bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ovarian disorders in immature rats after postnatal exposure to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Kummer Vladimír , Mašková Jarmila , Zralý Zdeněk , Faldyna Martin
Published: August 2011

The study investigated the effects of postnatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the development of the rat ovary. Neonates were injected on each postnatal day 1–14 with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benz(a)anthracene (BaA) and benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) (0.1, 1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 mg kg−1), ethynylestradiol (EE; 1.0 µg kg−1) or a vehicle (control group). The rats were killed on day 23. Postnatal exposure to BaP increased the total number of antral follicles in ovaries (P < 0.05) and the number of nonatretic follicles (P < 0.01) as a result of a lower degree of apoptosis of granulosa cells, and the thickness of theca cell layers (P < 0.01). Similar histological findings were observed after BaA administration. Conversely, BkF exposure caused a decrease in the number of antral follicles, but did not alter the other investigated parameters. Degeneration of primordial oocytes after exposure to PAHs was observed only after exposure to BaP. Treatment with BaP at doses of 1.0 and 10.0 mg kg−1 impaired 28.1 and 60.3% of the primordial follicles, respectively. Substantial alterations in ovarian ERβ expression were detected in the rats; their intensity differed with the type of PAH. Response of the ovaries to EE (three injections of 1.0 µg kg−1 on postnatal days 20–22) in rats exposed to PAHs was suppressed in contrast to the controls. The study showed that postnatal exposure to BaP, BaA and BkF altered ovarian ERβ expression, disturbed morphological development of the ovaries and caused ovarian dysfunction in immature rats. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DELIVERY MECHANISMS AND IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE TRAINING IN INDIAN SELF‐HELP GROUPS
Authors: Swain Ranjula Bali , Varghese Adel
Published: August 2011

We evaluate the effect of delivery mechanisms for training provided by facilitators of self‐help groups. Indian self‐help groups are unique in that they are mainly non‐government organisation–formed microfinance groups but later funded by commercial banks. We correct for both membership and training endogeneity. Training impacts assets but not income. Underlying conditions that benefit training include better infrastructure (as in paved roads), linkage model type and training organiser. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of algorithms to ascertain clinical conditions and medical procedures used during pregnancy
Authors: Andrade Susan E. , Moore Simas Tiffany A. , Boudreau Denise , Raebel Marsha A. , Toh Sengwee , Syat Beth , Dashevsky Inna , Platt Richard
Published: August 2011

Purpose

To evaluate the validity of health plan administrative and claims data to identify pre‐gestational and gestational diabetes, obesity, and ultrasounds among pregnant women.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted using the administrative and claims data of three health plans participating in the HMO Research Network. Diagnoses, drug dispensings, and procedure codes were used to identify diabetes, obesity, and ultrasounds among women who were pregnant between January 2006 and December 2008. A random sample of medical charts (n = 222) were abstracted. Positive predictive values (PPVs) were calculated. Sensitivity also was calculated for obesity among women for whom body mass index data were available in electronic medical records at two sites.

Results

Overall, 190 of 222 cases of diabetes (86%) were confirmed (82% for gestational diabetes and 74% for pre‐gestational diabetes). The PPV for codes to identify ultrasounds was 80%. Whereas the PPV for obesity‐related diagnosis codes was high (93%), and the sensitivity was low (33%).

Conclusions

Health plan administrative and claims data can be used to accurately identify pre‐gestational and gestational diabetes and ultrasounds. Obesity is not consistently coded. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Structure Evolution in Pearlitic Steel Wire at Increasing Plastic Deformation
Authors: Gershteyn G. , Nürnberger F. , Cianciosi F. , Shevchenko N. , Schaper M. , Bach Fr.‐W.
Published: August 2011

In this work was studied the influence of the plastic deformation's intensity under deep drawing on microstructures of a pearlitic steel containing 0.8% C. Varying the levels of deformation causes diverse dislocation movements as well as modified structural states in the individual phases of the pearlitic eutectoid steel. It is shown that in the course of plastic deformation there is a reduction of interlamellar distance in a pearlite and increase in dislocation density. In some parts partial spheroidisation cementite plates is observed. The bands formed in dislocation structure are found out. The analysis of failure mechanisms of steel with pearlite structure after plastic deformation is carried out. During the deformation of pearlite, the increase in stress at the phase boundary, owing to the elastic strain incompatibility between the ferrite and cementite phases, resembles the stress concentration at grain boundaries. Pores form at the interface between the surface of the ferritic matrix and the spheroidised carbide particles. Such micro pores occur by means of plastic deformation of the ferrite's interstices around the stronger cementite owing to the reduction of the ferritic interstices and their subsequent cracking.
Global transcriptome analysis of the tetrachloroethene-dechlorinating bacterium Desulfitobacterium hafniense Y51 in the presence of various electron donors and terminal electron acceptors
Authors: Peng Xue , Yamamoto Shogo , Vertès Alain A , Keresztes Gabor , Inatomi Ken-ichi , Inui Masayuki , Yukawa Hideaki
Published: August 2011

Desulfitobacterium hafniense Y51 is a dechlorinating bacterium that encodes an unusually large set of O-demethylase paralogs and specialized respiratory systems including specialized electron donors and acceptors. To use this organism in bioremediation of tetrachloroethene (PCE) or trichloroethene (TCE) pollution, expression patterns of its 5,060 genes were determined under different conditions using 60-mer probes in DNA microarrays. PCE, TCE, fumarate, nitrate, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) respiration all sustain the growth of strain Y51. Global transcriptome analyses were thus performed using various electron donor and acceptor couples (respectively, pyruvate and either fumarate, TCE, nitrate, or DMSO, and vanillate/fumarate). When TCE is used as terminal electron acceptor, resulting in its detoxification, a series of electron carriers comprising a cytochrome bd-type quinol oxidase (DSY4055-4056), a ferredoxin (DSY1451), and four Fe–S proteins (DSY1626, DSY1629, DSY0733, DSY3309) are upregulated, suggesting that the products of these genes are involved in PCE oxidoreduction. Interestingly, the PCE dehalogenase cluster (pceABCT) is constitutively expressed in the media tested, with pceT being upregulated and pceC downregulated in pyruvate/TCE-containing medium. In addition, another dehalogenation enzyme (DSY1155 coding for a putative chlorophenol reductive dehalogenase), is induced 225-fold in that medium, despite not being involved in PCE respiration. Remarkably since the reducing equivalents formed during pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA are channeled to electron acceptors including halogenated compounds, pyruvate induces expression of a pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. This study paves the way to understanding the physiology of D. hafniense, optimizing this microbe as a bioremediation agent, and designing bioarray sensors to monitor the presence of dechlorinating organisms in the environment.
3‐Hydroxyisobutyrate aciduria and mutations in the ALDH6A1 gene coding for methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Authors: Sass Jörn Oliver , Walter Melanie , Shield Julian P. H. , Atherton Andrea M. , Garg Uttam , Scott David , Woods C. Geoffrey , Smith Laurie D.
Published: August 2011

3‐hydroxyisobutyric aciduria is an organic aciduria with a poorly understood biochemical basis. It has previously been assumed that deficiency of 3‐hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (HIBADH) in the valine catabolic pathway is the underlying enzyme defect, but more recent evidence makes it likely that individuals with 3‐hydroxyisobutyryic aciduria represent a heterogeneous group with different underlying mechanisms, including respiratory chain defects or deficiency of methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. However, to date methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency has only been demonstrated at the gene level for a single individual. We present two unrelated patients who presented with developmental delay and increased urinary concentrations of 3‐hydroxyisobutyric acid. Both children were products of consanguineous unions and were of European or Pakistani descent. One patient developed a febrile illness and subsequently died from a hepatoencephalopathy at 2 years of age. Further studies were initiated and included tests of the HIBADH enzyme in fibroblast homogenates, which yielded normal activities. Sequencing of the ALDH6A1 gene (encoding methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase) suggested homozygosity for the missense mutation c.785 C > A (S262Y) in exon 7 which was not found in 210 control alleles. Mutation analysis of the ALDH6A1 gene of the second patient confirmed the presence of a different missense mutation, c.184 C > T (P62S), which was also identified in 1/530 control chromosomes. Both mutations affect highly evolutionarily conserved amino acids of the methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase protein. Mutation analysis in the ALDH6A1 gene can reveal a cause of 3‐hydroxyisobutyric aciduria, which may present with only slightly increased urinary levels of 3‐hydroxyisobutyric acid, if a patient is metabolically stable.
Offshoring and outsourcing the ‘unauthorised’: The annual reports of an anxious state
Authors: Andrew Jane , Eden Dave
Published: August 2011

Since the inception of Australia's mandatory immigration detention policy for ‘unauthorised’ arrivals, border issues have generated significant public discussion. The policy is controversial and has been made more complicated by the outsourcing and offshoring of detention centre management and processing. Despite the diversity of actors involved in the government's mandatory detention policy (such as private security firms and intergovernmental organisations), we argue that the management of ‘unauthorised’ migration has been framed as a matter controlled by the state that is beholden to no other interests except its own. In order to explore the role of state and non-state actors in Australia's detention policy, this paper offers a reading of departmental annual reports over a 14-year period from 1996 to 2010. Using the theoretical work of Wendy Brown, we explore the representation of non-state actors in border management and the impact this has on the identity of the state as revealed in the annual reporting process. In line with Brown, we argue that the department's annual reports demonstrate the tension that exist between the apparent “opening and barricading”, the “fusion and partition” that underpins globalisation (2010, p. 7). In addition, we argue that emergent forms of border fortification provide an opportunity for the nation-state to reassert its sovereignty whilst at the same time these reflect deep anxieties over the role of the state in a globalised and privatised future. We contend that the annual reporting process provides a performative opportunity for the nation-state to demonstrate its strength and relevance. At the same time it is dependent on multinational security firms and inter-governmental authorities to execute the policy.
Avoiding crisis contagion: Poland’s case
Authors: Leven Bozena
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the major reasons for limited crisis contagion to Poland in the period 2007–09. At this time Poland was the only European Union (EU) member that grew in the midst of the Great Recession and financial crisis. The following analysis focuses on domestic polices and economics structure which made this growth possible. Poland’s modest levels of private and public debt, low share of mortgages in bank assets, limited decline in real estate prices, and proactive policies by domestic and foreign banks substantially buffered Poland’s financial sector. At the same time, real economy was aided by a high share of domestic consumption as opposed to exports, a favorable labor market structure, and timely financial assistance from the EU, all that shielded it from major crisis contagion.
The Synoptic Problem in the Chronicler's History
Authors: Lemke Werner E.
Published: August 2011

During the last two decades there has been a considerable revival of interest in the Chronicler's history. A number of articles, as well as the appearance of several commentaries on the books of Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, bear impressive testimony to this fact. In the light of these concerted efforts, one might be tempted to think that we are well on our way to a consensus of opinion in regard to the basic problems of this segment of O. T. literature. Unfortunately, this is not the case at all. There still exists a wide divergence of opinion on such basic questions as date, authorship, and intent. This lack of agreement is graphically illustrated by two recent German commentaries which appeared within a year of each other, namely those of Wilhelm Rudolph and Kurt Galling. Whereas the latter considers the Chronicler's history to be the work of two successive editions, one dating from ca. 300 B.C., the other from ca. 190 B.C., Rudolph views it as essentially the work of one man writing during the early decades of the 4th century B.C. More recently, D. N. Freedman has argued for an even earlier date, placing it around 515 B.C., i.e., during the time of Haggai and Zechariah. It goes without saying that such differences in authorship and date would, of course, also lead to considerable differences in one's views regarding the purpose and theology of the Chronicler's history.
Cynics and Pāśupatas: The Seeking of Dishonor
Authors: Ingalls Daniel H. H.
Published: August 2011

Probably no two traditions of philosophy differ more widely than those of classical Greece and India. It is only when we force our way through the logical surface to the seemingly illogical practices andgoals of an earlier age that we can see similarities between the two cultures. These similarities, however, are sometimes so striking that the Indian evidence may help our understanding of Greece and the Greek our understanding of India. One gains such a reciprocal understanding, I think, from examining what I shall call the cults, meaning by this the sum of practices and goals as opposed to the philosophy, of the Greek Cynics and the Indian Pāśupatas.
The Delphic Oracle: Belief and Behaviour in Ancient Greece—and Africa
Authors: Whittaker C. R.
Published: August 2011

Until comparatively recently writers on religion were absorbed by questions concerning the origins of religious beliefs and practices. They endowed primitive man with a kind of rational logicality in his belief, or, like Frazer, they saw his religious practices as simply the application of erroneous reasoning. The modern trend is to try to view the religious or cultural institution as an essential part of society, existing because of the needs of that society. This is the theme, for instance, of Malinowski when he says that “religion is not born out of speculation or reflection, still less out of illusion or misapprehension, but rather out of the real tragedies of human life, out of the conflict between human plans and realities.”
Reformed Doctrine in the Collects of the First Book of Common Prayer
Authors: Devereux James A.
Published: August 2011

Lex orandi — lex credendi. The interdependence of cult and creed was a truth well known to Archbishop Cranmer and the English Reformers. If Christian belief was to be restored to its evangelical purity, then the mode and content of public worship must be reformed accordingly. So far as the Eucharist was concerned, any major change would have to be in the Canon of the Mass, which was its ritual and doctrinal center. Changes there were; and, as events were to prove, the Canon of 1549 was only a beginning. But those influences which affected the center were felt elsewhere in the service as well. Among other things they account for a number of changes in those much admired prayers which Cranmer derived from the Roman rite, the collects. In this study I would like to examine the influence of Reformed doctrine on the composition of these prayers in the first Book of Common Prayer of 1549. The hundred-odd collects in the first Prayer Book fall into two classes: some sixty-seven which are fairly close translations of Latin originals as they were found in the Sarum service books, and the rest which are either completely new with Cranmer or have only a slight connection with a Latin collect. I shall deal with the effects of Reformed doctrine first on the translated and then on the new — or nearly new — collects of the Prayer Book.
Dreams and Guilt
Authors: Weidhorn Manfred
Published: August 2011

When, in the fifth book of Paradise Lost, Eve reveals her unsettling dream, in which she saw herself eating the forbidden fruit at the prompting of a mysterious stranger, Adam dismisses it as an experience of no importance. Since her will was not involved, he believes, she incurred no guilt. His argument that the dream is without significance persuades her but not us, who have beheld Satan, during the couple's sleep, causing the dream in Eve in order to taint her faculties and perhaps to probe her weaknesses:

Squat like a Toad, close at the ear of Eve;

Assaying by his Devilish art to reach

The Organs of her Fancy, and with them forge

Illusions as he list, Phantasms and Dreams.

