bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specificity, Size, and Frequency of Spaces That Characterize the Mechanism of Bulk Transepithelial Transport of Prions in the Nasal Cavities of Hamsters and Mice
Authors: Kincaid A. E. , Ayers J. I. , Bartz J. C.
Published: July 2016

Inhalation of infected brain homogenate results in transepithelial transport of prions across the nasal mucosa of hamsters, some of which occurs rapidly in relatively large amounts between cells (A. E. Kincaid, K. F. Hudson, M. W. Richey, and J. C. Bartz, J. Virol 86:12731–12740, 2012, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01930-12). Bulk transepithelial transport in the nasal cavity has not been studied to date. In the present study, we characterized the frequency, size, and specificity of the intercellular spaces that mediate the bulk transport of inhaled prions between cells of mice or hamsters following extranasal inoculation with mock-infected brain homogenate, different strains of prion-infected brain homogenate, or brain homogenate mixed with India ink. Infected or mock-infected inoculum was identified within lymphatic vessels of the lamina propria and in spaces of >5 μm between a small number of cells of the nasal mucosa in >90% of animals from 5 to 60 min after inhalation. The width of the spaces between cells, the amount of the inoculum within the lumen of lymphatic vessels, and the timing of the transport indicate that this type of transport was taking place through preexisting spaces in the nasal cavity that were orders of magnitude wider than what is normally reported for paracellular transport. The indiscriminate rapid bulk transport of brain homogenate in the nasal cavity results in immediate entry into nasal cavity lymphatics following inhalation. This novel mechanism may underlie the recent report of the early detection of prions in blood following inhalation and has implications for horizontal prion transmission.

IMPORTANCE
The results of these studies demonstrate that the nasal mucosa of mice and hamsters is not an absolute anatomical barrier to inhaled prion-infected or uninfected brain homogenate. Relatively large amounts of infected and uninfected brain homogenate rapidly cross the nasal mucosa and enter the lumen of lymphatic vessels following inhalation. These bulk transepithelial transport events were relatively rare but present in >90% of animals 5 to 60 min following inhalation. This novel mechanism of bulk transepithelial transport was seen in experimental and control hamsters and mice, indicating that it was not species specific or in response to prion exposure. The indiscriminate bulk intercellular transport of inhaled pathogens across the nasal mucosa followed by entry into the lymphatic system may be a mechanism that underlies the entry and spread of other toxins and pathogens in olfactory system-driven animals.
Unusual Features of Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Hepatitis B Virus Receptor
Authors: Li Jisu , Zong Li , Sureau Camille , Barker Luke , Wands Jack R. , Tong Shuping
Published: July 2016

Cell culture (cc)-derived hepatitis B virus (HBV) can infect differentiated HepaRG cells, but efficient infection requires addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) during inoculation. Identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as an HBV receptor enabled ccHBV infection of NTCP reconstituted HepG2 cells, although very little hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is produced. We found infection by patient serum-derived HBV (sHBV), which required purification of viral particles through ultracentrifugation or PEG precipitation, was PEG independent and much more efficient in HepaRG cells than in HepG2/NTCP cells. In contrast to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HBsAg was not a reliable marker of productive sHBV infection at early time points. A low HBsAg/HBeAg ratio by ccHBV-infected HepG2/NTCP cells was attributable to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in culture medium, NTCP overexpression, and HBV genotype D. HepG2/NTCP cells released more viral antigens than HepG2 cells after HBV genome delivery by adeno-associated virus, and stable expression of NTCP in a ccHBV producing cell line increased viral mRNAs, proteins, replicative DNA, and covalently closed circular DNA. NTCP protein expression in HepG2/NTCP cells, despite being driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, was markedly increased by DMSO treatment. This at least partly explains ability of DMSO to promote ccHBV infection in such cell lines. In conclusion, NTCP appeared inefficient to mediate infection by serum-derived HBV. It could promote HBV RNA transcription while inhibiting HBsAg secretion. Efficient PEG-independent sHBV infection of HepaRG cells permits comparative studies of diverse clinical HBV isolates and will help identify additional factors on virion surface promoting attachment to hepatocytes.

IMPORTANCE
Currently
in vitro
infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) depends on cell culture-derived HBV inoculated in the presence of polyethylene glycol. We found patient serum-derived HBV could efficiently infect differentiated HepaRG cells independent of polyethylene glycol, which represents a more physiological infection system. Serum-derived HBV has poor infectivity in HepG2 cells reconstituted with sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), the currently accepted HBV receptor. Moreover, HepG2/NTCP cells secreted very little hepatitis B surface antigen after infection with cell culture-derived HBV, which was attributed to NTCP overexpression, genotype D virus, and dimethyl sulfoxide added to culture medium. NTCP could promote HBV RNA transcription, protein expression, and DNA replication in HepG2 cells stably transfected with HBV DNA, while dimethyl sulfoxide could increase NTCP protein level despite transcriptional control by a cytomegalovirus promoter. Therefore, this study revealed several unusual features of NTCP as an HBV receptor and established conditions for efficient serum virus infection
in vitro
.
Infection of Common Marmosets with GB Virus B Chimeric Virus Encoding the Major Nonstructural Proteins NS2 to NS4A of Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Zhu Shaomei , Li Tingting , Liu Bochao , Xu Yuxia , Sun Yachun , Wang Yilin , Wang Yuanzhan , Shuai Lifang , Chen Zixuan , Allain Jean-Pierre , Li Chengyao
Published: July 2016

A lack of immunocompetent-small-primate models has been an obstacle for developing hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccines and affordable antiviral drugs. In this study, HCV/GB virus B (GBV-B) chimeric virus carrying the major nonstructural proteins NS2 to NS4A (HCV NS2 to -4A chimera) was produced and used to infect common marmosets, since HCV NS2 to NS4A proteins are critical proteases and major antigens. Seven marmosets were inoculated intrahepatically with HCV NS2 to -4A chimera RNA for primary infection or intravenously injected with chimera-containing serum for passage infection. Three animals used as controls were injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or GBV-B, respectively. Six of seven HCV NS2 to -4A chimera-infected marmosets exhibited consistent viremia and one showed transient viremia during the course of follow-up detection. All six infected animals with persistent circulating viremia presented characteristics typical of viral hepatitis, including viral RNA and proteins in hepatocytes and histopathological changes in liver tissue. Viremia was consistently detected for 5 to 54 weeks of follow-up. FK506 immunosuppression facilitated the establishment of persistent chimera infection in marmosets. An animal with chimera infection spontaneously cleared the virus in blood 7 weeks following the first inoculation, but viral-RNA persistence, low-level viral protein, and mild necroinflammation remained in liver tissue. The specific antibody and T-cell response to HCV NS3 in this viremia-resolved marmoset was boosted by rechallenging, but no viremia was detected during 57 weeks of follow-up. The chimera-infected marmosets described can be used as a suitable small-primate animal model for studying novel antiviral drugs and T-cell-based vaccines against HCV infection.

IMPORTANCE
HCV infection causes approximately 70% of chronic hepatitis and is frequently associated with primary liver cancer globally. Chimpanzees have been used as a reliable primate model for HCV infection, but ethical considerations have restricted their utility in biomedical research. GB virus B (GBV-B) is a flavivirus related to HCV. It can infect common marmosets, a New World small primate, and induces viral hepatitis similar to HCV infection in humans. To minimize differences between GBV-B and HCV, we generated HCV NS2 to -4A/GBV-B chimeric viruses and established a chimera-infected marmoset model. HCV NS2 to -4A chimera-infected marmosets provide a small-animal model for evaluating novel antiviral drugs targeting HCV NS3-NS4A protease and T-cell-based HCV vaccines.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the scalp, with fibrosarcomatous areas masquerading as epidermal inclusion cyst
Authors: Gupta Barkha , Verma Nidhi , Khurana Nita , Kumar Jain Sudhir
Published: July 2016

Lesions on the scalp are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Commonly diagnosed lesions include epidermal inclusion cysts (EICs), dermoid cysts and lipomas. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a low-grade malignant skin tumour occurring mostly in the extremities. However, its occurrence on the scalp is unusual, with an incidence of <5%. This lesion is rarely known to undergo fibrosarcomatous transformation. We present two such rare cases of DFSP of the scalp, with fibrosarcomatous transformation, masquerading clinically as EIC.
Effect of exercise intensity and mode on acute appetite control in men and women
Authors: Panissa Valéria Leme Gonçalves , Julio Ursula Ferreira , Hardt Felipe , Kurashima Carolina , Lira Fábio Santos , Takito Monica Yuri , Franchini Emerson
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of exercise intensity on appetite control: relative energy intake (energy intake minus the energy expenditure of exercise; REI), hunger scores, and appetite-regulating hormones in men and women. Eleven men and 9 women were submitted to 4 experimental sessions: high-intensity intermittent all-out exercise (HIIE-A) for 60 × 8 s interspersed by 12 s of passive recovery; high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) at 100% of maximal load attained in incremental test; steady-state exercise at 60% of maximal load, matched by work done; and a control session. Exercise was performed 1.5 h after a standardized breakfast, and an ad libitum lunch was offered 4 h after breakfast. Blood concentration of insulin, cortisol, acylated ghrelin, peptideYY3-36, glucose, and hunger scores were measured when fasting, and at 1.5, 2, 3.25, and 4 h of experiment. REI was lower in all exercises than in the control, without differences between exercises and sex showing no compensation in energy intake because of any exercise; the hunger scores were lower only in the exercises performed at higher intensity (HIIE and HIIE-A) compared with the control. The area under the curve of acylated ghrelin was lower in the HIIE-A when compared with the control. PeptideYY3-36was higher in men than women and cortisol higher in women than men independently of the condition. Although high-intensity exercises promoted a little more pronounced effects in the direction of suppressing the appetite, no differences were observed in REI, demonstrating that these modifications were not sufficient to affect energy intake.
Nonlinear structure formation in gravity theories beyond general relativity
Authors: Mota David F.
Published: July 2016

We investigate the effects of modified gravity theories, in particular, the symmetron and f(R) gravity, on the nonlinear regime of structure formation. In particular, we investigate the velocity dispersion of galaxy clusters as a function of the halo masses, how the matter power spectra depend on the coupling, range and screening scale of the fifth force, and on possible ways of detecting violations of the equivalence principle using the mass inferred via lensing methods versus the mass inferred via dynamical methods.
The effects of vector leptoquark on the ℬb(ℬ = Λ,Σ) →ℬμ+μ− decays
Authors: Wang Shuai-Wei , Huang Jin-Shu
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we have studied the baryonic semileptonic [Formula: see text] decays in the vector leptoquark model with [Formula: see text] state. Using the parameters’ space constrained through some well-measured decay modes, such as [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] mixing and [Formula: see text] decays, we show the effects of vector leptoquark state on the double lepton polarization asymmetries of [Formula: see text] decays, and find that the double lepton polarization asymmetries, except for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], are sensitive to the contributions of vector leptoquark model.
A comparative review of four formulations of noncommutative quantum mechanics
Authors: Gouba Laure
Published: July 2016

Four formulations of quantum mechanics on noncommutative Moyal phase spaces are reviewed. These are the canonical, path-integral, Weyl–Wigner and systematic formulations. Although all these formulations represent quantum mechanics on a phase space with the same deformed Heisenberg algebra, there are mathematical and conceptual differences which we discuss.
Effective parameters in beam acoustic metamaterials based on energy band structures
Authors: Jing Li , Wu Jiu Hui , Guan Dong , Hou Mingming , Kuan Lu , Shen Li
Published: July 2016

We present a method to calculate the effective material parameters of beam acoustic metamaterials. The effective material parameters of a periodic beam are calculated as an example. The dispersion relations and energy band structures of this beam are calculated. Subsequently, the effective material parameters of the beam are investigated by using the energy band structures. Then, the modal analysis and transmission properties of the beams with finite cells are simulated in order to confirm the correctness of effective approximation. The results show that the periodic beam can be equivalent to the homogeneous beam with dynamic effective material parameters in passband.
Tunable plasmon-induced transparency with graphene-sheet structure
Authors: Wang Yueke , Shen Xinru , Chen Quansheng
Published: July 2016

We investigate theoretically and numerically the tunable plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) phenomenon in graphene-sheet system in infrared range. We show that when surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagate along a monolayer graphene sheet with two detuned side-coupled resonators, the PIT-like transmission spectra of SPPs appear. Thanks to the tunable permittivity of graphene by bias voltages, the resonant wavelength of side-coupled resonators can be changed. So the transmission spectra can be tuned dynamically and the tunable PIT phenomenon is achieved. Numerical simulation by finite element method is conducted to verify our design.
Exchange rings, exchange equations, and lifting properties
Authors: Khurana Dinesh , Lam T. Y. , Nielsen Pace P.
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we study exchange rings and clean rings [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] (or otherwise). Analogues of a theorem of Camillo and Yu characterizing clean and strongly clean rings with [Formula: see text] are obtained for such rings (as well as for exchange rings) using the viewpoint of exchange equations introduced in a recent paper of the authors. We also study a new class of rings including von Neumann regular rings in which square roots of one (instead of idempotents) can be lifted modulo left ideals, and conjecture that such rings are exchange rings. This conjecture holds for commutative rings, and would hold for all rings if it holds for semiprimitive rings of characteristic [Formula: see text].
From the Universe to Subsystems: Why Quantum Mechanics Appears More Stochastic than Classical Mechanics
Authors: Oldofredi Andrea , Lazarovici Dustin , Deckert Dirk-André , Esfeld Michael
Published: July 2016

By means of the examples of classical and Bohmian quantum mechanics, we illustrate the well-known ideas of Boltzmann as to how one gets from laws defined for the universe as a whole the dynamical relations describing the evolution of subsystems. We explain how probabilities enter into this process, what quantum and classical probabilities have in common and where exactly their difference lies.
Moderate deviations for a fractional stochastic heat equation with spatially correlated noise
Authors: Li Yumeng , Wang Ran , Yao Nian , Zhang Shuguang
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we study the Moderate Deviation Principle for a perturbed stochastic heat equation in the whole space [Formula: see text]. This equation is driven by a Gaussian noise, white in time and correlated in space, and the differential operator is a fractional derivative operator. The weak convergence method plays an important role.
A nilpotency criterion related to the minimal degree of a nonlinear irreducible character
Authors: Zhou Feng , Liu Heguo
Published: July 2016

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite nonabelian group, let [Formula: see text] be the minimal degree of a nonlinear irreducible character of [Formula: see text] and suppose that [Formula: see text] for some positive integer [Formula: see text]. Then [Formula: see text] is nilpotent.
Nilradicals of the unique product monoid rings
Authors: Alhevaz Abdollah , Hashemi Ebrahim , Ziembowski Michał
Published: July 2016

Armendariz rings are generalization of reduced rings, and therefore, the set of nilpotent elements plays an important role in this class of rings. There are many examples of rings with nonzero nilpotent elements which are Armendariz. Observing structure of the set of all nilpotent elements in the class of Armendariz rings, Antoine introduced the notion of nil-Armendariz rings as a generalization, which are connected to the famous question of Amitsur of whether or not a polynomial ring over a nil coefficient ring is nil. Given an associative ring [Formula: see text] and a monoid [Formula: see text], we introduce and study a class of Armendariz-like rings defined by using the properties of upper and lower nilradicals of the monoid ring [Formula: see text]. The logical relationship between these and other significant classes of Armendariz-like rings are explicated with several examples. These new classes of rings provide the appropriate setting for obtaining results on radicals of the monoid rings of unique product monoids and also can be used to construct new classes of nil-Armendariz rings. We also classify, which of the standard nilpotence properties on polynomial rings pass to monoid rings. As a consequence, we extend and unify several known results.
Continuity and compactness for pseudo-differential operators with symbols in quasi-Banach spaces or Hörmander classes
Authors: Toft Joachim
Published: July 2016

We deduce continuity and Schatten–von Neumann properties for operators with matrices satisfying mixed quasi-norm estimates with Lebesgue and Schatten parameters in [Formula: see text]. We use these results to deduce continuity and Schatten–von Neumann properties for pseudo-differential operators with symbols in quasi-Banach modulation spaces, or in appropriate Hörmander classes.
The open XXZ spin chain model and the topological basis realization
Authors: Wang Qingyong , Du Yangyang , Wu Chunfeng , Wang Gangcheng , Sun Chunfang , Xue Kang
Published: July 2016

In this paper, it is shown that the Hamiltonian of the open spin-1 XXZ chain model can be constructed from the generators of the Birman–Murakami–Wenzl (B–M–W) algebra. Without the topological parameter d (describing the unknotted loop [Formula: see text] in topology) reducing to a fixed value, the topological basis states can be connected with the open XXZ spin chain. Then some particular properties of the topological basis states in this system have been investigated. We find that the topological basis states are the three eigenstates of a four-spin-1 XXZ chain model without boundary term. Specifically, all the spin single states of the system fall on the topological basis subspace. And the number of the spin single states of the system is equal to that of the topological basis states.
Deformation quantization of principal bundles
Authors: Aschieri Paolo
Published: July 2016

We outline how Drinfeld twist deformation techniques can be applied to the deformation quantization of principal bundles into noncommutative principal bundles and, more in general, to the deformation of Hopf–Galois extensions. First, we twist deform the structure group in a quantum group, and this leads to a deformation of the fibers of the principal bundle. Next, we twist deform a subgroup of the group of automorphisms of the principal bundle, and this leads to a noncommutative base space. Considering both deformations, we obtain noncommutative principal bundles with noncommutative fiber and base space as well.
An Investigation on Thermomechanical Flexural Response of Shape-Memory-Polymer Beams
Authors: Molaaghaie-Roozbahani Masoud , Heydarzadeh Navid , Baghani Mostafa , Eskandari Amir Hossein , Baniassadi Majid
Published: July 2016

In this paper, the predictions of different beam theories for the behavior of a shape memory polymer (SMP) beam in different steps of a thermomechanical cycle are compared. Employing the equilibrium equations, the governing equations of the deflection of a SMP beam in the different steps of a thermomechanical cycle, for higher order beam theories (Timoshenko Beam Theory and von-Kármán Beam Theory), are developed. For the Timoshenko Beam Theory, a closed form analytical solution for various steps of the thermomechanical cycle is presented. The nonlinear governing equations in von-Kármán Beam theory are numerically solved. Results reveal that in the various beam length to beam thickness ratios, one of the beam theories provides the most accurate results. In other words, employing the Euler–Bernoulli Beam Theory for developing the governing equations, especially in the large and small beam length to beam thickness ratios, leads to erroneous results.
In-Plane Vibration Analysis of Rotating Tapered Timoshenko Beams
Authors: Fang Jianshi , Zhou Ding
Published: July 2016

Modal analysis of rotating tapered cantilevered Timoshenko beams undergoing in-plane vibration is investigated. The coupling effect of axial motion and transverse motion is considered. The Kane dynamic method is applied to deriving the governing eigenvalue equations. The displacement and rotational angle components are approximately described by the products of Chebyshev polynomials and corresponding boundary functions. Chebyshev polynomials guarantee the numerical robustness while the boundary functions guarantee the satisfaction of the geometric boundary conditions. The excellent convergence of the present solution is exhibited. The results are compared with those available in literature, good agreement is observed. The parametric studies on modal characteristics are presented in detail. The tuned rotational speed is examined and the eigenvalue loci veering phenomenon along with the corresponding mode shapes is investigated.
The Effects of Blood Flow on Blood Vessel Buckling Embedded in Surrounding Soft Tissues
Authors: Hosseini M. , Paparisabet M. A.
Published: July 2016

When blood flows in vessel curved portion, the presence of curvature generates a centrifugal force that acts in the same manner as a compressive load. Therefore, blood flow velocity has an important effect on the stability of vessels. In this study, the blood vessel is simulated as a flexible beam conveying fluid base on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, and various boundary conditions are represented for the modeled vessels. Then, analytical and numerical methods are deployed to extract desired parameters. The effects of blood flow, hematocrit and stiffness of surrounding tissues on the buckling critical pressure are investigated. The results show that the mentioned parameters have considerable effects on blood vessels stability. Several numerical findings illustrate a reduction in critical buckling pressure with increasing hematocrit and blood flow velocity. In addition, the size of red blood cell has a significant effect on critical buckling pressure in low hematocrits. As increasing red blood cell diameter decreases critical buckling pressure. Furthermore, because of blood viscosity, the non-uniformity effects of the blood flow on blood vessels stability are investigated by considering a modification factor. These results improve our understanding of blood vessels instability.
Carbon Nanotube Paper as Anode for Flexible Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Sun Xiaogang , Liu Zhenhong , Li Neng , Wu Xiaoyong , Nie Yanyan , Pang Zhipeng , Yue Lifu , Tang Hao
Published: July 2016

In this investigation, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) paper consists of MWCNTs and cellulose was fabricated by traditional paper-making method. It was applied directly as negative electrode in flexible lithium ion battery to replace ordinary electrode which is combined with anode material and current collector. The electrochemical performances of the as-produced MWCNT paper (AMP) and carbonized MWCNT paper (CMP) were evaluated in this study. The morphology and structure of the MWCNT papers were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performance of the battery was operated by cell test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement. The charging and discharging results indicated that the CMP behaves with higher capacity than AMP. And the EIS analysis showed that a lower charge transfer resistance can be obtained in the CMP. The excellent electrochemical performance verifies the feasibility of MWCNT papers as a promising candidate for the anode in flexible lithium ion battery.
Improvement of admittance measurements for modeling of an ungrounded reactor/transformer winding
Authors: Abdulahovic Tarik , Thiringer Torbjörn
Published: July 2016

In this paper, a model of an ungrounded reactor winding is developed for transient voltage studies. The developed model is a black box model where the state-space model is developed using the directly measured admittance matrix of the reactor winding. Furthermore, an improved model is developed, where the accuracy of the admittance matrix measurement set in the low frequency band is obtained indirectly using an additional set of voltage ratio measurements. When the measured admittances are low, the accuracy of the diagonal admittance vectors in the low frequency band is low as well. However, the accuracy at low frequencies obtained using the indirect measurements is improved at nodes with the lowest admittances. In this paper, different approaches for indirect measurements are studied and the most accurate method is identified considering the physical structure of windings.
Performance Comparison of Modified Offset Strip Fins Using a CFD Analysis
Authors: Hwang Seongwon , Jeong Ji Hwan
Published: July 2016

Offset strip fins (OSF) have been widely used in plate-fin heat exchangers. Conventional OSFs are constructed with plain fins. Various design modifications to improve the performance of OSFs are compared here. The modifications suggested include perforations, dimples, vortex generators, and a double-layer design. The performance capabilities are evaluated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The performances are compared in terms of the j-factor, f-factor, area goodness factor, and volume goodness factor. The f-factors of all modified designs appeared to be higher than that of the plain OSF, while the j-factor was found to be higher or lower than that of the plain OSF depending on the design modification used. The plain OSF has the largest area goodness factor, while OSFs with multiple perforations and dimples show a higher volume goodness factor than the plain OSF.
Cash Holdings and CEO Turnover
Authors: Intintoli Vincent J. , Kahle Kathleen M.
Published: July 2016

Chief Executive Officer (CEO) characteristics, such as the level of risk aversion, are known to affect corporate financial policies, and therefore are likely to impact corporate liquidity decisions. We examine changes in cash holdings around CEO turnover events, a period in which discrete changes in managerial preferences and abilities are likely to have the most dramatic effect on cash holdings. Our results suggest that cash holdings increase significantly following forced departures. The increase is persistent over the successor’s tenure and is robust to controls for the standard firm-level determinants of cash holdings and corporate governance characteristics. We find that higher cash holdings arise mainly through the management of net working capital, as opposed to asset sales or reductions in investment. This suggests that the changes are optimal for shareholders rather than an indication of serious agency problems. This conclusion is supported further by our finding that the marginal value of cash does not decrease following the turnover.
IceCube Events from Decaying Dark Matter with Neutrino Portal
Authors: Ko P. , Tang Yong
Published: July 2016

IceCube has observed several PeV neutrino events whose astrophysical origin has not been identified. In this proceeding, we discuss heavy decaying dark matter may be responsible for these neutrinos. Dark matter [Formula: see text] is constructed to communicate with standard model particles through the neutrino-portal interaction. We calculate both total and differential decay width for the dominant three-body decay of dark matter and show that to fit the data, the required mass is around [Formula: see text](10 PeV) and lifetime is about [Formula: see text]s.
Galactic Center Excess by Higgs Portal Dark Matter
Authors: Das Arindam , Okada Nobuchika , Seto Osamu
Published: July 2016

A [Formula: see text] parity odd real scalar is a good candidate for dark matter in the present Universe. We consider models contain two Higgs doublet fields and one real scalar dark matter particle with mass in the range of [Formula: see text] GeV and annihilating into a [Formula: see text] pair, or with about [Formula: see text] GeV mass and annihilating into tau lepton pair. Those annihilation modes suitably explain the observed excess of the gamma-ray flux from the Galactic Center. We identify the parameter region of the model that can fit the gamma-ray excess and satisfy phenomenological constraints, such as the observed dark matter relic density and the null results of direct dark matter search experiments. Most of the parameter region is found to be within the search reach of various future experiments.
On the spectrum of random anti-symmetric and tournament matrices
Authors: Sosoe Philippe , Smilansky Uzy
Published: July 2016

We consider a discrete, non-Hermitian random matrix model, which can be expressed as a shift of a rank-one perturbation of an anti-symmetric matrix. We show that, asymptotically almost surely, the real parts of the eigenvalues of the non-Hermitian matrix around any fixed index are interlaced with those of the anti-symmetric matrix. Along the way, we show that some tools recently developed to study the eigenvalue distributions of Hermitian matrices extend to the anti-symmetric setting.
Why is Africa rifting?
Authors: Kendall J.-Michael , Lithgow-Bertelloni Carolina
Published: July 2016

Continental rifting has a fundamental role in the tectonic behaviour of the Earth, shaping the surface we live on. Although there is not yet a consensus about the dominant mechanism for rifting, there is a general agreement that the stresses required to rift the continental lithosphere are not readily available. Here we use a global finite element model of the lithosphere to calculate the stresses acting on Africa. We consider the stresses induced by mantle flow, crustal structure and topography in two types of models: one in which flow is exclusively driven by the subducting slabs and one in which it is derived from a shear wave tomographic model. The latter predicts much larger stresses and a more realistic dynamic topography. It is therefore clear that the mantle structure beneath Africa plays a key part in providing the radial and horizontal tractions, dynamic topography and gravitational potential energy necessary for rifting. Nevertheless, the total available stress (
c.
100 MPa) is much less than that needed to break thick, cold continental lithosphere. Instead, we appeal to a model of magma-assisted rifting along pre-existing weaknesses, where the strain is localized in a narrow axial region and the strength of the plate is reduced significantly. Mounting geological and geophysical observations support such a model.
Furthering the debate on the role of interstitial cells of Cajal in enteric inhibitory neuromuscular neurotransmission
Authors: Chaudhury Arun
Published: July 2016

The gut, a muscular organ, performs a critical role in transporting ingested contents, yet it is also controlled to periodically stop transport to maximize digestion and toxin detection. The complex intraluminal composition and rheology challenge the mechanistic requirements of inhibitory neuromuscular neurotransmission. The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs)-generated slow wave may tune the promiscuous luminal chemical environment, which prepares the smooth muscle membrane potential for a depolarizing or hyperpolarizing response as needed. Slow waves are abolished during stimulation-induced inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) due to purinergic-nitrergic tandem neurotransmission. Recent data demonstrating intact IJPs in a genomic knockout of ICCs provide rigorous evidence of the noncontribution of ICCs during evoked neurotransmission. This perspective article discusses the priority areas of investigations in enteric musculomotor transmission, for understanding its near-perfect design for chemical space sensing, as well as diseases in which the luminal transport braking process becomes dysfunctional, leading to delayed gastric emptying or intestinal transit.
Risk of Lung Cancer Associated with COPD Phenotype Based on Quantitative Image Analysis
Authors: Schwartz Ann G. , Lusk Christine M. , Wenzlaff Angela S. , Watza Donovan , Pandolfi Stephanie , Mantha Laura , Cote Michele L. , Soubani Ayman O. , Walworth Garrett , Wozniak Antoinette , Neslund-Dudas Christine , Ardisana Amy A. , Flynn Michael J. , Song Thomas , Spizarny David L. , Kvale Paul A. , Chapman Robert A. , Gadgeel Shirish M.
Published: July 2016

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for lung cancer. This study evaluates alternative measures of COPD based on spirometry and quantitative image analysis to better define a phenotype that predicts lung cancer risk.

Methods: A total of 341 lung cancer cases and 752 volunteer controls, ages 21 to 89 years, participated in a structured interview, standardized CT scan, and spirometry. Logistic regression, adjusted for age, race, gender, pack-years, and inspiratory and expiratory total lung volume, was used to estimate the odds of lung cancer associated with FEV1/FVC, percent voxels less than −950 Hounsfield units on the inspiratory scan (HUI) and percent voxels less than −856 HU on expiratory scan (HUE).

Results: The odds of lung cancer were increased 1.4- to 3.1-fold among those with COPD compared with those without, regardless of assessment method; however, in multivariable modeling, only percent voxels <−856 HUE as a continuous measure of air trapping [OR = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–1.06] and FEV1/FVC < 0.70 (OR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.21–2.41) were independent predictors of lung cancer risk. Nearly 10% of lung cancer cases were negative on all objective measures of COPD.

Conclusion: Measures of air trapping using quantitative imaging, in addition to FEV1/FVC, can identify individuals at high risk of lung cancer and should be considered as supplementary measures at the time of screening for lung cancer.

Impact: Quantitative measures of air trapping based on imaging provide additional information for the identification of high-risk groups who might benefit the most from lung cancer screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(9); 1341–7. ©2016 AACR.
A Nomogram Derived by Combination of Demographic and Biomarker Data Improves the Noninvasive Evaluation of Patients at Risk for Bladder Cancer
Authors: Huang Sijia , Kou Lei , Furuya Hideki , Yu Changhong , Goodison Steve , Kattan Michael W. , Garmire Lana , Rosser Charles J.
Published: July 2016

Background: Improvements in the noninvasive clinical evaluation of patients at risk for bladder cancer would be of benefit both to individuals and to health care systems. We investigated the potential utility of a hybrid nomogram that combined key demographic features with the results of a multiplex urinary biomarker assay in hopes of identifying patients at risk of harboring bladder cancer.

Methods: Logistic regression analysis was used to model the probability of bladder cancer burden in a cohort of 686 subjects (394 with bladder cancer) using key demographic features alone, biomarker data alone, and the combination of demographic features and key biomarker data. We examined discrimination, calibration, and decision curve analysis techniques to evaluate prediction model performance.

Results: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses revealed that demographic features alone predicted tumor burden with an accuracy of 0.806 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76–0.85], while biomarker data had an accuracy of 0.835 (95% CI, 0.80–0.87). The addition of molecular data into the nomogram improved the predictive performance to 0.891 (95% CI, 0.86–0.92). Decision curve analyses showed that the hybrid nomogram performed better than demographic or biomarker data alone.

Conclusion: A nomogram construction strategy that combines key demographic features with biomarker data may facilitate the accurate, noninvasive evaluation of patients at risk of harboring bladder cancer. Further research is needed to evaluate the bladder cancer risk nomogram for potential clinical utility.

Impact: The application of such a nomogram may better inform the decision to perform invasive diagnostic procedures. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(9); 1361–6. ©2016 AACR.
Diagnostic Usefulness of Claudin-3 and Claudin-4 for Immunocytochemical Differentiation between Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Cells and Reactive Mesothelial Cells in Effusion Cell Blocks
Authors: Kim Nah Ihm , Kim Ga-Eon , Lee Ji Shin
Published: July 2016

Objective: Claudin-3 and claudin-4 have recently been reported as promising targets for the detection and diagnosis of cancer. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic value of claudin-3 and claudin-4 immunoreactivity to distinguish metastatic adenocarcinoma cells (MAC) from reactive mesothelial cells (RMC) in effusions. Study Design: Claudin-3 and claudin-4 immunocytochemical staining was performed on 234 cell block specimens, including 194 malignant effusions with MAC and 40 benign effusions with RMC. Any degree of membranous staining was considered positive. Results: Claudin-3 was positive in 190 (97.9%) out of 194 cases with MAC and in 3 (7.5%) out of 40 cases with RMC. Claudin-4 immunoreactivity was seen in all 194 (100%) cases with MAC and in 11 (27.5%) out of 40 cases with RMC. In all claudin-3- or claudin-4-positive RMC samples, the area of positive staining was <25% of the cells. Claudin-3 and claudin-4 efficiently discriminated between MAC and RMC (p < 0.001 for both), and claudin-3 was more specific than claudin-4 in differentiating between MAC and RMC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that claudin-3 and claudin-4 are good candidates to be included as MAC markers in the panel of antibodies to distinguish MAC from RMC in effusion specimens.
ADAMTS5 promotes murine adipogenesis and visceral adipose tissue expansion
Authors: Bauters Dries , Scroyen Ilse , Deprez-Poulain Rebecca , Lijnen H. Roger
Published: July 2016

Enhanced expression of the aggrecanase ADAMTS5 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin type 1 motifs; member 5) has been observed in adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents. Here, we have investigated the role of ADAMTS5 in adipogenesis, AT expansion and associated angiogenesis. In vitro differentiation of precursor cells into mature adipocytes was studied using murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) derived from wild-type (Adamts5 +/+) and ADAMTS5 deficient (Adamts5 -/-) mice, or 3T3-F442A preadipocytes with stable gene silencing of Adamts5. De novo adipogenesis was monitored by injection of 3T3-F442A cells with or without Adamts5 knockdown in Nude mice. Furthermore, Adamts5+/+ and Adamts5/- mice were kept on a high-fat diet (HFD) to monitor AT development. Adamts5-/- MEF, as well as 3T3-F442A preadipocytes with Adamts5 knockdown, showed significantly reduced differentiation as compared to control cells. In mice, de novo formed fat pads arising from 3T3-F442A cells with Adamts5 knockdown were significantly smaller as compared to controls. After 15 or 25 weeks on HFD, total body weight and subcutaneous AT weight were similar for Adamts5++/+ and Adamts5-/- mice, but visceral/gonadal fat mass was significantly lower for Adamts5-/-mice. These data were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, the blood vessel density in adipose tissue was higher for Adamts5-/- mice kept on HFD. In conclusion, our data support the concept that ADAMTS5 promotes adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo, as well as development of visceral AT and associated angiogenesis in mice kept on HFD.
Fractional Flow Reserve and Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography
Authors: Hecht Harvey S. , Narula Jagat , Fearon William F.
Published: July 2016

Invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) is now the gold standard for intervention. Noninvasive functional imaging analyses derived from coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) offer alternatives for evaluating lesion-specific ischemia. CT-FFR, CT myocardial perfusion imaging, and transluminal attenuation gradient/corrected contrast opacification have been studied using invasive FFR as the gold standard. CT-FFR has demonstrated significant improvement in specificity and positive predictive value compared with CTA alone for predicting FFR of ≤0.80, as well as decreasing the frequency of nonobstructive invasive coronary angiography. High-risk plaque characteristics have also been strongly implicated in abnormal FFR. Myocardial computed tomographic perfusion is an alternative method with promising results; it involves more radiation and contrast. Transluminal attenuation gradient/corrected contrast opacification is more controversial and may be more related to vessel diameter than stenosis. Important considerations remain: (1) improvement of CTA quality to decrease unevaluable studies, (2) is the diagnostic accuracy of CT-FFR sufficient? (3) can CT-FFR guide intervention without invasive FFR confirmation? (4) what are the long-term outcomes of CT-FFR–guided treatment and how do they compare with other functional imaging-guided paradigms? (5) what degree of stenosis on CTA warrants CT-FFR? (6) how should high-risk plaque be incorporated into treatment decisions? (7) how will CT-FFR influence other functional imaging test utilization, and what will be the effect on the practice of cardiology? (8) will a workstation-based CT-FFR be mandatory? Rapid progress to date suggests that CTA-based lesion-specific ischemia will be the gatekeeper to the cardiac catheterization laboratory and will transform the world of intervention.
Ogg1
-Dependent DNA Repair Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome and Prevents Atherosclerosis
Authors: Tumurkhuu Gantsetseg , Shimada Kenichi , Dagvadorj Jargalsaikhan , Crother Timothy R. , Zhang Wenxuan , Luthringer Daniel , Gottlieb Roberta A. , Chen Shuang , Arditi Moshe
Published: July 2016

Rationale:

Activation of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome-mediating interleukin (IL)-1β secretion has emerged as an important component of inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage is detrimental in atherosclerosis, and mitochondria are central regulators of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome. Human atherosclerotic plaques express increased mtDNA damage. The major DNA glycosylase, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1), is responsible for removing the most abundant form of oxidative DNA damage.

Objective:

To test the role of OGG1 in the development of atherosclerosis in mouse.

Methods and Results:

We observed that Ogg1 expression decreases over time in atherosclerotic lesion macrophages of low-density lipoprotein receptor (
Ldlr
) knockout mice fed a Western diet.
Ogg1
−/−
Ldlr
−/−
mice fed a Western diet resulted in an increase in plaque size and lipid content. We found increased oxidized mtDNA, inflammasome activation, and apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions and also higher serum IL-1β and IL-18 in
Ogg1
−/−
Ldlr
−/−
mice than in
Ldlr
−/−
. Transplantation with
Ogg1
−/−
bone marrow into
Ldlr
−/−
mice led to larger atherosclerotic lesions and increased IL-1β production. However, transplantation of
Ogg1
−/−
Nlrp3
−/−
bone marrow reversed the
Ogg1
−/−
phenotype of increased plaque size.
Ogg1
−/−
macrophages showed increased oxidized mtDNA and had greater amounts of cytosolic mtDNA and cytochrome
c
, increased apoptosis, and more IL-1β secretion. Finally, we found that proatherogenic miR-33 can directly inhibit human OGG1 expression and indirectly suppress both mouse and human OGG1 via AMP-activated protein kinase.

Conclusions:

OGG1 plays a protective role in atherogenesis by preventing excessive inflammasome activation. Our study provides insight into a new target for therapeutic intervention based on a link between oxidative mtDNA damage, OGG1, and atherosclerosis via NLRP3 inflammasome.
A Case of Sudden Death in
Decameron
IV.6
Authors: Toscano Fabrizio , Spani Giovanni , Papio Michael , Rühli Frank J. , Galassi Francesco M.
Published: July 2016

Giovanni Boccaccio’s
Decameron
contains a novella that details the sudden death of a young man called Gabriotto, including a portrayal of the discomfort that the protagonist experienced and a rudimentary autopsy performed by local physicians. The intriguing description of symptoms and pathologies has made it possible to read a 7-century-old case through the modern clinical lens. Thanks to the medical and philological analysis of the text—despite the vast difference between modern and medieval medicine—2 hypothetical diagnoses have emerged: either an aortic dissection or an atrial myxoma.
Poza sceną, czyli jawne i niejawne w "Dybuku" Szymona An-skiego
Authors: Lipska Małgorzata
Published: July 2016

Offstage: The revealed and the concealed in An-sky’s The DybbukThe Israeli theatre scholar Shimon Levy describes the works of Samuel Beckett using the category of “offstage,” i.e. what is “backstage” or “behind the scenes.” This notion is also suitable to describe the plot of An-sky’s play The Dybbuk. The plot, which follows the wanderings of the soul of a prematurely deceased lover, is based on a continuous interplay between the explicit and the implicit, the revealed and the concealed, the present and the absent. Applying the category of “offstage” as an analytical tool allows for speaking about the supernatural forces which are depicted in the play, while replacing religious nomenclature with a glossary of terms from the field of theatre. Poza sceną, czyli jawne i niejawne w Dybuku Szymona An-skiegoIzraelski teatrolog Shimon Levy opisuje twórczość Samuela Becketta, posługując się kategorią „offstage”, czyli tego, co znajduje się poza sceną, za kulisami. Kategoria ta doskonale nadaje się także do opisu fabuły Dybuka Szymona An-skiego. Akcja dramatu o wędrówce duszy przedwcześnie zmarłego kochanka opiera się na ciągłej grze jawnego z niejawnym, odkrytego z zakrytym, obecnego z nieobecnym. Zastosowanie kategorii „offstage” jako narzędzia analitycznego pozwala mówić o ukazanych w dramacie siłach nadprzyrodzonych przy zastąpieniu nomenklatury religijnej zestawem pojęć ze sfery teatru.