bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Liver MR Imaging Contrast Agents
Authors: Huppertz A.
Published: September 2010

MR Imaging has revealed high performance for focal liver lesion detection and characterization during a single examination procedure. Liver‐specific contrast media have shown to further increase the detection rate. The first liver‐specific contrast media approved where not injected as a bolus avoiding the acquisition of early dynamic sequences. The recently approved gadolinium‐based agent gadoxetic acid is offering for the first time a combination of an excellent and extracellular space contrast medium‐equivalent safety profile, a high diagnostic accuracy in lesion detection and characterisation by a highly liver‐specific uptake.
Clinical applications of intravascular magnetic resonance contrast agents
Authors: Essig M.
Published: September 2010

Gadofosveset Trisodium (Vasovist) is a safe and well tolerated intravascular contrast agent, currently approved in Europe and Canada. It has proved to be effective in the asessment of vascular diseases at all vascular territories. The possibility to image at steady state opens new horizons by increasing the spatial resolution and the robustness of diagnostic MRA. Initial studies proved the possibility to image beyond the vascular territory and to assess enhancing lesions as known from studies with standard contrast agents.
Recounting the Courts? Applying Automated Content Analysis to Enhance Empirical Legal Research
Authors: Evans Michael , McIntosh Wayne , Lin Jimmy , Cates Cynthia
Published: September 2010

Political scientists in general and public law specialists in particular have only recently begun to exploit text classification using machine learning techniques to enable the reliable and detailed content analysis of political/legal documents on a large scale. This article provides an overview and assessment of this methodology. We describe the basics of text classification, suggest applications of the technique to enhance empirical legal research (and political science more broadly), and report results of experiments designed to test the strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches for classifying the positions and interpreting the content of advocacy briefs submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court. We find that the Wordscores method (introduced by Laver et al. 2003), and various models using a Naïve Bayes classifier, perform well at accurately classifying the ideological direction of amicus curiae briefs submitted in the Bakke (1978) and Bollinger (2003) affirmative action cases. We also find that automated feature selection techniques can enable the detection of disparate issue conceptualizations by opposing sides in a single case, and facilitate analysis of relative linguistic “reliance” and “dominance” over time. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results and pointing to areas where technical and infrastructure improvements are most needed.
Comparison of Computed Tomographic and Standard Radiographic Determination of Tibial Torsion in the Dog
Authors: Apelt Detlef , Kowaleski Michael P. , Dyce Jonathan
Published: September 2010

Objective— To compare the effect of internal tibial rotation on the computed tomographic (CT) and standard radiographic assessment of tibial torsion (TT) in dogs.

Study Design— In vitro study.

Sample Population— Cadaveric canine hind limbs (6 pairs).

Methods— The cranial cruciate ligament was transected, and caudo‐cranial radiographic and transverse CT images were obtained with the femur and tibiae in a neutral position, and after 15° internal tibial rotation. Radiographic TT was determined by measuring the distance (d) between the calcaneus and the sulcus of the talus. CT determination of TT was performed using the proximal transcondylar and the distal cranial tibial axes. The distance (d) in the 2 groups and the difference in the CT determination of TT between groups were compared with a hypothetical mean value of 0 mm and 0°, respectively.

Results— The mean distance (d) for the neutral radiographic group was not significantly different from 0 (P=.473); however, for the 15° group it was significantly different (P<.0001). The difference in the CT determination of TT did not differ from 0 (P=.317).

Conclusion— The standard radiographic technique does not discriminate between internal TT and internal rotation of the tibia. Thus, dogs with normal tibial conformation can be depicted by radiography as torsed, whereas dogs with TT may be misinterpreted as normal because of arbitrary positioning.

Clinical Relevance— Lateral displacement of the medial border of the calcaneus on a caudo‐cranial radiograph should not be used as the sole arbiter of TT before surgical correction.
Breastfeeding practice in the UK: midwives’ perspectives
Authors: Furber Christine M. , Thomson Ann M.
Published: September 2010

Despite breastfeeding prevalence increasing, many mothers in developed countries are dissatisfied with care provided by midwives. However, a paucity of research exists related to midwives’ experiences of supporting breastfeeding mothers. This study explored the experiences of English midwives’ during their breastfeeding support role. A qualitative study using grounded theory principles was used. Data were collected using in‐depth interviews and analysed using constant comparative techniques. The setting was two maternity hospitals in the North of England, UK. Thirty midwives who cared for normal, healthy babies participated. Volunteers were recruited using theoretical sampling techniques. The core category that emerged is called ‘surviving baby feeding’ and relates to midwives’ experiences when supporting mothers. The results reported in this paper refer to one category called ‘doing well with feeding’ which has three main themes: (1) communicating sensitively, (2) facilitating breastfeeding, and (3) reducing conflicting advice. Participating midwives reported practice that suggests that they valued breastfeeding, attempted to provide realistic information and advice, and tried to minimise confusion for mothers. However, some midwives used an authoritative manner when conversing with mothers. English midwives’ reported practice demonstrates that these midwives appreciated that breastfeeding mothers required specific support. However, breastfeeding education that encourages midwives to develop effective skills in ascertaining mother’s needs, but also encourages mothers to effectively participate in their care, should be provided. Further research is needed to clarify breastfeeding mother’s expectations and needs.
EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: President Jimmy Carter
Authors: EDWARDS GEORGE C.
Published: September 2010

