bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decadal‐scale impacts of changing mangrove extent on hydrodynamics and sediment transport in a quiescent, mesotidal estuary
Authors: Glover Hannah E. , Stokes Debra J. , Ogston Andrea S. , Bryan Karin R. , Pilditch Conrad A.
Published: January 2022

Mangroves are often considered integral engineers of morphologic evolution, but mangroves can also opportunistically respond to morphologic change created by abiotic sedimentary processes. Consequently, predicting the response of individual estuarine environments to changes in mangrove extent is challenging. Here, the impact of mangrove extent was explored using in‐situ observations and numerical modeling of the quiescent Waikaraka Estuary in Tauranga Harbor, Aotearoa, New Zealand. Mangrove coverage expanded in the estuary from 1940 until a removal program began in 2005 with the goal of reducing fine sediment and restoring bivalve habitat. In June 2019 water velocity, turbidity, wave height, and bed‐sediment grain size were measured at multiple sites to identify how sediment dynamics in the estuary were responding to removal. Flow in the predominantly sandy lower estuary was ebb dominant, resulting in net sediment export, while flow in the muddy upper estuary was weakly flood dominant, resulting in sediment import and retention. Therefore, fine sediment is unlikely to be flushed out of quiescent estuaries after mangrove removal. A Delft3D numerical model calibrated with in‐situ data showed that tidal asymmetry, velocity skew, and peak ebb‐tide shear stress were not significantly altered by varying the mangrove extent between the 2005 maximum coverage and complete removal. Mangroves did not significantly impact flow in this system; instead, the hydrodynamics and net sediment transport were controlled by tidal interactions with bathymetry. In model runs with mangroves covering all tidal flats, the water velocity on the intertidal flats decreased while the peak ebb‐tide velocity in the main channel increased, indicating that the potential for fine‐sediment export may actually decrease with mangrove removal. These results emphasize the role of mangroves as opportunistic colonizers, not engineers, and highlight the importance of considering site specific parameters when planning mangrove removals.
Initial morphological responses of coastal beaches to a mega offshore artificial island
Authors: Liu Gen , Qi Hongshuai , Cai Feng , Zhu Jun , Zhao Shaohua , Liu Jianhui , Lei Gang , Cao Chao , He Yanyu , Xiao Zheyu
Published: January 2022

Mega offshore artificial islands (MOAIs) can lead to large‐scale and significant coastal responses, which have been poorly documented. In this study, coastal changes of an 8 km‐long beach along Haikou Bay, China, were analysed to advance the understanding of the potential morphological responses to a MOAI with a diameter of 2.3 km. Field surveys of beach profiles and shorelines in different years were used to reveal the initial coastal changes after the construction of the MOAI. The results showed that the beach in the leeside of the MOAI accreted seaward, whereas the adjacent beaches retreated, which was revealed to be closely related to the alteration in longshore sediment transport patterns induced by the presence of the MOAI. As predicted by empirical equations, a large salient (hundreds of metres of amplitude) rather than a tombolo would be formed on the leeside of the MOAI if there is sufficient sediment supply. From the initial morphological observation, it was indicated that the final total beach length affected by this MOAI will be larger than 6200 m. However, based on predictive equations derived from small‐scale offshore obstacles (SCOOs), this value was less than 6200 m. It is likely that the geometric properties induced by MOAIs may not be estimated by these empirical equations derived from SCOOs. Moreover, a great difference in salient equilibrium time was highlighted between them. The timescale of salient equilibrium for this MOAI was likely on an order of hundred years of magnitude, while that for SCOOs were generally less than 10 years, which was related to the water depth of the obstacle position. This study provides new insights into the differences in coastal change between the MOAI and SCOOs and will help local governments adopt appropriate coastal sediment management strategies from a regional scale and a longer timescale in the face of increasing human activities.
Astrocyte‐targeting RNA interference against mutated superoxide dismutase 1 induces motoneuron plasticity and protects fast‐fatigable motor units in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Rochat Cylia , Bernard‐Marissal Nathalie , Källstig Emma , Pradervand Sylvain , Perrin Florence E. , Aebischer Patrick , Raoul Cédric , Schneider Bernard L.
Published: January 2022

In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) caused by SOD1 gene mutations, both cell‐autonomous and noncell‐autonomous mechanisms lead to the selective degeneration of motoneurons (MN). Here, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of gene therapy targeting mutated SOD1 in mature astrocytes using mice expressing the mutated SOD1G93A protein. An AAV‐gfaABC1D vector encoding an artificial microRNA is used to deliver RNA interference against mutated SOD1 selectively in astrocytes. The treatment leads to the progressive rescue of neuromuscular junction occupancy, to the recovery of the compound muscle action potential in the gastrocnemius muscle, and significantly improves neuromuscular function. In the spinal cord, gene therapy targeting astrocytes protects a small pool of the most vulnerable fast‐fatigable MN until disease end stage. In the gastrocnemius muscle of the treated SOD1G93A mice, the fast‐twitch type IIB muscle fibers are preserved from atrophy. Axon collateral sprouting is observed together with muscle fiber type grouping indicative of denervation/reinnervation events. The transcriptome profiling of spinal cord MN shows changes in the expression levels of factors regulating the dynamics of microtubules. Gene therapy delivering RNA interference against mutated SOD1 in astrocytes protects fast‐fatigable motor units and thereby improves neuromuscular function in ALS mice.
Healing the degradable organic–inorganic heterointerface for highly efficient and stable organic solar cells
Authors: Tao Yangdan , Liu Haoran , Wang Di , Zhao Feng , Chen Zeng , Zhu Haiming , Chen Hongzheng , Li Chang‐Zhi
Published: January 2022

