bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La secesión como solución al problema del estado. el caso de cataluña
Authors: Parella Jordi Franch
Published: March 2021

Classical liberalism has failed to limit the growth of the State. The right to self-determination, a principle supported by Ludwig von Mises, is the last mechanism to save the natural order based on liberty and private property. State dysfunctions in current Spain are stark, with Catalonia that cannot fit in the state structure. In recent years, the Catalan secessionist movement has gained new impetus. Galvanized by the civil society, the Catalan government claims sover­ eignty, but the central government consistently opposes. The economic crisis is added to the general deterioration of the public administration and the institution­ al corruption. Given this historical juncture, this article analyzes the current situa­ tion of Catalonia within Spain, traces its historical evolution according to Hoppe’s theory and proposes the mechanism to overcome the anachronistic nation-state, evolving to a social order based on private property and free market.

Key words: Spain, Catalonia, State, Secession, Democracy.

JEL Classification: H1.

Resumen: El liberalismo clásico no ha conseguido limitar el crecimiento del Esta­ do. El derecho de autodeterminación, un principio defendido por Ludwig von Mises, es el mecanismo último para salvar el orden natural basado en la libertad y la propiedad privada. Las disfunciones del Estado se manifiestan actualmente en España, donde Cataluña no encuentra un encaje satisfactorio. En los últimos años, el movimiento secesionista catalán ha ganado renovado ímpetu. Galvani­ zado por la sociedad civil, el gobierno de la Generalitat de Catalunya reclama una soberanía a la que el gobierno central se opone sistemáticamente. A la crisis económica se le añade la corrupción institucional. Ante esta encrucijada históri­ ca, el presente artículo analiza la situación actual de Cataluña dentro del Estado español, traza su evolución histórica según la teoría de Hoppe y propone los mecanismos necesarios para superar el anacrónico estado- nación, evolucionan­ do hacia un orden social basado en la propiedad privada y el libre mercado.

Palabras clave: España, Cataluña, Estado, Secesión, Democracia.

Clasificación JEL: H1.
Esbozo sobre el método de las Ciencias Sociales, con especial referencia a la economía. Una aproximación desde la doctrina de la Escuela Austriaca
Authors: Chuliá Sagar Hernández
Published: March 2021

In this article we justify epistemologically the methods of social scien-ce based on certain contributions from the austrian school of economics (but not only). To do this, we start from the knowledge of agents in the world of everyday life, we differentiate between it and the scientific knowledge, we distinguish the fields of the physical and natural sciences and of human scien-ces, we argue that the social sciences should be considered as a specific form of human sciences and we define economics as a science of human action that takes place in the presence of significant monetary prices for agents. In addi-tion, we define the fields of economic theory, based on the conception method and operated through imaginary constructions, and economic history, which uses the understanding method and ideal types.

Keywords: gnoseology, epistemology, methodology, social sciences, econo-mics.

JEL Codes: B40 B41 B53

Resumen: En este artículo pretendemos fundamentar epistemológicamente los métodos propios de las ciencias sociales basándonos en ciertas aportaciones procedentes de la escuela austriaca de economía (aunque no sólo). Para ello, partimos del conocimiento de los agentes en el mundo de la vida cotidiana, diferenciamos entre éste y el conocimiento científico, distinguimos los campos de investigación propios de las ciencias físico-naturales y de las ciencias huma-nas, defendemos que las ciencias sociales deben ser consideradas como una forma específica de las ciencias humanas y definimos la economía como una ciencia que estudia la acción humana que se desarrolla en presencia de pre-cios monetarios significativos para los agentes. Además, delimitamos los cam-pos de la teoría económica, basada en el método de la concepción y que opera mediante construcciones imaginarias, e historia económica, que se vale del método de la comprensión y de los tipos ideales.

Palabras clave: gnoseología, epistemología, metodología, ciencias sociales, economía.

Clasificación JEL: B40 B41 B53
Rules and information: An integral criticism of legislation
Authors: Medina Esteban Pérez
Published: March 2021

The goal of this paper is to produce a fundamental criticism of the legislation. However, to do so, we first need to understand the nature of custom-ary rules. For this task, we find it relevant to develop a rule theory founded on praxeology. This work studies how man produces claims over certain economic goods, how those claims can lead to conflict and the complex interactions that take place as a consequence of this. We will conclude that the rules produced in a free society as a result of said interactions condense relevant information that aids human coordination, propitiating a better resolution of future conflicts as well as their avoidance. Rules tell man what expectations he can rely on. Parting from this theory, we will explain how intervention on this spontaneous process by way of legislation produces critical consequences which we can only understand after acknowledging the process of rule formation.

Keywords: praxeology, law, customary law, rules, expectations, spontaneous order, entrepreneurship, legislation.

JEL codes: K0.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es producir una crítica fundamental de la legislación. Sin embargo, para hacerlo, primero tenemos que comprender la naturaleza de las normas consuetudinarias. Para esta tarea, consideramos que es relevante el desarrollo de una teoría de reglas basada en la praxeología. Este trabajo estudia cómo el hombre genera reclamaciones sobre ciertos bie-nes económicos, cómo ellas pueden conducir a un conflicto y las complejas interacciones que se producen como consecuencia de ello. Llegaremos a la conclusión de que las reglas que se producen en una sociedad libre y como resultado de dichas interacciones, condensan información relevante que ayu-da a la coordinación humana, propiciando una mejor resolución y evitación de conflictos futuros. Las reglas indican al hombre en qué expectativas puede confiar. A partir de esta teoría, vamos a explicar cómo la intervención en este proceso espontáneo a través de la legislación produce consecuencias críticas que sólo podemos entender después de reconocer el proceso de formación de reglas.

Palabras clave: praxeología, derecho, ley consuetudinaria, reglas, expectati-vas, orden espontáneo, función empresarial, legislación.

Clasificación JEL: K0.
As fontes da teoria quantitativa do dinheiro no Manual de Confessores de Frei Rodrigo do Porto (1549)
Authors: Afanasyev Anton Alexandrovich
Published: March 2021

In this historic essay we have investigated the origins of the Quantity Theory of Money in Portugal the middle of the Golden Age. We have found out the origins of this theory in the first Portuguese book of moral theology Manual de Confessores e Penitentes that was composed by the Franciscan Portuguese friar Rodrigo do Porto and was printed in the University of Coimbra in 1549. Also we have found out the inspiration from father Rodrigo do Porto for the formation of economic thought (the theories of just price and the quantity theory) of the great Spanish thinker and true discoverer of the Quantity Theory doctor Martinho de Azpilcueta Navarro.

Resumo: Neste ensaio histórico investigamos as origens da Teoria Quantitativa do Dinheiro (Moeda) em Portugal do meio do Século d’Ouro. Temos encontra-do as fontes desta teoria na primeira suma portuguesa da teologia moral Manual de Confessores e Penitentes que foi composto pelo franciscano portu-guês frade Rodrigo do Porto e foi impressa na Universidade de Coimbra em 1549. Também temos encontrado a inspiração de frei Rodrigo do Porto para a formação do pensamento econômico (das teorias do preço justo e da teoria quantitativa) do grande pensador espanhol e verdadeiro descobridor da Teo-ria Quantitativa do Dinheiro doutor Martinho de Azpilcueta Navarro.

Palavras-chave: Teoria Quantitativa do Dinheiro (Moeda), Século d’Ouro, Ma-nual de Confessores (1549), Rodrigo do Porto, Martim de Azpilcueta Navarro

Keywords: Quantity Theory of Money, Golden Age, Manual de Confessores (1549), Rodrigo do Porto, Martinho de Azpilcueta Navarro
Keynes’s Politics and Economics
Authors: Fuller Edward W.
Published: March 2021

The central thesis of this paper is that Keynes invented the IS-LM mod-el to justify non-Marxist socialism. This paper outlines the chronology of Keynes’s ideas to demonstrate that he invented Keynesian economics to justify his previously held political beliefs. This paper shows that Keynes is best de-scribed as a non-Marxist socialist. Then the papers confirms that the IS-LM model is the correct interpretation of the General Theory. Finally, the IS-LM demand constraint equations and diagram are used to illustrate Keynes’s eco-nomic justification of non-Marxist socialism.

Keywords: John Maynard Keynes, IS-LM model, Socialism, Socialization of In-vestment

JEL Classification: E12, E22, E32, E52, P20, P26, B22, B24

Resumen: La tesis central de este trabajo es que Keynes perfiló el modelo IS-LM para justificar el socialismo no marxista. Este artículo establece la cronología de las ideas de Keynes para demostrar que creó la economía keynesiana para justificar las creencias políticas que sostenía previamente. Muestra que Keynes puede caracterizarse como un socialista no marxista. Posteriormente, confirma que el modelo IS-LM es la interpretación correcta de la Teoría General. Por último, utiliza las ecuaciones y diagramas de restricción de demanda del mo-delo IS-LM para ilustrar la justificación económica de Keynes del socialismo no-marxista.

Palabras clave: John Maynard Keynes, modelo IS-LM, socialismo, socialización de la inversión

Clasificación JEL: E12, E22, E32, E52, P20, P26, B22, B24
The Hayekian Theory of Chronic Unemployment
Authors: Sanz David , Morillo Juan
Published: March 2021

It is usually assumed that, while John Maynard Keynes developed a theory of chronic unemployment, Friedrich August Hayek did not. However, we defend in this paper that in «Profit, Interest and Investment» (1939) there is an implicit explanation of the high and persistent unemployment of the 1930s. The aim of this paper is to explain Hayek’s view about the economic crisis and recovery and to assess if we could talk about a Hayekian theory of chronic unemployment. We will defend that chronic unemployment has its origin in a dynamically inefficient design of some of the institutions that rule the market.

Keywords: Economic crisis, recovery, dynamic efficiency, chronic unemploy- ment, Ricardo effect.

JEL Classification: E14, E22, E24, E32, E63.

Resumen: Suele asumirse que, al contrario de John Maynard Keynes, Friedrich August Hayek no desarrolló una teoría del desempleo crónico. Sin embargo, en este artículo defendemos que en «Profit, Interest and Investment» (1939) hay una explicación implícita al alto y persistente desempleo de la década de 1930. El objetivo de este artículo es explicar la visión de Hayek sobre la crisis y la recuperación económica y evaluar si puede hablarse de una teoría del desempleo crónico. Defenderemos que el desempleo crónico tiene su origen en un diseño dinámicamente ineficiente de algunas instituciones que gobier- nan el mercado.

Palabras clave: Crisis económica, recuperación, eficiencia dinámica, desem- pleo crónico, efecto Ricardo.

Clasificación JEL: E14, E22, E24, E32, E63.
Fenicia: ¿una experiencia anarcocapitalista?
Authors: Aguilera Jaime Hernán-Pérez
Published: March 2021

On 1000 B.C. a series of circumstances enabled the establishment and expansion of a civilization in the Middle East, in what is now Lebanon, which would be known as Phoenicia. Its religious tolerance, political organiza-tion and economic system, was focused on trade and exchange, to obtain maximum profitability and benefit, in an environment of economic freedom and respect of private property that would take centuries to repeat. So much so that Phoenicia could be considered, with some exceptions, as the first anarcocapi-talist experience in history.

Key Words: Anarcocapitalism, property rights, trade, markets, economic growth

JEL Classification: A12, B25, P10, P14, P17.

Resumen: En torno al año 1000 a.C., una serie de circunstancias políticas pro-pició el establecimiento y la expansión de una civilización en Oriente Medio, en lo que hoy es Líbano, que sería conocida como Fenicia. Su tolerancia reli-giosa, su organización política y su sistema económico, estaba enfocado al comercio y al intercambio, a obtener la máxima rentabilidad y beneficio, en un entorno de libertad económica y de respeto a la propiedad privada que tarda-ría siglos en volver a repetirse. Tanto es así que Fenicia podría ser conside-rada, con algunas salvedades, como la primera experiencia anarcocapitalista de la historia.

Palabras clave: Anarcocapitalismo, derechos de propiedad, comercio, merca-dos, desarrollo económico

Clasificación JEL: A12, B25, P10, P14, P17.
Testing Economic Theory
Authors: Guzelian Christopher P.
Published: March 2021

Two years ago, Bob Mulligan and I empirically tested whether the Bank of Amsterdam, a prototypical central bank, had caused a boom-bust cycle in the Amsterdam commodities markets in the 1780s owing to the bank’s sudden initiation of low-fractional-re-serve banking (Guzelian & Mulligan 2015).1 Widespread criticism came quickly after we presented our data findings at that year’s Austrian Economic Research Conference. Walter Block representa-tively responded: «as an Austrian, I maintain you cannot «test» apodictic theories, you can only illustrate them».2

Non-Austrian, so-called «empirical» economists typically have no problem with data-driven, inductive research. But Austrians have always objected strenuously on ontological and epistemolog-ical grounds that such studies do not produce real knowledge (Mises 1998, 113-115; Mises 2007). Camps of economists are talking past each other in respective uses of the words «testing» and «eco-nomic theory». There is a vital distinction between «testing» (1) an economic proposition, praxeologically derived, and (2) the rele-vance of an economic proposition, praxeologically derived. The former is nonsensical; the latter may be necessary to acquire eco-nomic theory and knowledge. Clearing up this confusion is this note’s goal.

Rothbard (1951) represents praxeology as the indispensible method for gaining economic knowledge. Starting with a Aristote-lian/Misesian axiom «humans act» or a Hayekian axiom of «humans think», a voluminous collection of logico-deductive eco-nomic propositions («theorems») follows, including theorems as sophisticated and perhaps unintuitive as the one Mulligan and I examined: low-fractional-reserve banking causes economic cycles.

There is an ontological and epistemological analog between Austrian praxeology and mathematics. Much like praxeology, we «know» mathematics to be «true» because it is axiomatic and deductive. By starting with Peano Axioms, mathematicians are able by a long process of creative deduction, to establish the real number system, or that for the equation an + bn = cn, there are no integers a, b, c that satisfy the equation for any integer value of n greater than 2 (Fermat’s Last Theorem).

But what do mathematicians mean when they then say they have mathematical knowledge, or that they have proven some-thing «true»? Is there an infinite set of rational numbers floating somewhere in the physical universe? Naturally no. Mathemati-cians mean that they have discovered an apodictic truth — some-thing unchangeably true without reference to physical reality because that truth is a priori.
The Normalization of the European Central Bank’s Monetary Policy from an Austrian Perspective
Authors: Dierks Leef H.
Published: March 2021

After several years of historically low interest rates and quantitative easing, the European Central Bank (ECB) has finally started wind-ing down its ultra-accommodative monetary policy in late 2018. Among the first steps tapering its asset purchase programme (APP), which foresees monthly purchases of up to €30bn per month until September 2018 — «or beyond, if necessary, and in any case until the Governing Council sees a sustained adjustment in the path of infla-tion consistent with its inflation aim» (ECB, 2018a). By then, pur-chases of euro area fixed income securities on behalf of the ECB will have mounted to as much as €2,550bn or almost 90% of euro area GDP (€2,834bn in market prices in Q4 2017, the latest date for which data were available (ECB, 2018b)). Further, according to market esti-mates, the first hike of the main refinancing rate, which was slashed to 0% in March 2016, could emerge in Q1 2019, thereby following a tightening of the monetary policy the US Federal Reserve (FED) had already started in December 2015 (FED, 2015).
On Taleb on Ricardo: A clarification
Authors: Futerman Alan , Block Walter
Published: March 2021

In the present work, Ricardo’s Law of Comparative Advantage (also known as “Law of Association”) is analyzed in order to critically respond to the analysis offered by Taleb (2012). The latter points to the invalidity of the model, since it does not assume price variability, thus exposing it to grave sys- temic consequences due to abrupt changes in relative prices. Our critique is based on the approach taken by Ludwig Von Mises (1949) on the same sub- ject. The Ricardian model is viewed from a praxeological perspective. We maintain that Taleb’s critique, although correct in invalidating Ricardo’s anal- ysis, not only does not harm but even reaffirms Ricardo’s original conclusion pointing to the advantages of cooperation in general, and international free trade in particular.
Keywords: Taleb, Mises, International Trade, Comparative Advantage, Ricardo.
JEL classification: F19.
Resumen: En este trabajo, la ley de Ricardo sobre ventaja comparativa (también conocida como ley de asociación), es analizada para responder de forma crítica al análsis ofrecido por Taleb (2012). Éste último, apunta a la invalidez del modelo, ya que no asume la variablidad de precios, exponiéndolo así a graves conse- cuencias sistématicas debido a los cambios abruptos en los precios relativos. Nuestra crítica se basa en el enfoque de Ludwig Von Mises (1949) sobre este tema. El modelo ricardiano se observa desde una perspectiva praxeológica. Sostenemos que la crítica de Taleb, aunque correcta para invalidar el análisis de Ricardo, no sólo no perjudica sino que incluso reafirma la conclusión original de Ricardo que señala las ventajas de la cooperación en general, y el libre comercio internacional en particular.
Palabras clave: Taleb, Mises, Comercio internacional, Ventaja comparativa, Ricardo.
Clasificación JEL: F19.
Un modelo financiero simple de la TACE
Authors: Iborra Rafael García
Published: March 2021

La formalización de algunos aspectos específicos de la TACE tiene una larga historia, siendo Hayek (2008) el autor más relevante por su desarrollo de los triángulos hayekianos, donde la economía se divide en etapas en función de su cercanía o lejanía respecto de la producción de bienes de consumo. Machlup (1935) desarrolló un punto de vista diferente, a través de la distinción entre capital fijo y circulante, analizando el impacto que tienen cambios en los tipos de interés y precios de cada uno de ellos. Más recientemente, Garri- son (2001) ha llevado a cabo formalizaciones de la TACE basadas en el modelo IS-LM.

El enfoque que se adoptará en este trabajo difiere de los ante- riores en que se asume que la economía está compuesta, no por distintas etapas productivas como en el caso de los triángulos hayekianos, ni en una diferenciación entre distintos tipos de capi- tal, sino en un conjunto de proyectos de inversión, cada uno de ellos con unos flujos diferentes y con diferentes perfiles de riesgo, por lo que aumenta el realismo de sus supuestos. Este enfoque financiero, basado en Hicks (1953) y actualizado por Cachanosky y Lewin (2014), permite obtener algunas de las relaciones básicas de la TACE.

Antes de empezar, es necesario añadir un pequeño comenta- rio metodológico. Puesto que la Economía estudia las relaciones entre fenómenos «esencialmente complejos» (Hayek 1989) y, por tanto, de un carácter no reproducible empíricamente, sólo es posi- ble establecer leyes de carácter lógico, mediante el desarrollo de abstracciones —modelos— basados en supuestos que no contra- digan la realidad (García Iborra 2015). Esto implica que, de las conclusiones obtenidas en este trabajo, sólo las basadas en supues- tos realistas podrán ser tomadas como leyes, no aquellas otras que se generen a partir de supuestos descriptivamente falsos.
Robotic-Arm Assisted Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty; Improving Implant Accuracy
Authors: Xu Sheng , Bernardo Lawrence , Yew Khye , Pang Hee
Published: March 2021

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of implant position of robotic-arm assisted total hip arthroplasty (THA) via the direct anterior approach (DAA).
Materials and Methods: All patients who underwent robotic-arm assisted DAA THA (MAKO Surgical Corp., Ft. Lauderdale, Florida) from November 2018 to January 2020 were prospectively followed up. Pelvis indices (limb length discrepancy, femoral and hip offset, implant inclination, and anteversion), surgical duration, length of stay, and complications were recorded. To further evaluate the accuracy of robotic-arm assisted THA, patients who underwent manual DAA THA by the same surgeon were match-paired with the study group.
Results: Twenty-five patients underwent robotic-arm assisted DAA THR. Limb length discrepancy was restored to 0.1mm (±3.4mm) from 10.0mm (±6.4mm) postoperatively. Preoperatively, the difference in femoral offset was 5.1mm (±5.1mm), and this was corrected to 1.9mm (±6.5mm) postoperatively.
Nine cases had target inclination of 40° and mean inclination achieved was 40.7° (±0.9°). Sixteen cases had target inclination of 45° and mean inclination achieved was 45.3° (±1.0°). Mean anteversion was 19.5° (±2.4°).
Propensity matched analysis showed that the root mean square errors for manual cup implantation compared to the robotic-arm assisted group was 2.3 times higher for anteversion and 6.3 times higher for inclination. Fourteen (56%) of the cups were within Callanan safe-zone and 18 (72%) within Lewinnek safe-zone in the manual group compared to 18 (72%) and 25 (100%), respectively, in the robotic-arm assisted group.
Conclusion: Combining the muscle-sparing technique of DAA with the improved implant placement with the robotic-arm assisted platform is a promising solution to improving THA outcomes.
The Comparison of Noninvasive Ventilation, High-Flow Oxygen Therapy and Conventional Oxygen Therapy for Weaning Failure in High-Risk Patients
Authors: Mungan İbrahim , Turan Sema
Published: March 2021

Objective: The most common reason for intensive care unit admission is acute respiratory failure and after extubation mainly three methods are used to bring the PaO2 level to a sufficient level: conventional oxygen therapy (COT), high flow oxygen therapy (HFO), and non-invasive ventilation (NIV). The aim of this study was to determine if NIV or HFO is beneficial in decreasing weaning failure in high-risk patient population (HRP) and compare these noninvasive methods. Methods: This prospective, observational cohort study was conducted between March 2019 and March 2020 in a tertiary state hospital in Turkey. Our study included 3 main groups as COT, HFO, and NIV. Results: During the study period, 71 patients were enrolled in this study and 24 patients were in the COT group, 22 HFO group, and 25 in the NIV group. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation assistance (MVA) before extubation was 5.8 days and the mean PaO2 was highest in the HFO group 6 hours after extubation with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). The HFO group had the highest PaO2/FiO2 immediately before and 6 hours after extubation. The reintubation rate was lowest in the HFO group and the other outcomes as total MVA duration, length of stay in ICU and hospital also differed between groups favoring the HFO group. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that NIV and HFO were beneficial in decreasing weaning failure and 30-day mortality rate among HRP compared to COT. When these noninvasive methods were compared, it was observed that HFO was preferable because of these advantages although the main characteristics of the groups were different.
Neuromuscular Block Management in Tracheal Stenosis Surgery; Retrospective Evaluation
Authors: Saylan Sedat , Akdoğan Ali
Published: March 2021

Objective: In the surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis, whether in long procedures such as tracheal resection-anastomosis or in short procedures such as rigid bronchoscopy and dilatation, performing a deep neuromuscular block to provide patient comfort and facilitate the surgery. In this study, neuromuscular block antagonism using sugammadex during the surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis was investigated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the antagonism of the neuromuscular block with sugammadex in cases of postintubation tracheal stenosis and posttracheostomy tracheal stenosis in terms of postoperative residual block, complications and its effect on postoperative respiratory pattern. Method: In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the anesthesia methods and neuromuscular block management procedures applied during the surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis, patient files, anesthesia record forms, early postoperative follow-up and discharge process were retrospectively reviewed. Since most of the 34 patients diagnosed with tracheal stenosis underwent more than one surgical procedure at different times, a total of 140 interventional procedures and anesthesia applications were examined. Patients who underwent tracheal stenosis surgery and used sugammadex for neuromuscular block antagonism were included in the study. Results: 34 patients were evaluated as postintubation- posttracheostomy tracheal stenosis. While rigid bronchoscopy (n = 78), balloon dilatation (n = 35) and stent (n = 5) were applied to the patients as short surgical procedures, 22 patients underwent tracheal resection-anastomosis surgery. After the use of sugammadex in short and long surgical procedures, the time to start spontaneous breathing was found to be similar. No complications related to sugammadex were identified. Conclusion: We argue that the use of sugammadex under the monitoring of anesthesia depth and muscle strength in tracheal stenosis surgery is an effective and reliable choice for neuromuscular block antagonism.
The Relation Of Intraoperative Renal Oxygen Saturation Change With Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Gürcü Mustafa Emre , Erkılınç Atakan , Karaca Baysal Pınar , Yılmaz Fatih , Koçak Tuncer
Published: March 2021

Objective: Acute kidney injury seen in 25-30 % of the cases after open heart surgery where cardiopulmonary bypass was performed, is one of the most important factors that affect the success of the on- pump open heart surgery by increasing the rates of postoperative morbidity, and mortality. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive monitoring that frequently used method that allows correction of imbalances in oxygen supply to the brain and vital organs. We aimed to investigate the relationship between renal oxygen saturation values and postoperative acute kidney injury. Method: Fifty patients who underwent on- pump open heart surgery between July 2020 and January 2021 by using cardiopulmonary bypass were included in the study. Demographic data included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, other chronic diseases and left ventricular ejection fraction. The definition of acute kidney injury was defined according to the criteria of KDIGO. At the end of the postoperative 48th hour the relationship between intraoperative renal rSO2 changes in patients with or without acute kidney injury was evaluated. Results: Fifty patients were included in the current study. The median (IQR) age of 50 patients was 62 (54.3-66.5), and mostly male patients constituted the study populatio,. When we evaluated the intraoperative data, there were statistically significant differences in changes in renal rSO2 values in patients who had and had not developed postoperative acute kidney injury (-12%, -3%, respectively) (p: 0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the change in rSO2 values in the intraoperative period [(from - 10% to 0.5%), OR: 0.18 (0.04-0.76) p: 0.03] were found to be an independent predictor of postoperative acute kidney injury. Conclusion: We found that the decrease of renal rSO2 measurements during surgery may predict the development of acute kidney injury in the postoperative period. We think that renal oxygen saturation monitoring with NIRS is a very effective method for predicting postoperative renal dysfunction, because it is both noninvasive and reflects simultaneous data.
सरगुजा जिले में आर्थिक कारक एवं ग्रामीण शिशु मत्र्यता: एक भौगोलिक विश्लेषण
Authors: सिंह टिके , बघेल ए.
Published: March 2021

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन सरगुजा जिले में ग्रामीण शिशु मत्र्यता से संबंधित है। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन का उद्देश्य सरगुजा जिले में ग्रामीण जनसंख्या में शिशु मत्र्यता की स्थिति का आकलन एवं उसको प्रभावित करने वाले आर्थिक कारकों का विश्लेषण करना है। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन प्राथमिक आँकड़ों पर आधारित है। इस हेतु दो प्रकार की अनुसूची का उपयोग किया गया है। प्रथम पारिवारिक और द्वितीय व्यक्तिगत अनुसूची। अध्ययन हेतु जिले से प्रतिचयन यादृच्छिक विधि के द्वारा 38 ग्रामों की 2691 विवाहित महिलाओं से सूचना एकत्र किया गया, जिन्होंने सर्वेक्षण वर्ष के अन्दर शिशु को जन्म दिया हो अथवा जिनकी एक वर्ष से कम उम्र के शिशु की मृत्यु अथवा मृत जन्म हुआ। इन महिलाओं से शिशुु मृत्यु तथा प्रभावित करने वाले आर्थिक कारकों से संबंधी सूचना एकत्र किया गया है। जिले में शिशु मत्र्यता दर 71.3 प्रति हजार है। जिले में शिशु मत्र्यता दर बालकों में 72.0 प्रति हजार तथा बालिकाओं में 65.4 प्रति हजार है। परिजन्म मत्र्यता दर 22.3 प्रति हजार, नवजात मत्र्यता दर 33.9 प्रति हजार तथा नवजातोत्तर मत्र्यता दर 37.4 प्रति हजार है। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र में आर्थिक कारक के अंतर्गत माता-पिता का व्यवसाय, जोत का आकार एवं पारिवारिक आय शामिल है। भूमिहीन परिवारों में शिशु मत्र्यता दर सबसे अधिक 83.3 प्रति हजार है। लघु एवं सीमांत कृषक परिवारों में शिशु मत्र्यता दर 72.8 प्रति हजार, अर्द्ध मध्यम कृषक परिवार में 64.1 प्रति हजार, मध्यम कृषक परिवारों में 53.4 प्रति हजार और वृहद् कृषक परिवार में सबसे कम 47.6 प्रति हजार है। शिशु मत्र्यता दर अन्य श्रमिक (92.2 प्रति हजार), कृषि श्रमिक (81.9 प्रति हजार) और कृषकों (57.0 प्रति हजार) से अधिक है। शिशु मत्र्यता दर व्यापार और गृह उद्योग में संलग्न पति में क्रमशः 25.3 प्रति हजार और 19.2 प्रति हजार है। शासकीय सेवा में संलग्न पति में शिशु मत्र्यता दर (11.5 प्रति हजार) सबसे कम है। आय में वृद्धि के साथ शिशु मत्र्यता दर में क्रमशः कमी हुई है। अतः आर्थिक कारक शिशु मत्र्यता दर को प्रभावित करने वाला प्रमुख कारक है।
Analysis of Diabetes Research Literature in India during 2019: A Scientometric Study
Authors: Patel Mahendra Kumar , Verma Maya
Published: March 2021

This study analyses the research output in diabetes literature in India during 2019 indexed on Web of Science database on several aspects includes growth, rank and global publication and share of international collaborative papers. It also analyses the most productive authors, top journals, on-year wise distribution, country wise distribution and authorship pattern of contribution. The highest number of scientific outputs belongs to USA, UK, Netherland, India followed by other countries which considerably had a lower rate of publication. Among all authors globally V. Mohan contributed 75 articles on Diabetes literature. From this study it was concluded that the publication on Diabetes literature was increased and more participation should be needed for the growth of Diabetes literature nationally throughout countries.
पर्यावरण संरक्षण और बस्तर का धन: सलफी
Authors: खुटे डी. एन.
Published: March 2021

बस्तर के वनों में मुख्यतः साल, सागौन, बीजा, साजा, धावड़ा, मछुआ, तेंदू, हर्रा, आंवला, इमली, खैर, बांस तथा सलफी आदि के वृक्ष पाये जाते है। यहां पर हम बस्तर में प्रमुखता से पाये जाने वाले वृक्ष सलफी के बारे में चर्चा करना चाहते है। सलफी का वृक्ष नारियल प्रजाति का वृक्ष होता है। हलबी भाग में इसे सलफी रूख, गोंडी में गोर्गा मर्रा, अंग्रेजी में फिश टेल पाम ट्री कहा जाता है। वनस्पति शास्त्र की भाषा में करयोटा यूरेंस के नाम से इसे जाना जाता है। बस्तर अंचल में यह प्रायः सर्वत्र पाया जाता है। माड़िया जनजाति का सीमित संसार है इसलिए वे कहते हैं- वालिया वाटो गोर्गा उले मामा ले अर्थात् ओ मामा ! तुम जहां भी जाओगे सलफी का पेड़ अवश्य पाओगे। सलफी के वृक्ष से सल्फी नामक प्राकृतिक पेय पदार्थ की प्राप्ति होती है। छिंद वृक्षों से छिंद रस, ताड़ वृक्षों से ताड़ी मादक पेय पदार्थ प्राप्त होता है। सल्फी रस को बस्तर की बीयर भी कहा जाता है। रस निकालने के लिए सलफी वृक्ष के साथ बांस की सीढ़ीनुमा संरचना तैयार की जाती है। सलफी का संरक्षण बस्तर में धन की तरह होता है। इस तरह स्वतः ही पर्यावरण सुरक्षा होती जा रही है- सदियों से।
Role of Human Resource Practices and Corporate Entrepreneurship: Mediation of Transformational Leadership and Product Innovation Performance
Authors:   Department of commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, Hassan Masoodul , Abbas Asia ,   Department of commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, Batool Faryal ,   Department of commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, Ahmad Khalil ,   Institute of Business Administration Sukkur
Published: March 2021

Leadership is considered as an important factor that influences product innovation performance.Contemporary global economies continuously strive to foster innovation and improvisation in their production is the demand of today’s global economy that organizations continuously bring innovation and improve their products. The purpose of present research is to find out that how how transformational leadership linked to product innovation. Moreover, the study hypothesized that corporate entrepreneurship and human resource practices mediate the relationship of transformational leadership and product innovation performance. Present research is based on quantitative research design and 150 survey questionnaires were employed to collect data from Textile sector of Pakistan. To analyze data,WarPLSwas used. The findings confirmed the hypotheses that the study contributes toward the theory of leadership by uncovering the impact of human resource practices in innovation. Moreover, the findings of our study show that transformational leadership positively influence product innovation performance. It implies that managers should improve their leadership style in order to encourage employees to take part in innovative activities. Other variables such as learning orientation and supervisory commitment can be investigated in future studies .
Bibliographia balcanica
Authors:   Editorial Board
Published: March 2021

Bibliographies of references devoted to the geology of the Balkan Peninsula have periodically been annotated in Geologica Balcanica in earlier times, since many publications were either of a limited distribution or printed in native languages of the Balkan authors and, therefore, could not reach a wider international audience. At these times, the Editorial Board of Geologica Balcanica believed that “Bibliographia balcanica” would help readers of our journal stay informed about the news and achievements in the geology of the Balkan countries. Despite the rapid development of communication technologies over the last few decades, there are numerous works from Bulgaria that still remain poorly known both in our country and elsewhere. In this issue, we have compiled a reference list of Bulgarian doctoral dissertations in the field of geology defended in the last twenty years. As a rule, doctoral dissertations in Bulgaria remain unpublished and their authors often publish their results in research articles only partially. We are aware that the present bibliography may be incomplete and all works are written in Bulgarian; nevertheless, we believe that the references listed herein will be useful to our readers, since they would give them an idea about what contributions have been made during the last two decades.
Determinants of Wage Differences Among Midsouth Chemical Companies
Authors: Chang Semoon , Stutsman A. Douglas
Published: March 2021

The main objective of our study is to assess the impact of unions in an industry consisting of both union and nonunion firms. We examine the impact of unions on wages paid by producers of industrial chemicals in the Midsouth region.
A Role for Regional Science in Analyzing Water Issues
Authors: Court Christa D. , Erfanian Elham
Published: March 2021

The World Economic Forum has consistently ranked water crises as one of the top five most impactful issues facing humanity, alongside but not completely separate from issues such as climate change and natural disasters (World Economic Forum, 2019). A growing population and changing climate will only further stress the constrained water system. Acute and ongoing societal disruptions, caused by significant declines in the available quality and quantity of fresh water around the globe, underscore the importance of water to human life and a functional society. The papers in this special issue highlight the role that regional scientists can and should play in informed decision-making related to water at the local, regional, and national scale.
Inference Versus Description: The Issue of Sampling and Areal Units
Authors: Larson Robert C.
Published: March 2021

The application of statistical techniques to areal data gives rise to some conceptual and methodological problems. In attempts to disclose urban spatial pattern we are often constrained to the use of areal units by the very nature of available data. The use of statistical methods with this type of data is the subject of this comment.
A Reconsideration of the Locational Advantages of Transshipment Points
Authors: Raymond Richard
Published: March 2021

The literature in location theory repeatedly emphasizes the advantages possessed by sites located at breaks in a transportation system. Many of the world’s largest and most prosperous cities are located in such positions; and it is implied, if not explicitly stated, that their prosperity is due to the fact that they are transshipment points. An unqualified acceptance of this view may lend support to questionable policy alternatives. Transshipment points may be selected as optimal sites for the concentration of development efforts even though more attractive alternatives exist. An exaggeration of the impact of a transshipment point upon economic activity may also serve to overshadow other relevant aspects surrounding public decisions to create or expand transportation facilities.
Some Policy Implications of Labor Mobility in the South with Special Reference to the Tennessee Valley Region: A Comment
Authors: Constas Kimon J.
Published: March 2021

This comment discusses the study by Matson and Smith (1973).
The Impact of Population Decline on County Government Finance: The West Virginia Case: Comment
Authors: James Louis J.
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses Mikesell (1973).
Employment Change Patterns: Some Empirical Tests
Authors: Ashby Lowell D.
Published: March 2021

This paper attempts to duplicate the results in Brown (1969). Issues were found with regards to the dataset which are discussed in this article.
An Exploratory Profile of Land Use Development Patterns at Interstate Interchanges in Alabama: Comment
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: March 2021

This paper is a comment on Mason and Moore (1973).
State Development Policy and the Transitional Economy: Comment
Authors: McKee David
Published: March 2021

This paper is a comment on Schultz Jr. (1973).
Biased Correlation Coefficients and Chi-Square Statistics with Regional Data
Authors: Latham William R.
Published: March 2021

This paper demonstrates that standard computational procedures used for calculating coefficients of correlation and chi-square statistics can produce biased results unless observations containing zero values for all variables are omitted. Furthermore it is shown that such observations are likely to be present when data such as those in input-output studies and the various censuses are used in a disaggregated form.
Foundation for a National Policy on Local Growth and Location of Federal Expenditures
Authors: Raynsford Jr. Robert W. , Harris Curtis C.
Published: March 2021

The interest in forming policy on regional growth has increased in the past several years. This interest has been expressed both in terms of seeking a national policy on population distribution and national policy on the location of economic activity. However, there are concerns regarding the current and projected future distributions of population and economic activity. The focus of this paper is broader than the problems of depressed economies. By broadening to include metropolitan and urban areas of all sizes, this study attempts to marshal evidence for a general preference in the location of economic growth.
Formal Allocation Models for Urban Activities
Authors: Paelinck Jean
Published: March 2021

Empirical studies of urban economic activities are now classical. No formal consistent model is known to us. However, spatial characteristics are generally absent. This paper proposes two allocation models for urban activities.
Income Convergence - A Delusion
Authors: Keuhn John A.
Published: March 2021

Several recent papers regarding regional economic growth have stated that regional differences in per capita incomes are diminishing over time; that is, inter-regional per capita incomes are supposedly converging. It is the contention of this study that the supposed convergence of incomes is a delusion fostered by the usage of relative measurements. Although area per capita incomes is relative in terms may appear to be converging, in absolute dollar terms they are in fact diverging.
The Mobility of Appalachian American
Authors: Gallaway Lowell , McBride Charles , Vedder Richard
Published: March 2021

Perhaps no region of the US has every experienced out-migration of the magnitude observed in the Appalachian region. This paper will analyze this out-migration, utilizing contemporary statistical estimation techniques, to answer several questions: Is the behavior of the Appalachian migrant consistent with the expectations of conventional economic theory? Has the Appalachian migrant been less responsive to the sources of economic abundance than his non-Appalachian counterpart? Has his fondness or affinity for the Appalachian region played a major role in his movement decisions? Have Appalachian Americans improved their relative and/or absolute economic status by moving?
Book Reviews
Authors: Tucker James F. , McKenna Joseph P. , Lefcowitz M.J.
Published: March 2021

Book Reviews
Testing the Analogy between Local Government and Consumer Behavior
Authors: McGuire Martin C.
Published: March 2021

Economists have directed a substantial effort towards investigating the effects of federal grant programs on local allocation decisions. Some studies have been purely theoretical. Others have been empirical. This paper discusses the issues from a theoretical standpoint.
The Regional Distribution of Physicians and Specialists
Authors: Scheffler R.M.
Published: March 2021

There have been several attempts to analyze the regional distribution of physicians in the United States using physician population rations. This paper begins by analyzing the regional distribution of physicians where the total stock of physicians is broken down into medical specialists, surgical specialists, other specialists, and general practicioners. Then, the paper develops and estimates a multivariate regression model which explains the per capita distribution of physicians.
The Influence of Tourism Growth on the Production Structure of Island Economies
Authors: Renaud Bertrand M.
Published: March 2021

For island economies in the Pacific and West Indies, it has been suggested that tourism be vigorously developed to supplement agricultural activities. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the role of tourism trade in the expansion of the Hawaiian economy. It analyzes the effect of the economic expansion generated by tourism on the structure of production and consumption separately.
Estimating Regional Input-Output Coefficients
Authors: Schaffer William A.
Published: March 2021

Interest in constructing regional input-output models through inexpensive means has inspired frequent investigation of procedures based on national coefficients. A common criticism of “non-survey” techniques is that they do not specifically account for imports and exports. This paper proposes a new “semisurvey” technique and attempts to partially fill the void associated with both nonsurvey and semisurvey estimation techniques.
A Model of Optimal Plant Integration in the Presence of Employee Discrimination
Authors: von Furstenberg George M.
Published: March 2021

There are two main theories of discrimination in the labor market. The first assumes that discrimination will make black employment cheaper, and therefore employers will not do this if their goal is cost minimization. The second views wage discrimination as resulting from the exercise of monopoly of capital and monopsony of black labor by whites. The racial composition of the workforce may be an important working condition. This paper proposes a model to look at this interaction.
Forecasting the Location of Industries
Authors: Harris Jr. Curtis C.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a model for forecasting economic activity. First, the paper presents a general form of the equations derived from productivity theory. These equations are then translated to the equations that will be estimated. Finally, some of th explanatory variables are examined in more detail.
Employment and Income Estimates in Models and Analyses the Place of Work-Place of Residence Problem
Authors: Floyd Charles F.
Published: March 2021

One of the greatest problems when analyzing economies at the sub-regions is the lack of current, consistent, and small area employment and income data. While data has improved, regional employment data still has certain limitations. Specifically, the issue this paper addresses is the inadequate adjustment for the work-place of residence factor.
Some Environmental Externalities in Regional Development
Authors: Dodge Norton D. , Cumberland John H.
Published: March 2021

Regional development is an important issue for policy makers. However, external effects have not been fully considered. This paper examines how regional development has unintended consequences through environmental externalities.
Federal R&D Expenditures and the Geographic Concentration of R&D Activity
Authors: Brazzel John M.
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the proposition that an increased geographic concentration of federal R&D funds has caused an increased geographic concentration of R&D activity. The author considers whether existing evidence supports conventional wisdom and then looks at the possible weaknesses of the analysis.
Employment Effects of Industrial Development Strategies
Authors: Bonomo Vittorio , Schotta Charles
Published: March 2021

The subject of industrial development subsidies by states or local communities has recently received considerable academic discussion. This research suggests that unless the subsidy raises the rate of return on investment in the export sector of the region the desired objective of growth. Also, the research points out some industries which must be attracted by industrial development subsidies in order for growth to be attained. Several proposals are made to improve the subsidy device as a short-run technique to stimulate regional growth.
Comment on “Evaluation of the 1965 Economic Development Legislation”
Authors: Saunders Robert J.
Published: March 2021

This paper provides a comment on Rainey and Cotton (1971).
The Federal Role in Regional Planning Councils: A Commentary
Authors: Medeiros James A.
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses the research of Glendening (1971).