bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment
Authors: Varan Cem , Bilensoy Erem
Published: July 2017

Background: Brain tumors are the most common tumors among adolescents. Although some chemotherapeutics are known to be effective against brain tumors based on cell culture studies, the same effect is not observed in clinical trials. For this reason, the development of drug delivery systems is important to treat brain tumors and prevent tumor recurrence. The aim of this study was to develop core–shell polymeric nanoparticles with positive charge by employing a chitosan coating. Additionally, an implantable formulation for the chemotherapeutic nanoparticles was developed as a bioadhesive film to be applied at the tumor site following surgical operation for brain glioma treatment. To obtain positively charged, implantable nanoparticles, the effects of preparation technique, chitosan coating concentration and presence of surfactants were evaluated to obtain optimal nanoparticles with a diameter of less than 100 nm and a net positive surface charge to facilitate cellular internalization of drug-loaded nanoparticles. Hydroxypropyl cellulose films were prepared to incorporate these nanoparticle dispersions to complete the implantable drug delivery system.

Results: The diameter of core–shell nanoparticles were in the range of 70–270 nm, depending on the preparation technique, polymer type and coating. Moreover, the chitosan coating significantly altered the surface charge of the nanoparticles to net positive values of +30 to +50 mV. The model drug docetaxel was successfully loaded into all particles, and the drug release rate from the nanoparticles was slowed down to 48 h by dispersing the nanoparticles in a hydroxypropyl cellulose film. Cell culture studies revealed that docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles cause higher cytotoxicity compared to the free docetaxel solution in DMSO.

Conclusion: Docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles dispersed in a bioadhesive film were shown to be suitable for application of chemotherapeutics directly to the action site during surgical operation. The system was found to release chemotherapeutics for several days at the tumor site and neighboring tissue. This can be suggested to result in a more effective brain tumor treatment when compared to chemotherapeutics administered as an intravenous bolus infusion.
Do You See What I See? Exploring the Consequences of Luminosity Limits in Black Hole–Galaxy Evolution Studies
Authors: Jones Mackenzie L. , Hickox Ryan C. , Mutch Simon J. , Croton Darren J. , Ptak Andrew F. , DiPompeo Michael A.
Published: July 2017

In studies of the connection between active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and their host galaxies, there is widespread disagreement on some key aspects of the connection. These disagreements largely stem from a lack of understanding of the nature of the full underlying AGN population. Recent attempts to probe this connection utilize both observations and simulations to correct for a missed population, but presently are limited by intrinsic biases and complicated models. We take a simple simulation for galaxy evolution and add a new prescription for AGN activity to connect galaxy growth to dark matter halo properties and AGN activity to star formation. We explicitly model selection effects to produce an “observed” AGN population for comparison with observations and empirically motivated models of the local universe. This allows us to bypass the difficulties inherent in models that attempt to infer the AGN population by inverting selection effects. We investigate the impact of selecting AGNs based on thresholds in luminosity or Eddington ratio on the “observed” AGN population. By limiting our model AGN sample in luminosity, we are able to recreate the observed local AGN luminosity function and specific star formation-stellar mass distribution, and show that using an Eddington ratio threshold introduces less bias into the sample by selecting the full range of growing black holes, despite the challenge of selecting low-mass black holes. We find that selecting AGNs using these various thresholds yield samples with different AGN host galaxy properties.
Bridged HPSi and Linear HSiP as Probes of the SiP Radical in Astrophysical/Interstellar Media
Authors: Fortenberry Ryan C. , Francisco Joseph S.
Published: July 2017

The SiP radical has a

ground state and a low-lying

state with a transition wavelength of greater than 20 μm. However, this transition has a near-zero oscillator strength making it all but unobservable. Addition of a hydrogen atom to the system creates the strangely bent HPSi molecule and also the linear HSiP isomer, lying 0.50 eV above the bent. The electron-deficient P–Si π cloud in

SiP is stabilized by the addition of the hydrogen atom, making this isomer the preferred form of HPSi. The HSiP linear isomer can be formed from

SiP. As a result, the [HPSi]/[HSiP] ratio could serve as tracer of the otherwise unobservable but low-lying

electronic transition of SiP. The high-level quantum chemical computations employed here imply that the rotational lines of HPSi and HSiP will overlap extensively, but the vibrational frequencies, especially the hydride stretch, are significantly separated. The hydride stretches are in the 5 μm range, making them excellent candidates for mid-IR observations with the Stratsopheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy or with the James Webb Space Telescope. Furthermore, the rotational constants and vibrational frequencies of

SiP,

SiP, and

SiP− are also provided in addition to the relative energies of all five species.
The Cosmic Shoreline: The Evidence that Escape Determines which Planets Have Atmospheres, and what this May Mean for Proxima Centauri B
Authors: Zahnle Kevin J. , Catling David C.
Published: July 2017

The planets of the solar system are neatly divided between those with atmospheres and those without when arranged by insolation (I) and escape velocity (

