bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4K Video-Laryngoscopy and Video-Stroboscopy
Authors: Woo Peak
Published: July 2015

Introduction:

4K video is a new format. At 3840 × 2160 resolution, it has 4 times the resolution of standard 1080 high definition (HD) video. Magnification can be done without loss of resolution. This study uses 4K video for video-stroboscopy.

Material and Method:

Forty-six patients were examined by conventional video-stroboscopy (digital 3 chip CCD) and compared with 4K video-stroboscopy. The video was recorded on a Blackmagic 4K cinema production camera in CinemaDNG RAW format. The video was played back on a 4K monitor and compared to standard video. Pathological conditions included: polyps, scar, cysts, cancer, sulcus, and nodules.

Results:

Successful 4K video recordings were achieved in all subjects using a 70° rigid endoscope. The camera system is bulky. The examination is performed similarly to standard video-stroboscopy. Playback requires a 4K monitor. As expected, the images were far clearer in detail than standard video. Stroboscopy video using the 4K camera was consistently able to show more detail. Two patients had diagnosis change after 4K viewing.

Conclusion:

4K video is an exciting new technology that can be applied to laryngoscopy. It allows for cinematic 4K quality recordings. Both continuous and stroboscopic light can be used for visualization. Its clinical utility is feasible, but usefulness must be proven.
Impact of the Physical Environment of Residential Health, Care, and Support Facilities (RHCSF) on Staff and Residents
Authors: Joseph Anjali , Choi Young-Seon , Quan Xiaobo
Published: July 2015

The physical environment of residential health, care, and support facilities (RHCSF) is a critical component in providing supportive and resident-centered care for the elderly. Although past reviews of the literature have focused on specific settings for the elderly or specific residential populations of the elderly, a systematic literature review that covers the range of settings and populations has been lacking. This article provides an overview and synthesis of the most recent empirical evidence addressing the impact of the physical environment on residents and staff of RHCSFs. The review also identifies gaps where future research is needed. This review found 66 studies examining the relationship between the built environment and outcomes in three broad domains of resident quality of life, resident safety, and staff and organizational outcomes. The studies address a range of topics including the impact on elderly residents of the facility scale and size, outdoor environments, and environmental quality.
Dividing the Pie
Authors: Siegenthaler Michael , Stucki Tobias
Published: July 2015

The authors are the first to study the factors determining labor’s share of income on the level of the individual firm, employing an unusually informative panel data set. The empirical examination is concerned with Switzerland, which stands out as one of the very few developed countries with a stable labor share. Broadly confirming results from previous cross-country and industry-level studies, the authors find that the main factor decreasing the labor share between 2001 and 2010 was the increase in the firm’s share of workers using information and communication technology. The main reasons why Switzerland’s labor share remained almost constant are the counteracting effects of a relatively slow rate of technological progress in 1980 to 1995 and sectoral reallocation toward industries with above-average labor shares.
Gender Differences in Support for Torture
Authors: Lizotte Mary-Kate
Published: July 2015

Gender differences regarding support for the use of force average around 8 percent and are twice the size of differences on non-force issues. This article investigates a related gender gap in support for the use of torture. I investigate threat perceptions as a possible explanation for the gap and find strong support for this hypothesis. Specifically, increased threat perceptions lead men but not women to be more likely to support the use of torture. In addition to providing an explanation for the gender gap in support for torture, this extends prior work that finds increased threat perceptions with respect to terrorism lead to greater support for aggressive policies.
Association between Drug‐Induced Sleep Endoscopy and Measures of Sleep Apnea Burden
Authors: Dedhia Raj C. , Weaver Edward M.
Published: July 2015

Objective

To test the following associations: (1) complete obstruction on drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) and polysomnographic and subjective measures of obstructive sleep apnea; (2) tongue base/epiglottic obstruction and apnea index.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Subjects included surgically naïve adult patients with DISE. Chart extraction included demographics, polysomnography, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale and SNORE25 (Symptoms of Nocturnal Obstruction and Related Events 25) scores. Each DISE video was examined for complete obstruction at velum, oropharynx, tongue, epiglottis (VOTE system). Student’s t test, correlation, and multivariate linear regression were performed.

Results

Among 65 subjects, complete obstruction was observed at 0 (3%), 1 (46%), 2 (48%), and 3 (3%) subsites, respectively. Subjects with 0‐1 subsites vs 2‐4 subsites of complete obstruction had similar apnea indexes (13 ± 24 vs 12 ± 17, P =. 78, 83% power to detect difference of 15), apnea‐hypopnea indexes (30 ± 25 vs 31 ± 28, P =. 96, 54% power to detect difference of 15), Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores (11 ± 7 vs 12 ± 5, P =. 34, 91% power to detect difference of 5), and SNORE25 scores (2.0 ± 1.1 vs 1.9 ± 1.0, P =. 70, 96% power to detect difference of 1.0), with similar results after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and tonsil status. Neither tongue base nor epiglottic obstruction was associated with apnea index.

