bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harmonic generation at the nanoscale
Authors: Bonacina Luigi , Brevet Pierre-François , Finazzi Marco , Celebrano Michele
Published: June 2020

Nonlinear photon conversion is a fundamental physical process that lies on the basis of many modern disciplines, from bioimaging and theranostics in nanomedicine to material characterization in materials science and nanotechnology. It also holds great promise in laser physics with applications in information technology for optical signal processing and in the development of novel coherent light sources. The capability to efficiently generate harmonics at the nanoscale will have an enormous impact on all these fields, since it would allow one to realize much more compact devices and to interrogate matter in extremely confined volumes. Here, we present a perspective on the most recent advances in the generation of nonlinear optical processes at the nanoscale and their applications, proposing a palette of future perspectives that range from material characterization and the development of novel compact platforms for efficient photon conversion to bioimaging and sensing.
On the origin of ground-state vacuum-field catalysis: Equilibrium consideration
Authors: Li Tao E. , Nitzan Abraham , Subotnik Joseph E.
Published: June 2020

Recent experiments suggest that vibrational strong coupling (VSC) may significantly modify ground-state chemical reactions and their rates even without external pumping. The intrinsic mechanism of this “vacuum-field catalysis” remains largely unclear. Generally, modifications of thermal reactions in the ground electronic states can be caused by equilibrium or non-equilibrium effects. The former are associated with modifications of the reactant equilibrium distribution as expressed by the transition state theory of chemical reaction rates, while the latter stem from the dynamics of reaching and leaving transition state configurations. Here, we examine how VSC can affect chemical reactions rates in a cavity environment according to transition state theory. Our approach is to examine the effect of coupling to cavity mode(s) on the potential of mean force (PMF) associated with the reaction coordinate. Within the context of classical nuclei and classical photons and also assuming no charge overlap between molecules, we find that while the PMF can be affected by the cavity environment, this effect is negligible for the usual micron-length cavities used to examine VSC situations.
What is the ultimate capability of acoustophoretic volumetric displays?
Authors: Fushimi Tatsuki , Drinkwater Bruce W. , Hill Thomas L.
Published: June 2020

Advances in acoustophoresis have allowed the recent development of a free-space volumetric display called an Acoustophoretic Volumetric Display (AVD) that can render 3D graphics observable without obstructions. The current generation of AVD can render simple vector graphics in real-time, but larger and complex graphics require 10 s or more to render. Here, we present a generalized model of an AVD and use this to understand its performance limits; in particular, we answer the question of how large a display (1:1 raster screen) can be created. We show that AVD performance is affected by the size and properties of the particle, along with the viscosity of the surrounding fluid. Optimal performance is achieved when the viscous drag force and inertial force are minimized relative to the acoustic radiation force. Our model suggests that, for expanded polystyrene particles (ρp=19 kg m−3), a screen size of up to 117 mm by 117 mm can be rendered at 10 Hz with an acoustic frequency of 20 kHz and an acoustic pressure amplitude of 25 kPa.
On the dose of plasma medicine: Equivalent total oxidation potential (ETOP)
Authors: Cheng He , Xu JiaXing , Li Xu , Liu DaWei , Lu XinPei
Published: June 2020

This paper provides a new insight into the fundamentals of plasma medicine: The definition of “plasma dose.” Based on the dominant role of reactive oxygen nitrogen species (RONS) in plasma biological effects, we first propose the equivalent total oxidation potential (ETOP) as the definition of plasma dose. The ETOP includes three parts: the item H, which is the ETOP of the RONS generated by plasma; the item T, which is associated with the reactive agents unrelated to RONS, such as UV/vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) emission of plasma; and the item f(H,T), which is related to the synergistic effects between H and T factors. To evaluate the feasibility of the ETOP as a plasma dose, the bacterial reduction factor (BRF), which is the log reduction of bacteria colony-forming units, is selected as the indicator of the plasma biological effect. A model establishing the relationship between the ETOP and BRF is presented. For the first try of this paper, a linear relationship between the lgETOP and BRF is assumed. The model is initially validated by the published data from the literature. Further simulation and experiment are also conducted, and the positive correlation between the ETOPs and BRFs in the model again suggests that the ETOP could be a reasonable solution as the plasma dose. Finally, the prospects for improving the ETOP, such as including RONS generated in liquid phase, evaluating the weight factor of each type RONS, and involving the effect of electrons, ions, and UV/VUV, are discussed.
Effect of an electric field on the stability of binary dielectric fluid mixtures
Authors: Martin Jonathan M. , Delaney Kris T. , Fredrickson Glenn H.
Published: June 2020

