bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of protein supplementation and ecotype on growth performance and carcass traits of Nguni goats
Authors: Ndlovu D.Z. , Mkwanazi M.V. , Chimonyo M.
Published: May 2022

Nguni goats are thought not to respond to dietary protein supplementation. The objective of the study was to determine the interaction of protein supplementation and ecotype on growth performance and carcass traits of Nongoma, Msinga and Cedara Nguni goat ecotypes. Thirty-six five-month-old castrated males were randomly allotted to a 3 × 3 factorial design experiment and provided 0, 150 and 300 g protein concentrate per day. There was an interaction of ecotype and protein supplementation on average daily gain (ADG). The ADG of the Nongoma and Cedara goats increased with protein supplementation, but the Msinga ecotype was not affected by the treatments. Goats of the Cedara ecotype weighed 34.4 kg when provided 300 g of supplement, whereas the Nongoma ecotype weighed 26.5 kg at slaughter when unsupplemented. The dressing percentage did not differ with the level of protein supplementation or ecotype. From the fifth quarter, the skin was affected by ecotype, gut fill by protein supplementation and the weight of the head by both factors. The Cedara ecotype had a heavier fifth quarter at 300 g supplementation. There was no interaction of protein supplementation and ecotype on dissectible fat. Intestine and visceral fats were affected by protein supplementation, whereas stomach fat was affected by ecotype.
Effects of carrot leaves on digestibility of feed, and cholesterol and β-carotene content of egg yolks
Authors: Siti N.W. , Bidura I.G.N.G.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of carrot leaf supplementation on feed digestibility and the cholesterol and β-carotene contents of the yolks of eggs produced by Lohmann Brown laying hens. A feeding trial was conducted using 240 healthy 30-week-old laying hens kept in colony cages to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with carrot leaves. Carrot leaf extract (CLE) was prepared by macerating carrot leaves in distilled water (1:1, w/w). The hens were fed diets i) without carrot leaves (C0), ii) supplemented with 2% carrot leaf flour (CLF)(C1); iii) supplemented with 2% CLE(C2); and iv) supplemented with 1% CLF and 1% CLE (C3). Supplementation of CLE, CLF and in combination increased dry matter, organic matter and protein digestibility significantly. Feed efficiency was improved, and eggshell thickness, yolk colour and β-carotene content in yolk increased. Supplementation with CFL or CLE produced significantly lower serum and yolk cholesterol contents. Dietary supplementation of laying hens with CLF and CLE also increased egg production and β-carotene contents in yolk.
A roadmap to make Peru regional power in Latin America
Authors: Sánchez W. A.
Published: May 2022

The Republic of Peru marked its bicentennial on July 28, 2021 with political instability, economic problems, a narco-terrorist movement, around one million Venezuelan refugees, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the Andean nation has many resources to obtain a greater international role, Peru’s geopolitical weight is limited. The article discusses the main factors that are taken into account to classify a country as a regional power. Moreover, a roadmap is offered for Peru to improve its international image for the tercentennial. These recommendations include ensuring the leading role of the Peruvian armed forces in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions; The Andean Community of Nations under the leadership of Peru to ensure its greatest relevance, as well as “soft power” proposals. Likewise, it is necessary that in Peru, not only the executive power, but also the different governmental agencies and civilian sectors, strive towards making their homeland a regional power. In 2021, in a fragmented Latin America, with no clear regional leader, and with problems such as the pandemic and the situation in Venezuela, there is room for the new regional power to emerge. Peru could take the role, if it has the ambition and a long-term strategic vision.
Expropriation and consequence: Peru-United States relations (1963–1975)
Authors: Romero Somme G.
Published: May 2022

This article studies the nature of Peru-United States relations during the period 1963–1975 through an analysis of the dispute over the potential expropriation of the US-owned International Petroleum Company. The United States government implemented a tough policy towards the first government of Fernando Belaúnde – who sough a “special” relation with the Unites States –characterized by the threat of economic sanctions if the Peruvian government did not solve the issue in favor of the company. The threat of the Hickenlooper Amendment, which sought to penalize countries that expropriated American owned businesses, was a clear sign of this. Once the company was expropriated by the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces in 1968 the American government was ironically forced to follow a more flexible approach, as the new military regime sought to diversify its bilateral relations in the bipolar context of the Cold War. The American policy of supporting the IPC had negative long-term effects fo American interests in the region, as it accelerated the overthrown of Belaúnde and ushered in the arrival of a military junta which sought a more independent foreign policy. A country that had been solid American ally camp since the end of World War II had become a nonaligned nation.
The Sino-Peruvian relation and the construction of the official narrative of Peru as a hub management
Authors: Guerra-Barón A.
Published: May 2022

This article discusses the driving forces behind the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Peru. Accordingly, the importance of bilateral cooperation in the development of Sino-Peruvian relations is being assessed. Given that the Chinese presence in Peru is an extended phenomenon, the article attempts to determine the extent of China’s influence on bilateral relations and its importance in building the official narrative of Peruvian decision-makers regarding the trans-Pacific image they aim to project in relation to China. For this reassion the article recurs to the productive notion of power, focusing on intangible elements mainly to enquire by the discursive constructions of the Peruvian technocrat agents and related practices embedded into the Sino-Peruvian relation −strongly led by the Asian country. The article concludes that the main topics of bilateral cooperation make it possible to single out four stages of China’s international policy towards Peru. Even though the Sino-Peruvian relation does not ground either can be explained exclusively on economic criteria or an institutional basis, the current associativity between both countries answer to the reciprocal knowledge triggered by migratory waves of the Chinese in moments of economic and political stress. At the same time, the discourses and narratives created by Peruvian technocrats acknowledge the country’s trans-Pacific identity; China’s weight in this identification is defining for the narrative of Peru as a bridge country in the 1990s and South America’s operational hub in Asia in the 21st century.
Synthesis and Structure of Platinum (II) Complexes with Dithiodiethylamine
Authors: Nurullayeva Seljan , Babayev Ziya
Published: May 2022

The interaction of dithiodiethylamine (cystamine) (L1) with platinum compounds in non-aqueous and aqueous media has been studied. It was shown that in aqueous solutions the disulfide bond L1 cleaves with the subsequent coordination of platinum of the resulting β-mercaptoethylamine (mercamine, LH). Depending on the reaction conditions, binuclear complexes of the composition [Рt2(LН)2С14] with bridging chlorine or sulfur atoms or [Рt2L2С12] with bridging chlorine atoms are formed. An X-ray structural analysis of the complex [Рt2(LН)2С14] (I) was carried out. Crystals of I are rhombic, at 20°С а = 17.283(1), b = 9.987(1), с = 8.0187(9) Å; R = 0.030. Molecule I is a binuclear complex in which platinum atoms are linked by a pair of bridging thiolate ligands (-SСН2-СН2-МН3+). The Рt2S2 metal cycle is bent along the sulfur-sulfur line, so that the dihedral angle between the coordination planes of platinum atoms is 138 °. The S-S distance, equal to 2.909 (1) Å, is noticeably shorter than the double van der Waals radius of the sulfur atom (3.60 Å). Carrying out the reaction in benzene makes it possible to obtain the complex (L1Н2)[РtХ4] (X = С1, Вг) with the retention of the sulfur-sulfur bond in the ligand. The structure of the complexes is confirmed by the data of IR spectroscopy.
Experimental Study of Friction and Wear Behaviour of Ni Based Superalloy Material
Authors: Lakhdar Amer , Messaoud Hamouda
Published: May 2022

Nickel based superalloy material is used for the design of dampers in steam and gas turbine. Parametric study of rubbing velocity, contact pressure and contact temperature influence on Nickel based superalloy material coefficient of friction and wear analysis. Friction is not desirable in machines, but it is desirable in design parameter for brakes and clutches. In the present paper, an experimental investigation is carried to find out the coefficient of friction and wear rate of Nickel based superalloy material. Experiments are carried by using a pin on disk apparatus on different diameter pins and disks of the same material. The experiments are carried on normal load ranging from 10 to 200N, speed varies from 200 to 2000 rpm and, wear track diameter ranging from 5 to 160 mm. Thus, the coefficient of friction and wear rate were studied with varying normal load at a constant rubbing velocity for different diameter pins. Thereafter the coefficient of friction and wear rate studied at a constant normal load with varying rubbing velocities for different diameter pins. By varying normal load at constant rubbing velocity it is observed that coefficient of friction decreases and wear rate increases for all diameter pins
Population Pharmacokinetics/PD Modelling: a Systematic Review
Authors: Hexy Mary , Jose Subha Hency
Published: May 2022

It is critical to administer the correct dose of medications during the treatment regimen. Dosing inappropriately might worsen the illness or possibly result in death. The first and only important approach in clinical drug development is to determine an individual's precise dose. Pharmacokinetic variability is characterized by interindividual changes in anatomical and physiological variables. Population modeling requires a strong foundation of processes to ensure accurate data, appropriate computational platforms, sufficient resources, and good communication are all required. This paper examines the various methods for developing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models. There are a variety of ways that can be used to build population modelling: Nonlinear Mixed-effects Modeling, Bayesian population pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, Physiological covariate modeling, Visual predictive check are some of the modeling strategies that have been discussed here. The evolution of modeling software is explored in this article. The greatest way for determining the optimal treatment for a patient with a certain ailment is to optimize drugs through optimum control. Different control techniques are also explored in this article.
Sistem Agribisnis Usaha Ternak Itik di Desa Slorok Kecamatan Doko Kabupaten Blitar
Authors: Azizah Siti
Published: May 2022

