bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hazardous Waste
Authors: HARJULA HENRIK
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Two accidents, Seveso 1976 and Bhopal 1984, paved the way toward the international control of hazardous substances and waste, and public dissemination of information on their releases and transfers. The final facility cleanup in Seveso took place in 1982. The remaining dioxin‐containing residues were packed in 41 drums. However, the drums disappeared and were found several months later in France. This was the starting point for the development of international control on transboundary movements of waste within the OECD. Between 1983 and 1992 OECD developed five binding Council Acts on the classification and control of transboundary movements of waste. This work also provided the foundation for the adoption of a series of directives and the Shipment Regulation 259/93 within the European Community, aimed at monitoring and controlling transboundary movements of hazardous waste, and of a global instrument in 1989 under UNEP: Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal. The Bhopal 1984 and another similar accident shortly thereafter led to the development of a mandatory Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) in the United States in 1986, to inform the public of releases and transfers of potentially hazardous pollutants and waste. OECD work has supported the rapidly increasing implementation of Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs) since 1994. The Basel 1989, Rotterdam 1998, and Stockholm 2001 Conventions all require strict control of the production and management of hazardous chemicals and waste. Yet, production of hazardous chemicals and generation of hazardous waste are still in rise.
Risk Assessment of Endocrine Disrupters
Authors: MANTOVANI ALBERTO
Published: November 2006

Abstract: Endocrine disrupters (ED) represent a good challenge for experimental toxicology. In order to deal with several critical points relevant to risk assessment: (a) ED may induce long‐term effects upon exposure in susceptible developmental phases, including postnatal life up to puberty; thus, efforts are required to refine testing strategies, for example, by supporting the two‐generation rodent study with a comprehensivein vitro/in vivoscreening battery; (b) due to the regulatory role of endocrine homeostasis, mechanisms of endocrine disruption may impact on immune, neurobehavioral, and reproductive development, as well as on susceptibility to cancer; (c) the potential multiple exposure to ED with common targets through diet and/or living environment calls for the development of models to understand mechanisms of interactions and effects of mixtures; and (d) last but not least, ED may interact with a number of factors related to differential vulnerability of individuals or population subgroups, including the intake of nutrients or bioactive food components. Besides reducing the chance for noxious chemicals to enter our life, toxicological research on mechanisms may also lead to the definition of possible biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility that may be further exploited in human health surveillance.
Benzene Exposure and Multiple Myeloma
Authors: INFANTE PETER F.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Case reports and epidemiological studies of workers exposed to benzene have demonstrated associations with a number of lymphohematopoietic diseases, but the association with multiple myeloma (MM) has been less apparent. Data from all of the “benzene cohort studies” conducted to date have been selected and evaluated for inclusion in a meta‐analysis. The analysis demonstrates a significant excess in the relative risk (RR) of MM in relation to benzene exposure. Pooling the data from seven cohort studies, a meta‐analysis yields a statistically significant weighted RR estimate of 2.13 (95% CI = 1.31–3.46). In the analysis of cohort data, an understanding of the cohort follow‐up period in relation to benzene exposure and RR of MM is important. Exposure‐related RRs of disease decline after the median latency periods are exceeded, particularly when exposure has terminated decades earlier. The positive epidemiological evidence for benzene as a cause of MM is supported by biological plausibility for such an effect from benzene exposure. Studies of refinery workers are difficult to interpret in relation to benzene exposure and risk of MM, but are limited in the study design and analysis. Nonetheless, they provide some support for an association between refinery work and MM.
Point‐of‐care Urine Trypsinogen Testing for the Diagnosis of Pancreatitis
Authors: Jang Timothy , Uzbielo Alison , Sineff Sanford , Naunheim Rosanne , Scott Mitchell G. , Lewis Lawrence M.
Published: November 2006

Objectives

To assess a point‐of‐care (POC) urine trypsinogen (UT) test for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of a convenience sample of patients presenting to the ED with abdominal pain or symptoms suggestive of pancreatitis. A 3‐minute POC UT test (Actim Pancreatitis; Medix Biochemica, Kauniainen, Finland) was compared with plasma lipase and amylase measurements, imaging results when performed, and final discharge diagnoses. The criterion standard was a final discharge diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.

Results

Of 191 patients included in this study, 17 patients were diagnosed with either acute or acute‐on‐chronic pancreatitis. The sensitivity and specificity of UT for acute pancreatitis were, respectively, 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 77% to 100%) and 96% (95% CI = 92% to 98%). Seven of the 17 patients with pancreatitis (41%) had diagnostic findings on CT and positive UT tests but had nondiagnostic plasma lipase and amylase levels.

Conclusions

A POC UT screening test for pancreatitis in the ED compared favorably with plasma lipase and amylase levels. Future studies should be performed to explore whether this test in the ED setting has better clinical utility than plasma lipase or amylase.
Proposed hub-network model for tissue procurement: the case of Arizona
Authors: Graver Ryan , Rivers Patrick , Fottler Myron D
Published: November 2006

A single institution is not well positioned to manage the process of tissue donations to maximize utility and minimize the costs associated with such transactions. The proposed creation of a 'hub' organization to service the needs and demands associated with tissue procurement and utilization is outlined. The case of Arizona is used as a case study for the proposed model building on existing network in tissue donation and research. The proposed model would consequently be viewed as legitimate by various network stakeholders, including the general public. Finally, the proposed hub-network would be better able to manage the donation, procurement, storage, preservation, distribution, and use of human tissues for all of the potential uses in a single state.
Organizational assessment in paediatric primary care: development and initial validation of the primary care organizational questionnaire
Authors: Hall Charles B , Tennen Howard , Wakefield Dorothy B , Brazil Kevin , Cloutier Michelle M
Published: November 2006

Primary care in the United States is undergoing many changes. Reliable and valid instruments are needed to assess the effects of these changes. The Primary Care Organizational Questionnaire (PCOQ), a 56-item 5-point Likert scale survey that evaluates interactions among members of the clinic/practice and job-related attributes, was administered to clinicians and staff in 36 primary care practices serving paediatric populations in Connecticut. A priori scales were reliable (Cronbach alpha ≥0.7). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed greater heterogeneity across clinics than within clinics for 13 of 15 a priori scales, which were then included in a principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation. Eigenvalue analysis showed nine significant factors, largely similar to the a priori scales, indicating concurrent construct validity. Further research will ascertain the utility of the PCOQ in predicting the effectiveness of primary care practices in implementing disease management programmes.
Patient reciprocity and physician burnout: what do patients bring to the patient-physician relationship?
Authors: Halbesleben Jonathon R B
Published: November 2006

Despite its criticality to the provision of health care, little is known about how the patient-physician relationship influences burnout. This article seeks to understand how patient performance (e.g. being informative about needs) during office visits is associated with perceived reciprocity in the patient-physician relationship, which is in turn associated with physician burnout. To that end, we report the results of a cross-sectional survey of 252 matched pairs of patients and their primary care physicians about a recent office visit. The findings support a social exchange model of burnout that suggests that patient stressors and patient performance predict perceived reciprocity and subsequent burnout. Interestingly, patients' perceptions of their performance differed from physicians' perceptions; physicians' perceptions of performance fit the social exchange model better than patients' perceptions of performance.

The present work suggests that while they are a source of demands, patients also provide resources that are critical to the patient-physician relationship. To the extent that we can encourage these resources, we can improve perceived reciprocity and reduce burnout in physicians.
Mixing and Matching Lower-Level Codes for Object Displays: Evidence for Two Sources of Proximity Compatibility
Authors: Carswell C. Melody , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: November 2006

The proximity compatibility principle (PCP) proposes that visually unitary configurations of data values, such as object displays, will support information integration better than will more separable formats. In the present study formats were created by either mixing or matching pairs of lower-level codes (i.e., linear extent, angle, and color). Performance with object and separable configurations of these codes was compared for two integration tasks: system state classifications requiring either (1) comparisons of values or (2) identification of conjunctions of values. Object displays formed with matched codes were more likely to facilitate comparisons, whereas object displays formed from mixed codes were more likely to facilitate conjunction identification. These data suggest that two mechanisms may underlie object display advantages for integration-one based on relational properties or emergent features and one based on the efficient processing of the lowerlevel codes themselves .
Effects of Cold Air Stress on the Performance of a Command and Control Task
Authors: van Orden Karl F. , Benoit Sandra L. , Osga Glenn A.
Published: November 2006

Performance on a simulated command and control warfare task was examined as a function of cold-air-induced adrenergic stress. Twenty participants who were experienced with naval war fighting systems completed a scripted 54-min scenario task while exposed to room temperatures of either 22°C or 4°C. The combined task and cold-exposure paradigm significantly elevated heart rate and catecholamine levels. Task performance was nearly identical for both groups for the scenario as a whole. During a 12-min portion of the scenario when hostilities were simulated, stressed participants were more liberal with missile fire and more conservative in their responses to commands requiring greater knowledge of the tactical situation. The responses to commands requiring participants to identify symbols with particular attributes were equivalent for both groups during the hostilities phase. The study demonstrates the utility of the task-independent stressor paradigm for the examination of complex task performance under stress.
The Perception of Flicker on Raster-Scanned Displays
Authors: Thomson W. David , Saunders John
Published: November 2006

Experiments have verified the observations of Corbett and White that people are more sensitive to flicker on raster-scanned displays (e.g., television and visual display terminals) if the field scan direction is changed from the conventional top-to-bottom direction to bottom to top, left to right, or right to left. When measured by means of the flicker fusion frequency (FFF), this effect is present only when normal eye movements are permitted. With fixation, the FFF is similar for all scan directions. The effect is demonstrated by the different frequencies at which a directional component is detected in the flicker (which we have called the rolling flicker threshold frequency, or RFTF); the RFTF is lower for top-to-bottom scanning. The effect does not appear to be associated with any asymmetry in eye movements or with eccentricity of the retinal image. The hypothesis that this difference is a consequence of adaptation to televisions and VDTs is supported by the observation that the effect's magnitude correlates with daily exposure time to televisions and VDTs and by a pilot study showing that the effect is reduced when one views a television scanned from bottom to top for 1 h.
An Empirical Examination of Metacognitive Models of Situation Assessment
Authors: Federico Pat-Anthony
Published: November 2006

This research questioned whether participants' metacognitive models of abstract cognitive components of situation assessment were correlated with performance on concrete experimental tasks necessitating situation assessment. In this experiment, 76 naval officers were asked to (a) represent as graphic weighted networks their metacognitive models of schema-driven tactical decision making, for which situation assessment is crucial, and (b) perform experimental tasks requiring categorizing and pairwise similarity ratings of tactical situations. Canonical, regression, and correlation analyses and multidimensional scaling established that 2 of 4 metacognitive link weights were significantly associated with (a) 3 of 6 measures of sorting performance and (b) 1 of 2 dimensions derived for the scaling solution of pairwise similarity ratings. These results partially supported what was theorized regarding individuals' metacognitive models and sorting and pairwise performance.
Practical Operation of a Biaxial Goniometer at the Wrist Joint
Authors: Buchholz Bryan , Wellman Helen
Published: November 2006

The objectives of this study were (a) to determine errors in wrist angle measurements from a commercially available biaxial electrogoniometer and (b) to develop a calibration routine in order to correct for these errors. Goniometric measurements were collected simultaneously with true angular data using a fixture that allowed wrist movement in one plane while restricting motion in the orthogonal plane. These data were collected in two sets of trials: flexion/extension with radial/ulnar deviation restricted, and radial/ulnar deviation with flexion/extension restricted. During these trials, we studied discrete 30° increments of forearm rotation. The results showed the expected cross talk and zero drift errors during forearm rotation. The application of mathematical equations that describe the effect of goniometer twist resulted in significant error reduction for most forearm rotations. The calibration technique employs both a slope and a displacement transformation to improve the accuracy of angular data. The calibration technique may be used on data collected in the field if forearm rotation is measured simultaneously with the goniometer data.
Interleukin-11 Potentiates Oligodendrocyte Survival and Maturation, and Myelin Formation
Authors: Zhang Yueting , Taveggia Carla , Melendez-Vasquez Carmen , Einheber Steven , Raine Cedric S. , Salzer James L. , Brosnan Celia F. , John Gareth R.
Published: November 2006

Mechanisms that regulate oligodendrocyte survival and myelin formation are an intense focus of research into myelin repair in the lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss are pathological hallmarks of the disease, increased oligodendrocyte numbers and remyelination are frequently observed in early lesions, but these diminish as the disease course progresses. In the current study, we used a microarray-based approach to investigate genes regulating repair in MS lesions, and identified interleukin-11 (IL-11) as an astrocyte-derived factor that potentiates oligodendrocyte survival and maturation, and myelin formation. IL-11 was induced in human astrocyte cultures by the cytokines IL-1β and TGFβ1, which are both prominently expressed in MS plaques. In MS tissue samples, IL-11 was expressed by reactive astrocytes, with expression particularly localized at the myelinated border of both active and silent lesions. Its receptor, IL-11Rα, was expressed by oligodendrocytes. In experiments in human culturesin vitro, IL-11Rα localized to immature oligodendrocytes, and its expression decreased during maturation. In cultures treated with IL-11, we observed a significant increase in oligodendrocyte number, and this was associated with enhanced oligodendrocyte survival and maturation. Importantly, we also found that IL-11 treatment was associated with significantly increased myelin formation in rodent CNS cocultures. These data are the first to implicate IL-11 in oligodendrocyte viability, maturation, and myelination. We suggest that this pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target for oligodendrocyte protection and remyelination in MS.
Reversible Disruption of Dynactin 1-Mediated Retrograde Axonal Transport in Polyglutamine-Induced Motor Neuron Degeneration
Authors: Katsuno Masahisa , Adachi Hiroaki , Minamiyama Makoto , Waza Masahiro , Tokui Keisuke , Banno Haruhiko , Suzuki Keisuke , Onoda Yu , Tanaka Fumiaki , Doyu Manabu , Sobue Gen
Published: November 2006

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease caused by an expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat encoding the polyglutamine tract in theandrogen receptor(AR) gene. To elucidate the pathogenesis of polyglutamine-mediated motor neuron dysfunction, we investigated histopathological and biological alterations in a transgenic mouse model of SBMA carrying human pathogenic AR. In affected mice, neurofilaments and synaptophysin accumulated at the distal motor axon. A similar intramuscular accumulation of neurofilament was detected in the skeletal muscle of SBMA patients. Fluoro-gold labeling and sciatic nerve ligation demonstrated an impaired retrograde axonal transport in the transgenic mice. The mRNA level of dynactin 1, an axon motor for retrograde transport, was significantly reduced in the SBMA mice resulting from pathogenic AR-induced transcriptional dysregulation. These pathological events were observed before the onset of neurological symptoms, but were reversed by castration, which prevents nuclear accumulation of pathogenic AR. Overexpression of dynactin 1 mitigated neuronal toxicity of the pathogenic AR in a cell culture model of SBMA. These observations indicate that polyglutamine-dependent transcriptional dysregulation of dynactin 1 plays a crucial role in the reversible neuronal dysfunction in the early stage of SBMA.
The Nogo–Nogo Receptor Pathway Limits a Spectrum of Adult CNS Axonal Growth
Authors: Cafferty William B. J. , Strittmatter Stephen M.
Published: November 2006

The hypothesis that Nogo-A (Reticulon 4A) and Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) limit adult CNS axonal growth after injury is supported by bothin vitroexperiments andin vivopharmacological studies. However, genetic assessment of the role of Nogo-A in corticospinal tract (CST) axons after spinal cord dorsal hemisection has yielded conflicting results. CST regeneration is detected in homozygousnogo-abtrap/trapmice, but not innogo-abatg/atgmice. CST regeneration is also present after pharmacological NgR blockade, but not inngr1−/−mice. To assess thenogo-abatgandngr1-null alleles for other axon growth phenotypes, we created unilateral pyramidotomies and monitored the uninjured CST. There is robust pyramidotomy-induced growth ofnogo-abatg/atgandngr1−/−CST axons into denervated cervical gray matter. This fiber growth correlates with recovery of fine motor skill in the affected forelimb. Thusnogo-abandngr1play a modulated role in limiting CNS axonal growth across a spectrum of different tracts in various lesion models.
Is China an Economic Threat to Southeast Asia?
Authors: Ravenhill John
Published: November 2006

Analysis of data on flows and stocks refutes the argument that China and Southeast Asia are engaged in a zero-sum competition for foreign investment. Although Southeast Asia appears to have lost out to Chinese-manufactured exports in global markets, this has been balanced by substantial increases in exports of components to China itself.
Muslims, Markets, and the Meaning of a “Good” Education in Pakistan
Authors: Nelson Matthew J.
Published: November 2006

This paper examines the nature of local educational demands in Pakistan. I draw on a survey of parents in and around the city of Rawalpindi, and show that parents favor religious education, as opposed to secular education, far more than international education-sector reformers have generally been inclined to expect. This raises complex questions regarding the implications of “market-oriented” educational reforms in Pakistan and, possibly, other parts of the Muslim world.
Varieties of Labor Politics in Northeast Asian Democracies: Political Institutions and Union Activism in Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Lee Yoonkyung
Published: November 2006

Against existing explanations based on economic structural and organizational differences, this paper contends that patterns of union activism in newly democratized polities are shaped by unions' interaction with political institutions and actors, particularly political parties. Unions' propensity for militant mobilization or accommodation is molded by the permissiveness of political institutions and electoral incentives for partisan alliances.
Rhetoric Versus Reality for the Women of North Korea: Mothers of the Revolution
Authors: Jung Kyungja , Dalton Bronwen
Published: November 2006

The role and status of women in North Korea have changed in recent years. Reports suggest that women, more than men, have become active players in emerging capitalist processes, particularly those centered on local markets, thus creating new opportunities for themselves and new challenges for the regime.
Novel Genetic Variation in Common Bean from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Rodiño A. Paula , Santalla Marta , González Ana M. , De Ron Antonio M. , Singh Shree P.
Published: November 2006

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was introduced from the Americas into the Iberian Peninsula approximately 500 yr ago. Considerable genetic variation for morphological traits, allozymes, phaseolin protein, and reaction to bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases exist in the germplasm. Our objective was to identify novel genetic variation in an collection from the Iberian Peninsula. Three hundred forty‐seven accessions were characterized for seven morphological traits, phaseolin protein, and eight allozymes at the Misión Biológica de Galicia, Pontevedra, Spain, between 1998 and 2005. All 347 accessions were cultivated common bean of which 102 were typical Andean and 52 were Middle American, corresponding to the two major gene pools. Nine groups could be identified among the remaining 193 accessions. Twenty‐eight accessions with the Middle American phaseolin formed four groups: 13 large (41–55 g 100 seed weight−1), five very large (56–70 g 100 seed weight−1), two extra‐large (>70 g 100 seed weight−1), and eight inter–gene pool recombinants. The latter had one or more morphological and allozyme traits of the Andean gene pool. Similarly, 165 accessions with the Andean phaseolin formed five groups: 19 extra‐large, 30 very large, 80 medium (25–40 g 100 seed weight−1), 10 small (<25 g 100 seed weight−1), and 26 inter–gene pool recombinants. Seed yield potential and physiological, breeding, genetics, and evolutionary significance of these novel forms and recombinants need to be determined.
Response of Creeping Bentgrass Carotenoid Composition to High and Low Irradiance
Authors: McElroy J. S. , Kopsell D. A. , Sorochan J. C. , Sams C. E.
Published: November 2006

Carotenoids are important photoprotectant and light‐harvesting pigments within the photosynthetic apparatus. Little information is available regarding carotenoid physiology in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Research was conducted to investigate relative high and low irradiance adaptation of creeping bentgrass with respect to β‐carotene and xanthophyll composition. ‘Crenshaw’ creeping bentgrass plants were acclimated for 7 d to relative high [47.9 mol m−2 d−1 photosynthetically active radation (PAR)] or low irradiance (4.7 mol m−2 d−1 PAR). After the acclimation period, plants were transferred from high to low (low irradiance treatment) and low to high (high irradiance treatment) irradiance. Clippings were harvested at 0, 24, 72, and 168 h after the acclimation period. Zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin decreased from 5.1 and 3.4 to 0.9 and 0.6 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight (FW), respectively, over 168 h in low irradiance. As the turf adapted to low irradiance, violaxanthin, lutein, and lutein‐5,6‐epoxide (epoxylutein) increased at 24 h, but levels decreased from 24 to 168 h. Zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin increased in high irradiance, while violaxanthin and β‐carotene decreased. Lutein was the predominant carotenoid quantified regardless of irradiance treatment. Cumulative zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin increased as a percentage of the total carotenoids as the turfgrass adapted to high irradiance, but decreased in low irradiance. Conversely, neoxanthin and β‐carotene decreased in high irradiance and increased in low irradiance. Creeping bentgrass produces carotenoid amounts comparable to other plant species potentially attributable to selection efforts of more stress‐tolerant varieties.
Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression in Two Soybean Single Crosses
Authors: Burton Joseph W. , Brownie Cavell
Published: November 2006

Heterosis is considered to be of little importance in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) because the crop is produced as “pure‐line” cultivars or blends of inbred lines. The F1 generations Holladay/Hutcheson (Cross 1) and Brim/Boggs (Cross 2) were generated by hand pollinations. Inbred generations were generated by bulk selfing. The F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 generations were yield‐tested in replicated bordered single row plots in multiple years and locations. The average yield of Cross 1 F1 was 16% greater than that of the highest‐yielding parent and the average yield of the Cross 2 F1 was 5% greater than the highest‐yielding parent. Cross 1 showed significant inbreeding depression when regressed on percentage inbreeding which is clear evidence of dominance for yield. Possible genetic bases for heterosis in soybean include gene complementation or interaction of duplicate favorable loci in repulsion, linked dominant alleles that are inherited as a unit, a greater number of dominant alleles in the F1 than either parent separately, multiple dosage‐dependant regulatory loci, and/or overdominance. The existence of heterosis should be evidence that superior gene combinations are possible. The magnitude of yield heterosis may be a useful criterion for selection among biparental crosses.
A Bayesian Approach for Assessing the Stability of Genotypes
Authors: Cotes José Miguel , Crossa José , Sanches Adhemar , Cornelius Paul L.
Published: November 2006

Several statistical models can be used for assessing genotype × environment interaction (GEI) and studying genotypic stability. The objectives of this research were to show how (i) to use Bayesian methodology for computing Shukla's phenotypic stability variance and (ii) to incorporate prior information on the parameters for better estimation. Potato [Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes], wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) multi environment trials (MET) were used for illustrating the application of the Bayes paradigm. The potato trial included 15 genotypes, but prior information for just three genotypes was used. The wheat trial used prior information on all 10 genotypes included in the trial, whereas for the maize trial, noninformative priors for the nine genotypes was used. Concerning the posterior distribution of the genotypic means, the maize MET with 20 sites gave less disperse posterior distributions of the genotypic means than did the posterior distribution of the genotypic means of the other METs, which included fewer environments. The Bayesian approach allows use of other statistical strategies such as the normal truncated distribution (used in this study). When analyzing grain yield, a lower bound of zero and an upper bound set by the researcher's experience can be used. The Bayesian paradigm offers plant breeders the possibility of computing the probability of a genotype being the best performer. The results of this study show that although some genotypes may have a very low probability of being the best in all sites, they have a relatively good chance of being among the five highest yielding genotypes.
The Many Faces of Replication
Authors: Johnson Douglas H.
Published: November 2006

Replication is one of the three cornerstones of inference from experimental studies, the other two being control and randomization. In fact, replication is essential for the benefits of randomization to apply. In addition to ordinary replication, the repetition of treatments within a study, two other levels of replication have been identified. Pseudoreplication, a termed coined by Stuart Hurlbert, generally involves making multiple measurements on experiment units (which is commendable) and treating them as if they reflected independent responses to treatment (which is erroneous). Metareplication is a higher level of replication in which entire studies are repeated. Scientists are too much concerned about analysis of data within studies and too little concerned about the repeatability of findings from studies conducted under a variety of conditions. Findings that are consistent among studies performed at different locations at different times with different investigators using different methods are likely to be robust and reliable.
Kinetics of pathogen destruction during storage of dewatered biosolids
Authors: Ahmed Anise U. , Sorensen Darwin L.
Published: November 2006

The kinetics of pathogen destruction were determined during storage of digested and dewatered wastewater treatment biosolids to obtain relationships between temperature and duration of biosolids storage. Biosolids, seeded with Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, bacteriophage f2, poliovirus, and Ascaris suum eggs were incubated at 5°, 22°, 38°, and 49.5°C, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions for up to 62 days. Destruction of pathogens in stored biosolids occurred at all temperatures examined; however, rates increased with increasing temperature. There was no significant difference between the destruction of pathogens under aerobic or anaerobic conditions at all temperatures studied. At 50°C, the decay rate of S. typhimurium, Y. enterocolitica, bacteriophage f2, poliovirus, and A. suum eggs was estimated to be 1.13, 1.10, 1.54, 0.81, and 0.21 log10 reductions per day, respectively.
Pilot‐ and full‐scale two‐phase anaerobic digestion of municipal sludge
Authors: Ghosh Sambhunath , Buoy Kevin , Dressel Larry , Miller Terry , Wilcox Greg , Loos Dave
Published: November 2006

Two‐phase anaerobic digestion tests were conducted at DuPage County, III., to ascertain if this process configuration would alleviate severe foaming and overloading conditions experienced by the existing high‐rate digestion system. Pilot‐scale two‐phase digestion of activated sludge exhibited aggregated carbohydrate‐protein‐lipid and volatile solids (VS) reductions of more than 70%, and gas yield and gas production rate of 0.29 m3/kg VS·d and 2.2 volume per culture volume per day, respectively, at an hydraulic retention time 12 days and a loading rate of 4.7 kg VS/m3·d without any evidence of digester foaming; this performance was considerably better than that of high‐rate digestion. Acid‐ and methane‐phase digester culture development was completed in approximately a month. The acid‐digester gases contained 67% CO2, 30% CH4, 2% nitrogen, 1% H2S compared with 30% CO2, 69% CH4, 0% N2, and 0.1% H2S in the methane‐digester gases. The methane digester generated 90 volume percent to 95 volume percent of the system methane production. An enrichment culture of fermentative acidogens was established in the acid‐phase digester, whereas the methane digester harbored a dominant population of methanogenic organisms. The existing high‐rate digestion system was converted to a two‐phase digestion process.
The -spectrum of a linear order
Authors: Miller Russell
Published: November 2006

Slaman and Wehner have constructed structures which distinguish the computable Turing degree 0 from the noncomputable degrees, in the sense that the spectrum of each structure consists precisely of the noncomputable degrees. Downey has asked if this can be done for an ordinary type of structure such as a linear order. We show that there exists a linear order whose spectrum includes every noncomputable degree, but not 0. Since our argument requires the technique of permitting below a set, we include a detailed explantion of the mechanics and intuition behind this type of permitting.
On the possible significance of the quadratic effect of age on lung‐function measurements
Authors: Schulzer Michael , Chan‐Yeung Moira , Tan Felisa
Published: November 2006

The problem of interpreting lung‐function measurements in industrial workers is examined. Two common lung‐function measurements (FEV1, and FVC) are described. The standard method currently used in the analysis of such cross‐sectional survey data is discussed. The basic assumption of a linear decline with age is questioned on the basis of large sets of data from a variety of industries in British Columbia. It is shown that, while the linear assumption holds approximately in unexposed. healthy nonsmoking individuals, a quadratic age effect is often observed in smokers and/or in individuals who are industrially exposed to certain fumes or dusts. Recognizing this accelerated rate of deterioration in the lungs is of fundamental importance both to the identification of affected individuals and to the understanding of the process involved. An attempt is made to interpret the variety of nonlinear situations observed, by appealing to population selection mechanisms, individual variations in susceptibility, and the effects due to various levels of stimulus strength.
Limit expressions for the risk of james‐stein estimators
Authors: Casella George , Hwang Jiunn Tzon
Published: November 2006

Limit expressions (as the dimension p ← ∞ ) are derived for the relative risk of the James‐Stein estimator and its positive‐part version. The limit is simple to evaluate, and gives the amount of improvement in risk that is possible. The technique used is to bound the risk, both above and below. with bounds that converge to the same limit. For the James‐Stein estimator these bounds are simple to calculate, and are quite accurate even for moderate dimensions.
The Theory of the Mixed State and the Development of Milton's Political Thought
Authors: Fink Z. S.
Published: November 2006

Professor E. M. Clark in his edition of The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth, and the present writer in a previous article have incidentally called attention to Milton's employment of the principle of the mixed or balanced state in his venture in commonwealth construction. I wish now to develop the thesis that this principle was a basic one in the poet's political thought, and that a study of its relationship to the development of his ideas yields significant results, not only for his attitude toward episcopacy, monarchy, and dictatorship, but for an understanding of the point at which he finally arrived in The Ready and Easy Way.
Der Junge Herder Und Die Entwicklungsidee Rousseaus
Authors: Wolff Hans M.
Published: November 2006

Es ist heute eine allgemein bekannte Tatsache, dass das Werk Rousseaus von wesentlicher Bedeutung für Herder gewesen ist, aber es fehlt fast völlig an Versuchen, dieses Verhältnis genau zu bestimmen. Jedermann weiss, dass Herder Rousseau vieles verdankt; aber was er ihm eigentlich verdankt, in welcher Richtung sich der Einfluss des Franzosen ausgewirkt hat, das ist bisher entweder nur flüchtig oder nur unter Beschränkung auf gewisse Spezialgebiete dargelegt worden. Schon Gervinus glaubt, Herders Wesen am besten dadurch verdeutlichen zu können, dass er ihn Rousseau gegenüberstellt, beide als im Grunde gleichartige Geister erkennt und den Unterschied zwischen ihnen allein in ihren Uebertreibungen sieht: Herder geht zu weit in seinem Optimismus, Rousseau in seinem Pessimismus. Sieht Gervinus hier noch von einer Untersuchung der kausalen Bedeutung Rousseaus für Herder ab, so erscheint Herder bei Hettner fast ausschliesslich als ein Schüler des Genfers, und diese Ansicht findet sich in neuerer Zeit bei Bartels wieder, der Herder bedenkenlos als den deutschen Rousseau bezeichnet. Zweifellos geht Bartels dabei weit über das Ziel hinaus, und diese Uebertreibung ist umso erstaunlicher, als der Biograph Herders, Haym, deutlich genug auseinandergesetzt hatte, dass der Einfluss Rousseaus, so gross er auch ist, jedenfalls Grenzen hat und schon von Hettner überschätzt worden war. So zuverlässig aber auch die Ausführungen Hayms über das Verhältnis Herders zu Rousseau sind, so ist doch der Biograph im Gegensatz zu Hettner zu sehr geneigt, gewissen abfälligen Aeusserungen Herders über Rousseau übermässigen Wert beizulegen, und dadurch erscheint bei ihm dieses Verhältnis wieder zu sehr im negativen Licht. Die schon von Hettner erkannten Uebereinstimmungen im Werke Herders und Rousseaus entgehen auch Haym nicht, doch möchte er sie mehr dem “genius epidemicus der Zeit,” als einer direkten Beeinflussung zuschreiben. Einer eingehenden Untersuchung, die allein das Problem von Einfluss oder Parallelität entscheiden kann, geht aber auch Haym aus dem Wege, sodass die Frage nach wie vor als ungelöst gelten muss. Dies gilt in ganz besonderem Masse von derjenigen Lehre, die sowohl bei Herder wie bei Rousseau im Zentrum ihrer Werke steht, der Lehre von der Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts, wie sie der berühmte Discours sur l'Origine de l'Inégalité parmi les Hommes am eindrucksvollsten verkündet hat.
Die Namengebung Bei Jean Paul
Authors: Berend Eduard
Published: November 2006

Es gibt meines Wissens noch keine zusammenfassende historische oder theoretische Untersuchung über die dichterische Namengebung. Mir sind ausser kleineren Aufsätzen, die das Thema mehr plaudernd und feuilletonistisch behandeln, nur wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen über die Namen bei einzelnen Dichtern bekannt, z.B. bei Aristophanes, Shakespeare, Dickens, Raabe, Fontane. Gelegentliche Bemerkungen und Beobachtungen zu dem Thema finden sich natürlich überall verstreut. Es wäre sicher eine dankbare, wenn auch schwierige Aufgabe, die Frage, nach welchen Rücksichten und Prinzipien die Dichter ihre erfundenen Personen getauft haben, einmal im weitesten zeitlichen und räumlichen Umfange zu beantworten; die Unterschiede der Zeiten, der Völker, der Sprachen würden sich in diesem Spiegel klar auffangen lassen.
Grendel and Grep
Authors: Malone Kemp
Published: November 2006

The Gesta Danorum of the twelfth-century Danish historian, Saxo Grammaticus, might fairly be expected to include stories corresponding, more or less, to those episodes of Beowulf the scene of which was the Danish court; in point of fact the Ingeld episode, at least, was known to Saxo, who gives us two versions of it, differing widely, it is true, from each other and from the English version, but demonstrably the same story in origin nevertheless. When however we turn to the chief adventure of Beowulf at the Danish court, the fight with Grendel (and that with Grendel's dam), the Saxonian parallel usually pointed out strikes one as extraordinarily far-fetched. I refer to Biarco's fight with the bear, an episode which Saxo disposes of in the following words:

Talibus operum meritis exsultanti novam de se silvestris fera victoriam prsebuit. Ursum quippe eximiae magnitudinis obvium sibi inter dumeta factum iaculo confecit comitemque suum Hialtonem, quo viribus maior evaderet, applicato ore egestum beluse cruorem haurire iussit. Creditum namque erat hoc potionis genere corporei roboris incrementa præstari.
Jean Pauls Gedichte
Authors: Berend Edvard
Published: November 2006

Jean Paul, der fast allmächtige Herrscher im Bereiche deutscher Prosa, hat bei verschiedenen Gelegenheiten bekannt, dass er gänzlich unvermögend sei, Verse zu schmieden. Solche Einseitigkeit ist ja in der Literatur an und für sich keine Seltenheit. Es gibt eine ganze Anzahl groβer Prosaisten, die keine oder doch nur vereinzelte und unbedeutende Verse geschrieben haben; es seien nur etwa Montaigne, Balzac, Sterne, Dickens, Hamann, E. T. A. Hoffmann, J. Gotthelf, Thomas Mann genannt. Bei Jean Paul war aber diese Unfähigkeit offenbar in ganz ungewöhnlichem Grade vorhanden. Und das muss umso mehr verwundern, als er doch, wenn man einmal die Unterscheidung zwischen Dichter und Schriftsteller gelten läβt, zweifellos als ein Dichter im vollen Gewichte des Wortes anzusprechen ist (obgleich er gewiss auch ein grosser Schriftsteller war). Hat ihn doch ein so strenger Forderer wie Stefan George die gröβte dichterische Kraft der Deutschen genannt. Mag er auch selber gelegentlich, wie Lessing, an seiner Berufung gezweifelt und alles von ihm Geleistete nur seinem Fleiss, seiner “Heuristik” zugeschrieben haben, so gab es doch wieder Stunden (in dem ungedruckten Tagebuch seiner Heidelberger Reise hat er in bescheiden-stolzen Worten eine solche verzeichnet), wo er es im tiefsten fühlte und wuβte, dass er ein echter Dichter sei. Ja die Art seiner dichterischen Begabung, wenn sie sich auch mit keiner der üblichen Gattungen voll deckte, lag doch mehr nach der lyrischen als nach der epischen oder gar der dramatischen Seite. Von einem Dichter, der von sich sagte: “Wenn mich eine Empfindung ergreift, daβ ich sie darstellen will, so dringt sie nicht nach Worten, sondern nach Tönen, und ich will auf dem Klavier sie aussprechen,” sollte man annehmen, daβ ihm die musikverwandteste Form, die lyrisch-metrische, am nächsten gelegen hätte. Er hat denn auch bekannt, daβ es ihm “in der hebenden Stunde” oft so gewesen sei, “als müβt' er sich durchaus ins Metrum stürzen, um nur fliegend fortzuschwimmen.” Aber wie er auf dem Klavier sich niemals in geordneten Bahnen, in festen Takten und bestimmten Melodien bewegte, sondern sich in freiestem Phantasieren dahinströmen Hess, gewissernassen die “unendliche Melodie” seines Bayreuther Nachfahren vorausahnend, so vermochte er auch in der Dichtung seine lyrischen Empfindungen nicht in die Fesseln eines einmal gegebenen, regelmäβig wiederkehrenden Zeitmasses zu legen. Treffend und witzig hat er sich einem Vogel verglichen, der mit aneinander gebundenen Füβen nicht fliegen könne.
Chorus in Samson Agonistes
Authors: Finney Gretchen Ludke
Published: November 2006

Milton writes in his preface to Samson Agonistes that “Chorus is here introduc'd after the Greek manner, not antient only but modern, and still in use among the Italians”; that “In the modeling therefore of this Poem … the Antients and Italians are rather follow'd, as of much more authority and fame.” It is not unreasonable, therefore, to expect to find in Italian drama of the seventeenth century these evidences of classical usage to which he refers. Milton is here concerned, it would appear, only with the use of chorus, and he implies that there was common in Italy in his day an imitation of Greek drama which differed from similar efforts in other countries in the handling of the chorus. He is not writing of dramatic criticism, but of dramatic practice. An interest in Minturno and Castelvetro does not explain so direct a statement. Furthermore, the phrase, “still in use,” cannot be accepted as a reference to drama of the sixteenth century, however convenient it would be to fall back upon proved relationships. Trissino's Sophonisba, for example, so close a copy of Sophocles and Euripides, presents many parallels to Samson Agonistes, but it was written more than a hundred and fifty years earlier (in 1515), and presented in 1562. Certain sixteenth-century Italian pastoral plays, such as the Aminta, show interest in the use of chorus which is derived from Greek tragedy, but the Aminta, in spite of its classical ancestry, and Milton's known admiration for its author, was written in 1573, and can scarcely answer for chorus “still in use among the Italians.” Even the seventeenth-century revivals of it would be too infrequent to account for a statement as broad as Milton's. Much the same may be said of the Pastor Fido. Moreover, at the same time, between 1550 and 1590, Jodelle and Garnier in France were writing tragedies at least as much after the Greek manner as were Tasso and Guarini. We must return to the fact that Milton is concerned with a trend in his own century.
John Dryden and the Function of Tragedy
Authors: Hathaway Baxter
Published: November 2006

Since Dryden lived in a period when the authority of Aristotle in matters of poetry was gaining rather than losing strength, and since he was both a critic and a writer of serious plays, it was inevitable that he should come to grips with the principle of a tragic catharsis and with the broader problem of the function of tragedy. The passages in which he gave his answer to these problems are well known, but the significance of his remarks in relation to the ideas of his time has not always been understood. Especially, the assumption in recent years that all Neo-Classical renditions of the Aristotelian catharsis are irrelevant because of the strong moral bias of the period has led to the ignoring of quite important differences between the theories of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The Political Symbolism of Prometheus Unbound
Authors: Cameron Kenneth Neill
Published: November 2006

Although it has long been recognized that there is a certain political-historical content to Prometheus Unbound, there has, so far, been no attempt to make a consistent interpretation of it in terms of this content. It is the object of this paper to attempt to remedy this defect. In so doing I shall present only interpretations which can be supported by reference to Shelley's other works, in many of which the same basic ideas are present though, fortunately, minus their symbolic garb.
Auf den Spuren von Hauptmanns Florian Geyer II
Authors: Weigand Hermann J.
Published: November 2006

In seinem Ringen um einen neuen Stil des historischen Dramas auf naturalistischer Grundlage hat Gerhart Hauptmann die frühneuhochdeutsche Dichtung eifrig studiert. Bei Murner, bei Hans Sachs, beim historischen Volkslied, bei Gryphius hat er nach Wendungen und Redensarten gefahndet, die das Gewebe seines altertümelnden Satzbaus als stilecht und dauerhaft erweisen sollten. In dem bereits erschienenen Stück dieser Untersuchung ist das einschlägige Material zur Vergleichung vorgelegt worden. Daß aber Hauptmanns Belesenheit auf diesem Gebiet noch viel mehr umfaßt als die von mir angezogenen Bücher, wurde schon damals klar ausgesprochen. Inzwischen haben sich ein kleiner und ein großer Fund aus diesem Bereich eingestellt. Die sollen hier mitgeteilt werden, ehe wir den Hauptgegenstand dieser Abhandlung—das historische Schrifttum als sprachliche Quelle des Florian Geyer—in Angriff nehmen.