bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control Volume Based Finite Element Method Study of Nano-fluid Natural Convection Heat Transfer in an Enclosure Between a Circular and a Sinusoidal Cylinder
Authors: Ghasemi E. , Soleimani S. , Bayat M.
Published: November 2013

In this study natural convection heat transfer in a cold outer circular enclosure containing a hot inner sinusoidal circular cylinder is investigated numerically using the Control Volume based Finite Element Method (CVFEM). The fluid in the enclosure is Cu-water nanofluid. Both circular enclosure and inner cylinder are maintained at constant temperature. The governing equations of fluid motion and heat transfer in their vorticity stream function form are used to simulate the fluid flow and heat transfer. The effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid are calculated using the Maxwell–Garnetts (MG) and Brinkman models, respectively. The calculations were performed for different governing parameters such as the Rayleigh number, values of the number of undulations of the inner cylinder and nanoparticle volume fraction. The results show that for all Rayleigh number, increasing number of undulations causes the average Nusselt number to augment except that the average Nusselt number for N = 4 is greater than N = 5.
Hybrid Modulus-phase Synchronization of Hyperchaotic Complex Systems and its Application to Secure Communication
Authors: Wang Xingyuan , Luo Chao
Published: November 2013

In this article, a novel synchronization scheme is proposed to achieve hybrid modulus-phase synchronization in hyperchaotic complex systems, which means different synchronization schemes can be achieved simultaneously in modulus and phase spaces of complex systems. A general controller is designed to implement modified projective synchronization in modulus space and anti-synchronization in phase space. And the theoretical proof is given based on the Lyapunov stability theory. By utilizing the proposed synchronization scheme, an improved digital secure communication scheme is presented, the main advantage of which is to develop the transmission efficiency and reduce the design complexity. Numerical simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed schemes.
A New Nonlinear Integrable Couplings of Solioton Hierarchy and its Hamiltonian Structure with Kronecker Product
Authors: Li Li , Yu Fajun
Published: November 2013

It is shown that the Kronecker product can be applied to construct new nonlinear integrable coupling system of soliton equation hierarchy in this paper. A direct application to the KN spectral problem leads to a novel KN soliton equation hierarchy of nonlinear integrable coupling system, which is different from any one obtained before. Furthermore, we present the Hamiltonian structures of nonlinear integrable couplings of KN hierarchy by using a pairs from special non-semisimple matrix Lie algebras and variational identities over the associated loop algebras. It is also indicated that the study of nonlinear integrable couplings using the Kronecker product is an efficient and straightforward method.
A New Coupled Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method for Solving Time Fractional Coupled KdV Equations
Authors: Saha Ray S.
Published: November 2013

In the present paper, a very new technique, Coupled Fractional Reduced Differential Transform, has been implemented to obtain the numerical approximate solution of coupled time fractional kdV equations. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. By using the present method we can solve many linear and nonlinear coupled fractional differential equations. The obtained results are compared with the exact solutions. Numerical solutions are presented graphically to show the reliability and efficiency of the method.
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY CAUSED BY Crotalus AND Bothrops SNAKE VENOM: A REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT
Authors: Albuquerque Polianna L.M.M. , N. Jacinto Camilla , Silva Junior Geraldo B. , Lima Juliana B. , Veras Maria do Socorro B. , Daher Elizabeth F.
Published: November 2013

SUMMARY Ophidic accidents are an important public health problem due to their incidence, morbidity and mortality. An increasing number of cases have been registered in Brazil in the last few years. Several studies point to the importance of knowing the clinical complications and adequate approach in these accidents. However, knowledge about the risk factors is not enough and there are an increasing number of deaths due to these accidents in Brazil. In this context, acute kidney injury (AKI) appears as one of the main causes of death and consequences for these victims, which are mainly young males working in rural areas. Snakes of the Bothrops and Crotalus genera are the main responsible for renal involvement in ophidic accidents in South America. The present study is a literature review of AKI caused by Bothrops and Crotalus snake venom regarding diverse characteristics, emphasizing the most appropriate therapeutic approach for these cases. Recent studies have been carried out searching for complementary therapies for the treatment of ophidic accidents, including the use of lipoic acid, simvastatin and allopurinol. Some plants, such as Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae seem to have a beneficial role in the treatment of this type of envenomation. Future studies will certainly find new therapeutic measures for ophidic accidents.
In vitro PHYTOTHERAPY OF VECTOR SNAILS BY BINARY COMBINATIONS OF LARVICIDAL ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF FASCIOLIASIS
Authors: Sunita Kumari , Kumar Pradeep , Singh Vinay Kumar , Singh Dinesh Kumar
Published: November 2013