Agribisnis peternakan merupakan bagian integral pembangunan pertanian sebagai subsektor yang memenuhi protein hewani masyarakat. Pengembangan sistem agribisnis peternakan membutuhkan kinerja sub sistem yang baik di dalamnya. Itik adalah unggas potensial penghasil telur dan daging yang banyak dibudidayakan di Desa Slorok Kecamatan Doko Kabupaten Blitar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ssstem agribisnis usaha ternak itik yang berguna untuk pengembangan usaha ternak d masa yang akan datang. Hasil penelitian akan membantu merumuskan kebijakan pembangunan usaha peternakan itik di Desa Slorok berdasarkan potensi dan masalah yang terdapat dalam sistem agribisnis itik. Kajian tentang kegiatan dan kebijakan pada sub sistem budidaya itik yaitu input, manajemen pemeliharaan, pengolahan produk, pemasaran, dan perdagangan sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan sistem agribisnis itik di lokasi penelitian. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni sampai Januari 2022 dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Pemilihan informan mengunakan metode Informan Kunci (Key Informant) dan informan lanjutan ditentukan dengan teknik snowball dengan mempertimbangkan pengalaman dan pengetahuan agribisnis itik di Desa Slorok. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, keempat sub sistem agribisnis tersebut belum saling terkait dan keberadaannya masih bersifat parsial dan belum terintegrasi. Kebijakan pengembangan peternakan di Desa Slorok di tingkat sub sistem hulu dengan demikian ditujukan pada perbaikan pakan, permodalan, pembinaan, pendampingan untuk bargaining power dalam menentukan harga di level pengepul atau konsumen akhir.
Analysis of Online Community Services in Problem Solving Studying at Open University: A Case Study to Improving Problem-Solving Ability of PGSD
Authors: Pak Guru  , Titik Setyowati  , Suparti  , Sulistyono  , Widiasih
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze problems in online communities to help solve problems faced by Open University (OU) students in terms of topics discussed in online communities, problems that arise in online communities, the process of counseling guidance in online communities, improving student problem-solving skills after discussing in online communities. This research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive design. All Elementary School Teacher Education (PGSD) students who post on online community services, from January 2019 to December 2019 as research objects. Data were collected using the documentary method and a problem-solving ability test for students from the Bojonegoro study group. Data from the online community is described based on the proportions while the problem-solving ability with N-gain, sensitivity, and completeness. The results showed: (1) The topics discussed in the online community service were introductions, registration, tutoring/study, and grades/exams; (2) Problems that arise in online community services are registration, tutorials, grades, and exams; (3) The process of counseling guidance in online community services for student problems is karstic; (4) Students' problem-solving ability after discussing in online community services increases and is in high criteria.
Reconstrucción y consistencia factorial: la regla del codo aplicada al RMSEA, análisis paralelo y otras pruebas confirmatorias
Authors: Rabadán-Pérez Francisco , Berumen Sergio A. , Guiance-Lapido Jaime , Hernández Mora Cristóbal
Published: May 2022

La comparación de encuestas presenta problemas metodológicos recurrentes, dentro de los que destacan particularmente: i) las dificultades asociadas a la falta de continuidad, bien por el añadido de nuevas preguntas o por la eliminación de otras; ii) las dificultades propias en la selección de las variables a comparar; iii) la necesidad de recodificación entre cuestionarios no coincidentes, y iv) la discrecionalidad en las unidades de medida de las variables. Así, para la investigación en métodos cuantitativos se precisan procedimientos que permitan recuperar la estructura factorial, realizar comparaciones entre variables y recodificar las unidades de medida y en la escala, todo ello en distintos periodos. Para evaluar en qué medida se mantiene la estructura factorial, en el presente artículo se proponen medidas de bondad del ajuste y contrastes propios del análisis factorial confirmatorio, a lo que se añade una aplicación novedosa del principio de parsimonia a los estadísticos RMSEA, FIT y BIC, a través de la conocida regla del codo en el gráfico de sedimentación. La propuesta metodológica se valida a través de dos publicaciones del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) de distintos años y centradas en el fenómeno del fraude fiscal.
Réflexions sur la responsabilité pénale des personnes morales dans le nouveau Code pénal camerounais de 2016
Authors: GUEAZANG NGUEPI Noel Gautier , MVONDO MVONDO Hervé , NOUAZI KEMKENG Carole Valérie
Published: May 2022

Pendant de longues années, le Cameroun a ignoré la possibilité d’une responsabilité pénale appliquée aux personnes morales. Cette responsabilité était évoquée par certaines lois spécifiques. Le Code pénal actuel introduit cette innovation essentielle et définit à la fois le domaine de cette responsabilité et les conditions de sa mise en œuvre. La présente réflexion permet de montrer que le nouveau Code pénal marque une rupture avec l’impossibilité pratique d’imputer une responsabilité pénale à un être collectif. Cette innovation montre que le législateur a ainsi aménagé un régime propre d’incrimination et de répression des infractions commises par les personnes morales.
L’usage d’Internet comme circonstance aggravante de responsabilité pénale, une introduction
Authors: OBAME Alain Hugues
Published: May 2022

Depuis sa genèse, la régulation tant nationale que transnationale d’Internet est restée un enjeu majeur. Ce défi se pose avec acuité au regard de l’influence d’Internet sur la criminalité. Cet essai introduit l’hypothèse d’une tendance de la législation camerounaise à retenir des peines plus lourdes pour les infractions commises par voie d’Internet. Nous questionnons les dynamiques sociales et les effets juridico-politiques de la codification de l’utilisation d’Internet comme une circonstance aggravante de responsabilité pénale. Sur la base d’un questionnaire renseigné en ligne par des magistrats, d’une exploitation des interactions issues des réseaux sociaux Facebook et Whatsapp et d’une revue documentaire interdisciplinaire, cette réflexion est structurée en trois axes. D’abord, une comparaison des quanta de peines pour des délits de « criminalité traditionnelle » et certains cybercrimes relevant des violences sexuelles et des atteintes à la paix privée et publique. Ensuite, le contraste de la prolifération « brutale » des cyberinfractions en dépit de cette « répression numérique » est mis en exergue. Cette réaction sociale dissonante pousse à constater l’impuissance ou l’inadaptation de cette loi pénale sévère sur le cyberespace. Enfin, nous explorons la capacité des mécanismes de coopération judiciaire transnationale et de vulgarisation du dispositif normatif à renforcer l’efficacité, l’équité et la légitimité du droit pénal d’Internet.
De l’interprétation sociologique de la réforme du Code pénal camerounais de 2016
Authors: MBOG IBOCK Martin Raymond Willy
Published: May 2022

Cet article se veut une contribution au débat sur le raisonnement sociologique autour de l’appréhension et la préhension de la réforme du Code pénal camerounais de 2016. Il vise à réfléchir sur les cadres de référence sous-jacents du savoir socialisé du sociologue, en rapport avec le nouveau dispositif pénal camerounais du 12 juillet 2016. Devant un tel intérêt, il questionne la légitimité des ressources de l’interprétation sociologique de la réforme du Code pénal camerounais en vigueur. Autrement dit, comment le sociologue, dans son mode de raisonnement et à partir (de l’objectivation savante) des ressources mobilisées, cerne-t-il les pertinences interprétatives de la réforme du Code pénal camerounais de 2016? Partant de-là, l’on soutient l’idée que l’interprétation sociologique de la réforme du Code pénal camerounais dépend des techniques ou niveaux d’analyse (hybrides) découlant d’une série d’« actes interprétatifs » relatifs et pluriels. Pour vérifier ou confirmer cette hypothèse, il est indispensable d’examiner, de prime abord, les ressorts probatoires de l’interprétation sociologique de la réforme du Code pénal camerounais de 2016 à partir du développement d’une réflexivité sous l’égide de l’explication rationnelle. Après quoi, il est intéressant de se livrer à la compréhension analytique de cette réforme, en allant décrypter le sens « interne » ou « endogène ».
Normes sociales et sanctions sociales en Afrique noire : le cas du Dahomey de 1600 à 1894
Authors: SÉRO Thikandé
Published: May 2022

Saisir les différents mécanismes de création de la norme, sa fonction dans la répression des infractions et le système traditionnel de sanction, tel est l’objet de cette recherche ayant pour cadre le Dahomey entre 1600 et 1894. En effet, la société dahoméenne connaît un système de production de normes juridiques. Ces règles de droit d’origines diverses relèvent du divin, de l’usage régulier dans la régulation sociale et cosmogonique. Elles restent l’apanage du roi, parfois en collaboration avec les notables. La norme est une émanation sociale et la récrimination des différentes situations criminologiques ne répond pas à un mécanisme de solution unique. Dans la société dahoméenne, les infractions à l’ordre social ne sont pas toutes sanctionnées de la même manière, car demeurant divergentes sous la forme et le fond. La société elle-même s’identifie comme principale actrice de la condamnation de ces infractions en adhérant à une certaine délégation naturelle de sa volonté, et de sa liberté de condamner. On parlera alors de sanctions sociales découlant de normes sociales.
Code pénal et droit civil coutumier
Authors: DZEUKOU Guy Blaise
Published: May 2022

Si le droit pénal – dont les règles sont par nature écrites, précises et impératives – a depuis longtemps été unifié (1967), tel n’est pas le cas du droit civil, caractérisé par la dualité des droits applicables (droit écrit, droit coutumier). Aucune discipline juridique n’étant hermétique, le droit civil a toujours entretenu des rapports étroits avec le droit pénal. C’est certainement le cas du droit civil écrit. Serait-ce le cas du droit civil coutumier, dont les règles juridiques sont en général non écrites, reposant sur des pratiques constantes et répétées auxquelles les intéressé·e·s reconnaissent un caractère juridique contraignant? Quelle place le nouveau Code pénal accorde au droit coutumier? Il ressort de l’étude de ses dispositions qu’il assure une consécration épurée du droit coutumier. Cette reconnaissance est certaine. Elle est directe, par l’évocation de notions ou d’allusions relatives au droit coutumier ainsi que d’institutions spécifiquement coutumières. Elle est moins directe, par des références conceptuelles pénalisant des faits en rapport évident avec certaines pratiques coutumières. Cette reconnaissance est néanmoins assainie. Certaines incriminations ont été modifiées ou transposées, tandis que d’autres ont été créées, pour corriger, atténuer ou lutter contre divers us et coutumes intolérables. Certainement louable, car soucieux d’assurer une certaine modernisation du droit pénal et le respect des engagements internationaux du Cameroun, le Code pénal de 2016 demeure toutefois sujet à critiques en raison de diverses omissions et de la vacuité de certaines de ses dispositions qui, pourtant, sont par nature d’interprétation stricte.
La protection de la dot en droit pénal camerounais : un affaiblissement législatif d’une institution traditionnelle
Authors: DJOMO TAMEN Valéry Blériot
Published: May 2022

Dans une société camerounaise en proie à de fortes pressions matérielles et financières, la tradition dotale perd de plus en plus sa valeur consacrée pour une valeur marchande. La législation pénale de 1967 a bien voulu la recadrer, mais sans toutefois s’entourer de précautions suffisantes. La dot est une institution coutumière dont le rapport à la répression pénale constitue une menace à la paix et à la cohésion sociale, la famille étant la base de la société. La récente réforme du Code pénal du 12 juillet 2016 censée y remédier l’a malheureusement reconduite in extenso, entérinant ainsi les ambiguïtés ou imprécisions de cette législation. La présente étude entend montrer que la protection de la dot, en l’état actuel de notre législation, est difficile, voire défaillante. La problématique qui se dégage est donc celle de savoir si la législation pénale en vigueur protège efficacement la dot au Cameroun. N’affaiblit-elle pas finalement cette institution traditionnelle? À travers les méthodes exégétique et socio-anthropologique, l’étude entend présenter les faiblesses législatives de la protection de la dot au Cameroun et propose une réforme en lien avec certaines dispositions textuelles querellées dans un contexte camerounais où la protection des valeurs traditionnelles demeure un défi historique et symbolique.
L’africanisation de la législation pénale afférente à la tradipratique camerounaise : enjeux sanitaires
Authors: GUIDASSA Éric
Published: May 2022

Si au lendemain de sa création, l’UA, entérinant la décision de l’OUA, fit de la décennie 2001-2010 celle de la Médecine traditionnelle africaine au Cameroun, cet engagement de promotion de la tradipratique n’est pas honoré. La preuve, en 2007, dans un avant-projet de loi du 4 avril, le MINSANTE demandait aux tradipraticien·ne·s d’améliorer leurs posologies et de se spécialiser dans le soin d’au trop cinq maladies. D’emblée, pareille déclaration peut faire penser à la valorisation de la tradipratique. Pourtant, il s’agit de faire disparaître du champ médical camerounais, toute médecine « ésotérique ». Sinon, pourquoi contraindre les tradipraticien·ne·s à « améliorer » leurs posologies et à se spécialiser dans le soin d’au trop cinq pathologies? N’est-ce pas obligé leur art à s’acculturer en supprimant ses spécificités que sont l’« impondérable » et la globalité? Cette volonté d’acculturation de la tradipratique n’est pas nouvelle. Elle est d’ailleurs un legs colonial et remonte à l’arrêté du 4 octobre 1924 signé de Marchand, Commissaire de la République française au Cameroun, qui interdisait sa pratique et faisait emprisonner ses praticien·ne·s. Or, l’une des préoccupations de l’OMS pour l’Afrique depuis 1950 est d’encourager l’épanouissement d’arts médicaux qui considèrent les réalités socioculturelles des malades africain·e·s. Le présent article met en évidence ce que peut gagner le Cameroun au plan sanitaire, en trouvant aux lois pénales relatives à la tradipratique, des contenus qui tiennent compte de la conception camerounaise de l’humain, de la santé et de la maladie.
Multiplication des taxis artisanaux à Ouagadougou : demande de transport ou spécificité de l’activité?
Authors: SIGUE Ousseny , NIKIEMA Aude
Published: May 2022

Parmi les villes ouest-africaines, Ouagadougou est une particularité. Les transports en commun, reposant sur l’intervention étatique, et malgré plusieurs efforts, peinent à se développer. La capitale burkinabè est une de celles où les déplacements à pied sont les plus faibles et où les moyens de transport privés, par deux roues motorisés, sont les plus utilisés dans les mobilités quotidiennes. Pourtant, dans ce paysage, le transport par taxi s’est maintenu au cours des décennies. Estimé à un millier dans les années 1990, leur nombre dépasserait 5000 en 2020. La question est de comprendre les caractéristiques de ce développement et les raisons du maintien de ce transport collectif. La méthodologie de ce travail repose sur une approche géographique (géoréférencement des gares de taxi) et qualitative (entretiens auprès d’un échantillon de taximen et de client·e·s). La fonction artisanale de ce moyen de déplacement, très sollicité dans les activités économiques (transport de marchandises) et sociales (déménagement, évacuation sanitaire), justifie sans doute cette continuité et le déploiement limité des gares de taxi sur le territoire urbain. Il révèle ainsi la ville active, mais également les insuffisances des équipements et les inégalités sociales, en tant que moyen de transport des populations les plus modestes.
"Road Vehicles - Brake Linings Friction Materials - Visual Inspection" - ISO DIS Upgrade
Authors:   VRI - Verband der Reibbelagindustrie e.V., GERMANY, Jandl Andreas
Published: May 2022

This project consists in converting the existing ISO PAS 22574 (Publicly Available Specification) into an ISO DIS Standard, the purpose of which is to define characteristic features for the visual inspection of friction materials in the unused state, used for disc and drum brakes of passenger cars (PC) and commercial vehicles (CV). Since this standard, as a visual inspection catalog, is intended to play an important role in applied quality management and in the formation of quality awareness among friction material manufacturers, system suppliers and vehicle manufacturers, special attention must be paid to the validation and compliance with the formalism of the contents of this standard.
Determination of the Influence of Metal Sulphides on the Tribofilm and the Friction Behavior
Authors:   Rimsa Metal Technology S.A, SPAIN, Macías Gabriela , Lorenzana Carlos ,   University of Barcelona, SPAIN, Fernandez Javier
Published: May 2022

Metal sulphides are additives that are used in brake pad formulations because they help to stabilize the coefficient of friction, reduce wear and improve NVH. Previous rimsa studies have shown that the oxidation mechanism of metal sulphides is one of the key properties that explain their contribution to performance and wear. Depending on the metal sulphide, the oxidation mechanism is different and so is the tribochemistry. Hence, the transfer layer formed will strongly depend on the metal sulphide used. This work is focused on establishing a connection among the metal sulphide oxidation, the transfer layer formed and the performance. The friction behavior was determined through two tests, J2522 and J2707, using a NAO formula where only the metal sulphide was varied. While the transfer layer characterization was carried out through pad SEM-EDS cross-section analysis, after each test. The differences in thermal profile of J2522 and J2707 illustrate the correlation between performance and wear and different oxidation mechanisms depending on the metal sulphide used. SEM characterization of pad surface also shows that the transfer layer morphology varies depending on the metal sulphide used in the formulation. Hence, the results of this research indicate that the morphology of the transfer layer and the friction behaviour strongly depend on the oxidation mechanism of the metal sulphide.
A Comparison between Stationary and Dynamic Wear Tests of Brake Pads
Authors:   TU Braunschweig, GERMANY, Kijanski Jacek , Ostermeyer Georg-Peter
Published: May 2022

Investigations of wear and wear dust behavior of brake systems are increasingly becoming the focus of research activities in science and industry. Environmental protection as well as health and economic aspects play a driving role in this context. In contrast to these important issues, the wear behavior of brake pads is still poorly understood. Due to the different material compositions of brake pads, it is also very difficult to gain universally valid insights, even when testing under stationary conditions. In previous publications, it was already identified that the friction history or a dynamic load collective can lead to different wear rates despite the same idle work. This was demonstrated by means of a multitude of real driving profiles and decreasing velocity profile measurements using the Automated Universal Tribotester at the Institute of Dynamics and Vibrations. The results of the investigations accordingly raised new questions, which will be addressed here. In addition, the knowledge gained here should serve as a metrological basis for the mathematical description of wear processes in the boundary layer of brake systems in the future. For this purpose, tests are carried out on the AUT with further load profiles on different brake pads. The results of these systematically performed measurements allow a step-by-step comparison of the wear results and friction coefficients as well as the surface topographies. This, in turn, makes it possible to establish a link between the results of the previously performed stationary wear procedures and real driving profile measurements, which leads to a better understanding of the wear behavior of brake pads and its influencing factors.
Friction Materials: Best Practices for the Evaluation of Corrodibility and Corrosion Mechanism
Authors:   Brembo S.p.A., ITALY, Bertasi Federico , Bandiera Marco , Pavesi Arianna , Bonfanti Andrea , Mancini Alessandro
Published: May 2022

Investigation of the corrosion performance of friction materials (FMs) plays a central role in: a) evaluating the corrosion resistance of braking pads [1]; b) elucidating galvanic couplings among different braking system components [2]; c) designing FMs with a negligible sticking effect upon coupling with a cast iron brake disc [3]. Corrosion performance can be evaluated by measuring proper electrochemical figures of merit [4] such as the: 1) corrosion potential (Ecorr); 2) corrosion current (Icorr); and 3) galvanic current (Igc); in agreement with a suitable test specification. Nevertheless, particular attention should be paid when measuring these quantities since several experimental details can lead to inaccurate or misleading results. At this regard, the work clarifies the effect of several test parameters (e.g. scan rate, stabilization time, potential ranges, etc.) on the measure of the corrodibility of a reference friction material. Most common errors and their effect on the electrochemical figures of merit are discussed, with the final aim of providing a solid guideline for designing braking pads with a reduced corrodibility. References:[1] Bertasi, F., Mancini, A., Bandiera, M., Pin, S., Casini, A., Bonfanti, A., “Interplay between Composition and Electrochemical Performance at the Pad-Disc Interface”, EUROBRAKE, Manuscript no. EB2019-MDS-018 (Stansted, UK: FISITA, 2019), p. 1.[2] Bertasi, F., Bandiera, M., Bonfanti, A., “Toward a Corrosion Proof Braking System”, SAE Technical Paper, Manuscript no. 2020-01-1625, 2020.[3] Bandiera, M., Mancini, A., Bonfanti A., Pavesi, A., Pin S., Bertasi, F. “Sticking Phenomena at the Brake Pad – Disc Interface: An Open Call for Electrochemists”, CORROSION/21, Manuscript no. C2021-16429, 2021. (under review).[4] Bandiera, M., Pin, S., Bonfanti, A., Bertasi, F., Mancini, A., “Physico-Chemical Characterization of Corrosion Scales in Braking Systems”, CORROSION/20, Manuscript no. C2020-14687, 2020.
USLUGE INVESTICIONOG BANKARSTVA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Brašić Stojanović Jovana
Published: May 2022

