bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agency Construction and Navigation in Oral Narratives of English Learning by Chinese College English Majors
Authors: Lin Qiuming
Published: August 2017

The current study aims to investigate the discursive construction and navigation of agency in oral narratives of English learning by Chinese college English majors. Based on the theoretical framework integrating Bamberg et. al.’s theory of identity dilemma and Hallidayan systemic functional linguistics, the study has addressed two research questions: 1) How do the speakers construct different levels of agency in their narratives? 2) How do the speakers navigate among different levels of agency throughout their narratives? The research data comes from monthly-based individual interviews with the participants for one year, from which significant English-learning stories are selected. Then transitivity analysis and logico-semantic analysis are conducted to the stories clause by clause so as to find out the linguistic patterns for agency construction and navigation. The study has found that speakers construct different levels of agency with various transitivity patterns, and navigate the agency dilemma by moving back and forth among different levels of agency with various logico-semantic relations. It has also illustrated that agency is not a fixed entity that a speaker possesses, but constructed and negotiated dynamically by the speaker all the way through his/her narratives.
The sustainable professor
Authors: Haswell Elizabeth S
Published: August 2017

Responsible agricultural practices provide a useful lens through which to consider the lives and careers of researchers.
RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of lymph node, spleen, and thymus transcriptome from wild Peninsular Malaysian cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Ee Uli Joey , Yong Christina Seok Yien , Yeap Swee Keong , Rovie-Ryan Jeffrine J. , Mat Isa Nurulfiza , Tan Soon Guan , Alitheen Noorjahan Banu
Published: August 2017

The cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is an extensively utilised nonhuman primate model for biomedical research due to its biological, behavioural, and genetic similarities to humans. Genomic information of cynomolgus macaque is vital for research in various fields; however, there is presently a shortage of genomic information on the Malaysian cynomolgus macaque. This study aimed to sequence, assemble, annotate, and profile the Peninsular Malaysian cynomolgus macaque transcriptome derived from three tissues (lymph node, spleen, and thymus) using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology. A total of 174,208,078 paired end 70 base pair sequencing reads were obtained from the Illumina Hi-Seq 2500 sequencer. The overall mapping percentage of the sequencing reads to theM. fascicularisreference genome ranged from 53–63%. Categorisation of expressed genes to Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway categories revealed that GO terms with the highest number of associated expressed genes include Cellular process, Catalytic activity, and Cell part, while for pathway categorisation, the majority of expressed genes in lymph node, spleen, and thymus fall under the Global overview and maps pathway category, while 266, 221, and 138 genes from lymph node, spleen, and thymus were respectively enriched in the Immune system category. Enriched Immune system pathways include Platelet activation pathway, Antigen processing and presentation, B cell receptor signalling pathway, and Intestinal immune network for IgA production. Differential gene expression analysis among the three tissues revealed 574 differentially expressed genes (DEG) between lymph and spleen, 5402 DEGs between lymph and thymus, and 7008 DEGs between spleen and thymus. Venn diagram analysis of expressed genes revealed a total of 2,630, 253, and 279 tissue-specific genes respectively for lymph node, spleen, and thymus tissues. This is the first time the lymph node, spleen, and thymus transcriptome of the Peninsular Malaysian cynomolgus macaque have been sequenced via RNA-Seq. Novel transcriptomic data will further enrich the presentM. fascicularisgenomic database and provide future research potentials, including novel transcript discovery, comparative studies, and molecular markers development.
Energetics and evasion dynamics of large predators and prey: pumasvs.hounds
Authors: Bryce Caleb M. , Wilmers Christopher C. , Williams Terrie M.
Published: August 2017

Quantification of fine-scale movement, performance, and energetics of hunting by large carnivores is critical for understanding the physiological underpinnings of trophic interactions. This is particularly challenging for wide-ranging terrestrial canid and felid predators, which can each affect ecosystem structure through distinct hunting modes. To compare free-ranging pursuit and escape performance from group-hunting and solitary predators in unprecedented detail, we calibrated and deployed accelerometer-GPS collars during predator-prey chase sequences using packs of hound dogs (Canis lupus familiaris, 26 kg,n = 4–5 per chase) pursuing simultaneously instrumented solitary pumas (Puma concolor, 60 kg,n = 2). We then reconstructed chase paths, speed and turning angle profiles, and energy demands for hounds and pumas to examine performance and physiological constraints associated with cursorial and cryptic hunting modes, respectively. Interaction dynamics revealed how pumas successfully utilized terrain (e.g., fleeing up steep, wooded hillsides) as well as evasive maneuvers (e.g., jumping into trees, running in figure-8 patterns) to increase their escape distance from the overall faster hounds (avg. 2.3× faster). These adaptive strategies were essential to evasion in light of the mean 1.6× higher mass-specific energetic costs of the chase for pumas compared to hounds (mean: 0.76vs.1.29 kJ kg−1 min−1, respectively). On an instantaneous basis, escapes were more costly for pumas, requiring exercise at ≥90% of predicted $\dot {\mathrm{V }}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{MAX}}$ and consuming as much energy per minute as approximately 5 min of active hunting. Our results demonstrate the marked investment of energy for evasion by a large, solitary carnivore and the advantage of dynamic maneuvers to postpone being overtaken by group-hunting canids.
Continental runoff of nutrients and their possible influence over stoichiometrical relations (DIN:P:Si) in the Northwest Mediterranean waters
Authors: Olivos-Ortiz A , Masó-Agustina M , Camp-Sancho J
Published: August 2017

