bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Informatics Knowledge for Setting Requirements on IFC Data and Its Suitability in Education for Chemical Engineers
Authors: Kaiser Jiří
Published: December 2020

IFC becomes popular for the exchange of building information model data among participants in construction projects. To get the desired data, it is necessary to specify requirements on these data. The paper identifies fields of informatics knowledge required to understand the IFC data schema mostly to get the ability to define requirements on the desired IFC file content. There were identified mostly topics connected with the EXPRESS data specification language but also with the STEP data format and computer graphics. There were also mentioned fields of informatics knowledge related to processes that use or produce the data. It is generally assumed that building information model data collected and stored during design and construction processes are valuable also during the operation of the modeled facility. Sometimes the biggest value is expected during the operation of the modeled facility. Then the requirements on data for facility operation may differ based on the purpose and use of the facility. Specific knowledge related to the purpose of the built environment may need to be taken into account during the setting requirements on building information model data – including IFC data. This sets the question about the importance of informatics knowledge for setting requirements on building information model data (also IFC data) also for other professions than those from information technology and civil engineering domain. A brief review of the discussion about using building information modeling principles and building information model data for plant engineering is included in the paper. The focus is on the use of the IFC data. It was found that the building information modeling principles and informatics knowledge connected with an understanding of the IFC data schema may have an important role also in education for chemical engineers especially with the connection to the development of the implementation of building information modeling principles in plant engineering.
The Peculiarities of Formation of Architecture and Design of the Farmstead in Modern Conditions on the Example of the Western Region of Ukraine
Authors: Diachok Oksana , Kolodrubska Oleksandra , Kysil Svitlana , Semyroz Nina , Kuziv Mykhaylo
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the scientific work is to determine the peculiarities of the formation of farmstead architecture and design in modern conditions of formation of united territorial communities on the example of the Western region of Ukraine. To achieve this goal, empirical theoretical methods of research and generalization are used. Rural population surveys, benchmarking, classification and generalizations were used. Studies of the modern farmstead conducted in the villages of the Western region of Ukraine have shown a great variety of farmstead development, which reflects the natural and climatic conditions, peculiarities of the life of the population, folk, religious customs and traditions. The region’s peculiar architectural forms of farmstead development are significantly influenced by the location of the territory and the frequent migration of the population abroad. Researchers have shown that residents of farmsteads are changing the way of life, living conditions and activate non-agricultural activities, for which houses and buildings for entrepreneurial and production activity are erected next to a dwelling house. Accordingly, new functional zones are allocated in the structure of the estate: sports, health, technical, sacral, entrepreneurial, production and guest. Based on the labor activity of the inhabitants of rural settlements, the typology of farmsteads was expanded: entrepreneurial, representative and bi-functional types (economic-entrepreneurial, economic-production, production-entrepreneurial and guest subtypes). It is proved that proper organization of the estate development will contribute to creating of comfortable, safe and accessible living space, preservation and multiplication of traditions and regional peculiarities in the formation of the rural environment. The topic of the study remains relevant as changes in spatial planning and integrated territorial development take place in the context of decentralization reform and the formation of united territorial communities. They are to provide the villagers with a modern level of competitive, comfortable, accessible, object-space environment of the new generation, which would meet their needs, opportunities, cultural achievements through the development of new types of farmsteads and residential homes. In order to implement the new standards, it is necessary to review the existing State Building Standards and bring them into line with EU standards.
The Set of Contemporary Aquatic Architecture
Authors: Bujniewicz Zbyszko
Published: December 2020

The presented investigations prove that there exists a set of architecture connected with water. The investigations, which started about 10 years ago, state that it is possible to indicate the contemporary objects which have some common features creating the set of aquatic architecture. The relation between architecture and water has different aspects. The first is placing the object in the water as the environment, the second is when the water is the purpose of constructing the building (ex. swimming pools), the next is to use the water as the decoration material or medium for energy flowing in the building and the last one is to find any intangible associations between water and architecture. It is described as the simple method to include the object to the set contemporary aquatic architecture basing on the determination of the function of water in the building. The utility water function is excluded from the set because it is part of another discipline as for example water treatment or sewage technology. On the base of several case study investigations, it is proved that the aquatic architecture is a significant part of the architecture. The approx. 12% of raised buildings can be attached to the set. The passed study confirmed that the architecture paying attention to the water is realised not only at the border of the land and water or in the water, it can also be found in the middle of dry land, in which case, it follows the intangible associations. The immaterial relation is based on personal experience and connotation to the cultural environment of human.
Children as conscious recipients of space. The role of architectural education in the process of teaching
Authors: Sulima Magdalena
Published: December 2020

Nowadays, when we are often witnessing to chaos, the lack of aesthetics and respect for historical buildings both in cities and rural settings, the social awareness of the space in which we live is extremely important for the preservation of its quality. The discussions in scientific circles from around the world: among architects, urban planners and cultural anthropologists, which have been going on for years, postulate that education from an early age is one of the most important ways of protecting the cultural landscape and maintaining sustainable development. This issue is very broad and includes various aspects, aesthetic, cultural, creative, but also civil – a shared responsibility and a critical attitude towards the environment. The aim of this article is to bring attention to the need for architectural education for children. Based on examples from different countries, where the topic of integrating architectural educational programs into the core curriculum from kindergarten to high school is very popular, the author highlights the situation in Poland, where in recent years, more is happening to raise architectural awareness among the youngest.
Sustainability from Theory to Practice: An Architectural Analysis of Some Principles of Sustainability in Buildings
Authors: Dabija Ana-Maria
Published: December 2020

According to the Brundtland Report, a sustainable approach should be resource efficient (“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”). How is this definition applied to architecture? And when did it occur? Strange as it may seem, the preoccupations for a sustainable environment did not appear in the past decades. It is as old as the building process itself: vernacular architecture can be interpreted as a process of building, taking into account the impact of the rules of nature on the environment; religious, monumental, civil or industrial architecture might have components that provide sustainability, if they meet some specific conditions. The paper aims to present some considerations of the architectural evolution of the concept of “sustainability”.
Thermal performance of hybrid vacuum glazing installed in the wood-aluminium frame
Authors: Chmúrny Ivan , Szabó Daniel
Published: December 2020

The current development in building energy efficiency towards nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) represents a number of new challenges to design and construction. One of these major challenges is lowering the need for heating by means of highly insulated glazing units, unique glazing technologies, such as vacuum glazing (VG) or hybrid vacuum glazing (HVG). Hybrid vacuum glazing combines vacuum glazing with double glazing technology by adding one low-emissivity glass to the vacuum glazing using a thermally-improved spacer profile to eliminate the thermal bridge at the edge of the vacuum glazing. The gap between the vacuum glazing and the low-emission glass is filled with the inert gas Argon. The thermal performance of a hybrid vacuum glazing was tested using the guarded hot box method developed in accordance with the requirements of ISO 8990. Hybrid vacuum glazing has thermal transmittance about 0.43 W.m−-2.K−1.
A Study on the Public Service Areas in Ankara Gultepe Neighborhood
Authors: Koca Guler , Avcı Mine
Published: December 2020

The industrialization in the 1950s has led to the rapid population increase in the Turkish cities. Unhealthy and illegal constructions have mushroomed to meet the growing demands of the population triggered by rapid urbanization, which has caused infrastructure problems, inadequacy of the spaces necessary for the development of the individual and society, and a decline in the quality of life. To eliminate such problems, urban transformation projects have been implemented in Turkey with the basic aim of creating an urban environment offering a healthy and high quality life for residents by reducing disaster risk in the cities. Public service areas are needed for the development of the individual and society in urban areas. There are legally-defined standards in Turkey for the adequate and accessible level in cities to serve as educational facilities, health facilities, religious facilities, cultural and sports facilities, green areas and play gardens. The first settlement in Gultepe Neighbourhood, located on Altındag Hill, started in the 1930s. Since it has a sloping land structure, the settlement is reserved as a green area in the urban plans. However, its close proximity to the Ulus trade center has caused low-income people from the rural areas to prefer this place for their unplanned and illegal settlement. The area, which had become a complete slum over time, was included in the urban transformation project that began in the 2000s. Through a survey, the people living in Ankara Gultepe Neighborhood where this urban transformation was in progress, were asked about the adequacy and accessibility of public service areas and the results were discussed.
Nanomodified Rapid Hardening Concretes
Authors: Sobczak-Piąstka Justyna , Marushchak Uliana , Mazurak Oksana , Mazurak Andriy
Published: December 2020

One of the priority areas of modern construction production is the introduction of high-performance high-speed concrete with improved technological and construction-technical properties for the design, erection and repair of engineering structures. Modern studies have made it possible to view concrete from the nanoscale point of view as a material characterized by a complex hetero-scale structure of hydrated cement phases and mineral additives. The properties of concrete are determined by the type, size and nature of the interaction of the components of each structural level, which creates the possibility of nanotechnological regulation of the processes of structure formation and control of operational characteristics. The main task of nanomodification is to provide managed structure with more nanoscale hydration products. Typical nanowires in Portland cement systems are micro- and nanosilica SiO2, nanoglosses, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaCO3, carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes and nanofibers). The introduction of C-S-H nanoparticles is the most effective way of accelerating the hydration of cement compared to other nanowires, by ensuring the growth of hydration products without an energy barrier in the pore space between the cement grains. The presented studies are devoted to the study of the nanomodification efficiency of concrete with a complex additive containing a polycarboxylate superplasticizer and synthesized nanoscale C-S-H particles. Based on the analysis of the results of early and design strength of nanomodified concrete, it is established that it is characterized by rapid strength gain and high durability after 28 days. The construction and technical properties of nanomodified concretes were investigated after 1 and 28 days of curing.
The Renegotiation on PPP Contracts and Subsidy Efficiency
Authors: Zhu Wenwen
Published: December 2020

Since 2014, PPP has been developing rapidly in China and widely used in infrastructure construction such as transport, energy, sewage. The characteristics of long time, large investment and high complexity of PPP projects lead to the high incidence of renegotiation. However, experience at home and abroad indicates that most renegotiations are caused by the speculation of firms, in order to obtain subsidies to avoid taking risks and thus bring social welfare losses. Therefore, how to set reasonable renegotiation subsidy to improve project efficiency is an urgent problem in practice. This paper examines the impact of renegotiation subsidies on moral hazard and project efficiency. The problem of moral hazard refers to the fact that firms choose to make low level of efforts in advance (before risks occur) aiming at private profits. The paper firstly analyzes the intrinsic influence mechanism of renegotiation subsidy on the efficiency of PPP project by building a game model based on the incomplete contract theory and game theory, and then discusses the key factors affecting project efficiency, and finally puts forward corresponding policy recommendations. The research results show that: Moral hazard makes risk events more likely to occur, but enterprises can avoid bearing all the losses with the support of renegotiation subsidies, thereby increasing the incidence of moral hazard. Therefore, over subsidy will reduce the ex-ante efficiency, even if the ex-post efficiency still can be achieved. Controlling the renegotiation subsidy to a certain extent can avoid the occurrence of moral hazard, and achieve ex-post efficacy and financial efficiency at the same time. Optimizing policy variables such as private profit B, opportunity cost of re-tendering τ and legitimate profit of firms R-I can lower the requirement of government’s negotiating power, making it easier to control the subsidy to the above scope. The research results can provide government with reference about renegotiation in decision making and provide theoretical support for the practice of PPP renegotiation.
The Use of Stainless Steel in Structures: Columns under Compression
Authors: Puklický Libor
Published: December 2020

The analysis of the limit states of load-bearing stainless steel structural members requires the inclusion of material non-linearity in the calculations of resistance and deformation. The analysis of slender columns under compression requires the inclusion of both material and geometric non-linearity, which increases demands on the numerical analysis and scientific computing. This paper focuses on some aspects of the numerical analysis of the compressive force of columns with initial imperfections, which may have a significant influence on the results of the analysis of the safety and usability of load-bearing structures with slender members. The increased accuracy of results of experimental research on the material characteristics of stainless steel is discussed in connection with the properties of carbon steel and the application of numerical analysis in stochastic computational models.
Developments in Technology-Based Courses Contents of Interior Architecture Departments in Turkey
Authors: Aykac Gokce Nur
Published: December 2020

The introduction of information technologies in space design disciplines begins with the use of the Computer Aided Design concept in those disciplines. Since the first example of CAD tool which was launched in 1963, the ability to design using computers has been a method adopted by architecture and space design disciplines and transferred to the educational context. There were changes and transformations in this method due to the needs created by the developing building technologies. The CAD technology, has been adopted to the space design education in order to support the courses. The CAD which was created for challenging the difficulties in the practicing area and speeding up the process, also takes place among the traditional methods of space design in the Interior Architecture discipline. The possibilities provided by those digitally created spatial mediums, have led to a rotational improvement in both education and practice. In addition, the reflections of technological developments in the social context in last decade on many areas of life have led to the necessity of reorganizing the educational contents. Academic studies conducted in recent years, are designed to include the last technological developments in today’s educational contents and to reflect students’ interests and commitment to these technologies in direct proportion. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this study is to read out the reflection of the developments mentioned above on the Interior Architecture discipline in Turkey by monitoring the developments in the context of the need of updating the educational contents. In order to meet the social developments and today’s skills, space design education must follow the technological context in parallel. Based on these considerations, the studies of Turkey which were examined in this research have been conducted before could be explained as inadequate. In this context, to examine the curriculum of the Interior Architecture departments of Turkey and to monitor the updates mentioned before constitute the main focus of the study. CAD-based courses in the curriculum of the Interior Architecture departments were determined and the contents were examined. These analyses were achieved in the context of the methods, techniques and tools used in the courses, and after, the situation of the information-based courses were determined. It was concluded that these courses were transformed in direct proportion in line with the increasing needs in the educational context with the developing technology and updates should continue in the context of meeting today’s skills.
Improvement of the pressurization station SPP 41 from the irrigation system of Ograda, Ialomita County, Romania
Authors: Mariana Pasc Antonia , Robert Beilicci , Erika Beilicci
Published: December 2020

The water supply of the arrangement is made from the Danube through the I.M.Gheorghiu base station and is pumped into the CA Lunca Canal. The outlet of the floating station is on the Crcome arm of the Danube River at 221 + 650 km. The flow required for the Ialomiţa Călmăţui terrace is 110mc / sec. The 6.7 km long Lunca CA channel runs water through the Călmăţui-Gropeni meadow to the base of Mihai Bravu terrace to the north of Spiru Haret locality, from where through the SRPA1 Spiru Haret repacking station, it is raised on the terrace and directed on the AC adduction channel. This channel is dimensioned in 3 sections: the first section with a length of 12.445 km crosses the area from the discharge basin of the SRPA1 Spiru Haret refueling station to DN21 Slobozia-Brăila, which it intersects south of the town of Inssuraţa; the second section is between DN21 (km12 + 445) from the channel and the SRPA4 station at km30 + 835; the third section with a length of 2690 m is between km30 + 835 and km33 + 525. From the main channel of adduction CA Terasa derives in the following channels: CD1 at km2 + 285, CD3 at km10 + 750, CD7 near the SRPA3A station and CD9 fed from the downstream end of the channel CA Terasa. The total length of the channels of adduction and distribution in the perimeter of Ialomiţa Călmăţui is 318,886 km, the net surface of 137291 ha arranged for irrigation and is composed of 512 plots generally rectangular in shape. From the CD3 channel, the CD5 channel is formed stage 1 in the length of 14.3km from which SRPA4 Bucşa is fed. This refueling station supplies 13.1km long CD5 channels and CD4B, CD4C. The latter channel feeds the SPP41 pressurizing station serving 1692 ha belonging to OUAI Ograda. The proposed works will be limited to the refurbishment and consolidation of the SPP41 pressure pumping station.
Modern Wooden Construction System Comparison
Authors: Klich Agnieszka , Kram Dorota
Published: December 2020

Wood-based construction is a rapidly growing branch of construction in the world, it is slightly worse on the Polish field. In the era of care for the environment, it is important that newly constructed building objects, including buildings, not only use as little energy as possible, but are also made of materials received as ecological. Wood-based construction combines both of these aspects. There are, however, two other market aspects: price and availability of materials and technological solutions. Wooden buildings are more environmentally and human friendly than other material solutions, and with proper insulation, finishing and well-chosen installation systems, they can also be tempted to become a zero-energy building, i.e. one whose energy balance is zero per year. Among the architectural design offers today you can find a large number of residential or public building designs (low or large volume) with a wood-based structure, both in terms of bar solutions (generally seen through the prism of skeletal objects), as well as massive structures (today mainly seen through the prism plate objects). Each of them has different design assumptions, but in principle the goal is common. The right kind of construction, insulation and finishing materials should be chosen for each. For structural elements, various types of protection should be taken, e.g. in the field of fire safety or against technical wood pests, etc. In the field of insulation, analyses of thermal issues, waterproofing and wind protection are undertaken. The choice of finishing materials should also take into account solutions that are the least burdening the environment and minimize energy losses, among others by avoiding possible thermal bridges. This article attempts to present the topic in a synthetic way, outlining global trends and possibilities of the Polish wood-based construction market. The calculation example illustrates the heat balance and environmental loads of a single-family wooden building with thermal insulation selected so that the building envelope meets the current requirements given in the Technical Conditions.
Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency of Lightweight Steel Buildings: a Case-Study
Authors: Buzatu Raluca , Muntean Daniel , Ciutina Adrian , Ungureanu Viorel
Published: December 2020

Steel façade systems follow the actual tendencies in construction offering robust and sustainable solutions, able to answer to actual conditions and to offer adequate interior thermal comfort. The modern sandwich panels provided by the current façade system producers combine the required thermal resistance by varying the thermal insulation material and its thickness with the required structural demands. In addition, the façade layer could be over-coated with different materials, thus offering the required architectural aspect. Other advantages of the systems rely on industrialized prefabrication, fast installation and adaptability. They could also be disassembled and reused. The study presents an analysis of some envelope solutions existing on the market for buildings made of thin-walled cold-formed steel structural systems. The study consists in an annual energetic analysis of Mineral Wool (MW)-based system and a more sustainable recycled-PET thermal wadding-system. The analysis includes for input the own-produced energy by power grids and additional national grid energy while for output heating / cooling and electric appliances are considered. The study is completed by a life-cycle environmental analysis. The study revealed that when the thermal insulations have nearly the same U-value, the environmental impact of the recycled-PET thermal wadding-based system is smaller than that of MW-based system. Although the environmental impact of the recycled-PET thermal wadding is higher in the production stage, the insulation quantity of the material needed for PET-recycled thermal wadding to accomplish the required thermal resistance is much smaller than that of MW. Moreover, the original material for the recycled-PET thermal wadding is 100% recycled which implies a certain benefit of circularity to the material. The study also proves that the glazing ratio has also an impact on the thermal performances of studied systems: by reducing the overall glazing ratio of the envelope, the solar gain drops significantly, which leads to an increased heating energy demand, in order to meet indoor thermal comfort.
Climate Adapted Façades in Zero-Waste and Cradle to Cradle Buildings – Comparison, Evaluation and Future Recommendations, e.g. in Regard to U-Values, G-Values, Photovoltaic Integration, Thermal Performance and Solar Orientation
Authors: Kader Alexander
Published: December 2020

The construction methods we are using today on a broad scale are highly unsustainable in regard to their resource efficiency. Fundamental improvements are necessary in order to change towards a more ecological future. The integration of reusable building components could be an adequate option to significantly reduce the ecological deficits we are facing today. The concepts of Zero-Waste and Cradle to Cradle are seen as viable solutions for the future. The few already existing Zero-Waste and Cradle to Cradle buildings are currently representing the most advanced construction standards of resource efficient design. In regard to their façades, however, there is still a high improvement potential. Therefore, methods have been elaborated within this research which demonstrates how the façades of Zero-Waste buildings can be strongly optimised. In particular, this research poses the question: with which interventions can we improve the performance of façades of Zero-Waste buildings? Which interventions are most important and how can we prioritize them? For example, which role does the insulation capacity of the building skin play in comparison to the building’s capability for natural ventilation and external shading? Within this paper, at first, the façades of selected existing Zero-Waste and Cradle to Cradle inspired buildings are examined and critically evaluated in regard to their u-values, g-values, photovoltaic integration, thermal performance and solar orientation. Furthermore, criteria such as sun exposure of glazed areas, natural ventilation capacity through façade openings etc. are investigated. Thereafter follows an assessment in the form of a list about which interventions could significantly improve the façade’s performance in regard to energy efficiency. The approaches include active strategies, such as improving the u-values, photovoltaic energy generation and passive strategies, such as enabling natural ventilation through the façade and external shading of sun exposed glazed areas. The selected case study buildings in Germany are “Aktivhaus B10” in Stuttgart by Werner Sobek, “Woodcube Building” in Hamburg by IfuH Architects and Architekturagentur, “ICON Rheinlanddamm” in Dortmund by William McDonough and Partners. In order to recommend which interventions are the best applicable in the relation between ecological performance and cost, the paper concludes with a prioritisation of the suggested improvement options. Overall, it demonstrates that the building’s overall energy performance can be significantly improved by adapting the façades towards a better implementation of passive strategies which take strong advantage of the project site’s individual climatic conditions.
Application of the Monte Carlo Method to Evaluate the Impact of Uncertainty of Model Parameters on the Time of Concrete Cover Damage
Authors: Krykowski Tomasz
Published: December 2020

The work concerns the evaluation of the cover cracking time in corrosion conditions of reinforcement. The simulation approach using the Monte Carlo method was used to determine the limit values of corrosive volumetric strains that can be created as the result of corrosion. The calculations were made using the ATENA package, taking into account the effect of concrete curing on the cracking propagation of the test sample.
Possibilities of Transformation of Public Space in Multi-Family Housing Estates in Polish Conditions – Case of the Bajka Estate in Bydgoszcz-Fordon
Authors: Zalewski Andrzej , Wojtak Katarzyna
Published: December 2020

Multi-family housing estates created in the above mentioned over a period of time they were characterized by very modest use of public space and underdevelopment of basic equipment with parking spaces and social, cultural and recreational infrastructure. The main activity of investors was the construction of apartments, and the development of housing estates was considered as secondary. It should be noted that in their housing estates residents spend a significant part of their lives and public spaces in housing estates should be friendly to residents and meet the needs of all residents. The methodology for developing the concept consisted of analyzing the current state of knowledge, collected source materials and documents related to the area. Analysis of the existing state was carried out in the field of: public space development, transport service and infrastructure, road safety, types of property, greenery and spatial composition, which indicated the spatial and program conditions and possibilities of transformation. To find out the residents’ needs, a survey was conducted, the results of which were guidelines for the assumptions of the proposed project. The results of survey showed that the public space of the Bajka (Fairly) Housing Estate needs a variety of activities that would increase its functional and aesthetic value, and improve the living environment, taking into account the needs and mobility of all ages groups residents. Respondents consider it necessary to supplement the development of public space with elements of small architecture. Existing undeveloped areas in the housing estate were used to transform the public space of the estate. and was divided into 3 areas: a. In Area A, which was envisaged as an area with a dominant recreational, sports and social function, The Socio-Cultural Pavilion as a year-round place for meetings and integration of residents as well as the development of technical and social facilities of existing tennis courts, as well as a playground and an outdoor exercise area. b. In Area B, new development was designed in the form of a housing estate square and a water reservoir that would serve the rest of the residents. c. Area C, which connects Areas A and B, creates Fairytale Trail - a pedestrian path along which the brass figurines of Polish fairy tale heroes were designed. In the aspect of the spatial composition, this pedestrian route is at the same time a compression element for Areas A and B. In the transportation service aspect, a traffic calming zone was developed by implementing technical solutions limiting speed and the possibilities of converting existing surface parking lots and garages into cubature solutions located outside the housing estate are shown. Presented case showed the possibilities of implementing various outdoor and cubature development, which can significantly improve the living environment, as well as the aesthetics and quality of public space.
Regenerating vernacular villages for ecotourism spaces - The case of Aldeia da Pena in São Pedro do Sul - Portugal
Authors: Fernandes Sara Lopes , Ferreira Gomes Luis M. , Beato Claudia S.
Published: December 2020

In the last decades, Portugal has witnessed frequent rural depopulation with the abandonment of agricultural land, forest, and even some villages. On the other hand, the ordinary citizen, in a tourist view, begins to look more and more for spaces linked to the virgin nature and even to spaces associated with traditional agriculture, being, therefore, an opportunity to revitalize certain spaces, especially when they are of unique vernacular heritage. The case of Pena Village, almost in its totality, preserves its architectural trace and original materials. All the houses are built with local stones, essentially schist rocks, including their roofs, fitting into the landscape in an invisible and perfect way, which makes any citizen there to feel like an element of nature itself. Thus, in the present paper, after a brief characterization of the Village of Pena, the methodological aspects and the formulated concept are presented, and then a proposal for the revitalization of the village is presented, with the purpose that it functions as a global housing unit, consisting of several separate buildings, with various infrastructures and equipment needed for Ecotourism.
Characterization of the Natural Environment to Support the Construction of the Infrastructures Necessary for the Regeneration of Aldeia da Pena in São Pedro do Sul (Portugal) for Ecotourism Spaces
Authors: Ferreira Gomes Luis M. , Fernandes Sara Lopes , Andrade Pais Luis J , De Carvalho Paulo E. Maia
Published: December 2020

Portugal is witnessing a phenomenon of depopulation of the rural areas in the interior of the country, with the tendency of almost total abandonment of some small villages. The situation of Aldeia da Pena in the municipality of São Pedro do Sul, embedded in a mountainous area, which has led to this abandonment, already begun many years ago, has preserved its vernacular architecture and is worth recovering and converting to accommodation and leisure spaces in order to support new segments of tourism and in particular Ecotourism and Geotourism, which are emerging in the region. Thus, there is a tendency for these places to be recovered and to change functions since they once served the population that depended on subsistence agriculture. The new function to be viable requires more water than in the past, both for human consumption and for other activities, namely leisure and recreational activities, which currently value and help to make the tourism sector economically viable. Thus, with the intention of an effective recovery of the Aldeia da Pena, in order to contribute to the implementation of the various infrastructures appropriate to the modern society, in the present work, after a brief historical framework, the geomorphological, geological and hydrogeological aspects are presented with emphasis on the lithologies that occur there in order to favor the rehabilitation of the houses essentially in schist stone, and the water potentially available, either underground or of superficial origin. Finally, the main aspects of the proposed infrastructures are presented, and some final considerations are made.
Impact of Biochar on Soil Grain Size
Authors: Gliniak Maciej , Sikora Jakub , Sadowska Urszula , Klimek-Kopyra Agnieszka , Latawiec Agnieszka , Kuboń Maciej
Published: December 2020

Degradation of arable soils reduces their productivity and worsens the problem of global food security. One of the ways to prevent this phenomenon is the possibility of using biochar. Its addition to soil improves water, biochemical and mechanical properties. This has been proven in many research works. The purpose of the research described in the article is to determine the dose of biochar to be used in a heavy soil cultivated field in order to improve its grain size. The tests were carried out for 10 different doses of biochar in relation to the control field. After the end of the growing season, soil samples were taken for laboratory tests in order to determine the granulometric composition of the soil. Studies have shown that the addition of biochar changes the grain structure of the soil.
Complex Proposal of Flood Protection Measures for Small Municipalities in the Area of Small Carpathians
Authors: Čubanová Lea , Šoltész Andrej , Bednárová Emília , Baroková Dana , Orfánus Martin
Published: December 2020

The article describes problems associated with the design of the flood protection measures for small settlements situated at the foot of a mountain. In recent years, these settlements have had problems with flood discharges due to the new development (concreted areas), land/soil management change (private owners farming on their own grounds and do not cooperate together), neglecting of maintenance of surface drains (or their full filling) and river bed channels of the small streams (often dried up during the year, overgrown with woody plants, covered with waste), and of course, also due to climate changes, where the flood discharges are revalued – they are increased. In addition, sub-mountain regions are also characterized by flash floods when a large amount of rainfall falls on a relatively small area with a steeper longitudinal slope. Since the creeks are small there, it could be said to be insignificant, no gauging stations are being built there, so the hydrological data necessary for the design of the flood protection measures are missing. In the article, the procedure of the flood protection measure design for a small sub-mountain area is described which resulted in the design of additional detention reservoirs, complementing the existing detention reservoirs. The HEC-HMS software was used for the hydraulic calculation and the GEOSTUDIO program was used to assess the bank slope stability of the proposed detention reservoirs.
Design and construction of site roads
Authors: Dolacek-Alduk Zlata , Dimter Sanja , Beljan Marko
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the roads on construction sites, also referred to as site roads, is to enable unobstructed internal transport and timely supply of both the construction site and construction process with materials. They connect storage areas, workshops and plants on the construction site with the place where works on the structure are performed. The quality of site road construction depends on the quantity, type and duration of the traffic they will need to withstand. When solving the issues of internal transport, it is important for the transport to be compatible with construction processes. Transport must be adapted to construction so that it conforms to the necessary dynamics of the construction process. It is possible to determine the trajectories of movement of construction machines and to analyse the swept path of vehicles through the planned routes by using computer programs for analysing horizontal paths of vehicles. The goal of the swept path analysis of construction vehicles is to maintain unobstructed work dynamics. Site roads are built in accordance with legal and technical regulatory requirements in order to enable unhindered internal transport for vehicles on construction sites and safety for people participating in the construction process, as well as to ensure visibility and to preserve the quality and quantity of transported materials needed to build the structure. This paper presents the particularities of designing and construction site roads and describes the process of analysing movement trajectories of the design vehicles on the selected construction sites by using computer programs Autopath 2017 and Autodesk Vehicle Tracking.
Indoor Climate Measurements in Buildings and Design Functions for Building Simulations
Authors: Hofmann Markus , Geyer Christoph , Kornadt Oliver
Published: December 2020

For the planning or energetic optimization of buildings, building physics simulation programs are indispensable tools. Even though relevant building physics standards and guidelines usually refer to stationary calculation methods to prove the serviceability of a building, these powerful planning tools usually also allow transient calculations in any time steps. However, the use of modern simulation programs leads to realistic evaluations only under the condition of valid, expected input variables. Well known are the building material parameters, as well as the site-related outdoor climate. For the indoor climate, such precise information does not exist yet. Nevertheless, the indoor climate is required as an essential input variable for many simulations and verifications in building physics. In this case, rough approximations are used in this case. Information in the literature on the development of the indoor climate is usually generally valid and does not differentiate between climate regions, occupancy profiles or room use. But especially for the increasingly powerful transient simulation programs, these data provide insufficient results. Indoor climate measurements are therefore carried out over a period of several years at various locations in Germany. Measurements are carried out in window-ventilated living spaces. This paper presents indoor climate measurements from this study over a measurement period of one year in twelve living rooms and nine associated bedrooms. From the measured values, the outdoor temperature and time-dependent compensation functions for indoor air temperature and dew point temperature are derived. During the measurement period, the living rooms were free of damage and showed different occupancy profiles. The comparison of both room types shows the great influence of room use on the indoor climate in residential buildings. This is especially true for the indoor air temperature. Model curves for the parameter of the indoor climate for both window-ventilated living rooms and bedrooms are derived from the measurement results. This information can be used as a basis for planning. Furthermore, it can also be used to check and evaluate simulation results with regard to the risk of condensation on the wall surface of the window-ventilated rooms.
An Approach to Reduce Cooling Loads in Transparent Facades
Authors: Beyhan Figen , Ersan Peyman Umre
Published: December 2020

The possibilities offered by the developing technology in terms of materials and construction systems, the requirements of today’s user profile and living conditions and user demands have caused the facade systems of the buildings to change as well. The facades of the buildings, which are very effective in the energy efficiency of the buildings and constitute a large proportion of the building envelope, are built independently of all the contexts of its location and the spatial needs based on comfort conditions. Glass curtain facades, which are especially located in the facade systems of multi-storey office buildings, are constructed with similar qualities on each facade of the buildings and cause problems in the efficient consumption of energy as they cannot respond adequately to the comfort conditions of the spaces. Increasing cooling loads of buildings due to excessive heat gain from large transparent surfaces, is one of these problems.
Around some Jewish Architectural Features
Authors: Chizzoniti Domenico , Batkova Yuliia
Published: December 2020

Central and Eastern Europe were always on the edge of cultural, historical, and political transformations. The constant modifications reshape the architecture and urban realm of cities and urban fabric. Structural and socio-political boundaries are affecting cultural minorities. In most cases, the effect is so critical that the cultural heritage of the minority in terms of archi-tecture and built environment is degrading. The memory, as a collective force to the reality of the city, always follows these modifications. The built environment in these complex areas rather of showing the truth (coexistence of physical realm and built form) is mutating and presenting the fragmentation of its different parts. The phenomenon of Jewish reality and settling stiles in Central and Eastern European cities, its transformations, assimilations and segregations became an operational tool for the research, to build a wider understanding of the problematic aspects. The characteristic generalisation was done in terms of the architectural settings. However, all the cases are specific and need a deep understanding of each one’s problems deeply. In Central Europe, the problem occurs in terms of segregation and closure, while in Eastern Europe, the cases of separation were presented along with condition that leads to structural integration. The Prague Ghetto in the old town, the Jewish settlements of Warsaw city and the shtetl in Eastern Europe state the criticality of the problem of memory in a wider range, from physical build one to the intangible. In Prague, due to the constant pressure of segregation and final demolition of Ghetto, the fragmented pieces of the Jewish culture in terms of a building fabric were left. The space was gone but the memory still alive. Jewish culture’s integration into Warsaw’s build form through years and final demolition of the city during the Second World War left singular architectural pieces of their complex reality in the city, as a fragmented island of memory. In contrast, Shtetl presents a case of physical form while the spirit of the place is absent. Memory as an operational tool ensures the collectiveness, as it depicts the contrast of elements within its architecture and urban form. The coexistence of different part of the city with their specific architectural character and memory ensures the fact of its completeness as a whole.
International Bauausstellung Berlin 1987: Spatial and Temporal Context
Authors: Neto Filipe Lacerda
Published: December 2020

Berlin plans an International Architecture Exhibition about the topic: “The urban centre as a place to live”. The centre of the city was going to be preserved as a suitable place to live, renovated and revived. This was the fourth architecture exhibition in Berlin focused on contemporary problems from the perspective of architecture and urbanism. This research analyses and describes the spatial and temporal context of the International Bauausstellung Berlin. It presents the geographical, political and social background that made this exhibition possible and fundamental in West Berlin. It involves the understanding of the urban scope in which IBA´s activity develops: devoted to contemporary architectural and urban problems defined by History. Berlin has always been and still is an exceptional scene of the international architecture, a modern version of locus amoenus. But today it is necessary to discover this beauty among the traces of its destruction and the interventions carried out by an almost complete generation of architects to create the image of a city that was frantically seeking a promising reconstruction. Berlin offers itself to be the spatial framework for IBA. It is a place with a great number of pragmatic variations for the architectural study and the urban development. It is part of Berlin´s tradition to have considerably influenced the changes of urban planning through International Architecture Exhibitions. The idea behind IBA, its program and the results achieved must be seen as a cultural manifestation incorporated in a city that acted as the centre of theoretical controversy regarding the urban issues and the construction according to man and changes in society.