bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erratum: In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of submillisecond T2 species with 2D and 3D radial sequences and applications to the measurement of cortical bone‐water. Aranee techawiboonwong, Hee Kwon Song and Felix W. Wehrli
Authors: Techawiboonwong Aranee , Song Hee Kwon , Wehrli Felix W.
Published: October 2007

In‐Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Submillisecond T2 Species with 2D and 3D Radial Sequences and Applications to the Measurement of Cortical Bone‐Water, Aranee Techawiboonwong, Hee Kwon Song and Felix W. Wehrli, published online 16 May 2007 in Wiley Interscience, www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/nbm. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1179.

It has been noted that equation 2 is incorrect, please see the correct equation below:

The article shall be corrected prior to print publication.
Upper bound solution to elasticity problems: A unique property of the linearly conforming point interpolation method (LC‐PIM)
Authors: Liu G. R. , Zhang G. Y.
Published: October 2007

It is well known that the displacement‐based fully compatible finite element method (FEM) provides a lower bound in energy norm for the exact solution to elasticity problems. It is, however, much more difficult to bound the solution from above for general problems in elasticity, and it has been a dream of many decades to find a systematical way to obtain such an upper bound. This paper presents a very important and unique property of the linearly conforming point interpolation method (LC‐PIM): it provides a general means to obtain an upper bound solution in energy norm for elasticity problems. This paper conducts first a thorough theoretical study
on the LC‐PIM: we derive its weak form based on variational principles, study a number of properties of the LC‐PIM, and prove that LC‐PIM is variationally consistent and that it produces upper bound solutions. We then demonstrate these properties through intensive numerical studies with many examples of 1D, 2D, and 3D problems. Using the LC‐PIM together with the FEM, we now have a systematical way to numerically obtain both upper and lower bounds of the exact solution to elasticity problems, as shown in these example problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal auditing in the banking industry
Authors: Bosch T. , Mukuddem‐Petersen J. , Petersen M. A. , Schoeman I.
Published: October 2007

As a result of the new regulatory prescripts for banks, known as the Basel II Capital Accord, there has been a heightened interest in the auditing process. Our paper considers this issue with a particular emphasis on the auditing of reserves, assets and capital in both a random and non‐random framework. The analysis relies on the stochastic dynamic modeling of banking items such as loans, reserves, Treasuries, outstanding debts, bank capital and government subsidies. In this regard, one of the main novelties of our contribution is the establishment of optimal bank reserves and a rate of depository consumption that is of importance during an (random) audit of the reserve requirements. Here the specific choice of a power utility function is made in order to obtain an analytic solution in a Lévy process setting. Furthermore, we provide explicit formulas for the shareholder default and regulator closure rules, for the case of a Poisson‐distributed random audit. A property of these rules is that they define the standard for minimum capital adequacy in an implicit way. In addition, we solve an optimal auditing time problem for the Basel II capital adequacy requirement by making use of Lévy process‐based models. This result provides information about the optimal timing of an internal audit when the ambient value of the capital adequacy ratio is taken into account and the bank is able to choose the time at which the audit takes place. Finally, we discuss some of the economic issues arising from the analysis of the stochastic dynamic models of banking items and the optimization procedure related to the auditing process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population‐based drug‐related anaphylaxis in children and adolescents captured by South Carolina Emergency Room Hospital Discharge Database (SCERHDD) (2000–2002)
Authors: West Suzanne L. , D'Aloisio Aimee A. , Ringel‐Kulka Tamar , Waller Anna E. , Clayton Bordley W.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

Anaphylaxis is a life‐threatening condition; drug‐related anaphylaxis represents approximately 10% of all cases. We assessed the utility of a statewide emergency department (ED) database for identifying drug‐related anaphylaxis in children by developing and validating an algorithm composed of ICD‐9‐CM codes.

Methods

There were 1 314 760 visits to South Carolina (SC) emergency departments (EDs) for patients <19 years in 2000–2002. We used ICD‐9‐CM disease or external cause of injury codes (E‐codes) that suggested drug‐related anaphylaxis or a severe drug‐related allergic reaction. We found 50 cases classifiable as probable or possible drug‐related anaphylaxis and 13 as drug‐related allergic reactions. We used clinical evaluation by two pediatricians as the ‘alloyed gold standard’1 for estimating sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of our algorithm.

Results

ED‐treated drug‐related anaphylaxis in the SC pediatric population was 1.56/100 000 person‐years based on the algorithm and 0.50/100 000 person‐years based on clinical evaluation. Assuming the disease codes we used identified all potential anaphylaxis cases in the database, the sensitivity was 1.00 (95%CI: 0.79, 1.00), specificity was 0.28 (95%CI: 0.16, 0.43), and the PPV was 0.32 (0.20, 0.47) for the algorithm. Sensitivity analyses improved the measurement properties of the algorithm.

