bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrete‐time variable structure control of seismically excited building structures
Authors: Lu Xilin , Zhao Bin
Published: August 2002

Generally, the active structural control system belongs to the discrete‐time control system, and the sampling period is one of the most important factors that would directly affect the performance of the control system. In this paper, active control approaches by using the discrete‐time variable structure control theory are studied for reducing the dynamic responses of seismically excited building structures. Based on the discrete reaching law method, a feedback controller which includes the sampling period is presented. The controller is extended by introducing the saturated control method to avoid the adverse effect when the actuators are saturated due to unexpected extreme earthquakes. The simulation results are obtained for a single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system and a MDOF shear building equipped with active brace system (ABS) under seismic excitations. It is found that the discrete variable structure control approach and its saturated control method presented in this paper are quite effective. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐level design model and genetic algorithm for structural control system optimization
Authors: Li Q. S. , Liu D. K. , Zhang N. , Tam C. M. , Yang L. F.
Published: August 2002

The integrated optimum problem of structures subjected to strong earthquakes and wind excitations, optimizing the number of actuators, the configuration of actuators and the control algorithms simultaneously, is studied. Two control algorithms, optimal control and acceleration feedback control, are used as the control algorithms. A multi‐level optimization model is proposed with respect to the solution procedure of the optimum problem. The characteristics of the model are analysed, and the formulation of each suboptimization problem at each level is presented. To solve the multi‐level optimization problem, a multi‐level genetic algorithm (MLGA) is proposed. The proposed model and MLGA are used to solve two multi‐level optimization problems in which the optimization of the number of actuators, the positions of actuators and the control algorithm are considered in different levels. In problem 1, an example structure is excited by strong wind, and in problem 2, an example structure is subjected to strong earthquake excitation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minicolumn field sampling and flow‐injection‐atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead in seawater
Authors: Yebra M. C. , Carro N. , Moreno‐Cid A. , Puig L.
Published: August 2002

A simple field‐flow preconcentration system has been developed for lead determination in seawater. Seawater samples are collected in situ by passing them with a pump through minicolumns packed with poly(aminophosphonic acid) chelating resin to retain and preconcentrate lead, and remove the saline matrix. Minicolumns loaded with lead are then returned to the laboratory where they are inserted into a flow‐injection system and eluted with a small volume of hydrochloric acid into the nebulizer‐burner system of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The detection limit for lead in seawater was 2.8 ng l−1. This procedure was applied to the determination of lead in seawater samples from Galicia (Spain). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 239–243, 2001
Comparative study of odour and GC‐olfactometric profiles of selected essential oils
Authors: Kamath Anupama , Asha M. R. , Ravi R. , Narasimhan Shanthi , Rajalakshmi D.
Published: August 2002

The market demand for novel foods and beverages is increasing. The blending of flavour notes to create an exotic one, to satisfy the tastes and fantasies of the modern generation, may soon become a major task for researchers. In order to achieve this, it is essential to study the single flavourant thoroughly, and the dominant and subtle notes in them, prior to blending. In the present study, profiling of four essential oils, viz. lemongrass, rosemary, geranium and davana, were carried out by two methods, GC‐olfactometry (GC–O) and per se odour profile by trained panelists. The attributes of odour analysis and GC–O were compared using spider‐web plots. The study showed that although some odour notes perceived by sniffing the oils directly and those perceived by sniffing the effluent of GC at different retention times (RTs) varied, the dominant notes were similar. The odour profiling per se depicts the overall odour perceived, while the GC–O aromagrams represent the picture of odour notes of fractionated volatiles at the respective retention times. The results of the study gives an in‐depth description of odour notes in the essential oil and helps the technologist to blend them to achieve the required flavour notes. Thus, the study finds its application in the development of designer beverages containing essential oils or blends of oils with the desired odour characteristics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and odour descriptions of cyclopropanated compounds 3.1 Analogues of leaf alcohol, its esters and leaf acetal
Authors: Kiyota Hiromasa , Higashi Emi , Takai Takafumi , Oritani Takayuki , Kuwahara Shigefumi
Published: August 2002

Analogues of leaf alcohol and related compounds, bearing a cyclopropane ring in place of the double bond, were synthesized and their odour characteristics were examined. cis‐(Ethylcyclopropyl)ethanol was prepared using the Simmons–Smith reaction with leaf alcohol. Ethoxyethyl ether and some alkyl and aryl esters were also prepared. Cyclopropanation of the double bond modified their original odour characteristic without losing the key green note. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of four species of Ruilopezia from the Venezuelan Andes
Authors: Aparicio R. , Romero M. , Rojas L. B. , Khouri N. , Usubillaga A.
Published: August 2002

