bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Haas Mark L.
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of alliances among ideological enemies. Members of these alliances are perpetually torn by two sets of powerful contending forces. Shared material threats push these states together, while the effects of ideological differences pull them apart. Because of these opposing forces for and against cooperation, members of cross-ideological alliances are simultaneously friends and enemies. They are “frenemies.” This book claims that the values of two ideological variables in addition to that of ideological enmity play the key role in determining when either the rivalry or common-interest dimension of frenemy relationships is likely to prevail. The first variable is the level of regime or ideological vulnerability in the members of a potential frenemy coalition. The second variable is the particular configuration of ideological distances that exists among potential frenemy allies and their shared material threat.
Introduction
Authors: Diamant Neil J.
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter presents an overview of how Chinese constitutions provides powerful insights about how people understood law and assessed the legitimacy, meaning, and consequences of the Communist Revolution. Substantial evidence demonstrates that many state officials did not understand constitutions, did not accept their underlying rationale, or even cursed them—but still found these documents useful as words that could easily induce feelings of terror, jealousy, uncertainty, and confusion among citizens and other officials; intensify social divisions; and help push through unpopular policies. Constitutions were also useful as brute displays of political power: despite knowing that people at home and abroad knew that these documents had a problematic relationship with truth, the government promulgated and discussed them anyway. Evidence also shows that ordinary citizens who did not believe a wide variety of constitutional claims nevertheless found constitutions useful as a mechanism to defend rights and as a convenient platform for criticizing the government for a variety of transgressions, commenting on current and past policies and their experiences of them, or requesting better enforcement or abrogation. This book profiles the voices of ordinary Chinese participants, looking at constitutional comments, queries, and musings to make the case that Chinese constitutions must be understood beyond their textual forms.
The Meanings of the Constitution and Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Diamant Neil J.
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter reflects on the meaning of the Chinese constitutions and, by implication, the Chinese revolution. Chinese constitutions did not contribute to legitimacy, and this was well-known to the state leaders who read citizens' comments about these documents during national discussion periods. But if constitutions did not serve the purpose of legitimization—often the primary role ascribed to them in the literature—what roles did they serve? Evidence shows that for many state officials the constitution and the discussions about it were governing practices or useful tactics to exercise political power by way of inducing feelings of uncertainty, jealousy, apathy, helplessness, fear, frustration, and confusion. Ordinary people, for their part, also understood the constitution as “useful bullshit.” People used the texts and discussions about them as platforms to raise serious questions about the nature of Chinese Communist Party rule, its governance practices, interpretation of history, and understanding of class and their role in the new polity.
A Primer on International Financial Standards on Illicit Financing
Authors: Morse Julia C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses how international financial standards have reshaped bank incentives related to illicit financing. Government policy makers, aided by the technological changes driving globalization, have created a transnational banking system where individuals can easily send money across the globe. This expansion of global finance provides new opportunities for economic growth. However, without global policy coordination, the cross-border banking network is easily exploited for illicit purposes. The world's most powerful economies use international soft law to respond to such vulnerabilities. The Financial Action Task Force's (FATF) know-your-customer requirements have transformed how banks weigh the costs and benefits of doing business with foreign clients. As governments adopt and implement the FATF standards, banks increasingly look for ways to evaluate a client's illicit financing risk.
A retrospective study of 3D deep learning approach incorporating coordinate information to improve the segmentation of pre- and post-operative abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Siriapisith Thanongchai , Kusakunniran Worapan , Haddawy Peter
Published: July 2022

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the most common diseases worldwide. 3D segmentation of AAA provides useful information for surgical decisions and follow-up treatment. However, existing segmentation methods are time consuming and not practical in routine use. In this article, the segmentation task will be addressed automatically using a deep learning based approach which has been proved to successfully solve several medical imaging problems with excellent performances. This article therefore proposes a new solution of AAA segmentation using deep learning in a type of 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture that also incorporates coordinate information. The tested CNNs are UNet, AG-DSV-UNet, VNet, ResNetMed and DenseVoxNet. The 3D-CNNs are trained with a dataset of high resolution (256 × 256) non-contrast and post-contrast CT images containing 64 slices from each of 200 patients. The dataset consists of contiguous CT slices without augmentation and no post-processing step. The experiments show that incorporation of coordinate information improves the segmentation results. The best accuracies on non-contrast and contrast-enhanced images have average dice scores of 97.13% and 96.74%, respectively. Transfer learning from a pre-trained network of a pre-operative dataset to post-operative endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) was also performed. The segmentation accuracy of post-operative EVAR using transfer learning on non-contrast and contrast-enhanced CT datasets achieved the best dice scores of 94.90% and 95.66%, respectively.
Impact and Perception of Students towards Online Learning during COVID-19
Authors: Deepika M. , Pushpa J.
Published: July 2022

Aim: This study aims to analyse the impact and perception of students towards online learning during Covid-19 and the constraints faced by the students.

Study Design: Ex post facto research design.

Place and Duration of the Study: the present study was conducted among UG,PG & PhD students of TNAU. The study was conducted during January and February month 2021.

Methodology: 50 students were randomly selected and interviewed using a pre tested interview schedule to study the impact and perception of students towards online learning during Covid-19 and the constraints faced by them.

Background of the Study: The concept of e-learning can be termed as a network enabled transfer of skills and knowledge, and the delivery of education is made to a large number of recipients at the same or different times. Though e- learning resources and online mode of learning was made available long back, it became popular and inevitable only after the storm created by the pandemic, courtesy COVID-19. It has persisted to force and push the students and teachers towards online learning environment for the past one year and continues to garner importance in the current scenario. Though Online-learning mode emerged as a better alternative to the classroom situation, it has its own pros and cons as perceived by the participating students and teachers. Since, it is becoming a more common method of instruction, it is important to assess its impact among the stakeholders and to assess the existing gaps. This impact study involving perception of the students regarding online learning can serve as a resource to identify the areas for improvement and betterment of learning situation.
Empirical Modelling and Optimization of Ngbo Pillarred Activated Clay Catalysts using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Nwobasi V. N. , Igbokwe Philomena K. , Okewale Akindele O.
Published: July 2022

In this work, Box-Behnken”s Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to study the esterification reaction effectiveness of Ngbo pillarred activated clay catalyst. The esterification was monitored based on temperature, time duration, amount of reactant, catalyst weight, and particle size. The Box--Behnken’s Response Surface Methodology indicates that the pillarred clay-catalyzed esterification reactions proceed through dual Acid-complex and Alcohol-complex mechanisms, with the Alcohol mechanism dominating. The esterification efficiencies of acetic acid and ethanol by acid-activated Ngbo clay catalyst optimized using RSM models indicated the estimated esterification percentage of ˃99%. The predicted and experimental values under the same conditions showed less than 5% difference, making the Box-Behnken design approach an efficient, effective, and reliable method for the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol. The produced catalyst was optimized using A-One way ANOVA modelling, which indicated the correlation coefficient of the regression of 0.8674, implying that 86.74% of the total variation in the esterification reaction was attributed to the experimental variables. The result obtained indicated that the process could be applied in the esterification of acetic acid to avoid the drawbacks of corrosion, loss of catalyst and environmental problems.
Evaluation of Physiochemical Properties, Thermal Behavior and Phytopharmaceutical Potential of Citrus aurantium’s Essential Oil
Authors: Jha Vikas , Shaikh Fatimabi , Tendulkar Nikita , Pandya Siddhartha , Madaye Bhakti , Gupta Esha , Khan Farheen , Kaur Navdeep , Jain Tisha , Almeida Stanford , Mane Pratyusha
Published: July 2022

The study investigates the therapeutic potential of the Citrus aurantium var. amara essential oil extracted from the blossoms of the bitter orange plant by examining its chemical composition, thermal stability, and potency against infectious disease-causing pathogens.  Initially, the volatile components of the essential oil were evaluated by obtaining a chromatographic fingerprint using HPTLC and FTIR spectrum identification. Furthermore, a thermal profile of the essential oil was obtained using the thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. A predetermined set of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms were used to examine the antibacterial activity of the essential oil. Lastly, its anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the albumin denaturation assay. The research concluded that the Citrus aurantium var. Amara essential oil exhibits potential therapeutic characteristics which can be further explored through in vivo studies.
Study on Stability Parameters for Yield and Compact Plant Type Characters in Hybrids Derived from Multiple Cross Derivatives of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Amenable for HDPS
Authors: Murthy K. G. K. , Pradeep T.
Published: July 2022

Stability of 42 F1 hybrids derived by crossing six lines and seven testers in line x tester mating design was studied by planting in three different locations for yield and compact plant traits. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits when tested against pooled deviation and pooled error. The mean squares due to environments (E) was found significant for all the characters except for days to 50% flowering, length of the sympodial branches, boll weight and ginning outturn. Significant interaction of G x E was exhibited by all traits except for days to 50% flowering, number of monopodial branches, leaf area and ginning outturn when tested against pooled deviation, indicating differential behaviour of genotypes in changing environments. The study also revealed the importance of both linear and non-linear components in determining the interaction of genotypes with environment. The cross combinations viz., MC 17-6 x MC 3-2 , MC 4-3 x MC 3-2, MC 16-3 x MC 17-2, MC 23-2 x NH 630, MC 23-2 x MC 3-2 and MC 17-6 x MC 22-2  had shown stable performance over locations for yield along with few compact plant type characters based on stability parameters and could be subjected for further evaluation to develop hybrids amenable for HDPS.
Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae): Bioactivities and Future Direction
Authors: Utshudi A. L. , Oleko R. O. , Kayembe C. T. , Onautshu D. O. , Kitete E. M. , Lengbye E. M. , Mbala B. M. , Mpiana P. T.
Published: July 2022

Background: The Plant of Jatropha gossypiifolia is known for their many biological activities including anticoagulant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and other.

Aim: To carry out recent informations regarding phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, bioactivities, toxicology, antiviral and  medicinal  activities of the plant.

Study Design: Multidisciplinary advanced bibliographic surveys and dissemination of the resulted knowledge.

Results: After literature review, we could notice that Jatropha gossypiifolia has antibacterial, and antiviral properties on different types of viruses. Leaves, roots, latex, seeds, fr,uits and other parts have been reported to have different compounds which have interesting bioactivities and medicinal properties.

Conclusion: This work can orient or guide scientifics research for the development of anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-Hepatitis B virus, and anti-Covid-19 herbal drugs also nutritional values from Jatropha gossypiifolia for the benefit the of human beings.
On the Zero Divisor and Cayley Graphs of Some Classes of the 2-Radical Index of Nilpotence Finite Local Rings
Authors: Agala Violet Khaveri , Ojiema Michael Onyango , Wanambisi Aldrin Wekesa
Published: July 2022

The characterization of nite local rings via the well known structures of their zero divisor graphs and cayley graphs remains an open problem. Some classes of completely primary finite rings which are local, have however been characterized by the compartments of their units and zero divisors where the classication of the unit groups have been done using the Fundamental Theorem of finitely generated Abelian Groups while the zero divisors have been characterized via the zero divisor graphs. This paper characterizes the zero divisor graphs \(\Gamma\)(R) and cayley graphs CAY (R) where R is a finite local ring with 2-radical index of Nilpotence. These two classes of graphs have been completely described and compared using their algebraic properties. Some of the graphs have been drawn for purposes of their comparison. The methods of study involved partitioning the ring under consideration into mutually disjoint subsets of invertible elements and zero divisors and determining their graphs using case by case basis discovery of their structural properties. Some symmetric groups associated with the graphs studied have also been given.
Anti-biofilm Formation Activities of 4-hydroxyindole Azo Compounds against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Amengor Cedric Dzidzor Kodjo , Kekessie Francis Klenam , Brobbey Abena , Addotey John Nii , Peprah Paul , Amaning-Danquah Cynthia , Adu Joseph , Tetteh Michael , Adusei Emmanuel Bentil Asare
Published: July 2022

A hybrid of six (6) 4-hydroxyindole azo compounds was synthesised by the diazotization and coupling strategy via electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Characterisation by Infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopic studies was carried out and the antimicrobial activity and structure-activity relationship were explored. Amongst the compounds, 4d was the most active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the other organisms from the high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition (HTSPOTi) antimicrobial assay. According to the resistant modulation study, the compounds did not show significant activity against the panel of pathogens used. Furthermore, compounds 4a and 4f inhibited biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at 70% (31.25 µg/mL) and 57% (125 (µg/mL) respectively. Additionally, 4c and 4e have biofilm inhibition potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus which are implicated in antimicrobial resistance. Hence, the compounds are promising leads with potential to be developed into new antibacterial agents to combat the menace of antimicrobial resistance.
Bioinformatics roadmap for therapy selection in cancer genomics
Authors: Jiménez‐Santos María José , García‐Martín Santiago , Fustero‐Torre Coral , Di Domenico Tomás , Gómez‐López Gonzalo , Al‐Shahrour Fátima
Published: July 2022

Tumour heterogeneity is one of the main characteristics of cancer and can be categorised into inter‐ or intratumour heterogeneity. This heterogeneity has been revealed as one of the key causes of treatment failure and relapse. Precision oncology is an emerging field that seeks to design tailored treatments for each cancer patient according to epidemiological, clinical and omics data. This discipline relies on bioinformatics tools designed to compute scores to prioritise available drugs, with the aim of helping clinicians in treatment selection. In this review, we describe the current approaches for therapy selection depending on which type of tumour heterogeneity is being targeted and the available next‐generation sequencing data. We cover intertumour heterogeneity studies and individual treatment selection using genomics variants, expression data or multi‐omics strategies. We also describe intratumour dissection through clonal inference and single‐cell transcriptomics, in each case providing bioinformatics tools for tailored treatment selection. Finally, we discuss how these therapy selection workflows could be integrated into the clinical practice.
Low‐Temperature Printed Hierarchically Porous Induced‐Biomineralization Polyaryletherketone Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Gao Xinshuai , Wang Honghua , Luan Shifang , Zhou Guangyuan
Published: July 2022

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as a popular orthopaedic implant is usually fabricated into a hierarchically porous structure for improving osteogenic activity. However, the applications are limited due to the excessively high processing temperature and uncontrollably tedious modification routes. Here, an amorphous polyaryletherketone with carboxyl groups (PAEK‐COOH) is synthesized and fabricated to the hierarchically controllable porous scaffolds via a low‐temperature 3D‐printing process. The prepared PAEK‐COOH scaffolds present controllable porous structures ranging from nano‐ to micro‐scale, and their mechanical strengths are comparable to that of trabecular bone. More importantly, the in vitro experiments show that the nanoporous surface is conducive to promoting cellular adhesion, and carboxyl groups can induce hydroxyapatite mineralization via electrostatic interaction. The in vivo experiments demonstrate that the PAEK‐COOH scaffolds offer much better osseointegration without additional active ingredients, compared to that of PEEK. Therefore, this work will not only develop a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering, but provide a viable method to design PAEK biomaterials.
Nonlinear Coherent Light–Matter Interaction in 2D MoSe2 Nanoflakes for All‐Optical Switching and Logic Applications
Authors: Sk Kalimuddin , Das Biswajit , Chakraborty Nabamita , Samanta Madhupriya , Bera Satyabrata , Bera Arnab , Roy Deep Singha , Pradhan Suman Kalyan , Chattopadhyay Kalyan K. , Mondal Mintu
Published: July 2022

A strong nonlinear optical response of 2D MoSe2 nanoflakes (NFs) through spatial self‐phase modulation (SSPM) and cross‐phase modulation (XPM) induced by nonlocal coherent light–matter interactions is reported. The coherent interaction of light and MoSe2 NFs creates the SSPM of laser beams, forming concentric diffraction rings. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) and third‐order broadband nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)) of MoSe2 NFs are determined from the self‐diffraction pattern at different exciting wavelengths of 405, 532, and 671 nm with varying laser intensity. The evolution and deformation of diffraction ring patterns are observed and analyzed by the “wind‐chime” model and thermal effect. By taking advantage of the reverse saturated absorption of 2D SnS2 NFs compared to MoSe2, an all‐optical diode has been designed with MoSe2/SnS2 hybrid structure to demonstrate the nonreciprocal light propagation. Few other optical devices based on MoSe2 and semiconducting materials such as Bi2Se3, CuPc, and graphene have been investigated. The all‐optical logic gates and all‐optical information conversion have been demonstrated through the XPM technique using two laser beams. The proposed optical scheme based on MoSe2 NFs has been demonstrated as a potential candidate for all‐optical nonlinear photonic devices such as all‐optical diodes and all‐optical switches.
In‐Memory Mathematical Operations with Spin‐Orbit Torque Devices
Authors: Li Ruofan , Song Min , Guo Zhe , Li Shihao , Duan Wei , Zhang Shuai , Tian Yufeng , Chen Zhenjiang , Bao Yi , Cui Jinsong , Xu Yan , Wang Yaoyuan , Tong Wei , Yuan Zhe , Cui Yan , Xi Li , Feng Dan , Yang Xiaofei , Zou Xuecheng , Hong Jeongmin , You Long
Published: July 2022

Analog arithmetic operations are the most fundamental mathematical operations used in image and signal processing as well as artificial intelligence (AI).  In‐memory computing (IMC) offers a high performance and energy‐efficient computing paradigm. To date, in‐memory analog arithmetic operations with emerging nonvolatile devices are usually implemented using discrete components, which limits the scalability and blocks large scale integration. Here, a prototypical implementation of in‐memory analog arithmetic operations (summation, subtraction and multiplication) is experimentally demonstrated, based on in‐memory electrical current sensing units using spin‐orbit torque (SOT) devices. The proposed structures for analog arithmetic operations are smaller than the state‐of‐the‐art complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) counterparts by several orders of magnitude. Moreover, data to be processed and computing results can be locally stored, or the analog computing can be done in the nonvolatile SOT devices, which are exploited to experimentally implement the image edge detection and signal amplitude modulation with a simple structure. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) with SOT devices based synapses is constructed to realize pattern recognition with high accuracy of ≈95%.
Developmental changes in iron metabolism and erythropoiesis in mice with human gain‐of‐function erythropoietin receptor
Authors: Kralova Barbora , Sochorcova Lucie , Song Jihyun , Jahoda Ondrej , Hlusickova Kapralova Katarina , Prchal Josef T. , Divoky Vladimir , Horvathova Monika
Published: July 2022

Iron availability for erythropoiesis is controlled by the iron‐regulatory hormone hepcidin. Increased erythropoiesis negatively regulates hepcidin synthesis by erythroferrone (ERFE), a hormone produced by erythroid precursors in response to erythropoietin (EPO). The mechanisms coordinating erythropoietic activity with iron homeostasis in erythrocytosis with low EPO are not well defined as exemplified by dominantly inherited (heterozygous) gain‐of‐function mutation of human EPO receptor (mtHEPOR) with low EPO characterized by postnatal erythrocytosis. We previously created a mouse model of this mtHEPOR that develops fetal erythrocytosis with a transient perinatal amelioration of erythrocytosis and its reappearance at 3–6 weeks of age. Prenatally and perinatally, mtHEPOR heterozygous and homozygous mice (differing in erythrocytosis severity) had increased Erfe transcripts, reduced hepcidin, and iron deficiency. Epo was transiently normal in the prenatal life; then decreased at postnatal day 7, and remained reduced in adulthood. Postnatally, hepcidin increased in mtHEPOR heterozygotes and homozygotes, accompanied by low Erfe induction and iron accumulation. With aging, the old, especially mtHEPOR homozygotes had a decline of erythropoiesis, myeloid expansion, and local bone marrow inflammatory stress. In addition, mtHEPOR erythrocytes had a reduced lifespan. This, together with reduced iron demand for erythropoiesis, due to its age‐related attenuation, likely contributes to increased iron deposition in the aged mtHEPOR mice. In conclusion, the erythroid drive‐mediated inhibition of hepcidin production in mtHEPOR mice in the prenatal/perinatal period is postnatally abrogated by increasing iron stores promoting hepcidin synthesis. The differences observed in studied characteristics between mtHEPOR heterozygotes and homozygotes suggest dose‐dependent alterations of downstream EPOR stimulation.
Solvent‐Free Preparation and Moderate Congruent Melting Temperature of Layered Lead Iodide Perovskites for Thin‐Film Formation
Authors: Salah Maroua Ben Haj , Mercier Nicolas , Dabos‐Seignon Sylvie , Botta Chiara
Published: July 2022

Lead halide 2D hybrid perovskites (HP) have emerged as promising materials for photovoltaic and lighting applications. Solvent‐free preparations offer greener route, but require congruent melting of halide perovskite for thin films, which has been demonstrated only for monolayered HP (n=1 of the (A)2(MA)n−1PbnI3n+1 series) at the quite high temperature Tm (Tmelting) of 171 °C. Here, we report on the solvent‐free preparation (n=2, 4), thermal behaviour and melt‐processed thin films of a series of HP (GABA)2(MA)n−1PbnI3n+1 (n=1, 2, 4; GABA+: 4‐ammoniumbutyric acid cation). The n=1 and n=2 HP have an exceptional low congruent Tm of 126 °C and 136 °C, respectively, and, for n=1, a very good stability in the molten state. The liquid–solid reaction of molten (GABA)2PbI4 or (GABA)2(MA)Pb2I7 with MAPbI3 in 1/1 (T=130 °C) or 1/2 (T=135 °C) ratio leads to pure phases of the n=2 HP and (GABA)2(MA)3Pb4I11 (n=4, Tm=185 °C), respectively. Melt‐processed thin films of n=1, n=2 and n=4 HP have also been prepared.
Synthesis of Cyclopentene Derivatives via Electrochemically Induced Intermolecular Selective (3+2) Annulation
Authors: Guan Zhipeng , Zhu Shuxiang , Ye Yayu , Li Xiangwei , Liu Yanlong , Wang Pengjie , Zhang Heng , Huang Zhiliang , Lei Aiwen
Published: July 2022

Cyclopentenes are common cores in many natural products, and in bioactive and functional molecules. However, their synthesis remains challenging in terms of harsh conditions, poor selectivity, prefunctionalization of the substrates, over‐reliance on volatile activating reagents and the use of noble metals. Herein, we develop an electrochemical mediator‐induced intermolecular selective (3+2) annulation of readily available alkenes and alkynes/alkenes, which provides a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of a library of decorated cyclopentenes and cyclopentanes. This protocol features high efficiency, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and high regioselectivity. Potential applications are demonstrated by gram‐scale synthesis as well as the construction of structural diversity and complexity. A preliminary mechanistic investigation was performed, which indicated that an iodine radical and carbon radicals are involved in this transformation.
Preparation of flame retardant viscose fibers by supramolecular self‐assembly
Authors: Xie Long , Liu Bo , Liu Xinhua , Lu Yueyue
Published: July 2022

It was critical to improve the flame retardant and washability of fiber. In this study, a durable flame retardant fiber (VF/PR‐DPCP) was developed by wet spinning through blending self‐made flame retardant (PR‐DPCP) and viscose slurry. The thermogravimetric analysis (TG) results showed that the residual amount of VF/PR‐DPCP‐25% at 600°C was 21 wt%, which was much higher than that of viscose fibers (VFs). Combustion test results showed that VF/PR‐DPCP‐25% had a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.1%. Compared to VF, the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) of VF/PR‐DPCP‐25% were reduced by 38% and 24%, respectively. The TG test after washing showed that the weight loss and carbon residue of VF/PR‐DPCP‐25% were almost unchanged before and after washing.
“Dragons” on the landscape: Modeling the abundance of large carnivorous dinosaurs of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (USA) and the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation (Canada)
Authors: Farlow James O. , Coroian Dan , Currie Philip J. , Foster John R. , Mallon Jordan C. , Therrien François
Published: July 2022

Counts of the number of skeletal specimens of “adult” megaherbivores and large theropods from the Morrison and Dinosaur Park formations—if not biased by taphonomic artifacts—suggest that the big meat‐eaters were more abundant, relative to the number of big plant‐eaters, than one would expect on the basis of the relative abundance of large carnivores and herbivores in modern mammalian faunas. Models of megaherbivore population density (number of individuals per square kilometer) that attempt to take into account ecosystem productivity, the size structure of megaherbivore populations, and individual megaherbivore energy requirements, when combined with values of the large theropod/megaherbivore abundance ratio, suggest that large theropods may have been more abundant on the landscape than estimates extrapolated from the population density versus body mass relationship of mammalian carnivores. Models of the meat production of megaherbivore populations and the meat requirements of “adult” large theropods suggest that herbivore productivity would have been insufficient to support the associated number of individuals of “adult” large theropods, unless the herbivore production/biomass ratio was substantially higher, and/or the large theropod meat requirement markedly lower, than expectations based on modern mammals. Alternatively, or in addition to one or both of these other factors, large theropods likely included dinosaurs other than megaherbivores as significant components of their diet.
Leader‐following consensus of stochastic dynamical multi‐agent systems with fixed and switching topologies under proportional‐integral protocols
Authors: Gu Haibo , Liu Kexin , Zhu Guoliang , Lü Jinhu
Published: July 2022

With the rapid development of swarm intelligence, consensus problem for multi‐agent systems (MASs) has attracted substantial attention. To deal with the leader‐following consensus problems in stochastic dynamical MASs with fixed and switching topologies, this article designed proportional‐integral (PI) control protocols. On the basis of algebraic graph theory and stochastic analysis techniques, by selecting appropriate Lyapunov functions, it is theoretically shown that leader‐following consensus of MASs with stochastic dynamics underlying fixed and switching topologies can be achieved in mean square, respectively. Sufficient criteria are derived for selecting the PI control gains. Finally, the theoretical results are illustrated through several numerical simulations.
Event‐triggered H∞ control of discrete‐time switched linear systems with delays
Authors: Yang Ling , Liu Xingwen , Wang Huazhang , Li Yaping
Published: July 2022

This paper studies the
control problem of discrete‐time delayed switched systems with average dwell time switching signals using event‐triggered mechanism. The event‐triggered mechanism can reduce redundant information transmission. First, employing state‐feedback controller, two sufficient conditions are proposed to guaranteeing (i) exponential stability of the disturbance‐free closed‐loop system and (ii)
performance of the closed‐loop system with disturbance. Moreover, the controller gain is explicitly computed by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. Second, results obtained for state‐feedback controller are extended to those for observer‐based state‐feedback controller, and both the controller and observer gains are explicitly computed. All conditions are derived by utilizing a properly constructed decay‐rate‐dependent Lyapunov functional. Finally, a numerical example illustrates the validity of the obtained theoretical results.
Bericht des Arbeitskreises „Baugruben“: Aktuelle und zukünftige Arbeiten
Authors: Hettler Achim , Kinzler Steffen
Published: July 2022

Der Arbeitskreis „Baugruben“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik (DGGT) veröffentlicht seit 1968 regelmäßig Empfehlungen für die Berechnung, Bemessung und Konstruktion von Baugrubenumschließungen. Die Empfehlungen liegen mit der EAB in geschlossener Form in der aktuell 6. Auflage vor. Der vorliegende Bericht gibt einen Überblick über die aktuellen und zukünftigen Arbeiten des Arbeitskreises. Im Berichtszeitraum erfolgten in der Hauptsache die Mitwirkung bei der Kommentierung der Entwürfe des neuen Eurocode 7, die Bewertung aktueller Erkenntnisse zur Ermittlung des Erdruhedruckbeiwerts und die Identifikation zukünftiger Themen für die weitere inhaltliche Bearbeitung der EAB.
Photoluminescence and thermoluminescence in Dy3+‐, Ce3+‐, and Tb3+‐activated MgB4O7 phosphor for dosimetry application
Authors: Oza Abha , Ojha Vibha , Dhale Shrikrishna , Dhoble Sanjay
Published: July 2022

Samples of microcrystalline rare earth‐doped magnesium borate materials were synthesized via modified solid‐state diffusion and were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Photoluminescence (PL) results for the MgB4O7:Dy sample depicts blue emission that resulted from a 4F9/2–6H15/2 transition that peaked at 484 nm, which was much stronger than the yellow emission arising due to the 4F9/2–6H13/2 transition at 576 nm. From the emission spectra for MgB4O7:Tb, it seems that at higher concentrations of Tb3+ ion, the green emission becomes strong and directly relates to the energy transfer from the 5D3 excited state to the 5D4 excited state through a cross‐relaxation, whereas the blue emission is suppressed in MgB4O7 phosphors. The thermoluminescence (TL) of the samples was measured immediately after irradiation and compared by TL curve with CaSO4:Dy. MgB4O7:Dy showed very good TL sensitivity for the desirable dosimetric curve at ~218°C and the best glow curve structure. In comparison with the dosimetric peaks for MgB4O7:Ce and MgB4O7:Tb, the MgB4O7:Dy phosphor is equally sensitive to CaSO4:Dy. MgB4O7:Dy and MgB4O7:Tb showed linearity for a 1–5 kGy dose. The activation energies and frequency factors were also calculated for samples MgB4O7:RE (where RE = Dy, Tb, Ce) using the peak shape method.
Lateral branches of the facial artery and its clinical implications
Authors: Park Jung‐Ah , Yeo In‐Seung , Lee Hye‐In , Shin Hyun Jin , Koh Ki‐Seok , Song Wu‐Chul
Published: July 2022

The facial artery is the main artery supplying blood to the face and is known to have facial branches of the inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal and angular arteries. These known major branches of facial artery run medially, however, there are sometimes branches of the facial artery heading laterally. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the lateral branches of the facial artery in face. We dissected facial branches of the facial artery in 74 cadaveric hemifaces. We investigated the presence of the lateral branches of the facial artery. Following parameters were investigated: lateral branch presence, the location of its origin, and the lateral branch diameter. Among the lateral branches, we evaluated the prevalence and diameter of the premasseteric branch. Lateral branches were observed in 48 of the 74 hemifaces (64.9%). The total number was 81 in the 48 hemifaces. The most common origin was between the inferior border of the mandible and inferior labial artery origin (42 of 81, 51.9%). The mean diameter of all lateral branches of the facial artery was 0.7 mm. Among the lateral branches, the premasseteric branches were present in 38 of 74 specimen (51.4%) and the mean diameter was 0.8 mm. The lateral branches of the facial artery may be registered in Terminologia Anatomica based on their prevalence. Accurate knowledge of the anatomy of the lateral branches of the facial artery is helpful for clinicians to avoid complications during facial procedures or maxillofacial surgeries.
Suspected immune checkpoint inhibitor‐induced pulmonary sarcoid reaction in metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Purcell Victoria , Preti Beatrice , Fernandes Ricardo
Published: July 2022

We present the case of a 50‐year‐old male patient with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) who developed a diffuse pulmonary opacification and lymphadenopathy during nivolumab maintenance therapy. This was diagnosed as presumed sarcoid granulomatous inflammatory reaction secondary to immunotherapy, which resolved with holding off therapy and the nivolumab was resumed.
Spondylocostal dysplasia and brachydactyly associated withTBX6andIHHvariants: A case report
Authors: Puvabanditsin Surasak , Gorbonosov Michelle , Blackledge Kristin , Manzano Jeffrey , Federici Matthew , Mehta Rajeev
Published: July 2022

We report a preterm male neonate presenting with a short trunk, short neck, low hairline, deformed ears, preauricular skin tag, penoscrotal transposition (PT), palmar crease, short and broad fingers and toes (brachydactyly), hypoplastic and deep‐set nails, metatarsal abductus, and cross‐fused, small echogenic kidneys. Radiologic findings and genetic studies are consistent with spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) and autosomal dominant brachydactyly. This is the first case report of spondylocostal dysostosis and brachydactyly associated withTBX6andIHHvariants. We reviewed the literature and compared our patient's phenotype with previously reported cases of SCD.
Devastating salt‐wasting crisis in a four‐month‐old male child with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, highlighting the essence of neonatal screening
Authors: Reddy Nagaspurthy Anugu , Sharma Sucheta , Das Mainak , Kapoor Ashutosh , Maskey Upasana
Published: July 2022

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a rare condition usually referred to as a group of genetic disorders resulting due to a deficiency of steroid enzymes required by adrenal glands to produce cortisol and mineralocorticoid hormones. It has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and is further categorized into two types—Classic and Non‐Classic. Non‐Classic CAH is a more common milder form that presents late after puberty. Classic CAH, although more severe, is rare and detected at birth and is associated with the life‐threatening adrenal crisis in both sexes and virilization of the external genitalia in females (46, XX) patients, whereas in males, no overt abnormality of the external genitalia is present. We present a case of a four‐month‐old male child with the classic form of CAH who was brought with complaints of loose stools, projectile non bilious vomiting, decreased urine output, and failure to feed for 3 days. The child had a clinical presentation of salt wasting with hypoglycemia and hyperpigmentation of his genitalia. The USG findings revealed increased anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis indicative of a growth in the suprarenal area. 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP) was found to be elevated confirming the diagnosis. He was treated with hydrocortisone with gradual improvement in his glucose and electrolytes. The patient was discharged home on replacement therapy consisting of oral prednisolone and fludrocortisone acetate and followed up as outpatient with significant improvement in the clinical findings. The fact that the child was not screened for CAH at birth led to the critical consequences of the disease in this case. To prevent life‐threatening adrenal crisis and help perform appropriate sex assignments for affected female patients, newborn screening (NBS) programs for the classical form of CAH should be made mandatory even in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Post‐COVID‐19 splenic infarction in a patient with chronic atrial fibrillation: A case report
Authors: Sarmadian Roham , Ghasemikhah Reza , Sarmadian Hossein , Khosravi Mahmood , Hassani Saeed
Published: July 2022

We describe splenic infarction (SI), an infrequent condition, in an 82‐year‐old COVID‐19 patient with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF). COVID‐19 may cause thrombosis, and AF is a predisposing factor for splenic infarction. Suspicion of SI may be warranted in COVID‐19 patients with abdominal pain, especially if a predisposing factor exists.
AstraZeneca COVID‐19 vaccine: A possible risk factor for ischemic stroke and cerebral venous sagittal sinus thrombosis: A case series
Authors: Siddig Amira , Abbasher Hussien Mohamed Ahmed Khabab , Hassan Haroun Mazin S. , M. Abdallah Abdallah , Malekaldar Mohamed , Abbasher Al Hussien , Abbasher Mohammed , Abbasher Abubaker Alsedig , Hussien Abbasher
Published: July 2022

One of the most prevalent neurological impairments is cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Ischemic stroke and CVST have been linked to the AstraZeneca COVID‐19 vaccine. Three Sudanese patients developed these diseases after receiving the AstraZeneca COVID‐19 vaccine, indicating a relationship between the AstraZeneca COVID‐19 vaccine and these conditions.
Common peroneal nerve rupture with multiple ligament knee injury: A case report
Authors: Tada Kaoru , Matsuta Masashi , Akahane Mika , Murai Atsuro , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki
Published: July 2022

In peroneal nerve palsy with closed knee injury, most of the case improves by follow‐up. We present a case of peroneal nerve rupture with closed multiple ligament knee injury, requiring nerve transplantation. In multiple ligament knee injury, it is necessary to consider the possibility of peroneal nerve rupture.
Polyuria and polydipsia revealing a pituitary metastasis: Report of a rare case
Authors: Gader Ghassen , Guediche Skander , Ben Hadj Yahya Mohamed , Zouaghi Mohamed , Rkhami Mouna , Badri Mohamed , Zammel Ihsèn
Published: July 2022

Sellar region is a rare localization for intracranial metastases. The diagnosis is frequently delayed as symptoms are generally non specific. Radiologic diagnosis may be difficult as these tumours present similiraities to other more frequent sellar tumours. There is still no consensus regarding therapeutic approach. Prognosis is related to several features.
Arteriovenous malformation with pseudoaneurysm on the left upper limb
Authors: Furuta Akihisa , Futagami Daisuke , Morimoto Hironobu , Kitaura Junya , Mukai Shogo
Published: July 2022

A 61‐year‐old woman developed a pulsatile mass on the left upper limb and was diagnosed with arteriovenous malformation with pseudoaneurysm. A two‐stage operation including ligation and resection of the aberrant branches and subsequent resection of the mass with revascularization was performed. Histological analysis suggested arteriovenous malformation and pseudoaneurysm.
Diagnostic evaluation and assessment of anemia in a patient with chronic kidney disease and gastrointestinal angioectasias undergoing hemodialysis
Authors: Courville Karen , Bernal Walter , Quiel Dimas , Pecchio Maydelin , Bustamante Norman , Landires Iván
Published: July 2022

Anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease may have underlying causes that require a broad approach. Here, we present a clinical case of anemia in a patient with chronic kidney disease and gastrointestinal angioectasias undergoing hemodialysis.
Microscopic assisted excision of a rare posterior triangle branchial cyst
Authors: Sigdel Brihaspati , Neupane Bhima , Ranabhat Sunita , Pokhrel Amrit , Jha Ameet K.
Published: July 2022

Branchial cyst is a painless mass commonly located in the anterior triangle of the neck. It is rarely found in the posterior triangle of the neck. A computed tomography scan of the neck is important to see the extent of the anomaly and its relationship with the major vessel.
Use of 3D printed model as a reconstruction aid in the management of an extensive ameloblastoma of the mandible
Authors: Odhiambo Walter A. , Gatune James M. , Guthua Symon W. , Muraguri Chris
Published: July 2022

Ameloblastoma is a benign jaw tumor that can grow to a very huge size with high rate of recurrence. The large tumors pose a challenge during resection and reconstructive surgery. We present a massive ameloblastoma of the mandible that was surgically treated with the aid of 3D printed model.
Biocatalytic Friedel‐Crafts Reactions
Authors: Leveson‐Gower Reuben B. , Roelfes Gerard
Published: July 2022

Friedel‐Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions are important methodologies in synthetic and industrial chemistry for the construction of aryl‐alkyl and aryl‐acyl linkages that are ubiquitous in bioactive molecules. Nature also exploits these reactions in many biosynthetic processes. Much work has been done to expand the synthetic application of these enzymes to unnatural substrates through directed evolution. The promise of such biocatalysts is their potential to supersede inefficient and toxic chemical approaches to these reactions, with mild operating conditions ‐ the hallmark of enzymes. Complementary work has created many bio‐hybrid Friedel‐Crafts catalysts consisting of chemical catalysts anchored into biomolecular scaffolds, which display many of the same desirable characteristics. In this Review, we summarise these efforts, focussing on both mechanistic aspects and synthetic considerations, concluding with an overview of the frontiers of this field and routes towards more efficient and benign Friedel‐Crafts reactions for the future of humankind.
Thermodynamic and kinetic study of fluorinated gas hydrates for water purification
Authors: Truong‐Lam Hai Son , Jeon Changsu , Lee Ju Dong
Published: July 2022

This study investigated and compared the thermodynamic stability, kinetic behaviour, and effectiveness of a water purification process using pentafluoroethane (HFC125a) and 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane (HFC134a) as guest molecules. The hydrate phase equilibria of each fluorinated gas (F‐gas) in pure water and NaCl solution were predicted using the Hu‐Lee‐Sum correlation, which agreed well with the experimental results from our previous studies. Under the same subcooling temperature of 3 K (at 0.3 MPa), the rate of hydrate growth with HFC134a was faster than that of HFC125a in the absence or presence of NaCl. In situ Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the HFC134a and HFC125a molecules occupy only a large cage of structure II hydrate. The Raman shifts of CH and CC bands in all phases (gas, liquid, and hydrate phases) of HFC125a shifted to higher wavelengths than those of HFC134a due to the increase in the number of fluorine atoms. The change in the salinity was studied to evaluate the effectiveness of an F‐gas hydrate‐based water purification process. In addition, the desalination efficiency of the HFC134a and HFC125a hydrates was compared by separating hydrate crystals from the slurries. The results showed that the desalination efficiency (or total dissolved solids removal efficiency) of HFC134a hydrate was higher than that of HFC125a hydrate. This study proves the importance of the water purification process using hydrates.