The costal zone of the Northeastern Mediterranean (Catalan Sea) was divided along (North, Center and South) and across (Coastal, Middle and Far fields) to see the influence of the continental water runoff over the stoichiometric ratios Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN):P:Si. The ratios N:P show that nitrogen acts in a great percentage as a potential limiting nutrient, pattern which is clearer in the middle field with more than 60% of the cases. In contrast, in the coastal field P could act as the potential limiting nutrient (40% approximately). A two-way ANOVA showed significant differences between effects 1 and 2 and their interaction, which means that along and across the study area the concentrations and the stoichiometric ratios were different among each other. When the three nutrients (N, P and Si) were considered, silicate acts as the potential limiting nutrient with more than 50% of the cases in most fields and zones, with percentages as high as 75% in the case of the central middle field. Assuming that the phosphate concentration is the unique source of P for the phytoplankton, we estimated that the "potential" primary productivity of the surface waters in the study zone is 32.6 µg Chla L–1 for the coastal field, 4.3 µg Chla L–1 for the middle field and 2.2 µg Chla L–1 for the far field, differences due to coastal eutrophication. We suggest that the nutrient runoff along the continental waters and/or the significant changes in the nutrient ratios induced by anthropogenic activities could favor the seasonal incidence of noxious algal blooms along the Catalan Coast.
Degrees of pyritization in the Gulf of Mexico in sediments influenced by the Coatzacoalcos and the Grijava-Usumacinta rivers
Authors: Ortiz-Zamora G , Huerta-Díaz MA , Salas-de-León DA , Monreal-Gómez MA
Published: August 2017

Degrees of pyritization (DOP) were measured by three different methods in four cores collected in the Gulf of Mexico, close to the outlet of the Coatzacoalcos and Grijalva-Usumacinta rivers. The extractants used for measuring labile Fe, necessary for the calculation of DOP values, were HCl 1N, dithionite and oxalate, with the first two ones being equivalent for measuring DOP, at least in this type of sediments. The data obtained in this work suggest that in deltaic sediments it is possible to find DOP values higher than those measured in the continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, with the sediments closer to the outlets of the Coatzacoalcos and Grijalva-Usumacinta rivers showing values that are even higher than those measured in the Mississippi River delta.
Size and age composition of the populations of abalone Haliotis fulgens and H. corrugata of Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Authors: Gluyas-Millán MG , Talavera-Maya J
Published: August 2017

The size and age composition was determined for pink abalone Haliotis corrugata and green abalone H. fulgens populations of Bahía Tortugas in the western coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, in October 1997. The biomass was estimated by means of a stratified random design using semiautonomous Hooka diving. The abalones were collected from 1 to 18 m of depth with a 10-m2 sampling unit. All shell lengths were measured and a subsample was taken to measure shell length, to weigh, to indentify sex and maturity stage and to collect the shells to determine the age in the rings of the spire. The size interval of the population accessible of H. corrugata was 55 to 180 mm for individuals 2+ to 16+ years old, with a mean length of 135.8 mm and mean age of 6.6 years. For H. fulgens, organism sizes ranged from 57 to 206 mm for individuals 1+ to 20+ years old, with a mean length of 154 mm and mean age of 5 years. Possible causes are discussed regading the difference in recruitment between H. fulgens and H. corrugata, the decrease of the oldest year class in both species, and the earlier spawning of H. corrugata to the light of the status of the resource and of the environmental conditions that prevailed during El Niño 1997-98.
Scaphopod mollusks from the Atlas V expedition (continental shelf of Jalisco and Colima, Mexico) on board of the O/V El Puma
Authors: Ríos-Jara E , Pérez-Peña M , López-Uriarte E , Juárez-Carrillo E
Published: August 2017

The distribution and abundance of 15 scaphopod species collected in the continental shelf off Jalisco and Colima, Mexico, in August 1988 were analyzed. Scapohods were collected with a geological Van Veen dredge in eight sampling stations at depths from 23 to 75 m in medium sand, sandy silt and silty clay substrata. A total of 222 individuals belonging to four genera and two families were recognized. The highest abundance was recorded between 72 and 75 m in silty clay substratum. The eight most abundant species represented 86% of all individuals: Fustiaria splendida (21.3%), Dentalium neohexagonum (16.7%), Cadulus perpusillus (11.3%), C. fusiformis (10.4%), D. sp.2 (8.6%), C. albicomatus (5.9%), F. brevicornu (5.9%) and D. sp.1 (5.9%). The Bray-Curtis ordination analysis allowed the recognition of three groups responding to the distribution and abundance of species, and to the influence of environmental factors of which salinity and depth were the most important in this analysis.
Fatty acids in plasma of California sea lion pups (Zalophus c. californianus) from Los Islotes, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Authors: Castro-González MI , Aurioles-Gamboa D , Pérez-Regil-Romo F
Published: August 2017

