bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low melt rates with seasonal variability at the base of Fimbul Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, revealed by in situ interferometric radar measurements
Authors: Langley Kirsty , Kohler Jack , Sinisalo Anna , Øyan Mats Jørgen , Hamran Svein Erik , Hattermann Tore , Matsuoka Kenichi , Nøst Ole Anders , Isaksson Elisabeth
Published: November 2014

Basal melt is a major cause of ice shelf thinning affecting the stability of the ice shelf and reducing its buttressing effect on the inland ice. The Fimbul ice shelf (FIS) in Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica, is fed by the fast‐flowing Jutulstraumen glacier, responsible for 10% of ice discharge from the DML sector of the ice sheet. Current estimates of the basal melt rates of the FIS come from regional ocean models, autosub measurements, and satellite observations, which vary considerably. This discrepancy hampers evaluation of the stability of the Jutulstraumen catchment. Here, we present estimates of basal melt rates of the FIS using ground‐based interferometric radar. We find a low average basal melt rate on the order of 1 m/yr, with the highest rates located at the ice shelf front, which extends beyond the continental shelf break. Furthermore, our results provide evidence for a significant seasonal variability.
Simultaneously measured lightning return stroke channel‐base current and luminosity
Authors: Carvalho F. L. , Jordan D. M. , Uman M. A. , Ngin T. , Gamerota W. R. , Pilkey J. T.
Published: November 2014

The time delay between lightning return stroke current and the resultant luminosity was measured for 22 return strokes in eight lightning flashes triggered by the rocket‐and‐wire technique during the summer of 2014 in Florida. The current‐to‐luminosity delay measured at the channel base at the 20% amplitude level ranged from 30 to 200 ns with an average of 90 ns and at the 50% amplitude level ranged from 30 to 180 ns with an average of 94 ns. The delays are significantly shorter than that predicted by Liang et al. (2014) from theory. The current‐to‐luminosity delays increase with increasing current risetime, current risetime varying from 190 ns to 570 ns, but the delay appears not to depend on the peak current value.
Bilayer Molecular Assembly at a Solid/Liquid Interface as Triggered by a Mild Electric Field
Authors: Zheng Qing‐Na , Liu Xuan‐He , Liu Xing‐Rui , Chen Ting , Yan Hui‐Juan , Zhong Yu‐Wu , Wang Dong , Wan Li‐Jun
Published: November 2014

The construction of a spatially defined assembly of molecular building blocks, especially in the vertical direction, presents a great challenge for surface molecular engineering. Herein, we demonstrate that an electric field applied between an STM tip and a substrate triggered the formation of a bilayer structure at the solid–liquid interface. In contrast to the typical high electric‐field strength (109 V m−1) used to induce structural transitions in supramolecular assemblies, a mild electric field (105 V m−1) triggered the formation of a bilayer structure of a polar molecule on top of a nanoporous network of trimesic acid on graphite. The bilayer structure was transformed into a monolayer kagome structure by changing the polarity of the electric field. This tailored formation and large‐scale phase transformation of a molecular assembly in the perpendicular dimension by a mild electric field opens perspectives for the manipulation of surface molecular nanoarchitectures.
Harnessing collectiveITresources for sustainability: Insights from the green leadership strategy ofChina mobile
Authors: Tan Barney , Pan Shan L. , Zuo Meiyun
Published: November 2014

Green information technology (IT) initiatives cannot be implemented in isolation if they are to have a significant and lasting impact on environmental sustainability. Instead, there is a need to harness the collectiveITresources of the diverse stakeholders operating in the interorganizational business networks that characterize the contemporary business landscape. This, in turn, demands an appropriate leadership structure. However, the notion of “green leadership” has not received adequate research attention to date. Using a case study of greenITimplementation atChinaMobile, the world's largest mobile telecommunications provider, this study seeks to shed light on the underlying process through which green leadership is achieved and subsequently enacted to facilitate collective greenITinitiatives. With its findings, this study presents a process theory that complements the dominant, internally‐oriented perspective of greenITand provides practitioners with a useful reference for leveraging the collectiveITresources of their network partners to contribute toward preserving the environment for future generations.
Team size matters: Collaboration and scientific impact since 1900
Authors: Larivière Vincent , Gingras Yves , Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Tsou Andrew
Published: November 2014

This article provides the first historical analysis of the relationship between collaboration and scientific impact using three indicators of collaboration (number of authors, number of addresses, and number of countries) derived from articles published between 1900 and 2011. The results demonstrate that an increase in the number of authors leads to an increase in impact, from the beginning of the last century onward, and that this is not due simply to self‐citations. A similar trend is also observed for the number of addresses and number of countries represented in the byline of an article. However, the constant inflation of collaboration since 1900 has resulted in diminishing citation returns: Larger and more diverse (in terms of institutional and country affiliation) teams are necessary to realize higher impact. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential causes of the impact gain in citations of collaborative papers.
Studying the dwarf galaxies in nearby groups of galaxies: Spectroscopic and photometric data
Authors: Hopp U. , Vennik J.
Published: November 2014

