bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Bildsøe Per
Published: August 2010

Kidney‐, heart‐ and skin‐grafting were performed from individual donor rats belonging to segregating F2 hybrid populations to recipients of one of the parental strains in two combinations: (AS × BN) F2 → AS and (Fischer × BN) F2 → Fischer. Before grafting all donors were tested for presence or absence of the Ag‐B allele from BN by serotyping and by mixed lymphocyte culture reaction. According to the one locus hypothesis one would expect that organs from F2 donors, which carried the BN allele would be rejected acutely, whereas organs from negative F2 donors would survive for a long time concurrently with acute or subacute rejection of skin grafts. In both combinations, acute or subacute rejection of the skin grafts occurred, whether or not the donor carried the foreign Ag‐B allele from BN, and acute or subacute rejection occurred of all kidneys and hearts from BN positive donors except for a single kidney which survived for 197 days. A very distinctly prolonged survival for both kidney and heart grafts was noticed in both combinations when the donor lacked the Ag‐B allele from BN. However, one exception occurred, viz. a grafted heart which was rejected after 62 days. But in general the prediction came true, and it may be concluded that rejection of kidney and heart grafts is the common rule, when incompatibility at the Ag‐B locus exists, while compatibility at this locus leads to permanent acceptance of organ grafts independent of incompatibilities at the weaker loci.
THE EFFECT OF METABOLIC INHIBITORS ON THE PRODUCTION OF VACCINIA HAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Aasen Jorulf , Haukenes Gunnar
Published: August 2010

When synthesis of vaccinia DNA was inhibited, no haemagglutinin (HA) was produced. The antiviral compound isatin‐β‐thiosemicarbazone (IBT) also arrested the formation of vaccinia HA. It is therefore concluded that the synthesis of vaccinia HA depends on late protein synthesis. We have confirmed earlier findings that 5‐bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) does not inhibit HA production in doses which completely arrest production of infectious virus. In contrast to earlier findings, mitomycin C inhibited HA production in our experiments. The new antiviral compound rifampicin had no or little effect upon vaccinia HA production.
STUDIES ON THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST WITH MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE ANTIGEN
Authors: Eno Jan
Published: August 2010

Methods for purifying the not cell‐bound complement fixing antigen (NCBA) of M. pneumoniae, present in cellfree filtrates from broth cultures of the organism, have been examined. Precipitations with ammonium sulphate (AS) and isopycnic CsCl gradient centrifugation have both proved effective methods by which to separate NCBA from broth medium proteins. Using 31 per cent AS, ab. 40 per cent of the NCBA measured in native filtrates was regained in the precipitates, the protein content per CF‐unit of which was ab. 5 per cent of that in the native filtrates. With increasing salt concentrations, the protein figure of the precipitates rose far more steeply than the NCBA yield, resulting in an inverse ratio between the yield and the degree of purification. The AS precipitation method also facilitated a substantial concentration of NCBA. In the CsCl gradient centrifugation, NCBA was located in the buoyant density range 1.084–1.105 g/ml, indicating a lipid nature of NCBA. By a combined application of 31 per cent AS precipitation and CsCl gradient centrifugation, a concentrated preparation of NCBA was produced with a yield on the 30 per cent level and a protein figure below 1 per cent of that in native filtrates.
Evaluation of Disinfectant Inactivators
Authors: Bergan Tom , Lystad Arve
Published: August 2010

A procedure for the control of disinfectant inactivators is described and suitable antagonists for some disinfectants are listed.
Transferable and Non‐Transferable Drug Resistance in Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Specimens in Northern Sweden
Authors: Bergfors Stefan , Burman Lars G. , Eklöf Per‐Hannes , Nordström Kurt , Tärnvik Arne
Published: August 2010

Drug resistance was studied in Gram negative bacteria isolated from urine specimens. About 2/3 of the strains were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics under study (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline). Escherichia coli and Proteus dominated among the bacteria isolated. Multiple resistance was common, tetracycline resistance being the most common resistance trait. Out of 286 drug resistant strains 26 per cent were found to carry R‐factors that could be transferred to the E. coli K‐12 strain used as recipient. Also among the R‐factors, tetracycline resistance was the most common resistance. R‐factors carrying as much as 5 resistance traits were found. The frequency of R‐factors among patients from different wards and in different age groups were found to be quite similar.
OCCURRENCE AND POSSIBLE ROLE OF MORAXELLA SPECIES IN PIGS
Authors: Larsen J. L. , Bille N. , Nielsen N. C.
Published: August 2010

Bacteriological examination of material from 4500 post mortem examined suckling pigs from 17 herds resulted in the isolation of a haemolytic Moraxella species in 81 cases (1.8 per cent). In 43 instances Moraxella was isolated in pure culture and 34 pigs apparently succumbed to a generalized Moraxella infection. Mixed infections occurred in 11 pigs and 27 isolations were from mucous membranes. A tendency to a prevalence among pigs born by primiparae was found. Seasonal variation with the highest frequency in the winter‐months was obvious. The infections occurred sporadically in 13 out of 17 herds. The Moraxella was predominantly found among pigs less than one week old, 73 of all the isolates and 94 per cent of the generalized infections were found in this age group. Besides generalized infections, Moraxella was isolated from four cases of catarrhal pneumonia, three cases of arthritis and three abscesses. The morphology and the biochemical properties of the isolated strains are described. In a preliminary inoculation‐experiment with gnotobiotic pigs the employed Moraxella‐strain was able to establish itself in the pharynx, but no clinical symptoms or pathological lesions were produced. It is concluded, that the described Moraxella species like some other gram‐negative related species can act as an opportunistic pathogen in pigs and occasionally cause generalized or localized infections in piglets—mainly among predisposed and debilitated individuals.
INHIBITION OF GROWTH OF STRAINS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM BY MESO‐TARTRATE
Authors: Alfredsson G. A. , Old D. C.
Published: August 2010