Nutritious fats include all the lipids ingested as food and are composed mainly of triglycerides mixed with smaller quantities of other lipids. Fatty acids (FA) constitute the part of most nutritious interest in triglycerides. The fatty acid composition was assesed in the blood plasma of California sea lion pups (Zalophus c. californianus) from Los Islotes, Baja California Sur, in the Gulf of California, during 1999. Blood samples were obtained from 35 anesthetized sea lion pups, 21 males (M) and 14 females (F). The plasma was separated by centrifugation and stored with different antioxidants. The FA profile was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (FID). There was a great variation both in presence and quantity of fatty acids (FA) among animals. The sea lion with the least number of FA had 12 and the one with the most had 29 FA. Twelve saturated FA (SFA) were identified, 9 monounsaturated (MUFA) and 10 poly unsaturated (PUFA). The most frequent SFA in both groups were C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0, and the most abundant ones were: C15:0 (10.4 and 13.7 mg/100mL, in M and F respectively) and C18:0 (4.3 and 6.1, respectively). C16:1, C17:1 and C18:1n-9t were the most frequent MUFA, ant the most abundant ones were C17:1 and C24:1 (3.2 and 3.5, and 3.3 and 2.9 mg/100mL in M and F, respectively). C15:1 was very abundant in females (5.4 mg/ 100mL) when compared with males (0.91), and was the only one of all the FA identified showing a statistical difference P < 0.05. The most abundant MUFA was C18:1n-9t (10.6 and 7.8 mg/100 mL, in M and F respectively). In both groups the most frequent PUFA detected were C18:2n-6t, C22:2, C:22:6n-3 and C20:3n-6, showing the latter the highest concentration (20.3 and 26.5 mg/ 100mL, in M and F respectively). The 20:3 n-3 was identified only in two males. The SFA with the lowest concentration was C12:0 (0.030 and 0.45 mg/100 mL), and C11:0 was detected only in five animals. Four n-6FA (C18:2, C18:3, C20:3 and C20:4) and three n-3FA (C20:3, C20:5 and C22:6) were identified. Two trans-FA were also identified, C18:1t and C18:2t. The FA values were very heterogeneous so in females as in males, probably influenced by different fasting periods of the pups. Given that during the sampling period the body condition of pups was within the normal values estimated for the Gulf of California, the plasmatic FA values of the pups can be used as reference values regarding other populations.
Effect of marine contamination on the genetic population structure of the bivalve Crassostrea angulata
Authors: Cross I , Rebordinos L
Published: August 2017

Seven enzyme loci were analyzed in three natural populations of Crassostrea angulata located on the southern Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Two of the populations showed distinct levels of contamination by heavy metals, whereas the third was not contaminated and served as control. These seven loci were shown to be very variable in terms of the number of alleles, polymorphism and average heterozygosity. The Lap and Mdh1 loci presented null alleles. A significant positive correlation was found between the number of alleles and the concentration of iron that was fitted to a model of linear regression. However, this correlation was negative for the heterozygosity, and significant for cadmium and zinc. The Em, Lap, Mdh1 and Xdh loci showed a deficit of heterozygotes in all the populations. The values of heterozygotic deficit (D) were statistically significant between the contaminated populations and the control for Mdh1 and very close to a significant level for Em. In Pgm, a heterozygotic excess appeared in the control population and a deficit, which was correlated to the increased levels of metal concentration, occurred in the other two populations. The differences between the D values of the three populations were also significant in this locus. Positive, negative and significant relationships were obtained between the concentration of metals and some alleles of the Em, Lap and Pgm loci. Also, the homozygotic genotypes of the alleles with positive correlation values were selected in the contaminated areas, while the heterozygotes were more favoured in the control population, showing an adaptive behavior and corroborating the utility of some of these loci as biomarkers in studies of population dynamics in areas subjected to environmental contamination.
Induction to tetraploidy in catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby II, 1842)
Authors: Maldonado R , Ibarra AM , Ramírez JL
Published: August 2017

Induction to tetraploidy by inhibition of the first polar body and first cellular division in fertilized eggs from diploids produced an occasional small percentage of tetraploid D-larvae, but was not successful in multiple experiments with individual or combined spawns in producing juvenile or adult tetraploids. However, when inhibition of the first polar body in eggs from triploids was done, a larger percentage of tetraploids was evidenced by flow cytometry of D-larvae, and viable larvae were obtained in one out of six induced batches. Six individuals survived to pre-adult size, five being tetraploids and one a mosaic (diploid-tetraploid). Based on these results, further efforts in producing tetraploid catarina scallop should be centered on the method involving inhibition of the first polar body in eggs from triploids, fertilized with haploid sperm.
QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE EMISSÕES DE GASES DE EFEITO ESTUFA NO TRANSPORTE DE RESÍDUOS: Estudo de caso da UFBA
Authors: Matos Vinicius Nascimento , Santos Jamile Oliveira , Marinho Márcia Mara de Oliveira , Andrade José Célio Silveira
Published: August 2017

