bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multivariate analysis applied to particle‐induced X‐ray emission mapping
Authors: F. Silva Tiago , F. Trindade Gustavo , A. Rizzutto Marcia
Published: June 2018

The use of particle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) for elemental speciation and quantification has gained new attention thanks to mapping capabilities. Microprobes are able to raster a proton beam and produce elemental maps on the micrometre scale. Moreover, recent developments of in‐air PIXE instrumentation have enabled the acquisition of large area elemental maps. However, the amount of data produced is very large, and the data processing is not trivial. In this paper, we propose the use of multivariate analysis to process data of PIXE mapping. First, we apply the non‐negative matrix factorization (NMF), which is a nonsupervised machine‐learning algorithm, to decompose the data into a smaller number of components; then, we use the k‐means algorithm to divide the pixels into categories regarding similarities in the NMF results; finally, we sum the spectra of all pixels in the same category so that the results can be analyzed by standard procedures for PIXE quantification. This last step is important to enable the quantification of the elements found in each component by correctly accounting for matrix self‐absorptions. With the procedure described in this paper, not just, we reduced the number of variables, facilitating the reasoning process on the data by employing the multivariate analysis, but we also increased the counting statistics by summing similar pixels leading to better results concerning the quantification of trace elements. We also propose methods for both, the automatic determination of the optimal number of components to describe the dataset, and for the combined analysis of multiple detectors.
Long-term effect of Rayleigh–Taylor stabilization on converging Richtmyer–Meshkov instability
Authors: Luo Xisheng , Zhang Fu , Ding Juchun , Si Ting , Yang Jiming , Zhai Zhigang , Wen Chih-yung
Published: June 2018

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability on a three-dimensional single-mode light/heavy interface is experimentally studied in a converging shock tube. The converging shock tube has a slender test section so that the non-uniform feature of the shocked flow is amply exhibited in a long testing time. A deceleration phenomenon is evident in the unperturbed interface subjected to a converging shock. The single-mode interface presents three-dimensional characteristics because of its minimum surface feature, which leads to the stratified evolution of the shocked interface. For the symmetry interface, it is quantitatively found that the perturbation amplitude experiences a rapid growth to a maximum value after shock compression and finally drops quickly before the reshock. This quick reduction of the interface amplitude is ascribed to a significant Rayleigh–Taylor stabilization effect caused by the deceleration of the light/heavy interface. The long-term effect of the Rayleigh–Taylor stabilization even leads to a phase inversion on the interface before the reshock when the initial interface has sufficiently small perturbations. It is also found that the amplitude growth is strongly suppressed by the three-dimensional effect, which facilitates the occurrence of the phase inversion.
Flow reversals in two-dimensional thermal convection in tilted cells
Authors: Wang Qi , Xia Shu-Ning , Wang Bo-Fu , Sun De-Jun , Zhou Quan , Wan Zhen-Hua
Published: June 2018

The influence of tilt on flow reversals in two-dimensional thermal convection in rectangular cells with two typical aspect ratios,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}=\text{width/height}=1$and 2, are investigated by means of direct numerical simulations. For$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}=1$, tilt tends to suppress flow reversals. However, it is found that flow reversals characterized by two main rolls are promoted by tilt for$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}=2$, which are even observed for some cases of small Prandtl numbers ($Pr$) and large tilt angles ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$). Different from level cases where the four corner rolls all have opportunities to grow and trigger a flow reversal, the reversals in an anticlockwise tilted cell with$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}=2$are always led by the growth of the bottom-right or the top-left corner roll. Tilt is favourable for the growth of the bottom-right or the top-left corner roll and thus for breaking the balance between the two main rolls and triggering a flow reversal. The mode decomposition analysis shows that the appearance of the intermediate single-roll mode is crucial for reversals, and flow reversals in a tilted cell with$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}=2$can be viewed as a mode competition process between single-roll mode and horizontally adjacent double-roll mode. They can only occur in a limited range of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$where the two modes have comparable strength. Furthermore, the Nusselt numbers at the hot plate$Nu_{h}$and at the cold plate$Nu_{c}$behave differently during a flow reversal for$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}=2$due to the preference of single corner roll growth.
Challenges and Opportunities in International Partnerships in Rehabilitation Counselling: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Lor Na , Tu Wei-Mo , Rosenthal David , Wang Chen
Published: June 2018

We provide a comparative case study of rehabilitation counselling across the U.S., Japan and Taiwan focusing on the common challenges facing international constituents in the field. Through interviews with students, faculty and administrators from each of the respective countries, we use thematic coding analysis to identify key points of tension. Emergent themes comprise (a) systemic challenges, (b) student and faculty mobility, (c) cultural and linguistic differences and (d) lack of sustainable international leadership. We further discuss mitigation of these recurrent challenges and conclude collaborative research, student exchange and institutional partnerships may advance teaching, research and service scholarship of rehabilitation counselling programs, and, in turn, enhance the lives of people with chronic illness and disability worldwide.
Central force fields and Kepler's laws
Authors: Blanco Luis , García-García María , Gutíerrez Joaquín , Rios Andrea
Published: June 2018

In this survey we give very simple proofs of Kepler's Laws and other facts about central force fields using only Newton's second law, Newton's law of universal gravitation, basic notions of vector calculus, and an elementary double integral.