Galaxy evolution by interaction‐driven transformation is probably highly efficient in groups of galaxies. Dwarf galaxies with their shallow potential are expected to reflect the interaction most prominently in their observable structure. The major aim of this series of papers is to establish a data base which allows to study the impact of group interaction onto the morphology and star‐forming properties of dwarf galaxies. Firstly, we present our selection rules for target groups and the morphological selection method of target dwarf member candidates. Secondly, the spectroscopic follow‐up observations with the HET are presented. Thirdly, we applied own reduction methods based on adaptive filtering to derive surface photometry of the candidates. The spectroscopic follow‐up indicate a dwarf identification success rate of roughly 55 %, and a group member success rate of about 33 %. A total of 17 new low surface‐brightness members is presented. For all candidates, total magnitudes, colours, and light distribution parameters are derived and discussed in the context of scaling relations. We point out short comings of the SDSS standard pipeline for surface photometry for these dim objects. We conclude that our selection strategy is rather efficient to obtain a sample of dim, low surface brightness members of groups of galaxies within the Virgo super‐cluster. The photometric scaling relation in these X‐ray dim, rather isolated groups does not significantly differ from those of the galaxies within the local volume. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of heat‐assisted pulsed electric fields and bacteriophage on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliO157:H7
Authors: Walkling‐Ribeiro Markus , Anany Hany , Griffiths Mansel W.
Published: November 2014

Pulsed electric fields (PEF), heat‐assisted PEF (H‐PEF), and virulent bacteriophage (VP) are non‐thermal techniques for pathogen inactivation in liquids that were investigated individually, and in combination (PEF/VP, H‐PEF/VP) to control enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in Luria‐Bertani broth (LBB) and Ringer's solution (RS). Treated cells were subsequently incubated at refrigeration (4°C) and temperature‐abuse conditions (12°C) for 5 days. When EHEC cells grown in LBB were subjected to non‐thermal processing and subsequently stored at 12°C for 5 days, reductions in count of between 0.1 and 0.6 log cycles were observed and following storage at 4°C the decrease in counts varied between 0.2 and 1.1 log10. For bacteria cells suspended in RS values ranged from 0.1 to ≥3.9 log cycles at both storage temperatures. The most effective treatments were H‐PEF and H‐PEF/VP, both producing a >3.4 log cycle reduction of cells suspended in non‐nutrient RS. Analysis of EHEC recovery on selective and non‐selective media indicated no occurrence of sub‐lethal damage for VP, PEF/VP, and H‐PEF/VP‐treated cells. The findings indicate that combining PEF and lytic phage may represent a suitable alternative to conventional fluid decontamination following further process optimization. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:110–118, 2015
The interplay of cyclic stretch and vascular endothelial growth factor in regulating the initial steps for angiogenesis
Authors: Wilkins Justin R. , Pike Daniel B. , Gibson Christopher C. , Li Li , Shiu Yan‐Ting
Published: November 2014

Angiogenesis is regulated by chemical and mechanical factors in vivo. The regulatory role of mechanical factors and how chemical and mechanical angiogenic regulators work in concert remains to be explored. We investigated the effect of cyclic uniaxial stretch (20%, 1 Hz), with and without the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), on sprouting angiogenesis by employing a stretchable three‐dimensional cell culture model. When compared to static controls, stretch alone significantly increased the density of endothelial sprouts, and these sprouts aligned perpendicular to the direction of stretch. The Rho‐associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 suppressed stretch‐induced sprouting angiogenesis and associated sprout alignment. While VEGF is a potent angiogenic stimulus through ROCK‐dependent pathways, the combination of VEGF and stretch did not have an additive effect on angiogenesis. In the presence of VEGF stimulation, the ROCK inhibitor suppressed stretch‐induced sprout alignment but did not affect stretch‐induced sprout density; in contrast, the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor sunitinib had no effect on stretch‐induced alignment but trended toward suppressed stretch‐induced sprout density. Our results suggest that the formation of sprouts and their directionality do not have completely identical regulatory pathways, and thus it is possible to separately manipulate the number and pattern of new sprouts. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:248–257, 2015
Enantioselective Degradation of Chiral Insecticide Dinotefuran in Greenhouse Cucumber and Soil
Authors: Chen Xiu , Dong Fengshou , Xu Jun , Liu Xingang , Wang Yunhao , Zheng Yongquan
Published: November 2014

