bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of the chemical structure of diet biscuits with modern enstrumental techniques
Authors: KARACA AÇARI İdil
Published: June 2021

There are too many deficiencies in the studies in terms of diet biscuit in the literature. This study aims to fill this gap in the literature. The % moisture content, structural content verification, thermal stability, degradation properties and % ash content of diet biscuit samples, structural characterizations, surface micromorphology and detailed structural analysis were determined with fast, precise, new instrumental techniques. Thermal degradation of the lemon-fiber diet biscuit sample started at 250 °C in four stages and completed at 585 °C. There is three-stage thermal degradation in wholemeal diet biscuit samples, starting at 229 °C and completed at 580 °C. There are 46.06% C, 1.60% N, 0.12% S and 6.68% H in lemon-fiber diet biscuits, and 45.51% C, 2.39% N, 0.15% S and 7.05% H in whole-wheat diet biscuits. Ca, K, Mg, Na, Zn element contents in diet biscuit samples were determined by AAS technique. In the diet biscuit samples, K was determined as the element with the highest amount and the element with the least amount was Zn. As a result, the work is comprehensive and original. It is believed that the study will fill an important gap in the literature and will be a useful resource for researchers.
Effect of pressure, temperature, and magnetic field on the binding energy of the electron-hole system in III-V group semiconductors
Authors: BAŞER Pınar
Published: June 2021

In this study, ground state binding energy of heavy hole magneto exciton in GaAs/In0.47Ga 0.53As cylindrical quantum well wires (CQWWs) were calculated using variational technique depending on wire size and external parameters. We can briefly state the change of binding energy with hydrostatic pressure, temperature, wire radius and external magnetic field strength as follows. With increasing temperature for constant pressure and magnetic field, the exciton binding energy decreases slightly. On the other hand, increasing magnetic field strength and pressure increase the binding energy as the particle's quantum confinement effects increase. To interpret these results, we examined pressure and temperature changes of barrier heights, effective masses, wire radius, dielectric constant, and band offsets. Conduction and valence band offset increase by 37% with pressure, while band offsets decrease by -1.55% with temperature. These differences in values are directly due to the difference in pressure and temperature coefficients of the prohibited band gaps of GalnAs and InAs. These variations in binding energy, as well as in electron and hole energies, depending on structure parameters and external parameters provide a prediction to produce adjustable semiconductor devices.
Investigation of deformation and element diffusion in joint interface of mild carbon steel and HCrWCI welded by friction welding
Authors: TEKER Tanju , ÖZASLAN Mustafa
Published: June 2021

In this study, continuous drive friction welding process is selected for joint dissimilar high chromium white cast iron and mild carbon steeel. The microstructure, presence and diffusion of elements, deformation in interface of weld metal were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), elemental mapping and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Elemental analysis was applied to the fractured surface after the tensile test. The rotational speed from the friction welding process parameters had a significant impact on the quality of the welded joint. Due to element diffusion at the weld interface, carbides consisting of Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 were occurred. Carbon, which is the dominant element of the diffusion process, was decisive in the emergence of the carbide layer.
Estimation of organic matter dependent on different variables in drinking water network using artificial neural network and multiple regression methods
Authors: YILDIZ Sayiter , KARAKUŞ Can Bülent
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to estimate of organic matter values based on chlorine and turbidity values with the help of ANN and multiple regression (MR) methods. Three different models were done with ANN, and the statistical performance of these models was evaluated with statistical parameters like; µ, SE, σ, R2, RMSE and MAPE. The R2 value of the selected best model was found to be quite high with 0.94. The relationship between the evaluation results of the ANN model and the empirical data (R2 = 0.92) showed that the model was quite successful. In the MR analysis, R2 was determined as 0.63, and a middling significant (p <0.05) relationship was found. Since the calculated F value was greater than the tabulated F value, it was concluded that there is a clear relationship between dependent and independent variables. In addition, spatial distribution maps of chlorine, turbidity, organic matter values were created with the help of the GIS. With these maps, the estimated distribution of the measured parameters in the whole city network was accomplished. This study revealed that turbidity and chlorine parameters are related to organic matter value, and by establishing this relationship, organic matter can be estimated by ANN.
ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SAFETY RISKS THROUGH HIERARCHICAL ANALYSIS IN FUZZY SETS TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2: A CASE STUDY (FARYAB CHROMITE UNDERGROUND MINES)
Authors: Ameri Siahuei Mohammad Reza , Ataei Mohammad , Rafiee Ramin , Sereshki Farhang
Published: June 2021

