bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Puerta Nueva: atrio de la Alhambra
Authors: Domingo Santos Juan
Published: May 2015

Aspectos generales de la intervención. Valores históricos del área de intervención. Preexistencias y elementos de interés. Terraza mirador sobre la Alhambra. Movilidad, programas y usos. El hall del Atrio Plaza de la Alhambra. El material. Jardineria, arbolado y pavimentos

The Atrium is a space ready to welcome visitors upon arrival at La Alhambra under appropriate conditions in such important heritage. The aim is to meet the needs of a broad spectrum of visitors of different characteristics and resolve the current precarious situation experienced by the visitor who keeps lining up outdoors -under cold, heat or rain- and reorder toursim’s mobility flows in a very unstructured and chaotic area.

The architectural intervention is integrated with the topography and environment, inspired by the Generalife terraced platforms and by the closed volumes of the Alhambra. An architecture made from identity values of the Alhambra. Local materials and elements are used for its construction: pergolas with vegetation, cobbled pavements and floors of compacted earth and brick, courtyards with pools of water, native trees, concrete walls and overhead lighting.
Recorrido por el patrimonio geológico y minero de la comarca del Aranda: desde Viver de la Sierra a Sestrica, Brea de Aragón, Illueca y Tierga
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Pocoví Juan Andrés , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Jaume
Published: May 2015

En esta ocasión se realizará un itinerario localizado en un área totalmente situada dentro la comarca aragonesa y zaragozana del Aranda, desde principio a fin, entre las localidades de Viver de la Sierra y Tierga, pasando además por los municipios de Brea de Aragón e Illueca. Por otra parte, el recorrido se centrará en su totalidad en el Sistema Ibérico. Encontrándose diferentes afloramientos de los materiales paleozoicos y también de los mesozoicos, en diferentes tramos del recorrido. En el primer caso, nos encontraremos fundamentalmente con afloramientos de los materiales paleozoicos del Ordoviciense, por los alrededores de Viver de la Sierra y Sestrica. Más adelante, en el recorrido hacía Brea de Aragón e Illueca, nos encontraremos fundamentalmente terrenos del Triásico, del Jurásico y del Cretácico. Lego, en el tramo final, cerca de las minas de Tierga, ya volveremos de nuevo a encontrar afloramientos paleozoicos del Ordovícico. No obstante, a lo largo del recorrido nos centraremos fundamentalmente en el conocimiento del Patrimonio Geológico y Minero. Sin duda alguna, la conservación, valorización y utilización de este patrimonio es un importante factor económico a tener en cuenta.
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Compounds That Increase Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Expression in Neural Stem Cells Differentiated From Fragile X Syndrome Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Kumari Daman , Swaroop Manju , Southall Noel , Huang Wenwei , Zheng Wei , Usdin Karen
Published: May 2015

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited cognitive disability, is caused by a deficiency of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). In most patients, the absence of FMRP is due to an aberrant transcriptional silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. FXS has no cure, and the available treatments only provide symptomatic relief. Given that FMR1 gene silencing in FXS patient cells can be partially reversed by treatment with compounds that target repressive epigenetic marks, restoring FMRP expression could be one approach for the treatment of FXS. We describe a homogeneous and highly sensitive time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay for FMRP detection in a 1,536-well plate format. Using neural stem cells differentiated from an FXS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line that does not express any FMRP, we screened a collection of approximately 5,000 known tool compounds and approved drugs using this FMRP assay and identified 6 compounds that modestly increase FMR1 gene expression in FXS patient cells. Although none of these compounds resulted in clinically relevant levels of FMR1 mRNA, our data provide proof of principle that this assay combined with FXS patient-derived neural stem cells can be used in a high-throughput format to identify better lead compounds for FXS drug development.

Significance

In this study, a specific and sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay for fragile X mental retardation protein detection was developed and optimized for high-throughput screening (HTS) of compound libraries using fragile X syndrome (FXS) patient-derived neural stem cells. The data suggest that this HTS format will be useful for the identification of better lead compounds for developing new therapeutics for FXS. This assay can also be adapted for FMRP detection in clinical and research settings.
How can I Improve Performance of my Sedimentation Process?
Authors: Lauer William C.
Published: May 2015

Sedimentation (sed) isn't a very exciting treatment process. It's just a big tank where dirt settles to the bottom, like in a lake. The water doesn't move much, and operators don't have many adjustments they can make to change the performance. Right? Well, not exactly.
Chemical activation of the mechanotransduction channel Piezo1
Authors: Syeda Ruhma , Xu Jie , Dubin Adrienne E , Coste Bertrand , Mathur Jayanti , Huynh Truc , Matzen Jason , Lao Jianmin , Tully David C , Engels Ingo H , Petrassi H Michael , Schumacher Andrew M , Montal Mauricio , Bandell Michael , Patapoutian Ardem
Published: May 2015

Piezo ion channels are activated by various types of mechanical stimuli and function as biological pressure sensors in both vertebrates and invertebrates. To date, mechanical stimuli are the only means to activate Piezo ion channels and whether other modes of activation exist is not known. In this study, we screened ∼3.25 million compounds using a cell-based fluorescence assay and identified a synthetic small molecule we termed Yoda1 that acts as an agonist for both human and mouse Piezo1. Functional studies in cells revealed that Yoda1 affects the sensitivity and the inactivation kinetics of mechanically induced responses. Characterization of Yoda1 in artificial droplet lipid bilayers showed that Yoda1 activates purified Piezo1 channels in the absence of other cellular components. Our studies demonstrate that Piezo1 is amenable to chemical activation and raise the possibility that endogenous Piezo1 agonists might exist. Yoda1 will serve as a key tool compound to study Piezo1 regulation and function.
VALORIZAÇÃO DE PERSONAGENS NEGROS COMO CONTEÚDO CURRICULAR NO LIVRO DIDÁTICO DE HISTÓRIA
Authors: Roza Luciano Magela
Published: May 2015

O artigo busca discutir alguns aspectos da incorporação e da apropriação da valorização de personagens negros como conteúdo curricular presente em livros didáticos de história editados no contexto pós-lei 10.639/03. Algumas das coleções didáticas, aprovadas e reeditadas no Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) nos anos 2008 e 2011, são privilegiadas como material empírico, em especial, os conteúdos explícitos e as atividades sugeridas para o ensino-aprendizagem da história afro-brasileira no pós-abolição presentes livro do aluno. 
PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE A PARTIR DA APRENDIZAGEM POR PROJETOS
Authors: Ilha Phillip Vilanova , Lima Ana Paula Santos , Visintainer Daniela Sastre Rossi , Wollmann Ediane Machado , Soares Félix Alexandre Antunes
Published: May 2015

Este estudo verificou as percepções de professores e alunos quanto ao desenvolvimento da promoção da saúde, a partir da aprendizagem por projetos. Caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso, cujo enfoque é predominantemente qualitativo. Os dados evidenciaram que os projetos tiveram dois enfoques metodológicos. No primeiro, o aluno construiu o conhecimento de forma colaborativa; e o professor mediou o aprendizado, neste enfoque, deu-se maior motivação dos escolares para modificarem hábitos promotores de saúde. Já no segundo, o professor foi mentor das atividades; e o aluno receptor, neste enfoque, a percepção de motivação e aprendizado foi menor. Portanto, o desenvolvimento da promoção da saúde, a partir da aprendizagem por projetos, com participação ativa dos educandos na construção do conhecimento, pode trazer resultados satisfatórios quanto à melhoria da qualidade de vida dos escolares.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Meneghel Stela Maria , Robl Fabiane , Dias de Mello Paulo Eduardo
Published: May 2015

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A practical guide to tapering opioids
Authors: Kral Lee A. , Jackson Kenneth , Uritsky Tanya J.
Published: May 2015

Tapering opioids is one of the most daunting dilemmas in clinical practice today. The decision to taper opioids is based on many factors, including a lack of efficacy, unacceptable risk, perioperative management, noncompliance, or patient preference. Tapering in the perioperative setting is quite common, though more complex in patients previously taking chronic opioid therapy. Outside of a medical emergency, opioid tapers are best managed in an outpatient setting, allowing for adjustments and more long-term nonopioid pain management, if necessary. No single strategy can be applied to all patients, and very few published guidelines are available for reference. Dose reductions and schedules are highly variable across available guidelines and literature. Dose reductions range from 10% to 50%, with a frequency ranging from daily reductions to every 2 weeks. Most guidelines address the concern of preventing physical withdrawal symptoms; however, few address the psychological ramifications of tapering. Individualized regimens and a willingness to adjust schedules and doses allows for improved patient comfort. The goal is to complete tapering without any symptoms of withdrawal; however, this is not always possible. Several available agents may help ameliorate these symptoms, including antihypertensives, antihistamines, antiemetics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics. Opioid tapering is rarely easy but should be a manageable process.
Review of antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain
Authors: Baltenberger Elizabeth P. , Buterbaugh Whitney M. , Martin B. Shane , Thomas Christopher J.
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Neuropathy is a pathological pain disorder characterized by burning, stabbing, and cramping sensations. There are multiple etiologies for this pain such as diabetes, vascular disorders, and chemotherapy treatment. Neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, are thought to play a part in the modulation of this pain. The objective of this review is to summarize the current literature to support the efficacy and impact of adverse events of the various classes of antidepressants utilized in the treatment of neuropathic pain.

Methods

A Medline/Pubmed search was conducted to identify randomized clinical trials within the last 12 years examining the efficacy and safety of antidepressants for the treatment of neuropathy. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were also included.

Results

Antidepressants are commonly used in the treatment of neuropathy, with meta-analyses supporting the use of tricyclic antidepressants and selective norepinephrine serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Trials indicate that venlafaxine, duloxetine, and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have comparable efficacy, but TCAs have a higher incidence of adverse effects. Other antidepressants, such as citalopram, paroxetine, and bupropion have limited evidence supporting their use in neuropathy.

Discussion

Based on the evidence reviewed, venlafaxine and duloxetine should be used as first-line agents. TCAs should be used as second-line agents, due to higher incidence of adverse effects. Other treatment options include citalopram, paroxetine, and bupropion, but data supporting their efficacy is limited.
Pediatric migraine sufferers and alternative therapies
Authors: Huh Jina , Butz Jami L.
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Migraine is a common pediatric disorder, which results in chronic pain. Because of the limited effectiveness of conventional drug regimens, an increased number of pediatric patients look for an alternative medication regimen to prevent and treat migraines.

Method

Search terms “pediatric, headache, migraine, treatment, alternative treatment” were used. Butterbur and riboflavin are suggested as alternative remedies for migraine prophylaxis, and a combination of feverfew and ginger for acute treatment. In addition to previous search terms, “butterbur, riboflavin, feverfew, ginger” were used to review their effectiveness.

Result

Butterbur or riboflavin may be an appropriate alternative regimen to prevent migraine, and a combination of feverfew and ginger may be an option for acute episode.

Conclusion

Study results are promising, but not yet conclusive. Study samples are relatively small. These alternative regimens may benefit pediatric migraine sufferers, but they should be carefully monitored to evaluate individual efficacy when in use.
First report of sporadic K layers and comparison with sporadic Na layers at Beijing, China (40.6°N, 116.2°E)
Authors: Jiao Jing , Yang Guotao , Wang Jihong , Cheng Xuewu , Li Faquan , Yang Yong , Gong Wei , Wang Zelong , Du Lifang , Yan Chunxiao , Gong Shunsheng
Published: May 2015

A double‐laser beam lidar was successfully developed to simultaneously measure K and Na layers at Beijing (40.6°N, 116.2°E) in 2010. Statistical analysis of the parameters of sporadic K (Ks) and sporadic Na (Nas) layers was performed over 2 years of lidar data, and different characteristics of them were found. The average Ks occurrence (2.9%) was lower than that of Nas (5.9%); the Nas occurrence had a maximum (19.3%) in May–June months and a minimum (1.6%) in January–February months, while the Ks occurrence had a maximum (4.9%) in January–February months and a minimum (1.0%) in September–October months; most Ks peaks tended to occur around 93 km, which was ~2 km lower than that of Nas (~95 km); the Ks peak density was often at least 1 order of magnitude lower than that of Nas; notably, two Ks with high peak densities (>1000 cm−3) were observed, which were much higher than K density (15–300 cm−3) reported before. The ascending time of Ks was often longer than its descending time, but an opposite trend occurred for Nas. During the 152 cases of joint observation for the K and Na layers, 21% (32/152) were cases in which Ks and Nas events simultaneously occurred, while 79% (120/152) were cases in which only one layer (K or Na) exhibited a strong Ks or Nas.
Formation of self‐organized shear structures in thin current sheets
Authors: Malova H. V. , Mingalev O. V. , Grigorenko E. E. , Mingalev I. V. , Melnik M. N. , Popov V. Yu. , Delcourt D. C. , Petrukovich A. A. , Shen C. , Rong Z. J. , Zelenyi L. M.
Published: May 2015

Self‐consistent kinetic (particle‐in‐cell) model of magnetotail thin current sheet (TCS) is used to understand the formation of self‐consistent sheared magnetic structures. It is shown that shear configurations appear in TCS as a result of self‐consistent evolution of some initial magnetic perturbation at the current sheet center. Two general shapes of shear TCS components are found as a function of the transverse coordinate: symmetric and antisymmetric. We show that TCS formation goes together with the emergence of field‐aligned currents in the center of the current sheet, as a result of north‐south asymmetry of quasi‐adiabatic ion motions. Ion drift currents can also contribute to the magnetic shear evolution, but their role is much less significant, their contribution depending upon the normal component Bz and the amplitude of the initial perturbation in TCS. Parametric maps illustrating different types of TCS equilibria are presented that show a higher probability of formation of symmetric shear TCS configuration at lower values of the normal magnetic component.
Heavy Ion Inertial Fusion
Authors: Bock Rudolf , Hofmann Ingo
Published: May 2015

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) with heavy ion beams offers a promising perspective for energy generation in the future by thermonuclear fusion. For its realization, a unique potential of technologies and experience is available, in particular, in the field of accelerators. The powerful laser facilities in operation now or in a few years will deliver crucial information on the physics of target performance. Moreover, inertial confinement fusion will open a rich field of fundamental research on extreme states of matter, particularly, the physics of dense plasmas.
Relativistic Nucleus–Nucleus Collisions
Authors: Blume Christoph
Published: May 2015