On May 18, 2007, I interviewed President Jimmy Carter in his office in the Carter Center in Atlanta. The thirty‐ninth president granted me an unusually long interview, excerpts from which are printed here.
Opening the President's Mailbag: The Nixon Administration's Rhetorical Use of Public Opinion Mail
Authors: ROTTINGHAUS BRANDON
Published: September 2010

In this article, I extend the empirical discussion of the instrumental value of public opinion by exploring the uses of public opinion mail to advance the political goals of the Nixon White House, in particular in their rhetorical construction of public opinion. I draw on internal archival material from the Nixon White House demonstrating the Nixon administration's desire to use public opinion mail for rhetorical purposes and combine this archival analysis with a collected data set of public presidential statements referencing public opinion mail. I find that President Richard Nixon referred to public opinion mail to demonstrate the harmony of his position with the public interest, especially on salient issues, including the Vietnam War and the wage and price freeze, and to humanize his policy positions.
The Law Treaty Negotiation: A Presidential Monopoly?
Authors: FISHER LOUIS
Published: September 2010

In “The Law” section of the March 2007 issue, I analyzed misconceptions by Justice George Sutherland in his decision in United States v. Curtiss‐Wright (1936), where he described the president as “sole organ” in foreign affairs. This article examines his erroneous statements about the president's authority to negotiate treaties. Sutherland stated that the president makes treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate “but he alone negotiates. Into the field of negotiation the Senate cannot intrude; and Congress itself is powerless to invade it.” That statement was false when written, false when Sutherland served earlier as a U.S. senator from Utah, and false in contemporary times, especially in light of fast‐track procedures that bring both chambers of Congress closer to the negotiation process for trade agreements.
Is It “President” or “president” of the United States?
Authors: HARDY RICHARD J. , WEBBER DAVID J.
Published: September 2010

Over the past thirty‐five years, most publications have lowered the “p” in “President” to “president” of the United States. After discussing political symbolism and the importance of the “President” as a national symbol, we offer a typology for analyzing the grammatical changes that have occurred in leading political science monographs, introductory college textbooks, professional journals, popular periodicals, newspapers, and style manuals over the past three decades. Prior to the 1970s, publications generally employed the uppercase “President,” when this nearly universal standard changed dramatically. We find that it was neither journalists, grammarians, publishers, nor politicians but rather prominent presidential scholars (namely Thomas E. Cronin and George E. Reedy) who led the nation's intellectual charge to make the lowercase “president” the rule rather than the exception.
Time‐to‐market in vertically differentiated industries
Authors: Bacchiega Emanuele , Gabszewicz Jean J. , Tarola Ornella
Published: September 2010

This paper analyzes the optimal time to introduce a new product in a vertical differentiated market when the delay between innovation and market opening can be shortened through investments whose costs increase, the shorter the desired delay. The timing process is affected by the trade‐off between being first and getting monopoly profits, and postponing entry for reducing time‐to‐market costs. We study the balance of these forces and how this balance is influenced by market structure. In our model, it is possible a priori to observe at the optimal solution both a quality‐upgrading equilibrium (first entering the market with the low quality good and then marketing the high quality variant) and quality‐downgrading equilibrium (first entering the market with the high quality good and then marketing the low quality variant) while in the existing published literature a quality‐upgrading equilibrium is always observed.
Core equivalence for residential land use models
Authors: LaFountain Courtney
Published: September 2010

I demonstrate that in the monocentric city model, an allocation is in the core if and only if it is an equilibrium allocation, as long as households are endowed with strictly positive quantities of a composite consumption good, enjoy any net trade bundle at least as much as they enjoy one on the boundary of their choice set, have monotonic preferences, have preferences and endowments that are not too different, and as long as there is land at every location. I also show that equilibria exist in these circumstances, so the core is not empty.
Effectiveness of double‐layer air‐cell overlay on tangential force in healthy young women with their head in an elevated position
Authors: SUGAMA Junko , SANADA Hiromi , OKUWA Mayumi , KONYA Chizuko , KITAGAWA Atsuko , TAMAI Nao , NAGAKAWA Takukazu
Published: September 2010

Aim:  A semi‐reclining position in a bed is not desirable from a pressure ulcer prevention viewpoint, even with the use of support surfaces, because such positioning often leads to bottoming out and body movement, which is a cause of shear. Thus, the authors have developed a new, double‐layer overlay to prevent the onset of pressure ulcers for patients who require a head‐elevation position of 45 degrees or higher. The effects on avoiding bottoming out during head elevation were reported. But the effects on tangential force (shear) were not verified because appropriate sensors were not available. The purpose of this study was to estimate the body movement on the double‐layer overlay by observing skin deformation in the gluteal region.

