bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability evaluation of active distribution network considering various active adjustment means
Authors: Ding Jian , Ma Chunlei , Huang Yuhui , Chen Xuanlin , Fu Bin , Ling Wanshui
Published: May 2020

With the large‐scale configuration of distribution automation and the widespread implementation of distributed generation (DG) and flexible load (FL), the distribution network can achieve active regulation, which makes the traditional fault restoration strategy and distribution network reliability evaluation more complicated. Given this background, a method of reliability evaluation for the active distribution network considering ‘supply‐grid‐load’ is proposed. On the supply side, a distribution network islanding model considering DG is established, with the objective of supplying power to the maximised amount of equivalent power load. On the grid side, the influence of distribution network automation on the distribution network reliability is elaborately analysed and the time‐varying failure rate model of equipment which considers the life cycle characteristics is presented. On the load side, an incentive‐based FL model is proposed based on the elastic coefficient matrix. Finally, simulation results of RBTS‐BUS6 system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and method.
Interactions among intermediate redshift galaxies
Authors: Misquitta Persis , Bowles Micah , Eckart Andreas , Yttergren Madeleine , Busch Gerold , Valencia-S. Monica , Fazeli Nastaran
Published: May 2020

We present the properties of the central supermassive black holes and the host galaxies of the interacting object SDSS J134420.86+663717.8. We obtained optical long slit spectroscopy data from the Large Binocular Telescope using the Multi Object Double Spectrograph. Analysing the spectra revealed several strong broad and narrow emission lines of ionised gas in the nuclear region of one galaxy, whereas only narrow emission lines were visible for the second galaxy. The optical spectra were used to plot diagnostic diagrams, deduce rotation curves of the two galaxies, and calculate the masses of the central supermassive black holes. We find that the galaxy with broad emission line features has Seyfert 1 properties, while the galaxy with only narrow emission line features seems to be star-forming in nature. Furthermore, we find that the masses of the central supermassive black holes are almost equal at a few times 107 M⊙. Additionally, we present a simple N-body simulation to shed some light on the initial conditions of the progenitor galaxies. We find that for an almost orthogonal approach of the two interacting galaxies, the model resembles the optical image of the system.
Ring formation and dust dynamics in wind-driven protoplanetary discs: global simulations
Authors: Riols A. , Lesur G. , Menard F.
Published: May 2020

Large-scale vertical magnetic fields are believed to play a key role in the evolution of protoplanetary discs. Associated with non-ideal effects, such as ambipolar diffusion, they are known to launch a wind that could drive accretion in the outer part of the disc (R >  1 AU). They also potentially lead to self-organisation of the disc into large-scale axisymmetric structures, similar to the rings recently imaged by sub-millimetre or near-infrared instruments (ALMA and SPHERE). The aim of this paper is to investigate the mechanism behind the formation of these gaseous rings, but also to understand the dust dynamics and its emission in discs threaded by a large-scale magnetic field. To this end, we performed global magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) axisymmetric simulations with ambipolar diffusion using a modified version of the PLUTO code. We explored different magnetisations with the midplane β parameter ranging from 105 to 103 and included dust grains -treated in the fluid approximation- ranging from 100 μm to 1 cm in size. We first show that the gaseous rings (associated with zonal flows) are tightly linked to the existence of MHD winds. Secondly, we find that millimetre-size dust is highly sedimented, with a typical scale height of 1 AU at R = 100 AU for β = 104, compatible with recent ALMA observations. We also show that these grains concentrate into pressure maxima associated with zonal flows, leading to the formation of dusty rings. Using the radiative transfer code MCFOST, we computed the dust emission and make predictions on the ring-gap contrast and the spectral index that one might observe with interferometers like ALMA.
The HR 1614 moving group is not a dissolving cluster
Authors: Kushniruk Iryna , Bensby Thomas , Feltzing Sofia , Sahlholdt Christian L. , Feuillet Diane , Casagrande Luca
Published: May 2020

Context. The HR 1614 is an overdensity in velocity space and has for a long time been known as an old (∼2 Gyr) and metal-rich ([Fe/H] ≈ +0.2) nearby moving group that has a dissolving open cluster origin. The existence of such old and metal-rich groups in the solar vicinity is quite unexpected since the vast majority of nearby moving groups are known to be young.

Aims. In the light of new and significantly larger data sets than ever before (astrometric, photometric, and spectroscopic), we aim to re-investigate the properties and origin of the HR 1614 moving group. If the HR 1614 overdensity is a dissolving cluster, its stars should represent a single-age and single-elemental abundance population.

Methods. To identify and characterise the HR 1614 moving group we use astrometric data from Gaia DR2; distances, extinction, and reddening corrections from the StarHorse code; elemental abundances from the GALAH and APOGEE spectroscopic surveys; and photometric metallicities from the SkyMapper survey. Bayesian ages were estimated for the SkyMapper stars. Since the Hercules stream is the closest kinematical structure to the HR 1614 moving group in velocity space and as its origin is believed to be well-understood, we use the Hercules stream for comparison purposes. Stars that are likely to be members of the two groups were selected based on their space velocities.

Results. The HR 1614 moving group is located mainly at negative U velocities, does not form an arch of constant energy in the U − V space, and is tilted in V. We find that the HR 1614 overdensity is not chemically homogeneous, but that its stars exist at a wide range of metallicities, ages, and elemental abundance ratios. They are essentially similar to what is observed in the Galactic thin and thick discs, a younger population (around 3 Gyr) that is metal-rich (−0.2  ≤  [Fe/H]  ≤  0.4) and alpha-poor. These findings are very similar to what is seen for the Hercules stream, which is believed to have a dynamical origin and consists of regular stars from the Galactic discs.