SUMMARY A food-borne trematode infection fascioliasis is one among common public health problems worldwide. It caused a great economic loss for the human race. Control of snail population below a certain threshold level is one of the important methods in the campaign to reduce the incidence of fascioliasis. The life cycle of the parasite can be interrupted by killing the snail or Fasciola larva redia and cercaria inside of the snail Lymnaea acuminata. In vitro toxicity of different binary combinations (1:1 ratio) of plant-derived larvicidal active components such as citral, ferulic acid, umbelliferone, azadirachtin and allicin against Fasciola redia and cercaria were tested. The mortality of larvae was observed at 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h of treatment. In in vitro condition azadirachtin + allicin (1:1 ratio) was highly toxic against redia and cercaria (8h LC50 0.006 and 0.005 mg/L). Toxicity of citral + ferulic acid was lowest against redia and cercaria larvae.
ESTABLISHING THE REFERENCE RANGE FOR T LYMPHOCYTES SUBPOPULATIONS IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN FROM BRAZIL
Authors: Torres Alex Jose Leite , Angelo Ana Luiza Dias , Silva Marcio Oliveira , Bastos Milena de Carvalho , Souza Denise Ferreira de , Inocencio Lilian Amaral , Lemos Jose Alexandre Rodrigues de , S. Junior Ruy , Castro Andrea Cauduro de , Palma Patricia Vianna Bonnini , Ceci Loredana , Netto Eduardo Martins , Brites Carlos
Published: November 2013

SUMMARY In Brazil, the existing reference values for T-lymphocytes subsets are based on data originated in other countries. There is no local information on normal variation for these parameters in Brazilian adults and children. We evaluated the normal variation found in blood donors from five large Brazilian cities, in different regions, and in children living in Salvador, and Rio de Janeiro. All samples were processed by flow cytometry. The results were analyzed according to region, gender, and lifestyle of blood donors. A total of 641 adults (63% males), and 280 children (58% males) were involved in the study. The absolute CD3+, and CD4+ cells count were significantly higher for females (adults and children). Higher CD4+ cell count in adults was associated with smoking, while higher CD8+ count was found among female children. Higher counts, for all T-cells subsets, were detected in blood donors from southeast / south regions while those living in the northern region had the lowest values. Individuals from midwestern and northeastern regions had an intermediate count for all these cells subsets. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance. In Brazil, gender and smoking, were the main determinants of differences in T-lymphocytes reference values.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF SNAKEBITE ACCIDENTS IN A METROPOLITAN AREA OF NORTHEAST BRAZIL
Authors: Albuquerque Polianna L.M.M. , Silva Junior Geraldo B. , Jacinto Camilla N. , Lima Caroline B. , Lima Juliana B. , Veras Maria do Socorro B. , Daher Elizabeth F.
Published: November 2013

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of snakebite accidents reported by the toxicological assistance center in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Database information on snakebite accidents was analyzed regarding the period from January 2003 to December 2011. A total of 1063 cases were found. The accidents occurred during the rainy months (March, April and May), in urban areas (52.3%), affecting individuals younger than 50 years and predominantly among males (70.7%). The lower limbs were the most frequently affected body area (33.7%). Most accidents involved non-venomous snakes (76.1%). The genus Bothrops was the main one involved in venomous accidents (83%). It is expected that this study can be used as the substrate to improve healthcare surveillance and implementing better measures for the treatment of this population.
Wetland characteristics influence disease risk for a threatened amphibian
Authors: Heard Geoffrey W. , Scroggie Michael P. , Clemann Nick , Ramsey David S. L.
Published: November 2013

Identifying determinants of the probability and intensity of infections is important for understanding the epidemiology of wildlife diseases, and for managing their impact on threatened species. Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has decimated populations of some amphibians. However, recent studies have identified important environmental constraints on the disease, related to the pathogen's physiological tolerances. In this study, we identified several intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of the probability and intensity of chytrid infections for the threatened growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis) in southeastern Australia, and used mark–recapture to estimate the effect of chytrid infections on the probability of survival of these frogs. Water temperature and salinity had negative effects on both the probability and intensity of chytrid infections. We coupled models of the infection process with a model of the effect of chytrid infections on the probability of survival to assess variation in the impact of chytridiomycosis between wetlands with differing temperature and salinity profiles. Our results suggest that warm, saline wetlands may be refuges from chytridiomycosis for L. raniformis, and should be priorities for protection. Our results also suggest that management actions that increase water temperature (e.g., reducing canopy shading) and salinity (e.g., complementing inflows with groundwater) could be trialed to reduce the impacts of chytridiomycosis on this species. This and other recent studies highlight the value of research on environmental risk factors for chytridiomycosis.
Predicting how altering propagule pressure changes establishment rates of biological invaders across species pools
Authors: Brockerhoff Eckehard G. , Kimberley Mark , Liebhold Andrew M. , Haack Robert A. , Cavey Joseph F.
Published: November 2013