The basic phenomenology of heavy‐ion physics at high energies is reviewed. We discuss the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter, the properties of the different phases, and the dynamical evolution of a heavy‐ion collision. Several observables have been suggested as a signature for a new state of matter, the quark–gluon plasma. These include strangeness enhancement, jet quenching, and suppression. The main results of these measurements are summarized. In addition, global aspects of heavy‐ion collisions, such as centrality determination, particle production, and collective flow are addressed. The current experimental results suggest that indeed a new state of matter is formed in heavy‐ion collisions, which has the properties of an ideal liquid. Finally, an outlook on the future developments in this field is given.
Generation
IV
Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Schulenberg Thomas
Published: May 2015

Generation
IV
nuclear reactors are a class of innovative nuclear reactors using technologies beyond pressurized water reactors or boiling water reactors, the basis of the current commercial nuclear power. Six different concepts have been selected by an international forum to be studied, developed, and eventually built in international collaboration. Among these are advanced water‐cooled reactors, which are intended to be more economical high‐temperature reactors providing process heat in addition to electric power production, fast reactors to recycle spent fuel to fissile material and to reduce the radioactive inventory of the spent fuel repository, and molten salt reactors with highest flexibility for future fissile materials. While some of these reactor technologies have already been built and operated, in principle, since several decades, others are entirely new. Actual concepts, technologies, and future challenges are discussed in the chapter.
On‐Demand Liquid Transportation Using Bioinspired Omniphobic Lubricated Surfaces Based on Self‐Organized Honeycomb and Pincushion Films
Authors: Kamei Jun , Yabu Hiroshi
Published: May 2015

In this work, on‐demand control of liquids is realized by using elastic, patterned omniphobic surfaces. This paves the way for novel microfluidics, as well as liquid harvesting, transportation, and manipulation technologies. Inspired by the lubricating properties of pitcher plants, microstructured 1,2‐polybutadiene honeycomb and pincushion films obtained by self‐organization are fluorinated by the ene‐thiol reaction and infused with fluorinated lubricant to obtain omniphobic liquid‐repellent surfaces. Unlike conventional bioinspired omniphobic surfaces, the liquid repellency of the fabricated surface can be programmed by changing the surface microstructures via patterning of the film. Furthermore, the elasticity of the omniphobic film is suitable for controlling the repellency through external stimuli. The method presented here for the fabrication of lubricant‐infused omniphobic microstructured surfaces is also simple, cost‐effective, and can be scaled for large area fabrication.
A Strategy to Design a Donor–π–Acceptor Polymeric Hole Conductor for an Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell
Authors: Kim Guan‐Woo , Kim Jinseck , Lee Gang‐Young , Kang Gyeongho , Lee Jaechul , Park Taiho
Published: May 2015

A strategy for developing a novel donor–π–acceptor conducting polymeric hole transport material (TTB–TTQ) based on thiophene and benzothiadiazole as an alternative to spiro‐MeOTAD is reported. The resulting polymer is highly soluble in many organic solvents and exhibits excellent film formability. The addition of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide salt and tert‐butylpyridine to TTB–TTQ results in a rough film surface with a fibril structure and improved charge transport. A perovskite solar cell with the highest power conversion efficiency (η) yet achieved in such cells, 14.1%, which is 22.6% greater than that of a device employing a spiro‐MeOTAD is demonstrated. This strategy provides a novel approach to developing solar cell materials for efficient perovskite solar cells.
More effective membrane chromatography
Authors: Wei Yong‐Ming , Li Yanxiang , Yang Chuanfang , Cussler E. L.
Published: May 2015

Adsorption in membranes with polydispersed pores gives a dispersed breakthrough curve even when mass transfer is so fast that it reaches saturation. Such a breakthrough is due to unequal flows in unequally sized pores. A theory of polydispersed pores can predict the breakthrough curves for the removal of lead ions from model solutions if the pore‐size distribution is known. Such predictions are in better agreement for lead adsorption than predictions based on mass transfer. The results suggest ways in which More effective membrane chromatography can be achieved. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3871–3878, 2015
Timing of birth: Parsimony favors strategic over dysregulated parturition
Authors: Catalano Ralph , Goodman Julia , Margerison‐Zilko Claire , Falconi April , Gemmill Alison , Karasek Deborah , Anderson Elizabeth
Published: May 2015

Objectives

The “dysregulated parturition” narrative posits that the human stress response includes a cascade of hormones that “dysregulates” and accelerates parturition but provides questionable utility as a guide to understand or prevent preterm birth. We offer and test a “strategic parturition” narrative that not only predicts the excess preterm births that dysregulated parturition predicts but also makes testable, sex‐specific predictions of the effect of stressful environments on the timing of birth among term pregnancies.

