bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of pandemic bonds as an insurance tool for mass disease
Authors: Pidvysotskyi Yan
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the article is to analyze the mechanisms of action of pandemic
bonds to manage the risks of mass diseases.
The research methodology consists in the use of a set of methods: dialectical,
mathematical, statistical, historical, comparative.
The scientific novelty of the work consists in the definition of the latest
mechanisms of risk distribution and profitability among the participants of
insurance against mass diseases.
Conclusions. Recently, the problem of redistribution of capital in conditions
of risks of mass diseases has gained considerable importance. Traditional financial
instruments do not provide an answer to the tasks, so it is necessary to use
innovative instruments that allow to reduce uncertainty and help those affected
by pandemics - pandemic bonds.
Keywords: pandemic bond, catastrophic risk, debt securities, insurance, special
purpose company.
Assessment of the influence of motivational factors
on the work efficiency of specialists in institutions of
general secondary education
Authors: Тantsiura Anton
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the article is to identify and evaluate motivational factors
affecting the work efficiency of specialists in general secondary education institutions.
The methodological basis of the research is conducting a survey based on the
«Barriers of Pedagogical Activity» methodology to determine the factors that
contribute to and hinder the learning, development, and self-development of specialists of a general secondary education institution.
The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the identification of a
complex of positive and negative factors of motivation for the labor activity of
specialists, since motivation is the main driver of the labor activity of specialists.
Conclusions. It is motivation that is the main factor of effective labor activity, and the definition of positive and negative factors that affect the work of
specialists makes it possible to understand motivation factors and more effectively apply motivational factors in managing the work of specialists.
Keywords: motivation, professional activity, work, specialists, institution of
general secondary education.
ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE ANALYSIS
OF PRODUCTION INVENTORIES OF THE ENTERPRISE
Authors: Bunda Olga , Abdullayeva Samira
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the article is to study the organization of the process of
analysis of production inventories at the enterprise in the conditions of globalization.
The methodology consists in the use of the following methods: observation
method, methods of analysis and synthesis, classification, monographic method,
induction and deduction, grouping, comparison, generalization method.
The scientific novelty of the work consists in improving the process of analysis of production inventories, which will allow to increase the effectiveness of
the application of analytical procedures in relation to production inventories and,
as a result, to increase the effectiveness of the internal control system at the
enterprise.
Conclusions. An important issue in the analysis of production inventories is
ensuring the optimal number and structure of the company’s inventories and increasing the efficiency of the use of production inventories. This can be achieved
by saving production inventories, improving the technological process, optimizing
processes regarding the movement and storage of production inventories at the
enterprise.
Key words: analysis, inventories, production inventories, assets, accounting.
Balkan countries on the way to the European Union:
experience for Ukraine
Authors: Borzenko Olena , Panfilova Tamara
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the article is to identify and compare the problematic aspects
of macroeconomic and institutional development of the Balkan countries and
Ukraine on the path to European integration, taking into account military conflicts.
The research methodology is based on the use of a systematic approach,
comparison, analysis and synthesis of empirical statistical and regulatory information
on the experience of the Balkan countries on the path to membership in the
European Union.
The scientific novelty is determined by the systematization of the results
obtained on the course of regulatory procedures for gaining candidate status for
membership in the European Union, monitoring the negotiation process, the
dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators in permanent global crises and overcoming
the consequences of military conflicts in the Balkans. implementation of the
European integration course.
Conclusions. The prospects for gaining candidate status require careful study
of the experience of the Balkan countries, given the similarity of transformation
processes in the context of the permanent development of interstate and interethnic
conflicts, including military ones. Given the experience of candidate countries for
accession to the EU, today the Ukrainian authorities must create a separate
interdepartmental (coordinating) body of state power, which must clearly adhere
to the priorities of reforms and the effectiveness of the future negotiation process.
Keywords: interstate conflicts, interethnic conflicts, Balkan countries, European
Union, European integration, Ukraine
Forecasting expected food safety risks in the context
of public administration
Authors: Danylyshyn Bohdan , Hromozdova Larysa , Maliarevskyi Viktor , Rvach Andrii , Titov Vldislav
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the article is to study the forecasting of expected risks of the
level of food security through a system of criteria and indicators in the context
of public administration, as well as to determine the position, state and main
threats of Ukraine in the food sector in the global environment. Research
methodology is based on the use of methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of observation, methods of induction and deduction, methods of comparison and
analogy, graphic, logical methods.
The methodological basis of the study was the methods of analysis, synthesis
and observation, which provided an opportunity to actualize the main problems of
food security in the context of public administration today. Techniques of deduction
and induction were used to determine important indicators for predicting expected
food safety risks.
The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the well-founded conceptual
model of the implementation of the Food Security Strategy, which ensures the
effectiveness of achieving the basic goals of sustainable development.
Conclusions. In the system of public management of guaranteeing food security,
it is obvious that scientific approaches to the development of balanced indicators
capable of diagnosing weaknesses and threats and correcting them, depending on
the probability of their occurrence, have been developed. There is also a need for
public monitoring and forecasting of the food market, analysis of the implementation
of proposed ideas. Forecasting of expected food safety risks must meet the following
basic requirements: completeness and accuracy of initial data, their scientificity
and comparability.
Keywords: forecasting, food security, food security indicators, public
administration, food security strategy.
Scientific management in the context
of modern educational realities
Authors: Panchenko Svitlana , Litovka-Demenina Svitlana , Lytvyn Nataliia , Karaban Oksana
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the article is to analyze theories of scientific management and
their application in relation to current educational realities in the mixed-education
approach.
The research methodology includes: methods of analysis, synthesis, comparisons,
summarization and forecasting, humanistic approach.
The scientific novelty – in the adaptation of scientific management approaches
to the mixed format of teaching in the modern realities.
Conclusions. As a result of the study, scientific management and its approaches,
classifications, recommendations are quite valid in today’s realities, but need to
be adapted to modern online methods, since the pandemic and military aggression
have caused transformations in the field of education.
Keywords: scientific management, efficiency, online training, offline training,
pandemic, military aggression, new dynamics, digitalization, time management.
PROSPECTS FOR THE POST-WAR RESTORATION OF
GASTRONOMIC TOURISM IN UKRAINE
Authors: Kolisnychenko Tеtiana , Panchenko Svitlana
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the article is to find out, outline the prospects for revival and
develop a strategic plan for the development of gastronomic tourism in the postwar period using the example of the use and generalization of foreign experience.
The research methodology consists in the application of methods of analysis,
synthesis, comparison, generalization, forecasting, as well as in the use of systemic
and activity-based approaches.
The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this article presents the prospects
for restoration and further in-depth study of the main global trends in the
development of gastronomic tourism, which will make it possible to use them for
the revival and development of the domestic tourist market of gastronomic tourism
in Ukraine.
Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was established that the need to
actively create and develop new tourist products that correspond to modern
popular currents and trends in gastronomic tourism, which will contribute to
changing the structure of demand and the volume of tourist flow, attract funds
to the country, create opportunities for increasing the attractiveness of tourist
destinations.
Keywords: gastronomic tourism, gastronomic travel, post-war recovery, types of
tourists.
Problems of accounting and audit of capital investments
Authors: Butkevych Oksana
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the article is to research and identify problematic organizational
and methodological aspects of accounting and auditing of capital investments.
Research methodology is based on the use of methods of analysis and synthesis,
the method of observation, methods of induction and deduction, methods of
comparison and analogy, graphical, logical and tabular methods.
The methodological basis of the study was the methods of analysis, synthesis
and observation, which provided an opportunity to actualize the main problems of
the accounting of capital investments today. Techniques of deduction and induction
were used to determine the place of capital investments in the accounting system.
The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the substantiated dependence
of the material and resource support of production on the volumes, structure and
directions of investments, the accounting display of which plays a key role in the
investment activity management system of the
Conclusions. The main problems in the accounting of capital investments are:
imperfection of their definition, lack of systematic classification, non-regulation
of recognition criteria and evaluation procedure, low informativeness of primary
documents and registers of their accounting, imperfection of the methodology of
synthetic and analytical accounting, unreasonableness of methodical approaches to
accounting of capital investments to improve irreversible assets, the inconsistency
of financial and tax accounting requirements, the incomparability of financial and
statistical reporting indicators, the superficiality of the study of the impact of
industry specifics on the organization of accounting for capital investments.
Keywords: accounting, audit, investment, capital investment, organization of
investment accounting, accounting policy.
Strategy for competitive development of forestry of Ukraine
Authors: Nesterenko Svetlana
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the article is to justify the strategy of competitive development
of forestry in Ukraine and to develop measures for its implementation.
The methodological basis of the research is the implementation of a system
analysis, based on the results of which the strategy of competitive development of
forestry is substantiated, and the conducted scientific generalizations determined
the formulation of the main measures for the implementation of the specified
strategy.
The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the systematization and
generalization of the main directions of the proposed strategy for the competitive
development of the forest industry, which will increase the efficiency of the
functioning of the entities of the forestry industry in Ukraine.
The presented strategy is based on the need to create a legal, investment and
innovative environment for the effective development of forestry with the
simultaneous capitalization of assets of state forestry enterprises.
Conclusions. The formation of the legal environment requires the development
and adoption of normative and legislative acts aimed at creating favorable tax,
customs, credit and institutional conditions for the competitive functioning of the
industry. The creation of a competitive investment environment involves a system
of measures related to the need to attract additional financial resources, in
particular: implementation of the mechanism of state guarantees, direct long-term
contracts between forestry enterprises and foreign investors regarding the sale of
raw wood to the latter; joint agreements with local self-government bodies and
subjects of agro-industrial production; formation of non-statutory formations in
the form of clusters and industrial parks. The formation of an innovative competitive
environment involves a system of measures aimed at implementing various
organizational, production and financial innovations in it, in particular:
diversification of production; introduction of the marketing management system;
formation of own primary and advanced processing of wood by purchasing the
necessary modern equipment and energy-saving technological lines.
Keywords: forestry, competitiveness, innovative provision, investment
environment, innovative development.
The characteristic of planning as development
on its business-processes the company
Authors: Ivanyuta Pavel , Pirozhok Stella , Boiko Viacheslsv
Published: May 2023

Because planning as function of management on the company is carried out
for archievement of pertain aim, that even in mutual-tiding with other can’t will
essence it separately from pertain consistent business - processes, which happens
accompanied with management the economic activity.
Most-important function of management the economic activity of the company
is a planning, that will consists of determine alls futural cash flows, processes of
production and circulation, mutual-relationships with counteragents, as supples of
resources, buyers of goods etc.
Purpose of artisle are research planning as function of management that direction
on increase effective of economy activities the company on its business-processes.
Methodology basis of the research is a substantiation of planning system and
planning processes on the company and its business - processes that direction on
archieving aims and substantiation of deviations fact sign from plan.
The scientific novelty consists of substantiation there are planning, as important
process of management on the company and pierces the all stage its development.
Therefore namely the process activity and development of the company to begun
from idea, and to finish build of strong plan.
In formalized kind planning to facilitates search most efficient direction of
action, substantiation and systematization of planed desicions, decrease risks of
non-right solve from causes mistake or insufficient information about opportunities,
which property the company, or external market field, and also serve for fopmatting
of established aims and perfect ways accomplishment them, to aid down create unity
of general aim of economic activity the company, being organized strong regard him
processes of playback (production good, performance of works, provision of services).
Conclusion. Planning are scientific process of substantiation into sure period moving
material and financial resources of company at the time introduction of production
processes and the economic activity in general. Thus, here objects of all economic
activity the company are mutual-circulation by operations and financial providing.
Keywords: planning, aims, norms, operations, business-processes.
CTprintNet: An Accurate and Stable Deep Unfolding Approach for Few-View CT Reconstruction
Authors: Loli Piccolomini Elena , Prato Marco , Scipione Margherita , Sebastiani Andrea
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we propose a new deep learning approach based on unfolded neural networks for the reconstruction of X-ray computed tomography images from few views. We start from a model-based approach in a compressed sensing framework, described by the minimization of a least squares function plus an edge-preserving prior on the solution. In particular, the proposed network automatically estimates the internal parameters of a proximal interior point method for the solution of the optimization problem. The numerical tests performed on both a synthetic and a real dataset show the effectiveness of the framework in terms of accuracy and robustness with respect to noise on the input sinogram when compared to other different data-driven approaches.
Effects of Stimulus Frequency and Location on Vibrotactile Discrimination Performance Using Voice Coil Actuators on the Forearm
Authors: Yeganeh Nashmin , Makarov Ivan , Unnthorsson Runar , Kristjánsson Árni
Published: May 2023

What are the effects of frequency variation of vibrotactile stimuli on localization acuity? The precise localization of vibrotactile stimuli is crucial for applications that are aimed at conveying vibrotactile information. In order to evaluate the ability to distinguish between vibrotactile stimuli based on their frequency and location on the forearm, we used a relative point localization method. Participants were presented with pairs of sequential vibrotactile stimuli at three possible locations on the forearm and asked to determine whether the second stimulation occurred at the same location as the first one in the pair or not. The stimulation frequency varied between 100 Hz, 150 Hz, 200 Hz and 250 Hz, which covers the range of frequencies that human observers are most sensitive to. The amplitude was kept constant. Our results revealed that the ability to discriminate between actuators remained unaffected by variations in the frequency of vibrotactile stimulation within the tested frequency range. The accuracy of the tactile discrimination task was heavily dependent on the location of the stimulation on the forearm, with the highest accuracy close to the wrist and elbow, locations that may serve as tactile anchor points. Our results highlight the critical role of stimulation location in precise vibrotactile localization and the importance of careful consideration of location in the design of forearm-mounted vibrotactile devices.
Extrapolation of Tractor Traction Resistance Load Spectrum and Compilation of Loading Spectrum Based on Optimal Threshold Selection Using a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Yang Meng , Sun Xiaoxu , Deng Xiaoting , Lu Zhixiong , Wang Tao
Published: May 2023

To obtain the load spectrum of the traction resistance of the three-point suspension device under tractor-plowing conditions, a load spectrum extrapolation method based on a genetic algorithm optimal threshold selection is proposed. This article first uses a pin force sensor to measure the plowing resistance of the tractor’s three-point suspension device under plowing conditions and preprocesses the collected load signal. Next, a genetic algorithm is introduced to select the threshold based on the Peak Over Threshold (POT) extremum extrapolation model. The Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) fits the extreme load distribution that exceeds the threshold range, generating new extreme points that follow the GPD distribution to replace the extreme points in the original data, achieving the extrapolation of the load spectrum. Finally, the loading spectrum that can be achieved on the test bench is obtained based on the miner fatigue theory and accelerated life theory. The results show that the upper threshold of the time-domain load data obtained by the genetic algorithm is 10.975 kN, and the grey correlation degree is 0.7249. The optimal lower threshold is 8.5455 kN, the grey correlation degree is 0.7722, and the fitting effect of the GPD distribution is good. The plowing operation was divided into five stages: plowing tool insertion, acceleration operation, constant speed operation, deceleration operation, and plowing tool extraction. A traction resistance loading spectrum that can be achieved on the test bench was developed. The load spectrum extrapolation method based on the genetic algorithm optimal threshold selection can improve the accuracy of threshold selection and achieve the extrapolation and reconstruction of the load spectrum. After processing the extrapolated load spectrum, it can be transformed into a load spectrum that can be recognized by the test bench.
Growth, Physiology, and Productivity of Bouteloua gracilis and Cenchrus ciliaris Using Moisture Retainers under Different Planting Methods
Authors: Yáñez-Chávez Luis Gerardo , Pedroza-Sandoval Aurelio , Sánchez-Cohen Ignacio , Velásquez-Valle Miguel Agustin , Trejo-Calzada Ricardo
Published: May 2023

The extensive raising of livestock on grasslands is a relevant economic activity in northern Mexico. These are regions of high climatic uncertainty and have extreme weather events, which requires the exploration of technological innovation to mitigate the negative impacts on these agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate two grass species using two planting methods and two types of soil moisture retainers and to determine their response based on growth and some physiological and productive attributes. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split–split plot arrangement with six replications. The main plots were planted with two grass species: Bouteloua gracilis and Cenchrus ciliaris; the subplots were differentiated by two grass planting methods: seeding and seedling transplanting; the sub-subplots were differentiated by the soil moisture retainers used: (1) application on the soil of 10 t ha−1 of corn harvest residue (CHR) as organic cover on the soil surface, (2) application of hydrogel at 20 kg ha−1 mixed in the soil rhizosphere because it must be in contact with the root and soil due to its chemical composition, and (3) control, no application of any type of input. The seedling transplant method with the application of CHR significantly increased (p < 0.05) the plant survival percentage, on average by 31.5% in both grasses, in relation to the direct method seeding and the control. C. ciliaris showed a higher photosynthetic rate and, therefore, higher forage productivity than B. gracilis. The hydrogel only showed a moisture retention effect in the soil during the first 20 days after the transplant or sowing of the grass seed; after this period, there was no longer any effect as a water retainer in the soil. The soil cover with CHR was confirmed as a good moisture retainer with greater productivity of rangeland forage in degraded soils in arid areas.
Molecular Weight Distribution of Humic Acids Isolated from Buried Soils and Yedoma Sediments
Authors: Polyakov Vyacheslav , Abakumov Evgeny , Lodygin Evgeny , Vasilevich Roman
Published: May 2023

The soils of cold regions store up to 60% of all organic carbon on the planet. As a result of climate change, this organic matter can be biodegraded by microorganisms and thereby make an additional contribution to carbon balance. Nowadays, there are fragmentary data on organic C stocks in high-latitude soils and single works on the analysis of the quality of buried organic matter. This paper presents the first data on the molecular weight distributions of humic acids (HAs) extracted from soils and sediments in Yedoma. Molecular weight distributions of HAs preparations were obtained on an AKTAbasic 10 UPS chromatographic system (Amersham Biosciences, Sweden) using a SuperdexTM 200 10/300 GL column (with cross-linked dextran gel, fractionation range for globular proteins 10–600 kDa). As a result of the study, it was found that the buried soil horizons are characterized by the highest content of low molecular weight fraction (with molecular mass (Mr) 1.4–1.9 kDa and molar fraction in the range of 54.3–67.1%). The high molecular weight fraction is concentrated mainly in the superficial horizons and decreases with depth (with Mr 299–346 kDa and molar fraction in the range of 3.4–9.8%). In the Yedoma sediments, the maximum content of the medium-molecular fraction is observed (with Mr 24.6 kDa and 39.6% of the molar fraction), which may indicate a low rate of organic matter transformation in the permafrost. The data obtained serve as a database of analysis in terms of modeling the global carbon cycle in the cold regions of the planet.
Using Isoform Sequencing for De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing and the Identification of Genes Related to Drought Tolerance and Agronomic Traits in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)
Authors: Yang Chunyan , Zhong Li , Ou Erling , Tian Fang , Yao Mei , Chen Ming , Yan Xu , Li Yingzheng , Li Xiaofeng , He Ruyu , He Jianmei , Tang Qilin , Zhao Degang
Published: May 2023

Plant height and tillering are the key traits of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), a perennial turf grass widely used for forage and turf worldwide. It exhibits excellent abiotic stress tolerance. However, the investigation of these traits at the genetic level is limited by the lack of a completely sequenced genome of tall fescue. Here, we generated genome-wide transcriptome data using PacBio isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) technology. We obtained 73,628 transcripts with an average length of 2410 bp. Among these transcripts, 42,265 (60.09%) were predicted as complete full-length open reading frames. The dataset contained 11,520 simple sequence repeats; 737 bp long non-coding RNAs; and 1599 alternative splicing sites in unigenes. Sixty-three unigenes involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis, catabolism, and signaling pathways were identified. The Illumina-sequencing analysis results, further verified using qRT-PCR, revealed the significant upregulation of nine unigenes under drought stress. Ninety-three unigenes involved in controlling plant height and tillering were also identified, of which FaMAX1 was functionally verified to regulate plant tillering. Our results provide a valuable genetic resource about the complete transcriptome of tall fescue; the identified candidate genes can aid in improving the drought tolerance and agronomic traits in tall fescue and other related plants.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi Diversity in the Root–Rhizosphere–Soil of Tetraena mongolica, Sarcozygium xanthoxylon, and Nitraria tangutorum Bobr in Western Ordos, China
Authors: Xu Daolong , Yu Xiaowen , Chen Jin , Liu Haijing , Zheng Yaxin , Qu Hanting , Bao Yuying
Published: May 2023

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered to be an essential indicator of ecosystem biodiversity and can increase a plant’s ability to withstand arid conditions. Despite the obvious significance of AMF in the root and rhizosphere system, little is known about how the AMF variety varies between the soil and roots of endangered plants and how this varies depending on habitats in dry and semiarid regions. This study aimed to address this research gap by investigating the characteristics and diversity of AMF colonization in Zygophyllaceae. Using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing, indigenous AMF in the roots and rhizosphere soil of three endangered plants (Tetraena mongolica, Sarcozygium xanthoxylon, and Nitraria tangutorum Bobr) were investigated. The three threatened plants had different AMF populations in their root and rhizosphere soils, according to a hierarchical clustering analysis. AMF communities in rhizosphere soil were more sensitive to LDA than root AMF communities based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). Glomus, Septoglomus, and Rhizophagus were seen to function as dominant fungi as the soil and root AMF populations carried out their various tasks in the soil and roots as a cohesive collective. Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) showed that pH, total phosphorus, and accessible potassium were closely associated with AMF communities. The pH of the soil appears to be an important factor in determining AMF community stability. These findings can serve as a guide for the use of AM fungus in the rehabilitation of agricultural land in arid regions. In summary, our work contributed new knowledge for the scientific preservation of these endangered plant species and for the further investigation of the symbiotic link between AMF and endangered plant species.
Effects of Inoculation with Different Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on the Eco-Physiological and Stomatal Characteristics of Walnut Seedlings under Drought Stress
Authors: Jing Dawei , Liu Binghua , Ma Hailin , Liu Fangchun , Liu Xinghong , Ren Liying
Published: May 2023

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can promote plant growth and induce systemic resistance to biological and abiotic stresses. However, do all PGPR have significant effects in arid environments, and which PGPR have the most optimal effects? This study used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of inoculation with two different PGPR on the physiological and ecological characteristics of walnut (Juglans regia) seedlings under drought stress: Bacillus subtilis GE1, which secretes protease only, and Pseudomonas brassicacearum X123, which secretes protease and indoleacetic acid (IAA). The leaves inoculated with X123 under drought stress had higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (gs), especially stomatal length and stomatal width, compared to GE1 inoculation under drought stress. Moreover, inoculation with X123 significantly increased the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities by 20.84% and 12.41%, respectively, and the gibberellin (GA) and zeatin (ZT) contents by 72.07% and 19.17%, respectively, whereas the leaf soluble sugar and soluble protein contents significantly decreased compared with GE1 inoculation. These results indicated that the effects of GE1 inoculation on the physiological and ecological characteristics of walnut seedling leaves were significantly weaker in comparison with X123 inoculation as a result of its functional characteristics. The application of different PGPR on the drought tolerance of J. regia showed significant differences. Therefore, the selection of appropriate PGPR is key to achieving positive treatment effects under drought conditions.
Ammonium Phytotoxicity and Tolerance: An Insight into Ammonium Nutrition to Improve Crop Productivity
Authors: Shilpha Jayabalan , Song Jinnan , Jeong Byoung Ryong
Published: May 2023

Ammonium sensitivity is considered a globally stressful condition that affects overall crop productivity. The major toxic symptom associated with ammonium nutrition is growth retardation, which has been associated with a high energy cost for maintaining ion, pH, and hormone homeostasis and, eventually, the NH3/NH4+ level in plant tissues. While certain species/genotypes exhibit extreme sensitivity to ammonium, other species/genotypes prefer ammonium to nitrate as a form of nitrogen. Some of the key tolerance mechanisms used by the plant to deal with NH4+ toxicity include an enhanced activity of an alternative oxidase pathway in mitochondria, greater NH4+ assimilation plus the retention of the minimum level of NH4+ in leaves, and/or poor response to extrinsic acidification or pH drop. Except for toxicity, ammonium can be considered as an energy-efficient nutrition in comparison to nitrate since it is already in a reduced form for use in amino acid metabolism. Through effective manipulation of the NH4+/NO3 − ratio, ammonium nutrition can be used to increase productivity, quality, and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses of crops. This review highlights recent advancements in ammonium toxicity and tolerance mechanisms, possible strategies to improve ammonium tolerance, and omics-based understanding of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in plants.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Chalcone Synthase (CHS) Gene Family in Dendrobium catenatum
Authors: Yang Ting , Zhang Tingting , Li Yuxin , Kang Yuqian , Wang Peng , Liu Wen , Wang Yujuan , Tian Libo , Dai Jun , Zhou Yang
Published: May 2023

Flavonoids are considered to be critical metabolites in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. Chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes the first key step in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, there is no in-depth information on the sequence and functional analysis of CHS genes in Dendrobium catenatum. In this study, a total of 14 DcCHS genes were identified, encoding proteins of 349–504 amino acids in length, a protein molecular weight ranging between 39.08 and 56.56 kDa, and isoelectric points from 5.64 to 9.63. The DcCHS proteins were then divided into three groups according to their phylogenetic relationships. The members of each group had similar conserved motifs and gene structures. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that the DcCHS genes exhibited variable expression patterns in the different plant tissues evaluated. Furthermore, six genes were differentially expressed following exposure to abiotic stresses: DcCHS-6, DcCHS-5/-6, DcCHS-13/-14, and DcCHS-6/-8/-9/-13, which were specifically expressed in response to drought, heat, cold, and salt stress, respectively. This is the first genome-wide analysis of the CHS genes in D. catenatum, and our findings can provide essential information for a better understanding of the function of DcCHS genes, thus facilitating further research on D. catenatum stress tolerance.
Effects of Exogenous Substances Treatment on Fruit Quality and Pericarp Anthocyanin Metabolism of Peach
Authors: Kou Yidan , Ren Jinpeng , Ma Yujie , Guo Rongrong , Shang Juane , Qiu Dongliang , Ma Cuilan
Published: May 2023

In this study, the two peach cultivars ‘Baifeng’ and ‘Weiduanmihong’ were used as experimental materials, and their fruits were sprayed with different concentrations of L-glutamic acid, brassinolide, and sucrose to study the effects of these three exogenous substances on fruit quality and anthocyanin metabolism of peaches. The results showed that the appearance quality (average single fruit weight, fruit firmness, and peel color difference), nutritional quality (soluble solids, soluble sugar, titratable acid, anthocyanins, total phenols, flavonoids, etc.), peel anthocyanin-related enzyme activity, and related gene expression of ‘Baifeng’ and ‘Weiduanmihong’ peaches treated with three different exogenous substances were different from those of the control. Higher-concentration treatments could significantly improve the appearance of peach fruit, the nutritional quality of peach fruit and the activity of anthocyanin-related enzymes in peel, as well as promote the expression of related genes. Treatment with 400 mg/L L-glutamic acid significantly promoted the average fruit weight of ‘Baifeng’ peaches. Treatment with 800 mg/L L-glutamic acid significantly promoted the increase in PAL enzyme activity and the expression of PpPAL and PpF3H in the two peach varieties and significantly promoted the expression of anthocyanin metabolism genes PpF3′H and PpGST1 in ‘Baifeng’ peach peel and anthocyanin metabolism gene PpUFGT in ‘Weiduanmihong’ peach peel. Treatment with 34 mg/L sucrose significantly increased the fruit firmness of ‘Baifeng’ peaches and the soluble sugar content of ‘Weiduanmihong’ peaches. Treatment with 51 mg/L sucrose significantly promoted the increase in flavonoid content and PpUFGT expression in ‘Baifeng’ peach fruit and significantly promoted the expression of anthocyanin metabolism genes PpDFR and PpANS in ‘Weiduanmihong’ peach peel. Treatment with 0.6 mg/L brassinolide significantly promoted the increase in soluble solids (TTS), soluble sugar, anthocyanin, total phenol content, PAL enzyme activity, UFGT enzyme activity, and the expression of anthocyanin metabolism genes PpDFR and PpMYB10.1 in ‘Baifeng’ peach fruit, and it significantly increased the average single fruit weight, fruit hardness, anthocyanin content, and UFGT enzyme activity of ‘Weiduanmihong’ peach fruit and promoted the expression of anthocyanin metabolism genes PpF3H and PpGST1 in ‘Weiduanmihong’ peach peel. The comprehensive effect of 0.6 mg/L brassinolide treatment on improving peach fruit quality and increasing anthocyanin content produces the best results and could be popularized in production practices.
Biofumigation by Mustard Plants as an Application for Controlling Postharvest Gray Mold in Apple Fruits
Authors: Tian Yuee , Yang Zitong , Song Wen , Zhao Hanqing , Ye Qin , Xu Heng , Hu Baishi , Shen Danyu , Dou Daolong
Published: May 2023

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a critical disease that results in severe postharvest losses for the apple industry. In recent years, biological control has become an increasingly effective approach for controlling postharvest diseases in fruits. Brassica plants contain abundant natural compounds with known antimicrobial activity against numerous plant pathogens. In this study, a large-scale screening of 90 mustard cultivars was conducted to evaluate their biofumigation effects against B. cinerea. Among these, one mustard cultivar named Dilong-1, displayed the highest inhibitory effect against B. cinerea, and was able to completely inhibit mycelial growth. Further investigations showed that fumigation with Dilong-1 inhibited mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of B. cinerea in vitro. In addition, fumigation using Dilong-1 showed a wide antifungal spectrum, including other fruit postharvest pathogens such as Phytophthora litchii. Furthermore, apple gray mold disease severity was significantly reduced by biofumigation using Dilong-1. Importantly, fumigation with Dilong-1 did not negatively impact final apple qualities, including weight loss, firmness, and total soluble solids. These results suggested that Dilong-1 significantly inhibited gray mold decay caused by B. cinerea without affecting the quality of apple fruits. In conclusion, biological fumigation of apple fruits with the mustard cultivar Dilong-1 is a promising eco-friendly approach for controlling apple gray mold during storage and shipment.
Agronomic Biofortification and Yield of Beet Fertilization with Zinc
Authors: Costa Romualdo Medeiros Cortez , Grangeiro Leilson Costa , Gonçalves Francisco das Chagas , Santos Elizangela Cabral dos , Medeiros José Francismar de , Sá Francisco Vanies da Silva , Pereira Dalbert de Freitas , Carmo Luiz Henrique de Araujo , Souza Bruna de Paiva
Published: May 2023

Agronomic biofortification is a technique that helps reduce hidden hunger worldwide. Zinc (Zn) is important for human health and essential for plant development and growth. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the effects of fertilization with Zn on agronomic performance and the agronomic biofortification of beet. Two experiments were conducted at the Rafael Fernandes Experimental Farm, belonging to the Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid, in Mossoró-RN. Each experiment was designed in complete randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of Zn doses (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 kg ha−1). Zn fertilization did not affect the total and non-commercial yield of beet; however, the dose of 6.0 kg ha−1 of Zn promoted maximum commercial yield (20.34 t ha−1). At the maximum dose, higher Zn content was also observed in the nutritional status diagnosis leaf and higher Zn accumulation was found in the leaf, tuberous root, and throughout the plant. There was also an effect on postharvest variables. There was only tuberous root biofortification in 2021. The recommended dose in beet cultivation is 6.0 kg ha−1 of Zn.
3D Reconstruction of the Blood Supply in an Elephant’s Forefoot Using Fused CT and MRI Sequences
Authors: Petneházy Örs , Rück Shannon , Sós Endre , Reinitz László Z.
Published: May 2023

Being the largest still-living terrestrial mammal on earth, an elephant’s feet play an important role in its health status. The musculoskeletal structures in the forefoot are well described in the literature, but information about vascularization is limited. The novel aim of this work is to provide anatomical guidance to structures found in the forefoot, focusing on the arterial system. Initially, native CT and MRI sequences were taken of the left forefoot of a deceased 6-year-old female Asian elephant; the foot was then filled with an iodine-containing contrast medium through the a. mediana and the CT scans were repeated in the same position. The images obtained were processed with 3D Slicer software for the 3D reconstruction of the bones and arteries. The results clearly showed the palmar blood supply of the forefoot. A so far undescribed vessel was revealed, stemming from the a. metacarpea, supplying the first digit and the digital cushion. The course of the deep palmar arch’s terminal section was also established. This paper provides the first description of the exact disposition of the arteries in the palmar aspect of an elephant’s forefoot and may be used in planning surgeries in clinically affected animals.
One Health Approach: Invasive California Kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae) as an Important Source of Antimicrobial Drug-Resistant Salmonella Clones on Gran Canaria Island
Authors: Santana-Hernández Kevin M. , Rodríguez-Ponce Eligia , Medina Inmaculada Rosario , Acosta-Hernández Begoña , Priestnall Simon L. , Vega Santiago , Marin Clara , Cerdà-Cuéllar Marta , Marco-Fuertes Ana , Ayats Teresa , García Beltrán Teresa , Lupiola-Gómez Pablo A.
Published: May 2023

The increase in the reptile population has led to a rise in the number of zoonotic infections due to close contact with reptiles, with reptile-associated salmonellosis being particularly relevant. California kingsnake invasion not only threatens the endemic reptile population of the island of Gran Canaria (Spain) but also poses serious public health problems by spreading zoonotic pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to the environment. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the occurrence, genetic diversity, and AMR among Salmonella spp. strains isolated from California kingsnakes in Gran Canaria Island (Spain). Of 73 invasive individuals captured, 20.5% carried Salmonella spp., belonging to different subspecies and serovars, with subsp. salamae as the most abundant. Pulsed-field electrophoresis showed high genetic diversity among subsp. salamae isolates, and among these, 73.3% showed resistance to at least one of the antimicrobials tested. In conclusion, the present study revealed the importance of wild invasive California kingsnakes as reservoirs of drug-resistant Salmonella spp. that could pose a direct threat to livestock and humans. Identification of drug-resistant Salmonella strains in wildlife provides valuable information on potential routes of transmission that involve risks to public and animal health.
Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Levamisole Hydrochloride against Microcotyle sebastis in Korean Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii): An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach
Authors: Woo Won-Sik , Kang Gyoungsik , Kim Kyung-Ho , Son Ha-Jeong , Sohn Min-Young , Lee Ji-Hoon , Seo Jung-Soo , Kwon Mun-Gyeong , Park Chan-Il
Published: May 2023

Parasitic infections pose significant challenges in aquaculture, and the increasing resistance to conventional anthelmintics necessitates the exploration of alternative treatments. Levamisole hydrochloride (HCl) has demonstrated efficacy against monogenean infections in various fish species; however, research focused on Microcotyle sebastis infections in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of levamisole HCl against M. sebastis infections in Korean rockfish with the goal of optimizing anthelmintic usage in aquaculture. In this study, we first assessed the susceptibility of M. sebastis to levamisole HCl in vitro. Subsequently, in vivo evaluations were conducted to assess the drug’s efficacy, safety, and to identify optimal administration methods. In vitro experiments revealed concentration-dependent sensitivity of M. sebastis to levamisole HCl, with a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 100 mg/L. In vivo experiments employed oral administration, intraperitoneal injection, and immersion treatments based on the MEC. Oral administration proved to be a safe method, yielding efficacy rates of 27.3% and 41.6% for 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses, respectively, in contrast to the immersion and injection methods, which induced symptoms of abnormal swimming, vomiting, and death. Biochemical analyses conducted to assess the safety of levamisole HCl revealed a transient, statistically significant elevation in the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) on day three post-administration at 20 °C. Following this, no substantial differences were observed. However, at 13 °C, the enzyme levels remained relatively consistent, emphasizing the role of water temperature conditions in influencing the action of levamisole HCl. Our research findings substantiate the efficacy of levamisole HCl against M. sebastis in Korean rockfish, underscoring its potential for safe oral administration. These results provide valuable insights for developing parasite control strategies involving levamisole HCl in Korean rockfish populations while minimizing adverse impacts on fish health and the environment. However, this study bears limitations due to its controlled setting and narrow focus. Future research should expand on these findings by testing levamisole HCl in diverse environments, exploring different administration protocols, and examining wider temperature ranges.
Meta-Analysis on the Prevalence of Failed Transfer of Passive Immunity in Calves from Pasture-Based Dairy Farms in Australasia
Authors: Van Thien , Hue Do , Bottema Cynthia , Werid Gebremeskel , Skirving Rebel , Petrovski Kiro
Published: May 2023

Monitoring and minimizing the prevalence of failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in dairy replacement calves within the first week of life is crucial for calf health and farm profitability. In this study, a systematic literature search and meta-analysis were conducted on papers reporting the prevalence of FTPI in calves from pasture-based dairy farms in Australia and New Zealand. Two search methods, a “traditional method” and a “search engine method”, were conducted to identify published studies on FTPI in Australia and New Zealand. Data from a total of 13,430 calves from eight studies in Australasia were included in the analysis for FTPI within 8 days of birth. The meta-analysis revealed that the average prevalence of FTPI was 33% across the two countries, with the lowest FTPI (9%) in Western Australia and the highest FTPI (59%) in New Zealand. Using farm data from three studies, the average prevalence of FTPI at the farm level in Australasia was 38%, with the lowest prevalence found in a farm in South Australia (6%). In conclusion, the meta-analysis confirmed the need for good management of cows and newborn calves after birth in pasture-based systems to reduce FTPI in calves. Collecting newborn calves from pasture at least twice per day after birth and providing colostrum of sufficient quantity and quality as soon as possible were the best practices for preventing FTPI in Australasian dairy systems.