Biological invasions resulting from international trade can cause major environmental and economic impacts. Propagule pressure is perhaps the most important factor influencing establishment, although actual arrival rates of species are rarely recorded. Furthermore, the pool of potential invaders includes many species that vary in their arrival rate and establishment potential. Therefore, we stress that it is essential to consider the size and composition of species pools arriving from source regions when estimating probabilities of establishment and effects of pathway infestation rates. To address this, we developed a novel framework and modeling approach to enable prediction of future establishments in relation to changes in arrival rate across entire species pools. We utilized 13 828 border interception records from the United States and New Zealand for 444 true bark beetle (Scolytinae) and longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) species detected between 1949 and 2008 as proxies for arrival rates to model the relationship between arrival and establishment rates. Nonlinearity in this relationship implies that measures intended to reduce the unintended transport of potential invaders (such as phytosanitary treatments) must be highly effective in order to substantially reduce the rate of future invasions, particularly if trade volumes continue to increase.
Can fire atlas data improve species distribution model projections?
Authors: Crimmins Shawn M. , Dobrowski Solomon Z. , Mynsberge Alison R. , Safford Hugh D.
Published: November 2013

Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in studies of climate change impacts, yet are often criticized for failing to incorporate disturbance processes that can influence species distributions. Here we use two temporally independent data sets of vascular plant distributions, climate data, and fire atlas data to examine the influence of disturbance history on SDM projection accuracy through time in the mountain ranges of California, USA. We used hierarchical partitioning to examine the influence of fire occurrence on the distribution of 144 vascular plant species and built a suite of SDMs to examine how the inclusion of fire‐related predictors (fire occurrence and departure from historical fire return intervals) affects SDM projection accuracy. Fire occurrence provided the least explanatory power among predictor variables for predicting species' distributions, but provided improved explanatory power for species whose regeneration is tied closely to fire. A measure of the departure from historic fire return interval had greater explanatory power for calibrating modern SDMs than fire occurrence. This variable did not improve internal model accuracy for most species, although it did provide marginal improvement to models for species adapted to high‐frequency fire regimes. Fire occurrence and fire return interval departure were strongly related to the climatic covariates used in SDM development, suggesting that improvements in model accuracy may not be expected due to limited additional explanatory power. Our results suggest that the inclusion of coarse‐scale measures of disturbance in SDMs may not be necessary to predict species distributions under climate change, particularly for disturbance processes that are largely mediated by climate.
Cascading effects of insectivorous birds and bats in tropical coffee plantations
Authors: Karp Daniel S. , Daily Gretchen C.
Published: November 2013

The loss of apex predators is known to have reverberating consequences for ecosystems, but how changes in broader predator assemblages affect vital ecosystem functions and services is largely unknown. Predators and their prey form complex interaction networks, in which predators consume not only herbivores but also other predators. Resolving these interactions will be essential for predicting changes in many important ecosystem functions, such as the control of damaging crop pests. Here, we examine how birds, bats, and arthropods interact to determine herbivorous arthropod abundance and leaf damage in Costa Rican coffee plantations. In an exclosure experiment, we found that birds and bats reduced non‐flying arthropod abundance by ∼35% and ∼25%, respectively. In contrast, birds and bats increased the abundance of flying arthropods, probably by consuming spiders. The frequency of this intraguild predation differed between birds and bats, with cascading consequences for coffee shrubs. Excluding birds caused a greater increase in herbivorous arthropod abundance than excluding bats, leading to increased coffee leaf damage. Excluding bats caused an increase in spiders and other predatory arthropods, increasing the ratio of predators to herbivores in the arthropod community. Bats, therefore, did not provide benefits to coffee plants. Leaf damage on coffee was low, and probably did not affect coffee yields. Bird‐mediated control of herbivores, however, may aid coffee shrubs in the long term by preventing pest outbreaks. Regardless, our results demonstrate how complex, cascading interactions between predators and herbivores may impact plants and people.
The Challenge of Promoting Interventions to Prevent Disease in Impoverished Populations in Rural Western Kenya
Authors: Schilling Katharine , Person Bobbie , Faith Sitnah H. , Otieno Ronald , Quick Robert
Published: November 2013

Poverty is a critical social determinant of health. A particular approach toward mitigating inequitable access to health services in Kenya has been through a community-based distribution program implemented by the Safe Water and AIDS Project (SWAP) that has achieved modest uptake of public health interventions. To explore reasons for modest uptake, we asked program participants about child health problems, daily tasks, household expenditures, and services needed by their communities. Respondents identified child health problems consistent with health data and reported daily tasks, expenses, and needed services that were more related to basic needs of life other than health. These findings highlight the challenges of implementing potentially self-sustaining preventive interventions at scale in poor populations in the developing world.
Temporal evolution of a Polynesian hotspot: New evidence from Raivavae (Austral islands, South Pacific ocean)
Authors: Maury René C. , Guille Gérard , Guillou Hervé , Chauvel Catherine , Rossi Philippe , Pallares Carlos , Legendre Christelle
Published: November 2013

