bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Even if I Don't Know What I'm Doing I Can Make It Look like I Know What I'm Doing”: Becoming a Doctor in the 1990s*
Authors: Beagan Brenda L.
Published: July 2010

Les processus de socialisation des médecins documentés dans Boys in White et d'autres textes classiques n'ont guère changé, 40 ans plus tard, malgré une population étudiante manifestement plus variée. La plus grande différence se trouve dans la façon dont les étudiants d'aujourdhui intègrent leur identité professionnelle naissante au moi établi avant l'école de médecine. L'identité professionnelle pourrait moins bien correspondre au moi quand les étudiants sont des femmes, plus âgés, de la classe ouvrière, homosexuels ou de groupes minoritaires. Pourtant, ces étudiants pourraient posséder une certaine capacité de résistance à la socialisation professionnelle.

The processes of medical professional socialization documented in Boys in White and other classics remain remarkably unchanged 40 years later, despite a markedly more diverse student population. The greatest difference lies in how students today integrate their emerging professional identities with the selves they were before medical school. The professional identity may “fit” less easily when students are women, older, working‐class, gay or lesbian, or from visible minority groups. Yet these students may also enjoy a particular ability to resist professional socialization.
The Bog‐like Ground on Which We Tread: Arbitrating Academic Freedom in Canada*
Authors: Gillin Charles T.
Published: July 2010

Le sens de la liberté universitaire est en partie construit socialement au moyen de l'arbitrage. Cet article examine ce processus dans un contexte légal plus large et analyse les cas d'arbitrage de liberté universitaire les plus pertinents au Canada. Il étudie ce que nous révèle la construction sociale des arbitres concernant la liberté universitaire et comment les conditions conceptuelles et structurales de l'arbitrage influent sur son sens.

The meaning of academic freedom is, in part, socially constructed through arbitration. This article examines that process in the larger legal context and analyses the most relevant Canadian arbitrations of academic freedom. It examines what the social construction by arbitrators tells us about academic freedom and how the conceptual and structural conditions of arbitration affect its meaning.
Which Barbarians at the Gates? From the Culture Wars to Market Orthodoxy in the North American Academy
Authors: Kurasawa Fuyuki
Published: July 2010

Dans cet article, l'auteur soutient que les liens entre les deux orientations principales qui caractérisent le monde universitaire nord‐américain au cours de la dernière décennie (soit les guerres culturelles et la « marchandisation ») doivent etre analysées de manière plus explicite qu'elles ne Font été jusqu'à présent. Plutôt que de fournir une description empirique détaillée de ces développements, nous pro‐posons une critique d'inspiration théorique de certaines des principales thèses de la droite en identiflant les intérects et les effets sociopolitiques qui les sous‐tendent. Nous tentons done de démontrer que la présente periode néolibérale de restructuration de l'université est le resultat profondément politique et nécessairement contesté d'un rétrécissement du champ de ses possibilités historiques.

This paper contends that the links between the North American academy's two defining trends over the past decade (namely, the culture wars and commodification) need to be explored more explicitly than has hitherto been done. Rather than providing a detailed empirical description of these developments, what is proposed is a theoretically driven critique of some of the Right's main positions by identifying their underlying socio‐political interests and effects. All in all, the paper aims to demonstrate that the current, neo‐liberal phase of academic restructuring is a deeply politicized and contested product of the narrowing of the scope of historical possibilities for the university.
Politicizing Aboriginal Cultural Tourism: The Discourse of Primitivism in the Tourist Encounter*
Authors: DEUTSCHLANDER SIEGRID , MILLER LESLIE J.
Published: July 2010

Le tourisme cultural amérindien est un secteur de L'industrie touristique canadienne potentiellement en forte croissance, qui connaît un vif succès auprès des visiteurs européens, surtout les Allemands. Le présent article recourt à L'analyse du discours pour examiner les rencontres touristiques qui se déroulent dans les différents lieux touristiques amérindiens du sud de L'Alberta. Il analyse la construction de L'«indianite» et de la culture amérindienne par les guides amérindiens et les visiteurs étrangers. Il appert que ces constructions sont façonnées par le discours primitiviste qui, ironiquement, renforce la notion de «noble sauvage» héritée des Lumières. Nous discutons L'idée selon laquelle le discours primitiviste, malgré ses aspects colonialistes et essentialistes, peut représenter une stratégie de résistance envers un système social perçu comme une source d'oppression par plusieurs Premières Nations.

Aboriginal cultural tourism is a potentially high‐growth segment of the Canadian tourism industry that is currently enjoying widespread demand among Europeans, especially German visitors. This paper uses a discourse analysis approach to examine the tourist encounter at various Aboriginal tourist sites in southern Alberta. It analyses the negotiation of “Indianness” and Indian culture by both Native interpreters and foreign visitors. These negotiations are shown to be informed by the primitivist discourse that, ironically, reinforces the Enlightenment notion of the “noble savage.” We argue that, despite its colonialist and essentialist aspects, the primitivist discourse can nevertheless function as a strategy of resistance to a social system viewed by many First Nations as politically oppressive.
The Employment Experiences of Canadian Refugees: Measuring the Impact of Human and Social Capital on Quality of Employment*
Authors: LAMBA NAVJOT K.
Published: July 2010