). The dividing line goes at 

. Exoplanets with reported masses and radii are shown to crowd against the extrapolation of the solar system trend, making a metaphorical cosmic shoreline that unites all the planets. The

relation may implicate thermal escape. We therefore address the general behavior of hydrodynamic thermal escape models ranging from Pluto to highly irradiated extrasolar giant planets (EGPs). Energy-limited escape is harder to test because copious XUV radiation is mostly a feature of young stars, and hence requires extrapolating to historic XUV fluences (

) using proxies and power laws. An energy-limited shoreline should scale as

, which differs distinctly from the apparent

relation. Energy-limited escape does provide good quantitative agreement to the highly irradiated EGPs. Diffusion-limited escape implies that no planet can lose more than 1% of its mass as H2. Impact erosion, to the extent that impact velocities

can be estimated for exoplanets, fits a

shoreline. The proportionality constant is consistent with what the collision of comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 showed us we should expect of modest impacts in deep atmospheres. With respect to the shoreline, Proxima Centauri b is on the metaphorical beach. Known hazards include its rapid energetic accretion, high impact velocities, its early life on the wrong side of the runaway greenhouse, and Proxima Centauri’s XUV radiation. In its favor is a vast phase space of unknown unknowns.
Distances to Supernova Remnants G31.9+0.0 and G54.4−0.3 Associated with Molecular Clouds
Authors: Ranasinghe S. , Leahy D. A.
Published: July 2017

New distances to the supernova remnants (SNRs) G31.9+0.0 and G54.4−0.3 have been found. The analysis method uses H i absorption spectra and CO channel maps. Individual H i channel maps are used to verify absorption features in the H i absorption spectrum or to determine if they have noise. Both of the SNRs are associated with molecular clouds so accurate kinematic velocities are determined. The H iabsorption is used to resolve the kinematic distance ambiguity. The resulting new distance for G31.9+0.0 is 7.1 ± 0.4 kpc and for G54.4−0.3 it is 6.6 ± 0.6 kpc. These are significant revisions to the previous values.
A Peculiar GRB 110731A: Lorentz Factor, Jet Composition, Central Engine, and Progenitor
Authors: Lü HouJun , Wang XiangGao , Lu RuiJing , Lan Lin , Gao He , Liang EnWei , Graham Melissa L. , Zheng WeiKang , Filippenko Alexei V. , Zhang Bing
Published: July 2017

The jet compositions, central engines, and progenitors of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) remain open questions in GRB physics. Applying broadband observations, including GRB prompt emission and afterglow properties derived from Fermi and Swift data, as well as from Keck host-galaxy observations, we address these questions for the peculiar, bright GRB 110731A. By using the pair-opacity method, we derive Γ0 > 190 during the prompt emission phase. Alternatively, we derive Γ0 ≈ 580 and Γ0 ≈ 154 by invoking the early-afterglow phase within the homogeneous density and wind cases, respectively. On the other hand, nondetection of a thermal component in the spectra suggests that the prompt emission is likely powered by dissipation of a Poynting-flux-dominated jet leading to synchrotron radiation in an optically thin region. The nondetection of a jet break in the X-ray and optical bands allows us to place a lower limit on the jet opening angle θ
j > 5.°5. Within a millisecond magnetar central engine scenario, we derive the period P
0 and polar magnetic field strength B
p, which have extreme (but still allowed) values. The moderately short observed duration (7.3 s) and relatively large redshift (z = 2.83) place the burst as a “rest-frame short” GRB, so the progenitor of the burst is subject to debate. Its relatively large

parameter (ratio of the 1 s peak flux of a pseudo-GRB and the background flux) and a large physical offset from a potential host galaxy suggest that the progenitor of GRB 110731A may be a compact-star merger.
Revision of the genus Amphirhachis Townes, 1970 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae) from Japan
Authors: Watanabe Kyohei
Published: July 2017

The Japanese species of the genus Amphirhachis Townes, 1970 are revised. Four species are found from Japan and two them, A. fujieisp. n. and A. miyabisp. n. are here described as new. A key to world species of this genus is provided.
De quoi la monnaie est-elle la mesure ?
Authors: Helmer Étienne
Published: July 2017

Les philosophes de l’Antiquité évoquent assez peu la monnaie. Pourtant, un examen attentif des rares passages où elle apparaît chez Aristote, Diogène le Cynique et Platon révèle qu’elle n’est pas à leurs yeux un instrument quelconque, seulement destiné à faciliter les échanges économiques. Tous s’interrogent en effet sur sa nature : ils s’accordent à voir en elle un instrument de mesure conventionnel, mais se séparent sur la nature de son caractère conventionnel et sur le sens qu’ils lui accordent. Leurs positions respectives varient selon l’ampleur et l’importance de la dimension politique qu’ils accordent à l’animal humain. Référencements JEL :  B110, E400, Z130
Agir dans la diversité des langues
Authors: Bronckart Jean-Paul
Published: July 2017

