bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UJI TOKSISITAS DAN IDENTIFIKASI FITOKIMIA EKSTRAK BUAH DAN BATANG RIMBANG (Solanum torvum Swartz)
Authors: Alfarabi Muhammad , Widyadhari Gupita
Published: October 2018

AbstrakIndonesia memiliki banyak tumbuhan yang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber pangan dan obat, salah satunya adalah rimbang (Solanum torvum Swartz). Rimbang telah dikenal luas sebagai sayuran yang buahnya dapat dimakan secara mentah dan dapat digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional. Namun demikian, tidak banyak kajian ilmiah mengenai efek toksik beserta senyawa yang terkandung pada buah dan batang rimbang, sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memberikan informasi efek toksisitas dari ekstrak buah dan batang rimbang serta senyawa yang terkandung di dalamnya. Metode yang digunakan untuk menguji toksisitas adalah Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) dan deteksi senyawa menggunakan uji fitokimia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak buah dan batang rimbang memiliki efek toksisitas. Nilai LC50 ekstrak buah rimbang sebesar 248 ppm, sedangkan nilai LC50 ekstrak batang rimbang sebesar 129 ppm. Ekstrak buah rimbang mengandung senyawa alkaloid dan tanin, sedangkan hasil uji fitokimia terhadap batang rimbang mengandung alkaloid, saponin, dan tanin. Kedua ekstrak tersebut memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi salah satu sumber fitofarmaka antikanker.Abstract Many plants in Indonesia are used as food and medicine, such as rimbang (Solanum torvum Swartz). This plant has been widely known as a vegetable which the fruit consumed in raw and also useful in traditional medicine. However, scientific studies on the toxic effects and compounds contained in its fruit and stem have not been widely carried out, so the aim of this study is to provide information on the toxicity effects of them and their compounds. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) was used to determine the toxicity effect of the extracts, while the compounds in these extracts were detected by using phytochemical assay. The results showed that those extracts have toxicity effects. The LC50 of the fruit extract was 248 ppm while the stem extract was 129 ppm. The fruit extract contained alkaloid and tannin, while the stem extract contained alkaloid, saponin, and tannin. Both extracts have potential to be a resource of anticancer phytopharmaca.
DISTRIBUSI DAN ESTIMASI POPULASI SURILI (Presbytis comata) DI KAMOJANG KABUPATEN GARUT JAWA BARAT
Authors: Widiana Ana , Hasby Rizal Maulana , Uriawan Wisnu
Published: October 2018

AbstrakSurili (Presbytis comata) merupakan primata endemik Jawa dengan status konservasi Endangered (terancam punah). Perubahan yang terjadi pada habitat surili seperti konversi lahan meningkatkan keterancaman terhadap populasi dan persebaran surili di habitatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat area persebaran dan estimasi populasi surili di kawasan Kamojang, Kabupaten Garut sebagai salah satu habitat surili yang cukup besar. Survey persebaran surili dilakukan dengan cara eksplorasi yaitu menyusuri lokasi keberadaan surili berdasarkan informasi petugas BKSDA dan masyarakat sekitar. Titik koordinat tempat perjumpaan dengan surili diambil dengan menggunakan GPS dan diaplikasikan ke dalam Peta Kawasan Kamojang dengan menggunakan Software Quantum GIS Wien 2.8.3. Estimasi/ perkiraan jumlah surili dilakukan dengan Metode Direct census, yaitu menghitung lansung jumlah surili yang ditemui. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan terdapat satu titik perjumpaan dengan surili berjumlah empat individu di CA Blok Ciharus. Di TWA Blok Kawah Kamojang, surili ditemukan di tujuh titik dengan jumlah total 21 individu, dan di TWA Blok Cibeureum yang ditemukan di tiga titik dengan total tujuh individu. Surili masih banyak ditemukan dan tersebar di kawasan yang tingkat gangguan manusianya masih rendah sehingga untuk dapat mempertahankan populasi maupun persebaran surili di suatu kawasan perlu ditingkatkan pengaturan aktivitas manusia di dalamnya.Abstract Surili (Presbytis comata) is the Javan endemic primate with conservation state of Endangered. Habitat changes of surili due to land conversion was increased the threatening the distribution and population of surili in their habitat. This study aimed to know the distribution area and population estimates of surili at Region Kamojang, Garut. Survey the distribution of surili conducted by exploration method and took the coordinates of surili found by GPS and applied to the region map of Kamojang using Software Quantum GIS Wien 2.8.3. Estimation the number of surili, conducted by the direct census method by counting the number of surili directly. The study showed that there was a point area of surili consists of four individuals in Block Ciharus, Kamojang Nature Reserve. At Block Kawah Kamojang Nature Park, surili were found at seven points area by the total number of 21 individuals and at Block Cibeureum found at three points with a total of nine individuals. Surili is still widely found and spread in areas where the level of human disturbance is still low so as to be able to maintain the population and distribution of surili in an area, it is necessary to increase the regulation of human activities in it.
EKSTRAK KASAR KAYU CEMPEDAK (Artocarpus champeden) DAN AKAR UBE-UBE (Derris elegans) SEBAGAI PENGAWET ALAMI NIRA AREN
Authors: Suganda Julis , Afriyansyah Budi , Fembriyanto Rosha Kurnia
Published: October 2018