Passant en revue les expériences de réétablissement de 525 réfugiés adultes vivant au Canada, cette étude utilise une approche de régression multiple pour faire une enquête sur les répercussions du capital humain et social sur la qualité de L'emploi des réfugiés. La «théorie de la structuration « de Giddens fournit un cadre interprétatif utile pour décrire comment la compétence des réfugiés est contrainte ou habilitée par les règies et les ressources régissant le processus d'intégration à L'emploi. Les résultats montrent que les réfugiés ont recours aux liens à la fois de la famille et du groupe ethnique dans la recherche d'un emploi. Cependant, restreints par une combinaison de barrières structurales, un nombre significatif de réfugiés découvrent que leur capital humain a peu ou pas de valeur sur le marché du travail canadien et, de plus, que les réseaux qu'ils utilisent en ce moment ne sont peut‐être pas suffisants pour compenser la chute de leur mobilité d'emploi.

Examining the resettlement experiences of 525 adult refugees living in Canada, this study uses a multiple regression approach to investigate the impact of human and social capital on refugees' quality of employment. Giddens' structuration theory acts as a useful interpretive framework to describe how refugee agency is constrained and enabled by the rules and resources governing the employment integration process. Results show that refugees use both family and ethnic‐group ties as resources in searching for employment. However, constrained by a combination of structural barriers, a significant proportion of refugees find that their human capital has little or no value in the Canadian labour market and, moreover, that the networks refugees are presently employing may not be sufficient to compensate for their downward occupational mobility.
Native Informant as Impossible Perspective: Information, Subalternist Deconstruction and Ethnographies of Globalization*
Authors: MOOKERJEA SOURAYAN
Published: July 2010

La connaissance produite au moyen de L'ethnographie est longtemps entrée dans la culture populaire, et la propagation de stéréotypes et d'informations à propos de différences culturelles est un trait caractéristique de notre époque. Jusquà présent, L'intégration de L'ethno‐graphie dans les circuits de L'information de la culture postmoderne a peu retenu L'attention de la critique. Comment la recherche ethno‐graphique sur la mondialisation peut‐elle s'opposer à une réduction formelle des idées dans le monde de L'information ? Cet article repense la pratique de la théoricienne littéraire Gayatri Spivak selon laquelle la «déconstruction subalterniste« est une stratégie critique d'appréhension de L'ethnographie. Cette déconstruction ouvre la porte à une politique matérialiste de la forme en assistant à la fiction implicite dans la métaphore du texte social.

Knowledge produced through ethnography has long flowed into popular culture, and the circulation of stereotypes and information about cultural differences is a characteristic feature of our time. Yet the integration of ethnography into the circuits of information of postmodern culture has received little critical attention. How can ethnographic research on globalization resist the formal reduction of ideas into information? This essay reworks literary theorist Gayatri Spivak's practice of subalternist deconstruction as a critical strategy of reading ethnography. Subalternist deconstruction enables a materialist politics of form by attending to the fiction implicit in the metaphor of the social text.
Exploring Perspectives in Narrative Research: An Indonesian Case Study*
Authors: PORTER MARILYN , HASAN TITA MARLITA
Published: July 2010

Cet article veut examiner le processus par lequel deux chercheures, situées à des endroits très différents, analysent les données d'une étude qu'elles ont menée ensemble. À partir d'un projet de recherche narrative dans un groupe de collaboration, soutenus par un groupe central du programme d'études supérieures en études de la condition féminine à L'Université d'Indonésie (programme Kajian Wanita), les rôles de la chercheure canadienne et de la chercheure indonésienne étaient d'une importance cruciale à la fois dans la conceptualisation et dans L'analyse des données. Les auteures explorent ici quelques‐unes des façons par lesquelles leur position différente influe à la fois sur leur relation en tant que chercheures et sur leur analyse des données.

This paper is an attempt to examine the process whereby two researchers, situated very differently, analysed the data arising from a jointly conducted study. The roles of the Canadian and the Indonesian researcher were crucially important in both framing and analysing the data arising from a collaborative group narrative research project, carried out with a core group in the graduate program in Women's Studies at the University of Indonesia (Program Studi Kajian Wanita). In this paper we explore some of the ways in which our different positioning affected both our relationship as researchers and our analyses of the data.
Misplaced Metaphor: A Critical Analysis of the “Knowledge Society”*
Authors: UNGAR SHELDON
Published: July 2010

Cet article soutient que la métaphore de la société du savoir est une transposition non critique de L'économie du savoir. On y examine trois approches différentes: L'idée d'un citoyen bien informé, les mesures institutionnelles et les attentes sociales pour être bien informé ainsi que le rôle d'Internet dans sa prestation de renforcements critiques d'une société du savoir. Ces trois approches se révèlent sérieusement déficientes. L'article suggGre qu'une culture peu encline au savoir serait une meilleure métaphore dans la mesure où les processus sociaux créant un haut degré de spécialisation du savoir en milieu de travail peuvent servir à accroître L'ignorance dans la société en general.

