bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacteriostasis ofEscherichia coliby milk: IV. The bacteriostatic antibody of human milk
Authors: Dolby Jean M. , Honour Pauline
Published: May 2009

summary

Bacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains ofEscherichia coliis reduced when IgA is removed from milk by precipitation. Lysozyme is not involved in bacteriostasis and can be removed without loss of activity; heavy bentonite absorption however removes some lactoferrin causing partial loss of activity.

The heat-labile antigen eliciting bacteriostatic antibody forE. coliis present in milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains and in some other Enterobacteriaceae, e.g. salmonella; it cross reacts with the antigen in others, e.g. proteus and enterobacter. The antibody is therefore likely to be present in all human milk as a result of the normal commensal gut flora and with widespread activity.
Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests in the diagnosis of brucellosis
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Tizard I. R.
Published: May 2009

summary

Growth agglutination and growth inhibition tests were established for the diagnosis ofBrucella abortusinfection. The former involves the agglutination of living organisms while the latter is a bactericidal test. Using mouse, guinea-pig, rabbit and bovine serum it was shown that the growth agglutination test is approximately ten times, and the growth inhibition test one hundred times, more sensitive than the conventional tube agglutination test. It is suggested that these techniques may be of assistance in diagnosing bovine brucellosis in situations in which the tube agglutination test results are suspected of being falsely negative.
Laboratory tests of seven rodenticides for the control of Mastomys natalensis
Authors: Gill J. E. , Redfern R.
Published: May 2009

summary

Laboratory feeding tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of seven rodenticides against Mastomys natalensis. The poisons (warfarin, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, calciferol and zinc phosphide) were all toxic at the concentrations normally used against Rattus norvegicus (Berk.), although several were unpalatable. Trials are now needed to demonstrate the relative efficacy of these poisons in the field, but it is likely that, given suitable bait formulations, they would all be useful as practical control agents.
Application of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to the detection and identification of foot-and-mouth disease viruses
Authors: Crowther J. R. , Abu Elzein E. M. E.
Published: May 2009

An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to the detection and identification of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus types. The test proved successful for the specific detection of virus from infected tissue culture, and from epithelial tissues from bovines suspected of having FMD. The ELISA compared favourably with the complement fixation (CF) test, being more sensitive and unaffected by anticomplementary factors.
Possible origin of the bluetongue epidemic in Cyprus, August 1977
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Gibbs E. P. J. , Herniman K. A. J. , Pedgley D. E. , Tucker M. R.
Published: May 2009

Possible origins of an epidemic of bluetongue in Cyprus in August 1977 have been analysed. First outbreaks occurred simultaneously in the south-east of the Famagusta district and on the north coast of the Kyrenia district respectively. Although the epidemic was due to type 4, which had been responsible for the previous outbreak in 1969, no evidence of persistence of virus could be found. Imports of domestic animals in the past year were not implicated since the imported cattle were introduced only to the southern part and not to the northern part of the island. Easterly, north-easterly and northerly winds during the period 11–14 August could have brought infected midges at a height of 0.5–1.5 km from Syria and Turkey, and such a movement would fit well the dates of the first outbreaks (20–25 August). Temperatures at a height of 1.5 km were 20–25 °C and at 0.5 km 30–35 °C, and with wind speeds 10–20 km h−1 the distance from Turkey and Syria would have been covered in 5–20 h. It follows that, in addition to surface winds, winds at all levels warm enough for flight should be taken into account when the possibility of disease spread by windborne midges is being assessed.
Studies on the heat resistance ofBacillus cereusspores and growth of the organism in boiled rice
Authors: Parry Jennifer M. , Gilbert R. J.
Published: May 2009

A comparison was made of the heat resistance ofBacillus cereusspores at 95° C. Spores of serotype 1 strains were more resistant than those of the other types tested. However, there was little difference in the growth rate of the various serotypes in boiled rice at 22° C. Most samples of uncooked rice contained multiple serotypes ofB. cereus.

These results indicate that the cooking procedure used for the preparation of cooked rice is likely to be selective for certain serotypes, and this is the most likely reason why type 1 is the most common serotype implicated in outbreaks of food poisoning and can be isolated from many routine samples of cooked rice.
Myxomatosis: the emergence of male and female European rabbit fleasSpilopsyllus cuniculi(Dale) from laboratory cultures
Authors: Shepherd Rosamond C. H. , Edmonds J. W.
Published: May 2009

The sex ratios and the emergence patterns of the European rabbit flea bred under animal house conditions were examined. An overall preponderance of female fleas was found. This was due to the greater preponderance of female fleas in the primary emergence, whereas the sex ratios in the secondary emergence were about 1:1.
The susceptibility ofBandicota bengalensisfrom Rangoon, Burma to several anticoagulant rodenticides
Authors: Brooks Joe E. , Htun Pe Than , Naing Hla
Published: May 2009

The baseliiie susceptibility of the lesser bandicoot rat,Bandicota bengalensis, from Rangoon, Burma, to five anticoagulant rodenticides was established with no-choice feeding in the laboratory. The susceptibility of lesser bandicoots to the several poisons (brodifacoum, difenacoum, diphacinone, coumatetralyl, and warfarin) was such that they were offered at a 0·001 % concentration.B. bengalensiswas most susceptible to brodifacoum, and in descending order, difenacoum, coumatetralyl, diphacinone and warfarin. In comparison withRattus norvegicuson warfarin at 0·005 %,B. bengalensisproved more susceptible. Feeding tests at 0·005 % concentration indicated that a 1-day feeding on broclifacoum and difenacoum would result in complete mortality, whereas coumatetralyl and warfarin would require 4 days feeding to a 100 % kill. Brodifacoum and difenacoum are recommended at 0·002–0·005 % bait concentrations and coumatetralyl at 0 001 % concentrations for the control ofB. bengalensisin the field in Rangoon. The use of any anticoagulant material in rat control should be alternated with acute toxicants to retard the possible development of anticoagulant resistance.
Hepatitis B serology in Greek prostitutes: significance of the different serum markers
Authors: Kaklamani Evangelia , Kyriakidou Athena , Trichopoulos Dimitri , Papoutsakis George , Koumandaki Ivoni , Karalis Dimitri
Published: May 2009

One hundred and ninety-eight prostitutes (mean age 41·8 years) and 117 control women of low socio-economic class (mean age 43·8 years) were tested by solid-phase radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), its antibody (anti-HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). The prevalence of HBsAg was higher among prostitutes (11% v. 4%, P ∼ 0·06). This difference was accounted for by the higher infection rate of prostitutes to hepatitis B virus (HBV) (97% v. 45%, P < 10−6), since the proportion of HBsAg carriers among those infected was practically the same between the two groups (11% v 9%). Among the previously infected prostitutes who did not become carriers the majority (75%) were positive for both anti-HBc and anti-HBs, whereas among control women about half (52%) were positive only for anti-HBc.
Human toxoplasma infection
Authors: Beverley J. K. A. , Beattie C. P. , Roseman Cissie
Published: May 2009

1. By the dye test, toxoplasma antibodies in titres of 1/4 or more, were found in the sera of 25% of a sample of adult population of Sheffield.

2. Significantly higher, when strength as well as number was considered, were the reactions of the sera of veterinary surgeons and abattoir workers.

3. Still higher were the reactions of the sera of those who handled rabbits. Highest of all were those of rabbit trappers.

4. Toxoplasma antibodies active to a titre of 1/40 in the dye test were found in 34% of wild rabbits and, to a titre of 1/160, in 5%.

Thanks are due to the hundreds of volunteers who made the survey possible. The Medical Officers of Health of Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester and the veterinary officers, superintendents of markets and food inspectors in these cities made admirable arrangements, which are gratefully recorded, for the obtaining of specimens. Valuable advice and help in obtaining samples from rabbits were given by officers of the Pests Control Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and by their trappers. Dr Marmion supplied some of the sera from veterinary surgeons. The assistance of the technical staff of the Bacteriology Department, University of Sheffield, is gratefully acknowledged. The work was assisted by a grant to C.P.B. from the Medical Research Council.
Passively and actively acquired antibodies forTrichomonas foetusin very young calves
Authors: Kerr W. R. , Robertson Muriel
Published: May 2009

1. The normal agglutinin (n.a.) forTrichomonas foetusfound in all normal adult cattle has a titre of 1:48 to 1:96. N.a. appears to be specific forT. foetusand cannot be absorbed by other flagellates such asT. vaginalisor even completely by the heterologous serological variety ofT. foetusitself. The n.a. appears to be a native constituent of the serum and not to be induced by an exogenous antigen.

2. The n.a. passes into the serum of the calf from the maternal colostrum during the first 24 hr. of life. The elimination of the passive n.a. and the development of the autogenous newly formed n.a. in the calf are traced. The passive n.a. disappeared from the 17th to the 55th day and the autogenous n.a. began to appear as a rule from the 35th to the 60th day and was fully established by the 63rd to the 113th day.

3. The elimination of the maternal, induced antibody acquired passively from the colostrum took place logarithmically. The rate measured by the half-life ranged from 14 to 20 days, but in one animal which took a very large amount of colostrum it was 57 days.

4. The intramuscular injection ofT. foetusantigen into very young calves up to 4 weeks old induced no antibody. When the doses were relatively small the animal produced antibody to antigen given at a later period. When a very large amount was injected in this early period the subsequent capacity to respond to the same antigen but not to other antigens was seriously impaired.

The personal encouragement of Prof. H. G. Lamont and the support afforded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland, are gratefully acknowledged.
An outbreak of food poisoning due to Salmonella typhi-murium with observations on the duration of infection
Authors: Lennox Mary , Harvey R. W. S. , Thomson Scott
Published: May 2009

In a school with 250 pupils all under the age of 10, sixty-four suffered from diarrhoea and abdominal pain. The victims sickened on 5 and 6 February, but it was not until 12 February that the first cases (bacteriologically confirmed) were notified to the Health Authority. All the notified cases were between the ages of 6 and 9 years and attended the same school. Older children, who attended other schools, were not affected.
Scottish cancer mortality: a comparison of urban and rural rates for various tumour locations, 1931–7, and a survey of recent trends
Authors: Barclay R. S. , Kermack W. O.
Published: May 2009

1. In order to obtain evidence as to what extent the urban excess in cancer mortality is real, an analysis has been made, in respect of both location of tumour and geographical region, of the cancer mortality statistics for Scotland, 1931–7 inclusive.

2. Of the various locations, the greatest urban excess is shown by cancer of the respiratory tract; this is considered to be largely, though probably not entirely, due to better diagnosis and more accurate certification of deaths in the cities. Next come the buccal cavity and uterus; in both these locations certification is likely to be relatively accurate, so that a real excess would seem here to be present. The other accessible locations, the skin and the female breast, do not show significant urban excesses, but the numbers are small, and the existence of a real urban excess is not excluded. The results are in general agreement with those of the English experience 1911–20.

3. Further analysis of the data presented by Russell for Scotland, 1923–8, reveals an excess in the industrial counties of deaths for cancer of the buccal cavity, and perhaps a smaller one for cancer of the female breast. These data are, therefore, not inconsistent with our findings.

4. As compared with the period 1921–30, the figures for 1931–7 demonstrate, for ages 25–65, a marked improvement in cancer of the buccal cavity and uterus. A recorded fall in cancer of the digestive organs may, in part, be due to more accurate certification in respect of the primary location. The failure of mortality from breast cancer to fall may be due to the same cause. The large increase in lung cancer is almost certainly due, in part, to better diagnosis. For all sites together, the cancer mortality between ages 25 and 65 remained constant for men, and fell by 8% in the case of women. The standardized rate for all ages and both sexes combined increased by 1·3%, a rise which is 2·2 times its standard error.

5. The urban excess cannot be entirely explained as due to incomplete certification in the rural areas. The implied effect of social and industrial environment in stimulating tumour growth is in harmony with the known facts regarding occupational and social cancer, and emphasizes the importance which the control of adverse environmental factors may have in the reduction of cancer incidence.
Schick and Dick reactions in different classes of the community
Authors: Thomson Scott , Glazebrook A. J. , Green C. A.
Published: May 2009

1. Great differences in the number of young adult reactors to the Schick and Dick toxins were found in different social classes.

2. In white races the immunity in young adults, in the absence of previous clinical disease, to diphtheria and scarlet fever, as evidenced by negative reactions to Schick and Dick tests, seems to be caused wholly by contact with the infective agents.
An anaerobic organism associated with “Bone-taint” in beef
Authors: Haines R. B. , Scott W. J.
Published: May 2009

1. AClostridium,non-pathogenic to laboratory animals and not producing toxin, but in some ways resemblingCl. oedematiens,was isolated from the hip joint in a case of “bone-taint” in beef.

2. It was demonstrated in the synovial fluid, the periosteum, the Haversian canals, the bone marrow of the femur, and in associated muscular and connective tissue and blood vessels.

3. Examination of forty hip joints from normal carcases indicated that thirty-eight were sterile, one heavily infected with aStreptococcus,possibly of thefaecalistype, and one with a rod, probably a member of theProteusgroup.
The treatment of certain experimental anaerobic infections with sulphapyridine and with immune sera and the problem of synergic action
Authors: Henderson D. W. , Gorer P. A.
Published: May 2009

1. Sulphapyridine is an efficient prophylactic or therapeutic agent against intradermal infection with the strain ofVibrion septiqueselected for test, whereas, in intramuscular infection the drug is unreliable and saves only a relatively small proportion of animals.

2. The strain ofCl. welchii(type A) selected for test is not insusceptible to the action of sulphapyridine. A significant degree of protection against intradermal infection may be obtained however, only when a prophylactic dose of the drug is given. The drug is apparently without action against intramuscular infection with this strain.

3. Under the particular experimental conditions sulphanilamide is much less effective than sulphapyridine against infection with eitherV. septiqueorCl. welchii.

4. There is no evidence that sulphapyridine givenper osneutralizes the toxins ofV. septiqueorCl. welchiiinjected intravenously.

5. It is possible to control infection withV. septiqueby antitoxin or antibacterial serum given at a time when sulphapyridine is of little use.Cl. welchiiantitoxin has a marked therapeutic effect in infection with this strain of the organism but sulphapyridine given only after infection is apparently without action on the course of the disease.

6. In intradermal infection withV. septiquethe combined action of sulpha-pyridine and antitoxin or of sulphapyridine and antibacterial serum effects a saving in life much greater than would be expected if a mere summation effect was in question. A similar effect was observed in intramuscular infection provided the administration of the drug was sufficiently prolonged. No such synergic effect is produced by the combined action of antitoxic and antibacterial serum.

7. InCl. welchiiinfection the combined action of antitoxin and sulpha-pyridine produces a noticeable synergic effect but the evidence on this point is less clearly defined.

8. The pathogenesis of infection with spore-bearing anaerobes is discussed in relation to prophylaxis or therapy with chemotherapeutic agents, antitoxin, antibacterial serum and combinations of such.

9. The statistical aspect of summation effects is briefly considered pending a forthcoming mathematical analysis, by Dr K. Mather, of the figures obtained in experiments on synergic action.
The diet of a group of Durham miners free from nystagmus
Authors: Kellett C. E.
Published: May 2009

This limited investigation shows that the diet of some miners differs substantially from that of the general population, in that the vitamin A intake is high.

This high intake, which in view of the nature of their work is of considerable theoretical importance, appears to be to some extent conditioned by their manner of working, and therefore less susceptible than might have been anticipated to changes in income.

The largest single source of vitamin A is the butter eaten by the men, which varies from ½ to 1 lb., the higher figure being the more frequent and probably the more representative. The large consumption of butter is associated with a large consumption of bread and, except in certain individuals, probably does not vary greatly from person to person, or from season to season.

The next most important source of vitamin A is liver, but great differences occurred in its intake. Its great value as a food, which could be readily admitted into his dietary, has as yet barely been appreciated by the average miner.

The addition of further quantities of vitamin A to the diet, in the shape of Prepalin, occasioned no discomfort, but produced no material improvement in the miners' power of dark adaptation.

The excellent health of the group of miners investigated and freedom from nystagmus or other defects of vision appears to be good reasons for endeavouring to maintain in the miner a relatively high daily intake of 6000–7000 units of vitamin A.
The inheritance of resistance, demonstrated by the development of a strain of mice resistant to experimental inoculation with a bacterial endotoxin
Authors: Hill A. Bradford , Hatswell J. M. , Topley W. W. C.
Published: May 2009

Ten generations of mice (with one exception) were inoculated with a partially purified toxic fraction isolated from Bact. typhi-murium, the next generation being bred each time from the survivors to the test. By this selective process a stock was produced with a substantially increased power of resistance to the toxin. For instance, in the fourth and fifth generations (combined), at which point of time the dose inoculated was stabilized at 4 mg., 36% of the mice with resistant ancestors survived inoculation compared with 12% of normal mice derived from the same original stock; in the ninth and tenth generations (combined) 64% of the resistant stock survived and only 14% of the controls. Also, those mice which failed to survive inoculation took slightly longer to die, on the average, in the resistant stock than in the normal stock.

The mice of each generation were not inoculated until about the age of 12 weeks, but to test the possibility of the transference of a passive immunity from mother to young the seventh generation was bred from without previous inoculation. The eighth generation was composed therefore of descendants of animals selected for resistance by inoculation but its own parents had not been tested. Its survival rate, 59%, was substantially greater than that of the normal stock, 17%, proving that the differences observed in previous generations were not the results of a transference of passive immunity.

Some mice of the ninth and tenth generations were inoculated with the living organism Bact. typhi-murium in place of the toxic fraction derived from it. Although these generations were relatively highly resistant to inoculation with the toxin itself they were less resistant than normal mice to the living organism.
Bacteriology of fresh water: I. Distribution of bacteria in English lakes
Authors: Taylor C. B.
Published: May 2009

1. The vertical distribution of bacteria has been determined in Windermere (north and south basins), Thirlmere, and Esthwaite Water; these lakes are oligotrophic bodies of water in the English Lake District. Studies on the horizontal distribution of bacteria have been confined to the north basin of Windermere.

2. Bacterial counts at the mouth of the main river flowing into Windermere were about 200 times as great as counts in samples of water from the lake at a distance of 200 m. offshore from the point of entry of the river. In general there was a gradual decrease in numbers of bacteria with increasing distance from this 200 m. point but such decreases were relatively insignificant.

3. During the winter period of circulation of water in the lakes numbers of bacteria were approximately the same at all depths on any one occasion. When the water in the lakes was stratified, however, the numbers of bacteria decreased with increasing depth in the epilimnion, but below the thermocline the numbers were approximately the same at all depths, except in the layer of water immediately above the mud where the bacterial population was somewhat greater.

4. Progressive depletion of dissolved oxygen with depth in the hypolimnion during the summer months did not stimulate the growth of anaerobic bacteria, nor was the degree of depletion related to numbers of bacteria.

5. Periodic fluctuations in numbers of bacteria which took place at all depths were found to be directly correlated with the amount of rain which had fallen in the drainage area during the week before the samples were taken. The correlation is most significant during the winter months, possibly on account of the high rainfall during those months. During the summer the relation was most marked in the upper layers of Windermere north basin, but in the lower layers to which rain had no access there was no correlation. In the south basin of Windermere, where the bacterial population has become more stable, numbers were not affected by the relatively small summer rainfall. There are indications that short early summer fluctuations in numbers of bacteria unrelated to rainfall may be related to maxima in algal growth.

6. Changes in the temperature and concentration of inorganic substances in the lake waters have not shown any relation to fluctuations in the bacterial population, nor has any noticeable bacteriostatic effect of sunlight been apparent.
The role of normal skin in the spread of streptococcal pyoderma
Authors: Dudding B. A. , Burnett J. W. , Chapman S. S. , Wannamaker L. W.
Published: May 2009

The primary body site of acquisition of group A streptococci was examined prospectively in a population with endemic streptococcal pyoderma. Weekly cultures were obtained during the skin infection season from apparently normal upper respiratory and cutaneous sites (and from skin lesions when present) in 44 children and adults living on the Red Lake Indian Reservation.

During the 9-week period of the study 705 of a total of 2305 cultures were positive for group A streptococci. The percentage of positive cultures from the various sites were: throat (20%); nose (24%); wrist (32%); ankle (35%); back (22%); and skin lesions (81%). Group A streptococci were also isolated from fingernail dirt, clothing and bedding as well as from a few household pets and insects.

Analysis of serial cultures obtained from the same individuals at weekly intervals suggested that the strains isolated from skin lesions first appeared on normal skin in the 2 weeks preceding the lesion. Spread to the nose and throat followed skin acquisition and/or skin lesions.

The high prevalence of group A streptococci on normal skin in the absence as well as the presence of pyoderma, and their appearance on normal skin before recovery from either skin lesions or the upper respiratory tract are consistent with the view that skin acquisition was a primary predisposing factor to pyoderma. Since the literature indicates that group A streptococci are rarely part of the normal skin flora, these findings raise the possibility of unique biological properties of these and perhaps other pyoderma strains, as distinct from other group A streptococci.
The production of neutralizing activity in serum and nasal secretion following immunization with influenza B virus
Authors: Downie Jean C. , Stuart-Harris C. H.
Published: May 2009

Trials were made in volunteers in 1967 and 1968 of various virus vaccines against influenza virus B. Sera and serially collected nasal washings before and after immunization were tested respectively for haemagglutination-inhibiting and tissue culture virus-neutralizing antibodies to the same strain of influenza B/Eng/65 virus as that used in the vaccines. Infection, as determined by recovery of virus and serological changes following intranasal instillation of attenuated live virus, was accompanied by the subsequent appearance of neutralizing antibodies in nasal secretion. Inactivated vaccine subcutaneously did not evoke nasal antibody formation in 1967 but did so in 1968.

In 1968 intranasal challenge of the volunteers with the attenuated virus 1 month after immunization demonstrated a correlation of susceptibility or resistance to infection with nasal and serum antibodies. Resistance appeared to depend either on a high level of serum antibodies or nasal antibodies, or both.
Drug resistance amongEscherichia coilstrains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Gross R. J. , Ward Linda R. , Threlfall E. J. , Cheasty T. , Rowe B.
Published: May 2009

One hundred and thirty-one strains ofEscherichia coliisolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients in the United Kingdom were tested for resistance to 13 antimicrobial drugs. Sixty-four strains (49%) were resistant to one or more drugs and 44 (34%) were resistant to three or more drugs. Resistance to ampicillin, sulphonamides, streptomycin and tetracycline occurred most frequently.
Salmonella montevideo infection in sheep and cattle in Scotland, 1970–81
Authors: Sharp J. C. M. , Reilly W. J. , Linklater K. A. , Inglis D. M. , Johnston W. S. , Miller J. K.
Published: May 2009

Outbreaks of abortion associated with infection by Salmonella montevideo have affected sheep in the east, especially the south-east, of Scotland each year since 1972. Disease in the north and north-east was usually less severe.

Between 1 January 1970 and 31 December 1981, a total of 67 incidents affecting sheep were reported by veterinary laboratories to the Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Unit, 87 % of which presented during the main lambing months of February, March and April. Twenty-one episodes of bovine infection were also recorded over the same period, 17 of which involved single animals only, usually an aborted cow or a scouring calf.

Despite intensive investigations, neither the origin nor the mode of spread of S. montevideo infection among sheep and cattle in Scotland has been established with any certainty, although there has been considerable evidence indicating the role of scavenging wild birds, particularly seagulls, as vectors transmitting infection to other farms in the same district. Also largely unexplained are the differences in the epidemiology and clinical pattern of disease in the south-east compared to the north and north-east, while sheep in the west of Scotland have remained virtually unaffected throughout.
Antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) for coxsackievirus B4 and B5-specific IgM
Authors: Morgan-Capner P. , McSorley C.
Published: May 2009

An antibody capture radioimmunoassay was established for the detection of coxsackievirus B4 and B5-specific IgM. A significant feature of the assay was the use of an unrefined coxsackievirus B (CBV) antigen. The antigen was prepared by freeze thawing, ultrasonication and low speed centrifugation of infected Vero cells with no purification or concentration of the antigen being performed. Results of sera tested were expressed as a serum ratio (SR) by comparison with a low positive control serum. To establish an SR indicating positivity in the assays, 100 antenatal sera collected in late February were tested. The mean SR was calculated and the mean plus three standard deviations was taken as the minimum SR indicating positivity. Although resulting in a relatively insensitive assay, such a value was required to exclude sera giving a low level of reactivity which may be due to residual enterovirus-specific IgM resulting from a remote infection.

The homologous CBV-IgM assay was positive in four cases of CBV4 infection and six cases of CBV5 infection. For the CBV4 IgM assay, ten of 20 (50%) sera from infections with CBV other than CBV4 were positive and nine of the 13(69%) sera from infections with echoviruses or coxsackieviruses A were positive. Five of 18 (27%) sera with an elevated CBV neutralization titre were positive in the CBV4-IgM assay. For the CB5-IgM assay seven of 18(39%) sera from infections with CBV other than CBV5 were positive and nine of 13 (69%) sera from infections with echoviruses or coxsackieviruses A were positive. The nine sera that were positive from this group in the CBV5-IgM assay were the same nine as were positive in the CBV4-IgM assay. Two of the 18(11%) sera with an elevated CBV neutralization titre were positive in the CBV5-IgM assay. These two sera were also positive in the CBV4-IgM assay and had an elevated monotypic CBV4 neutralization titre. None of the sera giving positive results gave significant reactivity when tested with control antigen. Twelve rheumatoid factor containing sera and 46 sera from other infections were negative in both assays. Of 24 sera from confirmed CBV infection, seven gave a positive monotypic CBV4 or 5-IgM response, ten were positive in both assays and seven were negative in both assays. The positive results seen with sera from cases of heterologous enterovirus infection may result from an anamnestic IgM response or, more likely, IgM directed against enterovirus cross-reacting antigens. The absence of homologous neutralizing antibody at a dilution of 1:20 in nine of 20 sera that gave a positive CBV-IgM result and the presence of positive results for CBV4 and 5-IgM in a 14 month old infant who had echovirus 7 infection indicates that the IgM need not be directed against neutralizing antigens.

Thus the CBV4 and 5-IgM assays developed appeared to be specific for an enterovirus infection but because of the cross-reactivity were not type-specific or group-specific.
A comparison of live and inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus vaccines: Short-term immunity
Authors: Clark A. , Potter C. W. , Jennings R. , Nicholl J. P. , Langrick A. F. , Schild G. C. , Wood J. M. , Tyrrell D. A. J.
Published: May 2009

Groups of volunteers were immunized subcutaneously with one of three inacti vated influenza virus A/USSR/77 (HlNl) vaccine preparations; a whole virus vaccine, a surface-antigen subunit adsorbed vaccine, or an aqueous surface-antigen subunit vaccine. The reactions to immunization were recorded, and the antibody response was measured 1 month later. A fourth group of volunteers were inoculated intranasally with live attentuated A/USSR/77 (H1N1) influenza virus; the reactions and antibody response of these volunteers were also measured. One month after immunization, the incidence of infection by challenge with homologous live attentuated virus was determined for all groups of volunteers. The results showed that all four vaccines used were relatively non-reactogenic, and that inactivated vaccines induced higher titres of serum antibody than the live attenuated vaccine. All the vaccines induced significant protection against challenge virus infection which was directly related to the level of serum HI antibody response.
A comparison of live and inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus vaccines
Authors: Clark A. , Potter C. W. , Jennings R. , Nicholl J. P. , Langrick A. F. , Schild G. C. , Wood J. M. , Tyrrell D. A. J.
Published: May 2009

Groups of volunteers were immunized with one of three influenza virus vaccines, and the resistance to challenge infection with attenuated influenza A (H1N1) virus was measured 8 months later. The vaccines were aqueous subunit influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1) vaccine, aqueous subunit influenza B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine, or attenuated influenza virus A (H1N1) vaccine. The B virus vaccine was included as a control to assess the incidence of natural A virus infection during the study period. A proportion of the B virus vaccinees had pre-existing A (H1N1) virus antibody and were used to study the immunity conferred by natural infection to the live virus challenge. The serum antibody responses were measured at 1 and 8 months after immunization. The results showed that all the vaccines induced serum HI antibody in a proportion of the volunteers; however, after 1 month, higher titres of serum antibody were found in volunteers given inactivated A vaccine than in those given live attenuated A virus vaccine. Eight months post-immunization the titres of serum antibody in volunteers given inactivated vaccine had declined significantly, but there were no changes in the antibody titres of those given live virus vaccine. The incidence of infection by the challenge virus at 8 months post-immunization was directly related to the serum antibody titres 1 month post-immunization; no evidence was obtained to suggest that those given live virus vaccine had a more solid immunity than those given inactivated vaccine.
Report on an Outbreak of Bacterial Food-Poisoning
Authors: O'Kelly W. D.
Published: May 2009

1. The outbreak was one of bacterial food poisoning due to the consumption of infected milk.

2. The casual organism was B. enteritidis of Gaertner (Dublin).

3. A case of gastro-enteritis occured in an employee in the institution some days previously. This man's serum possessed agglutinins for for Gaertner'sbacillus, but the organism was not isolated from a specimen of his faeces taken 44 days after this attack.

4. This employee is supposed to have been the source of the organism which infected the milk. Two hypotheses are put forward to explain the mechanism of infection.

5. Servants who took the infected milk in their tea escaped infection. The milk was added to the tea in bulk and the experiments described satisfactoryily account for their escape.
The Reducatese Test of Barthel and Jensen
Authors: Smith J.
Published: May 2009

It has been found that the reductase test gives a considerably higher estimate of the number of organisms present in some milk samples than the plate method. This, however, is doubtless due to the fact that many colonies obtained by plating do not arise from a single cell but from chains of cocci and bacilli. Again the plate method takes no account of the anaerobic bacteria present in the milk.

When there are more than 100,000 organisms per cubic centimetre in the milk it would seem that the reductase test gives just as accurate an estimate as the plate method.

In its present form, however, the test would not be of service in grading of milk according to the bacterial standards now suggested.
The Serum Constituents responsible for the Sachs-Georgi and Wassermann Reactions
Authors: Mackie T. J.
Published: May 2009

Since the Sachs-Georgi or flocculation reaction was first described as a paractical serum test for syphilis, the relationship of this reaction to the Wassermann or complements-deviation test has been a subject of some interest to serological workers.
On the Estimation of Metabolism from Determinations of Carbon Dioxide Production and on the Estimation of External Work from the Respiratory Metabolism
Authors: Greenwood Major , Newbold Ethel M.
Published: May 2009

Towards the close of the Great War, when economy of food consumption was an urgent necessity, considerable attention was paid to the determination of the energetic needs of various kinds of muscular work. The majority of scientific papers then published dealt with the problem.
Tubercle Bacilli in the Faeces of apparently healthy Cows
Authors: Williams R. Stenhouse , Hoy W. A.
Published: May 2009

(1) Samples of faeces of 391 cows in apparently good health have been examined and it has been demonstrated that 6 (1.53 per cent.) of the cows were excreting tubercle bacilli.

(2) When the faeces of almost all the cows on founrteen farms were examined it was found that five cows on four farms were excreting tubercle bacilli.

Our thanks are due to the Medical Research Council for the grant which enabled us to carry out this investigation.
The Causes of the Physical Degeneracy of Mexican Indians after the Spanish Conquest as set forth by Mexican Informants in 1580
Authors: Nuttall Zelia
Published: May 2009

In the year 1577 King Philip II of Spain issued a decree to all Spanish officials in the New World ordering them to obtain and send him answers to a questionnaire consisting of fifty searching inquiries, intended to elicit information which would “facilitate the good government and ennoblement” of “the Indies.”
Refection, a Transmissible Change in the Intestinal Content, enabling Rats to grow and thrive without Vitamin B in the Food
Authors: Fridericia L. S. , Freudenthal P. , Gudjonnsson S. , Johansen G. , Schoubye N.
Published: May 2009

1. When refected rats are fed on adequate diet, containing vitamin B in the form of yeast, the defect in their starch-digestion disappears, and their faeces become normal.

2. Attempts to cause refection in rats receiving an adequate diet by feeding white faeces from refected rats do not influence the starch digestion of the former.

3. When refected rats, growing normally, are fed upon a diet devoid of starch (as well as of vitamin B) their body weight decreases rapidly, but in spite of this decrease they live for a considerable time.

4. Refection cannot be induced in young rats fed upon a diet devoid of starch and of vitamin B.

5. Rats may become or may remain refected when the starch of their 1. diet is replaced by dextrin containing a small amount of starch. The faeces of these rats do not seem able to refect other rats.

6. Rats may be refected without producing white faeces, but starch grains have always been present in the faeces of such rats.

7. The results of special experiments and the clinical observation of refected rats suggest an essential connection between the ability to grow and thrive without vitamin B and the defective digestion of starch.

8. Attempts at refection have no beneficial influence upon rats suffering from a deficiency of vitamin A.

9. Refection has been transmitted to albino mice receiving a diet devoid of vitamin B, but the refection lasted only for a short time. Attempts at refection of rice-fed pigeons have not succeeded.

10.The bearing of studies in refection upon several problems connected with vitamin B is discussed.
The Relationship of the Cotton Crop to Plague, and its Role as a Vehicle for Rats and Fleas in East Africa
Authors: Roberts J. Isgaer
Published: May 2009

Mombasa is the main port for the East African coast, handling all exports and imports for the two territories, Kenya and Uganda, which are incidentally the worst plague centres in the area. A fair amount of the Tanganyika and Belgian Congo produce also reaches this port. As Mombasa is the receiving centre for all the export trade of Kenya and Uganda, it might be expected that plague, if conveyable in any form or by any means, would appear regularly with the arrival of some of the main crops which are usually considered to be associated with the disease in the interior. Maize and cotton are generally supposed to be connected with the incidence of plague, and it is of particular interest to contrast briefly the figures for the incidence of the disease at the port within recent years and the periods of export of these crops.
The Violence of Reaction of the Animal in Relation to the Etiology of Cancer and Inflammation
Authors: Twort C. C. , Lyth R.
Published: May 2009

We recently described a new method for measuring the carcinogenicity of mineral oils, etc. (J. Hygiene, 35, 125). Further researches have provided a considerable amount of fresh data, which are briefly discussed in this paper. It may be recalled that the basic principle of the test depends upon the fall in the refractive index of an oil when injected into, and subsequently recovered from, the peritoneal cavity of the experimental animal. The standard procedure we have provisionally adopted is the injection of 0·5 c.c. of oil into a 20-g. male albino mouse, the oil being recovered after remaining 1 week in the animal. Up to the present we have performed about 800 tests with some 200 oils, half of which were ordinary commercial products. The general indications we have obtained are that the fall in the refractive index (K.I.F.) is proportional to the degree of unsaturation or dehydrogenation of an oil of given viscosity, the fall being a measure of the carcinogenicity plus dermaticity of the oil in question.
The Viability ofBact. coliandBact. aerogenesin Water. A Method for the Rapid Enumeration of these Organisms
Authors: Platt A. E.
Published: May 2009

1. The survival of coliform organisms was studied in river water, either raw or sterilised, kept at different temperatures.

2. For determining the coliform count and the differentialcoli-aerogenescount in sterilised river water, direct plating of the water on agar, with subsequent study of a number of colonies picked at random, was used. For raw river water the rapid method described by Wilson and his colleagues (1935) was used, which obviates the necessity of plating and of colonial examination.

3. WhenBact. coliandBact. aerogeneswere held in stored river water, which was protected from agitation, they underwent a gradual decrease in numbers and finally disappeared. At 37°C. they died out rapidly, but survived for a much longer time at temperatures in the neighbourhood of 0°C. They were able to survive longer in sterile water than in raw water.

4. Observations, however, made on water kept at room temperature and subjected to gentle aeration showed that not only did the organisms not die out, but that they actually multiplied, so that their numbers were considerably higher at the end of two months than at the beginning of the experiment.

5. In raw river water coliform bacilli survived longer at room temperature when kept in the dark than in daylight.

6. On the whole,aerogenes1proved more resistant thanBact. colito the environmental conditions provided. This was particularly noticeable in samples kept at room temperature (18°C.). In samples of raw water kept at 37°C.aerogenesproved slightly more resistant thancoli, while at 0–2°C. the reverse was true.

7. The general conclusion seems to be that, except at very low temperatures,aerogenesis likely to survive longer in raw river water thanBact. coli.

8. This conclusion is clearly of importance in the interpretation of thecoli-aerogenesresults in water analysis.
The Pseudo-Schick Reaction and the Intradermol Toxoid Test of Moloney: their Relationship and Significance
Authors: Mitman Maurice
Published: May 2009

A total of 212 new members of the staff of the North-Eastern Fever Hospital were Schick and Moloney tested. The Schick-positive reactors were immunised with formol toxoid and post-Schick and Moloney tests were performed. The following conclusions were reached:

(1) The intradermal toxoid test of Moloney or Zoeller corresponds exactly with the pseudo response in the Schick test.

(2) The pseudo response is as efficient as the Moloney for detecting possible reactors to immunising doses of toxoid, and is a more accurate control of the Schick test. The Moloney therefore appears redundant.

(3) A positive MP (Moloney or pseudo) reaction accurately indicates those who will react to immunisation; but a negative MP is no guarantee that the subject will not react.

(4) The MP-reaction is evidence of bacterial hypersensitiveness to specific products of the body of the diphtheria bacillus.

(5) Zoeller's theory that hypersensitiveness is a half-way stage between susceptibility and immunity, is incorrect.

(6) MP-reactions usually, but not invariably, developpari passuwith immunity. Because of this parallelism tests of hypersensitiveness give information as to the state of immunity.

The significance of tests of infection, hypersensitiveness and immunity are considered; and the possible relationship of MP-reactions with bacterial immunity suggested.
On the Relation of the Antitoxin to the Globulin-Content of the Blood Serum during Diphtheria Immunisation
Authors: Ledingham J. C. G.
Published: May 2009

1. During the immunisation of a horse which ultimately failed to yield high grade antitoxic serum, the globulin-content of the total proteid showed no tendency to increase. The slight rise in total proteid which occurred was due to an increase in the albumin fraction. It is probable that the failure of this horse to yield high grade antitoxin was in some way connected with the initial high globulin-content of the serum.

2. During the immunisation of a goat, the rise in total proteid affected mainly the albumin fraction and the globulin fraction in lesser degree.

3. During the immunisation of a horse which ultimately yielded high grade antitoxic serum, the percentage globulin-content of the total proteid, progressively increased. This increase affected the euglobulin fraction more than the pseudoglobulin fraction.

4. In the horse the pseudoglobulin contains the greater part if not all the antitoxin but it seems probable that this relationship holds good only when the antitoxin-content of the serum is steadily rising.

5. In the goat the antitoxin-content of the euglobulin and pseudoglobulin fractions may vary at different periods in the course of immunisation.
The Acid Coagulation of Milk
Authors: Revis Cecil , Payne George Arthur
Published: May 2009

It is well known that when milk is allowed to sour, the rise in acidity is not directly proportional to the increase in the number of acid-forming bacteria. There is a distinct phase in the process during which numerical increase of these organisms takes place, accompanied only by slight acid production, after which the acidity rises very rapidly to a maximum.