We consider the phase stability of binary fluid mixtures with constituents of contrasting dielectric properties in the presence of a static applied electric field, E0. The dielectric fluid is modeled using a recently developed field-theoretic representation for the equilibrium behavior of a system of polarizable molecular species [J. M. Martin et al., J. Chem. Phys. 145, 154104 (2016)]. The dielectric displacement of the fluid, D, is obtained from a direct E0 derivative of the fluid’s free energy, illuminating coupled structural and electrostatic fluctuations that manifest in the dielectric properties of the fluid. Linearizing D with respect to E0 yields an explicit, molecularly based expression for the dielectric constant of the fluid mixture, ϵ, through the relation D = ϵE0. In the linear response regime, the composition dependence of ϵ completely specifies the applied field-dependent contribution to the fluid’s miscibility, which we enumerate as a contribution χE to a Flory interaction parameter. Using a Gaussian approximation to the field theory, we obtain an expression for χE that relates structural and electrostatic contrast between dissimilar molecules to miscibility in the presence of an applied field. Specifically, contrast between wavevector-dependent, single-molecule correlation functions, Λ^A/B(k), emerges as a necessary ingredient for electric field-induced mixing, corresponding to χE < 0. The character of χE is considered in three classes of binary systems: a binary simple fluid, a homopolymer blend, and a homopolymer solution. Within each system, the form for Λ^A/B accounts for molecular architecture effects, such as chain connectivity. Our findings elucidate the conditions for which one should expect electric field induced mixing or demixing for each class of mixture.
Computational modeling of piezochromism in molecular crystals
Authors: Feng Xibo , Becke Axel D. , Johnson Erin R.
Published: June 2020

Piezochromic materials, whose luminescence responds to external pressure, have recently garnered much experimental attention. Computational modeling of piezochromism is of high theoretical interest, yet currently lacking. Herein, we present a computational effort to predict the piezochromism for a selection of molecular crystals. The current methodology employs a combination of dispersion-corrected solid-state and gas-phase density-functional theory and Becke’s virial exciton model. Our study finds that piezochromism is primarily driven by the modification of intermolecular interactions within the molecular crystal and can be understood from the perspectives of changing polarizability or bandgaps upon the application of mechanical pressure.
Physicochemical study of diethylmethylammonium methanesulfonate under anhydrous conditions
Authors: Pan Hailong , Geysens Pieter , Putzeys Tristan , Gennaro Alessia , Yi Yingting , Li Hua , Atkin Rob , Binnemans Koen , Luo Jiangshui , Wübbenhorst Michael
Published: June 2020

The protic ionic liquid diethylmethylammonium methanesulfonate ([DEMA][OMs]) was analyzed in depth by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) under anhydrous conditions. Karl Fischer titration, NMR, and FT-IR spectra confirmed the high purity of [DEMA][OMs]. The melting point (37.7 °C) and the freezing point (14.0 °C) obtained by DSC agree well with the values determined by BDS (40.0 °C and 14.0 °C). The dc conductivity (σdc) above the melting/freezing point obeys the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) equation well, and thus, the proton conduction in [DEMA][OMs] is assumed to be dominated by the vehicle mechanism. In contrast, the σdc below the melting/freezing point can be fitted by the Arrhenius equation separately, and therefore, the proton conduction is most likely governed by the proton hopping mechanism. The non-negligible influence of previously reported low water content on the physicochemical properties of [DEMA][OMs] is found, indicating the importance of reducing water content as much as possible for the study of “intrinsic” properties of protic ionic liquids.
Effect of heavy impurities on the dynamics of supercooled liquids
Authors: Chakrabarty Saurish , Ni Ran
Published: June 2020

We study the effect of heavy impurities on the dynamics of supercooled liquids. In a supercooled liquid, when we make a small fraction of particles heavier, they exhibit slower dynamics than the original particles and also make the overall system slower. If one looks at the overlap correlation function to quantify dynamics in the system, it has different behaviors for the heavy and the light particles. In particular, at the relaxation time of the overall system, the degree of relaxation achieved by the heavier particles is lesser, on average, than that achieved by the lighter particles. This difference in relaxation, however, goes down drastically as a crossover temperature, T0, is crossed. Below this crossover temperature, particles in the system have similar relaxation times irrespective of their masses. This crossover temperature depends on the fraction of the heavy particles and their masses. Next, we isolate the effect of mass heterogeneity on the dynamics of supercooled liquids and find that its effect increases monotonically with temperature. We also see that the development of dynamical heterogeneity with decreasing temperature is less dramatic for the system with impurities than for the pure system. Finally, the introduction of heavy impurities can be seen as a way of reducing the kinetic fragility of a supercooled liquid.
Weak border effects and great uniformity increase yield of maize (Zea mays) under dense population
Authors: Liu Guangzhou , Zhang Guoqiang , Hou Peng , Liu Yuee , Li Jian , Ming Bo , Xie Ruizhi , Wang Keru , Li Shaokun
Published: June 2020

The effects of uniformity in border rows and population structure on the yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) grown at high planting density was studied in field experiments at Qitai Farm (89°34′E, 44°12′N), Xinjiang, China, during 2013 and 2014. The experiments incorporated a planting density of 12.0 plants m–2 and three maize cultivars (M753, LY66, LD565). Border effects and uniformity in the border rows were studied at the silking and maturity stages. Yields of M753, LY66 and LD565 were 16.46, 15.02 and 11.45 Mg ha–1, respectively. Analysis of yield components in border rows indicated that the number of kernels per ear, 1000-kernel weight and yield per plant of M753 stopped decreasing after the second row in the border, whereas those of LY66 and LD565 stopped decreasing after the third row in the border, demonstrating a stronger border effect. The cultivars intercepted >95% of the light, but light transmission was lower for M753 than for LY66 and LD565, which resulted in the highest light interception in the upper canopy layers of M753. Analysis of uniformity in the border rows showed that the uniformity values for plant height, ear height, stem diameter, number of kernels per ear, 1000-kernel weight and yield per plant were higher for M753 than for LY66 and LD565. For the three cultivars, uniformity values could be ranked in the order plant height > ear height > stem diameter. The results suggest that cultivars with weaker border effects and greater uniformity in border rows can produce higher yields when grown at a high planting density.
Complexities in developing Australian Aboriginal enterprises based on natural resources
Authors: Gorman Julian T. , Bentivoglio Melissa , Brady Chris , Wurm Penelope , Vemuri Sivaram , Sultanbawa Yasmina
Published: June 2020

Across the world’s rangelands, livelihoods of millions of people are dependent on customary and commercial use of wildlife. Many Australian Aboriginal communities also aspire towards developing natural resource-based enterprises but there is a unique combination of historical, legislative and cultural factors that make this process complex. Typically, government support for Indigenous enterprise development has focussed largely on development of ‘social enterprise’, with subsidies coming from various government community development programs. This has resulted in some increase in participation and employment, but often inadequate attention to economic aspects of enterprise development leading to low levels of business success. This paper will examine historical, legislative and institutional dimensions in business development in Aboriginal communities. It does this through a case study of business enterprise development of the Kakadu Plum products by the Indigenous people of the Thamarrurr Region of the Northern Territory, Australia, using a participant observation research method. We found that attention on important economic criteria was subsumed by a focus on social enterprise priorities during the development of this natural resource-based enterprise. This resulted in a very slow transition of the ‘social enterprise’ to the ‘financial enterprise’, due largely to fragmented business decisions and inefficient value chains. We call for a refocus of natural resource-based enterprise development programs in remote Australian Aboriginal townships to incorporate greater emphasis on business acumen within the complex social, cultural and political fabric.
Task-based interactional sequences in different modalities
Authors: Tang Xiaofei
Published: June 2020

Recent research on Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) showed the efficacy of using computer-mediated communication (CMC)
to promote second language (L2) learning (Ziegler, 2016). However, few studies compared the
interactional sequences during task-based interaction across different modalities (e.g., oral and written chat). It is thus not clear how
different task modalities mediate task-based interaction and L2 learning opportunities. To fill this gap, this study compared CMC written
chat and face-to-face (FTF) oral chat for interactional sequences during decision-making tasks. Participants were 20 learners of Chinese
(high-elementary to intermediate level) in a U.S. university. Ten participants completed the tasks in CMC, while the other 10 completed the
same tasks in FTF. The interaction data were analyzed for frequency and patterns of interactional strategies. Three types of interactional
sequences emerged in both groups: orientating to tasks, suggesting actions and evaluating suggestions. CMC participants suggested actions
more frequently than FTF participants. While both groups predominantly agreed with proposed suggestions, CMC dyads expressed disagreement
three times more than FTF dyads. CMC dyads also used more utterances to manage task progress. Findings are discussed in terms of the
interactional organizations and their potential influence on task-based language use in different modalities.
Word searches in Persian tutoring sessions
Authors: Rezaee Parvaneh
Published: June 2020

Word searches have been widely examined in L1 conversation and L2 conversation. A word search occurs when speakers encounter problems retrieving the words needed to continue their talk, which may be completed by the speakers themselves or other interlocutors. This study uses a conversation analytic framework to analyze word search practices that turn into language learning. The study explores how participants enter word searches and transform them into language learning experiences. The data are from seven hours of video- and/or audio-taped naturally occurring conversations in Persian tutoring sessions between a native Persian-speaking tutor and a native English-speaking tutee. The study reveals that, despite limited linguistic competence, the tutee is an interactionally competent speaker who uses word searches as an interactional resource to solve communication breakdowns. The study also shows how the participants develop word searches into explicit pedagogical opportunities and engage in teaching and learning practices.
Mandarin telephone closings among familiars
Authors: Huang Shu-Yu
Published: June 2020

This study compared Mandarin phone closings among familiars in natural conversations with those in Chinese learning textbooks. The natural data was drawn from the CALLFRIEND Mandarin Chinese Corpus (Canavan & Zipperlen, 1996a,1996b), while the textbook dialogues were extracted from 20 series published in the United States, China, and Taiwan. Based onButton’s (1987)framework, this article adopted corpus-based research to analyze the structural pattern and the linguistic features of closings. It found that Chinese phone closings generally consisted of much repetition and thus were more complex than the archetype Button proposed, which suggests that reaching a mutual agreement is essential in Chinese telephone closings. The pattern of a closing depends on whether the caller is calling to catch up with the recipient or if they have a specific purpose. Common tokens for initiating closings such asjiu zheyang, hao, andxingand relation-enhancing expressions were also identified. However, the current research revealed that most textbook dialogues except for unscripted dialogues do not reflect these characteristics. Therefore, this study argues for the inclusion of unscripted dialogues and instructions that direct learners’ attention to the conversational management of phone closings in Chinese learning textbooks.
Ergative from passive in Proto-Basque
Authors: Martínez-Areta Mikel
Published: June 2020

