bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological, optical, and Raman characteristics of ZnO nanoflakes prepared via a sol–gel method
Authors: Kashif M. , Usman Ali Syed M. , Ali M. E. , Abdulgafour H. I. , Hashim U. , Willander M. , Hassan Z.
Published: September 2011

Two‐dimensional (2D) ZnO nanoflakes were grown on thin aluminum layer, deposited on silicon substrate, using a sol–gel method. The surface morphologies of ZnO nanoflakes at different precursor concentrations were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Combined studies of SEM, photoluminescence (PL), and Raman spectroscopy suggested that nanorods started to grow along with nanoflakes at a precursor concentration of 0.05 M and the density of the nanorods significantly increased when the concentration was raised to 0.075 M. Both the UV‐luminescence and Raman spectra were intensified and redshifted with the increment of precursor concentration. Spectral intensification suggests improvement in crystal qualities and better optical properties of the fabricated ZnO nanostructures. The structural defects at lower levels of precursor were probably due to the hypoxic environment, whereas, the redshift of PL and Raman spectra was due to the local heating of ZnO nanocrystals.
Comparative Evaluation of Two Different Artemisia dracunculus L. Cultivars for Blood Sugar Lowering Effects in Rats
Authors: Weinoehrl Stefanie , Feistel Bjoern , Pischel Ivo , Kopp Brigitte , Butterweck Veronika
Published: September 2011

Recent concerns about the potential carcinogenicity of estragole and methyleugenol led a number of regulatory bodies to call for restrictions on the use of herbs that contain these constituents. A number of medicinal plants produce essential oils that contain estragole and methyleugenol, including Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon). Previous studies have proven the antidiabetic properties of tarragon. In order to address the safety concerns of estragole containing tarragon extracts, an extraction procedure was developed to minimize the estragole and methyleugenol content in tarragon extracts and the ethanol versus aqueous extracts from two Artemisia dracunculus cultivars (French and Russian tarragon) were tested for blood glucose lowering effects in rats. It could be demonstrated that aqueous extracts of both Artemisia cultivars did not contain detectable amounts of estragole and methyleugenol, whereas ethanol extracts (60% v/v) of the French cultivar contained higher levels of the aforementioned compounds than those of the Russian cultivar. Further testing revealed that Russian tarragon lowered blood glucose levels in rats after glucose challenge, with the ethanol extract being as active as the aqueous extract. The results suggest that by using adequate production procedures the amount of potentially harmful compounds in extracts can be limited without affecting the overall pharmacological activities of these preparations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of liquid chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) and gas chromatography–combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) for the determination of collagen amino acid δ13C values for palaeodietary and palaeoecological reconstruction
Authors: Dunn Philip J. H. , Honch Noah V. , Evershed Richard P.
Published: September 2011

Results are presented of a comparison of the amino acid (AA) δ13C values obtained by gas chromatography–combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) and liquid chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS). Although the primary focus was the compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analysis of bone collagen AAs, because of its growing application for palaeodietary and palaeoecological reconstruction, the results are relevant to any field where AA δ13C values are required. We compare LC/IRMS with the most up‐to‐date GC/C/IRMS method using N‐acetyl methyl ester (NACME) AA derivatives. This comparison involves the analysis of standard AAs and hydrolysates of archaeological human bone collagen, which have been previously investigated as N‐trifluoroacetyl isopropyl esters (TFA/IP). It was observed that, although GC/C/IRMS analyses required less sample, LC/IRMS permitted the analysis of a wider range of AAs, particularly those not amenable to GC analysis (e.g. arginine). Accordingly, reconstructed bulk δ13C values based on LC/IRMS‐derived δ13C values were closer to the EA/IRMS‐derived δ13C values than those based on GC/C/IRMS values. The analytical errors for LC/IRMS AA δ13C values were lower than GC/C/IRMS determinations. Inconsistencies in the δ13C values of the TFA/IP derivatives compared with the NACME‐ and LC/IRMS‐derived δ13C values suggest inherent problems with the use of TFA/IP derivatives, resulting from: (i) inefficient sample combustion, and/or (ii) differences in the intra‐molecular distribution of δ13C values between AAs, which are manifested by incomplete combustion. Close similarities between the NACME AA δ13C values and the LC/IRMS‐derived δ13C values suggest that the TFA/IP derivatives should be abandoned for the natural abundance determinations of AA δ13C values. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution chromatography/time‐of‐flight MSE with in silico data mining is an information‐rich approach to reactive metabolite screening
Authors: Barbara Joanna E. , Castro‐Perez Jose M.
Published: September 2011

