bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of landslide susceptibility in the rocky coast subsystem of Essaouira, Morocco
Authors: Oliveira Sergio C. , Khouz Abdellah , Trindade Jorge , ElBchari Fatima , Bougadir Blaid , Garcia Ricardo A. C. , Jadoud Mourad
Published: February 2023

Several researchers have developed landslide susceptibility maps in recent years using a variety of methods and models. The Information Value method has frequently been used to assess landslide susceptibility in a variety of coastal environments. In this study we used these bivariate statistical techniques to assess the coastal region of Essaouira's susceptibility to landslides. 588 different landslides were found, classified, and mapped along the rocky coast of this coastal stretch. The observation and interpretation of many data sources, such as high-resolution satellite images, aerial photographs, topographic maps, and extensive field surveys, are employed to understand terrain predisposing conditions and to predict landslides. Essaouira's rocky coastal system is situated in the centre of Morocco's Atlantic coast. The study region was divided into 1534 (50 m wide) cliff terrain units. The landslide inventory was randomly split into two separate groups for training and validation purposes: 70% of the landslides were used for training the susceptibility model and 30% for independent validation. Elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, cliff height, topographic wetness index, topographic position index, slope over area ratio, solar radiation, presence of faulting, lithological units, toe lithology, presence and type of cliff toe protection, layer tilt, rainfall, streams, land-use patterns, normalized difference vegetation index, and lithological material granulometry were the twenty-two layers of landslide conditioning factors that were prepared. Using a pixel-based model (12.5 m x 12.5 m) and an elementary terrain unit-based model, the bivariate Information Value approach was used to determine the statistical link between the conditioning factors and the various landslide types and to produce the coastal landside susceptibility maps. The multiple coastal landslide susceptibility models were evaluated for accuracy and predictive power using the receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve. The findings allowed for the designation of 38% of the rocky coast subsystem as having a high susceptibility to landslides, with the majority of these areas being found in the southern part of the coastal region of Essaouira. Both future planned development operations and environmental conservation can benefit from these susceptibility maps.Acknowledgements: The work has been financed by national funds through FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology, I. P.), in the framework of the project “HighWaters – Assessing sea level rise exposure and social vulnerability scenarios for sustainable land use planning” (EXPL/GES-AMB/1246/2021).
Stress field evaluation in the earthquake-prone crustal zones of Romania, based on a comprehensive and updated focal mechanisms catalog
Authors: Mihai Marius , Craiu Andreea , Craiu Marius , Marmureanu Alexandru , Radulian Mircea
Published: February 2023

Seismic activity in Romania encounters a variety of tectonic domains, from crustal earthquakes, which occur along active faults, to intermediate-depth seismicity that extends down to 200 km depth and which is limited in a small subcrustal seismogenic volume beneath the SE bend of the Carpathians arc. Crustal depth seismicity in Romania is distributed throughout the territory, the areas with important seismic activity and which are also analyzed in this paper being: Vrancea, Fagaras-Campulung, Banat, Dobrogea zones.Using the polarity of first arrivals methodology (FOCMEC software developed by Havskov et. al 2020), we calculate the focal mechanisms for crustal depth earthquakes that occurred in these areas between 2012 and 2022. We then derive the regional distribution of the stress field through a linear inversion using the focal mechanisms obtained in this study, supplemented by the solutions of the REFMC catalog (Radulian et al 2020). Inversion results vary from the compressive regime in the SE Carpathians bend zone, to strike-slip regime in Banat zone, and extensive regime in Dobrogea area. The stress field configuration is matching generally the configuration of the global stress pattern as shown by the World stress map with the exception of some significant deviations that reflect local conditions. The analysis of focal mechanisms as well as the stress field provides a basis for transdisciplinary discussions and collaborations between researchers from various fields.
History of fire regime shifts during the last 1000 years in Northeastern Mongolia
Authors: Słowiński Michał , Obremska Milena , Avirmed Dashtseren , Woszczyk Michał , Adiya Saruulzaya , Łuców Dominika , Mroczkowska Agnieszka , Halaś Agnieszka , Szczuciński Witold , Kruk Andrzej , Lamentowicz Mariusz , Stańczak Joanna , Rudaya Natalia
Published: February 2023

Recent years have seen rapid climatic changes in Central Asia, particularly Mongolia. An increase in the thickness of the active layer above permafrost and considerable changes to the vegetation structure are likely outcomes of the long-term temperature rise and precipitation changes. The management of future habitats or the biodiversity of northern Mongolia faces significant difficulties from rising temperatures, prolonged and frequent droughts, and gradual permafrost degradation. Our knowledge of the historical processes involved in permafrost degradation and the ensuing ecological effects is still mostly incomplete. These connections may be used to explain changes in the fire regime, permafrost melting, and plant distribution in the Khentii mountains region. Therefore, based on a multiproxy study of peat archive data, we provide the first high-resolution fire history from northeastern Mongolia over the last 1000 years (micro- and macroscopic charcoals, charcoal size classes and morphotypes, peat geochemistry). We examined microscopic and macroscopic charcoal particles as a proxy for fire activity. We also tracked changes in regional and local plant composition using pollen data. To investigate how changes in fire regimes and the climate affect the functioning of the peatland ecosystem, we also conducted a geochemical analysis.Additionally, to better comprehend the changes in earlier fire regimes and fire-vegetation connections, we employed the morphotypes of macrocharcoal to pinpoint vegetation burning. This study's primary objective is to evaluate the impact of human behavior, vegetation, and prolonged droughts on the incidence of fire regime transitions during the past 1000 years in Central Asia permafrost marginal zone (Mongolia). The findings showed that most of the fires in the area were probably started by natural causes, presumably connected to heatwaves that resulted in prolonged droughts. We have established a connection between increased fires and the local weather phenomena known as "dzud", a catastrophic confluence of winter snowfall and droughts that impacts fire intensity.The study is the result of research project No. 2017/01/X/ST10/01216 and 2018/31/B/ST10/02498 funded by the Polish National Science Centre.
Propagation And Dissipation Of Lee Wave Energy In A Single Column Model
Authors: Wagner Ingo , Eden Carsten , Olbers Dirk
Published: February 2023

When an ocean current flows over uneven topography a specific kind of in-ternal gravity wave called lee wave is emitted. These lee waves are propagatingthrough the water column and can interact with the ocean currents and otherwaves. They are thought to play a role in the global ocean energy cycle andcan also affect the momentum balance in the interior. The waves extract energyfrom the mean flow or eddies near the bottom and then dissipate this energysomewhere in the water column.However, the waves can not be resolved directly in global ocean models and inparticular their vertical propagation is still largely unknown. In order to studythese waves Eden and Olbers proposed a model of the lee wave energy. In this modelthe radiative transfer equation is integrated over the wavenumber space whichyields a prognostic equation of the lee wave energy. This energy equation canthen be added to an ocean model. This model includes a term for the interac-tion with the mean flow and a dissipation term parameterizing the interactionwith the background wave field.In this work an additional term concerning the dissipation due to critical layersis added to the energy equation. The critical layers can occur when the back-ground current shift the wavelength to small scales so that the waves break. Forthis critical layer parameterization the vertical refraction term in the radiativetransfer equation is integrated.The energy equation is then added to the python ocean model (pyOM) andsimulations using a single column are conducted. The key results show that theinteraction with the background wave field typically dominates the other effects.This leads to an exponential decay of the energy away from the ocean bottom.If the waves reach a region with a vertical velocity shear the waves can also ex-tract energy and momentum from the current. The leads to a slight downwardsdeflection of the current and also enables some critical layer dissipation. Thusin these conditions the lee waves also lead to some dissipation and mixing inthe ocean interior far away from the bottom. The maximum dissipation nearthe bottom is found to be larger than 10-8m2/s3, which is in accordance withother simulations and observations.
Revisiting the low-gradient problem with weather-resolving atmosphere-ocean coupled simulations
Authors: Feng Ran
Published: February 2023

The reduction in the tropical to mid-latitude sea surface temperature gradient, as shown by proxy records across the Pacific, is a common feature of past warm intervals but remains difficult for climate models to replicate. This model-data discrepancy (termed “the low-gradient problem”) is potentially tied to the parameterizations of cloud and moist convection in the models, which remain highly uncertain and largely limit the confidence of predicted future climate change. Here, focusing on the mid-Pliocene (4 - 3 Ma) interval, for which climate forcing conditions are relatively well constrained and global SSTs are well sampled, two sets of atmosphere-dynamical ocean coupled simulations with (at 25 km) and without (at 100 km) weather-resolving atmospheric resolution using Community Earth System Model version 1.3 are compared to identify whether better resolved cloud and moist convection can ameliorate the low-gradient problem. Preliminary results show more extensive mid-Pliocene warming in the North Pacific relative to the preindustrial simulated in the high-resolution simulations compared to the low-resolution simulations, whereas tropical Pacific warming is similar in both sets of simulations. The approximate partial radiative perturbation method and heat transport decomposition will be implemented to quantify differences in the shortwave cloud effects and responses of atmospheric dry static and latent energy and ocean heat transport between the high- and low-resolution simulations. The contributions from better resolved clouds and moist convection to the amplified North Pacific warming in the high-resolution simulations will be further quantified.
Forcing Mechanisms of the Interannual Sea Level Variability in the Midlatitude South Pacific during 2004-202
Authors: Germineaud Cyril , Volkov Denis , Cravatte Sophie , Llovel William
Published: February 2023

Over the past few decades, the global mean sea level rise and superimposed regional fluctuations of sea level have exerted considerable stress on coastal communities, especially in low-elevation regions such as the Pacific Islands in the western South Pacific Ocean. This made it necessary to have the most comprehensive understanding of the forcing mechanisms that are responsible for the increasing rates of extreme sea level events. In this study, we explore the causes of the observed sea level variability in the midlatitude South Pacific on interannual time scales using observations and atmospheric reanalyses combined with a 1.5 layer reduced-gravity model. We focus on the 2004–2020 period, during which the Argo’s global array allowed us to assess year-to-year changes in steric sea level caused by thermohaline changes in different depth ranges (from the surface down to 2000 m). We find that during the 2015–2016 El Niño and the following 2017–2018 La Niña, large variations in thermosteric sea level occurred due to temperature changes within the 100–500 dbar layer in the midlatitude southwest Pacific. In the western boundary region (from 30°S to 40°S), the variations in halosteric sea level between 100 and 500 dbar were significant and could have partially balanced the corresponding changes in thermosteric sea level. We show that around 35°S, baroclinic Rossby waves forced by the open-ocean wind-stress forcing account for 40 to 75% of the interannual sea level variance between 100°W and 180°, while the influence of remote sea level signals generated near the Chilean coast is limited to the region east of 100°W. The contribution of surface heat fluxes on interannual time scales is also considered and shown to be negligible.
Resilient Istanbul against the evolving challenges
Authors: Ergün Konukcu Betül , Kara Sema , Yılmaz Deniz , Duran Kemal
Published: February 2023

Cities are increasingly faced with the complexities, the uncertainties, local and global challenges. These problems make pressures on the life of cities and cause direct, indirect, tangible and intangible damages on physical structure, natural environment, social fabric, cultural heritage and economic situation of the cities. In order to make cities resilient against these pressures, it is substantial to improve skills to cope with these difficulties and strengthen coping capacity of urban elements. Istanbul is one of the oldest cities in the world. The city, hosted many civilizations with its 8500 year history, has dealt with the earthquakes, epidemics, floods, fires, water shortages, economic crises throughout its historical process. Istanbul with more than 16 million population is still trying to struggle against the challenges based on natural events and climate change, the consequences of irresponsible urbanization, socio-economic and cultural stresses and environmental problems. This study reveals Sustainable Resilence Strategy of Istanbul with Sustainable Development Goals against to current and evolving acute shocks and chronical stresses by taking lessons from the past, forecasting future challenges, risk reduction, supra disciplinary and interdisciplinary studies,  holistic approach, shared decision making with multiple criteria ,  competent planning, manageable systems, resource management, funding capability, alternative strategy formation capability, reserve capacity, ensuring coordination between systems, increasing adaptive, absorbing and transformation capacity, providing continuity, developing national and international cooperation.
Resolving ice content heterogeneity within permafrost peatlands using high-frequency induced polarisation.
Authors: Sugand Madhuri Gopaldas , Hördt Andreas , Binley Andrew
Published: February 2023

Permafrost peatlands are highly vulnerable ecosystems in a warming climate; their thaw greatly impacts carbon storage capacity and endangers existing landscape morphology. Due to their remoteness and, in some cases, protected status, it is difficult to characterise and monitor the subsurface using invasive methods. Geophysical investigations are useful in such cases allowing relatively rapid and extensive subsurface mapping. We focus here on the emerging high-frequency induced polarisation (HFIP) method, which can be effective in permafrost hydrology research as the geoelectrical properties of frozen water display a characteristic frequency-dependence between ranges of 100 Hz and 100 kHz.HFIP field measurements were conducted using the Chameleon-II equipment (Radic Research) on two peat permafrost sites located in Abisko, Northern Sweden: Storflaket mire and Heliport mire. The sites have been subject to routine permafrost monitoring since 1978 and are known to have an upper peat layer underlain by a silt-rich subsoil. We present the results of 2D surveys measuring frequencies ranging from 1 Hz to 57 kHz, which capture a high-frequency phase shift peak. Field data are inverted for each measured frequency separately with ResIPy, using an appropriate data error quantification model. The spectral data analysis captures heterogeneity within the subsurface, i.e., layered medium, permafrost mire boundary and ice-rich versus ice-poor regions. Identification of spectrally distinct regions allows the application of an appropriate relaxation model. For this study, we apply a two-component mixture model for ice-content estimation. Our results extend the existing knowledge at this site by quantifying ice content in a 2D plane, thus improving the foundation for further modelling studies.
Basal Décollement Splaying characterizes Mid-Crustal Deformation and Exhumation of orogenic cores in an intracontinental orogen
Authors: Chu Yang , Feng Zhentian , Lin Wei , Meng Lingtong , Xin Guangyao
Published: February 2023

