bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1‐BENZOTHIOPYRYLIUM PERCHLORATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: NAKAZUMI H. , KITAO T.
Published: April 2016

LiAlH4‐ Reduktion der Thiocumarone (I) und anschließendes Behandeln mit HClO4 liefert die Titelverbindungen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: REINVESTIGATION OF AN UNUSUAL HETERO‐TO‐HOMO TYPE REDISTRIBUTION OF HALOGEN ATOMS IN MIXED 5,7‐DIHALO‐8‐QUINOLINOLS
Authors: SUZUKI H. , DATE M. , MURAMOTO Y.
Published: April 2016

Die früher beschriebene Disproportionierung des Chloriod‐hydroxychinolins (I) zu (II) und (III) kann nicht reproduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐DIPOLAR CHARACTER OF SIX‐MEMBERED AROMATIC RINGS. PART 53. 1‐(1‐OXIDO‐4‐PYRIDYL)‐3‐OXIDOPYRIDINIUM, 2‐(5‐NITRO‐2‐PYRIDYL)‐4‐OXIDOISOQUINOLINIUM, AND 2‐(TRANS‐3‐(4‐CHLOROPHENYL)‐3‐OXOPROP‐1‐ENYL)‐4‐OXIDOISOQUINOLINIUM
Authors: KATRITZKY A. R. , ABDALLAH M. , CUTLER A. T. , DENNIS N. , PARTON S. K. , RAHIMI‐RASTGOO S. , SABONGI G. J. , ZAMORA H. J. S. , WUERTHWEIN E.‐U. +
Published: April 2016

Das Oxidopyridyl‐3‐hydroxypyridiniumsalz (III) ‐ dargestellt aus (I) und (II) ‐ geht unter Einwirkung basischer Ionen austauscher in das Betain (IV) über, das als 1,3‐Dipol mit den Olefinen (Va)‐(Vf) zu de Azabicyclooctenonen (VI) reagiert, wobei mit (Va), (Vb) bzw. (Vc) die 6‐endo/exo‐Gemische (VIa)/(VIb), (VIc)/(VId) bzw. (VIe)/(VIf) entstehen; mit (Vg) liefert (IV) ein einziges 6‐Regioisomeres (15% Ausb.) unbekannter Stereochemie, mit (Vh) den Ether (VII), und mit Acenaphthylen (IX) bzw. Inden (X) die Cycloaddukte (VIII) bzw. (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1‐ETHOXY‐2‐(N‐SUBSTITUTED)AZATWISTANES
Authors: KADZYAUSKAS P. P. , MALINAUSKENE YU. A. , BUTKUS E. P. , ZEFIROV N. S.
Published: April 2016

Beim Erhitzen des Diketons (I) mit Benzylamin oder Isopropylamin in Gegenwart von Natriumborhydrid erfolgt eine reduktive Cyclisierung zu N‐substituierten Hydroxy‐′azatwistanen (III), wobei als Nebenkomponenten im Reaktionsgemisch noch Diamine, Diole und Hydroxyketone nachgewiesen werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A REAGENT FOR CYCLOHEXENE ANNULATION
Authors: THOMAS J. A. , HEATHCOCK C. H.
Published: April 2016

Aus 1,3‐Dithian (I) erhält man mit Butyllithium und dem Bromid (II) das Kondensationsprodukt (III), das mit ungesättigten Oxo‐Verbindungen (IV) über die Addukte (V) zu den Cyclohexenen (VI) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY OF 1,3‐DIIMINES. REACTION WITH HETEROCUMULENES
Authors: BARLUENGA J. , RUBIO V. , GOTOR V.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung mit Isocyanaten (II) geben die Diimine (I) zunächst die Harnstoffe (III), aus denen je nach den vorliegenden Substituenten die Cyclisierungsprodukte (IV) und (V) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 6‐ALKYL‐3,3‐DIMETHYL‐5,9‐DIOXODECANOLIDES FROM 2‐ALKYLDIMEDONES BY INTRAMOLECULAR REVERSE DIECKMANN REACTION
Authors: MAHAJAN J. R. , MONTEIRO M. B.
Published: April 2016

Die Alkyldimedone (I) reagieren mit Acetoxymethyl‐vinyl‐keton (II) zu den Addukten (III), die mit einem großen Überschuß Ethylenglykol selektiv zu den Ketalacetaten (IV) ketalisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF ME3SIOP(S)CL2, ME3SIOP(S)BR2 AND ME3SIOP(O)BR2
Authors: SHIHADA A.‐F. , MAJED R.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Disilylsulfids (I) mit Phosphoroxychlorid oder ‐bromid (II) liefert die O‐Silylthiophosphate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATION OF PHOSPHINIC ACID SALTS IN THE PRESENCE OF CROWN ETHERS
Authors: GOLUBSKI Z. E.
Published: April 2016

Phosphinsäuresalze (I) werden mit Alkylhalogeniden (II) in Acetonitril in Gegenwart von Kronenethern in guten Ausbeuten zu den Phosphinsäureestern (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: FACILE AND HIGHLY EFFICIENT CONJUGATE ADDITION OF BENZENESELENOL TO α,β‐UNSATURATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: MIYASHITA M. , YOSHIKOSHI A.
Published: April 2016

Selenophenol (I), aus Diphenyldiselenid und Natriumbor‐ hydrid bereitet, addiert sich in schwach saurer Lösung an α,β‐ungesättigte Carbonylverbindungen (II) zu β‐Selenocarbonylverbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: BIS(PENTADIENYL)IRON COMPOUNDS: THE “OPEN FERROCENES”
Authors: WILSON D. R. , DILULLO A. A. , ERNST R. D.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion von FeClg mit anionischen Pentadienylliganden (I) führt zur Bildung von Verbindungen (II) mit "offener Sandwichstruktur".
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION‐REDUCTION REACTIONS OF COMPLEXES WITH MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS. OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUMS AND INTERMEDIATES IN AQUEOUS COII(N4) SYSTEMS
Authors: WONG C.‐L. , SWITZER J. A. , BALAKRISHNAN K. P. , ENDICOTT J. F.
Published: April 2016