The enantioselective degradation behavior of the chiral insecticide dinotefuran in cucumber and soil was investigated under greenhouse conditions based on the method established with a normal‐phase high‐performance chromatography (HPLC) on a ChromegaChiral CCA column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm, ES Industries). The linearity range, matrix effect, precision, and accuracy of the method were evaluated and the method was then successfully applied for the enantioselective analysis of dinotefuran in cucumber and soil. Significant enantioselectivity of degradation was observed in soil according to the results. The (+)‐dinotefuran was more persistent in soil with half‐life of 21.7 d, which is much longer than that of (–)‐dinotefuran (16.5 d). In cucumber, the (–)‐dinotefuran also tended to be preferentially degraded both in foliar and douche treatment. However, the statistical analysis indicated the enantioselectivity of degradation in cucumber was not significant. The research provides the first report concerning the enantioselective degradation of dinotefuran enantiomers and the results can be used for understanding the insect‐controlling effect and food safety evaluation. Chirality 27:137–141, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Turning Point of the Refining Industry in Europe
Authors: Bellussi Giuseppe , Rispoli Giacomo , Millini Roberto , Pollesel Paolo
Published: November 2014

The oil production‐consumption map is undergoing deep changes due to the discovery of new resources, the development of technologies for the production and processing of non‐conventional sources, and the economic development of emerging countries. It is redefining the worldwide refining industry model with a strong impact on the European system, whose survival can only be assured by the availability of new technologies. This paper discusses the energy scenario and describes two relevant examples of how technology innovation from Eni R&D could strongly improve the trend for the refining sector.
Differential expression of argininosuccinate synthetase in serous and non‐serous ovarian carcinomas
Authors: Cheon Dong‐Joo , Walts Ann E , Beach Jessica A , Lester Jenny , Bomalaski John S , Walsh Christine S , Ruprecht Wiedemeyer W , Karlan Beth Y , Orsulic Sandra
Published: November 2014

The current standard of care for epithelial ovarian cancer does not discriminate between different histologic subtypes (serous, clear cell, endometrioid and mucinous) despite the knowledge that ovarian carcinoma subtypes do not respond uniformly to conventional platinum/taxane‐based chemotherapy. Exploiting addictions and vulnerabilities in cancers with distinguishable molecular features presents an opportunity to develop individualized therapies that may be more effective than the current ‘one size fits all' approach. One such opportunity is arginine depletion therapy with pegylated arginine deiminase, which has shown promise in several cancer types that exhibit low levels of argininosuccinate synthetase including hepatocellular and prostate carcinoma and melanoma. Based on the high levels of argininosuccinate synthetase previously observed in ovarian cancers, these tumours have been considered unlikely candidates for arginine depletion therapy. However, argininosuccinate synthetase levels have not been evaluated in the individual histologic subtypes of ovarian carcinoma. The current study is the first to examine the expression of argininosuccinate synthetase at the mRNA and protein levels in large cohorts of primary and recurrent ovarian carcinomas and ovarian cancer cell lines. We show that the normal fallopian tube fimbria and the majority of primary high‐grade and low‐grade serous ovarian carcinomas express high levels of argininosuccinate synthetase, which tend to further increase in recurrent tumours. In contrast to the serous subtype, non‐serous ovarian carcinoma subtypes (clear cell, endometrioid and mucinous) frequently lack detectable argininosuccinate synthetase expression. The in vitro sensitivity of ovarian cancer cell lines to arginine depletion with pegylated arginine deiminase was inversely correlated with argininosuccinate synthetase expression. Our data suggest that the majority of serous ovarian carcinomas are not susceptible to therapeutic intervention with arginine deiminase while a subset of non‐serous ovarian carcinoma subtypes are auxotrophic for arginine and should be considered for clinical trials with pegylated arginine deiminase.
One‐ versus Two‐Electron Oxidation of Complexed Guanidino‐Functionalized Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Trumm Christine , Hübner Olaf , Walter Petra , Leingang Simone , Wild Ute , Kaifer Elisabeth , Eberle Benjamin , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: November 2014

Herein, we report a rational synthetic access to dinuclear CuII complexes with radical monocationic guanidine ligands. The starting point was the first directed synthesis of a dinuclear CuII complex of the redox‐active, neutral guanidino‐functionalized aromatic (GFA) compound 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(tetramethylguanidino)benzene (1) as ligand by treatment of 1 with Cu(OAc)2. The neutral complex [1{Cu(OAc)2}2] was then oxidized with several oxidizing reagents. With I2 two‐electron oxidation occurred, thus leading to green salts of the dication [1{Cu(OAc)2}2]2+. In contrast, with AgPF6 or AgSbF6 one‐electron oxidation was observed to yield red salts of the monocation [1{Cu(OAc)2}2]+, which is a three‐spin system with one unpaired electron at each copper atom and at the ligand unit. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometric measurements confirm a quartet electronic ground state that arises from strong ferromagnetic copper–ligand coupling. Intense charge‐transfer transitions in the visible region (576 and 536 nm) were observed in the electronic absorption spectra and assigned to strong ligand–ligand (1·+←OAc) charge‐transfer (LLCT) excitations. These LLCT bands open up the possibility of photoinduced redox reactions with [1{Cu(OAc)2}2]+ driven by restoration of the aromatic system at the GFA ligand.
A Simple and Highly Sensitive Electrochemically Reduced p‐Nitrobenzoic Acid Film Modified Sensor for Determination of Mercury
Authors: Arulraj A. Daniel , Vijayan M. , Samseya J. , Vasantha V. S.
Published: November 2014

Herein, a simple electrochemical sensor was fabricated for sensing Hg2+ ions by using electrochemically reduced p‐nitrobenzoic acid molecules modified (ERpNBA) glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modified electrode was applied for the determination of Hg2+ ions by using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Experimental parameters such as concentration of p‐nitrobenzoic acid used for electrode modification, pH, accumulation time and deposition potential used for the determination of Hg2+ ions were optimized. The strong interaction between the Hg2+ ions and the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atoms of ERpNBA molecules leads to highly selective adsorption of Hg2+ ions on the modified electrode. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the sensor showed higher sensitivity and very low detection limit for Hg2+ ions than other metal ions such as Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions. The LOD for Hg2+ ions was 240 pM which is below the guideline value given by the World Health Organization and the earlier reports.
Why care about aquatic insects: Uses, benefits, and services
Authors: Suter Glenn W. , Cormier Susan M.
Published: November 2014

Aquatic insects are common subjects of ecological research and environmental monitoring and assessment. However, their important role in protecting and restoring aquatic ecosystems is often challenged because their benefits and services to humans are not obvious to decision makers or the public. Insects are food for fish, amphibians, and wildlife. They are important contributors to energy and nutrient processing, including capturing nutrients and returning them to terrestrial ecosystems and purifying water. They provide recreation to fishermen and nature lovers and are cultural symbols. Monetary benefits to fishermen can be quantified, but most other benefits have been described qualitatively. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:188–194. Published 2014 SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the USA.

Key Points

Aquatic insects are common endpoints in ecological assessments, but their value and importance often are not understood by decision makers or stakeholders. They are food for many aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates and provide aesthetic, recreational and cultural benefits to humans. They are important contributors to energy and nutrient processing including the retention of nutrients in watersheds. They serve as indicators of ecosystem condition.
Tenax extraction of sediments to estimate desorption and bioavailability of hydrophobic contaminants: A literature review
Authors: Lydy Michael J , Harwood Amanda D , Nutile Samuel A , Landrum Peter F
Published: November 2014

Characterizing sediment-associated hydrophobic contaminants is problematic, because assessing the total amount of a compound available for chemical exchange with an organism is difficult. To address this, contaminant concentrations have been normalized for specific sediment characteristics (including organic C content) or the chemical activity has been estimated using passive samplers. Another approach to assess compound availability is to determine the extent of readily desorbed compound using resin extractions of sediment slurries. The present paper reviews the literature that uses Tenax® TA, a 2,6-diphenylene-oxide polymer as an extraction tool to measure bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediment. Some work has assessed the extent of desorption with sequential extractions to characterize the maximum rate and pool sizes for different desorbing fractions of bound contaminant. As such, the rapidly desorbing fraction has been well correlated with the extent of degradation, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of hydrophobic contaminants. A shortcut to measuring the full desorption curve to determine the rapidly desorbing compound is to use a single-point extraction, with 6  h or 24  h extractions being the most common. The Tenax extraction has been shown to be effective with laboratory-spiked sediments, field-collected sediments, laboratory-exposed organisms, field-collected organisms, and studies among laboratories. Furthermore, a literature-based model has described the bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls from independently measured field-collected sediments. Despite the success of this approach, applying the Tenax method to manage contaminated sediments is limited by the absence of a standard set of conditions to perform the extractions, as well as standard methods for using field sediments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:208–220. © 2014 SETAC

Key Points

The current paper reviews the literature using Tenax TA, a p-2,6-diphenylphyleneoxide polymer. The Tenax extraction has been shown to be effective with laboratory-spiked sediments, field-collected sediments, laboratory-exposed organisms, field-collected organisms and studies among laboratories, and a literature-based model has been developed that described the bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls from independently measured field-collected sediments. Despite the success of this approach, application of the Tenax method for management of contaminated sediments is limited by the absence of a standard set of conditions for performing the extractions and standard methods for using field sediments.
Comparative attributional life cycle assessment of annual and perennial lignocellulosic feedstocks production under Mediterranean climate for biorefinery framework
Authors: Zucaro Amalia , Forte Annachiara , Fagnano Massimo , Bastianoni Simone , Basosi Riccardo , Fierro Angelo
Published: November 2014

Annual fiber sorghum (FS) and perennial giant reed (GR) cultivated in the Mediterranean area are interesting due to their high productivity under drought conditions and their potential use as lignocellulosic feedstock for biorefinery purposes. This study compares environmental constraints related to FS and GR produced on experimental farms (in the Campania region) using an attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) approach through appropriate modeling of the perennial cultivation. For both crops, primary data were available for agricultural management. Direct field emissions (DFEs) were computed, including the potential soil carbon storage (SCS). Giant reed showed the lowest burdens for all impact categories analyzed (most were in the range of 40%–80% of FS values). More apparent were the differences for climate change and freshwater eutrophication (respectively 80% and 81% lower for GR compared to FS). These results are due to the short-term SCS, experimentally detected in the perennial GR crop (about 0.25 ton C ha−1yr−1, with a global warming offsetting potential of about 0.03 ton CO2/tonGR dry biomass). The results are also due to the annual application of triple superphosphate at the sowing fertilization phase for FS, which occurs differently than it does for GR. Phosphorous fertilization was performed only when crops were being established and therefore properly spread along the overall crop lifetime. For both crops, after normalization, terrestrial acidification and particulate matter formation were relevant impact categories, as a consequence of the NH3 DFE by volatilization after urea were spread superficially. Therefore, the results suggest higher environmental benefits of the perennial crop than the annual crop. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:397–403. © 2015 SETAC

Key Points

An LCA comparison between Mediterranean annual and perennial feedstocks was conducted to explore their potential use for biorefinery purposes. Environmental constraints of crops fiber sorghum (annual) and giant reed (perennial), which exhibit high productivity under drought conditions, were investigated. Total burdens were largely affected by direct field emissions following fertilizer application. The perennial crop entailed a better environmental performance with reduced input and emissions.
Chemical assessment state of the science: Evaluation of 32 decision-support tools used to screen and prioritize chemicals
Authors: Gauthier Alison M , Fung Mai , Panko Julie , Kingsbury Tony , Perez Angela L , Hitchcock Kristen , Ferracini Tyler , Sahmel Jennifer , Banducci Amber , Jacobsen Megan , Abelmann Anders , Shay Erin
Published: November 2014

The last decade has seen an increased focus on evaluating the safety and sustainability of chemicals in consumer and industrial products. In order to effectively and accurately evaluate safety and sustainability, tools are needed to characterize hazard, exposure, and risk pertaining to products and processes. Because many of these tools will be used to identify problematic chemistries, and because many have potential applications in various steps of an alternatives analysis, the limitations and capabilities of available tools should be understood by users so that, ultimately, potential chemical risk is accurately reflected. In our study, we examined 32 chemical characterization tools from government, industry, academia, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The tools we studied were diverse, and varied widely in their scope and assessment. As such, they were separated into five categories for comparison: 1) Screening and Prioritization; 2) Database Utilization; 3) Hazard Assessment; 4) Exposure and Risk Assessment; and 5) Certification and Labeling. Each tool was scored based on our weighted set of criteria, and then compared to other tools in the same category. Ten tools received a high score in one or more categories; 24 tools received a medium score in one or more categories, and five tools received a low score in one or more categories. Although some tools were placed into more than one category, no tool encompassed all five of the assessment categories. Though many of the tools evaluated may be useful for providing guidance for hazards – and, in some cases, exposure – few tools characterize risk. To our knowledge, this study is the first to critically evaluate a large set of chemical assessment tools and provide an understanding of their strengths and limitations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:242–255. © 2014 SETAC

Key Points

There are numerous chemical assessment tools available that purport to aid companies in evaluating the acceptability of chemical ingredients. Each of these tools was created with a specific purpose, and each carry a distinct set of strengths and limitations. Although many tools are useful for providing guidance regarding the hazards and, in some cases, exposure of chemicals, few tools characterize risk. We recommend that greater emphasis be placed on the overall risk of a chemical instead of basing decisions solely on a chemical's hazard profile. As demand for chemical evaluation and transparency increases, so will the proliferation of tools. Moving forward, it will be important to understand how the structure of these tools affects the quality and reliability of the output they provide.
Microfluidic chip with thermoresponsive boronate affinity for the capture–release of cis‐diol biomolecules
Authors: Man Yan , Peng Guang , Wang Jianshe , Lv Xuefei , Deng Yulin
Published: November 2014

The polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip grafted with poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐3‐acrylamidephenylboronic acid) (P(NIPAAm‐co‐AAPBA)) was fabricated by UV‐induced grafting polymerization for the capture–release of cis‐diol‐containing biomolecules by temperature‐modulated changes instead of changing the pH value of the mobile phase. Based on the optimal time for benzophenone soaking and UV irradiation of grafting polymerization, P(NIPAAm‐co‐AAPBA) was successfully grafted on the polydimethylsiloxane substrates, which were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The P(NIPAAm‐co‐AAPBA)‐grafted polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip can be successfully used for the capture and release of cis‐diol‐containing adenosine by adjusting the temperature from 4 to 55°C, and the result was validated by Triple Quad liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. With further development, the fabricated polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chips might be chosen as a potential tool for the capture and release of cis‐diol‐containing macromolecules, such as horseradish peroxidase and glycoprotein.
Twenty‐Five Years of Word‐of‐Mouth Studies: A Critical Review of Tourism Research
Authors: Confente Ilenia
Published: November 2014

It has been 25 years that the topic of word of mouth (WOM) related to the tourism industry has been addressed in top‐level marketing journals. However, there has not yet been a thorough synthesis of the articles, nor has there been an analysis of the approach and the direction the research has taken. This article will try to address that deficiency, collecting and analysing 25 five years of research following this stream, utilizing a literature review technique known as the paradigm funnel. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of various catalysts on the monomer reactivity ratios in oxidative copolymerization of styrene and α‐methylstyrene
Authors: Pal Sunirmal , Vaish Avichal , De Priyadarsi
Published: November 2014

Oxidative copolymerizations of styrene (St) with α‐methylstyrene (AMS) have been studied under 100 psi (690 kPa) oxygen pressure at 50 °C in the presence of various catalysts, namely 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile, cobalt(II) phthalocyanine pyridine complex and cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrin pyridine complex. The rates of copolymerization reactions (Rp) are obtained from oxygen consumption versus time plots. The reactivity ratios are computed with the Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tüdös methods, using copolyperoxide compositions obtained from 1H NMR analysis. The effects of these catalysts on Rp, molecular weight and monomer reactivity ratios have been examined. Using all three catalysts, the comonomer incorporation in the copolyperoxide chain is controllable over a wide range by adjusting the comonomer feed ratios. The reactivity ratio results indicate that incorporation of St or AMS in the copolyperoxides is independent of initiating system. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Modification of the properties of cellulose by means of grafting
Authors: Usmanov Kh. U. , Aǐkhodzhaev B. I. , Azizov U.
Published: November 2014

Owing to a combining of the original polymer properties, greatly widening the field of their application, graft copolymers of cellulose are of considerable interest. The graft copolymers may be obtained by chemical action on the initial polymer molecules or by activation of the macromolecules with the aid of physical methods, such as γ‐rays, ultraviolet rays, mechanical rupture of the molecular chains, etc. We have employed both chemical methods and γ‐radiation (Co60). Cotton cellulose was used as starting material. Acrylonitrile and styrene were the monomers employed. Chemical treatment of cellulose was accomplished by the action of ozone‐oxygen mixtures to obtain polyperoxide cellulose compounds. The latter decompose upon heating, with formation in given regions of the cellulose molecule active of macroradicale capable of reacting with monomers to produce the graft copolymers. The grafting of the monomers onto the activated cellulose was carried out in high vacuum at 100°C. In this way graft copolymers of cotton cellulose with acrylonitrile and viscose cord with styrene containing 40% (by weight) of the graftings were obtained. A study of the graft copolymer properties showed the acrylonitrile‐containing compound to dye much better and to be more resistant to microbial action and sun rays than the original material. After grafting polystyrene to viscose cord its adhesion to rubber increased by 75%. Acrylonitrile‐cellulose graft copolymers were also obtained by irradiating mixtures of cellulose and acrylonitrile solutions in various solvents over a wide range of radiation doses and monomer concentrations. The optimal dose for synthesis of graft copolymers was 100,000 r. Preliminary experiments showed that separate irradiation of cellulose with subsequent treatment with the monomer did not lead to the formation of graft copolymers. The formation of cellulose‐acrylonitrile graft copolymers takes place only when the acrylonitrile solvent wets the cellulose well and is sorbed by the latter, thus facilitating the penetration of the former into the intermolecular spaces of the cellulose molecules. This process is not associated with formation of cellulose peroxides, but with another mechanism of activation. In order to demonstrate the formation of graft copolymers under the conditions described, and not simply of cellulose derivatives with the acrylonitrile and styrene groups uniformly distributed over the chain units, we have developed a method for determining the degree of polymerization of the grafted sections. This consisted of hydrolysis of the cellulose graft copolymers in acid media. The graft copolymer, of which the cellulose had broken down to the monosugar, was washed with water and the degree of polymerization of the polystyrene or polyacrylonitrile graftings was determined viscometrically. The degree of polymerization of the grafting was found to vary within the range of 20 to 100.
Severing of a hydrogen bond disrupts amino acid networks in the catalytically active state of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase
Authors: Axe Jennifer M. , O'Rourke Kathleen F. , Kerstetter Nicole E. , Yezdimer Eric M. , Chan Yan M. , Chasin Alexander , Boehr David D.
Published: November 2014

Conformational changes in the β2α2 and β6α6 loops in the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase (αTS) are important for enzyme catalysis and coordinating substrate channeling with the beta subunit (βTS). It was previously shown that disrupting the hydrogen bond interactions between these loops through the T183V substitution on the β6α6 loop decreases catalytic efficiency and impairs substrate channeling. Results presented here also indicate that the T183V substitution decreases catalytic efficiency in Escherchia coli αTS in the absence of the βTS subunit. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments indicate that the T183V substitution leads to local changes in the structural dynamics of the β2α2 and β6α6 loops. We have also used NMR chemical shift covariance analyses (CHESCA) to map amino acid networks in the presence and absence of the T183V substitution. Under conditions of active catalytic turnover, the T183V substitution disrupts long‐range networks connecting the catalytic residue Glu49 to the αTS‐βTS binding interface, which might be important in the coordination of catalytic activities in the tryptophan synthase complex. The approach that we have developed here will likely find general utility in understanding long‐range impacts on protein structure and dynamics of amino acid substitutions generated through protein engineering and directed evolution approaches, and provide insight into disease and drug‐resistance mutations.
The severity of abortion complications in Malawi
Authors: Kalilani‐Phiri Linda , Gebreselassie Hailemichael , Levandowski Brooke A. , Kuchingale Edgar , Kachale Fannie , Kangaude Godfrey
Published: November 2014

Objective

To assess the severity of abortion complications in Malawi and to determine associated risk factors.

Methods

Between July 20 and September 13, 2009, a cross‐sectional survey was conducted at 166 facilities providing postabortion care services. Data were collected for all women with an incomplete, inevitable, missed, complete, or septic abortion. Weighted percentages were calculated to obtain national estimates.

Results

In total, 2067 women met the inclusion criteria. Estimates suggest that 80.9% of women who presented for postabortion care in Malawi in 2009 were married and 64.8% were from rural areas. One‐quarter (27.4%) presented with severe or moderate morbidity. Sepsis (13.7%), retained products of conception (12.7%), and fever (12.3%) were the most common complications. The case fatality rate was 387 deaths per 100 000 postabortion care procedures. Women with severe or moderate complications were significantly more likely to be from rural areas than from urban areas; to have reported interfering with their pregnancy; and to be separated, divorced, or widowed than to be single.

Conclusion

In 2009, many women seeking postabortion care in Malawi presented with complications. Advocacy is needed to influence policies that will allow expanded access to safe abortion services for women of all ages and in all areas.
Narcissism and Politics
Authors: Post Jerrold M.
Published: November 2014

In this age of narcissism, the proliferation of politicians with significant narcissistic personality features is dramatic. Driven by dreams of glory, they seem to find the spotlight that the arena of politics provides irresistible. This book analyzes narcissism and politics and systematically explores the psychology of narcissism - the entitlement, the grandiosity and arrogance overlying insecurity, the sensitivity to criticism, and the hunger for acclaim - illustrating different narcissistic personality features through a spectrum of international and national politicians. It addresses the power of charismatic leader–follower relationships, as well as the impact of age and illness on leaders driven by dreams of glory.
Sleep and its Disorders in Children and Adolescents with a Neurodevelopmental Disorder
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2014

Sleep disorders are common in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders, exacerbating behavioural problems and hindering overall care. Based on a review of published evidence and a wealth of clinical experience, this book provides paediatricians, paediatric neurologists, specialists in intellectual disability, psychiatrists, psychologists, and primary care staff with practical guidance for the investigation and management of these disorders. The book outlines sleep and its disorders in children and adolescents, before discussing special considerations in children with a neurodevelopmental disorder. The next section reviews comorbid conditions that contribute to sleep disturbances, including intellectual disability, epilepsy, sleep-related breathing disorders, sensory deficits, psychiatric disorders, and parenting difficulties. The remainder of the book gives accounts of the sleep disturbance aspects of various neurodevelopmental disorders. Each disorder is considered separately, focussing on the need for a comprehensive, co-ordinated multidisciplinary approach to assessment and treatment. Emphasis throughout is placed on aspects of practical clinical importance.
Rounding Wagner's Mountain
Authors: Gilliam Bryan
Published: November 2014

Richard Strauss' fifteen operas, which span the years 1893 to 1941, make up the largest German operatic legacy since Wagner's operas of the nineteenth century. Many of Strauss's works were based on texts by Europe's finest writers: Oscar Wilde, Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Stefan Zweig, among others, and they also overlap some of the most important and tumultuous stretches of German history, such as the founding and demise of a German empire, the rise and fall of the Weimar Republic, the period of National Socialism, and the post-war years, which saw a divided East and West Germany. In the first book to discuss all Strauss's operas, Bryan Gilliam sets each work in its historical, aesthetic, philosophical, and literary context to reveal what made the composer's legacy unique. Addressing Wagner's cultural influence upon this legacy, Gilliam also offers new insights into the thematic and harmonic features that recur in Strauss's compositions.
Tables Requisite to Be Used with the Nautical Ephemeris, for Finding the Latitude and Longitude at Sea
Authors: Maskelyne Nevil
Published: November 2014

Successful long-distance navigation depends on knowing latitude and longitude, and the determination of longitude depends on knowing the exact time at some fixed point on the earth's surface. Since Newton it had been hoped that a method based on accurate prediction of the moon's orbit would give such a time. Building on the work of Euler, Thomas Mayer and others, the astronomer and mathematician Nevil Maskelyne (1732–1811) was able to devise such a method and yearly publication of the Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris placed it in the hands of every ship's captain. First published in 1767 and reissued here in the revised third edition of 1802, the present work provided the necessary tables and instructions. The development of rugged and accurate chronometers eventually displaced Maskelyne's method, but navigators continued to make use of it for many decades. This edition of the tables notably formed part of the library of the Beagle on Darwin's famous voyage.
The Illustrated Record of the International Exhibition ... of All Nations, in 1862
Authors: Shaffner Taliaferro Preston , Owen W.
Published: November 2014

An American inventor and entrepreneur, Taliaferro Preston Shaffner (1818–81) collaborated with the Rev. W. Owen on this 'guided tour' of London's 1862 International Exhibition, showcasing Victorian achievements in technology and the arts. Described here are exhibits, originating from Britain, her empire and beyond, which include early washing machines and lawnmowers, as well as grand ideas for metropolitan drainage systems and a Channel Tunnel. The arts are also well covered, with descriptions of the latest fabrics, wallpapers, musical instruments, ceramics and photography. The authors also give background details of how the International Exhibition built upon the success of the Great Exhibition of 1851. Illustrated with sixty full-page steel engravings, this is a highly detailed guide to a very modern event. Also relating to the exhibition, Edward McDermott's Popular Guide and both the official and illustrated catalogues of the industrial department have been reissued in this series.
The Uses of Plants
Authors: Boulger George Simonds
Published: November 2014

An eminent botanist and natural historian, George Simonds Boulger (1853–1922) wrote a number of books on plant life in the British Isles. He published this concise work in 1889. It opens with a brief survey of the progress made in economic botany over the years, particularly in the period 1837–87. Boulger then notes the commercial application of plants across many fields, notably food production, medicine, and the building trade. Common and botanical names are given, followed by succinct descriptions of each plant. Including both a general and synoptical index, this accessible resource can be read with profit alongside John Jackson's Commercial Botany of the Nineteenth Century (1890) and Boulger's Wood: A Manual of the Natural History and Industrial Applications of the Timbers of Commerce (1902), both of which are reissued in this series.
Tycho Brahe
Authors: Dreyer John Louis Emil
Published: November 2014

Famous for his metal prosthetic nose, and for being associated with 'unlucky' days in Scandinavian folklore, Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) made the most accurate naked-eye astronomical measurements of his day. Cataloguing more than 1,000 new stars, his stellar and planetary observations helped lay the foundations of early modern astronomy. John Louis Emil Dreyer (1852–1926) was a fellow Dane, but he spent much of his working life in Ireland. When he was fourteen, he had read a book about Brahe and this inspired him to 'be an astronomer and nothing else'. First published in 1890, Dreyer's biography of his hero remained the definitive work for more than a century. He sets out to illuminate not simply the life of his subject, but also the lives and work of Brahe's contemporaries and the progress of science in the sixteenth century.
The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics
Authors: Pereira Jonathan
Published: November 2014

After training as an apothecary and surgeon, Jonathan Pereira (1804–53) taught materia medica for many years. His lectures at the medical school in London's Aldersgate Street were highly successful and formed the basis for the first edition of his major encyclopaedic work on medicinal substances. A pioneering text in the field of pharmacology, Pereira's work, which he subsequently updated in further editions, provided pharmacists and medical professionals with a more rigorous scientific understanding of the drugs and remedies they prescribed. After Pereira's death, medical jurist Alfred Swaine Taylor (1806–80) and physician George Owen Rees (1813–89) prepared this revised and expanded fourth edition, interspersed with instructive woodcuts. Volume 2 is divided into two parts. Part 1 (1855) continues with articles on special pharmacology, moving on from inorganic compounds to discuss the medicinal properties of organic compounds.
The Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds
Authors: Reynolds Joshua , Malone Edmond
Published: November 2014

This two-volume posthumous edition of the writings on art of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–92), one of the greatest of eighteenth-century artists and the first president of the Royal Academy, was published in 1797. It is prefaced by a short biography of Reynolds by his friend, the Shakespearean critic Edmond Malone (1741–1812), which includes a list of Reynolds' paintings with their sale prices, when known. Reynolds took his role as president and fellow of the Royal Academy very seriously, delivering fifteen 'discourses' to the fellows and students of the Academy, which are collected in Volume 1, along with three 'letters' on art criticism published in The Idler. This periodical's editor, Dr Johnson, was one of Reynolds' most intimate friends, and Reynolds was one of only three writers, in addition to himself, whom Johnson published in it. These essays provide a fascinating insight into the intellectual basis of Reynolds' work.
Life and Times of Sir Joshua Reynolds
Authors: Leslie Charles Robert , Taylor Tom
Published: November 2014

This two-volume life of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–92) was begun by the Royal Academician Charles Leslie (1794–1859), who had previously published a life of John Constable, also reissued in this series. On Leslie's death, the journalist and dramatist Tom Taylor (1817–80) completed the work, published in 1865. Leslie's motive was that he felt that Reynolds had been unfairly treated by an earlier biography. He aimed to show that Reynolds was 'the genial centre of a most various and brilliant society, as well as the transmitter of its chief figures to our time by his potent art'. One of the greatest artists of the eighteenth century, especially famous for his portraits, Reynolds was also instrumental in founding the Royal Academy, and was its first president. Volume 1 covers his early life and his progress as an artist until his fiftieth year.