Tendo em vista a importância do estudo das mudanças climáticas e a necessidade de enriquecer a bibliografia referente ao assunto, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) no transporte de resíduos na Universidade Federal da Bahia, em Salvador, estado da Bahia. A metodologia envolveu a pesquisa de dados referentes ao fluxo de resíduos na instituição em 2014 e a busca de fatores de emissão existentes na literatura. O cálculo das emissões e conversão para tCO2eq foi feito através de uma planilha Excel® e as distâncias percorridas foram obtidas pelo Google Maps®. Com o resultado encontrado de 94,96 tCO2eq e com dados de população e área fornecidos pela Universidade, foi possível traçar indicadores, a fim de tornar esses dados comparáveis com outras universidades brasileiras e do exterior.
Emerging roles of rhomboid‐like pseudoproteases in inflammatory and innate immune responses
Authors: Luo Wei‐Wei , Shu Hong‐Bing
Published: August 2017

Rhomboid‐like pseudoproteases are a conserved superfamily of proteins related to the rhomboid intramembrane serine proteases that lack key catalytic residues. iRhom2, a member of the rhomboid‐like pseudoprotease superfamily, regulates the maturation and trafficking of ADAM17 and is associated with inflammatory arthritis. Recent studies demonstrate that iRhom2 is also involved in innate immunity by regulating the trafficking and stability of MITA (also called STING), which is a central adaptor in innate antiviral signalling pathways. Here, we summarize recent progress on the roles and mechanisms of iRhom2 and its homologues in innate immunity and also discuss the links between the physiological functions of iRhoms and immunological diseases.
Novel landscape of HLA‐G isoforms expressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Tronik‐Le Roux Diana , Renard Julie , Vérine Jérôme , Renault Victor , Tubacher Emmanuel , LeMaoult Joel , Rouas‐Freiss Nathalie , Deleuze Jean‐François , Desgrandschamps François , Carosella Edgardo D.
Published: August 2017

Immune checkpoints are powerful inhibitory molecules that promote tumor survival. Their blockade is now recognized as providing effective therapeutic benefit against cancer. Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA‐G), a recently identified immune checkpoint, has been detected in many types of primary tumors and metastases, in malignant effusions as well as on tumor‐infiltrating cells, particularly in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here, in order to define a possible anticancer therapy, we used a molecular approach based on an unbiased strategy that combines transcriptome determination and immunohistochemical labeling, to analyze in‐depth the HLA‐G isoforms expressed in these tumors. We found that the expression of HLA‐G is highly variable among tumors and distinct areas of the same tumor, testifying a marked inter‐ and intratumor heterogeneity. Moreover, our results generate an inventory of novel HLA‐G isoforms which includes spliced forms that have an extended 5′‐region and lack the transmembrane and alpha‐1 domains. So far, these isoforms could not be detected by any method available and their assessment may improve the procedure by which tumors are analyzed. Collectively, our approach provides the first extensive portrait of HLA‐G in ccRCC and reveals data that should prove suitable for the tailoring of future clinical applications.
Wind tunnel observations of weak and strong snow saltation dynamics
Authors: Paterna E. , Crivelli P. , Lehning M.
Published: August 2017

Theoretical considerations suggest that saltation dynamics is dominated by either aerodynamic entrainment or by a combination of ejection and rebound at a given time and location. Calling these two regimes “weak” and “strong” saltation, respectively, we have investigated high‐resolution snow mass flux measurements by shadowgraphy in a cold wind tunnel to determine whether these two regimes can be experimentally reproduced. In this contribution, we first suggest that aerodynamic entrainment should lead to a negative correlation in the growth rates of horizontal versus vertical mass fluxes, while for the ejection regime, a positive correlation is plausible. Based on this criterion, we find evidence of weak and strong saltation in our data. Weak saltation is characterized by smaller peaks of horizontal mass flux; however, these peaks have a higher growth rate and therefore are typically narrow. The larger peaks are associated with strong saltation, are wider, and their frequency of occurrence increases with increasing overall saltation mass flux.
Seasonal and interannual variabilities in terminus position, glacier velocity, and surface elevation at Helheim and Kangerlussuaq Glaciers from 2008 to 2016
Authors: Kehrl L. M. , Joughin I. , Shean D. E. , Floricioiu D. , Krieger L.
Published: August 2017

The dynamic response of Greenland tidewater glaciers to oceanic and atmospheric change has varied both spatially and temporally. While some of this variability is likely related to regional climate signals, glacier geometry also appears to be important. In this study, we investigated the environmental and geometric controls on the seasonal and interannual evolution of Helheim and Kangerlussuaq Glaciers, Southeast Greenland, from 2008 to 2016, by combining year‐round, satellite measurements of terminus position, glacier velocity, and surface elevation. While Helheim remained relatively stable with a lightly grounded terminus over this time period, Kangerlussuaq continued to lose mass as its grounding line retreated into deeper water. By summer 2011, Kangerlussuaq's grounding line had retreated into shallower water, and the glacier had an ~5 km long floating ice tongue. We also observed seasonal variations in surface velocity and elevation at both glaciers. At Helheim, seasonal speedups and dynamic thinning occurred in the late summer when the terminus was most retreated. At Kangerlussuaq, we observed summer speedups due to surface‐melt‐induced basal lubrication and winter speedups due to ice‐shelf retreat. We suggest that Helheim and Kangerlussuaq behaved differently on a seasonal timescale due to differences in the spatial extent of floating ice near their termini, which affected iceberg‐calving behavior. Given that seasonal speedups and dynamic thinning can alter this spatial extent, these variations may be important for understanding the long‐term evolution of these and other Greenland tidewater glaciers.
Reducing the uncertainty of parameters controlling seasonal carbon and water fluxes in Chinese forests and its implication for simulated climate sensitivities
Authors: Li Yue , Yang Hui , Wang Tao , MacBean Natasha , Bacour Cédric , Ciais Philippe , Zhang Yiping , Zhou Guangsheng , Piao Shilong
Published: August 2017

Reducing parameter uncertainty of process‐based terrestrial ecosystem models (TEMs) is one of the primary targets for accurately estimating carbon budgets and predicting ecosystem responses to climate change. However, parameters in TEMs are rarely constrained by observations from Chinese forest ecosystems, which are important carbon sink over the northern hemispheric land. In this study, eddy covariance data from six forest sites in China are used to optimize parameters of the ORganizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamics EcosystEms TEM. The model‐data assimilation through parameter optimization largely reduces the prior model errors and improves the simulated seasonal cycle and summer diurnal cycle of net ecosystem exchange, latent heat fluxes, and gross primary production and ecosystem respiration. Climate change experiments based on the optimized model are deployed to indicate that forest net primary production (NPP) is suppressed in response to warming in the southern China but stimulated in the northeastern China. Altered precipitation has an asymmetric impact on forest NPP at sites in water‐limited regions, with the optimization‐induced reduction in response of NPP to precipitation decline being as large as 61% at a deciduous broadleaf forest site. We find that seasonal optimization alters forest carbon cycle responses to environmental change, with the parameter optimization consistently reducing the simulated positive response of heterotrophic respiration to warming. Evaluations from independent observations suggest that improving model structure still matters most for long‐term carbon stock and its changes, in particular, nutrient‐ and age‐related changes of photosynthetic rates, carbon allocation, and tree mortality.
Observations and modeling of ocean‐induced melt beneath Petermann Glacier Ice Shelf in northwestern Greenland
Authors: Cai Cilan , Rignot Eric , Menemenlis Dimitris , Nakayama Yoshihiro
Published: August 2017

We update observationally based estimates of subaqueous melt, Qm, beneath Petermann Glacier Ice Shelf (PGIS), Greenland, and model its sensitivity to oceanic thermal forcing, TF, and subglacial runoff, Qsg, using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm), in a two‐dimensional domain, with 20 m vertical and 40 m horizontal resolution at the grounding line. We adjust the drag coefficient to match the observationally based Qm. With the inclusion of Qsg, the maximum melt rate (
) is 2 times larger in summer and 1/3 larger annually than in winter.
increases above linear with TF and below linear with Qsg. We estimate that
increased by 24% (+8.1 m/yr) beneath PGIS from the 1990s to the 2000s from a 0.21°C warming in ocean temperature and a doubling in Qsg, hence contributing to its thinning. If the PGIS is removed, we estimate that the modeled melt rate near the grounding line will increase 13–16 times.
Anticyclonic precession of a plume in a rotating environment
Authors: Frank D. , Landel J. R. , Dalziel S. B. , Linden P. F.
Published: August 2017

Motivated by potential effects of the Earth's rotation on the Deepwater Horizon oil plume, we conducted laboratory experiments on saltwater point plumes in a homogeneous rotating environment across a wide range of Rossby numbers 0.02≤Ro≤1.3. We report a striking physical instability in the plume dynamics near the source: after approximately one rotation period, the plume tilts laterally and starts to precess anticyclonically. The mean precession frequency
scales linearly with the rotation rate Ω as
. We find no evidence of a critical Rossby number above which precession ceases. We infer that a conventionally defined Rossby number is not an appropriate parameter when the plume is maintained over a long time: provided Ω ≠ 0, rotation is always important to the dynamics. This indicates that precession may occur in persistent oceanic or atmospheric plumes even at low latitudes.
Marine radiocarbon reservoir age simulations for the past 50,000 years
Authors: Butzin M. , Köhler P. , Lohmann G.
Published: August 2017

Radiocarbon (14C) dating calibration for the last glacial period largely relies on cross‐dated marine 14C records. However, marine reservoirs are isotopically depleted with respect to the atmosphere and therefore have to be corrected by the Marine Radiocarbon Ages of surface waters (MRAs), whose temporal variabilities are largely unknown. Here we present simulations of the spatial and temporal variability in MRAs using a three‐dimensional ocean circulation model covering the past 50,000 years. Our simulations are compared to reconstructions of past surface ocean Δ14C. Running the model with different climatic boundary conditions, we find that low‐latitude to midlatitude MRAs have varied between 400 and 1200 14C years, with values of about 780 14C years at the Last Glacial Maximum. Reservoir ages exceeding 2000 14C years are simulated in the polar oceans. Our simulation results can be used as first‐order approximation of the MRA variability in future radiocarbon calibration efforts.
Do weak global stresses synchronize earthquakes?
Authors: Bendick R. , Bilham R.
Published: August 2017

