bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Uptake Patterns and Soil Fertility Assessment in Diverse Crop Rotations under Irrigated Dry Conditions in Telangana, India
Authors: G P Manjunatha , Kumari CH Pragathi , Goverdhan M , Reddy G Kiran , Chandra Mandapelli Sharath , Vinay G.
Published: November 2024

An experiment was conducted during the 2023-24 kharif and rabi seasons at the College Farm, AICRP on the IFS unit, PJTSAU, Hyderabad. To develop efficient cropping systems for the Telangana region, it is essential to evaluate them based on productivity, nutrient uptake and economic viability. This study assessed various cropping sequences with regard to nutrient absorption and soil fertility status specific to Telangana and the findings were presented here. The rice-maize cropping system demonstrated higher nutrient uptake, resulting in a higher rice grain equivalent yield compared to Bt cotton under region-specific system. The Bt cotton + greengram (1:2) - sesame cropping system exhibited significantly higher nutrient uptake compared to the pigeonpea + foxtail millet (2:5) - sweet corn, making it more effective for sustaining long-term soil health. Among the crops cultivated for family nutritional security, the fingermillet – groundnut demonstrated significantly higher nutrient uptake compared to the pigeonpea + sorghum (2:3) - sesame. The nutrient uptake in the fodder bajra - lucerne system was higher than that in the fodder sorghum - fodder oats system when comparing the two fodder cropping systems. It has been observed that fodder systems required a greater amount of nutrients for their growth and development compared to other cropping systems.
Natural Feed Options for Sumatran Elephants at the Seblat Elephant Training Center North Bengkulu Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Rizwar  , Darmi  , Nazira Nur
Published: November 2024

The health and welfare of Sumatran elephants at the Seblat Elephant Training Center (SETC), North Bengkulu Regency, depend on many environmental factors in their habitat, one of which is the availability of a variety of plant species (diet) in the Seblat Nature Tourism Park (SNTP) forest area. Research on this matter was conducted in May-June 2022 within the SNTP forest area, where the Seblat SETC facility is located. This study aimed to evaluate the dietary preferences of Sumatran elephants at SETC towards natural plant species in the SNTP forest. The "Focal Animal Sampling" method was used to measure the duration of feeding activity of each elephant on specific plant species while they were foraging in the forest. The elephants' preferences for plant species were analyzed quantitatively, while the types of plants consumed by the elephants were described qualitatively. The research found that 15 families with 33 species were identified as the natural food plants for the SETC elephants in Bengkulu. The Poaceae family was most preferred by the elephants with the highest preference value (35.07%), followed by Fabaceae (31.73%), Malvaceae (9.87%), and Cyperaceae (7.83%), while the least preferred were Costaceae, and Myrtaceae (0.33% respectively), Convolvulaceae (0.41%), and Selaginellaceae (0.73%). Based on sex, adult male elephants preferred Fabaceae plants such as Mimosa pudica (35.99%), Desmodium triflorum (11.66%), Mimosa invisa (7.36%), Cynodon dactylon (6.54%) over other families. Conversely, adult female elephants preferred Poaceae such as Leersia virginica Willd., Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A., Centhotheca lappacea Desvaux., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., and Imperata cylindrica L. patients. These predictors, however, need further work to validate reliability.
The Role of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles in Tri-trophic Interactions and Pest Management
Authors: S. M Kishore , Khajuria Marvi , K.V. L Supraja , Srija P. , K. S. N Manideep , G Harideep , Morabad Parvati B
Published: November 2024

In agricultural ecosystems, the tri trophic interactions between plants, herbivores and their natural enemies are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and crop health. Natural enemies of pests predominantly regulate herbivore populations, emphasizing the importance of these interactions. Plants exhibit both induced and constitutive defences, Plants use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) as a key mechanism to attract natural enemies that defend them against the herbivores. HIPVs are chemical signals emitted in response to herbivore damage and can attract predators and parasitoids, indirectly they protect the plants. This review explores the role of HIPVs in plant defense, focusing on their evolutionary, chemical and practical aspects. with HIPVs acting as indirect defenses by recruiting natural enemies.  The interaction between physical traits, chemical signals and semiochemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), significantly influences these interactions. Olfactometers, such as the Y-tube and four-arm designs, have been proven to be pivotal in studying insect responses to these volatile compounds, providing insights into their behavior and effectiveness in pest management. Despite advances in understanding HIPVs, research indicates variability in volatile emissions and their effectiveness across different herbivore species and developmental stages. Further studies are needed to improve the specificity of HIPV research, incorporating field-based analyses to capture natural environmental complexities. Future research should focus on optimizing HIPV applications in pest management, understanding spatial and temporal scales of HIPV interactions, and addressing the influence of environmental factors on HIPV efficacy.
Microbial Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance in Enteric Pathogens of Farmed Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in Tropical Freshwater Farms
Authors: Lalitha Kuttanapilly Velayuthanelayadom , Vaiyapuri Murugadas , Joseph Toms Cheriath
Published: November 2024

Background: Recently, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus has emerged as an important fish species farmed in India, contributing to food security in the region. Understanding the bacterial flora associated with this fish is essential to ensure food safety, particularly in the Indian context where such studies have been limited.
Objective: This study aims to determine the aerobic bacterial flora and antimicrobial resistance in enteric pathogens associated with farmed Pangasianodon hypophthalmus cultured in freshwater ponds in Kerala, India.
Methods: The study included enumeration of aerobic plate counts, Pseudomonads, Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus using standard methods. Bacterial identification was performed using analytical profile index 20E (APE20E) and 16s rDNA sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed in E. coli, S. aureus and Aeromonas species using disc diffusion assays.
Results: The aerobic bacterial flora in catfish muscle tissue included H2S-producing bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and B. thermosphacta. Dominant genera identified were Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, and Psychrobacter. Multidrug-resistant strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli and A. hydrophila were recovered, raising concerns about the prevalence of multidrug resistance in A. hydrophila, an etiological agent of red disease in farmed catfish.
Conclusion: This study highlights the microbiological risks posed by Aeromonas spp. and enterotoxigenic E. coli in farmed catfish, emphasising their potential as vectors for pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant determinants in the food chain. Recommendations for future research should focus on the development of effective biopreservatives to control these pathogens in processed Pangasius products.
Investigating the Antagonistic Effects of Novel Combination Fungicides against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ricini under In-vitro Conditions
Authors: Aravind K. , Prasad M. Santha Lakshmi , Sagar B. Vidya , Naik D. Saida , Pushpavalli S.N.C.V.L
Published: November 2024

Aim: The study aimed to assess the efficacy of nine novel fungicide combinations against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ricini, the causal agent of wilt disease in castor.
Methodology: The efficacy of fungicides was evaluated using the poisoned food technique under in-vitro conditions. Radial mycelial growth of the pathogen was measured across various concentrations (100 to 1000 ppm) of the fungicide combinations to determine their impact on mycelial inhibition.
Results: Results indicated a substantial reduction in radial mycelial growth with increased fungicide concentration. Among the tested fungicides, Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin and Prochloraz + Tebuconazole recorded complete mycelial inhibition (100 %) at all the tested concentrations, demonstrating significant fungicidal activity followed by Hexaconazole + Captan with a mean mycelial inhibition of 85.2 %, indicating strong potential for disease management. In contrast, the least mean mycelial inhibition (24.7 %) was observed with Thiophanate methyl + Pyraclostrobin.
Conclusion: These findings underscored the importance of selecting effective fungicide combinations to manage F. oxysporum f. sp. ricini, thereby enhancing crop protection and agricultural sustainability.
Genetic Variability and Trait Association in desi and kabuli Chickpea
Authors: Babbar Anita , Kujur M. J. , Patel Monika , Daheya Meena
Published: November 2024

Comprehensive assessment of genetic variability necessitates the integration of diverse genetic parameters beyond mere phenotypic observations. Sixty-one desi and kabuli chickpea genotypes were assessed for genetic potential and character associations. High GCV%, PCV%, heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean was recorded for number of effective pods per plant, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, total number of pods per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, harvest index and biological yield per plant. Seed yield per plant exhibited significant and positive correlation as well as highest positive direct effect with harvest index and biological yield per plant. These traits were considered during further selections in chickpea improvement programmes.
Mapping the Trade Direction of Indian Rice with Markov Chain Analysis
Authors: Anthony Remalli , Pundir R. S. , Suseela K. , Sulthana Shaik Reshma
Published: November 2024

Agriculture is a cornerstone of India’s economy, with rice being a critical crop that ranks second globally, feeding over half of the world’s population and serving as a staple in Southeast Asia. This study explores the direction of India’s rice trade using Markov Chain Analysis, following an examination of the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in rice exports to various global regions. Results reveal a 2.26 per cent CAGR in rice production, while export values surged by 16.8 per cent annually. Specifically, the CAGR for rice exports to Iraq and Iran reached 58.6 per cent and 46.47 per cent, respectively. In quantity, India’s rice exports grew by 10.82 per cent, with Iraq and Iran at 44 per cent and 34 per cent. The Transitional Probability Matrix for 2001-2022 indicates strong regional retention, with Africa maintaining 78 per cent of trade value and Asia 93.7 per cent, and similar trends in quantity, where Asia retained 92.6 per cent and Africa 89.1 per cent. These findings highlight India’s potential to diversify rice exports and strengthen its global competitive edge, urging a focus on enhancing processing, transportation, and quality standards for wider market appeal.
Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance in Groundwater Bacterial Strains: A Community-based Study
Authors: Fatokun Evelyn N. , Olalekan Saidat M. , Fayemi. Scott O.
Published: November 2024

Background: The microbial quality of private and community water supply from groundwater is mostly not monitored nor assessed by any established government agencies in Nigeria. Contamination by pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant microbial agent, and the potential of resistant genes transfer from environmental bacteria to human pathogens is a major risk for public health in these water systems.
Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality and safety in terms of antibiotic resistance bacterial profile of groundwater sources in a typical peri-urban settlement in Nigeria.
Methodology: Bacterial contaminants were isolated by membrane filtration technique, characterized and analyzed using standard microbiological approach.
Results: A total of 22 and 8 Gram negative and positive bacteria respectively were isolated. The isolates comprised 7 bacterial genera with Klebsiella and Enterobacter species having the highest incidence of 20% respectively, followed by Bacillus (17%) and least being Shigella with 7% incidence. All the isolates were 100% resistant to cefotaxime, followed by 76.7% and 73.3% resistant to vancomycin and meropenem respectively. The least resistance of 3.3% was against ciprofloxacin. Resistance in borehole storage tank water was highest (80%) against vancomycin followed by 70% for meropenem, while 75% resistance was against vancomycin and meropenem respectively in the well water, Seventy-three percent (73%) of the isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern, and a multiple antibiotic resistant index (MARI) ≥ 0.3.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that groundwater source in the studied community is contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria and underscores the public health implication and concern for monitoring of groundwater supply in Nigerian communities.
“The Role of Digital Technologies in the Development of Legal Empowerment Services in United State of America”
Authors: Akpobome Omena , Iwalehin Oyindamola , Adepetun Anthony , Badmus Oluwaseun
Published: November 2024

This study seeks to examine the convergence of legal empowerment and new tools to improve legal services in the United States of America, focusing specifically on the impact of digital technology on the legal environment. The study adopts a qualitative way to integrate analysis to analyze the present condition of legal services and evaluate the influence of digital technologies for legal service provision, justice, and innovation of legal. The results underscore the potential advantages and obstacles linked to using and integrating digital technologies within several aspects of the legal profession in the United States of America, including case management, legal research, client communication, and document automation. The discussion examines how these results may affect legal services nationwide. The report helps for stakeholders use digital innovation for effectiveness. It stresses the necessity for technological advances to fulfill legal service users' shifting needs. This study expands on previous research by examining how digital technology might revolutionize US legal services. The report offers ideas on leveraging innovation to improve the legal system, benefiting providers and receivers
Dosimetric effects of a repositioning head frame system and treatment planning system dose calculation accuracy
Authors: Ferrer Carlos , Huertas Concepción , Plaza Rodrigo , Aza Zulima , Corredoira Eva
Published: September 2018

This work aims to study the effect on surface dose and dose distribution caused by the Elekta Fraxion cranial immobilization system. The effect of Fraxion inclusion in Elekta Monaco treatment planning system and its calculation accuracy is also checked. To study the dose attenuation, a cylindrical phantom was located over the Elekta Fraxion with an IBA CC13 ionization chamber placed in the central insert at the linac isocenter. Dose measurements at multiple gantry angles were performed for three open fields, 10 × 10 cm, 5 × 5 cm and other smaller 2 × 2 cm. Measured doses were compared with the ones calculated by Monaco. Surface dose and dose distribution in the buildup region were measured placing several Gafchromic Films EBT3 at linac CAX between the slabs of a RW3 phantom located over Fraxion and read using FilmQA Pro software. Measures were performed for two open field sizes and results were compared with Monaco calculations. Measurements show a 1% attenuation for 180° gantry angle but it can be as high as 3.4% (5 × 5 open field) for 150°/210° gantry angle, as with these angles the beam goes through the Fraxion's headrest twice. If Fraxion is not included in the calculation Monaco calculation can result in a 3% difference between measured and calculated doses, while with Fraxion in the calculation, the maximum difference is 0.9%. Fraxion increases 3.7 times the surface dose, which can be calculated by Monaco with a difference lower than 2%. Monaco also calculated correctly the PDD for both open fields (2%) when Fraxion is included in the calculation. This work shows that the attenuation varies with gantry angle. The inclusion of Fraxion in Monaco improves the calculation from 3% difference to 1% in the worst case. Furthermore, the surface dose increment and the dose in the buildup region are correctly calculated.
3D Printing Fiber Electrodes for an All‐Fiber Integrated Electronic Device via Hybridization of an Asymmetric Supercapacitor and a Temperature Sensor
Authors: Zhao Jingxin , Zhang Yan , Huang Yinan , Xie Jixun , Zhao Xiaoxin , Li Chaowei , Qu Jingyi , Zhang Qichong , Sun Juan , He Bing , Li Qiulong , Lu Conghua , Xu Xinhua , Lu Weibang , Li Liqiang , Yao Yagang
Published: September 2018

Wearable fiber‐shaped electronic devices have drawn abundant attention in scientific research fields, and tremendous efforts are dedicated to the development of various fiber‐shaped devices that possess sufficient flexibility. However, most studies suffer from persistent limitations in fabrication cost, efficiency, the preparation procedure, and scalability that impede their practical application in flexible and wearable fields. In this study, a simple, low‐cost 3D printing method capable of high manufacturing efficiency, scalability, and complexity capability to fabricate a fiber‐shaped integrated device that combines printed fiber‐shaped temperature sensors (FTSs) with printed fiber‐shaped asymmetric supercapacitors (FASCs) is developed. The FASCs device can provide stable output power to FTSs. Moreover, the temperature responsivity of the integrated device is 1.95% °C−1.
Evaluation value of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin for the renal dysfunction of patients with chronic kidney disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Guo Lulu , Zhao Yaya , Yong Zhenzhu , Zhao Weihong
Published: September 2018

Objective

The role of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) for the evaluation of renal function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not yet to be determined. We aimed to perform a meta‐analysis exploring the correlation between NGAL and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in CKD patients, and to further identify factors affecting NGAL's performance.

Methods

Studies dated before November 2017 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. A total of 28 relevant studies (involving 3082 patients from 17 countries) were included. The second version of the Quality Assessment for Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy demonstrated that no significant bias had influenced the methodological quality of the included studies.

Results

Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin showed a strong negative correlation with measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR). The pooled correlation coefficient (r) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the correlation between serum NGAL (sNGAL) and GFR was −0.48, meanwhile that for urine NGAL (uNGAL) and GFR was −0.34. However, NGAL's performance is different in subgroups restricted by clinical settings, race, sex, age, and staging of renal function.

Conclusion

Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin could be a renal function evaluation marker for patients with renal dysfunction in CKD. Compared with uNGAL, there was a significant negative correlation between sNGAL and GFR. The performances of sNGAL and uNGAL were restricted by clinical factors that should be considered in regards to the sampling source selection.
B(C6F5)3/Amine‐Catalyzed C(sp)−H Silylation of Terminal Alkynes with Hydrosilanes: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Ma Yuanhong , Lou Shao‐Jie , Luo Gen , Luo Yong , Zhan Gu , Nishiura Masayoshi , Luo Yi , Hou Zhaomin
Published: September 2018

Transition metal catalyzed C−H functionalization of organic compounds has proved to be a useful atom‐efficient strategy in organic synthesis. In contrast, main‐group‐element‐based catalytic processes for C−H functionalization have remained underexplored to date. Reported herein is the catalytic C(sp)−H silylation of a wide range of terminal alkynes with hydrosilanes by using a combination of B(C6F5)3 and an organic base such as triethylenediamine (DABCO). This protocol constitutes the first example of boron‐catalyzed C(sp)−H functionalization, offering a convenient route for the synthesis of a variety of alkynylsilanes. Experimental and computational studies have revealed that DABCO plays two crucial roles (Lewis base and Brønsted base) in this catalytic transformation.
Asymmetric Enzymatic Hydration of Unactivated, Aliphatic Alkenes
Authors: Demming Rebecca M. , Hammer Stephan C. , Nestl Bettina M. , Gergel Sebastian , Fademrecht Silvia , Pleiss Jürgen , Hauer Bernhard
Published: September 2018

The direct enantioselective addition of water to unactivated alkenes could simplify the synthesis of chiral alcohols and solve a long‐standing challenge in catalysis. Here we report that an engineered fatty acid hydratase can catalyze the asymmetric hydration of various terminal and internal alkenes. In the presence of a carboxylic acid decoy molecule for activation of the oleate hydratase from E. meningoseptica, asymmetric hydration of unactivated alkenes was achieved with up to 93 % conversion, excellent selectivity (>99 % ee, >95 % regioselectivity), and on a preparative scale.
Novel bioactive porous starch–siloxane matrix for bone regeneration: Physicochemical, mechanical, and in vitro properties
Authors: Aidun Amir , Zamanian Ali , Ghorbani Farnaz
Published: September 2018

So far, many studies have focused on biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes. Herein, a starch‐based biodegradable scaffold was fabricated by the freeze‐drying method and cross‐linked using a different concentration of 3‐glycidoxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) micrographs indicated an interconnected porous microstructure in which the porosity decreased as a function of starch and GPTMS content. Increasing the mechanical stability and decreasing absorption capacity and biodegradation ratio affected by the higher concentration of cross‐linker and the changes in structure as a function of cross‐linker enhancement. Moreover, the mineralization of hybrid structures in simulated body fluid was proved by FE‐SEM image and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Results indicated the more GPTMS in scaffolds led to more hydroxyapatite formation. The ability of the growth and proliferation of bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells on the constructs confirmed the ability of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.
Minimization of Catalyst Loading on Regenerative Fuel Cell Positive Electrodes Based on Titanium Felts using Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Schlicht Stefanie , Barr Maïssa K. S. , Wu Mingjian , Hoppe Paula , Spiecker Erdmann , Peukert Wolfgang , Bachmann Julien
Published: September 2018

We present the preparation and electrochemical analysis of a novel type of positive regenerative fuel cell electrode based on commercially available Ti felts with a Pt/Ir catalyst. Anodic oxidation of the Ti felts leads to the formation of a TiO2nanotube layer. The high specific surface area allows for a particularly efficient utilization of the noble metal catalyst. Its loading in the nanoporous system is controlled accurately and minimized systematically by atomic layer deposition. The electrochemical activity towards water splitting of both metals is investigated in acidic media by cyclic voltammetry and steady‐state electrolysis for various catalyst loadings. An optimal oxygen evolution reaction is found for a catalyst loading of 76 μg cm−2resulting in a mass activity of 345 A g−1atη=0.47 V, whereas the simultaneous presence of Pt at the surface is demonstrated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by the high activity observed for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Current Status and Future Prospects of Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) and Fouling Phenomena: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hamedi Hamideh , Ehteshami Majid , Mirbagheri Seyed Ahmad , Rasouli Seyed Abbas , Zendehboudi Sohrab
Published: September 2018

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been widely used for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment around the world due to their advantages, which include higher efficiency, smaller footprint, and lower sludge production over other conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. However, membrane fouling that results from physicochemical interactions between the membrane and the components of the mixed liquor still remains the most challenging matter preventing the broad application of MBR technology. Recently, a considerable number of experimental and modelling investigations have been conducted concerning MBRs and membrane fouling. Despite the development of low‐fouling membrane systems, more research and engineering activities with a focus on surface modification, wastewater specifications, pre‐treatment and treatment conditions, and efficient fouling control and remedy strategies are still needed to minimize the probability of the occurrence of fouling. It is vital to investigate important aspects of the characterization and mechanisms of the fouling phenomenon to find reliable and long‐term solutions. This review provides a detailed survey of the main aspects of the MBR processes, configurations, advantages and disadvantages, fouling phenomenon, and fouling control strategies in MBRs. Past research and engineering activities in this area are critically reviewed such that pros and cons of recent developments in fouling inhibition and mitigation approaches are also discussed. The main practical and theoretical challenges for the effective utilization of MBRs in various municipal and industrial sectors are then addressed. At the end, we offer useful practical guidelines and recommendations for the better design and operation of MBRs in industrial and public communities.
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of TPM transcripts and proteins in developing striated chicken muscles indicate TPM4α is the major sarcomeric cardiac tropomyosin from early embryonic life to adulthood
Authors: Dube Dipak K. , Dube Syamalima , Shrestha Runa , Abbott Lynn , Randhawa Samender , Muthu Vasundhara , Fan Yingli , Wang Jushuo , Sanger Jean M. , Sanger Joseph W. , Poiesz Bernard J.
Published: September 2018

The chicken has been used since the 1980s as an animal model for developmental studies regarding tropomyosin isoform diversity in striated muscles, however, the pattern of expression of transcripts as well as the corresponding TPM proteins of various tropomyosin isoforms in avian hearts are not well documented. In this study, using conventional and qRT‐PCR, we report the expression of transcripts for various sarcomeric TPM isoforms in striated muscles through development. Transcripts of both TPM1α and TPM1κ, the two sarcomeric isoforms of the TPM1 gene, are expressed in embryonic chicken hearts but disappear in post hatch stages. TPM1α transcripts are expressed in embryonic and adult skeletal muscle. The sarcomeric isoform of the TPM2 gene is expressed mostly in embryonic skeletal muscles. As reported earlier, TPM3α is expressed in embryonic heart and skeletal muscle but significantly lower in adult striated muscle. TPM4α transcripts are expressed from embryonic to adult chicken hearts but not in skeletal muscle. Our 2D Western blot analyses using CH1 monoclonal antibody followed by mass spectra evaluations found TPM4α protein is the major sarcomeric tropomysin expressed in embryonic chicken hearts. However, in 7‐day‐old embryonic hearts, a minute quantity of TPM1α or TPM1κ is also expressed. This finding suggests that sarcomeric TPM1 protein may play some important role in cardiac contractility and/or cardiac morphogenesis during embryogenesis. Since only the transcripts of TPM4α are expressed in adult chicken hearts, it is logical to presume that TPM4α is the only sarcomeric TPM protein produced in adult cardiac tissues.
Risk of malignancy in pancreatic cysts with cytology of high‐grade epithelial atypia
Authors: Hoda Raza S. , Lu Ree , Arpin Ronald N. , Rosenbaum Matthew W. , Pitman Martha B.
Published: September 2018

Background

The risk of malignancy is weighed against the attendant risks of surgery in the clinical management of pancreatic cysts. The latter are a group of histologically diverse and prognostically variable entities, and the risk of malignancy therein is primarily based on imaging characteristics—with or without high‐grade atypia. Cytologic criteria for high‐grade atypia in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms have recently been defined, and its recognition in all pancreatic cysts may help to guide management.

Methods

All patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine‐needle aspiration for a pancreatic cyst at Massachusetts General Hospital from June 2015 to October 2016 were prospectively evaluated. Clinical data, radiographic impressions, biochemical analyses, and cytologic diagnoses of 118 pancreatic cyst fine‐needle aspiration biopsy specimens from 106 patients were reviewed. Clinical and radiologic data were used as follow‐up for 86 patients, and histology was obtained in 20 cases. Cysts were classified by imaging as high‐risk, worrisome, or low‐risk as defined by the 2012 Fukuoka consensus guidelines. Cytology was categorized as low‐grade or high‐grade. Malignant histology included mucinous cysts with high‐grade dysplasia, invasive adenocarcinomas, and neuroendocrine tumors. The risk of malignancy (ROM) was determined by histological outcome.

Results

The presence of high‐grade cytology (P < .01) was the only statistically significant predictor of malignancy and was 89% sensitive and 98% specific for malignancy. The positive predictive value (ie, ROM) of high‐grade atypia on cytology was 80%.

Conclusions

High‐grade atypia is both sensitive and specific for identifying high‐risk pancreatic cysts and is associated with a high risk of malignancy, and thus resection is warranted.
The nucleus pretectalis principalis: A pretectal structure hidden in the mammalian thalamus
Authors: Deichler Alfonso , Carrasco Denisse , Gonzalez‐Cabrera Cristian , Letelier Juan C. , Marín Gonzalo , Mpodozis Jorge
Published: September 2018

A defining feature of the amniote tecto‐fugal visual pathway is a massive bilateral projection to the thalamus originating from a distinct neuronal population, tectal ganglion cells (TGCs), of the optic tectum/superior colliculus (TeO/SC). In sauropsids, the thalamic target of the tecto‐fugal pathway is the nucleus rotundus thalami (Rt). TGCs axons collateralize en route to Rt to target the nucleus pretectalis principalis (PT), which in turn gives rise to bilateral projection to the TeO. In rodents, the thalamic target of these TGCs afferents is the caudal division of the pulvinar complex (PulC). No pretectal structures in receipt of TGC collaterals have been described in this group. However, Baldwin et al. (Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2011;519(6):1071–1094) reported in the squirrel a feedback projection from the PulC to the SC. Pulvino‐tectal (Pul‐T) cells lie at the caudal pole of the PulC, intermingled with the axonal terminals of TGCs. Here, by performing a combination of neuronal tracing, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and in situ hybridization, we characterized the pattern of projections, neurochemical profile, and genoarchitecture of Pul‐T cells in the diurnal Chilean rodent Octodon degus. We found that Pul‐T neurons exhibit pretectal, but not thalamic, genoarchitectonical markers, as well as hodological and neurochemical properties that match specifically those of the avian nucleus PT. Thus, we propose that Pul‐T cells constitute a pretectal cell population hidden within the dorsal thalamus of mammals. Our results solve the oddity entailed by the apparent existence of a noncanonic descending sensory thalamic projection and further stress the conservative character of the tectofugal pathway.
Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Gedatolisib in Healthy Male Volunteers After a Single Intravenous Infusion
Authors: Houk Brett E. , Alvey Christine W. , Visswanathan Ravi , Kirkovsky Leonid , Matschke Kyle T. , Kimoto Emi , Ryder Tim , Obach R. Scott , Durairaj Chandrasekar
Published: September 2018

In this open‐label study (NCT02142920), we investigated the distribution, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the pan‐class‐I isoform phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor gedatolisib (PF‐05212384), following a single intravenous administration in healthy male subjects. A single, 89‐mg, intravenous dose of gedatolisib was associated with a favorable safety profile in the 6 healthy subjects evaluated. Peak plasma concentrations for unchanged gedatolisib and total radioactivity were observed at the end of the 30‐minute infusion. The only observed drug‐related material in plasma was the parent drug, gedatolisib. Terminal half‐life for plasma gedatolisib was ∼37 hours. Following the dose, 66%–73% of drug‐related material was recovered in the feces. Metabolism of gedatolisib was trace; only 1 oxidative metabolite, M5, was identified in feces (<1% of total dose). Identification of gedatolisib in feces suggests that biliary and/or intestinal secretion of unchanged parent drug significantly contributes to gedatolisib clearance.
Harnessing snake venom phospholipases A2 to novel approaches for overcoming antibiotic resistance
Authors: Almeida José R. , Palacios Antonio L. V. , Patiño Ricardo S. P. , Mendes Bruno , Teixeira Cátia A. S. , Gomes Paula , da Silva Saulo L.
Published: September 2018

The emergence of antibiotic resistance drives an essential race against time to reveal new molecular structures capable of addressing this alarming global health problem. Snake venoms are natural catalogs of multifunctional toxins and privileged frameworks, which serve as potential templates for the inspiration of novel treatment strategies for combating antibiotic resistant bacteria. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are one of the main classes of antibacterial biomolecules, with recognized therapeutic value, found in these valuable secretions. Recently, a number of biomimetic oligopeptides based on small fragments of primary structure from PLA2 toxins has emerged as a meaningful opportunity to overcome multidrug‐resistant clinical isolates. Thus, this review will highlight the biochemical and structural properties of antibacterial PLA2s and peptides thereof, as well as their possible molecular mechanisms of action and key roles in development of effective therapeutic strategies. Chemical strategies possibly useful to convert antibacterial peptides from PLA2s to efficient drugs will be equally addressed.
Human in vivo metabolism study of LGD‐4033
Authors: Fragkaki Argyro G. , Sakellariou Panagiotis , Kiousi Polyxeni , Kioukia‐Fougia Nassia , Tsivou Maria , Petrou Michael , Angelis Yiannis
Published: September 2018

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are an emerging class of therapeutics targeted to cachexia, sarcopenia, and hypogonadism treatment. LGD‐4033 is a SARM which has been included on the Prohibited List annually released by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). The aim of the present work was the investigation of the metabolism of LGD‐4033 in a human excretion study after administration of an LGD‐4033 supplement, the determination of the metabolites' excretion profiles with special interest in the determination of its long‐term metabolites, and the comparison of the excretion time of the phase I and phase II metabolites. The results were also compared to those derived from previous LGD‐4033 studies concerning both in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Supplement containing LGD‐4033 was administered to one human male volunteer and urine samples were collected up to almost 21 days. Analysis of the hydrolyzed (with β‐glucuronidase) as well as of the non‐hydrolyzed samples was performed using liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) in negative ionization mode and revealed that, in both cases, the two isomers of the dihydroxylated metabolite (M5) were preferred target metabolites. The gluco‐conjugated parent LGD‐4033 and its gluco‐conjugated metabolites M1 and M2 can be also considered as useful target analytes in non‐hydrolyzed samples. The study also presents two trihydroxylated metabolites (M6) identified for the first time in human urine; one of them was recently reported in an LGD‐4033 metabolism study in horse urine and plasma.
Indium Tin Oxide–Based Fully Spray‐Coated Inverted Solar Cells with Nontoxic Solvents: The Role of Buffer Layer Interface on Low‐Bandgap Photoactive Layer Performance
Authors: Polino Giuseppina , Dell'Elce Simone , Liscio Andrea , La Notte Luca , Cardone Giorgio , Di Carlo Aldo , Brunetti Francesca
Published: September 2018

In bulk heterojunction solar cells, the morphology of the interfaces between the photoactive layer (PAL) and charge transporting layers during the deposition process plays a key role in achieving high‐efficiency devices. Herein, an inverted fully spray‐coated solar cell fabricated on an indium tin oxide (ITO)‐glass substrate is presented. It is demonstrated that a spray‐coated double electron transporting layer composed of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles coated with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) improves the morphology of the spray‐coated active layer on top of the spray‐coated cathode. Moreover, focusing on the hole transporting layer and anode, the performance obtained using a commercial poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) blend is compared with a high‐conductive anhydrous PEDOT:PSS (A‐PEDOT) mixed with a commercial PEDOT:PSS (CPP‐105D) as transporting layer. By optimizing the spray deposition of all the layers, a fully scalable spray process is used to produce polymer solar cells with ITO/ZnO/PEIE/poly[[4,8‐bis[(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b’]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl] [3‐fluoro‐2‐ [(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl] thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7): [6,6]‐phenyl‐C70‐butyric‐acid‐methyl‐ester (PC70BM)/CPP:A‐PEDOT structure, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.6%. Such result is significant if compared to a spray‐coated structure with evaporated anode (MoO3‐Ag). In this case (ITO/ZnO/PEIE/PTB7:PCBM/MoO3‐Ag), a power conversion efficiency of 5.5% is obtained.
High strength bioethanol wastewater inoculated with single‐strain or binary consortium feeding air‐cathode microbial fuel cells
Authors: Marassi Rodrigo J. , Igreja Marcos , Uchigasaki Manzo , Silva Gilmar C.
Published: September 2018

Bioethanol industries generate a large volume of high strength wastewater called vinasse. This study compares the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), inoculated with a single‐strain or a binary consortium, to produce bioelectricity while simultaneously reducing the COD levels and removing the vinasse color. The MFCs achieved the power density of 124.0 ±0.2 mW/m2 when inoculated with a strain of Shewanella oneidensis (MFC/So) and 178.0 ±0.8 mW/m2 after inoculation with a strain of Clostridium butyricum (MFC/Cb). However, a better performance in power density was reached by the MFC inoculated with both cultures (MFC/So‐Cb), which produced 205.0 ±0.5 mW/m2. Additionally, the results showed a decrease in the initial COD (36,440 mg/L), as well as a decolorization. Thus, the MFC/So, MFC/Cb, and MFC/So‐Cb caused a reduction in COD by 41.8 ± 2.4%, 20.1 ± 4.4%, and 53.8 ± 5.9%, respectively, and in color by 62 ± 4%, 70 ± 4%, and 58 ± 5%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that high power density can be produced using raw vinasse as a substrate in air‐cathode MFCs. However, the coulombic efficiency was low indicating that the COD conversion into electricity must be improved.

Novelty: This work combines fermentative and metal‐reducing bacteria, instead of mixed cultures with unknown microorganisms, to break down complex organics in the vinasse, simultaneously to electricity generation. No studies have been found concerning Shewanella oneidensis and Clostridium butyricum strains for harvesting bioelectricity from bioethanol wastewater. Second, different from early studies, this work uses the real high strength wastewater, without dilution or any pre‐treatment, before MFC process. Third, here we consider the total biomass at the end process to calculate the COD removal rate. Finally, we employed electronic load, never used previously, in MFC polarization measurements. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 380–386, 2019
Adsorptive Removal of Basic Yellow Dye Using Bigadiç Zeolites: FTIR Analysis, Kinetics, and Isotherms Modeling
Authors: Çalışkan Yasemin , Harbeck Serpil , Bektaş Nihal
Published: September 2018

The adsorptive removal efficiency of Basic Yellow Dye (Astrazon Yellow 7GLL) from aqueous solutions was studied using different types of modified zeolites in an agitated single‐stage batch experimental system. Zeolite samples consisted of mainly clinoptilolite, collected from Bigadic Region of Turkey. The optimum adsorbent amount was found as 0.5 g in the primary experiments. Then, the adsorption kinetics with a constant initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L, agitation speed of 250 rpm, and temperature of 25°C for a period of 180 min were investigated. Three kinetic models namely, pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order non‐linear kinetic models, and the intra‐particle diffusion were used to describe the kinetic data of adsorption process. Non‐linear fittings of the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were applied to the experimental equilibrium data obtained with dye concentrations in the range of 12–550 mg/L. The adsorption capacities (Qo) of zeolite samples for basic dye were in the range of 17.8–21.2 mg/g. Different analytical methods were used to investigate the influence of the different treatments on the zeolite surface and understanding of the adsorptive removal of dye using natural and modified zeolites. It was concluded that the spectroscopic results agree with the results obtained by kinetic and adsorption experiments as the acidic pre‐treatment zeolite has the highest removal rate for dye molecules since the concentration of various active sites (oxygen species, free Al+, and Si+ sides, etc.) to increase on the surface. On the contrary, basic treatment causes the loading of the surfaces with hydroxyl groups and these interact with each other via H‐bond and causes increased removal rate. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: S185–S195, 2019
Mourning in Public
Authors: Benz Brigitte , Kranemann Benedikt
Published: September 2018

Disaster rituals: Commemorations following attacks or catastrophes have their own dramaturgy. Varying enormously depending on place, form and message, they are directly and indirectly connected with zeitgeist, religions and worldviews. New forms of remembrance and leave‐taking have now become a topic of liturgical research.
Olfactory ensheathing cells abutting the embryonic olfactory bulb express Frzb, whose deletion disrupts olfactory axon targeting
Authors: Rich Constance A. , Perera Surangi N. , Andratschke Jacqueline , Stolt C. Claus , Buehler Dennis P. , Southard‐Smith E. Michelle , Wegner Michael , Britsch Stefan , Baker Clare V. H.
Published: September 2018

We and others previously showed that in mouse embryos lacking the transcription factor Sox10, olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) differentiation is disrupted, resulting in defective olfactory axon targeting and fewer gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons entering the embryonic forebrain. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that OECs in the olfactory nerve layer express Frzb—encoding a secreted Wnt inhibitor with roles in axon targeting and basement membrane breakdown—from embryonic day (E)12.5, when GnRH neurons first enter the forebrain, until E16.5, the latest stage examined. The highest levels of Frzb expression are seen in OECs in the inner olfactory nerve layer, abutting the embryonic olfactory bulb. We find that Sox10 is required for Frzb expression in OECs, suggesting that loss of Frzb could explain the olfactory axon targeting and/or GnRH neuron migration defects seen in Sox10‐null mice. At E16.5, Frzb‐null embryos show significant reductions in both the volume of the olfactory nerve layer expressing the maturation marker Omp and the number of Omp‐positive olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium. As Omp upregulation correlates with synapse formation, this suggests that Frzb deletion indeed disrupts olfactory axon targeting. In contrast, GnRH neuron entry into the forebrain is not significantly affected. Hence, loss of Frzb may contribute to the olfactory axon targeting phenotype, but not the GnRH neuron phenotype, of Sox10‐null mice. Overall, our results suggest that Frzb secreted from OECs in the olfactory nerve layer is important for olfactory axon targeting.
Implementation of the Ogata flow cytometric scoring system in routine diagnostics of myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Matzen Sara Maj Hyldig , Raaschou‐Jensen Klas Kræsten , Kallenbach Klaus
Published: September 2018

Background and Aims

Compiling evidence has emerged for the relevance of flow cytometric assessment as a valuable part of the diagnostic work‐up of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). This study aimed at evaluating the implementation of a simple flow cytometric scoring system (FCSS), the Ogata score, in a routine diagnostic laboratory.

Methods

A total of 35 patient samples with a clinical suspicion of MDS were retrospectively assessed using the FCSS. The accuracy of the FCSS was evaluated on the basis of the final diagnoses of the patients.

Results

The final diagnoses included 17 MDS, 4 other myeloid cancers, and 14 reactive changes. Thirty‐two of 35 (91%) were correctly scored by the FCSS. All 3 incorrect scores were from samples classified as “other myeloid cancers.” Of the initial pathological evaluation of the bone marrows, 20% were inconclusive or incorrect. All inconclusive samples were correctly scored using the FCSS.

Conclusion

The FCSS evaluated here has high accuracy and low complexity. Cases with inconclusive pathological evaluation will especially potentially benefit from adding the Ogata score to the diagnostic work‐up. The system will be feasible to implement in most flow cytometry laboratories without the need for supplemental antibody panels. It should be emphasized that the FCSS, in our hands, provided poor discrimination between MDS and other myeloid clonal diseases.
New phomalone derivatives from the endolichenic fungus Cochliobolus kusanoi in Ny‐Alesund Arctic
Authors: Yang Cailing , Xiao Shiji , Yan Song , Zhang Maosheng , Cai Qing , Fu Shaobin , Meng Qingfeng
Published: September 2018

Natural products from endolichenic fungi, isolated from different lichen species, have been attracting much attention because of their potential to produce metabolites with activities and/or new structures. The filamentous fungus M227‐2 isolated from lichen in Ny‐Alesund Arctic showed significant anti‐microbial activity and was identified as Cochliobolus kusanoi based on 18S rDNA. Secondary metabolites of M227‐2 were investigated in order to exploit them as lead compounds for new antibiotics. Chemical investigation on M227‐2 led to the isolation of three phomalone derivatives (products 1–3). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of their NMR and MS spectral data. Product 2 was new, whereas products 1 and 3 were isolated for the first time from the species. The biosynthetic pathway is also proposed.