Conclusions

E‐codes were invaluable for developing an anaphylaxis algorithm although the frequently used code of E947.9 was often incorrectly applied. We believe that our algorithm may have over‐ascertained drug‐related anaphylaxis patients seen in an ED, but the clinical evaluation may have under‐represented this diagnosis due to limited information on the offending agent in the abstracted ED records. Post‐marketing drug surveillance using ED records may be viable if clinicians were to document drug‐related anaphylaxis in the charts so that billing codes could be assigned properly. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of preparation method on nanoscopic structure of conductive SBS/PANI blends: Study using small‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Souza Fernando G. , Soares Bluma G. , Dahmouche Karim
Published: October 2007

Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) studies of electrically conductive blends based on polyaniline–dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI–DBSA)/styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer were performed to investigate the influence of the blend preparation procedure on the nanoscopic structure of the blends. The blends were prepared by mechanical mixing (MM) procedure and by in situ polymerization (ISP) of aniline in the presence of SBS. The results indicate that pure PANI–DBSA presents an extended phase consisting of crystalline islands of nanometric size, with a good spatial correlation between them, embedded into an amorphous PANI phase. This feature was not observed in SBS/PANI–DBSA blends prepared by MM or ISP. In MM blends, the PANI phase is constituted by smaller domains, containing poorly spatially correlated crystalline islands, whereas in ISP blends with low or medium amount of PANI, there is no SAXS peak which could be related to a spatial correlation between PANI crystalline islands. The conductivity of the ISP blends is higher when compared to MM blends because of the higher homogeneity at nanometric scale. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3069–3077, 2007
Spontaneous β‐barrel formation: An all‐atom Monte Carlo study of Aβ16–22 oligomerization
Authors: Irbäck Anders , Mitternacht Simon
Published: October 2007

Using all‐atom Monte Carlo simulations with implicit water, combined with a cluster size analysis, we study the aggregation of Aβ16–22, a peptide capable of forming amyloid fibrils. We consider a system of six initially randomly oriented Aβ16–22 peptides, and investigate the thermodynamics and structural properties of aggregates formed by this system. The system is unaggregated without ordered secondary structure at high temperature, and forms β‐sheet rich aggregates at low temperature. At the crossover between these two regimes, we find that clusters of all sizes occur, whereas the β‐strand content is low. In one of several runs, we observe the spontaneous formation of a β‐barrel with six antiparallel strands. The β‐barrel stands out as the by far most long‐lived aggregate seen in our simulations. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conformational studies of vasopressin and mesotocin using NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling methods. Part I: studies in water
Authors: Sikorska Emilia , Rodziewicz‐MotowidŁo Sylwia
Published: October 2007

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and mesotocin (MT) belong to the neurohypophyseal hormone family. The former plays a very important role in the control of urine concentration and the blood pressure in mammals, whereas the latter stimulates uterine concentration and initiates birth in amphibians, marsupials, wallabies, birds, and fishes. Analysis of their 3D structure could be helpful for understanding the evolutionary relationship between all vasopressin‐ and oxytocin‐like hormones. In addition, it allows design of new analogs with appropriate biological activity for humans and animals. In this paper, we present the conformational studies of AVP and MT, under the aqueous conditions. In our investigations, we used 2D NMR spectroscopy and time‐averaged molecular dynamics calculations in explicit water. Our studies have shown that both peptides, despite displaying a high sequence homology, differ from each other with regard to the three‐dimensional structure. They are in conformational equilibrium as a result of the cis/trans isomerization across the Cys6–Pro7 peptide bond. Both peptides form β‐turns in their cyclic part, wherein the C‐terminal fragment of MT is bent, whereas that of AVP is extended. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel glycosylated VIP analogs: synthesis, biological activity, and metabolic stability
Authors: Dangoor David , Biondi Barbara , Gobbo Marina , Vachutinski Yelena , Fridkin Mati , Gozes Illana , Rocchi Raniero
Published: October 2007

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a prominent neuropeptide, exhibiting a wide spectrum of biological activities in mammals. However, the clinical applications of VIP are mainly hampered because of its rapid degradationin vivo. Peptide glycosylation, a procedure frequently used to increase peptide resistance to proteolytic degradation and consequently increase peptide metabolic stability, has not been performed yet on VIP. The presence of threeN‐glycosylation sites on VIP receptor type 1 (VPAC1) was previously demonstrated. Therefore, glycosylation of the VIP ligand could potentially increase its receptor affinity because of glyco–glyco interactions between the ligand and the receptor. In order to enhance VIP's metabolic stability and to increase its ligand–receptor binding/activation, eight glycosylated VIP derivatives were successfully synthesized by the solid‐phase procedure. Each VIP analog was monoglycosylated by a monosaccharide addition to one amino‐acid residue along the sequence. Glycosylation did not affect the α‐helical structure shown by the native VIP in organic environment. Few glycosylated VIP analogs displayed highly potent VPAC1 receptor binding and cAMP‐induced activation; only 4–6 fold lower in comparison to the native VIP. Furthermore, the peptide analog glycosylated on Thr11([11Glyc]VIP) showed a significantly enhanced stability toward trypsin enzymatic degradation in comparison to VIP. Analysis of the degradation products of [11Glyc]VIP showed that differently from VIP, incubation of the peptide [11Glyc]VIP with trypsin resulted in no cleavage at the Arg12–Leu13peptide bond, suggesting that VIP glycosylation may lead to enhanced metabolic stability. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust stability of iterative learning control schemes
Authors: French Mark
Published: October 2007

A notion of robust stability is developed for iterative learning control in the context of disturbance attenuation. The size of the unmodelled dynamics is captured via a gap distance, which in turn is related to the standard ℋ︁2 gap metric, and the resulting robustness certificate is qualitatively equivalent to that obtained in classical robust ℋ︁∞ theory. A bound on the robust stability margin for a specific adaptive ILC design is established. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The analysis of continuous outcomes in multi‐centre trials with small centre sizes
Authors: Pickering Ruth M. , Weatherall Mark
Published: October 2007

The standard analysis of clinical trials stratified by centre is to include centres as fixed effects, but if many centres contribute small numbers of patients, this approach results in a loss of power. Assuming no treatment by centre interaction, we used simulation to examine power and coverage of confidence intervals from three approaches to the analysis of continuous outcome in multi‐centre trials: ignoring centres, including centres as fixed effects, and including them as random effects. The simulation incorporated eight sizes of centre effects; randomization in blocks of size 2 or 4; and two sample sizes, namely 100 and 200 patients per treatment arm in a parallel groups design. All simulated data sets included many centres with few subjects. The three different approaches were unbiased and had similar coverage. Fixed effects analysis was less powerful, particularly when centre effects were small. Incorporating block randomization with larger block size increased non‐orthogonality in the design, contributing to loss of power. Where centre effects are small
and recruitment in many centres is low, the approaches of ignoring centres or incorporating them as random effects have better performance than the traditional fixed effects analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and inference for an ordinal effect size measure
Authors: Ryu Euijung , Agresti Alan
Published: October 2007

An ordinal measure of effect size is a simple and useful way to describe the difference between two ordered categorical distributions. This measure summarizes the probability that an outcome from one distribution falls above an outcome from the other, adjusted for ties. We develop and compare confidence interval methods for the measure. Simulation studies show that with independent multinomial samples, confidence intervals based on inverting the score test and a pseudo‐score‐type test perform well. This score method also seems to work well with fully‐ranked data, but for dependent samples a simple Wald interval on the logit scale can be better with small samples. We also explore how the ordinal effect size measure relates to an effect measure commonly used for normal distributions, and we consider a logit model for describing how it depends on explanatory variables. The methods are illustrated for a study comparing treatments for shoulder‐tip pain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the Material and the Surface Roughness of the Drying Support on the Self‐detachment of Maltodextrin Films
Authors: Collares‐Queiroz Fernanda Paula , Cotta Mônica Alonso , Finzer José Roberto Delalibera , Kieckbusch Theo Guenter
Published: October 2007

The influence of four different materials (glass, stainless steel, polytetrafluoroethylene – PTFE and polyamide) used as a paste drying support on the detachment conditions of dried maltodextrin films was investigated. The tests were accomplished in a drying chamber that allows the spreading of a uniform film of pastelike material over solid plates and the visual observation of the instant of the detachment from the surface. The chamber temperature and the water content of the dried film were compared with the corresponding glass transition temperature curve. The effect of the material roughness on the detachment of the dried maltodextrin film was evaluated comparing glass plates with two different surfaces (smooth and sand‐blasted glass). Results indicate that the higher the surface roughness, the drier should the film be, in order to promote self‐detachment at the same temperature conditions. The chemical and physical interactions between the support material and the dried film also influence the process. The PTFE support required less severe detachment conditions than solids with lower surface roughness.
The Influences of Chain Length of Amylopectin on Resistant Starch in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Shu Xiaoli , Jia Limeng , Gao Junkai , Song Youliang , Zhao Haijun , Nakamura Yasonori , Wu Dianxing
Published: October 2007

Amylopectin is the principle component of starch. To elucidate the relationships between amylopectin and resistant starch content, six rice mutants with altered fine structure of amylopectin were selected for comparative studies with the primary wild type and two types of amylose‐extender (ae) mutants. Significant differences in resistant starch content were observed among mutants with similarity or differences in amylose levels. Mutants high in resistant starch had significantly increased proportions of short amylopectin chains with DP≤12, decreased levels of intermediate chains with size of 13≤DP≤36, and decreased fractions of long chains with DP≥37. Additionally, there was a mutant different to ae, which was characterized by an increased level of short chains with 8≤DP≤12 and 13≤DP≤24, and a decreased proportion of long chains with DP≥37. The increased contents of short chains with 8≤DP≤12 and decreased of intermediate and long chains with 24≤DP were clearly associated with the increase of resistant starch in rice.
Octenylsuccinate Derivatives of Carboxymethyl Starch – Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Čížová Alžbeta , Koschella Andreas , Heinze Thomas , Ebringerová Anna , Sroková Iva
Published: October 2007