The heterointerface between the contacted organic and inorganic semiconductors critically affects the charge extraction, hence overall performance of organic optoelectronics, especially for organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, we develop an effective interfacial strategy that simultaneously boosts the chemical, electric, and electronic properties of the organic–inorganic heterointerface of the derived OSCs, through implanting conjugated molecules as self‐assemble monolayers (SAMs) to metal oxide nanoparticles (MO NPs). As results, SAM passivated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as electron transport layers (ETLs) not only enable the best performed OSCs containing MO ETLs, but also exhibit the most desirable thickness insensitive features (up to 300 nm). In addition, SAM‐ZnO ETLs help also substantially improving the photostability of the derived OSCs. Overall, this work can be beneficial to the further development of high‐performance and cost‐effective OSCs.

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Facilitating the emergence of intraverbal tacts in children with autism spectrum disorder: A preliminary analysis
Authors: Rodriguez Nicole M. , Aragon Michael A. , McKeown Ciobha A. , Glodowski Kathryn R.
Published: January 2022

Intraverbal tacts are an example of multiply controlled verbal behavior. More specifically, they are verbal responses under control of both a nonverbal (visual) stimulus (e.g., a green ball) and a verbal (auditory) stimulus (e.g., “What color?” vs. “What shape?”). Studies have shown that verbal behavior training can be arranged in a way that would lead to the emergence of other verbal operants, including multiply controlled (convergent) intraverbals. Our study sought to evaluate the relevance of a specific set of component skills on the emergence of intraverbal tacts in children with an autism spectrum disorder. Intraverbal tacts were observed only when all component skills were mastered, suggesting that this set of skills was sufficient to produce emergent verbal performance. Preliminary data were obtained on the necessity of 4 of the 6 component skills and tentatively suggest that they may be necessary to produce emergent intraverbal tacts, at least under some conditions.
Silencing of circCDC14A prevents cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury via miR‐23a‐3p/CXCL12 axis
Authors: Huo Huiyi , Hu Chao , Lu Yongxue , Zhou Jinyu , Mai Zhiguang
Published: January 2022

Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have received extensive attention in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Here, we evaluated the role of circCDC14A in cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion (CI/R) injury in vivo and in vitro. The expression of circCDC14A was significantly upregulated in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)‐treated HT22 cells. Knockdown of circCDC14A suppressed the cell viability reduction caused by OGD/R, as well as cell damage and apoptosis. Mechanistically, circCDC14A acted as a sponge for miR‐23a‐3p and promoted the expression of chemokine stromal‐derived factor‐1 (CXCL12) by negatively regulating miR‐23a‐3p. Rescue experiments further confirmed that miR‐23a‐3p inhibitor or circCDC14A‐overexpression vectors blocked the beneficial effects of circCDC14A knockdown in OGD/R‐induced HT22 cells. Moreover, knockdown of circCDC14A suppressed MCAO‐induced cerebral infarction and neurological damage, as well as the brain tissue damage and neuronal apoptosis in vivo. Consistently, miR‐23a‐3p antagomir treatment abolished the cerebral protective effects of circCDC14A knockdown on MCAO mice. In conclusion, circCDC14A promoted CI/R injury by regulating the miR‐23a‐3p/CXCL12 axis, which suggested that circCDC14A may become a potential therapeutic target for CI/R injury.
Characterization of Talaromyces islandicus–mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antibacterial and anticancer potential
Authors: Kamradgi Sangeeta , Babanagare Shankaravva , Gunagambhire Vidyasagar
Published: January 2022

