bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissenting Scientists in Early Cold War Britain: The “Fallout” Controversy and the Origins of Pugwash, 1954–1957
Authors: Kraft Alison
Published: April 2018

British nuclear policy faced a major challenge in 1954 when the radiological dangers of the new hydrogen bomb were highlighted by an accident resulting from a U.S. thermonuclear test in the Pacific that underscored how nuclear fallout could travel across national borders. Echoing the response from the United States, the British government downplayed the fallout problem and argued that weapons testing was safe. Some influential scientists rallied behind the government position on fallout and weapons tests, but others disagreed and were regarded within government circles as troublesome dissidents. This article focuses on two of the dissident scientists, Joseph Rotblat and Bertrand Russell, showing how they challenged government policy and sought to make public their view that fallout was dangerous and that weapons testing should stop. Their objections ensured that the fallout debate became a part of public life in Cold War Britain, imbuing the hydrogen bomb and the arms race with new meaning. The article casts new light on the process by which the fallout/testing issue came to be the most publicly controversial area of nuclear weapons policy, serving as a rallying point for scientists beyond the nation-state, at once a national and transnational problem.
Japanese Scientists’ Critique of Nuclear Deterrence Theory and Its Influence on Pugwash, 1954–1964
Authors: Kurosaki Akira
Published: April 2018

This article sheds new light, from a transnational perspective, on the intellectual struggle in Japan over nuclear deterrence. Japanese scientists opposed the Cold War order from the superpowers on down. Against the backdrop of the intensifying nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, Pugwash scientists came to accept a key notion by the mid-1960s; namely, that stable mutual deterrence is a prerequisite for averting nuclear war and promoting nuclear arms control. Under such circumstances, the Japanese Pugwash scientists began to criticize nuclear deterrence in the early 1960s in Japanese society. This article recounts how their challenges to the intellectual hegemony of nuclear deterrence developed not only from antiwar and antinuclear sentiments that they shared with the Japanese public, but also from the transnational transfer of ideas through the Pugwash organization.
China's “People's Diplomacy” and the Pugwash Conferences, 1957–1964
Authors: Barrett Gordon
Published: April 2018

Newly available archival sources in China illuminate how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) used transnational initiatives to advance its aims. This article explores Chinese interaction with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs from 1957 to 1964 and discusses how the People's Republic of China (PRC) made deliberate use of transnational initiatives to further its own Cold War strategy and foreign policy. High-ranking CCP officials were directly involved in selecting China's scientific participants, shaping their message, and determining their objectives at the conferences, including winning over potentially sympathetic foreign scientists, demonstrating Sino-Soviet solidarity and, in 1960, potentially establishing back-channel communications with the incoming Kennedy administration in the United States. Chinese scientists’ involvement in Pugwash shows that transnational relations mattered to the PRC during the Cold War and, more broadly, underscores the importance of governments in transnational relations.
The Max Planck Society and Pugwash during the Cold War: An Uneasy Relationship
Authors: Sachse Carola
Published: April 2018

When the Federation of German Scientists (VDW) was founded as the West German section of Pugwash in the late 1950s, several high-profile scientists from the Max Planck Society (MPS), especially nuclear physicists, were involved. Well into the 1980s, institutional links existed between the MPS, the Federal Republic's most distinguished scientific research institution, and Pugwash, the transnational peace activist network that was set up in 1957 in the eponymous Nova Scotia village following the publication of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto. At the beginning, the two organizations’ relationship was maintained primarily by the physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. However, the relationship was difficult from the start, and the distance between them grew during the rise of détente in the 1970s, when the scientific flagship MPS was deployed more and more frequently in matters of foreign cultural policy on behalf of West Germany and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as a whole. This article explores the resources and risks of transnational political engagement during the Cold War, focusing on the individual strategies of top-ranking researchers as well as the policy deliberations within a leading scientific organization along the chief East-West divide: the front line between the two German states.
Pugwash in Eastern Europe: The Limits of International Cooperation Under Soviet Control in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Olšáková Doubravka
Published: April 2018

The beginnings of Pugwash overlapped with the first stage of the process of de-Stalinization, which had a marked effect on science and on scientific cooperation across the Iron Curtain. In the international context of the late 1950s, Pugwash enabled Soviet officials and scientists to play an active part in the international community at the very point when the World Peace Council (a Soviet front organization) was experiencing its deepest crisis. Despite political pressure from Moscow, the various Academies of Sciences in East European countries, which represented Pugwash national committees in their respective societies, managed to benefit from these circumstances. They developed important contacts with Western analysts such as Henry Kissinger, Paul Doty, and Marshall Shulman. This cooperation helped to shape the research agenda in Eastern Europe, though its scope was still controlled by the USSR. Nevertheless, after 1975—and most importantly after 1982—Pugwash managed to establish contact with non-Communist peace activists and dissident movements in Eastern Europe.
The Pugwash Conferences and the Global Cold War: Scientists, Transnational Networks, and the Complexity of Nuclear Histories
Authors: Kraft Alison , Nehring Holger , Sachse Carola
Published: April 2018