Methods:  In order to observe the skin deformation in the gluteal region visually in a patient in the head elevation position, a transparent air‐cell overlay was created and compared with a single overlay for six healthy female subjects who were in the head elevation of 45 and 70 degrees. The subjects were all informed of the purpose of this study.

Results:  The double‐layer overlay showed only significantly small displacement along the vertical axis at the head elevations of 45 and 70 degrees, and it was also effective with respect to the feelings felt by the subjects.

Conclusion:  These results suggested that the double‐layer overlay seems effective for maintaining posture for those who need a head elevated position of 45 degrees or higher.
How public health nurses understand mothers of abused and neglected children: The perception of ‘Shindosa’ in mothers
Authors: UENO Masae , KAYAMA Mami , MURASHIMA Sachiyo
Published: September 2010

Aim:  The purpose of this paper is to describe the practical knowledge that public health nurses use in identifying and providing assistance to the mothers of child abuse victims.

Methods and Results:   A grounded theory qualitative research method was used to collect and analyse semistructured interviews of 22 public health nurses from health centers in Osaka, Japan. The data was systematically analysed by using a constant comparison process. The participants had an average age of 46.2 years with an average of 21.6 years of experience in their profession. The research examined the perspective of the public health nurses regarding the mothers of child abuse victims. The key factor ‘shindosa’, which is a sense of fatigue, defeat, or lack of energy, emerged from the data. In addition, public health nurses used a two‐step process of perception. First, public health nurses began providing assistance to mothers by noticing the presence of shindosa in thems. Nurses became concerned by the state of the mothers and the way they interacted with their children. They perceived that the mother might be experiencing shindosa. Second, through continuous involvement with the mothers, public health nurses came to ascertain the essence of shindosa in mothers. Thus, their initial vague impression of the presence of shindosa became the catalyst to providing assistance to the mothers, and as a result, they gradually understood the fundamental nature of shindosa.

Conclusion:  By focusing on mothers as well as children, public health nurses successfully achieved their goal to provide the appropriate and specific care to each mother with shindosa as a solution in the prevention of child abuse.
Predictors and correlates of the frequency and the length of verbal communications between nursing staff and elderly residents in geriatric care facilities
Authors: FUKAYA Yasuko , SUZUKI Kazuko , SHITITA Keiko
Published: September 2010

Aim:   The present study was conducted to clarify the type and frequency of verbal communication between caregivers and elderly residents in geriatric care facilities. The relationship of this verbal communication was studied in terms of the caregivers talking to elderly residents and the utterances issued by the elderly residents. The attributes of the elderly residents were also studied.

Methods:  There were 35 eldery residents living in three metropolitan geriatric care facilities. Observations were made of caregivers talking to elderly residents and of elderly residents talking to caregivers in order to conduct a content analysis that categorized the types of verbal communication observed. A statistical analysis of the relationship between the frequency and duration of verbal communication and attributes of the elderly residents was carried out.

Results:  There were two category types of talking to elderly residents by a caregiver: ‘talking to elicit the ‘activities of daily living (ADL)‐related behavior/performance or physical functioning’ (type I: instrumental communication) and ‘talking to facilitate psychosocial life activities’ (type II: affective communication), of which the former accounted for 75.9%. The number of spontaneous utterances from elderly residents was very low, with most utterances being responses to caregivers talking to them. There was a tendency for utterances from the elderly residents to increase as the total time of being talked to by caregiver increased (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). The total amount of time a caregiver spent talking to elderly residents was longer for people with low versus high mobility and for people with dementia versus people without dementia (t = 3.4, P < 0.01).

Conclusion:  The correlation between type II communication and the mean frequency of utterances by elderly residents was high (r = 0.72, P < 0.01) compared with type I, suggesting that the former type of communication is more likely to elicit utterances by elderly residents.
Sphincter‐preserving excision of rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumour following neoadjuvant therapy
Authors: Wong Dennis Chung‐Tak , Chung Cliff Chi‐Chiu , Yau Kelvin Kwok‐Kay , Wong James Cheuk‐Hoo , Li Michael Ka‐Wah
Published: September 2010

Imatinib mesylate is the treatment of choice for metastatic and unresectable gastrointestinal stromal tumour. With evidence showing overall excellent response rates, its potential role in the neoadjuvant setting is currently being explored. In addition to improving resectability of advanced tumours, the downstaging effect may also have potential functional advantages. We herein report a successful case of sphincter‐preserving resection of a low rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumour following neoadjuvant therapy with imatinib.
A LYMPHOCYTOTOXIC ANTIBODY ASSOCIATED WITH ABO BLOOD GROUPS AND ABH SECRETOR STATUS: PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Mayr W. R. , Mayr Doris
Published: September 2010

A lymphocytotoxic antibody whose reactions are associated with the blood group A and the ABH secretor status is described.
HL‐A8 AND HAPLOTYPE HL‐A1‐8 IN COELIAC DISEASE
Authors: Ludwig H. , Granditsch And G. , Polymenidis Z.
Published: September 2010

HL‐A antigens in fifty‐four coeliac children and in parents and healthy siblings of forty‐seven of these patients have been determined, thus allowing deduction of haplotypes and segregation analysis. HL‐A8 frequency was found highly significantly increased (χ2= 37.92; P≪ 0.001) in coeliac children compared with a control group of 240 unrelated individuals; the increase of HL‐A1 frequency is attributed to linkage disequilibrium between the genes involved. The haplotype HL‐A1‐8 frequency was also found significantly increased in coeliac children (χ2= 55.13; P≪ 0.001) with frequency elevation in the healthy siblings (χ2= 31.45; P≪ 0.001) in comparison with the controls.

In segregation analysis a significant deviation from the expected distribution of HL‐A8 (χ2= 15.38) and to a somewhat lesser degree of HL‐A1 (χ2= 12.45 could be shown in coeliac children while there was no significant deviation in the distribution of these antigens detectable in their healthy siblings. Only a few haplotypes were frequent enough to be included in segregation analysis of haplotypes. Again in coeliac children a positive correlation with haplotype HL‐A1‐8 was found differing significantly from the expected distribution (χ2= 8.05), whereas this haplotype appeared almost evenly distributed in the healthy siblings of the patients.
DEMONSTRATION OF AN ALLOANTIGEN ON THE PERITONEAL EXUDATE CELLS OF INBRED STRAINS OF MICE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CHROMOSOME 7 (LINKAGE GROUP I)
Authors: Archer James R. , Davies D. Allen L.
Published: September 2010

An alloantiserum has been obtained in the mouse which differentiates specifically between lymph node cells and a sub‐population of peritoneal cells. The antigen is associated with chromosome 7 (linkage group I).
A functional promoter polymorphism in monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 is associated with psoriasis
Authors: Wang L. , Yang L. , Gao L. , Gao T. W. , Li W. , Liu Y. F.
Published: September 2010

Psoriasis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of skin. MCP‐1 is an important CC‐type chemokine responsible for monocytes and T lymphocytes recruitment in inflammatory conditions. A single nucleotide polymorphism of the MCP‐1 gene in the gene regulatory region was found to be related to the expression of MCP‐1, and the associations of this polymorphism with many inflammatory diseases were conformed. However, the significance of this polymorphism in psoriasis remains unclear. Therefore, we examined this polymorphism in 507 patients with plaque‐type psoriasis and 530 healthy controls using the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method. We also tested the serum MCP‐1 in 320 patients and 160 controls and compared the serum MCP‐1 level in patients of different genotypes. Our results showed that the frequency distribution of the AA, AG and GG genotypes between the patients and the controls was statistically different (P = 0.031); significantly increased risk for psoriasis was associated with the AG, GG and AG + GG genotype. The frequency distribution of the AA, AG and GG genotypes was also different between female psoriasis patients and controls (P = 0.025), between type I psoriasis patients and controls (P = 0.025), between psoriasis patients without positive familial history and controls (P = 0.048), and between patients with psoriasis area and severity index of ≥ 10 and controls (P = 0.041). MCP‐1 serum level was significantly higher in patients than controls (P < 0.0001). There were significant differences of serum MCP‐1 level between patients of the GG genotype and the AA genotype (P = 0.028), between patients of the AG genotype and the AA genotype (P = 0.049), and between patients of the AG + GG genotype and the AA genotype (P = 0.027). These results showed the –2518 MCP‐1 polymorphism is related to the susceptibility of plaque type psoriasis. Individuals containing the GG or AG genotype were at higher risk of psoriasis than subjects with the AA genotype.
Porcine IL12A and IL12B gene mapping, variation and evidence of association with lytic complement and blood leucocyte proliferation traits
Authors: Wimmers K. , Kumar K. G. , Schellander K. , Ponsuksili S.
Published: September 2010

Interleukin‐12, a heterodimeric cytokine consisting of glycosylated subunits of 35 and 40 kDa, is a central molecule in controlling innate as well as adaptive immunity. This study was aimed to investigate the role of IL12A and IL12B as candidate genes for immune competence in pigs. The porcine genes were screened for polymorphism and association analysis was carried out by mixed model analysis with parameters of innate immunity, in vitro haemolytic complement activity in the classical and alternative pathways, in vivo complement activation expressed as C3c serum concentration, and blood leucocyte proliferation measured in F2 animals of a pig resource population based on cross of Duroc and Berlin miniature pig (DUMI resource population). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region (C > A) of IL12A was identified. Two SNPs were detected in intron 4 of IL12B at positions 192 (A > G) and 437 (C > T). Significant effects of IL12 genotypes on complement activity traits and mitogen‐induced leucocyte proliferation were found. The IL12A and IL12B genes were assigned to chromosome13 and 16, respectively, by using radiation hybrid analysis and genetic mapping in the DUMI resource population. Mapping and association analyses promote the IL12 genes as functional and positional candidate gene for disease resistance in pigs.
Investigating Time to Void After Lower‐Extremity Orthopedic Surgery in a Pediatric Population
Authors: Sherburne Eileen , Sawin Kathleen
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE.  This study aims to determine the time frame of postoperative bladder volume assessment in order to identify children at risk for urinary retention in a pediatric orthopedic population.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  This is a descriptive and nonexperimental study. Variables included age, sex, length of anesthesia, type of analgesia, analgesia delivery, bladder volume, and intravenous fluid rate.