Conclusions. The HR 1614 overdensity has a wide spread in metallicity, [Mg/Fe], and age distributions resembling the general properties of the Galactic disc. It should therefore not be considered a dissolving open cluster, or an accreted population. Based on the kinematic and chemical properties of the HR 1614 overdensity we suggest that it has a complex origin that could be explained by combining several different mechanisms such as resonances with the Galactic bar and spiral structure, phase mixing of dissolving spiral structure, and phase mixing due to an external perturbation.
X-ray absorption in INTEGRAL active galactic nuclei
Authors: Malizia A. , Bassani L. , Stephen J. B. , Bazzano A. , Ubertini P.
Published: May 2020

In this work the INTEGRAL hard X-ray selected sample of active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been used to investigate the possible contribution of absorbing material distributed within the host galaxies to the total amount of NH measured in the X-ray band. We collected all the available axial ratio measurements of the galaxies hosting our AGN together with their morphological information and found that for our hard X-ray selected sample as well there is a deficit of edge-on galaxies hosting type 1 AGN. We estimate that in our hard X-ray selected sample there is a deficit of 24% (±5%) of type 1 AGN. Possible bias in redshift has been excluded, as we found the same effect in a well-determined range of z where the number and the distributions of the two classes are statistically the same. Our findings clearly indicate that material located in the host galaxy on scales of hundreds of parsecs and not aligned with the putative absorbing torus of the AGN can contribute to the total amount of column density. This galactic absorber could be large enough to hide the broad line region of some type 1 AGN, thus causing their classification as type 2 objects and giving rise to the deficiency of type 1 objects in edge-on galaxies.
Galactic halo size in the light of recent AMS-02 data
Authors: Weinrich N. , Boudaud M. , Derome L. , Génolini Y. , Lavalle J. , Maurin D. , Salati P. , Serpico P. , Weymann-Despres G.
Published: May 2020

Context.The vertical diffusive halo size of the Galaxy,L, is a key parameter for dark matter indirect searches. It can be better determined thanks to recent AMS-02 data.

Aims.We set constraints onLfrom Be/B and10Be/Be data, and we performed a consistency check with positron data. We detail the dependence of Be/B and10Be/Be onLand forecast on which energy range better data would be helpful for futureLimprovements.

Methods.We usedUSINE V3.5for the propagation of nuclei, and e+were calculated with the pinching method.

Results.The current AMS-02 Be/B (∼3% precision) and ACE-CRIS10Be/Be (∼10% precision) data bring similar and consistent constraints onL. The AMS-02 Be/B data alone constrainL= 5−2+3kpc at a 68% confidence level (spanning different benchmark transport configurations), a range for which most models do not overproduce positrons. Future experiments need to deliver percent-level accuracy on10Be/9Be anywhere below 10 GV to further constrainL.

Conclusions.Forthcoming AMS-02, HELIX, and PAMELA10Be/9Be results will further test and possibly tighten the limits derived here. Elemental ratios involving radioactive species with different lifetimes (e.g. Al/Mg and Cl/Ar) are also awaited to provide complementary and robuster constraints.
An improved method to evaluate the “Joint Oxyde-Gaine” formation in (U,Pu)O2 irradiated fuels using the GERMINAL V2 code coupled to Calphad thermodynamic computations
Authors: Samuelsson Karl , Dumas Jean-Christophe , Sundman Bo , Lainet Marc
Published: May 2020

In this work, two different thermodynamic softwares, ANGE using the TBASE database, and OPENCALPHAD using the TAF-ID (Thermodynamics of Advanced Fuels – International Database), have been integrated into the GERMINAL V2 fuel performance code (of the PLEIADES platform) in order to evaluate the chemical state of (U, Pu)O2 fuel and fission products in sodium cooled fast reactors. A model to calculate the composition and the thickness of the “Joint-Oxyde Gaine” (JOG) fission product layer in the fuel-clad gap has been developed. Five fuel pins with a final burnup ranging between 3.8 and 13.4% FIMA (Fissions per Initial Metal Atom) have been simulated, and the calculated width of the fission product layer have been compared with post irradiation examinations. The two different thermodynamic softwares have been compared in terms of computation time and predicted fuel-to-clad gap chemistry. The main elements and phases encountered in the fission productlayer have been identified, and the impact of the changing oxygen potential has been explored.
Comparison of crystalline lens dose rates in interventional cardiology for systems with and without dose optimization software
Authors: Castrillón W.S. , Morales J.
Published: May 2020

During the last years, the use of Interventional radiology (IR) has been increasing, because compared to other clinical methods IR techniques are minimal invasive. Nevertheless, these types of surgical procedures are guided by current time images that are produced by X-rays. In the case of interventional cardiology (IC), the complexity of the procedures and production of images that are required expose the medical staff to ionizing radiation. Thus, a dosimetric control of radiation to people who are constantly involved in this type of environment is highly necessary. As most of Latin American countries, Colombia still has not implemented the crystalline lens dosimetry for professionals who are in charge of IR procedures. In addition, if we consider the decrease of the dose limit to the lens Hp(3) from 150 to 20 mSv/year proposed by the ICRP, it is important to take into account this parameter in order to optimize the practice, so the radiological risks to which interventional doctors are exposed can be reduced. In this work we investigated the level of radiation to the lens of 6 doctors dedicated to treat coronary conditions. They belong to 2 clinical centers and have conducted a total of 227 procedures of diagnostic and therapeutic type. The radiation dose measurements were made with thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) for both eyes. The results showed that doctors who do not use plumbed glasses exceeded the dose limit for crystalline lens with very few procedures per month. We also found that a recently developed dose optimization software for image processing during angiograph procedures is a factor that strongly reduces the dose to the crystalline lens. Finally, the catheter route (radial or femoral) is an irrelevant factor for the Hp(3) dose to the lens.
Semi-annual, annual and Universal Time variations in the magnetosphere and in geomagnetic activity: 1. Geomagnetic data
Authors: Lockwood Mike , Owens Mathew J. , Barnard Luke A. , Haines Carl , Scott Chris J. , McWilliams Kathryn A. , Coxon John C.
Published: May 2020