When strains of Salmonella typhimurium unable to utilize meso‐tartrate were grown for 24 hours in peptone water containing 0.1 or 1 per cent of meso‐tartrate, measurements of the optical densities of the cultures were considerably less than those of cultures grown in peptone water without meso‐tartrate. This reduction in the growth yield was observed not only when the meso‐tartrate was present throughout the whole period of incubation, but also when the meso‐tartrate was added to cultures in the log phase of growth, for there was then an immediate reduction in the rate of growth and a reduction in the final population of cells. These effects were observed whether growth was assessed turbidimetrically or by viable count. The effect of the meso‐tartrate was not bactericidal, for washing of the inhibited cells and their transfer to fresh peptone water released them from the inhibited state. Some Krebs cycle intermediates, such as oxaloacetate, malate, fumarate or succinate, when added to peptone water cultures of meso‐tartrate‐non‐fermenting strains stimulated their growth and when added together with the meso‐tartrate prevented the meso‐tartrate from exerting its growth inhibitory effect. Other Krebs intermediates, such as citrate, although growth stimulatory, had only a limited effect in releasing cells from the growth inhibition by meso‐tartrate. Inhibition was also observed in defined salts media in which the presence of meso‐tartrate prevented S. typhimurium strains from meso‐tartrate‐negative biotypes from using glycerol or citrate as sole carbon source.
ANTAGONISTIC ACTION OF ALPHA HAEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ON NEISSERIA ELONGATA
Authors: Henriksen S. D. , Fuglesang Jan E.
Published: August 2010

Alpha haemolytic streptococci have a marked inhibitory effect on N. elongata in blood agar cultures. M. nonliquefaciens and M. osloensis appear to be less affected, and M. phenylpyrouvica and N. catarrhalis are quite unaffected. The inhibition only appears on the crowded areas of the cultures, and not when colonies grow separately. It appears to be a question of competition for growing space, rather than a toxic effect. The possible consequences of such antagonism for the detection of certain species in cultures are discussed.
CELL DIVISION AFTER INHIBITION OF DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

Synchronous cultures of Neisseria meningitidis Strain M1 have been used to investigate the age at which cell division becomes independent of DNA replication and protein synthesis. A transformable variant of the strain was compared with a non transformable one. These variants differ with regard to chromosome replication, presumably by having different origin and direction of replication. Inhibition of DNA replication with hydroxyurea prior to the completion of the cycle of chromosome replication blocked cell division as measured by viable counts in both variants. Inhibition of protein synthesis with chloramphenicol alone, as well as in combination with hydroxyurea, blocked cell division until a definite region (or locus) had been replicated. This region, which is probably the same in both variants, is located close to or at the origin (or terminus) postulated for the chromosome of the non transformable variant. The replication of this region also corresponds very nearly in time with the start of cell division in both variants. The evidence presented suggests that the replication of a distinct chromosomal region triggers cell division, and that protein synthesis simultaneously with this event is also required. But this region is not necessarily identical with the origin or terminus of the chromosome.
SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATING THE EXISTENCE OF TICK‐BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS FOCI ALONG THE NORWEGIAN COAST
Authors: Traavik Terje
Published: August 2010

As a part of investigations attempting to establish the existence and the extent of Tick‐borne encephalitis viruses in Norway, the haemagglutination inhibition test was carried out using selected bovine sera from areas with Ixodes ricinus‐invaded pastures. 14 out of 81 sera were sero‐positive with titres higher than 10. Indications are given of an active endemic area in Sunnfjord, as well as virus foci in other localities. It is concluded that Tick‐borne encephalitis, which is not considered a problem in Norway at present, may be more common than previously realized, and that more attention should be given to it, both by clinicians and microbiologists.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ANTIBODY IN THE IMMUNE COMPLEX‐INDUCED PLATELET AGGREGATION REACTION
Authors: Palosuo T. , Hurme M.
Published: August 2010

Some properties of the antibodies involved in the immune complex‐induced platelet aggregation (Pl.A.) reaction were analyzed in the present study. Rabbits were immunized with a hapten‐protein conjugate (NIP‐chicken globulin) and the primary response (3 week) IgG was fractionated. The Pl.A. reactivities of these fractions were found to correlate with the titres of haptenated phage inactivation (HPI) when the values were adjusted to represent equal antibody concentrations (measured by hapten binding capacity). The minimum amount of primary response anti‐NIP IgG detectable with the Pl.A. method was estimated to be between 1.7 and 14.6 μg/ml. Complement fixing antibodies were detected with approximately similar sensitivity. The titres of lightly haptenated phage inactivation did not correlate to the Pl.A. reactivities, suggesting that the role of very high‐affinity antibodies is not critical to the Pl.A. reaction. The affinity requirements of the Pl.A. method was concluded to be close to the standard HPI method (heavy coupling), but considerably lower than that of the HPI method with lightly coupled phage.
THE OCCURRENCE OF MEASLES ANTIGEN PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES IN SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND THEIR RELATIVES
Authors: Offner H. , Ammitzbøll T. , Clausen J.
Published: August 2010

The gel precipitation reaction between measles antigen and sera from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, their children, siblings and parents, compared to those of controls from families without known cases of MS, were studied. The frequency of positive gel precipitation (GP) reaction is higher among MS patients than among controls. The siblings of MS patients have a higher per cent of positive GP reaction than the controls but smaller than MS patients. The frequency of positive GP reaction decreases with increasing age. Women have a higher per cent of positive GP reaction of measles antibody than men. The positive correlation between hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and GP reaction was shown. Only IgG was immunologically active against measles antigen.
ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERN OF MYCOPLASMA PROTEINS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CANINE MYCOPLASMA STRAINS
Authors: Rosendal S.
Published: August 2010

The influence of medium composition and cultivation time on the electrophoretic pattern of mycoplasma proteins has been investigated. It was found that media containing horse serum are unsuitable because increasing amounts of medium protein are harvested together with the mycoplasmas during incubation. The medium protein gives rise to unspecific electrophoretic bands which grow more numerous and intense during incubation. These disadvantages were not found in a medium containing PPLO serum fraction. An examination of the electrophoretic patterns of 25 M. canis, 16 M. edwardii and 12 M. spumans strains demonstrated that interspecies differences were more pronounced than intraspecies variations. It is concluded therefore that the electrophoresis method may be used as an aid in the classification of mycoplasmas isolated from dogs.
THE POTENCY OF BCG VACCINE DETERMINED BY THE TUBERCULIN SHOCK METHOD ON HAMSTERS
Authors: Jespersen Andr.
Published: August 2010

BCG vaccinated hamsters, in contrast to non‐vaccinated, have been shown to be sensitive to tuberculin injected intraperitoneally. An introductory study showed that hamsters vaccinated with a strongly potent BCG strain were killed by tuberculin shock using about the same dose of purified tuberculin as in experiments on guinea pigs. In the main experiment, hamsters were vaccinated with vaccines prepared from BCG strains of weak, medium or strong potency, and injected with a large dose of tuberculin. It was demonstrated that the number of animals that died of shock was significantly different in the groups vaccinated with the three vaccines. Thus this method can be used for determination of the potency of a vaccine. The strains examined originated from the Danish strain of BCG received from Paris in 1931.
STUDIES ON A FACTOR IN INTESTINAL STRANGULATION FLUID FROM GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL RATS INHIBITING SERUM BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY ON ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Trippestad Arne , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

Exudate collected from a strangulated loop of intestine in conventional and germfree rats has the property of inhibiting the opsonic and bactericidal activity of normal rat serum on Escherichia coli. Using release of radioactivity from 32P‐labelled E. coli as an indicator of bactericidal activity, the inhibitory property of strangulation fluid on serum bactericidal activity has been subjected to further studies. The inhibitory factor (FIB) resisted heat treatment for 30 min up to 100°C, and did not disappear following dialysis. Chromatography of strangulation fluid from germfree rats on Sephadex G‐100 indicated that FIB had a molecular weight higher than 100 000. Homogenates from intestinal mucosal cells contained FIB, while intestinal contents contained FIB of considerably stronger activity. The results indicated that high molecular substances of intestinal origin were responible for the FIB activity of rat strangulation fluid.
THE ROLE OF CALCIUM FOR STABILITY AND ACTIVITY OF AN EXTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Arvidson S.
Published: August 2010

The inactivation by EDTA of an extracellular protease, produced by Staphylococcus aureus, strain V8, was studied by the use of radioactive enzyme, gel chromatography and quantitative immunological methods. It was shown that the removal of Ca2+ from the enzyme by treatment with EDTA (5 mM) at 4° C resulted in irreversible loss of its activity on casein. This inactivation was not accompained by any measurable change in the molecular weight or immunoprecipitating properties of the protease. If treatment with EDTA were performed at 37° C, the loss of activity on casein would be followed by a subsequent loss of the immunoprecipitating properties of the enzyme, which was shown to be due to degradation of the enzyme. The degradation started after the loss of detectable enzyme activity. Thus it may be suggested that the removal of Ca2+ from the enzyme resulted in an altered tertiary structure of the protease in which the active site was hidden so that it could not reach the large substrate molecules i.e. casein and that, though inactive against casein, the calcium‐free enzyme was capable of degrading itself to peptides with molecular weights in the range 4,000–7,000.
PURIFICATION OF VACCINIA HAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Gurvin I. , Haukenes G.
Published: August 2010

Vaccinia haemagglutinin was isolated from HeLa cells and purified by a two step ultra‐centrifugation procedure. In the first step the crude haemagglutinin was adjusted to 10 per cent sucrose and layered on top of 40 per cent sucrose. Fractions containing haemagglutinin were adjusted to 50 per cent sucrose, and 40 per cent sucrose was layered on top of this, The haemagglutinin which was recovered in the top fractions, contained no other proteins detectable by polyacrylamide electrophoresis and gave no precipitation line on double diffusion in agar against a vaccinia antiserum. The density range in sucrose was 1.08 to 1.18 g/cm3, indicating the lipoprotein nature of the material.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SEROLOGICALLY ACTIVE CELL WALL SUBSTANCES FROM PLANOCOCCUS STRAINS
Authors: Endresen G. , Oeding P.
Published: August 2010

