bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An empirical study of issue-link algorithms: which issue-link algorithms should we use?
Authors: Kondo Masanari , Kashiwa Yutaro , Kamei Yasutaka , Mizuno Osamu
Published: July 2022

The accuracy of the SZZ algorithm is pivotal for just-in-time defect prediction because most prior studies have used the SZZ algorithm to detect defect-inducing commits to construct and evaluate their defect prediction models. The SZZ algorithm has two phases to detect defect-inducing commits: (1) linking issue reports in an issue-tracking system to possible defect-fixing commits in a version control system by using an issue-link algorithm (ILA); and (2) tracing the modifications of defect-fixing commits back to possible defect-inducing commits. Researchers and practitioners can address the second phase by using existing solutions such as a tool called . In contrast, although various ILAs have been proposed for the first phase, no large-scale studies exist in which such ILAs are evaluated under the same experimental conditions. Hence, we still have no conclusions regarding the best-performing ILA for the first phase. In this paper, we compare 10 ILAs collected from our systematic literature study with regards to the accuracy of detecting defect-fixing commits. In addition, we compare the defect prediction performance of ILAs and their combinations that can detect defect-fixing commits accurately. We conducted experiments on five open-source software projects. We found that all ILAs and their combinations prevented the defect prediction model from being affected by missing defect-fixing commits. In particular, the combination of a natural language text similarity approach, Phantom heuristics, a random forest approach, and a support vector machine approach is the best way to statistically significantly reduced the absolute differences from the ground-truth defect prediction performance. We summarized the guidelines to use ILAs as our recommendations.
Rotating Factors to Simplify Their Structural Paths
Authors: Zhang Guangjian , Hattori Minami , Trichtinger Lauren A.
Published: July 2022

Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) may encounter issues like inadmissible parameter estimates, nonconvergence, or unsatisfactory model fit. We propose a new factor rotation method that reparameterizes the factor correlation matrix in exploratory factor analysis (EFA) such that factors can be either exogenous or endogenous. The proposed method is an oblique rotation method for EFA, but it allows directional structural paths among factors. We thus referred it to as FSP (factor structural paths) rotation. In particular, we can use FSP rotation to “translate” an SEM model to incorporate theoretical expectations on both factor loadings and structural parameters. We illustrate FSP rotation with an empirical example and explore its statistical properties with simulated data. The results include that (1) EFA with FSP rotation tends to fit data better and encounters fewer Heywood cases than SEM does when there are cross-loadings and many small nonzero loadings, (2) FSP rotated parameter estimates are satisfactory for small models, and (3) FSP rotated parameter estimates are more satisfactory for large models when the structural parameter matrices are sparse.
Hydrocarbons removal from synthetic bilge water by adsorption onto biochars of dead Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Cataldo Salvatore , Muratore Nicola , Giannici Francesco , Bongiorno David , Chiodo Vitaliano , Maisano Susanna , Pettignano Alberto
Published: July 2022

Bilge waters are wastewaters produced on boats during navigation and usually contain hydrocarbons and oils. They cannot be directly released into the sea if not below a hydrocarbons concentration limit set by current legislation. Appropriate oil in water separator (OWS) systems can be installed on board boats to remove hydrocarbons from bilge water allowing their spillage into the sea. These systems may contain an adsorption step on a suitable adsorbent. Here, biochars produced from pyrolysis of dead Posidonia oceanica, pristine or chemically activated, have been tested as hydrocarbons adsorbents. Adsorption experiments with aqueous dispersions simulating bilge waters containing a marine gas oil (MGO) fuel for boats, a surfactant, and different NaCl concentrations were carrying out. The hydrocarbons concentrations before and after adsorption have been directly measured by using the reverse phase HPLC technique coupled with a fluorescence detector. These measurements are very fast and their reliability was verified by re-measuring the hydrocarbons concentrations of some samples with the GC–MS-MS technique, according to one of the traditional methods for hydrocarbons determination in emulsions. Different isotherm equations were used to fit the adsorption data. The biochars were characterized from the chemical-structural point of view by means of several instrumental techniques.
Vitamin D regulates insulin and ameliorates apoptosis and oxidative stress in pancreatic tissues of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes
Authors: Fathi Fatima El Zahra M. , Sadek Kadry M. , Khafaga Asmaa F. , Al senosy Abdel Wahab , Ghoniem Hanan A. , Fayez Sahar , Zeweil Mohamed F.
Published: July 2022

This study was designed to evaluate the potential therapeutic efficacy of vitamin D (Vit D) in averting the harmful effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Forty male Wistar rats were allotted into four groups: (1) the control, (2) Vit D, (3) streptozotocin (STZ), and (4) STZ + Vit D groups. Rats co-treated with Vit D had significantly (p < 0.05) decreased levels of cortisol; proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6); and malondialdehyde (MDA). Meanwhile, the levels of insulin significantly (p < 0.05) increased, whereas the activity of the antioxidant system, including glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. Histopathological examination revealed the destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in rats with diabetes. Meanwhile, immunoexpression revealed an increase in the immunoreactivity of caspase-3 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase and a reduction in the immunoreactivity of insulin in rats with diabetes. In conclusion, Vit D ameliorated the harmful biochemical impact of diabetes mellitus, probably by increasing insulin secretion and sensitivity, ameliorating β-cell function, and decreasing cortisol levels; also, the anti-inflammatory effect of Vit D reduces the number of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6) and increases the activity of the antioxidant system, such as GSH, SOD, TAC, and catalase while reducing lipid peroxidation enzymes (e.g., MDA).
Gastrointestinal Fate and Fatty Acid Release of Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Mixtures of Plant Protein Microgels + Cellulose Particles: an In Vitro Static Digestion Study
Authors: Zhang Shuning , Murray Brent S. , Holmes Melvin , Ettelaie Rammile , Sarkar Anwesha
Published: July 2022

The present study aims to investigate the in vitro intestinal digestion fate of Pickering emulsions with complex dual particle interfaces. Pickering oil-in-water emulsions (PPM-E) stabilized by plant (pea) protein-based microgels (PPM), as well as PPM-E where the interface was additionally covered by cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), were designed at acidic pH (pH 3.0). The gastrointestinal fate of the PPM-E and free fatty acid (FFA) release, was tested via the INFOGEST static in vitro digestion model and data was fitted using theoretical models. Lipid digestion was also monitored using lipase alone bypassing the gastric phase to understand the impact of proteolysis on FFA release. Coalescence was observed in the PPM-stabilized emulsions in the gastric phase, but not in those co-stabilized by CNC. However, coalescence occurred during the intestinal digestion stage, irrespective of the CNC concentration added (1–3 wt % CNC). The presence of CNC lowered the lipolysis kinetics but raised the extent of FFA release as compared to in its absence (p < 0.05), due to lower levels of gastric coalescence, i.e., a higher interfacial area. The trends were similar when just lipase was added with no prior gastric phase, although the extent and rate of FFA release was reduced in all emulsions, highlighting the importance of prior proteolysis in lipolysis of such systems. In summary, an electrostatically self-assembled interfacial structure of two types of oppositely-charged particles (at gastric pH) might be a useful strategy to enable enhanced delivery of lipophilic compounds that require protection in the stomach but release in the intestines.
Person-environment fit and task performance: exploring the role(s) of grit as a personal resource
Authors: van Zyl Llewellyn E. , van Vuuren H. A. , Roll Lara C. , Stander Marius W.
Published: July 2022

The Job Demands-Resources Framework (JDR) has established job- and personal resources as essential elements motivating people to perform. Whilst the purpose of job resources in this motivational process is well established, the role of personal resources is still quite ambiguous. Within the JDR framework, personal resources could (a) directly affect performance, (b) indirectly affect the relationship between a job resource and a performance outcome and (c) moderate the job resource-performance relationship. Grit has recently emerged as a promising personal resource as it could potentially act as a direct antecedent-, mediator and moderator within the motivational process of the JDR. To further the debate on the role of personal resources, this paper explores the function of grit (as a personal resource) within the person-environment fit (job resource) and task performance relationship. Specifically, the aim is to determine if grit directly or indirectly affects the relationship between person-environment fit and task performance. Finally, it aims to investigate whether grit moderates this relationship. Data were collected from 310 working adults through electronic surveys, and the relationships were explored through structural equation modelling. When controlling for age and gender, the results showed a positive association between person-environment fit, grit and task performance. Further, grit was also found to indirectly affect the relationship between the person-environment fit and task performance. However, no moderating effect could be established. This signifies the importance of grit as a psychological process, rather than a buffering element that may explain how person-environment fit affects performance outcomes.
Intravenous ferric derisomaltose for iron-deficiency anemia associated with gastrointestinal diseases: a single-arm, randomized, uncontrolled, open-label study
Authors: Kawabata Hiroshi , Tamura Takeshi , Tamai Soichiro , Takahashi Tomoki , Kato Jun ,   Study Group, Hiroaki Ito , Hironori Tanaka , Takanori Hosokawa , Yoshio Kitsukawa , Shinichi Ogata , Rihito Yoshida , Shigeru Iwase , Osamu Kido , Hirotada Akiho , Hirotake Kusumoto , Tomoki Matsuda , Shuji Takahashi , Kiichi Matsuyama , Yukihiro Hamahata , Hisanori Abe
Published: July 2022

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) associated with gastrointestinal diseases is the second most common etiology of IDA in Japan, and is most often caused by gastrointestinal bleeding. A multicenter, single-arm (2 groups), open-label, phase III study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of ferric derisomaltose (FDI) when administered by intravenous (IV) bolus injection (n = 30) or drip infusion (n = 10) in Japanese patients with IDA associated with gastrointestinal diseases. The primary endpoint, which was the mean maximum change in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration from baseline, was 4.33 (95% confidence interval, 3.82–4.83) g/dL in the overall population (4.27 [3.83–4.71] g/dL in the bolus injection group and 4.49 [2.69–6.29] g/dL in the drip infusion group). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in 24 patients (60.0%) in the overall population (18 patients [60.0%] in the bolus injection group and 6 patients [60.0%] in the drip infusion group). No serious treatment-related TEAEs or unexpected safety findings were reported during the study. These findings reveal a favorable efficacy and safety profile for FDI when administered by IV bolus injection or drip infusion in Japanese patients with IDA associated with gastrointestinal diseases.
Metal-Oxo Cluster Catalysts for Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Lan Qing , Jin Sujuan , Yang Bohan , Zhao Qiang , Si Chaolei , Xie Haiquan , Zhang Zhiming
Published: July 2022

Photocatalytic water splitting and carbon dioxide photoreduction are considered effective strategies for alleviating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Polynuclear metal-oxo clusters possess excellent electron storage/release ability and unique catalytic properties via intermetallic synergy, which enables them with great potential in environmentally friendly photosynthesis. Importantly, metal-oxo clusters with precise structure can not only act as high-efficiency catalysts but also provide well-defined structural models for exploring structure–activity relationships. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the catalytic application of polynuclear metal-oxo clusters, including polyoxometalate clusters, low-cost transition metal clusters, and metal-oxo-cluster-based metal–organic frameworks for water splitting and CO2reduction. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and solutions to the problems of polynuclear metal-oxo clusters in photocatalysis.
Exploring interdependent privacy – Empirical insights into users’ protection of others’ privacy on online platforms
Authors: Franz Anjuli , Benlian Alexander
Published: July 2022

Recent information privacy research has started to spark a debate about privacy infringements that happen not on an individual, but on a multi-party level. Here, a person’s own information privacy is affected by the decisions of others – a phenomenon referred to as interdependent privacy. Building on the 3R Interdependent Privacy Protection Framework, we explore the underlying mechanisms of how and why interdependent privacy violations happen and how they can be remedied. Drawing on an online vignette experiment (N = 330), we investigate the efficacy of an interdependent privacy salience nudge and reveal that it can decrease the likelihood that users disclose others’ personal information by 62%. Furthermore, we develop a novel measurement instrument and empirically validate that users’ decision to disclose others’ personal information to an online platform is formed via a serial mediation mechanism through users’ realization of the data transfer, recognition of others’ ownership, and respect for others’ rights. We discuss important implications for both theory and practice.
Response Shift After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Targeting Severe Fatigue: Explorative Analysis of Three Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Müller Fabiola , Verdam Mathilde G. E. , Oort Frans J. , Riper Heleen , van Straten Annemieke , Verdonck-de Leeuw Irma M. , Sprangers Mirjam A. G. , Knoop Hans
Published: July 2022

Background

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based intervention for severe fatigue. Changes in patients’ fatigue scores following CBT might reflect not only the intended relief in fatigue but also response shift, a change in the meaning of patients’ self-evaluation. Objectives were to (1) identify the occurrence of response shift in patients undergoing CBT, (2) determine the impact of response shift on the intervention effect, and (3) investigate whether changes in fatigue-related cognitions and perceptions, targeted during CBT, are associated with response shift.

Methods

Data of three randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of CBT in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS, n = 222), cancer (n = 123), and diabetes (n = 107) were re-analyzed. Fatigue severity was measured with 8 items from the Checklist Individual Strength, a valid and widely used self-report questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was applied to assess lack of longitudinal measurement invariance, as indication of response shift.

Results

As expected, in all three trials, response shift was indicated in the CBT groups, not the control groups. Response shift through reprioritization was indicated for the items “Physically, I feel exhausted” (CFS) and “I tire easily” (cancer, diabetes), which became less vs. more important to the measurement of fatigue, respectively. However, this did not affect the intervention effects. Some changes in cognitions and perceptions were associated with the response shifts.

Conclusions

CBT seems to induce response shift through reprioritization across patient groups, but its occurrence does not affect the intervention effect. Future research should corroborate these findings and investigate whether patients indeed change their understanding of fatigue.
Cross-sectional Census Survey of Patients With Cancer who Received a Pharmacist Consultation in a Pharmacist Led Anti-cancer Clinic
Authors: Dennis Madeleine , Haines Aasha , Johnson Marie , Soggee Jonathan , Tong Selina , Parsons Richard , Sunderland Bruce , Czarniak Petra
Published: July 2022

Pharmacists have a critical consulting role in patients undergoing oral antineoplastic drug therapy to ensure harm minimisation. Studies exploring the benefits of pharmacists in this role are limited. This study evaluated patient perceptions, experiences and overall satisfaction with clinical pharmacist consultations in patients treated with oral antineoplastic drugs. Data on 160 patients initiated on oral antineoplastic drugs between January 2019 and February 2021 were collected retrospectively from an outpatient Comprehensive Cancer Centre of a quaternary hospital in Western Australia (demographics, cancer type, oral antineoplastic drugs prescribed). In addition, patients were mailed a hard copy questionnaire in March 2021 to assess their satisfaction with pharmacist consultations in the pharmacist clinic, using a 5-point Likert scale. The statements included perceptions of the patient’s understanding, medication adherence, experiences and overall satisfaction with the clinical pharmacist consultation. There were 76 (47.5%) completed questionnaires returned (52.6% female; average age was 63.2 ± 13.9 years). The majority of patients were satisfied with the service offered by the clinical pharmacist (73/76; 96.1%), perceived that clinical pharmacists provided an important service in outpatient cancer care (71/76; 93.4%) and improved their understanding of the use of oral antineoplastic drugs and side-effect management (48/74; 64.9%). Patients’ perceived understanding of their medication regimen and additional health services available improved after pharmacist counselling. The patients also reported overall satisfaction with the service provided by the clinical pharmacist and found it beneficial to their care. The study supports the expanding role of the clinical pharmacist in an outpatient cancer centre.
Efficient Discretization of Movement Kernels for Spatiotemporal Capture–Recapture
Authors: Efford M. G.
Published: July 2022

Spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models treat detection probability as a function of the distance between each animal and its notional activity centre. Open-population variants of these models (open SECR) are increasingly used to estimate the vital rates (survival and recruitment) of spatial populations subject to turnover between sampling times. If activity centres also move between sampling times then modelling the movement can reduce bias in estimates of vital rates. The usual movement model in open SECR is a random walk with step length governed by a probability kernel. Space is discretized in open SECR for computational convenience, and in some implementations this includes truncation of the probability kernel. Computations for the movement submodel are nevertheless very time-consuming owing to the repeated convolution steps and the need to manage boundary effects. A novel ‘sparse’ discretized kernel is proposed that greatly reduces fitting time. The sparse kernel was tested by simulation and applied to two datasets. Differences between models fitted using the sparse and full kernels were minor and unlikely to matter in practice. The sparse kernel extends the practical limits of the movement modelling in open SECR to greater dispersal distances and greater spatial resolution. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.
Transparency as Manipulation? Uncovering the Disciplinary Power of Algorithmic Transparency
Authors: Wang Hao
Published: July 2022

Automated algorithms are silently making crucial decisions about our lives, but most of the time we have little understanding of how they work. To counter this hidden influence, there have been increasing calls for algorithmic transparency. Much ink has been spilled over the informational account of algorithmic transparency—about how much information should be revealed about the inner workings of an algorithm. But few studies question the power structure beneath the informational disclosure of the algorithm. As a result, the information disclosure itself can be a means of manipulation used by a group of people to advance their own interests. Instead of concentrating on information disclosure, this paper examines algorithmic transparency from the perspective of power, explaining how algorithmic transparency under a disciplinary power structure can be a technique of normalizing people’s behavior. The informational disclosure of an algorithm can not only set up some de facto norms, but also build a scientific narrative of its algorithm to justify those norms. In doing so, people would be internally motivated to follow those norms with less critical analysis. This article suggests that we should not simply open the black box of an algorithm without challenging the existing power relations.
Estimating the density of small mammals using the selfie trap is an effective camera trapping method
Authors: Gracanin Ana , Minchinton Todd E. , Mikac Katarina M.
Published: July 2022

Camera trapping to study wildlife allows for data collection, without the need to capture animals. Traditionally, camera traps have been used to target larger terrestrial mammal species, though recently novel methods and adjustments in procedures have meant camera traps can be used to study small mammals. The selfie trap (a camera trapping method) may present robust sampling and ecological study of small mammals. This study aimed to evaluate the selfie trap method in terms of its ability to detect species and estimate population density. To address this aim, standard small mammal live trapping was undertaken, immediately followed by camera trapping using the selfie trap. Both methods were set to target the arboreal sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) and semi-arboreal brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii). The more ground-dwelling bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) was also live trapped and recorded on camera. Across four survey areas, the probability of detection for each of the three species was higher for selfie traps than for live trapping. Spatially explicit capture-recapture models showed that selfie traps were superior at estimating density for brown antechinus and sugar gliders, when compared to simulated live trapping data. Hit rates (number of videos per various time intervals) were correlated with abundance. When correlating various hit rate intervals with abundance, the use of 10-min hit rate was best for predicting sugar glider abundance (R2 = 0.94). The abundance of brown antechinus was estimated from selfie traps using a 24-h hit rate as a predictor (R2 = 0.85). For sugar gliders, the selfie trap can replace live trapping as individuals can be identified through their unique facial stripes and natural ear scars, and thus used in capture-recapture analysis. This method may be useful for monitoring the abundance of other small mammal species that can also be individually recognized from photographs.
Drimane sesquiterpenoids from a wetland soil-derived fungus Aspergillus calidoustus TJ403-EL05
Authors: Zhang Sitian , Mo Shuyuan , Li Fengli , Zhang Yaxin , Wang Jianping , Hu Zhengxi , Zhang Yonghui
Published: July 2022

Soil-derived fungi represent an insufficiently tapped reservoir for discovering new and bioactive natural products (NPs), and despite an ever-increasing number of unknown NPs have been discovered over the past few decades, much of the hidden biosynthetic potential is still in an urgent need to be disclosed. In this research, a chemical investigation was performed on a wetland soil-derived fungus Aspergilluscalidoustus TJ403-EL05, leading to the isolation of a total of fourteen drimane sesquiterpenoids (1–14), incorporating three new ones, namely ustusols F–H (1–3). Their structures, comprising absolute configurations, were completely authenticated by widespread spectroscopic data, quantum chemical 13C NMR and ECD calculations, and X-ray crystallography experiments. Compound 14 exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the LPS-induced NO release (IC50 = 25.6 μM).

Graphical Abstract
The association between bacteria and outcome and the influence of sampling method, in people with a diabetic foot infection
Authors: Gramberg Meryl Cinzía Tila Tamara , Mahadew Shaya Krishnaa Normadevi , Lissenberg-Witte Birgit Ilja , Bleijenberg Marielle Petra , de la Court Jara Rebekka , van Hattem Jarne Marijn , Sabelis Louise Willy Elizabeth , Lagrand Rimke Sabine , de Groot Vincent , Heijer Martin Den , Peters Edgar Josephus Gerardus
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Different bacteria lead to divers diabetic foot infections (DFIs), and some bacteria probably lead to higher amputation and mortality risks. We assessed mortality and amputation risk in relation to bacterial profiles in people DFI and investigated the role of sampling method.

Methods

We included people (> 18 years) with DFI in this retrospective study (2011–2020) at a Dutch tertiary care hospital. We retrieved cultures according to best sampling method: (1) bone biopsy; (2) ulcer bed biopsy; and (3) swab. We aggregated data into a composite determinant, consisting of unrepeated bacteria of one episode of infection, clustered into 5 profiles: (1) Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus; (2) coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium, Corynebacterium and Enterococcus; (3) gram-negative; (4) Anaerobic; and (5) less common gram-positive bacteria. We calculated Hazard Ratio’s (HR’s) using time-dependent-Cox regression for the analyses and investigated effect modification by sampling method.

Results

We included 139 people, with 447 person-years follow-up and 459 episodes of infection. Sampling method modified the association between bacterial profiles and amputation for profile 2. HR’s (95% CI’s) for amputation for bacterial profiles 1–5: 0.7 (0.39–1.1); stratified analysis for profile 2: bone biopsy 0.84 (0.26–2.7), ulcer bed biopsy 0.89 (0.34–2.3), swab 5.9*(2.9–11.8); 1.3 (0.78–2.1); 1.6 (0.91–2.6); 1.6 (0.58–4.5). HR’s (95% CI’s) for mortality for bacterial profiles 1–5: 0.89 (0.49–1.6); 0.73 (0.38–1.4); 2.6*(1.4–4.8); 1.1(0.58–2.2); 0.80(0.19–3.3).

Conclusions

In people with DFI, there was no association between bacterial profiles in ulcer bed and bone biopsies and amputation. Only in swab cultures, low-pathogenic bacteria (profile 2), were associated with a higher amputation risk. Infection with gram-negative bacteria was associated with a higher mortality risk. This study underlined the possible negative outcome of DFI treatment based on swabs cultures.
Aspect term extraction via information-augmented neural network
Authors: Liu Ning , Shen Bo
Published: July 2022

Aspect term extraction (ATE) aims at identifying the aspect terms that are expressed in a sentence. Recently, Seq2Seq learning has been employed in ATE and significantly improved performance. However, it suffers from some weaknesses, such as lacking the ability to encode the more informative information and integrate information of surrounding words in the encoder. The static word embeddings employed in ATE fall short of modeling the dynamic meaning of words. To alleviate the problems mentioned above, this paper proposes the information-augmented neural network (IANN) which is a novel Seq2Seq learning framework. In IANN, a specialized neural network is developed as the key module of the encoder, named multiple convolution with recurrence network (MCRN), to encode the more informative information and integrate information of surrounding words in the encoder. The contextualized embedding layer is designed to capture the dynamic word sense. Besides, the novel AO ({Aspect, Outside}) tags are proposed as the less challenging tagging scheme. A lot of experiments have been performed on three widely used datasets. These experiments demonstrate that the proposed IANN acquires state-of-the-art results and validate that the proposed IANN is a powerful method for the ATE task.
Biochar aerogel-based electrocatalyst towards efficient oxygen evolution in acidic media
Authors: Hui Bin , Chen Hongjiao , Zhou Chengfeng , Cai Liping , Zhang Kewei , Quan Fengyu , Yang Dongjiang
Published: July 2022

The controllable synthesis of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst is an urgent need to advance the development of sustainable energy conversion and storage. However, the OER efficiency in acidic media is seriously hindered by slow reaction kinetics. The traditional acidic OER electrocatalysts are more prone to be oxidized and corroded as results of unstable carrier structures and variable electronic states of active species. Herein, a high-performing biochar aerogel (BA) based electrocatalyst were realistically designed and synthetized via joint utilization of the terrestrial lignin and seaweed polysaccharide as carbon sources.  Originating from the induction effect of "egg-box" structure in alginate and the self-template effect of lignosulfonate, the BA decorated with Ru/RuS2 particles was synthesized triumphantly. The as-synthesized electrocatalyst required a low overpotential of 228 mV to attain 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 and exhibited a good stability for over 12,000 s. The good activity was strongly dependent on the assembled unique two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) channels in carbon aerogels. Notably, the numerous defective sites at carbon could strongly interact with the Ru/RuS2 heterojunction for remarkably enhancing the catalytic activity and stability of whole catalytic system in acidic media. This work puts  forward a novel and effective strategy towards the enhancement of the acidic OER process by rational regulations of the BA and the coupling effect in micro-interface.

Graphical Abstract
Judicial Vetoes
Authors: Tiede Lydia
Published: July 2022

How does the selection of judges influence the work they do in important constitutional courts? Does mixed judicial selection, which allows more players to choose judges, result in a court that is more independent and one that can check powerful executives and legislators? Existing literature on constitutional courts tends to focus on how judicial behaviour is motivated by judges' political preferences. Lydia Brashear Tiede argues for a new approach, showing that, under mixed selection, institutions choose different types of judges who represent different approaches to constitutional adjudication and thus have different propensities for striking down laws. Using empirical evidence from the constitutional courts of Chile and Colombia, this book develops a framework for understanding the factors, external and internal to courts, which lead individual judges, as well as the courts in which they work, to veto a law.
Different shear regimes in the dense granular flow in a vertical channel
Authors: Debnath Bhanjan , Rao K. Kesava , Kumaran V.
Published: July 2022

The steady dense granular flow in a vertical channel bounded by flat frictional walls in one horizontal direction and with periodic boundary conditions in the other horizontal and vertical directions is studied using the discrete element method. The shape of the scaled velocity profile is characterized quantitatively by a universal exponential function, and the ratio of the maximum and slip velocities is independent of the average volume fraction

$\bar {\phi }$

and the channel width

$W$

. For sufficiently wide channels, the maximum and slip velocities increase proportional to

$\sqrt {W}$

, and the thickness of the shearing zones increases proportional to

$W$

. There are four zones in the flow, each with distinct dynamical properties. There is no shear in the plug zone at the centre, but there is particle agitation, and the volume fraction

$\phi$

is lower than the random close packing volume fraction

$\phi _{rcp}$

. In the adjoining dense shearing zone,

$\phi$

is greater than the volume fraction for arrested dynamics

$\phi _{ad} = 0.587$

, and the granular temperature and shear rate depend on the particle stiffness. Adjacent to the dense shearing zone is the loose shearing zone where

$\phi < \phi _{ad}$

. Here, the properties do not depend on the particle stiffness, and the constitutive relations are well described by hard-particle models. The rheology in the loose shearing zone is similar to the dense flow down an inclined plane. There is high shear and a sharp decrease in

$\phi$

in the wall shearing zone of thickness about two particle diameters, where the particle angular velocity is different from the material rotation rate due to the presence of the wall.
Araucariaceous fossil woods from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation (San Juan Province, Argentina): paleofloristic and paleoclimatic implications
Authors: Bodnar Josefina , Sagasti Ana Julia , Correa Gustavo A. , Miranda Victoria , Medina Florencia
Published: July 2022

In this contribution, fossil woods from the Valle de La Luna Member of the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Ischigualasto Provincial Park, San Juan Province, Argentina, are described. The specimens are preserved as silica permineralization in tuffs intercalated with carbonaceous mudstone beds interpreted as distal floodplain facies. The fossil woods were assigned to the new species Agathoxylon argentinum since their anatomy differs from the known Mesozoic Gondwanan species of the genus Agathoxylon. The combination of characters present in the new taxon indicates an affiliation with the conifer family Araucariaceae. Signals of fungal-mediated wood decay were observed, comparable to the activity of basidiomycetes. Spherical structures attached to the walls of the tracheids were recognized and are interpreted as holocarpic chytrid fungi. The growth rings were quantitatively analyzed. Low values of percentage diminution, percentage latewood, and Ring Markedness Index, and a mean percentage skew of +11.5, were obtained, suggesting that the new species was an evergreen gymnosperm. The stratigraphic distribution and taxonomic composition of the Ischigualasto Formation fossil-plant-bearing levels were studied. A vegetation change is recorded in the fossil level bearing Agathoxylon argentinum n. sp., marked by the replacement of the corystosperm genera and a diminution of arboreal corystosperms. This floristic change, in addition to other evidence, indicates humid paleoclimatic conditions for the uppermost part of the Valle de La Luna Member of the Ischigualasto Formation.
Cumulative environmental risk in early life is associated with mental disorders in childhood
Authors: O'Hare Kirstie , Watkeys Oliver , Whitten Tyson , Dean Kimberlie , Laurens Kristin R. , Harris Felicity , Carr Vaughan J. , Green Melissa J.
Published: July 2022

Background

No single environmental factor is a necessary or sufficient cause of mental disorder; multifactorial and transdiagnostic approaches are needed to understand the impact of the environment on the development of mental disorders across the life course.

Method

Using linked multi-agency administrative data for 71 932 children from the New South Wales Child Developmental Study, using logistic regression, we examined associations between 16 environmental risk factors in early life (prenatal period to <6 years of age) and later diagnoses of mental disorder recorded in health service data (from age 6 to 13 years), both individually and summed as an environmental risk score (ERS).

Results

The ERS was associated with all types of mental disorder diagnoses in a dose–response fashion, such that 2.8% of children with no exposure to any of the environmental factors (ERS = 0), compared to 18.3% of children with an ERS of 8 or more indicating exposure to 8 or more environmental factors (ERS ⩾ 8), had been diagnosed with any type of mental disorder up to age 13–14 years. Thirteen of the 16 environmental factors measured (including prenatal factors, neighbourhood characteristics and more proximal experiences of trauma or neglect) were positively associated with at least one category of mental disorder.

Conclusion

Exposure to cumulative environmental risk factors in early life is associated with an increased likelihood of presenting to health services in childhood for any kind of mental disorder. In many instances, these factors are preventable or capable of mitigation by appropriate public policy settings.
IDENTIFICATION AND THE INFLUENCE FUNCTION OF OLLEY AND PAKES’ (1996) PRODUCTION FUNCTION ESTIMATOR
Authors: Hahn Jinyong , Liao Zhipeng , Ridder Geert
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we reconsider the assumptions that ensure the identification of the production function in Olley and Pakes (1996, Econometrica 64, 1263–1297). We show that an index restriction plays a crucial role in the identification, especially if the capital stock is measured by the perpetual inventory method. The index restriction is not sufficient for identification under sample selectivity. The index restriction makes it possible to derive the influence function and the asymptotic variance of the Olley–Pakes estimator.
Coordination frictions and economic growth
Authors: Gabrovski Miroslav
Published: July 2022

In practice, firms face a number of scarce innovation projects. They choose one towards which to direct their effort, but do not coordinate these choices. This gives rise to coordination frictions. This paper develops an expanding-variety endogenous growth model to study the implications of these frictions for growth and welfare. We find that the coordination failure generates a number of foregone innovations and reduces the economy-wide research intensity. Both effects decrease the growth rate. This creates a general equilibrium effect that endogenously amplifies the fraction of wasteful simultaneous innovation. Furthermore, formalizing the coordination frictions uncovers a novel link between the “stepping on toes” and “standing on shoulders” externalities—their magnitudes are endogenously determined through the ratio of firms to innovation projects. We find that the “stepping on toes” externality is larger for all parameter values.
Analyzing Semantics of Aggregate Answer Set Programming Using Approximation Fixpoint Theory
Authors: VANBESIEN LINDE , BRUYNOOGHE MAURICE , DENECKER MARC
Published: July 2022

Aggregates provide a concise way to express complex knowledge. The problem of selecting an appropriate formalization of aggregates for answer set programming (ASP) remains unsettled. This paper revisits it from the viewpoint of Approximation Fixpoint Theory (AFT). We introduce an AFT formalization equivalent with the Gelfond–Lifschitz reduct for basic ASP programs and we extend it to handle aggregates. We analyze how existing approaches relate to our framework. We hope this work sheds some new light on the issue of a proper formalization of aggregates.
Ten misconceptions about trauma-focused CBT for PTSD
Authors: Murray Hannah , Grey Nick , Warnock-Parkes Emma , Kerr Alice , Wild Jennifer , Clark David M. , Ehlers Anke
Published: July 2022

Therapist cognitions about trauma-focused psychological therapies can affect our implementation of evidence-based therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), potentially reducing their effectiveness. Based on observations gleaned from teaching and supervising one of these treatments, cognitive therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD), ten common ‘misconceptions’ were identified. These included misconceptions about the suitability of the treatment for some types of trauma and/or emotions, the need for stabilisation prior to memory work, the danger of ‘retraumatising’ patients with memory-focused work, the risks of using memory-focused techniques with patients who dissociate, the remote use of trauma-focused techniques, and the perception of trauma-focused CBT as inflexible. In this article, these misconceptions are analysed in light of existing evidence and guidance is provided on using trauma-focused CT-PTSD with a broad range of presentations.

Key learning aims

(1)

To recognise common misconceptions about trauma-focused CBT for PTSD and the evidence against them.

(2)

To widen understanding of the application of cognitive therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD) to a broad range of presentations.

(3)

To increase confidence in the formulation-driven, flexible, active and creative delivery of CT-PTSD.
Overall survival in the SIMPLIFY-1 and SIMPLIFY-2 phase 3 trials of momelotinib in patients with myelofibrosis
Authors: Mesa Ruben , Harrison Claire , Oh Stephen T. , Gerds Aaron T. , Gupta Vikas , Catalano John , Cervantes Francisco , Devos Timothy , Hus Marek , Kiladjian Jean-Jacques , Lech-Maranda Ewa , McLornan Donal , Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Platzbecker Uwe , Huang Mei , Strouse Bryan , Klencke Barbara , Verstovsek Srdan
Published: July 2022

Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) approved for myelofibrosis provide spleen and symptom improvements but do not address anemia, a negative prognostic factor. Momelotinib, an inhibitor of ACVR1/ALK2, JAK1 and JAK2, demonstrated activity against anemia, symptoms, and splenomegaly in the phase 3 SIMPLIFY trials. Here, we report mature overall survival (OS) and leukemia-free survival (LFS) from both studies, and retrospective analyses of baseline characteristics and efficacy endpoints for OS associations. Survival distributions were similar between JAKi-naïve patients randomized to momelotinib, or ruxolitinib then momelotinib, in SIMPLIFY-1 (OS HR = 1.02 [0.73, 1.43]; LFS HR = 1.08 [0.78, 1.50]). Two-year OS and LFS were 81.6% and 80.7% with momelotinib and 80.6% and 79.3% with ruxolitinib then momelotinib. In ruxolitinib-exposed patients in SIMPLIFY-2, two-year OS and LFS were 65.8% and 64.2% with momelotinib and 61.2% and 59.7% with best available therapy then momelotinib (OS HR = 0.98 [0.59, 1.62]; LFS HR = 0.97 [0.59, 1.60]). Baseline transfusion independence (TI) was associated with improved survival in both studies (SIMPLIFY-1 HR = 0.474, p = 0.0001; SIMPLIFY-2 HR = 0.226, p = 0.0005). Week 24 TI response in JAKi-naïve, momelotinib-randomized patients was associated with improved OS in univariate (HR = 0.323; p < 0.0001) and multivariate (HR = 0.311; p < 0.0001) analyses. These findings underscore the importance of achieving or maintaining TI in myelofibrosis, supporting the clinical relevance of momelotinib’s pro-erythropoietic mechanism of action, and potentially informing treatment decision-making.
Structured matter creates toroidal structured light
Authors: Forbes Andrew
Published: July 2022

Nano-structured metasurfaces have to be tailored from artificial atoms that act as toroidal emitters, giving rise to a new form of light long predicted: “flying doughnuts” as propagating spatial-temporal electromagnetic toroidal pulses in both the visible and THz regimes.
Seed-induced Aβ deposition alters neuronal function and impairs olfaction in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Ziegler-Waldkirch Stephanie , Friesen Marina , Loreth Desirée , Sauer Jonas-Frederic , Kemna Solveig , Hilse Alexandra , Erny Daniel , Helm Christina , d´Errico Paolo , Prinz Marco , Bartos Marlene , Meyer-Luehmann Melanie
Published: July 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) which ultimately forms plaques. These Aβ deposits can be induced in APP transgenic mouse models by prion-like seeding. It has been widely accepted that anosmia and hyposmia occur during the early stages of AD, even before cognitive deficits are present. In order to determine the impact of seed-induced Aβ deposits on olfaction, we performed intracerebral injections of seed-competent brain homogenate into the olfactory bulb of young pre-depositing APP transgenic mice. Remarkably, we observed a dramatic olfactory impairment in those mice. Furthermore, the number of newborn neurons as well as the activity of cells in the mitral cell layer was decreased. Notably, exposure to an enriched environment reduced Aβ seeding, vivified neurogenesis and most importantly reversed olfactory deficits. Based on our findings, we conclude that altered neuronal function as a result of induced Aβ pathology might contribute to olfactory dysfunction in AD.
A blockchain-based framework to support pharmacogenetic data sharing
Authors: Albalwy F. , McDermott J. H. , Newman W. G. , Brass A. , Davies A.
Published: July 2022

The successful implementation of pharmacogenetics (PGx) into clinical practice requires patient genomic data to be shared between stakeholders in multiple settings. This creates a number of barriers to widespread adoption of PGx, including privacy concerns related to the storage and movement of identifiable genomic data. Informatic solutions that support secure and equitable data access for genomic data are therefore important to PGx. Here we propose a methodology that uses smart contracts implemented on a blockchain-based framework, PGxChain, to address this issue. The design requirements for PGxChain were identified through a systematic literature review, identifying technical challenges and barriers impeding the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics. These requirements included security and privacy, accessibility, interoperability, traceability and legal compliance. A proof-of-concept implementation based on Ethereum was then developed that met the design requirements. PGxChain’s performance was examined using Hyperledger Caliper for latency, throughput, and transaction success rate. The findings clearly indicate that blockchain technology offers considerable potential to advance pharmacogenetic data sharing, particularly with regard to PGx data security and privacy, large-scale accessibility of PGx data, PGx data interoperability between multiple health care providers and compliance with data-sharing laws and regulations.