Insofar as slip in an earthquake is related to the strain accumulated near a fault since a previous earthquake, and this process repeats many times, the earthquake cycle approximates an autonomous oscillator. Its asymmetric slow accumulation of strain and rapid release is quite unlike the harmonic motion of a pendulum and need not be time predictable, but still resembles a class of repeating systems known as integrate‐and‐fire oscillators, whose behavior has been shown to demonstrate a remarkable ability to synchronize to either external or self‐organized forcing. Given sufficient time and even very weak physical coupling, the phases of sets of such oscillators, with similar though not necessarily identical period, approach each other. Topological and time series analyses presented here demonstrate that earthquakes worldwide show evidence of such synchronization. Though numerous studies demonstrate that the composite temporal distribution of major earthquakes in the instrumental record is indistinguishable from random, the additional consideration of event renewal interval serves to identify earthquake groupings suggestive of synchronization that are absent in synthetic catalogs. We envisage the weak forces responsible for clustering originate from lithospheric strain induced by seismicity itself, by finite strains over teleseismic distances, or by other sources of lithospheric loading such as Earth's variable rotation. For example, quasi‐periodic maxima in rotational deceleration are accompanied by increased global seismicity at multidecadal intervals.
Estimating morning change in land surface temperature from MODIS day/night observations: Applications for surface energy balance modeling
Authors: Hain Christopher R. , Anderson Martha C.
Published: August 2017

Observations of land surface temperature (LST) are crucial for the monitoring of surface energy fluxes from satellite. Methods that require high temporal resolution LST observations (e.g., from geostationary orbit) can be difficult to apply globally because several geostationary sensors are required to attain near‐global coverage (60°N to 60°S). While these LST observations are available from polar‐orbiting sensors, providing global coverage at higher spatial resolutions, the temporal sampling (twice daily observations) can pose significant limitations. For example, the Atmosphere Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) surface energy balance model, used for monitoring evapotranspiration and drought, requires an observation of the morning change in LST—a quantity not directly observable from polar‐orbiting sensors. Therefore, we have developed and evaluated a data‐mining approach to estimate the midmorning rise in LST from a single sensor (two observations per day) of LST from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on the Aqua platform. In general, the data‐mining approach produced estimates with low relative error (5 to 10%) and statistically significant correlations when compared against geostationary observations. This approach will facilitate global, near‐real‐time applications of ALEXI at higher spatial and temporal coverage from a single sensor than currently achievable with current geostationary data sets.
Numerical simulations of a sounding rocket in ionospheric plasma: Effects of magnetic field on the wake formation and rocket potential
Authors: Darian D. , Marholm S. , Paulsson J. J. P. , Miyake Y. , Usui H. , Mortensen M. , Miloch W. J.
Published: August 2017

The charging of a sounding rocket in subsonic and supersonic plasma flows with external magnetic field is studied with numericalparticle‐in‐cell(PIC) simulations. A weakly magnetized plasma regime is considered that corresponds to the ionosphericF2layer, with electrons being strongly magnetized, while the magnetization of ions is weak. It is demonstrated that the magnetic field orientation influences the floating potential of the rocket and that with increasing angle between the rocket axis and the magnetic field direction the rocket potential becomes less negative. External magnetic field gives rise to asymmetric wake downstream of the rocket. The simulated wake in the potential and density may extend as far as 30 electron Debye lengths; thus, it is important to account for these plasma perturbations when analyzing in situ measurements. A qualitative agreement between simulation results and the actual measurements with a sounding rocket is also shown.
Magnetospheric ion influence at the dayside magnetopause
Authors: Fuselier S. A. , Burch J. L. , Mukherjee J. , Genestreti K. J. , Vines S. K. , Gomez R. , Goldstein J. , Trattner K. J. , Petrinec S. M. , Lavraud B. , Strangeway R. J.
Published: August 2017

Magnetospheric ions have the potential to affect magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause. The results of a survey of magnetospheric ions near the magnetopause are reported here. Composition measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission are used to determine the total mass density of all magnetospheric ions and distinguish two populations of magnetospheric ions: the warm plasma cloak and the plasmaspheric drainage plume. The warm plasma cloak can contain substantial O+, and the plasmaspheric plume can contain substantial He+. The results of the survey show that, for nominal magnetospheric activity, the warm plasma cloak and plasmaspheric plume will reduce the normalized reconnection rate at the magnetopause by greater than 20% only a few percent of the time.
Regional gravity field recovery using the GOCE gravity gradient tensor and heterogeneous gravimetry and altimetry data
Authors: Wu Yihao , Zhou Hao , Zhong Bo , Luo Zhicai
Published: August 2017

A regional approach using Poisson wavelets is applied for gravity field recovery using the GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer) gravity gradient tensor, heterogeneous gravimetry data, and altimetry measurements. The added value to the regional model introduced by GOCE data is validated and quantified. The performances of the solutions modeled with different diagonal components of GOCE data and their combinations are investigated. Numerical experiments in a region in Europe show that the effects introduced by GOCE data demonstrate long‐wavelength patterns on the centimeter scale in terms of quasi‐geoid heights, which may allow reducing the remaining long‐wavelength errors in ground‐based data, and improve the regional model. The accuracy of the gravimetric quasi‐geoid computed with a combination of three diagonal components is improved by 0.6 cm (0.5 cm) in the Netherlands (Belgium) compared to that derived from gravimetry and altimetry data alone, when GOCO05s is used as the reference model. Moreover, the added value from GOCE data reduces the mean values of the misfit between the gravimetric solution and GPS/leveling data. Performances of different components and their combinations are not identical, and the solution with vertical gradients is best when a single component is used. The incorporation of multiple components shows further improvements, and the combination of three components best fits the local GPS/leveling data. Further comparison shows that our solution is the highest quality and may be substituted for existing models for engineering purposes and geophysical investigations over the target area.
The induced earthquake sequence related to the St. Gallen deep geothermal project (Switzerland): Fault reactivation and fluid interactions imaged by microseismicity
Authors: Diehl T. , Kraft T. , Kissling E. , Wiemer S.
Published: August 2017

