bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pliocene Primates
Authors: Elton Sarah
Published: April 2017

The Pliocene fossil record is dominated by Old World monkeys and hominins. Pliocene lemur, loris, tarsier, New World monkey, and great ape fossils are nonexistent, and very few fossils of galagos and gibbons have been found. All known Pliocene primate fossils can be assigned to modern families; the sivaladapids and pliopithecids, ancient primate groups that survived into the late Miocene, appear to have gone extinct by the beginning of the Pliocene. Given the patchy nature of the Pliocene fossil record, molecular data have been important in revealing the evolutionary history of modern primate radiations, including speciation and dispersal events that occurred during the Pliocene.
Proceptivity
Authors: Campbell Christina J.
Published: April 2017

Proceptivity refers to the behaviors that the female engages in to initiate and maintain sexual encounters with males. Female proceptive behaviors vary widely across the Primate Order, but generally they include bodily postures, facial expressions, and vocalizations. Changes in female proceptivity throughout the ovarian cycle are influenced, but not necessarily controlled by ovarian hormones. In the anthropoid primates, social circumstances may also influence female proceptivity.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (
PCR
), Quantitative/Real‐Time
PCR
(
qPCR
), Reverse Transcriptase
PCR
(
RT‐PCR
)
Authors: Disotell Todd R.
Published: April 2017

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its derivatives such as quantitative/real‐time PCR (qPCR) and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT‐PCR) have revolutionized molecular approaches to primatology. These techniques allow for the characterization of precise regions of DNA and RNA from minute samples and the determination of their levels of expression both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Solvothermal Synthesis of High‐Quality All‐Inorganic Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: From Nanocube to Ultrathin Nanowire
Authors: Chen Min , Zou Yatao , Wu Linzhong , Pan Qi , Yang Di , Hu Huicheng , Tan Yeshu , Zhong Qixuan , Xu Yong , Liu Haiyu , Sun Baoquan , Zhang Qiao
Published: April 2017

Recently, all‐inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals have drawn much attention because of their outstanding photophysical properties and potential applications. In this work, a simple and efficient solvothermal approach to prepare CsPbX3 nanocrystals with tunable and bright photoluminescent (PL) properties, controllable composition, and morphology is presented. CsPbX3 nanocubes are successfully prepared with bright emission high PL quantum yield up to 80% covering the full visible range and narrow emission line widths (from 12 to 36 nm). More importantly, ultrathin CsPbX3 (X = Cl/Br, Br, and Br/I) nanowires (with diameter as small as ≈2.6 nm) can be prepared in a very high morphological yield (almost 100%). A strong quantum confinement effect is observed in the ultrathin nanowires, in which both the absorption and emission peaks shift to shorter wavelength range compared to their bulk bandgap. The reaction parameters, such as temperature and precursors, are varied to investigate the growth process. A white light‐emitting device prototype device with wide color gamut covering up to 120% of the National Television System Committee standard has been demonstrated by using CsPbBr3 nanocrystals as the green light source. The method in this study provides a simple and efficient way to prepare high‐quality CsPbX3 nanocrystals.
Stretchable and Soft Electronics using Liquid Metals
Authors: Dickey Michael D.
Published: April 2017

The use of liquid metals based on gallium for soft and stretchable electronics is discussed. This emerging class of electronics is motivated, in part, by the new opportunities that arise from devices that have mechanical properties similar to those encountered in the human experience, such as skin, tissue, textiles, and clothing. These types of electronics (e.g., wearable or implantable electronics, sensors for soft robotics, e‐skin) must operate during deformation. Liquid metals are compelling materials for these applications because, in principle, they are infinitely deformable while retaining metallic conductivity. Liquid metals have been used for stretchable wires and interconnects, reconfigurable antennas, soft sensors, self‐healing circuits, and conformal electrodes. In contrast to Hg, liquid metals based on gallium have low toxicity and essentially no vapor pressure and are therefore considered safe to handle. Whereas most liquids bead up to minimize surface energy, the presence of a surface oxide on these metals makes it possible to pattern them into useful shapes using a variety of techniques, including fluidic injection and 3D printing. In addition to forming excellent conductors, these metals can be used actively to form memory devices, sensors, and diodes that are completely built from soft materials. The properties of these materials, their applications within soft and stretchable electronics, and future opportunities and challenges are considered.
A Quinonoid‐Imine‐Enriched Nanostructured Polymer Mediator for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chen Chen‐Yu , Peng Hong‐Jie , Hou Ting‐Zheng , Zhai Pei‐Yan , Li Bo‐Quan , Tang Cheng , Zhu Wancheng , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Qiang
Published: April 2017

The reversible formation of chemical bonds has potential for tuning multi‐electron redox reactions in emerging energy‐storage applications, such as lithium−sulfur batteries. The dissolution of polysulfide intermediates, however, results in severe shuttle effect and sluggish electrochemical kinetics. In this study, quinonoid imine is proposed to anchor polysulfides and to facilitate the formation of Li2S2/Li2S through the reversible chemical transition between protonated state (NH+
) and deprotonated state (N). When serving as the sulfur host, the quinonoid imine‐doped graphene affords a very tiny shuttle current of 2.60 × 10−4 mA cm−2, a rapid redox reaction of polysulfide, and therefore improved sulfur utilization and enhanced rate performance. A high areal specific capacity of 3.72 mAh cm−2 is achieved at 5.50 mA cm−2 on the quinonoid imine‐doped graphene based electrode with a high sulfur loading of 3.3 mg cm−2. This strategy sheds a new light on the organic redox mediators for reversible modulation of electrochemical reactions.
Na2Ti3O7@N‐Doped Carbon Hollow Spheres for Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Excellent Rate Performance
Authors: Xie Fangxi , Zhang Lei , Su Dawei , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: April 2017

