bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A INFLUÊNCIA DE UMA ESTRUTURA DE IMPACTO NA MORFODINÂMICA DA BORDA MERIDIONAL DO PLANALTO PAULISTANO: O CASO DA CRATERA DE COLÔNIA, EM SÃO PAULO-SP
Authors: Bezerra dos Santos Andre Henrique , De Oliveira Déborah
Published: January 2016

O trabalho tem como objetivo compreender a influência de uma estrutura de impacto pliocênica a oligocênica na morfodinâmica da borda meridional do Planalto Paulistano, em São Paulo (SP), onde se localiza a cratera de Colônia. Com 3,6 km de diâmetro e forte circularidade, a morfologia da cratera é singular na região, na qual predominam morros de topos convexos, esculpidos sobre o embasamento cristalino e sob climas predominantemente úmidos no Quaternário. Elabora-se uma caracterização de elementos sugestivos de condicionamento geológico do relevo e da drenagem, por meio de fotointerpretação, trabalhos de campo e análises morfométricas de Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDEs). Conclui-se que as deformações produzidas pelo impacto às rochas da região se estendem para além das bordas da cratera, refletindo no estabelecimento de uma rede de drenagem de padrão anelar em seu entorno, sobre as estruturas derivadas do impacto superpostas às estruturas regionais de direção predominante ENE. Além disso, a proeminente assimetria altimétrica de sua crista, mais elevada a SW que a NE, é interpretada como resultado da maior degradação do relevo a NE, conforme apontado a partir de dados geofísicos de seu embasamento.
É POSSÍVEL REDUZIR A TURBIDEZ DA ÁGUA EM BACIA RURAL POR MEIO DE IMPLANTAÇÃO DE CAIXAS DE INFILTRAÇÃO?
Authors: Cunha Márcia Cristina da , Thomaz Edivaldo Lopes
Published: January 2016

As estradas rurais são fontes de sedimentos em eventos pluviométricos causando a turbidez em canais fluviais. Uma técnica comum em muitos países para mitigar esse problema é a implantação de caixas de infiltração. Portanto o presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a redução de turbidez após a implantação de caixas de infiltração como medida de controle de sedimento em estradas rurais da Bacia do Rio das Pedras, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil. No estudo empregou-se a manipulação dos dados de chuva, vazão e turbidez. Esses dados foram disponibilizados em meio digital pela estação pluviométrica (chuva), estação fluviométrica (vazão) e Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná (turbidez), instaladas no município de Guarapuava. O período analisado foi de 6 anos (2000-2005), sendo que os anos 2000, 2001 e 2002 compreende períodos antes da implantação das caixas de infiltração e os anos 2003, 2004 e 2005 compreende períodos pós implantação das caixas de infiltração. Por meios dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que houve uma redução de turbidez de 61,5% depois da implantação das medidas de controle de sedimentos. Concluímos que essa redução na turbidez pode ser um indicativo do efeito positivo das caixas de infiltração diminuindo também o custo de tratamento de água que abastece o município segundo informações fornecidas pela Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná, SANEPAR. Contudo, a falta de manutenção das caixas de infiltração resultou na perda gradual da sua eficácia no controle do aporte de sedimentos aos corpos hídricos
Critérios Morfodinâmicos para o Estabelecimento de Limites da Orla Costeira para fins de Gerenciamento
Authors: Muehe Dieter
Published: January 2016

A ocupação do litoral brasileiro, principalmente nas proximidades das grandes cidades, vem se caracterizando por profunda alteração e deterioração da paisagem. Casas e edifícios são construídos nas proximidades imediatas da orla a ponto de estarem sujeitos a risco potencialmente elevado de perda por erosão. A análise das características geomorfológicas e morfodinâmicas do litoral indicam que o baixo gradiente do fundo marinho, principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, representa uma vulnerabilidade extremamente elevada a uma elevação do nível do mar que, entretanto, é localmente absorvida pela ocorrência de falésias de sedimentos consolidados e por recifes de arenito de praia. Os impactos de uma elevação do nível do mar são considerados para diferentes feições geomorfológicas induzindo respostas de translação, erosão e inundação. Limites mínimos para o estabelecimento de uma faixa de proteção englobando a zona marinha e terrestre são apresentados e comparados com limites estabelecidos em outros países. O presente artigo resulta de consultoria prestada ao Ministério do Meio Ambiente, por intermédio do Projeto de Gestão Integrada dos Ambientes Costeiro e Marinho (GERCOM), do Programa de Proteção e Melhoria da Qualidade Ambiental, da Secretaria de Qualidade Ambiental nos Assentamentos, no âmbito do Projeto BRA/94-016 – PNUD.
Condicionantes Geomorfológicos dos Deslizamentos nas Encostas: Avaliação de Metodologias e Aplicação de Modelo de Previsão de Áreas Susceptíveis
Authors: Fernandes Nelson Ferreira , Guimarães Renato Fontes , Gomes Roberto Arnaldo Trancoso , Vieira Bianca Carvalho , Montgomery David R. , Greenberg Harvey
Published: January 2016

Deslizamentos são episódios de extrema importância, resultantes da atuação de processos geomorfológicos nas mais diversas escalas temporais causando, em geral, enormes prejuízos à sociedade. Dentre os diversos fatores condicionantes destacam-se os parâmetros morfológicos do terreno, os quais controlam diretamente o equilíbrio das forças e, indiretamente, a dinâmica hidrológica dos solos. Embora muitos estudos tenham voltado a atenção para a descrição de eventos e para o monitoramento de campo, pouco ainda se sabe sobre a previsão de ocorrência destes fenômenos. Acredita-se aqui que a combinação de mapeamentos e monitoramentos de campo, através de modelos matemáticos baseados em processos, tenha muito a contribuir nessa direção. Neste sentido, diversos estudos de campo vêm sendo realizados nas bacias dos rios Quitite e Papagaio no sentido de caracterizar o papel desempenhado pelos diversos parâmetros topográficos no condicionamento dos deslizamentos ali ocorridos em 1996. A partir do modelo digital de terreno das bacias, com uma resolução de 4m2, combinado com vários mapeamentos ali realizados, foi definido o potencial de deslizamento para as diversas classes de cada atributo topográfico. Paralelamente, foram realizados ensaios de campo com o permeâmetro de Guelph e simulações com o modelo matemático SHALSTAB, voltado para a previsão de áreas instáveis, de modo a englobar os mais diferentes cenários. Os resultados atestam o importante papel desempenhado pelos parâmetros topográficos forma da encosta e área de contribuição, geralmente desprezados pelas metodologias de previsão de áreas susceptíveis a deslizamentos.
Geomorphology of the Ganges fluvial system in the Himalayan foreland: an update
Authors: Sinha Rajiv
Published: January 2016

The Ganges is one of the largest fluvial systems in the world rising from the loftiest Himalaya and draining into the Bay of Bengal. Together with the Brahmaputra, it also constitutes the largest delta in the world before finally meeting the sea. The Ganges system passes through a variety of terrain from the rugged mountains through the flat alluvial plains and the sea margin, and also transects variable climatic zones. As a result, the processes, landforms and stratigraphy are strikingly different in different zones of the system. This paper attempts to provide an update on our understanding of this very large and diverse system. A global effort has been made in the last few decades, and the research has focused on a variety of themes. The mountainous catchments have attracted attention in view of the extent of glaciation and extensive erosional processes. The alluvial plains of the Ganges symbolizes the life line of one of the world's largest population. Consequently, a number of studies have been carried out on the morphology, hydrology including flooding history and sediment transport behaviour of the river system. The alluvial stratigraphy of the large valleys and the interfluves in the plains has provided insight about the sedimentation pattern and response to climate change. The deltaic plain is the final destination of this huge sediment dispersal system before it drains into the sea, and it also records the influence of sea level changes apart from the upstream catchment controls over a period of time.
CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE MONTANHAS PELA ALTURA
Authors: Faria Antonio Paulo
Published: January 2016

Existem algumas formas para definir montanhas e classificá-las em classes de tamanho em função de alguns parâmetros: altura,

altitude e zona alpina. Neste trabalho é sugerida uma classificação baseada no relevo relativo (altura) que define o seguinte:

montanhas baixas têm entre 300 e 1.000 m de altura, as médias entre 1.000 e 3.000 m e as altas, acima de 3.000 m de altura. Os

dados mostram que o Dhaulagiri (8.167 m) pode ser a montanha mais alta da Terra, cuja altura chega a 5.700 m, enquanto o

Everest (8.850 m) possui uma altura modesta, de 3.200 m. As maiores montanhas brasileiras têm altura de aproximadamente

1.800 m e extensão das vertentes com cerca de 4.000 m e as maiores escarpas rochosas no país têm entre 700 e 1.000 m de altura.
Estimativa das Taxas de Erosão das Terras Altas da Alta Bacia do Rio Das Velhas no Quadrilátero Ferrífero: Implicações para A Evolução Do Relevo.
Authors: Salgado André Augusto Rodrigues , Varajão César Augusto Chicarino , Colin Fabrice , Braucher Régis , Varajão Angélica Fortes Drummond Chicarino , Júnior Hermínio Arias Nalini , Cherem Luis Felipe Soares , Marrent Breno Ribeiro , Brindusa Cristina Budei
Published: January 2016

O presente trabalho investiga a evolução das terras altas da alta Bacia do Rio das Velhas no Quadrilátero Ferrífero/MG – Bacia

do São Francisco. A metodologia adotada se baseia na mensuração da produção do isótopo cosmogênico 10Be em escarpas e

superfícies erosivas e na confecção de modelo digital do terreno. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que estas terras altas - substrato de quartzitos, cangas e itabiritos – são extremamente resistentes ao rebaixamento vertical do relevo (downwearing) –

taxas de erosão de 1,71 e 2,58 metros por milhão de anos (m/Ma) - mas apresentam certa fragilidade frente o processo de retração

lateral das escarpas (backwearing) – taxas de erosão entre 12,71 e 14,60 m/Ma. Demonstram ainda um aumento areal das terras

baixas em detrimento das terras de altitude mediana na alta Bacia do Rio das Velhas.
Structural evolution and sedimentary record of the Stephano-Permian basins occurring beneath the Mesozoic sedimentary cover in the southwestern Paris basin (France)
Authors: Beccaletto Laurent , Capar Laure , Serrano Olivier , Marc Stéphane
Published: January 2016

Stephanian to Permian post-orogenic basins (SPB) outcrop in several limited locations in and around the present-day French Variscan basement. Little is known about their subsurface occurrences beneath the post-depositional sedimentary cover. Our work intends to decipher the structural evolution of the hidden SPB in the southwestern Paris basin, where only a few regional studies have aimed to determine their location beneath the Mesozoic sedimentary cover.