(IV, 800–03)
Teilhard de Chardin and the Christological Problem
Authors: Mooney Christopher F.
Published: August 2011

In 1936 Teilhard de Chardin summarized in the short space of a few paragraphs the broad lines of his whole life's work. The passage deserves to be quoted in its entirety, since it is perhaps the clearest statement of the triple direction taken by his thought in its search for unity in the Christian life.
The Kingdom of Heaven (Lk. XVII.21)
Authors: Roberts Colin H.
Published: August 2011

Έπερωτηθεὶς δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν Φαρισαίων πότε ἔρχεται ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς καὶ εἶπεν Οὐκ ἔρχεται ἡ βασιλεία μετὰ παρατηρήσεως, οὐδὲ ἐροῦσιν Ίδοὺ ὡδε ἤ Έκεῖ ἰδοὺ γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐντὸς ὑμῶν ἐστίν
The Story of Jonah on a Magical Amulet
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

The words of Jesus in Matt. 12.39–41 gave the story of Jonah an important place among Christian symbols, establishing it as a type of the resurrection of the Christ, and, through him, of all mankind. Its influence upon Christian thought is attested by the church writers from Justin on (Dial. 107–8). Tertullian supports the doctrine of resurrection in the flesh by various scriptural texts, among them the deliverance of Jonah, saying: “… quod Ionas devoratus a belua maris, in cuius alvo naufragia digerebantur, triduo post incolomis expuitur … cuinam fidei testimonium signant, nisi qua credi oportet haec futurae integritatis esse documenta?” Similarly Augustine, “Ut quid enim exceptus est ventre beluino et die tertio redditus nisi ut significaret Christum de profundo inferni die tertio rediturum?”
Studies and Documents
Authors: Smothers Edgar R.
Published: August 2011

The progress of modern studies toward an exact edition of St. Athanasius, De incarnatione, is notably advanced in this double volume, by Professor Ryan of the College of William and Mary, and by Professor Casey of Brown University. We shall turn to their work with readier appreciation if we first recall several previous contributions. One of these was the edition by Archibald Robertson, published more than fifty years ago (London, 1893), based on the Codex Seguerianus (S), a twelfth century parchment in the Bibliothèque Nationale, first collated for the Benedictine edition of Athanasius in 1698. Casey and Ryan were well advised in adopting Robertson's text as the constant norm of their collations. A great boon is conferred on their readers by Casey's reprint of Robertson, page by page and line by line, as an appendix of Part II.
The Value and Influence of Cassiodorus' Ecclesiastical History
Authors: Laistner M. L. W.
Published: August 2011

Most students of history or literature have had at some time the experience of encountering statements or generalizations made by a writer of an earlier generation and then finding them repeated without question by his successors working in the same field of inquiry. What is more, if dissentient voices have been raised, they have often been overlooked or disregarded. The prevailing estimate of Cassiodorus' Ecclesiastical History affords an excellent example of the manner in which erroneous opinions have been repeatedad nauseamfrom one generation to the next, although more than thirty years have passed since two scholars of the first rank, Bidez and Parmentier, provided at least some of the evidence needed for a more just evaluation of Cassiodorus' book. There are two essential questions which seem to call for fresh investigation. The first is concerned with the value and accuracy of the compilation, the second with its diffusion during the Middle Ages and its popularity as a work of reference.
Tendentiousness in Patristic Collections
Authors: Casey R. P.
Published: August 2011

The problem of judging the dogmatic tendency of mixed patristic corpora is often a delicate one. As I have pointed out elsewhere such collections appear often to have been made up for general theological or devotional reading and were probably valued more for the variety of their contents than for any consistent principle of selection. This point is strikingly confirmed by an anecdote in John Moschus's Pratum spirituale c. 46 (P. G. 87, 3, col. 2900):

We once approached Father Kyriakos, a priest of the Laura of Kalamon on the holy Jordan. And he related to us,

“Once I saw in my sleep a woman of honorable appearance and dressed in purple and with her two venerable and worthy men, standing outside my cell. And I assumed that the woman was Our Lady the Mother of God and that the two men with her were John the Divine and John the Baptist. Therefore, leaving my cell I invited them to enter and pray in my cell. But she did not consent. I stayed therefore a while beseeching her and saying, ‘Let not the humble man be turned away and put to confusion’ (Ps. 74:21) etc. And when she saw me pressing my request, she answered me severely saying, ‘You have my enemy in your cell and how do you expect me to enter?’ And saying this, she departed.
Watts in America
Authors: Stevenson Robert
Published: August 2011

Dr. Henry Sloane Coffin in a recent address told of a student at Union Theological Seminary who persistently refused to come to chapel. Queried on his absence by Dr. Coffin, the student replied that he could not approve the hymns which were sung in James Chapel because many of them did not teach sound doctrine. In order to satisfy the student's conscience, Dr. Coffin suggested he come on a day when only the hymns of Watts would be used. The student's devastating remark finished any attempt to bring him to chapel: “I don't consider Watts really ‘safe,’” he blandly asserted.
Baron Friedrich von Hügel and His Contribution to Religious Philosophy
Authors: Webb Clement C. J.
Published: August 2011

‘Cette grande personnalité chrétienne’: the phrase, applied to him by a Swiss theologian, M. Guiran, is rightly fixed upon by M. Loisy in his Mémoires as the mot juste in describing Friedrich von Hügel. In language no less well chosen the same writer has gone on to speak of those ‘valeurs intimes et profondes que M. von Hügel a si magnifiquement et si humblement incarnées.’ For it was indeed not by the construction of a system that von Hügel promoted our understanding of religious experience, nor even chiefly by originating or giving currency to new and fruitful ideas in this department of study, but rather by the impression made by his unforgettable personality upon those who were brought into contact with it, whether through actual conversation or correspondence with him during his lifetime or through the reading of what he wrote and stamped with the peculiar and distinctive style in which that personality found so characteristic an expression. Therefore, while in the case of any thinker who takes as the subject of his lucubrations one which, like religion, must be comprehended, if at all, by an experience in which the whole man is engaged, some acquaintance with his biography will perhaps be found necessary to the understanding of his thought; in the case of such a thinker as he of whom I am now to speak to you it is certainly indispensable.
The Divi of the Hadrianic Period
Authors: Oliver James H.
Published: August 2011

Information about the cult of the divi and divae greatly increased with the publication of the Feriale Duranum. The editors of the latter have shown that the divi and divae whose cult the Army took over were those of the fasti publici. The divae included Trajan's sister Marciana and her daughter Matidia but no member of the Julio-Claudian and Flavian families.
The Roman Army and the Roman Religious Year
Authors: Nock Arthur Darby
Published: August 2011

Dura-Europos on the Euphrates has given us many surprises, and not the least of them was that from this outpost we should acquire a Feriale, or list of days with prescribed offerings, and that these holy days should be exclusively Roman, Imperial, or military. After preliminary publications by Rostovtzeff, under whose guidance the whole work has proceeded, the text was edited by Robert O. Fink, Allan S. Hoey and Walter F. Snyder with a commentary indispensable to students of Roman religion and Imperial history.
The Baptism of John and the Qumran Community
Authors: Robinson John A. T.
Published: August 2011

That there was, as has been suggested, an actual historical connection between John the Baptist and the Qumran Community is, and must at present remain, a hypothesis. The similarities to be found between them do not in any case depend upon this link being established. But I believe it to be one of those hypotheses which, once made, lead to further connections and open up new and significant possibilities. It is therefore important to test it. And where direct historical confirmation fails, the only way to test a hypothesis is to push it to its limits and see how much of the evidence it can in fact explain. And to push it beyond its limits is not necessarily a fault: on the contrary, it is likely to be the best way of discovering where those limits lie.
Victor and Invictus
Authors: Weinstock Stefan
Published: August 2011

When I set out to survey the history of these epithets I did not expect to find anything of particular interest. But soon the following points which required an explanation emerged.
Themistius and the Defense of Hellenism in the Fourth Century
Authors: Downey Glanville
Published: August 2011

In part, perhaps, because of the lack of a modern edition — the most recent, Wilhelm Dindorf's text of 1832, has become extremely scarce — Themistius' orations, and their significance in the religious and intellectual history of the fourth century, have not been as well known as they should be. It is hoped that a new edition may be forthcoming before long. In the meantime the present study will offer some observations on Themistius' writings which will suggest some of his significance in the general picture of the fourth century. Incidentally the writer will venture to point out various passages which suggest that Themistius had some knowledge of the Christian scriptures, especially the New Testament.
A Qumran Parallel to Paul
Authors: Cadbury Henry J.
Published: August 2011

One of the most debated points in Paul's labored effort to explain why women should not pray or prophesy with their heads unveiled (1 Cor. 11:2–16) is the reason given in the phrase of verse 10 διὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους. It is therefore obvious that attention ought to be called to a similar passage in the two column fragment from Cave 1 at Qumran. Whether 1 QSA is or is not part of the Manual of Discipline (1 QS) it is also a fragment of rules for the Community. It was published in Qumran Cave I. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, I, edited by Barthélemy (Oxford, 1955). I give below the relevant passage Col. 2 lines 3–9 from the translation by H. Neil Richardson.
A Hitherto Unpublished Fragment of the Epistle to the Ephesians
Authors: Hatch William H. P. , Welles C. Bradford
Published: August 2011

The fragment which is described and published in the present article was bought in Cairo in February, 1931, for Yale University. It is known as P. Yale Inv. 415, and in the late Professor Gregory's list of New Testament manuscripts it is designated P49. It seems safe to assume that the fragment was copied somewhere in Egypt, but it cannot be assigned to any particular locality. Furthermore, nothing is known as to the place where it was found.
Some Major Emphases of Hamann's Theology
Authors: O'Flaherty James C.
Published: August 2011

The position of Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788) in the history of German thought is an embarrassing subject for the English-speaking scholar. For, when pressed to state the significance of the so-called “Magus of the North,” he must do so in such epic terms that his hearers may well ask: “If Hamann is so important, why has so little been said about him in English? If it is true, as literary historians maintain, that he is the father of the Storm and Stress movement in German literature, that many of Herder's best insights stem from him, that he was the author from whom Goethe learned most, that the concept of the ‘total work of art’ (Gesamtkunstwerk)in German music derives ultimately from his theory of language, that he was, as Hendrik Kraemer maintains, ‘probably the most profound Christian thinker of the eighteenth century,’ why, if all these statements are true, have we Englishspeaking people heard so little about him?”
Greek Proverbs in the Gospel
Authors: Ehrhardt Arnold A. T.
Published: August 2011

Christianity arose in an environment which was, on the one hand, still dependent upon the traditions of the Jewish Church but, on the other, wide open to Hellenistic civilization. There exists today a strong and in many respects very healthy tendency to test the Gospels for Aramaic origin, the results of which are at the same time stimulating and challenging. However, even if the view that major portions of the four canonical Gospels are translations from the Aramaic be accepted, we are still faced with the question where the ideas behind the words came from. For it is not only risky to assume that the translations themselves were uncritical, quasi-mechanical versions, especially in view of the fact that the contemporary Greek translations of the Old Testament as well as the early translations of the Greek New Testament into other languages show a fair amount of skill; but also the Aramaic original itself may have been influenced by Greek ideas and in this way may have determined the translator's method. The original Aramaic language does not also guarantee the Semitic origin of the thought expressed thereby.
The Failure of Martin Heidegger
Authors: Bixler Julius Seelye
Published: August 2011

Martin Heidegger, teacher and one-time rector of the University of Freiburg in Breisgau, is without question one of the most mysterious and puzzling personalities, as well as one of the most enigmatical philosophical thinkers of our age. A spectator who watches him come from his Black Forest hideout to enter the Freiburg university lecture hall sees him not only garbed in a costume which is itself peculiar, but enveloped in an air of remoteness and even of mystery, which seems to mark him off sharply from the lives and fortunes of ordinary men. And, during the brief period when he ventured to leave the world of speculative thought, to express himself on political matters, the effort can hardly be said to have been crowned with success, since the purport of his remarks was that Adolf Hitler was a man of genius, and a worthy member of the tradition that began with Socrates, and Plato. His later retraction has been accepted by many, but others who watched him at that period have found his words and actions hard to forget or forgive. Nor are the puzzles he presents limited to the field of politics. His philosophy itself is so difficult that those who call themselves his followers are at odds with one another as to just what it means, and his own frequently expressed judgment is that from the start he has been completely misinterpreted. The point on which all seem to agree is that what he is now saying contradicts what he said earlier.
Calvin's Appreciation of Gregory the Great
Authors: Little Lester K.
Published: August 2011

In 1861, a French priest published in Paris a pamphlet entitled “The Modern Papacy Condemned by Pope Saint Gregory the Great: Excerpts from the Works of Saint Gregory.” The author, René-François Guettée, was a Gallican, deeply involved in the so-called Roman Question. He proposed to demonstrate to his opponents, the advocates of absolute papal supremacy, that his side was really more orthodox because it conformed to the views of St. Gregory. From the letters of Gregory he drew support for his argument that all bishops share the same dignity and that claims by the bishop of Rome to a superior position represent a corruption of early Church practices. And upon those readers who rejected his thesis he placed the burden of explaining why Pope Gregory did not merit as much credence as modern popes. Father Guettée therefore turned to Gregory for help in building a case against the present-day papacy. It was not the first time someone had done this.
The Earliest Translations of Luther into English
Authors: Clebsch William A.
Published: August 2011

During the 1520's Luther's Latin writings were well known to scholars in England. But the realm was officially as loyal to the Catholic cause as any the popes of that decade might have named. The few clerics and theologians who dedicated themselves to the rediscovered gospel were hunted out and severely punished. Only by escape to the continent might they save their lives, in relative safety study evangelical teachings, and find literary expression for their convictions. Moreover, it was clear by 1525 that only through translating the scriptures and evangelical thought into English might the realm be reformed. Among the small circle of English Protestant writers, William Tyndale led the field by turning the New Testament into his mother tongue (1525–1526). He was guided by Luther's German New Testament not only in framing that translation but also in drafting the prefaces to it and to its individual books. Perhaps Tyndale had translated Bugenhagen's Epistola … ad Anglos into English, and perhaps MS. copies of this translation were circulated, but extant published copies date back only to 1536. Certainly Tyndale was the first translator of a Luther tract to have his work preserved to us.
Cranmer and Nominalism
Authors: McGee Eugene K.
Published: August 2011

It may seem futile to pose the question of the influence of Nominalism upon Thomas Cranmer, Henry VIII's Archbishop of Canterbury. Attempts to view the Reformation as a reaction to late medieval Nominalism, or as essentially Nominalist itself, have not been too well received. One student of Cranmer's theology, G. W. Bromiley, declares that any Nominalism in Cranmer was unconscious. Cranmer himself, of course, denied that he founded his doctrine upon anything but Scripture and the Fathers.
Renaissance and Modern Views on Hell
Authors: Patrides C. A.
Published: August 2011

“To help your conception,” Jonathan Edwards counselled his congregation, “imagine yourself to be cast into a fiery oven, all of a glowing heat, or into the midst of a glowing brick-kiln, or of a great furnace, where your pain would be as much greater than that occasioned by accidentally touching a coal of fire, as the heat is greater. Imagine also that your body were to lie there for a quarter of an hour, full of fire, as full within and without as a bright coal of fire, all the while full of quick sense; what horror would you feel at the entrance of such a furnace!” “But your torment,” warned Edwards by way of conclusion, “your torment in hell will be immensely greater than this illustration represents.”
Ezekiel 8:17: A Fresh Examination
Authors: Sarna Nahum M.
Published: August 2011

The theological crisis in Judea occasioned by the destruction of the Temple in the year 587 B.C.E. left its indelible imprint upon the contemporary literature. The conflict between the popular belief in the inviolability of the House of God and the stark reality of the national catastrophe raised fundamental questions about the nature of God and divine justice. The books of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Habakkuk, in particular, bear repeated testimony to the pervasive urgency of the problem. Once the inevitability of the fall became an ineradicable conviction in the prophetic consciousness, the need for an explanation became no less imperious than if the disaster were already an accomplished fact.
Cranmer As a Nominalist — sed contra
Authors: Courtenay William J.
Published: August 2011

In the last issue of the Harvard Theological Review, Mr. Eugene McGee has rendered the service of repeating the old caricature of Nominalist Eucharistic theology (this time pinning the donkey's tail on the English reformer Cranmer) and extending this line of argument in such a way that it can be clearly faced and perhaps finally silenced. For, contrary to Mr. McGee's claim, he is not the first to “discover” the Nominalism of Cranmer. Throughout the forties and fifties of this century there raged a controversy over whether Cranmer could be called a Zwinglian and, if so, to what degree. In this controversy were drawn Dom Gregory Dix, G. B. Timms, E. C. Ratcliff, C. C. Richardson, and G. W. Bromiley. In the course of their arguments both Dix and Richardson referred to the Nominalism of Zwingli and Cranmer, who, Dix and Richardson felt, shared essentially the same position. “Cranmer,” Dix said, “was a man of the high Renaissance period, with all its deliberate ‘subjectivism,’ which sought so intently to segregate what was present in the forefront of consciousness as words as the only significant element in human life.” Richardson expanded on this charge. “The philosophic presuppositions of Zwingli's thought on the Eucharist,” he said, “are derived from Nominalism and humanism. Like most of the Reformers Zwingli attacks transubstantiation from a Nominalist point of view.” McGee's exposition bears a striking resemblance to Richardson's development of this thesis, and is to be regarded as its “re-presentation.”
Immortality and The Modern Temper: The Ingersoll Lecture, 1961
Authors: Jonas Hans
Published: August 2011

In the following reflections I shall start from what I consider an undeniable fact, namely, that the modern temper is uncongenial to the idea of immortality. It is that over and above the objections which the modern intellect entertains against it on theoretical grounds. These — which for brevity I will simply grant en bloc — are by themselves indecisive. As transcendental, the object of the idea — immortality itself — is beyond proof or disproof: it is not an object of knowledge. But the idea of it is. Therefore, the intrinsic merits of its meaning become the sole measure of its credibility, and the appeal of such meaning remains as the sole ground of possible belief — as certainly the lack of such appeal is sufficient ground for actual disbelief. But since what is meaningful depends, beyond the mere condition of logical consistency, largely on the dispositions and insights of the mind that judges it, we must interrogate these for their prevalent unresponsiveness as well as for any possible hold which the idea, even in its present eclipse, may still have, or reclaim, on our secularized estate. Thus an examination of the problem at this hour will be as much an examination of ourselves as an examination of the issue of immortality; and even if it should throw no new light on the latter, on which in more than two thousand years probably everything has been said there is to say, it may yet throw some light on the present state of our mortal condition.
God, Freedom, and Pain
Authors: Straton Douglas
Published: August 2011

For many people the problem of evil is a major stumbling block to belief in God. A history professor asks, why did a good God permit Hitler to incinerate millions of Jews? A parishoner wants to know why his beloved wife must lie dying of cancer? A female Pepsis wasp plunges its stinger into its tarantula victim, injecting just enough venom to paralyze, but not to kill, the spider host, so that the wasp larvae may eat the living but helpless body. Why has the syphilis germ come to be in the course of the evolution of life? It lives, survives, and thrives only in higher organic hosts, which are its victims. Treat some kinds of bacterial disease with our modern “miracle drugs” and, in reaction to the medication, mutating genes produce new, hardier strains of the destructive microbe. Why is there pain — especially when it seems “excessive,” “prolonged” and “unnecessary”? If God is good and loving, and if His power is adequate, why is there physical and mental suffering in our world? If the evolutionary process is the divinely appointed, creative method, why has so much of it taken a course of brutality and aggression? Raising the question at the most fundamental level of process, why has evolution taken place by “mutations,” many of which must be classified as “evil” when they result in the suffering of living forms? For many minds the fact of pain, and back of it, the phenomenon of “evil,” or “inept” mutation remains the unhealed core of the problem of evil, and a barrier to religious faith.
The Civic Prayer for Jerusalem
Authors: Bickerman Elias J.
Published: August 2011

The sole daily prayer of the Synagogue, in the proper sense of the word prayer, preces, that is of a request for well-being, is the Tefillah, the “Intercession,” also called Amidah, since it is recited standing. The prayer consists of eighteen sections, each concluded by the same formula: “Blessed be Thou, YHWH.” Thence, the popular name of the prayer: Shemone Esreh, “Eighteen” (benedictions).
The Logic of Biblical Anthropomorphism
Authors: Cherbonnier E. LaB.
Published: August 2011

The Bible, we are continually reminded, was written with an intent remote from that of the philosopher. To examine the Bible for its logical implications might therefore appear futile. The present inquiry, however, is undertaken in a more Socratic spirit. Socrates carried his search for truth into the most unlikely quarters. Unimpressed by pedigrees, he winnowed ideas in banquet hall and market place, rejecting none until they stood condemned by their own inner contradictions. The aim of the following pages is to apply the Socratic method to the Bible; more specifically, to examine some logical implications of biblical anthropomorphism.
“One Hundred Fifty-Three Large Fish” (John 21:11)
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: August 2011

The theory that this number reflects the number of kinds of fish recognized in antiquity comes from Jerome, Comm. xiv in Ezechiel (Migne, PL 25, 474C). He says, “Writers on the nature and properties of animals, who have learned ‘fishing’ in either Latin or Greek (one of whom is the most learned poet Oppianus Cilix), say there are one hundred fifty-three species of fish.” It was customary in antiquity — and the practice has not come to an end — to generalize from single instances, and we shall not be far from the mark if we suspect that Jerome's only source for this statement is his understanding of Oppian. Jerome knew the work of Pliny on natural history, and Pliny (N. H. ix. 43) states that there are seventy-four species of fish, in addition to thirty varieties of Crustacea.
The Collection for the Saints
Authors: Buck Charles H.
Published: August 2011

Recently it has been pointed out afresh that in any investigation into Paul's life the Pauline letters must be taken as the primary source while Acts must be treated as of secondary rank. For although Luke may have been an eyewitness to some of the events which he narrates, his knowledge of most of the happenings in his book was derived either from the recollections of others or from written sources, and when historical information is transmitted in this way through several hands the possibility of misunderstanding and inaccuracy is greatly enlarged.
The Problem of Theophilus
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: August 2011

It might be thought that in five recent articles the productive ore in the mine of Theophilus of Antioch had been exhausted. On the contrary, these articles have been concerned primarily with the question of what Theophilus said. The basic problem “Why did he say it?” remains unsolved. The purpose of this article is to endeavor to analyze his thought more closely and to determine his place in the religious and philosophical movements of his time.
The Seventeenth Century Doctrine of Plastic Nature
Authors: Hunter William B.
Published: August 2011

Few eras are more interesting and profitable to study than those in which the basic ideas of mankind change under the impact of new discoveries and ideas. Our own appears to be such a period; of previous ages perhaps only the ebullient Renaissance can equal it. At its English beginnings in the sixteenth century men reached avidly for new experiences; in the course of time they tried to codify them into theories which would do justice to the observed facts and at the same time harmonize as far as possible with the dicta transmitted from the past. These early efforts resulted in the foundation of the modern methods of science, not to mention permanent and still unchallenged achievements like Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood or Boyle's theory of gases. Such is the seventeenth century: the first great age of scientific generalization in English history.
Some Aspects of the Uppsala School of Old Testament Study
Authors: Anderson G. W.
Published: August 2011

The title of this paper calls for qualification and explanation. A distinguished Swedish theologian once remarked that the rise of a school in any department of theological study can be inimical to the best interests of scholarship, since the members of a school tend to be concerned rather with the defence of positions already assumed than with impartial inquiry into truth. Diversity of opinion on certain problems among the Uppsala group of Old Testament scholars would in itself acquit them of this charge; and it may therefore be questioned whether the term ‘school’ can be accurately applied to them. If we do so use it, we must take it to indicate a common approach to Old Testament problems rather than detailed agreement in the solution of these problems. Again, the use of the term ‘Uppsala’ is open to criticism. The common approach just mentioned confessedly owes much to work done outside Scandinavia and in other parts of Scandinavia. Neither form criticism nor tradition history originated in Sweden; and the importance of the cult in Old Testament religion and of the place of the king in the cult was first maintained elsewhere than in Uppsala.