Methods

We use interrupted time‐series modeling of cohorts conceived over 101 months to test for lengthening of early term male gestations in stressed population. We use an event widely reported to have stressed Americans and to have increased the incidence of low birth weight and fetal death across the country—the terrorist attacks of September 2001. We tested the hypothesis that the odds of male infants conceived in December 2000 (i.e., at term in September 2001) being born early as opposed to full term fell below the value expected from those conceived in the 50 prior and 50 following months.

Results

We found that term male gestations exposed to the terrorist attacks exhibited 4% lower likelihood of early, as opposed to full or late, term birth.

Conclusions

Strategic parturition explains observed data for which the dysregulated parturition narrative offers no prediction—the timing of birth among gestations stressed at term. Our narrative may help explain why findings from studies examining associations between population‐ and/or individual‐level stressors and preterm birth are generally mixed. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:31–35, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Remodeling changes of the upper airway with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Barham Henry P. , Osborn Jodi L. , Snidvongs Kornkiat , Mrad Nadine , Sacks Raymond , Harvey Richard J.
Published: May 2015

Background

Although remodeling changes of the lower airway are well described, similar changes in the upper airway are less well known. Remodeling changes of the upper airway in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) relevant to different phenotypes and endotypes and their clinical characteristics are investigated.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of adult patients with CRS was performed. Mucosal samples were taken during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Histopathological analysis included eosinophil count, eosinophil activation (eosinophilic mucin), and remodeling changes. Mucosal damage was defined as ulceration, edema, and hypertrophic changes. Patient‐reported outcomes (PROMs) were assessed using a Nasal Symptom Score (NSS) and Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22). Patients were subgrouped by presence of polyps (CRSwNP/CRSsNP) or tissue eosinophilia (>10/high power field). Subgroup analysis was performed when both eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (eCRS) and eosinophil activation (eCRSwEA) were coexistent. Analysis between subgroups, pathology, and PROMs was also performed.

Results

A total of 259 patients (age 48.5 ± 15.6 years, 45% female) were recruited; 53% CRSwNP, 51% eCRS. Remodeling changes were present in 85%, higher in both CRSwNP (90%, p = 0.006) and eCRS (91%, p = 0.004). Mucosal damage changes were common in eCRS (ulceration 18%, p = 0.003; edema 98%, p < 0.001; hypertrophic changes 25%, p = 0.007). NSS was worse in CRSwNP compared to CRSsNP (2.84 ± 1.1 vs 2.29 ± 1.1, p < 0.001) and eCRSwEA (2.95 ± 0.16 vs 2.51 ± 0.11, p = 0.04). “Loss of sense of smell or taste” was worse in patients with evidence of mucosal damage (p = 0.006).

Conclusion

Remodeling features are present in CRS. Tissue eosinophilia and evidence of eosinophil activation is closely associated with remodeling features of CRS, associated mucosal damage and clinical symptoms.
Social‐media‐based public policy informatics: Sentiment and network analyses of U.S. Immigration and border security
Authors: Chung Wingyan , Zeng Daniel
Published: May 2015

Social media provide opportunities for policy makers to gauge pubic opinion. However, the large volumes and variety of expressions on social media have challenged traditional policy analysis and public sentiment assessment. In this article, we describe a framework for social‐media‐based public policy informatics and a system called “iMood” that addresses the needs for sentiment and network analyses of U.S. immigration and border security. iMood collects related messages on Twitter, extracts user sentiment and emotion, and constructs networks of the Twitter users, helping policy makers to identify opinion leaders, influential users, and community activists. We evaluated the sentiment, emotion, and network characteristics found in 909,035 tweets posted by over 300,000 users during three phases between May and November 2013. Statistical analyses reveal significant differences in emotion and sentiment among the 3 phases. The Twitter networks of the 3 phases also had significantly different relationship counts, network densities, and total influence scores from those of other phases. This research should contribute to developing a new framework and a new system for social‐media‐based public policy informatics, providing new empirical findings and data sets of sentiment and network analyses of U.S. immigration and border security, and demonstrating a general applicability to different domains.
“Hit‐and‐run”: Transcription factors get caught in the act
Authors: Charoensawan Varodom , Martinho Claudia , Wigge Philip A.
Published: May 2015

A key challenge for understanding transcriptional regulation is being able to measure transcription factor (TF)‐DNA binding events with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution; that is, when and where TFs occupy their cognate sites. A recent study by Para et al. has highlighted the dynamics underlying the activation of gene expression by a master regulator TF. This study provides concrete evidence for a long‐standing hypothesis in biology, the “hit‐and‐run” mechanism, which was first proposed decades ago. That is, gene expression is dynamically controlled by a TF that transiently binds and activates a target gene, which might stay in a transcriptionally active state after the initial binding event has ended. Importantly, the experimental procedure introduced, TARGET, provides a useful way for identifying multiple target genes transiently bound by their regulators, which can be used in conjunction with other well‐established methods to improve our understanding of transcriptional regulatory dynamics.
Clinical validity of consultant technical skills assessment in the English National Training Programme for Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Mackenzie H , Ni M , Miskovic D , Motson R W , Gudgeon M , Khan Z , Longman R , Coleman M G , Hanna G B
Published: May 2015

Background

The English National Training Programme for Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery introduced a validated objective competency assessment tool to accredit surgeons before independent practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether this technical skills assessment predicted clinical outcomes.

Methods

Established consultants, training in laparoscopic colorectal surgery, were asked to submit two operative videos for evaluation by two blinded assessors using the competency assessment tool. A mark of 2·7 or above was considered a pass. Clinical and oncological outcomes were compared above and below this mark, including regression analysis.

Results

Eighty-five consultant surgeons submitted 171 videos. Of these, 44 (25·7 per cent) were in the fail group (score less than 2·7). This low scoring group had more postoperative morbidity (25 versus 8·7 per cent; P = 0·005), including surgical complications (18 versus 6·3 per cent; P = 0·020) and fewer lymph nodes harvested (median 13 versus 18; P = 0·004). A score of less than 2·7 was an independent predictor of surgical complication, lymph node yield and distal resection margin clearance. Consultants with higher scores had performed similar numbers of laparoscopic colorectal operations (median 37 versus 40; P = 0·373) but more structured training operations (18 versus 9; P < 0·001).

Conclusion

An objective technical skills assessment provided a discriminatory tool with which to accredit laparoscopic colorectal surgeons.
Follow these steps to have a good meeting every time
Authors: Spalding Dan
Published: May 2015

The following tips will help you make every meeting you go to be more productive. These tips work best for smaller meetings of folks working together on an ongoing basis, perhaps five to 15 people on a committee.
Oxygen Deficiency and Defect Chemistry in Delithiated Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathodes for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhiguo , Su Qiulei , Deng Huiqiu , Fu Yongqing
Published: May 2015

In this work, we investigated the effect of oxygen deficiency on defect chemistry in delithiated spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes by using first principles density functional calculations. Results show that the oxygen deficiency assists the migration of Ni and Mn ions from octahedral sites to tetrahedral ones, and the migration assists the formation of oxygen vacancies. These results shed light on the atomic‐level structural changes of the delithiated spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, in which transition‐metal ions migrate from octahedral sites to tetrahedral ones, accompanied by oxygen release upon heating. Oxygen deficiency plays key roles in oxygen release in the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes.
A survey of Semantic Web Services formalisms
Authors: Wang Hai H. , Gibbins Nick , Payne Terry , Patelli Alina , Wang Yangang
Published: May 2015

The field of Semantic Web Services (SWS) has been recognized as one of the most promising areas of emergent research within the Semantic Web initiative, exhibiting an extensive commercial potential and attracting significant attention from both industry and the research community. Currently, there exist several different frameworks and languages for formally describing a Web Service: Web Ontology Language for Services (OWL‐S), Web Service Modelling Ontology (WSMO) and Semantic Annotations for the Web Services Description Language (SAWSDL) are the most important approaches. To the inexperienced user, choosing the appropriate platform for a specific SWS application may prove to be challenging, given a lack of clear separation between the ideas promoted by the associated research communities. In this paper, we systematically compare OWL‐S, WSMO and SAWSDL from various standpoints, namely, that of the service requester and provider as well as the broker‐based view. The comparison is meant to help users to better understand the strengths and limitations of these different approaches to formalizing SWS, and to choose the most suitable solution for a given application. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Judgmental Biases of Individuals with a Fear of Blushing: The Role of Relatively Strict Social Norms
Authors: Dijk Corine , de Jong Peter J. , Peters Madelon L.
Published: May 2015

Blushing‐fearful individuals often expect that others will judge them negatively. In two studies, we tested if this could be explained by having relatively strict beliefs about what is appropriate social behaviour. Study 1 used a student sample (n = 74), whereas study 2 compared a clinical treatment‐seeking sample of blushing‐fearful individuals (n = 33) with a non‐anxious control group (n = 31). In both studies, participants were asked to read descriptions of common behaviours that could be considered as breaching the prevailing social norms but not necessarily so. Participants indicated (i) to what extent they considered these behaviours as violating the prevailing norm and (ii) their expectation of observers' judgments. Study 1 showed that strict norms were indeed related to fear of blushing and that the tendency of fearful participants to expect negative judgments could at least partly explain this relationship. Study 2 showed that high‐fearful and low‐fearful individuals do indeed differ in the strictness of their norms and that especially the norms that individuals apply to themselves might be relevant. These findings may provide fresh clues for improving available treatment options. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Messages

Blushing‐fearful individuals attribute relatively strict social norms to other people about which behaviours are appropriate and which are not and have stricter personal norms as well.

Blushing‐fearful individuals' tendency to expect overly negative judgments in ambivalent social situations can partly be explained by their relatively strict social norms.

Having relatively strict social norms may (also) explain why blushing-fearful individuals report to blush often and intensely.

It may be worthwhile to address strict social norms in therapy for fear of blushing.
A Content Validity Study of AIMIT (Assessing Interpersonal Motivation in Transcripts)
Authors: Fassone Giovanni , Lo Reto Floriana , Foggetti Paola , Santomassimo Chiara , D'Onofrio Maria Rita , Ivaldi Antonella , Liotti Giovanni , Trincia Valeria , Picardi Angelo
Published: May 2015

Multi‐motivational theories of human relatedness state that different motivational systems with an evolutionary basis modulate interpersonal relationships. The reliable assessment of their dynamics may usefully inform the understanding of the therapeutic relationship. The coding system of the Assessing Interpersonal Motivation in Transcripts (AIMIT) allows to identify in the clinical the activity of five main interpersonal motivational systems (IMSs): attachment (care‐seeking), caregiving, ranking, sexuality and peer cooperation. To assess whether the criteria currently used to score the AIMIT are consistently correlated with the conceptual formulation of the interpersonal multi‐motivational theory, two different studies were designed. Study 1: Content validity as assessed by highly qualified independent raters. Study 2: Content validity as assessed by unqualified raters. Results of study 1 show that out of the total 60 AIMIT verbal criteria, 52 (86.7%) met the required minimum degree of correspondence. The average semantic correspondence scores between these items and the related IMSs were quite good (overall mean: 3.74, standard deviation: 0.61). In study 2, a group of 20 naïve raters had to identify each prevalent motivation (IMS) in a random sequence of 1000 utterances drawn from therapy sessions. Cohen's Kappa coefficient was calculated for each rater with reference to each IMS and then calculated the average Kappa for all raters for each IMS. All average Kappa values were satisfactory (>0.60) and ranged between 0.63 (ranking system) and 0.83 (sexuality system). Data confirmed the overall soundness of AIMIT's theoretical–applicative approach. Results are discussed, corroborating the hypothesis that the AIMIT possesses the required criteria for content validity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Assessing Interpersonal Motivations in psychotherapy transcripts as a useful tool to better understand links between motivational systems and intersubjectivity.

A step forward in the knowledge of evolutionary cognitivism and a contribution to the bio‐psycho‐social model of human relatedness and interpersonal neurobiology.
Intersexual allometry differences and ontogenetic shifts of coloration patterns in two aquatic turtles, Graptemys oculifera and Graptemys flavimaculata
Authors: Ennen Joshua R. , Lindeman Peter V. , Lovich Jeffrey E.
Published: May 2015

Coloration can play critical roles in a species' biology. The allometry of color patterns may be useful for elucidating the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for shaping the traits. We measured characteristics relating to eight aspects of color patterns from Graptemys oculifera and G. flavimaculata to investigate the allometric differences among male, female, and unsexed juvenile specimens. Additionally, we investigated ontogenetic shifts by incorporating the unsexed juveniles into the male and female datasets. In general, male color traits were isometric (i.e., color scaled with body size), while females and juvenile color traits were hypoallometric, growing in size more slowly than the increase in body size. When we included unsexed juveniles in our male and female datasets, our linear regression analyses found all relationships to be hypoallometric and our model selection analysis found support for nonlinear models describing the relationship between body size and color patterns, suggestive of an ontogenetic shift in coloration traits for both sexes at maturity. Although color is critical for many species' biology and therefore under strong selective pressure in many other species, our results are likely explained by an epiphenomenon related to the different selection pressures on body size and growth rates between juveniles and adults and less attributable to the evolution of color patterns themselves.
Property and prejudice: How racial attitudes and social‐evaluative concerns shape property appraisals
Authors: McIntyre Jason C. , Constable Merryn D. , Barlow Fiona Kate
Published: May 2015

Property evaluations rarely occur in the absence of social context. However, no research has investigated how intergroup processes related to prejudice extend to concepts of property. In the present research, we propose that factors such as group status, prejudice and pressure to mask prejudiced attitudes affect how people value the property of racial ingroup and outgroup members. In Study 1, White American and Asian American participants were asked to appraise a hand‐painted mug that was ostensibly created by either a White or an Asian person. Asian participants demonstrated an ingroup bias. White participants showed an outgroup bias, but this effect was qualified. Specifically, among White participants, higher racism towards Asian Americans predicted higher valuations of mugs created by Asian people. Study 2 revealed that White Americans' prejudice towards Asian Americans predicted higher valuations of the mug created by an Asian person only when participants were highly concerned about conveying a non‐prejudiced personal image. Our results suggest that, ironically, prejudiced majority group members evaluate the property of minority group members whom they dislike more favourably. The current findings provide a foundation for melding intergroup relations research with research on property and ownership.
Bismuth nanoparticles integration into heavy metal electrochemical stripping sensor
Authors: Cadevall Miquel , Ros Josep , Merkoçi Arben
Published: May 2015

Between their many applications bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) are showing interest as pre‐concentrators in heavy metals detection while being applied as working electrode modifiers used in electrochemical stripping analysis. From the different reported methods to synthesize BiNPs we are focused on the typical polyol method, largely used in these types of metallic and semi‐metallic nanoparticles. This study presents the strategy for an easy control of the shape and size of BiNPs including nanocubes, nanosferes and triangular nanostructures. To improve the BiNP size and shape, different reducing agents (ethylene glycol or sodium hypophosphite) and stabilizers (polyvinyl pyrrolidone, PVP, in different amounts) have been studied. The efficiency of BiNPs for heavy metals analysis in terms of detection sensitivity while being used as modifiers of screen‐printed carbon electrodes including the applicability of the developed device in real sea water samples is shown. A parallel study between the obtained nanoparticles and their performance in heavy metal sensing has been described in this communication.
Dynamic measurement of oxidase activity based on oxygen consumption in open systems
Authors: Demarche Philippe , Junghanns Charles , Ardao Inés , Agathos Spiros N.
Published: May 2015

Oxidases catalyze the oxidation of a variety of substrates with the concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen as a final electron acceptor. UV‐visible spectrophotometry is a simple and high‐throughput method commonly used to measure oxidase activities. However, drawbacks such as light scattering exist especially concerning the activity assessment of enzymes immobilized on supports. Monitoring of the universal cosubstrate O2 circumvents these drawbacks. This study aimed at developing a methodology that allows activity measurement of many types of oxidases based on O2 consumption applicable to various open systems. Dissolved oxygen in the reaction medium was monitored by an O2 sensor and the reaction rate was deduced from the O2 mass balance equation correcting for atmospheric diffusion. Common activity units (μMproduct min−1 or U/L) could be subsequently derived using calibration curves. The sensitivity of the method toward temperature, atmospheric pressure, and ionic strength variations was evaluated, and made it possible to define operating windows for the simplification of the proposed methodology.
Flow Behavior and Heat Transmission for Steam Injection Wells Considering the Tubing Buckling Effect
Authors: Wei Shaolei , Cheng Linsong , Huang Wenjun , Yang Yang
Published: May 2015

During the thermal recovery process, the tubing string buckles inside the wellbore and leans directly on the casing, which has a significant influence on the heat transmission between the wellbore and its surroundings. In this paper, a unified mathematical model is built to predict the flow behavior and heat transmission along the flow path by considering the tubing buckling effect. A classic tubing buckling model is introduced to determine the tubing–casing contact status. For the noncontact section, the heat transmission calculation follows the conventional “thermal resistance” method, whereas a new approach is proposed for the tubing–casing contact section. The tubing buckling model and the non‐isothermal flow model are solved sequentially in an iterative process. The interaction between tubing buckling and non‐isothermal flow is analyzed in detail. The results indicate that insulation tubing and telescopic tubing are welcomed in thermal recovery.
Panel Data Models with Grouped Factor Structure Under Unknown Group Membership
Authors: Ando Tomohiro , Bai Jushan
Published: May 2015

This paper studies panel data models with unobserved group factor structures. The group membership of each unit and the number of groups are left unspecified. We estimate the model by minimizing the sum of least squared errors with a shrinkage penalty. The number of explanatory variables can be large. The regressions coefficients can be homogeneous or group specific. The consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimator are established. We also introduce newCp‐type criteria for selecting the number of groups, the numbers of group‐specific common factors and relevant regressors. Monte Carlo results show that the proposed method works well. We apply the method to the study of US mutual fund returns and to the study of individual stock returns of the China mainland stock markets. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directional and color preference in adult zebrafish: Implications in behavioral and learning assays in neurotoxicology studies
Authors: Bault Zachary A. , Peterson Samuel M. , Freeman Jennifer L.
Published: May 2015

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a useful vertebrate model organism for neurological studies. While a number of behavior and learning assays are recently reported in the literature for zebrafish, many of these assays are still being refined. The initial purpose of this study was to apply a published T‐maze assay for adult zebrafish that measures how quickly an organism can discriminate between different color stimuli after receiving reinforcement to measure learning in a study investigating the later life impacts of developmental Pb exposure. The original results were inconclusive as the control group showed a directional and color preference. To assess directional preference further, a three‐chambered testing apparatus was constructed and rotated in several directions. The directional preference observed in males was alleviated by rotating the arms pointing west and east. In addition, color preference was investigated using all combinations of five different colors (orange, yellow, green, blue and purple). With directional preference alleviated results showed that both male and female zebrafish preferred colors of shorter wavelengths. An additional experiment tested changes in color preference due to developmental exposure to Pb in adult male zebrafish. Results revealed that Pb‐exposed males gained and lost certain color preferences compared to control males and the preference for short wavelengths was decreased. Overall, these results show that consideration and pretesting should be completed before applying behavioral and learning assays involving adult zebrafish to avoid innate preferences and confounding changes in neurotoxicology studies and that developmental Pb exposure alters color preferences in adult male zebrafish. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.