Our approach is based on the reprocessing and interpretation of 36 seismic lines (1480 km) acquired by the oil industry in the 1980s in the southwestern Paris basin. We first obtain a comprehensive view of the geometry of the SPB, based on (i) the interpretation of the base of the Stephano-Permian surface (lower limit) and the erosional base of the surface of the Triassic layers (upper limit) and (ii) the recognition of specific internal geometries and seismic facies. The interpreted faults are grouped into different categories according to their period of activity, with a focus on synsedimentary faults related to thickness variations of the Stephano-Permian deposits. We then propose a structural scheme containing faults that were active during the Stephano-Permian period, in relation to the late-Variscan structural pattern which has led to the recognition of five sets of faults: N140-trending faults associated with secondary N155- and N055-trending faults (Arpheuilles basin); N115-trending faults (Contres basin); N030-trending faults (Brécy basin); NS-trending faults (transition between the Contres and Brécy basins). Based on the seismic interpretation, thickness maps are calculated both in time and in meters, allowing a pseudo-3D view of the three identified SPB, with thicknesses up to 3000 m (Contres basin); these maps indicate that the preserved extents and thicknesses of the basins in the subsurface are systematically greater than those observed at outcrop.

Finally, we show that the SPB were filled during two different tectonic phases: (i) an initial period of opening of the Arpheuilles, Contres and Brécy basins, during which Stephanian conglomeratic/coal facies were deposited under a strong structural control (normal faulting with certainly a strike-slip component, wedge-shaped geometry of the sediments); (ii) a consecutive pre-Triassic tectonic activity (N155-trending strike-slip in the Arpheuilles basin, uplift of the margins of the three basins), at the origin of a significant part of the sedimentary filling of the basins; this vertical uplift may have reached 2000 m.
A Quantitative Approach To Characterize Porosity Structure From Borehole Electrical Images and Its Application in a Carbonate Reservoir in the Tazhong Area, Tarim Basin
Authors: Hai-cheng Fu , Chang-chun Zou , Ning Li , Cheng-wen Xiao , Cheng-sen Zhang , Xing-neng Wu , Rui-lin Liu
Published: January 2016

For a carbonate reservoir that has low porosity, its validity cannot simply be measured by its total porosity. Therefore, one must find more-effective porosity parameters to indicate reservoir validity. Two parameters that reflect the porosity spectrum's shape are proposed in this paper to characterize the porosity structure from borehole electrical images. One is the length of the right-porosity spectrum (LRPS), and the other is the root mean square (RMS) of the right-porosity spectrum (RMSRPS). Subsequently, the validity of a carbonate reservoir was considered by use of these two parameters. The logging evaluation, processing, and interpretation of multiple wells in a fractured/vuggy reservoir with low porosity in the Tarim Basin indicate that these two parameters reflect the variation of pore structures better than conventional methods, and they agree better with the well-test results.
Recycling Fracturing Flowback Water for Use in Hydraulic Fracturing: Influence of Organic Matter on Stability of Carboxyl-Methyl-Cellulose-Based Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Esmaeilirad N.. , Terry C.. , Kennedy Herron , Prior A.. , Carlson K..
Published: January 2016

Recycling oilfield wastewater for hydraulic fracturing requires a good understanding of the water chemical characteristics and how these interact with the fracturing fluid. The viscosity and rheological properties of fracturing fluids affect proppant placement, length and width of fractures, fracture conductivity, and, consequently, the success of the treatment. The objective of the research described here was to understand if dissolved organic matter (DOM) at high concentrations influences subsequent fracturing with a gelled fluid. Experimental studies were conducted on four types of water: (1) model water with low DOM, (2) recycled water from an industrial-treatment facility (medium DOM), (3) untreated early-time flowback (ETFB) water (high DOM), and (4) untreated produced water (high DOM). A low-pH, zirconium-crosslinker-gelled fluid at 200°F was examined in the study. All three water samples that had significant levels of organic matter [total organic content (TOC) > 1000 mg/L] exhibited lower peak viscosities and more-rapid viscosity decay than the model water without organic matter. The destabilizing influence of organic matter on carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) gelled fracturing-fluid viscosity is thought to be caused by secondary crosslinking of the short-chain polymer residuals in the flowback, resulting in lower initial viscosity and stability.
Pericarp‐Imposed Dormancy in Sunflower: Physiological Basis, Impact on Crop Emergence, and Removal at an Industrial Scale
Authors: Dominguez Constanza P. , Batlla Diego , Rodríguez María V. , Windauer Liliana B. , Gerbaldo Magdalena , Benech‐Arnold Roberto L.
Published: January 2016

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) achenes often display pericarp‐imposed dormancy, which is long‐lasting and causes serious problems to crop production and the seed industry. For this study we assessed an extensively used sunflower inbred line that has this type of dormancy. Our goals were (i) to determine the effect of pericarp on germination and to evaluate its impact on crop field emergence, (ii) to provide insight into the physiological basis of pericarp‐imposed dormancy by determining the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in the embryo and the embryo sensitivity to ABA during incubation at different temperatures, (iii) to assess the effect of oxidant agents and other compounds on dormancy termination, and (iv) to evaluate the feasibility of using oxidants to remove dormancy at an industrial scale. Incubation at high temperatures (i.e., 25 to 30°C) allowed the expression of dormancy, which was imposed by the pericarp and was accompanied by an increase in embryo sensitivity to ABA, but not in ABA concentration. Treated achenes with sodium hypochlorite, or their incubation in presence of an ethylene precursor or gibberellins overcame dormancy. ABA concentration decreased during incubation when treated with sodium hypochlorite. Application of sodium hypochlorite on a commercial seed lot (i.e., washing with 3 and 7%, after additional chemicals used by the industry were applied) resulted in higher germination compared with dormant non‐treated controls. Field trials showed that pericarp‐imposed dormancy reduced crop emergence in the inbred line tested herein. However, treating achenes with sodium hypochlorite using described industrial procedures improved field emergence.
Degradation of dye wastewater by persulfate activated with Fe3O4/graphene nanocomposite
Authors: Gong Xiao-Bao
Published: January 2016

In this study, Fe3O4/graphene nanocomposite was synthesized through a liquid-phase co-precipitation method and characterized using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The synthetic Fe3O4/graphene was used as a heterogeneous catalyst to activate persulfate to efficiently degrade methylene blue (MB). The target pollutant MB can be degraded by sulfate radicals depending on several parameters including persulfate and Fe3O4/graphene concentrations, pH and reaction temperature. Within 120 min of reaction time, almost 100% of 0.05 mM MB was removed by 1.5 mM persulfate in the presence of 150 mg/L of Fe3O4/graphene at pH = 6.0 and 25 °C. The degradation of MB was found to follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The Fe3O4/graphene has much better stability and reusability than free Fe3O4 suggested by reuse tests. The results demonstrate that Fe3O4/graphene activated persulfate is a promising technology for remediation of water pollution caused by organic contaminants.
Retraction Note: Research on Desk Personalized Ventilation in Winter Based on CFD
Authors: Fei Liu , Dongliang Zhang
Published: January 2016

RETRACTION

The Publisher and Editor have retracted this article [1] in accordance with good ethical practices. After a thorough investigations
we believe that the peer review process was compromised. The article was published on-line on 26-06-2015.
Lithic technology of an Itaparica industry archaeological site: the Gruta das Araras rockshelter, Midwest of Brazil
Authors: Moreno de Sousa João Carlos
Published: January 2016

The Itaparica tradition is a lithic industry largely known with evidences of its presence in sites all over Brazil’s Central Plateau. Its main characteristic is the overwhelming presence of unifacially retouched artifacts (limaces) in these sites during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition and Early Holocene. Previous researches confirm the technological similarity of the limaces between some of these sites. This paper presents a technological analysis of the flaking residues of one of these sites: The Grutas das Araras Rockshelter, in which the oldest levels were interpreted as a lithic workshop.
Cost of Capital Free-Riders
Authors: Baginski Stephen P. , Hinson Lisa A.
Published: January 2016

We document the interrelationship of disclosure policy decisions among firms by providing evidence that the cessation of quarterly management forecast guidance by 656 firms (“stoppers”) during 2004–2009 is associated with a pursuant increase in quarterly forecasts by previously non-forecasting firms in the same industries (“free-riders”). Increased forecasting by free-riders is positively associated with the information loss in the industry (proxied by the number of stoppers in the industry, the strength of previously existing information transfer relations between stoppers and free-riders, and whether stoppers and free-riders are peer firms) and the importance of the information loss to the free-riders (proxied by analyst following and the existence of new share issues). Following the cessation event, free-riders' cost of capital decreases as a function of the extent to which free-riders immediately initiate quarterly forecasting.

JEL Classifications: M41.

Data Availability: Data are available from the sources indicated in the text.
Does Ownership Structure Affect Labor Decisions?
Authors: Hall Curtis M.
Published: January 2016

This study examines how the incentives related to ownership structure influence labor cost management decisions in publicly traded and privately held organizations. I document that public banks have more elastic labor cost structures than private banks, which suggests that public bank managers prefer greater flexibility to remove labor resources when desired. Consistent with public banks facing greater financial reporting pressures, I find that they reduce labor costs to avoid earnings declines. However, I also find that the use of labor cost reductions to manage required regulatory capital is more pronounced in private banks. Consistent with the explanation that access to the equity markets allows public firms to sell equity in lieu of cutting costs, I find that the use of labor cost reductions to manage capital requirements is concentrated in the subsample of banks with lower equity issuances. These findings suggest that while public ownership induces financial reporting pressure, it may also alleviate regulatory pressure through greater ability to sell equity.
Conceptual metaphors in Ukrainian prime ministers’ discourse involving renewables
Authors: Kapranov Oleksandr
Published: January 2016

This qualitative study is aimed at elucidating conceptual metaphors associated with renewable energy sources (further referred to as ‘renewables’) in Ukrainian prime ministers’ (PMs) political discourse. The material derives from a corpus of Ukrainian PMs’ political texts on renewables in Ukraine within the timeframe 2005-2014. The corpus is examined for the presence of conceptual metaphors pertaining to the topic of renewables. Data analysis indicates that from 2005 to 2013 conceptual metaphors involving renewables are embedded in the issues of Ukraine’s adherence to the Kyoto Protocol, the EU directives on renewables, the monetary value of renewables and the role of renewables in Ukraine’s energy security, thus instantiating the conceptual metaphors Renewables as Ukraine’s European Choice, Renewables as a Path to the EU, Renewables as Money and Renewables as Independence respectively. However, the novel metaphor Renewables as Survival is identified in PM Yatsenjuk’s political discourse in 2014. This metaphor is embedded in the context of another conceptual metaphor, Gas as a Weapon, which is present in political discourse involving Russian natural gas export to third countries. Data analysis indicates that the conceptual metaphors Renewables as Survival and Renewables as Independence are in a polyphonic relationship of synergy and contrast with Gas as a Weapon.
Realizing Personality in The Importance of Being Earnest
Authors: Balkin Sarah
Published: January 2016

Oscar Wilde’s “The Portrait of Mr. W.H.” (1889) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) both centrally feature imaginary persons. In “The Portrait of Mr. W.H.,” Wilde’s narrator says that “all Art” is “to a certain degree a mode of acting, an attempt to realise one’s own personality.” The Importance of Being Earnest assigns actors’ bodies to the imaginary person of the title. My essay examines what it meant to realize a personality on the late-nineteenth-century stage in light of recent scholarship on character, stage properties, and materiality. I argue that – because theatre shows the constructedness of material and corporeal being, because farce renders male identity a matter of genre, and because Wilde unifies the characters’ desires under one name – The Importance of Being Earnest uniquely locates personality in a living human body.
Importance of Rubber Characteristics in the Frictional Response of Asphalt Concrete Surfaces
Authors: Villani Mirella M. , Scarpas Athanasios , de Bondt Arian , Khedoe Radjan , Kasbergen Cor
Published: January 2016

During rubber–asphalt concrete (AC) interaction, the indentation of the elastomer by the AC asperities causes its deformation and hence dissipation of internal energy. The amount of expended energy is related primarily to surface roughness, thermomechanical response of the rubber, speed, temperature, and applied pressure. Friction can be evaluated on the basis of the amount of expended energy. Because of the many factors involved and their interrelation, laboratory or in situ measured friction is only an indicative value heavily dependent on the specific set of testing conditions. Some conditions, such as rubber characteristics or temperature, are difficult to control, and their influence on friction is difficult to quantify. This research examined the interaction between two rubber types (with characteristics similar to those used for in situ testing) and three typical AC mixes (AC10, stone mix asphalt, and porous asphalt). The AC surface characteristics were studied with a laser scanner and the viscoelastic properties of the rubber with dynamic shear rheometer tests, and the interaction between the two materials was investigated with a purpose-developed and purpose-built skid-resistance interface testing device. The laboratory results were further elaborated with a newly developed computational tool, M2D. Through a detailed laboratory study followed by computational analyses, this research demonstrates the importance of accounting for rubber characteristics during friction evaluation and demonstrates how the characteristics of the rubber can be taken into account in friction prediction tools.
Detecting and Correcting Localized Roughness Features
Authors: Higgins Gary J.
Published: January 2016

Data collected by inertial profilers on new asphalt pavements in Colorado in 2012 were used to analyze the effectiveness of the localized roughness specification in Colorado. For the analyzed projects, data were collected before any corrections were made as well as after diamond grinding had been performed to remove areas of localized roughness. The data indicated that localized roughness features having a half-car roughness index (HRI) lower than 175 in./mi were rarely addressed during correction. However, about half the localized roughness features that had an HRI of 175 to 200 in./mi were successfully addressed during correction. Localized roughness features having an HRI greater than 200 in./mi appeared to be successfully addressed during correction. The analysis indicated a significant difference in the localized roughness locations identified by AASHTO R 54 and the Colorado Department of Transportation (DOT) method of detecting localized roughness. The Colorado DOT procedure specifies a minimum length for a roughness feature that is to be corrected, but AASHTO R 54 does not. This paper shows that collecting accurate profile data and analyzing the data to determine localized roughness locations are not enough. The identified locations must be correctly marked on the pavement in the field so that the feature does not cause localized roughness. This paper presents a procedure not only for collecting accurate data but also for accurately marking the roughness features in the field. It is shown that it is possible to locate and correct localized roughness accurately to the current thresholds as set by AASHTO R 54.
Heterochrony as Diachronically Modified Cell-Cell Interactions
Authors: Torday John
Published: January 2016

Heterochrony is an enabling concept in evolution theory that metaphorically captures the mechanism of biologic change due to mechanisms of growth and development. The spatio-temporal patterns of morphogenesis are determined by cell-to-cell signaling mediated by specific soluble growth factors and their cognate receptors on nearby cells of different germline origins. Subsequently, down-stream production of second messengers generates patterns of form and function. Environmental upheavals such as Romer’s hypothesized drying up of bodies of water globally caused the vertebrate water-land transition. That transition caused physiologic stress, modifying cell-cell signaling to generate terrestrial adaptations of the skeleton, lung, skin, kidney and brain. These tissue-specific remodeling events occurred as a result of the duplication of the Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein Receptor (PTHrPR) gene, expressed in mesodermal fibroblasts in close proximity to ubiquitously expressed endodermal PTHrP, amplifying this signaling pathway. Examples of how and why PTHrPR amplification affected the ontogeny, phylogeny, physiology and pathophysiology of the lung are used to substantiate and further our understanding through insights to the heterochronic mechanisms of evolution, such as the fish swim bladder evolving into the vertebrate lung, interrelated by such functional homologies as surfactant and mechanotransduction. Instead of the conventional description of this phenomenon, lung evolution can now be understood as adaptive changes in the cellular-molecular signaling mechanisms underlying its ontogeny and phylogeny.
The Eh-pH Diagram and Its Advances
Authors: Huang Hsin-Hsiung
Published: January 2016

Since Pourbaix presented Eh versus pH diagrams in his “Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solution”, diagrams have become extremely popular and are now used in almost every scientific area related to aqueous chemistry. Due to advances in personal computers, such diagrams can now show effects not only of Eh and pH, but also of variables, including ligand(s), temperature and pressure. Examples from various fields are illustrated in this paper. Examples include geochemical formation, corrosion and passivation, precipitation and adsorption for water treatment and leaching and metal recovery for hydrometallurgy. Two basic methods were developed to construct an Eh-pH diagram concerning the ligand component(s). The first method calculates and draws a line between two adjacent species based on their given activities. The second method performs equilibrium calculations over an array of points (500 × 800 or higher are preferred), each representing one Eh and one pH value for the whole system, then combines areas of each dominant species for the diagram. These two methods may produce different diagrams. The fundamental theories, illustrated results, comparison and required conditions behind these two methods are presented and discussed in this paper. The Gibbs phase rule equation for an Eh-pH diagram was derived and verified from actual plots. Besides indicating the stability area of water, an Eh-pH diagram normally shows only half of an overall reaction. However, merging two or more related diagrams together reveals more clearly the possibility of the reactions involved. For instance, leaching of Au with cyanide followed by cementing Au with Zn (Merrill-Crowe process) can be illustrated by combining Au-CN and Zn-CN diagrams together. A second example of the galvanic conversion of chalcopyrite can be explained by merging S, Fe–S and Cu–Fe–S diagrams. The calculation of an Eh-pH diagram can be extended easily into another dimension, such as the concentration of a given ligand, temperature or showing the solubility of stable solids. A personal computer is capable of drawing the diagram by utilizing a 3D program, such as ParaView, or VisIt, or MATLAB. Two 3D wireframe volume plots of a Uranium-carbonate system from Garrels and Christ were used to verify the Eh-pH calculation and the presentation from ParaView. Although a two-dimensional drawing is still much clearer to read, a 3D graph can allow one to visualize an entire system by executing rotation, clipping, slicing and making a movie.
Evaluation of moraine loams' filtration properties
Authors: Klizas Petras , Gadeikis Saulius , Žilionienė Daiva
Published: January 2016

In Lithuania, surface moraine loam, clay and other lithologic varieties with low permeability take around 60% of the territory. Roads, railway tracks, bridges, dumps intended for keeping waste of different level of danger and other overground structures are built in these areas. Moraine formations with low water permeability become the foundation for earth bank, roads, bridge supports, dumps and other engineering structures. Through these foundations water filtration, infiltration, movement of capillary water and evaporation to the atmosphere continue during the entire period of operation. In wintertime, the volumetric changes of water, contained and freezing in these soils, and water migration in soil towards the surface of freezing determine deformations of foundations or road surface and the occurrence of frost cracks. All the mentioned water migration processes in the layers take place in various directions and in different intensity. This determines the change in geomechanical and geofiltration properties of foundation soils. Foundation soil deformations are likely also due to the processes of drying, bloating and filtration of clayey soils. Thus, the goal of the present work is to evaluate the evolution of filtration features and evaporation intensity of moraine loam in time. The continuous duration of laboratory investigations was over 10 months. For filtration, the filtrometer was used containing the Proctor Standard moulds, water deaeration device and pressure measuring stand with three tubes of different diameter (piezometers). Water and air temperature and relative humidity of the laboratory were measured during each experiment.
Minimum revenue guarantee and toll revenue cap optimization for PPP highways: Pareto optimal state approach
Authors: Wang Yuanqing , Li Zihua , Gao Yanan
Published: January 2016

In the Public-Private Partnership highway projects the Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Toll Revenue Cap policies are effective measures for risk and benefit sharing between the government and the private sector. However, if the Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Toll Revenue Cap values are unreasonable, it may lead one part of the investors to take too much risk and financial burden. This paper mainly establishes six objectives from the return and risk perspectives of the government, the concessionaire and the overall situation respectively. Because the traditional Discount Cash Flow method does not consider the risk factors, this paper proposes to use Monte Carlo simulation and scatter search algorithm to calculate the optimal values of the Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Toll Revenue Cap under different objectives. Compared with the statistics of the Net Present Value under different cases, it was summarized that when the objective is minimizing the variance of the total Net Present Value, the investors will realize the Pareto optimal state between the return and risk. In addition, it was found that the government is more sensitive to the Minimum Revenue Guarantee and Toll Revenue Cap marginal values according to the sensitive analysis. Therefore, the model has an effect on improving the fairness of the risk sharing measures, reducing the financial burden of the investors especially the government, and increasing the investment attraction of the private sectors.
POLARIZATION EVOLUTION OF EARLY OPTICAL AFTERGLOWS OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Authors: Lan Mi-Xiang , Wu Xue-Feng , Dai Zi-Gao
Published: January 2016

The central engine and jet composition of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) remain mysterious. Here we suggest that observations on the polarization evolution of early optical afterglows may shed light on these questions. We first study the dynamics of a reverse shock and a forward shock that are generated during the interaction of a relativistic jet and its ambient medium. The jet is likely magnetized with a globally large-scale magnetic field from the central engine. The existence of the reverse shock requires that the magnetization degree of the jet should not be high (σ ≤ 1), so that the jet is mainly composed of baryons and leptons. We then calculate the light curves and polarization evolution of early optical afterglows and find that when the polarization position angle changes by 90° during the early afterglow, the polarization degree is zero for a toroidal magnetic field but is very likely to be nonzero for an aligned magnetic field. This result would be expected to provide a probe for the central engine of GRBs because an aligned field configuration could originate from a magnetar central engine and a toroidal field configuration could be produced from a black hole via the Blandford–Znajek mechanism. Finally, for such two kinds of magnetic field configurations, we fit the observed data of the early optical afterglow of GRB 120308A equally well.
THE SEGUE K GIANT SURVEY. III. QUANTIFYING GALACTIC HALO SUBSTRUCTURE
Authors: Janesh William , Morrison Heather L. , Ma Zhibo , Rockosi Constance , Starkenburg Else , Xue Xiang Xiang , Rix Hans-Walter , Harding Paul , Beers Timothy C. , Johnson Jennifer , Lee Young Sun , Schneider Donald P.
Published: January 2016

We statistically quantify the amount of substructure in the Milky Way stellar halo using a sample of 4568 halo K giant stars at Galactocentric distances ranging over 5–125 kpc. These stars have been selected photometrically and confirmed spectroscopically as K giants from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey’s Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration project. Using a position–velocity clustering estimator (the 4distance) and a model of a smooth stellar halo, we quantify the amount of substructure in the halo, divided by distance and metallicity. Overall, we find that the halo as a whole is highly structured. We also confirm earlier work using blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars which showed that there is an increasing amount of substructure with increasing Galactocentric radius, and additionally find that the amount of substructure in the halo increases with increasing metallicity. Comparing to resampled BHB stars, we find that K giants and BHBs have similar amounts of substructure over equivalent ranges of Galactocentric radius. Using a friends-of-friends algorithm to identify members of individual groups, we find that a large fraction (∼33%) of grouped stars are associated with Sgr, and identify stars belonging to other halo star streams: the Orphan Stream, the Cetus Polar Stream, and others, including previously unknown substructures. A large fraction of sample K giants (more than 50%) are not grouped into any substructure. We find also that the Sgr stream strongly dominates groups in the outer halo for all except the most metal-poor stars, and suggest that this is the source of the increase of substructure with Galactocentric radius and metallicity.
A MATURE GALAXY CLUSTER AT z = 1.58 AROUND THE RADIO GALAXY 7C 1753+6311
Authors: Cooke E. A. , Hatch N. A. , Stern D. , Rettura A. , Brodwin M. , Galametz A. , Wylezalek D. , Bridge C. , Conselice C. J. , Breuck C. De , Gonzalez A. H. , Jarvis M.
Published: January 2016

We report on the discovery of a z = 1.58 mature cluster around the high-redshift radio galaxy 7C 1753+6311, first identified in the Clusters Around Radio-loud active galactic nuclei survey. Two-thirds of the excess galaxies within the central 1 Mpc lie on a red sequence with a color that is consistent with an average formation redshift of z
f ∼ 3. We show that 80 ± 6% of the red sequence galaxies in the cluster core are quiescent, while the remaining 20% are red due to dusty star formation. We demonstrate that the cluster has an enhanced quiescent galaxy fraction that is three times that of the control field. We also show that this enhancement is mass dependent: 91 ± 9% of the

M
⊙ cluster galaxies are quiescent, compared to only 36 ± 2% of field galaxies, whereas the fraction of quiescent galaxies with lower masses is the same in the cluster and field environments. The presence of a dense core and a well-formed, quiescent red sequence suggest that this is a mature cluster. This means that distant radio galaxies do not solely reside in young, uncollapsed protoclusters, rather they can be found in clusters in a wide range of evolutionary states.
INFRARED COLOR SELECTION OF MASSIVE GALAXIES AT z > 3
Authors: Wang (王涛) T. , Elbaz D. , Schreiber C. , Pannella M. , Shu X. , Willner S. P. , Ashby M. L. N. , Huang J.-S. , Fontana A. , Dekel A. , Daddi E. , Ferguson H. C. , Dunlop J. , Ciesla L. , Koekemoer A. M. , Giavalisco M. , Boutsia K. , Finkelstein S. , Juneau S. , Barro G. , Koo D. C. , Michałowski M. J. , Orellana G. , Lu Y. , Castellano M. , Bourne N. , Buitrago F. , Santini P. , Faber S. M. , Hathi N. , Lucas R. A. , Pérez-González P. G.
Published: January 2016

We introduce a new color selection technique to identify high-redshift, massive galaxies that are systematically missed by Lyman-break selection. The new selection is based on the H
160 (H) and Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) 4.5 μm bands, specifically

mag. These galaxies, called “HIEROs,” include two major populations that can be separated with an additional J − H color. The populations are massive and dusty star-forming galaxies at

(

) and extremely dusty galaxies at

(

). The 350 arcmin2 of the GOODS-North and GOODS-South fields with the deepest Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) near-infrared and IRAC data contain as many as 285 HIEROs down to

mag. Inclusion of the most extreme HIEROs, not even detected in the H band, makes this selection particularly complete for the identification of massive high-redshift galaxies. We focus here primarily on

(

) HIEROs, which have a median photometric redshift

and stellar mass

and are much fainter in the rest-frame UV than similarly massive Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs). Their star formation rates (SFRs), derived from their stacked infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs), reach ∼240 

 yr−1, leading to a specific SFR,

Gyr−1, suggesting that the sSFRs for massive galaxies continue to grow at

but at a lower growth rate than from z = 0 to z = 2. With a median half-light radius of 2 kpc, including

as compact as quiescent (QS) galaxies at similar redshifts,

HIEROs represent perfect star-forming progenitors of the most massive (

) compact QS galaxies at

and have the right number density. HIEROs make up

of all galaxies with

identified at

from their photometric redshifts. This is five times more than LBGs with nearly no overlap between the two populations. While HIEROs make up 15%–25% of the total SFR density at

–5, they completely dominate the SFR density taking place in

galaxies, and HIEROs are therefore crucial to understanding the very early phase of massive galaxy formation.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF HOST GALAXIES TO THE INFRARED ENERGY OUTPUT OF z ≳ 5.0 QUASARS
Authors: Lyu(吕建伟) Jianwei , Rieke G. H. , Alberts Stacey
Published: January 2016

The infrared spectral energy distributions of z ≳ 5 quasars can be reproduced by combining a low-metallicity galaxy template with a standard active galactic nucleus (AGN) template. The host galaxy is represented by Haro 11, a compact, moderately low metallicity, starbursting galaxy that shares typical features of high-z galaxies. For the vast majority of z ≳  5 quasars, the AGN contribution is well modeled by a standard empirical template with the contamination of star formation in the infrared subtracted. Together, these two templates can separate the contributions from the host galaxy and the AGN even in the case of limited data points, given that this model has only two free parameters. Using this method, we reanalyze 69 z ≳ 5 quasars with extensive Herschel observations and derive their AGN luminosities [L
AGN

infrared luminosities from star formation [

and corresponding star formation rates (

). The average infrared luminosity from star formation and the average total AGN luminosity of the z ≳ 5 quasar sample follow the correlation defined by quasars at z < 2.6. We assume that these quasar host galaxies maintain a constant average SFR (∼620 M
⊙ yr−1) during their mass assembly and estimate the stellar mass that could form prior to z ∼ 5−6 to be

Combining with the black hole (BH) mass measurements, this stellar mass is adequate to establish a BH–galaxy mass ratio

at 0.1%–1%, consistent with the local relation.
SIMULTANEOUS IRIS AND HINODE/EIS OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING OF THE 2014 OCTOBER 27 X2.0 CLASS FLARE
Authors: Polito V. , Reep J. W. , Reeves K. K. , Simões P. J. A. , Dudík J. , Del Zanna G. , Mason H. E. , Golub L.
Published: January 2016

We present a study of the X2-class flare which occurred on 2014 October 27 and was observed with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on board the Hinode satellite. Thanks to the high cadence and spatial resolution of the IRIS and EIS instruments, we are able to compare simultaneous observations of the Fe xxi 1354.08 Å and Fe xxiii 263.77 Å high-temperature emission (≳10 MK) in the flare ribbon during the chromospheric evaporation phase. We find that IRIS observes completely blueshifted Fe xxi line profiles, up to 200 km s−1 during the rise phase of the flare, indicating that the site of the plasma upflows is resolved by IRIS. In contrast, the Fe xxiii line is often asymmetric, which we interpret as being due to the lower spatial resolution of EIS. Temperature estimates from SDO/AIA and Hinode/XRT show that hot emission (log(T[K]) > 7.2) is first concentrated at the footpoints before filling the loops. Density-sensitive lines from IRIS and EIS give estimates of electron number density of ≳1012 cm−3 in the transition region lines and 1010 cm−3 in the coronal lines during the impulsive phase. In order to compare the observational results against theoretical predictions, we have run a simulation of a flare loop undergoing heating using the HYDRAD 1D hydro code. We find that the simulated plasma parameters are close to the observed values that are obtained with IRIS, Hinode, and AIA. These results support an electron beam heating model rather than a purely thermal conduction model as the driving mechanism for this flare.
BREAKOUT RECONNECTION OBSERVED BY THE TESIS EUV TELESCOPE
Authors: Reva A. A. , Ulyanov A. S. , Shestov S. V. , Kuzin S. V.
Published: January 2016

We present experimental evidence of the coronal mass ejection (CME) breakout reconnection, observed by the TESIS EUV telescope. The telescope could observe solar corona up to 2 R
⊙ from the Sun center in the Fe 171 Å line. Starting from 2009 April 8, TESIS observed an active region (AR) that had a quadrupolar structure with an X-point 0.5 R
⊙ above photosphere. A magnetic field reconstructed from the Michelson Doppler Imager data also has a multipolar structure with an X-point above the AR. At 21:45 UT on April 9, the loops near the X-point started to move away from each other with a velocity of ≈7 km s−1. At 01:15 UT on April 10, a bright stripe appeared between the loops, and the flux in the GOES 0.5–4 Å channel increased. We interpret the loops’ sideways motion and the bright stripe as evidence of the breakout reconnection. At 01:45 UT, the loops below the X-point started to slowly move up. At 15:10 UT, the CME started to accelerate impulsively, while at the same time a flare arcade formed below the CME. After 15:50 UT, the CME moved with constant velocity. The CME evolution precisely followed the breakout model scenario.