This introductory essay elucidates the purpose and major themes of the special issue. The contributors to the issue provide an in-depth look at the Pugwash Conferences for Science and World Affairs (usually referred to as just Pugwash) to explore important themes in Cold War history. Among other topics covered in the issue are the impact of Pugwash in many countries, the nature of its organization, and the distinctive way in which it worked, as well as its importance for the relationship between scientists and the Cold War states and its role as a political actor and as a transnational actor. All of these issues and more make Pugwash a compelling subject for scholars of the Cold War.
A Human Rights-Based Approach to Humanitarian Assistance
Authors: Pietropaolo Maria Giovanna
Published: April 2018

With a view to transcending purely philanthropic or political approaches to disaster relief overlooking the entitlement of victims of a catastrophe to be assisted, this article analyses humanitarian assistance from a human rights perspective. Humanitarian aid operations are presented as the result of the interaction between the human rights of people affected by disasters and the corresponding governmental obligations. A distinction is made between the current scenario of disaster relief in which the relevant rights are the ones to life, food, health and medical services, water, adequate housing and clothing, and a prospective regime in which a human right to receive humanitarian assistance is recognized by the international community. The juxtaposition of the two regimes highlights the differences in the levels of protection they afford. It also proves that, in both cases, the adoption of a human rights-based approach safeguards affected people by empowering them to challenge governmental decisions to refuse international aid and by placing under international scrutiny the measures taken by sovereign States to protect their populations in the aftermath of catastrophes.
Refocusing Transitional Justice to Focus Not Only on the Past, But Also to Concentrate on Ongoing Conflicts and Enduring Human Rights Crises
Authors: Sarkin Jeremy
Published: April 2018

Transitional justice’s normative foundations, orientation, and methodology favour a backward-looking focus in dealing with the legacy of violence in societies. This article suggests that transitional justice (tj) can be more effective if it broadens its scope to include processes and measures to engage with present day conflict, and human rights and humanitarian crises. The article examines the extent of the crises that exist in the world and how there have been increases in such crises particularly over the last decade. The article inspects the development of tj, its evolution and its focus on dealing with the past in order to determine whether a focus on dealing with the present, or the immediate past, is outside of what is envisaged as possible within a tj framework. The article studies the notion of transition to determine whether a transition is in fact necessary for tj to be applied. It argues that there is a need for tj to become broader in its orientation, and for it to become more relevant and more applicable in other circumstances. It is suggested that in order for tj to be criticized less, it should play a more enhanced role in conflicted places to reduce violence and human rights abuse and play a role in peacemaking and peacebuilding. It is contended that in conflict situations tj has, in the past, focused on justice and allied issues such as amnesty, but that there ought to be a more holistic approach to tj in conflict situations. The article also examines how tj can play an increased role in preventing atrocities, its role in justice and reducing impunity, in truth recovery processes, and in guaranteeing non-repetition of violations in the context of ongoing emergencies. It is argued that there are numerous feasible steps that can be taken during human rights disasters that help prepare for the future even if these steps are limited and cannot achieve that much during the existence of a crisis.
The Right to a Fair Trial and the Military Justice System in Pakistan
Authors: Shah Niaz A
Published: April 2018

This article analyses the military justice system of Pakistan to determine to what extent it is compatible with fair trial standards recognised by human rights law and the constitution of Pakistan. It sets out the fair trial tests and apply them to the military justice system of Pakistan. The analysis reveals that the military justice system blatantly violates fair trial standards: it is part of the Executive and is neither independent nor impartial. It runs as a detached parallel departmental justice system to the national justice system. The author also argues that the majority judgement in the 2015 Military Courts Case did not apply the correct legal tests and wrongly held that the military justice system meets the fair trial standards. It is per in curiam. The author offers recommendations for reforming the military justice system proposing that Pakistan might learn from the successful reformation of the British military justice system.
The Case for Crimes against Humanity in Eritrea
Authors: Mekonnen Daniel R.
Published: April 2018

In June 2015, a commission of inquiry, mandated by the United Nations (un), published the most critical report of its kind on the situation of human rights in Eritrea. One year later, the commission said there are reasonable grounds to believe that crimes against humanity have been committed in Eritrea since 1991. The findings of the commission follow in the footsteps of other ground-breaking reports that were produced by the un Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea, appointed in July 2012. Over the next four years, the Human Rights Council has also adopted a number of resolutions in which it strongly condemns the continued widespread and systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms committed by the Eritrean authorities. With a focus on the commission of inquiry, this article will assess an assortment of reports and official documents produced by the designated un human rights entities. Based on the assessment, assertions will be made that the conclusion made by the inquiry commission with respect to crimes against humanity in June 2016 should in fact have been made in its first report of June 2015, thus avoiding an unnecessary delay of one year.
Bilayer graded Al/B4C/rice husk ash composite: Wettability behavior, thermo-mechanical, and electrical properties
Authors: Bahrami Amin , Soltani Niloofar , Pech-Canul Martin I , Soltani Shaghayegh , González Luis A , Gutiérrez Carlos A , Tapp Joshua , Möller Angela , Gurlo Aleksander
Published: April 2018

In this study, wettability behavior of B4C substrate as well as B4C/crystalline rice husk ash and B4C/amorphous rice husk ash substrates with two aluminum alloys were studied. The electrical resistivity, thermal expansion coefficients, and thermal diffusivity of bilayer Al/B4C/rice husk ash composite fabricated by one-step pressureless infiltration were measured and the obtained data were systemically analyzed using the Taguchi method and analysis of variance. Boron carbide substrates after addition of amorphous or crystalline rice husk ash display good wettability with molten aluminum alloys. The results show that, electrical resistivity of Al/B4C/rice husk ash composites is mainly influenced by initial preform porosity, while the coefficient of thermal expansion of composites is determined by the chemical composition of infiltrated alloys. The measured values for coefficient of thermal expansion (10.5 × 10−6/℃) and electrical resistivity (0.60 × 10−5 Ω.m) of Al/B4C/rice husk ash composites, fabricated according to analysis of variance's optimal conditions are in good agreement with those of the projected values (11.02 × 10−6/℃ and 0.65 × 10−5 Ω.m, respectively). The difference between the corresponding values obtained from verification tests and projected values, for electrical resistivity and coefficient of thermal expansion are less than 5%. Finally, as a material selection approach, the strengths and weaknesses of the composites have been graphed in the form of radar diagrams.
Simulation of vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process through dynamic system analysis
Authors: Fracassi Fabiano T , Donadon Maurício V
Published: April 2018

Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding is a promising process in advanced composite manufacturing with a wide range of applications in industry. That potential is often misused, though, because of the lack of an efficient and reliable simulation tool to support product development. Most of the simulation methods in use today are based on Darcy’s law, which explains the permeation of a fluid in a porous medium. However, it is known that this law has limitations when applied to the context of dual-scale fibrous reinforcements: macro porosity given by fiber architecture generates resistance to flow, while the inner porosity inherent to fiber tows causes it to absorb resin, affecting the flow. The latter effect cannot be explained by traditional theory. In order to explore these limitations, this work proposes a simplified model to vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process from the point of view of system dynamics, and to prove the viability of such theory. The ultimate goal is to propose a more complete model in light of system dynamics that saves time and cost while offering the same reliability as current simulation models. In order to provide an explanation to both dual-scale phenomena, a parallel association between a resistance and a fluid capacitance is proposed. Model validation is then performed through the analysis of experimental data followed by the comparison between the Darcy infusion profile and the one predicted by the resistor-capacitor-parallel (RC-parallel) circuit model. Thus, this work is able to perform a proof of concept that leads to a novel and yet unexplored field of study.
Effect of modified graphene oxide on the mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of vinylester
Authors: Gauvin Florent , Cousin Patrice , Robert Mathieu
Published: April 2018

Graphene, which is a one atom thick layer of graphite, has been considerably studied in the past decade due to its extraordinary physical properties. The development of new routes of synthesis facilitates the use of graphene in polymer nanocomposite. The addition of very small amounts (<1%) of graphene in a polymer matrix does not only increase its thermal and mechanical properties, but it would also enhance permeability, by limiting the diffusion of water through the material. Graphene-polymer nanocomposite would be an interesting alternative to conventional polymer nanocomposite such as nanoclay-polymer nanocomposite. In this study, graphene oxide is synthesized from graphite flakes, following the Tour method, and modified with silane to improve its compatibility with the polymer. Polymer nanocomposite made from vinylester resin and 0.5 wt% graphene oxide is prepared as well as other types of typically used polymer nanocomposite such as graphite flake, silica fume or nanoclay based composite. Samples are soaked in a water bath to study the water absorption of these nanocomposites. Mechanical property measurements and thermal analyses are performed to evaluate the benefit of using graphene oxide. Results show a significant enhancement of the mechanical and thermal properties with a graphene oxide content ten times lower than the one needed with conventional nanoparticles. Moreover, unlike nanoclay-based polymer nanocomposite, graphene oxide does not increase water absorption at saturation.
Pigs are useful for the molecular study of bone inflammation and regeneration in humans
Authors: Lüthje Freja Lea , Skovgaard Kerstin , Jensen Henrik Elvang , Kruse Jensen Louise
Published: April 2018

Pigs are used with increased frequency to model different kinds of orthopedic surgical conditions. In order to show the full potential of porcine models in orthopedic research, it is therefore required to examine the expression of bone regulatory genes in pigs affected by orthopedic surgery and compare it to the expression in humans and mice as mice, are one of the most applied animal species in orthopedics today. In the present study, the local molecular response to drilling of a tibial implant cavity, and the subsequent insertion of a steel implant was examined in a porcine model. Pigs were euthanized five days after drilling of the bone. The molecular response of 73 different genes was analyzed using a high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction platform and compared to histopathology. Histologically, it was found that bone remodeling was initiated on day 5 after surgery and was associated with upregulation of several genes involved in bone degradation and formation ( CTSK, ACP5, IBSP, RANK, RANKL and COL1A1). Interleukin-6 and several acute-phase proteins (C3, SAA and ITIH4) were significantly upregulated, indicating their importance in the initial process of healing and osseointegration. All tested bone morphogenic proteins (BMP2, -4 and -7) including their inhibitor noggin were also significantly upregulated. Surprisingly, vascular endothelial growth factor A was not found to be regulated five days after surgery while several other vascular growth factors (ANGPT1, ANGPT2 and PTN) were upregulated. The pig was found to be a useful model for elucidation of bone regulatory genes in humans.
Experimental study on the velocity sensitivity of coal reservoir during coalbed methane drainage in southern Qinshui Basin
Authors: Liu Huihu , Sang Shuxun , Xue Junhua , Lan Tianhe , Xu Hongje , Ren Bo , Cheng Qiao
Published: April 2018

Determination of the velocity sensitivity in coal reservoirs during the different production stages of coalbed methane wells is fundamentally crucial to adopt appropriate drainage technologies. To address this need, simulation experiments of coal samples from southern Qinshui Basin in China were conducted to test the variation of coal permeability with fluid flow. The pore structures were tested before and after the simulation experiment by using mercury injections, and the pore shape was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that formation water with fast flow may remove solid particles and that there is no velocity sensitivity under the experimental conditions of different coal samples and formation waters during the water production and depressurization stages of the coalbed methane well. There is a trend of the velocity sensitivity in the coalbed methane reservoir showing high concentration of solid particles during the stages of water production and depressurization. Coal permeability decreases with the increase of the fluid flow, there are different levels of velocity sensitivity in the coalbed methane reservoir during gas production of the coalbed methane well. The critical drainage flow should be within 11.26 m3/d during gas production of the coalbed methane well. The generation of the velocity sensitivity will make the pore structure of the coalbed methane reservoir poorly. During the stage of gas production, the formation water produces poorly, and the solid particles adhered to the surface of coal easily fall off and are deposited in the transition pore and micropore, which further results in the decrease of coal permeability.
Digital interface design and power: Friction, threshold, transition
Authors: Ash James , Anderson Ben , Gordon Rachel , Langley Paul
Published: April 2018

This paper draws upon the example of High-Cost Short-Term Credit products accessed via digital interfaces and devices to examine practices of interface design and the operation of digitally mediated power. Utilising interviews with High-Cost Short-Term Credit website designers and users of these products, the paper shows how these interfaces are designed and tested to manage frictions: practical, affective or emotional contestations that interrupt or stop users from applying for these products and entering into credit and debt. We suggest that the key role of interface design is to manage these frictions by guiding action in such a way to minimise negative affective states at key thresholds of the application process. The management of friction is enabled by practices of data-driven design, where the contingency of human response is engineered through analytics in order to increase rates of application. Working through the example of High-Cost Short-Term Credit, the paper complicates a notion of control as a smooth or automatic operation of power, instead emphasising the necessity of both continuity and discontinuity as key to modulating action in a digital age. To understand the specificity of interface interactions and move beyond existing work on control, we offer a vocabulary of friction, thresholds and transitions.
A feedback linearization controller combined with a data-driven subspace-based prediction method for vehicle handling stabilization
Authors: Zhang Jianwu , Yang Weimiao , Feng Pengpeng
Published: April 2018

Obtaining precise yaw rate and lateral velocity as well as developing a nonlinear controller becomes more and more essential for improving the vehicle handling performance. Different from traditional methods, a data-driven subspace-based prediction approach is introduced by integrating propagator with predictor-based subspace identification method in this paper. Based on an identifiable vehicle model, the prediction process is validated by standard road tests data. To employ this data-driven prediction method in the vehicle handling stabilization and solve the controlling problem of nonlinear lateral dynamic system, a feedback linearization controller based on the new piecewise tire model is elaborately developed. On account of that the one-step prediction output reduces the time delay between actuator and lateral dynamic response, the subspace-based controller can theoretically improve the vehicle handling performance. By road simulation results, the proposed feedback linearization controller combined with a data-driven subspace-based prediction method greatly enhances the handling performance and provides a more effective technique for both vehicle parameter estimation and handling stabilization.
Urinary cytokines and mRNA expression as biomarkers of disease activity in lupus nephritis
Authors: Jakiela B , Kosałka J , Plutecka H , Węgrzyn A S , Bazan-Socha S , Sanak M , Musiał J
Published: April 2018

Introduction

Renal involvement is one of the most serious manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, but non-invasive assessment of inflammatory response in kidneys is challenging. In this study we aimed to validate markers of active lupus nephritis (LN) using urine immune profiling.

Methods

Urine and serum cytokines (17-plex array) and urine mRNA expression (∼40 immune and glomerular injury genes) were measured in LN patients with active disease ( n = 17) during remission ( n = 16) and in healthy subjects ( n = 18).

Results

Urine and serum levels of CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL10 were elevated in active LN as compared with disease remission (best discrimination for urine CXCL10 and CCL2) and correlated with LN activity. In the active disease, urinary cell transcriptome showed marked upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10), and type-1 immunity-related genes (e.g. CD3G, CD4, TBX21, IFNG). An active pattern of gene expression was also observed in four patients in remission, who had moderately increased urinary leucocyte count. Two patients from this group developed renal exacerbation during the following 3 months. Markers of type-17 immune axis (e.g. IL-17A) were not significantly increased in active LN.

Conclusions

Active LN patients were characterized by marked increase of proinflammatory mediators in the urine. Urine cytokines (CCL2 and CXCL10) and type-1 T-cell-related gene markers in the urine sediment had similar diagnostic performance in detection of active LN.
Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the overall quality of Pêra-Rio orange juice during shelf life
Authors: Spira Paz , Bisconsin-Junior Antonio , Rosenthal Amauri , Monteiro Magali
Published: April 2018

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, physicochemical characteristics, color, pectin methylesterase activity, and microbiological count were evaluated during the shelf life of Pêra-Rio orange juice. Pressurized (520 MPa, 60 ℃, for 360 s), non-processed and pasteurized (95 ℃/30 s) orange juice were compared at zero time of storage. Pressurized and pasteurized juices were studied during a refrigerated 90-day shelf life. Pressurization did not cause expressive change in physicochemical characteristics of Pêra-Rio orange juice along shelf life, but significantly reduced pectin methylesterase residual activity to 13% and microbiological counts below detection levels up to 68 days of storage, with small counts (30.0 × 10 CFU/mL mesophilic aerobic bacteria and 20.7 × 10 CFU/mL yeast and mold) at 90 days, capable of ensuring the juice’s stability along shelf life. Lightness ( L*) and b* values were significantly reduced by high hydrostatic pressure during shelf life, while a* values were significantly higher. Ascorbic acid decreased around 80% during shelf life. Antioxidant activity remained stable after processing and during storage.
How embedded is public involvement in mainstream health research in England a decade after policy implementation? A realist evaluation
Authors: Wilson Patricia , Mathie Elspeth , Poland Fiona , Keenan Julia , Howe Amanda , Munday Diane , Kendall Sally , Cowe Marion , Staniszewska Sophie , Goodman Claire
Published: April 2018

Objectives

To explore how embedded patient and public involvement is within mainstream health research following two decades of policy-driven work to underpin health research with patient and public involvement in England.

Methods

Realist evaluation using Normalization Process Theory as a programme theory to understand what enabled patient and public involvement to be embedded as normal practice. Data were collected through a national scoping and survey, and qualitative methods to track patient and public involvement processes and impact over time within 22 nationally funded research projects.

Results

In research studies that were able to create reciprocal working relationships and to embed patient and public involvement this was contingent on: the purpose of patient and public involvement being clear; public contributors reflecting research end-beneficiaries; researchers understanding the value of patient and public involvement; patient and public involvement opportunities being provided throughout the research and ongoing evaluation of patient and public involvement. Key contested areas included: whether to measure patient and public involvement impact; seeking public contributors to maintain a balance between being research-aware and an outsider standpoint seen as ‘authentically’ lay; scaling-up patient and public involvement embedded within a research infrastructure rather than risk token presence and whether patient and public involvement can have a place within basic science.

Conclusions

While patient and public involvement can be well-integrated within all types of research, policy makers should take account of tensions that must be navigated in balancing moral and methodological imperatives.
Systematic review of participants’ attitudes towards data sharing: a thematic synthesis
Authors: Howe Nicola , Giles Emma , Newbury-Birch Dorothy , McColl Elaine
Published: April 2018

Objectives

Data sharing is well established in biological research, but evidence on sharing of clinical trial or public health research study data remains limited, in particular studies of research participants’ perspectives of data sharing. This study systematically reviewed international evidence of research participants’ attitudes towards the sharing of data for secondary research use.

Methods

Systematic search of seven databases, and author-, citation- and bibliography-follow up to identify studies examining research participants’ attitudes towards data sharing. Studies were thematically analysed using NVivo v10 to identify recurring themes.

Results

Nine studies were eligible for inclusion. Thematic analysis identified four key themes: (1) benefits of data sharing, including benefit to participants or immediate community, benefits to the public and benefits to science or research; (2) fears and harms, such as fear of exploitation, stigmatization or repercussions, alongside concerns about confidentiality and misuse of data; (3) data sharing processes, in particular the role of consent in the process; and (4) the relationship between participants and research such as trust in different types of research or organization and the relationship with the original research team.

Conclusions

The available literature on attitudes towards sharing data from clinical trials or public health interventions remains scant. This study has identified four themes regarding research participants’ attitudes and preferences, which should be considered by policy makers, and explored with further research.
Dynamic analysis of vehicle start-up judder based on elasto-plastic friction model and dry clutch maneuvering characteristic
Authors: Yuan Renfei , Wu Guangqiang
Published: April 2018

This paper presents a detailed investigation of the dry clutch engagement process, and vehicle start-up judder phenomenon that could result in the deterioration of vehicle ride comfort. Elasto-plastic friction model is elaborated through the slider-pulley system, which shows some friction characteristics such as presliding, stick-slip motion, Stribeck effects, etc., and applied to dry clutch. The axial compression characteristics of three elastic parts, which include diaphragm spring, cushion spring, and link strip have been taken into consideration, and nonlinear relationship between the release bearing travel and the clutch clamp force is also established. The powertrain system model of front-engine and front-wheel-drive vehicle equipped with manual transmission is set up to recreate the start-up judder phenomenon in the numerical simulation and analyze its mechanism. The sudden transfer of the engine torque during the clutch engagement process results in the initial judder, which can be supposed as the step response of system and is initially weakened due to the damping of the powertrain system. Then the judder gradually strengthens and gets in the most severe vibrance when the clutch is about to get in to the fully engaged state, which is related to the frictional characteristics that forms a closed-loop positive feedback system, as well as the frequent state transitions between sliding state and engaged state. The positive slope of Stribeck effect as well as the reduction of absolute value of negative slope can both effectively suppress the start-up judder, and the apparent judder occurs only if the negative slope is outside of a certain range, instead of in all of the range. In addition, the fluctuation of clutch clamp force can aggravate the start-up judder, in which a more chaotic oscillation is emerged.
Compression behavior of three-dimensional printed polymer lattice structures
Authors: Al Rifaie Mohammed , Mian Ahsan , Srinivasan Raghavan
Published: April 2018

This paper focuses on the compression behavior of additively manufactured or three-dimensional printed polymer lattice structures of different configurations. The body-centered cubic lattice unit cell, which has been extensively investigated for energy absorption applications, is the starting point for this research. In this study, the lattice structure based on the body-centered cubic unit cell was modified by adding vertical struts in different arrangements to create three additional configurations. Four lattice structure designs were selected for comparison: the basic unit cell (body centered cubic), body centered cubic with vertical struts added to all nodes in the lattice, body centered cubic with vertical struts added to alternate nodes in the lattice, and body centered cubic with gradient in the number of vertical bars in the lattice. Samples of all four designs were prepared using acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene polymer by three-dimensional printing. The stiffness, failure loads, and energy absorption behaviors of all four configurations were determined under quasi-static compression loading. Specific properties were calculated by normalizing the test properties by the sample mass. It is observed from experimental data that selective placement of vertical support struts in the unit cell influences both the absolute and specific mechanical properties of lattice structures.
Emotional overlap and the analytic potential of emotions in anthropology
Authors: Feldman Lindsey Raisa , Mandache Luminiţa-Anda
Published: April 2018

Emotions have historically played a marginal role in many arenas of anthropological analysis, often limited to describing certain aspects of research informants' lives, or explaining the ethnographer's own fieldwork experience. This paper proposes a more nuanced approach, pointing to the analytic potential of what we call emotional overlap. Emotional overlap occurs in ethnographic moments when the emotions of both the informant and the ethnographer are uncovered and acknowledged. Using evidence from a cumulated 28 months of fieldwork in an American prison and a poor Brazilian neighborhood, we describe the analytic potential for emotional overlap in qualitative research. We argue for the importance and necessity of privileging emotions as sites of epistemological reflection, in order to reaffirm what is most compelling about the discipline of anthropology and to maintain its relevance in the 21st century.
Food in fashion modelling: Eating as an aesthetic and moral practice
Authors: Holla Sylvia M.
Published: April 2018

This paper investigates the relation between food, the body and morality in fashion modelling. More than has been recognized so far, eating is a continuous form of body work that is decidedly essential to aesthetic labour. Against the backdrop of slender aesthetics, models are purposefully socialized into remaining or becoming slender, through food beliefs inducing them to eat in specific ways. Food is classified into good and bad categories, and believed to affect male and female bodies differently. But other than to aesthetics or gender, considering ‘what (not) to eat’ links to morality, enabling models to draw symbolic boundaries between themselves and others. These show two main moral imperatives: models should eat controlled and effortlessly. Solving this moral paradox, models normalize and conceal controlled eating. Ultimately, the fashion modelling food system preoccupies models with self-surveillance and reinforces power inequalities between models and other professionals.
Embodying combat: How boxers make sense of their ‘conversations of gestures’
Authors: Beauchez Jérôme
Published: April 2018

This essay offers an ethnography of the ‘conversations of gestures’ that occur between boxers during training fights or ‘sparring’. By showing how these situations are embodied, it elaborates a sociology of the senses and meaning as it relates to these ordeals. In addition to considering the boxers and their ‘culture in interaction’, the essay reexamines a number of the assumptions embraced by sociologists of ‘habitus’ and ‘practical sense’. While a boxer's knowledge lies first and foremost in his fists, the fight also triggers a vital consciousness of the situation – a body image – that, when articulated with habitualized motor schemas, makes reflection and strategy central to the action itself. To deny the possibility of such boxing reflexivity would mean describing the fighter as a ‘cultural dope’ whose capacity for reflection is supplanted by the acquisition of fighting reflexes: this is what is entailed by the concept of ‘boxing habitus’. Yet this emphasis on the body's automatic mechanisms reduces the sociology of practice to the socialization of body schemas, without being able to connect them to body images. The latter is what this essay seeks to reintroduce into analysis.
Visual Arts Education improves self-esteem for persons with dementia and reduces caregiver burden: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Richards Allan G , Tietyen Ann C , Jicha Gregory A , Bardach Shoshana H , Schmitt Frederick A , Fardo David W , Kryscio Richard J , Abner Erin L
Published: April 2018

A Visual Arts Education program was tested among 26 pairs of persons with dementia and their caregivers. Pairs were randomized to Visual Arts Education or control groups, and each group met once per week for two months (8 weeks) to participate in activities with a trained arts instructor. Groups were assessed at baseline, two months, and six months. The Visual Arts Education group received instruction and produced a different type of artistic work each week. The pedagogical strategy was designed so that each activity was increasingly novel, challenging, and complex. The control group viewed slide shows, participated in discussions about art, and made paintings. At the six-month follow-up, significant improvements in caregiver burden and self-esteem for the persons with dementia were found in the Visual Arts Education group. The Visual Arts Education pedagogical approach shows the potential for effectiveness for improving quality of life for persons with dementia and their caregivers.
Intelligent smart home energy efficiency model using artificial TensorFlow engine
Authors: Jo Hana , Yoon Yong Ik
Published: April 2018

Smart home and IoT-related technologies are developing rapidly, and various smart devices are being developed to help users enjoy a more comfortable lifestyle. However, the existing smart homes are limited by a scarcity of operating systems to integrate the devices that constitute the smart home environment. This is because these devices use independent IoT platforms developed by the brand or company that developed the device, and they produce these devices based on self-service modules. A smart home that lacks an integrated operating system becomes an organizational hassle because the user must then manage each device individually. Furthermore, this leads to problems such as excessive traffic on the smart home network and energy wastage. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to build an integrated management system that connects IoT devices to each other. To efficiently manage IoT, we propose three intelligent models as IoT platform application services for a smart home. The three models are intelligence awareness target as a service (IAT), intelligence energy efficiency as a service (IE2S), and intelligence service TAS (IST). IAT manages the “things” stage. IAT uses intelligent learning to acquire a situational awareness of the data values generated by things (sensors) to collect data according to the environment. IE2S performs the role of a server (IoT platform) and processes the data collected by IAT. The server uses Mobius, which is an open-source platform that follows international standards, and an artificial TensorFlow engine is used for data learning. IE2S analyzes and learns the users’ usage patterns to help provide service automatically. IST helps to provide, control, and manage the service stage. These three intelligent models allow the IoT devices in a smart home to mutually cooperate with each other. In addition, these intelligent models can resolve the problems of network congestion and energy wastage by reducing unnecessary network tasks to systematically use energy according to the IoT usage patterns in the smart home.
Senecio and Larensis the Diners
Authors: Bartol Krystyna
Published: April 2018

Senecio and Larensis the Diners. Two Non-Greek Intellectuals at the Heart of the Hellenic Symposion

This paper compares accounts of Senecio's actions in Plutarch's Table Talk with the relation of Larensis' comportment in Athenaeus' Deipnosophists. The results of the examination suggest that the extent of self-awareness of both characters is what should be understood as the symbolic accommodation between Greek and Roman in the High Empire times.
Aristophanes, the Acuser of Socrates: Some Sociolinguistics Aspects of Comedy
Authors: Bednarek Bartłomiej
Published: April 2018

Aristophanes, the Acuser of Socrates: Some Sociolinguistics Aspects of Comedy

This paper examines the impact of verbal abuse typical of the old Attic comedy on the reputations of real-life citizens of Athens. It can be argued that the way in which comic poets insulted well-known people of their age shared many characteristics with the communicative strategies applied in everyday familiar speech. This may indicate that the only proper reaction to it consisted in accepting the ridicule as if it were not offensive.
The Case of the Angels: The Relevance of the Research by Classical Scholar John Cuthbert Lawson (1874-1919) on Modern Greek Culture
Authors: Bzinkowski Michał
Published: April 2018

Case of the Angels: The Relevance of the Research by Classical Scholar John Cuthbert Lawson (1874-1919) on Modern Greek Culture

In my paper I focus on the well-known John Cuthbert Lawson’s study about Modern Greek folklore (1910) and I venture to verify if it may be regarded as a reliable source of information about Greek folk beliefs. I base my argument on the eschatological remarks Lawson made concerning the personification of Death – Charos and his relationship to the Christian Angels. Confronting Lawson’s views and his source material with other similar demotic songs, mainly from the collections he had had access to, I try to show in what way the older collections of folk-songs might have distorted or falsified the eschatological images of Charos and the Angels, and what he overlooked while analyzing the sources. I also shed some light on possible influences of Byzantine orthodoxy on Modern Greek folk tradition to which Greek demotic songs belong.
Intellectual Sources of Historian's Legitimization - The Case of Gregory of Tours
Authors: Choda Kamil
Published: April 2018

Intellectual Sources of Historian's Legitimization - The Case of Gregory of Tours

The question of Gregory’s of Tours awareness of the persuasive potential of his learning he demonstrates in his works is discussed. The Touronian bishop’s high evaluation of the erudition of other men is clearly shown and juxtaposed with his opinion concerning his linguistic competence. Gregory’s ability to embellish his style, being a sign of the literary training is demonstrated. His degree of acquaintance with the classical literature is assessed and his familiarity with Latin poetry is underlined. The literal meaning of his statements concerning classical literature as detrimental to a Christian soul is contrasted with the subtle and indirect play those statements engage his readers in; their implicit meaning is shown to contradict their direct significance. Various examples of Gregory’s efforts to display his erudition in the field of literature and his high degree of learning, including a fair number of erudite digressions are brought forth. Gregory’s unambiguous statement concerning the intention with which he inserted them into his text is evoked. Finally, the Touronian Bishop’s positive judgment about his audience’s capacity of properly evaluating the erudite content of his writing is demonstrated and corroboratedwith the external evidence provided by contemporary sources.
Utrum Isocratea de bene conformatio animo disciplina ad alumnorum utilitates solum accomodata sit
Authors: Danek Zbigniew
Published: April 2018

Utrum Isocratea de bene conformatio animo disciplina ad alumnorum utilitates solum accomodata sit

The purpose of this paper is to present the views of Isocrates on human excellence as a result of the educational process. The author examines some passages in Isocrates’ speeches, in which the well formed human virtue seems to be changeable and still dependent on the pupils’ social position. Apart from the fact that this virtue occurs as a faculty of seizing each opportunity to speak in a relevant way, it also appears to be once a kind of patience in bearing any success as well as any misfortune in the same manner, and, at other times, it presents itself as a type of activity of the mind, which seeks the best solutions to different problems of the State. It is argued that in the view of Isocrates, despite some relevancy in his model of human excellence, which must be adapted to the future social tasks of each of his pupils, human perfection always entails three most important values. Apart from speaking well at the right time and living agreeably with other people, this perfection is based, to a large extent, on some form of seriousness and a gravity of the mind, which remains totally independent of any opportunities of time.