Electrophilic reactive metabolite screening by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is commonly performed during drug discovery and early‐stage drug development. Accurate mass spectrometry has excellent utility in this application, but sophisticated data processing strategies are essential to extract useful information. Herein, a unified approach to glutathione (GSH) trapped reactive metabolite screening with high‐resolution LC/TOF MSE analysis and drug‐conjugate‐specific in silico data processing was applied to rapid analysis of test compounds without the need for stable‐ or radio‐isotope‐labeled trapping agents. Accurate mass defect filtering (MDF) with a C‐heteroatom dealkylation algorithm dynamic with mass range was compared to linear MDF and shown to minimize false positive results. MSE data‐filtering, time‐alignment and data mining post‐acquisition enabled detection of 53 GSH conjugates overall formed from 5 drugs. Automated comparison of sample and control data in conjunction with the mass defect filter enabled detection of several conjugates that were not evident with mass defect filtering alone. High‐ and low‐energy MSE data were time‐aligned to generate in silico product ion spectra which were successfully applied to structural elucidation of detected GSH conjugates. Pseudo neutral loss and precursor ion chromatograms derived post‐acquisition demonstrated 50.9% potential coverage, at best, of the detected conjugates by any individual precursor or neutral loss scan type. In contrast with commonly applied neutral loss and precursor‐based techniques, the unified method has the advantage of applicability across different classes of GSH conjugates. The unified method was also successfully applied to cyanide trapping analysis and has potential for application to alternate trapping agents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An inexpensive, fast, and reliable method for vacuum extraction of soil and plant water for stable isotope analyses by mass spectrometry
Authors: Koeniger Paul , Marshall John D. , Link Timothy , Mulch Andreas
Published: September 2011

The stable isotopes of water (hydrogen and oxygen isotopes) are of utmost interest in ecology and the geosciences. In many cases water has to be extracted directly from a matrix such as soil or plant tissue before isotopes can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Currently, the most widely used technique for water is cryogenic vacuum extraction. We present a simple and inexpensive modification of this method and document tests conducted with soils of various grain size and tree core replicates taken on four occasions during 2010. The accuracies for sandy soils are between 0.4‰ and 3‰ over a range of 21‰ and 165‰ for δ18O and δ2H, respectively. Spiking tests with water of known isotope composition were conducted with soil and tree core samples; they indicate reliable precision after an extraction time of 15 min for sandy soils. For clayey soils and tree cores, the deviations were up to 0.63‰ and 4.7‰ for δ18O and δ2H, respectively. This indicates either that the extraction time should be extended or that mechanisms different from Rayleigh fractionation play a role. The modified protocol allows a fast and reliable extraction of large numbers of water samples from soil and plant material in preparation for stable isotope analyses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consensus for multi‐agent systems under double integrator dynamics with time‐varying communication delays
Authors: Liu Kaien , Xie Guangming , Wang Long
Published: September 2011

In this paper, the consensus control problems for multi‐agent systems under double integrator dynamics with time‐varying communication delays are investigated. We assume that the interaction graphs among agents are directed. Two kinds of protocols are considered. One is an absolute damping protocol, and the other is a relative damping protocol. For the first protocol, Lyapunov–Razumikhin functional techniques are used. We derive sufficient conditions that guarantee that all agents asymptotically reach consensus under fixed topology and switching topology, respectively. Moreover, the allowable upper bound for communication delays is given. For the second protocol, Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional techniques are used. Linear matrix inequality (LMI)‐form sufficient conditions are obtained to guarantee the consensus problems to be solved under fixed topology and switching topology, respectively. The allowable upper bound for communication delays is given as well. The feasibilities of the demanded LMIs are also discussed. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active fault‐tolerant control of sampled‐data nonlinear distributed parameter systems
Authors: Ghantasala Sathyendra , El‐Farra Nael H.
Published: September 2011

This work presents an integrated fault detection and fault‐tolerant control architecture for spatially distributed systems described by highly dissipative systems of nonlinear partial differential equations with actuator faults and sampled measurements. The architecture consists of a family of nonlinear feedback controllers, observer‐based fault detection filters that account for the discrete measurement sampling, and a switching law that reconfigures the control actuators following fault detection. An approximate finite‐dimensional model that captures the dominant dynamics of the infinite‐dimensional system is embedded in the control system to provide the controller and fault detection filter with estimates of the measured output between sampling instances. The model state is then updated using the actual measurements whenever they become available from the sensors. By analyzing the behavior of the estimation error between sampling times and exploiting the stability properties of the compensated model, a sufficient condition for the stability of the sampled‐data nonlinear closed‐loop system is derived in terms of the sampling rate, the model accuracy, the controller design parameters, and the spatial placement of the control actuators. This characterization is used as the basis for deriving appropriate rules for fault detection and actuator reconfiguration. Singular perturbation techniques are used to analyze the implementation of the developed architecture on the infinite‐dimensional system. The results are demonstrated through an application to the problem of stabilizing the zero solution of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In the mood for entrepreneurial creativity? How optimal group affect differs for generating and selecting ideas for new ventures
Authors: Perry‐Smith Jill E. , Coff Russell W.
Published: September 2011

