bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcendence, fast and slow: Infinite Jest and the dynamics of a cultural splash
Authors: Medvetz Thomas
Published: January 2022

This paper builds on two leading models of artistic practice, the “network-building” and “autonomous sphere” approaches, to show how an expressive work can reverse the normal antinomy between artistic recognition and commercial success and become an immediate crossover hit. Focusing on a single “pointy” case from the world of literature—the 1996 novelInfinite Jest, by David Foster Wallace—I ask whether a set of unique social dynamics attends the process of making a “cultural splash.” In the case ofInfinite Jest, success came from occupying an intermediate position in the “space between fields” and eliciting a complex, mutually referential response from cultural intermediaries. In this way, the book attracted samplings of recognition and renown, the contrasting reputational ingredients associated with an enduring cultural appeal. Nevertheless, the novel’s declining reputation in recent years suggests that we should differentiate a cultural splash from the better-known dynamics of canonization and classicization. In the paper’s final section, I conceptualize a cultural splash as an effect generated by works that undergo a “fast transcendence” by unmooring themselves temporarily from the limiting effects of being counted as “art” or “pop.”
Identification of factors associated with various types of impaired driving
Authors: Rezapour Mahdi , Ksaibati Khaled
Published: January 2022

Despite significant progress in reducing impaired driving, impaired drivers are still a public threat to themselves and others. Studying all types of drivers’ impairment is especially important as impairment in the literature has been mainly looked at from an angle of the driving under the influence (DUI). In other words, there is a definitional ambiguity regarding the impaired driving in the literature review. Addressing that unclarity is especially important as while many considered impaired driving such as distraction and fatigued driving are similar to DUI, they account for a higher proportion of fatalities on roadway, compared with DUI. Thus, first we highlight links between DUI and other impaired driving based on the literature review, and then this study highlighted factors associated with various impaired driving so drivers’ actions and behaviors could be addressed more efficiently. Here, in addition to DUI, impaired drivers are defined as whether drivers were fatigued, distracted, or under some emotional conditions at the time of crashes. Multinomial logit model (MNL) was extended to a model excluding or equating some coefficients across categories, making parameters’ estimates more robust. The analysis results highlighted, for instance, types of vehicles that the drivers own, drivers’ gender, age, seatbelt use, and various drivers’ actions such as failure to keep the proper lane and following too close are associated with various impaired drivers’ actions. These associations are expected to be related to unseen drivers’ characteristics that were not recorded at the time of crashes. This is one of the earliest comprehensive studies, investigating the association of various factors and different types of impaired driving.
The effect of temperature on frequency and instability variations in a smooth-bore magnetron
Authors: Golabgirnik S. Z. , Mahdavi-Gharavi M. , Shokri B.
Published: January 2022

In this paper, the frequency and instability variations under the influence of temperature effect in a cylindrical smooth-bore magnetron are investigated. To derive the eigenvalue equation, the Fourier transform of electrostatic flute perturbations together with the local approximation method along radial direction for perturbed density is applied to equations of the macroscopic fluid model and Poisson equation. The obtained eigenvalue equation is solved numerically by shooting to a fitting point method. The analysis of numerical results shows the change in frequency of second three azimuthal modes for the case when the perpendicular temperature is higher than the parallel temperature (T∥T⊥. As the temperature rising, the frequency and growth rate instability increase except for Tr > Tθ that the growth rate instability is reduced until Tθ = 100 00k and then is increased. The minimum frequency variation is 0.002 GHz for the mode of l=1 at 2T∥=T⊥. The maximum change in frequency, in contrast, is 10.651 GHz for the mode of l=5 at 4T∥=T⊥. According to the obtained results, the temperature controlling could be help to frequency adjustment in magnetrons.
High-field magnetic resonance imaging: Challenges, advantages, and opportunities for novel contrast agents
Authors: Banerjee Abhinandan , Blasiak Barbara , Dash Armita , Tomanek Boguslaw , van Veggel Frank C. J. M. , Trudel Simon
Published: January 2022

