bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetics of emotion regulation:
Authors: Miu Andrei C , Bîlc Mirela I
Published: June 2019

Research in the last decades has extensively supported the widespread involvement of emotion regulation (i.e. the processes by which one attempts to modulate the experience and expression of affect) in emotion–cognition interactions, social functioning and behavior, and health. In particular, recent work has argued that emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism in psychopathology and could thus contribute to symptoms that characterize multiple mental disorders and explain some of the genetic overlap between these disorders. Therefore, an emerging literature has started to investigate the genetic underpinnings of emotion regulation and their commonality with psychopathology. After describing the process model, which has guided much of the recent research on emotion regulation, and its implications for psychopathology, the present chapter provides a systematic review of twin and candidate gene studies on the four emotion regulation strategies that have been examined to date: cognitive reappraisal, distraction, rumination, and expressive suppression. Several potential avenues for future research, suggested by recent advances in emotion regulation research and human genetics, are outlined in the final section of this chapter.
The genetics of personality/psychopathology:
Authors: Bouchard Thomas J , Johnson Wendy , Gottesman Irving I
Published: June 2019

The chapter argues that the best evidence supports the contention that psychiatric “conditions” are not discrete “disorders” but rather dimensional and part of the personality sphere. The personality traits that imply dysfunction are positively correlated, implying a general “p” factor analogous to the “g” factor in the domain of mental ability. There are very many personality traits that can be defined in multiple ways and all are influenced by many genes of very small effect. These facts suggest that the biological causes of variation in personality and psychopathology are likely varied and heterogeneous. We note the seldom discussed fact that the brain is a “kludgy” organ due to the way it evolved. It is likely that explanations of psychopathology will also be “kludgy.” Nevertheless, current research suggests that we are making sure but slow progress.
Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder:
Authors: Heltzel Lisa , Homberg Judith R
Published: June 2019

Fear learning and memory allows organisms to respond adaptively to cues and contexts that are associated with danger upon a future encounter. Sometimes fear responses go awry, leading to an intrusive fear memory failing to extinguish, eliciting an intense, distressing, and persisting response. These are core symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There are substantial individual differences in fear learning and memory, such that some are resilient and other are vulnerable to PTSD. In this chapter we set-out the methods to measure fear learning and memory in rodents, discuss their translational value, and present currently available behavioural methods to measure resilience versus vulnerability. Regarding vulnerability factors we focus on biological factors (e.g. altered function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis), genotype (e.g. serotonin transporter, BDNF), age (pre-adolescence, adolescence, adulthood), and gender. This chapter provides a snapshot of the state-of-the-art of animal and behavioural models to investigate individual differences in vulnerability to PTSD.
Genetics of obsessive–compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome
Authors: Zilhão Nuno R , Boomsma Dorret I , Smit Dirk JA , Cath Danielle C
Published: June 2019

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS) are two common psychiatric disorders affecting approximately 1–3% of the population. Over the years, considerable progress has been made in conceptualizing these disorders, both clinically and genetically, from simple manifestations of psychological disturbances to highly polygenic, heritable disorders. Family and twin studies have shown that both disorders are familial, and partly influenced by genetic factors. Heritability estimates range between 0.26 and 0.60 for OCD, and 0.25 and 0.54 for TS, but despite this steady progress, results remain inconclusive regarding specific etiological genetic causes. Currently, a remarkable increase in international collaborative efforts within psychiatric genetics has opened new research possibilities, with larger datasets and multiple sources of genetic information available. This chapter provides a broad and updated overview of the genetics of OCD and TS and their genetic association. Historical evidence from past literature and recent results in light of current research are summarized.
The role of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of depression
Authors: Chan Airiss R , Gorbovskaya Ilona , Müller Daniel J
Published: June 2019

Antidepressants are the primary form of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety, however they have been known to vary widely in response and cause undesirable adverse effects among patients. As antidepressant response has been proven to have a genetic basis, pharmacogenetics may hold the key to unlocking personalized medicine, which can greatly benefit patients, physicians, and the healthcare system. This chapter addresses the current stance in psychiatric pharmacogenetics, and discusses the outlook for the field. Within depression and anxiety, variants within the cytochrome P450 enzymes, the serotonin transporter, and the norepinephrine transporter genes have yielded the strongest findings. With respect to clinical applicability, there is wide consensus for use of pharmacokinetic genes to inform treatment and to mitigate adverse events, while recommendations to include pharmacodynamic genes remain inconclusive. This testifies to the need for further research and to test genetically based algorithms.
‘The Diversity of Agreement among the Four Evangelists’
Authors: Crawford Matthew R.
Published: June 2019