Carboxymethyl starch (CMS, DSCM 0.1) was modified with octenylsuccinic anhydride in various solvent systems. Using the dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)/p‐toluenesulphonic acid (p‐Ts‐OH) system, carboxymethyl starch octenylsuccinates (OS‐CMS) were obtained with degrees of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.03 to 0.53 at high reaction efficiency, and characterized with regard to their molecular structure, their rheological and surface active properties. The water‐soluble OS‐CMS derivatives showed a pseudoplastic behavior dependent on both the DS and polymer concentration (cp). The thickening power displayed a maximum at DS 0.14 at higher cp (2.5 and 5.0%). In spite of the only moderate surface‐tension decreasing effect of the OS‐CMS derivatives, most of them exhibited excellent emulsifying, foaming and antiredeposition effects. They represent novel polysaccharide‐based biosurfactants with a broad application potential.
Single‐molecule measurements with a single quantum dot
Authors: Kaji Noritada , Tokeshi Manabu , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: October 2007

Recent progress of quantum dot (QD) applications in single‐molecule measurements are reviewed in this paper. Bright fluorescence and anti‐photobleaching properties of QDs have explored the way to conduct long‐time trajectory tracking of transmembrane proteins both in vitro and in vivo. Coupled with diversities of chemical and biochemical modifications of QD surfaces, their application fields are expanding to multidiscipline fields including imaging on the basis of a single molecule. Currently, molecular interactions and conformational changes on the QD surface can be detected at a single‐molecule level. These expansions of application fields also involve toxicity problems in cells since most commercially available QDs consist of cadmium selenide or cadmium telluride, which are inherently toxic. For widespread applications of QDs including in vivo and therapeutic use in place of current organic fluorophore, cytotoxicity is discussed as well in this paper. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 295–304; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com)DOI 10.1002/tcr.20128
Human D‐amino acid oxidase: an update and review
Authors: Kawazoe Tomoya , Park Hwan Ki , Iwana Sanae , Tsuge Hideaki , Fukui Kiyoshi
Published: October 2007

The flavoprotein D‐amino acid oxidase (DAO) degrades the gliotransmitter D‐Ser, a potent activator of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐type glutamate receptors. A body of evidence suggests that DAO, together with its activator, G72 protein, may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. It has also been suggested that 3,4‐dihydroxy‐D‐phenylalanine (D‐DOPA), the stereoisomer of 3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine (L‐DOPA), is oxidized by DAO and converted to dopamine via an alternative biosynthetic pathway. We determined the crystal structures of human DAO in complex with the reaction products of two clinically important substrates, D‐Ser and D‐DOPA. Kinetic data show that the maximum velocity is much greater for D‐DOPA than that for D‐Ser, which strongly supports the proposed alternative pathway for dopamine biosynthesis in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In addition, biochemical characterization of human DAO indicates that it binds FAD more weakly than does porcine D‐amino acid oxidase (pDAO) and exists as a stable homodimer, even in the apoprotein form. Determination of the structures of human DAO in various states reveals that, in contrast to pDAO, the hydrophobic‐Val‐Ala‐Ala‐Gly‐Leu (VAAGL) stretch (residues 47–51, structurally ambivalent peptide) located at the si‐face of the flavin ring assumes a uniquely stable conformation, which provides a structural basis for the unique kinetic features of human DAO. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 305–315; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20129
Modern management of postpartum hypertension
Authors: Chandiramani M. , Shennan A.H. , Waugh J.J.S.
Published: October 2007

Current evidence focuses mainly on hypertensive disorders that develop in the antenatal and intrapartum period, while hypertension in the postpartum period is a contentious and poorly managed area. The authors outline what is known about the incidence, risk factors, optimal management and implications of postnatal hypertensive disorders. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Examples of sports‐based youth development programs
Authors: Berlin Richard A. , Dworkin Aaron , Eames Ned , Menconi Arn , Perkins Daniel F.
Published: October 2007

The authors provide examples of sports‐based youth development programs and offer information about program mission and vision, program design and content, evaluation results, and program sustainability. The four sports‐based youth development programs presented are Harlem RBI, Tenacity, Snowsports Outreach Society, and Hoops & Leaders Basketball Camp. These programs serve diverse audiences with diverse missions, but all are focused on using sports to develop life skills and facilitate learning. Harlem RBI serves boys and girls ages seven to eighteen living in East Harlem. The program combines baseball, academic, and enrichment programs with the overall goal that participants who enter the program as vulnerable children graduate as resilient young adults. Tenacity, a nonprofit organization with headquarters in Boston, uses tennis to attract and retain students who particiate in a high‐quality academic support and physical fitness program. The mission of Snowsports Outreach Society, based in Vail, Colorado, is building character in at‐risk and underprivileged youth to develop their decision‐making ability for healthy and successful life experiences. Hoops & Leaders Basketball Camp is a youth mentoring and leadership development program that offers summer camp experiences to improve the lives of at‐risk urban youth in New York City. It uses the game of basketball to provide youth with caring mentors, develop leadership skills, and offer exposure to different educational and career paths.
Intermediaries supporting sports‐based youth development programs
Authors: Wicks Anne , Beedy Jeffrey P. , Spangler Kathy J. , Perkins Daniel F.
Published: October 2007

The authors describe intermediary organizations whose aim is to provide technical assistance to sports organizations about infusing a youth development emphasis into their programming. Team‐Up for Youth, Sports PLUS Global, and the National Recreation and Park Association are the three organizations highlighted in this article. Team‐Up for Youth's mission is to pioneer innovative strategies to support the healthy development of youth by strengthening and expanding afterschool sports and physical activity programs. Team‐Up works with youth sports providers, policymakers and public officials, and staff and students at colleges and universities in the San Francisco Bay Area. It concentrates on five areas: training and education, coaching corps, grant making, public policy, and knowledge creating and sharing. Sports PLUS Global is an international organization that delivers educational training to communities using sports to promote human development, social change, and human rights. It uses the Positive Learning Using Sports (PLUS) method to reach children, coaches, and educators in camps and afterschool programs. The PLUS method employs twelve steps that are described in detail in the article. The National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) engages national partners and local park and recreation agencies to improve the quality of youth sports nationwide. NRPA, in partnership with Sports Illustrated magazine, developed and manages the Sports Illustrated GOOD SPORTS initiative. Communities are improving youth sports through the following elements: teaching life skills, empowering success among youth, promoting physical activity and healthy lifestyles, and strengthening communities.
The spectrum of Trp− mutants isolated as 5‐fluoroanthranilate‐resistant clones in Saccharomyces bayanus, S. mikatae and S. paradoxus
Authors: Jones Elizabeth W. , Berget Peter B. , Burnette III James M. , Anderson Candice , Asafu‐Adjei Denise , Avetisian Seda , Barrie Fatmata , Chen Ruby , Chu Bur , Conroy Samantha , Conroy Sean , Dill Allyson , Eimer Will , Garrity Diane , Greenwood Alexander , Hamilton Tamara , Hucko Simon , Jackson Carmen , Livesey Kristen , Monaco Tiffany , Onorato Christina , Otsuka Mai , Pai Satyan , Schaeffer George , Shung Sharon , Spath Samantha , Stahlman Jonathan , Sweeney Blake , Wiltrout Elizabeth , Yurovsky Daniel , Zonneveld Andrea
Published: October 2007

5‐Fluoroanthranilic acid (FAA)‐resistant mutants were selected in homothallic diploids of three Saccharomyces species, taking care to isolate mutants of independent origin. Mutations were assigned to complementation groups by interspecific complementation with S. cerevisiae tester strains. In all three species, trp3, trp4 and trp5 mutants were recovered. trp1 mutants were also recovered if the selection was imposed on a haploid strain. Thus, FAA selection may be more generally applicable than was previously described. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Hepatic Arterial Anatomy in Keeping with Preservation of the Vasculature While Performing Pancreatoduodenectomy: An Opinion
Authors: Yang Sung Hoon , Yin Yong Hu , Jang Jin‐Young , Lee Seung Eun , Chung Jin Wook , Suh Kyung‐Suk , Lee Kuhn Uk , Kim Sun‐Whe
Published: October 2007

Background

Pancreatic surgeons often must make decisions regarding hepatic artery (HA) resection while performing a pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). The purpose of this report was to review and summarize HA resection experience with a focus on vascular preservation during PD and to develop a useful guideline for pancreatic surgeons in dealing with these needs.

Methods

We reviewed 1324 cases that had available computed tomographic and angiographic findings and summarized the problematic HA variations encountered in PD. In reviewing our PD series (n = 254), we have created a set of guidelines that enable a pragmatic approach to the unique variations in HA and the risks of cancer invasion.

Results

Challenging HA variations during PD were found in 20.1% of the cases and included the common HA arising from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) (2.34%), a replaced right HA (RHA) from the SMA (9.82%), an RHA or left HA from the gastroduodenal artery (0.97%), and the right anterior or right posterior HA from the SMA (1.06%), among others. In our PD series, the problematic HAs (15.8%) were preserved, except for a single case (0.4%) in which PD involved en bloc resection of the RHA from the SMA due to a cancerous invasion and without right hemihepatectomy.

Conclusions

Surgeons should have knowledge of the anatomically variable vasculature of the HA when planning for PD. Preoperative imaging studies can aid and should be performed in anticipation of the potential HA variations during PD.
Family Influences on Adolescent Delinquent Behaviors: Applying the Social Development Model to A Chinese Sample
Authors: Deng Shiying , Roosa Mark W.
Published: October 2007

The current study applied the Social Development Model (SDM) to improve understanding of the mediation processes through which the family environment was related to Chinese adolescent delinquent behavior. We tested the hypothesized model using structural equation modeling with questionnaire data collected from 736 Chinese 7th and 9th graders, their parents, and their teachers from two middle schools in Beijing, China. Testing the model separately for boys and girls yielded adequate fit indices for both although the hypothesized model was not invariant across gender and several gender differences were identified. The SDM appeared to be a valuable tool in studying the development of Chinese adolescent delinquency.
Neighborhood and Individual Factors in Marijuana and Other Illicit Drug Use in a Sample of Low‐income Women
Authors: Sunder Punita K. , Grady James J. , Wu Z. Helen
Published: October 2007

Few studies have systematically evaluated whether contextual variables differ in their ability to explain the use of different drugs in the same sample. Our objective was to examine correlates of use for different illicit drugs at the individual and neighborhood level in a tri‐ethnic sample of low‐income women, an underrepresented sample in drug research. Women 18–31 were recruited from a low‐cost family planning clinic in southeast Texas from December 2001 to May 2003. Neighborhood level indicators of disadvantage, family structure, and nativity status from U.S. Census 2000 were linked with individual survey data. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the effect of individual and neighborhood level measures on lifetime use of marijuana only and of other illicit drugs in 594 women. Only individual level variables (younger age, non‐Hispanic White ethnicity, not being married, greater peer acceptance of substance use) increased odds of exclusive marijuana use, controlling for neighborhood level factors. However, both neighborhood and individual level variables significantly predicted other illicit drug use. Residence in less disadvantaged neighborhoods, non‐Hispanic White ethnicity, higher levels of education, greater acceptance of substance use by peers, and a larger number of perceived neighborhood problems increased odds of illicit drug use. Use of other illicit drugs with or without marijuana may be more closely tied to area level factors whereas factors driving exclusive marijuana use may not rely on localized structures to the same extent. Thus, community‐level interventions may need to customize their approaches according to the type of drug use targeted. The implication of using neighborhood level variables in substance use research is also discussed.
A Case of Congenital Bilateral Absence of Elbow Flexor Muscles: Review of Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Netscher David T. , Lewis Eric , Aliu Oluseyi , Samra Saleh
Published: October 2007

A 1-year-old boy presented to us with congenital inability to flex his elbow. He had bilaterally absent biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, a rare condition. We performed pedicle latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps to the left and right volar upper arm at 21 and 24 months of age, respectively, to create elbow flexors. By 4 years of age, he had excellent elbow flexion bilaterally with strength grade in excess of 4.5. In addition to discussing our patient's treatment options, we discuss other potential causes of weak elbow flexion when faced with this clinical dilemma.
Surface Properties and Biological Activity of Select Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Mahmoud S. A. , Ismail D. A. , Ghazy E. A.
Published: October 2007

A series of cationic surfactants, N‐(decyl N‐tri‐ethanol ammonium Bromide) (C10), N‐(dodecyl N‐triethanol ammonium Bromide) (C12), N‐(hexadecyl N‐triethanol ammonium Bromide) (C16) were synthesized. These compounds have been evaluated by studying their surface properties, surface parameters, biodegradability and antimicrobial and antifungal activities.
Preparation of Protein‐Stabilized β‐Carotene Nanodispersions by Emulsification–Evaporation Method
Authors: Chu Boon‐Seang , Ichikawa Sosaku , Kanafusa Sumiyo , Nakajima Mitsutoshi
Published: October 2007

This work was initiated to prepare protein‐stabilized β‐carotene nanodispersions using emulsification–evaporation. A pre‐mix of the aqueous phase composed of a protein and hexane containing β‐carotene was subjected to high‐pressure homogenization using a microfluidizer. Hexane in the resulting emulsion was evaporated under reduced pressures, causing crystallization and precipitation of β‐carotene inside the droplets and formation of β‐carotene nanoparticles. Sodium caseinate (SC) was the most effective emulsifier among selected proteins in preparing the nanodispersion, with a monomodal β‐carotene particle‐size distribution and a 17‐nm mean particle size. The results were confirmed by transmission‐electron microscopy analysis. SC‐stabilized nanodispersion also had considerably high ζ‐potential (−27 mV at pH 7), suggesting that the nanodispersion was stable against particle aggregation. Increasing the SC concentration decreased the mean particle size and improved the polydispersity of the nanodispersions. Nanodispersions prepared with higher β‐carotene concentrations and higher organic‐phase ratios resulted in larger β‐carotene particles. Although increased microfluidization pressure did not decrease particle size, it did improve the polydispersity of the nanodispersions. Repeating the microfluidization process at 140 MPa caused the nanodispersions to become polydisperse, indicating the loss of emulsifying capacity of SC due to protein denaturation.
Medication Safety: Just a Label Away
Authors: Jennings Jane , Foster Jan
Published: October 2007

IN PERIOPERATIVE SETTINGS, medications are removed from manufacturers' identifying containers; therefore, scrub personnel should label medications placed on the sterile field.

COMPLIANCE WITH MEDICATION labeling practices with the use of both blank and preprinted labels was tested in the OR at a Houston, Texas, hospital.

SCRUB PERSONNEL WERE more likely to label medications and medication‐delivery devices when preprinted medication labels were provided.

DATA OBTAINED FROM this project influenced the hospital's management team to supply preprinted labels for all procedures to improve safety for surgical patients.
A yeast model of Down syndrome
Authors: Moldrich Randal X.
Published: October 2007

The recent discovery that cellular proliferation was reduced in aneuploid haploid yeast supports a long‐standing argument that the developmental neurophenotype of Down syndrome is not uniquely a result of the effects of increased gene dosage. Instead, some phenotypic outcomes appear to resemble those caused by disrupted cellular homeostasis induced by aneuploidy. Decreased cellular proliferation has been identified in the cerebellum and hippocampus of Down syndrome mouse models and in the post‐mortem hippocampus and germinal matrix of Down syndrome fetuses. Consistent with predominantly stochastic gene expression and increased energy demands induced by aneuploidy, the “buffering” canalization processes in Down syndrome would be reduced thereby giving rise to increased variance to less stable developmental pathways such as proliferation. The nature and extent of phenotypes due to reduced canalization would depend on the tissue; which is also a question for future research to address. A conceptual model is presented here to demonstrate the nature of influences affecting phenotypes. Ultimately, in Down syndrome, exigent periods of neurodevelopment increasingly appear to reflect the burden of disrupted homeostasis.
n-3 Fatty acids and mood: the devil is in the detail
Authors: Richardson Alex J.
Published: October 2007

Increasing evidence suggests that a low dietary intake of the n-3 long-chain PUFA EPA and DHA may contribute not only to the risks for various physical illnesses (particularly cardiovascular and immune system disorders), but also to many disorders of mental health and performance1,2. From their recent comprehensive review of the evidence for these n-3 fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders3, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) made the following recommendations:
Exogenous nucleosides accelerate differentiation of rat intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: María Vieites Jose , Torre Raúl de la , Ramírez María del Carmen , Torres María Isabel , Sánchez-Pozo Antonio , Gil Angel , Suárez Antonio
Published: October 2007

Several studies have reported differing data on the effect of exogenous nucleosides and nucleotides on the proliferation and differentiation in various intestinal cell lines and explants. To study whether exogenous nucleosides modulate intestinal cell differentiation, IEC-6 cells were differentiated in the presence or absence of a nucleoside mixture (cytidine, uridine, guanosine and inosine, 30 μmeach), and the concentrations of nucleoside derivatives were determined by HPLC. Cell differentiation was assessed by electron microscopy, alkaline phosphatase activity andRnd3gene expression. The present results showed that uridine, guanosine and inosine were cleared from culture media (up to 32, 63 and 100 % in proliferating cells, and 31, 80 and 94 % in differentiated cells, respectively) whereas cytidine concentrations increased. Differentiation of IEC-6 cells was associated with a significant increase in intracellular nucleotide concentrations. Clearance of nucleosides correlated with a significant increase in the intracellular nucleotide pool in proliferating and differentiated IEC-6 cells. Intracellular guanosine nucleotides increased 2·5- and 5-fold in nucleoside-supplemented proliferating and differentiated cells, respectively. At 24 h, nucleoside-supplemented differentiated IEC-6 cells had significantly higher energy charge and GTP levels than non-supplemented ones. These modifications paralleled changes in cell differentiation as indicated by increased alkaline phosphatase activity, prolonged microvilli formation and accelerated down-regulation ofRnd3gene expression. The present findings suggest that exogenous nucleosides were selectively taken up by IEC-6 cells, increased the intracellular nucleotide pool, GTP and energy charge, and favoured cell morphological and functional changes during differentiation.
Conceit of the Globe in Mughal Visual Practice
Authors: Ramaswamy Sumathi
Published: October 2007

The increasing preoccupation of the scholarly community in recent years with globalization appears to have left its impact on postmodern geographers and historians of cartography as well, several of whom have turned their attention recently to the history and politics of the image that is at the center of this new problematic, namely, the terrestrial globe. As Denis Cosgrove notes in his provocative analysis of cartographic representations of Earth in the Western imagination, “Whether pictured as a networked sphere of accelerating circulation or as an abused and overexploited body, it is from images of the spherical earth that ideas of globalization draw their expressive and political force” (2001: ix). Its very ubiquity as a symbol of the times in which we live underscores the preoccupation with the image of the globe in the late modern imagination. However, as Jerry Brotton observes, its pervasiveness may also point to an increasing redundancy of its appearance in our times, and the image of the globe has suffered what might be called “a waning of affect” (1999: 73). This argument leads him to a study of the early modern period in Europe when the terrestrial globe first emerged in his assessment as “a socially affective object” (ibid.: 72). In hisTrading Territories(1997), Brotton considers how the terrestrial globe came to not just reflect an increasingly “global” world but also to constitute it over the course of the sixteenth century. Its power lay “in the ideological representation of the world it purported to describe. Its lack of cognitive specificity was not its weakness but ultimately its greatest strength, because the very perceptions of distance and space upon which the terrestrial globe rested stressed speculation and conjecture over the extent and possession of distant territories” (1999: 87–88). From the early years of the sixteenth century, even as the Copernican revolution was slowly undoing medieval Christian cosmological conceptions of the universe, terrestrial globes became increasingly crucial to the exercise of state power in Europe, as well as to the surging search for new markets and tradable goods. As importantly, as prestige objects, globes and maps became part of a new gift economy of circulation and exchange, and were sought after like “the spices, pepper, silk and precious metals to which [they] appeared to give directional access” (Brotton 1997: 25; see also Jardine 1996: 295–309, 425–36). In the process, they helped fashion new bourgeois modalities of the self, mostly but not exclusively male. Not surprisingly, as Brotton notes, “It is upon the figure of the globe, as both a visual image and a material object, that many of the social and cultural hopes and anxieties of the period came to be focused” (1997: 21).
Oil Paintings and Politics: Weaving a Heroic Tale of the Chinese Communist Revolution
Authors: Hung Chang-Tai
Published: October 2007

“In my entire life I did not produce a single painting that was uppermost in mind to create,” the celebrated painter Dong Xiwen (1914–1973) reportedly lamented on his deathbed. Dong may not have produced the dream piece that he would truly cherish, but he did create, albeit unwillingly, a deeply controversial work of art in his 1953 oil painting The Founding Ceremony of the Nation (Kaiguo dadian) (Figures 1 and 2), for it epitomizes the tension between art and politics in the People's Republic of China (PRC). In this famous piece, Dong portrays Chairman Mao Zedong (1893–1976) in Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949, with his senior associates in attendance—Liu Shaoqi (1898–1969), Zhu De (1886–1976), Zhou Enlai (1898–1976), Gao Gang (1905–1954), Lin Boqu (1886–1960), and others. They are surrounded by huge lanterns, a Chinese symbol of prosperity, and a sea of red banners that declare the founding of a new nation. When first unveiled in 1953, the painting was widely hailed as one of the greatest oil paintings ever produced by a native artist. In just three months more than half-a-million reproductions of the painting were sold. But the fate of this work soon took an ominous turn, and the artist was requested to make three major revisions during his lifetime. In 1954 Dong was instructed to excise Gao Gang from the scene when Gao was purged by the Party for allegedly plotting to seize power and create an “independent kingdom” in Manchuria. During the Cultural Revolution in the mid-1960s Liu Shaoqi was accused of advocating a “bourgeois reactionary line” and subsequently was purged, and Dong was ordered in 1967 to redo his painting again and erased Liu from the inauguration scene. Then, in 1972, also during the Cultural Revolution, the radicals, commonly labeled the “Gang of Four,” ordered a third revision, namely, that Lin Boqu be eliminated from the painting for allegedly opposing the marriage of Mao and Jiang Qing (1914–1991) during the Yan'an days. By this time Dong was dying of cancer and was too ill to pick up the brush, so his student Jin Shangyi (b. 1934), and another artist, Zhao Yu (1926–1980), were assigned the task. These two artists, afraid of doing further damage to the original piece, eventually produced a replica of the painting, with the ailing Dong brought from the hospital for consultation on his embattled work. Though Dong died the following year, the ill-fated story of The Founding Ceremony of the Nation did not end: in 1979, with the demise of the Gang of Four and the Party's official rehabilitation of Liu Shaoqi, the images of Liu, Gao Gang, and Lin Boqu were restored in the painting. Because Jin Shangyi was on a foreign tour, Yan Zhenduo (b. 1940), a graduate of the Department of Oil Painting at the Central Academy of Fine Arts (CAFA), was called upon to help reinstall the three leaders.
RESULTS OF DISSEMINATING THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION WITH FARMER FIELD SCHOOL METHODS IN NORTHERN MYANMAR
Authors: KABIR HUMAYUN , UPHOFF NORMAN
Published: October 2007

This four-year evaluation of the introduction of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in northern Myanmar through Farmer Field School (FFS) methods found that these agronomic and pedagogical strategies gave positive results in a complementary way, although their individual contributions to the documented improvement in rice productivity could not be partitioned. The rice production of 612 farmers who had participated in 30 FFSs was tracked, along with that of farmers in the same communities who learned through farmer-to-farmer interaction. Average SRI yields on FFS study-fields in the wet season, without any supplementary irrigation, were 6.4 t ha−1 compared with farmers' prior average yields of 2.1 t ha−1. Three years after one third of the farmers in a community had received FFS training, almost all of its farmers were using SRI methods. This study confirmed many previously reported benefits from SRI practices, particularly important for limited-resource households.
IS CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE HISTORICALLY ENCOURAGED?
Authors: SAADAT MOSTAFA
Published: October 2007

I read with great interest Akrami and Osati’s article entitled ‘Is consanguineous marriage religiously encouraged? Islamic and Iranian considerations’ published in the March 2007 issue of the Journal of Biosocial Science (Akrami & Osati, 2007). The authors showed that in many Islamic sources, there is no sign that could be described as encouraging cousin marriages. I would like to make a few comments about it.
Thematic indirect objects in French
Authors: ROBERGE YVES , TROBERG MICHELLE
Published: October 2007

We present a descriptive generalisation according to which a verbal or an event argument is merged as an indirect object (IO) when the direct object (DO) position is occupied. Our goal is to formalise this generalisation and to show how current syntactic theory provides the necessary tools to support it. Specifically, the converging consensus that all so-called intransitive verbs have an internal nominal argument resolves previous exceptions to the generalisation and shows that the transitivity restriction on thematic IOs is structural.