bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stand volume tables: Application to black spruce stands of Lebel-sur-Quévillon
Authors: Ung Chhun-Huor , Ouellet Denis
Published: February 2014

Within the framework of large-scale forest management, the application of Eichhorn's law, which employs dominant height or mean height exclusively to predict tree volumes per hectare, is certainly rapid, but high accuracy is not guaranteed. Substantial error occurred when this method was used in a study of boreal black spruce stands (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). Use of both basal area per hectare and dominant height, however, permitted estimation of total volume per hectare and volume to 9 cm top with only 11 and 12% error, respectively. The form factors for total volume and volume to 9 cm top showed great stability. For this reason, use of the simple conventional formula (V = G.H.F.) to estimate standing volumes is justified. Key words: Stand volume table, Eichhorn's law, stand form factor
Forest site classification activities in Northern Canada
Authors: Oswald E. T.
Published: February 2014

Historically, site classification north of 60°N. Lat. includes related activities conducted by geologists over the last century, particularly the information presented on surficial materials. Ecological land classification provides a technique suitable for evaluating the capability of the land base to satisfy the requirements of various renewable resource sectors. Ecological Land Surveys that included an assessment of forest capability have been used over much of northern Canada. A forest inventory, or cover mapping, has been done for part of the forest environment. The demands on the forest resource are increasing, not only for the utilization of wood products, but also for recreational facilities, tourism, and wildlife habitat. Forest site classification based on ecological factors is essential to provide an informed basis for making resource management and utilization decisions. Some site classification techniques are discussed, and recommendations made in support of continuing classification and surveys for more intensive management and for the preservation and analyses of ecological reserves.
White spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss): stagnating boreal old-field plantations unresponsive to fertilization and weed control
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

Two stagnant teenaged but pre-thicket plantations of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) on old-field sites in the Ontario Clay Belt were studied near Cochrane (49°04′N 81°02′W). Three herbicide × four fertilization treatments were applied, with four independently randomized replications at each site. Weed control (heavy, moderate and none) was with glyphosate, pronamide or nothing, respectively. Ammonium nitrate was broadcast in the first year at 0.0, 55.9, 112.0 and 167.9 kg/ha. Plots were 15 m × 15 m, surrounded by 2-m buffer zones. Performance data on individually identified trees were gathered over a 6-year period in the second decade after planting. Mortality of spruce continued throughout the study and was influenced significantly (P = 0.01) by tree size and by treatment. Mortality increased significantly in treatments that included glyphosate. However, treatments did not significantly (P = 0.05) affect any measured growth parameter. No treatment was silviculturally consequential. Stressed spruce were able to respond only sluggishly to weed control and/or fertilization.
Forest property taxation in New Brunswick: A comment
Authors: Cook B. A.
Published: February 2014

Non-industrial private forest (NIPF) land comprises approximately one-third of the forested area of New Brunswick. Harvesting activity on NIPFs has been facilitated through the establishment of forest marketing boards for primary products and legislation which requires that NIPF land be the principal source of supply for Crown licensees. Management activity on NIPFs has been encouraged through a policy of grant assistance and technical aid. The property tax structure does not necessarily reinforce these policies. Here, theoretical considerations of forest property tax structure are introduced and an examination of forest property taxation of New Brunswick NIPF lands is undertaken.
The status of forestry research in British Columbia
Authors: Binkley Clark S. , Watts Susan B.
Published: February 2014

A survey of forestry and forestry products research in British Columbia indicates that the various research organizations in the province (e.g., Ministry of Forests, Forestry Canada, forest products companies, NSERC, and Universities) spent $71.1 million on research in 1991. This amounts to about 0.69% of gross sales, a figure that is less than half the research expenditures by such key competitors as the United States or Sweden. Although the economic returns to forestry and forest products research apparently are high, the failure to allocate more funds to research and development stems from a failure to conceptualize research as part of a larger forest sector strategy. Adopting this "third generation" approach to research planning would insure that research results are actually implemented, and would probably result in appropriately larger expenditures in this area.
Sample size adjustment to reduce the probability of exceeding a specified confidence interval width
Authors: Marshall Peter L. , LeMay Valerie M. , Nussbaum Albert
Published: February 2014

The maximum confidence interval width desired by a sampler will be exceeded about half the time if sample size is determined using a formula that does not account for variability in the estimate of population dispersion. This probability can be decreased by increasing sample size; however, determining how much to increase sample size can be tedious. A series of graphs is presented that can be used to quickly determine the percentage adjustment for unadjusted sample sizes less than 250 and a significance level of 0.05, assuming simple random sampling with replacement. The benefit of acquiring precise estimates of population dispersion, when it is important not to exceed a specified sampling error level, is clearly demonstrated by comparing the graphs.
Natural forest landscape management: A strategy for Canada
Authors: Booth D. L. , Boulter D. W. K. , Neave D. J. , Rotherham A. A. , Welsh D. A.
Published: February 2014

