bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From solitude to solidarity
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

For the first two billion years, all life on Earth was unicellular. Even today, nearly all prokaryotes and most eukaryotes remain one celled. Though unicells are in the vast majority, multicellular eukaryotes have the monopoly on large body size and complexity. A multicellular organism is no more nor less than a team of cells, subject to the same rules of cooperation as any group of individuals. Cooperation is favoured when it is to the individual advantage of cells to team up, but it must be protected by a mechanism that defeats cheats. The strongest mechanism is kin selection which determines that genetically identical cells will cooperate, but this can be undermined by mutation. Cancer is a disease that unwinds the cooperation on which complex multicellularity is built. It has many forms, but all involve the uncontrolled proliferation of cells—a process that at its worst can quickly overwhelm the individual. A cancer cell is a cheat bearing genetic mutations that enable it to evade the safeguards that evolution has built into the genome of multicellular organisms to preserve cooperation among cells. Cancer cells behave like unicellular organisms to an uncanny degree. They have elevated mutation rates and once a tumour has started to grow, its cells evolve as any microbe would, evolving resistance to anti-cancer drugs. With rapid cell proliferation and high rates of mutation, tumours evolve into teams of rogue cells, even recruiting normal cells to their aid under a false flag of cooperation.
Peas and justice
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

An allele is present among offspring in proportion to its frequency among parents. This is ‘gene justice’, or Mendel’s First Law. The process of Mendelian inheritance is blind to the differences between alleles, as justice is said to be blind, and does not favour one allele over another. This kind of justice, enacted during meiosis, is a cornerstone of the evolution of cooperation among genes. But how did a genome of thousands of individual genes, any of which could defect, come to cooperate in the evolution of the system of gene justice enacted in meiosis? Or, to put it more succinctly, how did cooperation triumph over cheating? There are two parts to the answer, reflecting the two essential ingredients of team building that have echoed throughout this book: a community of interest among team members and a mechanism to control cheats. The community of interest among genes arises from the complexity of cellular processes. The functional interdependence of processes in the cell makes the success and fitness of the genes in the cell interdependent too. If the genome is imagined as a parliament of genes, they all vote for cooperation because it is in their individual interests to do so. And yet we know that mutation can produce defectors who will try to cheat, as in cancer. The reason that cheats are never successful for long is that they are outvoted by overwhelmingly superior numbers in the parliament of genes. That doesn’t stop the cheats trying though.
Naked selfishness
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

Gene selfishness is not in itself a barrier to cooperation; in fact, it is the reverse. We have seen repeatedly how self-interested cooperation evolves because of the benefits it brings to team players. But cooperation does not just produce benefits; it also creates opportunities for cheats. Cheating reaches its most extreme in the genomic parasites that exploit the replication machinery of the cell. Viruses are a familiar example, and they are arguably nature’s oldest professional cheats. Another class of genomic parasites is the transposable elements (TEs), which comprise over half our DNA. The variety of TEs is enormous and their nefarious strategies various—some are even parasitic within other TEs. Eukaryote genomes are not alone in containing TEs; bacterial chromosomes also have them, but in bacteria they are usually deleted and not allowed by natural selection to accumulate. The exceptions are TEs that team up with genes that are of positive advantage to their bacterial host, for example in conferring antibiotic resistance. In contrast to bacteria, it is clear from the sheer numbers of TEs that accumulate in eukaryotes that deletion is not so ready an option. The reason boils down to the difference in generation time between bacteria (c. 20 minutes) and most eukaryotes (25 years in humans). Short generation time and huge population size in bacteria sharpen the blade of natural selection, but the reverse blunts its ability to remove TEs from eukaryote genomes.
Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2024

This book addresses the philosophical, clinical, and social significance of mental disorders which are defined in terms of wrongful or criminal conduct (vice). It provides an account of why some mental disorders are defined in vice terms, while others are not, and considers the professional, clinical, social, and policy implications of vice concepts as bound up in mental disorder diagnosis. In developing this account, it provides a brief intellectual history of the relation between morality and ‘madness’, the historical term for mental illness. Following this background, it provides a review of the role of criminal law, criminal justice models, and public attitudes toward criminal offenders and people with mental disorders. These perspectives culminate in an analysis of the cultural and philosophical assumptions underlying our commonsense understanding of criminality and mental illness. This analysis then informs a concluding chapter summarizing clinical, criminal justice, and public policy implications and recommendations.
Vice and the DSMs—the problems
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2024

This chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis defines the introductory problems and foci of interest of the book. The chapter describes the philosophical-analysis steps used, and then provides numerous illustrations of the methods of analysis. ‘Vice’ as used here refers to wrongful or criminal-conduct experiences and behaviors. Vice-laden disorders differ from conventional illness concepts in that the latter lack immoral or criminal conduct in their descriptions and diagnostic criteria. The ways vice-laden concepts find their way into Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases diagnostic categories are described, with examples of particular disorders such as Conduct Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Paraphilic Disorders, among others. Having made the case for the appearance of vice concepts in these categories, the next chapter is introduced.
Deepening the analysis of the vice/mental disorder relationship
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2024

This chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis pulls diverse strings together from the prior chapters, to gain a more holistic understanding of the vice/mental disorder relationship (VMDR). The concept of folk-metaphysical assumptions introduced in Chapter 3 is elaborated to illuminate our confusing and complex sociocultural responses to vice and mental illness. The division of cultural ownership of vice/sin/crime for religion and criminal law, discussed in Chapters 4 and 5, and the appropriation of illness, mental or physical, by science and medicine in the post-Enlightenment era, sets the stage for tracking the metaphysical confusions exhibited in contemporary Western culture. This insight is coupled to the standard accounts of the VMDR from Chapter 3, to propose an alternative, more coherent account, a ‘rehabilitation’ account, which is described and employed to address the VMDR as well as the larger problem of incoherent social welfare efforts exhibited in the contemporary United States.
Vienna and the New Wohnkultur, 1918-1938
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle
Published: March 2024

Vienna and the New Wohnkultur, 1918–1938 examines interior design exhibitions, press, and debates about modern living in interwar Vienna, an overlooked area of modern European architecture and design history. The book argues for a reconsideration of the contours of European modernism. It analyzes varied interpretations of modern domestic culture (Wohnkultur) in Vienna and why these interpretations were distinct from other strands of European modernism. The book introduces new research and translations of primary sources on flexible, adaptable, and affordable design by architects, designers, and retailers. Vienna’s design discourse also prefigured important postmodern and contemporary discussions on historicism, eclecticism, empathy, and user experience. While the domestic sphere might seem tangential to the dire political situation and humanitarian crises of interwar Europe, it was nevertheless at the forefront of debates about cultural identity and economic policy in the Viennese press, culture, and arts. This book explores why and how the Viennese design landscape was set apart––aesthetically and theoretically––from other European explorations of modern design.
Wiener Raumkünstler
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on the early policies of social reform and housing in Red Vienna and argues that the concepts of spatial art and interior design (Raumkunst) sought to bring modern, flexible domestic spaces to a much wider audience. Through primary research in archival records of the exhibition Wiener Raumkünstler (Viennese Spatial Artists or Interior Designers), this chapter shows how negative critical responses to luxurious interior design models in this exhibition related to a wider critical discourse led by Josef Frank against the fantasy of the modern home as a work of art. The chapter explains how the concept of user experience and user agency took on more importance in the early 1930s with rising political instability in Vienna and the worldwide economic depression, illustrating these concepts in the work of Felix Augenfeld, Oskar Strnad, and Fritz Czuczka.
Das befreite Handwerk
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle
Published: March 2024

This chapter opens amidst the fallout from the Austrian Civil War of February 1934 and the fascist takeover of the Social Democratic regime in Vienna under the Austrian Corporatist State. Within this context, the chapter explores the Applied Arts Section of the Viennese Trade Cooperative Association staging of the exhibition, Das befreite Handwerk (The Liberated Handcraft) at the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry in 1934. This exhibition presented a carefully constructed narrative about the patriotic revivalism of local craft techniques for cabinetmaking, gilding, and materials. Many of those same techniques were continuously in use throughout the 1920s, largely by the same artisans and workshops. Further to the exhibition’s call for a revolutionary revival of craft, the show also celebrated nostalgia for the Wiener Moderne at the turn of the century. The chapter relates how the arts and culture program Neues Leben (New Living) that was established by the right-wing Vaterländische Front (Fatherland Front) staged related exhibitions of furniture and household goods. These exhibitions became the focus of debates about reactionary political propaganda in museums and what role Vienna’s modern Wohnkultur could play, if any, in a society increasingly overwhelmed by fascism.
The Commitment to Opacity in the First and Last of the New Worlds
Authors: Moore Dashiell
Published: March 2024

The myth of Caribbean rootlessness and Aboriginal rootedness is tied to the historiographical trope of the ‘First Encounter’ between a European explorer and those Indigenous to the ‘New World’. This trope sets in motion a telos oriented by the discovery of what is first and last, a sequence that structures a coming age of interconnection and modernity. This chapter challenges this telos by considering a shared commitment to opacity by Caribbean and Aboriginal writers.
EMDR Therapy Treatment for Grief and Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