Die kinetischen und thermodynamischen Parameter für die Sauerstoffaufnahme der Komplexe (Ia) in Wasser bei 25°C unter Bildung der Produkte (IIa) werden un‐ IIO tersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: A BINUCLEAR NICKEL(II) ENCAPSULATING AGENT FOR CHLORIDE AND BROMIDE IONS
Authors: GLADFELTER W. L. , GRAY H. B.
Published: April 2016

Die Verbindungen (I) wurden durch Zugabe des Liganden zu den Ni‐halogeniden in MeOH dargestellt und nach Zugabe von KPFÖ isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF HIGHLY REACTIVE METAL POWDERS. DIRECT REACTION OF NICKEL, COBALT, AND IRON METAL POWDERS WITH ARENE HALIDES
Authors: KAVALIUNAS A. V. , RIEKE R. D.
Published: April 2016

Die Reduktion von wasserfreien Nihalogeniden mit Li in Gegenwart von Naphthalin in etherischen Lösungsmitteln wie 1,2‐Dimethoxyethan oder THF liefert nach 3‐16 h eine Ni‐Aufschlämmung, die bei Raumtemp. mit dem Hagogenbenzol (I) zu der solvatisierten Verbindung (II) und Nil, reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW CLASS OF BINUCLEAR COPPER(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: RAMACHANDRAIAH A. , ZACHARIAS P. S.
Published: April 2016

Cu(II)‐acetat bildet mit den aus entsprechenden Biphenyldiaminen durch Tetraazotierung und anschließende Kupplung mit N‐Methylhydroxylamin dargestellten Liganden die quadratisch‐planaren Zweikernkomplexe (I) (keine Ausb.‐Angabe).
ChemInform Abstract: PYRYLOCYANINES. 12. UNSYMMETRICAL PYRYLO‐2‐CYANINES
Authors: KUDINOVA M. A. , DEREVYANKO N. A. , DYADYUSHA G. G. , ISHCHENKO A. A. , TOLMACHEV A. I.
Published: April 2016

Unsymmetrische Pyrylocarbocyanine (IIIa) und (IIIb) erhält man aus dem Pyryliumsalz (I) und den Formylmethylenverbindungen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: PYRYLOCYANINES. 11. SYMMETRICAL TETRAPHENYL‐SUBSTITUTED PYRYLO‐2‐CYANINES
Authors: KUDINOVA M. A. , DEREVYANKO N. A. , DYADYUSHA G. G. , ISHCHENKO A. A. , TOLMACHEV A. I.
Published: April 2016

2‐Methyl‐4,6‐diphenyl‐pyrylium‐percnlorat (I) reagiert mit Tetra‐ethoxy‐propan (II) zur Verbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF 1‐SUBSTITUTED 5,5′‐DIPHENYL‐3,4:3′,4′‐DIBENZO‐2,2′‐DIPYRROMETHENES AND MECHANISM OF THEIR FORMATION
Authors: NAN'YA S. , SANO Y. , MIZOGUCHI T. , MAEKAWA E.
Published: April 2016

Acetylbenzophenon (I) reagiert mit dem Hydrazinhydrochlorid (IIa) zu dem blauen Pigmentfarbstoff (IVa) als Hauptprodukt, während die Amine (IIb) und (IIc) unter diesen Bedingungen in Gegenwart des Hydroxyisoindols (III) neben (IVb), (IVc) und (IVd) auch noch zu den Chloriden (Vb) und (Vc) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL CYANATION OF PORPHYRINS: MESO‐MONO‐ TO TETRACYANOOCTAETHYLPORPHYRINS
Authors: CALLOT H. J. , LOUATI A. , GROSS M.
Published: April 2016

Die elektrochemische Cyanierung von Octaethyl‐zink‐porphyrin (I) mit Tetraethylammonium‐cyanid an einer Pt‐Elektrode in Dimethylformamid wird untersucht und liefert je nach der angelegten Spannung das Mono‐nitril (IIa), ein Gemisch der beiden Dinitrile (IIb) und (IIc), das Tetra‐nitril (IIe) bzw. das Trinitril (IId).
ChemInform Abstract: PORPHYRINS. 13. REACTION OF MESO‐(DIMETHYLAMINOMETHYL)ETIOPORPHYRIN I WITH NUCLEOPHILES IN THE PRESENCE OF ZINC ACETATE
Authors: PONOMAREV G. V.
Published: April 2016

Das Dimethylaminomethyl‐ ätioporphyrin (I) reagiert in Gegenwart von Zinkacetat leicht mit aliphatischen Alkoholen, aber auch mit Phenolen und ungesättigten Alkoholen (II) unter Bildung von Alkoxymethylderivaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION OF THUJOPSENE WITH LEAD TETRAACETATE
Authors: YOKOI K. , MATSUBARA Y.
Published: April 2016

Oxidation der Titelverbindung (I) mit Pb(OAc)4 liefert die isomeren Sesquiterpenoide (II) und (III) sowie Widdrol (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (‐)‐APLYSIN AND (‐)‐DEBROMOAPLYSIN
Authors: RONALD R. C. , GEWALI M. B. , RONALD B. P.
Published: April 2016

(+)‐a‐Pinen (I) liefert bei der Hydroborierung das (‐)‐Isopinocampheol (IIa), aus dem die Derivate (IIb) und (IIc) hergestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF BENZYLOXYCARBONYL ‐L‐AMINO ACID 4‐METHYLCOUMARYL‐7‐AMIDES
Authors: KHAMMUNGKHUNE S. , SIGLER G.
Published: April 2016

7‐Amino‐4‐methylcumarin (I) wird mit Diethylphosphit (II) in Gegenwart von Phosphorpentoxid zum Phosphorsäureamid (III) umgesetzt und dieses mit N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐aminosäuren (IV) in die Amide (V) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC HYDROFORMYLATION AND HYDROCARBOXYLATION OF ENAMIDES. SYNTHESIS OF ALANINE AND PROLINE
Authors: BECKER Y. , EISENSTADT A. , STILLE J. K.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Carbonyltris‐(triphenylphosphim‐rhodiumhydrid katalysierte Hydroformylierung von N‐Vinylsuccinimid (I) und N‐Vinyl‐phthalimid (III) zu den Aldehyden (II) bzw. (IV) wird untersucht, wobei in Gegenwart von optisch aktiven Phosphor‐Verbindungen wie (XXI)‐(XXIV) eine optische Induzierung erfolgt.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS. 10. PREPARATION OF 2‐C‐(DIACETYLMETHYL) AND 2‐C‐(ACETYLMETHYL) DERIVATIVES WITH THE ALTRO, GLUCO, AND MANNO CONFIGURATION FROM METHYL 4,6‐O‐BENZYLIDENE‐2,3‐DIDEOXY‐3‐NITRO‐α‐D‐ERYTHRO‐HEX‐2‐ENOPYRANOSIDE
Authors: SAKAKIBARA T. , SETA A. , TACHIMORI Y. , SUDOH R.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Hexenopyranosids (I) mit Acetylaceton (II) unter NaOH‐Katalyse in THF liefert nach 1 h das 2‐C‐Acetylmethyl‐a‐D‐mannopyranosid (IIIa); wird die Reaktion nur 20 min durchgeführt, so entstehen das Mannopyranosid (IIIb) und das Altropyranosid (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: DIRECT SYNTHESIS OF UNSATURATED CARBOHYDRATES AND CYCLITOLS FROM OXIRANES
Authors: PAULSEN H. , HEIKER F. R. , FELDMANN J. , HEYNS K.
Published: April 2016

Epoxy‐Zucker wie (I), (IV) oder (VI) können bei der Behandlung mit 3‐Methyl‐2‐ selenoxo‐l ,3‐benzothiazol (II) in Methylenchlorid in Gegenwart von Trifluoressigsäure in guten Ausbeuten in die ungesättigten Kohlenhydrate, wie (III), (V) bzw. (VII),übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF THE (‐)‐ENANTIOMER OF (+)‐ANHYDROMYRIOCIN, THE Γ‐LACTONE DERIVED FROM MYRIOCIN (THERMOZYMOCIDIN)
Authors: JUST G. , PAYETTE D. R.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem L‐Arabinose‐Derivat (Ia) entsteht das geschützte Derivat (Ib), das in der angegebenen Weise zu den Naturstoffen (V)‐(VIII) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBSTITUENT ON C(2) IN THE INTERCONVERSION OF THE THIAZINE AND THIAZOLIDINE SYSTEM OF β‐LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: BALSAMO A. , GIORGI I. , MACCHIA B. , MACCHIA F. , ROSAI A. , DOMIANO P. , NANNINI G.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit Silberacetat in Eisessig erhält man aus dem 2a‐Methoxy‐3a‐bromcepham (Ia) die stereoisomeren Penamderivate (IIa), während die Zß‐Verbindung (Ib) nicht in dieser Weise reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CONCENTRATION AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF MOLYBDENUM WITH THIOCYANATE AND RHODAMINE 6G
Authors: RAO T. P. , RAMAKRISHNA T. V.
Published: April 2016

Die in 0.55‐0.8 mol dm3 HCl‐Lösung durchgeführte Bestimmungsmethode ist empfindlich (ε = 2.63·105l mol‐1cm‐1) und gehorcht im Bereich 0.04‐0.24 ppm Mo dem Beerschen Gesetz.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Resolution of β‐Sulfonyl Ketones Through Enantioselective β‐Elimination Using a Cation‐Binding Polyether Catalyst.
Authors: Li Liang , Liu Yidong , Peng Yang , Yu Lei , Wu Xiaoyan , Yan Hailong
Published: April 2016

In the presence of KF as reagent and a chiral BINOL‐derived cation‐binding polyether as catalyst, the first asymmetric β‐elimination of sulfones of type (I) and (III) is achieved resulting in a kinetic resolution to give the corresponding (R)‐sulfones with e.e.′s better than 90%.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemo‐ and Regioselective Head‐to‐Tail Heterodimerization of Vinylarenes with 1,1‐Diphenylethene over a Heterogeneous Catalyst (Snβ Zeolite).
Authors: Mameda Naresh , Peraka Swamy , Kodumuri Srujana , Chevella Durgaiah , Marri Mahender Reddy , Aytam Hari Padmasri , Nama Narender
Published: April 2016

Alkenes bearing strong electron‐withdrawing groups and 1‐octene are not applicable as substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: para‐Selective Halogenation of Nitrosoarenes with Copper(II) Halides.
Authors: van der Werf Angela , Selander Nicklas
Published: April 2016

The para‐halogenation of nitrosoarenes with copper(II) halides proceeds readily in the presence of BHT as a catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Fenton Reagent‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Enamines of 3‐Oxocarboxylates with CF3I.
Authors: Ohtsuka Yuhki , Uraguchi Daisuke , Yamamoto Kyoko , Tokuhisa Kenji , Yamakawa Tetsu
Published: April 2016

Trifluoromethylation followed by acid hydrolysis furnishes compounds (III) which can be converted to (2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)ketones via decarboxylation.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Heterogeneous Ligand Free C—N Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Palladium Supported on Magnetic Nanoparticles.
Authors: Rafiee Ezzat , Ataei Ali , Joshaghani Mohammad
Published: April 2016

Increasing the electron withdrawing nature of the substituents at aryl halides (I) and (IV) significantly decreases the yield of the reaction probably due to a competitive dehalogenation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Site‐Specific Incorporation of Red‐Shifted Azobenzene Amino Acids into Proteins.
Authors: John Alford A. , Ramil Carlo P. , Tian Yulin , Cheng Gang , Lin Qing
Published: April 2016

The CAN‐catalyzed reaction of quinonoidal spirolactones with various aromatic hydrazines afford the title amino acids in moderate to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient, Scalable Syntheses of Important Intermediates in Tribenzotriquinacene Chemistry.
Authors: Beaudoin Daniel , Rominger Frank , Mastalerz Michael
Published: April 2016

A novel synthesis of tribromo‐tribenzotriquinacene on multigram scale and its conversion into trimethoxy‐tribenzotriquinacene is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of a New Spirobi[thieno[2,3‐c]pyran] and Its Selective Mono‐ and Dimetalation: Application for the Preparation of Soluble Conjugated Oligothiophenes and Pyrene Derivatives.
Authors: Dhayalan Vasudevan , Alcaniz Fernando Rabasa , Werner Veronika , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Knochel Paul
Published: April 2016

The novel spiro compound (VI) is synthesized in eight steps starting from commercially available 3‐thienylacetic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Tin Powder‐Promoted One‐Pot Construction of α‐Methylene‐γ‐lactams and Spirolactams from Aldehydes or Ketones, Acylhydrazines, and 2‐(Bromomethyl)acrylate.
Authors: Xu Yanli , Huang Danfeng , Wang Ke‐Hu , Ma Junyan , Su Yingpeng , Fu Ying , Hu Yulai
Published: April 2016

Aliphatic acylhydrazines as well as cyclic ketones cyclohex‐2‐enone, 1‐indanone, 1‐tetralone, cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione, 2‐methyl‐, and 2‐chloro‐cyclohexanone do not yield the corresponding products.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereodivergent Asymmetric Michael Addition of Cyclic Azomethine Ylides to Nitroalkenes: Direct Approach for the Synthesis of 1,7‐Diazaspiro[4.4]nonane Diastereoisomers.
Authors: Li Chun‐Yan , Yang Wu‐Lin , Luo Xiaoyan , Deng Wei‐Ping
Published: April 2016

A highly diastereoselective and enantioselective catalytic Michael addition of cyclic azomethine ylides with nitro alkenes selectively affords either the syn or anti Michael adducts depending on the ligand used in the copper catalytic system.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Three‐Component Reaction of Diazoacetates with Indoles and Enals by Iridium/Iminium Co‐Catalysis.
Authors: Li Mingfeng , Guo Xin , Jin Weifeng , Zheng Qing , Liu Shunying , Hu Wenhao
Published: April 2016

The first example of chiral secondary amine and iridium(I) co‐catalyzed enantioselective three‐component reaction of aryldiazoacetates, indoles and enals is developed to afford 3‐substituted indole derivatives in good yields and with moderate diastereoselectivity as well as excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fused Carbazoles by Gold‐Catalyzed Tricyclization of Conjugated Diynes via Rearrangement of an N‐Propargyl Group.
Authors: Taguchi Masamitsu , Tokimizu Yusuke , Oishi Shinya , Fujii Nobutaka , Ohno Hiroaki
Published: April 2016

Tetracyclic fused carbazoles are obtained from various N‐propargylanilines bearing a conjugated diyne moiety at C‐2 by cascade reaction involving an indole formation with concomitant rearrangement of the N‐propargyl group, intramolecular nucleophilic addition to the resulting allene moiety, and subsequent hydroalkenylation in one‐pot.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,2‐Diamines Bearing Tetrasubstituted Centers from Nonstabilized Azomethine Ylides and N‐Sulfinylketimines under Broensted Acid Catalysis.
Authors: Izquierdo Cristina , Esteban Francisco , Garcia Ruano Jose Luis , Fraile Alberto , Aleman Jose
Published: April 2016

The stereoselective cycloaddition reaction provides imidazolidines which may be desulfonylated with or without ring opening.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclopropyl‐ and Cyclobutylpiperidines: Advanced Building Blocks for Drug Discovery.
Authors: Vyzir Ivan I. , Iminov Rustam T. , Tverdokhlebov Anton , Tolmachev Andrey A. , Shcherbatiuk Andriy V. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K. , Biitseva Angelina V.
Published: April 2016

A library of the title piperidines is obtained by Wittig reactions starting from readily available materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Polythene Glycol (PEG) as a Reusable Solvent System for the Synthesis of 1,3,5‐Triazines via Aerobic Oxidative Tandem Cyclization of Benzylamines and N‐Substituted Benzylamines with Amidines under Transition Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Tiwari Abhishek R. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: April 2016

Triazines (III) and (VI) are smoothly synthesized within short reaction times using a catalyst‐free and environmentally benign procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Identification and Biosynthetic Characterization of Natural Aromatic Azoxy Products from Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10.
Authors: Guo Yuan‐Yang , Li Han , Zhou Zhen‐Xing , Mao Xu‐Ming , Tang Yi , Chen Xin , Jiang Xin‐Hang , Liu Yu , Jiang Hui , Li Yong‐Quan
Published: April 2016

isolation, structural elucidation and biosynthetic pathway of three novel aromatic azoxy compounds, azoxymycins A, B, and C
ChemInform Abstract: Aryl(trifluoroethyl)iodonium Triflimide and Nitrile Solvent Systems: A Combination for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Armed 1,2‐trans‐β‐Glycosides at Noncryogenic Temperatures.
Authors: Chu An‐Hsiang Adam , Minciunescu Andrei , Bennett Clay S.
Published: April 2016

The optimal mixed solvent system is dichloromethane/acetonitrile/isobutyronitrile/pivalonitrile (6:1:1:1).
ChemInform Abstract: New Iridoid Glycosides with Antidepressant Activity Isolated from Cyperus rotundus.
Authors: Zhou Zhong‐liu , Yin Wen‐Qing , Yang Ya‐Mei , He Chun‐Hong , Li Xiao‐Na , Zhou Cui‐Ping , Guo Hong
Published: April 2016

From the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus, two new iridoid glycosides, named rotunduside G (Ia) and rotunduside H (Ib) are isolated together with known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Finemet Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Alloy: Investigation of Glass Forming Ability, Crystallization Mechanism, Production Techniques, Magnetic Softness and the Effect of Replacing the Main Constituents by Other Elements
Authors: Gheiratmand T. , Hosseini H. R. Madaah
Published: April 2016

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinugasa Reactions in Water: From Green Chemistry to Bioorthogonal Labeling
Authors: Chigrinova Mariya , MacKenzie Douglas A. , Sherratt Allison R. , Cheung Lawrence L. W. , Pezacki John Paul
Published: April 2016

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organophosphorus Ligands: Recent Developments in Design, Synthesis, and Application in Environmentally Benign Catalysis
Authors: Demchuk Oleg M. , Jasinski Radomir
Published: April 2016

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Difluoromethylation Reaction
Authors: Lu Yang , Liu Chao , Chen Qing‐Yun
Published: April 2016

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Experimental and Theoretical Studies in Hydrogen‐Bonding Organocatalysis
Authors: Zabka Matej , Sebesta Radovan
Published: April 2016

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Carborynes
Authors: Zhao Da , Xie Zuowei
Published: April 2016

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: De Novo Ring Synthesis of Thiophenes
Authors: Joule John Arthur
Published: April 2016

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances of Organocatalytic Enantioselective Michael‐Addition to Chalcone
Authors: Nayak Sabita , Chakroborty Subhendu , Bhakta Sujitlal , Panda Pravati , Mohapatra Seetaram
Published: April 2016

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quaternary Alkylammonium Conjugates of Steroids: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Biological Studies
Authors: Brycki Bogumil , Koenig Hanna , Pospieszny Tomasz
Published: April 2016

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Reversible Alkene‐Nitrile Interconversion Through Controllable Transfer Hydrocyanation
Authors: Fang Xianjie , Yu Peng , Morandi Bill
Published: April 2016

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Occurrence of Tricin and Its Derivatives in Plants
Authors: Li Mi , Pu Yunqiao , Yoo Chang Geun , Ragauskas Arthur J.
Published: April 2016

Review: 186 refs.
Good Computational Practice in the Assignment of Absolute Configurations by TDDFT Calculations of ECD Spectra
Authors: Pescitelli Gennaro , Bruhn Torsten
Published: April 2016

Quantum‐mechanical calculations of chiroptical properties have rapidly become the most popular method for assigning absolute configurations (AC) of organic compounds, including natural products. Black‐box time‐dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra are nowadays readily accessible to nonexperts. However, an uncritical attitude may easily deliver a wrong answer. We present to the Chirality Forum a discussion on what can be called good computational practice in running TDDFT ECD calculations, highlighting the most crucial points with several examples from the recent literature. Chirality 28:466–474, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genomic DNA Isolation from Maize (Zea mays) Leaves Using a Simple, High‐Throughput Protocol
Authors: Leach Kristen A. , McSteen Paula C. , Braun David M.
Published: April 2016

A simple, robust, inexpensive, high‐throughput method for isolating genomic DNA from maize (Zea mays) leaf tissues is described. The DNA obtained using this extraction protocol is suitable for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping, which can be employed for the identification of alleles in diverse genetic and breeding approaches, such as marker‐assisted selection, genetic fine mapping, and mutant introgression. This method utilizes 96‐well plates for the collection of leaf tissue and the subsequent isolation of genomic DNA. The DNA isolation step is performed inexpensively within 3 hr and uses a urea‐based extraction buffer that does not require an organic extraction step. Yields of genomic DNA are sufficient to perform ∼25 PCR‐genotyping reactions per sample. These qualities, coupled with the protocol being robust and easy for inexperienced users to master, make this method ideal for new researchers. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Artificial Chromosome Preparation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Murata Minoru
Published: April 2016

In Arabidopsis thaliana, various attempts have been made to create artificial chromosomes as a new tool for cytological and genetic analyses. However, most of the efforts have been unsuccessful until recently. Most eukaryotic chromosomes are linear, and therefore the Arabidopsis artificial chromosomes have also been designed to be linear and to carry the telomere structure at both ends. In contrast, circular artificial chromosomes were successfully created by the Cre/LoxP system combined with Ac/Ds transposon system, on the basis of the discovery that ring minichromosomes are relatively stable and transmissible to the next generations in A. thaliana. Because ring minichromosomes ∼1 to 6 Mb in size have been generated, in this article, the protocol for inducing large chromosomal rearrangements resulting in ring chromosome formation is described. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic structure of Micromeria (Lamiaceae) in Tenerife, the imprint of geological history and hybridization on within‐island diversification
Authors: Puppo Pamela , Curto Manuel , Meimberg Harald
Published: April 2016

Geological history of oceanic islands can have a profound effect on the evolutionary history of insular flora, especially in complex islands such as Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Tenerife results from the secondary connection of three paleo‐islands by a central volcano, and other geological events that further shaped it. This geological history has been shown to influence the phylogenetic history of several taxa, including genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae). Screening 15 microsatellite markers in 289 individuals representing the eight species of Micromeria present in Tenerife, this study aims to assess the genetic diversity and structure of these species and its relation with the geological events on the island. In addition, we evaluate the extent of hybridization among species and discuss its influence on the speciation process. We found that the species restricted to the paleo‐islands present lower levels of genetic diversity but the highest levels of genetic differentiation suggesting that their ranges might have contracted over time. The two most widespread species in the island, M. hyssopifolia and M. varia, present the highest genetic diversity levels and a genetic structure that seems correlated with the geological composition of the island. Samples from M. hyssopifolia from the oldest paleo‐island, Adeje, appear as distinct while samples from M. varia segregate into two main clusters corresponding to the paleo‐islands of Anaga and Teno. Evidence of hybridization and intraspecific migration between species was found. We argue that species boundaries would be retained despite hybridization in response to the habitat's specific conditions causing postzygotic isolation and preserving morphological differentiation.
Intrasexual competition underlies sexual selection on male breeding coloration in the orangethroat darter, Etheostoma spectabile
Authors: Zhou Muchu , Fuller Rebecca C.
Published: April 2016

Elaborate, sexually dimorphic traits are widely thought to evolve under sexual selection through female preference, male–male competition, or both. The orangethroat darter (Etheostoma spectabile) is a sexually dichromatic fish in which females exhibit no preferences for male size or coloration. We tested whether these traits affect individual reproductive success in E. spectabile when multiple males are allowed to freely compete for a female. The quality and quantity of male coloration were associated with greater success in maintaining access to the female and in spawning as the primary male (first male to participate). On the other hand, sneaking behavior showed little correlation with coloration. Male breeding coloration in E. spectabile may therefore demonstrate how intrasexual competition can be a predominant factor underlying the evolution of male ornaments.
Analyzing the landscape characteristics promoting the establishment and spread of gorse (Ulex europaeus) along roadsides
Authors: León Cordero R. , Torchelsen F. P. , Overbeck G. E. , Anand M.
Published: April 2016

The International Union for Conservation of Nature listed gorse (Ulex europaeus, Fabaceae), a heliophilous evergreen shrub, as one of the world's 100 worst invasive species. Over the years, multiple attempts have been made for controlling gorse, including biological methods, but they have not been fully successful. This study aims to investigate some aspects that still remain unexplored such as the relationship between anthropogenic disturbances with the spatial mechanisms of species spread. We aimed to fill this gap by analyzing the role of transportation network configurations and landscape context on gorse propagation. We surveyed the presence of gorse in southern Brazilian forest‐grassland mosaics by completing landscape‐level road transects coupled with remote sensing, to evaluate land use and landscape structure. A binary logistic regression model was performed to test the influence of independent variables (e.g., road orientation, type and category in addition to distance to the nearest habitat patch of forest, grassland and anthropogenic area) on gorse occurrence. Our results showed that the structure of road networks can facilitate the spread of heliophilous taxa like gorse. Specifically, local, paved, NWSE and NS‐oriented (which exhibited high light exposure) roads had the highest probability of finding gorse. This suggests that human transportation activity (traffic, road construction, and maintenance) constitutes a significant dispersal agent for the species. In addition, the landscape matrix context also played a significant role; gorse was most prevalent along roadsides close to urban or agricultural areas than to forests and grasslands. No area was completely free from disturbances, such as fire, livestock grazing, and silviculture, in these seminatural landscapes. We concluded that, disturbances affecting small‐scale processes, at roadside and adjacent habitat patches, were probably as important factors explaining gorse occurrence as the urban impact. Furthermore, the current work also emphasizes the need of understanding the complexity of interacting factors. Our work has important implications for ecosystem conservation and habitat management, and consequently should be considered a prior step in establishing new approaches for gorse control.
Estimating the historic size and current status of the Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) population
Authors: Bevan E. , Wibbels T. , Najera B. M. Z. , Sarti L. , Martinez F. I. , Cuevas J. M. , Gallaway B. J. , Pena L. J. , Burchfield P. M.
Published: April 2016

This study is a quantitative evaluation of historic nesting levels of the Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) in 1947 based on (1) the Herrera film of a 1947 arribada, (2) Hildebrand's 1947 report regarding the 1947 arribada shown in the Herrera film, (3) historic documentation regarding the Herrera film, and (4) current nesting characteristics related to arribada size relative to total nests for a season. Using this information in a quantitative approach, we estimate a total of approximately 26 916 nests during the 1947 arribada recorded by Herrera. Based on current nesting trends, we also predict that this would equate to approximately 121 517 total nests for the 1947 season (range of 82 514–209 953), which would represent approximately 48 607 nesting females (range of 33 006–83 981). This suggests that during and prior to the 1947 nesting season a relatively robust population of Kemp's ridleys existed, which could support arribadas consisting of at least 26 916 females. The results of the current study indicate that from 1947 through 1985 (the lowest point in the decline of Kemp's ridley nesting) the Kemp's ridley population underwent a 99.4% decline (range of 99.2–99.7%) from an estimated 121 517 nests per season in 1947 to 702 nests per season in 1985. Although the Kemp's ridley population has been recovering since the 1985 season, it has deviated from its exponential recovery rate and has declined in recent years. The current levels of nesting (12 053 nests in 2014) are still relatively low at 9.9% (range of 5.7–14.6%) of the total estimated nests that occurred in 1947. It is currently not clear whether this population will recover to historic levels considering recent nesting trends and due to a variety of threats that may hinder its recovery.
Climate change decreases nitrogen pools and mineralization rates in northern hardwood forests
Authors: Durán Jorge , Morse Jennifer L. , Groffman Peter M. , Campbell John L. , Christenson Lynn M. , Driscoll Charles T. , Fahey Timothy J. , Fisk Melany C. , Likens Gene E. , Melillo Jerry M. , Mitchell Myron J. , Templer Pamela H. , Vadeboncoeur Matthew A.
Published: April 2016

Nitrogen (N) supply often limits the productivity of temperate forests and is regulated by a complex mix of biological and climatic drivers. In excess, N is linked to a variety of soil, water, and air pollution issues. Here, we use results from an elevation gradient study and historical data from the long‐term Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (New Hampshire,USA) to examine relationships between changes in climate, especially during winter, and N supply to northern hardwood forest ecosystems. Low elevation plots with less snow, more soil freezing, and more freeze/thaw cycles supported lower rates of N mineralization than high elevation plots, despite having higher soil temperatures and no consistent differences in soil moisture during the growing season. These results are consistent with historical analyses showing decreases in rates of soil N mineralization and inorganic N concentrations since 1973 that are correlated with long‐term increases in mean annual temperature, decreases in annual snow accumulation, and a increases in the number of winter thawing degree days. This evidence suggests that changing climate may be driving decreases in the availability of a key nutrient in northern hardwood forests, which could decrease ecosystem production but have positive effects on environmental consequences of excess N.
Optimization of adsorption conditions for the removal of petroleum compounds from marine environment using modified activated carbon fiber by response surface methodology
Authors: Xue Jianliang , Cui Qinqin , Bai Yu , Wu Yanan , Gao Yu , Li Lin , Qiao Nenghu
Published: April 2016

In this article, modified activated carbon fiber (ACF) adsorbing emulsified oil is proposed as an effective method to treat oil spill. At first, the ACF was modified by HNO3, and the adsorption was studied in batch mode. Then, single factor experiment and the response surface methodology were applied to optimize the adsorption condition. The optimum condition was found as: 0.43 g adsorbent dosage, 125 s adsorption time, and 4% salinity. The result indicates that: The carboxyl group of the modified ACF surface obviously increased; specific surface area, iodine adsorption, and methylene cyanine adsorption decreased. Under the optimal condition, the removal rate of diesel could be 87.75%. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1400–1406, 2016
Targeting microglia for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Wes Paul D. , Sayed Faten A. , Bard Frédérique , Gan Li
Published: April 2016

While histological changes in microglia have long been recognized as a pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), recent genetic association studies have also strongly implicated microglia in the etiology of the disease. Coding and noncoding polymorphisms in several genes expressed in microglia—including APOE, TREM2, CD33, GRN, and IL1RAP—alter AD risk, and therefore could be considered as entry points for therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, microglia may have a substantial effect on current amyloid β (Aβ) and tau immunotherapy approaches, since they are the primary cell type in the brain to mediate Fc receptor‐facilitated antibody effector function. In this review, we discuss the considerations in selecting microglial therapeutic targets from the perspective of drug discovery feasibility, and consider the role of microglia in ongoing immunotherapy clinical strategies. GLIA 2016;64:1710–1732
Method for dealing with severe aspiration using a new concept of intralaryngeal prosthesis: A case report
Authors: Raguin Thibaut , Carvalho Jean , Riehm Sophie , Takeda Catherine , Dupret–Bories Agnès
Published: April 2016

Background

Deglutition disorders are frequent in patients treated for cancer of the oropharynx, and are responsible for severe aspiration and, in some cases, may require the use of enteral nutrition by gastrostomy or tracheotomy.

Methods

We present the case of a patient with a medical history of infiltrating laryngeal carcinoma treated by partial laryngectomy and radiochemotherapy, presenting severe aspiration causing significant weight loss. The patient received a new intralaryngeal prosthesis to prevent aspiration with the objective of regaining safe oral nutrition and closure of the tracheotomy.

Results

Deglutition tests after postimplantation demonstrated significantly improved airway protection and recovery deglutition, allowing the patient to return home with resumption of varied solid and a liquid diet.

Conclusion

For a patient presenting severe aspiration, the intralaryngeal prosthesis allowed a resumption of oral feeding without exclusion of the larynx or airway protection by tracheotomy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: First–E2507, 2016
Comparative analysis of micro‐RNAs in human papillomavirus–positive versus –negative oropharyngeal cancers
Authors: Mirghani Haitham , Ugolin Nicolas , Ory Catherine , Goislard Maud , Lefèvre Marine , Baulande Sylvain , Hofman Paul , Guily Jean Lacau St , Chevillard Sylvie , Lacave Roger
Published: April 2016

Background

Oncogenic mechanisms of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal cancer are still poorly characterized. Analysis of their microRNA expression profile might provide valuable information.

Methods

The microRNA expression profiles were analyzed by micro‐arrays in 26 oropharyngeal cancers. A microRNA signature specific to HPV‐status was identified by analyzing a learning/training set consisting of 16 oropharyngeal cancers. The robustness of this signature was further confirmed by blind case‐by‐case classification of a validation set composed of 10 independent tumors. Putative targeted molecular pathways were proposed using DIANA miRPath online software (http://microrna.gr/mirpath).

Results

We have identified 25 miRNA signatures, which discriminates HPV16‐positive oropharyngeal cancer from their HPV‐negative counterparts. These 25 microRNAs play a potential role in Wnt and PI3K‐pathways, cell‐adhesion/cell‐polarity, and the cytoskeleton regulation.

Conclusion

Our study contributes to a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of HPV‐positive oropharyngeal cancer and in the identification of potential therapeutic molecular targets. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1708–1716, 2016
Risk factors for metachronous colorectal cancer following a primary colorectal cancer: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Jayasekara Harindra , Reece Jeanette C. , Buchanan Daniel D. , Rosty Christophe , Dashti S. Ghazaleh , Ait Ouakrim Driss , Winship Ingrid M. , Macrae Finlay A. , Boussioutas Alex , Giles Graham G. , Ahnen Dennis J. , Lowery Jan , Casey Graham , Haile Robert W. , Gallinger Steven , Le Marchand Loic , Newcomb Polly A. , Lindor Noralane M. , Hopper John L. , Parry Susan , Jenkins Mark A. , Win Aung Ko
Published: April 2016

Individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) are at risk of developing a metachronous CRC. We examined the associations between personal, tumour‐related and lifestyle risk factors, and risk of metachronous CRC. A total of 7,863 participants with incident colon or rectal cancer who were recruited in the USA, Canada and Australia to the Colon Cancer Family Registry during 1997‐2012, except those identified as high‐risk, for example, Lynch syndrome, were followed up approximately every 5 years. We estimated the risk of metachronous CRC, defined as the first new primary CRC following an interval of at least one year after the initial CRC diagnosis. Observation time started at the age at diagnosis of the initial CRC and ended at the age at diagnosis of the metachronous CRC, last contact or death whichever occurred earliest, or were censored at the age at diagnosis of any metachronous colorectal adenoma. Cox regression was used to derive hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During a mean follow‐up of 6.6 years, 142 (1.81%) metachronous CRCs were diagnosed (mean age at diagnosis 59.8; incidence 2.7/1,000 person‐years). An increased risk of metachronous CRC was associated with the presence of a synchronous CRC (HR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.30–5.72) and the location of cancer in the proximal colon at initial diagnosis (compared with distal colon or rectum, HR = 4.16; 95% CI: 2.80–6.18). The presence of a synchronous CRC and the location of the initial CRC might be useful for deciding the intensity of surveillance colonoscopy for individuals diagnosed with CRC.
Statistical Approach to River–Aquifer Interaction in the Lower Nakdong River Basin, Republic of Korea
Authors: Oh Yun‐Yeong , Hamm Se‐Yeong , Kim Gyoo‐Bum , Lee Chung‐Mo , Chung Sang Yong
Published: April 2016

The construction of river barrages has led to an increase in groundwater (GW) levels (WL_G) near the upstream regions of these barrages, particularly in the wet season. Statistical approaches were applied in this study to examine the relationships between WL_G and river water (RW) level (WL_R), and electrical conductivity of groundwater (EC_G) and electrical conductivity of river water (EC_R) in the Changnyeong–Haman river barrage area located downstream of the Nakdong River for the period June 2011–January 2014. Our finding suggested that the WL_G increased and the concentrations of most chemical constituents in the GW decreased in the study area owing to the construction of the barrage. However, long‐term operation of the barrage is expected to trigger a decrease in the RW–GW interaction resulting from the clogging of the bed and the wall of the river, which would in turn increase GW contamination. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Let's Not Forget theCareerin College and Career Ready
Authors: Gillis Victoria R. , Jones‐Moore Lisa , Haynes Chris J. , Van Wig Ann
Published: April 2016

The recent focus on preparing K–12 students to be college and career ready has increased the attention to college‐level literacies but has almost ignored career and technical courses as part of the landscape of adolescent literacy. This article explores literacies embedded in career and technical education courses, provides examples from agricultural and business education, and offers ideas for professional development that target literacy in career and technical education.
4‐Amino‐TEMPO as N‐Nucleophile in Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation
Authors: Gergely Máté , Takács Attila , Kollár László
Published: April 2016

Palladium‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation of iodobenzene and iodoalkenes (1‐iodocyclohexene, 4‐tert‐butyl‐1‐iodocyclohexene, α‐iodostyrene, 17‐iodoandrost‐16‐ene) was carried out using a free radical (4‐amino‐TEMPO) for the first time. Its reduced form (4‐amino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine) was also used as N‐nucleophile. The free radical was partially reduced under aminocarbonylation conditions; however, the isolation of carbonylated products bearing a stable radical moiety was successfully accomplished. It was proved that the reduction of the 1‐oxyl functionality took place to higher extent when more severe conditions (40 bar CO pressure) were used. The mixture of carboxamide and 2‐ketocarboxamide products was obtained using iodobenzene because of single and double carbon monoxide insertion, respectively. In turn, carboxamide derivatives were formed exclusively when iodoalkenes were used as substrates.
The utility of captive animals in actualistic research: A geometric morphometric exploration of the tooth row of Alligator mississippiensis suggesting ecophenotypic influences and functional constraints
Authors: Drumheller Stephanie K. , Wilberg Eric W. , Sadleir Rudyard W.
Published: April 2016

Captive broad snouted crocodylians are generally thought to have wider, shorter rostra than their wild counterparts. Interpreted to reflect morphological change in response to the conditions of captivity, this qualitative pattern could affect the utility of these animals in a variety of fields of research. However, due to relative ease of access and availability of life history data, captive animals are often utilized in actualistic research. Thus, this issue should be addressed in more detail. Here we explore snout shape variation between captive and wild members of Alligator mississippiensis using two‐dimensional (2D) morphometric techniques. Several landmark schemesare used to assess the utility of different aspects of morphology in distinguishing the groups. While statistical analyses consistently differentiated between the groups, the area of morphospace occupied by wild members of A. mississippiensis generally overlapped with the larger area encompassing the captive specimens. This indicates that the captive condition is not as uniform as previously thought and instead encompasses a large spectrum of morphologies, ranging from the stereotypical broad, shortened snouts to outlines that are indistinguishable from the wild morphotype. These results align well with the interpretation that this change reflects an extreme example of ecophenotypy, since ranched, farmed, or zoo organisms are held in an array of enclosures, ranging from indoor, climate controlled pens to outdoor, more natural areas. This variation in environments should be reflected in different reactions to the animals' surroundings, resulting in a broad spectrum of morphotypes. While wild specimens are still preferred, especially for fine scale analyses, these results indicate that not all captive members of A. mississippiensis exhibit the extreme morphological alterations often cited in the literature. Weighing the conditions in which the animals are held and exploring the possibility of morphological differences against the benefits of using captive specimens should be part of any actualistic study. J. Morphol. 277:866–878, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trajectory patterns of the annual cycle of the heat centre of the Indo‐Pacific warm pool
Authors: Shan Haixia , Guan Yuping , Huang Jianping , Dong Changming
Published: April 2016

The modulated annual cycle (MAC) of the Indo‐Pacific warm pool (IPWP) heat centre location is investigated using the empirical mode decomposition–ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. The MAC and its interannual variability mainly affect the zonal and vertical locations of the heat centre; in fall and winter of El Niño years, the heat centre moves eastward from its normal location, with very little change in its meridional position. Four patterns of the heat centre trajectory in the IPWP are identified using the self‐organizing map algorithm. Patterns 1 and 3 are both similar to a saddle, but pattern 1 is more winding. The shapes of patterns 2 and 4 are similar, but tilt in different directions: pattern 2 tilts southwest whereas pattern 4 tilts west. Of all the four patterns, the persistence of pattern 2 is generally relatively high. The trajectory of the heat centre develops in the sequence of patterns: 1‐2‐4‐3‐1. Pattern 1 (pattern 4) is related to the cold (warm) phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), while pattern 2 (pattern 3) corresponds to the negative (positive) phase of Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). The sequence of patterns in the trajectory of the heat centre in the IPWP is related to the IOD–ENSO interactions on a biennial timescale.