In July 2013, a sequence of more than 340 earthquakes was induced by reservoir stimulations and well‐control procedures following a gas kick at a deep geothermal drilling project close to the city of St. Gallen, Switzerland. The sequence culminated in anML3.5 earthquake, which was felt within 10–15 km from the epicenter. High‐quality earthquake locations and 3‐D reflection seismic data acquired in the St. Gallen project provide a unique data set, which allows high‐resolution studies of earthquake triggering related to the injection of fluids into macroscopic fault zones. In this study, we present a high‐precision earthquake catalog of the induced sequence. Absolute locations are constrained by a coupled hypocenter‐velocity inversion, and subsequent double‐difference relocations image the geometry of theML3.5 rupture and resolve the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity. A joint interpretation of earthquake and seismic data shows that the majority of the seismicity occurred in the pre‐Mesozoic basement, hundreds of meters below the borehole and the targeted Mesozoic sequence. We propose a hydraulic connectivity between the reactivated fault and the borehole, likely through faults mapped by seismic data. Despite the excellent quality of the seismic data, the association of seismicity with mapped faults remains ambiguous. In summary, our results document that the actual hydraulic properties of a fault system and hydraulic connections between its fault segments are complex and may not be predictable upfront. Incomplete knowledge of fault structures and stress heterogeneities within highly complex fault systems additionally challenge the degree of predictability of induced seismicity related to underground fluid injections.
Fire severity alters the distribution of pyrogenic carbon stocks across ecosystem pools in a Californian mixed‐conifer forest
Authors: Maestrini Bernardo , Alvey Erin C. , Hurteau Matthew D. , Safford Hugh , Miesel Jessica R.
Published: August 2017

Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is hypothesized to play an important role in the carbon (C) cycle due to its resistance to decomposition; however, much uncertainty still exists regarding the stocks of PyC that persist on‐site after the initial erosion in postfire forests. Therefore, understanding how fire characteristics influence PyC stocks is vital, particularly in the context of California forests for which an increase of high‐severity fires is predicted over the next decades. We measured forest C and persistent PyC stocks in areas burned by low‐to‐moderate and high‐severity fire, as well as in adjacent unburned areas in a California mixed‐conifer forest, 2 to 3 years after wildfire. We measured C and PyC stocks in the following compartments: standing trees, downed wood, forest floor, and mineral soil (0–5 cm), and we identified PyC using the weak nitric acid digestion method. We found that the total stock of PyC did not differ among fire severity classes (overall mean 248 ± 30 g C m−2); however, fire severity influenced the distribution of PyC in the individual compartments. Areas burned by high‐severity fire had 2.5 times more PyC stocked in the coarse woody debris (p < 0.05), 3.3 times more PyC stocked in standing trees (p < 0.05), and a lower PyC stock in the forest floor (−22%, p < 0.05) compared to low‐to‐moderate fire severity areas. These results have important implications for the permanence time of PyC, which is putatively higher in standing trees and coarse woody debris compared to the forest floor, where it is susceptible to rapid losses through erosion.
H
alobacteria
Authors: Oren Aharon , Ventosa Antonio , Kamekura Masahiro
Published: August 2017

Ha.lo.bac.te'ri.a. N.L. neut. n.
Halobacterium
the type genus of the order; ‐
ia
ending to denote an order; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Halobacteria
the class of
Halobacterium
.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria

The class
Halobacteria
consists of three orders and six families: the
Halobacteriales
with families
Halobacteriaceae
,
Haloarculaceae
, and
Halococcaceae
; the
Haloferacales
with families
Haloferacaceae
and
Halorubraceae
; and the
Natrialbales
with the family
Natrialbaceae
. As of April 2016, the class contained 52 genera and 215 species. They are extremely halophilic Archaea, generally neutrophilic or alkaliphilic, and mostly red‐pink pigmented. Nearly all species lead an aerobic life style.
H
aloferacaceae
Authors: Oren Aharon , Ventosa Antonio
Published: August 2017

Ha.lo.fe.ra.ca.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Haloferax
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Haloferacaceae
the family of
Haloferax
.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Haloferacaceae

The family
Haloferacaceae
consists of seven genera:
Haloferax
(the type genus),
Halobellus
,
Halogeometricum
(including two species previously assigned to the genus
Halosarcina
),
Halogranum
,
Halopelagius
,
Haloplanus
, and
Haloquadratum
. All members of the family are neutrophilic, extremely halophilic Archaea, mostly red‐pink pigmented and generally leading an aerobic life style. The family was split off from the
Halobacteriaceae
in 2015 based on phylogenomic analysis.
N
atrialbaceae
Authors: Oren Aharon , Ventosa Antonio
Published: August 2017

Na.tri.al.ba.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Natrialba
the type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Natrialbaceae
the
Natrialba
family.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Natrialbales / Natrialbaceae

The family
Natrialbaceae
consists of 12 genera:
Natrialba
(the type genus),
Halobiforma
,
Halopiger
,
Halostagnicola
,
Haloterrigena
,
Halovivax
,
Natrinema
,
Natronobacterium
,
Natronococcus
,
Natronolimnobius
,
Natronorubrum
, and
Salinarchaeum
. They are chemo‐organotrophs and are found in salt lakes, salterns, soda lakes, and other hypersaline environments. Most members of the family are alkaliphilic. Based on phylogenomic analyses, the family was separated from the
Halobacteriaceae
in 2015 with the establishment of the order
Natrialbales
.
H
alorubraceae
Authors: Oren Aharon , Ventosa Antonio
Published: August 2017

Ha.lo.ru.bra.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Halorubrum
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Halorubraceae
the family of
Halorubrum
.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Halorubraceae

The family
Halorubraceae
consists of seven genera:
Halorubrum
(the type genus),
Halobaculum
,
Halohasta
,
Halolamina
,
Halonotius
,
Halopenitus
, and
Salinigranum
. Nearly, all members of the family are neutrophilic extremely halophilic Archaea, mostly red‐pink pigmented and generally leading an aerobic life style. Based on phylogenomic analyses, the family was removed from the
Halobacteriaceae
in 2016 and reclassified within the order
Haloferacales
.
H
alococcaceae
Authors: Oren Aharon , Ventosa Antonio
Published: August 2017

Ha.lo.coc.ca.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Halococcus
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Halococcaceae
the family of
Halococcus
.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halococcaceae

The family
Halococcaceae
consists of a single genus, the type genus
Halococcus
. All members of the family are obligately aerobic coccus‐shaped neutrophilic, extremely halophilic, red‐pink‐pigmented Archaea. The family was split off from the
Halobacteriaceae
in 2016 based on phylogenomic analysis.
T
elmatobacter
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N.
Published: August 2017

Tel.ma.to.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n.
telma
bog; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a staff or rod; N.L. masc. n.
Telmatobacter
rod‐shaped bog‐inhabiting bacterium.

Acidobacteria / Acidobacteriia / Acidobacteriales / Acidobacteriaceae / Telmatobacter

The genus
Telmatobacter
accommodates mildly acidophilic, facultatively anaerobic chemo‐organotrophs that thrive at the oxic–anoxic interface of freshwater wetlands. Cells of these acidobacteria are Gram‐negative, non‐spore‐forming, motile rods that occur singly. Motility is due to possession of a single lateral flagellum. Reproduce by normal cell division. Sugars and pectin are the preferred growth substrates. Anaerobic growth occurs by means of fermenting sugars and several polysaccharides, including crystalline and amorphous cellulose. The products of cellulose degradation in anoxic conditions are acetate and hydrogen. Mesophilic and psychrotolerant. Liquid medium is superior to solid agar medium. Do not produce H
2
S from thiosulfate or indole from tryptophan. Highly sensitive to salt stress. NaCl inhibits growth at concentrations above 0.1% (w/v). Major fatty acids are iso‐C15:0 and iso‐C17:1
ω
9
c
; the cells also contain significant amounts of 13,16‐dimethyl octacosanedioic acid. The polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine and a number of phospholipids and aminophospholipids with an unknown structure. The quinone is MK‐8. Members of the class
Acidobacteriia
, order
Acidobacteriales
, family
Acidobacteriaceae
. Found in acidic wetlands, specifically
Sphagnum
peat bogs.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 57.6 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Telmatobacter bradus
Pankratov, Kirsanova, Kaparullina, Kevbrin and Dedysh 2012, 436
VP
.
N
atrialbales
Authors: Oren Aharon , Ventosa Antonio
Published: August 2017

Na.tri.al.ba'les. N.L. fem. n.
Natrialba
the type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Natrialbales
the order of
Natrialba
.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Natrialbales

The order
Natrialbales
consists of a single family, the
Natrialbaceae
. Its members are chemo‐organotrophs and are found in salt lakes, salterns, soda lakes, and other hypersaline environments. Most members of the order are alkaliphilic. Based on phylogenomic analysis, the order was separated from the
Halobacteriales
in 2015.
3D Inkjet Printing of Electronics Using UV Conversion
Authors: Saleh Ehab , Zhang Fan , He Yinfeng , Vaithilingam Jayasheelan , Fernandez Javier Ledesma , Wildman Ricky , Ashcroft Ian , Hague Richard , Dickens Phill , Tuck Christopher
Published: August 2017

The production of electronic circuits and devices is limited by current manufacturing methods that limit both the form and potentially the performance of these systems. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a technology that has been shown to provide cross‐sectoral manufacturing industries with significant geometrical freedom. A research domain known as multifunctional AM (MFAM) in its infancy looks to couple the positive attributes of AM with application in the electronics sector can have a significant impact on the development of new products; however, there are significant hurdles to overcome. This paper reports on the single step MFAM of 3D electronic circuitry within a polymeric structure using a combination of conductive and nonconductive materials within a single material jetting‐based AM system. The basis of this breakthrough is a study of the optical absorption regions of a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) conductive ink which leads to a novel method to rapidly process and sinter AgNP inks in ambient conditions using simple UV radiation contemporaneously with UV‐curing of deposited polymeric structures.