bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Informal Music Learning in a Professional Development Community of Music Teachers
Authors: Kastner Julie Derges
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this instrumental case study was to explore the perceptions and practices of four music teachers as they participated in a professional development community (PDC) to discuss and implement informal music learning practices. Participants met bimonthly as a PDC to discuss research articles on informal music learning, share student work, socialize with peers, and develop ideas to use in their classrooms. Data included video recordings of PDC meetings, audio recordings of semistructured interviews, in-school observations of informal music learning activities, field notes, and written artifacts; these were coded and analyzed for emerging themes. Three themes that emerged from the data included experiments and modifications, pedagogical practices, and finding value. The participants implemented a variety of activities using informal processes, which they developed by modifying ideas presented in research articles they read and lessons they taught previously. They used many pedagogical practices during informal activities, which fell on a continuum of teacher and student control and a continuum of teacher scaffolding. The participants found value in informal music learning because it provided a new avenue for them to help students develop independent musicianship. Exploring informal music learning in the PDC helped participants feel validated in using this new pedagogical approach. Implications for the use of informal music learning with younger students and suggestions for professional development are also discussed.
Abnormal Colorations of Mozzarella Cheese Caused by Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw & Hochapfel
Authors: Casalinuovo Francesco , Rodolfi Marinella , Rippa Paola , Scognamiglio Anna , Musarella Rosanna
Published: July 2015

This paper describes an unusual type of abnormal coloration caused by the fungal species Phoma glomerata (P. glomerata) detected in samples of commercially available mozzarella cheese produced from cow’s milk. The presence of this fungus in dairy and cheese products has already been reported by other authors, along with other fungal contaminants; however, it has never been associated to specific alterations of cheeses. This is the first report of a macroscopic alteration of a soft cheese due to P. glomerata. Mozzarella cheese from four packages (two sealed and two already opened, three of which with evident macroscopic alterations) was analyzed by means of ISO methods for the detection of the main bacterial and fungal contaminants of cheese products. Culture tests carried out according to the ISO 21527-1:2008 method revealed presence of P. glomerata (from 1,100 CFU/g to 45,000 CFU/g). In addition, in both the previously opened packages, Acremonium spp. (100 CFU/g), Alternaria spp. (100 CFU/g), Pseudomonas fluorescens (25,000 CFU/g) and Pseudomonas putida (2,400 CFU/g) were also isolated. In sample N°4, contamination by P. glomerata was present, but in the absence of macroscopic changes. These results show that P. glomerata is able to contaminate mozzarella cheese, causing macroscopically visible alterations of the product; this may have serious consequences in terms of sales. With regard to the possible effects on human health, further studies are needed in order to assess the toxic effect of the fungus. As a result of the episode described, the Italian health authorities issued a RASFF (Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed) early warning notice, a key E.U. tool to ensure the cross-border flow of information in order to react swiftly when risks to public health are detected in the food chain.
Review: Morales, Leonidas: Crítica de la vida cotidiana chilena
Authors: Villalobos Díaz Catalina
Published: July 2015

Review of Morales, Leonidas: Crítica de la vida cotidiana chilena
Cultura y futuro
Authors: Guzmán David , Vargas Stephany
Published: July 2015

Este artículo indaga en los conflictos de la cultura ecuatoriana. Basándose en las nociones de Williams, Weber y Echeverría, reflexiona sobre la búsqueda de una identidad nacional en oposición a una herencia colonial todavía presente. Establece una relación entre este conjunto de problemáticas y los fundamentos conceptuales de los proyectos de la revolución ciudadana, elaborados para los periodos 2009-2013 y 2013-2017. A partir de este análisis se plantea una interpretación en torno a las dificultades para reconocer la actualidad del legado colonial y concebir una cultura propia y, por lo tanto, una visión del porvenir.
Gestão dos microssistemas no ambiente sócio escolar: percepção de alunos do ensino técnico da rede pública federal de Palmas/TO
Authors: Castro Voninio Brito de , Barichello Marta Roseli De Azeredo
Published: July 2015

O estudo analisou as percepções de estudantes do ensino técnico subsequente a cerca dos microssistemas no ambiente sócio escolar. Pontuou o desenvolvimento humano a partir das atividades realizadas; descreveu o ambiente sócio escolar conforme a percepção dos alunos; comparou as diferenças e semelhanças de percepções entre gêneros. Os resultados mostram que os institutos federais oferecem cursos extracurriculares à comunidade interna e externa, como determinado na LDB, porém, não atende a demanda; há insatisfação entre os alunos quanto às atividades extracurriculares; as atrações esportivas e atividades de lazer são proporcionais; apesar dos pontos negativos, os estudantes percebem o desempenho positivo dos mesmos em função dos microssistemas. Palavras-chave: microssistemas, gestão, ambiente escolar
Tensões entre esferas de governo na educação a distância: a legislação federal e a gestão da Unitins
Authors: Perdigão Daniel
Published: July 2015

Neste trabalho buscou-se explorar aspectos da gestão dos cursos superiores na modalidade a distância - EAD - da Fundação Universidade do Tocantins - Unitins - e sua interação com os entes legislativos e administrativos federais da área. Para isto, realizou-se um levantamento de documentos que descrevessem práticas pedagógicas, gerenciais e administrativas internas. A análise se baseou em referenciais da área da EAD e da gestão democrática da educação. Concluiu-se que vigorou a lógica de mercado na gestão da EAD na Unitins, com a priorização de lucros e rendas em detrimento dos índices de qualidade, mas que os entes federais tiveram um papel crescentemente ativo na gestão universitária, buscando garantir uma solução adequada no processo que culminou no descredenciamento da instituição.Palavras-chave: educação a distância, políticas educacionais, gestão democrática.
Capacitação profissional dos docentes em relação aos alunos com necessidades especiais
Authors: Boligon Aline Augusti , Pinton Leticia , Sanches Francieli , Bridi Fabiane
Published: July 2015

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar quais são as principais necessidades dos docentes do ensino técnico profissionalizante e superior em relação à inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais na rede regular de ensino. Foi realizado um questionário misto com vinte professores do ensino técnico profissionalizante e superior da cidade de Santa Maria, RS. Após a transcrição dos relatos, fez-se uma leitura ampla do material obtido. Em seguida, os dados referentes às questões abertas e fechadas, foram codificados, tabulados e analisados em porcentagem. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os professores defendem a necessidade de formação continuada para a educação inclusiva. Os docentes citaram a falta de apoio estrutural, especializado e formativo nas instituições, além disso, faz-se necessário a implantação de políticas públicas e planejamento educativo inclusivo.Palavras-chave: educação inclusiva, formação continuada, políticas públicas.
Apresentação
Authors: De Quadros Claudemir
Published: July 2015

Apresentação do v. 2, n. 4, jul./dez. 2013 da Regae.
Copper Deposition Corrosion Elevates Lead Release to Potable Water
Authors: Clark Brandi , Clair Justin St. , Edwards Marc
Published: July 2015

Deposition corrosion has been identified as a possible factor contributing to consumer exposure to elevated lead in water after partial lead service line replacement. Dump‐and‐fill tests in two different waters yielded very different results; compared with the control, one water showed a substantial increase (approximately three times) in lead leaching, whereas the other showed little effect when copper was added to water contacting new lead pipes. These differences were consistent with expected trends; lead leaching increased as both the copper solubility in water and the amount of copper deposited on the lead pipe surface increased. Detailed analyses of lead pipes from laboratory studies and field tests in which lead was galvanically connected to copper using various commercial and laboratory connectors were consistent with pure metallic copper deposits on the pipe surface, especially near the galvanic junction with copper. This finding supports a significant deposition corrosion mechanism when copper and lead are galvanically connected.
Relationship between Locations of Facial Injury and the Use of Bicycle Helmets: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hwang Kun , Jeon Yun Moon , Ko Yeong Seung , Kim Yeon Soo
Published: July 2015

The aim of this study is to review the protective effect of a bicycle helmet on each facial location systematically. PubMed was searched for articles published before December 12, 2014. The data were summarized, and the odds ratio (OR) between the locations of facial injury was calculated. A statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager (The Nordic Cochrane Centre). Bicycle helmets protect the upper and middle face from serious facial injury but do not protect the lower face. Non-wearers had significantly increased risks of upper facial injury (OR, 2.07; P<0.001) and of middle facial injury (OR, 1.97; P<0.001) as compared to helmet users. In the case of lower facial injury, however, only a slightly increased risk (OR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.67-3.00, P=0.36) was observed. The abovementioned results can be attributed to the fact that a helmet covers the head and forehead but cannot cover the lower face. However, helmets having a chin cap might decrease the risk of lower facial injury.
Levels of Evidence in the Plastic Surgery Literature: A Citation Analysis of the Top 50 'Classic' Papers
Authors: Joyce Kenneth M , Joyce Cormac W , Kelly John C , Kelly Jack L , Carroll Sean M
Published: July 2015

Background The plastic surgery literature is vast, consisting of a plethora of diverse articles written by a myriad of illustrious authors. Despite this considerable archive of published material, it remains nebulous as to which precise papers have had the greatest impact on our specialty. The aim of this study was to identify the most cited papers in the plastic surgery literature and perform a citation analysis paying particular attention to the evidence levels of the clinical studies.

Methods We identified the 50 most cited papers published in the 20 highest impact plastic surgery journals through the Web of Science. The articles were ranked in order of number of citations acquired and level of evidence assessed.

Results The top 50 cited papers were published in six different journals between the years 1957 and 2007. Forty-two of the papers in the top 50 were considered as level IV or V evidence. No level I or II evidence was present in the top 50 list. The average level of evidence of the top 50 papers was 4.28.

Conclusions In the plastic surgery literature, no positive correlation exists between a high number of citations and a high level of evidence. Anatomical reconstructive challenges tend to be the main focus of plastic surgery rather than pathologic diseases and consequently, papers with lower levels of evidence are relatively more valuable in plastic surgery than many other specialties.
Bone and Soft Tissue Changes after Two-Jaw Surgery in Cleft Patients
Authors: Yun Yung Sang , Uhm Ki Il , Kim Jee Nam , Shin Dong Hyeok , Choi Hyun Gon , Kim Soon Heum , Kim Cheol Keun , Jo Dong In
Published: July 2015

Background Orthognathic surgery is required in 25% to 35% of patients with a cleft lip and palate, for whom functional recovery and aesthetic improvement after surgery are important. The aim of this study was to examine maxillary and mandibular changes, along with concomitant soft tissue changes, in cleft patients who underwent LeFort I osteotomy and sagittal split ramus osteotomy (two-jaw surgery).

Methods Twenty-eight cleft patients who underwent two-jaw surgery between August 2008 and November 2013 were included. Cephalometric analysis was conducted before and after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative measurements of the bone and soft tissue were compared.

Results The mean horizontal advancement of the maxilla (point A) was 6.12 mm, while that of the mandible (point B) was -5.19 mm. The mean point A-nasion-point B angle was -4.1° before surgery, and increased to 2.5° after surgery. The mean nasolabial angle was 72.7° before surgery, and increased to 88.7° after surgery. The mean minimal distance between Rickett's E-line and the upper lip was 6.52 mm before surgery and 1.81 mm after surgery. The ratio of soft tissue change to bone change was 0.55 between point A and point A' and 0.93 between point B and point B'.

Conclusions Patients with cleft lip and palate who underwent two-jaw surgery showed optimal soft tissue changes. The position of the soft tissue (point A') was shifted by a distance equal to 55% of the change in the maxillary bone. Therefore, bone surgery without soft tissue correction can achieve good aesthetic results.
Combined Orbital Fractures: Surgical Strategy of Sequential Repair
Authors: Hur Su Won , Kim Sung Eun , Chung Kyu Jin , Lee Jun Ho , Kim Tae Gon , Kim Yong-Ha
Published: July 2015

Background Reconstruction of combined orbital floor and medial wall fractures with a comminuted inferomedial strut (IMS) is challenging and requires careful practice. We present our surgical strategy and postoperative outcomes.

Methods We divided 74 patients who underwent the reconstruction of the orbital floor and medial wall concomitantly into a comminuted IMS group (41 patients) and non-comminuted IMS group (33 patients). In the comminuted IMS group, we first reconstructed the floor stably and then the medial wall by using separate implant pieces. In the non-comminuted IMS group, we reconstructed the floor and the medial wall with a single large implant.

Results In the follow-up of 6 to 65 months, most patients with diplopia improved in the first-week except one, who eventually improved at 1 year. All patients with an EOM limitation improved during the first month of follow-up. Enophthalmos (displacement, 2 mm) was observed in two patients. The orbit volume measured on the CT scans was statistically significantly restored in both groups. No complications related to the surgery were observed.

Conclusions We recommend the reconstruction of orbit walls in the comminuted IMS group by using the following surgical strategy: usage of multiple pieces of rigid implants instead of one large implant, sequential repair first of the floor and then of the medial wall, and a focus on the reconstruction of key areas. Our strategy of step-by-step reconstruction has the benefits of easy repair, less surgical trauma, and minimal stress to the surgeon.
Breast Auto-Augmentation: A Versatile Method of Breast Rehabilitation—A Retrospective Series of 107 Procedures
Authors: Kirwan Laurence , Wazir Umar , Mokbel Kefah
Published: July 2015

Background Breast auto-augmentation (BAA) using an inferior pedicle dermoglandular flap aims to redistribute the breast tissue in order to increase the fullness in the upper pole and enhance the central projection of the breast at the time of mastopexy in women who want to avoid implants. The procedure achieves mastopexy and an increase in breast volume.

Methods Between 2003 and 2014, 107 BAA procedures were performed in 53 patients (51 bilateral, 2 unilateral and 3 reoperations) with primary or secondary ptosis of the breast associated with loss of fullness in the upper pole (n=45) or undergoing explantation combined with capsulectomy (n=8). Six patients (11.3%) had prior mastopexy and 2 (3.7%) patients had prior reduction mammoplasty. The mean patients' age was 41 years (range, 19-66 years). All patients had preoperative and postoperative photographs and careful preoperative markings. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 9 years (mean, 6.6 months).

Results The range of elevation of the nipple was from 6 to 12 cm (mean, 8 cm). The wounds healed completely with no complications in 50 (94.3%) patients. Three patients had complications including 2 (3.7%) hematomas and 1 (1.9%) partial necrosis of the nipple-areola complex. Three (5.7%) patients were dissatisfied with the level of mastopexy achieved underwent a further procedure. No patient complained of scar hypertrophy.

Conclusions BAA is a versatile technique for women with small breasts associated with primary or secondary ptosis. It is also an effective technique for the salvage of breasts after capsulectomy and explantation.
Semicircular Horizontal Approach in Breast Reduction: Clinical Experience in 38 Cases
Authors: Shin Hee Su , Lee Yong Hae , Jung Sung Gyun , Lee Doo Hyung , Roe Young , Cha Jong Hyun
Published: July 2015

Background Various techniques are used for performing breast reduction. Wise-pattern and vertical scar techniques are the most commonly employed approaches. However, a vertical scar in the mid-lower breast is prominent and aesthetically less pleasant. In contrast, a semicircular horizontal approach does not leave a vertical scar in the mid breast and transverse scars can be hidden in the inframammary fold. In this paper, we describe the experiences and results of semicircular horizontal breast reductions performed by a single surgeon.

Methods Between September 1996 and October 2013, our senior author used this technique in 38 cases in the US and at our institution. We used a superiorly based semicircular incision, where the upper skin paddle was pulled down to the inframammary fold with the nipple-areola complex pulled through the keyhole.

Results The average total reduction per breast was 584 g, ranging from 286 to 794 g. The inferior longitudinal pedicle was used in all the cases. The average reduction of the distance from the sternal notch to the nipple was 13 cm (range, 11-15 cm). The mean decrease in the bra cup size was 1.7 cup sizes (range, a decrease of 1 to 3). We obtained very satisfactory results with a less noticeable scar, no complication such as necrosis of the nipple or the skin flap, wound infection, aseptic necrosis of the breast tissue, or wound dehiscence. One patient had a small hematoma that resolved spontaneously.

Conclusions This technique is straightforward and easy to learn, and offers a safe, effective, and predictable way for treating mammary hypertrophy.
Correction of Sunken Upper Eyelids by Anchoring the Central Fat Pad to the Medial Fat Pad during Upper Blepharoplasty
Authors: Jeon Myeong Su , Jung Gyu Yong , Lee Dong Lark , Shin Hea Kyeong
Published: July 2015

Background Many methods have been proposed for the correction of sunken upper eyelids. These methods include surgical treatments, such as micro-fat, dermofat, or fascia-fat grafts, or the use of alloplastic materials. Here, we present our experience of sunken upper eyelid correction involving the simple addition of anchoring the central fat pad to the medial fat pad during upper blepharoplasty.

Methods We performed 74 cases of upper blepharoplasty with sunken upper eyelid correction between October 2013 and September 2014. The lateral portion of the central fat pad was partially dissected to facilitate anchoring. The medial fat pad was gently exposed and then pulled out to facilitate anchoring. After the rotation of the dissected lateral portion of the central fat pad by 180° to the medial side, it was anchored spreading to the medial fat pad. Photographs taken at 6 months postoperatively were presented to three physicians for objective assessment. Of the 74 patients, 54 patients followed at 6 months postoperatively were included in this retrospective, objective assessment.

Results Sunken eyelids were effectively corrected in 51 of the 54 patients, but 3 had minimal effect because preaponeurotic fat pads had been removed during previous upper blepharoplasty. In addition to correcting sunken eyelids, lateral bulging was corrected and a better definition of the lateral portion of upper lid creases was obtained.

Conclusions Anchoring the central fat pad to the medial fat pad provides an effective means of correcting sunken upper eyelids during upper blepharoplasty.
Lipid-mediated regulation of SKN-1/Nrf in response to germ cell absence
Authors: Steinbaugh Michael J , Narasimhan Sri Devi , Robida-Stubbs Stacey , Moronetti Mazzeo Lorenza E , Dreyfuss Jonathan M , Hourihan John M , Raghavan Prashant , Operaña Theresa N , Esmaillie Reza , Blackwell T Keith
Published: July 2015

In Caenorhabditis elegans, ablation of germline stem cells (GSCs) extends lifespan, but also increases fat accumulation and alters lipid metabolism, raising the intriguing question of how these effects might be related. Here, we show that a lack of GSCs results in a broad transcriptional reprogramming in which the conserved detoxification regulator SKN-1/Nrf increases stress resistance, proteasome activity, and longevity. SKN-1 also activates diverse lipid metabolism genes and reduces fat storage, thereby alleviating the increased fat accumulation caused by GSC absence. Surprisingly, SKN-1 is activated by signals from this fat, which appears to derive from unconsumed yolk that was produced for reproduction. We conclude that SKN-1 plays a direct role in maintaining lipid homeostasis in which it is activated by lipids. This SKN-1 function may explain the importance of mammalian Nrf proteins in fatty liver disease and suggest that particular endogenous or dietary lipids might promote health through SKN-1/Nrf.
Stress induced gene expression drives transient DNA methylation changes at adjacent repetitive elements
Authors: Secco David , Wang Chuang , Shou Huixia , Schultz Matthew D , Chiarenza Serge , Nussaume Laurent , Ecker Joseph R , Whelan James , Lister Ryan
Published: July 2015

Cytosine DNA methylation (mC) is a genome modification that can regulate the expression of coding and non-coding genetic elements. However, little is known about the involvement of mC in response to environmental cues. Using whole genome bisulfite sequencing to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of mC in rice grown under phosphate starvation and recovery conditions, we identified widespread phosphate starvation-induced changes in mC, preferentially localized in transposable elements (TEs) close to highly induced genes. These changes in mC occurred after changes in nearby gene transcription, were mostly DCL3a-independent, and could partially be propagated through mitosis, however no evidence of meiotic transmission was observed. Similar analyses performed in Arabidopsis revealed a very limited effect of phosphate starvation on mC, suggesting a species-specific mechanism. Overall, this suggests that TEs in proximity to environmentally induced genes are silenced via hypermethylation, and establishes the temporal hierarchy of transcriptional and epigenomic changes in response to stress.
Characterizing Arctic mixed‐phase cloud structure and its relationship with humidity and temperature inversion using ARM NSA observations
Authors: Qiu Shaoyue , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Li J.‐L. F.
Published: July 2015

In this study, the characteristics of the Arctic mixed‐phase cloud (AMC) have been investigated using data collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement North Slope Alaska site from October 2006 to September 2009. AMC has an annual occurrence frequency of 42.3%, which includes 18.7% of single‐layered AMCs and 23.6% for multiple layers. Two cloud base heights (CBHs) are defined from ceilometer and micropulse lidar (MPL) measurements. For single‐layered AMC, the ceilometer‐derived CBH represents the base of the liquid‐dominant layer near the cloud top, while MPL‐derived CBH represents base of the lower ice‐dominant layer. The annual mean CBHs from ceilometer and MPL measurements are 1.0 km and 0.6 km, respectively, with the largest difference (~1.0 km) occurring from December to March and the smallest difference in September. The humidity inversion occurrence decreases with increasing humidity inversion intensity (stronger in summer than in winter). During the winter months, AMC occurrences increase from 15% to 35% when the inversion intensity increases from 0.1 to 0.9 g/kg. On the contrary, despite a higher frequency of strong humidity inversion in summer, AMC occurrences are nearly invariant for different inversion intensities. On average, humidity and temperature inversion frequencies of occurrence above an AMC are 5 and 8 times, respectively, as high as those below an AMC. The strong inversion occurrences for both humidity and temperature above an AMC provide the moisture sources from above for the formation and maintenance of AMCs. This result helps to reconcile the persistency of AMCs even when the Arctic surface is covered by snow and ice.
A resonant circular polarization selective structure of closely spaced wire helices
Authors: Ericsson Andreas , Sjöberg Daniel
Published: July 2015

A circular polarization selective structure (CPSS) reflects one handedness of circular polarization and transmits the other. We present a resonant CPSS consisting of closely spaced wire helices. Simulation results demonstrate that the design can operate over ±20° angle of incidence variation and has a bandwidth of about 10% at normal incidence. A suggested design case is presented, where the CPSS is implemented in a shared aperture circular polarization offset reflector antenna for satellite communication in the Ku band uplink of Australia at 17.3 GHz < f < 18.1 GHz.
What controls stratospheric water vapor in the NH summer monsoon regions?
Authors: Randel William J. , Zhang Kai , Fu Rong
Published: July 2015

Water vapor in the lower stratosphere exhibits localized maximum values during Northern Hemisphere summer in the Asian and North American (NA) monsoon regions. The processes maintaining these maxima are not well understood. We analyze the variability of water vapor in the monsoon regions based on Aura Microwave Limb Sounder satellite observations during 2005–2013 and quantify links to deep convection, large‐scale temperatures, and monsoonal circulations. Strong subseasonal variations in stratospheric water vapor are closely linked with deep convection in the monsoon regions, with the surprising result that stronger convection leads to a relatively dry stratosphere and weaker convection to a wetter stratosphere. This result is observed for both the Asian and NA monsoon regions. This behavior is explained by temperature changes in the stratosphere tied to deep convection: stronger convection leads to relatively cold temperatures in the subtropical lower stratosphere, which is the key region controlling large‐scale dehydration within the anticyclonic monsoonal circulations. Likewise, weaker convection leads to warmer subtropical stratospheric temperatures, relatively less dehydration, and enhanced water vapor. The observed water vapor changes are in approximate agreement with those expected from the subtropical temperature variations, taking into account dilution of the dehydrated air into the larger monsoon region. These results demonstrate that stratospheric water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere monsoon regions is mainly controlled by large‐scale circulation and temperatures, and overshooting deep convection plays a relatively minor role.
Modeling mixed retention and early arrivals in multidimensional heterogeneous media using an explicit Lagrangian scheme
Authors: Zhang Yong , Meerschaert Mark M. , Baeumer Boris , LaBolle Eric M.
Published: July 2015

This study develops an explicit two‐step Lagrangian scheme based on the renewal‐reward process to capture transient anomalous diffusion with mixed retention and early arrivals in multidimensional media. The resulting 3‐D anomalous transport simulator provides a flexible platform for modeling transport. The first step explicitly models retention due to mass exchange between one mobile zone and any number of parallel immobile zones. The mobile component of the renewal process can be calculated as either an exponential random variable or a preassigned time step, and the subsequent random immobile time follows a Hyper‐exponential distribution for finite immobile zones or a tempered stable distribution for infinite immobile zones with an exponentially tempered power‐law memory function. The second step describes well‐documented early arrivals which can follow streamlines due to mechanical dispersion using the method of subordination to regional flow. Applicability and implementation of the Lagrangian solver are further checked against transport observed in various media. Results show that, although the time‐nonlocal model parameters are predictable for transport with retention in alluvial settings, the standard time‐nonlocal model cannot capture early arrivals. Retention and early arrivals observed in porous and fractured media can be efficiently modeled by our Lagrangian solver, allowing anomalous transport to be incorporated into 2‐D/3‐D models with irregular flow fields. Extensions of the particle‐tracking approach are also discussed for transport with parameters conditioned on local aquifer properties, as required by transient flow and nonstationary media.
Untangling the effects of shallow groundwater and soil texture as drivers of subfield‐scale yield variability
Authors: Zipper Samuel C. , Soylu Mehmet Evren , Booth Eric G. , Loheide Steven P.
Published: July 2015

Water table depth (WTD), soil texture, and growing season weather conditions all play critical roles in determining agricultural yield; however, the interactions among these three variables have never been explored in a systematic way. Using a combination of field observations and biophysical modeling, we answer two questions: (1) under what conditions can a shallow water table provide a groundwater yield subsidy and/or penalty to corn production?; and (2) how do soil texture and growing season weather conditions influence the relationship between WTD and corn yield?. Subfield‐scale yield patterns during a dry (2012) and wet (2013) growing season are used to identify sensitivity to weather. Areas of the field that are negatively impacted by wet growing seasons have the shallowest observed WTD (<1 m), while areas with consistently strong yield have intermediate WTD (1–3 m). Parts of the field that perform consistently poorly are characterized by deep WTD (>3 m) and coarse soil textures. Modeling results find that beneficial impacts of shallow groundwater are more common than negative impacts under the conditions studied, and that the optimum WTD is shallower in coarser soils. While groundwater yield subsidies have a higher frequency and magnitude in coarse‐grained soils, the optimum WTD responds to growing season weather at a relatively constant rate across soil types. We conclude that soil texture defines a baseline upon which WTD and weather interact to determine overall yield. Our work has implications for water resource management, climate/land use change impacts on agricultural production, and precision agriculture.
Retrofit design of a pharmaceutical batch process considering “green chemistry and engineering” principles
Authors: Banimostafa Alireza , Papadokonstantakis Stavros , Hungerbühler Konrad
Published: July 2015

Considering the capital intensive nature of the chemical industry, redesign of existing production plants is a strategic decision. In this study, retrofitting is performed using a systematic path flow decomposition method, enriching it with hazard assessment and life cycle analysis path flow indicators and proposing a classification scheme for coupling these new path flow indicators with relevant heuristics for process alternative generation. The developed methodology is applied in a batch production plant from the pharmaceutical industry. The method highlights solvent recovery or substitution as important retrofitting actions, generates diverse process layout structures to achieve this task and evaluates them from cost, hazard and life cycle assessment point of view. Extractive distillation using glycol as an entrainer is identified as the multiobjective optimal option for separating the THF/Water azeotrope with improvement up to 40% for the various objectives compared with a base case where the waste solvent is incinerated. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3423–3440, 2015
Atypical presentation of moyamoya disease in an infant with a de novo RNF213 variant
Authors: Harel Tamar , Posey Jennifer E. , Graham Brett H. , Walkiewicz Magdalena , Yang Yaping , Lalani Seema R. , Belmont John W.
Published: July 2015

Variants in RNF213 lead to susceptibility to moyamoya disease, a rare cerebral angiopathy characterized by bilateral stenosis of the internal carotid arteries and development of a compensatory collateral network. We describe a 3‐month‐old female with seizures, arterial narrowing involving the internal carotid and intracranial arteries and inferior abdominal aorta, and persistently elevated transaminases. Whole exome sequencing demonstrated a novel de novo variant in RNF213, securing a molecular diagnosis and directing appropriate intervention. This report underscores the role of whole exome sequencing in cases for which a complex and atypical presentation may mask diagnosis. Furthermore, the early and severe presentation in our patient, in conjunction with a novel de novo RNF213 variant, suggests that specific variants in RNF213 may lead to a Mendelian form of disease rather than simply conferring susceptibility to multifactorial disease. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genome‐wide association study of schizophrenia in Ashkenazi Jews
Authors: Goes Fernando S. , McGrath John , Avramopoulos Dimitrios , Wolyniec Paula , Pirooznia Mehdi , Ruczinski Ingo , Nestadt Gerald , Kenny Eimear E. , Vacic Vladimir , Peters Inga , Lencz Todd , Darvasi Ariel , Mulle Jennifer G. , Warren Stephen T. , Pulver Ann E.
Published: July 2015

Schizophrenia is a common, clinically heterogeneous disorder associated with lifelong morbidity and early mortality. Several genetic variants associated with schizophrenia have been identified, but the majority of the heritability remains unknown. In this study, we report on a case‐control sample of Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), a founder population that may provide additional insights into genetic etiology of schizophrenia. We performed a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) of 592 cases and 505 controls of AJ ancestry ascertained in the US. Subsequently, we performed a meta‐analysis with an Israeli AJ sample of 913 cases and 1640 controls, followed by a meta‐analysis and polygenic risk scoring using summary results from Psychiatric GWAS Consortium 2 schizophrenia study. The U.S. AJ sample showed strong evidence of polygenic inheritance (pseudo‐R2 ∼9.7%) and a SNP‐heritability estimate of 0.39 (P = 0.00046). We found no genome‐wide significant associations in the U.S. sample or in the combined US/Israeli AJ meta‐analysis of 1505 cases and 2145 controls. The strongest AJ specific associations (P‐values in 10−6–10−7 range) were in the 22q 11.2 deletion region and included the genes TBX1, GLN1, and COMT. Supportive evidence (meta P < 1 × 10−4) was also found for several previously identified genome‐wide significant findings, including the HLA region, CNTN4, IMMP2L, and GRIN2A. The meta‐analysis of the U.S. sample with the PGC2 results provided initial genome‐wide significant evidence for six new loci. Among the novel potential susceptibility genes is PEPD, a gene involved in proline metabolism, which is associated with a Mendelian disorder characterized by developmental delay and cognitive deficits. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
General Formation of MxCo3−xS4 (M=Ni, Mn, Zn) Hollow Tubular Structures for Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Chen Yu Ming , Li Zhen , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: July 2015

A simple and versatile method for general synthesis of uniform one‐dimensional (1D) MxCo3−xS4 (M=Ni, Mn, Zn) hollow tubular structures (HTSs), using soft polymeric nanofibers as a template, is described. Fibrous core–shell polymer@M‐Co acetate hydroxide precursors with a controllable molar ratio of M/Co are first prepared, followed by a sulfidation process to obtain core–shell polymer@MxCo3−xS4 composite nanofibers. The as‐made MxCo3−xS4 HTSs have a high surface area and exhibit exceptional electrochemical performance as electrode materials for hybrid supercapacitors. For example, the MnCo2S4 HTS electrode can deliver specific capacitance of 1094 F g−1 at 10 A g−1, and the cycling stability is remarkable, with only about 6 % loss over 20 000 cycles.
3D bioprinting of photocrosslinkable hydrogel constructs
Authors: Pereira Rúben F. , Bártolo Paulo J.
Published: July 2015

Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting comprises a group of biofabrication technologies for the additive manufacturing of 3D constructs by precisely printing biocompatible materials, cells and biochemicals in predesigned spatial positions. These technologies have been successfully applied to fabricate biodegradable 3D constructs with intricate architectures and heterogeneous composition, assuming a pivotal role in the field of tissue engineering. However, the full implementation of bioprinting strongly depends on the development of novel biomaterials exhibiting fast crosslinking schemes and appropriate printability, cell‐compatibility and biomechanical properties. Photocrosslinkable hydrogels are attractive materials for bioprinting as they provide fast polymerization under cell‐compatible conditions and exceptional spatiotemporal control over the gelation process. Photopolymerization can also be performed during the bioprinting to promote the instantaneous formation of hydrogel with high well‐defined architecture and structural stability. In this review paper, we summarize the most recent developments on bioprinting of photocrosslinkable biodegradable hydrogels for tissue engineering, focusing on the chemical modification strategies and the combination of photocrosslinking reactions with other gelation modalities. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42458.
Fabrication of a poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) modified macroporous polypropylene membrane via one‐pot reversible‐addition fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization and click chemistry
Authors: Zhou Jin , Hu Bing
Published: July 2015

In this study, a macroporous polypropylene membrane (MPPM) was grafted with hydrophilic poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PNVP) based on a one‐pot reversible‐addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and click chemistry. First, we prepared the clickable membrane by bromination and following SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction; then, click chemistry and RAFT polymerization were performed in one‐pot to graft PNVP to the MPPM surface. The surface characterizations, including attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, illustrated that PNVP was really grafted onto the MPPM surface. The permeation and antifouling characteristics of the MPPMs were measured by the filtration of a bovine serum albumin dispersion; this showed that in contrast to the nascent membrane, the grafted membrane efficiently obstructed protein molecules because of the compactly grafted polymer chains. The hydrophilicity and antifouling properties of MPPM were greatly ameliorated after modification. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42649.
No Sexual Dimorphism Detected in Digit Ratios of the Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra)
Authors: Balogová Monika , Nelson Emma , Uhrin Marcel , Figurová Mária , Ledecký Valent , Zyśk Bartłomiej
Published: July 2015

It has been proposed that digit ratio may be used as a biomarker of early developmental effects. Specifically, the second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) has been linked to the effects of sex hormones and their receptor genes, but other digit ratios have also been investigated. Across taxa, patterns of sexual dimorphism in digit ratios are ambiguous and a scarcity of studies in basal tetrapods makes it difficult to understand how ratios have evolved. Here, we focus on examining sex differences in digit ratios (2D:3D, 2D:4D, and 3D:4D) in a common amphibian, the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). We used graphic software to measure soft tissue digit length and digit bone length from X‐rays. We found a nonsignificant tendency in males to have a lower 2D:3D than females; however, no sexual differences were detected in the other ratios. We discuss our results in the context of other studies of digit ratios, and how sex determination systems, as well as other factors, might impact patterns of sexual dimorphism, particularly in reptiles and in amphibians. Our findings suggest that caution is needed when using digit ratios as a potential indicator of prenatal hormonal effects in amphibians and highlight the need for more comparative studies to elucidate the evolutionary and genetic mechanisms implicated in sexually dimorphic patterns across taxonomic groups. Anat Rec, 298:1786–1795, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence and persistence of carcinogenic genital human papillomavirus infections in young women with or without Chlamydia trachomatis co‐infection
Authors: Vriend Henrike J. , Bogaards Johannes A. , van Bergen Jan E. A. M. , Brink Antoinette A. T. P. , van den Broek Ingrid V. F. , Hoebe Christian J. P. A. , King Audrey J. , van der Sande Marianne A. B. , Wolffs Petra F. G. , de Melker Hester E. ,   the Medical Microbiological Laboratories and the CSI group
Published: July 2015

We assessed whether infection with chlamydia increases the incidence of carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and if HPV persistence is affected by chlamydia co‐infection. For 1982 women (16–29 years‐old) participating in two consecutive rounds of a chlamydia screening implementation trial, swabs were polymerase chain reaction tested to detect chlamydia and 14 carcinogenic HPV genotypes. HPV type‐specific incidence and persistence rates were stratified for chlamydia positivity at follow‐up. Associations were assessed by multilevel logistic regression analyses with correction for sexual risk factors. HPV type‐specific incidence ranged from 1.4% to 8.9% and persistence from 22.7% to 59.4% after a median follow‐up of 11 months (interquartile range: 11–12). Differences in 1‐year HPV persistence rates between chlamydia ‐infected and noninfected women were less distinct than differences in HPV incidence rates (pooled adjusted odds ratios of 1.17 [95% CI: 0.69–1.96] and 1.84 [95% CI: 1.36–2.47], respectively). The effect of chlamydia co‐infection on HPV‐infection risk did not significantly differ by HPV genotype. In conclusion, infection with chlamydia increases the risk of infection by carcinogenic HPV types and may enhance persistence of some HPV types. Although these findings could reflect residual confounding through unobserved risk factors, our results do give reason to explore more fully the association between chlamydia and HPV type‐specific acquisition and persistence.
Clinical relevance of copy number profiling in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: van Kempen Pauline M. W. , Noorlag Rob , Braunius Weibel W. , Moelans Cathy B. , Rifi Widad , Savola Suvi , Koole Ronald , Grolman Wilko , van Es Robert J. J. , Willems Stefan M.
Published: July 2015

Current conventional treatment modalities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are nonselective and have shown to cause serious side effects. Unraveling the molecular profiles of head and neck cancer may enable promising clinical applications that pave the road for personalized cancer treatment. We examined copy number status in 36 common oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in a cohort of 191 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) and 164 oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) using multiplex ligation probe amplification. Copy number status was correlated with human papillomavirus (HPV) status in OPSCC, with occult lymph node status in OSCC and with patient survival. The 11q13 region showed gain or amplifications in 59% of HPV‐negative OPSCC, whereas this amplification was almost absent in HPV‐positive OPSCC. Additionally, in clinically lymph node‐negative OSCC (Stage I–II), gain of the 11q13 region was significantly correlated with occult lymph node metastases with a negative predictive value of 81%. Multivariate survival analysis revealed a significantly decreased disease‐free survival in both HPV‐negative and HPV‐positive OPSCC with a gain of Wnt‐induced secreted protein‐1. Gain of CCND1 showed to be an independent predictor for worse survival in OSCC. These results show that copy number aberrations, mainly of the 11q13 region, may be important predictors and prognosticators which allow for stratifying patients for personalized treatment of HNSCC.
Structurally Diverse Polyamines: Solid‐Phase Synthesis and Interaction with DNA
Authors: Umezawa Naoki , Horai Yuhei , Imamura Yuki , Kawakubo Makoto , Nakahira Mariko , Kato Nobuki , Muramatsu Akira , Yoshikawa Yuko , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Higuchi Tsunehiko
Published: July 2015

A versatile solid‐phase approach based on peptide chemistry was used to construct four classes of structurally diverse polyamines with modified backbones: linear, partially constrained, branched, and cyclic. Their effects on DNA duplex stability and structure were examined. The polyamines showed distinct activities, thus highlighting the importance of polyamine backbone structure. Interestingly, the rank order of polyamine ability for DNA compaction was different to that for their effects on circular dichroism and melting temperature, thus indicating that these polyamines have distinct effects on secondary and higher‐order structures of DNA.
Peptide Backbone Composition and Protease Susceptibility: Impact of Modification Type, Position, and Tandem Substitution
Authors: Werner Halina M. , Cabalteja Chino C. , Horne W. Seth
Published: July 2015

The clinical utility of peptides is limited by their rapid degradation by endogenous proteases. Modification of the peptide backbone can generate functional analogues with enhanced proteolytic stability. Existing principles for the design of such oligomers have focused primarily on effective structural mimicry. A more robust strategy would incorporate a rational approach for engineering maximal proteolytic stability with minimal unnatural residue content. We report here the systematic comparison of the proteolytic resistance imparted by four backbone modifications commonly employed in the design of protease‐stable analogues of peptides with complex folding patterns. The degree of protection was quantified as a function of modification type, position, and tandem substitution in the context of a long, unstructured host sequence and a canonical serine protease. These results promise to inform ongoing work to develop biostable mimics of increasingly complex peptides and proteins.