bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Thumbsucking in the Classroom: Case Study
Authors: Ross Joel A. , Levine Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Reinforcement of peers in class was made contingent upon the non-occurrence of classroom thumbsucking by a child. Thumbsucking decreased significantly after introduction of the reinforcement contingency. Removal and reinstitution of the contingency substantiated this observation
Creativity, Lateral Saccades and the Nondominant Hemisphere
Authors: Harnad Stevan R.
Published: September 2011

Among mathematicians (10 professors, 24 students) those 19 who looked left while reflecting used more imagery, were more artistically diverse and were rated as more creative than the 13 who looked right. Among 20 laymen (nonstudents) 10 left-movers had higher RAT scores and made more extreme aesthetic ratings than the right-movers. The nondominant hemisphere seems implicated.
Recent Research Applicable to the Design of Electronic Displays
Authors: Munns Meredith
Published: September 2011

Recent human factors research in visual displays was reviewed, and information having apparent applicability to electronic displays was extracted and incorporated into this article. Limitations in applying this information to aviation systems design are discussed.
Multidimensional Scaling of Persons in Groups: Progress Report
Authors: Stone Le Roy A.
Published: September 2011

The use of multidimensional scaling applied to persons, in groups, as stimuli was historically traced. 18 investigations which employed the Stone-Coles paradigm for multidimensional scaling of judgments pertaining to such kinds of stimuli were described. The apparent initial success of this type of methodology in the sphere of clinical-social psychological research appears to justify further use.
Changes in Vocal Intensity as a Function of Interspeaker Influence
Authors: Welkowitz Joan , Feldstein Stanley , Finklestein Mark , Aylesworth Lawrence
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to analyze vocal intensity in a prior study as an interpersonal cue in verbal communication. Reanalysis indicates that intensity is both a stable and modifiable characteristic of interpersonal communication and suggests that variations in levels of vocal intensity of conversational partners may convey information about their relationship to each other.
Perceptual Narrowing as a Function of Peripheral Cue Relevance
Authors: Reeves Frank B. , Bergum Bruce O.
Published: September 2011

Hypothesis was tested that under aroused states individuals will attend to relevant visual cues regardless of their location. 100 male Ss were tested in groups of 20 under several combinations of low and high arousal, on both central and peripheral stimuli, which were either relevant or irrelevant to the arousal state. High arousal was generated by shock prior to testing. The results indicated that reaction times are significantly shorter for central stimuli ( p < .01) and that shock-specific arousal conditions yield the shortest reaction times ( p < .05). Most importantly, there was a significant interaction ( p < .01) between signal location and specificity of arousal stimulus. It was concluded that rather than narrowing the perceptual field, location-specific arousing stimuli may increase responsiveness whether the stimulus is central or peripheral.
Hypobaric Hypoxia: Within-Subject Transition Effects in Albino Rats
Authors: Sterner Ray T. , Schwank Gary D.
Published: September 2011

The effect of rapid hypobaric transition (1 hr.) upon water consumption, food consumption, body weight, feeding activity and spontaneous activity of albino rats was studied using a within-subject design. Transition from 635 ± 5 mm. Hg. (5,000 ft.) to 455 ± 5 mm. Hg. (14,000 ft.) induced temporary hypophagia, hypodipsia and concomitant weight loss; gradual recovery occurred during the exposure period; return to 635 ± 5 mm. Hg. after 7 days abruptly (≤ 24 hr.) alleviated these effects. Alterations in feeding activity (time-in-foodwell) during the off portions of the light cycle paralleled food intake changes. No reliable changes in spontaneous activity as a function of hypobaric transition were noted. Results were interpreted as suggestive of hypothalamic and frontal cortex involvement in hypoxia-induced behavioral shifts.
Effect of Marihuana upon Peripheral Vision as a Function of the Information Processing Demands in Central Vision
Authors: Moskowitz Herbert , Sharma Satanand , Glothlin William Mc
Published: September 2011

Detection of peripheral light stimuli was examined with 12 Ss under 4 treatment levels of smoked marihuana. Marihuana severely impaired detection performance and the decrement was linearly related to dose. Information-processing demands from the central fixation light did not affect the degree of impairment.
On the Internal Consistency of Magnitude Estimations
Authors: Atkinson William H. , Ward Lawrence M.
Published: September 2011

The data from experiments in magnitude estimation of discomfort glare and loudness are reported. A distribution of stimuli and judgments was used which allowed a check for the internal consistency of the magnitude estimations. An interval interpretation of the resulting scales for glare and loudness was found to be more compatible with the consistency checks than was a ratio interpretation. The interval scales were nicely fit by power functions of the form R = aSn + b. The scale for glare represents a first approximation to a usable scale for discomfort glare different from the typical brightness scale.
Effects of Four Noise Conditions on Arithmetic Performance
Authors: Wolf Robin Hill , Weiner Frederick F.
Published: September 2011