This paper is an abbreviated version, in English,
of Martínez-Areta (2016), in which I argue that the ergative alignment of
historical Basque came about as a result of an active reanalysis of
passive predicates in Proto-Basque. This view has been previously
defended by Trask (1977),
who drew on the template of finite verbs. Since the first slot of
intransitives (representing S) and of transitives (representing P)
are identical, P must have been also a clause-level S at a previous
stage prior to an active reanalysis of passive clauses. I attempt to
solve some problems of Trask’s proposal, and suggest that some finite verbs of the past/irrealis beginning with A actually come from active clauses.
Copying of argument structure
Authors: Trips Carola
Published: June 2020

This article deals with the copying of argument
structure, pursuing two aims: first, I will discuss why the copying
of verbs, and more specifically their argument structure, has never
been truly dealt with in models of language contact, including
borrowing scales and hierarchies. I will show that the reason lies
in the use of the long-standing dichotomy between lexical and
structural borrowing, which should be rethought. Second, I will
propose an alternative approach using Johanson’s integrative
approach to language contact and code copying (2002, 2008), Holler’s
(2015) definition of integration conflicts on the level
of argument structure, and a modified version of Myers-Scotton’s (2002)
Abstract Level Model. I will apply my approach to a qualitative
empirical corpus study of Old French psych verbs copied to Middle
English, focusing on the description, analysis, and theoretical
modelling of the integration conflict that arises with the
EXPERIENCER argument syntactically expressed by a
to-PP on the model of Old French. Finally, I
will compare my findings with similar findings from studies of
language acquisition and suggest some generalisations.
The future markers in Palestinian Arabic:
Authors: AbuAmsha Duaa
Published: June 2020

The main objective of this research is to
explore the factors involved in the variable formation of the future
in Palestinian Arabic (PA), and to examine whether it represents a
case of ongoing grammatical change. The results show that
middle-aged and younger Jaffan and Gazan speakers living in Gaza
express future time reference in ways that are absent in the Jaffan
dialect still spoken in Jaffa and are also not characteristic of the
speech of older Jaffan and Gazan speakers in Gaza. Middle-aged and
younger Gazans and Jaffans living in Gaza primarily express ‘future’
within the verbal paradigm by means of a prefix ḥa-
attached to the non-past stem. The study concludes that both
internal and external factors are involved in the development of the
future marker in PA.
Neuters to none
Authors: Walter Mary Ann
Published: June 2020

This study documents a diachronic change in the
status of neuter noun gender in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS).
Previous research demonstrates that the neuter class is closed in
BCS (Simonović 2010), and
that recent loanwords from western European languages fitting its
phonological profile are instead classed as masculine. I show that
this is not the case for earlier loanwords from Turkish. New neuter
nouns are still accepted, and when changed, are classed as feminine,
not masculine. This follows an attested pattern of assigning gender
according to lexical distributions. An account of gender assignment
utilizing Optimality Theory and incorporating gradiently-ranked
constraints captures this pattern in which rankings can shift over
time, thus leading to the observed historical changes in rates of
neuter gender assignment.
BACH2 drives quiescence and maintenance of resting Treg cells to promote homeostasis and cancer immunosuppression
Authors: Grant Francis M. , Yang Jie , Nasrallah Rabab , Clarke James , Sadiyah Firas , Whiteside Sarah K. , Imianowski Charlotte J. , Kuo Paula , Vardaka Panagiota , Todorov Tihomir , Zandhuis Nordin , Patrascan Ilinca , Tough David F. , Kometani Kohei , Eil Robert , Kurosaki Tomohiro , Okkenhaug Klaus , Roychoudhuri Rahul
Published: June 2020

Regulatory T (Treg) cell populations are composed of functionally quiescent resting Treg (rTreg) cells which differentiate into activated Treg (aTreg) cells upon antigen stimulation. How rTreg cells remain quiescent despite chronic exposure to cognate self- and foreign antigens is unclear. The transcription factor BACH2 is critical for early Treg lineage specification, but its function following lineage commitment is unresolved. Here, we show that BACH2 is repurposed following Treg lineage commitment and promotes the quiescence and long-term maintenance of rTreg cells. Bach2 is highly expressed in rTreg cells but is down-regulated in aTreg cells and during inflammation. In rTreg cells, BACH2 binds to enhancers of genes involved in aTreg differentiation and represses their TCR-driven induction by competing with AP-1 factors for DNA binding. This function promotes rTreg cell quiescence and long-term maintenance and is required for immune homeostasis and durable immunosuppression in cancer. Thus, BACH2 supports a “division of labor” between quiescent rTreg cells and their activated progeny in Treg maintenance and function, respectively.
Two-modes approach to the state-to-state vibrational kinetics of CO2
Authors: Kotov Vladislav
Published: June 2020

Two-modes (symmetric–asymmetric) reduction of the CO2 vibrational kinetics has been introduced systematically for the purpose of state-to-state modeling. The two-modes approach is known from multi-temperature models. Its basic assumption is that vibrational energy of the CO2 molecule which depends on 4 quantum numbers can be approximated by a function of only 2 numbers. Subsequently, vibrational states of CO2 with the same quantum numbers of the effective symmetric and asymmetric mode can be grouped into one combined state. The paper presents the calculation of the average probabilities of transitions between combined states based on the Schwartz–Slawsky–Herzfeld theory. Closed analytical formulas are derived for vibrational–translational and vibrational–vibrational transitions.
Determination of oxidized metals’ oxide layer thickness from local extrema of reflectance spectra: theoretical basis and application to anodized titanium
Authors: Charrière Renée , Cridling Quentin , Maillet Maxence , Pedeferri MariaPia , Delafosse David
Published: June 2020

The present paper concerns the oxide layer thickness determination of oxidized metals in the case where an optical interference phenomenon occurs due to multiple reflections inside the oxide layer. The paper focuses on anodized titanium but can be extended to the layer thickness determination of any material composed of a non-absorbing layer over an absorbing substrate. It establishes theoretical formulae to compute the oxide layer thickness from the positions of the local extrema of the material reflectance spectra. In contrast with many publications these formulae take into account the air/oxide and oxide/metal interfaces’ electromagnetic phase-shift. They make also the distinction between TE-, TM- and non-polarized light and are valid for all incidence angles. By applying these formulae to simulated reflectance spectra with known oxide thicknesses, we show that neglecting the interface phase-shift is not appropriate for determining the oxide thickness of samples with thin oxide thicknesses, with for example a relative error on the thickness higher than 85% for a 20 nm thick layer for normally incident light. When the interface phase-shift is taken into account this relative error goes down to 3%. Nevertheless the light polarization has to be carefully selected for incidence angles close to the Brewster angle of the air/oxide interface. This paper shows also that the relative error on the oxide thickness determination is relatively well correlated with the relative standard deviation characterizing the discrepancy of the oxide thickness values obtained from different positions of extrema. The typical behavior with polarization and incidence angle of this standard deviation predicted by the theoretical study is in good agreement with the experimental behavior observed for anodized titanium samples.
Optical characterization and modeling of nanoporous gold absorbers fabricated by thin-film dealloying
Authors: Ramesh Rajagopalan , Niauzorau Stanislau , Ni Qing , Azeredo Bruno P , Wang Liping
Published: June 2020

This work studies the optical reflectance of nanoporous gold (NPG) thin films of varying pore volume fraction (PVF) synthesized by chemical dealloying of Ag-Au alloy precursors. The fabricated samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and spectral hemispherical reflectance is measured with an integrating sphere. The effective isotropic optical constants of NPG with varying PVF are modeled for the wavelength range from 0.4 to 1.6 μm using the Bruggeman effective medium theory. As the thickness of the NPG thin films is more than ten times larger than the effective penetration depth, the spectral reflectance is simply modeled with the Fresnel coefficients at the interface of air and semi-infinite NPG with different incident angles and polarizations. Consistent with the modeling results, the optical measurement data shows that the spectral normal reflectance of NPG significantly decreases with larger PVF values in the near-infrared regime. On the other hand, the reflectance increases greatly only within visible range at larger oblique angles for transverse-electric polarized waves compared to transverse-magnetic waves. Moreover, the NPG samples demonstrate good thermal stability from room temperature up to 100 °C with little changes in the temperature-dependent spectral hemispherical reflectance.
Stochastic thermodynamics of relativistic Brownian motion
Authors: Pal P S , Deffner Sebastian
Published: June 2020

Physical scenarios that require a relativistic treatment are ubiquitous in nature, ranging from cosmological objects to charge carriers in Dirac materials. Interestingly all of these situations have in common that the systems typically operate very far from thermal equilibrium. Therefore, if and how the framework of stochastic thermodynamics applies at relativistic energies is a salient question. In the present work we generalize the notions of stochastic heat and work for the relativistic Langevin equation and derive the fluctuation theorems without and with feedback. For processes with feedback we consider the ramifications of the lack of simultaneity of events in the inertial frames of observer and Brownian particles, and we argue that the framework of absolute irreversibility is instrumental to avoid acausal considerations. The analysis is concluded with a few remarks on potential experimental applications in graphene.
A brief review of formation energies calculation of surfaces and edges in semiconductors
Authors: Sin Chuen-Keung , Zhang Jingzhao , Tse Kinfai , Zhu Junyi
Published: June 2020

To have a high quality experimental growth of crystals, understanding the equilibrium crystal shape (ECS) in different thermodynamic growth conditions is important. The factor governing the ECS is usually the absolute surface formation energies for surfaces (or edges in 2D) in different orientations. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain an accurate value of these energies in order to give a good explanation for the observation in growth experiment. Historically, there have been different approaches proposed to solve this problem. This paper is going to review these representative literatures and discuss the pitfalls and advantages of different methods.
A review on performance comparison of advanced MOSFET structures below 45 nm technology node
Authors: Mendiratta Namrata , Tripathi Suman Lata
Published: June 2020

CMOS technology is one of the most frequently used technologies in the semiconductor industry as it can be successfully integrated with ICs. Every two years the number of MOS transistors doubles because the size of the MOSFET is reduced. Reducing the size of the MOSFET reduces the size of the channel length which causes short channel effects and it increases the leakage current. To reduce the short channel effects new designs and technologies are implemented. Double gate MOSFET design has shown improvement in performance as amplifiers over a single MOSFET. Silicon-based MOSFET design can be used in a harsh environment. It has been used in various applications such as in detecting biomolecules. The increase in number of gates increases the current drive capability of transistors. GAA MOSFET is an example of a quadruple gate around the four sides of channel that increases gate control over the channel region. It also increases effective channel width that improves drain current and reduces leakage current keeping short channel effects under limit. Junctionless MOSFET operates faster and uses less power with increase in ON-state current leading to a good value of I
ON/I
OFF ratio. In this paper, several gate and channel engineered MOSFET structures are analyzed and compared for sub 45 nm technology node. A comparison among different MOSFET structures has been made for subthreshold performance parameters in terms of I
OFF, subthreshold slope and DIBL values. The analog/RF performance is analyzed for transconductance, effective transistor capacitances, stability factor and critical frequency. The paper also covers different applications of advance MOSFET structures in analog/digital or IoT/ biomedical applications.
A 0.1–1.5 GHz multi-octave quadruple-stacked CMOS power amplifier
Authors: Wei Shizhe , Wu Haifeng , Lin Qian , Zhang Mingzhe
Published: June 2020

In this letter, we design and analyze 0.1–1.5 GHz multi-octave quadruple-stacked CMOS power amplifier (PA) in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. By using two-stage quadruple-stacked topology and feedback technology, the proposed PA realizes an ultra-wideband CMOS PA in a small chip area. Wideband impedance matching is achieved with smaller chip dimension. The effects of feedback resistors on the RF performance are also discussed for this stacked-FET PA. The PA shows measured input return loss (< –10.8 dB) and output return loss (< –9.6 dB) in the entire bandwidth. A saturated output power of 22 dBm with maximum 20% power added efficiency (PAE) is also measured with the drain voltage at 5 V. The chip size is 0.44 mm2 including all pads.
An 18-bit sigma –delta switched-capacitor modulator using 4-order single-loop CIFB architecture
Authors: Cao Guiping , Dong Ning
Published: June 2020

Oversampling sigma–delta (Σ–Δ) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are currently one of the most widely used architectures for high-resolution ADCs. The rapid development of integrated circuit manufacturing processes has allowed the realization of a high resolution in exchange for speed. Structurally, the Σ–Δ ADC is divided into two parts: a front-end analog modulator and a back-end digital filter. The performance of the front-end analog modulator has a marked influence on the entire Σ–Δ ADC system. In this paper, a 4-order single-loop switched-capacitor modulator with a CIFB (cascade-of-integrators feed-back) structure is proposed. Based on the chosen modulator architecture, the ASIC circuit is implemented using a chartered 0.35 μm CMOS process with a chip area of 1.72 × 0.75 mm2. The chip operates with a 3.3-V power supply and a power dissipation of 22 mW. According to the results, the performance of the designed modulator has been improved compared with a mature industrial chip and the effective number of bits (ENOB) was almost 18-bit.
Low on-resistance 1.2 kV 4H-SiC power MOSFET with Ron, sp of 3.4 mΩ·cm2
Authors: Liu Qiang , Wang Qian , Liu Hao , Fei Chenxi , Li Shiyan , Huang Runhua , Bai Song
Published: June 2020

A 4H-SiC power MOSFET with specific on-resistance of 3.4 mΩ·cm2 and breakdown voltage exceeding 1.5 kV is designed and fabricated. Numerical simulations are carried out to optimize the electric field strength in gate oxide and at the surface of the semiconductor material in the edge termination region. Additional n-type implantation in JFET region is implemented to reduce the specific on-resistance. The typical leakage current is less than 1 μA at V
DS = 1.4 kV. Drain–source current reaches 50 A at V
DS = 0.75 V and V
GS = 20 V corresponding to an on-resistance of 15 mΩ. The typical gate threshold voltage is 2.6 V.
The influence of various slag mineral concentrations to physical properties of paving block products and its characteristic
Authors: Handoko A S , Amin M , Zulaifa L , Syafriadi
Published: June 2020

Slag is a waste product from steel industry that has unique properties. In the presence of water, slag reacts with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds with cementations’ properties. Based on this property, slag can be used as a partially cement substitution. The influence of various slag concentration to paving block physical properties and characteristic were studied in this research. Sample paving blocks casted without addition of slag and with addition of 5 %, 15 %, 25 %, and 35 % of slag are compared. Also, the grain size of slag with 60 and 80 mesh is also compared. This research shows that the greater variation in the concentration of slag minerals makes compressive strength tends to decrease, and the absorption and porosity tend to increase. The highest compressive strength test is achieved by sample of paving block with addition of 5 % slag and has 80 mesh of grain size. Hydration of cement and slag to formed calcium silicate hydrate reaction take place in the sample which cause strong bonding among all solid material. XRD characterization shows the phase formed dominated by the four phases, gismondine (CaAl2O8.4H2O), quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), and C-S-H (1.5 CaOSiO2..xH2O).
Progress of used beverages carton recycling system in Indonesia: A review
Authors: Rizaluddin A T , Rostika I , Wattimena R B I
Published: June 2020

The potential to recycle Used Beverages Carton (UBC) in Indonesia is quite promising. Based on data from packaging manufacturers in 2016, it is estimated that the potential number of UBC reaches more than 50,000 tons, with fiber content is around 74 %, while polyethylene (PE) and alumunium foil materials together are around 26 %. The UBC recycling process consists of a hydropulper, screen, thickener and wet lap machine process. In this study, the composition of recycled fiber from UBC consisted mainly long fiber (3-5 mm) of approximately 52 %. The study shows that UBC fiber quality exceeds OCC quality and relatively similar to NUKP quality, which has 52.5 % long fiber content, tensile index 50.49 Nm/g, tear index 9.4 mN.m2/g, and burst index 5.76 kPa.m2/g, respectively. PE and alumunium foil also have the potential to be utilized as composite raw materials with aluminum foil served as matrix, fiber served as filler, and PE served as bonding agent. The composite production involved pressing process with a pressure of 30 kg/cm2 and high temperatures of around 125 to 165 °C. The resulting composite product has a mass density of approximately 0.81-0.93 g/cm3, which is above the minimum value to be categorized as high density composite (0.8 g/cm3). The composite products also have flammability properties ranging from 3.0 to 3.2 cm/min, and water absorption around 14 %.
Biodegradation raw trimming waste from goat’s skin tannery by enzymatic method
Authors: Pratiwi A , Hakim T R , Fitriyanto N A , Abidin M Z , Erwanto Y
Published: June 2020

The tannery industry produces large amount of waste from many parts that cannot be used in making leather products. Process of minimizing the waste can be done by trimming the goat skin. The treatment of trimmed goat skin waste from tanneries can potentially produce value-added products. A study on enzymatic treatment of leather processing waste from local goat skin was conducted. This method utilized pepsin which belong to alkaline protease. Pepsin hydrolysed the skin for 48 hours at 4 °C. Hydrolysed raw skin was used to produce collagen. The size measurement of hydrolysed collagen can be analysed and after electrophoresis using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique. Hydrolysed of collagen resulted in bioactive peptide identification. Amino acid composition in the hydrolysate obtained by the enzyme hydrolysis was determined. This relative simple biological treatment of leather processing waste may provide a practical solution. The treatment method can be used to produce value-added collagen as alternative source of functional food, medical and pharmaceutical applications.
Aerial mycelium formation in rare thermophilic Actinobacteria on media solidified with agar and gellan gum
Authors: Sari D C A F , Ningsih F , Yokota A , Yabe S , Sjamsuridzal W , Oetari A
Published: June 2020

This study investigated aerial mycelium formation in 12 isolates of rare thermophilic Actinobacteria from Indonesia on four different media (International Streptomyces Project ISP 1, ISP 2, ISP 3, and Bennett’s solidified with agar and gellan gum). The results from media solidified with agar showed that aerial mycelium formation was observed on 9 isolates as follows: 3 isolates on ISP 1 agar (Amycolatopsis and Microbispora); 3 isolates on ISP 2 agar (Amycolatopsis and Microbispora); 9 isolates on ISP 3 agar (Actinoallomurus, Amycolatopsis, Microbispora, Thermobispora, and Streptoalloteichus); and 2 isolates of Amycolatopsis on Bennett’s agar. Aerial mycelium formation was not observed in 3 isolates (Microbispora and Nocardia) on all media solidified with agar. The results from media solidified with gellan gum showed that aerial mycelium formation was observed in all 12 isolates as follows: 8 isolates on ISP 1 gellan gum (Amycolatopsis, Microbispora, Nocardia and Thermobispora); 5 isolates on ISP 2 gellan gum (Amycolatopsis, Microbispora, and Nocardia); 11 isolates on ISP 3 gellan gum (Actinoallomurus, Amycolatopsis, Microbispora, Nocardia, Thermobispora, and Streptoalloteichus); and 5 isolates on Bennett’s agar (Amycolatopsis, Microbispora, Nocardia, and Streptoalloeichus). These results indicate that the media solidified with gellan gum induced aerial mycelium formation in larger number of rare thermophilic Actinobacteria isolates compared to media solidified with agar.
Hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste into coal-like fuel
Authors: Putra H E , Damanhuri E , Dewi K , Pasek A D
Published: June 2020

Hydrothermal process is a thermochemical process used to convert wet biomass waste become a coal-like material with higher carbon content called hydrochar. In this study, performance test of hydrothermal reactor was done. Stirred reactor was made of SS-304 with volume of 1 L and electric heater as a heating mantle. The hydrothermal carbonisation reactor was utilized to perform the carbonisation of three materials (paper, banana peel, and sawdust) as substrates. The substrates represent major component of biomass waste in Bandung, Indonesia. Process was operated in batch-mode at varying temperatures (190 °C, 210 °C and 230 °C), holding time (30 and 60 min), and solid load (1:3, 1:5, and 1:10). The results suggested that the hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to solid fuel gave high heating value with value of 24.6, 21.2, and 20.1 MJ/kg for sawdust, paper, and banana peel respectively after product dried naturally. The study showed that chemical and physical properties of several feedstock and hydrochar varied as a function of reaction temperature.
Effect of metal ions in groundwater to radiocesium sorption into bentonite mineral from Tasikmalaya
Authors: Ekaningrum N E , Setiawan B
Published: June 2020

Karawang and Sumedang areas were two of the preferred sites for radioactive waste disposal facilities in the future, and the effect of coexistence ions in their groundwater to radiocesium sorption in bentonite sample has been studied. Bentonite material is placed in the surrounding of disposal facility and usually is used as an engineered barrier to prevent the migration of radiocesium from the facility to the environment by sorption mechanism. The concentration of cation in groundwater such as K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ have been obtained from the field work and could many folds higher when compared with the assumed radiocesium concentration releases to the environment. The existed cations in groundwater were predicted to be able affected to the radiocesium sorption into the bentonite sample. Coefficient of distribution (Kd) was used as the indicator of radiocesium sorption into bentonite sample. The result showed that increased in cation concentration in groundwater reduced the Kd value of radiocesium into bentonite samples up to 21 % compared with no cation exists condition in groundwater.
Utilization of tofu wastewater as a cultivation medium for Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis
Authors: Ajijah N , Tjandra B C , Hamidah U , Widyarani  , Sintawardani N
Published: June 2020

Tofu is one of favourite daily meal in Indonesia. It is produced freshly in some small to large-scale industries, and generates a large volume of wastewater. Generally, untreated wastewater from tofu industries in Indonesia is still directly disposed to the environment that can cause severe pollution in water resources. Tofu wastewater contains very high organic compounds and nutrients, but it has an acidic pH. The possibility of utilizing tofu wastewater as a cultivation medium for microalgae is intriguing. The objective of this research was to utilize tofu wastewater as a cultivation medium for Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis. Cultivation of microalgae was conducted for ten days using 3, 5, and 10 % of diluted tofu wastewater. For comparison, the tofu wastewater anaerobic digestion effluent (TW-ADE) was used as the medium. Walne medium was used as a positive control, and distilled water was used as a negative control. Both microalgae showed the highest biomass and protein production was in Walne medium (positive control), followed in 5% tofu wastewater medium for C. vulgaris, and 3 % tofu wastewater medium for A. platensis. The highest chlorophylls content of C. vulgaris and A. platensis was in 5 % tofu wastewater and Walne medium, respectively. The most top carotenoid content of C. vulgaris and A. platensis was in 5 % and 10 % tofu wastewater medium, respectively. On the other hand, biomass, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and protein content of both microalgae in TW-ADE medium had the lowest result. Cultivation of C. vulgaris and A. platensis in tofu waste medium offer a wide range of environmental and economic benefits, as a sustainable strategy to treat wastewater and produce high-value products from microalgae.
Treatment of S. cereviseae and dairy cow manure on organic waste for biogas production
Authors: Lestari T R , Utama G L , Susanto A B
Published: June 2020

The organic waste should be used to minimize environmental problems. Organic waste can be mixed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cow manure as raw material for biogas production. The right concentration of S. cerevisiae and cow manure is needed to get the best biogas production as fertilizer that meets the standards. This study aims to determine whether the utilization of organic waste with the addition of S. cerevisiae and cow dung can provide good biogas production. This research was conducted experimentally based on a completely randomized 4 × 3 design with factorial patterns. Treatment consists of some factors including the addition of different concentrations of S. cerevisiae (0 gr, 2 gr, and 4 gr) and the combination of organic waste and cow manure with the following ratio (1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 v/v) with three replications. The results showed that 2 gr S.cerevisiae in kitchen waste and cow manure with a ratio of 1:1 (F2S1) can produce 0.0128 m3 biogas with a decrease in the C/N ratio of 60.07 % and a sludge final pH of 6.81, respectively.
Shock-adaptation in a three-stage anaerobic reactor treating tofu whey wastewater
Authors: Widyarani  , Sriwuryandari L , Priantoro E A , Sintawardani N
Published: June 2020

Anaerobic digestion is often used to treat wastewater with high organic content. The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion is determined by organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time, as well as influenced by temperature, pH, and wastewater composition. The multi-stage reactor system is stable towards sudden changes in the influent and fluctuations in hydraulic and organic loadings. The objective of the study was to investigate the adaptability and stability of the three-stage anaerobic reactor after a hydraulic shock loading. This study used tofu whey wastewater due to its enormous generated volume, varying COD concentration, and the low pH. A three-stage anaerobic packed-bed reactor system that had operated for 26 days at a total hydraulic retention time of 3.75 days or 1.25 day per reactor (0.33 l-wastewater per hour) was used in the experiment. The reactor was filled with wastewater at 4 l/h, twelve times the usual flow rate, for one hour. During this period, the changes in pH, COD concentration, and biogas production were monitored. Compared with the performance before the shock loading, COD and pH did not show changes after the 24-hour observation period, except for the pH in the second stage. In addition, biogas and methane production in the second stage was lower than production before the shock loading, even though the total production remained constant. This suggests that the second stage acted as the buffering reactor during the shock loading.