We study the semi-annual variation in geomagnetic activity, as detected in the geomagnetic indices am, aaH, AL, Dst and the four aσ indices derived for 6-hour MLT sectors (around noon, dawn, dusk and midnight). For each we compare the amplitude of the semi-annual variation, as a fraction of the overall mean, to that of the corresponding variation in power input to the magnetosphere, Pα, estimated from interplanetary observations. We demonstrate that the semi-annual variation is amplified in the geomagnetic data compared to that in Pα, by a factor that is different for each index. The largest amplification is for the Dst index (factor ~ 10) and the smallest is for the aσ index for the noon MLT sector (aσ-noon, factor ≈ 1.1). By sorting the data by the prevailing polarity of the Y-component (dawn-dusk) of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) in the Geocentric Solar Equatorial (GSEQ) reference frame, we demonstrate that the Russell-McPherron (R-M) effect, in which a small southward IMF component in GSEQ is converted into geoeffective field by Earth’s dipole tilt, is a key factor for the semi-annual variations in both Pα and geomagnetic indices. However, the variability in the southward component in the IMF in the GSEQ frame causes more variability in power input to the magnetosphere Pα than does the R-M effect, by a factor of more than two. We show that for increasingly large geomagnetic disturbances, Pα delivered by events of large southward field in GSEQ (known to often be associated with coronal mass ejections) becomes the dominant driver and the R-M effect declines in importance and often acts to reduce geoeffectiveness for the most southward IMF in GSEQ: the semi-annual variation in large storms therefore suggests either preconditioning of the magnetosphere by average conditions or an additional effect at the equinoxes. We confirm that the very large R-M effect in the Dst index is because of a large effect at small and moderate activity levels and not in large storms. We discuss the implications of the observed “equinoctial” time-of-year (F) – Universal Time (UT) pattern of geomagnetic response, the waveform and phase of the semi-annual variations, the differences between the responses at the June and December solstices and the ratio of the amplitudes of the March and September equinox peaks. We also confirm that the UT variation in geomagnetic activity is a genuine global response. Later papers will analyse the origins and implications of the effects described.
Barrieren für Gespräche über Tod und Sterben in der Medizin
Authors: Seifart Carola , Nagelschmidt Katharina , von Blanckenburg Pia
Published: May 2020

Für viele Menschen sind Tod und Sterben etwas Schmerzliches (in vielerlei Hinsicht), dessen Vorstellung tiefgründige, starke Ängste berührt oder auslöst. Häufig wird versucht, das Thema zu vermeiden und von sich weg zu schieben. In der Medizin aber lässt sich das Thema nicht aussparen – und es gibt gute Gründe, gerade darüber zu sprechen.
Visualisierung von intraokularen Fremdkörpern im Ziliarkörperbereich mittels infraroter Transillumination (Pilotstudie)
Authors: Kogan Mykhailo , Zadorozhnyy Oleg , Korol Andrii , Petretskaya Oksana , Krasnovid Tatiana , Pasyechnikova Nataliya
Published: May 2020

Hintergrund Trotz der Verbesserung der Diagnosetechnologien bleibt die Detektion von intraokularen Fremdkörpern (IFK), die sich in der Projektion des Ziliarkörpers befinden, eines der aktuellen Probleme der Augentraumatologie.

Ziel Untersuchung der möglichen Visualisierung intraokularer Fremdkörper (IFK) in der Projektion des Ziliarkörpers mithilfe der infrarоten transpalpebralen Transillumination (IRTT).

Materialien und Methoden Analyse von 10 Personen (10 Augen) mit einer penetrierenden Augenwunde und nachgewiesenem IFK. In allen Fällen erfolgten Röntgendiagnostik, Ultraschalluntersuchung des Auges und IRTT.

Ergebnisse Bei allen Patienten wurden Schatten von den Strukturen des Ziliarkörpers (Pars plana, Pars plicata) auf der Sklera mittels IRTT und Schatten von IFK visualisiert.

Schlussfolgerung Die Technik der IRTT bei Patienten mit penetrierenden Augenverletzungen ermöglicht die nicht invasive Visualisierung von IFK in der Projektion des Ziliarkörpers und die Identifizierung ihrer Lokalisation.
Tränenfilmosmolarität gesunder Probanden: Vergleichbarkeit zweier Osmometer
Authors: König Susanna , Priglinger Siegfried , Schaumberger Markus , Messmer Elisabeth M.
Published: May 2020

Hintergrund Die Hyperosmolarität des Tränenfilms gilt als bedeutendes klinisches Zeichen des trockenen Auges und als wichtigster singulärer diagnostischer Parameter. Neben dem seit einigen Jahren verfügbaren Ocusense TearLab-Osmometer (TearLab Corp, San Diego, CA) ist seit Kurzem auch das I-Pen-Osmometer (I-MED Pharma Inc., Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Quebec, Kanada) verfügbar. Das Ziel unserer Studie war die Vergleichbarkeit der mittels TearLab- und I-Pen-Osmometer erhobenen Tränenfilmosmolarität bei gesunden Probanden zu untersuchen.

