bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linearization of the lambda-calculus and its relation with intersection type systems
Authors: FLORIDO MÁRIO , DAMAS LUÍS
Published: October 2004

In this paper we present a notion of expansion of a term in the lambda-calculus which transforms terms into linear terms. This transformation replaces each occurrence of a variable in the original term by a fresh variable taking into account non-trivial implications in the structure of the term caused by these simple replacements. We prove that the class of terms which can be expanded is the same of terms typable in an Intersection Type System, i.e. the strongly normalizable terms. We then show that expansion is preserved by weak-head reduction, the reduction considered by functional programming languages.
Computer literacy via Scheme and web programming
Authors: HICKEY TIMOTHY J.
Published: October 2004

We describe an approach to introducing non-science majors to programming and computation in part by teaching them applets, servlets, and groupware applications. The course uses a dialect of didactic Scheme that is implemented in, and tightly integrated with, Java. The declarative nature of our approach allows non-science majors with no programming background to develop surprisingly complex web applications in about half a semester. This level of programming provides a context for a deeper understanding of computation than is usually feasible in a Computer Literacy course.
Factors affecting Bittern Botaurus stellaris distribution in a Mediterranean wetland
Authors: ADAMO M. CLAUDIA , PUGLISI LUCA , BALDACCINI N. EMILIO
Published: October 2004

The habitat requirements of a resident population of Bittern Botaurus stellaris were investigated during the breeding season in a Mediterranean upland wetland, with particular reference to the area's isolation from other wetlands, its small size and hydrological conditions. Vegetation structure and water-level were described and associated with booming male and nesting female distribution within the marsh. A logistic regression model showed that water-level was the only significant factor affecting the distribution of booming males, which occupied areas seasonally flooded with shallower water (< 1 m). Females nested in seasonally flooded zones, while vegetation density appeared an important variable for nesting-site choice. Management of the wet area is discussed and the importance of a better understanding of the temporal dynamics of vegetation cover and spatial and temporal variations in water-level, and their possible effects on prey distribution, is highlighted.
Diet of the endemic Madeira Laurel Pigeon Columba trocaz in agricultural and forest areas: implications for conservation
Authors: MARRERO PATRICIA , OLIVEIRA PAULO , NOGALES MANUEL
Published: October 2004

The diet of the endemic Madeira Laurel Pigeon Columba trocaz in agricultural and forest areas of Madeira Island was studied in 1997 by means of microhistological analysis of 157 faecal samples, 94 from two of the main agricultural zones and 63 from a laurel forest. Cabbage was the most important component of the diet in agricultural areas, representing more than 54% of the optical fields analysed. Samples collected further from the forest contained a higher proportion of cabbage. Native fruits did not figure highly in the samples collected from agricultural areas and crop plants did not appear in the forest samples, suggesting a degree of dietary separation and that some individuals may concentrate on crops. Madeira Laurel Pigeon is normally a highly frugivorous species and fruit availability is relatively high in winter when the birds go to agricultural areas to feed. This suggests that it is not a shortage of natural foods that causes them to leave the forest. The unpopularity of the pigeon as a result of its pest status is the main threat to its existence. More information on the seasonal physiological requirements of Madeira Laurel Pigeon and the pattern of individual use of crops is needed to ensure the future conservation of this species.
Farming practices and Roller Coracias garrulus conservation in south-west Spain
Authors: AVILÉS JESÚS M. , PAREJO DESEADA
Published: October 2004

There are no previous studies supporting the link between the decline of Roller Coracias garrulus populations in the Palaearctic and agricultural intensification. We studied the effect of farming practices on Roller reproduction during 1988–1991 in south-west Spain. Nest-boxes were installed on power pylons that crossed six different man-made habitats representing the most characteristic habitats in the Mediterranean region: pasture fields with and without holm oak Quercus rotundifolia trees, cereal fields with and without holm oak trees, scrub fields and irrigated fields. Rollers nesting in nest-boxes erected in unwooded pasture field had the highest breeding success, suggesting that this is the most suitable nesting habitat of Rollers in the region. There were no significant effects of farming practices in habitat adjacent to nests on Roller laying date and clutch size. However, after controlling for laying date, current agricultural practices around nests affected chick mortality, with higher losses in irrigated fields. Breeding success and egg productivity were also affected by farming activities, with the lowest values in irrigated fields. Future conservation plans for Rollers should consider that nest-box provision might increase habitat suitability for Roller reproduction and that highly intensified agricultural practices might have deleterious effects on Roller populations.
Disturbance sources, human predation and reproductive success of seabirds in tropical coastal ecosystems of Sinaloa State, Mexico
Authors: DEL VIEJO A. MUÑOZ , VEGA X. , GONZÁLEZ M. A. , SÁNCHEZ J. M.
Published: October 2004