AbstrakNira aren (Arenga pinnata) sebagai bahan baku pembuatan gula aren mudah terkontaminasi oleh mikroba seperti khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan bakteri Acetobacter sp. Kerusakan nira dapat dihambat dengan menggunakan bahan pengawet alami. Bahan pengawet alami yang biasa digunakan untuk menghambat kerusakan nira aren ialah ekstrak kayu cempedak (Artocarpus champeden) dan ekstrak akar ube-ube (Derris elegans) yang dibuat dengan menggunakan teknik maserasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi terbaik dalam penghambatan mikroba dan konsentrasi terbaik aplikasi sebagai pengawet alami nira aren. Pengamatan meliputi penghambatan mikroba (pembentukkan zona) dan aplikasi pengawet alami nira aren (total gula dan pH). Hasil menunjukkan ekstrak akar ube-ube konsentrasi 14% merupakan konsentrasi terbaik dalam pembentukkan zona penghambatan mikroba. Nilai total gula dan pH terbaik dalam mencegah kerusakan nira aren pada penambahan ekstrak ube-ube dengan konsentrasi 14%. Berdasarkan penelitian ini bahwa ekstrak akar ube-ube dengan konsentrasi 14% merupakan pengawet alami yang terbaik dalam mengambat mikroba perusak nira aren.Abstract Palm juice (Arenga pinnata) as a raw material for making palm sugar easily contaminated by microbes such as yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacteria Acetobacter sp. Damage to sap can be inhibited by using natural preservatives. Natural preservatives used to inhibit the damage to Arenga pinnata sap is cempedak wood extract (Artocarpus champeden) and ube-ube root extract (Derris elegans) making of using maseration technique. The purpose of this research consentration that shows the best to inhibition growth to microbial and consentration that natural palm juice preservative application. Observations included microbial inhibition (zone formation) and natural palm juice preservative (total sugar and pH). The results showed extract ube-ube root concentration of 14% is the best concentration to inhibition growth to microbial. The value of total sugar and pH the best in preventing damage to palm juice on the addition of extract ube-ube root with a concentration of 14%.  Based in this study that the of extract ube-ube root with a consentration of 14% is the best natural preservative in inhibiting the microbes destroying palm sugar.
PERILAKU MAKAN MASYARAKAT PEDESAAN DI KALIMANTAN BARAT
Authors: Candramila Wolly , Erasmawanti Deska , Sihombing Desta Rotuana , Hosniah Hosniah , Gola Lisa , Magdalena Magdalena
Published: October 2018

AbstrakKegiatan konversi lahan di Kalimantan Barat yang cenderung terus meningkat dapat berdampak negatif bagi ketersediaan pangan masyarakat desa yang masih melakukan food gathering dan berburu dari suplai alami di sekitar desa atau berternak dengan skala keluarga. Perilaku makan yang salah disertai lokasi desa yang relatif jauh dari fasilitas kesehatan yang lengkap turut menambah risiko kesehatan dan kematian pada masyarakat desa tersebut. Penelitian ini menjelaskan dan menentukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku makan tiga etnis berbeda di Kalimantan Barat, mencakup Dayak, Madura dan Tionghoa, terkait penurunan ketersediaan lahan sebagai sumber pangan.  Survei dilakukan di empat kabupaten dan satu kota dengan sampel diambil secara acak dari populasi etnis Dayak (Kanayatn, Muduk, Ketungau Sesae’), Madura danTionghoa. Data perilaku makan dianalisis secara deskriptif mencakup frekuensi dan rutinitas makan, keragaman sumber makanan, estimasi pengeluaran energi harian dan klasifikasi aktivitas fisik sehari penuh, serta kondisi fisik sebagai manifestasi kegiatan makan dari 293 partisipan. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku makan masyarakat pedesaan Kalimantan Barat adalah pekerjaan, keterlibatan individu dalam kelompok sosial, serta ketersediaan dan keterjangkauan sumber makanan. Konversi lahan hutan dan kebun akan mempengaruhi ketersediaan sumber makanan yang terjangkau termasuk perilaku makan sehat dan seimbang pada masyarakat pedesaan di Kalimantan Barat.AbstractMost rural communities in West Kalimantan were facing negative impact of increasing land conversion activities on their natural food supply. Improper eating behavior and limited health facilities may give more health and death risk to these people. This research described and determined the factors that influenced the eating behavior among three ethnics in West Kalimantan, namely Dayak, Madura and Chinese populations, and the potential impact of land conversion to it.  Survey was conducted in four regencies and one city and random sampling was done in three sub ethnics of Dayak (Muduk, Kanayatn, and Ketungau Sesae’), Madura, and Chinese communities. The eating behavior data was analyzed descriptively included meal frequency and routines, the variety of daily food source, individual estimates of energy expenditure, body mass index (BMI) distribution, and sports habit among 293 participants. Four main factors influenced the eating behavior of rural communities in West Kalimantan including types of occupation, individual involvement in social groups, and the availability and affordability of food source. The land conversion activity will certainly influence the affordable food source availability and the eating behavior for healthy and balanced food among the rural communities in West Kalimantan.
Relación entre la fertilización foliar y el rendimiento del fruto de ocra (Abelmoschus esculentus).
Authors: Díaz-Franco Arturo , Ortegón-M. Alfredo S.
Published: October 2018