A new geological mapping of Raivavae island, Austral-Cook linear chain, French Polynesia, combined with 10 unspiked K/Ar ages measured on its lavas, shows that it was built during two successive volcanic phases : 10.6-7.4 Ma (dykes crosscutting Rairua submarine breccias and younger subaerial Rairua flows) and 6.4-5.4 Ma (Anatonu shield volcano and associated trachytic and phonolitic domes and plugs). Geochemical data from the present study and a previous one [Lassiter et al., 2003] demonstrate that the Rairua alkali basalts, picrobasalts and basanites are more enriched in incompatible elements (especially Th and Nb) than the predominantly tholeiitic Anatonu basalts. The isotopic signature of Rairua lavas displays a strong HIMU flavour, while that of Anatonu lavas is more subdued and intermediate between DMM, HIMU and EM end-members. Rairua mafic lavas show obvious petrologic and geochemical similarities with those of the neighbouring island of Tubuai. Both could result from the partial melting of a predominantly HIMU secondary plume, which formed sucessively Mangaia (19.4-18.4 Ma), the old lavas of Rurutu (12.7-12.1 Ma), Tubuai (10.0-8.8 Ma) and Rairua volcano. The geochemical signature of the younger Anatonu lavas is ascribed to the partial melting, within the same plume, of a distinct filament of more subdued composition. Alternatively, the proportion of pyroxenites with a HIMU character was lower as partial melting degrees increased, generating the Anatonu tholeiites.
Mechanics of Soft PSAs (Pressure Sensitive Adhesives)
Authors: Lamanna Giuseppe , Basile Alessandro
Published: November 2013

The adhesive performances of a PSA (Pressure Sensitive Adhesive) are attributed to their viscoelastic
properties. In this paper we analyze the viscoelastic behavior of different PSAs having substantially similar adhesive
performance. Linear and non linear analyses were performed using small amplitude oscillatory shear tests and tensile
stress-strain tests, respectively. It is shown that linear viscoelastic tests are useful to qualitatively characterize the adhesive
performances. However, deeper knowledge can be achieved by non linear viscoelastic tests. The true stress - true strain
curves are modeled by using a theory accounting for the interpenetration of micro-network and the linear polymer. It is
shown that the same substantial in-service properties can be achieved with adhesives showing different fingerprints in
terms of viscoelastic spectra.
An AUV for Ocean Exploring and its Motion Control System Architecture
Authors: Zhang Lei , Jiang Da-peng , Zhao Jin-xin , Ma Shan
Published: November 2013

With the development of exploring and utilizing ocean source, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) which
could finish autonomous mission process is paid more and more attention. As an artificial intelligence system, AUV has
high independence, reliability and adaptability to ocean environment. An efficient architecture of AUV plays an important
role in achieving those properties. A newly developed AUV, “ZT-AUV”, which is used for ocean exploring, is
introduced. And its motion control system architecture is described. The architecture is divided into four parts including
blackboard system, elementary behavior agent group, reflection behavior agent group and execution agent. The
blackboard system is not only information processing and management center, but also agents' behavior control center.
As the executable unit of motion controller, elementary behavior agent group makes AUV achieve three kinds of motion
including surge, yaw and heave by certain control algorithm. Reflection behavior agent group is the unit by which the
behavior of AUV can be achieved in another way, and it works when the system has fault. Execution agent finally drives
the actuators of the system. The structures of the four parts mentioned above are discussed respectively. Both the
hardware and software are described. Finally, simulation experiments and real experiments are conducted to test the whole
system, and the results prove that the system architecture is reliable, flexible and extensible.
Aeolian Tones Radiated from Flow Over Bluff Bodies
Authors: Mat Ali Mohamed Sukri , Shaikh Salim Sheikh Ahmad Zaki , Ismail Mohamad Hafz , Muhamad Sallehuddin , Mahzan Muhammad Iyas
Published: November 2013

Bluff body is a simple but a central shape for many engineering applications. The geometry shape of the bluff
body characterises the behaviour of the flow over the bluff body, where a more complex flow structure is found near
downstream. Shear layer separation is mainly responsible for the periodic global phenomena, that includes the generation
of sound. The magnitude of the aerodynamically generated sound is dominated by the fluctuations of aerodynamics
forces, i.e., drag and lift. The study also shows that the sound pressure field is shaped by the aeolian tones that is related
strongly to the lift fluctuations of the bluff body. Amplitude and frequency of the fluctuating lift change naturally with the
shape of a particular bluff body. Triangular cylinder exhibits the largest sound pressure level (41.9 dB) followed by ellipse
and circular shapes. Square cylinder emits the lowest sound pressure level (36.7 dB). This corresponds to the longest
downstream vortex formation length at which for a square cylinder the long vortex formation length provides space for
more vortex to dissipate.
Control Systems Integration for Enhanced Vehicle Dynamics
Authors: Velardocchia M. , Vigliani A.
Published: November 2013

This paper deals with improving comfort and handling for a ground vehicle through the coordinated control of
different active systems available in passenger cars, e.g., electronic stability control, active roll control and engine torque
control.

The authors first describe separate control systems, each with its logic, showing advantages and limits, then propose
various possible integrations, aiming at exploiting the benefits of a coordinated approach.

