bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved differential current protection scheme for CSC‐HVDC transmission lines
Authors: Kong Fei , Hao Zhiguo , Zhang Baohui
Published: October 2016

In the modern power system, current source converted high‐voltage direct current (CSC‐HVDC) system is playing an increasingly important role due to the advantages such as flexible control, asynchronous interconnection, and long distance transmission. However, the conventional differential current protection has exposed the shortages in operation speed and fault identification. This study proposes a novel differential current protection scheme, which is composed of the differential current unit and blocking unit. Both of them are designed based on the differences in the newly defined differential current between the internal fault and external fault. A ± 800 kV UHVDC simulation system is established to verify the performance of the proposed protection. Simulation test results show that the proposed protection can accurately distinguish the internal fault from external fault in the whole fault period. The identification performance is not influenced by the fault location or fault resistance. Besides, the requirement of sampling rate is low and the calculation amount can be negligible, providing a favourable condition for the proposed protection scheme to be implemented into the real HVDC control and protection system.
Pseudo‐inspired CBA for ED of units with valve‐point loading effects and multi‐fuel options
Authors: Shukla Anup , Singh Sri Niwas
Published: October 2016

This study presents proposed pseudo‐inspired chaotic bat algorithm (PI‐CBA) for solving economic dispatch (ED) problem in the power system. The ED problem is modelled as a complex mathematical function that takes cost coefficients of all the possible fuel options as well as effects of valve‐point loading including transmission losses. Problem involves number of equality and inequality constraints such as power balance, prohibited operating zone and ramp rate limits. Combination of CBA along with a pseudo‐code‐based algorithm is utilised to solve above problem. The feasibility of the proposed methodology is demonstrated for three different tests comprising 6, 10, 15, 40 and 160 thermal units. A qualitative comparison of the obtained result with other standard population‐based meta‐heuristic techniques manifests proposed technique's superiority.
Geometric barycenters for covariance estimation in compound‐Gaussian clutter
Authors: Cui Guolong , Li Na , Pallotta Luca , Foglia Goffredo , Kong Lingjiang
Published: October 2016

The authors consider the problem of covariance matrix estimation in heterogeneous environments for radar signal processing applications, where the secondary data exhibit heterogeneity in local power and share the same covariance structure. Without resorting to the complete statistical characterisation of the sample support, a class of estimators, each of them defined as the geometric barycenter of a set of basic covariances estimates (obtained from the available secondary data) with a specific distance employed, is proposed. The basic estimates are obtained by exploiting the characteristics of positive‐definite matrix space and a condition number upper bound constraint. Finally, they evaluate the detection capabilities of an adaptive normalised matched filter with the proposed estimators in the presence of compound‐Gaussian disturbance comparing it with existing alternatives.
Multiple‐component polarimetric decomposition with new volume scattering models for PolSAR urban areas
Authors: Xiang Deliang , Wang Wei , Tang Tao , Su Yi
Published: October 2016

Multiple‐component model‐based decompositions (MCSMs) of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data often exhibit overestimation of volume scattering power, which makes the oriented built‐up areas show volume scattering rather than double‐bounce scattering. Deorientation processing has been incorporated into the three‐ and four‐component decomposition algorithms to overcome this limitation, where the coherency matrix is rotated to minimise the cross‐polarised term. However, even with the deorientation, some urban areas with large orientation angles are still misjudged as vegetation. In this study, the performance of deorientation processing on the MCSM is discussed and then an improved polarimetric model‐based decomposition method for PolSAR urban areas is proposed, which is inspired by Sato's decomposition method. Since the cross‐polarised HV scattering component is caused not only by vegetation but also by oriented buildings, the volume scattering model of original multiple‐component decomposition is extended to describe the HV scattering from these two different land covers. A general volume scattering model is adopted to describe the HV scattering from vegetated areas while the orientation angle of built‐up areas is adaptively considered for modelling the HV scattering from oriented buildings. Experiments with the phased array type L‐band synthetic aperture radar data demonstrate that the authors’ proposed method can get better decomposition results over urban areas than other methods.
Coherent method for ground‐moving target indication and velocity estimation using Hough transform
Authors: Oveis Amir Hosein , Sebt Mohammad Ali
Published: October 2016

In this study, a novel algorithm for detecting the ground‐moving targets and estimating their motion parameters is proposed. Based on the fact that clutter has a certain phase pattern, clutter cancellation is accomplished using a phase modification and finite impulse response filtering. Then a type of coherent Hough transform is utilised to estimate the moving target velocity. By employing the coherent Hough transform, the proposed algorithm leads to the significant signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and signal‐to‐clutter ratio improvement in comparison with similar previous Hough‐ or Radon‐based ground‐moving target indication and velocity estimation methods. In fact, uncorrelated noise samples have random phases that cancel each other, therefore, a noticeable SNR improvement would be achieved. Moving target detection is done by conventional constant false alarm rate (CFAR) techniques over different range gates.
La longue marche du mouvement sportif camerounais : l'émergence du Comité Olympique Camerounais (1946–1964)
Authors: Charitas Pascal , Kemo-Keimbou David-Claude
Published: October 2016

L'indépendance de la zone française est proclamée République du Cameroun le 1er janvier 1960, le Cameroun devenant la première des 18 colonies africaines à accéder à l'indépendance en 1960. Il est rejoint par une partie du territoire sous administration britannique (Cameroon) en octobre 1961 (la partie Nord ayant opté pour l'union avec le Nigeria) pour former la République fédérale du Cameroun, qui, le 20 mai 1972, fut renommée République unie du Cameroun, puis République du Cameroun depuis 1984. Comme pour la plupart des Etats d'Afrique, le Cameroun et ses frontières actuelles résultent donc de la colonisation européenne.

Dans ces conditions et selon le statut particulier de ce territoire du « pré-carré » africain de la France, il s'agit de comprendre les étapes de l'institutionnalisation du sport camerounais au sein des atermoiements de la colonisation française puis les processus à l'œuvre dans l'émergence puis la création du Comité Olympique Camerounais (COC), symbole de l'émancipation du sport camerounais et marqueur de son intégration sur la scène sportive internationale, plus particulièrement olympique. Autrement dit, de 1946 et la mise sous tutelle par l'ONU du Cameroun français pour sa partie orientale à 1964 et la première participation du CNO du Cameroun aux Jeux olympiques de Tokyo, l'objectif est de saisir ici le passage d'un sport colonial à un sport postcolonial mettant en exergue le rôle de l'influence française et le rôle des cadres camerounais du secteur sportif.
La question de la nationalité des sportifs camerounais : enjeux et défis à l'aune de la globalisation
Authors: Engamba Philomène Alene
Published: October 2016

La loi camerounaise portant code de la nationalité et datée de 1968 consacre le principe de la nationalité unique. Cela pose un problème aux sportifs professionnels camerounais qui, du fait de leur séjour à l'étranger, finissent par acquérir une nationalité étrangère pour s'adapter aux exigences du professionnalisme. La consécration de la nationalité unique au Cameroun, ayant longtemps fait l'objet d'un consensus au-delà des politiques successives, est aujourd'hui remis en cause par les mutations s'opérant à l'échelle mondiale.

De nombreux pays naturalisent des sportifs étrangers dans le but de renforcer les capacités de leurs équipes nationales ou de se faire un nom sur la scène internationale. Ces sportifs se retrouvent donc dans la plupart des cas disposant de deux nationalités : une nationalité qui est celle de leur pays d'origine, et une autre dite « sportive », qui leur permet de répondre aux exigences de leur profession. Le constat qui se dégage du débat sur la double nationalité, semble indiquer que de nombreux facteurs et motifs aussi bien économiques, culturels que stratégiques, favorisent ce phénomène.

Cette étude permettra d'analyser les enjeux et les implications de la ruse de l'Etat camerounais, en vue de gérer un conflit entre logiques juridiques et symboliques stato-nationales, et logiques de gain liées à la construction de la carrière internationale des sportifs. Mais également cette réflexion s'ouvre sur la nécessité de l'urgence d'une refondation du code de la nationalité camerounaise.
L'Education Olympique et la pédagogie des Anneaux : stratégies de mise en œuvre auprès d'enfants scolarisés aux cycles primaire et maternelle de Yaoundé
Authors: Simo Raymond Charlié Tamoufe
Published: October 2016

Le but de cette contribution est d'étudier le phénomène de l'Olympisme et sa perception auprès de la population des enfants scolarisés des cycles maternelle et primaire de Yaoundé au Cameroun. Afin de rendre compte de la place de l'Olympisme dans le champ éducatif, notre ambition est d'appréhender les logiques de ce processus dans la mise en place du Programme d'Education aux Valeurs Olympiques (PEVO), initié par le Comité National Olympique et Sportif du Cameroun (CNOSC). Il conviendra également de préciser au détour de cette recherche, les limites que nous donnons aux vocables « Pédagogie » et « Anneaux ».
L'intégration de l'olympisme à l'école : contribution du Programme d'Education aux Valeurs Olympiques – PEVO à la construction d'un monde moderne
Authors: Bipona Emmanuel Bienvenu
Published: October 2016

Les milieux éducatifs comme plate-forme de mise en œuvre des programmes pour l'acquisition des savoirs être nouveaux. Il s'agira ici de traduire en termes de comportements significatifs un des programmes essentiels du mouvement olympique à savoir : le Programme d'Education aux Valeurs Olympiques (PEVO).

Les conclusions et les recommandations issues du séminaire organisé les 3 et 4 juin 2011 à l'intention des partenaires impliqués dans l'apprentissage des valeurs et des principes fondamentaux qui guident le mouvement olympique restent d'actualité et il est urgent de les traduire en contenu d'enseignement et en syllabus. C'est l'ambition de cet article.

Il est question d'intégrer la formation et l'éducation des jeunes à travers la pratique sportive dans la construction des générations olympiques. Dans le cadre de la transmission inter générationnelle des valeurs positives Toutes les stratégies organisationnelles et de diffusion doivent être conçues pour captiver l'attention des jeunes à travers des symboles visibles et des supports édifiants pour leur vie quotidienne.
Inner defect depth detection using a multifrequency alternating current potential drop technique
Authors: Gan Fangji , Li Yuting , Wan Zhengjun , Liao Junbi
Published: October 2016

The alternating current potential drop technique is usually used to monitor surface defects in metal structures by taking advantage of the skin effect. However, defects often occur in the inner walls of oil or gas pipes as a result of corrosion or erosion. In this work, a multifrequency exciting current is injected into a defective pipe to obtain a series of potential drop values. The magnitude of the potential drop decreases with decreasing frequency and finally tends toward a stable value. The trend of the potential drop is related to the depth of the defect. A general solution for calculating defect depth using this multifrequency alternating current potential drop technique is given.
Magnesium single crystals for biomedical applications grown in vertical Bridgman apparatus
Authors: Salunke Pravahan , Joshi Madhura , Chaswal Vibhor , Zhang Guangqi , Rosenbaum Leonard A. , Dowling Kevin , Decker Paul , Shanov Vesselin
Published: October 2016

This paper describes successful efforts to design, build, test, and utilize a single crystal apparatus using the Bridgman approach for directional solidification. The created instrument has been successfully tested to grow magnesium single crystals from melt. Preliminary mechanical tests carried out on these single crystals indicate unique and promising properties, which can be harnessed for biomedical applications.
Control of GaN facet structures through Eu doping toward achieving semipolar {11¯01} and {22¯01} InGaN/GaN quantum wells
Authors: Kojima Takanori , Takano Shota , Hasegawa Ryosuke , Timmerman Dolf , Koizumi Atsushi , Funato Mitsuru , Kawakami Yoichi , Fujiwara Yasufumi
Published: October 2016

We have grown Eu-doped GaN on striped GaN facet structures with {11¯01} faces using a selective-area-growth technique. It was found that the orientation of the Eu-doped GaN facets depends on the Eu doping conditions. Semipolar {nn¯01} (n = 2, 3) facets, which are difficult to form using conventional undoped GaN, can be obtained by changing the growth temperature and the amount of the supplied Eu precursor. InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were also fabricated on the Eu-doped semipolar facets, and their structural and luminescence properties were investigated. The MQWs fabricated on the Eu-doped semipolar {22¯01} facets have a photoluminescence decay time of 112–314 ps, which is 10 times shorter than those of conventional (0001) QWs. These results show that the Eu doping of GaN is a promising means of obtaining various semipolar facets, which can contribute to improve the radiative recombination probability.
Numerical vs experimental pressure drops for Boger fluids in sharp-corner contraction flow
Authors: López-Aguilar J. E. , Tamaddon-Jahromi H. R. , Webster M. F. , Walters K.
Published: October 2016

This paper addresses the problem of matching experimental findings with numerical prediction for the extreme experimental levels of pressure-drops observed in the 4:1 sharp-corner contraction flows, as reported by Nigen and Walters [“Viscoelastic contraction flows: Comparison of axisymmetric and planar configurations,” J. Non- Newtonian Fluid Mech. 102, 343–359 (2002)]. In this connection, we report on significant success in achieving quantitative agreement between predictions and experiments. This has been made possible by using a new swanINNFM model, employing an additional dissipative function. Notably, one can observe that extremely large pressure-drops may be attained with a suitable selection of the extensional viscous time scale. In addition, and on vortex structure, the early and immediate vortex enhancement for Boger fluids in axisymmetric contractions has also been reproduced, which is shown to be absent in planar counterparts.
Accurate transport properties for O(3P)–H and O(3P)–H2
Authors: Dagdigian Paul J. , Kłos Jacek , Warehime Mick , Alexander Millard H.
Published: October 2016

Transport properties for collisions of oxygen atoms with hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules have been computed by means of time-independent quantum scattering calculations. For the O(3P)–H(2S) interaction, potential energy curves for the four OH electronic states emanating from this asymptote were computed by the internally-contracted multi-reference configuration interaction method, and the R-dependent spin-orbit matrix elements were taken from Parlant and Yarkony [J. Chem. Phys. 110, 363 (1999)]. For the O(3P)–H2 interaction, diabatic potential energy surfaces were derived from internally contracted multi-reference configuration interaction calculations. Transport properties were computed for these two collision pairs and compared with those obtained with the conventional approach that employs isotropic Lennard-Jones (12-6) potentials.
Comparison of S-adsorption on (111) and (100) facets of Cu nanoclusters
Authors: Boschen Jeffery S. , Lee Jiyoung , Windus Theresa L. , Evans James W. , Thiel Patricia A. , Liu Da-Jiang
Published: October 2016

In order to gain insight into the nature of chemical bonding of sulfur atoms on coinage metal surfaces, we compare the adsorption energy and structural parameters for sulfur at four-fold hollow (4fh) sites on (100) facets and at three-fold hollow (3fh) sites on (111) facets of Cu nanoclusters. Consistent results are obtained from localized atomic orbital and plane-wave based density functional theory using the same functionals. PBE and its hybrid counterpart (PBE0 or HSE06) also give similar results. 4fh sites are preferred over 3fh sites with stronger bonding by ∼0.6 eV for nanocluster sizes above ∼280 atoms. However, for smaller sizes there are strong variations in the binding strength and the extent of the binding site preference. We show that suitable averaging over clusters of different sizes, or smearing the occupancy of orbitals, provide useful strategies to aid assessment of the behavior in extended surface systems. From site-projected density of states analysis using the smearing technique, we show that S adsorbed on a 4fh site has similar bonding interactions with the substrate as that on a 3fh site, but with much weaker antibonding interactions.
Revisiting the droplet simulation approach to derive force-field parameters for water on molybdenum disulfide from wetting angle measurements
Authors: Leroy Frédéric
Published: October 2016

Owing to its peculiar electronic properties, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been the subject of a growing number of studies in the recent years. In applications, this material and other transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) may have to interact with a liquid or polymer phase as well as solutions of biomolecules. It is therefore of primary importance to understand the wetting and adhesion properties of TMDs. Starting from existing models, we derive Lennard-Jones parameters for the interaction between water and the basal plane of MoS2 that are consistent with recent wetting experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that a stack of only two MoS2 monolayers is necessary to capture the wetting behavior of bulk MoS2. It is found that the Coulomb interaction between water and monolayer and bilayer MoS2 plays no role in the related interfacial thermodynamics. Calculations with the optimized parameters show that the depth of the well of the interaction potential between water and bulk MoS2 is of the order of 8.2 kJ/mol. Such a value is comparable with what was found for graphite and consistent with the fact that the wetting angles of water on graphite and MoS2 are almost equal. The derivation of the force-field parameters is performed using a methodology which, contrary to previous studies, makes a consistent use of droplet calculations. The results of our work should find application in further simulation studies on the wetting behavior of TMDs and other dispersive materials.
The Reynolds stress induced by weakly up-down asymmetric ion temperature gradient mode
Authors: Xie T. , Zhang Y. Z. , Mahajan S. M. , Liu Z. Y. , He Hongda
Published: October 2016

A weakly up-down asymmetric ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode (formed in the up-down symmetric equilibrium), localized in the bad curvature region, may contribute dominantly to the nonlinear Reynolds stress because its growth rate is higher than the competing modes: the strongly up-down asymmetric modes, and other modes peaked (poloidally) away from the outboard mid-plane. Based on the fluid ITG model, the parameterized analytic wave function is constructed in the two dimensional (2D) Fourier-ballooning representation, and numerically verified by making use of the finite difference methods. Analytic expressions for the poloidal Reynolds stresses, defined on a rational surface, are given for both the weakly and the strongly up-down asymmetric ITG modes. It is shown that the poloidal stresses of both modes can be interpreted as a superposition of a monopole and a dipole structure. For comparison with the experiment, the stresses are calculated for L-mode discharge parameters on five machines. Analytic expressions for the total parallel Reynolds stresses (contributed from all rational surfaces) are also derived for both modes: they are also exhibited, graphically, using a Gaussian wave intensity model.
Resonant photodetector for cavity- and phase-locking of squeezed state generation
Authors: Chen Chaoyong , Li Zhixiu , Jin Xiaoli , Zheng Yaohui
Published: October 2016

Based on the requirement of squeezed state generation, we build the phase relationship between two electronic local oscillators for the cavity- and phase-locking branches, and a 2-way 90° power splitter is adopted to satisfy the phase relationship simultaneously, which greatly simplifies the experimental setup and adjusting process. A LC parallel resonant circuit, which is composed by the inherent capacitance of a photodiode and an extra inductor, is adopted in the resonant photodetector to improve the gain factor at the expected frequency. The gain of the resonant photodetector is about 30 dB higher than that of the broadband photodetector at the resonant frequency. The peak-to-peak value of the error signal for cavity-locking (phase-locking) with the resonant photodetector is 240 (260) times of that with the broadband photodetector, which can improve the locking performance on the premise of not affecting the squeezing degree.
The study of the contribution of the surface and bulk traps to the dynamic Rdson in AlGaN/GaN HEMT by light illumination
Authors: Liang Yanan , Jia Lifang , He Zhi , Fan Zhongchao , Zhang Yun , Yang Fuhua
Published: October 2016

The effects of the surface and bulk traps on current collapse in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor were investigated by the transient behaviors of the devices. The results proved that the traps at the surface had little effect on current collapse when the device was well passivated, but the traps in the buffer layer played an important role. Two bulk trap levels were observed in these devices. In addition, the effects of light illumination on the bulk traps were studied in detail. It was found that light illumination enhanced the resumption of the current collapse after the field stress. The contribution of lights illumination with various wavelengths to the current collapse was also investigated to study the trap energy levels.
Tug-of-war lacunarity—A novel approach for estimating lacunarity
Authors: Reiss Martin A. , Lemmerer Birgit , Hanslmeier Arnold , Ahammer Helmut
Published: October 2016

Modern instrumentation provides us with massive repositories of digital images that will likely only increase in the future. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to automatize the analysis of digital images, e.g., with methods from pattern recognition. These methods aim to quantify the visual appearance of captured textures with quantitative measures. As such, lacunarity is a useful multi-scale measure of texture's heterogeneity but demands high computational efforts. Here we investigate a novel approach based on the tug-of-war algorithm, which estimates lacunarity in a single pass over the image. We computed lacunarity for theoretical and real world sample images, and found that the investigated approach is able to estimate lacunarity with low uncertainties. We conclude that the proposed method combines low computational efforts with high accuracy, and that its application may have utility in the analysis of high-resolution images.
Structural, thermodynamic, and transport properties of CH2 plasma in the two-temperature regime
Authors: Knyazev D. V. , Levashov P. R.
Published: October 2016

This paper covers calculation of radial distribution functions, specific energy, and static electrical conductivity of CH2 plasma in the two-temperature regime. The calculation is based on the quantum molecular dynamics, density functional theory, and the Kubo-Greenwood formula. The properties are computed at 5 kK ≤Ti≤Te≤40 kK and ρ=0.954 g/cm3 and depend severely on the presence of chemical bonds in the system. Chemical compounds exist at the lowest temperature Ti=Te=5 kK considered; they are destroyed rapidly at the growth of Ti and slower at the increase of Te. A significant number of bonds are present in the system at 5 kK ≤Ti≤Te≤10 kK. The destruction of bonds correlates with the growth of specific energy and static electrical conductivity under these conditions.
Directional thermal emission control by coupling between guided mode resonances and tunable plasmons in multilayered graphene
Authors: Ito Kota , Iizuka Hideo
Published: October 2016

Directional thermal radiation is attracting interest because of its applicability to thermal management systems and mid-infrared light sources. Plasmons in a single graphene layer are tunable by the chemical potential, while the lateral wavenumber of the plasmon dispersion is too large for the directional coupling to the far field. In this paper, we achieve directional thermal radiation by utilizing tunable plasmons in multilayered graphene. The lateral wavenumber of the plasmon is shown to be reduced as the number of graphene layers increases, and the reduction is analytically explained. The thermally excited graphene plasmon couples to the guided mode resonance in a silicon grating through evanescent waves so as to realize angular-selective far-field emission. We develop a modal analysis in order to investigate the coupling condition. In addition, the directional thermal emission including asymmetric one can be tuned by varying the chemical potential of graphene layers. The calculated emissivity obtained by changing both the chemical potential and the height of the grating suggests the control of the angular heat flux profile.
Inkjet printed organic electrochemical transistors with highly conducting polymer electrolytes
Authors: Afonso Mónica , Morgado Jorge , Alcácer Luís
Published: October 2016

Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) were fabricated with two kinds of highly conducting polymer electrolytes, one with cations of small dimensions (Li+) and the other with cations of large dimensions (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, EMI+). All OECTs exhibit transconductance values in the millisiemens range. Those with the larger EMI+ cations reach higher transconductance values and the saturated region of their I(V) characteristics extends to drain negative voltages of the order of −2 V without breakdown. These OECTs aim at potential applications for which it is relevant to use a solid polymer electrolyte instead of an aqueous electrolyte, namely, for integration in complex devices or in sensors and transducers where the electrolyte film may act as a membrane to prevent direct contact of the active material (PEDOT:PSS) with the biological media. The choice of electrolytes with cations of disparate sizes aims at assessing the nature (Faradaic or capacitive) of the processes occurring at the electrolyte/channel interface. The results obtained are consistent with a Faradaic-based operation mechanism.
Optical determination of the charge carrier mobility in Sn2P2S6
Authors: Regmi Abhishesh , Biaggio Ivan , Grabar Alexander A.
Published: October 2016

We determine both the lifetime and the mobility of photoexcited charge carriers in Sn2P2S6 using holographic time of flight in diffusion mode. From the build-up dynamics of space charge gratings created by pulsed interband illumination at 532 nm, we find a charge carrier lifetime of 2.6 ± 0.5 ns and a charge carrier mobility along the x-axis of 2.4 ± 0.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature. This mobility is assigned to holes as more mobile carriers in tin hypothiodiphosphate (SPS), and it is found to decrease for decreasing temperature, a behavior consistent with small-polaron hopping.
The transformation dynamics towards equilibrium in non-equilibrium w/w/o double emulsions
Authors: Chao Youchuang , Mak Sze Yi , Shum Ho Cheung
Published: October 2016

We use a glass-based microfluidic device to generate non-equilibrium water-in-water-in-oil (w/w/o) double emulsions and study how they transform into equilibrium configurations. The method relies on using three immiscible liquids, with two of them from the phase-separated aqueous two-phase systems. We find that the transformation is accompanied by an expansion rim, while the characteristic transformation speed of the rim mainly depends on the interfacial tension between the innermost and middle phases, as well as the viscosity of the innermost phase when the middle phase is non-viscous. Remarkably, the viscosity of the outermost phase has little effect on the transformation speed. Our results account for the dynamics of non-equilibrium double emulsions towards their equilibrium structure and suggest a possibility to utilize the non-equilibrium drops to synthesize functional particles.
Fabrication of micro-patterns via near-field electrospray
Authors: Li Wenwang , Zheng Gaofeng , Xu Lei , Wang Xiang
Published: October 2016

A near-field electrospray process is developed to deposited micro-patterns. Compared with conventional electrospray, near field electrospray uses a steel probe instead of capillary nozzle, and its nozzle-to-substrate distance is shortened to several millimeters to realize micro-scale deposition area. The liquid is supplied by discretely dipping the probe into solution in advance so that electrospray process maintains until the consumption of liquid adhered at the probe tip. The influence of solution conductivity and applied voltage on deposition are investigated, as increasing solution conductivity and high applied voltage may promote the electrospray process and enlarge the line width. In addition, micro-patterns with various materials are directly electrosprayed.
Effect of Cu buffer layer on magnetic anisotropy of cobalt thin films deposited on MgO(001) substrate
Authors: Ahmad Syed Sheraz , He Wei , Zhang Yong-Sheng , Tang Jin , Gul Qeemat , Zhang Xiang-Qun , Cheng Zhao-Hua
Published: October 2016

Cobalt thin films with 5 nm thickness were prepared on single-crystal MgO (001) substrates with different thickness Cu buffer (0 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm). The structure, magnetic properties and transport behaviors were investigated by employing low-energy-electron-diffraction (LEED), magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) and anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). By comparing the magnetic properties of the sample as-deposited (without Cu buffer layer) one with those having the buffer Cu, we found that the magnetic anisotropy was extremely affected by the Cu buffer layer. The magnetic anisotropy of the as-deposited, without buffer layer, sample shows the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (UMA). We found that the symmetry of the magnetic anisotropy is changed from UMA to four-fold when the thickness of the Cu buffer layer reaches to 20 nm. Meanwhile, the coercivity increased from 49 Oe (without buffer layer) to 300 Oe (with 20 nm Cu buffer), in the easy axis direction, as the thickness of the buffer layer increases. Moreover, the magnitudes of various magnetic anisotropy constants were determined from torque curves on the basis of AMR results. These results support the phenomenon shown in the MOKE.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of defect formation / migration in Gd2Ti2O7: General rule of oxide-ion migration in A2B2O7 pyrochlore
Authors: Nakamura Kaoru , Mori Masashi , Itoh Takanori. , Ohnuma Toshiharu
Published: October 2016

We investigated the intrinsic defect formation energy and oxide-ion migration mechanism in Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore. It was found that the vacancy formation energy of Gd is lower than that of Ti. For the oxygen vacancy, O(48f) was found to show lower vacancy formation energy than O(8b). The formation energy of the vacancy complex showed that the Gd vacancy is accompanied with the O(48f) vacancy, which is consistent with our experiment. The migration energy of O(48f) along the <100> direction, which is dominant migration path for ionic conduction, was calculated to be 0.43 eV. On the other hand, we found that Gd vacancy increases O(48f) migration energy. For example, the migration energy of O(48f) along the <100> direction was increased to be 1.36 eV by the local compressive strain around Gd vacancy. This finding could explain our previous experimental result of decreasing conductivity with increasing Gd deficiency. Along with the oxide-ion migration mechanism in Gd2Ti2O7, O(48f) migration energies along both <100> and <110> directions for various A2B2O7 pyrochlore structures were investigated. As a general trend of oxide-ion migration in the pyrochlore structure, we propose that O(48f) migration along the <100> direction is governed by the strength of B–O bonding. On the other hand, the ratio of ionic radius B/A is proposed to determine O(48f) migration along the <110> direction in A2B2O7 pyrochlore.
Electrical trapping mechanism of single-microparticles in a pore sensor
Authors: Arima Akihide , Tsutsui Makusu , He Yuhui , Ryuzaki Sou , Taniguchi Masateru
Published: October 2016

Nanopore sensing via resistive pulse technique are utilized as a potent tool to characterize physical and chemical property of single –molecules and –particles. In this article, we studied the influence of particle trajectory to the ionic conductance through a pore. We performed the optical/electrical simultaneous sensing of electrophoretic capture dynamics of single-particles at a pore using a microchannel/nanopore system. We detected ionic current drops synchronous to a fluorescently dyed particle being electrophoretically drawn and become immobilized at a pore in the optical imaging. We also identified anomalous trapping events wherein particles were captured at nanoscale pin-holes formed unintentionally in a SiN membrane that gave rise to relatively small current drops. This method is expected to be a useful platform for testing novel nanopore sensor design wherein current behaves in unpredictable manner.
Coupling effect on the Berry phase
Authors: Tian Lijing , Yang Zhi , Shi Q. W. , Li Qunxiang , Wang X. P.
Published: October 2016

The Berry phase has universal applications in various fields. Here, we explore the coupling effect on the Berry phase of a two-level system adiabatically driven by a rotating classical field and interacting with a single quantized mode. Our simulations clearly reveal that the Berry phase change is quadratic proportional to the coupling constant if it is less than the level spacing between neighboring instantaneous eigenstates. Remarkably, if the nearest neighbouring level spacing is comparable with the coupling constant, this simple quadratic dependence is lost. Around this resonance, the Berry phase can be significantly tuned by slightly adjusting the parameters, such as the coupling constant, the frequency of the quantized mode, and the transition frequency. These numerical results, agreeing well with the perturbation theory calculations, provide an alternative approach to tune the Berry phase near the resonance, which is useful in quantum information science, i.e. designing quantum logic gates.
Whole-chloroplast analysis as an approach for fine-tuning the preservation of a highly charismatic but critically endangered species, Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae)
Authors: Greenfield Abigail , McPherson Hannah , Auld Tony , Delaney Sven , Offord Catherine A. , van der Merwe Marlien , Yap Jia-Yee S. , Rossetto Maurizio
Published: October 2016

The critically endangered Wollemia nobilis W.G. Jones, K.D. Hill & J.M. Allen is endemic to Wollemi National Park north of Sydney (Australia). All known wild individuals are restricted to four sites in a single canyon system. W. nobilis can reproduce sexually but at all sites individual clumps can be multi-stemmed from a common base. In the first genetic study of this species, no genetic variation was found across multiple genetic marker types representing hundreds of nuclear loci, indicating this species is characterised by very low genetic variation. In this study we searched for variation across the chloroplast using shotgun sequencing, bioinformatic extraction of chloroplast DNA and variant detection. Six chloroplast single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected, producing three chlorotypes. Chlorotype 1 is found in every individual surveyed at Sites 1 and 3, and in individuals from Sites 2 and 4. Chlorotype 2 – the most distinct chlorotype – was found in two individuals from Site 4. Chlorotype 3 consists of a single difference from Chlorotype 1 and may represent a somaclonal mutant. These findings will guide management and translocation of this critically endangered species. This study provides a practical template that is highly informative and easily applicable to other taxa in similar circumstances.
Barking up the wrong tree? Are livestock or rabbits the greater threat to rangeland biodiversity in southern Australia?
Authors: Mutze G.
Published: October 2016

Increasing provision of permanent water points has put most Australian pastoral rangelands within grazing distance of sheep, cattle, kangaroos and large feral herbivores, and there is concern that grazing-sensitive native plants will be lost as a result. Proposals have been developed to conserve plant biodiversity by permanently excluding livestock from any areas that are remote from permanent water, or to buy back pastoral properties and remove existing water points to create large reserves. There is, however, little evidence that water-remote areas provide refuge for grazing-sensitive plants, nor consistent evidence of plant biodiversity loss along gradients of increasing livestock grazing pressure in proximity to water. One of the reasons why that evidence might be lacking is that most livestock studies have not considered the grazing impact of sympatric European rabbits, the most widespread and abundant wild herbivore in southern Australia. Numerous studies have shown that rabbit grazing has a major impact on rangeland vegetation and can prevent regeneration at densities which may be too low to be thought important. Plant biodiversity gradients are readily discernible along gradients of rabbit density in livestock-free reserves. Rabbits are therefore likely to be a significant confounding factor when assessing livestock impacts, or possibly the primary cause of observed patterns of plant diversity. If so, attempts to preserve plant biodiversity by removing livestock are destined to fail in rabbit-grazed areas. Public funds for biodiversity conservation in the pastoral zone might be better spent on co-investment with pastoralists for rabbit control on conservatively stocked properties, rather than on restricting pastoral use of land in livestock-free, rabbit-infested reserves.
A Note on Women’s Courtesy Titles in Chinese
Authors: Chen Lindsey N. H.
Published: October 2016

This study examines the use of women’s courtesy titles in contemporary Taiwanese society. In particular, 245 native Mandarin speakers were asked to complete a survey that was modeled on the one used by Donna Lillian. The results show that age is an influential factor in the selection of courtesy titles for women of different marital status. They also confirm Lillian’s observation that a woman’s occupational status may outweigh her marital status. The study lends insight into the uses of courtesy titles across cultures and briefly suggests areas worth exploring in future research.
Beyond the Branding Iron: Cattle Brands as Heritage Place Names in the State of Montana
Authors: Lombard Carol G. , Du Plessis Theodorus
Published: October 2016

For more than two centuries, American cattle ranchers have used hot-iron brands as the primary means of identifying and asserting ownership of their animals. American cattle brands consist of highly visible symbols containing letters, numbers, and/or images which may appear individually or in any combination. Every cattle brand symbol has a corresponding name that occurs in spoken and written (alphabetized) form. By virtue of purposeful naming strategies, cattle brands display a range of associations with other types of names. These onomastic relationships reflect underlying connections between cattle brands and various elements in their socio-cultural surroundings, and offer some fascinating insights into the history, culture, and social structure of American cattle-ranching communities. This paper specifically examines the practice of naming towns and ranches after cattle brands in the State of Montana, and explains how this phenomenon comprises a unique aspect of the region’s cultural heritage.
The Effects of Months, Holidays, and the Birthdays of Presidents on Choice of Baby Names
Authors: Rogerson Peter A.
Published: October 2016

The propensity to name babies after US presidents is well known. Less well known is the magnitude of the increased propensity to name babies after presidents when those babies are born on the president’s birthday. In this article that propensity is evaluated and, in addition, the increased propensity to name children after various holidays and months is also assessed. The analysis makes use of the Social Security Death Index, which contains records of over 90 million deaths occurring between 1935 and 2014. Tens of thousands of individuals have been named after George Washington and also after some months of the year; smaller estimates of the number of babies named after selected other presidents on their birthday, as well as those named after several different holidays and months, are also provided.
John Locke, ‘Hobbist’: of sleeping souls and thinking matter
Authors: Dempsey Liam P.
Published: October 2016

In this paper, I consider Isaac Newton’s fevered accusation that John Locke is a ‘Hobbist.’ I suggest a number of ways in which Locke’s account of the mind–body relation could plausibly be construed as Hobbesian. Whereas Newton conceives of the human mind as an immaterial substance and venerates it as a finite image of the Divine Mind, I argue that Locke utterly deflates the religious, ethical, and metaphysical significance of an immaterial soul. Even stronger, I contend that there is good reason to suspect that Locke is a crypto-materialist, at least with respect to human beings, and in this respect, could reasonably be labeled a ‘Hobbist.’
In Tradition of Speaking Fearlessly: Locating a Rhetoric of Whistleblowing in the Parrhēsiastic Dialectic
Authors: Chu Alan
Published: October 2016

This essay examines how the dialectic over the presence of rhetoric in Michel Foucault’s catalog of truth telling in ancient Greek and Roman texts informs a separate but similar dialectic over the relationship between parrhēsia and contemporary whistleblowing. I posit that the argumentation justifying the practice of government and military whistleblowing used by Edward Snowden and Chelsea Manning parallels the dispute over rhetoric’s place in parrhēsia. This essay plots out how the arguments for or against the presence of rhetoric in parrhēsia routinely manifests at specific junctures in the whistleblowing timeline, indicating how the dialectic of parrhēsia naturally leads to a rhetoric of whistleblowing.
­Back-to-back mechanisms drive actomyosin ring closure during Drosophila embryo cleavage
Authors: Xue Zenghui , Sokac Anna Marie
Published: October 2016

Contraction of actomyosin rings during cytokinesis is typically attributed to actin filaments sliding toward each other via Myosin-2 motor activity. However, rings constrict in some cells in the absence of Myosin-2 activity. Thus, ring closure uses Myosin-2–dependent and –independent mechanisms. But what the Myosin-2–independent mechanisms are, and to what extent they are sufficient to drive closure, remains unclear. During cleavage in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, actomyosin rings constrict in two sequential and mechanistically distinct phases. We show that these phases differ in constriction speed and are genetically and pharmacologically separable. Further, Myosin-2 activity is required for slow constriction in “phase 1” but is largely dispensable for fast constriction in “phase 2,” and F-actin disassembly is only required for fast constriction in phase 2. Switching from phase 1 to phase 2 seemingly relies on the spatial organization of F-actin as controlled by Cofilin, Anillin, and Septin. Our work shows that fly embryos present a singular opportunity to compare separable ring constriction mechanisms, with varying Myosin-2 dependencies, in one cell type and in vivo.
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
Authors: Gu Mingxue , Xu Haoxing
Published: October 2016

The ion channel TRPA1 detects noxious stimuli at the plasma membrane of neurons and elicits pain and inflammation. In this issue, Shang et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603081) report that TRPA1 also localizes to lysosomal membranes of neurons, releasing intracellular Ca2+ to trigger vesicle exocytosis and neuropeptide release.
pMHC affinity controls duration of CD8+ T cell–DC interactions and imprints timing of effector differentiation versus expansion
Authors: Ozga Aleksandra J. , Moalli Federica , Abe Jun , Swoger Jim , Sharpe James , Zehn Dietmar , Kreutzfeldt Mario , Merkler Doron , Ripoll Jorge , Stein Jens V.
Published: October 2016

During adaptive immune responses, CD8+ T cells with low TCR affinities are released early into the circulation before high-affinity clones become dominant at later time points. How functional avidity maturation is orchestrated in lymphoid tissue and how low-affinity cells contribute to host protection remains unclear. In this study, we used intravital imaging of reactive lymph nodes (LNs) to show that T cells rapidly attached to dendritic cells irrespective of TCR affinity, whereas one day later, the duration of these stable interactions ceased progressively with lowering peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) affinity. This correlated inversely BATF (basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like) and IRF4 (interferon-regulated factor 4) induction and timing of effector differentiation, as low affinity–primed T cells acquired cytotoxic activity earlier than high affinity–primed ones. After activation, low-affinity effector CD8+ T cells accumulated at efferent lymphatic vessels for egress, whereas high affinity–stimulated CD8+ T cells moved to interfollicular regions in a CXCR3-dependent manner for sustained pMHC stimulation and prolonged expansion. The early release of low-affinity effector T cells led to rapid target cell elimination outside reactive LNs. Our data provide a model for affinity-dependent spatiotemporal orchestration of CD8+ T cell activation inside LNs leading to functional avidity maturation and uncover a role for low-affinity effector T cells during early microbial containment.