The loss of a loved one can be very painful, with the mourner losing an important source of safety, connection, and life balance. Even when uncomplicated, bereavement can have a significant impact on the mourner. Traumatic circumstances can intensify the grief and complicate the mourning process. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, an evidenced-based treatment for trauma, can help process the trauma of the loss and the obstacles that interfere with the mourning process. This book presents an integrative model for EMDR therapy treatment of grief and mourning based on the Adaptive Information Processing model, which guides EMDR therapy. Several models of grief and mourning that inform EMDR treatment are presented, including a discussion of how attachment-based issues impact grief and mourning. A thorough description of the eight phases and three prongs (past, present, and future) of EMDR therapy are presented as it related to grief and mourning, with many case examples to illustrate treatment principles. After a loss there may be pain from the loss of connection to the deceased. EMDR therapy, in processing the trauma of the loss, can lead to positive, heartfelt memories emerging. This forms an adaptive inner representation of the loved one, based on these felt memories, which gives the mourner a sense of connection. Hence, EMDR therapy enables a mourner to move from the pain of “I can’t connect” to a felt sense of “I can connect,” transforming the relationship to the deceased and facilitating adaptation to the loss.
EMDR Therapy
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidenced-based, eight-phase, three-pronged protocol. EMDR therapy is guided by the Adaptive Information Processing model, which states that present problems are caused by maladaptively stored memories. Consequently, treatment proceeds with processing memories underlying present problems, present triggers, and installation of a future template for each trigger. The goal of EMDR therapy with loss is to enable adaptive progression through the mourning process. EMDR therapy promotes a natural healing process that will not take away anything a client needs, or that is true. Typically processing the trauma or distress of the loss enables a transformation of the attachment relationship to the loved one through the linking in of adaptive information such as meaningful, heartfelt memories. This gives rise to an adaptive inner representation enabling the mourner to move from a sense of “I cannot connect” to the loved one to “I can connect.”
Grief and Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

This chapter on grief and mourning begins by defining bereavement and concepts pertaining to the bereavement process. People do not go through a rigid progression of stages to deal with grief, but rather individuals each find their own way. Grief is described as a person’s reaction to the loss and mourning as the process of adaptation to the loss. But there seems to be agreement on a broad framework of a shock phase, an emotional confrontation phase, and an accommodation phase. Emotional, physical, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to grief are described. The difference between grief and depression is illustrated.
Traumatic Bereavement
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

Traumatic bereavement occurs when the mourner’s grief is overpowered by the trauma of the circumstances. Trauma interferes with going through the mourning process, and the loss can interfere with dealing with the trauma. A sudden, unexpected, and traumatic death is more devasting than a death by natural causes. Risk factors for traumatic bereavement are discussed along with other factors, such as the death notification, viewing of the body, prolonged waiting, or failure to find a body. A major treatment implication is that the trauma of the loss has to be dealt with, and is often the first target of treatment.
Attachment Theory
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

Attachment style is an important determinant of how one deals with loss of a loved one, and it explains individual differences. Attachment styles result from interactions with caregivers. In terms of the Adaptive Information Processing system (AIP), attachment styles can be conceptualized as memory networks organized around child-caregiver interactions that guide relationships and provide a foundation of emotional information about self and other. The loss of a significant loved one in adulthood may evoke many of the same feelings and responses that accompanied separation from an attachment figure during childhood. Treatment of complicated mourning not only involves treating the trauma of the loss, but also the identification and processing of these maladaptively stored memories that were formative in the development of one’s attachment style and underlie current difficulties. Present triggers also need to be identified and processed, and a future template for each trigger installed.
The Dual Process Model of Grief
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

The Dual Process model emphasizes the importance of oscillation between dealing with loss-related stressors (Loss Orientation (LO)) and the stressors resulting from adapting to the changes that result from the loss (Restoration Orientation (RO)). Clients stuck in LO may need affect regulation strategies to lower emotional arousal. When ready, they need to reprocess the trauma of the loss, present triggers, and install future templates. It may help to reprocess early childhood memories relevant to an anxious attachment style to enhance capacity to move into RO and deal with life’s new challenges. Clients stuck in RO may need to approach emotions and memories of the deceased slowly. When clients can maintain dual awareness and stay present with emotions, reprocessing memories related to the death, present triggers and providing future templates is possible. Further, reprocessing early childhood memories relevant to an avoidant attachment style may help clients oscillate into LO.
Phase 2
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

The Preparation & Stabilization phase of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy prepares the client for the reprocessing of disturbing experiences. The client should meet readiness criteria (e.g., the ability to access the experience and stay present) and be provided with affect regulation strategies in accordance with their needs. The therapeutic alliance is of particularly importance in order to provide the trust and safety for the exploration and reprocessing of intense, disturbing memories. Specific education on grief and mourning, coping strategies according to clients’ needs, the Adaptive Information Processing model as it pertains to the treatment plan, the EMDR therapy process, and what to expect needs to be provided to the client.
Phase 3
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

The Phase 3 target assessment phase activates the memory as it is currently stored, and it is an essential step before engaging the adaptive information processing system in reprocessing. From an initial image or worst part, to the meaning of the event to the self (negative cognition), to a therapeutic direction (positive cognition) and a rating of how true it feels (validity of cognition), to the emotions, the intensity of the disturbance, and, finally, the location of the felt disturbance in the body, this phase not only optimally accesses and activates the memory for reprocessing but is good therapy in and of itself. With the memory being activated as it is currently stored, the desensitization (Phase 4) should immediately begin.
Ein Bericht aus einer Akademie
Authors: Allen Jason Grant
Published: March 2024

This chapter attempts to provide some clarity on some of the convoluted and uncomfortable questions that arise out of the ‘Jewish dimension’ of Mann’s life in order to ‘frame’ the Jewish dimension of the collective effort to understand Mann ‘the lawyer’ and describe ‘his legacy’. Therefore, this chapter is a dual exploration as it looks back at Mann and how the rejection of Jews from the German body politic became a determining influence in Mann’s personal and professional life, while also addressing the contemporary situation in German-speaking Europe today, especially Germany’s flagship project of building an Erinnerungskultur—a culture of remembrance—around the Holocaust and what the majority population did to its Jewish compatriots and the Jews of other European countries under the Third Reich.
Pragmatism Meets Praxisorientierung
Authors: König Christoph
Published: March 2024

This chapter seeks to understand FA Mann as a person who has a transnational biography. His is a biography created by an amalgamation of influences. For FA Mann, these influences can be described as Praxisorientierung and pragmatism. Praxisorientierung depicts FA Mann’s academic and intellectual upbringing in Interwar Berlin. Pragmatism describes FA Mann encountering Hersch Lauterpacht in London after moving there in 1933. It is the meeting of these influences that informed FA Mann’s specific style of thinking and writing that is more than a mere sum of its parts. This chapter will furthermore argue that this particular style can even inform modern discussions about Rechtsdogmatik, whereby the respective roles of legal academia and legal practice could be renegotiated.
The Influence of FA Mann on English Case Law
Authors: Collins Lawrence
Published: March 2024

This chapter endeavours to highlight the considerable contribution of the academic writing of FA Mann to judicial decisions in England and elsewhere. This contribution highlights two areas of law in which Mann’s writing had an important effect on the decisions of English courts (and also of the High Court of Australia), and in at least one case, a decisive effect. The two areas are (1) the application of the act of state doctrine to acts of state which are contrary to fundamental principles of human rights or to international law; and (2) the limits of the principle that a court will not enforce foreign public law.
FA Mann’s Conservative Revolution
Authors: Sommer Joseph H
Published: March 2024

FA Mann led a revolution: displacing gold in the legal imagination. This chapter discusses Mann’s revolution—and today’s reaction. Mann’s tactics were brilliant. His genius lay in the conservatism of his theory. Mann’s ‘legal’ theory of money replaced gold with the sovereign power of the state. This power was incarnate in the legal tender bank note. He therefore replaced one sacral object with another: metal with sovereignty. (Bank money, neither sovereign nor tangible, was not quite the thing.) His theory was beautifully suited to an era of more instability, less naturalism, and more nationalism. Mann had predecessors, but they were iconoclasts. Mann only wanted to dethrone gold and put another occupant on the same throne. His predecessors also wanted to tear down the throne. Mann’s predecessors are winning today. Their ‘social’ theories of money, mostly created before World War I, fit today’s monetary order better than Mann’s legal theory. These theories rely on social consensus secured by symbols, and perhaps a transactional hegemon. These theories handle nonstatal monies, immaterial monies, extra-territorial monies, evolving monies, and the quasi-legal tender status of credit transfers. They also include legal tender currency, and thus span Mann’s set. And legal tender currency is on the ropes—criminogenic and unhygienic. As a great revolutionary, Mann made a poor prophet. This is not necessarily a bad trade-off. Mann stayed true to his younger self. His fifth and last edition, published in 1992, remained true to his 1938 vision. But money has marched on.
Constitutional Dimensions of Monetary Authority under the Gold Standard and Bretton Woods
Authors: Bateman Will
Published: March 2024

The leading monetary jurist of the 20th century, FA Mann, considered central banking to fall within ‘constitutional’ rather than ‘monetary’ law. Adopting that taxonomy, this chapter explores the constitutional dimensions of monetary authority during the first half of the 20th century: the Gold Standard and Bretton Woods. It maps the respective balance of constitutional power between parliamentary institutions and central banks under those monetary systems. Adding legal analysis to existing economic histories, it argues that, from a constitutional perspective, the salient transformation of monetary authority between the Gold Standard and Bretton Woods was the facilitation of parliamentary fiscal power to engage in new-money deficit spending despite inflationary effects. That institutional structure was achieved by legally segregating domestic and international monetary policy: requiring central banks to intervene in foreign-exchange markets to neutralize private-market movements against inflationary (and deflationary) fiscal policy. Impossible to implement under the Gold Standard, this segregation of exchange-rate stability and expansionary fiscal policy followed Keynesian constitutional recommendations and was entrenched in the specific legal norms governing UK and US foreign-exchange operations, namely the IMF Articles of Agreement and the operations of Bretton Woods central banks. It elevated parliamentary fiscal power over monetary authorities in a sharp break from prevailing constitutional practice. Those dynamics, and the institutional stressors they created, were clearly illustrated by the 1964–1967 Sterling Crises. Understanding those matters of constitutional and monetary history allows legal scholars to build a more complete understanding of Mann’s legal aspect, and state theory, of money.
Divided Power in Ancient Greece
Authors: Esu Alberto
Published: March 2024

By adopting the concept of divided power, this book makes a case for studying ancient Greek political decision-making as a multi-layered system of delegation and legal control. Scholars have debated on the nature and locus of sovereignty in the Classical and Hellenistic Greek poleis by adopting institutional, rhetorical or ideological approaches. By concentrating on the institutional design of decree-making, this new study aims to move beyond unitary and hierarchical understandings of sovereignty and presents a new view of power as divided and horizontally-organized between different decision-making institutions each one with its discourse and expertise. This book aims to reorient the interpretation of Greek political decision-making through a new institutionalist perspective, reaffirming the normative importance of political institutions as factors shaping collective the behaviour of decision-makers. Part I explores the mechanisms of delegation of deliberative power in decree-making in Classical Athens, Mytilene and Hellenistic Megalopolis. Part II discusses the procedures of legal control and judicial review in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Divided Power was a feature of both democratic and non-democratic constitutions across the Greek World and the analysis of its institutional manifestations contributes to our understanding of discourses and norms of political life in the ancient Greek city-states.
Divided Power in Mytilene and Megalopolis
Authors: Esu Alberto
Published: March 2024

This chapter expands the exploration of practices of institutional delegation and divided power in late fourth-century Mytilene and second-century Megalopolis. It demonstrates that the delegation of decree-making authority to the Council was a widespread feature of Greek divided power and studies its evolution from the late Classical to the late Hellenistic period. It places the role of delegation clauses in the context of Mytilenean political history and analyses the reconciliation decree after the reestablishment of the democracy in 333 bce. The chapter compares delegation of authority in Classical Athens and Mytilene with the practice found in Hellenistic Megalopolis. It analyses the phenomenon of divided power and delegation when civic boulai across the Greek world were morphing into elitist sunedria. The analysis of the two case studies shows continuity in delegation practice as well as processes of institutional change and conversion of delegation in line with the new socio-political environment of the Hellenistic period.
Divided Power in the Athenian Assembly
Authors: Esu Alberto
Published: March 2024

This chapter continues the investigation of the balance between deliberation and legal consistency in Greek divided power. It discusses the procedure of adeia (immunity) in fifth-century Athenian assembly decision-making. It argues that adeia was designed to grant a temporary suspension of any given law in exceptional circumstances without allowing for any permanent legal change. This chapter explores the terminology of immunity and shows that it was connected with the emotion of fear and the traditional nomothetic ideology of Greek legislative practice. It reconstructs the procedural details of adeia as they emerge from the epigraphical and literary evidence and shows that adeia was an innovative legal institution created to allow the dēmos to overcome entrenchment clauses. Finally, the chapter explores how adeia established a form of divided power within the assembly by creating an incomplete rule of legal change through which the dēmos could negotiate between legal stability and legal change during assembly decree-making.
The Anglo-American Military Relationship
Authors: Rees Wyn
Published: March 2024

This book argues that Anglo-American military cooperation makes an important contribution to the ‘Special Relationship’ and that this has frequently been neglected in the literature. It uses a conceptual lens of historical institutionalism to provide insights into how military doctrine, practical cooperation, and narratives underpin the way the British military have worked with their American counterparts in the post-Cold War era. The British have found military cooperation with US armed forces difficult to achieve because of their greater size and strength. This pattern of cooperation has been occurring within a dynamic environment in which the nature of warfare has been evolving. New digital technologies have been transforming the battlespace and the post-Cold War period has enabled the two sides to intervene in emergencies where the use of force has been employed in highly selective ways. The US and the UK have been called upon to fashion new military doctrines to address peacebuilding and nation-building tasks and prepare to encounter adversaries who pursued asymmetric military strategies. Aligning with the US military has generated risks as well as benefits for UK armed forces. It has required the UK to sustain a breadth of capabilities and to engage in tasks that have weighed heavily upon its resources. It has led British decision-makers to look at global problems through a lens conditioned by US priorities. This has led to tensions between the two sides that are explored in the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Rees Wyn
Published: March 2024

This chapter seeks to draw the threads of the book together. It reflects on how the British military have cultivated a close institutional relationship with the US across various war fighting domains. By doing so it has generated expectations of cooperation and enabled British armed forces to adapt to new demands alongside their American counterparts. British determination to be America’s partner of choice has not always translated into influence of US policy, however. The chapter also looks ahead to how the military relationship between the two countries might develop in the future.
THE END OF THE MATTER
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the extent of nuclear force and weak force. The perceived weakness of the force is linked to the large mass of its W and Z boson carriers, which then raises the question regarding forces transmitted by bosons whose masses are far bigger than present experiments can access. Some Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) predict that there are such forces acting over a distance that change quarks into leptons and then cause a proton to decay. The chapter then introduces the Standard Model as a summary of how matter and forces behave at the energies, while recognizing that the model s reach is limited. It also considers the quarks and leptons in SU5 Grand Unified Theory.
UNDERGROUND PHYSICS
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an overview of underground physics. It explains that Grand Unified Theories uniting the electromagnetic and strong forces also unite the fundamental pieces of matter by relating quarks and leptons. Thus, the implications arose concerning quarks becoming leptons and protons decaying. The chapter also looks into mathematical schemes other than the SU5 GUT, such as the supersymmetry theory, before elaborating on the process of the experiments dedicated to proton decay. The grand unified theory operated on the early assumption that the present Universe fractured into two fundamental parts governing the electroweak force and leptons and the fracture giving rise to the strong force involving the quarks.
Macro Roots of Violence against Women: Rape Victims’ Struggle for Justice
Authors: Pathak Jharna , Sharma Rahul
Published: March 2024

Victims of sexual violence face daunting time negotiating the hurdles strewn in their path to justice by the investigative practices of the police. Time and again owing to the apathy and lackadaisical approach adopted by the officers, investigations are botched up resulting in perpetrators going scot-free and victims being robbed of their timely and fair compensation. In addition to such insensitive handling, the victims also have to face the ever prevalent societal shaming/castigation. The victims have an even more harrowing time if there is political pressure siding with the perpetrators. This article examines the case of gang rape of a woman in Naliya, Kachchh, Gujarat and the process of inquiry carried out by a judicial commission appointed specifically for the case in order to understand obstacles in the way of victims of rape in the path to justice. It reveals ways in which the police and the Inquiry Commission fail to take into account the ground realities of the engagement of the victims with justice system. Against the backdrop of the framework of patriarchy, this article exposes the lack of accountability of the police and the Inquiry Commission in providing justice to the victim. This article explains why post-rape support mechanisms and processes of investigation need to be made gender-sensitive. This piece illustrates how rather than following just a given set of procedures, the police and the Inquiry Commission could have achieved better social outcomes for rape victims had they carried their task out with responsibility and empathy.
Music, Mind, and Language in Chinese Poetry and Performance
Authors: Schoenberger Casey
Published: March 2024

“Poetry puts intent into words; singing lengthens words”—this is one of the earliest Chinese comments on artistic expression. Poetic language extends the reach of a sentiment beyond the individual, and musicality extends the reach of poetic language, not only across a room, but across geography and generations. The “extended mind thesis” (EMT) views minds as extending beyond individual nervous systems to include material and social environments. The first English-language work to offer a comprehensive overview of the interwoven histories of traditional Chinese poetry and performing arts, Music, Mind, and Language in Chinese Poetry and Performance: The Voice Extended uses cognitive and quantitative methods, like EMT and a database of over six thousand traditional melodies, to fill in missing parts of cyclical, continuous interactions between social minds and material artifacts. From the ancient Canon of Poetry to the song-lyrics (ci) of the late medieval period and the dramatic arias of Kun and Beijing operas, Music, Mind, and Language in Chinese Poetry and Performance introduces the rhythms, melodies, pronunciation, and grammatical stylistics of the major Chinese verse and performance traditions in ways that explain not only the trajectory of Chinese arts, but also bigger phenomena, like vernacularization and improvisation.
Music without Composers
Authors: Schoenberger Casey
Published: March 2024

This chapter draws on concepts of predictive coding/processing to introduce two major higher-order structural principles for Chinese verse and performance: qi-cheng-zhuan-he (open-receive-turn-close) and xu-po-ji (prelude-broaching-rushing, from Japanese jo-ha-kyu). Beginning with analysis of an ancient musical structure called luan (wrap-up), this chapter goes on to describe the functioning of mode-keys (gongdiao) in song-lyric (ci) melodies recorded by Southern Song Dynasty poet Jiang Kui, and in the complex suite structure of late-Ming polymath Xu Wei’s one-act variety drama, The Mad Drummer. The chapter ends with an analysis of repeating motifs within a complex “pastiche aria” crafted for the finale of one of the last great marvelous tales dramas, Hong Sheng’s Palace of Lasting Life. This chapter argues that Kun aria composition constituted a “palimpsest”-like process of connecting fixed melodic motifs with formulaic, tone-based melismas which, in their turn, had the potential for becoming fixed motifs in future compositions.
Rational and Non-rational Desires
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena
Published: March 2024

The difference between rational and non-rational desires is explained as follows. Rational desires are suitable to constitute a conception of the good because they respond to measurement and calculation. Non-rational desires do not respond to measurement because they are insatiable and too impulsive: insatiable desires defy comparison with competing desires and impulsive desires prompt action without waiting for reasoning. Thus, reason has to limit them and persuade them. This suggests that, for Aristotle, we can manage our desires with our rational faculties, but the strategies we employ with different desires will vary depending on whether the desire is rational or non-rational. In addition, non-rational desires are hard for reason to control.
Pleasant, Advantageous, and Fine
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, value cognition is analysed. The cognitive richness of the non-rational part allows Aristotle to argue that we can come in contact with evaluative features like goodness, advantageousness and fineness by means of faculties like perception and phantasia. The fact that the non-rational part can cognise these values matters for Aristotle’s account of character virtue as a non-rational listening excellence. This is because it shows that non-rational cognition can be persuaded to pursue the fine. The ability of the non-rational part to recognise the fine can be aided by musical education, which can support habituation.
The Cognitive Basis of Desire
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena
Published: March 2024

The chapter analyses the links between cognition of value and desires. The evaluative cognitive states that can give rise to desires and actions in beings like us include perception, phantasia and thought. As a result of this richness, it is hard for humans to control and manage their desires by thinking and reasoning. In particular, Aristotle thinks that we cannot regulate our desires merely by discriminating between true and false appearances of goodness, fineness and pleasantness.
Conclusion
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena
Published: March 2024

This chapter summarises the main theses defended in the book: that Aristotle endorses a form of qualified intellectualism in his ethics; that phronēsis is a persuasive rational excellence; that akrasia and enkrateia involve a failure of persuasion; that grasping the truth about the human good is insufficient to regulate desire and action; that non-rational cognition is sophisticated, yet unable to grasp universal explanatory accounts and engage in measuring by a single standard.
Introduction
Authors: Banner Michael
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an outline of the book’s case that Britain owes reparations to the Caribbean. The case depends in the first place on an historical and a moral claim. The historical claim is that the exploitation of generations of the islands’ inhabitants under slavery and colonialism wronged those people while enriching Britain—and crucially, that as we are the inheritors of these riches, so present generations in the Caribbean are inheritors of relative poverty. The moral claim is that where such a moral wrong has been done, moral repair or reparations are due. Racism was the enabling doctrine for slavery and colonialism, and racism is a part of its history which Britain has failed to confront. There are familiar objections to the very idea of making reparations: ‘It was a long time ago’; ‘slavery was legal back then’, etc. There are also practical objections, especially to any monetary payment which may form part of reparations—who will pay what to whom? Taking as a starting point the £20m which the British government paid to slave owners at abolition, the book proposes a provisional sum as the starting point for negotiations with the Caribbean nations. And while the final settlement must be a matter between national governments, it is argued that other institutions, such as universities and churches, can advance the case for reparations by themselves understanding and addressing their own entanglements with enslavement and its enduring legacies.
Britain and the Caribbean
Authors: Banner Michael
Published: March 2024

Britain’s relationship to the Caribbean, throughout its history, was chiefly exploitative. This history can be thought of as being in three acts. Britain’s central involvement begins with the waning of Spanish power, the so-called sugar revolution, the founding of a colony in Barbados in 1625, and the acquisition of Jamaica in 1655. The plantation economy was based on the trade in enslaved people in which Britain was the leading player in the eighteenth century, and on the deployment of these workers on plantations, in a brutal work regime which tolerated high levels of mortality. The sugar revolution produced vast fortunes for individuals and nations, as sugar became the most valuable commodity in European trade. The abolition of slavery in the British colonies in 1834 marks the beginning of the second act of the history, but in fact abolition does not mark a radical new beginning, since the colonists found ways of maintaining the servitude of the former enslaved workers and the profitability of the plantations—emigration was one reaction to the continued racial discrimination and oppression which was maintained in the hundred years after abolition. The third act in the history takes the Caribbean islands from the beginning of the twentieth century to independence, but again, the continuities are striking—colonial power continued to be exercised in the interest of Britain, not of the peoples of the Caribbean, and at independence the islands were left underdeveloped, indebted, and poor.
When History Is Not Just History
Authors: Banner Michael
Published: March 2024

Hurts, harms, and wrongdoings threaten breaches in our personal relationships and we overcome them through moral repair; in the same way, Britain owes moral repair, or reparations, to the peoples of the Caribbean. Apologizing, making amends, showing contrition, seeking forgiveness, and offering recompense, are some of the means we use to accomplish moral repair. These same tools can be used to repair relationships not only between individuals, but between societies and nations. In the case of Britain and the Caribbean, moral repair would require acknowledgment by Britain of past wrongs, attention to the suffering which this history still causes, a proper expression of apology, regret or sorrow, and a willingness to find appropriate recompense or reparation. And although the idea of reparations is often dismissed as ‘woke’, it is in fact an idea with a long history and central to our everyday moral concerns and practices.
Eleven (Mostly Not Very Good) Objections to Reparations
Authors: Banner Michael
Published: March 2024

This chapter critically reviews some of the most familiar objections to the idea of reparations: ‘it’s a long time ago—time to move on’; ‘slavery was moral/legal back then, so there can be no question of making amends for it now’; ‘we weren’t the worst slavers or colonialists’; ‘what about the Vikings?—how will we get them to pay up?’; ‘rather than banging on about reparations, shouldn’t we be celebrating Britain’s leading role in the abolition of the slave trade and slavery?’—and so on. Though these objections are not, in fact, very weighty, they recur again and again whenever the case for reparations is put, and so they are answered here one by one. Longer consideration is given to three other objections: that in serious cases reparations are incommensurable with the harm done; that inter-generational reparations ‘visit the sins of the fathers on the children’; and that reparations across racial lines risk perpetuating the very racial divide which has led to reparations being demanded in the first place, and are thus backward looking. Addressing these issues clarifies issues of responsibility, guilt and shame, and the limits of moral repair.
From Principle to Practice
Authors: Banner Michael
Published: March 2024

CARICOM (the intergovernmental body charged by Caribbean nations with pressing for reparations) has proposed a suite of reparative measures without specifying what monetary payments may be appropriate; this chapter seeks to answer the outstanding practical question typically posed at this point: ‘Who should pay what and to whom?’ In answer to ‘what?’ (or ‘how much?’) a starting point is provided by the sum of £20 million which the British government set aside as compensation to owners of enslaved persons. Using that £20 million as a basis, it is possible to arrive at a sum or range of sums for monetary reparations: £105–£250 billion. Such sums, though significant, need to be contextualized in relation to the UK’s national budget and wider finances, and as such are not wholly daunting. But who will pay? Whilst the bill, it is argued, should fall on the UK population as a whole (including recent immigrants), raising the sum via a one-off wealth tax would avoid the unfairness of the cost failing on the poor. And to the question to whom reparations should be paid, the answer is to the Caribbean nations, though perhaps to an institution with an international charter or status under the UN, to ensure that the money works for the good of those who most deserve it.
‘It Ain’t Gonna Happen…’
Authors: Banner Michael
Published: March 2024

The realist—or cynic—will be impatient with the arguments so far advanced: none of the colonial powers has shown any interest in taking up the question of reparations, so reparations will not happen any time soon. This chapter argues that this ‘realism’ is in fact overly pessimistic. The irony is that the realists of the 1770s scoffed at the notion that slavery and the slave trade would be abolished. The transatlantic trade was at the very height of its commercial success and economic significance at that time, and yet, though it was long in coming, abolition occurred within the lifetime of some of the early campaigners. The contemporary campaign for reparations is in its early stages. Yet there are things that can and should be done in particular by institutions below the level of national governments (such as universities and churches), to advance the case for reparations between governments—and taking Trinity College, Cambridge and the Church of England as examples, this chapter looks at how such institution have addressed the wrongs of the past, and may model to the UK government what a national programme of reparations would look like. There is no guarantee that any contemporary campaign will force the nation to face up to its responsibilities—but no more could those campaigners of two hundred and fifty years ago have been certain of achieving their objectives.