bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Favorable views of breastfeeding but misconceptions of recommendations in college students taking nutrition classes
Authors: Schroeder Angela M. , Pobocik Rebecca S. , Boudreau Nancy S. , Boardley Debra J.
Published: June 2021

Our objective was to explore breastfeeding (BF) attitudes in college students taking an introductory nutrition course. The sample of 278 students from 25 states was 90.5% female. Mean (± SD) age was 22.9 ± 4.6 years; half of the sample was in their sophomore or junior year. Students' majors were nutrition, 43.5%, health fields, 39.2%, or other subjects, 17.3%. The web‐based, pretested survey included questions about experience, intentions, and 18 questions divided into four factors about BF. Responses were on a 5 point scale with lower values showing stronger agreement. Data were analyzed using contingency tables and ANOVA. Most, 58%, students were breastfed as infants; 5.6% never saw a child being breastfed; 81.6% want their children to be breastfed. Favorable impressions of BF were observed with factors describing BF benefits (1.82 ± .66) and disagreement with negative perceptions of BF (4.29 ± .75). Responses to BF as being inconvenient (3.77 ± .67) and being comfortable seeing BF (2.50 ± .99) were mixed. Significant differences (p<0.05) were noted among respondents with women, nutrition majors, and advanced students having the most favorable scores. Students considered 8.8 ± 4.2 months and 7.6 ± 3.7 months the optimal BF duration and time to introduce solids, respectively. Breastfeeding education is recommended to help alter BF misconceptions.
Dietary Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a Midwestern donor milk population
Authors: Valentine Christina Jensen , Morrow G , Haban‐Bartz A , Collins K , Hodge A , Pennell M , Welty S , Rogers L K
Published: June 2021

Background

DHA is an important fatty acid for neurodevelopment and immune homeostasis in the neonate. In our first study we found low levels of DHA in donor milk (0.1mol wt%). As a result our preterm infants receive 13 mg/day of DHA fed 150ml/kg/day as compared to fetal accretion of 65 mg/day. Dietary intake correlates well with milk concentrations but a paucity of data exists as to the amount in a donor milk population.

Objective

We tested the hypotheses that dietary DHA would be significantly lower than 200 mg per day suggested intake for lactation.

Methods

After IRB approval and informed consent, human milk donors to the Mother's Milk Bank of Ohio completed dietary records. Dietary Analysis was done using NDST software by a trained individual. Statistics were done using Wicoxon Signed Rank Test.

Results

N= 14 had complete records. Donor age was 27–39 years with lactational stage 2–11 months. Origin of donors were OH, PA, MA, and NY. Dietary analysis demonstrated low intake of DHA with a median value of 23 mg per day (0–194mg range) in all participants which was significantly different from 200 mg/day (p = 0.0001).

Neither age nor lactational stage correlated with DHA intake.

Conclusions

The donor milk population demonstrated low dietary intake of DHA. Next, the other 9 North America milk banks should be evaluated to determine if this is a regional experience or if supplementation with DHA >200mg/day is required for mothers providing human milk.

Funding: Intramural support from the Research Institute
Breastfeeding practices in Mexico: an analysis through four decades
Authors: Flores‐Quijano Maria Eugenia , Echarri‐Cánovas Carlos Javier
Published: June 2021

Information about breastfeeding (bf) in México became available in the 70's when the global interest in fertility and birthrates brought about the first fertility surveys. These inquired about bf practices for its effect on amenorrhea and the intergenesic interval. Subsequently, in the 80's, the interest was based on the association between bf and infectious morbidity; and later, also for its potential protective role for chronic and degenerative illnesses.

The objective of this study is to analytically describe the findings of six national surveys, during the 70's (1 survey), 80's (2), 90's (1) and the present decade (2), comment on the promoting/discouraging environment that has prevailed through the decades, and describe, through a multiple classification analysis of the last three surveys, how some influencing factors such as socioeconomic status (SES), mode of delivery and urban/rural origin, have changed their association to the % of women who start bf and the duration of exclusive (ebf) and any bf, through time. The % of women who start bf has risen from 83% in the 70's to 94% in 2006, but the mean duration has reduced from 12 to 5 months; ebf, which has been an uncommon practice, in 2006 had a mean duration of 2 mo. The % of women and the mean duration of bf have ceased being influenced by SES but are still associated to the rural/urban origin. C‐section is negatively associated to bf initiation, but no longer to duration.
Milk intake and milk‐related perception of Korean middle and high school students
Authors: Chang Kyung Ja , Jung Woo I
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate milk intake and milk‐related perception of Korean middle and high school students. The subject of study was 160 middle school students (80 males and 80 females) and 170 high school students (85 males and 85 females) in Kunggi Province area. This cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire. There was significant difference in BMI distribution between male and female students. More than 30% of the subject did not drink milk at all and there was significant difference in milk intake between male (29.4% did not drink milk) and female (41.8% did not drink milk) students. The low weight group according to BMI answered significantly more ′do not drink milk′ compared to overweight and obese groups. The nutritional knowledge score of milk and dairy products is 6.3 out of 10 and that score was significantly lower in female students compared to male students. As for milk‐related perception, 62.4% of the subjects were willing to drink milk and 70.7% of them thought that 1 or 2 cups of milk is enough for a daily requirement. Most of the subjects thought that taste of milk and sanitation system during milk processing and distribution need to be improved. Therefore, production of milk with better taste and sanitation, and milk‐related nutrition education are necessary for increase of milk intake in Korean middle and high school students.
Attitudes and knowledge of fruit and vegetable recommendations among adults using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Food Attitudes and Behaviors (FAB) survey
Authors: Erinosho Temitope , Thompson Olivia , Moser Richard , Nebeling Linda , Thompson Frances , Yaroch Amy
Published: June 2021