There is a need for non-invasive diagnostic tools to detect and monitor the occurrence of diseases. Ideally, this can be done without resorting to ionizing radiation, especially when multiple rounds of imaging are required. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a form of three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, has become a common tool of choice for diagnosticians. Due to the low contrast difference between healthy and diseased tissue, contrast agents—magnetic species administered to the patient prior to imaging—are routinely used for contrast improvement. High-field (B0 ≥ 4.7 T, 1H Larmor frequency ≥ 200 MHz) MRI offers advantages in terms of better signal-to-noise ratio, as well as improved spectral resolution for certain applications. New contrast agents are being developed for high-field MRI, the topic of this review. After discussing the purpose of contrast agents and the advantages and potential issues of high-field MRI, we discuss recent developments in the field of contrast agent design, synthesis, and applications, citing examples of high-field MRI-ready molecular contrast agents, as well as nanoparticulate contrast agents based on various inorganic materials (e.g., coordination polymers, transition metal oxides, or lanthanide halides). We will discuss how certain aspects (composition, shape, ligands) affect the contrasting abilities of these agents. Finally, we highlight recent developments in the promising field of multifunctional probes, wherein multiple imaging and/or therapeutic modalities are combined in a single species. As high-field MRI becomes more commonplace in the clinical setting, such new contrast agents are needed to provide optimized imaging. This will facilitate the clinician's task in resolving pathologies for more efficient diagnosis and patient treatment.
Non-equilibrium plasma generation via nano-second multi-mode laser pulses
Authors: Alberti Andrea , Munafò Alessandro , Nishihara Munetake , Pantano Carlos , Freund Jonathan B. , Panesi Marco
Published: January 2022

The formation and growth of plasma kernels generated via nano-second mode-beating laser pulses is investigated here via a non-equilibrium self-consistent computational model. Chemically reactive Navier–Stokes equations are used to describe the hydrodynamics, and non-equilibrium effects are taken into account with a two-temperature model. Inverse Bremsstrahlung and multiphoton ionization are included self-consistently in the model via a coupled solution of the plasma governing equations and the radiative transfer equation (that describes the laser beam propagation and attenuation). A self-consistent approach (despite carrying additional challenges) minimizes the empiricism and it allows for a more accurate description since it prevents both the utilization of artificial plasma seeds to trigger the breakdown and the implementation of tuning parameters to simulate the laser-energy deposition. The advantages of this approach are confirmed by the good agreement between the numerically predicted and the experimentally measured plasma boundary evolution and absorbed energy. This also holds true for the periodic plasma kernel structures that, as suggested by the experiments and confirmed by the simulations presented here, are connected to the modulating frequency.
Magnetic field tailoring effects on ion beam properties in cylindrical Hall thrusters
Authors: Kim Holak , Lee Seunghoon , Doh Guentae , Lee Dongho , Choe Wonho
Published: January 2022

The magnetic field is the most important element in designing a Hall thruster and improving thruster performance because it directly influences the behavior of electrons in the discharge channel. In this work, magnetic field tailoring, parallel magnetic fields to the thruster channel wall, has been attempted in a cylindrical Hall thruster, and the resultant ion beam properties are studied. The magnetic field tailored cylindrical Hall thruster demonstrated much higher ion current and propellant efficiencies than the conventional cylindrical Hall thruster, with an identical mass flow rate. A large fraction of multiply charged ions (>65%) was observed and reduced beam emission was demonstrated near the channel wall. Further, the channel wall is solely coated without erosion even at the end of the channel. Hence, tailoring of the magnetic field in cylindrical Hall thrusters could significantly enhance the potential of Hall thrusters in space applications owing to their higher propellant efficiency and reduced wall interaction.
Quantum emitters in 2D materials: Emitter engineering, photophysics, and integration in photonic nanostructures
Authors: Kianinia Mehran , Xu Zai-Quan , Toth Milos , Aharonovich Igor
Published: January 2022

Quantum emitters have become a vital tool for both fundamental science and emerging technologies. In recent years, the focus in the field has shifted to exploration and identification of new quantum systems enabled by the emerging library of atomically thin, two dimensional materials. In this review, we highlight the current state of the art in engineering of quantum emitters in 2D systems, with an emphasis on transition metal di-chalcogenides (TMDCs) and hexagonal boron nitride. We start by reviewing progress in TMDCs, with focus on emitter engineering, ability to tune their spectral properties, and observation of interlayer excitons. We then discuss emitters in hBN and focus on emitters' origin, engineering, and emerging phenomena—spanning super-resolution imaging and optical spin readout. We summarize by discussing practical advances of integration of emitters in 2D hosts with plasmonic and dielectric photonic cavities, underpinned by quantum light–matter interactions. We conclude by outlining pathways for practical on-chip quantum photonics applications and highlight challenges and opportunities within this field of research.
Coexistence of soft and hard magnetic phases in single layer amorphous Tb–Co thin films
Authors: Ceballos A. , Charilaou M. , Molina-Ruiz M. , Hellman F.
Published: January 2022

Amorphous, ferrimagnetic Tb–Co thin films prepared with a thin Ta underlayer and either a Ta or a Pt overlayer show evidence of both soft and hard magnetic phases. At room temperature, the films exhibit conventional ferromagnetism, but low temperature magnetometry measurements reveal the decoupling of the two magnetic phases with decreasing temperature due to increased anisotropy energy of the hard layer at lower temperatures. Decreasing the film thickness to 2 nm, slightly above the superparamagnetic limit found at 1 nm, a soft, low-density phase was isolated and found to be present in all the films as confirmed with x-ray reflectivity and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements. For greater thicknesses, the bottom layer retains its soft magnetic nature, while the remainder of the film is denser and has strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, leading to the exchange-spring behavior when the anisotropy becomes large, either at low temperatures or via a Pt overlayer that adds a strong interfacial anisotropy to the layer. Micromagnetic simulations of a soft/hard bilayer model with the experimentally determined anisotropy and magnetization parameters into a soft/hard bilayer model reproduced the experimental hysteretic behavior very well. These findings demonstrate how the magnetic state and the response of a-Tb–Co films to external fields can be controlled, providing a high degree of tunability that is promising for high-performance nanoscale devices.
Dynamics of entrapped microbubbles with multiple openings
Authors: Dolev Amit , Kaynak Murat , Sakar Mahmut Selman
Published: January 2022

Microbubbles excited by acoustic fields inside water oscillate and generate acoustic radiation forces and drag-induced acoustic streaming. These forces can be harnessed in various biomedical applications, such as targeted drug delivery and on-chip biomanipulation. The conventional approach for using microbubbles as actuators is to trap them inside microfabricated cavities. Anisotropic forces are applied by constraining the interfaces where the air interacts with water. The existing analytical models derived for spherical bubbles are incapable of predicting the dynamics of bubbles in such configurations. Here, a new model for bubbles entrapped inside arbitrary shaped cavities with multiple circular openings is developed. The semi-analytical model captures a more realistic geometry through a solution to an optimization problem. We challenge the assumption that bubbles should be excited at their first resonance frequency to optimize their performance. The natural frequencies and the correlated normal vibration modes are calculated, which are subsequently used to compute the acoustic streaming patterns and the associated thrust by a finite element simulation. An experimental platform was built to measure the deflection of beams loaded by microfabricated bubble actuators and visualize the generated streaming patterns. The results highlight the contribution of the computational model as a design tool for engineering applications.
High-resolution large-eddy simulation of indoor turbulence and its effect on airborne transmission of respiratory pathogens—Model validation and infection probability analysis
Authors: Auvinen Mikko , Kuula Joel , Grönholm Tiia , Sühring Matthias , Hellsten Antti
Published: January 2022