There is a high rate of casualty among miners in the world every year. One way to reduce accidents and increase safety in mines is to use the risk management process to identify and respond to major hazards in mines. The present study is an attempt to investigate the assessment and management of safety risks in Faryab chromite underground mines. In this paper, the method of AHP in type-1 and type-2 fuzzy sets is used for risk assessment. Upon studying two underground mines of Faryab chromite (Makran and Nemat), 45 hazards were divided into 9 groups, among which 7 main risks were eventually identified. The risk assessment showed that the most important hazards in the Nemat underground mine are the required airflow, the lack of proper scaling and post-blast scaling. Similarly, the assessment of hazards in the Makran underground mine showed that post-blast scaling, absence of proper scaling, and proper ventilation of dust, are the most important hazards. Finally, after detecting the causes of the accidents, based on the records of accidents at the mine safety, health, and environmental unit, technical personnel’s descriptions, and similar risk projects, proper responses are prepared for each group of hazards.
Stiffness matrices for layered soils
Authors: Kausel Eduardo , Roësset José Manuel
Published: June 2021

The Haskell-Thompson transfer matrix method is used to derive layer stiffness matrices which may be interpreted and applied in the same way as stiffness matrices in conventional structural analysis. These layer stiffness matrices have several advantages over the more usual transfer matrices: (1) they are symmetric; (2) fewer operations are required for analysis; (3) there is an easier treatment of multiple loadings; (4) substructuring techniques are readily applicable; and (5) asymptotic expressions follow naturally from the expressions (very thick layers; high frequencies, etc.). While the technique presented is not more powerful than the original Haskell-Thompson scheme, it is nevertheless an elegant complement to it. The exact expressions are given for the matrices, as well as approximations for thin layers. Also, simple examples of application are presented to illustrate the use of the method.
The character of high-frequency strong ground motion
Authors: Hanks Thomas C. , McGuire Robin K.
Published: June 2021

Analysis of more than 300 horizontal components of ground acceleration written by the San Fernando earthquake, eight other moderate-to-large California earthquakes, and seven Oroville aftershocks reveal that these acceleration time histories are, to a very good approximation, band-limited white Gaussian noise within the S-wave arrival window; the band limitation is defined by the spectral corner frequency f0 and fmax, the highest frequency passed by the accelerograph or the Earth's attenuation, and the S-wave arrival window is (0 ≦ t − R/β ≦ Td), where R is distance, β is shear-wave velocity, and Td is the faulting duration. An examination of the root-mean-square acceleration (arms) characteristics of these records for 0 ≦ t − R/β ≦ Td in terms of the relation

a rms = 0.85 ( 2 π ) 106 2 Δ σ ϕ R f max f o

where Δσ is the earthquake stress drop, yields the surprising result that all 16 earthquakes have stress drops, as determined by record values of arms, very nearly equal to 100 bars (within a factor of 2). The source dependence of arms thus depends solely on the parameter 1/fo, which increases only as the one-sixth power of seismic moment for constant stress drop earthquakes. Put another way, model and record arms are in agreement within a factor of 2 approximately 85 per cent of the time for Δσ = 100 bars and knowledge of 1/fo.

On the basis that acceleration time histories are finite-duration, band-limited, white Gaussian noise, for any of which arms is fixed by Δσ = 100 bars and 1/fo, we can estimate the peak accelerations (amax) for all of these records with considerable accuracy (50 per cent or less). The relation is

a max = a rms 2 In ( 2 f max f o ) ,

where arms is defined above. With less accuracy, this relation fits the peak acceleration set of Hanks and Johnson (1976) as well, again with Δσ = 100 bars. At a fixed, close distance, we determine the magnitude dependence of amax to be log amax ∝ 0.30 M for 4≲M=ML≲612, close to that recently determined empirically by Joyner and Boore (1981) for 5.0 ≦ M ≦ 7.7, their coefficient on M (moment magnitude) being 0.25 ± 0.04. In the model presented here, the magnitude dependence of peak acceleration is a function of faulting duration alone; larger earthquakes have larger peak accelerations because they last longer, not because they are intrinsically more powerful at the high frequencies controlling peak acceleration.

These well-behaved characteristics of high-frequency strong ground motion also suggest that the stress differences which develop in the course of crustal faulting are comparably well behaved, both in the average stress release across the characteristic source dimension and in the spectral composition and distribution of stress differences that develop across smaller dimensions.
Response of structures to nonvertically incident seismic waves
Authors: Luco J. E. , Wong H. L.
Published: June 2021

abstract

A study of the earthquake response of symmetric elastic structures subjected to SH-wave excitation with different angles of incidence and to Rayleigh waves is presented. For SH-wave excitation, particular emphasis is given to the study of the possible reduction of the response due to filtering by the foundation and the torsional response. For Rayleigh wave excitation, the effects of the additional rocking associated with the vertical component of the excitation are investigated. The results obtained for models of a 10-story reinforced concrete building and the containment structure of a nuclear power plant reveal that the response for nonvertically incident waves is significantly different from that obtained on the basis of the usual assumption of vertically incident SH waves.
ASP: An Automated Seismic Processor for microearthquake networks
Authors: McEvilly T. V. , Majer E. L.
Published: June 2021

abstract

ASP, a low-power, in-field Automated Seismic Processor of microearthquake network data has been designed, fabricated, and deployed for initial operation in four different field areas to monitor seismicity associated with two geothermal areas (The Geysers, California, and Cerro Prieto, Mexico), a nuclear explosion with its related collapse and aftershock sequence, and late (>1 year) activity in a major aftershock series (Livermore, California). A second ASP system, with a high-speed front-end, is used in acoustic emission (1 to 20 kHz) analysis for fracture monitoring. Each of the 15 channels of ASP (configured for up to 128 channels) automatically detects, measures times and amplitudes, and computes and fits FFT's for both the P and S waves on data sampled at 100 samples/sec. These data from each channel are then processed with a central microprocessor for hypocenter location, running b values, source parameters, event count, and P-wave polarities. The system is capable of processing a 15-station detection in approximately 40 sec, excluding printout. The initial trials have demonstrated that in-field real-time analysis of data maximizes the efficiency of microearthquake surveys allowing flexibility in experimental procedures, with a minimum of the traditional labor-intensive postprocessing. Current efforts are directed toward improving efficiency of computation and data output and in expanding software capabilities.
MLmeasurements for northeastern United States earthquakes
Authors: Ebel John E.
Published: June 2021

abstract

Local magnitudes (ML) are reported for 56 northeastern United States and Canadian earthquakes using records from a pair of Wood-Anderson torsion instruments which have operated at Weston Observatory since 1967. Corrections to the Richter ML formula are computed to take into account the difference in attenuation between southern California and the northeastern United States. The corrected ML values for these events were compared to the previously reported magnitudes which had been calculated either from the Nuttli (1973) mbLg formula applied to 5- to 10-Hz waves (called MN) or from a coda magnitude formula (Mc). In general, the ML determinations tend to underestimate the MN and Mc values by about 0.4 magnitude units. This confirms the fact that the MN scale is not appropriate when applied to high-frequency waves, as it is in the northeastern United States. The reason for this appears to be in the relation of the period of the wave used in the magnitude determination to the corner period of the earthquake and earth response.
Shallow-focus seismicity, composite focal mechanism, and tectonics of the Valle Central of Costa Rica
Authors: Montero P. Walter , Dewey James W.
Published: June 2021

abstract

A network of seismographs operating in the Valle Central of Costa Rica has recorded many small earthquakes near the cities of Cartago and San Jose. This seismicity is similar in many ways to the shallow-focus intraplate seismicity of Central America to the north. The earthquakes occur within tens of kilometers of Quaternary volcanic centers at shallow focal depths. The earthquakes occur predominantly on strike-slip faults, with the nodal plane that would correspond to a left-lateral fault striking approximately east-northeast and the nodal plane that would correspond to a right-lateral fault striking approximately north-northwest. The shocks have a tendency to occur in seismic swarms.

The region of highest seismicity in our study was located southwest of Cartago, about 10 km from the meizoseismal zones of destructive earthquakes of 1841 and 1910. In detail, the recently recorded small earthquakes seem to have occurred on different faults or fault segments than the 1910 earthquakes. The tendency for shallow-focus intraplate earthquakes to occur within kilometers of earthquakes that occurred several decades earlier has been noted elsewhere in Central America. The occurrence of shocks on distinct faults within the overall region of high activity appears similar to the occurrence of earthquakes on different fault strands in Managua, Nicaragua. We discuss the Valle Central seismicity in light of hypotheses proposed for the shocks farther north in Central America. Our data can be interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that shallow-focus intraplate earthquakes in Central America concentrate on zones of strike-slip faults that pass through offsets of the volcanic chain. Our data can also be interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that the earthquakes occur as the response of minor faults to high regional stresses throughout the region surrounding the volcanic chain. Both hypotheses leave some characteristics of the seismicity unexplained, although these characteristics are not crucial evidence against the hypotheses. A third hypothesis, that the Valle Central source regions are different than intraplate source regions northward in Central America and are occurring in a developing transform plate boundary between the Caribbean and Nazca plates, is plausible on the basis of the regional plate tectonic environment, but it is not strongly supported by the local geology of the Valle Central or by the characteristics of seismicity.
Strain, tilt, and rotation associated with strong ground motion in the vicinity of earthquake faults
Authors: Bouchon Michel , Aki Keiiti
Published: June 2021

abstract

In the absence of near-field records of differential ground motion induced by earthquakes, we simulate the time histories of strain, tilt, and rotation in the vicinity of earthquake faults embedded in layered media. We consider the case of both strike-slip and dip-slip fault models and study the effect of different crustal structures. The maximum rotational motion produced by a buried 30-km-long strike-slip fault with slip of 1 m is of the order of 3 × 10−4 rad while the corresponding rotational velocity is about 1.5 × 10−3 rad/sec. A simulation of the San Fernando earthquake yields maximum longitudinal strain and tilt a few kilometers from the fault of the order of 8 × 10−4 and 7 × 10−4 rad. These values being small compared to the amplitude of ground displacement, the results suggest that most of the damage occurring in earthquakes is caused by translation motions. We also show that strain and tilt are closely related to ground velocity and that the phase velocities associated with strong ground motions are controlled by the rupture velocity and the basement rock shearwave velocity.
Source dynamics of the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake from near-source observations (of ground acceleration and velocity)
Authors: Niazi Mansour
Published: June 2021

abstract

Two sets of observations obtained during the 15 October 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, MS 6.9, are presented. The data suggest different dynamic characteristics of the source when viewed in different frequency bands. The first data set consists of the observed residuals of the horizontal peak ground accelerations and particle velocity from predicted values within 50 km of the fault surface. The residuals are calculated from a nonlinear regression analysis of the data (Campbell, 1981) to the following empirical relationships, PGA = A 1 ( R + C 1 ) − d 1 , PGV = A 2 ( R + C 2 ) − d 2 in which R is the closest distance to the plane of rupture.

The so-calculated residuals are correlated with a positive scalar factor signifying the focusing potential at each observation point. The focusing potential is determined on the basis of the geometrical relation of the station relative to the rupture front on the fault plane.

The second data set consists of the acceleration directions derived from the windowed-time histories of the horizontal ground acceleration across the El Centro Differential Array (ECDA). The horizontal peak velocity residuals and the low-pass particle acceleration directions across ECDA require the fault rupture to propagate northwestward. The horizontal peak ground acceleration residuals and the high-frequency particle acceleration directions, however, are either inconclusive or suggest an opposite direction for rupture propagation. The inconsistency can best be explained to have resulted from the incoherence of the high-frequency radiation which contributes most effectively to the registration of PGA.

A test for the sensitivity of the correlation procedure to the souce location is conducted by ascribing the observed strong ground shaking to a single asperity located 12 km northwest of the hypocenter. The resulting inconsistency between the peak acceleration and velocity observations in relation to the focusing potential is accentuated. The particle velocity of Delta Station, Mexico, in either case appears abnormally high and disagrees with other observations near the southeastern end of the fault trace. From the observation of a nearly continuous counterclockwise rotation of the plane of P-wave particle motion at ECDA, the average rupture velocity during the first several seconds of source activation is estimated to be 2.0 to 3.0 km/sec. A 3 km upper bound estimate of barrier dimensions is tentatively made on the basis of the observed quasiperiodic variation of the polarization angles.
Deformations associated with the El Asnam earthquake of 10 October 1980: Geodetic determination of vertical and horizontal movements
Authors: Ruegg J. C. , Kasser M. , Tarantola A. , Lepine J. C. , Chouikrat B.
Published: June 2021

abstract

The resurvey of both a geodetic network and a leveling net was carried out in June 1981 8 months after the MS = 7.3 El Asnam earthquake of 10 October 1980. Previous seismological and neotectonic studies (Ouyed et al., 1981; Yielding et al., 1981) indicate that this event results from a northeast-trending overthrust complex fault of about 40-km length, which shows at least three principal segments with slightly different directions. Vertical movements, evaluated by means of a trigonometric leveling method, show an uplift of the northwestern side of the thrust fault of about 5 m and a depression of the southeastern edge of about 1 m. These movements are progressively attenuated away from the fault trace. Horizontal movements have been evaluated by a classical first-order triangulation method. The resulting mean strain tensors, calculated for different triangles of the geodetic network, indicate a shortening of about 2.50 m which is consistent with the SE-NW direction of compression determined from neotectonic evaluations and focal mechanisms. Dislocation models are used to explain and discuss the observed deformations in light of the seismological data and observed ground breakages. Five segments are required to explain both horizontal and vertical deformations. The magnitude of vertical displacements (about 6 m) at the junction between the southwest and the central segments of the fault argues for the breaking of this area during the main shock and for a slip vector of about 8 m, at least in the central segment.
Study of Surface Morphology and Porosity of Composite Scaffold Nanofiber PVA/CS/HA with Electrospinning Method
Authors:   Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Malang, Hartatiek Hartatiek , Nasikhudin Nasikhudin ,   Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Malang, Putra Abdul Aziz Dwi ,   Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Malang, Yudyanto Yudyanto ,   Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Malang
Published: June 2021

This research aims to compose nanofibers as a scaffold material in bone tissue engineering in terms of surface morphological properties and porosity. HA nanorod was prepared by the precipitation-ultrasonication method, while the PVA/CS/HA nanofiber composites were made by the electrospinning method using a static collector. HA was characterized by using XRD and SEM-EDX, while the PVA/CS/HA nanofiber composites used FTIR and SEM. The results show that HA nanorod has a crystalline size of 10.86 nm, crystallinity level of 52.38 per cent, and Ca/P ratio of 1.70. From the SEM image shows HA nanorod width of 11.6 nm and 97.53 nm in length and some of it still in the form of HA nanoparticles. The diameter and porosity of PVA/CS/HA nanofiber with addition of 0, 10, 20 per cent HA were 275, 212, 265 nm and 72.94, 69.49, 70.81 per cent, respectively.
A HYPOTHETICAL DESIGN TO INHIBIT COVID 19 DISEASE DISASTER BY DIAGRAMMATIC MODEL
Authors:   Department of Botany, S. B. Deorah College, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India, Deka Deepanwita , Chowdhury Avra Pratim ,   Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Assam, India, Ghosh Arabinda ,   Microbiology Division, Dept. of Botany, Gauhati University, Assam, India, Bhuyan Moni P ,   SRL Diagnostic Limited, Assam, India
Published: June 2021

SARS-CoV-2 is a new entity in the globe studied vigorously in the present world. The estimated populations are around 47 million people who are affected by the virus and around 300,000 (16th May 2020) deaths resulted from the outbreak. The rate might keep on increasing due to the non-availability of a proper vaccine, following proper management with epidemiological studies, and displacement of contact individuals as a source of transmission in particular viral-prone regions. CoVID 19 is on its vigorous spread leading to a global impact on lots of sectors. The outreaching impacts play a role in international politics, scientific developments, and economic crises over the world, and global relations among the countries. This model attempts to determine the possible impacts and outcomes of the Pandemic over the international level and some possible ways to handle it effectively. An unpredictable catastrophe in the present scenario of the world is following a high range of public health hazards. Analytical plotted data assembles for imposing in multidisciplinary segments to cure and control morbidity, a mortality rate of disease clusters, and hotspots zone. The contagious outbreak was reprogrammed as a pandemic from Wuhan in China through the transmissible chain of human contacts. Currently, the infective chain is spreading day by day with high morbidity in the United States, Europe, Scandinavian countries, and India. The transmissible chain of the virus needs to break until any effective medicine or vaccine is launched.
EFFECT OF Staphylococcus epidermidis ON Pseudomonas aeruginosa BIOFILM IN MIXED-SPECIES CULTURE
Authors:   Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad-211004, India, Dohare Suhaga , Singh Devendra ,   Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad-211004, India, Sharma Deepmala ,   Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Raipur-492010, India, Agarwal Vishnu ,   Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad-211004, India
Published: June 2021

Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are clinically relevant pathogens that often produce biofilms. To investigate the co-survivability of S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa in mixed cultures biofilm and planktonic form, it is important to understand more about the interspecies interaction of both species. The interspecies interaction was analyzed using streak and drop agar plate assay, cell viability assay (CFU), spectrophotometry-based method, and microscopic analysis. The findings suggest that both cells and supernatant of P. aeruginosa inhibit the planktonic growth of S. epidermidis. The cell viability result shows that PAO1 biofilm cells were decreased by 88%, and SE biofilm cells were increased by 75% concerning their control. Opposite to the P. aeruginosa, the S. epidermidis biofilm and EPS matrix were found to increase in mixed culture biofilm, which was further confirmed by microscopic analysis. In contrast, differential agar media result shows that the reduction in the biofilm (CFU/ml) of P. aeruginosa is independent of S. epidermidis cells concentration. Finally, the effect of the supernatant on biofilm was investigated, and it found that S. epidermidis biofilm was enhanced while P. aeruginosa biofilm was reduced in the presence of partner bacterial supernatant, which indicated that S. epidermidis in biofilm mode could hinder the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. The outcomes show that the culture supernatant of S. epidermidis can be used to prevent P. aeruginosa associated biofilm infections.
PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FIVE ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE ISOLATED FROM BURN INFECTION PATIENTS
Authors:   University of Karatekin, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 18200, Çankiri, Turkey, Azeez Mohsin Razzaq , Aljanaby Ahmed Abduljabbar Jaloob ,   University of Kufa, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Iraq, Ocal Ilkay Corak ,   University of Karatekin, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 18200, Çankiri, Turkey
Published: June 2021

The current study was carried out for the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of five antimicrobial resistance-associated genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from burn infection patients. Total one hundred three (103) bacterial samples (strains) were isolated from the 103 burn infection patients admitted at Middle Euphrates Burns Center of AL-Kufa City Iraq. Out of total isolated bacterial samples (103), there were 31 isolates (30%) identified as Pseudomonas sp., 23 isolates (22.3%) as K. pneumonia, 22 isolates as Staphylococcus sps. (21.4%), 11 isolates as E. coli (10.6%), 8 isolates as Acinetobacter sps. (7.8%), 5 isolates as Enterobacter sps. (4.9%), while the lowest prevalence (3 isolates) was reported for the Proteus spp. (3%). The antimicrobial sensitivity test indicated that all isolated K. pneumoniae have resistant (100%) against standard antibiotic Amoxicillin. While Imipenem is the only antibiotic that can inhibit the growth of all 23 isolates. Further, according to the phenotypic detection method, there were 14 isolates (61%) capable of production of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL). Genotypic method to detect the presence of five antibiotic resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction proved that 13 isolates (56.5%) were Tem gene, 18 isolates (78.2%) were positive for Shv gene, 8 isolates (34.7%) were positive Ctxm gene, three isolates (13%) were positive for Oxa gene and 10 isolates (43.7%) positive for AmpC gene. Results of the study can be concluded that K. pneumoniae is the second causative agent that causes burn infection and has higher antibiotics resistance. Extended spectrum beta lactamase of K. pneumoniae was higher prevalence in burn infection and harbored many beta lactamase genes.
Behavior of the Average Concentrations As Well As Their PM10 and PM2.5 Variability in the Metropolitan Area of Lima, Peru: Case Study February and July 2016
Authors: Warren Reátegui-Romero , Walter F. Zaldivar-Alvarez , Sergio Pacsi–Valdivia , Odón R. Sánchez-Ccoyllo , Alberto E. García-Rivero , Aldo Moya–Alvarez
Published: June 2021

This research focused on analyzing the behavior of the hourly average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in relation to vehicular traffic, as well as the effect of relative humidity on these concentrations. Measurements of hourly particulate matter concentrations were recorded by the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru (SENAMHI) at five surface air quality stations. The profiles of PM10 concentrations are related to traffic behavior, showing high levels of concentrations at peak hours, while the PM2.5 profiles are flatter and better related to traffic in February (summer). The decrease in relative humidity between 80 to 65% in the mornings has a greater effect on the increase in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in February than in July (winter), and the increase in relative humidity between 65 to 80 % in the afternoon, it has a greater effect on the decrease in the concentration of PM2.5 in February than in July. The air quality in the north (PPD and CRB stations) and east (SJL station) of the Metropolitan Area of Lima (MAL) are the most polluted. The factors that relate PM10 concentrations with the Peruvian standard in February at these stations were 2.79, 1.78 and 1.26, and in July 2.74, 1.28 and 1.36 respectively. The highest and lowest variability of PM10 and PM2.5 in February and July occurred in the northern area (PPD and SMP stations).
Status and Challenges of Solid Waste Management in Beung Kiat Ngong Ramsar Site, Pathoumphone District, Champasack Province, Laos PDR
Authors:   Maejo University, Thailand, Khamkeo T. , Phaisansuthichol S. , Supapunt P. , Pholchan M. K.
Published: June 2021

Quantification and characterization of municipal solid waste are vital information for a proper solid waste management. However, these are under-investigated and scarcely implemented in Laos PDR, especially the local communities. This work, therefore, aimed to quantify and characterize municipal solid waste generated from Beung Kiat Ngong Ramsar Site and to recommend possible integrated solid waste management strategies for a sustainable waste management. The average daily waste generation was estimated to be 3.6 kg/day and 2.6 kg/day in Thabou village and Kiat Ngong village, respectively. Organic waste appeared to be the biggest component (28%) for Thabou village, while packaging’s dominated waste composition in Kiat Ngong village. Interestingly, high percentage of golden apple shells waste were mismanaged. These had the potential to convert into value-added products such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It was found that fresh golden apple shells contained only 24.16±0.48 g/l as CaCO3, while incineration method increased higher CaCO3 products. The result showed that incineration at the temperature of 400 oC gave the highest amount of CaCO3 with the values of 1207.67±9.45 g/l as CaCO3. Based on the resources and the strength of the Ramsar site, the production of value added material from bio-waste could be integrated into waste management strategies along with 3Rs policies implementation.
An Analysis of the Themes of Refuting Rumors on China's Sina Weibo During the Period of Covid-19
Authors: Guo Difan
Published: June 2021

From the end of 2019 to 2020, there were countless rumors on the Internet related to COVID-19 during the viral epidemic. This study analyzed how government Weibo, the official news release channel of government social media, refuted rumors on China's leading social media platform Sina Weibo during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in China. This study used the LDA topic model to model the Weibo text topic and obtain the topics of the rumors that the government Weibo defied. This study find that the five main topics of rumors presented in the anti-rumor Weibo are highly related to the operation of the social system, disease prevention and treatment, and social security.
A literature review of single file NiTi rotary system in endodontics
Authors: Fatima Alvi , Shabir Hares , Goyal Arushi , S Gupta Akshun , Khan Faiz , Sood Akanksha
Published: June 2021

The most important step in the success of the root canal treatment is the proper cleaning and shaping of the canal system. Cleaning and shaping means the removal of the entire pulpal tissue from the canal, so that there will be no residue left of any vital structure, that may cause any painful or infectious condition for the future. Some times there occurs difficulty in cleaning as well as shaping of the root canal in the posterior tooth or teeth, where the anatomy of the root is some what curved, and there occur difficulty in removing the vital tissue along with difficulty in achieving the accurate working length of the tooth. In this type of situation use of nickel titanium single file system is quite beneficial.
Eyestrain and associated problems among undergraduate medical students undergoing e-learning/teaching methods during Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Anthrayose C V , Joju Aqueen , Puthiyedath Rakendu , Babu Niya , Rajan Ann Reshma
Published: June 2021

Increase in usage of digital devices and mandatory e-learning imposed during the Covid 19 pandemic curfew may have given rise to an emerging public health threat of digital eyestrain among undergraduate medical students in the state. The study aimed to assess the distribution of digital eyestrain among undergraduate medical students and to determine the association between digital eyestrain and screen time spent on different digital devices for e-learning and social media use.

A cross sectional, questionnaire based online study was done on undergraduate medical students of a teaching hospital in Central Kerala during the month of October, 2020. Survey form included CVS-Q questionnaire, OSDI questionnaire and questions regarding screen time spent on different digital devices for e-learning and social media use.

Around three -fourth of the 113 participants experienced at least one symptom of digital eyestrain. Headache (76.1%) was the most common symptom followed by neck/shoulder/back pain (67.3%), tearing(49.6%), itching(48.7%), eye pain (41.6%) and increased sensitivity to light (38.1%).OSDI score revealed that 67.7% of the students had dry eye disease. Screen time of more than 6 hours spent on mobile/tablet was significantly associated with feeling of foreign body sensation, excessive blinking and itching. Lens /spectacle use was significantly associated with a feeling that eyesight is worsening and difficulty focusing for near vision. No association was seen between screen time spent for e- learning and digital eyestrain.

Steps towards awareness and prevention of digital eyestrain should be taken to promote ocular health and to avoid this occupational hazard.
Association of HbA1c levels with diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Singh Chirag , Prasad Shashi Prabha , Kaul Sucheta , Motwani Divya , Mishra Ashish , Padmakumar Vishakh
Published: June 2021

To study the association of HbA1C levels with diabetic retinopathy.

A total of 330 diagnosed diabetic subjects of all age groups and genders participated in the study. They were grouped according to presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy. All patients HbA1C levels along with fasting blood glucose levels was obtained. Observations were made to find the association between HbA1C levels and diabetic retinopathy.

Mean HbA1c level among diabetic retinopathy subjects (9.50) was higher than subjects without retinopathy (8.49). The difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). With high HbA1c levels high mean fasting blood glucose levels were associated (R value: 0.5856). This is a moderate positive correlation.

As glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels increases prevalence of diabetic retinopathy also increases and there is a strong relationship between HbA1c levels and diabetic retinopathy.
Co-creation in Macrotask Knowledge Work on Online Labor Platforms
Authors: Seppänen Laura , Spinuzzi Clay , Poutanen Seppo , Alasoini Tuomo
Published: June 2021

Nordic working life studies have mostly focused on the precarious aspects of work mediated via online labor platforms. We follow a different approach and examine the potential of such work to benefit professionals by enhancing their job quality and learning. This qualitative, practice-based study applies the concept ‘co-creation’ to examine how a social form of creating value takes place in Upwork macrotask projects. It then investigates how platform features shape opportunities for co-creation. The data comprise interviews of 15 freelancers residing in Finland. The findings suggest that co-creation is possible in macrotask projects, but the platform does not seem to actively support co-creation. This paper provides insights into the discussion of job quality at platform work and how co-creation on platforms might be developed to support the Nordic labor market model.
Islam-based peace education: values, program, reflection and implication
Authors: Santoso M Abdul Fattah , Khisbiyah Yayah
Published: June 2021

There is a gap between ideal Islam and real Islam. Ideal Islam means peace, greeting, safety, salvation, and conceptually means absolute submission to God`s Will. Real Islam resembles unresolved conflicts in some communities and unpleasant meanings to some non-Muslims. To minimize the gap, it is important to socialize peaceful Islamic values in the community through education. This study aims to explain Pendidikan Perdamaian Berbasis Islam (PPBI, the Islam-based Peace Education) program initiated by Pusat Studi Budaya dan Perubahan Sosial (PSB-PS, the Center for the Study of Culture and Social Change) at Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta (UMS). This participatory action research is especially to reveal Islamic values identified in the PPBI program in terms of its uniqueness, implementation, reflection, and implication. Based on the Sirah of the Prophet and the Al-Qur’an, the PPBI program has identified 15 Islamic values which contribute to peacebuilding. Those values were used as core contents of PPBI’s handbook and classroom program. The program has been implemented through series of activities ranging from seminars, FGDs, workshops, training of teachers, publication of books, and classroom implementation. PPBI program based on nonviolence and peacebuilding assumptions, i.e. to build a culture of peace, is designed as the formal peace education through learning materials and classroom processes either in any existing course or co-curricular activities.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Complications and Management of Varicose Veins at SVRRGGH, Tirupati
Authors: S Vasudha , P Sabita , G.V. Prakash , S Nagamuneiah , Sheriff Ahmed , Bindu Hima
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Chronic venous disorders are an important cause of disease and disability worldwide. Varicose veins are dilated, tortuous elongated veins. Varicose veins are either primary or secondary. Most of the patients are asymptomatic. Indian populations present with complications like venous bleed, thrombophlebitis, chronic venous insufficiency leading to edema, eczema, lipodermatosclerosis, and venous ulcers. Varicose vein surgery is characterized by a high recurrence rate of 20 % to 60 % after 5 years and even higher after longer periods of observation. Recurrence may be due to several causes like inaccurate initial diagnosis, progression of disease, inadequate initial surgery, altered venous dynamics, and neovascularisation. METHODS In this cross sectional single center study, 100 patients above 18 years of of age of both genders presenting with complications of varicose veins and cases of postoperative recurrent varicose veins were included. This study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Sri Venkateswara Ramnarayan Ruia Government General Hospital (SVRRGGH), Tirupati, over a period of one year. RESULTS In the present study, the great saphenous vein (GSV) was involved in 85 % of cases, the short saphenous vein (SSV) in 2 %, and both long and short saphenous in 9 %. The commonest complication was edema in 88 % of the patients, followed by 43 % with eczema. Recurrent varicose veins were seen in 4 % of patients. CONCLUSIONS Complications were more common in our setting at the time of presentation. Variable anatomy of the venous system of the lower limb makes prior duplex scan assessment compulsory in the surgical management of cases. Surgical management is to be planned properly after complete evaluation and should be planned at the right time, as it is a progressing clinical entity. KEYWORDS Varicose Veins, Complications, Recurrence, Management
Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma - A Retrospective Immunohistochemical Study of Patients in Bangalore, Karnataka
Authors: Anand Shankar , C Akshatha , Cherian Libin Babu , C Ramachandra
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND The term Hodgkin’s lymphoma includes classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and the less common nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL). NLPHL is a B cell neoplasm usually characterised by nodular or follicular and diffuse proliferation of small lymphocytes with single scattered large neoplastic cells (LP/L&H/Popcorn cells). NLPHL accounts for 10 % of all Hodgkin lymphoma. METHODS This is a retrospective study. Histopathology slides and blocks of 24 cases of nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma were collected from the archives of histopathology from 2011 to 2015. The immunohistochemistry slides of the corresponding histopathology cases were also assembled. Both the slides were reviewed by three expert onco-pathologists and IHC markers were studied and compared. RESULTS Patients were mostly young between 20 and 40 years (16 / 24, 66.67 %). There was a distinct male preponderance (20 / 24, 83.3 %). Most cases involved cervical, axillary or inguinal lymph nodes, with cervical lymph nodes being the most common (13 / 24, 54 %). It was found that CD45, CD20, CD79a and PAX5 staining highlighted the LP cells in all twenty-four cases, while OCT - 2 and BOB - 1 were highlighted in twenty-three cases (95.8 %), which was statistically significant. CD3 and CD5 IHC staining on T cell rosettes and background reactive T cells were examined, and it was seen that CD3 expression was far more consistent than CD5 expression in T cell rosettes and reactive T cells. Also, it was seen that, those cases which were double positive for CD3 and CD5 constitutes only eight cases (8 / 24, 33.3 %). CONCLUSIONS CD3 is a more consistent marker than CD5 in demonstrating surrounding reactive T cells in NLPHL. CD45, PAX5, CD20, BOB - 1 and OCT - 2 are consistent immunohistochemical markers of LP cells. KEYWORDS Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL), Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (CHL), Cluster Differentiation (CD), Lymphocyte Predominant Cells (LP Cells), Lymphocyte and Histiocytic Cell (L & H Cell)
Distribution of Mast Cell in Acute Appendicitis and Its Role in Histopathological Diagnosis - A Study in Tertiary Care Centre from South India
Authors: Leelamany Syamini Chandrasekharapillai , Devi Seena Abdul Vaheed Radhika
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Appendicitis is the most common indication for intra-abdominal surgery, especially in adolescents and young adults. In about 15 – 25 % of appendices removed at surgery because of suspected symptoms, histological features of acute appendicitis are absent. The cause of acute abdominal pain in these patients can be due to mast cells which may play a role in pathogenesis of appendicitis-like pain. Demonstration of mast cell in tissue can be done by toluidine blue staining or immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker CD 117. We wanted to evaluate whether the degree of distribution of mast cells has any relation with clinical findings and evaluate its usefulness as a diagnostic marker for histological diagnosis of acute appendicitis. METHODS This is a descriptive study done in 120 cases of appendicectomy specimens from clinically diagnosed cases of acute appendicitis received in a tertiary care center in South India in which 60 where histology positive and others were histology negative. Mast cell distribution in each group was compared using toluidine blue stain and CD 117. Collected data was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed using the statistical software SPSS version 16. RESULTS Mast cell distribution was significant in all layers of histologically negative acute appendicitis in comparison with histology positive cases. Mucosa has maximum mast cells distribution. CONCLUSIONS Mast cells play an important role in the clinical symptoms of patients even when there were no features of acute inflammation. In those cases, mast cells can be demonstrated by simple toluidine blue staining or IHC markers. This is one of the less studied areas, and the clinicopathological discrepancy can be solved by giving mast cell distribution along with histopathology diagnosis. KEYWORDS Appendicitis, Histologically Negative Acute Appendicitis, Mast Cells, Toluidine Blue, CD 117