One of Augustine’s most influential treatises on the later western tradition was his De consensu evangelistarum, in which he analysed seemingly all the possible contradictions within the fourfold gospel canon. Some previous scholars have raised the possibility that Augustine might have depended upon Eusebius’ Canon Tables to accomplish this task, while others have argued that he did not. This chapter undertakes an exhaustive investigation of the treatise and concludes that Augustine was dependent upon the Canon Tables throughout, indeed, that he could not have performed such a thorough analysis apart from some such information device. The final section of this chapter argues that on the basis of the insights he gained from the Canon Tables Augustine formulated the first ever theory of gospel composition in the history of Christianity, relying on the rhetorical practice of memoria rerum.
Canon Tables 2.0
Authors: Crawford Matthew R.
Published: June 2019

The Eusebian Canon Tables seem to have been introduced into the Syriac world through their incorporation in the new translation known as the Peshitta in the late fourth or early fifth century, since many Peshitta tetraevangelia contain the apparatus. However, the Peshitta carries a revised version of the apparatus which was accomplished by subdividing many of the original Eusebian sections and creating many more parallels amongst the gospels. This chapter compares the Peshitta translation of the Letter to Carpianus with the Greek original. Then it examines the origins of the marginal tabular concordances that usually occur in Peshitta gospelbooks. Finally, it compares the new parallels created in the Peshitta version with the Eusebian originals in order to highlight the principles by which this revision was accomplished. The conclusion is that the Peshitta Canon Tables represent a complete overhaul of the original in order to more closely align text and paratext.
Conclusion
Authors: Crawford Matthew R.
Published: June 2019

The conclusion revisits the areas of paratextuality and information visualization introduced at the beginning of the book. It argues that the Eusebian apparatus participated in a wider ‘information technology revolution’ that occurred from the fourth century onwards and exemplifies the late antique view of knowledge as a perception of the structural order underlying an object of study. With respect to paratextuality, the conclusion proposes that the shift in attitudes towards paratexts in the sources covered in this book is tied to the emergence of the book as an object of significance and study in itself, rather than merely being the necessary equipment for an oral performance. Finally, the conclusion proposes that although notions of textual and cosmological harmony have shifted since late antiquity, the Eusebian apparatus remains effective as a means for mapping the polyphonous conversation that is the fourfold gospel.
Police Community Support Officers
Authors: O'Neill Megan
Published: June 2019

Police Community Support Officers: Cultures and Identities within Pluralized Policing presents the first in-depth ethnographic study of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) since the creation of the role in 2002. Situated within the tradition of police ethnographies, this text examines the working worlds of uniformed patrol support staff in two English police forces. Based on over 350 hours of direct observation and thirty-three interviews with PCSOs and police constables in both urban and rural contexts, the book offers a detailed analysis of the operational and cultural realities of pluralized policing from within. Using a dramaturgic framework, the author finds that PCSOs have been undermined by their own organizations from the beginning, which has left a lasting legacy in terms of their relationships and interactions with police officer colleagues. The implications of this for police cultures, community policing approaches, and the success of pluralization are examined. The author argues that while PCSOs can have similar occupational experiences to those of constables, their particular circumstances have led to a unique occupational culture, one which has implications for existing police culture theories. The book considers these findings in light of budget reductions and police reforms occurring across the sector, processes in which PCSOs are particularly vulnerable.
From Conception to Practice
Authors: Caplan Richard
Published: June 2019

Different conceptions of peace have different implications for devising strategies of peacebuilding and peace maintenance. What it takes to achieve a negative peace is very different from what is required to achieve a positive peace. This chapter explores how the conceptual distinctions discussed in Chapter 1 map onto actual practice, with reference to the principal relevant peacebuilding actors: the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the African Union, the World Bank, and leading non-governmental organizations. What are the primary features of these organizations’ approaches to peacebuilding? How do they differ, if at all, in their understandings of the characteristics of, and requirements for, a stable peace?
Factors of Post-Conflict Peace Stabilization
Authors: Caplan Richard
Published: June 2019

