bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES RELATING TO THE FORMATION OF NEUTRALIZINC ANTIBODY FOLLOWING THE PROPAGATION OF INFLUENZA AND NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN THE BOVINE MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: Mitchell Chas. A. , Walker R. V. L. , Bannister G. L.
Published: February 2010

The propagation of influenza A (PR 8 strain) and Newcastle disease virus in the bovine mammary gland led to the presence in milk and blood serum of neutralizing antibody. The removal of the gland had a profound effect upon the antibody content of the blood. It is suggested that the major portion of antibody was produced locally in the gland. Whether this results from continuous antigenic stimulation or is a function developed from a fleeting contact with the virus remains unanswered.
INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS. ATTEMPTS TO INFECT RODENTS AND TO ISOLATE VIRUS IN TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Franklin A. E. , Buchner Barbara , McKee Elizabeth , Sinclair J. C. , Bearcroft W. G. C. , Oke Nancy , Rooyen C. E. van
Published: February 2010

The paper describes continued efforts to isolate the virus of infectious hepatitis. Experiments include a search for naturally-occurring hepatitis among wild rodents indigenous to Southern Ontario, captured in the proximity to the homes of human cases. Attempts have been made to infect similar animals with the faecal extracts and sera from human cases. Suckling mice were inoculated with infective material and tissue emulsions serially propagated for a period of over one year. Efforts to cultivate the virus in tissue culture of monkey liver, spleen, and lung are described in detail. A search for specific complement-fixing antibodies in convalescent sera and for haemagglutinins in inoculated tissue culture fluids has proved negative.
ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY OF A BACTERIUM RESULTING FROM VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
Authors: Chaplin C. E. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: February 2010

Studies of a vitamin B12-requiring bacterium of the genus Arthrobacter showed that with suboptimal concentrations of the vitamin growth in liquid medium was flocculent whereas with adequate amounts of B12 cultures were uniformly turbid. Flocculation, which was progressively more pronounced with decreasing vitamin supply, was associated with abnormal cell morphology. Cells were noticeably swollen and elongated, irregularly bent, and showed rudimentary branching. The critical concentration of vitamin B12 below which morphological changes began to occur was approximately 0.3 mμgm. per ml.
INFECTION DUE TO SALMONELLA PARATYPHI A CASE REPORT
Authors: Greey Philip
Published: February 2010

A case of infection due to Salmonella paratyphi A in an Italian housewife, who had been resident in Canada for two years, is presented. On two occasions the microorganism was cultured both from the blood stream and from faeces. Infection due to S. paratyphi A in Ontario is extremely rare. In the case described it is suggested that the infection was acquired from a friend who had recently arrived from Italy and who had suffered from diarrhea whilst staying in the patient's house. This, however, was not established bacteriologically.
AN INVESTIGATION OF "A" SUBSTANCE IN T.A.B. VACCINE DILUTED WITH SALINE OR TOXOID
Authors: Plummer H. C. , Brown M. H.
Published: February 2010

"A" substance, comparable to that found in human red blood cells, has been reported to be present in toxoid and vaccine made on media containing tryptic or peptic digests of animal tissue. Our tests were carried out with T.A.B. vaccine produced on (1) beef leg infusion containing 1% Bacto peptone and 3% Bacto agar, and (2) on beef heart infusion containing 1% N-Z case (tryptic digest of casein) and 3% agar. When either type of vaccine was diluted with saline, for human use, no trace of "A" substance was found. When T.A.B. vaccine was diluted with tetanus toxoid (T.A.B.T.) or with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (T.A.B.T.D.), considerable "A" substance was present if the toxoids were produced on hog stomach autolyzate medium (peptic digest of hog stomach tissue). However, when the vaccines were diluted with toxoids produced on N-Z case medium, no "A" substance was found.
RESPIRATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS, STRAIN BCG, IN THE PRESENCE OF SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Pascoe E. , Quastel J. H.
Published: February 2010

Rates of oxygen consumption by washed suspensions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, strain BCG, in the presence of short chain fatty acids and other substrates have been studied. Whereas the presence of acetate, butyrate, and hexanoate leads to increased but constant rates of respiration, that of propionate, pentanoate, and heptanoate leads to increased rates of respiration that diminish markedly with time. Admixture of glucose or glycerol with short chain even-numbered fatty acids gives additive rates of oxygen consumption. Admixture, however, of glucose or glycerol with odd-numbered short chain fatty acids prevents the fall off in respiration and leads to increased and constant rates of oxygen utilization. These effects of glucose or glycerol arc not due to the formation of fumarate or malate or of pyruvate or acetate. Mixtures of odd-numbered and even-numbered short chain fatty acids give rates of respiration which are (with the exception of acetate) those of the odd-numbered fatty acids alone. Acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate resemble the short chain even-numbered fatty acids in this respect.
A LYMPHOCYTOPENIA PRODUCING FACTOR FROM NOCARDIA
Authors: Johnson C. Margaret Charles , de Vries Joan , Stevenson J. W.
Published: February 2010

