bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurochemical brain imaging studies in bipolar disorder
Authors: Yatham Lakshmi N. , Malhi Gin S.
Published: November 2003

Objective:

We reviewed the neurochemical brain imaging literature in bipolar disorder to synthesize the findings and provide directions for future research.

Methods:

Relevant articles were retrieved by computerized Medline Ovid search (up to and including 2002) and complemented by bibliographic manual searches of reviews known to the authors.

Results:

PET and SPECT studies in bipolar disorder have identified changes in various aspects of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Ligands for other neurotransmitters are actively being pursued. Spectroscopy studies have utilized a number of MRS-sensitive nuclei to chemically ‘biopsy’ the brain of patients with bipolar disorder. Few consistent findings are emerging, however, the majority of nuclei that can be measured are not directly related to the pathophysiology of the disorder.

Conclusions:

Brain imaging has the potential to unravel the neurochemical underpinnings of bipolar disorder, however, there is a continuing need for clinical, technical and methodological sophistication.
Efficient remote homology detection using local structure
Authors: Hou Yuna , Hsu Wynne , Lee Mong Li , Bystroff Christopher
Published: November 2003

Motivation: The function of an unknown biological sequence can often be accurately inferred if we are able to map this unknown sequence to its corresponding homologous family. At present, discriminative methods such as SVM-Fisher and SVM-pairwise, which combine support vector machine (SVM) and sequence similarity, are recognized as the most accurate methods, with SVM-pairwise being the most accurate. However, these methods typically encode sequence information into their feature vectors and ignore the structure information. They are also computationally inefficient. Based on these observations, we present an alternative method for SVM-based protein classification. Our proposed method, SVM-I-sites, utilizes structure similarity for remote homology detection.

Result: We run experiments on the Structural Classification of Proteins 1.53 data set. The results show that SVM-I-sites is more efficient than SVM-pairwise. Further, we find that SVM-I-sites outperforms sequence-based methods such as PSI-BLAST, SAM, and SVM-Fisher while achieving a comparable performance with SVM-pairwise.

Availability: I-sites server is accessible through the web at http://www.bioinfo.rpi.edu. Programs are available upon request for academics. Licensing agreements are available for commercial interests. The framework of encoding local structure into feature vector is available upon request.
Exploring academic entrepreneurship: drivers and tensions of university‐based business
Authors: Laukkanen Mauri
Published: November 2003

It is increasingly expected that universities, besides research and teaching, should perform a third task as regional engines of innovation and economic growth. This paper discusses the role transformation and its demands upon university and faculty, including academic entrepreneurship. The empirical part consists of an exploration of senior faculty’s thinking of the new situation, using cause maps about two key domains: university‐corporate cooperation for applied research and direct faculty entrepreneurship. Broadly, the expected root causes and conflicts emerge in the faculty’s thought patterns, but cause maps show and help analyse the subjective situation as a system. The paper concludes with discussing university policy implications and options for further research.
Argentina: Up a Blind Alley Once Again
Authors: Ollier María Matilde
Published: November 2003

This article attempts to respond to a simple question: What are the factors which caused the December crisis and whether or not they have been defused since president Duhalde came to power? The answer, by contrast, does not appear to be so straightforward. After analyzing a broad range of causes, some of which were thought of as harbingers of democratic breakdown and some which are considered driving forces of the current instability, this article points out two combined causes in the Argentinean crisis: the fragmentation of the politico–institutional system and the extreme dependency of its economy on foreign credit. Given the fact that both reasons cannot be fully understood simply in terms of historical precedent, the article also looks at what is new in this case.
¡Que se Vayan Todos! Popular Insurrection and the Asambleas Barriales in Argentina
Authors: Dinerstein Ana C.
Published: November 2003

In December 2001, Argentina experienced a decisive crisis. A financial collapse accelerated by the massive flight of capital and the IMF denial of a new loan was followed by a popular insurrection which, by putting forward the slogan ¡que se vayan todos, que no quede ni uno solo! forced the resignation of national authorities. Whilst Duhalde's provisional government is negotiating the conditions for international financial support, faced with inflation and the rise of the dollar exchange rate, social mobilisation is expanding in new forms. This paper argues that the popular insurrection of December 2001 opened a space for the reinvention of the political as negative politics, the asambleas barriales constituting one example of this.
Preparation of Diaza Dioxa Dithia Crown p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene by S-Alkylation Reactions: Use of Metallo-Calix[4]arene Complexes as Reaction Templates
Authors: Tomapatanaget Boosayarat , Pulpoka Buncha , Tuntulani Thawatchai
Published: November 2003

New nickel-thiolato-calix[4]arene complexes were produced by mean of metal-template synthesis employing S-alkylation of a nickel thiolato complex with a dichloroethyl- or a dibromoethyl-calix[4]arene derivative. Demetallation of a nickel-thiolato-calix[4]arene complex resulted in a p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene derivative containing two N-, two O- and two S-donors.
X-Ray Structures of Chiral(Salen)manganese(III) Complexes: Proof of Pliability of the Salen Ligand
Authors: Irie Ryo , Hashihayata Takashi , Katsuki Tsutomu , Akita Munetaka , Moro-oka Yoshihiko
Published: November 2003

The structures of two cationic chiral(salen)manganese(III) complexes (2 and 3) have been unambiguously determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, demonstrating high pliability of the basal salen ligand of these complexes.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Reactions of Acyclic α,β-Enones with Olefins and Their Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Sato Taisuke , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Chatani Naoto , Murai Shinji
Published: November 2003

The reaction of 4,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-4-peneten-3-one with styrene (2) using Ru(H)2(CO)(PPh3)3 as the catalyst gave the stereochemically retained product. In the case of 2,2-dimethyl-4-hexen-3-one, the stereochemically inverted branched product was obtained. These results are consistent with two different reaction pathways operating, i.e. one involving a direct C-H bond cleavage and the other, a pathway involving hydrometallation.
Efficient Synthesis of Enantiopure 1,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-3,3-difluorocyclopropane Derivatives through Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction
Authors: Itoh Toshiyuki , Mitsukura Koichi , Furutani Miyuki
Published: November 2003

Efficient synthesis of chiral difluorocyclopropane building block has been accomplished; prochiral diacetate of 1,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3,3-difluorocyclopropane was converted to the corresponding monoacetate through Alcaligenes sp. lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis with >99% enantiomeric excess.
Blue-Green Light Emission from Self-Assembled Bipyridinium Thin Films
Authors: Zheng Haipeng , Zhang Ruifeng , Wu Ying , Shen Jiacong
Published: November 2003

The photoluminescence (PL) properties of a short ribbon-like conjugated bipyridinium and its application in the design and fabrication of organic LED devices were discussed.
Cytochrome c Peroxidase-Like Activity of Metmyoglobin Modified with Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid
Authors: Tsukahara Keiichi , Kiguchi Kimiko
Published: November 2003

The oxidation of the reduced form of cytochrome c by hydrogen peroxide was catalyzed through a diprotein complex by metmyoglobin modified with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, whose activity was higher than that of native metmyoglobin.
Reaction of Model Compounds of Phenol Resin and Molding Materials of Phenol Resin in Supercritical Water for Chemical Recycling of Polymer Waste
Authors: Tagaya Hideyuki , Suzuki Yu-ichi , Asou Tetsuya , Kadokawa Jun-ichi , Chiba Koji
Published: November 2003

Oxygen supply reaction by supercritical water (SCW) to diphenylmethane was confirmed by the production of benzophenone. Molding materials of phenol resin were decomposed into their monomers by the reaction in SCW and addition of polycarbonate accelerated the decomposition reaction of molding material.
The First Isolation and Structural Analysis of Chalcogenocarboxylato Samarium Complexes, [(RCOS)3Sm(thf)2] and [Na(thf)4][Sm(RCSS)4]; The Alkali Metal Salt-Like Reaction and the Insertion Reaction of Imine to the Sm-S Bond
Authors: Kanda Takahiro , Ibi Mitsuo , Mochizuki Ken-ichi , Kato Shinzi
Published: November 2003

The first chalcogenocarboxylato lanthanid complexes, [(RCOS)3Sm(thf)2] and [Na(thf)4][Sm(RCSS)4](R = 4-MeC6H4) were isolated and characterized crystallographically. They exhibit an alkali metal salt-like reaction such as S-esterification and an insertion reaction of C=N to the Sm-S bond.
Enantioselective Nucleophilic Substitution of a 6,6-Bicyclic Dienyl Acetate by Palladium-Chiral Phosphine Catalyst
Authors: Shimizu Isao , Matsumoto Yoshiyuki , Nishikawa Masahiro , Kawahara Tamotsu , Satake Akiharu , Yamamoto Akio
Published: November 2003

The enantioselective nucleophilic substitution of (±)-2β-acetoxy-4aβ-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydronaphthalene with dimethyl malonate anion was performed in the presence of palladium-chiral ligand catalysts to give optically active 2-di(methoxycarbonyl)methyl-4a-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydronaphthalenes.
Temporal Differentiation and the Market for Second Opinions
Authors: Sarvary Miklos
Published: November 2003

The author studies the pricing of information with private value (e.g., management consulting, legal advice, medical diagnosis). Anecdotal evidence shows that in some of these markets, competing information sellers split the business to sell only first or second opinions to their customers. The author explains this pricing practice by showing that second-opinion markets are a result of temporal differentiation.
Extending Discrete Choice Models to Incorporate Attitudinal and Other Latent Variables
Authors: Ashok Kalidas , Dillon William R. , Yuan Sophie
Published: November 2003

One of the nagging issues in using discrete choice models is how softer attributes, such as attitudes and perceptions, that are not explicitly manipulated within the context of the choice experiment can be accommodated. In many cases, it is reasonable to expect that the choice of a particular alternative may be influenced by non–product-related attributes. For example, latent attitudes and perceptions may play as much of a role in shaping choice as the attributes that have been manipulated and used to define the alternative offerings. In this article, the authors present several full information models that can accommodate latent variables such as attitudes and satisfaction within the context of binary and multinomial choice models. The models proposed are particularly useful when the focus is on understanding how softer attributes can influence choice decisions. The authors accomplish this by integrating structural equation models within the basic framework of binary and multinomial choice models. Two empirical applications are provided. In addition to illustrating the proposed models, these applications provide insights into the circumstances under which the simultaneous factor–choice modeling approach makes a difference.
Glucose Sensors: Present and Future
Authors: Pickup John C.
Published: November 2003

Glucose sensors are probe‐type devices that measure glucose in the body without added reagent.In vitrodevices assay glucose intermittently, e.g. in blood samples. However, most research and clinical and commercial interest centers on continuousin vivoglucose monitoring. Among the technologies available are needle‐type amperometric enzyme electrodes and microdialysis probes, both usually implanted in the subcutaneous tissue and based on a sensor with immobilized glucose oxidase. A watch‐type device using reverse iontophoresis extracts glucose to the skin surface for glucose analysis by a glucose oxidase based sensor. Completely noninvasive systems are being developed but have not yet reached clinical practice. Most research has been with near‐infrared spectroscopy, but other noninvasive approaches such as measurement of cellular autofluorescence are being researched.
Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy, and Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Jovanovic Lois
Published: November 2003

Before the advent of insulin, few diabetic women lived to childbearing age. Before 1922, less than 100 pregnancies in diabetic women were reported; most likely these women had type 2 and not type 1 diabetes. Even with this assumption, these cases of diabetes and pregnancy were associated with a greater than 90% infant mortality rate and a 30% maternal mortality rate. As late as 1980, physicians were still counseling diabetic women to avoid pregnancy. This philosophy was justified because of the poor obstetric history in 30–50% of diabetic women. Decrease in infant mortality rates finally occurred after 1980, when treatment strategies stressed better control of maternal plasma glucose levels, once self blood glucose monitoring and glycosylated hemoglobin assays became available. As the pathophysiology of pregnancy complicated by diabetes has become better understood and as management programs have achieved and maintained near normoglycemia throughout pregnancy complicated by type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, perinatal mortality rates have almost decreased to levels seen in the general population. This review is intended to help the clinician understand the pathophysiology of type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, along with the rationale for intensive treatment protocols designed to achieve and maintain normoglycemia. Therefore the clinician will be empowered to improve the outcome of all pregnancies complicated by diabetes.
Spatial Cognition
Authors: Newcombe Nora S.
Published: November 2003

This chapter examines: (1) how humans keep track of their location in the world and the location of other entities, through both ego‐centered and environment‐centered systems; (2) how humans manipulate spatial information; (3) how humans represent and communicate about spatial information; and (4) how spatial thought can be used for nonspatial purposes. In each section, there is information on the behavior of human adults, as well as material on the behavior of other species, the development of mature competence, individual differences in mature competence, and the neurological underpinnings of competence.
Language Processing
Authors: Rayner Keith , Clifton Charles
Published: November 2003

In this chapter, a number of issues related to language comprehension are reviewed. The chapter consists of four main section: (1) tasks and paradigms used to study language comprehension, (2) comprehension of words, (3) comprehension of sentences, and (4) comprehension of text. For the sections on comprehending words, sentences, and text, we discuss (1) the nature of the task, (2) the core phenomena, and (3) representations and models of the specific process. Research on both reading and listening are discussed, and a number of influential models related to difference aspects of the comprehension process are discussed. While there are fully implemented models of word recognition, sentence parsing, and text comprehension, what is missing are general models of language comprehension that account for the interaction of word, sentence, and discourse comprehension. Developing such a model will not be an easy task, but the empirical facts about reading and listening reviewed in this chapter will hopefully make it possible that such an all‐encompassing model of language comprehension will be developed soon.
Space Microbiology: Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Microorganisms in Space
Authors: Horneck Gerda , Baumstark‐Khan Christa , Reitz Guenther
Published: November 2003

Biological Weighting of Radiation

Environmental Radiation and Life

Terrestrial Radiation Environment

The Radiation Environment of Space

Effects of Cosmic Radiation on Microorganisms

Responses to Combined Action of Space Radiation and Microgravity

Chances of Interplanetary Transfer of Life

Environmental Radiation and Putative Habitats on Mars
Biodiversity in Soils: Use of Molecular Methods for its Characterization
Authors: Liesack Werner , Dunfield Peter F.
Published: November 2003

Extraction of Total Nucleic Acids from Soil

Fractionation of Total DNA by mol% G‐C Content

Analysis of SSU rRNA and Its Encoding Gene (rDNA)

Analysis of Functional Genes

Microbial Community Fingerprinting

Analysis of Microbial Activity at the Functional Level

Metagenome Analysis

Final Comments
Pfiesteria: The Toxic Pfiesteria Complex
Authors: Burkholder Joann M.
Published: November 2003

General Characteristics, Systematics, and Life Cycle

Systematics and Cellular Characteristics

Complex Life Cycles

CulturingPfiesteria

Assessment of ToxicPfiesteriaInvolvement in Fish Kills

Distribution, Nutritional Ecology, and Predation

Sublethal and Chronic Impacts of ToxicPfiesteriaon Fish and Mammalian Health
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Johnson Philip J.
Published: November 2003

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common tumor that is responsible for over 5% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is highly malignant and therapy has, to date, had little impact on overall survival. Although the natural history of the disease and the essential prognostic variables are now clearly defined, we must recognize that the overall prognosis is universally poor, with most patients dying within one year of diagnosis. Part of the reason for this dismal state of affairs is that, as well as having HCC, at least 75% of patients will have an associated chronic liver disease, usually at the stage of cirrhosis. The tumor and the chronic liver disease have independent natural histories and both contribute significantly to the patient's prognosis. In a disease such as HCC, where a significant proportion of patients will die within a few weeks of diagnosis, accurate prognostication is important. Information on the expected course of the disease is essential to provide a time frame in which these unfortunate patients can sort out their affairs.

In reviewing prognostic factors it is important to bear in mind that the tumor is relatively rare in the West where the incidence is only in the order of 1–2/100,000 compared to over 50/100,000 in many areas of Africa and the Far East. There is therefore a tendency for patients in the West to be referred to a few specialist centers, and this process can be the source of considerable bias in reported series. For example, the figure for the rate that HCC can be resected with curative intent, an essential determinant of prognosis, has been reported to be up to 40% in series from Western surgical units. This may reflect, however, the fact that only those patients who the referring physician perceives to be good candidates for resection are referred and operated upon. The “true” rate is nearer to 10%. Another consequence of the wide geographic variation is that surgeons in high‐incidence areas may have significantly more experience of operating on HCC in cirrhotic livers and may expect better results.
Osteosarcoma
Authors: Davis Aileen M. , Wunder Jay S. , Bell Robert S.
Published: November 2003

Primary bone tumors are rare with an incidence of 2 to 3 per million, and of these, high‐grade osteosarcoma is the most common, representing 35% of all bone sarcomas. The typical patient diagnosed with osteosarcoma is male, between the ages of 10 and 20 years, and complains of pain for one to three months. The tumor is most commonly at the metaphysis of a long bone, with a predilection to the knee region. Dramatic improvements in disease‐free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were demonstrated with the advent of doxorubicin and methotrexate chemotherapy regimes. The current standard of treatment for the patient with osteosarcoma is chemotherapy and resection of the primary tumor, most commonly preserving the limb. Despite the advances in radiological imaging, chemotherapy and surgery, 40 to 50% of patients will develop distant metastases and die of their disease.

This chapter discusses the prognostic factors of disease outcome for osteosarcoma patients, specifically disease‐ or tumor‐related factors, host‐related factors, and environment‐ or treatment‐related factors.
Prostate Cancer
Authors: Denis Louis , Murphy Gerald P.
Published: November 2003

Prostate cancer became an endemic disease in the Western world mainly because of the aging of the population. The peak age incidence hovers around 70. The introduction of prostatic‐specific antigen (PSA) assay for the diagnosis of prostate cancer resulted in a considerable shift in the detection of disease toward earlier stages that are potentially curable. In countries where PSA is widely used for the detection of prostate cancer, up to 75% of patients present with localized disease. This has given great expectations to patients and their physicians. However, conclusive proof that mortality is decreasing due to population screening is still lacking. The problem is enhanced by the heterogeneous behavior of the prostate.

The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM (tumor, nodules, metastasis) classification of malignant tumors is the means by which the prognosis of most solid cancers can be staged and defined at diagnosis. However, the TNM system does not include all relevant prognostic parameters in prostate cancer, especially the PSA. There is a need to evaluate prognostic factors not only at diagnosis but also after treatment. The need to fine‐tune the staging process in early prostate cancer drives the search for better prognostic markers. Needed measures to predict the outcome and support treatment decisions at diagnosis include biologic, pathologic, genetic, molecular, and other nonanatomic prognostic factors. Prognosis could be enhanced further using a neural network methodology, especially for an analysis of risk for each patient. However, despite efforts and hopes, no superior marker to the anatomic disease, extent, histologic grade, on PSA is available today.

Within the scope of this chapter, we will present prognostic factors relevant for the treatment and outcomes in localized and advanced prostate cancer according to relationship to the tumor, the host, and the environment. A relevance‐based subdivision into essential, additional, and promising prognostic factors is also presented.
Renal‐cell Carcinoma
Authors: Van Poppel Hein , Beckers Goedele , Baert Luc
Published: November 2003

A significant problem for clinicians who treat cancer is the application of the known determinants of disease outcome to the individual patient. The clinical course can be affected by the inherent properties of the tumor, the host‐related factors, and the treatment applied. Renal‐cell carcinoma (RCC) has the reputation of an individual unpredictable outcome with rare cases of spontaneous tumor regression and extended survival despite the presence of metastases. This unpredictable outcome is determined by the genotypic biological behavior and the tumor‐host interaction. Refinement of our ability to predict the outcome should facilitate the rational choice of treatment alternatives and provide more reliability in the interaction with the patient. In case of RCC the absence of other effective treatment modalities besides surgery, renders these considerations even more important.
Intraocular Tumors
Authors: Singh Arun D. , Shields Carol L. , Shields Jerry A.
Published: November 2003

The eye structures are composed of a variety of tissue types derived from ectodermal and mesodermal germinal layers. Therefore, several kinds of benign and malignant tumors arise in and around the ocular structures. The two most common primary intraocular malignancies are melanoma of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid) and retinoblastoma. Uveal melanoma is usually seen in adults and retinoblastoma usually manifests in children less than 5 years of age. Although both arise primarily from the intraocular structures, each of these tumors is a distinct clinical entity with unique clinical features and systemic prognosis. In this chapter, prognostic factors that influence the survival in uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma are discussed.
H
odgkin's Disease
Authors: Specht Lena
Published: November 2003

The Ann Arbor staging classification remains the basis for the evaluation of patients with Hodgkin's disease. The Ann Arbor classification has been adopted by the American Joint Committe on Cancer (AJCC) and International Union Against Cancer (UICC) as the recommended staging classification for Hodgkin's disease. It is evident, though, that this staging cannot be relied on as the only prognostic tool in Hodgkin's disease. A modification of the Ann Arbor system was proposed at the Cotswold meeting to incorporate a designation for number of sites and bulk. These recommendations have not been universally adopted, however, and a multitude of other factors and combinations of factors are currently being employed worldwide. The anatomic extent of disease is the most important prognostic factor in Hodgkin's disease and forms the baseline for decision making regarding treatment. Because of this, the prognostic factors will be considered in the context of stage.
Lung
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: November 2003

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Skin Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: November 2003

The classifications apply to carcinomas of the skin, excluding eyelid and to malignant melanomas of the skin including eyelid.
Breast Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: November 2003

The site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical subsites

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

R Classification

Stage grouping

Summary
Fallopian Tube
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: November 2003

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Prostate
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: November 2003

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: November 2003

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Sarcoma of Orbit
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: November 2003

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Creating social presence in online environments
Authors: Aragon Steven R.
Published: November 2003

Recent literature has shown that social presence is one of the most significant factors in improving
instructional effectiveness and building a sense of community. This chapter examines strategies for creating social
presence within online environments.
Meeting the needs of consumers: Lessons from business and industry
Authors: Garrett Lisa A. , Vogt Connie L.
Published: November 2003

This chapter discusses the current environment of online learning in business and industry, followed by a case
study from one of Intel Corporation's training organizations.
Planarized Star‐Shaped Oligothiophenes as a New Class of Organic Semiconductors for Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: de Bettignies R. , Nicolas Y. , Blanchard P. , Levillain E. , Nunzi J.‐M. , Roncali J.
Published: November 2003

Although compounds 1 and 2 (see Figure) have comparable conjugation lengths, the characterization of vacuum evaporated thin solid films shows that the star‐shaped geometry of compound 1 favors a preferential horizontal orientation of the molecules onto the surface of the substrate, which results in a increase of the efficiency of the corresponding heterojunction solar cells under white‐light illumination by a factor of 20.
Permeable, Microporous Polymeric Membrane Materials Constructed from Discrete Molecular Squares
Authors: Keefe M.H. , O'Donnell J.L. , Bailey R.C. , Nguyen S.T. , Hupp J.T.
Published: November 2003

Microporous polyester membranes (see Figure) have been formed via interfacial polymerization. The reactants were porphyrin‐based square assemblies functionalized with phenol groups and bis(acid chloride) linkers. The membranes are free‐standing and display size‐selective porosity, allowing transport of molecules smaller than the intra‐square cavity and displaying blocking behavior with respect to larger molecules.
Production and State‐of‐the‐Art Characterization of Aligned Nanotubes with Homogeneous BCxN (1 ≤ x ≤ 5) Compositions
Authors: Terrones M. , Golberg D. , Grobert N. , Seeger T. , Reyes‐Reyes M. , Mayne M. , Kamalakaran R. , Dorozhkin P. , Dong Z.‐C. , Terrones H. , Rühle M. , Bando Y.
Published: November 2003

Aligned and hollow BCxN nanotubes with uniformly distributed concentrations of B, C, and N are produced by reacting aligned CNx nanotubes with B2O3 and CuO in a N2 atmosphere at ∼ 1800 °C. It is found that the production of these homogeneous nanotubes is sensitive to the reaction temperature determining the growth kinetics, because segregation of BCN domains may occur at lower or higher temperatures than those used in this study. The Figure shows a molecular model of a coaxial nanocable composed of B, C, and N.
Fabrication of Arrays of Organic Polymeric Thin‐Film Transistors Using Self‐Aligned Microfluidic Channels
Authors: Chabinyc M.L. , Wong W.S. , Paul K.E. , Street R.A.
Published: November 2003

Arrays of organic thin‐film transistors (TFTs; see Figure) were fabricated using self‐aligned microfluidic channels. The self‐aligned fluidic channels defined the active area of the TFTs and provided pixel‐to‐pixel isolation. TFTs made with a regioregular poly(thiophene) had field effect mobilities of 0.05 cm2 V–1 s–1 and on/off current ratios of 108.
Comparison of Electronic Transport Measurements on Organic Molecules
Authors: Salomon A. , Cahen D. , Lindsay S. , Tomfohr J. , Engelkes V.B. , Frisbie C.D.
Published: November 2003

We compile, compare, and discuss experimental results on low‐bias, room‐temperature currents through organic molecules obtained in different electrode–molecule–electrode test‐beds. Currents are normalized to single‐molecule values for comparison and are quoted at 0.2 and 0.5 V junction bias. Emphasis is on currents through saturated alkane chains where many comparable measurements have been reported, but comparison to conjugated molecules is also made. We discuss factors that affect the magnitude of the measured current, such as tunneling attenuation factor, molecular energy gap and conformation, molecule/electrode contacts, and electrode material.
Swelling of crosslinked polyacrylates in isotropic and anisotropic solvents
Authors: Bouchaour Tewfik , Benmouna Farida , Coqueret Xavier , Benmouna Mustapha , Maschke Ulrich
Published: November 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the swelling and deswelling of photochemically crosslinked poly(n‐butylacrylate) networks in isotropic and anisotropic solvents. The phase diagrams were established in terms of composition and temperature for five isotropic solvents, acetone, cyclohexane, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene, and two low‐molecular‐weight nematic liquid crystals, 4‐cyano‐4′‐n‐pentyl‐biphenyl and an eutectic mixture of cyanoparaphenylenes. Networks were formed by ultraviolet curing in the presence of 0.5 wt % difunctional monomer (hexane diol‐di‐acrylate) and 0.5 wt % photoinitiator (Darocur 1173). Immersion in excess solvent allowed us to measure the solvent uptake by weight and to determine the size increase by optical microscopy in terms of temperature. We calculated weight and diameter ratios considering the swollen‐to‐dry network states of the samples. Phase diagrams were analyzed with the phantom network model according to the Flory–Rehner theory of rubber elasticity, and for the anisotropic solvents, modeling was supplemented with the Maier–Saupe theory of nematic order for free energy. The polymer–solvent interaction parameter was deduced as a function of temperature, but the values were in discrepancy with Fedors's model of solubility parameters, which overestimated the interaction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1–9, 2004
Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto methylcellulose by potassium permanganate‐p‐xylene redox pair
Authors: Eromosele C. O. , Nwokata S. P.
Published: November 2003

Poly(acrylic acid) was grafted onto methylcellulose in aqueous media by a potassium permanganate‐p‐xylene redox pair. Within the concentration range from 0.93 × 10−3 to 9.33 × 10−3M, p‐xylene, the graft copolymerization reaction exhibited minimum and maximum graft yields and was associated with two precursor‐initiating species, a p‐xylyl radical and its diradical derivative. The efficiency of the graft was low, not higher than 12.9% at a p‐xylene concentration of 0.93 × 10−3M and suggested the dominance of a competitive homopolymerization reaction under homogeneous conditions. The effect of permanganate on the graft yield was normal and optimal at 135% graft yield, corresponding to a concentration of the latter of 33.3 × 10−3M over the range from 8.3 × 10−3 to 66.7 × 10−3M. The conversion in graft yield showed a negative dependence on temperature in the range 30–60°C and suggested a preponderance of high activation energy transfer reaction processes. The calculated composite activation energy for the graft copolymerization was 7.6 kcal/mol. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 278–281, 2004
Synthesis of novel oligo(primary‐tertiary alkyl peroxides) via oligocondensation reactions under phase transfer catalysis conditions
Authors: Zawadiak Jan , Danch Mirosløaw
Published: November 2003

Novel oligoperoxides, products of polycondensation of primary alkyl dibromide with tertiary dihydroperoxides, were obtained. The structure of the oligoperoxides was determined by gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Their thermal properties were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, and a mechanism of the thermal decomposition was proposed basing on the gel chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of the degradation products. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 15–21, 2004
Fabrication and optical characterization of poly(2,5‐di‐n‐butoxyphenylene) nanofibril arrays
Authors: Yu Bozhang , Gao Yuan , Li Hulin
Published: November 2003

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane can be used as template for the synthesized nanostructures. In this article, we have prepared the AAO membrane by using electrooxidation of aluminum substrate in phosphoric acid, and fabricated poly(2,5‐di‐n‐butoxyphenylene) (BuO–PPP) nanofibril arrays by oxidative coupling polymerization of 1,4‐di‐n‐butoxybenzene (DBB) within the pores of the AAO template membrane. The detailed molecular structure of the polymer nanofibrils was characterized by using infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and estimated to consist of almost equal fractions of 1,4‐ and 1,3‐ linkages. We have used transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atom force microscopy to confirm the morphologies and images of the AAO template membrane and the fabricated nanometer scale of BuO–PPP nanofibril arrays. The experimental results demonstrated that the pores of the AAO membrane were regular and uniform, and parallel each other, and the BuO–PPP chains in the narrowest template‐synthesized nanofibrils were oriented parallel to the porous axes of the AAO membrane and perpendicular to the surface of the aluminum substrate. The polymer chain orientation was partially responsible for the enhanced conductivity. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the BuO–PPP nanofibril arrays shown that the polymer contains a better extended π‐conjugation system along poly‐(p‐phenylene) backbone, which resulted in longer wavelength shift of the absorption band, the absorption maxima were located at 258 nm (E1 absorption band) and 332 nm (E2 absorption band), respectively. Photoluminescence spectrum of the BuO–PPP nanofibril arrays exhibited a blue emission. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 425–430, 2004
Water‐soluble/dispersible cationic pressure‐sensitive adhesives. II. Adhesives from emulsion polymerization
Authors: Yan Zegui , Luo Yingwu , Deng Yulin , Schork Joseph
Published: November 2003

In our previous work, we reported that cationic water‐soluble pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) could be synthesized in ethanol or methanol. These cationic water‐soluble adhesives would not cause a stickies problem during paper recycling and can be easily removed from the papermaking system by adsorbing on wood fibers. In this study we report the synthesis and application of water‐based cationic PSAs using miniemulsion polymerization. A redox initiator system of cumene hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine was used to force interfacial polymerization. The end‐use properties of the PSAs were evaluated, and the repulpability of the PSAs in paper recycling was studied. It was found that the cationic PSA from miniemulsion polymerization itself was insoluble and nondispersible in water during the paper recycling process. However, if this water‐insoluble cationic PSA from miniemulsion was formulated with a water‐soluble cationic PSA made from ethanol, the solubility or dispensability of the former PSA in water was improved. The molecular weight and degree of crosslinking of the PSA polymer have significant effects on the properties and dispersability of PSA. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 347–353, 2004
Novel device of CO adsorption on degradable cellulose‐based strips
Authors: Singh Man , Yadav Suman , Ahmed Sharif
Published: November 2003

An antipolution polymer strip (APPS) was designed using a cellulose strip (8 × 3 cm) coated with disinfectant polymer resin followed by impregnation with transitional metals (100 μm each). The present studies focused primarily on protection of animals, especially humans, from carbon monoxide (CO) present in the atmosphere because of incomplete combustion of fuel from motor vehicles. Diffusion of atmospheric CO gas causes air pollution. Human blood absorbs CO from the atmosphere, resulting in breathing difficulty and various other ailments. The investigation confirmed that APPS adsorbs CO, thereby providing some protection for living beings. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 678–685, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of poly(1,4‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives containing liquid crystalline oxadiazole groups
Authors: Sun Xiaobo , Li Min , Liu Dong , Zhang Peng , Tian Wenjing
Published: November 2003

Two novel poly(1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (PPV) derivatives containing liquid crystalline oxadiazole side chains were prepared by a dehydrochlorination process. The homopolymer poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐((2‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐5‐hexyloxy‐phenyloxy‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (HO–PE6) is insoluble in common solvents, whereas the copolymer poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐((2‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐5‐hexyloxy‐phenyloxy‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole))‐(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy))‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (CO–PE6) is soluble in common solvents such as chloroform, THF, and p‐xylene. The molecular structure of CO–PE6 was confirmed by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, UV–vis spectroscopy, and polarized light microscopy. CO–PE6 showed a maximum emission at 556 nm in chloroform and at 564 nm in solid film, when excited at 450 nm. The maximum electroluminescence emission of the device indium–tin oxide (ITO)CO–PE6/Al is at 555 nm. The turn‐on voltage of LEDs based on CO–PE6 and MEH–PPV is 6.5 and 8.5 V, respectively. The electron mobility of CO–PE6 is higher than that of MEH–PPV based on the results of current–voltage and electrochemical behavior of both MEH–PPV and CO–PE6. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 396–403, 2004
True sample temperatures in isothermal differential scanning calorimetry scans and their effect on the overall polymer crystallization kinetics
Authors: Martins J. A. , Pinto J. J. C. Cruz
Published: November 2003

The true temperature of a sample during isothermal crystallization is higher than the recorded differential scanning calorimetry program temperature because of two combined effects: the thermal resistance of the sample, which is mainly dependent on the thickness of the sample, and the release of the heat of crystallization. This is especially true for a low crystallization temperature, at which the heat of crystallization is released within a relatively short time. Isothermal crystallization is treated here as a nonisothermal process, and the values of the parameters obtained with single‐mechanism equations (Avrami and Nakamura's) used in their description are compared. The validity of the procedure used for evaluating the temperature increase of a sample is analyzed and discussed (i.e., the evaluation of the thermal resistance of a sample as a function of its thickness). Some isothermal crystallization data obtained at relatively high supercoolings may be affected by errors if temperature corrections are not carried out. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 125–131, 2004
Concentrated emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate initiated by a redox initiator at lower temperature
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Tao , Chen Min , Lv Rui
Published: November 2003

The concentrated emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate with an ammonium persulfate/sodium hydrogen sulfate mixture as a redox initiator, with a sodium dodecyl sulfate/cetyl alcohol mixture as a compound surfactant, and with poly(vinyl alcohol) as a liquid film reinforcer was carried out at lower temperature. In less than 3 h, the polymerization conversion was greater than 95%. The effects of the surfactant, the initiator, the volume fraction of the monomer, and the temperature on the stability of the concentrated emulsion, the kinetic process, and the average size of the latices were examined. The morphology of the polymer particles was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the average size and distribution of the particle diameter were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. The kinetic equation was Rp = k[M]0.38[I]0.89[E]−0.80 at 30°C (where Rp is the polymerization rate, [I] is the initiator concentration, [M] is the monomer concentration, and [E] is the concentration of the compound surfactant), and the apparent activation energy was 22.69 kJ/mol. The thin‐layer polymerization of the concentrated emulsions, which enabled the removal of the heat of polymerization, was performed first. In comparison with test‐tube polymerization, thin‐layer polymerization provided a more regular morphology of the polymer particles. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 570–576, 2004
Phase behavior and mechanical properties of blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(amino–ether) resin
Authors: Granado A. , Eguiazábal J. I. , Nazábal J.
Published: November 2003

The structure, thermal and mechanical properties of blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and a poly(amino–ether) (PAE) barrier resin obtained by direct injection molding are reported. The slight shift of the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the pure components when blended is attributed to partial miscibility rather than interchange reactions. Both the small strain and the break properties of the blends were close or even above those predicted by the direct rule of mixtures. The specific volume of the blends appeared to be the main reason for the modulus behavior. The linear values of the elongation at break indicated that the blends were compatible, and were attributed to a combination of good adhesion between the two phases of the blends and the small size of the dispersed phases. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 132–139, 2004