bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Privacy and Personal Health Data in Cyberspace: The Role and Responsibility of Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Day James
Published: July 2019

In this series of articles, the author discusses the potential risks, benefits, and liabilities associated with using electronic communications and computer-based records to manage a patient's medical information. This second article in the series considers the role and responsibility of the healthcare professional in collecting and sharing a patient's private personal and medical data in online environments. Current practices and the potential pitfalls of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) are reviewed.
SEM Study on the Effect of Two Different Demineralization Methods with Saturated Tetracycline Hydrochloride on Diseased Root Surfaces
Authors: Babay Nadir
Published: July 2019

The scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the dentin surface of diseased teeth subjected to two methods of conditioning with tetracycline hydrochloride (TTC) for 1 and 4 minutes respectively. Five groups of twelve specimens each received root planing (control); were immersed in TTC for 1 and 4 minutes; and burnished in TTC for 1 and 4 minutes. Control specimens exhibited an amorphous irregular surface smear layer. TTC, irrespective of the method used, was effective in removing the smear layer. Immersion in TTC for 1 minute revealed obstructed dentinal tubules, while burnishing for 1 minute revealed the presence of collagen fibrils. The 4-minute application of TTC, irrespective of the conditioning method used, showed wide exposed dentinal tubules. No significant difference between Groups III, I V, and V was noted (p>0.05).
E-mail: A New Management Parameter
Authors: Day James
Published: July 2019

E-mail is an increasingly common way to share information within business communities and the general population. This technology can significantly affect the process of and expectations for communications between the clinician and the patient. The unique characteristics and attributes of computer-based communications can ultimately enhance outcomes for patient well-being if the clinician is informed, proactive, and avoids certain potential pitfalls related to the technology and its inclusion within the pattern of care.

In this article the author considers the impact of E-mail on personal and professional life and includes ideas the reader may find of value in managing and orchestrating this new dimension for communications.
The Quest for Information: A Guide to Searching the Internet
Authors: Day James
Published: July 2019

Searching the Internet effectively necessitates the use of contemporary software programs commonly known as “search engines” to locate desired and meaningful information. Knowing how to effectively and efficiently utilize such search engines is critical for effective and efficient knowledge-seeking activities by the practitioner. Three categories of search engines are described in this article along with an explanation of strategies to maximize the efficiency of searching by appropriately using keywords and supplemental search operators. Examples of major search engines are included in the discussion.

Citation

Day J. The Quest for Information: A Guide to Searching the Internet. J Contemp Dent Pract 2001 Nov;(2)4: 033-043.
Fundamentals of Breath Malodour
Authors: Sanz Mariano , Roldán Silvia , Herrera David
Published: July 2019

Breath malodour is a condition that has health and social implications. The origin of breath malodour problems are related to both systemic and oral conditions. The advice of dental professionals for treatment of this condition occurs with regularity since 90% of breath odor problems emanate from the oral cavity. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the etiology of breath odor, its prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for the condition.

Citation

Sanz M, Roldán S, Herrera D. Fundamentals of Breath Malodour. J Contemp Dent Pract 2001 Nov;(2)4: 001-017.
The Electronic Oral Health Record
Authors: Heid David W. , Chasteen Joseph , Forrey Arden W.
Published: July 2019

This paper presents the history of the use of the computer for maintaining patient medical care information. An electronic record generated with a computer, which is non-specific for any healthcare specialty, is referred to as the electronic health record. The electronic health record was previously called the computer-based patient record. “Electronic” replaced the earlier term “computer-based” because “electronic” better describes the medium in which the patient record is managed. The electronic health record and its application to dentistry are discussed.

The electronic health record is a “database” of patient information that has been entered by any healthcare provider; the electronic oral health record is an “electronic record” of oral health information that has been entered by an oral healthcare provider. The significant differences between the electronic health record and the electronic oral health record are outlined and highlighted. Included is a template describing a procedure to be used by dental personnel during the decision making process of purchasing an electronic oral health record. A brief description of a practice template is also provided. These completed templates can be shared with dental software vendors to clarify their understanding of and to clearly describe the needs of today's dental practice. The challenge of introducing information technology into educational institutions' curricula is identified. Finally, the potential benefit of using electronic technology for managing oral healthcare information is outlined.

