bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO POLICE MISCONDUCT AMONG ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE (RMP) IN KUALA LUMPUR AND SELANGOR
Authors: MING TAT TEH, EMBI MUHAMAD ALI, KAH CHOON LOW
Published: June 2023

The police institution is the leading national security institution in maintaining national security, especially in matters related to peace and harmony. However, it is reasonable to speculate that police officers would react similarly to other employees when they perceived organizational mistreatment. Hence, this study aims to determine the organizational factors that could contribute to police misconduct. The respondents of the study were consisting of 379 police officers in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. The research instrument used was a questionnaire using a five-Likert scale and the results were analysed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences to measure whether there is a significant relationship between the study variables. Results indicate that three factors can be concluded that affect police misconduct which are leadership, organizational culture, and the work environment factors. Meanwhile, the findings also highlighted that organizational structure as well as the training and development factors do not affect police misconduct. Finally, the outcomes also found that the organizational culture is the factor that affects the most police misconduct compared to the leadership and work environment factor. The major implication of this study is for the police officers especially those in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor to understand the current situation of police misconduct and how the organizational factors affect police misconduct. The headquarters of the police department also could look forward to improvising the organizational factors based on the results. In practice, it was extremely important for the top management of the Police Service to comprehend the factors that influence police misconduct in the police department in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor to implement strategies to improve the performance of their duties.
ISRAELI POLICIES TOWARD INTERNATIONAL BOYCOTT MOVEMENT (BDS) 2009-2019
Authors: MUHAMMED SALIH SHABAN, IHAB AHMED AWAIS
Published: June 2023

This study sought to understand the nature of the "Israeli" policies toward the international boycott movement (BDS), - Recognising the laws that Israel has taken to undermine and weaken the international boycott movement (BDS). The researchers relied on the descriptive analytical approach in interpreting the Israeli policies in confronting the international boycott movement (BDS); it also relied on the decision-making approach to understand and explain the nature of Israeli Policies Toward the International Boycott Movement (BDS). The researchers arrived at several results; the most important of which is, The Occupation tried to prosecute and distort the movement. Still, it continues to maintain its presence, impact, and expansion. The study recommends maintaining the international boycott movement (BDS) away from political polarisation and formulating a media discourse that refutes the "Israeli" accusations while paying attention to social media sites and opening up new work areas and spheres of influence. The study also sees the importance of establishing a legal framework to face.
IMPLEMENTING OF AKBIR MODEL TO IMPROVE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS PERFORMANCE
Authors: WINDARI, ROSMALA DEWI, ROSNELLI
Published: June 2023

Teacher performance shows a teacher's ability to do his job properly. Given the importance of teacher performance in determining the quality of students, teacher performance must be improved. This research aims to find feasibility and effectiveness of implementing the AKBIR model in improving elementary school teacher performance. The AKBIR model is a model built on a theory that states that the factors of trustworthiness, commitment, knowledge sharing, innovation, and reflective action can influence teacher performance. The research methodology is research and development through the ADDIE approach, namely start by need analysis and model design, development, implementation of model, and evaluation). The trials were conducted twice with 100 elementary school teachers. The research results show that: a) the AKBIR model has characteristics that are purposed, result-analyzed, holistic, and tool-supported; b) the AKBIR model is very feasible to use; c) the AKBIR model is very effective in improving the performance of elementary school teachers. Novelty: a quality model developed from the factors of trust, commitment, knowledge sharing, innovation, and reflective action that is proven to be able to improve the elementary school teachers' performance.
THE ROLE OF PRIOR EXPERIENCE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS ON SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG STATE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN SRI LANKA
Authors: MOHAMED WAHISH HASHIM, ALI KHATIBI, S.M. FERDOUS AZAM
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that might influence the social entrepreneurial Intention of state undergraduate students in Sri Lanka. The Theory of planned behaviour was tested in the context of state undergraduate students in Sri Lanka. Exogenous variables included Personal Attitude, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioural control, and Prior experience of social problems on social entrepreneurial Intention were studied. Using validated items from prior literature, the research instrument was developed. Undergraduate students from nine state universities in Sri Lanka provided the data for this quantitative study. Using IBM's SPSS 25 and AMOS 22 software, structural equation modelling was applied to extract insights from the valid data. Outcomes of the confirmatory factor analysis, followed by a structural model evaluation revealed a positive relationship exists between Social Entrepreneurial Intention and Employment attitude and social entrepreneurial Intention and Perceived behavioral control. However, the results did not support the relationships between social entrepreneurial Intention and subjective Norms and prior experiences with social problems and social entrepreneurial attitude. State university graduate unemployment has been a major socio-politico-economic problem in Sri Lanka, and Social entrepreneurship can be proposed as a viable career option. However, limited research has been carried out in the Sri Lankan context. This research will shed light on the antecedent factors that affect social entrepreneurial Intention and assist policymakers in developing appropriate strategies for promoting Social entrepreneurship among undergraduates.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE ON PROJECT DURATION THROUGH MULTIPLE DECISION-MAKING STEPS
Authors: TESHALETESHOMEALEMU, MOHINDRA SINGH THAKUR
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study was to identify the management knowledge areas that significantly contribute to the delay of road construction projects and compare between countries. In this paper one of a probability sampling called simple random sampling technique was used to select sample from client, consultants, and contractors organizations directly involved in roads construction in Addis Ababa City. Four statistical tests: normality, reliability, spearman’s rank correlation, and Mann Whitney U test were conducted to identify and rank the roads delay factors accepted by all the stakeholders. Moreover, Road construction delay factors identified from previous studies conducted in Himachal Pradesh State and Ghana. A criterion to assign the identified delay factors into the ten management knowledge areas was defined and a modified equation called the relative aggregate importance index was developed to compute the impact of the management knowledge areas on project duration. As a result, the management knowledge areas namely: Integration, schedule, and stakeholders in the case of Addis Ababa City road projects, schedule and scope in the case of Himachal Pradesh State road projects, and integration, scope and quality management knowledge areas in the case of Ghana road projects have been identified as significant contributor to the extension road construction duration.
BLACK FEMINISM: ARTICULATING POSITIONS
Authors: PRIYANKA VATS, SHARANPAL SINGH
Published: June 2023