From March to July 2000, four seabird colonies in coastal ecosystems of Sinaloa, north-west Mexico were visited: on islets, a sandy beach and a long-abandoned salt-panning flat. There were partial and total breeding failures, most of them due to human activity. Amongst colonies of nine species, the breeding success of three was severely affected. All 250 Royal Tern Sterna maxima eggs were taken for direct consumption; 50% (75) of Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii chicks were killed for crab (Portunidae) fishing; and in a Least Tern Sterna antillarum colony (97 pairs), 50% failed due to disturbance from a fishing championship. Some of these species have priority status within Mexican and international conservation regulations. Certain aspects of these problems are discussed, and actions are suggested to balance conservation and the development of economic activities.
Current status and distribution of birds of prey in the Canary Islands
Authors: PALACIOS CÉSAR-JAVIER
Published: October 2004

I analyse recent trends in the status and distribution of breeding birds of prey in the Canary Islands (Spain). Populations of Barbary Falcon Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae, Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus granti, Buzzard Buteo buteo insularum and Osprey Pandion haliaetus recovered throughout the 1990s. Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus majorensis continues to be seriously threatened, with a total population of only around 130 birds. There is a lack of information on status of nocturnal birds of prey, especially of the Canary subspecies of Barn Owl Tyto alba gracilirostris, whose numbers seem to have decreased. Genetic studies should be carried out to clarify the taxonomic status of the birds of prey of the Canary Islands.
Songs Confront the Past: Music in KZ Sachsenhausen, 1936–1945
Authors: GILBERT SHIRLI
Published: October 2004

This article considers the role of music among German, Polish and Jewish prisoners in Sachsenhausen, the Nazi concentration camp. It focuses primarily on the songs that were composed and sung in the camp, of which at least 350 are known. The article uses song as a lens through which to examine the diversity of the camp's social landscape, and places particular emphasis on the distinctive ways in which prisoner groups chose to interpret and respond to the experience of incarceration.
Denmark and the ‘European New Order’, 1940–1942
Authors: LUND JOACHIM
Published: October 2004

This article explores the meaning and impact of the Nazi concept of a ‘New Order’ for Europe on German-occupied Denmark. The first German civil authority in power in Denmark was the Foreign Ministry, which struggled to conclude an economic union with Denmark in summer 1940. Then Goering's Four-Year Plan and the Reich Economics Ministry took command and economic union was abandoned by Berlin, since a pragmatic, day-to-day approach now prevailed. Other initiatives were taken in order to facilitate Denmark's incorporation in the European New Order, such as the setting up of a ministerial Eastern Committee with the purpose of re-establishing Danish industry in the occupied USSR. The article shows how, in Denmark, German short-term politics actually coincided with long-term plans. Germany's ideas of becoming the economic centre of a self-sufficient continental Europe were closely connected to the idea of securing foodstuffs from its neighbours, and this idea, too, was implemented in spring and early summer 1940, when, after the swift occupation of Denmark and the subsequent severance of its trade with Britain, agricultural exports were diverted to the German market.
Instructed Silence, Constructed Memory: The SED and the Return of German Prisoners of War as ‘War Criminals’ from the Soviet Union to East Germany, 1950–1956
Authors: MORINA CHRISTINA
Published: October 2004

After 1950, at least 23,000 German POWs remained in Soviet captivity as ‘war criminals’, and they were pardoned and released in several amnesties from 1950 to 1956. This article examines the political and propagandistic reactions of the ruling SED to the return of those prisoners. It analyses how the SED's attempts to reintegrate ‘war criminals’ into a socialist society related to the official politics of the past (Vergangenheitspolitik) and the construction of a memory of the Nazi past in East Germany. The SED's key strategy in dealing with these returnees – avoiding the question of individual and collective responsibility – is put into the context of the party's central ideological objective, namely to dissociate the socialist GDR from the legacy of Nazi Germany. On the basis of newly accessible documents from the archives of the former Ministry for State Security, the article also describes the intensive involvement of the Stasi in repatriation and reintegration matters at all levels of society.
Occupied France Remembered
Authors: TAYLOR LYNNE
Published: October 2004

Robert Gildea, Marianne in Chains – In Search of the German Occupation, 1940–1945 (Henry Holt: New York, 2002) 524 pp., £20.00 (hb), ISBN 0-33-378230-5.

Michael Curtis, Verdict on Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime (Arcade Publishing: New York, 2003) 419 pp., $27.95 (hb), ISBN: 1-55-970689-9.

Julian Jackson, France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 690 pp., £12.99 (pb), ISBN 0-19-925457-5.

Andrew Shennan, The Fall of France, 1940 (Harlow: Longman, 2000), 181 pp., $22.99 (pb), ISBN 0-582-29081-3.

Henry Rousso, The Haunting Past. History, Memory, and Justice in Contemporary France (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 136 pp., $29.95 (hb), ISBN 0-8122-3645-9.
Spain during the Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy
Authors: SEOANE SUSANA SUEIRO
Published: October 2004

Paloma Aguilar, Memory and Amnesia. The Role of the Spanish Civil War in the Transition to Democracy (Oxford and New York: Berghahn, 2002), 330 pp., $27.95 (pb), ISBN 1-571-814965.