Few studies describe the influence of attitudes on knowledge of dietary recommendations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of knowledge about current fruit and vegetable (FV) recommendations among adults in the US, and to determine whether attitudes toward dietary recommendations, and other FV knowledge are associated with knowledge of the FV recommendation. We analyzed data from 3,021 adults who participated in the 2007 NCI Food Attitudes and Behaviors (FAB) survey. Data were weighted and analyzed using logistic regression. Few participants (6%) knew the current recommendation of 7–13 daily servings of FV for adults. A higher proportion (24%) knew the former “5 A Day” recommendation. Participants were more likely to know the older and more inclusive recommendation of 5–13 daily servings of FV if they reported that they paid attention to government recommendations (OR=1.48, 95% CI=1.16–1.88), believed that what a person eats affects his/her health (OR=1.93, 95% CI=1.34–2.78), and were able to correctly categorize a list of foods as fruit, vegetable or “other” food. Findings suggest the need for interventions to increase awareness of current campaigns such as the Fruits & Veggies—More Matters, to help ensure that adults are knowledgeable of the current FV recommendation so that they may develop positive attitudes toward dietary recommendations, and consequently, increase their FV intake.
Child Feeding Behaviors of Asian Indian Mothers
Authors: Momin Shabnam Riyazali , Olson Beth
Published: June 2021

The increased prevalence of obesity among children in the US has not spared Asian children, as their risk of obesity increases with acculturation and birth in the US. Several parental behaviors influence children's eating habits and thereby their weight status. The purpose of this study was to assess the motivators and barriers of Asian Indian mothers in practicing child feeding behaviors. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 25 Asian Indian mothers. The interview guide was based on projective techniques, which used culturally relevant pictures and stories. Acculturation level was measured using the Suinn‐Lew Asian Self‐Identified Acculturation Scale. The mothers recognized that having family meals, modeling healthy eating behaviors, and making healthy food available and accessible at home resulted in healthful eating outcomes for children. However, they perceived a range of barriers in successfully practicing these behaviors. Despite the adverse outcomes on children's eating habits and weight, most mothers practiced behaviors such as TV viewing and eating, pressuring children to eat, restricting consumption of certain foods, and offering food rewards for finishing meals. Several factors, including cultural, were identified that contributed the performance of negative behaviors. The results indicate that there is a need to educate Asian Indian mothers about appropriate child feeding behaviors.

Funded by: Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station
Relationship between diabetes and bone health variables in adults with diabetes
Authors: Kouzehgarani Ghazal Naseri , Rogers Tara , Chapman‐Novakofski Karen
Published: June 2021

Studies of bone density and diabetes have resulted in ambiguous results, primarily due to the variety of confounding variables which may impact any clear relationships. We examined the relationship between diabetes‐related variables (type, duration, medication, anthropometrics, and family history) and bone health‐related variables (family history, smoking, alcohol, supplement intake, physical activity, and medication) to adjust for confounding variables. Heights, weights, wrist, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Participants completed a survey and a heel ultrasound test (n=21). Most were female (67%), white (86%) with type 2 diabetes (67%), median BMI 30.2 (25.4, 37.6; 25 & 75 percentiles), median WHR 0.9 (0.85, 0.95; 25 & 75 percentiles), almost half taking metformin, 29% on insulin, 14% had no physical activity. 29% had heel ultrasound t‐scores less than ‐1; half of these had type 2 diabetes; half were on insulin; diabetes duration 1–50 years. No significant difference in t‐scores based on insulin use (p=0.18). Combination with a previously collected sample (n=32) yielded a significant correlation between BMI and BMD (r=0.28, p=0.046). A significant regression model explaining the variance in BMD with medication type as a significant predictor (p=0.048) was found. However large variances in data indicate a larger sample is required to detect significant differences with sufficient power.
A Survey of Pesticide Use and Safety Practices Among Farm‐workers in KY
Authors: Bebe Frederick N , Panemangalore Myna
Published: June 2021

Reports indicate inadequate compliance with pesticide safety practices by agricultural workers. The objective was to determine the degree of safety compliance followed by limited resource farm and greenhouse workers. A survey covering demographics, knowledge of pesticide safety, formulation, application and health was administered (n=83). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Workers followed pesticide label directions 96%; hand washing 92%, changing clothes 76%, showering 82%; awareness of the health effects of pesticides 99%; participation in mixing and loading 68%; applying or spraying 88%; re‐entering fields 53%; eating and smoking 15%. Only half were registered applicators, while 34% reported occasional or never using pesticide protection equipment (PPE). Of those who reported using PPE, 50% wore complete attire, 69% gloves and 59% face/nose masks. Only 7% reported having health problems with pesticides, while many experienced symptoms such as nausea 20%, dizziness 36%, allergies 29% and headaches 53%. Although workers were knowledgeable of the potential health effects of pesticides, observance of safety measures was insufficient, reflecting the need for continuous emphasis on basic safety precautions, training, oversight and certification in order to minimize health related effects of pesticide exposure.(Evans Allen #KYX‐50‐07‐21H).
Prevalence of chronic health conditions and risk factors among participants in a faith‐based health campaign
Authors: Hoy‐Rosas Jamillah , Lancaster Kristie J
Published: June 2021

Introduction

The Central Harlem Health Revival (CHHR) was created by community and faith‐based organizations to motivate Central Harlem (CH) residents to adopt a healthier lifestyle. 67% of CH's residents are Black, suffer from a 40% higher mortality rate, and have increased rates of many chronic diseases compared to New York City residents overall. The main event is a week‐long campaign including a 2‐mile walk through the community to a rally promoting a healthy lifestyle, weekday seminars and screenings focusing on different chronic diseases, and a health fair on the last day.

Methods

In 2008, surveys assessing prevalence of chronic health conditions, weight status, fruit and vegetable intake and other health indicators were completed by residents during the campaign. Measured height and weight were used to calculate BMI.

Results

Of the 188 who completed the survey, 94% were Black, 84% were female, 41% reported having high blood pressure, 34% high cholesterol, 20% diabetes and 42% had a BMI > 25. They reported eating 2.1 servings of fruit and 1.1 of vegetables. 64% reported that they would eat healthier and 51% would increase their physical activity as a result of participating in CHHR events.

Conclusion

The CHHR model can successfully reach at‐risk Black Americans and increase awareness of the need for lifestyle change in the community.

This project was funded in part by the New York City Council.

Grant Funding Source: Nutrition ASN
Comparison of dietary intake between female Vietnamese immigrants to Korea and Vietnamese females and immigrant's sisters living in Haiphong, Vietnam
Authors: Hwang Ji‐Yun , Kim Sun Hye , Choi Ha Ney , Lee Yo A , Chung Hye Won , Nguyet Tran Thi Phuc , Chang Namsoo , Kim Wha Young
Published: June 2021

Dietary changes are inevitable for Vietnamese female immigrants in Korea. This study was to investigate whether dietary intake of immigrants was different from females living in their hometown and their sisters in the rural areas of Haiphong, Vietnam. A cross‐sectional study of 1471 female immigrants (data from the Cohort of Intermarried Women in Korea) and 123 Vietnamese females (data from the International Collaboration Study for the Construction of Asian Cohort) aged 20–39 years, and 47 immigrants and 54 sisters aged 20–59 years was conducted. About 15% of immigrants were current alcohol drinkers and 10% of them were current smokers whereas none of local females indicated that they were alcohol drinkers or smokers. Female immigrants consumed less cereal and cereal products and fishes, and more fruits, eggs, milk and dairy products, oil and fat and beverage than females living in their hometown and sisters. However, immigrants had less consumption of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, VitaminB1, and Vitamin C than local females and sisters in Vietnam. Female immigrants may change their diet after immigration to Korea but their nutrient intake was lower than that of local females and sisters. These findings may provide basic data for policymakers and dieticians in order to develop future nutrition and health programs for minority immigrants in Korea.

This work was supported by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Brain Korea 21 project in 2009.
Prevalence and predictors of body image discrepancy and dissatisfaction among Filipino young adults
Authors: Branch Kateland Elizabeth , Adair Linda S , Agustin Sonny
Published: June 2021

Body image dissatisfaction is related to adverse health outcomes, but few studies document its prevalence and correlates in males and in countries undergoing urbanization and rapid economic, social and cultural change. We use data from 21 year‐old male (n=985) and female (n=812) participants in the Cebu (Philippines) Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Body image dissatisfaction was defined as the difference between ideal and self‐rated body image assessed using 9 silhouettes tailored for an Asian population. Despite the low prevalence of overweight (19.7% of males, and 15.3% of females had a BMI≥23 kg/m2), dissatisfaction (difference ≠ 0) was reported by 61% of males and 63% of females. However, 32% of women and 9% of men wanted to be smaller; 31% of women and 52% of men wanted to be bigger. Multinomial logistic regression models showed that higher household assets related to desire to be smaller, and increased social engagement with peers related to desire to be bigger among males. Among females higher urbanicity and media exposure related to desire to be smaller across all categories of current weight status, while higher education related to desire to be smaller only among overweight females. The findings demonstrate the widespread prevalence of body image dissatisfaction, as well as the importance of changing social and economic influences in this population undergoing the nutrition transition.
Food Frequency Questionnaire Testing in Puerto Rican Children
Authors: Preston Alan M , Palacios Cristina A , Rodriguez Cindy A , Rodriguez Rose M Velez
Published: June 2021

Knowledge of the diet of specific populations is of importance in assessment of the quantity and quality of nutrient intake. In this study, we assess the validity and reproducibility of an interviewer‐administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in Puerto Rican children at two educational levels – elementary and high school. The FFQ contained 97 items plus a section for vitamins and supplements. It was administered two times (FFQ 1 and FFQ 2) within a 1 month interval while 24 hr recall questionnaire data was collected 3 times from each participant in the period between FFQ administrations.. In all, 95 elementary school children (41 boys and 54 girls) and 90 high school students (43 boys and 47 girls) were used in this IRB‐ approved study. Results showed significant differences in FFQ reliability for comparison of most nutrients (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron and vitamin C). Validity between FFQ 1 and 24 hr recall averages was likewise disappointing, however when comparisons were made to FFQ 2, most nutrients were in agreement. Conclusions are that problems exist with this FFQ which might be attributed to length, inadequate attention by the participants or sequence of administration. Regarding the latter, being that the 24 hr average nutrient intakes were in agreement with FFQ 2, suggests that the subjects became more aware of usual dietary intake and could more accurately estimate values asked in the FFQ. Support is acknowledged from the MBRS program grant SO6 GM 08224.
Environmental and gender‐related barriers are limiting physical activity in Mexican public high‐school students
Authors: Rodriguez Guadalupe , Villalpando Salvador , Gaona Berenice , Frongillo Edward A. , Rivera Juan A.
Published: June 2021

High prevalence of inactivity (40.4%) is found in Mexican youth. Overweight and obesity have increased substantially in Mexico, affecting 5.7 million of adolescents. This study identified Mexican high‐school students’ prevalence of physical activity (PA) and environmental/gender‐related barriers for exercising at school. A PA survey and 5‐day pedometer determinations (n=1324) were performed in 15–19 year‐old male and female students of 40 Mexico City public high schools. In‐depth interviews with school key informants (n=40) and 20 focus groups with students (n=180) were conducted. A third of the students were low‐active (30.6 %, 95% CI: 27.2–34.2) and 11.4% (8.9–14.4) were non‐active. Inactivity prevalence was significantly higher in women. Environmental barriers for exercising at school were organizational, instrumental, logistic, and financial. Gender‐related barriers were female segregation by PA school trainers, predominance of “masculine” sports, image and privacy issues, low self‐motivation, and weak organization/leadership, Students lack a supportive environment for performing PA at high school. Gender‐oriented interventions must be developed to overcome female sedentary lifestyle. Funding: Mexico's Ministry of Education.
Comparisons of dietary intakes and body composition with sexual maturation among Korean girls
Authors: Jeong Sunsim , Shin Sangah , Lee Kyungyoun , Joung Hyojee
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between dietary intakes, body composition and sexual maturation among Korean girls. The subjects were 743 children aged 7 to 13 years old enrolled in elementary schools in Seoul, Korea. Subjects' dietary intakes were evaluated by 3‐day food records. Body compositions were measured by bio‐impedance analyzer and sexual maturation was assessed by self‐evaluation according to Tanner's standard photographs. Both children and parents completed a structured questionnaire. Girls were divided into Stage=1 and Stage ≥ 2 groups based on the maturation stages of breast. Girls with Stage ≥ 2 had significantly higher height, weight, body fat percentage, and body mass index (p<0.0001). There were significantly higher intakes of lipid and cholesterol (p<0.05) as well as meats and eggs intakes (p<0.05) in Stage ≥ 2 group. However, there were no significant differences in frequencies of processed foods intake between two groups. These results suggest that high intake of animal food containing lipids may accelerate sexual maturation among girls. Further studies are necessary to identify links between dietary pattern and sexual maturation using a large prospective cohort. (This work was supported by the Korea food & drug administration and the Brain Korea 21 Project in 2009.)
Magnesium Intake and Self‐Reported Health in Pregnant Women
Authors: Vance Chardonnay Julia , Killilea David W. , Ames Bruce N.
Published: June 2021

Low magnesium (Mg) intake may contribute to diseases of pregnancy such as pre‐eclampsia and gestational diabetes. Reports on plasma Mg levels and diseases risk have been mixed: plasma Mg is known to be a poor indicator of overall Mg status. Erythrocyte Mg, both intra‐cellular and intra‐membrane, has been shown to be lower in diseased compared to healthy pregnancies. Studies linking Mg intake to risk of diseases of pregnancy have been inconclusive. We studied if Mg intakes correlate with self‐reported health in women in the US using the NHANES 1999–2004 dataset (6633 women, 15–54 yrs old). We estimated how many women consume 60% of all women aged 15–54 consume <EAR of Mg. Factors (micronutrient intakes, demographic, social, economic) that could influence self‐reported health were evaluated by logistic regression. Mg intake <EAR showed the strongest significant decrease in odds of self‐reporting great health in pregnant women (OR=0.35), but not in child‐bearing age women at large. These observations may have important implications, as most over‐the‐counter and prescription prenatal vitamins do not currently include Mg.
Milk and milk product consumption in Poland
Authors: Schlegl‐Zawadzka Malgorzata , Nowak Aleksandra , Hartwich Jadwiga , Rokitka Maria
Published: June 2021

The milk and dairy products belong to most precious alimentary products, being characterized with the high food value. This food products thanks to their components (calcium, protein, exogenous amino acids, vitamins) compose the perfect completion of the diet in all age groups. The special attention should be paid to fermented milk products contained probiotic bacteria. The aim of the study was the assessment of the consumption frequency of the milk and milk‐products by different population groups (children, the young people, adults, pregnant women, patients, persons doing sport). The questionnaire method was used. The study comprised 14217 persons (3–83 year old), living in Poland in the period of 1995–2008 years. The level of education was diverse. Subjects lived both in the country as and in town. The highest consumption of the milk and milk‐products was found among pre‐school children. The decrease of the milk consumption was observed with the following age groups. The low consumption of milk was discover in the group consisted of pregnant women. The most of subjects examined consumed the most often sweet fruit‐yoghurts, and the most seldom the buttermilk, smoked cheeses and blue cheeses. The stronger attention on the nutrition education in Poland should be paid in spite of several organized campaigns in media, popularizing among children and their parents the milk and its product consumption.
Fish Consumption and the Prevalence of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Hypertension among Women of Childbearing Age: Analysis of 2003–2006 NHANES Data
Authors: Jones Samira S , Greenwood MRC , Zidenberg‐Cherr Sheri
Published: June 2021

Omega 3 fatty acids, docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), found in fish reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and high blood pressure (BP) in adults. However, data presenting the relationship between these chronic diseases and fish intake status among women of childbearing age (WOC), is lacking. A secondary data analysis of the 2003–2006 NHANES dataset was conducted to assess the relationship between fish consumption and the likelihood of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension among WOC using food frequency questionnaire and clinical laboratory data. Approximately 12% of WOC were ‘high’ fish consumers (> 4 times/mo.). High fish consuming WOC were two times less likely to have high BP (>120/80 mmHg) than other moderate (1–4 times/mo) and low (≥1 times/mo) fish consuming WOC after controlling for age, income, and education. However, a negative relationship was observed for high fish consuming WOC and type 2 diabetes (HbA1c > 6.5%) with a 21% higher likelihood compared to the other WOC. High fish consuming non‐Hispanic Black (NHB) women were less likely to have type 2 diabetes than their NHB female counterparts. Results indicate the need for targeted fish consumption education strategies for WOC, specifically ethnic groups, to emphasize the relationships and effects of fish intake and health status. Supported in part by the UC Davis, Department of Nutrition.

Grant Funding Source: UC Davis Department of Nutrition
Caffeine exposure biomonitoring: correlation and variability of urinary caffeine metabolites
Authors: Pao Ching‐I , Rybak Michael E. , Pfeiffer Christine M.
Published: June 2021

The use of biomarkers to estimate caffeine exposure is a potentially more reliable alternative to using dietary intake data, given the intrinsic heterogeneity of major caffeine sources such as coffee and tea. To better understand the concept of urinary biomarker estimation of caffeine exposure, we examined urinary caffeine metabolite data from two pilot studies. In the first study we looked at the correlation between caffeine biomarkers in spot urine samples from 115 random volunteers. Significant (p <0.05) correlations were observed in 103 of a possible 105 analyte combinations. Pearson r >0.8 was observed in 36 and r >0.9 in 15 cases (p <0.0001). Given its rapid metabolism, caffeine was least correlated with other metabolites. In the second study we looked at within‐individual variation and correlation between various urine caffeine biomarker measurements in 8 subjects over a 1‐week period. Significant differences in within‐individual CVs (95% CI) were observed among subjects, with the average CV across all subjects and analytes being 77% (61–93%). Creatinine normalization yielded mixed results, lowering the within‐individual CV for certain biomarkers while increasing it for others. Spot urine concentrations correlated well with 24‐hour excretion, with Pearson r values of 0.75–0.93 observed for most biomarkers. These findings will assist in the interpretation of biomarker based caffeine exposure data.
Racial differences in fasting lipids: low levels of triglycerides in overweight and obese non Hispanic black women
Authors: McIntosh Mark , Kalynych Colleen J , Vukich Clare , Lott Michelle , Lerman Robert H
Published: June 2021

We screened 278 women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 for entry into a study of women with metabolic syndrome (MetS) on no lipid lowering medications or supplements with entrance criteria as follows: BMI 25–45 kg/m2, age 25–75 years, LDL ≥100 mg/dL, triglyceride (TG) ≥150 mg/dL and at least 2 other MetS criteria. Fasting blood was analyzed. Distinct racial differences emerged between non Hispanic blacks (Bs) and non Hispanic whites (Ws) with respect to TG, precluding study inclusion of the large majority of Bs. In analyzing the cohort of Bs (N=116) and Ws (N=135), Bs had lower TG (81±3.3 mg/dL vs 139±5.9 mg/dL; P<0.0001), total cholesterol (TC; 176±3.6 mg/dL vs 200±3.1 mg/dL; P<0.0001), LDL (114±3.6 mg/dL vs 128±2.8; P<0.005), and higher BMI (37±0.5 vs 35±0.5 kg/m2; P<0.005) and diastolic blood pressure (BP; 82±0.8 vs 80±0.8; P<0.05). HDL trended higher in Bs than Ws (48±1.4 vs 45±1.2; P=0.07). No differences were found in systolic BP, waist circumference or glucose. Only 6.9% of Bs vs 36.3% of Ws had TG ≥150 mg/dL (P<0.0001). There were similar findings in those with waist circumferences >88 cm (N=214), however, HDL was higher in Bs (48±1.5 vs 44±1.3 mg/dL; P<0.05). Black women matched according to BMI or waist circumference have substantially lower TG than Ws; additionally, TC and LDL are lower, and HDL and diastolic BP are higher in Bs than Ws, suggesting that TG criteria for MetS should be reconsidered for Bs. Supported by MetaProteomics, LLC.
Comparison of Body Composition by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry in Hispanic Diabetics
Authors: Batech Michael , Beeson W. Lawrence , Schultz Eloy , Salto Lorena , Firek Anthony , DeLeon Marino , Balcazar Hector , Cordero‐MacIntyre Zaida
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare Tanita tetrapolar foot‐to‐foot bioelectrical impedance analysis (Model TBF‐310, Tanita Corporation of America, Arlington Heights, IL; Tanita‐BIA) and fan beam dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (Hologic Discovery A v12.6, Waltham, MA; DXA). Seventy Hispanic diabetic participants (23 male, 47 female; mean age: 53.03 ± 10.32 yrs; mean weight: 81.45 ± 17.65 kg; and mean body mass index: 31.40 ± 6.80 kg/m^2) participated in a three‐month diabetes education follow‐up study. Fat mass (FM), percent fat mass (%FM), and fat free mass (FFM) were compared using both relative and absolute measures of agreement. Relative measures included Pearson's and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients while absolute agreement was assessed using Bland‐Altman analyses and concordance correlation with 95% confidence intervals calculated using a bootstrap resampling of the data. Pearson's (FM: 0.96, %FM: 0.91, and FFM: 0.82), and Spearman's rank (FM: 0.94, %FM: 0.91, and FFM: 0.92) correlation coefficients showed high measures of association. Bland‐Altman and concordance analyses also demonstrated good agreement [FM: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.96)], [%FM: 0.86 (95% CI: 0.79, 0.90)], and [FFM: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.96)]. Tanita‐BIA may provide valid measures of FM, %FM and FFM in Hispanic diabetics, and could be a convenient and practical approach for assessment in community‐based research. This study was supported in part by grants 03‐00335 from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and 5P20MD001632 from the National Institutes of Health.
Comparison of interviewer administered 24 hour recalls with web based assessment
Authors: Arab Lenore , Winter Ashley , Gammelgard Amy , Shapiro Jennifer , Thompson Sheri
Published: June 2021

As a part of field testing of a real‐time energy intake and expenditure software platform using wireless technology, GPS data, photo capture of foods and the web; 20 research participants completed two different approaches to 24 hour recall. NDS interviews and the DietDay web‐based recalls were conducted for the same 24‐hour periods on three different days during a one‐week period. The NDS, which involves interviewer training, and direct personal interviewing in person or on the phone was compared with the DietDay, a web based self administered recall requiring no direct interaction. Based on the means of three days of recalls with both methods, among the 20 participants the mean intake differed by approximately 200 kcal between methods (2417 vs. 2213). The correlation of individual reports between the two was r=0.51 A major predictor of differences in methods and in extreme reporting was gender. The caloric intake and number of foods reported was greater with the web based recall, DietDay (NDS mean = 17.4, DietDay= 19.0). Among reported foods the exact overlap averaged of 12.4 foods. This suggests that subjects report more foods online. No objective validation was undertaken in this study, so the ‘truth’ or which method more closely approaches it remains unknown. This project was funded in part by a National Cancer Institute SBIR Contract to Santech, Inc. (# HHSN261 2007 00006C).
Effect of strawberry powder on blood pressure and flow mediated vasodilation in individuals with pre‐hypertension
Authors: Vaux‐Bjerke Alison , Kan Flora , Barrette Taryn , Edirisinghe Indika , Burton‐Freeman Britt , Kappagoda Tissa
Published: June 2021

We previously reported that strawberry (Str) extract induced endothelium dependent relaxation in an ex vivo rabbit aorta model, suggesting a role for Str in blood pressure regulation. Based on this data, we hypothesized that daily consumption of strawberry powder at a dose corresponding to ex vivo results for 8 wks will reduce blood pressure (BP) and increase vessel relaxation (as measured by flow mediated vasodilation, FMD) in pre‐hypertensive [systolic pressure (sys) 120–139 mmHg and diastolic (dia) 80–89 mmHg] men and women. In a randomized, parallel, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, men and women (n=32, 43 ± 12 y) consumed either a placebo (Pbo) or Str (12 g Str powder, ~136 mg flavonoids) beverage matched in energy and macronutrient composition. BP data was collected via 24h ambulatory BP monitors at screening, wks 1, 4, 8, and 4 wks post‐study. FMD was measured at wks −2 and 8. After 8 wks of intervention, the Str group had a 2.1% ± 1.7% mmHg decrease in sys BP and 1.7% mmHg decrease in dia BP corresponding to decreases of 3.2% and 2.1% mmHg when compared to sys and dia BP in subjects consuming Pbo, respectively. FMD increased 3.5% ± 2.1% in women consuming Str and decreased 2.5% ± 1.8% in men; suggesting a diet by sex interaction. More research is needed to strengthen this association; however it appears strawberry consumption may benefit individuals with pre‐hypertension.
A Home‐based educational intervention to caregivers in South India to improve complementary feeding and responsive feeding, and psychosocial stimulation increases dietary intake, growth and development of infants
Authors: Bentley Margaret E , Vazir Shanaz , Engle Patrice , Balakrishna N. , Johnson Susan , Creed Hilary , Griffiths Paula , Rao Sylvia Fernandez
Published: June 2021

The 3‐arm trial had 3 groups: a Control Group (CG), receiving routine care through Integrated Child Development Services; a Complementary Food Group (CFG), receiving WHO recommendations on IYC foods; and a Complementary Feeding‐Responsive Feeding & Play Group (CFRF&PG), receiving complementary feeding recommendations plus skills for responsive feeding/psychosocial stimulation. Baseline results indicated no significant group differences. After 12 months of intervention, the median intakes of Energy, Protein, Vitamin A, Calcium, Iron and Zinc were significantly higher in CFG and CFRF&PG children, compared to the CG. After controlling for potential confounding variables at baseline, height for age was higher among children in the CFG compared to the CG. The Mental Index scores on the Bayley and some HOME subscales were significantly greater among CFRF&PG children, compared to CG and CFG children.

Community‐based interventions have the potential to significantly improve dietary intake, growth, home stimulation and mental development in settings with high child malnutrition.

The study was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research and the NIH/NICHD (5 R01 HD042219‐S1), with additional funding from UNICEF/New York.
Comparison of effects of live‐ and dead cell from potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Ha Nam Joo , Lee Do Kyung , Kim Mi Jin , Kim Jung Rae , Cha Min Kyeong , Kang Joo Yeon , Kim Sun Ae , Shin Hea Soon
Published: June 2021

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are beneficial bacteria that have multiple potential health effects, including blocking gastroenteric pathogens, improving microbial balance, stopping intestinal dysfunction, and lowering cholesterol. In general, many these effects have been reported in live‐LAB. But nowadays it is trend that study for effects of killed‐LAB is increased. So we performed a comparative study for effects of live‐ and killed‐LAB such as lowering serum cholesterol, blocking microbial harmful enzyme activity, and anti‐bacterial effect. For this study, cultured supplements of LAB are used as live‐LAB and sonicated them are used as killed‐LAB. And these LAB were orally administered to Sprague‐Dawley male rats every day for 2 weeks along with a diet containing a high cholesterol. As a result, both the live‐ and killed‐LAB were found to reduce serum total cholesterol and LDL level, significantly (p<0.05). Killed‐LAB particularly increased HDL level by 10% compared to live‐LAB. Also, both the LAB inhibited the growth of penicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These results showed that killed‐LAB exhibited the probiotic effects as well as live‐LAB, but effects of live‐LAB were generally better than those of killed‐LAB. In addition, live‐LAB decreased the tryptophanase activity by about 40%, and increased fecal water content and LAB levels. However, these effects were not observed in killed‐LAB.
The GPS (Global Positioning System) Nutritional Drawing Courses; Promoting Physical Activity and Good Nutrition through Popular Technology
Authors: Hongu Nobuko , Larsen Jenna K. , Thornton Rosalie R. , Wisneski Kristin D. , Orr Barron J.
Published: June 2021

Physical activity and good nutrition are key factors in leading a healthy lifestyle. The goal of the project is to promote physical activity and enhance nutritional knowledge of youth through utilizing the capabilities of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Many GPS devices offer a ‘track’ feature, which allows a user to record his/her itinerant path. First, we determined a location of a GPS Drawing Course using Google Maps. We used GPS Map 60 (Garmin International, Inc., Olathe, KS) and walked the potential courses. The GPS Map 60 served for drawing and downloading an accurate GPS Drawing Course. Some of the GPS Drawing Courses consisted of images of foods, carrot, pineapple, fish, or series of letters with slogan, such as 5‐A‐Day, Fish‐A‐Day. We also designed GPS Drawing Fat‐Soluble Vitamin Course which featured an image of carrot surrounded by A, D, E, and K, the letters of the fat soluble vitamins. Four women and one man were asked to walk Fat‐Soluble Vitamin Course carrying a GPS Map 60 and an Omron HJ‐720‐ITC pedometer (Kyoto, Japan). Their average number of steps was 2,929 and average time needed for completing the course was 30.5 minutes. Average GPS drawing length was 1.2 miles. We made an instructional pamphlet explaining a stepwise method of designing GPS Nutritional Drawing Courses. This may serve as a creative outlet for youth, becoming aware of healthy diet while they are physically active and having fun.
Role of E74‐like transcription factor‐3 in the pulmonary regenerative response to naphthalene‐induced bronchiolar epithelial injury
Authors: Oliver Jordan Robert , Hu Jim
Published: June 2021

E74‐like transcription factor‐3 (Elf‐3), a member of the ETS transcription factor family, is strongly expressed in epithelial‐rich tissues, such as the developing lung and small intestine. Although previous studies have shown a defect in the terminal differentiation of the small intestinal epithelium of Elf‐3‐deficient mice during embryonic development, very little is known about the role Elf‐3 may play in the repair of the lung epithelium after injury. In order to elucidate an involvement of Elf‐3 in regeneration of the bronchiolar epithelium after Clara cell‐specific injury, we administered naphthalene to both wild type (Elf‐3 +/+) and Elf‐3‐deficient (Elf‐3 −/−) mice. Histopathological analysis revealed no significant difference in the extent of naphthalene‐induced Clara cell injury between Elf‐3 +/+ mice and Elf‐3 −/− mice. We found that the kinetics of cell proliferation and mitosis in the distal bronchiolar airway epithelium as well as Clara cell reconstitution was delayed in Elf‐3 −/− mice as compared to Elf‐3 +/+ mice; however, cell proliferation and mitosis in the peribronchiolar interstitium of Elf‐3 −/− mice was significantly greater than that of Elf‐3 +/+ mice after naphthalene treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that Elf‐3 plays an important role in the regulation of lung cell proliferation and differentiation during repair of the injured bronchiolar epithelium.
Inhibition of cyclin D1 expression by androgen receptor in breast cancer cells: identification of a novel androgen response element
Authors: Lanzino Marilena , Sisci Diego , Morelli Catia , Catalano Stefania , Casaburi Ivan , Capparelli Claudia , Avena Paola , Andò Sebastiano
Published: June 2021

Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) is a critical mitogen‐regulated cell cycle control element whose transcriptional modulation play a crucial role in breast cancer growth and progression. Here we demonstrated that the non‐aromatizable androgen receptor (AR) ligand, 5‐alpha‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT), inhibits endogenous CCND1 expression, as evidenced by reduction of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein levels, and decrease of CCND1‐promoter activity, in MCF‐7 cells. The DHT‐dependent inhibition of CCND1 gene activity requires the involvement and the integrity of the AR DNA Binding Domain. Site directed mutagenesis, DAPA, EMSA and ChIP analyses indicate that this inhibitory effect is ligand‐dependent and it is mediated by direct binding of AR to an Androgen Response Element (CCND1‐ARE), located in the cyclin D1 proximal promoter. Identification of this CCND1‐ARE allows to define cyclin D1 as a specific androgen target gene in breast. AR‐mediated repression of the cyclin D1 gene involves the recruitment of the atypical orphan nuclear receptor DAX1 as a component of a multiprotein repressor complex also embracing the participation of Histone Deacetylase 1. In conclusion, we identified a novel AR‐mediated mechanism able to negatively regulate cyclin D1, contributing to explain the molecular basis of mechanisms through which androgens exert their inhibitory role on the proliferation of breast cancer cells.
Fatty acid composition changes in human MCF‐7 breast adenocarcinoma cells following anti‐estrogen treatments
Authors: St.‐Pierre Stefan , Surette Marc E
Published: June 2021

MCF‐7 cells are an estrogen (ES) ‐dependent cell line. MCF‐7 proliferation is blocked by treatment with the anti‐ES agent 4‐OH‐tamoxifen (4‐OHT) or by incubation in ES‐depleted medium. We have previously shown that the induction or inhibition of cell proliferation in human T cells results in profound changes in cellular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. In this study we incubated MCF‐7 cells in ES‐depleted medium or with 4‐OHT and measured cellular fatty acids. Both treatments blocked cell proliferation but cells remained viable. A 2‐fold increase in arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was measured in cells incubated with 4‐OHT compared to controls. Interestingly ES‐depleted medium lowered the cellular PUFA content. Supplementation of media with 5μM of AA or EPA increased their respective cellular content, with 4‐OHT‐treated cells attaining the highest levels. Incubations with stearidonic acid, a precursor of EPA, increased cellular EPA levels in all cells indicating the capacity for desaturation and elongation regardless of treatment. Overall, treatment of ES‐dependent MCF‐7 cells with anti‐ES treatment results in changes in PUFA metabolism. These results may be of significance given that PUFA have been implicated in cancer development and progression. (Supported by The Atlantic Innovation Fund and the Canada Research Chairs program)
Akt regulates Raf/MEK/ERK cascade, VEGF and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and malignant characteristics of NSCLC cells
Authors: Jiang Kun , Rice Shawn , Sharp Tina , Qi Ji , Mu David , Han Bing , Zander Dani S.
Published: June 2021

Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt‐mediated regulation of Raf/MEK/ERK activity has been identified in immune cells, the central nervous system, and skeletal muscle; however, an interaction has not been established in non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NCSLC).We examined Akt‐Raf cross‐talk in NSCLC by immunofluorescence (IF), co‐immunoprecipitation (co‐IP) and manipulation of target gene expression. While transiently expressed PI3K and Akt decreased MEK/ERK activity, functional‐deficient PI3K and Akt elevated MEK/ERK activity, suggesting that the PI3K/Akt pathway negatively regulates MEK/ERK activity in NSCLC. IF revealed Akt co‐localization with Raf but not Ras or ERK. Additionally, co‐IP confirmed an increased Akt‐Raf association and enriched cytoplasmic Raf following Akt activation. PI3K/Akt, but not MEK/ERK signaling, appears to be essential for maintaining malignant characteristics of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, both the promoter activity and protein levels of VEGF and MMP‐2 showed a PI3K/Akt‐, but not MEK/ERK‐dependent, pattern. Moreover, interference with PI3K/Akt function, but not that of MEK/ERK, decreased cell viability. These data reveal regulation of Raf/MEK/ERK by the PI3K/Akt pathway, a novel finding in NSCLC. This finding is highly relevant to understanding the pathogenesis and behavior of NSCLC and may be of value for future therapeutic directions.

Research support: Penn State University College of Medicine Department of Pathology.
OVEREXPRESSION OF HUMAN DOWN SYNDROME CANDIDATE REGION 1 (DSCR1) GENE IS PROTECTIVE IN STROKE
Authors: Sobey Christopher G , Brait Vanessa H , Martin Katherine , Pritchard Melanie A
Published: June 2021

The Down syndrome candidate region 1 (DSCR1) gene is found on chromosome 21. DSCR1 protein is highly expressed in the brain, and following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice DSCR1 mRNA and protein increases in the peri‐infarct region. We examined the effect of overexpression of DSCR1 on outcome following stroke. DSCR1 transgenic (Tg) mice were produced by the overexpression of the human DSCR1 gene, only in cells that normally express DSCR1, on a C57Bl6/J X CBA background. Cerebral ischemia was induced by MCAO for 0.5 h followed by reperfusion for 23.5 h (ischemia‐reperfusion; I‐R) in 8–14 week old male DSCR1 Tg (n=14) and wild‐type (Wt; n=9) mice. After 24 h, neurological impairment was assessed (neurological score and hanging wire test). Brain infarct and edema volume were then measured in thionin‐stained coronal sections. After I‐R, Tg mice had less neurological impairment than Wt, with a lower neurological score (2.4±0.3 vs 3.9±0.1; P<0.05) and a longer hanging‐wire time (38±5 vs 9±3 s; P<0.01). After I‐R, Tg mice had a significantly smaller subcortical infarct volume than Wt mice (15±2 vs 32±5 mm3; P<0.01). In addition, total infarct volume tended to be smaller in Tg than Wt mice (26±5 vs. 36±6 mm3; P=0.26). Furthermore, edema volume was smaller in Tg than Wt mice (17±3 vs 31±6 mm3; P<0.05). Thus, overexpression of DSCR1 improves outcome following stroke.