The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been reported to possess several therapeutic applications. Silver is one of the important metals known for its bioactive properties not only as macromolecule but also as nanoparticle (NP). The current research focused on the eco‐friendly synthesis of Talaromyces islandicus VSGF1(Lab code) –mediated AgNPs. The aqueous culture filtrate of T. islandicus VSGF1 was used as a reducing agent. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by observing the color change from colorless to colloidal earthy‐colored and a sharp absorption peak of ultraviolet–visible (UV‐vis) spectroscopy at 400 nm. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the involvement of various functional groups for the formation and stabilization of AgNPs. The structure, size, and shape of mycosynthesized AgNPs were identified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The XRD analysis exhibited crystalline nature of NPs whereas AFM analysis revealed the spherical shape of AgNP with average size range between 13 and 66 nm. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs (50 μg/ml) investigated against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria revealed maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) against drug‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis MTCC439 (18.66 ± 0.57 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC96 (16 ± 0 mm) followed by Staphylococcus aureus MTCC96 (15.33 ± 0.57 mm), Bacillus subtilis MTCC441 (14.66 ± 0.57 mm), and Escherichia coli MTCC45 (14.66 ± 0.57 mm). Further, the AgNPs evaluated for antitumor activity against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line exhibited promising result with half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value at 38.17 μg/ml concentration through MTT (methylthiazolyl tetrazolium assay) assay. Apparently, this is the first report from T. islandicus to the best of our knowledge.
Novel putative pathogenic viruses identified in pangolins by mining metagenomic data
Authors: Ning Songyi , Dai Ziyuan , Zhao Chunyan , Feng Zhanghao , Jin Kexin , Yang Shixing , Shen Quan , Wang Xiaochun , Sun Runfeng , Zhang Wen
Published: January 2022

The pangolin is the only scaly mammal in the world and also an important reservoir of pathogenic viruses. Habitat loss and poaching have been shrinking the survival range of pangolins. More information on pangolin virus populations is needed to better understand and assess potential disease risks. In this study, viral metagenomic data were used to reinvestigate the virome in pangolin lung tissue. Complete genome sequences of two novel anelloviruses were acquired and clustered with the referenced feline strains belonging to genus Tettorquevirus and genus Etatorquevirus, respectively. Two genomes belonging to the genus Gemykibivirus, and species Bat‐associated cyclovirus 9 were detected, respectively. One genome with a large contig belonging to the genus Senecavirus were also characterized, according to phylogenetic analysis, which can be presumed to be a novel species. In addition, a full genome of endogenous retroviruse (ERV) was assembled from the lungs of pangolin, and this virus may have the possibility of cross‐species transmission during the evolution. This virological investigation has increased our understanding of the virome carried by pangolins and provided a reference baseline for possible zoonotic infectious diseases in the future.
Chitosan/Gelatin Composite Nonwoven Fabric Scaffold Seeding Minimal Function Unit of Skin for Functional Skin Regeneration
Authors: Chang Peng , Zhang Wenchang , Wu Mi , Zou Rufei , Song Xiaoqiang , Sun Qian , Gao Junqing , Zhao Yan , Liu Yunhui
Published: January 2022

The construction of intact functional skin is a challenging field in tissue engineering. Traditional skin tissue engineering, using “seed cells” as a bioactive source for scaffolding materials maybe not efficient enough. Here a new strategy is shown for constructing functional tissue‐engineered skin with Minimal Functional Unit of Skin (MFUS) as the source of bioactivity. Chitosan/gelatin non‐woven fabric is used as the scaffold. MFUS is derived from autologous skin with full‐thickness skin microstructure and complete functional skin unit harvesting. A mathematical model is used to calculate the MFUS Minimal Harvest Diameter and Angle (MHDA). Chitosan/gelatin non‐woven fabric (CS+GEL) is porous and absorbable, with an elastic modulus meeting the requirement of skin engineering. It supports layered and 3D growth of MFUS. The degradation rate of chitosan, including filament diameter and density is evaluated in vivo. MFUS‐engineered skin could reduce the density of local nerve fibers in the early stage, potentially reducing pain during wound healing, as well as could limit excessive fibroblast cell migration in the later stage, potentially reducing scar formation. This study proposes a new strategy for the clinical treatment of large full‐thickness skin defects by constructing intact functional at minimal cost.
Sunlight Induced Polymerization Photoinitiated by Novel Push–Pull Dyes: Indane‐1,3‐Dione, 1H‐Cyclopenta[b]Naphthalene‐1,3(2H)‐Dione and 4‐Dimethoxyphenyl‐1‐Allylidene Derivatives
Authors: Sun Ke , Pigot Corentin , Zhang Yijun , Borjigin Timur , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Graff Bernadette , Nechab Malek , Xiao Pu , Dumur Frédéric , Lalevée Jacques
Published: January 2022

The free radical polymerization of acrylates photo‐initiated by push–pull dye‐based photoinitiating systems (PISs) is widely investigated in previous works. As a supplementary investigation on push–pull dyes, here in this article, 25 push–pull structures comprising electron acceptors derived from indane‐1,3‐dione and 1H‐cyclopenta[b]naphthalene‐1,3(2H)‐dione (series 1) and 4‐dimethoxyphenyl‐1‐allylidene moieties (series 2) and various electron donors are synthesized and examined as innovative structures for photoinitiation. Among the two series of dyes examined in this work and by monitoring the polymerization processes by RT‐FTIR measurements, four dyes are determined as exhibiting excellent photoinitiation performances and these dyes are selected to perform further studies concerning the chemical mechanisms occurring inside the three‐component PISs, for example, steady state photolysis, fluorescence quenching measurements, and cyclic voltammetry. Markedly, their reactivity is also proved by photoinitiation performance upon sunlight. These results prompt us to develop high performance push–pull dyes as photosensitizers and sunlight can be used as a mild and ecofriendly light source, which can advantageously replace LEDs for the free radical photopolymerization in the future. Finally, the formation of 3D patterns with an excellent gradient of resolution is successfully achieved by the direct laser write (DLW) with/without silica fillers.
Implementation of cyclic olefin copolymer‐based microwave circuit and the performance comparison
Authors: Li Hongping , Chen Haidong , Chen Huibing , Yan Mengzhu , Xue Quan , Che Wenquan
Published: January 2022