Pilar Ortuño Anaya, European Socialists and Spain: The Transition to Democracy (London: Palgrave, 2002), 273pp., $69.95 (hb), ISBN 0-333-94927-7.

Julio Crespo MacLennan, Spain and the Process of European Integration, 1957–85. Political Change and Europeanism (London: Palgrave, 2000), 240 pp., £52.50 (hb), ISBN 0-333-928865.

S. P. Mangen, Spanish Society after Franco: Regime Transition and the Welfare State (London: Palgrave, 2001), 254 pp., $65.00 (hb), ISBN 0-333-65462-5.

Luis Moreno, The Federalization of Spain (London: Frank Cass, 2001), 192 pp., £17.50 (hb), ISBN 0-714-681644.
Automated present weather observations: a new concept for analysing the effects of meteorological variables
Authors: Merenti‐Välimäki Hanna‐Leena , Laininen Pertti
Published: October 2004

The observation and analysis of the difficulties and differences, as well as possible errors, in the information output by automated stations is a complicated process. In observing the present weather the human observer is, for example, able to code many different codes at the same time. A period of mixed winter precipitation events is recognised as a significant challenge in assessing the reliability of automated Present Weather Sensors (PWS). The period of difficult winter conditions presented in this paper was unique in the whole two‐year test period. Earlier studies have mostly been based only on liquid precipitation.

This paper presents two basic ideas: the first is to compare many simultaneous human‐observed codes with one PWS code; the second is to use logistic regression to compare the observations. A wide variety of weather variables are used as candidates for ‘methodical error’. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
MONIM: the new Met Office Night Illumination Model
Authors: Revell S. J. , Hignett P.
Published: October 2004

This paper describes a new model developed by the Met Office to predict night‐time light levels. The Met Office Night Illumination Model (MONIM) predicts light levels both in the visible (photopic) range and in the waveband to which night vision goggles (NVGs) are sensitive. The model will be used operationally for support of night‐time flying operations. The model is described in detail and its light‐level forecasts are compared with observations. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Sky view factor analysis – implications for urban air temperature differences
Authors: Svensson Marie K.
Published: October 2004

This study identifies the use of the sky view factor (SVF) in urban climate studies. In addition, it relates air temperature differences to the SVF and examines these differences with respect to the height at which fish‐eye photographs are taken for the calculation of the SVF. The study focuses on night‐time air temperature patterns within the urban canopy using data collected during clear, calm nights from sixteen permanent stations and from car measurements. Fish‐eye photographs taken at two levels (2 m above ground and at ground level) are compared and shown to be statistically different. The results of the study performed in Göteborg, Sweden, indicate a fairly strong relationship between air temperature and SVF. The permanent stations used indicate that it is better to use fish‐eye photographs taken at ground level. The relationship is determined by means of regression analysis. The SVF variation in urban areas and the importance of SVF in relation to other central parameters such as thermal admittance are also discussed. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Prediction of southern Indian winter monsoon rainfall from September local upper‐air temperatures
Authors: Kumar O S R U Bhanu , Naidu C V , Rao S R L , Rao B Ravi Srinivasa
Published: October 2004

An attempt is made to establish a probable link between mean September upper‐air temperatures at Indian stations and the ensuing winter monsoon rainfall over eight individual meteorological subdivisions of southern India where the winter monsoon accounts for a large percentage of mean annual rainfall. For this purpose, linear correlations between the winter monsoon rainfall of the subdivisions and the mean September upper‐air temperatures and vertical temperature differences at the Indian stations have been evaluated using the data set for the period 1959 to 1988. The inter‐correlations between the significant parameters were calculated and then tested to derive multiple linear regression equations containing the best combination of predictor variables. There is a significant positive relationship between the winter monsoon rainfall over Tamilnadu and the mean temperature difference at 500–300 hPa levels at Nagpur in September. Secondly, the winter monsoon rainfall over Coastal Andhra Pradesh is significantly negatively correlated with the mean September temperature over Visakhapatnam at 700 hPa. The most significant inverse relationship exists between the winter monsoon rainfall over Rayalaseema and the mean September temperature over Visakhapatnam at 850 hPa. By using significant parameters, algorithms have been formulated and tested for each subdivision for six succeeding years, 1989–94. These results assisted to some extent in the prediction of winter monsoon rainfall over subdivisions of South India. Finally, stationarity is tested by evaluating another set of multiple linear regression equations using the data set for the period 1965–94 and then testing the algorithms on the preceding six years. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Corruption, growth, and the environment: a cross-country analysis
Authors: WELSCH HEINZ
Published: October 2004

The relationship between per capita income and a number of pollution indicators has been found to display an inverted U-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given income levels (direct effect) and by reducing per capita income (indirect effect). The total effect is ambiguous a priori. Using cross-section data for several indicators of pollution, the paper estimates the direct and the indirect effect of corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the indirect effect is dominated by the positive direct effect. Overall, our measures of pollution are monotonically increasing in corruption. Because this relationship is particularly strong at low income levels, developing countries can considerably improve both their economic and environmental performance by reducing corruption.
Negative externalities, defensive expenditures and labour supply in an evolutionary context
Authors: ANTOCI ANGELO , BARTOLINI STEFANO
Published: October 2004

