bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEW BURIAL AND RITUAL ASSEMBLAGES OF EARLY BRONZE AGE LOCATED NEAR THE COMPLEX OF KAMYANA MOHYLA
Authors: Makhortykh S. V. , Kotova N. S. , Dzhos V. S. , Radchenko S. B.
Published: April 2021

The paper presents the unique Early Bronze Age burial complex excavated during 2017 field season nearby the hill of Kamyana Mohyla in Zaporizhzhya region (South-Eastern Ukraine). The tomb located 200 m from the Kamyana Mohyla complex is obviously connected with the prehistoric processes of the region. The Structure-for-motion photorgammetric modeling of the tumuli was provided in addition to archaeological, anthropological and microscopc research. The model was studied to provide additional information on the details of the complex in general and its construction features. Moreover, it makes the unique object available for publishing and demonstration.
Paper presents burial and ritual complexes that show important data on the ritual worldview of the Early Bronze Age habitants of Ukrainian Steppe. The radiocarbon dating returned the timelap of 2831—2675 cal BC for the burial 2 and 2554—2478 cal BC for the ritual complex nearby. It means that the space around the Kamyana Mohyla was habitated by late Yamnaya culture population and used for the burial rituals and other sacral activities. The surface grave made of huge sandstone blocks, sometimes having a weight of approximately 700 kg is the first object of this kind in Ukrainian Steppe. Those graves that were excavated and studied here before, has been constructed inside the tumuli (i. e. kurgan). The stone used as a material for the construction was taken from the Hill of Kamyana Mohyla. This links the site with a number of previously excavated Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age burials in the closes Kamyana Mohyla surroundings. Complex shows traces of the Early Bronze Age rituals that took place in the Northwest Azov Sea region — the bull’s sacrifice and a vessel upturning. The pottery artifacts similar to those found in 2017 are known from the Late Yamnaya and Catacombnaya culture burials of the region. This is evident of the close rituals and beliefs of these cultures or of the Yamnaya component in the Catacombnaya rituals of the region. Same can be stated by the numerous features of the funeral rite.
DIET ISOTOPE ANALYSIS AND RELATED STUDIES IN PREHISTORIC UKRAINE: FACT, FICTION AND FANTASY
Authors: Lillie M. C. , Budd C. E.
Published: April 2021

The authors consider scientific studies of Ukrainian skeletal material across the Epipalaeolithic to Eneolithic periods and offer some observations in relation to the efficacy of studies undertaken by different researchers. Firstly, the authors summarize the results of their own research since the original research undertaken by Lillie in the early 1990s, and present period based overviews (fig. 1—3) which discuss the nature of the evidence, the fact that fish remains important across the periods studied. The data also highlights the fact that by the Eneolithic period different culture groups are following distinct subsistence strategies. This is obviously marked by western dietary pathways linked to the integration of agro-pastoralism (and associated to presumed Trypillia farming groups at Verteba Cave), and those of the eastern hunter-fisher-foragers in the Dnieper region at Igren VIII and Molukhov Bugor.
Interestingly the chronological separation between these two sites is also linked to dietary variability. At the earlier site of Igren VIII there is diet isotope evidence for a relatively heavy reliance on freshwater resources as ca. 4300—4000 cal BC, whilst at the latter site of Molukhov Bugor, at 3950—3700 cal BC, a reduction in the reliance on freshwater resources is in evidence. This is accompanied by evidence for a broader spectrum approach to the exploitation of the wild resources in and around the Dnieper Rapids region. Radiocarbon dating is shown to be affected by the FRE at the sites in and around the Dnieper system. This is clearly not the case at Verteba Cave because the freshwater reservoir effect is not associated with dietary pathways that place a reliance on terrestrial resources.
The authors discuss the dating (fig. 4—6) and mobility and dietary isotope studies that they undertook at this location and contextualize these by comparison to the work of other researchers. It is suggested that some issues occur in relation to the different research groups activities at Verteba Cave, and the fact that there is a clear need for a more considered approach to the data presented by these other groups is highlighted. It could be argued that a lack of detailed knowledge and collaboration occurs despite the fact that there are clear overlaps between research agendas. The authors conclude with a call for targeted multi-disciplinary analyses aimed at whole cemetery studies in order to further enhance our understanding of socio-economic and societal developments during the early to mid-Holocene in Ukraine.
MEDIEVAL POPULATION OF POLOTSK ACCORDING TO ANTHROPOLOGICAL DATA
Authors: Yemialyanchyk V. A.
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study was to analyze human skeletal remains from 13th—14th centuries burials discovered on the territory of the Lower Castle in Polotsk, Belarus. The article deals with the morphological characteristics of medieval urban population and skeletal stress indicators such as mortality and cribra orbitalia.
According to most craniological characteristics, a series of male skulls from Polotsk of the 13th—14th centuries is similar to a sample of the medieval rural population of Polotsk land from burial mounds of the 11th—13th centuries. The differences relate to an increase in the cranial index in the later Polotsk series, which reflects the onset of epoch-making brachycephalization. In addition, Polotsk urban population differs from the rural population in a number of features characterizing the structural features of the facial skeleton (a higher face, a larger index of facial protrusion, a smaller protrusion of the nose). These differences can be genetically determined and indicate the participation of the alien component in the formation of Polotsk medieval population.
The body length of adult men from Polotsk varies within 162—175 cm and averages 169.5 cm. The body length of adult women varies within 147—159 cm and averages 156 cm. Compared to the later Polotsk population of 17th—18th centuries, the medieval urban population was taller (2.5 cm in men and 2 cm in women).
The average age of adult death in the studied group was 35.1 years. The average age of death for Polotsk women was 3 years less than for men.
The group of Polotsk medieval population is characterized by relatively high frequencies of cribra orbitalia. Among adults, the indicator is present in 32.2 % of cases, among children — in 55.5 % of cases.
Compared with the rural population of the 11th—13th centuries urban population of Polotsk of the 13th—14th centuries had higher mortality rates and increased incidence of cribra orbitalia, which indicates deterioration in general health in Polotsk urban population. The most probable causes of this phenomenon were, on the one hand, negative factors of urbanization, and on the other hand, the cooling of the climate, which began in Europe in the 14th century and led to deterioration in the living conditions of a significant part of the region’s population.
NEW RESULTS OF DIRECT RADIOCARBON AMS DATING OF THE POTTERY FROM THE BUH-DNISTER SUB-NEOLITHIC СULTURE
Authors: Haskevych D. L. , Endo E. , Kunikita D.
Published: April 2021

Traditional ideas about the origin of the Buh-Dnister Culture (BDC) and its synchronisation with the Neolithic cultures of the Danube-Carpathian region were questioned by series of radiocarbon dates measured on bones at the Kyiv laboratory in the 1998—2004. To start addressing this problem, 11 AMS dates on organic inclusions in the ceramic paste and charred residues on the surface of vessels were obtained at the Tokyo University laboratory. The set of new dates has given a wide scatter of their values within the entire period outlined by the previous BDC dates. Moreover, the two results of the second quarter of the 7th millennium BC for the Hlynske 1 and Bazkiv Ostriv site are beyond it and may potentially be the oldest dates of the culture. However, analysis of the samples in terms of carbon content, their susceptibility to the influence of the freshwater reservoir effect, correspondence to the stratigraphy of the sites and typology of materials detected only six more credible dates. Their order on the timeline coincides with generally accepted ideas about the sequence of existence of the different BDC pottery types. The youngest is the vessel of the Savran type from Shumyliv-Cherniatka has yielded two dates falling into the range of 4723—4491 cal BC, when the Trypillia culture bearers already populat the region. Two vessels of the Samchyntsi type from Bazkiv Ostriv yield three dates within the range of 5288—4847 cal BC, which corresponds to their finding next to fragments of fine «music-note» bowls of the Linear Band Pottery Culture. The Skybyntsi type vessel from Bazkiv Ostriv yield the oldest plausible date of 5621—5514 cal BC, which corresponds to the age of the Criş monuments in Moldova. Unfortunately, the new dates did not shed light on the issues of the time and direction of the first pottery spreading in the region. Thus, this needs further research including reliably direct radiocarbon dating on pottery.
WESTERN GEORGIA AS A TRANSITIONAL ZONE IN MIGRATION OF THE PROTONEOLITHIC GROUPS TO EASTERN EUROPE
Authors: Manko V. O. , Chkhatarashvіlі G. L.
Published: April 2021

The issue of studying the global migration of the population of the Near and Middle East to the territory of Eastern Europe at the end of the Pleistocene and at the beginning of the Holocene is analyzed in the paper.
At the turn of Pleistocene-Holocene the stone industries with similar characteristics in Iran, Iraq, Georgia and Ukraine one can observe. These industries are called M’lefaatian, Kobuletian, Kukrekian. These industries were characterized by using the pressing technique to produce blades, bladelets and microblades; using bladelets with abrupt retouch to make complex bone arrowheads. At the very end of the Pleistocene, the migration of the M’lefaatian population began. The stone industry of the first wave of migrants was associated with elements of the Zarzian industry. In the future, waves of M’lefaatian migrants poured innovative technologies related to the production of stone vessels, grooved tools, pottery into the territory of Western Georgia and Ukraine. The most important role in the development of Eastern European culture was the change in the funeral rite at the Boreal-Atlantic border, when the funeral traditions of M’lefaatian fell into the territory of Ukraine. The migration process ends with the transition to the Neolithic and to farming in the second half of 7th thousand BC.
Analysis of the synchronous development of M’lefaatian, Kobuletian, Kukrekian allows us to conclude that the migration of the M’lefaatian population has been permanent in nature for 3—4 thousand years. Small population groups created a constant influx of population into the territory of Georgia and Ukraine. Some groups made shuttle migrations. All this created the conditions for a constant exchange of innovative technologies for the population of the Northern Black Sea Region and the Middle East. The result of this process was the transition of M’lefaatian migrants to a Neolithic lifestyle. The study of M’lefaatian migration creates the conditions for studying the patterns of transition to the Neolithic in the South Caucasus and Eastern Europe.
Forms of Participation of the Investigator and Interrogator in the Process of Proving during the Application of Preventive Measures at the Stage of Pre-Trial Investigation
Authors: KALINOVSKA Mariana
Published: April 2021

The article states that a systematic interpretation of the current CPC of Ukraine allows us to conclude that the subjects authorized to initiate the application of preventive measures at the stage of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings are the investigator, interrogator and prosecutor. Accordingly, a proposal was made that, in order to ensure a correct understanding and interpretation of the rules of criminal procedure legislation, it is necessary to make appropriate changes in Part 4 of Art. 176 of the CPC of Ukraine, providing for the coroner as a subject authorized to submit in agreement with the prosecutor a request for the application of a precautionary measure at the stage of pre-trial investigation. The article, based on a systematic analysis of the current criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine, identifies forms of participation of the investigator and interrogator in the process of proving during the application of preventive measures at the stage of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings, in particular: 1) drawing up petitions for the application of preventive measures and appealing to the prosecutor for their approval; 2) an appeal against the prosecutor's refusal to approve motions for the application of preventive measures. The analysis of the relevant forms of participation of the investigator and interrogator in the process of criminal procedural proving during the application of preventive measures has been made. It is established that the forms of participation of the investigator and the interrogator in the proving during the application of preventive measures at the stage of pre-trial investigation are the same, but the scope of powers within these forms is still different, in particular, the impossibility of the interrogator to initiate the application of certain preventive measures at the pre-trial stage. It is concluded that applying to the prosecutor for approval of requests for the application of preventive measures is an integral element and logical conclusion of the investigator and interrogator of such motions and a prerequisite for launching a mechanism for the application of preventive measures in criminal proceedings, because without the prosecutor's approval no important decision the investigator and interrogator at the stage of pre-trial investigation does not acquire legal force.
A History of Pensions in Ukraine
Authors: SHUMYLO Мykhailo
Published: April 2021

Starting with the early examples of legal regulation by positive laws, the history of pensions in Ukraine has been studied. It has been found that the history of pension regulation, along with theory, is an integral part of social security law since it illustrates the dynamics of legal norms, which in turn allows lawmakers to avoid errors and predict their consequences during law reforms. It has been proved that the history of social security law should cover not only pensions that were established in the territory of Dnieper and Sloboda Ukraine but also pension regulation in Western Ukraine. Taking into account the fragmentation of the Ukrainian lands in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, historical development stages of pensions in these territories have been classified into the following periods: (1) during the Russian Empire, which included Dnieper and Sloboda Ukraine; (2) during the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which included Eastern Galicia and Bukovina; (3) development of pensions in Western Ukraine that was part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period; (4) pensions during the Soviet period; (5) development of pensions during the modern period (from the declaration of independence of Ukraine to the present day). It has been found that pension regulation in Western Ukraine during the interwar period was one of the most advanced in Europe since it was significantly influenced by Prussian (Bismarck’s) social law. It has been concluded that one of the features of pension regulation during the Soviet period was its discrimination that evolved from non-payments of pensions to some class enemies (the White Guards and their families, the nobility, the clergy, etc.) to discrimination based on profession (workers and peasants). Also, it has been proved that for the first time in the history of social security the latter was used by the Soviet government as an instrument in order to restrain and punish its own citizens. Four development stages of pension regulation, which was established after 1991, have been distinguished. The history of pensions has been defined as part of the social security law doctrine.
A CONSTRUÇÃO DO CONCEITO DO DIREITO NA OBRA DE ROBERT ALEXY E SUA IMPORTÂNCIA NA FILOSOFIA CONTEMPORÂNEA
Authors: Serpa Paola Flores , Félix Ynes Da Silva
Published: April 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma visão geral acerca do conceito do direito desenvolvido na obra de Robert Alexy. Primeiramente, será apresentado o conceito do direito na filosofia jurídica, com a breve discussão da construção dessa definição ao longo da história, bem como a apresentação de diversas correntes, as quais auxiliaram na construção e embasamento nas teorias contemporâneas modernas do direito. Após, será analisado o conceito de direito apresentado por Alexy, suas principais críticas ao pensamento positivista e sua importância hodierna, no intuito de demonstrar a influência do seu pensamento na discussão acerca da relação do direito e da moral, e enfim chegar à conclusão de uma definição.
The Role Of Forish In Tourism In Uzbekistan
Authors:   Associate Professor, Candidate Of Historical Sciences, Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan, Mirkomilov Bakhtiyor , Raimov Sardor ,   Master, Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
Published: April 2021

The article focuses on tourism in Uzbekistan today, the role of Forish district, and the work being done in this direction. The nature, historical sites and tourist opportunities of Forish district will be discussed.
Participation And Cooperation Of Uzbekistan And Belarus In The United Nations
Authors:   Teacher, Namangan State University, Uzbekistan, Turabaevich Atakhanov Bakhtiyor
Published: April 2021

This article covers the history of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Belarus being one of the influential international organizations, joining the United Nations organization, its participation, support and participation in international projects under the auspices of the organization. The article also covers the relations between the countries of Uzbekistan and Belarus within the framework of the UN.
History Of Great Discoveries In Physics
Authors:   Doctor Of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor Of ", G’anievich Mahmudov Yusup ,   General Physics",   Termez State University, Uzbekistan
Published: April 2021

History of great discoveries in physics french scientist AA Beckerel, german physicist VK Rentgen, english physicist, founder of nuclear physics, polish scientists E. Rutherford, french physicists Maria and Pierre Curie, german scientist G. Schmut, Russian chemist D.I. Mendeleev, english physicist and chemist F. Simple, romanian chemist and physicist G.Heveshi, austrian radiochemist and chemist F.Panet, english physicist J.D.Cockroft, Irish physicist E.T.S. Walton, the english physicist-experimenter J. Chedwick, is directly and indirectly associated with the names of the italian scientist E. Fermi.
The Main Directions Of Solving The Main Problems Of Young Families In Modern Conditions
Authors:   Assistant Of Professor, National University Of Uzbekistan, E.X. Zaitov , J.A. Isaxonov ,   Master Student, National University Of Uzbekistan
Published: April 2021

This article highlights the issues of identifying and solving the main socio-economic problems of young families. Particular attention is paid to expanding the legislative and legal framework for the development of assistance to young families, as well as the need for a systematic approach to the issue of comprehensive support for young families
Clinical And Functional Effectiveness Of Endonasal Electrophoresis In Combination With Electrostimulation In Complex Therapy Of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy
Authors:   Head Of The Department Of Ophthalmology, Faculty Of Postgraduate Education Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Saidov Temur
Published: April 2021

The aim of the study was the clinical and functional assessment of the complex treatment of glaucomatous optic neuropathy with the administration of the drug tanakan in the form of endonasal electrophoresis in combination with electrical stimulation according to IST and ultrasound Doppler mapping. We examined 43 (74 eyes) patients with GON aged from 58 to 76 years. The results of the study showed that this method effectively delays the development of optic nerve atrophy and, along with the improvement of visual functions, lengthens the positive effect of the main treatment, which was confirmed by a significant improvement in hemodynamic parameters according to the ultrasound Doppler study.
Changes In Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Of Peripheral Blood And Tissue During Chemotherapy In Patients With Gastric Cancer
Authors:   PhD, Assistant Department Of Oncology, Pediatric Oncology, Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Khakimova Gulnoz Golibovna ,   Oncologist Of The Department Of Chemotherapy Of The Republican Specialized Scientific And Practical Medical Center Of Oncology And Radiology, Uzbekistan, Khakimov Golib Abdulloevich ,   Prof. M.D. Head Of The Department Of Oncology, Pediatric Oncology Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Director Of The Tashkent City Branch Of The Republican Specialized Scientific And Practical Medical Center Of Oncology And Radiology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Khakimova Shakhnoz Golibovna ,   PhD, Associate Professor Department Of Oncology, Pediatric Oncology, Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Khakimov Aziz Timurovich ,   Assistant Department Of Oncology, Pediatric Oncology, Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Almuradova Dilbar Muradovna
Published: April 2021

To study the state of systemic immunity and local immunity before and during chemotherapy in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. From 2017 to 2018 at the Tashkent city branch of the Republican specialized scientific and practical medical center of oncology and radiology 20 primary metastatic patients with gastric adenocarcinoma received chemotherapy. The sampling of biological material (peripheral blood, tumor tissue) was carried out twice (before treatment and during the first control examination, after 3 courses). The percentage of the degree of infiltration of tumor tissue by lymphocytes (CD45+CD14-TILs) was estimated by flow cytometry; T cells (CD3+CD19-TILs); B cells (CD3-CD19+TILs); NK cells (CD3-CD16+CD56+TILs); CD16 and CD8 effector cells and their cytotoxic potential (CTP) (CD16+Perforin+TILs; CD16CTPTILs), (CD8+Perforin+TILs; CD8CTPTILs); regulatory T cells - NKT cells (CD3+CD16+CD56+TILs), CD4 (CD4+CD25+CD127-TILs) and CD8 (CD8+CD11b-CD28-TILs) regulatory cells and these parameters of systemic results. The factor of a favorable prognosis for PFS in patients with metastatic gastric cancer in the peripheral blood was an increase in the number of CD8 + T-regulatory cells (5.1% - 12.1%, p = 0.019), and in tumor tissue - an increase in the perforin potential of effector CD16 cells (0.5% - 4.9%, p = 0.030) and their cytotoxic potential (13.2% - 55.7%, p = 0.011). When assessing the changes in the indices of local immunity during chemotherapy, it was noted a negative effect of an increase of T cells (22.0% - -9.7%, p = 0.012), NKT - cells (207.9% - -13.8%, p = 0.002) and CD4 + T-regulatory cells (190.7% - -25.2%, p = 0.002). In contrast, an increase in the level of effector CD16 cells during chemotherapy increases the likelihood of surviving PFS - 9 months (-69.5% - 9.1%, p = 0.013). Indicators of local and systemic immunity serve as additional prognostic factors for gastric cancer.
Comparative Characteristics Of The Morphological Parameters Of The Liver At Different Periods Of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors:   Bukhara Branch of Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Forensic Medical Expertise, Bukhara Patho-Anatomical Bureau, Uzbekistan, B. B Jumaev , U. N Klichev ,   Bukhara Branch of Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Forensic Medical Expertise, Bukhara Patho-Anatomical Bureau, Uzbekistan, F. M Pirboev ,   Bukhara Branch of Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Forensic Medical Expertise, Bukhara Patho-Anatomical Bureau, Uzbekistan
Published: April 2021

The research paper described morphological changes in the liver in traumatic brain injury. The study was conducted on 28 deceased patients, whose death occurred from various causes of traumatic brain injury, that is, traffic accidents, falls from a height and, less often, injuries caused by blunt hard objects. Under the influence of craniocerebral trauma, the deceased developed pathological processes in the liver tissue, plethora of the sinusoid of the hepatic lobule, fatty degeneration of hepatocytes, followed by edema.
Diseases Of The Oral Cavity
Authors:   Assistant Of The Department Of Pediatric Dentistry Shukurov Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Shukhratovich Shukurov Sherzod , Mahmadiyor Kizi Abdikodirova Bahora ,   Clinical Resident Of The Department Of Pediatric Dentistry, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan, Oybek Kizi Mavlonova Dilorom ,   Clinical Resident Of The Department Of Pediatric Dentistry Samarkand State Medical Institute Uzbekistan
Published: April 2021

Nowadays diseases related to oral cavity are very common among population. The following article aims at exploring the root causes and symptoms of a number of ailments of this type together with ways of treatment.
A ticking time bomb of future harm: Lockdown, child abuse and future violence
Authors: Ellis Anthony , Briggs Daniel , Lloyd Anthony , Telford Luke ,   Salford University, UK,   Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain,   Teesside University, UK,   Staffordshire University, UK
Published: April 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic and the implementation of national lockdowns has generated significant changes in the citizenry's material realities. Although the efficacy of lockdown is yet to be determined, emerging evidence points to a rise in unintended harms, such as increased child abuse and neglect. Indeed, reported incidences of child abuse in many countries across the world have increased as at-risk children are confined to their dwelling for significant periods of time with a violent perpetrator. Drawing on recently developed theories that indicate a mediated causal link between childhood trauma and a commitment to violent behaviour in later life, particularly in young men, this article claims lockdown may be an unintended ‘violence generating mechanism’ that might potentially manifest itself in increased violent outbursts in the future. First, the article briefly outlines how lockdowns have impacted upon societies. It then explores the statistical upsurge in child abuse and neglect, including afar as Croatia, South Africa, New Zealand, China, Uganda, Nepal and the United Kingdom. The paper closes with a discussion of the empirical evidence that demonstrates a link between childhood trauma and violence in later life, concluding that lockdowns may act as a ticking time bomb of future harm.
Abuse by the Powerful? Exploring the role of media narratives and political discourse in the immigration-crime nexus
Authors: Birch Phip ,   Charles Sturt University, Australia.
Published: April 2021

This paper considers the role of media narratives and political discourse in the immigration-crime nexus by exploring, as a case study, the recent experience of the South Sudanese community in Australia. Over recent years this cohort of relatively new arrivals have been subjected to a raft of negative media coverage and political commentary. This paper deliberates on the narrative of this African community group and their subsequent portrayal, and considers if it is both legitimate and accurate. At a time when many Australians see the benefits of immigration, this paper examines the role the media and politics plays in undermining this community sentiment, reflecting a level of abuse by the most powerful in society towards the some of the least powerful.
Pembelajaran dalam Jaringan (DARING) Berbasis WhatsApp di SD Yapita
Authors: Bhagaskara Arindra Evandian , Nur Afifah Eka , Maulana Putra Enggar
Published: April 2021

The learning process at the time COVID-19 must be implemented online. The use of media in learning is very important. The whatsapp application was chosen to be used in this online learning. This study aims to obtain information about the application of the WhatsApp application in online learning and to find out what are the advantages and disadvantages of using the WhatsApp application in online learning. The research subjects here are the teachers and students of SD Yapita Surabaya and the object under study is the use of the WhatsApp application in online learning. This study used a qualitative research design. The instruments used in this study were observation, surveys and interviews. The results obtained are that the application WhatsApp can be applied in the learning process online and there are also deficiencies in its application, namely the existence of obstacles regarding face-to-face implementation through the existing features of the WhatsApp application and the absence of features to limit student work time and for the advantages the WhatsApp application is able to accommodate the implementation of the learning process well.
Efficacy and Safety of the Novel Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Gemigliptin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dutta Deep , Agarwal Anshita , Maisnam Indira , Singla Rajiv , Khandelwal Deepak , Sharma Meha
Published: April 2021

Background: No meta-analysis has holistically analysed and summarised the efficacy and safety of gemigliptin in type 2 diabetes. The meta-analysis addresses this knowledge gap.Methods: Electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving diabetes patients receiving gemigliptin in the intervention arm and placebo/active comparator in the control arm. The primary outcome was change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The secondary outcomes were alterations in glucose, glycaemic targets, lipids, insulin resistance, and adverse events.Results: Data from 10 RCTs involving 1,792 patients were analysed. Four had an active control group (ACG), with metformin/dapagliflozin/sitagliptin/glimepiride as the active comparator; six had a passive control group (PCG), with placebo/rosuvastatin as controls. HbA1c reduction by gemigliptin at 24 weeks was comparable to ACG (mean difference [MD], 0.09%; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.06 to 0.23; P=0.24; I2=0%; moderate certainty of evidence [MCE]), but superior to PCG (MD, –0.91%; 95% CI, –1.18 to –0.63); P<0.01; I2=89%; high certainty of evidence [HCE]). Gemigliptin was superior to PCG regarding achieving HbA1c <7% (12 weeks: odds ratio [OR], 5.91; 95% CI, 1.34 to 26.08; P=0.02; I2=74%; 24 weeks: OR, 4.48; 95% CI, 2.09 to 9.60; P<0.01; I2=69%; HCE). Gemigliptin was comparable to ACG regarding achieving HbA1c <7% after 24 weeks (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.63; P=0.77; I2=66%; MCE). Adverse events were similar between the gemigliptin and control groups (risk ratio [RR], 1.06; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.36; P=0.66; I2=35%; HCE). The gemigliptin group did not have increased hypoglycaemia (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.62 to 2.28; P=0.61; I2=19%; HCE).Conclusion: Gemigliptin has good glycaemic efficacy and is well-tolerated over 6 months of use.
Radioactive Parathyroid Adenomas on Sestamibi Scans: Low Parathyroid Hormone Secretory Potential and Large Volume
Authors: Kong Sung Hye , Kim Jung Hee , Kim Sang Wan , Shin Chan Soo
Published: April 2021

Background: We investigated the clinical characteristics of parathyroid adenomas according to radioactivity on 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients.Methods: The study included 217 patients diagnosed with PHPT from 2000 to 2019 at Seoul National University Hospital who underwent 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT scans. On SPECT/CT, the radioactivity of parathyroid adenomas was measured as the ratio of the mean radioactivity count of the parathyroid adenoma to that of the contralateral thyroid.Results: Tumors were localized by MIBI scans in 190 patients (MIBI [+] group) and by ultrasound or parathyroid four-dimensional CT in 27 patients (MIBI [–] group). The mean age was 55 years, and mean body mass index was 23.4 kg/m2. Patients in the MIBI (+) group had higher parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and lower 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels than those in the MIBI (–) group (168.0 pg/mL [interquartile range, IQR, 111.0 to 250.7] vs. 134.7 pg/mL [IQR, 98.2 to 191.2], P=0.049; 15.4 ng/mL [IQR, 11.1 to 20.8] vs. 21.2 ng/mL [IQR, 13.9 to 24.8], P=0.012, respectively). Patients in the MIBI (+) group had larger tumor volumes, but lower iPTH/volume ratios than those in the MIBI (–) group (1,216.66 [IQR, 513.40 to 2,663.02], 499.82 mm3 [IQR, 167.77 to 1,229.80], P=0.002; 0.18 [IQR, 0.08 to 0.46], 0.40 pg/mL/mm3 [IQR, 0.16 to 1.29], P=0.016, respectively). Adenoma radioactivity was positively correlated with calcium, iPTH, and volume (r=0.180, P=0.020; r=0.208, P=0.006; r=0.288, P<0.001, respectively), but not with iPTH/volume.Conclusion: Parathyroid adenomas with positive MIBI scans had larger volumes and higher iPTH than adenomas with negative scans, but lower iPTH per unit volume.
Diagnosis for Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Joint Position Statement of the Korean Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Task Force
Authors: Ku Eu Jeong , Kim Kyoung Jin , Kim Jung Hee , Kim Mi Kyung , Ahn Chang Ho , Lee Kyung Ae , Lee Seung Hun , Lee You-Bin , Park Kyeong Hye , Choi Yun Mi , Hong Namki , Hong A Ram , Kang Sang-Wook , Park Byung Kwan , Seong Moon-Woo , Kim Myungshin , Jung Kyeong Cheon , Jung Chan Kwon , Cho Young Seok , Paeng Jin Chul , Kim Jae Hyeon , Ryu Ohk-Hyun , Rhee Yumie , Kim Chong Hwa , Lee Eun Jig
Published: April 2021

Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGLs) are rare catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumors but can be life-threatening. Although most PPGLs are benign, approximately 10% have metastatic potential. Approximately 40% cases are reported as harboring germline mutations. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis of PPGLs is crucial. For more than 130 years, clinical, molecular, biochemical, radiological, and pathological investigations have been rapidly advanced in the field of PPGLs. However, performing diagnostic studies to localize lesions and detect metastatic potential can be still challenging and complicated. Furthermore, great progress on genetics has shifted the paradigm of genetic testing of PPGLs. The Korean PPGL task force team consisting of the Korean Endocrine Society, the Korean Surgical Society, the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine, the Korean Society of Pathologists, and the Korean Society of Laboratory Medicine has developed this position statement focusing on the comprehensive and updated diagnosis for PPGLs.
Epidemiological study of Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial infections
Authors: PRISACARI Viorel , ANDRONACHI Nicoleta
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogen and a major cause of nosocomial infections in the current healthcare system worldwide due to its high resistance to antibiotics, including those considered as a last resort, thus posing threat to severe clinical forms, as well as exhibiting significant economic and clinical impact.

Material and methods. A descriptive longitudinal and cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out based on the model of multidisciplinary care hospitals.

Results. The generalized clinical forms of Acinetobacter nosocomial infections predominate in 56.30%, including: pulmonary sepsis – 25.59%, abdominal sepsis – 11.81%, septicemia – 9.45%, wound sepsis– 6.30%, biliary sepsis – 1.97%, and urosepsis – 1.18% of cases. Local infections were found in 16.93% of wound infections and in 14.57% of pneumonia cases. A. baumanii was present in the etiological structure of 98.18% of cases, exhibiting an increased resistance to antibiotics, particularly to monobactams – 100.0%, macrolides – 98.82%, penicillins – 98.08%, cephalosporins – 97.65%, penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors – 93.20%, fluoroquinolones – 87.16%, and amphenicols – 84.17% of cases. A. baumanii strains isolated from patients with nosocomial infections were found to be multidrug resistant to antibiotics in 93.08% of cases.

Conclusions. Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial infections represent a major public health issue that requires the implementation of strict surveillance and control strategies, including the rational use of antibiotics.
Comparative assessment of clinical-paraclinical manifestations of rotavirus infection versus genotypical variety in infants
Authors: DONOS Ala , ALSALIEM Tatiana , SPINU Constantin , REVENCO Ninel , TUREA Valentin , MIHU Ion , COJOCARU Radu , GHEORGHITA Stela , SPINU Igor , ILIEV Albina-Mihaela , SUVEICA Luminita
Published: April 2021

Introduction. RVI (rotavirus infection) is the most common cause of dehydration in infants and young children. The implementation of the sentinel surveillance of RVI in infants from 2008 in the Republic of Moldova demonstrated the high rate of this infection (40.0%), being an argument in recommending the antirotaviral immunization in children within the National Immunization Program.

Material and methods. The study enrolled 193 children with acute diarrheal disease, included in the sentinel supervision (2012-2016) and treated in the Unit for Acute Diarrheal Diseases at Children’s Clinical Hospital no. 1. The biological material was examined by serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genotyping, revealed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results. The rotavirus infection was confirmed in 193 infants, of which 121 children were not vaccinated against RVI, and 72 were immunized. Depending on the genotypes encountered before and after vaccination, it was found that G9P [8], G3P[8], G4P[8] were detected before vaccination, although postvaccine prevailed G2P[4], G4P[8]. In addition, the incidence of RVI is decreasing and the disease evolution is much better.

Conclusions. This article reflects the evolution of the genotypic properties of rotaviruses and the clinical-paraclinical particularities of RVI in infants, highlighting the importance of the implementation of antiretroviral immunization in children within the National Immunization Program in the Republic of Moldova.
DIGITALIZATION OF BUSINESS IN RUSSIA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Apkhanova E. Y. , Biryukova L. V.
Published: April 2021

The article describes the role of digitalization at the current stage of society development. The level of digitalization of business by country and individual types of economic activity are examined. The issue of transition of the constituent territories of the Russian Federation to a new path of development is highlighted. The factors that negatively affect the process of digital transformation are defined. The positive effect of the introduction of digital technologies in various functional areas of the enterprise is presented.
CURRENT ISSUES OF APPLYING THE CONCEPT
OF COST MANAGEMENT IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Authors: Kotlova Y. A.
Published: April 2021

The article substantiates the need to focus not on the immediate profit, but on the long-term value of the economic entity in the framework of the implementation of controlling system and management accounting balanced scorecard, as an effective management tool for the sustainability of the economic entity
Plant diversity and conservation value of wetlands along a rural–urban gradient
Authors: Du Toit M.J. , Du Preez C. , Cilliers S.S.
Published: April 2021

Background: Wetlands are the most threatened ecosystem in South Africa despite the range of ecosystem goods and services they provide. A significant cause of wetland destruction and degradation is a lack of understanding, by planners, policymakers and developers, of their ecological and socio-economic importance.Objectives: This study assessed the floristic composition and diversity of wetlands in the former Tlokwe Municipal area along a rural–urban gradient.Methods: Fourteen wetland sites were surveyed along an urbanisation gradient. Vegetation surveys were done in quadrats along transects in each wetland recording the cover-abundance of each species. The data were analysed by using ordinations, similarity percentages, and the adjusted Floristic Quality Assessment Index.Results: Overall, the proportional species composition of urban and rural wetlands was mainly similar. Trends indicated that the alpha diversity increased with both habitat size and heterogeneity along a rural–urban gradient. In all wetlands, indigenous species were the most abundant, with the highest score in the largest urban wetland. The floristic quality varied widely along the gradient with none of the sites in pristine condition.Conclusion: The similarity in species composition and floristic quality of the wetlands, as well as the high levels of indigenous species richness, indicated that urban wetlands are worthy of conservation. However, the signs of disturbances and the presence of alien species means that restoration strategies need to be implemented to improve the quality of the wetlands.
Effects of land-use on herbaceous vegetation in a semi-arid Mopaneveld savanna
Authors: Siebert F. , Van Staden N. , Komape D.M. , Swemmer A.M. , Siebert S.J.
Published: April 2021

Background: Low altitude Mopaneveld savanna in the northeastern parts of South Africa is generally well conserved. However, extensive copper mining, agricultural practices and urbanisation in the Phalaborwa region prompted research on the possible effects of land-use change on plant community diversity and function. Species diversity measures are usually considered adequate to assess disturbance effects to inform conservation efforts and management practices. However, diversity measures based on species level accounts often limit the outcomes of these studies as this approach fails to quantify how disturbances affect ecosystem functioning when community assembly, and not species diversity alone, is altered by land-use change.Objectives: The aim of this study was to apply both species and functional diversity measures to a data set derived from various land-use types (i.e. areas exposed to strip mining activities, communal farming practices and conservation) in the Phalaborwa region to examine the effects of land-use change on the community ecology of the herbaceous layer.Results: Land-use change, particularly severe top-soil disturbances through strip mining activities, had a significant filtering effect on all measures of species diversity, though functional evenness was maintained across land-use types.Conclusion: These results suggest that, despite initial species loss, this particular savanna ecosystem is buffered against anthropogenic disturbances through functional stability. Indicator species analyses, as well as relationships between plant functional types and land-use change, revealed that forb species are largely responsible for ecosystem stability in areas exposed to  anthropogenic disturbances.
First Demonstration of Early Warning Gravitational-wave Alerts
Authors: Magee Ryan , Chatterjee Deep , Singer Leo P. , Sachdev Surabhi , Kovalam Manoj , Mo Geoffrey , Anderson Stuart , Brady Patrick , Brockill Patrick , Cannon Kipp , Dal Canton Tito , Chu Qi , Clearwater Patrick , Codoreanu Alex , Drago Marco , Godwin Patrick , Ghosh Shaon , Greco Giuseppe , Hanna Chad , Kapadia Shasvath J. , Katsavounidis Erik , Oloworaran Victor , Pace Alexander E. , Panther Fiona , Patwary Anwarul , De Pietri Roberto , Piotrzkowski Brandon , Prestegard Tanner , Rei Luca , Sreekumar Anala K. , Szczepańczyk Marek J. , Valsan Vinaya , Viets Aaron , Wade Madeline , Wen Linqing , Zweizig John
Published: April 2021

Gravitational-wave observations became commonplace in Advanced LIGO-Virgo’s recently concluded third observing run. 56 nonretracted candidates were identified and publicly announced in near real time. Gravitational waves from binary neutron star mergers, however, remain of special interest since they can be precursors to high-energy astrophysical phenomena like γ-ray bursts and kilonovae. While late-time electromagnetic emissions provide important information about the astrophysical processes within, the prompt emission along with gravitational waves uniquely reveals the extreme matter and gravity during—and in the seconds following—merger. Rapid communication of source location and properties from the gravitational-wave data is crucial to facilitate multimessenger follow-up of such sources. This is especially enabled if the partner facilities are forewarned via an early warning (pre-merger) alert. Here we describe the commissioning and performance of such a low-latency infrastructure within LIGO-Virgo. We present results from an end-to-end mock data challenge that detects binary neutron star mergers and alerts partner facilities before merger. We set expectations for these alerts in future observing runs.
Injection of Inner Oort Cloud Objects into the Distant Kuiper Belt by Planet Nine
Authors: Batygin Konstantin , Brown Michael E.
Published: April 2021

The outer solar system exhibits an anomalous pattern of orbital clustering, characterized by an approximate alignment of the apsidal lines and angular momentum vectors of distant, long-term stable Kuiper Belt objects. One explanation for this dynamical confinement is the existence of a yet-undetected planetary-mass object, “Planet Nine (P9).” Previous work has shown that trans-Neptunian objects, that originate within the scattered disk population of the Kuiper Belt, can be corralled into orbital alignment by Planet Nine’s gravity over ∼Gyr timescales, and characteristic P9 parameters have been derived by matching the properties of a synthetic Kuiper Belt generated within numerical simulations to the available observational data. In this work, we show that an additional dynamical process is in play within the framework of the Planet Nine hypothesis, and demonstrate that P9-induced dynamical evolution facilitates orbital variations within the otherwise dynamically frozen inner Oort cloud. As a result of this evolution, inner Oort cloud bodies can acquire orbits characteristic of the distant scattered disk, implying that if Planet Nine exists, the observed census of long-period trans-Neptunian objects is comprised of a mixture of Oort cloud and Kuiper Belt objects. Our simulations further show that although inward-injected inner Oort cloud objects exhibit P9-driven orbital confinement, the degree of clustering is weaker than that of objects originating within the Kuiper Belt. Cumulatively, our results suggest that a more eccentric Planet Nine is likely necessary to explain the data than previously thought.
Discovery of Double-ring Structure in the Supernova Remnant N103B: Evidence for Bipolar Winds from a Type Ia Supernova Progenitor
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiroya , Acero Fabio , Li Chuan-Jui , Chu You-Hua
Published: April 2021

The geometric structure of supernova remnants (SNR) provides a clue to unveiling the pre-explosion evolution of their progenitors. Here we present an X-ray study of N103B (0509–68.7), a Type Ia SNR in the Large Magellanic Cloud, that is known to be interacting with dense circumstellar matter (CSM). Applying our novel method for feature extraction to deep Chandra observations, we have successfully resolved the CSM, Fe-rich ejecta, and intermediate-mass element (IME) ejecta components, and revealed each of their spatial distributions. Remarkably, the IME ejecta component exhibits a double-ring structure, implying that the SNR expands into an hourglass-shape cavity and thus forms bipolar bubbles of the ejecta. This interpretation is supported by more quantitative spectroscopy that reveals a clear bimodality in the distribution of the ionization state of the IME ejecta. These observational results can be naturally explained if the progenitor binary system had formed a dense CSM torus on the orbital plane prior to the explosion, providing further evidence that the SNR N103B originates from a single-degenerate progenitor.