Finally, the proposed control logics are tested on a vehicle model: simulation results prove the effectiveness of the
approach in improving vehicle response during typical handling maneuvers.
The Higher Frequency of Blood Group B in a Brazilian Population with HIV Infection
Authors: Onsten Tor Gunnar Hugo , Callegari-Jacques Sidia Maria , Goldani Luciano Zubaran
Published: November 2013

Objective:

To analyze the frequency of and odds for and against HIV infection based on ABO blood type in a large sample of blood donors.

Background:

Coevolution between pathogens and hosts may explain the ABO system of polymorphisms. HIV-infected cells add ABO(H) blood group antigens to the viral envelope. Naturally occurring antibodies against ABO(H) antigens that are present in normal human sera are able to neutralize ABO-expressing HIVin vitro. Blood donors are ideal for studying blood groups and HIV infectionin vivobecause all donors are routinely typed and tested.

Methods:

All blood donors who donated blood between 1994 and 2010 were tested for HIV (ELISA antibody tests and Western blot test or immunofluorescence testing) and were ABO typed (direct and reverse grouping tests). HIV infection based on the ABO blood group was analyzed using the chi-square test and game theory.

Results:

The total number of examined blood donors during this period was 271,410, of whom 389 were infected with HIV. B-group donors were more infected than non-B donors (p= 0.006).

Conclusions:

A more restricted antigen recognition capacity of anti-Galα1-3Gal in blood groups AB and B and a weaker antigen-binding capacity of anti-A antibodies may contribute to a higher frequency of HIV infection in blood group B.
Shared decision-making and comparative effectiveness research for patients with chronic conditions: an urgent synergy for better health
Authors: Gionfriddo Michael R , Leppin Aaron L , Brito Juan P , LeBlanc Annie , Shah Nilay D , Montori Victor M
Published: November 2013

Chronic conditions are the most important cause of morbidity, mortality and health expense in the USA. Comparative effectiveness research (CER) seeks to provide evidence supporting the relative value of alternative courses of action. This research often concludes with estimates of the likelihood of desirable and undesirable outcomes associated with each option. Patients with chronic conditions should engage with their clinicians in deciding which of these options best fits their goals and context. In practicing shared decision-making (SDM), clinicians and patients should make use of CER to inform their deliberations. In these ways, SDM and CER are interrelated. SDM translates CER into patient-centered practice, while CER provides the backbone evidence about options and outcomes in SDM interventions. In this review, we explore the potential for a SDM–CER synergy in improving healthcare for patients with chronic conditions.
Comparative effectiveness research in practice: the Drug Effectiveness Review Project experience
Authors: VanLare Jordan M , Wong Hui-Hsing , Gibbs Jonathan , Timp Rolf , Whang Stephanie , Worrall Chris , Kelman Jeffrey , Conway Patrick H
Published: November 2013

Aim:
Assess the effect of the Drug Effectiveness Review Project’s comparative effectiveness research findings on prescribing behavior independently and in conjunction with a Medicaid preferred drug list.
Method:
We queried prescription drug claims and enrollment information from the 2001–2008 Medicaid Analytic eXtract and Medicaid Statistical Information System for 17 states using a Wilcoxon signed rank test design to evaluate the effects of the Drug Effectiveness Review Project’s report release and preferred drug list implementation on ACE inhibitor prescribing behavior at a state level. The primary outcome of interest was the percentage of ACE inhibitor prescriptions that are defined as ‘differentiated’ based on the content of the Drug Effectiveness Research Program report.
Results:
The use of differentiated ACE inhibitors increased significantly in states that participated in the Drug Effectiveness Research Program and subsequently implemented a preferred drug list (p < 0.05, one-tailed). However, there was no significant change in utilization in nonparticipating states or in states that participated but did not subsequently implement a preferred drug list.
Conclusion:
Although the publication of comparative effectiveness research findings may not directly influence practice, a preferred drug list can align utilization with clinical evidence. The states that participate in the Drug Effectiveness Review Project and use preferred drug lists have greater utilization of higher quality drugs, making the combination an effective strategy to translate comparative effectiveness research into practice.
Generic atypical antipsychotic drugs in Belgium: their influence and implications
Authors: Godman Brian , De Bruyn Kristien , Miranda Jamilette , Raschi Emanuel , Bennie Marion , Barbui Corrado , Simoens Steven
Published: November 2013

Introduction:Generic atypical antipsychotic drugs should be a focus of attention given their expenditure. However, there is a recognized need to tailor treatments. There were no specific measures in Belgium to enhance the prescribing of oral risperidone following generics in January 2008. Prescribing restrictions have remained for long-acting risperidone injections throughout.Objective:Assess changes in risperidone utilization before and after oral generics were reimbursed, as well as the utilization and expenditure of the various risperidone preparations.Method:Principally a retrospective observational study and interrupted time series design.Results:As expected, no increased utilization of oral risperidone after generics. Both originator and generic oral risperidone prescribed, with the originator reducing its price. Generic risperidone was 59% below prepatent loss prices by September 2012.Conclusion:Authorities cannot rely on a ‘spill over’ of learning from other disease areas to affect changes in physician prescribing habits. Specific measures are needed to encourage generic risperidone where appropriate. However, their influence will be limited by the complexity of the disease area.
Unusual behaviour of perflurorinated cobalt phthalocyanine compared to unsubstituted cobalt phthalocyanine for the electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine. Effect of the surface concentration of the catalyst on the graphite surface
Authors: Zagal José , Geraldo Daniela , Sancy Mamie , Paez Maritza
Published: November 2013

