bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulated Saccadic Stimuli Suppress ON-Type Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells via Glycinergic Inhibition
Authors: Sivyer Benjamin , Tomlinson Alexander , Taylor W. Rowland
Published: March 2019

Two types of mammalian direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), ON and ONOFF, operate over different speed ranges. The directional axes of the ON-DSGCs are thought to align with the axes of the vestibular system and provide sensitivity at rotational velocities that are too slow to activate the semicircular canals. ONOFF-DSGCs respond to faster image velocities. Using natural images that simulate the natural visual inputs to freely moving animals, we show that simulated visual saccades suppress responses in ON-DSGCs but not ONOFF-DSGCs recorded in retinas of domestic rabbits of either gender. Analysis of the synaptic inputs shows that this saccadic suppression results from glycinergic inputs that are specific to ON-DSGCs and are absent in ONOFF-DSGCs. When this glycinergic input is blocked, both cell types respond similarly to visual saccades and display essentially identical speed tuning. The results demonstrate that glycinergic circuits within the retina can produce saccadic suppression of retinal ganglion cell activity. The cell-type-specific targeting of the glycinergic circuits further supports the proposed physiological roles of ON-DSGCs in retinal-image stabilization and of ONOFF-DSGCs in detecting local object motion and signaling optical flow.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn the mammalian retina, ON direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) respond preferentially to slow image motion, whereas ONOFF-DSGCs respond better to rapid motion. The mechanisms producing this different speed tuning remain unclear. Here we show that simulated visual saccades suppress ON-DSGCs, but not ONOFF-DSGCs. This selective saccadic suppression is because of the selective targeting of glycinergic inhibitory synaptic inputs to ON-DSGCs. The different saccadic suppression in the two cell types points to different physiological roles, consistent with their projections to distinct areas within the brain. ON-DSGCs may be critical for providing the visual feedback signals that contribute to stabilizing the image on the retina, whereas ONOFF-DSGCs may be important for detecting the onset of saccades or for signaling optical flow.
Strange Brew: Art, Protest, and the Anti-Fracking Movement
Authors: Smith Matthew Ryan
Published: March 2019

This article examines how contemporary artists respond to the technique of hydraulic fracturing, more commonly known as “fracking.” Drawing on examples of political protest and social activism, with special focus on the ways that artistic interventions challenge energy corporations in galleries and museums, Smith analyzes how artists fuse concerns over the environment with critical aesthetics. By doing so, they explore the problematic relationships between fracking and climate change, waste, environmental degradation, pollution, and public health. In the wake of new data, research, and dissent, it is argued that contemporary art visualizes protest and continues to play a role in picturing the potentially harmful effects of fracking. Accordingly, Smith proposes that artists formulate innovative ways to confront an authoritative fuel industry and translate key issues into new modes of understanding.
ÇOCUKLARDA DAİMİ BİRİNCİ BÜYÜK AZI DİŞ ÇEKİM NEDENLERİ VE ETKİLERİ
Authors: Şenyurt Fulden , Hazar Bodrumlu Ebru
Published: March 2019

Daimi birinci büyük azı dişleri çürük nedeniyle en sık kaybedilen
ve diş çürüğüne en yatkın dişlerdir. Bu dişlerin tedavi planlaması; dentisyon
dönemi, çapraşıklık varlığı, hastanın yaşı, okluzal ilişkiler gibi birçok etken
beraber dikkatlice incelenerek belirlenmelidir. Bu dişlerin tedavi
planlamasındaki hatalar;  komşu dişin
çekim alanına devrilmesi, karşıt dişin boşluğa doğru ekstrüzyonu, orta hattın
çekim boşluğuna doğru kayması, asimetrik çiğneme alışkanlıklarının oluşması ve
çekim boşluğundaki alveoler kemiğin atrofisinden dolayı periodontal
problemlerin oluşması gibi birçok probleme neden olabilmektedir. Bu derlemenin
amacı çocuklarda daimi birinci büyük azı diş kaybı ve etkilerinin
değerlendirilmesidir
Prevalencia de demencia y funcionalidad en una clínica geriátrica de Huancayo, Perú, 2016-2017
Authors: Contreras Coco , Condor Ivan , Atencio Joel , Atencio Max
Published: March 2019

Introducción. La demencia es un problema de salud pública; la Organización Mundial de la Salud promueve su investigación para la implementación de políticas de salud frente a esta enfermedad. Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de demencia y describir la funcionalidad de los adultos mayores en una clínica geriátrica de Huancayo, Perú. Métodos. Estudio de tipo observacional y transversal, en una muestra probabilística aleatoria de 382 pacientes. Resultados. El promedio de edad fue 82,6 años, 60,7% fue de sexo femenino, el nivel de instrucción primaria fue de 49,7%, el lugar de procedencia Huancayo fue de 29,6%. Se estimó la prevalencia de demencia en 9,9%, deterioro cognitivo leve en 11%. En actividades básicas de la vida diaria, 19,4% tuvo dependencia parcial; y en actividades instrumentales de la vida, el 23% dependencia severa. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de demencia en la muestra estudiada fue de 9,9%, de deterioro cognitivo leve 11%. Asimismo, el 19,4% presentó dependencia parcial y 23% dependencia severa.
Estigma hacia la tuberculosis: validación psicométrica de un instrumento para su medición
Authors: Upegui-Arango Luz Dary , Orozco Vargas Luis Carlos
Published: March 2019

Introducción. El estigma hacia la tuberculosis afecta la búsqueda de atención médica oportuna y la adherencia al tratamiento por temor al rechazo familiar, social o institucional. Objetivo. Validar un instrumento para medir el estigma hacia la tuberculosis aplicando la metodología Rasch. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. El análisis se basó en los aspectos sugeridos por Messick y operacionalizados por Wolfe y Smith con la metodología Rasch; se empleó el modelo dicotómico, donde se evaluaron los estimados de ajuste de los ítems, coherencia en la medida, índices de separación y confiabilidad, invarianza, unidimensionalidad y la relación persona-ítem. Resultados. Se entrevistaron 250 personas, 195 sin tuberculosis y 55 con tuberculosis. Se evaluaron 35 ítems, de los que 10 fueron excluidos por presentar desajustes y funcionamiento diferencial del ítem. Se obtuvieron 25 ítems validos con ajustes apropiados entre 0,5 y 1,5, correlación >0,3, porcentaje de coherencia >40% e invarianza en la medición de importantes variables exógenas. El índice de separación en ítems fue de 6,5 y confiabilidad de 0,98. En las personas fue de 1,51 y 0,69 respectivamente. Conclusiones. Se obtuvo un instrumento válido con medida unidimensional del estigma hacia la tuberculosis para uso en población general y en pacientes con tuberculosis, soportado en la rigurosidad estadística del modelo Rasch.
Medicina narrativa
Authors: Urday-Fernández Dayana , Cuba-Fuentes María Sofía
Published: March 2019

Una medicina científicamente competente por sí sola es insuficiente para ayudar a los pacientes a lidiar con la pérdida de salud, encontrar un significado en el sufrimiento y dotar al médico de la capacidad de establecer una relación médico-paciente suficientemente compasiva y empática. El interés en estos aspectos es propio de modelos de atención clínica centrados en el paciente (y no en las enfermedades), que también implica reconocer que los pacientes traen sus propias historias con información sobre su vivencia de la enfermedad. La narrativa, una forma lingüística con características definidas empleada en medicina, ayuda a generar un puente entre la biomedicina moderna y la experiencia vivida por el paciente. La medicina narrativa recoge aspectos del modelo biopsicosocial y la medicina centrada en la persona. Favorece el desarrollo de competencias para aprovechar las narrativas en los procesos diagnóstico, terapéutico, educación de pacientes, profesionales y la investigación; asimismo, tiene impactos positivos en los profesionales de salud al promover espacios de reflexión y autoconciencia, y se complementa con el enfoque de la práctica médica basada en la evidencia. En este artículo intentamos introducir la medicina narrativa como herramienta para la mejora de la atención médica.
FAMILY OF MORDOVIAN POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN: the Dynamics of Ethnic Development in the XX – the Beginning of the XXI Century
Authors: Kornishina Galina A.
Published: March 2019

Introduction. The structure of the family, its livelihoods and in modern conditions retains its ethnic specificity, it still remains the cell of the reproduction of the ethnos, the carrier and successor of its cultural and everyday traditions. In this regard, family research is important for understanding modern national processes that occur in various regions of our country. Research methods. The comparative-historical method was used as the main one, which allowed revealing strata of various historical epochs in the life activity of the Mordovian family of the studied region, determining the stages of formation and further development of its structure-forming components. The method of processing statistical sources was also applied, which is now widely used in ethnology. Results. On the basis of the analyzed statistical material and scientific literature, the article traced the dynamics of quantitative changes that occurred in the family structure of the Mordovian population of the Republic of Tatarstan during the 20th and early 21st centuries, as well as the trends in the evolution of family rituals. This made it possible, on the one hand, to reveal the regional characteristics of these processes, and on the other, their commonality with similar phenomena among the Mordovian population of the neighboring regions. Discussion and conclusion. As a result of the study, it was revealed that at present the underlying factors of the ethnic development of the family of the Mordovian population of the Republic of Tatarstan were simplification of its demographic characteristics, as well as family rituals, the main functions of which were not sacral manifestations, but emotional, psychological and regulatory. These phenomena are basically similar to those occurring among other territorial groups of the Mordovian people.
QUESTIONS OF FORMATION PROFESSIONAL THINKING AMONG PSYCHOLOGISTS
Authors: Romanov Konstantin M.
Published: March 2019

Introduction. The problem of improving the quality of training of psychologists at the university is discussed. It is emphasized that the initial condition for its solution is the analysis of the professional activity of a psychologist. Professional training of psychologists should be aimed at the formation of the most common and universal competencies and personal formations. Psychological culture can serve as such a universal tool that is necessary for solving any professional tasks. It includes scientific knowledges, psychological thinking, a system of practical skills and spiritual and moral qualities. The tasks of the professional training of psychologists are to form these structural components of the psychological culture. This article deals with the problem of the formation of psychological thinking and scientific concepts. The literature review presents a critical analysis of the traditional methods of professional training of psychologists, one of the shortcomings of which is the neglect of the students’ personal psychological experience. The features of psychological thinking (specificity of the object, increased complexity, deep connection with the personality, etc.) and its types: scientific and everyday are highlighted. Materials and Methods. The technique of forming psychological thinking and the system of scientific concepts is considered. It consists of a theoretical part and a practical work. The workshop is based on five types of educational tasks that go through all the topics of the course of psychology (either in full or in a somewhat limited composition): tasks for updating mental phenomena, tasks for recognizing mental phenomena, tasks for predicting the behavior and state of a person, tasks for developing psychological recommendations on how to deal with a person and tasks for the actualization of personal subjective picture of mental phenomena. Results. A detailed description of the methodology for the formation of mental actions and scientific concepts is presented. To solve this problem, educational tasks are used to develop specific life situations in which actualization of a certain mental phenomenon takes place. Subsequently, students come to a generalized understanding of the essence of such situations. This is a criterion for the assimilation of relevant psychological concepts. The research results show that the traditional teaching method does not give such an effect. Discussion and Conclusion. For the formation of scientific thinking in psychologists, the organization of a psychological workshop is necessary. However, the formation of the cognitive component of psychological culture is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for the quality of training of psychologists. No less important tasks are the formation of practical skills and the spiritual and moral component of psychological culture.
Inverse problem of the market demand theory and analytical indices of demand
Authors: Gorbunov Vladimir K. , Lvov Alexander G.
Published: March 2019

The inverse problem of the market demand's theory is constructing a collective utility function via a trade statistics consisting of a finite set of pairs ``prices-quantities''. The main computational problem here is the solution of the Afriat's inequalities system, which determines the values of the utility function and the Lagrange multiplier on the trade statistics data, which are ``Afriat's numbers''. This inverse problem is ill-posed one because of multiplicity of inequalities system's solutions and also because of their possible inconsistency and instability. A regularization method for this problem is proposed, based on the relaxation of the Afriat's system yielding local Hausdorf continuity of its solution set, and on the use of characteristics of analytical index numbers determined via Afriat's numbers. These characteristics formalized by choice criteria are: optimism, pessimism, objectivity. The results of constructing analytical index numbers for real trade statistics of Ulyanovsk region are presented.
THE GREAT DIVERGENCE IN THE LEFT HISTORICAL DISCOURSE: Second Phase of Debates and R. Brenner’s Viewpoint
Authors: Akimov Maxim A.
Published: March 2019

Introduction. The article deals with the historiography of the discussion on the key issues of economic development of Europe in the pre-industrial period and the emergence of modern economic growth. Materials and Methods. The study of the Great divergence in the left historical discourse is carried out on the basis of a wide range of research literature using historical-genetic and historical-typological methods of historiographical analysis. Results. R. Brenner’s critical argument is that long-term demographic trends and commercialization played a significant role in feudal dynamics and transition to capitalism only in combination with a specific historical balance of class forces. Moreover, the class, by his definition, is expressed in the aspect of the relations of ownership of the means of production (land) and the relations of extraction of surplus (coercion). Discussion and Conclusions. Class structures were considered by him as resistant to the influence of economic forces, and class conflict as defining long-term economic structures. Brenner’s opponents were M. Postan, J. Hatcher, E. Le Roy Ladurie, G. Bois. The criticism of neo-Malthusian theories that unfolded during the discussion made a significant contribution to the development of a comparative approach to the study of the great divergence process.
THE SIZE OF THE DEBT OF THE NOBLE LAND TENURE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION LAND CREDIT INSTITUTIONS IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Fedoseev Roman V.
Published: March 2019

Introduction. The process of establishing a system of loans secured by land ownership, which took place in the second half of the nineteenth century, was of great importance in the capitalization of agricultural production. Caught in the plight of the landed gentry lost after the reform, the ability to use free labor in the form of their serfs, was in great need in money as in order to freelance workers and to modernize their economies, to fill which just managed the joint-stock land banks. At the same time, tough credit conditions led many of them to the ruin and sale of estates, which forced the government to resort to the practice of concessional lending in the face of the state Noble land Bank. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of archival data extracted from the Fund of the state Noble land Bank, which is located in the vaults of the Russian state historical archive. The solution of the research tasks required the involvement of a set of methods of historical and economic science. In the course of the research such methods as comparative-historical, systematic, quantitative, statistical, structural approach and complex analysis were used. Results. The analysis of statistical data of the Middle Volga region reflected the amount of debt of estates of hereditary nobles in the Middle Volga region to credit institutions at the end of the XIX century. It was also demonstrated the specificity of the travel indicators of land credit institutions in the provinces of the Middle Volga region. It was found that the share of the Noble Bank in the region was more than 90 % of the total number of loans issued on the security of land ownership. Discussion and Conclusions. As a result, the created system led to the fact that almost 2/3 of private land ownership was pledged by credit institutions. A significant part of the earned money was spent on the payment of interest, the possibility of timely payment of which directly depended on many indicators: the harvest, methods of management, specific conditions of the area, as well as the presence or absence of the labor market and other similar circumstances. Many landowners, unable to cope with loans, sold part or the entire estate in order to eliminate debts.
ECONOMIC SITUATION OF ORTHODOX CLERGY IN THE PERIOD ОF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (on Materials of National Regions of the Middle Volga Region)
Authors: Kozlov Fedor N.
Published: March 2019

Introduction. The article analyzes the attitude of the Orthodox clergy to the February revolution of 1917 in Russia. Against the background of the perception of the mentioned revolution, including as a religious one (due to the legislative decisions taken by the Provisional government in this area), the changes in the socio-economic status of the clergy are considered. Materials and Methods. The empirical level was the identification and study of factual material in the archives and published sources, as well as developments in historical literature. The collected factual material was interpreted with the help of general logical methods and general scientific research methods. In the course of the study, the basic principles were historicism and objectivity. Discussion and Conclusion. The situation in the national (foreign) regions of the Middle Volga region after the February revolution of 1917 developed in the conditions of the established “freedom of the Church”. Everywhere there was a new form of relations in system “the authority of government – the clergy”, “priest – parish”, “a priest – a priest”. On the basis of the study of the documentary base the thesis about the deterioration of the General situation of the ordinary clergy, reduction of social significance and the level of economic security of the clergy, active – and often illegal – interference in the affairs of the parishes both from the new state institutions of governance and from the part of citizens who are not included in the structure of the official Church administration, the growth of tension in the priestly environment is stated and confirmed.
THE PROBLEMS OF TECHNICAL REGULATION OF LABOR IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR OF THE NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs) – MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) OF THE USSR
Authors: Kustyshev Andrey N.
Published: March 2019

Introduction. The article analyzes the problems of technical regulation of labour in the production sector of the NKVD – MVD of the USSR, the possibility of technical, psycho-physiological and economic justification of the production rate fixed for prisoners is determined. Research efforts in this direction contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms and features of the functioning of the system of forced labour, to allow for greater clarity in the interpretation of its effectiveness. Materials and Methods. The nature of the problems raised in the article determined the choice of historical-genetic, historical-systemic methods of research, allowing to consider the issue of technical regulation in the context of internal mechanisms of the functioning of the GULAG system, as well as its internal and external relations, dynamic changes. Results. The article analyzes the objective and subjective factors that determined in advance the presence of serious defects in the process of technical regulation. At the same time, attention is drawn to the substantial similarity of the camp sector and the civil sector of the Soviet economy. The author focuses attention on the fact that the state of technical regulation contributed to the spread of falsified production indicators and the opacity of the GULAG system. Discussion and Conclusion. The article concludes that the problems in this area eventually led to the deformation of a number of indicators of financial and economic activity of labour camps and colonies, brought unpredictability to the situation of prisoners, directly dependent on the implementation of production standards. This fact extremely limits the possibility of a qualitative analysis of the issue of the effectiveness of forced labor. The author notes that the spontaneous nature of the formation of the main parameters of production activity caused the uncontrollability and economic burden of the GULAG system, which eventually became one of the factors of its crisis and collapse.
METHODS OF STIMULATION OF LABOUR DISCIPLINE AT SOVIET DEFENSE ENTERPRISES IN 1941–1945
Authors: Skripnik Aleksandr N.
Published: March 2019

Introduction. The article is devoted to methods of maintaining labor discipline at enterprises of the Soviet industry. The relevance lies in the possibility of more fully assessing such an important component for the successful functioning of economy as labor discipline. The problem of maintaining labor discipline in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War is touched upon. The goal is to identify the main methods of maintaining labor discipline in Soviet enterprises during the wartime and evaluate their effectiveness. The main task of the paper is to analyze the archival documents, scientific monographs for revealing the main methods of management of enterprises to maintain discipline. Materials and Methods. The main materials in the study of the topic were the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Moscow City Archive. The author used the historical-comparative method and the historical-genetic method. Results. The main arsenal of methods of maintaining discipline at enterprises in the USSR was revealed. Discussion and Conclusion. The data obtained allow us to understand the basic tools of the Soviet leadership in enterprises in the wartime and to improve our understanding of the functioning of the Soviet economy during the Second World War.
Usability of metadata analysis of goat genetic resources among five countries from Africa, Asia and Europe: Metadata analysis of goat genetic
Authors: Musthafa M.M. , Hussain T. , Babar M.E. , Aljumaah R.S. , Alshaikh M.A. , Muritala I. , Landi V. , Martinez A. , Amills M. , Dadi O. , Delgado J.V. , Aina A.B.J. , Onasoga A.A. , Adebambo O.A. , Visser C. , Van Marle-Köster E. , Adebambo A.O. , Marikar F.M.M.T.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Goats play a variety of roles all around the globe due to their capability to acclimatize different environmental conditions quite quickly since they have been regarded as one of the first sets of animals domesticated by the human. Even though domestic goats harbor precious genetic materials, research funding among developing countries is a major drawback for thorough study on them. Therefore, microsatellite markers seem to be affordable and informative. Genotypic data from different goat breeds across five countries (Nigeria, South Africa, Pakistan, France and Spain) was generated using eleven microsatellite markers for a comparative study in order to evaluate the usefulness of the available data for genetic characterization and identify the shortcomings of meta-analyses for combined data. The mean number of alleles (MNA) per population range from 6.44±2.83 alleles for Spanish to 10.25±0.96 for Pakistani goats, with an overall mean of 13.55±7.28. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranges from 0.61±0.02 to 0.83±0.01 for Spanish goats and Pakistani goats, respectively with an overall mean of 0.65. Ho of the markers used ranged from 0.569 (INRA5) to 0.793 (MM12). Highest and least polymorphic information content (PIC) was observed in loci MM12 (0.925) and MAF209 (0.489), respectively. All the populations showed significant change from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05) indicating a low level of inbreeding. The genetic distance of each country’s goat populations ranged from 0.151 to 4.245. The highest genetic distance (4.245) was observed between Spanish and Pakistani goats while the lowest were observed between Spanish and French goats. Spanish and French goats are from a common ancestor while South African, Nigerian and Pakistani goats came from another ancestor or cluster. A lot of genetic admixture in the Nigerian ecotypes has been observed whereas France and Saudi Arabian breeds have been subjected to high amount of selection pressure.
Measurement of the femoral neck angle in medium and large dog breeds using computed tomography
Authors: Al Aiyan Ahmad , Richardson Kenneth , Manchi George , Plendl Johanna , Brunnberg Leo
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to get precise normal values of the femoral neck angle (FNA) in support of developing an optimally functioning total hip prosthesis for medium and large dog breeds. Accordingly, two- and three-dimensional computed tomographic images of the anatomical structures of the proximal femora of 58, hip-dysplasia-free, mature dogs of medium and large breeds were studied. Based on the length of their femora the dogs were allocated to Group I (from 145 to 195 mm) and Group II (from 196 to 240 mm). The FNA was measured on each femur using multi-slice spiral computed tomography (CT). The two- and three-dimensional image data were processed as multi-planar and threedimensional reconstructions using Advantage Workstation software. The CT measurements revealed that Group I had an average femoral neck angle of 147.59° (min. 144.05°, max. 153.35°), while in Group II the average FNA was 147.46° (min. 141°, max. 154.35°). There was no significant correlation between the length of the femur and the FNA in either group. The optimal FNA for a total hip prosthesis is 147.5° for medium and large dog breeds.
INDONESIA DALAM DOKTRIN HUKUM DAN PEMBANGUNAN
Authors: Fauzia Ine
Published: March 2019

AbstractBased on Law and development doctrine, according to David Trubek and Alvaro Santos in The New Law and Economic Development book, there are at least three phases of legal roles in development, namely 1) Law and Developmental State, 2) Law and the Neoliberal Market, and 3) The emerging paradigm. Using descriptive analysis methods, this paper attempts to examine Indonesia’s position in these three phases through legislation, government policies and secondary data related to this paper. The search results show that Indonesia has experienced the first and second moments of legal and development relations. To enter the third moment, Indonesia should not experience difficulties if Pancasila as national ideology is fully understood and re-enforced in Indonesia.Keywords:development phase, role of law, human rights AbstrakBerdasarkan Doktrin Hukum dan Pembangunan menurut David Trubek dan Alvaro Santos melalui buku The New Law and Economic Development, setidaknya terdapat tiga fase perkembangan peran hukum dalam pembangunan, yaitu 1) Law and the Developmental State, 2) Law and the Neoliberal Market, dan 3) The emerging paradigm. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis, tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengkaji posisi Indonesia dalam ketiga fase tersebut melalui peraturan perundang-undangan, kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintah serta data-data sekunder yang terkait dengan tulisan ini. Hasil penelusuran menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah mengalami momen pertama dan momen kedua dari hubungan hukum dan pembangunan. Untuk masuk kepada momen ketiga, Indonesia hendaknya tidak akan mengalami kesulitan jika falsafah Pancasila yang digadang sebagai sumber dari segala sumber hukum dipahami secara utuh untuk kemudian ditegakkan di bumi Indonesia.Kata Kunci:fase pembangunan, peran hukum, hak asasi manusia
Electrocompetent Agrobacterium preparation v1
Authors: M Julkowska Magdalena
Published: March 2019

Preparing electrocompetent Agrobacterium - used for the GV301 strain that we currently have in stock in Salt Lab
ROS staining for Arabidopsis (green fluorescent stain) v1
Authors: M Julkowska Magdalena
Published: March 2019

This protocol is adapted from two publications describing fluorescent staining for ROS - Shin et al., 2005 andOrman-Ligeza et al. 2016 (citing Shin)
Okul Öncesi Öğretmen Adaylarının FeTeMM Farkındalıklarının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: KOYUNLU ÜNLÜ Zeynep , DERE Zeynep
Published: March 2019

Bu araştırmada, okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının FeTeMM farkındalıklarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının FeTeMM farkındalıkları cinsiyet, sınıf, FeTeMM eğitimi alıp almama durumlarına göre incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya Türkiye’deki devlet üniversitelerinden birinde öğrenim gören toplam 384 (302 kız, 82 erkek) okul öncesi öğretmen adayı katılmıştır. Veriler “FeTeMM Farkındalık Ölçeği (FFÖ)” ve “Kişisel Bilgiler Formu” aracılığı ile toplanmıştır. FFÖ öğrenciye, derse ve öğretmene etki alt boyutlarından oluşmaktadır. Toplanan veriler SPSS 21 programında analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak erkek öğrencilerin FeTeMM’in derse yönelik etkisine ilişkin farkındalıklarının kız öğrencilerden daha fazla olduğu; FeTeMM eğitimi almış olmanın FeTeMM farkındalığını artırdığı bulgularına ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlardan yola çıkarak üniversitelerin eğitim fakültelerine FeteMM ile ilgili derslerin eklenmesi gerektiği önerisinde bulunulmuştur.
A Big Data View of the European Energy Union: Shifting from ‘a Floating Signifier’ to an Active Driver of Decarbonisation?
Authors: Isoaho Karoliina , Moilanen Fanni , Toikka Arho
Published: March 2019

The Energy Union, a major energy sector reform project launched by the European Commission in 2015, has substantial clean energy and climate aims. However, scholarly caution has been raised about their feasibility, especially with regards to accommodating climate objectives with other closely related yet often competing policy goals. We therefore investigated the policy priorities of the Energy Union by performing a topic modelling analysis of over 5,000 policy documents. A big data analysis confirms that decarbonisation and energy efficiency dimensions are major building blocks in the Energy Union’s agenda. Furthermore, there are signals of policy convergence in terms of climate security and climate affordability policies. However, our analysis also suggests that the Commission is not actively prescribing trajectories for renewable policy development or paying close attention to declining incumbent energy generation technologies. Overall, we find that the Energy Union is not a ‘floating signifier’ but rather has a clear and incrementally evolving decarbonisation agenda. Whether it further develops into an active driver of decarbonisation will largely be determined by the implementation phase of the project.
What to Expect from the 2020 Gas Package
Authors: Olczak Maria , Piebalgs Andris
Published: March 2019

Gas is considered an important part of the European Union’s (EU) energy mix. Making up a quarter of the energy consumed in the EU, it is widely used by both households and industry. Gas supports the penetration of intermittent renewable electricity and is considered the cleanest of the fossil fuels but its combustion emits a considerable amount of greenhouse gases. In the fight against climate change, the EU has committed itself to the near-complete decarbonisation of the energy sector well before 2050. This will have a significant impact on the gas sector, especially in the EU, which has significant gas transportation and storage assets. This commentary examines two potential pathways that could enable the gas sector to contribute to the EU’s decarbonisation efforts while continuing to play a substantial role in the EU’s energy supply. The pathways include gas and electricity sector coupling and the substantial increase of renewable gas production. Those options, which are not mutually exclusive, provide an opportunity for the gas sector to thrive in a decarbonised energy future. In some cases, it could require changes in the EU’s gas legislation announced by the European Commission to be proposed in 2020.
What Drives the Participation of Renewable Energy Cooperatives in European Energy Governance?
Authors: Tosun Jale , Zöckler Laura , Rilling Benedikt
Published: March 2019

What determines the willingness of renewable energy cooperatives (RECs) to strengthen their involvement in politics at the different levels of governments (local/regional, national, transnational)? We address this research question by using data from an original survey distributed to RECs in Germany. The descriptive analysis shows that the RECs are less willing to participate in energy governance at the EU/transnational level than at the national and especially the subnational level. Our analytical findings, first, show that the odds of RECs to participate in governance processes in the future are greater for those RECs that are already involved in such processes. Put differently, we find that engagement in energy governance is affected by path-dependence. Second, participation in subnational governance processes is determined by dissatisfaction with policy decisions taken at that level: the more dissatisfied the respondents, the more likely they are to exert influence in the future. For the Energy Union to realise its aim of incorporating a broader range of stakeholders, the European Commission must highlight the opportunity structure it provides for participating in governance processes.
MODELING OF THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND GLASSFORMING TENDENCY OF THE MELTS OF TERNARY Mn–Al–Gd SYSTEM
Authors: Kotova N. , Golovata N. , Usenko N.
Published: March 2019

In the present work, the enthalpies of mixing of liquid alloys of the ternary Mn-Al-Gd system have been calculated using the regular solution model by the Redlich-Kister-Muggianu formula. Also a comparison was made of calculated values of enthalpies of mixing in this system with the experimentally determined thermochemical properties of liquid alloys of the Mn-In-Gd ternary system obtained previously. In general, we estimate that the values of the enthalpies of mixing in the Mn-Al-Gd ternary system should be more exothermic than in the Mn–In-Gd one. This fact can be explained taking into consideration the main features of the component interaction in the boundary binary systems, namely, such important characteristics as electronegativity of the components, their electron work functions and a large difference in size of atoms. It can be concluded that it is the binary Mn–Al system that makes a significant contribution to the formation energy of ternary alloys. An imaginary line drawn through the points of maximum curvature of the isoenthalpic lines is considerably shifted towards the binary Mn–Al boundary, thus expanding significantly the region of rather exothermic enthalpies of mixing in the corresponding ternary system. For the two indicated ternary systems the size mismatch entropy has been calculated within the framework of hard spheres model and the Sσ/kB parameter has been determined. On the basis of the comprehensive analysis carried out, the criteria for the probability of occurrence of regions of easy amorphization in these ternary systems are proposed. The determination of the topology of the mixing enthalpy surface and the Sσ/kB parameter for the melts of studied ternary systems together with the data on binary and ternary compounds existing in these systems allowed to reasonably assume the concentration regions where the investigated ternary alloys have tendency for easy amorphization while rapid cooling of the melt. The simultaneous realization of the following three conditions was taken as a criterion for the possible existence of a region of easy amorphization: the absolute value of the enthalpies of mixing is at least 6 kJ/mol, the Sσ/kB parameter is not less than 0.3–0.4 and a certain distance from the concentration region corresponding to the exact composition of binary or ternary compounds.
The Loess-Paleosol Sequence at the Krasnogorskoye Section, the Low-Hill Zone of the Northeastern Altai Mountains
Authors: Zykina V. S. , Zykin V. S. , Volvakh A. O. , Smolyaninova L. G. , Ovchinnikov I. Y.
Published: March 2019

The loess-paleosol sequence of the Krasnogorskoye section in the low-altitude area of the northeastern Altai Mountains, can provide a yardstick for estimating the age of the Paleolithic sites and reconstructing environmental and climatic changes. Its correlation with the respective sequence of the southern part of the West Siberian Plain is evaluated. Five pedocomplexes are studied in detail, evidencing the evolution of the Middle and Late Pleistocene soil formation from the Shadrikha interglacial to the Karga interstadial. Buried soils of the Shadrikha, Shipunovo, Koinikha, and Kazantsevo warm stages formed under a climate that was warmer and more humid than today. After the Kazantsevo interglacial, both the range and the frequency of climatic oscillations show marked changes. It is demonstrated that the warm stages of this interval differ from the earlier ones by lesser warming and shorter duration by a cooler and more arid climate. Seven loess horizons dividing pedocomplexes are established. Nonmetric and metric analyses of quartz sand grains support the eolian origin of loess horizons under cryoarid conditions. The size of grains in the Late Pleistocene portion of the Krasnogorskoye section attests to the intensifi cation of the loess processes. Higher magnetic susceptibility during the cool stages and higher frequency-dependent susceptibility during the warm stages evidence marked climatic oscillations. After the Kazantsevo interglacial, the amplitude fades and the pattern of paleoclimatic signal recorded by the magnetic properties of loess and paleosol in the section are close to the “Alaskan” type.
Water and Cosmology in the Stone Age of Northeastern Europe
Authors: Nordqvist K. , Herva V.-P. , Sandell S.
Published: March 2019

This paper explores water and watery places as sacred elements among the cultures of the northern boreal zone during the Stone Age, and especially the Neolithic period, through materials deriving from Northwestern Russia and Fennoscandia. The peculiarity and importance of water and certain watery environments, like rivers, lakes, bogs, waterfalls, and rapids, are discussed through depositional practices of material culture, mainly lithic artifacts. Rock-art provides further tools for approaching the topic, not only through its locations in the landscape but also through its motifs, which allow parallels to be drawn to later ethnographical sources and folklore, too. Finally, the paper briefl y touches upon the rationality behind making a strict separation between “sacred” and “mundane” when interpreting prehistoric cultural phenomena. Water was integral to human life in many different ways, but bodies of water and watery places could also be threatening and unpredictable. Therefore water would have been an ambivalent element, probably invested with signifi cant cultural meanings in the Stone Age world.
The Petrovka Bronze Age Sites: Issues in Taxonomy and Chronology
Authors: Krause R. , Epimakhov A. V. , Kupriyanova E. V. , Novikov I. K. , Stolarczyk E.
Published: March 2019

This article introduces a series of AMS radiocarbon dates for the Bronze Age Petrovka cemeteries in the Trans-Urals. The results of the AMS14C-dating of animal and human bones indicate a very high degree of concordance in the 19th and 18th centuries cal BC time range. The previously obtained AMS datings clearly fi t into the same chronological interval. Specifi cally, 17 of 36 analyses of the Petrovka series yielded very similar results. In other cases, where dating was based on wood and charcoal, the results are highly inconsistent, even within the same burial. Before the verifi cation of these results, the short interval based on AMS dates should be preferred. Its comparison with intervals for other cultures of the Trans-Urals demonstrates marked similarity: in fact, complete coincidence of some of them. At the same time, stratigraphic and typological evidence suggests that the Sintashta, Petrovka, and Alakul traditions are stages of a sequence. Additional arguments are features of continuity in the material culture and the practice of using the burial mounds of a previous culture for new graves, without destroying the older ones. In our view, the only explanation is provided by a dynamic scenario of cultural change spanning two centuries, from the migration of the Sintashta people to Southern Urals until the formation of the Alakul culture. The resolution of the radiocarbon method does not suffi ce to detect such rapid changes. If this explanation is correct, the Petrovka sites should be considered an early stage of the Alakul culture, rather than a separate culture.
Medieval Sites of Tara Region, the Irtysh Basin: Origin, Chronology, Cultural and Ethnic Attribution
Authors: Tataurov S. F. , Tikhonov S. S.
Published: March 2019

We describe 17 medieval kurgans at Murlinka, dating to the late 1st millennium AD and associated with archaeological sites at Aitkulovo, in the Tarsky District of the Omsk Region, on the right bank of the Irtysh, in the borderland between the forest-steppe and the taiga. The deceased were buried in a supine extended position. Some burials were made on the virgin soil, and some on the buried soil. Most kurgans accommodated one grave, but in some cases the number of graves was two and more. Inside the kurgans, at the buried soil level and above, limb bones of animals and small potsherds were found. In certain graves, traces of fi re, such as partly burned bones, charcoal, ash, or charred earth, were detected. We also found ditches and various structures inside the mounds. In eleven mounds, there were funerary offerings, such as vessels, arrowheads, celts, bits, and ornaments, similar to those found in the graves. We give a detailed description of bronze ornaments and pommels, tools, and belt sets made of white metal, as well as glass and ceramic beads, iron artifacts, details of horse harness, iron and bone weapons, and pottery. Parallels are found in the taiga regions of the Middle Ob, Ural, and the steppe zone of northern Altai. We discuss the chronology and cultural attribution of the fi nds in the context of the ethnic processes that occurred in the region.
Diagnosing the Quality of Life in Psychotherapy: Validation of the Russian Version of the M. Frisch’s Quality of Life Inventory
Authors: Rasskazova E.I. , Neyaskina Y.Y. , Leontiev D.A. , Shiryaeva O.S.
Published: March 2019

Quality of life therapy proposed by M. Frisch offers to make the source of psychotherapy and ground its key goals in the life spheres that are important for the per son, but (s)he feels dissatisfied with and unfulfilled in. The aim of this study is the validation of the Russian version of M. Frisch’s Quality of Life Inventory. The study included two samples — students of the psychology faculty (N = 91) and adults living in the Kamchatka region (N = 826). The Inventory’s consistency comprised 0.72 for students and 0.95 for adults, and the overall score was associated with life satisfaction, subjective happiness, increased positive and low negative emotions, hardiness commitment, meaning in life, future orientation, satisfaction of basic needs, including those in studies, as well as intrinsic, identified and positive introjected educational motivation. In the different samples (students and adults) the different spheres of life were prominent for overall satisfaction. After controlling for mean satisfaction, quality of life index (corrected for subjective importance of the spheres) contributed to a better prediction of satisfaction with emotions and communication, future orientation, low fatalistic present, commitment, and (in students) intrinsic educational motivation.
International Conference on Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy in the Memory of Fyodor E. Valisyuk
Authors: Karyagina T.D.
Published: March 2019

We present a report on the results of the International Conference on Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy in the memory of Fyodor E. Vasilyuk (November 1—3, 2018, Moscow).
MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SPHERICAL AND NEEDLE CALCIUM PHOSPHATE BIONS
Authors: Shishkova D. K. , Glushkova T. V. , Efimova O. S. , Popova A. N. , Malysheva V. Yu. , Kolmykov R. P. , Ismagilov Z. R. , Gutakovsky A. K. , Zhivodkov Yu. A. , Kozhukhov A. S. , Dolganyuk V. F. , Barbarash O. L. , Kutikhin A. G.
Published: March 2019

Aim. To compare morphological properties, mineral, and organic profile of spherical calcium phosphate bions (SCPB) and needle calcium phosphate bions (NCPB) for the assessment of the CPB-specific endothelial toxicity in models of mild or severe hypercalcemia/hyperphosphatemia in the further studies.

Methods. Both SCPB and NCPB were artificially synthesized employing blood-mimetic medium either moderately or significantly supersaturated of calcium and phosphorus salts. Size and shape of SCPB and NCPB were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Elemental analysis was performed utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and CHNSO analysis, functional groups were examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy while chemical formula was identified by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. Protein profile of SCPB and NCPB was screened employing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following silver staining.

Results. SCPB were visualized as crystalline spherical spongeous particles of 80-200 nm diameter and mean diameter of around 120 nm while NCPB represented needle crystals of a similar diameter. Both SCPB and NCPB had similar crystallinity, surface charge and tended to form clusters of several particles. Furthermore, both SCPB and NCPB were composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus, contained phosphate (PO4 3-), carbonate (CO3 2-), and hydroxyl (OH- ) functional groups, and consisted of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4 )6 (OH)2 ) and carbonate-hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)3 (CO3)3 (OH)2 ). In addition, protein profile of SCPB and NCPB was similar and notable for the abundant albumin and fetuin A levels.

Conclusion. Having similar size, surface charge, extent of crystallinity, and chemical composition, SCPB and NCPB possess a different shape.