The proportion of correct responses for simple arithmetic problems was compared for the following noise conditions: quiet, speech, music, and industrial noise. Results show that is answered a significantly higher proportion correctly for the music condition than for the industrial noise condition. In all other conditions, the proportion of correctly answered responses was no different from one to another.
Cognitive Complexity and Affective Value of Literary Stimuli
Authors: Koenig Fredrick , Edmonds Dale
Published: September 2011

31 undergraduate English students were asked to evaluate each of the 8 novels they had read on 8 bipolar adjective scales. The top four novels ranked by a student were considered to be novels with positive affect, the other four negative affect. Complexity scores were computed for the two groups of novels using the same method as scoring cognitive complexity for persons. Since it was felt that negative novels do not pose the same kind of threat as do live people, vigilance would not be as much of a factor for careful perception, and the complexity score for both sets of novels should be about the same. If justifying one's dislike for persons results in a more complex perception of these persons, a similar complex perception should be noted in responding to novels one does not like. The results showed that Ss gave more complex rating of the novels eliciting negative affect than those of positive affect, which supports justification as an explanation of complex perception of stimuli with negative affect.
Gesell Speech Norms and Israeli Children
Authors: Shapiro A. H. , Ashkenazi Z. , Rothman M.
Published: September 2011

The validity of Gesell language norms for 111 Israeli children, aged 2 to 6 yr., was checked by using their Gesell language levels to predict their home backgrounds. Speech retardation accurately predicted which groups came from poorer homes at all age levels. Gesell speech norms thus appear to be valid for Hebrew.
Multiple-Operator Discriminandum for Classroom Use
Authors: Shimoff E.
Published: September 2011

A device is described which allows students to present discriminative stimuli to an instructor during a lecture Explicit and immediare reinforcement of the instructor's appropriate classroom behavior increased clarity and informativeness of lectures
Multidimensional Scaling of Political Preferences
Authors: Elster Richard S. , Capra James R.
Published: September 2011

88 officers in the U. S. Navy were asked to state how much they would like each of 14 political personalities elected President of the United States. These respondents were also asked to rate each pairing of the political candidates for how similar-dissimilar they were in general appeal to them. Multidimensional scalings conducted with the similarity data yielded two dimensions. The cross-validated multiple correlation between the set of Presidential preferences and the two sets of coordinates from the multidimensional scaling was .808.
Ambulatory Velocity in Crowded and Uncrowded Conditions
Authors: Bowerman William R.
Published: September 2011

The time individuals spent walking a standard distance on a sidewalk was unobtrusively observed under 2 conditions. In a crowded condition the distribution of walking speeds ( n = 20) was skewed towards fast speeds. This was interpreted as being due to physical constraints against walking slower than the pace of the crowd and freedom to move faster. In an uncrowded condition the distribution of walking speeds ( n = 20) was skewed towards slow speeds. This was interpreted as being due to norms which limit walking speed and the lack of normative or physical constraints against moving slower than the “normal” speed. The findings were generalized to other settings where user density and environment capacity interact to determine the pace at which people move through behavior sequences.
Age Difference in Perceptual Judgment on the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Frederickson William A. , Geurin Jerry
Published: September 2011

Reduction in the Mueller-Lyer illusion was compared among children, adults, and the aged. Practice with red horizontals produced greater reduction in illusion than did practice with a black horizontal. Adults under both treatments demonstrated greater reduction in illusion than children and the aged. These results interpreted within Gibson and Gibson's specificity hypothesis demonstrate that facilitation of distinctive-feature abstraction enhances perceptual learning.
Analysis of WISC Coding: 3. Writing and Copying Speed, and Motivation
Authors: Lyle J. G. , Johnson E. G.
Published: September 2011

This series of studies examined the relationship between performance on the WISC Coding subtest and speed of writing and of copying symbols. The effect of reinforcement on all 3 was also examined. Poor coders performed less well than good coders on speed of writing the letter X repetitively and on speed of copying symbols. On the latter task, however, the Between-groups effect was reduced to non-significance when differences in copying were adjusted for differences in speed of writing by analysis of covariance. Monetary plus verbal reinforcement was highly effective in increasing speed of writing Xs but did not affect performance on the copying or coding tasks. There was no basis for explaining differences between good and poor coders in terms of differential motivation.
Relationship between Dimensions of Cognitive Style: Field-Articulation Control and Stimulus-Intensity Control
Authors: Gaines Lawrence S. , Allister Diane R. Mc , Swift Eric
Published: September 2011

There has been only one study with normals which examines relationships among Silverman's three dimensions of attention (cf. Silverman & King, 1970). The present study examined the relationship between scores of normal females on tasks that correlate with factors interpreted as field-articulation control and stimulus-intensity control. No significant linear or curvilinear relationships were obtained from Ss' scores on the rod-and-frame test and the kinesthetic figural aftereffects' test. These results support the belief that field-articulation control and stimulus-intensity control are independent cognitive controls in normals.
Training Staff's Multidimensional Perceptions of a Class of Medex (Physician's Extension) Trainees: A Method of Grading
Authors: Stone Le Roy A. , Bassett Gerald R. , Brosseau James D. , De Mers Judy L. , Stiening John A.
Published: September 2011

A recently proposed multidimensional similarity judgment analysis methodology (the Stone-Coles method) was used to analyze the dimensionality of a class of Medex (physician's extension) trainees as perceived by the staff of the involved Medex training project. The extracted dimensions associated with the “early-in-program” and “about-to-be-graduated” perceptions accounted for 76 and 79%, respectively, of the judgmental variances; all dimensions appeared to be readily interpretable. The major dimension for the last obtained judgments clearly seemed to be some kind of “quality of trainee” characterization. This particular evaluation judgment dimension was accepted by the involved training staff, the judges, as a satisfactory “grading” measure for the trainees. A conclusion reached is that multidimensional scaling can be used, with advantage, in the academic grading of students when the basis for such grading is limited to evaluative opinion of others (e.g., teachers).
Lateral Eye Movement as Related to Verbal and Perceptual-Motor Skills and Values
Authors: Weiten Wayne , Etaugh Claire F.
Published: September 2011

After being asked a reflective question, individuals usually move their eyes either right or left before answering. Consistent right-movers and left-movers were compared on a variety of measures. Relative to left-movers, right-movers: (a) performed significantly better on a concept identification task; (b) showed a significantly greater Mathematics-Verbal discrepancy on the Scholastic Aptitude Test; and (c) tended to perform more poorly on an inverted alphabet-printing task, to major in science/quantitative areas, and to display greater theoretical and economic interests and lesser aesthetic and social interests. The results are consistent with Bakan's (1969) suggestion that lateral eye movement is related to the functional organization of the brain.
Relationship of Reaction Time and Movement Time in a Gross Motor Skill
Authors: Groves Richard
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate the independence of reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) in a gross motor skill, the racing start in swimming. RT and MT were quantified for each S by counting frames of film for five trials. The Pearson product-moment coefficient of –.231 ( p > .05) between means indicated that RT and MT were independent factors.
Does Cerebral Dominance Offer a Sufficient Explanation for Laterality Differences in Tachistoscopic Recognition?
Authors: White Murray J.
Published: September 2011

Two major classes of hypothesis have been advanced to account for visual laterality differences. One stresses the importance of factors in determining an attentional scanning of the stimulus traces; a second emphasizes functional differences between the cerebral hemispheres. In a recent series of experiments McKeever and Huling have concluded that cerebral dominance factors offer a sufficient explanation for visual laterality differences. A review of McKeever and Huling's findings and of other relevant experiments shows that something more than cerebral dominance is required to account for tachistoscopic laterality effects.
Figure-Ground Discrimination and Figural Closure among Brain-Damaged Children
Authors: La Verne La Driere M. , Hall Leon P.
Published: September 2011

In summary, the present research extended the work of Vegas and Frye (1963) and of Rubin (1969) to intellectually normal samples and confirmed the findings of these authors that brain-damaged children did not differ significantly from non-organic controls in the correct perception of figure-ground relationships. Further, the present data indicated that the involvement of the variable of visual closure in the figure-ground isolation task did not significantly discriminate between the performance of the two groups. Finally, the data suggested that, while figure-ground discrimination is essentially a perceptual task for non-organic controls, this kind of performance is significantly correlated with intelligence for brain-damaged children probably constituting a cognitive as well as perceptual task for them.
Oral Form Recognition Training and Articulation Change
Authors: Shelton Ralph L. , Willis Valerie , Johnson Anita F. , Arndt William B.
Published: September 2011

10 children with articulation disorders were given training in recognition of forms through oral exploration of those forms. Training materials were divided into sets. Fewer trials were required to reach performance criteria from one set to another, and fewer errors were made as Ss progressed from set to set. The control procedure used indicated that information gained through oral study of the forms contributed to performance but was not necessary to performance improvement. No gains were observed in any of four articulation measures.
I-Dots in the Handwriting of a Clinical Sample
Authors: Kirchner John H. , Lemke Elmer A.
Published: September 2011

Handwriting of 40 alcoholic and 32 schizophrenic hospital patients was examined for consistency or omission of i-dots. It was hypothesized that the hospital group would show the same personality characteristics on two scales of the 16 PF that occurred in previous research with 103 college students. Results were significant but in the opposite direction. Reasons for the differences in these findings were discussed.
Dimensionality of Self-Perception: Tennessee Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Gable Robert K. , La Salle Arthur J. , Cook Keith E.
Published: September 2011

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale was administered to 125 college freshmen. Both scale- and item-level correlation matrices were generated and factored to examine further the construct validity of the test. The scale-level factor analysis resulted in two essentially independent dimensions identified as self-esteem and integration-conflict. While supporting the results of Rentz and White (1967), the dimensions reflected substantially the item-scale overlap which resulted in clusters of spuriously high correlations. An item-level principal component analysis indicated that 23 factors could adequately describe the item interrelationship for the small sample of college students. Under the limitation of the sample size the analysis generated dimensions defined mainly by the column designated external frame of reference classifications; the row designated internal classifications tended not to group together consistently. Summing item responses across rows to generate the three internal frame of reference scores was thus questioned. Correlations between the factors provided no consistent evidence for arbitrarily collapsing factors to generate the test column designated external classifications. Thus, when using the test with similar samples of college freshmen, caution is in order. Further item-level factor analytic studies with larger, more heterogeneous samples are needed.
Sensitive Method for the Detection of Experimental Brain Lesions
Authors: Besley Serena S. , Sheridan Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Small anterior lesions were placed unilaterally in 7 albino rats whose opposite hemispheres had previously been trained in diametrically opposed pattern-discrimination habits. Performances mediated by the lesioned hemisphere were significantly impaired, implicating extrastriate anterior cortex in the mediation of pattern discrimination. Traditional methods entailing the use of far more massive anterior lesions have failed to detect similar effects.
Contrast Reactivity: Situational and Temporal Stability of Cognitive Control
Authors: Gardner Riley W.
Published: September 2011

Findings are presented to show the situational and temporal (over 1 yr.) stability of performance in the Lines Contrast Test, a measure of a new principle of cognitive control called “Contrast Reactivity.”
The Rod-and-Frame Test: Further Comments on Methodology
Authors: Long Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Two variables significantly affected Rod-and-frame Test performance. Low illumination level gave significantly larger RFT scores than “normal” room lighting. S-paced RFT trials during which the rate of rod rotation was determined by S‘s rate of responding yielded lower RFT scores than constant E-paced trials. Possible interpretations of data were briefly discussed as well as important implications for numerous investigations that have compared distributions of RFT scores across studies.
Relationships between Similar Scales of Two Major Interest Inventories
Authors: Gardner Riley W.
Published: September 2011

Relationships of similar scales (occupation vs occupation and occupation vs college major) for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey, Form DD, were assessed over a 1-yr. period. Results suggest caution in the interpretation of particular scale points for such procedures and in using these procedures to supplement each other for counseling purposes.
Accuracy of Matching Tat and Graphological Personality Profiles
Authors: Lomonaco Theresa , Harrison Ross , Klein Felix
Published: September 2011

85 students matched 10 Ss for personality descriptions independently derived from analyses by a TAT specialist and a professional graphologist. Two sets of material were employed, one obtained from 5 male Ss and the other obtained from 5 female Ss. Chi-square tests indicated that the judges were able to match the personality descriptions ( p = .001) for both sets. While the results demonstrate nothing about the validity of the two approaches, they support the conclusion that under suitable conditions the TAT and graphology can yield consistent personality profiles.
Lateral Masking of end Elements by Inner Elements in Tachistoscopic Pattern Perception
Authors: Monti Peter M.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment examined S's perception of binary elements when they were end elements of arrays of varying complexity and when they were not. Pattern Length from 12 to 28 elements and intervening elements were or were not present. As predicted, significantly more correct responses were made to elements presented without intervening information. The findings suggest that poor performance in the presence of intervening elements is due to stimulus complexity and lateral masking rather than to sensitivity factors per se.
Cutaneous Sensitivity during Prolonged Visual Deprivation: Role of Interpolated Testing
Authors: Zubek John P. , Bross Michael , Gelfant W.
Published: September 2011

Measures of pain and pressure sensitivity were administered to 14 experimental Ss at intervals of 0, 3, and 7 days of visual deprivation. Relative to 14 control Ss, a significant increase in sensitivity was observed on both measures and at both Day 3 and Day 7. Since previous research has shown that negative results are obtained when the same sensory tasks are presented at intervals of 0, 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days of visual deprivation, it was concluded that a confounding effect may occur in sensory restriction experiments if the repeated measures of cutaneous sensitivity are not separated by inter-test intervals of at least several days.
Number and Percentage Estimates in Sequential Tasks
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor
Published: September 2011

4 groups of Ss estimated percentage and absolute number of occurrence of specified symbols in auditively presented sequences. The groups differed in kind of stimuli used (letters vs numerals) and in type of attention (focused vs distributed). Within each group, number of stimulus categories, length of sequence, and frequency of target symbol were systematically varied. In all conditions, the accuracy of estimates was inversely proportional to frequency of occurrence; and percentage estimates were consistently more reliable than estimates of number. The findings suggest a sampling strategy, where both types of estimates are based upon a mental picture of relative frequencies.
Ordering Preference and Auditory Transposition
Authors: Fullard William , Massari David J. , Snelbecker Glenn E. , Love Craig
Published: September 2011

Ordering preference for 64 adults was determined by presenting sets of tones which could be ordered on either frequency or amplitude. Subjects were then assigned randomly to auditory discrimination and transposition tasks on either dimension. Results indicated that amplitude transposition is more likely regardless of ordering preference. A relationship was found between frequency preference and failure to transpose on frequency problems.
Improving Distance Estimation Underwater: Long-Term Effectiveness of Training
Authors: Ferris Steven H.
Published: September 2011

Due to both optical distortion and water turbidity, divers are usually inaccurate when they estimate distances underwater. Previous studies have demonstrated that training with feedback improves accuracy of judgment. The present study showed that the effect of training diminishes considerably during 9 wk. following training. A more extensive training program is recommended for diving tasks in which distance estimation is important.
Heterogeneous Squad Composition, Odor Cues, and the Partial Reinforcement Effect
Authors: Davis Stephen F.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of rats served as Ss in a study designed to determine the influence of odor cues on the partial reinforcement extinction effect in a straight runway. Ss were run in 2 heterogeneous squads. In both squads were Ss that received continuous or partial reinforcement prior to extinction. One squad run under odor-minimizing conditions, while a second, similar, squad was run under odor-maximizing conditions. Significant partial reinforcement extinction effects were shown only by the odor-maximizing Ss.
Certain Determinants of the “Ventriloquism Effect”
Authors: Thurlow Willard R. , Jack Charles E.
Published: September 2011

Visual stimuli associated with a sound source can affect its localization in space—the basis for the “Ventriloquism” effect. The present experiments show that it is possible to obtain such effects over a much wider angle in the vertical median plane than in the horizontal plane. Such “capture” effects are also shown to be larger, the more similar the visual stimuli are to visual stimuli originally associated with that sound source. Attentional variables appear to be critical.
Sequential Effects Related to Foreperiod Duration in Simple Reaction Time
Authors: Possamaï Camille-Aimé , Requin Marilyn Granjon Jean , Reynard Guy
Published: September 2011

In a simple reaction-time (RT) experiment with variable interstimulus interval (ISI), where a steep decreasing RT-ISI relationship resulted from the use of a time mark during the ISI course, shortest RTs were found when ISI for 1 trial equalled ISI for the previous trial. RT increased more when the ISI for the previous trial was longer than when it was shorter than ISI for the actual trial.
Cognitive Pattern Perception and Musical Performance
Authors: Barrett Henry C. , Barker Harry R.
Published: September 2011

Rejecting the “omnibus” treatment of musical aptitude, the recognition of one general musical factor, this study examines several aspects of musical performance and relates a musical performance score to five measures of pattern perception. First, the sample is separated into high, medium, and low groups on the basis of music scores; then the perceptual data are analyzed using multivariate and univariate analyses of variance. A statistically significant relationship ( P < .01) between means of ability groups for three of the five perceptual variables was found.
Contingency Management and Rate of Classroom Productivity
Authors: Rickard Henry C. , Taylor G. E. , Libb J. Wesley
Published: September 2011

The baserate of producing academic material was ascertained for 6 boys in a remedial classroom. Permitting the students to leave the classroom and engage in favored activities contingent upon completion of a specified amount of work resulted in increased rates as compared to baseline conditions. Using a similar experimental design the rate of productivity of a group of 6 girls was also associated with contingency management.
Induced Rotational Autokinesis
Authors: Brosgole Leonard , Lepak Camilla , Contino Angelo F. , Hanley Michael
Published: September 2011

The independent autokinesis of the components of a complex pattern was a rather common phenomenon. The direction of such independent motion was placed under E's control by use of an induced autokinesis paradigm. A sequence of related eye-movement studies showed that, while S divided his attention between the various parts of the pattern, the apparent motion of each of the components was not related to the onset of optic nystagmus. Therefore, a possible local-sign interpretation of the effect was rejected.
Locus of Control and Clarity of Self-Concept
Authors: Organ Dennis W.
Published: September 2011

Two studies examined the relationship between locus of control and clarity of self-concept, testing an adult sample of an industrial organization and a sample of undergraduates. Both studies show that clarity of self-concept is positively and significantly related to the degree of internality as measured by Rotter's I-E scale. These findings, which are explained by attribution theory of person perception, remain significant after partialling out two measures of self-esteem.
Perceptions of Alikeness and Attitudes toward Being a Twin: Comparison of Identical and Fraternal Twin Pairs
Authors: Reznikoff Marvin , Domino George , Bridges Carolyn , Honeyman Merton
Published: September 2011

A 10-item yes-no questionnaire designed to gather data on similarities between twins in various areas of interest and activity was administered to 63 pairs of like-sexed identical twins and 54 pairs of like-sexed fraternal twins. One open-ended question tapped attitudes toward being a twin. On 8 of the 10 objective questions, the identical twins showed significantly greater similarity than the fraternal twins. An analysis of the attitudes expressed on the open-ended question classified as predominantly positive, negative, or ambivalent indicated that zygosity does not make a difference in attitudes toward being a twin. A larger, but statistically non-significant amount of intrapair disagreement in the fraternal group, contrasted with that for the identicals.
Perception of Internal-External Control as a Function of One's Own I-E Score
Authors: Hannah T. Edward
Published: September 2011

Ss completed Rotter's (1966) I-E control scale three times, once for themselves, once for their best friend, and once for the average person. When Ss were divided into two groups on the basis of self scores, scores showed Internals perceived both the best friend and the average person as significantly more external than themselves and that Externals perceived themselves, the best friend, and the average person as equivalently external. The results may be a result of Internals' attempts to maintain self-esteem or a response to their higher need for social approval.
Relative Effectiveness of Motor and Vocal Correction during Discrimination Learning
Authors: Carmean Stephen L. , Eads Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

An orthogonal design was used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of motor and vocal correction for adult Ss learning a 15-pair discrimination task. Both affected performance, but vocal correction had a considerably stronger effect and combined motor and vocal correction was not more effective than vocal correction alone. It was noted that the variability of performance, as well as the mean number of errors, was reduced by correction.
Recognition Memory for Modes of Perceptual Forms under Two Conditions of Presentation
Authors: Girgus Joel J. , Brown Michael
Published: September 2011

20 undergraduates were presented with 16 stimuli consisting of differing patterned lines. In 8 the lines formed closed figures; the other 8 stimuli were unconnected lines presented in an arrangement of parallel lines. On a recognition test, recall for lines presented in an unconnected mode was superior to recall for lines presented as figures. It was suggested that the figure is an added factor in the memory span and hinders retention of its component lines.
Modification of Energizing Effects of Electric Shock on a Reaction-Time Task
Authors: Berent Stanley , Morris Susan W.
Published: September 2011

Induction of “cognitive dissonance” energized the effect of shock on Ss' performance on a reaction-time task. Results are discussed in terms of anxiety being a possible confound in the study.
Role of Verbal Mediation in Performance of Motor Tasks by Korsakoff Patients
Authors: Cermak Laird S. , Lewis Ronald , Butters Nelson , Goodglass Harold
Published: September 2011

9 patients with Korsakoff's disease were examined for their ability to learn a finger maze (verbally mediated) and a pursuit-rotor (non-verbally mediated) task. Such patients (matched on IQ and age) were significantly worse than either 9 alcoholic or 9 normal control patients on the finger-maze task but were similar to both groups on the pursuit-rotor task. It was concluded that the verbal encoding deficit of Korsakoff patients can explain their difficulty in learning motor tasks involving verbal mediation.
Failure to Establish Errorless Discrimination in Monkeys
Authors: Haude Richard H.
Published: September 2011

A fading procedure similar to that reported by Terrace (1963) was used with monkeys to determine whether errorless discrimination learning could be obtained without prior establishment of a baseline of stimulus control before applying the training procedure. Four methods of training were used which differed with respect to when and how the non-reinforced stimulus (S—) was introduced. No animal learned without errors although all did acquire the discrimination. Furthermore, the fading procedure which was expected to result in errorless learning was no more effective than the other methods. These results suggest that establishing stimulus control before using a fading procedure is a necessary condition for errorless discrimination.
Review of Flooding Procedures (Implosion) in Animals and Man
Authors: Smith R. Douglas , Dickson Andrew L. , Sheppard Larry
Published: September 2011

The literature involving the use of flooding procedures to achieve fear reduction in both human and infra-human Ss is critically reviewed with reference to techniques, important parameters and theoretical explanations. Much of the research has produced variable and conflicting results due to poor experimental control and confounding, yielding difficulties in interpretation. The following representative conclusions are suggested: (a) stimulus flooding, appropriately administered, appears an effective method of fear reduction; (b) the theoretical importance of hypothesized sequential cues is questioned on the basis that the construct serves as neither an explanatory nor a predictive vehicle; (c) parameters accounting for change are not well delineated, but duration of the flooding scene, the quality of its aversiveness to S, and S's initial degree of avoidance behavior appear important; (d) extinction as an explanatory principle is seriously overused and alternative constructs from adaptation level theory, modeling theory, and cognitive rehearsal may be involved. Innovative modifications suggest new and interesting research on elicitation of affect and interpretation.
Inferential Sets and Person Perception: A Partial Replication and Extension
Authors: Mc Call James , Rae Gordon
Published: September 2011

203 female Ss read a short case-study and a group of related questions. They were then required to complete a 12 adjective-pair semantic differential indicating their dispositional judgments of the stimulus person in the narrative. Two independent variables were manipulated, the sex of the stimulus person and the group of questions asked. One group of questions was intended to induce a situation-matching set and the other a causal-genetic set. Ss in the situation-matching group rated the male stimulus person more hard ( p < .05), more bold ( p < .01), and less emotional ( p < .05) than Ss in the causal-genetic group. In the case of the female stimulus person Ss in the situation-matching group perceived her as more bold ( p < .05). Differences due to sex alone were found only for the situation-matching groups who perceived the female stimulus person as less hard ( p < .05) and less rugged ( p < .01) than the male.
Selected Relationships between Frostig Scores and Reading Achievement in a First Grade Population
Authors: Bois Nelson F. Du , Brown Foster Lloyd
Published: September 2011

To determine if the Frostig or any of its subtests measured any ability of first graders related to reading achievement (Gates) not already measured by a language-oriented intelligence test (Slosson) 163 first grade boys and girls were tested. The Frostig test did not measure any additional specific skills, perceptual or otherwise, beyond the Slosson, related to reading achievement. It appears that the Frostig scale is of limited worth as an instrument for measuring specific visual perceptual skills related to reading achievement in a typical first-grade population.
Problems and Pitfalls in the Use of Rating Schemes to Describe Visual Art
Authors: Barron Frank , Gaines Rosslyn , Lee Deborah , Marlowe Cynthia
Published: September 2011

Two teams of two raters each rated slides of artists' productions according to descriptive variables on which accord was high. However, raters disagreed in evaluation of merit. Difficulties encountered in making these ratings and their implications for research in aesthetics are discussed.
Verbal Reinforcement Combinations, Task Complexity, Age and Sex in Children's Discrimination Learning
Authors: Miller Frank D. , Moffat Gene H. , Cotter Patrick D. , Ochocki Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

144 boys and girls in Grades 2 and 6 were presented a 2-choice simultaneous brightness-discrimination task. Ss were either verbally reinforced for correct responses (Rn), verbally punished for incorrect responses (Wn), or verbally reinforced for correct and punished for incorrect responses (RW). Two levels of task complexity defined as the number of irrelevant stimulus dimensions were utilized. Regardless of Ss' sex, age, or the complexity of the task, the Rn combination produced significantly slower learning than did the nearly equivalent Wn and RW combinations. The simple task was learned significantly more rapidly than the complex task.
Distress and Contentment Calls of the Peking Duckling (Anas Platyrynchos): Duration and Intensity
Authors: Rajecki D. W. , Eichenbaum Howard
Published: September 2011

The duration and intensity of contextually defined distress and contentment calls of 8 Peking ducklings were examined. The distress call is clearly longer and louder than the contentment call. No differences were found in the characteristics of the calls between birds 1 and 2 days of age.
Effect of Light on Thermal Reinforcement in Behavioral Thermoregulation
Authors: Sabourin Michel , Deschambault Andre , Ducharme Raymond
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect (reinforcing or aversive) of the combination of light and heat for the presentation of thermal reinforcement in behavioral thermoregulation. The results obtained indicate that the light-heat reinforcement group requires significantly less reinforcers and bar-presses for reaching the learning criterion than the heat-reinforced group. However, the time for reaching criterion and the performance observed after learning has occurred are not significantly different. The results show that light is not an aversive factor in this condition and are explained in relation to the temporary and transitory effect of sensory reinforcement suggested by Tapp and Simpson (1960).
Category Width and Decision Making in Perception
Authors: Rogers Richard L.
Published: September 2011

The cognitive dimension called category width may be related to decision-making behavior in the following way: broad categorizers tend to make more Type I errors while narrow categorizers are more inclined to make Type II errors. This contention was investigated using measures of decision-making performance on an auditory detection task. No correlations obtained between category-width measures and decision measures for 43 female Ss. However, for 38 male Ss, the correlation between category-width score and Type I error rate was significant as predicted. The correlation between category-width scores and over-all correct decision rate was also significant. A substantial relationship was also found between quantitative aptitude and category-width scores and factor scores for the two category-width factors for males. For women, quantitative aptitude did not seem to be related to category-width measures.
Incidence versus Degrees of Rotation on the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test in Brain-Damaged and Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Holland Terrill R. , Wadsworth Helen M.
Published: September 2011

20 brain-damaged and 20 process schizophrenic inpatients, equated for average age and educational level, were administered the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test and the Vocabulary and Block Design subtests from the WAIS. When the Minnesota was scored for incidence of rotations as well as for total number of degrees of rotation, only the degrees measure discriminated between the two groups. However, when IQ was held constant through the use of partial correlation or the IQ correction procedure presented in the test manual, the degrees measure was no longer discriminating. However, since the degrees measure was superior to the incidence measure, it was suggested that visual-motor design reproduction tests with scoring systems using incidence measures may be under-utilizing the modest discriminating power the rotational error type possesses.
Figure Orientation Affects Amount of Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Worrall Norman , Firth Diane E.
Published: September 2011

Placing Mueller-Lyer obliques about a horizontal line causes a shift in its apparent midpoint. However, it is shown here that amount of illusion is greater when right-pointing > > rather than left-pointing < < obliques are used. The effect is discussed in terms of visual hemifield-bias.
Elimination of an Infant's Crying through Response Prevention
Authors: Fouts Gregory T.
Published: September 2011

After traditional methods had failed, a response prevention procedure was used to eliminate crying (at 4 a.m.) in a 19-wk.-old infant. The procedure involved initially attempting to extinguish awakening and crying by ignoring the crying of S; this was followed by continued extinction plus preventing S from rolling over (which prevented a sequence of behaviors leading to crying). Response prevention facilitated the elimination of crying.
Five Horsemen of the Analysis of Variance: A Study in Judgmental Bias
Authors: Melamed Leslie
Published: September 2011

An analysis of variance procedure was applied to the results of the Dressage competition at the 1972 Olympic Games to investigate two sources of bias which could arise in human judgments. Analyses showed significant differences in the average ratings of the competitors by the five judges indicating possible differences in judgmental standards. A significant interaction between country of competitor and judge was found when the results of the second round of performance by the Russian and West German teams were compared.
Developmental Study of Conformity to Unlike-Sex Peer Pressure
Authors: Collins J. K. , Thomas N. T.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between age and unlike-sex peer pressure was studied by requiring an individual to contradict an obviously and unanimously wrong decision by a majority group of 5, of which he was the sixth member and the only representative of his sex. 100 male and female students between the ages of 5 and 19 yr. acted as Ss. No differences were found between the sexes to unlike-sex pressure but conformity showed a decreasing linear relationship to age.
Monitoring Performance with a Time-Shared Encoding Task
Authors: Tyler Dolores M. , Halcomb Charles G.
Published: September 2011

52 college students performed a task requiring the detection of a critical signal and subsequent differential serial recall. The effects of auditory vs visual mode and independent vs time-shared presentation were investigated. Detection was significantly enhanced under the time-shared presentation mode while serial recall was unaffected. For detection visual presentation yielded significantly better performance. Effects of time-sharing seem differentially related to the characteristics of the task.
Simple and Complex Reaction Time as a Function of Subliminal and Supraliminal Accessory Stimulation
Authors: Zenhausern Robert , Pompo Claude , Ciaiola Michael
Published: September 2011

Simple and complex reaction time to visual stimuli was tested under 7 levels of accessory stimulation (white noise). Only the highest level of stimulation (70 db above threshold) lowered reaction time. The other levels had no effect.
Reversal-Shift Behavior in Children with Specific Learning Disabilities
Authors: Fritz Janet J.
Published: September 2011

The discrimination learning of 7- to 9-yr.-olds with specific learning disabilities was studied by using the reversal and intradimensional shift paradigms. Three groups of Ss included 20 normal controls, 20 having learning disability but receiving no drug treatment, and 10 having learning disability and receiving drug treatment. All groups given the intradimensional shift task performed significantly better than those given the reversal shift task, while the controls performed significantly better on both shift tasks than Ss with learning disabilities. The prediction of superior shift performance by the latter Ss who were receiving drug treatment, compared to that by the non-drug group, was not substantiated. Results were discussed in terms of support for the Zeaman and House attention model of discrimination learning and the effects of drug therapy on attention for children with specific learning disabilities.
Effects of “Short-Term” versus “Long-Term” L-Dopa Therapy in Parkinsonism on Critical Flicker Frequency
Authors: Frequency Flicker , Maskin Michael B. , Riklan Manuel , Chabot David
Published: September 2011

This study investigated shorter and longer range effects of L-Dopa therapy in parkinsonism on critical flicker frequency (CFF) scores. Three equated groups of 15 Ss were selected to include “short-term,” “long-term,” L-Dopa patients and a control group. Binocular CFF thresholds were obtained for each S on two separate occasions. Results indicate that: (1) the control group scored significantly higher on CFF indicating superior neural integration when compared with the “short-term” or “long-term” L-Dopa group; (2) the “short-term” L-Dopa group scored significantly higher than the “long-term” L-Dopa group demonstrating better cerebral efficiency. Evidence suggests that a peculiar clinical state interfering with neural transmission may develop in parkinsonian patients on L-Dopa therapy prolonged 2 yr. or more.
Response Differentiation in Infants: A Sex Difference in Learning
Authors: Vietze Peter , Foster Martha , Friedman Steven
Published: September 2011

A visual stimulus was made contingent upon free-operant directional head turns in 10-wk.-old infants. Male infants significantly increased their rate of head turns to the rewarded side while rate of turns in the nonrewarded direction did not change from baseline levels. Female infants, on the other hand, did not demonstrate conditioning. The finding of a significant sex difference in response differentiation is discussed in terms of previous research which suggests that sex differences in conditionability may be a function of mode of reinforcement.
Note on Interaction between Cognitive and Endocrine Functions
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Andersson Karin
Published: September 2011

Relationships between learning rate and adrenaline output were examined. Ability to learn nonsense syllables by the serial anticipation method was significantly superior for a group of high-adrenaline secreters to that of a group of low-adrenaline secreters. The difference in learning rate may reflect a direct effect of adrenaline on the brain.