Our purpose in writing this paper is to stimulate discussion about new concepts and approaches to forest management for Canada. This paper is designed to introduce the concept to Canadian foresters. The authors are working on an expanded technical edition that will deal in more detail with the practical concerns of forest resource managers.
Research and management strategies for major tree diseases in Canada: Synthesis Part 1
Authors: Singh Pritam
Published: February 2014

Forests are diverse and complex associations of plant and animal life that are influenced considerably by their environment and man, and by their interactions. Forest pests, including pathogens, form an important component of the forest ecosystem, and their management is an integral part of forest management. There is, however, a need to obtain a better understanding of these pests, and their relationships with plants and other factors in the environment.This article attempts to compile most of the available information about research on major tree diseases in Canada, particularly that which deals with or has led to the development of strategies to control or manage those diseases. A brief information on Canada's forest resource and the losses caused by these diseases and by other damage problems is also included. Key words: forests, tree diseases, research strategies, disease management strategies, disease losses, integrated pest management.
The theory of energy return on investment: A case study of whole tree chipping for biomass in Prince Edward Island
Authors: Gingerich Jon , Hendrickson Ole
Published: February 2014

Industrial societies consume vast quantities of fossil fuel resources; the carbon dioxide released when these fuels are combusted is a major concern because of global warming. "Energy Return On Investment" (EROI) is the ratio of energy gain from a resource relative to the energy invested to achieve that gain. EROI analysis shows that the net energy available from fossil fuels decreases as resources are depleted, encouraging a transition to renewable resources which will not be depleted under sustainable management. Renewable resources can reduce net contributions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere; however, many sources of renewable energy require fossil fuel inputs into their production process. EROI analysis can also be used to determine renewable energy sources with the greatest energy gain, relative to the fossil fuel investment required to achieve that gain.One renewable source of energy with considerable potential for expansion in Canada is wood biomass. A case study of whole tree chipping (WTC) in Prince Edward Island revealed an EROI ratio of wood chip energy gained relative to fuel energy invested of 26.7:1. The major factor affecting the EROI for WTC was transport of the chips to the burning facilities: distance and load size were important components that should be considered when designing new burning facilities. There are some benefits and disadvantages of WTC not captured by EROI analysis that also need to be considered.
Crisis in the Québec forest industry: problems and possible solutions
Authors: Beauregard Robert , Bouthillier Luc
Published: February 2014

Despite the revival of the past months, the forest industry in Québec has gone through very rough times since the beginning of the nineties. These serious difficulties cannot only be attributed to a worldwide economic recession. They also reflect a deep structural crisis particular to this industry. Evolving on a global commondity market without a clear competing edge, Québec forest industry requires a colossal modernization effort. This effort should not be applied only to machinery but also to the management strategies which firms are pursuing. Better targeted markets, increased environmental concerns, renewed partnership with workers and restructuring schemes defined accordingly to a full employment policy represent ideas which must be translated in tangible initiatives to get out of the crisis.
Filet mignon et steak haché ou le partage des coûts en forêt publique
Authors: Barrette Yves , Spain Marco
Published: February 2014

The new Quebec public Forests law, voted in 1986, has obliged forest enterprises using the same supplying territory to integrate their activities and to agree on cost sharing. Cost sharing of forest infrastructures can cause problems and disputes.Until 1986, it was common practice for the first enterprise harvesting wood in a territory to build roads and bridges and pay for them partially or totally. Trying to solve the problem mentioned above and to correct that unfair practice, many are presently tempted to charge the average cost to each enterprise; this approach is no fairer than the preceding one and even threatens the profitability of some enterprises.This article proposes a third approach that should be more appropriate; it is already used in at least one other activity sector and it is based on the products' realization value; it is familiarly called the "beef method". When applied with judgment, this approach can be useful to minimize the number of cases of cost sharing under dispute that are now mandatory under the new Quebec law.
Filet mignon and ground beef or cost sharing in public forests
Authors: Barrette Yves , Spain Marco
Published: February 2014

The new Quebec public Forests law, voted in 1986, has obliged forest enterprises using the same supplying territory to integrate their activities and to agree on cost sharing. Cost sharing of forest infrastructures can cause problems and disputes.Until 1986, it was common practice for the first enterprise harvesting wood in a territory to build roads and bridges and pay for them partially or totally. Trying to solve the problem mentioned above and to correct that unfair practice, many are presently tempted to charge the average cost to each enterprise; this approach is no fairer than the preceding one and even threatens the profitability of some enterprises.This article proposes a third approach that should be more appropriate; it is already used in at least one other activity sector and it is based on the products' realization value; it is familiarly called the "beef method". When applied with judgment, this approach can be useful to minimize the number of cases of cost sharing under dispute that are now mandatory under the new Quebec law.
A comparison of British, Swedish and British Columbian growth and yield predictions for lodgepole pine
Authors: Kovats M.
Published: February 2014

Growth and yield information for managed stands in British Columbia is scarce, hampering the creation of prediction systems needed for a wide array of treatments and sites. Using existing information on managed stands and experience from the temperate forests in other countries offers a possible means of providing an interim solution. Lodgepole pine was used to test this approach. Similarities between unthinned yields generated by the British Columbia model (Tree And Stand Simulator — TASS) and the corresponding British system at 1500 stems per hectare initial spacing indicate that European predictions for thinned stands can be useful in estimating yield responses in British Columbia. British and Swedish projections show 4–13% more usable wood and 36–52% larger diameters at top height 28 m for thinned stands than for unthinned stands predicted for British Columbia.
Development of the Honduran tropical moist forest: Experiences in integrated management areas
Authors: Szaraz Gérard , Irías Dagoberto
Published: February 2014

The tropical moist forest of Honduras runs the risk of vanishing in the near future. Lessons from past experience in setting up forest protection schemes demonstrate that it is impossible to maintain forest reserves when the needs of the forest-dependant rural dwellers are ignored. Ten integrated management areas were established on the North Coast of Honduras as small-scale models of sustainable community forest development.Preliminary results of the CIDA-COHDEFOR Hardwood Forest Development Project indicate that forest management has been incorporated into pit sawing operations by delimiting forest boundaries, undertaking forest inventory and practicing silviculture. Lesser known species are being increasingly used for local and foreign consumption. The organizational and administrative capacity of the beneficiary groups have also been improved.
What is the value of standing timber?: Difficulties in merging theory with reality
Authors: Luckert Martin K. , Bernard Jean-Thomas
Published: February 2014

Traditional residual conversion return methods of stumpage appraisal, although consistent with economic theory, are not appropriate for the forestry sector in Canada. Imperfect competition, dynamic residual values, and the forest tenure system pose complications which prevent such methods from adequately representing stumpage values. In developing new stumpage fee systems, decision makers will have to consider these complications and assess whether and how residual conversion return methods may be adjusted to adequately reflect the value of standing timber. Key words: stumpage, residual conversion return, wood values, economic rent
Population dynamics of willow coppice systems and their implications for management of short-rotation forests
Authors: Willebrand Eva , Verwijst Theo
Published: February 2014

Spacing, length of rotation and clonal composition of Salix coppice systems determine the degree of within-stand competition and thereby the dynamics of the populations. Three general effects of competition are identified and their dependence on planting design and management is illustrated. (1) The dependence of yield on initial planting density disappears at higher densities and becomes weaker at low densities in later rotations. (2) The development of a competitive hierarchy between stools is reflected by a temporal increase of skewness and relative variation in weight frequency distributions. (3) Mortality of stools due to self-thinning is enhanced by high planting density and longer cutting cycles. Furthermore, the relative performance of clones in a mixture cannot be predicted from their performance in pure stands. Key words: Biomass production, Clone mixture, Competition, Rotation length, Salix, Self-thinning, Spacing, Willow coppice
Cost of pruning Douglas-fir in coastal British Columbia
Authors: Omule S. A. Y. , Paul D. E. , Darling L. M.
Published: February 2014

Artificial pruning can increase the quantity of high-value clear lumber harvested from Douglas-fir, but the pruning cost per tree is relatively high. To prune a young Douglas-fir to 6 metres in one lift and two lifts took, respectively, 9.5 and 10.1 minutes in 14- and 18-year old stands with average spacing between trees of about 3 metres on flat or 0-30% south-facing slopes in coastal British Columbia. The associated costs were $2.09 and $2.22. This included minor travel time between trees, but excluded the cost of travelling to the site, selecting and marking trees to be pruned, and purchasing and maintaining the pruning equipment. Differences in pruning time between one-lift pruning and two-lift pruning, in one or two passes, were small. A D-handled saw was preferred to the more strenuous snap-cut pruner with ratchet-style pinions, based on observations on a pruning time-study of 5 operators. Key words: pruning saw, snap-cut pruner, pruning time, one-lift pruning, two-lift pruning
Control of ambrosia beetle damage by mass trapping at a dryland log sorting area in British Columbia
Authors: Lindgren B. Staffan , Fraser R. Gerald
Published: February 2014

A mass trapping program for ambrosia beetles at the Sooke dryland sorting area of Canadian Pacific Forest Products in British Columbia captured close to 16.5 million beetles over 12 years. Spring weather conditions influenced trapping of the main pest species, Trypodendron lineatum, the populations of which fluctuated considerably. Gnathotrichus sulcatus populations declined gradually, presumably because of the trapping and improvements in inventory management. A benefit/cost estimate, based on the assumption that the number of beetles removed can be correlated with degrade losses, yielded a benefit of 5 to 1 and an estimated saving of $400,000 over the 12 years. The trapping program was concluded to have been operationally and economically successful. Key words: Trypodendron lineatum, Gnathotrichus sulcatus, Gnathotrichus retusus, Coleoptera, Scolytidae, pheromones, benefit/cost estimate
The effects of initial spacing on growth and crown development for planted northern conifers: 37-year results
Authors: McClain K. M. , Morris D. M. , Hills S. C. , Buse L. J.
Published: February 2014

A spacing trial was established near Thunder Bay, Ontario in 1950. This trial consisted of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.), and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) each established at three different spacings: 1.8 m, 2.7 m, and 3.6 m. This study examines the differences in growth and crown development as attributed to initial spacing, after 37 years. In addition, a benefit/cost analysis was performed to evaluate the economic efficiency of the various species/spacing combinations. Diameter at breast height, live crown length, and crown width, all exhibited significant (P < 0.001) increases as initial spacing increased, irrespective of species, but, height demonstrated a decreasing trend (P < 0.020). Gross total and merchantable stem volume per tree increased for all species as initial spacing increased; however, volume production per unit area decreased significantly for all species as spacing increased. The shift to higher-valued products from the wider-spaced plantations appeared to provide the best economic return. As a result of both greater merchantable volumes and greater percentages of these volumes available as a higher-valued product, benefit/cost ratios for red pine (0.995 to 1.337) were greater than those for the spruces (0.595 to 0.866). Although red pine currently represents less than 4% of Ontario's total regeneration effort, the results from this study suggest it deserves further consideration on some boreal sites. Key words: spacing trial, plantation growth, crown development, black spruce, white spruce, red pine, benefit/cost ratio
A semi-natural approach to mixedwood management in the prairie provinces
Authors: Lieffers V. J. , Beck Jr. J. A.
Published: February 2014

The white spruce-aspen mixedwood associations of the prairie provinces have a variety of possible compositions ranging from pure aspen to pure white spruce to mixtures of the two. Regulations and silvicultural treatments have been largely aimed at promoting the more commercially valuable white spruce, largely through plantation establishment and management. We feel that it is time to re-evaluate our current management of these mixedwoods for the following reasons: 1) Because of competition from hardwoods and grass, white spruce regeneration has been very expensive and only partly successful. 2) Hardwoods are now acceptable crop trees; the traditional conifer bias is now inappropriate and there are increasing possibilities for conflict between hardwood and softwood users of the same land base. 3) The increased understanding of forest ecosystems and a strong environmental movement have resulted in demands for management systems that are ecologically based.In future, management systems will likely move away from expensive single species plantation systems and promote more mixed forests. To retain the white spruce component of these forests, systems must be developed that enhance natural regeneration of lower densities of white spruce over a wider area. These must be coupled with refined harvesting techniques that protect spruce regeneration during the harvest of the aspen. Growth and yield models must accurately reflect the ecology of mixedwoods. Tenure systems should be structured to ensure that one manager has responsibility for silviculture prescription and harvest scheduling of a given area. The same manager, however, must ensure maintenance of the allowable cuts of each species and the biodiversity of the area. Key words: mixedwoods, silviculture, white spruce, aspen, biodiversity, ecosystem management.
Woodlot owner organizations in Québec adjusting to changes in primary products
Authors: Brunette Victor
Published: February 2014

In Quebec, where the resource based industry has prevailed for many decades, a good portion of history is based on forestry and agriculture. Farmers and woodlot owners have been involved with primary products marketing structures for more than 25 years. Forest policy development for non industrial private forests has evolved in different ways in neighbouring provinces but intrinsic problems related to forest management, forest harvesting and products marketing are quite similar for all woodlot owners.The area under small private ownership in Québec covers only 9 per cent of the productive forest land. These woodlots nonetheless supply each year about 18 per cent of the timber needed by the wood using industry. The revenue of wood sales, the financial value of forest management, the upkeep of 10,000 jobs and the purchase of goods and services contribute 400 million dollars to the provincial economy. The annual harvest on private woodlots yields a final processed value of more than 1.5 billion dollars of forest products.Private woodlots are located along major waterways, in the southern part of the province, where growing conditions are the most suitable to forest crops. The woodlot sector benefits from the availability of a qualified and motivated labour force, from a well-developed road network and other infrastructures. Forest cover is 60 per cent hardwoods and 40 per cent softwoods. Only 24 per cent of the growing stock is spruce, fir, and jack pine, species which have traditionally been in strong demand for the pulp and paper industry. (FPBQ, 1989).There are inherent disadvantages to private forestry in Quebec such as the great dispersion of the individual woodlots and the small area of each woodlot (107 hectares for active pulpwood producers; 60 hectares per owner). The development of these forests must also overcome other disadvantages including the great number of owners (120,000) and the fact that many of these owners sometimes lack information and incentive.
Fixation des dunes et reboisement avec le filao (Casuarina equisetifolia) dans la zone du littoral nord du Sénégal
Authors: Mailly Daniel , Ndiaye Papa , Margolis Hank A. , Pineau Marius
Published: February 2014

The northern coast of Senegal is the site of a conservation program with the objective of stabilizing shifting sand dunes in order to protect adjacent agricultural fields against the detrimental effects of wind. Casuarina equisetifolia ("filao"), a nitrogen-fixing tree species indigenous to Oceania and southeast Asia, is the favored species for these dune stabilization efforts. Over the past 40 years, the total area reforested with C. equisetifolia amounts to more than 9700 ha. Due to its rapid growth, particularly in the inter-dune depressions, it is seen as a potential source of wood for the region. Additionally, reforestation efforts have also been directed towards the semi-fixed dunes (2380 ha) and the fixed dunes (4350 ha) lying further inland. Thus, despite the severity of the climatic conditions of recent years, Senegal's dune fixation program is clearly a success in respect to its initial objectives and represents an important step forward in the fight against desertification.
Chronicle of white pine and red pine research at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute
Authors: Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

Research dealing with eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and red pine (P. resinosa Ait.) at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute is traced from its inception in 1918 to the present. Individual studies are described briefly, together with the names of the scientists who conducted them and the titles of publications which ensued. Key words: Forest history, forestry research, white pine, red pine, Canadian Forest Service, Petawawa National Forestry Institute
Planning and executing a commercial stand improvement experiment in pine mixedwoods
Authors: Williams J.
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the background, objectives, and establishment of an operational scale experiment in commercial stand improvement cutting in two storied pine mixedwoods. Details of the planning process are described including pre-study inventory, sampling, and treatment planning. Techniques of treatment and damage assessment are described along with observations of immediate results. The experiment was established in 1971 and 20 year results are now available elsewhere. Key words: Silviculture, white pine, pine mixedwood, commercial stand improvement, logging damage, stand tending
Weldwood and wildlife — An example of leadership in forest stewardship in the private sector
Authors: Bender Graham
Published: February 2014

The forest products industry forms an important cornerstone of the Canadian economy. The industry is deeply committed to integrated management and has made strides in that direction in recent years, particularly with the endorsement of the document entitled, "Guiding Principles for Forest Land Management in Canada." Logging has replaced fire as the main agent for forest renewal, and the industry now plans at the landscape scale. Several examples of individual species management are provided including marten, mule deer, grizzly bear and pileated woodpecker.
The systems of managing wildlife and forest in central Europe
Authors: Bobek B. , Perzanowski K. , Merta D. , Kossak S.
Published: February 2014

Central European countries share many similarities in the composition of forest habitats and wildlife species. However, the former political division of Europe produced substantial differences in wildlife management systems and land ownership. Forests are generally regarded as a source of lumber with the requirements of wildlife neglected most of the time. There is an urgent need to introduce measures enhancing forest habitats for wildlife. Most important seems to be maintaining and possibly increasing biodiversity by altering present logging systems. In future, production of timber should become only one of several functions of forests including conservation of wildlife, recreation, and other values.
Direct seeding black spruce on peatlands: fifth-year results
Authors: Groot Arthur , Adams Michael J.
Published: February 2014

Black spruce seedspot and broadcast seeding experiments were completed on peatlands at four locations in northeastern Ontario. Poorly decomposed Sphagnum peat was the best seedbed for black spruce, with establishment ratios from 20 to 50 seedlings per 100 seeds sown. An effective seeding rate (actual seeding rate × receptive seedbed area fraction) of six or seven seeds per quadrat is required to obtain quadrat stocking of 80% or greater. Fifth-year seedling heights averaged from 8 to 17 cm. Black spruce advance growth is often an important source of regeneration on peatlands and must be considered in developing seeding prescriptions. Key words: black spruce, direct seeding, peatlands, seedbed type, Ontario, advance growth
Forestry education in Russia
Authors: Teplyakov Victor K.
Published: February 2014

A general overview of Russian forests and school system plus a brief history of Russian forestry education are presented.
Community forestry in Ontario
Authors: Harvey Stephen , Hillier Brian
Published: February 2014

Policy-makers and resource managers are attempting to define more-effective mechanisms for involving the local community in forest land management for many years. In the past five years, renewed attention has been given to the opportunity for empowering local communities with decision-making and program delivery responsibilities. The community forestry project in Ontario is one example of policy-makers, resource managers and local communities trying to bridge the gap between community development and resource management. With the assistance of four pilot projects, a research project and public discussion, a community forestry strategy is under development in Ontario. While it may take years to produce indisputable results through trials at the local level, three years of work have already enriched our understanding of the interface between human settlements and natural resources and of alternative means for successful stewardship. Key words: community forestry, community forest, Ontario
Shipworm (Bankia setacea) activity within the Port of Everett and the Snohomish River Estuary: Defining the problem
Authors: Gara R. I. , Greulich F. E.
Published: February 2014

Log rafts stored in the Snohomish River estuary, a facility maintained by the Port of Everett, Washington, were infested by shipworms (Bankia setacea) during 1987. Studies were done to identify when the log rafts were infested, establish relationships between estuarine conditions and shipworm attack, and examine the potential for future infestations. The first two objectives were studied by retracing in time and place the patterns of log raft movements and by developing a salt water intrusion model. The last objective was met by developing a river flow predictive model. The timing of log raft movements and storage during periods of low river flow and high B. setacea larval settlement were responsible for the shipworm infestations. In particular, uncommonly low river flow in 1987 created estuarine salt water conditions favorable for shipworm activity in the normally safe log storage areas. If the late summer trend in freshwater flow reduction observed since 1963 continues, then by the year 2000, the average monthly flow during the period of maximum shipworm settlement will drop by about a third from current flow levels. Under these conditions, saltwater intrusion and B. setacea damage will become more common within the estuary. Key words: shipworms, log rafts, log storage, estuarine conditions, saltwater intrusion, river flow, predictive models
Modifications des communautés d'oiseaux de la sapinière suite au ravage d'une épidémie d'insectes
Authors: DesGranges J. L. , Rondeau G.
Published: February 2014

This study addresses the relationships between changes in the structure of bird communities and changes in the composition and structure of forest vegetation resulting from an insect infestation. The study compares two balsam fir-white birch forests located in similar physiographic settings. One of these was protected against spruce budworm infestation through insecticide spraying over a ten-year period. Following the infestation, the unprotected, defoliated forest underwent significant changes in structure, particularly the mortality of the coniferous tree strata and the consecutive expansion of the deciduous shrub strata. Yet, despite the infestation, the defoliated forest had just as many bird species and individual birds as the healthy stand protected through the use of insecticides. In addition, half of the avian species occurred with the same frequency in both types of forest. Aerial feeders (flycatchers) and those found in the underbrush (including four species of Turdinae) best withstood this type of infestation, whereas all species that fed chiefly at the tops of conifers decreased in number. This decrease in population could be the result of changes in stand physiognomy (for species such as Boreal Chickadee, Pine Grosbeak and Blackpoll Warbler) or predator-prey relationships affecting birds that feed mostly on spruce budworm larvae (Yellow-rumped, Bay-breasted and Tennessee Warblers). As the defoliated forest became mixed with hardwood stands, some birds increased in number (Black-throated Green Warbler and Solitary Vireo). However, two other species, Winter Wren and White-throated Sparrow, both ground species, were more common in the defoliated stand, probably because of gaps in the forest and the accumulation of dead wood on the ground, where the infestation left openings in the previously dense stands of mature balsam fir. Key words: forest birds, balsam fir, Choristoneura fumiferana, insecticides
Testing the distributional assumptions of least squares linear regression
Authors: Marshall P. , Szikszai T. , LeMay V. , Kozak A.
Published: February 2014

The error terms in least squares linear regression are assumed to be normally distributed with equal variance (homoskedastic), and independent of one another. If any of these distributional assumptions are violated, several of the desirable properties of a least squares fit may not hold. A variety of statistical tests of the assumptions is available. The following are recommended for reasons of ease of use and discriminating power: the K2 test for testing for non-normality, either the Durbin-Watson test or the Q-test for testing for autocorrelation, and either Szroeter's or White's test for testing for heteroskedasticity. The assumptions should be tested in this order; violating one of the assumptions may invalidate the results of subsequent tests. A microcomputer-based software package for least squares linear regression that incorporates the above tests is introduced. Key words: normality, homoskedasticity, independence
Identifying the root collar on forest tree seedlings
Authors: Menes Peter A. , Mohammed Gina H.
Published: February 2014

This paper offers practical guidelines on how to identify the root collar of species commonly grown in Ontario forest tree nurseries. These guidelines would also be applicable to naturally-regenerated seedlings. Difficulties associated with locating the root collar on transplanted stock are also addressed. Colour differences on the stem are not reliable for locating the root collar; stem colouration can vary according to surface soil level and planting depth. The paper distinguishes among three parameters: apparent root collar (ARC), root collar, and ground-line diameter. Key words: caliper, cotyledon, hypocotyl
Contrasting weed management systems in bare-root conifer nurseries
Authors: South David B.
Published: February 2014

Weed management regimes are provided from selected nurseries in Australia, Canada, China, Finland, Sweden, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela. Many nurseries rely on herbicides to reduce handweeding costs while some nurseries used no herbicides. Handweeding time in 1+0 seedbeds ranged from 25 hr ha−1 to more than 300 hr ha−1. Key words: herbicides, weed control, nursery management, seedbeds, nursery costs
An economic analysis of landowner propensity for woodlot management and harvesting in northwestern Saskatchewan
Authors: Salkie Fiona J. , Luckert Martin K. , Phillips William E.
Published: February 2014

The recent development of new processing facilities in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan has created a long-term market for timber in the region. Although these processing facilities are currently supplied by crown timber reserves, increasing pressure on public forest resources from multiple users has caused processors to consider private woodlots as a supplemental source of fibre. A survey was undertaken to investigate conditions under which landowners may respond to the emerging demand by managing their timber resources for harvest and sale.Survey results indicate that, although virtually no management or harvesting has occurred in the past, approximately half of those interviewed would consider timber management and harvesting in the future. Logit analysis identified landowner characteristics that were related to landowners' willingness to consider forest management and harvest in the future and the likelihood that they would consider a timber contract. Significant characteristics of landowners in influencing the propensity to manage and harvest their woodlots included: the diversity of farm operations, the length of family tenure of the land, the number of ways respondents use their forest land, and area of forest owned. A preferred timber contract was identified as having: a duration of 1 to 5 years, young growth established at the end of the contract term, and payments for harvesting and management services made through a crop share arrangement. Key words: private forestry, forest economics, timber contracts, landowner characteristics, woodlot management
Grade yields and wood properties of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from the Maritimes
Authors: Chui Y. H.
Published: February 2014

Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] is one of the major non-native softwood species in the Maritimes. A project was undertaken to evaluate the grade yields and mechanical properties of Norway spruce. The project also provided comparative information on the wood quality of two Norway spruce provenances from Germany and Poland. Four plantations were selected for the study with two of these plantations containing trees of known provenances. One plantation was mature and the other three were juvenile. In total, 530 pieces of lumber and the same number of matched small clear specimens were tested for bending properties. Prior to testing, the lumber was visually graded according to both British and Canadian specifications. Quality of lumber varied significantly between sites. Lumber from the Polish provenance had slightly better mechanical properties than that from trees of the German provenance. Compared with published information, the plantation-grown Norway spruce had lower clear wood bending properties and specific gravity than primary eastern Canadian spruce species and balsam fir, and natural Norway spruce grown in Europe. Key words: Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], wood quality, bending properties, grade yield
Forest health research needs in British Columbia
Authors: Nevill R. J. , Hall P. M. , Beale J.
Published: February 2014

To determine the needs and priorities for research on specific topics concerning forest health in British Columbia, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to forest management agencies, forest industry and other research agencies. Response was received from all groups contacted (Pacific Forestry Center [Canadian Forest Service]; BC Ministry of Forests; BC Ministry of Environment Lands & Parks; Industry; and Universities) throughout the province. Forty-two insect, disease, and mammal pests were identified for research. Research priorities for insects and diseases were equally distributed and of greater importance than mammals. Diseases most frequently identified included Armillaria root disease and tomentosus root disease, while the mountain pine beetle and the white pine weevil were foremost among insects. Broadly based issues included pest responses to alternative silvicultural systems, quantification of pest caused losses, and standardized survey methodology between agencies. Lower profile research concerns included the pinewood nematode, nursery pests, and hardwood diseases. The potential introduction into the province of exotic pests such as the Gypsy moth was identified as an emerging issue. Key words: forest health, research priorities, forest insects, disease, mammal pests
Mesure de la hauteur des arbres avec la perche Sokkisha : Test de précision
Authors: Zarnovican Richard , Grâce Jean De
Published: February 2014

The accuracy of measuring tree height using a Sokkisha pole compared with that obtained using a tape measure was tested. This test was conducted in young thinned balsam fir stands in the Upper North Shore region of the province of Quebec. The results show a slightly negative bias, -0.06 m or -1.03%, significantly different from zero at the 95% probability level. A study of the precision shows that the mean quadratic error does not exceed ±0.11 m or ±1.77%. Using the prediction interval, we can be 95% confident that in a single future measurement, the error will be around ±0.21 m or ±3.49%. According to tolerance interval, we can be 95% confident that at least 95% of the population of errors produced by using the pole will fall between ±0.23 m or ±3.9%. Key words: Test of accuracy, measuring poles, tree height measurement, mensuration, balsam fir.
White spruce establishment in boreal Ontario mixedwood: 5-year results
Authors: Sutton R. F. , Weldon T. P.
Published: February 2014

Five-year results of a study to evaluate the relative effectiveness of nine silvicultural treatments for establishing plantations of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) in boreal Ontario mixed-wood are presented. The experimental design provided three levels of mechanical site preparation (none, disk trenching, and toothed-blading) in all combinations with three kinds of chemical weed control (none, Velpar L© at the time of planting, and Vision© during the second growing season). A randomized block experiment using 0.8-ha plots and two replications was established in Oates Twp. in 1985 and repeated in adjacent Oswald Twp. in 1986. Bareroot white spruce was planted throughout. Four 25-tree sub-plots, located systematically from a random start, were established in each plot. White spruce performance was monitored for five years. Fifth-year survival rates averaged 34% and 84% without and with mechanical site preparation, respectively. Mean total heights after five growing seasons differed significantly (P < 0.01) by category of mechanical site preparation: teeth > trencher > none. Other criteria of performance showed the same pattern. Because of operational exigencies, the herbicide treatments were not applied as scheduled, which might account for the apparent ineffectiveness of those treatments in the particular circumstances of this study. Key words: Site preparation, disk trencher, Young's teeth, herbicides
Timber supply and economic impacts associated with sustained yield unit size
Authors: Rouck K. B. , Nelson J. D.
Published: February 2014

Partitioning the forest into sustained yield units is a complex task that involves assessing timber supply, allocation of cutting rights, and social, economic, and environmental impacts. There are numerous ways to vary the timing and intensity of harvests within individual drainages while still meeting the objectives of sustained yield. In this paper we use a spatial forest planning model to examine economic and environmental implications of varying the sustained yield unit size. Harvests for a Timber Supply Area in British Columbia are calculated using 4 sizes of sustained yield units: 1)12 small units, 2) four moderately sized units 3) two large units, and 4) one unit representing the entire forest. Relative to the 12 small units, short-term (20 year) harvest levels for the Timber Supply Area increased by 7.6%, 10%, and 10.8% for the 4, 2 and 1 unit aggregations, respectively. Medium-(21-60 years) and long-term (61-120 years) increases in harvest levels averaged approximately 75% and 40%, respectively, of those realized in the short-term. Reductions in the length of active road and delivered wood costs were also observed as sustained yield units increased in size. Small units often restrict short-term timber supply and provide continuous road access to important wildlife habitat. While larger units afford greater flexibility in meeting short-term harvests, the intensity of the harvest within individual drainages increases. However, with large units the inactive drainages can be closed for extended periods, thus limiting human access to the active drainages. Key words: timber supply, sustained yield unit size, spatial modelling, economics
Sociology's potential to improve forest management and inform forest policy
Authors: Beckley Thomas M. , Korber Dianne
Published: February 2014

Sociology has made only minor contributions to forest management and policy in the past. Changes in the dominant paradigm of forest management have opened a window of opportunity for practical applications of sociology in a forestry context. Sociological analyses of stakeholder values, social movements, conflict and its resolution, poverty in forest-dependence regions, complex organizations, and global restructuring may provide insight and valuable data to forest managers and policy makers. Recent theoretical advances with respect to community stability may also have important policy implications. Key words: Community stability, social movements, public involvement, stakeholder values, rural poverty
The case for boreal mixedwood management: An Ontario perspective
Authors: MacDonald G. Blake
Published: February 2014

The Boreal Mixedwood Forest is defined and a rationale is presented for proactive mixedwood management in Ontario. The extent, persistence, inherent biodiversity, ecological sustainability and increasing economic value of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest justify intentional management for mixed-species crops on appropriate sites. Although Ontario has no tradition of boreal mixed-wood management, attitudes are changing as the province seeks to reduce the cost of forest renewal and adopt sustainable, ecosystem-based practices. Obstacles to managing the mixedwood forest are discussed and recommendations for promoting this valuable resource are presented. Key words: alternative forestry practices, diversity, economic benefits, integrated resource management, inventory, natural regeneration, silvicultural standards, site characteristics, species utilization, successional pathways