Field studies were carried out during 1994 and 1995, in order to determine the impact of applying commercial foliar fertilizers on the ‘Clemson Spineless 80” okra fruit variety (Abelmoschus esculentus). Carboxy and Foltron applied on folliage, and Profit-G applied on the soil, as well as their combinations applied on fertilized soil were evaluated in 1994. Carboxy, Foltron and Mora-Leaf fertilizers were applied to folliage in high dosages and on non-fertilized soil during 1995. All plants were sprayed five times in 7 to 10-day intervals starting the first week of harvest. When compared to control plants, treatments applied during 1994 did not have a significant effect on fruit weight, fruit commercial yield and plant height. Treatments applied during 1995 did not influence plant height or fruit yield. The study proved that foliar fertilization does not have an impact on okra fruit yield.
Efecto del nitrógeno en la producción y abscisión de órganos reproductivos y rendimiento del frijol en función del nitrógeno.
Authors: Escalante Alberto , Rodríguez María Teresa , Escalante Enrique
Published: October 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen on the production and abscission of reproductive organs and dry bean yield. This research was carried out in Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico where the climate is hot and subhumid. The Michoacan 12A3 bean variety, was sown on November 17, 1989, and December 17, 1990, with irrigation (autumn), and June 1, 1990 and June 29, 1991, without irrigation (summer). Population density was 13.3 plants/m-2. Treatments of zero and 80 kg N ha-1 were applied in each experiment. Results indicated that in both sowing seasons N increased leaf area, production and abscission of reproductive organs, number of pods reaching physiological maturity, and seed yield. As compared to the control, the higher abscission of reproductive organs in plants with N limited a higher seed yield under this treatment. Bean production in autumn was higher than in the summer.
Avances en el estudio de la resistencia a bacteriosis común del frijol en Cuba.
Authors: Rodríguez Odile , Faure Benito , Benitez Roberto , Carballo Rita M. , Capote Jeny
Published: October 2018

An experiment was carried out at the Lilliana Dimitrova Horticultural Research Institute in order to evaluate several advanced lines from the National Hybridization Program, and from the Nursery of Regional Resistance Sources of common bean, which were springled with Xanthomonas campestris (Xcp 530) – a highly aggressive bacterial strain. Fifteen varieties with intermediate resistance to the bacteria were selected. The CUT54, XAN 280, and 9356-26 lines were outstanding, showing better results than the control BAT 93.
Distribución espacial y temporal en el policultivo yuca- frijol: uso equivalente de la tierra.
Authors: Hernández Adrián , Ramos René , Sánchez Jesús
Published: October 2018

Astudy was carried out during 1993-1995 at the Liliana Dimitrova Horticultural Research Institute in La Habana, Cuba in order to evaluate the efficiency of cassava-bean intercropping (Manihot esculenta Crantz-Phaseolus vulgaris), and to determine the most adequate topological arrangement. The research was performed on red ferrous compacted soil. 1.4-m beds, and a randomized block design with four repetitions were used. Nine treatments were tested at three different planting times and with three different spatial distributions; control monocrops were also studied. The best topological arrangement for cassava was when it was planted at the bed center (28.3 t/ha), and beans were sowed twenty days later on both sides of the cassava. Beans also showed their best yield (1.53 t/ha) under this condition. A land use equivalent (LUE) of 1.01 – 1.85 was obtained when calculating all the combinations together.
Respuesta de cultivares de girasol a la densidad de población en dos ambientes.
Authors: Ortegón Alfredo S. , Díaz Arturo
Published: October 2018

Two hybrids of sunflower (Dekalb G-100 G101) and two varieties of free pollination (Rib-77 and Victoria), in three densities of population (31.250, 41.660 62,500 plants/ha) were evaluated. The objective was to determine differences among varieties under climatic conditions of the northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. In 1994 the plantation was established in a cycle considered as “late”; in 1995 a second plantation was established in a cycle considered as “late”. It was used a divided block design in a randomized block distribution with four repetitions. The greater plot corresponded to the cultivars and the minor parcel to the densities of population. Results obtained in the “late” cycle showed a grain yield average of 1.678 kg/ha and in the “early” cycle of 2.170 kg/ha, these results were consistent with the cycles x cultivars interaction. Hybrids and Rib-77 variety were statistically equal in each cycle for grain yield. Hybrids overcame cultivars in oil content. For the densities it was found that for a lower density population produced a higher grain weight, stem diameter, and weight of 100 seeds.
Control de malezas en caña de azúcar con clomazone y ametrina.
Authors: Esqueda Valentín
Published: October 2018

Two experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of the herbicide clomazone applied in preemergence and the mixture clomazone+ametryn in postemergence on weed control and toxicity to sugarcane. Clomazone from 0.96 to 1.2 kg/ha controlled more than 90% of Echinochloa colona, Panicum fasciculatum and Lagascea mollis, but it was necessary to increase the dose to 1.44 kg/ha to obtain a 90% control of Rottboellia cochinchinensis and between 80 and 90% of Phyllanthus niruri and it had no effect on Cyperus rotundus. The postemergent application of clomazone + ametryn from 800 + 1200 g/ha, showed weed control similar or superior to those of the mixtures of 2,4-D+ ametryn and diuron+2,4-D, which are commonly utilized in the region. A temporal whitening of the sugarcane foliage occurred when clomazone was applied in postemergence, but this symptom disappeared 30 and 60 days after the application.
Control de malezas en arroz de temporal con clomazone, propanil y 2,4-D.
Authors: Esqueda Valentín A.
Published: October 2018

Between 1996 and 1997, three experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of the herbicide clomazone, alone and mixed with propanil and 2,4-D on weed control and toxicity to rice cv. Milagro Filipino, growing under upland conditions. All the experiments were established in Los Naranjos, in the Municipality of Tres Valles, in the state of Veracruz. The dominant weed species in the experimental plots were Cyperus iria, Echinochloa colona, Cyperus rotundus, Scleria setuloso-ciliata and Malachra fasciata. Clomazone applied preemergent, efficiently controlled E. colona at 0.72 and 0.96 kg a. i./ha, but its effect was partial and temporary on S. setuloso-ciliata and it had no effect on C. iria and C. rotundus. The mixture of clomazone + propanil + 2,4-D efficiently controlled E. colona and C. iria from 0.60 + 1.44 + 0.24 kg a. i./ha and had a good initial control of C. rotundus, but its effect disappeared 45 to 60 days after the application. Rice yields obtained from clomazone treatments, alone or mixed with propanil and 2,4-D were statistically similar to those of the regional controls.
Efecto de la cobertura plástica y el encalado en chile, en el sureste de México.
Authors: Zetina Roberto , Uriza Daniel E
Published: October 2018

In the south of Veracruz, Mexico, 5000 ha of chili are cultivated annually in acids soils and with a low CIC. The sandy texture of the soil and the low rainfalls in the last three months of the year coincides with the productive stage of plantations established after the heavy rains of june and july. The objective of this study was to evaluate under rain conditions the effect of lime and plastic covering on the acidity of a recently exposed soil to the cultivation and production of “serrano” chili under a high input management system. The experimental design was one of divided parcels with three repetitions: in the big parcels with four dose of liming (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 t/ha of CaCO3) and in the small parcels two plastic coverings (black plastic/ white and plastic black) and a control treatment without covering. The total yield of fruit showed a significant response to the black/white plastic covering and to the interaction lime (1 ton/ha)- (black/ white plastic covering)obtaining increments of the 40% to 82% respectively. The fruit yield did not show a significant response to the lime. Treatments using lime increased the soil pH from 5.2 to 5.6 and the levels of interchangeable bases from 40 to 54 ppm K, 882- 1146 ppm Ca and 205-192 ppm of Mg.
Notas sobre la biología y ecología de Anastrepha obliqua (diptera: tephritidae), plaga de plantas anacardiáceas en América tropical. II. formas adultas.
Authors: Chaverri Luis G. , Soto-Manitiu Julia , Jirón Luis Fernando
Published: October 2018

Aspects on the biology and ecology of Anastrepha obliqua, at both laboratory and field conditions, are given. Adult emergence occurred between 11 to 22 days, with an average of 17 days of pupation. In the field, atmospheric relative humidity seems to be the main factor affecting adult emergence, and is independent of soil humidity and/or existence of available host fruits. Both fungus and hymenopteran parasitoids determine that a percentage of pupae never hatch, but another population fraction hatches in small numbers through the following months. Water consumption is important for adult survival on A. obliqua, but water is also a mortality factor when it reared under laboratory conditions. This causes a good number of adult drawings in rearing cages. Spiders also represent an important mortality factor under mass rearing conditions. A. obliqua adults show a high degree of polyphagism and feed on different kinds of ripe fruits different from those which are infested by oviposition of the gravid females. This behavior explains why it is possible to capture A. obliqua in traps placed in plantations of fruits infested by Anastrepha species other than A. obliqua. Sexual maturity is reached after 17 days, and the maximum longevity recorded under laboratory conditions, varied from 40 to 53 days, with a similar survival rate in both sexes. Life expectancy was found to be 29 days for males and 31,5 for females. Marked adults released in the fields were recaptured after 58 days, suggesting a longer expectancy than in laboratory. Under captivity, much of the mating courtship seems to be ignored, and copulation takes place with no major problem, lasting about 45 minutes.
Efecto del paratión metílico en poblaciones del picudo del algodonero.
Authors: Gallardo Jesús Lorea , Wolfenbarger Dan A.
Published: October 2018

LD50  of methyl parathion was determined on cotton boll weevil populations collected from Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Tiquisate, Guatemala and Weslaco, Texas, E.U. The insecticide obtained as a 97% technical grade was diluted in acetone and applied topically to dorsum of thorax of the boll weevils. The LD50  values of methyl parathion on Mexico and E.U. cotton boll weevil populations were 0.0091 and 0.01 mg/weevil, respectively. Both values indicated susceptibility. Te LD50  value of methyl parathion on the Guatemala cotton boll weevil populations was 0.44 μ g/weevil. this value may be considered as indicative of resistance.
Nuevo hallazgo relacionado con la distribución geográfica de Meloidogyne salasi en arroz y nuevos hospederos.
Authors: Salazar Luis , Quesada Miguel
Published: October 2018

The presence of Meloidogyne salasi, associated to rice cv. 5272 and new information about hosts at the Central Pacific area in Costa Rica, is reported.
Impacto potencial de la taltuza (Orthogeomys sp.) en el cultivo del pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) en Costa Rica.
Authors: Monge Javier
Published: October 2018

The taltuzas (pocket gopher) (Orthogeomys sp.) are rodents that  plague several crops from USA to Panama. Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) is a crop in expansion that overlaps in its geographical distribution with the one of Pocket gopher. Three patterns were found by superposing the distribution maps of rodents and palms. In one pattern only one organism was present but not the other whereas in two patterns rodents and palms were coincident. Since peach palm is attacked by the taltuzas, some considerations were discussed for each pattern in relation to future expansion of this crop.
Producción comparativa de chícharo de vaca (Vigna unguiculata) y frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) en riego y en sequía.
Authors: Díaz Arturo , Ortegón Alfredo S.
Published: October 2018

Productivity of six southern peas genotypes (Vigna unguiculata) and two dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties was compared in two conditions: one on irrigation and other on drought. Under irrigation southern pea ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ resulted in a greater pod yield and ‘29144’, 56061/BRE’ and ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ in grain. In dry beans, ‘Pinto Anzalduas 91’ was significantly higher with grain yield. Under drought iron chlorosis was observed and there was a wide range of severity into crops and cultivars. There were no precipitations during crops season and only three southern peas genotypes produced pod and grain; ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ registered the best pod and grain production. No grain production was obtained in dry beans. Forage production was better in the majority of southern peas genotypes. In southern pea, plant height was correlated with forage production (r= 0.71). It was evident the variability of production between species and the evaluated conditions, but southern peas showed better potential productivity over dry beans.
Estructura, dimensiones y producción de propágulos sexuales de malezas del trópico húmedo.
Authors: Calderón Juan , Alán Elizabeth , Barrantes Uriel
Published: October 2018

The objectives of this study were to determine the average dimensions, to describe the external structure of seeds, fruits or spikelets and to estimate the number produced per plant and per gram of twelve weed species. Propagules sketchs were elaborated. The number of seeds per plant varied from 1290 in Asclepias curassavica to 195.008 in Ludwigia sp within the dycotyledoneae. The second specie with the highest average number of seeds per plant was Sida rhombifolia (7962) followed by Ipomoea sp.(2876). Hyptis capitata showed a higher number of heads per plant (341) than Bidens pilosa (106). Mimosa pudica produced an average of 3.3 seeds per fruit. In relation to Poaceae species Paspalum conjugatum y P. Virgatum produced a larger number of spikelets per floral branch (381 y 1185 respectively) than Ischaemum indicum (81) and Rottboellia cochinchinensis (14). Anemocory, hydrocory and zoocory are mentioned as mechanisms contributing to dispersal of these species.
Nuevos cultivares de maíz con potencial agronómico para el trópico húmedo.
Authors: Mendoza Mariano , Oyervides Arnoldo , López Alfonso
Published: October 2018

It was studied the performance of each of group of lines based on their combining ability to determine the best hybrids. We also estimated usefull heterosis in the traits under study. 23 lines were crossed with two testers and evaluated in 1995 in a experiment with two replications in two locations in Veracruz, Mexico. A complete block design with factorial arrangement was utilized. Lines were consideredas factor A while testers were considered as factor B.  Results indicated that the average performance of lines, testers and lines x testers turned out to be statistically different for flowering date, plant height, prolificy and yield. Lines 37 and 7 standout with 9.473 and 9.203 t/ha, respectively. Outstanding hybrids showed yields between 9.173 to 9.685 t/ha and included lines 7, 15, 17, 37, 39 and 49. The highest heterosis and best specific combining ability (SCA) were found out in the cross between line 17 x tester 1 with 18,34 % for yield and line 37 was best for general combining ability (GCA) (0,52). Heterosis for flowering date was of -7,27 % and outstanding for their ACG the lines 14, 15, and 39. For prolificy the  31 was best than any other line with 52 % of heterosis and ACG too and for ACE the cross of the 17 x tester 1 was superior (6,28).
selección recurrente de maíz para el trópico húmedo.
Authors: Mendoza Mariano , Oyervides Arnoldo , Latournerie Luis , De León Humberto
Published: October 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic advancement of four cycles of selection obtained by recurrent selection family full-sib (RSFFS) with pedigree in the 24 Population. Treatments were divided in cycles (C0, C1, C2, C3 y C4) and three controls. This research was carried out in two localities Villa Ursulo Galván and Rinconada at the State of Veracruz, Mexico. A complete randomized block design was utilized with 10 repetitions. The results obtained were an increased 3.09% in yield, an increased in the number of ears per plant 4.92%, a lesser the stalk lodging 6.06%, and an improvement for husk cover of 12.05%. The gain for linear regression was 282.2 kg/ha/cycle is the same a 5.54%.
Control de Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) en semilla de maíz almacenada.
Authors: Valdes Abel , Mendoza Elos Mariano , Nieto Francisco
Published: October 2018

The objective considers to evaluate the biological effectiveness of 9 single insecticide products and in mixture, employees for the control of plagues of the maize (grain stored and of the culture) and to dose recommended for this culture. They were applied by immersion of the grain on a variety of maize tuxpeño to observe the biological effect in mortality terms on large grain borer Prostephanus truncatus, during a period of storage of 6 months, under a design completely at random with 38 treatments, 3 repetitions and one comparison of averages (Tukey 0,05); with the intention of analyzing the insecticide that presents the best option for the treatment to the maize seed stored for investigation. The variance analysis indicated significant differences in percentage of mortality of the insects for each one of the treatments. The effect insecticides was of 100% to 5.53% of mortality. The insecticides deltametrina, permetrina and carbaryl expressed greater percentage of mortality on the others, including the witness (0% mortality). The mixtures in which good result was had are: deltametrina + pirimifos metil, deltametrina + carbaryl, permetrina + carbaryl, carbaryl + pirimifos metil, carbaryl + clorpirifos etil. The test of germination of seeds at the end of the evaluation showed, that the viability of the same one was not affected by the treatments.
Agentes protectores contra hongos asociados a la semilla de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth).
Authors: Arroyo Carlos , Mora Jorge , Vargas Edgar , Gainza Javier
Published: October 2018

Non traditional alternatives for fungi control were tried on peach palm seed germination process. Two substances - kerosene and gasoline - were found as effective as traditional fungicide treatments triadime- fon and carboxin+benomyl. This is due to their fungicide action and posterior evaporation, not interfering with respiration as is the case with dieses oil. It was found that the hydrogen peroxide accelerates the germination process, but it is not an effective fungicide. On the other hand, kilol seem to be a promising fungicide in this respect if used at a concentration higher than 10 cc/l of water.
Análisis de crecimiento en siete variedades de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.).
Authors: Borrego Fernando , Fernández José M. , López Afonso , Parga Víctor M. , Murillo Margarita , Carvajal Adrián
Published: October 2018

Seven potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes were evaluated, Norteña, Gigant, Mondial, Snowden, Alpha, Atlantic and Russett Burbank, under growth analysis efficiency and productivity criteria (six samples, every 18 days) like crop growth rate (CGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Relative Leaf Growth Rate (RLGR), Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Net Assimilation Rate (NAR). Differences were found (p £ 0.01) for variables in study (except for NAR), for sample variation differences (six along the cycle) being higher CGR in forth sample with Norteña and Russett Burbank genotypes. Norteña, Russett Burbank and Alpha were higher on TCR, showing a considerable increment on fifth and sixth sample. The best genotype on LAR were Atlantic and Snowden, showing Russett Burbank a pronounce decrement on fifth and sixth sample, because of foliar senescence. Respect to LAI, the best genotypes were Norteña and Gigant, being higher on forth and sixth sample, without senescence until this sample. For NAR, no differences were found between genotypes, Norteña was a little bit higher, showing the other five genotypes a similar behavior.
Variedades no convencionales como opción para elevar la productividad de maíces locales en Valles Altos de México.
Authors: Espinosa-Calderón Alejandro , Tadeo-Robledo Margarita , Tapia-Naranjo Alfredo
Published: October 2018

In Mexico’s high valleys, from 2200 to 2600 meters above sea level, use of improved varieties is low (6%). And it would be convenient that in addition to the varieties and hybrids which are promoted through government programs (Kilo x Kilo), to include other non conventional varieties for low potential areas which are not presently covered, allowing farmer to increase their own seed. One possibility to improve corn land races is by crossing them with hybrids to improve their characteristics and increase productivity. In 1997 nine land race corn varieties where crossed with a single hybrid of medium height and good cob position. The product was evaluated during the 1998 spring-summer growing season and compared to its parents and five commercial varieties. The results show that non convention hybrids showed higher yields than the parent land races, and eight out of nine where numerically superior, anywhere form 2 to 40%, to H-40. The best commercial check was H-50 with 5.5 tha-1, which was surpassed by 14.9% by the best non conventional cross (6.3 tha-1). This demonstrates that non conventional hybrids is a good alternative to increase yield and improve agronomic characteristics of high land corn land races.
Estrategia para el manejo de suelos ácidos en frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en el estado de Chiapas, México.
Authors: Villar-Sánchez Bernardo
Published: October 2018

In the state of Chiapas Mexico, common bean is an important crop, since there is an ancestral culture for its production and more than 100,000 ha. are annually sown. It contributes to the alimentation and employment of the population. However, there is a technological gap between the potential and actual yield. This gap is due to numerous stress factors, among them, low soil fertility is outstanding. The adopted strategy to manage this problem includes: 1. Application of lime and P2O5 , 2. Enhanced crop resistance through breeding, 3. The improvement of the organic matter and nutrients cycle in the soil, and 4. A combination of all the above. In this report we present the preliminary results of several trials carried out with common bean in greenhouse and field conditions in several locations. Five lime and three P2O5 rates were studied under a Complete Factorial Experimental Design with four replications. The responses to the treatments were measured as seed yield and changes in soil chemical properties. There was a positive response in yield to the addition of lime and P2O5.
Desarrollo de variedades tropicales de soya para el consumo humano.
Authors: Villalobos Enrique , Camacho Fausto
Published: October 2018

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) lines lacking seed lipoxigenases 2 and 3 and with high yield potential were developed at the Grain and Seed Research Center of the University of Costa Rica. Those lines were obtained by crossing selected F3 plants from ‘Kanto-101’ X ‘IAC-8’ with F2 plants selected from ‘Padre’ X ‘Duocrop’. Kanto-101 is a Japanese variety that was used as a donor of lox2 and lox3 genes that inhibit the synthesis of lipoxigenases 2 and 3 in the soybean seed. Elimination of lipoxigenases 2 and 3 considerably improves the taste and odor of the soybean milk. Cultivar Padre was used as a donor of delayed flowering under short day conditions. F11 lines CIGRAS-34, 47, 51 and 57 (lox2,lox3), derived from the double cross, showed an outstanding agronomic performance when compared with high yielding cultivars CIGRAS-06 and 10 (Lox), in three sites. The use of Padre cultivar, carrier of the genes that delay flowering under short day conditions, in tropical soybean breeding programs, is important to develop late maturing lines with good adaptation in tropical regions. Lipoxigenase-free seed of soybeans reach a higher price in the international market and might be a potential export crop to those countries where soybeans are an important component of the human diet.
Evaluación de Beauveria bassiana para el combate de insectos plaga en maíz almacenado.
Authors: Molina Juan Diego , Espinal José Raúl
Published: October 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pathogeneicity of some isolates of Beauveria bassiana for the control of insect pests such as Prostephanus truncatus and Stophilus zeamais, in stored maize cobs. Beauveria pathogenecity was also evaluated on Teritriosoma nigrescens, a natural predator of P. truncatus. Conidia of the fungi were mixed with kaolinite and applied to stored maize, 450 cobs arranged in layers of 50. Two trials were established, in the first trial applications of the fungi was done at the moment of storing the maize. In the second trial, applications of the fungi were evaluated after storing the maize. The mortality of P. truncatus was four times higher in the trial where the fungi was applied as a preventive treatment. The mortality of S. zeamais was doubled in the treatment where the fungi was applied at the moment of inoculating with P. truncatus. Mortality levels caused by B. bassiana were higher in P. truncatus than in S. zeamais, but S. zeamais showed an infection 20% larger.
Efecto de la compactación del suelo en la producción de frijol.
Authors: Alfonso Claro A. , Monedero Milagros , Hernández S. , Somoza Víctor , Sánchez Livia
Published: October 2018

In a ferralytic red soil (Oxisol) representative of the Red Plains to the South of La Habana, partially degraded by soil density and located in the Soils Experimental Station La Renee, a trial was conducted in 1993-1995, to simulate different degrees of soil density obtained by successive passes of tillage. The objective was to determine the relationship between the low fertility of these soils and the man-induced soil density. The indicator crop used was the common bean in succession with maize. The evaluation of soil density was carried out through cartographic profiles, which were used to observe and measure: the degree of penetration; the state of the internal structure, and root colonization. Results indicate a direct correspondence between degradation by soil density and a reduction in structural porosity. Similarly, the thickness of the compacted layer increased depending on the number of passes of tillage, and root colonization that was restricted to the loose surface layer, being least favorable in the treatment of 20 passes, in which its depth was the less. Yields of beans and maize presented a close relationship with soil density, being reduced as density increased. Therefore, the maninduced soil density that results from intensive cultivation of these soils is the cause of low fertility.
Prácticas de conservación de suelos en sistemas de cultivo maiz - frijol en Cuba.
Authors: Alfonso Claro A. , Rivero Mario , Porras Pedro , Cabrera Eduardo , Monedero Milagros
Published: October 2018

Two trials were conducted in production conditions in watersheds of the Pinar del Río province, one in Campo Hermoso and the other in La Comunidad La Leña, Cuba. At both sites, rotations were conducted involving two bean varieties: BAT 304 and Tomeguin 93, followed by maize associated with Mucuna deeringianum. Border ridges were established with Stizolobium d. and Canaraline protected by live barriers of Leucaena leucocephela and Gliricidia sepium. Soil losses were estimated in sedimentation boxes and Valday limnigraphs in Campo Hermoso, but in La Leña only differences in slope and maximum depth of sediments at the end of each crop cycle were determined. The soil is a Quartzic Ferralytic (Ultisol), and fertilization was carried out according to nutrient reserves. Field preparations were done with animal traction. Results at the end of five years showed a reduction in soil losseseven below the acceptable threshold (5 t/ha), an increase in height of terraces due to accumulated sediments; greater water availability in the sedimentation area; greater ground cover in the rainy season; and reduced erosive effect by rain. Results also show recycling of nutrientsthrough green manure, and increased yields compared to plots with no conservation practices. In conclusion, integrated management of several factors on hillsides with more than 5% slope is necessary for conservation of soil and waterresources.
Selección de progenitores de maíz para la obtención de semilla híbrida por pequeños agricultores.
Authors: Valdivia Roberto , Vidal Víctor A. , Sierra Mauro
Published: October 2018

The seed of actual high yielding hybrids are very expensive and local farmers tend to use advanced generations to reduce costs. Abetter choice is to produce seed of maize intervarietal hybrids. The objective of this research was to describe the experience of a group of maize producers in the seed production, utilization and improvement of their parents of intervarietal hybrids. The study was conducted in Nayarit State, Mexico. In 1996, a group farmers, supported by a technical researcher, evaluated two maize intervarietal crosses. The cross B840xC343 yielded better than nine commercial hybrids. This motived the farmers to produce 20 tons of seed in eight intervarietal crosses during the winter season of 1997/98. The cost of the seed production was 50% less than the cost of commercial hybrid seed. The eight intervarietal crosses were commercial planted in about 400 hectars and were evaluated in four experiments by the farmers. The results showed that two crosses, P3028xA7573 and C385xD880, had the best results. The first cross had a heterosis of 4.1% over the high yielding parent and the second a heterosis of 30% over a parent. Since 1999, the parents of the best intervarietal cross is being improved by reciprocal recurrent selection of half siblings, two years per cycle.
Colecta y establecimiento de anonáceas en El Salvador.
Authors: Cruz Eduardo , Deras Héctor
Published: October 2018

The national center of agricultural and forest technology (CENTA), through its unit of phytogenetic resources, under took a collecting survey of annonacea species in 1998, with the objective of exploring, collect, characterize and establish collections in the experimental stations. This survey was carried out at a national level visiting properties and markets. Evaluated traits for fruits were: weight , lenght and diameter, number of seeds, texture of shell and pulp, form of fruit and carpels, damage for pests and diseases. It also was carried out a bromatological analysis. As a result of the survey a collection was established with these species: squamosa, cherimola, reticulata, muricata, purpurea, diversifolia, holosericea and glabra. The morphological characterization Annona muricata showed an average of 175 seeds per fruit and an average weight of 1,319 grames per fruit. A. cherimola showed a very sandy pulp and non-prominent carpels. A. squamosa showed a sweet pulp, white and very prominent carpels. According to the bromatological characterization Annona muricata showed the higher humidity (82.8%), 1.84% of crude fiber, 367ppm of phosphorus. Annona diversifolia showed the lowest fat content of 0.01%. The highest pests was caused by Bephrateloides sp. and by Colletotrichum sp. in fruits and foliage.
Toxicidad del herbicida nicosulfurón en arroz (Oryza sativa L.).
Authors: Esqueda Valentín A.
Published: October 2018

The toxic effects of the herbicide nicosulfuron to rice cv. Milagro Filipino Depurado were determined under greenhouse conditions. Nicosulfuron at 40 and 80 g/ha, the mixture of nicosulfuron + 2,4-D (40 + 480 g/ha) and a nonherbicide treatment were evaluated. Herbicide treatments were applied to plants 3, 10, 17 y 24 days after emergence (DAE). Toxicity was evaluated seven days after application (DAA) and plant height was measured at seven, 15 and 30 DAA; the plant’s dry matter was also quantified at 30 DAA. The highest toxicity was observed in plants treated at three and 10 DAE with nicosulfuron at 80 g/ha and the mixture of nicosulfuron + 2,4-D. The height of rice plants applied with any of the herbicide treatments was significantly lower than that of the non-treated plants at seven and 15 DAA. The nontreatedplants were still  significantly taller than the treated plants at 30 DAA, except forthose treated at three DAE with 40 g nicosulfuron or with the mixture nicosulfuron + 2,4-D, at 10 DAE. Plants applied with 40 g nicosulfuron at 10 DAE or later had dry matter productions statistically similar to that of non-treated plants, while plants treated with 80 g nicosulfuron produced the lowest dry matter.
Problemas comunes en el análisis estadístico de la información agronómica.
Authors: Alemán Freddy
Published: October 2018

Some of the most common problems in the agricultural information analysis are discussed. The correct form to utilize the factorial experiment analysis and the alternatives to substitute multiple comparisons are emphasized. The role played by the multiple comparisons on the agronomic research is reviewed giving valuable options to improve the obtained information. Inconsistencies obtained from quantitative treatments are also discussed. Recommendations about the correct form to analyze and interpret information are given.
Botánica, domesticación y fisiología del cultivo de ñame (Dioscorea alata).
Authors: Rodríguez-González Werner
Published: October 2018

An extensive literature revision summarizes the most important information about domestication, adaptation, ecology, phenology, growth analysis and physiology of the edible yam crop. The study presented the Yam Sim (Yam Simulator), which is the first version of a model developed from the Simple and Universal Crop Simulator (SUCROS). The Yam Sim model is useful for simulating the growth and harvest of the edible yam (Dioscorea alata). The possible yield limitation is discusseddue to size of the watersource or the drain. The study concludes with the proposal of morpho-physiological traits of an ideotype of edible yam.
Estrategias para diferenciar Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli con sales inorgánicas.
Authors: Zapata Mildred , Gaud Rosario
Published: October 2018

Strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Xcp) isolated from common blight diseased bean leaves at Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and Costa Rica were determined as pathogenic on the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. The strains determined by pathogenicity tests as pv. phaseoli were differentiated into pathovars such as phaseoli, vesicatoria, carotae, and xanthosoma by the use of the Biolog Identification System. Strains grown in 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) showed a convex, shiny and smooth red pigment, a triphenyl formazan. No differences in virulence were found in the Xcp strains identified by pathogenicity tests. Two colony types were found in X. campestris. Also, colony types differences were found with Pseudomonas cissicola, P. fulva, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus and Shingomonas.
Bribri, nueva variedad de frijol rojo pequeño para Costa Rica.
Authors: Hernández Juan Carlos , Araya Rodolfo , Morales Adriana
Published: October 2018

The line MD 23-24 was introduced and tested in Costa Rica between 1996 and 1999, which served as the precursor of the Bribri bean variety. It was bred, at the Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, by crossing (RAB 310/XAN 155) X (DOR 391/POMPADOUR G). The variety characterizes by showing a small bright red grain, with a II-B Type growth habit, an erect bearing and a vegetative cycle from 76-80 days. The two main life zones where it was evaluated were the bh-T (tropical humid forest) and the bmh-P (very humid pre-mountainous forest). Small commercial farms with low fertility soils prevailed in most of the evaluated localities. The Bribri variety outstood in average yield by 17.2% the national control and by 13,4% the local control. Its yield was 8.5% higher than the average yield of all the assays. The verifying and the validation stages were conducted based on the technology applied by the farmers in nine out of eleven localities. Bribri out-yielded the local controls in 67% of the plots at the verifying phase (with an average of 15.5% more kg/ha) and in 80% of the validation plots (with an average of 7.5% more kg/ha). Besides, it showed tolerance to web-blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk).