bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping a conservation research network to the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Canty Steven W. J. , Nowakowski A. Justin , Connette Grant M. , Deichmann Jessica L. , Songer Melissa , Chiaravalloti Rafael , Dodge Molly , Feistner Anna T. C. , Fergus Craig , Hall Jefferson S. , Komatsu Kimberly J. , Linares‐Palomino Reynaldo , McField Melanie , Ogburn Matthew B. , Velez‐Zuazo Ximena , Akre Thomas S.
Published: May 2022

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a global blueprint to end extreme poverty, reduce inequality, and protect the planet. Progress toward these goals is falling short. Achieving the SDGs requires coordination among government, private industry, and nongovernmental organizations to align the actions of multiple sectors with SDG targets. Adapting an approach used by industry sectors, we mapped the Smithsonian Institution Working Land and Seascapes network to the SDGs. The network of programs aims to foster healthy and productive ecosystems through collaborations with diverse stakeholders. Across the network, we identified clear and measurable contributions to 16 of the 17 SDGs and specifically mapped past and current activities to 76 of the 169 targets, thereby demonstrating how conservation actions can contribute to achieving the SDGs, beyond SDGs 14 and 15. We also identified the need for clear results chain and greater capacity to achieve the SDGs and then provide examples of how different sectors can increase complementarity of their actions. By mapping activities to the SDGs, different sectors can increase alignment and strengthen collective contributions towards common global goals.
Reduced tear thrombospondin‐1/matrix metalloproteinase‐9 ratio can aid in detecting Sjögren's syndrome etiology in patients with dry eye
Authors: Masli Sharmila , Akpek Esen K.
Published: May 2022

Differentiating patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS)‐associated dry eye from non‐SS dry eye is critical for monitoring and appropriate management of possible sight‐ or life‐threatening extraglandular complications associated with SS. We tested whether reduced tear levels of immunoregulatory thrombospondin (TSP)‐1, which also inhibits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9, would reflect SS pathogenesis aiding the identification of patients with SS‐dry eye. Total of 61 participants, including healthy controls (n = 20), patients with non‐SS dry eye (n = 20) and SS‐dry eye (n = 21) were enrolled prospectively. Tear TSP‐1 and MMP‐9 levels were measured using a custom magnetic bead‐based multi‐plex assay in a masked manner. Analyte concentrations were assessed further according to ocular surface and tear film parameters. Relative to median tear TSP‐1 (308 ng/ml) and MMP‐9 (1.9 ng/ml) levels in the control group, significantly higher proportion of patients with SS‐dry eye than non‐SS had lower tear TSP‐1 levels (55% vs. 29%, odds ratio [OR] = 3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.64 to 5.35, p < 0.05) and higher tear MMP‐9 levels (65% vs. 24%, OR = 5.8, 95% CI = 4.46 to 19.81, p < 0.05), respectively. The tear TSP‐1/MMP‐9 ratio was significantly reduced in patients with SS‐dry eye compared to non‐SS (B = −2.36, 95% CI = −3.94 to −0.0.79, p < 0.05), regardless of tear MMP‐9 levels. Patients with a lower ratio were 2.3 times more likely to have SS (OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.1 to 0.75, p < 0.05). This ratio showed significant inverse correlations with clinical parameters (conjunctival and corneal staining scores). Our results denote that tear TSP‐1/MMP‐9 ratio can be useful in identifying patients with dry eye with underlying SS and used as a screening test.
The Effects of E‐Commerce on Regional Poverty Reduction: Evidence from China's Rural E‐Commerce Demonstration County Program
Authors: Qin Yong , Fang Yingfeng
Published: May 2022

This paper uses the Rural E‐Commerce Demonstration County (REDC) policy to estimate the effect of e‐commerce on poverty reduction. We discover that the REDC policy enhanced the gross regional product per capita by 8.4 percent for the total sample of counties and 10.5 percent for a subsample of poor counties. Specifically, the REDC policy increased the aggregate final product in primary industry by 10.6 percent. The final product per capita in the secondary and service sectors was 13.1 percent and 3.3 percent higher in the REDCs than in other counties, respectively. The effects were even greater for the subsample of poor counties. The estimates demonstrate that e‐commerce developed quickly in the REDCs since the implementation of the REDC policy. The income of those involved in e‐commerce increased, yielding more aggregate savings deposits. The expansion of e‐commerce induced more investment, suggesting that more aggregate loans are being made in REDCs. This evidence suggests new opportunities for poor people in the new digital economy.
Is Bilateral Value Added in Trade between China and EU Countries Efficient?
Authors: Mao Haiou , Xiong Ling
Published: May 2022

By applying stochastic frontier analysis, and replacing total export with value added in exports as a more accurate measure of domestic content embodied in exports, we estimate the trade efficiency between China and EU countries and analyze the determinant factors. The results show that the value added in trade between China and EU countries is running at a low level of efficiency, and the trade efficiency has an obvious imbalance between export and import. Our calculation of unexplored trade potential indicates that western EU countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, and Spain together are China's top trading partner with the highest unexploited trade potential. Based on the principal component analysis of 14 trading‐related variables, trade efficiency determinant results show that the tangible trade infrastructures of both exporter and importer matters most, including airports, container shipping, Internet, and broadband infrastructures. Meanwhile, intangible trade infrastructures, including customs procedures and domestic business environments, has a significant, but smaller influence on trade efficiency. Our important findings shed light on practical trade policymaking to encourage Sino‐EU trade collaboration.
Why does visual working memory ability improve with age: More objects, more feature detail, or both? A registered report
Authors: Forsberg Alicia , Adams Eryn J. , Cowan Nelson
Published: May 2022

We investigated how visual working memory (WM) develops with age across the early elementary school period (6–7 years), early adolescence (11–13 years), and early adulthood (18–25 years). The work focuses on changes in two parameters: the number of objects retained at least in part, and the amount of feature‐detail remembered for such objects. Some evidence suggests that, while infants can remember up to three objects, much like adults, young children only remember around two objects. This curious, nonmonotonic trajectory might be explained by differences in the level of feature‐detail required for successful performance in infant versus child/adult memory paradigms. Here, we examined if changes in one of two parameters (the number of objects, and the amount of detail retained for each object) or both of them together can explain the development of visual WM ability as children grow older. To test it, we varied the amount of feature‐detail participants need to retain. In the baseline condition, participants saw an array of objects and simply were to indicate whether an object was present in a probed location or not. This phase begun with a titration procedure to adjust each individual's array size to yield about 80% correct. In other conditions, we tested memory of not only location but also additional features of the objects (color, and sometimes also orientation). Our results suggest that capacity growth across ages is expressed by both improved location‐memory (whether there was an object in a location) and feature completeness of object representations.
Incidental detection of accessory mitral valve in adolescent with atrial septal defect: Diagnosis with 3D transesophageal echocardiography and excision with transaortic method
Authors: Azak Emine , Aydın Nuri Hakan , Ecevit Niyazi Ata , Cetin Ibrahim Ilker , Golbasi Zehra
Published: May 2022

Background

Accessory mitral valve tissue (AMVT) is an extremely rare causes left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and is usually incidentally detected in childhood. It is often associated with other cardiac and vascular congenital malformations.

Case Presentation

In this case, we present a 15‐year‐old girl was diagnosed with AMVT by transesophageal echocardiography, resulting in LVOT obstruction during systole. Interestingly enough, the patient's accessory mitral valve remained undetected for years until he became symptomatic for wide ASD. Successful closure of the ASD with resection of the AMVT was performed with a transaortic approach. The patient was hemodynamically stable postoperatively. There were no abnormalities in the mitral valves and LVOT.

Conclusion

It was also unusual to see AMVT with ASD instead of other frequently associated other congenital anomalies. Accessory mitral valve should be considered a rare but important cause of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in childhood.
How far have we come? A historic scoping review of dental traumatology literature
Authors: Tewari Nitesh , Kahler Bill , Srivastav Sukeshana , Goel Shubhi
Published: May 2022

The status of the protocols used for the management of dental trauma (DT) in the eighteenth and early nineteenth‐century is largely unknown. The end of World War II saw a tremendous resurgence of high quality research and the development of codes of ethics and publishing. The aim of this scoping review was to analyse articles related to aspects of DT published before 1945 in the English language. An expert group discussion was done to create an a priori protocol based on the PRISMA‐2020‐guidelines' extension for scoping reviews. A systematic search strategy based upon the Population (P), Exposure (E), Comparator (C), Outcome (O) and Time (T) was performed in five databases on 10 February 2022. Filters were used to identify the literature until 1945, and duplicates were removed. The scrutiny of the titles and abstracts and later the full texts was performed as per the pre‐defined eligibility criteria. The grey literature and archives of the English language dentistry literature were searched, and a reference search was also performed. A total of 13 studies were selected from the databases and 20 from the reference searching. The first reported article was from the year 1872. Two other case reports had been published by 1899 and three more before World War I (1914). The majority of the studies originated from the United States of America. Nineteen were case reports, five were original research articles, two were classifications and guidelines papers, and one was a review. During the period before 1945, 33 articles were published regarding DT. The articles were mostly related to the description of cases, although there were a few original research papers. A significant observation, contrary to popular belief, was the presence of articles related to conservative management of injuries to tooth roots and the dental pulp. A progression in terms of the quality of protocols over time was also observed.
Microbial regulation of net N mineralisation is driven by C, N, P content and stoichiometry
Authors: Wang Qiqi , Gao Wei , Bol Roland , Xiao Qiong , Wu Lei , Zhang Wenju
Published: May 2022

Soil net nitrogen mineralisation (Nt) is crucial for nitrogen availability and ecosystem productivity. However, the patterns and drivers of Nt remain unclear under different management practices. We examined the biotic and abiotic determinants of Nt, using 11 treatments in Northern China fluvo‐aquic soil under wheat–maize rotation. Biotic properties, for example, soil microbial community, were determined based on phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) together with high‐throughput sequencing technologies. Abiotic properties were characterised by the content and stoichiometric ratios of soil nutrients. Animal manure applications (HNM, NM, M, FM) significantly increased the Nt (1.80–3.40 mg kg−1) and available phosphorus (Olsen‐P) (46.3–199.3 mg kg−1), compared with treatments with plant residues (NG, NS) incorporation. Fallow with animal manure (FM) had the highest Gram‐negative bacteria (G‐, 29.3 nmol g−1), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, 4.57 nmol g−1) abundance, which was also significantly higher than that of the NG and NS. Structural Equation Modelling revealed that the content of total nutrient, including soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) rather than biotic properties, such as microbial community (λ = −0.26) and enzyme activities (λ = −0.16), had the strongest direct effect on Nt (λ = 0.85). Stoichiometric ratios of C, N, and P controlled Nt indirectly by mediating enzyme activities. Specifically, high Nt was associated with low Dothideomycetes, Tectomicrobia abundance that negatively correlated with SOC, TN, TP, Olsen‐P, and BG activity. Random forest model indicated that SOC and Olsen‐P contents were top‐rated determinants of Nt. Our result indicated that the content and stoichiometric ratios of SOC and N, P directly drive Nt or via microbial ways. Our study highlighted the importance of P to improve Nt: animal manure was thus recommended for nitrogen availability.

Highlights

Animal manure significantly enhanced Nt rather than plant residue incorporation

Nt is negatively correlated with the AN:Olsen‐P ratio and Dothideomycetes abundance

Stoichiometric ratios of nutrients associated with enzymes activities regulate Nt

SOC and Olsen‐P affected Nt as key factors under N enrichment conditions
Application of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models to explain copper variation in soil profiles of southern Germany
Authors: Ludwig Bernard , Wölfel Petra , Greenberg Isabel , Piepho Hans‐Peter , Spörlein Peter
Published: May 2022

Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants and microorganisms and at larger concentrations a toxic pollutant. A number of factors controlling Cu dynamics have been reported, but information on quantitative relationships is scarce. We aimed to (i) quantitatively describe and predict soil Cu concentrations (CuAR) in aqua regia considering site‐specific effects and effects of pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and (ii) study the suitability of mixed‐effects modelling and rule‐based models for the analysis of long‐term soil monitoring data. Thirteen uncontaminated long‐term monitoring soil profiles in southern Germany were analysed. Since there was no measurable trend of increasing CuAR concentrations with time in the respective depth ranges of the sites, data from different sampling dates were combined and horizon‐specific regression analyses including model simplifications were carried out for 10 horizons. Fixed‐ and mixed‐effects models with the site as a random effect were useful for the different horizons and significant contributions (either of main effects or interactions) of SOC, CEC and pH were present for 9, 8 and 7 horizons, respectively. Horizon‐specific rule‐based cubist models described the CuAR data similarly well. Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for the CuAR concentrations in A horizons were successful for the given population after random splitting into calibration and validation samples, but not after independent validations with random splitting according to sites. Overall, site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of CuAR concentrations using the different regression approaches.

Highlights

Information on quantitative relationships for factors controlling Cu dynamics is scarce

Site, CEC, SOC and pH provide important information for a description of Cu concentrations

Validations of cubist models and mixed‐effects models for A horizons were successful for a closed population of sites
Care in times of the pandemic: Rethinking meanings of work in the university
Authors: Altan‐Olcay Özlem , Bergeron Suzanne
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we challenge the meanings of work that marginalize academic activities associated with care and contribute to inequitable gender divisions of academic labor. We argue that the pandemic crisis and the revision of the meaning of “essential work” that accompanied it has served as a catalyst for such concerns to get a hearing. But while there has been significant attention paid to domestic care demands and their impact on academic labor, there is less focus on the caretaking work we do in the university even though the gender unequal distribution of teaching, mentoring and service work has also intensified in the pandemic. We argue that this is in part due to the institutional discourses and practices that continue to devalue many components of everyday academic labor. In order to challenge these limits, we extend ideas from Feminist political economy (FPE) to university settings in order to reframe academic labor and revalue care as an essential part of it. We offer two suggestions, connected to FPE methodologies, for gathering and reconceptualizing data on academic work to push the project forward. We conclude with the argument that this project of revaluing caring labor is essential for achieving goals of equity, faculty well‐being, and the sustainability of universities.
Comparison of the functionality of egg white liquid with different desugaring treatments
Authors: Wang Tingting , Chang Cuihua , Gu Luping , Su Yujie , Zhang Ming , Yang Yanjun , Li Junhua
Published: May 2022

Desugaring is a necessary step to prevent undesirable attributes of the egg white (EW) products. In this study, the effects of yeast fermentation and glucose oxidase (GOD) method on the functionalities of EW were compared. Yeast fermentation treatment led to the formation of poor EW gel with low hardness due to the porous structure brought by increased foam capacity (FC). In contrast, GOD treatment increased the hardness of EW gel by increasing the surface hydrophobicity (H0) and ordered secondary structure and decreased the foaming capacity and stability of EW by decreasing absolute potential. In addition, the foam structure became more compact after yeast fermentation compared to GOD treatment. However, the water holding capacity (WHC) of both EW gels with desugaring treatments decreased due to the porosity of the internal gel network confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. These results provide a guide for the selection of sugar‐free EW liquid in the subsequent application.
‘True God from True God’: The Logic of Eternal Procession
Authors: Duby Steven J.
Published: May 2022

While the eternal processions of God the Son and God the Holy Spirit are integral to orthodox Christian teaching on the Trinity, some philosophical theologians have recently debated whether the teaching of the eternal processions is necessary or even coherent with other elements of orthodox trinitarianism. This essay focuses on the eternal procession of the Son and attempts to show something of the scriptural logic behind the confession of the Son’s eternal procession and its coherence with central components of orthodox trinitarianism, particularly the equality of God the Son with God the Father.
Immunity at maternal–fetal interface: KIR/HLA (Allo)recognition*
Authors: Alexandrova Marina , Manchorova Diana , Dimova Tanya
Published: May 2022

Both KIR and HLA are the most variable gene families in the human genome. The recognition of the semi‐allogeneic embryo‐derived trophoblasts by maternal decidual NK (dNK) cells is essential for the establishment of the functional placenta. This recognition is based on the KIR‐HLA interactions and trophoblast expresses a specific HLA profile that constitutes classical polymorphic HLA‐C and non‐classical oligomorphic HLA‐E, HLA‐F, and HLA‐G molecules. This review highlights some features of the KIR/HLA‐C (allo)recognition by decidual NK (dNK) cells as a main immune cell population specifically enriched at maternal–fetal interface during human early pregnancy. How KIR/HLA‐C axis operates in pregnancy disorders and in the context of transplacental infections is discussed as well. We summarized old and new data on dNK‐cell functional plasticity, their selective expression of KIR and fetal maternal/paternal HLA‐C haplotypes present. Results showed that KIR‐HLA‐C combinations and the corresponding axis operate differently in each pregnancy, determined by the variability of both maternal KIR haplotypes and fetus' maternal/paternal HLA‐C allotype combinations. Moreover, the maturation of NK cells strongly depends on if or not HLA allotypes for certain KIR are present. We suggest that the unique KIR/HLA combinations reached in each pregnancy (normal and pathological) should be studied according to well‐defined guidelines and unified methodologies to have comparable results ease to interpret and use in clinics.
Jealousy protest to a social rival compared to a nonsocial rival in Chilean infants 10–20 months' old
Authors: Fernandez Ana Maria , Acevedo Yvone , Baeza Carmen Gloria , Dufey Michele , Puga Isabel
Published: May 2022

Jealousy protests have been linked to the intrusion of social rivals challenging infants' exclusive access to maternal care and resources that typically accompany attachment. Previous studies revealed that the experimental presentation of social rivals evokes protest in as early as 6 months old infants. This study replicated research on jealousy protests in a novel language and sociocultural context with 10–20 months old infants. We compared protests of 45 children when their mothers attended to each of the rivals and controlled for attachment dimensions. As hypothesized, infants had a stronger jealousy protest to the social rival, and their response was associated with attachment avoidance. We concluded that our results contribute to evidence on jealousy protest as an evolutionary rooted phenomenon that favors the mother's attention in a social rivalry scenario over nonsocial stimuli. Attachment avoidance may be a precluding factor of jealousy when faced with a social rival scenario that deserves further research.
Reconstruction of fully shaped fingers using a free great toe nail flap combined with a second toe tissue flap
Authors: Hou Chengcai , Zhang Aiping , Yu Xiuyue , Han Hui
Published: May 2022

To explore the clinical outcome of a free great toe nail flap (GTNF) combined with a second toe tissue flap (STTF) for fully shaped finger reconstruction (FSFR). From January 2013 to January 20, 2019, patients with finger defects underwent finger reconstruction using free GTNF combined with an STTF. All 20 fully shaped, reconstructed fingers survived without complications. The average follow‐up time was 44.4 months (range 12‐60 months). The reconstructed fingers had better function and appearance. The length of the fingers was close to normal, and the joint positions were normal. The fingers were able to extend −15° to −5° and flex 40° to 85°. The reconstructed fingers had no pain or numbness, and the function of the feet was restored well. The reconstruction of fully shaped fingers using GTNF combined with an STTF results in better function and appearance. This surgical method is worthy of promotion. This article introduces a new surgical method that is related to finger reconstruction. Finger defects bring psychological and functional regrets to patients and their families. Through this operation, the reconstructed finger is more perfect in appearance and function. I think this technology is very effective and worth promoting.
Characterization of a Bacillus cereus strain associated with a large feed-related outbreak of severe infection in pigs
Authors: Calvigioni Marco , Cara Alice , Celandroni Francesco , Mazzantini Diletta , Panattoni Adelaide , Tirloni Erica , Bernardi Cristian , Pinotti Luciano , Stella Simone , Ghelardi Emilia
Published: May 2022

Aims

Bacillus cereus is often responsible for foodborne diseases and both local and systemic infections in humans. Cases of infection in other mammals are rather rare. In this study, we report a B. cereus feed-related outbreak that caused the death of 6234 pigs in Italy.

Methods and Results

Massive doses of a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium were recovered from the animal feed, faeces of survived pigs and intestinal content of dead ones. The B. cereus MM1 strain was identified by MALDI-TOF MS and typified by RAPD-PCR. The isolate was tested for the production of PC-PLC, proteases, hemolysins and biofilm, for motility, as well as for the presence of genes encoding tissue-degrading enzymes and toxins. Antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity in Galleria mellonella larvae were also investigated. Our results show that the isolated B. cereus strain is swimming-proficient, produces PC-PLC, proteases, hemolysins, biofilm and carries many virulence genes. The strain shows high pathogenicity in G. mellonella larvae.

Conclusions

The isolated B. cereus strain demonstrates an aggressive profile of pathogenicity and virulence, being able to produce a wide range of determinants potentially hazardous to pigs' health.

Significance and Impact of Study

This study highlights the proficiency of B. cereus to behave as a devastating pathogen in swine if ingested at high doses and underlines that more stringent quality controls are needed for livestock feeds and supplements.
Transnational Parliamentary Activities in EU Foreign Policy: The Role of Parliamentarians in the Establishment of the EU's Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime
Authors: Szép Viktor
Published: May 2022

Although the literature is increasingly interested in the parliamentary dimension of EU foreign policy, to this point no research has covered the role of parliamentarians in EU sanctions policy. This article argues that parliamentarians were successful in keeping the issue of a human rights sanctions regime on the EU's agenda and used all the tools at their disposal to push the EU foreign policy‐making machinery in the direction of adopting a new sanctions regime. This article does not limit itself to the study of the European Parliament but argues that parliamentary assemblies of different levels (national, cross‐level and European) are interconnected and worked together intensively on the adoption of the EU's human rights sanctions regime.
The effect of different intensities of the ectoparasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Ugelvik Mathias Stølen , Dalvin Sussie
Published: May 2022

The effect of different intensities of the ectoparasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on stress, growth and the expression of immune and wound healing transcripts in the skin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was investigated. Lice infection success and survival were similar at the chalimus and preadult stage in the low and high dose group, but infection success and survival were significantly lower in the high than in the low dose group at the adult stage. The expression of investigated transcripts was not correlated to lice intensities, but several of them were significantly differently expressed locally in the skin at the site of lice attachment in infected fish compared to controls. This included an up‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory markers at the site of lice attachment (e.g., interleukin 1‐beta, interleukin 8 and the acute phase protein serum amyloid A), a reduction of markers of adaptive immunity (cluster of differentiation 8‐alpha and immunoglobulin M) and decreased expression of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10.
The effect of increasing intestinal short‐chain fatty acid concentration on gut permeability and liver injury in the context of liver disease: A systematic review
Authors: Pohl Keith , Moodley Prebashan , Dhanda Ashwin
Published: May 2022

Background and Aim

The gut barrier protects the liver through tight junctions, which are disrupted in liver disease either from dysbiosis, inflammation, or the effects of ingested compounds such as alcohol. Strengthening of the gut barrier may ameliorate liver injury of varying etiologies. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been shown to improve gut barrier function. This systematic review aims to synthesize all studies that have trialed SCFA supplementation as a therapy for liver disease.

Methods

A systematic review assessing the impact of SCFA supplementation on liver injury and intestinal permeability was conducted. All forms of intervention that specifically increased intestinal SCFA concentration and measured both liver injury and permeability were eligible. Two independent reviewers assessed each study for outcomes, risk of bias, and quality using checklists relevant to the study's methodology.

Results

Seventeen studies were identified; two utilized a human model (15 murine). Fifty‐eight markers of liver injury were identified, with 26 different measures of permeability. Given the numerous designs, no meta‐analysis was possible. SCFA supplements included oral and enteral butyrate, probiotics, and prebiotics. Fourteen studies demonstrated improved permeability. All studies showed a significant amelioration of liver injury.

Conclusions

Short chain fatty acid supplementation to reduce intestinal permeability represents a potential therapy in a variety of liver disease models. A large number of outcome measures were reported however not all are practical in human studies. Future work should evaluate methods to increase luminal SCFA concentrations and the effect of this on gut permeability and liver inflammation in people with liver disease.
Methodological framework to find links between life cycle sustainability assessment categories and the UN Sustainable Development Goals based on literature
Authors: Hannouf Marwa B. , Padilla‐Rivera Alejandro , Assefa Getachew , Gates Ian
Published: May 2022

Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) can be used as a tool to understand how products and operating systems can meet the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, existing linkages between SDGs and LCSA are limited and an analysis of coverage in literature is needed. In this paper, we propose a generic methodological framework establishing connections between LCSA categories at micro‐level and SDGs at macro‐level based on derivation from the literature. The qualitative heuristic research method developed builds on keyword literature search, bibliometric analysis, mapping, and narrative literature review for connection rationales. By using qualitative assessment levels, an assessment of linkages between LCSA categories and SDGs reveal that “technology development,” “public commitment to sustainability issues,” “access to material resources,” and “education provided in the local community” have the highest number of reported relationships with SDGs. Twenty‐two LCSA categories were found with no direct/indirect connection with any SDG; reasons include absence of life cycle thinking perspective in SDGs and lack of sustainability‐based discussion for workers, consumers, and value chain actors' stakeholder groups. Despite these gaps, the results provide new insights for industries looking to measure the contribution of their product systems along their life cycle in the context of SDGs supporting them to some extent, to select LCSA categories with either highest number of identified relationships to SDGs or that contribute to prioritized list of SDGs. The approach provides a starting point to improve transparency and consistency of reporting of sustainability performance of product systems by connecting LCSA to the global agenda for sustainable development.
Customized reconstruction with rotation Hemi‐Keystone flap
Authors: Hifny Mahmoud A. , Park Tae Hwan
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The keystone perforator flap has become a versatile alternative for reconstruction of cutaneous defects of various etiologies and in all age groups. However, it demands a notable incision area proportional to defect size and is more prone to excessive tension during defect closure. We present a novel modified rotation Hemi‐keystone flap that reveals its excellence in flap survival.

Methods

Between March and December 2021, a retrospective chart review was conducted of 40 patients who received rotation Hemi‐keystone flap for coverage of cutaneous defects by a single surgeon. The primary outcome was successful flap survival.

Results

We performed a total of 45 modified rotation Hemi‐keystone flaps for reconstruction of cutaneous wound defects. The location of the wound defects was in the head and neck (38%), extremities (35.7%), and trunk (26.2%). The most common cause of wound defect is tumor resection (45.2%). The mean wound defect dimensions were 3.5 cm × 3 cm. The mean follow‐up time was 6 months. There were no significant complications, with only one patient (2.4%) having minor wound dehiscence, which was treated by local wound care.

Conclusions

The current series presents a simple, reliable, and versatile modification of the traditional keystone flap that minimizes morbidity at the reconstruction site along with improvement of flap mobility for successful reconstruction of cutaneous defects in a tension‐free manner. The favorable outcome of this technique contributes to the inclusion of the rotation Hemi‐keystone flap as an excellent surgical option in the reconstruction of various soft tissue defects.
Quantifying Reduced‐Form Evidence on Collateral Constraints
Authors: CATHERINE SYLVAIN , CHANEY THOMAS , HUANG ZONGBO , SRAER DAVID , THESMAR DAVID
Published: May 2022

This paper quantifies the aggregate effects of financing constraints. We start from a standard dynamic investment model with collateral constraints. In contrast to the existing quantitative literature, our estimation does not target the mean leverage ratio to identify the scope of financing frictions. Instead, we use a reduced‐form coefficient from the recent corporate finance literature that connects exogenous debt capacity shocks to corporate investment. Relative to a frictionless benchmark, collateral constraints induce losses of 7.1% for output and 1.4% for total factor productivity (TFP) (misallocation). We show these estimated losses tend to be more robust to misspecification than estimates obtained by targeting leverage.
The Cultural Logic of the Ordinary: Interactional Semiosis and the (Re)‐Framing of Daily Life among Japanese Younger Adults
Authors: Kroo Judit
Published: May 2022

This paper considers how Japanesefutsuu“ordinary”‐ness functions as a cultural logic that mediates aspirations and interpretations of a good life under conditions of socioeconomic risk and precarity. Invoking ordinariness can be a tactic for (re)‐framing otherwise marginalized or marginalizing practices within the norm, shifting what counts as ordinary in the process, and pushing back against neoliberally inflected pressures toward marketable, financialized selfhood. Alignments toward ordinariness emerge across diverse discursive planes including political slogans, blogs, and natural conversations, where the ordinary is treated as aspirational under the shadow of its potential loss.
Food Insecurity and Suicidal Behaviors Among US High School Students*
Authors: Brown Andrea D. , Seligman Hilary , Sliwa Sarah , Barnidge Ellen , Krupsky Kathryn L. , Demissie Zewditu , Liese Angela D.
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Food insecurity (FI) rates in the United States are particularly high among households with children. This research set aims to analyze if high school students experiencing FI had higher risk for mental health and suicidal behaviors.

METHODS

Using combined data from 11 states that conducted the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a total of 26,962 and 24,051 high school students were used to estimate race/ethnicity and sex‐stratified prevalence ratios (PRs) from Poisson regression models. A single‐question was used to measure the exposure of FI and outcomes of mental health and suicidal behaviors.

RESULTS

Overall, 10.8% of students reported FI. Students experiencing FI had increased risk for all mental health and suicide behavior outcomes, regardless of their race/ethnicity or sex. PRs ranged from 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.8, 2.0) to 3.1 (CI: 2.7, 3.6). Among males, PRs for the association between FI and all outcomes were highest among non‐Hispanic black students (PRs ranged from 2.4 [CI: 1.7, 3.2] to 5.5 [CI: 2.3, 13.3]). Among females, PRs were highest among non‐Hispanic white students (PRs ranged from 1.9 [CI:1.7, 2.1] to 3.6 [CI:2.9, 4.5]).

CONCLUSIONS

FI is consistently associated with mental health and suicidal behaviors among different subgroups of students.
REM sleep and muscle atonia in brainstem stroke: A quantitative polysomnographic and lesion analysis study
Authors: Tellenbach Nathalie , Schmidt Markus H. , Alexiev Filip , Blondiaux Eva , Cavalloni Fabian , Bassetti Claudio L. , Heydrich Lukas , Bargiotas Panagiotis
Published: May 2022

Important brainstem regions are involved in the regulation of rapid eye movement sleep. We hypothesized that brainstem stroke is associated with dysregulated rapid eye movement sleep and related muscle activity. We compared quantitative/qualitative polysomnography features of rapid eye movement sleep and muscle activity (any, phasic, tonic) between 15 patients with brainstem stroke (N = 46 rapid eye movement periods), 16 patients with lacunar/non‐brainstem stroke (N = 40 rapid eye movement periods), 15 healthy controls (N = 62 rapid eye movement periods), and patients with Parkinson's disease and polysomnography‐confirmed rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Further, in the brainstem group, we performed a magnetic resonance imaging‐based lesion overlap analysis. The mean ratio of muscle activity to rapid eye movement sleep epoch in the brainstem group (“any” muscle activity 0.09 ± 0.15; phasic muscle activity 0.08 ± 0.14) was significantly lower than in the lacunar group (“any” muscle activity 0.17 ± 0.2, p < 0.05; phasic muscle activity 0.16 ± 0.19, p < 0.05), and also lower than in the control group (“any” muscle activity 0.15 ± 0.17, p < 0.05). Magnetic resonance imaging‐based lesion analysis indicated an area of maximum overlap in the medioventral pontine region for patients with reduced phasic muscle activity index. For all groups, mean values of muscle activity were significantly lower than in the patients with Parkinson's disease and polysomnography‐confirmed REM sleep behaviour disorder group (“any” activity 0.51 ± 0.26, p < 0.0001 for all groups; phasic muscle activity 0.42 ± 0.21, p < 0.0001 for all groups). For the tonic muscle activity in the mentalis muscle, no significant differences were found between the groups.

In the brainstem group, contrary to the lacunar and the control groups, “any” muscle activity index during rapid eye movement sleep was significantly reduced after the third rapid eye movement sleep phase.

This study reports on the impact of brainstem stroke on rapid eye movement atonia features in a human cohort. Our findings highlight the important role of the human brainstem, in particular the medioventral pontine regions, in the regulation of phasic muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep and the ultradian distribution of rapid eye movement‐related muscle activity.
Bacteriophage therapy of human-restricted Salmonella species—a study in a surrogate bacterial and animal model
Authors: Yadav V.B. , Nath G.
Published: May 2022

Salmonella Typhi has been an important human-restricted pathogen from time immemorial, and unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has induced the emergence of multidrug resistance in S. Typhi. Bacteriophage therapy may be a possible alternative in countering antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this study was planned to assess the efficacy of bacteriophages in treating acute and chronic S. Typhimurium infection in the mouse as a surrogate model. We isolated bacteriophages against S. Typhimurium and selected three different bacteriophages for the in vivo experiments. The lethal dose of S. Typhimurium was decided for Swiss albino mice, and acute infection was developed. Further, bacteriophage therapy by daily intraperitoneal injection of phage cocktail was given for 14 days. While the chronic carrier state of S. Typhimurium in Swiss albino mice was developed by inoculating intraperitoneally sequential 10-fold increasing doses of the bacterium. On the successful establishment of carrier state, oral feeding of phage cocktail at a high count was given, which completely cured the carrier state within 7 days of feeding. These experiments confirmed that the phage cocktail could eradicate the S. Typhimurium from the mice in both types of infections, that is acute and chronic.
What inversion lengths can tell us about their evolution
Authors: Dagilis Andrius J.
Published: May 2022

Genome structural differences, such as inversions, are extremely common between species and within populations. Theoretical models of how and why such inversions evolve have affirmed that they are able to evolve under both adaptive and nonadaptive scenarios (reviewed in Kirkpatrick, 2010). What has remained difficult, however, is distinguishing these scenarios from each other. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Connallon and Olito (2022) present a model that examines how adaptive and nonadaptive scenarios lead to different distributions of inversion sizes. The authors present several important predictions including an expectation that larger inversions should evolve under local adaptation scenarios and much smaller inversions should evolve when they are either underdominant or directly beneficial. Finally, the authors ask how the presence of deleterious mutations within populations affects the probability of fixing inversions of different types. The study is therefore an important step in synthesizing decades of inversion theory.
Excessive iodine in iodized household salt in Nepal
Authors: Giri Basant , Pandey Shishir , Shakya Sadiksha , Neupane Bhanu Bhakta , Kandel Krishna Prasad , Yadav Chandradip Kumar , Yadav Ram Prabodh , Neupane Bishnu Prasad , GC Rajendra Bahadur , Saud Prem Singh , Yonjan Meghraj
Published: May 2022

Iodine is an essential trace element required for the regulation of physiological processes involving the thyroid gland. However, inadequate and excessive intake of iodine are responsible for health problems, such as iodine deficiency disorders, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid papillary cancer, and thyrotoxicosis. The Universal Salt Iodization (USI) program has become successful in providing supplemental iodine at the population level globally. Packaging quality, fortification level, and transportation and storage conditions of iodized salt determine the availability of iodine. Previous studies have reported severe health issues caused by excessive iodine intake after the implementation of the USI program. To understand the levels of iodine, we collected 2117 household salt samples from seven districts of Nepal and tested them for iodine content; among them, 98.1% were iodized. Overall median concentration of iodine was 53.9 ppm (range: 43.5–61.4 ppm). The majority (67.2%) of samples had iodine in the range of 45–75 ppm. Approximately 0.9% of samples had inadequate, 13.3% contained adequate, and 83.9% had excessive iodine than the World Health Organization‐recommended value. Iodine content varied among the sampling districts and seasons, to some extent. Our study confirmed that iodized salt is widely used in Nepal and is excessively iodized. Excessive intake of iodine through iodized salt requires further attention by policy makers. The iodine level may need adjustment to address the health impact.
Species variation in the hydrogen isotope composition of leaf cellulose is mostly driven by isotopic variation in leaf sucrose
Authors: Holloway‐Phillips Meisha , Baan Jochem , Nelson Daniel B. , Lehmann Marco M. , Tcherkez Guillaume , Kahmen Ansgar
Published: May 2022

Experimental approaches to isolate drivers of variation in the carbon‐bound hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of plant cellulose are rare and current models are limited in their application. This is in part due to a lack in understanding of how 2H‐fractionations in carbohydrates differ between species. We analysed, for the first time, the δ2H of leaf sucrose along with the δ2H and δ18O of leaf cellulose and leaf and xylem water across seven herbaceous species and a starchless mutant of tobacco. The δ2H of sucrose explained 66% of the δ2H variation in cellulose (R2 = 0.66), which was associated with species differences in the 2H enrichment of sucrose above leaf water (: −126% to −192‰) rather than by variation in leaf water δ2H itself. was positively related to dark respiration (R2 = 0.27), and isotopic exchange of hydrogen in sugars was positively related to the turnover time of carbohydrates (R2 = 0.38), but only when was fixed to the literature accepted value of ‰. No relation was found between isotopic exchange of hydrogen and oxygen, suggesting large differences in the processes shaping post‐photosynthetic fractionation between elements. Our results strongly advocate that for robust applications of the leaf cellulose hydrogen isotope model, parameterization utilizing δ2H of sugars is needed.
VAR2/AtFtsH2 and EVR2/BCM1/CBD1 synergistically regulate the accumulation of PSII reaction centre D1 protein during de‐etiolation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Xiaomin , Li Qinglong , Zhang Yalin , Pan Mi , Wang Ruijuan , Sun Yifan , An Lijun , Liu Xiayan , Yu Fei , Qi Yafei
Published: May 2022

Thylakoid FtsH complex participates in PSII repair cycle during high light‐induced photoinhibition. The Arabidopsis yellow variegated2 (var2) mutants are defective in the VAR2/AtFtsH2 subunit of thylakoid FtsH complex. Taking advantage of the var2 leaf variegation phenotype, dissections of genetic enhancer loci have yielded novel paradigms in understanding functions of thylakoid FtsH complex. Here, we report the isolation of a new var2 enhancer, enhancer of variegation2‐1 (evr2‐1). We confirmed that EVR2 encodes a chloroplast protein that was known as BALANCE OF CHLOROPHYLL METABOLISM 1 (BCM1), or CHLOROPHYLL BIOSYNTHETIC DEFECT 1 (CBD1). We showed that EVR2/BCM1/CBD1 was involved in the oligomerization of photosystem I complexes. Genetic assays indicated that general defects in chlorophyll biosynthesis and the accumulation of photosynthetic complexes do not necessarily enhance var2 leaf variegation. In addition, we found that VAR2/AtFtsH2 is required for the accumulation of photosynthetic proteins during de‐etiolation. Moreover, we identified PSII core proteins D1 and PsbC as potential EVR2‐associated proteins using Co‐IP/MS. Furthermore, the accumulation of D1 protein was greatly compromised in the var2‐5 evr2‐1 double mutant during de‐etiolation. Together, our findings reveal a functional link between VAR2/AtFtsH2 and EVR2/BCM1/CBD1 in regulating chloroplast development and the accumulation of PSII reaction centre D1 protein during de‐etiolation.
Why ‘Is’ Must Entail ‘Ought’
Authors: Lyon Ardon
Published: May 2022

I argue below for the view that non‐moral truths entail moral ones. I first argue that moral claims do have truth values which are objectively true or false. I then argue that this objectivism does not entail non‐relativism. I produce a simple possible worlds argument for the entailment view. I then give some examples where p entails q but many intelligent people have thought it does not, and where it does not, but many intelligent people have thought that it does. I also try to evaluate a somewhat neglected argument by Hume. In the final section, I further consider some moral and meta‐moral opinions.