bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eisen‐katalysierte C(sp2)‐H‐ und C(sp3)‐H‐Arylierung mit Triazol‐Unterstützung
Authors: Gu Qing , Al Mamari Hamad H. , Graczyk Karolina , Diers Emelyne , Ackermann Lutz
Published: March 2014

Modulare 1,2,3‐Triazole ermöglichten Eisen‐katalysierte C‐H‐Arylierungen mit hoher Anwendungsbreite. Das neuartige Triazol‐basierte, zweizähnige Auxiliar ist leicht zugänglich und bietet zudem eine benutzerfreundliche Eisen‐katalysierte C(sp2)‐H‐Funktionalisierung an Arenen und Alkenen mit exzellenten Chemo‐ und Diastereoselektivitäten. Der metallorganische Eisen‐Katalysator ist geeignet für die vielseitige Funktionalisierung von C(sp3)‐H‐Bindungen. Die Triazol‐unterstützte C‐H‐Aktivierung findet unter außergewöhnlich milden Bedingungen statt, und das Auxiliar ist rückstandslos abspaltbar. Bemerkenswerterweise stellte sich die Triazol‐Gruppe im Vergleich zu zuvor beschriebenen dirigierenden Gruppen als überlegen heraus.
Biologisch schaltbare antimikrobielle Poly(2‐methyloxazoline) auf Grundlage des Satellitengruppeneffekts
Authors: Krumm Christian , Harmuth Simon , Hijazi Montasser , Neugebauer Britta , Kampmann Anne‐Larissa , Geltenpoth Helma , Sickmann Albert , Tiller Joerg C.
Published: March 2014

Ein neues Konzept wird demonstriert, bei dem die Abspaltung einer einzelnen funktionellen Gruppe die Wirksamkeit eines antimikrobiellen bioziden Polymers aufhebt. Grundlage hierfür ist der Satellitengruppeneffekt, bei dem sich zwei Endgruppen an demselben Polymer gegenseitig beeinflussen. Eine biozide quartäre Ammoniumgruppe wurde über ein Poly(2‐methyloxazolin) mit einer Ester‐Satellitengruppe gekuppelt. Dabei zeigt ein Polymer mit einer Octyl‐3‐propanoat‐Satellitengruppe eine sehr gute antimikrobielle Aktivität gegen Gram‐positive Bakterienstämme. Zudem weist es eine niedrige Hämotoxizität auf, was sich im hohen Verhältnis HC50/MIC=120 für S. aureus widerspiegelt. Die Hydrolyse der Ester‐Satellitengruppe, die über Lipase‐Katalyse erfolgen kann, bewirkt eine 30‐fache Abnahme der antimikrobiellen Aktivität des Polymers. Über den Satellitengruppeneffekt ist es damit tatsächlich möglich, ein wirksames biozides Polymer unter natürlichen Bedingungen zu desaktivieren.
Yoctoliter Thermometry for Single‐Molecule Investigations: A Generic Bead‐on‐a‐Tip Temperature‐Control Module
Authors: Koirala Deepak , Punnoose Jibin Abraham , Shrestha Prakash , Mao Hanbin
Published: March 2014

A new temperature‐jump (T‐jump) strategy avoids photo‐damage of individual molecules by focusing a low‐intensity laser on a black microparticle at the tip of a capillary. The black particle produces an efficient photothermal effect that enables a wide selection of lasers with powers in the milliwatt range to achieve a T‐jump of 65 °C within milliseconds. To measure the temperature in situ in single‐molecule experiments, the temperature‐dependent mechanical unfolding of a single DNA hairpin molecule was monitored by optical tweezers within a yoctoliter volume. Using this bead‐on‐a‐tip module and the robust single‐molecule thermometer, full thermodynamic landscapes for the unfolding of this DNA hairpin were retrieved. These approaches are likely to provide powerful tools for the microanalytical investigation of dynamic processes with a combination of T‐jump and single‐molecule techniques.
Making design researchers' information sharing visible through material objects
Authors: Pilerot Ola
Published: March 2014

This article seeks to make visible information‐sharing activities that take place within a geographically dispersed network of design researchers. For this purpose, a theoretical approach is applied that comprises the analytical notion of material objects and a document theory. Empirical material was primarily ethnographically produced over a period of 6 months, including 2 seminars within the network. Trajectories of sharing that reach across time and space have been identified by studying how people interact with multidimensional objects, such as documents. These were found to coordinate and shape the social practice under study. The theoretical framework has made it possible to highlight aspects of information sharing that have tended to be blackboxed in previous research. It has been suggested in previous research that the concept of information sharing can be reduced to that of mere sharing. Such a stance potentially entails reduction of conceptual ambiguity but may also decrease analytical sharpness. Based on the present study, it appears beneficial to adopt the concept of document into the discourse of information‐sharing research. By adding the concept of document to our analytical toolbox, which hitherto has been dominated by the slightly diffuse concept of information, material features can be emphasized without reducing the social and cognitive dimensions of information sharing. The article offers insight into the information‐sharing activities of design researchers. Through its focus on materiality, it presents a novel theoretical approach and methodological strategy for studying information practices.
Integrating kinetics with thermodynamics to study the alkaline extraction of protein from Caragana korshinskii Kom
Authors: Zhong Cheng , Zhou Zhao , Zhang Yu‐Ming , Jia Shi‐Ru , Sun Zhuo , Dale Bruce E.
Published: March 2014

Extraction and recovery of protein from abundant plant biomass is one potential way to improve the economic feasibility of biorefineries. However, valorization of the protein fraction is challenging due to its low yield (kg protein extraction/kg biomass). In order to reveal the limiting operation parameters, the alkaline extraction process of protein from Caragana korshinskii Kom. was investigated by an integrative analysis of kinetics and thermodynamics. Both a two‐site kinetic extraction model and a second‐order model indicated that particle size is the most pivotal factor affecting protein extraction yield. In a two‐site model, most proteins are extracted quickly from broken cells, while protein removal from the intact cells takes much longer; these are the faster and slower processes, respectively. A decrease of particle size from 20–40 to 60–80 mesh resulted in a decrease of C2 (protein yield in the slower process) from 14.02 to 7.32 mg g−1, but a great increase of C1 (protein yield in the faster process) from 20.61 to 59.07 mg g−1. However, the protein yield was dominated by the faster process when the average particle size is under 80 mesh. The maximum initial extraction rate was 72.20 mg g−1 min−1 with the particle size of 60–80 mesh, almost ninefold of that with 20–40 mesh. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) in the protein extraction process were calculated as 21.08 kJ mol−1 and 84.76 J K−1, respectively. The standard free energy (ΔG) had a magnitude from −3.77 to −5.46, suggesting that the extraction process was spontaneous and physically feasible. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1801–1808. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface Treatment for Conductive 12 CaO⋅7 Al2O3 Electride Powder by Rapid Thermal Annealing Processing and Its Application to Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Hayashi Fumitaka , Kitano Masaaki , Yokoyama Toshiharu , Hara Michikazu , Hosono Hideo
Published: March 2014

The inorganic electride [Ca24Al28O64]4+(e−)4 (C12A7:e−) has unique properties, that is, chemical stability and a low work function comparable to that of metal K. However, its surface area is low (≈1 m2 g−1) because sintering occurs during high‐temperature annealing, which is needed to remove CaO layers formed by reaction with metal Ca that works as a reductant. We report a simple synthesis method for moderate‐surface‐area C12A7:e− (9–19 m2 g−1) by using a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) technique. The synthesis consists of 1) high‐temperature evacuation, 2) reaction with Ca metal, and 3) RTA. The influence of these synthesis conditions was first studied to achieve both high surface area and high electron concentration. Next, C12A7:e− samples were examined as Ru catalyst supports for NH3 synthesis. The activity of Ru‐loaded as‐prepared C12A7:e− was moderate but was increased fivefold by RTA processing prior to Ru loading as a result of surface structure reconstruction. The improvement in the Ru dispersion degree that results from the increased surface area trebled the overall activity (3550 μmol gcat−1 h−1 at 340 °C) compared with that of conventional Ru/C12A7:e−.
Coupled Continuous Chromatography and Racemization Processes for the Production of Pure Enantiomers
Authors: Swernath Subramanian , Kaspereit Malte , Kienle Achim
Published: March 2014

Combining an enantioseparation by continuous chromatography with the racemization of the undesired enantiomer in a recycle is a promising approach. Two different cases were considered: limited conversion of the reaction with moderate product purity requirements and high conversion with high product purity requirements. For the first case, a simple plantwide control strategy is presented, manipulating the solvent removal in front of the racemization reactor. It is shown that the various disturbances can be compensated with this strategy without performing the more complex readjustment of the chromatographic unit. Further, it is shown that this strategy is likely to fail in the second scenario and that readjustment of the chromatographic unit is required for a successful control strategy.
Activation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides by an Iron(I) Complex Generated in the Reduction of [Fe(acac)3] by PhMgBr: Electron Transfer versus Oxidative Addition
Authors: Lefèvre Guillaume , Jutand Anny
Published: March 2014

The mechanism of the reactions of aryl/heteroaryl halides with aryl Grignard reagents catalyzed by [FeIII(acac)3] (acac=acetylacetonate) has been investigated. It is shown that in the presence of excess PhMgBr, [FeIII(acac)3] affords two reduced complexes: [PhFeII(acac)(thf)n] (n=1 or 2) (characterized by 1H NMR and cyclic voltammetry) and [PhFeI(acac)(thf)]− (characterized by cyclic voltammetry, 1H NMR, EPR and DFT). Whereas [PhFeII(acac)(thf)n] does not react with any of the investigated aryl or heteroaryl halides, the FeI complex [PhFeI(acac)(thf)]− reacts with ArX (Ar=Ph, 4‐tolyl; X=I, Br) through an inner‐sphere monoelectronic reduction (promoted by halogen bonding) to afford the corresponding arene ArH together with the Grignard homocoupling product PhPh. In contrast, [PhFeI(acac)(thf)]− reacts with a heteroaryl chloride (2‐chloropyridine) to afford the cross‐coupling product (2‐phenylpyridine) through an oxidative addition/reductive elimination sequence. The mechanism of the reaction of [PhFeI(acac)(thf)]− with the aryl and heteroaryl halides has been explored on the basis of DFT calculations.
Synthesis of [3,3′‐Di‐sec‐butyl‐4′‐(2‐dimethylaminoethoxy)biphenyl‐4‐yl‐oxy]acetic Acid
Authors: Chang Mengyang , Chan Chiehkai
Published: March 2014

A modified synthetic route of [3,3′‐di‐sec‐butyl‐4′‐(2‐dimethylaminoethoxy)biphenyl‐4‐yloxy]acetic acid (1) with high total yield of 44% from biphenyl‐4,4′‐diol (2) is described.
Seasonal Water Quality Upstream of Dahuofang Reservoir, China – the Effects of Land Use Type at Various Spatial Scales
Authors: Ye Yin , He Xingyuan , Chen Wei , Yao Jing , Yu Shuai , Jia Lian
Published: March 2014

Inappropriate land use is considered a main factor in the deterioration of water quality. The relationship between land use and water quality (RLW) is complex, so the exploration of how seasonal water quality is affected by land use at various spatial scales can benefit our understanding of the RLW. We examined data for 110 sampling sites upstream of Dahuofang Reservoir in China. RLWs in three seasons and at three spatial scales were analyzed via Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. After excluding unreliable data attributed to point source pollution and spatial autocorrelation, we found that land use in the riparian zone within 100 m of the river was correlated with water quality during the rainy season. Taking into account the influences of spatial pattern of the land use on water quality, breakpoint regression analysis indicated that when fragmented forest land covers more than 37% of the local riparian zone, the deterioration of water quality will be mitigated, in contrast water pollution would be exacerbated when un‐fragmented dry farmland exceeds 54%. Therefore, when analyzing RLW, selection of the appropriate spatial scale and season as well as improvement of land use patterns can facilitate rational and effective basin management.
Synthesis and Carbon Dioxide Sorption of Layered Double Hydroxide/Silica Foam Nanocomposites with Hierarchical Mesostructure
Authors: Fu Liling , Qi Genggeng , Shekhah Osama , Belmabkhout Youssef , Estevez Luis , Eddaoudi Mohamed , Giannelis Emmanuel P.
Published: March 2014

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with a hierarchical mesostructure are successfully synthesized on mesoporous silica foams by simple impregnation and hydrothermal treatment. The as‐synthesized LDH/silica foam nanocomposites show well‐defined mesostructures with high surface areas, large pore volumes, and mesopores of 6–7 nm. The nanocomposites act as carbon dioxide (CO2) sorbents under simulated flue gas conditions. They also exhibit significantly enhanced CO2 capacities under high‐pressure conditions and high CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities.
Substructure of Functional Network for Auditory Stream Segregation in Auditory Cortex
Authors: Noda Takahiro , Kanzaki Ryohei , Takahashi Hirokazu
Published: March 2014

Perceptual integration and segregation of alternating tone sequences differing in frequency (ABA‐ABA‐...) depend on the frequency differences (ΔFs) between the A and B tones and the intertone intervals (ITIs) between successive tones. In the auditory cortex, tonotopic separation, forward suppression, and multisecond habituation have been considered as possible neural mechanisms of this perceptual phenomenon. These mechanisms, however, cannot completely account for van Noorden's perceptual boundary and the temporally continuous perception of auditory streaming. Here we examined the temporal changes of the functional network properties in the auditory cortex in response to tone sequences with different ΔFs and ITIs. Specifically, we recorded LFPs using microelectrode arrays from anesthetized rats and constructed the functional network based on phase synchrony in gamma‐band oscillation. Consequently, the networks consisted of subnetworks highly correlated with the place code of frequency, that is, a tonotopic map, and the subnetwork selective to B tones lasted for a prolonged period at large ΔF. Such characteristic substructures of the functional network are a possible candidate for the neural basis of auditory stream segregation.
Estimation of PSF for a Shaking Blurred Image Restoration
Authors: Shimomukai Takumi , Yoshioka Michifumi , Yanagimoto Hidekazu
Published: March 2014

The development of downsized digital cameras has caused numerous undesirable shaking‐blurred images. In order to restore these images, we need to estimate the PSF (point spread function) from them. It has been proposed to estimate the PSF using cepstrum images. There are PSF features in the cepstrum images of blurred images. We can estimate the PSF by searching pixels in the cepstrum images. However cepstrum images also show features of ground‐truth images, so that we cannot estimate the PSF accurately. We propose a method of PSF estimation using a genetic algorithm (GA). We use the cepstrum images as a fitness function, so that the estimation results are not affected by other features in the cepstrum images. The effectiveness of our proposed method is confirmed by simulations.
Feruloylbenzotriazole and Weinreb Amide as Bioinspired Building Blocks: A Reactivity Study towards O‐, N‐, S‐, and C‐Nucleophiles
Authors: Roman Bart I. , Monbaliu Jean‐Christophe , De Coen Laurens M. , Verhasselt Sigrid , Schuddinck Bart , Van Hoeylandt Evelien , Stevens Christian V.
Published: March 2014

A versatile route for the conversion of ferulic acid into biologically relevant molecules is presented. The compatibility of a number of protection and activation strategies with the 1,2‐addition of a variety of O‐, N‐, S‐, and C‐nucleophiles to ferulic acid is evaluated. In particular, this report contains the first systematic study of the addition of (hetero)aryllithium reagents to 3‐phenylpropenoyl Weinreb amides. The relevance of this “bioinspired” method is illustrated by the synthesis of a number of natural products or analogues, such as zingerone, curcuminoids, and (heteroaryl) chalcones.
Two‐compartment versus one‐compartment processing: Comparison in respect to facility design and productivity for microbial recombinant protein production
Authors: Jazini Mohammadhadi , Herwig Christoph
Published: March 2014

One‐compartment processing (OCP) includes cultivation of a microorganism in a single bioreactor. It is conventionally used for the production of heterologous proteins in Pichia pastoris. However, two‐compartment processing (TCP) (cultivation in a single reactor coupled to a plug flow reactor) has been proposed as a novel approach for the production of recombinant HRP. All possible process modes must be evaluated when a process is being designed. In this work, a simple methodology was used to evaluate different production scenarios. The methodology includes sizing of the main equipment to produce a certain amount of product. The calculations showed that TCP needed 40% smaller reactor volume, 20% smaller chromatography column diameter, and 40% less buffer consumption than OCP for the annual production of 8 kg HRP. In turn, implementation of TCP into a process, which was designed based on OCP, could increase the annual production up to 9 kg. In addition, it could improve the protein quality by factor of two. The methodology, presented in this work, provides a straightforward procedure to evaluate different production scenarios in terms of investment and revenue. It confirmed TCP as an attractive production mode for HRP.
Implications of serum creatinine measurements on GFR estimation and vancomycin dosing in children
Authors: Neuman Gal , Nulman Irena , Adeli Khosrow , Koren Gideon , Colantonio David A , Helldén Anders
Published: March 2014

Background

Different serum creatinine (sCr) assays may obtain different values in the same patient, causing discrepancies in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and sCr‐based vancomycin dosing calculations.

Objective

To identify potential discrepancies in sCr concentrations obtained by different assays, the compensated Jaffe (sCr‐Jaffe) and the enzymatic (sCr‐enz), and to compare between the eGFR and vancomycin daily dose, based on these sCr values.

Method

sCr‐Jaffe and, sCr‐enz concentrations of 890 healthy children, aged 1–18 years, were available from the Canadian Laboratory Initiative in Pediatric Reference Intervals study in Ontario. For each subject, eGFR (eGFR‐Jaffe, eGFR‐enz) was calculated using the revised Schwartz equation, and vancomycin daily dose (Vdose‐Jaffe, Vdose‐enz) was calculated using a sCr‐based pharmacokinetic model.

Result

Significant, age‐related differences were found in sCr concentrations, and in subsequent eGFR and Vdose, between the two assays. In children aged 1–5 years, mean sCr‐Jaffe was higher than sCr‐enz (44.0 ± 5.0 vs. 27.7 ± 7.3 μmol/L, P < 0.001), leading to lower eGFR‐Jaffe (83.2 ± 9.0 vs. 137.9 ± 27.1 mL/min/1.73m2, P < 0.001) and lower Vdose‐Jaffe (44.7 ± 2.5 vs. 53.5 ± 5.1 mg/kg/24 h, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Based on these findings, young children may be at risk for vancomycin under‐treatment. Further research is needed to define the more accurate sCr assay in young children treated with renally excreted drugs.
Adriamycin‐induced nephropathy in rats: Functional and cellular effects characterized by MRI
Authors: Egger Christine , Cannet Catherine , Gérard Christelle , Debon Corinne , Stohler Nadine , Dunbar Andrew , Tigani Bruno , Li Jianping , Beckmann Nicolau
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To assess with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) adriamycin‐induced nephropathy in living rats, an established model for proteinuric renal disease was used.

Materials and Methods

Functional information of contrast agent clearance was obtained with dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) imaging following intravenous Gd‐DOTA administration. Perfusion data were obtained with a bolus tracking technique comprising intravenous injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. Cellular information was derived from anatomical images acquired 24 hours after SPIO. Treatment with the transforming growth factor‐β123 (TGF‐β1,2,3) antibody, 1D11, started 1 week after adriamycin. Histology was performed at week 6 post‐adriamycin.

Results

Tracer washout rates derived by DCE‐MRI decreased by 65.5% with respect to baseline at week 6 post‐adriamycin. The impaired kidney function agreed with glomerulopathy, nephropathy and fibrosis revealed histologically (picrosirius collagen staining in adriamycin‐treated rats increased by 125.8% [P = 0.005] with respect to controls). Perfusion was reduced by 16.1%. Images acquired 24 hours after SPIO presented contrast changes that correlated inversely with the histologically determined iron content (R = −0.74, P = 2.6 × 10−4). In adriamycin‐challenged animals, iron was found in macrophages and in sclerotic tubuli, only in areas where macrophages were present. Treatment with 1D11 did not improve the adriamycin‐induced renal injury.