Superior entrepreneurial creativity arises when teams are effective at both generating diverse alternatives and culling them to select the best solution. We develop theory about how the optimal group mood varies for the generation and selection stages of creativity. Using data from an entrepreneurial creativity task, we find that these stages require distinct collective moods. While an activated‐pleasant mood promotes variance generation, idea selection requires a very different mood. Findings suggest that some teams fail to make transitions to the appropriate mood. We conclude by discussing implications for promoting entrepreneurial creativity. Copyright © 2011 Strategic Management Society.
The end of the beginning: a commentary on ‘Evaluation Metrics for Biostatistical and Epidemiological Collaborations’
Authors: Kane Cathleen , Trochim William M.
Published: September 2011

The paper ‘Evaluation Metrics for Biostatistical and Epidemiological Collaborations’ of Rubio et al. represents an important initial advance in the evaluation of biostatistics, epidemiology, and research design (BERD). The authors present a sensible three‐domain model (collaboration with investigators, application of BERD‐related methods, and discovery of new BERD methodologies), rightly acknowledge the importance of team science, and break new ground in illustrating that the Clinical Translational Science Awards can function as a kind of national laboratory for the development and exploration of measures and metrics. Building upon these gains, there are several future considerations worthy of subsequent serious attention: strengthening the connection between BERD evaluation and both the science of team science and the field of evaluation; facing the challenges of operationalization of the conceptual domains; augmenting the work of Rubio et al. with standard evaluative models; and anticipating the need for multiplistic mixed methods and experimental and quasi‐experimental complements to the proposed BERD metrics. Several common pitfalls will also be important to avoid, including the tendency to conflate the meaning of ‘metrics’ and ‘measures’ and the potential for a premature rush to adopt national ‘standards’ before adequately pilot testing the initial set of methods they have worked so diligently to develop. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Logistic regression analysis of biomarker data subject to pooling and dichotomization
Authors: Zhang Z. , Liu A. , Lyles R.H. , Mukherjee B.
Published: September 2011

There is growing interest in pooling specimens across subjects in epidemiologic studies, especially those involving biomarkers. This paper is concerned with regression analysis of epidemiologic data where a binary exposure is subject to pooling and the pooled measurement is dichotomized to indicate either that no subjects in the pool are exposed or that some are exposed, without revealing further information about the exposed subjects in the latter case. The pooling process may be stratified on the disease status (a binary outcome) and possibly other variables but is otherwise assumed random. We propose methods for estimating parameters in a prospective logistic regression model and illustrate these with data from a population‐based case‐control study of colorectal cancer. Simulation results show that the proposed methods perform reasonably well in realistic settings and that pooling can lead to sizable gains in cost efficiency. We make recommendations with regard to the choice of design for pooled epidemiologic studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal factorial invariance of the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐General Survey among employees with job‐related psychological health problems
Authors: Mäkikangas Anne , Hätinen Marja , Kinnunen Ulla , Pekkonen Mika
Published: September 2011

The study provides new knowledge about the longitudinal factorial invariance of the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐General Survey (MBI‐GS). In order to investigate the factor structure of the MBI‐GS and its invariance across time, a full panel data with two measurements gathered among employees with job‐related psychological health problems was used. Consistent with previous study findings, the results indicated that the correlated three‐factor model of the MBI‐GS (i.e. exhaustion, cynicism and professional efficacy) showed a better fit with the data than the alternative factor models. The correlated three‐factor structure was invariant across time, indicating that the scale has good construct validity, thus producing evidence that the MBI‐GS is a valid scale to measure job burnout. The novel finding of the study was that the professional efficacy dimension was a more central symptom of the burnout syndrome than previous research evidence among healthy employees has established. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical Vapor Deposition of Metal Nanoparticles on Chemically Modified Graphene: Observations on Metal–Graphene Interactions
Authors: Pandey Priyanka A. , Bell Gavin R. , Rourke Jonathan P. , Sanchez Ana M. , Elkin Mark D. , Hickey Bryan J. , Wilson Neil R.
Published: September 2011

The growth of metallic nanoparticles formed on chemically modified graphene (CMG) by physical vapor deposition is investigated. Fine control over the size (down to ∼1.5 nm for Au) and coverage (up to 5 × 104 μm−2 for Au) of nanoparticles can be achieved. Analysis of the particle size distributions gives evidence for Au nanocluster diffusion at room temperature, while particle size statistics differ clearly between metal deposited on single‐ and multilayer regions. The morphology of the nanoparticles varies markedly for different metals (Ag, Au, Fe, Pd, Pt, Ti), from a uniform thin film for Ti to a droplet‐like growth for Ag. A simple model explains these morphologies, based only on consideration of 1) the different energy barriers to surface diffusion of metal adatoms on graphene, and 2) the ratio of the bulk cohesive energy of the metal to the metal–graphene binding energy. Understanding these interactions is important for controlling nanoparticle and thin‐film growth on graphene, and for understanding the resultant charge transfer between metal and graphene.
Defining a catalog of indicators to support process performance analysis
Authors: Monteiro Luis Felipe Salin , de Oliveira Kathia Marçal
Published: September 2011

To achieve high‐level maturity in software process improvement, organizations must change the project management focus from the empirical assessment of process performance to quantitative management of the software process based on performance measures and statistical techniques. To this purpose, managers need to work with years of measurement data to establish control limits and conduct performance analyses. In this context, some difficulties are encountered: Which measures should be used, considering that early definition is important? Which statistical technique is more adequate in each case? How should we work with the data? We found more than 500 different measures in the literature applicable to software process performance and a number of different statistical techniques to analyze and choose from. This article aims at defining a catalog of indicators with their related measures in answer to the above questions, in a way that can help managers perform process performance analysis of the Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development (CMMI‐DEV) engineering processes. This article presents how we define and use this catalog and the complete specification of two indicators. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference for wind power short‐term forecasting
Authors: Pousinho Hugo M. I. , Mendes Victor M. F. , Catalão João P. S.
Published: September 2011

The increased integration of wind power into the electric grid, as nowadays occurs in Portugal, poses new challenges due to its intermittency and volatility. Hence, good forecasting tools play a key role in tackling these challenges. In this paper, an adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference approach is proposed for short‐term wind power forecasting. Results from a real‐world case study are presented. A thorough comparison is carried out, taking into account the results obtained with other approaches. Numerical results are presented and conclusions are duly drawn. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of benzene and its metabolites on global DNA methylation in human normal hepatic l02 cells
Authors: Hu Junjie , Ma Huimin , Zhang Wenbing , Yu Zhiqing , Sheng Guoying , Fu Jiamo
Published: September 2011

Benzene is an important industrial chemical that is also widely present in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and gasoline. It is reported that benzene can cause hematopoietic disorders and has been recognized as a human carcinogen. However, the mechanisms by which it increases the risk of carcinogenesis are only partially understood. Aberrant DNA methylation is a major epigenetic mechanism associated with the toxicity of carcinogens. To understand the carcinogenic capacity of benzene, experiments were designed to investigate whether exposure to benzene and its metabolites would change the global DNA methylation status in human normal hepatic L02 cells and then to evaluate whether the changes would be induced by variation of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity in HaeIII DNMT‐mediated methylation assay in vitro. Our results showed that hydroquinone and 1,4‐benzoquinone could induce global DNA hypomethylation with statistically significant difference from control (p < 0.05), but no significant global DNA methylation changes were observed in L02 cells with benzene, phenol, and 1,2,4‐trihydroxybenzene exposure. Benzene metabolites could not influence HaeIII DNMT activity except that 1,4‐benzoquinone shows significantly inhibiting effect on enzymatic methylation reaction at concentrations of 5 μM (p < 0.05). These results suggest that benzene metabolites, hydroquinone, and 1,4‐benzoquinone can disrupt global DNA methylation, and the potential epigenetic mechanism by which that global DNA hypomethylation induced by 1,4‐benzoquinone may work through the inhibiting effects of DNMT activity at 10 μM (p < 0.05). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 108–116, 2014.
Performance analysis of geography‐limited broadcasting in multihop wireless networks
Authors: Chen Quanjun , Kanhere Salil S. , Hassan Mahbub
Published: September 2011

In multihop wireless networks, delivering a packet to all nodes within a specified geographic distance from the source is a packet forwarding primitive (geography‐limited broadcasting), which has a wide range of applications including disaster recovery, environment monitoring, intelligent transportation, battlefield communications, and location‐based services. Geography‐limited broadcasting, however, relies on all nodes having continuous access to precise location information, which may not be always achievable. In this paper, we consider achieving geography‐limited broadcasting by means of the time‐to‐live (TTL) forwarding, which limits the propagation of a packet within a specified number of hops from the source. Because TTL operation does not require location information, it can be used universally under all conditions. Our analytical results, which are validated by simulations, confirm that TTL‐based forwarding can match the performance of the traditional location‐based geography‐limited broadcasting in terms of the area coverage as well as the broadcasting overhead. It is shown that the TTL‐based approach provides a practical trade‐off between geographic coverage and broadcast overhead. By not delivering the packet to a tiny fraction of the total node population, all of which are located near the boundary of the target area, TTL‐based approach reduces the broadcast overhead significantly. This coverage‐overhead trade‐off is useful if the significance of packet delivery reduces proportionally to the distance from the source. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis and power allocation for decode‐and‐forward cooperative communications over Rician fading channel
Authors: Chu Shao‐I , Lin Wei‐Cheng , Lee Hung‐Peng , Chang Hsin‐Chiu
Published: September 2011

This paper derives the asymptotic symbol error rate (SER) and outage probability of decode‐and‐forward (DF) cooperative communications over Rician fading channels. How to optimally allocate the total power is also addressed when the performance metric in terms of SER or outage probability is taken into consideration. Analysis reveals the insights that Rician factor has a great impact on the system performance as compared with the channel variance, and the relay–destination channel quality is of importance. In addition, the source–relay channel condition is irrelevant to the optimal power allocation design. Simulation and numerical evaluation substantiate the tightness of the asymptotic expressions in the high‐SNR regions and demonstrate the accuracy of our theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Warning signs mitigate deer–vehicle collisions in an Urban area
Authors: Found Rob , Boyce Mark S.
Published: September 2011

Increasing collisions with deer (Odocoileus spp.) and other large animals, and the rise in associated public safety risks and economic costs, have made mitigation strategies a priority for both transportation and wildlife managers. Deer‐crossing warning signage is one of the oldest forms of mitigating deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs), but despite their low cost and logistical simplicity, the effectiveness of standard‐sized permanent warning signage at reducing DVCs has not previously been adequately determined. We used historical DVC data, based on deer carcass retrieval, to identify and target areas and periods of high collision frequency. We installed warning signs at these high collision frequency locations and then compared DVCs to un‐signed control locations. The total number of DVCs at signed hotspots was significantly different in the year after the signs were installed, compared to the 3 prior years (F13 = 4.99, P = 0.004). Although the single year of posttreatment data means the long‐term efficacy of warning signage remains unknown, we showed that in the first year after installation, deer‐crossing signs targeting high collision locations can be effective at reducing DVCs. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of human activity on space use and movement patterns of female Elk
Authors: Webb Stephen L. , Dzialak Matthew R. , Harju Seth M. , Hayden‐Wing Larry D. , Winstead Jeffrey B.
Published: September 2011

It is important to consider how human activity might influence behavior (e.g., space use and movement) in animals because such influences could have consequences for animal distribution or population performance. We documented and compared annual space use and daily movement patterns (i.e., movement distance and tortuosity) of female elk (Cervus elaphus) relative to human activity associated with development of energy resources in Colorado and New Mexico, USA, from 2006 to 2010. We analyzed data on 145 female elk fitted with global positioning system collars. While controlling for elevation, slope, and distance to anthropogenic features and vegetative cover, we found that proximity to the gas field generally was associated with smaller home ranges, more complex movement paths (i.e., greater tortuosity) and longer distance moved over a 3‐hr period (during most seasons). Comparing elk inside of the gas field to those outside of the gas field revealed differences in space use and movement patterns at varying levels of human activity. These differences likely reflected behavior by which elk in industrial areas attempted to minimize contact with sources of human activity; whereas, elk using both industrial and nonindustrial areas exhibited behavior that could be considered escape strategies (i.e., familiarity and use of large spatial extents, increased movement distance, and linear movement paths) in response to seemingly unpredictable levels of human activity due to their use of multiple areas. Understanding such behavioral responses informs efforts to minimize effects of human activity on animal populations. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Influence of underpasses and traffic on white‐tailed deer highway permeability
Authors: Dodd Norris L. , Gagnon Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2011

Highways constitute barriers to wildlife passage, or permeability, which fragment populations and habitats. The degree of barrier effect caused by roadways varies by wildlife species, highway type and standard, and traffic volume. We assessed deer–highway relationships along a 27‐km stretch of highway in central Arizona, USA. Our research objectives were to 1) assess white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) highway crossing patterns and permeability, 2) compare deer permeability on 4‐lane reconstructed and 2‐lane control sections to determine the influence of wildlife underpasses, and 3) assess and compare deer passage relationships to traffic volume. We fitted 13 deer with Global Positioning System (GPS) collars between 2004 and 2007. Eleven deer crossed the highway 395 times. On 2 control sections, deer crossed an average of 0.02 times/day, while on 3 reconstructed sections they averaged 15 times more crossings/day (0.28; t13 = −2.35; P = 0.035). The deer passage rate on control sections averaged 0.03 crossings/approach, approximately 20% of that for reconstructed sections (0.16; t13 = −2.43; P = 0.030). We linked hourly traffic volumes to our GPS data to examine how passage rates and the proportion of deer relocations at different distances from the highway varied with traffic volume. Deer distance from the highway showed minimal shift away from the highway with increased traffic, and at‐grade passage rates were low (≤0.1 crossings/approach) across all traffic volumes. Although our linear regression analysis found no relationship between deer passage rate and increasing traffic volume on reconstructed sections with underpasses, there was a strong negative relationship on control sections (r = −0.881; P = 0.05); thus, we conclude that deer passage rates were minimally affected by traffic on reconstructed sections where passage structures facilitated below‐grade passage. Further, from the 865 deer groups we recorded on videotape at 5 underpasses, traffic levels did not affect below‐grade deer passage at the volumes we studied. Passage structures improved highway permeability across reconstructed sections with underpasses where traffic volume had a much lower impact compared to deer crossing at highway grade on control sections. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Urban and suburban deer management by state wildlife‐conservation agencies
Authors: Urbanek Rachael E. , Allen Kristin R. , Nielsen Clayton K.
Published: September 2011

Given an increase of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in many urban and suburban areas, deer management has become increasingly controversial. We surveyed deer biologists at state conservation agencies to compare opinions regarding urban and suburban deer management with those found in public surveys. We emailed a survey to deer biologists in 41 states to investigate what agencies are doing to control urban deer, which management techniques have been used in the past and are currently being used, and which techniques are believed to be most effective. Urban and suburban deer populations were increasing in most states (75.8%); accordingly, most biologists (97%) believed that urban and suburban deer were a problem in their state. Sixty‐five percent of biologists have not surveyed local communities for their opinions on deer and deer management. Managed archery hunts (85% of states), sharpshooting (68%), and managed firearm hunts (59%) were the most utilized methods during the past 5 years. Biologists ranked managed firearm hunts (54%) as the most preferred method for deer control, followed by managed archery hunt (39%) and sharpshooting (39%). Ninety‐one percent of biologists listed deer–vehicle accidents and damage to gardens as primary reasons for managing urban deer populations. Most biologists (88%) indicated that urban and suburban deer management in their state was overall effective. Biologists and public constituents agree on the primary reasons to manage deer, yet their preferences for management options vary greatly. We recommend state agencies survey constituents regarding their beliefs and concerns about deer management beyond questions that simply address the acceptability of management techniques. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Modeling habitat use of deer in an exurban landscape
Authors: Anderson Charles W. , Nielsen Clayton K. , Storm Daniel J. , Schauber Eric M.
Published: September 2011

Several wildlife biologists have developed models of habitat suitability for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Although these analyses have provided insight into factors affecting deer density and distribution over large scales, no studies have modeled habitat use of deer in exurban landscapes. We modeled habitat similarity to areas used most intensively by deer in exurban Carbondale, Illinois, USA, during the fawning (15 May–31 Jul) and winter season (15 Dec–15 Mar). We used >15,000 locations from 20 Global Positioning System–collared female deer tracked during 2003–2005, habitat variables, and the Penrose distance statistic for modeling. A positive correlation with number of dwellings (r = 0.45) and coefficient of variation of forest area (r = 0.16) indicated deer avoidance of areas with increased number of dwellings and variation in forest area during the fawning season. Deer decreased winter use of areas as the diversity of land‐cover types (r = 0.64), variation in forest patch size (r = 0.40), and variation of grassland patch size (r = 0.18) increased. Winter habitat use of an area increased as size of forest patch area increased (r = −0.30). This model can be used by wildlife managers to better understand potential deer–human encounters and deer use of the landscape. Alternatively, wildlife managers may use the model to target areas for traditional harvest management or deer removal operations. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Long‐term effectiveness of US 1 crossing project in reducing florida key deer mortality
Authors: Parker Israel D. , Lopez Roel R. , Silvy Nova J. , Davis Donald S. , Owen Catherine B.
Published: September 2011

Deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs) are the primary source of mortality for the endangered Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium). Of these collisions, >50% occur on United States Highway 1 (US 1), the primary roadway connecting the islands in the Florida Keys, USA. The DVCs on the 5.6‐km section of US 1 on Big Pine Key are responsible for approximately 26% of annual Key deer mortality, but extensive urban development along this highway segment complicates efforts to reduce DVCs using traditional methods (e.g., fencing, underpasses). In 2002, a continuous 2.6‐km system of 2.4‐m fencing, 2 underpasses, and 4 experimental deer guards was completed. We evaluated the long‐term effectiveness of these highway improvements in reducing DVCs within an urban landscape. Deer used the underpasses all 7 postconstruction years (2003–2009) with dramatic increases in use over the course of the project. Roadway fencing largely eliminated deer intrusion onto the fenced area of US 1. Although well‐maintained fencing effectively restricted deer movement onto the fenced section of US 1 (73–100% decline), other sections of US 1 experienced increases in DVCs. Overall, highway improvements along the US 1 corridor were effective in reducing Key deer mortality over the long‐term. The success of deer guards in preventing deer access into the fenced section of US 1 supported the feasibility of implementing similar wildlife exclusion projects in other urban areas. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
White‐tailed deer incidents with U.S. civil aircraft
Authors: Biondi Kristin M. , Belant Jerrold L. , Martin James A. , DeVault Travis L. , Wang Guiming
Published: September 2011

Aircraft incidents with ungulates cause substantial economic losses and pose risks to human safety. We analyzed 879 white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) incidents with United States civil aircraft from 1990 to 2009 reported in the Federal Aviation Administration National Wildlife Strike Database. During that time, deer incidents followed a quadratic response curve, peaking in 1994 and declining thereafter. There appeared to be some seasonal patterning in incident frequency, with deer incidents increasing overall from January to November, and peaking in October and November (30.7%). Most incidents (64.8%) occurred at night, but incident rates were greatest (P ≤ 0.001) at dusk. Landing‐roll represented 60.7% of incidents and more incidents occurred during landing than take‐off (P ≤ 0.001). Almost 70% of deer incidents had an effect on flight. About 6% of pilots attempted to avoid deer, and were less likely to sustain damage. Aircraft were 25 times more likely to be destroyed when multiple deer were struck versus a single individual. Deer incidents represented 0.9% of all wildlife incidents, yet 5.4% of total estimated costs. Reported costs for deer incident damages during this period exceeded US$36 million, with US$75 million in total estimated damages. Deer incidents resulted in 1 of 24 human deaths and 26 of 217 injuries reported for all wildlife incidents with aircraft during the reporting period. Managers should implement exclusion techniques (e.g., fences, cattle guards, or electrified mats) to maximize reductions in deer use of airfields. Where exclusion is not practical, managers should consider lethal control, habitat modifications, increased monitoring and hazing, and improved technology to aircraft and runway lighting to reduce incidents at airports. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Road bias for deer density estimates at 2 national parks in Maryland
Authors: McShea William J. , Stewart Chad M. , Kearns Laura , Bates Scott
Published: September 2011

Estimating the population density of deer is an essential task for public agencies that plan a herd reduction. Distance sampling has been increasingly utilized to estimate population density, and is used by the National Park Service to estimate white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) densities throughout the eastern United States. Many of these surveys are conducted along public roads due to limited resources and accessibility, which may violate a critical assumption of distance sampling and potentially introduce sampling bias. We used infrared cameras to confirm deer activity with respect to survey roads at 2 national parks in Maryland, USA (Catoctin National Park and Antietam National Historic Battlefield), during 2005 and 2006 and compared results with the predicted distributions. The number of deer observed during road surveys declined with distance intervals at Catoctin, but there was a similar amount of deer activity at each distance interval. At Antietam, survey observations maintained a constant level of activity beyond 200 m from the survey route, while deer activity was inconsistent between distance intervals. The mean number of deer photographs/day/sample point did vary significantly across distance intervals from the survey route at Antietam, but not at Catoctin. In Antietam, the uneven distribution of agricultural fields and public roads were significant predictors of deer activity detected during the camera surveys. At Catoctin, the fit of the detection function was improved by expanding the first distance interval. Although density estimation using DISTANCE can account for most sources of error introduced by use of public roads, our data indicate bias is likely to occur in landscapes with high road densities and long sight distances. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Fifteen years of urban deer management: The fontenelle forest experience
Authors: Hygnstrom Scott E. , Garabrandt Gary W. , Vercauteren Kurt C.
Published: September 2011

Fontenelle Forest (FF) is a 16.5‐km2 serene natural area surrounded by a developed landscape, including Omaha and Bellevue, Nebraska, USA. An overabundant population of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) degraded the local forest. In January 1995, we estimated the density of deer at 27 deer/km2 in FF and the adjacent Gifford Point Wildlife Management Area (GP) and Bellevue residential (BR) area. We engaged in a public process to establish a deer management program in this developed landscape and learned from 15 years of experience. Formation of the Bellevue Deer Task Force led to implementation of controlled deer‐hunting seasons from 1996 to present. Total annual harvest of white‐tailed deer by archery and muzzleloader hunters at FF ranged from 28 in 1996 to 140 in 2006. Mean success rates of archery (52%) and muzzleloader hunters (93%) at FF were high compared to other areas. Densities of white‐tailed deer in the study area declined from 27 deer/km2 in 1995 to 15 deer/km2 in 2006, though harvest and deer were not evenly distributed across the landscape. By 2006, densities of deer were near overwinter goals in the hunted FF lowlands, FF uplands, and GP lowlands (7 deer/km2, 5 deer/km2, and 13 deer/km2, respectively), but they remained relatively high in the adjacent unhunted BR area (30 deer/km2). Native plant communities were severely overbrowsed in the study area through 1995, influencing their structure and composition, but signs of recovery were apparent in areas where controlled hunting reduced densities of deer to <6 deer/km2. Controlled hunts at FF have reduced densities of deer in the immediate area to tolerable levels and have been accepted by area residents, with relatively little media coverage and public scrutiny. Total costs of controlled (US$120/deer) and depredation hunts (US$70/deer, 2010 prices) were low compared to other areas and methods. Common themes of the 15‐year management program included cooperation, communication, leadership, research‐based management, adaptive management, persistence, and resources. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
On latency of multiple zonal jets in the oceans
Authors: Berloff P. , Karabasov S. , Farrar J. T. , Kamenkovich I.
Published: September 2011

Most of the nearly zonal, multiple, alternating jets observed in the oceans are latent, that is, their amplitudes are weak relative to the ambient mesoscale eddies. Yet, relatively strong jets are often observed in dynamical simulations. To explore mechanisms controlling the degree of latency, we analyse solutions of an idealized, eddy-resolving and flat-bottom quasigeostrophic model, in which dynamically generated mesoscale eddies maintain and interact with a set of multiple zonal jets. We find that the degree of the latency is controlled primarily by the bottom friction: the larger the friction parameter, the more latent are the jets; and the degree of the latency is substantial for a realistic range of the oceanic bottom friction coefficient. This result not only provides a plausible explanation for the latency of the oceanic jets, but it may also be relevant to the prominent atmospheric multiple jets observed on giant gas planets, such as Jupiter. We hypothesize that these jets can be so strong because of the relative absence of the bottom friction. The mechanism controlling the latency in our solutions is understood in terms of the changes induced in the linear eigenmodes of the time–mean flow by varying the bottom friction coefficient; these changes, in turn, affect and modify the jets. Effects of large Reynolds numbers on the eddies, jets, and the latency are also discussed.
Modelling the influence of wall roughness on heat transfer in thermal convection
Authors: Shishkina Olga , Wagner Claus
Published: September 2011

The objective of this study is to approximate heat transport in thermal convection enhanced by the roughness of heated/cooled horizontal plates. The roughness is introduced by a set of rectangular heated/cooled obstacles located at the corresponding plates. An analytical model to estimate the Nusselt number deviations caused by the wall roughness is developed. It is based on the two-dimensional Prandtl–Blasius boundary layer equations and therefore is valid for moderate Rayleigh numbers and regular wall roughness, for which the height of the obstacles and the distances between them are significantly larger than the thickness of the thermal boundary layers. To validate this model, the transport of heat and momentum in rectangular convection cells is studied in two-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations, for different aspect ratios of the obstacles. It is found that the model predicts the heat transport with errors ${\leq }6\hspace{0.167em} \% $ for all investigated cases.
Perceived parenting and risk for major depression in Chinese women
Authors: Gao J. , Li Y. , Cai Y. , Chen J. , Shen Y. , Ni S. , Wei Y. , Qiu Y. , Zhu X. , Liu Y. , Lu C. , Chen C. , Niu Q. , Tang C. , Yang Y. , Wang Q. , Cui W. , Xia J. , Liu T. , Zhang J. , Zhao B. , Guo Z. , Pan J. , Chen H. , Luo Y. , Sun L. , Xiao X. , Chen Q. , Zhao X. , He F. , Lv L. , Guo L. , Liu L. , Li H. , Shi S. , Flint J. , Kendler K. S. , Tao M.
Published: September 2011

Background

In Western countries, a history of major depression (MD) is associated with reports of received parenting that is low in warmth and caring and high in control and authoritarianism. Does a similar pattern exist in women in China?

Method

Received parenting was assessed by a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained cases with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. MD was assessed at personal interview.

Results

Factor analysis of the PBI revealed three factors for both mothers and fathers: warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. Lower warmth and protectiveness and higher authoritarianism from both mother and father were significantly associated with risk for recurrent MD. Parental warmth was positively correlated with parental protectiveness and negatively correlated with parental authoritarianism. When examined together, paternal warmth was more strongly associated with lowered risk for MD than maternal warmth. Furthermore, paternal protectiveness was negatively and maternal protectiveness positively associated with risk for MD.

Conclusions

Although the structure of received parenting is very similar in China and Western countries, the association with MD is not. High parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father. Our results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD.