bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley, 1976
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were evaluated in a seasonal control program in a twelveyearold planting on the EM 2 rootstock. Treatments were applied to runoff by high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 425 psi and using ca 3.2 gal/tree or 300 gal/acre. Eight-tree plots containing from 5 to 7 different apple cultivars were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied at pink (Mcintosh) April 19; petal fall (Rome) May 7, 8; and in 7 cover sprays- May 21, 24; June 4, 18; July 2, 26, 30; and August 13. Additional sprays applied over the entire block by airblast sprayer for disease control included: Difolatan 4F, 5 qt/100 gal (April 6), Captan 50W 1 1/2 lb/100 gal (May 3), and Manzate 200 80W 1 1/2 lb/100 gal (May 13). The Golden Delicious, Rome Beauty, and Red Delicious cultivars were thinned May 22 with 10 ppm NAA. Above normal temperatures during early April caused an abnormally early bloom. This resulted in harvest dates which were 1-2 weeks earlier than normal. Temperatures were slightly below average for July, August, and September, but rainfall was 3" and 1" above normal for months of August and September.
Pears, Pear Psylla Control, Hudson Valley, 1976
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L.
Published: March 2022

A six-year-old Bartlett pear block near New Paltz, New York was divided into three-tree plots replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Eleven treatments were applied to run off on June 9 by high pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi. Treatments were evaluated by sampling five spurs per plot and counting all pear psylla nymphs and eggs on each spur under a binocular scope in the laboratory. A pre-treatment count made June 4 indicated 2nd brood nymphs were starting to hatch and egg-laying was heavy. Counts were made 6 (June 15), 14 (June 23), and 28 (July 6) days after treatments were applied.
Peach, Insecticide Test, 1976
Authors: Hall Franklin R.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated in a seasonal program for control of major peach-insects using 2 trees each of Halehaven, Golden Jubilee, Elberta and Cumberland peach varieties per treatment. Treatments were applied to run-off using a hand gun and truck-mounted Mers hydraulic sprayer at 450-500 psi (250-300 gal/acre). Applications were made at shuck split on May 12, and 5 cover sprays on May 25, June 7, June 21, July 7, and July 20. All plots except the check included Captan 50WP at 1 lb ai/100 gal. Oriental fruit moth (OFM) injury rated by counted total number of infested terminals/tree on June 25. Fruit drops were collected and rated on July 28 for Golden Jubilee, August 10, for Halehaven and August 25 for Elberta. Cumberland fruits were frozen by a late freeze. Harvest fruit ratings were made by collecting in minimum of 1 bushel per replicate tree on August 9, for Golden Jubilee, August 12 for Halehaven and August 30 '76 for Elberta.
Suppression of Dearness Scale on Cranberry, 1976
Authors: Jackson J. O. , Koval C. F.
Published: March 2022

In northeastern Monroe County, insecticides were applied to cranberry foliage and vines in 4 large plots (50 x 200 ft) using a hand gun with no. 7 disc, which delivered spray from a 50 gal tank at 150 psi. Three plots were treated at 2 times. The first application (June 9) corresponded with the first observed scale crawler emergence, the second (June 17) with peak emergence. One plot was treated only at peak emergence. A fifth plot was treated through the sprinkler irrigation system (Rainbird 70B impact sprinkler, 3/16 inch nozzle) on June 14 and 24. A stratified random sample was taken of each plot, by the use of 4 transects with 19 points at 10 ft intervals per transect (N = 76). Each random point served as a mid-point for a circular square foot sampling unit. Developing scales were counted in mid-July on vines collected within the square foot area.
Citrus Red Mite Control with Baam, Chlorbenzilate, and Ethion, 1976
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

BAAM was tested at four locations. Two rates were used (3 1/3 and 5 . 0 pt/acre) and these were compared to standard treatments and an untreated check. The plots were 5-acres each and applications were made on March 9 w i th a speed sprayer at the rates and dosage shown in the t able . The lemons were of the variety Lisbon on the Yuma mesa at the Didier Ranch, Yuma, AZ. The number of mites at the time was low to moderate but distribution appeared to be general throughout the test areas.
Aphid Control on Pecans, 1976
Authors: Ball Joe C.
Published: March 2022

The experimental block was in an orchard of mature pecan trees spaces 47 ft x 47 ft (20 trees/acre). Two test trees were "seedlings", the remainder Schley variety. There were three to four single tree replicates per treatment. Application was with a Myers "Mity Mist" speed sprayer delivering 4.5 gallons per tree (5X). Heavy rains fell approximately three hrs after spraying. Treatment date was September 24. A pretreatment aphid count was taken on September 23 and a five day posttreatment count on September 29. The sample was from ten randomly selected compound leaves from each tree. Because of large initial differences between plots, analysis of variance was on the percent living after treatment ((post-treatment/pretreatment) × 100).
Phylloxera Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1976
Authors: Boethel David J. , McBride Jere M. , Ezell Jim E.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on mature 'Caspiana' pecan trees at Whitehall, LA. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 5 single tree replications per treatment. Applications were made with a John Bean 957 sprayer with each tree receiving ca 35 gal of spray. The Superior 70 Oil was applied February 26 while all other treatments were applied April 2. Evaluation occurred May 3 by counting the number of terminals infested and the number of phylloxera galls present on 75 randomly selected terminals per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Cabbage Looper Control on Cabbage, 1976
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D.
Published: March 2022

Golden Acre YR cabbage seed was planted August 24 in 40 inch beds with two seed rows per bed. Individual plots were two beds wide, 25 feet long and replicated three times in a randomized block design. Plots were separated from each other by an untreated guard bed. Treatments were started September 28 and were applied on a weekly schedule. Six applications were made during the growing season. All sprays were applied using a 2 gallon CO2 pressurized-type hand sprayer with a two nozzle boom, operated at 50-55 psi. Effectiveness of the different treatments was measured by counting the number of cabbage looper eggs and larvae on 10 plants from the middle two rows of each plot. Worm damage evaluation was made on 40 plants per plot on November 18. A 1 to 5 rating scale was used: 1 indicating no damage and 5 indicating heavy damage. Cabbage looper eggs and larvae were present in all plots most of the season, however, the majority of the larvae in the treated plots were 1st and 2nd instar, while many of those in the check plots were later instars. Very little damage was caused by the small loopers in the treated plots, whereas the larger ones caused heavy damage in the check plots.
Corn Earworm Control, 1976
Authors: Hiller Larry K.
Published: March 2022

Twelve chemicals and microbial treatments at various rates were applied to corn grown under furrow irrigation on the WSU Research Unit at Royal Slope. Experimental plots were four rows × 50 ft long, with 15-ft alleys within rows and one blank row between adjacent treatments, replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Four applications were made at 4-day intervals beginning Aug 19'76 (10% silk) using a "Highboy" tractor-mounted, high-clearance experimental plot sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 40 psi. Weather conditions were normal during the application periods. Ten days after the last application, 25 ears were randomly selected from the two middle rows of each plot. Each sample was checked for number of ears damaged and number of dead and live earworms present. Extent of damage was rated for length of tunnels from ear tip using an index of 1 to 5 where 1 =• 0.5 cm, 2 = 0.5-1.5 cm, 3 = 1.5-3 cm, 4 = 3-5 cm, and 5 = > 5 cm, and for circumference where 1 = • 2 kernels, 2 = 4 l/4> 3 = 1/4-1/2, 4 = 1/2-3/4, and 5 = 3/4 up to entire circumference of the ear. Materials tested were also evaluated for honey bee toxicity, using an index of 0 to 5 where 0 has no hazard, 1 has short residual hazard, and 5 has long residual hazard.
Fall Armyworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1976
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted Feb 25, 1976. Plots consisted of single rows 6 ft apart, 20 ft long. All materials were applied to the whorl March 9 at the rate of 50 gal water per acre with a 2 j gal handheld sprayer with 40 psi. The corn was approximately 8 i n . tall at application. Larval counts were made 1 and 7 days post-treatment. The numbers of fall armyworm larvae per plant were determined on each sampling date by sacrificing 10 plants, selected at random, from each plot. Duncan's multiple range test was used to analyze the data.
Melonworm, Diaphania Hyalinata, Control on Cucurbits, 1976
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

'Morgan' melon and 'Poinsett' cucumbers were planted August 27, 1976 on black polyethylene plastic mulched beds (0.8 m wide by 0.2 m high) of Myakka fine sand as subplots in a split-plot design with four replications. Subplots were 1.2 m double rows with two plants/0.3 m/row and were seep-irrigated by open ditches every seventh bed. Whole plot insecticide treatments were applied September 17, 24, October 1 and 8 and ten runners/subplot examined for melonworm larvae on September 30 and October 14.
Control of Alfalfa Looper Larvae on Spring Spinach, 1976
Authors: Halfhill J . E. , Treat T. L.
Published: March 2022

The spinach, 'Heavy Pack-2', was planted in 1.5 × 6 m, 4-row beds (35 cm interrow spacing) on March 26. They were sprinkler irrigated weekly (5 cm each irrigation) until the harvest on June 3. Irrigations occurred 2 days after the first 2 treatments. The afternoons prior to the treatments on May 18, 25 and June 1, 1.2 × 1.5 m sites at the ends of each bed were infested with 2nd- to 5th-stage larvae from the laboratory culture to ensure populations of uniform size and stage. The 4 replications of each treatment were applied the next morning between 0600 and 0900 h. The percentage control was determined 2-3 days after the final treatment by cutting the foliage in each site and examining it and the ground surface for live and dead larvae. All treatments were applied at 4.2 kg/cm2 (air pressure) and 380 L/ha through D2-13 “TEEJET” hollowcone nozzles mounted 28 cm apart on a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-1520 tractor travelling at 4,4 km/h. The boom height was adjusted to provide maximum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew.
Small Programmable Calculators For Computing Statistical Tests
Authors: Averre Charles W.
Published: March 2022

Volume 2 of Insecticide and Acaricide Tests contains ]96 reports on field evaluation of chemicals for controlling insects and mites. All these field experiments were important and involved a great deal of effort and expense. However, 36% of the reports have no statistical confidence limits or results and interpretation of statistical tests. Statistical treatment of research data is extremely useful, if not necessary, in interpreting results and drawing valid conclusions from field experiments. The reasons for replicating field experiments in a proper design are twofold: (1) to have greater confidence in the results obtained and (2) to measure the inherent variability in the experiment and, by application of appropriate statistical tests, to determine differences among treatments that are due to treatment effects and not to natural variability. These and other considerations on the design of field experiments, selection of proper statistical tests, and interpretation of results are discussed in an article by Dr. Larry A. Nelson in Volume I, Insecticide and Acaricide Tests. Probably the principal reasons for the lack of statistical analysis in many reports is the time consuming and complex nature of the computations required and the problems associated with arithmetic errors. These problems have been somewhat alleviated in recent years by increasing availability of computing centers and consulting statisticians at most universities and in private industry. These services are indispensable for processing data from large, complex tests. However, computing services are not without drawbacks, especially for the less complex smaller field experiments. These drawbacks include data which must be submitted in special format, charges for the service, instructions which may be misunderstood, and “turn around time” which often exceeds a week or even a month. For some entomologists, computing services may be virtually unavailable.
Green Peach Aphid Control, 1976
Authors: Butt B. A. , Lydin L. V.
Published: March 2022

'U&l Hybrid 8' sugarbeers were planted May 12, 1976, in Ritzville silt loam at Yakima, WA, in plots 6 rows wide and 50 ft long. The plants were irrigated with sprinklers that provided 1/2 in of water/hr. Four plots were treated on June 11 and July 9 with each material applied at a rate of 40 gpa (60 psi) through D2-13 TEEJET hollowcone nozzles mounted 11 in apart on a rearmounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-420 tractor travelling at 2.75 mph. Ortho X-77 spreader was used with all materials. The boom height was adjusted to provide optimum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew. At 3 days and then each week after treatment aphids were counted on 25 leaves from each plot.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, St. Thomas, North Dakota, 1972
Authors: Frye R. D. , Lundquist J . E. , Anderson A. W.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were screened in randomized-complete block tests at 2 locations. The soil was mostly silty clay loam with a pH of approximately 7 and 5-8% organic matter. Beets were planted May 17 and 18. Pre-fly emergence treatments were applied May 19 and 23 and post-fly emergence treatments made on May 31 and June 1. Peak fly emergence occurred on June 7. Plots consisted of four 100 ft rows spaced 22 i n . apart. The insecticides were applied in 7 in . bands over all rows in the plots, and were lightly incorporated into the soil with drag chains (I 3/4 in . links). Applications were made at 3 mph. Weather conditions during the investigations were generally favorable for good beet growth and insecticide application. Significant rain fell after the materials were applied. Data consisted of yields from 30 ft from row 2 (from the left) in each plot at harvest. The data was transformed by x, and analysed by analysis of variance and Duncan's new multiple range test. The functional maggot infestation (based on the amount of damage to beets) in the plots is evidence that there were sufficient numbers of maggots to provide satisfactory data. The ave damage rating is untreated beets was 3.5 (moderate to heavy root damage). The rating scale ranged from 1 (no damage) to 5 (severe damage).
Cutworm Control in Sugarbeets, Mayville, North Dakota, 1973
Authors: Frye R. D. , Dregseth R. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were screened in a randomized-complete block test with 5 replicates. Soil in the plots was a silty loam with a pH of approximately 7 and 4% organic matter. The plots were planted April 27 and consisted of six 60 ft rows spaced 22 in . apart. Treatments were applied in 7 in . bands over or between the 4 center rows at 3 mph on May 30. Beets were in the 4-6 leaf stage when the treatments were applied. Liquid treatments were applied in 18 gals water/acre with 8002E nozzles at 40 psi. Weather conditions were generally good for beet growth and insecticide application. Weather data are missing. However, measurable rain fell after the treatments were applied. Data consisted of differences between plant counts taken May 29 (pretreatment) and June 6 (post-treatment) from the entire length of rows 2 and 3 (from the left) in each plot. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan's new multiple range test. Cutworms were 1/4 to 1/2 grown when the treatments were applied, and the infestation averaged 3 larvae/sq ft.
Foliar Sprays For Insect Control on Tomato, 1976
Authors: Kennedy George G.
Published: March 2022

The experimental planting consisted of 24 single row X 20 ft plots of transplant tomatoes arranged in a randomized complete block experimental design. Rows were on 3.5 ft centers. Treatments were applied at weekly intervals from Jul 21 through Sept 14 using a CO2-powered, back-pack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone nozzles delivering 150 gal/acre at 40 psi. Control of L. sativae was assessed by counting all mines in a random sample of 25 mature terminal leaflets/plot on Aug 31 and Sept 7; these samples were combined for analysis. Damage to fruit by H. zea was assessed by examining all rotting, ripe, and ripening fruits weekly between Aug 17 and Sept 14; data from all sample dates were pooled for statistical analysis. Data were transformed appropriately to meet the necessary assumptions and subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Direct Seeded Tomatoes with Systemic Insecticides, 1976
Authors: Linduska James J .
Published: March 2022

Chico III and Campbell 28 tomatoes were seeded in alternating rows. Chico III tomatoes were planted on May 20 and Campbell 28 tomatoes were planted on May 24. The Chico III tomatoes served as buffer rows and were planted early so as to encourage an infestation of Colorado potato beetle. All tomatoes were direct seeded in the field with a Planet Jr. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 45 ft long, buffered on each side by a guard row. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All treatments were applied preplans in an 18 inch band using a small push type Gandy applicator. They were incorporated into the top 3-5 inches of soil with a rototiller. Soil temp at the 4 inch depth at the time of treatment was 70°F. The treatment rows were seeded with Campbell 28 tomatoes the same day (May 24) that insecticides were applied. Soil was classified as a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. When plants were 3-4 inches tall, 10 plants were selected at.random in each plot and rated visually to the nearest 10% defoliation. Yield data were taken from a 10 ft section in the center of each plot. Yield data from 6 different harvest dates were combined and reported in tons/acre. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Rosemount, Minnesota, 1976
Authors: Amaya Luz M. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Alfalfa was planted at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station May 11. Insecticidal sprays were applied to 21 × 28 ft2 plots July 15. A completely randomized block design of 3 replications was used. The sprays were applied by boom sprayer in 48 gal water/acre at 175 psi. Pea aphid, spotted alfalfa aphid, and potato leafhopper nymphs were vacuum sampled July 15 and July 27. Each sample consisted of 15 “put-downs” of a 8 in dia vacuum hose (equivalent to 5.8 ft2/plot).
Effects of Insecticides on Alfalfa Weevil, 1976
Authors: Eshbaugh E. L. , Sorensen E. L.
Published: March 2022

Chemicals were applied Apr 22'76, to Kanza alfalfa in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plots were 6 × 15 ft. Spray concentrates were applied in 20 gal water per acre at 40 psi. Weevil larvae were sampled 7 days later. Fifteen stems were cut at random from each plot and data were expressed as larvae per stem. Larvae also were sampled one day before the first cutting (May 20) with a 15-inch sweep net. Weevil damage to the alfalfa was expressed by 1= least to 9 = most and by plant height May 19. Plots were harvested 4 times and yields (tons per acre dry weight) were calculated as percent of control. All plots were sprayed with Furadan 4F 0.5 lb a.i./A one day after first cutting.
Cost/Benefits of Potato Leafhopper and Blotch Leafminer Control on New Seeding of Alfalfa, 1976
Authors: Gesell Stanley G.
Published: March 2022

The plots were 8 × 25 feet arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 3 times. The Furadan 10G treatment was applied the day prior to planting by broadcasting the granules on the soil surface with a small hand shaken All plots were treated with Eptam immediately after the Furadan was applied. The plots were seeded with Arc variety at the rate of 18 lb of seed per acre on April 21'76. The other three insecticides were applied on June 16 as broadcast spray applications when the leafhopper population level reached a mean of 0.6 leafhopper per sweep. Adult leafminers had peaked approximately 10 days previously. The sprayer delivered 40 gal/acre at 40 psi.
Bee Poisoning Hazard, Pullman, 1976
Authors: Johansen Carl , Mayer Dan
Published: March 2022

Five series of tests were conducted with insecticides applied to 0.01 acre plots of alfalfa. Treatments were made with a hand sprayer, using 25 psi pressure and applying 25 gal/acre. Residual test exposures were replicated 4 times by caging 50-100 honey bees (HB), 15-30 alkali bees (AB), or 20-40 alfalfa leafcutting bees (LB) with each of 4 samples per treatment and time interval. HB were placed in petri dish cages with screen inserts, fed sugar syrup, and held at 75-78°F. AB and LB were placed in petri dish bottoms covered with screened plates, fed honey syrup, and held at 85-88°F.
Evaluation of Insecticide Sprays on Alfalfa, 1976
Authors: Turtle D. M . , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen insecticides were evaluated in this test on alfalfa for control and effect on the insect fauna. Plots measuring 10 × 10 ft were utilized on the Yuma mesa. Each treatment as shown in table was replicated three times. Applications were made with a hand sprayer at 20 psi May 7 covering the treated area as uniformly as possible by using 20 seconds/plot. The amount of spray per acre was approximately 25 gal/acre.
Cotton Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm and Cotton Boll Weevil Control, 1976
Authors: Price Richard G. , Karner Miles , Young Jerry H. , Mussett Kevin
Published: March 2022

Lockett 4789-A was planted on May 24'76 at the South Central Research Station, Chickasha, Oklahoma at 20 lb per acre. Eight-row plots, 200 ft long, replicated in a complete randomized block design were used. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 sprayer traveling at a speed of 4.5 mph at 40 psi. Insecticide applications consisted of 4 gal and 3 pints of total spray mixture per acre, with one number 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle per row. Five applications were made between July 30 and September 6. Intervals between applications ranged from 4 to 14 days. Plots were irrigated 5 times August 5, 11, 19, 27 and Sept 8. Rainfall during the treatment period was as follows: July 30, .54”; August 4, trace; August 5, . 21”; August 6, 1.26”; August 22, .13”; August 24, trace; August 25, .73”; August 30, .17”; August 31, .07”; September 1, .47”; September 2, .03”; September 9, .70” and September 13, 2.12” for a total of 6.43”. Damage was estimated by collecting at random 100 fruits prior to spraying from the upper one-third of the plants in each plot. Heliothis sp. populations were light and boll weevil populations were moderate. On August 17, 13 larvae were collected for species determination. Fifty-four percent were H. zea and 46% were H. virescens.
Nematode Control on Peanuts in Florida, 1976
Authors: Dickson D. W. , Waites R. E.
Published: March 2022

Eighteen nematicide treatments, replicated 7 times, were evaluated in a complete randomized block test at Williston, Florida. Peanuts were planted on May 12 in 4 row plots, 40 ft long and with center rows spaced 24 in apart and outside rows 36 in apart. Cultural practices were based on current recommendations in Florida and fungicides and insecticides were applied as needed. The mean preplant root-knot and ring nematode population densities were 9 and 27 (0-10 in depth), 175 and 52 (10-20 in depth) and 111 and 34 (20-30 in depth) per 250 ml soil, respectively. The nematicides were applied immediately before planting on May 11. Nemagon was applied 8 in deep in-fhe-row with one chisel per row or with two chisels per row spaced 8 in apart. All granular and liquid formulations of non-fumigant nematicides were made with a Gandy applicator or CO2 pressure sprayer (20 gal water/acre, 20 psi), respectively. At-plant treatments were applied with a 12-in row bander placed directly over the row and incorporated with two rolling cultivators to a depth of 2-4 in. Temik 15G was applied directly in the seed furrow at time of planting. Pegging-time and foliar spray treatments were applied June 29. Two 7-in row banders were used to apply pegging time treatments directly over the peanut vines. A burlap bag was dragged over the vines to remove granules from peanut leaves. Approximately 0.3 in rain fell immediately after these materials were applied.
Contact Toxicity Studies, 1975
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Ocampo P.
Published: March 2022

Four replications of 25 adult insects each were treated in a Potter's spray tower. All insecticides were applied as 0.04% sprays in a volume of 2 ml and at a vacuum pressure of 10 psi except for monocrotophos and monocrotophos + mevinphos which were applied as 0.05% sprays. After treatment insects were placed in a 500 ml beaker containing a 10-day old seedling and held at a temperature of 27∓1°C. Mortality was determined at 1 and 48 hr after treatment (HT). Mortality values were adjusted using Abbott's formula.
Foliar Insecticides for Potato Insect Control, Freeville, New York, 1979
Authors: Tingey Ward M. , Rose K. B.
Published: March 2022

'Katahdin' potatoes were planted May 5, in Phelps gravelly silt loam soil at a spacing of 9-12 inches within the row. Individual plots were 1-row wide, 40-ft long, with 36-inch-row spacing, separated by 2 skip rows. A randomized complete block of 4 replications was used. Fertilization was by 1000 lbs/A of 15-15-15 NPK in 2 in-row side bands at planting. Granular EPTC was applied at 6.0 lb ai/acre on Jul 12. Chlorothalonil at 1.1 lbs ai/acre was used at weekly intervals for control of late blight. Plots were not irrigated. Foliar sprays were applied by tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 250 psi and 100 gal/acre. Sampling of aphids and potato leafhopper nymphs was by the leaf-sample method; 1 fully expanded-compound leaf was taken from the upper 1/2 and lower 1/2 of each of 10 randomly selected plants/plot. Sampling of other pests was by the D-vac vacuum method; samples were taken from 10 randomly selected sites/plot, with 3 bounces/site.
Potato, Wireworm Control, Pasco, Washington, 1978
Authors: Turner J. E. , Toba H. H.
Published: March 2022

The test was conductad in a grower's solid-set, sprinkler-irrigated field. The soil type was Ritzville silt loam (Calciothidic Haploxerolls), and the organic matter content was less than 0.5%. On Mar 20, five soil samples were taken at each of 20 sites in the field (75 acres) to a depth of at least 18 inches with a posthole digger to estimate the wireworm population. Six wireworms were found in 100 samples, a mean density of 0.24 wireworms/ft2. The soil temperatures at 6, 12 and 18 inches were 8, 7 and 6°C, respectively. The test area consisted of 4 adjacent blocks for four different application methods: preplant broadcast, at-plant sidedress, seed piece furrow, and postemergence sidedress. The same granular formulations were applied in each block. Plots within the blocks measured 32-ft long and 4-rows (11.3 ft) wide (34-inch row spacing). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design within each block. Broadcast applications were made Apr 12 with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder. Plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 hour after application; and potato seed pieces, 'Russet Burbank', were planted on Apr 13 with a two-row planter. The at-plant sidedress applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter and the chemicals were shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed piece in 1-inch bands; then the materials applied in the seed furrow were deposited through the planter shoe in 1-inch bands immediately after the seed pieces dropped. The postemergence sidedress applications were made May 19 with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to the at-plant sidedress applications. On Sep 26-27, tuber samples were harvested from the two center rows of each replicate (ca 15 ft/row). All tubers were washed and examined and the percentages, by weight, of tubers injured and culled tubers because of wireworms were determined. “Injured#x201D; was defined as any penetration of a tuber by a wireworm, and “culled#x201D; was defined as any injury severe enough to meet the description of “damage#x201D; in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes. The percentages were transformed to arcsine percentage and analyzed by analysis of variance (split-plot design) and Duncan's multiple range test.
Insect Control on Sweet Potatoes, Lenoir County, 1979
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Thompson Michael L.
Published: March 2022

'Jewel' sweet potatoes were transplanted on May 21, near Kinston, NC. Shell DD at 17 gal/acre was used for nematode control. Approximately 1800 lbs of 10-0-24 fertilizer was applied at planting. Plots consisted of four 300-ft rows arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. Treatments were applied pretransplant, over the row and incorporated by the planter. Granular treatments were applied by a Herd broadcaster. Liquid treatments were applied by a Johnson sprayer operated at 30 psi and delivering 50 gal/acre. All treatments were applied on May 21. Potatoes were harvested on Oct 2. Insect damage was evaluated by scoring 50 roots selected at random for a middle row of each plot. Damage classes were: Wireworm - 0 = no damage, 1 = 1-5 holes, 2 = 6-10 holes, 3 = 11 or more holes; flea beetle - 0 = no damage, 1 = less than 1 inch of tunnels, 2 = 1 inch - 3 inch of tunnels, 3 = more than 3 inch of tunnels. The total number of roots in each damage class/plot was then multiplied by a damage factor.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of the Sweet Potato Weevil and Banded Cucumber Beetle, 1978
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Vine cuttings were planted 1 ft apart on Jun 23, in Rockdale soil. Plots were single rows on 6—ft centers, 30-ft long with 4 replications in a randomized complete block design. Treatment rates and gallonage per acre were calculated as if the rows were on 3-ft centers. Treatments were applied every 3 weeks beginning Jul 14 with a tractor mounted sprayer with 5 nozzles/row which delivered 100 gal water/acre with 250 psi. A total of 6 applications were made. The plots were harvested Nov 9. Two 4 lb samples of sweet potatoes were collected from each plot and held in paper bags in the laboratory (approximately 75°F). The number of weevils/bag were counted after 30 days. Ten potatoes/plot were washed and rated (injury index) for banded cucumber beetle larval damage. The injury index is based on the number of potatoes in categories with 0, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, and 16 or more feeding scars X weighing factors of 1-5 respectively. The products are added and the sum divided by the number of potatoes (10) in the sample (injury index developed by L. H. Rolston, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA). Duncan's multiple range test was used to separate the means.
Control of Root Maggots on Turnip, in 1977 and 1978
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

Purple Top White Globe turnips were planted in 5- by 20-ft row beds with 22-inch interrow and 4 to 6-inch interplant spacing on Jul 26 '77 and Jul 27 '78, at Yakima, WA. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. The at-planting granular treatments of Dasanit were applied and incorporated, by using the “bow wave” method whereby the opening and covering shoes of the seeder are used to distribute and incorporate the insecticide. These were followed by the 30-day postplanting (= 40-day preharvest) application of a band spray of the SC formulation to the soil surface applied in 3.5 gal water/1000 lineal ft of row through “TEEJET” 8005 even spray flat fan nozzles operated at 60 psi by air pressure. Both methods resulted in 6-inch wide bands of insecticide over the row. The efficacy of the treatments was determined by removing, washing, and examining the roots of 15 plants selected at random from each bed at harvest. The number of plants injured and the degree of inury were noted and recorded.
Second Cutting Alfalfa Insect Control Study, 1979
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

A 2 year old stand of pure seeded alfalfa, 1 acre in size, was utilized for this study at the Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, New York. Small plots were established in the center of the 1 acre field in a randomized block design of 3 repli-cations (plot size 12 × 25 ft - 300 sq ft/plot). This design allowed untreated buffer crop completely around the outside of the treatment block. Insecticide treatments were applied on Jul 13'79 with a CO2 bottle sprayer using 1/2 gal bottles to deliver 72.6 GPA at 30 psi. Post treatment sweep net insect samplings were taken at 11 days on Jul 24'79 by using 10-180° sweep samples per plot. The degree of blotch mining on plant terminals was determined on Jul 25'79 by counting number of actual mines on 5 whole terminals per plot. Alfalfa yields were sampled on Jul 30'79 by using a small sickle bar mower to cut a 1/1000 acre swath out of plot centers and weighing all hay cut. Samples were taken to determine percent DM by overdrying analysis as well as protein content.
Apple, Orchard Insecticide Study, 1979
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted at the Agway Orchard, Fabius, New York, on dwarf trellised rootstock apple trees of the varieties Mcintosh, Red Delicious, Macoun and Cortland using a full season protective spray program. Single-row blocks (each 0.1 A) of 22 trees were sprayed by handgun to run-off at IX concentration using a tractor mounted platform sprayer at 80 psi to deliver 300 gpa dilute equivalent. Insecticide treatments were applied at pink (May 14), petal fall (May 31), first cover (Jun 6), second cover (Jun 15), third cover (Jun 26), fourth cover (Jul 7-9), fifth cover (Jul 24), sixth cover (Aug 7), seventh cover (Aug 21) and eighth cover (Sep 4). Additional sprays applied for disease control over the entire block in cluded Difolatan 4F 5 gal/A + 60 spray Oil E 2 gal (Apr 23) and Benlate 50W .50 lb/100 at bloom (May 22). Benlate 50W was combined with insecticides and the check treatment at .25 lb/100 as the standard fungicide in the full pest spray program. In one treatment, Lannate L with Celathion 40W, Glyodin at 1 qt/100 was used instead of Benlate as the fungicide treatment. Foliar and fruit insect damage assessments were made after first cover and at harvest. At harvest (Oct 2) evaluations consisted of sampling a total of 250 fruit of 4 varieties in subsamples of 25 fruit/tree. (Ten out of 22 trees were randomly sampled). Pheromone traps indicated little red banded leafroller activity. Bait traps for apple maggot collected no insects. Severe insect damage to fruit was caused by plum curculio and tarnished plant bug. Tentiform leafminer was observed to be building up In the test orchard and causing much mining. Late season boring in mature fruit thought at first to be CM turned out to be infestation by European corn borer which caused shallower shot hole borings throughout the fruit.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Control and Lesion Nematode Assay Study, 1979
Authors: Gaufhier Norman L. , Harrison Martin B.
Published: March 2022

The test field located at the Agway Farm Research Center had been in continuous corn for 6 years. A level of 5-10% lodging was observed in this area during harvest 1978. Single row plots 30 ft longx 30 in rows were arranged in a randomized block design of 3 replications. Conventional planting (actual seeded population was 30,000/A) fertilization and Atrazine + Lasso preemergence herbicide was used along with Agway 2-Way-Diazinon + Captan HB seed treatment on Jun 14'79. Soil type was Hasley clay loam pH 6.6, OM 5%. All materials were applied by hand in a two method of application design. Test No. 1 was treated with in-furrow granular applications (material in contact with seed). Test No. 2 received conventional 7 inch banded applications incorporated into the topsoil. Rootworm larval root damage ratings were assessed Oct 3'79 by digging 5 plants per plot using the Iowa Root Rating Index System of 1-6: 1 = No noticeable feeding 2 = Feeding scars present 3 = At least 1 root pruned to 1.5 inch of base 4 = 1 full node of roofs pruned 5 = 2 full nodes of roots pruned 6 = 3 or more nodes of roots pruned Silage yields obtained Oct 11'79 represented 1/2000 acre samples, adjusted to 32% DM equivalent. Analyses of nematode soil and root samples obtained Oct 3/79 were processed at the Cornell Nematode Diagnostic Laboratory. The nematode date reported in Tables 1 and 2 was prepared by M.B. Harrison.
Cotton Bollworm Control, 1977
Authors: Bacheler Jack S. , Wilkins James S.
Published: March 2022

Coker 310 was planted in 66 rows at 12-13 lb per acre on a Norfolk sandy loam soil in Scotland County, North Carolina, on April 20. Six 35-ft rows per treatment were utilized. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15G was applied in furrow at planting at 0.45 lb ai/acre for early season insect control. Insecticide treatments were applied to the middle 4 rows from a 2 gal backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.7 gal/acre at 60 psi and 1.6 mph with a TX-4 hollow cone nozzle per row. Applications were made on July 22, 27, and August 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29. Fifty fruiting forms were inspected weekly in each plot 48 hr post-treatment for damage and live worms. Cotton was hand picked from the middle 2 rows of each plot on September 27 and converted to lb lint per acre.
Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1978
Authors: Bacheler Jack S. , Wilkins James S.
Published: March 2022

Eighty-four rows of Coker 310 were planted on April 17'78, on Norfolk sandy loam soil In Scotland County, North Carolina, at 12-13 lb per acre. Six rows of 35 ft were utilized per treatment in randomized complete block design with 4 repii-cates. Temik 15G was applied at planting at 0.45 lb ai/acre for early season insect control. Insecticide treatments were applied to the middle 4 rows by a 2-gal C02~powered backpack sprayer delivering 5 gpa at 60 psi and 1.5 mph with a single TX-4 hollow cone nozzle per row. Applications were made on Aug 4, 7, 10, 17, 18, 24, 31 and September 7 and 14. Weekly inspections of 50 fruiting forms for damage and live worms were made in each plot 72-96 hr post-treat-ment. The percent Heliothis zea vs. H. virescens was determined by examination of 50-100 larvae sampled from border rows on August 8, 10, 17, 24, 28, and September 7, 19 and 21. Yields were calculated by hand picking middle two rows on November 14 from each plot and converting to lb of lint per acre.
Chemical Control of the Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1979
Authors: Price Richard G. , Young Jerry H. , Bradley James , Cothern David
Published: March 2022

Pioneer Branc 4789A was planted on May 14 at the South Central Research Station, Chickasha, Oklahoma at 18 lb/acre. Eight - row plots, 200 ft long, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 sprayer traveling at a speed of 4.5 mph at 40 psi. Insecticide applications consisted of 5 gal total spray mixture per acre, with 1 number 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle per row. Five applications were made between July 25 and August 21. Intervals between applications ranged from 5 to 7 days. Plots were irrigated with approximately 1 inch of water on Aug 1,7, 15 and 22. Rainfall during the treatment period was as follows: July 31, 0.18 inch; Aug 11, trace; Aug 16, 0.28 inch; Aug 20, 0.44 inch; Aug 21, 0.20 inch; Aug 22, 0.71 inch; Aug 23, .18 inch; and Aug 27, .10 Inch for a total of 2.09 inches. Damage was estimated by collecting at random 100 fruits prior to spraying from the upper one-third of the plants in each plot. Heliothis sp. populations were considered light during the testing period. Heliothis sp. determinations were as follows: July 30, 44% H_. zea, 56% H. virescens, Aug 7, 61%_H zea, 30% H. virescens, Aug 21, 33%_H_. zea, 67% H. virescens, and on Aug 21, 61% H. zea, 39% H. virescens.
Chemical Control of the Cotton Fleahopper, Plant Bug and Their Effect on Beneficial Insects, 1979
Authors: Price Richard G. , Young Jerry H. , Bradley James , Cothern David
Published: March 2022

Pioneer brand4789A was planted on May 14 at the South Central Research Station, Chlckasha, Oklahoma at 18 lb/acre. Eight row plots, 200 ft long, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design were used. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 sprayer traveling at a speed of 4.5 mph, 1st gear, at 40 psi. Insecticide applications consisted of 2.5 gal of total spray mixture per acre, with one number 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle per row. One application was made on July 17. During application .05 inch of rain fell followed by .1 and .18 inch on July 18 and 19 respectively. Insect populations were determined by running a D-VAC over 200 ft of each row in the center of each plot. Plots were sampled on July 16 prior to treatment and July 20, three days after treatment.
Field Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides for Preflowering Mung Bean Insects, Pangasinan, Philippines, 1977-78
Authors: Litsinger J. A. , Bandong J. P. , Paragna F.
Published: March 2022

The objective was to Identify commercially available insecticides that are effective at low dosages and thus economical to small-scale farmers. Four trials on farmers' fields evaluated 30 foliar insecticides applied on 2 and 12 days after crop emergence (DE) against preflowering insects. Each insecticide was applied to 3 replicated plots (50 sq.m) by a manually operated, 19-1 knapsack sprayer with a fan jet nozzle in a randomized complete block design. Spray volume averaged 400 L4ia. All plots, including rhe check received postflowering insecticide (0.75 kg ai Thiodan/ha on 35, 45 and 55 DE) and fungicide (0.5 kg ai Ben late/ha on 35 and 45 DE). Plastic sheeting (1-m wide) was held between plots to prevent spray drift. The trials were conducted in the dry season in the village of Pao, Manaoag municipality, Pangasinan province. Mung bean (300,000 plants/ha) was broadcast sown and harrowed into tilled seedbeds (plowed and harrowed by draft animal power) on fields previously planted to puddled rice during the monsoon season. Fields were irrigated once to ensure even germination. Rainfall was 0 mm and the mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures were 31 and 19 C, respectively for the crop period. Beanflies were counted by dissecting 25 plants/plot. Flea beetle damage was estimated visually as % defoliation on a per-plot basis. Aphids were scored (1-9 scale) on a per-plant basis expressed as an average per plot: 1 = no aphids, 3 = winged aphids, 5 = several colonies, 7 = many distinct colonies, 9 = many coalesced and indistinct colonies. Yield was based on 15 sq. m.
Wh Itefringed Beetle Ld50 Studies, 1976
Authors: Golden William M. , Bass Max H.
Published: March 2022

Adult whitefringed beetles were field collected and held in groups of 100 in screen cages. Fresh soybean leaves were supplied each day as a food source. Blotting paper was fitted and taped to the floor of the cages as an oviposition site. This paper was removed daily, sections containing egg masses clipped off, and egg masses incubated. Newly enclosed larvae were used in the ensuing bioassay. Fine, sandy loam soil was collected from an insecticide-free area on the Auburn University Agronomy Farm, throughly mixed, and screened to remove rocks and debris. The insecticides were incorporated into the soil by weighing the insecticides, measuring the soil volumetrically mixing the two for 5 minutes in a 3-cu-ft electrically powered cement mixer. The cement mixer was carefully cleaned after each batch. Rates selected for testing were calculated to approximate the concentration in the top 3 inch of soil as it would occur under field conditions. Preliminary tests were conducted to determine insecticidal rates that would produce greater than 5% but less than 95% mortality for each insecticide used. Four rates from within this "effective dosage" range were then selected for the final test for each insecticide. Insecticides used were field grade granular formulations (Table 1). Treated soils were placed in 148-ml containers to a depth of ca 76 mm (3 inch). Ten newly enclosed larvae were placed in each container. All treatments were replicated four times and untreated checks were provided in each test. Insects were held in a rearing room maintained at 25°C and 60% RH throughout the experimental period. After 7 days, larval mortality was determined by recovering the larvae from the soil by flotation with MgSC>4 solution (400 g MgSO4L H2O). Data were corrected for natural mortality through the use of Abbot's formula and were then analyzed statistically by the Bliss log probit method.
Apple, Evaluation of Full Season Postbloom Spraying (Alternate Row Technique) with Two Rates of Pounce, 1979
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Parrella M. P. , McCaffrey J. P. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

Four, 4- tree replicates were sprayed on one side with selected Pounce dosages and a water check on each treatment date (May 9, 18, 25, Jun 5, 12, 19, 26, Jul 3, 11, 19, 30, Aug 6, 13, 20,27, Sep 4). Each replicate consisted of the cultivars Triple Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Double Red Stayman and Commander Red York on the rootstocks MM106, M7, MM106 and MM111, respectively. Unsprayed buffer trees were left between each replicate to minimize drift. The side of the tree sprayed was alternated on each successive spray date. The experiment was set up as a two-way analysis of variance with treatments and varieties as classes. All applications were made with a Swanson airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (233.55 liters/ha) at 2 mph ground speed (3.22 km/hr) with 100 psi (7.03 kg/cm2) pump pressure. To insure sufficient pressure from C. pomonella each tree was inoculated with approximately eight late instar larvae (1000 in the 130-tree block) on May 13. Corregated cardboard strips containing the larvae were stapled to the trunk of each tree. Each strip was covered with a strip of aluminum foil that extended one-fourth inch (0.635 cm) beyond the edges of the cardboard to (1) reflect sun rays, (2) deflect water, and (3) discourage bird feeding. To determine the effect of Pounce on early season pests of apple, 10 leaf clusters/tree were chosen at random and examined for fruitworm, leafhoppers, aphids and leafrollers (Table 1). On May 25 and Jun 6, ca. 50 apples/tree were examined for damage by plum curculios, tarnished plant bugs and fruitworms. These data are recorded as percent damaged fruit (Table 2). Beginning on Jun 18 codling moth damage (stings and entries) was assessed as for plum curculios, tarnished plant bugs and fruitworms. When the fruit began to drop the fallen apples were collected and examined for codling moth injury (Table 3). Maintenance spraying was primarily for suppression of apple scab and cedar rust. During the season the following (6X concentrate) fungicides were applied: Polyram 12 lb/100 gal (14.38 g/liter), Dikar 10 lb/100 gal (11.98 g/liter), captan 50W 10 lb/100 gal (11.98 g/liter), captan 50W 10 lb/100 gal (11.98 g/liter) + Cyprex 65W 5 lb/100 gal (5.99 g/liter), and Cyprex 5 lb/100 gal (5.99 g/liter). Three-pound fruit samples were collected at 0, 3, 7, and 14 da following the last application for residue analysis by the manufacturer and will be reported on separately.