Conclusion

MRI provides longitudinal functional and cellular (macrophage infiltration) information that correlates with nephropathy development in adriamycin‐challenged rats. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:829–840. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AlN/GaN heterostructure TFTs with plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of epitaxial AlN thin film
Authors: Liu Cheng , Liu Shenghou , Huang Sen , Li Baikui , Chen Kevin J.
Published: March 2014

AlN/GaN heterostructures with AlN thin film growing by low‐thermal‐budget (300 °C) plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) were realized on a semi‐insulating GaN‐on‐sapphire template. By applying in situ ALD‐grown Al2O3 as the gate dielectric, thin film transistors (TFTs) have been successfully fabricated. The proposed TFTs exhibit effective gate control with a low subthreshold swing of ∼ 85 mV/dec, an ION/IOFF ratio of 105 and good channel conductive with a low‐field mobility of ∼ 27 cm2/(V·s). This mobility is one order of magnitude higher than that achieved in AlN/GaN heterostructures growing by magnetron sputtering. The enhanced device performance is attributed to a high‐quality ALD‐AlN/GaN interface obtained by in situ remote‐plasma pre‐deposition cleaning and the single crystal nature of subsequent epitaxial AlN thin film by plasma‐enhanced ALD. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anticancer Effects of Baicalein on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Zheng Yi‐Hu , Yin Li‐Hui , Grahn Tan Hooi Min , Ye Ai‐Fang , Zhao Yan‐Rong , Zhang Qi‐Yu
Published: March 2014

The therapeutic potential of baicalein against hepatoma cells was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In cell viability assays, baicalein showed significant cytotoxicity against the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines H22, Bel‐7404, and Hep G2 and moderate cytotoxicity against immortalized human hepatocytes. Baicalein induced G0/G1‐phase arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, inhibited AKT, and promoted the degradation of β‐catenin and cyclin D1 without activation of GSK‐3β. Furthermore, baicalein significantly inhibited H22 xenograft tumor growth without causing obvious adverse effects on weight or liver and spleen weight indexes in ICR mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the inhibition of tumor growth in baicalein‐treated mice was associated with decreased AKT, β‐catenin, and cyclin D1 expression ex vivo. Our data indicate that baicalein might regulate cyclin D1 transcription via a β‐catenin‐dependent mechanism, leading to cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and impaired cancer cell proliferation. These results suggest that baicalein is a potential candidate for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Record‐dependent measures on the symmetric groups
Authors: Gnedin Alexander , Gorin Vadim
Published: March 2014

A probability measure Pn on the symmetric group is said to be record‐dependent if depends only on the set of records of a permutation . A sequence of consistent record‐dependent measures determines a random order on ℕ. In this paper we describe the extreme elements of the convex set of such P. This problem turns out to be related to the study of asymptotic behavior of permutation‐valued growth processes, to random extensions of partial orders, and to the measures on the Young‐Fibonacci lattice. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2014 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 46,688–706, 2015
MIMOSA–a dual approach to detailed land mobile satellite channel modeling
Authors: Burkhardt F. , Eberlein E. , Jaeckel S. , Sommerkorn G. , Prieto‐Cerdeira R.
Published: March 2014

As multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) transmission technologies are common in terrestrial mobile communications and getting attention for mobile broadcasting satellite systems, the need for a comprehensive MIMO channel model for the dual‐polarized land mobile satellite (LMS) channel arises. In the course of the Characterisation of the MIMO Channel for Mobile Satellite Systems (MIMOSA) project, two complementary modeling approaches have been developed that form a dual model. They provide a scalable modeling solution, which permits a user selectable level of simulation complexity and detail. The models have been evaluated by comparing their results with data gathered from the extensive field trials carried out within the MIMOSA project. This paper describes the dual wideband‐modeling and narrowband‐modeling approaches, provides examples of the usage and provides some evaluation results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Map matching — Elastic shape matching by multiangled parallelism
Authors: Yamada Hiromitsu
Published: March 2014

To extract geometric features by parallel operation, a directional erosion/dilation operation method by unifying directional feature field and directional parallel operation was proposed and its effectiveness was verified by application to the extraction of buildings, roads, hatching regions, and character regions from a topographical map.

This paper extends this method further and proposes the “multiangled parallelism matching method” for extracting higher‐order features (models of shapes) composed of relation among lines. The input is represented by “directional planes.” The model of a shape is given as a “direction” at each “evaluation point” and “displacement” from the previous evaluation point to the evaluation point. Matching is performed by repeating parallel operation for the entire plane of “translation” of a “counter plane” storing evaluated quantity and “addition” of the plant of input direction into the counter plane.

The MAP matching method has a feature that the result of exhaustive matching for directional elastic templates is obtained as consecutive evaluated quantities by parallel operation. The exhaustive template matching, Hough transform, and DP matching method are compared, and the results of recognition experiments of echocardiograms of the heart are shown.
Shades of Grey: How do Informal Firms Navigate Between Macro and Meso Institutional Environments?
Authors: De Castro Julio O. , Khavul Susanna , Bruton Garry D.
Published: March 2014

Our qualitative research shows that when making decisions about informality, entrepreneurs in emerging economies purposefully navigate between the enabling and constraining rules of the macro institutional environment and the norms of the meso institutional environment. We show that: (1) informality is a multidimensional continuum along which path to formalization unfolds; (2) as entrepreneurs grow more successful they become simultaneously more attuned to the countervailing constraints of both the macro and meso institutional environments; and (3) informal firms and formal firms weave together an exchange system that legitimizes the persistence of informality. In the context of informality, meso institutions serve as the connective tissue which cross‐link levels of the environment and shape the context in which entrepreneurs make decisions. Copyright © 2014 Strategic Management Society.
Morphological theory and orthography:Kanjias a representation of lexemes
Authors: NAGANO AKIKO , SHIMADA MASAHARU
Published: March 2014

Orthography has been given marginal status in theoretical linguistics, but it can offer ‘visible’ insights into the invisible mechanisms of grammar. Japanesekanjigraphs, Chinese characters used to write Japanese, provide an excellent illustration of this perspective. Our core claim is that thekanjiorthography reflects the working of lexeme-based morphology in Japanese grammar. Specifically, we show how the lexeme-based morphological framework developed by Mark Aronoff and Martin Maiden can explain apparently cumbersome and inefficient properties of thekanjiusage, its dual pronunciation in particular. Among the findings of this study are the following: (i) the underlying mechanism of thekanji's dual pronunciation is suppletion, native and Sino-Japanese synonyms working as morphomic stems of the same paradigm; (ii) this suppletion emerged and developed as a paradigmatic strategy of synonymy avoidance; and (iii) the large-scale suppletive morphology has long been retained in Japanese because it has served advantageous functions in the maintenance of lexemic isomorphism and in lexical stock expansion. Our findings shed an entirely new light on the bafflingly complex nature of Japanese orthography; it is the complexity of morphology, a grammatical module that is deemed to be the locus of language-specificity.
XI.—The Quality of the Forth Estuary (1)
Authors: Collett W. F.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The Forth Estuary is divided into two parts, the narrow part to the west of Queensferry which is wholly within the area of the Forth River Purification Board and in which there is a substantial tidal variation in salinity, and the broader part to the east of Queensferry which is divided between the Forth and Lothians Boards and is virtually open sea.

There is no record of extensive biological appraisal of the narrow part of the Forth and the quality is assessed largely by general physical and chemical observations. The quality is largely determined by discharge of degradable organic matter in the form of sewage, sewage effluents and trade effluents, the bacterial oxidation of which deoxygenates the water, more or less, according to the combination of fresh water flow, meteorological conditions and the monthly tide cycle. The condition may be aggravated by thermal waste discharge.

In the broader part of the estuary on the north shore, pollution problems are limited to the littoral zone. In a number of places there is local beach pollution from sewage solids but mining pollution in the form of washery slurry pit redd and ferruginous pit waters has extensively affected conditions over a six mile stretch of shore.
Historical Background to the International Biological Programme Project at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Morgan N. C.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The location and major characteristics of Loch Leven and land use of its catchment are briefly described. The water level was lowered in 1830 affecting migrant fish. Many changes have taken place in the fauna and flora in the present century with serious depletions to the macrophytes, Odonata and Ephemeroptera. The loch is of international importance for waterfowl and was made into a National Nature Reserve in 1964. An IBP project was started in 1966 to measure production and production processes in the food chain to fish and diving duck. Energy and nutrient input, production of phytoplankton, chironomids and the larger trout and perch have been measured for the whole loch. Many other related studies have been carried out. The numbers of several groups have been shown to fluctuate greatly from year to year, as have the principal components of phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos.
Nutrient Chemistry of Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Holden A. V. , Caines L. A.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

A study has been made of the supply and utilisation of nitrogen and phosphorus in Loch Leven, a shallow eutrophic lake receiving discharges from sewage treatment plants, industry and agricultural sources. Calculations of the nutrient budgets over a period of several years indicate that nitrogen enters primarily as nitrate derived from agricultural fertilisers, in quantities more than sufficient to sustain the dense algal blooms which occur. Much of the nitrate appears to be removed by benthic algae, or other processes associated with the sediments, and a high proportion of the incoming nitrogen is retained in the lake.

Phosphorus enters the lake mainly from industry, with some contribution from sewage and agriculture, and a high proportion is discharged at the outflow. The algal blooms require more phosphate than is present in solution initially, and utilise it at rates greater than that of the inflowing sources, and it is deduced that the additional phosphate is derived from the sediments. A mechanism for such a release, occurring in the absence of stratification, is postulated, and the processes involved in the return of phosphorus to the sediments are discussed.
Primary Productivity of Phytoplankton in Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Bindloss Margaret E.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Photosynthetic productivity of phytoplankton in Loch Leven was studied over a 4-year period (1968–71), using the oxygen light and dark bottle technique. Marked seasonal changes in hourly and daily rates of gross photosynthetic productivity are described within the range 0·02 to 1·59 g O2/m2.h and 0·4 to 21·0 g O2/m2.day respectively. Hourly rates are shown to be relatively insensitive to variations in surface light intensity, whereas daily rates are influenced to a considerable extent by the duration of incident radiation (daylength).

The phytoplankton itself exerts a dominant influence on underwater light penetration, accounting forca75 per cent of light extinction at highest crop densities. This self-shading effect contributes to the poor correlation observed between crop density and areal gross productivity. The chlorophyllacontent per unit area in the euphotic zone often approached its estimated theoretical limit of 430 mg/m2.

In general, increase in photosynthetic capacity (per unit content of chlorophylla) accompanied increase in water temperature. During certain periods an inverse relationship between photosynthetic capacity and population density was evident. Reduction in photosynthetic capacity is attributed, in part, to the high pH values (> 9·5) with concomitant CO2-depIetion associated with dense phytoplankton crops.

Estimates of net photosynthetic productivity were frequently zero or negative, even over periods when algal populations were increasing and dissolved oxygen and pH values were above their respective air-equilibrium values. Underestimation of gross photosynthesis due to photochemical oxidation, photorespiration or the use of stationary bottles could not account for this apparent anomaly. The most probable sources of error in the estimates of net photosynthetic productivity are discussed.
The Zoobenthos of Loch Leven, Kinross, and Estimates of its Production in the Sandy Littoral Area during 1970 and 1971
Authors: Maitland Peter S. , Hudspith Patricia M. G.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The available information, both published and unpublished, on the zoobenthos of Loch Leven has been studied and tabulated. There have been a number of major changes in the community over the last 100 years—notably a reduction in diversity of the fauna with the disappearance of many species of invertebrates, particularly Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Coleoptera. The existing macro-invertebrate fauna is dominated by larval Chironomidae, but Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida and Crustacea are also of importance. Dramatic changes have taken place in the chironomid population during the present study (1968–71), notable among which has been the disappearance of Endochironomus. Production studies of the two dominant larval Chironomidae (Glyptotendipes and Stictochironomus) in the sandy littoral area (42 per cent of the loch bed) gave annual estimates of 40·5 and 1·2 g (dry weight)/m2 respectively for 1970 and 5·0 and 10·2 g/m2 for 1971. Speculative estimates of the entire zoobenthos production in 1970 gave a value of 46·5 g/m2. The significance of these results is briefly discussed.
The Planktonic Activity of Larval Chironomidae in Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Davies B. R.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The planktonic movements of larval Chironomidae in Loch Leven, Kinross, are described, together with a provisional list of the species and age groups involved. The importance of this type of behaviour in determining the distribution of larval Chironomidae is discussed.
Activity Levels of Trout (Salmo trutta) in Airthrey Loch, Stirling, and Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Holliday F. G. T. , Tytler P. , Young A. H.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Brown trout were tagged with sonic tags in Airthrey Loch, Stirling, and Loch Leven, Kinross. The results were expressed as mean hourly and maximum specific swimming speeds, centres of activity and home ranges. The results indicated that tagging effects lasted for up to 48 hours after release. There were seasonal changes in the levels of activity with a peak in March. Home ranges tended to be widest at dusk and dawn. Mean hourly specific swimming speeds were very low (0·14 BL/sec). The trout did not move randomly throughout either loch, and in Loch Leven remained within 1·4 km of the release point.
III.—New Developments in Large-scale Plasma Fractionation
Authors: Watt J. G. , Smith J. K. , Grant W. , Turnbull C.
Published: March 2014

‘Selective transfusion of appropriate blood components is preferable to the routine use of whole blood.’ (American Association of Blood Banks.Physicians' Handbook of Blood Component Therapy, 1969).

The rational use of donor blood in the environment of modern blood transfusion revolves around a series of developments in the field of component therapy. The fractionation of plasma, i.e. the separation of plasma into a series of subdivisions each containing one or other of the constituent proteins in varying degrees of purity and concentration, was one of the first of these developments to become established.

Early fractionation of plasma was applied in various ways to the purification of animal antisera; initially to antipneumococcal serum for therapeutic use. These sera frequently provoked reactions in patients until Sabin showed that absorption with Fullers earth could abolish these side-effects by removing complexed molecules.
VII.—Plasma Coagulation Factors
Authors: Douglas A. S.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

(1) Factor VIII preparations in the treatment of haemophilia and von Willebrand's syndrome. It should be appreciated that despite the recognition of many genetically determined coagulation defects, haemophilia is the only relatively common hereditary coagulation defect. The incidence is of the order of 1 per 20 000 of the population. Although relatively rare, the severe haemophiliac has so many problems that relevant therapeutic issues impinge more frequently on the physician than the incidence rate would indicate. These preparations also have a role in the rarer disorder of von Willebrand's syndrome, which is a genetically determined haemorrhagic state characterised by a prolonged bleeding time and often by a deficiency of factor VIII.

Plasma is used in the treatment of these conditions either as whole plasma or as one of its fractions —a simple prepared fraction called cryoprecipitate or as a lyophil dried preparation made by much more sophisticated and expensive techniques.

(2) Consideration must also be given to factor IX in the treatment of haemophilia B or Christmas disease.

In some ways this is easier to treat while in others it is more difficult. It is easier in the sense that factor IX is much less labile than factor VIII, but cryoprecipitate does not contain therapeutic amounts of factor IX and there is no equivalent simple fractionation procedure for factor IX. The ‘purified’ fractions are prepared by relatively more sophisticated and expensive techniques.

(3) In the management of vitamin K deficiency, oral anticoagulant therapy or liver disease then purified preparations of factors II, VII, IX and X may be required.

(4) In the defibrination syndrome fibrinogen may be needed.
Compensating the flexibility uncertainties of a cable suspended robot using SMC approach
Authors: Korayem M. H. , Taherifar M. , Tourajizadeh H.
Published: March 2014

A sliding mode controller is designed to compensate for the flexibility uncertainties of a cable robot and improve its tracking performance. Of the most significant sources of these uncertainties are the elasticity of the cables and the flexibility of the joints. A favorable approach to improve the accuracy of the system is first to model the cable and joint flexibilities and then convert the model uncertainties into parametric uncertainties. Parametric uncertainties are the product of imprecise flexibility coefficients and are finally neutralized by a sliding mode controller. The flexibility in cables is modeled by considering the longitudinal vibration of the time-varying length cables. A simulation study is carried out to confirm the presented model and the positive effect of the designed controller. Then the impact of these uncertainties on the dynamic load carrying capacity (DLCC) of the robot is examined and compared for different cases. Finally, experimental tests are conducted on the IUST (Iran University of Science and Technology) cable-suspended robot to validate the presented theories and simulation results.
Seasonal changes in the numbers and distributions of seabirds at sea in the Moray Firth, northeast Scotland
Authors: Mudge G. P. , Crooke C. H.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

In 1982 and 1983 monthly shipboard surveys of seabirds at sea were carried out in the Moray Firth. A sea area of about 8.000 knr was studied in a systematic manner using a survey grid of 5λ latitude by 10λ longitude. Guillemot was the most abundant single species for most of the year, but was replaced by herring gull in mid-winter. Numbers of guillemots, razorbills and kittiwakes were all relatively low during the winter period. Total sea bird numbers were greatest in autumn each year, with particularly large concentrations of flightless guillemots and razorbills. A very large influx of razorbills into the Moray Firth was noted in August, 1983. The main offshore concentrations of seabirds through most of the year were over Smith Bank, particularly the northeastern part of the bank. This area was particularly important in spring and autumn for guillemots, razorbills, kittiwakes. gannets and sooty shearwaters, but held relatively few in winter.
Oil pollution in the Cromarty Firth and inshore Moray Firth
Authors: MacLennan A. S.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Oil pollution incidents in the inshore Moray Firth 1975–84 and Cromarty Firth 1970–84 are reviewed, describing the levels, geographical patterns, trends and some impacts.

Growth in oil-related activity in the inshore Moray and Cromarty Firths has not led to increased levels of oil pollution. In the Cromarty Firth the majority of incidents since 1970 have been from long-established shore-based sources, while the frequency of incidents and their impact have diminished over the last few years from levels in the early-raid 1970s which were very unsatisfactory. Incident levels in the inshore Moray Firth have also reduced since 1980.

While no major environmental damage has resulted from oil pollution in this area, important wildlife resources, and in particular bird populations, have been shown in individual incidents to be extremely vulnerable to relatively small quantities of oil. It is thus important that continued attention is given to the prevention and treatment of oil pollution in this area and the strict procedures pertaining to oil exploration and production and operation of marine traffic should be maintained.
Hydrocarbons in Nigg Bay sediments
Authors: Tibbetts P. J. C.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

As part of the Moray Firth environmental monitoring programme Britoil has commissioned a series of studies on the mudflats in Nigg Bay commencing in 1981. These cover an area of about five square miles and are situated in the Cromarty Firth adjacent to the oil terminal that handles crude oil from the Beatrice Field.

Capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the mudflat sediments in 1981 and 1982 showed a major autochthonous input of algal hydrocarbons as indicated by highn-C17and C17alkene concentrations. In addition there were low levels of petrogenic contamination, with concentrations of unresolved complex mixture (UCM), in general, being less than 10 ppm. These concentrations altered little between the two surveys during which time effluent discharge commenced from the oil terminal.

In many of the GLC traces the dominant feature was an homologous series of n-alkanes in a smooth envelope fromn-C22ton-C34with a maximum concentration atc. n-C25. This unusual distribution ofn-alkanes does not appear to be associated with the UCM seen in many samples and may therefore not be of petrogenic origin. Possible sources of these components include bacteria and the erosion of local organic-rich shales, a selection of which have been sampled and analysed. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GLC/MS) has been used in attempt to further clarify the origin of thesen-alkanes.
The Politics of Preservation: Privileging One Heritage over Another
Authors: Bell Jonathan S.
Published: March 2014

Heritage preservation is distinctly political, often presenting a privileged elitist interpretation of historic sites, while denigrating or even destroying later significant built environments. Structures that are the emanation of subsequent cultures, but similarly tied to the place, are often undervalued, underinterpreted, and even purposely obliterated from the landscape. This article considers the politics of heritage related to privileging one type of historic structure to the complete detriment of the other. The example of Gurna, in Egypt, serves as a powerful case study for the loss of a living historic built environment solely for the simplified or “flattened” interpretation of a place. In highlighting the preferential protection and presentation of the World Heritage Site of the Theban Necropolis and ultimate demise of the historic hamlets of Gurna, the article builds on previous work in the field on interpretation, the impact of tourism, and the conflicting identities of historic sites.
IN THE SHADOW OF THE CONCENTRATION CAMP: DAVID ROUSSET AND THE LIMITS OF APOLITICISM IN POSTWAR FRENCH THOUGHT
Authors: KUBY EMMA
Published: March 2014

In 1949, French intellectual David Rousset publicly called on Nazi camp survivors to bear witness to the existence of a “concentration camp universe” in the Soviet Union. Rousset, a former Buchenwald internee and an influential author, demanded that his fellow survivors identify in unqualified terms with the suffering of Soviet prisoners. Even as he colluded with Cold War governmental agencies, Rousset claimed that the imperative to oppose concentration camps existed “beyond” political or ideological commitments. This essay analyzes the arguments about suffering, politics, and memory made by Rousset and his contemporary critics, notably Jean-Paul Sartre. It responds to Rousset's admirers who have overlooked distinctive aspects of his project: his rhetoric of apoliticism, his demand for complete identification with victims, his exclusive interest in limit-case abjection as opposed to injustice in general, his interpretation of the Nazi camps that centered on forced labor rather than on genocide, and his avoidance of the language of human rights.