Dans la plupart de ses travaux, Anne-Claude Berthoud a abordé les phénomènes linguistiques dans une optique intégrée, rendant justice à la fois aux mécanismes interactifs au cœur de la pratique des locuteurs et au caractère plurilingue de ces pratiques. Dans la continuité de cette centration, les auteurs procèdent d’abord à un examen de cinq aspects des interactions constitutives de l’humain : les interactions dialogales concrètes, surtout étudiées dans les multiples courants de linguistique interactionnelle inspirés de l’ethnométhodologie ; les interactions entre le plan des activités humaines générales et celui de l’activité de langage, telles qu’elles ont été analysées dans les textes fondateurs de Volochinov ; les interactions entre les dimensions praxéologique et gnoséologique du langage, c’est-à-dire entre les activités verbales et ces constructions secondes que constituent les langues, telles qu’elles ont été analysées par Saussure ; les interactions constitutives des signes, dont le statut radicalement social avait été thématisé par les deux auteurs déjà mentionnés ; les interactions entre activités verbales et processus psychologiques, telles qu’elles sont notamment mises en évidence dans des dispositifs contemporains d’analyse de l’activité de travail. Bronckart & Bulea Bronckart proposent ensuite une réflexion sur le statut de la diversité linguistique, en montrant d’abord, suite aux analyses de Saussure, que les divers idiomes ne constituent que des variantes historiquement et géographiquement situées d’une unique langue humaine. Sur cette base, ils réexaminent le statut et les propriétés constitutives des langues naturelles, et tentent de distinguer les niveaux d’organisation du langagier qui tendent à l’universalité et ceux qui sont nécessairement propres à un idiome. En guise de synthèse finale, les auteurs proposent quelques hypothèses concernant d’une part la nature des interactions humaines qui concourent à l’émergence des dimensions communes aux langues et d’autre part la nature des interactions qui seraient plutôt à l’origine de leurs spécificités.
Agir dans la diversité des langues
Authors: Burger Marcel
Published: July 2017

Ce chapitre discute quelques aspects de la posture de recherche d’une linguistique impliquée. Comme la linguistique appliquée, elle relève d’une science empirique, interdisciplinaire et vise à établir des grammaires des emplois et non du système. Comme la linguistique appliquée, elle s’ancre dans le terrain des champs pratiques pour décrire dans le détail les pratiques langagières conçues comme une part de pratiques sociales institutionnelles. Si l’objectif général de la recherche impliquée est de mieux comprendre le rôle du langage dans la construction des réalités, son but plus spécifique est de saisir, au moment de leur émergence, les mécanismes langagiers de génération et de régulation de micro-contextes critiques, c’est-à-dire des situations où les acteurs font face à des impératifs contradictoires et où des prises de décision concertées s’imposent pour résoudre un problème pratique ou idéologique. Les acteurs des champs pratiques négocient alors leur rapport à la situation sur la base de savoirs et savoir faire langagiers qui génèrent pour une part les situations critiques que dans le même temps elles régulent. À ce titre, la recherche impliquée est sensible à son impact social. Impliqué dans le terrain, le chercheur opère en partenariat avec les acteurs des champs pratiques. Et de cette relation dialectique qui s’instaure résulte alors la possibilité d’établir, sur la base des observations propres à des acteurs singuliers, un répertoire de bonnes (et moins bonnes) pratiques démontrables à des groupes d’acteurs : les premières sont à généraliser et les secondes à proscrire. On conçoit dès lors que l’échange et le transfert de savoirs influencent autant le champ pratique que celui de la recherche à proprement parler.
Agir dans la diversité des langues
Authors: Pop Liana
Published: July 2017

Le chapitre se propose de discuter le statut ambigu de la catégorie d’ activité discursive , par rapport à d’autres catégories de l’énonciation, comme acte de langage ou genre textuel , mieux définies dans la littérature linguistique. Une application de la catégorie est proposée sur ce qu’on appelle plaisanterie , vue d’abord comme « mode discursif non sérieux », et se manifestant à plusieurs niveaux textuels. L’auteure pose que les unités énonciatives « activités » se situent au niveau intermédiaire de structuration des textes (méso) – entre les unités de niveau macro (textes) et les unités de niveau local (actes) – et que des transferts réguliers se produisent entre les modes de traitement des objets de discours , sur une continuité linguistique / métalinguistique. La méthode adoptée consiste à montrer la façon dont est catégorisée, recatégorisée et délimitée cette activité discursive comme entité plus nette ou plus floue, à travers les expressions métalinguistiques la désignant (expressions explicites et implicites, marqueurs de frontière). Les exemples sont repris de textes oraux et écrits et montrent que les marques de plaisanterie peuvent être des expressions indirectes (métonymies ou autres), interrogeant les conditions de sincérité – comme : Tu te fous de moi ?, Parlons sérieusement maintenant ! , déconner , etc. – ou des expressions plus explicites (noms d’activités appartenant à la folklinguistics : blagues, plaisanteries ). Quelques marqueurs de frontières sont aussi révélateurs de ce mode discursif non sérieux alternant avec un mode sérieux. Le statut instable de cette « unité » sur le parcours de l’énonciation semble se confirmer, car si certaines séquences se constituent d’habitude en séquences passagères, sur le parcours d’un texte, d’autres sont des textes à part entière (genres textuels : sketches, anecdotes, comédies ).
Agir dans la diversité des langues
Authors: Mondada Lorenza
Published: July 2017