Conclusion

The number of subsites with complete obstruction on DISE was not associated with polysomnographic, subjective sleepiness, and quality‐of‐life measures. Tongue base and epiglottic obstruction were not associated with apnea index. Larger detailed analyses are needed to determine the importance of each site and degree of obstruction seen on DISE.
Cost‐Benefit Analysis of an Otolaryngology Emergency Room Using a Contingent Valuation Approach
Authors: Naunheim Matthew R. , Kozin Elliot D. , Sethi Rosh K. , Ota H. Gregory , Gray Stacey T. , Shrime Mark G.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Dedicated otolaryngology emergency rooms (ERs) provide a unique mechanism of health care delivery. Relative costs and willingness to pay (WTP) for these services have not been studied. This study aims to provide a cost‐benefit analysis of otolaryngology‐specific ER care.

Study Design

Cost‐benefit analysis based on contingent valuation surveys.

Setting

An otolaryngology‐specific ER in a tertiary care academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Adult English‐speaking patients presenting to an otolaryngology ER were included. WTP questions were used to assess patient valuations of specialty emergency care. Sociodemographic data, income, and self‐reported levels of distress were assessed. State‐level and institution‐specific historical cost data were merged with WTP data within a cost‐benefit analysis framework.

Results

The response rate was 75.6%, and 199 patients were included in the final analysis. Average WTP for otolaryngology ER services was $319 greater than for a general ER (95% CI: $261 to $377), with a median value of $200. The historical mean cost per visit at a general ER was $575, and mean cost at the specialty ER was $551 (95% CI: $529 to $574). Subtracting incremental cost from incremental WTP yielded a net benefit of $343.

Conclusion

Dedicated otolaryngology ER services are valued by patients for acute otolaryngologic problems and have a net benefit of $343 per patient visit. They appear to be a cost‐beneficial method for addressing acute otolaryngologic conditions. This study has implications for ER‐based otolaryngologic care and direct‐to‐specialist services.
The Mahābhārata’s Infernal Paradise: On the Pre-modern Condition
Authors: Knutson Jesse Ross
Published: July 2015

This article looks at the closing books of the Mahābhārata with attention to the contradictions it keeps in place at its conclusion. I bring a partially synchronic attention to the valences of a few big concept terms that figure here: dharma, kāla and yoga, attempting to define a peculiar relational–contextual meaning for them in the epic’s short final books. I want to show that although there are various potentials being expressed, and various other potentials being restrained amidst the narrative flow and the deployment of these terms, the Mahābhārata creates a powerful perspective on suffering. Even if it serves as an overarching sense of aporia and horror, it is not absurdist. There is coherence to its incoherence and a structure to its dark vision, which locates it in some kind of diffuse historical moment as much as it lends it to rich and continuous transhistorical reappropriation.
Quotidian Madness: Time, Management and Asylums in Colonial North India, c. 1850–1947
Authors: Rajpal Shilpi
Published: July 2015

This article focuses on the ‘internal’ histories of the lunatic asylums in colonial north India. It looks closely at the asylums in the Punjab and the United Provinces. The routinized life of the inmates revolved around ‘employment and amusement’, ‘diet and space’, ‘reform and reward’ and ‘resistance and adjustment’. The trope of the mundane provides a microscopic lens to delve deeper into the banal social lives of inmates behind the asylum walls. Work was emphasized for its therapeutic value but profits were central in order to make asylums self-sufficient. Work, in fact, became the yardstick on which a patient’s recovery was measured, and insanity was conceptualized as curable or incurable. An investigation into diet and recreation patterns helps construct the social history of psychiatry in colonial India. The complex temporal and spatial materialities of everyday lives inside the asylum are studied here in order to comprehend the role played by various actors and discern how authority was constantly reordered and redefined.
Book Review: Tabir Kalam, Religious Tradition and Culture in Eighteenth Century North India
Authors: Trivedi Madhu
Published: July 2015

Tabir Kalam, Religious Tradition and Culture in Eighteenth Century North India, Primus Books, Delhi, 2013, 187 pp., ₹795.
Belonging and women entrepreneurs: Women’s navigation of gendered assumptions in entrepreneurial practice
Authors: Stead Valerie
Published: July 2015

This article is novel in proposing belonging as a mediatory and explanatory concept to better understand the relationship between women entrepreneurs and socially embedded gendered assumptions in entrepreneurial practice. Drawing on social theories of belonging and extant entrepreneurial literature, the article explores what belonging involves for women in the entrepreneurial context to offer a conceptualisation of entrepreneurial belonging as relational, dynamic, gendered and in continual accomplishment. Five forms of women’s performing of belonging are identified: by proxy, concealment, modelling the norm, tempered disruption and identity-switching. Illustrating how women both reinforce and challenge gendered norms through strategic and tempered use of legitimacy practices and identity work, these findings also highlight the significance of socio-cultural and political knowledge in efforts to belong.
Dual motor responses elicited by ethanol in the posterior VTA: Consequences of the blockade of μ-opioid receptors
Authors: Martí-Prats Lucía , Orrico Alejandro , Polache Ana , Granero Luis
Published: July 2015

A recent hypothesis, based on electrophysiological and behavioural findings, suggests that ethanol simultaneously exerts opposed effects on the activity of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) through two parallel mechanisms, one promoting and the other reducing the GABA release onto VTA DA neurons. In this sense, the activating effects are mediated by salsolinol, a metabolite of ethanol, acting on the μ-opioid receptors (MORs) located in VTA GABA neurons. The inhibitory effects are, however, triggered by the non-metabolized fraction of ethanol which would cause the GABAA receptors-mediated inhibition of VTA DA neurons. Since both trends tend to offset each other, only the use of appropriate pharmacological tools allows analysis of this phenomenon in depth. Herein, we present new behavioural findings supporting this hypothesis. Motor activity was evaluated in rats after intra-VTA administration of ethanol 35 nmol, an apparently ineffective dose, 24 h after the irreversible blockade of MORs in the VTA with β-FNA. Our results showed that this pre-treatment turned the initially ineffective ethanol dose into a depressant one, confirming that the activating effect of ethanol can be selectively suppressed without affecting the depressant effects mediated by the non-biotransformed fraction of ethanol.
Localization of Bovine Papillomavirus Nucleic Acid in Equine Sarcoids
Authors: Gaynor A. M. , Zhu K. W. , Cruz F. N. Dela , Affolter V. K. , Pesavento P. A.
Published: July 2015

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV1/BPV2) have long been associated with equine sarcoids; deciphering their contribution has been difficult due to their ubiquitous presence on skin and in the environment, as well as the lack of decent techniques to interrogate their role in pathogenesis. We have developed and characterized an in situ hybridization (ISH) assay that uses a pool of probes complementary to portions of the E5, E6, and E7 genes. This assay is highly sensitive for direct visualization of viral transcript and nucleic acid in routinely processed histopathologic samples. We demonstrate here the visualization of BPV nucleic acid in 18 of 18 equine sarcoids, whereas no detectable viral DNA was present in 15 of 15 nonsarcoid controls by this technique. In nearly 90% (16/18) of the sarcoids, 50% or more of the fibroblastic cell nuclei distributed throughout the neoplasm had detectable hybridization. In the remaining 2 cases, fewer than half of the fibroblastic cells contained detectable hybridization, but viral nucleic acid was also detected in epithelial cells of the sebaceous glands, hair follicles and epidermis. A sensitive ISH assay is an indispensable addition to the molecular methods used to detect viral nucleic acid in tissue. We have used this technique to determine the specific cellular localization and distribution of BPV in a subset of equine sarcoids.
Labral Morphologic Characteristics in Patients With Symptomatic Acetabular Dysplasia
Authors: Sankar Wudbhav N. , Beaulé Paul E. , Clohisy John C. , Kim Young-jo , Millis Michael B. , Peters Christopher L. , Podeszwa David A. , Schoenecker Perry L. , Sierra Rafael J. , Sink Ernest L. , Sucato Daniel J. , Zaltz Ira
Published: July 2015

Background:

The morphologic characteristics of the labrum in patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia have been described to some extent in smaller retrospective series, but the need remains to further define these disease characteristics and their importance as a diagnostic feature of hip instability.

Purpose:

To (1) characterize the morphologic characteristics of the labrum in patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia and (2) test the relationships between specific labral variants, severity of dysplasia, and duration of symptoms.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Thirteen surgeons from 10 centers enrolled patients undergoing periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia from 2008 to 2014. Patient demographics, presenting characteristics, preoperative radiographic data, operative data, and intraoperative findings were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed.

Results:

A total of 942 patients (972 hips) met the initial inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 25.2 years (range, 9-51 years; 84% female, 16% male). In addition to having PAO, 52.6% of hips had an anterior arthrotomy and 19.8% had a hip arthroscopy either to perform an osteochondroplasty of the femoral head-neck junction or to address labral pathologic changes. Of these 553 hips in which the labrum was visualized, labral morphologic status was graded as hypertrophic in 50%, normal in 45%, hypoplastic in 4%, and ossified in less than 1%. Decreased lateral center-edge angle and anterior center-edge angle and increased acetabular inclination were associated with labral hypertrophy, but chronicity of symptoms was not. Of the 553 hips, 64% had tears of the labrum, with the majority being degenerative-type tears.

Conclusion:

Labral pathologic changes are common in patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. Labral hypertrophy, however, is not a universal finding, particularly in hips with mild dysplasia, and therefore should not be considered a reliable diagnostic criterion for instability.
Successes in Changing Flexible Work Arrangement Use
Authors: Sweet Stephen , Pitt-Catsouphes Marcie , Boone James Jacquelyn
Published: July 2015

This study identifies factors associated with flexible work arrangement (FWA) use in the context of the “Supervisor-Promoted Flexibility” program implemented by an employer in the financial activities supersector. This change initiative involved supervisor-initiated discussions that explored prospects for supervisee FWA use. Discussions increased the odds of FWA use expansion, but changes occurred at different rates among work units. Managers’ gender, age, and attitudes toward FWAs corresponded with changes observed. When managers believed that supervisee FWA use reflected favorably on prospects for their own careers, they were more likely to expand use over time.
L’effet et l’influence de l’espoir et de la surmédiatisation sur la prise de décision en matière de technologies de la santé
Authors: Simpson Christy
Published: July 2015

La prise de décision en matière de technologies de la santé est complexe. L’effet potentiel de l’espoir et de la surmédiatisation est peu exploré. Le présent article traite de la commercialisation de l’espoir et de l’influence de sa surmédiatisation sur la prise de décision. Puisque les leaders en santé jouent un rôle essentiel dans la prise de ce type de décisions, l’auteure traite également des possibilités et des suggestions liées à la structure des processus de décision afin de jeter un regard critique sur la « surmédiatisation de l’espoir ».
Application of an improved dynamic time synchronous averaging method for fault diagnosis in conditions of speed fluctuation and no tachometer
Authors: Xiao Huifang , Zhou Xiaojun , Shao Yimin
Published: July 2015

Time synchronous averaging has been widely used for machinery fault diagnosis. However, it cannot reveal signal characteristics accurately in conditions of speed fluctuation and no tachometer due to the phase accumulation error. In this paper, an improved dynamic-time synchronous averaging method is proposed to extract the periodic feature signal from the fluctuated vibration signal for fault detection when no tachometer signal is available. In this method, empirical mode decomposition, dynamic time warping, and time synchronous averaging are performed on gear vibration signals to detect fault characteristic information. First, empirical mode decomposition is performed on the vibration signal and a series of intrinsic mode functions are produced. The sensitive intrinsic mode functions providing fault-related information are selected and reconstructed and the corresponding envelop signals are equal-space intercepted. Then, the phase accumulation error among the envelop signal segments is estimated by the dynamic time warping, which is further used to compensate the phase accumulation error between the intrinsic mode function segments of the reconstructed signal. Finally, the compensated intrinsic mode function segments are averaged to obtain the feature signal. Simulation analysis shows the advantages of the proposed method in extracting faulty feature signal from speed fluctuation signal without tachometer and identifying gear fault. Experiments with both normal and faulty gear were conducted and the vibration signals were captured. The proposed method is applied to identify the gear damage and the diagnosis results demonstrate its superiority than other methods.
An investigation on the effects of late intake valve closing and exhaust gas recirculation in a single-cylinder research diesel engine in the low-load condition
Authors: Kim Jaeheun , Bae Choongsik
Published: July 2015

The effects of late intake valve closing and exhaust gas recirculation on the emissions and the engine performance of a single-cylinder diesel research engine were observed. Two cam profiles (symmetric and asymmetric) were implemented using an offset angle at various intake valve closing timings to characterize the engine performance and the emissions. The injection timings were swept at every condition to evaluate the optimal operating conditions. The highest indicated mean effective pressure was observed once the combustion phasing was tuned to the optimum crank angle (in degrees) by varying the injection timing. The indicated mean effective pressure exhibited a slight penalty when both exhaust gas recirculation and late intake valve closing were used in comparison with the base intake valve closing timing with no exhaust gas recirculation. However, an appropriate combination of the exhaust gas recirculation with late intake valve closing was effective in reducing the nitrogen oxide emissions owing to the decreased in-cylinder temperature. The prolonged ignition delay with exhaust gas recirculation and late intake valve closing also contributed to the improvement in the nitrogen oxides–smoke trade-off relationship. The potential for further reduction in the smoke emissions with the asymmetric cam profile was observed. An increase in the in-cylinder swirl motion was expected, which enhanced the air–fuel mixing process.
Public art and public space – Waiting stress and waiting pleasure
Authors: Klingemann Harald , Scheuermann Arne , Laederach Kurt , Krueger Birgit , Schmutz Eric , Stähli Simon , Afzali Minou , Kern Vero
Published: July 2015

The study presented here applies from an interdisciplinary perspective the “temporal know-how” of art and communication design as well as the social sciences to the exploration of the impact of two types of holistic artistic waiting room transformations on waiting experience and behaviour. The quasi-experiment was conducted in a hospital and in an administrative setting. Contrary to current information centred types of waiting management stressing ‘clock-time’ only and attempting to reduce objective waiting times, the artistic intervention follows a holistic concept by appealing to all the senses influencing felt time and social time. It comprises visual, acoustic, tactile/haptic and olfactory elements (fragrance management). The “observation-oriented” artistic intervention uses contemplative video works, ornamentation, relaxing fragrances and a corresponding seating design. The “action-oriented” room climate promotes communication and stimulating object and surface design, coupled with a subliminally stimulating fragrance environment. After a simultaneous one-week baseline measurement in both organizations, follow-up measures were conducted during one week of each type of intervention. Results are based on 482 personal interviews and 1950 observations of waiting clients: Perceived waiting time and objective waiting time correlated only moderately (rp = 56) and expected waiting time was overestimated. In both waiting room settings, room transformations – compared to baseline measures – reduced waiting stress behaviour (however not perceived stress) and increased both positive overall room perception and the evaluation of specific room characteristics among clients/patients. Differences between the two room climates were not significant and effects appear to be stronger in the administrative space. The relatively short waiting times (16–20 min) and high levels of waiting satisfaction at baseline might have limited the effect size of the holistic interventions. At the same time observed positive outcomes can be plausibly expected in waiting zones with much longer waiting times.
Validity of the Working Alliance Inventory Within Child Protection Services
Authors: Killian Michael , Forrester Donald , Westlake David , Antonopoulou Paraskevi
Published: July 2015

The Working Alliance Inventory remains a widely studied measure of quality of therapeutic relationships between the practitioner and client. No prior study has examined the psychometrics and validity of the Working Alliance Inventory–Short (WAI-S) in a sample of families, social workers, and trained observers within child protection services. Surveys were completed by 130 families, social workers concerning 274 cases, and observers following 165 home visits during the first wave of data collected from a randomized controlled trial of child protection services. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on three versions of the WAI-S and demonstrated moderate to good model fit. Convergent construct validity was found with other standardized measures. Results support the use of the WAI-S during in child protection services practice and research. Future research into family engagement in child protection social work services should focus on the working relationship.
Emotion and Political Judgment
Authors: Johnston Christopher D. , Lavine Howard , Woodson Benjamin
Published: July 2015

What factors prompt citizens to switch from a partisan judgment strategy, one in which they reflexively side with the in-group in policy and electoral contests, to a more thoughtful one, in which they pause to consider additional information? Previous work suggests that variation in political reasoning is triggered by the experience of anxiety. In this research, we examine a broader consideration: whether the overall pattern of experienced emotions confirms or violates one’s partisan expectations. Using both cross-sectional and panel data from the American National Election Studies, we examine how the emotions of anxiety, anger, and enthusiasm influence the manner in which voters appraise presidential candidates and update their opinions on salient policy issues. In line with an expectancy violation framework, the results consistently indicate that expectancy-violating emotions (e.g., experiencing enthusiasm toward the other party’s candidate) heighten deliberative reasoning and suppress partisan cue-taking, and that expectancy-confirming emotions (e.g., experiencing anxiety toward the other party’s candidate) have the reverse set of effects. We discuss the implications of our findings for American politics and for theories of political information processing and judgment.
A Note of Caution
Authors: Zeng Jennifer , Alexander Melissa Ann , Nimeh Diana , Darvishian Farbod
Published: July 2015

Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the current standard procedure used to stage patients with breast cancer. The best histological method in evaluating sentinel nodes is highly debated among institutions and is thus not standardized. The optimal histological analysis is a balance between comprehensive evaluation of the sentinel nodes and cost effectiveness. One commonly used approach is serial sectioning and alternately staining with hemotoxylin and eosin and AE1/AE3 cytokeratin immunohistochemistry analysis. We report 2 cases of metastatic carcinoma demonstrating negative staining for AE1/AE3. This observation highlights a rare but potential pitfall to this commonly used strategy in assessing sentinel lymph node biopsies in breast cancer.
Intraneural Extension of Synovial Sarcoma
Authors: Ng Wen , Thway Khin
Published: July 2015

Intraneural extension of soft tissue sarcomas is uncommon; it is most frequently seen in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, but its occurrence is exceptional in synovial sarcoma. We describe a case arising extraneurally within the deep soft tissues of the forearm, which recurred and resulted in above-elbow amputation, revealing an unexpected finding of diffuse intraneural extension of tumor within a macroscopically normal major nerve. Despite macroscopic and microscopically clear soft tissue margins, the neoplasm had “traveled” a significant distance intraneurally to involve the neural resection margin. This feature does not appear to have been described before; it highlights the issue of whether intraneural spread of synovial sarcoma might have been previously underrecognized, and we discuss briefly some practical implications.
Desmoid Tumor of the Pancreas
Authors: Gerleman Roxana , Mortensen Michael Bau , Detlefsen Sönke
Published: July 2015

Desmoid tumors, also known as desmoid-type fibromatoses or aggressive fibromatoses, are clonal fibroblastic proliferations that arise in the deep soft tissues. They are characterized by infiltrative growth, a tendency toward local recurrence and the inability to metastasize. We present a case of a 63-year-old woman who complained of abdominal pain, and a contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan revealed a well-circumscribed tumor in the pancreatic tail, measuring 5.1 cm. A left-sided, spleen-preserving pancreatic resection was performed, and pathological analysis showed a mesenchymal tumor. The diagnosis of a pancreatic desmoid tumor was made based on the characteristic morphology and the immune phenotype of the tumor. The English-language literature on pancreatic desmoid tumors was reviewed. In total, 16 previous cases were identified.
Violence Against Women
Authors: Fulu Emma , Miedema Stephanie
Published: July 2015

Globalization theories have proliferated over the past two decades. However, global developments have yet to be systematically incorporated into theories around violence against women. This article proposes to add a global level to the existing ecological model framework, popularized by Lori Heise in 1998, to explore the relationships between global processes and experiences of violence against women. Data from the Maldives and Cambodia are used to assess how globalized ideologies, economic development and integration, religious fundamentalisms, and global cultural exchange, as components of a larger globalization process, have affected men and women’s experiences and perceptions of violence against women.
Journeying Toward Business Models for Sustainability
Authors: Roome Nigel , Louche Céline
Published: July 2015

Scholars increasingly recognise that business contributions to sustainable development are founded in new business models. However, most research in this field remains conceptual and offers a rather static view of a complex and dynamic reality. This article contributes to understanding how new business models for sustainability are fashioned through the interactions between individuals and groups inside and outside companies. Based on two case studies, our findings show that three elements contributed to the path of transformation toward business models for sustainability: building networks and collaborative practices for learning and action around a new vision, the deployment of new concepts drawn from outside the company, and elaborating an implementation structure within a reconfigured network. Our findings reveal the complexity of the process, which went through four subprocesses: identifying, translating, embedding, and sharing. Our results also highlight the importance of considering value destruction as well as new ways to create and capture value.
Combinations of dexmedetomidine and alfaxalone with butorphanol in cats: application of an innovative stepwise optimisation method to identify optimal clinical doses for intramuscular anaesthesia
Authors: Adami Chiara , Imboden Tobias , Giovannini Annalisa Elena , Spadavecchia Claudia
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to optimise dexmedetomidine and alfaxalone dosing, for intramuscular administration with butorphanol, to perform minor surgeries in cats.

Methods

Initially, cats were assigned to one of five groups, each composed of six animals and receiving, in addition to 0.3 mg/kg butorphanol intramuscularly, one of the following: (A) 0.005 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 2 mg/kg alfaxalone; (B) 0.008 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 1.5 mg/kg alfaxalone; (C) 0.012 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 1 mg/kg alfaxalone; (D) 0.005 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 1 mg/kg alfaxalone; and (E) 0.012 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 2 mg/kg alfaxalone. Thereafter, a modified ‘direct search’ method, conducted in a stepwise manner, was used to optimise drug dosing. The quality of anaesthesia was evaluated on the basis of composite scores (one for anaesthesia and one for recovery), visual analogue scales and the propofol requirement to suppress spontaneous movements. The medians or means of these variables were used to rank the treatments; ‘unsatisfactory’ and ‘promising’ combinations were identified to calculate, through the equation first described by Berenbaum in 1990, new dexmedetomidine and alfaxalone doses to be tested in the next step. At each step, five combinations (one new plus the best previous four) were tested.

Results

None of the tested combinations resulted in adverse effects. Four steps and 120 animals were necessary to identify the optimal drug combination (0.014 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone and 0.3 mg/kg butorphanol).

Conclusions and relevance

The investigated drug mixture, at the doses found with the optimisation method, is suitable for cats undergoing minor clinical procedures.
Strong, female and Black: Stereotypes of African Caribbean women’s body shape and their effects on clinical encounters
Authors: Andrews Nicole , Greenfield Sheila , Drever Will , Redwood Sabi
Published: July 2015

The aim of this article is to explore how tendencies to stereotype minority ethnic groups intersect with lay discourses about them in ways that can reproduce cultural prejudices and reinforce inequalities in access to services and health outcomes. Drawing upon Black feminist and cultural studies literature, we present a theoretical examination, the stereotypes of the Black woman as ‘mammy’ and ‘matriarch’. We suggest that the influence of these two images is central to understanding the normalisation of the larger Black female body within African Caribbean communities. This representation of excess weight contradicts mainstream negative discourses of large bodies that view it as a form of moral weakness. Seeking to stimulate reflection on how unacknowledged stereotypes may shape clinical encounters, we propose that for Black women, it is the perception of strength, tied into these racial images of ‘mammy’ and ‘matriarch’ which may influence when or how health services or advice are both sought by them and offered to them. This has particular significance in relation to how body weight and weight management are/are not talked about in primary care-based interactions and what support Black women are/are not offered. We argue that unintentional bias can have tangible impacts and health outcomes for Black women and possibly other minority ethnic groups.
Online self-expression and experimentation as ‘reflectivism’: Using text analytics to examine the participatory forum Hello Sunday Morning
Authors: Carah Nicholas , Meurk Carla , Angus Daniel
Published: July 2015

Hello Sunday Morning is an online health promotion organisation that began in 2009. Hello Sunday Morning asks participants to stop consuming alcohol for a period of time, set a goal and document their progress on a personal blog. Hello Sunday Morning is a unique health intervention for three interrelated reasons: (1) it was generated outside a clinical setting, (2) it uses new media technologies to create structured forms of participation in an iterative and open-ended way and (3) participants generate a written record of their progress along with demographic, behavioural and engagement data. This article presents a text analysis of the blog posts of Hello Sunday Morning participants using the software program Leximancer. Analysis of blogs illustrates how participants’ expressions change over time. In the first month, participants tended to set goals, describe their current drinking practices in individual and cultural terms, express hopes and anxieties and report on early efforts to change. After month 1, participants continued to report on efforts to change and associated challenges and reflect on their place as individuals in a drinking culture. In addition to this, participants evaluated their efforts to change and presented their ‘findings’ and ‘theorised’ them to provide advice for others. We contextualise this text analysis with respect to Hello Sunday Morning’s development of more structured forms of online participation. We offer a critical appraisal of the value of text analytics in the development of online health interventions.
Skills to build the nation: The ideology of ‘Canadian experience’ and nationalism in global knowledge regime
Authors: Chatterjee Soma
Published: July 2015

Skilled immigrant professionals are being aggressively recruited by once-exclusionary Western nation-states as crucial for their long-term national prosperity. Recent scholarship reads this as a rupturing of national identity and national membership due to the instrumental concerns of a global knowledge regime. In contrast, this paper argues that the welcome extended to skilled immigrants is provisional on their potential to secure nation-states’ interests in knowledge economies. Drawing on recent Canadian skilled labour policies, this paper shows how Canadian/Western experience is ideologically constructed as essential for immigrant professionals to succeed in the Canadian labour market. I argue that such a move enables the simultaneous functions of a ‘proactive state’, procuring necessary immigrant labour and a ‘defensive state’, shoring up the traditional, historically and culturally formed imagination of the nation. These contradictory functions of the state are anchored on a racialized discourse of skill, in which immigrants are typically cast as lacking, redeemable only through Canadian/Western education/training. I read this as a conditional welcome. Reinstating the contested figure of the Canadian as the desirable worker subject is how the nation form reasserts itself when identity-based nationalism is ideologically untenable and practically unsustainable. I thus contest the argument that national identity and national membership are decoupled in the context of the global race for skills, and instead welcome a dialogue between scholarships on skilled immigration and nationalism to facilitate better understanding of the enactment of nationalist ideologies in the site of the high skilled labour market.
Immigration societies and the question of ‘the national’
Authors: Antonsich Marco , Matejskova Tatiana
Published: July 2015

The aim of the present article is to offer a reasoned argument for putting the ‘national’ back into migration studies. Scholars engaging with ethno-cultural and religious diversity have often tended to move beyond the nation-state, often treated as a site of oppression and discrimination. Urban, transnational or cosmopolitan registers have instead been put forward, often celebrated for their more progressive attitudes towards diversity. In this article, we review these claims and we also attend to the rich scholarship which, from a political philosophical perspective, has instead argued for the continuing relevance of a national ‘we’ in civic, liberal and multicultural terms. We discuss the missing points in both these strands of literature, making the case for the study of the ‘national’ as both a spatial register and a discursive resource beyond a mono-culturally tinted and essentializing idea of nation. We then conclude with a research agenda which can illuminate the ways through which the ‘national’ remains central in the shaping of contemporary diverse societies.
The ‘Parekh Report’ – National identities without nations and nationalism
Authors: Uberoi Varun
Published: July 2015

‘Multiculturalists’ often advocate national identities. Yet few study the ways in which ‘multiculturalists’ do so and in this article I will help to fill this gap. I will show that the Commission for Multi-Ethnic Britain's report reflects a previously unnoticed way of thinking about the nature and worth of national identities that the Commission's chair, and prominent political theorist, Bhikhu Parekh, had been developing since the 1970s. This way of thinking will be shown to avoid the questionable ways in which conservative and liberal nationalists discuss the nature and worth of national identities while offering an alternative way to do so. I will thus show that a report that was once criticised for the way it discussed national identities reflects how ‘multiculturalists’ think about national identities in a distinct and valuable way that has gone unrecognised.
Mapping the meaning of ‘difference’ in Europe: A social topography of prejudice
Authors: Valentine Gill , Piekut Aneta , Winiarska Aleksandra , Harris Catherine , Jackson Lucy
Published: July 2015

This paper draws on original empirical research to investigate popular understandings of prejudice in two national contexts: Poland and the United Kingdom. The paper demonstrates how common-sense meanings of prejudice are inflected by the specific histories and geographies of each place: framed in terms of ‘distance’ (Poland) and ‘proximity’ (United Kingdom), respectively. Yet, by treating these national contexts as nodes and linking them analytically the paper also exposes a connectedness in these definitions which brings into relief the common processes that produce prejudice. The paper then explores how inter-linkages between the United Kingdom and Poland within the wider context of the European Union are producing – and circulating through the emerging international currency of ‘political correctness’ – a common critique of equality legislation and a belief that popular concerns about the way national contexts are perceived to be changing as a consequence of super mobility and super diversity are being silenced. This raises a real risk that in the context of European austerity and associated levels of socioeconomic insecurity, negative attitudes and conservative values may begin to be represented as popular normative standards which transcend national contexts to justify harsher political responses towards minorities. As such, the paper concludes by making a case for prejudice reduction strategies to receive much greater priority in both national and European contexts.
Beyond the couch
Authors: Patsiaouras Georgios , Fitchett James A. , Davies Andrea
Published: July 2015

The contribution of psychoanalysis to marketing theory does not need to come from putting consumers on the couch. We show how psychoanalysis and marketing can be approached as character analysis using fiction, literature and popular culture through a psychoanalytic informed character reading of Jay Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s(1950 [1926]) The Great Gatsby and Willy Loman in Arthur Miller’s(1968 [1949]) Death of a Salesman. We examine the consumption desires and practices of these key protagonists to show how the psychoanalytic theories of narcissism and denial can be applied to explain their predicament. Our analysis emphasizes temporality, describing psychic time, its functioning with the ego-ideal and how consumption is implicated. We conclude that the seemingly distant domains of psychoanalysis, marketing and literature fiction offer an interesting synthesis that is able to provide insights for consumer theory, the contemporary consumer and the historical account of consumers of the past.
Impact of Shoulder Abduction Loading on Brain-Machine Interface in Predicting Hand Opening and Closing in Individuals With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Yao Jun , Sheaff Clay , Carmona Carolina , Dewald Julius P. A.
Published: July 2015

Background. Many individuals with moderate and severe stroke are unable to use their paretic hand. Currently, the effect of conventional therapy on regaining meaningful hand function in this population is limited. Efforts have been made to use brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) to control hand function. To date, almost all BMI classification algorithms are designed for detecting hand movements with a resting arm. However, many functional movements require simultaneous movements of the arm and hand. Arm movement will possibly affect the detection of intended hand movements, specifically for individuals with chronic stroke who have muscle synergies. The most prevalent upper-extremity synergy—flexor synergy—is expressed as an abnormal coupling between shoulder abductors and elbow/wrist/finger flexors. Objective. We hypothesized that because of flexor synergy, shoulder abductor activity would affect the detection of the hand-opening (a movement inhibited by flexion synergy) but not the hand-closing task (a movement facilitated by the flexion synergy). Methods. We evaluated the accuracy of a BMI classification algorithm in detecting hand-opening versus closing after reaching a target with 2 different shoulder-abduction loads in 6 individuals with stroke. Results. We found a decreased accuracy in detecting hand opening when an individual with stroke intends to open the hand while activating shoulder abductors. However, such decreased accuracy with increased shoulder loading was not shown while detecting a hand-closing task. Conclusions. This study supports the idea that one should consider the effect of shoulder abduction activity when designing BMI classification algorithms for the purpose of restoring hand function in individuals with moderate to severe stroke.
Prevalence of Walking-Related Motor Fatigue in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Leone Carmela , Severijns Deborah , Doležalová Vendula , Baert Ilse , Dalgas Ulrik , Romberg Anders , Bethoux Francois , Gebara Benoit , Santoyo Medina Carmen , Maamâgi Heigo , Rasova Kamila , Maertens de Noordhout Benoît , Knuts Kathy , Skjerbaek Anders , Jensen Ellen , Wagner Joanne M. , Feys Peter
Published: July 2015

Objective. To investigate the individual occurrence of walking-related motor fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), according to disability level and disease phenotype. Study design. This was a cross-sectional, multinational study. Participants. They were 208 PwMS from 11 centers with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores up to 6.5. Methods. The percentage change in distance walked (distance walked index, DWI) was calculated between minute 6 and 1 (DWI6-1) of the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Its magnitude was used to classify participants into 4 subgroups: (1) DWI6-1[≥5%], (2) DWI6-1[5%; –5%], (3) DWI6-1[–5%; > –15%], and (4) DWI6-1[≤−15%]. The latter group was labeled as having walking-related motor fatigue. PwMS were stratified into 5 subgroups based on the EDSS (0-2.5, 3-4, 4.5-5.5, 6, 6.5) and 3 subgroups based on MS phenotype (relapsing remitting [RR], primary progressive [PP], and secondary progressive [SP]). Results. The DWI6-1 was ≥5% in 16 PwMS (7.7%), between 5% and −5% in 70 PwMS (33.6%), between −5% and −15% in 58 PwMS (24%), and ≤−15% in 64 PwMS (30.8%). The prevalence of walking-related motor fatigue (DWI6-1[≤−15%]) was significantly higher among the progressive phenotype (PP = 50% and SP = 39%; RR = 15.6%) and PwMS with higher disability level (EDSS 4.5-5.5 = 48.3%, 6 = 46.3% and 6.5 = 51.5%, compared with EDSS 0-2.5 = 7.8% and 3-4 = 16.7%; P < .05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that EDSS, but not MS phenotype, explained a significant part of the variance in DWI6-1 ( R2 = 0.086; P < .001). Conclusion. More than one-third of PwMS showed walking-related motor fatigue during the 6MWT, with its prevalence greatest in more disabled persons (up to 51%) and in those with progressive MS phenotype (up to 50%). Identification of walking-related motor fatigue may lead to better-tailored interventions.