bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Police Perceptions of their Work Environment
Authors: Van Maanen John , Katz Ralph
Published: March 2007

Studies of early career experiences consistently emphasize the importance of initial socialization. During this process, employees build and revise their perceptions of their job environment. Using a multidimensional scaling methodology, the collective and individual perceptual responses of 130 patrolmen regarding various aspects of their work setting were represented on a two-dimensional configuration. Two major questions were then addressed: (])are the collective perceptions of the patrolmen organized around dimensions related to the Meadian notions of social time and social space, and (2) are there any attitude or performance differences among those patrolmen whose individual perceptions do and do not fit the collective mapping? These questions are examined at different career stages as measured by job tenure.
Expertise and Power in Professional Organizations
Authors: Blau Judith R.
Published: March 2007

A study of architects in private firms examines the influence of various factors on individuals' decision power. Although formal position is the most important factor (as might be expected) other factors affect power also, and they do so differentially within each of three positions. Whereas general knowledge of the professional core increases managers' power, it is knowledge of peripheral areas, such as fields in engineering, that increases the power of salaried professionals (designers and staff architects). This indicates that the source of power of "lower participants" in the professional firm rests largely on their ability to control areas that are highly ambiguous or uncertain for most architects. Using several dimensions of expertness, the results show quite consistently that general, rather than specialized, knowledge promotes the power of individual professionals, and this is true for managers as well as for the two categories of staff.
Dependency: a Critical Synthesis of the Literature
Authors: Chilcote Ronald H.
Published: March 2007

The following synthesis attempts to identify the major tendencies in the dependency literature and to introduce the reader to the major works and issues on the subject. Ronald Chilcote is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Riverside.
Polymer Hybrids
Authors: Skeist Irving
Published: March 2007

Hybrids—materials having at least two different components —are of increasing importance in elastoplastics because of their ability to provide toughness and high impact strength. The components may be combined at a macro, micro or molec ular level, yielding composites, polymer blends, and intra molecular hybrids, respectively. Among the important hybrids examined are automobile tires, synthetic leathers, fiber-rein forced plastics, impact styrenes, ABS plastics, wool, thermo setting acrylics, urethanes, rubber-resin adhesives, nylon- epoxy adhesives, fluorochemical-modified polymers, improved ethylene-propylene rubbers. The possibility is suggested of creating the hybrid in the polymerization step.
Pressure Dependence of Diffusion in Polymers
Authors: Frisch H.L.
Published: March 2007

The pressure dependence of diffusion of vapors In polymer films arises not only from the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient, D, but also because D can vary with the mean pressure within the film. For sufficiently large organic molecule vapors for which a free volume theory of diffusion is applicable one expects that this latter pressure dependence can be obtained also from the pressure dependence of the free volume of the polymer-vapor system.
Urethane Elastomers Based on Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadienes
Authors: Ryan P.W.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the preparation and properties of urethane elastomers based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes. The liquid nature of these polybutadiene systems allows easy reaction with isocyanates even at ambient temperatures. Properties of elastomers produced can be easily improved by either chemical modification of the polymer backbone of the polybutadiene or the addition of solid reinforcing fillers, such as carbon black or clay. This article further describes the preparation of stable prepolymers of poly butadiene which can then be reacted with various diol or diamine chain extenders. Conceptually, the elastomers resulting from this technology would combine the properties of rubbers in having the ability to be oil extended or filler reinforced as well as having the high performance of cast urethane systems.
Improved Economics Through Scorch Control
Authors: Rodger Edward R. , Roebuck Harry S.
Published: March 2007

In the present economic climate, a major objective for most manufacturers is to decrease product costs. In the rubber industry, raw materials tend to be the first target for such cost reductions. However, optimization of mixing and processing operations has a greater potential for cost and energy savings without increasing labor and capital costs or compromising performance. Scorch safety is often a major factor limiting mixing and processing rates. The development of prevulcanization in hibitors has largely overcome this basic limitation and permits the achieve ment of higher mixing and processing throughput. This paper describes applications of a prevulcanization inhibitor for increasing output in the mixing operation and converting two-stage to single-stage mixing cycle. The measurement of total power consumption during mixing enables the savings in energy produced by such changes in cycle to be readily assessed. The same principle has also been applied to permit faster processing speeds during calendering and extrusion.
The Role of the Brass Surface Composition With Regard To Steel Cord Rubber Adhesion
Authors: Haemers G. , Mollet J.
Published: March 2007

The results of adhesion research clarify the role of copper and zinc in adhesion bonding and adhesion degradation. For the actual interpretation of the results, the difference between surface and average bulk composition must be considered. The tendency towards zinc enrich ment is mainly governed by the average brass coating composition. Besides this basic parameter, the drawing parameters may substantially influence the steel cord surface composition. The presence of ZnO in the brass surface not only influences the rubber-brass reaction, but the rate of sul fide film growth as well. A laboratory conditioning of the surface definitely reveals the real effects of average and surface composition.
Color Improvement of Petroleum Resin "Some Components Coloring Petroleum Resin in Thermal-Cracked Higher Fractions"
Authors: Iwase Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2007