The essential oil from the leaves of Ruilopezia atropurpurea (A. C. Sm.) Cuatr., R. floccosa (Stand.) Cuatr., R. lindenii (Sch. Bip. ex Wedd.) Cuatr., and R. marcesens (Blake) Cuatr., collected in the Venezuelan Andes, were obtained by hydrodistillation. The oil yields varied from 0.03% to 0.08% (v/w). Limonene was the main component in the oils of R. atropurpurea (40.0–48.8%) and R. floccosa (24.2%); α‐pinene was the most abundant constituent of R. lindenii (28.2%). In the oil of R. marcesens, α‐gurjunene (33.5%) was the most abundant compound in leaves collected at the beginning of the flowering season. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convergence study of two ocean models applied to a density driven flow
Authors: Avlesen Helge , Berntsen Jarle , Espelid Terje O.
Published: August 2002

A three‐dimensional, baroclinic and rotational benchmark for hydrostatic coastal ocean models is suggested. The computational domain is a quadratic basin 200×200 km horizontally and 200 m deep. The lateral boundaries are closed. Solutions to the problems are estimated with two different sigma co‐ordinate models, both for the diagnostic and the prognostic case. Grid‐ and time‐converged results are presented. For the transports, convergence within two significant digits is reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of super compact finite difference method and application to simulation of vortex–shock interaction
Authors: Dexun Fu , Yanwen Ma
Published: August 2002

Turbulence and aeroacoustic noise high‐order accurate schemes are required, and preferred, for solving complex flow fields with multi‐scale structures. In this paper a super compact finite difference method (SCFDM) is presented, the accuracy is analysed and the method is compared with a sixth‐order traditional and compact finite difference approximation. The comparison shows that the sixth‐order accurate super compact method has higher resolving efficiency. The sixth‐order super compact method, with a three‐stage Runge–Kutta method for approximation of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations, is used to solve the complex flow structures induced by vortex–shock interactions. The basic nature of the near‐field sound generated by interaction is studied. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A low‐dimensional spectral approach for the nonlinear overstability of purely elastic fluids
Authors: Khayat Roger E.
Published: August 2002

The conditions for the emergence and stability of finite amplitude purely elastic (non‐inertial) overstability are examined for axisymmetric Taylor–Couette flow of an Oldroyd‐B fluid in the narrow‐gap limit. The study is a detailed account of the formulation and results published previously [Khayat, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997; 78: 4918]. The flow field is obtained as a truncated Fourier representation for velocity, pressure and stress in the axial direction, and in terms of symmetric and antisymmetric Chandrasekhar functions along the radial direction. The Galerkin projection of the various modes onto the conservation and constitutive equations leads to a closed low‐dimensional nonlinear dynamical system with 20o of freedom. In contrast to our previous model that was based on the simplifying rigid‐free boundary conditions [Khayat, Phys. Fluids A 1995; 7: 2191], the present formulation incorporates the more realistic rigid–rigid boundary conditions, and is capable of capturing quantitatively the flow sequence observed in the experiment of Muller et al. [J. Non‐Newtonian Fluid Mech. 1993; 46: 315] for a highly elastic (Boger) fluid under conditions of negligible inertia. Existing linear analysis results are first recovered by the present formulation, which predict the exchange of stability between the circular Couette flow and oscillatory Taylor vortex flow via a postcritical Hopf bifurcation as the Deborah number exceeds a critical value. The stability conditions of the limit cycle are determined using the method of multiple scales. The present nonlinear theory predicts, as experiment suggests, the growth of oscillation amplitude of the velocity and the emergence of higher harmonics in the power spectrum as the Deborah number increases. Good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐density allelotype of the commonly studied gastric cancer cell lines
Authors: Zheng Yun‐Ling , Herr Alison M. , Jacobson Blake A. , Ferrin Lance J.
Published: August 2002

Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death from cancer throughout the world, and studies to elucidate the genetic defects found in this type of cancer are growing in number. Increasingly sophisticated techniques and the sequencing of the human genome have had an impact on the scope of such studies. While the use of tumor specimens remains popular, more emphasis is being placed on cell lines as model systems where specific data can be directly combined with results from other studies. This article describes a genetic survey of the most widely used gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines. The allelotype at 351 polymorphic loci in 14 cell lines was obtained, and the results from the 4,900 polymerase chain reactions are displayed. In addition to confirming loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 6p, 7q, 17p, and 18, additional deletions on arm 5p and the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 1 and 10 were detected. Areas that might contain homozygous deletions or amplifications also were mapped. The rate of microsatellite instability was quantified and shown to vary greatly among the different cell lines. Most important, this study serves as a genetic scaffold for the integration of past and future studies on the nature of the genetic defects in gastric cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Splicing factor SRP20 is a novel partner of BCL6 in a t(3;6)(q27;p21) translocation in transformed follicular lymphoma
Authors: Chen Weiyi , Itoyama Takahiro , Chaganti R.S.K.
Published: August 2002

The BCL6 gene mapped at chromosome band 3q27 encodes a zinc‐finger transcription factor and is frequently rearranged and deregulated in B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) by promiscuous chromosomal translocations which involve diverse genes. We identified a novel t(3;6)(q27;p21) in a follicular lymphoma (FL) with histologic evidence of transformation and, by cloning the translocation junction, determined that the SRP20 gene was the partner. In this translocation, the 5′ regulatory region of the BCL6 was substituted by a putative regulatory region of SRP20. Previously, we hypothesized that substitution of BCL6 promoter by those of the partner genes that were constitutively expressed throughout B‐cell development led to persistent and inappropriate expression of BCL6. We examined the expression pattern of SRP20 during B‐cell development by Northern blot analysis of a panel of B‐cell lines representing various stages of B‐cell development and noted that SRP20 mRNA was expressed throughout B‐cell development. The SRP20 gene plays an important role in regulation of pre‐mRNA splicing, and is expressed specifically in lymphoid tissues. This study provides the first evidence of SRP20 gene rearrangement in human hematopoietic malignancies. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micromorphology and plant macrofossil analysis of cattle dung from the Neolithic lake shore settlement of Arbon Bleiche 3
Authors: Akeret Örni , Rentzel Philippe
Published: August 2002

At the excavation of the Neolithic site of Arbon Bleiche 3, Switzerland (3384–3370 B.C., dated using dendrochronology), objects were found that strongly resembled cow pats. Both micromorphological characteristics and plant macrofossil content confirmed this. Although a detailed micromorphological description was possible, macrofossil analysis turned out to be more difficult than expected because of contamination along fissures. The contents of two of the four coprolites analyzed had conspicuously high amounts of leaves and wood of silver fir (Abies alba). This animal feed may have come in large quantities as a byproduct of house construction. In addition, mistletoe (Viscum album), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus s.l.), and ferns could be identified as animal fodder. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geochemical and mineralogical distinctions between Bonnin and Morris (Philadelphia, 1770–1772) porcelain and some contemporary British phosphatic wares
Authors: Owen J. Victor
Published: August 2002

The major element compositions of 15 ceramic sherds from the Bonnin and Morris factory site were determined by electron microprobe. Thirteen samples are phosphatic; the others consist of (a) “soapstone” (magnesian/plombian) and (b) true porcelain, and are interpreted as exotic artifacts, as is one compositionally distinct (relatively SiO2‐poor, P2O5+CaO‐rich) phosphatic sample. Although long considered to be virtually indistinguishable from Bow porcelain (London: ca. 1747–1776), the phosphatic Philadelphia wares have a relatively low mean CaO/P2O5 ratio (3.3 versus 3.8; molecular proportions) and high alumina content (6.6 versus 5.4 wt % Al2O3). Furthermore, unlike Bow, the Bonnin and Morris samples contain calcic plagioclase (bytownite), and in some instances, an orthoclase‐rich ternary feldspar. The preservation of calcic plagioclase indicates that Philadelphia porcelain was fired at (rather than above) the thermal minimum in the An‐SiO2‐C3P system, although the presence of Na (and other fluxes) in these wares precludes the exact determination of the maximum firing temperature from this phase diagram. These wares are also distinctive insofar as the phosphate and melt phases can contain small amounts of lead; they have bulk lead contents of approximately 0.1–1.2 wt % PbO. This component has not been detected in the body of Bow or other contemporary British phosphatic porcelains. Their principal similarity lies in the fact that both wares contain sulfate. In addition, the glazes on Bonnin and Morris porcelain (e.g., PbO ∼ 35–50 wt %; SnO2 ∼ 1–2%) compositionally resemble those used at Bow. If feldspar is formed at all, then Al‐poor phosphatic porcelain (or those with low CaO/P2O5 ratios) will have comparatively low modal calcic plagioclase contents, thereby allowing the rapid depletion of this mineral via resorption by the melt phase during vitrification. Such appears to have been the case for analyzed Bow porcelain, which is therefore interpreted to have been overfired (sensu lato) relative to its Philadelphia counterpart. Conceivably, calcic plagioclase could be preserved in low‐Al wares that were fired only briefly at vitrification temperatures. Given the role of firing history in governing the mineralogy of porcelain, compositional criteria are more reliable for distinguishing these wares. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiple enhancers contribute to expression of the NK‐2 homeobox gene ceh‐22 in C. elegans pharyngeal muscle
Authors: Kuchenthal Craig A. , Chen Wei , Okkema Peter G.
Published: August 2002

Summary: Gene expression in the pharyngeal muscles of C. elegans is regulated in part by the NK‐2 family homeodomain factor CEH‐22, which is structurally and functionally related to Drosophila Tinman and the vertebrate Nkx2–5 factors. ceh‐22 is expressed exclusively in the pharyngeal muscles and is the earliest gene known to be expressed in this tissue. Here we characterize the ceh‐22 promoter region in transgenic C. elegans. A 1.9‐kb fragment upstream of ceh‐22 is sufficient to regulate reporter gene expression in a pattern identical to the endogenous gene. Within this promoter we identified two transcriptional enhancers and characterized their cell type and temporal specificity. The distal enhancer becomes active in the pharynx near the time that ceh‐22 expression initiates; however, it becomes active more broadly later in development. The proximal enhancer becomes active after the onset of ceh‐22 expression, but it is active specifically in the ceh‐22‐expressing pharyngeal muscles. We suggest these enhancers respond to distinct signals that initiate and maintain ceh‐22 gene expression. Proximal enhancer activity requires a short segment containing a CEH‐22 responsive element, suggesting that CEH‐22 autoregulates its own expression. genesis 31:156–166, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The arrest gene is required for germline cyst formation during Drosophila oogenesis
Authors: Parisi Michael J. , Deng Wei , Wang Zhong , Lin Haifan
Published: August 2002

Summary: In Drosophila, oogenesis is initiated when a germline stem cell produces a differentiating daughter cell called the cystoblast. The cystoblast undergoes four rounds of synchronous divisions with incomplete cytokinesis to generate a syncytial cyst of 16 interconnected cystocytes, in which one cystocyte differentiates into an oocyte. Strong mutations of the arrest (aret) gene disrupt cyst formation and cause the production of clusters of ill‐differentiated germline cells that retain cellular and molecular characteristics of cystoblasts. These mutant germ cells express high levels of BAM‐C and SXL proteins in the cytoplasm but do not accumulate markers for advanced cystocytes or differentiating oocytes, such as the nuclear localization of SXL or the accumulation of osk mRNA, orb mRNA, and cytoplasmic dynein. However, the mutant germ cells do not contain spectrosomes, the cytoplasmic structure that objectifies the divisional asymmetry of the cystoblast. The aret mutant germ cells undergo active mitosis with complete cytokinesis. Their mitosis is accompanied by massive necrosis, so that the number of germ cells in a stem cell‐derived cluster ranges from one to greater than 70. These defects of aret mutants reveal a novel function of aret as the first gene with a defined function in the cystoblast to cyst transition during early oogenesis. genesis 29:196–209, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of epiblast gene expression by the hypoblast layer in the prestreak chick embryo
Authors: Knezevic Vladimir , Mackem Susan
Published: August 2002

Summary: Axis formation is a highly regulated process in vertebrate embryos. In mammals, inductive interactions between an extra‐embryonic layer, the visceral endoderm, and the embryonic layer before gastrulation are critical both for anterior neural patterning and normal primitive streak formation. The role(s) of the equivalent extra‐embryonic endodermal layer in the chick, the hypoblast, is still less clear, and dramatic effects of hypoblast on embryonic gene expression have yet to be demonstrated. We present evidence that two genes later associated with the gastrula organizer (Gnot‐1 and Gnot‐2) are induced by hypoblast signals in prestreak embryos. The significance of this induction by hypoblast is discussed in terms of possible hypoblast functions and the regulation of axis formation in the early embryo. Several factors known to be expressed in hypoblast, and retinoic acid, synergistically induce Gnot‐1 and Gnot‐2 expression in blastoderm cell culture. The presence of retinoic acid in prestreak embryos has not yet been directly demonstrated, but exogenous retinoic acid appears to mimic the effects of hypoblast rotation on primitive streak extension, raising the possibility that retinoid signaling plays some role in the pregastrula embryo. genesis 30:264–273, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consanguinity and the transmission/disequilibrium test for allelic association
Authors: Bennett S. , Curnow R.N.
Published: August 2002

Consanguineous marriages, usually between first cousins or between uncle and niece, are common in certain societies. The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) compares the transmission from parents to an affected child of alleles at a marker locus, and differential transmission indicates linkage and allelic association between the marker locus and a disease locus. We investigate the consequences for the TDT, as a test for allelic association, of consanguineous marriages. For each parental marker mating type, we calculate the frequency of each disease mating type, and the associated probability that an offspring is affected. We use Bayes’ Theorem to estimate the probability that an affected child inherits the given allele from a heterozygous parent, then combine our results across marker mating types. The effect of consanguineous marriage is usually small. For candidate genes, the effects were greater for uncle‐niece marriages, for rare disease alleles, and for high genotype relative risk. For markers, the effects were generally negligible. The Type I error probability of the TDT is essentially unchanged by intermarriage, except for a purely recessive disease allele. The power of the TDT is increased for a recessive allele and decreased for a dominant allele. However, consideration of levels of consanguinity that arise in practice indicates that standard power calculations for the TDT will usually need only minor modification. Genet. Epidemiol. 21:68–77, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modifications in astrocyte morphology and calcium signaling induced by a brain capillary endothelial cell line
Authors: Yoder Elizabeth J.
Published: August 2002

Astrocytes extend specialized endfoot processes to perisynaptic and perivascular regions, and thus are positioned to mediate the bidirectional flow of metabolic, ionic, and other transmissive substances between neurons and the blood stream. While mutual structural and functional interactions between neurons and astrocytes have been documented, less is known about the interactions between astrocytes and cerebrovascular cells. For example, although the ability of astrocytes to induce structural and functional changes in endothelial cells is established, the reciprocity of brain endothelial cells to induce changes in astrocytes is undetermined. This issue is addressed in the present study. Changes in primary cultures of neonatal mouse cortical astrocytes were investigated following their coculture with mouse brain capillary endothelial (bEnd3) cells. The presence of bEnd3 cells altered the morphology of astrocytes by transforming them from confluent monolayers into networks of elongated multicellular columns. These columns did not occur when either bEnd3 cells or astrocytes were cocultured with other cell types, suggesting that astrocytes undergo specific morphological consequences when placed in close proximity to brain endothelial cells. In addition to these structural changes, the pharmacological profile of astrocytes was modified by coculture with bEnd3 cells. Astrocytes in the cocultures showed an increased Ca2+ responsiveness to bradykinin and glutamate, but no change in responsiveness to ATP, as compared to controls. Coculturing the astrocytes with a neuronal cell line resulted in increased responsiveness of the glial responses to glutamate but not to bradykinin. These studies indicate that brain endothelial cells induce changes in astrocyte morphology and pharmacology. GLIA 38:137–145, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and transforming growth factor‐β inhibit cyclic AMP‐induced Schwann cell differentiation
Authors: Lisak Robert P. , Bealmear Beverly , Benjamins Joyce A. , Skoff Anne M.
Published: August 2002

Schwann cells differentiate in vivo in response to contact with axons, and cAMP simulates some of these aspects of differentiation in vitro, particularly morphologic changes and expression of certain phenotypic molecules. Unfractionated inflammatory cytokines inhibit cAMP‐induced Schwann cell expression of galactolipids (Gal). We sought to identify which cytokines were responsible for this inhibition and to determine whether other phenotypic indicators of Schwann cell differentiation were also affected. Neonatal rat Schwann cells were incubated in vitro with 1 mM 8 Bromo cAMP (8 Br cAMP) with or without the addition of interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), or transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β). Cells were then examined for morphologic changes and for expression of surface Gal and low‐affinity nerve growth factor receptor (NGFRp75), employing indirect immunofluorescence. 8 Br cAMP induced Schwann cell upregulation of Gal, downregulation of NGFRp75, and the cells became enlarged and somewhat amorphous and irregular in appearance. Cells treated with IFN‐γ or TNF‐α alone were more bipolar and more evenly distributed on coverslips than were control cells, whereas TGF‐β alone induced elongated cells often in a swirling pattern. None of the cytokines alone induced upregulation of Gal or downregulation of NGFRp75. TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and TGF‐β inhibited the 8 Br cAMP‐induced morphologic changes, as well as the upregulation of Gal and downregulation of NGFRp75. The other cytokines had no effects on Gal or NGFRp75 expression. Thus, these three cytokines, which are present in inflammatory lesions in the peripheral nervous system, are capable of inhibiting Schwann cell differentiation. GLIA 36:354–363, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical activation during Braille reading is influenced by early visual experience in subjects with severe visual disability: A correlational fMRI study
Authors: Melzer Peter , Morgan Victoria L. , Pickens David R. , Price Ronald R. , Wall Robert S. , Ebner Ford F.
Published: August 2002

Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed on blind adults resting and reading Braille. The strongest activation was found in primary somatic sensory/motor cortex on both cortical hemispheres. Additional foci of activation were situated in the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes where visual information is processed in sighted persons. The regions were differentiated most in the correlation of their time courses of activation with resting and reading. Differences in magnitude and expanse of activation were substantially less significant. Among the traditionally visual areas, the strength of correlation was greatest in posterior parietal cortex and moderate in occipitotemporal, lateral occipital, and primary visual cortex. It was low in secondary visual cortex as well as in dorsal and ventral inferior temporal cortex and posterior middle temporal cortex. Visual experience increased the strength of correlation in all regions except dorsal inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex. The greatest statistically significant increase, i.e., ∼30%, was in ventral inferior temporal and posterior middle temporal cortex. In these regions, words are analyzed semantically, which may be facilitated by visual experience. In contrast, visual experience resulted in a slight, insignificant diminution of the strength of correlation in dorsal inferior temporal cortex where language is analyzed phonetically. These findings affirm that posterior temporal regions are engaged in the processing of written language. Moreover, they suggest that this function is modified by early visual experience. Furthermore, visual experience significantly strengthened the correlation of activation and Braille reading in occipital regions traditionally involved in the processing of visual features and object recognition suggesting a role for visual imagery. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:186–195, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of visual display techniques for assembly sequence planning
Authors: Gerace Janet , Gallimore Jennie J.
Published: August 2002

This study examined the effects of visual display formats for assembly planning tasks. A single assembly sequence was presented in: (a) a nonintegrated display format containing an arc and node diagram with an exploding graphic view of each step, and (b) an integrated display that incorporated pictures in the arc and node diagram and allowed enlargement of nodes. Both displays were tested with and without verbal and contextual information using five assembly rules. Overall, participants performed better and preferred the integrated display. Performance depended on the type of rule being examined. An integrated display format with verbal and contextual information is recommended for assembly sequence visualization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An experimental investigation of heat transfer in pin fin array
Authors: Dong Suyan , Liu Songling , Su Hongzhen
Published: August 2002

Detailed heat transfer measurements were performed by using 178 thermocouples in a channel with pin fin array. Local heat transfer coefficients and local heat transfer enhancement coefficients were obtained for eight Reynolds numbers ranging from 2000 to 100,000 on the endwall of the channel. The endwall boundary conditions for heat transfer investigation are heating the bottom endwall and heating symmetrically the bottom and top endwalls with constant heat flux. The mechanism of heat transfer enhancement with pin fin array has been discussed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(7): 533–541, 2001
Airflow and thermal conductance in a totally enclosed induction motor
Authors: Takahashi Kenji , Kuwahara Heikichi , Kajiwara Kenzou , Obata Takeshi
Published: August 2002

Heat transfer coefficients of air‐cooled fins located on the outer surface of a totally enclosed induction motor were measured. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient decreases in the downstream direction in relation to the outer fins. It was also found that increasing the axial length of the fan cover (i.e., so that the fan cover overlaps the fin) increases the average heat transfer coefficient of the outer fins. Internal airflow induced by the rotor fan inside the motor end‐bracket coincides with the rotational speed of the rotor fan. Airflow velocity between the stator coil end and the housing in the motor is low, so a cooling structure with an inside ventilation passage for airflow was introduced to increase the heat transfer of the stator coil. By using an actual motor, the effect of resin (varnish) between the stator and the motor housing on the thermal‐contact conductance was determined; the thermal‐contact conductance of a motor with resin was 1.58 times higher than that of one without resin. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(1): 7–20, 2002
An experimental study of heat transfer in an open thermosyphon
Authors: Imai Etsuya , Shiina Yasuaki , Hishida Makoto
Published: August 2002

An experimental study was performed on heat transfer of an open thermosyphon with constant wall heat flux. Water and aqueous glycerin were used as working fluids. The experimental range of modified Rayleigh number was 1 × 103 < Ram < 3 × 105. The average and local heat transfer coefficients, vertical temperature distributions of the tube wall and fluid at the centerline of the tube, and temperature fluctuations of the fluid were measured. Flow patterns were observed by adding tracer powder to the fluid. Fluid velocities were measured by laser Doppler velocimeter. Experimental results indicate that, for a water thermosyphon, there are three regimes where different heat transfer characteristics and flow patterns occur. For 1 × 103 < Ram < 3 × 103, the flow was laminar and the thermal boundary layer reached the center of the tube. Heat was exchanged between the wall and descending flow. Wall temperature increased in the downward direction. For 4 × 103 < Ram < 3 × 104, no turbulence was observed in the flow and the thermal boundary layer was localized in the vicinity of the wall. The wall temperature increased upward. For 3 × 104 < Ram < 3 × 105, flow was considerably disturbed by the mixing of upward and downward flow in the upper part of the tube. However, the flow was laminar in the lower part of the tube. Reduction of the flow rate induced by the flow mixing at high Ram can be one of the major causes of the deterioration of heat transfer from Lighthill's theory. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(4): 301–312, 2001
Effects of density distribution of growing frost layer on radiation transfer
Authors: Yoshida Atsumasa , Haida Takeshi , Matsumoto Eiji , Washio Seiichi
Published: August 2002

Our main interest concerned the effects of the density distribution on radiation transfer in scattering media. The frost layer in the early growth stage under the control of diffusion was chosen as the media. Numerical analysis of the radiation transfer was carried out by using a modified Monte Carlo method on the basis of geometrical optics. A diffusion‐limited aggregation theory was introduced to simulate the growth of a frost layer with a treelike structure. The relation between the density distribution and the transmittance of the simulated model was made clear by the numerical analysis. On the basis of these results, optical measurements in the visible wavelength region were utilized to evaluate the density distribution in the frost layer, which varied with cooling condition, on the transmittance values. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(5): 439–450, 2001
Natural convection of a water‐fine particle suspension in a rectangular cell heated and cooled from opposing vertical walls: The effect of distribution of particle size
Authors: Okada Masashi , Kang Chaedong , Oyama Kazuya , Yano Satoshi
Published: August 2002

A water‐fine particle suspension with a uniform initial temperature and concentration in a rectangular cell was heated from a vertical wall and cooled from the opposing vertical wall. The dispersed particles had a distribution in size. In this natural convection, many layers separated by almost‐horizontal sharp interfaces were observed. In the beginning many layers appear, and each interface of the layers falls gradually with a constant velocity, and finally all layers vanish. To clarify this phenomenon, concentrations and mean diameters of the particles in each layer and temperature distributions were measured. Moreover, natural convection of the other suspension with particles which had a narrow size distribution was also investigated. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(8): 636–647, 2001
The dynamics of subsurface water divides—watersheds of Lake Stechlin and neighbouring lakes
Authors: Holzbecher Ekkehard
Published: August 2002

Undoubtedly watersheds and their limiting groundwater divides are not steady but change. Nevertheless the temporal and spatial scales of the changes are seldom explored and rarely can be quantified. The Lake Stechlin region offers the exceptional chance to study the transient dynamics of catchments, the movement of subsurface water divides and their disappearance and reappearance. Based on long‐term data of surface water and groundwater levels a computer model delivers illustrative pictures of the dynamics of natural water bodies. A simple analytically derived criterion for the occurrence of groundwater divides shows remarkable coincidence with observations and with the output from the numerical model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controls on runoff components on a forested slope and implications for N transport
Authors: Buttle J. M. , Lister S. W. , Hill A. R.
Published: August 2002

Transfer of atmospheric N deposition on shallow‐soil forested basins on the Canadian Shield to receiving water bodies may be enhanced by rapid preferential flow along the soil–bedrock interface (BR runoff) on basin slopes. Controls on BR runoff, partitioning of event and pre‐event water contributions to this flow, and implications of this partitioning for N fluxes in BR runoff were studied under natural and artificial inputs to an instrumented slope. BR runoff as a fraction of water inputs to the slope increased with antecedent soil wetness and input depth. Event water contributions to BR runoff initially increased with antecedent soil wetness, but then declined at large antecedent soil wetness. Export of applied NH4+ from the slope was maximized when event water contributions containing large NH4+ concentrations dominated BR runoff; however, there was no relationship between the fraction of NO3− application transported in BR runoff and either application input or the event water fraction of that runoff. The applicability of our results to other shallow‐soil areas of the Canadian Shield is limited by artificial N inputs to the slope in excess of natural loads and by low rates of N mineralization and negligible nitrification in the slope's soils. Nevertheless, the study reinforces the need to consider how the hydrologic, geometric and pedologic properties of forest slopes interact with biotic and abiotic soil processes to control N transport and transformation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical solutions of water table variation in a horizontal unconfined aquifer: Constant recharge and bounded by parallel streams
Authors: Kim Dong‐Ju , Ann Myeong‐Joon
Published: August 2002

Analysis of groundwater flow in an unconfined aquifer has received increasing attention by hydrogeologists for the design of drainage systems or the prediction of drawdown patterns of the water table in an aquifer neighbouring a pumping well. In this study, we attempt to analyse mathematically the variation of the water table in a horizontal unconfined aquifer receiving uniform recharge and bounded by parallel streams during a continuous cycle of rising and falling head conditions. The Boussinesq equation was taken to be the governing equation describing the transient changes in the water table. This problem was simplified to a one‐dimensional heat equation based on the assumption that the aquifer thickness is large enough compared to the water table changes and that the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximations are valid. We solved the heat equation using a method of variable separation in which the solution consists of both the steady‐state and nonsteady‐state solutions. With this method, the solutions could be obtained for various initial conditions such as different heads at the left and right boundaries and variable head distribution. In addition, simultaneous analysis of water table changes for both rising and falling head cases could be obtained. Comparison with other analytical solutions obtained for the linearized Boussinesq equation with Laplace transformation gives a nearly identical result, supporting the validity of the assumption and mathematical method used in this study. Advantages of the method over Laplace transformation can be found from the fact that our method renders the initial condition more flexible and simultaneous analysis of water table changes during rising and falling head cases can be done. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence of high incidence of EGFRvIII expression and coexpression with EGFR in human invasive breast cancer by laser capture microdissection and immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Ge Hong , Gong Xiaoqi , Tang Careen K.
Published: August 2002

EGFRvIII was first reported in human glioblastomas. Subsequent reports indicated EGFRvIII protein to be frequently detected in several other human cancers, but not in normal tissues. Our previous studies suggested that EGFRvIII could induce a transformation from ligand‐dependent non‐tumorigenic cell line to ligand‐independent malignant phenotype cells in vitro and in vivo. Transfection of EGFRvIII in MCF‐7 cell line resulted in a 3‐fold increase in colony formation and significantly enhanced tumorigenicity in nude mice (p < 0.001). EGFRvIII could also induce ErbB‐2 phosphorylation. The existence and significance of EGFRvIII transcript in human breast cancer, however, was not reported. In our study, we detected the presence of EGFRvIII mRNA and revealed a high incidence (67.8%) of EGFRvIII transcript in human primary invasive breast cancer by utilizing laser capture microdissection (LCM)/RT‐PCR to capture pure breast cancer cells. In addition, 57.1% of the infiltrating breast carcinomas expressed both EGFRwt and EGFRvIII mRNA in the same tumor. There is no detectable EGFRvIII mRNA in normal breast tissue. Evaluation of the EGFRwt and EGFRvIII protein levels in the same sample sets by immunohistochemical analysis further confirmed the LCM/RT‐PCR finding. Our study provides first direct evidence of high incidence of coexpression of EGFRvIII and EGFRwt in human invasive breast cancer tissue. The unique characteristics and high prevalence of EGFRvIII in invasive human breast cancer as well as negative expression in normal breast may suggest its important role in breast carcinogenesis and make it an ideally potential target for treatment of breast cancer without interrupting normal EGFR signaling. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung cancer near an industrial site in Lithuania with major emissions of airway irritants
Authors: Petrauskaitė Rūta , Pershagen Göran , Gurevičius Romualdas
Published: August 2002

