bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representing the Battle of Zama to Create an Iconic Event
Authors: Billot Frances
Published: February 2017

This article compares the use of certain literary, structural and historical features by Polybius, Livy and Silius Italicus in their representations of the battle of Zama in 202 BC between the Romans and Carthaginians. It is argued that through their application of these features they present the battle as an iconic event and position it as a grand finale to the Second Punic War. The comparisons highlight some of the literary constructs in Polybius’Historiesand illustrate how some later authors adapt and possibly respond to Polybius’ presentation.

Similarities in presentation to emphasise the importance of the battle do not necessarily mean that the authors convey the same message over the long term effects of its outcome. For example, where Polybius’ special treatment of the battle of Zama, Hannibal and Scipio reflects his belief in the pivotal role the Roman victory played in changing the balance of power across the ancient Mediterranean world (15.9.2, 10.2), Silius Italicus’ special treatment may also be read as presenting the outcome of the battle in terms of causing a shift in power balance, in this case within the city of Rome, and leading to the development of the principate and the one-man rule of imperial Rome (17.653-4, 3.261-4).
Showing Rome in the Round: Reinterpreting the ‘Commemorative Medallions’ of Antoninus Pius
Authors: Rowan Clare
Published: February 2017

This article re-examines the ‘commemorative medallions’ of Antoninus Pius, a series of medallions showing the early history of Rome. It is suggested that these pieces should be seen not in a Saecular Games context but as a continuation of Hadrianic precedent, probably connected with the construction of the Temple of Venus and Rome. These medallions represent a wider imperial emphasis on the distant past under both Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, an interest that we observe in other coin types, public building works and perhaps also works of literature. A detailed examination of these Pius medallions reveals that their iconography was drawn from earlier types, and that they in turn inspired later imagery. This phenomenon reveals a certain intertextuality in numismatic language, and suggests that coin imagery did not merely grace Rome’s currency, but was recorded and was accessible to later generations. These medallions, truly ‘monuments in miniature’, reveal a new understanding of Pius’ reign and his (self-)presentation as Hadrian’s successor.
Episcopal Crisis Management in Late Antique Gaul: The Example of Exsuperius of Toulouse
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey
Published: February 2017

In the first quarter of the fifth century the provinces of Gaul experienced their most dramatic shakeup since Julius Caesar, with the Rhine crossing of Vandals, Suebi and Alans, the retaliation from Roman forces in Britain under the usurper Constantine III, and the establishment of the Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse under Wallia in 418. Exsuperius was bishop in Toulouse throughout much of this time. Most of what we know about him comes from the challenges that confronted him. Not only did he face the crisis of hostile forces besieging his city, but he faced internal ones as well, with famine resulting from the siege and, at an earlier time, dissent being expressed to the asceticism and Christian discipline he promoted. While famine and theological dissent were regular features of what bishops had to deal with, responding to a siege was not something most bishops in previous generations had experienced. This article investigates how Exsuperius responded to these crises of varying magnitudes and argues that, although he is reported by Jerome as being solely responsible for averting the external threat, he was probably part of a team of negotiators, and that, with regard to the internal threat, he allied himself with Innocent I, the Roman bishop. The literary encounter between Toulouse and Rome in Innocent’sEpistula6 reinforced Innocent’s position as the leading Western bishop, as well as offered support to Exsuperius in dealing with the crisis he faced.
Magnetic field effect on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and surface modifications of germanium at various fluences
Authors: Iftikhar H. , Bashir S. , Dawood A. , Akram M. , Hayat A. , Mahmood K. , Zaheer A. , Amin S. , Murtaza F.
Published: February 2017

The effect of the transverse magnetic field on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and surface modifications of germanium (Ge) has been investigated at various fluences. Ge targets were exposed to Nd: YAG laser pulses (1064 nm, 10 ns, 1 Hz) at different fluences ranging from 3 to 25.6 J/cm2 to generate Ge plasma under argon environment at a pressure of 50 Torr. The magnetic field of strength 0.45 Tesla perpendicular to the direction of plasma expansion was employed by using two permanent magnets. The emission spectra of laser-induced Ge plasma was detected by the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system. The electron temperature and number density of Ge plasma are evaluated by using the Boltzmann plot and stark broadening methods, respectively. The variations in emission intensity, electron temperature (Te), and number density (ne) of Germanium plasma are explored at various fluences, with and without employment of the magnetic field. It is observed that the magnetic field is responsible for significant enhancement of both excitation temperature and number density at all fluences. It is revealed that an excitation temperature increases from Te,max,without B = 16,190 to Te,max,with B = 20,123 K. Similarly, the two times enhancement in the electron density is observed from ne,max,without B = 2 × 1018 to ne,max,with B = 4 × 1018 cm−3. The overall enhancement in Ge plasma parameters in the presence of the magnetic field is attributed to the Joule heating effect and adiabatic compression. With increasing fluence both plasma parameters increase and achieve their maxima at a fluence of 12.8 J/cm2 and then decrease. In order to correlate the plasma parameters with surface modification, scanning electron microscope analysis of irradiated Ge was performed. Droplets and cones are formed for both cases. However, the growth of ridges and distinctness of features is more pronounced in case of the absence of the magnetic field; whereas surface structures become more diffusive in the presence of the magnetic field.
Compliance and frequency optimization for energy efficiency in cyclic tasks
Authors: Shushtari Mohammad , Nasiri Rezvan , Yazdanpanah Mohammad Javad , Ahmadabadi Majid Nili
Published: February 2017

We present an analytical method for the concurrent calculation of optimal parallel compliant elements and frequency of reference trajectories for serial manipulators performing cyclic tasks. In this approach, we simultaneously shape and exploit the robot's natural dynamics by finding a set of compliant elements and task frequency that result in minimization of an energy-based cost function. The cost function is the integral of a weighted squared norm of the generalized forces. We prove that the generalized force needed for tracking the reference trajectory is a linear function of compliance coefficients and a quadratic function of task frequency. Therefore, the cost function is quadratic with respect to stiffness coefficients and quartic with respect to the task frequency. These properties lead to a well-posed optimization problem with a closed-form solution. Using three case studies, we elucidate the properties of our method.
Déterminants de la recherche-Développement industrielle en Belgique
Authors: Finet Pierre
Published: February 2017

Deux articles de Phlips (1969) et Binamé-Jacquemin (1973) parus dans Recherches Economiques de Louvain présentent quelques résultats empiriques
concernant les déterminants de la Recherche-Développement industrielle en Belgique. Phlips (1969) utilise des données de firmes individuelles (1) pour l’année 1963 et retient comme variables indépendantes la dimension (personnel) de la firme et le taux de concentration du secteur. Jacquemin (1973) utilise des données du même type pour l’année 1969 et les variables indépendantes retenues sont la dimension (chiffre d’affaires) de la firme, ses bénéfices ou pertes et son appartenance à l’une des trois régions du pays. La R-D est mesurée par le personnel R-D employé ou par les dépenses en R-D de l’année.

Une confrontation des résultats obtenus et une amélioration de ceux-ci par l’obtention de données complémentaires (2) nous ont permis de tirer quelques conclusions sur les déterminants de la R-D industrielle en Belgique.
Une analyse de la reconstitution du taux de profit en Grande-Bretagne, 1850–1914
Authors: Cassiers Isabelle
Published: February 2017

Marx jugeait la loi de la baisse tendancielle du taux de profit comme étant la plus imponante de l’économie politique moderne. En effet cette loi constitue en quelque sorte le noyau de l’analyse de Marx parce qu’elle résume les contradictions inhérentes au mode de production capitaliste. Le but de la production capitaliste est la production de plus-value, son stimulant est le taux de profit ; mais l’évolution des forces productives, dictée par la quête toujours croissante de plus-value, engendre inéluctablement une baisse du taux de profit. En d’autres termes, « le taux de profit, aiguillon de la production capitaliste, et à la fois condition et moteur de l’accumulation, est menacé par le développement même de la production ».

Partageant l’opinion de M. Dobb selon lequel « l’analyse économique ne prend son sens et ne peut porter ses fruits que si elle se joint à une étude du développement historique », il m’a semblé intéressant de confronter la loi de la baisse tendancielle du taux de profit au développement historique de la Grande-Bretagne à une époque où ce pays représentait le modèle par excellence du capitalisme en pleine expansion.
Accumulation et rentabilité du capital dans les charbonnages belges, 1850–1914
Authors: Wautelet J.M.
Published: February 2017

Cet article s’inscrit dans un travail collectif portant sur le processus d’accumulation en Belgique pour la période 1870-1914. Son propos est d’introduire à l’étude d’un des secteurs-clés du processus d’accumulation de I’époque : les charbonnages. Commencer par ce secteur l’étude de la contribution de la valeur ajoutée non salariale à la poursuite de l’accumulation du capital et à la rapidité de la croissance en Belgique, nous semble primordial.

C’est dans celui-ci, en effet, que la socialisation des forces productives se manifeste avec le plus de force de par la taille des entreprises et le marché diversifié des charbons. Peu d’entreprises dans les autres secteurs emploient autant d’ouvriers que n’en occupent les grandes entreprises houilléres. La division technique du travail y est de plus en plus poussée et exige un nouveau type d’organisation industrielle. Enfin, la localisation de la plupart des industries dynamiques de la seconde moitié du 19e sicéle, principalement la métallurgie, dépend étroitement de ce secteur qui est le fournisseur le plus important de matières premières énergétiques. Nous sommes donc devant un secteur charnière dans la poursuite de l’accumulation et la rapidité de la croissance en Belgique.
Speculation in the Forward Exchange Market : The Canadian Dollar Since 1970
Authors: Mirus Rolf
Published: February 2017

This paper presents empirical results on the influence of speculation in the forward exchange market since the floating of the Canadian dollar in June 1970.

Time series analysis is applied to monthly observations on the spot exchange rate, and it is found that the market for foreign exchange is efficient in that the exchange rate conforms to the random-walk model. This finding is used to generate speculators’ forecasts of the future spot exchange rate. On the basis of these forecasts measurement of the proportional importance of speculation in the determination of the forward exchange rate becomes possible.

The results, contrary to those of Kesselman (1971), but similar to those of Stoll (1968), indicate a minor role for speculation in the forward market. One implication is that, for given changes in expectations, the fluctuations in the forward exchange rate are likely to be small, and the resultant capital movements are likely to have a minor impact on the balance of payments.
Croissance optimale et répartition des revenus
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Possen Uri
Published: February 2017

Dans un article passé alors presque inaperçu, Ramsey [6] jetait il y a près de cinquante ans, les bases de la théorie de la croissance optimale. Le modèle élaboré par Ramsey, tout comme les nombreux prolongements théoriques qu’il a connu depuis, repose sur une équation d’accumulation du capital qui traduit l’enchaînement des périodes successives, l’épargne toujours égale à l’investissement étant la variable de contrôle, et sur une fonction objectif qui additionne les utilités de chaque génération tire de sa consommation moyenne. Cette fonction objectif qui mesure le bien-être social intertemporel a été l’objet de nombreuses critiques. Ainsi tout récemment, on lui a reproché son caractère utilitariste. Pour une question aussi cruciale que l’affectation intertemporelle des ressources, où les conditions d’existence des générations futures peuvent se jouer, il vaudrait peut-être mieux adopter un principe de justice plus exigeant. Citons les travaux d’Arrow [2], Solow [7] et Dasgupta [3] qui s’inspirent de la conception de la justice du philosophe américain John Rawls selon laquelle la politique de croissance optimale doit être menée de façon à servir l’intérêt de la génération la plus défavorisée.
Young Children Learning for the Environment: Researching a Forest Adventure
Authors: Gambino Agatha , Davis Julie , Rowntree Noeleen
Published: February 2017

Field experiences for young children are an ideal medium for environmental education/education for sustainability because of opportunities for direct experience in nature, integrated learning, and high community involvement. This research documented the development - in 4-5 year old Prep children - of knowledge, attitudes and actions/advocacy in support of an endangered native Australian animal, the Greater Bilby. Data indicated that children gained new knowledge, changed attitudes and built a repertoire of action/advocacy strategies in native animal conservation as a result of participating in a forest field adventure. The curriculum and pedagogical features that supported these young children's learning include: active engagement in a natural environment, learning through curriculum integration at home and at school, anthropomorphic representations of natural elements, making connections with cultural practices, and intergenerational learning. The paper also highlights research strategies that can be usefully and ethically applied when conducting studies involving young children.
“I am Not a Greenie, But”: Negotiating a Cultural Discourse
Authors: Whitehouse Hilary , Evans Neus
Published: February 2017

A cultural discourse is not usually considered to be a barrier to the implementation of sustainability in schools. A study conducted in four different state primary schools in regional Queensland, found leading environmental educators did not wish to be identified as “greenies”. “Greenie” is a highly recognisable and well-used community discourse in regional Australia. The social appellation is shorthand for environmentalist and its use is divided almost irreconcilably between pejorative and nonpejorative attributions. To be at variance with dominant social and cultural practices and disorder an established status quo in order to transform schooling, teachers and principals must also indicate they know how to get the ordering right. This is why study participants maintain they are not “greenies” while they implement state recognised sustainability initiatives at school. This paper considers the pejorative aspect of a cultural discourse as a possible barrier to the wider uptake of sustainability in schools in regional Australia.
Exploring the Impact of Integrated Fieldwork, Reflective and Metacognitive Experiences on Student Environmental Learning Outcomes
Authors: Ballantynet Roy , Anderson David , Packer Jan
Published: February 2017

Although the important role of providing fieldwork experiences for students in the natural environment is now well-established within environmental education literature, there is still little research evidence to guide teachers in their choice of effective teaching strategies. This paper presents findings from an interpretive case study designed to investigate the value of combining experience-based fieldwork in a mangrove and coastal environment with reflective and metacognitive activities. Analysis of video recordings, researcher observation notes and interviews of a class of Year 11 biology students who participated in the activities resulted in the emergence of five themes. These themes together provided evidence of enhanced student environmental learning, and included student appreciation for various learning contexts, self-awareness of group learning processes, and awareness of the integration of cross-curriculum knowledge. The study supports and illustrates the contention that the most effective environmental learning experiences are likely to be those that integrate learninginthe natural environmentwithclassroom learning strategies.
The Coxford Lecture: Judging The Judges: “May They Boldly Go Where
Ivan Rand Went Before”
Authors: Binnie Ian
Published: February 2017

Justice Ivan Rand was perhaps the greatest exponent of the rule of law in the history
of the Supreme Court of Canada. He was a great judge. He scorned as impractical the
admonition that judges should “apply the law, not make it”. His
judgements frequently broke new ground, but it should be understood that in
“making the law” great judges like Ivan Rand respond to fundamental
considerations of order and fairness and not to personal whim. It is sometimes
necessary for judges to return to first principles to provide legislators with a
framework within which to operate in unforeseen situations. The word
“activism” is usually used by critics to imply that a judge is pushing
the envelope beyond the proper boundaries of the law, but properly understood the
term may equally indicate a judicial tightening of the boundaries to deny the bench a
power seemingly conferred by the Constitution or legislation. Restraint, as much as
expansion, is governed by the judges’ recognition of the limits of their
institutional competence and their appreciation of their role in the constitutional
scheme.

In the absence of statutory authority the courts have not yet addressed issues
related to globalization and human rights with the sort of boldness and creativity we
associate with great judges like Ivan Rand. Order and fairness have acquired a global
dimension. Globalization offers a different kind of challenge, but is no less
demanding of the rule of law. In the case of creating some form or forum of relief
for Third World victims of globalization, we seem to have used restraint as an excuse
for inertia. Judges need to be practical, but their greatness will rest on their
capacity to see not only what the law is but what it should become. There is a time
for boldness and a time for restraint and judges should be judged on their ability to
tell the difference.
Performing Property: Making The World
Authors: Blomley Nicholas
Published: February 2017

Scholars under the ‘Progressive Property’ banner distinguish between dominant conceptions of property, and its underlying realities. The former, exemplified by Singer’s ‘ownership model’, is said to misdescribe extant forms of ownership and misrepresent our actual moral commitments in worrisome ways. Put simply, it is argued that our representations of property’s reality are incorrect, and that these incorrect representations lead us to make bad choices. Better understandings of the reality of property should lead to better representations, and thus improved outcomes.

However, the relationship between ‘reality’ and ‘representation’ is not made fully explicit. This essay seeks to supplement progressive property through a more careful exploration of the relationship between the two, by drawing from performativity theory. From this perspective, accounts of property are in an important sense not descriptions of an external reality, but help bring reality into being. The ownership model is not so much constative (descriptive) as performative. Such an account, I suggest, directs us to several important insights. Rather than asking what property is or is not, the task becomes that of trying to describe how property is performed (or not) into being. But concepts do not stand alone: rather, other ideas, people, things and other resources have to be enrolled in complicated (and often fragile) combinations. Rather than criticizing the ownership model for its mismatch with reality, we might consider that models do not have to be ‘true’, just successful. As such, it may be more useful for progressive scholars of property to redirect their energy into enquiring how it is that certain conceptions of property are successful, and others not. To do so also requires that we think about the role of scholars in performing property, for good or bad, into being.
The Unjust Enrichment Fallacy And Private Law
Authors: Jaffey Peter
Published: February 2017

The theory of unjust enrichment – the theory supporting the recognition of a doctrinal category of unjust enrichment – has been accepted across much of the common law world. The recognition of a doctrinal category is not just a matter of presentation. It has a role in legal reasoning that reflects the fact that it is based on a particular principle or distinct justification for a claim. The theory of unjust enrichment is misguided because there is no principle or distinct justification common to the various claims that have been gathered together to form the new category. The theory has appeared attractive, it would seem, not because a plausible version of the principle of unjust enrichment has been identified, but because it has appeared impossible to explain these various claims in any other way, in particular as claims in property or contract. This difficulty has arisen, it is suggested, largely as a result of a mistaken analysis of primary and remedial rights. The article explores these issues with respect to contract law and property law.
A Duty to Make Restitution
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: February 2017

The rules governing impaired transfers are widely thought to lie at the core of unjust enrichment law. This essay defends two propositions about these rules. First, there is no duty, in the common law, to make restitution of benefits obtained as the result of an impaired transfer (for example, a transfer made by mistake or as a result of fraud or compulsion). Rather than imposing duties to make restitution, or indeed duties of any kind, the rules governing impaired transfers impose only liabilities, in particular liabilities to judicial rulings. The only legal consequence of a mistaken payment is that the recipient is liable to be judicially ordered to repay a sum of money equal to the payment. Second, it matters that the law governing impaired transfers imposes only liabilities, and not duties, because, inter alia, explaining and justifying liabilities is different from explaining and justifying duties. In particular, certain well-known objections to attempts to explain impaired transfer law can be avoided once it is recognized that this law is concerned exclusively with liabilities. In summary, then, this essay argues that the distinction between duty-imposing and liability-imposing rules has important implications for understanding the foundations of the law governing impaired transfers.
Crime Against Humanity: A Defence of the “Subsidiarity” View
Authors: Vernon Richard
Published: February 2017

“Subsidiarity” views of crime against humanity propose that state crime is at the core of the idea, thus necessitating a further level of authority. That proposal can be given a strong moral justification in terms of the enormous risks that arise from a state’s authority and territorial control. Discussions of crime against humanity by Larry May and Norman Geras, however, offer different views of the idea, May proposing that it be seen as group-based crime (in one or both of two senses), Geras proposing that it be seen as a serious violation of human rights. Those views are questioned on the basis of their fit with either the nature of the crimes involved or the moral basis of their condemnation, and the subsidiarity view is restated.
Beyond Forms, Functions and Limits: The Interactionism of Lon L. Fuller and Its Implications for Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Cheng Helen H.L.
Published: February 2017

Despite tributes paid to Fuller as an intellectual father of ADR, little attention has been paid within the ADR field to the broader interactionist vision that underlies Fuller’s discussion about process. A closer reading of Fuller’s study of mediation, however, reveals that he intended that study to substantiate his interactionist thesis about the nature of social ordering. He understood ordering to be generated by and to reflect a particular experience of social interaction. Fuller’s interactionist vision recognizes the creative, choice-making and purposive dimensions of human reality, emphasizes participation as a normative criterion for institutional design, and gives rise to a pluralistic notion of power arrangements. It appears in Fuller’s thinking about process as a kind of dialectic and integrative mindset that pervades his means-ends analysis, functional analytical approach and his emphasis on institutional design. This interactionist vision has particular relevance for the practice and research of ADR, for example, in helping to develop a more integrative approach to process pluralism.
Adjudication Error, Finality, and Asymmetry in the Criminal Law
Authors: Lippke Richard L.
Published: February 2017

All forms of criminal charge adjudication produce errors of mistaken conviction or acquittal. Yet in most criminal justice systems, an endpoint of sorts is eventually reached and further attempts to correct errors are disallowed. The first issue discussed is whether such “finality” in charge adjudication should be presumptive or non-presumptive. My contention is that it should be presumptive. But should it be presumptive only for convictions or also for acquittals? As against strong forms of asymmetry, I urge weaker forms, according to which we should seek to correct both kinds of errors while exhibiting some degree of preference for correcting errors of wrongful conviction over those of wrongful acquittal. The issues that must be faced if we are to set up procedures allowing rebuttal of the presumption of finality are then surveyed. Doing so reveals the forms that weak asymmetry might take.
Reconstructing Fuller’s Argument Against Legal Positivism
Authors: Priel Dan
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this essay is to offer a reconstruction of Lon Fuller’s critique of Hart’s legal positivism. I show that contrary to the claims of Fuller’s many critics, one can derive from his work a clear and powerful argument against legal positivism, at least in the guise found in the work of H.L.A. Hart. The essence of the argument is that Fuller’s principles of legality posit that the same considerations that count for law’s excellence are relevant also for the determining what counts as law. I contrast this view with Hart’s legal positivism, which acknowledged that the principles of legality are relevant for law’s excellence, but considered them irrelevant for determining the question what counts as law. I argue that the positivist position is arbitrary, and - a point on which I focus - completely undefended. I draw from this point a more general challenge to Hart’s theory of law (as well as that of many of his followers), namely that though claimed to be a true theory of law, it has no resources to explain why this is so. I argue that Fuller’s theory does not suffer from this problem, because Fuller rejected a staple of contemporary jurisprudence - the separation of conceptual and normative jurisprudence.
Revisiting the Efficiency Theory of Non-Contemplated Contingencies in Contract Law
Authors: Procaccia Yuval
Published: February 2017

In contract law, common mistake or frustration are grounds for relieving the promisor from the obligation to perform. Conventional economic theory justifies relief by appealing to its effect on the promisee’s incentives, namely, her incentives to act efficiently to prevent the unfavorable occurrence or its associated losses. The Article challenges this justification. While relief may indeed generate efficient incentives under certain conditions, these are not the conditions in which it is in fact granted. Consequently, the cases in which the conventional theory recommends that relief be provided and those in which it is actually awarded, are incompatible. Based upon this premise, the Article develops a new theory of the law of common mistake and frustration, bearing descriptive and prescriptive implications. Under the new theory, the purpose of relief is not to incentivize promisees, but rather to determine the legal consequences of non-contemplated events. Viewed in this light, the Article identifies a new set of efficiency rationales for the rule. Under specified conditions, relief allows contracting parties to (1) refrain from welfare-reducing trade in unquantifiable risk; (2) maintain control over the distribution of contractual gains; and (3) overcome disincentives to form efficient contracts. The Article analyzes the conditions under which these virtues are applicable, and finds that they generally correspond to those in which relief is actually awarded.
Athletes as Objects of Property: A Kantian Rethinking of Flood v. Kuhn
Authors: Aboud Malcolm
Published: February 2017

In the 1972 case Flood v. Kuhn, St. Louis Cardinals outfielder Kurt Flood petitioned to the United States Supreme Court arguing that professional baseball’s century-old reserve system was illegal. In the case, which was ultimately unsuccessful but led to the establishment of modern free agency, Flood argued that by granting teams the perpetual right to renew players’ contracts and the right to unilaterally trade players to other teams, the reserve system treated him as “a piece of property to be bought and sold” and reduced him to a “well-paid slave”. In this paper, I justify Flood’s claim by appeal to a Kantian division of rights. I argue for a Kantian conception of rights under which property rights are properly defined as rights in rem in external objects; on the basis that the right a team holds in a ballplayer under the reserve system is alienable and holds against all the world, I argue that it is a right in rem and accordingly constitutes a property right under Kant’s view. I then argue that the reserve system treats the player as a slave by constraining his purposiveness such as to violate a Kantian conception of the innate right of humanity. On this basis I argue that Flood was right to conclude that the reserve system treats the player as an object of property akin to a slave.
Liberalism, Allegiance, and Obedience: The Inappropriateness of Loyalty Oaths in a Liberal Democracy
Authors: Orgad Liav
Published: February 2017

The Article examines the wisdom of loyalty oaths as a legal institution in contemporary liberal democracies. First, using comparative analysis the Article highlights the growing global interest in loyalty oaths. Second, based upon historical evidence the Article explores the functions of loyalty oaths and assesses their role. Third, through using legal analysis the Article challenges the validity of loyalty oaths and identifies three fundamental problems related to their content and form: the rule of law, freedom of conscience, and equality.The Article reveals liberal concerns associated with the added value of the duty of “loyalty to the law” (allegiance), as distinct from the duty to “obey the law” (obedience). It presents an ongoing tension between loyalty and liberalism and argues that the more loyalty liberal democracies demand, the less liberal they become. The Article concludes that loyalty oaths yield high costs but have low benefits and suggests that liberal states should abandon them as a legal institution.
In Defence of Reconciliation
Authors: Freeman Victoria
Published: February 2017

Indigenous scholars and others have characterized Canadian discourses of reconciliation as supporting a top-down, government-defined and controlled agenda, which is at best ineffective and misleading and at worst fraudulent and recolonizing. Some have argued that reconciliation should only occur after the Indian Act has been abolished, reparations made, land and resources returned, and a political and economic nation-to-nation relationship restored. The author agrees that it is essential to look critically at state and nationalistic discourses of reconciliation and that neither the federal government, the churches, nor non-Indigenous peoples generally can or should control the agenda. However, while reconciliation is not a sufficient condition for decolonization in Canada, Indigenous resurgence on its own will not achieve full decolonization either. If the psychic structures of colonialism persist, various forms of neocolonialism will be prevalent even after a nominal “nation-to-nation” relationship has been established, given the demographic imbalance and geographical proximity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. There will always be a need for relationship and negotiation.

In fact, decolonization and reconciliation may be understood as complementary and concurrent processes. The concept of reconciliation underlines the emotional, psychological and human changes that are as necessary as political and economic reformulations for decolonization and that are not easily addressed by other means. Rather than a top-down government-initiated campaign focused on assimilation into the status quo or a Eurocentric Christian doctrine focused on forgiveness, reconciliation can be a transformative process of building the relationships, alliances and social understandings necessary to support the systemic changes that true decolonization entails. Indigenous and other cultural paradigms for resolving conflicts, making restitution and healing relationships, such as the Sto:lo concept of lummi or “facing yourself,” can help restore interconnectedness and reciprocity at all levels, both within Indigenous communities and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples and the land. We also should not overestimate the government’s power to control even those reconciliation processes it does initiate, let alone those that arise autonomously. Decolonization and reconciliation are processes underway on many fronts in Canada, and they can’t be controlled by anyone.
Negotiating Indigenous Peoples’ Exit From Colonialism: The Case for an Integrative Approach
Authors: Coyle Michael
Published: February 2017

New institutions of indigenous governance will be the product of negotiations, negotiations that will take place against a background of colonial structures and relationships. Having examined the challenges of structuring a negotiation process that takes due account of pre-existing cultural and power differences between the parties, the author analyzes the significance of their choice of negotiation strategy on the negotiation process and outcome. In particular, this paper reflects on the promise and limitations of the parties’ adopting interest-based, or “integrative”, negotiation strategies and the potential for fruitful entanglements between those strategies and indigenous diplomatic traditions.
Predictors ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in Czech and Slovak populations: the possible role of cat-related injuries and risky sexual behavior in the parasite transmission
Authors: FLEGR J.
Published: February 2017

The protozoanToxoplasma gondiiinfects about one-third of the world's population. The consumption of raw meat, contact with cats, contact with soil, and ingestion of food or water contaminated with soil are considered to be the most important sources of infection. Still in most women who were infected during pregnancy, no definitive source of infection is found. In 2014–2016, independent sources ofT. gondiiinfection were searched for by gathering epidemiological data from 1865 (519 infected) responders. Touching garden soil (odds ratio (OR) 3·14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·3–6·35), sustaining cat-related injuries (OR 2·16, 95% CI 1·25–3·74), and eating improperly washed root vegetables (OR 1·71, 95% CI 1·02–2·87), but not risky sexual behavior (OR 1·22, 95% CI 0·79–1·90), were the predictors of infection. The seroprevalence ofT. gondiiinfection had been increasing up to ages 35–50 in men and ages 50–54 in women. Past those ages, seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis has been decreasing. This suggests that the natural decrease of anamnestic antibodies concentrations over time leads to positivity-to-negativity seroconversion in many subjects. If this is true, then the prevalence ofT. gondiiinfection in a general population and its potential impacts on public health could be much larger than generally believed.
The Ndiael, a former floodplain on the brink of change from dry to wet?
Authors: BOS DAAN , DAVIDS LUCIEN , WADE PAPE MAWADE , SOW AMADOU , GUEYE YAKHYA , GAYE ADAMA
Published: February 2017

A highly degraded wetland in the Senegal delta, the Ndiael has been the subject of multiple ecological restoration attempts. One of the options for restoration is a seasonal inundation of the Ndiael. This would strengthen the ecosystem services, benefit and empower the rural communities, and enhance biodiversity. As of 2010, local efforts contributed to a small increase in the inundated area. Subsequent joint actions with a newly established regional water authority will allow for artificial inundations at a larger scale. A local team has mapped the baseline ecological situation and formulated key aspects for the future management plan. In spite of the lack of water, the reserve harbours considerable biodiversity, but there are clear threats. Most significantly, tensions exist between a recently established agro-business, small-holders and the restoration of the ecosystem. If these tensions can be managed in an integrative and equitable way, learning from experiences in the nearby Djoudj and Diawling national parks, a third stronghold for waterfowl may result, as well as enhanced availability of forage for livestock, fish and habitat for wild fauna.
Science versus Basic Educational Research
Authors: Engelmann Siegfried
Published: February 2017

One goal of basic research in education is to identify the variables of effective instruction. As this pursuit has been conceived, however, its theoretical problems make it unlikely that the effort will provide a clear picture of instructional variables, their interactions, or the kind of teacher training that is implied by instructional variables.
Are Schools Meeting the Needs of Students with ADHD?
Authors: Efron Daryl , Sciberras Emma , Hassell Phillip
Published: February 2017

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can have a major impact on students’ functioning at school—academically and socially. This study examined parental perceptions of schools in relation to their understanding of ADHD, information provided and general support. Parents of consecutive children with ADHD seen at the Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne completed a questionnaire that assessed their beliefs about ADHD and schools. Questionnaire data were obtained from 66 parents (43 mothers, 23 fathers) of patients aged from 6 to 19 years (M = 10.4). The results indicated that parents of children with ADHD perceive that teachers have inadequate understanding, and schools insufficient resources, to support their children’s special needs. Schools need more resources, and teachers need more training, to promote positive experiences and outcomes for children with ADHD.
Translating clinical trials into clinical practice: a survey assessing the potential impact of the Pediatric Heart Network Infant Single Ventricle Trial
Authors: Zak Victor , Hsu Daphne T. , Pemberton Victoria L. , Levine Jami C. , Atz Andrew M. , Cnota James F. , Ravishankar Chitra , Barker Piers , Lambert Linda M. , McCrindle Brian W. , Frommelt Michele A. , Altmann Karen , Chen Shan , Williams Richard V. ,   for the Pediatric Heart Network Investigators
Published: February 2017

Background

A few studies have evaluated the impact of clinical trial results on practice in paediatric cardiology. The Infant Single Ventricle (ISV) Trial results published in 2010 did not support routine use of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in infants with single-ventricle physiology. We sought to assess the influence of these findings on clinical practice.

Methods

A web-based survey was distributed via e-mail to over 2000 paediatric cardiologists, intensivists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and cardiac advance practice nurses during three distribution periods. The results were analysed using McNemar’s test for paired data and Fisher’s exact test.

Results

The response rate was 31.5% (69% cardiologists and 65% with >10 years of experience). Among respondents familiar with trial results, 74% reported current practice consistent with trial findings versus 48% before trial publication (p<0.001); 19% used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in this population “almost always” versus 36% in the past (p<0.001), and 72% reported a change in management or improved confidence in treatment decisions involving this therapy based on the trial results. Respondents familiar with trial results (78%) were marginally more likely to practise consistent with the trial results than those unfamiliar (74 versus 67%, p=0.16). Among all respondents, 28% reported less frequent use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor over the last 3 years.

Conclusions

Within 5 years of publication, the majority of respondents was familiar with the Infant Single Ventricle Trial results and reported less frequent use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in single-ventricle infants; however, 28% reported not adjusting their clinical decisions based on the trial’s findings.
Retaining Indigenous Students in Tertiary Education: Lessons from the Griffith School of Environment
Authors: Howlett Catherine , Seini Monica , Matthews Chris , Dillon Bronwyn , Hauser Vivian
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Low retention of Indigenous peoples in all Australian
universities has been identified as a problematic issue by
the Australian Federal government. Griffith University
(GU), Queensland, Australia, provided funding to examine
the factors affecting Indigenous retention in higher
education, with the aim of developing innovative
participation and retention strategies specifically for
Indigenous students. This paper focuses on research
conducted within the Griffith School of Environment that
questioned the possible links between the provision of
information to commencing Indigenous students and their
retention. It essentially examines to what extent current
university structures support Indigenous enrolments and
retention, via the information they receive upon enrolling.
From interviews conducted in an informal discussion format
with currently enrolled Indigenous students in the Griffith
School of Environment, critical deficiencies were
identified in the information Indigenous students receive
during the early transition phase of university entrance. A
key finding of this study, and which is the subject of
current research, was the support amongst the students for
the development of an Indigenised curriculum in science as
a strategy for improving the attraction and retention of
Indigenous students. This paper details the research
project and its findings.
When a Dream Becomes a Nightmare: Why do Indigenous australian Medical Students Withdraw from Their Courses?
Authors: Ellender Isabel , Drysdale Marlene , Chesters Janice , Faulkner Susan , Kelly Heather , Turnbull Leanne
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper investigates reasons Indigenous Australian
medical students gave for leaving their courses prior to
graduation. Indigenous students who had withdrawn or
deferred from their medical courses were asked about the
barriers and disincentives that had dissuaded them from
graduating. Although the response rate to the questionnaire
was very low, it opened up a way of looking at the
particular experiences of Indigenous students. Of the 12
responses, the most prominent reason given for withdrawing
was financial. Most were satisfied with enrolment processes
but a number were disappointed with their courses and with
teaching methods. More support from the university was the
only encouragement that would have persuaded most
respondents to continue. This paper explores the reasons
for the high rate of withdrawal of Indigenous medical
students and concludes by suggesting ways in which
secondary schools, universities and their medical schools
could respond to the recruitment and retention of
Indigenous medical students.
Academic Language, Power and the Impact of Western Knowledge Production on Indigenous Student Learning
Authors: O'Brien Karen
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper explores the prescriptive, distancing and
separating qualities that exist in Western systems of
knowledge production. It examines scientific language and
how discrimination takes place in the university setting
and explores the ways in which academic knowledge
production affects the learning experiences, participation
and completion rates of Indigenous students. It suggests
improving teaching and learning strategies to enhance
unacknowledged learning processes towards providing
inclusive learning practices, and to strengthen educational
outcomes for Indigenous students with the prospect of
improving their completion rates at universities.
Indigenous? What Indigenous Knowledge? Beliefs and Attitudes of Rural Primary School Teachers Towards Indigenous Knowledge in the Science Curriculum in Zimbabwe
Authors: Shizha Edward
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Despite the end of colonialism, Zimbabwean rural school
teachers still find themselves trapped in the colonial
pedagogic practices that undervalue the importance of rural
school children's experiential knowledge in science. This
article explores the beliefs and attitudes of rural primary
teachers towards incorporating Indigenous knowledge and
Indigenous teaching practices in science education. A case
study of 10 teachers in a rural school in Zimbabwe was
conducted using the observation method which was
complimented with a semi-structured interview. Twenty video
recordings were carried out while the teachers were
conducting science lessons. Classroom interactions and
communications were vividly captured and analysed, while
interviews were conducted after observations to capture
explanatory details that may not have been apparent during
video recordings. Inductive data analysis focusing on
themes relating to teachers' views and practices yielded
rich and informative details. Findings indicate that
teachers are reluctant to integrate Indigenous knowledge
and teaching techniques as pedagogical tools. The attitudes
are a result of systemic and institutional expectations on
teachers.