bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A National Study of Science Curriculum Effectiveness With High Ability Students
Authors: VanTassel-Baska Joyce , Bass George , Ries Roger , Poland Donna , Avery Linda D.
Published: September 2007

This study assessed student growth on integrated science process skills after being taught a 20-36 hour science unit. The prototypical unit, Acid, Acid Everywhere, was implemented in 15 school districts across seven states. Although seven science units for high ability learners have been developed through a federally funded project, the student outcome results only from Acid, Acid Everywhere, the most widely replicated unit, are reported here. All units were based on the Integrated Curriculum Model (ICM) developed specifically for gifted learners; the model stresses advanced content, high level process and product, and a concept dimension. Results indicate small, but significant, gains for students in integrated science process skills when compared to equally able students not using the units. Implementation data reflected satisfaction of teachers with the units, especially in terms of student interest and motivation. The effectiveness of this curriculum, designed to align with the new science standards and to be appropriate for gifted students, lends credibility to the argument for using the new content standards as a basis for curriculum development efforts with gifted learners.
Open-Ended Activities: Differentiation Through Learner Responses
Authors: Hertzog Nancy B.
Published: September 2007

This article explores the meaning of curricular differentiation for identified gifted students by examining learner responses to open-ended activities. Very little research supports or describes how open-ended activities—which have been advocated as a strategy to allow students to work in their own interest areas, in their own learning styles, and at their own ability level—serve to differentiate the curriculum. This paper sets curriculum differentiation in an historical perspective, reviews a comprehensive investigation into the nature of open-ended activities, and focuses on how and in what ways the responses to open-ended activities of children identified as gifted differed from responses of children who were not identified as gifted in a third-grade and a fourth-grade heterogeneously grouped classroom. The study also focuses on teacher perceptions of classroom activities and learner responses. Data sources included observations over the course of one academic year, interviews with teachers and students, learning style and interest assessment instruments, and documents related to over 33 open-ended activities. Based on the findings reported here, the author proposes a reexamination of the meaning of curricular differentiation with a renewed emphasis on determining how an instructional strategy, for example, providing open-ended activities, maximizes student's capabilities.
For the Good of Humankind: Matching the Budding Talent With a Curriculum of Conscience
Authors: Cooper Carolyn R.
Published: September 2007

For most of this century, educators have debated the types of differentiated curriculum highly able students require in order to realize their contribution to self and society (Gallagher et al., 1969; Marland, 1971; Milne, 1979; Passow, 1958, 1979, 1985; Renzulli, 1982; Tannenbaum, 1979; Tomlinson, 1995; Ward, 1961). Wherein lies the inspiration for the kind of human endeavor that talent development and, ultimately, creative egression engender? This paper traces the rationale for the development of unique talents to the eminent philosopher William James (1902) and suggests a relationship between this highly personal process and the maturity of one's ethos, or ethical world view. Is one element of talent development, ethical behavior, to benefit humankind? If so, what types of curricular opportunities do we need to provide bright, talented children and youth to stretch their current boundaries, to challenge them as they need to be challenged, and to stimulate them to use their creativity productively to make their world a better place?
From Passow to Gardner: Curriculum for Talent Development
Authors: Rosselli Hilda C.
Published: September 2007

As one of the early pioneers in gifted education, A. Harry Passow was a strong advocate for curricula that considered the total learning environment as a means of nurturing students' individual gifts and talents. His classic description of four curricula (general, specialized, covert, and nonschool educative) that impact gifted learners is relevant in schools where gifted students may spend the majority of their day in a general education classroom. This article illustrates how Harry Passow's views on curriculum and talent development are similar to those of Howard Gardner and how the author has used both theorists' views to develop a student-centered curriculum planning model. The model has been field-tested in general education classrooms and shows promise for creating a stimulating learning environment to nurture students' talents.
A National Curriculum and the Sovereignty of Higher Ability Learners
Authors: Koshy Valsa , Casey Ron
Published: September 2007

Over the past half-century, the British education system has undergone three major changes in relation to higher ability pupils: an extension of opportunity for very able working class children to attend selective, state-funded grammar schools; a leveling out of opportunities within state-funded schools by abolishing the 11-plus examination, the purpose of which was to select higher ability pupils for grammar school entry; and the introduction of a National Curriculum, imposing statutory curriculum requirements for all state funded schools. The main focus of this paper is on the last of the three, and the way in which British teachers perceive how the National Curriculum may have affected educational opportunities and sovereignty of higher ability pupils.
Psychiatry as Hermeneutics: Laing's Argument With Natural Science
Authors: Miller Gavin
Published: September 2007

R. D. Laing's work on the origins of schizophrenia in family contexts has often been dismissed as unscientific because it failed to show any reliable correlation between disordered communication and schizoid breakdown. However, Laing's method is closer to that of sociological or historical investigation and is therefore largely independent of questions of natural-scientific etiology. His work must use two kinds of understanding: first, the actual understanding that allows him to render intelligible the words and behavior of the schizophrenic and, second, the explanatory or genetic understanding that allows him to appreciate madness as a possible (but not necessary or even prevalent) response to a particular social context. Both of these varieties of understanding are methodologically distinct from (and yet potentially complemented by) natural-scientific investigation and verification.
Effects of haloperidol, clozapine and olanzapine on the survival of human neuronal and immune cells in vitro
Authors: HeiSer Philip , Enning Frank , Krieg Jürgen-Christian , Vedder Helmut
Published: September 2007

Cytotoxic effects on neuronal as well as on immune cells have been reported for both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. We evaluated the effects of different concentrations of a typical (haloperidol) and two atypical (clozapine, olanzapine) antipsychotics on the survival of human neuronal (SH-SY5Y cells) and immune cells (U937 cells) by determining the metabolic activity after 24 h of incubation by the modified tetrazolium method. The dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and the lymphoma U-937 cell line are well established models for in vitro investigations. To further elucidate possible mechanisms of action we also determined the ATP content in the cultured cells.

After experimental treatment, significant effects were detected by Kruskal Wallis test for all treatment conditions. Post-hoc tests (Dunn's method) showed that haloperidol and clozapine at the two highest concentrations (25 and 50 µg/ml) caused a significant decrease of metabolic activity in both cell systems, which was also detectable after treatment with clozapine at a concentration of 12.5 µg/ml in U937 cells. In contrast, olanzapine induced a significant increase in metabolic activity of SH-SY5Y cells at all concentrations except for the concentration of 3.1 µg/ml, whereas the metabolic activity in U937 cells was increased at concentrations of 1.6 and 6.25 µg/ml. For the determination of ATP content, the LD50values of the metabolic activity were used, except for olanzapine for which no distinct LD50value was available. Significant changes were detected for all treatments and post-hoc tests revealed that haloperidol caused a significant decrease compared to the control condition in both cell systems. These findings suggest that antipsychotic substances of different classes exert differential metabolic effects in both neuronal and immune cell systems.
Informing patients of the teratogenic potential of mood stabilizing drugs: a case note review of the practice of psychiatrists
Authors: James Laraine , Barnes Thomas R.E. , Lelliott Paul , Taylor David , Paton Carol
Published: September 2007

Lithium, carbamazepine and valproate are established human teratogens. Women of childbearing potential who are prescribed these drugs should be informed of their teratogenic potential and advised of the need for adequate contraception and the protective role of folate. We reviewed the clinical records of all women of childbearing age in long-term contact with one specialist mental health Trust providing services for a total population of 750 000. 0ne hundred and thirty eight (16%) of 837 women of childbearing age were prescribed one or more of these drugs. There was documented evidence that 29 (21%) of these women had been informed about teratogenicity and that 33 (24%) had been advised about contraception. Fourteen women (10%) had a confirmed pregnancy while taking lithium, carbamazepine or valproate; eight had a complication of pregnancy. If prescribing practice in this large mental health Trust were typical of the UK, between 7000 and 11 000 women of childbearing potential would be prescribed lithium, carbamazepine or valproate by psychiatrists without documented discussion of the risks.
Intra-Articular Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Mazzocca Augustus D. , Rincon Lina M. , O'Connor Robert W. , Obopilwe Elifho , Andersen Matthew , Geaney Lauren , Arciero Robert A.
Published: September 2007

Background

There are few biomechanical studies regarding partial-thickness rotator cuff tears and subsequent repair.

Hypothesis

Partial-thickness intra-articular supraspinatus tendon tears increase articular-sided tendon strain as they increase in size. Repair of these tears will return strain to the intact state.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Twenty fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were prepared by dissecting to the supraspinatus tendon and leaving the native footprint intact. The tendon footprint was measured with digital calipers and divided into thirds (anterior, middle, and posterior). The middle third was the area where a consistent partial tear was created based on the thickness of the specimens’ particular footprint. Created were 25%, 50%, and 75% tears. Image analysis software and differential variable reluctance transducers strain gauges were used to measure strain. A 100 N load at 1 Hz for 30 cycles was conducted for glenohumeral angles of 45°, 60°, and 90°. This was completed for the intact tendon, 25%, 50%, and 75% tears. Shoulders were then repaired using the in situ fixation method. The in situ method consisted of either a parachute anchor or metal corkscrew anchor. Eight shoulders were examined for load-to-failure testing with the Materials Testing System.

Results

There was a significant difference ( P < .05) in rotator cuff strain between the intact rotator cuff tendon and 50% and 75% partial-thickness tears. The cuff strain was returned to the intact state with repair. This was consistent for 3 different glenohumeral abduction angles and for all 3 intra-articular tendon areas. The bursal strain did not have any significant differences between groups.

Conclusion

Articular-sided tendon strain increases consistently across the supraspinatus tendon with greater partial tears. Repair returned strain close to the intact state.

Clinical Relevance

This study may add credence to the clinical practice of repairing intra-articular partial-thickness rotator cuff tears greater than 50%.
Early Motion for Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Is Surgery Important?
Authors: Twaddle Bruce C. , Poon Peter
Published: September 2007

Background

Comparisons of surgically and nonsurgically treated Achilles tendon ruptures have demonstrated that those treated with surgery allow earlier motion and tend to show superior results. However, early motion enhances tendon healing with or without surgery and may be the important factor in optimizing outcomes in patients with Achilles tendon rupture.

Hypothesis

There is no difference in the outcome of acute Achilles tendon rupture treated nonoperatively or operatively if controlled early motion is allowed as part of the rehabilitation program.

Study Design

Randomized, controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods

Patients with acute rupture of the Achilles tendon were randomized to surgery or no surgery, with both groups receiving early motion controlled in a removable orthosis, progressing to full weightbearing at 8 weeks from treatment. Both groups were followed prospectively for 12 months with measurements of range of motion, calf circumference, and the Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment Instrument (MFAI) outcome score; any reruptures and any complications were noted.

Results

Both groups were comparable for age and sex. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, calf circumference, or the MFAI scores measured at 2, 8, 12, 26, or 52 weeks. One patient in each group was noncompliant and required surgical rerepair of the tendon. There were no differences in complications and a similar low number of reruptures in both groups.

Conclusion

This study supports early motion as an acceptable form of rehabilitation in both surgically and nonsurgically treated patients with comparable functional results and a low rerupture rate. There appears to be no difference between the 2 groups, suggesting that controlled early motion is the important part of treatment of ruptured Achilles tendon.
Recent Developments in Polymer Consolidated Composites
Authors: Verbeek C.J.R. , Pickering K.L.
Published: September 2007

Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are used extensively in industry, varying from high performance structural composites used in the aerospace industry, to products such as insulation boards used in the construction industry. At either end of this spectrum, the matrix could be regarded to have a different functionality. In high performance composites, the polymer forms a continuous phase around the reinforcement, whereas, in products such as particle boards, the matrix may no longer be continuous. Therefore, PMCs could be considered to be divided into continuous polymer matrix composites (CPMCs) and polymer consolidated composites (PCCs), the latter referring to where commonly the matrix might be regarded as simply a binder. Although the field of PMCs is well established, this has commonly not been extended to PCCs. This paper evaluates recent literature on materials used in PCCs, the factors that influence their behavior and how they can be defined as a subset of PMCs.
On-line Monitoring of Alkali-free Cloth/Phenolic Resin Prepreg by Near-infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Jiang B. , Huang Y. D.
Published: September 2007

A Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy method was developed for the on-line analysis of the resin content, the solubility resin content and the volatile content during the manufacture of alkali-free cloth/phenolic resin prepreg. The partial least square (PLS) regression was used to develop the calibration models, which for the volatile content was preprocessed by 1st derivative (DER)+VN (R2 = 98.84, RMSEC V = 0.120), for the solubility resin content by 1st DER + MSC (R2 = 99.24, Root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) V = 0.058) and for the resin content by spectral data preprocessing method (R2 = 97.51, RMSEC = 0.357). Root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of the prediction model for the resin content was 0.605, for the solubility resin content was 0.101 and for volatile content was 0.127. The results of the paired t-test revealed that there was no significant difference between the NIR method and the standard method. The NIR spectroscopy method could be used to predict the resin content, the solubility resin content and the volatile content simultaneously. Besides, the prepreg was analyzed once within 1 min without sample destruction. The processing parameters of the prepreg during manufacture could be adjusted according to the results of the NIR spectroscopy method. The results indicated that the NIR spectroscopy method was sufficiently accurate and effective for quality control in alkali-free cloth/phenolic resin prepreg.
Compressive Properties of Ridge Gourd/Phenolic Composites and Ridge Gourd/Phenolic/Glass Hybrid Composites
Authors: Rajulu A. Varada , Devi R. Rama
Published: September 2007

Ridge gourd/phenolic and ridge gourd/phenolic/glass hybrid composites were prepared using resol resin PF-108 as the matrix, the twin layered vegetable fabric ridge gourd (without and with alkali treatment) as the reinforcement and glass fabric as a co-reinforcement. The compressive strength, the modulus of untreated and alkali treated ridge gourd fabric reinforced phenolic composites and the ridge gourd and glass fabric reinforced phenolic hybrid composites in the absence and presence of two coupling agents were also determined. The interfacial bonding between the components of these composites was examined by scanning electron microscopy.
Using Octa(aminpropyl)silsesquioxane as the Curing Agent for Epoxy Resin
Authors: Zhang Z. , Wang X. , Xie J. , Liang G.
Published: September 2007

Octa(aminpropyl)silsesquioxane (NH2CH2CH2CH 2)8Si8O12 (POSS-NH2), containing eight amine groups on the vertexes, was first used as the curing agent for epoxy resin diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA) in order to improve the overall performance of epoxy resins, such as mechanical properties, thermal resistance and dielectric properties. The disappearance of epoxy groups on the FT-IR spectra at the end of the curing process indicated that epoxy groups reacted with POSS to form a three-dimensional crosslinking network, and the epoxy resin was completely cured. Properties of the cured DGEBA/POSS nanocomposite containing 30wt% of POSS-NH2 were studied. SEM images of the flexural fractures of epoxy/POSS system indicated that the inorganic-organic materials possessed excellent toughness. TGA analysis revealed that the cured network showed enhanced thermal stability with respect to the cured DGEBA/DDS system.
Curing Behavior and Heat Resistance of Epoxy Resin Cured by Diamine with Heterocyclic Ring
Authors: Lu X.D. , Huang Y.D. , Zhang C.H.
Published: September 2007

Benzobisoxazole-containing diamine, 2, 6-Di(p-aminophenyl)benzo [1.2.5.4] bisoxazole (DIABO), was derived from diaminodihydroxybenzene dihydrochloride (DADHB·2HCl) and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) via condensation reaction. The structure of DIABO was confirmed through FTIR, 1H NMR, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectra, etc. The curing behavior of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and DIABO as curing agent was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Dynamic kinetic parameters were calculated by using Kissinger's and Ozawa's methods, respectively. The glass transition temperatures of cured system, DGEBA/DIABO, DGEBA/DIABO/DDS (cured with mixtures of DIABO and diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS)) and DGEBA/DDS, were 213°C, 193°C and 175°C, respectively, based on torsional braid analysis (TBA). The integral procedure decomposition temperatures (IPDT) were 885°C, 734°C and 604°C, respectively. Char yields at 572°C were 39.82%, 24.66% and 21.57%, respectively. Hydrothermal ageing of cured resins was also discussed. All results showed that DIABO as curing agent can remarkably improve the thermal and hydrothermal resistance of the cured epoxy resins.
Apnea Caused by Mesial Temporal Lobe Mass Lesions in Infants: Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Miyagawa Tadashi , Sotero Marcio , Avellino Anthony M. , Kuratani John , Saneto Russell P. , Ellenbogen Richard G. , Ojemann Jeffrey G.
Published: September 2007

Apnea as an isolated manifestation of seizures is well described in neonates but is only occasionally observed in infants. This article reports 3 infants presenting with apneic events as the main manifestation of seizure, documented by video electroencephalogram, all with mesial temporal lobe lesions. The 3 infants, after normal pregnancy and delivery at term, showed the first apnea at the age of 4 to 10 months. Although the interictal electroencephalogram result was often normal, ictal video electroencephalogram in all infants showed focal rhythmic discharges with or without generalization. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an inferior mesial temporal lobe mass lesion in all infants. All patients underwent lesion removal, and they are seizure free with normal psychomotor development.
Acceptance of the Use of Diazepam Rectal Gel in School and Day Care Settings
Authors: Terry Debbie , Paolicchi Juliann , Karn Mary
Published: September 2007

This study was conducted to identify how often parents of children with epilepsy encounter barriers to the use of diazepam rectal gel in day care or school settings and how these barriers affect the child and family. Sixty-four parents completed an 18-item questionnaire documenting their experience with asking their child's school to administer diazepam rectal gel. No data regarding its actual use in the school was obtained. Forty-three parents (68%) had asked their school to administer diazepam rectal gel; 35 (81%) reported school agreement, and 8 (19%) reported refusal. In 5 of these refusals, the cited reason was legal concerns, and in 5 cases the refusal had some adverse effect on their family's life. Most children prescribed diazepam rectal gel do not encounter resistance to its use in school and day care settings. Barriers to its use are usually due to legal concerns and significantly affect the family's quality of life.
Expansion of the Deletion 13q Syndrome Phenotype: A Case Report
Authors: Lance Eboni I. , DuPont Barbara R. , Holden Kenton R.
Published: September 2007

The phenotypic description of deletion 13q syndrome is dependent on the location and size of the deleted segment. At present, the syndrome is divided into 3 groups based on the deletion's location relative to chromosomal band 13q32. Groups 1 (proximal to q32) and 2 (including q32) have shown distinctive phenotypes including mental retardation and growth deficiency, whereas group 3 (q33-34 deletion) is defined by the presence of mental retardation but usually the absence of major malformations. The authors report an 8-year-old Hispanic female with dysmorphic facial features, microcephaly, moderate to severe mental retardation, and uncontrolled epilepsy associated with a terminal 13q33.3 deletion. These features expand the characterization of the phenotype associated with group 3 of the 13q deletion syndrome to include major clinical manifestations. This case report will contribute to more accurate genetic counseling as well as may help identify more individuals with this syndrome.
Autistic Disorder in 2 Children With Mitochondrial Disorders
Authors: Tsao Chang-Yong , Mendell Jerry R.
Published: September 2007

Autistic disorder is a heterogeneous disorder. The majority of the cases are idiopathic, and only a small number of the autistic children have associated secondary diagnosis. This article reports 2 children with mitochondrial disorders associated with autistic disorder fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of the American Psychiatric Association Manual of Psychiatric Diseases, 4th edition, and briefly reviews the literature on autistic disorder associated with mitochondrial disorders.
Devic's Neuromyelitis Optica in an Infant Case
Authors: Yuksel Deniz , Senbil Nesrin , Yilmaz Deniz , Yavuz Gurer Y.K.
Published: September 2007

Devic's neuromyelitis optica was orginally described as an acute severe monophasic syndrome characterised by myelitis and optic neuritis. The mean age at onset was reported to be around 40 years, with a wide range. However, Devic's neuromyelitis optica has also been seen in children. Prognosis of the syndrome was poor, and no satisfactory treatment was known. This article reports a 23-month-old boy with acute myelitis and optic neuritis who was diagnosed with Devic's neuromyelitis optica. The response of the patient to therapy was poor, and he developed severe sequelae.
Predicting outcomes in organophosphate poisoning based on APACHE II and modified APACHE II scores
Authors: Eizadi-Mood N. , Saghaei M. , Jabalameli M.
Published: September 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the scores of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and a modified APACHE II system (MAS), without parameters of biochemical tests; and to find prognostic value of individual elements of the APACHE II and MAS in predicting outcomes in organophosphate (OP) poisoning. Data were collected from 131 patients. The median (25th—75th percentiles) of APACHE II score for survivors without intubation were found to be lower than those of non survivors or survivors with intubation and ventilation, [4 (1—7); versus 17.5 (7.8—29), and 13.5 (7.8—16.3)]. Logistic regression analysis identified white blood cell (WBC), potassium, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), age and sodium in APACHE II; GCS and mean arterial pressure in MAS system as prognostically valuable. There was no statistically significance difference between APACHE II and MAS scores in terms of area under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve [(0.902, 95% confidence interval: (0.837—0.947) for APACHE II), and (0.892, 95% confidence interval: (0.826—0.940) for MAS); P = 0.74) to predict need for intubation. It is concluded usage of MAS facilitates the prognostication of the OP poisoned patients due to simplicity, less time-consuming and effectiveness in an emergency situation. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26: 573—578.
Regulation of nicotine-induced apoptosis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells by treatment of N-acetylcysteine and vitamin E
Authors: Demiralay R. , Gürsan N. , Erdem H.
Published: September 2007

This study investigated the frequency of apoptosis in rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells after intraperitoneal nicotine injection, examining the roles of the inflammatory markers myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α ), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in nicotine-induced vascular damage and the protective effects of two known antioxidant agents, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin E. Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups, each composed of nine rats: negative control group, positive control group, NACtreated group (500 mg/kg), and vitamin E-treated group (500 mg/kg). Nicotine was intraperitoneally injected at a dosage of 0.6 mg/kg for 21 days. Following nicotine injection, the antioxidants were administered orally; treatment was continued until the rats were killed. Lung tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) for histopathological assessments. Apoptosis level in endothelial cells was determined by using TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick endlabelling) method. Staining of cytoplasmic TNF-α and VEGF in endothelial cells, and perivascular MPO activity were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The treatments with NAC and vitamin E significantly reduced the rate of nicotine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. NAC and vitamin E significantly reduced the increases in the local production of TNF-α and VEGF, and perivascular MPO activity. This findings suggest that NAC can be as effective as vitamin E in protecting against nicotine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26: 595—602.
Poisoning from wild mushrooms in Eastern Anatolia region: analyses of 5 years
Authors: Durukan P. , Yildiz M. , Cevik Y. , Ikizceli I. , Kavalci C. , Celebi S.
Published: September 2007

The objective of this study was to describe the demographic and clinical features of patients who were admitted to the emergency department (ED) due to wild mushroom poisoning and to point the importance of mushroom poisonings in our area. This study was performed by examining the files of wild mushroom poisoning patients who were admitted to the ED of Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, between January 2000 and June 2004, retrospectively. Patients ≥16 years of age were included in the study. The frequency of wild mushroom poisoning, age and sex of the patients, season, place of the residence, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of the patients were investigated. During the study period, 64 patients with wild mushroom poisoning were admitted to the ED. From 64 overall patients, 25 (39.1%) were males. The most common complaints during the admission were nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort. The duration of hospitalization was two (range 1—4 days) days. No death was observed. Severity of mushroom poisoning depends on the type of mushroom eaten, the time lag between the poisoning and admission to the hospital, and the rapid and correct treatment given to the patient either in the ambulance or at health centre. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26: 579—582.
A simplified acute physiology score in the prediction of acute organophosphate poisoning outcome in an intensive care unit
Authors: Shadnia S. , Darabi D. , Pajoumand A. , Salimi A. , Abdollahi M.
Published: September 2007

Organophosphate poisoning (OPP) occurs frequently and accounts for a large number of intoxication cases treated in intensive care units (ICU). Poisoning by these agents is a serious public health problem. Among pesticides, OPs are the main cause of poisoning and death in Loghman-Hakim Poison Center of Tehran, Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) in the prediction of mortality in patients with acute OPP requiring admission to the ICU of Loghman-Hakim Hospital Poison Center over a period of 12 months. This study was a prospective, case-control of records of patients with acute OPP admitted to the ICU between January 2006 and December 2006. The Demographic data were collected and SAPS II score was recorded. During the study period, 24 subjects were admitted to the ICU with acute OPP. All 24 patients (15 male) required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in addition to gastric decontamination and standard therapy with atropine and oximes and adequate hydration. Of these, 24 patients, eight (five male) died. SAPS II score was significantly higher in the non-survival group than the survival group. Mortality following acute OPP remains high despite adequate intensive care and specific therapy with atropine and oximes. One-third of the subjects needing intensive care die within the hospitalization period. SAPS II scores calculated within the first 24 hours were recognized as good prognostic indicator among patients with acute OPP that required ICU admission. It is concluded that SAPS II score above 11 within the first 24 hours is a predictor of poor outcome in patients with acute OPP requiring ICU admission. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 623—627
Acute iron poisoning in adult female
Authors: Skoczynska A. , Kwiecinska D. , Kielbinski M. , Łukaszewski M.
Published: September 2007

We report a case of a 27-year-old female with anemia, treated with high dose oral and parenteral iron therapy (within 20 days, the patient received a total dose of 4 g Fe+2 orally and 700 mg Fe+2 iv and im), and developed clinical manifestations characteristic of acute iron poisoning. Initial gastrointestinal symptoms and hypotension were followed by signs of mitochondrial toxicity: high leucocytosis, shock, multi-organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. We discuss the difficulties in diagnosing acute iron poisoning. The initial low total iron blood capacity and high ferritin level, as well as the typical sequence of symptoms, supported the diagnosis. The patient avoided fatal consequences, probably due to the administration of iron doses over an extended period of time. However, cumulative effects led to the apparent iron toxicity. After 2 weeks of treatment, the patient was discharged from hospital in good condition. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 663-666
Effect of lead on the levels of some immunoregulatory cytokines in occupationally exposed workers
Authors: Valentino M. , Rapisarda V. , Santarelli L. , Bracci M. , Scorcelletti M. , Di Lorenzo L. , Cassano F. , Soleo L.
Published: September 2007

Lead (Pb) may affect humoral and cellular immunity, acting on lymphocytes as well as on granulocytes and monocytes. Cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) play a central role in the immune balance. In this study, plasma levels of nitrites and nitrates (NOx), IL2, IL4, IL6, IL10, TNF-α and INF-γ, were measured in healthy workers with very low (Pb-B =3.2 -18.0 μg/dL) and low (Pb-B = 9.1 -46.0 μg/dL) Pb-exposure compared to non-exposed workers. Low Pb-exposed workers (Pb-B =9.1 -46.0 μg/ dL) were found to have significantly higher plasma IL-10 levels, and tendentially higher plasma TNF-α levels compared to non-exposed workers. This is the first report of a significant increase of plasma IL-10 levels in Pb-exposed workers. Plasma IL-10 increase was influenced by blood Pb levels even after correction for main confounding factors. No difference was found in plasma NOx levels between Pb-exposed and non-exposed workers, which is in agreement with previous findings exclusively regarding groups in the general population. Low Pb-exposure can induce an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, with a consequent increase of other cytokines, such as IL-10, considered a T cell cross-regulatory factor, suggesting possible interference of Pb in the system of immunophlogosis. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 551 - 556
A retrospective evaluation of analgesic exposures from Izmir, Turkey
Authors: Hocaoglu Nil , Kalkan Sule , Akgun Aylin , Capar Sedat , Tuncok Yesim
Published: September 2007

The objective of this study is to analyze exposures concerning analgesics that were reported to Dokuz Eylul University Drug and Poison Information Center (DPIC) and admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine in Dokuz Eylul University Hospital (EMDEU) between 1993 and 2004. Demographics of the patients, characteristics of analgesic exposures, performed treatment attempts and outcome of the poisoned patients were recorded on standard data forms and were then entered into a computerized database program. Statistical analysis was performed by using the chi-square test. The DPIC recorded 55 962 poisoning calls, 48 654 (86.9%) of them related to medicines. Analgesics accounted for 16.3% (7 939 cases) of all medicine-related exposures; among them 446 exposures were admitted to EMDEU. More than half of the analgesic exposure calls and admitted cases involved adults (55.9%, 4 440). Females dominated in all age groups (70.3%, 5 578). Mean age was 20.2 ± 11.8. The most involved analgesics were paracetamol (47.9%), propionic acid derivatives (16.1%) and salicylates (13.7%). Most of the poisonings were intentional (75.1%), especially in 19—29 years age group of adults and 13—18 years age group of children. Most of the patients reported to DPIC and admitted to EMDEU were asymptomatic (84.4% and 54.7%, respectively). Gastrointestinal decontamination methods were performed more frequently for admitted poisoning cases before hospital admission than reported poisoning cases (61% vs. 23%). Paracetamol ingestion was the most common cause of analgesic exposures reported to our DPIC. Most of the analgesic exposures reported to DPIC were asymptomatic or mild. DPICs have an important role for the referral of analgesic exposures without unnecessary gastrointestinal decontamination procedures. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 629—636
Mitochondrial oxidative stress in female and male rat brain after ex vivo carbon monoxide treatment
Authors: Taskiran D. , Nesil T. , Alkan K.
Published: September 2007

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most common cause of fatal poisoning all over the world. At the cellular level, a combination of tissue hypoxia and direct cellular damage underlie the pathophysiology of CO toxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of CO treatment on oxidative stress parameters in mitochondria isolated from male and female rat brains. Mitochondria prepared from frontal cortex, hippocampus and corpus striatum were treated with 0.1% CO at 37°C for 30 minutes; control samples were not exposed to CO. Cytochrome c oxidase activity (COX), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive species = TBARS), protein oxidation (protein carbonyls) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in CO treated and control samples. Our results confirmed previous studies reporting the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity by CO in rat brain. Additionally, protein carbonyl levels in the hippocampus and striatum significantly increased after CO treatment in male rats. While CO treatment caused a significant decrease in GSH levels in the cortex and striatum in male rats, reduced GSH levels were observed in the cortex and hippocampus in female rats following CO exposure. Taken together, our data suggest a role for mitochondrial oxidative stress in CO toxicity at the cellular level during CO poisoning. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 645—651
Risk factors for rhabdomyolysis following doxylamine overdose
Authors: Jo Young-Il , Song Jong-Oh , Park Jung-Hwan , Koh Soon-Young , Lee Seung-Min , Seo Tae-Ho , Lee Jong-Ho
Published: September 2007

The objective of this prospective study was to identify risk factors for developing rhabdomyolysis in patients with doxylamine overdose. Patients who were admitted to a university teaching hospital between July 2000 and September 2005 due to doxylamine overdose were recruited. Demographic information, clinical variables, and laboratory data were investigated. Twenty-seven (M/F 12/15, age 33.2 ±13.1 years) patients were enrolled. Sixteen (59%) of 27 patients developed rhabdomyolysis and three (19%) of 16 patients with rhabdomyolysis also developed acute renal failure. Patients who developed rhabdomyolysis differed from those who did not in the amount of doxylamine ingested, initial serum creatitnine and arterial pH. In multivariate regression analysis, the only reliable predictor of rhabdomyolysis was the amount of doxylamine ingested ( P = 0.039). The amount of doxylamine ingested (≥ 20 mg/kg) predicted the development of rhabdomyolysis with a sensitivity of 81%, a specificity of 82%, a positive predictive value of 87%, and a negative predictive value of 75%.

In conclusion, rhabdomyolysis following doxylamine overdose was common, occurring in 87% of patients who ingested more than 20 mg/kg. The amount of doxylamine ingested was the only reliable predictor for developing rhabdomyolysis following doxylamine overdose. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 617—621
Effects of the probiotic agent Saccharomyces Boulardii on the DNA damage in acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced rats
Authors: Sahin Tolga , Aydin Sevtap , Yüksel Osman , Bostanci Hasan , Akyürek Nalan , Memis Leyla , Basaran Nursen
Published: September 2007

Pancreatitis is a mild and self-limiting disease. Although severe forms such as acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) are rare it is associated with significant mortality rate reported to be 30—70%. Probiotics are viable microbial dietary supplements when introduced in sufficient quantities can have beneficial effects. The physiological effects of probiotics include suppression of bacterial infections, production of some digestive enzymes and vitamins and reconstruction of normal intestinal microflora. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the role of probiotics on the DNA damage in the peripheral lymphocytes, in the exfoliated epithelial cells and lymphocytes of the peritoneal fluids and in the pancreatic acinar cells of ANP induced rats. DNA damage was determined by COMET assay. ANP was induced by intravenous infusion of cerulein and superimposed infusion glycodeoxycholic acid into biliopancreatic duct. Saccharomyces Boulardii was used as the probiotic agent. DNA damage in pancreatic acinar cells and exfoliated epithelial cells and the lymphocytes of the peritoneal fluids; was significantly higher in pancreatitis group compared to the controls and probiotic treated groups ( P<0.001). No significant difference was observed in the DNA damage between the groups in the peripheral lymphocytes. In conclusion; our results support that probiotic agent Saccharomyces Boulardii can diminish bacterial infections and offer health benefits in the therapy of pancreatitis. Human & Experimental Technololgy (2007) 26, 653— 661
Rhabdomyolysis among acute human poisoning cases
Authors: Talaie H. , Pajouhmand A. , Abdollahi M. , Panahandeh R. , Emami H. , Hajinasrolah S. , Tghaddosinezhad M.
Published: September 2007

Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical and biochemical syndrome occurring when skeletal muscle cells erupt and result in release of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myoglobin into the interstitial space and plasma. Mechanical trauma, compression, excessive muscle activity and ischemia are frequent causes, but non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis is usually caused by a toxic reaction to drugs.

In this study, 181 patients suspected of rhabdomyolysis were admitted to the poisoning center of Loghman-Hakim Hospital in Tehran during one year (September 2004 to September 2005) were studied. Patients were included on the basis of physical examination and blood analysis for CPK and LDH. Rhabdomyolysis was confirmed if CPK level has been greater than 975 U/L. Out of 181 patients, 64 were female and 117 were male with an age range between 13—78 years. One-hundred and forty-three (79%) patients had CPK greater than 975 U/L. In 6% of the cases, multiple drug poisoning were observed. Two patients (1.1%) had muscle pain, five patients (2.8%) had rigidity and five patients (2.8%) had muscle inflammation. One-hundred and nineteen patients (65.7%) were febrile. The most common cause of rhabdomyolysis was opium. Blood ALT showed an increase in 109 patients (60.9%), AST in 80 patients (44.7%), and LDH in 144 patients (79.6%). Fifty patients (28.2%) had higher blood direct bilirubin and 64 patients (36.4%) showed higher total bilirubin. Six percent of patients had been diagnosed as ARF by indication of creatinine greater than 1.4 mg/dL. Five percent of patients had hypernatremia and 1.1% of patients had hyperkalemia.

It is concluded that rhabdomyolysis is a matter of concern in human poisonings and needs special approach to attend. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26: 557—561.
Systematizing Person-Group Relations (SPGR)
Authors: Sjøvold Endre
Published: September 2007

In this article a model for exploring group-processes called Systematizing Person-Group Relations (SPGR) is presented. First its theoretical foundation is laid out, then the model and its elements are explained in detail, and finally the model's potential for predicting group effectiveness is explored through the concept of group maturity.
Computer-Mediated Communication and Group Decision Making
Authors: Li Shu-Chu Sarrina
Published: September 2007

This study adopts the functional perspective of group decision making as the theoretical framework to examine the differences between computer-mediated communication groups and face-to-face communication groups in terms of their decision-making process and performance. A field experiment was adopted by the study, which was built into a communication course involving two classes in a national university in northern Taiwan. These classes comprised 23 groups of 4 or 5 members each working for their final group projects. Of the 23 groups, 11 (51 persons) were randomly assigned to perform the task via computer-mediated communication, and the remaining 12 groups (61 persons) via face-to-face communication. The data analysis shows that most findings of the study confirm the notions of media-capacity theories. However, the findings of this study do not support the propositions of the functional perspective of group decision making. More detailed findings are discussed in the article.
Beyond Cohesiveness
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Dwyer Lynndall , Oei Tian P. S.
Published: September 2007

Despite a general consensus that cohesiveness promotes positive outcomes in group psychotherapy, the empirical evidence for this notion is limited. In this article the literature on group cohesiveness and its relation to clinical outcomes is reviewed. Three interrelated problems with this literature are highlighted: A lack of consensus as to how to conceptualize cohesiveness, inconsistent measurements of cohesiveness, and lack of attention to possible mediators of the cohesiveness-outcome relationship. The authors argue that the term cohesiveness is too vague and amorphous to be useful as a unitary construct and that the field could benefit by identifying more specific group processes that facilitate—or impede—clinical outcomes. They review social psychological research on group processes, and discuss how three constructs— group identification, independence, and homogeneity—might be applied to the clinical literature. Furthermore, in an attempt to stimulate a closer examination of mediational paths in the literature on group psychotherapy, they discuss possible mechanisms through which group processes affect clinical outcomes.
Managing Intercultural Teams: the Eorganization Exercise
Authors: Humes Michelle , Reilly Anne H.
Published: September 2007

In today's global environment, intercultural teams may become the most effective teams in an organization when their diversity is managed as an asset. However, because of miscommunication and conflict, intercultural teams often become dysfunctional. This experiential group exercise demonstrates how cultural dimensions such as individualism and collectivism affect the performance of intercultural teams—in particular, globally dispersed virtual teams. Five cultural dimensions are applied in a hypothetical project team working in the fictional eOrganization. Using either group or role-play format, participants analyze the situation and propose solutions for this dysfunctional project team. Participants are encouraged to apply their personal experiences with intercultural teams, and the authors provide a set of best practices to supplement their recommendations.
The Capstone Strategy Course: What Might Real Integration Look Like?
Authors: Kachra Ariff , Schnietz Karen
Published: September 2007

The traditional master of business administration (MBA) capstone strategy course is intended to integrate the prior course work of the MBA program but is doing this less and less well in today's high-velocity and complex business environment. The traditional strategy course structures, emphasizing formulation— implementation and the internal—external environments, do relatively well at developing theoretical and applied integration skills but do poorly in developing practical integration skills—the very skills increasingly demanded by employers. The authors do not believe that the traditional organization of and pedagogies for the capstone strategy course develop the level of integrated thinking necessary for managers to make good decisions in today's business environment. They suggest reorganizing the strategy capstone course along the levels of managerial decision making and emphasizing pedagogies that employ rich-enough cases and business simulations to better develop integration skills—particularly practical integration skills—in MBA students.