Тhe important factor for economic development are the financial markets, which, through a wide network of intermediaries, enable business entities to connect. The most powerful participants in the financial market, in modern business conditions, are investment banks, which stand out from other banks as depository institutions with their business functions. Namely, in addition to the regular banking activity, which involves performing payment services, receiving deposits and granting loans, investment banks also perform operations in the primary and secondary financial markets. The Law on the Capital Market defines these financial institutions as authorized banks, regulating their legal position in the order of the Republic of Serbia.
NOVINE U PRAVNOM REGULISANjU TURISTIČKE DELATNOSTI
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Mićović Andrej
Published: May 2022

Bearing in mind that the tourism and hospitality sector is recently systematically regulated by two new laws - Law on Tourism and Law on Hospitality, this paper provides a review and legal analysis of the rules contained in the previous and current Law on Tourism. The paper covers and analyzes tourism and tourism product development program, designation of tourist space, incentive measures, tourism promotion organizations, travel agencies, tourist professions, rent-a-car services, personal data protection and tourist inspectors.
USLUGE SEZONSKOG RADA PREMA NOVOJ ZAKONSKOJ REGULATIVI
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Urdarević Bojan
Published: May 2022

Seasonal work can be defined as a specific form of employment in a specific services which are short-termed. In the Republic of Serbia those areas are agriculture, fishing and forestry. Those seasonal jobs are regulated by the Law on Simplified Work Engagement on Seasonal Jobs in Certain activities (applied from January 7, 2019). According to this Law, seasonal worker is entitled to get familiar with the working conditions before they start the engagement and to obtain a certificate of work engagement, as well as to basic working conditions, such as: limited working hours, daily break, weekly rest, right to safety and health at work, right to renumeration for work per working hour and right to pension and disability insurance and health insurance in the event of injury. Besides this, seasonal work is regulated by Labour Law, and its provisions of temporary and occasional jobs, which do not last longer then 120 working days in the calendar year, as well as Law on Cooperatives.
OTVORENA PITANjA REFORME MEDIJSKE STRATEGIJE I ZAKONODAVSTVA U SRBIJI
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Vučković Jelena
Published: May 2022

The media become a kind of social reality corrective because they provide information that are marketed to citizens as users of media services, which determine both their behavior and the behavior of the society as a whole. Given the enormous influence of the media, it is necessary to regulate by law the actions of public information entities. Strategy for Development of the Public Information System is a strategic document adopted by the Government, which defines the media policy, that is, the guidelines for the development of the public information system in the Republic of Serbia, with the main objective of strengthening democratic relations in the media sphere and raising the quality of information provide to citizens. Media strategies are precisely the documents that indicate what kind of media laws are required and which state or non-state bodies should take care of their implementation. The Strategy for Development of the Public Information System in the Republic of Serbia till 2023 has not yet been adopted. The new media strategy should lead to greater media freedom, which is one of the key EU criteria for Serbia's progress towards EU membership. The necessity of drafting a new strategic document is conditioned by the following factors: the validity of the previous strategy expired in 2015, shortcomings in the media regulation and its implementation were noted and harmonization with technological changes is needed.
PLANIRANjE CILjEVA JAVNE POLITIKE KAO PRETPOSTAVKA RELEVANTNOSTI INFORMACIJA O UČINCIMA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, Lapčević Milivoje
Published: May 2022

This paper will discuss the importance of formulating the normative basis for the functioning of public policy planning systems, as an indispensable prerequisite for the application of the program budgeting model, which is applied in R. Serbia since 2015, as an innovative reform pattern. The paper will focus on the basic qualitative developments in this area that are expected from the implementation of the Planning System Law of Serbia. The author will pay special attention to identifying the different dimensions of the importance of performance information of budget programs, whereby the "activation" of their posibility of utilization, is slolely related to the existence of clear, measurable and hierarchically consistent goals of state policy.
Relationships Between the Achieved Target Levels of LDL Cholesterol and the State of Various Types of LV EF in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:   Assistant of the simulation training department of the Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Musaeva Mukharram A
Published: May 2022

Today, diabetes mellitus is one of the most powerful risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases and its complications. [1] In 50% of patients with type 1 diabetes and in 80% of people with type 2 diabetes, early disability and premature death are recorded due to cardiovascular complications. People with diabetes are often at risk for strokes, heart attacks, and high blood pressure. In this regard, the main strategy for the treatment of patients with diabetes is to prevent the development of cardiovascular complications, which includes strict control of glycemia, blood pressure, as well as antiplatelet and lipid-lowering therapy. Despite the fact that strict glycemic control alone does not reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and mortality from it, most epidemiological and pathophysiological studies indicate a worse prognosis and a higher incidence of cardiovascular complications in chronic hyperglycemia. The use of a fixed combination of sitagliptin / metformin is one of the preferred options in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients with a high risk of cardiovascular disease due to the presence of type 4 dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors of cardio protective effects. In this paper, changes in the lipid spectrum in patients with ischemic heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus with varying degrees of cardiac output are related to the number of years the patient has had diabetes mellitus, sitagliptin / metformin and statin drugs changes depending on the dose are highlighted.
The influence of literature and mass media on woman image formation
Authors:   PhD in Political Science,Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies,Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Niyazova Dr Nargiza M
Published: May 2022

This article analyzes the image of a woman, her place in society, and society’s attitude towards women in the literature of different periods. In particular, different categories of women in the literature are discussed in detail in this article.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASTHMA SCREENING INSTRUMENT TOOL FOR USE WITH PARENTS OF CHILDREN WHO PRESENTED WITH ALLERGY SYMPTOMS
Authors: Mathew Neena
Published: May 2022

Studies have shown that in general parents may not be familiar with the early symptoms of asthma in children. The purpose of this project was to develop a screening questionnaire for parents of children who presented to care with symptoms of allergy and asthma. The theoretical framework used was Ernestine Weidenbach’s theory titled, “The helping Art of Clinical Nursing”. An asthma symptom screening questionnaire tool was developed by this researcher and was evaluated by three professional specialists for content validity. A five item Likert scale was used to determine usefulness of the asthma screening questionnaire. The results were presented in both narrative and table format.
MY ANDROMATH: MENUMBUHKAN KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA TUNAGRAHITA RINGAN SLB NEGERI BONTANG
Authors: Darwis Anissaa Alhaqqoh
Published: May 2022

Siswa tunagrahita ringan di SLB Negeri Bontang lebih tertarik untuk bermain android daripada belajar matematika sebab pelajaran matematika yang terlalu abstrak, rumit, dan tidak bermanfaat bagi kehidupan sehari-hari. Selain itu, keterbatasan siswa sering membuat guru merasa tidak perlu berusaha “lebih” untuk mengoptimalkan pembelajaran. Hal ini menyebabkan pelajaran matematika semakin abstrak dan tidak menarik. Penulis berupaya membuat aplikasi pembelajaran My Andromath. Sebuah aplikasi berupa modul pembelajaran matematika yang disajikan dalam media audio visual dan dapat dipakai pada android. My Andromath dibuat dengan menggunakan software berbasis web yaitu Appy Pie. Aplikasi ini bertujuan untuk menumbuhkan kemandirian belajar siswa tunagrahita ringan yang tidak tertarik untuk belajar matematika dan selalu harus mengulang-ulang suatu materi. Di dalam My Andromath, matematika ditampilkan secara sederhana dengan video bergambar yang menarik. Pengembangan produk menggunakan metode Waterfall Royce dengan langkah terstruktur yakni komunikasi (communication), perencanaan (planning), pemodelan (modelling), konstruksi (construction), dan penyerahan software (deployment). Pembuatan My Andromath membutuhkan perangkat keras (hardware) dan perangkat lunak (software) selain Appy Pie, yakni CorelDraw X7, iMovie, serta akun google. Langkah pembuatan yaitu pembuatan gambar step by step menggunakan CorelDraw X7, proses pembuatan video dengan iMovie, pembuatan aplikasi dengan Appy Pie, dan instalasi aplikasi pada android. Penggunaan My Andromath dalam pembelajaran matematika dapat menumbuhkan kemandirian belajar siswa tunagrahita ringan kelas 6 SDLB di SLB Negeri Bontang dengan prosentase 80% dan kelas 7-8 SMPLB di SLB Negeri Bontang 26%.
Legal Protection for Soybean Farmers in Cooperation Based on the Muzara'ah Akad with the Murabahah System
Authors: Susanti Dyah Ochtorina , Efendi A’an , Sari Nuzulia Kumala
Published: May 2022

Introduction: During the pandemic Covid-19, the global soybean market experienced a shock which resulted in the availability of imported soybeans in several countries decreasing and soybean prices increasing. This also has an impact on small and medium industries that cannot afford soybeans for their processed food raw materials, one of which is the production of “tempe”. Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to explain the concept of cooperation to provide legal protection to soybean farmers based on a muzara'ah akad with a murabahah system. Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative legal research with a statute legal approach and a conceptual approach. Results of the Research: The result of this study include 2 (two) things, namely the concept of cooperation and the form of legal protection. The concept of cooperation consists of: The first scheme, cooperation between the government (Pemda) with soybean farmers and Islamic banks. The second scheme is the cooperation of Islamic banks with soybean farmers using a murabahah akad. The third scheme, namely cooperation between soybean farmers and cultivator using muzara’ah akad. In connection with the form of legal protection, it is divided into 2 (two) namely: first, external legal protection regulated in Law Number 19 of 2013 concerning Protection and Empowerment of Farmers, which was later changed to Law no. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, and second, internal legal protection, namely 3 (three) concepts of cooperation as outlined in a written agreement as a form of guarantee of legal certainty for the parties, especially for soybean farmers.
A criação do mundo
Authors: Barros José D'Assunção
Published: May 2022

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