We have found that CoPc and 16(F)CoPc when adsorbed on graphite electrode
exhibit voltammograms in alkaline solution (0.2M NaOH) that show the typical
redox peaks attributed to the Co(II)/(I) reversible. The peak potential for
CoPc is independent of surface concentration of the catalyst. In contrast,
for 16(F)CoPc the Co(II)/(I) redox process shifts to more negative potentials
when the surface concentration of the catalyst increases. In a volcano
correlation of log (i/G)E (activity per active site) versus Co (II)/(I)
formal potential of catalyst (using several CoN4 chelates) CoPc appears in
the ascending portion (activity increases with the Co (II)/(I) redox
potential) whereas 16(F)CoPc appears in the region where activity decreases
with the redox potential. In a plot of log (i/G)E versus the Co(II)/(I)
formal potential of 16(F)CoPc the declining portion of the volcano is
reproduced for one single complex. So 16(F)CoPc at different surface
concentrations behaves as Co complexes having different redox potential in
the declining portion of the volcano plot, when the activity is normalized
for the surface concentration. This is not observed for CoPc.
Antimicrobial susceptibility and immunomodulatory properties of lamb isolate of lactobacillus mucosae, new probiotic candidate
Authors: Bilková Andrea , Dubničková Martina , Sepová Hana Kiňová
Published: November 2013

In the process of selecting a new probiotic candidate, several bacteria were isolated from the stomach mucosa of a lamb. Among them, three lactobacilli strains were identified and partially characterised. The strain, Lactobacillus mucosae D, showed several characteristics appropriate to the probiotics. In this study, we have focused on the further characterisation of L. mucosae D and testing of its ability to modulate metabolic and immunomodulatory activities of human mononuclear cells in vitro. L. mucosae D is resistant to antibiotics, like penicillin G, oxacillin, vancomycin and chemotherapeutics ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. In in vitro conditions, L. mucosae D caused a significant increase in phagocytic activity and index (relative activities 1.05 and 1.44, respectively) of human monocytes. It decreased bactericidal activities of monocytes against Escherichia coli (relative activity 0.73) and Staphylococcus aureus (relative activity 0.36), whereas, candidacidal activity was enhanced (relative activity 1.15). Metabolic activities, lysozyme and peroxidase activity, of mononuclear cells were not changed or increased, respectively. L. mucosae D displayed the ability to enhance production of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, in monocytes in vitro (relative activity 2.60). Therefore, we state that lamb isolate, L. mucosae D, has the required attributes for being a potential probiotic candidate.
Influence of Mobile Phones on the Quality of ECG Signal Acquired by Medical Devices
Authors: Buczkowski T. , Janusek D. , Zavala-Fernandez H. , Skrok M. , Kania M. , Liebert A.
Published: November 2013

Health aspects of the use of radiating devices, like mobile phones, are still a public concern. Stand-alone electrocardiographic systems and those built-in, more sophisticated, medical devices have become a standard tool used in everyday medical practice. GSM mobile phones might be a potential source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) which may affect reliability of medical appliances. Risk of such event is particularly high in places remote from GSM base stations in which the signal received by GSM mobile phone is weak. In such locations an increase in power of transmitted radio signal is necessary to enhance quality of the communication. In consequence, the risk of interference of electronic devices increases because of the high level of EMI.

In the present paper the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics of the interference have been examined. The influence of GSM mobile phone on multilead ECG recordings was studied. It was observed that the electrocardiographic system was vulnerable to the interference generated by the GSM mobile phone working with maximum transmit power and in DTX mode when the device was placed in a distance shorter than 7.5 cm from the ECG electrode located on the surface of the chest. Negligible EMI was encountered at any longer distance.
A Measurement and Power Line Communication System Design for Renewable Smart Grids
Authors: Kabalci E. , Kabalci Y.
Published: November 2013

The data communication over the electric power lines can be managed easily and economically since the grid connections are already spread around all over the world. This paper investigates the applicability of Power Line Communication (PLC) in an energy generation system that is based on photovoltaic (PV) panels with the modeling study in Matlab/Simulink. The Simulink model covers the designed PV panels, boost converter with Perturb and Observe (P&O) control algorithm, full bridge inverter, and the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modem that is utilized to transfer the measured data over the power lines. This study proposes a novel method to use the electrical power lines not only for carrying the line voltage but also to transmit the measurements of the renewable energy generation plants. Hence, it is aimed at minimizing the additional monitoring costs such as SCADA, Ethernet-based or GSM based systems by using the proposed technique. Although this study is performed with solar power plants, the proposed model can be applied to other renewable generation systems. Consequently, the usage of the proposed technique instead of SCADA or Ethernet-based systems eliminates additional monitoring costs.
Proposition of a Solution for the Setting of the Abrasive Waterjet Cutting Technology
Authors: Valíček J. , Harničárová M. , Kušnerová M. , Grznárik R. , Zavadil J.
Published: November 2013

The submitted paper aims to clarify the abrasive waterjet technology, particularly from the point of view of produced surface topography. It provides a new insight into the deformation process caused by the effect of abrasive waterjet and into the possibilities of using the surface topography for solving the issues of optimization of the process. The subject of study is a system of cutting tool, material and final surface topography and optimization of their parameters. The cutting or disintegrating tool of abrasive waterjet technology is flexible. The trajectory of its cut traces is strictly determined here by disintegration resistance at critical moments of tool-material interaction. The physico-mechanical character of the interaction within the cut will manifest itself in the final surface condition. This process can be re-analysed by measuring the selected elements of topography and roughness on the final surface, namely depending on the depth of the cut, technological parameters of the tool and mechanical parameters of the material. The mentioned principle is the basis of the presented solution. It lies in the analytical processing and description of correlation interrelations between set technological and measured topographical quantities in relation to the depth of cut and the type of material.
Applying Emotional Intelligence Skills to Leadership and Decision Making in Non-Profit Organizations
Authors: Hess James , Bacigalupo Arnold
Published: November 2013

Non-profit organizations and leaders may benefit from the utilization of behaviors attributed to emotional intelligence. The consideration of emotional intelligence skills becomes a strategy for the development of the non-profit organizational leader’s ability to assess the impact and consequences of decisions, while simultaneously improving the quality and effectiveness of the decision-making process. The purpose of this paper is to identify how emotional intelligence skills can be applied to enhance the leadership decision-making processes within the non-profit organization. Goleman’s (2001) and Boyatzis’ et al. (2000) four essential elements of emotional intelligence and their associated 20 behavioral competencies are utilized to develop a methodology for the practical application of emotional intelligence skills to leadership decision-making within the non-profit organization. A checklist of questions and observations is provided to assist non-profit leaders in the improvement of emotional intelligence awareness, as well as the application of emotional intelligence skills to decisions and decision-making processes.
Caries Experience and Salivary Parameters among Overweight Children and Adolescents
Authors: Guaré Renata , Ciamponi Ana , Santos Maria , Gorjão Renata , Diniz Michele
Published: November 2013

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excess body fat, which can lead to other health problems, including insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, asthma, heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Currently, obesity and dental caries are major public health concerns and dietary habits are a very important common component of their etiological factors, showing some correlation with the sociodemographic characteristics of individuals presenting these diseases. In relation to caries experience, the literature suggests a correlation between obesity and dental caries in children and adolescents, in primary and/or permanent dentition, though divergent results exist regarding assessment based on the method recommended by the WHO (1997), i.e., restricted to carious lesions with cavitation. Some studies indicate greater prevalence of proximal carious lesions in obese adolescents compared with those with normal weight. Salivary changes, such as the concentrations of phosphate, sialic acid, proteins and immunoglobulins and in peroxidase activity could explain the increased probability of obese children presenting greater risk of dental caries. Thus, it is important to consider the contribution of salivary parameters in caries experience of overweight children and adolescents and the implementation of preventive measures in this population.
The New Genetics and Natural versus Artificial Genetic Modification
Authors: Ho Mae-Wan
Published: November 2013

The original rationale and impetus for artificial genetic modification was the “central dogma” of molecular biology that assumed DNA carries all the instructions for making an organism, which are transmitted via RNA to protein to biological function in linear causal chains. This is contrary to the reality of the “fluid genome” that has emerged since the mid-1970s. In order to survive, the organism needs to engage in natural genetic modification in real time, an exquisitely precise molecular dance of life with RNA and DNA responding to and participating in “downstream” biological functions. Artificial genetic modification, in contrast, is crude, imprecise, and interferes with the natural process. It drives natural systems towards maximum biosemiotic entropy as the perturbations are propagated and amplified through the complex cascades of interactions between subsystems that are essential for health and longevity.
Stochasticity: A Feature for the Structuring of Large and Heterogeneous Image Databases
Authors: Atto Abdourrahmane , Berthoumieu Yannick , Mégret Rémi
Published: November 2013

The paper addresses image feature characterization and the structuring of large and heterogeneous image databases through the stochasticity or randomness appearance. Measuring stochasticity involves finding suitable representations that can significantly reduce statistical dependencies of any order. Wavelet packet representations provide such a framework for a large class of stochastic processes through an appropriate dictionary of parametric models. From this dictionary and the Kolmogorov stochasticity index, the paper proposes semantic stochasticity templates upon wavelet packet sub-bands in order to provide high level classification and content-based image retrieval. The approach is shown to be relevant for texture images.
Corn Stover and Wheat Straw Combustion in a 176-kW Boiler Adapted for Round Bales
Authors: Morissette René , Savoie Philippe , Villeneuve Joey
Published: November 2013

Combustion trials were conducted with corn stover (CS) and wheat straw (WS) round bales in a 176-kW boiler (model Farm 2000). Hot water (80 °C) stored in a 30,000-L water tank was transferred to a turkey barn through a plate exchanger. Gross calorific value measured in the laboratory was 17.0 and 18.9 MJ/kg DM (dry matter) for CS and WS, respectively. Twelve bales of CS (1974 kg DM total, moisture content of 13.6%) were burned over a 52-h period and produced 9.2% ash. Average emissions of CO, NOx and SO2 were 2725, 9.8 and 2.1 mg/m3, respectively. Thermal efficiency was 40.8%. For WS, six bales (940 kg DM total, MC of 15%) were burned over a 28-h period and produced 2.6% ash. Average emissions of CO, NOx and SO2 were 2210, 40.4 and 3.7 mg/m3, respectively. Thermal efficiency was 68.0%. A validation combustion trial performed a year later with 90 CS bales confirmed good heating performance and the potential to lower ash content (6.2% average).
Simulation Models for Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: A Systematic Review
Authors: Speybroeck Niko , Van Malderen Carine , Harper Sam , Müller Birgit , Devleesschauwer Brecht
Published: November 2013

Background: The emergence and evolution of socioeconomic inequalities in health involves multiple factors interacting with each other at different levels. Simulation models are suitable for studying such complex and dynamic systems and have the ability to test the impact of policy interventions in silico. Objective: To explore how simulation models were used in the field of socioeconomic inequalities in health. Methods: An electronic search of studies assessing socioeconomic inequalities in health using a simulation model was conducted. Characteristics of the simulation models were extracted and distinct simulation approaches were identified. As an illustration, a simple agent-based model of the emergence of socioeconomic differences in alcohol abuse was developed. Results: We found 61 studies published between 1989 and 2013. Ten different simulation approaches were identified. The agent-based model illustration showed that multilevel, reciprocal and indirect effects of social determinants on health can be modeled flexibly. Discussion and Conclusions: Based on the review, we discuss the utility of using simulation models for studying health inequalities, and refer to good modeling practices for developing such models. The review and the simulation model example suggest that the use of simulation models may enhance the understanding and debate about existing and new socioeconomic inequalities of health frameworks.
Grooming Behavior as a Mechanism of Insect Disease Defense
Authors: Zhukovskaya Marianna , Yanagawa Aya , Forschler Brian
Published: November 2013

Grooming is a well-recognized, multipurpose, behavior in arthropods and vertebrates. In this paper, we review the literature to highlight the physical function, neurophysiological mechanisms, and role that grooming plays in insect defense against pathogenic infection. The intricate relationships between the physical, neurological and immunological mechanisms of grooming are discussed to illustrate the importance of this behavior when examining the ecology of insect-pathogen interactions.
Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Exotic Invasive Insect Pests in Northeastern Forests of the USA
Authors: Gouli Vladimir , Gouli Svetlana , Marcelino José , Skinner Margaret , Parker Bruce
Published: November 2013

Mycopathogens of economically important exotic invasive insects in forests of northeastern USA have been the subject of research at the Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, for the last 20 years. Elongate hemlock scale, European fruit lecanium, hemlock woolly adelgid and pear thrips were analyzed for the presence of mycopathogens, in order to consider the potential for managing these pests with biological control. Fungal cultures isolated from insects with signs of fungal infection were identified based on morphological characters and DNA profiling. Mycopathogens recovered from infected insects were subdivided into three groups, i.e., specialized entomopathogenic; facultative entomopathogens; ubiquitous opportunistic contaminants. Epizootics were caused by fungi in the specialized group with the exception of M. microspora, P. marquandii and I. farinosa. Inoculation of insects in laboratory and field conditions with B. bassiana, L. muscarium and Myriangium sp. caused insect mortality of 45 to 95%. Although pest populations in the field seemed severely compromised after treatment, the remnant populations re-established themselves after the winter. Although capable of inducing high mortality, a single localized aerial application of a soil-dwelling fungus does not maintain long-time suppression of pests. However, it can halt their range expansion and maintain populations below the economic threshold level without the use of expensive insecticides which have a negative impact on the environment.
Synthesis and Anti-TMV Activity of Dialkyl/dibenzyl 2-((6-Substituted-benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)(benzofuran-2-yl)methyl) Malonates
Authors: Xiao Han , Zheng Pengcheng , Tang Chenghao , Xie Ying , Wu Fang , Song Jie , Zhao Jun , Li Zhining , Li Meichuan
Published: November 2013

Starting from benzofuran-2-methanal, 6-substituted benzothiazole-2-amines and malonic esters, sixteen title compounds were designed and synthesized seeking to introduce anti-TMV activity. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR spectra, and MS (HREI) analysis. The bioassays identified some of these new compounds as having moderate to good anti-TMV activity. The compounds 5i and 5m have good antiviral activity against TMV with a curative rate of 52.23% and 54.41%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL.