bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Perils of Partnership
Authors: Marks Jonathan H.
Published: March 2019

Collaboration with industry has become the paradigm in public health. Governments commonly develop close relationships with companies that are creating or exacerbating the very problems public health agencies are trying to solve. Nowhere is this more evident than in partnerships with food and soda companies to address obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases. The author argues that public-private partnerships and multistakeholder initiatives create webs of influence that undermine the integrity of public health agencies; distort public health research and policy; and reinforce the framing of public health problems and their solutions in ways that are least threatening to the commercial interests of corporate “partners.” We should expect multinational corporations to develop strategies of influence. But public bodies need to develop counter-strategies to insulate themselves from corporate influence in all its forms. The author reviews the ways in which we regulate public-public interactions (separation of powers) and private-private interactions (antitrust and competition laws), and argues for an analogous set of norms to govern public-private interactions. The book also offers a novel framework that is designed to help public bodies identify the systemic ethical implications of their existing or proposed relationships with industry actors. The book makes a compelling case that, in public health, the paradigm public-private interaction should be at arm’s length: separation, not collaboration. The author calls for a new paradigm to protect and promote public health while avoiding the ethical perils of partnership with industry.
Institutional Ethics and Integrity
Authors: Marks Jonathan H.
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides a foundation for addressing the ethical obligations of public sector bodies. It offers a more demanding account of institutional integrity than public officials tend to employ. A core requirement is consistency among what an institution is obligated to do (its purpose), what the institution says it does (its mission), and what that institution actually does (its practices). If an institution’s practices predictably undermine the very goals in terms of which the institution justifies its existence, that institution may be said to lack integrity. Not all cases are so extreme but this gives us a place to start. The chapter also addresses institutional missions that are internally conflicting or in transition.
Webs of Influence
Authors: Marks Jonathan H.
Published: March 2019

Corporations and trade associations exert influence on policymakers—both directly and indirectly. Indirect influence results from close relations with research universities and civil society groups such as health professional associations and patient advocacy organizations. These relationships form webs of influence that undermine the integrity of public health agencies; distort public health research and policy; and lead to the framing of public health problems and their solutions in ways that are least threatening to the commercial interests of powerful industry actors. This chapter also explores the nature and ends of the research university; mechanisms of industry influence (such as health halos); the impact of philanthropic foundations; and the history of sugar industry influence.
Conclusion
Authors: Marks Jonathan H.
Published: March 2019

Industry actors understandably develop strategies of influence directed at government bodies, academic institutions, and civil society organizations. These entities have a responsibility to develop counter-strategies to insulate themselves from industry influence. They also need a plan to wean themselves off industry funding. If governments wish to exert leverage over corporations, they need distance rather than proximity. And if they are serious about trying to solve our most challenging public health problems, they must be willing to explore all potential solutions, including those inimical to the commercial interests of industry. We need a new paradigm in public health—one that avoids the ethical perils of public-private partnerships and multistakeholder initiatives. But, before we can develop an alternative paradigm, we must first acknowledge the ways in which status quo is ethically problematic.
The Arab Uprisings
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: March 2019

This chapter looks at the Arab Uprisings that began in early 2011 and spread across the Arab world. It argues that just as the Arab Uprisings were by and large a failure for democratic aspirations, so, too, the Uprisings were a failure for religious freedom, with the exception of Tunisia. Then, it draws upon the regime types of the previous chapters (religiously free, secular repressive, and religiously repressive states) to argue that religious freedom—its predominant absence, the reasons for its absence, and its rare presence—explains much about both the general failure and the isolated success of these uprisings.
A Pathway to Freedom
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: March 2019

This chapter argues that the Catholic Church’s long historical road to religious freedom serves as a template for an Islamic pathway to religious freedom. The Church’s pathway, culminating in the declaration of the Second Vatican Council, Dignitatis Humanae, is a much better model than the Reformation or the Enlightenment, which are often cited as pathways. The chapter identifies historical factors that led to the Church’s eventual public embrace of religious freedom, showing that the Church exercised this embrace on grounds that were internal to its tradition rather than amounting to compromises with secularism. This is what Muslims can find appealing.
Indigenous Self-Government Structures in Canada, Greenland, and Sápmi
Authors: Kuokkanen Rauna
Published: March 2019

Chapter 2 begins with a discussion of the related (but distinct) concepts of self-government, governance, and autonomy and how they differ from the concept of self-determination. It then examines in detail the scope and structures of the existing self-government arrangements in three regions: Canada, Greenland, and Sápmi (the Sámi region in Scandinavia) through participant discussions. In Canada, the focus is not on a specific First Nation or self-government arrangement; instead, Indigenous self-government is approached in broader terms with the focus on the discrepancy between aspiration of Indigenous nationhood and sovereignty and the structure and scope of self-government sanctioned by the state. Each section begins with a brief overview of the colonial history and political context leading to self-government arrangements.
Sternberg and Dietrich
Authors: Phillips James
Published: March 2019

James Phillips’s Sternberg and Dietrich: The Phenomenology of Spectacle reappraises the cinematic collaboration between the Austrian-American filmmaker Josef von Sternberg (1894–1969) and the German-American actor Marlene Dietrich (1901–1992). Considered by his contemporaries to be one of the most significant directors of Golden-Age Hollywood, Sternberg made seven films with Dietrich that helped establish her as a style icon and star and entrenched his own reputation for extravagance and aesthetic spectacle. These films enriched the technical repertoire of the industry, challenged the sexual mores of the times, and notoriously tried the patience of management at Paramount Studios. Sternberg and Dietrich: The Phenomenology of Spectacle demonstrates how under Sternberg’s direction Paramount’s sound stages became laboratories for novel thought experiments. Analyzing in depth the last four films on which Sternberg and Dietrich worked together, Phillips reconstructs the “cinematic philosophy” that Sternberg claimed for himself in his autobiography and for whose fullest expression Dietrich was indispensable. This book makes a case for the originality and perceptiveness with which these films treat such issues as the nature of trust, the status of appearance, the standing of women, the ethics and politics of the image, and the relationship between cinema and the world. Sternberg and Dietrich: The Phenomenology of Spectacle reveals that more is at stake in these films than the showcasing of a new star and the confectionery of glamor: Dietrich emerges here as a woman at ease in the world without being at home in it, as both an image of autonomy and the autonomy of the image.
Shanghai Express
Authors: Phillips James
Published: March 2019

The chapter focuses on Shanghai Express (1932) and analyzes its handling of the themes of prostitution, faith, and appearance. Sternberg’s film turns on the demand of Shanghai Lily (Dietrich) to be trusted without supporting evidence and shifts the object of faith from that which lies behind appearances to appearance itself. A redefinition of spectacle follows from this: it is not a mere given of the senses but involves a comportment and agency on the spectator’s part. Playing with the appearance of prostitution, the film toys with the moral guidelines of the Production Code. The chapter argues that it thereby not only sees how far it can go, but it also makes a philosophical question out of appearance itself, examining how the trust in love differs from knowledge. The make-believe and Orientalism of its reconstructed China are of a piece with its problematization of the difference between appearance and reality.
The Scarlet Empress
Authors: Phillips James
Published: March 2019

The Scarlet Empress (1934) redeploys costume drama as farce and as a critique of despotism. The chapter analyzes how Marlene Dietrich does not so much play the role of Catherine the Great as replace the historical figure with her own Hollywood star persona. The power structures of despotism and the lawlessness of the sovereign are thereby parodied: promiscuity becomes the bond Dietrich’s Catherine has with her subjects and the studio-enhanced beauty of her appearance is substituted for the separateness of the royal person. With its spectacular yet rickety film sets, The Scarlet Empress is not an apologist’s chocolate-box rendition of European monarchical government but instead conveys its émigré makers’ sense of its pomposity. Rather than exposing what lies behind the spectacle of power, the film considers what becomes of power when it is nothing but spectacle and appearance.
Introduction
Authors: Rigolio Alberto
Published: March 2019

Although some scholars have written of an end of dialogue coinciding with the rise of Christianity, the composition of prose dialogues was far from moribund during late antiquity. During this period, Christian authors exploited and transformed the ancient dialogue form in the composition of new, culturally contingent forms of dialogue, which were designed as tools of opinion formation within the religious controversies of the time. The burgeoning production of these prose dialogues sheds light on the cultural toolbox of late antique writers and readers, and, by extension, on their education and culture, but it also shows that the prose dialogue was a form of choice for many Christian authors. The extraordinary success of the prose dialogue in late antiquity indicates the endurance and the evolution of ancient rhetorical instruction and traditions; in addition, it helped propagate the idea that orthodoxy would be recognized as the correct and rational doctrine in the context of a public debate.
Soviet Selves
Authors: Quijada Justine Buck
Published: March 2019

Chapter 2 presents the Soviet chronotope embodied in Victory Day celebrations. Victory Day, which is the celebration of the Soviet victory over Germany in World War II, presumes the familiar Soviet genre of history, in which the Soviet Union brought civilization to Buryatia, and Buryats achieved full citizenship in the Soviet utopian dream through their collective sacrifice during the war. The ritual does not narrate Soviet history. Instead, through Soviet and wartime imagery, and the parade form, the public holiday evokes this genre in symbolic form, enabling local residents to read their own narratives of the past into the imagery. This space for interpretation enables both validation as well as critique of the Soviet experience in Buryatia. Although not everyone in Buryatia agrees on how to evaluate this history, this genre is the taken-for-granted backdrop against which other religious actors define their narratives.
American “Universal” Values and Russia
Authors: Tsygankov Andrei P.
Published: March 2019

Chapter 3 describes in greater detail the Russia discourse in American mainstream media. It identifies four media narratives of Russia—“transition to democracy” (1991–1995), “chaos” (1995–2005), “neo-Soviet autocracy” (2005–2013), and “foreign enemy” (since 2014). The space for debating Russia in the media has narrowed considerably since the mid-2000s, when Russia’s political system began to be viewed as a nondemocratic and increasingly anti-Western regime. Russia’s values were now viewed as incompatible with and inferior to those of the United States, which rendered relations with the Kremlin difficult, if not impossible. In the 2010s, US officials adopted this view partly from media influence and partly out of their own frustration with the Kremlin’s policies.
Introduction
Authors: Gamlund Espen , Tollef Solberg Carl
Published: March 2019

There have been debates in both philosophy and the field of population health on the issue of how mortality can and should be measured. In population health, the intention has been to produce measures of public health that can guide the formulation of policies governing the distribution of health care resources. However, there are many questions concerned with the evaluation of death that have not been carefully addressed in the literature on population health but that have been extensively discussed in the philosophical literature on death. Conversely, there are debates in population health about whether and how to summarize mortality and morbidity that have largely escaped the attention of philosophers. The purpose of this book is to bring these two general debates—the one in philosophy and the one in population health—into dialogue with one another, with the aim of evaluating deaths and examining the relevance of such evaluation to health policy.
Putting a Number on the Harm of Death
Authors: Millum Joseph
Published: March 2019

Donors to global health programs and policymakers within national health systems have to make difficult decisions about how to allocate scarce health care resources. Principled ways to make these decisions all make some use of summary measures of health, which provide a common measure of the value (or disvalue) of morbidity and mortality. They thereby allow comparisons between health interventions with different effects on the patterns of death and ill health within a population. The construction of a summary measure of health requires that a number be assigned to the harm of death. But the harm of death is currently a matter of debate: different philosophical theories assign very different values to the harm of death at different ages. This chapter considers how we should assign numbers to the harm of deaths at different ages in the face of uncertainty and disagreement.
A Gradualist View about the Badness of Death
Authors: Bradley Ben
Published: March 2019

In this chapter I introduce a view that has not been explored in detail and argue that it is a more plausible version of gradualism than extant views. It is based on the following simple thoughts: there is a difference between individuals that are susceptible to harm (by death or anything else) and individuals that are not. This difference is just the difference between individuals that are subjects of well-being and individuals that are not. And there is no sharp boundary between the individuals that are subjects of well-being and those that are not. In many cases it is vague whether an individual is a welfare subject. I attempt to formulate a view about the badness of death that takes account of this vagueness. I argue that this view, the Partial Welfare Subject View, has advantages over other gradualist views about death’s badness such as the Time-Relative Interest Account.
Deprivation and Identity
Authors: Johansson Jens
Published: March 2019

Don Marquis famously argues that abortion is typically immoral because it deprives the fetus of a future like yours and mine. He bases his argument on “animalism,” the view that human persons are human animals. Correspondingly, some of Marquis’s critics reject the argument by rejecting animalism. I argue, however, that animalism is considerably less friendly to Marquis’s argument than he and others have assumed. The discussion also suggests several more general points—for example, that in order to reject moral views such as Marquis’s, we need not deny that death is typically worse for its victim the more well-being it deprives her of or the earlier in life it occurs.
The Death of the Ethic of Life
Authors: Basl John
Published: March 2019

According to the ethic of life, all living organisms are of special moral importance. Living things, unlike simple artifacts or biological collectives, are not mere things whose value is entirely instrumental. This book articulates why the ethic is immune to most of the standard criticisms raised against it, but also why such an ethic is untenable, why the domain of moral concern does not extend to all living things; it argues for an old conclusion in an entirely new way. To see why the ethic must be abandoned requires that we look carefully at the foundations of the ethic—the ways in which it is tightly connected to issues in the philosophy of biology and the sorts of assumptions it must draw on to distinguish the living from the nonliving. This book draws on resources from a variety of branches of philosophy and the sciences to show that the ethic cannot survive this scrutiny, and it articulates what the death of the ethic of life means in a variety of areas of practical concern, including environmental ethics, biomedical ethics, ethics of technology, and in philosophy more generally.
The Moral Irrelevance of Biological Welfare
Authors: Basl John
Published: March 2019

Chapter 6 considers what options are left for the biocentrist. It argues that if one is committed to biocentrism, one ought really be committed to what may be called teleocentrism, the view that all things that are teleologically organized have a welfare. The chapter explains why this view is false and so biocentrism is also false. It first argues that there are no grounds for accepting that the welfare of nonsentient organisms is morally significant while denying the significance of the same kind of welfare in nonorganisms, such as artifacts and biological collectives. In other words, if biocentrists wishes to maintain that nonsentient organisms are morally considerable, they must give up biocentrism in favor of teleocentrism. The chapter then argues that teleocentrism is to be rejected and that, on balance, the most justified position is one on which we simply accept that not all welfare matters.
Conclusion
Authors: Basl John
Published: March 2019

The primary aim of this work has been to show that biocentrism is false by developing the strongest, most plausible version of the view and then exposing it to new criticisms, criticisms that are not susceptible to the standard biocentrist responses. The conclusion takes up the broader implications of the death of the ethic of life in four domains: environmental ethics and environmental practice, medicine and medical ethics, emerging technologies, and within philosophy more broadly. Given the webs of interdependence in nature, it argues that not much hangs, in terms of policy, on the fact that biocentrism or teleocentrism is false, but there are edge cases: cases where, for example, we might be thought to have an obligation to restore specific species or make reparations for past environmental wrongdoing, where the answer to questions about moral considerability matters.
Turkish Gender Discrimination Cases in Domestic and International Courts
Authors: Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh , Sperling Valerie , Sayoglu Melike
Published: March 2019

Chapter 6 is a comparative inquiry into the international and domestic opportunity structure for gender discrimination court cases. The chapter asks, how generalizable are the barriers and opportunities to bringing sex-based discrimination cases to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) from Russia to other Council of Europe member states? The chapter examines social, interpersonal, and material barriers to bringing gender discrimination and LGBT discrimination cases in Turkey. It looks at types of gender discrimination, including domestic violence and honor killing, as well as violence against members of the LGBT community, such as hate crimes. The chapter includes an in-depth analysis of discrimination cases from Turkey regarding both women and LGBT citizens, and finds that, with a few illuminating exceptions, the barriers in Turkey are similar to those in Russia (these include reluctance to go to court, stereotypical attitudes toward sex-based and LGBT discrimination among law enforcement and in the courts, a lack of statistical data to prove patterns of discrimination, lengthy procedures and unsatisfying court decisions and/or implementation of decisions, and a lack of legal training on discrimination). In addition to discussing important gender discrimination and LGBT discrimination cases in domestic court in Turkey, the chapter covers ECtHR rulings on Turkish cases, as well as the impact of the Convention on Eliminating All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and the Istanbul Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Clark Christopher J.
Published: March 2019

This book has focused on African American state legislators through the lens of descriptive representation. Throughout the book, descriptive representation has been referred to as gaining voice, a multilayered metaphor that refers to the act of blacks voting, which is critical for whether black elected officials reach office. Once enough blacks gain voice, they choose to create caucuses to best advocate for shared interests. Gaining voice also refers to blacks making their political preferences known and, in some instances, actually having their interests represented in public policy. Once African Americans gain voice, they become more involved politically; and this informs how they think about electoral reforms governing access to voting. In this concluding chapter of the book, key themes and important findings are revisited. The implications of the book are considered, as well as how the book contributes to studies of state politics and black politics. Future studies informed by the book are also discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Wheatley Steven
Published: March 2019

The Introduction observes the emergence of International Human Rights Law as a discipline in its own right, related to, but different from, international law. It notes the criticisms made by some general international lawyers of the distinct methodologies used by human rights lawyers, making the point that any differences between ‘international law’ and ‘international human rights law’ can only be explained by the influence of the moral concept of human rights on international law doctrine and practice—in the same way the Moon influences the Earth’s tides. The work explains how we can use complexity theory to examine the influence of human rights on international law, introducing complexity theory as a methodology in international law. It then explains the general approach in the book.
On the Idea of Human Rights
Authors: Wheatley Steven
Published: March 2019

Chapter 6 turns first to the work of the philosopher John Searle to explain the objective reality of human rights, showing how states, through their discursive practices, created a notion of human rights that affirmed the importance of equal status, physical and psychological integrity, personhood, participation, and minimum welfare rights. In the first decade and a half of the existence of human rights, it was for a country alone to decide on the necessary measures (if any) to give effect to the rights recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All that changed after the 1960 Sharpeville Massacre, when UN Member States transformed a moral code of human rights into a network of binding international law obligations, with a role for secondary agents of justice that included both dystopia avoidance measures and the promotion of the utopia of ‘all human rights for all’.
Knowledge from Perceived Indicators and Background Knowledge
Authors: Millar Alan
Published: March 2019

The focus is on knowing that something is so by perceiving something that indicates that it is so. It is argued that some of our knowledge of this sort is more akin to perceptual knowledge than might at first appear. This is because recognition figures in two ways. We recognize the indicating phenomenon as being of a certain sort and we recognize the indicative significance of the indicator. The view is shown to be compatible with taking the knowledge in question to be evidence-based. An alternative model—the covering generalization model—is critically discussed. Since generalizations do figure in our thinking about indicators, their status is discussed. This leads into a more general discussion of standing factual knowledge that touches on public knowledge and picks up themes from Moore and Wittgenstein.
Introduction
Authors: Clay Jenny Strauss , Miller John F.
Published: March 2019

This chapter positions the book within the larger discussion of Hermes and Mercury in previous scholarship, and surveys the contributions in the volume against the background of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. The volume brings together a wide range of disciplines, including Greek and Roman literature, epigraphy, cult and religion, vase painting and sculpture. The book tracks Hermes from the naughty babe in his cradle to awesome kosmokrator, from shadowy Cyllene to Hellenized Egypt and Augustan Rome, and traces continuities that cross generic and temporal boundaries, but also transformations of the wayward god, who easily adjusts to new settings and morphs into Mercury and Thoth.
Hermes in Love
Authors: Farrell Joseph
Published: March 2019

As a lover, Hermes is generally regarded as comparable to other male divinities. His perceived connection to ithyphallic herms only strengthens this impression. In literature, however, the character of Hermes’ erotic activity is different from that of other gods. In general, as might be expected, he relies on stealth rather than force, and he is often content to play a secondary role by facilitating the amorous adventures of other figures. In fact, Hermes can be said in most cases to sublimate his own sexuality in favor of someone else’s, often in a way that bespeaks his own greater interest in homosocial bonding than in sexual conquest. These tendencies are clearly visible in archaic, classical, and Hellenistic representations of Hermes, and they develop in generally consistent and almost predictable ways through classical Roman treatments of Mercury down to quite late texts that become foundational for the medieval reception of classical antiquity.
Consequences of Choosing an External Legal Basis
Authors: Eckes Christina
Published: March 2019

Chapter 4 discusses the constitutional consequences of the choice of legal basis in the context of external relations. The Union and its Member States are interlocked in a tight embrace, which leads to a far more complicated power division than may appear from a straightforward reading of the Treaty provisions on competences. The choice of the appropriate legal basis is the legal emanation of political power struggles between the Member States and the Union and among the EU institutions. The chapter identifies situations, in which the fact that law-making moves from the internal EU sphere to the external (i.e. international) sphere places more far-reaching restrictions on the Member States’ exercise of powers than would apply internally. It also argues that clarity in attributing responsibilities is a foundational requirement for bonding structures in a divided representative democracy, in which individuals are represented as EU citizens and national citizens. An adequate level of clarity on who is responsible for what is a necessary, albeit insufficient, condition for feeling represented and for limiting the ability of representatives to deny responsibilities. Finally, the chapter illustrates how the international obligations of the Member States are vested with the particular bite (i.e. effectiveness) of EU law when the question of who should take action, which is at the centre of the choice of legal basis, is avoided by concluding a mixed agreement. This limits the scope of manoeuvre of Member States as international actors.
Institutional Powers in External Relations
Authors: Eckes Christina
Published: March 2019

Chapter 5 identifies the institutional changes that take place when the Union acts under international law and in cooperation with third countries or international institutions, rather than internally. The focus is, in particular, on the role of the European Parliament. The fact that the conclusion of EU international agreements depends on the consent of Parliament gives EU citizens a voice in international relations, which, with all its flaws, draws on a source of democratic legitimation that is independent and separate from the EU Member States. The chapter demonstrates that, in practice, Parliament has also been adept in strengthening its rights to information and its influence at the negotiation stage. Parliament’s powerful position in negotiating and concluding international agreements and its ability to represent EU citizens (and also non-economic interests) in external relations are analysed as an emerging formal structure of bonding. The chapter argues in favour of further explicating the Union’s added value in legitimizing the conclusion of international agreements and thus justifying Union external action, including where it limits the scope of manoeuvre of Member States as international actors. It further shows that facultative mixity (i.e. the conclusion of international agreements as a political choice rather than a legal necessity) deprives Parliament of the ability to represent EU citizens in international relations.
Conclusions
Authors: Eckes Christina
Published: March 2019

The Conclusions articulate the findings of the different chapters of this book as a consistent narrative that EU external relations not only have specific legal consequences for the power division between the Union and the Member States but also affect the Union’s constitutional structures at a deeper level. The interpretation of organizing principles changes in the context of external relations. Power shifts between the different EU institutions. Member States experience different and more stringent constraints on their ability to take unilateral action. More often than not, these changes and shifts empower the Union when it acts externally. Furthermore, the Union has established itself as an autonomous legal entity, whose law enjoys a unique effectiveness in practice. These unique features of the EU legal order are subject to particular pressure when the Union takes external actions. Loyalty obligations of the Member States and the institutions should be reconsidered in the light of this pressure, an explicit acknowledgement of the pluralist legitimation of Union action, and the purpose of the Union. Moreover, the Union has established numerous direct links with its citizens that create formal legal structures of bonding. These structures could and should serve as structures of justifiability, in which the Union directly addresses its citizens and explicates its purpose and added value, including in terms of democratic representation in external relations.
Making Sense of Decision-making
Authors: Hoyle Carolyn , Sato Mai
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines decision-making and the use of discretion within the Criminal Cases Review Commission using socio-legal analysis, with particular emphasis on the application of the real possibility test at screening, investigation, and referral back to the Court of Appeal. It also describes the theoretical framework used in the review of the Commission's discretion and decision-making. The chapter begins with a discussion of how the Commission decides whether there is new evidence and whether that evidence gives rise to a real possibility that the Court of Appeal will find the conviction to be unsafe. It then considers the legal and socio-legal literature on discretion, highlighting the key features of discretionary behaviour and how it is facilitated and constrained in practice. Finally, it explores three concepts proposed by Keith Hawkins in the context of legal decision-making: ‘surround’, ‘field’, and ‘frame’.
Decision-making from Application to Outcome
Authors: Hoyle Carolyn , Sato Mai
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines how law, policy, and culture shape organisational decision-making at the Criminal Cases Review Commission. Drawing on Chun Wei Choo's concept of a ‘knowing organisation’, it considers how the organisation aims to influence the work of commissioners and case review managers. Choo's sociology of an organisation is used to analyse those institutional forms of knowledge that seek to direct decision-making at the Commission: primarily, the Formal Memoranda and the Casework Guidance Notes. The chapter goes on to describe the various stages in the progress of an application to show the many points at which discretion might be exercised, namely: screening and reviewing cases. It explains how the Commission decides when it comes to conducting an investigation, collecting evidence, and appointing an investigating officer to the case. It also discusses the Commission's ‘post-decision’ decision-making and concludes by returning to Choo's notion of sense making and knowledge creation.
Complainant Credibility in Sexual Offence Cases
Authors: Hoyle Carolyn , Sato Mai
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines the Criminal Cases Review Commission's approach to sexual offence cases that tend to present evidence pertaining to the credibility of the complainant. Drawing on forty-six cases reviewed by the Commission during the period 1998–2011, the chapter considers how the Commission establishes complainant credibility by discussing its decision ‘field’ in relation to the changing environment of the ‘surround’. It also explores developments in the field before and after 2006, the Court of Appeal's stance on the type of credibility that might persuade it to quash convictions, and the wider politics and media contribution to the growing concerns about victims of historical sexual abuse. Finally, it analyses the Commission's response to changes in the surround — driven by real experience of victim bashing and evidence of wrongful convictions — and identifies contrasting decision frames: a frame that is sensitive to the changing surround versus a frame concerned with wrongful convictions.
Feudal Baron
Authors: Patterson Robert B.
Published: March 2019

Family affairs, land usage, and seigniorial status are the most visible elements of Earl Robert’s baronial life. There are examples of his children being reared and later maintained in his household. Several were provided with appanages and politically important marriages. Failure to provide at least part of such aristocratic advancement led to a son’s rebellion. As a landlord, Robert was a demesne developer, patron of the rising burgess class, and ally of its upper echelon. Subinfeudated lands also obtained various personal services and revenue. Robert developed a tiered, barony-wide administration which included household officers, a writing office, and, during the Anarchy, a die-producing mint at Bristol for his own coinage. Proprietary relationships with ecclesiastical lords involved him in treaty-making efforts.
The Empress’s Champion
Authors: Patterson Robert B.
Published: March 2019

Earl Robert of Gloucester became chief sponsor of the Empress Matilda’s claim to the throne of England in 1138 only after engaging in earlier disloyal political acts. He repudiated his homage to King Stephen mainly because of losing his former curial status and possibly from fear of Stephen’s seizure of his lands. As his sister’s commander-in-chief, the earl enjoyed both political and military authority. His military record is mixed. His great victories were at Lincoln, where Stephen was captured, and Wilton, which contributed to the earl’s establishment of a quasi-dominion in the southwest, where silver pennies were issued in his own name by barons who were members of his affiliate. However, Robert’s career included embarrassing defeats, one of which occurred just before his death. His efforts, nevertheless, made an Angevin succession possible.
The Poetry and Music of Science
Authors: McLeish Tom
Published: March 2019

‘I could not see any place in science for my creativity or imagination’, was the explanation, of a bright school leaver to the author, of why she had abandoned all study of science. Yet as any scientist knows, the imagination is essential to the immense task of re-creating a shared model of nature from the scale of the cosmos, through biological complexity, to the smallest subatomic structures. Encounters like that one inspired this book, which takes a journey through the creative process in the arts as well as sciences. Visiting great creative people of the past, it also draws on personal accounts of scientists, artists, mathematicians, writers, and musicians today to explore the commonalities and differences in creation. Tom McLeish finds that the ‘Two Cultures’ division between the arts and the sciences is not after all, the best classification of creative processes, for all creation calls on the power of the imagination within the constraints of form. Instead, the three modes of visual, textual, and abstract imagination have woven the stories of the arts and sciences together, but using different tools. As well as panoramic assessments of creativity, calling on ideas from the ancient world, medieval thought, and twentieth-century philosophy and theology, The Poetry and Music of Science illustrates its emerging story by specific close-up explorations of musical (Schumann), literary (James, Woolf, Goethe) mathematical (Wiles), and scientific (Humboldt, Einstein) creation. The book concludes by asking how creativity contributes to what it means to be human.
Creative Inspiration in Science
Authors: McLeish Tom
Published: March 2019

Personal accounts of the creative process in science tell us that there is no ‘method’ to the conception of a new scientific idea. Stories from physicist Richard Feynman, the author’s own scientific experience, an example of physics and biology working together, and a conversation of scientists assembled in Cambridge by The Imagination Institute, all give different accounts of the ways that imagination can play out in science. Themes emerge from these raw accounts that will shape the subsequent chapters: especially the experienced typology of imagination into visual, textual and abstract forms. The subtle interaction of conscious and non-conscious thought raises questions of the link between cognition and aesthetic response in mental creative acts.
Emotion and Reason in Scientific Creation
Authors: McLeish Tom
Published: March 2019

The dual roles of cognition and emotion in creativity that have emerged at many points in the book so far are examined in their own right. Through the lens of medieval philosophy, especially the work of Robert Grosseteste, then Kant, Spinoza, Hume, and the recent study of Iain McGilchrist, this chapter examines the structure of how the affective works in the origination of ideas, not just in response to them. Contemporary scientific testimony to the creative function of emotion leads to a detailed case study of a Caltech project to develop a polymer additive to make jet fuel safe in crashes, and other stories of scientific creation, earth the philosophical discussion in experience.
Sexuality and Love
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth
Published: March 2019

This chapter discusses sex and the married couple, beds and bedrooms, and love and affection. The chapter illustrates in a sense the enduring human experience of living in sexually satisfying relationships if couples were fortunate to have found compatible partners. Amongst the elites arranged marriages could result in disastrous unions, though they were probably exceptions rather than the rule. Once the couple were married the clergy became even more invisible than they were during the process of couples getting married. The evidence on sexual pleasure as compatible with happy marriages in fictional narratives seems in line with loving and affectionate married bonds. Admittedly, evidence of love and affection mostly surfaced in moments of crisis characterized by the threat of loss of the beloved husband or wife.
End of Marriage and Remarriage
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth
Published: March 2019

This chapter discusses how marriages ended in death or dissolution or annulment, and how couples would start another marriage. There is a discussion on the couple’s sexuality after remarriage, as well as one on children and stepchildren. In the case of remarriage, the ingrained attitude of the clergy, theologically and practically, was that widows ideally should remain single. Yet, there were plenty of chaplains and other clerks sympathetic to the plight of those who were widowed and supportive of their wish to remarry. Fictional literature concentrates on the widow, not on the widower, and paints her as either devoted to her late husband’s memory or as sexually predatory. Chronicles and charters reveal complex and gendered relationships between stepparent and stepchild.
Principal–Agent Problems in Militant Groups
Authors: Abrahms Max
Published: March 2019

Militant leaders must not only understand the folly of terrorism, but prevent members from carrying it out. Members are known to harm civilians even when their leaders oppose this targeting practice. This disconnect between the preferences of leaders and behavior of subordinates is due to what economists call a principal–agent problem. This chapter explains the principal–agent problem facing militant leaders and how they can overcome it. The second rule for rebels is grasping this organizational predicament to minimize it. Smart leaders know not only the political costs of civilian attacks, but how to restrain their members from committing them.
Syntax, features, and agreement
Authors: Gutzmann Daniel
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides the syntactic background and deals with syntax, features, and agreement in order to spell out the hypothesis of expressive syntax more precisely. It focuses on the notion of syntactic features and the operation of agreement, which will be the syntactic operation that is most crucial for the analyses in the case studies. Starting with the original conception, the chapter presents more recent approaches to agreement, which drop the biconditional between (un)interpretability and (un)valuedness, before discussing the direction of agreement and siding with the view that agreement looks upwards. Moreover, it is assumed that only a complementizer phrase is a boundary for agreement, while a determiner phraseis not. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of some approaches that attempt to represent certain aspects of the context in syntax and investigate if they can be put to use for the following case studies.
Expressive adjectives
Authors: Gutzmann Daniel
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides an analysis of the syntactic constraints in the semantic interpretation of expressive adjectives (EAs). This chapter shows that EAs differ in many respects from ordinary adjectives. The most interesting property is what is called argument extension: EAs can semantically apply to a larger constituent. For instance, an EA in object position may express an attitude toward the entire proposition. This chapter shows that a pure pragmatic approach, according to which EAs can freely pick their argument, is too liberal and that there are syntactic constraints on where an EA can be interpreted. These constraints can be accounted for by upwards agreement, if the place where the adjective is interpreted carries an interpretable expressivity feature, while the EA itself comes with an uninterpretable one. The upshot of this chapter for the hypothesis of expressive syntax is that expressivity as a syntactic feature can be involved in agreement.
Weight scales for stress
Authors: Ryan Kevin M.
Published: March 2019

Stress placement in words is often affected by syllable weight, stress being attracted to heavy syllables. Weight in such cases is usually binary (heavy vs. light) but often instantiates more complex scales. This chapter focuses especially on the phonological analysis of ternary and higher order scales, featuring case studies of several languages set in Optimality Theory. It argues that such scales must be analyzed in terms of vowel prominence rather than moraic coercion or coda prominence. The relation of geminates to stress also features prominently, as it is maintained that geminates can be analyzed as uniformly moraic for stress. Finally, several cases of gradient weight for stress are surveyed, including English. In these systems, stress placement responds statistically to weight, which manifests a fine-grained continuum rather than a simple categorical opposition and often includes onset and sonority effects.
Derivatives and curvature
Authors: Carlip Steven
Published: March 2019

This chapter develops tensor calculus: integration on manifolds, Cartan calculus for differential forms, connections and covariant derivatives, and the Levi-Civita connection used in general relativity. It then introduces the Riemann curvature tensor in several different ways, including the most directly physical picture of the curvature as a measure of the convergence of neighboring geodesics. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Cartan’s beautiful formulation of the connection and curvature in the language of differential forms.
Cosmology
Authors: Carlip Steven
Published: March 2019

Starting with the assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy, the cosmological solutions of the Einstein field equations—the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metrics—are derived. After a discussion of constant curvature metrics and the topology of the Universe, the chapter moves on to discuss observational implications: expansion of the Universe, cosmological red shift, primordial nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background, and primordial perturbations. The chapter includes a brief discussion of de Sitter and anti-de Sitter space and an introduction to inflation.
Perspectives and Agendas
Authors: Bains Sunny
Published: March 2019

“Perspectives and Agendas” discusses why it’s important not to believe everything you read: even well-meaning experts often have specific perspectives based on their disciplines, their interests, and who their friends and rivals are. This chapter considers these agendas, where they come from, and why those who have negative things to say are often more useful than those who have a more positive outlook. It looks at trust, bias, competitive relationships, dependent relationships, expertise, disagreement, rivalry, and collaboration. It also considers the dangerous concept of “balance” and why it is too often used to avoid responsibility for making an informed judgment based on the available evidence.