bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of slaughter age and gender on carcass characteristics of Turkish indigeneous Hair goat kids reared under an extensive production system
Authors: Toplu H. D. O. , Goksoy E. O. , Nazligul A.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This study was conducted to investigate effects of slaughter age and gender on carcass characteristics of indigenous Hair goat kids reared under an extensive production system. A total of 60 Hair goat kids (30 females and 30 males) slaughtered at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age was used as the material of this study. In the study, the cold carcass weights of kids at 3–12 months of age were between 6.15 and 10.83 kg. The cold dressing percentage was determined as 47.04–52.65 %. The effect of slaughter age on these traits was statistically significant (P<0.001). The cold carcass weight and the cold dressing percentage increased with the slaughter age. The effect of kid gender on the cold carcass weight was statistically significant (P<0.001). The mean value of this trait in males was higher than the females. The percentages of omental-mesenteric fat (P<0.001) and kidney-knob and channel fat (P<0.01) significantly increased with slaughter age. Subcutan, intermuscular, total fat and muscle/ bone percentages of the left half carcass significantly increased with slaughter age (P<0.01). However, bone (P<0.05) and muscle/total fat (P<0.01) percentages significantly decreased with slaughter age. The female kids had significantly higher values than males in terms of omental-mesenteric fat, kidney-knob and channel fat, subcutaneous, intermuscular and total carcass fat percentages (P<0.001). In conclusion, it is recommended that Hair goat kids should be slaughtered at 9 months of age under extensive management system to result in more edible meat production.
Impact of maintenance systems on the Hucul mares’ reproductive rates
Authors: Topczewska J. , Krupa W.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. An assessment of the reproductive impacts of maintenance systems, stable-pasture keeping and natural pasture, on Hucul horses was undertaken during the period 1990–2010. During the period covered by the analysis, much higher reproductive results were obtained in natural breeding systems. During the same period (1990–2010), pregnancy levels of 82.2 %, fertility of 80.44 %, sterility of 17.76 % including prolificacy of 77.45 % were attained under guided breeding systems. The corresponding figures for natural breeding were 93.50 %, 90.25 %, 6.50 % and 85.56 %, respectively. On farm, where reproductive guided breeding system was practiced, the best breeding results were obtained by mating mares with stallions from Hroby line while the least were with stallions from Gurgul line. However, in stables where reproduction was devoid of human interference the Hroby and Goral lines were most benefitting. A decline in pregnancy and fecundity accompanied by an increase in sterility were observed on both breeding facilities.
Application of PIT tags for individual identification of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
Authors: Oesau S. , Thaller G. , Schulz C. , Tetens J.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags only work in very close proximity of the receiver (cm distance). Therefore, active transponders are mainly used in behavioural monitoring. In the present study, the effects of intraabdominal implantation of PIT tags on survival, well-being and growth performance of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were investigated. Furthermore, the tag retention rate and read out error rate of all tags were examined. Passive integrated transponder tags were implanted in the abdominal cavity of nearly 6 000 turbots. All tags were readout and checked for correct function over a period of 122 days every five and a half weeks. No significant effects of tagging on fish survival (mortality rate <0.2 %), health or growth were detected during the trial period. Tag retention rate was 100 % and no malfunctions were observed. Results suggest that turbots can be marked with PIT tags in the abdominal cavity without obvious negative influences on performance traits and tag retention rate.
Growth performance, carcass and meat quality of Karayaka female lambs born in different seasons
Authors: Sen U. , Kuran M. , Ensoy U.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine growth performance, carcass and meat quality of Karayaka female lambs born in different seasons. Winter born (breeding season; n=15) and autumn born (out of the breeding season; n=15) singleton female lambs were used in the study. Birth and slaughter weights of lambs in both groups were similar, but the weaning weight of the autumn born lambs was higher (P<0.05). The autumn born lambs had lower carcass yield, lung, spleen and gastrocnemious muscle weights (P<0.05), but higher liver, kidney, empty reticulo-rumen, empty small intestine, internal fat, suprarenal fat weights and a higher fat thickness over the longissimus dorsi muscle (P<0.05). Additionally, the winter born lambs had higher cooking loss, drip loss and shear force values (P<0.05), but lower dry matter and intramuscular fat (P<0.05) in longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus muscles. There were significant differences between both groups in terms of meat colour characteristics (P<0.05) except b* values for longissimus dorsi at 1 h and for semitendinosus at 24 h. The results suggest that Karayaka female lambs born in winter and autumn seasons have different meat quality parameters and growth patterns at pre- and post-weaning.
The current EU rules on bovine electronic identification systems: state of the art and its further development
Authors: Passantino A.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Regulation (EC) No 1760/2000 establishes a system for the identification of bovine animals and regulates the mandatory and voluntary labelling of beef and beef products. While bovine ear tags must bear an identifying code, the current European Union (EU) rules do not regulate electronic tags for bovine animal.
Intermittent feeding programme and addition of Bacillus subtilis based probiotics to the diet of growing broiler chickens: Influence on growth, hepatic enzymes and serum lipid metabolites profile