High-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES) is exploited to study indoor air turbulence and its effect on the dispersion of respiratory virus-laden aerosols and subsequent transmission risks. The LES modeling is carried out with unprecedented accuracy and subsequent analysis with novel mathematical robustness. To substantiate the physical relevance of the LES model under realistic ventilation conditions, a set of experimental aerosol concentration measurements are carried out, and their results are used to successfully validate the LES model results. The obtained LES dispersion results are subjected to pathogen exposure and infection probability analysis in accordance with the Wells–Riley model, which is here mathematically extended to rely on LES-based space- and time-dependent concentration fields. The methodology is applied to assess two dissimilar approaches to reduce transmission risks: a strategy to augment the indoor ventilation capacity with portable air purifiers and a strategy to utilize partitioning by exploiting portable space dividers. The LES results show that use of air purifiers leads to greater reduction in absolute risks compared to the analytical Wells–Riley model, which fails to predict the original risk level. However, the two models do agree on the relative risk reduction. The spatial partitioning strategy is demonstrated to have an undesirable effect when employed without other measures, but may yield desirable outcomes with targeted air purifier units. The study highlights the importance of employing accurate indoor turbulence modeling when evaluating different risk-reduction strategies.
Growth of bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals by the Czochralski method
Authors: Galazka Zbigniew
Published: January 2022

The present Tutorial provides a description of the growth of bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals by the Czochralski method with a focus on the critical growth aspects. In particular, it details the thermodynamics of Ga2O3 as the key factor for crystal growth along with comprehensive solutions that are essential for crystal size scale-up. Also, free carrier absorption is discussed, as it has a great impact on growth stability. The crystal growth direction and intentional doping, as important factors for crystal growth, are described as well. All of the aspects of the crystal growth are accompanied by resulting crystals, their structural quality, and basic physical properties.
Defect characterization of {101¯3} GaN by electron microscopy
Authors: Kusch Gunnar , Frentrup Martin , Hu Nan , Amano Hiroshi , Oliver Rachel A. , Pristovsek Markus
Published: January 2022

Advances in obtaining untwinned (101¯3)-oriented semi-polar GaN enable a new crystal orientation for the growth of green and red LED structures. We present a scanning electron microscopy study that combines the structural characterization of electron channeling contrast imaging with the optical characterization of cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging on a (101¯3) GaN layer. An extensive defect analysis revealed that the dominant defects consist of basal plane stacking faults (BSFs), prismatic stacking faults, partial dislocations, and threading dislocations. With a defect density of about an order of magnitude lower than in comparable. The optical properties of the defects have been characterized from 10 to 320 K, showing BSF luminescence at room temperature indicating a reduced density of non-radiative recombination centers in the as-grown samples compared to established semi- and non-polar orientations. Our findings suggest that growth along (101¯3) has the potential for higher radiative efficiency than established semi-polar orientations.
Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy of strain-engineered GaAsBi alloys
Authors: Goletti C. , Fazi L. , Tisbi E. , Bonanni B. , Placidi E. , Arciprete F.
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we present results obtained by an optical technique, namely, reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS), applied to a series of GaAs1−xBix samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) under different strain conditions with the increasing concentration of Bi, up to the higher value of about 7%. The epitaxial buffer layers for the growing GaAs1−xBix layer were prepared with either a compressive strain (as it is commonly done) or a tensile strain: The latter case has been proven to be a strategy that allows us to obtain a better crystalline quality [Tisbi et al., Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 014028 (2020)]. A characteristic, well defined anisotropy signal below 2.5 eV is demonstrated to be connected to the presence of Bi and, in particular, to the strain produced in the sub-surface region by the voluminous Bi atoms. The amplitude of this signal directly relates to the Bi quantity, while its sign gives information about the local clustering/ordering of Bi atoms in the grown sample. We conclude that the detailed interpretation of RAS signatures and the knowledge of their origin offer the opportunity to utilize this technique to follow in real time the GaAsBi growth either in MBE or in metal organic vapor phase epitaxy processes.
Transient numerical simulations of a cold-flow bidirectional vortex chamber
Authors: Evdokimov Oleg , Prokhorov Danila , Guryanov Alexander , Veretennikov Sergey
Published: January 2022

