bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developments in low‐voltage microscopy instrumentation
Authors: Muray Lawrence P.
Published: June 2011

Low‐voltage microscopy can produce high‐resolution, high‐contrast images of nanometer‐scale surface features. Several techniques exist for low‐energy electron generation, but most successful in current instrumentation is the combination of a magnetic lens with an electrostatic immersion lens. This compound lens allows the low‐voltage column to maintain high potential in the column while independently controlling the landing energy on the sample. Aberration coefficients decrease linearly with the immersion ratio leading to larger optimum semiconvergent angle on the sample and improvement in spot size and beam current. Most recently highly scaled miniature electron beam columns have shown promising low‐voltage performance from all electrostatic lenses operating only at low potential. This article explores the current design of low‐voltage columns, including variations on compound lenses and miniature lenses, and from a system level, discusses the strength and weaknesses of each design. SCANNING 33: 155–161, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of qualitative and quantitative system dynamics training: an experimental investigation
Authors: Dhawan Rajat , O'Connor Marcus , Borman Mark
Published: June 2011

While there are numerous studies that test the effectiveness of qualitative system dynamics and quantitative system dynamics training individually and in isolation, there are none that test their relative contribution to solving dynamic problems. The study reported here seeks to answer the question of whether people trained in qualitative system dynamics alone are able to solve dynamic problems or whether they also require quantitative system dynamics training. A pre‐test/post‐test‐based experiment was conducted over 6 weeks involving 31 participants. The findings suggest that exposure to either methodology is successful in solving a relatively simple task (a one‐stock problem with no feedback). However, for a complex task (a two‐stock forecasting problem with feedback), qualitative system dynamics training alone is not sufficient and in such cases the knowledge of quantitative system dynamics must be used to effectively solve the problem. Copyright © 2011 System Dynamics Society.
Molecular Analysis of Blood with Micro‐/Nanoscale Field‐Effect‐Transistor Biosensors
Authors: Makowski Matthew S. , Ivanisevic Albena
Published: June 2011

Rapid and accurate molecular blood analysis is essential for disease diagnosis and management. Field‐effect transistor (FET) biosensors are a type of device that promise to advance blood point‐of‐care testing by offering desirable characteristics such as portability, high sensitivity, brief detection time, low manufacturing cost, multiplexing, and label‐free detection. By controlling device parameters, desired FET biosensor performance is obtained. This review focuses on the effects of sensing environment, micro‐/nanoscale device structure, operation mode, and surface functionalization on device performance and long‐term stability.
Self‐Organization of Thin Polymer Films Guided by Electrostatic Charges on the Substrate
Authors: Zhao Dan , Martinez Aaron D. , Xi Xiaolei , Ma Xinlei , Wu Ning , Cao Tingbing
Published: June 2011

The self‐organization of thin polymer films into functional patterns is important both scientifically and technologically. Electric fields have been exploited as an efficient and powerful means to induce the destabilization and self‐organization of soft materials. Previous attention, however, has mainly focused on externally applied electric fields. It is shown herein that the internal electric field is strong enough to guide the self‐organization of thin polymer films as well. Patterns of electrostatic charges with micrometer resolution are first introduced on a dielectric substrate. A thin polymer film is then spin‐coated onto the topographically flat substrate. Upon thermal annealing, the thin polymer film destabilizes due to a lateral gradient of electrostatic stress and flows away from the electroneutral regime to the charged area, resembling the patterns of charges on the substrate. Theoretical and numerical modeling based on the electrohydrodynamic instability shows excellent agreement with experimental observations both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is also demonstrated that the interplay between charge‐driven instability with spinodal dewetting and Rayleigh instabilities can generate finer and hierarchical polymeric patterns that are completely different from the charge patterns preintroduced on the substrate. This study provides direct evidence that the internal electric field caused by charges on the substrate is strong enough to destabilize thin polymeric films and generate patterns. This study also demonstrates new strategies for bottom‐up fabrication of structured functional materials.
Process attribute rating and sensitivity analysis in process assessment
Authors: Jung Ho‐Won
Published: June 2011

The capability level of a process assessed on the basis of International Standard ISO/IEC 15504 is determined by utilizing process attributes ratings (PAs). PA rating as a composite indicator is determined by the extent to which outcomes or the implemented practices are achieved. However, the ISO/IEC 15504 standards do not provide recommendations as to assessment methods, including the following: (i) which of the outcomes or practices implemented are evaluated as an intermediate step in rating the PA; and (ii) how a set of their achievements is aggregated into the PA rating. This study addresses a simple additive weighting method based on the performance value and weights of practices implemented as well as its rationale, in order to facilitate consistent and repeatable PA ratings. Then, sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate how much a change in the weight or performance value of an implemented practice will affect and alter the current PA rating. Our sensitivity analysis can be employed in cases in which an assessor must explain his/her ratings to assessment team members, as well as the organizational unit assessed. Six examples are provided to illustrate the applications of our sensitivity analyses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing Heterogeneity of Managers' Attitude into Behavioral Risk Scoring for Software Offshoring
Authors: Shi Xiaojun , Tsuji Hiroshi , Zhang Shunming
Published: June 2011

In the spirit of Nonaka and Takeuchi's Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization (SECI) model, this paper explores how to integrate the heterogeneity of managers' attitudes, as a behavioral dimension of tacit knowledge, into risk scoring for software offshoring. We propose a linear mixed model approach to make individual heterogeneity explicit within a conjoint analysis experimental framework. The model is then estimated using a data set on Japanese software outsourcing. Based on heterogeneity elicitation, anoptimist–pessimistcategorizing of managerial attitudes towards risk reveals the drivers of such heterogeneity. We find that experience and the criteria used for selecting vendors are the key drivers. Our behavioral risk scoring, incorporating the attitude heterogeneity, outperforms the ordinary least square (OLS) estimate in risk prediction and yields real benefits in terms of risk reduction, forgone benefits saving and profits improving. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronically saturating levels of endogenous glycine disrupt glutamatergic neurotransmission and enhance synaptogenesis in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampus
Authors: Bakkar Wafae , Ma Chun‐Lei , Pabba Mohan , Khacho Pamela , Zhang Yong‐Li , Muller Emilie , Martina Marzia , Bergeron Richard
Published: June 2011

Glycine serves a dual role in neurotransmission. It is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brain stem and is also an obligatory coagonist at the excitatory glutamate, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Therefore, the postsynaptic action of glycine should be strongly regulated to maintain a balance between its inhibitory and excitatory inputs. The glycine concentration at the synapse is tightly regulated by two types of glycine transporters, GlyT1 and GlyT2, located on nerve terminals or astrocytes. Genetic studies demonstrated that homozygous (GlyT1−/−) newborn mice display severe sensorimotor deficits characterized by lethargy, hypotonia, and hyporesponsivity to tactile stimuli and ultimately die in their first postnatal day. These symptoms are similar to those associated with the human disease glycine encephalopathy in which there is a high level of glycine in cerebrospinal fluid of affected individuals. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the impact of chronically high concentrations of endogenous glycine on glutamatergic neurotransmission during postnatal development using an in vivo mouse model (GlyT1+/−). The results of our study indicate the following; that compared with wild‐type mice, CA1 pyramidal neurons from mutants display significant disruptions in hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission, as suggested by a faster kinetic of NMDAR excitatory postsynaptic currents, a lower reduction of the amplitude of NMDAR excitatory postsynaptic currents by ifenprodil, no difference in protein expression for NR2A and NR2B but a higher protein expression for PSD‐95, an increase in their number of synapses and finally, enhanced neuronal excitability. Synapse 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of ex‐vivo high‐resolution episcopic microscopy with in‐vivo four‐dimensional high‐resolution transvaginal sonography of the first‐trimester fetal heart
Authors: Gindes L. , Matsui H. , Achiron R. , Mohun T. , Ho S. Y. , Gardiner H.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To compare the capability of three‐dimen‐sional (3D) reconstructed images produced by high‐resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) with that of in‐vivo four‐dimensional high‐resolution transvaginal sonography (4D‐HRTVS) to discern morphological features of the first‐trimester human fetal heart.

Methods

This was a prospective study of fetal hearts between 9 and 14 weeks' gestation. For ex‐vivo 3D analysis, 30 human fetal hearts (at 9 + 0 to 14 + 6 weeks) were retrieved from surgical terminations of pregnancy. The specimens were embedded in resin and episcopic (‘block‐face’) imaging was used to obtain a digital volume dataset (HREM) using 3‐micron slicing. 4D‐HRTVS was performed in 28 separate pregnancies at 10 + 2 to 14 + 0 weeks using a Voluson E8 ultrasound machine with volumetric transvaginal RIC 6–12‐MHz transducers. Heart volumes obtained by both methods were compared to assess their ability to demonstrate first‐trimester cardiac morphology. Comparisons were made in the transverse and sagittal planes, and using volume rendering.

Results

All hearts were structurally normal, although abdominal situs was not examined in the isolated hearts that underwent HREM. 4D‐HRTVS demonstrated each of the complete five transverse cardiac views in 32–86% of cases. HREM showed four features unique to the first‐trimester human heart: prominent atrial appendages, spiral ventricular arrangement, prominent coronary arteries and thickened arterial walls. 4D‐HRTVS could demonstrate the first two, but ultrasound resolution was too poor to quantify wall thickness and demonstrate coronary arteries in the 3–5‐mm diameter heart.

Conclusions

4D‐HRTVS showed limited morphological features of the first‐trimester fetal heart compared with HREM. HREM provides a gold standard of ex‐vivo imaging against which developments in ultrasound resolution could be compared. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance losses due to ice accretion for a 5 MW wind turbine
Authors: Homola Matthew C. , Virk Muhammad S. , Nicklasson Per J. , Sundsbø Per A.
Published: June 2011

A numerical study of power performance losses due to ice accretion on a large horizontal axis wind turbine blade has been carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and blade element momentum (BEM) calculations for rime ice conditions. The computed aerodynamic coefficients for the normal and iced blades from the CFD calculations were used together with the BEM method to calculate the torque, power and curves of the wind turbine for both normal and icing conditions. The results are compared with the published data. It is shown that icing results in a reduced power production from the turbine and that changing the turbine controller could improve the power production with iced blades. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of regulatory elements in the AGT1 promoter of ale and lager strains of brewer's yeast
Authors: Vidgren Virve , Kankainen Matti , Londesborough John , Ruohonen Laura
Published: June 2011

Agt1 is an interesting α‐glucoside transporter for the brewing industry, as it efficiently transports maltotriose, a sugar often remaining partly unused during beer fermentation. It has been shown that on maltose the expression level of AGT1 is much higher in ale strains than in lager strains, and that glucose represses the expression, particularly in the ale strains. In the present study the regulatory elements of the AGT1 promoter of one ale and two lager strains were identified by computational methods. Promoter regions up to 1.9 kbp upstream of the AGT1 gene were sequenced from the three brewer's yeast strains and the laboratory yeast strain CEN.PK‐1D. The promoter sequence of the laboratory strain was identical to the AGT1 promoter of strain S288c of the Saccharomyces Genome Database, whereas the promoter sequences of the industrial strains diverged markedly from the S288c strain. The AGT1 promoter regions of the ale and lager strains were for the most part identical to each other, except for one 22 bp deletion and two 94 and 95 bp insertions in the ale strain. Computational analyses of promoter elements revealed that the promoter sequences contained several Mig1‐ and MAL‐activator binding sites, as was expected. However, some of the Mig1 and MAL‐activator binding sites were located on the two insertions of the ale strain, and thus offered a plausible explanation for the different expression pattern of the AGT1 gene in the ale strains. Accordingly, functional analysis of A60 ale and A15 lager strain AGT1 promoters fused to GFP (encoding the green fluorescent protein) showed a significant difference in the ability of these two promoters to drive GFP expression. Under the control of the AGT1 promoter of the ale strain the emergence of GFP was strongly induced by maltose, whereas only a low level of GFP was detected with the construct carrying the AGT1 promoter of the lager strain. Thus, the extra MAL‐activator binding element, present in the AGT1 promoter of the ale strain, appears to be necessary to reach a high level of induction by maltose. Both AGT1 promoters were repressed by glucose but their derepression was different, possibly due to a distinct distribution of Mig1 elements in these two promoters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Doctor Facing Turbulent Times: Antoni Tomasz Jurasz, Citizen of the World
Authors: Magowska Anita
Published: June 2011

The eponymous of the Jurasz procedure is Antoni Tomasz Jurasz (1882–1961). The procedure is a standard approach to treating mature pancreatic pseudocysts that are in contact with the stomach, although recent advances in instrumentation have empowered surgeons to perform pseudocystogastrostomy laparoscopically for this problem. Dr. Jurasz was born in Germany but felt himself as Polish as his ancestors. He graduated from Heidelberg with a degree in medicine. Over the following years, he developed a German surgery school, especially helping with the achievements of Erich Lexer and Erwin Payr. During the period between World Wars I and II, Jurasz chaired and led the Surgery Clinic of Poznan University in Poland; and he gave lectures and performed public operations abroad. These activities, together with articles published in German‐, French‐, and English‐language medical journals, made him a world‐renowned figure in the field of abdominal and thyroid surgery. During World War II, he revealed exceptional traits, taking part in the September Campaign in Poland as a surgeon. He then organized the Polish School of Medicine and the Paderewski Hospital in Edinburgh. Despite his outstanding mind, generosity, and merits, A. T. Jurasz became persona non grata in Communist Poland, which ultimately persuaded him to emigrate to the United States.
Enzymatic deinking of secondary fibers: cellulases/hemicellulases versus laccase-mediator system
Authors: Ibarra David , Concepción Monte M , Blanco Angeles , Martínez Angel T , Martínez María J
Published: June 2011

The use of enzymes has been suggested as an environmentally friendly alternative to complement conventional chemical deinking in the recycling of recovered paper. This study compares the use of cellulases/hemicellulases versus the laccase-mediator system for deinking printed fibers from newspapers and magazines. For this purpose, two commercial enzyme preparations with endoglucanase and endoxylanase activities (Viscozyme Wheat from Aspergillus oryzae and Ultraflo L from Humicola insolens, Novozymes) and a commercial laccase (NS51002 from Trametes villosa, Novozymes), the latter in the presence of synthetic or natural (lignin-related) mediators, were evaluated. The enzymatic treatments were studied at the laboratory scale using a standard chemical deinking sequence consisting of a pulping stage; an alkaline stage using NaOH, sodium silicate and fatty acid soap; and a bleaching stage using hydrogen peroxide. The handsheets were then prepared and their brightness, residual ink concentration, and strength properties were measured. Among the different enzymatic treatments assayed, both carbohydrate hydrolases were found to deink the secondary fibers more efficiently. Brightness increased up to 3–4% ISO on newspaper fibers, being Ultraflo 20% more efficient in the ink removal. Up to 2.5% ISO brightness increase was obtained when magazine fibers were used, being Viscozyme 9% more efficient in the ink removal. Regarding the laccase-mediator system, alone or in combination with carbohydrate hydrolases, it was ineffective in deinking both newspaper and magazine fibers, resulting in pulps with worse brightness and residual ink concentration values. However, pulp deinking by the laccase-mediator system was displayed when secondary fibers from printed cardboard were used, obtaining up to 3% ISO brightness increase and lower residual ink concentrations.
Production of bioactive sheep β-defensin-1 in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Zhao Pengwei , Cao Guifang
Published: June 2011

Previous research has shown that sheep β-defensin-1 (sBD-1), a small cationic peptide with a broad range of antimicrobial activities, could inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as that of fungi. In order to increase the yield of current ovine defensin purification methods, mature sBD-1 (msBD-1) was added with a 6-His tag on the C-terminus (msBD-1-T) and expressed in Pichia pastoris in the presented work. The msBD-1 and msBD-1-T were expressed in the Pichia pastoris. Both msBD-1 and msBD-1-T were purification, and the two peptides were used to inhibit Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella flexneri. The antimicrobial activity of the 6-His tagged msBD-1-T peptide was not significantly different from that of the native msBD-1 peptide. The two peptides could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella flexneri with equal efficiency as well as chemoattractant function. In addition, the yield of purified 6-His-tagged msBD-1 was greater than that of msBD-1. The presented method might be a more efficient approach to produce bioactive sBD-1.
Correlation between pellet morphology and glycopeptide antibiotic balhimycin production by Amycolatopsis balhimycina DSM 5908
Authors: Singh Kamaleshwar P , Wangikar Pramod P , Jadhav Sameer
Published: June 2011

Actinomycetes, a class of filamentous bacteria, are an important source of several industrially relevant secondary metabolites. Several environmental factors including the media composition affect both biomass growth and product formation. Likewise, several studies have shown that environmental factors cause changes in cellular morphology. However, the relationship between morphology and product formation is not well understood. In this study, we first characterized the effect of varying concentrations of phosphate and ammonia in defined media on pellet morphology for an actinomycete Amycolatopsis balhimycina DSM 5908, which produces balhimycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic. Our results show that higher balhimycin productivity is correlated with the following morphological features: (1) higher pellet fraction in the biomass, (2) small elongated pellets, and (3) shorter filaments in hyphal growth in the periphery of the pellets. The correlation between morphology and product formation was also observed in industrially relevant complex media. Although balhimycin production starts after 72 h with maximum production around 168 h, the morphological changes in pellets are observed as early as 24 h after commencing of the batch. Therefore, morphology may be used as an early predictor of the end-of-batch productivity. We argue that a similar strategy can be developed for other strains where morphological indicators may be used as a batch monitoring tool.
Ethanolic Extract of Propolis Promotes Reverse Cholesterol Transport and the Expression of ATP‐Binding Cassette Transporter A1 and G1 in Mice
Authors: Yu Yang , Si Yanhong , Song Guohua , Luo Tian , Wang Jiafu , Qin Shucun
Published: June 2011

The ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) is beneficial in increasing high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL‐C) and diminishing risks of atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the effects of EEP on reverse cholesterol transport in mice. 3H ‐cholesterol laden macrophage was injected intraperitoneally into mice fed by gastric gavage with EEP. Plasma lipid level was determined and 3H‐cholesterol was traced in plasma, liver and feces. The effects of EEP on ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1 and G1 (ABCA1 and ABCG1) and scavenger receptor BI (SR‐BI) in mice liver and in cultured cells were also investigated. EEP administration led to a significant increase in HDL‐C and peritoneal macrophage‐original 3H‐cholesterol in plasma, liver and feces. Liver protein expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were increased but SR‐B1 was not. In vitro experiments with HepG2 and Raw264.7 cell lines confirmed the above results. The finding of these studies shows that EEP‐enhanced reverse cholesterol transport may have resulted from EEP stimulated plasma HDL level and hepatic ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression.
Determinants of DHA Incorporation into Tumor Tissue During Dietary DHA Supplementation
Authors: Hajjaji Nawale , Schubnel Valérie , Bougnoux Philippe
Published: June 2011

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), upon incorporation into tumor tissue, has the potential to sensitize tumors to the effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Although DHA has usually been supplied to tumor tissue in the diet, appropriate dietary conditions required to obtain optimal tumor levels have not been established. Hence, we studied mammary tumor tissue responses in rats fed various durations and doses of DHA. Rats fed a palm oil enriched diet (diet 0) were switched to diets providing either 0.8 g DHA/day (diet 1) or 1.5 g DHA/day (diet 2). Tumor tissue fatty acid composition was analysed at baseline (diet 0), at weeks 1, 4 and 9 during diet 1 and at week 4 during diet 2. Dietary DHA supplementation differentially increased DHA within phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions in tumors. DHA level equilibrated between 2 and 4 weeks in PL while DHA increase was more progressive in TAG and did not reach a steady state. A higher dose of DHA further increased DHA content in tumor PL and TAG (P = 0.018 and P < 0.001, respectively). DHA concentration in plasma PL was positively correlated with DHA in tumor PL (r = 0.72; P = 0.0003) and TAG (r = 0.64; P = 0.003). We conclude that dietary DHA supplementation enhances tumor content of DHA in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, and that the DHA level in plasma PL could be used as a proxy for tumor DHA. These findings have implications for dietary DHA supplementations in cancer patients.
E-democracy as the Future Face of Democracy: A Case Study of the 2011 Irish Elections
Authors: Curran Tom , Singh Ravi
Published: June 2011

This article tells the success story of the Fine Gael Party in the 2011 general elections in Ireland, while including it in the broader context of e-democracy trends. After briefly describing the challenging political and economic situation of Ireland prior to elections, it looks into detail at the digital strategy used by Fine Gael to win these elections. Special attention and numerous examples are given to highlight the role of new media and social networks in reaching and engaging voters and winning votes. The authors conclude with lessons that can be learned from the Irish case and the advantages of embracing state-of-the-art e-democracy tools.
China's Rise and Europe's Fall: Time to Start Worrying
Authors: Van Ham Peter
Published: June 2011

Leaders in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and Asia are placed in front of what appears to be a very simple decision. Why spend time and effort in quarrels over human rights and good governance, if there is a much easier option at their disposal with results available right away? More and more countries are now keen on belonging to the Chinese sphere of soft power influence, which goes far beyond the quest for natural resources. The author presents reasons why Europe and indeed the US should be worried about their political and cultural hegemony. The author even goes as far as warning against another Cold War rivalry between the West and China. China is on the move, acting. The author concludes by suggesting that the EU should get rid of its normative leadership illusions and do the same.
Democracy on the Move
Authors: Lennmarker Göran
Published: June 2011

It is surprising how resistant some parts of the world remain to democratic tendencies, taking into account the remarkable progress of democracy in other regions. This paper reveals that the process of democratisation need not progress at the same pace or follow a precisely laid out pattern in different countries, regions or cultures. Globalisation had and continues to have a positive effect on the democratisation of the world in general. Yet the most successful project so far appears to be the European integration. What lessons or processes are applicable in the hostile environments where democracy seems not to thrive?
A New Role for the Imf in the Aftermath of the Crisis
Authors: Rato Rodrigo
Published: June 2011

The global economy continues to evolve, and the future of the IMF and other international institutions will depend on how well they adapt to the new reality. A globalised economy demands an ever-increasing number of global rules which can only be overseen and arbitrated by multilateral institutions. These institutions, however, must reform if they are to earn the legitimacy this role demands. The IMF needs to adapt its governance structure to changing times but has lost none of its importance as a result of the crisis. Rather, it has taken on an enhanced role as the leading supervisor of international financial stability.
Wikileaks and the Question of Responsibility within a Global Democracy
Authors: Thomaß Barbara
Published: June 2011

Making sensitive or even secret information public was hitherto the domain of investigative journalism. WikiLeaks has made it possible for whistle-blowers to shed light on anything they think the general public should know about. This has given birth to a new breed of journalism. The new way of bringing sensitive information to the public is much less responsible in many respects, even though it can by some measures fulfil the norm of fairness. Who are the affected parties and what are the pros and cons? These are the questions this article seeks to answer by comparing WikiLeaks with classic journalism.
Effects of oxidative stress on the expression of 8‐oxoguanine and its eliminating enzymes in human keratinocytes and squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Nakayama Shuji , Kajiya Hiroshi , Okabe Koji , Ikebe Tetsuro
Published: June 2011

Purpose of the research: An oxidized form of guanine, 8‐oxoGua, is known to have a potential to induce genetic mutations, thereby causing carcinogenesis. Mammalian cells hence have various mechanisms to eliminate 8‐oxoGua in DNA and nucleotide pools. Since MutT‐related enzymes, MTH1 and NUDT5, can hydrolyze 8‐oxoGua‐containing nucleotides in nucleotide pools, the expressions of MTH1 and NUDT5 are likely to be involved in controlling oxidation‐induced carcinogenesis. In the present study, we examined the expressions of 8‐oxoGua, MTH1, and NUDT5 in human normal keratinocytes and human oral squamous carcinoma cells treated with H2O2.

Principal results: The immunofluorescent study demonstrated that the localization of 8‐oxo‐dGTP changed from cytoplasm to nucleus in the treatment with H2O2 in both cell types. The Western blotting analysis as well as RT‐PCR revealed that H2O2 enhanced the expression of NUDT5, but not MTH1, in normal keratinocytes. The increased NUDT5 proteins were also detected in the nuclear extracts of keratinocytes treated with H2O2. In contrast, H2O2 had no effects on the expressions of NUDT5 and MTH1 in squamous carcinoma cells.

Major conclusions: NUDT5 may thus be involved in preventing carcinogenic mutations in keratinocytes under oxidative stress, and its impaired expression may promote their carcinogenesis.
Beta‐adrenergic blocker for hyperventilation syndrome in dentistry: A report of three cases
Authors: Tomioka Shigemasa , Nakajo Nobuyoshi
Published: June 2011

Hyperventilation syndrome is an acute complication sometimes encountered in dentistry and is generally treated or prevented with benzodiazepines. We report three cases of hyperventilation syndrome that were dramatically improved or prevented by intravenous administration of a beta‐adrenergic blocker.
Instability of streaks in wall turbulence with adverse pressure gradient
Authors: MARQUILLIE MATTHIEU , EHRENSTEIN UWE , LAVAL JEAN-PHILIPPE
Published: June 2011

A direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow with a lower curved wall is performed at Reynolds numberReτ≈ 600. Low-speed streak structures are extracted from the turbulent flow field using methods known asskeletonizationin image processing. Individual streaks in the wall-normal plane averaged in time and superimposed to the mean streamwise velocity profile are used as basic states for a linear stability analysis. Instability modes are computed at positions along the lower and upper wall and the instability onset is shown to coincide with the strong production peaks of turbulent kinetic energy near the maximum of pressure gradient on both the curved and the flat walls. The instability modes are spanwise-symmetric (varicose) for the adverse pressure gradient streak base flows with wall-normal inflection points, when the total average of the detected streaks is considered. The size and shape of the counter-rotating streamwise vortices associated with the instability modes are shown to be reminiscent of the coherent vortices emerging from the streak skeletons in the direct numerical simulation. Conditional averages of streaks have also been computed and the distance of the streak's centre from the wall is shown to be an essential parameter. For the upper-wall weak pressure gradient flow, spanwise-antisymmetric (sinuous) instability modes become unstable when sets of highest streaks are considered, whereas varicose modes dominate for the streaks closest to the wall.
Fish oil combined with SCFA synergistically prevent tissue accumulation of NEFA during weight loss in obese mice
Authors: Pedersen Maiken H. , Lauritzen Lotte , Hellgren Lars I.
Published: June 2011

Based on their proposed metabolic effects, we examined whether fish oil (FO) and SCFA, alone or in combination, accelerate weight loss and the resultant metabolic improvements. Obesity was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by high-energy feeding for 10 weeks. The mice were transferred to a low-fat diet (2·5w%) for 4 weeks, the source of fat being either FO, a lard–safflower oil mix (control), or both types combined with SCFA. Weight, fasting insulin, tissue and serum lipid concentrations, as well as mRNA amount of genes related to adipose inflammation and hepatic fat oxidation were determined. All groups lost weight and showed reduced fasting insulin concentrations and reduced liver TAG. However, weight loss on the control-fat diet caused significant increase in hepatic and cardiac NEFA. Substituting 20 % of the fat with SCFA increased weight loss by 48 % and reduced fasting insulin 1·5-fold more than the no-SCFA diets. It furthermore significantly increased the amount of mRNA for PPAR-α, and decreased the mRNA amount for NF-κB in the liver and white adipose tissue. The FO diets enhanced improvement of tissue lipid levels. Thus, FO improved liver TAG and NEFA levels compared with weight loss on the control diet. Combining FO and SCFA further reduced tissue NEFA accumulation. In conclusion, we found that dietary SCFA had a significant impact on gene expression in the liver and adipose tissue, and that the effect of FO on tissue NEFA content was modified by SCFA. Thus, interactions between fatty acids should be considered when studying the effects of specific fatty acids.
Effects of Nori- and Wakame-enriched meats with or without supplementary cholesterol on arylesterase activity, lipaemia and lipoproteinaemia in growing Wistar rats
Authors: Olivero-David Raúl , Schultz-Moreira Adriana , Vázquez-Velasco Miguel , González-Torres Laura , Bastida Sara , Benedí Juana , Isabel Sanchez-Reus María , José González-Muñoz María , Sánchez-Muniz Francisco J.
Published: June 2011

Some seaweeds exert antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic properties. The effects of diets including restructured meats (RM) containing Wakame (W) or Nori (N) algae on arylesterase (AE) activity and lipoprotein concentration and composition were tested. In the present study, six groups of ten male growing Wistar rats each were fed a mix of 85 % AIN-93M diet and 15 % freeze-dried RM for 35 d. The control group (C) consumed control RM, the W and N groups consumed RM with 5 % W and 5 % N, respectively. The cholesterol-enriched C (CC), W (CW) and N (CN) groups consumed their corresponding basal diets with supplementary cholesterol (2·43 %) and cholic acid (0·49 %). Cholesterol in the diet induced lower (P < 0·001) growth ratios. Both W and N diets significantly increased AE activity. VLDL-cholesterol values were lower in N rats than in W rats. AE activity increased (P < 0·001) in CC and CW rats but not in CN rats compared with their corresponding counterparts. AE was lower (P < 0·05) in the CN group than in the CC and CW groups. The CN diet partially blocked (P < 0·001) the hypercholesterolaemic induction observed in CC and CW diets and reduced TAG levels (at leastP < 0·05) with respect to those of CC rats. Although dietary cholesterol supplementation increased total cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and (intermediate-density lipoprotein+LDL)-cholesterol (allP < 0·001) in all rats, the CN diet moderately improved the lipoprotein profile of hypercholesterolaemic rats. Changes in AE activity and plasma cholesterol in CN rats but not in CW rats suggest a possible relationship between the two parameters. It is concluded that inclusion of RM enriched with N may be used in hypercholesterolaemic diets to improve lipoprotein metabolism.
Accounting for the multidimensional nature of the relationship between adult obesity and socio-economic status: the French second National Individual Survey on Food Consumption (INCA 2) dietary survey (2006–07)
Authors: Fillol F. , Dubuisson C. , Lafay L. , Dufour A. , Bertin M. , Touvier M. , Maire B. , Volatier J.-L. , Lioret S.
Published: June 2011

The objective was to study the multidimensional nature of the relationship between adult obesity (OB) and socio-economic status (SES), using comprehensive indices of SES taken separately or synthesised in an overall index. A nationally representative sample of adults aged 18–79 years was taken from the French second National Individual Survey on Food Consumption (INCA 2) dietary survey (2006–07). Weight and height were measured and OB defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. SES variables were reported in questionnaires and included occupation, education and characteristics of household wealth. Composite indices of SES (household wealth and overall SES indices) were computed by correspondence analysis, and relationships with OB were investigated with logistic regression analysis. In total, 11·8 (95 % CI 10·1, 13·4) % of French adults were obese, without significant difference by sex. While no significant relationship was observed in men, all SES indicators were inversely correlated to OB in women. Both education and the household wealth index were retained in the stepwise multivariate model, confirming that different socio-economic variables are not necessarily proxies of each other regarding the OB issue. On the other hand, ‘controlling for SES’ while including several measures of SES in multivariate models may lead to collinearity, and thus over-adjustment. A more integrative approach may be to derive a synthetic index by including the SES factors available in a given study. Beyond this methodological perspective, understanding how OB is related to the different dimensions of SES should help to target the more vulnerable groups and increase the effectiveness of prevention.
Arable land use intensity change in China from 1985 to 2005: evidence from integrated cropping systems and agro economic analysis
Authors: ZHOU D. , AN P. , PAN Z. , ZHANG F.
Published: June 2011

A cropping system is the consequence of environmental and socio-economic conditions that determine the intensity of agricultural land use. Accurate information on regional land use intensity and changes in land use intensity is important for food security and sustainable resource management in China. Therefore, a better understanding of the spatial and temporal changes in arable land use intensity (ALUI) based on the cropping system used is essential to comprehend the changes in land use and the sustainability of the food system. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the spatial difference in ALUI and how it has changed in China by comparing data on cropping systems from 1985 and 2005. The basic cropping system data were acquired from the 1985 reference book and the 2005 national land use investigation. The ALUI was defined by the application of inputs (irrigation water and fertilizer) to arable land and the duration of disturbances (the duration of cultivation and the frequency of cropping), and it was calculated using the information entropy approach at the cropping region scale (cropping region being defined by the geographical and climatic conditions at the beginning of the 1980s). Spatial and temporal changes in the ALUI in China over the past two decades were observed and analysed. The results indicated a clear pattern in ALUI, increasing from the north to the south in 2005. Furthermore, the ALUI significantly increased after the 1980s, but the rate of increase was lower in the south than in the north. The most intensive land use in 1985 was in the area of the lower reach of the Yangtze and Huai Rivers, and it expanded northwards towards the Huang-Huai-Hai plain in 2005. The large increase in intensity in the northern single-cropping regions was strongly associated with a rapid increase in inputs and longer duration of cultivation. Decreases in duration of cultivation and planting area helped slow the ALUI increase in multiple cropping regions, which were concentrated in coastal and economically developed regions where more fertile soil and suitable climates existed, allowing the growth of multiple crops. These results suggested that a decrease in the planting area and a slow increase in the ALUI in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, South China, Southeast China and Northeast China should be of concern, but land use in some western regions should maintain the land production capacity to build sustainable cropping. In the future, it will be necessary to produce more food in a more sustainable way.
Indirect selection for grain yield in spring bread wheat in diverse nurseries worldwide using parameters locally determined in north-west Mexico
Authors: GUTIERREZ M. , REYNOLDS M. P. , RAUN W. R. , STONE M. L. , KLATT A. R.
Published: June 2011

The relationships of normalized water index three (NWI-3) and canopy temperature (CT) with grain yield in north-west Mexico were determined in a set of wheat lines planted in multi-location yield trials. Advanced wheat lines developed by The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) were included and tested internationally in the trials including the 24th Elite Spring Wheat Yield Trial (ESWYT), the 11th Semi-Arid Wheat Yield Trial (SAWYT) and the 11th High Temperature Wheat Yield Trial (HTWYT). In north-west Mexico, NWI-3, CT and grain yield were determined in three growing seasons (2006, 2007 and 2008) and three environments (well irrigated, water-stressed and high-temperature), while grain yield was measured at international locations in the same advanced lines of the 24th ESWYT, the 11th SAWYT and the 11th HTWYT . The CIMMYT database was used to obtain grain yield from worldwide nurseries. The mean grain yield ranged from 0·8 to 12·7 t/ha for the 24th ESWYT (59 international sites), from 0·6 to 8·2 t/ha for the 11th SAWYT (28 international sites) and from 0·4 to 7·5 t/ha for the 11th HTWYT (26 international sites). NWI-3 and CT for the advanced lines in the three yield trials measured in north-west Mexico in distinct environments showed significant associations with the grain yield from a few international locations (0·12–0·23 of sites). Locations from Central Asia and North Africa had the best associations with NWI-3 and CT. The lack of more associations may be due to either an interaction of other factors (low rainfall and limited irrigations), which affected yield performance, or few of the advanced lines were well adapted to local growing conditions at each testing site, or a combination of these factors. The present results indicate that NWI-3 and CT have limited potential to predict yield performance at international sites.
Application of a SUGAR model to analyse sugar accumulation in peach cultivars that differ in glucose–fructose ratio
Authors: WU B. H. , QUILOT B. , GÉNARD M. , LI S. H. , ZHAO J. B. , YANG J. , WANG Y. Q.
Published: June 2011

A SUGAR model, which was established to predict the partitioning of carbon into sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol in fruit mesocarp of peach cultivars (Prunus persica(L.) Batch) with normal glucose: fructose ratio (G:F) of 0·8–1·5, was evaluated and extended for peach cultivars with a high G:F ratio of 1·5–7·8. The extended model (SUGARb) is more generic and assumes a high G:F ratio to be due to preferential transformation of sorbitol into glucose, preferential utilization of fructose or preferential conversion of fructose into glucose. The simulated seasonal variations in sugars via the SUGARb-model-matched experimental data for three normal and three high G:F cultivars well, and accurately exhibited G:F ratio characteristics. The relative rates of sucrose transformation into glucose and fructose differed according to cultivar but not according to G:F status. Compared with hexosephosphate interconversion, a lower production rate of fructose than glucose from sorbitol, and/or a higher utilization rate of fructose than that of glucose might be preferential alternatives for forming high G:F ratios in the high G:F cultivars studied in the present study, which is discussed in the light of recent results on enzyme activities.
Eucharistic Sacrifice, American Polemics, the Oxford Movement and Apostolicae Curae
Authors: PARKER KENNETH L. , HANDSCHY DANIEL
Published: June 2011

In the received narratives of Anglican-Roman Catholic tensions in the nineteenth century, claims to a sacrificial priesthood are presented as an Oxford Movement development, and Apostolicae curae is treated as the ultimate Roman Catholic response. This article tells a very different story. Locating the origins of the preoccupation with sacrificial priesthood in the early nineteenth-century American Episcopal Church, and the central Roman Catholic response in the polemics of the archbishop of Saint Louis in 1841, the narrative is recast as an example of how theology done at the ‘margins’ affects the discourse at the ‘centres’ of ecclesial communities.
Period-doubling cascades galore
Authors: SANDER EVELYN , YORKE JAMES A.
Published: June 2011

The appearance of numerous period-doubling cascades is among the most prominent features ofparametrized maps, that is, smooth one-parameter families of mapsF:ℝ×𝔐→𝔐, where 𝔐 is a smooth locally compact manifold without boundary, typically ℝN. Each cascade has infinitely many period-doubling bifurcations, and it is typical to observe that, whenever there are any cascades, there are infinitely many cascades. We develop a general theory of cascades for genericF.
Generalized invariant sub- and super-solutions for the energy-decreasing flow
Authors: Gomes José Maria
Published: June 2011

We consider an extension of the notion of sub- and super-solutions for an elliptic boundary-value problem and derive the existence of a classical solution in the presence of pairs of well-ordered or non-well-ordered generalized sub- and super-solutions.
Improved estimates and a limit case for the electrostatic Klein–Gordon–Maxwell system
Authors: Azzollini A. , Pisani L. , Pomponio A.
Published: June 2011

We study the class of nonlinear Klein–Gordon–Maxwell systems describing a standing wave (charged matter field) in equilibrium with a purely electrostatic field. We improve some previous existence results in the case of an homogeneous nonlinearity. Moreover, we deal with a limit case, namely when the frequency of the standing wave is equal to the mass of the charged field; this case shows analogous features of the well-known ‘zero-mass case’ for scalar field equations.
Non-real zeros of real differential polynomials
Authors: Langley J. K.
Published: June 2011

The main results of the paper determine all real meromorphic functions f of finite lower order in the plane such that f has finitely many zeros and non-real poles and such that certain combinations of derivatives of f have few non-real zeros.
Diffusive wavelets on groups and homogeneous spaces
Authors: Ebert Svend , Wirth Jens
Published: June 2011

We explain the basic ideas behind the concept of diffusive wavelets on spheres in the language of representation theory of Lie groups and within the framework of the group Fourier transform given by the Peter-Weyl decomposition of L2() for a compact Lie group . After developing a general concept for compact groups and their homogeneous spaces, we give concrete examples for tori, which reflect the situation on ℝn, and for 2 and 3 spheres.
PREFACE
Authors: Ansari Humayun
Published: June 2011

These Minutes are currently held in the East London Mosque Archives, East London Mosque & London Muslim Centre, 46–92 Whitechapel Road, London, E1 1JX. They consist of a series of papers, bound together with occasional additional documents, in one large file.