Black Feminist Poetics has been an important issue of concern for scholars for quite some time now. There have been productive arguments in the arena, also keen insights concerning the phenomenon of blackness. Cultural imperatives and diverse strategies have been on view. The aim of the said theoretics has been to fill black citational absences, also to strive to gain recognition in the academe for black feminist theorizing. The effort is to overcome institutional reluctance and academic diffidence in this regard. There have been barriers of colour, race, class and gender as also myopic view regarding black feminism, when their Western counterparts articulate positions of ‘postfeminism’. The intention is to present alternate perspectives concerning affect and sexuality immanent in Black Feminist Theoretics as also the concept of the queer.
MANAGING CORPORATE INNOVATION IN RESPONSE TO LEGITIMACY PRESSURE: A MULTI-CASE STUDY OF HIGH-TECH FIRMS
Authors: ZHAO YAXUAN
Published: June 2023

Background: A key strategy for achieving environmentally friendly development is green innovation. The majority of studies on the factors that influence business innovation activities have either prioritized internal/external causes. Objective: The empirical significance of the research relies on independently investigating the effects of a firm's profit and legitimacy pressure, as well as its relationship to innovation. Methods: The findings showed that legitimacy pressure by consumers had a considerably positive impact on both industrial item innovation as well as process innovation using datasets of high-tech firms.Results: The findings also showed that the profitability of a firm has a beneficial impact on item innovation, but that it has little to no effect on innovation in green processes. Furthermore, the association between legitimacy stress and the development of products is positively moderated by corporate profitability. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that both the combination of the two factors—profitability (internal) and legitimacy pressure (external)—as well as their individual effects on firm innovation strategies. This is an integrative viewpoint on how firms might be more creative and responsible.
CRITICISMS OF THE DIRECT APPEAL BEFORE THE JORDANIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT
Authors: HASHIM AHMAD MOHAMMAD BALAS
Published: June 2023

Constitutions vary in granting the authority to exercise the power to challenge the constitutionality of laws between individuals, bodies and the head of state. Some of the constitutions have granted cancellation control or direct appeal of unconstitutionality to the head of state, government and bodies only without individuals, given that the type of control that followed is cancellation control, so the research aimed to clarify Type of control over the constitutionality of laws and regulations in Jordan and development who obtained this oversight, and the negatives and positives in the approach of the Jordanian legislator to limit the method of direct appeal to public authorities without individuals, and the most important results reached is that the Jordanian constitutional legislator adopted a method of limiting the power of direct appeal to the authorities without individuals, and this limitation was limited to the Senate And the House of Representatives and the Council of Ministers, while maintaining the power of individuals to indirectly challenge the unconstitutionality of laws by means of a secondary defense. Constitutional oversight is the protection of individual rights and the safeguarding of constitutional legitimacy.
THE ADOPTION OF ONLINE SELF-REGULATED LEARNING IN EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN YULIN, CHINA
Authors: BAI CHAN, MD GAPAR, MD JOHAR, OOI BOON KEAT
Published: June 2023