In this model, well-being depends on leisure, on an environmental renewable resource, and on a non-storable output, which can substitute for the environmental resource or can satisfy needs different from those satisfied by the resource. Individuals have free access to the environmental resource, which is subject to negative externalities: that is, is depleted by the production and consumption of the output. Individuals react to negative externalities by increasing their labour supply in order to produce substitutes for the diminishing resource. The increase in production and consumption that ensues generates further deterioration of the future quality or quantity of the free resource, thus giving rise to a self-reinforcing process. Multiple equilibria and ‘critical mass effects’ are consistent with the functioning of this economy and the resulting level of aggregate production may be higher than is socially desirable.
Absolute pitch accessible to everyone by turning off part of the brain?
Authors: BOSSOMAIER TERRY , SNYDER ALLAN
Published: October 2004

Absolute (or perfect) pitch exists in fewer than 1/10,000 of the adult population and many claim that it cannot be taught. On the other hand, research suggests that the mechanisms for absolute pitch exist in us all but access is inhibited during early maturation. We here argue that this inhibition can be switched off by artificially turning off part of the brain, allowing everyone access to absolute pitch. This possibility has profound implications for understanding the strategies adopted by the complex networks of the mind. We describe agent-based modelling techniques to understand the computational rationale for these inhibitory processes and to develop new artificial music recognition and synthesis techniques.
Women and ‘Kraakgeluiden’: the participation of women improvisers in the Dutch electronic music scene
Authors: METZELAAR HELEN
Published: October 2004

The field of electroacoustic improvisation in the Netherlands is largely male dominated. Flutist, improviser and composer Anne La Berge signalled this and other problems related to gender in ‘Kraakgeluiden’, a Dutch venue for improvisation in electroacoustic music. Four possible factors contributing to gender discrimination are proposed: the stereotypical gendered concept of an improviser, differences in communicative styles, the dominance of male networks, and music technology itself. This is followed by a consideration of gendered differences in music improvisation. It is posited that male improvisers often seek to establish a hierarchy among themselves, while women performers tend to project themselves less to the forefront. Women improvisers may traditionally have a different sense of autonomy, in adherence to gender norms. While music education might offer a means to change behaviour patterns, it appears that these gender norms are internalised at a surprisingly young age. While concentrating on electroacoustic improvisation, this essay also includes relevant experiences of other improvisers. Gender discrimination in electroacoustic music improvisation is a complex issue deserving more research.
Atoms and errors: towards a history and aesthetics of microsound
Authors: THOMSON PHIL
Published: October 2004

Microsound is an emerging approach to music composition and analysis which places emphasis on extremely brief time-scales, usually a tenth of a second or less, as well as an integration of this micro-time level with the time-levels of sound gestures, sections, movements and whole pieces. This paper summarises some of the technical issues involved in microsonic analysis/composition, traces a history of microsonic techniques in contemporary music, and examines some of its aesthetic implications in a social context.
The Tomb of Sayyidnā ‘Alī in Arṣūf: the Story of a Holy Place
Authors: Taragan Hana
Published: October 2004

South of Arṣūf-Apollonia, on the western edge of the modern city of Herzliya (Israel), at the top of a limestone hill overlooking the sea, stands a rectangular fortress-like building (Fig. 1), commonly known as Mashhad Sayyidnā ‘Alī – a name derived from that of ‘Alī b. ‘Alīm, who lies buried there. The story of Sayyidnā ‘Alī, which I would like to set forth in this article, combines three intertwined aspects that shed light on Muslim Palestine and Syria (bilād al-shām) in the Middle Ages.
The Jaipur Exhibition of 1883
Authors: Tillotson Giles
Published: October 2004

The exhibition of decorative and industrial arts that was held in Jaipur in 1883 under the patronage of Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh II (1880–1922) brought together the work of artists and craftsmen from many regions of India, but gave special treatment to the neighbouring states of Rajasthan, and to the pupils of Jaipur's own recently established School of Art. It led to the establishment of a permanent museum of industrial arts in Jaipur, which still exists and continues to hold many of the original exhibits. One of many ambitious exhibitions that followed in the wake of the Great Exhibition of 1851, the Jaipur Exhibition was the first such to be held in an Indian state, coinciding with the International Exhibition in Calcutta and preceding the Indian and Colonial Exhibition in London of 1886.
Big issue research
Authors: CAROLIN PETER
Published: October 2004

Your letter (p. 197) asks ‘where is the research engaging with the big issues that ought to be concerning the profession?’. Concluding, you ask ‘Couldn't the level of thinking and analysis applied to exquisite garden sheds in the pages of arq be applied to such bigger things that are affecting the lives of millions of people…? And if such work is already being done let everyone hear about it…’
The house on Farish Street: not only but also, either and both
Authors: Ford Edward R.
Published: October 2004

This is a house about decisions that were not made, not because I am indecisive, which I am, but because many of those choices that architects consider to be critical in design are to me either unnecessary or impossible: the choice between the detail of traditional architecture and the non-detail of minimalism, between a frame building and a wall building, between a free plan and a cellular plan, between a tight fit and a loose fit with function. These were all decisions in which I chose not one alternative but both. I did not believe the conventional wisdom that to be modern was to be minimal, scaleless, generalized and reductive or that to be representational, to make references to history, or to be responsive to scale was to be traditional.
Schools for the future: inner city secondary education exemplar
Authors: Power Mark , Prasad Sunand
Published: October 2004

The kind of investigation that the Department of Education and Skills (DfES) has brought about through its exemplar design initiative should be commonplace in architectural culture. For an exemplar design is, or should be, an embodiment of theory in a particularly clear and intense way. The DfES has given 11 architects the opportunity to theorize school environments and contribute realizable ideal designs in the context of the biggest investment in primary and secondary education for over a generation.
‘Do we need a canopy for rain?’: interior-exterior relationships in the Kunsthal
Authors: Moussette Michel
Published: October 2004

Several strategies are used at the Rotterdam Kunsthal to create a direct relation between the city and the interior of the building. Our hypothesis is that the frictions and difficulties that arise from this openness to the outside world are integrated into the design of the building. In fact, despite being exposed to the forces of the city, the project maintains its functionality and identity. Many existing texts have touched upon the relationship that exists between the Kunsthal and the city (for example, van Dijk [1993], Kipnis [1996], MacNair [1994]), but none clearly articulates the different paradoxes that result from this complex intertwining. The importance of systematically and critically exploring these paradoxes lies in the fact that the Rotterdam Kunsthal is one of the very first of a series of contemporary buildings that have tried to connect themselves in direct ways to their urban surroundings.
Tage William-Olsson: planner and polemicist
Authors: Caldenby Claes
Published: October 2004

In 1934 Le Corbusier wrote to Tage William-Olsson: ‘You have created, in Stockholm, the first great work of the modern time, the traffic junction of Slussen [1]. It seems as if everything should go on in the same scale. Don't despair. Go on, make proposals, fight…’ These encouraging words from the vigorous master certainly suited an architect whose father had told him that, ‘There are two things in front of which you shouldn't despair, those which you can't change and those which you can’. He hung Le Corbusier's letter on the wall of his office.
‘A Pretty Impudent Countenance’: John Vanbrugh's Seaton Delaval
Authors: Hart Vaughan
Published: October 2004

‘I hope I may be forgiven, if I make some faint Application of what I say of Blenheim, to the Small Remains of ancient Woodstock Manour… it was rais'd by One of the Bravest and most Warlike of the English Kings; And tho' it has not been Fam'd, as a Monument of his Arms, it has been tenderly regarded as the Scene of his Affections. Nor amongst the Multitude of People who come daily to View what is raising to the Memory of the Great Battle of Blenheim; Are there any that do not run eagerly to See what Ancient Remains are to be found of Rosamonds Bower… But if the Historicall Argument Stands in need of Assistance; there is Still much to be said on Other Considerations. That Part of the Park which is Seen from the North Front of the New Building, has Little Variety of Objects Nor dos the Country beyond it Afford any of Vallue, It therefore Stands in Need of all the helps that can be given… So that all the Building left, (which is only the Habitable Part and the Chappel) might Appear in Two Risings amongst ‘em, it wou'd make One of the Most Agreable Objects that the best of Landskip Painters can invent’ (Dobrée & Webb, 1928d; Ridgway & Williams, 2000).
Pavements in the sky: the skybridge in tall buildings
Authors: Wood Antony
Published: October 2004

Since the World Trade Center Towers collapsed in full view of the watching world (FEMA, 2002), the improved safety of tall buildings has become of prime importance globally (Pearson, 2001). International groups such as the UK-based ‘Safety in Tall Buildings Working Group’ (Roberts, 2002), and Arups High Rise (Wainwright, 2002) which are considering these safety implications have made recommendations for improvement in three general areas:

structural systems, especially with respect to progressive collapse

fire proofing, to structure and fabric

evacuation systems, concentrating specifically on vertical evacuation systems such as elevators and stairs.
Other people's places
Authors: Rattray Charles
Published: October 2004

Do you enjoy being interviewed?

It depends. I had an interview with someone this morning from the Financial Times and they asked me ‘what is your ideal weekend?’ which I found completely painful…
Practice, research, education and arq Australian and Scottish parallels
Authors: STEWART PETER , PRASAD SUNAND
Published: October 2004

In case there was any doubt, the discussions in recent issues of arq, and from other coverage of the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), demonstrate that the role, status and purpose of research in the field of architecture at the beginning of the twenty-first century are problematic to say the least. The nature of architectural practice is at an equally problematic stage, with the profession appearing to many weak, disorganized and ill-equipped to stand up to external threats of various kinds. And although it is common to hear the view – which we subscribe to – that connections between academic research (and the schools more generally) and professional practice are poor and ought to be improved, it is not easy to work out whether this state of affairs is more a cause or a consequence of the difficulties on both sides.
Practice, research, education and arq Australian and Scottish parallels
Authors: MURRAY GORDON
Published: October 2004

The interview with Jack Pringle (7/2, pp104–106) provides both an interesting account of how we got here and some useful pointers towards a more integrated future which, hopefully, the RIBA can be at the heart of. The background to this situation is, of course, more fully documented in previous issues of arq including my own paper (6/4, pp297–299).
Practice, research, education and arq Australian and Scottish parallels
Authors: MCKEAN CHARLES
Published: October 2004

Paolo Tombesi's intriguing article (7/2, pp140–154) on the genesis of Australia's Parliament House inevitably raises the question of possible comparisons with Scotland's Parliamentary saga. The differences, of course, are as striking as the similarities. Tombesi's position is that the Canberra building's design, which he dislikes, is explicable by the commissioning process, and the desire of the Australians to have reliability and delivery on time. Apart from the obvious formality of plan and pomposity of approach (although we are not altogether exempt from recent exemplars of either in twenty-first-century Britain), he takes it for granted that the architecture is entirely mediocre. Yet I would have been intrigued to know whether the spaces between the curved walls of the gathering spaces building and the Chambers and offices on either side, had any qualities.
Complex habitat requirements and conservation needs of the only extant Baroniinae swallowtail butterfly
Authors: León‐Cortés Jorge L. , Pérez‐Espinoza Francisco , Marín Linda , Molina‐Martínez Arcángel
Published: October 2004

The unique butterfly species, Baronia brevicornis, perhaps the oldest taxon in the Papilionidae, is known to have a very restricted distribution in Mexico. Populations are restricted to southern Mexico in deciduous scrub forest where its host‐plants, Acacia trees (Leguminosae), are common and widespread. Little is known of the conservation implications of its relationship with its host trees. We recorded fine scale population data for larval and adult B. brevicornis in 22 km2 of fragmented landscape in southern Mexico. Habitat associations determined from over 1319 transect walks reveal that B. brevicornis exhibited an extremely localised distribution, occupying < 1% of the study area and being mostly associated with Acacia woodlots. Detailed analyses of habitat requirements for larva and/or adult B. brevicornis suggest that it lays its eggs on Acacia pennatula and A. macracantha (two newly recorded larval host‐plants), that eggs were laid disproportionately on Acacia trees with long branches (χ2= 17.7, P < 0.001) and that the probability of finding adult B. brevicornis between occupied and un‐occupied Acacia woodlots increased with host‐plant density (χ2= 18.4, P < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that conservation recommendations for B. brevicornis must consider the condition of the Acacia habitat network, given that Acacia is mostly associated with human‐managed grazing systems. Effective conservation will require the establishment of connected networks of patches where natural dynamics can produce new habitats, as well as the creation of new habitats within colonisation distance. This research provides a rare case study of conservation biology of a Neotropical insect, emphasising the importance of using ecological information to provide management recommendations.
Monitoring the conservation status of an endangered amphibian: the natterjack toad Bufo calamita in Britain
Authors: Buckley John , Beebee Trevor J. C.
Published: October 2004

Adequate monitoring of amphibian populations will be increasingly important if global declines are to be understood and, where possible, reversed. The natterjack toad, Bufo calamita, is the rarest British amphibian and has been the subject of substantial conservation efforts. Monitoring strategies have aimed to quantify both the total numbers of populations and the status of individual populations. Between 1970–1999 the number of natterjack populations increased from 43 to 48 because successful translocations (11) outnumbered extinctions (6). Efforts to monitor individual populations increased over the period 1970–1999. Between 1990–1999 there were no detectable trends in B. calamita population size or breeding success in Britain, although power to detect any trends over 10 years was low. Calling activity and short‐term trends in spawn counts were unreliable predictors of long‐term population viability in the absence of extra information such as toadlet production. Long periods (> 10 years) of spawn counts are needed to demonstrate trends that are reflective of real population changes at the national level. Efforts to develop reliable methods for monitoring B. calamita in Britain could provide useful guidelines for work on some other declining species of amphibians.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Amazonian crocodilians
Authors: Farias Izeni P. , Da Silveira Ronis , de Thoisy Benoit , Monjeló Luis A. , Thorbjarnarson John , Hrbek Tomas
Published: October 2004

We used the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to study the population genetic structure of Melanosuchus niger (Brazil: Negro and Purus Rivers, Lake Janauacá; French Guiana: Kaw River swamps), and Caiman crocodilus (Brazil: Purus River, Lake Janauacá; French Guiana: Kaw River swamps). We found 10 haplotypes in M. niger and 9 haplotypes in C. crocodilus. Nested clade analysis indicated that isolation‐by‐distance was an important population dynamic in M. niger, but was unable to differentiate between isolation‐by‐distance, historical fragmentation or range expansion in C. crocodilus. Fu's Fs statistic supported the hypothesis of a demographic expansion in one out of four and two out of three sampled localities of M. niger and C. crocodilus, respectively. Populations of M. niger in central Amazonia also appeared to show differentiation that was correlated with water type. These results are compatible with the life‐style of these two crocodilians; C. crocodilus is a habitat generalist and appears to disperse rapidly to newly available habitats, while M. niger is a more sedentary habitat specialist. Both species appear to be recovering from unregulated over‐harvesting, however, their responses are life‐history and, potentially, ecologically‐dependent.
Effects of trapping effort and trap shyness on estimates of tiger abundance from camera trap studies
Authors: Wegge Per , Pokheral Chiranjibi Pd. , Jnawali Shant Raj
Published: October 2004

Camera trapping has recently been introduced as an unbiased and practical method for monitoring tiger abundance. In a high density area in the Royal Bardia National Park in lowland Nepal, we tested this method by trapping very intensively within a 25 km2 area to determine the true number of animals in that area. We then tested the effect of study design by sub‐sampling the data set using varying distances between trap stations and by reducing the number of trapping nights at each station. We compared these numbers with the density estimates generated by the capture–recapture models of the program CAPTURE. Both distance between traps and trapping duration greatly influenced the results. For example, increasing the inter‐trap distance from 1 to 2.1 km and reducing the trapping duration per station from 15 to 10 nights reduced the number of tigers captured by 25%. A significant decrease in trapping rates during successive 5‐night periods suggested that our tigers became trap‐shy, probably because of the photo flash and because they detected the camera traps from cues from impression pads 50 m from the traps. A significant behavioural response was also confirmed by the program CAPTURE. The best capture–recapture model selected by the computer program (Mbh) gave precise estimates from data collected by the initial 1 km spacing of traps. However, when we omitted data from half the number of traps, thus decreasing the sampling effort to a more realistic level for monitoring purposes, the program CAPTURE underestimated the true number of tigers. Most probably, this was due to a combination of trap shyness and the way the study was designed. Within larger protected areas, total count from intensive, stratified subsampling is suggested as a complementary technique to the capture–recapture method, since it circumvents the problem of trap shyness.
Faecal DNA typing to determine the abundance and spatial organisation of otters (Lutra lutra) along two stream systems in Kinmen
Authors: Hung Chih‐Ming , Li Shou‐Hsien , Lee Ling‐Ling
Published: October 2004

In this study, non‐invasive molecular methods were used to investigate the abundance and spatial organisation of otters (Lutra lutra) in Kinmen. DNA samples were extracted from fresh spraints collected seasonally along two streams from February to November 2001 and genotyped using a panel of 7 microsatellites and the SRY gene. Out of 343 spraints, 222 were successfully genotyped and 38 different genotypes (19 females and 19 males) were identified. Thirteen of these were residents that were identified in more than one season and 25 were floaters that were only identified in a single season. The average number of otters per km found along the two streams (1.5–1.8 for all otters, or 0.8–1.1 for residents only) was higher than that estimated in other studies. Female residents lived in exclusive group ranges and the ranges of male residents overlapped with no more than one group range of female residents. Otters appearing in the same range tended to be more closely related to each other. This study demonstrates that non‐invasive molecular methods can be used to reveal a more comprehensive estimation of size and structure in an otter population.
Do different habitat preference survey methods produce the same conservation recommendations for lesser kestrels?
Authors: Franco A. M. A. , Catry I. , Sutherland W. J. , Palmeirim J. M.
Published: October 2004

The analysis of habitat selection underlies many conservation recommendations. Different researchers use different methods, therefore there is a need to examine whether the results are consistent. This study examined habitat selection by lesser kestrels, Falco naumanni, a globally threatened species, using two methods: visual sighting data from a 35‐km transect and radio‐telemetry of 33 birds. Habitat use and spatial ecology were studied across all of the breeding season in a pseudo‐steppe area, where traditional agro‐grazing systems are still present but some areas have been transformed into pine plantations. Telemetry data indicate that, in good quality habitat, lesser kestrels prefer to forage close to the colony. Furthermore, the home ranges obtained were smaller than those for lesser kestrels using intensively managed habitats or more forested areas. Habitat availability was determined within a 4‐km radius of the colony and habitat preferences were determined using compositional analysis. Both methods were found to produce similar results, but telemetry provided a larger number of significant differences between habitats. Before the chicks hatched, lesser kestrels preferred grazed fallows, ploughed fields and cereal, while after hatching cereal stubble was the preferred habitat. In steppe habitats the protection of such foraging habitats within a 3‐km radius from the colonies could be a very effective conservation measure.
Estimation of tiger densities in the tropical dry forests of Panna, Central India, using photographic capture–recapture sampling
Authors: Karanth K. Ullas , Chundawat Raghunandan S. , Nichols James D. , Kumar N. Samba
Published: October 2004