Bidirectional chambers are well-studied in terms of the flow structure and influence of their input parameters. However, most of the available studies are based on steady-state or time-averaged research methods and do not allow to obtain data on bidirectional flow dynamics over time. The present paper reports on detailed numerical studies based on detached eddy simulations (DESs) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes methods applied for two vortex chambers with different aspect ratios. A comparison of the numerical results with the available experimental data shows that the DES method gives the most accurate results on bidirectional flow structure, turbulent fluctuations, and precessing vortex core (PVC) motion. A notable feature of the studied bidirectional flow is the central recirculation zone (CRZ) formation, which is correctly predicted by the DES method only. The presence of a CRZ in a bidirectional flow has a significant effect on turbulent velocity fluctuations and PVC behavior. It is found that CRZ formation leads to a significant decrease in radial and circumferential velocity fluctuations whereas the axial velocity fluctuations are slightly increased. Additionally, the paper reports new findings on CRZ and PVC interaction in bidirectional flows. PVC motion is almost completely nullified by the presence of a CRZ. This can prove useful in many industrial applications of bidirectional chambers, e.g., vortex thrusters and gas turbine combustors. The bidirectional swirling flow transient properties studied in this paper could assist in determining the most efficient operational modes and geometric configuration of industrial chambers as well as enabling control of turbulent fluctuations, which would allow for reliable ignition and stable combustion.
Numerical study of the boundary layer flow past two wall mounted finite-length square cylinders in staggered arrangement
Authors: Zhao Ming , Mamoon Abdullah-Al , Wu Helen
Published: January 2022

Flow past two wall-mounted square cylinders in staggered arrangement is simulated through direct numerical simulation to investigate the effects of the degree of staggering on the wake and forces compared to the tandem arrangement. Numerical simulations are conducted for a constant Reynolds number of 500, height to width ratio H = 4, staggered distance to diameter ratios S = 0.5 and 1, and gap to width ratios G in the range from 1 to 8. It is found that moving the downstream cylinder sideway for S = 0.5 and 1 changes flow features and force coefficient significantly. At small gaps of G = 1 to 3, the shear layer from one side of the upstream cylinder is trapped into the gap. In addition, a strong horseshoe vortex in front of the downstream cylinder is found for all the gaps at S = 0.5 and 1, but not found at S = 0. The friction velocity on the plane boundary caused by the horseshoe vortex of the downstream cylinder is greater than that of a single cylinder at S = 1 and G = 1 to 8 and at S = 0.5 and G = 2 to 5. At G = 1 to 3, vortex shedding is caused by the trapped flow into the gap on one side of the downstream cylinder and by the approaching flow on another side. The negative mean drag coefficient at small gaps was found in the tandem arrangement case, but not found at S = 0.5 and 1.
Australian Deserts
Authors: Morton Steve
Published: January 2022

Australian Deserts: Ecology and Landscapes is about the vast sweep of the Outback, a land of expanses making up three-quarters of the continent – the heart of Australia. Steve Morton brings his extensive first-hand knowledge and experience of arid Australia to this book, explaining how Australian deserts work ecologically.

This book outlines why unpredictable rainfall and paucity of soil nutrients underpin the nature of desert ecosystems, while also describing how plants and animals came to be desert dwellers through evolutionary time. It shows how plants use uncertain rainfall to provide for persistence of their populations, alongside outlines of the dominant animals of the deserts and explanations of the features that help them succeed in the face of aridity and uncertainty.

Richly illustrated with the photographs of Mike Gillam, this fascinating and accessible book will enhance your understanding of the nature of arid Australia.
Template switching in DNA replication can create and maintain RNA hairpins
Authors: Mönttinen Heli A. M. , Löytynoja Ari
Published: January 2022