Citation

Heid DW, Chasteen J, Forrey AW. The Electronic Oral Health Record. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002 Feb;(3)1: 043-054.
Microleakage of Packable Composites Used in Post Spaces Condensed Using Different Methods
Authors: Görgül Güliz , Tinaz A. Cemal , Alaçam Tayfun , Kivanç Bağdagül H. , Uzun Özgür
Published: July 2019

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the apical and coronal microleakage of a packable composite material compacted by either hand or ultrasonic condensers when placed in post spaces. Fortytwo extracted anterior teeth were used. After conventional obturation of the root canals, parallel post spaces 5 mm in depth and 2 mm in diameter were prepared using Gates Glidden and diamond burs. A primer and a dentin bonding agent (Prime & Bond NT) was applied to the etched surface for 30 seconds and light polymerized for 40 seconds. Surefil packable composite resin was inserted in four equal increments and each polymerized for 40 seconds. Half of the specimens were compacted with an ultrasonic tip and the other half with a mechanical hand compactor. After immersion in the dye, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally and dye penetration was evaluated using a stereomicroscope and microleakage recorded in mm. A One-Way Analysis of Variance indicated the two condensing methods were not statistically different (p>0.05). When microleakage was compared within groups, there was also no statistical difference between coronal or apical microleakage (p>0.05). In an in vitro environment, ultrasonic condensers do not offer any advantage over hand condensers. Both the coronal and apical portions of the root had microleakage indicating that regardless of the condensation method and the use of a packable composite, there is still microleakage that could potentially create further clinical problems.

Citation

Görgül G, Alaçam T, Kivanç BH, et. al. Microleakage of Packable Composites Used in Post Spaces Condensed Using Different Methods. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002 May;(3)2: 023-030.
Oral Home Care and the Reasons for Seeking Dental Care by Individuals on Renal Dialysis
Authors: Atassi Farhad
Published: July 2019

A cross-sectional study of 90 patients on renal dialysis was conducted to assess oral home care practices and the reasons for seeking dental care among these patients. Participants were divided into three groups based on the time they have been on renal dialysis. The groups were: (1) dialysis for less than one year, (2) dialysis for 1 to 3 years, and (3) dialysis for more than 3 years. Information regarding oral home care such as frequency of brushing, oral hygiene aids, and reasons for seeking dental care was obtained through a personal interview with the patients. Their oral health status was assessed using a plaque index and a gingival index. The means of plaque index were 1.716 (S.D 0.64), 2.161 (S.D 0.36), and 2.255 (S.D 0.42) respectively for the groups. The means of gingival index were 1.4278 (S.D 0.67), 1.9667 (S.D 0.38), and 2.0556 (S.D 0.35) for the three groups respectively. Tukey's post hoc test showed significant difference in both the indices between first and second groups and between the first and third groups, no significant difference was found between the second and third groups. The results indicate that oral home care practices were inadequate due to the presence of an unacceptable level of oral hygiene among the patients. Miswak (a wooden, Salvadora persica, chewing stick that is popular in the middle east to mechanically clean the teeth) has been found to be popular among the subjects. The primary purpose of dental clinic visits was for treatment of a dental problem rather than for the prevention of dental disease. There is a need for oral health promotion and especially prevention programs among the patients on renal dialysis.

Citation

Atassi F. Oral Home Care and the Reasons for Seeking Dental Care by Individuals on Renal Dialysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002 May;(3)2: 031-041.
Reducing Bacterial Counts in Dental Unit Waterlines: Tap Water vs. Distilled Water
Authors: Kettering James D. , Stephens Joni A. , Muñoz-Viveros Carlos A. , Naylor W. Patrick
Published: July 2019

Background

The maximum recommended level of microbial contamination of water from dental unit waterlines (DUWL) is 200 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). This article addresses the importance of water selection in achieving that standard.

Methods

Microbial contamination in water samples from 75 new dental units, with a closedcircuit water system, were compared using combinations of tap water and sterile distilled water with and without two chemical disinfectants (bleach and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, Bio2000) over a six-week period. Baseline tap water samples were collected and tested initially.

Results

The microbial plate counts of seven tap water specimens (controls) ranged from 4 to 95 CFU/mL. These results were well below both the 500 CFU/mL standard for public drinking water and the 200 CFU/mL goal for dental treatment water. However, when passed through dental units, no significant bacterial reduction was achieved for samples of tap water (Group 1), tap water treated with bleach (Group 2), or tap water treated with Bio2000 (Group 4). Only water samples from dental units using Bio2000 alone (Group 3) or a combination of sterile, distilled water with Bio2000 (Group 5) met or exceeded the 200 CFU/mL standard.

Conclusions

Using tap water alone or tap water with bleach did not improve water quality. However, the American Dental Association (ADA) standard for reduced microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines was met using Bio2000 and distilled water treated with Bio2000.

Clinical Significance

The ADA standard of 200 CFU/mL was achieved using a closed water system and distilled water treated with Bio2000. Using 100% Bio2000 is also effective, but more costly.

Citation

Kettering JD, Stephens JD, Muñoz-Viveros CA, et. al. Reducing Bacterial Counts in Dental Unit Waterlines: Tap Water versus Distilled Water. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002 August;(3)3: 001-009.
A Review of the Clinical Management of Mobile Teeth
Authors: Bernal Guillermo , Carvajal Juan C. , Muñoz Carlos A.
Published: July 2019

The clinical management of mobile teeth can be a perplexing problem, especially if the underlying causes for that mobility have not been properly diagnosed. In some cases, mobile teeth are retained because patients decline multidisciplinary treatment that might otherwise include strategic extractions. This article discusses the relationship between occlusion and tooth mobility with an emphasis on identifying differences betweenincreasedmobility andincreasingmobility. The indications, contraindications, and basic principles of tooth splinting are also reviewed. Provisional and definitive splints are defined and described with their respective occlusal considerations. Some mobile teeth can be treated through occlusal equilibration alone (primary occlusal trauma). Whereas mobile teeth with a compromised periodontium can be stabilized with the aid of provisional and/or definitive splinting (secondary occlusal trauma). It is important to consider splint therapy, because it may not only improve the prognosis of teeth, but may actually enhance the stability of the final prosthodontic treatment. The ultimate goal of successful management of mobile teeth is to restore function and comfort by establishing a stable occlusion that promotes tooth retention and the maintenance of periodontal health.

Citation

Bernal G, Carvajal JC, Muñoz-Viveros CA. Clinical management of mobile teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002 November;(3)4:010-022.
Removable Partial Denture Design: A Study of a Selected Population in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Sadig Walid M. , Idowu Ayodeji T.
Published: July 2019

Determination of the incidence of various classes of removable partial dentures (RPDs) including their designs and their comparison with previous studies provide clinically useful information for dental training and continuing education. The purpose of this study is to determine the pattern of partial edentulism, the major connector, clasping, and design of 740 cobalt chromium RPD frameworks constructed for a selected population in Saudi Arabia. RPD framework design information and patient personal data were obtained from the work authorization form and the dental records respectively. The relationship among age, sex, nationality, and various Kennedy classes of the RPDs was determined by chi-square statistical analysis. Results indicate that Kennedy Class III removable partial dentures were the most frequently constructed. Although gender had no significant relationship, age and nationality had statistically significant relationship with the distribution of various Kennedy classes of removable partial dentures. Lingual bars and anterior posterior palatal straps were the most commonly used mandibular and maxillary major connectors. Lingual and palatal plates, however, were more frequently used than any major connectors for distal extension RPDs. Comparison with previous findings confirms the established variation in designing RPDs. The distribution of partially edentulousness revealed the influence of the general pattern of tooth loss, which could be modified by patient's demands and socio-economic status. Practitioners need to avail themselves fully of basic RPD design principles concerning the most commonly encountered classes of RPDs.

Citation

Sadig WM, Idowu AT. Removable partial denture design: A study of a selected population in Saudi Arabia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002 November;(3)4:040-053.
The Effect of a 10% Carbamide Peroxide Home Bleaching System on the Gingival Health
Authors: Almas Khalid , Al-Harbi Mawahib , Al-Gunaim Maryam
Published: July 2019

Esthetics plays an important role in dentistry today. Because of an increased emphasis on beauty and health, cosmetic dentistry has been the thrust to the forefront of many practices. Many health products are used for bleaching teeth, but all side effects are not known. Tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation are the most common side effects, but they are typically mild and transient in nature. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate objectively the effect of 10% carbamide peroxide gel (OpalescenceTM Utradent Inc, USA) on gingival health by measuring changes in Bleeding Index, Plaque Index, and Gingival Index. Eighteen subjects, 11 female and 7 male, age range 15-30 years (mean 24 years), were selected for the study as a convenient sample. Their teeth had either fluorosis, dental stains, smoking, or tetracycline staining. The Opalescence system was used as office monitored, at-home bleaching for three weeks. There was a statistically significant reduction in bleeding on probing (1% - 37%, p < 0.003), Plaque Index (4% - 50%, p < 0.000), and Gingival Index (2.5% - 34%, p < 0.002). Only two subjects reported tooth hypersensitivity, and none of the subjects complained about gingival irritation. There was a positive change in tooth color as far as staining was concerned. Further research including randomized controlled, double blind clinical trials is needed to confirm these findings and to examine other factors related to bleaching of teeth.

Citation

Almas K, Al-Harbi M. The Effect of A 10% Carbamide Peroxide Home Bleaching System on the Gingival Health. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 February;(4)1:032-041.
Evidence-Based Decision Making in Action: Part 2 – Evaluating and Applying the Clinical Evidence
Authors: Forrest Jane L. , Miller Syrene A.
Published: July 2019

This is the second of a two-part series addressing the use of evidence-based decision making (EBDM) in the use of home bleaching. In Part 1, a case scenario demonstrated the skills involved in (1) structuring a clinical question and (2) conducting an online search using PubMed.1 Part 2 demonstrates the third and fourth steps in the EBDM process, i.e., (3) critical appraisal to assess the validity of a study and (4) applying that information to clinical decision making. This 4-step approach to EBDM recognizes that clinicians can never be completely current with all conditions, medications, materials, and products. Thus, EBDM provides a mechanism for addressing these gaps in knowledge in order to provide the best care possible.

Citation

Forrest JL, Miller SA. Evidence-Based Decision Making in Action: Part 2 – Evaluating and Applying the Clinical Evidence. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 February;(4)1:042-052.
Cephalometric Soft Tissue Profile Analysis Between Two Different Ethnic Groups: A Comparative Study
Authors: Hashim Hayder Abdallah , Albarakati Sahar F.
Published: July 2019

The aim of this investigation was to study and compare the cephalometric soft tissue profile analysis between Saudis and Caucasian Americans. The study was carried out using standardized cephalometric radiographs of 56 Saudi subjects (30 males and 26 females) with pleasant and balanced facial profiles, competent lips, normal overjet and overbite, and showing no craniofacial deformities. Subject ages ranged from 22 to 23 years. One skeletal and thirteen soft tissue variables were investigated. F-test, two samples t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests were used for data analysis. The results showed no statistical significant differences between the Saudi males and females except for the angle of total facial convexity, soft tissue facial plane angle, lower lip length, sagittal nasal tip to the most protrusive lip distance, and also sagittal chin to the most protrusive lip distance. The Saudi females had a greater angle of total facial convexity and soft tissue facial plane angle than the males. In addition, the females had a shorter lower lip. They also had a short distance between the nasal tip and chin to the most protrusive lip. These results reveal significant differences in most of the soft tissue variables when comparing Saudis with Caucasian Americans as well as in other ethnic groups. Most of these variables are essential for the diagnosis and treatment planning of cases requiring orthodontics and orthognathic surgery.

Citation

Hashim HA, AlBarakati SF. Cephalometric Soft Tissue Profile Analysis Between Two Different Ethnic Groups: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 May;(4)2:060-073.
The Leakage of Class II Cavities Restored with Packable Resin-Based Composites
Authors: Bala Oya , Üçtaşli Mina Betül , Ünlü Liknur
Published: July 2019

Recently, new resin-based composites, called “packable” or “condensable” resin composites, are being promoted as amalgam alternatives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate leakage in Class II cavities restored with the five packable resin-based composites. On 45 freshly extracted human molars, cavities were prepared following a standardized pattern in which the Class II cavity had a length of 3.0 mm, width of 2.0 mm, and depth of 1.5 mm occlusally. The proximal box had an axial depth of 1.5 mm and a buccolingual width of 4.0 mm. The cervical margin was located 1.0 mm below the cement enamel junction (CEJ). The teeth were randomly divided into five groups of 8 each. The cavity surface was conditioned with 36% phosphoric acid, rinsed, excess water removed, and a dental bonding adhesive (Prime&Bond NT) was used for all the cavities. The teeth were then restored according to the manufacturer's instructions: Group 1, Surefil; Group 2, Solitaire; Group 3, Alert; Group 4, Filtek P60; and Group 5, Prodigy Condensable. After the restorations were completed, the specimens were finished and polished with an aluminum-oxide-coated disc, thermocycled, stained, sectioned, and viewed under a stereomicroscope for leakage at occlusal/enamel and gingival/dentin margins.

All test groups showed that leakage of gingival/dentin margins were greater when compared with leakage of occlusal/enamel margins. At the occlusal/enamel margins, there were no significant differences between the materials; however, at gingival/dentin margins, Filtek P60 and Prodigy Condensable demonstrated less leakage, while Solitaire demonstrated greater leakage.

Citation

Bala O, Üçtasli MB, Ünlü I. The Leakage of Class II Cavities Restored with Packable Resin-Based Composites. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 November;(4)4:001-011.
The Effect of Fiber Position and Polymerization Condition on the Flexural Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composite
Authors: Lassila Lippo V.J. , Vallittu Pekka K.
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the position of the fiber rich layer on the flexural properties of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) construction. In addition, the total residual monomer content of FRC was quantitatively determined to find out the difference of the effectiveness of two types of light-curing units using liquid chromatography (HPLC). Unidirectional continuous E-glass FRC and hybrid particulate filler composite resins were used in the fabrication of test specimens. Four different positions of the FRC layer were used: compression, neutral, tension, and vertical side position. A three-point bending test (ISO 10477) was performed to measure the flexural properties of the specimens. Position of the FRC layer had a significant effect on the flexural strength (p<0.001, ANOVA). Also, the type of light-curing device had an effect on flexural strength (p<0.001). Specimens with FRC positioned on the compression side showed flexural strength of approximately 250 MPa, whereas FRC positioned on the tension side showed strength ranging from 500 to 600 MPa. Mean flexural modulus with FRC placed horizontally ranged between 9-12 GPa; no significant difference was found between these groups. However when fiber reinforcement was positioned vertically, the flexural modulus raised up to 16 GPa. Specimens with 24 vol% glass fibers contained 52% less residual monomer than specimens without glass fibers. The monomer content was lower in specimens polymerized with the curing device with higher polymerization temperature. In order to optimize flexural strength of low fiber volume fraction, the fibers should be placed at the tension side of the specimen.

Citation

Lassila LVJ, Vallittu PK. The Effect of Fiber Position and Polymerization Condition on the Flexural Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composite. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 May;(5)2:014-026.
Dental Management of the Down and Eisenmenger Syndrome Patient
Authors: Chung Evelyn M. , Sung Eric C. , Sakurai Kari L.
Published: July 2019

About 40% to 50% of Down syndrome (DS) patients can have significant congenital heart defects such as patent ductus arteriosus, Tetralogy of Fallot, and septal defects. Patients with large septal defects may develop Eisenmenger syndrome (ES), which is defined by the cardiac septal defect and pulmonary hypertension coupled with a reverse right to left shunting of blood flow. DS patients that suffer from this condition require special considerations in the delivery of their dental care to prevent further medical complications or emergencies such as infection, cyanotic episodes, and thromboemboli. Collaboration with the cardiologist is also essential to ensure a complete and comprehensive pre-operative work up. The purpose of this article is to describe the dental management of DS patients with ES under general anesthesia.

Citation

Chung EM, Sung EC, Sakurai KL. Dental Management of the Down and Eisenmenger Syndrome Patient. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 May;(5)2:070-080.
Partial Spontaneous Bone Regeneration Subsequent to Mandibulectomy
Authors: Martins Wilson Denis , de Castro Ávila Lucia Fátima
Published: July 2019

A case of spontaneus bone regeneration after mandibulectomy is presented. The patient was young and had a mandibular resection performed for a large fibroma. Only one of the condyles was preserved. Partial preservation of the periosteum may play an important role in rapid bone regeneration. In this case bone regeneration occurred only in mandibular regions where the periosteum could be preserved.

Citation

Martins WD, Ávila LFC. Partial Spontaneous Bone Regeneration Subsequent to Mandibulectomy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:108-120.
The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act and the Practice of Dentistry in the United States: System Security
Authors: Chasteen Joseph E. , Murphy Gretchen , Forrey Arden , Heid David
Published: July 2019

This article reviews the issues related to the Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) security rule that apply to dental practice. The security rule specifically addresses individually identifiable health information that is transmitted or maintained in electronic media. System security must be applied to the entire technical infrastructure for the practice environment as well as to the work culture on a daily basis and must be thought of as an enterprise asset. Security refers to all of the policies, procedures, tools, and techniques used to assure that privacy and confidentiality are adequately addressed in a healthcare system. HIPAA requires all covered entities that transmit or maintain electronic health information perform, and document, a risk assessment for security and develop a security plan to address major areas of concern. A self-assessment tool is provided in this article.

Citation

Chasteen JE, Murphy G, Forrey A, Heid D. The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act and the Practice of Dentistry in the United States: System Security. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:158-167.
Lateral Perforation in Parallel Post Space Preparations
Authors: Maden Murat , Alaçam Tayfun , Tinaz Ali Cemal , Topuz Özgür , Er Özgür
Published: July 2019

This study evaluates the amount of remaining tooth structure and possibility of producing lateral perforation following the use of different diameters of parallel-sided Parapost drills in groups of different canal curvatures (0〬-15°, 16°- 25°, 26°<) in distal canals of first and second mandibular molar teeth.

After enlargement of root canals using the crown-down pressureless technique, Parapost drills #1, #2, and #3 were used in the different canal groups for the preparation of a post space. Standardized digital radiographs were taken before the post space preparation and after each Parapost drill application. Four horizontal lines (a, b, c, and d) were drawn at equal distances on these images, starting from the pulp chamber floor moving apically at 2 mm increments. There were no significant differences between the different curvature groups at the a, b, c, and d levels for the critical level of the remaining tooth structure (multiple comparison test; p>0.05). However, in considering root perforation, both at the inner and outer side of the roots, there were statistically significant differences at “c” and “d” levels in group 3 (#3 drill) without taking into account the root curvature (ANOVA; p<0.5). None of the specimens showed strip perforation.

Citation

Tinaz AC, Alaçam T, Topuz Ö, et. al. Lateral Perforation in Parallel Post Space Preparations. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:042-050.
Influence of Different Techniques of Laboratory Construction on the Fracture Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Composite (FRC) Bridges
Authors: Ellakwa Ayman E. , Shortall Adrian C. , Marquis Peter M.
Published: July 2019

The aim of the current investigation is to evaluate optimal pontic and retainer fiber positions for Polyethylene fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) restorations. In series I notch disc specimens were used to mimic loading cuspal regions of pontics. Four groups (n=15/group; codes A to D) were prepared from Artglass composite. Groups A to C were reinforced with polyethylene fibers, and group D was an unreinforced control. Fibers were positioned either around (A), beneath the notch (B), or at the disc base (C). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h before testing to failure (CHS=1mm/min) in a universal testing machine. Mean torque to failure values ranked [P< 0.05; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)] as follows A = B > C = D. In series II five groups of three unit bridges (n =5/group; codes A to E) were prepared from Artglass dental composite without (group A) or with (groups B to E) different Connect fiber reinforcement locations/ techniques. Bridges were cemented using 2 bond resin cement to a standardized substructure. After storage, as per series I, bridges were loaded mid-pontic region to failure. One-way ANOVA showed no significant (P=0.08) difference between test groups. The research hypothesis was that notched disc and 3 unit bridge test techniques would discriminate equally between fiber-reinforced specimens and an unreinforced composite control was rejected.

Citation

Ellakwa AE, Shortall AC, Marquis PM. Influence of Different Techniques of Laboratory Construction on the Fracture Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Composite (FRC) Bridges. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 November;(5)4:001-013.
Wireless Networking for the Dental Office: Current Wireless Standards and Security Protocols
Authors: Mupparapu Muralidhar
Published: July 2019

Digital radiography has gained immense popularity in dentistry today in spite of the early difficulty for the profession to embrace the technology. The transition from film to digital has been happening at a faster pace in the fields of Orthodontics, Oral Surgery, Endodontics, Periodontics, and other specialties where the radiographic images (periapical, bitewing, panoramic, cephalometric, and skull radiographs) are being acquired digitally, stored within a server locally, and eventually accessed for diagnostic purposes, along with the rest of the patient data via the patient management software (PMS).1 A review of the literature shows the diagnostic performance of digital radiography is at least comparable to or even better than that of conventional radiography.2,3 Similarly, other digital diagnostic tools like caries detectors, cephalometric analysis software, and digital scanners were used for many years for the diagnosis and treatment planning purposes. The introduction of wireless charged–coupled device (CCD) sensors in early 2004 (Schick Technologies®, Long Island City, NY) has moved digital radiography a step further into the wireless era. As with any emerging technology, there are concerns that should be looked into before adapting to the wireless environment. Foremost is the network security involved in the installation and usage of these wireless networks. This article deals with the existing standards and choices in wireless technologies that are available for implementation within a contemporary dental office. The network security protocols that protect the patient data and boost the efficiency of modern day dental clinics are enumerated.

Citation

Mupparapu M, Arora S . Wireless Networking for the Dental Office: Current Wireless Standards and Security Protocols. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 November;(5)4:155-162.
Evaluation of the Diagnostic Advantage of Intraoral D and E Film for Detecting Interproximal Caries
Authors: Davari Abdolrahim , Ardakani Fatemeh Ezoddini , Goodarzipour Daryoush , Goodarzipour Koorosh
Published: July 2019

Clinicians strive to reduce the exposure of patients to X-ray radiation in an effort to decrease its harmful effects on the body. A potential strategy for achieving this goal is the use of high-speed films that require less exposure to radiation to generate a diagnostic image. There are two film types commonly used in intraoral radiography: high speed or “Ekta-speed” film (Type E) and normal speed or Ultra-speed film (Type D). Type E film requires nearly half of the exposure time that is required by Type D films to produce an acceptable diagnostic image; however, the diagnosis quality and usability of these film types are under question.

The purpose of this research is to compare the diagnostic quality of Type E with Type D film when used to diagnose proximal caries. In this study 40 pairs of extracted maxillary premolar teeth were chosen and divided into four groups of 10 pairs. Cavities were made on proximal surfaces at different depths (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mm) for each group. Bitewing radiographs were then taken on each pair of teeth using Type E film and then again using Type D film. Radiographs were evaluated by two oral radiologists and two operative dentistry specialists who recorded the perceived diagnostic depth of the prepared cavities.

Our data showed both Type D and E films are suitable for use in diagnosing proximal caries, and despite a minor discrepancy between them no significant difference was found with regard to their value in diagnosing proximal caries.

Citation

Ardakani FE, Davari A, Goodarizpour D, et. al. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Advantage of Intraoral D and E Film for Detecting Interproximal Caries. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 November;(5)4:058-070.
The pH Changes of Four Different Root Canal Sealers After Mixing at Various Time Intervals in vitro
Authors: Evcil Mehmet Sinan , Çolak Meltem
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the surface pH level of four different type sealers after mixing at various time intervals in vitro. After cleaning and shaping root canals in 50 recently extracted, singlerooted human teeth, they were divided into six groups. Each of four groups was obturated with Apexit, N2, Sealapex, and Grossman sealers. The remaining groups served as controls. In group 1 nothing was added to the vial of saline solution. In group 2 canals had been instrumented but not obturated with sealer. The pH level of saline solutions was determined at intervals of 1 hour, 4 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 1 week, and 4 weeks after teeth were placed in them. The pH levels of the five solutions were compared to each other and to that of saline solution only.

Citation

Evcil MS, Çolak M. The pH Changes of Four Different Root Canal Sealers After Mixing at Various Time Intervals in vitro. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 November;(5)4:071-078.
The Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft: Part 1. Patient Selection and Surgical Techniques
Authors: Breault Lawrence G. , Covington Lemuel L. , Bishop Barry G. , Sedon Constance L.
Published: July 2019

Periodontal mucogingival techniques continually evolve. This provides the patient more treatment alternatives for common problems such as gingival recession. General practitioners should be familiar with these techniques in order to identify patients who might benefit from them. Currently, subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTG) remain the most reliable techniques used to cover denuded root surfaces. This paper reviews patient selection and the numerous surgical approaches for subepithelial connective tissue grafting.

Citation

Sedon CL, Breault LG, Covington LL, Bishop BG. The Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft: Part I. Patient Selection and Surgical Techniques. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 February;(6)1:146-162.
Correlation of Different MRI Characteristics of Anterior Disc Displacement With Reduction and Without Reduction
Authors: Şener Sevgi , Akgünlü Faruk
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in anterior displacement with reduction (ADDR) and anterior displacement without reduction (ADDWR). Two hundred patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms were examined clinically by a clinician experienced with this disorder. There were 130 joints with ADDR and 45 joints with ADDWR; 88 patients were identified according to the clinical and MRI diagnoses of both observers. The MRI characteristics such as position, signal intensity, morphology of disc, degenerative changes, effusion, scar tissue, avascular necrosis, and condylar hypermobility were evaluated in the individual with ADDR and ADDWR. The Chi-square test was used to determine the correlation between MRI characteristics in the ADDR and the ADDWR. There were significant relationships between degenerative changes and increased signal intensity, degenerative changes and side-way displacement, effusion and the deformation of the disc, effusion and subluxation, increased signal intensity and subluxation, elongation deformation and increased signal intensity, and elongation deformation and side-way displacement in ADDR. There were significant relationships between degenerative changes and effusion, degenerative changes and decreased signal intensity, scar tissue and avascular necrosis, deformation of disc and increased signal intensity, as well as deformation of disc and decreased signal intensity in ADDWR. These MRI findings also correlated with the clinical findings, however, this correlation appears to be a synergistic pattern rather than a set of clear-cut relationships. The correlations between these MRIs and different clinical findings such as pain and dysfunction also must be evaluated. Existing correlations must be considered in the diagnosis and treatment planning of TMD, and signs and symptoms of TMD should be monitored after treatment.

Citation

Şener S, Akgünlü F. Correlation of Different MRI Characteristics of Anterior Disc Displacement With Reduction and Without Reduction. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 February;(6)1:026-036.
Effect of Direct Relining on Stresses at the Denture Base and the Metal Frame of Removable Partial Dentures
Authors: Al-Ghannam N.A. , Fahmi F.M.
Published: July 2019

The Kennedy Class I removable partial denture (RPD) can cause stress to supporting hard and soft tissues and may lead to harmful effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pattern of these stresses in three different positions before and following a relining procedure. Ten patients, five males and five females, with a lower distal extension RPD and an opposing upper class III type RPD were selected for this study. Strain gauges together with a strain gauge indicator were used to study the pattern of stresses in three selected positions. Some changes were significantly different at the site of the denture base and at the metal frame near the direct retainer. After relining, the stresses were shared partially by the abutments and partially by the tissues. Maximum stresses were reported during swallowing. No significant difference was noticed between males and females.

Citation

Al-Ghannam NA, Fahmi FM. Effect of Direct Relining on Stresses at the Denture Base and the Metal Frame of Removable Partial Dentures. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 February;(6)1:037-047.
An Anterior Tooth Size Comparison in Unilateral and Bilateral Congenitally Absent Maxillary Lateral Incisors
Authors: Baidas Laila , Hashim Hayder
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study is to compare the anterior tooth size width in patients with congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors using the Bolton Index and divine proportion. The study sample consisted of thirty pairs of orthodontic models with unilateral (twelve patients; 7 females, 5 males) and bilateral (eighteen patients; 13 females, 5 males) absence of maxillary lateral incisors. The mean ages of the selected cases were 17.7 and 17.5 years, respectively. Descriptive statistics were used for the data analysis. The result showed the mean of the Bolton Index in cases with bilateral absence was closer to the Bolton mean than in cases with unilateral absence. In the unilateral absence cases the width of the existing lateral incisor (5.5 mm) was an average of 1.00 mm less compared to the standard mean (6.5 mm). The divine proportion showed the maxillary central incisors were small in width as indicated by the adjusted value or they were slightly larger in width than the mandibular central incisors. In cases with unilateral and bilateral absence the Bolton Index exhibited maxillary insufficiency, which was confirmed by evaluating the divine proportion of the maxillary and mandibular incisors. The result of the present study will be of great help to both the orthodontist, whether to open or close the space, and to the prosthodontist to restore the missing teeth of patients having missing maxillary lateral incisors.

Citation

Baidas L, Hashim H. An Anterior Tooth Size Comparison in Unilateral and Bilateral Congenitally Absent Maxillary Lateral Incisors. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 February;(6)1:056-063.
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Coronoid Process of the Mandible: A Case Report
Authors: Martins Wilson Denis , Fávaro Daniela Martins
Published: July 2019

A rare case of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) located in the ramus of the mandible with involvement of the coronoid process is presented. The pressure of the slow growing tumor apparently caused severe resorption of the zigomatic arch. Treatment consisted of enucleation of the tumor via a pre-auricular access. A two year follow-up showed restoration of facial symmetry and partial regeneration of the coronoid process. To our knowledge this is the second published case of an ABC of the coronoid process of the mandible.

Citation

Martins WD, Fávaro DM. Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Coronoid Process of the Mandible: A Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 May;(6)2: 130-138.
Pattern of Dental Extraction in Children in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Folayan Morenike O. , Otuyemi Olayinka D. , Esan Temitope A. , Adeleke Adeyinka A. , Adedigba Michael A.
Published: July 2019

Changes that occurred in the pattern of tooth extraction in the last 13 years among a population of children in Nigerian were studied. The result of this study was then compared to that of a past study done in the same institution 13 years earlier. Information on age, gender, and indication of tooth extraction was collected prospectively from 379 consecutive patients who visited the outpatient Pediatric Dental Clinic for the first time during the year 2002. Results showed tooth extraction due to caries decreased, while there was an increase in tooth extraction from an apparent increase in orthodontic treatment needs. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), a significant cause of tooth loss in the last decade, decreased significantly. The pattern of deciduous tooth loss also changed as more anterior teeth were lost for orthodontic reasons in this present study. The pattern of tooth loss in the permanent dentition remains very similar to that of the past study, though more premolars were lost in the present study. There appears to be an increasing need for tooth extractions in orthodontic treatment for this population of children. The focus of planned dental health care provisions, treatment policies, and training emphasis in child dental care may need to shift to addressing orthodontic needs.

Citation

Foloyan MO, Otuyemi OD, Esan TA, Adeleke AA, Adedigba MA. Pattern of Dental Extraction in Children in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 May;(6)2:080-090.
Anterior Esthetic Gingival Depigmentation and Crown Lengthening: Report of a Case
Authors: Nandakumar K. , Roshna T.
Published: July 2019

Excessive gingival display space and gingival hyperpigmentation are major concerns for a large number of patients visiting the dentist. Melanin hyperpigmentation usually does not present a medical problem, but patients usually complain of dark gums as unaesthetic. This problem is aggravated in patients with a “gummy smile” or excessive gingival display while smiling. Esthetic periodontal plastic surgery is especially rewarding in such individuals with compromised esthetics. A case is reported here on the cosmetic correction of “black gums” and “gummy smile.” Periodontal plastic surgery combining gingival depigmentation and esthetic crown lengthening was performed in a single appointment using scalpel surgical technique. The outline of steps involved in the surgical procedure is demonstrated and a brief review of the various gingival depigmentation techniques is depicted here.

Citation

Roshna T, Nandakumar K. Anterior Esthetic Gingival Depigmentation and Crown Lengthening: Report of a Case. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 August;(6)3:139-147.
Pressure Pain Threshold of the Lateral Pterygoid Muscles in TMD Patients and Controls
Authors: Abou-Atme Youssef S. , Melis Marcello , Zawawi Khalid H.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

The aim of this experiment was to detect pressure pain threshold (PPT) differences on intra-oral palpation of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) between subjects diagnosed with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and controls.

Methods

Thirty-one consecutive female TMD patients and 31 age and gender matched controls underwent palpation of the LPM using an algometer made with a queue-tip connected to a digital scale, and PPT was measured.

Results

Mean PPTs of the right and left LPM of the controls were respectively 191g (49KPa) and 200g (51KPa), and mean PPTs of the right and left LPM of TMD patients were respectively 245g (62KPa) and 256g (63KPa). ANOVA between the four PPT measurements showed significant difference only between the PPT readings of the right LPM of the controls and the left LPM of the patients (p<0.05).

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that PPT measured by means of the described algometer is not decreased in TMD patients as compared to control subjects.

Citation

Abou-Atme YS, Melis M, Zawawi KH. Pressure Pain Threshold of the Lateral Pterygoid Muscles. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 August;(6)3:022-029.
The Economics of Pit and Fissure Sealants in Preventive Dentistry: A Review
Authors: Kitchens Dinah H.
Published: July 2019

Oral diseases are progressive, cumulative, and become more intricate to treat with advancement. While dental caries is an infectious transmissible disease with children being at the highest risk, primary prevention can reduce this risk. Primary prevention in dentistry is usually considered to be community fluoridated water supplies, professional fluoride treatments, and pit and fissure sealants. While community fluoridated water supplies have been proven to be cost-effective, the cost-effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants has primarily been studied in school–based programs of children from low socio-economic backgrounds. Dental sealant programs are just one way to help increase primary prevention in the oral health disparities of children. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature regarding the cost-effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants as a preventive strategy in preventive dentistry.

Citation

Kitchens DH. The Economics of Pit and Fissure Sealants in Preventive Dentistry: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 August;(6)3:095-103.