Hopefully, this article will help undergraduate students of mathematics and engineering who wish to understand these fundamental scientific discoveries.

In many textbooks (see, for instance, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]), Kepler's Laws are obtained using conservation of energy and angular momentum, differential equations, mobile reference systems, or notions not so well-defined such as differentials or ‘infinitesimal elements’. Some of the arguments appear to be rather involved if one is not accustomed to them, whereas the proof of Kepler's Laws may actually be obtained from quite simple facts.
Sinonasal papilloma: what influences the decision to request a magnetic resonance imaging scan?
Authors: Kasbekar A V , Swords C , Attlmayr B , Kulkarni T , Swift A C
Published: June 2018

Background

Computed tomography is the standard pre-operative imaging modality for sinonasal papilloma. The complementary use of magnetic resonance imaging as an additional investigation is debated. This study aimed to establish whether magnetic resonance imaging can accurately detect tumour extent and is a useful adjunct to computed tomography.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted on 19 patients with sinonasal papilloma. The interpretation of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans, by three clinicians, was conducted by comparing prediction of tumour extent. The perceived necessity of magnetic resonance imaging was compared between clinicians.

Results

The addition of magnetic resonance imaging improved accuracy of pre-operative interpretation; specifically, this finding was significant in cases with frontal sinus involvement. Surgeons were more likely than a radiologist to request magnetic resonance imaging, particularly when computed tomography indicated frontal sinus disease.

Conclusion

Pre-operative combined magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography helped predict disease in the frontal sinus better than computed tomography alone. A close working relationship between the ENT and radiology departments is important for accurate tumour localisation.
Corruption and Factionalism in Contemporary Punjab: An ethnographic account from rural Malwa
Authors: MARTIN NICOLAS
Published: June 2018

Over the length of its current tenure, Punjab's Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) has sought to become more a socially inclusive party, more responsive to popular demands, and even to improve service delivery and eradicate corruption. However, despite these lofty goals, it has also presided over what people refer to as ‘goonda raj’—a rule of thugs—and has managed to alienate large sections of the population and, in the process, fuelled the rise of the anti-corruption Aam Admi Party in the state. In this article, based on ethnographic fieldwork in rural Malwa, I attempt to shed light on the roots of this contradiction. Is it simply the case, as ordinary people allege, that the SAD's claims are empty and that its members are merely interested in looting the state? Or, alternatively, is it the case that the party merely operates in accordance with Punjab's allegedly time-honoured tradition of rival factions competing to appropriate the spoils of power? I suggest instead that much of the corruption and violence observable at the village level in Punjab has its roots in the antagonistic relationship between the Congress Party and the Shiromani Akali Dal. It is this antagonism that appears to fuel the SAD's highly partisan form of government, and it is partisan government that appears to fuel the corruption and the village-level factional conflict that is documented in this article.
Whose Public, Whose Authority? Reflections on the moral force of violence
Authors: HANSEN THOMAS BLOM
Published: June 2018

In this Afterword I argue that public authority in South Asia is produced in a dynamic interplay between ever-more segmented publics and the ubiquity of highly performative violence. Drawing on Indian examples, I suggest that the success of vernacular publics in producing a sense of cultural intimacy within language communities in turn has prompted a new segmentation of publics. This has occurred along lines of caste and community, defined by social experience and symbols, rather than language as such. The concomitant routinization of violence in public life—whether as physical destruction of public property, attacks on other communities, or as symbolic elevations of victims of violence to the status of martyrs—indicate that today valorization and experiences of violence, however incommensurable, have emerged as a universal medium, or general equivalent, in public and political life in India.
Modulation of orbitofrontal-striatal reward activity by dopaminergic functional polymorphisms contributes to a predisposition to alcohol misuse in early adolescence
Authors: Baker Travis E. , Castellanos-Ryan Natalie , Schumann Gunter , Cattrell Anna , Flor Herta , Nees Frauke , Banaschewski Tobias , Bokde Arun , Whelan Rob , Buechel Christian , Bromberg Uli , Papadopoulos Orfanos Dimitri , Gallinat Juergen , Garavan Hugh , Heinz Andreas , Walter Henrik , Brühl Rüdiger , Gowland Penny , Paus Tomáš , Poustka Luise , Martinot Jean-Luc , Lemaitre Herve , Artiges Eric , Paillère Martinot Marie-Laure , Smolka Michael N. , Conrod Patricia ,   the IMAGEN consortium
Published: June 2018

Background

Abnormalities in reward circuit function are considered a core feature of addiction. Yet, it is still largely unknown whether these abnormalities stem from chronic drug use, a genetic predisposition, or both.