Tropical dry‐deciduous forests comprise more than 45% of the tiger (Panthera tigris) habitat in India. However, in the absence of rigorously derived estimates of ecological densities of tigers in dry forests, critical baseline data for managing tiger populations are lacking. In this study tiger densities were estimated using photographic capture–recapture sampling in the dry forests of Panna Tiger Reserve in Central India. Over a 45‐day survey period, 60 camera trap sites were sampled in a well‐protected part of the 542‐km2 reserve during 2002. A total sampling effort of 914 camera‐trap‐days yielded photo‐captures of 11 individual tigers over 15 sampling occasions that effectively covered a 418‐km2 area. The closed capture–recapture model Mh, which incorporates individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities, fitted these photographic capture history data well. The estimated capture probability/sample, p̂= 0.04, resulted in an estimated tiger population size and standard error (N̂(SÊN̂)) of 29 (9.65), and a density (D̂(SÊD̂)) of 6.94 (3.23) tigers/100 km2. The estimated tiger density matched predictions based on prey abundance. Our results suggest that, if managed appropriately, the available dry forest habitat in India has the potential to support a population size of about 9000 wild tigers.
Ecological impact of inside/outside house cats around a suburban nature preserve
Authors: Kays Roland W. , DeWan Amielle A.
Published: October 2004

While subsidised populations of feral cats are known to impact their prey populations, little is known about the ecological impact of inside/outside hunting cats (IOHC). We studied IOHC around a suburban nature preserve. Mail surveys indicated an average of 0.275 IOHC/house, leading to a regional density estimate of 0.32 IOHC/ha. A geographical model of cat density was created based on local house density and distance from forest/neighbourhood edge. IOHC hunted mostly small mammals, averaging 1.67 prey brought home/cat/month and a kill rate of 13%. Predation rates based on kills brought home was lower than the estimate from observing hunting cats (5.54 kills/cat/month). IOHC spent most outside time in their or their immediate neighbours' garden/yard, or in the nearby forest edge; 80% of observed hunts occurred in a garden/yard or in the first 10 m of forest. Radio‐tracked IOHC averaged 0.24 ha in home‐range size (95% minimum convex polygon (MCP)) and rarely entered forest. Confirming this, scent stations detected cats more often near the edge and more cats were detected in smaller forest fragments. There was no relationship between the number of cats detected in an area and the local small mammal abundance or rodent seed predation rates. Cold weather and healthy cat predator populations are speculated to minimise the ecological impact of IOHC on this area.
Behavioural trait assessment as a release criterion: boldness predicts early death in a reintroduction programme of captive‐bred swift fox (Vulpes velox)
Authors: Bremner‐Harrison S. , Prodohl P. A. , Elwood R. W.
Published: October 2004

Reintroduction of captive‐bred animals is a key approach in conservation attempts for many endangered species, however, post‐release survival is often low. Rearing conditions may be unlike those encountered upon release and the animals may not have had experiences necessary for survival in the wild. Animals may also habituate in captivity to stimuli that may pose a danger after release and/or there may be selection for behavioural traits, in particular reduced fearfulness, that may not be suited for the wild. Here, variation in boldness was assessed in captive‐bred swift fox (Vulpes velox) and tested for influence on survival after release. Radio‐tracked individuals that died in the 6 months following release were those judged previously as bold. In the presence of novel stimuli in captivity, they had left their dens more quickly, approached more closely to the stimuli and shown more activities indicating low fear than did those that survived. These individuals were less suited for release. Future selection of release‐candidates on the basis of behavioural variation should enhance the success of reintroduction programmes.
Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations
Authors: Brundrett Mark
Published: October 2004

Most mycorrhizas are‘balanced’mutualistic associations in which the fungus and plant exchange commodities required for their growth and survival. Myco‐heterotrophic plants have‘exploitative'mycorrhizas where transfer processes apparently benefit only plants. Exploitative associations are symbiotic (in the broad sense), but are not mutualistic. A new definition of mycorrhizas that encompasses all types of these associations while excluding other plant‐fungus interactions is provided. This definition recognises the importance of nutrient transfer at an interface resulting from synchronised plant‐fungus development. The diversity of interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is considered. Mycorrhizal fungi also function as endophytes, necrotrophs and antagonists of host or non‐host plants, with roles that vary during the lifespan of their associations. It is recommended that mycorrhizal associations are defined and classified primarily by anatomical criteria regulated by the host plant. A revised classification scheme for types and categories of mycorrhizal associations defined by these criteria is proposed. The main categories of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal associations (VAM) are and of ectomycorrhizal associations (ECM) are‘epidermal’epidermal ECM occur in certain host plants. Fungus‐controlled features result in categories of VAM and ECM. Arbutoid and monotropoid associations should be considered subcategories of epidermal ECM and ectendomycorrhizas should be relegated to an ECM morphotype. Both arbuscules and vesicles define mycorrhizas formed by glomeromycotan fungi. A new classification scheme for categories, subcategories and morphotypes of mycorrhizal associations is provided.