Authors: Aliakbarpour H. R. , Chamani M. , Rahimi G. , Sadeghi A. A. , Qujeq D.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This study was conducted to examine the effects of Intermittent feeding programme (IFP) and Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic (BSP) addition in diet on liver malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, lipid metabolism and performance in broiler chickens. Five hundred and four one-day old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated in four experimental treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4). Groups T1 (control diet) and T3 (Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic diet) were fed ad libitum, whereas groups T2 (control diet) and T4 (Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic diet) served as IFP from day 8 to the end of the experiment. The data on initial body weight, weekly feed consumption and body weight gain were recorded up to six weeks of age. Carcass composition, blood parameters and hepatic enzyme activity were measured at the end of the experiment. Although body weight gain was not significantly different among any of the treatments, the birds raised under IFP consumed significantly (P<0.05) lower feed (207 g) and utilized their feed more efficiently (1.78) than those of the control group fed ad libitum (1.84). Carcass weight as a percentage of live weight was not affected by probiotic supplementation on the diet, but IFP significantly reduced (P<0.05) broiler carcass weight. However, the liver malic and isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was not significantly different between IFP and BSP groups. All serum lipid metabolites concentration decreased (P<0.05) with probiotic treatment. It may be concluded that dietary supplementation with BSP may influence the pathway of fat metabolism through promotion and/or suppression of serum lipid metabolites.
Genetic and phenotypic parameters for productive traits in the first three lactations of Khuzestan buffaloes in Iran
Authors: Madad M. , Hossein-Zadeh N. G. , Shadparvar A. A.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for milk and fat yields in Khuzestan buffaloes of Iran. A total of 5 258 production records of the first three lactations of the Khuzestan buffaloes obtained from the Animal Breeding Centre of Iran between 1993 and 2009 were used for the analysis. Genetic parameters were estimated by the multivariate restricted maximum-likelihood (REML) procedure in the Wombat program. The averages of milk and fat production were 2 220.0 kg and 137.6 kg for first lactation; 2 236.8 kg and 137.9 kg for second lactation; and 2 303.6 kg and 143.3 kg for third lactation, respectively. Heritability estimates for milk and fat yields were 0.06 and 0.24 for the first; 0.06 and 0.28 for the second and 0.26 and 0.47 for the third lactation, respectively. Genetic correlation estimates between first and second, first and third, and second and third lactations were 0.77, 0.67 and 0.79 for milk and −0.61, −0.21 and −0.25 for fat yields. These estimates for milk yield are consistent with previous estimates obtained from animal models. Milk production of different lactations is essentially the same trait genetically and combining all lactation records as a single trait is appropriate. On the other hand, negative genetic correlations for fat yield in different lactations indicated that fat yields in all lactations were determined by different genes.
Effect of supplementation with vegetable oil on performance of lactating Awassi ewes, growth of their lambs and on fatty acid profile of milk and blood of lambs
Authors: Titi H. H. , Al-Fataftah A.-R.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The present study investigated the effects of supplementing soybean oil (SBO) and sunflower oil (SFO) on the performance of early lactating Awassi ewes, growth of their sucking lambs and on the concentration of total fatty acids in milk and blood of suckling lambs. One hundred and twenty five ewes were randomly assigned into five equal sized treatment groups involved; a control total mixed ration (TMR) without added oil and four diets supplemented with 3 % SBO, 5 % SBO, 3 % SFO or 5 % SFO.
The effect of egg powder inclusion in the pre-starter diet on the immune response of male broiler chickens
Authors: Esmailzadeh L. , Shivazad M. , Sadeghi A. A. , Karimi-Torshizi M.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. A completely randomised design was performed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of egg powder in the pre-started diet (1–7 day age) on the immune response of male broiler chickens. Experimental pre-starter diets formulated to have 0, 20, 40 or 60 g/kg egg powder. The relative weight of lymphoid organs (spleen and bursa) was reduced, in days 7 and 42 of age, by graded inclusion of egg powder in the pre-starter period (P≤0.05). The highest antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in days 7 and 42 of age was for chickens fed the diet containing 60 g/kg egg powder in the pre-starter diet (P≤0.05). At day 7 of age, birds fed the diet containing egg powder had a higher antibody titre against Infectious bursal disease virus (IB) compared to the control group (P≤0.05), but at day 42 of age, there was no significant difference between the treatments (P>0.05). There was no difference (P>0.05) among the treatments for the titre against sheep red blood cells and immune response against dinitrochlorobenzene. It was concluded that the inclusion of egg powder to the pre-starter diet could significantly enhance the immune response of the male broiler chickens.
Genetic analysis of values, trends and relations between conformation and milk traits in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows
Authors: Kruszyński W. , Pawlina E. , Szewczuk M.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In the work presented an analysis was performed of the genetic values of conformation traits in cows and their relations with the genetic value of dairy traits, basing on dairy performance (milk, fat and protein yield) and conformation data, obtained for Polish Holstein-Friesian cows of the Black-and-White variety, born between year 2001 and 2004, and maintained in 21 herds in the region of Wielkopolska (central Poland). The genetic values for the data analysed were estimated using the BLUP method and a mixed model. For the traits analysed a genetic trend was estimated as well as genetic correlations between the dairy and conformation traits. The population analysed was divided depending on year of birth and production level. The results obtained show a systematic increase in the traits analysed (positive genetic trends), both for the dairy and for conformation traits (with the exception of temperament). The highest genetic correlations between dairy and conformation traits were obtained for the udder, temperament and dairy type, while the lowest for height at sacrum and calibre. The analysis of the genetic value of conformation traits in cows of different dairy production genetic values indicated that the highest results were obtained for the group of animals with the highest genetic dairy production value. In turn, the analysis of the genetic value of traits of cows born in different years did not show statistically significant differences, with the exception of height in the youngest group.
Dry period length in Montbéliarde cows and its association with selected production and functional characteristics
Authors: Januś E. , Borkowska D.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The study evaluated the effects of selected factors (dry period number, milk yield in standard lactation and length of full lactation) on the length of dry periods. The effect of dry period length on milk yield and composition, the frequency of milk samples with different somatic cell counts (SCC) and the course of lactation were also analysed. The study included 491 cycles (dry period and lactation) and 4 998 results of test-day milking conducted in a herd of 230 Montbéliarde cows. The cows were kept in a free-stall barn and fed total mixed rations (TMR). The average length of the dry period was found to be 85 days. The first dry period was 34-45 days longer than subsequent ones, which may have been due to the cows becoming acclimated after having been brought to the farm as in calf heifers. Increasing milk yield in standard lactation was accompanied by significantly shorter dry periods. The most beneficial dry periods in terms of milk yield were those lasting 22-41 days. The lowest yield was noted in lactations preceded by a dry period reduced to 0-21 days. However, this milk contained the most fat, protein and dry matter and the SCC did not exceed 400 000 cells/ml in 73.3 % of cases. The decrease in daily milk yield from its peak in the 2nd month to the 10th month after calving was smallest in cows with dry periods of 57-84 days, which may suggest that lactations in these cows were the most persistent.
Occurrence of ketone bodies in the urine of cows during the first three months after calving and their association with milk yield
Authors: Januś E. , Borkowska D.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of lactation number, month after calving, body condition at calving, milk yield and feeding season on the frequency and intensity of occurrence of ketone bodies in the urine during the first trimester after calving of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows cows with average annual milk yield of about 7,000 kg. It was also evaluated how the presence of ketone bodies in the urine of cows was associated with their milk production and the course of lactation. 479 urine samples were collected from the cows. The samples were tested using KRULAB test strips. The influence of the presence of ketone bodies on milk yield in 150 lactations and in 1,797 milk samples was also evaluated. It was found that 36.2 % of urine samples contained ketone bodies that could indicate various forms of ketosis. The frequency and intensity of the occurrence of ketone bodies in the urine was significantly influenced by the cows' body condition at calving, milk yield during standard lactation, the day the urine samples were collected and feeding season. The presence of ketones in the urine had little effect on milk yield in standard and complete lactations. Cows whose urine contained ketone bodies had significantly higher daily milk yield up to the sixth month of lactation. This could indicate that cows with high production potential are more susceptible to ketosis. The occurrence of ketones in the urine had a negative effect on the lactation curves of the cows tested.
Comparison of calves' rearing parameters in two different housing systems: indoor versus outdoor hutches
Authors: Wójcik A. , Nałęcz-Tarwacka T. , Gołębiewski M.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The main aim of the study was to compare the rearing effect of calves kept outdoor in individual hutches and indoor in group pens. During the experiments, the following measure ments were carried out: body weight, daily gains, feed intake, morbidity and mortality. The study was conducted on 90 calves from 5th to 90th day of age; all calves were fed the same feed and according to the same schedule. Results revealed that during the first month, the calves from both groups achieved the same daily gains. However, older calves kept indoor were characterised by better daily gains, feed intake and as a result, body weight. The outdoor system has positive effect on morbidity, especially in case of pneumonia and diarrhoea. During the experiment, only two calves were lost (mortality rate – 2.2 %).
Beta-casein A1/A2, kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin polymorphisms in Turkish cattle breeds
Authors: Dinc H. , Ozkan E. , Koban E. , Togan I.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In this study, the genetic diversity of three milk protein genes namely beta-casein, kappacasein and beta-lactoglobulin was estimated in Turkish cattle breeds. Based on these genes, breeds in Turkey have been grouped as: 1) Eastern Anatolian Red, Anatolian Black and Southern Anatolian Red and 2) Turkish Grey, Turkish Holstein and Holstein Candidate Bulls. B alleles of the three studied genes, which were reported to be positively related with cheese yield and quality, seemed to be low-intermediate for beta-casein and kappa-casein but relatively high for beta-lactoglobulin in the first group of Turkish breeds compared to other breeds of the world. The kappa-casein E allele, which has a negative effect on cheese quality, is absent in Turkish cattle breeds, except in Holstein Candidate Bulls. Therefore, the results suggest that milk of Turkish native breeds is suitable for cheese making. Based on observations of the Turkish breeds, some suggestions were made regarding breeding practices in Turkey.