A reaction of thermal-cracked higher fractions obtained from petroleum naptha with maleic anhydride gives a raw material affording a lighter color petroleum resin of 6 G than ordinarily produced one of 11 to 12 G, measured by Gardner scale. Then, some color components which were not yet reported, removed by the reaction, have been identified from the reaction products to be cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene, their dimers, methylnorbornadiene and ethylidene norbornene. It has also been found out that their color components are removable from the higher fractions in a considerably high selectivity by the reaction involving Diels- Alder reaction and copolymerization with maleic anhydride.
The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation On Polyurethane Solution and On Solid Polymer
Authors: Rek V. , Bravar M.
Published: March 2007

The course of photodegradation of polyurethane based on tolylene diisocyanate and polyoxypropylene glycol has been studied. The influence of the physical state of the polymer and of the irradiation dose on the reactions was establ ished.
Polymer Structure and Relative Toxicity of Off-Gases
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

An empirical relationship appears to exist between the chemical structure of a polymer and the relative toxicity of the off-gases produced under a specified set of test conditions. Similarities in animal response times are demonstrated between grossly different but chemically similar materials such as polyethylene and cooking oil, and such as cotton and cane sugar.
Applications of Usmani Modified Kepner-Tregoe Analysis
Authors: Usmani Arthur M.
Published: March 2007

In polymer and plastic research, many times a number of materials are evaluated that differ in their performance characteristics. In most cases, some sort of screening analysis is required for selection of the "best" material. This paper describes methodology and applications of such a method based on analysis of all property objectives and a resultant numerical rating.
Toxicity Data On Elastomers and Plastics Based On LC50 Using Dome Chamber Test
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The dome chamber toxicity test has been ex tensively used in the evaluation of elastomers and plastics. Much of the published data has been based on time-to- response measurements. Relative toxicity data based on LC50 measurements using the dome chamber toxicity test are presented. These data provide a measure of potency of toxic effects, in contrast to the measure of rapidity of action pro vided by time-to-response measurements.
The Use of Aromatic Secondary Diamine Based Curing Agents in Polyurethane Cast Elastomers
Authors: House D.W. , Scott R.V. , Baumann W.M.
Published: March 2007

In 1986, 4,4'-bis (sec-butylamino) diphenylmethane, or UNILINK 4200, was introduced as a curing agent for polyurethanes. At this time, it was shown to offer some unique properties due to its secondary alkyl group which can func tion as an internal plasticizer. A liquid at room temperature, this material was also found to blend easily with most other curing agents.
Urea Domain Structure in Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Creswick M.W. , Lee K.D. , Turner R.B. , Huber L.M.
Published: March 2007

Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to study the size, spacing, and phase mixing of polyurea domains formed in water-blown slabstock and molded foams. These domains are important in the loadbearing and other mechanical properties of foams since they act as both reinforcing fillers and as physical crosslinkers of the polymer. For polyether polyols, ethy lene oxide (EO) content and distribution, molecular weight, and water level were shown to have effects on domain structure. Foams made from a polyol which contain randomly distributed EO tend to have larger domain sizes and spacings than those from a similar polyol composed completely of propylene ox ide. A polyol which is composed mainly of propylene oxide and capped with a poly(ethylene oxide) block gives foams with somewhat smaller domain spac ings than the polyols with randomly distributed EO units. It was also found that higher polyol molecular weight gives larger domain spacings. The thick ness of the interface between the hard domain and soft domain regions was in creased significantly by EO capping. Comparison of domain spacing with theo retical values of hard and soft segment lengths showed good agreement.
Modification of Neodymium High cis-1,4 Polybutadiene with Tin Compounds
Authors: Hattori Iwakazu , Tsutsumi Fumio , Sakakibara Mitsuhiko , Makino Kenya
Published: March 2007

High cis-1,4 polybutadiene was modified with tin compounds. The polymerization of 1,3-butadiene was carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprised of neodymium 2-ethylhexanoate, acetylacetone, triisobutyl- aluminum, diisobutylaluminum hydride and ethylaluminumsesqui chloride. The reactive polymer was then modified with triphenyltin chloride. Tin content increased with the increase in the number of molecules. This increase can also be seen by GPC measurement with RI and UV dual detectors; that is, the inten sity of UV absorbance at the low molecular weight region was higher than that at the high molecular weight region.

From these results, this polymer was thought to be modified by tin com pounds at the chain terminal end.

The abrasion characteristics of the modified polymer were measured with a Pico abrasion tester and were found to be improved.
Polymeric Additives and Their Role in Asphaltic Pavements. Part I: Effect of Additive Type on the Fracture and Fatigue Behavior
Authors: Aglan H.
Published: March 2007

The effect of polymer modifier type on the fracture and fatigue be havior of AC-5 asphalt mixture was studied. Three polymer modifiers which belong to the general group of thermoplastic polymers; styrene-butadiene- styrene block copolymer (Kraton), ethylene vinyl acetate (Elvax) and polyeth ylene (Novophalt) were considered. Beams were prepared from AC-5 asphalt binder containing 6% of each polymer modifier by weight and the same grada tion. Flexural static tests were performed to evaluate the three polymer modifiers in comparison with unmodified AC-5 asphalt mixture. It was found that in general all three polymers increase the strength and the modulus of the asphalt pavement. SBS (Kraton) exhibits the highest flexibility and strength at room temperature (70°F). Invoking the modified crack layer model, fatigue crack propagation analysis revealed the superiority of the Kraton modified asphalt mixture to both Elvax and Novophalt mixtures. The modified crack layer model analysis of asphaltic pavements yields important information since it accounts for a combined comparison on the basis of crack speed, measured energy release rate, and the change in work expended on damage for mation and history dependent viscous dissipative processes.
Degradable Plastics: A Smart Approach to Various Applications
Authors: Andreopoulos Andreas G. , Theophanides Theo
Published: March 2007

The suitability of photodegradation and biodegradation technolo gies for specialty applications is discussed. The research on degradable polymers is reviewed with emphasis on the processes of photooxidation, pho tostabilization and photosensitization. The degradation mechanisms, reaction products, analytical procedures and additives are discussed. Also, recent devel opments on biodegradable materials are reported, including composites of com modity plastics with starch, polymers of α-hydroxyacids, etc. Biomedical plas tics based on lactic acid homopolymers or copolymers are another important field because of their versatility, which allows for successful product design. Typical applications are screws and plates used as implants for bone fixation or drug carriers. After the completion of a certain treatment, these materials degrade in the human body and do not require surgical retrieval.
Sex-role Differentiation Among Black and White Americans
Authors: Millham Jim , Smith Lynette E.
Published: March 2007

A comparison between Black and White Americans was undertaken with respect to sex-role differentiation based upon inherent personality characterizations. In addition, racial differences in attitudes toward sexual equality were investigated. The Black sample placed minimal value upon sex roles differentiated on the basis of trait-descriptive characteristics, whereas the White sample demonstrated substantial value for such differen tiation. Furthermore, while White subjects' endorsement of statements of sexual equality could be described by three general attitudinal sets, Blacks responded to such statements as largely independent beliefs. Discus sion of the social factors impacting these racial differ ences is presented, and hypotheses are made concerning the nature of sex-role differentiation among Black Americans.
Nursing Homes as Trouble
Authors: DIAMOND TIMOTHY
Published: March 2007

This article is drawn from participant observation in two nursing homes where the author worked as a nursing assistant. Based on conversations with residents, nursing assistants, and administrators, the ways in which everyday life in nursing homes is dominated by the ideology of capitalist medicine are illustrated. This is addressed in terms of the subordination of nursing assistants within a medical hierarchy, overemphasis on medical tasks in this work, and the pervasive assumption that residents of nursing homes are mentally ill. These are seen as mutually reinforcing components of nursing home culture, although experienced very differently by residents, nursing assistants, and administrators. While from the administrative standpoint they provide a rational model of organization, for residents and nursing assistants they create a climate that is counterproductive to health care.
Personal Conceptions of Social Integration among the Aging
Authors: UNRUH DAVID
Published: March 2007

Much of the research on the aging and other marginal or quasi-marginal groups has relied upon “objective” measures of social integration. This article focuses on the subjective conceptions developed by the aging themselves and the ways by which these “maps” help them plan, interpret, and evaluate their ties into society. Because of their emerging self-consciousness regarding their place in society, the aging may become everyday experts and practitioners of integrative strategies and tactics to a greater degree than many other people.
Fieldwork Roles and Informational Yield
Authors: SNOW DAVID A. , BENFORD ROBERT D. , ANDERSON LEON
Published: March 2007

One of the basic premises of role theory is that all roles, by virtue of their attendant rights and obligations, function as avenues and barriers to other roles and their information bases and perspectives. Using this premise as a point of departure, this article examines how different fieldwork roles facilitate and impede access to different types of information. The types of information considered include (1) direct experience, (2) observationally derived data, (3) members' narrations or their accounts and recounts of their practices and activities, and (4) the “hard data” variety associated with institutional record keeping and formal communication practices. Access to these varieties of information are analyzed in terms of four distinct fieldwork roles employed in studies of recruitment and conversion to a religious “cult,” decision making and intergroup competition and cooperation in the peace movement, and homelessness in a sun belt city. The analysis concludes with a discussion of a number of methodological implications regarding the relationship between different fieldwork roles and their relative informational yield.
Remaining an Outsider
Authors: HOROWITZ RUTH
Published: March 2007

Taking on the characteristics of the group being observed and becoming an insider is sometimes not only impractical but a disadvantage to the research process. This article analyzes the research identities negotiated by a female researcher in her study of Chicano gang members and the girls who hung around with them at the park. It is argued that these identities are not only shaped by epistemological and ethical concerns, but by the data to be collected and the interaction of the characteristics of the researcher and those of the setting and its members. Negotiating multiple identities and relationships untypical of those in the research setting and awareness of the content and consequences of these identities allows the researcher to use the appropriate identity to collect different kinds of data and to avoid some difficult situations that membership might make necessary.
The Conception/Birth of Jesus as a Christological Moment
Authors: Fuller Reginald H.
Published: March 2007

This paper is intended as a critique of Professor Raymond Brown's thesis that the Christology expressed in the birth narratives /1/ developed by a process of pushing back the post-resurrection Christology of Jesus' enthronement as Son of God first to the baptism and finally to his conception/birth. The argument is that the conception/birth was a christological moment with the Son of David Christology. It remains such in the sending of the Son pattern (which we argue should be distinguished from the pre-existence Christology), whence it provided the background for the Christology of the virginal-pneumatic conception.
The Matthean Apocalypse
Authors: Brown Schuyler
Published: March 2007

Most students of the gospels believe that Matthew and Luke are separated from their Marcan source by the catastrophic events of the Jewish War. This makes the difference between the Matthean and Lucan editing of the Marcan Apocalypse rather puzzling. Luke takes considerable liberty in updating Mark, but Matthew is so faithful to his source that the modern reader may assume that he is mainly repeating Mark in this section of his gospel. But though Matthew respects the Marcan wording more than Luke, he eliminates the breaks in Mark's discourse, so that sections originally concerned with the present or future, or even with God's final intervention, are reinterpreted in the light of history. The fulfilment of Jesus' prophecies warns Matthew's readers of a coming judgement like the one which overtook Jerusalem and prepares them for the universal mission mandate with which the gospel closes.
The List of the Tribes in Revelation 7 Again
Authors: Bauckham Richard
Published: March 2007

The anomalous features of the list of the tribes of Israel in Rev. 7.5-8 are not satisfactorily explained by the arguments of C.R,. Smith (JSNT 39 [1990], pp. 111-18). He misunderstands the relationship between the 144,000 (7.5-8) and the great multitude (7.9-14): the former is a traditional Jewish image which is given a Christian interpretation only in 7.9-14. Smith also neglects the many lists of the twelve tribes to be found in Jewish literature of the New Testament period. From these it appears that a list in the order of the birth of the patriarchs, but modified by the matriological principle, was widely regarded as normative. The list in Rev. 7 can be understood as derived, by changes partly intentional and partly unintentional, from this normative list.
John and the Gnostics: the Significance of the Apocryphon of John for the Debate About the Origins of the Johannine Literature
Authors: Logan Alastair H. B.
Published: March 2007

Irenaeus of Lyons (flor. AD 180), the first orthodox Christian writer to utilize the Fourth Gospel, claimed that it was written to refute heretics, particularly the Gnostics he describes in Adversus haereses 1.29 and 30. This article contends that careful analysis of the Gnostic myth underlying Adv. haer. 1.29 and the Apocryphon of John leads to the conclusion that it is fundamentally Christian and has already been influenced by Johannine ideas. It goes on to argue that Irenaeus's version represents a more original form which has been developed by the Apocryphon, whose myth, in turn, is reflected by the Trimorphic Protennoia, which has recently been claimed as the natural pre-Christian matrix of the Prologue. Thus, far from the Gnostic myth generating or influencing the Fourth Gospel and its Prologue in particular, it has been influenced by the Fourth Gospel.
Traditions and Redaction in Acts 2.1-13
Authors: Wedderburn A.J.M.
Published: March 2007

(1) Echoes of Jewish traditions concerning the giving of the Law and covenant at Sinai are too clear in Acts 2.1-13 to be coincidental, but the author of Acts betrays no awareness of the parallels. Yet those responsible for the traditions he used could have been aware of them and could have sought to contrast the giving of the Law and the giving of the Spirit. (2) These traditions may simply have spoken of the presence of 'pious men' in Jerusalem, to which the author has added 'Jews' (v. 5). (3) In vv. 9- 11 the author has taken over a list, perhaps originating in Syria, and to which he may have added the reference to Rome. (4) An account of ecstatic 'tongues' has been interpreted as a speaking in foreign languages, which the author has then in turn interpreted as prophecy.
Paul the Roman Citizen
Authors: van Minnen Peter
Published: March 2007

In this article the Roman citizenship of Paul as it is found in Acts is vindicated as a historical fact with reference to his association with the synagogue of the Libertini in Acts 6-8. Paul was the descendant of freedmen and inherited their Roman citizenship. This fits in well with the social structure of the early Roman empire, in which most newcomers to Roman citizenship had servile origins. There is no need to look for less ordinary ways of how first-century Jews like Paul might have become Roman citizens.
Are Paul's Thanksgivings 'Epistolary' ?
Authors: Reed Jeffrey T.
Published: March 2007

This study responds to a recent article by P. Arzt which in sum argues that Paul's thanksgivings are not of the kind found in epistolary traditions and, thus, should not be interpreted in light of them. In response, examples from the time of Paul as well as others are used to demonstrate that Paul's thanksgivings can be informed by epistolary thanksgiving traditions, both with respect to what Paul changes (perhaps for ideological reasons) and what Paul retains. Arzt has not demonstrated, either in terms of (1) the epistolary evidence or (2) his questionable methodological assump tions regarding epistolary formulas, that epistolary thanksgivings should not be used to shed light on Paul's thanksgivings. Nonetheless, Arzt correctly points out that the term 'introductory', when used to describe Pauline thanksgivings, is sometimes misleading and inaccurate.
No Son-of-God Christology in Matthew 1.18-25
Authors: Nolland J.
Published: March 2007

A Son of God Christology has repeatedly been found in Mt. 1.18-25. Despite an initial plausibility, this option is not to be followed. An examination of the role of the Spirit in vv. 18 and 20, the reference to 'the Lord' in the citation formula of v. 22, and the significance of the name 'Emmanuel' in v. 23 shows that the christological focus is, as A. Vögtle maintained, upon the initiative of God in the incorporation of Jesus into the line of David. There is more, but it is a more without precision, and only the unfolding of Matthew's story can take us further.
'Big Men' in Corinth
Authors: Carter Timothy L.
Published: March 2007

J.H. Neyrey's use of Douglas's 'Grid and Group' matrix to analyse differing atti tudes to the body in 1 Corinthians is contested. An analysis of the social situation underlying the letter reveals that the apostle should be 'high group / low grid', with a strong emphasis on corporate identity and rejection of the surrounding culture, while the Corinthians should be 'low group / high grid', with a lack of group cohesion and a readiness to integrate with the surrounding culture. In the light of Douglas's portrait of the 'Big Men' in New Guinea, it is suggested that the local leaders of the rival factions of 1.12 were competing with each other and with Paul himself for followers, and that 1 Cor. 1—4, 9 should be read as Paul's attempt to reassert his apostolic authority by defending himself against the attacks of the leaders of the local factions, and by appealing directly to the loyalty of the greater number of disadvantaged members of the church
Hellenistic Parallels To Acts 5.1-11 and the Problem of Conflicting Interpretations
Authors: Havelaar Henriette
Published: March 2007

In the present study an interpretation is offered of Acts 5.1-11 in the light of some Hellenistic parallels to this passage. Two methods of interpretation are reconciled: the content-based examination of the religio-historical excommunication narrative and the more literary-based examination of rule miracles of punishment. It is claimed that neither approach excludes the other, but highlights completely different aspects of the text; and that both contribute to the meaning of the whole. The conclusion states that we encounter here in the Ananias and Sapphira story a highly stylized form of excommunication given shape with the help of the literary form of the rule miracle of punishment. The Hellenistic parallels show that the first-century reader may very well have been familiar with stories about severe punishment as a sanction for blasphemy or lying.
On the (Mis)Definition of Q
Authors: Broadhead Edwin K.
Published: March 2007

Important developments in the study of the Sayings Tradition (Q) and growing aware ness of this issue beyond critical circles demand renewed attention to how the Sayings Tradition is defined and to the terminology by which it is described. Definitions based upon where this tradition is found or how it was used are no longer adequate. Future descriptions must be based upon the fundamental identity of this tradition and upon its role in the development of early Christianity. Furthermore, it is time to rethink the terminology by which we refer to the collection of Jesus' sayings. The relevance of the designation 'Q' is questionable, and the propriety of speaking of a Sayings Gospel is debatable. In light of these problems, new terminology is proposed, and a more descriptive definition of the Sayings Tradition is offered.
The Mother of the Sons of Zebedee (Matthew 27.56)
Authors: Cheney Emily
Published: March 2007

This brief article examines several interpretations of the role of the mother of the sons of Zebedee in Mt. 27.56. Most exegetes have neglected to assess or have insuffi ciently evaluated the mother's recurrent role in the Gospel of Matthew. The article then explains how her presence in Mt. 20.20-21 and 27.56 and her absence in Mt. 27.61 and 28.1 function to define discipleship in the Gospel of Matthew. Her absence rein forces Jesus' teachings that his disciples must leave their households and be loyal to their 'new family'. Her omission also affirms Jesus' mandate to his disciples in Mt. 28.16-20 that new disciples be added by baptizing and teaching them and, therefore, not through biological reproduction. This study of the mother's role suggests that fur ther examination of the relationship between asceticism and evangelism in the Gospel of Matthew would be fruitful.
An Apology for the Apologetic Function of 1 Thessalonians 2.1-12
Authors: Weima Jeffrey A.D.
Published: March 2007

Modem interpreters have too quickly abandoned the long-held view that Paul in 1 Thess. 2.1-12 is in some real sense defending himself. Despite the widespread claims of recent exegetes that this passage functions only as implicit parenesis in which Paul presents himself as a model for the Thessalonians to imitate, evidence from the thanksgiving section (1.2-10), the apostolic parousia (2.17-3.10), the anti thetical statements of 2.1-12, and the repeated appeals in this passage to the Thes salonians' first-hand knowledge about Paul's original ministry in their city strongly suggest that the primary function of 2.1-12 is defensive or apologetic. This apologetic function can be more fully appreciated in the light of a reconstruction of the passage's historical context.
Was Paul Out of His Mind? Re-Reading 2 Corinthians 5.13
Authors: Hubbard Moyer
Published: March 2007

Paul's use of the words έξίστηιμ and σωϕρoνέω in 2 Cor. 5.13 has proven ex tremely difficult for interpreters. Some believe Paul is making reference to a charge of eccentric behavior, while others think he is alluding to his own ecstatic expe rience. This article argues that the complaint of 2 Cor. 5.13 should be read in light of the central complaint leveled against Paul in Corinth: his poor rhetorical skills (10.10; 11.6; 12.19; 13.3). After demonstrating the prominence of this issue in 2 Cor. 10-12, 1 Cor. 1-4 and 2 Cor. 2-5, this article allows Paul's detractors to explain their terminology. Understood as a complaint against Paul from those whose rhetorical tastes were more refined, the language of 2 Cor. 5.13 is consid erably illuminated. Both έξίστημτ and σωϕρoνέω were used in rhetorical hand books in relation to proper oratorical style. This reading anchors this text firmly within the literary context, while also reflecting issues prominent in the Greco- Roman world of first-century Corinth.
Barnabas in Acts: a Study of His Role in the Text of Codex Bezae
Authors: Read-Heimerdinger Jenny
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to establish Barnabas's function in the early church by comparing the readings of Codex Bezae with the more familiar Alexandrian text. Codex Bezae pays more attention to Barnabas's Hellenistic Jewish background and to his role as a model of goodness and encouragement. The significance of this emphasis derives from an additional Bezan mention of Barnabas at Acts 1.23 as one of the candidates to replace Judas. Applying traditional Jewish techniques of exegesis, Codex Bezae identifies Barnabas with the biblical figure of Joseph. The implications are that Barnabas ought to have been selected, the error arising from the apostles' lack of understanding. It is concluded that the Bezan readings represent the original text which was modified in order to attenuate the Jewish perspective and to remove the embarrassment of apostolic fallibility.
Word-initial consonant omissions - a developmental process in children learning Finnish
Authors: Savinainen-Makkonen Tuula
Published: March 2007

In early speech development it may be argued that children often focus on the word-initial position. Word-initial consonant omission is seen as an atypical process in child language because it has seldom been reported in the literature on normal development. This study analyses the early speech development of six Finnish children with special emphasis upon singleton consonants in the word-initial position. On the basis of this study one may suggest that word-initial consonant omission is a developmental process for children learning Finnish. All six children underwent this early process of omission; from the first ten words onwards, omissions occurred for six months on average. While children learning English mainly target monosyllables in their early speech production, the Finnish child targets words with two or more syllables. Does the Finnish child focus his or her attention more on the middle part of the word when listening to or targeting long words? In addition, the medial geminates, frequently targeted by the Finnish child, may cause children to focus on the middle of a word.
The interaction between phonological processing, syntactic awareness and reading: a longitudinal study from Kindergarten to Grade 1
Authors: Plaza Monique
Published: March 2007

This longitudinal study examined the development of phono logical processing (phonological loop, phonological sensitivity) and syntactic awareness from Kindergarten to Grade 1, and addressed the question of their interaction with reading. The subjects were 37 French-speaking children. The experimental design consisted of a set of six tasks administered in two sessions. In the second phase of the study, reading efficiency was also evaluated. The individual profiles of the children with reading difficulties were analysed. The major findings reveal: (1) that the kindergarten children who exhibited early syntactic skills and syllable processing made particularly significant progress in consonant identification after one year of reading instruction; (2) that, within phonological sensitivity, syllable processing significantly contributed to reading; (3) that the relevance of syntactic awareness to reading could not be ruled out. This investigation also provided support for implementing early therapy programmes involving both phonological and syntactic features for children with reading disabilities.
Awareness of linear and nonlinear morphology in Hebrew: a developmental study
Authors: Ravid Dorit , Malenky Adina
Published: March 2007

The study explores the interface of language typology, universal predispositions, language awareness and school instruction through the examination of two morphological domains in Hebrew: linear formation of stem-and-suffix words and nonlinear Semitic formation of root-and-pattern affixation. One hundred children, adolescents and adults were administered five tasks testing awareness of roots, morphological patterns, stems and suffixes in inflection and in derivation. Two major findings are reported and analysed: awareness of linear constructions emerges earlier than awareness of nonlinear forms, and stems (roots and word stems) are easier to construe than affixes (morphological patterns and suffixes). The paper discusses the inter-action of language acquisition and use with linguistic awareness, and the effect of tasks on different degrees of morphological awareness in Hebrew.
The transition from affective to linguistic meaning
Authors: Friend Margaret
Published: March 2007

This paper reports a transition from affective to linguistic meaning in 15-month-old infants. Behaviour regulation in the context of a social referencing procedure is used as a measure of the meaning of stimulus messages for infants. Of particular interest is the extent to which receptive vocabulary predicts behaviour regulation by language and paralanguage. Approving and disapproving lexical content was completely crossed with approving and disapproving facial and vocal paralanguage to produce stimulus messages. At the group level, the behaviour of 15-month-olds was better regulated by paralanguage than by lexical content. However, receptive vocabulary was a significant predictor of the relative primacy of language and paralanguage: infants who understood the lexical content of stimulus messages were better regulated by lexical content than by paralanguage. These data suggest a transition from affective to linguistic meaning in comprehension that parallels the transition from affective expression to expression that integrates affect and language.
Use of low structured observation for assessing communicative intents in young children
Authors: Holdgrafer Gary E. , Dunst Carl J.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-six normally developing children (18 boys and 18 girls), evenly divided into three age groups from 13-30 months of age, were observed while playing with their mothers. Their communicative behaviours were recorded according to intent (comment, request, reject) and level (non-verbal, verbal-contextual and verbal-decon textual). Rejects occurred significantly less often than either comments or requests, which did not differ significantly, across age groups at nonverbal and verbal-contextual levels. Results were mixed at the decontextual level. Decontextual utterances were very infrequent, as were maternal decontextual utterances in a follow-up tally. This finding appeared to be a function of the play materials. Implications for the use of low structured observation are discussed.
Early acquisition of epistemic meanings in Korean: a study of sentence-ending suffixes in the spontaneous speech of three children
Authors: Choi Soonja
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the form and function of sentence-ending suffixes in the speech of three Korean children between 1;8 and 2;11. The major findings are that before 2;0 years Korean children make a clear morphological distinction between requests and statements, and that when they make statements they distinguish among three types of propositions, each with a distinct form: (1) the information has been recently acquired by the child through direct experience, and it is in the process of being assimilated to the child's knowledge system (-TA); (2) the information has been assimilated to his/her knowledge system (-E); (3) the information is established and, in addition, it is certain and is shared by the interactant (-CI). These denote different types of epistemic meaning in that they mark various degrees of integration of knowledge in the child's mind. Our data also suggest that Korean children make these epistemic distinctions before deontic ones, e.g., desire, intention.
Signed English in the classroom, II. Structural and pragmatic aspects of teachers' speech and sign
Authors: Wood Heather , Wood David , Kingsmill Marian
Published: March 2007

In the first paper in this series (S.E.C. I) we investigated the effects of teaching style on pupil participation in discourse in classrooms where Signed English (S.E.) was employed for communication. In the present paper, we analyse the same classroom conversations from a different perspective. We present analyse of aspects of the grammatical complexity and completeness of teacher speech. We find no evidence to suggest that the simultaneous use of sign language disrupts the grammatical well-formedness of teacher utterances but, through comparisons with the speech of teachers in oral classrooms, find that signing appears to reduce the incidence of complex clause structures in teacher communication.

As in previous studies, we find that the complexity of teacher speech to deaf children does not vary significantly as a function of child age (or hearing loss or non-verbal IQ). Counter-intuitively, we also find that teachers who use most complex language are faced with children who show least signs of misunderstanding. The educational implications of this finding are discussed in relation to previous studies of hearing and orally educated deaf children. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analyses are used to explore relationships between teaching style, grammatical complexity and child performance. The implications of the resultant findings for hypotheses about the impact of the use of signs on communication with deaf children are explored.

Further use of MLR procedures reveals that the relations between teaching style and child participation are largely independent of the frequency of teacher signing.
GAPS in the verb lexicons of children with specific language impairment
Authors: Rice Mabel L. , Bode John V.
Published: March 2007

This is a study of the verb lexicons of three preschool boys with specific language impairment. The database was a corpus of 5486 spontaneous utterances collected over a 3-month period. The children relied heavily on a small set of General All-Purpose (GAP) verbs to fill the verb functions. Their overall verb error rate was very low (2% of their utterances). In general, their verb usage conformed to expected rules of form class assignment and argument structure. Their occasional substitution errors suggest semantic mismarkings and on-line problems of stem retrieval. Overall, the picture is of localized verb learning, at an early stage of mastery, supplemented by heavy use of the GAP verbs.
Maternal conversational control and the development of deaf children: a test of the stage hypothesis
Authors: Musselman Carol , Churchill Adele
Published: March 2007

A longitudinal study was conducted of maternal conversational control in 34 dyads of mothers and their deaf preschool children. Half of the dyads used total communication (TC) and half used auditory-oral (A/O) communication. Using first year data, the dyads were divided into Hi and Lo levels of maternal conver sational control and Hi and Lo levels of children's communicative competence. Analysis of children's gains indicated that a Lo level of turn control was associated with greater expressive gains in both the Lo and Hi competence groups; turn control bore no relationship to receptive gains. Maternal response control interacted with communication level and communication mode to predict differential gains. The implications of the findings for a stage hypothesis are discussed.
Complexity metrics and growth curves for measuring grammatical development from five to ten
Authors: Kemper Susan , Rice Karla , Chen Ying-Ju
Published: March 2007

This project evaluated a set of metrics for assessing the complexity of language samples elicited from school-aged children. The metrics included: mean length of utterance in words (MLU) and in clauses (MCU), Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS), Developmental Level (DLevel), the Index of Productive Syntax, and propositional density. Each metric was applied to 24 narratives told by children 5-10 years of age collected by Sutton- Smith (1981) and to a second corpus of 38 narratives told by children 5-8 years of age collected by Hicks (1990). MLU, MCU, DSS and DLevel measures were modelled by logistic population growth curves. The growth curve analysis indicated that the MCU, DSS, and DLevel metrics are parametric variations of the same underlying function and revealed that syntactic development acclerated rapidly from the fourth to the sixth year of age, then gradually slowed to an asympotic level at approximately eight years of age.
Japanese preschool children's narrative development
Authors: Minami Masahiko
Published: March 2007

This study analysed oral personal narratives of 20 middle-class Japanese preschoolers, half of them four years old and half five, and their mothers, using stanza analysis and high point analysis. The patterning in stanzas revealed that, compared to four-year- olds, five-year-olds have begun to use the form of adult-like narratives. High point analysis indicated that compared to four- year-olds, five-year-olds have begun to evaluate in the form of adult-like narratives. The results suggest that the preschool years, during which various narrative components evolve, represent a period of extremely rapid development in the child's acquisition of narrative capacity. They also illustrate that from early childhood on, Japanese children learn the narrative mode of discourse valued by their mothers.
Language origin accounts: was the gesture in the beginning?
Authors: Bonvillian John D. , Garber Amanda Miller , Dell Susan B.
Published: March 2007

Human beings have long been intrigued by questions about language precedence and the origins of language. Accounts abound, from diverse-cultures, of concerted efforts to answer these questions. In the Greek historian Herodotus' account of a language study by King Psammetichus of Ancient Egypt. the first word spoken by children reared without speech input was 'bekos', the Phrygian word for bread. This utterance established, for many Egyptians, that Phrygian was the world's oldest language. In various other historical accounts of children reared without exposure to speech, the children also reportedly learned a spoken language. The languages that the children purportedly acquired, however, differed between accounts. This failure to replicate results calls into question the claims made about the particular languages acquired and may raise doubts as to whether the studies were actually conducted. There is, however, compelling evidence that at least one study of children reared without exposure to spoken language definitely took place. This study was conducted about 400 years ago under the direction of Akbar, the emperor of Hindustan. The outcome was quite different from that of the other studies. The young children, who were reared by mute nurses, failed to acquire any spoken language. Instead, according to several accounts, these children communicated through gestures. This finding is consistent with the view that the roots of language are in gesture.
The emergence of tense-aspect morphology in Japanese: universal predisposition?
Authors: Shirai Yasuhiro
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the emergence and later development of three tense-aspect markers in Japanese - -ta (past), -te i- (durative), and -ru (non-past) - in the data of three Japanese children. It was found that the emergence of tense-aspect morphology in Japanese does not necessarily follow the prediction of the Aspect Hypothesis (Shirai & Andersen 1995), but is mediated by typological facts of Japanese, and that there is individual variation in the acquisition of morphology. The results of the study suggest that predictions concerning early verb morphology should not be taken so strongly, and that various factors should be considered as determinants of the emergence of tense-aspect morphology.