Material und Methoden 51 gesunde Probanden (mittleres Alter 40,6 Jahre, Altersspanne 17 – 63 Jahre, 66,7% weiblich) ohne Beschwerden und Zeichen eines trockenen Auges (Ocular Surface Disease Index < 13, Tränenfilmaufrisszeit > 7 s, unauffälliger Schirmer-Test > 10 mm/5 min) wurden eingeschlossen. Die Tränenfilmosmolarität wurde im Tränenfilmmeniskus (TearLab) und an der subtarsalen Bindehaut (I-Pen) mit einem Zeitintervall von 30 min erhoben. Die Reihenfolge der beiden Osmolaritätsuntersuchungen erfolgte im alternierenden Wechsel. Die statistische Analyse erfolgte mittels Wilcoxon- und Spearman-Tests.

Ergebnisse Die mittlere TearLab-Osmolarität war 295,1 mosmol/l (rechtes Auge), 294,0 mosmol/l (linkes Auge) sowie 294,6 mosmol/l (bilateral) mit einer Variationsbreite von 268 – 394 mosmol/l. Mittels I-Pen-Osmometer erhobene mittlere Osmolaritätswerte lagen bei 301,6 mosmol/l (rechtes Auge), 302,5 mosmol/l (linkes Auge) und 302,1 mosmol/l bilateral mit einer Variationsbreite von 276 – 394 mosmol/l. Es zeigte sich ein signifikanter Unterschied in den erhobenen Tränenfilmosmolaritäten mit den beiden Techniken für beide Augen einzeln (p < 0,02) und beim Mittelwert beider Augen (p < 0,001). Die Messungen mit beiden Geräten korrelierten nicht signifikant (r = 0,27 rechts und r = 0,08 links). Bei einem – wie von TearLab vorgeschlagenen – Grenzwert von 308 mosmol/l lagen 98,0% der TearLab-Werte, aber nur 68,6% der I-Pen-Werte im Normbereich.

Schlussfolgerung Die mittels I-Pen gemessenen Osmolaritätswerte zeigten sich signifikant höher im Vergleich zu den mit TearLab erhobenen Messwerten. Für diesen Unterschied verantwortlich könnte u. a. die Lokalisation der Messung an der subtarsalen Konjunktiva mit dem I-Pen im Vergleich zur Messung im Tränenfilmmeniskus mit dem TearLab sein. Es könnte daher notwendig sein, den Grenzwert zur Unterscheidung pathologischer Werte von physiologischen Werten bei Messungen der Tränenfilmosmolarität mit dem I-Pen-Osmometer zu ändern. Weiterführende Untersuchungen an einer größeren Kohorte von Normalprobanden sowie bei Patienten mit trockenem Auge sind hierfür notwendig.
Messung der Dichte der Langerhans-Zellen als Verlaufsparameter bei Patienten mit Keratoconjunctivitis sicca unter topischer antiinflammatorischer Therapie mit Ciclosporin A 0,05% Augentropfen
Authors: Schneider Eva , Paulsen Friedrich , Jacobi Christina
Published: May 2020

Hintergrund Die Keratoconjunctivitis sicca ist eine der häufigsten okulären Erkrankungen mit entscheidender Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität. Die Erkrankung wird begleitet von okulären Symptomen, Tränenfilminstabilität, Hyperosmolarität und einer Entzündung der Augenoberfläche mit neurosensorischen Störungen. Noch nicht eindeutig geklärt ist, inwieweit die Dichte der Langerhans-Zellen in der Hornhaut zur Objektivierung der Entzündungsreaktion herangezogen werden kann.

Patienten und Methoden 47 Patienten (13 Männer und 34 Frauen) im Alter von 21 bis 85 Jahren mit moderater bis schwerer Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (DEWS-Schweregrad 2 – 3) konnten in dieser prospektiven klinischen Studie ausgewertet werden. Die Patienten erhielten über 3 Monate eine topische antiinflammatorische Therapie mit Ciclosporin A 0,05% Augentropfen 2 × täglich. Folgende Parameter wurden untersucht: OSDI-Score, Tränenfilmaufreißzeit (TBUT), Schirmer-Test mit Anästhesie, lidkantenparallele konjunktivale Falten (LIPCOF), Dichte der Langerhans-Zellen in der zentralen Hornhaut gemessen mittels konfokaler In-vivo-Mikroskopie mit HRT II und RCM, Visus, Tränenfilmosmolarität, Meibom-Drüsen-Dysfunktion (MDD).

Ergebnisse Nach dem Behandlungszeitraum zeigte sich eine signifikante Reduktion der Langerhans-Zelldichte im Bereich der zentralen Hornhaut (p ≤ 0,001**), eine Zunahme der TBUT (p ≤ 0,001**) sowie eine Abnahme von Tränenfilmosmolarität (p ≤ 0,05*) und OSDI-Score (p ≤ 0,001**). Visus, MDD und Schirmer-Test änderten sich nicht signifikant.

