bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crossing Domain‐Specific Boundaries in Search of Innovation: Exploring the Potential of Pyramiding*
Authors: Poetz Marion K. , Prügl Reinhard
Published: October 2010

For many years, it has remained unquestioned that developing innovation mainly happens within the boundaries of organizations' own research and development (R&D) or marketing departments, that is, an activity based on using or reusing local expertise. The negative effect of this local search behavior on the novelty of the outcome, however, is one of the reasons researchers and innovation managers are increasingly discussing the idea of opening up innovation processes by drawing on external problem solvers. In particular, problem solvers located in contextually distant but analogous domains (i.e., domains linked by similar problems) are capable of contributing to overcoming local search bias: as they do not suffer from functional fixedness but experience a similar (i.e., analogous) problem, they are capable of coming up with highly novel solutions. In theory, a recently introduced search approach known as pyramiding holds great potential for crossing domain‐specific boundaries and identifying problem solvers from contextually distant domains. Although initial practical applications of this search method, for example, in the course of applying the lead user method, provide anecdotal evidence, systematic research on the potential of pyramiding for crossing domain‐specific boundaries is still lacking to date. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 1,147 interviews conducted in the course of pyramiding search processes in eight lead user studies. The study found that pyramiding is an apt means of systematically crossing domain‐specific boundaries: more than one third of those interviewees who were able to provide a valid referral in their interview performed the creative task of referring into one or more analogous domains previously unknown to the searching organization. The interviewees' levels of expertise as well as their domain origins influence the likelihood of a domain‐crossing referral. Moreover, the type of industry in which the search field is located is found to moderate the effect of expertise on the likelihood of a referral into an analogous domain.
Exploring the Impact of Technological Competence Development on Speed and NPD Program Performance
Authors: Acur Nuran , Kandemir Destan , De Weerd‐Nederhof Petra C. , Song Michael
Published: October 2010

With growing levels of competition across industries, technological competence is increasingly viewed as crucial for businesses to maintain their long‐term competitive advantage. Although there are many theoretical arguments about how firms' competences can yield competitive advantage and performance improvement, we have a limited understanding of where the capabilities originate in the context of NPD or what kind of product portfolios, internal climate, and strategic alignment are required to build them. Moreover, empirical evidence for technological competence development is limited and comes primarily from case studies, anecdotal evidence, and management impressions. Accordingly, this research addresses these gaps by presenting and testing a conceptual model of technological competence development in NPD. This study makes advances in applying a dynamic capability approach to technological competence development in NPD, and investigates the impact of innovative climate, technological alignment, and project portfolio management on technological competence development as well as NPD speed. Moreover, the factors that might influence NPD program performance are also investigated. The analysis, based on data collected from 111 firms, shows that a firm's innovative climate, technological alignment, and portfolio management are positively associated with technological competence development. While technological alignment was found to be negatively related to NPD speed, portfolio management, and technological competence development were found to have positive effects on speed. However, innovative climate had no significant impact on speed. Moreover, technological competence development and portfolio management were found to be positively related to NPD program performance. Finally, no support was found for the relationship between speed and NPD program performance.
An Integrative Review of Factors Associated With Falls During Post‐Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Campbell Grace B. , Matthews Judith Tabolt
Published: October 2010

Purpose: Our aims were to evaluate evidence of risk factors for falls among patients in stroke rehabilitation and to offer recommendations for clinical practice and future research.

Method: We conducted an integrative review of the literature published from 1990 to 2009 that describes empirical investigations of risk factors for post‐stroke falls during inpatient rehabilitation. We searched Medline, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycInfo, and Embase databases, using the search terms “accidental falls,”“fall risk,”“risk factors,”“risk assessment,”“stroke,” and “cerebrovascular disorders.” We extracted information regarding study design, sample, potential risk factors, analytic methods, findings, and limitations from the 14 articles that met our inclusion criteria, and we rated the level of evidence for each study.

Findings: Available empirical evidence points to impaired balance, visuospatial hemineglect, and impaired performance of activities of daily living as risk factors for falls during inpatient rehabilitation for stroke. Associations between falls and cognitive function, incontinence, visual field deficits, and stroke type were less clear, while relationships between falls and age, gender, stroke location, and impaired vision and hearing were not supported.

Conclusions: The relatively sparse literature pertaining to risk factors for falls among stroke rehabilitation inpatients indicates that deficits affecting balance, perception, and self‐care significantly increase the likelihood of falls. Particularly intriguing is the less well established role of post‐stroke cognition in falls in this population. A conceptual model is needed to guide scientific inquiry and clinical practice in this area.

Clinical Relevance: When clinicians in the inpatient stroke rehabilitation setting evaluate which patients are at greatest risk to fall, stroke‐specific risk factors such as impaired balance, visuospatial hemineglect, and self‐care deficits may be better predictors than more general risk factors such as age, incontinence, and sensory impairments. Patients with these stroke‐specific deficits may benefit from the use of aggressive fall prevention interventions.
Of Increasing Concern: Disaster and the Field of Anthropology
Authors: Hoffman Susanna M
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

commentary,

anthropology trends,

disaster,

environment,

ecology,

global warming,

cultural‐social change,

ethics,

Hurricane Katrina,

ecology and environment
Community‐Based Assessments of Risk and Vulnerability: Combating Hunger in Africa with Local Knowledge
Authors: Chaiken Miriam S
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

commentary,

Famine Early Warning System,

FEWS NET,

disaster,

food insecurity,

food crisis,

hunger,

food shortage,

famine threats,

international aid,

Africa,

ecology and environment,

development
Sri Lanka's Post‐Tsunami Recovery: Cultural Traditions, Social Structures and Power Struggles
Authors: Gamburd Michele Ruth , McGilvray Dennis B
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

commentary,

disaster,

tsunami,

Indian Ocean,

Sri Lanka,

ethnicity,

development,

ecology and environment,

Southern Asia
Making and Unmaking “Vulnerable Persons”: How Disasters Expose and Sustain Structural Inequalities
Authors: Fjord Lakshmi
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

commentary,

disaster,

vulnerability,

vulnerable persons,

disability,

race,

Hurricane Katrina,

development,

ecology and environment
The Next AAA Public Education Project: A Call for Ideas
Authors: Mullings Leith
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

association affairs,

public anthropology
AAA Audit Report 2009
Authors: Hamann Edmund T
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

association affairs,

Audit Committee
Confessions of an Advice Addict: On Being a Student at the AAA Meeting
Authors: Bell Lindsay
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

association affairs,

graduate student perspective,

AAA Annual Meeting,

New Orleans,

2010 Annual Conference,

circulation
Tactics of Swarming
Authors: Kirksey Eben
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

association affairs,

2010 Annual Meeting,

New Orleans,

2010 Annual Conference,

inno‐vent
Sharing Stories: Reflections on Fieldwork in Post‐Earthquake Port‐au‐Prince
Authors: Wagner Laura
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

anthropology of disaster,

Haiti,

fieldwork,

Haiti earthquake,

Caribbean,

ecology and environment,

development
Religion, Resilience and Neutrality: Considerations for Providing Psychosocial Support in Haiti and Other Post‐Disaster Contexts
Authors: Grimaud Jérôme
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

disaster,

aid,

international aid,

ecology and environment,

development,

religion and cosmology,

psychological anthropology,

Caribbean
Failure and Success in Fisheries Management in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Acheson James M
Published: October 2010

Pam Puntenney is contributing editor of “Views on Policy,” the AAA Committee on Public Policy column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:

ecology and environment,

natural resource management,

public policy
The Avalanche of Indicators in Global Governance: Implications for the Anthropology of Policy
Authors: June Raymond
Published: October 2010

Janine Wedel is contributing editor of “Research on Policy,” the AAA Interest Group for the Anthropology of Public Policy column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:

international public policy,

international policy,

development,

international development,

aid,

international aid
Protecting Haiti's Children: Disasters, Trafficking and Human Rights
Authors: Ensor Marisa O
Published: October 2010

Gretchen E Schafft is contributing editor of “Human Rights Forum,” the AAA Committee for Human Rights column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:

disaster,

human rights and advocacy,

children and youth,

Haiti,

Caribbean
Being an Anthropologist in the Face of Disaster
Authors: Stein Howard F
Published: October 2010

Liam Frink is contributing editor of “Ethical Currents,” the AAA Committee on Ethics column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:

disaster,

ethics
Museum‐Based, Summer Research Program for Undergraduates: Natural History Research Experiences at the Smithsonian Institution
Authors: Hunt Gene , Cottrell Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

undergraduate education,

museum anthropology
International Collegiality and the AAA
Authors: Dominguez Virginia R
Published: October 2010

Keywords:

AAA President,

president's column
Differential expression of MSX2 in nodular hyperplasia, high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate adenocarcinoma
Authors: CHUA CHEE‐WAI , CHIU YUNG‐TUEN , YUEN HIU‐FUNG , CHAN KWOK‐WAH , WANG XIANGHONG , LING MING‐TAT , WONG YONG‐CHUAN
Published: October 2010

Chua C‐W, Chiu Y‐T, Yuen H‐F, Chan K‐W, Wang X, Ling M‐T, Wong Y‐C. Differential expression of MSX2 in nodular hyperplasia, high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate adenocarcinoma. APMIS 2010; 118: 918–26.

One of the common features in advanced prostate cancer is bone metastasis. In this study, we investigated the clinical relevance of a bone factor, MSX2, in predicting the metastatic ability of prostate adenocarcinoma. Evaluation of MSX2 expression was performed using prostate cell lines as well as patient specimens. A sharp decrease in MSX2 was found in primary prostate cancer cells, 22Rv1, when compared with the non‐malignant counterparts, followed by a gradual increase in more aggressive prostate cancer cell lines. Interestingly, the MSX2 protein was upregulated and predominantly expressed in the nucleus in aggressive prostate cancer cell line, C4‐2b, compared with the less aggressive 22Rv1. Consistent with the in vitro results, MSX2 nuclear expression was significantly higher in nodular hyperplasia when compared with high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), while MSX2 nuclear expression in prostate adenocarcinoma was higher than that in high‐grade PIN. Importantly, MSX2 expression was increased significantly in tumors with metastasis compared with those without metastasis. Finally, MSX2 nuclear scores were significantly increased in patients with preoperative serum PSA >20 ng/mL. No correlation between MSX2 nuclear score and Gleason score was found. Taken together, MSX2 may serve as a potential biomarker in predicting primary prostate tumors with higher metastatic capability.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of 2‐Amino‐6‐arylsulphonylbenzonitriles Analogues as HIV Inhibitors: Interaction Modes and Binding Free Energies
Authors: Hu Rongjing , Barbault Florent , Maurel François , Delamar Michel , Zhang Ruisheng
Published: October 2010

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in water environment were carried out on the HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT), and its complexes with one representative of each of three series of inhibitors: 2‐amino‐6‐arylsulphonylbenzonitriles and their thio and sulphinyl congeners. Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM‐GBSA) was used to calculate the binding free energy based on the obtained MD trajectories. Calculated energies are correlated to activity. A comparison of interaction modes, binding free energy, contributions of the residues to the binding free energy and H‐bonds was carried out with the average structures. The results show that there exist different interaction modes between RT and ligands and different specific interactions with some residues. The higher binding affinity of the most potent inhibitor in the series of molecules under study is favoured by electrostatic interactions and solvation contribution.
Optimization of Antibacterial Peptides by Genetic Algorithms and Cheminformatics
Authors: Fjell Christopher D. , Jenssen Håvard , Cheung Warren A. , Hancock Robert E. W. , Cherkasov Artem
Published: October 2010

Pathogens resistant to available drug therapies are a pressing global health problem. Short, cationic peptides represent a novel class of agents that have lower rates of drug resistance than derivatives of current antibiotics. Previously, we created a software system utilizing artificial neural networks that were trained on quantitative structure‐activity relationship descriptors calculated for a total of 1400 synthetic peptides for which antibacterial activity was determined. Using the trained system, we correctly identified additional peptides with activity of 94% accuracy; active peptides were 47 of the top rated 50 peptides chosen from an in silico library of nearly 100 000 sequences. Here, we report a method of generating candidate peptide sequences using the heuristic evolutionary programming method of genetic algorithms (GA), which provided a large (19‐fold) improvement in identification of novel antibacterial peptides. Approximately 0.50% of peptides evaluated during the GA method were classified as highly active, while only 0.026% of the nearly 100 000 sequences we previously screened were classified as highly active. A selection of these peptides was tested in vitro and activities reported here. While GA significantly improves the possibility of identifying candidate peptides, we encountered important pitfalls to this method that should be considered when using GA.
Managing ward managers for roles in HRM in the NHS: overworked and under‐resourced
Authors: Hutchinson Sue , Purcell John
Published: October 2010

Drawing on case study research in seven NHS Trusts, this article considers the role and management of ward managers and paramedic supervisors, focusing on their human resource management (HRM) responsibilities. In the National Health Service (NHS), these front‐line managers are critical to the delivery of effective HRM and thereby strongly influence organisational performance and service delivery. However, despite the mounting literature on leadership and performance in health care, little is known about this body of managers who have been generally neglected by academics and practitioners. This article seeks to address these shortcomings by considering the content and practice of these junior managers' role, their work experiences and factors that influence their ability to deliver effective HRM. The findings reveal that the roles of these managers have been enhanced and extended to include an extensive portfolio of HR duties but is subject to considerable constraint. The multiplicity of roles these managers are required to perform has magnified issues of role conflict and ambiguity, heavy workloads and stress. Fundamentally, however, these managers lacked support from senior managers and the HR function.
Regulating employment conditions in a hospital network: the case of the Private Finance Initiative
Authors: Bach Stephen , Givan Rebecca Kolins
Published: October 2010

A key component of the UK government's modernisation agenda has been encouragement of public–private partnerships to enhance public service delivery. In contrast to adversarial forms of contracting out associated with the degradation of employment conditions, public–private partnerships are intended to deliver mutual gains and empower the workforce. These degradation and empowerment interpretations concentrate on developments at the workplace. In this article, we develop a third interpretation of the consequences of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI), which links workplace practice to state regulation, highlighting the growing importance of state re‐regulation and the contradictory effects on the workforce. Drawing on a case study of a large acute hospital PFI scheme, we highlight the degree of re‐regulation of employment conditions that has been necessary to make PFI more palatable to the workforce and trade unions. These measures have fostered blended outcomes for the workforce.
When hospitals provide HR practices tailored to older nurses, will older nurses stay? It may depend on their supervisor
Authors: Armstrong‐Stassen Marjorie , Schlosser Francine
Published: October 2010

This longitudinal study tested a model of the mechanisms through which HR practices are linked to older nurses' intention to remain with their hospital. The participants were 528 registered nurses aged 45 to 67 years. The study focused on two HR practices, flexible work options and performance evaluation practices, which are more directly under the influence of the immediate supervisor. Supervisor‐related procedural justice mediated the relationship between the HR practices and perceived supervisor support (PSS), and in turn, PSS was associated with enhanced perceived organisational support (POS). POS partially mediated the relationship between PSS and affective commitment, and affective commitment fully mediated the relationship between POS and older nurses' intention to remain with their hospital. The findings indicated that fostering older nurses' commitment and ultimately retention requires HR practices relevant to older nurses, supportive and fair supervisors, and a hospital that values their contribution and cares about their well‐being.
Managing people across hospital networks in the UK: multiple employers and the shaping of HRM
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Rubery Jill , Marchington Mick
Published: October 2010

Building on the insights from a growing number of studies on the HRM implications of inter‐organisational relations, this article investigates the HR issues in two case studies of ‘best practice’, long‐term collaborative working. It identifies three common challenges for HRM: (a) how to build employee commitment and identity to the partnership without putting at risk the employing organisation's goals; (b) how to establish attractive career pathways in a partnership context requiring some degree of sharing of skill standards and coordination of training provision; and (c) how to sustain partnerships in a changing policy and organisational context. The data point to inherent problems in managing employment when there is more than one employing organisation exercising influence. Differences in organisational goals and HRM approaches in hospital networks are an obstacle to long‐term integration – especially in public–private arrangements where integration of goals and HRM is more difficult.
The conservation and restoration of wild bees
Authors: Winfree Rachael
Published: October 2010

Bees pollinate most of the world's wild plant species and provide economically valuable pollination services to crops; yet knowledge of bee conservation biology lags far behind other taxa such as vertebrates and plants. There are few long‐term data on bee populations, which makes their conservation status difficult to assess. The best‐studied groups are the genusBombus(the bumble bees), and bees in the EU generally; both of these are clearly declining. However, it is not known to what extent these groups represent the approximately 20,000 species of bees globally. As is the case for insects in general, bees are underrepresented in conservation planning and protection efforts. For example, only two bee species are on the global IUCN Red List, and no bee is listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, even though many bee species are known to be in steep decline or possibly extinct. At present, bee restoration occurs mainly in agricultural contexts, funded by government programs such as agri‐environment schemes (EU) and the Farm Bill (USA). This is a promising approach given that many bee species can use human‐disturbed habitats, and bees provide valuable pollination services to crops. However, agricultural restorations only benefit species that persist in agricultural landscapes, and they are more expensive than preserving natural habitat elsewhere. Furthermore, such restorations benefit bees in only about half of studied cases. More research is greatly needed in many areas of bee conservation, including basic population biology, bee restoration in nonagricultural contexts, and the identification of disturbance‐sensitive bee species.
International cooperation in the solution to trade‐related invasive species risksa
Authors: Perrings Charles , Burgiel Stas , Lonsdale Mark , Mooney Harold , Williamson Mark
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we consider the factors behind the growth of invasive species as a global problem, and the scope for international cooperation and coordination in addressing that problem. This is limited by the terms of the various international agreements governing trade, health, and biodiversity. The default strategy in most cases has two parts: border protection and the control of or adaptation to introduced species that have escaped detection at the border. Most invasive species policy involves unilateral national defensive action as opposed to coordinated international action. We argue that an important part of the solution to the problem lies in global coordination and cooperation in the management of both pathways and sanitary and phytosanitary risks at all scales. More particularly, because invasive species are an externality of trade, transport, and travel that involve public goods, they require collective regulation of international markets that goes beyond that admitted under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. We argue that it is important to bring that agreement into conformity with the International Health Regulations (IHR), and to develop an international mechanism to generate and disseminate information on invasive species risks and their impacts.
The effects of anthropogenic global changes on immune functions and disease resistance
Authors: Martin Lynn B. , Hopkins William A. , Mydlarz Laura D. , Rohr Jason R.
Published: October 2010

Humans are changing the environmental conditions of our planet, and animal immune functions are being affected by these modifications. For instance, a diversity of chemical contaminants is entering ecosystems and modifying immune functions directly or indirectly through altered host–parasite interactions. Also, global temperature changes have caused outbreaks of disease that have decimated and even extirpated some host species, outcomes partially driven via immune alterations. Finally, some invasive species are immunologically distinct or impose stress on native species, factors that may facilitate the establishment of nonnative hosts as well as parasite transmission to native species. Here, we summarize the known and likely effects of pollutants, nonnative species introductions, and increases in ambient temperature on host immune functions and infections. We then identify future directions for research given our sparse knowledge of immune variation in natural populations. In sum, we advocate integrative, multidisciplinary work at diverse spatial and temporal scales to assess and prevent anthropogenic global changes from further compromising animal immune functions.
Nitrogen enrichment and plant communities
Authors: Cleland Elsa E. , Harpole W. Stanley
Published: October 2010

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enrichment of many ecosystems throughout the globe has important ramifications for plant communities. Observational and experimental studies frequently find species richness declines with N enrichment, in concert with increasing primary production. Nitrogen enrichment also reorders species composition, including species turnover through gains and losses of species, changes in dominance and rarity, and shifts in the relative abundance of particular functional groups. Nitrogen has traditionally been considered the primary limiting nutrient for plant growth in terrestrial ecosystems, but recent synthetic work suggests that colimitation by phosphorus (P), water, and other resources is widespread, consistent with theoretical predictions. At the same time, disproportionate increases in ecosystem N input are expected to exacerbate limitation by P and other resources. Similarly, synthetic research has pointed out the important role of consumers and pathogens in determining plant community structure, especially with respect to shifting resource availability. We argue here that environmental and biotic contexts, including limitation by multiple resources, herbivores and pathogens, play important roles in our understanding of plant community responses to N enrichment.
The role of public information in ecology and conservation: an emphasis on inadvertent social information
Authors: Blanchet Simon , Clobert Jean , Danchin Étienne
Published: October 2010

Public information is an emerging major topic in ecology and evolution. We review the literature about the role of public information in ecology and conservation while mainly focusing on inadvertent social information (ISI), which constitutes a major form of public information. We first define the terms of biological information that we use. We then review the accruing evidence for ISI use in many fitness‐affecting decisions in plants and animals. We generalize concepts of information to encompass interspecific interactions. We then develop how intra‐ and interspecific information flows actually shape ecological and evolutionary dynamics. We then discuss some of the application of adopting an information‐driven approach to ecology and evolution in conservation biology. Our hope is to favor the transfer of knowledge from ecology and evolution to conservation biology. We claim that this is the only way to design efficient conservation actions and illustrate how ignoring concepts of information may lead us to design conservation actions that drive endangered populations toward rather than away from extinction.
Genetic Diversity of Human Zoonotic Leishmaniasis in Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Cortes S. , Chicharro C. , Cruz I. , Cristovão J. M. , Cañavate C. , Campino L.
Published: October 2010

Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is a zoonotic disease endemic in South Europe, from Portugal to the Middle East. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity of L. infantum parasites in Iberian Peninsula. Twenty‐four L. infantum strains isolated from immunocompetent patients with leishmaniasis from several localities of Portugal and Spain were studied. The use of kinetoplast DNA–PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism as a molecular marker revealed intra‐specific variation. No association was found between genotype and clinical form of the disease or patients age group. Two main clusters were identified with this marker: (i) zymodeme MON‐1 strains and (ii) non‐MON‐1 strains. However, no association was found between strains variability and geographical distribution suggesting that parasite populations of different regions in the Iberian Peninsula are homogenous.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Swiss Laying Hens, Prevalence and Risk Factors
Authors: Harisberger M. , Gobeli S. , Hoop R. , Dewulf J. , Perreten V. , Regula G.
Published: October 2010

Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging concern to public health, and food‐producing animals are known to be a potential source for transmission of resistant bacteria to humans. As legislation of the European Union requires to ban conventional cages for the housing of laying hens on the one hand, and a high food safety standard for eggs on the other hand, further investigations about the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in alternative housing types are required. In this study, we determined antimicrobial resistance in indicator bacteria from 396 cloacal swabs from 99 Swiss laying hen farms among four alternative housing types during a cross‐sectional study. On each farm, four hens were sampled and exposure to potential risk factors was identified with a questionnaire. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined using broth microdilution in Escherichia coli (n = 371) for 18 antimicrobials and in Enterococcus faecalis (n = 138) and Enterococcus faecium (n = 153) for 16 antimicrobials. All antimicrobial classes recommended by the European Food Safety Authority for E. coli and enterococci were included in the resistance profile. Sixty per cent of the E. coli isolates were susceptible to all of the considered antimicrobials and 30% were resistant to at least two antimicrobials. In E. faecalis, 33% of the strains were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials and 40% were resistant to two or more antimicrobials, whereas in E. faecium these figures were 14% and 39% respectively. Risk factor analyses were carried out for bacteria species and antimicrobials with a prevalence of resistance between 15% and 85%. In these analyses, none of the considered housing and management factors showed a consistent association with the prevalence of resistance for more than two combinations of bacteria and antimicrobial. Therefore we conclude that the impact of the considered housing and management practices on the egg producing farms on resistance in laying hens is low.
Estimating the National Impact of the Financial Crisis in Indonesia by Combining a Rapid Qualitative Study with Nationally Representative Surveys
Authors: McCulloch Neil , Grover Amit
Published: October 2010

This paper draws on a rapid qualitative assessment of the impact of the financial crisis in Indonesia, to generate hypotheses about the potential national impacts. We test these hypotheses using nationally representative labour force surveys from before and after the onset of the financial crisis. We find that Indonesia weathered the storm rather well: there is no evidence for increased school dropout; labour force participation fell, particularly for young workers, whilst unemployment rose for the young, but fell for workers over 25. The changes for female workers were the same as those for male workers and there do not appear to have been any major sectoral shifts in labour. Surprisingly, we find that real wages for employees rose significantly during the crisis period, although those in the informal sector did not benefit to the same extent. Our results are similar to those from the earlier qualitative study, except that, because it focused on areas harder hit by the crisis, the qualitative study did not observe the significant gains made by employees over the crisis period.
Analytical study of the critical behavior of the nonlinear pendulum
Authors: Lima F. M. S.
Published: October 2010

The dynamics of a simple pendulum consisting of a small bob and a massless rigid rod has three possible regimes depending on its total energy E: Oscillatory (when E is not enough for the pendulum to reach the top position), “perpetual ascent” when E is exactly the energy needed to reach the top, and nonoscillatory for greater energies. In the latter regime, the pendulum rotates periodically without velocity inversions. In contrast to the oscillatory regime, for which an exact analytic solution is known, the other two regimes are usually studied by solving the equation of motion numerically. By applying conservation of energy, I derive exact analytical solutions to both the perpetual ascent and nonoscillatory regimes and an exact expression for the pendulum period in the nonoscillatory regime. Based on Cromer’s approximation for the large-angle pendulum period, I find a simple approximate expression for the decrease of the period with the initial velocity in the nonoscillatory regime, valid near the critical velocity. This expression is used to study the critical slowing down, which is observed near the transition between the oscillatory and nonoscillatory regimes.
The response of laser interferometers to a gravitational wave
Authors: Melissinos Adrian , Das Ashok
Published: October 2010

Laser interferometer detectors are widely used in the extensive effort to detect gravitational waves. The interaction of a gravitational wave with light in the interferometer is usually explained in terms of the motion of the “free” mirrors that form the interferometer arms. It is instructive to show that the same result can be obtained by calculating the propagation of an electromagnetic plane wave between free mirrors in the curved space-time induced by the gravitational wave. We find that the plane wave acquires frequency modulation sidebands at the frequency of the gravitational wave. Such sidebands are equivalent to the time-dependent phase shift imposed on the plane wave, as obtained in the conventional calculation.
Maxwell’s equations in a uniformly rotating dielectric medium and the Wilson–Wilson experiment
Authors: Canovan C. E. S. , Tucker Robin W.
Published: October 2010

We offer a conceptually straightforward and efficient way to formulate and solve problems on the electromagnetics of moving media based on a representation of Maxwell’s equations in terms of differential forms on spacetime together with junction conditions at moving interfaces. This framework is used to address several issues on the theoretical description underlying the interpretation of the Wilson–Wilson experiment.
Change of the plane of oscillation of a Foucault pendulum from simple pictures
Authors: Jordan Thomas F. , Maps J.
Published: October 2010

The change of the plane of oscillation of a Foucault pendulum is calculated without using equations of motion, the Gauss–Bonnet theorem, parallel transport, or assumptions that are difficult to explain.
Point charge dynamics near a grounded conducting plane
Authors: Haglin Kevin L.
Published: October 2010

The classic image problem in electromagnetism involves a grounded infinite conducting plane and a point charge. The force of attraction between the point charge and the plane is identified using an equivalent-field picture of an image charge with an opposite sign equidistant behind the plane, resulting in a 1/r2 attractive force between the original charge and the plane. If the point charge is released from rest, it will reach the plane in a time τ, which has not been calculated correctly. The inconsistency is clarified along with an improved solution to the classic image problem. Similar electromagnetism problems are also discussed.
Stokes’ dream: Measurement of fluid viscosity from the attenuation of capillary waves
Authors: Behroozi F. , Smith J. , Even W.
Published: October 2010

The determination of viscosity from the attenuation of capillary waves was first suggested by Stokes more than a century ago. At the time, it was not practical to measure the attenuation of surface waves with the requisite precision to render the method useful. We describe a noncontact method for measuring the wavelength and amplitude of single-frequency capillary waves to obtain reliable values of the surface tension and viscosity. The attenuation data for several glycerin-water mixtures are used to obtain the viscosity as a function of glycerin concentration. For a wide range of viscosity, the method yields results that are in good agreement with the most reliable published data.
The magnetic field lines of a helical coil are not simple loops
Authors: Lieberherr Martin
Published: October 2010

It is shown that the magnetic field lines of a loosely wound helical coil of finite length do not close after one loop. Examples of simple wire shapes that display the same effect are given.
Tracking the stars, Sun, and Moon to connect with the universe
Authors: McAlpine Todd C. , Atwood-Stone Corwin , Brown Travis , Lindner John F.
Published: October 2010

We describe the theory, design, and construction of simple electromechanical devices that automatically and continually track celestial objects. As Earth rotates and revolves, a star tracker always points at a star or other objects fixed to the celestial sphere, such as the center of the Milky Way galaxy. A planet tracker can fixate on any celestial object including the planets, the Sun, or the Moon. A sidereal clock mechanism drives the star tracker, and software that encodes astronomical algorithms controls an inexpensive robot that drives the planet tracker. The star tracker acts like a gyroscope, rigidly oriented in space, despite Earth’s motion. Both trackers indicate the passing of time just like clocks and calendars. The resulting lecture, hallway, or museum displays promote awareness of and excitement about our place in the universe.
Making work experience work
Authors: Jarvis Lisa
Published: October 2010

Work experience is an established part of life for many veterinary practices. School children look for their first taste of the working world, while older students look for vital insights to support their studies or new careers. Lantra, the Sector Skills Council for environmental and land‐based industries, recently carried out an online survey to review work experience in the animal health and welfare sector. Here, Lisa Jarvis presents the results and discusses the findings.
To treat or not?
Authors: Yeates James
Published: October 2010

A client whose pet is under treatment with you asks you to perform a radical surgical intervention that may extend its life. You are highly competent at this procedure, but unsure whether it would be over‐treatment for this case. If you do not perform the treatment, the owner has made it clear they will go to another local practitioner.
Comments on the dilemma in the September issue: ‘Can't pay, won't pay?'
Authors: Mullan Siobhan
Published: October 2010

The dilemma in the September issue concerned a vet presented with a dog with dystocia (In Practice, September 2010, volume 32, pages 413–414). The client was not previously registered with any practice. Clinical examination revealed an oversized puppy impacted in the birth canal and the vet advised an emergency caesarean. The owner said she was claiming benefits and had no savings with which to meet the cost. Chris Barker commented that legal responsibility for the welfare of the bitch lay entirely with the owner. While it was the responsibility of the vet to make immediate provision for the welfare of the bitch, this required simply the provision of immediate first aid and pain relief, or euthanasia. Veterinary surgeons had no obligation to help others without financial recompense, and potentially writing off the financial loss as a bad debt was not always an option. A possible way forward would be to investigate other ways in which the owner might secure payment – perhaps by means of a loan from family or friends, a credit card, seeking charity support or coming to some financial arrangement with the practice. If payment was not possible, it was acceptable to refuse to perform the caesarean without payment and prevent the suffering of the bitch through euthanasia. Experience suggested that, even with promises of payment, the debt would generally remain unpaid and the owner would never return to the clinic. Unless the profession took a stand and forced pet owners to recognise their responsibilities towards their pets, nothing would change.
Veterinary care of honey bees in the UK
Authors: Formato Giovanni , Comini Antonella , Giacomelli Alessandra , Ermenegildi Arianna , Zilli Romano , Davis Ivor
Published: October 2010

In recent years, bee colonies worldwide have declined due to a combination of problems, including conditions such as varroosis, nosemosis and foulbrood diseases, and a number of viruses. As well as affecting both honey and wax production, this has also had a significant impact on crop pollination and the environment. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are classified as food‐producing animals but, to date, veterinary surgeons have played only a very modest role within the apiculture industry in the UK. However, the future of honey bee colonies will depend on practitioners working together with beekeepers to limit further losses. This article describes the most important pathogens affecting honey bees and outlines the options for treatment. In particular, it highlights how veterinary surgeons can help to promote and maintain bee health and food safety.
Mycobacterial infections in cats and dogs
Authors: Gunn‐Moore Danièlle , Dean Rachel , Shaw Susan
Published: October 2010

Mycobacterial infections are not commonly recognised in cats and dogs in the UK. However, with improved recognition they are now being diagnosed more frequently, at least in cats. This article discusses the causes of infection, possible clinical signs and methods of diagnosis, and considers the complexities of treatment and potential therapeutic options. It also outlines the prospects for prognosis.
HUMAN ACTIVITY RECOGNITION BASED ON EVOLVING FUZZY SYSTEMS
Authors: IGLESIAS JOSE ANTONIO , ANGELOV PLAMEN , LEDEZMA AGAPITO , SANCHIS ARACELI
Published: October 2010

Environments equipped with intelligent sensors can be of much help if they can recognize the actions or activities of their users. If this activity recognition is done automatically, it can be very useful for different tasks such as future action prediction, remote health monitoring, or interventions. Although there are several approaches for recognizing activities, most of them do not consider the changes in how a human performs a specific activity. We present an automated approach to recognize daily activities from the sensor readings of an intelligent home environment. However, as the way to perform an activity is usually not fixed but it changes and evolves, we propose an activity recognition method based on Evolving Fuzzy Systems.
VARIABLE SELECTION IN NONLINEAR MODELING BASED ON RBF NETWORKS AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION
Authors: PATRINOS PANAGIOTIS , ALEXANDRIDIS ALEX , NINOS KONSTANTINOS , SARIMVEIS HARALAMBOS
Published: October 2010

In this paper a novel variable selection method based on Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks and genetic algorithms is presented. The fuzzy means algorithm is utilized as the training method for the RBF networks, due to its inherent speed, the deterministic approach of selecting the hidden node centers and the fact that it involves only a single tuning parameter. The trade-off between the accuracy and parsimony of the produced model is handled by using Final Prediction Error criterion, based on the RBF training and validation errors, as a fitness function of the proposed genetic algorithm. The tuning parameter required by the fuzzy means algorithm is treated as a free variable by the genetic algorithm. The proposed method was tested in benchmark data sets stemming from the scientific communities of time-series prediction and medicinal chemistry and produced promising results.
AN ONLINE SELF-ORGANIZING SCHEME FOR PARSIMONIOUS AND ACCURATE FUZZY NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: WANG NING , ER MENG JOO , MENG XIAN-YAO , LI XIANG
Published: October 2010

In this paper, an online self-organizing scheme for Parsimonious and Accurate Fuzzy Neural Networks (PAFNN), and a novel structure learning algorithm incorporating a pruning strategy into novel growth criteria are presented. The proposed growing procedure without pruning not only simplifies the online learning process but also facilitates the formation of a more parsimonious fuzzy neural network. By virtue of optimal parameter identification, high performance and accuracy can be obtained. The learning phase of the PAFNN involves two stages, namely structure learning and parameter learning. In structure learning, the PAFNN starts with no hidden neurons and parsimoniously generates new hidden units according to the proposed growth criteria as learning proceeds. In parameter learning, parameters in premises and consequents of fuzzy rules, regardless of whether they are newly created or already in existence, are updated by the extended Kalman filter (EKF) method and the linear least squares (LLS) algorithm, respectively. This parameter adjustment paradigm enables optimization of parameters in each learning epoch so that high performance can be achieved. The effectiveness and superiority of the PAFNN paradigm are demonstrated by comparing the proposed method with state-of-the-art methods. Simulation results on various benchmark problems in the areas of function approximation, nonlinear dynamic system identification and chaotic time-series prediction demonstrate that the proposed PAFNN algorithm can achieve more parsimonious network structure, higher approximation accuracy and better generalization simultaneously.
FUZZY REGRESSION MODELING FOR TOOL PERFORMANCE PREDICTION AND DEGRADATION DETECTION
Authors: LI X. , ER M. J. , LIM B. S. , ZHOU J. H. , GAN O. P. , RUTKOWSKI L.
Published: October 2010

In this paper, the viability of using Fuzzy-Rule-Based Regression Modeling (FRM) algorithm for tool performance and degradation detection is investigated. The FRM is developed based on a multi-layered fuzzy-rule-based hybrid system with Multiple Regression Models (MRM) embedded into a fuzzy logic inference engine that employs Self Organizing Maps (SOM) for clustering. The FRM converts a complex nonlinear problem to a simplified linear format in order to further increase the accuracy in prediction and rate of convergence. The efficacy of the proposed FRM is tested through a case study — namely to predict the remaining useful life of a ball nose milling cutter during a dry machining process of hardened tool steel with a hardness of 52–54 HRc. A comparative study is further made between four predictive models using the same set of experimental data. It is shown that the FRM is superior as compared with conventional MRM, Back Propagation Neural Networks (BPNN) and Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFN) in terms of prediction accuracy and learning speed.