bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of robust nitrogen removal with spatiotemporal nitrifying bacterial community dynamics in a new bioreactor for treatment of simulated livestock wastewater with high ammonia content
Authors: Zhang Yimin , Kong Ming , Hua Ming , Wang Longmian , Zhou Mengyue , Peng Fuquan , Qiu Haoyu , Han Wei , Gao Yuexiang , Chao Jianying , Xu Bin , Yang Fei , Zhu Yueming , Jiang Hong
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Different types of nitrogen‐containing wastewater have been treated with dewatered alum sludge (DAS) or neutralized used acid (NUA) or with a combined DAS–NUA biofilter. The connections between the spatiotemporal structures of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and the nitrogen removal performance of DAS–NUA biofilter have not been fully clarified. To address this issue, AOB and NOB genetic characteristics response to nitrogen conversions in a laboratory‐scale DAS–NUA biofilter were investigated.

RESULTS

The spatiotemporal distribution of the AOB in DAS was heterogeneous in the bioreactor. The trends observed in its structure were a function of depth along the flowpaths and time. However, AOB in NUA and NOB in both substrates were time and space independent. The spatial and temporal behavior of nitrifying bacteria mainly depended on the pH, followed by dissolved oxygen. The Shannon indexes of AOB and NOB and the relative abundances of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter had significantly negative relationships with NH+4–N and total nitrogen concentrations in effluents.

CONCLUSIONS

The Shannon indexes of AOB and NOB and the relative abundances of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were the key indicators of nitrogen removal and have implications for effective nitrogen attenuation strategies. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Surfactants of High‐Carbon Alkyl Phosphates Used for Cosmetics
Authors: Xu Dongmei , Liu Zhanglu , Gao Jun , Liu Xiaowei , Yan Peisong , Liu Di , Ma Xiaolong
Published: September 2018

The solvent‐free synthesis of surfactants of high‐carbon alkyl phosphate esters (C = 18, 22) using the polyphosphoric acid method was studied in this work. Phosphoric acid (85 wt%) and phosphorus pentoxide were used to prepare a phosphorylation agent. The preparation conditions of octadecyl and docosyl phosphates were optimized. With the optimized synthesis conditions, the high‐carbon alkyl phosphates were prepared with high yield, and their performances were validated. The results indicate that the high‐carbon alkyl phosphates displayed good emulsifying ability and dispersion performance was compared with the other cosmetic surfactants.
Decreased nitrogen loading controls summer cyanobacterial blooms without promoting nitrogen‐fixing taxa: Long‐term response of a shallow lake
Authors: Shatwell T. , Köhler J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract

The effectiveness of controlling nitrogen (N) to manage lake eutrophication is debated. Long‐term, whole‐lake case studies are required to determine whether diazotrophic cyanobacteria can fix sufficient N to offset a reduction of N‐inputs. We document the recovery of shallow, productive Lake Müggelsee (Germany) over 37 yr (sampling interval 1–2 weeks) during a decrease of N and phosphorus (P) loading of 79% and 69%, respectively. Nitrogen concentrations in the lake responded immediately to loading reduction whereas P concentrations remained elevated for about 20 yr. Total nitrogen (TN) in the lake was always lower than TN in the inflow. Accordingly, estimated denitrification and N‐burial rates substantially exceeded N2 fixation rates in the long term. Phosphorus was growth limiting in spring whereas N was clearly limiting in summer due to high sediment P‐release. TN : TP ratios, normalized to phytoplankton biovolume by regression, were 25.5 (weight) in spring and 3.3 in summer. During the study period, dissolved inorganic N (DIN) concentrations in summer decreased and the duration of low DIN concentrations increased by ca. 100 d. The biovolume of cyanobacteria and total phytoplankton decreased by 89% and 76%, respectively. The proportion of N2‐fixing cyanobacteria during summer decreased from 36% to 14% of the total phytoplankton biovolume. The total concentration of heterocysts and estimated total N2 fixation did not change over time. In the long term, decreasing N‐inputs effectively controlled summer cyanobacteria including N2‐fixing taxa, which did not compensate for the N‐deficit. A P‐only control strategy would not have been as successful.
Shock‐ and Energy‐Absorption Capability of Cold‐Programmable Shape Memory Polymers
Authors: Raidt Thomas , Santhirasegaran Panusa , Hoeher Robin , Tiller Joerg C. , Katzenberg Frank
Published: September 2018

In this work, the shock‐ and energy‐absorption capability of cold‐programmable shape memory polymers is evaluated. To this end, thin safety lines are prepared from different materials (critically cross‐linked syndiotactic polypropylene, shape memory natural rubber, natural rubber, and Dyneema) and tested by falling weight experiments to determine characteristic physical quantities such as maximum impact force, maximum jerk (first derivative of the deceleration), and energy absorption capability. Critically cross‐linked syndiotactic polypropylene is the best suited of all tested materials for cushioning the impact force, vibration, and chatter, which occur when a safety line abruptly tightens after the free fall in a falling weight experiment.
Combined endoscopic and transcervical approach for free flap reconstruction of nasopharyngeal and clival defects: A case report
Authors: Krane Natalie A. , Troob Scott H. , Wax Mark K.
Published: September 2018

We report a case during which a new method of reconstruction for a nasopharyngeal and skull base defect was successfully performed. A 45‐year‐old female with granulomatosis with polyangiitis presented with computed tomography (CT) findings demonstrative of chronic clival and cervical spine osteomyelitis secondary to nasopharyngeal destruction. The posterior nasopharyngeal defect, evident as a wide area of mucosal erosion exposing the clivus centrally, was successfully reconstructed with an anterior serratus muscle‐free tissue transfer via both transcervical and endoscopic transnasal approaches utilizing a laparoscopic fixation device, a previously unreported method for free flap inset, to secure the free flap. The patient tolerated this well and no major complications were encountered. At 2‐year follow‐up, the patient was without signs of cerebrospinal fluid leak or sequelae of infectious complications, including meningitis and osteomyelitis. A combined transcervical and endoscopic transnasal approach using a laparoscopic fixation device for free flap inset can be an effective method to reconstruct posterior nasopharyngeal defects in those patients whom local reconstructive options are not available.
Nutrimetabolomics: An Integrative Action for Metabolomic Analyses in Human Nutritional Studies
Authors: Ulaszewska Marynka M. , Weinert Christoph H. , Trimigno Alessia , Portmann Reto , Andres Lacueva Cristina , Badertscher René , Brennan Lorraine , Brunius Carl , Bub Achim , Capozzi Francesco , Cialiè Rosso Marta , Cordero Chiara E. , Daniel Hannelore , Durand Stéphanie , Egert Bjoern , Ferrario Paola G. , Feskens Edith J.M. , Franceschi Pietro , Garcia‐Aloy Mar , Giacomoni Franck , Giesbertz Pieter , González‐Domínguez Raúl , Hanhineva Kati , Hemeryck Lieselot Y. , Kopka Joachim , Kulling Sabine E. , Llorach Rafael , Manach Claudine , Mattivi Fulvio , Migné Carole , Münger Linda H. , Ott Beate , Picone Gianfranco , Pimentel Grégory , Pujos‐Guillot Estelle , Riccadonna Samantha , Rist Manuela J. , Rombouts Caroline , Rubert Josep , Skurk Thomas , Sri Harsha Pedapati S. C. , Van Meulebroek Lieven , Vanhaecke Lynn , Vázquez‐Fresno Rosa , Wishart David , Vergères Guy
Published: September 2018

The life sciences are currently being transformed by an unprecedented wave of developments in molecular analysis, which include important advances in instrumental analysis as well as biocomputing. In light of the central role played by metabolism in nutrition, metabolomics is rapidly being established as a key analytical tool in human nutritional studies. Consequently, an increasing number of nutritionists integrate metabolomics into their study designs. Within this dynamic landscape, the potential of nutritional metabolomics (nutrimetabolomics) to be translated into a science, which can impact on health policies, still needs to be realized.

A key element to reach this goal is the ability of the research community to join, to collectively make the best use of the potential offered by nutritional metabolomics. This article, therefore, provides a methodological description of nutritional metabolomics that reflects on the state‐of‐the‐art techniques used in the laboratories of the Food Biomarker Alliance (funded by the European Joint Programming Initiative “A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life” (JPI HDHL)) as well as points of reflections to harmonize this field. It is not intended to be exhaustive but rather to present a pragmatic guidance on metabolomic methodologies, providing readers with useful “tips and tricks” along the analytical workflow.
Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury Among Patients Receiving the Combination of Vancomycin with Piperacillin‐Tazobactam or Meropenem
Authors: Robertson Amy D. , Li Chenghui , Hammond Drayton A. , Dickey Tiffany A.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Vancomycin (VAN) is associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Evidence is conflicting regarding the risk of AKI when VAN is combined with an antipseudomonal β‐lactam.

Objectives

To determine the comparative incidence of AKI when VAN is combined with piperacillin‐tazobactam (PTZ) or meropenem (MER).

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of acutely ill adults receiving the combination of VAN and PTZ or MER for at least 48 hours between November 1, 2014, and October 31, 2016, in a tertiary care hospital. Critically ill patients and those with baseline renal dysfunction were excluded. The primary outcome was the incidence of AKI during or within 72 hours of completing antibiotic therapy, defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine (Scr) of 0.5 mg/dl or higher or a 50% or more increase in Scr from baseline. Secondary outcomes included time to AKI development, duration of AKI, and length of hospitalization. Continuous variables were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank sum or the Student t test; categorical variables were assessed using χ2 or Fisher exact tests. Independent risk factors for the development of AKI were also examined.

Results

A total of 169 patients were evaluated. A significantly higher incidence of AKI was observed in the PTZ group compared with MER (16.5% vs 3.6%; p=0.009). The median time to AKI onset was significantly shorter with PTZ compared with MER (3 vs 7 days; p=0.009). After adjusting for baseline differences, VAN/PTZ was associated with a 6.8‐fold increased risk of developing AKI (odds ratio [OR] 6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–30.9) compared with VAN/MER. VAN doses higher than 4 g/day and trough levels higher than 20 μg/ml were independent risk factors for developing AKI (OR 8.7, 95% CI 1.04–72.94, and OR 9.01, 95% CI 1.44–56.21, respectively).

Conclusion

The combination of VAN/PTZ increases the risk of AKI when compared with VAN/MER in acutely ill adults.
Cathodoluminescence analysis of nonmetallic inclusions of nitrides in steel
Authors: Imashuku Susumu , Wagatsuma Kazuaki
Published: September 2018

Identification of nitride inclusions such as boron nitride (BN) and aluminum nitride (AlN) is important in the steelmaking industry because BN inclusions deteriorate the creep strength of ferritic heat‐resistant steel, and AlN inclusions cause transverse cracking in twin‐induced‐plasticity steel. The conventional method employed for the analysis of such inclusions in steel comprises both optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), which is the time‐consuming. The aim of this study is to investigate the application of cathodoluminescence (CL) analysis (both images and spectra) to the rapid identification of BN and AlN inclusions. Measurement samples were prepared by heating mixtures of 99 mass% Fe and 1 mass% B or Al powders at 1550°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. BN inclusions larger than 5 μm and AlN inclusions 20 μm in size were identified within 1 second on the basis of their luminescence color (blue‐violet for BN and blue for AlN) in the CL images. We demonstrated that BN, AlN, and alumina inclusions could be identified from their CL spectra without the conventional method of EPMA. Capturing a CL image can provide a means of rapidly identifying BN and AlN inclusions in steel. We also carried out CL analysis on a sample containing TiN inclusions which can trigger cleavage fracture in low‐carbon steels. No luminescence was detected in the CL image, and there were no CL spectral peaks, indicating that it is difficult to apply CL analysis to the identification of TiN inclusions.
A Protocol to Characterize pH Sensing Materials and Systems
Authors: Ghoneim Mohamed T. , Sadraei Atieh , de Souza Pedro , Moore Grace C. , Bazant Martin Z. , Dagdeviren Canan
Published: September 2018

Although significant progress is made in identifying pH sensing materials and device configurations, a standard protocol for benchmarking performance of next‐generation pH devices is still lacking. In particular, key properties of characterization systems, such as inherent component contributions, time plots for extended‐gate field‐effect transistor (EGFET) measurements, and the input resistance (Rin), often go unreported in studies of pH sensing systems. These properties strongly influence the characterization system and can lead to mistaken attribution of properties to the device. In this paper, a series of essential characterization tests and parameters are reported to evaluate pH systems, such as the zinc oxide EGFET, in a standardized protocol. This EGFET ZnO sensor has a sensitivity of −58.1 mV pH−1, drift range from 2.5 to 14.2 µA h−1, and response time of 136 s. By using a ZnO sensing electrode, it is demonstrated that i) intrinsic contributions of reference electrode and commercial transistor (for EGFET) are not negligible; ii) time plots for EGFET configuration and defining a critical point at the onset of drift are essential for accurate sensitivity, response time, and drift reporting; and iii) the results of the pH sensing system are strongly dependent on the input resistance of the used characterization instruments.
Sustainability and comovement of government debt in EMU Countries: A panel data analysis
Authors: Brady Gordon L. , Magazzino Cosimo
Published: September 2018

We investigate the sustainability of fiscal policy in a set of 19 European Monetary Union (EMU) countries over the period 1970–2016. Panel unit root tests in the presence of cross‐section dependence show that the government debt series is stationary, indicating that the solvency condition would be satisfied for these countries. This confirms the effectiveness of the austerity measures implemented by these member states. Moreover, an unobserved common factor drives the comovement of government debt in the Eurozone.
Evolution of the Infant Health Production Function
Authors: Corman Hope , Dave Dhaval , Reichman Nancy E.
Published: September 2018

Michael Grossman's seminal publication on the demand for health and health production (Grossman 1972) has spawned a substantial body of research focusing on the production of infant health. This article provides a systematic review of the published literature to date on infant health production and how it has evolved over the past 3–4 decades as data have become more available, computing has improved, and econometric methods have become more sophisticated. While empirical research in most fields has expanded in corresponding ways, the infant health production research has become an important part of the broader and inherently multidisciplinary literature on intergenerational health. The strongest and most robust findings are that policies matter for infant health, particularly those affecting access to health care, and that prenatal smoking and other chemical exposures substantially compromise infant health. Promising directions for future research include elucidating relevant pathways, reconciling the largely inconsistent estimated effects of nutrition and education, and exploring the roles of preconceptional and lifetime health care, paternal factors, social support, housing, complementarity and substitutability of inputs, factors that modify effects of inputs, and evolving medical technologies.
Educational mismatch and the earnings distribution
Authors: Bender Keith A. , Roche Kristen
Published: September 2018

This article focuses on the interrelationship between educational mismatch and earnings, taking three new approaches. First, we examine decompositions of the mismatch wage gap, finding that characteristics explain less than half of the mismatch penalty. Second, we use unconditional quantile regression to examine the mismatch penalty across the earnings distribution, showing that the penalty shrinks as the position in the earnings distribution increases. Third, we decompose the differentials using quantile decompositions. Different reasons for mismatch show heterogeneity in our results, with larger penalties for being mismatched due to working conditions, location, family, and no available job.
Validation of the polish version of the posttraumatic cognitions inventory
Authors: Kucharska Justyna
Published: September 2018

The paper presents the Polish version of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory developed by Foa and colleagues Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 303–314 (Foa et al., 1999). The scale measures three types of cognitions that are typically associated with traumatic experiences: negative cognitions about the self, negative cognitions about the world, and self-blame. The scale was translated to Polish using a forward – backward translation method; it was administered to a group of adult Polish women from the general population. A total of 337 individuals participated in the project. Traumatic experiences of sexual and non-sexual type were assessed and separate analyses were conducted for cognitions related to trauma of non-sexual and sexual nature. Moreover, the cumulative trauma and the severity of symptoms of the posttraumatic stress disorder were measured. Reliability of all scales was proven to be very good, with Cronbach-α for all scales above.80. There was a positive correlation between all three types of posttraumatic cognitions and (1) severity of the PTSD symptoms, (2) number of different traumatic events. The results of the current study provided partial support for the three factor structure of the tool: three factors emerged in exploratory factor analyses, but the correlations between the subscales were very high. Also, confirmatory factor analyses did not support the original solution. Overall, the Polish version of the PTCI has good psychometric properties and can be used in research, considerable evidence to support the three factor solution was also found.
IRT Models for Expert-Coded Panel Data
Authors: Marquardt Kyle L. , Pemstein Daniel
Published: September 2018

Data sets quantifying phenomena of social-scientific interest often use multiple experts to code latent concepts. While it remains standard practice to report the average score across experts, experts likely vary in both their expertise and their interpretation of question scales. As a result, the mean may be an inaccurate statistic. Item-response theory (IRT) models provide an intuitive method for taking these forms of expert disagreement into account when aggregating ordinal ratings produced by experts, but they have rarely been applied to cross-national expert-coded panel data. We investigate the utility of IRT models for aggregating expert-coded data by comparing the performance of various IRT models to the standard practice of reporting average expert codes, using both data from the V-Dem data set and ecologically motivated simulated data. We find that IRT approaches outperform simple averages when experts vary in reliability and exhibit differential item functioning (DIF). IRT models are also generally robust even in the absence of simulated DIF or varying expert reliability. Our findings suggest that producers of cross-national data sets should adopt IRT techniques to aggregate expert-coded data measuring latent concepts.
Quantifying New Testament Textual Variants: Key Witnesses in Acts and the Catholic Letters
Authors: Lanier Gregory R.
Published: September 2018

This article interacts with Peter J. Gurry's recent estimate of thetotaltextual variants in the Greek New Testament (NTS62 (2016)) by (i) employing a different (and complementary) method using data from theEditio Critica Maiorand (ii) producing an estimate that is narrowly confined to the ‘key’ manuscript witnesses for Acts and the Catholic Letters (a mix of majuscules and minuscules, both Byzantine and non-Byzantine). The results prove more useful for framing the development and distribution of textual variants in this group of key witnesses.
The Gospel of Peter as a Jewish Christian Document
Authors: Marcus Joel
Published: September 2018

The second half of the Akhmîm fragment of the Gospel of Peter distinguishes the recalcitrant Jewish leaders, who suppress the truth of Jesus’ resurrection, from the Jewish people, who regret their murder of Jesus the moment he dies – a distinction best explained by the thesis that the document was produced by and for Jewish Christians living in second-century Syria. Other Christian documents related to the Gospel of Peter and written or influenced by second- and third-century Jewish Christians, especially the Didascalia Apostolorum, show a similar combination of philo- and anti-Judaism. The Gospel's reference to the disciples fasting during the interim between Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection may refer to the practice, attested in the Didascalia and elsewhere, of liturgical fasting for the Jews. Apocalypse of Peter 2, which was probably an original part of the Gospel, holds out hope for Israel's restoration. As the Akhmîm scribe excised this hopeful chapter from the Apocalypse, so he probably excised the hopeful ending of the Gospel, in which the risen Jesus commissioned the disciples to continue the work of separating the people from their recalcitrant leaders and thereby converting them to faith in the one they had crucified.
Impact of a Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plan (SCAMP®) on growth in infants with CHD
Authors: Gongwer Russell C. , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Huh Susanna Y. , Sztam Kevin A. , Jenkins Kathy J.
Published: September 2018

Background

Growth failure is prevalent among infants with CHD. A Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plan was introduced at Boston Children’s Hospital’s cardiac medical ward to identify patients with growth failure, evaluate relevant contributing conditions, and recommend a management plan including collaboration with nutrition physicians.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine whether enrolled patients had improved growth compared with historical controls.

Methods

A total of 29 patients were enrolled in the period July, 2013–June, 2014. In all, 42 historical controls who met eligibility criteria for enrolment were selected for comparison from patients admitted to the same ward in the period June, 2010–June, 2011. Patients with CHD aged <1 year , with growth failure defined as weight-for-age z-score <−2, or failure to sustain adequate weight gain were eligible for participation. Primary outcome was change in weight-for-age z-score from enrolment to most recent weight measurement among patients with at least 6 months of follow-up.

Results

Control patients were older at baseline admission weight (118 versus 95 days, p=0.33), and had a higher weight-for-age z-score, −2.9 (−3.1, −2.6) versus −3.7 (−4.3, −3.0) (p=0.02), compared with enrolled patients. Enrolled patients had greater gain in weight-for-age z-score, 2.7 (2.0, 3.4) versus 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) (p=0.03), from baseline to most recent follow-up.

Conclusion

Patients enrolled in a nutrition-focused protocol had greater weight improvement than historical controls. Identification of growth failure and collaboration with a nutrition support team was associated with improved weight gain among CHD patients experiencing growth failure. CHD programmes should consider a structural approach, including nutrition expertise to address growth failure.
A modified choice experiment to examine willingness to participate in a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) program among low-income parents
Authors: McGuirt Jared T. , Jilcott Pitts Stephanie B. , Hanson Karla L. , DeMarco Molly , Seguin Rebecca A. , Kolodinsky Jane , Becot Florence , Ammerman Alice S.
Published: September 2018

There is a need to improve geographical and financial access to healthy foods for limited resource populations in rural areas. Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) programs can improve access to healthy foods in rural and limited-resource populations. However, research is needed to discern the most appealing conditions for a CSA (e.g. price, frequency, food quantity) among rural, low-income customers. The goal of this study was to understand low-income consumers' preferences related to participation in a CSA program, considering price, frequency, food quantity and accessibility (e.g. distance) conditions. A modified exploratory choice experiment exercise was embedded within in-depth interviews to examine willingness to participate in CSA under a variety of conditions among 42 low-income adults with at least one child in the household in North Carolina, New York, Vermont and Washington. Willingness to participate in a CSA under each condition was summed and compared across conditions. Results were stratified by race, number of children and household members and McNemar's test and Student's t-test were used to examine differences in willingness between conditions. Salient quotes were extracted to support themes related to each condition. Our analysis suggests that the ideal CSA would be a full-sized share of eight to nine items of mixed variety, distributed every other week, priced at less than US$15, no more than 10 min further than the supermarket (SM) from their home and preferably less expensive but no more than 20% more expensive than SM prices. CSAs interested in reaching rural low-income populations may benefit from considering these consumer-level preferences.
Prävalenz und Charakteristika von Mobbingerfahrungen in einer klinischen Stichprobe von Jugendlichen
Authors: Stecher Nina , Bock Astrid , Fleischmann Susanne , Fuchs Martin , Bliem Harald R. , Juen Barbara , Sevecke Kathrin
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Wiederholte und lang andauernde Schikanen, im Sinne von Mobbing, stellen ein verbreitetes Gesundheitsrisiko dar. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Prävalenz von Mobbingerfahrungen von jugendlichen PatientInnen der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie zu erfassen und Zusammenhänge mit soziodemografischen und psychopathologischen Faktoren darzustellen. Zudem sollten die TäterInnen, mögliche soziale Ressourcen und die Sichtweise der Eltern der jugendlichen Mobbingopfer auf Mobbingerfahrungen bei Jugendlichen abgebildet werden. Methodik: 128 jugendliche stationäre PatientInnen (mittleres Alter = 15.12 Jahre, weiblich = 75.8 %) wurden mittels Fragebögen zu ihren Mobbingerfahrungen und Symptombelastungen befragt. Ergebnisse: Ein Drittel der PatientInnen gab an, im letzten halben Jahr unter Mobbing gelitten zu haben. Jungen und Mädchen mit Mobbingerlebnissen berichteten signifikant häufiger von internalen Problemen. Mädchen zeigten zudem vermehrt externale Verhaltensauffälligkeiten. Im Gegensatz zu Selbstverletzungen, die bei den Mobbingopfern in unserer Stichprobe nicht gehäuft vorkamen, waren Suizidversuche und -handlungen signifikant gehäuft. Schlussfolgerungen: Ein signifikanter Anteil der untersuchten jugendlichen PatientInnen beschrieb Mobbingerfahrungen und damit einhergehende psychische Belastungen. Dies ist vor allem in der kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Anamnese zu berücksichtigen.
Open to Diversity
Authors: Sparkman David J. , Eidelman Scott , Dueweke Aubrey R. , Marin Mikenna S. , Dominguez Belkis
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The present research examines the influence of personality on ideologies about diversity in society. In two studies ( N = 668), we test whether Openness to Experience predicts beliefs in multiculturalism and colorblindness, and whether these relationships are mediated by perspective-taking tendencies. In Study 1, Openness positively predicted multiculturalism but negatively predicted colorblindness through ethnic perspective taking – findings that were independent of empathy, age, gender, and race/ethnicity. In Study 2, we attempted to replicate and extend our findings by using different measures of multiculturalism and colorblindness and a more general, interpersonal operationalization of perspective taking. Results indicate Openness positively predicted both multiculturalism and colorblindness through interpersonal perspective taking (also independent of age, gender, and race/ethnicity), suggesting the pattern of findings varied as a function of perspective-taking type. Implications for the complexity of the Openness dimension and future research directions are discussed.
Generation of GOES‐16 True Color Imagery without a Green Band
Authors: Bah M. K. , Gunshor M. M. , Schmit T. J.
Published: September 2018

A number of approaches have been developed to generate true color images from the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)‐16. GOES‐16 is the first of a series of four spacecraft with the ABI onboard. These approaches are complicated since the ABI does not have a green (0.55 μm) spectral band. Despite this limitation, representative true color images can be built. A methodology for generating color images from the ABI is discussed, along with corresponding examples from the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera on Deep Space Climate Observatory.
Convection Electric Field and Plasma Convection in a Twisted Magnetotail: A THEMIS Case Study 1–2 January 2009
Authors: Pitkänen T. , Kullen A. , Shi Q. Q. , Hamrin M. , De Spiegeleer A. , Nishimura Y.
Published: September 2018

We investigate THEMIS satellite measurements made in a tail‐aligned constellation during a time interval on 1–2 January 2009, which has previously been attributed to an interval of an interplanetary magnetic field By‐driven magnetotail twisting. We find evidence for that the orientation of the convection electric field in the tail is twist‐mode dependent. For earthward flow and a negative twist (induced tail By< 0), the electric field is found to have northward Ez and tailward Ex components. During a positive twist (induced tail By> 0), the directions of Ez and Ex are reversed. The Ey component shows the expected dawn‐to‐dusk direction for earthward flow. The electric field components preserve their orientation across the neutral sheet, and a quasi‐collinear field is observed irrespective to the tail distance. The electric field associated with the tailward flow has an opposite direction compared to the earthward flow for the negative twist. For the positive twist, the results are less clear. The corresponding plasma convection and thus the magnetic flux transport have an opposite dawn‐dusk direction above and below the neutral sheet. The directions depend on the tail twist mode. The hemispherically asymmetric earthward plasma flows are suggested to be a manifestation of an asymmetric Dungey cycle in a twisted magnetotail. The role of tailward flows deserve further investigation.
Retrieval of Atmospheric Fine Particulate Density Based on Merging Particle Size Distribution Measurements: Multi‐instrument Observation and Quality Control at Shouxian
Authors: Li Zhengqiang , Wei Yuanyuan , Zhang Ying , Xie Yisong , Li Lei , Li Kaitao , Ma Yan , Sun Xiaobing , Zhao Weixiong , Gu Xuejun
Published: September 2018

Density of fine mode particles is an important physical parameter. However, its measurement and validation in the actual atmosphere are still difficult. In this study, the measurements at Shouxian, Anhui province, China (32.56°N, 116.78°E, elevation 22.7 m) in winter, are used for density retrieval and quality control. The effective density and number size distribution of fine mode aerosol can be obtained in real time, by using the scanning mobility particle sizer and aerodynamic particle sizer. During the experiment, the average density is about 1.66 ± 0.15 g/cm3 with the uncertainty of 0.19 g/cm3 calculated from the residuals in the overlap region of scanning mobility and aerodynamic particle sizers. A multi‐instrument measurement and quality control scheme is proposed to identify large measurement uncertainties. The extinction and scattering coefficients calculated from the merged fine particle number size distributions by Mie theory are comparable with the measurements from cavity‐enhanced albedometer. The differences between the calculated and observed scattering and extinction coefficients are less than 2%. Meanwhile, the deduced aerosol complex refractive index n and k are obtained by minimizing the sum of squared residuals of extinction and scattering coefficients and comparable with the values retrieved from the Sun‐sky radiometer CE318 measurements. The correlation coefficient on n is 0.72. However, the correlation on k is not optimized, explained by the influence of anthropogenic aerosol particles with strong absorption near ground and the poor accuracy of k. Compared with independent observations, a good agreement between the optical parameters is also obtained.
A Nonlinear Statistical Model for Extracting a Climatic Signal From Glacier Mass Balance Measurements
Authors: Vincent C. , Soruco A. , Azam M. F. , Basantes‐Serrano R. , Jackson M. , Kjøllmoen B. , Thibert E. , Wagnon P. , Six D. , Rabatel A. , Ramanathan A. , Berthier E. , Cusicanqui D. , Vincent P. , Mandal A.
Published: September 2018

Understanding changes in glacier mass balances is essential for investigating climate changes. However, glacier‐wide mass balances determined from geodetic observations do not provide a relevant climatic signal as they depend on the dynamic response of the glaciers. In situ point mass balance measurements provide a direct signal but show a strong spatial variability that is difficult to assess from heterogeneous in situ measurements over several decades. To address this issue, we propose a nonlinear statistical model that takes into account the spatial and temporal changes in point mass balances. To test this model, we selected four glaciers in different climatic regimes (France, Bolivia, India, and Norway) for which detailed point annual mass balance measurements were available over a large elevation range. The model extracted a robust and consistent signal for each glacier. We obtained explained variances of 87.5, 90.2, 91.3, and 75.5% on Argentière, Zongo, Chhota Shigri, and Nigardsbreen glaciers, respectively. The standard deviations of the model residuals are close to measurement uncertainties. The model can also be used to detect measurement errors. Combined with geodetic data, this method can provide a consistent glacier‐wide annual mass balance series from a heterogeneous network. This model, available to the whole community, can be used to assess the impact of climate change in different regions of the world from long‐term mass balance series.
Correlative microscopy approach for biology using X-ray holography, X-ray scanning diffraction and STED microscopy
Authors: Bernhardt M. , Nicolas J.-D. , Osterhoff M. , Mittelstädt H. , Reuss M. , Harke B. , Wittmeier A. , Sprung M. , Köster S. , Salditt T.
Published: September 2018

We present a correlative microscopy approach for biology based on holographic X-ray imaging, X-ray scanning diffraction, and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. All modalities are combined into the same synchrotron endstation. In this way, labeled and unlabeled structures in cells are visualized in a complementary manner. We map out the fluorescently labeled actin cytoskeleton in heart tissue cells and superimpose the data with phase maps from X-ray holography. Furthermore, an array of local far-field diffraction patterns is recorded in the regime of small-angle X-ray scattering (scanning SAXS), which can be interpreted in terms of biomolecular shape and spatial correlations of all contributing scattering constituents. We find that principal directions of anisotropic diffraction patterns coincide to a certain degree with the actin fiber directions and that actin stands out in the phase maps from holographic recordings. In situ STED recordings are proposed to formulate models for diffraction data based on co-localization constraints.
Olfactory receptor OR2AT4 regulates human hair growth
Authors: Chéret Jérémy , Bertolini Marta , Ponce Leslie , Lehmann Janin , Tsai Teresa , Alam Majid , Hatt Hanns , Paus Ralf
Published: September 2018

Olfactory receptors are expressed by different cell types throughout the body and regulate physiological cell functions beyond olfaction. In particular, the olfactory receptor OR2AT4 has been shown to stimulate keratinocyte proliferation in the skin. Here, we show that the epithelium of human hair follicles, particularly the outer root sheath, expresses OR2AT4, and that specific stimulation of OR2AT4 by a synthetic sandalwood odorant (Sandalore®) prolongs human hair growth ex vivo by decreasing apoptosis and increasing production of the anagen-prolonging growth factor IGF-1. In contrast, co-administration of the specific OR2AT4 antagonist Phenirat® and silencing of OR2AT4 inhibit hair growth. Together, our study identifies that human hair follicles can engage in olfactory receptor-dependent chemosensation and require OR2AT4-mediated signaling to sustain their growth, suggesting that olfactory receptors may serve as a target in hair loss therapy.
Modular engineering to increase intracellular NAD(H/+) promotes rate of extracellular electron transfer of Shewanella oneidensis
Authors: Li Feng , Li Yuan-Xiu , Cao Ying-Xiu , Wang Lei , Liu Chen-Guang , Shi Liang , Song Hao
Published: September 2018

The slow rate of extracellular electron transfer (EET) of electroactive microorganisms remains a primary bottleneck that restricts the practical applications of bioelectrochemical systems. Intracellular NAD(H/+) (i.e., the total level of NADH and NAD+) is a crucial source of the intracellular electron pool from which intracellular electrons are transferred to extracellular electron acceptors via EET pathways. However, how the total level of intracellular NAD(H/+) impacts the EET rate in Shewanella oneidensis has not been established. Here, we use a modular synthetic biology strategy to redirect metabolic flux towards NAD+ biosynthesis via three modules: de novo, salvage, and universal biosynthesis modules in S. oneidensis MR-1. The results demonstrate that an increase in intracellular NAD(H/+) results in the transfer of more electrons from the increased oxidation of the electron donor to the EET pathways of S. oneidensis, thereby enhancing intracellular electron flux and the EET rate.
Staufen1 links RNA stress granules and autophagy in a model of neurodegeneration
Authors: Paul Sharan , Dansithong Warunee , Figueroa Karla P. , Scoles Daniel R. , Pulst Stefan M.
Published: September 2018

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of polyglutamine tract in the ATXN2 protein. We identified Staufen1 (STAU1) as an interactor of ATXN2, and showed elevation in cells from SCA2 patients, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, and in SCA2 mouse models. We demonstrated recruitment of STAU1 to mutant ATXN2 aggregates in brain tissue from patients with SCA2 human brain and in an SCA2 mouse model, and association of STAU1 elevation with dysregulation of SCA2-related transcript abundances. Targeting STAU1 in vitro by RNAi restored PCP2 transcript levels and lowering mutant ATXN2 also normalized STAU1 levels. Reduction of Stau1 in vivo improved motor behavior in an SCA2 mouse model, normalized the levels of several SCA2-related proteins, and reduced aggregation of polyglutamine-expanded ATXN2. These findings suggest a function for STAU1 in aberrant RNA metabolism associated with ATXN2 mutation, suggesting STAU1 is a possible novel therapeutic target for SCA2.
T cell microvilli constitute immunological synaptosomes that carry messages to antigen-presenting cells
Authors: Kim Hye-Ran , Mun YeVin , Lee Kyung-Sik , Park Yoo-Jin , Park Jeong-Su , Park Jin-Hwa , Jeon Bu-Nam , Kim Chang-Hyun , Jun Youngsoo , Hyun Young-Min , Kim Minsoo , Lee Sang-Myeong , Park Chul-Seung , Im Sin-Hyeog , Jun Chang-Duk
Published: September 2018

Microvilli on T cells have been proposed to survey surfaces of antigen-presenting cells (APC) or facilitate adhesion under flow; however, whether they serve essential functions during T cell activation remains unclear. Here we show that antigen-specific T cells deposit membrane particles derived from microvilli onto the surface of cognate antigen-bearing APCs. Microvilli carry T cell receptors (TCR) at all stages of T cell activation and are released as large TCR-enriched, T cell microvilli particles (TMP) in a process of trogocytosis. These microvilli exclusively contain protein arrestin-domain-containing protein 1, which is directly involved in membrane budding and, in combination with vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 4, transforms large TMPs into smaller, exosome-sized TMPs. Notably, TMPs from CD4+T cells are enriched with LFA-2/CD2 and various cytokines involved in activating dendritic cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that T cell microvilli constitute “immunological synaptosomes” that carry T cell messages to APCs.
Trojan Horse nanotheranostics with dual transformability and multifunctionality for highly effective cancer treatment
Authors: Xue Xiangdong , Huang Yee , Bo Ruonan , Jia Bei , Wu Hao , Yuan Ye , Wang Zhongling , Ma Zhao , Jing Di , Xu Xiaobao , Yu Weimin , Lin Tzu-yin , Li Yuanpei
Published: September 2018

Nanotheranostics with integrated diagnostic and therapeutic functions show exciting potentials towards precision nanomedicine. However, targeted delivery of nanotheranostics is hindered by several biological barriers. Here, we report the development of a dual size/charge- transformable, Trojan-Horse nanoparticle (pPhD NP) for delivery of ultra-small, full active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) nanotheranostics with integrated dual-modal imaging and trimodal therapeutic functions. pPhD NPs exhibit ideal size and charge for drug transportation. In tumour microenvironment, pPhD NPs responsively transform to full API nanotheranostics with ultra-small size and higher surface charge, which dramatically facilitate the tumour penetration and cell internalisation. pPhD NPs enable visualisation of biodistribution by near-infrared fluorescence imaging, tumour accumulation and therapeutic effect by magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, the synergistic photothermal-, photodynamic- and chemo-therapies achieve a 100% complete cure rate on both subcutaneous and orthotopic oral cancer models. This nanoplatform with powerful delivery efficiency and versatile theranostic functions shows enormous potentials to improve cancer treatment.
Decisions are expedited through multiple neural adjustments spanning the sensorimotor hierarchy
Authors: Steinemann Natalie A. , O’Connell Redmond G. , Kelly Simon P.
Published: September 2018

When decisions are made under speed pressure, “urgency” signals elevate neural activity toward action-triggering thresholds independent of the sensory evidence, thus incurring a cost to choice accuracy. While urgency signals have been observed in brain circuits involved in preparing actions, their influence at other levels of the sensorimotor pathway remains unknown. We used a novel contrast-comparison paradigm to simultaneously trace the dynamics of sensory evidence encoding, evidence accumulation, motor preparation, and muscle activation in humans. Results indicate speed pressure impacts multiple sensorimotor levels but in crucially distinct ways. Evidence-independent urgency was applied to cortical action-preparation signals and downstream muscle activation, but not directly to upstream levels. Instead, differential sensory evidence encoding was enhanced in a way that partially countered the negative impact of motor-level urgency on accuracy, and these opposing sensory-boost and motor-urgency effects had knock-on effects on the buildup and pre-response amplitude of a motor-independent representation of cumulative evidence.
A rationally designed JAZ subtype-selective agonist of jasmonate perception
Authors: Takaoka Yousuke , Iwahashi Mana , Chini Andrea , Saito Hiroaki , Ishimaru Yasuhiro , Egoshi Syusuke , Kato Nobuki , Tanaka Maho , Bashir Khurram , Seki Motoaki , Solano Roberto , Ueda Minoru
Published: September 2018

The phytohormone 7-iso-(+)-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) mediates plant defense responses against herbivore and pathogen attack, and thus increases plant resistance against foreign invaders. However, JA-Ile also causes growth inhibition; and therefore JA-Ile is not a practical chemical regulator of plant defense responses. Here, we describe the rational design and synthesis of a small molecule agonist that can upregulate defense-related gene expression and promote pathogen resistance at concentrations that do not cause growth inhibition inArabidopsis. By stabilizing interactions between COI1 and JAZ9 and JAZ10 but no other JAZ isoforms, the agonist leads to formation of JA-Ile co-receptors that selectively activate the JAZ9-EIN3/EIL1-ORA59 signaling pathway. The design of a JA-Ile agonist with high selectivity for specific protein subtypes may help promote the development of chemical regulators that do not cause a tradeoff between growth and defense.
Bushfire smoke is pro-inflammatory and suppresses macrophage phagocytic function
Authors: Hamon Rhys , Tran Hai B. , Roscioli Eugene , Ween Miranda , Jersmann Hubertus , Hodge Sandra
Published: September 2018

Bushfires are increasing in frequency and severity worldwide. Bushfire smoke contains organic/inorganic compounds including aldehydes and acrolein. We described suppressive effects of tobacco smoke on the phagocytic capacity of airway macrophages, linked to secondary necrosis of uncleared apoptotic epithelial cells, persistence of non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi), and inflammation. We hypothesised that bushfire smoke extract (BFSE) would similarly impair macrophage function. THP-1 or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were exposed to 1–10% BFSE prepared from foliage of 5 common Australian native plants (genus Acacia or Eucalyptus), or 10% cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Phagocytic recognition receptors were measured by flow cytometry; pro-inflammatory cytokines and caspase 1 by immunofluorescence or cytometric bead array; viability by LDH assay; and capsase-3/PARP by western blot. BFSE significantly decreased phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or NTHi by both THP-1 macrophages and MDM vs air control, consistent with the effects of CSE. BFSE significantly decreased MDM expression of CD36, CD44, SR-A1, CD206 and TLR-2 and increased active IL-1β, caspase-1 and secreted IL-8. BFSE dose-dependently decreased THP-1 macrophage viability (5-fold increase in LDH at 10%) and significantly increased active caspase-3. BFSE impairs macrophage function to a similar extent as CSE, highlighting the need for further research, especially in patients with pre-existing lung disease.