Schlussfolgerungen Unsere Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass eine antiinflammatorische topische Ciclosporin-A-Therapie bei Patienten mit moderater bis schwerer Keratoconjunctivitis sicca effektiv die Entzündungsmechanismen der Augenoberfläche und des Tränenfilms reduziert und die Lebensqualität der betroffenen Patienten verbessert. Die Messung der Dichte der Langerhans-Zellen im Zentrum der Hornhaut ist mittels konfokaler In-vivo-Mikroskopie möglich und als objektives Testverfahren im Therapiemonitoring sinnvoll.
One-Photon Upconversion-Like Photolysis: A New Strategy to Achieve Long-Wavelength Light-Excitable Photolysis
Authors: Wang Weiping , Lv Wen
Published: May 2020

Photolysis reactions are widely utilized to release desired molecules under the control of light irradiation in the fields of photochemistry, biology, and drug delivery. In biological and medical applications, it is highly desired to increase the excitation wavelength for activating photolysis reactions, since the long-wavelength light (red or near-infrared light) has deep tissue penetration depth and low photocytotoxicity. Here, we briefly summarize current strategies of achieving long-wavelength light-excitable photolysis. We highlight our recently developed strategy of one-photon upconversion-like photolysis. Compared with the multiphoton upconversion-based photolysis, the one-photon strategy has a simpler energy transfer process and a higher ­energy utilization efficiency, providing a new path of activating photolysis reactions with increased excitation wavelength and photolysis quantum yield.
Synthesis, Photophysical and Supramolecular Properties of a π-Conjugated Molecular Crown Containing a Pentagonal Unit: A Model Compound for Fullerene C240
Authors: Du Pingwu , Huang Qiang , Wu Yayu , Zhou Yu , Liu Huiqing , Wang Jinyi , Wang Shengda
Published: May 2020

The total synthesis of carbon onions is a significant challenge in the fields of materials science and organic chemistry. To date, the synthesis of even a fragment of fullerene C240 and its smallest carbon onion C60@C240 remains poorly explored. Herein, we demonstrate a bottom-up strategy to produce a novel π-extended molecular crown-shaped molecule (MC3) containing curved pentagonal and hexagonal units. This molecular crown represents a curved model compound for fullerene C240 and is fully characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, UV-vis absorption, and from its emission spectra. Its supramolecular host–guest interaction with fullerene C60 is also investigated. MC3 and C60@MC3 can potentially be employed as seeds or templates for the bottom-up synthesis of fullerene C240 and the carbon onion C60@C240, respectively.
Perilunate Injury with Concomitant Short Radiolunate Ligament Disruption: Prevalence and Surgical Outcomes—"An Unusual Perilunate Injury Variant”
Authors: Sgromolo Nicole M. , Mullikin Ian A. , Rhee Peter C.
Published: May 2020

Background In the classic description of perilunate injuries, the short radiolunate ligament (SRL) remains intact.

Objective This study was aimed to determine the occurrence of SRL disruptions with perilunate injuries and review the clinical and radiographic outcomes after surgical management.

Patients and Methods A retrospective review was conducted for patients who sustained a perilunate injury and a concomitant disruption of the SRL at a single–level-1 trauma center between January 2013 and January 2017. Patients with the combined injury pattern were compared with those with perilunate injury alone without SRL injury during the study period. Outcome measures included pain scores (visual analogue score), wrist and forearm range of motion, patient's return to their former occupation, and multiple radiographic parameters.

Results Twenty-seven patients were treated operatively for a perilunate injury. Eight of these patients (30%) were found to have associated disruption of the SRL. When compared with patients with perilunate injury alone, these patients had a lower rate of return to work (57% [4 of 7] vs. 92% [12 of 13]), a significantly longer mean length of time to return to work (5.9 vs. 3.8 months), and a higher rate of associated upper extremity injury (75% [3 of 8] vs. 16% [3 of 19].

Conclusion Combined SRL disruption and perilunate dislocation or fracture dislocation represent a high-energy variant from the classic description of a perilunate injury. A heightened awareness for this combined injury pattern should be maintained when treating patients with perilunate injuries.

Level of Evidence This is a Level III, prognostic study.
Arthroscopic Reinsertion of Acute Injuries of the Scapholunate Ligament Technique and Results
Authors: Carratalá Vicente , Lucas Francisco Javier , Miranda Ignacio , Prada Alfonso , Guisasola Eva , Miranda Francisco J.
Published: May 2020

Objective To describe a technique for treating acute injuries of the scapholunate ligament (SLL) by performing an arthroscopic reinsertion of the SLL and dorsal capsulodesis and to present the results obtained.

Methods The study deals with an analytical, prospective clinical study that included 19 consecutive patients with acute injury of the SLL. The range of joint motion, grip strength, pain according to the visual analog scale, functional outcomes according to the Mayo Wrist Score (MWS), and the QuickDASH Score were studied preoperatively and 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The complications and necessary reinterventions were recorded.

Results Nineteen patients with acute injury of the SLL were studied; mean age was 44 ± 2 years, 74% males, 58% complete rupture, and 42% partial rupture, treated with the above-mentioned technique. Thirty-seven percent also had a distal radius fracture and there was one case of perilunate dislocation. Improvement in pain, grip strength, joint balance, and functionality was observed 6 and 12 months postoperatively, with 79% of the cases with good or excellent results

Conclusion The arthroscopic reinsertion and dorsal capsular reinforcement of the SLL, allow a reliable and stable primary repair of the dorsal aspect of the ligament in acute or subacute SL injuries where there is tissue that can potentially be repaired, thus achieving an anatomical repair similar to that obtained with open surgery, but without the complications and stiffness secondary to aggressive interventions on the soft tissues that are inherent to the open dorsal approach.
Congenital Ulnar Carpal Bone Luxation in a Miniature Donkey Treated by Pancarpal Arthrodesis
Authors: Robert Mickaël Patrice , Smit Yolandi
Published: May 2020

An 18-month-old miniature donkey was presented for evaluation and treatment of a left carpal valgus present since birth. Clinical examination confirmed the severe and unstable carpal valgus. Radiographs and computed tomography revealed a caudally luxated ulnar carpal bone, malformation of the distal radial epiphysis, as well as a complete collapse of the lateral part of the radiocarpal joint. Outward rotation of the limb distal to the joint collapse was also visible. Surgical treatment was elected and a pancarpal arthrodesis performed using two short 3.5 mm locking compression plates. Ten months later, the donkey was pasture sound and radiographs showed complete fusion of the carpal joints.
Self-contraction process and hot spot formation in the SHOTGUN III-U divergent gas-puff Z pinch
Authors: Takasugi Keiichi , Nishio Mineyuki
Published: May 2020

A divergent gas-puff Z pinch has been devised for the realization of an efficient soft x-ray point source. In this device, a divergent hollow annular gas puff is ejected outward from the surface of the inner electrode, and the plasma is compressed three-dimensionally to generate a soft x-ray point source. In the SHOTGUN III-U device at Nihon University, the power supply was enhanced, and experiments were conducted over a larger current range. The peak current at the charging voltage of −25 kV was −190 kA. Ar was used as the discharge gas. The self-contraction process of the plasma was investigated in detail using a gated camera. Near the peak current, local contraction occurred in front of the inner electrode. The contraction velocity of the plasma was 5.5 × 104 m/s. As the plasma contracted, the discharge current decreased. The energy input was analyzed by induction acceleration. The net input energy was found to be 750 J, which corresponded to 13.3% of the stored energy of the capacitor, 5630 J. The soft x-ray source was observed using a soft x-ray CCD camera. A point source was observed 7 mm in front of the inner electrode. The size of the source was 35 µm in the axial direction and 14 µm in the radial direction.
Trajectory deflection of spinning magnetic microparticles: The Magnus effect at the microscale
Authors: Solsona M. , Keizer H. , de Boer H. L. , Klein Y. P. , Olthuis W. , Abelmann L. , van den Berg A.
Published: May 2020

The deflection due to the Magnus force of magnetic particles with a diameter of 80 μm dropping through fluids and rotating in a magnetic field was measured. With the Reynolds number for this experiment around 1, we found trajectory deflections of the order of 1°, in agreement with the measurement error in theory. This method holds promise for the sorting and analysis of the distribution in magnetic moment and particle diameter of suspensions of microparticles, such as applied in catalysis, or objects loaded with magnetic particles.
Analysis of liquids, gases, and supercritical fluids by a two-dimensional replica-exchange Monte Carlo method in temperature and chemical potential space
Authors: Matsubara Daiki , Okamoto Yuko
Published: May 2020

We investigate the liquid, gas, and supercritical fluid phases of a Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential system by a two-dimensional replica-exchange method in which not only temperature but also chemical potential is exchanged. The method is referred to as the grand canonical replica-exchange method (GCREM). While one-dimensional replica exchange, which exchanges only temperature, cannot cross first-order phase transition points, GCREM can avoid this problem by making a detour in the two-dimensional parameter space. From only one simulation run, we can obtain probability distributions in the grand canonical ensemble for wide temperature and chemical potential values using the multiple-histogram reweighting techniques. We define a phase diagram near the critical point using thermodynamic quantities. Moreover, we discuss structures in each defined phase and at phase transition points.
An advanced physical model for the Coulombic scattering mobility in 4H-SiC inversion layers
Authors: Naydenov K. , Donato N. , Udrea F.
Published: May 2020

In this work, a new model for the mobility due to Coulombic scattering by interface charges (μC) in 4H-SiC MOS structures, which is suitable for device study via finite element (FE)-based simulations, is proposed. Unlike popular expressions based on the classical Sah–Lombardi model which lead to major inconsistencies in μC’s variation with the semiconductor depth z, the proposed model combines previous experimental data with established theoretical results on μC’s depth dependence. The evolution of the components of the channel drift mobility (μch) with z and the gate bias Vgs is then examined using this model by means of FE analysis. It is found that while μC is the dominant component at the surface, at larger depths μch is determined by the mobility due to acoustic phonon scattering (μSA). Moreover, at low channel dopings (NA) or temperatures above approximately 425K,μSA replaces μC as the key limitation. Conversely, the roughness scattering mobility μSR becomes important only at very high Vgs and NA.
26.8-m THz wireless transmission of probabilistic shaping 16-QAM-OFDM signals
Authors: Wang Shiwei , Lu Zijie , Li Wei , Jia Shi , Zhang Lu , Qiao Mengyao , Pang Xiaodan , Idrees Nazar , Saqlain Muhammad , Gao Xiang , Cao Xiaoxiao , Lin Changxing , Wu Qiuyu , Zhang Xianmin , Yu Xianbin
Published: May 2020

Recently, remarkable efforts have been made in developing wireless communication systems at ultrahigh data rates, with radio frequency (RF) carriers in the millimeter wave (30–300 GHz) and/or in the terahertz (THz, >300 GHz) bands. Converged technologies combining both the electronics and the photonics show great potential to provide feasible solutions with superior performance compared to conventional RF technologies. However, technical challenges remain to be overcome in order to support high data rates with considerably feasible wireless distances for practical applications, particularly in the THz region. In this work, we present an experimental demonstration of a single-channel THz radio-over-fiber (RoF) system operating at 350 GHz, achieving beyond 100 Gbit/s data rate over a 10-km fiber plus a >20-m wireless link, without using any THz amplifiers. This achievement is enabled by using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal with a probabilistic-shaped 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation format, a pair of highly directive Cassegrain antennas, and advanced digital signal processing techniques. This work pushes the THz RoF technology one step closer to ultrahigh-speed indoor wireless applications and serves as an essential segment of the converged fiber-wireless access networks in the beyond 5G era.
Review of nonlinear effects under TW-power PS pulses amplification in GARPUN-MTW Ti:sapphire-KrF laser facility
Authors: Zvorykin V. D. , Shutov A. V. , Ustinovskii N. N.
Published: May 2020

Investigations were carried out at the multistage hybrid Ti:sapphire–KrF laser facility GARPUN-MTW on the direct amplification of TW-power picosecond UV laser pulses in e-beam-pumped KrF amplifiers and propagation along a 100 m laboratory air pass. The experiments identified the main nonlinear effects and their impact on the amplification efficiency, amplifier optics degradation, beam quality and focusability, and the evolution of radiation spectra. The research was performed towards an implementation of the shock-ignition concept of inertial-confinement fusion using krypton fluoride laser drivers.
A smoothed particle hydrodynamics study of a non-isothermal and thermally anisotropic fused deposition modeling process for a fiber-filled composite
Authors: Ouyang Zhenyu , Bertevas Erwan , Wang Di , Khoo Boo Cheong , Férec Julien , Ausias Gilles , Phan-Thien Nhan
Published: May 2020

A smoothed particle hydrodynamics method is employed to study the mechanical and thermal behaviors of a fiber-filled composite with an anisotropic thermal conductivity (which is coupled to the orientation of the fibers) in a three-dimensional printing process for one- and two-layer deposition. Using a microstructure-based fiber suspension model with a fiber orientation-dependent thermal conductivity model, a temperature-shear-thinning viscosity model, and a microstructure constitutive model, the effect of the nozzle temperature on the fiber alignment when printing one layer and the mechanical and thermal interactions between two printed layers are investigated. It is found that the anisotropic thermal conductivity (fiber-orientation-dependent) enhances the fiber alignment in the printing direction in the upper half layer and reduces it in the lower half at a relatively high fiber concentration (Φ = 0.2). For the one-layer deposition, the fiber alignment in the printing direction is enhanced in the lower half of the layer with an increase in the nozzle temperature. This tendency is more pronounced with the increase in both the fiber concentration and the aspect ratio. On the two-layer deposition, the fiber alignment of the first layer experiences a “reciprocating” evolution due to the squeezing from the second layer, thus creating an enhancement in the upper half and a reduction in the lower half in the fiber alignment in the first layer (with respect to the printing direction). Increasing the fiber concentration or the aspect ratio amplifies this variation for the first layer. Increasing the substrate velocity also leads to some variations in the fiber alignment.
Solid-flow interactions of a large aspect ratio cylinder in a shallow open channel
Authors: Miguntanna Nadeeka S. , Sivakumar Muttucumaru , Yang Shu-Qing , Enever Keith , Bin Riaz Muhammad Zain
Published: May 2020

The complex wake created by an emergent slender circular cylinder in a shallow open channel flow is studied at a cylinder Reynolds number (ReD) of 3300 and at a subcritical Froude number of 0.58 in water. Methodical laser Doppler velocimetry measurements were taken in a very fine grid in three horizontal planes at near bed, mid-depth, and near free surface both upstream and downstream of the cylinder. Demarcation of the entire wake region starting from the first point of the onset of disturbed flow upstream to undisturbed flow downstream entirely based on experiments successfully added a novel contribution to the research on wake flow over a single cylinder. The proximity of the bed and free surface has a significant effect on the structure of the wake compared to the mid-depth. The size, shape, and development of the recirculation region behind the cylinder vary in the vertical direction from the bed to free surface. The longest wake closure point was found in the near bed region and the shortest was found near the free surface. The new model developed pertinent to longitudinal velocity deficit can be used as a velocity deficit scale for the entire far wake region for shallow wakes at mid-depth and near free surface. Urms/Us profiles along the transverse direction initially show a double peak behavior for all three levels, and well away from the cylinder downstream, the double peak becomes broader and less distinct, which is attributed to the effect of the separating shear layers. It is also noted that the wake characteristics of slender cylinders are significantly different from those of wakes generated by cylinders with small aspect ratios.
Ideal design of air electrode—A step closer toward robust rechargeable Zn–air battery
Authors: Tomboc Gracita M. , Yu Peng , Kwon Taehyun , Lee Kwangyeol , Li Jinghong
Published: May 2020

To develop a structural design that could provide accessible active sites to oxygen, electrolyte, and electron, it is necessary to modify the overall structure of an air electrode, which is considered as the most significant and complicated part of Zn–air batteries (ZABs). This review highlights the structural features essential to satisfy the design of the cathode compartment of ZABs and presents the associated factors that drive the oxygen reactions in the air electrode based on the relationship between the intrinsic activities of bifunctional O2 catalysts and the collective strategies employed to modify the electronic structure of such electrocatalysts. The first part describes the fundamentals of an ideal air electrode with its corresponding oxygen electrochemical reactions and typical bifunctional O2 catalysts. In-depth discussion of O2 catalysts for air electrodes and progress of binder-free air electrodes for ZABs are presented in the following based on three major modification strategies: defect engineering, cation/anion regulation in multi-components transition metal compounds, and single or multi-heteroatom doping in carbon materials (metal-free and metal-based material). The final part summarizes the properties of air electrodes needed to fulfill the requirements of electrically rechargeable ZABs and provides ideas for the future designs of air electrodes.
Three-dimensional Fermi surface and small effective masses in Mo8Ga41
Authors: Hu Zhixiang , Graf D. , Liu Yu , Petrovic C.
Published: May 2020

