bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergism of lithium acetate salt toward surface chemistry and physical properties of carboxymethyl chitosan‐based solid polymer electrolyte
Authors: Ndruru Sun Theo Constan Lotebulo , Pramono Edi , Salsabilla Qotrunadda Ayu , Darmawan Dhea Afrisa , Annas Dicky , Aspiyanto Aspiyanto , Nugroho Robertus Wahyu N. , Arcana I Made
Published: September 2024

Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) nowadays becomes the key enablers in building structural framework of better electrolytes for all‐solid‐sate lithium‐ion batteries (ASS LIBs). A main question remains how to wisely improve the conductivity of polysaccharides, thus promoting today's transition from fossil fuels to green energy. Herein, development of conductive carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) complex involving the synergistic impact of lithium acetate (LiCH3COO) is proposed. Changes in the surface chemistry of CMCh appear, suggesting a successful functionalization to this chitosan derivative in the presence of LiCH3COO. Following this, SPE containing 20 wt% lithium acetate optimally demonstrates the highest ionic conductivity equivalent to 5.37 × 10−3 S. cm−1. However, salt‐added CMCh has a crystallinity index (Cr.I) of 64.57% and a tensile strength of 4.74 MPa, which is lower than the neat CMCh SPE membrane. The success loading of lithium acetate also results in a rougher surface of CMCh membrane than of its reference. Further, salt‐incorporated CMCh membrane exhibits a reduction in the thermal stability. In addition, eventually, these presented findings underpin potential application of this chitosan derivative for future ASS LIBs.
F116I mutation in CYP9A25 associated with resistance to emamectin benzoate in Spodoptera litura
Authors: Shi Yu , Su Ting , Yu Zhifeng , Mei Wenjuan , Wu Yidong , Yang Yihua
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

The F116V mutation in the substrate recognition site 1 (SRS1) of Spodoptera exigua CYP9A186 has been demonstrated to confer ~200‐fold resistance to emamectin benzoate (EB). In this study, a novel mutation (F116I) in CYP9A25, orthologous to CYP9A186, was detected in a field population of Spodoptera litura (YJ22) collected from Yuanjiang, Yunnan province, China in 2022. The association of this mutation with EB resistance was investigated.

RESULTS

Two homozygous strains, YJ22‐116F (wild‐type at 116 position of CYP9A25) and YJ22‐116I (mutant) were isolated from YJ22 through two rounds of crossing and DNA genotyping. Compared with YJ22‐116F, the mutant strain YJ22‐116I exhibited 31.8‐fold resistance to EB. Resistance in YJ22‐116I was shown to be incompletely dominant, and genetically linked with the F116I mutation. Further, heterologous expression and in vitro metabolism assays confirmed that the recombinant CYP9A25 protein with 116I mutation obtained metabolic capability against EB, whereas the wild‐type CYP9A25 protein (with 116F) did not metabolize EB. Molecular modeling showed that the F116I mutation within SRS1 reduces the steric hindrance to substrate entry and improves ligand‐binding interactions.

CONCLUSION

The causal association between the F116I mutation in CYP9A25 and medium‐level EB resistance in S. litura has been verified. This finding is critical for the field monitoring of such mutations and thus for developing adaptive resistance management tactics for field populations of S. litura. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Side effects of semi‐synthetic insecticide spinetoram on the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa
Authors: Drobnjaković Tanja , Prijović Mirjana , Dervišević Marina , Brkić Dragica , Ricupero Michele , Marčić Dejan
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Insecticide risk assessment for biological control agents is essential for implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Spinetoram is a naturally derived insecticide used to control a variety of agricultural sap‐sucking insect pests, and Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) plays a key role in the biocontrol of greenhouse whiteflies. Despite its presumed safe ecotoxicological profile, the side effects of spinetoram on E. formosa are partially unknown, especially at sublethal doses. In the laboratory, we estimated the lethal concentrations (LC) of spinetoram on E. formosa by topical exposure of pupae and 48 h residual contact exposure of emerged adults. Afterwards, we assessed the impact of spinetoram LCs on the life history traits (juvenile development, adult longevity, parasitism, adult emergence) and population growth parameter (the instantaneous rate of increase, ri) of the parasitoid.

RESULTS

Probit analysis allowed the estimation of LC10 = 0.10 mg/L, LC50 = 0.56 mg/L, and LC90 = 3.28 mg/L. Spinetoram at LC10 had no impact on the observed parameters of E. formosa. Conversely, spinetoram at LC50 and LC90 significantly reduced adult longevity by 19.2% and 40.6%, total parasitism by 33.4% and 38.7%, and total adult emergence by 29.6% and 39.1%, respectively. Also, the ri of E. formosa was significantly affected by spinetoram LC50 and LC90 with a reduction of 8.17 and 29.83%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggested that spinetoram significantly threatens the effectiveness of E. formosa when applied at the field recommended rate. However, further validation of spinetoram under greenhouse conditions is required for a comprehensive risk assessment for E. formosa in IPM programs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Shedding Light on the Future: Exploring Quantum Neural Networks through Optics
Authors: Yu Shang , Jia Zhian , Zhang Aonan , Mer Ewan , Li Zhenghao , Crescimanna Valerio , Chen Kuan‐Cheng , Patel Raj B. , Walmsley Ian A. , Kaszlikowski Dagomir
Published: September 2024

At the dynamic nexus of artificial intelligence and quantum technology, quantum neural networks (QNNs) play an important role as an emerging technology in the rapidly developing field of quantum machine learning. This development is set to revolutionize the applications of quantum computing. This article reviews the concept of QNNs and their physical realizations, particularly implementations based on quantum optics. The integration of quantum principles with classical neural network architectures is first examined to create QNNs. Some specific examples, such as the quantum perceptron, quantum convolutional neural networks, and quantum Boltzmann machines are discussed. Subsequently, the feasibility of implementing QNNs through photonics is analyzed. The key challenge here lies in achieving the required non‐linear gates, and measurement‐induced approaches, among others, seem promising. To unlock the computational potential of QNNs, addressing the challenge of scaling their complexity through quantum optics is crucial. Progress in controlling quantum states of light is continuously advancing the field. Additionally, it has been discovered that different QNN architectures can be unified through non‐Gaussian operations. This insight will aid in better understanding and developing more complex QNN circuits.
Pathways to climate neutrality: The role of structural change
Authors: Abubakar Attahir B. , Mamman Suleiman O. , Yusuf Abdulmalik M.
Published: September 2024

The global economy continues to endure the adverse effects of climate change whose impact remains a threat multiplier that could impair the socioeconomic development of countries. This study examines the role of the changing structure of economies in the quest to achieve climate neutrality targets. To achieve this, the effect of structural change on environmental quality in the context of three major greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) is examined. The data of the top 20 polluting countries from 1990 to 2020 is analysed. Interestingly, the results suggest that structural change may not necessarily enhance attaining climate neutrality if more greenhouse gases are considered aside from carbon emissions. Further, an increase in affluence factors, energy‐intensive technologies and population limit the attainment of climate neutrality due to their stimulating effect on the emission of all three greenhouse gases. However, renewable energy adoption is found to enhance the attainment of climate neutrality. These findings have far‐reaching implications for policies aiming to achieve climate neutrality targets.
Decoding the Molecular Mechanism of Sweet Taste of Amino Acids by Their Intrinsic Properties and Interactions with Human Sweet Taste Receptor
Authors: Wang Ying , Tong Mingqiong , Cao Zanxia , Sun Zeyuan , Derkach Tetiana , Liu Bo
Published: September 2024

The molecular basis of sweet taste toward various amino acids has not been fully elucidated. In this study, by correlation of their sweetness intensities with molecular properties, it is revealed that hydrophobic or dispersion force between side chains and sweet taste receptor (Tas1R2/Tas1R3) plays a prominent role for eliciting sweetness. Furthermore, the interaction modes of 13 amino acids with receptor indicate that amino (AH) and carboxyl (B) glucophores of different amino acids interact with identical residues of receptor, while the hydrophobic side chains (X glucophores) conduct distinct topological orientations with receptor, determining their chirality selection and sweetness intensities. Molecular dynamics analysis shows that sweet d‐amino acids move toward the hydrophobic transmembrane domain during activation with more contact numbers with receptor than nonsweet l‐amino acids, providing a mechanistic elucidation of previous inconsistent sensory evaluation results of specific amino acids. Moreover, by comparison with the interactions of a dipeptide sweetener, aspartame with Tas1R2/Tas1R3 and nonsweet l‐glutamate with class C G protein‐coupled receptors, we conclude that a complementary interaction mode with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic contacts accounts for the molecular origin of their sweet taste, presenting in‐depth insights and valuable guidelines for further molecular designs or modifications of amino acids‐derived sweeteners.
Sustainable Extraction of Hydroxytyrosol from Olive Leaves Based on a Nature‐Inspired Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES)
Authors: Messa Francesco , Giotta Livia , Troisi Luigino , Perrone Serena , Salomone Antonio
Published: September 2024

Within the circular economy framework, the valorisation of olive leaves as an effective source of organic compounds rather than an agricultural waste, represents a great opportunity. Olive leaves contain bioactive polyphenols, such as the health‐enhancing catechol hydroxytyrosol (HT), derived primarily from oleuropein. This study establishes a novel and sustainable approach for the extraction of HT from olive leaves, utilizing eco‐friendly deep eutectic solvents derived from natural sources (NADES). By optimizing the extraction process, the study highlights the efficacy of the eutectic mixture cholinium/glycerol (1:2 mol/mol) in achieving HT‐rich extracts from olive leaves (0.12 ± 0.03 g HT/g of dry extract). Indeed, the method demonstrates a remarkable yield of HT, reaching 12.3 ± 0.9 g/kg of leaf powder, under optimized conditions. The antioxidant properties of the extract are thoroughly assessed, suggesting its potential health benefits. Significantly, the study underscores the scalability of the extraction method, showcasing its viability for large‐scale production while maintaining excellent outcomes. Furthermore, the sustainability of the extraction method is boosted by the reuse of NADES across multiple extraction cycles, enhancing resource efficiency and reducing environmental impact. This research unlocks the potential of olive leaves as a valuable source of bioactive compounds and outlines a sustainable extraction approach aligning with the principles of the circular economy.
Effective Oxygen‐Deficient Li4Ti5O12 Anode Material Displaying Excellent Rate Performance and Outstanding Cyclic Stability
Authors: Pratheeksha P. M. , Sivakanali S. , Kashyap Shreyas J. , Chandra Gowthami , Joseph D. Paul , Vijay R. , Rao T. N. , Anandan S.
Published: September 2024

Currently, developing materials with high power capability is crucial to the rapid deployment of electric vehicles. The Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode material with zero strain rate upon lithium insertion and extraction. The successful implementation of this anode material depends on strategies to overcome the low electronic and ionic conductivity. In this study, Li4Ti5O12 was synthesized using solid‐state approach in which different phases (anatase and rutile) of TiO2 as precursors were used. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman analysis confirmed the formation of oxygen vacancies with the existence of Ti3+ ions, which is believed to greatly enhance the electronic conductivity of Li4Ti5O12. The electrochemical performance revealed that the rutile TiO2 precursor concentration significantly affects the resultant Li4Ti5O12 capacity and power capability. The Li4Ti5O12 synthesized using 80% anatase and 20% rutile TiO2 (N2‐LTO) exhibits a specific capacity of 169, 145, 140, 133, 122, 101, and 84 mAh g−1 at 1C, 3C, 5C, 7C, 10C, 20C, and 30C. In addition, LFP||N2‐LTO pouch‐cell was fabricated which showed promising results with 95% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1C rate. The oxygen vacancies created due to the presence of Ti3+/Ti4+ mixed valances and reduced particle size for faster lithium‐ion diffusion significantly enhanced the overall electrochemical performance.
Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated C3‐Trifluoropropionyloxylation of N‐Substituted Indoles
Authors: Tian Yao , Zhou Ming‐Xi , Wang Yue , Zeng Zi‐Pei , Guo Yu , Zhong Yuan , Zeng Yao‐Fu
Published: September 2024

A metal‐free hypervalent iodine‐mediated C3‐trifluoropropionyloxylation of N‐substituted indoles was developed. (Bis‐trifluoropropanoate)iodobenzene was used as both the oxidant and fluorine source. The reaction was sensitive to the N‐protecting groups of the indoles. N‐acylated indoles provided 3‐trifluoropropionyloxylated indoles, while 3‐trifluoropropionyloxylated oxindoles were generated from indoles bearing N‐alkyl groups.
Synthesis, Surface Chemistry, and Applications of Non‐Zero‐Dimensional Diamond Nanostructures
Authors: Li Changli , Jiang Xin , Yang Nianjun
Published: September 2024

Diamond nanomaterials are renowned for their exceptional properties, which include the inherent attributes of bulk diamond. Additionally, they exhibit unique characteristics at the nanoscale, including high specific surface areas, tunable surface structure, and excellent biocompatibility. These multifaceted attributes have piqued the interest of researchers globally, leading to an extensive exploration of various diamond nanostructures in a myriad of applications. This review focuses on non‐zero‐dimensional (non‐0D) diamond nanostructures including diamond films and extended diamond nanostructures, such as diamond nanowires, nanoplatelets, and diamond foams. It delves into the fabrication, modification, and diverse applications of non‐0D diamond nanostructures. This review begins with a concise review of the preparation methods for different types of diamond films and extended nanostructures, followed by an exploration of the intricacies of surface termination and the process of immobilizing target moieties of interest. It then transitions into an exploration of the applications of diamond films and extended nanostructures in the fields of biomedicine and electrochemistry. In the concluding section, this article provides a forward‐looking perspective on the current state and future directions of diamond films and extended nanostructures research, offering insights into the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead in this exciting field.
Janus‐Structured Microgel Barrier with Tissue Adhesive and Hemostatic Characteristics for Efficient Prevention of Postoperative Adhesion
Authors: Ding Zichuan , Liang Zhimin , Rong Xiao , Fu Xiaoxue , Fan Jiaxuan , Lai Yahao , Cai Yongrui , Huang Chao , Li Lingli , Tang Guosheng , Luo Zeyu , Zhou Zongke
Published: September 2024

Postoperative adhesion (POA) is a common and serious complication following various types of surgery. Current physical barriers either have a short residence time at the surgical site with a low tissue attachment capacity or are prone to undesired adhesion formation owing to the double‐sided adhesive property, which limits the POA prevention efficacy of the barriers. In this study, Janus‐structured microgels (Janus‐MGs) with asymmetric tissue adhesion capabilities are fabricated using a novel bio‐friendly gas‐shearing microfluidic platform. The anti‐adhesive side of Janus‐MGs, which consists of alginate, hyaluronic acid, and derivatives, endows the material with separation, lubrication, and adhesion prevention properties. The adhesive side provided Janus‐MGs with tissue attachment and retention capability through catechol‐based adhesion, thereby enhancing the in situ adhesion prevention effect. In addition, Janus‐MGs significantly reduced blood loss and shortened the hemostatic time in rats, further reducing adhesion formation. Three commonly used rat POA models with different tissue structures and motion patterns are established in this study, namely peritoneal adhesion, intrauterine adhesion, and peritendinous adhesion models, and the results showed that Janus‐MGs effectively prevented the occurrence of POA in all the models. The fabrication of Janus‐MGs offers a reliable strategy and a promising paradigm for preventing POA following diverse surgical procedures.
Controllable Synthesis of Hollow Dodecahedral Si@C Core–Shell Structures for Ultrastable Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Gao Yijun , Song Shanshan , He Fei , Kong Xianglong , Xiao Zhong , Cui Xianchang , Cao Linbo , Zhang Yumeng , Liu Zhiliang , Yang Piaoping
Published: September 2024

Silicon (Si) has attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative to graphite in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity and voltage. However, the durability and cycling stability of Si‐based composites have emerged as major obstacles to their widespread adoption as LIBs anode materials. To tackle these challenges, a hollow core–shell dodecahedra structure of a Si‐based composite (HD‐Si@C) is developed through a novel double‐layer in situ growth approach. This innovative design ensures that the nano‐sized Si particles are evenly distributed within a hollow carbon shell, effectively addressing issues like Si fragmentation, volume expansion, and detachment from the carbon layer during cycles. The HD‐Si@C composite demonstrates remarkable structural integrity as a LIBs anode, resulting in exceptional electrochemical performance and promising practical applications, as evidenced by tests in pouch‐type full cells. Notably, the composite shows outstanding cycling stability, retaining 85% of its initial capacity (713 mAh g−1) even after 3000 cycles at a high current rate of 5000 mA g−1. Additionally, the material achieves a gravimetric energy density of 369 W h kg−1, showcasing its potential for efficient energy storage solutions. This research signifies a significant step toward realizing the practical utilization of Si‐based materials in the next generation of LIBs.
Studies on Practical Hysteresis Modeling Method Using Play Model by Circuit Simulators
Authors: Hane Yoshiki , Sugahara Kengo
Published: September 2024

This paper investigates two studies on the magnetic circuit model incorporating the play model. First, the calculation speed of several general‐purpose circuit simulators is compared when analyzing the magnetic circuit model incorporating the play model. Second, the calculation accuracy and speed of the two modeling methods of the play model on a general‐purpose circuit simulator are compared. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Continuous Microreactor‐Based Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles for Sensor Applications
Authors: Odenwald Christina , Niedner Lucas , Haberkorn Robert , Sauerwald Tilman , Brieger Oliver , Nadig Mike , Kickelbick Guido
Published: September 2024

Tin oxide nanoparticles are well‐established materials with a wide range of applications, including optoelectronic devices and solid‐state gas sensors. Conventional synthesis methods of these systems are often based on batch processes. In this study, we compare batch and continuous synthesis methods for tin dioxide nanoparticles using precipitation and sol‐gel processes. For the continuous processes we applied the so called microjet reactor method. The nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, elemental analysis and XRD and exhibited particle sizes of 1.7–3.0 nm and crystallite sizes of 1.7–2.3 nm, consisting of tetragonal (P42/mnm) and orthorhombic (Pbcn) phases. We have evaluated different post‐synthesis purification methods to remove impurities such as chlorides and carbon‐hydrogen species. Each purification method exhibited unique advantages and side effects, providing insight into selecting the most appropriate method for specific applications. We also demonstrated the potential of these SnO2 nanoparticles as ethanol gas sensing materials and compared their performance with a commercial sensor.
Asymptotic modeling of the current flow system described by the p(x)$p(x)$‐Laplacian
Authors: Nakasato Jean Carlos , Pažanin Igor
Published: September 2024

Starting from the ‐Laplace thermistor model, in this paper we rigorously derive the effective model describing the current flow in a thin domain. We assume that the exponent is constant by parts and exhibiting the oscillating interface. Depending on the parameter describing these oscillations, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the solution by using the adaptation of the periodic unfolding method. Our work is motivated by the industrial applications consisting of thin organic light‐emitting diodes.
Rethink Energy System Models to Support Interdisciplinary and Inclusive Just Transition Debates
Authors: Süsser Diana , McGookin Connor , McDowall Will , Lombardi Francesco , Braunreiter Lukas , Bouzarovski Stefan
Published: September 2024

Policy Highlights

To achieve the recommendation stated in the chapter title, we propose the following:

Policymakers should demand more open and inclusive energy modelling processes to ensure that stakeholders can meaningfully contribute to the process.

Policymakers should recognise the critical role of the Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) in complementing energy modelling to receive a more holistic viewpoint on just pathways to climate neutrality. Both Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and SSH research is needed to transform our energy system to a just, climate-neutral future.

Policymakers should establish cross- and transdisciplinary debates for incorporating more diverse voices into energy modelling.
Create a Co-learning Environment for Geothermal Energy Communities Across the European and African Unions
Authors: Büscher Chris , Wheeler Walter , Onyango Susan , Varet Jacques , Iannone Fabio , Annunziata Eleonora , Geraud Yves , Omenda Peter
Published: September 2024

Policy Highlights

To achieve the recommendation stated in the chapter title, we propose the following:

Enable and encourage Geothermal Energy Communities (GECs) in the European Union and African Union.

Acknowledge and embrace the potential of geothermal resources for energy communities.

Assess GECs’ feasibility using interdisciplinary and participatory approaches.

Investigate and address critical GEC issues, including financial obstacles and land politics.

Develop an enabling and social learning environment for GECs.

Ensure GEC projects are embedded in the community by using on-site transdisciplinary co-learning workshops that bring together Engineering, Social Scientists, and Geoscientists as well as community representatives and critical outsiders.
Deciphering the genetic basis of salinity tolerance in a diverse panel of cultivated and wild soybean accessions by genome-wide association mapping
Authors: Pruthi Rajat , Chaudhary Chanderkant , Chapagain Sandeep , Abozaid Mostafa Mohamed Elbasuoni , Rana Prabhat , Kondi Ravi Kiran Reddy , Fritsche-Neto Roberto , Subudhi Prasanta K.
Published: September 2024

Key message

In a genome-wide association study involving 269 cultivated and wild soybean accessions, potential salt tolerance donors were identified along with significant markers and candidate genes, such as GmKUP6 and GmWRKY33.

Abstract

Salt stress remains a significant challenge in agricultural systems, notably impacting soybean productivity worldwide. A comprehensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of salt tolerance and identify novel source of salt tolerance among soybean genotypes. A diverse panel comprising 269 wild and cultivated soybean accessions was subjected to saline stress under controlled greenhouse conditions. Phenotypic data revealed that salt tolerance of soybean germplasm accessions was heavily compromised by the accumulation of sodium and chloride, as indicated by highly significant positive correlations of leaf scorching score with leaf sodium/chloride content. The GWAS analysis, leveraging a dataset of 32,832 SNPs, unveiled 32 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) across seven traits associated with salt tolerance. These markers explained a substantial portion of the phenotypic variation, ranging from 14 to 52%. Notably, 11 markers surpassed Bonferroni’s correction threshold, exhibiting highly significant associations with the respective traits. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis conducted within a 100 Kb range of the identified MTAs highlighted candidate genes such as potassium transporter 6 (GmKUP6), cation hydrogen exchanger (GmCHX15), and GmWRKY33. Expression levels of GmKUP6 and GmWRKY33 significantly varied between salt-tolerant and salt-susceptible soybean accessions under salt stress. The genetic markers and candidate genes identified in this study hold promise for developing soybean varieties resilient to salinity stress, thereby mitigating its adverse effects.
Integrating dimensional and scaling analyses with functional modelling and graphs: An approach to comprehend mass transfer in welding
Authors: Dhalpe Akshay , Mokhtarian Hossein , Panicker Suraj , Wu Di , David Joe , Balani Shahriar Bakrani , Lastra Jose Martinez , Coatanéa Eric
Published: September 2024

Significant efforts have been made to understand the intricacies of the welding process using numerical methods, machine learning, dimensional, and scaling analyses. Dimensional analysis (DA) is used for qualitative studies of weld pool spreading, heat transfer in welding, welding parameters, and detachment-droplet formation in welding. Nevertheless, DA have been used often in a rather conventional manner. This article proposes to combine DA principles with causally oriented graphical representations and functional analysis to augment the separate capabilities of those methods. The approach uses a physics-based functional model to decompose the welding phenomena into functions, with dimensionless numbers (π) representing aspects of those functions in form of mathematical relationships between the variables. These mathematical relationships are illustrated as a causally oriented graph. This graph is transformed into a system dynamic counterpart. The values of π numbers are estimated using a single example with the developed methodology. The π values in the model are the analogous of biases in Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The current modelling approach has the advantage of exploiting supplementary sources of knowledge and consequently requires limited data in comparison to supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms used in the field. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with a case study of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for mild steel. The developed model predicts the droplet formation in GMAW with high accuracy and offer multiple possibilities for extension and generalization to other welding and additive manufacturing processes.
Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 19 and 21 on Hip Geometry and Strength in Post-menopausal Osteoporosis (PMO)
Authors: Kim EunJi , Moore Amelia. E. , Dulnoan Dwight , Hampson Geeta
Published: September 2024

Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) receptor signalling is important for skeletal development. The FGF19 subfamily which includes FGF19 and FGF21 are involved in bone metabolism, although their effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength remain unclear. To further characterise the influence of these two factors on the skeleton, we studied the association between circulating concentrations of FGF19 and 21 with BMD and parameters of hip geometry and strength in post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMO). The study cohort consisted of 374 women aged (mean [SD]) 68.7[12.3] years with PMO. FGF19 and FGF21 were measured in serum by ELISA. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) (n = 277) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and hip structural analysis (HSA) parameters (n = 263) at the narrow neck of the femur (NN), Intertrochanter (IT) and Femoral shaft (FS) were derived from DXA scans. FGF19 and 21 were not associated with prevalent fractures or BMD when corrected for covariates; age, BMI, smoking habits and alcohol intake. Log-transformed FGF 21 was negatively associated with HSA parameters including Outer Diameter (OD) (p = 0.019), Cross-sectional area (CSA) (p = 0.01), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) (p = 0.011), Section modulus (Z) (p = 0.002) and cortical thickness (Co Th) (p = 0.026) at the IT only. CSA, CSMI, Z and Co Th were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in women with FGF21 concentrations greater than the median (> 103.5 pg/ml). Our data suggest that FGF 21 may have potentially adverse effects on the skeleton. Further characterisation is needed, particularly as FGF 21 analogues or agonists may be used to treat obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Evaluation of a radiological grading system for the early detection of total knee arthroplasties at risk for revision surgery
Authors: Hörlesberger Nina , Smolle Maria Anna , Leitner Lukas , Labmayr Viktor , Leithner Andreas , Sadoghi Patrick
Published: September 2024

Introduction

X-rays are regularly performed after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). While soft tissue management and ligament tension cannot be evaluated, important information, such as inadequate component positioning and loose cement location, as well as subsequent loosening, can be detected. The aim of this study was to correlate radiological findings, referring to the radiological grading system (previously published by the same study group, henceforth abbreviated as “RGS”), with long-term outcomes and implant survival.

Materials and methods

A total of 266 patients who underwent titanium-coated TKA were included. In addition to implant survival, visual analogue scale score, Tegner activity score, knee society score (KSS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and short form-12 score as well as range of motion were evaluated. Clinical examination as well as anterior-posterior, lateral, full-length weight bearing, and patellar view radiographs were performed pre- and postoperatively, at the 3-, 6-, and 12-month postoperative follow-ups and at the final follow-up. The radiological grading system was evaluated and correlated with long-term outcome and survivorship.

Results

The revision-free survival rate was 88.4% at a median follow-up of 9.8 years (IQR: 9.3–10.3 years; range: 0.1–11.8 years). Revision surgery was required in 31 TKAs (11.7%). The multivariate Cox regression model showed a significant association between an RGS score ≥ 3 deviation points (DP) and an increased risk for revision (hazard ratio: 2.092; 95% CI: 1.020–4.290; p = 0.044). Moreover, the KSS for pain was significantly worse in patients with a RGS score ≥ 3 DP (median, 85 [74–92] vs. 90 [80–94]; p = 0.007).

Conclusions

This is the first study indicating that deviation in component positioning, having an inadequate long leg axis, the presence of free cement or residual bony structures on postoperative X-rays significantly correlate with TKA outcome and implant survival. Therefore RGS can be of high predicable value for the survivorship of the prosthesis.

Level of evidence

Level IV – retrospective cohort study.
Synergistic effects of calcium channel blockers and renin-angiotensin inhibitors with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy on the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer
Authors: Kraj Leszek , Chmiel Paulina , Śliwczyński Andrzej , Szymański Łukasz , Woźniak Krzysztof , Słodkowski Maciej , Stokłosa Tomasz , Wyrwicz Lucjan
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Pancreatic cancer remains a significant public health challenge, with poor long-term outcomes due to the lack of effective treatment options. Repurposing commonly used clinical drugs, such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, and metformin, may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and offer a promising therapeutic strategy for improving patient outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of concomitant treatment with ACE-Is, ARBs, CCBs, and metformin alongside gemcitabine chemotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer was conducted. Treatment responses were evaluated, with overall survival (OS) estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Additionally, the Cox proportional hazards model was employed to assess the impact of these specific agents on patient survival.

Results

4628 patients with various stages of pancreatic cancer were identified in the database between 2007 and 2016. The estimated overall survival (OS) in the analyzed group was 6.9 months (95% CI 6.4–7). The use of any of the analyzed drugs was associated with a significant improvement in mOS of 7.5 months (95% CI 6.8–7.8) vs. 6.7 months (95% CI 6.4–7.0) for patients who did not have additional treatment (p < 0.0001). ARBs, ACE-Is, CCBs, and metformin varied in their effectiveness in prolonging mOS among patients. The longest mOS of 8.9 months (95% CI 7.7–11.6) was observed in patients receiving additional therapy with ARBs, while the shortest mOS of 7.7 months (95% CI 6.5–8.9) was achieved by patients receiving metformin. In the adjusted Cox analysis, metformin was associated with a significantly weaker effect on mOS (p = 0.029). A particularly interesting trend in prolonging 5-year survival was demonstrated by ARBs and CCBs with 14.1% (95% CI 9–22%) and 14.8% (95% CI 11.1–19.6%), respectively, compared to patients not taking these drugs, who achieved a 5-year OS of 3.8% (95% CI 3.2–4.4%).

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate a significant positive impact of ARBs, ACE inhibitors, and CCBs on survival in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine. The addition of these inexpensive and relatively safe drugs in patients with additional comorbidities may represent a potential therapeutic option in this indication. However, prospective clinical trials to evaluate the optimal patient population and further studies to determine the potential impact of these agents on chemotherapy are necessary.
Prospektive, multizentrische Untersuchung des Outcomes nach 12 Monaten beim komplexen regionalen Schmerzsyndrom
Authors: Hofbauer H. , Brinkmann A. , Maurer E. , Weber B. , Hänle G. , Steffen P.
Published: September 2024

Hintergrund und Fragestellung

Das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom („complex regional pain syndrome“ [CRPS]) kann langfristig zu starken Schmerzen und eingeschränkter Funktionalität führen. Leitlinien sollen helfen, die Behandlungsabläufe zu optimieren. Es sollte untersucht werden, welches Outcome unter leitliniengestützter Therapie nach 1 Jahr erreicht wird.

Material und Methoden

In einer prospektiven Multicenterstudie wurde bei 40 Patient*innen mit neu diagnostiziertem CRPS untersucht, wie sich die Schmerzen und Funktionseinschränkungen innerhalb von 1 Jahr veränderten. Zudem wurde untersucht, inwieweit der Zeitpunkt der Diagnosestellung sowie invasive Maßnahmen Einfluss auf diese Outcomeparameter haben.

Ergebnisse

Alle Patient*innen erhielten Physio- und/oder Ergotherapie, eine Therapie mit Glukokortikoiden und/oder Bisphosphonat 29 (72,5 %), diverse invasive Maßnahmen erfolgten bei 13 (32,5 %). Nach 1 Jahr waren sowohl die Schmerzen als auch die Funktion signifikant verbessert, zwei Drittel berichteten über eine erträgliche mittlere Schmerzstärke. Eine schwere Funktionseinschränkung nach Von-Korff-Disability-Punkten fand sich nach 1 Jahr bei 9 (22,5 %), eine mittel- bzw. schwergradige Einschränkung nach ärztlicher Einschätzung bei 6 (15 %) bzw. 3 (7,5 %) Betroffenen. Eine frühere Diagnosestellung und ein entsprechend früherer Therapiebeginn korrelierten mit einem besseren Outcome bzgl. Schmerzen und Funktionalität nach von Korff, jedoch nicht nach ärztlicher Einschätzung. Der Einfluss invasiver Verfahren auf die Outcomeparameter war gering.

Diskussion

Eine an den Leitlinien orientierte Therapie führte mehrheitlich zu einem guten Outcome bzgl. Schmerzen und Funktionalität. Eine frühzeitige Diagnosestellung korrelierte mit besserem Outcome, somit sollten Verdachtsfälle zügig einer Einrichtung mit entsprechender Expertise zugeführt werden.
High aerospora levels and associated atmospheric circulation patterns: Pretoria, South Africa
Authors: Roffe S. J. , Ajikah L. B. , John J. , Garland R. M. , Lehtipalo K. , Bamford M. K.
Published: September 2024

At high exposure levels, airborne pollen grains and fungal spores (termed aerospora hereafter), can trigger severe allergic respiratory diseases. For South Africa’s administrative capital Pretoria, which boasts dense vegetation within a large urban forest, it is valuable from a health perspective to understand daily atmospheric circulation patterns associated with high aerospora levels. Therefore, we utilised a daily aerospora grain count dataset collected in Pretoria from 08/2019–02/2023 to investigate atmospheric circulation patterns (derived from ERA5 reanalysis sea level pressure [SLP] and 500 hPa geopotential height [zg500] fields) associated with high-risk aerospora levels (aerospora grain count > 90th percentile). Concentrated during October-May, there were 128 high-risk days, with 69.6% of days occurring in November, February and April. Although generally above-average mid-tropospheric subsidence levels prevailed over Pretoria during high-risk days, no single distinct atmospheric circulation pattern was associated with these high-risk days. Therefore, using Principal Component Analysis, we classified 14 Circulation Weather Types (CWTs) for October-May months between 08/2019–02/2023 to assess which CWTs most frequently occurred during high-risk days. Three CWTs had a statistically significant proportion of high-risk days – collectively they occurred during 37.1% of days studied, yet accounted for 45.3% of high-risk days. Among these CWTs, two CWTs were similarly associated with surface and mid-tropospheric high-pressure conditions, while the third was associated with a surface and mid-tropospheric trough. By comparing our CWT classification to daily synoptic charts (from the South African Weather Service), our classification can be used to identify days with potentially high allergenicity risk over Pretoria.
A comprehensive scoring system for the diagnosis and staging of adhesive capsulitis: development, application, and implications
Authors: Vita Fabio , Donati Danilo , Tedeschi Roberto , Miceli Marco , Spinnato Paolo , Origlio Flavio , Guerra Enrico , Cavallo Marco , Stella Salvatore Massimo , Tarallo Luigi , Porcellini Giuseppe , Galletti Stefano , Faldini Cesare
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Adhesive capsulitis (AC), often referred to as frozen shoulder, presents a diagnostic challenge due to its insidious onset and progressive nature. The condition is characterized by pain and restricted motion in the shoulder, with a predilection for individuals between 40 and 60 years of age. A novel scoring system was developed to enhance the accuracy of diagnosing AC and distinguishing between its stages, aiming to streamline clinical decision-making and treatment planning.

Methods

A cohort of patients with symptoms suggestive of AC was assessed using the new scoring system, which integrates clinical, radiological, and patient history factors. Parameters included comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, recent immobility, rotator cuff tears, and specific ultrasound findings. Patients were scored and categorized into definitive AC, uncertain diagnosis, or exclusion from AC, with scores > 7, 6–2, and < 2, respectively.

Results

The scoring system effectively categorized patients, with those scoring > 7 demonstrating pronounced symptoms and ultrasound changes consistent with Phase 2 AC. Patients with scores between 6 and 2 were classified into uncertain Phase 1 or Phase 3, necessitating further observation. Scores < 2 effectively excluded AC, indicating a need to explore alternative diagnoses.

Conclusion

The structured scoring system demonstrated potential as a comprehensive tool for diagnosing AC. By quantitatively assessing a range of contributory factors, it allowed for the stratification of the disease into distinct stages. This system is anticipated to improve early diagnosis and the precision of treatment interventions, although further validation in larger cohorts is warranted.

Level of evidence

II-III.
Patient journey, disease burden, and functional disability in patients with axial spondyloarthritis in South Africa: results of International Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (IMAS)
Authors: Makan Kavita , Garrido-Cumbrera Marco , Du Toit Riette , Correa-Fernández José , van Dam Maranda , Tikly Mohammed
Published: September 2024

Objective

To assess the unmet needs of South Africans with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) focusing on the patient journey, functional disability, and health-related quality of life.

Methods

One hundred forty-six South African axSpA patients completed the International Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (IMAS) online survey. Patient journey, functional disability, activities of daily living, and psychological stress were analyzed in relation to socio-demographic characteristics, disease activity, diagnostic delay, extra-musculoskeletal manifestations, and drug therapy.

Results

Majority were female (82.2%) and Caucasian (89.7%) and the mean age of participants, age at onset of initial symptoms, and diagnostic delay were 44.7, 26.7, and 10.8 years, respectively. Participants reported a mean of 3.4 visits to healthcare professionals prior to a definitive diagnosis of axSpA, mostly made by rheumatologists (77.9%). Active disease (BASDAI ≥ 4) was reported by 87%, 69.9% suffered from psychological distress (general health questionnaire-12 score ≥ 3), and more than two-thirds suffered functional limitations in daily, personal, and social activities. Multivariable logistic analysis showed that active disease was more common in females [OR (95% CI) = 4.3 (1.2–15.2)] and was associated with greater functional limitation [OR (95% CI) = 1.1 (1.0–1.2)].

Conclusion

Of all the regions assessed in the IMAS (n = 5557 participants, 27 countries), South Africans reported the longest delay in diagnosis. The South African patient journey depicts a process burdened with diagnostic challenges and delays, coupled with patients experiencing significant personal and social limitations. These results emphasize the urgent need to establish local diagnostic and treatment guidelines for axSpA in South Africa, to reduce diagnostic delay, and to control disease activity associated with functional limitation in axSpA.

Key Points• Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in South Africans is associated with significant limitations in physical, mental, and social functioning.• First study to describe the unmet needs of South African patients with axSpA.
Clinical epidemiology of the endoscopic, laparoscopic, and surgical resection of malignant gastric tumors in Japan, 2014–2021: a retrospective study using open data from a national claims database
Authors: Sako Akahito , Yada Tomoyuki , Fujiya Keiichi , Nakashima Ryo , Yoshimura Kensuke , Yanai Hidekatsu , Uemura Naomi
Published: September 2024

Background

Gastric cancer is a common malignancy with a high incidence in East Asia. Gastric resection ranges from endoscopic resection to open total gastrectomy. However, nationwide data are lacking.

Methods

This observational study analyzed data from the publicly accessible National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups, which includes most national health insurance claims data in Japan. Trends in the types of resection performed for malignant gastric tumors between 2014 and 2021, patients’ age and sex distributions, and regional disparities were investigated.

Results

The annual number of resections was highest in 2015 (109,000) and lowest in 2020 (90,000) after the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of endoscopic resections increased from 47% in 2014 to 57% in 2021 while that of total gastrectomies decreased from 17 to 10%. In 2021, 70% of patients who underwent resection were men. That year, 83.8% of all patients who underwent any type of gastric resection and 87.1% of those who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection were aged ≥ 65 years. The annual incidence of gastric resection per million population was highest in Tottori (n = 1236) and lowest in Okinawa (n = 251). The proportion of endoscopic resections was highest in Miyagi (66%) and lowest in Aichi (45%) and that of open surgery was highest in Aomori (36%) and lowest in Wakayama (5%).

Conclusions

Gastric malignancy is increasingly treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection rather than open total gastrectomy. However, regional disparities remain in resection type. Standardization of treatment and a more even distribution of specialists are needed.
The societal cost of ‘unwanted’ loneliness in Spain
Authors: Casal Bruno , Rodríguez-Miguez Eva , Rivera Berta
Published: September 2024

Unwanted loneliness negatively affects people’s health and quality of life, increasing morbidity and the risk of premature death; this situation can generate major social costs. The aim of this study is to estimate the social costs of loneliness in Spain for 2021: both tangible costs –monetary value of health costs and production losses– and intangible costs –Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). To estimate costs not derived from mortality, information from a sample of 400 people with unwanted loneliness was compared with that derived from two samples of the general population obtained from the Spanish National Health Surveys. To estimate the costs associated with premature deaths, the population attributable fraction was calculated using the relative risks estimated in previous survival studies. In the baseline scenario, the tangible costs of unwanted loneliness are estimated to be around 14,129 million euros in 2021, representing 1.2% of Spain’s GDP. Approximately 56.8% of the tangible costs correspond to production losses due to reduced working time, and 43.2% are due to healthcare costs related with increased consultation frequency in healthcare services and higher consumption of medicines related to loneliness. In addition, loneliness generates a reduction in quality of life equivalent to 1.04 million QALYs, which corresponds to 2.8% of the total stock of QALYs of the Spanish population over 15 years of age.