bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant Community Distribution and Dynamics in Bryce Canyon National Park
Authors: Roberts David
Published: July 2020

The overall objectives of the research are: 1) to develop a comprehensive classification for all stages of successional development for all vegetation types within the Park, 2) to map the potential vegetation and current vegetation types throughout the Park, 3) to develop a simple succession model for predicting vegetation dynamics for each vegetation type in the Park, and 4) to map distributions of rare or endangered plant species within the Park. The combination of these objectives will provide Park managers with a predictive tool for Park management, and will provide vegetation ecologists with a comprehensive knowledge of the landscape vegetation dynamics of a range of vegetation types.
An Analysis of Relict Plant Communities of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
Authors: MacMahon James
Published: July 2020

Progress in the third quarter of this second project year was mainly in two areas: 1) identification of plant specimens, and 2) synthesis of quantitative plot data. Each of these are discussed briefly below. 1. Plant Specimen Identification. Collection of both unknown and voucher plant specimens was one of the tasks of relict-area field inspection in 1986 and 1987. About 450 numbers were collected overall within the NRA. All of them were recently identified or confirmed, except for a few difficult specimens with tentative identifications that still need final determination. 2. Plot Data Synthesis. Quantitative data gathered in relict areas last May consisted of cover and number (density) of perennial plants in 50 meter-square quadrats along a transect line. These raw data have been summarized into absolute and relative cover, density and frequency. The results will be the basis for comparisons between relict areas. Because these data were taken in permanent plots, they can also serve as baselines for subsequent analysis of change, if any, over time.
Late-Glacial and Postglacial Vegetation and Climate of Jackson Hole and the Pinyon Peak Highlands, Wyoming
Authors: Barnosky Cathy
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study has been to describe the late-Quaternary vegetation of the Jackson Hole region and vicinity in order to clarify the nature and composition of ice-age communities, the rate and direction of plant migration during the recession of glaciers from the region, and the long-term stability of communities in the Park to environmental changes in the postglacial period. This information is necessary to assess the sensitivity of the Park's communities to environmental change and fill a critical gap in our understanding of the vegetational, climatic, and glacial history of the north-central Rocky Mountains as a whole.
Structural Controls on the Teton Normal Fault, Teton County, Wyoming
Authors: Lageson David
Published: July 2020

The Teton normal fault crops out along the eastern base of the Teton Range and relative motion across this fault has both uplifted the Teton Range and down-dropped Jackson Hole. On surface maps the normal fault appears to lie across older Laramide faults at a high angle, thus suggesting that previous structures had little to do with the position of the normal fault. Therefore, this field study was undertaken to test the following question: have preexisting Laramide or basement structures affected the position and/or geometry of the Teton normal fault? This question becomes important when considering the potential for contemporary earthquakes along the Teton normal fault and understanding the geologic environment of these earthquakes.
Taxonomy and Ecology of Ectomycorrhizal Macrofungi of Grand Teton National Park
Authors: McKnight Kent
Published: July 2020

The 6 weeks field studies during the summer of 1987 relate to that part of the previously stated objectives (e.g. McKnight, Harper, & McKnight, 1986) concerned with the inventory of fungal species in the Wyoming national parks, particularly Grand Teton National Park. With the return of Dr. Meinhard Moser, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, we intended to concentrate on the Hymenomycete genus Cortinarius. The range of species studied was broadened significantly by the shorter visits of two additional collaborators, Dr. Harry Thiers, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, and Dr. Joe Ammirati, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Earthquake Hazards of the Grand Teton National Park Emphasizing the Teton Fault
Authors: Susong D. , Smith R. , Bruhn R.
Published: July 2020

The Teton normal-fault zone extends for over 80 km along the eastern front of the Teton Range. Mapping and profiling of Quaternary fault scarps shows that the scarps are nearly continous for 55 km with scarp heights varying from about 10 m to 40 m. The largest scarps occur adjacent to the topographically highest parts of the Teton range. The scarps locally offset glacial moraine crests in a left-lateral sense. On a regional scale the scarps exhibit a right-stepping, en echelon geometry that is also consistent with a component of left-lateral displacenent. The Teton fault is structurally subdivided into three segments. One prominent geometrical segment boundary occurs just south Taggart Lake, where the range front bends through an angle of 23Â° and a major structural boundary extends through the hanging wall basin, as inferred by gravity data. This boundary may have influenced the history of Quaternary earthquake occurrences because vertical offset across faults scarps is greater to the north of the boundary, than to the south. The lengths of the proposed segments and scarp size are consistent with M7 to 7.5 earthquakes for the Teton fault zone.
Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation: Cycling and Succession in Lodgepole Pine Forests
Authors: Romme W. , Yavitt J. , Knight D. , Fedders J.
Published: July 2020

This work began in 1980 with the objective of studying the effects of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks and the surrounding area. The inmediate effects of outbreaks on stand structure have been documented (Roe and Amman 1970, Amman and Cole 1980), but little is known about long-term influences on ecosystem processes such as primary productivity, material cycling, and succession. Thus, our research deals with the effects of beetle outbreaks on (1) rates of growth in surviving trees and total stand productivity, (2) dead woody fuels and fire risk, (3) forest succession, and (4) nutrient cycling.
Research Bibliography for Jackson Hole Biological Station (1951-1975) and U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center (1975-1987)
Authors: National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section consists of the research bibliography, updated in 1987, for the Jackson Hole Biological Station and the U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center.
Summary of Research Activities within the National Park Service Areas Cooperating with the U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center, 1987.
Authors: National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section contains a summary of research activities within the National Park Service areas cooperating with the U.S.-N.P.S Research Center, 1987, including Big Hole National Battlefield, Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Bryce Canyon National Park, Canyonlands National Park, Capitol Reef National Park, Custer Battlefield National Monument, Dinosaur National Park, Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Glacier National Park, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Grand Teton National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Wind Cave National Park, Yellowstone National Park and Zion National Park.
National Park Service Areas Cooperating with U.S.-N.P.S. Research Center
Authors: National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section contains a list of National Park Service areas cooperating with U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center from Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah.
Plant Community Distribution and Dynamics in Bryce Canyon National Park
Authors: Roberts David , Hallsten Gregory
Published: July 2020

The overall objectives of the research are: 1. Develop a comprehensive classification for all stages of successional development for all vegetation types within the Park; 2. Map the potential vegetation and current vegetation types throughout the Park; 3. Development a simple succession model for predicting vegetation dynamics for each vegetation type in the Park; and 4. Map distributions of rare or endangered plant species within the Park. The combination of these objectives will provide Park managers with a predictive tool for Park management, and will provide vegetation ecologists with a comprehensive knowledge of the landscape vegetation dynamics of a range of vegetation types.
Blackbrush, Coleogyne ramosissima, Propagation and Revegetation
Authors: Hughes Harrison , Weglinski Eugene
Published: July 2020

This investigation was to develop a methodology for the production of blackbrush ( Coleogyne ramosissima Torr.) propagules. Furthermore, these propagules were to be evaluated for their use in revegetation of disturbed areas in Canyonlands National Park. Stem cutting propagation and mound layering were to be evaluated for rapid propagation of blackbrush.
Plant Community Dynamics and Rare or Exotic Species Distributions and Dynamics in Cedar Breaks National Monument
Authors: Roberts Catherine , Roberts David
Published: July 2020

The overall objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive vegetation classification and management system for Cedar Breaks National Monument. Specific Objectives are: 1. To complete an inventory of current community types, habitat types, distribution of rare of endangered plant species and the potential habitat for these same species, and the distribution and dynamics of exotic plant species found inside the Monunent; and 2. To develop an ecologically-based landscape succession model to serve as a comprehensive predictive tool for use in managing the vegetation resources in Cedar Breaks National Monument.
Factors Influencing Movements of Pteronarcys Nymphs in Pacific Creek, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming
Authors: Freilich Jerry
Published: July 2020

Controversy continues over the relative importance of resource limitation and intraspecific competition in stream ecosystems (Grossman et al 1982, Hart 1983). The chief trouble is separating density independent effects (e.g., Knight and Gaufin 1963) from effects that are density-dependent (i.e., biological) (Peckarsky 1979). Movements of marked individuals can reveal fine detail about intraspecific coupetition or effects of environmental heterogeneity. My research uses individually marked stoneflies (Pteronarcys californica) to study movement patterns. Pteronarcys was chosen because it is large enough to tag and can be caught by electroshocking. The work has 2 parts: a descriptive study of stonefly novements, and a series of manipulations to probe factors affecting them. The descriptive study was conducted in 1987: (1) to determine feasibility of catching and marking large numbers of stoneflies; (2) to obtain life history data (sex, size, phenology); (3) to find out the size of Pteronarcys home ranges; and (4) to discover maximum distance and maximum rate the stoneflies can move. Purposes (3) and (4) were intended to guide formulation of the manipulation study by providing an estimate for sample and quadrat sizes. The manipulation study, (July-November 1988), was a randomized block ANOVA design. Food and stonefly density were manipulated in 4m2 quadrats in Pacific Creek. Purposes of the manipulation were: (1) to see if stoneflies use available habitat differentially; (2) to discover the relative importance of food availability in explaining stonefly distribution; (3) to test for intraspecific interactions as determinants of movement; (4) to look for interactions between food and intraspecific factors. I present here some results from 1987 and summarize data from 1988 (only now beginning to be analyzed).
Report on the Mushroom Study Project Carried out at the Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks and Vicinity During Summer of 1988
Authors: Thiers Harry
Published: July 2020

This project was carried out during the period of 17 June through 30 June 1988 while in residence at the U.W-N.P.S. Research Center in the Grand Teton National Park. The goal of the research project was two fold. Having spent considerable time studying snowbank fungi in the Sierra Nevada it was decided to compare the flora of the Teton area with that of other areas receiving heavy snow fall. Secondly based upon experience from time spent during the previous year in this region, it appeared that there was an interesting diversity of species in the genera Russula and Boletaceae in the general vicinity. Also, since these are the fungi which I have spent considerable time investigating their diversity and ecology, it was desirable to learn more of the flora in order to determine its composition and to compare it with that of other regions.
Water Budget for Wind and Jewel Caves
Authors: Alexander, Jr. E. , Davis Marsha
Published: July 2020

The objectives and scope of this research topic were defined as: 1) Establisllitent of a sampling network for measuring; a) precipitation and evaporation, b) monitoring stream flow across park boundaries, c) spring discharges, and d) infiltration rates in the caves. 2) Assessment of transpiration rates in the parks. 3) Development of new options in managing water resources in cooperation with other federal and state agencies administrating lands adjacent to Wind and Jewel Caves.
The Mammalian Preadator Community of Wind Cave National Forest
Authors: Taylor Robert
Published: July 2020

This project is committed both to describing the species composition of the mammalian carnivore community in Wind Cave National Park (WCNP) and to discovering the factors which operate to structure the observed community. Studies conducted in 1988 were directed to the first of these goals, the description of the existing community.
Cardiac Telemetry, Natality, and Food Habits of Bighorn Sheep at Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area
Authors: Coates Kevin , Schemnitz Sanford
Published: July 2020

Data were collected from May 1988 to May 1989 to aid in the development of a management program for Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) at Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (BICA). A principle goal of the management program at BICA is to promote the continued expansion of a reintroduced population of bighorn sheep throughout its ancestral habitat (BICA 1984). In previous research at BICA (Coates and Schemnitz 1988) we identified 3 factors as potentially limiting to herd expansion: visitor and/or vehicular disturbance of bighorns (especially reproductive ewes), competition with horses for a limited supply of grasses, and possible genetic constraints on recruitment (i.e., inbreeding depression) resulting from small founder group size.
Fire History in the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area
Authors: Knight Dennis , Wu Yegang
Published: July 2020

Work during May included finishing the summarization of data collected in 1988 and preparing for the second field season. Field work for 1989 started on June 4, with graduate student Yegang Wu working in the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (BCNRA)until August 7. Terry Peters provided additional field assistants to work with Yegang on the average of about one day each week from mid-June to early August, a contribution that greatly facilitated data collection.
Hypogeous Fungi Occurrence, Distribution and Mycorrhizal Hosts in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway
Authors: Miller Steven , Stanton Nancy , Williams Stephen
Published: July 2020

The persistence of mycorrhizal fungi in undisturbed coniferous forest ecosystems is assumed by the renewed appearance of their sporocarps each year. Sporocarps, however, are not produced in areas severely disturbed by fire or clearcutting; yet spores and other propagules of some species of hypogeous fungi are present in the soil in the absence of suitable mycorrhizal hosts, and are capable of forming mycorrhizae several years after clear-cutting or fire (Miller et al. 1989). In fact, hypogeous fungi such as Rhizopogon spp. are typically the first to recolonize root systems of new seedlings after large scale disturbance such as fire, insect attack, or clearcutting (Miller et al. 1989). Are these fungi residual in the soil from previously existing spore banks, or are they continuously being restocked into the area? Information on strategies for persistence, propagation and survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi is required before responses of forest ecosystems to fire and other disturbance can be understood.
Climatic Factors, Reproductive Success and Population Dynamics in the Montane Vole, Microtus montanus
Authors: Pinter Aelita
Published: July 2020

Multiannual fluctuations in populations density ("cycles") of small rodents have been long recognized (Elton 1942). Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon (for reviews see Krebs and Myers 1974, Finery 1980, Taitt and Krebs 1985). However, none, alone or in combination, explain the causality of cycles.
Time-Laspe Video Study of Mating Behavior in Sagebrush Crickets (Cyphoderris strepitans)
Authors: Sakaluk Scott , Snedden W.
Published: July 2020

Sagebrush crickets (Cyphoderris strepitans) are primitive acoustic insects which occur only in mountainous areas of Wyoming and Colorado (Morris and Gwynne 1978). In Grand Teton National Park, adults become sexually active in early May and matings subsequently occur over a 3 - 6 week period. Each night of the breeding season, males emerge from the soil litter shortly after sunset, climb into the sagebrush and begin to sing, presumably to attract sexually receptive females. Copulation is initiated when a receptive female climbs onto the dorsum of a male, at which time he attempts to transfer a spermatophore (Dodson et al. 1983, Sakaluk et al. 1987, Morris et al. 1989). During the time that the female is mounted on the male, she feeds on the male's metathoracic wings and ingests any hemolymph oozing from the wounds she inflicts. To deter the female from dismounting before the spermatophore has been transferred, males are equipped with an abdominal pinching organ which functions to secure the female during copulation (Morris 1979, Dodson et al. 1983). Once the spermatophore has disengagement. The bulk of the spermatophore remains attached outside the female's body, who invariably consumes it several hours after mating (present study). A previous field study involving the mark-recapture of a large number of males showed that once a male had mated, his probability of obtaining additional copulations was significantly reduced (Morris et al. 1986). One explanation for this result is that non-virgin males, having lost a substantial portion of available energy reserves at mating, may be unable to sustain calling at pre-mating levels. In support of this hypothesis, electronic assays of male signaling behavior (see Kidder and Sakaluk, in press) have shown that virgin male C. strepitans call for significantly longer durations than recently mated males (Sakaluk et al.1987, Sakaluk and Snedden 1990). Although virgin males call more and have significantly higher mating success than non-virgins, this does not necessarily prove that calling duration and mating success are causally related. In the past, we have experienced two difficulties in establishing a causal basis to this correlation: 1) matings are rarely observed in the field, and we have of necessity relied on wing wounding as an indicator of male mating success (Morris et al. 1989) and 2) we have been unable to demonstrate phonotaxis of females to conspecific song as broadcast either through speakers placed in the field (Sakaluk and Snedden, unpubl. data) or in the laboratory (Morris et al. 1989). To at least partially circumvent these difficulties, we employed time-lapse video photography of mating interactions staged at the UW-NPS Research Station during the 1989 breeding season. The objective of these studies was to determine how mating status, calling time and body size contribute to male mating success, either through their effect on male competitive ability and/or their effect on male attractiveness to females.
Earthquake Hazards of Grand Teton National Park Emphasizing the Teton Fault
Authors: Smith R. , Byrd J.
Published: July 2020

This is a progress report on the research of the University of Utah project: "Earthquake Hazards of The Grand Teton National Park Emphasizing The Teton Fault", to date, 31 December, 1989. The research objectives during 1989 focussed on: 1) excavation of a trench across the Teton fault to determine the age and amount of displacement associated with prehistoric ground breaking earthquakes; 2) collection of paleomagnetic samples of Huckleberry Ridge tuff along an E-W transect across the northern end of the Teton range to assess deformation associated with the Teton fault; 3) mapping and surveying of two study areas along the fault to evaluate the geomorphic expression of the fault; 4) surveying a detailed topographic and gravity profile across the valley from String Lake to the Snake River to evaluate deformation of the valley floor and to help constrain modeling of the subsurface fault geometry, 5) continuing the study of expected fault motion of the Teton fault based on our previous results, 6) mapping of the northern extent of the Teton fault zone, and 7) assisting the NPS with interpretations and use of our data for management and interpretational purposes.
Effects of 1988 Fires on Aquatic Systems of Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Minshall G. , Robinson Christopher
Published: July 2020

Collections and measurements were made in September-October 1988 at 18 burn and four unburned reference sites (Table 1) and in March 1989 at 12 of the burn and one of the unburned sites under support from the National Science Foundation and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. These are being processed and analyzed as part of the present project. In addition, the original 22 burn and reference streams were examined again during August 1989 for comparison with conditions found just after the fire. With a few minor exceptions (e.g., the recording thermometers at a few sites were broken or missing) all of the information specified in our research proposal for September-October 1988 and August 1989 was obtained. Adverse weather conditions or "bear closures" prevented the assessment of all 22 sites in March but the data from the 12 sites that were sampled for invertebrates, periphyton, and organic matter appear to be sufficient to strongly suggest that changes in food quality due to the fire had an adverse effect on the benthic invertebrate community as we had hypothesized (see below).
Science: UW-NPS Perspectives
Authors: Boyce Mark
Published: July 2020

We have chosen to feature Lederman's (1991) article entitled "Science: The end of the frontier?" because it addresses several issues of interest to researchers, particularly those who are funded through the University of Wyoming-National Park Service (UW-NPS) Research Center. And we think that it is appropriate to respond by discussing the Research Center's policy related to some of these issues.
Hypogeous Fungi Occurrence, Distribution and Mycorrhizal Hosts in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway
Authors: Miller Steven
Published: July 2020

The 1990 field season constituted the last of a three year study to survey the hypogeous fungi of Grand Teton National Park and the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. The objectives were to: 1. collect and identify hypogeous fungi found in association with ectomycorrhizal tree hosts such as lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Douglas-frr (Pseudotsuga menziesii), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and speckled alder (Alnus tenuifolia), and several species of willow (Salix sp.) throughout the area; and 2. to gain an initial understanding of the importance of these fungi as food for small mammals.
Ecology of Deer on Devils Tower National Monument
Authors: McDaniel Greg , Merrill Evelyn , Lindzey Fred
Published: July 2020

Currently, white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (0. hemionus) use Devils Tower National Monument and adjacent private agricultural lands year round or migrate from the Monument to other areas. Construction of a game proof fence by adjoining landowners threatens to enclose Devils Tower National Monument. If this occurs, deer use of the Monument may be substantially altered and longÂ­term management of the population may be faced with many of the problems associated with island reserves. National Park Service management policy charges the Monument to detect or predict changes in the natural resources under its stewardship. However, current deer use of the Monument is not well documented so that a baseline for monitoring long term changes is lacking. The University of Wyoming Department of Zoology and Physiology and the Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, in cooperation with the University of Wyoming National Park Service Research Center and Devils Tower National Monument, initiated a study in June 1990 to document the population and habitat ecology of whiteÂ­tailed and mule deer on Devils Tower National Monument. Objectives of the study during this reporting period were to: 1. radio-collar a representative sample of the adult female population of deer 2. radio-locate adult does to identify daily and seasonal habitat use and movement patterns 3. determine seasonal deer densities on the Monument
Paleo-Historical Fluctuations in Paleogeography, Depositional Environment, and Chemistry of Eocene Fossil Lake
Authors: Buchheim H.
Published: July 2020

Fossil Butte National Monument contains within its boundaries, a significant portion the world's best preserved and most complete ancient lake deposit, known as the Fossil Butte and Angelo Members of the Green River Formation (Oriel and Tracy 1970). Fossil Lake, the Eocene depository of these members of the Green River Formation, occupied a north-south trending structural basin within the Wyoming Thrust Belt known as Fossil Basin. Within Fossil Basin one can follow individual time horizons or rock units from lake center to margin with relative ease and great accuracy. Those rock units have faithfully recorded lake center to lake margin differences in lake depth, turbidity, salinity, alkalinity, temperature, and faunal elements. Areal changes in thickness and lithology (rock type) can be measured and mapped revealing details of lake shape, geography, and regional differences in lake depth and chemistry. Details concerning location and size of fluvial inlets and deltas, variations in lake bottom gradient and sediment type, and how these relate to flora and fauna can be discerned. An understanding of these aspects of the ancient lake system are essential if paleontologists are to put together a complete picture of the lake's fish fauna, which is the focal point of the monument. A variety of basin analysis maps derived from data collected in the field and laboratory will be used to make paleoenvironmental and paleogeographical interpretations of Fossil Lake through time.
Gray Wolf Prey Base Ecology in the North Fork of the Flathead River Drainage
Authors: Marcum C. , Pletscher Daniel , Bureau Michael
Published: July 2020

The overall objective of this two-year investigation is to study gray wolf (Canis lupus): ungulate interrelationships in a multi-prey system. This study focuses on elk (Cervus elaphus), and is being conducted in the North Fork of the Flathead River drainage, in Montana and British Columbia, the main area of grey wolf recovery.We address questions that resource managers will be asked as wolf recovery occurs. From a National Park Service perspective, the results could be used to educate the public about the role of predation in natural systems. Glacier National Park has the opportunity to lead the way in conducting research on this keystone predator and its prey, and to demonstrate the role biosphere reserves can play in ecological research. Information that will be important for future informed resource management is being gathered. Management of public lands might require a balance accommodation between wolves, their prey, and sport hunting, along with other forms of recreation. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks needs information on the impacts of wolves on game populations in order to maintain numbers and recreational opportunities. As reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park is considered and debated, knowledge gained from this study will be helpful. Finally, this study can expand ecological knowledge of the role of a major predator on the prey population dynamics and interrelationships. To expand knowledge of the study area prey base available to wolves, these specific parameters will be addressed: 1. Age and cause-specific mortality of elk. 2. Seasonal distribution and key elk seasonal use areas. 3. Age, sex distribution/composition of the elk population. 4. Long-term elk abundance and distribution monitoring plan.
Genetic Diversity of Plant Species in Glacier National Park: Implications for Management
Authors: Mitchell-Olds Thomas
Published: July 2020

Glacier National Park (GNP) is responsible for the management and preservation of biological diversity in the natural populations of plants and animals occurring within its boundaries. Information on existing levels of genetic variation within and among populations is a prerequisite for developing management strategies to maintain genetic diversity and to perform revegetation activities. We are using two methods to assess levels of genetic diversity and differentiation among populations: quantitative genetic analysis and isozyme (electrophoresis) analysis. To examine whether patterns of genetic variation and adaptation to local environments require that sites be revegetated with plants collected from nearby natural populations, or alternatively, whether transplants could be obtained from other sources; we are focussing on three experimental areas: 1. quantitative genetics; 2. electrophoresis, and 3. natural selection.
Developing Shoreline Communities and Potential for Natural Vegetation in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Arizona-Utah
Authors: Waring Gwendolyn
Published: July 2020

The plant community along the shoreline of Lake Powell in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area is resilient and dynamic. It is surviving the fluctuations in water level that characterize such reservoirs, and native plants are becoming established. Although the diversity of animals associated with the exotic dominant, Tamarix ramosissima, is lower than that of native riparian species, a surprising number of species are associated with tamarisk in this harsh country.
Assessment of the Littoral Macrophyte Community in Jackson Lake, Grand Teton National Park,Wyoming
Authors: Brewer Carol
Published: July 2020

Beginning in 1978, the water level of Jackson Lake, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, was lowered first from 2064.5 m (normal pool) to somewhere between 2060-2061 m, and then in 1985 to 2057 m. The purpose of these drawdowns was to facilitate repair and modification of the Jackson Lake dam. In 1989, repair was completed and the reservoir was allowed to fill back to the normal pool elevation of 2065 m. Because of impacts to the littoral habitat in Jackson Lake caused by restoration of the dam at the Snake River outlet, the status of the aquatic plant community was assessed in August, 1989 and 1990. Previous investigations conducted in 1983 (prior to reconstruction) and 1985 (immediately following drawdown to 2055 m) served as a baseline for comparisons. this report summarizes findings from the 1989 and 1990 studies on impacts to the littoral macrophyte community caused by the repair-related drawdowns. To evaluate the current status of the plant community in Jackson Lake, the following objectives were addressed during August, 1990: 1. Re-examine sites sampled in 1989; 2. Examine sites planted during the summers of 1989 and 1990 by the Bureau of Reclamation.
Phonotactic Behavior of Female Sagebrush Crickets
Authors: Sakaluk Scott , Snedden W.
Published: July 2020

The Prophalangopsidae is an ancient insect family with fossil records dating back to the Jurassic period, approximately 180 million years ago (Vickery 1989). The family is believed to be ancestral to the ensiferan Orthoptera (crickets and katydids), a diverse and economically important group of insects (Morris & Gwynne 1978). Although fossil records indicate that the Prophalangopsidae was once a diverse, widely distributed and abundant group of insects, the family is now nearly extinct. It is represented in North America by a single relict genus (Cyphoderris) containing three species, by a single species in the Soviet Far East, and by a single species in India that is known only by a single specimen (Vickery 1989). By way of contrast, an allied family, the Gryllidae (true crickets), contains over 2600 species worldwide, distributed across 14 subfamilies (Walker 1989). The decline of the Prophalangopsidae is poorly understood, although climatic changes accompanying the Pleistocene glaciation are considered one possible factor (Vickery 1989). The three extant North American species occur only in the western US and Canada. One of these, the sagebrush cricket (Cyphoderris strepitans), is known only from a few mountainous areas in Wyoming and Colorado, including Grand Teton National Park (Morris & Gwynne 1978). Despite the prevalence and apparent homogeneity of the sagebrush-dominated habitat within which C. strepitans occurs, sagebrush crickets are patchily distributed within GTNP (pers. obs.), perhaps owing to their low vagility (sagebrush crickets are cumbersome walkers lacking flight ability) and/or to restrictive microhabitat requirements. Intensive studies concerning the natural history, population biology and behavioral ecology of sagebrush crickets have been ongoing in GTNP since 1978 when the species was first named (e.g., Morris & Gwynne 1978, Dodson et al. 1983, Sakaluk et al. 1987, Morris et al. 1989, Sakaluk & Snedden 1990). In recent work, we have attempted to identify the selective forces contribution to the evolution of the species' unique mating system and life history.
Habitat Distribution of Small Mammal Communities in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Stanton Nancy , Buskirk Steven , Miller Steve
Published: July 2020

Since Grand Teton National Park adopted a natural fire policy in the early 1970's, four major fires have burned within the park which created a chronosequence of post-burn successional ecosystems. The burns encompassed forests varying in composition from Englemann spruce (Picea englemanil) /subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) /lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) (Beaver Creek, Mystic Isle) to Englemn spruce / subalpine fir (Waterfalls Canyon) to primarily lodgepole pine (Huckleberry Mountain).
Fire History of the Lamar River Drainage Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Barrett Stephen , Arno Stephen
Published: July 2020

In this paper we discuss the first phase of a 3-year effort to document the fire history of Yellowstone National Park's (YNP) Lamar River drainage southeast of Soda Butte Creek. The overall goal of the study was to provide managers with a more complete understanding of YNP natural fire regimes. Specific objectives were: 1. Determine natural (pre-1900) fire periodicities, severities, burning patterns, and post-fire succession within the study area's major forest types (Douglas fir/ grassland, lodgepole pine/subalpine fir/ spruce, whitebark pine/lodgepole pine/ subalpine fir, and whitebark pine/subalpine fir timberline habitats); 2. document and map the pre-1988 forest age-class mosaic; and 3. digitize the age-class mosaic map for the YNP's GIS data base. This study is considered especially timely because the 1988 fires destroyed much evidence of area fire history. Our sampling in 1989 focused on a 24,000 ha area encompassing the Cache Creek drainage, which was severely burned in 1988. The forest age-class mosaic was sampled by increment boring and sawing fire scar samples from old trees (Arno and Sneck 1977, Barrett and Arno 1988). Aerial photographs were used to map the pre-1988 forest age-class mosaic; Data was digitized for the park's GIS data base. Information from the YNP fire atlas also was useful in interpreting fire patterns during the post-1900 period.
Effects of 1988 Fires on Ecology of Coyotes in Yellowstone National Park: Baseline Preceding Possible Wolf Recovery
Authors: Crabtree Robert , Hornocker Maurice
Published: July 2020

The ecology of natural, unexploited coyote populations is, for the most part, unknown. Whether research is management-oriented or of evolutionary significance, the ecology of natural coyote populations must be understood in the absence of human exploitation. Yellowstone National Park should provide the ideal situation for such an investigation. Not since Adolph Murie's landmark study 50 years ago (Murie 1940) has a comprehensive, objective study of coyote ecology been undertaken in the Yellowstone ecosystem. The objectives of this project are to: 1. assess effects of 1988 fires on coyote survival, reproduction, activities, pack and territorial dynamics, 2. estimate coyote population density and quantify their ecological role preceding potential wolf (Canis lupus) restoration, 3. quantify the effect of winter elk carrion availability and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) density on coyote population dynamics, 4. describe coyote seasonal responses to movements of elk and mule deer, 5. test if coyote pack size is related to prey size, territory size, size of litters, and pup survival, 6. describe interspecific interactions among scavengers, and 7. document predation on ranch livestock by coyotes from Yellowstone; and on allotments on National Forests adjacent to the northern range.
An Enhanced Multimedia Video Surveillance Security Using Wavelet Encryption Framework
Authors: S Velliangiri
Published: July 2020

Multimedia digital data include medical record and financial documents, which are not guaranteed with security. The concerns for security of multimedia digital data is been a widespread issue in the field of cybernetics. With increasing malwares in video payloads, the proposed study aims to reduce the embedding of malwares using Pseudo Arbitrary Permutation based Cellular Automata Encryption (PAP-CAE) System in video payloads. This method reduces the malware attacks and distortion rate by permuting the secret keys with Pseudo arbitrary permutation. Before the application of PAP-CAE, 2D wavelet transform is applied on the multimedia files that compresses the complex files into different scales and position to be transmitted via a network with reduced size. Simultaneously, it performs the process of decryption and decompression to retrieve the original files. The proposed method is evaluated against existing methods to test its efficacy in terms of detection accuracy, detection time of malwares and false positive rate. The result shows that the proposed method is effective against the detection of malwares in multimedia video files.
Propagation properties of partially coherent modified Bessel–Gauss beams through the gradient-index medium
Authors: Dong Miao , Bai Yihua , Yao Jun , Zhao Qi , Yang Yuanjie
Published: July 2020

Based on the ABCD matrix method and Collins diffraction integral formula, the general analytical expression for the partially coherent modified Bessel–Gauss beam propagating in a gradient-index medium is derived. The propagation trajectory, intensity, and phase distribution of such a beam are numerically investigated. The effects of the topological charge, the coherence parameter, and the coefficient of the gradient refractive index on propagation properties are considered. Results show that the propagation trajectory of such beam focuses and diverges periodically, which is different from free-space propagation. The period of intensity distribution is consistent with that of phase distribution under different cases. As propagation distance increases, the dark core always exists and the phase singularities remain stable and do not split. The dark core can be modulated by topological charge and coherence parameter, and the periodical distance can be modulated by the coefficient of the gradient refractive index. These results will help to explore such beams and find applications in optical communication and optical trapping.
CVD-Bi2Te3 as a saturable absorber for various solitons in a mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser
Authors: Wei Qin , Han Xile , Zhang Huanian , Yang Cheng , Zhang Chao , Gao Jinjuan , Man Baoyuan , Xu Shicai
Published: July 2020

In this work, we report about high energy and various solitons’ operation by using high-efficiency topological insulator bismuth telluride (

B
i

2

T
e

3

) nanofilms as broadband saturable absorbers in the passively mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser. The

B
i

2

T
e

3

film was successfully synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Excellent characteristics of the dark–bright pulse pairs, bright pulses, and multiharmonics have been investigated experimentally by adjusting the polarization state. At the same time, the maximum average output power was 40.18 mW, and the single-pulse energy was 20.91 nJ. As we all know, it is the various solitons of the first generation with large pulse energy in an Er-doped fiber laser with

B
i

2

T
e

3

as saturable absorber. The experimental results show that CVD

B
i

2

T
e

3

can be used as an excellent candidate in mode-locked fiber lasers.
Spatio-angular fluorescence microscopy III. Constrained angular diffusion, polarized excitation, and high-NA imaging
Authors: Chandler Talon , Shroff Hari , Oldenbourg Rudolf , La Rivière Patrick
Published: July 2020

We investigate rotational diffusion of fluorescent molecules in angular
potential wells, the excitation and subsequent emissions
from these diffusing molecules, and the imaging of these emissions
with high-NA aplanatic optical microscopes. Although dipole emissions
only transmit six low-frequency angular components, we show that
angular structured illumination can alias higher-frequency angular
components into the passband of the imaging system. We show that the
number of measurable angular components is limited by the
relationships between three time scales: the rotational diffusion
time, the fluorescence decay time, and the acquisition time. We
demonstrate our model by simulating a numerical phantom in the limits
of fast angular diffusion, slow angular diffusion, and weak
potentials.
Role of gas nanobubbles in nonlinear hyper-Raman scattering of light in water
Authors: Babenko V. A. , Bunkin N. F. , Sychev A. A.
Published: July 2020

In this work, we studied stimulated hyper-Raman scattering in the
spectral range near the second optical harmonic of a laser pump in
water samples containing gas nanobubbles (bubstons). The spectrum of
the hyper-Raman scattering from nanobubble-free water samples was
found to differ from that of nanobubbles containing water samples. To
interpret these results, we put forward a hypothesis that the detected
effect is related to the huge enhancement caused by the generation of
a resonance surface plasmon inside a gas nanobubble during optical
(laser-induced) breakdown. The plasmon bandwidth

Δ
ω

was theoretically estimated. It
turned out that

Δ
ω
≈

ω
0

, where

ω
0

is the resonant plasmon frequency,
i.e., in our case, the quality factor of the plasmon oscillator is
very low. The estimate of the enhancement factor, which was made based
on experimental data, gives

≈
1.5
×

10

15

.
Humidity sensor based on a graphene oxide-coated few-mode fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Authors: Fan X. , Wang Q. , Zhou M. , Liu F. , Shen H. , Wei Z. , Wang F. , Tan C. , Meng H.
Published: July 2020

A relative humidity sensor based on a graphene oxide-coated few-mode fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is proposed in this paper. The MZI was made by splicing a segment of the few-mode fiber (FMF) between two segments of a no-core fiber (NCF) and two segments of a single mode fiber (SMF) located outside the two NCFs. The core and cladding of the FMF acted as interferometric arms, while the NCFs acted as couplers for splitting and recombining light due to mismatch of mode field diameter. The cladding of the FMF was corroded with hydrofluoric acid, and a layer of graphene oxide (GO) film was coated on the corroded cladding of FMF via the natural deposition method. The refractive index of GO varied upon absorption the water molecules. As a result, the phase difference of the MZI varied and the wavelength of the resonant dip shifted with a change in the ambient relative humidity (RH). High humidity sensitivity of 0.191 and 0.061 nm/%RH in the RH range of 30-55% and 55-95%, respectively, were achieved experimentally. The high sensitivity, compact size, and simple manufacturing of the proposed sensor could offer attractive applications in fields of chemical sensors and biochemical detection.
Evaluation and compensation of a kinematic error to enhance prepolishing accuracy for large aspheric surfaces by robotic bonnet technology
Authors: Zhong Bo , Xu Qiao , Wang Jian , Deng Wenhui , Chen Xianhua
Published: July 2020

To obtain an economical uniform polishing method, it is effective to combine robot technology with bonnet polishing technology and apply it to the precision processing of large aspheric surfaces. However, the large robotic kinematic error causes significant deterioration to the surface shape of aspheric optics during robotic bonnet polishing (R-BP). To address this problem, research on the evaluation and compensation of the kinematic error was conducted to enhance the prepolishing accuracy on large aspheric surfaces by R-BP. Firstly, a precession control model of R-BP applied to the polishing of large aspheric surfaces was proposed. Then, an evaluation and compensation method of a robot kinematic error was presented based on machining errors. At last, it had been verified by experiments that at the removal depth of 2.5 μm, the variation of surface shape was reduced from 0.42 μm to 0.11 μm after compensation. Meanwhile, the change rate was reduced from 16.8% to 4.4%. Hence, the effectiveness of evaluation and compensation method to improve the prepolishing accuracy was verified, which is beneficial to implement mass production of high-precision large aspheric surfaces with low cost.
Ultra-narrowband light absorption enhancement of monolayer graphene from waveguide mode
Authors: Liu Bo , Yu Wenjing , Yan Zhendong , Tang Chaojun , Chen Jing , Gu Ping , Liu Zhengqi , Huang Zhong
Published: July 2020

Greatly improving the light absorption efficiency of graphene and simultaneously manipulating the corresponding absorption bandwidth (broadband or narrowband) is practically important to design graphene-based optoelectronic devices. In this work, we will theoretically show how to largely enhance the absorption in graphene and efficiently control the absorption bandwidth in the visible region, by the excitation of the waveguide mode for the graphene monolayer to be sandwiched between the gold sphere array and dielectric waveguide structure composed of indium tin oxide (ITO) film on a quartz substrate. It is found that the maximum absorption efficiency can reach as high as about 45% and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the absorption peak can be tuned from about 1 to 10 nanometers, when the array period of gold spheres or the thickness of ITO film is changed.
Subsampling dual-comb spectroscopy
Authors: Sterczewski Lukasz A. , Bagheri Mahmood
Published: July 2020

We demonstrate a technique to compress spectral information in dual-comb spectroscopy that relies on subsampling of the electrical interferogram. It enables us to reduce the data sample rate by arbitrary factors directly in the sampling process or in post-processing of existing data. A demonstration code is provided.