Uniform Na2Ti3O7 hollow spheres assembled from N‐doped carbon‐coated ultrathin nanosheets are synthesized. A unique multilayer structure of nanosheets is presumed to significantly reduce energy consumption during the diffusion process of sodium ions, while the carbon‐coated structure can increase the overall conductivity. The as‐prepared sample used as an anode in sodium‐ion batteries exhibits the best rate performance ever reported for Na2Ti3O7, delivering more than 60 mAh g−1 after 1000 continuous cycles at the high rate of 50 C, which was achieved due to its unique structure.
Redox‐Additive‐Enhanced High Capacitance Supercapacitors Based on Co2P2O7 Nanosheets
Authors: Khan Ziyauddin , Senthilkumar Baskar , Lim Seongdong , Shanker Ravi , Kim Youngsik , Ko Hyunhyub
Published: April 2017

Cobalt pyrophosphate (Co2P2O7) has emerged as an attractive material due to its high specific energy and redox behavior of cobalt, however, problems associated with its poor specific capacitance and cyclic stability have prevented its realization. Here, the authors circumvent these problems by hydrothermally synthesizing layered Co2P2O7 nanosheets (lateral size ≈300 nm with average thickness ≈15 nm) and demonstrate significant improvements in the specific capacitance of Co2P2O7 nanosheets by the addition of a redox additive (K3Fe(CN)6) into KOH aqueous electrolyte. Without the additive, Co2P2O7 nanosheets show specific capacitance of 286 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density. However, by introducing 0.1 m redox additive to the electrolyte the specific capacitance of Co2P2O7 nanosheets increased more than twofolds (580 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density), which is due to the improvement of redox reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface and the enhanced ionic conductivity of electrolyte. Furthermore, with the redox additive, Co2P2O7 nanosheets show an excellent cyclic stability (96% retention of its initial capacitance) and coulombic efficiency (99% retention) up to 5000 cycles at high current density 10 A g−1.
Bis(cycloocta‐1,5‐diene)nickel‐Catalyzed Carbon Dioxide Fixation for the Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐Alkylidene‐2‐indolinones
Authors: Miao Bukeyan , Zheng Yangguangyan , Wu Penglin , Li Suhua , Ma Shengming
Published: April 2017

A bis(cycloocta‐1,5‐diene)nickel‐catalyzed highly regio‐ and (E)‐stereoselective hydrocarboxylation of 2‐alkynylanilines under very mild conditions has been developed to afford (E)‐[2‐(o‐aminophenyl)]acrylic acids, which could easily be converted to (E)‐3‐alkylidene‐2‐indolinones with important potential bioactivity. The stereoselective syntheses of two biologically active molecules, (E)‐3‐benzylidene‐2‐indolinone (chemo‐preventive potential in inducing NQO1 activity) and (E)‐3‐(3‐methylbutylidene)‐2‐indolinone (a natural product isolated from Cimicifuga foetida with cytotoxic activity against HL‐60 cells) are presented as examples.

magnified image
Facile and Scalable Synthesis of Robust Ni(OH)2 Nanoplate Arrays on NiAl Foil as Hierarchical Active Scaffold for Highly Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Niu Shuai , Jiang Wen‐Jie , Tang Tang , Zhang Yun , Li Ji‐Hui , Hu Jin‐Song
Published: April 2017

Developing highly efficient low‐cost electrocatalysts for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolyte is essential to advance water electrolysis technology. Herein, Ni(OH)2 nanoplates aligned on NiAl foil (Ni(OH)2/NiAl) are developed by simply dealloying NiAl foil in KOH, which exhibits high electrocatalytic activity for OER with a small overpotential of 289 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 and outstanding durability with no detectable degradation during long‐term operation. Furthermore, such Ni(OH)2/NiAl can effectively act as an active and robust hierarchical scaffold to simply electrodeposit other catalysts with intrinsically higher activity such as NiMo and NiFe nanoparticles for highly efficient HER and OER, respectively. The prepared NiFe/Ni(OH)2/NiAl displays superior OER catalytic activity with overpotentials of 246, 315, and 374 mV at 10, 100, and 500 mA cm−2, respectively. While NiMo/Ni(OH)2/NiAl catalyst exhibits remarkable HER performance with a small overpotential of 78 mV to deliver 10 mA cm−2. Consequently, the electrolysis device composed of the above two electrocatalysts demonstrates superb water splitting performance with a cell voltage of 1.59 V at 10 mA cm−2. These results open up opportunities to explore and optimize low‐cost advanced catalysts for energy applications.
Benzodioxole–Pyrazole Hybrids as Anti‐Inflammatory and Analgesic Agents with COX‐1,2/5‐LOX Inhibition and Antioxidant Potential
Authors: Abd El Razik Heba A. , Badr Mona H. , Atta Attia H. , Mouneir Samar M. , Abu‐Serie Marwa M.
Published: April 2017

Two series of benzodioxole–pyrazole hybrids were synthesized and the IC50 values for in vitro inhibition of the enzymes cyclooxygenase 1/2 (COX‐1, COX‐2) and 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) were investigated. All compounds were tested for their in vivo anti‐inflammatory and analgesic potentials using diclofenac sodium as a reference standard. Compounds 4, 11, 17, 20, 21, 26, and 27, which showed good analgesic and/or anti‐inflammatory activities, were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α production, myeloperoxidase and proteinase, beside their antioxidant activity. Collectively, compounds 11, 17, and 26 displayed significant anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activities, beside dual COX‐2 and 5‐LOX inhibition. Among these, compound 26 showed high selectivity for in vitro COX‐1/COX‐2 inhibition, whereas the analogs 11 and 17 noticeably ameliorated the TNF‐α level by 85.19 and 97.71%, respectively. A molecular docking study was performed to investigate the possible binding mode of compounds 11, 17, and 26 with the active sites of the COX‐2 and 5‐LOX enzymes, where they showed nearly the same binding pattern as that of celecoxib and meclofenamic acid, respectively.
Rotational atherectomy in the subadventitial space to allow safe and successful chronic total occlusion recanalization: Pushing the limit further
Authors: Capretti Giuliana , Carlino Mauro , Colombo Antonio , Azzalini Lorenzo
Published: April 2017

Dissection and re‐entry (DR) techniques have played a key role in the increase of success rates of chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization. DR usually allows wiring complex occlusions, even in case of important calcification. In extreme cases, such as in balloon failure‐to‐cross, rotational atherectomy (RA) might be decisive. However, according to experts' recommendations, RA should not be performed in dissection planes because of the high risk of perforation and further extending the dissection, so that its use after DR might be limited. Here, we describe a case of successful right coronary artery CTO recanalization in which, after failure of several antegrade and retrograde techniques, RA was safely performed antegradely in the subadventitial space, thus eventually enabling reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking (CART). Although the feasibility of RA in CTO percutaneous coronary intervention had already been suggested, this case reports on the novel use of RA to allow further manipulation of the subadventitial space (reverse CART) prior to successful recanalization. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breaking the code: What is the best post‐PCIMI definition?
Authors: Seto Arnold H. , Kern Morton J.
Published: April 2017

Key Points

Various definitions of post‐PCI MI have been recommended by different professional societies and studies.

This present study suggests that the troponin‐based 3rd universal definition of post‐PCI MI has prognostic value for recurrent MI but not mortality alone, unlike the CK‐MB based SCAI definition.

Absent a consensus on the best definition, clinical trials should report outcomes based on multiple definitions of post‐PCI MI.
Conglomeration of Trabecular and Psammomatoid variants of juvenile ossifying fibroma – a rare case report
Authors: Bhuyan Lipsa , Panda Abikshyeet , Dash Kailash Chandra , Gouse Mohiddin S. , Misra Kiran
Published: April 2017

Key Clinical Message

Juvenile ossifying fibroma is an uncommon benign fibro‐osseous lesion occurring in the craniofacial skeleton with a high recurrence rate. It has two distinct histopathologic variants: one trabecular and the other which are exclusive to each other. This case reveals a rare and unique combination of both the patterns in the same lesion.
Dual Gold(I)‐catalyzed Cyclization of Dialkynyl Pyridinium Salts
Authors: Tšupova Svetlana , Cadu Alban , Stuck Fabian , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Samec Joseph S. M. , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: April 2017

Novel dialkynyl pyridines were synthesized and protected as alkyl salts for dual gold(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization. Different alkyl groups and counter ions were screened for the salts, with benzyl and hexafluorophosphate providing the best results. The cyclization led to NMR yields of >95 % being obtained for a number of substrates. Step‐wise hydrogenation of products could be performed in one‐pot by Pd/C, with selective reduction of the double bonds, followed by deprotection of the benzyl group.
Unconventional Pd@Sulfonated Silica Monoliths Catalysts for Selective Partial Hydrogenation Reactions under Continuous Flow
Authors: Liguori Francesca , Barbaro Pierluigi , Said Bilel , Galarneau Anne , Santo Vladimiro Dal , Passaglia Elisa , Feis Alessandro
Published: April 2017

Doubly functionalized, hierarchical‐porosity silica monoliths were synthesized by postgrafting of sulfonic groups and in situ growth of Pd nanoparticles in that order. PdNP of 3.1 nm size located in the mesopores of the material showed to be evenly distributed within 4.6 % wt Pd monoliths. The system was explored in the continuous‐flow, catalytic partial hydrogenation reaction of 3‐halogeno‐nitrobenzenes and 3‐hexyn‐1‐ol in the liquid phase, showing remarkable conversion, selectivity, and resistance under very mild conditions.
Solution‐mediated polymorphic transformation of amorphous form to Form I of olmesartan medoxomil in methanol‐water mixture solvents
Authors: Qi Ming‐Hui , Chen Wan‐Shang , Zhou Hui , Chen Jing‐Yan , Ren Guo‐Bin
Published: April 2017

The polymorphic transformation of amorphous form to Form I of olmesartan medoxomil, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, was studied in methanol‐water mixture solvents, by monitoring and identifying the transformation process through on‐line instrument and off‐line methods. The process is controlled by the nucleation of Form I and the dissolution of amorphous form. Besides, effects of water content, temperature and additives on the transformation process were discussed, the transformation rate increases with decreasing water content and increasing temperature, and additives investigated in this work can inhibit the process to some extent.
Gregariousness does not vary with geography, developmental stage, or group relatedness in feeding redheaded pine sawfly larvae
Authors: Terbot John W. , Gaynor Ryan L. , Linnen Catherine R.
Published: April 2017

Aggregations are widespread across the animal kingdom, yet the underlying proximate and ultimate causes are still largely unknown. An ideal system to investigate this simple, social behavior is the pine sawfly genusNeodiprion, which is experimentally tractable and exhibits interspecific variation in larval gregariousness. To assess intraspecific variation in this trait, we characterized aggregative tendency within a single widespread species, the redheaded pine sawfly (N. lecontei). To do so, we developed a quantitative assay in which we measured interindividual distances over a 90‐min video. This assay revealed minimal behavioral differences: (1) between early‐feeding and late‐feeding larval instars, (2) among larvae derived from different latitudes, and (3) between groups composed of kin and those composed of nonkin. Together, these results suggest that, during the larval feeding period, the benefits individuals derive from aggregating outweigh the costs and that this cost‐to‐benefit ratio does not vary dramatically across space (geography) or ontogeny (developmental stage). In contrast to the feeding larvae, our assay revealed a striking reduction in gregariousness following the final larval molt inN. lecontei. We also found some intriguing interspecific variation: WhileN. leconteiandN. maurusfeeding larvae exhibit significant aggregative tendencies, feedingN. comparlarvae do not aggregate at all. These results set the stage for future work investigating the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying developmental and interspecific variation in larval gregariousness acrossNeodiprion.
Species‐specific regulation of herbivory‐induced defoliation tolerance is associated with jasmonate inducibility
Authors: Machado Ricardo A. R. , Zhou Wenwu , Ferrieri Abigail P. , Arce Carla C.M. , Baldwin Ian T. , Xu Shuqing , Erb Matthias
Published: April 2017

Induced changes in root carbohydrate pools are commonly assumed to determine plant defoliation tolerance to herbivores. However, the regulation and species specificity of these two traits are not well understood. We determined herbivory‐induced changes in root carbohydrates and defoliation tolerance in seven different solanaceous plant species and correlated the induced changes in root carbohydrates and defoliation tolerance with jasmonate inducibility. Across species, we observed strong species‐specific variation for all measured traits. Closer inspection revealed that the different species fell into two distinct groups: Species with a strong induced jasmonic acid (JA) burst suffered from a reduction in root carbohydrate pools and reduced defoliation tolerance, while species with a weak inducedJAburst maintained root carbohydrate pools and tolerated defoliation. InducedJAlevels predicted carbohydrate and regrowth responses better than jasmonoyl‐L‐isoleucine (JA‐Ile) levels. Our study shows that inducedJAsignaling, root carbohydrate responses, and defoliation tolerance are closely linked, but highly species specific, even among closely related species. We propose that defoliation tolerance may evolve rapidly via changes in the plant's defense signaling network.
Predicting the population‐level impact of mitigating harbor porpoise bycatch with pingers and time‐area fishing closures
Authors: van Beest Floris M. , Kindt‐Larsen Lotte , Bastardie Francois , Bartolino Valerio , Nabe‐Nielsen Jacob
Published: April 2017

Unintentional mortality of higher trophic‐level species in commercial fisheries (bycatch) represents a major conservation concern as it may influence the long‐term persistence of populations. An increasingly common strategy to mitigate bycatch of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), a small and protected marine top predator, involves the use of pingers (acoustic alarms that emit underwater noise) and time‐area fishing closures. Although these mitigation measures can reduce harbor porpoise bycatch in gillnet fisheries considerably, inference about the long‐term population‐level consequences is currently lacking. We developed a spatially explicit individual‐based simulation model (IBM) with the aim to evaluate the effectiveness of these two bycatch mitigation measures. We quantified both the direct positive effects (i.e., reduced bycatch) and any indirect negative effects (i.e., reduced foraging efficiency) on the population size using the inner Danish waters as a biological system. The model incorporated empirical data on gillnet fishing effort and noise avoidance behavior by free‐ranging harbor porpoises exposed to randomized high‐frequency (20‐ to 160‐kHz) pinger signals. The IBM simulations revealed a synergistic relationship between the implementation of time‐area fishing closures and pinger deployment. Time‐area fishing closures reduced bycatch rates substantially but not completely. In contrast, widespread pinger deployment resulted in total mitigation of bycatch but frequent and recurrent noise avoidance behavior in high‐quality foraging habitat negatively affected individual survival and the total population size. When both bycatch mitigation measures were implemented simultaneously, the negative impact of pinger noise‐induced sub‐lethal behavioral effects on the population was largely eliminated with a positive effect on the population size that was larger than when the mitigation measures were used independently. Our study highlights that conservationists and policy makers need to consider and balance both the direct and indirect effects of harbor porpoise bycatch mitigation measures before enforcing their widespread implementation. Individual‐based simulation models, such as the one presented here, offer an efficient and dynamic framework to evaluate the impact of human activities on the long‐term survival of marine populations and can serve as a basis to design adaptive management strategies that satisfy both ecological and socioeconomic demands on marine ecosystems.
Loneliness and cardiovascular disease and the role of late‐life depression
Authors: Hegeman Annette , Schutter Natasja , Comijs Hannie , Holwerda Tjalling , Dekker Jack , Stek Max , van der Mast Roos
Published: April 2017

Objective

Loneliness and depression have a strong reciprocal influence, and both predict adverse health outcomes at old age. Therefore, this study examines whether loneliness is associated with the presence of cardiovascular diseases taking into account the role of late‐life depression.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data of 477 older adults in the Netherlands Study of Depressed Older Persons were used. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relation between loneliness and cardiovascular disease. Depression was added to the regression model to examine whether depression is an explanatory factor in the association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease. Interaction terms between loneliness and depression and between loneliness and sex were introduced in the regression model to investigate whether depressed and non‐depressed participants, and men and women differed in their association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease.

Results

Of the overall group, 61% were lonely, 28% had a history of cardiovascular disease and 74% were depressed. Loneliness and cardiovascular disease were not associated in the overall group after adjustment for confounders (continuous: odds ratio [OR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98–1.10), p = 0.25; dichotomous: OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.80–2.03, p = 0.32). For women, there was an association between loneliness and cardiovascular diseases (continuous: OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.06–1.21, p < 0.001; dichotomous: OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.50–4.65, p = 0.001), but this association was not present in men (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.88–1.05, p = 0.38). This association remained significant after adjustment for confounders, but it lost significance after adding depression to the model.

Conclusion

For women only, there was an association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease. However, this association was explained by depression, indicating that loneliness in its own right seems not related with cardiovascular disease. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of advanced melanoma with laser immunotherapy and ipilimumab
Authors: Naylor Mark F. , Zhou Feifan , Geister Brian V. , Nordquist Robert E. , Li Xiaosong , Chen Wei R.
Published: April 2017

Immunotherapy has become a promising modality for melanoma, especially using checkpoint inhibitors, which revive suppressed T cells against the cancer. Such inhibitors should work better when combined with other treatments which could increase the number and quality of anti‐tumor T cells. We treated one patient with advanced (stage IV) melanoma, using the combination of laser immunotherapy (LIT), a novel immunological approach for metastatic cancers that has been shown to stimulate adaptive immunity, and ipilimumab. The patient was treated with LIT, followed with one course of ipilimumab 3 months after the beginning of LIT. After LIT treatment, all treated cutaneous melanoma in head and neck cleared completely. After the application of ipilimumab, all the tumor nodules in the lungs decreased. The patient had remained tumor free for one year. While anecdotal, the responses seen in this patient support the hypothesis that laser immunotherapy increases the number and quality of anti‐tumor T cells so that ipilimumab and other checkpoint inhibitors are more effective in enhancing the therapeutic effects. Picture: Schematic of treatment using laser immunotherapy and ipilimumab on a stage IV melanoma patient.
Scaffolds for epithelial tissue engineering customized in elastomeric molds
Authors: Abdallah Mohamed‐Nur , Abdollahi Sara , Laurenti Marco , Fang Dongdong , Tran Simon D , Cerruti Marta , Tamimi Faleh
Published: April 2017

Restoration of soft tissue defects remains a challenge for surgical reconstruction. In this study, we introduce a new approach to fabricate poly(d,l‐lactic acid) (PDLLA) scaffolds with anatomical shapes customized to regenerate three‐dimensional soft tissue defects. Highly concentrated polymer/salt mixtures were molded in flexible polyether molds. Microcomputed tomography showed that with this approach it was possible to produce scaffolds with clinically acceptable volume ratio maintenance (>90%). Moreover, this technique allowed us to customize the average pore size and pore interconnectivity of the scaffolds by using variations of salt particle size. In addition, this study demonstrated that with the increasing porosity and/or the decreasing of the average pore size of the PDLLA scaffolds, their mechanical properties decrease and they degrade more slowly. Cell culture results showed that PDLLA scaffolds with an average pore size of 100 µm enhance the viability and proliferation rates of human gingival epithelial cells up to 21 days. The simple method proposed in this article can be extended to fabricate porous scaffolds with customizable anatomical shapes and optimal pore structure for epithelial tissue engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 880–890, 2018.
Translating the Cognitive Model of PTSD to the Treatment of Very Young Children: A Single Case Study of an 8‐Year‐Old Motor Vehicle Accident Survivor
Authors: Goodall Benjamin , Chadwick Isobel , McKinnon Anna , Werner‐Seidler Aliza , Meiser‐Stedman Richard , Smith Patrick , Dalgleish Tim
Published: April 2017

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a clinical condition that occurs after a discrete traumatic event, such as an accident or assault. Research into PTSD has primarily been adult‐focused; however, there is a growing body of evidence evaluating the theory and treatment of PTSD in young children. Consequently, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) interventions for PTSD in youth have been developed that focus on 3 core components of the cognitive model–a disorganized memory of the trauma, maladaptive appraisals of the trauma and its effects (meanings), and dysfunctional coping mechanisms (management). Here, we describe the extension of this treatment approach (termed CBT‐3M) to very young children (3–8 years) through the case of Dylan, an 8‐year‐old motor vehicle accident survivor. This serves as an illustration of the underlying theory and its successful application. Further work is intended to provide evidence of the efficacy of this treatment via an ongoing treatment trial.
E‐MALDI: optimized conditions during electrowetting‐enhanced drop drying for MALDI‐MS
Authors: Kudina O. , Eral H. B. , Mugele F.
Published: April 2017

We recently showed that electrowetting‐enhanced sample preparation for MALDI‐MS (eMALDI) can increase the intensity of the MALDI signal by 2–25 times compared with conventional drop drying by concentrating all the dried sample in a single spot rather than leaving behind a heterogeneous coffee‐stain pattern. Here, we demonstrate that the eMALDI signal enhancement can be further increased to more than 100 times by systematically optimizing the electrowetting actuation frequency and amplitude. This enables 30 times signal increase for a peptide standard. Simultaneously, drop drying times can be reduced approximately five times by increasing the actuation voltage and/or decreasing the initial drop volume. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐stationary modelling framework for rainfall interpolation in complex terrain
Authors: Kumari Madhuri , Singh Chander Kumar , Basistha Ashoke , Dorji Singay , Tamang Tayba Buddha
Published: April 2017

The knowledge of rainfall‐elevation relationship forms an important input for modelling the orographic rainfall in mountainous areas. The conventional regression and geostatistical techniques assume the rainfall and elevation relationship to be constant; however, in complex terrain these exhibit non‐stationarity in their relationship. This study proposes a novel spatial rainfall modelling framework, stratified geographically weighted regression‐residual kriging (s‐GWRK) that integrates the benefit of spatially clustered data as an input, local‐scale model and incorporation of spatial correlation structure of residuals. The application of the framework is demonstrated in Indian Himalayas of Uttarakhand region with two spatial clusters of normal annual rainfall data, lowland and upland, based on natural clustering technique. The performance of the proposed model is compared with ordinary co‐kriging (OCK), ordinary least square regression (OLS), geographically weighted regression (GWR) and geographically weighted regression kriging (GWRK) that incorporates elevation as predictor variable. Model evaluation shows that s‐GWRK performed best with root mean square error (RMSE) of 153.98 and index of agreement (d) of 0.92. OLS performed least with RMSE of 461.2 and d value of 0.32. OCK using elevation as auxiliary variable performed better than OLS with RMSE of 454.7 and d value of 0.53. The predictive capability of s‐GWRK was validated using the data collected from rain gauge network in the mountainous terrain of Ashburton in New Zealand and Bhutan. An improvement of 30% and 55% in RMSE was observed compared to OCK for Ashburton and Bhutan respectively. For Uttarakhand, Ashburton and Bhutan, the positive rainfall lapse rate derived from GWR model of rainfall‐elevation relation, ranged from 0.01–1.3, 0.2–1.43 and 0.09–0.4 mm m−1.
Effects of rare sugar d‐allulose on heat‐induced gelation of surimi prepared from marine fish
Authors: Ogawa Masahiro , Inoue Masaki , Hayakawa Shigeru , O'Charoen Siwaporn , Ogawa Makiko
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

d‐Allulose (Alu), the C3‐epimer of d‐fructose, is a non‐caloric sweetener (0.39 kcal g−1) with a suppressive effect on postprandial blood glucose elevation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Alu used as a sweetener and gel improver instead of sucrose on heat‐induced gelation of surimi.

RESULTS

The puncture test of a heat‐induced surimi gel showed that with 50 g kg−1 Alu the gel had 15% and 6% higher gel strength than the corresponding gel with sucrose (Suc) and with sorbitol (Sor), respectively. In addition, Alu‐gel had 26% and 25% higher water‐holding capacity (WHC) than Suc‐ and Sor‐gel. Heating of myofibrillar protein with Alu, unlike Suc and Sor, facilitated the formation of both disulfide and non‐disulfide crosslinks that might be associated with the mechanical properties and WHC of Alu‐gel.

CONCLUSION

Alu improves the mechanical properties and WHC of the heat‐induced surimi gel. Furthermore, Alu is low in calories compared with Suc (4.0 kcal g−1) and Sor (3.0 kcal g−1). Thus Alu will be an alternative of Suc or Sor for developing surimi‐based products with health benefits. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Utilizing Salmonella to treat solid malignancies
Authors: Ebelt Nancy D. , Manuel Edwin R.
Published: April 2017

Despite intensive research into novel treatment strategies for cancer, it remains the second most common cause of death in industrialized populations. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease with dismal prognosis. Currently, surgical resection offers the best chance for extended survival, yet recurrence remains high and is associated with poor outcome. Systemic treatment has evolved from non‐specific, cytotoxic chemotherapy to the use of cancer‐targeting agents, profoundly changing treatment approaches in the metastatic and adjuvant settings. One promising approach, highlighted in this review, uses the inherent capacity of Salmonella to colonize and eliminate solid tumors.
Anionic Polymerizations of Bis(terphenyl) Substituted Butadienes for Precursors of Head‐to‐Head Substituted Polyacetylenes
Authors: Yu Yunhai , He Junpo
Published: April 2017

A series of butadiene derivatives with m‐(alkyl)terphenyl substituents at 2,3‐position is synthesized and used for anionic living polymerizations. The controllabilities of the polymerizations of these monomers depend on solvent, temperature, and the alkyl groups on the terphenyl rings. In tetrahydrofuran (THF), the polymerization does not occur or proceeds very slowly at −78 °C. In toluene or cyclohexane, the polymerization proceeds smoothly in the presence of a small amount of THF at 40 °C. Monomer with n‐butyl substituents on the phenyl ring undergoes polymerization in a well‐controlled manner in hydrocarbon solvent with or without THF additive. The resulting narrow disperse polybutadiene derivatives are characterized by using size exclusion chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and ultraviolet spectroscopy. It is found that the polymer chains are formed almost exclusively by 1,4‐addition. The precursor polymers are converted into polyacetylenes with head‐to‐head regiospecificity by oxidative dehydrogenation using 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone.

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RACK1 forms a complex with FGFR1 and PKM2, and stimulates the growth and migration of squamous lung cancer cells
Authors: Zhou Chengzhi , Chen Tao , Xie Zhanhong , Qin Yinyin , Ou Yangming , Zhang Jiexia , Li Shiyue , Chen Rongchang , Zhong Nanshan
Published: April 2017

Phosphorylation of Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) on Tyr105 by fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) has been shown to promote its nuclear localization as well as cell growth in lung cancer. Better understanding the regulation of this process would benefit the clinical treatment for lung cancer. Here, it has been found that the adaptor protein receptor for activated PKC kinase (RACK1) formed a complex with FGFR1 and PKM2, and activated the FGFR1/PKM2 signaling. Knocking down the expression of RACK1 impaired the phosphorylation on Tyr105 of PKM2 and inhibited the growth and migration of lung cancer cells, while over‐expression of RACK1 in lung cancer cells led to the resistance to Erdafitinib. Moreover, knocking down the expression of RACK1 impaired the tumorigenesis of lung cancer driven by LKB loss and mutated Ras (KrasG12D). Taken together, our study demonstrated the pivotal roles of RACK1 in FGFR1/PKM2 signaling, suggesting FGFR1/RACK1/PKM2 might be a therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment.
Urinary incontinence and hydration: A population‐based analysis
Authors: Willis‐Gray Marcella , Wu Jennifer M. , Markland Alayne
Published: April 2017

Aims

To determine if there is an association between urinary incontinence (UI) and an objective measure of hydration status in men and women in a nationwide, population‐based sample.

Methods

We utilized data from the 2009 to 2010 and 2011 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), cross sectional surveys of the US non‐institutionalized population. Our primary outcome was moderate/severe UI measured using a validated scale. Our exposure of interest was hydration status. Urine osmolality ≥ 800 mOsm/kg defined dehydration versus adequate hydration (<800 mOsm/kg). We included men and women ≥ 20 years who had both UI and urine osmolality data. Using multivariable models, we controlled for age, race/ethnicity, BMI, chronic kidney disease, the interaction of age with osmolality, and hysterectomy (women only).

Results

Among the 11 482 total subjects, 9497 (83%—4882 men and 4615 women) had both UI and urine osmolality data. Compared to women, men were less likely to report UI (5.9% vs 18.9%; P < 0.001) and more likely to be dehydrated (33.4% vs 24.0%; P < 0.001). In bivariate analysis, men and women who were dehydrated had less UI than men with adequate hydration (men: 3.5% vs 7.6%; P < 0.001; women: 16.3% vs 20.0%; P = 0.02); however, dehydration was not associated with UI in men (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.6‐1.0) or in women (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.4‐1.5) in multivariable models.

Conclusions

Hydration status as defined by urine osmolality was not associated with moderate to severe urinary incontinence in men or women.
Clinical efficacy of cabozantinib in two pediatric patients with recurrent renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Wedekind Mary Frances , Ranalli Mark , Shah Nilay
Published: April 2017

Advanced‐stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) carries a dismal prognosis for pediatric patients with few studied therapeutic options. Cabozantinib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor against the oncoprotein MET. It is currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug administration for second‐line treatment of RCC in adults. There is no published data on its use in children with RCC. We report here two pediatric patients with recurrent metastatic RCC whose tumors expressed MET and were treated with cabozantinib. Both patients had significant disease regression and symptomatic improvement for over 15 months with tolerable adverse effects. Cabozantinib can maintain prolonged disease control in pediatric RCC and warrants further study.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Morphine in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Healthy Adults
Authors: Pierre V , Johnston CK , Ferslew BC , Brouwer KLR , Gonzalez D
Published: April 2017

Altered expression and function of transporters in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients may affect the pharmacokinetics (PK), efficacy, and safety of substrate drugs. A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) analysis was performed to assess differences in morphine and morphine‐3‐glucuronide (M3G) disposition in NASH and healthy subjects. A total of 315 serum and 42 urine samples from 21 subjects (14 healthy; 7 NASH) were analyzed using NONMEM. Morphine and M3G PK were described by three‐ and one‐compartment models, respectively. After accounting for the effect of total body weight on all clearance and volume of distribution parameters using an allometric scaling approach, NASH severity score (NASF; combination of fibrosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores) was the most significant predictor of differences in M3G exposure. The model predicted a linear decrease in the clearance of M3G with increasing NASF scores on a natural logarithmic scale. These results may provide some insight into the potential effect of NASH on the disposition of hepatic transporter substrates.
Searching for a job: Cardiac responses to acute stress and the mediating role of threat appraisal in young people
Authors: Zandara M. , Garcia‐Lluch M. , Villada C. , Hidalgo V. , Salvador A.
Published: April 2017

Being unemployed and looking for a job has become a source of stress for many people in several European countries. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of this stressful situation on the individuals' psychophysiological stress responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of being an unemployed job seeker on cognitive threat appraisal and cardiac responses to a psychosocial stressor. We exposed a group of unemployed job seekers (N = 42) and a matched group of unemployed non‐job seekers (N = 40) to a standardized social stressor in form of job interview, the Trier Social Stress Test. Our results showed that unemployed job seekers manifest lower cardiac responses, along with a lower cognitive threat appraisal, compared to non‐job seekers. Moreover, we observed a full mediating role of cognitive threat appraisal on the relationship between being an unemployed job seeker and cardiac responses to stress. These findings reveal that being unemployed and looking for a job has an effect on physiological responses to acute stress, as well as the importance of psychological process related to the situation. These responses might lead to negative health and motivational consequences. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Hunter perceptions toward chronic wasting disease: Implications for harvest and management
Authors: Haus Jacob M. , Eyler T. Brian , Duda Mark D. , Bowman Jacob L.
Published: April 2017

Previous human dimension research has reported negative perceptions among hunters toward Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) and disease‐related regulations that may limit hunter participation, reduce harvest, and generally complicate management. During 2013, we surveyed 1,524 Maryland, USA, deer (Odocoileus spp.) hunters from 3 counties of varying proximity to the Chronic Wasting Disease Management Area (CWDMA) regarding hunter behavioral changes due to CWD. We linked responses to each individual's harvest history to examine hunter retention, potential harvest reduction related to CWD presence and management, and degree to which distance from the disease affected behavior. Overall, 1.1% of respondents claimed to have stopped hunting because of CWD; however, 47.1% of those respondents continued to register deer after disease discovery, resulting in a true decrease in retention of no >0.6%. In the county containing the CWDMA, we observed the greatest percentage of negative perception (22.6%) and greatest reduction in harvest reportedly related to CWD (7.0%). In an adjacent county west of the CWDMA, we observed fewer negative perceptions (16.8%) and no reduction in harvest in response to disease discovery. Similar negative perceptions were reported in the county 200 km southeast of the CWDMA (14.1%), but also resulted in no reduction in harvest. Negative hunter perceptions did not seem to be directly related with hunter behavior. Behavioral shifts due to CWD were localized at the county scale and had less impact on annual harvest than normal year‐to‐year stochastic variability. Upon initial detection of CWD, we recommend implementing necessary protocols for disease management with the understanding that hunter perceptions may have negligible impact on harvest management. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Effect of enzyme supplements on macronutrient digestibility by healthy adult dogs
Authors: Villaverde Cecilia , Manzanilla Edgar G. , Molina Jenifer , Larsen Jennifer A.
Published: April 2017

Some enzyme supplement products claim benefits for healthy dogs to compensate for alleged suboptimal production of endogenous enzymes and the loss of enzymes in commercial pet foods secondary to processing. The objective of the current study was to determine macronutrient and energy digestibility by healthy adult dogs fed a commercial maintenance diet with or without supplementation with plant- and animal-origin enzyme products at the dosage recommended by their respective manufacturers. A group of fourteen healthy neutered adult Beagle dogs (average age 8 years) was divided into two equal groups and fed the basal diet alone and then with either the plant- or animal-origin enzyme supplement in three consecutive 10-d periods; the treatment groups received the opposite enzyme supplement in the third period. Digestibility in each period was performed by the total faecal collection method. Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) was measured at the end of each trial. Data were analysed by repeated measures and the α level of significance was set at 0·05. There were no differences in energy and nutrient digestibility between enzyme treatments. When comparing basal with enzyme supplementation, fat digestibility was higher for the basal diet compared with the animal-origin enzyme treatment, which could be a period effect and was not biologically significant (94·7v. 93·5 %). Serum TLI was not affected by supplementation with either enzyme product. Exogenous enzyme supplementation did not significantly increase digestibility of a typical commercial dry diet in healthy adult dogs and routine use of such products is not recommended.
Observations on the Practice of Territorial Asylum in the United States
Authors: Evans Alona B.
Published: April 2017

For episodes of melodramatic derring-do, calculated opportunism, and high human courage, there is little in contemporary literature to compare with the practice of political asylum.
The Validity of Foreign Confiscations: An Addendum
Authors: Baade Hans W.
Published: April 2017

The present author has recently argued at some length in this JOurnal: (1) that acts in violation of international law are not void under the internal law of the actor state; (2) that international law does not regulate the “property” side of territorial expropriations, but merely imposes, in appropriate cases, an obligatio to offer monetary compensation; and (3) that the standard remedy for “illegal” expropriations is monetary compensation, not restitution. Some of these conclusions have incurred extensive criticism from eminent authority.
Annual Meeting of the Society, 1963
Authors: E.H.F.
Published: April 2017

The Fifty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law will take place at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Washington, D. C, from April 25 to 27, 1963.
Prizes Instituted by James Brown Scott in Memory of His Mother and His Sister Jeannette Scott
Authors: E.H.F.
Published: April 2017

The Institute of International Law announces the subject for the G. Rolin-Jaequemyns Prize (1200 Swiss francs) to be awarded in 1965.