bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned in Creating a Safe and Therapeutic Milieu for Children, Adolescents, and Families: Developmental Considerations
Authors: DeSocio Janiece , Bowllan Nancy , Staschak Sharman
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Converging developnental characteristics, responses to stress, and underlying psycho‐pathological processes of this population present unique challenges in assessment, treatment planning, and approaches to patient care.

PURPOSE. To share lessons learned in designing and implementing a dmelopnentally sensitive and safe psychiatric milieu for children, adolescents, and families.

SOURCES. Personal observations and experiences, and information dwioed from literatiire in the field.

CONCLUSIONS. Psychiatric nurses contribute essential roles in designing and implmazting a developmentally sensitive and safe psychiatric milieu for children, adolescents, and families.
The Mental Health of Homeless School‐Age Children
Authors: Menke Edna M.
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. The mental health of homeless school‐age children.

METHODS. A convenience sample of46 homeless children between the ages of 8 and 12 years completed the Children's Depression lnventory (CDI) and each child's mother completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).

FINDINGS. Fifty‐seven percent of the children had depressive symptoms and 26% needed additional evaluation for mental health problems. Overall, the CDl and CBCL scores indicated that gender or ethnicity are not related to the childrenS mental health. CONCLUSIONS. The mental health of homeless schoolage children should be assessed, as they may be at risk for mental health problems.
Parent Education: An Evaluation of STEP on Abusive Parents’Perceptions and Abuse Potential
Authors: Fennell Dana C. , Fishel Anne H.
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. To examine the effects of a structured, time‐limited parent training group on abusive or potentially abusive parents.

METHODS. A pretest‐posttest control group design was used with consenting parents IN = 28) to examine the efects of Systematic Training for Efective Parenting (STEP) on abusive parents' perceptions of their children's behaviors and on the parents' potential to physically abuse. The Adlerian Parental Assessment of Child Behavior Scale and the Child Abuse Potential Invent0 y were used to measure treatment efects.

FINDINGS. After participating in STEI? abusive parents had significantly more positive perceptions of their children and were significantly less potentially abusive. Using volunteers, the project cost an average of $200 for each parent.

CONCLUSIONS. The research lends empirical support to individuul psychology and family systems theory. Future research is indicated using larger samples to examine lay us. professional leadership of the groups, as well as comparisons of diferent parenting programs with abusive parents.
Coercion Theory: Application to the Inpatient Treatment of Conduct‐Disordered Children
Authors: Fisher Pamela K. , Kane Catherine
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Conduct disorders in children are a phenomenon of concern in child and adolescent psychiatric nursing.

PURPOSE. To review the major principles of coercion theory, provide an analysis of the relevant research, and discuss implications for inpatient nursing care.

SOURCES. Published literature from the fields of medicine, nursing, psychology, sociology, and clinical experience.

CONCLUSIONS. The principles of coercion theory are conceptually relevant in developing intervention strategies to treat conduct disorders and to interrupt escalation of aggressive behavior patterns in inpatient settings.
Assessment of Hospital‐Related Stress in Children and Adolescents Admitted to a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit
Authors: Causey David L. , McKay Mimi , Rosenthal Carolyn , Darnell Cindy
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. The assessment of hospital‐related stressors experienced by child and adolescent patients on a psychiatric inpatient unit.

SUBJECTS. Child and adolescent inpatients IN = 40) admitted to an acute, short‐term psychiatric unit.

METHODS. A newly developed stressor survey zuas administered to subjects to identify the most problematic stressors. Correlation analyses were used to assess associations between hospital‐related stress and adjustment variables.

FINDINGS. Broad domains and specific items of the most problematic hospital‐related stressors were revealed. Also, higher levels of hospital‐related stress were consistently associated with poorer hospital‐based adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS. Implications for treatment include identfiing hospital‐related stressors for individual patients and providing interventions to enhance coping.
Eating Disorders and Adolescents: An Overview of a Maladaptive Behavior
Authors: Grothaus Kay L.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Eating disorders among the adolescent population are a serious health problem. The author prozlides an ovmiau of anorexia nmosa and bulimia neruosa.

PURPOSE. To present information on eating disorders that includes DSM‐IV criteria and typical profiles of the client. Current hypotheses about the etiology of eating disorders, medical complications, treatment approaches, morbidity and mortality data research, and outcome research of treatment are reviewed. Research, treatmait, and educational considerations for nursing care are discussed.

SOURCES. Published literature, clinical experience.

CONCLUSIONS. Advanced practice nurses are particularly suited for working with adolescents because of their holistic approach to client care. Inconsistencies and gaps in the knowledge base of eating disorders regarding incidence, etiology, treatment approaches, pharmacology, and outcome are areus for future nursing research.
Psychiatric Interviews With Pediatric Gunshot Patients
Authors: Hamrin Vanya
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. To understand the life experiences of gunshot‐irzjured children to obtain information about predisposing factors to injuy.

METHODS. A pilot study of 16 hospitalized clzildren (14 males, 2 females) between the ages of 11 and 15 who sustained gunshot injuries. Each child was psychiatrically assessed on a medical inpatient unit after sustaining a gunshot injury to assess the rate of acute stress disorder and other comorbid psyclziatric diagnoses.

FINDINGS. Findings showed gunshot‐injured children had a 56% rate of acute stress disorder, and 68% had a past psychiatric history.

CONCLUSIONS. Gunshot‐injured children require psychiatric intervention to minimize the long‐term effects of acute stress disorder. Further researck is needed to clarify the relationship of gunshot‐injury and dysfunctional behaziior and develop effective treatment options.
Childhood Anger: So Common, Yet So Misunderstood
Authors: Modrcin‐McCarthy Mary Anne , Pullen Lisa , Barnes Abigail Flannery , Alpert Jane
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To review findings of recent research studies on anger in children and adolescents, the outcomes of mishandled anger and interuentions to promote appropriate anger management.

SOURCE. Published literature.

CONCLUSIONS. Anger may be a healthy or unhealthy response in children experiencing small frustrations or great injustices. Research findings vary and there is a need to clearly define anger and the correlates of anger in children and adolescents. In addition, there are limited studies on anger management strategies and theiv efctiveness that would assist healthcare professionals.
A Creative Writing Program to Enhance Self‐Esteem and Self‐Efficacy in Adolescents
Authors: Chandler Genevieve E.
Published: August 2007

PURPOSE. To describe the rationale, content, and results of a group creative writing program to increase adolescent self‐esteem and self.

METHODS. Subjects were low‐income, at‐risk minority youth (N = 11). Free writing in response to specific exercises, sharing their own stories in their own language, and responding to their peers were used daily for 2 weeks as part of the high school English class. The program was oriented toward health rather than problems, with the content created by the adolescents.

FINDINGS. The opportunity to tell their own story, in their own language in a safe, structured setting with positive feedback led to higher self and self‐esteem.

CONCLUSIONS. This study suggests that a writing intervention focused on building self‐in‐relation self esteem and the four aspects of self resulted in increased sense of zoell‐being.
Self‐Protection in Adolescents in Foster Care
Authors: Kools Susan , Kools Susan
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM. Adolescents in long‐term foster care experience significant health and mental health problems. Little is known about their perceptions of the impact of foster care.

METHOD. Seventeen adolescents were interviewed in their foster group homes. Dimensional analysis was used to develop theory on the impact of foster care.

FINDINGS. Adolescents in foster care engaged in self‐protect ion strategies secondary to experiences of devaluation and uncertainty in foster care, including guarding foster child status, maintaining a defensive posture, distancing self, and keeping relationships superficial. Self‐protection resulted in a veneer of self‐reliance and social detachment.

CONCLUSIONS. Strategies are suggested to address devaluing experiences and promote positive identity development in foster care.
A Cognitive Developmental Approach to Understanding How Children Cope With Disasters
Authors: Deering Catherine Gray
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. This paper applies cognitive developmental theory to explain how preschoolers, school‐age children, and adolescents process and respond to disasters.

PURPOSE. To help clinicians understand the disaster experience from a childS point of view, recognize age‐specific reactions, identify symptoms that may signal coping difficulties, and plan effective interventions.

SOURCES. Case examples from the authorS work with flood victims illustrate typical reactions for children (preschool to adolescents) within a family context, along with developmentally appropriate in terven tions .

CONCLUSIONS. Children affected by disasters need nursing interventions geared toward their particular developmental level and sensitive to their perception of the disaster.
Trauma Group Psychotherapy for the Adolescent Female Client
Authors: Ellensweig‐Tepper Debra
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Therapeutic uses of adolescent trauma group psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.

PURPOSE. To demonstrate the role of the psychiatric nurselgroup facilitator to prevent and treat adolescent emotional distress resulting from trauma.

SOURCES. Published 1 iterat u re, author S clinical experience.

CONCLUSIONS. Adolescent trauma group therapy is useful to deal with emotional, behavioral, maturationalldevelopmental, physiological, cognitive, and sol u t ion‐focused issues.
An Organizational Framework for Conceptualizing Resilience in Children
Authors: Mandleco Barbara L.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. An organizational framework for conceptualizing resilience in children.

PURPOSE. To propose a framework based on relevant literature that clarifies, differentiates, organizes, and elaborates on pertinent factors associated with resilience in children.

SOURCES. Relevant literature from developmental psychology, child psychiatry, and nursing

CONCLUSIONS. Salient factors affecting resilience in children originate internally or externally to the individual. Internal factors include biological and psychological factors; external factors are reflected in the nature and quality of relationships established within or outside the family group. The influence and importance of each factor, however, may vary in individual situations. The framework can guide research efforts and facilitate interventions for practice.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Concepts and Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Wagner Brenda J.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Neuropsychological concentration of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

PURPOSE. Survey of current understanding of underlying neural systems and pathways involved in ADHD and the relationship to specific behavioral patterns.

SOURCES. Literature review, author's experience in neuropsychological assessment and clinical treatment.

CONCLUSIONS. Clinicians will be able to specify treat men t interventions designed to compensate for specific behavioral patterns and functional deficits.
Friends and Pets as Companions: Strategies for Coping With Loneliness Among Homeless Youth
Authors: Rew Lynn
Published: August 2007

PROBLEMS. Loneliness and negative health outcomes associated with being homeless and living on the streets.

METHODS. Qualitative data from 32 homeless youth, ages 16 to 23 years, who participated in focus groups, and a subsample of 10 youth, ages 15 to 23 years, who participated in individual interviews, were analyzed using manifest and con tent analysis techniques.

FINDINGS. Homeless adolescents who live on the streets or in “squats” described feelings of loneliness that they say “go with the territory.” Three themes emerged from the data: how lonely subjects felt, circumstances that provoked feelings of loneliness, and ways of coping with loneliness. Thirteen identified their pets as companions that provided unconditional love, reduced feelings of loneliness, and improved their health status.

CONCLUSIONS. Vulnerable adolescents who are homeless often recognize the therapeutic value of pets. Interventions that enhance this coping strategy need to be developed and tested.
Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children: Controversies and Unresolved Issues
Authors: Tierney June A.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Questions regarding hozu severely traumatized children may meet diagnostic criteria for an accurate diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the comorbidity of PTSD zuith many other psychiatric illnesses, and the possibility that PTSD is not a valid diagnostic formulation as it has been applied to children and adolescents demonstrate that the currently held concept of PTSD may not be operationally sound.

PURPOSE. To explore recent empirical studies to demonstrate the current state of controversy and postulate future direction of the conceptual framework.

SOURCES. Selected published literature.

CONCLUSIONS. PTSD in children and adolescents, as it is popularly understood as a conceptual framework, is found to be undergoing a conceptual metamorphosis.
Seclusion and Restraint of Children: A Literature Review
Authors: Allen John Julian
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Nurses' attitudes toward the use of seclusion and restraint with children.

PURPOSE. To review recent literature concerning these controversial interventions, and to examine possible alternative therapeutic interventions.

SOURCES. Selected published nursing and psychiatric literature 1987 to 1998.

CONCLUSIONS. Staff have a positive attitude toward the use of seclusion and restraint. A theory of pozoer and control may explain their use when many alternative, less restrictive interventions are available.
Culture Bound: Is There a Culture of Youth Violence?
Authors: Yearwood Edilma L.
Published: August 2007

Culture Bound explores topics related to the impact of culture on psychiatric/mental health nursing practice, research, and education.
Adopted Children: Core Issues and Unique Challenges
Authors: Smit Eileen M.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC

Psychological impact of adoption and resulting core issues for adopted children.

PURPOSE

To raise awareness of the psychological impact of adoption.

SOURCES

Published literature and personal observations.

CONCLUSIONS

Adoption raises unique issues and challenges for the child and adoptive parents. Resolving the issues of adoption is a lifelong process. Through an awareness of the issues inherent in adoption, nurses and parents can use strategies that will enhance childrens self‐esteem and decrease their emotional vulnerability.
Depression in Adolescents With Diabetes
Authors: Kanner Sheri , Hamrin Vanya , Grey Margaret
Published: August 2007

TOPIC Prevalence and interventions for depression in youth with type 1 diabetes.

PURPOSE To explore the co‐morbidity of youth with diabetes and psychiatric conditions, and evaluate the relationship of youth with co‐morbid depression and diabetes on glycemic control, quality of life, family support, behavioral problems, attributional style, and self‐esteem.

SOURCES Relevant literature in both child and adolescent populations of psychiatry, psychology, and nursing.

CONCLUSIONS Youth with type 1 diabetes have significantly higher rates of depression over the general population. Seratonin reuptake inhibitors, cognitive behavioral treatment, interpersonal therapy, improving family communication and problem‐solving skills, and diabetes education hold promise as treatment that can decrease depression in youth with diabetes. Advanced practice nurses are positioned to provide these interventions and treatments.
A Model of Recovery From Substance Abuse and Dependence for Korean Adolescents
Authors: Hyun Myung Sun , Kools Susan , Kim Sun Ah
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM There is a need for a model that illuminates the recovery process from substance abuse and dependence for Korean adolescents, identifies the stages and strategies of recovery, and directs interventions to specific stages.

METHODS The model was developed from content analysis focused on the experiences during the recovery process of 8 Korean adolescents with substance abuse and dependence.

CONCLUSIONS The stages in recovery include retracing, accepting, surrendering, and turning to change. The strategies of recovery involve a variety of activities and multidimensional domains. The model integrates the stages and strategies of recovery, and suggests nursing interventions to promote recovery of adolescents with a substance‐related disorder.
Childreach: Violence Prevention in Preschool Settings
Authors: Goodwin Trena , Pacey Katheryn , Grace Mary
Published: August 2007

TOPIC Early intervention to decrease violent and aggressive behavior in preschool‐age children.

PURPOSE To describe a model of an on‐site early identification and intervention program for children under 6 in child care and preschool settings.

SOURCES Literature review, authors' experiences in preschool prevention services, and pre/post intervention data using standardized tools.

CONCLUSIONS An on‐site secondary prevention program is an effective strategy to decrease violent and aggressive behavior in very young children. This model can be replicated in most communities through collaborations among childhood mental health professionals and early childhood educators.
Effect of the Teaching Kids to Cope (TKC©) Program on Outcomes of Depression and Coping Among Rural Adolescents
Authors: Puskar Kathryn , Sereika Susan , Tusaie‐Mumford Kathleen
Published: August 2007

PROBLEM Incidence of depressive symptoms and lack of sufficient adaptive coping skills in adolescents.

METHODS A randomized controlled study to test the effectiveness of a group‐administered, cognitive‐behavioral interventions method, TKC©, on rural adolescents (N = 89). Outcomes were measured by changes in the scores on an Adolescent Depression Scale and the Coping Response Inventory pre/post intervention, at 6 and at 12 months.

FINDINGS Results indicated improvement in depressive symptomatology and certain coping skills. Students in the intervention reported a higher use of cognitive problem‐solving coping strategies.

CONCLUSIONS The role of a psychiatric nurse in the school system providing short‐term psychoeducation interventions is a practical and effective mental health practice.
The Social Construction of Fat: Care and Control in the Public Concern for Healthy Behaviour
Authors: Pieterman Roel
Published: August 2007

Especially during the last decade populations of modern affluent societies are warned by scientist, politicians, media and interest groups that there is an obesity epidemic. Being overweight is now not only culturally condemned, but also medically and politically defined as a major public health threat. This article presents three lines of critique which is offered against this dominant public perception. Some argue that we need to change our attitude to fat irrespective of the medical truth. Others agree there is a problem, but they disagree with the analysis and therefore offer other solutions. Most fundamental is the kind of critique that starts with the question ‘But is it true?’

This question leads to three major conclusions. First, it turns out that the medical science is flawed, one‐sided and contradicted. Second, because there are no effective therapies, present policies produce major negative side‐effects. And third, these policies produce and legitimize discriminatory practices. A general conclusion which can be drawn from this critical literature is that the present risk discourse on fat has much more to do with social and cultural issues like power, blame and control than with health problems.
Whiteness Studies and the Erasure of Gender
Authors: Ferber Abby L.
Published: August 2007

In recent years, the study of race and ethnicity has expanded, and there is now a growing field of research that examines whiteness and racial privilege. This article provides an overview of theories of privilege and whiteness studies, and argues that these analyses should incorporate an intersectional approach. Intersectional theories argue that race and gender are intertwined, and neither can be fully comprehended on its own. An intersectional approach sees race and gender as interacting and inseparable. Two specific contemporary racial projects are examined: the ideology of color blindness, and organized white supremacist discourse, and argues that gender is essential to understanding both. Finally, the consequences of the erasure of gender from our analyses of whiteness are examined.
Racial Residential Segregation in Urban America
Authors: Adelman Robert M. , Gocker James Clarke
Published: August 2007

There are numerous causes and consequences of racial residential segregation in American metropolitan areas, and a long‐standing literature is filled with debates about them. We provide an overview of the trends and patterns regarding racial residential segregation, focusing primarily on blacks and whites. We pay special attention to the competing arguments about race and class in the context of residential stratification. We then discuss the many causes of residential segregation, and its social and economic consequences. After the overview, we identify key gaps in the literature. We discuss three broad substantive areas of research that expand the study of racial residential segregation: (i) the everyday experiences of race, class, and gender disadvantage as they are related to segregation; (ii) contemporary immigration streams and their impact on black‐white residential dynamics; and (iii) the power of political‐economic forces to transform residentially segregated spaces, with a particular emphasis on processes related to gentrification and home mortgage lending.
The Sociology of Celebrity
Authors: Ferris Kerry O.
Published: August 2007

The sociology of celebrity (and its cousin, fame) is a relatively young field, despite having identifiable classical roots. While the topic was ignored by sociologists for many years, it has recently been taken up by both theorists and empirical researchers in sociology and a variety of related fields. In this article, I evaluate the current state of the field, and identify two major themes – celebrity as pathology and celebrity as commodity – that currently dominate the literature. In addition, I suggest additional research directions that I believe will help the field develop and mature; in particular, empirically grounded and meaning‐oriented research that reflects the lived experiences of those who swim in the sea of celebrity culture everyday. What does celebrity mean to the people who produce it, consume it, engage with it and live it? To the extent that researchers take up these questions, the sociology of celebrity will continue to be a vibrant and vigorous area of study.
Etching SiO2 with HF/pyridine-supercritical carbon dioxide solutions and resultant interfacial electronic properties
Authors: Li Y. X. , Yang D. , Jones C. A. , DeSimone J. M. , Irene E. A.
Published: August 2007

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) films grown on single crystal Si in high temperature O2 were etched using nonaqueous HF/pyridine solutions in supercritical CO2. The etch rate of SiO2 films were studied in the solutions with HF concentration up to 1000μM at 1.38×107Pa and at 35, 45, and 55°C. Capacitance versus voltage, conductance versus voltage, and leakage current measurements were performed on capacitor structures fabricated after SiO2 regrowth on completely etched Si surfaces. The electronic results revealed no systematic differences of etched and unetched samples with various etch times concentrations and that the Si–SiO2 interface of completely etched samples was comparable to the unetched control sample in terms of interface electronic charge and states and leakage current.
Ultrahigh-resolution pattern using electron-beam lithography HF wet etching
Authors: Tiron R. , Mollard L. , Louveau O. , Lajoinie E.
Published: August 2007

The authors have developed sub-6nm electron-beam lithography using a high-resolution inorganic resist, hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ). The results are obtained using a 100KeV VB6 ultrahigh-resolution Leica Gaussian beam equipment. Because HSQ is a flowable silicon oxide, it can be converted to SiO2 at an elevated temperature. This allows the process flow to be modified by removing the hard mask etching and resist stripping and using HSQ directly when structuring silicon. In addition, the dissolution of SiO2 in HF solution is well known as a fundamental step in fabricating integrated circuits. To obtain sub-5nm HSQ patterns, they developed resist trimming, using this similarity between HSQ and SiO2. The first step of the study is done on full-sheet 200mm Si. After the coating, the wafers are hard baked at different temperatures (from 350to550°C) and for different lengths of time. In a second step, HSQ e-beam patterns are trimmed by HF etching. The choice of pH and concentration of HF solution allow them control the etching rate. In summary, they demonstrated an ultrahigh-resolution pattern using electron-beam lithography HF wet etching. Such performance is suitable for nanoscale device processes.
Band gap narrowing of ZnO:N films by varying rf sputtering power in O2∕N2 mixtures
Authors: Ahn Kwang-Soon , Yan Yanfa , Al-Jassim Mowafak
Published: August 2007

Band gap narrowing of N-incorporated ZnO (ZnO:N) was achieved by reactive rf magnetron sputtering in O2∕N2 mixture ambient. ZnO:N films with various band gaps were realized by varying N concentration, which was controlled successfully by varying the rf powers. When rf power was increased to 200W, the ZnO:N films exhibited optical band gaps similar to that of Zn3N2 films. Calculations based on first-principles density-functional theory revealed that the band gap narrowing is caused by the mixing of shallower N 2p states with the valence band of ZnO.
Microfluidic encapsulated nanoelectromechanical resonators
Authors: Aubin Keith L. , Huang Jingqing , Park Seung-Min , Yang Yanou , Kondratovich Marianna , Craighead Harold G. , Ilic Bojan R.
Published: August 2007

Resonant nanoelectromechanical systems have been demonstrated as sensitive mass detectors with subattogram and even single molecule sensitivity [Ilic et al., Nano Lett. 5, 925 (2005); Ilic et al., J. Appl. Phys. 95, 3694 (2004)]. Measurements of sub-ng/ml protein concentrations and DNA hybridization using deflection based microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices have also been shown [Wu et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 856 (2001); Fritz et al., Science 288, 316 (2000)]. Sample delivery is generally difficult in such cases requiring the entire device chip to be submersed into an analyte containing mixture. Additionally, in the case of MEMS resonators, high vacuum is required to remove viscous damping to improve sensitivity. In this work, the authors present a method where arrays of nanoelectromechanical devices are encapsulated in individually accessible, parallel microfluidic channels. The microchannels were used for delivery of liquids and nitrogen (for drying). The channels were pumped down to pressures where viscous damping effects are negligible. Due to the small volume of the channels, achieving the necessary vacuum took less than 1min; the cycle time for measurement was therefore vastly reduced. The methods for encapsulation described herein are not limited to nanomechanical resonators and could have applications with other types of nanoelectromechanical systems.
Selective growth of iron oxide thin films using the combined method of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition and microcontact printing
Authors: Lee J.-Y. , Kang B.-C. , Jung D.-Y. , Boo J.-H.
Published: August 2007

The authors have carried out the selective deposition of magnetite iron oxide (Fe3O4) thin films with about 50nm thickness on Si(100) surfaces which were patterned by octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) using microcontact printing (μCP) method. The μCP method showed that hydrophobic patterns with microdimension were able to be formed on hydrophilic area such as silicon surface. Iron oxide thin films were deposited on the Si(100) substrates by thermal metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method using single molecular organometallic precursor of iron pentacarbonly [Fe(CO)5] with high purity (99.999%) oxygen gas. The deposition was performed in the range of 250–350°C substrate temperature for 2–10min under 1×10−2Torr in a homemade MOCVD system. In order to check the selectivity of as-deposited thin films optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy analyses were performed. To confirm the crystallinity of deposited thin films, x-ray diffraction patterns and micro-Raman were studied. Also energy dispersive x-ray and x-ray photoelectron spectrometry results showed the composition of the as-grown iron oxide thin films. By means of these results, the authors can suggest the selective deposition mechanisms and tendencies of iron oxide thin films onto the OTS patterned Si(100) surfaces.
Formation of (Zn,Co)O by annealing of Co overlayers on ZnO
Authors: Dumont J. , Mugumaoderha C. M. , Seldrum T. , Frising F. , Moisson C. , Turover D. , Sporken R.
Published: August 2007

The effect of annealing of Co∕ZnO(0001) was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy, low energy electron diffraction, and Auger electron spectroscopy. At room temperature, Co forms islands on ZnO. Annealing up to 940K leads to coalescence of the islands. At 970K, Co diffuses into ZnO where it partially replaces Zn. A model of the Auger intensities, based on exponential attenuation with thickness and including correction for matrix effects, confirms this interpretation and suggests that the fraction of Zn replaced by Co is near 50% or higher.
Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)As∕AlAs multiple quantum well structures
Authors: Ploog K. H. , Trampert A. , Brandt O , Sapega V. F.
Published: August 2007

The authors have grown a series of (Ga,Mn)As∕AlAs multiple quantum well structures with smooth and abrupt interfaces by molecular beam epitaxy to study the confinement effect on the spin polarization of bound holes in (Ga,Mn)As quantum wells (QWs). With respect to the growth conditions, a compromise between the requirement of low-temperature growth and high As4∕Ga flux ratio for the (Ga,Mn)As QWs to avoid Mn segregation and MnAs cluster formation on the one hand and the requirement of high-temperature growth and low As4∕Ga flux ratio for two-dimensional growth of the AlAs barriers on the other hand was chosen, using a substrate temperature of 250°C. Detailed studies of the hot-electron photoluminescence polarization in a magnetic field revealed that the confinement effect strongly modifies the electronic state of single Mn acceptors and the acceptor impurity band. However, even in narrow QWs the polarization of bound holes is more sensitive to random stress and∕or electric fields in the QW plane than to confinement. Internal random stress and∕or electric fields suppress the circular and linear polarizations, and the expected enhancement of the polarization of bound holes due to confinement is therefore experimentally not observed.
Metal gate HfO2 metal-oxide-semiconductor structures on InGaAs substrate with varying Si interface passivation layer and postdeposition anneal condition
Authors: Ok InJo , Kim H. , Zhang M. , Zhu F. , Park S. , Yum J. , Koveshnikov S. , Tsai W. , Tokranov V. , Yakimov M. , Oktyabrsky S. , Lee Jack C.
Published: August 2007

Recently, the authors have investigated the GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor using Si interface passivation layer (IPL) and HfO2 as gate dielectric. In this work, they have investigated InGaAs MOSCAP using the same oxide of HfO2 as gate insulator with Si IPL. In this work, the authors studied the effects of postdeposition anneal (PDA) time and Si IPL on the electrical characteristics of the metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor with high-k (HfO2) material on InGaAs. Excellent electrical characteristics with thin equivalent oxide thickness (∼2.5nm), low frequency dispersion (<5%) have been obtained. The thickness of the Si IPL and PDA time were correlated with C-V characteristics.
Growth of and optical emission from GaMnAs thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Xu J. F. , Liu S. W. , Xiao Min , Thibado P. M.
Published: August 2007

GaMnAs thin films with different Mn doping concentrations were grown via molecular beam epitaxy using a substrate temperature of 250°C. The thin films were investigated using photoluminescence (PL) measurements from 8to300K. Transitions involving Mn acceptors were identified and a binding energy of ∼0.1eV was found. A Mn doping concentration dependent PL spectrum was found to lend insight into the film quality at a local level. Temperature dependent PL studies show that the doping related emissions drop faster in energy than other peaks with increasing temperature, indicating that they are more sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment.
Anomalous Mn depth profiles for GaMnAs∕GaAs(001) thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Xu J. F. , Thibado P. M. , Awo-Affouda C. , Ramos F. , LaBella V. P.
Published: August 2007

Mn concentration depth profiles in Mn-doped GaAs thin films grown at substrate temperatures of 580 and 250°C using various Mn cell temperatures have been investigated with dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry and Auger electron spectroscopy. When the samples are grown at a low substrate temperature of 250°C, the Mn distributes uniformly. For the samples grown at a high substrate temperature of 580°C, the concentration depth profiles are easily fitted with a temperature-dependent Fermi function only if the Mn concentration is above the solubility limit. However, when the Mn concentration is below the solubility limit, unexpected peaks are observed in the concentration depth profiles.
Radiative and nonradiative lifetimes in nonpolar m-plane InxGa1−xN∕GaN multiple quantum wells grown on GaN templates prepared by lateral epitaxial overgrowth
Authors: Onuma T. , Koyama T. , Chakraborty A. , McLaurin M. , Haskell B. A. , Fini P. T. , Keller S. , DenBaars S. P. , Speck J. S. , Nakamura S. , Mishra U. K. , Sota T. , Chichibu S. F.
Published: August 2007

Different from the case for polar (0001) InxGa1−xN multiple quantum wells (MQWs), the effective radiative lifetimes (τR,eff) at 8K of violet (V: 3.15eV), purple (P: 3.00eV), and blue (B: 2.83eV) emission peaks in nonpolar (11¯00) InxGa1−xN∕GaN MQWs fabricated on various GaN templates were found to be nearly independent of InN molar fraction x being approximately 1ns. The result indicates the absence of polarization fields parallel to the MQW normal. For each luminescence peak, the effective nonradiative lifetime (τNR,eff) at room temperature of the MQWs grown on “Ga-polar” wings of the GaN template prepared by lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) was longer than that for the MQWs grown on “N-polar” wings, windows, or on conventional GaN templates, which had high density basal plane stacking faults and threading dislocations. Since τR,eff was little affected by the presence of defects, the increase in τNR,eff brought fivefold improvement in the equivalent internal quantum efficiency (ηinteq) of V peak. Because B peak was mostly generated from defective areas, the increase in ηinteq was not so remarkable (29%–36%). However, these values are approximately twice that reported for (112¯0) InGaN∕GaN MQWs grown on LEO GaN templates [Onuma et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 151918 (2005)].
Spreading of thin-film metal patterns deposited on nonplanar surfaces using a shadow mask micromachined in Si (110)
Authors: Tiggelaar R. M. , Berenschot J. W. , Elwenspoek M. C. , Gardeniers J. G. E. , Dorsman R. , Kleijn C. R.
Published: August 2007

The application of a three dimensional, self-aligning shadow mask in (110)-oriented silicon for thin-film metal deposition is discussed. This shadow mask is used for the deposition of metal tracks on the bottom of structures with vertical sidewalls, i.e., the patterning of metal catalytic patches underneath the membrane that covers the deep flow channel of a high-temperature gas microreactor. The accuracy of this patch definition—pattern spreading—is investigated for rhodium and platinum as a function of the mask-to-substrate distance. The pattern of sputter-deposited patches is subject to pattern spreading when the gap between the shadow mask and the substrate is nonzero. The experimental patch widening shows a square root dependency on the gap size. Via numerical simulations of molecular gas flows using a direct simulation Monte Carlo method, it is shown that there is excellent agreement between the observed experimental data and this model taking into account values for the sticking (γ) and accommodation (α) coefficients of the atoms on the walls of the shadow mask below unity (i.e., γ=0.5 and α=0.1), and a baseline shift due to curvature and/or bending of the shadow mask and/or substrate.
Ar
+
bombardment of 193nm photoresist: Morphological effects
Authors: Pargon E. , Nest D. , Graves D. B.
Published: August 2007

We present results from an experimental study of Ar+ beam exposure on 193nm methacrylate-based photoresist at 500, 1000, and 2000eV and a range of angles of incidence from normal incidence to 80°, from normal. The initial sputtering yield decreases with ion fluence until reaching a steady value at all energies and angles. The sputtering yield peaks near 80° at steady state for all energies. Atomic force microscope measurements after ion beam exposure reveal that photoresist surface texture remains smooth for angles of incidence from normal to about 40°. Various surface roughening features emerge at higher angles of incidence for fluences above about 1015ionscm−2. Surface roughening is observed for selected ranges of impact angles and fluences. Distinct holes are observed for some conditions. Longitudinal ripples, resembling striations, are observed for ion angles of incidence above about 70°, and may be related to sidewall striations observed in plasma etching of holes and trenches.
Interface and optical properties of InGaAsNSb∕GaAs quantum wells on GaAs (411) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Li W. , Pei C. , Torfi A. , Moscicka D. , Wang W. I.
Published: August 2007

In Ga As N Sb ∕ Ga As quantum wells (QWs) have been grown on GaAs (411)A substrates by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy. InGaAsNSb∕GaAs QWs on GaAs (411)A exhibited remarkably enhanced photoluminescence efficiency compared with the same structures on conventional GaAs (100) substrates. It was further observed that the optimum growth temperature for (411)A was 30°C higher than that for (100). A model based on the self-assembling of local rough surface domains into a unique global smooth surface at the lowest energy state of the system is proposed to explain the phenomenon.
Epitaxial Fe3O4 on SrTiO3 characterized by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Zheng J. G. , Sterbinsky G. E. , Cheng J. , Wessels B. W.
Published: August 2007

Epitaxial magnetite (Fe3O4) thin films were deposited on (001) SrTiO3 substrates by molecular beam epitaxy using molecular oxygen and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements. The films are epitaxial with (001)f‖(001)s and [110]f‖[110]s and the film∕substrate interface is nearly atomically abrupt. Misfit dislocations and twins are present in the film due to the large mismatch between the film and substrate. Antiphase boundaries were also observed. The values for the coercive field of the epitaxial film are nearly the same as those of bulk magnetite.
Influence of interface roughness on quantum transport in nanoscale FinFET
Authors: Khan H. , Mamaluy D. , Vasileska D.
Published: August 2007

The authors utilize a fully quantum mechanical transport simulator based on the contact block reduction method to investigate the influence of interface roughness in nanoscale FinFET devices. In this work we treat interface roughness by creating a random deviation at the ideal Si∕SiO2 interface in real space and then solving the quantum transport problem fully self-consistently with the gates for the resulting device potential. We study the influence of interface roughness on device capacitance, drain current, and gate leakage for different regimes of operation. Our simulation results show that gate leakage is significantly affected by surface roughness, even though the average oxide thickness remains approximately the same. On the other hand, the on current is comparatively less sensitive to the interface roughness for FinFET devices with a narrow fin width. Furthermore, we find that the interface roughness significantly affects both the intrinsic switching speed and, especially, the cutoff frequency of FinFET with a narrow fin thickness.
Binding energy, vapor pressure, and melting point of semiconductor nanoparticles
Authors: Farrell H. H. , Van Siclen C. D.
Published: August 2007

Current models for the cohesive energy of nanoparticles generally predict a linear dependence on the inverse particle diameter for spherical clusters, or, equivalently, on the inverse of the cube root of the number of atoms in the cluster. Although this is generally true for metals, the authors find that for the group IV semiconductors, C, Si, and Ge, this linear dependence does not hold. Instead, using first principles, density functional theory calculations to calculate the binding energy of these materials, they find a quadratic dependence on the inverse of the particle size. Similar results have also been obtained for the metallic group IV elements Sn and Pb. This is in direct contradiction to current assumptions. Further, as a consequence of this quadratic behavior, the vapor pressure of semiconductor nanoparticles rises more slowly with decreasing size than would be expected. In addition, the melting point of these nanoparticles will experience less suppression than experienced by metal nanoparticles with comparable bulk binding energies. This nonlinearity also affects sintering or Ostwald ripening behavior of these nanoparticles as well as other physical properties that depend on the nanoparticle binding energy. The reason for this variation in size dependence involves the covalent nature of the bonding in semiconductors, and even in the “poor” metals. Therefore, it is expected that this result will hold for compound semiconductors as well as the elemental semiconductors.
Conducting properties of suspended carbon nanotubes grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Li Tsung-Lung , Ting Jyh-Hua , Yang Bo-Zhi
Published: August 2007

Conducting properties of suspended carbon nanotubes grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are investigated. The thermal CVD growth is performed at a temperature about 200°C lower than usual with the intention to circumvent process integration issues posed by CVD growth at higher temperatures. The growth conditions are obtained by tuning the CVD gas flows so that there are yields of devices with a small number of nanotubes bridging the metal pads. Using these growth conditions, over 70 devices with sparse bridging nanotubes are obtained at 750°C. These devices are used to characterize the conducting properties. It is found that the contact resistance of 1.5–5MΩ can be attributed to the nanotube defect densities and the resulting loose nanotube-metal contacts. Furthermore, semiconductive devices are observed. Their transfer characteristics are explained by the Schottky barrier at the nanotube-metal interface. The noise of semiconductive devices observed at large bias may be due to quantum interference between crossed nanotubes.
Thermal stability of rare-earth based ultrathin Lu2O3 for high-k dielectrics
Authors: Darmawan P. , Lee P. S. , Setiawan Y. , Lai J. C. , Yang P.
Published: August 2007

Lu 2 O 3 thin film was deposited on n-type (100) Si substrates using pulsed laser deposition. A k value of 15.95 with an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of 1.10nm and a current density of 2.6×10−5A∕cm2 at +1V accumulation bias is achievable for the 4.5nm thick Lu2O3 thin film deposited at room temperature after postdeposition annealing at 600°C in oxygen ambient. Annealing a similar sample at 900°C caused the EOT and leakage current density to increase to 1.68nm and 1×10−4A∕cm2, respectively. High resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis has shown that Lu2O3 film remains amorphous at high temperature annealing at 900°C. An x-ray reflectivity analysis on a separately prepared sample with lower annealing temperature (800°C) suggested a formation of Lu-based silicate layer. It is believed that the formation of low-k silicate layer may have contributed to the observed increase in EOT and the reduction in the k value.
Focused ion beam etching for the fabrication of micropillar microcavities made of III-V semiconductor materials
Authors: Ho Y.-L. D. , Gibson R. , Hu C. Y. , Cryan M. J. , Rarity J. G. , Heard P. J. , Timpson J. A. , Fox A. M. , Skolnick M. S. , Hopkinson M. , Tahraoui A.
Published: August 2007

The authors demonstrate a simple approach for the construction of single photon sources utilizing focused ion beam (FIB) etching, a maskless fabrication technique. Here they use FIB with gas-assisted etching to fabricate micropillar microcavities from a GaAs∕AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflector planar cavity containing self-assembled InAs quantum dots. Using a 1.5μm square pillar, they demonstrate a single photon source where the two photon emission is suppressed by a factor of 3.8. They believe this to be the first example of a FIB fabricated pillar single photon source.
Hydrogen sensing characteristics and mechanism of Pd∕AlGaN∕GaN Schottky diodes subjected to oxygen gettering
Authors: Hasegawa Hideki , Akazawa Masamichi
Published: August 2007

Hydrogen sensing characteristics in vacuum and in air were investigated on Pd Schottky diodes that were formed on AlGaN∕GaN two-dimensional electron gas wafer and subjected to a surface control process for oxygen gettering. By applying the surface control process, leakage currents in Pd∕AlGaN∕GaN Schottky diode were greatly reduced. Such diodes showed high hydrogen detection sensitivities and fast turn-on and -off characteristics in air, although they showed very slow turn-off behavior in vacuum. From detailed measurements of current-voltage (I-V), capacitance-voltage (C-V), and current transient characteristics, the sensing mechanism was explained in terms of Schottky barrier height reduction caused by formation of interface dipole by atomic hydrogen. It was shown that dipole formation is controlled in air by the Langmuir isotherm type adsorption behavior, including the reaction between atomic hydrogen and oxygen. Discrepancies in Schottky barrier height values deduced from I-V and C-V measurements have indicated that current transport is not by the standard thermionic emission process, but by the thermionic field emission process through the thin surface barrier (TSB) in accordance with the TSB model.