bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Snapdragons, Flower Thrips and Green Peach Aphid Control, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen insecticides were evaluated for the control of snapdragon pests between July 5 and July 26, 1978. The planting was located in a private garden in West Lafayette, Indiana. All of the treatments, except Temik, were foliar sprays applied with a one gallon B&G Stainless steel sprayer operating at 30 psi. The Temik granules were weighed and sprinkled into a furrow around each individual plant. The furrow was then covered with soil. A randomized block design was utilized with three replicates. Each plot consisted of an individual plant 12-14 inch high. Three weeks after treatment (T/21) a floral head was removed from each plant, bagged, taken into the laboratory and placed in a Berlese funnel and the captured thrips and aphids counted under a binocular microscope.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Control, Wooster, Ohio, 1978
Authors: Boggs Joseph F. , Nielsen David G. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of insecticides for control of black vine weevil adults was evaluated by laboratory bioassay of foliar residues collected from the field at specified intervals. Finished sprays were applied to runoff with a CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a Tee Jet SS8004 flat fan nozzle between 9:00 AM and 10:30 AM (EDT) on Aug 11, 1978 under sunny skies at 20°C with a slight breeze (8-12 kilometres/hr). Small portions (.5 - 1.0 m wide) of Taxusmedia ‘Flemer’, 3+m high growing in Secrest Arboretum at Wooster were thoroughly sprayed with each candidate material. One day later, 3 10-15 cm twigs were clipped from each treatment area and placed in individual 9 x 16 cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with a screen lid. Five ovipositing weevils were added to each container; containers were held at ca. 22°C, 15 hr light/day, and ambient humidity. All weevils used were previously collected in Lake County, Ohio and held in a rearing chamber with fresh taxus foliage at approximately the above conditions. Additional bioassays were conducted at intervals given in Table 1. Mortality was assessed 72 hr after caging weevils with rreated foliage.
Velvet Plant, Fungus Gnat Control, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

Eighteen insecticides were applied to Velvet Plants to test their effectiveness against fungus gnats. Individual plants 12-20 in.tall in4 inch pots in the greenhouse complex at the Indiana State Veterans Home, West Lafayette, Indiana were used for the experiment. All treatments, except Temik, were foliar applications applied with a one gallon B&G stainless steel compressed air sprayer operated at 30 psi. Measured amounts of Temik granules were sprinkled on the surface of the soil in each pot and watered in. A randomized block design with three replications was used in the experiment. Twelve days after treatment a 160 gm sample of the soil was removed from each pot, placed in a cottage cheese carton emergence cage and taken to the laboratory and held for counts of the Fungus Gnats that emerged. Gnats were counted on July 10 and 22, 1978.
Insecticide Evaluation for Beetle Grub Control in Golf Course Turf, PA, 1978
Authors: Heller Paul R. , Shetlar David J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested for grub control on two golf course fairways. The turf at Kennett Square, PA was predominately Kentucky bluegrass. This fairway was infested with Japanese beetles with a pretreatment count average of 13.5 grubs/ft2. A randomized complete block design was used with treatments applied on August 14 and posttreatment counts made on September 25. Environmental conditions were: air temp - 32°C; soil class - loam; % soil moisture - 30.2%; pH - 6.7; thatch - 13mm; soil temp - 28 C; and partly cloudy skies. At Oakmont, PA the turf was predominately annual bluegrass infested with Japanese beetle and some northern maked chafer with a pretreatment count average of 21.8 grubs/ft2. A complete randomized block design was used with treatments applied on August 22 and posttreatment counts made on October 3. Environmental conditions were: air temp - 27°C; soil class - silty loam; % soil moisture - 18.9%; pH - 6.5; thatch - 3mm; soil temp - 23°C; and clear skies. Sprayable formulations applied by hand held sprinkling cans were mixed in with 8.5 qt water/100 ft2, then watered in with an additional 8.5 qt water. Granular products were applied with a hand held shaker. Four sq ft samples were taken in each of 3 replicates. The treated fairway at Kennett Square, PA received 1/4-1/2 inch additional irrigation immediately after treatment. The fairway at Oakmont, PA received no additional water. Knox-out 2 FM, Oftanol 6E and Oftanol 15G were applied at 2X and 4X rates for phytotoxicity tests.
Japanese Beetle Control, South Windsor, Connecticut, 1977
Authors: Moore Robert E. B.
Published: March 2022

On August 16, 1977 insecticides were applied to two year old Kentucky bluegrass turf. Plots were 100 ft2, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment counts averaged 20 second and third stage grubs per I ft2. Granular formulations were mixed with sand to increase bulk and applied with a hand spreader. Liquids and wettable powders, except for Dursban-Nemajet treatments, were applied with a 2 gal hand pump sprayer (one gal finished spray/plot). Dursban was also applied with a Nemajet attached to a hydraulic pump delivering 300 psi to determine if the active ingredient forced through the thatch layer under pressure would provide better control than conventional low pressure applications. The Dursban-Nemajet trials were applied by passing the jet across the plot in one direction (‘one way’), and in a crisscross pattern (‘two way’) which doubled the amount of cuts through the thatch layer. The volume of toxicant remained the same for both treatments since the application time remained constant for both treatments. Total rainfall from August 16 until plot evaluation the week of Sept 19 was 4.08 inches. All plots received .75 inch of irrigatior 30 minutes after insecticides were applied. Site conditions at treatment time were: thatch layer .62 inch, soil type, Agawam very fine sandy loam with a 6.2 pH, 70.2% sand, 24.8% silt, 5.0% clay, and 4.1% organic matter.
Japanese Beetle Control on Bluegrass Turf, 1978
Authors: Moore Robert E. B.
Published: March 2022

Candidate insecticides were compared with two registered insecticides commonly used on turf in Connecticut. The test was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 100 ft2 plots. Treatments were replicated 4 times. The test site was a commercial turf farm near Windsor. Insecticides were applied on September 7 with granular materials mixed in sand to increase bulk and applied with a hand spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a watering can at 1.5 gal/100 ft2 rate. All plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water one hour after treatment. The grub population consisted of 15 second and third stage larvae per ft2. The soil was a silty loam with an analysis of: pH 5.2, organic matter 4.1%, sand 72.4%, silt 22.6% and clay 5.0%. The thatch layer was 0.50 inches. Rainfall from the start of the test to September 28-29, when the test was evaluated, was 1.30 inches. The sampling technique consisted of taking six, 0.23 ft cores from each test plot and counting the grubs in each core.
Apple, Test of Insecticides, 1978
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to runoff to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of Golden Delicious. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35-gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 8.0 gallons of spray was applied per replicate tree. Spray dates for the test insecticides were: May 30, Jun 15, 29, Jul 12, 26, Aug 9, 23, and Sep 6. During May, general sprays involving Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, and calcium chloride were applide with an airblast sprayer at 50 gallons of water/acre to the whole experimental block. From June through July, the general sprays involved captan, sulfur, and calcium chloride. Late season general sprays were of captan and zineb. Average temperatures were: May 58.6°F, Jun 68.5°F, Jul 70.4°F, Aug 74.1°F, and Sep 64.8°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 5.67, Jun 3.24, Jul 7.98, Aug 2.46, and Sep 1.5. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of infested terminals/10 top terminals/tree, the number of aphid infested leaves/terminal, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree. The effectiveness of the test materials on the the Japanese beetle was assessed by counting the number of damaged terminals/20 top terminals/tree and the number of damaged leaves/terminal. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite, the two-spotted spider mite, and predatory mites was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 60 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays of the predator S.punctum was evaluated by 3-min. counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after Jun 27 and 2 picked samples on Aug 2] and Sep 20. Apple samples averaged 220 fruits/replicate and 880/treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Kentucky Bluegrass, Grasshopper Control, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

A series of 14 treatments was applied to a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the Federated Church in West Lafayette, Indiana on June 14, 1978. Plots were 7 by 14 feet and the experiment was replicated five times. Sprays were applied with a boom mounted on a bicycle wheeled type frame. A pressure of 30 psi was maintained with a CO2 tank. Granular applications were made with a 7 foot wide John Deere granular applicator mounted on a bicycle wheeled type frame. Half of each plot was sampled on July 12 and 25 by applying a mixture of “Diagnostic Aid” and water to half of the plot with a sprinkling can and counting the number of larvae that emerged.
Control of Grasshoppers on Lawns, Bozeman, Montana, August 1978
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

Plot size for each rate (2 and 4 oz ai/acre) of 3 candidate insecticides was 0.01 acre of lush meadow grass mowed to theheightof the typical lawn. There plots were divided into 4 equal 0.0025-acre subplots, each representing one replication. A knapsack compressed air sprayer was used to treat each subplot with insecticide diluted in one quart of water (i.e., 100 gal/acre). Immediately after spraying, a 1/2 yd2 cage was secured on the still-wet grass in each subplot, and 20 adult grasshoppers were placed into each cage. There was an untreated check for each of the 3 materials.
Imported Fire Ant Control with Ferriamicide, 1978
Authors: Collins Homes L.
Published: March 2022

Ferriamicide, a degradable formulation of mirex produced by the Mississippi Authority for the Control of Fire Ants, was evaluated for control of imported fire ants on non-agricultural land during the summer of 1978. The granular bait formulation was applied broadcast at a rate of 1 lb bait per acre (227 mg ai/acre), by helicopter equipped with a specially designed bait distribution system. A total of eighteen different test plots ranging in size from 10 to 100 acres were treated between Aug 25 and 31, 1978. All test plots were located in Central and South Mississippi. The degree of control was determined by counting all live ant colonies within three to eight subplots randomly located within each test plot. Counts were made prior to treatment and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks following treatment.
Control of Lice on Beef Cattle, Virginia, 1977
Authors: Akers R. C. , Roberts J. E.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted comparing two rates of Dow TF-302. The insecticide was applied along the center backline at 5 ml/100 lb body weight and 15 ml/100 lb body weight at Broadford and Marion respectively. Lice counts were taken on five areas of the body (head, brisket, neck, backline, and rump) per average three hair parts. The cattle used for these tests were 16 Hereford yearlings weighing approximately 350 lb at Broadford and 500 lb at Marion. Louse counts on five untreated control calves were made on the same dates as the two treated groups. These cattle showed that the louse population varied from counting date to counting date, but did not show a strong decline during the duration of the trial. The use of untreated controls in lice trials mainly validates the continuing presence of lice during the trial.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Psoroptic Mites, 1978
Authors: Wright F. C. , Riner J. C.
Published: March 2022

Normally, common scabies mites, Psoroptesovis (Hering), were obtained from Government-owned cattle for acaricide tests. During the summer months these mites were not available; therefore, we used Psoroptescuniculi (Delafond) taken from the ears of rabbits for these tests. Approximately 20 to 25 mites (adults or nymphs) were put in “tea bags” (2.5 cm by 2.5cm) made from heat-sealable rice paper (modified method of Gladney, W.J. et a., 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 174-176). The bags were dipped in the acaricides for 30 sec and then allowed to dry at room temperature and prevailing humidity.
Guinea Pig-

Amblyomma

Americanum

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1978
Authors: Hunt L. M. , Gilbert B. N.
Published: March 2022

The procedure is as follows: Guinea pigs are “close-clipped” around the midsection. Then 2 capsule cages are attached with contact cement and tape. Then 24 starved nymphal lone star ticks are placed in the cages (12/capsule), and the candidate compound is administered 24 hr later. Doses are established by weighing the guinea pigs to determine the amount of active ingredient to be used; they depend on structure, LD50, and other compound characteristics though the maximum is 50 mg/kg. This amount is formulated in diethyl succinate and administered subcutaneously in a volume of < 500 μl/injection. The injections are given on 3 alternate or consecutive days. About 4-6 days after the 1st treatment, dead ticks are detached and counted, and/or replete ticks were removed from the capsules and held to observe mortality and nymphal molt.
Laboratory Test of Effect of Molt Inhibitors and an Insect Growth Regulator on Fertility and Fecundity of Western Spruce Budworm, 1978
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Kimball Richard A.
Published: March 2022

Experiments to determine whether three molt inhibitors and an insect growth regulator might reduce fertility or fecundity of western spruce budworm were conducted. The chemicals were formulated in dimethylformamide and topically applied to newly-emerged adult females at the dosage rate of 10 ug/100 mg body weight. Controls were treated with solvent only. Each female was placed in an 8-oz paper cup with a newly-emerged adult male. The pair was left in a darkened room for 30 days, when numbers of eggs laid and hatched larvae were counted by means of a dissecting microscope.
Cotton, Laboratory Determination of Reproductive Inhibitors with the Boll Weevil 1978
Authors: Wright James E. , Haynes Jack W. , Jurd Leonard
Published: March 2022

Laboratory reared adults (25 newly emerged, mixed sexes) were immersed in acetone solutions of the candidate chemicals for 5 sec, air dried, and held at 27°C and 60% RH, fresh field squares (cotton buds) were then provided daily (1 square/5 weevils) for feeding and oviposition. Also, the candidate chemicals were placed in the adult diet (0.5%), and newly emerged adults were allowed to feed for 3 days. Eggs from both treatments were collected; one-half the eggs were held for hatch, and one-half the eggs were placed on larval diets for determination of adult emergence. High adult mortality was obtained with chemicals JURD 2693 and JURD 2581 when incorporated within the diet. Chemical JURD 2335 in the diet also gave a reduced adult emergence. None of the compounds were active when tested by dipping in acetone solution.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1978
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Los Lorraine
Published: March 2022

The materials were applied with an airblast sprayer, ca. 4 gal/tree, to 14-yr-old apple trees, cultivars Red Delicious, Sungold, and Stayman. Each treatment was applied to 18 trees, 2 replicates of 3 tree of each variety, with the plots arranged in a randomized block design. Treatments were made on May 26, Jun 9, 27, Jul 12, and Aug 3. Captan 50W and Cyprex 65W at 1.0 and 0.5 lb formulation/100 gal, respectively, were added to each insecticide treatment for apple scab control. Live apple aphids on each of 10 terminals were counted for 1 tree/replicate. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 50 leaves from each of 5 Stayman trees for each treatment. The number of spotted tentiform leafminer mines observed during a 1-min period was recorded for each Stayman tree. Number of injured fruit at harvest was based on 100 fruit/tree, except Red Delicious, where only 4 of the 6 trees were sampled. Counts for white apple leafhopper and spotted tentiform leafminer were transformed to logarithms before analysis of variance and comparison of means.
Apple, Mite Control with Insecticides, Hudson Valley, 1978
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were evaluated for their miticidal properties in a seasonal control program conducted near Highland, NY. Eight-tree plots from 5 to 7 different apple cultivars on the EM 2 rootstock were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high pressure hand gun sprayer at 400 psi. Treatments were applied at petal fall (May 26) and in 5 cover sprays (Jun 10, 23, Jul 7, 24, and Aug 9) except HOE 25682, which omitted from the Aug 9 spray. During May and June 4.2 gal spray/tree (403 gal/acre) was applied, while in July and August 5.2 gal (499 gal/acre) was required for complete coverage. Additional sprays, applied for disease control over the entire block, included: Difolatan 4F 5 gal/acre (Apr 24) and Cyprex 65W 2 lb/acre (Jun 6). Pest mite population pressure was very high, with all three phytophagous species increasing throughout July and August. Rainfall was below normal during June and July, while temperatures were above normal during August. Mite populations were evaluated August 15 by collecting 25 ‘Red Delicious’ leaves/tree from one tree/replicate. The leaves were brushed with a mite brushing machine and all mite stages counted under a scope.
Pear, Pear Psylla Dormant Season Control, 1978
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Three synthetic pyrethroids were applied as dilute air-blast sprays to plots of mixed Bartlett and d’Anjou pear for control of overwintered pear psylla adults. Plots were about one-half acre in size. In some plots superior type oil was added to the spray while in others the insecticide was diluted with water only. All sprays were applied at 400 gal/acre. Treatments were evaluated for adult kill by a pre- and several posttreatment counts using the beating tray technique (25 limb taps at random from each plot on each counting date), and for nymphs by a count from 5 spurs at or shortly after bloom stage.
Control of European Red Mite and Peach Silver Mite, 1978
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

A 10- to 15-year-old mixed variety block of peaches was selected for this test. An early application of Pydrin was used to remove predators. All plots were sprayed to the point of drip with hand guns at 400 to 500 psi. Plots consisted of four single-tree replicates randomized throughout the block. Samples of mites were taken at weekly intervals by collecting 25 leaves/tree or 100 leaves/plot. Leaves were brushed with a mite brushing machine and mites counted under a binocular microscope.
Blueberry, Maggot Control, 1978
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

In abandoned blueberry fields at Turner and Jonesboro, Maine, test materials were first applied when ca. 2 to 10% of the berries were ripening and turning blue. Treatment dates are shown in the table. The plot size in Test I was 3 x 4 ft and in Test 2, 25 x 25 ft. For the 3 x 4-ft plots, Trithion dust was placed into test tubes and applied onto the plots with a bicycle hand pump; a cage covered with clear plastic and located over the plot during the dusting was used to confine the dust to the plot. The other materials were each mixed with water added at a rate of 25 gal/acre and sprayed onto the plots with a hand sprayer. For the 25 x 25-ft plots, Trithion dust was applied by a hand crank duster. The remaining materials were each mixed with water at 20 gal/acre, or 100 gal/acre for Mesurol, and applied with a knapsack sprayer. No other pesticides were applied to the plots. The number of replications per treatment is shown in the table. A randomized complete block design was utilized. The Jonesboro plots were raked on Aug 17 and the Turner plots on Aug 3-8. All berries were raked from the 3 x 4-ft plots (1 to 3 oz blueberries per plot at Jonesboro and 9 to 11 oz per plot at Turner). Quart samples were raked per 25 x 25-ft plot at Jonesboro and pint samples at Turner. Berries were processed for maggots by boiling the berries and extracting the maggots from the pulp. July and August were hot and dry. Maggot population pressure was light.
Tarnished Plant Bug Control with Vydate L, 1978
Authors: Schaefers George A.
Published: March 2022

Foliar applications of Vydate L at 3 different rates were applied with a row-crop sprayer at 100 gpa in a single application on May 30, 1978. Each treatment was replicated on four 2 x 20 ft of matted row. Plant bug counts were made by knocking 5 blossom clusters/replication into a 6-inch pot saucer and counting the numbers of nymphs present. All berries picked between June 23 and July 10 were evaluated for insect injury.
Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1978
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Six acaricide treatments and a control were arranged in a completely randomized design with each treatment replicated on 6 single trees. The 4-yr-old grapefruit trees, on a 24 ft x 24 ft spacing on sandy loam soil, were sprayed by hand gun with a John Bean Model 1010-MTBT sprayer at 225 psi, using ca. 10 gal/tree. Treatments were applied on May 28 and mite counts made at 30-day intervals posttreafment. Twelve fruit/tree were selected at random and rust mite were counted on the top, median, and bottom of each fruit using a 10X handlens with a l-cm2 grid. Texas citrus mite were counted by collecting 15 to 20 leaves/tree at random, brushing the mites from leaves onto counting plates with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine, and counting at 40X under a binocular microscope. Acaraben and efhion + 1% citrus spray oil were the standard acari cides.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, Oxnard, California, 1978
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J.
Published: March 2022

Several acaricides were tested for efficacy against citrus rust mite (CRM). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in 2-tree plots (except only 2 plots for Vendex at the 1.5-oz rate). Trees were assigned to a replicate on the basis of their prespray CRM infestation level. Trees were sprayed on May 1 with a Hardy orchard spray gun (No. 8 orifice) at 500 psi, using ca. 15 gal/tree (1600 gal/acre). On each count date, 10 green lemons (picked from within the canopy of the tree) were rated as infested or not. Lemons were examined with a 10X handlens: The path made with the lens was a circle 4 cm in diameter centered on the stem, plus a line from stem to the opposite end of the lemon.
Citrus Red Mite Control with Acaricides, 1978
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers speed sprayer to 5-tree plots and 4 replicates. Sprays were applied at 150 gpa and 400 psi on Apr 12. The spray pattern was adjusted to cover the height of trees. The tractor speed was 2 mph. Mite counts represent both immature and adult stages beginning with a precount Apr 8 of 9.04 mites/leaf. Treatments were evaluated by sampling 50 leaves selected at random per plot. Daily maximum temperature during the test in April was 88°F and 93°F for May. There was no rainfall.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1978
Authors: Boethel David J. , Shelton Richard R. , McBride Jere M. , Stewart Larry
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on mature ‘Stuart’ and ‘Success’ pecan trees at Monroe, Louisiana. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with eight single-tree replications per treatment. Applications were made on Aug 21 with a Meyers 2A42 sprayer with each tree receiving ca. 36 gal of spray. Evaluation occurred on Aug 28 by counting the mites present on 2 leaflets on each of 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Phylloxera Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1978
Authors: Boethel David J. , Shelton Richard R. , McBride Jere M. , Stewart Larry
Published: March 2022

Two similar but independent experiments were conducted to control pecan phylloxer on pecans at Whitehall and Bossier City, Louisiana. At Whitehall, the experimental design was a completely randomized design with four single-tree replications per treatment. The trees were the ‘Caspiana’ cultivar. Applications were made with a John Bean 957 sprayer with each tree receiving ca. 30 gal of spray. The Superior 70 Oil was applied on Mar 10 while all other treatments were applied Apr 5. Evaluation occurred on May 11 by counting the number of terminals infested and the numbers of phylloxera galls present on 100 randomly selected terminals per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the results are shown below:
Pecan Weevil Control with Soil Insecticides in Brown County Texas, 1975, 1976
Authors: Calcote V. R. , Hyder D. E.
Published: March 2022

Orthene 10G and Furadan 10G were applied Jul 9’75 to a 9.29-sq-meter area under large pecan trees and disced in. The treatments, including untreated controls, were replicated 10 times in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were evaluated by placing a wire cone trap (1 M dia) in the center of each treated area in order to capture emerging adults. The treatments were designed primarily for efficacy against the pupal’ and adult stages. Only 6 malesand 4 females emerged from the 10 replicates in 1975 and are omitted from the table. Nine replicates were evaluated in 1976 (Bumblebee nest in 1 replicate).
Granular Insecticide Whorl Applications to Cabbage, 1978
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

This test, conducted at the Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, NY, investigated the performance of systemic and controlled release formulations of insecticides on cabbage insect control. A randomized block design of three replications was used with 24-inch row spacing (21,780 linear feet of row per acre) in a plot 5’ x 30’. Dacthal 75W herbicide was used at 12 lbs/acre as a preemergence application. Fertilization consisted of 200 lbs of 20-20-20 fall applied and disced in to this field of cabbage in second year of production. Bravo 6F fungicide at 1 qt/A was applied with a cub tractor boom mounted sprayer in weekly maintenance sprays for disease control. White cabbage, variety ‘Wisconsin Golden Acre’, was transplanted on Jun 8’78 and granular insecticides applied on Jul 17’78. A hand held shaker can was used to deliver premeasured granular insecticide amounts per plot over the tops of plants directing granular materials into tops of head leaves. At this time, the cabbage was approximately 12 inches high with the first several head leaves forming. At harvest on Aug 25’78, 10 mature cabbage heads were cut and rated for insect damage per plot. Outer wrapper leaves were removed before damage ratings were made. Foliar feeding injury index ratings on the heads were as follows: 1) only slight or a trace of chewing; 2) less than 10% chewing on leaves; 3) severe feeding on 25% of leaves; 4) severe feeding on 50% of leaves; and 5) 100% of leaves severely injured.
Cabbage Looper Control in Cabbage with Orthene Granules, 1977
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis John
Published: March 2022

‘Round Dutch’ cabbage was transplanted Sep 8’77 in 3-ft rows with 20-inch row spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 20-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Various methods of treatment were employed and are designated as follows: Band - Banded 2 to 3 inches from the plant and about 3 inches deep on both sides of the row Sep 22, two weeks after transplanting. Furrow cut alongside row with hand cultivator, the granules dropped therein with a hand shaker and then covered; Granularfoliar - Distributed over top of the cabbage plants with a hand shaker on Sep 22 and repeated at one, two or three week intervals as indicated in the table; Band at transplant + granular foliar - Banded two weeks after transplanting followed by foliar granular applications over the top at one, two and three week intervals; Foliarspray - Orthene 75S applied weekly (Sep 22 thru Oct 27) at 0.75 lb ai/acre with a D. B. Smith 5 gallon knapsack, hand operated compressed air sprayer at the rate of 100 gallons/acre using a D. B. Smith *E147 adjustable cone nozzle. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers per 10 cabbage plants or by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close to see evidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of the leaves damaged; 3) Severe feeding on 25% of foliage; 4) Intense feeding on 50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely injured - plants nearly defoliated.
Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1974
Authors: Linduska James J. , Olson Stephanie J.
Published: March 2022

‘Golden Acre’ cabbage was transplanted in 2-row plots 33 feet long on Aug 13’74. Plants were spaced 18-inches in the row and 36-inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by 2 guard rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/A with 40 psi. Treatments were applied with a wheelbarrow-type sprayer using CO2 for spray discharge. The spray boom was equipped with drop nozzles and each row was covered by 3 nozzles. The sprays were applied on Aug 27; Sep 5, 13, 20, and 30. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage - odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; 5) 51-100% damage - crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Caterpillar Control on Cabbage, 1977
Authors: York Alan C. , Walker Gary L.
Published: March 2022

‘Market Prize’ cabbage was seeded on 8 June at O’Neall Horticultural Farm, Lafayette, IN. Treatments were 1 row, 25 ft long and eachtreated row was alternated with an untreated row on 48 in centers. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted hydraulic sprayer delivering 50 gpa at 80 psi through 2 nozzles on drop booms per row (D4-45). Applications were made on 19 Jul, 12 Aug, 25 Aug, 5 Sep, 21 Sep, and 30 Sep. Due to specific residue requirements the Orthene (1.0 lb) treatment was reduced to replicates after the 5 Sep application. Insect infestation was evaluated by counting the number of caterpillars per plant (5 plants per repl). Cabbage was evaluated for head damage on 9 Oct.
Celery, Vegetable Leafminer Control, 1977
Authors: Tryon E. H. , Poe S. L.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated for control of moderate populations of vegetable leafminers and their parasites on ‘2-14’ celery seedlings. The 10 week old seedlings were grown in Speedling #400 seedling flats in a Speedling greenhouse in Sun City, FL. A soilless (peat and vermiculite) mixture was used to raise the 32 plants per flat. Each flat contained a single treatment with four plants making a replicate (N = 8). Foliar sprays were applied from a plastic quart hand sprayer. The seedlings were sprayed Dec 1, 7, 13, and 19, and collected Dec 21. Celery plant replicates were placed in pint sherbert containers. Forty five days after collecting, the emerged adult leafminers and parasites were counted.
Celery, Vegetable Leafminer Control, 1978
Authors: Musgrave C. A. , White J. M.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated for control of light-moderate populations of vegetable leafminer and its parasites on celery in Orange County, Florida on an Everglades mucky peat soil during May, 1978. Foliar sprays were applied weekly with a tractor-mounted sprayer comparable to commercially available equipment at 107 gallons of spray per acre with 150 psi. Plots were 3-ft wide and 20-ft long and replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Numbers of leafminers and their parasites were estimated by rearing insects from leaflet samples collected just prior to each of 3 weekly treatments and at +1, +2 and +3 days post-treatment. Data were transformed to logs for analysis. Yield data were taken 78 days after transplanting from areas 2 rows by 10 ft in all plots. Plants were trimmed to 14.25 inches, graded, sized, and weighed.
Celery, Vegetable Leafminer Control, 1978
Authors: Tryon E. H. , Poe Leslie
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were evaluated for control of moderate-heavy populations of vegetable leafminers and their parasites on ‘2-14’ celery. Plots were set up in the commercial celery fields of South Bay Growers Farm in Belle Glade, Florida. The celery was grown on organic muck during Feb - May 1978. Foliar sprays were applied at five day intervals from Mar 23 - May 27. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with three *5 nozzles per row was used to apply 5.05 gallons per plot at 150 psi. Each plot was 20 x 20 ft. with 150 celery plants in 30 rows with a 20 x 20 ft buffer separating the treatments. Fourteen treatments were randomized in each of four blocks and the experimental celery plots separated from the commercial celery by several buffer rows. The celery was sampled on May 29 during the day the commercial celery was being harvested. Samples, each consisting of seven trifoliates, were placed in pint sherbet containers with twelve samples collected/treatment. The emerged adult leafminers and parasites were counted six weeks after collecting.
Cabbage Looper Control on Collards, 1978
Authors: Harper J. D. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, Alabama. Collard transplants were planted on Aug 14’78, in plots consisting of 6 rows (44 inch centers and 18 inch spacing in rows) x 30 ft separated by 5 ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized. Treatments were applied on Aug 28, Sep 5 and 12. All applications were made with a Super Blue Boy 6000 high clearance sprayer equipped with three TX 26 cone jet nozzles (Sprayer Systems) per row and calibrated to deliver 120 gal/acre at 120 psi and ca 2 mph. Bio-Film (Kalo Laboratories, Inc.) was added to each treatment at the rate of 5 oz/100 gal of spray mix as a spreader-sticker. Treatment effectiveness was determined on Sep 15 by taking an average rating of all plants in each plot on a 1-6 scale where 1 = 0-1%, 2 = 2-5%, 3 = 6-10%, 4 = 11-20%, 5 = 21-50%, and 6 = 51-100% leaf loss. Insect counts were made in check plots on Aug 28, prior to initial treatments. Random counts were also made on Sep 5 to monitor population development in the untreated plots. A driving, 1.23 in rain on Sep 11 severely depleted the cabbage looper population. Counts made on all treatments on Sep 15 showed insufficient residual populations to provide meaningful comparisons between treatments on the basis of insect counts.
Aphid Control on Head Lettuce at Oswego, 1978
Authors: Seymour P. K. , Eckenrode C.J.
Published: March 2022

A direct-seeded lettuce test was planted Jul 29 on the Ferlito Muck Farm near Oswego. The plots were replicated 4 times, arranged in a randomized complete block design; each plot consisted of 4 treated rows, 30-ft long and 14-inches wide. Two untreated rows were planted on either side of each treatment. On Aug 8, the insecticide granules were applied with a modified, hand-operated cone seeder. They were banded on one side of the row, 2 inches from the seedlings and 2 inches deep. Orthene treatments were sprayed on the foliage with a CO2-pressurized, hand-held boom sprayer delivering 76 gals H2O/A. These sprays were applied weekly and aphids were counted at 3 and 6 days after each spray. Six plants were selected at random from the 2 middle rows of each treatment for the counts.
Control of Armyworms and Loopers in Peas, 1978
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Radcliffe Edward B. , Klacan George R.
Published: March 2022

‘Green Giant 531’ peas were planted May 18 at Le Sueur, Minnesota. Plots were 10 x 50-ft, randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Treatments were applied Jul 14, approximately 2 weeks prior to harvest, with a tractor-drawn sprayer delivering 20 gal water/acre. Plots were sampled Jul 18 by shaking plants over a 14 x 18-inch food tray in 6 spots and by shaking plants and observing numbers of fallen larvae on the ground in 6 additional locations. This combination of sampling methods was used since each method had been noted to perform differently depending on the density of the foliage and the age of the larvae.
Control of Alfalfa Looper Larvae on Commercial Green Peas, 1978
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment was applied in 7 gal of water/acre to 100 x 400 ft plots of green peas by aerial application on Jun 16‘78. There were 3 replications in a completely randomized design. The peas were being grown for processing near Walla Walla, WA and were 75 to 90% defoliated at the time of treatment. This pretreatment population averaged about 1.5/sweep in a 600 sweep sampling of the area on Jun 15‘78. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by taking 5 groups of 10 sweeps each along the flight path in each plot 72 h after the application.
Control of Alfalfa Looper Larvae on Peas, 1978
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to bouquets consisting of 5 terminals from 30- to 40-day-old greenhouse-grown Perfected Freezer peas by dipping the foliage into several water dilutions of the pesticides. Each bouquet was then drained and air dried for 2 h, and then placed into a 2-qt container. Each container was infested with 5 larvae of a given size from the laboratory colony and then closed with a gauze cloth. The containers were held under a 16-h photophase at a temperature of 65 to 75°F. Mortality resulting from molting failure was determined at 3, 5, and 10 days after treatment.
Sweet Peppers and Insect Control, Delaware, 1978
Authors: Burbutis Paul P.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 4 times, in 3-row, 30 ft. long plots in a randomized complete block design. Transplants were set out on Jun 3. Sprays were applied using a 2-gal, CO2-pressurized sprayer at 38 psi in 1 gal water per treatment (= 40 gal/acre). Granular materials were applied by hand with a small shaker in a furrow ca. 2 in. deep and 4 in. out from plant on one side of the rows. Mixed red and green, commercial size peppers were sampled for “worm” infestations on Aug 24 and Sept 14 from the middle row of each plot. One hundred leaves (25/plot) were randomly sampled each week for Green peach aphid counts.
Spearmint, Alfalfa Looper and Mint Aphid Control, Washington, 1978
Authors: Pike K. S.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were applied as broadcast sprays on Jun 21, using a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage, calibrated to deliver 25 gpa at 40 psi.Temperature was 96°F at the time of spraying. Plots were 8 x 17 ft, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Mint height was 2 to 2.5 ft. Efficacy was based on insects collected with a 15-inch diameter sweep net.
Green Peach Aphid Control with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1978
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Norland’ potatoes were planted Jun 2 at the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research Farm in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Treatments were applied to 2-row plots, 40-ft long, with 40-inch row spacing, in randomized complete blocks with 3 replications. The systemic insecticides were applied at planting as an in-furrow band below the seed piece. Soil type was a Bearden silty-clay. Green peach aphid apterae were counted from 35 mid-plant leaves per plot.
Potato Leafhopper Control and Potato Yields, 10-Day Interval Spray Program, 1978
Authors: Longridge J. L. , Libby J. L.
Published: March 2022

Two-row, 50-foot plots with rows 36 inches apart were planted with “B-size” certified seed of the ‘Superior’ cultivar at the University of Wisconsin Research Farm, Arlington, Wl, on May 10‘78. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied by a tractor-drawn, 18-foot-boom sprayer delivering 60 gallons of spray per acre. Sprays were applied on Jul 9, 20, 31, Aug 10, and 20. The soil type was Piano silt loam (sand 12%, silt 70%, and clay 18%) with O. M. 30 tons per acre and pH 6.0. Rainfall between planting on May TO and vine killing on Aug 28 was 20.02 inches. Yields were taken on Sep 2. Insect counts were taken with a 15-inch-diameter sweep net.
Foliar Sprays for Mid and Late Season Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1978
Authors: Moore R. E. B. , Hare J. D.
Published: March 2022

‘Katahdin’ potatoes were planted on May 10 in a Merrimac sandy loam at the Valley Laboratory, Windsor. Temik was applied directly to the seed furrow at planting. Plots consisted of 3-rows 1.0 m apart and 4.6 m long. There were 4 replicates laid out in a randomized complete block design. On Jul 19, when it appeared that Colorado potato beetles were surviving on plots treated with Temik, a comparison of 3 foliar sprays was initiated to determine an effective supplement for the Temik treatments. The insecticides selected are labelled for use on potatoes in Connecticut, and Furadan is most commonly used. Foliar sprays were applied weekly for 9 treatments through Sep 13. A Bean hydraulic sprayer was used with a hand-held nozzle at 150 psi and a delivery of 100 gal/acre. Beetles were counted weekly on leaves on 3, 25 cm sections of a vine from 3 center row plants in each plot. Potato yields were computed from a complete harvest of each plot on Oct 10.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1978
Authors: Storch R. H.
Published: March 2022

Experiments A and B were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates and were conducted at Presque Isle, Maine on land that was sown to oats in 1977. The planting date was May 23‘78 for all experiments. In each experiment the 2.0 m space between blocks and the 1.4 m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats two weeks after planting. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The 57 g healthy seed pieces were hand planted 30.0 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight control was effected by weekly foliar applications of Rohm & Haas M45 (1121 g/ha week of Jul 7, 1781 g/ha weeks of Jul 10 through 24, and 2242 g/ha weeks of Jul 31 through Aug 28). Soil applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide into the furrow just prior to planting. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 7.0 kg/cm2 and 1.2 kl/ha. Foliar insecticides were mixed with the fungicide. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the 2 middle rows of each plot. When date of count and application are the same, aphid counts were made prior to application of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the raw data using log10(x + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using Duncan’s new multiple range test and then reconverted as given in the Table. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 103.7, 124.2, and 57.6 percent of normal. Temperature for the same 3 months departed + 0.6°, + 4.4°, and + 5.0°C from normal.
Control of the Potato Leafhopper in Virginia, 1979
Authors: Roberts James E. , Kondratieff Boris
Published: March 2022

At the VPI & SU Animal Science Farm in Montgomery Co., Virginia, three rates of Orthene 75S and 1 rate of Sevin 80%WP were applied to plots tested for control of the potato leafhopper on a four year old planting of alfalfa in the “second-cutting” growth stage (approximately 16 in tall, 5% bloom). Plots, 20 ft long by 20 ft wide, were arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated four times. Insecticides were applied with a hand-carried four gal compressed air sprayer calibrated to apply 108 gallons of water per acre at 50 psi. Pretreatmenf and post-treatment insect counts were taken using a 15-inch diameter sweep net making 10 pendular sweeps per plot. Post-treatment insect counts were taken 3 and 5 days after treatment.
Barley Insect Control, 1980
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Glenn’ barley was planted May 5 at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plots were 21 x 65 ft, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Treatments were applied Jun 25 and Jul 8 using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer delivering 27 gal/acre at ca 100 psi. Each plot was sampled Jun 27 by sweeping 50 times with a standard insect net. Heavy colonization of the plots by armyworm occurred after the first sampling and allowed a second test. Plots were sampled Jul 10 by shaking plants over a 14 x 18 in tray placed at the base of the plants in 10 locations/plot. Yields were taken Aug 5 from a 55 inch combine-swath through each plot.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1980
Authors: Hower Arthur A.
Published: March 2022

The test field had been in continuous corn for 4 years. Corn was planted no-till In 30 in, 6 x 100 ft plots with 4 replications In a randomized block design. Seven insecticides, applied at planting on May 16, were compared at 10 material-rate combinations. The treatments were evaluated by root damage ratings based on the Iowa 1-6 system and on yield.
Effect of Timing of Insecticides on Control of European Corn Borers, 1979
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Furadan 10G and Furadan 4F were each applied at three different times and Furadan 15G two different times, during the early growing season and Counter 15G and Temik 15G were applied at planting time only for controlling first brood European corn borer larvae. Insecticides were applied on either April 30, May 28, or June 8 in field corn located at the Vernon Delano Farm near Warsaw, Virginia. A randomized block experimental design was employed with 3 replications. Individual plots were 4 x 25 ft roows spaced 3 ft apart. Insecticides were applied with a Gandy granular applicator in a 5 in band over the row at planting or in a 5 in band in the whorl. The at planting applications were lightly incorporated to a depth of 0.5-1.0 in. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined by comparing the percent infested stalks on June 4 and 19, percent lodged stalks on Sept 18, and yield in treated plots to that in untreated plots. All corn stalks in each plot were examined for the presence of live larvae and evaluated for lodging.