The fabrication process of an advanced transparent cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)‐based laminate is introduced, along with the laser cutting technology for circuit pattern. Then, a three‐way Gysel divider with an equal power‐dividing ratio is reviewed, designed and measured, based on the proposed COC‐based laminate. The measured results are compared to those from a similar three‐way Gysel divider based on traditional RT/duroid 5880 laminate, from which we can see that COC‐based laminate has the advantage of lower loss, with other advantages such as low cost, easy realization, high‐precision, and even the transparency. This laminate can be an excellent candidate for a substrate at microwave or millimeter‐wave circuits.
Effects of colchicine on lipolysis and adipose tissue inflammation in adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Levine Jordan A. , Sarrafan‐Chaharsoughi Zahra , Patel Tushar P. , Brady Sheila M. , Chivukula K. Karthik , Miller Emily , Han Jung Min , Periwal Vipul , Wolska Anna , Remaley Alan T. , Dagur Pradeep K. , Biancotto Angelique , Babyak Ashley , Fantoni Giovanna , Yanovski Jack A. , Demidowich Andrew P.
Published: January 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine whether colchicine’s anti‐inflammatory effects would improve measures of lipolysis and distribution of leukocyte populations in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT).

Methods

A secondary analysis was conducted for a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled pilot study in which 40 adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were randomized to colchicine 0.6 mg or placebo twice daily for 3 months. Non‐insulin‐suppressible (l0), insulin‐suppressible (l2), and maximal (l0+l2) lipolysis rates were calculated by minimal model analysis. Body composition was determined by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. SAT leukocyte populations were characterized by flow cytometry analysis from biopsied samples obtained before and after the intervention.

Results

Colchicine treatment significantly decreased l2 and l0+l2 versus placebo (p < 0.05). These changes were associated with a significant reduction in markers of systemic inflammation, including high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, resistin, and circulating monocytes and neutrophils (p < 0.01). Colchicine did not significantly alter SAT leukocyte population distributions (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

In adults with obesity and MetS, colchicine appears to improve insulin regulation of lipolysis and reduce markers of systemic inflammation independent of an effect on local leukocyte distributions in SAT. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which colchicine affects adipose tissue metabolic pathways in adults with obesity and MetS.
Progressive mean as a special case of exponentially weighted moving average: Discussion
Authors: Abbas Nasir , Riaz Muhammad
Published: January 2022

Abbas1 showed mathematically that progressive mean statistic can be viewed as exponentially weighted moving average statistic with varying sensitivity parameter. A recently published study claims to invalidate the result using the justification that the variance of progressive mean (PM) statistic is different from the variance of exponentially weighted moving average statistic. This study reiterates and extends the initial result established by Abbas1 and proves mathematically that not only the statistics but also the sampling variance of PM becomes a special case of exponentially weighted moving average with varying sensitivity parameter. Moreover, the study discusses that the performance of PM chart declines for steady state process and how it can be recovered by combining it with Shewhart chart.
Screening apo‐SOD1 conformation stabilizers from natural flavanones using native ion mobility mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy methods
Authors: Zhao Bing , Bian Xinyu , Zhuang Xiaoyu , Liu Shu , Liu Zhiqiang , Song Fengrui
Published: January 2022

Rationale

A large number of studies have shown that the production of aberrant and deleterious copper zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) species is closely related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, it is of great significance to screen effective inhibitors of misfolding and aggregation of SOD1 for treating ALS disease.

Methods

The interaction between flavanone compounds with apo‐SOD1was investigated using native electrospray ion mobility mass spectrometry (native ESI‐IM‐MS). Binding affinities of ligands were compared using native MS, ESI‐MS/MS, collision‐induced unfolding, and competitive experiments. The effect of ligands on apo‐SOD1 aggregation was investigated using the fluorescence spectroscopy method.

Results

The results of MS showed that the binding affinity of liquiritin apioside was the strongest, better than the corresponding monosaccharide and aglycone, indicating that the presence and the number of glycosyl group are beneficial to enhance ligand affinity to protein. The results of fluorescence spectroscopy for inhibiting protein aggregation in vitro were consistent with the binding affinity. In addition, the results of the collision‐induced unfolding indicated that liquiritin apioside can slow down the unfolding of the protein. Meanwhile, the results of competition experiment suggested that liquiritin apiosides share different binding sites with naringin and 5‐fluorouridine, which are significant for the structural stability of SOD1.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the binding of liquiritin apioside can stabilize apo‐SOD1 dimer and inhibit the aggregation of apo‐SOD1, and illustrated that native ESI‐IM‐MS is a powerful tool for providing insight into investigating the structure–activity relationship between small molecules and protein, and screening protein conformation stabilizers.
Three‐wise independent random walks can be slightly unbounded
Authors: Narayanan Shyam
Published: January 2022

Recently, many streaming algorithms have utilized generalizations of the fact that the expected maximum distance of any 4‐wise independent random walk on a line over n steps is . In this paper, we show that 4‐wise independence is required for all of these algorithms, by constructing a 3‐wise independent random walk with expected maximum distance from the origin. We prove that this bound is tight for the first and second moment, and also extract a surprising matrix inequality from these results. Next, we consider a generalization where the steps are k‐wise independent random variables with bounded pth moments. We highlight the case : here, we prove that the second moment of the furthest distance traveled is . This implies an asymptotically stronger statement than Kolmogorov's maximal inequality that requires only 4‐wise independent random variables, and generalizes a recent result of Błasiok.
Multilevel optimal distinctiveness: Examining the impact of within‐ and between‐organization distinctiveness of product design on market performance
Authors: Bu Juan , Zhao Eric Yanfei , Li Krista J. , Li Joanna Mingxuan
Published: January 2022

Research Summary

This research develops a multilevel framework to study optimal distinctiveness (OD) at two levels. We distinguish between within‐organization distinctiveness and between‐organization distinctiveness of product design and examine how they independently and interactively influence performance. Analyzing a unique data set of 2,203 model‐year observations for automobiles sold in the U.S. market from 2001 to 2016, we found that while within‐organization distinctiveness of product design hurts market performance, between‐organization distinctiveness of product design increases market performance. Moreover, when between‐organization distinctiveness of product design is high, the negative impact of within‐organization distinctiveness of product design on performance is weakened. These findings contribute to OD research by improving the understanding of OD as a multilevel construct and elaborating on its contextual contingency.

Managerial Summary

How should multiproduct organizations design their products to achieve better performance? This article provides a multilevel perspective that encourages managers of multiproduct organizations to consider different frames of references when designing products. We suggest that a product's design should be consistent with the prototypical design of its organization, whereas the prototypical design of this organization should be different from the average design in the industry. We also found that an atypical design is more desirable if it is from an organization known for distinctive designs in its industry. Our findings help managers of multiproduct organizations achieve the optimal levels of design distinctiveness at both the product and organizational levels.
Diagnosis and therapy of polypoid tracheobronchitis presenting as a mass in a dog
Authors: del Solar Raquel , Blasi Carles , Anselmi Carlo , Martínez Jorge , Castro Jorge
Published: January 2022

A 9‐year‐old Maltese dog was presented with a history of chronic cough. On the radiographic and CT studies a long smoothly marginated tracheal mass with bilateral bronchial extension was detected. These findings were confirmed by bronchoscopy and dynamic grade II tracheal collapse was also observed. Biopsies were performed and histopathology revealed marked polypoid proliferation of the tracheal mucosa with intense lymphoplasmacytic and macrophagic infiltration consistent with polypoid tracheobronchitis. Prednisone was started but due to the absence of a complete response, cyclosporine was added. Six weeks later the cough had resolved, and the mass was not visible at radiographic follow‐up. Prednisone was discontinued without recurrence, but when cyclosporine was tapered, the mass and clinical signs reappeared. Three years later the patient was still on treatment with cyclosporine, without clinical signs and no evidence of the mass was observed at the follow‐up CT scan.
Lung perforation caused by suture ends as a complication of lung lobectomy in a dog
Authors: Demars Claire , Minier Kévin , Boland Laetitia
Published: January 2022

A 7‐year‐old female bearded collie was presented with a 6‐month history of coughing. A thoracic and abdominal computed tomography examination revealed a large soft tissue mass within the right caudal and middle pulmonary lobes. A right caudal, middle and accessory lobe lung lobectomy was performed with a combination of manual sutures and staples. A persistent pneumothorax was observed during the 4 days following surgery, and surgical exploration was conducted. Two lung perforations in the cranial pulmonary lobe induced by the suture ends from the first procedure were detected. A right cranial lobectomy using a TA stapler was performed, resulting in a right total pneumonectomy. Seven months after the surgery, the dog was reported to be doing well with no recurrence of clinical signs. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report of a lung perforation caused by suture ends as a complication of lung lobectomy in a dog.
Possible cardiotoxicity associated with low‐dose doxorubicin during chemotherapy in a ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta) with multicentric lymphoma
Authors: Stringer Elizabeth , Thamm Douglas , Melendez Giselle , Han Sushan
Published: January 2022

This case report describes an 18‐year‐old, male, ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta) diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma and leukaemia treated with a modified 16‐week cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone protocol, using anaesthesia for the intravenous chemotherapy administration of vincristine and doxorubicin, in addition to daily oral prednisolone and monthly oral cyclophosphamide. This regimen was repeated four times and modified to a 3‐week protocol with removal of doxorubicin for one additional cycle. There was initial decrease in peripheral node diameter without change of leukaemia. The lemur tolerated treatments well, remaining socially active within the troop, with normal appetite and demeanour. The lemur gradually developed azotaemia and then declined rapidly in the fifth month after diagnosis, ultimately becoming hyporexic, losing weight, and was humanely euthanased. At postmortem examination, multicentric lymphoma was as noted clinically with severe myocardial degeneration and fibrosis that included histological features similar to doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, as described in humans and other species.
Staff perceptions of COVID‐19 impacts on wildlife conservation at a zoological institution
Authors: Fine Leah , Barnes Carolyn , Niedbalski Amy , Deem Sharon L.
Published: January 2022

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has impacted virtually all aspects of a global society. By using a transdisciplinary team and methodology, our study highlights the importance of utilizing a One Health approach to address global health and conservation challenges in tandem. We examined how conservation conducted by an accredited zoological institution was altered by the pandemic. In July 2020, we surveyed a select subset of Saint Louis Zoo employees to understand how these staff members perceived their conservation work to be affected during this time. Additionally, in November and December 2020, seven survey respondents were interviewed virtually for qualitative data. Our hypothesis was that lack of funding, reduced ability to travel, and shifting priorities among conservation professionals, as well as their respective institutions, would be significant barriers to conservation efforts. Our survey results revealed that the top three perceived challenges to conservation projects at the Saint Louis Zoo due to the COVID‐19 pandemic were lack of funding (83.9%), reductions in Zoo visitors (56.3%), and inability/lack of ability to access field sites and laboratories (55.2%). Respondents also indicated that the top three most important Zoo conservation activities before the COVID‐19 pandemic were (1) local/national/global wildlife management and recovery programs, (tie 2) caring for animals in the Zoo's collection, and (tie 2) genetic breeding programs. At least half of respondents indicated that the pandemic had significantly or slightly decreased the ability of staff to perform all three activities. Results supported our hypothesis that reduced funding, limited travel, and shifting priorities were challenges to zoological conservation at this institution. Although travel restrictions will likely persist, continual funding will be critical for maintaining conservation. Our results also indicate that reductions in Zoo visitors were another perceived barrier to conservation and that staff needed to find novel ways to connect with the public. Results from this study may help zoos and aquariums better understand the unique pandemic‐associated challenges that threaten conservation at their institutions and may be helpful in designing programs and projects in a post‐pandemic world.
Peer Review in Academia
Authors: Forsberg Eva , Geschwind Lars , Levander Sara , Wermke Wieland
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, we outline the notion of peer review and its relation to the autonomy of the academic profession and the contract between science and society. This is followed by an introduction of some key themes regarding the practices of peer review. Next, we specify some reasons to further explore different practices of peer review. Briefly, the state of the art is presented. Finally, the structure of this volume and its individual contributions are presented.
The Decision-Making Constraints and Processes of Grant Peer Review, and Their Effects on the Review Outcome
Authors: Langfeldt Liv
Published: January 2022

When distributing grants, research councils use peer expertise as a guarantee for supporting the best projects. However, there are no clear norms for assessments, and there may be a large variation in what criteria reviewers emphasize – and how they are emphasized. The determinants of peer review may therefore be accidental, in the sense that who reviews what research and how reviews are organized may determine outcomes. This chapter deals with how the review process affects the outcome of grant review. It is a reprint of a study of the multitude of review procedures practiced in The Research Council of Norway (RCN) in the 1990s. While it is outdated as an empirical study of the RCN, it provides some general insights into the dynamics of grant review panels and the effects of different ways of organising the decision-making in the panels. Notably, it is still one of the few in-depth studies of grant review processes based on direct observation of panel meetings and full access to applications and review documents. A central finding is that rating scales and budget restrictions are more important than review guidelines for the kind of criteria applied by the reviewers. The decision-making methods applied by the review panels when ranking proposals are found to have substantial effects on the outcome. Some ranking methods tend to support uncontroversial and safe projects, whereas other methods give better chances for scholarly pluralism and controversial research.
The Many Faces of Peer Review
Authors: Hansen Hanne Foss
Published: January 2022

In academia peer review is an essential and multifarious form of evaluation in relation to both research and educational activities. Further, peer review practices are continuously developing alongside institutional changes and reforms. This chapter sheds light on how peer review as an evaluation concept has developed over time and discusses which roles peer review play today. A typology distinguishing between classical peer review, informed and standards-based peer review, modified peer review and extended peer review is developed. A finding is that peer review today is found with all these faces. Further, peer review practices play many roles, including decision-making, rewarding, naming and shaming, learning and improvement as well as legitimating activities and leadership.
Your Brother’s Gatekeeper: How Effects of Evaluation Machineries in Research Are Sometimes Enhanced
Authors: Dahler-Larsen Peter
Published: January 2022

Many warnings are issued against the influence of evaluation machineries (such as bibliometric indicators) upon research practices. It is often argued that human judgment can function as a bulwark against constitutive effects of evaluation machineries. Using vignettes (small case narratives) related to the Danish Bibliometric Research Indicator (BRI), this chapter shows that gatekeepers who “know the future” and use this “knowledge” in a preemptive or precautionary way play a key role in the construction of reality which comes out of the BRI. By showing that human judgment sometimes enhances or multiplies the effects of evaluation machineries, this chapter contributes to an understanding of mechanisms which lead to constitutive effects of evaluation systems in research.
Autofiction and Film: Archival Practices in Post-millennial Documentary Cinema in Argentina and Spain
Authors: Forné Anna , López-Gay Patricia
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines three recent autofictional documentaries produced in Argentina and Spain—Albertina Carri’sCuatreros(Rustlers), Mercedes Álvarez’sMercado de futuros(Futures Market), and Víctor Erice’sVidros partidos(Broken Windows)—which share a distinctive “archival impulse.” These films propose a meaning in a specific political sense which we read in relation to the contexts of the Iberian financial crisis and the memories of political violence during the last dictatorship in Argentina. We address the autofictional strategies through which the filmmakers “re-stage” the archive by adopting an aesthetics of ambiguity that unsettles the modern paradigm of the archive as static evidence of a given reality, revolving instead around a conception of the archive as a self-reflective process that becomes the subject matter in its own right.
Autofiction and Self-Portraiture: Jenny Diski and Claude Cahun
Authors: Grant Ben
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that the contemporary British writer Jenny Diski and the Modernist French photographer and writer Claude Cahun are both literary self-portraitists, as this term is defined by Michel Beaujour. This is evident in their similar approaches to the themes of masquerade, narcissism, and naming. By reading Diski’s The Dream Mistress and Cahun’s Disavowals in the light of Julia Kristeva’s account of narcissism, as well as theories of autofiction and self-portraiture, the chapter further contends that self-portraiture arises from a distinct conception of the self, and of the psychological origins of artistic creativity. On this basis, it can be contrasted with autofiction, and autofiction and self-portraiture can then be seen to be related to each other as the two poles of contemporary life-writing.
Metanarrative Autofiction: Critical Engagement with Cultural Narrative Models
Authors: Meretoja Hanna
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines a new form of autofiction that has emerged in the twenty-first century, which the chapter proposes to callmetanarrative autofiction. Such writing displays awareness of how our ways of narrating our lives are socially, culturally, and historically conditioned. The chapter conceptualizes metanarrativity in this context as a form of self-reflexive storytelling that makes narrative its theme, reflecting not only on the process of its own narration but also on the roles of cultural narrative models in making sense of our lives. The chapter discusses affordances of metanarrative autofiction in Annie Ernaux’sLes Années(The Years) (2008), Karl Ove Knausgaard’sMin kamp(My Struggle) (2009–2011), and the Finnish singer-songwriter Astrid Swan’sViimeinen kirjani(2019,My Last Book).
Multilingual Autofiction: Mobilizing Language(s)?
Authors: Egendal Helle
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that in postmigrant literature published since the 1990s, a new mode has emerged that traverses different countries and cultures: multilingual autofiction. The chapter explores the aesthetic scope and political potential of this autofictional mode for the negotiation of an author’s multilingual identities, with reference to case studies from Germany, Sweden, and Denmark: Feridun Zaimoğlu’s Kanak Sprak: 24 Misstöne vom Rande der Gesellschaft (Kanak Sprak: 24 Discordant Notes from the Margin of Society) (1995) Jonas Hassen Khemiri’s Ett öga rött (One Eye Red) (2005), and Yahya Hassan’s YahyaHassan (2013). It investigates the ways in which the flexibility that autofictional strategies afford is mobilized in these texts to penetrate political discourses on migration, transculturality, and racism.
Visual Autofiction: A Strategy for Cultural Inclusion
Authors: Ferreira-Meyers Karen , Tau Bontle
Published: January 2022

Visual autofiction can be seen as a storytelling method used by contemporary visual artists to initiate cultural inclusion within a field that has historically favored Western narratives and excluded many others. This chapter, which builds on theoretical reflections on autofiction, contends that contemporary artists endeavor to be culturally included in broad, decolonized visual narratives, through the use of innovative visual autofictional methods to represent their experiences. In the case of South African visual artist Bontle Tau, autofiction is used as a strategy to construct a multiform and multifaceted photographic narrative that foregrounds the diversity of selves and stories, further supporting the overall aim of cultural inclusion within representations in the field.
Article 10: The Right to Family Reunification
Authors: Whalen Christian
Published: January 2022

Article 10 provides international human rights codification of basic principles that apply in related Hague Convention treaties regarding international travel by children or parents for the purpose of family reunification and visits to maintain relations and personal contact. This chapter looks at the drafting history of Article 10 and related international legal materials, as well as the general principles and related provisions of the UNCRC to outline the substantive content of Article 10. It sets out three main attributes of Article 10, from which indicators of child rights implementation can be derived. These are: (1) the need to treat requests to enter or leave a country for family reunification in a positive, humane, and expeditious manner; (2) ensuring that requests to leave or enter a country entail no adverse consequences for parents, children, or their families; and (3) maintaining relations and personal contacts with both parents if residing in separate states.
Article 11: The Right to Protection from Illicit Transfer and Non-return of Children Abroad
Authors: Vaghri Ziba , Kotze Gavin
Published: January 2022

‘When questioned about what the State should do, they consider “that today much time is lost in bureaucracies and that the process should be faster” and that for this “the state should apply more rules to change this.”’ (Western Europe/Other)
Article 26: The Right to Benefit from Social Security
Authors: Ruggiero Roberta
Published: January 2022

‘When deciding how much help and money is needed, governments should consider the particular situation of the child and family. Government should provide families with some support and money to help bring up their children. Some families will need more support and money than others. Everybody gets what they need rather than everybody gets the same.’(Asia-Pacific)
Article 27: The Right to a Standard of Living Adequate for Physical, Mental, Spiritual, Moral, and Social Development
Authors: Arkadas-Thibert Adem , Lansdown Gerison
Published: January 2022

‘Government should help provide housing and clothing facilities to the children that will help us realise our potentials.’(Africa)
Article 3: The Best Interest of the Child
Authors: Ruggiero Roberta
Published: January 2022

‘When parents make decisions or something related to their children, they should discuss with their children and make decisions based on best interests of their children.’ (Eastern Europe)
Article 32: The Right to Protection from Economic Exploitation and Hazardous Activities
Authors: Lansdown Gerison
Published: January 2022

‘Governments should advertise more about children rights as well as make regular check-ups on homes and workplaces to ensure children are not doing child labour or unfairly paid.’ (Latin America/Caribbean).
Article 36: The Right to Protection from Other Forms of Exploitation
Authors: Arkadas-Thibert Adem
Published: January 2022

‘There should be awareness raising and campaigns through different mediums such as radio, TV, newspapers, forums and blogging on trafficking, abductions, child labour, child marriage and all forms of violation and discrimination against children and youths.’ (Africa).
Article 22: The Right to Protection for Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Children
Authors: Whalen Christian
Published: January 2022

Article 22 guarantees the substantive application of all Convention rights to the particular situation of asylum seeking and refugee children, and also guarantees them protection and assistance in advancing their immigration and residency status claims and in overcoming the hurdles posed by international migration channels, including guarantees of due process. The rights of refugee and asylum-seeking children can be analyzed in relation to four essential attributes. First of all, Article 22 insists upon appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance. Refugee children are not granted a special status under the Convention, but they are not given any lesser status. They are to be treated as children first and foremost and not as migrants per se, in the sense that national immigration policy cannot trump child rights. The basic rights to education, health, and child welfare of these children needs to be protected to the same extent, and as much as possible, as children who are nationals of the host country. The second attribute preserves the rights of refugee children not only under the Convention but under all other international human right treaties and humanitarian instruments binding on the relevant States Party. These may include, for many governments, the 1951 Refugee Convention, the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Convention for the Protection of Minors, 1961, among others. A third attribute of Article 22 insists upon the duty to protect and assist refugee children. This entails a clear duty to provide children with appropriate due process rights throughout their asylum and refugee claims procedures, including the child’s right to be heard and participate in all the processes determining the child’s residence or immigration status, border admission, deportation, repatriation, detention, alternative measures, or placement, including best interest determination processes. The fourth and final attribute of Article 22 asserts that two basic principles should guide each activity with the refugee child: the best interests of the child and the principle of family unity.
Article 38: The Right to Protection from Armed Conflict
Authors: Lansdown Gerison
Published: January 2022

‘Children have to be educated on the dangers of armed conflict. A law has to be there that would protect children from participating in armed conflict.’(Africa).
Locality-Preserving Partial Least Squares Regression
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu
Published: January 2022

This chapter proposes another nonlinear PLS method, named as locality-preserving partial least squares (LPPLS), which embeds the nonlinear degenerative and structure-preserving properties of LPP into the PLS model. The core of LPPLS is to replace the role of PCA in PLS with LPP. When extracting the principal components of $$\boldsymbol{t}_i$$

t

i

and $$\boldsymbol{u}_i$$

u

i

, two conditions must satisfy: (1) $$\boldsymbol{t}_i$$

t

i

and $$\boldsymbol{u}_i$$

u

i

retain the most information about the local nonlinear structure of their respective data sets. (2) The correlation between $$\boldsymbol{t}_i$$

t

i

and $$\boldsymbol{u}_i$$

u

i

is the largest. Finally, a quality-related monitoring strategy is established based on LPPLS.
New Robust Projection to Latent Structure
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu
Published: January 2022

In many actual nonlinear systems, especially near the equilibrium point, linearity is the primary feature and nonlinearity is the secondary feature. For the system that deviates from the equilibrium point, the secondary nonlinearity or local structure feature can also be regarded as the small uncertainty part, just as the nonlinearity can be used to represent the uncertainty of a system (Wang et al. 2019). So this chapter also focuses on how to deal with the nonlinearity in PLS series method, but starts from an different view, i.e., robust PLS. Here the system nonlinearity is considered as uncertainty and a new robust $$\mathrm{L}_1$$

L
1

-PLS is proposed.