Ce chapitre se penche sur une problématique qui a intéressé différents domaines de la linguistique – à l’interface entre syntaxe et pragmatique – concernant la manière dont les locuteurs introduisent une nouvelle entité dans leurs discours. Il propose une approche praxéologique et interactionnelle inspirée de l’analyse conversationnelle, qui intègre comme dimension essentielle la prise en compte de la multimodalité. Sur la base d’une analyse détaillée, le chapitre montre que les locuteurs mobilisent dans leurs pratiques d’introduction d’un nouveau référent co-présent dans l’environnement des ressources fort diverses – allant de la syntaxe aux gestes de pointage, mais aussi du regard aux positionnements des corps en mouvement. Ces ressources sont finement coordonnées non seulement entre elles mais entre les co-participants, au fil de l’organisation conjointe de leur action, de leurs corps et de leur attention. Ces observations nourrissent une vision praxéologique et multimodale des pratiques des locuteurs et plus généralement, invitent à considérer les corps en interaction dans la description et modélisation linguistique.
Agir dans la diversité des langues
Authors: Horlacher Anne-Sylvie , Pekarek Doehler Simona
Published: July 2017

L’avènement des travaux linguistiques portant sur l’oral, et sur l’interaction sociale notamment, a profondément changé la compréhension de la « grammaire ». Les pratiques langagières observables dans l’interaction révèlent que les locuteurs ne se comportent pas comme des robots qui reproduiraient des formes figées ; bien plutôt, ils s’orientent vers des « modèles » existants tout en les réinventant et en les adaptant aux contingences interactionnelles. Les constructions disloquées se présentent comme un cas exemplaire permettant de comprendre la grammaire telle qu’elle est localement configurée et modelée par les locuteurs selon leurs besoins interactifs. La réalisation effective des dislocations dans l’interaction répond à certains aléas qui conduisent les locuteurs à bricoler et (re)façonner localement ces formes dans un processus continuel d’adaptation en temps réel. Ce chapitre met en évidence le rôle structurant de l’interaction sociale sur les formes grammaticales en insistant sur le caractère hautement flexible du système linguistique. Il se veut une contribution aux discussions récentes sur la grammaire en tant que réservoir de ressources que les locuteurs utilisent, (ré)inventent et alimentent à toutes fins pratiques.
Agir dans la diversité des langues
Authors: Franceschini Rita
Published: July 2017

Les études sur l’acquisition des langues se sont occupées de manière privilégiée de personnes qui ont l’intention explicite d’apprendre une langue ou sont forcées à le faire, soit pour des raisons de curriculum scolaire, soit pour des raisons socioculturelles. On ne s’est pas encore demandé de façon approfondie s’il y a aussi pour les adultes des contextes dans lesquels les langues secondes sont acquises sans être la cible d’une attention particulière, sans qu’il y ait de focalisation acquisitionnelle sur les langues. À cet égard, ce chapitre pose deux questions : Une exposition constante mais inaperçue à une L2 (c’est-à-dire sans qu’il y ait de focalisation particulière) pourrait-elle constituer un environnement acquisitionnel ? Si la réponse est positive, les formes produites diffèrent-elles fortement des formes acquises dans les contextes où il y a une focalisation acquisitionnelle ? Les données étudiées – plus de 150 conversations avec des germanophones enregistrées à Bâle dans des situations spontanées conduites en italien – permettent de répondre positivement à la première question et négativement à la seconde. Les formes produites dans des contextes sans focalisation explicite ne sont pas fondamentalement différentes de celles, produites par les apprenants ou par les personnes qui ont appris une langue dans un contexte explicite, voir scolaire. Il faut néanmoins ajouter que les formes acquises dans des contextes d’acquisition non-focalisée sont extrêmement vastes et fluctuantes. La perspective adoptée vise donc à une possibilité inverse à celle que l’on est habitué à assumer, à savoir : si on part de l’assomption que l’acquisition des langues se base largement sur l’échange entre N et NN, on peut faire l’hypothèse qu’au cours de l’apprentissage, la langue du NN (dans ce cas, l’italien) pourra être apprise par le N (le germanophone). C’est une hypothèse qui n’a pas encore été soumise à des recherches approfondies. La contribution, se basant sur des données en interaction, cherche à donner un support à cette hypothèse.
Agir dans la diversité des langues
Authors: Jolivet Remi
Published: July 2017

Partant de deux des quatre dimensions d’analyse du plurilinguisme européen mobilisées dans DYLAN (les contextes de mise en œuvre et les représentations), ce chapitre présente quelques résultats d’une enquête extensive sur le plurilinguisme dans le contexte bien différent d’un pays d’Afrique, le Niger. À partir d’un échantillon de plus de 4500 personnes, il est possible de dégager les principaux facteurs corrélés avec les pratiques plurilingues. Au niveau des groupes : ethnie, démographie, géographie. Au niveau des individus : genre, âge et niveau de formation. Dans les pratiques, le répertoire des langues utilisées s’élargit en passant d’un contexte d’interaction privé (en famille) à un contexte d’interaction public (au marché). Les représentations reflètent largement, au-delà de l’attachement général pour la langue première, le statut objectif des différentes langues en présence : véhicularité du haoussa au niveau national ; « localité » des autres langues ; spécificité du français. Les voies d’acquisition d’un répertoire plurilingue, très généralement situationnelles et extra-scolaires (sauf pour le français), et l’absence de considérations d’utilité dans les représentations favorables au plurilinguisme différencient nettement cet exemple de plurilinguisme africain du plurilinguisme en Europe.
Les territoires sahariens en Algérie. Gouvernance, acteurs et recomposition territoriale
Authors: Yousfi Badreddine
Published: July 2017

Livrés politiquement et économiquement à eux-mêmes pendant plusieurs siècles, les territoires sahariens du Sud algérien dépendaient des pouvoirs traditionnels locaux constitués de religieux et de notables jusqu’à l’arrivée de la colonisation française où les prémices d’une nouvelle organisation territoriale ont été posées. Ceci a constitué une étape primordiale dans leur intégration politique et économique. Mais il faut attendre l’indépendance de l’Algérie pour voir émerger une dynamique territoriale multidimensionnelle (politique, économique et sociale). L’État algérien réinvestit ces territoires pour des raisons stratégiques et géopolitiques. Il devient rapidement le principal acteur en matière de développement, d’aménagement en renforçant sa présence politique. La modernisation des organisations politiques via les instances d’un État central a échoué à mettre en place à l’échelle locale un modèle de gouvernance moderne qui s’articule sur des valeurs « démocratiques ». Ainsi, ces territoires connaissent une crise de gouvernance au moment où les instances traditionnelles ont été affaiblies et écartés.
Complexité et enjeux des mailles territoriales. Variations à partir du cas tunisien
Authors: Baron Myriam , Ruffray Sophie de , Achouri Walid , Saadaoui Khaoula , Bennasr Ali , Grasland Claude
Published: July 2017

Lors de la mise en place du processus constituant en Tunisie, la question de la réforme territoriale et plus généralement la refonte des pouvoirs locaux et des règles de péréquation est apparue comme un enjeu politique et social majeur. Cet article montre que ce qui se joue dans ce pays ne peut s’affranchir d’une part des mailles territoriales qui existent depuis plusieurs décennies, d’autre part du fait urbain qui prend de plus en plus d’importance dans la structuration des activités et de la richesse. Cet article insiste aussi sur la nécessaire prise en compte des représentations et des perceptions des populations pour mener à bien une telle réforme.
Territory and Governance: the Arab Republic of Egypt between Two Historical Political Actors
Authors: Tonsy Sarah
Published: July 2017

Après le soulèvement de 2011 en Égypte, les problèmes liés à la centralisation de l’État égyptien à sa gouvernance ont été révélés par le regain de rivalité entre l’armée égyptienne et les Frères musulmans (FM). Les promesses de décentralisation du président Abdel Fatah El-Sissi depuis 2014 ne sont pas encore à l’agenda politique du gouvernement. Cet article vise à analyser les effets de la centralisation de l’État égyptien sur l’armée égyptienne et les FM – deux acteurs historiques majeurs de la vie politique du pays depuis près d’un siècle. De façon réciproque, il questionne l’emprise territoriale de chacun d’eux, comme facteur susceptible de rendre compte de leur rivalité politique.
« Si vous votez la loi d’exclusion aujourd’hui, c’est vous qui serez exclus demain »
Authors: Kchouk Bilel
Published: July 2017

Dans le cadre d’une analyse sur les répercussions du soulèvement populaire de 2011, notre enquête prend pour objet l’effet de la chute du régime de Ben Ali sur la place et la trajectoire des élites politiques tunisiennes. Elle a pour ambition d’analyser l’impact du changement institutionnel et les stratégies sous-jacentes au repositionnement des élites tunisiennes, à la lumière des situations est-européennes. À l’instar de processus observés à l’Est, nous défendons l’idée d’un élargissement de l’espace élitaire politique permettant aux nouveaux venus de cohabiter avec d’anciennes élites politiques rapidement replacées. Ce repositionnement s’est fait selon des logiques de sacrifice, de solidarité réseautique et de marchandage témoignant d’une grande circulation et d’une reproduction politique plus légère. La cohabitation entre les élites de Ben Ali et les élites émergentes permet de souligner l’ambiguïté des recompositions et les chevauchements entre l’ « ancien » et le « nouveau » régime.
Production judiciaire des normes et vigilance de la société civile : Le cas de la sexualité en Tunisie
Authors: Voorhoeve Maaike
Published: July 2017

Depuis 2011, les débats publics tunisiens sont rythmés par des polémiques, notamment sur le traitement judiciaire d’affaires de mœurs. Cet article vérifie l’hypothèse d’une rupture avec les pratiques judiciaires des années 2000. À partir des pratiques judiciaires en droit de la famille et en droit pénal, l’article examine comment, avant 2011, les juges tunisiens ont contrôlé les mœurs sexuelles, tant au sein du mariage que pour les couples non-mariés, à travers leur interprétation des dispositions du Code du Statut Personnel et du Code pénal.
Using Web 2.0 Tools to Start a WebQuest Renaissance
Authors: Cherner Todd Sloan , Kokopeli Eva Marie
Published: July 2017

Technology is part of the modern world and students must have authentic experiences using it as part of their compulsory education. The challenge, however, is that models for embedding technology into classroom instruction can be vague, misleading, or promote the use of technology for technology's sake. In this chapter, the authors open with a discussion of WebQuests. They then explain how WebQuests can be redesigned using Web 2.0 tools – mainly apps that run on digital devices – in a way that develops students' inquiry skills and digital literacy abilities. The chapter concludes with examples of these enhanced WebQuests that teachers can use as a scaffold when developing their own versions.
Criteria for Surface Rupture Microzonation of Active Faults for Earthquake Hazards in Urban Areas
Authors: Sözbilir Hasan , Özkaymak Çağlar , Uzel Bora , Sümer Ökmen
Published: July 2017

Formation of surface rupture zone along active faults buried directly beneath major cities create devastating earthquakes that seriously threaten the safety of human lives. Surface rupture microzonation (SRM) is the generic name for subdividing a region into individual areas having different potentials hazardous earthquake effects, defining their specific seismic behavior for engineering design and land-use planning in case a large devastating earthquake strikes the region. The basis of SRM is to model the rupture zone at the epicenter of an earthquake, and thus develop a hazard-avoid map indicating the vulnerability of the area to potential seismic hazard. Earthquake hazard assessment of active faults in urban areas are thus an important systematic engineering for disaster mitigation in major cities.
Integration Between Urban Planning and Natural Hazards For Resilient City
Authors: Tüdeş Şule , Kumlu Kadriye Burcu Yavuz , Ceryan Sener
Published: July 2017

Analyses and syntheses conducted before the urban planning process are significant. Accurate analysis and synthesis enable to determine proper site selection and the proper site selection is the basis of a sustainable urban plan. In this sense, fundamental analysis inputs of the proper site selection could be indicated as the related parameters of the earth sciences. The interpretation of these inputs require the essential analyses and syntheses of initially the geological and geotechnical research with geophysics, tectonic, topography, mineral and natural resources, hydrogeology, geomorphology and engineering geology. Synthesis maps composed of these inputs especially provide guides for natural thresholds consisting of landslide, flood, inundation, earthquake etc. for land use planning and site selection parts in the urban planning processes. In this regard, this chapter of the book contains the relation between the earth sciences parameters with the urban planning and the way these parameters lead the way of urban planning processes.
Information Sharing and Cognitive Involvement for Sustainable Workplaces
Authors: Caputo Francesco , Evangelista Federica
Published: July 2017

In the last few years a vibrant multi- and trans-disciplinary debate has developed around the topic of sustainability in the management of human resources. The need to go beyond old approaches based on the “use” of human resources as “factor of production” has been outlined from different points of view. To contribute to the existing knowledge about the development of more efficient, effective and sustainable approaches in human resource management, this chapter aims to investigate possible pathways and key dimensions in defining more sustainable workplaces by acting on information sharing and cognitive involvement. A possible conceptual framework for clarifying different concepts of the workplace is proposed and some implications are outlined for managerial studies in the light of information sharing and cognitive involvement.
Consumers, Businesses, and Governments During an Economic Crisis
Authors: Sigindi Taner
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight how consumers are affected from a crisis and reveal a marketing perspective for businesses to struggle with economic crisis. From this point of view, marketing strategies and marketing mix revisions were discussed and government interventions affecting marketing strategies were also examined. Consumers' purchasing behaviors in crisis are affected from personal, cultural, environmental or financial factors. Segmentation and proactive marketing are the key elements for businesses in order to cope with the crisis. Government interventions during crisis can be classified into two groups, increasing the domestic demand and supporting the financial stability.
Controlling Instruments for the Sustainability of a Business
Authors: Pelau Corina , Rosca Vlad
Published: July 2017

The controlling activity has developed in the past years because of the need of companies to permanently monitor their performance and because of the need to adapt to the changes of the environment. In comparison to some decades ago, the present dynamic changes in the technological and social environment determine companies to be more agile regarding their strategies. In this article there are presented the main instruments used in marketing-controlling and an overview of the use of controlling instruments in companies, based on secondary data. The results of these researches show that companies use more and more frequent controlling instruments than in the past.
Towards Integrated Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Provision and Financing of Agricultural Groundwater in African Drylands
Authors: Luwesi Cush Ngonzo , Nkpeebo Amos Yesutanbul , Osei-Owusu Yaw , Osei-Owusu Paa Kofi
Published: July 2017

Water Vision 2000 declared: “Water crises are not about too little water... but about managing water badly such that billions of people and the environment suffer badly.” Good leadership and governance are therefore needed to bring about investments through innovation in the water sector. However, the ubiquitous nature of investments in water services makes it less attractive for the private finance sector. Agricultural groundwater development has particularly begun offering incentives for private investors. This study foresees a high potential in the integration of recent developments of information and communication technologies (ICT) with existing hydraulic technologies to sustain cropping and food production in African drylands. A case is given for the blending of the Bhungroo, Grundfos Lifelink and M-Pesa technologies to make an integrated BGM-P technology for agricultural groundwater supply. This will enable water users have access to the service at the “right” time, in the “right” quantities, at the “right” places. This is a pathway to sustainable agriculture intensification.
On the Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Identify the Bright Spots in Dark Tourism
Authors: Seraphin Hugues , Gowreesunkar Vanessa
Published: July 2017

As Haiti lacks visitor attractions, the development of an authentic event programme is going to be an essential part of the on-going tourism strategy. Culturally rich events are part of the appeal of a destination and can be cost efficient to organise. Furthermore it is well documented that planned events have the ability to improve national pride in small developing countries. From our findings we have highlighted the fact that Voodoo has helped the Haitian people to maintain its true nature and culture and now offer economic development options to the destination. The development of voodoo events will enhance Haiti's tourism and provide opportunities for locals to embrace their cultural heritage and come to terms with their past. That said, unless the ‘blind spots' of the destination are removed, there is no empirical evidence to confirm that tourism will bring prosperity to Haiti nor that voodoo can play a significant role in the country's tourism sector.
Dark Tourism as a Form of Governmentality of Fear
Authors: Çoban Funda
Published: July 2017

Although dark tourism attracts many scholars from different backgrounds, there is no consensus about its definition. Yet still, it is possible to classify the discussions revolving around the definition issue: The first group focuses on the descriptive side of dark tourism in terms of “sudden death and disaster,” while a second group gives priority to the existential dimension of the dark touristic interest in terms of “never-ending death and disaster.” However, fear appears as a surrounding component of both approaches. At that point, this study questions the relationship between the rise of dark touristic interest since the 1990s and the notion of governmentality of fear. In this respect, the study attempts to make bridge between the existential context of dark tourism and its political dimension with the Foucauldian terms, especially by shedding light on dark tourism in terms of “biopower technology.”
Sensor Cloud
Authors: Seno Seyed Amin Hosseini , Banaie Fatemeh
Published: July 2017

With the advancement of wireless sensor networks (WSN) and the increasing use of sensors in various industrial, environmental and commercial fields, it is difficult to store and process the volume of generated data on local platforms. Cloud computing provides scalable resources to perform analysis of online as well as offline data streams generated by sensor networks. This can help to overcome the weakness of WSN in combining and analyzing heterogeneous and large numbers of sensory data. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey on state-of-the-art results in the context of cloud –enabled large-scale sensor networks. The chapter also discusses the objectives, architecture and design issues of the generic sensor-cloud platform.
Internet of Things (IoT) Security and Privacy
Authors: Al Dalaien Muawya N. , Bensefia Ameur , Hoshang Salam A. , Bathaqili Abdul Rahman A.
Published: July 2017

In recent years the Internet of Things (IoT) has rapidly become a revolutionary technological invention causing significant changes to the way both corporate computing systems, and even household gadgets and appliances, are designed and manufactured. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the security and privacy issues that may affect the evolution of IoT technology. The privacy issues are discussed from customer perspectives: first, the IoT privacy concern where the privacy debates on IoT and the IoT privacy that reflected from users' perspective based on the examination of previous researches results. In addition, the different architectures for IoT are discussed. Finally, the chapter discusses the IoT security concern by collecting, analyzing and presenting the major IoT security concerns in the literature as well as providing some potential solutions to these concerns.
Uncertainty-Based Clustering Algorithms for Large Data Sets
Authors: Tripathy B. K. , Seetha Hari , Murty M. N.
Published: July 2017

Data clustering plays a very important role in Data mining, machine learning and Image processing areas. As modern day databases have inherent uncertainties, many uncertainty-based data clustering algorithms have been developed in this direction. These algorithms are fuzzy c-means, rough c-means, intuitionistic fuzzy c-means and the means like rough fuzzy c-means, rough intuitionistic fuzzy c-means which base on hybrid models. Also, we find many variants of these algorithms which improve them in different directions like their Kernelised versions, possibilistic versions, and possibilistic Kernelised versions. However, all the above algorithms are not effective on big data for various reasons. So, researchers have been trying for the past few years to improve these algorithms in order they can be applied to cluster big data. The algorithms are relatively few in comparison to those for datasets of reasonable size. It is our aim in this chapter to present the uncertainty based clustering algorithms developed so far and proposes a few new algorithms which can be developed further.
Twitter Data Analysis
Authors: S Chitrakala
Published: July 2017

Analyzing Social network data using Big Data Tools and techniques promises to provide information that could be of use in recommendation systems, personalized service and many other applications. A few of the analytics that do this include sentiment analysis, trending topic analysis, topic modeling, information diffusion modeling, provenance determination and social influence study. Twitter Data Analysis involves analyzing data specifically obtained from Twitter, both tweets and the topology. There are three major classifications on the type of analysis being performed such as Content based, Network based and Hybrid analysis. Trending Topic Analysis in the context of Content based static data analysis and Influence Maximization in the context of Hybrid analysis on data streams using the power of Big Data Analytics are discussed. A novel solution to Trending Topic analysis to generate topic evolved, conflict-free sequential sub summaries and influence maximization to handle streaming data are explained with experimental results.
Invisible Domains and Unexplored Terrains
Authors: Scott Craig R. , Kang Katie K.
Published: July 2017

Organizational communication scholarship can provide valuable insights into a range of hidden organizations; thus, the domain of our field should be expanded to not only include this hidden terrain but to reconsider and qualify knowledge claims based almost exclusively on more visible organizations. This essay describes in some detail three broad types of hidden organizations and the reasons why each must be examined: inappropriately hidden, appropriately hidden, and ambiguously hidden. Additionally, an argument is made for a multi-level view of these hidden entities that considers not just the broader organization but also various groups/chapters/cells, individual members, and other levels.
The Process of Theorizing in Organizational Communication
Authors: Leonardi Paul
Published: July 2017

Theory building is central to the academic enterprise. So it should come as no surprise that members of a discipline periodically question the purpose of their theory building. For the past few decades, organizational communication researchers have asked this question, and some have been brave enough to provide some suggestions. This chapter argues that owning phenomena in this way is key to advancing a science of communication. I offer two strategies by which theorists can make advances toward owning phenomena: discovery and reconceptualization. Through these strategies, they can demonstrate how that organizational phenomena are, at their core, communication. There are surely other strategies that theorists might use to gain ownership of phenomena. This chapter represents a meager call to organizational communication theorists to move past the tendency to look for communication in a phenomenon and to treat the whole phenomenon as communication. The latter approach is likely to help us to build better theory about communication and to make better explanations about the process of organizing.
A Framework for How Expertise Is Communicated and Valued in Contemporary Organizations
Authors: Treem Jeffrey W. , Barley William C.
Published: July 2017

Changes in contemporary organizations and work environments suggest reconsideration of how expertise is constituted in organizations. Specifically, a communicative view of expertise is advanced that views expertise in organizations as the product of communicative signals that are associated with an actor, and attributed as expertise by an observer. This lens is discussed as particularly valuable given the ways communication technologies and distributed work arrangements obscure visibility into the work practices of individuals, and the ways communication alters assessments of expertise. Two distinctively communicative forms of expertise are presented as alternatives to more traditional domain-focused views of expertise: interactional expertise and process expertise. A framework is presented for how organizational communication scholars can study process expertise, and how this research will help build and extend theory related to the constitutive nature of expertise in organizations.
Moving From Practical Application to Expert Craft Practice in Organizational Communication
Authors: Tracy Sarah J. , Donovan Matthew C. J.
Published: July 2017

This essay reviews practical application activities performed in the field of organizational communication and poses an alternative approach for creating organizations and employees that flourish and can meet the demands of tomorrow. Much of the discipline's practical application efforts have been focused on analyzing problems and focusing on epistemological and conceptual issues—activities that have been appropriate for creating communication competence, but have fallen short in motivating higher levels of proficiency and expertise. This essay creates a case for how the field might valuably move toward other ways of creating transformed practice not through application of organizational communication knowledge, but via an approach that incorporates practical wisdom, critical self-reflexivity, appreciative inquiry, improvisation, sensemaking/breaking/giving and craft practice.
Exploring Determinants of Knowledge Sharing and the Role of Social Media in Business Organizations
Authors: Di Virgilio Francesca
Published: July 2017

Knowledge sharing is one of the greatest challenges for a business organization. Organizations not only need to focus on innovation of new products and services, but also to pay specific attention to effective knowledge sharing which is of vital importance to their success. In this context, social media have become increasingly popular. They have a profound impact on personal relationships, enable individuals to contribute to a number of issues and generate new possibilities and challenges in order to facilitate knowledge sharing. However, scarce attention has been devoted so far to the theme of social media security and its effects on behavioral intention in relation to knowledge sharing. As a response to this challenge, this chapter illustrates a research roadmap of knowledge sharing which includes important collective variables. This study aims at highlighting a new direction for the evaluation of social media as a tool for knowledge sharing in business organizations. Finally, it concludes with the discussion of several open issues and cutting-edge challenges.
Use of Social Media for Knowledge Sharing by Instructors in a Higher Education Institution
Authors: Asunka Stephen
Published: July 2017

Against the backdrop that universities are required to generate and disseminate relevant and applicable knowledge for the general good, and with the understanding that social media can be an effective vehicle for such knowledge sharing practices, this study explored the use of social media for knowledge sharing by academics at a university college in Ghana. The study thus examined how instructors use social media for sharing academic knowledge, the factors that promote such knowledge sharing practices, and the barriers to effective knowledge sharing in the academic environment. 47 instructors participated by completing an online questionnaire, whilst 7 participated in focus group discussions. Findings reveal a regular, though not daily, use of social media platforms for academic knowledge sharing. Personal, technological and institutional factors were determined to be contributing in fostering as well as hindering such activities. Implications of these findings as well as suggestions for future research are accordingly discussed.