To assess the relation between air pollution with airway irritants, including sulfuric acid and lung cancer, a case‐control study was performed near an industry producing sulfuric acid and fertilizers in Kėdainiai county, central Lithuania. The county had the highest lung cancer rates of the country among men. Between 1967 and 1973, the levels of sulfuric acid exceeded 500 μg/m3 within 2 km of the industry and 100 μg/m3 more than 5 km away. A total of 277 men who were diagnosed as having lung cancer during 1981–1991 in Kėdainiai county were included as well as 1,108 population controls. Information on residential history since 1960, smoking habits, occupations and workplaces during lifetime was obtained from questionnaires mailed to next‐of‐kin. The relative risk of lung cancer associated with living within approximately 5 km from the plant was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.76–1.38) compared to those who had never lived in this area. No relation with distance or duration of residence was observed. Furthermore, workers at the plant did not have an increased lung cancer risk. The relative risk of lung cancer associated with smoking was 21.2 (95% CI: 7.51; 60.1) for current smokers and 14.0 (95% CI: 4.88; 40.3) for exsmokers. The duration of smoking, a low age at start and amount of cigarettes smoked daily were positively associated with lung cancer risk. Smoking levels appeared more pronounced among study controls than in the rest of the country. Our study could not confirm earlier evidence of an association between exposure to airway irritants, such as sulfuric acid and lung cancer. Smoking is the major determinant of the risk of lung cancer in men in Kėdainiai county. It is probable that higher smoking rates constitute the main reason for the increased lung cancer risk among men in this area. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Signal processing in migrating T24 human bladder carcinoma cells: Role of the autocrine interleukin‐8 loop
Authors: Lang Kerstin , Niggemann Bernd , Zanker Kurt S. , Entschladen Frank
Published: August 2002

T24 human bladder carcinoma cells reveal a high locomotor activity (70% locomoting cells) within a 3‐dimensional collagen matrix. This high migratory activity is induced by an autocrine engagement of the interleukin‐8 receptor A, as was shown by antibodies neutralizing the secreted interleukin‐8. Treatment of the cells with these specific antibodies reduced the locomotor activity by half. The intracellular signal transduction underlying the interleukin‐8‐induced T24 locomotion involves the activity of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), the phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and the protein kinase C (PKC), as proven by the use of specific enzyme inhibitors. These results suggest the following model for the regulatory signal transduction of interleukin‐8‐induced human T24 bladder carcinoma cell migration: The engagement of the interleukin‐8‐receptor, a receptor of the serpentine family, leads to the β‐arrestin‐mediated activation of PTKs. These kinases phosphorylate the PLCγ, which generates the second messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3). DAG activates the PKC, whereas IP3 mediates the release of calcium from the endoplasmatic reticulum. By means of confocal laser microscopy, we observed an oscillation of the cytosolic calcium concentration in migrating T24 cells, which were loaded with the calcium‐dye fluo‐3/AM. Here, we report on a new autocrine function of secreted interleukin‐8 and the intracellular signal transduction leading to the regulation of cytosolic calcium and to a migratory tumor cell phenotype. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prolactin regulates antitumor immune response through induction of tumoricidal macrophages and release of IL‐12
Authors: Majumder Biswanath , Biswas Ratna , Chattopadhyay Utpala
Published: August 2002

The involvement of PRL in regulating monocyte/macrophage functions is suggested by the presence of PRL‐Rs in these cells. Here, we show that PRL, though it failed to activate mouse peritoneal resident macrophages (RMs), acted as a second signal and activated mouse peritoneal inflammatory macrophages (EMs) to a tumoricidal state. The cytotoxicity of mouse tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) isolated at day 1 of tumor (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, EAC) growth was enhanced by PRL. However, with progression of tumor growth, TAMs became nonresponsive to the hormone. PRL‐induced killing of P815 target cells by EMs and TAMs was independent of TNF but correlated with the hormone‐induced augmentation of NO2− and O2− release in these macrophages. Administration of PRL in vivo inhibited EAC growth and augmented NO2− release by TAMs. PRL synergized with the TH1 cytokine IFN‐γ, a known activator of macrophages, in inducing tumor killing and release of NO2− from EMs and TAMs. The hormone might activate macrophages at least partially, through the release of IFN‐γ as anti‐IFN‐γ blocked IFN‐γ– as well as PRL‐induced cytotoxicity in EMs. The TH2 cytokine IL‐4 suppressed PRL‐induced activation of macrophages. PRL induced release of IL‐12 from EMs also, which suggested that the hormone might drive the TH1 response through IL‐12. Our observations further suggest that PRL alone and in synergy with IFN‐γ, released through induction of IL‐12, may generate tumoricidal macrophages and thus regulate the antitumor immune response of tumor hosts. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Economy in water and fertilizer use in trickle fertigated potato1
Authors: Chawla J.K. , Narda N.K.
Published: August 2002

Fertilizer and water use in trickle fertigated potato using different fertilizer application rates, frequencies of application and wetted soil volumes were compared with a furrow irrigated and conventionally fertilized crop. Results indicate that water and fertilizer savings to the extent of 30 and 70% respectively with comparable yield levels were possible under the trickle fertigated crop as compared to the furrow irrigated crop of potatoes. Highest yield of 36.29 t ha−1 of fresh tubers was obtained under trickle irrigation as compared to 21.5 t ha−1 for the furrow irrigated crop. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.