bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES IN WEANLING WISTAR RATS
Authors: Olanrewaju A. I. , Olawumi S. O. , Okafor J. U. , Usman S. , Aro O. , Oladapo T. O. , Ibikunle O. A. , Folayan B. E. , Ogunwole O. A.
Published: December 2024

The main protein sources human diets include the beef, fish and chickens meat. These sources are often consumed indiscriminately without any regard to their relative nutritive value. Hence, the nutritional quality of different animal protein sources in human and animal diets was assessed in this study, using weanling Wistar rats. Rats (n=25) weighing 30g-40g were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments: T1= Caesin-based diet, T2= Nitrogen-Free diet, T3= Beef-based diet, T4= Catfish-based diet, T5= Chicken breast- based diet in a completely randomised design. The diets were fed to respective weanling rats for four weeks, feed and water were offered ad libitum. Daily urine and faecal samples were weighed, and labelled, then stored at 4oC. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Rats on T3 had significantly higher (p<0.05) feed intake (FI) (48.25) than T4 (43.41) and T5 (22.27). Protein intake was lower significantly (p>0.05) in rats on T4 (3.80) Also, rats on T3 (41.01) had higher weight gain than in T4 (23.51), and T5 (15.30). Faecal nitrogen in rats on T3 (2.36), T4 (1.79), and T5 (2.29) were similar (p>0.05). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T4 (6.07) than in other treatments. The NPR was significantly higher (p<0.05) for T1 (3.30), T3 (4.08), and T4 (3.87) than T5 (1.59) and T2 (0.00). The BV was significantly higher (p<0.05) for T1 (0.89) than T3 (0.67), T4 (0.58), and T5 (0.68), but significantly lower (p>0.05) for T2 (0.12). The NPU values for T3 (75.34), T4 (70.12), and T5 (77.43) were similar (p>0.05). Thus, rats on chicken-breast based diets performed best relative to standard casein-based diets.
MODEL FOR CALCULATING FEED INTAKE OF FISH IN AQUACULTURE NUTRITION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: FOLORUNSO L. A. , EMIKPE B. O. , FALAYE A. E. , DAUDA A. B. , AJANI E. K.
Published: December 2024

In aquaculture nutrition experiments, mortality is inevitable as the experiment progresses. Thus feed consumed by live and dead fish may errorneously be assumed as feed consumed by live fish. This error manifests when measuring feed intake as a component of nutrient utilization parameters. In order to accurately evaluate feed intake with due consideration of mortality encountered during aquaculturenutrition experiment, a model was developed which is:
Total feed consumed by number of survived fish =  Where D = Number of
Days fish were fed within each period before it is adjusted (e.g fortnight), it is constant throught period of experiment. F = Quantity of feed fed per day for a fortnight before the quantity is adjusted, it changes every fortnight. L = Number of Live fish at the end of experimental period. N = Number of fish at each weighing period, it may change every fortnight or may be constant if no mortality occurred. While n = Number of times fish were weighed and quantity of feed was adjusted but this does not include the final weighing at the termination of experiment. However, if the fish were weighed weekly, then D = 6.
LEAF AREA INDEX AND DRY MATTER YIELD OF MEGATHYRSUS MAXIMUMS AS AFFECTED BY RATES OF GOAT MANURE APPLICATION AND HARVEST STAGE IN THE SUDAN SAVANNAH ZONE OF NIGERIA
Authors: Idowu W. , Bashir A. U. , Akinde S. T. , Garba M. G.
Published: December 2024

The study investigated the effect of varying rates of goat manure and cutting stages on Leaf Area Index-LAI and Dry Matter Yield-DMY of Megathyrsus maximums in the Sudan Savannah region of Nigeria. The experiment was laid in RCBD with three main plots; 3, 6 and and 9t/ha goat manure application rates and three subplots (6, 8, and 10 weeks after planting-WAP). The result showed that the varying rates of goat manure had a significant effect on the LAI but not on the DMY. The cutting stages had significant effect on the LAI and DMY. It was concluded that Megathyrsus maximums cultivated with 9t/ha goat manure and harvested at 10WAP produced the closest canopy and optimum dry matter yield. It was therefore recommended that farmers in this part of Nigeria should cultivate Megathyrsus maximums using goat manure at 9t/ha for higher LAI and DMY which is an indication of forage productivity.
PROFILE OF ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN UMBRELLA THORN (VACHELLIA TORTILIS F.) PODS FROM NORTHERN YOBE STATE
Authors: Abubakar A. W. , Abdurrahaman S. L. , Salisu I. B. , Kani M. M. , Ubali S. , Mustapha K. , Dahiru M.
Published: December 2024

Anti-nutritional factors in Umbrella thorn (Vachellia tortilis F.) pods harvested from northern of Yobe State, Nigeria were analysed. Samples of the pods were randomly collected from 18 locations within the study area, using multi-stage sampling procedure. Pods from each sample were processed and levels of saponins, tannins, oxalates and phytates concentration in Umbrella thorn pods were analysed. The results revealed significant (P<0.0001) differences across all the locations. Sample gathered from Afunori shown to have highest 0.93% content for saponins while 0.94% tannins level was found in pods sample from Dogon Jeji village. Oxalates and phytates have highest means values of 1.84% and 32.9% in pods samples from Garin Tsangai and Garanda villages accordingly. The lowest levels 0.54% saponnins, 0.30% tannins, 0.07% oxalates and 15.63% phytates were obtained in pods samples for Dumar, jajeri, kaciya and Goniri kukawa villages correspondingly. Conclusively, Umbrella thorn (Vachellia tortilis) pods are potentially nutritive as forage material for small ruminants’ production and the levels of anti-nutritional factors has no negative effects when consume by small ruminant.
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL OF SOME MIXED NON-CONVENTIONAL FEED RESOURCES IN ALIERO LGA, KEBBI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Muftau M. A. , Kwaido A. A. , Ribah M. I. , Bello S.
Published: December 2024