This paper argues that the knowledge society metaphor is an uncritical transposition from the knowledge economy. It examines three different approaches to the former. These include the idea of the well‐informed citizen, the institutional arrangements and social expectations for being knowledgeable, and the role of the Internet in providing critical underpinnings of a knowledge society. All three approaches are found to be seriously deficient. The paper suggests that a knowledge‐aversive culture may be a better metaphor, as the social processes creating a high degree of knowledge specialization in the workplace may serve to increase ignorance in the broader society.
From Structure to Dynamics: A Paradigm Shift in Social Movements Research?
Authors: TINDALL DAVID B.
Published: July 2010

DOUG McADAM, SIDNEY TARROW and CHARLES TILLY, Dynamics of Contention
Disaster or Sustainability: The Dance of Human Agents with Nature's Actants*
Authors: MURPHY RAYMOND
Published: July 2010

Cet article défend une recherche sociologique qui allie le meilleur du constructionisme social avec le réalisme critique, et qui intègre la sociologie des catastrophes à la sociologie environnementale. Il montre comment les perceptions de la gestion des catastrophes sont socialement construites au moyen d'une action communicative dans un contexte d'incitations venant des ≪ actants≫ de la nature, comment les autorités sont tentées de remplacer la transparence par le secret quand ces incitations deviennent particulièrement dangereuses et comment les catastrophes sont utilisées a d'autres fins. La tempête de verglas de Janvier 1998, qui donnait l'impression d'etre une catastrophe naturelle (la plus dispendieuse de l'histoire canadienne), était plutôt un hybride déclenché par des constructions de la nature primale qui sont devenues désastreuses où la nature recombinante vulnérable est devenue socialement construite.

This paper argues for sociological research that combines the best of social constructionism and critical realism and that integrates disaster sociology with environmental sociology. It documents how perceptions of managing disaster are socially constructed through communicative action in a context of prompts from nature's actants, how authorities are tempted to replace openness with secrecy when those prompts become particularly dangerous, and how disasters are used for other purposes. The January 1998 ice storm that seemed a natural disaster (the most expensive in Canadian history) was instead a hybrid initiated by primal nature's constructions that became disastrous where vulnerable recombinant nature had been socially constructed.
Time Warped: The Flexibilization and Maximization of Flight Attendant Working Time*
Authors: SHALLA VIVIAN
Published: July 2010

Le temps de travail a été le sujet de débats et de luttes tout au long de l'histoire du capitalisme industriel, et le contexte actuel de transformation économique et sociale rapide a sur lui de profondes répercussions. Au moyen d'une étude de cas des nouvelles réalités de temps de travail des agentes et agents de bord d'Air Canada, cet article aide à améliorer notre compréhension des répercussions de ces mutations sur les travailleuses et travailleurs dans notre économie de services en pleine croissance. Je veux montrer que le régime de temps de travail de l'aviation commerciale de l'époque de la mondialisation‐déréglementation a renforcé la réification de la force de travail des agentes et agents de bord.

Working time has been the subject of debates and struggles throughout the history of industrial capitalism, and the current context of rapid economic and social transformation is having profound repercussions on it. Through a case study of the new working‐time realities of flight attendants at Air Canada, this article helps fill the gap in our understanding of the impact of changing temporalities on workers in the ever‐expanding service economy. I demonstrate that the globalization/ deregulation‐era airline‐industry working‐time regime has deepened the commodity status of flight attendant labour power.
From the Environment to the Workplace and Back Again? Occupational Health and Safety Activism in Ontario, 1970s–2000*
Authors: STOREY ROBERT
Published: July 2010

Cet article aborde la question des alliances entre les mouvements sociaux au moyen d'une étude sur la possibilité d'une convergence ou d'une alliance entre deux des mouvements sociaux les plus stables en Ontario au cours des trois dernières décennies: la santé et la sécurité au travail (SST) et les mouvements environnementaux. Les deux mouvements ont non seulement duré, mais ils ont été couronnés de succès. Aujourd'hui, cependant, chaque mouvement est fractionné et au repos. Les développements politiques récents poussent plusieurs activistes des mouvements ouvriers ou de la SST à réclamer une alliance avec les mouvements environnementaux. L'auteur soutient que, bien qu'il existe un bénéfice pour les deux mouvements en de telles entreprises, des différences de classes continuelles entre ces deux mouvements militent contre toute alliance durable.

This article addresses the issue of alliances between social movements through an investigation into the possibility of a convergence and/or alliance between two of the most enduring social movements in Ontario over the past three decades: the occupational health and safety (OHS) and the environmental movements. Both movements have not only endured, but been successful movements. Presently, however, each movement is fragmented and becalmed. Recent political developments are leading many OHS/labour movement activists to argue for an alliance with environmental movements. I argue that while there is benefit to both movements in such undertakings, continuing class differences between these two movements militates against any enduring alliance.
Feminist Activists On‐line: A Study of the PAR‐L Research Network*
Authors: OLLIVIER MICHÈLE , ROBBINS WENDY , BEAUREGARD DIANE , BRAYTON JENNIFER , SAUVÉ GENEVIÈVE
Published: July 2010

Dans cet article, les auteures analysent une des premières listes de discussion électronique féministes canadiennes, PAR‐L (Liste politique, action, recherche). En se fondant en grande partie sur les résultats d'un sondage en ligne effectué auprès des abonnées et abonnés de PAR‐L, elles démontrent que, même chez les féministes sensibles aux questions de diversité et d'egalité, les écarts de pouvoir liés au sexe, à l'âge, au langage et à l'affiliation professionnelle influent sur l'interaction en ligne. Alors qu'elles reconnaissent que la présence simultanée de différences dans un espace partagé crée des tensions, elles soutiennent que cette caractéristique a également le potentiel d'améliorer la communication démocratique et d'approfondir la compréhension mutuelle à l'intérieur du mouvement des femmes, menant à un plus grand sens de la connexité et du bien‐etre chez les participantes.

This paper presents an analysis of one of Canada's first feminist electronic discussion lists, PAR‐L (Policy, Action, Research List). Based largely on the results of an on‐line survey of PAR‐L subscribers, we show that, even among feminists sensitive to issues of diversity and equality, power differentials related to gender, age, language and professional affiliation influence on‐line interaction. While we acknowledge that the co‐presence of differences in a shared space creates tensions, we argue that it also has the potential to enhance democratic communication and deepen mutual understanding within the women's movement, leading to a greater sense of connectedness and well‐being among participants.
The Acculturation of Canadian Immigrants: Determinants of Ethnic Identification with the Host Society*
Authors: Walters David , Phythian Kelli , Anisef Paul
Published: July 2010

En utilisant le Canada comme exemple, nous tentons de déterminer jusquà quel point les immigrants adoptent l'identitée ethnique de leur pays d'accueil, empruntant ou non une identité ethnique d'assimilés ou d'intégrés. Nous portons une attention particulière à l'impact de I'intégration économique, du nombre d'années écoulées depuis lémigration, de l'origine ethnique et de l'appartenance à une minorité visible sur l'identité ethnique. Étonnamment, nos résultats démontrent que les indicateurs du succès économique tels que le statut professionnel, l'emploi et les revenus antérieurs n'ont aucune influence sur léventualité que les immigrants endossent ou non l'identité de leur société d'accueil. L'analyse statistique de cet article s'appuie sur la documentation actuelle sur l'acculturation.

Using Canada as an example, we examine the extent to which immigrants take on the ethnic identity of their host country, thus displaying either an assimilated, integrated, or neither assimilated nor integrated ethnic identity. We pay particular attention to the impact of economic integration, years since migration, ethnic origin and visible minority status on ethnic identity. Surprisingly, our findings reveal that indicators of economic success such as employment status, occupation and prior earnings do not have an impact on whether immigrants will assume the identity of their host society. The statistical analysis for this paper is situated within the existing acculturation literature.
Clinical research on the bio‐debridement effect of maggot therapy for treatment of chronically infected lesions
Authors: Wang Shou‐yu , Wang Jiang‐ning , Lv De‐cheng , Diao Yun‐peng , Zhang Zhen
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To evaluate the bio‐debridement effect of maggot therapy for treating chronically infected lesions.

Methods:  A retrospective study was conducted of 25 patients with diabetic foot ulcers and 18 patients with pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury treated by maggot therapy or traditional dressing. Changes in the lesions were observed and bacterial cultures tested.

Results:  All ulcers healed completely. The times taken to achieve bacterial negativity, granulation and healing of lesions were all significantly shorter in the maggot therapy group than in the control group, both for diabetic foot ulcers (P < 0.05) and pressure ulcers (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Maggot therapy is a safe and effective method for treating chronically infected lesions.
Arthroscopic Repair of a Traumatic Massive Posterior Rotator Cuff Tear in a 14-year-old Teenager
Authors: Sanghera Nuvkearyn Samantha , Funk Lennard
Published: July 2010

Rotator cuff tears in adolescents are extremely rare, with no reported cases of arthroscopic repair being available in the literature thus far. A 14-year-old boy sustained a traumatic tear of his supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles of the rotator cuff during a fall off his motorcycle during a motocross race. He also sustained a contralateral mid-shaft clavicle fracture. The rotator cuff was repaired arthroscopically with two rows of double loaded suture anchors. The clavicle was fixed with an elastic intramedullary nail. This was followed by intensive physiotherapy, and the patient returned to full pre-injury function in his shoulder by 6 months postoperatively.
Resurfacing Hemiarthroplasty for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Shoulder
Authors: Rumian Adam P. , Singh Parminder J. , Raza Naeem , Thomas Michael
Published: July 2010

Background

The present study reports a retrospective case series detailing our experience of the use of Copeland surface replacement hemiarthroplasty (CSRA) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of the shoulder.

Methods

Fifty-three CSRAs were performed in 45 patients between 1994 and 2004. Forty-six shoulders were followed up at a mean of 62.5 months (range 24 months to 150 months). Assessment included a Constant score, patient satisfaction score, and plain radiographs.

Results

The Constant score improved in all shoulders, from a pre-operative mean of 15.2 to 46.3. Mean abduction improved from 27° to 78°, mean flexion from 47° to 92°, and mean external rotation from 9° to 34°. Fifty-two percent of shoulders showed superior subluxation on plain radiographs. Seven shoulders had over 2 mm of glenoid erosion, of which one underwent reoperation. No implants were loose or required revision. One humeral neck fracture was successfully treated non-operatively. Four shoulders required arthroscopic subacromial decompression.