RESULTS.  Twenty‐nine percent of the children (n = 38) required straight catheterization. The average length of time to bladder emptying was 5 hr. There were significant correlations (p < .05) between several variables.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  The standard practice of waiting 8 hr before assessment of voiding was not supported in this study.
Psychological Adjustment in Young Korean American Adolescents and Parental Warmth
Authors: Kim Eunjung
Published: September 2010

PROBLEM:  The relation between parental warmth and psychological adjustment is not known for young Korean American adolescents.

METHODS:  One hundred and three Korean American adolescents’ perceived parental warmth and psychological adjustment were assessed using, respectively, the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire and the Child Personality Assessment Questionnaire.

FINDINGS:  Low perceived maternal and paternal warmth were positively related to adolescents’ overall poor psychological adjustment and almost all of its attributes. When maternal and paternal warmth were entered simultaneously into the regression equation, only low maternal warmth was related to adolescents’ poor psychological adjustment.

CONCLUSION:  Perceived parental warmth is important in predicting young adolescents’ psychological adjustment as suggested in the parental acceptance–rejection theory.
Home is for Caring, School is for Learning: Qualitative Data from Child Graduates of INSIGHTS
Authors: Yearwood Edilma L. , McClowry Sandee
Published: September 2010

TOPIC: Parent–child communication behaviors.

PURPOSE: The goal of this naturalistic study was to learn more about the communication behaviors that exist between school‐aged inner‐city minority children who completed a temperament‐based intervention study and the significant adults in their life. A paucity of information exists about the communication processes in this population; therefore, this paper addresses this gap.

METHOD: A grounded theory approach was used for data collection and analysis. Data were obtained from multiple sources including individual and group interviews of 36 first and second graders from three inner‐city elementary schools, their parents, and teachers. Data triangulation, member‐check, and independent audit supported trustworthiness and credibility of findings.

FINDINGS: Child communication behaviors involved being able to read the environment, respect others, do the right thing, and know how best to talk with others. Child findings were congruent with parent and teacher data and indicated that communication was driven by concerns for safety and community violence potential and embedded within strong cultural beliefs.

CONCLUSIONS: Nurses are in a unique position to educate both parents and children about the importance of developing and maintaining positive communication behaviors with each other. Positive communication behaviors may serve as a protective factor in promoting child safety in inner‐city minority children.
Nursing Diagnoses in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Calsinski de Assis Cinthia , Leite de Barros Alba Botura
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE

To examine the prevalence of nursing diagnoses among hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).

METHODS

Patients in the cardiology unit with a diagnosis of CHF types I–IV (N= 26) were surveyed using an investigator‐developed data collection tool to determine the nursing diagnoses common to this patient population.

FINDINGS

Activity intolerance was present in 100% of patients regardless of severity of CHF. Fluid volume excess was present in 79% of patients with types I and II, and in 92% with types II and IV. Sleep pattern disturbance occurred in 80% with types I and II, and in 90% with types II and IV.

CONCLUSIONS

CHF is considered a syndrome having several signs and symptoms, which evidences the need for language standardization and systematic nursing assistance.
Quality Nursing Care of Drug‐Dependent Patients
Authors: Apalategui Mercedes Ugalde , Canut Teresa Lluch
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE

To detect the areas of most need for care and the prevalence of the nursing diagnoses in methadone maintenance programs.

METHODS

The study was carried out with a sample of 131 subjects (average age 33 years) included in a methadone maintenance program. There was a predominance of males (76%). A high percentage (72%) were disabled or unemployed.

The evaluation was done by students in an alcohol and drug dependency nursing course at the School of Nursing of the University of Barcelona, trained and supervised by nurses from the clinical area. Assessments took place in methadone maintenance program units. The Sociodemographic and Assessments of Needs Questionnaire was developed to collect data. NANDA's Taxonomy was used to determine nursing diagoses.

FINDINGS

Rest and Sleep were the areas that demonstrated the greatest need. Eleven diagnostic labels covered 75% of cases. The six most frequent diagnoses were sleep pattern disturbance, altered nutrition: less than body requirements, constipation, self‐care deficit, altered role performance, and self‐esteem disturbance.

CONCLUSIONS

Results obtained in the assessment of needs agreed with NANDA's nursing diagnoses and with the proposed “Standards of Addictions Nursing Practice with Selected Diagnoses and Criteria” by the American Nurses Association, the Drug and Alcohol Nursing Association, and the National Nursing Society on Addictions. Based on the results of this study, we are working to validate the Nursing Intervention Program using NIC for the six prevalent nursing diagnoses identified in patients in the methadone maintenance program.
Coining and Defining Novel Nursing Terminology. Part 2: Critical Incident Nursing Intervention
Authors: Wong Elizabeth
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE.  In the second of a three‐part series, a novel nursing terminology is introduced and proposed for inclusion in the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC): Critical incident nursing intervention (CINI), defined as any indirect or direct care registered nurse–initiated treatment, based upon clinical judgment and knowledge that a registered nurse performs in response to a critical incident nursing diagnosis (CIND). A CIND is defined as recognition of an acute life‐threatening event that occurs as a result of disease, surgery, treatment, or medication.

DATA SOURCES.  The literature, research studies, meta‐analyses from a variety of disciplines, and personal clinical experience serve as the data sources for this article.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  The current nursing interventions in the NIC are inaccurate or inadequate for describing nursing care during life‐threatening situations. The lack of standardized nursing terminology creates a barrier that may impede critical communication and patient care during life‐threatening situations.

CONCLUSION.  Coining and defining novel nursing terminology, CINI, for patient care during life‐threatening situations is important and fills the gap in the current standardized nursing terminology.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  Refining the NIC will permit nursing researchers, among others, to conduct studies on nursing interventions in conjunction with the proposed novel nursing terminology, CINI. The first article in this series (Part 1) introduced the novel nursing terminology: CIND; the present article (Part 2) introduces the novel nursing terminology: CINI; and the third article in this series (Part 3) will introduce the novel nursing terminology: critical incident control.
Do star formation rates of galaxy clusters depend on mass? Blue/late-type fractions and total star formation rates of 115 galaxy clusters as a function of cluster virial mass
Authors: Goto Tomotsugu
Published: September 2010

There has been plenty of observational evidence of cluster galaxy evolution such as the Butcher–Oemler effect and the decrease in S0 fraction with increasing redshift. As a modern version, the redshift evolution of total star formation rate (SFR) in clusters has been actively debated recently. However, these studies of redshift trend have been always hampered by the possible mass dependence; due to the observational selection effects, clusters found at higher redshift inevitably tend to be more massive and luminous than local counterparts. Consequently, one has to correct for the mass trend before interpreting the redshift trend. As an attempt to break this degeneracy, we investigate the mass dependence of blue/late-type fractions and total SFR of 115 clusters at z≤ 0.09 selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We find that none of the blue/late-type fractions, total SFR and total SFR normalized by cluster mass show significant dependence on cluster virial mass. The scatter is much larger at each cluster mass than a possible trend. Our results indicates that physical mechanisms that depend on cluster mass (such as the ram-pressure stripping) are not likely to be solely responsible for cluster galaxy evolution. Our results also provide an excellent low-redshift comparison sample for future high-redshift cluster SFR studies.
Upper limits on central black hole masses of globular clusters from radio emission and a possible black hole detection in the Ursa Minor dwarf galaxy
Authors: Maccarone Thomas J. , Fender Robert P. , Tzioumis Anastasios K.
Published: September 2010

Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) have been alternatively predicted to be quite common in the centres of globular clusters or nearly impossible to form and retain in the centres of globular clusters. As it has been recently shown that radio observations are currently the most sensitive observational technique for detecting such objects, we have obtained new deep radio observations of Omega Cen, and have reanalyzed older observations of M 15 in the hope of constraining the masses of possible black holes in their centres. In both cases, upper limits of about 100 μJy are found at GHz frequencies. We find that if the Bondi–Hoyle accretion rate truly represents the spherical accretion rate onto a black hole, then the masses of the black holes in the centres of these two galaxies are severely constrained – with mass limits of less than about 100 solar masses in both cases. If more realistic assumptions are made based on recent work showing the Bondi rate to be a severe overestimate, then the data for Omega Cen are marginally consistent with a black hole of about 1/1000 of the mass of the cluster (i.e. about 1000 M⊙). The data for M 15 are then only marginally consistent with previous reports of a ~2000 solar mass black hole, and we note that there is considerable hope for either detecting the black hole or improving this upper limit with current instrumentation. Finally, we discuss the possibility that the radio source near the core of the Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxy is a ~104-M⊙ black hole.
Gamma-ray bursts in 1.8 < z < 5.6 suggest that the time variation of the dark energy is small
Authors: Kodama Yoshiki , Yonetoku Daisuke , Murakami Toshio , Tanabe Sachiko , Tsutsui Ryo , Nakamura Takashi
Published: September 2010

We calibrated the peak energy–peak luminosity relation of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs; the so-called Yonetoku relation) using 33 events with redshift z < 1.62 without assuming any cosmological models. The luminosity distances to GRBs are estimated from those of large numbers of Type Ia supernovae with z < 1.755. This calibrated Yonetoku relation can be used as a new cosmic distance ladder towards higher redshifts. We determined the luminosity distances of 30 GRBs in 1.8 < z < 5.6 using the calibrated relation, and plotted the likelihood contour in the (Ωm, ΩΛ) plane. We obtained (Ωm, ΩΛ) = (0.37+0.14−0.11, 0.63+0.11−0.14) for a flat universe. Because our method is free from the circularity problem, we can say that our universe in 1.8 < z < 5.6 is compatible with the so-called concordance cosmological model derived for z < 1.8. This suggests that the time variation of the dark energy is small or zero up to z∼ 6.
On the asynchronization of hemispheric high-latitude solar activity
Authors: Li K. J. , Gao P. X. , Zhan L. S. , Shi X. J. , Zhu W. W.
Published: September 2010

The monthly mean numbers of polar faculae in the time interval of 1951 August to 1998 December, from observations of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan are used to investigate the reasons which mathematically result in the asynchronization of high-latitude solar activity between the northern and southern hemispheres. It is found that the monthly mean numbers of polar faculae in the northern hemisphere three months lead those in the southern one, which should mathematically lead to phase asynchrony of the hemispheric polar-facula activity but with a slight effect. The Schwabe period length for the polar-facula activity in one hemisphere obviously differs from that in the other, which should also lead to phase asynchrony of the hemispheric polar-facula activity. It is the low-frequency components of the hemispheric polar-facula activity in period scales around the Schwabe cycle that are responsible for its strong phase synchronization. In the high-frequency components, there is a strong phase mixing, which should also lead to phase asynchrony of the hemispheric polar-facula activity.
Evolution of stellar structure in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Gieles M. , Bastian N. , Ercolano B.
Published: September 2010

The projected distribution of stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) from the Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey is analysed. Stars of different ages are selected via criteria based on V magnitude and V−I colour, and the degree of ‘grouping’ as a function of age is studied. We quantify the degree of structure using the two-point correlation function and a method based on the Minimum Spanning Tree and find that the overall structure of the SMC is evolving from a high degree of substructure at young ages (∼10 Myr) to a smooth radial density profile. This transition is gradual and at ∼75 Myr the distribution is statistically indistinguishable from the background SMC distribution. This time-scale corresponds to approximately the dynamical crossing time of stars in the SMC. The spatial positions of the star clusters in the SMC show a similar evolution of spatial distribution with age. Our analysis suggests that stars form with a high degree of (fractal) substructure, probably imprinted by the turbulent nature of the gas from which they form, which is erased by random motions in the galactic potential on a time-scale of a galactic crossing time.
The mid-infrared [S iv]/[Ne ii] versus [Ne iii]/[Ne ii] correlation
Authors: Groves Brent , Nefs Bas , Brandl Bernhard
Published: September 2010

The mid-infrared (MIR) ratio [Ne iii]15.6 μm/[Ne ii]12.8 μm is a strong diagnostic of the ionization state of emission-line objects, due to its use of only strong neon emission lines only weakly affected by extinction. However, this ratio is not available to ground-based telescopes as only a few spectroscopic windows are available in the MIR. To deal with this problem, we aimed to verify if there exists a conversion law between the ground-accessible, strong MIR line ratio [S iv]/[Ne ii] and the diagnostic [Ne iii]/[Ne ii] ratio that can serve as a reference for future ground-based observations. We collated the [S iv]10.5 μm, [Ne ii]12.8 μm, [Ne iii]15.6 μm and [S iii]18.7 μm emission-line fluxes from a wide range of sources in the rich Spitzer and Infrared Space Observatory archives, and compared the [Ne iii]/[Ne ii], [S iv]/[S iii] and [S iv]/[Ne ii] ratios. We find a strong correlation between the [S iv]/[Ne ii] and [Ne iii]/[Ne ii] ratios, with a linear fit of log([Ne iii]/[Ne ii]) = 0.81 log([S iv]/[Ne ii]) + 0.36, accurate to a factor of ∼2 over four orders of magnitude in the line ratios. This demonstrates clearly the ability of ground-based infrared spectrographs to do ionization studies of nebulae.
Learning by sharing: waiters' and bartenders' experiences of service encounters*
Authors: Lundberg Christine , Mossberg Lena
Published: September 2010

This paper aims at understanding what happens before, during and after critical service encounters, which gives an insight into which employee skills are central for coping with such encounters in hospitality. Furthermore, the study seeks to understand how education, vocational training and informal training affect front liners' experiences of critical service encounters. Findings show that there are three categories of skills that are central to employees when dealing with critical service encounters: technical (‘hard’), social (‘soft’) and aesthetic (appearance) skills. These skills are mainly learnt by formal education (technical), informal information sharing among employees (social) and interaction with guests (aesthetic).
Drama in the dining room: theatrical perspectives on the foodservice encounter
Authors: Morgan Michael , Watson Pamela , Hemmington Nigel
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the development of the theatrical metaphor in the services management and consumer behaviour literature, and explores the insights this metaphor provides for the management of the encounter between the consumer and the foodservice provider. At one level, regarding foodservice as a theatrical performance encourages managers to ‘put on a show’– to use staff (actors), processes (scripts) and physical evidence (props and sets) to enhance the customer experience. If, however, the metaphor is applied in a deeper way where the customer is seen not as the audience but as a participant in the show, then the managers' role becomes one of providing the space in which the experience is co‐created; a stage on which the customer is the star, and the staff the supporting cast. An analysis of the service encounter as a drama can reveal the role the customer is playing, the superobjective behind their visit to the restaurant, and the unspoken subtext behind critical incidents. The restaurant itself needs to remain in character, presenting a consistent message, for example of hospitableness and generosity.
SUBACUTE TOXICITY OF MILDLY OXIDIZED INSTANT NOODLES IN MICE
Authors: GOTOH NAOHIRO , WATANABE HIROYUKI , OSATO REIKO , INAGAKI KEIKO , IWASAWA AI , WADA SHUN
Published: September 2010

A 28‐day sub‐acute toxicity test using moderately oxidized fats and oils (peroxide value [PV] 85.0–334.7 mEq oxygen/kg) extracted from deteriorated instant noodles was performed in mice to evaluate general toxicity. Toxicity was evaluated by general behavior, survival rate, clinical hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, changes in body weight and histopathologic examination. None of the mice died due to the toxicity of the oxidized fats and oils. Fats and oils oxidized to at least 300 mEq oxygen/kg attenuated weight gain compared with the control mice, but mice fed fats and oils oxidized to less than 150 mEq oxygen/kg gained weight similar to the control mice. Thus, fats and oils oxidized to approximately 300 mEq oxygen/kg induce general toxicity, but are not lethal. In contrast, liver weight and blood cholesterol levels tended to increase in all test oil groups. Thus, body function is affected by even mildly oxidized fats and oils (100 mEq oxygen/kg); hence, ingestion of degraded foods should be avoided.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Japan had a food poisoning epidemic caused by the degradation of fats and oils in instant noodles about 40 years ago. The peroxide value of the oxidized fats and oils in the degraded noodles ranged from 100 to 1,000 mEq oxygen/kg. According to the detailed investigation of the degraded noodles, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, currently the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare in Japan, set the standards in the Food Sanitation Law to protect against food poisoning and to control the quality of instant noodles. Recently, there was a movement to set a standard for instant noodles in the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Probably, food standards for other kinds of lipid‐containing foods might be prepared in the Codex Alimentarius Commission in the near future. General toxicity tests have so far focused on highly oxidized fats and oils (>400 mEq oxygen/kg) and have not considered the moderately oxidized products (<400 mEq oxygen/kg). Therefore, general toxicity testing on the moderately oxidized fats and oils was carried out, and the results can provide new information when new food standards containing fats and oils are prepared.
BLACK CUMIN SEED (NIGELLA SATIVA LINN.) OIL AND ITS FRACTIONS PROTECT AGAINST BETA AMYLOID PEPTIDE‐INDUCED TOXICITY IN PRIMARY CEREBELLAR GRANULE NEURONS
Authors: ISMAIL NORSHARINA , ISMAIL MAZNAH , LATIFF LATIFFAH A. , MAZLAN MUSALMAH , MARIOD ABDALBASIT A.
Published: September 2010

The neuroprotective effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and its fractions against beta amyloid (Aβ)‐induced cell death in primary rat cerebellar granule neurons was investigated. Primary cultures were pretreated for 5 h with NSO and its fractions – hexane fraction (HF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and water fraction (WF) – before incubating with 10 µM Aβ1‐40 for 24 h. Cell viability was investigated using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Results of the MTS assay showed that the WF and NSO were significantly protective against cell death induced by 10 µM Aβ1‐40 at 1, 10 and 100 µg/mL probably because of antioxidant properties as determined by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical trapping method. HF and EAF had low DPPH scavenging effect and were only effective at 100 µg/mL. However, NSO and its fractions were weakly protective against cell membrane damage in the LDH assay. NSO and its fractions, especially the WF, may play a role in the prevention of Aβ‐induced cell death.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with the toxic effects of beta amyloid (Aβ), a by‐product of amyloid precursor protein. Natural products that are able to reduce Aβ‐induced neurotoxicity are candidates for preventing as well as for treating this neurodegenerative condition. Thus, the neuroprotective effects of Nigella sativa against Aβ toxicity may play a potential role in preventing AD progression.
OPTIMIZATION OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION PROCESS OF CARROT CUBES IN SUCROSE SOLUTION
Authors: SINGH BAHADUR , PANESAR PARMJIT S. , NANDA VIKAS
Published: September 2010

For optimization of the osmotic dehydration process of carrot cubes in sucrose solution by response surface methodology (RSM), the experiments were conducted according to face‐centered central composite design. The independent process variables for the osmotic dehydration process were osmotic solution concentrations (45–55°Brix), temperature (35–55C) and process durations (120–240 min). Statistical analysis of results showed that all the process variables had a significant effect on all the responses at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). The osmotic dehydration process was optimized by RSM for maximum water loss, rehydration ratio, retention of color, sensory score and minimum solute gain. The optimum process conditions were 52.5°Brix sucrose syrup concentration, 49C osmotic solution temperature and 150‐min process duration.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The process of osmotic dehydration can be used for the preparation of shelf‐stable products for the purpose of use during off‐season. The quality of preosmosed carrots is much superior to the product dehydrated with the convectional method of convective dehydration. The osmotically dehydrated carrots can be used for cooking as vegetables after rehydration or can be added directly into soups, stews or casseroles before cooking. If the product is blanched before osmotic dehydration, the process can be used successfully for the preparation of carrot candy.