We report Fermi surface characteristics of Mo8Ga41, a two-gap superconductor with a critical temperature of Tc∼ 10 K, obtained from quantum oscillation measurements. Four major frequencies have been observed with relatively small quasiparticle masses. The angular dependence of major frequencies indicates three-dimensional Fermi surface sheets. This argues for a relatively isotropic superconducting state and, given its relatively high Tc, shows that a search for materials in this class could be of interest for superconducting wire applications.
An effective Hamiltonian analysis of a Franck–Condon-like pattern in the IR spectra of phenol-alkylsilane dihydrogen-bonded clusters in the S1 state
Authors: Uchida Masaaki , Shimizu Takutoshi , Matsumoto Yoshiteru , Ishikawa Haruki
Published: May 2020

Infrared (IR) spectra in a region of the OH stretch band of phenol (PhOH)-ethyldimethylsilane (EDMS), phenol (PhOH)-triethylsilane (TES), and phenol (PhOH)-t-butyldimethylsilane (BDMS) dihydrogen-bonded clusters in the S1 state were observed. All of the species exhibited unconventional band patterns in which many combination bands appeared with comparable intensities to those of allowed bands. Such a behavior is sometimes called a Franck–Condon-like pattern. In the case of the PhOH-BDMS, one intermolecular vibrational mode is involved in this behavior. The observed IR spectra were well reproduced based on the concept of the Franck–Condon-like behavior. As an alternative treatment, we analyzed the band patterns on the concept of intensity borrowing due to the vibrational anharmonic interaction. The analysis was based on an effective Hamiltonian involving an anharmonic interaction between the OH stretch and intermolecular vibrational modes. Two treatments provided the same results. Thus, it was confirmed that the Franck–Condon-like behavior originates from vibrational anharmonic interactions. In the cases of the PhOH-EDMS and PhOH-TES, we carried out a two-dimensional Franck–Condon and an effective Hamiltonian analysis to interpret the Franck–Condon-like patterns. We examined vibrational wave functions obtained by the latter analysis. Shapes of the wave functions suggest that a recombination of the intermolecular vibrational modes occurs during the excitation of OH stretch mode in these clusters, which is a similar behavior to the Duschinsky effect in the electronic transition.
Self-assembly of a triply periodic continuous mesophase with Fddd symmetry in simple one-component liquids
Authors: Agosta Lorenzo , Metere Alfredo , Oleynikov Peter , Dzugutov Mikhail
Published: May 2020

Triply periodic continuous morphologies (networks) arising as a result of the microphase separation in block copolymer melts have so far never been observed self-assembled in systems of particles with spherically symmetric interaction. We report a molecular dynamics simulation where two simple one-component liquids form upon cooling an equilibrium network with the Fddd space group symmetry. This complexity reduction in the liquid network formation in terms of the particle geometry and the number of components evidences the generic nature of this class of phase transition, suggesting opportunities for producing these structures in a variety of new systems.
Microscopic model of the doping dependence of linewidths in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Carbone Matthew R. , Mayers Matthew Z. , Reichman David R.
Published: May 2020

A fully microscopic model of the doping-dependent exciton and trion linewidths in the absorption spectra of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides in the low temperature and low-doping regime is explored. The approach is based on perturbation theory and avoids the use of phenomenological parameters. In the low-doping regime, we find that the trion linewidth is relatively insensitive to doping levels, while the exciton linewidth increases monotonically with doping. On the other hand, we argue that the trion linewidth shows a somewhat stronger temperature dependence. The magnitudes of the linewidths are likely to be masked by phonon scattering for T ≥ 20 K in encapsulated samples in the low-doping regime. We discuss the breakdown of perturbation theory, which should occur at relatively low-doping levels and low temperatures. Our work also paves the way toward understanding a variety of related scattering processes, including impact ionization and Auger scattering in clean 2D samples.
Non-metallic electrical transport properties of a metastable
λ
-Ti3O5 thin film epitaxially stabilized on a pseudobrookite seed layer
Authors: Chen Hao , Hirose Yasushi , Nakagawa Kousuke , Imoto Kenata , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi , Hasegawa Tetsuya
Published: May 2020

A metastable phase of Ti3O5, λ-Ti3O5, has been studied as a promising optoelectronic material applicable to optical memories and switching devices because it undergoes structural phase transitions, accompanied by changes in optical and electrical properties, under a variety of external stimuli such as heat, visible light, pressure, and electrical current. Theoretical calculations and optical and magnetic measurements have suggested that λ-Ti3O5 is a metal. However, its electrical transport properties have not been directly measured to date because λ-Ti3O5 has so far been synthesized only as nanocrystals or aggregates thereof. In this study, we synthesized (100)-oriented λ-Ti3O5 epitaxial thin films on perovskite LaAlO3 (110) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Precise control of oxygen supply during the growth and introduction of a MgTi2O5 seed layer with a pseudobrookite structure enabled epitaxial growth of λ-Ti3O5. These λ-Ti3O5 epitaxial thin films showed a lower electrical resistivity ρ (∼7.9 × 10−2 Ω cm) than bulk single crystals of β-Ti3O5 (high resistance phase) at 300 K. On the other hand, the ρ value of the λ-Ti3O5 thin films exhibited a semiconducting temperature dependence with negative dρ/dT.