bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural, electrical and optical properties of CuGaTe2 absorber for thin‐film solar cells
Authors: Messous Ammar , Bouloufa Abdesselam , Djessas Kamal , Bouchama Idris
Published: May 2014

Near‐stoichiometry composition CuGaTe2 (CGT) thin films prepared by close‐spaced vapour transport (CSVT) with copper excess in the source has been investigated and was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The influence of temperature substrate on structural properties of CGT was studied, with the optimal substrate temperature at 480 °C. Morphological and structural analyses allowed identifying the type of crystallites. Crystalline phases of the films were examined using X‐ray diffraction. A strong (112) orientation perpendicular to substrate plane was observed and additional reflections planes were also detected. The electrical resistivity was determined using the four probe method and lies in the 0.127‐0.271 Ω cm range. The direct bandgap is about 1.7 eV and resistivity showed a low value. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly Reliable Ag Nanowire Flexible Transparent Electrode with Mechanically Welded Junctions
Authors: Hwang Byungil , Shin Hae‐A‐Seul , Kim Taegeon , Joo Young‐Chang , Han Seung Min
Published: May 2014

Deformation behavior of the Ag nanowire flexible transparent electrode under bending strain is studied and results in a novel approach for highly reliable Ag nanowire network with mechanically welded junctions. Bending fatigue tests up to 500 000 cycles are used to evaluate the in situ resistance change while imposing fixed, uniform bending strain. In the initial stages of bending cycles, the thermally annealed Ag nanowire networks show a reduction in fractional resistance followed by a transient and steady‐state increase at later stages of cycling. SEM analysis reveals that the initial reduction in resistance is caused by mechanical welding as a result of applied bending strain, and the increase in resistance at later stages of cycling is determined to be due to the failure at the thermally locked‐in junctions. Based on the observations from this study, a new methodology for highly reliable Ag nanowire network is proposed: formation of Ag nanowire networks with no prior thermal annealing but localized junction formation through simple application of mechanical bending strain. The non‐annealed, mechanically welded Ag nanowire network shows significantly enhanced cyclic reliability with essentially 0% increase in resistance due to effective formation of localized wire‐to‐wire contact.
Pen‐on‐Paper Approach Toward the Design of Universal Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates
Authors: Polavarapu Lakshminarayana , Porta Andrea La , Novikov Sergey M. , Coronado‐Puchau Marc , Liz‐Marzán Luis M.
Published: May 2014

The translation of a technology from the laboratory into the real world should meet the demand of economic viability and operational simplicity. Inspired by recent advances in conductive ink pens for electronic devices on paper, we present a “pen‐on‐paper” approach for making surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. Through this approach, no professional training is required to create SERS arrays on paper using an ordinary fountain pen filled with plasmonic inks comprising metal nanoparticles of arbitrary shape and size. We demonstrate the use of plasmonic inks made of gold nanospheres, silver nanospheres and gold nanorods, to write SERS arrays that can be used with various excitation wavelengths. The strong SERS activity of these features allowed us to reach detection limits down to 10 attomoles of dye molecules in a sample volume of 10 μL, depending on the excitation wavelength, dye molecule and type of nanoparticles. Furthermore, such simple substrates were applied to pesticide detection down to 20 ppb. This universal approach offers portable, cost effective fabrication of efficient SERS substrates at the point of care. This approach should bring SERS closer to the real world through ink cartridges to be fixed to a pen to create plasmonic sensors at will.
3D‐Membrantheorie
Authors: Corte Carsten
Published: May 2014

Für die Ermittlung des Kräftegleichgewichts bei Membranstrukturen können nur innere elastische Zugnormalspannungen und Schubspannungen herangezogen werden, die tangential zur Membranfläche gerichtet sind. Für Belastungen, die aus der Membranebene heraus auftreten, weisen Membrane mit geringer Krümmung eine entsprechend geringe Steifigkeit auf. Unter Verwendung des Prinzips der virtuellen Verschiebungen wird eine konsistente Finite‐Elemente‐Diskretisierung vorgestellt, welche eine näherungsweise Ermittlung des Membranverformungs‐ und des Membranspannungszustandes ermöglicht. Das Berechnungsverfahren wird für den verwendeten Elementtyp analysiert und auf eine Hyparmembran unter Verkehrslast sowie auf eine Spinnakermembran unter horizontaler Belastung angewendet.

3D Membrane Theory. For the force equilibrium of membrane structures only inner tensile normal stresses and shear stresses tangential to the membrane surface can be considered. For load that acts in out‐of‐membrane‐plane direction membranes with small curvature appropriately show only small stiffness. By application of the principle of virtual displacement a consistent finite element discretization is presented that allows an approximate determination of membrane displacement and membrane stress state. The presented computational approach is analyzed for the applied element type and is applied to a hypar membrane exposed to work load as well as to a spinnaker membrane exposed to horizontal load.
“Why Would Our Heavenly Father Do that to Anyone”: Oppressive Othering through Sexual Classification Schemes in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints
Authors: Sumerau J. Edward , Cragun Ryan T.
Published: May 2014

In this article, we examine how leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints (LDSorLDSChurch) responded to the emergence of homosexuality as a prominent social issue by engaging in “oppressive othering” (Schwalbe et al.), which refers to the process whereby elites classify members of other groups as morally inferior. On the basis ofLDSarchival materials, we analyze howLDSelites accomplished “oppressive othering” by constructing sexual classification schemes defining homosexuality as the result of (1) familial, (2) gendered, and (3) sexual dysfunctions. In conclusion, we draw out implications for understanding (1) how elites, religious, or otherwise, construct sexual classification schemes that facilitate the ongoing subordination of sexual minorities, (2) the importance of taking an intersectional approach to oppressive othering, and (3) the ways elites revise institutional doctrines in response to shifting societal issues and concerns.
Sex determination of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from footprints in snow
Authors: Gu Jiayin , Alibhai Sky K. , Jewell Zoe C. , Jiang Guangshun , Ma Jianzhang
Published: May 2014

The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) population in China, once widespread, is now reduced to an estimated 20 individuals widely dispersed over a large area. The Chinese government is making concerted efforts to restore this population from the contiguous Russian population. However, they face a challenge in finding an effective monitoring technique. We report on the development of a robust, non‐invasive and cost‐effective technique to identify the sex of Amur tigers from snow footprints. Between December 2011 and December 2012, we collected 523 digital images of left‐hind footprints from 40 known captive Amur tigers (19 F, 21 M), of age range 3–13 years (F mean age = 8.07 ± 0.18, M mean age = 8.36 ± 0.19; F = 1.18, P > 0.05). Images were captured with compact digital cameras according to a standardized photographic protocol (Alibhai et al. 2008). Using JMP software from the SAS Institute, 128 measurements were taken from each footprint according to the protocol developed by Alibhai et al. (2008), and were subjected to a stepwise selection. With just 10 variables, and testing with both Jackknifing and 50% holdout methods, the resulting algorithm for sex determination gave 98% accuracy for individual footprints. The algorithm derived from captive tiger footprints of known sex was then used to identify the sex of 83 footprints from 8 trails collected from unknown free‐ranging Amur tigers in the winter from the end of 2011 to the beginning of 2012. The algorithm predicted 5 trails from females and 3 from males. This technique is a potentially valuable tool for monitoring the recovery of Amur tiger populations at the landscape scale in northeastern China. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Polymorphism in Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn): A Variable Temperature Diffraction Study
Authors: Armstrong A. Robert , Sirisopanaporn Chutchamon , Adamson Paul , Billaud Juliette , Dominko Robert , Masquelier Christian , Bruce Peter G.
Published: May 2014

Lithium transition metal silicates, Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co), have attracted much interest as positive electrodes for Li‐ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacities and their rich crystal chemistry. Low (β) and high (γ) temperature forms of these tetrahedral structures differ in the ordering/distribution of cations within tetrahedral sites of an hcp based packing of oxygen. We have carried out VT powder neutron and X‐ray diffraction on Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn) to characterize the rich polymorphism observed across the Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn) system as a function of temperature. For Li2FeSiO4 below 500 °C a βII phase was observed with slight Li/Fe disorder. Above this temperature there was a sluggish transition to the γs phase, which was observed up to ca. 820 °C, with the γII polymorph seen at highest temperatures. Excellent agreement with phases obtained by quenching was observed, except that the γ phases exhibit a statistical distribution of Li/Fe, in contrast to the well‐ordered structures of quenched phases. The Li2MnSiO4 polymorphism is less complex, the βII phase is stable from room temperature to 750 °C, at which temperature it transforms to the γ structure with disordered Li/Mn.
Synthesis of Metastable SiIIX2 Solutions (X = F, Cl). A Novel Binary Halide for Synthesis
Authors: Uhlemann Fabian , Köppe Ralf , Schnepf Andreas
Published: May 2014

Thermodynamic data for gaseous SiF2 and SiCl2 known from literature show that these binary subhalides are formed nearly quantitatively at 1376 °C and 1076 °C, respectively, as products of the reaction of elemental silicon with SiF4 or SiCl4 at 1 × 10–2 mbar. Applying the co‐condensation technique SiF2 as well as SiCl2 can be trapped at –196 °C and prepared in synthetic scale. Herein, first analysis of metastable SiF2 and SiCl2 solutions are presented, showing that SiF2 is more reactive than SiCl2 leading to compounds of low boiling point of so far unknown composition. The metastable SiCl2 solution can be used as a SiCl2 source, which is shown by the trapping reaction with Idipp [Idipp = 1, 3‐bis(2, 6‐iPr2‐C6H3)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] leading to Idipp‐SiCl2. The reactivity of the solution might be fine‐tuned by changing the donor opening the door for further applications.
Clinical Issues‐May 2014
Authors: Denholm Bonnie
Published: May 2014

This Month

Tools for reducing pharmaceutical waste

Key words: pharmaceutical waste, medication inventory reduction, nonpharmaceutical alternatives.

Determining wound classification for removal of hardware

Key words: wound classification, orthopedic hardware, secondary procedure.

Transferring medications to the sterile field

Key words: sterile transfer, sterile transfer device, rubber stopper, medication vials.

Extended work hours that result in sleep deprivation

Key words: sleep deprivation, fatigue, shift work, safe on‐call practices, sleep cycles.
Teaching American migrations with GIS census webmaps: A modified “backwards design” approach in middle-school and college classrooms
Authors: Radinsky Josh , Hospelhorn Emma , Melendez José W. , Riel Jeremy , Washington Simeko
Published: May 2014

Learning to use new technologies often involves significant challenges for teachers and learners. This study follows Tally's (( 2007 ). Digital technology and the end of social studies education. Theory & Research in Social Education, 35(2), 305–321) challenge to put the “why” of social studies education first, and then “tinker” with technologies to discover how they can address learning goals. Using a modified “backward design” approach ( Wiggins & McTighe (2005) . Understanding by design. ASCD), a design team of middle school teachers, researchers, and disciplinary experts designed, enacted, and studied historical inquiry projects in middle school and college classrooms. Students used online, interactive, historical census data GIS “webmaps” ( Baker (2005) . Internet-Based GIS Mapping in Support of K-12 Education. The Professional Geographer, 57(1), 44–50) to investigate African American and Latino migrations. The study presents findings detailing three emergent learning objectives, highlighting how students’ presentations with GIS maps evidenced three modes of reasoning with webmaps: (1) making observations with data; (2) drawing inferences from data; and (3) explaining the limitations of data for inquiry.
Mesenchymal‐like pancreatic cancer cells harbor specific genomic alterations more frequently than their epithelial‐like counterparts
Authors: Sinha Arkadeep , Cherba David , Bartlam Heather , Lenkiewicz Elizabeth , Evers Lisa , Barrett Michael T. , Haab Brian B.
Published: May 2014

The aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer is associated with the acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics by a subset of pancreatic cancer cells. The factors driving the development of this subset are not well understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype occurs selectively in tumor cells that harbor specific enabling genetic alterations. We obtained whole‐genome comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) measurements on pancreatic cancer cell lines that have either an epithelial‐like (17 cell lines) or a mesenchymal‐like (9 cell lines) phenotype in vitro. The total amounts of amplifications and deletions were equivalent between the epithelial and mesenchymal groups, but 20 genes showed a major difference between the groups in prevalence of alterations. All 20 alterations (18 deletions and 2 amplifications) were more prevalent in the mesenchymal group, confirming the advanced nature of this cellular subtype. CDKN2A was altered in more than 50% of both groups, but co‐deletions in neighboring genes, and concomitant loss of gene expression, were more prevalent in the mesenchymal group, suggesting that the size of the loss around CDKN2A affects cell phenotype. Whole‐genome CGH on 11 primary cancer tissues revealed that the 20 genes were altered at a higher prevalence (up to 55% of the cases for certain genes) than randomly selected sets of 20 genes, with the same direction of alteration as in the cell lines. These findings support the concept that specific genetic alterations enable phenotype plasticity and provide promising candidate genes for further research.
Fulminant Strokes Secondary to Radiation-induced Small-vessel Arteriopathy
Authors: Kassardjian Charles D. , Breiner Ari , del Campo Martin
Published: May 2014

Delayed vasculopathy associated with prior brain irradiation is a known cause of stroke. Radiation is implicated in large-vessel stenosis, cavernous malformations and, rarely, small-vessel disease. There have been no reported cases of fulminant ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes secondary to radiation vasculopathy. We present the case of a 40-year-old woman with a history of childhood leukaemia and whole-body and cranio-cervical radiation. The patient presented with recurrent acute neurological deficits over a 4-month period resulting from haemorrhagic and ischaemic strokes. Imaging revealed numerous cavernomas and small-vessel acute infarctions. No traditional stroke aetiology was identified. Delayed radiation-induced vasculopathy should be considered in patients with a history of brain irradiation and ischaemic or haemorrhagic strokes, and can present in a fulminant manner with recurrent strokes over a short period of time.
Theory of light sail acceleration by intense lasers: an overview
Authors: Macchi Andrea
Published: May 2014

A short overview of the theory of acceleration of thin foils driven by the radiation pressure of superintense lasers is presented. A simple criterion for radiation pressure dominance at intensities around $5 \times 10^{20}\ \mbox{W cm}^{-2}$ is given, and the possibility for fast energy gain in the relativistic regime is discussed.
Postprandial metabolic responses of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone and C-telopeptide of type I collagen to three doses of calcium delivered in milk
Authors: Kruger Marlena C. , von Hurst Pamela R. , Booth Christine L. , Kuhn-Sherlock Barbara , Todd Joanne M. , Schollum Linda M.
Published: May 2014

Acute doses of Ca rapidly increase serum Ca and reduce bone resorption concomitant with a reduction in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. The physiological response to a dose of Ca in milk and to a Ca salt may be different. The present study investigated Ca absorption patterns with increasing levels of fortification in milk, and the response to one dose of a Ca salt. A group of twenty-eight Asian women aged 20–45 years volunteered to attend the laboratory over several weeks. The fasted volunteers were randomised to one of three experimental drinks: 200 ml skimmed milk containing 250, 500 or 1000 mg Ca. A subgroup of seven volunteers also received a calcium gluconate/carbonate salt containing 1000 mg Ca in 200 ml water. Serial blood samples and urine were collected for 5 h from baseline. Different doses of Ca in milk resulted in a graded response in serum corrected Ca, PTH and C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) but not ionised Ca. Serum Ca increased in response to all milk drinks and from 2 to 5 h the blood Ca levels were significantly different for the 250 and 1000 mg doses, as was the integrated response between the loads. The PTH response to the two higher doses was significantly more than following the 250 mg dose. The integrated response for CTx and urinary Ca between all three doses of Ca in milk was significantly different. A dose of Ca salt elicited a more immediate response reaching a plateau faster, and declining faster to baseline. Fortified milk is a safe matrix for delivering larger doses of Ca.
Anti-diabetic effects of palm fruit juice in the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus)
Authors: Bolsinger Julia , Pronczuk Andrzej , Sambanthamurthi Ravigadevi , Hayes K. C.
Published: May 2014

With the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases, numerous bioactive phytochemicals have been proffered in the dietary prevention of these conditions. Palm fruit juice (PFJ) possesses bioactive phenolic compounds (referred to as oil palm phenolics; OPP) that may deter diabetes. The objective of the present experiments was to document the degree to which PFJ reduces diabetes symptoms in a variety of circumstances in the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus), a novel model for carbohydrate-induced type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes mellitus; T2DM) and the metabolic syndrome. Wild-type male Nile rats (n100) were fed laboratory chow or semi-purified diabetogenic diets in five experiments lasting 4–36 weeks. PFJ was provided as a drink or mixed into the diet to provide OPP intakes from 170 to 720 mg gallic acid equivalents/kg body weight per d. Body weight and random and fasting blood glucose were assessed at different time points, and were analysed along with terminal fasting organ weights, insulin, plasma and liver lipids as measures of diabetes progression. PFJ proved to be anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-lipaemic in all experiments relative to untreated controls, delaying T2DM onset and even reversing advancing diabetes. Protection by PFJ was directly related to its OPP content, and no negative effects on energy intake or growth were observed. PFJ was effective both as a drink and mixed into the diet. Results suggest that PFJ may slow the rate of glucose absorption, reduce insulin resistance and/or enhance insulin secretion.
Explaining Fixed Effects: Random Effects Modeling of Time-Series Cross-Sectional and Panel Data
Authors: Bell Andrew , Jones Kelvyn
Published: May 2014

This article challenges Fixed Effects (FE) modeling as the ‘default’ for time-series-cross-sectional and panel data. Understanding different within and between effects is crucial when choosing modeling strategies. The downside of Random Effects (RE) modeling—correlated lower-level covariates and higher-level residuals—is omitted-variable bias, solvable with Mundlak's (1978a) formulation. Consequently, RE can provide everything that FE promises and more, as confirmed by Monte-Carlo simulations, which additionally show problems with Plümper and Troeger's FE Vector Decomposition method when data are unbalanced. As well as incorporating time-invariant variables, RE models are readily extendable, with random coefficients, cross-level interactions and complex variance functions. We argue not simply for technical solutions to endogeneity, but for the substantive importance of context/heterogeneity, modeled using RE. The implications extend beyond political science to all multilevel datasets. However, omitted variables could still bias estimated higher-level variable effects; as with any model, care is required in interpretation.
The “Wisdom of the State”: Adam Smith on China and Tartary
Authors: HANLEY RYAN PATRICK
Published: May 2014

Adam Smith's engagement with China and Tartary is a central yet underappreciated element of his economic and political thought. This article reconstructs this engagement and demonstrates its broader significance, arguing that it focuses on three themes: the economic institutions that promote domestic growth in a manner that alleviates the material conditions of the poorest, the social and political conditions that minimize the dependence of the poor on the wealthy, and the ethical values and civic institutions that guarantee the existential survival of the state. This treatment is significant for three reasons: It offers useful insight into the contested issue of Smith's conception of legitimate state action; it clarifies Smith's vision of a commercial order that promotes human dignity; and it reveals the depth of his participation in a specific contextual debate.
Unruly Beasts: Animal Citizens and the Threat of Tyranny
Authors: Donaldson Sue , Kymlicka Will
Published: May 2014

Many commentators—including some animal rights theorists—have argued that non-human animals cannot be seen as members of the demos because they lack the critical capacities for self-rule and moral agency which are required for citizenship. We argue that this worry is based on mistaken ideas about both citizenship, on the one hand, and animals, on the other. Citizenship requires self-restraint and responsiveness to shared norms, but these capacities should not be understood in an unduly intellectualized or idealized way. Recent studies of moral behaviour show that civil relations between citizens are largely grounded, not in rational reflection and assent to moral propositions but in intuitive, unreflective and habituated behaviours which are themselves rooted in a range of pro-social emotions (empathy, love) and dispositions (co-operation, altruism, reciprocity, conflict resolution). Fifty years of ethological research have demonstrated that many social animals—particularly domesticated animals—share the sorts of dispositions and capacities underlying everyday civility. Once we broaden our conception of citizenship to include a richer account of the bases of civic relations, it becomes clear that domesticated animals and humans can be co-creators of a shared moral and political world. We have nothing to fear, and much to gain, by welcoming their membership in the demos.
Earthquake impact on fissure-ridge type travertine deposition
Authors: BROGI ANDREA , CAPEZZUOLI ENRICO
Published: May 2014

The role of travertine fissure-ridges in reconstructing tectonics and related earthquakes is a challenging issue of recent debate directed at delineating historical/prehistorical seismic records. Indeed, direct measurements on a travertine fissure-ridge immediately after a seismic event have never been previously performed. We describe the co- and post-seismic effects of a M = 3.6 earthquake on fluid flow and travertine deposition in a geothermal area of Tuscany (Italy). Direct observation allows us to demonstrate that thermal spring (re)activation is directly influenced by transient seismic waves, therefore providing a basis for reconstructing seismic events in the past.
Apprehending novel biodiversity—fifteen new genera of Zealandian Bryozoa
Authors: Gordon Dennis P.
Published: May 2014

Fifteen new genera of cheilostome Bryozoa are described from the New Zealand biogeographical region, centred on Zealandia, between 29° and 59°S latitude from shallow coastal waters to abyssal depths. The new genera are:Cavelliella,Mangana,Recapitulator(Calloporidae),Microblestrum,Stolomicropora(Pyrisinellidae),Otomicropora,Rosemariella(Microporidae),Bioptica,Caesiopora(Romancheinidae),Cheilonellopsis(Lacernidae),Xenogma(Buffonellodidae),Bountyella(incertae sedis),Taylorius(Escharinidae),Fovoporella(Schizoporellidae) andRamicellepora(Celleporidae). Several new combinations are also recognized, i.e.Corbulella fossa,Fovoporella spectabilis,Kenaplousina canariensis,Taylorius incognitus,Taylorius masoni,Taylorius waiparaensisandXenogma rhomboidale. Ten of the new genera are nominally endemic to the New Zealand exclusive economic zone.RecapitulatorandMicroblestrum(on seamounts near the southern part of the Hjort Trench) andRosemariella(seamount in the Louisville Ridge) occur in extraterritorial waters,Xenogmaextends to Australia andTayloriusextends to South Africa.Tayloriusis also known from the Miocene andFovoporellafrom the Pliocene.RecapitulatorandManganahave plesiomorphies that are novel among Recent Calloporidae (respectively a costate ooecium and ‘pelmatoporine’ elongate adventitious interzooidal kenozooids) but which are found in some Cretaceous calloporids or cribrilinids.
VII.—On the Spectrum of Ordinary Second Order Differential Operators.
Authors: Chaudhuri Jyoti , Everitt W. N.
Published: May 2014

Synopsis

This paper considers properties of the spectrum of differential operators derived from differential expressions of the second order. The object is to link the spectral properties of these differential operators with the analytic, function-theoretic properties of the solutions of the differential equation. This provides an alternative approach to the spectral theory of these differential operators but one which is consistent with the standard definitions used in Hilbert space theory. In this way the approach may be of interest to applied mathematicians and theoretical physicists.
Setting Times for Torah Study in R. Shneur Zalman of Liady's Thought
Authors: Tworek Wojciech
Published: May 2014

This study presents the ideas about setting times for Torah study in the writings of R. Shneur Zalman of Liady (Rashaz) as one of the elements that formed the inclusive concept of mystical experience in the Ḥabad movement. The article argues that in his teachings Rashaz invested common experiences and the precepts of normative, non-mystical Judaism with mystical meanings, and thus proposed a new, inclusive concept of mystical experience. The reinterpretation of the precept of setting times for Torah study in Rashaz's writings was one of the factors that greatly contributed to the re-evaluation of the role of ordinary people in religious life, and to shaping Ḥabad's inclusivist vision of mysticism.
The Last Spanish Expulsion in Europe: Milan 1565–1597
Authors: Cassen Flora
Published: May 2014

In 1597 King Philip II of Spain expelled the Jews from Milan at the end of a thirty-year power struggle between secular and religious Italian authorities and Spanish imperial powers. These conflicts reveal that the expulsion followed less from Philip II's personal feelings about the Jews than from his approach to governing and the necessity to preserve and increase his power in Italy. They also expose the fluctuating boundaries of imperial powers in distant territories resistant to accepting them, highlighting both the extent and the limits of Spanish rule in Italy. Examined in detail and in its larger historical context, the case of Milan elucidates the mechanisms of an expulsion, foregrounding the intricate political, financial, and religious issues that led up to the last Spanish expulsion in Europe.
A Story in Three Contexts: The Redaction of a Toseftan Pericope
Authors: Katzoff Binyamin
Published: May 2014

The introduction of non-halakhic material into a halakhic section of a classical rabbinic work is a redactional choice that can substantially affect the interpretation of both kinds of material. Understanding the relationship between the non-halakhic material and the surrounding halakhic material can affect one's assessment of the redactor's activity. Conversely, assumptions concerning the redactor's activity can affect the interpretation of the non-halakhic material.

The relationship between halakhic and non-halakhic material and the implications of that relationship for redaction critical investigations are particularly complex in the case of the Tosefta, because the latter is not a completely independent composition. Some scholars see the Tosefta as an interpretative work based on the Mishna while others argue for a degree of redactional independence. What then is the proper context for the interpretation of materials found in the Tosefta—the Tosefta itself or the Mishnah? The answer to this question will crucially affect our interpretation of the non-halakhic material included in the Tosefta and the relation of that material to the halakhic material. This article demonstrates the difficulty in determining the proper redactional context for the interpretation of Toseftan passages that contain halakhic and non-halakhic material by examining the story of Rabbi Yehuda walking behind his teachers in T. Berakhot 1.2. The reason for inserting the story can be understood in three ways, corresponding to three different definitions of the “halakhic context,” in which the Mishnah has a greater or lesser controlling influence over the Tosefta.
Shari‘a, Shi‘as and Chishtiya Revivalism: Contextualising the Growth of Sectarianism in the Tradition of the Sialvi Saints of the Punjab
Authors: KAMRAN TAHIR , SHAHID AMIR KHAN
Published: May 2014

This article discusses the transformation that took place within the Chishtiya silsilah after its revival in the Punjab in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Within this Chishtiya revival an exclusionary streak emerged, embedded within a shari‘a-centred orientation, leading to Shi‘a and Chishti Sunni antagonism in the Punjab. As a result, the composite and all-inclusive ethos epitomised by earlier Chishti Sufis of the thirteenth century was jettisoned. Underpinning these developments was the advent of the Usuli faction among the Shi‘a of Awadh, whose influence was resonating in the Punjab by the turn of the twentieth century. The khanaqah of Sial Sharif in Sargodha district illustrates this exclusionary trend, as reflected in the texts such as the Mazhab-i Shi‘a by Khawja Qammar ud Din Sialvi.
Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Shale Gas Transport in Organic Nano-Pores
Authors: Zhang Xiaoling , Xiao Lizhi , Shan Xiaowen , Guo Long
Published: May 2014

Permeability is a key parameter for investigating the flow ability of sedimentary rocks. The conventional model for calculating permeability is derived from Darcy's law, which is valid only for continuum flow in porous rocks. We discussed the feasibility of simulating methane transport characteristics in the organic nano-pores of shale through the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). As a first attempt, the effects of high Knudsen number and the associated slip flow are considered, whereas the effect of adsorption in the capillary tube is left for future work. Simulation results show that at small Knudsen number, LBM results agree well with Poiseuille's law and flow rate (flow capacity) is proportional to the square of the pore scale. At higher Knudsen numbers, the relaxation time needs to be corrected. In addition, velocity increases as the slip effect causes non negligible velocities on the pore wall, thereby enhancing the flow rate inside the pore, i.e., the permeability. Therefore, the LBM simulation of gas flow characteristics in organic nano-pores provides an effective way of evaluating the permeability of gas-bearing shale.
Growth of Optically Active Chiral Inorganic Films through DNA Self-Assembly and Silica Mineralisation
Authors: Liu Ben , Han Lu , Duan Yingying , Cao Yunayuan , Feng Ji , Yao Yuan , Che Shunai
Published: May 2014

The circularly polarized reflection of nature is due to their distinct azimuthally twisted or helical character in the nanostructure of the surface films. Although many chiral inorganic powders have been successfully synthesised, the artificial synthesis of chiral inorganic films is rare. Herein, we reported a facile synthetic route for the growth of monolayered chiral film on the quaternary ammonium-modified silicon substrate. The films grew on the substrate surface because of the strong electrostatic interaction between positively charged quaternary ammonium groups and negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA, with subsequent growth to right-handed, vertically aligned, impeller-like helical architectures with left-handed two-dimensional square p4mm-structured DNA chiral packing. The DNA–silica composite films exhibited strong optical activity at 295 nm and in the range of 400–800 nm, corresponding to DNA chiral packing (absorption) and to the helical blade in the impeller (scattering), respectively. Upon removal of DNA templates, the pure inorganic impeller-like helical morphology was maintained; consequently, the scattering-based optical response was blue-shifted approximately 200 nm as a result of a decrease in the effective average refractive index. The hierarchical structures were reflected from the surfaces by cross-polarised light, which confirmed that the films were strongly birefringent, with long-range anisotropy.
Protecting group free synthesis of urea-linked glycoconjugates: efficient synthesis of β-urea glycosides in aqueous solution
Authors: Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Minami Takahiro , Kusaba Shohei , Saeki Nobuyoshi , Tonegawa Yuta , Tomita Yumiko , Nakano Keiji , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo , Masuda Toshiya
Published: May 2014

The one step process, involving reactions between urea and protecting group free d-glucose, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine or d-xylose in acidic aqueous solution, furnishes the corresponding β-urea glycosides.
A novel dual-switch fluorescent probe for Cr(iii) ion based on PET–FRET processes
Authors: Hu Fangzhi , Zheng Baozhan , Wang Dongmei , Liu Maoping , Du Juan , Xiao Dan
Published: May 2014

Two different strategies for photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been designed and combined into one sensing system.
Synthesis of luminescent 3D microstructures formed by carbon quantum dots and their self-assembly properties
Authors: Mazzier D. , Favaro M. , Agnoli S. , Silvestrini S. , Granozzi G. , Maggini M. , Moretto A.
Published: May 2014

Novel star shaped carbon quantum dots–(poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) conjugates displayed a self-assembling propensity to generate spherical microstructures that retain the characteristic emission properties of the native dots.
Proton location in acid⋯pyridine hydrogen bonds of multi-component crystals
Authors: Seaton Colin C.
Published: May 2014

Role of local crystal environment on proton location was modelled using DFT calculations. Alteration in the strength of the hydrogen bonding can convert a system from a salt to a co-crystal.
Magnetic-field-induced growth of silver dendrite-crystalline Liesegang rings
Authors: Zhao Qian , Li Jing , Tang Shiyi , Zhang Yongzhi , Chen Li , Choi Martin M. F. , Guo Yong , Xiao Dan
Published: May 2014

An external magnetic field can control the chirality of Liesegang rings and induce a change in the silver crystal structure.
Intermolecular network analysis of the liquid and vapor interfaces of pentane and water: microsolvation does not trend with interfacial properties
Authors: Ghadar Yasaman , Clark Aurora E.
Published: May 2014

Mesoscopic interfacial properties are not correlated to the distribution of microsolvated species and mechanisms (above) for microsolvation at water:pentane interfaces.
Tuning bio-inspired skin–core structure of nascent fiber via interplay of polymer phase transitions
Authors: Liu Qi , Gao Huanhuan , Zha Liyun , Hu Zuming , Ma Yu , Yu Muhuo , Chen Lei , Hu Wenbing
Published: May 2014

Molecular simulations demonstrate how the skin–core structure of polymer fibers can be tuned for bio-inspired optimization of their mechanical performance.
A quasi-classical trajectory study of the OH + SO reaction: the role of ro-vibrational energy
Authors: Pires W. A. D. , Garrido J. D. , Nascimento M. A. C. , Ballester M. Y.
Published: May 2014

The reaction cross section and the reaction probability after forming the complex as a function of vibrational energy of reactants.
Manipulating and probing enzymatic conformational fluctuations and enzyme–substrate interactions by single-molecule FRET-magnetic tweezers microscopy
Authors: Guo Qing , He Yufan , Lu H. Peter
Published: May 2014

To investigate the critical role of the enzyme–substrate interactions in enzymatic reactions, the enzymatic conformation and enzyme–substrate interaction at a single-molecule level are manipulated by magnetic tweezers, and the impact of the manipulation on enzyme–substrate interactions are simultaneously probed by single-molecule FRET spectroscopy.
Sol-flame synthesis of cobalt-doped TiO2 nanowires with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Cai Lili , Cho In Sun , Logar Manca , Mehta Apurva , He Jiajun , Lee Chi Hwan , Rao Pratap M. , Feng Yunzhe , Wilcox Jennifer , Prinz Fritz B. , Zheng Xiaolin
Published: May 2014

Controllable doping of TiO2 nanowires with cobalt using sol-flame method, which achieves significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reactions.
Ligand-coupling assembly of Re(i)-thiolate complexes
Authors: Tzeng Biing-Chiau , Chao An , Banik Manas
Published: May 2014

Complexes 2 and 4 were synthesized under similar reaction conditions except that different ligands of HNS2 and HNOS, respectively, were used. Two dinuclear structures of 2 and 4 with two similar in situ ligand analogues show distinct conformations, anti and syn forms, respectively.
Lead-free organic–inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Noel Nakita K. , Stranks Samuel D. , Abate Antonio , Wehrenfennig Christian , Guarnera Simone , Haghighirad Amir-Abbas , Sadhanala Aditya , Eperon Giles E. , Pathak Sandeep K. , Johnston Michael B. , Petrozza Annamaria , Herz Laura M. , Snaith Henry J.
Published: May 2014

Perovskite solar cells based on abundant low cost materials promise to compete on performance with mainstream PV. Here we demonstrate lead-free perovskite solar cells, removing a potential barrier to widespread deployment.
Geomimetics for green polymer synthesis: highly ordered polyimides via hydrothermal techniques
Authors: Baumgartner Bettina , Bojdys Michael J. , Unterlass Miriam M.
Published: May 2014

We mimic a geological ore formation mechanism, so-called hydrothermal crystallization, to obtain highly crystalline high-performance polymers. After only 1 h under hydrothermal conditions, a fully condensed polyimide depicting microflower morphologies is obtained.
Low band-gap copolymers derived from fluorinated isoindigo and dithienosilole: synthesis, properties and photovoltaic applications
Authors: Wang Zhenguo , Zhao Jie , Li Ying , Peng Qiang
Published: May 2014

Fluorination of isoindigo affords a dithienosilole-based low band-gap copolymer with low-lying energy levels, strong and broad absorption, high carrier mobility as well as efficient power conversion efficiency.
High performance polymer solar cells based on a two dimensional conjugated polymer from alkylthienyl-substituted benzodifuran and benzothiadiazole
Authors: Liu Bo , Qiu Beibei , Chen Xuewen , Xiao Lu , Li Yongfang , He Yuehui , Jiang Lihui , Zou Yingping
Published: May 2014

A new copolymer PBDFTDTBT was synthesized and applied in PSCs. PBDFTDTBT demonstrates a power conversion efficiency of 6.0% with high Jsc and FF.
Selective sensing of Al3+ by naphthyridine coupled rhodamine chemosensors
Authors: Ghosh Kumaresh , Majumdar Anupam , Sarkar Tanmay
Published: May 2014

Naphthyridine-based rhodamine chemosensors 1 and 2 are designed and synthesized for selective sensing of Al3+ ion.
Transport properties of APdCu(Se2)(Se3) (A = K and Rb): new quaternary copper palladium polyselenides
Authors: Azam Sikander , Reshak A. H.
Published: May 2014

The electronic structure, effective mass, optical properties and electrical transport coefficients of APdCu(Se2)(Se3) (where A = K and Rb), a new quaternary copper palladium polyselenide, were investigated using a density functional theory calculation within a generalized gradient approximation (GGA) plus the Hubbard term (U) (GGA + U).
Intrapolymer Heck reaction for proton conductive ladder-type aromatic block copolymers
Authors: Miyake Junpei , Watanabe Masahiro , Miyatake Kenji
Published: May 2014

A novel polymer synthetic method, intrapolymer Heck reaction, provided ladder-type ionomer membranes with excellent proton conductivity (221 mS cm−1at 80 °C and 90% relative humidity) and mechanical strength over a wide range of humidity (ca.0–90% relative humidity) at 80 °C.
Development of a rhodamine–benzimidazol hybrid derivative as a novel FRET based chemosensor selective for trace level water
Authors: Pal Siddhartha , Mukherjee Manjira , Sen Buddhadeb , Lohar Somenath , Chattopadhyay Pabitra
Published: May 2014

A newly designed FRET-based rhodamine–benzimidazol hybrid molecule has been developed as a dual channel chemosensor for the detection of trace level water in both protic and aprotic organic solvents.
Three novel zinc(ii) metal–organic frameworks based on three tetrazolate ligands: synthesis, structures and photoluminescence
Authors: He Hongming , Sun Fuxing , Zhao Nian , Yuan Rongrong , Zhu Guangshan
Published: May 2014

Three metal–organic frameworks were synthesized by the reactions of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and three similar tetrazolate ligands.
Inorganic–organic hybrid polymer with multiple redox for high-density data storage
Authors: Hu Benlin , Wang Chengyuan , Wang Jiangxin , Gao Junkuo , Wang Kai , Wu Jiansheng , Zhang Guodong , Cheng Wangqiao , Venkateswarlu Bhavanasi , Wang Mingfeng , Lee Pooi See , Zhang Qichun
Published: May 2014

A multi-redox polyoxometalate-based hybrid polymer has been demonstrated to show multilevel resistive switching memory behaviors.
Imine-based chiroptical sensing for analysis of chiral amines: from method design to synthetic application
Authors: Joyce Leo A. , Sherer Edward C. , Welch Christopher J.
Published: May 2014

A robust chiroptical method for fast enantiopurity determination of chiral amines utilizing HPLC-CD, applied to monitoring crude transamination reactions.
Photocatalytic water oxidation at soft interfaces
Authors: Hansen Malte , Li Fei , Sun Licheng , König Burkhard
Published: May 2014

Molecular water oxidation catalysts have been, for the first time, co-embedded with a photosensitizer into phospholipid membranes. The two dimensional assembly allows water oxidation at very low catalyst concentrations.
High lithium electroactivity of boron-doped hierarchical rutile submicrosphere TiO2
Authors: Tian Huajun , Xin Fengxia , Tan Xiaojian , Han Weiqiang
Published: May 2014

Highly lithium electroactive hierarchical boron-doped rutile submicrosphere TiO2 was synthesized by a facile solvothermal method and successfully employed as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
MoS2 nanosheet channel and guanine DNA-base charge injection layer for high performance memory transistors
Authors: Lee Junyeong , Min Sung-Wook , Lee Hee Sung , Yi Yeonjin , Im Seongil
Published: May 2014

Charge injection memory transistors are demonstrated to be promising as a result of the unique properties of the MoS2 nanosheet channel and guanine trapping layer.
Wavelength conversion and temporal compression of pulse train using dispersion oscillating fibre
Authors: Feng F. , Fatome J. , Sysoliatin A. , Chembo Y.K. , Wabnitz S. , Finot C.
Published: May 2014

The generation of a picosecond pulse train is demonstrated taking advantage of the cross‐gain occurring in a dispersion‐oscillating fibre. The resulting frequency‐converted signal is detuned by more than 20 nm from the pump and can be temporally compressed by a factor of 2 compared with the input sinusoidal pump wave.
Ultra‐wideband‐based multilateration technique for indoor localisation
Authors: Onalaja Oladimeji , Adjrad Mounir , Ghavami Mohammad
Published: May 2014

In this study, the authors present a novel geometrically driven multilateration technique that is based on ultra‐wideband (UWB) technology. The authors refer to their proposed solution as time reflection of arrival (TROA). They demonstrate in this study how the position estimation error is improved upon by carefully considering the inherent properties of the UWB technology and the reflection properties of transmitted UWB signals. By a direct comparison between TROA and two widely used multilateration techniques, the authors show that indoor position estimation can be done much more effectively using their proposed solution. They also derive a new Cramér–Rao lower bound for TROA multilateration and use it to show its level of efficiency.
Capacitances and energy deposition curve of nanosecond pulse surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator
Authors: Pang Lei , He Kun , Di Dongxu , Zhang Qiaogen , Liu Chunliang
Published: May 2014

Nanosecond pulse surface dielectric barrier discharge (NPSDBD) plasma actuator is preferred to generate aerodynamic actuation which relies on the deposited energy during nanosecond time scale, named as the mechanism of fast thermalization. It is very important to understand the energy deposition process of NPSDBD plasma actuator. In this paper, an equivalent circuit model is presented to describe a typical asymmetric NPSDBD plasma actuator first. Of the three key capacitances in the equivalent circuit, the values of Capacitance Cm and Cg can be gotten by the calculation of the electric field, with the method of undetermined coefficients, while the value of Capacitance Cd is determined from the charge-voltage (Q-V) plot, also called Lissajous figure. It is found that the value of Capacitance Cd varies with the amplitude of applied pulse voltage, due to the change of the dimension of plasma sheet. Based on the circuit parameters and the measured waveforms of discharge voltage and current, the time varying characteristics of deposited energy can be obtained finally. It is indicated that the calculated results of deposited energy show a good agreement with conventional method.