bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mouse IgG3 binding to macrophage-like cells is prevented by deglycosylation of the antibody or by Accutase treatment of the cells
Authors: Karabasz Alicja , Bzowska Monika , Bereta Joanna , Czarnek Maria , Sochalska Maja , Klaus Tomasz
Published: May 2021

The binding of mouse IgG3 to Fcγ receptors (FcγR) and the existence of a mouse IgG3-specific receptor have been discussed for 40 years. Recently, integrin beta-1 (ITGB1) was proposed to be a part of an IgG3 receptor involved in the phagocytosis of IgG3-coated pathogens. We investigated the interaction of mouse IgG3 with macrophage-like J774A.1 and P388D1 cells. The existence of an IgG3-specific receptor was verified using flow cytometry and a rosetting assay, in which erythrocytes clustered around the macrophage-like cells coated with an erythrocyte-specific IgG3. Our findings confirmed that receptors binding antigen-free IgG3 are present on J774A.1 and P388D1 cells. We demonstrated for the first time that the removal of N-glycans from IgG3 completely abolished its binding to the cells. Moreover, we discovered that the cells treated with Accutase did not bind IgG3, indicating that IgG3-specific receptors are substrates of this enzyme. The results of antibody-mediated blocking of putative IgG3 receptors suggested that apart from previously proposed ITGB1, FcγRII, FcγRIII, also additional, still unknown, receptor is involved in IgG3 binding. These findings indicate that there is a complex network of glycan-dependent interactions between mouse IgG3 and the surface of effector immune cells.
Zonally asymmetric phytoplankton response to the Southern annular mode in the marginal sea of the Southern ocean
Authors: Noh Kyung Min , Lim Hyung-Gyu , Kug Jong-Seong
Published: May 2021

Antarctic marine biological variability modulates climate systems via the biological pump. However, the knowledge of biological response in the Southern Ocean to climate variability still has been lack of understanding owing to limited ocean color data in the high latitude region. We investigated the surface chlorophyll concentration responses to the Southern annular mode (SAM) in the marginal sea of the Southern ocean using satellite observation and reanalysis data focusing on the austral summer. The positive phase of SAM is associated with enhanced and poleward-shifted westerly winds, leading to physical and biogeochemical responses over the Southern ocean. Our result indicates that chlorophyll has strong zonally asymmetric responses to SAM owing to different limiting factors of phytoplankton growth per region. For the positive SAM phase, chlorophyll tends to increase in the western Amundsen–Ross Sea but decreases in the D’Urville Sea. It is suggested that the distinct limiting factors are associated with the seasonal variability of sea ice and upwelling per region.
An assessment of the mathematical model for estimating of entropy optimized viscous fluid flow towards a rotating cone surface
Authors: Li Yong-Min , Khan M. Ijaz , Khan Sohail A. , Khan Sami Ullah , Shah Zahir , Kumam Poom
Published: May 2021

Entropy optimization in convective viscous fluids flow due to a rotating cone is explored. Heat expression with heat source/sink and dissipation is considered. Irreversibility with binary chemical reaction is also deliberated. Nonlinear system is reduced to ODEs by suitable variables. Newton built in shooting procedure is adopted for numerical solution. Salient features velocity filed, Bejan number, entropy rate, concentration and temperature are deliberated. Numerical outcomes for velocity gradient and mass and heat transfer rates are displayed through tables. Assessments between the current and previous published outcomes are in an excellent agreement. It is noted that velocity and temperature show contrasting behavior for larger variable viscosity parameter. Entropy rate and Bejan number have reverse effect against viscosity variable. For rising values of thermal conductivity variable both Bejan number and entropy optimization have similar effect.
Hyperthermia by near infrared radiation induced immune cells activation and infiltration in breast tumor
Authors: Wan Mohd Zawawi Wan Fatin Amira , Hibma M. H. , Salim M. I. , Jemon K.
Published: May 2021

Breast cancer is the most common cancer that causes death in women. Conventional therapies, including surgery and chemotherapy, have different therapeutic effects and are commonly associated with risks and side effects. Near infrared radiation is a technique with few side effects that is used for local hyperthermia, typically as an adjuvant to other cancer therapies. The understanding of the use of near NIR as a monotherapy, and its effects on the immune cells activation and infiltration, are limited. In this study, we investigate the effects of HT treatment using NIR on tumor regression and on the immune cells and molecules in breast tumors. Results from this study demonstrated that local HT by NIR at 43 °C reduced tumor progression and significantly increased the median survival of tumor-bearing mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant reduction in cells proliferation in treated tumor, which was accompanied by an abundance of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Increased numbers of activated dendritic cells were observed in the draining lymph nodes of the mice, along with infiltration of T cells, NK cells and B cells into the tumor. In contrast, tumor-infiltrated regulatory T cells were largely diminished from the tumor. In addition, higher IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion was observed in tumor of treated mice. Overall, results from this present study extends the understanding of using local HT by NIR to stimulate a favourable immune response against breast cancer.
Quantitative determination of spin–orbit-induced magnetic field in GaMnAs by field-scan planar Hall measurements
Authors: Park Seongjoon , Lee Shinwoo , Lee Kyung Jae , Park SeongJin , Chongthanaphisut Phunvira , Jang Jiyeong , Lee Sanghoon , Liu Xinyu , Dobrowolska M. , Furdyna Jacek K.
Published: May 2021

Spin–orbit-induced (SOI) effective magnetic field in GaMnAs film with in-plane magnetic anisotropy has been investigated by planar Hall effect measurements. The presence of SOI field was identified by a shift between planar Hall resistance (PHR) hystereses observed with positive and negative currents. The difference of switching fields occurring between the two current polarities, which is determined by the strength of the SOI field, is shown to depend on the external field direction. In this paper we have developed a method for obtaining the magnitude of the SOI fields based on magnetic free energy that includes the effects of magnetic anisotropy and the SOI field. Using this approach, the SOI field for a given current density was accurately obtained by fitting to the observed dependence of the switching fields on the applied field directions. Values of the SOI field obtained with field scan PHR measurements give results that are consistent with those obtained by analyzing the angular dependence of PHR, indicating the reliability of the field scan PHR method for quantifying the SOI-field in GaMnAs films. The magnitude of the SOI field systematically increases with increasing current density, demonstrating the usefulness of SOI fields for manipulation of magnetization by current in GaMnAs films.
SGLT-2 inhibitors associated euglycemic and hyperglycemic DKA in a multicentric cohort
Authors: Ata Fateen , Yousaf Zohaib , Khan Adeel Ahmad , Razok Almurtada , Akram Jaweria , Ali Elrazi Awadelkarim Hamid , Abdalhadi Ahmed , Ibrahim Diaeldin Abdelgalil , Al Mohanadi Dabia Hamad S. H. , Danjuma Mohammed I.
Published: May 2021

Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EuDKA) secondary to Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a rare but increasingly reported phenomenon. Not much is known about the burden of EuDKA in patients on SGLT2i or the associated factors. This retrospective cohort study tries to delineate the differences in factors associated with the development of EuDKA as compared to hyperglycemic DKA. We conducted a multicentre, retrospective study across three tertiary care centers under Weill Cornell affiliated-Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar. The cohort comprised of T2D patients on SGLT2i who developed DKA between January 2015 to December 2020. The differences between the subjects who developed EuDKA or hyperglycaemic DKA (hDKA) were analyzed. A total of 9940 T2D patients were on SGLT2i during 2015–2020, out of which 43 developed DKA (0.43%). 25 developed EuKDA, whereas 18 had hDKA. The point prevalence of EuDKA in our cohort was 58.1%. EuDKA was most common in patients using canagliflozin, followed by empagliflozin and Dapagliflozin (100%, 77%, and 48.3%, respectively). Overall, infection (32.6%) was the most common trigger for DKA, followed by insulin non-compliance (13.7%). Infection was the only risk factor with a significant point estimate between the two groups, being more common in hDKA patients (p-value 0.006, RR 2.53, 95% CI 1.07–5.98). Canagliflozin had the strongest association with the development of EuDKA and was associated with the highest medical intensive care unit (MICU) admission rates (66.6%). In T2D patients on SGLT2i, infection is probably associated with an increased risk of developing EuDKA. The differential role of individual SGLT2i analogs is less clear and will need exploration by more extensive prospective studies.
Evaluation of a bone filler scaffold for local antibiotic delivery to prevent Staphylococcus aureus infection in a contaminated bone defect
Authors: Beenken Karen E. , Campbell Mara J. , Ramirez Aura M. , Alghazali Karrar , Walker Christopher M. , Jackson Bailey , Griffin Christopher , King William , Bourdo Shawn E. , Rifkin Rebecca , Hecht Silke , Meeker Daniel G. , Anderson David E. , Biris Alexandru S. , Smeltzer Mark S.
Published: May 2021

We previously reported the development of an osteogenic bone filler scaffold consisting of degradable polyurethane, hydroxyapatite, and decellularized bovine bone particles. The current study was aimed at evaluating the use of this scaffold as a means of local antibiotic delivery to prevent infection in a bone defect contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. We evaluated two scaffold formulations with the same component ratios but differing overall porosity and surface area. Studies with vancomycin, daptomycin, and gentamicin confirmed that antibiotic uptake was concentration dependent and that increased porosity correlated with increased uptake and prolonged antibiotic release. We also demonstrate that vancomycin can be passively loaded into either formulation in sufficient concentration to prevent infection in a rabbit model of a contaminated segmental bone defect. Moreover, even in those few cases in which complete eradication was not achieved, the number of viable bacteria in the bone was significantly reduced by treatment and there was no radiographic evidence of osteomyelitis. Radiographs and microcomputed tomography (µCT) analysis from the in vivo studies also suggested that the addition of vancomycin did not have any significant effect on the scaffold itself. These results demonstrate the potential utility of our bone regeneration scaffold for local antibiotic delivery to prevent infection in contaminated bone defects.
Learning deep features for dead and living breast cancer cell classification without staining
Authors: Pattarone Gisela , Acion Laura , Simian Marina , Mertelsmann Roland , Follo Marie , Iarussi Emmanuel
Published: May 2021

Automated cell classification in cancer biology is a challenging topic in computer vision and machine learning research. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women that usually involves phenotypically diverse populations of breast cancer cells and an heterogeneous stroma. In recent years, automated microscopy technologies are allowing the study of live cells over extended periods of time, simplifying the task of compiling large image databases. For instance, there have been several studies oriented towards building machine learning systems capable of automatically classifying images of different cell types (i.e. motor neurons, stem cells). In this work we were interested in classifying breast cancer cells as live or dead, based on a set of automatically retrieved morphological characteristics using image processing techniques. Our hypothesis is that live-dead classification can be performed without any staining and using only bright-field images as input. We tackled this problem using the JIMT-1 breast cancer cell line that grows as an adherent monolayer. First, a vast image set composed by JIMT-1 human breast cancer cells that had been exposed to a chemotherapeutic drug treatment (doxorubicin and paclitaxel) or vehicle control was compiled. Next, several classifiers were trained based on well-known convolutional neural networks (CNN) backbones to perform supervised classification using labels obtained from fluorescence microscopy images associated with each bright-field image. Model performances were evaluated and compared on a large number of bright-field images. The best model reached an AUC = 0.941 for classifying breast cancer cells without treatment. Furthermore, it reached AUC = 0.978 when classifying breast cancer cells under drug treatment. Our results highlight the potential of machine learning and computational image analysis to build new diagnosis tools that benefit the biomedical field by reducing cost, time, and stimulating work reproducibility. More importantly, we analyzed the way our classifiers clusterize bright-field images in the learned high-dimensional embedding and linked these groups to salient visual characteristics in live-dead cell biology observed by trained experts.
Dominant role of two-photon vertex in nonlinear response in two-dimensional Dirac systems
Authors: Rostami Habib , Cappelluti Emmanuele
Published: May 2021

We show that the standard concepts of nonlinear response to electromagnetic fields break down in two-dimensional Dirac systems, like graphene, in the quantum regime close to the Dirac point. We present a compelling many-body theory for nonlinear transport focusing on disorder scattering as a benchmark example. We show that, although the diamagnetic two-photon vertex is absent at the non-interacting level, disorder effects give rise to a self-generation of such two-photon vertex surviving even in the clean limit. We predict that the two-photon vertex self-generation is present only in two dimensions. The impact of such a striking scenario on the nonlinear quantum transport is discussed, predicting a huge enhancement of third-order dc conductivity comparing to the common models.
Measuring the effect of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) on mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic using global mobility data
Authors: Snoeijer Berber T. , Burger Mariska , Sun Shaoxiong , Dobson Richard J. B. , Folarin Amos A.
Published: May 2021

The implementation of governmental Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) has been the primary means of controlling the spread of the COVID-19 disease. One of the intended effects of these NPIs has been to reduce population mobility. Due to the huge costs of implementing these NPIs, it is essential to have a good understanding of their efficacy. Using aggregated mobility data per country, released by Apple and Google we investigated the proportional contribution of NPIs to the magnitude and rate of mobility changes at a multi-national level. NPIs with the greatest impact on the magnitude of mobility change were lockdown measures; declaring a state of emergency; closure of businesses and public services and school closures. NPIs with the greatest effect on the rate of mobility change were implementation of lockdown measures and limitation of public gatherings. As confirmed by chi-square and cluster analysis, separately recorded NPIs like school closure and closure of businesses and public services were closely correlated with each other, both in timing and occurrence. This suggests that the observed significant NPI effects are mixed with and amplified by their correlated NPI measures. We observed direct and similar effects of NPIs on both Apple and Google mobility data. In addition, although Apple and Google data were obtained by different methods they were strongly correlated indicating that they are reflecting overall mobility on a country level. The availability of this data provides an opportunity for governments to build timely, uniform and cost-effective mechanisms to monitor COVID-19 or future pandemic countermeasures.
Denitrifying bacteria respond to and shape microscale gradients within particulate matrices
Authors: Smriga Steven , Ciccarese Davide , Babbin Andrew R.
Published: May 2021

Heterotrophic denitrification enables facultative anaerobes to continue growing even when limited by oxygen (O2) availability. Particles in particular provide physical matrices characterized by reduced O2 permeability even in well-oxygenated bulk conditions, creating microenvironments where microbial denitrifiers may proliferate. Whereas numerical particle models generally describe denitrification as a function of radius, here we provide evidence for heterogeneity of intraparticle denitrification activity due to local interactions within and among microcolonies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells and microcolonies act to metabolically shade each other, fostering anaerobic processes just microns from O2-saturated bulk water. Even within well-oxygenated fluid, suboxia and denitrification reproducibly developed and migrated along sharp 10 to 100 µm gradients, driven by the balance of oxidant diffusion and local respiration. Moreover, metabolic differentiation among densely packed cells is dictated by the diffusional supply of O2, leading to distinct bimodality in the distribution of nitrate and nitrite reductase expression. The initial seeding density controls the speed at which anoxia develops, and even particles seeded with few bacteria remain capable of becoming anoxic. Our empirical results capture the dynamics of denitrifier gene expression in direct association with O2 concentrations over microscale physical matrices, providing observations of the co-occurrence and spatial arrangement of aerobic and anaerobic processes.
Magnetic equivalent of electric superradiance in yttrium-iron-garnet films
Authors: Weymann Lukas , Shuvaev Alexey , Pimenov Andrei , Mukhin Alexander A. , Szaller Dávid
Published: May 2021

A dense system of independent oscillators, connected only by their interaction with the same cavity excitation mode, will radiate coherently, which effect is termed superradiance. In several cases, especially if the density of oscillators is high, the superradiant decay of the oscillators’ excited state may dominate the intrinsic relaxation processes. At low frequencies, this limit can be achieved with cyclotron resonance in two-dimensional electron gases. In those experiments, the cyclotron resonance is coupled to the electric field of light, while the oscillator density can be easily controlled by varying the gate voltage. However, in the case of magnetic oscillators, to achieve the dominance of superradiance is more tricky, as material parameters limit the oscillator density, and the magnetic coupling to the light wave is rather weak. Here we present quasi-optical magnetic resonance experiments on thin films of yttrium iron garnet. Due to the simplicity of experimental geometry, the intrinsic damping and the contribution of superradiance can be easily separated in the transmission spectra. We show that with increasing film thickness, the losses due to coherent radiation prevail the system’s internal broadening.
Wavelength scaling of electron collision time in plasma for strong field laser-matter interactions in solids
Authors: Nagar Garima C. , Dempsey Dennis , Shim Bonggu
Published: May 2021

Although the dielectric constant of plasma depends on electron collision time as well as wavelength and plasma density, experimental studies on the electron collision time and its effects on laser-matter interactions are lacking. Here, we report an anomalous regime of laser-matter interactions generated by wavelength dependence (1.2–2.3 µm) of the electron collision time in plasma for laser filamentation in solids. Our experiments using time-resolved interferometry reveal that electron collision times are small (<1 femtosecond) and decrease as the driver wavelength increases, which creates a previously-unobserved regime of light defocusing in plasma: longer wavelengths have less plasma defocusing. This anomalous plasma defocusing is counterbalanced by light diffraction which is greater at longer wavelengths, resulting in almost constant plasma densities with wavelength. Our wavelength-scaled study suggests that both the plasma density and electron collision time should be systematically investigated for a better understanding of strong field laser-matter interactions in solids.
An injectable and biodegradable nano-photothermal DNA hydrogel enhances penetration and efficacy of tumor therapy
Authors: Zhou Liping , Pi Wei , Hao Mingda , Li Yansheng , An Heng , Li Qicheng , Zhang Peixun , Wen Yongqiang
Published: May 2021

Injectable and biodegradable DNA gel nanoparticles with a controllable charge and size as a photothermal therapeutic agent improve the permeability of drugs, reduce drug resistance, and improve the survival rate of mice.
Anti-inflammation biomaterial platforms for chronic wound healing
Authors: Xu Zejun , Liang Biao , Tian Junzhang , Wu Jun
Published: May 2021

Chronic wound has developed into one of the most serious health problems worldwide; the rate-limiting stage of chronic wound healing is the inflammation stage; we reviewed the advances and impact of various anti-inflammatory biomaterial platforms.
Iron-catalyzed carboarylation of alkynes via activation of π-activated alcohols: rapid synthesis of substituted benzofused six-membered heterocycles
Authors: Chanda Rupsa , Kar Abhishek , Das Aniruddha , Chakraborty Baitan , Jana Umasish
Published: May 2021

An iron(iii) catalyzed carboarylation of alkynes is reported for the synthesis of highly substituted 1,2-dihydroquinolines, quinolines, 2H-chromenes, and 2H-thiochromenes under mild reaction conditions.
Tailoring the substituted position for high-efficiency charge transport ability and strong blue solid-state emission in a naphthalene derivative
Authors: Li Fei , Zheng Lei , Yu Xixia , Li Shuyu , Liu Si , Wu Hongnan , Sun Yajing , Sun Lingjie , Zhang Xiaotao
Published: May 2021

An emerging multifunctional organic semiconductor of 1,5-DAN was designed and synthesized, which integrated high mobility up to 8.41 cm2 V−1 s−1 and strong blue emission with the PLQY of 20.54%.
Graphdiyne@NiOx(OH)y heterostructure for efficient overall water splitting
Authors: Zhang Chao , Xue Yurui , Hui Lan , Fang Yan , Liu Yuxin , Li Yuliang
Published: May 2021

A new GDY@NiOx(OH)y heterostructure was synthesized by creatively incorporating GDY with NiOx(OH)y for efficient water splitting. The mixed valence states and facilitated charge transfer behavior significantly improve the catalytic activity.
A Rh(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation/regiospecific annulation cascade of benzoic acids with propargyl acetates to unusual 3-alkylidene-isochromanones
Authors: Li Jiyuan , Fang Feifei , Wang Run , Li Yuan , Xu Bin , Liu Hong , Zhou Yu
Published: May 2021

We developed a new approach to synthesize isochromanones with benzoic acids and propargyl acetates, which introducing an unusual exocyclic C–C double bond at the 3-position with high regioselectivity and moderate to excellent yields.
Structure–property relations in linear viscoelasticity of supramolecular hydrogels
Authors: Drozdov Aleksey D. , Christiansen Jesper deClaville
Published: May 2021

A model is developed for the linear viscoelastic response of supramolecular gels and applied to the analysis of structure–property relations in gels with various supramolecular motifs.
A novel Bi2S3/KTa0.75Nb0.25O3nanocomposite with high efficiency for photocatalytic and piezocatalytic N2fixation
Authors: Chen Lu , Dai Xiaoquan , Li Xiaojing , Wang Junfeng , Chen Huafong , Hu Xin , Lin Hongjun , He Yiming , Wu Ying , Fan Maohong
Published: May 2021

A Bi2S3/KTa0.75Nb0.25O3(KTN) nanocomposite was synthesizedviaa two-step hydrothermal method and first applied in piezo-/photocatalytic N2fixation.
Accumulation of the photonic energy of the deep-red part of the terrestrial sun irradiation by rare-earth metal-free E–Z photoisomerization
Authors: Vasilev Aleksey , Dimitrova Ralitza , Kandinska Meglena , Landfester Katharina , Baluschev Stanislav
Published: May 2021

Accumulation of the photonic energy of the deep-red part of the terrestrial sun irradiation by rare earth metal-free E–Z photoisomerization, realized at extremely low excitation light intensities, as low as 4 sun (AM1.5) was demonstrated experimentally.
LOFAR observations of galaxy clusters in HETDEX
Authors: van Weeren R. J. , Shimwell T. W. , Botteon A. , Brunetti G. , Brüggen M. , Boxelaar J. M. , Cassano R. , Di Gennaro G. , Andrade-Santos F. , Bonnassieux E. , Bonafede A. , Cuciti V. , Dallacasa D. , de Gasperin F. , Gastaldello F. , Hardcastle M. J. , Hoeft M. , Kraft R. P. , Mandal S. , Rossetti M. , Röttgering H. J. A. , Tasse C. , Wilber A. G.
Published: May 2021

Diffuse cluster radio sources, in the form of radio halos and relics, reveal the presence of cosmic rays and magnetic fields in the intracluster medium (ICM). These cosmic rays are thought to be (re)accelerated through the ICM turbulence and shock waves generated by cluster merger events. Here we characterize the presence of diffuse radio emission in known galaxy clusters in the HETDEX Spring Field, covering 424 deg2. For this, we developed a method to extract individual targets from LOFAR observations processed with the LoTSS DDF-pipeline software. This procedure enables improved calibration as well as the joint imaging and deconvolution of multiple pointings of selected targets. The calibration strategy can also be used for LOFAR low-band antenna and international-baseline observations. The fraction of Planck PSZ2 catalog clusters with any diffuse radio emission apparently associated with the ICM is 73 ± 17%. We detect a total of ten radio halos and twelve candidate halos in the HETDEX Spring Field. Of these ten radio halos, four are new discoveries, two of which are located in PSZ2 clusters. Five clusters host radio relics, two of which are new discoveries. The fraction of radio halos in Planck PSZ2 clusters is 31 ± 11%, or 62 ± 15% when including the candidate radio halos. Based on these numbers, we expect that there will be at least 183 ± 65 radio halos found in the LoTSS survey in PSZ2 clusters, in agreement with past predictions. The integrated flux densities for the radio halos were computed by fitting exponential models to the radio images. From these flux densities, we determine the cluster mass (M500) and Compton Y parameter (Y500) 150 MHz radio power (P150 MHz) scaling relations for Planck PSZ2-detected radio halos. Using bivariate correlated errors and intrinsic scatter orthogonal regression, we find slopes of 6.13 ± 1.11 and 3.32 ± 0.65 for the M500–P150 MHz and M500–P150 MHz relations, respectively. These values are consistent with the results of previous works.
The dense warm ionized medium in the inner Galaxy
Authors: Langer W. D. , Pineda J. L. , Goldsmith P. F. , Chambers E. T. , Riquelme D. , Anderson L. D. , Luisi M. , Justen M. , Buchbender C.
Published: May 2021

Context. Ionized interstellar gas is an important component of the interstellar medium and its lifecycle. The recent evidence for a widely distributed highly ionized warm interstellar gas with a density intermediate between the warm ionized medium (WIM) and compact H II regions suggests that there is a major gap in our understanding of the interstellar gas.

Aims. Our goal is to investigate the properties of the dense WIM in the Milky Way using spectrally resolved SOFIA GREAT [N II] 205 μm fine-structure lines and Green Bank Telescope hydrogen radio recombination lines (RRL) data, supplemented by spectrally unresolved Herschel PACS [N II] 122μm data, and spectrally resolved 12CO.

Methods. We observed eight lines of sight (LOS) in the 20° < l < 30° region in the Galactic plane. We analyzed spectrally resolved lines of [N II] at 205 μm and RRL observations, along with the spectrally unresolved Herschel PACS 122 μm emission, using excitation and radiative transfer models to determine the physical parameters of the dense WIM. We derived the kinetic temperature, as well as the thermal and turbulent velocity dispersions from the [N II] and RRL linewidths.

Results. The regions with [N II] 205 μm emission are characterized by electron densities, n(e) ~ 10−35 cm−3, temperatures range from 3400 to 8500 K, and nitrogen column densities N(N+) ~ 7 × 1016 to 3 × 1017 cm−2. The ionized hydrogen column densities range from 6 × 1020 to 1.7 × 1021 cm−2 and the fractional nitrogen ion abundance x(N+) ~ 1.1 × 10−4 to 3.0 × 10−4, implying an enhanced nitrogen abundance at a distance ~4.3 kpc from the Galactic Center. The [N II] 205 μm emission lines coincide with CO emission, although often with an offset in velocity, which suggests that the dense warm ionized gas is located in, or near, star-forming regions, which themselves are associated with molecular gas.

Conclusions. These dense ionized regions are found to contribute ≳50% of the observed [C II] intensity along these LOS. The kinetic temperatures we derive are too low to explain the presence of N+ resulting from electron collisional ionization and/or proton charge transfer of atomic nitrogen. Rather, these regions most likely are ionized by extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation from nearby star-forming regions or as a result of EUV leakage through a clumpy and porous interstellar medium.
Linking Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Platelet Activation: A Composite Biomarker Score for Predicting Outcomes after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Hally Kathryn E. , Parker Olivia M. , Brunton-O'Sullivan Morgane M. , Harding Scott A. , Larsen Peter D.
Published: May 2021

Background Activation of both platelets and neutrophils can contribute to the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are an important product of the platelet–neutrophil axis and exaggerate vascular damage in cardiovascular disease. Additionally, activated platelets can drive NETosis and are directly linked to thromboembolic risk. Investigating the combined effect of biomarkers for NETosis and platelet activation represents a novel approach to risk prediction post-AMI. Here, we examined the utility of a composite biomarker score, inclusive of both pathways, for predicting MACE post-AMI.

Methods and Results In a case–control design, 100 case patients who experienced MACE within 1 year of index admission were matched in a 1:2 ratio with control patients. Serum levels of myeloperoxidase–DNA, neutrophil elastase–DNA, and citrullinated histone H3 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as markers of NET burden. To measure platelet activation, soluble P-selectin was assayed by ELISA in parallel. Platelet and neutrophil counts were also recorded. Composite biomarker scores, inclusive of biomarkers for NETosis and platelet activation, were assessed using multivariate regression modeling. These composite biomarker scores were independent predictors of 1-year MACE. The strongest association with MACE was observed using a composite of platelet count, soluble P-selectin, and all NET markers (odds ratio: 1.94; 1.16–3.25).

Conclusion Here, we demonstrate the importance of combining biomarkers of NETosis and platelet activation for risk prediction in patients with AMI. Combining biomarkers from closely linked, but distinct, biological pathways was more effective than utilizing either type of biomarker alone.
Talbot effect observed over space-time for the first time
Authors: Yiu Yuen
Published: May 2021

The effect, characterized by the periodic revivals of a freely evolving field structure, has been observed spatially and temporally in the same system.
Gigagauss magnetic field measurements using Zeeman broadening of Ne-like transitions in highly charged ions
Authors: Seely John F.
Published: May 2021

The measurement of gigagauss magnetic fields using Zeeman broadening of Ne-like transitions in highly charged ions in high energy density plasmas is investigated. The transition in Xe44+ from the (2p51/23d3/2)J=1 level to the (2p6)J=0 ground level, designated 3C and having 4.858 keV transition energy, is considered in detail. Ne-like Xe spectra were previously recorded from compressed Xe-filled capsules, and the plasma conditions were determined from spectral line ratios and atomic code modeling. Using the Paschen–Back expression for Zeeman broadening produced by strong magnetic fields and the plasma conditions from the compressed Xe-filled capsule experiments to estimate the competing Stark, Doppler, and turbulence broadenings, it is found that >0.34 GG fields can be determined from spectra recorded by a high-resolution spectrometer having 1 eV resolution (5000 resolving power). By scaling the plasma conditions to higher temperatures and densities, the minimum detectable magnetic field is determined for Zeeman broadening of the 3C transition in Ne-like ions up to U82+. Recently developed transmission-crystal spectrometers, employing a cylindrically bent crystal in the Cauchois configuration, have sufficient resolution to determine gigagauss magnetic fields from Zeeman broadening of Ne-like transitions in the 4–18 keV range in Xe44+ to U82+.
Theoretical model of the nonlinear resonant interaction of whistler-mode waves and field-aligned electrons
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Neishtadt A. I. , Albert J. M. , Gan L. , Li W. , Ma Q.
Published: May 2021

The nonlinear resonant interaction of intense whistler-mode waves and energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts is traditionally described by theoretical models based on the consideration of slow–fast resonant systems. Such models reduce the electron dynamics around the resonance to the single pendulum equation that provides solutions for the electron nonlinear scattering (phase bunching) and phase trapping. Applicability of this approach is limited to not-too-small electron pitch-angles (i.e., sufficiently large electron magnetic moments), whereas model predictions contradict to the test particle results for small pitch-angle electrons. This study is focused on such field-aligned (small pitch-angle) electron resonances. We show that the nonlinear resonant interaction can be described by the slow–fast Hamiltonian system with the separatrix crossing. For the first cyclotron resonance, this interaction results in the electron pitch-angle increase for all resonant electrons, contrast to the pitch-angle decrease predicted by the pendulum equation for scattered electrons. We derive the threshold value of the magnetic moment of the transition to a new regime of the nonlinear resonant interaction. For field-aligned electrons, the proposed model provides the magnitude of magnetic moment changes in the nonlinear resonance. This model supplements existing models for not-too-small pitch-angles and contributes to the theory of the nonlinear resonant electron interaction with intense whistler-mode waves.
Experimental investigations on the post-arc current of the vacuum circuit breaker in an active mechanical DC circuit breaker
Authors: Jia Shenli , Tang Qiang , Shi Zongqian , Mo Yongpeng
Published: May 2021

Vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) are commonly used in active mechanical direct current circuit breakers (DC CBs) to accomplish the interruption of the fault current. The post-arc current phenomenon of a VCB is related to the dielectric recovery process of the VCB. Thus, we performed experiments to investigate the influence on the post-arc current by taking the electrode separation, breaking current, and interruption of the bi-directional current with the injecting high frequency current in a fixed direction into account. To be in accordance with the practical interruption duty, the breaking current in the experiment ranges from 500 A to 20 kA. At the same time, the di/dt at current zero (CZ) varies between 200 and 1100 A/μs. The experiment results reveal that the peak value of the post-arc current in an active DC circuit breaker can reach more than 100 A with high di/dt at CZ. It is found that with a longer electrode separation, not only the residual charge increases but also the post-arc current increases. The arcing current before CZ can influence the post-arc current but the effective duration before CZ is short. This duration is the memory time and it is derived from the experiment results. The influence of the breaking current and interruption of the bi-directional current with the injecting current in a fixed direction are dependent on the relation of the current commutation time with the memory time.
Biocultural restoration of Hawaiian tropical dry forests
Authors: Sato Aimee Y. , Ticktin Tamara , Alapai Lehua , von Allmen Erica I. , Brawner Wilds P. I. , Carter Yvonne Y. , Carter Keoki A. , Keakealani Roberta K. , Medeiros Arthur C. , Zahawi Rakan A.
Published: May 2021

Biocultural conservation approaches recognise the relationships between nature and humans, and are built on local cultural perspectives. Hawai‘i has been described as a model for biocultural conservation, and a biocultural approach can be applied in endangered ecosystems such as tropical dry forests that are often found in human settlement areas. The extent of native tropical dry forest cover remaining in Hawai‘i is as low as 1% on some islands, with 45% of the tropical dry forest plant species at risk of extinction. Despite the long-running relationship of tropical dry forests with ‘Indigenous people and local communities’, there has been little assessment of the potential social–ecological outcomes of a biocultural approach to tropical dry forest restoration. Two Hawai‘i forest restoration projects, located within Ka‘ūpūlehu and Auwahi, have been excluding ungulates and removing alien plant species for >20 years, and have applied biocultural approaches. Drawing on these two sites as case-studies, we explore the motivations for, and components of, a biocultural approach, and highlight four categories (ecological, social, cultural, and spiritual) of biocultural measures of success. We show that a biocultural approach to restoration can provide purpose and meaning to a person’s relationship to place, and can transform conservation biology through Indigenous perspectives. We also address challenges and provide recommendations to those interested in engaging in a biocultural approach.
Whole‐body kinematics during a simulated sprint in flat‐water kayakers
Authors: Bertozzi Filippo , Porcelli Simone , Marzorati Mauro , Pilotto Andrea M. , Galli Manuela , Sforza Chiarella , Zago Matteo
Published: May 2021

Success in sprint kayaking depends on the propulsive power generated by trunk, pelvis, shoulder and lower limb movements. However, no studies have examined whole‐body kinematics over a simulated distance. We aimed to study the changes in movement patterns of kayakers performing a 500‐m kayak sprint. Eleven young K1 sprint kayakers (three females; age: 16.5 ± 1.9 years, height: 174.1 ± 7.1 cm and weight: 66.1 ± 6.2 kg) performed an incremental test on a kayak ergometer to assess their Peak Oxygen Uptake (V̇O2peak). They then performed a 500‐m sprint trial on the same ergometer, and the positions of 40 reflective markers were recorded to assess whole‐body kinematics. Joint angles over time were computed for the trunk and right shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle. Changes of joint kinematics during the test were assessed with Statistical Parametric Mapping, calculating at each time node the linear regression between joint angles waveforms and the time of the rowing cycle, p < .05. Cardiometabolic responses confirmed that the participants achieved a maximal effort (V̇O2 and HR reached 99 ± 11% and 94 ± 6% of peak values, respectively). Paddle velocity negatively correlated with sprint time. The shoulder (elevation, rotation and flexion), trunk (lateral flexion and rotation) and hip (abduction) angles significantly changed over time in different phases of the stroke cycle during the simulated sprint. No significant differences over time were found for knee and ankle flexion. A high‐intensity sprint may affect the shoulder, trunk and hip kinematics of kayak paddling. The kinematic analysis of kayakers’ paddling during simulated metabolic‐demanding tasks can provide useful insights to coaches and athletes.
Design and 3D printing of paper-based shape memory polymer actuated for soft lightweight fingers
Authors: Chen Chin-Tai , Peng Ruo-Ciao
Published: May 2021

Smart materials and devices that possess multiple functions of sensing and actuation have been investigated over decades as being exploited for soft robots in various applications such as artificial muscles, biomimetic actuators, and surgical tools. One of critical requirements involved is the capability of dramatic change in shape and size to be adapted for different circumstances. Recent progress of the emerging materials has showed many remarkable properties to fabricate them in simple way. This paper reports a fused deposition modeling (FDM) method that can be simply implemented by three-dimensional (3D) printing shape memory polymer (SMP) on paper. Through 3D printing of a SMP filament on paper, the bilayer structures and grippers with a starfish shape were fabricated by exploiting the cost-effective and lightweight materials. By virtue of electrothermal actuation (Joule heating) with an electrical power supply, they showed remarkable and reversible change in shape during 100 cycles of movements. As a result, it demonstrated the capability of control over adaptive shape and size in design and fabrication of soft robots. The FDM-based method in the study is therefore beneficial to extend the flexibility in design and fabrication, as compared to the conventional ones particularly applied for rigid grippers. In the near future, a variety of multi-layer structures and materials fabricated by FDM method and 3D printing materials could be applied for applications such as soft actuators and sensors in versatile conditions.
Quantum dynamics of a planar rotor driven by suddenly switched combined aligning and orienting interactions
Authors: Mirahmadi Marjan , Schmidt Burkhard , Friedrich Bretislav
Published: May 2021

We investigate, both analytically and numerically, the quantum dynamics of a planar (2D) rigid rotor subject to suddenly switched-on or switched-off concurrent orienting and aligning interactions. We find that the time-evolution of the post-switch populations as well as of the expectation values of orientation and alignment reflects the spectral properties and the eigensurface topology of the planar pendulum eigenproblem established in our earlier work (2014 Front. Phys.
2 37, 2017 Eur. Phys. J. D
71 149). This finding opens the possibility to examine the topological properties of the eigensurfaces experimentally as well as provides the means to make use of these properties for controlling the rotor dynamics in the laboratory.
Control problems for the telegraph and wave equation networks
Authors: Alam M , Avdonin S , Avdonina N
Published: May 2021

In this paper we consider control problems for the telegraph equation networks or, in other words, telegraph equations on metric graphs. If a network is homogeneous, i.e. its parameters are the same for all edges of the graph (and in some other cases), the problem can be reduced a control problem for the wave equation. For graphs without cycles, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions of exact boundary controllability of the telegraph equation network and find the sharp time of controllability.
Visualization of Data Journalism of China’s Mainstream Media in Public Health Emergences: Taking the Data News Section of Xinhua Net as An Example
Authors: Liu Jiahui
Published: May 2021

In the context of Chinese media, the practice of data news visualization during the COVID-19 pandemic presents unique characteristics. In order to explore the visualization mode of China’s data news reports during the epidemic, this article uses the method of content analysis to analyze the data news reports related to the epidemic released by the data news section of Xinhua Net from January 22, 2020 to October 26, 2020. The article discussed the innovations in the application form and narrative characteristics of China’s mainstream media visualization practice from three aspects, and proposed improvements to the deficiencies. The research found that the data news related to the epidemic focus on data analysis in terms of production methods, and use simple and easy-to-understand diagrams for visual design, and use both traditional and advanced infographics; but it also reflects a lack of the richness of data source, mainly including static information charts and insufficient interactivity.
The Investigative Science Learning Environment (ISLE) approach to learning physics
Authors: Etkina E , Brookes D T , Planinsic G
Published: May 2021

In a plenary talk “Investigative Science Learning Environment (ISLE): helping students learn physics by practicing it and be empowered in the process” at the SEA-STEM 2020 conference I (Eugenia Etkina) described the ISLE approach to learning and teaching physics, shared examples of activities and presented evidence of student learning. In this paper I, with my collaborators David T. Brookes and Gorazd Planinsic will briefly summarize my presentation and provide a list of resources for those who wish to learn more about the ISLE approach and to implement it in their physics courses.
Sorption behavior of MgH2-Ti for Hydrogen storage material prepared by high pressure milling
Authors: Malahayati  , Nurmalita  , Ismail  , Machmud M N , Jalil Z
Published: May 2021

Synthesis by reactive ball milling under hydrogen atmosphere is a potential technology for preparation of hydrogen storage materials. In this report we proposed a high pressures reactive milling (hereafter referred as “HPRM”) for preparing the MgH2-Ti. Nanocrystalline materials of MgH2-Ti which is have been synthesized under high pressures hydrogen up to 9 MPa at room temperature. The characterization has been done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy for their phase composition and morphology, respectively. Hydrogen storage capacities and the hydriding/dehydriding kinetics measured with gravimetric method. The X-ray diffraction pattern after 12 h of milling showed very broadened peaks, indicating that the crystal size was already in nanometers. It was also observed that the kinetics are fast which works within less than 7 mins for absorption (at 300°C, 10 bar H2) and within 6 mins for desorption (at 350°C, 50 mbar H2), respectively. The hydrogen storage capacity was 2.7 wt%.
Synthesis of TiO2-based photoelectrode and natural dye for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
Authors: Mursal  , Malahayati  , Azmi N , Fatmiyah S
Published: May 2021

Synthesis and characterization of Mg and La doped TiO2 photoelectrodes and natural dye have been studied. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Mg and La concentration on the characteristics of Mg and La doped TiO2 and to investigate the characteristic of natural dye extracted from green spinach, red spinach, and mangosteen rind. Mg and La doped TiO2 were synthesize by sol-gel method using titanium (IV) isopropoxide, magnesium acetate and lanthanum (III) acetate as precursors. The concentration of Mg and La were varied from 0 – 4% mol. Mg and La doped TiO2 films were deposited on glass substrate by using doctor blade technique and annealed at 500°C for 1 h. The films were then characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer and UV-Vis spectrometer measurement to investigate its characteristics. The results showed that dopant concentration strongly affected the structural and optical properties of Mg and La doped TiO2. The UV-Vis measurement of the natural dye extracted from green spinach, red spinach, and mangosteen rind showed a different absorption spectrum. However, FTIR measurement of these dyes showed relatively the similar spectrum. This shows that each dye has different optical properties, even though it has relatively the same functional group.