Methods

In the present study, we investigated this issue using a large sample of adolescent children by applying structural equation modeling to examine the effects of several dopaminergic polymorphisms of the D1 and D2 receptor type on the reward function of the ventral striatum (VS) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC), and whether this relationship predicted the propensity to engage in early alcohol misuse behaviors at 14 years of age and again at 16 years of age.

Results

The results demonstrated a regional specificity with which the functional polymorphism rs686 of the D1 dopamine receptor (DRD1) gene and Taq1A of the ANKK1 gene influenced medial and lateral OFC activation during reward anticipation, respectively. Importantly, our path model revealed a significant indirect relationship between the rs686 of the DRD1 gene and early onset of alcohol misuse through a medial OFC × VS interaction.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the role of D1 and D2 in adjusting reward-related activations within the mesocorticolimbic circuitry, as well as in the susceptibility to early onset of alcohol misuse.
Major depression impairs incentive processing: evidence from the heart and the face
Authors: Franzen Jessica , Brinkmann Kerstin , Gendolla Guido H. E. , Sentissi Othman
Published: June 2018

Background

The present study tested the hypothesis of a differential pattern of reward and punishment responsiveness in depression measuring effort mobilization during anticipation and facial expressions during consumption.

Methods

Twenty patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 20 control participants worked on a memory task under neutral, reward, and punishment instructions. Effort mobilization was operationalized as cardiovascular reactivity, while facial expressions were measured by facial electromyographic reactivity. Self-report measures for each phase complemented this multi-method approach.

Results

During anticipation, MDD patients showed weaker cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) reactivity to reward and blunted self-reported wanting, but weaker PEP reactivity to punishment and unchanged self-reported avoidance motivation. During consumption, MDD patients showed reduced zygomaticus major muscle reactivity to reward and blunted self-reported liking, but unchanged corrugator supercilii muscle reactivity to punishment and unchanged self-reported disliking.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate reduced effort mobilization during reward and punishment anticipation in depression. Moreover, they show reduced facial expressions during reward consumption and unchanged facial expressions during punishment consumption in depression.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HTAsiaLINK NETWORK AND ITS KEY DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESS
Authors: Teerawattananon Yot , Luz Karlena , Yothasmutra Chalarntorn , Pwu Raoh-Fang , Ahn Jeonghoon , Shafie Asrul Akmal , Chalkidou Kalipso , Tantivess Sripen , Santatiwongchai Benjarin , Rattanavipapong Waranya , Dabak Saudamini
Published: June 2018

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to describe the historical development of the HTAsiaLink network, draw lessons for other similar initiatives globally, and to analyze key determinants of its success and challenges for its future development.

Methods:

This study is based on the collective and direct experiences of the founding members of the HTAsiaLink Network. Data were collected from presentations they made at various international forums and additional information was reviewed. Data analysis was done using the framework developed by San Martin-Rodriguez et al.

Results and Conclusions:

HTAsiaLink is a network of health technology assessment (HTA) agencies in Asia established in 2011 with the aim of strengthening individual and institutional HTA capacity, reducing duplication and optimizing resources, transfer and sharing of HTA-related lessons among members, and beyond. During its 6 years, the network has expanded, initiating several capacity building activities and joint-research projects, raising awareness of the importance of HTA within the region and beyond, and gaining global recognition while establishing relationships with other global networks. The study identifies the determinants of success of the collaboration. The systemic factors include the favorable outlook toward HTA as an approach for healthcare priority setting in countries with UHC mandates. On organizational factors, the number of newly established HTA agencies in the region with similar needs for capacity building and peer-to-peer support was catalytic for the network development. The interactional aspects include ownership, trust, and team spirit among network members. The network, however, faces challenges notably, financial sustainability and management of the expanded network.
Implicit Mental Motor Imagery Task Demonstrates a Distortion of the Body Schema in Patients With Eating Disorders
Authors: Purcell Juliann B. , Winter Samantha R. , Breslin Caitlin M. , White Nicole C. , Lowe Michael R. , Branch Coslett H.
Published: June 2018

Objectives: A rich body of literature has established the role of body image distortion and dissatisfaction in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. However, many of the currently used techniques require explicit comparison of the person’s body to an external stimulus. As the body schema is a largely unconscious construct, explicit comparison tasks may reflect a proxy, rather than the body schema itself. Methods: Here we use an implicit mental motor imagery (MMI) task to interrogate the body schema in healthy control participants (N=40) and participants at a residential eating disorder treatment center (N=42). By comparing the time it takes to imagine making a movement along a part of the body to the time it takes to actually make the same movement, we were able to assess participants’ mental image of their body (i.e., body schema). Results: We found that participants with eating disorders, but not healthy controls, exhibited distortions of the body schema such that they believed their abdomen, buttocks, and thighs to be larger than they really are. Additionally, the MMI task used here provided information above and beyond traditional self-report measures (i.e., Body Shape Questionnaire). Together the MMI task and traditional measures provide the most information. Conclusions: Findings using the novel MMI task are in line with the literature; participants with eating disorders consider themselves to be larger than they truly are. Taken together, results of this study suggest that MMI tasks provide complementary information to traditional self-report measures. (JINS, 2018, 22, 000–000)
ON PSEUDO-EHRESMANN SEMIGROUPS
Authors: WANG SHOUFENG
Published: June 2018

As generalizations of inverse semigroups, Ehresmann semigroups are introduced by Lawson and investigated by many authors extensively in the literature. In particular, Lawson has proved that the category of Ehresmann semigroups and admissible morphisms is isomorphic to the category of Ehresmann categories and strongly ordered functors, which generalizes the well-known Ehresmann–Schein–Nambooripad (ESN) theorem for inverse semigroups. From a varietal perspective, Ehresmann semigroups are derived from reducts of inverse semigroups. In this paper, inspired by the approach of Jones [‘A common framework for restriction semigroups and regular $\ast$-semigroups’, J. Pure Appl. Algebra216 (2012), 618–632], Ehresmann semigroups are extended from a varietal perspective to pseudo-Ehresmann semigroups derived instead from reducts of regular semigroups with a multiplicative inverse transversal. Furthermore, motivated by the method used by Gould and Wang [‘Beyond orthodox semigroups’, J. Algebra368 (2012), 209–230], we introduce the notion of inductive pseudocategories over admissible quadruples by which pseudo-Ehresmann semigroups are described. More precisely, we show that the category of pseudo-Ehresmann semigroups and (2,1,1,1)-morphisms is isomorphic to the category of inductive pseudocategories over admissible quadruples and pseudofunctors. Our work not only generalizes the result of Lawson for Ehresmann semigroups but also produces a new approach to characterize regular semigroups with a multiplicative inverse transversal.
Persönlichkeitsdiagnostik in der Online-Psychotherapieforschung
Authors: Tibubos Ana N. , Zwerenz Rüdiger , Brähler Elmar , Beutel Manfred E.
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Zunehmend wächst das Angebot evidenzbasierter psychotherapeutischer Online-Interventionen. Dies wirft die Frage auf, ob bestimmte Persönlichkeitsmerkmale Nutzung und Erfolg von onlinebasierten Interventionen beeinflussen. Erste Befunde liefern Hinweise, dass sich breite (z.B. Offenheit für neue Erfahrungen, Gewissenhaftigkeit) sowie spezifische Traits (z.B. Einstellung zu psychotherapeutischen Online-Interventionen) als relevante Prädiktoren erwiesen. Trotz der bislang limitierten Datenlage für differentielle Effekte bei klinischen Stichproben stellen Persönlichkeitsmerkmale für die vielen möglichen Varianten der Online-Psychotherapie bei verschiedenen Störungsbildern eine wichtige Grundlage für effektive, maßgeschneiderte Interventionen dar. Aus methodischer Sicht kann durch Einsatz multimodaler Diagnostik und Aggregation verschiedener Datenquellen, die in der Online-Psychotherapieforschung leicht umsetzbar sind, eine zuverlässige und valide Erfassung der Persönlichkeit und ihrer Facetten ermöglicht werden.
Essstörungssymptome und Persönlichkeit: Implikationen für die Diagnostik aus einer Netzwerkperspektive
Authors: Herzberg Philipp Yorck , Wildfang Swetlana
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Rolle von Persönlichkeitseigenschaften für die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Essstörungen sowie der Einfluss auf den Therapieerfolg sind für einige Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (z.B. Neurotizismus) empirisch gesichert. Für andere Persönlichkeitseigenschaften ergibt sich kein einheitliches Bild von Zusammenhängen zu Essstörungssymptomen bzw. Persönlichkeitsunterschieden zwischen Personen mit und ohne einer Diagnose Essstörung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Zusammenhänge von globalen (Big Five) und spezifischen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen (z.B. Selbstwertgefühls) und Einstellungen zu typischen psychopathologischen Symptomen von Patienten mit Anorexia nervosa (AN) und Bulimia nervosa (BN). Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Untersuchungsansätzen zu dieser Fragestellung werden die Zusammenhänge aus einer Netzwerkperspektive untersucht, die die Zentralität der Untersuchungsvariablen und deren Assoziationen in den Fokus rückt. Der Vergleich der Netzwerke von AN und BN Patienten zeigt, das Persönlichkeitsmerkmale für beide Patientengruppen generell relevant sind, es aber Unterschiede in den Netzwerkverbindungen gibt. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für die diagnostische Erfassung globaler und spezifischer Persönlichkeitsmerkmale bei Patienten mit AN und BN.
Structural role of ZrO2 and its impact on properties of boroaluminosilicate nuclear waste glasses
Authors: Lu Xiaonan , Deng Lu , Kerisit Sebastien , Du Jincheng
Published: June 2018

Addition of zirconia (ZrO2) to nuclear waste glasses, even in small amount, significantly affects physical properties such as chemical durability, density, viscosity, and glass transition temperature. Hence ZrO2 plays an important role in the development of nuclear waste glass compositions. It was found recently that addition of zirconia decreases the initial dissolution rate but increases long-term dissolution by changing the protective properties such as porosity of alteration layers. In this study, the International Simple Glass (ISG) with different amounts of ZrO2/SiO2 substitution was simulated using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and recently developed composition-dependent potential sets. Local structural descriptors such as bond distances, bond angle distributions, and coordination numbers were systematically studied and compared with experimental values. Zr K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra were also calculated and compared with experiment to resolve the local coordination environment around Zr. Medium-range structural information (e.g., Qn distribution, network connectivity, and ring-size distribution) showed that ZrO2/SiO2 substitution increases the overall network connectivity and the amount of smaller sized rings, which will decrease the initial dissolution rate by strengthening the glass network and limiting water diffusivity. Finally, diffusion and dynamic properties of the ions were studied and discussed to develop a better understanding of the chemical durability of these glasses.
Systematic analysis of biological roles of charged amino acid residues located throughout the structured inner wall of a virus capsid
Authors: Carrillo Pablo J. P. , Hervás Marta , Rodríguez-Huete Alicia , Pérez Rebeca , Mateu Mauricio G.
Published: June 2018

Structure-based mutational analysis of viruses is providing many insights into the relationship between structure and biological function of macromolecular complexes. We have systematically investigated the individual biological roles of charged residues located throughout the structured capsid inner wall (outside disordered peptide segments) of a model spherical virus, the minute virus of mice (MVM). The functional effects of point mutations that altered the electrical charge at 16 different positions at the capsid inner wall were analyzed. The results revealed that MVM capsid self-assembly is rather tolerant to point mutations that alter the number and distribution of charged residues at the capsid inner wall. However, mutations that either increased or decreased the number of positive charges around capsid-bound DNA segments reduced the thermal resistance of the virion. Moreover, mutations that either removed or changed the positions of negatively charged carboxylates in rings of acidic residues around capsid pores were deleterious by precluding a capsid conformational transition associated to through-pore translocation events. The results suggest that number, distribution and specific position of electrically charged residues across the inner wall of a spherical virus may have been selected through evolution as a compromise between several different biological requirements.
Improving biomass and starch accumulation of bioenergy crop duckweed (Landoltia punctata) by abscisic acid application
Authors: Liu Yang , Chen Xiaoyi , Wang Xinhui , Fang Yang , Huang Mengjun , Guo Ling , Zhang Yin , Zhao Hai
Published: June 2018

Duckweed is a valuable feedstock for bioethanol production due to its high biomass and starch accumulation. In our preliminary experiment, we found that abscisic acid (ABA) could simultaneously increase starch and biomass accumulation of duckweed, but the mechanisms are still unclear. The results showed that the biomass production of duckweed reached up to 59.70 and 63.93 g m−2 in 6 days, respectively, with an increase of 7% (P < 0.05) compared to the control. The starch percentage increased from 2.29% up to 46.18% after 14 days of treatment, with a total of starch level 2.6-fold higher than that of the control. Moreover, the level of endogenous ABA, zeatin-riboside (ZR) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased, while gibberellins (GAs) decreased. Notably, ABA content in treated samples reached 336.5 mg/kg (fresh weight), which was 7.5-fold greater than that of the control. Importantly, the enzyme activities involved in starch biosynthesis increased while those catalyzing starch degradation decreased after ABA application. Taken together, these results indicated that ABA can promote biomass and starch accumulation by regulating endogenous hormone levels and the activity of starch metabolism related key enzymes. These results will provide an operable method for high starch accumulation in duckweed for biofuels production.
Intensified Downstream Processing in Biofuels Production
Authors: Kiss Anton A. , Bîldea Costin Sorin
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents intensified downstream processing options in the production of the major biofuels, such as: biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, and dimethyl ether. Several process intensification technologies can be used to increase the eco-efficiency of the current processes, with the benefit of lower capital costs, substantial energy saving, reduced footprint, and safety by design. The main topics covered here include: reactive distillation, dividing-wall column, reactive dividing-wall column, catalytic cyclic distillation, and heat pump assisted extractive distillation.
Liquid–Liquid Extraction in Processing of Bioproducts
Authors: de Haan André B. , Birajdar Snehal D.
Published: June 2018

Different approaches that could be used for process intensification in liquid–liquid extraction and their wide applications in bio-based and chemical processes are described. An approach for process intensification in liquid–liquid extraction could be the use of new materials in the solvent system instead of the conventional organic solvents. These new materials include ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, polymers, modifiers, and supramolecular structures etc. that increase the extraction capability of the solvent system. The most known approach for process intensification is the development of novel extractors such as micromixers, microchannels, membrane extractors etc. that bring more effective and efficient extraction of products than the traditional extractors. Another approach is the use of external force such as ultrasound, microwave, centrifugal and electric field as a means of process intensification by increasing the extraction efficiency and selectivity in solvent extraction processes. Integration and hybrid separation methods also bring process intensification by means of combined operations, reduced energy consumption and capital investment. These methods include extractive fermentation, reactive extraction, extractive distillation, membrane extraction etc. All the above mentioned process intensification strategies are applied in liquid–liquid extraction of bio-based products, such as fermentation-based products, biofuels and platform chemicals, and significant improvements in extraction performance can be achieved.
Green Fuels and Fuel Additives Production in Simulated Moving Bed Reactors
Authors: Faria R. P. V. , Graça N. S. , Rodrigues A. E.
Published: June 2018

By simultaneously integrating separation and reaction in a single device, the Simulated Moving Bed Reactor (SMBR) is a paradigmatic representation of the so-called multifunctional reactors, which are one of the most relevant Process Intensification strategies. In this chapter, the complex operating mode of this technology will be addressed in detail, explaining the contribution of all the phenomena occurring throughout the unit. This knowledge will set the basis for the development of effective design methodologies and mathematical models for the optimization and description of the SMBR dynamic behavior of the process. The increasing interest in reactive-separation technologies in bioprocessing has led to the implementation of SMBR processes to produce biodiesel, additives and blending agents such as 1,1-diethoxyethane, 1,1-diethoxybutane and glycerol ethyl acetal. The use of bio-derived reactants, such as ethanol to produce 1,1-diethoxyethane and 1,1-diethoxybutane, and the valorization of glycerol, obtained as a by-product from biodiesel manufacture, through the production of glycerol ethyl acetal, also represents a good approach in terms of the development of more efficient, environmentally-friendly and sustainable processes.
Intensified Production of Recombinant Proteins
Authors: Baur Daniel , Morbidelli Massimo
Published: June 2018

Recent advances in the production of recombinant proteins have led to significant process improvements. In this chapter, novel techniques involving continuous or semi-continuous steady state upstream and downstream processing are described. In the upstream part, continuous perfusion bioreactors enable large reductions in reactor volumes and increases in product quality by assuring steady state operations. In the downstream part, countercurrent chromatographic processes for both capture and polishing increase separation yield and product, and allow for faster and more efficient processing of the proteins. Together, these developments significantly increase the yield of protein production, as well as reduce the footprint of the entire process.
Microwave-enhanced Extraction of Natural and Food Products: from Academia to Innovative and Large-scale Applications
Authors: Turk Mohammad , Perino Sandrine , Petitcolas Emmanuel , Chemat Farid
Published: June 2018

In recent years, microwave-assisted extraction has been rapidly developed as a widely-used innovative technique of high efficiency, which allows high yields and purity of compounds of interest to be obtained from appropriate plants in shorter time comparable to conventional techniques. This chapter presents a panorama of current knowledge on microwave-assisted extractions of antioxidants, flavors, fragrances, natural colors, fats, and oils. It provides the necessary theoretical background and some details about microwave processing. All the reported microwave-assisted extraction related techniques and applications have shown that microwave-assisted extraction can be considered as an alternative to conventional extraction techniques with the advantages of reduced extraction times, energy- and solvent-consumption. Moreover, all of this successful laboratory-scale research has led to industrial-scale application in some pioneering companies.
Small molecule activation with divalent samarium triflate: a synergistic effort to cleave O2
Authors: Xémard Mathieu , Cordier Marie , Louyriac Elisa , Maron Laurent , Clavaguéra Carine , Nocton Grégory
Published: June 2018

The reaction of divalent samarium triflate with O2 leads to the entire reductive cleavage of O2, highlighting a synergistic effort since four electrons, and therefore four samarium centers, are necessary.
Progress in the synthesis of fluorinated phosphatidylcholines for biological applications
Authors: Gagnon Marie-Claude , Auger Michèle , Paquin Jean-François
Published: June 2018

Fluorinated phospholipids have attracted a lot of interest over the past 40 years. While mono- and polyfluorinated analogs are mostly designed to be used as19F NMR probes, highly fluorinated phospholipids are mainly developed as drug delivery devices and oxygen carriers. This review describes their synthetic pathways, their properties and potential applications.
Metal-free C(sp3)–H bond sulfonyloxylation of 2-alkylpyridines and alkylnitrones
Authors: Wang Chang-Sheng , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Soulé Jean-François
Published: June 2018

Direct transformation of an inert C(sp3)–H bond of 2-alkylpyridines and nitrones into a C–OSO2R bond has been described.
Plasma source and loss at comet 67P during the Rosetta mission
Authors: Heritier K. L. , Galand M. , Henri P. , Johansson F. L. , Beth A. , Eriksson A. I. , Vallières X. , Altwegg K. , Burch J. L. , Carr C. , Ducrot E. , Hajra R. , Rubin M.
Published: June 2018

Context.The Rosetta spacecraft provided us with a unique opportunity to study comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) from a close perspective and over a 2-yr time period. Comet 67P is a weakly active comet. It was therefore unexpected to find an active and dynamic ionosphere where the cometary ions were largely dominant over the solar wind ions, even at large heliocentric distances.

Aims.Our goal is to understand the different drivers of the cometary ionosphere and assess their variability over time and over the different conditions encountered by the comet during the Rosetta mission.

Methods.We used a multi-instrument data-based ionospheric model to compute the total ion number density at the position of Rosetta. In-situ measurements from the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) and the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC)–Ion and Electron Sensor (IES), together with the RPC–LAngmuir Probe instrument (LAP) were used to compute the local ion total number density. The results are compared to the electron densities measured by RPC–Mutual Impedance Probe (MIP) and RPC–LAP.

Results.We were able to disentangle the physical processes responsible for the formation of the cometary ions throughout the 2-yr escort phase and we evaluated their respective magnitudes. The main processes are photo-ionization and electron-impact ionization. The latter is a significant source of ionization at large heliocentric distance (>2 au) and was predominant during the last 4 months of the mission. The ionosphere was occasionally subject to singular solar events, temporarily increasing the ambient energetic electron population. Solar photons were the main ionizer near perihelion at 1.3 au from the Sun, during summer 2015.
Ongoing astrometric microlensing events of two nearby stars
Authors: Klüter J. , Bastian U. , Demleitner M. , Wambsganss J.
Published: June 2018

Context. Astrometric microlensing is an excellent tool to determine the mass of stellar objects. By measuring the astrometric shift of a background source star in combination with precise predictions of its unlensed position and of the lens position, gravitational lensing allows to one determine the mass of the lensing star with a precision of 1%, independently of any prior knowledge.

Aims. Making use of the recently published Gaia Data Release 2 (Gaia DR2) we predict astrometric microlensing events by fore-ground stars of high proper motion passing by a background star in the coming years.

Methods. We compile a list of approximately 148 000 high-proper-motion stars within Gaia DR2 with µtot > 150 mas yr−1. We then search for background stars close to their paths and calculate the dates and separations of the closest approaches. Using color and absolute magnitude, we determine approximate masses of the lenses. Finally, we calculate the expected astrometric shifts and magnifications of the predicted events.

Results. We detect two ongoing microlensing events by the high-proper-motion stars Luyten 143-23 and Ross 322 and predict closest separations of (108.5 ± 1.4) mas in July 2018 and (125.3 ± 3.4) mas in August 2018, respectively. The respective expected astrometric shifts are (1.74 ± 0.12) mas and (0.76 ± 0.06) mas. Furthermore, Luyten 143-23 will pass by another star in March 2021 with a closest separation of (280.1 ± 1.1) mas, which results in an expected shift of (0.69 ± 0.05) mas.
Control of a Boussinesq system of KdV–KdV type on a bounded interval
Authors: Capistrano–Filho Roberto A. , Pazoto Ademir F. , Rosier Lionel
Published: June 2018

We consider a Boussinesq system of KdV–KdV type introduced by J.L. Bona, M. Chen and J.-C. Saut as a model for the motion of small amplitude long waves on the surface of an ideal fluid. This system of two equations can describe the propagation of waves in both directions, while the single KdV equation is limited to unidirectional waves. We are concerned here with the exact controllability of the Boussinesq system by using some boundary controls. By reducing the controllability problem to a spectral problem which is solved by using the Paley–Wiener method introduced by the third author for KdV, we determine explicitly all the critical lengths for which the exact controllability fails for the linearized system, and give a complete picture of the controllability results with one or two boundary controls of Dirichlet or Neumann type. The extension of the exact controllability to the full Boussinesq system is derived in the energy space in the case of a control of Neumann type. It is obtained by incorporating a boundary feedback in the control in order to ensure a global Kato smoothing effect.
Ligation-assisted endoscopic submucosal resection with apical mucosal incision to treat gastric subepithelial tumors originating from the muscularis propria
Authors: Zhang Dingguo , Lin Qiuling , Shi Ruiyue , Wang Lisheng , Yao Jun , Tian Yanhui
Published: June 2018

Background This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety, and feasibility of performing endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device (ESMR-L) after apical mucosal incision (AMI) for the treatment of gastric subepithelial tumors originating from the muscularis propria (SET-MPs).

Methods 14 patients with gastric SET-MPs were treated by ESMR-L with AMI between December 2016 and May 2017. The complete resection rate, operation duration, and postoperative complications were collected. All patients were followed for 2 – 6 months.

Results The complete resection rate was 100 %, the mean tumor size was 10.71 ± 3.45 mm (7 – 18 mm), and the median operative time was 18.5 minutes. Perforation occurred in four patients, with all lesions being completely repaired endoscopically. No delayed bleeding or peritoneal signs were observed. No residual lesions or recurrence were found during the follow-up period.

Conclusions AMI with ESMR-L appears to be an efficient and simple method for the histological diagnosis of gastric SET-MPs, but it carries a high perforation rate and cannot guarantee cure.
Contrast Media Extravasation in CT and MRI – A Literature Review and Strategies for Therapy
Authors: Mandlik Veronika , Prantl Lukas , Schreyer Andreas
Published: June 2018

Background Contrast extravasation events in daily radiological routine may lead to serious complications, especially during CT examinations. The resulting symptoms may vary from local pain up to skin ulcers, necrosis or even acute compartment syndrome.

There are no uniformly accepted radiological guidelines or recommendations regarding detection and treatment of extravasation events and immanent complications in a timely manner.

Method Systematic literature research considering the last 35 years via PubMed using search terms “contrast medium extravasation/paravasation”.

Results In the literature, there are conservative management approaches of contrast media extravasation without major evidence base, such as unguent dressings, cooling or splinting. This therapy is mostly symptomatic. Additionally, various invasive techniques are described. We discuss these techniques in the context of contemporary literature, such as the hyaluronidase Injection into the site of extravasation, suction/aspiration technique including flushing of the affected tissue areas and the squeezing technique. However, most citations lack scientific evidence: many articles include anecdotal enumerations, case studies or cite publications from the era, when ionic high osmolar contrast media was state-of-the-art. Besides, many authors derive their extravasation management from studies, where agents other than contrast media were investigated.

Conclusion After detailed literature review, we suggest early (plastic) surgical consultation when non-ionic, low-osmolar contrast medium extravasation is about 150 cc or more. In case of extravasation less than 150 cc but in presence of additional symptoms such as impaired perfusion or altered sensibility, the (plastic) surgeon should also be consulted instantly. We do not recommend any invasive first line therapy when contrast media extravasation is less than 150 cc and the patient presents no additional symptoms, besides swelling and local pain. Nevertheless continuous monitoring and accurate conservative management such as active cooling and elevation, splinting of the affected extremity are mandatory as early detection of critical symptoms helps to initiate prompt surgical intervention and avoid sequelae.

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Citation Format
Water temperature correlates with baleen whale foraging behaviour at multiple scales in the Antarctic
Authors: Owen Kylie , Jenner K. Curt S. , Jenner Micheline-Nicole M. , McCauley Robert D. , Andrews Russel D.
Published: June 2018

How baleen whales locate prey and how environmental change may influence whale foraging success are not well understood. Baleen whale foraging habitat has largely been described at a population level, yet population responses to change are the result of individual strategies across multiple scales. This study aimed to determine how the foraging behaviour of individual whales varied relative to environmental conditions along their movement path. Biotelemetry devices provided information on humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) movement at two spatial scales in East Antarctica, and a mixed modelling approach was used at a medium scale (tens of kilometres) to determine which environmental factors correlated with a change in foraging behaviour. Water temperature was linked to a change in foraging behaviour at both spatial scales. At the medium scale, warmer water was associated with the resident state, commonly assumed to represent periods of foraging behaviour. However, fine-scale analyses suggested that cooler water was associated with a higher feeding rate. Variation in whale foraging behaviour with changes in water temperature adds support to the hypothesis that whales may be able to track environmental conditions to find prey. Future research should investigate this pattern further, given the predicted rise in water temperatures under climate-change scenarios.
Satisfaction with the country and well-being: future expectations / Satisfacción con el país y bienestar: expectativas acerca del futuro
Authors: Moyano-Díaz Emilio , Palomo-Vélez Gonzalo
Published: June 2018

The role of expected personal well-being in the perception of the improvement (or deterioration) in living conditions and country satisfaction is analysed, as well as the relationship between the latter and life satisfaction and personal happiness. A national sample of N = 10,654 participants was used, collected through probabilistic, stratified, two-stage and cluster sampling. They responded to the Mexican Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares (National Household Spending Survey, ENGASTO), which measures the spending on goods and services, aspects related to satisfaction with life and the country, and expectations of future personal well-being. Correlational analyses show positive associations between perceptions of the country and its expected development on the one hand and participants’ well-being on the other. Expectations of future personal well-being show indirect effects for both the relationship between the perception of improvement (or deterioration) of living conditions and country satisfaction, and the relation between the latter, happiness and life satisfaction.
Ets-1 interacts through a similar binding interface with Ku70 and Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1
Authors: Choul-li Souhaila , Legrand Arnaud J , Bidon Baptiste , Vicogne Dorothée , Villeret Vincent , Aumercier Marc
Published: June 2018

The Ets-1 transcription factor plays an important role in various physiological and pathological processes. These diverse roles of Ets-1 are likely to depend on its interaction proteins. We have previously showed that Ets-1 interacted with DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex including its regulatory subunits, Ku70 and Ku86 and with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). In this study, the binding domains for the interaction between Ets-1 and these proteins were reported. We demonstrated that the interaction of Ets-1 with DNA-PK was mediated through the Ku70 subunit and was mapped to the C-terminal region of Ets-1 and the C-terminal part of Ku70 including SAP domain. The interactive domains between Ets-1 and PARP-1 have been mapped to the C-terminal region of Ets-1 and the BRCA1 carboxy-terminal (BRCT) domain of PARP-1. The results presented in this study may advance our understanding of the functional link between Ets-1 and its interaction partners, DNA-PK and PARP-1.