Effect of using different number and type of records from different generations as reference population on the accuracy of genomic evaluation
Authors: Boustan A. , Nejati-Javaremi A. , Shahrbabak M. M. , Saatchi M.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. One important question about genomic evaluation is how distance between generations of individuals in reference population and selection candidates, would affect the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding value of selection candidates. There were two schemes in the present study. In first scheme, for each individual a genome consisting 30 chromosomes each with 100 equally spaced single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and in second scheme a genome consisting 3 chromosomes each with 1000 equally spaced SNPs was simulated. To generate enough linkage disequilibrium between loci, random mating for 50 generations was done in a finite population. In generation 51, population size was expanded to 250 individuals. This structure was continued until generation 55. Individuals in generation 55 were juvenile and did not have phenotypic records and were selection candidates. Heritability was assumed to be 0.3. Our results showed using information from more distant generations would decrease accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values of selection candidates but in scheme in which marker distance was 1 centimorgan, increasing generation number between reference population and selection candidates would decrease accuracy more than scheme in which marker distance was 0.1 centimorgan. According to our results using EBVs of reference population instead of phenotypic records would increase accuracy extremely.
The effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium supplements on the fatty acid profile and quality traits of eggs
Authors: Zduńczyk Z. , Drażbo A. , Jankowski J. , Juśkiewicz J. , Antoszkiewicz Z. , Troszyńska A.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The present study investigated the effect of supplementing a diet containing 5 % soybean oil, which provided 30 g/kg of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with two levels of vitamin E (30 or 60 mg/kg, as-is basis) in combination with two levels of selenium (0.15 or 0.30 mg/kg, as-is basis) on hen performance, the fatty acid profile and antioxidant status of the yolk. A 12-week study was performed on 32 Lohmann Brown hens with 8 birds in each group.
Criteria of GenCall score to edit marker data and methods to handle missing markers have an influence on accuracy of genomic predictions
Authors: Edriss V. , Guldbrandtsen B. , Lund M. S. , Su G.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different strategies for handling low-quality or missing data on prediction accuracy for direct genomic values of protein yield, mastitis and fertility using a Bayesian variable model and a GBLUP model in the Danish Jersey population. The data contained 1,071 Jersey bulls that were genotyped with the Illumina Bovine 50K chip. After preliminary editing, 39,227 SNP remained in the dataset. Four methods to handle missing genotypes were: 1) BEAGLE: missing markers were imputed using Beagle 3.3 software, 2) COMMON: missing genotypes at a locus were replaced by the most common genotype at this locus observed in the marker data, 3) EX-ALLELE: missing marker genotypes at a locus were treated as an extra allele, and 4) POP-EXP: missing genotypes at a locus were replaced with population expectation at this locus. It was shown that among the methods used in this study, imputation with Beagle was the best approach to handle missing genotypes. Treating missing markers as a pseudo-allele, replacing missing markers with a population average or substituting the most common alleles each reduced the accuracy of genomic predictions. The results from this study suggest that missing genotypes should be imputed in order to improve genomic prediction. Editing the marker data with stringent threshold on GenCall (GC) scores and then imputing the discarded genotypes did not lead to higher accuracy. All marker genotypes with a GC score over 0.15 should be retained for genomic prediction.
Association between rump score and course of parturition in cows
Authors: Sawa A. , Bogucki M. , Krężel-Czopek S. , Neja W.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Analysis was made of the effect of rump angle and rump width, assessed using a 9-point scoring system, on the course of parturition in cows representing the active population in Pomorze and Kujawy regions of Poland. GLM and FREQ procedures of the SAS package were used in the statistical calculations. The most frequent score for rump angle was 5 (44 % of all scores) and that for rump width was 6 (30 % of all scores). Human intervention was required for 7 % of calvings, of which dystocia (surgical treatment, injury to the cow or calf, embryotomy) occurred in 0.19 % and caesarean section was performed in 0.11 % of the cases. The course of parturition was affected to a greater extent by rump angle (P<0.01) than by rump width. The largest proportion of difficult parturitions (over 8 %) was noted when the cows that calved received rump angle scores of 1–2 or 8–9 points, while raised rump (1–2 points) increased the proportion of dystocia and caesarean sections. The average score for rump angle in the case of unassisted and easy calvings was 4.95 and 5.02 points, respectively (corresponding to the most desirable, slightly sloping rump), and 4.6 points in the case of dystocia and caesarean sections. A much higher proportion of difficult parturitions and dystocia was also found in cows with too narrow a rump scored as 1–2 points and in those with a wide rump (8–9 points).
Instrumental colour measurement as a tool for light veal carcasses online evaluation
Authors: Horcada A. , Juárez M. , Molina A. , Valera M. , Beriain M. J.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Eight-hundred and forty-five veal carcasses (535 males and 310 females) from Pirenaica breed and its crosses with Charolais and Limousin were used to compare carcass colour visual assessments 60 min post-mortem with the values obtained using a spectrocolorimeter (CIE Lab colour system) on the pectoralis superficialis muscle. Carcass weights ranged between 240 and 360 kg. Visual colour was subjectively evaluated by two trained assessors. The best correlation between visual appraisal and L* was observed in carcasses of 300–320 kg. A relatively strong correlation between visual appraisal and a* values was observed in carcasses of 280–300 kg of weight. However, the correlation between b* and visual appraisal was low. Using discriminant functions that included L* and a*, the spectrocolorimeter classified correctly 60 % of carcasses in the class colour assigned by the assessors. In fact, 99% of male and 96% of female carcasses were correctly assigned in the most common colour of veal carcasses in the Spanish market ('pink', 5). These results indicate that on-line instrumental colour measurements on pectoralis superficialis muscle could be recommended to objectively evaluate carcass colour of commercial veal for the Spanish market.
A note on pigs’ knowledge of hidden objects
Authors: Nawroth C. , Ebersbach M. , von Borell E.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Object permanence is the notion that objects continue to exist even when they are out of observer´s sight. This ability is adaptive not only for free ranging animals who have to cope with a dangerous and highly changeable environment, allowing them to be aware of predators sneaking in their proximity or to keep track of conspecifics or food sources, even when out of sight. Farm animals, too, might profit from object permanence as the ability to follow the trajectory of hidden food or objects may lead to a higher predictability of subjects' environment, which in turn might affect the level of stress under husbandry conditions. We conducted two experiments to examine the ability of object permanence in young domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). For this purpose we used a test setup that was formerly developed for primates and adopted it to the behavioural constraints of pigs. A rewarded object was hidden in one of three hiding locations with an increasing complexity of the objects movement through successive test sessions. Subjects were confronted with visible and invisible displacement tasks as well as with transpositions of hidden objects in different contextual settings. Pigs solved visible, but not invisible displacements or transpositions, indicating that they have difficulties to keep track of once hidden and then moved objects. This should be taken into account when designing husbandry environments or study designs.
Usefulness of discriminant analysis in the
morphofunctional classification of Spanish dog breeds
Authors: González Ana , Luque Manuel , Herrera Mariano , González Carlos , Angón Elena , Rodero Evangelina
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine whether the classification of local Spanish breeds of dogs, based on morphological traits, matches or differs from the classification based on the dogs' breeding goals. A total of 15 biometric measurements and 10 functional indices were obtained in 1 365 dogs (709 females and 656 males). The dogs we measured belonged to 16 different breeds, 14 of which were officially recognized by the Spanish Royal Canine Society. Similar average values of morphometric traits and indices (P<0.001) were obtained in both sexes: the Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz was the breed with the smallest format and the Pyrenean and Spanish Mastiff, the largest. In the case of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) groups, significant differences (P<0.001) for morphometric traits were found, and in both sexes, the third group was the one with the smallest format and the second group, the largest. The differences obtained were more marked between all groups than within groups, and the morphological characteristics were similar, in accordance with the purpose for which the breeds were bred. Therefore, the existence of a morphologic pattern is accepted both in the breeds and the functional groups. Two as yet officially unrecognized breeds, the Orito and Paternino Hound, must be included in the fifth and the first FCI groups, respectively. When the Orito Hound is recognized, it will be added to the fifth FCI group and the word »hound« will be deleted from the name Paternino breed.
A note on precise tracking of suckling position by piglets
Authors: Skok Janko , Škorjanc Dejan
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Piglets establish a relatively stable teat order after the first week of lactation, when each piglet chooses a preferred teat or teat pair where they tend to suckle permanently. The mechanism underlying the choice that leads each piglet to the same suckling position is still not clarified. In the present case study, piglets with different preferred suckling positions (anterior, posterior) were transferred to a foster sow after completion of the regular 4 weeks of lactation by their biological mother. For both sows, which were identical based on parity, litter size and farrowing date, we examined the suckling positions of the experimental piglets. Piglets occupied exactly the same suckling positions on both sows. Thus, piglets precisely track positions on the mammary complex of a sows udder even when previously learned discriminable stimuli have been changed, such as odours, tastes, morphologies (of sows udder or the sow itself), vocalizations, and neighbouring littermates. Our observation indicates that the spatial configuration of the mammary complex, which is determined by two parallel rows of teats arranged in pairs, can hypothetically be proposed as an important cue for piglet suckling orientation. Therefore, additional attention should be given to the exact spatial position of piglets (and vacant positions) on the mammary complex of biological and foster mothers in order to reduce stress from cross-fostering, which is standard practice in contemporary piglet production.
Genetic parameters for milk production and persistency in the Iranian Holstein population by the multitrait random regression model
Authors: Kheirabadi Khabat , Alijani Sadegh
Published: May 2018

Abstract. For genetic dissection of milk, fat, and protein production traits in the Iranian primiparous Holstein dairy cattle, records of these traits were analysed using a multitrait random regression test-day model. Data set included 763 505 test-day records from 88 204 cows calving since 1993. The (co)variance components were estimated by Bayesian method. The obtained results indicated that as in case of genetic correlations within traits, genetic correlations between traits decrease as days in milk (DIM) got further apart. The strength of the correlations decreased with increasing DIM, especially between milk and fat. Heritability estimates for 305-d milk, fat, and protein yields were 0.31, 0.29, and 0.29, respectively. Heritabilities of test-day milk, fat, and protein yields for selected DIM were higher in the end than at the beginning or the middle of lactation. Heritabilities for persistency ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 and were generally highest for protein yield (0.05 to 0.24) and lowest for fat yield (0.02 to 0.17), with milk yield having intermediate values (0.06 to 0.22). Genetic correlations between persistency measures and 305-d production were higher for protein and milk yield than for fat yield. The genetic correlation of the same persistency measures between milk and fat yields averaged 0.76, and between milk and protein yields averaged 0.82.
Relationship between some variables of protein profile and
indicators of lipomobilization in dairy cows after calving
Authors: Tóthová Csilla , Nagy Oskar , Kováč Gabriel
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of the main indicators of lipomobilization and selected variables of protein profile in dairy cows after calving, including immunoglobulins and acute phase proteins, as well as to evaluate the relationships between the altered lipid metabolism and changes in protein profile. Into the evaluation we included 54 clinically healthy dairy cows of a Slovak spotted breed, low-land black spotted breed and their crossbreeds in the period of 1-2 weeks after parturition. Blood samples were analysed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, mmol/l), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB, mmol/l), total proteins (TP, g/l), albumin (Alb, g/l), immunoglobulin G (IgG, g/l), haptoglobin (Hp, g/l) and serum amyloid A (SAA, mg/l). In cows with concentrations of NEFA above 0.35 mmol/l (n=20) we found significantly lower mean serum concentrations of total proteins, albumin and IgG than in cows with serum NEFA concentrations below 0.35 mmol/l (n=34) (P<0.001). On the other hand, cows with higher values of NEFA showed significantly higher mean concentrations of BHB, Hp and SAA (P<0.001). The concentrations of NEFA significantly negatively correlated with the values of TP (P<0.001), albumin (P<0.01) and IgG (P<0.001). Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of NEFA and BHB, Hp, as well as SAA (P<0.001). Similar correlations were also found between the values of BHB and the variables of protein profile except for albumin. This study indicates strong relationships between NEFA and selected variables of protein profile in cows after parturition.
The suitability of infrared temperature measurements
for continuous temperature monitoring in gilts
Authors: Schmidt Mariana , Ammon Christian , Schön Peter Christian , Manteuffel Christian , Hoffmann Gundula
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an infrared thermometer, a pyrometer, could detect the body surface temperature in the orbital area of gilts without contacting them. Furthermore, it was tested whether an increase in the gilts' temperatures could be detected. Therefore, fever was induced. During 11 trials, 43 German Landrace gilts were injected with either a Porcilis AR-T DF (Intervet International B.V., Boxmeer, Netherlands) vaccine or 2 ml of 0.9 % NaCl. A commercial temperature logger (TRIX-8, LogTag Recorders, Auckland, New Zealand) was placed in the vagina to record temperature data every 3 min. The pyrometer (optris cs, Optris, Berlin, Germany) was aimed at where the orbital area of the gilts would be. While they were drinking, temperature measurements were done in that site by the pyrometer. Time periods from 0.25 to 6 h were analysed. Considering the 0.25-h period, a positive correlation (ρ=0.473) between temperatures of the logger and the pyrometer was found for 15 of 39 gilts. The longer the chosen measuring period was, the fewer animals showed a significant correlation between the two temperatures. In contrast to the vaginal logger, the pyrometer cannot detect an increase in the body temperature in all fever-induced gilts. In conclusion, a pyrometer cannot detect the body surface temperature reliably. An increase in the body surface temperature over a short time period (on average 5 h) could not be detected by the pyrometer. The temperature increase measured using the pyrometer was too low and time-delayed compared to the temperature detected by the vaginal logger.
The effects of breed, grazing system and concentrate supplementation on the fatty acid profile of the musculus longissimus dorsi and the kidney fat of steers
Authors: Schmutz Matthias , Weindl Peter , Carrasco Salome , Bellof Gerhard , Schmidt Eggert
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The study is aimed at determining the effect of breed (German Simmental vs. German Holstein), grazing system (continuous grazing system [CGS] vs. rotational grazing system [RGS]) and concentrate supplementation (level and type of concentrate) on the fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle and kidney fat of steers. The trial involved four phases: in P1 all animals remained indoors; in P2 and P4 they were allocated on CGS or RGS; during P3 one group remained outdoors, the other indoors. In P1 and P3 the steers were offered grass silage and concentrate. In P3 the indoors group received a supplement with a medium or low-concentrate level. For the last 28 days of P4 the steers were offered a concentrate type with 4.9 % linseed oil or with 1.0 % rapeseed oil. CGS-pasture resulted in higher fatty acid values than RGS-pasture; linseed-oil concentrate resulted in higher ALA, Σn-3 and lower LA, Σn-6 than rapeseed-oil concentrate. German Simmental breed had lower IMF-content and higher Σn-3, Σn-6, n-6/n-3 ratio and PUFA/SFA ratio in longissimus dorsi and kidney fat than German Holstein breed. The proportion of CLA was higher in German Holstein breed than in German Simmental breed (0.56 vs. 0.50 g/100 g FAME). RGS group showed lower ALA and higher n-6/n-3 in longissimus dorsi and kidney fat than CGS-group. Neither the level nor the type of concentrate affected the LD and kidney fat fatty acids. Healthy fatty acids levels were higher in the German Holstein breed meat. The CGS-group meat had higher contents of ALA and EPA. However, the legal requirements for human nutrition and other health related claims could not be met.
An attempt to assess the welfare of horses maintained in herd systems
Authors: Topczewska Jadwiga
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The aim of the study was to assess the welfare, using the Welfare Quality criteria, of horses maintained in natural conditions. The study material was a herd of Hucul horses, consisting of 14 mares with offsprings and a stallion, maintained in a herd system on pastures. The research was conducted in the months of March, July and November in 2010 and 2012. Nutrition assessment was based on access to feedstuff, water, including their state. Analysis of levels of maintenance involved evaluating prevailing weather conditions, stocking rate as well as horses’ freedom of movement in the delineated land area. Assessment of the herd’s health condition was based on interviews with the supervising veterinarian. Horses’ behaviour was assessed through observations that relied on their social, affiliative and agonistic behaviours. The condition of the horses was influenced by the period of year, with the best being in November (P≤0.01). Maintenance conditions and exploitation affected the herd’s state of health, with no illnesses or injuries being reported over the analysed period. Seasons of the year had impacts on the horses’ behaviour (P≤0.01). In summer, grazing took place in the late evenings and early mornings, with animals kept under sheds. Intensified feeding was observed in November. No stereotypical behaviours were observed. Heart rate measurements were a pointer to the animals’ emotional balance and attitudes towards people. The observed high level of horses’ welfare suggested that a natural herd system of management ought to be preferred and propagated.
In-vitro antibacterial sensitivity of Usnea barbata lichen extracted with methanol and ethyl-acetate against selected Staphylococcus species from milk of cows with mastitis
Authors: Idamokoro Emrobowansan Monday , Masika Patrick Julius , Muchenje Voster , Falta Daniel , Green Ezekiel
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This study aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial potential of Usnea barbata lichen as a medicinal plant against selected Staphylococcus species isolated from raw milk of cows. In-vitro screening of methanol and ethyl-acetate extracts from Usnea barbata lichen were evaluated to determine their antimicrobial activity against thirteen different Staphylococcus species. The selected organisms were isolated from raw bovine milk and identified using several biochemical tests and confirmed with API staph kit. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts were evaluated using both the agar well diffusion method (at 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml) and the broth micro-dilution technique to determine the mean zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. Both the methanol and ethyl-acetate extracts showed variable antimicrobial activity against the Staphylococcus species with mean zones of inhibition ranging from 0-34 mm in diameter at 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml, respectively. Susceptibility by the Staphylococcus species tested in the methanol and the ethyl-acetate extract was 92.31 % and 53.85 %, respectively. The MIC result for the methanol extract ranged from 0.04 to 10 mg/ml, while that of the ethyl-acetate extract ranged from 0.16 to 5 mg/ml. Results from this study revealed the in vitro microbial activity of Usnea barbata extracts which indicate its potential as a medicinal plant.
Effects of long-term fertilisation on aggregates and dynamics of soil organic carbon in a semi-arid agro-ecosystem in China
Authors: Zhang Jiaoyang , Sun Caili , Liu Guobin , Xue Sha
Published: May 2018

Background

Long-term fertilisation has a large influence on soil physical and chemical properties in agro-ecosystems. The effects on the distribution of aggregates, however, are not fully understood. We determined the dynamic change of the distribution of aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) content over time in a long-term field experiment established in 1998 on the Loess Plateau of China and illustrated the relationship between them.

Methods

We determined SOC content and the distribution of aggregates in nine fertiliser treatments: manure (M); nitrogen (N); phosphorus (P); M and N; M, N, and P; M and P; N and P; bare land; and an unfertilised control. These parameters were then used for a path analysis and to analyse the fractal dimension (Dv).

Results

The organic fertiliser increased SOC content. The proportions of 0.1–0.25 mm microaggregates and 0.25–0.5 mm macroaggregates were higher and the proportion of the 0.01–0.05 mm size class of the silt + clay fraction was lower in the treatments receiving organic fertiliser (M, MN, MNP, and MP) than that in the control, indicating that the addition of organic fertiliser promoted aggregation. The distribution of aggregates characterised by their fractal dimension (Dv), however, did not differ among the treatments.

Discussion

Dvwas strongly correlated with the proportion of the <0.002 mm size class of the silt + clay fraction that did not differ significantly among the treatments. The change in the distribution of aggregates was strongly correlated with SOC content, which could produce organic polymer binding agents to increase the proportion of larger particles. Long-term application of organic fertiliser is thus necessary for the improvement and maintenance of soil quality in semi-arid agricultural land when residues are removed.
Dry Age Related Macular Degeneration – Oral Supplements, Which Combination and When ?
Authors: Lekha T.
Published: May 2018

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of visual loss in the elderly, is emerging as an important public health problem due to the increase in the ageing population. Dry AMD which is the more prevalent form has no effective treatment and so efforts are directed to slow down or prevent progression of retinal changes by optimizing the risk, factors for AMD. Oxidative stress in the retina has been identified as an important predisposing factor which can be most efficiently modified by nutritional supplementation. Two large randomized controlled trials namely AREDS (Age related eye disease study) 1 and 2 provided high quality evidence to support the use of vitamins and micronutrients in preventing the progression of disease, especially in those with intermediate or advanced AMD. Supplementation with oral antioxidants soon became the standard of care for dry AMD, both due to its perceived universal benefit and its cost effectiveness. Though a wide range of antioxidants are available in the market, hardly any of them contain ingredients recommended by AREDS in the correct dosage. It is therefore important that ophthalmologists should be equipped with proper information regarding these products and advise the patients appropriately after considering their individual needs. A comprehensive list of antioxidants available in our country is included in this article which can be used as a reference to guide the patients. Physicians should be familiar with AREDS recommendations and should select patients appropriately. Patient education to improve compliance and counseling regarding life style modifications are also important in controlling this public health problem.
Ophthalmic Manifestations In Patients of Acute Leukaemia Presenting to A Tertiary Care Centre In Western Rajasthan
Authors: Kochar Shilpi , Singhal Yamini , Manohar Jaishree Murli , Jain Kalpana
Published: May 2018

Purpose:-

To determine the prevalence and pattern of ophthalmic manifestations in patients of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) presenting to a tertiary care centre in Western Rajasthan.

Materials and Methods:-

This cross-sectional non-interventional study was conducted from April 2015 to March 2016 to study the spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations in 110 acute leukaemia patients. Patient’s demographic data, medical and treatment history, anterior and posterior segment examination with haematological and radiological investigations were recorded.

Results:-

The study subjects (n = 110: 57 males and 53 females) comprised 64 ALL and 46 AML patients whose age ranged from 22 months to 58 years. There were 44 adults and 66 children. Leukemic ophthalmopathy was present in 61 (55.45%) subjects. Ocular changes were present in 30/44 (68.18%) adults and 31/66 (46.97%) children (P<0.04). Thirty four males (34/57, 59.65%) and 27/53 (50.94%) females had ocular manifestations (P<0.46). The leading posterior segment ophthalmic manifestation was superficial haemorrhage and the anterior segment manifestation was sub-conjunctival hemorrhage. Primary or direct leukemic infiltration was seen in 11 (10%) subjects while secondary or indirect involvement was seen in 60 (54.54%) subjects. Leukemic ophthalmopathy was more prevalent in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia in comparison to Acute Lymphoid Leukaemia, frequently affected the ocular posterior segment and often resulted from secondary hematologic complications (P <0.001).

Conclusion:-

Leukemic ophthalmic lesions were found in 61/110 (55.45%) patients. Ocular involvement is more often seen in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Early diagnosis and regular ophthalmic examinations are recommended to optimize diagnosis, prognostic and treatment outcomes of Acute Leukaemia patients.
Prevalence Of Diabetic Retinopathy In Jorhat District Of Assam
Authors: Das Sagarika , Bardoloi Narayan , Sarkar Sandip
Published: May 2018

Aims:-

To find the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a project named “Community Based Diabetic Retinopathy” initiated to study the diabetics in a city of population 1.2 lacs.

Methods:-

After initial survey, mapping was done where spots were identified to organize weekly diabetic retinopathy (DR) camps. The target population was sensitized by home to home visit, placing of canopies and posters prior to the camps. On the day of camp, people above 40 years were subjected for Random blood sugar (RBS) estimation besides routine eye check up. The known diabetics and those detected on that day were examined with indirect ophthalmoscopy (IDO) by ophthalmologists.

Results:-

A total of 5596 persons were examined in 50 weekly camps in one year. 1172 diabetic patients were screened, out of which 66 were found to have retinopathy. Only 6 underwent treatment. Prevalence of DR was found to be 1.17% (M= 0.69%, F=0.48%) in the entire data set and 5.63% among the diabetics.

Conclusion:-

Prevalence of DR in our project was much less than other population based studies across the nation.