From the cell walls of four Planococcus strains polysaccharide and murein were separated and purified. The walls contained small amounts of polysaccharides, murein being the major constituent. Teichoic acids were not present. Both chemically and serologically the polysaccharides of two strains seemed to be identical, whereas this polysaccharide and those from the two other strains all were clearly different. Each of the three types of polysaccharides produced a specific precipitation line in agar gel diffusion. Quantitative agglutination with anti‐murein antisera revealed that Planococcus mureins share antigenic determinants with Staphylococcus mureins but also have determinants of their own, which seem to be shared by Planococcus strains.
INFLUENCE OF SERUM ON THE BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF NEUTROPHIL GRANULOCYTES
Authors: Solberg Claus O. , Hellum Kjell B.
Published: August 2010

The influence of serum on the intracellular killing of bacteria by neutrophil granulocytes has been examined using a method which facilitates a precise in vitro evaluation of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In the absence of serum, a marked reduction in intracellular killing of bacteria was observed. Serum markedly enhances the bactericidal activity of neutrophil granulocytes.
RABBIT ANTI RAT LYMPHOCYTE SERUM: IMMUNOSUPPRESSION MEDIATED BY A PURE IgM FRACTION
Authors: Jakobsen Arnt , Flatmark Audun , Harboe Morten
Published: August 2010

Eleven rabbits were immunized i.v. weekly for 3 weeks with rat thymus cells during azathioprine administration. The antisera were pooled and fractionated on Sephadex G‐200 to obtain IgM and IgG fractions. The lymphocytotoxic activity was stronger in the IgM than in the IgG fraction. Whole serum, the IgM fraction and the IgG fraction prolonged the survival time of skin allografts from 12.0 to 16.5, 19.2 and 14.4 days respectively. It is concluded that IgM antibodies in antilymphocyte sera also can exhibit immunosuppressive activity.
DECREASED ONCOGENIC POTENTIAL OF SV40‐TRANSFORMED CELLS GROWN IN DIFFUSION CHAMBERS INTRAPERITONEALLY
Authors: Stillström J.
Published: August 2010

Small doses (104) of cells originating from two cloned lines of SV40‐transformed mouse embryo cells, ME1 C9 and ME2 C11, were enclosed in diffusion chambers which were deposited intraperitoneally in syngeneic CBA mice treated in different ways. The cells derived from the chambers after 5–84 days in vivo were less oncogenic than the cells of origin in 26 cases out of 29. The decrease in oncogenic potential was most pronounced (Progression index, PI = 10‐1.5–10‐3.7) in irradiated animals and least pronounced (PI = 10‐0.3–10‐1.0) in non‐irradiated tumour‐bearing animals. Cells passaged subcutaneously and harvested from the resulting tumours after 7–27 weeks were more oncogenic than the cells of origin in 20 cases out of 23. A decrease in oncogenic potential was only found in lines derived from tumours induced by a small dose (103–104 cells) in irradiated animals (PI = 10‐1.4, ≥10‐0.8). Lines derived from tumours induced by a large dose (107 cells) in irradiated animals or a small dose (102–105 cells) in non‐irradiated animals were more oncogenic than the cells of origin (PI = 100–104.6).
SPECIFICITY OF RHEUMATOID FACTORS CROSS‐REACTING WITH HUMAN AND RABBIT IgG
Authors: Gaarder Per Ivar , Michaelsen Terje E.
Published: August 2010

The reaction of rheumatoid factors with rabbit IgG sensitized erythrocytes was inhibited by Fc fragments and by a mixture of Facb and pFc' fragments of rabbit IgG, but not by either of the latter two fragments alone. The reaction was also inhibited by heat aggregated human IgG1 and IgG2 myeloma proteins, depending on the amount of aggregates present, but irrespective of their Gm types. No inhibition was seen with IgG3 or IgG4 proteins. Immunosorbent studies showed that the antigen of human IgG involved in these reactions is probably closely related to the γ1–2‐4 antigen, which is a major human IgG antigen interacting with rheumatoid factors. Quantitative haemagglutination inhibition studies in an Auto‐Analyzer showed that native human IgG very weakly inhibited the reaction of rheumatoid sera with rabbit IgG. Isolated aggregated human IgG inhibited far better, and gave an inhibition curve indicating the formation in aggregated human IgG of new antigens very similar to antigens of native rabbit IgG. Thus, in rheumatoid arthritis there may be a humoral immune response also against antigens present in aggregated but not in native human IgG, giving the cross‐reaction with native rabbit IgG.
RAPID DIAGNOSIS BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF VIRAL INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROUP SYNDROME IN CHILDREN
Authors: Grauballe P. C. , Johnsen N. J. , Hornsleth A.
Published: August 2010

Diagnostic attempts by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) were made for parainfluenza‐, respiratory syncytial (RS)‐ and adenovirus on laryngo‐pharyngeal cells aspirated within a few hours of admission from 87 patients with a diagnosis of croup. Parainfluenza virus antigen was demonstrated in samples of secretion cells from 33 out of 44 patients from whom parainfluenza virus was isolates in tissue culture. Furthermore, in six patients parainfluenza virus infection was demonstrated serologically. RS‐virus was never isolated. One diagnosis of RS‐virus infection made by IF was confirmed by the complement fixation (CF) test. Adenovirus was isolated in eight cases, none of which were diagnosed by IF, in spite of one showing titre increase in the CF‐test. Paired sera were available from 52 of the 87 patients. No influenza or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections could be diagnosed by the CF‐test. The IF‐technique appears to be an important supplement to the rapid diagnosis of virus infections in patients suffering from croup.
NEUTROPHIL GRANULOCYTE FUNCTION IN VITRO.
Authors: Koch Christian
Published: August 2010

A modified method for evaluation of human neutrophil granulocyte function in vitro, based upon the combined determination of total and intracellular surviving bacteria in a reaction system of leucocytes and Staphylococcus aureus, is described. Analysis of the system reveals a close relationship between the processes of ingestion and intraleucocytic killing on a functional level, and points towards dependence of intraleucocytic killing rate upon the rate of ingestion. Defects in intraleucocytic killing are disclosed readily by an increase in the number of surviving intracellular bacteria which will not be caused by increased ingestion under normal conditions. Greatly impaired ingestion will cause an increase in total surviving bacteria with a near normal number of intracellular surviving bacteria. On the basis of these studies it can be concluded that this type of method is particularly suitable for the detection of defects in intraleucocytic killing whereas defects in ingestion are less readily disclosed.
AN INDIRECT IMMUNOPEROXIDASE TEST FOR HUMAN ANTIBODIES TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Authors: Ourth Donald D. , Matre Roald , Helgeland Svein M. , Tönder Olav
Published: August 2010

Human serum was applied to formalinized parasites (RH strain) which had been spotted on glass slides. Peroxidase‐labelled rabbit antihuman gammaglobulin and then a diamino‐benzidine‐H2O2 solution were added separately. The brown color of the parasites, resulting from the enzyme‐substrate reaction, was observed with a light microscope. Results of the immunoperoxidase test were compared with those of the methylene blue dye and indirect hemagglutination tests with excellent agreement of titers being obtained with the dye test.
STUDIES OF THE TREPONEMA PALLIDUM IMMOBILIZING ACTIVITY IN NORMAL HUMAN SERUM. I. A METHOD
Authors: Hederstedt Bengt
Published: August 2010

Taking advantage of the experiences gained with the TPI‐test (T. pallidum immobilization reaction by immune serum), a method for quantitation of T. pallidum immobilizing activity in normal unheated human serum was developed on the basis of the kinetics and optimal conditions of this normal serum reaction in vitro. Some experiments concerning factors influencing the haemolytic complement activity (e.g. the SH‐compounds of the TPI‐test medium) as well as the treponemal survival were also presented. As compared with the immune serum reaction, the normal serum reaction had a much shorter lag phase; at high serum concentrations it was not measurable, i.e. <10 minutes, and the reaction rate was faster, the reaction being almost completed within two hours. The length of the lag period increased with treponemal concentration and decreased with temperature. The reaction rate after the lag period appeared to be influenced only to minor degree within certain ranges, either by concentrations of serum or by the concentration of the treponemes. The temperature coefficient (Q10) was found to range around two to three. The normal serum reaction was dependent on the ionic strength, being enhanced below and depressed above the ionic strength of 0.15. The optimal pH, tested within the range 6.8–7.8 was found to be 7.2–7.8. Mg++, in contrast to Ca++, had an enhancing effect on the normal serum activity, the optimal final concentration of Mg++ ranging around 0.005 M. The normal serum immobilization reaction resembled in many respects the bactericidal and bacteriolytic reactions to be evoked by normal serum.
LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION TEST IN AGAROSE.
Authors: Mygind K. , Stenbjerg S.
Published: August 2010

The response of peripheral human leucocytes to PPD and tubercle bacilli was studied in the leucocyte migration test in agarose medium. At PPD 50 μg/ml migration of leucocytes from tuberculin positive persons was inhibited in all cases tested, while no migration inhibition of cells from tuberculin negative persons was found. There was no overlapping between the MI of the two groups. Blocking of protein synthesis by means of puromycin prevented the migration inhibition of cells from tuberculin positive persons at PPD 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml. In some cases the migration of cells from tuberculin negative persons was inhibited in the presence of PPD 100 μg/ml. This inhibition could not be prevented by puromycin and was probably due to a toxic effect of PPD. It is suggested that puromycin may be useful in dislocating false, probably toxic, inhibition.
NO EVIDENCE FOR A CARBOHYDRATE MOIETY AFFECTING THE CLEARANCE OF CIRCULATING HUMAN LEUKOCYTE INTERFERON IN RABBITS
Authors: Mogensen K. E. , Pyhälä Lhsa , Törmä E. , Cantell K.
Published: August 2010

After treatment with neuraminidase, human leukocyte interferon (HLI) retained its characteristic heterogeneity when subjected to isoelectric focusing. The clearance of HLI from the circulation of rabbits, injected intravenously, was unaffected by treatment with neuraminidase or subsequent treatment with galactose oxidase. Complementary chemical treatments were similarly without effect. None of the treatments resulted in destruction of biological activity. Sialic acid and galactose or its derivatives do not appear to contribute to either the antiviral activity or the pharmaco‐kinetics of HLI.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CULTIVABLE TREPONEMES.
Authors: Hougen K. Hovind
Published: August 2010

Treponema phagedenis, Treponema vincentii, and Treponema refringens were studied in the electron microscope by means of negative staining and sectioning techniques. The length and width of the cells were within the same limits for all three strains examined. Statistical analysis, however, demonstrated a difference in the wavelengths of the cells. Organisms of T. phagedenis and T. vincentii had blunt ends and possessed cell wall surface layers in which a regular substructure was only occasionally revealed, while cells of T. refringens had tapered ends and a distinctly structured cell wall surface layer. Generally, cells of the strains investigated had 4–6 flagella inserted at each end. Two bundles of flagella, one from each end of the cell, wound around the organism and overlapped in the middle of the cell. The flagella with their insertion organelles were identical for the three strains studied. Two bundles of cytoplasmic tubules were detected in the interior of the treponemes after treatment with either sodium deoxycholate or Myxobacter AL‐1 protease 1. The two bundles of cytoplasmic tubules overlapped in the middle of the cell. The results of the present morphological study are compared with results obtained by other investigators studying other characteristics of these strains and it is concluded that the three strains studied belong to three different species.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR DETECTION OF BACTERIURIA WITH AN AUTOMATED CHEMILUMINESCENCE TECHNIQUE
Authors: Ewetz L. , Strangert K.
Published: August 2010

A sensitive, simple and rapid method for detection of bacteriuria has been developed. By means of a Luminol chemiluminescence method adapted to an Auto Analyzer it has been possible to indicate the presence of low concentrations of bacteria in urine specimens from an unselected clinical material. Less than 1 per cent of the investigated urine samples were false negatives and 7 per cent were false positives according to the Luminol method as compared with viable count. Blood is a disturbing factor. No special treatment of the specimens of urine was needed. The analysing time was only two minutes. Formaldehyde could be added without interfering with the analysis. As the reagents required are inexpensive, and with autoanalyzers available at many hospitals, the Luminol method might be of interest as a mass screening technique for bacteriuria.
A SEROLOGICAL TOOL FOR THE DIAGNOSTICS OF VIRUS B HEPATITIS
Authors: Kjeldsberg Elisabet , Traavik T. , Siebke J. C.
Published: August 2010

The detection of a “new” antigen‐antibody system intimately associated with virus B hepatitis is reported. The antigenic determinant(s) of this system are quite different from hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) determinants as demonstrated by a non‐identity reaction in the modified gel precipitation test closed hexagon immuno diffusion (CHI). Indications, mainly based on electron microscopy, are given that the antigenic components of this system are connected with the 27nm “core” of the Dane particle. The serum of a patient with chronic hepatitis demonstrated 26–28nm “virion like” particles without detergent treatment. Antibodies reacting in the new system have been detected in patients who have undergone virus B hepatitis the outcome of which was totally different with regard to HB antigen/antibodies. A long‐term HBAg carrier, a HBAb carrier and 2 patients with no antigen or antibody possessed a common antibody population giving precipitation lines in this system. The practical application of this new serological tool may be impeded by the limited supplies of suitable antigen i.e. Dane particles. This difficulty may be overcome by cooperation and exchange of sera between laboratories.
CASEIN‐INDUCED AMYLOIDOSIS IN THE NUDE MOUSE. I.
Authors: Hardt Finn , Claësson Mogens H.
Published: August 2010

Amyloidosis was induced by repeated casein injections in a strain of mice with congenital aplasia of the thymus (nu/nu‐C3H). The development of amyloidosis in this strain was delayed compared with the development of amyloidosis in the strain of control mice C3H. Spleen grafts from casein sensitized non‐amyloidotic “nude” and C3H mice were transferred to mice from both strains. Only grafts from casein‐sensitized C3H mice could accelerate amyloid formation in recipients, whereas grafts from the casein‐sensitized “nude” mice had no such effect. Antibodies to casein could be detected neither in the donor mice nor in the recipients. The observed acceleration could be due to a transfer of casein stimulated T‐lymphocytes. Spleen cells from amyloidotic “nude” and C3H mice were transferred to both strains. Amyloid formation occurred only in recipients belonging to the C3H strain. As amyloid formation in the recipients—in this transfer model—is dependent on heavy cytotoxic treatment, it seems unlikely that amyloid formation in the recipients is due to immune reactions elicited by donor or recipient lymphoid cells. The reason why amyloidosis cannot be transferred by spleen cells to nude mice could be due to a poorer trapping of donor spleen cells in the nude spleens than in the normal C3H spleens.
ANTIBODIES WITH RESTRICTED ELECTROPHORETIC HETEROGENEITY IN RABBITS HYPERIMMUNIZED WITH KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Eriksen Jorunn , Haug Rangdi Holth
Published: August 2010

After hyperimmunization with Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2, type 3 or both, randomly bred rabbits would in most cases produce antibodies with restricted heterogeneity directed against the type specific polysaccharide. The simultaneous use of two antigens did not appear to alter the response to either antigen.
STUDIES ON STACHYBOTRYS ALTERNANS.
Authors: Korpinen Eeva‐Liisa
Published: August 2010

Three types of biological methods were compared as detectors of stachybotrys toxin. The seven preparations tested represented “crude” or partially purified toxins produced by different strains of Stachybotrys alternans and toxic fractions obtained by partial purification of the product of one strain. The order of sensitivity of the methods was almost invariably: the mouse fibroblast test most sensitive, the rabbit skin test next, and the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) test last. A conspicuous variation by preparation in relative sensitivity of the mouse fibroblast test and the rabbit skin test was revealed, however. The variation ranged from a sensitivity of the rabbit skin test approximately 2.5 times higher than that in the mouse fibroblast tests to the other limit when the mouse fibroblast test was 80 times more sensitive than the rabbit skin test. The variation is interpreted to provide the first experimental proof of heterogeneity in biological effect based on chemical differences among the compounds constituting “stachybotrys toxin”. The toxic fractions obtained by purification of two crude preparations and identified as toxic by the mouse fibroblast test showed different patterns of distribution of toxicity. The results demonstrate that qualitative differences may exist in the chemical structure of the population of toxic compounds of “stachybotrys toxin” produced by different strains of S. alternans.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF PROTEUS INCONSTANS (PROVIDENCIA).
Authors: Ursing J.
Published: August 2010

The biochemical reactions of 8 isolates of Proteus inconstans biotype A, 83 isolates of P. inconstans biotype B and 18 isolates of P. rettgeri were compared with 14 isolates that had the same biochemical pattern as biotype B of P. inconstans but for a positive urease reaction. On the basis of comparison it is shown that the atypical isolates must be considered as urease positive variants of P. inconstans biotype B. The urease reaction is accordingly not an absolutely reliable feature in differentiating P. inconstans from the other Proteus species. This confirms the observations of some previous authors but contradicts the more generally accepted view. Attention is drawn to the possible value of a negative galactose fermentation test in characterizing strains of P. inconstans biotype A.
β‐GLUCURONIDASE IN THE STREPTOCOCCAL GROUPS B AND D
Authors: Röd Terje O. , Haug Rangdi Holth , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of β‐glucuronidase was tested in 100 strains of each of the streptococcal groups B and D. Ninety‐eight of the group B strains contained the enzyme, whereas no β‐glucuronidase was found in any of the group D strains.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIA, L‐PHASE VARIANTS, CANDIDA, PROTOZOA AND VIRUSES TO LYSOLECITHIN
Authors: MåRdh Per‐Anders , Taylor‐Robinson David
Published: August 2010

The L‐phase variants of three bacteria were at least 100‐fold more susceptible to lysolecithin than their corresponding parents. Other bacteria, a yeast and protozoa were relatively resistant to lysolecithin although some bacteria, notably anaerobes, were particularly sensitive. It seems that some of the differences in sensitivity to lysolecithin may be accounted for, in part, by differences in the cholesterol content of the cell membranes and walls. Preliminary observations indicate that the infectivity of lipid‐containing viruses, i.e. influenza B virus and Herpesvirus hominis type 1, but not of non‐lipid‐containing viruses, i.e. an adenovirus and a rhinovirus, was diminished by lysolecithin treatment. The possibility that lysolecithin production might interfere with the isolation of L‐phase variants is discussed. Also considered is the possibility that the differential sensitivity of mycoplasmas and stable L‐phase variants to lysolecithin might provide a means of distinguishing between them.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF BORRELIA MERIONESI AND BORRELIA RECURRENTIS
Authors: Hougen K. Hovind
Published: August 2010

Borrelia merionesi and Borrelia recurrentis were studied in the electron microscope by means of negative staining and sectioning techniques. The cells of the two species had similar morphology. The cells were regularly waved and had pointed ends. Each organism had two bundles of flagella, one bundle originating from each end of the cell and each bundle consisting of 15–20 flagella. The flagella were twined together with the cytoplasmic body and overlapped in the middle region of the cell. The dimensions and the structures of flagella isolated from Borrelia were similar to the corresponding structures of flagella isolated from treponemes and gram‐positive bacteria. A model for the sequence of morphological changes observed during the division process of Borrelia is proposed.
ISOLATION AND BASIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TEMPERATURE‐SENSITIVE MUTANTS FROM SEMLIKI FOREST VIRUS
Authors: Keränen Sirkka , Kääriäinen Leevi
Published: August 2010

Sixteen temperature‐sensitive mutants were isolated from N‐methyl‐N'‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine treated Semliki Forest virus. Seven of the mutants were unable to synthesize virus specific RNA at the nonpermissive temperature (39° C) and were classified as RNA mutants; as evidenced by temperature shift‐up experiments they had defects only in early functions. Two mutants, designated RNA ±, made less virus specific RNA than the wild type virus. Six RNA+ mutants synthesized 42 S and 26 S RNA at 39° C in almost the same amounts and ratio as the wild type. Only one of them, ts‐3, was unable to form the viral 140 S nucleocapsid at the nonpermissive temperature. One of the RNA+ mutants, ts‐1, made a higher proportion of 42 S RNA, presumably at the expense of 26 S RNA, both at 27° C and at 39° C. The synthesis of 42 S RNA and 26 S RNA in the Semliki Forest and Sindbis wild type virus infected cells was temperature dependent. There was an increased synthesis of 42 S RNA compared to 26 S RNA at 39° C, the situation being reversed at 27° C.
PRODUCTION OF ANTI‐IgG ANTIBODIES BY MEANS OF IgG ADSORBED TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS COWAN TYPE 1
Authors: Lind Inga , Mansa Bendt
Published: August 2010

Formalin treated cells of the protein A producing strain, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan type 1, were suspended in whole serum of the following species: man, swine, horse, sheep and cow and then washed thoroughly. Immunization of rabbits with these cells, or with cells which had been grown on serum containing medium, gave rise to antibodies reacting specifically with immunoglobulins, above all of the IgG class. Antibodies to human IgG‐Fc were obtained when the staphylococci had been suspended in a solution of fragments from papain treated human myeloma IgG's. These antibodies showed no reaction with human IgM or IgA and only minor cross reactions with IgG from other species.
IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF NADP‐DEPENDENT GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE AND MALATE DEHYDROGENASE IN GENUS NEISSERIA
Authors: Holten Eirik
Published: August 2010

Quantitative micro complement fixation and double diffusion tests were performed with extracts from selected Neisseria species, using antisera against NADP‐dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from N. meningitidis and malate dehydrogenase from N. perflava. N. catarrhalis, N. ovis and N. caviae did not react with any serum. Within the “true neisserias” no distinct differences in reactivity were noted using anti‐malate dehydrogenase serum. With anti‐glutamate dehydrogenase serum these species separated in 4 groups with decreasing similarity to N. meningitidis: I. N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, N. lactamica, N. flavescens, N. cinerea; II. N. sicca, N. perflava, N. flava, N. subflava; III. N. mucosa; and IV. N. elongata.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ASCARIS SUUM BURDENS IN PIGS AND FAECAL EGG COUNTS
Authors: Bindseil Erling
Published: August 2010

Faecal A. suum egg counts were carried out on 69 bacon pigs of which 50 harboured A. suum. Correlation was found to be poor between the egg counts and (1) the total number of Ascaris, (2) the weight of the worms, and (3) the ratio between male and female worms. Only 4 out of 50 Ascaris infected pigs harboured macroscopically detectable juvenile stages of A. suum. It is concluded that the size of A. suum burdens is not to be judged from the number of eggs in the faeces except, perhaps, at very low levels of eggs, i.e. <30 e.p.g. (eggs per g of faeces). Additionally, it is suggested that A. suum burdens are not continuously established once the pigs are infected.
PURINE METABOLISM IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS:
Authors: Jyssum Sidsel
Published: August 2010

Whole cells of Neisseria meningitidis are found to utilize exogenous radioactive adenosine with labelling of the adenine, adenosine 5′‐monophosphate, adenosine 5′‐diphosphate and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate pools. Extracts from N. meningitidis were found to have activities corresponding to adenosine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.7). No activities corresponding to purinenucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1), adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20) or adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) could be demonstrated. Radioactive guanosine or inosine were not found to be utilized by whole cells. A hydrolytic breakdown of guanosine or inosine to guanine and ribose, respectively hypoxanthine and ribose could not be demonstrated in crude extracts. Likewise, the search for activities corresponding to a guanosine kinase or to inosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.73) was altogether negative.
MYCOPLASMOSIS: EXPERIMENTAL PYELONEPHRITIS IN RATS:
Authors: Rosendal S. , Thomsen A. C.
Published: August 2010

After inoculation of M. arthritidis strain P10‐158 into the kidneys of 16 rats, inflammatory lesions developed in the papilla and cortex of 4 rats. In these 4 rats, antibodies were demonstrable in both serum and urine. In 6 rats, lesions were produced in the papilla only. With one exception, antibodies were found in the urine, but never in the serum of the rats in this group. In the remaining 6 rats, no lesions were produced, neither were antibodies demonstrated in serum or urine.
A COMPARISON OF ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE AND PHAGE PATTERN WITH BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM HORSES
Authors: Oeding P. , Hájek V. , Maršálek E.
Published: August 2010

Out of 70 S. aureus strains isolated from the anterior nares of horses, 48 (69 per cent) belonged to the E biotype. Approximately one third of these isolates were typed with factor sera, the 6 (35 per cent) that were typable showing 5 different patterns. All strains but one were non‐typable with the basic sets of phages for typing human and bovine staphylococci even at RTD x 100. Without any exception the equine staphylococci of the E biotype contained polysaccharide Aα. Sixteen biochemically different strains belonged to the biotype A, B or C. A number of different serological patterns and phage patterns were found in these strains. In contrast to the typical horse‐adapted staphylococci of the E biotype they had polysaccharide Aβ. The remaiinng 6 cultures could not be classified.
Twentieth‐Century Re‐Workings of the Victorian Novel
Authors: Moore Grace
Published: August 2010

This essay offers an overview of recent critical studies of the neo‐Victorian novel alongside a discussion of revisions of Victorian writing from the 1880s to the present day. The piece seeks to examine some of the recent critical debates surrounding what Robin Gilmour has termed ‘using’ the nineteenth century. It will map the trajectory of these revisions from the late nineteenth century to the present day to consider how and why Victorian novels and cultural icons continue to be re‐worked, and what makes the Victorians such an attractive source for writers and artists.