Mid-to-lower crustal rock exhumation is common in orogenic belts, but the deformation process exposing these rocks remains debated. Distributed deformation in low viscous crust extruding mid-to-lower crustal rocks as channel flow and localized deformation along shear zones imbricating rigid blocks are two end-members that account for crustal thickening and unroofing. At the northwest of the Early Paleozoic orogenic belt in the South China Block, the Jiuling Massif includes orogenic root rocks exhumed from deep crustal level. Their structural pattern and exhumation history can improve our understanding on how continental mid-to-lower crust is deformed, thickened, and finally transported to the surface. Structural analysis reveals that two major mid-crustal ductile shear zones and their splays are developed at temperatures of ∼350°C–550°C. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) shows that the Southern Jiuling Batholith has a modified AMS pattern by syn-orogenic compression, suggesting a gradually deformed rigid block. Combining surface geological evidence and deep structures by gravity modeling, we find shear zones rooted in basal décollement incrementally stacked the rigid granitic blocks. Along strike, the major shear zones evolved differently with more splays at their eastern portions. Thus, tectonic imbrication gradually evolve to pervasive flow-like deformation as shear zones continue to splay and form an anastomosed shear zone system. The complexed structures by splayed shear zones segmenting and imbricating small rigid blocks may correspond to the geophysically low-velocity zone in the crust, so shear zone splaying is a linking mechanism between tectonic imbrication and viscous flow deformation of the crust, and reconcile these two end-members.
Agenda 2023 at school: making chemistry curriculum more sustainable
Authors: Marques Rosana
Published: February 2023

Chemistry has an important role to play in achieving a sustainable future on Earth, allowing the transition to a more just and greener world, from reducing air pollution to developing sustainable packaging materials and scaling up clean energy technologies.

A recent global survey of 16 to 25-year-olds found that 60% of young people in Portugal are worried about climate change, more than half (56%) thinks humanity is doomed and feel sad, anxious, angry, powerless, helpless and guilty. This data is one more evidence that proves that Sustainability has never been higher on the agenda.

The scholar curriculum should cover fundamental chemistry concepts and skills and bring them together in the context of sustainability and climate change to arm students with the knowledge, understanding and skills that will motivate them to progress into careers in the chemical sciences or related disciplines.

There are already some learning goals related to sustainable chemistry in the Portuguese senior year chemistry curriculum, but there is always room for improvements. In this presentation you will find the description and outcomes of the implementation of three classroom activities: “Sustainable hydrogen production”, “The importance of Biorefineries” and “Catalysis and catalysators: a green approach towards a sustainable future”.  
Marine methane fluxes to the atmosphere in the Western Black Sea: comparing eddy covariance and diffusive fluxes
Authors: Paris Jean-Daniel , Goxe Martin , Lozano Mathis , Grilli Roberto , Ruffine Livio , Delmotte Marc , Bermell Sylvain , Dupré Stéphanie , Riboulot Vincent
Published: February 2023

The global ocean is a net source of CH4 to the atmosphere. Large uncertainties remain on marine emissions that deserves effort to improve current estimates, and eventually predict their trajectories in a changing climate. Ocean CH4 emissions can either be CH4 emanating from seafloor sediments or in situ production in surface water linked to primary productivity. Sediment input into the water column can be either CH4 emanating from hydrate dissociation or free gas rising through the sediment. Ultimately, CH4 enters the atmosphere across the sea-air interface either from bubbles rising from the seafloor or by diffusion from dissolved gas. Estimates of global marine emissions diverge widely due to very large uncertainties linked to limited data coverage, methodological differences and the difficulty to capture the environmental factors that lead to high variability of the emissions.As the world’s largest natural anoxic waterbody, the semi-enclosed Black Sea (BS) is characterized by widespread seafloor CH4 emissions from the shallow coast to the deep basin. The evolution of the anoxic properties of the BS is strongly linked to the amount of CH4 discharged and the supply of organic matter from the connected large rivers. Therefore, it is crucial to estimate the BS CH4 budget and understand the transfer mechanism to the atmosphere to better understand the impact of climate change. During the GHASS2 (Gas Hydrates, fluid Activities and Sediment deformations in the black Sea) cruise in September 2021, CH4 transfer to the atmosphere has been investigated at water depths ranging from 60 m to 1200m in the Western sector of the BS. CH4 partial pressures were measured in the surface water and in the atmosphere using optical spectrometers, respectively the SubOcean membrane inlet laser spectrometer (Grilli et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.626372) and an ICOS-calibrated commercial analyzer (Picarro model G2401). We report eddy covariance measurements using  an open-path CH4 analyzer Li-7700 and a H2O-CO2 analyzer 7200RS from LiCor, a Gill 3D sonic anemometer, and an inertial navigation sensor (Lord). We compare flux estimates obtained from partial pressure gradient by the diffusive method under various schemes with the experimental eddy covariance set-up, applying available corrections for ship movement and interference with airflow. We also compare our results with previous reports for the area and conclude on the respective challenges and relative basin-scale representativity of the various measurement techniques.
Interdependencies and nexus of the global land rush
Authors: Muller Marc F. , Bertassello Leonardo , D'Odorico Paolo , Chiarelli Davide , Rulli Maria Cristina , Davis Kyle , Mehta Piyush , Mueller Nathan , Dell'Angelo Jampel
Published: February 2023

Humanity’s capacity to live without irreversibly compromising the environmental and biophysical conditions on which it depends is at stake. The expanding societal needs for food and energy add an unsustainable pressure on limited amounts of freshwater resources. In this context, the recent global economic and food security crisis, the adoption of new bioenergy policies, trends of water and land commodification, have been described as the drivers of a fast escalation in transnational land investments. A phenomenon described as a new ‘global land rush’. This process is favoring a strong transformation of the rural landscapes in large parts of Latin America, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, with small-scale farming, the most diffused system of production, being displaced by large-scale commercial intensified agriculture. Such land deals may result in the dispossession of traditional users, subsistence and small-holder farmers by large-scale commercial agriculture, as well as expansion of agricultural land at the expense of savannas, forests, or other ecosystems. Here, we bring together the insights from distinct studies conducted on these different dimensions using the (to our knowledge) largest available sample of georeferenced global transnational land deals. We synthesize these studies with the objective to identify and highlight the interconnectedness of the phenomenon and how different interdependencies and trade-offs play out. Using data from the Demographic and Health Survey Program we then investigate the livelihood, health and food security dynamics associated with this phenomenon.  We identified the main archetypes such large-scale transitions and defined their temporal trajectories (e.g., before and after the deals). We found that a significant portion of such deals, especially located in Southeast Asia, showed strong simultaneous increases in deforestation, crop cover and probability of export/trade, severely undermining the food security in such areas. Our approach offers a robust methodology to understand the multi-sectoral implications of the global land rush in a systematic, multi-dimensional and integrated way that we believe is helpful to inform policy. 
Tonga eruption-induced disturbances in lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere and their coupling
Authors: Sun Yang-Yi , Chen Chieh-Hung , Zhang Xuemin , Gao Yongxin , Liu Jann-Yenq
Published: February 2023

The explosive eruption of the Tonga underwater volcano (20.53°S, 175.38°W) occurred at ~04:15 UT on 15 January 2022. In this study, the networks of ground-based barometers, magnetometers, and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers recorded disturbances that traveled away from the eruption with acoustic speeds in the atmosphere and ionosphere. The primary disturbances with periods of several hours in the magnetic fields and total electron content (TEC) observations reveal the electrodynamics changes in the upper atmosphere and the coupling of E- and F-region dynamo. The atmospheric Lamb wave propagating upward caused the secondary waves in the ionosphere and seeds irregularities following the leading front of the primary disturbances. The global radio occultation technique onboard the FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC2 (F7/C2) mission sounds the ionosphere in the vertical direction, which shows the large-scale disturbances with scale > 200 km in the ionospheric F region and irregularities. On the other hand, the co-located instruments, including a seismometer, atmospheric electric field meter, wind profile radar, magnetometer, and GNSS receiver, monitored perturbations in the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere simultaneously at a certain location (29°N, 103°E) that is ~ten thousands of kilometers northwest away from the eruption. The primary phenomena of the eruption-associated disturbances are the long-period changes (period of ~ 2 hr) in the ionospheric TEC and the magnetic field in the upper atmosphere (above 100 km altitude), indicating the interactions of the ionospheric electrodynamics. The secondary phenomena included wind disturbances in the troposphere, which contribute to short-period changes (up to ten minutes) in air pressure, ground vibrations, and atmospheric electric field. The near-surface disturbances propagating upward further triggered short-period variations in the geomagnetic field and TEC. The primary changes in ionospheric electrodynamics, wind disturbance in the lower atmosphere, its upward propagation, and the resonance reveal the complex coupling phenomena due to the eruption and enrich our understanding of the geosphere coupling.
Insights into shallow and deep fluid circulation of the Southern Apennines seismic belt (Italy) using borehole pore pressures
Authors: Vitagliano Eleonora , Improta Luigi , Pizzino Luca , D'Agostino Nicola
Published: February 2023

Pore pressures at depth are usually described in relation with hydrostatic pressures, implying an interconnection between pores and fractures from the earth's surface up to a certain depth. In some cases, pore pressures exceed hydrostatic values, and these overpressures can be interpreted as an equilibrium between geological pressurization mechanisms (e.g., under compaction, tectonics, hydrocarbon generation, dehydration reactions, various sources of fluids, etc.) and pressure dissipation processes, which mainly depend on rock properties (e.g., hydraulic diffusivity).In actively deforming regions, other subsurface mechanisms may favor the generation of overpressure (e.g., parallel shortening of strata) and in addition, surface topography may drive meteoric groundwater to flow from positive reliefs to nearby lowlands, interacting with deeper fluids.Within the framework of the PRIN FLUIDS project, the research presented here aims to study the pore pressures collected in 30 exploration wells of the Sannio and Irpinia regions (Southern Apennines thrust-and-fold belt, Italy), with the objective of clarifying if and how deep fluids (e.g., free gas phases such as CO2 and HCs, as well as saline paleo/formation waters with Na-Cl chemistry and high pCO2) interact with shallow waters and to investigate the relation between shallow and deep crustal fluid dynamics and seismogenesis. In the proposed study, pressures, normalized to a hydrostatic profile, have been first retrieved from borehole pressure data, and then projected on five geological transects, to recognize the spatial distribution of the pressure trends (i.e., hydrostatic, over-pressured and hydrostatic over-pressured zones) underneath the Apennines range (from the internal to the external thrust belt) and the Plio-Pleistocene Bradano foredeep. In addition to the structural features, we also used other information available from well profiles (i.e., litho-stratigraphy, geochemical data, thermal data and petrophysical parameters) and open sources (i.e., geothermal gradient and sedimentary facies distribution maps). This material was integrated with the distribution, at the surface, of deep-derived fluids (gas manifestations, thermal springs, CO2-rich groundwater) to calibrate the system. Moreover, the overall data enabled deepening the comprehension of the role of the pressurized layers in acting as possible vertical and lateral barriers to/for fluid migration, and estimating the possible origin and depths reached by the thermal circuits. Finally, with respect to the distribution of pore pressure zones, two other aspects related to the active deformation and fluid leakage were addressed: vertical stress magnitudes at depth and distribution pattern of low-magnitude background seismicity of the area. The analysis on these topics and the preliminary results will be shown at the end of the proposed workflow.
Structural style variations along the Ionian fold and thrust belt
Authors: Snidero Marco , Muñoz De La Fuente Josep Anton , Santolaria Otin Pablo , Martinez Granado Pablo , Likakis Nikolaos
Published: February 2023

The Hellenides of Western Greece is a salt detached fold and thrust belt which resulted from the inversion of the previous southern Neo-Tethys margin. Before the Paleogene and Neogene contractional deformation, the Ionian basin was formed during the Triassic to early Jurassic rifting, bounded by the Apulian and Gabrovo platforms to the west and to the east respectively. The structural style of Western Greece is largely controlled by the presence of Triassic evaporites flooring the sedimentary succession of the Ionian basin, while previous models invoked the existence of extensional faults affecting the Triassic to Jurassic succession as one of the main structural controls. Understanding the present contractional structure mainly depends on unraveling the geometry of the Mesozoic extensional system, the distribution of the salt horizon and the presence and geometry of salt structures preceding the contractional deformation. Based on an extensive field study carried out along the Ionian fold and thrust belt, we present several regional and local balanced cross-sections and define several characteristic structural templates resulting from of this area.Despite inversion tectonics and reactivated salt structures are common features in many salt-detached fold and thrust belts but no evidence for the presence of inherited (and inverted) Jurassic extensional faults was found. However, the deformational style was strongly controlled by significant changes in thicknesses involving the pre-contractional stratigraphic package, and suggesting the presence of pre-existing salt structures. The pre-shortening configuration was dominated by salt pillows and salt plateaus formed during the Triassic to early Jurassic rifting. As a result, we observe a significative change in the deformation style, from remarkable detachment folds, box-folds or inclined folds, to more wide and far-travelled thrust sheets formed in the areas with a thicker stratigraphy. Despite the stratigraphic thickness is reduced to few hundreds of meters in some cases,  diapirism is just related with the contractional stage, as a result of the squeezing of former salt pillows, and no evidence of precursor passive diapirs has been found.
The role of submarine groundwater discharge in the ocean carbon budget
Authors: Weber Nurit , Kiro Yael
Published: February 2023

Ocean chemistry is dictated by weathering and transporting elements from the land to the ocean and their removal through precipitation and adsorption. While the role of rivers was established many decades ago, other sources of elements such as mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems, discharge from forearcs of subduction zones, and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) have been recognized more recently. SGD may release large amounts of trace metals, nutrients, carbon, and other dissolved species to the coastal ocean. The element fluxes may be comparable to surface water flow due to groundwater interaction with the aquifer sediments and the high ratio between rock and water. To better understand the coastal water budgets, it is crucial to assess all sources and sinks, including SGD. Recent attempts to calculate the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity ocean budgets have shown that riverine DIC input and marine carbonate burial cannot be balanced by alkalinity delivered via submarine groundwater. This deficit in the ocean's DIC and alkalinity mass balance may be attributed to insufficient knowledge of the carbonate and alkalinity contributions through SGD, particularly seawater circulation in the aquifer.The DIC and alkalinity fluxes are influenced by the mechanisms driving groundwater flow in the subsurface (fresh and saline water), affecting the flow paths, residence times, and redox states. Therefore, we expect DIC enrichment or depletion to vary among different environmental settings. Thus, it is unclear if coastal aquifers serve as a source or a sink for DIC, depending on the settings. Our study shows a significant contribution of alkalinity by fresh groundwater discharge and also during long-term seawater circulation in the East Mediterranean coastal aquifer. Even on a relatively short distance like the Israeli Mediterranean coastline (~150 km), we observed differences in alkalinity and DIC derived from the shift in the aquifer's rocks as carbonate amounts drop and sand levels increase from north to south. To comprehensively and globally understand alkalinity fluxes through SGD, we generated an extensive data archive on coastal aquifers worldwide. This data is used to characterize the interactions between groundwater and country rocks depending on the type of rock and how they may impact groundwater alkalinity and DIC. Most of the groundwater samples lie below the 1:1 Alkalinity-DIC ratio line, which may suggest that the major processes affecting the carbonate system contribute more DIC than Alkalinity. Many sandy and carbonate aquifers have a DIC greater than alkalinity, which indicates a significant amount of CO2 and low pH levels. In contrast, alluvial aquifers have a minor trend, and basaltic aquifers usually have DICs equal to alkalinities (the most common species is bicarbonate). To better understand climate feedback mechanisms, it is crucial to know the ocean's alkalinity buffer system budget and its carbon sources and sinks.
Spatial and temporal variation of sediment production in the upstream part of the Loire River (35000 km²)
Authors: Belbal Brahim Hichem , Antoine Germain , Boyaval Sébastien , Cerdan Olivier , Taccone Florent , Vandromme Rosalie
Published: February 2023

We try to explain the variations of the sediments flux ("daily production") measured at a water intake on the French Loire River during "10 years". Over the last decade, this intake channel has experienced a change in its siltation dynamic, resulting in changes of sediments type and volume settled at its bottom. These changes may be explained, either by the variation of sediments production rates (soil erosion) on the upstream watersheds or by the fluvial dynamics of the Loire River, in particular, by the storage and remobilization of fine sediments in the complex morpho dynamics of the riverbed.In this context, we will evaluate the variation of sediments production rates (soil erosion) in the upstream watersheds, over an area of approximately 35,000 km². The aim is to determine how the produced fluxes evolve in space (spatial distribution) through the principle of sediment yield but also to study the changes in temporal dynamics and to identify its potential causes, for instance lithology, landuse, rainfall events…
The fossil record of larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera: A unique archive to assess the impact of decreasing pH and calcite saturation
Authors: Langer Martin R.
Published: February 2023

Over the past two centuries, fossil fuel burning and other anthropogenic activities have caused the atmospheric CO2 concentration to rise from 280 ppm to 419 ppm. Over the same time interval, the surface oceans have absorbed more than 500 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, or approximately 30 % of the total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. This absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere has benefitted human mankind significantly by reducing the greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. When anthropogenic CO2 is absorbed by seawater, chemical reactions occur that reduce seawater pH, concentrations of carbonate ions, and the saturation states of the biominerals aragonite and calcite in a process commonly referred to as ocean acidification. When the pH and carbonate saturation drop in seawater, carbonate biominerals in shells and skeletons may begin to dissolve, and the water become corrosive for this reason.Atmospheric CO2, pH and carbonate saturation have fluctuated significantly over the Phanerozoic history in the oceans. This research presentation focuses on the on the abundance, biodiversity and biogeography of larger benthic symbiont-bearing foraminifera during the Phanerozoic. Benthic and planktic foraminifera produce approximately 20 % of the overall carbonate in modern oceans and as such they are major components of the carbonate budget. How did larger benthic foraminifera react to changes in the oceans over the course of the Phanerozoic history? How did high CO2 and low pH levels impact this important group and what lesson can we learn from the fossil record for future developments?This presentation illustrates the reaction of modern and fossil larger benthic symbiont-bearing foraminifera (LBF) to major perturbations in the ocean systems. Larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera have an excellent fossil record, are ubiquitous components of tropical and subtropical biotas and contribute significantly to the carbonate produced in the tropical world's oceans. The fossil record of larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera provides a unique archive to assess the impact of decreasing pH and calcite saturation on environments in future oceans. 
Quantitative and Qualitative River Monitoring Using an Innovative UAV-USV Tandem System
Authors: Hansen Issa , Peña-Haro Salvador , Lüthi Beat , Weber Frank-Andreas , Ramirez Juan , Eberhardt Benjamin , Gattung Thomas , Teege Julian , Neumann Enrico , Becker Ralf , Blankenbach Jörg
Published: February 2023

The use of modern digital technologies in water management is an important driver for obtaining better data for assessing the status of water bodies and their development. These data can be beneficially implemented for the monitoring and management of rivers and especially waterways.In the BMDV-funded project RiverCloud, an autonomous tandem system consisting of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) is being developed under the coordination of the gia of RWTH Aachen University, which will provide spatially and temporally high-resolution data for the development and maintenance of waterways as well as for river management. The contribution introduces the developed coupled UAV/USV tandem system with its mounted sensors for high resolution data acquisition and continuously accurate georeferencing and presents some significant results using the example of a study area on the Rhine River (Tomateninsel).The data presented are, among others, camera-based flow measurements using an image processing method, discharge data of a precise ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) with 2000 kHz frequency and ten water quality parameters using a multi-parameter probe. All data mentioned were simultaneously collected in two locations of the study area on the Rhine River in September 2022. The 4 seconds videos collected by the UAV-camera were processed using an image processing method based on the surface velocity after implementing a new developed stabilisation tool. The cross-section data collected by ADCP were used for the configuration of the two sites. The agreement between ADCP and camera-based flow and discharge data was very good on both sites with less than 5% deviation for a discharge value of approx. 600 m3/s and 1.63 m/s mean velocity. The water quality parameters collected during the measuring campaign were temperature, conductivity, salinity, pH value, oxygen concentration, oxygen saturation, ammonium, turbidity, Total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS). The water quality data were in the expected ranges for river water (e.g. average values: pH 7.8, T 21.8°C, EC 0.35 mS/cm, Sal 0.71%, O2 7.5 mg/l, NH4+ 0.3 mg/l).The results, specific requirements of the developed solution and challenges under the measuring conditions of the study area are presented in this paper. The data collected are used as the input of an overview report for river or waterway water flow and quality monitoring.
Flood susceptibiliy mapping by using remote sensing and multi-criteria decision analysis: A case of M'goun geopark (Central High Atlas, Morocco)
Authors: EL Bchari Fatima , Theilen-Willige Barbara , Nait Ouacha Brahim , Trindade Jorge , Souhel Abdellatif , Khouz Abdellah , Jadoud Mourad
Published: February 2023

Floods are common natural hazards causing deaths, economic losses, and destruction of property. In Morocco, floods have become a structural phenomenon. In recent years, exceptional rainfall events have occurred in several regions of the country.With the climate change and weather variability, it may not be possible to prevent flooding. However, flood prevention and mitigation can be enhanced by flood susceptibility mapping.The present study aimed to identify flood susceptible areas in M'goun geopark (central High Atlas, Morocco) using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, which is an interactive decision-making approach under multi-criteria decision analysis.The historic flood data were collected from multi-source satellite images from 1995 to 2016. In this study, the flood inventory was prepared based on the floods that occurred in 1995, 2010, 2014, and 2015. The flood data were randomly classified as training data for mapping and testing data for model validation.The geomorphologic disposition to flooding is influenced by morphometric factors such as the lowest local height level, slope degrees below 10 °, no curvature of the terrain or high flow accumulation that can be derived from digital elevation models (Aster GDEM, SRTM-DEM, ALOS PALSAR-DEM) using GIS software. Further conditioning factor data were acquired from satellite images, topographic maps, geological maps and field work.The factors used to perform flood susceptibility mapping were elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, rainfall, distance to rivers, stream density, lithology and land use. Digital image processing methods were used to derive the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) based on Landsat data, thus, gaining information of surface water bodies and soil moisture conditions.The relative importance of physical factors has been compared in a pairwise matrix to gain the weight values during the process of AHP model. The flood susceptibility zones have been mapped according to their weights.The validation of the model using the area under the curve revealed that the success rate is 85%, while the prediction rate is 88.5%, indicating this AHP method’s reliability.The results from this study can be useful for local authorities in the study area for flood mitigation. It will be also used for communicating flood risks to the communities around the floods prone areas of the central High Atlas with high touristic vocation.