bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytotherapie bei Demenzsyndrom und leichter kognitiver Störung
Authors: Kraft Karin
Published: July 2024

Aufgrund der angestiegenen Lebenserwartung ist zukünftig ein weiterer Anstieg des jetzt schon sehr häufig auftretenden Demenzsyndroms und seines Vorstadiums, der leichten kognitiven Störung (MCI), sehr wahrscheinlich. In der aktuellen S3-Leitlinie „Demenzen“ wurden die Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie des Demenzsyndroms erheblich überarbeitet und erweitert. Bei leichter bis mittelschwerer Demenz werden wie bisher an 1. Stelle Acetylcholinesterasehemmer (AcH) empfohlen, an 2. Stelle der Ginkgo-biloba-Extrakt EGb 761 in einer Dosis von 240 mg/Tag. Bei MCI empfiehlt die S3-Leitlinie verschiedene nichtpharmakologische Therapiemaßnahmen und rät vom Einsatz von AcH ab. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die in der S3-Leitlinie empfohlenen sowie die nicht erwähnten, aber durch präklinische und klinische Studien unterstützten Therapieoptionen von Ginkgo-biloba-Extrakt bei MCI bzw. leichtem bis mittelschwerem Demenzsyndrom erläutert.
Umgang mit Demenz mit Gewaltfreier Kommunikation
Authors: Peters Christian
Published: July 2024

Eine Demenzerkrankung verändert das Leben der Betroffenen und auch das ihrer Angehörigen. Dieser Erfahrungsbericht zeigt, wie Angehörige ihre Partner mithilfe von Gewaltfreier Kommunikation einfühlsam begleiten können.
Senolytika und Senomorphika im Kampf gegen neurodegenerative Erkrankungen
Authors: Gröber Uwe , Friedrichsen Hans-Peter
Published: July 2024

In der Pathobiochemie von Neurodegeneration und Seneszenz spielen genomische Instabilität, Verkürzung der Telomere, epigenetische Mechanismen sowie reaktive Sauerstoff- und Stickstoffspezies eine zentrale Rolle. Seneszente Zellen sind charakteristisch für die Alterung. Sie regulieren antiapoptotische Signalwege und verhindern so Absterben und Elimination von Zellen mit Läsionen an DNA und Zellorganellen. In der Altersforschung stehen Senolytika im Mittelpunkt, die die Apoptose oder die Lyse seneszenter Zellen induzieren und zudem neuroprotektiv wirken. Das senolytischeFlavonolFisetin kommt in verschiedenen Obst- und Gemüsesorten vor und kann seit 1904 synthetisiert werden. Es schützt Nervenzellen vor Neurotoxizität, Inflammation und apoptotischer Degeneration; die Wirkung muss noch durch weitere Studien belegt werden. Auch Senomorphika wie Metformin werden zur Unterdrückung der Seneszenz eingesetzt.
Posterior Fossa Ependymoma in a Child with Extensive Chondro-Osseous Metaplasia Occurring at Cerebellopontine Angle and Masquerading as a Vestibular Schwannoma: An Exceptionally Rare Clinicopathological Manifestation with Review of Literature
Authors: Malik Shaivy , Samanta Siddhartha Sankar , Kolte Sachin
Published: July 2024

Ependymoma occurring at the cerebellopontine (CP) angle is an extremely uncommon sight and poses diagnostic and management dilemmas to neurosurgeons, radiologists, and neuropathologists alike. Moreover, the presence of extensive chondro-osseous metaplastic elements in ependymomas is an exceptionally infrequent histopathological manifestation. However, due to the seldom-seen nature of this histomorphological feature, there is no definite consensus regarding its etiopathogenesis and clinical consequences, and there is an extreme scarcity of literature elucidating its clinicopathological spectrum and prognostic significance. Herein, we illustrate an intriguing clinical tale of a 7-year-old male child with posterior fossa ependymoma, central nervous system (CNS) World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3, arising at the right CP angle and masquerading as a vestibular schwannoma, which in itself is a rare presentation, and additionally, exhibiting extensive chondro-osseous metaplasia, which is a very uncommon histomorphological observation. To the best of the authors' knowledge and after a comprehensive literature search, the coexistence of these two rare observations has merely been described once in international literature. This case sheds light on and highlights the importance of keeping ependymoma as a possible differential while coming across CP angle space-occupying lesions. They should be diligently distinguished from schwannomas and other masqueraders that typically occur at this site, as they have diverse management and follow-up protocols, with varying prognostic outcomes for the patients. Moreover, this case also unravels and details the clinicopathological characteristics of a scarcely described feature of chondro-osseous metaplasia in ependymomas.
Using Electronic Health Record Mortality Data to Promote Goals-of-Care Discussions in Seriously Ill Transferred Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Mahendraker Neetu , Gutierrez-Asis Esmeralda , Park Seho , Williams Linda S. , Schleyer Titus , Umberfield Elizabeth E.
Published: July 2024

Background Mortality prediction data may aid in identifying seriously ill transferred patients at high risk of dying and facilitate early goals-of-care discussions (GOCD); however, this is rarely evaluated. We recently developed a model for predicting 30-day inpatient mortality, which may be useful for promoting early GOCD.

Objectives Our objectives were to examine the effects of sharing model-generated mortality risk with hospitalists by assessing (1) if hospitalists agreed with the mortality risk prediction, (2) if they planned to conduct GOCD or consult palliative care within 72 hours of transfer, and (3) if the communication alert affected GOCD timing and other clinical outcomes. We also aimed to measure the association between both the model-generated and hospitalists' stratified risk assessments with patient mortality.

Methods This was a nonrandomized quasi-experimental pilot study with a historical control group. On the second day of hospitalization, the model-generated risk was communicated to the hospitalists. Hospitalists were asked to answer questions via a HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)-compliant mobile communication system, and clinical outcomes were extracted via chart review.

Results Eighty-four patients (42 in the control and 42 in the intervention group) were included in this study. Hospitalists agreed that all patients in the intervention group were at risk for inpatient mortality. Hospitalists were more likely to indicate a plan to conduct GOCD in the intervention group (n = 9) compared with the control group (n = 4, p < 0.001). In this subset of patients, GOCD was completed within 72 hours in 78% of intervention patients (n = 7) as compared with 50% in the control group (n = 2). The greater absolute value of the model-generated mortality risk was significantly associated with deaths (p = 0.01), similar to the hospitalists' prediction of the mortality risk (p = 0.02).

Conclusion Communicating model-generated mortality risk to hospitalists is a promising approach to promote timely GOCD.
Prediction of Intraoperative Blood Loss during Surgery of Brain Meningiomas
Authors: Eshkuvvatov Gayrat , Asadullayev Ulugbek , Yakubov Jakhongir , Khodjimetov Dilshod , Khasanov Khabibullo
Published: July 2024

Background The utilization of preoperative embolization is a well-established method for reducing intraoperative blood loss during surgery of meningiomas. However, the exact indications and contraindications for this technique remain controversial.

Objective The objective of this study is to determine the indications for preoperative embolization of brain meningiomas.

Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of 46 patients who underwent surgical resection of intracranial meningioma from 2020 to the end of 2022 was conducted. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) data were studied to assess their relationship with the volume of intraoperative blood loss.

Results Invasive tumor growth and bone involvement (erosion, hyperostosis) were found to be the most significant factors influencing intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.001).

Conclusion This study clearly demonstrates an association between preoperative imaging data and intraoperative blood loss, which may be useful in predicting massive bleeding during surgery.
Portal Venous Tumor Thrombosis and Visceral Organ Metastasis without Skeletal Involvement in mCRPC: Adverse Prognostic Indicators on Dual Tracer PET/CT and Clinical Outcome after 177Lu-PSMA-617 PRLT and Cabazitaxel Therapy
Authors: Edamadaka Yeshwanth , Parghane Rahul V. , Basu Sandip
Published: July 2024

Prostate cancer involving visceral organs are occurrences in the later disease course, usually following regional nodal and skeletal involvement, and are refractory to conventional treatment. A 61-year-old male patient presented with locally advanced disease at presentation, which progressed on androgen deprivation therapy and systemic therapy with involvement of the visceral organs (lungs and liver). Portal venous tumor thrombosis involving the right and main branch was also observed on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which showed intense uptake on 68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT (18F-FDG-PET/CT). Post-177Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy (PRLT) showed mixed response on tumor marker and imaging analysis with survival of 6 months after 177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy. The high Gleason score, visceral organ metastasis, and increased metabolic activity on FDG were the adverse prognostic factors in the described patient.
The impact of entrepreneurs’ wives participating in corporate management on company risk-taking
Authors: Song Ciji , Yang Yi , Song Zengji
Published: July 2024

To investigate the influence of spouses of business leaders on corporate decision-making behavior, we use data from 2003 to 2019 from Chinese listed family-controlled companies to examine the impact of entrepreneurs’ wives participating in corporate management on the risk-taking of family businesses. We found that entrepreneurs’ wives participating in company management significantly reduce the risk taking of family businesses, particularly when the wife is a shareholder in the company. Additionally, the wife’s age, level of education, and professional experience also affect her attitude and behavior toward participating in company management. When the wife is older and has a higher degree of education, the risk taking of the enterprise decreases. However, the wife’s rich professional experience can mitigate female conservatism and increase the company’s risk taking. Our research has implications for understanding gender differences in the context of the extension of marital power of Chinese entrepreneurs’ wives from the family to corporate decision-making and risk preferences. This helps to deepen our understanding of the role and status of women in China’s family business management.
Employing coupled oscillators for ultra-precise force sensing
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: July 2024

Simulations show potential for increased sensitivity compared to existing technologies
Gyrokinetic investigation of toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE) turbulence
Authors: Ajay C. J. , McMillan Ben , Bokshi Arkaprava , di Siena Alessandro , Pueschel M. J. , Ruiz Juan Ruiz
Published: July 2024

Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) can transport fusion-born energetic particles out of the plasma volume, thereby decreasing plasma self-heating efficiency and possibly damaging reactor walls. Therefore, understanding TAE destabilization and identifying saturation mechanisms are crucial to achieving burning plasma. Here, a fully gyrokinetic study is employed. In the case studied, the primary drive mechanism is identified as the resonance between the magnetic drifts and the TAE, and this is seen to be disrupted by equilibrium flow shear, which can stabilize the mode by rotating it in the poloidal plane. It is found that zonal flows do not play a significant role in the saturation of these TAEs and that there are no saturation mechanisms present in the local gyrokinetic picture, which are able to saturate the mode at physically relevant transport levels in the case of TAE-only turbulence. Instead, we confirm that the global profile flattening of fast-ion density is the key saturation mechanism. The nonlinear excitation of TAEs traveling along the electron diamagnetic direction and its beating with the ion diamagnetic TAE, resulting in large amplitude oscillations that may help detect TAEs more easily in tokamaks, are also reported.
Weed control, corn safety, and mechanism of the novel herbicide HW-3
Authors: Gao Haitao , Li Xiaole , Yu Jiaxing , Hou Xiuhui , Li Jie , He Hongwu , Dong Liyao
Published: July 2024

Context HW-3 acts as a pyruvate dehydrogenase herbicide for weed control. However, its biological efficacy against weeds, as well as its safety concerning gramineous crops, remains poorly understood. Aims The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of HW-3 against common weeds in corn fields and identify the safety of HW-3 on different cultivars and leaf stages of corn. Methods This study determined the toxicity of HW-3 to common weeds in cornfields under greenhouse conditions through whole plant bioassay. The study also determined the mechanism of action and selectivity principle of HW-3 through in vitro enzyme activity measurements. Key results When HW-3 was applied at 150 g of active ingredient ha−1, the fresh weight inhibition rates of the broad-leaved weeds Eclipta prostrata, Ludwigia prostrata, Ammannia baccifera, Ammannia auriculata, Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Abutilon theophrasti, and Cyperus rotundus in the corn field were all above 90%. The selectivity indices of HW-3 in common corn, sweet corn, and glutinous corn were 4.29, 4.22, and 4.98, respectively, indicating the safety of HW-3 across different corn types. The concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50 value) of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in A. theophrasti treated with HW-3 was 287.94 mg L−1, and the IC50 value of PDH activity in corn was much greater than 1000 mg L−1. This indicates that HW-3 is a selective pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Conclusions HW-3 has potential use for the control of broad-leaved weeds in cornfields and is safe for different types and leaf stages of corn. Implications This research provides a reference for the commercial application of HW-3.
Contribution of the community pharmacist workforce to primary care through the lens of medicines classification: comparison of Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia
Authors: Campbell Chloë , Morris Caroline , Sunderland Bruce , McBain Lynn , Czarniak Petra
Published: July 2024

Introduction Optimal use of the workforce in primary care is critical due to increasing complexity and demand resulting from multi-morbidity in ageing populations. Improving public access to medicines by making them available via a pharmacist without prescription can support self-care while ensuring oversight by a health professional. Aim The aim of this paper was to identify and explore key differences between New Zealand and Australia in medicines classified nationally for pharmacist-only non-prescription supply. Methods Medicines legally classified to allow sale by a pharmacist without a prescription were identified and compared between the two countries as of 1 February 2024. Based on consensus among the research team, notable differences were subjected to qualitative consideration about how medicines classification may be used to extend the role of pharmacists in primary care. Results Overall, New Zealand has a less restrictive approach to classification than Australia providing New Zealanders increased access to medicines via a pharmacist in two key therapeutic areas: sexual and reproductive health and infection. Oral contraceptives, sildenafil, antibiotics for urinary tract infection and two COVID-19 antivirals were classified for supply without prescription via pharmacists in New Zealand but not nationally in Australia, although some alternative legislative mechanisms are emerging at state level. Discussion Medicines classification has an ongoing role in enabling pharmacist contribution to primary care. Medicines classification needs to be considered alongside commissioning of services and other policy to facilitate integration of community pharmacy-provided care within the wider primary care environment. Digital tools supporting information sharing, collaboration and communication are key.
Multistability of segmented rings by programming natural curvature
Authors: Lu Lu , Leanza Sophie , Dai Jize , Hutchinson John W. , Zhao Ruike Renee
Published: July 2024

Multistable structures have widespread applications in the design of deployable aerospace systems, mechanical metamaterials, flexible electronics, and multimodal soft robotics due to their capability of shape reconfiguration between multiple stable states. Recently, the snap-folding of rings, often in the form of circles or polygons, has shown the capability of inducing diverse stable configurations. The natural curvature of the rod segment (curvature in its stress-free state) plays an important role in the elastic stability of these rings, determining the number and form of their stable configurations during folding. Here, we develop a general theoretical framework for the elastic stability analysis of segmented rings (e.g., polygons) based on an energy variational approach. Combining this framework with finite element simulations, we map out all planar stable configurations of various segmented rings and determine the natural curvature ranges of their multistable states. The theoretical and numerical results are validated through experiments, which demonstrate that a segmented ring with a rectangular cross-section can show up to six distinct planar stable states. The results also reveal that, by rationally designing the segment number and natural curvature of the segmented ring, its one- or multiloop configuration can store more strain energy than a circular ring of the same total length. We envision that the proposed strategy for achieving multistability in the current work will aid in the design of multifunctional, reconfigurable, and deployable structures.
2-D DOA Estimation of Coherent Signals Using the Dual-Size Spreading Array
Authors: Li Yang-Mei , Cai Bo
Published: July 2024

We introduce a novel approach for high-precision estimation of two-dimensional (2-D) Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) under conditions of coherent interference. This study innovatively devises an antenna configuration, termed the Dual-Size Spreading Array, specifically tailored to estimate DOAs in such environments. The method involves integrating a subarray with the primary array to create a Dual-Size Extended Array structure. This integration allows for a transformation of the covariance matrix into a new form, where its rank solely depends on the number of impinging waves. Both the subarray and primary array must have a scale no less than the number of incoming wavefronts. This proposed technique not only amplifies the effective aperture but also significantly reduces the computational intricacy associated with DOA estimation procedures. The efficacy of our methodology has been substantiated through simulation results, which demonstrate that it outperforms the conventional spatial smoothing techniques. Moreover, we provide several practical guidelines designed to enhance estimation accuracy while concurrently minimizing computational demands. In summary, this research presents an advanced solution that effectively addresses challenges in 2D DOA estimation under coherent scenarios, achieving improved performance and computational efficiency compared to existing methods.
Research on failure rate evaluation test method of energy meter in charging pile
Authors: Wang Chong , Wang Yue , Li Zhenxiang , Zhang Weixin
Published: July 2024

To verify the failure rate of intelligent energy meter in charging pile and whether it can meet the reliability requirements in “general technical specification for single-phase intelligent electric energy meter (2020)”. Take 20 smart meter samples from four manufacturers, use the accelerated life model and carry out the accelerated test in the way of stress acceleration for a total of 4000 hours, and evaluate the failure rate indicators under normal working stress. The test results show that the single-phase intelligent watt hour meters produced by the four manufacturers can meet the reliability requirements such as annual failure rate index. The accelerated test theory is applied to the reliability life and failure rate evaluation of intelligent electric energy meter to shorten the test time, improve the test efficiency and reduce the test cost.
Research on Multi-scale Photovoltaic Output Prediction Method Based on GAN-Informer
Authors: Zhang Hanlin , Tang Zheng , Zheng Haowei , Wang Kai
Published: July 2024

The challenge of predicting photovoltaic power (PV) output is addressed in this paper, with a particular focus on enhancing prediction accuracy. A novel multi-scale prediction method for PV output is introduced, based on the integration of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) with the Informer model. The study’s content revolves around the leveraging of GANs for feature extraction and the development of the GAN-Informer model to forecast PV power outputs in national grid systems. Empirical investigations were conducted to validate the superior performance of the model. The outcomes reveal that the GAN-Informer model excels in ultra-short-term predictions, achieving the highest accuracy at a 15-minute scale with a mean squared error predominantly below 0.05, and a 1-hour prediction accuracy of 0.9728. These findings significantly contribute to improving PV energy utilization efficiency and promoting sustainable development.
Defect recognition of photovoltaic panels based on adaptive dimensional feature aggregation convolutional neural network
Authors: Qin Dai , Yingcai Gao , Hongjiang Wang , Qingze Shen
Published: July 2024

Under the policy framework of achieving carbon neutrality goals and addressing climate change, the importance of photovoltaic power generation will become more prominent, therefore the detection of defects in photovoltaic panels will become increasingly important. In order to accurately detect defects in photovoltaic panels, this paper proposes an adaptive dimensional feature aggregation algorithm that combines Deformable Convolutional (DCN) and C3 convolutional layers to form C3_ DCN module enhances the generalization ability of convolutional kernels; By incorporating the Cross Modal Transformer Attention Mechanism (CoTAttention) and Context Enhancement Module (CAM) at the output end, the model has the ability to adaptively allocate computing resources and enhance the ability to detect small targets; Using Focal EIoU as the loss function reduces the slow convergence speed and inaccurate results of known box regression methods. The experimental results show that for the PVEL-AD industrial detection dataset, the improved model has an average accuracy of 91.8%, which is 1.5% higher than the original model.
Design of bifunctional composite bone age prediction network based on Swin-Transformer
Authors: Zhiling Qian , Yuhao Yuan
Published: July 2024

Bone age can be predicted by taking hand X-rays. Prediction of bone age is a labor-intensive and time-consuming radiological clinical task. This paper combined a series of prevailing deep learning methods to address this problem. Stages1~3 of Swin Transformer served as backbone, with the multi-scale neck network and detection head of Yolox connected to it. These formed the first period’s hand bone joints detector. After finishing detector training, the pre-trained Stages1~3 were frozen for the second period’s developmental grades classification of corresponding bone joint. Additionally, a linear classification head was attached to Swin Transformer’s stage4, where it functioned as second period’s classifier for different developmental grades. Therefore, a dual-purpose composite network was created like this. It made the bone age prediction model have high integrated level, and the two periods could be applied fusion training. In addition, different attention mechanisms were introduced at different positions, loss functions and optimization methods were also redesigned to ensure improvement of network performance. In the hand bone joints detection period, compared to the original Yolox-X, there was a 5.27% increase in Ap@50 and a 40.12% increase in Ap@50:95. As for the developmental grade classification period, the validation accuracy surpassed that of EfficientNetV2-L by 5.18%, with one-third the training size.
Research on the temperature control of a cryogenic urine storage system based on improved adaptive LADRC
Authors: Zhu Changjian , Jiang Yu , Shen Donghua , Zhao Youpeng
Published: July 2024

Routine urine tests play a vital role in the diagnosis of kidney and urinary system diseases, with test outcomes directly affecting disease diagnosis. However, if urine is exposed to room temperature for extended periods, it may lead to rapid degradation of the sample, thus affecting the accuracy of the test. Therefore, for urine that requires long-term storage for testing, it is necessary to control the temperature within an appropriate range during the collection process to effectively preserve the activity of urinary proteins and ensure the reliability of the test. To address this issue, a cryogenic urine storage system was developed, and a fuzzy LADRC temperature control algorithm combined with a Smith predictor was proposed, specifically designed for optimizing the temperature stability during urine collection and storage processes. Initially, the characteristics of the cryogenic storage system were analyzed. A simulation model combining the fuzzy LADRC with a Smith predictor was built using the MATLAB/Simulink simulation toolkit, and a comparative simulation was conducted. The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm significantly improved the time-domain response performance compared to PID control, verifying the superiority of the algorithm over PID control. The final experimental results demonstrated that the fuzzy LADRC temperature control algorithm with the Smith predictor essentially eliminated overshoot, with improvements in speed and stability compared to PID control.
Scatterometric defect measurements – uncertainty assessment by means of a virtual instrument and a statistical analysis
Authors: Rahman Tajim Md Hasibur , Stöbener Dirk , Fischer Andreas
Published: July 2024

Defects in nanostructured surfaces have to be detected in or close to the manufacturing process in the production environment. For this purpose, scatterometry promises a non-contact approach with in-process capability. However, the achievable measurement uncertainty with a scatterometric measurement principle is difficult to assess by means of experiments. Especially for nano-surfaces with stochastic features, a large sample size is required. In addition, the influence of the natural uncertainty due to the inherent surface stochastics, which causes an ultimate uncertainty limit, remains hidden. Therefore, a virtual experimentation in combination with a statistical evaluation is proposed for the uncertainty assessment of scatterometric defect measurements of nanostructured surface. One virtual experiment calculates the scattered light distribution from a randomized modelled surface. For the uncertainty assessment, (a) multiple defective surfaces with the same defect grade are modelled, (b) the surfaces’ scattered light distributions are simulated, (c) the signal processing is applied for obtaining the virtual measurement results of the defect grade, and (d) the uncertainty is determined. The proposed virtual method is realized and demonstrated for defective ZnO nanograss surfaces, where the vacancy of nanograss is the studied defect as an example. As central results for the exemplarily studied defect grade measurement, the determined achievable mean uncertainty due to the nanostructure randomness is

3.2

%
,

and the effect of the detector shot noise is negligibly small. Furthermore, the proposed method is universally applicable for any type of nanostructure/defect, and for any scatterometric principle, to clarify the respective potential for the reliable detection of nanostructure defects.
Increased basal fibronectin is sufficient to promote excess endothelial cell matrix assembly causing localized barrier dysfunction
Authors: Resnikoff Henry A. , Schwarzbauer Jean E.
Published: July 2024

Endothelial cell behavior is regulated by subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM protein fibronectin (FN) is rare in healthy blood vessels but accumulates in disease accompanied by endothelial dysfunctions. Here, we report that excess assembly of FN disrupts key endothelial functions. We mimicked increased FN expression as in diseased stroma by providing exogenous FN basally in a Transwell insert and found dose-dependent upregulation of subendothelial FN matrix assembly. Taking advantage of discontinuous matrix assembly by endothelial cells, we show correlations between regional increases in FN matrix and disruptions in endothelial cell morphology, VE-cadherin junctions, and the cell cycle, all of which were not changed in FN-deficient regions of the monolayer. These changes affected endothelial barrier function with increased monolayer permeability exposing basal regions of high FN matrix and permitting FN-dependent adhesion of MDA-MB-231 tumor cells from the apical side of the monolayer. FN matrix accumulation was quick and increases in FN matrix preceded all other changes in the endothelium. Therefore, subendothelial accumulation of FN matrix is a cause, not an effect, of endothelial monolayer disorganization and leakiness. Regulating FN accumulation in the subendothelial space could be an important target for controlling progression of fibrosis and related diseases.
Mechanical strategies supporting growth and size diversity in Filamentous Fungi
Authors: Chevalier Louis , Klingelschmitt Flora , Mousseron Ludovic , Minc Nicolas
Published: July 2024

The stereotypical tip growth of filamentous fungi supports their lifestyles and functions. It relies on the polarized remodeling and expansion of a protective elastic cell wall (CW) driven by large cytoplasmic turgor pressure. Remarkably, hyphal filament diameters and cell elongation rates can vary extensively among different fungi. To date, however, how fungal cell mechanics may be adapted to support these morphological diversities while ensuring surface integrity remains unknown. Here, we combined super-resolution imaging and deflation assays to measure local CW thickness, elasticity and turgor in a set of fungal species spread on the evolutionary tree that spans a large range in cell size and growth speeds. While CW elasticity exhibited dispersed values, presumably reflecting differences in CW composition, both thickness and turgor scaled in dose-dependence with cell diameter and growth speeds. Notably, larger cells exhibited thinner lateral CWs, and faster cells thinner apical CWs. Counterintuitively, turgor pressure was also inversely scaled with cell diameter and tip growth speed, challenging the idea that turgor is the primary factor dictating tip elongation rates. We propose that fast-growing cells with rapid CW turnover have evolved strategies based on a less turgid cytoplasm and thin walls to safeguard surface integrity and survival.
Introduction
Authors: Gould Philip
Published: July 2024

The book’s Introduction establishes the historical and theoretical terms of reading Civil War literature in context of the power of the federal state. It surveys historical and literary scholarship about wartime culture in the North and clarifies the critical stakes of reorienting our focus on the federal state rather than the nation and nationalism—categories that have been central to Civil War scholarship. The Introduction introduces the importance of the book’s central categories of analysis: propaganda, censorship, and treason and loyalty, and goes on to familiarize readers with the political crises in the North arising from secession and subsequently President Lincoln’s declaration of his “war power” to preserve the Union.
Epilogue
Authors: Gould Philip
Published: July 2024

The Epilogue revisits the contexts and applications of this study for our contemporary political and cultural crisis. It reflects on discourses of treason, rights, and censorship in American culture today, comparing Lincoln and Civil War political battles to the January 6th Insurrection, book-banning efforts in public libraries and schools, and numerous other controversies today where conspiracy theories and political violence are rife. These involve state government censorship, Florida’s “anti-woke” legislation, the harassment of public librarians, and numerous other events in America’s culture wars, where free speech and censorship are subjected to today’s version of Civil War politics.
Aesthetic Non-Naturalism
Authors: Evers Daan
Published: July 2024

Aesthetic non-naturalism is the view that there are objective aesthetic truths that hold in virtue of sui generis facts. This view is seldom explicitly endorsed in philosophical aesthetics. I argue that many aestheticians should treat it as the view to beat, since (a) their commitments favour aesthetic realism, (b) non-naturalistic forms of aesthetic realism are particularly promising and (c) non-naturalists have reasonable answers to four important objections.
L2 Pragmatic Development in Constructing and Negotiating Contextual Meanings
Authors: Chen Xi , Brown Lucien
Published: July 2024

The way in which L2 learners construct pragmatic and social meanings, including stances and identities, is emerging as an important research concern. In this study, we explore how L2 learners develop the ability to construct and negotiate pragmatic and social meanings, with a focus on meanings manifested in specific contexts, namely, contextual meanings. Specifically, we trace the development made by a group of 30 L2 Korean learners in their understanding of the contextual meanings of Korean first-person pronouns over the provision of L1- and L2-generated input and an awareness raising activity. Our findings reveal that provision of input of the underlying stereotypical meanings facilitated learners’ (re-)construction and negotiation of contextual meanings. The learners developed from oversimplistic form-meaning connections to more context-based and internally logical interpretations of contextual meanings, constructed new contextual meanings from the input, and agentively negotiated between the input and their existing indexical systems. The findings raise important pedagogical implications, including reconsideration of the assessment of pragmatic and sociolinguistic competence.
Improving the Impact of BODY-Q Scores Through Minimal Important Differences in Body Contouring Surgery: An International Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dalaei Farima , Dijkhorst Phillip J , Möller Sören , Klassen Anne F , de Vries Claire E E , Poulsen Lotte , Kaur Manraj N , Thomsen Jørn Bo , Hoogbergen Maarten , Voineskos Sophocles H , Repo Jussi P , Opyrchal Jakub , Paul Marek Adam , Busch Kay-Hendrik , Cogliandro Annalisa , Rose Michael , Cano Stefan J , Pusic Andrea L , Sørensen Jens A
Published: July 2024

Background

The BODY-Q is a widely used patient-reported outcome measure for comprehensive assessment of treatment outcomes specific to patients undergoing body contouring surgery (BCS). However, for the BODY-Q to be meaningfully interpreted and used in clinical practice, minimal important difference (MID) scores are needed. A MID is defined as the smallest change in outcome measure score that patients perceive as important.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine BODY-Q MID estimates for patients undergoing BCS to enhance the interpretability of the BODY-Q.

Methods

Data from an international, prospective cohort from Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Poland were included. Two distribution-based methods were used to estimate MID: 0.2 standard deviations of mean baseline scores and the mean standardized response change of BODY-Q scores from baseline to 3 years postoperatively.

Results

A total of 12,554 assessments from 3237 participants (mean age 42.5 ± 9.3 years; BMI 28.9 ± 4.9 kg/m2) were included. Baseline MID scores ranged from 1 to 5 on the health-related quality of life (HRQL) scales and 3 to 6 on the appearance scales. The estimated MID scores from baseline to 3-year follow-up ranged from 4 to 5 for HRQL and from 4 to 8 on the appearance scales.

Conclusions

The BODY-Q MID estimates from before BCS to 3 years postoperatively ranged from 4 to 8 and are recommended for interpretation of patients’ BODY-Q scores, evaluation of treatment effects of different BCS procedures, and calculation of sample size for future studies.

Level of Evidence: 3
Regulatory autonomy in digital trade agreements
Authors: Burri Mira , Kugler Kholofelo
Published: July 2024

Digital trade agreements have become integral fora for regulating cross-border digital commercial transactions, including data flows. Deeper commitments in the area of digital trade have however raised serious concerns over the erosion of countries’ regulatory autonomy, prompting the inclusion of an array of safeguards within these treaties. This article undertakes a comprehensive examination of these safeguard mechanisms, which include carve-outs, transition periods, the right to regulate, and exception clauses. By shedding light on the nuances of these safeguard provisions, as well as their complex interplay with commitments made, the article provides a deeper understanding of the evolving dynamics of digital trade governance and its implications for national regulatory autonomy. Based on existing jurisprudence and legal doctrine, the article also tests the scope of the provided policy space, the trade-offs between flexibility and legal certainty, and examines how future-proof the bounds of regulatory autonomy are, considering the highly fluid technological environment.
Comparing loss of p16 and MTAP expression in detecting CDKN2A homozygous deletion in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
Authors: Vizcaino M Adelita , Giannini Caterina , Vaubel Rachael A , Nguyen Aivi T , Trejo-Lopez Jorge A , Raghunathan Aditya , Jenkins Sarah M , Jenkins Robert B , Zepeda Mendoza Cinthya J
Published: July 2024

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas (PXAs) harbor CDKN2A homozygous deletion in >90% of cases, resulting in loss of p16 expression by immunohistochemistry. Considering the proximity of MTAP to CDKN2A and their frequent concurrent deletions, loss of MTAP expression may be a surrogate for CDKN2A homozygous deletion. We evaluated p16 and MTAP expression in 38 patient PXAs (CNS WHO grade 2: n = 23, 60.5%; grade 3: n = 15, 39.5%) with available chromosomal microarray data to determine whether MTAP can be utilized independently or in combination with p16 to predict CDKN2A status. CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and MTAP homozygous deletion were present in 37 (97.4%), 36 (94.7%), and 25 (65.8%) cases, respectively. Expression of p16 was lost in 35 (92.1%) cases, equivocal in one (2.6%), and failed in 2 (5.3%), while MTAP expression was lost in 27 (71.1%) cases, retained in 10 (26.3%), and equivocal in one (2.6%). This yielded a sensitivity of 94.6% for p16 and 73.0% for MTAP in detecting CDKN2A homozygous deletion through immunohistochemistry. MTAP expression was lost in the 2 cases with failed p16 staining (combined sensitivity of 100%). Our findings demonstrate that combined p16 and MTAP immunostains correctly detect CDKN2A homozygous deletion in PXA, while MTAP expression alone shows reduced sensitivity.
Association of Staphylococcus aureus Bacterial Load and Colonization Sites With the Risk of Postoperative S. aureus Infection
Authors: Troeman Darren P R , Hazard Derek , van Werkhoven Cornelis H W , Timbermont Leen , Malhotra-Kumar Surbhi , Wolkewitz Martin , Ruzin Alexey , Sifakis Frangiscos , Harbarth Stephan , Kluytmans Jan A J W ,   ASPIRE-SSI Study Group, Goossens Herman , Vlaeminck Jelle , Vilken Tuba , Xavier Basil Britto , Lammens Christine , Bonten Marc , van Esschoten Marjolein , Paling Fleur , Recanatini Claudia , Coenjaerts Frank , Selman Brett , Tkaczyk Christine , Weber Susanne , Ekkelenkamp Miquel , van der Laan Lijckle , Vierhout Bas , Couvé-Deacon Elodie , David Miruna , Chadwick David , Llewelyn Martin , Ustianowski Andrew , Bateman Tony , Mawer Damian , Carevic Biljana , Konstantinovic Sonja , Djordjevic Zorana , del Toro López María Dolores , Horcajada Juan P , Escudero Dolores , Rojo Miquel Pujol , de la Torre Cisneros Julián , Castelli Francesco , Nardi Giuseppe , Barbadoro Pamela , Altmets Mait , Mitt Piret , Todor Adrian , Turconi Serban Ion Bubenek , Corneci Dan , Săndesc Dorel , Gheorghita Valeriu , Brat Radim , Hanke Ivo , Neumann Jan , Tomáš Tomáš , Laffut Wim , Van den Abeele Annemie , Van Rooij Sanne , Schasfoort Edith , Brugman Curt , Couperus Janet , Van Beek Karin , Cuperus Nienke , Corthals Sophie , Bryssinck Liesbeth , Solomon Stalin , Chapelle Sabine , Vanderstraeten Anouk
Published: July 2024

Background

The independent effects of extranasal-only carriage, carriage at multiple bodily sites, or the bacterial load of colonizing Staphylococcus aureus (SA) on the risk of developing SA surgical site infections and postoperative bloodstream infections (SA SSI/BSIs) are unclear. We aimed to quantify these effects in this large prospective cohort study.

Methods

Surgical patients aged 18 years or older were screened for SA carriage in the nose, throat, or perineum within 30 days before surgery. SA carriers and noncarriers were enrolled in a prospective cohort study in a 2:1 ratio. Weighted multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the independent associations between different measures of SA carriage and occurrence of SA SSI/BSI within 90 days after surgery.

Results

We enrolled 5004 patients in the study cohort; 3369 (67.3%) were SA carriers. 100 SA SSI/BSI events occurred during follow-up, and 86 (86%) of these events occurred in SA carriers. The number of colonized bodily sites (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.5–8.5) and an increasing SA bacterial load in the nose (aHR, 1.8–3.4) were associated with increased SA SSI/BSI risk. However, extranasal-only carriage was not independently associated with SA SSI/BSI (aHR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.9–2.5).

Conclusions

Nasal SA carriage was associated with an increased risk of SA SSI/BSI and accounted for the majority of SA infections. Higher bacterial load, as well as SA colonization at multiple bodily sites, further increased this risk.
Increased reproductive tract infections among secondary school girls during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with pandemic-related stress, mental health, and domestic safety
Authors: Mehta Supriya D , Nandi Debarghya , Otieno Fredrick , Zulaika Garazi , Nyothach Elizabeth , Agingu Walter , Bhaumik Runa , Mason Linda , van Eijk Anna Maria , Phillips-Howard Penelope A
Published: July 2024

Background

Kenya, like many countries, shuttered schools during COVID-19, with subsequent increases in poor mental health, sexual activity, and pregnancy.

Aim

We sought to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic may mediate the risk of reproductive tract infections.

Methods

We analyzed data from a cohort of 436 secondary schoolgirls in western Kenya. Baseline and 6-, 12-, and 18-month study visits occurred from April 2018 to December 2019 (pre–COVID-19), and 30-, 36-, and 48-month study visits occurred from September 2020 to July 2022 (COVID-19 period). Participants self-completed a survey for sociodemographics and sexual activity and provided self-collected vaginal swabs for bacterial vaginosis (BV) testing, with sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing at annual visits. We hypothesized that greater COVID-19–related stress would mediate risk via mental health, feeling safe inside the home, and sexual exposure, given the pandemic mitigation–related impacts of school closures on these factors. COVID-19–related stress was measured with a standardized scale and dichotomized at the highest quartile. Mixed effects modeling quantified how BV and STI changed over time. Longitudinal mediation analysis quantified how the relationship between COVID-19 stress and increased BV was mediated.

Outcomes

Analysis outcomes were BV and STI.

Results

BV and STI prevalence increased from 12.1% and 10.7% pre–COVID-19 to 24.5% and 18.1% during COVID-19, respectively. This equated to 26% (95% CI, 1.00–1.59) and 36% (95% CI, 0.98–1.88) higher relative prevalence of BV and STIs in the COVID-19 vs pre–COVID-19 periods, adjusted for numerous sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Higher COVID-19–related stress was associated with elevated depressive symptoms and feeling less safe inside the home, which were each associated with a greater likelihood of having a boyfriend. In mediation analyses, the direct effect of COVID-19–related stress on BV was small and nonsignificant, indicating that the increased BV was due to the constellation of factors that were affected during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Clinical Translation

These results highlight factors to help maintain reproductive health for adolescent girls in future crises, such as anticipating and mitigating mental health impacts, domestic safety concerns, and maintaining sexual health services.

Strengths and Limitations

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on drivers of reproductive tract health among those who did not attend school or who live in different settings may differ.

Conclusions

In this cohort of adolescent girls, BV and STIs increased following COVID-19–related school closures, and risk was mediated by depressive symptoms and feeling less safe in the home, which led to a higher likelihood of sexual exposures.
Syphilis Complicating Pregnancy and Congenital Syphilis
Authors: Stafford Irene A. , Workowski Kimberly A. , Bachmann Laura H.
Published: July 2024

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2024;390:242–253)

Passage of the bacteria Treponema pallidum through the placenta is a known cause of congenital syphilis and continues to represent a global disease burden. Since 2001, rates of syphilis have increased in individuals of reproductive age and in infants, with rates reaching their highest in nearly 30 years in 2021.
Touch Helps Hearing: Evidence From Continuous Audio-Tactile Stimulation
Authors: Fu Xueying , Smulders Fren T. Y. , Riecke Lars
Published: July 2024

Objectives:

Identifying target sounds in challenging environments is crucial for daily experiences. It is important to note that it can be enhanced by nonauditory stimuli, for example, through lip-reading in an ongoing conversation. However, how tactile stimuli affect auditory processing is still relatively unclear. Recent studies have shown that brief tactile stimuli can reliably facilitate auditory perception, while studies using longer-lasting audio-tactile stimulation yielded conflicting results. This study aimed to investigate the impact of ongoing pulsating tactile stimulation on basic auditory processing.

Design:

In experiment 1, the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded while 24 participants performed a loudness-discrimination task on a 4-Hz modulated tone-in-noise and received either in-phase, anti-phase, or no 4-Hz electrotactile stimulation above the median nerve. In experiment 2, another 24 participants were presented with the same tactile stimulation as before, but performed a tone-in-noise detection task while their selective auditory attention was manipulated.

Results:

We found that in-phase tactile stimulation enhanced EEG responses to the tone, whereas anti-phase tactile stimulation suppressed these responses. No corresponding tactile effects on loudness-discrimination performance were observed in experiment 1. Using a yes/no paradigm in experiment 2, we found that in-phase tactile stimulation, but not anti-phase tactile stimulation, improved detection thresholds. Selective attention also improved thresholds but did not modulate the observed benefit from in-phase tactile stimulation.

Conclusions:

Our study highlights that ongoing in-phase tactile input can enhance basic auditory processing as reflected in scalp EEG and detection thresholds. This might have implications for the development of hearing enhancement technologies and interventions.