Use of conventional feedstuff is unavailable, scarce and the price is high for profitable livestock production in Nigeria. Thus an experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional potential of millet panicle husk mixed with molasses solution and different levels of poultry dung. Millet panicle husks were measured using a weighing balance and prepared in to four different samples (A, B, C and D) each weighing 100g. A solution of molasses (70cL) was prepared with water (30cL) and mixed with the samples except with sample A (control). Thereafter, dried poultry dung was mixed to each four sample of millet panicle husk at; 0%, 20%, 30% and 40% to make a ratio; 100:00, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 designated as treatments; A, B, C and D. Samples were replicated three times in a completely randomized design and oven dried at 650C for 48 hours and were taken to the laboratory for proximate analysis. Treatment of millet panicle husk with molasses and varying levels of poultry dung improved (p<0.05) proximate composition of mixture with exception of ADF. Treatment D had higher CP, ash and NCF (19.25%, 11.00% and 43.65%) respectively and lower CF (21.54%), ADF (33.20%) and ADL (9.09%) were obtained in treatment C. Results suggested that mixture of molasses solution and poultry dung with millet panicle improved feeding value of millet panicle husk which may serves as ruminant feed during forage scarcity.
COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF GENE SIOOA8 OF PIG AND ITS PROTEIN PRESCRIPTION WITH OTHER MAMMALS
Authors: OLUWOLE O. O.
Published: December 2024

Gene S100A8 is the gene that encodes the Protein SIOO. It is a family of low-molecular-weight protein found in vertebrates and characterized by two calcium-binding sites that have helix-loop-helix conformation. It plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence (AAS) of Gene S100A8 of pig were downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology information (NCBI) data base, United State of America and Uniprot. The Gene S100 AAS of other species were downloaded from Universal protein resources (Uniprot) database, United Kingdom. Data generated were analyzed by bioinformatics tools. The result shows that the protein structure of 87 residues (98%) modelled at >90% accuracy was obtained. The secondary structure disorder prescription result was 22% disorder, Alpha Helix of 70% and 0% of Beta strand. The evolution relationship of Gene S100A8 of pig and other mammals were highly related and conserved among the mammalian species; they have high comparability and they evolved from common ancestors.
PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP ESTIMATION BETWEEN LITTER SIZE, PARITY, BODY WEIGHT, BODY CONDITION SCORE AND BODY MEASUREMENTS IN YANKASA EWES
Authors: ABUBAKAR M. Y. , LAWAN I. M. , BALOGUN J. K. A. , NDAMA S .S. , HASSAN M. R.
Published: December 2024

Data from forty-eight (48) Yankasa ewes were used to study the phenotypic correlations and relationship estimation between litter size, parity, body weight, body length, age, body condition score and chest girth in Yankasa ewes. The data were collected at the College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Mando Road, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Traits recorded were litter size, parity, body length, height-at-wither, chest girth, body condition score and age. All data were collected fortnightly. The data were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS. The average height-at-withers, body length, chest girth, litter size, body condition score and body weight recorded were 69.0 ± 2.34cm, 66.0 + 3.40cm, and 1.46 + 0.04, 2.67 ± 0.10 and 32 '0 ± 0.24kg respectively. Body weight had positive correlation with (P< 0.01 ) with HAW, BCS, BL, and parity. BL had positive correlations with CG, BCS, age and parity. CG had positive correlation with BW, HAW, BL, BCS, age and parity. The correlation coefficients recorded for the measured traits range between 0.21 and 0.89 and were significant (P < 0.01). This study also indicated that body measurements and body weight showed significant and positive correlations and the tendency to show some progress with progressing litter size, parity and age. These characters could be improved by conditioning the environment and the system of management.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO NIGERIAN INDIGENOUS GOAT BREEDS
Authors: ALPHONSUS C. , AKPA G. N. , BARJE P. P. , NWAGU B. I. , ORUNMUYI M. , SAM I. M. , ACHI N. P.
Published: December 2024

The morphological traits of 594 indigenous goats comprised of 316 and 279 Red Sokoto goat (RSG) and West African dwarf (WAD) goats, respectively, were measured to determine the presence or otherwise of sexual dimorphism in the morphological characteristics of the two indigenous goats. The morphological traits measured were body length (BL), withers height (WH), rumps height (RH), heart girth (HG), body depth (BD), tail length (TL), head length (HL), head width (HW), ear length (EL), and horn length (HL). Also recorded were body weight (BW) and sex of each animal. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance of fixed effect of sex on the morphological characteristics. The result revealed the presence of marked sexual dimorphism in morphological characteristics of both the RSG and WAD goats. The adult females were significantly (P< 0.05-0.01) heavier and larger in size than the males. The respective coefficients of variation (CV) between breeds were high in most of the morphological traits suggesting high heterogeneity, an indication of the amount of opportunity available for improving the breeds through selection.
EFFECT OF OIL EXTRACTION ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BALLNUT KERNEL (CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM) MEAL FOR MONOGASTRICS
Authors: Effiong O. O. , Raymond C. E. , Odey V. J. , Jimmy N. P.
Published: December 2024

Feeding poultry and pigs by farmers in Nigeria is becoming difficult due to high cost of compounded feeds. In the recent time, farmers have been using feed alternatives. Knowledge of utilizing bullnut as feedstuff is scanty Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of oil extraction on chemical composition of ballnut kernel meal. Mature ballnut fruits were harvested and processed for milling. The milled seeds in the first group were stored in an airtight container and labeled "full fat ballnut cake," while the second group was transferred into a simple screw press to extract the oil. The oil-extracted ballnut cake was further divided into two sub-groups; the first sub-group was stored in another airtight plastic container and tagged "mechanically defatted ballnut kernel cake." The second sub-group was subjected to chemical oil extraction using petroleum ether. Proximate, phytochemical, and fatty acid compositions of the samples were determined. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using General Linear Model (GLM) procedures of GenStat 14th edition. The results of proximate analysis showed that chemical extraction method increased the crude protein of ballnut kernel meal from 19.73% to 28.28%, crude fibre from 2.80% to 4.45%, and ash from 4.17% to 5.47%. Concentration of flavonoids, tannins, and cyanide were increased with the chemical oil extraction method to 13.25%, 26.83% and 20.74%, respectively. It can be concluded that the chemical method improved the chemical composition of ballnut kernel meal relative to other methods.
EFFECT OF VARYING FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON FODDER YIELD AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF COWPEA PLANT AS FEED FOR SAHELIAN GOAT
Authors: Gumel A. M. , Suleiman A. S. , Muhammad A. S. , Abdul’aziz A. , Yunusa K. , Babandi B. , Ya’u M. S. , Mamuda I. , Dahiru M. , Abdulkadir U. , Sulaiman U. U.
Published: December 2024

In jigawa state, pasture farmers do not use any form of potassium and phosphorus source fertilizer, they entirely rely on the natural available soil potassium and phosphorus and this has resulted in lower yields of legumes pasture. Therefore, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Muriate of Potash (MOP) and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) with combination ratio (1:1) in a completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of four treatments replicated four times. The combinations were applied after two and five weeks of planting. Fertilizer was weighed and applied evenly to individual treatments(T1 0.3kg, T2 0.5kg, T3 0.7kg and T4 0.9kg). Experimental plants were harvested at age of seven weeks. Plants were harvested by uprooting completely. Parameters observed were fresh fodder weight, dried fodder weight and mineral analysis. The result showed significant (p < 0.05) difference on fresh and dried fodder on root weight (RW) of the experimental plants, whereas no significant (p >0.05) difference was observed in (SW, LW, WPW and MC). The result on minerals analysis also shows significance (p < 0.05) difference in some minerals (Mg and Zn), whereas no significant (p >0.05) difference was observed on (Ca, K, P). This study revealed that, there is a little disparity on the varying level of fertilizer (Mop & Tsp combination) on cowpea pasture plant, in which there is no significance difference (p>0.05) on stem weight, leaves weight, whole plant weight, moisture content, calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and phosphorous (P). The study show significance difference (p<0.05) on root weight, magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn). Treatment (T3) with 0.7kg MOP & TSP combination (1:1) will be recommended for both fodder yield and mineral composition as observed in the study.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM LEAF MEAL AS A POTENTIAL FEED RESOURCE
Authors: Elijah N. A. , Ndelekwute E. K. , Afolabi K. D. , Ekanem N. J. , Edem B. P. , Simeon U. U.
Published: December 2024

An analysis was carried out to investigate the proximate and phytochemical composition of Gongronema latifolium leaf meal using the AOAC methods of analysis. The fresh leaves were air-dried, milled and analysed in triplicates. The results showed that air-dried Gongronema latifolium leaf meal contains 17.16% crude protein, 5.14% ether extract or fat, 9.86% crude fibre and 10.97% ash while the phytochemicals present include: phytic acid, 0.25%; total oxalates, 5.26%; saponins, 0.57%; tannins, 3.85%; glycosides, 4.62%; alkaloids. 6.01%; mimosine. 0.18%; L-Dopa, 0.06%; haemaglutinins, 0.62% and trypsin inhibitor, 0.03%. High crude protein content and the presence of these phytochemicals have shown that this plant has nutritive benefits and potential as a feed resource.
EFFECT OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA STRAINS ON THE PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF JATROPHA CURCAS L. KERNEL CAKE
Authors: Imam R. O. , Ogunbosoye D. O. , Belewu M. A.
Published: December 2024

Three Lactic Acid Bacteria strains (Lactobacillus acidiophillus, Lactobacillus plantarium, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were used in the fermentation of Jatropha curcas kernel cake for a 7 days in a completely randomized design. The results revealed significant increase in the dry matter, crude protein content of all the bacteria treated samples however Lactobacillus rhamnosus treated cake recorded higher value compared with other treated samples. On the contrary, the untreated sample was significantly higher in crude fibre and ether extract. There was no significant difference in the ash content among all the samples. It could be concluded from this study that solid state fermentation using Lactic Acid Bacteria strains could improve the nutrient composition of Jatropha kernel cake.
CARCASS AND ORGAN CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWER RABBIT FED HYDROPONICALLY GROWN FODDERS
Authors: Adekanye C. A. , Odedire J. A. , Akinropo T. F.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to assess the carcass and organ characteristics of grower rabbits fed hydroponically grown fodders. The hydroponically grown fodder comprises of cereals namely: maize (Zea mays), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolar) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), which were subjected to soaking durations of 90 minutes, respectively and 30 minutes for millet in hydroponic trials, which were used as experimental diets in the feeding trials. The fodders were offered to the experimental animals at 4% of their body weight in a trial that lasted for 8 weeks. The chemical composition of the diets was carried out following standard laboratory procedures and the carcass characteristics were carried out according to recommended standard procedures. Results indicated a reduction (p<0.05) in the dry matter and ether extract, composition while a significant (p<0.05) increase in hydroponically grown sorghum was observed in crude protein. The dressing percentage and edibles increased (p<0.05) significantly. The study concluded that the nutritive values of hydroponically grown sorghum was optimal for growth, but no difference on the growth of some visceral organs like liver, heart and lung.
EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF TURMERIC POWDER ON GROWTH AND RUMEN FERMENTATION OF SHEEP
Authors: Okoruwa M. I. , Adewumi M. K. , Ikhimioya I.
Published: December 2024

Feeding sheep with herb plant additives have been recognised as an important strategy for manipulating rumen to improve growth performance. Dietary inclusion of turmeric powder has proven to be necessity for livestock farmers as it provides beneficial effects for sheep performance. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the dietary inclusion effect of turmeric powder on growth and rumen fermentation by sheep. Sixteen West African dwarf female sheep of 6 – 7 months old were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The treatment diets TD1, TD2, TD3 and TD4 contained 0, 1, 2 and 3% turmeric powder inclusion, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, growth and rumen fermentation parameters were assessed. Results showed that sheep on TD1 were significantly (p<0.05) higher in feed conversion ratio (7.62), rumen ammonia nitrogen (19.23mg/dL), acetate (62.04mol/100mL) and butyrate (5.82mol/100mL). Feed intake (269.11g/day), daily weight gain (46.19g/day), total volatile fatty acids (99.67mol/L) and propionate (24.98mol/100mL) were significantly better in sheep on TD4. It can be concluded that inclusion of turmeric powder in diets improve growth performance and enhance rumen fermentation parameters of sheep.
IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF FIVE PLANTS CONSUMED BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
Authors: Adebayo B. J. , Adefisayo S. E. , Mafimidiwo A. N.
Published: December 2024

The competition between man and livestock for conventional feedstuffs and the exorbitant cost of concentrate diets can be reduced through the use of alternative feed materials that are cheap, available all year-round. Thus, a study was conducted to evaluate in vitro digestibility of Anacardium occidentale, Gmelina arborea, Mangifera indica, Gliricidia sepium and Panicum maximum. The plants were sundried and kept in polythene bags for further investigation. In vitro digestibility study was carried out for 24 hours. In vitro gas production and post incubation parameters were measured. In vitro study reveals that at 24 hr of incubation Mangifera indica had highest (P<0.05) value of 20.67mL/200mgDM gas production while lowest value (9.67mL/200mgDM) was obtained in Panicum maximum. Mangifera indica had highest (P<0.05) values for ME, OMD and SCFA across the plants while the least (P<0.05) values were observed in Panicum maximum. The study concluded that the forages investigated can be fed to sheep to improve their nutritional status especially in the period of feed scarcity without any adverse effect on the animals.
EFFECTS OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF FICUS THONINGII (STRANGLER FIG) STEM BARK EXTRACT ON RUMEN FERMENTATION PARAMETERS AND MICROBIAL COUNT OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS
Authors: Adebayo K.O. , Toluwanimi F. T. , Akinbode R. M. , Idowu O. J. , Yusuf A. O. , Aderinboye R. Y.
Published: December 2024

The study was aimed at investigating the effects of Ficus thoningii stem bark extract (FSBE) on rumen fermentation parameters and microbial count of West African dwarf goats in a 84-day feeding trial. Fifteen West African dwarf goats were divided into three treatment groups and administered FSBE at three doses of 0, 10 and 20ml/head/day for each of the three treatments respectively. Phytochemical composition of FSBE was determined. Rumen fluid of the goats was collected at the end of the study and the pH, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), ammonia-nitrogen and microbial population were also determined. Results show that FSBE at 10 % concentration contains tannin, phenol, flavonoids, phytate, oxalate and saponin. The administration of FSBE did not significantly (p>0.05) affect pH, TVFA, and bacteria count. Ammonia-nitrogen decreased as the dosage of FSBE administered to the goats increased. The lowest (p<0.05) ammonia-nitrogen (40.72 and 45.33 mg/dL) concentration was obtained in goats administered 10 and 20ml dosage of FSBE respectively. FSBE increased (p<0.05) fungi count but reduced protozoa count at 10 and 20 ml doses. It was therefore concluded that FSBE can be used up to 20 mL dosage to manipulate rumen fermentation for reduced ammonia-nitrogen and protozoa population.
RUMEN METABOLITES AND MICROBIAL COUNT OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED GUINEA GRASS (PANICUM MAXIMUM) GROWN WITH DIFFERENT ORGANIC MANURE SOURCES
Authors: Ajagbe A. D. , Alagbe J. O. , Isah M. , Solomon O. J. , Iyaode I. I.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to investigate rumen metabolites and microbial counts of West African Dwarf goats fed Guinea grass grown with different organic manure sources. Sixteen (16) female West African Dwarf goat of about 5-6 months with average weight of 6.50±0.25 were randomly assigned to four treatments with four replicates in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). 60% Panicum maximum grown with different organic manure and 40% concentrate were allotted as the diet 1 (control), diet 2, 3 and 4. respectively. Rumen parameters (pH, ammonia nitrogen, acetic acids, butyric acids, propionic acids and total volatile fatty acids) were significantly different (p<0.05) among dietary treatments except temperature. All microbial parameters were significantly (P>0.05) influenced by the experimental diets. Microbial counts were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. Higher count was observed in goats fed 60% Panicum maximum and 40% concentrate diet. The value was also significantly (P>0.05) higher in goats fed 60% Panicum maximum grown with cattle manure and 40% concentrate diet. The use of organic fertilizer to grow pasture grass has the potentials to support favourable rumen ecology for better productivity of goats.
FIBRE FRACTION UTILIZATION AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF BUCKS FED BLACK PEPPER (PIPER NIGRUM) SEED MEAL SUPPLEMENTED DIETS
Authors: Ajiboye E. K. , Omotoso O. B. , Akinbinu A. J. , Fajemisin A. N.
Published: December 2024

A seventy (70) day study aimed at investigating fibre fraction utilization and growth performance of West African Dwarf bucks fed black pepper supplemented diets was conducted. The study involved twelve (12) West African Dwarf bucks aged 1-1½ years with an average live weight of 5.02±0.23 kg. A basal diet was formulated and supplemented with varying levels of black pepper as A= 0mg, B= 250mg, C= 500mg, and D= 750mg. Parameters investigated were nutrient composition, nutrient intake, and performance characteristics of the bucks Data generated were subjected to statistical analysis and from the result, diet D had the highest crude protein (17.37%). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) increased with increased black pepper supplementation. Acid detergent lignin (ADL) ranged from 10.69% (diet B) to 13.28% (diet C). NDF and ADL intake were significantly (p<0.05) impacted by treatment. The NDF and ADL intake was significantly (p<0.05) impacted by treatment, ADF intake ranged from 133g/day (diet A) to 198.75g/day (diet C), ADL intake ranged from 33.71 g/day (diet D) to 60.24g/day (Diet A). Performance characteristics showed that daily weight gain of bucks fed diet D (63.48 g/day) was the highest and bucks fed diet C converted their feed to flesh (4.23) better than other goats however, any of the diets could be fed to enhance performance of the bucks since there was no significant (p>0.05) differences among the performance parameters. The study concluded that black pepper as additive could serve as affordable and sustainable way of improving protein quality of diet and fibre utilization by ruminants.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY WEIGHT AND MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF FULANI ECOTYPE CHICKENS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: OGUNSHOLA O. J. , DARAMOLA S. A. , BAKI O. I. , NWEKE-OKOROCHA O. G. , CHINEKE C. A.
Published: December 2024

The experiment was performed to establish the relationship among body weight and morphometric traits of thirty six Fulani Ecotype chickens raised for 25 weeks. Body weights were collected per bird and the morphometric traits (Body Length, Drumstick length, Drumstick circumference, Breast Girth, Nose to Shoulder, Shoulder to Tail and Height at withers) were measured with tape rule on weekly basis. The measured parameters were subjected to correlation and regression analyses. Analysis showed that positive and high significant correlation existed between body weight and morphometric traits (P< 0.01). The result showed that accuracy of prediction was attained with linear and quadratic models but quadratic model had theoretical advantage over the linear model with respect to its goodness of fit to the data. This means that an increase in growth rate of the body parts would correspondingly cause an increase in live weight gain of the bird. In conclusion, body weight and morphometric traits could be used to separate males and females Fulani Ecotype chicken at 17 weeks old. At this age, males appeared bigger than the females and their combs were well pronounced, this would help both sexes to grow uniformly, prevent indiscriminate mating before attaining the age of sexual maturity and help in selection of Fulani Ecotype chicken for improvement in meat and egg production.
GENETIC DISI'ANCE MEASURES AMONG FIVE INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS IN NIGERIA
Authors: OLADEPO A. D. , AYOOLA M. A. , OGUNSIPE M. H. , BALOGUN K. B.
Published: December 2024

Genetic variation is the basis of effective improvement in farm animals. Population differentiation is used for objective choice of parental genotypes that constitutes new hybrids in crossbreeding. In Nigeria, population characteristics of selected indigenous cattle breeds have not been fully documented. Therefore, blood protein electrophoretic patterns of selected indigenous cattle breeds in Nigeria were assessed. Blood samples (5mL) were taken underneath the tail by venipuncture from 200 cattle (40/breed) randomly selected from the five indigenous cattle breeds. The samples were subjected to cellulose acetate electrophoresis to determine the genetic variants of haemoglobin (Hb), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and transferrin (TO. Data were analysed using Euclidean genetic distance and cluster analysis. Two main clusters from the dendrogram were observed for each of Hb, CA and TE Euclidean genetic distance at the Hb locus between WF and SG, WF and RB, WF and BK, WF and Muturu were 15.3, 15.7, 23.9 and 35.1 respectively, while the corresponding values at CA locus were 3.9, 3.3, 29.1 and 36.2, similarly, the corresponding values at Tf locus were 22.8, 25.8, 94.3 and 102.7. Genetic distance estimates were found to be higher between non-related breeds than between breeds which had common ancestors.
RESEARCH TRENDS IN ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN AFRICA
Authors: OSENI S. O.
Published: December 2024

Under the EU-funded iLiNOVA project, a study was undertaken to assess research trends in animal genetic resources (AGR) in Africa with emphasis on the implementation of the FAO's Global Plan of Action (GPA). Specific objectives included determining trends, drivers and direction of research on AGR with respect to funding. participation of local communities and institutional collaborations related to AGR studies in Africa. Methodology involved generating data from publications of FAO Journal of Animal Genetic Resources from Africa. From these Journal issues, all research on AGR conducted in Africa were assessed and the following variables were extracted: livestock breed of focus, strategic priority area of the GPA, country and region of Africa where the study was conducted, involvement of local communities, institutions involved, funding source, etc. Data analysis used nonparametric statistics. Results showed that overall, there was a preponderance of studies involving cattle, followed by chickens, goats and sheep. Spread of papers across Strategic Priority Areas (SPA) of the GPA showed that characterization (SPA ) recorded 64% while SPAs # 2, 3 and 4 recorded much lower patronage. Cross-tabulation of results of livestock across regions in Africa showed that studies in Eastern Africa were dominated by cattle, poultry and small ruminants (in that order). in contrast to West Africa where studies on small ruminants dominated, followed by poultry and cattle. AGR studies from East Africa recorded high proportion of funded research compared to West and Southern Africa. Funding across livestock species showed favourable disposition for small ruminants and poultry. These findings could contribute to R&D efforts in Africa in connection with the implementation of the GPA by considering region-and country-specific research trends tor AGRs in Africa.
MULTIFACTORIAL DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF CEPHALIC MORPHOLOGY OF INDIGENOUS BREEDS OF RAMS IN NIGERIA
Authors: POPOOLA M. A. , OSENI S. O.
Published: December 2024

The study aimed at classifying Nigerian indigenous rams on the basis of their head conformation using multivariate analyses. Twelve cephalic traits or 1,200 rams belonging to four breeds (Balami, Yankasa, Uda and WAD) were measured. The traits were subjected to principal component analysis to reduce data dimensionality. A discriminant canonical analysis was. also applied to differentiate between the breeds. The cephalic index reveals that the ram breeds are brachyprosopic except Uda which is mesocephalic breed. The first principal component (PC) had variables related to length and diameter amplitudes and explained 37.5 percent of the variance. The second PC gave major relevance  to skull, face and neck lengths of the rams and contributed to 21.30 percent of the total variance. while the third PC loaded highly for skull length, head depth and neck length and contributed 17.35 percent of the total variance. The stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that skull width, head width, head length and head depth were the most discriminating variables to separate the four breeds of rams.
A SUSPECTED CASE OF "LUMPY JAW" IN A 5 YEAR OLD BUNAJI-SIMMENTAL CROSS BULL
Authors: GUMEL M. A. , ALIYU H. , ABUNABO M. M.
Published: December 2024

In this report a suspected case of 'Lumpy jaw' in a 5 year old Bunaji - Simmental cross bull was presented to the College Veterinary Clinic of Binyaminu Usman College of Agriculture, Hadejia, with chief complaint of anorexia and swelling in the right mandible. The temperature, pulse and respiratory rates were 39.2°C, 72 beat/minute and 27 cycles/minutes respectively. Palpation of the swelling in mandible indicated painless and firmness. Results from bacteriological investigation revealed the presence of Gram positive star shaped filaments (club like rosettes) in crushed granules of the swelling content. Management consistsof draining, flushing and packing the lesion with gauze soaked intincture iodine solution and administration of antibiotics.
SEASONAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF SOME SELECTED CAMEL PASTORALIST HERDS AT KATSINA STATE COMPONENT OF NIGERIA – NIGER CORRIDOR
Authors: Ghude M. I. , Inuwa M. S. , Alassan N. A. , Danyaro H. M. , Mohammed H. B. , Alkali H. A. , Bello B. , Maigandi S. A.
Published: December 2024

This report is aimed at providing an information on the management practices of migrant pastoralists that inhabit the Nigeria–Niger Corridor. The pastoralists’ domain are located within the two Local Government Areas (LGAs) – Mashi and Mani of Katsina State. However, the vast grazing area they migrated to during the rainfed season is Dan Aunai Grazing Area located at Dutsi LGA of Katsina State respectively. Due to the seasonal variations, the management practices varied between dry and wet/rainfed seasons. The pastoralists are adapted to all seasonal changes and the camels too are adapted simultaneously. Among the variations in the management practices included the availability of feeds in the wet/rainfed season, increased in milk production, sufficient water due to running streams and manifestation of parasites. Meanwhile, during dry season it included the shortage of feed and water, less infestation of parasites and most importantly it’s the breeding season which falls between November to February. The report revealed the routine practices experienced by the herders under pastoral production system in which the camel herders in the area are fully adopted to
SILAGE QUALITY OF MEGATHYRSUS MAXIMUS ENSILED WITH GRADED LEVELS OF GMELINA ARBOREA AND ITS NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
Authors: Binuomote R. T. , Ojo T. Y. , Adedokun S. N. , Olalere V. O. , Yusuff R. A.
Published: December 2024

Ruminant production in the tropics is challenged by forage scarcity in the dry season. The conservation of forages particularly as silage can bridge this gap. This study assessed silage quality and nutrient digestibility of Megathyrsus maximus ensiled with varying levels of Gmelina arborea leaves (GAL) as dry season feed for West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. Different mixtures of Megathyrsus maximus and Gmelina arborea leaves (GAL) were ensiled and designated as follows: T1: 100% Megathyrsus maximus; T2:75% Megathyrsus maximus + 25% GAL; T3: 50% Megathyrsus maximus + 50% GAL.; T4: 25% Megathyrsus maximus + 75% GAL; T5:100% GAL. Silage characteristics and chemical composition were investigated. Fifteen WAD sheep were used in the digestibility trial. Result revealed pH (4.6-5.1), 26.55% - 31.48% dry matter (DM), 10.93 – 15.88% crude protein (CP), 60.58 – 63.18% Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 32.72 – 38.75% Acid detergent fiber (ADF), 17.37 – 19.50% Acid detergent lignin (ADL). The order of DM and CP digestibility coefficient of silage diet by WAD sheep is T2, T1, T3, T4 and T5. Megathyrsus maximus ensiled with varying levels of GAL holds potentials as dry season feed for ruminants showing better quality and digestility by WAD sheep as GAL increased in the diets.
PROXIMATE AND MINERAL CONTENTS OF SOME VEGETABLE PARTS USED IN FEEDING RUMINANT ANIMALS
Authors: Yusuf H. K. , Bello N. U. , Dauda S. , Garba Y.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to determine the proximate and mineral constituents present in the residues of some vegetables used in feeding ruminant animals. Four samples were used for the study namely; amaranth stem (Amaranthus viridis), fluted pumpkin stem (Telfaria occidentalis), carrot tops (Platysace linearifolia) and melon fruit (Cucumis melo). The samples were collected and shade dried after which they were ground and sieved with a 2 mm sieve before taken to laboratories for analyses. Collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance and results for all parameters revealed significant (p<0.05) differences. Results of proximate constituents showed ash content ranges from 8.00–13.75% with amaranth stem having the least and melon fruits have the highest. Crude fibre contents were between the range of 13.33 - 44.99 % for melon fruit and fluted pumpkin stem respectively. Results for crude protein ranged from 4.57–12.63 % with carrot tops having the least and amaranth stem have the highest. In terms of their mineral profile, potassium ranged from 13618.69– 48854.43 mg/kg with carrot tops having the least and amaranth stem having the highest. Phosphorus content ranged from 1208 – 2793 mg/kg for carrot tops and fluted pumpkin stem respectively. The values for nitrogen were in the range of 1.49–4.99 mg/kg where melon fruit had the least and carrot tops revealed the highest content. In conclusion, the vegetable part residues evaluated have the potential as feed supplement in ruminant animals and thus it is recommended that feeding trials be conducted in ruminant animals to establish their utilization by these species of livestock.
THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FEEDING RUMEN WASTE AND IN THE DIETS OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS
Authors: Inweh D. A. , Bamikole M. A.
Published: December 2024

The cost of conventional feeds has over the years posed a challenged to ruminant production. There is a need for affordable/cheap nonconventional feed materials. This study was undertaken to determine the economic benefit of feeding Rumen Waste and in the diets of West African dwarf goats. Twenty five West African Dwarf goats were fed five treatment diets containing Cattle Rumen waste (CRW) and Goat Rumen waste (GRW) at 0, 20 and 40% inclusion levels, respectively, using a completely randomized design. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were measured. Metabolism cages were used for total collection of faeces and urine. There was no significance difference (P>0.05) in Dry Matter Intake, Organic Matter Intake, weight gain, Dry Matter and Organic Matter digestibility for all the treatments, while diet 5 (40% GRC) had the least Dry Matter and Organic Matter digestibility. Cost of feed decreased from N268.88 for 0% RW to N188.87 and N151.63 for 20% CRW and 40% GRW respectively. Also, feed cost/kg live weight gain decline from N344 at 0% RW to N160.85 for 40% CRW. Cattle and goat rumen wastes will therefore be of immense economic benefit in reducing cost of production when used in the diets of goats.
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF DIET, HOST GENETICS AND EARLY LIFE INTERVENTIONS ON RUMEN MICROBIOME
Authors: Okpara M. O. , Ozuo U. K.
Published: December 2024

The rumen microbiome often considered as the ruminant's second genome, facilitates the transformation of low quality feeds into high quality protein food (meat and milk) and other valuable animal products. These microbes alter the ruminal environment and help produce substrates for the host’s energy and body requirements. Several key factors influence rumen microbiota and fermentation, including diet, host genetics, and early life interventions. The potential to manipulate the rumen microbiome and meet global livestock challenges through animal breeding and introduction of dietary interventions during early life have recently emerged as promising new technologies. Advances in computational tools, high-throughput sequencing technologies and cultivation-independent “omics” approaches have provided profound insights into the rumen microbiome world, wherein a consortium of archaea, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses exist and interact. This will ultimately provide the knowledge framework needed to solve current and future ruminant livestock challenges. Understanding the effect of diet, host genetics, and early life interventions on the rumen microbiome is crucial for optimizing ruminant animal health, productivity, and efficiency of feed utilization while minimizing the environmental impact of ruminant production.
FERMENTATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MILLET-BASED DIETS FOR WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS IN THE SOUTHERN GUINEA SAVANNAH ZONE OF NIGERIA
Authors: Ogunbosoye D. O. , Imam R. O. , Yahaya M. N. , Dare A. O. , Afolayan O. F.
Published: December 2024

The study is to investigate the in vitro fermentation pattern of the diets at inclusion levels of millet husk as feed for ruminants. Five experimental diets were formulated using millet husk as a replacement for wheat bran at graded levels of D1(0%), D2(25%), D3(50%) D4(75%) and D5(100%). The rumen fluid collected from five WAD goats through the suction tube before the morning feed was sieved with four layered cheesecloth and subjected to an in vitro fermentation study. Incubation was carried out in 120 ml calibrated syringes in three batches at 39 ± 1ºC. The gas production was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24h. The metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short-chain fatty acids were estimated at 24h incubation. At the end of 24 hours of incubation, 4 mL of NaOH (10 M) was introduced using a 5 mL capacity syringe in a completely randomized design. All the parameters measured and calculated in this study were significantly influenced by the experimental diets. The gas volume produced decreased as the millet husk inclusion level increased. The OMD values recorded indicate good digestibility of the diets. It is observed that the digestibility and methane production decrease as the inclusion level of millet husk increases. Hence, millet husk could be incorporated in the ruminant diet to mitigate methane emissions.
EFFECT OF DRENCHED APPLE CIDER VINEGAR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS RAISED UNDER INTENSIVE SYSTEM
Authors: Ayankoso M. T. , Abe O. S. , Oluwagbamila D. M. , Ogunji I. , Sunday C. V. , Suulola A. S. , Tiamiyu T. , Temidayo A. T. , Williams A. B. , Adetuberu P. M.
Published: December 2024

Efficient diet utilization for maximum productivity is one of the major research areas for livestock sustainability. This study was designed to investigate effect of drenched apple cider vinegar on performance of West African Dwarf goats raised under intensive system. A total of twelve goats of both sexes were randomly assigned to three treatments containing four replicates where each animal is an experimental unit. The experiment was designed as G1, G2 and G3 which were drenched with 0, 1 and 2 ml, respectively of apple cider vinegar. The results showed that body weight gain (g) and total feed intake (kg) were significantly (P<0.05) influenced. Weight gain was highest (1298.75 g) in G2 while least similar values (894.00 and 910.75 g) were obtained in G1 and G3, respectively. The Panicum maximum intake had highest numerical value (11.54 kg) in G2 while the least (9.70 kg) was obtained in G1. The total feed intake was observed to be highest (23.37 kg) in G2, followed by G3 (20.10 kg) while least value (18.70 kg) was obtained in G1. The highest numerical value (22.38) for feed conversion ratio was obtained in G3. However, the least (19.97) FCR was obtained in G2 which gave the best value. Drenching West African Dwarf goats with 1 mL of apple cider vinegar had best performance on weight gain and total feed intake which invariably resulted in best feed conversion ratio of the animals, and hereby recommended as additive in water or direct drench in goats’ production.
EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON BODY WEIGHT CHANGES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MILK OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT
Authors: Opadeji O. M. , Adelusi O. O. , Adewumi O. O. , Onwuka C. F. I.
Published: December 2024

The essence of goat improvement with respect to milk production is to increase the utilization of milk and milk related products by livestock and human populace. There is evidence that on live weight basis, goat is a much more efficient milk producer than some other ruminant species. If we must attain self-sufficiency in dairy production, then there is a need to explore other sources of milk from species like goats. Therefore, in this study the effect of management systems on weight of does and the chemical composition of West African dwarf goat milk was conducted. Goats were reared in three management systems- namely extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems. Eighteen West African dwarf does were divided into three treatment groups with six goats per treatment in a Completely Randomized Design. Concentrate diets were formulated as supplement for the goats in the intensive and semi-intensive systems while roughage was fed as a basal diet. The feeding trial lasted 56 days. Ash, total solid and solid-non-fat were positively correlated with protein and lactose. Doe weight (p < 0.05) of 13.98 kg was recorded in semi-intensive system and the lowest (11.00 kg) in extensive system. Lactose, solid-non-fat and total solids were significantly higher under semi-intensive system and significantly(P<0.05) lower under intensive system. Protein was highly significant under intensive and extensive system. The study concluded that semi-intensive management system improved the weight gain of does and the chemical composition of West African dwarf goat milk.
EFFECT OF FRESH COONTAIL LEAF (CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM) WITH GRADED LEVEL BERMUDA GRASS (CYNODON DACTYLON) ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, AND BLOOD INDICES OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS
Authors: Ade S. , Obakanurhe O. , Irikefe-ekeke E. P.
Published: December 2024

The West African Dwarf (WAD) goats play an essential socioeconomic role in the Nigerian economy, hence the effect of 12 weeks of feeding fresh Coontail leaf (FCL) + Bermuda grass (BG) at various dietary levels on WAD goat growth performance and blood indices were explored. A total of 24 WAD goats weighing an average of 6.02kg each were randomly assigned to four treatments of six goats, with two goats per replicate. In a completely randomized form, each treatment was served four experimental diets comprising FCL and BG at Diet 1: Control 100% FCL, Diet 2: 80% FCL + 20% BG, Diet 3: 70% FCL + 30% BG, and Diet 4: 50% FCL + 50% BG, accordingly. Initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), and haemoglobin concentration (Hb. The T1 and T4 showed significant (p<0.05) changes in final body weights, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in all haematological parameters evaluated, except packed cell volume (PCV) which had no significant (p>0.05) difference. All blood biochemical indicators indicated significant (p<0.05) differences with total protein, albumin, and urea, except for cholesterol, globulin, and glucose, which were not statistically (p>0.05) different. It is possible to conclude that FCL+BG Can be included in WAD goat diets up to 50% without negatively affecting growth performance or blood parameters.