have come to question earlier Whig interpretations that there was little science or science teaching done at Cambridge University prior to the appointment of Cambridge University Parliamentary Commissions in the 1850's. However, there has been no comprehensive survey of scientific activity at Cambridge in the first half of the nineteenth century. This essay, based upon research which penetrates beneath pedagogical tracts and Whig criticisms (both nineteenth and twentieth century varieties) reveals that Cambridge science professors researched, lectured, gave experimental demonstrations and provided other educational opportunities. Furthermore, it shows that serious attempts to provide research and teaching facilities met with some success and might have met with more if not for the intervention of specific historical incidents compounded by financial problems and the consequences of the upgrading of the core of the Cambridge curriculum. Before the sciences became alternative routes to a Bachelor of Arts Degree and before the appointment of the first University Parliamentary Commissions, Cambridge dons laid the foundations for science at Cambridge in the second half of the century.
Darwin faces Kant: a study in nineteenth-century physiology
Authors: Fullinwider S. P.
Published: January 2009

Recent explorations into Sigmund Freud's intellectual development by Frank Sulloway and Lucille Ritvo have directed attention to the significance of evolutionary theory for psychoanalysis. In this paper I shall pursue the exploration by showing how Darwin was received by members of the so-called Helmholtz circle (Hermann von Helmholtz, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Ernst Brücke) and certain of Freud's teachers in the University of Vienna medical school. I will make the point that the Leibniz–Kant background of these several scientists was important for this reception. I will argue that the Leibniz–Kant tradition came forward to Freud by two roads, Helmholtz's unconscious inference as foundation for a physiology of the senses, and Arthur Schopenhauer's not unrelated uses of the principle of sufficient reason to explain the possibility of lawlikeness in a universe of lawless energies. Finally, I will suggest ways in which Freud received and used the tradition.
Radiological weapons and radioactive waste in the United States: insiders' and outsiders' views, 1941–55
Authors: De La Bruheze Adri
Published: January 2009

The Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb, the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the post-war nuclear arms race with fission and fusion bombs have been the subject of many discussions and historical studies. In fact, these subjects, and the way in which they were generally dealt with, have led to retrospective distortion with respect to the spectrum of ‘atomic’ weapons discussed and explored during the wartime Manhattan Project and immediately after the Second World War. Specifically, it has made observers of the cold war's early nuclear arms race overlook the fact that the military use of radioactive reactor fission products in so-called radiological warfare weapons, was a very real possibility at the time, both for the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the military, as well as for relative outsiders and the general public. Thus, for many observers it came as something of a surprise when the United States in 1976 introduced radiological weapons as an issue of UN arms control negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Thomas Simpson and ‘Newton's method of approximation’: an enduring myth
Authors: Kollerstrom Nick
Published: January 2009

A resurgence of interest has occurred in ‘Newton's method of approximation’ for deriving the roots of equations, as its repetitive and mechanical character permits ready computer use. If x = α is an approximate root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the method will in most cases give a better approximation as

where f′(x) is the derivative of the function into which α has been substituted. Older books sometimes called it ‘the Newton–Raphson method’, although the method was invented essentially in the above form by Thomas Simpson, who published his account of the method in 1740. However, as if through a time-warp, this invention has migrated back in time and is now matter-of-factly placed by historians in Newton's De analysi of 1669. This paper will describe the steps of this curious historical transposition, and speculate as to its cause.
The history of measurement and the engineers of space
Authors: Barry Andrew
Published: January 2009

For the social theorists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, measurement, quantification and calculation were of particular social and political significance. Karl Marx, inCapital, based his critique of classical political economy on an analysis of the quantification of labour as a commodity. Max Weber, inEconomy and Society, emphasized the importance of rational calculation in the conduct of modern bureaucratic organizations. And in his major work,The Philosophy of Money, Georg Simmel highlighted what he called ‘the calculating character of modern times'.
Images of deviance: visual representations of mental defectives in early twentieth-century medical texts
Authors: Jackson Mark
Published: January 2009

In hisFeeblemindedness in Children of School-Age, first published in 1911, Charles Paget Lapage, physician to the Manchester Children's Hospital, wrote that one ‘only has to watch a group of feebleminded children to see that most of them have some peculiarity’. These words appear towards the end of an extensive discussion of the physical characteristics that could be found in feeble-minded children and are accompanied by a plate comprising four photographs of ‘Feebleminded Children showing Defective Expression’ (Figure 1).
Scientists, engineers and Wildman Whitehouse: measurement and credibility in early cable telegraphy
Authors: Hunt Bruce J.
Published: January 2009

Between 1856 and 1858, a group of entrepreneurs and engineers led by the American Cyrus Field and the Englishmen J. W. Brett, Charles Bright and E. O. Wildman Whitehouse sought to lay a telegraph cable across the Atlantic from Ireland to Newfoundland. Their projected cable would be far longer, far more expensive, and far more difficult to lay than any previously attempted; that such an ambitious undertaking was launched and quickly drew financial backing was testimony to the technological enthusiasm of the mid-Victorian era. After many setbacks, the cable was successfully completed early in August 1858. The first messages it carried were met with rapturous excitement on both sides of the Atlantic – making its failure after just a few weeks of fitful service all the more humiliating. Identifying the causes of that failure, and assigning blame for them, became crucial to ensuring the future of transoceanic cable telegraphy. Were the causes of the failure intrinsic to the enterprise, and the vision of a network of transoceanic cables no more than an unrealistic dream? Or did the collapse of the cable result simply from a series of unfortunate and correctable errors? How those questions were answered in the autumn of 1858 would go far toward determining the prospects not only for renewing the Atlantic project, but also for any attempt to extend submarine cables more widely around the world.
The zymotechnic roots of biotechnology
Authors: Travis Anthony S. , Hornix Willem J. , Bud Robert , Bud Robert
Published: January 2009

Louis Pasteur plays a role in the creation myth of biotechnology which resembles the heroic position of his great antagonist Liebig in the story of agricultural chemistry. His intellectual development, expressed in a great book, supposedly underlay a revolution in practice. Similarly, biotechnology is conventionally traced back to Pasteur, through whose influence, it has been assumed, ancient crafts were transformed into an applicable science of microbiology. The emphasis on Pasteur's work in the history of biotechnology has served to bolster the image of progress in the technology following from periodic scientific breakthroughs. Elsewhere I have argued that biotechnology can be better seen as a boundary object, to use Star and Griesemer's terminology, between biology and engineering. As such it has been significant throughout this century, and the word has been used since 1917.