This chapter (co-written with Anke Hoeffler) seeks to identify factors that contribute to post-conflict peace stabilization based on a quantitative analysis using duration (survival) analysis and a qualitative analysis examining the peace consolidation process in six conflict-affected countries. Duration analysis, a statistical method, allows us to analyse the duration of peace. The hazard rate—the rate at which peace ends—can be modelled as a function of various co-variates, such as economic growth, aid, elections, military personnel and expenditure, regional autonomy, etc. The country case studies provide more detailed information on how some countries achieved lasting peace while others failed. The country cases that are included in this analysis are: Burundi, El Salvador, Liberia, Nepal, Sierra Leone, and Timor-Leste (East Timor).
Measuring Peace Consolidation
Authors: Caplan Richard
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the implications of the analysis in the foregoing chapters for international policy. What does this analysis tell us about whether it may be possible, and if so how, to assess the quality of peace? How can monitoring and assessment be improved? The chapter argues for an ‘ethnographic approach’ to strategic assessment that favours increased reliance on knowledge of local culture, local history, and especially, the specific conflict dynamics at work in a given conflict situation, particularly at the micro level. From this approach it derives a number of recommended practices, including early and continuous conflict analysis, the adoption of more precise measures of post-conflict peace, and the incorporation of local perspectives into strategic assessment. The chapter closes with a discussion of the obstacles to good practice (e.g., politicization of reporting) and how these obstacles can be overcome.
Plato, Poetry, and the Lyric Nine
Authors: Hadjimichael Theodora A.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on Plato’s attitude towards the lyric poets and on the diversity with which certain lyric extracts are incorporated in his dialogues. Lyric poets are portrayed in Plato as authorities on ethical matters, lyric passages are integrated in philosophical arguments as pieces of eternal wisdom, and gnomic utterances from several lyric poems are re-contextualized in a number of passages in the Platonic dialogues. This method attests to the atemporal poetics and the broad applicability of lyric. The evidence provided in the Platonic dialogues allows us to conclude not only that the lyric poets were well recognized by mid-fourth century BC but also that a number of their poems were still performed during Plato’s time or were famous enough to be recalled in his work.
Conclusion
Authors: Hadjimichael Theodora A.
Published: June 2019

The Conclusion states the important points that were raised in each chapter, brings together all the conclusions, and contextualizes the overall analysis. It also emphasizes that the lyric selection that has been transmitted to us on the two Hellenistic epigrams as the Lyric Canon reflects a selection that was attained as set and non-negotiable much before the Hellenistic era, and was subsequently accepted as canonical. It closes by drawing attention to the usefulness and applicability of the approach taken in the book both in terms of scope and methodology and by pointing out the research that still needs to be done on the reception of Greek lyric in antiquity.
Biomedical Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Shinbrot Troy
Published: June 2019

This book provides an overview of fundamental methods and advanced topics associated with complex, especially biological, fluids. The contents are taken from a graduate level course taught to biomedical engineers, many of whom are math averse. Consequently the book is organized around gentle historical foundations and illustrative tabletop experiments to make for accessible reading. The book begins with derivations of fundamental equations, defined in the simplest terms possible, and adds embellishments one at a time to build toward the analysis of complex fluid dynamics an and introduction to spontaneous pattern formation. Topics covered include elastic surfaces, flow through elastic tubes, pulsatile flows, effects of entrances, branches, and bends, shearing flows, effects of increased Reynolds number, inviscid flows, rheology in complex fluids, statistical mechanics, diffusion, and self-assembly.
The Common Law of England
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces the origins of the common law of England and explains its boundaries. It was brought into being through the machinery of royal justice as developed in the twelfth century; this was sometimes peripatetic (eyres and assizes), sometimes stationary in the royal palace at Westminster, and sometimes local (justices of the peace). Attention is drawn to alternative forms of justice outside the common law, particularly local custom, mediation, and arbitration. The second part of the chapter explores the boundaries of the common law in relation to the sea, the king’s possessions in France, and the law in Wales, Ireland, and Scotland.
The Conciliar Courts
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the courts associated with the king’s council and the residuary prerogative jurisdiction of the Crown. Such courts were not supposed to meddle with the law of property, or with matters of life and death, since they did not follow the ‘due process’ required by Magna Carta and its progeny, but they nevertheless developed extensive jurisdictions alongside the courts of law. Their procedure was close to that of the Chancery. The principal conciliar courts were the Star Chamber and the Court of Requests, at Westminster, but there were provincial counterparts in the Marches of Wales and in the North. The extraterritorial jurisdictions of the admiralty and the constable and marshal were similarly derived from the royal prerogative and operated outside the common law. The King’s Bench watched all these jurisdictions carefully and checked excesses by means of prohibition and habeas corpus.
Real Property
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces the evolution of estates in land. It considers the effect of free alienation on the concept of the fee simple, which is contrasted with the life estate and the special life estates called dower and curtesy. The common-law canons of inheritance are explained. Marriage-gifts and conditional gifts, by varying the feudal arrangements, caused some conundrums which led to a sweeping legislative reform in the statute De Donis 1285. The statute gave rise to a new kind of fee, the fee tail, which threatened to become inalienable. The recognition of ‘particular’ estates (for life or in tail) necessitated a doctrine of future estates. The reversion was a natural feudal estate, in effect an escheat, but the remainder gave more legal difficulty, and especially problematic was the contingent remainder.
Contract
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces the development of the action of assumpsit, a species of trespass on the case used to enforce informal contracts. The earliest examples were of ‘misfeasance’ causing physical damage; they belong as much to the history of tort as of contract. There were intellectual obstacles to extending the trespassory remedy to mere ‘nonfeasance’, but they were overcome by drawing (inter alia) on the concepts of deceit, reliance, and (in Doige’s Case) on the mutual force of bargains. The competing principles were brought together in the Tudor doctrine of consideration, which also accommodated the binding force of mutual executory promises. The use of assumpsit to recover debts, and thereby avoid wager of law, caused a prolonged controversy between the King’s Bench and Common Pleas, which was ended by Slade’s Case (1602). The action was soon afterwards held to lie against executors.
Pleas of the Crown
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces the history of criminal procedure. The early ‘appeal’ of felony gave way to the indictment, a written presentment approved by a grand jury. Until Georgian times there were few safeguards for the accused other than whatever care was taken by judge and jury. Counsel were rarely involved, except in treason cases; trials were brief; and there were no appeals. The capital punishment imposed on all convicted felons was adjusted in practice by the mechanisms of sanctuary, benefit of clergy, ‘pious perjury’ by jurors, and pardons. Benefit of clergy was originally a privilege of ordained clergy, but the judges contrived to extend it to any man who could read, and Parliament perfected the fiction by extending it to women and the illiterate. Pardons were widely available underlay both the system of transportation and a form of criminal appeal.
Citizenship and Gender Hierarchies in Political Liberalism
Authors: Schouten Gina
Published: June 2019