The rapid development of the Internet has changed people's lifestyles.People's lives are increasingly dependent on the Internet, especially affecting the reform of education. With the development of information technology in China and the development of 5G technology, online education has more opportunities. Lightweight, fragmented, and structured knowledge is more suitable for mobile learning. The traditional classroom teaching is full of loopholes, reflected in the teachers' backward teaching methods as well as students' passive learning motivation.So, the new way of online self-regulatedlearning is gradually recognized and promoted by higher institutions.Online self-regulated learning has become one of the mainstream learning methods. This study explores the factors that affecting the adoption of online self-regulated learning among higher learning institutions.The purpose is to enhance the online learning enthusiasm of university students and to promote the adoption of online self-regulated learning among higher learning institutions in China.
FOOD SOUVENIR PRODUCERS' ATTITUDES AND AWARENESS CONCERNING TRACEABILITY SYSTEMS IN RURAL THAILAND
Authors: ROONGRASAMEE BOONDAO
Published: June 2023

Thai government established the standard on principle for traceability/product tracing as a tool for food inspection and as a part of the strategies for food safety and quality assurance. This research aimed to explore Thai food souvenir producers' attitudes and awareness concerning traceability systems in rural Thailand.  The study employed a quantitative method research approach by using questionnaires with 400 food souvenir producers. Answers were analyzed by Chi-squared test and Spearman’s correlation. The results showed that the producers were aware of the primary principles of the traceability system. The research provides insights into producers’ attitudes and awareness, ways to improve existing understanding of the food souvenir supply chain, and the advantages of employing traceability systems for food souvenir manufacture.
A COMPARISON STUDY OF HUSBAND AND WIFE SEPARATION
Authors: NGUYEN THIBAO ANH, NGUYEN THU HUONG
Published: June 2023

A legal separation is a court-supervised arrangement that allows couples to live separate lives. This is usually by living apart. The court directs financial obligations, child visitation, and child support.Islamic countries, such as Brunei, prefer divorce to separation. Divorce is frowned upon by the religious system. Separation procedures are often similar to separation procedures.In Korea, the law focuses on separation. The law governing separation is a minor version of the separation law. In Japan, separation is not allowed. However, nullifying marriage is provided for in law. Couples who want to separate must navigate the law to establish grounds for separation. This paper compares some aspects of separation between husband and wife in Korea, Japan, and Brunei. It provides instances of how couples in the mentioned countries have been able to use the law to separate. In an Islamic country such as Brunei, separation is preferred to divorce because divorce is frowned upon by the religious system. Separation destroys the normal flow of finance and financial management among families and may tamper with the everyday life of the affected.Separation is mainly treated as a step before the divorce. Therefore, most legal procedures attached to separation involve property division, financial obligations, child visitation, and child support. Consequently, separation procedures are often similar to separation procedures. In Korea, the law focuses on divorce. However, couples should create an agreement that outlines how they will support their children and how they will access them.The complexities and dynamics of marital relationships and families established through institutional marriage pose a significant challenge to family law. Despite the reforms in Korean Family Law, there still exist legal limitations and controversies which the law has not been able to address effectively.
THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL CHANGE ON THE BANKING SECTOR IN IRAQ AFTER 2003
Authors: NOURA MOFID HAMID, IBTISAM HATEM ALWAN
Published: June 2023

The establishment of private banks after 2003 is one of the indicators of positive change, which is represented in openness in banking activity, which was reflected significantly on the stock market in Iraq and the occurrence of major changes in banking activity, which was reflected in financing investments that achieve the foundations of development in the economic sector.

Global economic developments cast a shadow over the reality of banking activity, and these developments, with their positive or negative effects, have contributed to the development of the banking industry. The transformation of banking from the traditional to electronic side and the entry of technology in the programming and implementation of banking business are also one of the most prominent positive effects of global economic developments. However, the latter was not without negative effects that crystallized in the form of economic obstacles. The Iraqi banking sector was not immune to the phenomenon of financial stumble. More than one bank was subjected to economic crises that contributed to its collapse and placement under guardianship and then its liquidation or bankruptcy. Therefore, new means have been applied to protect banks from stumbling or rehabilitating them, such as banking governance, banking integration and banking guardianship, in addition to the fact that banking openness had a positive impact on improving the reality of the banking sector in Iraq.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROBLEM TREE STRATEGY IN THE COGNITIVE MOTIVATION AMONG FIFTH GRADE FEMALE STUDENTS IN SCIENCE
Authors: ZEINA IBRAHIM HADI ALKHAFAJI, AZHAR BURHAN ISMAIL
Published: June 2023

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of the problem tree strategy among fifth grade female students in science and their cognitive motivation. The researcher adopted the experimental approach with an experimental design for two equal groups. The science subject will be studied according to the problem tree strategy, and section (B) to represent the control group that will study the same subject in the usual manner. The total number of students in the two groups has reached (68) students; (33) students in the experimental group, and (35) students in the control group. It was statistically rewarded between the members of the two groups in the following variables: (the chronological age of the students of the two research groups calculated in months, the educational attainment of the parents, the test of previous information in the subject of science, the grades of the previous year (2021-2022) in the subject of science, the Raven intelligence test, and the cognitive motivation scale) And the researcher identified the study material with the topics from the science book for the fifth grade of primary school, then the researcher formulated behavioral goals, as they numbered (200) behavioral goals. Validity, discriminatory power, and stability were verified; Its alpha-Cronbach stability was verified with a value of (0.92); The researcher used the appropriate statistical methods to extract the data, and the results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the measure of cognitive motivation.
IMPACT OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON SELF EFFICACY OF MATHEMATICS TEACHERS
Authors: MOHSIN ALI, TEHSEENTAHIR, UMBREENISHFAQ
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to know that Professional development play a crucial role in improving the self-efficacy and problem-solving skills of mathematics teachers at the secondary level. By providing teachers with new knowledge, skills, and opportunities to apply these in real-world settings, they can become more confident and effective in their teaching of mathematics. The objectives of the study were to assess the perceptions of mathematics teachers about their professional development in mathematics and to investigate the impact of professional development on self-efficacy and problem-solving skills of mathematics teachers. The population of the study was contained the all teachers of three districts in Hazara division. The reliability of the scale is determined through Cronbach’s Alpha and all the statements were found reliable. Data were collected, scored, tabulated and analyzed by using percentage, mean, standard deviation and person correlation and regression as tests of statistical. Education policymakers may consider the findings of this study when designing and implementing professional development programs for teachers to ensure that they are having the desired impact on teachers’ skills and competencies. Recognition of the role of other factors: The study suggests that while professional development may have some impact on teachers’ skills, other factors such as prior experience and education may play a larger role.
THE POWER VACUUM AND THE AUTHORITY OF INFORMAL ACTORS
Authors: NAZDAR ZAKI DAWOOD, FAIEQ HASSEN JASEM
Published: June 2023

The aim of this paper is to develop the  international relations since its inception, until the last decade of the twentieth century, are relatively stable rules based on the idea that developments and events that change the course of international relations establish new rules that suit the nature of development and the changes that establish it in the international system. Which makes the processes of modernization in international relations, in most cases, acceptable, as they passed through a stage of anticipation, then establishment, and then they enter into the realm of effectiveness? However, what international relations are witnessing at this stage is a modern application that may be unexpected and relatively outdated.
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN PROTECTING FAMILY TIES
Authors: AYAA SABAH SHAKER, AHMED ABDUL-RAZZAQ HATHUM
Published: June 2023

This research is concerned with showing the great importance of the family and society, as they suffer from flight and flight, and the accompanying pain and suffering, as preserving the family and reuniting them in all conflicts is one of the obligatory rights in international humanitarian law, as we notice every year thousands of individuals are separated from their families because of conflicts, so it works Non-governmental organizations in all countries of the world in preserving the family, finding ways with them, restoring contact between them and their families, reuniting them, and knowing the fate of the missing.
10-POINT RECOMMENDATION PACKAGE FOR EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION & PERFORMANCE IN A LEGALISED REMOTE WORKING ENVIRONMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: RAMESH GOPAL, SURESH CHANDRA PADHY
Published: June 2023

As the world went into a compelled lockdown in 2020-21as a result of the pandemic, remote working (flexibility to work from anywhere, anytime) came as a rescue for the survival of the companies and the employees during unprecedented times but it removed the boundaries between work and family, work and home, professional and personal routine etc (termed widely as ‘work boundary conflict’) which has created challenges to employees and management alike. Despite the challenges and the fading away of the pandemic in 2022-23, several companies especially the multinationals with work force across the world are considering having remote working as the norm in their ‘future of work’ model. It is in this context that ensuring motivation and productivity amongst employees in such a work-boundary conflict has become the key focus point for managements across the world. Managers need to quickly adapt to the changing work model and are in a befuddled state as to what is expected from them, how to steer their actions etc. This literature review focusses to identify the key issues faced due to teleworking (time lag in recognition, stress & anxiety for employees, social isolation, skewed appraisals, implementation barriers etc.) and comes up with a recommendation package to the management to ensure motivation and productivity amidst this paradigm shift. Key recommendations include autonomy to workers, use of modern communication tools, management by objectives, focus on emotional intelligence of employees, constant feedback to employees, re-defining training needs etc. Objective of this paper is to act as a ready reckoner for management personnel. This paper also identifies certain gaps in the past researches viz. lack of focus on industry-specific or generation specific attributes of teleworking, limited use of quantitative techniques etc. These raise certain interesting questions and opportunities for future research in this area.
ECONOMICS OF MARRIAGE AND BREAKDOWN: A CASE STUDY OF KOZHIKODE DISTRICT IN KERALA
Authors: ASHA MATHEW
Published: June 2023

Marriage is always contemplated to be a costly affair. But several studies point to the fact that those who get married are financial well off when compared to that of single people. It is because of their responsibilities and societal hopes that they earn more and lead a satisfactory life. On the other hand, there is a large number of breakdowns in these relationships which is legally bounded. Divorce issues devastate the financial status of an individual. It creates social, economic and psychological pressures on both the party and their families. In Kerala, the divorce rates are growing at an unimaginable rate. To analyze the marriage expenditure and the legal expense with alimony approved by the court and to examine the correlation of marriage expense over alimony, a case study is conducted in the Kozhikode district of Kerala. This study is an attempt to analyze the economics of marriage with special emphasis on the economic sufferings.
AGRICULTURE 4.0: IMPACT AND POTENTIAL CHALLENGES OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Authors: KUNGAN T. KASAN, YASHIER T. HADJI KASAN, STEPHEN A. FADARE
Published: June 2023

Information technology can be used to make the best use of things like water, fertilizer, and pesticides in agriculture. Farmers can make better decisions about how to use their resources, reduce waste, and have less of an effect on the environment by using sensor-based monitoring, data analysis, and precision farming techniques. Information technology can make the agricultural supply chain more open, so that consumers and other stakeholders can find out where agricultural products come from and how they are made. The authors looked at articles that had been published in journals before and gave up-to-date information about how blockchain technology could affect agriculture and how it is run. The authors did a descriptive narrative evaluation of how blockchain technology affects agricultural business. They looked at the challenges and benefits of blockchain technology in agriculture. The writing process took four months (between January 2023 and April 2023). We searched databases such as PubMed, Z-library, Publons, Medline, JSTOR, and Google Scholar and obtained original and review articles published in various journals, textbooks, and review papers. Conclusively, one of the primary challenges in agricultural business management is ensuring that farmers, especially those in remote or economically disadvantaged areas, have access to the necessary technology. This includes access to affordable hardware, software, and internet connectivity. Unequal access to technology can result in a digital divide, where some farmers are unable to take advantage of the benefits of information technology in agriculture. This review demonstrated that farmers and agribusinesses need to implement robust data privacy and security measures to protect their information from cyber threats and ensure compliance with relevant data protection regulations.
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN PROMOTING INSURANCE SERVICES IN THE NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY AND THE IRAQI GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY: APPLIED RESEARCH
Authors: NAWAR KAZEM KARIM KHOLOUD HADI ABBOUD
Published: June 2023

The aim of this research is to identify the importance and effectiveness of digital transformation technology and its impact on promoting insurance services for public insurance companies in Iraq, and the advantages and competitive ability it can achieve for them to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the insurance sector. After examining the reality of the insurance activity in the research sample companies, the research concluded that the majority of public insurance companies in Iraq rely on their own digital websites on the Internet to introduce themselves and their branches, and to introduce customers to their traditional services, which are still in their early stages.
GLOBALIZATION OF CRIMINAL LEGISLATION AND THE REQUIREMENTS TO ACHIEVE IT
Authors: MOHAMMED HASAN JASIM, SABAH MISBAH MAHMOOD
Published: June 2023

The phenomenon of globalization extended to many sectors worldwide, most notably trade and technology, and the matter apparently reached legislation through the conclusion of a large number of international agreements related to the regulation of legal issues related to criminalization and the protection of human rights. It contributed to achieving a strong convergence between the criminal legislation of the countries of the world with the aim of achieving its complete unification in the future. Criminal legislation is to be based on sources that contribute to the preparation for its realization, and it shows us that its sources are embodied in legislative theories such as comparative studies and legislative conferences through which calls are made for the unification of criminal legislation, and governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations are also considered as sources. We have concluded that it is embodied in joining conventions on criminalization, protection of human rights, and legislative alignment. One of the most important results we have reached is that the legislation of the countries of the world has begun to respond to the phenomenon of globalization of criminal legislation in line with the international obligations that are regulated by general international conventions by reviewing many of their criminal legislation. The recommendations that we called for the need to harmonize national legislation with international conventions in the manner of special legislation or inclusion in general legislation, especially in criminalizing the actions of organized criminal groups.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CONCEPTUAL LENS STRATEGY IN ACQUIRING RHETORICAL CONCEPTS AMONG FOURTH GRADE LITERARY STUDENTS
Authors: ESRAA HASSAN ALI AL-JUBOURI, NIDAL MUZAHIM RASHID AL-AZZAWI
Published: June 2023

The current research aims to reveal an effectiveness based on the conceptual lens in acquiring rhetorical concepts among fourth-grade literary students, by testing the following zero hypotheses: The researchers followed the experimental design with two equal experimental and control groups with two pre- and post-tests. Salah al-Din General Education Department - Department of Science Education is a field for its experiment. The research sample consisted of (56) students, where the number of students in the experimental group reached (28) students in Al-Qabas Secondary School for Girls, and they were taught the conceptual lens, and the number of students in the control group reached (28) students in Al-Kharjah High School. For girls and they were taught in the usual way, the researchers prepared the necessary tools for the research, as the researchers prepared a test for the acquisition of rhetorical concepts consisting of (33) items, and it was treated statistically by means of the statistical bag (SPSS). Which were studied in the usual way in the test of the acquisition of rhetorical concepts
THE EFFECT OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION ON EMPLOYEE’S PROMOTION
Authors: MAHOS AL-JUBOURI HANI KHALAF
Published: June 2023

The term "public job" refers to any task that a person engages in professionally for the purpose of maintaining his standard of living while acting under the direction of the government. A set of guidelines that assign rights to the employee and outline his tasks and obligations apply to this position. It requires a set of qualifications and terms of appointment, in which the employee bears the burdens and responsibilities that the public employee carries out to achieve the management goals related to the public interest and serving the public benefiting from public utilities. The administration allocates financial rights that include the salary, bonus and promotion that the employee deserves after being appointed to meet his needs and raise his standard of living. These rights have a direct impact on the person's life since they are associated to his monthly income and the money he is able to preserve as a result of obtaining these rights. It is in a constant state of change based on the length of his service, the qualifications he gains through school qualifications, the job entitlement he achieves via promotion, and the bonus that raises his salary. In exchange for these rights, he has specific obligations to perform his duties to run public utilities. The administration will impose disciplinary penalties on him in case he breaches these duties and commits violations. These types of disciplinary penalties are defined by the text of the law according to the type of violation committed by the competent authority. They have consequential effects targeting his financial rights, as they have a direct impact on his financial entitlements.
PRE-SERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS’ TEACHING COMPETENCE IN A NEW NORMAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Authors: GISELLE O. DANGDANG, LOWELL G. LUCERO
Published: June 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a massive effect on education. The education sector quickly transforms its curriculum to address the need of both teachers and students. Online learning has become the mode of instructional delivery; however, not everyone can fully participate in and benefit from this modality. A similar experience has taken place with the Pre-Service Teachers doing their teaching internship. In the Philippines, a teaching internship is a required component of all teacher education programs. Student teachers must undergo practice teaching in a real classroom setting. Due to the transition of instructional delivery from face-to-face to online learning, Pre-service teacher need also to adapt to this. They have to observe classes online and perform their teaching demonstrations remotely.   Hence, this study aimed to determine the perceived teaching competency of the pre-service science teachers in terms of pedagogical skills, student performance assessment skills, and classroom management skills. It also described the teaching internship performance level in the new learning environment. Furthermore, this also served to investigate the significant relationship between perceived teaching competency and teaching internship performance of Pre-service Science Teachers. This study employed a descriptive-correlational design. It was conducted on 55 Pres-service Science Teachers in one of the Teacher Education Institutions (TEIs) of Iligan City, Philippines. The findings of the study indicated that pre-service science teachers were perceived to be very competent in their pedagogical skills, student performance assessment skills, and classroom management skills. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the teaching internship performance level and their perceived teaching competency in terms of their pedagogical skills.
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR DISINFORMATION ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: NISREEN MOHAMMED DAMOUSH, AHMED ABDEL-RAZZAQ AL-TAIE
Published: June 2023

Media disinformation is an international crime that carries with it international criminal culpability for its perpetrators. All elements of international crime from the legal, material, moral, and international pillars are present in media disinformation. The legal pillar consists of the international texts found in international conventions, declarations, covenants, the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their additional protocols, and others, which all stipulate combating media disinformation, whether in times of peace or armed conflict. The material pillar is only represented by behavior; therefore, it is an offense of behavior and not of results. For the establishment of international criminal responsibility, the law does not require the occurrence of the result, but only the commission of criminal acts. As for the moral element, it necessitates the presence of criminal intent, represented by knowledge and will, both of which are present in the media misinformation crime. We have noted the presence of an international element in the crime of disinformation, which necessitates a culpability criterion. We discussed the topic of international criminal responsibility, where it was discovered that jurists attributed the subject of responsibility to three orientations to explain international responsibility. The first trend is to restrict accountability to the state alone. The second trend is the consolidation of state and individual responsibility. The third tendency, which is the predominant trend in international justice, is to position it in the hands of individuals.
HARMONISING COMPLIANCE IN CHINA AND MALAYSIA CROSS BORDER COMMERCIAL RELATIONSHIP: AN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION PERSPECTIVE
Authors: WEI YANTING, LIANG YING, FENG GUI
Published: June 2023

The cross-border commercial relationship between China and Malaysia has continued to grow over the years, with China being Malaysia’s largest trading and business partner and a major source of foreign direct investment. However, the relationship has not been without issues and challenges within the realm of cross-border business, trade and commercial formation of contracts and agreements and its implementation between both contracting parties. Holistic dispute resolution mechanisms are therefore crucial towards harmonising compliance in cross-border commercial relations between China and Malaysia. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, online dispute resolution, and expert determination can be used to overcome contractual issues and legal comprehension challenges such as the language barrier, cultural differences, in view of differing legal systems within historical and contemporary legal norms and developments. These mechanisms can provide parties with a cost-effective, efficient, and flexible means of resolving conflicts while preserving long-term cross-border business inter-relationships between two unique jurisdictions comprising China and Malaysia.   Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can strengthen business, trade, and commercial engagements at many levels-both public and private ventures- and thus considerably enhance cross-border compliance, and foster a more stable ease of doing business environment. Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can facilitate harmonious compliance in cross-border commercial relations between China and Malaysia. The use of these mechanisms could overcome commercial and business disputes and uphold bilateral business integrity and build long -term commercial interests in the long run. By adopting ADR mechanisms, China and Malaysia can strengthen their trade and business ties and foster a more stable and holistic business environment at both ASEAN and global environment.
THE RELATIVE IMPACT OF CRIMES AT THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVELS
Authors: AHMED AUBAIS ALFATLAWI, KAREEM TALIB HAMMADI
Published: June 2023

The law in general seeks to protect the foundations or pillars of society that are deemed necessary by satisfying specific needs upon which the comprehensive edifice of society stands. Or for fear of being affected by a crime that entails the responsibility of the perpetrator and then the imposition of a penalty on him, and the methods of criminal protection vary according to the place and time and depending on the circumstances of society and the foundations and pillars on which it is built, and these foundations or pillars are considered by the legislator as (interests) suitable in his assessment to satisfy a specific human need such as Security, public office, public and private money, life and body safety. The crime, whatever it may be, is an aggression against an interest that is protected by law, and the national criminal law is responsible for defining the interests that are subject to criminal protection. The crime is established whenever a person assaults one of these interests, causing harm to it or exposing it to the danger of harming it.
THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS IN IRAQ
Authors: MUHAMMAD THAMER MUKHAT, HUDA MALIK SABIR
Published: June 2023

Human rights defenders seek to implement and protect human rights at the international and local levels, and given the absence of an international agreement that defines their legal status and the absence of an internal law text regulating the legal status of human rights defenders, the correct treatment lies in organizing defenders with an international agreement that establishes a way to protect them. It obliges states to enact a law that defines their status internally and prevents the application of any other law that is not competent to them, and that Iraq grants international bodies the power to consider the individual complaint submitted by defenders, since the contact of human rights defenders with international bodies does not constitute a crime, but rather a right established for them under international instruments, and Develop a standard that would diagnose the peaceful defender who preserves public funds based on the declaration related to human rights defenders. Here we can ask about the effectiveness of the protection provided by international human rights law to human rights defenders, or whether the defenders rely on the protection of domestic law. Does the protection of international law necessitate the protection of domestic law or is it supportive of domestic law? Discussing and answering these questions will be the subject of our research.
COUNTRIESVOORTGEZETTE HANDLING IN SOME CIVIL LAW SYSTEM COUNTRIES
Authors: FARIDA KAPLELE, SIGID SUSENO, LIES SULISTIANI, ELIS RUSMIATI
Published: June 2023

Comparison of laws between countries will provide a broad picture of the similarities and differences of each country. However, comparing criminal law is not just looking for similarities and differences between the criminal law of other countries and the criminal law in force in Indonesia. More than that, it is to know and understand criminal law in detail in other countries. In this case, it should be used as comparative input in forming and developing national criminal law to reform federal criminal law. The institution of concurrent acts in criminal law is not recognized in countries that adhere to the Anglo-Saxon or the standard law system. On the other hand, in countries that adhere to the continental European system or the civil law system, institutions recognize concurrent actions. Countries that recognize direct travel are Germany, the Netherlands and Indonesia. Although based on the history of continuing efforts originating from Germany, Germany does not place continuing actions in the Criminal Code, but only in jurisprudence. Meanwhile, the Netherlands regulates continuing activities in Article 56 of the Criminal Code, and according to the concordance principle of the Indonesian Criminal Code, it also governs the declaration of conformity as contained in Article 64 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code.
Protests in Hybrid Regime: The Shahbag and Road Safety Movement in Bangladesh
Authors: Zaman Fahmida
Published: June 2023

Following the third wave of democracy, several countries got stuck in their transition to full-fledged democracy. These countries have been labeled, among others, as hybrid regimes. Hybrid regimes are neither fully democratic nor entirely autocratic, thus incorporate elements of both democratic and authoritarian systems and these present valuable research questions for political scientists. One avenue for research is legitimization and protests movements in a hybrid political environment. This paper explores how hybrid regimes respond to protests movements and the relationship between protest and legitimacy. Can protest movements provide an opportunity for these regimes to seek legitimacy? Protests movements in Bangladesh between 2013 and 2018 are examined. Two arguments are presented: first hybrid regimes adopt different strategies of responses co-optation or repression depending on a) the nature of the movements, whether the movement is pro or anti-government and b) the level of competition from the opposition; and second protests can provide political opportunities for hybrid regimes to utilize identity- or repression-based legitimacy. By analyzing the question of domestic legitimacy and the relationship between protests and legitimacy in hybrid regimes, this articles aims to provide insights into the mechanism that hybrid regimes use to consolidate their power.
Janatha Aragalaya: The People’s Struggle in Sri Lanka
Authors: Imtiyaz A.R.M.
Published: June 2023

On 9 July 2022, angry citizens protesting economic mismanagement stormed the Sri Lanka President's palace in Colombo. Four days later, Sri Lankan President Gotabaya Rajapaksa, amid a deepening crisis and widespread protests there, escaped to the neighboring island nation of the Maldives and flew into Singapore from there the following evening. The primary objective of this paper is to provide some initial thoughts on the factors that led to the Aragalaya (struggle). Thus, this article attempts to understand the major sources that gave birth to Janatha Aragalaya, commonly named by Sri Lankans as the #GotaGoHome protest movement, the significance of the movement and some suggestions to build a democratic and peaceful Sri Lanka. The article will first provide some primary information about the island’s demographics and socio-economic conditions and then discuss the causes that gave birth to the protest movement. This section will also explain why the state and its institutions, such as security forces, did not use violence against the movement. To prepare the article, the author interviewed Sri Lankans who participated in the Aragalaya. Conversations were held in Tamil, Sinhala, and English throughout the protests from 12 April to 17 July via WhatsApp and Facebook messengers.
Analysis of VAT Policy Toward Overseas Digital Service Providers Through Consumer Regulatory Impact Assessment in Indonesia
Authors: Elisabeth Cherly
Published: June 2023

This study aims to examine the extent to which PMK No. 60/PMK.03/2022 is said to meet international standards through Regulatory Impact Assessment in the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. This research applies qualitative research with a case study approach. The data in this study are qualitative data sourced from interviews (primary data), observation, and documentation (secondary data). Data analysis was conducted in several stages, namely data collection, data refinement, data processing, data analysis, and conclusion drawing, as well as ten RIA question steps as a measuring tool. The results showed that both PMK 48/2020 and PMK 60/2022 have answered the ten Steps of RIA questions well, but the distribution of benefits to the community still needs to be elaborated in order to increase transparency. Furthermore, easy access to the draft policy of PMK 60/2022 so that the government's intentions and objectives for enacting the policy are clear and understood by the public.