Nine strains of bacteria, isolated from the soil and provisionally classified as Nocardia, have been found to elicit a profound lymphocytopenia upon injection in heavy suspension into rabbits. Isolation of the haematologically active principle has been achieved by the tryptic digestion of whole cells, followed by centrifugation and prolonged dialysis of the supernatant fluid. The isolated material is of high potency, 1 mgm. producing in the rabbit a haematological response qualitatively identical to that obtained with whole cells and only slightly less in degree than that obtained with 100 mgm. of the lyophilized intact cells. On the basis of qualitative biochemical tests and paper chromatographic analysis, the active principle is believed to be a polysaccharide and was found to consist of reducing sugars and a non-reducing fraction, a "uronic" or "onic" acid, which gave the reactions characteristic of a sugar acid. The haematological activity and the chemical nature of the material suggests that this compound belongs to the large group of "pyrogenic" polysaccharides.
THE USE OF DUBOS OLEIC ACID ALBUMIN MEDIUM ENRICHED WITH BLOOD FOR THE VIABLE COUNTING OF BCG
Authors: Thow Doraine C. W.
Published: February 2010

Several different media were compared by means of surface viable counts of suspensions, in 0.1% solution of bovine serum albumin, of freshly grown BCG, and of BCG resuspended after freeze-drying. The growth of BCG on oleic acid albumin medium enriched with 5% whole blood was best in three respects: from a given inoculum, the colony count was highest; the colonies became visible soonest; and reached the greatest maximum size. The superiority of this medium was particularly evident with inocula of BCG reconstituted after freeze-drying.
RESPIRATION OF SCAB-PRODUCING STRAINS OF ACTINOMYCETES
Authors: Douglas R. J. , Clemente C. L. San
Published: February 2010

Homogenized suspensions of Streptomyces scabies mycelium derived from young cultures were shown to oxidize a number of organic acids. Data indicate that the high autorespiration rate encountered was supported, at least in part, by nitrogenous substances. Manometric data support the concept of tyrosine oxidation through dihydroxyphenylalanine with subsequent melanin formation. The possible role of cell permeability in contributing to the anomalous rate of α-ketoglutarate oxidation is discussed.
THE ENZYMES OF THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Campbell Jack J. R. , Smith Roberts A.
Published: February 2010

It was demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses all the enzymes necessary for the oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and water without passing through the conventional intermediates oxalosuccinate and α-ketoglutarate. These intermediates are bypassed by the action of the enzyme isocitratase which splits d-isocitrate to succinate plus glyoxylate. This reaction was shown to be readily reversible. The malic acid dehydrogenase content was low and in addition this enzyme required a high pH for optimum activity. In fresh cell extracts at pH 7.4 its activity was only 10% that of the other enzymes of the cycle. The malic and isocitric dehydrogenases were TPN specific. The organism was also shown to possess all the enzymes necessary for the operation of the conventional tricarboxylic acid cycle.
GLUCOSE OXIDATION BY SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Wasserman Aaron E. , Hopkins William , Seibles Thomas S.
Published: February 2010

Fresh cell suspensions of glucose-grown Serratia marcescens oxidize glucose, gluconic acid, and 2-ketoglneonate with an uptake of 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0 μmoles of oxygen per μM. substrate, respectively. Approximately two μM. of CO2 per μM. of each substrate are evolved. 6-Phosphogluconate, glucose-6-phosphate, and hexose diphosphate do not appear to be intermediates in the normal pathway of glucose oxidation. Dried-cell preparations of S. marcescens oxidize glucose and gluconate in a two-stage pattern, with an initial uptake of 1.0 and 0.5 μM. O2/μM. substrate, respectively. 2-Ketogluconate was identified chromatographically in these solutions. In the second stage, both added and metabolically formed 2-ketogluconate are further oxidized to the same oxidation level attained with the whole cell, i.e., 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0 μM. O2/μM. glucose, gluconate, and 2-ketogluconate, respectively. An as yet unidentified acidic compound has been isolated from the solution of metabolites of a glucose oxidation by these organisms.
COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIBODIES IN TUBERCULOUS GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Labzoffsky N. A. , Killough Eva , Percy W. J. A. , Bell James
Published: February 2010

Antigen prepared by a method previously described was employed in complement fixation tests on sera from guinea pigs experimentally infected with tuberculosis. In animals infected with a known inoculum of a single strain, complement fixing antibodies appeared regularly and consistently at the second to third week, reached a peak at about the seventh week, and thereafter either remained constant till the twelfth week, or declined. In another series sera from animals infected with unknown inocula of bacilli from a wide variety of sources all showed antibodies ranging in titer from 1:16 to 1:1024 at the sixth week.
A SEROLOGICAL STUDY OF PASTEURELLA HAEMOLYTICA
Authors: Carter G. R.
Published: February 2010

It has been shown that strains of Pasteurella haemolytica possess a soluble capsular substance which is a polysaccharide. A haemagglutination test is described in which the soluble polysaccharide was adsorbed to type O human red cells. These treated red cells were agglutinated in the presence of appropriate dilutions of specific immune sera. Fifty-one strains of P. haemolytica isolated from cases of shipping fever in Canada were found to be serologically homogeneous by means of the haemagglutination test. Strains of P. haemolytica from the U.S.A., Great Britain, and Europe were found to be serologically identical with the Canadian strains by the haemagglutination and conventional agglutination test.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTURE AND MAINTENANCE OF A FREE-LIVING AMOEBA
Authors: Bakerspigel A.
Published: February 2010

A free-living amoeba isolated from creek water could be grown at 24 °C. on a solid malt agar medium together with a pure culture of a motile Gram-negative bacillus, isolated from the same sample of water. The bacilli apparently served as the sole source of food for the trophozoites, the malt in the medium being-utilized by the bacilli for their own growth. In addition, the encysted form has been maintained on this medium at 24 °C. for the past 12 months and at 4 °C. for 10 months. Transfers to fresh medium of cysts from such cultures yielded numerous trophozoites after 12 hr. incubation at 24 °C, provided that metabolically active bacilli were present.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSDUCTION PHENOMENON: I. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Bailey W. R.
Published: February 2010

Transduction has a practical application in a laboratory where the serological analysis of Salmonella organisms is carried out. Non-motile variants of strains may be treated with transducing phage, such that they develop flagella and motility. Such treated strains may then be typed with the appropriate anti-sera. Non-motile, poorly flagellated strains of S. derby, S. dublin, and S. typhi Vi were successfully transduced to motile forms. A phage isolated from S. thompson strain 1/19 (Williams Smith) was found to possess transducing properties. Laboratory methods for the transducing procedure are outlined.
A STUDY OF THE INTRANASAL CHALLENGE ASSAY OF PERTUSSIS VACCINE USING IODINE-131
Authors: Logan J. E. , Griffiths B. W. , Mason M. A. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

The present study was undertaken to determine the cause of the wide variation in the response of mice following intranasal challenge with virulent H. pertussis. Mice, both normal and immunized, were inoculated intranasally with killed H. pertussis organisms labelled with iodine-131. The course of the tagged antigens, in the lungs and other organs of these animals, was followed by radioisotope counting. The lung uptake varied from 31.6% to 77.5% of the challenge dose in immunized animals and from 25.0% to 83.7% in non-immunized animals. It was considered that this variation was large enough to contribute substantially to the wide discrepancies found in animal assays. To date the cultures employed for intranasal challenge have all been of low virulence when administered by this route. A considerably more virulent strain of challenge organism than those in use now would be necessary to overcome the variations in the assay caused by uneven lung uptake of challenge culture. It was also found that the lungs of immunized mice were cleared more rapidly than the lungs of non-immunized mice in the 24-hr. period following the intranasal inoculation.
THE METABOLIC STABILITY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Siminovitch L. , Graham A. F.
Published: February 2010

P32incorporated in ribo- and desoxyribo-nucleic acids during multiplication of Escherichia coli was retained there as nucleotide phosphorus during subsequent generations. There was little or no unequal exchange of P32between the nucleotides of either nucleic acid during bacterial multiplication. The kinetics of assimilation of inorganic P32from medium of constant specific activity into the nucleotides of E. coli nucleic acids indicated that phosphorus was incorporated faster into RNA than DNA. E. coli was propagated for two minutes in the presence of inorganic P32and the rate at which this "two minute" P32was incorporated into RNA and DNA phosphorus was measured. About 50 to 60 min. was required for both RNA and DNA phosphorus precursor pools to empty. P32was incorporated into RNA at a faster rate than into DNA. The final ratio RNAP32/DNAP32was 50% higher than would be expected from the ratio RNAP/DNAP in E. coli. An equal exchange of phosphorus between RNA and DNA does not occur during bacterial multiplication.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON CERTAIN ENZYMES OF MICROCOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS AND PSEUDOMONAS SALINARIA
Authors: Baxter R. M. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

The isocitric, succinic, malic, and lactic dehydrogenases and cytochrome oxidase from Pseudomonas salinaria, an extreme halophile, are most active in high concentrations of sodium or potassium chloride. The lactic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase of Micrococcus halodenitrificans are also more active at high concentrations of salt, but the isocitric, succinic, malic, α-ketoglutaric, and glutamic dehydrogenases of this moderate halophile are most active at much lower concentrations. It is concluded that the extreme halophiles have a high intracellular salt content. It is suggested that M. halodenitrificans maintains an intracellular salt concentration of about 0.5 M under optimal conditions for growth and that cytochrome oxidase is important in maintaining this level against a concentration gradient.
UTILIZATION OF SODIUM CASEINATE BY LACTIC STREPTOCOCCI AND ENTEROCOCCI
Authors: McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

The ability of lactic streptococci to utilize unhydrolyzed sodium caseinate as the nitrogen source in an otherwise chemically defined medium seems to be a strain rather than a species characteristic. This characteristic therefore appears to have little value as an aid in classification although it might have some importance in selection of starter cultures for cheese manufacture. None of the enterococci examined grew with unhydrolyzed sodium caseinate as the sole nitrogen source. However, Streptococcus liquefaciens and Streptococcus zymogenes appeared to utilize sodium caseinate when small amounts of casein hydrolyzate were added to the medium.
CHANGES IN THE YEAST POPULATION ON QUEBEC APPLES DURING RIPENING
Authors: Williams Audrey J. , Wallace R. H. , Clark D. S.
Published: February 2010

The numbers and species of yeasts occurring on Quebec apples were determined at two-week intervals during the ripening season. The numbers of yeasts decreased during August but increased in October. Ten species were isolated of which Candida malicola and Rhodotorula gluiinis var. rubescens were the most predominant. There was not any evidence to show that rainfall was correlated with the numbers of yeasts on apples.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION BY USE OF THE ANTIGLOBULIN (COOMBS) TECHNIQUE
Authors: Ford Arthur C. , DeFalco Ralph J.
Published: February 2010

The Coombs antiglobulin test has been successfully applied to bacterial cells in agglutination reactions. The test is a test for attached antibody globulin. Titers obtained by this method are shown to be from one to three tubes higher than those obtained by routine agglutination tests. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), bovine albumin, and human albumin have also been shown to hasten and strengthen bacterial agglutinations. The incomplete albumin reacting antibody titer of antisera seems to be higher than that of the saline reacting, or complete antibodies. The Coombs reaction is a specific test for antibody globulin attached to sensitized cells. There is no reaction where there is no combination between antibody globulin and the cell antigen, as shown by heterologous tests.
EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES OF GREEN ALGAE
Authors: Lewin Ralph A.
Published: February 2010

Eighteen unicellular or colonial green algae, mostly Chlamydomonas species, were isolated from soil or fresh water and grown in mass culture. All of these species liberated some soluble polysaccharides into the growth medium. This material constituted 25% of the total organic matter produced by the cells of Chlamydomonas mexicana. Comparable quantities were isolated from other species by extraction of the cells with hot water or dilute alkali.In all species but one, galactose and arabinose were the main components of the polysaccharides. In Chlamydomonas ulvaënsis, glucose and xylose predominated. Associated sugar moieties included fucose, rhamnose, mannose, uronic acids, and several unidentified components. These constituents were separated and identified by paper chromatography.The role of such polysaccharides in the ecology of soil and natural waters is discussed.
A NUTRITIONAL STUDY OF THREE STRAINS OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA (FR). TUL.
Authors: Taber W. A. , Vining L. C.
Published: February 2010

Organic nitrogen sources were more readily utilized than inorganic nitrogen sources by three strains of Claviceps purpurea. Glucose, fructose, mannose, cellobiose, and sucrose were readily utilized, but not xylose, ribose, mannitol, maltose, starch, powdered cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, or methyl cellulose. Carbon dioxide was required for initiation of growth. An exogenous supply of biotin was required for growth in a medium containing glucose, ammonium succinate, and minerals. This requirement could be nearly replaced by equimolar amounts of biotin L-sulphoxide and biocytin. Desthiobiotin slightly replaced biotin but homobiotin, norbiotin, oleate, aspartate, pimelate, and Tween 80 were inactive. Oleate and aspartate stimulated early growth.
LYSOZYME IN THE BACTERIOLYSIS OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA: I. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING USE OF NAKAMURA'S TECHNIQUE
Authors: Grula E. A. , Hartsell S. E.
Published: February 2010

Whole cells or the cell walls of 22 species representing 11 genera of Gram-negative bacteria were exposed to lysozyme using a modified Nakamura technique. The cell walls of all organisms contain the lysozyme substrate in differing amounts (two Brucella spp., Proteus vulgaris X-19, and Vibrio cholerae Chicago are possible exceptions) when evaluated spectrophotometrically and with the electron microscope. Using the latter technique, the sequence of events during bacteriolysis with lysozyme was observed. After exposure to lysozyme in saline, with the modified Nakamura technique and the phase microscope, cells were observed to either swell or shrink depending on the pH of the menstruum. This phenomenon apparently involves reversible hydration of cell proteins with concomitant changes in light transmission.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS: I. FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF ALPHA TOXIN
Authors: Jackson A. W. , Little R. M.
Published: February 2010

The hemolytic activity of α-toxin of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus has been shown to be maximal at pH 6.8–7.0 in phosphate-buffered saline. Within the limits of 25 to 75% hemolysis there is a linear relationship between lysin concentration and extent of hemolysis after incubation for 15 minutes. Citrate and glucose have been shown to inhibit hemolysis by α-toxin. The manner in which the factors studied affect determination of α-toxin activity by a direct hemolysis procedure is discussed.
THE METABOLISM OF YEAST SPORULATION: II. STIMULATION AND INHIBITION BY MONOSACCHARIDES
Authors: Miller J. J.
Published: February 2010

Sporulation and growth of a bakers' yeast isolate were compared in 0.05 to 1% glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, and dihydroxyacetone. Maximum yields of asci in glucose, fructose, and mannose were observed at 0.05% with a marked decline in increasing concentrations. Maximum yields of three- and four-spored asci were found at 0.1%. Galactose differed from the other hexoses in that the decline in ascus yields at higher concentrations was relatively small. The addition of 0.05% acetate increased the number of spores per ascus in the lowest concentrations of hexose. Cells grown in galactose were somewhat longer than glucose-grown cells, but not when 10−1M phosphate, 3.3 × 10−3M arsenate, or 0.033% glucose were added to the growth medium. They also formed fewer spores per ascus than glucose-grown cells. Yields of asci in dihydroxyacetone were comparable to those observed in hexose, but growth in this compound was extremely slow. No sporulation or growth was observed in DL-glyceraldehyde, DL-glyceric acid, or glycerol.
YELLOW-PIGMENTED PATHOGENIC MYCOBACTERIA FROM CERVICAL LYMPHADENITIS
Authors: Prissick F. H. , Masson A. M.
Published: February 2010

Among 14 strains of yellow-pigmented acid- and alcohol-fast rods isolated from human pathological materials, 10 strains from tuberculoid lesions of cervical or facial lymphadenitis in children merit particular interest. They were compared with some of the mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and with Nocardia. On the basis of morphology, staining properties, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, and allergic reactions in laboratory animals, they have been placed in the genus Mycobacterium. However, the degree and quality of their differences from other named species of the genus as observed under the present experimental conditions, and the fact of their isolation in pure culture from closed lesions, has led to the proposal that they be given the name Mycobacterium scrofulaceum n. sp.
LIFE CYCLES IN ARTHROBACTER PASCENS AND ARTHROBACTER TERREGENS
Authors: Chaplin C. E.
Published: February 2010

Two soil organisms, Arthrobacter pascens and Arthrobacter terregens, the first producing a growth-promoting substance, the "terregens factor", and the second requiring it, pass through a complex morphological life cycle. Two kinds of aged cells are found of which, on transfer to fresh medium, one forms a cystite which 'germinates' and looses free cells from a ruptured tube, the other follows the usual course of 'normal' cell division. The similarity in form to that of the type species Arthrobacter globiforme is quite distinct.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA REQUIRING THE TERREGENS FACTOR
Authors: Burton Margaret O.
Published: February 2010

Six organisms belonging to the genus Arthrobacter and showing a requirement for the terregens factor (TF) have been studied and compared with the original test organism, Arthrobacter terregens. All seven organisms are alike in that they are stimulated not only by the terregens factor but also by certain related substances that contain iron, namely coprogen, ferrichrome, and hemin. TF response is also obtained with aspergillic acid, soil extract, and liver extract. On the basis of their physiological characteristics and nutritional requirements, the organisms were grouped into four types. Growth curves of A. terregens and one other organism, based on response to TF, suggest their suitability for use in the microbiological assay of the factor.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE BACTERIAL SOIL FLORA IN RELATION TO PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Gyllenberg H. G.
Published: February 2010

In field experiments with oats the composition of the bacterial population in the rhizosphere was found to be almost stable during the whole period of plant development from young seedlings to maturity. In the beginning of the growth season the soil flora was quite different from that of the rhizosphere. It was, however, successively changed, and became, toward the end of the season, similar in composition to the rhizosphere population. This change proceeded from the soil surface into deeper soil layers, and it can be concluded that it was due to the development of roots, and to a migration of bacteria from the rhizosphere into the soil.
EFFECT OF A SOIL MICROFLORA SELECTED BY CARBON DISULPHIDE FUMIGATION ON SURVIVAL OF ARMILLARIA MELLEA IN WOODY HOST TISSUES
Authors: Garrett S. D.
Published: February 2010

A test has been made of Bliss's hypothesis that when infected tree roots are fumigated with carbon disulphide, Armillaria mellea is killed not by direct fungicidal action, but through the agency of Trichoderma viride, which is relatively tolerant of the fumigant and becomes dominant in the treated soil. Bliss's observation that T. viride becomes much more abundant in soil after fumigation was confirmed, though higher dosages of carbon disulphide tended to select still more resistant fungi, such as ascosporic penicillia of the P. luteum series. When small woody inocula of A. mellea had been incubated for 3 weeks in soil that had been previously fumigated with carbon disulphide at the rate of 828 p.p.m. and then kept for 3 weeks before use, 30% of the inoculum segment-ends failed to produce rhizomorphs when placed in tubes of fresh soil for a viability test. Nevertheless, this indirect effect of soil fumigation cannot wholly account for the total loss of viability when inocula of A. mellea are directly fumigated in soil. It seems, therefore, that carbon disulphide must directly damage at least the peripheral mycelium of A. mellea in the woody host tissues, and so facilitate invasion by T. viride and/or other fungi. With this additional postulate, Bliss's hypothesis seems to account well for all the observed facts.
PYOCYANINE FORMATION FROM LABELLED SUBSTRATES BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Blackwood A. C. , Neish A. C.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown under conditions suitable for pyocyanine production in a medium containing glycerol, L-leucine, DL-alanine, calcium carbonate, salts, and small amounts of various C14-labelled substrates. A comparison of the specific activities of the cell carbon, respiratory carbon dioxide, and pyocyanine carbon showed that glycerol and dihydroxyacetone were the only substrates from which pyocyanine having a specific activity higher than the cell carbon was formed. Glucose, fructose, pyruvate, acetate, and the 13 amino acids tested were inferior in this respect. Alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and glycine were incorporated into pyocyanine more readily than the other amino acids. Phenylalanine and tyrosine, although possessing preformed rings, were poor precursors of pyocyanine and were oxidized more readily than they were assimilated. These results suggest that pyocyanine originates from trioses but gives little indication of the nature of the intermediates.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN MILK
Authors: Gibson T. , Abd-El-Malek Y.
Published: February 2010

The dominant bacteria in different classes of milk have been identified by taking samples of the colonies on quantitatively inoculated plates. Many of the bacteria that occur commonly in milk find it a relatively unfavorable medium. In the temperature range 10°–22 °C. the organisms that multiply actively are the Streptococcus lactis group, a species of Leuconostoc, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Gram-negative rods (chiefly Alcaligenes viscosus and fluorescent and non-fluorescent pseudomonads). Plate counts of organisms that resist pasteurization for 30 minutes at 63 °C. are unsuitable for demonstrating the multiplication of Leuconostoc or Alcaligenes tolerans, which show variable and frequently low rates of survival in the heat treatment. In laboratory-pasteurized milk incubated without recontamination, the surviving organisms, unlike the populations of raw milk, do not show distinctly the effects of a differential selection. The only thermoduric organism that was found to produce rapid deterioration of milk is Bacillus cereus (including B. mycoides).
THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN ON THE REDUCTION OF NITRATE BY ADAPTED CELLS OF PSEUDOMONAS DENITRIFICANS
Authors: Skerman V. B. D. , MacRae I. C.
Published: February 2010

The reduction of nitrate by adapted cells of Pseudomonas denitrificans has been studied in relation to oxygen concentrations present in the surrounding fluid. No nitrate reduction occurred when oxygen was continually present even at very low concentrations. It appears that the competition between oxygen and nitrate for the donor electrons so favors the oxygen that nitrate reduction only occurs when the supply of oxygen is inadequate to meet the demand.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MATRIX CONSTITUENTS OF ANTIFOULING PAINTS TO MICROBIAL ATTACK IN SEA WATER
Authors: Starkey Robert L.
Published: February 2010

The rate of loss of the matrix constituents of antifouling paints used on ship bottoms affects the liberation of the toxic substance that prevents fouling. To obtain evidence on the influence of paint composition on antifouling properties of paints, the rate of decomposition and loss in weight of some matrix constituents in sea water was determined. Determinations of each material were made periodically during 6 months. Relative abundance of bacteria in sea water in which the specimens were exposed did not correlate with specimen decomposability. Determinations of oxygen consumption as an index of microbial attack and of weight losses were both similar, and reflected the rate of decomposition. Ester gum and Pentalyn compounds did not decompose. Phenolic resins decomposed slowly, but more rapidly at first than on prolonged exposure. Alkyd resin was relatively resistant but decomposed slowly. Paraffin decomposed slowly at first but rapidly after being kept in sea water for several weeks. Rosins decomposed rapidly from the start. Since the rates of decomposition of some matrix materials were not the same on initial and prolonged exposure in sea water, results obtained during short test periods are not dependable criteria of susceptibility of the materials to microbial attack.
THE EFFECT OF SALT CONCENTRATION ON THE BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF SOME HALOPHILIC BACTERIA
Authors: Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Tests with a number of strains of halophilic bacteria indicate that biochemical reactions, such as protein hydrolysis, and indol and hydrogen sulphide production, may vary with the concentration of salt in the medium. It is suggested therefore that, in reporting the biochemical reactions of halophilic bacteria, the concentration of salt in the medium be definitely stated, and that before negative results are reported, the tests be made at different salt concentrations over the range at which the organism grows.
THE ROLE OF ACID IN POTENTIATING THE ACTIVITY OF PENICILLIN ON LACTIC ACID STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Johns C. K. , Berzins I.
Published: February 2010

The inhibitory action of penicillin on cheese 'starter' organisms is potentiated by the acidity developed by these organisms during their growth in milk. If milk containing 0.15 I.U./ml. of penicillin is acidified to ca. 0.35% titratable acidity before inoculation, bacterial growth and acid production are almost entirely inhibited, but if the acidity is periodically adjusted to pH 6.4, bacterial growth and acid development are more comparable with those in the control sample. In the presence of 0.15 I.U./ml. penicillin, bacterial plate counts often decreased, while acidity, or turbidity in broth, increased. Direct microscopic counts agreed better with turbidity readings than with plate counts. An apparently greater resistance to penicillin of organisms previously cultured in yeast–phosphate broth proved to be due to the greater number of organisms in the inoculum.
STUDIES ON THE INCIDENCE OF CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL GROUPS OF BACTERIA IN THE RHIZOSPHERE
Authors: Katznelson H. , Rouatt J. W.
Published: February 2010

It has been demonstrated by the ultimate dilution method that the rhizospheres of field crops such as wheat, oats, rye, and barley harbor a bacterial population which is physiologically more active than that of non-rhizosphere soil. This was shown by use of the following criteria: reduction of methylene blue or resazurin, production of acid and gas from glucose, and ammonifying and denitrifying capacity. In general a higher proportion of isolates from the rhizospheres of wheat, barley, and rye were capable of reducing methylene blue, producing acid from glucose, and producing ammonia from peptone than from control soil. The significance of these and the above results is discussed.
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON AN ORCHARD SOIL UNDER THREE CULTURAL PRACTICES
Authors: Stevenson I. L. , Chase F. E.
Published: February 2010

Respiration studies using aeration and manometric techniques have shown that maximum respiratory activity occurred in mulched soil, followed in descending order by sod and 'clean cultivation: buckwheat cover-crop' methods of soil management. Less effect was noted in cellulose decomposition studies, though the fact that the decomposition of added cellulose began with the shortest lag period in the mulched soil suggests that this treatment maintained cellulose decomposing organisms at the highest level. Enumeration of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes at monthly intervals over a period of 15 months revealed only minor differences due to the mulch, sod, or clean cultivation treatments. Distinct seasonal fluctuations in numbers of bacteria and fungi were noted.
NITROGEN LOSSES DURING NITRIFICATION IN SOLUTIONS AND IN ACID SANDY SOILS
Authors: Gerretsen F. C. , Hoop H. de
Published: February 2010

Soil nitrogen balances involving lysimeter experiments and cropped and uncropped pot experiments have shown that in many cases such important nitrogen deficits were observed that there must be hitherto unknown or unsuspected pathways along which nitrogen escapes. In former experiments of the senior author it was shown that in acid soils, dressed with ammonium sulphate, nitrogen can be lost as N—O compounds during nitrification. In the present investigation more accurate determinations made it clear that when the pH of a liquid culture of nitrifying bacteria dropped below about 5.5 nitrogen was not only lost as N—O compounds, but to a greater extent as nitrogen gas, most probably by chemical reaction between the HNO2 formed during nitrification and the ammonia present in the solution. In pot experiments with acid sandy soils from different parts of the Netherlands, losses of up to 74% of the ammonium sulphate added were observed. An investigation was made of the conditions which promote or are essential for these losses. When the initial pH of the culture medium, be it a solution or soil, enables the nitrifying bacteria to develop and the buffer capacity is of such a magnitude that the pH drops below 5.5 during nitrification, volatilization is to be expected. As volatilization and ammonification often coincided, both processes seem to be linked in some way or another; volatilization, however, has also been observed in the absence of ammonification. These losses are not caused by evaporation of ammonia, in which case they should increase as the pH increases; the contrary happens, however, and the losses stop entirely when sufficient CaCO3 is added to keep the pH above 5.5. They are also not due to denitrification, as they do not occur when nitrogen is added as nitrate instead of ammonium sulphate. Also there are no losses when the soil is pasteurized, which proves that they originate in bacteriological processes.
THE INFLUENCE OF BORON ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF SERRATIA MARCESCENS AND ON ITS PRODUCTION OF CHOLINE PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Arnaudi C. , Novati Giuliana
Published: February 2010

A strain of Serratia marcescens with marked lecithinase action has been isolated. It causes a selective hydrolysis of egg lecithin. In order to obtain the hydrolysis due to the choline phosphatase it is necessary to buffer the egg-lecithin emulsion at pH 8.8 with sodium tetraborate. Sodium tetraborate in quantities corresponding to 1.91% inhibits the lecithinase A and the lecithinase B of S. marcescens but not the activity of choline phosphatase. Choline phosphatase appears to be an endoenzyme and has been extracted from bacterial cells by means of water and toluene, and by means of ultrasonic disintegration. The inactivation of the enzyme by heat and the action of toluene on the enzyme have been studied. Boron in culture media causes morphological modifications of S. marcescens, which may appear as filaments. Thallium, gallium, and aluminum produce no morphological modifications.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON NODULE BACTERIA CULTURES (RHIZOBIUM SP.)
Authors: Lehner Anna , Nowak W.
Published: February 2010

The evaluation of the purity and quality of nodule bacteria cultures, used for the inoculation of seeds, requires a useful morphological approach for control purposes. For that reason 23 sources of nodule bacteria were characterized with regard to their shape and form by means of living preparations. The typical stages of the nodule bacteria of various Leguminosae, appearing exclusively in the form of rods, were photomicrographed. These studies included bacteria isolated many years ago as well as those obtained in 1955. The inoculation material at hand consisted of slightly motile rods of straight and sometimes slightly bent form, the length of which differed even among nodule bacteria of the same species.In relation to the systematic classification of the Leguminosae, the nodule bacteria variations isolated from the former were united in the following 10 groups of forms:1. The forms from the Lupinus group as a morphologically homogeneous series.2. The nodule bacteria of Medicago sativa L., M. lupulina L., and Melilotus albus Med. with transitional characteristics between the individual species.3. The nodule bacteria of the Trifolium species, sometimes non-uniform, showed thick rods of variable lengths.4. The group of the nodule bacteria of Anthyllis vulneraria L., Lotus uliginosus L., and L. corniculalus L. characterized as short rods. A typical feature seems to be the development of star-shaped accumulations.5. The independent group of the nodule bacteria of Onobrychis sativa Lmk.6. The independent group of Ornithopus sativus Brot.7. The nodule bacteria of Vicia faba L. and V. sativa L. showing short and long rods with heavy mucus development.8. The nodule bacteria of Lens esculenta Moench showing short rods of varying thickness.9. The typical straight rods of Pisum sativum L. and P. arvense L.10. The long rods of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. nanus L. differing from those of Pisum sp. only by the slight bend of the rods and a typical development of star forms. The morphological differences we found appeared with such regularity in certain species that their occurrence was recorded in typical pictures.
EFFECT OF ACETATE, CITRATE, AND DIVALENT METAL IONS ON UTILIZATION OF SODIUM CASEINATE BY LACTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

Growth of caseinate utilizing lactic streptococci in media with sodium caseinate as the nitrogen source was retarded by sodium acetate (40 mg./ml.) and by sodium citrate (10 mg./ml.). The inhibition caused by citrate was relieved by calcium or magnesium while that caused by acetate was relieved by calcium. In media with acid hydrolyzed casein as the nitrogen source, growth was inhibited in the presence of sodium citrate (10 mg./ml.) or disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (0.004 mg./ml.) but this inhibition was overcome by the addition of either calcium or magnesium. It appears, therefore, that these divalent ions were not required merely for activation of proteases produced by the organisms.
BACTERIA FOUND IN THE AIR OVER CANADA AND THE AMERICAN ARCTIC
Authors: Kelly C. D. , Layne Sharon
Published: February 2010

The bacteria isolated from the air in a series of aeroplane flights, over Canada, Alaska, and the Arctic Ocean, are discussed. All bacteria are forms commonly found in the soil and include species of Flavobacterium, Achromobacterium, Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Sarcina, and Bacillus. An attempt is made to correlate the types of organisms found with the air masses. Air that had received no recontamination for some time tended to show death of organisms in a certain order. The first to be reduced in numbers were the Gram-negative rods, then the Gram-positive rods, followed by the micrococci, and finally the sporeformers.
THE CYSTEINE DESULPHYDRASE OF PSEUDOMONAS SALINARIA
Authors: Baxter R. M. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Cells of Pseudomonas salinaria contain a cysteine desulphydrase which, like the corresponding enzyme of Escherichia coli, decomposes cysteine to hydrogen sulphide, pyruvic acid, and ammonia in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate. Unlike the enzyme of E. coli, the enzyme of P. salinaria requires high concentrations of potassium chloride for maximum activity. The enzyme is present in cells grown in media containing 15 to 30% sodium chloride.
AMINO ACIDS AND UTILIZATION OF SODIUM CASEINATE BY LACTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Husain I. , McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

The ability of strains of lactic streptococci to utilize unhydrolyzed sodium caseinate as the nitrogen source in an otherwise complete, chemically denned medium did not appear to be related to their minimal amino acid requirements. Sodium caseinate had a sparing effect on the requirement for some amino acids of some strains of streptococci that did not use caseinate, but the amino acids spared varied with the strain. However, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and valine appeared to be essential for this group of organisms in the presence or absence of sodium caseinate.
THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN AVAILABILITY ON THE DEGREE OF NITRATE REDUCTION BY SEUDOMONAS DENITRIFICANS
Authors: Skerman V. B. D. , MacRae I. C.
Published: February 2010

An attempt has been made to correlate nitrate reduction by Pseudomonas denitrificans with oxygen concentration in solution.Evidence has been obtained which indicates that nitrate reduction occurs only when the oxygen concentration is below the critical level at which the oxygen utilizing enzymes are saturated. Whilst precise data on the quantitative relationship between nitrate reduction and oxygen reduction at oxygen concentrations between 0 and 0.3 p.p.m. are lacking, it has been clearly established that nitrate reduction occurring in so-called "aerated" solutions is due mainly to the activity of cells deprived of an oxygen supply and that there is a direct relationship between nitrate reduction and the oxygen solution rate. No reduction was detectable at an oxygen concentration above 0.2 p.p.m.It has also been shown that with gas dispersed at the bottom of a fluid the breaking of the foam accumulating on the surface contributes markedly to the oxygen concentration in the solution.Procedures employed in the study are described in detail and implications of results on nitrate reduction in soils have been discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BACILLUS COAGULANS
Authors: Humphreys T. W. , Costilow R. N.
Published: February 2010

The nutritional requirements of 14 cultures of Bacillus coagulans, which were isolated and identified in this laboratory, and eight other authentic strains of this organism, were studied at 37 °C. Biotin and thiamine were required by all strains in a semisynthetic medium containing enzymatic casein hydrolyzate, glucose, and mineral salts. In addition, one strain required niacin. An additional requirement for folic acid (or PABA) was noted for most strains in a synthetic medium. With few exceptions, the amino acid requirements were non-specific. Glutamic acid appeared essential for a few strains and stimulated others.
EXTRACELLULAR LYSINE PRODUCTION BY VARIOUS FUNGI
Authors: Richards M. , Haskins R. H.
Published: February 2010

Cultures of over 600 fungi were screened for the production of extracellular free lysine in submerged agitated culture on a medium containing urea, cerelose, and mineral salts. Sixty-three of the isolates produced free lysine in quantities sufficient to be detected by a turbidimetric bio-assay procedure, and 12 of these produced 5-15 γ lysine per milliliter of culture nitrate. With two strains of Ustilago, yields were increased to 200–300 γ lysine per milliliter culture mixture by adjustment of cultural conditions. The addition of ammonium acetate or of acetic acid, or the increasing of the amount of urea in the medium from 0.06% to 0.6%, resulted in increased yields from certain organisms.
A DESCRIPTION OF HAEMOPHILUS VAGINALIS AND ITS L FORMS
Authors: Amies C. R. , Jones S. A.
Published: February 2010

A new species of Haemophilus, Haemophilus vaginalis, has recently been incriminated as the cause of human non-specific vaginitis and urethritis. A very similar if not identical organism obtained from the same sources is the subject of this report. The name H. vaginalis is accepted for it. A systematic description of this organism is given, including microscopic and colonial appearances, nutritional requirements, biochemical properties, and pathogenicity to experimental animals. Immunological studies are not yet complete. Transformation of H. vaginalis into the L form of colony is described and illustrated in a series of photomicrographs. It is suggested that the pleuropneumonia-like organisms frequently encountered in genitourinary infections are, in fact, L forms of H. vaginalis. Attention must in future be concentrated on the normal bacterial phase and not on the L phase which is probably not pathogenic.
SOME RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SOMATIC ANTIGENS OF A GROUP OF SERRATIA MARCESCENS CULTURES
Authors: Davis Betty R. , Woodward John M.
Published: February 2010

Using heated antigens, antisera were prepared against the somatic antigens of 16 strains of Serratia marcescens. By means of cross-agglutination tests it was possible to divide the strains into six groups. Groups II and VI each contained mutually adsorptive strains, which indicated that the members within respective groups are closely related. No correlation was observed of serological activity and pigment production among the pigmented and non-pigmented strains.