This chapter considers the work of liberal feminists Christie Hartley and Lori Watson. Hartley and Watson argue that political liberalism can approve gender-egalitarian interventions on the grounds that gender inequality threatens citizenship. I agree with Hartley and Watson that the liberal concept of citizenship is the key to justifying progressive gender-egalitarian political interventions. I argue, however, that their argument establishes only that a hierarchal gendered division of labor threatens citizenship. This is problematic because the gendered division of labor is not essentially hierarchal, and morally objectionable harms inhere in its non-hierarchal components. Moreover, the policy initiatives licensed by a hierarchal diagnosis of the gendered division of labor could exacerbate the harms that inhere in its non-hierarchal features. Hartley and Watson’s argument may offer a partial reconciliation of liberalism and feminism, but on its own it could further entrench the injustice of the gendered division of labor.
A Neutral Case for Autonomy Promotion
Authors: Schouten Gina
Published: June 2019

This chapter elucidates the notion of citizenship that rightly informs the neutrality constraint and the criterion of reciprocity: On the basis of citizenship interests, neutrality limits coercive political intervention; and through the criterion of reciprocity, citizenship interests also positively demand certain coercive political interventions. Political liberalism’s characterization of citizenship attributes to citizens certain fundamental interests. When those interests are jeopardized, and when they can be protected without jeopardizing stronger interests of citizenship, exercises of political power to protect those interests are demanded by the criterion of reciprocity. This can have surprising implications. A fundamental commitment of political liberalism is that, while political institutions should be ordered by liberal values, individuals should be substantially free to reject those values within their own lives. But under some circumstances, essential citizenship interests demand political interventions to promote enactments of substantive autonomy; as such, those interventions can be required by the criterion of reciprocity.
The verbal system
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: June 2019

Verbs in Gothic are thematic, athematic, or preterite present. Several classes, including modals, are discussed. Strong verbs have seven classes, weak verbs four. Inflectional categories are first, second, and third person, singular, dual (except in the third person), and plural number. Tenses are nonpast and past/preterite. There are two inflected moods, indicative and optative, and two voices (active, passive). The passive is synthetic in the nonpast indicative and optative. The past system features two periphrastic passives, one stative-eventive with wisan (be), the other inchoative and change of state with wairþan (become). Middle functions are mostly represented by simple reflexive structures and -nan verbs. Nonfinite categories include one voice-underspecified infinitive, a nonpast and past participle, and a present active imperative. The third person imperative is normally expressed by an optative.
Verbal and sentential syntax
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: June 2019

Gothic is a null subject language. The binder of an anaphor can be a null subject. Binding requires asymmetrical c-command. Possessive sein- can be a syntactic or discourse anaphor. Gothic may attest the beginning of the Germanic two-reflexive system. The simple reflexive, without silba (self), is productive in anticausative structures. Verbal prefixes alter meaning, lexical, or grammatical aspect. Ga- has numerous other functions, including definiteness and temporal completion. The nonpast participle functions as a relative clause substitute and in absolute constructions. In the absence of switch reference, infinitives are the norm with modal and control verbs and purposives after verbs of motion (otherwise + du). The accusative with a participle or infinitive can be a matrix object or embedded subject. Accusative and infinitive depends on case from the matrix verb. The infinitive is usually wisan (to be) as an expansion of a small clause. Relative clauses require the complementizer ei (that). Verbs whose complements are factual or realizable are typically in the indicative. Those that do not allow a full range of independent tenses in the complement clause, or whose complements are not realized, are only potentially realized, or deal with possible worlds or alternate states of reality, trigger a shift to the optative, which has a number of independent uses as well.
Economic perspectives
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 addresses cooperation from economic perspectives, namely market-power theory, transaction cost economics, agency theory, resource-based theory, transaction value theory, dynamic capabilities theory, real-options theory, and increasing-returns theory. Cooperation can engender market power. Transaction cost economics views cooperation and alliances as potentially cost-reducing methods of organizing business transactions. Agency theory is concerned with the behavior of alliance partners. Both are “agents” of the other and as such systems must be set up to reduce the risk of self-serving opportunism. The resource-based perspective suggests that partners set up alliances to tap into each other’s specialized resources and strategic assets. Transaction value theory focuses on joint value maximization for the collaborative transaction. Alliances can be considered a real option to invest under conditions of uncertainty. Increasing returns are the norm in knowledge-based industries, and the formation of a network of alliances enables companies to operate as significant players in such markets.
Partner selection
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 9 considers the critical issue of what sort of company would make a good partner. It notes that most companies assess their prospective partners in terms of the complementarity of their assets and skills and the possible synergies that arise as a result of them. Fewer, however, devote sufficient attention to the cultural compatibility between the partners. Yet this factor is often responsible for the breakdown of alliances. The culture web (symbols, power structures, organization structure, controls, rituals and routines, and stories) depicted by Johnson et al. (2017) and the cultural profile (employee orientation, environmental orientation, international orientation, customer orientation, technology orientation, innovation orientation, cost orientation, and quality orientation) proposed by Bronder and Pritzl (1992) are both useful tools for assessing the presence of cultural difference between prospective alliance partners and hence the likelihood of culturally-related problems arising.
The general management of alliances
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 12 focuses on the joint venture (JV) general manager, but also considers the management of collaborations and networks. The success of JVs relies on their general managers taking an active part in handling relations between partners, in addition to managing other external relations and those within the internal organization of the venture unit. Their management of these relationships is therefore of critical importance. The role can be stressful because the presence of two or more partners or parent companies in strategic alliances of any kind can lead to conflict and ambiguity in what is expected of their managers. Non-JV alliances, such as two-party collaborations and multi-party networks, also have their own managerial requirements. The chapter closes by considering the qualities that alliance managers need in the light of the tasks and circumstances they face.
Human resource management
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 13 addresses human resource management and the potential contribution that an appropriate HRM policy can make to alliance success. The chapter outlines key HRM activities and indicates how these are required at different stages of an alliance’s development. It then examines the contribution of HRM to key alliance needs including the selection of personnel, the development of a common culture (including building trust), control, and learning. Its last section considers broader policy issues concerning the approach to HRM in alliances, namely its strategic role and the question of whether a leading alliance partner should standardize its HR practices across different alliances and affiliates. The sensitivity of HRM practices to cultural and institutional norms is noted.
Organizational learning and knowledge acquisition
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 14 recognizes that many alliances are established in order to enhance a company’s knowledge or capacity to generate new knowledge through learning. It identifies different forms of learning in and through alliances. Alliance partners’ motives toward learning are extremely significant, and the chapter distinguishes between alliances in which partners seek to learn collaboratively for their mutual benefit from other alliances in which learning becomes competitive and potentially exploitative. Effective organizational learning through alliances requires several conditions to be in place and the presence or otherwise of these conditions gives rise to a range of learning processes identified by research on international joint ventures. The closing sections of this chapter turn to the process whereby alliance learning can be facilitated. They identify the potential barriers to learning in alliances, and how the process might be managed constructively.
Oil and gas
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

After an introduction to the oil and gas industry and its structure, Chapter 15 notes how economic pressures have motivated the formation of alliances. It then identifies different types of alliance in the sector, the motives for forming them, and the benefits that are expected to result. Oil and gas alliances involve nationally strategic and environmentally sensitive assets, and this chapter illustrates the political pressures which they can experience as a result. While there is legitimate concern in host countries about the exploitation of national assets by international oil companies, such companies may also face pressures that stem from political opportunism and corruption. The chapter closes by noting how forming alliances with IT providers to speed up digital applications has become an essential strategy for many oil and gas companies.
Public–private partnerships
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 20 discusses public–private partnerships (PPPs) between government and major corporations. Generally, in PPPs the government sets the task and agrees the fee, while the private sector does the work and incurs the costs whilst receiving a contractually agreed profit. The project is normally building a major infrastructure facility. This arrangement has been very popular in the UK until recently, as well as in many other countries. In the USA a strong lobby is advocating the increased use of PPPs to update the country’s infrastructure. The chapter notes that the idea of public–private partnership is a good one in principle, but that scandals of excess profits (and sometimes losses) can result from deficiencies in negotiation and implementation. The chapter also considers success criteria for PPPs and concludes that they vary according to the political situation and hence motivation in the country in question.
The evolution of cooperation
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 24 examines cooperative strategies and ventures as dynamic, evolving systems. It looks at the bigger picture of cooperative strategies as answers to a changing world. Research indicates that cooperation between organizations, both formal and informal, has increased dramatically over the last half-century. The entire concept of cooperative strategy has evolved as the global business environment has been changed by widespread economic development, marketization of closed economies, use of information technology, and increased competition between firms. The focus of cooperation seems to have shifted dramatically in response to globalization, from economic efficiency toward enhancing organizational intangible resources through knowledge sharing while deferring commitment in a rapidly changing, dynamic world. We also see that more recent developments in cooperative strategies have shifted focus to networks of cooperative ventures rather than dyadic alliances.
Closing reflections: the future is cooperation
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

In concluding the book, Chapter 25 argues that cooperation is becoming the preferred strategy for business and public organizations to adopt in the new economy. It is taking on new forms that are adapted to changing market expectations and new technological possibilities in the rapidly evolving business environment. New technologies such as ICT and blockchain are reducing the potential for and value of partner opportunism, making cooperation more efficient and less costly while enabling managers to pinpoint potential partners for ever more focused purposes. Cooperative strategy offers a viable solution for pooling together the required resources to seize the opportunities offered by Industry 4.0, which is driven by AI, the Internet of Things, and Big Data. Looking ahead, the personalization of technologies envisaged in Industry 5.0 will require an increasing number of collaborations between organizations from different sectors, both firms and social/public bodies.
Adaptation and adaptive radiation
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: June 2019

A key outcome of evolution by natural selection is adaptation. Since the beginning of the age of genetics, evolutionary biologists have focused on the evolution of nuclear genes as the basis for adaptation. Changes to the mitochondrial genome were long viewed as the result of drift and unimportant to organism fitness. New theory and empirical observations, however, are implicating changes in mitochondrial function as a central component of adaptation related to temperature, oxygen pressure, and diet. Novel mitochondrial function underlying adaptive evolution is a product of interacting mitochondrial and nuclear genes to create changes to the electron transport system, and variation in mitochondrial genotypes has been found to play a key role in such adaptive evolution of eukaryotes. Evidence is emerging that changes in mitochondrial function resulting from mitonuclear coevolution underlie key evolutionary innovations associated with major adaptive radiations including the transition from terrestrial locomotion to flight. I discuss the empirical evidence that supports a key role for mitonuclear coevolution in adaptation and adaptive radiation and the implications for fundamental ideas in ecology and evolution.
Nutritional Deprivation after the Fighting
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

Germans were dismayed that the Allied blockade continued during armistice, and loudly protested the nutritional distress it created for women and children. Official reports of the German food supply and living conditions of the civilian population were commissioned by the Germans, the Americans, the British, and a conglomerate of European neutral countries. Less official studies were also made, and first-hand reports were published across the world. Beyond the political hurdles of sending food into a blockaded country, there were also bureaucratic issues under the Supreme War Council related to food control and distribution. Limited amounts of foodstuffs were eventually allowed into Germany starting at the end of March of 1919, and these are analysed for their caloric value. Herbert Hoover became an influential figure in efforts to change public opinion to lift the blockade.
From Blockade to Aid
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth
Published: June 2019

Once the blockade against Germany was fully lifted on 12 July 1919, food from different sources began entering the country. Excess food from the US military was parcelled out to American citizens resident in Germany. Though significant for the recipients who received it, the military surplus lasted only a few months and could only be shared with other Americans. A source of foreign food for German citizens were food drafts, which allowed family and friends in foreign lands to purchase foodstuffs for their loved ones in Germany without taking the risk of theft or spoilage associated with directly exporting the goods. Other institutions, private and public, focused on feeding German children. This chapter examines the efforts of some of the major international aid organizations, including the American Friend Service Committee, Save the Children, and other groups feeding German children. It examines the approaches and struggles of these groups at an institutional level.
Some Representative Subterranean Communities
Authors: Culver David C. , Pipan Tanja
Published: June 2019

Among shallow subterranean habitats, representative communities of hypotelminorheic (Lower Potomac seeps, Washington, DC), epikarst (Postojna–Planina Cave System, Slovenia), milieu souterrain superficiel (MSS) (central Pyrenees, France), soil (central Pyrenees, France), calcrete aquifers (Pilbara, Western Australia), lava tubes (Tenerife, Spain and Lava Beds National Monument, California), fluvial aquifers (Lobau wetlands, Austria), and iron-ore caves (Brazil) are described. Among non-cave deeper habitats, communities of phreatic aquifers (Edwards Aquifer, Texas), and deep phreatic aquifers (basalt aquifers, Washington) are described. Among cave habitats, representative tropical terrestrial (Gua Salukkan Kallang, Sulawesi, Indonesia), temperate terrestrial (Mammoth Cave, Kentucky), chemoautotrophic (Peştera Movile, Romania), hygropetric (Vjetrenica, Bosnia & Herzegovina), anchialine (Šipun, Croatia), cave streams (West Virginia and U.K.) and springs (Las Hountas, Baget basin, France) communities are discussed.
Conservation and Protection of Subterranean Habitats
Authors: Culver David C. , Pipan Tanja
Published: June 2019

A critical factor of the subterranean fauna and one that increases the risk of extinction is geographical rarity. Some stygobionts and troglobionts are also numerically rare. Subterranean organisms are also at increased risk of extinction because of low reproductive rates, and in the case of bats, because of their propensity to cluster in large numbers in a few caves. Threats to the subterranean fauna are of four general kinds—alteration of the physical habitat, changes in water quality and quantity, direct changes to the subterranean fauna, and global warming. The selection of sites for preservation requires detailed inventory data, but available evidence suggests that a majority of species can be protected at least at one site and that a relatively small percentage of total land area is required. A variety of mechanisms are available for site protection, including listing as a Ramsar wetland and as a UNESCO world heritage site.
Bernard Bolzano
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Sebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

Bernard Bolzano (1781–1850) is increasingly recognized as one of the greatest nineteenth-century philosophers. A philosopher and mathematician of rare talent, he made groundbreaking contributions to logic, the foundations and philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, and the philosophy of religion. Many of the larger features of later analytic philosophy, but also many of the details, first appear in his work: for example, the separation of logic from psychology, his sophisticated understanding of mathematical proof, his definition, so similar to Tarski’s, of logical consequence, his work on the semantics of natural kind terms, or his anticipations of Cantor’s set theory. To his contemporaries, however, he was best known as an intelligent and determined advocate for reform of Church and state. Based in large part on a carefully argued utilitarian practical philosophy, he developed a program for the non-violent reform of the authoritarian institutions of the Habsburg Empire, a program which he himself helped to set in motion through his teaching and other activities. Rarely has a philosopher had such a great impact on the political culture of his homeland. Persecuted in his lifetime by secular and ecclesiastical authorities, long ignored or misunderstood by philosophers, Bolzano’s reputation has nevertheless steadily increased over the past century and a half. Much discussed and respected in Central Europe for over a century, he is finally beginning to receive the recognition he deserves in the English-speaking world. This book provides a comprehensive and detailed critical introduction to Bolzano, covering both life and works. (245 words)
Bolzano’s Life
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

This volume provides the most complete biography of Bolzano in English to date. After a brief survey of the history of Bohemia, Chapter 1 recounts the main events of Bolzano’s life: his early upbringing and education, his activity as a young professor at the Charles University, his dismissal and trial, and his later life, including his intense relationship with Anna Hoffmann and his wide-ranging work as an independent scholar. (67 Words)
Catholicism and the Catholic Church
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

Bolzano’s engagement with Catholicism and the Church was both theoretical and practical. In his Lehrbuch der Religionswissenschaft, he examined Catholicism in light of the conceptual tools he had developed for the study of religions in general. Practically, his concern was to develop interpretations of Catholic teachings that would be compatible with the demands of reason but also maximally conducive to the virtue and happiness of those who accepted them. In many cases, these interpretations put him at odds with strong conservative currents of Catholic opinion. The focus in this chapter is on a relatively small number of points in Bolzano’s presentation of Catholicism which the authors think are especially interesting from a philosophical point of view. In particular, the subjects discussed are his conception of miracles and revelation, the constraints he places on the interpretation of revealed doctrines, the role of consensus in Catholicism, and the sources and kinds of authority within the Church. (150 words)
Ontology and Metaphysics
Authors: Rusnock Paul , Šebestík Jan
Published: June 2019

In many of its claims, Bolzano’s metaphysics appears to belong in the eighteenth century: he elaborates a monadology and an account of the creation which, despite significant differences, resemble those of Leibniz and his successors in many particulars. As in mathematics, he treated the work of his predecessors with respect, seeking foundations for what he took to be solid and modifying where he thought necessary. As in mathematics, too, his search for foundations often produced radically new conceptions. Perhaps the most important of these are found in his theory of collections, with its anticipations of set theory and classical mereology. This chapter gives a survey of Bolzano’s work in metaphysics, covering basic concepts of his ontology (object, attribute, property, relation, determination, collection, substance, adherence, etc.), his account of space and time, and his atom-theory (a variant of Leibniz’s monadology), as well as his conceptions of necessity and possibility. (148 words)
The Art of the People
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces the rediscovery of the medieval mystery plays which had been suppressed at the Reformation. The texts were painstakingly recovered, edited, and published in the first half of the nineteenth century, by medieval scholars but also by radicals like William Hone who were keen to emphasize the political value of expanding the literary canon. At the start of the nineteenth century, then, vernacular devotional drama was largely unknown; by the 1850s, the genre had been accorded a place in an evolutionary design that privileged the achievements of Shakespeare, and by the early twentieth century, performance was finally countenanced, albeit under the watchful eye of the Lord Chamberlain. This is a narrative of recuperation but also of misunderstanding, as the mystery plays were also positioned as comic burlesque and farce in constructions of the literary canon which stressed the aesthetic and religious superiority of the Protestant present.
‘[T]o see the work of God / Achieved for others’
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa
Published: June 2019

Hone’s work exerted a profound influence over the nineteenth-century antiquarian and almanac traditions. Perhaps more importantly, his influence was also felt in the sacred dramatic literature of the period, with Lord Byron and Richard Carlile in particular expressing strong affinities with Hone’s radical politics and his appropriation of the plays as foundational to a demotic genealogy of blasphemy. Whilst Joanna Baillie, Richard Hengist Horne, Henry Hart Milman, and Digby Starkey also experimented with the form of the mysteries in the decades which followed Hone’s trials, they were compelled by law to position their work as closet drama, and even then their texts remained vulnerable to either prosecution for the common law offence of blasphemy or a denial of copyright protection from pirates as a consequence of their allegedly amoral tendencies. This chapter looks at a number of nineteenth-century sacred dramas to assess their contribution to political protest in their period.
Ecce Homo, ‘Real Presence’, and the Word Made Flesh
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa
Published: June 2019

Whilst censorship kept sacred drama off the English stage, other genres were not subject to the same legal regulation. Fiction, poetry, and visual art all meditated on the meaning of the sacred body and the ways in which its ongoing spiritual or metaphorical presence might be conjured from its material absence by members of a community of believers. The ways in which scriptural narrative and the liturgy sought to conjure up the dead, to resurrect the martyr, to reanimate the past, were urgent questions; for mid-Victorian writers, these same issues—which foregrounded the capacity of linguistic incantation to effect transformative change—were central not only to the inherited national faith that was under such pressure from nascent scientific methodologies and biblical criticism but also to the types of assent offered by the reader or spectator to the work of art.
Conclusion
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa
Published: June 2019

This chapter suggests that all the works discussed in this study—both canonical and minor, composed in verse or in prose—ask profound questions about the nature of the tragic mode and its relation to Christian thought. The nineteenth-century dramatic imagination is deeply political, staging memorable protests against the rhetoric of utilitarianism in political economy, Calvinism in religion, and the unjustifiable sacrifice of the one for the welfare of the many in ethics and anthropology. In contradistinction to the many studies which sideline dramatic writing in the long nineteenth century, this chapter concludes that dramatic form retains its value in this period as a significant vehicle for comment upon far-reaching questions of justice and ethics. Ultimately, theology raised too many important questions to be permanently excluded from the public stage—and the theatre was too valuable a forum to ignore religious experience.