bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of soil enzyme activity to warming and nitrogen addition in a meadow steppe
Authors: Gong Shiwei , Zhang Tao , Guo Rui , Cao Hongbin , Shi Lianxuan , Guo Jixun , Sun Wei
Published: May 2015

Soil enzymes play vital roles in the decomposition of soil organic matter and soil nutrient mineralisation. The activity of soil enzymes may be influenced by climate change. In the present study we measured soil enzyme activity, soil microclimate and soil nutrients to investigate the response of soil enzyme activity to N addition and experimental warming. Warming enhanced phosphatase activity (35.8%), but inhibited the cellulase activity (30%). N addition significantly enhanced the activities of urease (34.5%) and phosphatase (33.5%), but had no effect on cellulase activity. Significant interactive effects of warming and N addition on soil enzyme activity were observed. In addition, warming reduced soil C (7.2%) and available P (20.5%), whereas N addition increased soil total N (17.3%) and available N (19.8%) but reduced soil C (7.3%), total P (14.9%) and available P (23.5%). Cellulase and phosphatase activity was highly correlated with soil temperature and water content, whereas urease activity was determined primarily by soil N availability. The results show that climate change not only significantly affects soil enzyme activity, but also affects the mineralisation of soil nutrients. These findings suggest that global change may alter grassland ecosystem C, N and P cycling by influencing soil enzyme activity.
Soil morphological and chemical profiles adjacent to a bore drain in south-western Queensland, Australia
Authors: Biggs Andrew J. W. , Binns Peter
Published: May 2015

A recently abandoned artesian bore drain in south-western Queensland was sampled to investigate soil morphology and chemistry under, and adjacent to, the drain. Such drains are supplied with alkaline, sodium-rich artesian groundwater and they provide a long-term example of the impacts of these waters on soils. A Red Kandosol and a Grey Vertosol were sampled, in the drain and at 2, 4 and 25 m perpendicular to the drain. Morphological attributes indicative of long-term saturation, such as mottling, were evident around the drains, but were absent at the control sites (25 m away). At the Kandosol location, pH and exchangeable sodium were elevated within 4 m of the drain, and salinity data suggested a horizontally displaced wetting front at ~4 m from the drain. In the Grey Vertosol, which was naturally saline and sodic below 0.5 m, substantial leaching of salts had occurred around the drain, but a horizontal wetting front was also evident and exchangeable sodium was increased within 4 m of the drain. A thin, weak pan was detected in the subsoil of the Red Kandosol under the drain bank, but pans were otherwise absent under the drains. The results indicate that deep drainage is a feature not only of the Red Kandosol, but also the Grey Vertosol, despite it being sodic and despite the application of sodic, alkaline water. The findings reiterate the importance of investigating soil and water chemistry interactions when designing channels, storages and irrigation systems, in particular those using sodic–saline waters.
Global solutions to involutive systems
Authors: Bergamasco A. , Kirilov A. , Nunes W. , Zani S.
Published: May 2015

In this work we consider a class of systems of two vector fields on the 3-torus associated to a closed smooth complex 1-form

c
=
a
+
i
b

c=a+ib

with

b
b

exact. Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for this system to be globally solvable are provided in terms of the position of the global extrema and the connectedness of sublevel and superlevel sets of the primitives of

b
b

, together with arithmetical properties of the periods of

a
a

.
Tumor suppressor protein Lgl mediates G1 cell cycle arrest at high cell density by forming an Lgl-VprBP-DDB1 complex
Authors: Yamashita Kazunari , Ide Mariko , Furukawa Kana T. , Suzuki Atsushi , Hirano Hisashi , Ohno Shigeo
Published: May 2015

Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) is an evolutionarily conserved tumor suppressor whose loss of function causes disrupted epithelial architecture with enhanced cell proliferation and defects in cell polarity. A role for Lgl in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity via suppression of the PAR-aPKC polarity complex is established; however, the mechanism by which Lgl regulates cell proliferation is not fully understood. Here we show that depletion of Lgl1 and Lgl2 in MDCK epithelial cells results in overproliferation and overproduction of Lgl2 causes G1 arrest. We also show that Lgl associates with the VprBP-DDB1 complex independently of the PAR-aPKC complex and prevents the VprBP-DDB1 subunits from binding to Cul4A, a central component of the CRL4 [VprBP] ubiquitin E3 ligase complex implicated in G1- to S-phase progression. Consistently, depletion of VprBP or Cul4 rescues the overproliferation of Lgl-depleted cells. In addition, the affinity between Lgl2 and the VprBP-DDB1 complex increases at high cell density. Further, aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of Lgl2 negatively regulates the interaction between Lgl2 and VprBP-DDB1 complex. These results suggest a mechanism protecting overproliferation of epithelial cells in which Lgl plays a critical role by inhibiting formation of the CRL4 [VprBP] complex, resulting in G1 arrest.
Meaningful use stage 2 e-prescribing threshold and adverse drug events in the Medicare Part D population with diabetes
Authors: Powers Christopher , Gabriel Meghan Hufstader , Encinosa William , Mostashari Farzad , Bynum Julie
Published: May 2015

Evidence supports the potential for e-prescribing to reduce the incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) in hospital-based studies, but studies in the ambulatory setting have not used occurrence of ADE as their outcome. Using the “prescription origin code” in 2011 Medicare Part D prescription drug events files, the authors investigate whether physicians who meet the meaningful use stage 2 threshold for e-prescribing (≥50% of prescriptions e-prescribed) have lower rates of ADEs among their diabetic patients. Risk of any patient with diabetes in the provider’s panel having an ADE from anti-diabetic medications was modeled adjusted for prescriber and patient panel characteristics. Physician e-prescribing to Medicare beneficiaries was associated with reduced risk of ADEs among their diabetes patients (Odds Ratio: 0.95; 95% CI, 0.94-0.96), as were several prescriber and panel characteristics. However, these physicians treated fewer patients from disadvantaged populations.
From School Bullying to Dating Violence
Authors: Williamson Ariel A. , Guerra Nancy G. , Shadowen Noel L.
Published: May 2015

This chapter conceptualizes school-based, peer-to-peer bullying as a coercive relational process, in which bullies instrumentally use aggressive interpersonal tactics to influence, change, or dominate others in order to attain desired outcomes. We explain how this coercive process occurs on multiple levels, both within the bully-victim dyad and within the peer group context. We then discuss how the nature and desired outcomes of bullying change according to school setting and developmental period, drawing on empirical research that highlights the increasingly sexualized nature of bullying during early adolescence. Finally, we link sexual harassment and bullying behaviors during adolescence to risk for involvement in coercive relationships and processes in adulthood, and review the implications of this work for evidence-based bullying prevention programs.
Internal Mapping and Its Impact on Measures of Absolute and Relative Metacognitive Accuracy
Authors: Higham Philip A. , Zawadzka Katarzyna , Hanczakowski Maciej
Published: May 2015

Research in decision making and metacognition has long investigated the calibration of subjective probabilities. To assess calibration, mean ratings on a percentage scale (e.g., subjective likelihood of recalling an item) are typically compared directly to performance percentages (e.g., actual likelihood of recall). Means that are similar versus discrepant are believed to indicate good versus poor calibration, respectively. This chapter argues that this process is incomplete: it examines only the mapping between the overt scale values and objective performance (mapping 2), while ignoring the process by which the overt scale values are first assigned to different levels of subjective evidence (mapping 1). The chapter demonstrates how ignoring mapping 1 can lead to conclusions about calibration that are misleading. It proposes a signal detection framework that not only provides a powerful method for analyzing calibration data, but also offers a variety of measures of relative metacognitive accuracy (resolution).
Work–Family Initiatives from an Organizational Change Lens
Authors: Wells Kimberly J.
Published: May 2015

Viewed from a change lens, effective work–family policies and programs (e.g., flexible work options, leave policies, dependent care benefits) function as organizational change initiatives. Review of the work–family literature from the specific perspective afforded by a processual change framework especially discloses aspects of organizing that may facilitate or limit objectives of mainstreamed and sustainable work–family initiatives. Select examples from the literature are used to illustrate how scholars have incorporated critical change perspectives regarding context, substance, and politics. The importance of a change lens to achieving effective initiatives has been advocated in the work–family literature, and research viewed from a processual change frame suggests there is much that future study should address to inform practice challenges to achieving the promise of family-friendly workplaces. The chapter premise and recommendations are particularly relevant for contexts in which work–family reconciliation is typically addressed at the individual organizational level.
The Changing Dynamics of Careers and the Work–Family Interface
Authors: Lyness Karen S. , Erkovan Hilal E.
Published: May 2015

Although careers are an important part of people’s lives, career constructs have not always been well represented in the work–family (WF) literature. Accordingly, this chapter is written as a resource for WF scholars by providing a concise review of the rich career literature dating back over 100 years to show how conceptualizations of careers have evolved over time, with examples of key psychological and sociological theories that have enriched our understanding of careers. We also draw on the WF literature to illustrate how early career theories and concepts are still being applied to WF issues. We then focus on contemporary career theories and conceptualizations that reflect today’s turbulent work environment, and thus differ from traditional perspectives. In addition, we review the recent WF literature to examine how well these contemporary views of careers are represented, with examples of WF literature that illustrate the insights they offer. The chapter concludes with suggestions for further integration of ideas and constructs from the career literature in future WF research.
Boundary Management
Authors: Rothbard Nancy P. , Ollier-Malaterre Ariane
Published: May 2015

Boundary management is an important area within the field of work–life research. It is a set of cognitions and strategies by which people manage the critical boundaries between their multiple life domains. In this chapter, we embed this construct in its historical context from the industrial revolution to the present day. We review research that has accumulated on the different types of boundaries (e.g., spatial, temporal, relational, cognitive), the different dimensions of boundary management (segmentation versus integration preferences and behaviors, permeability, and control), as well as its directionality and time horizon. This chapter also presents a chronological approach that invites us to revisit the value of segmentation against of backdrop of an increasing blurring of the boundaries in the new world of work.
Elder Abuse
Authors: Williams Joah L. , Hernandez Melba , Acierno Ron
Published: May 2015

Elder abuse and neglect are serious problems affecting tens of thousands of older adults each year. In this chapter, we discuss elder abuse in its various forms (including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, financial maltreatment, and neglect) and provide recommendations for screening and prevention relevant to health-care providers working with geriatric populations. We further highlight clinical and contextual issues pertinent to screening for elder abuse and to its prevention, followed by a review of information regarding emergency management and care in cases of suspected or confirmed elder abuse. We conclude with a discussion about mandated reporting laws and community-based intervention strategies. We hope that this chapter will improve providers’ knowledge of the prevalence and consequences of elder abuse and strengthen the willingness to screen for and intervene in situations where an older adult may be the victim of elder abuse or neglect.
Immigrants in the Workplace
Authors: Bradley-Geist Jill C. , Schmidtke James M.
Published: May 2015

Compared with women and racial/ethnic minorities, immigrants arguably have received less attention from organizational scholars of workplace diversity. Given increased rates of immigration worldwide and increasing societal scrutiny of immigration laws and policies, more research is needed to examine possible stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination faced by immigrants in the workplace. The current chapter reviews existing research related to immigrants specifically and diversity (e.g., contact hypothesis, mixed stereotype content model) more generally. The extant literature is organized using integrated threat theory as a framework to better understand potential precursors of discrimination against immigrants, including symbolic threats (e.g., perceived threats to the culture and language of “natives), realistic threats (e.g., perceived threats to jobs, perceived usage of tax dollars, perceived crime risk), and stereotyping (e.g. the ambivalent stereotypes of immigrants depending on their country of origin). The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research in this area.
Catholic Social Teaching
Authors: McCarthy David Matzko
Published: May 2015

This essay considers the modern tradition of Catholic social teaching (CST). CST finds its roots in the biblical, patristic, and medieval periods, but was inaugurated in particular by Leo XIII’s encyclical Rerum novarum (1891) and has been sustained by a range of papal encyclicals and conciliar documents since. The documents of CST emphasize that human beings are created for mutual cooperation and a pursuit of common good in social, economic, and political life. The essay considers first CST’s developing account of how social relations may be governed by Christian charity. It then considers the nature of property within economic relations as conceived within CST. The final section considers CST’s reflections on political life, which is understood as primarily personal and dependent on relations of mutual rights and responsibilities that are directed to the common good.
Religion and the Canon
Authors: Bradley Matthew
Published: May 2015

This article uses the concept of ‘canon’ to investigate the relationship between Victorian religion and an emerging literary culture that positioned itself as both a development and an outgrowth of it. It argues that the nature of this positioning meant that many Victorian writers became caught between the difficult tangibility of religion, and the difficult intangibility of the literary culture that claimed to move beyond it. It looks at two interrelated aspects of ideas about canon in relation to Victorian culture in the work of Matthew Arnold in particular: (1) a textual canon embodied in sacred text, and (2) a canon located within the parameters of personality, usually of a divine founder. The chapter concludes by challenging the assumption that the end of the period closes the door on the continued relevance of Victorian non-fictional prose writing on religion.
Phenomenological Research in Music Therapy
Authors: Ghetti Claire M.
Published: May 2015

The creative and subjective aspects of music therapy make the discipline unique, but also pose challenges when researching and explicating its essence. There is a demand for research methodologies that are responsive to the indigenous elements of the music therapy process, and that accommodate the participant’s subjective, conscious experience of music therapy phenomena. Phenomenological research captures the subjective experience of phenomena, which renders it a particularly desirable methodology for music therapists. This chapter examines the philosophical foundations of phenomenological research, and distinguishes between descriptive and hermeneutic phenomenological methodologies. The phenomenological music therapy research literature is examined in depth, from the formative contributions of early seminal works to recent developments including applications of neurophenomenology, arts-based approaches, and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.
Music Therapy and Parent-Infant Programmes
Authors: Edwards Jane , Abad Vicky
Published: May 2015

Parent-infant work in music therapy provides the opportunity for the existing musicality of the infant-care giver pair to be accessed and enhanced. Music therapy is provided to support and enhance the skills of the dyad thus improving the relational strengths where a difficulty or impairment of satisfying contact in the relationship has occurred. The approaches developed in parent infant music therapy group and individual work have been informed primarily from an understanding of the importance of an infant achieving secure attachment with a primary care giver as the basis of ongoing lifelong mental health. This chapter provides an overview of practice in parent-infant music therapy programmes, including considerations for starting groups. Additionally, the growing literature in this field is presented and discussed.
Music Therapy with People Who Have Eating Disorders
Authors: Loth Helen
Published: May 2015

This chapter gives an overview of approaches, theoretical ideas, and techniques which music therapists have developed to work with adults and older teenagers who have eating disorders. Eating disorders are complex psychological disorders; the restriction of food intake and control of body weight serve to meet a psychological or emotional need. Music therapy can help people to explore and understand the psychological issues that may have led them to using eating as a way of controlling their feelings and emotions. Methods such as free and structured improvisation, songwriting and listening to pre-composed music can be used to help clients to address specific aspects of eating disorder pathology, such as being able to recognise and tolerate their feelings, connect with others, and make links between thoughts, feelings, and the body. Music therapy can have a significant role within the overall treatment of a person with an eating disorder.
Conceptualizing Music Therapy
Authors: Edwards Jane
Published: May 2015

New students of music therapy soon find that the most common inquiry about their field of study is “What is music therapy?” They may also be asked questions such as “Does that work?” Even experienced practitioners in the field can find these questions annoyingly routine in meeting new colleagues. In answering these questions, providing a definition of music therapy is important. There are multiple constructs through which the functions and capacities of music therapy can be usefully discussed. Five of these areas are elaborated in theOxford Handbook of Music Therapy; music therapy contexts and populations across the lifespan, music therapy models and approaches, music therapy methods, music therapy research, and music therapy training and professional issues. This chapter elaborates these areas and discusses the contribution to the development of music therapy in each of these sectors of inquiry and practice.
Approaches and Models of Music Therapy
Authors: Edwards Jane
Published: May 2015

This chapter presents eleven models and approaches in music therapy practice. The inclusion criteria is that each forms the basis, or is part, of an existing training, and at least one monograph exists. The distinction betweenmodelsand approaches is made such that models refer to developments which evolved from music therapy practice, andapproachesare music therapy techniques and methods overlaid on an existing model of therapy or theoretical principles. Music therapy training requires learning about theory within the parameters of at least one model or approach, and this engagement must be thorough and intensive. Trainees can struggle with having to do so much thinking and analyzing of their own reactions and integration of key theoretical concepts while concurrently focusing on improving their techniques and methods. Ultimately good enough training allows students to first comprehend and eventually internalize, the theoretical basis of their professional thinking in practice.
On the Expression of Focus in the Metrical Grid and in the Prosodic Hierarchy
Authors: Myrberg Sara , Riad Tomas
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the phonological correlates of information structural focus in the metrical grid and in the prosodic hierarchy, with emphasis on how they cooperate to express focus in simple cases but seem to conflict in more complex cases. Two Germanic languages, English and Swedish, are compared to highlight the implications of so-called nested foci and Second Occurrence Focus (SOF) with respect to how the metrical grid and the prosodic hierarchy interact in phonology. After providing an overview of metrical grid and prosodic hierarchy, a short description of Swedish intonation is given. The chapter then considers nested foci and SOF. It offers some predictions for Swedish of the constraint STRESSFOCUS, which does not specify what the correlation between metrical grid marks and heads of the prosodic hierarchy should be in the case of focus. It suggests that focus is expressed in a more categorical fashion in Swedish than in English.
Structure and Function of the Singing Voice
Authors: Kayes Gillyanne
Published: May 2015

Key structural aspects of the vocal mechanism and the physiology of vocal function are presented and discussed in relation to the singing voice. Details of anatomical structure and physiological function are given for the regions of the vocal tract and respiratory system under the broad headings of respiration, phonation (the larynx), and resonation. Use of voice in singing is examined in terms of breath use, control of pitch, and loudness, and shaping of resonance for change of timbre. Key developmental stages during the lifecycle are given, including infancy, childhood, voice mutation in adolescence, and the impact of hormonal change on the voice. Differences between the genders in adulthood are discussed in the light of current research knowledge of voice.
Physiology and its Impact on the Performance of Singing
Authors: Lã Filipa M. B. , Gill Brian P.
Published: May 2015

Singing performance is highly competitive; thus, finding strategies to accelerate the acquisition of knowledge that results in an efficient and effective vocal technique is of the utmost importance. There are many ways in which a singer may acquire an efficient and effective vocal technique, which can be based on the physiological processes of voice production. This chapter explores these processes within the context of singing performance. The authors examine three major aspects of singing: 1) efficient control of breathing, such that optimal airflow and subglottal pressure are available as needed, for a given frequency and intensity; 2) maximized laryngeal coordination, so that the voice source signal contains all the necessary frequency components for the desired tone; and 3) the modulation of the source signal by subtle shaping of the vocal tract. The advantages and disadvantages of various pedagogical methods are discussed, including breath management, known as appoggio, and different resonant strategies. The authors advocate for a scientifically-grounded teaching method, which allows for physiological differences between individuals, genders, and voice classifications.
Intonation and Staying in Tune in A Cappella Choral Singing
Authors: Howard David M.
Published: May 2015

The tendency for singers to use non-equal temperament when singing unaccompanied or a cappella can have a large effect on the overall pitch stability of a piece of music, especially if there are several modulations. This chapter describes the background to this effect in terms of the temperament that is naturally adopted in a cappella singing and demonstrates how it can be predicted in practice. Results are presented from experimental measurements of the pitches used by a four-part SATB (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) quartet when they sing specially composed exercises and items from the a cappella choral repertoire, and these demonstrate the effect in practice. These experiments make use of four electrolaryngographs to measure the fundamental frequencies from each singer with an absence of cross interference. Pitch shifts that follow the trends suggested by the predictions are demonstrated for both the exercises and items from the a cappella choral repertoire.
Crisis Research in a Civil Context
Authors: Konrad Michaela
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the processes that led to the decline of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, in particular the fundamental change in political and social conditions such as the empire’s breakup into an eastern and western part having its own imperial residence. It also considers whether such change indicates a ‘crisis’ marked by violence, despotism, corruption, anxiety, helplessness, and uncertainty, giving rise to a new kind of empire known as the Tetrarchy. After providing an overview of scholarly debate about the use of the word ‘crisis’ in the Roman Empire, the chapter discusses urban and rural life as well as settlement structures, economy and resources, religion, and signs of violence and anarchy in terms of endogenous and exogenous factors, including changed natural conditions or natural phenomena. It then distinguishes Upper and Lower Germany before analysing archaeological evidence regarding crisis research in the two German provinces.
Transformations in the Roman West
Authors: Theune Claudia
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the processes of transformation that took place in the Roman West between the third and fifth centuries AD, with particular reference to the case of the Alamanni. More precisely, it discusses the historic processes and corresponding archaeological remains in the region between the rivers Main and Rhine and the Danube valley in what is known today as southern Germany. Specific sites such as military facilities, urban and rural settlements, and hoards and cemeteries from late antiquity and the early migration period are explored. The chapter concludes by citing archaeological evidence showing the early Alamanni experiencing profound changes in infrastructure and local organization as well as its continued integration into the Roman Empire’s system of border defence.
Writing and Literacy/Illiteracy
Authors: Matijević Krešimir
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines archaeological evidence that demonstrates literacy/illiteracy in the Roman Empire based on the ancient written documents available, including stone inscriptions. It first considers the level of education amongst the Italian population in ancient Rome, particularly in the Roman provinces, along with the level of literacy prior to Roman provincialization in Western Europe. It then turns to other documents such as books, wooden tablets, small inscriptions, and pictorial representations, and the Roman military’s ability to read and write. Finally, it discusses the level of literacy in late antiquity.
Roman Battlefields in Germany
Authors: Moosbauer Günther
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines archaeological evidence regarding Roman battlefields in Germany, with particular reference to two sites of military confrontation between the Roman Empire and Germanic alliances in the open field: Kalkriese and Harzhorn. It describes the topography of Kalkriese and Harzhorn and some of the archaeological finds at the sites, including coins and skeletal remains. It also considers the scholarly debate over the connection of short-term events in the open field to historical ones.
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Authors: Crosson Bruce A. , Ford Anastasia , Raymer Anastasia M.
Published: May 2015

The defining symptoms of transcortical motor aphasia (TCMA) are nonfluent verbal output with relatively preserved repetition. Other symptoms, such as naming difficulties, agrammatic output, or even some paraphasias, may occur, but these are not cardinal symptoms defining TCMA and are not necessary for the diagnosis. The core anatomy involved in TCMA is a lesion of the medial frontal cortex, especially the left presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and adjacent Brodmann’s area 32; a lesion of the left posterior inferior frontal cortex, especially pars opercularis and ventral lateral premotor cortex; or a lesion of the pathways between these frontal structures. TCMA occasionally has been reported with a lesion of the left basal ganglia, the left thalamus, or the ascending dopaminergic pathways. From a cognitive standpoint, TCMA can be conceptualized as a disorder of intention, in other words, as a disorder of initiation and continuation of spoken language that is internally motivated. The medial frontal cortex provides the impetus to speak; this impetus to speak is conveyed to lateral frontal structures through frontal–subcortical pathways where it activates various language production mechanisms. The influence of the ascending dopaminergic pathways may occur either through their heavy connections with the pre-SMA region or through their influence on the basal ganglia. The influence of the basal ganglia and thalamus probably occurs through their connections with the medial frontal cortex. Assessments for TCMA should involve a thorough evaluation of conversational or narrative language output and repetition. New treatments are available that attempt to engage right-hemisphere intention mechanisms with left-hand movements and may be effective in TCMA. Although dopamine agonists have also shown some positive effects in increasing verbal output in TCMA, trials have been small, and some caution must be exercised in interpreting these findings.
Relational Processes
Authors: Beach Steven R.H. , Foran Heather M. , Heyman Richard E. , Slep Amy M. Smith , Cordaro Anthony R. , Wamboldt Marianne Z. , Reiss David , Kaslow Nadine J.
Published: May 2015

Efforts to expand and update the description of relational processes in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM) to enhance its clinical utility began with DSM-IV, but met with limited success. The current effort to revise the description of relational problems has focused on both the DSM-V and theInternational Classification of Diseases(ICD)-11, with an emphasis on (1) documenting a solid empirical foundation for inclusion of relational processes in these diagnostic systems and (2) creating categories and symptom sets that reflect that empirical foundation. In this chapter we describe the process that led to the current revisions, along with steps that were taken to ensure broad consensus and relevance for a range of countries and cultures. We also briefly recap several arguments for continued attention to relational processes as well as additional changes that might be considered in future revisions. Finally, we also briefly discuss the issue of whether some relational processes are better thought of as categories in addition to being dimensions. Scientific aspects of the project have been very productive. However, revision of relational problem descriptions in DSM-V was limited and final revisions to the ICD-11 are still underway.
Pain and Ecstatic Religious Experience
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2015

This article considers a broad selection of mystical writings to identify in ecstatic mystical experience two fundamental dimensions: a feeling of self-transcendence and an extremely high level of positive affect. The article argues that pain is instrumental in promoting both experiences and is therefore extremely pervasive among mystics who report ecstatic states of consciousness. A brief critical survey looks at scholarly literature that has touched on the subject of pain in religious experience. A number of neuroscientific theories are examined as ways of explaining the role of pain in the production of transcendent states of consciousness, and a phenomenological approach is used for exploring the role of pain in the production of positive affect. The article argues that the mystics’ use of pain cannot be fully understood without taking into account the scientific and phenomenological terrain of positive affect.
Plural Versions and the Challenge of Narrative Coherence in the Story of Job
Authors: Newsom Carol A.
Published: May 2015

Seen through the lens of cultural memory, the canonical book of Job is only one of many versions of the story, and by no means the most popular. Some of the versions of Job predate the canonical book and continue alongside it. Later versions, created in response to changing religious and cultural conditions, may draw on both written and oral tales. Other authors adapt aspects of the Job tradition into new artistic compositions. While most stories reduce the plurality of possibilities to one in the effort to tell their own version, the canonical book of Job is unique in drawing specific attention to the plurality of Job stories through its polyphonic technique of storytelling, generated in part by juxtaposing different genres in one work.
Culture Tricks in Biblical Narrative
Authors: Havea Jione , Melanchthon Monica Jyotsna
Published: May 2015

This chapter offers cross-cultural readings of Joshua 9 that demonstrate (1) how cultural contexts condition biblical narratives and readers and (2) how the reading process, which takes readers across cultures, can trick narratives, readers, and readings. Rooted in Tonga and India, and currently located in Australia, we read the trickery of the Gibeonites (whose men were all warriors) as invitations to cross cultures and to shift our alliances from favoring the invading Israelites to appreciating the struggling natives of the land and the outcastes. In so doing we seek to free both the Israelites and the Gibeonites from the trickery of narratives, history, traditions and readings.
Financial Asset Holdings and Political Attitudes: Evidence from Revolutionary England
*
Authors: Jha Saumitra
Published: May 2015

The English Parliament’s struggle for supremacy against monarchical dictatorship during the Civil War (1642–1648) was crucial for the establishment of representative government, yet its lessons continue to be debated. I exploit novel data on individual MPs drawn from 1,842 biographies to show that the conflict was over overseas interests and other factors over which the executive enjoyed broad constitutional discretion, rather than over domestic property rights. I further exploit the coincidence of individual MPs’ ability to sign legally binding share contracts with novel share offerings by overseas companies to measure the effect of overseas share investment on their political attitudes. I show that overseas shareholding pushed moderates lacking prior mercantile interests to support reform. I interpret the effect of financial assetholding as allowing new investors to exploit emerging economic opportunities overseas, aligning their interests with traders. By consolidating a broad parliamentary majority that favored reform, the introduction of financial assets also broadened support for the institutionalization of parliamentary supremacy over dictatorial rule.
Antifibrinolytic Therapy for Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Koster Andreas , Faraoni David , Levy Jerrold H.
Published: May 2015

Antifibrinolytic therapy reduces bleeding and chest tube drainage output in cardiac surgical patients but is associated with potential side effects. Two phase-II studies with new compounds were terminated prematurely. There is increasing evidence of adverse side effects with tranexamic acid.
Testing complex networks of interaction at the onset of the Near Eastern Neolithic using modelling of obsidian exchange
Authors: Ibáñez Juan José , Ortega David , Campos Daniel , Khalidi Lamya , Méndez Vicenç
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we explore the conditions that led to the origins and development of the Near Eastern Neolithic using mathematical modelling of obsidian exchange. The analysis presented expands on previous research, which established that the down-the-line model could not explain long-distance obsidian distribution across the Near East during this period. Drawing from outcomes of new simulations and their comparison with archaeological data, we provide results that illuminate the presence of complex networks of interaction among the earliest farming societies. We explore a network prototype of obsidian exchange with distant links which replicates the long-distance movement of ideas, goods and people during the Early Neolithic. Our results support the idea that during the first (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) and second (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) phases of the Early Neolithic, the complexity of obsidian exchange networks gradually increased. We propose then a refined model (the optimized distant link model) whereby long-distance exchange was largely operated by certain interconnected villages, resulting in the appearance of a relatively homogeneous Neolithic cultural sphere. We hypothesize that the appearance of complex interaction and exchange networks reduced risks of isolation caused by restricted mobility as groups settled and argue that these networks partially triggered and were crucial for the success of the Neolithic Revolution. Communities became highly dynamic through the sharing of experiences and objects, while the networks that developed acted as a repository of innovations, limiting the risk of involution.
Sundew adhesive: a naturally occurring hydrogel
Authors: Huang Yujian , Wang Yongzhong , Sun Leming , Agrawal Richa , Zhang Mingjun
Published: May 2015

Bioadhesives have drawn increasing interest in recent years, owing to their eco-friendly, biocompatible and biodegradable nature. As a typical bioadhesive, sticky exudate observed on the stalked glands of sundew plants aids in the capture of insects and this viscoelastic adhesive has triggered extensive interests in revealing the implied adhesion mechanisms. Despite the significant progress that has been made, the structural traits of the sundew adhesive, especially the morphological characteristics in nanoscale, which may give rise to the viscous and elastic properties of this mucilage, remain unclear. Here, we show that the sundew adhesive is a naturally occurring hydrogel, consisting of nano-network architectures assembled with polysaccharides. The assembly process of the polysaccharides in this hydrogel is proposed to be driven by electrostatic interactions mediated with divalent cations. Negatively charged nanoparticles, with an average diameter of 231.9 ± 14.8 nm, are also obtained from this hydrogel and these nanoparticles are presumed to exert vital roles in the assembly of the nano-networks. Further characterization via atomic force microscopy indicates that the stretching deformation of the sundew adhesive is associated with the flexibility of its fibrous architectures. It is also observed that the adhesion strength of the sundew adhesive is susceptible to low temperatures. Both elasticity and adhesion strength of the sundew adhesive reduce in response to lowering the ambient temperature. The feasibility of applying sundew adhesive for tissue engineering is subsequently explored in this study. Results show that the fibrous scaffolds obtained from sundew adhesive are capable of increasing the adhesion of multiple types of cells, including fibroblast cells and smooth muscle cells, a property that results from the enhanced adsorption of serum proteins. In addition, in light of the weak cytotoxic activity exhibited by these scaffolds towards a variety of mammal cells, evidence is sufficient to propose that sundew adhesive is a promising nanomaterial worth further exploitation in the field of tissue engineering.
A pheromone outweighs temperature in influencing migration of sea lamprey
Authors: Brant Cory O. , Li Ke , Johnson Nicholas S. , Li Weiming
Published: May 2015

Organisms continuously acquire and process information from surrounding cues. While some cues complement one another in delivering more reliable information, others may provide conflicting information. How organisms extract and use reliable information from a multitude of cues is largely unknown. We examined movement decisions of sea lampreys (
Petromyzon marinus
L.) exposed to a conspecific and an environmental cue during pre-spawning migration. Specifically, we predicted that the mature male-released sex pheromone 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS) will outweigh the locomotor inhibiting effects of cold stream temperature (less than 15°C). Using large-scale stream bioassays, we found that 3kPZS elicits an increase (more than 40%) in upstream movement of pre-spawning lampreys when the water temperatures were below 15°C. Both warming temperatures and conspecific cues increase upstream movement when the water temperature rose above 15°C. These patterns define an interaction between abiotic and conspecific cues in modulating animal decision-making, providing an example of the hierarchy of contradictory information.
The validity of Kirchhoff theory for scattering of elastic waves from rough surfaces
Authors: Shi F. , Choi W. , Lowe M. J. S. , Skelton E. A. , Craster R. V.
Published: May 2015

The Kirchhoff approximation (KA) for elastic wave scattering from two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) rough surfaces is critically examined using finite-element (FE) simulations capable of extracting highly accurate data while retaining a fine-scale rough surface. The FE approach efficiently couples a time domain FE solver with a boundary integration method to compute the scattered signals from specific realizations of rough surfaces. Multiple random rough surfaces whose profiles have Gaussian statistics are studied by both Kirchhoff and FE models and the results are compared; Monte Carlo simulations are used to assess the comparison statistically. The comparison focuses on the averaged peak amplitude of the scattered signals, as it is an important characteristic measured in experiments. Comparisons, in both two dimensions and three dimensions, determine the accuracy of Kirchhoff theory in terms of an empirically estimated parameter
σ
2
/λ
0
(
σ
is the RMS value, and λ
0
is the correlation length, of the roughness), being considered accurate when this is less than some upper bound
c
, (
σ
2
/λ
0
<
c
). The incidence and scattering angles also play important roles in the validity of the Kirchhoff theory and it is found that for modest incidence angles of less than 30°, the accuracy of the KA is improved even when
σ
2
/λ
0
>
c
. In addition, the evaluation results are compared using 3D isotropic rough surfaces and 2D surfaces with the same surface parameters.
A three-dimensional study of coupled grain boundary motion with junctions
Authors: Basak Anup , Gupta Anurag
Published: May 2015

A novel continuum theory of incoherent interfaces with triple junctions is applied to study coupled grain boundary (GB) motion in three-dimensional polycrystalline materials. The kinetic relations for grain dynamics, relative sliding and migration of the boundary and junction evolution are developed. In doing so, a vectorial form of the geometrical coupling factor, which relates the tangential motion at the GB to the migration, is also obtained. Diffusion along the GBs and the junctions is allowed so as to prevent nucleation of voids and overlapping of material near the GBs. The coupled dynamics has been studied in detail for two bicrystalline and one tricrystalline arrangements. The first bicrystal consists of two cubic grains separated by a planar GB, whereas the second is composed of a spherical grain embedded inside a larger grain. The tricrystal has an arbitrary-shaped grain embedded inside a much larger bicrystal made of two cubic grains. In all these cases, analytical solutions are obtained wherever possible while emphasizing the role of various kinetic coefficients during the coupled motion.
Movements of genes between populations: are pollinators more effective at transferring their own or plant genetic markers?
Authors: Liu Min , Compton Stephen G. , Peng Fo-En , Zhang Jian , Chen Xiao-Yong
Published: May 2015

The transfer of genes between populations is increasingly important in a world where pollinators are declining, plant and animal populations are increasingly fragmented and climate change is forcing shifts in distribution. The distances that pollen can be transported by small insects are impressive, as is the extensive gene flow between their own populations. We compared the relative ease by which small insects introduce genetic markers into their own and host-plant populations. Gene flow via seeds and pollen between populations of an Asian fig species were evaluated using cpDNA and nuclear DNA markers, and between-population gene flow of its pollinator fig wasp was determined using microsatellites. This insect is the tree's only pollinator locally, and only reproduces in its figs. The plant's pollen-to-seed dispersal ratio was 9.183–9.437, smaller than that recorded for otherFicus. The relative effectiveness of the pollinator at introducing markers into its own populations was higher than the rate it introduced markers into the plant's populations (ratio = 14 : 1), but given the demographic differences between plant and pollinator, pollen transfer effectiveness is remarkably high. Resource availability affects the dispersal of fig wasps, and host-plant flowering phenology here and in other plant–pollinator systems may strongly influence relative gene flow rates.
Predicting abundances of plants and pollinators using a simple compartmental mutualistic model
Authors: Fort Hugo , Mungan Muhittin
Published: May 2015

Key gaps to be filled in population and community ecology are predicting the strength of species interactions and linking pattern with process to understand species coexistence and their relative abundances. In the case of mutualistic webs, like plant–pollinator networks, advances in understanding species abundances are currently limited, mainly owing to the lack of methodological tools to deal with the intrinsic complexity of mutualisms. Here, we propose an aggregation method leading to a simple compartmental mutualistic population model that captures both qualitatively and quantitatively the size-segregated populations observed in a Mediterranean community of nectar-producing plant species and nectar-searching animal species. We analyse the issue of optimal aggregation level and its connection with the trade-off between realism and overparametrization. We show that aggregation of both plants and pollinators into five size classes or compartments leads to a robust model with only two tunable parameters. Moreover, if, in each compartment, (i) the interaction coefficients fulfil the condition of weak mutualism and (ii) the mutualism is facultative for at least one party of the compartment, then the interactions between different compartments are sufficient to guarantee global stability of the equilibrium population.