bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presynaptic autophagy is coupled to the synaptic vesicle cycle via ATG-9
Authors: Yang Sisi , Park Daehun , Manning Laura , Hill Sarah E. , Cao Mian , Xuan Zhao , Gonzalez Ian , Shao Lin , Okeke Ifechukwu , De Camilli Pietro , Colón-Ramos Daniel A.
Published: December 2020

Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway essential for neuronal health and function. Autophagosome biogenesis occurs at synapses, is locally regulated and increases in response to neuronal activity. The mechanisms that couple autophagosome biogenesis to synaptic activity remain unknown. In this study we determine that trafficking of ATG-9, the only transmembrane protein in the core autophagy pathway, links the synaptic vesicle cycle with autophagy. ATG-9 positive vesicles inC. elegansare generated from the trans-Golgi network via AP3-dependent budding, and delivered to presynaptic sites. At presynaptic sites, ATG-9 undergoes exo-endocytosis in an activity-dependent manner. Mutations that disrupt endocytosis, including one associated with Parkinson’s disease, result in abnormal ATG-9 accumulation at clathrin-rich synaptic foci and defects in activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy. Our findings uncover regulated key steps of ATG-9 trafficking at presynaptic sites, and provide evidence that ATG-9 exo-endocytosis couples autophagosome biogenesis at presynaptic sites with the activity-dependent synaptic vesicle cycle.

Highlights

InC. elegans, ATG-9 is delivered to presynaptic sites in vesicles generated from the trans-Golgi network via AP-3-dependent budding

ATG-9 vesicles undergo activity-dependent exo-endocytosis at presynaptic sites

Mutations in endocytic proteins, including a mutation associated with Parkinson’s disease, result in abnormal ATG-9 accumulation at clathrin-rich foci

Abnormal accumulation of ATG-9 at clathrin-rich foci is associated with defects in activity-dependent presynaptic autophagy
Functional evolution of a bark beetle odorant receptor clade detecting monoterpenoids of different ecological origins
Authors: Hou Xiao-Qing , Yuvaraj Jothi Kumar , Roberts Rebecca E. , Zhang Dan-Dan , Unelius C. Rikard , Löfstedt Christer , Andersson Martin N.
Published: December 2020

Insects detect odors using an array of odorant receptors (ORs), which may expand through gene duplication. How specificities evolve and new functions arise in related ORs within a species remain poorly investigated. We addressed this question by functionally characterizing ORs from the Eurasian spruce bark beetleIps typographus, in which antennal detection and behavioral responses to pheromones, volatiles from host and non-host trees, and fungal symbionts are well described. In contrast, knowledge of OR function is restricted to two receptors detecting the pheromone compounds (S)-(–)-ipsenol (ItypOR46) and (R)-(–)-ipsdienol (ItypOR49). These receptors belong to a species-specific OR-lineage comprising seven ItypORs. To gain insight into the functional evolution of related ORs, we characterized the five remaining ORs in this clade, usingXenopusoocytes. Two receptors responded primarily to the host tree monoterpenes (+)-3-carene (ItypOR25) andp-cymene (ItypOR27). Two receptors responded to oxygenated monoterpenoids produced in relatively large amounts by the beetle-associated fungi, with ItypOR23 specific for (+)-trans-(1R,4S)-4-thujanol, and ItypOR29 responding to (+)-isopinocamphone and similar ketones. ItypOR28 responded to the pheromoneE-myrcenol from the competitorIps duplicatus. Overall, the OR responses match well with those of previously characterized olfactory sensory neuron classes except that neurons detectingE-myrcenol have not been identified. The characterized ORs are under strong purifying selection and demonstrate a shared functional property in that they all primarily respond to monoterpenoids. The variation in functional groups among OR ligands and their diverse ecological origins suggest that neofunctionalization has occurred early in the evolution of this OR-lineage following gene duplication.
Identification of proximal SUMO-dependent interactors using SUMO-ID
Authors: Barroso-Gomila Orhi , Trulsson Fredrik , Muratore Veronica , Canosa Iñigo , Merino-Cacho Laura , Cortazar Ana Rosa , Perez Coralia , Azkargorta Mikel , Iloro Ibon , Carracedo Arkaitz , Aransay Ana M , Elortza Felix , Mayor Ugo , Vertegaal Alfred C. O. , Barrio Rosa , Sutherland James D.
Published: December 2020

The fast dynamics and reversibility of posttranslational modifications by the ubiquitin family pose significant challenges for research. Here we present SUMO-ID, a technology that merges proximity biotinylation by TurboID and protein-fragment complementation to find SUMO-dependent interactors of proteins of interest. We developed an optimized split-TurboID version and show SUMO interaction-dependent labelling of proteins proximal to PML and RANGAP1. SUMO-dependent interactors of PML are involved in transcription, DNA damage, stress response and SUMO modification and are highly enriched in SUMO Interacting Motifs, but may only represent a subset of the total PML proximal proteome. Likewise, SUMO-ID also allowed us to identify novel interactors of SUMOylated SALL1, a less characterized SUMO substrate. Thus, SUMO-ID is a powerful tool that allows to study the consequences of SUMO-dependent interactions, and may further unravel the complexity of the ubiquitin code.
Neural excitability increases with axonal resistance between soma and axon initial segment
Authors: Fékété Aurélie , Ankri Norbert , Brette Romain , Debanne Dominique
Published: December 2020

The position of the axon initial segment (AIS) is thought to play a critical role in neuronal excitability. In particular, empirical studies have found correlations between a distal shift in AIS position and a reduction of excitability. Yet, theoretical work has suggested that the neuron should become more excitable as the distance between soma and AIS is increased, because of increased electrical isolation. Specifically, resistive coupling theory predicts that the action potential (AP) threshold decreases with the logarithm of the axial resistance (Ra) between the middle of the AIS and the soma. However, no direct experimental evidence has been provided so far to support this theoretical prediction. We therefore examined how changes in Raat the axon hillock impact the voltage threshold (Vth) of the somatic AP in L5 pyramidal neurons. Increasing Raby mechanically pinching the axon between the soma and the AIS was found to lower the spike threshold by ~6 mV. Conversely, decreasing Raby replacing a weakly mobile ion (gluconate) by a highly mobile ion (chloride) elevated the spike threshold. All Ra-dependent changes in spike threshold could be reproduced in a Hodgkin-Huxley compartmental model. We conclude that in L5 pyramidal neurons, excitability increases with axial resistance, and therefore with a distal shift of the AIS.
Rapid inactivationin vitroof SARS-CoV-2 in saliva by black tea and green tea
Authors: Ohgitani Eriko , Shin-Ya Masaharu , Ichitani Masaki , Kobayashi Makoto , Takihara Takanobu , Kawamoto Masaya , Kinugasa Hitoshi , Mazda Osam
Published: December 2020

Saliva plays major roles in human-to-human transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. Recently we reported that black, green and oolong tea significantly inactivated SARS-CoV-2 within 1 min. Theaflavin-3,3’-di-gallate (TFDG), theasinensin A (TSA) and (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were involved in the anti-viral activities. Here we examined how long period is required for the compounds to inactivate the virus. We also assessed whether tea inactivates SARS-CoV-2 diluted in human saliva. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with 500 μM TFDG or TSA for 10 sec reduced the virus titer to undetectable levels (less than 1/1,000). Black and green tea decreased virus titer to less than 1/100 within 10 sec even in saliva. These findings suggest a possibility that intake of, or gargling with, tea may inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in saliva in infected individuals, which may eventually attenuate spread of COVID-19 within a population, although clinical studies are required to test this hypothesis by determining the intensity and duration of the anti-viral effect of tea in saliva in humans.
SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and transmission efficiency is increased for airborne but not fomite exposure in Syrian hamsters
Authors: Port Julia R. , Yinda Claude Kwe , Owusu Irene Offei , Holbrook Myndi , Fischer Robert , Bushmaker Trenton , Avanzato Victoria A. , Schulz Jonathan E. , van Doremalen Neeltje , Clancy Chad S. , Munster Vincent J.
Published: December 2020

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is driven by contact, fomite, and airborne transmission. The relative contribution of different transmission routes remains subject to debate. Here, we show Syrian hamsters are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection through intranasal, aerosol and fomite exposure. Different routes of exposure presented with distinct disease manifestations. Intranasal and aerosol inoculation caused more severe respiratory pathology, higher virus loads and increased weight loss. Fomite exposure led to milder disease manifestation characterized by an anti-inflammatory immune state and delayed shedding pattern. Whereas the overall magnitude of respiratory virus shedding was not linked to disease severity, the onset of shedding was. Early shedding was linked to an increase in disease severity. Airborne transmission was more efficient than fomite transmission and dependent on the direction of the airflow. Carefully characterized of SARS-CoV-2 transmission models will be crucial to assess potential changes in transmission and pathogenic potential in the light of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
Comprehensive label-free characterization of extracellular vesicles and their surface proteins
Authors: Priglinger E. , Strasser J. , Buchroithner B. , Weber F. , Wolbank S. , Auer D. , Grasmann E. , Arzt C. , Narzt M-S. , Grillari J. , Preiner J. , Jacak J. , Gimona M.
Published: December 2020

Interest in mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) as therapeutic agents has dramatically increased over the last decade. Preclinical studies show that MSC-EVs have anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects, boost wound healing, and improve the integration of allogeneic grafts through immunomodulation. Current approaches to the characterization and quality control of EV-based therapeutics include particle tracking techniques, Western blotting, and advanced cytometry, but standardized methods are lacking. In this study, we established and verified quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as highly sensitive label-free immunosensing technique for characterizing clinically approved umbilical cord MSC-EVs enriched by tangential flow filtration and ultracentrifugation. Using QCM in conjunction with common characterization methods, we were able to specifically detect EVs via EV (CD9, CD63, CD81) and MSC (CD44, CD49e, CD73) markers and gauge their prevalence. Additionally, we characterized the topography and elasticity of these EVs by atomic force microscopy (AFM), enabling us to distinguish between EVs and non-vesicular particles (NVPs) in a therapeutic formulation. This measurement modality makes it possible to identify EV sub-fractions, discriminate between EVs and NVPs, and to characterize EV surface proteins, all with minimal sample preparation and using label-free measurement devices with low barriers of entry for labs looking to widen their spectrum of characterization techniques. Our combination of QCM with impedance measurement (QCM-I) and AFM measurements provides a robust multi-marker approach to the characterization of clinically approved EV formulations and opens the door to improved quality control.
A comprehensive motifs-based interactome of the C/EBPα transcription factor
Authors: Ramberger Evelyn , Sapozhnikova Valeria , Kowenz-Leutz Elisabeth , Zimmermann Karin , Nicot Nathalie , Nazarov Petr V. , Perez-Hernandez Daniel , Reimer Ulf , Mertins Philipp , Dittmar Gunnar , Leutz Achim
Published: December 2020

The pioneering transcription factor C/EBPα coordinates cell fate and cell differentiation. C/EBPα represents an intrinsically disordered protein with multiple short linear motifs and extensive post-translational side chain modifications (PTM), reflecting its modularity and functional plasticity. Here, we combined arrayed peptide matrix screening (PRISMA) with biotin ligase proximity labeling proteomics (BioID) to generate a linear, isoform specific and PTM-dependent protein interaction map of C/EBPα in myeloid cells. The C/EBPα interactome comprises promiscuous and PTM-regulated interactions with protein machineries involved in gene expression, epigenetics, genome organization, DNA replication, RNA processing, and nuclear transport as the basis of functional C/EBPα plasticity. Protein interaction hotspots were identified that coincide with homologous conserved regions of the C/EBP family and revealed interaction motifs that score as molecular recognition features (MoRF). PTMs alter the interaction spectrum of multi-valent C/EBP-motifs to configure a multimodal transcription factor hub that allows interaction with multiple co-regulatory components, including BAF/SWI-SNF or Mediator complexes. Combining PRISMA and BioID acts as a powerful strategy to systematically explore the interactomes of intrinsically disordered proteins and their PTM-regulated, multimodal capacity.

Key points

Integration of proximity labeling and arrayed peptide screen proteomics refines the interactome of C/EBPα isoforms

Hotspots of protein interactions in C/EBPα mostly occur in conserved short linear motifs

Interactions of the BAF/SWI-SNF complex with C/EBPα are modulated by arginine methylation and isoform status

The integrated experimental strategy suits systematic interactome studies of intrinsically disordered proteins
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 diversity revealed by rapid whole genome sequence typing
Authors: Moustafa Ahmed M. , Planet Paul J.
Published: December 2020

Background

Discrete classification of SARS-CoV-2 viral genotypes can identify emerging strains and detect geographic spread, viral diversity, and transmission events.

Methods

We developed a tool (GNUVID) that integrates whole genome multilocus sequence typing and a supervised machine learning random forest-based classifier. We used GNUVID to assign sequence type (ST) profiles to each of 69,686 SARS-CoV-2 complete, high-quality genomes available from GISAID as of October 20th 2020. STs were then clustered into clonal complexes (CCs), and then used to train a machine learning classifier. We used this tool to detect potential introduction and exportation events, and to estimate effective viral diversity across locations and over time in 16 US states.

Results

GNUVID is a scalable tool for viral genotype classification (available at https://github.com/ahmedmagds/GNUVID) that can be used to quickly process tens of thousands of genomes. Our genotyping ST/CC analysis uncovered dynamic local changes in ST/CC prevalence and diversity with multiple replacement events in different states. We detected an average of 20.6 putative introductions and 7.5 exportations for each state. Effective viral diversity dropped in all states as shelter-in-place travel-restrictions went into effect and increased as restrictions were lifted. Interestingly, our analysis showed correlation between effective diversity and the date that state-wide mask mandates were imposed.

Conclusions

Our classification tool uncovered multiple introduction and exportation events, as well as waves of expansion and replacement of SARS-CoV-2 genotypes in different states. Combined with future genomic sampling the GNUVID system could be used to track circulating viral diversity and identify emerging clones and hotspots.
A prevalent focused human antibody response to the influenza hemagglutinin head interface
Authors: McCarthy Kevin R. , Lee Jiwon , Watanabe Akiko , Kuraoka Masayuki , Robinson-McCarthy Lindsey R. , Georgiou George , Kelsoe Garnett , Harrison Stephen C.
Published: December 2020

Novel animal influenza viruses emerge, initiate pandemics and become endemic seasonal variants that have evolved to escape from prevalent herd immunity. These processes often outpace vaccine-elicited protection. Focusing immune responses on conserved epitopes may impart durable immunity. We describe a focused, protective antibody response, abundant in memory and serum repertoires, to a conserved region at the influenza hemagglutinin head interface. Structures of eleven examples, eight reported here, from seven human donors demonstrate the convergence of responses on a single epitope. The eleven are genetically diverse, with one class having a common, IGκV1-39, light chain. All of the antibodies bind HAs from multiple serotypes. The lack of apparent genetic restriction and potential for elicitation by more than one serotype may explain their abundance. We define the head interface as a major target of broadly protective antibodies with the potential to influence the outcomes of influenza infection.
Neural precursor cells contribute to decision-making by tuning striatal connectivity via secretion of IGFBPL-1
Authors: Butti Erica , Cattaneo Stefano , Bacigaluppi Marco , Cambiaghi Marco , Scotti Giulia , Brambilla Elena , Sferruzza Giacomo , Ripamonti Maddalena , Simeoni Fabio , Cacciaguerra Laura , Zanghì Aurora , Quattrini Angelo , Fesce Riccardo , Panina-Bordignon Paola , Giannese Francesca , Cittaro Davide , Kuhlmann Tanja , D’Adamo Patrizia , Rocca Maria Assunta , Taverna Stefano , Martino Gianvito
Published: December 2020

The adult brain retains endogenous neural stem/precursors cells (eNPCs) in two major neurogenic niches, the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). While in humans and rodents the SGZ contributes to memory functions by generating new neurons that integrate into hippocampal circuitry, the role of eNPCs of the SVZ is less clear. SVZ-eNPCs contribute to the generation of new neurons fated to the olfactory bulb (OB) in rodents but not in humans where they are thought to contribute to striatal neurogenesis as a result of tissue damage.

Here, we show in mice and humans a novel non-neurogenic physiological role of adult SVZ-eNPCs in supporting cognitive functions by regulating striatal neuronal activity. We first provide evidence that GABAergic transmission between parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) and medium spiny neurons (MSNs) is tuned by SVZ-eNPCs via secretion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein Like 1 (IGFBPL-1) that, in turn, regulates the Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1) signalling cascade. Consistently, selective ablation of SVZ-eNPCs and in vivo disruption of the IGF-signalling determine the impairment of intrastriatal coherence. A finding associated with a higher failure rate of GABAergic transmission mediated by FSIs and with striatum-related behavioural dysfunctions impairing decision making. Human validation studies revealed IGFBPL-1 expression in the SVZ and in foetal and induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived NPCs as well as a strong correlation in neurological patients between SVZ pathological damage, reduction of striatum volume and impairment of information processing speed.

All in all, our results highlight a novel non-neurogenic homeostatic role exerted by SVZ-eNPCs on striatal GABAergic neurons that might contribute to cognitive processes involving decisions-making tasks.
Business group opportunism: the difference in real earnings management between parent firms and nonparent firms
Authors: Alawag Glenny
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to understand real earnings management behavior in the context of a parent–subsidiary relationship. It explores the differences between business groups and firms that do not have controlled subsidiaries and provides potential explanations for any measured difference.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses the random-effects generalized least squares (GLS) estimation to find the difference between the real earnings management behavior of business groups, represented by the ultimate parent firms and the nonparent firms from 73 countries.

Findings

The results show that ultimate parent firms have lower abnormal production costs and abnormal discretionary expenses than nonparent firms. In contrast, parent firms have higher abnormal cash flow from operations (CFO) than nonparent firms. The results are unexpected because abnormal production costs usually have a dominant direct relationship with abnormal CFO. The results indicate that business groups use a route different from manipulating production costs and discretionary expenses.

Research limitations/implications

The results reveal that parent firms use a route different from manipulating production costs and discretionary expenses. The results can be used to extend the discussion to specific business group cases, such as tracing the route or allocation of real earnings management (REM) pressure from a parent firm to its listed and private subsidiaries, and if the consolidation of minority voting rights and the transitivity of control affect the behavior in its subsidiaries.

Originality/value

Instead of the degree of diversification or affiliation, this paper investigates REM behavior based on the parent firm's control of its subsidiaries. With this approach, the study argues that business groups prefer a route other than manipulating production costs and discretionary expenses. The results may redirect the attention of regulators to the activities of parent firms that need more policing.
Assessing stakeholder network engagement
Authors: Okazaki Shintaro , Plangger Kirk , Roulet Thomas , Menéndez Héctor D.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

With the popularity of social media platforms, firms have now tangible means not only to reach out to their stakeholders, but also to closely monitor those interactions. Yet, there are limited methodological advances on how to measure a firm’s stakeholder networks, and the level of engagement firms have with these networks. Drawn upon the customer engagement and stakeholder theory literature, this study aims to propose an approach to calculate a firm’s stakeholder network engagement (SNE) index.

Design/methodology/approach

After deriving the SNE index formula mathematically, this study illustrates how the SNE index functions using eight firms’ online corporate social responsibility (CSR) networks across four diverse industries.

Findings

This study proposes and illustrates a new approach of capturing the SNE in a stakeholder network for use by academic and practical researchers.

Research limitations/implications

Researchers can use the SNE index to assess engagement in stakeholder networks in various contexts.

Practical implications

Managers can use the SNE index to assess, benchmark and improve the nature and quality of their CSR strategies to derive greater return on their CSR investments.

Originality/value

Building on the stakeholder, communication and network analysis literatures, this study conceptualises SNE in four theoretical dimensions, namely, diffusion, accessibility, interactivity and influence. Then, an index that measures SNE is mathematically derived and empirically illustrated.
Grey correlation analysis on the synergistic development between innovation-driven strategy and marine industrial agglomeration: based on China's coastal provinces
Authors: Xu Sheng , Yue Qingde , Lu Binbin
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy is of practical significance for improving the quality and efficiency of economic growth and accelerating the transformation of economic development mode. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of innovation-driven strategies on marine industry agglomeration and industrial transformation.

Design/methodology/approach

In traditional grey correlation analysis, when the positive and negative areas cancel each other out during the integration process, the calculation result of the correlation degree is often inconsistent with the qualitative analysis. For this reason, from the perspective of curve similarity, this paper constructs two response curves through the relative change area of the two curves and the relative area change ratio of similar degree, thus constructing an improved grey relational model.

Findings

The authors find that the innovation investment has a better correlation with marine industrial agglomeration. It also found that Guangdong Province has the highest degree of correlation between innovation indicators and marine industrial agglomeration. Much beyond the authors’ expectation, in the areas where marine industrial agglomeration is high, the synergistic effect is not obvious by using the location entropy method.

Originality/value

The improved grey correlation analysis method can effectively overcome the phenomenon that the positive and negative areas cancel each other in the integration process of the original algorithm, and it can also effectively measure the negative correlation between variables. This paper explores the impact of innovation drive on the agglomeration of marine industries, which is of great significance to the sustainable development of marine economy.
Cash waqf model for micro enterprises’ human capital development
Authors: Mohd Thas Thaker Mohamed Asmy , Amin Md Fouad , Mohd Thas Thaker Hassanudin , Khaliq Ahmad , Allah Pitchay Anwar
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The present paper aims to propose a viable alternative model for human capital development (HCD), termed as the integrated cash waqf micro enterprises investment (ICWME-I) model, which is expected to contribute to the development of micro enterprises in Malaysia.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper for the development of the ICWME-I model. It is purely qualitative in nature, using content analysis. It comprehensively reviews the literature related to HCD issues faced by micro enterprises and existing studies related to cash waqf (Islamic endowment) to construct the ICWME-I model.

Findings

The proposed ICWME-I model is specially designed for HCD of micro enterprises. It is an appropriate initiative to upgrade micro enterprises through HCD programmes by ensuring proper utilization of cash waqf funds to build modern training centres at subsidized costs with state-of-the-art facilities. The training centres would subsidize the participation fees of micro enterprises and provide them with facilities to undertake education and training programmes, as well as other kinds of activities for upgrading, improving and enhancing human capital capacity and skills of micro enterprises. The potential challenges of the ICWME-I model are also highlighted in this study.

Research limitations/implications

This paper attempts to construct the ICWME-I model based on an extensive review of literature related to micro enterprises, cash waqf and HCD. Among its major limitations is the fact that the ICWME-I model is not empirically validated and tested in this research. This can be carried out in future studies.

Practical implications

The present study could have an enormous impact on micro entrepreneurs via HCD programmes. The most important impact would be on government budgets, as this ICWME-I model is expected to generate its own funds from cash waqf for micro enterprises’ HCD.

Originality/value

This paper brings forward an original and viable model to develop human capital for micro enterprises development. This model involves the building of training centres using cash waqf raised from donors.
Corporate social responsibility in agribusiness: evidence in Latin America
Authors: Mello Morelle Maykon Monteiro , Freitas Wesley Ricardo de Souza , Teixeira Adriano Alves , Caldeira-Oliveira Jorge Henrique , Freitas-Silva Luis Gustavo
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Agribusiness has stood out in the economy sector as a form of countryside-city interaction due to its productive chain characterized by modernization coming from cities, especially in the industrial area. Thus, the present study analyzed corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of agribusiness, based on a survey of articles published in the Scopus database. The main objective of the research is to analyze whether the agribusiness sector has incorporated CSR into its internal policy.

Design/methodology/approach

For this, the methodology used was researching through a systematic literature review, in which 14,720 documents on CSR were found. When restricting the search for CSR in agribusiness, 44 articles were found, and it was noticed that three were based on analysis in Latin America, which were the object of the study.

Findings

From this, it was realized that the literature on the subject is scarce, but of fundamental importance for its adoption in the sector, as it brings economic and environmental benefits not only to companies but also to society as a whole.

Research limitations/implications

Although CSR is not yet the total solution to socioeconomic and environmental problems, it can be used as a strategy for raising companies’ awareness, based on the development of an organizational environmental culture, which brings competitive advantages over competitors who adopt them.

Originality/value

The topic of CSR is a recent discussion in the academic field, which is why it has few studies. Thus initially, we sought to analyze it in the scenario in Latin America, as presented in the present work. However, as a future stage of research in the area of CSR, this topic will be analyzed as an academic master’s degree in the context of the BRIC countries.
Environmental ethics, religious taboos and the Osun-Osogbo grove, Nigeria
Authors: Adewoyin Yemi , Mokwenye Ekene Michael , Ugwu Ndidiamaka Vivian
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) identifies building and development, a major corollary of population growth and urbanization, as the number one primary threat to the conservation of heritage sites worldwide. With efforts at conserving these sites focussing on anthropocentrism and ecocentrism, this study introduces and examines the role of the traditional African religion as a conservation strategy using the Osun-Osogbo grove in Nigeria as a case study.

Design/methodology/approach

Satellite imageries of the grove and surrounding areas were analysed for land-use and land cover change using Geographic Information Systems (GISs). A review of documentary evidence and key-informant interviews were also carried out on the state of the grove and how religious beliefs impact same.

Findings

Results showed that between 1986 and 2017, vegetal covers decreased by 77.1% while built-up areas grew by 342.4%. Despite the phenomenal rate of urbanization in the study area, the grove remained largely intact and even recorded a marginal increase in its vegetal cover and plant species. Qualitative data revealed that the fear of the religious taboos associated with the resident goddess of the grove, rather than a moral responsibility to the environment, was responsible for these outcomes.

Originality/value

The application of remote sensing and GIS in a transdisciplinary study of cultural heritage makes the work novel and contributes to the methodological approaches for such studies. The findings also show the potency of religion in environmental and cultural conservation.
Walkable environment and community well-being: a case from the city of Kwun Tong
Authors: Yu Andrew
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This study aims to examine the relationship between the walkable environment and community well-being of the older people in Kwun Tong, a district in Hong Kong.

Design/methodology/approach

Face-to-face survey interviews were conducted to collect data about perceived factors and community well-being of people aged 55 or above (N = 257, M = 71.78). Geographic information system was used to obtain geographic data to assess objective factors.

Findings

The results showed that perceived factors were more critical in explaining community well-being than objective factors.

Originality/value

This is one of the few research studies to study walkable environment and community well-being in both objective and subjective ways. The findings of this study could help policymakers and urban planners to move beyond the objective standard to better address the subjective environmental needs of older people in designing a walkable environment. The research findings also have implications for other Asian communities with similar environments and cultural backgrounds.
Comparison of pH and bacterial communities in the rumen and reticulum during fattening of Japanese Black beef cattle
Authors: Ogata Toru , Kim Yo‐Han , Iwamoto Eiji , Masaki Tatsunori , Ikuta Kentaro , Sato Shigeru
Published: December 2020

We used castrated and fistulated Japanese Black beef cattle (n = 9) to measure the pH and bacterial communities in the rumen liquid, rumen solid, and reticulum liquid during early, middle, and late fattening stages (10–14, 15–22, and 23–30 months of age, respectively). The pH was measured in the rumen and reticulum during the last 13 days of each fattening stage and was significantly lower in the rumen at the early and middle fattening stage and in the reticulum during the late stage. Sequencing analysis indicated similar bacterial compositions in the rumen and reticulum liquid fractions and stability of bacterial diversity in the rumen and reticulum liquid fractions and rumen solid fraction. By contrast, major operational taxonomic units (OTUs), such as Ruminococcus bromii strain ATCC 27255 (OTU1, OTU10, and OTU15), were differently correlated to the fermentation parameters among the rumen and reticulum liquid fractions. Therefore, the long‐term feeding of Japanese Black beef cattle with a high‐concentrate diet might reverse the trend of pH in the rumen and reticulum during the late fattening stage, and the bacterial communities adapted to changes in fermentation by preserving their diversity throughout fattening.
Computing for all?: Examining critical biases in computational tools for learning
Authors: Litts Breanne K. , Searle Kristin A. , Brayboy Bryan M. J. , Kafai Yasmin B.
Published: December 2020

Given the increased need for broadening participation in computing, there must be a focus not just on providing culturally relevant content but also on building accessible and inclusive computational tools. Most efforts to design culturally responsive computational tools redesign surface features, often through making nominal changes to add cultural meaning, yet the deeper structural design remains largely intact. We take a critical perspective towards novice programming environments to elucidate how the underlying structure privileges particular epistemologies and cultures. In this paper, we examine how the cultural practice of storytelling is supported and/or inhibited within novice programming tools. We draw upon the experiences of 38 Native American youth, who worked in teams to create place‐based, interactive stories and games for their community. Findings offer insights to the embedded cultural biases that exist in the structures of computational tools. We discuss insights for how to address cultural biases and promote deeper integration of cultural practices in future designs of culturally responsive computational tools.

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic?

Culturally responsive computing connects computing content heritage and vernacular cultural practices.

“Black boxing,” or lack of transparency in how it works, in computational tools makes it difficult for novices to enter computing cultures.

Design tools are embedded with particular ways of being, knowing, valuing and doing.

What this paper adds?

Thirty‐eight novice learners’ computational designs were shaped by the ways in which a computational tool privileged particular knowledge systems.

Storytelling, as a critical cultural practice, especially in Indigenous cultures, is heavily constrained by the design structure of computational tools.

Computational tools are cultural artifacts with deeply embedded epistemological, ontological and axiological biases, which directly frame what learners can do with these tools.

Implications for practice

Collaborative, community‐based design processes could mitigate the cultural biases that persist in computational tools.

Transparency in computation tools in critical to broadening participation in computing cultures.

Culturally responsive design of computational tools at the structural level is required to build inclusive computing cultures.
A multilevel analysis of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) rights support across 77 countries: The role of contact and country laws
Authors: Earle Megan , Hoffarth Mark Romeo , Prusaczyk Elvira , MacInnis Cara , Hodson Gordon
Published: December 2020

Although intergroup contact reduces prejudice generally, there are growing calls to examine contextual factors in conjunction with contact. Such an approach benefits from more sophisticated analytic approaches, such as multilevel modelling, that take both the individual (Level‐1) and their environment (Level‐2) into account. Using this approach, we go beyond attitudes to assess both individual and contextual predictors of support for gay/lesbian and transgender rights. Using a sample of participants across 77 countries, results revealed that personal gay/lesbian contact (Level‐1) and living in a country with more gay/lesbian rights (Level‐2) predicted greater support for gay/lesbian rights (n = 71,991). Likewise, transgender contact and living in a country with more transgender rights predicted more support for transgender rights (n = 70,056). Cross‐level interactions are also presented and discussed. Overall, findings highlight the importance of both individual and contextual factors in predicting support for LGBT communities.
Clinical presentation and molecular characterization of a novel patient with variant POC1A‐related syndrome
Authors: Majore Silvia , Agolini Emanuele , Micale Lucia , Pascolini Giulia , Zuppi Paolo , Cocciadiferro Dario , Morlino Silvia , Mattiuzzo Matteo , Valiante Michele , Castori Marco , Novelli Antonio , Grammatico Paola
Published: December 2020

Biallelic pathogenic variants in POC1A result in SOFT (Short‐stature, Onychodysplasia, Facial‐dysmorphism, and hypoTrichosis) and variant POC1A‐related (vPOC1A) syndromes. The latter, nowadays described in only two unrelated subjects, is associated with a restricted spectrum of variants falling in exon 10, which is naturally skipped in a specific POC1A mRNA. The synthesis of an amount of a POC1A isoform from this transcript in individuals with vPOC1A syndrome has been believed as the likely explanation for such a genotype–phenotype correlation. Here, we illustrate the clinical and molecular findings in a woman who resulted to be compound heterozygous for a recurrent frameshift variant in exon 10 and a novel variant in exon 9 of POC1A. Phenotypic characteristics of this woman included severe hyperinsulinemic dyslipidemia, acanthosis nigricans, moderate growth restriction, and dysmorphisms. These manifestations overlap the clinical features of the two previously published individuals with vPOC1A syndrome. RT‐PCR analysis on peripheral blood and subsequent sequencing of the obtained amplicons demonstrated a variety of POC1A alternative transcripts that resulted to be expressed in the proband, in the healthy mother, and in controls. We illustrate the possible consequences of the two POC1A identified variants in an attempt to explain pleiotropy in vPOC1A syndrome.
ROSCAS as Insurance: Comparing Formal and Informal Methods of Saving among the Unskilled Workers in the Ethiopian Cut‐Flower Industry
Authors: Ryu Eun Jin , Suzuki Aya
Published: December 2020

We explore the factors associated with the savings choice among bank accounts, informal savings groups, and cash savings at home using primary data collected from low‐income production workers in cut‐flower farms in Ethiopia. A unique contextual feature of our sample is that workers have full access to banks as well as ROSCAs, which allow us to focus on the demand side of saving methods. We find that self‐insured workers with greater assets tend to save more in banks. We further find that risk aversion is positively associated with ROSCAs savings but not bank savings, suggesting the workers value the insurance aspect of ROSCAs. We also find that those with greater social connectedness tend to save more with ROSCAs. Overall, we find that informal savings groups work as insurance, complementing formal financial institutions.
Growth Spillovers for the MENA Region: Geography, Institutions, or Trade?
Authors: Baysoy Merve Aksoylar , Altug Sumru
Published: December 2020

We examine the role of spatial spillovers in economic growth for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We explicitly model spatial interactions that may arise from geography, bilateral trade, or institutional similarities, and ask how much they are likely to matter for growth externalities and spillover effects. We find that the economic growth of a MENA country is positively affected by the economic growth of countries that are geographically close and that have similar institutional characteristics. The spillover effects of growth are due to economic activities in countries that trade primarily in oil, which accounts for the gap in spillover effects due to institutional similarity between resource‐rich and resource‐poor countries in the MENA region. However, trade linkages matter less. Where they do have an effect, it is through the local range effects of a spatially lagged explanatory variable capturing the effects of the trade balance on growth.
Ready or not? Greater readiness for independent self‐care predicts better self‐management but not HbA1c in teens with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Goethals Eveline R. , Volkening Lisa K. , Tinsley Liane , Laffel Lori M.
Published: December 2020

Objective

Prior to the transfer from paediatric to adult health care transition, teens with type 1 diabetes seek increasing independence in diabetes self‐care while parent involvement in care decreases. Yet, few teens attain glycaemic targets. This study aimed to assess changes in perceived readiness for independent self‐care in teens with type 1 diabetes over 18 months, from both teens' and parents' perspectives, and to evaluate its predictive value for diabetes self‐management and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).

Research design and methods

At baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months, 178 teens with type 1 diabetes (mean ± SD age 14.9±1.3 years; HbA1c 8.5 ± 1.0% (69 ± 11 mmol/mol); 48% female) and their parents completed the Readiness for Independent Self‐Care Questionnaire (RISQ‐T and RISQ‐P, respectively) and a measure of self‐management. Chart review provided HbA1c values. Statistical analyses encompassed bivariate correlations, paired t‐tests and multivariable longitudinal mixed models.

Results

Teens perceived greater self‐care readiness than their parents at baseline and over 18 months of follow‐up. Both teen and parent perceptions of teen readiness for independent self‐care increased over time, and significantly predicted higher teen self‐ and parent proxy‐reported teen diabetes self‐management, respectively, but not improved HbA1c.

Conclusions

The current findings may point to a disconnect between how increased readiness for independent self‐care may translate into better perceived diabetes self‐management, but not into better HbA1c. In an effort to optimize HbA1c in teens with type 1 diabetes, future research is needed to design interventions that align perceived readiness for independent self‐care with self‐care behaviours that improve HbA1c.
Duration of untreated illness of patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder in Japan
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshihiro , Nakamae Takashi , Abe Yoshinari , Watanabe Anri , Narumoto Jin
Published: December 2020

Aim

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and severe disease; however, the duration of untreated illness (DUI) of OCD is approximately 7 years, which is longer than that of other psychiatric disorders. Differences in medical environments have been reported to affect the DUI. Therefore, we surveyed the DUI of OCD in Japan and the reason for delayed treatment.

Methods

The study participants were outpatients who visited the OCD specialty outpatient clinic for the first time between June 1, 2017 and May 31, 2019. Obsessive–compulsive disorder was diagnosed using the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, and semistructured clinical interviews, which included asking the reason for the delay in seeking treatment and treatment drop‐out history.

Results

Seventy‐one patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. The mean period between OCD and the first visit to the hospital was 2.8 years and the mean DUI of OCD was 4.7 years. There was a significant difference in the history of tic disorders and treatment drop out between patients with a DUI of >2 years and those with a DUI of ≤2 years. The most common reason for delaying treatment was that the patient did not consider the symptoms of OCD to be those of an illness, and the most common reason for dropping out of treatment was lack of improvement.

Conclusions

This was the first study on the DUI of OCD in Japan. The DUI was relatively shorter than that found by studies in other countries. Stopping treatment lengthened the duration of the illness. Preventing the patient from dropping out of treatment could further shorten the duration of the illness.
Effects of evolutionary time, speciation rates and local abiotic conditions on the origin and maintenance of amphibian montane diversity
Authors: García‐Rodríguez Adrián , Velasco Julián A. , Villalobos Fabricio , Parra‐Olea Gabriela
Published: December 2020

Aim

High levels of species richness in mountains are associated with their hypothetical roles as cradles and/or museums of diversity, but the generality of these roles remains unknown. To fill this gap, we tested these two hypotheses at a global scale and assessed the direct and indirect effects of abiotic regional features on the variation of montane amphibian richness world‐wide.

Location

Global.

Time period

The last c. 300 Myr.

Major taxa studied

Amphibians.

Methods

Using an amphibian phylogeny containing 7,238 species, along with species distribution and climatic data, we estimated species richness, speciation rates, evolutionary time, terrain roughness, area and climatic stability for 514 mountain ranges. We evaluated the direct and indirect effects of these variables on richness patterns across these mountains using structural equation models.

Results

We found that most diverse mountain ranges for amphibians are concentrated in the Neotropics, but the fastest speciation rates are not restricted to this region. Instead, we found that evolutionary time, area and climatic stability better explained the global patterns of amphibian diversity in mountains. Species richness is higher in mountain regions with large and climatically stable areas, where early‐derived lineages originated/established and accumulated through time.

Main conclusions

Mountains host an invaluable biodiversity shaped through deep time. Differences in speciation rates do not play a major role in explaining amphibian species richness across mountains. Instead, mountains experiencing milder historical climatic oscillations and having greater available areas for species persistence are likely to have faced lower extinction rates, leading to an increased accumulation of amphibian species through time. This condition highlights the importance of mountains as museums of deep evolutionary legacies and species‐rich biotas.