Discussion

CSRA provides satisfactory results in RA compared to more conventional stemmed implants and total shoulder arthroplasty.
Conservative versus Operative Management of Complex Proximal Humeral Fractures: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Nanidis Theodore G. , Majed Addie , Liddle Alexander D. , Constantinides Vassilios A. , Sivagnanam Priya , Tekkis Paris P. , Reilly Peter , Emery Roger J.
Published: July 2010

Background

The optimal management of complex proximal humeral fractures is debatable. The present study uses meta-analytical techniques to compare conservative and operative management of proximal humeral fractures with respect to morbidity and functional outcomes.

Methods

Studies published between 1970 and 2007 comparing conservative and operative treatment of proximal humeral fractures were included. The end points evaluated were morbidity and functional outcomes. A random effects model was used and sensitivity analysis was performed to account for bias in patient selection.

Results

Ten studies matched the selection criteria, reporting on 486 patients. Two hundred and nineteen (45%) were managed conservatively, 174 (36%) underwent operative fixation and 93 (19%) underwent hemiarthroplasty. Mean follow-up ranged from 6 months to 156 months. No significant difference was demonstrated in post-treatment Constant scores (weighted mean difference = 1.62, –7.12, 10.36), rate of avascular necrosis [odds ratio (OR) = 0.92, confidence interval (CI) = 0.37–2.30] ongoing pain or non-union (OR = 1.28, CI = 0.11–15.46) between the groups. These findings remained consistent when considering studies matched for three- and four-part fractures and fracture dislocations.

Conclusion

On the basis of available comparative data, there is no demonstrable difference in outcomes between fractures managed surgically or conservatively. There is a need for large, randomised trials to guide management of these fractures.
Pain and Function in Patients with Rheumatic Disease and Elbow Arthroplasty: Clinical and Methodological Aspects
Authors: Torskog Caroline , Ugland Terje , Lona Tarjei , Eikvar Kari , Dagfinrud Hanne
Published: July 2010

Background

More knowledge about the impact of elbow arthroplasty is needed.

Objectives

To describe pain and function in patients with elbow arthroplasty and to explore frequently used clinical- and patient-assessed measures for elbow function.

Methods

Pain and function [grip strength, range of motion (ROM)] were explored in a cross-sectional study of patients with elbow arthroplasty 1 year to 5 years after surgery. The properties of three outcome measures were assessed: the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (Quick-DASH); the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Elbow assessment form; and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score. For comparison, scales were transformed to 0 to 100. Correlations between measures and factors explaining patient-reported function (Quick-DASH) were explored.

Results

The study included 32 patients with a mean age of 68 years (75% females). Patients reported moderate level of pain (mean ± SD = 77), low arm function (Quick-DASH mean ± SD = 47), low grip strength (compared to norms) and limited ROM (flexion/extension arc less than 100°). Significant correlations with Quick-DASH were found for all measures (p < 0.01), except for ROM (p = 0.35). Grip strength contributed significantly (p = 0.03) to the variation in Quick-DASH, whereas ROM did not (p = 0.81).

Conclusion

Patients with elbow arthroplasty had moderate pain, but limited grip strength and ROM, 1 year to 5 years after surgery.
Experimental Physiology –Review Article: Tissue capillary supply – it's quality not quantity that counts!
Authors: Egginton Stuart , Gaffney Eamonn
Published: July 2010

This article explores how common misunderstandings about the microcirculation – that capillary supply varies directly with O2 demand, that local capillary supply in muscle is determined by fibre type and that it is appropriate to model capillary distribution as either random or in a fixed geometric pattern – arise from quantifying capillarity by simple measures of quantitative extent, rather than the more functionally relevant qualitative distribution. We show that the latter approach reveals exquisite control of angiogenesis that determines the location of new vessels with astonishing accuracy, motivating a reappraisal of the physiological remodelling process and a new approach to computational investigations into peripheral O2 transport.
Experimental Physiology –Research Paper: Exercise training combined with angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces oxidative stress after myocardial infarction in rats
Authors: Xu Xiaohua , Zhao Weiyan , Wan Wenhan , Ji Lisa L. , Powers Anthony S. , Erikson John M. , Zhang John Q.
Published: July 2010

An increase in oxidative stress and decrease in antioxidant enzymes have been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction (MI). In this study in rats, treadmill exercise training and losartan treatment began 1 week post‐myocardial infarction (MI) and lasted 8 weeks. We evaluated the changes in the mRNA and protein expressions for the enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase after exercise and losartan treatment post‐MI. Our results demonstrated that GPx and catalase mRNA levels were comparable among all the groups, while the mRNA level for manganese SOD (MnSOD) was significantly increased in exercise training with/without losartan treatment compared with the sedentary post‐MI group. Moreover, the mRNA level for gp91phox was dramatically decreased by a combination of exercise and losartan treatment. The protein levels for MnSOD were significantly elevated by exercise training in combination with losartan treatment. The protein levels for catalase were significantly increased in response to exercise, and further augmented by exercise together with losartan treatment. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances in plasma were significantly increased in the post‐MI rats, but were decreased by exercise or losartan treatment, indicating that both exercise and losartan may reduce lipid oxidative damage. In addition, catalase and SOD enzymatic activities were significantly enhanced by exercise combined with losartan treatment. Our results suggest that exercise training improves catalase and MnSOD expression and attenuates oxidative stress. These effects are potentiated when combining exercise with angiotensin II receptor blockade.
Experimental Physiology –Research Paper: Glycopyrrolate abolishes the exercise‐induced increase in cerebral perfusion in humans
Authors: Seifert Thomas , Fisher James P. , Young Colin N. , Hartwich Doreen , Ogoh Shigehiko , Raven Peter B. , Fadel Paul J. , Secher Niels H.
Published: July 2010

Brain blood vessels contain muscarinic receptors that are important for cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation, but whether a cholinergic receptor mechanism is involved in the exercise‐induced increase in cerebral perfusion or affects cerebral metabolism remains unknown. We evaluated CBF and cerebral metabolism (from arterial and internal jugular venous O2, glucose and lactate differences), as well as the middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCA Vmean; transcranial Doppler ultrasound) during a sustained static handgrip contraction at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (n= 9) and the MCA Vmean during ergometer cycling (n= 8). Separate, randomized and counterbalanced trials were performed in control (no drug) conditions and following muscarinic cholinergic receptor blockade by glycopyrrolate. Glycopyrrolate increased resting heart rate from ∼60 to ∼110 beats min−1 (P < 0.01) and cardiac output by ∼40% (P < 0.05), but did not affect mean arterial pressure. The central cardiovascular responses to exercise with glycopyrrolate were similar to the control responses, except that cardiac output did not increase during static handgrip with glycopyrrolate. Glycopyrrolate did not significantly affect cerebral metabolism during static handgrip, but a parallel increase in MCA Vmean (∼16%; P < 0.01) and CBF (∼12%; P < 0.01) during static handgrip, as well as the increase in MCA Vmean during cycling (∼15%; P < 0.01), were abolished by glycopyrrolate (P < 0.05). Thus, during both cycling and static handgrip, a cholinergic receptor mechanism is important for the exercise‐induced increase in cerebral perfusion without affecting the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen.
Influence of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Intermittent Flow on Hydraulic Sand Dune Migration in Horizontal Pipelines
Authors: Goharzadeh Afshin , Rodgers Peter , Touati Chokri
Published: July 2010

This paper presents an experimental study of three-phase flows (air-water-sand) inside a horizontal pipe. The results obtained aim to enhance the fundamental understanding of sand transportation due to saltation in the presence of a gas-liquid two-phase intermittent flow. Sand dune pitch, length, height, and front velocity were measured using high-speed video photography. Four flow compositions with differing gas ratios, including hydraulic conveying, were assessed for sand transportation, having the same mixture velocity. For the test conditions under analysis, it was found that the gas ratio did not affect the average dune front velocity. However, for intermittent flows, the sand bed was transported further downstream relative to hydraulic conveying. It was also observed that the slug body significantly influences sand particle mobility. The physical mechanism of sand transportation was found to be discontinuous with intermittent flows. The sand dune local velocity (within the slug body) was measured to be three times higher than the averaged dune velocities, due to turbulent enhancement within the slug body.
Calcareous Nannoplankton Response to Surface-Water Acidification Around Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a
Authors: Erba Elisabetta , Bottini Cinzia , Weissert Helmut J. , Keller Christina E.
Published: July 2010

Acidification of the Ancient Oceans

Ocean acidification fueled by rising levels of atmospheric CO
2
is likely to become a major challenge for ocean ecosystems. Understanding how marine biota responded to similar events in Earth's history may provide clues as to what to expect—and what to prevent—in the future. To this end,

Erba
et al.

(p.
428
) present a detailed stratigraphic and geochemical characterization of 120-million-year-old marine sediments from a time when the oceans acidified because of a massive outgassing of volcanic CO
2
. Microscopic fossils in the sediments, such as calcareous nannoplankton, show evidence of having responded to this major disruption through species-specific adaptations like deforming and shrinking their cells. These changes allowed these abundant and diverse organisms to avoid extinction, even through a subsequent global depletion of ocean oxygen levels.
Prepublication Data Release, Latency, and Genome Commons
Authors: Contreras Jorge L.
Published: July 2010

Scientific information commons can be modulated by adjusting the twin “dials” of knowledge and rights latency.
Sphagnum
Moss Disperses Spores with Vortex Rings
Authors: Whitaker Dwight L. , Edwards Joan
Published: July 2010

Fluid dynamics similar to those known to drive smoke rings shoot moss spores far and wide.
Carbonates and Martian Climate
Authors: Harvey Ralph P.
Published: July 2010

The detection of large volumes of carbonates reasserts the importance of carbon dioxide in martian climate history.
Wnt Fans the Flames in Obesity
Authors: Oh Da Young , Olefsky Jerrold M.
Published: July 2010

The balance between two factors released by mammalian fat cells controls the degree of inflammation and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue.
Last Stand on the Yangtze
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: July 2010

Time is running out for the world's only freshwater porpoise, the Yangtze finless porpoise: Unless threats to its survival are met head on, the porpoise could be gone in 15 years, ecologists say.
Three Doses of an Experimental Detoxified L3-Derived Lipooligosaccharide Meningococcal Vaccine Offer Good Safety but Low Immunogenicity in Healthy Young Adults
Authors: Bonvehí Pablo , Boutriau Dominique , Casellas Javier , Weynants Vincent , Feron Christiane , Poolman Jan
Published: July 2010

This open, randomized phase I study evaluated the safety and reactogenicity of an experimental meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) vaccine obtained from outer membrane vesicle detoxified L3-derived lipooligosaccharide. Healthy young adults (
n
= 150) were randomized to receive either experimental vaccine (provided in five formulations,
n
= 25 in each group) or VA-Mengoc-BC (control,
n
= 25) administered on a 0- to 6-week/6-month schedule. Serum bactericidal assays performed against three MenB wild-type strains assessed the immune response, defined as a 4-fold increase from pre- to postvaccination. No serious adverse events related to vaccination were reported. Pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache were the most commonly reported adverse events. Solicited adverse events graded level 3 (i.e., preventing daily activity) were pain (up to 17% of the test subjects versus 32% of the controls), fatigue (up to 12% of the test subjects versus 8% of the controls), and headache (up to 4% of any group). Swelling graded level 3 (greater than 50 mm) occurred in up to 4% of the test subjects versus 8% of the controls. The immune responses ranged from 5% to 36% across experimental vaccines for the L3 H44-76 strain (versus 27% for the control), from 0% to 11% for the L3 NZ98/124 strain (versus 23% for the control), and from 0% to 13% for the L2 760676 strain (versus 59% for the control). All geometric mean titers were below those measured with the control vaccine. The five experimental formulations were safe and well tolerated but tended to be less immunogenic than the control vaccine.
Anthrax Spore Detection by a Luminex Assay Based on Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize Anthrose-Containing Oligosaccharides
Authors: Tamborrini Marco , Holzer Marcelle , Seeberger Peter H. , Schürch Nadia , Pluschke Gerd
Published: July 2010

The similarity of endospore surface antigens between bacteria of the
Bacillus cereus
group complicates the development of selective antibody-based anthrax detection systems. The surface of
B. anthracis
endospores exposes a tetrasaccharide containing the monosaccharide anthrose. Anti-tetrasaccharide monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and anti-anthrose-rhamnose disaccharide MAbs were produced and tested for their fine specificities in a direct spore enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with inactivated spores of a broad spectrum of
B. anthracis
strains and related species of the
Bacillus
genus. Although the two sets of MAbs had different fine specificities, all of them recognized the tested
B. anthracis
strains and showed only a limited cross-reactivity with two
B. cereus
strains. The MAbs were further tested for their ability to be implemented in a highly sensitive and specific bead-based Luminex assay. This assay detected spores from different
B. anthracis
strains and two cross-reactive
B. cereus
strains, correlating with the results obtained in direct spore ELISA. The Luminex assay (detection limit 10
3
to 10
4
spores per ml) was much more sensitive than the corresponding sandwich ELISA. Although not strictly specific for
B. anthracis
spores, the developed Luminex assay represents a useful first-line screening tool for the detection of
B. anthracis
spores.
Molecular Quantification of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Respiratory Samples: Reliable Detection during the Initial Phase of Infection
Authors: van de Pol Alma C. , Wolfs Tom F. W. , van Loon Anton M. , Tacke Carline E. A. , Viveen Marco C. , Jansen Nicolaas J. G. , Kimpen Jan L. L. , Rossen John W. A. , Coenjaerts Frank E. J.
Published: July 2010

Quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA is increasingly used to study the causal role of RSV in lower airway disease. The objective of our study was to evaluate variations in RSV RNA loads at different steps in the RNA quantification process: (i) variation in RSV RNA load within one sample (step 1), (ii) variation in the load in samples from patients who were sampled twice on the same day (step 2), and (iii) variation in the load between simultaneously taken nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples and tracheal aspirate (TA) samples (step 3). Thirty-two infants with RSV infection at the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were included. NPA and TA samples were taken three times a week during ventilation and were not diluted. Intrasample variation (step 1) was shown to be minimal (<0.5 log
10
particles/ml). Intraday variation (step 2) was the lowest for samples with high viral loads (95% limits of agreement, −1.3 to +0.9 log
10
), whereas it increased for samples with relatively lower viral loads (viral load, <6.0 log
10
particles/ml;
n
= 138 sample pairs from 20 patients). RSV loads in NPA and TA samples (step 3) were found to be the most comparable during the early phase of infection (95% limits of agreement, −1.5 to +1.4 log
10
). The variation increased during the late phase of infection (i.e., in follow-up samples), with the loads in NPA samples remaining significantly higher than the loads in TA samples (
n
= 138 sample pairs from 31 patients). In conclusion, quantitative detection of RSV RNA in undiluted mucus is a reliable method to quantify viral loads. Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples collected in the initial phase of infection can be used to predict RSV RNA loads in the lower airways.
Development and Application of a Broadly Sensitive Dried-Blood-Spot-Based Genotyping Assay for Global Surveillance of HIV-1 Drug Resistance
Authors: Yang Chunfu , McNulty Amanda , Diallo Karidia , Zhang Jing , Titanji Boghuma , Kassim Sidibe , Wadonda-Kabondo Nellie , Aberle-Grasse John , Kibuka Tabitha , Ndumbe Peter M. , Vedapuri Shanmugam , Zhou Zhiyong , Chilima Benson , Nkengasong John N.
Published: July 2010

As antiretroviral therapy (ART) is scaled up in resource-limited countries, surveillance for HIV drug resistance (DR) is vital to ensure sustained effectiveness of first-line ART. We have developed and applied a broadly sensitive dried-blood-spot (DBS)-based genotyping assay for surveillance of HIV-1 DR in international settings. In 2005 and 2006, 171 DBS samples were collected under field conditions from newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected individuals from Malawi (n= 58), Tanzania (n= 60), and China (n=53). In addition, 30 DBS and 40 plasma specimens collected from ART patients in China and Cameroon, respectively, were also tested. Of the 171 DBS analyzed at the protease and RT regions, 149 (87.1%) could be genotyped, including 49 (81.7%) from Tanzania, 47 (88.7%) from China, and 53 (91.4%) from Malawi. Among the 70 ART patient samples analyzed, 100% (30/30) of the Chinese DBS and 90% (36/40) of the Cameroonian plasma specimens were genotyped, including 8 samples with a viral load of <400 copies/ml. The results of phylogenetic analyses indicated that the subtype, circulating recombinant form (CRF), and unique recombinant form (URF) distribution was as follows: 73 strains were subtype C (34%), 37 were subtype B (17.2%), 24 each were CRF01_AE or CRF02_AG (11.2% each), 22 were subtype A1 (10.2%), and 9 were unclassifiable (UC) (4.2%). The remaining samples were minor strains comprised of 6 that were CRF07_BC (2.8%), 5 that were CRF10_CD (2.3%), 3 each that were URF_A1C and CRF08_BC (1.4%), 2 each that were G, URF_BC, and URF_D/UC (0.9%), and 1 each that were subtype F1, subtype F2, and URF_A1D (0.5%). Our results indicate that this broadly sensitive genotyping assay can be used to genotype DBS collected from areas with diverse HIV-1 group M subtypes and CRFs. Thus, the assay is likely to become a useful screening tool in the global resistance surveillance and monitoring of HIV-1 where multiple subtypes and CRFs are found.
Molecular Surveillance of Clinical
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Isolates in Russia
Authors: Ilina Elena N. , Oparina Nina Y. , Shitikov Egor A. , Borovskaya Alexandra D. , Govorun Vadim M.
Published: July 2010

The choice of adequate methods for epidemiological purposes remains a challenging problem in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
molecular monitoring. In this study, the collection of geographically unrelated gonococci (
n
= 103) isolated in Russian clinics was comparably tested by (i) a traditional serotyping scheme, (ii)
por
typing, (iii)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST), and (iv) multilocus sequence typing (MLST). It is shown that, according to sequencing data, a third of the strains carried new
porB1
alleles, as well as
tbpB
ones, and more than half of the samples had new sequence types (STs) as determined by NG-MAST or MLST. The discriminatory power for each typing method was calculated by using the Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index,
D
. Commonly, modern nucleic acid-based typing methods (
por
typing, NG-MAST, and MLST) appeared to be more efficient than the classical serotyping scheme. While the traditional serotyping gave a
D
value of 0.82, the
por
typing, NG-MAST, and MLST approaches yielded
D
values of 0.97, 0.98, and 0.91, respectively. Each typing technique revealed the distribution of gonococci slightly correlated with their geographical sources. However, only the MLST method STs were highly associated with certain phenotypes. Although ST1594, ST1892, and ST6720 were typical for susceptible gonococci, ST1901 and ST6716 were undoubtedly associated with a multidrug-resistant phenotype. We conclude that every tested nucleic acid-based typing method is suitable for
N. gonorrhoeae
molecular surveillance. However, the MLST method seems to serve large-scale epidemiological purposes, whereas the NG-MAST and
por
typing approaches are more appropriate for the investigation of local outbreaks.
Agar Block Smear Preparation: a Novel Method of Slide Preparation for Preservation of Native Fungal Structures for Microscopic Examination and Long-Term Storage
Authors: Woo Patrick C. Y. , Ngan Antonio H. Y. , Chui Hon-Kit , Lau Susanna K. P. , Yuen Kwok-Yung
Published: July 2010

We describe a novel method of fungal slide preparation named “agar block smear preparation.” A total of 510 agar block smears of 25 fungal strains obtained from culture collections, 90 QC fungal strains, and 82 clinical fungal strains from our clinical microbiology laboratory, which included a total of 137 species of yeasts, molds, and thermal dimorphic fungi, were prepared and examined. In contrast to adhesive tape preparation, agar block smears preserved the native fungal structures, such as intact conidiophores of
Aspergillus
species and arrangements of conidia in
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
. Furthermore, agar block smears allowed examination of fungal structures embedded in the agar, such as the ascomata with ascomal hairs in
Chaetomium funicola
; pycnidium of
Phoma glomerata
; the intercalary ovoidal chlamydospores arranged in chains of
Fusarium dimerum
; and the lateral, spherical chlamydospores arranged in pairs of
Fusarium solani
. After 1 year of storage, morphological integrity was found to have been maintained in 459 (90%) of the 510 agar block smears. After 3 years of storage, morphological integrity was found to have been maintained in 72 (71%) of the 102 smears prepared in 2006. Agar block smear preparation preserves the native fungal structures and allows long-term storage and examination of fungal structures embedded in the agar, hence overcoming the major drawbacks of adhesive tape preparation. The major roles of agar block smear should be diagnosis for difficult cases, accurate identification of fungal species for clinical management of patients and epidemiological studies, and long-term storage for transportation of slides and education purposes.