Significance

RNA hairpin structures require perfect pairing between consecutive bases of the opposite sides of the stem. Random mutations are unlikely to create complex structures, so the origin of long stems and the maintenance of their perfect base pairing through compensatory substitutions have puzzled evolutionary biologists. We reconstructed ancestral sequence histories of RNA sequences and found mutation patterns consistent with template switching in DNA replication. We propose the template switch mutation mechanism as the explanation for the evolution of perfect stem structures and show that the mechanism also provides an elegant explanation for multinucleotide jumps in the sequence space and for the observed asymmetry in the stem base pair frequencies.
Spatiotemporal analysis identifies ABF2 and ABF3 as key hubs of endodermal response to nitrate
Authors: Contreras-López Orlando , Vidal Elena A. , Riveras Eleodoro , Alvarez José M. , Moyano Tomás C. , Sparks Erin E. , Medina Joaquín , Pasquino Angelo , Benfey Philip N. , Coruzzi Gloria M. , Gutiérrez Rodrigo A.
Published: January 2022

Significance

We analyzed the nitrate-responsive transcriptome of the
Arabidopsis thaliana
root at a spatial and temporal resolution. Our work provides evidence that the response to nitrate is dynamic and highly localized, orchestrating a root response that is finely coordinated in space and time. Gene regulatory network analysis allowed for identification of the endodermis as a cell type enriched in regulatory interactions, with ABF2 and ABF3 transcription factors acting as key regulators of gene expression in the endodermis and lateral root growth in response to nitrate. Our results provide a comprehensive catalog of root nitrate-responsive genes at an unprecedented resolution and contribute to understanding how organisms sense and respond to environmental cues, coordinating cell-specific responses into organ development.
Universal adaptability: Target-independent inference that competes with propensity scoring
Authors: Kim Michael P. , Kern Christoph , Goldwasser Shafi , Kreuter Frauke , Reingold Omer
Published: January 2022

Significance

We revisit the problem of ensuring statistically valid inferences across diverse target populations from a single source of training data. Our approach builds a surprising technical connection between the inference problem and a technique developed for algorithmic fairness, called “multicalibration.” We derive a correspondence between the fairness goal, to protect subpopulations from miscalibrated predictions, and the statistical goal, to ensure unbiased estimates on target populations. We derive a single-source estimator that provides inferences in any downstream target population, whose performance is comparable to the popular target-specific approach of propensity score reweighting. Our approach can extend the benefits of evidence-based decision-making to communities that do not have the resources to collect high-quality data on their own.
Fundamental limitations on efficiently forecasting certain epidemic measures in network models
Authors: Rosenkrantz Daniel J. , Vullikanti Anil , Ravi S. S. , Stearns Richard E. , Levin Simon , Poor H. Vincent , Marathe Madhav V.
Published: January 2022

Significance

We show that under widely believed complexity theoretic hypotheses, one cannot expect to find provably correct and efficient algorithms for predicting epidemic dynamics on general networks. These results hold even under idealized problem formulations, where all the model parameters are known and are insensitive to changes in environment. Further, they hold even for a small time horizon with just one random parameter, namely, the transmission probability. Thus, computational complexity poses an inherent challenge to effective and efficient epidemic forecasting in network models. Our results do not rule out heuristics that work well in practice or algorithms that provide provable guarantees for restricted networks. Rather, they suggest that algorithms working across a range of inputs should exploit properties of problem instances.
Ultrasound controlled mechanophore activation in hydrogels for cancer therapy
Authors: Kim Gun , Wu Qiong , Chu James L. , Smith Emily J. , Oelze Michael L. , Moore Jeffrey S. , Li King C.
Published: January 2022

Significance

Biomedical application of mechanophores is the next frontier in polymer mechanochemistry. We report the concept, mechanochemical dynamic therapy (MDT), that utilizes remote, ultrasound-triggered mechanophore activation to enable anticancer activities. We selected an azo-based mechanophore to generate reactive free radicals (FRs) under the control of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), which subsequently produced ROS. We investigated two sets of in vitro mouse cancer models: 1) melanoma (B16F10) and 2) breast cancer (E0771). Inhibition of growth and decreases in viabilities of both B16F10 and E0771 were observed in correlation to the release of ROS by mechanophore activation. By circumventing the known issues in photodynamic therapy and sonodynamic therapy, we anticipate MDT to be a powerful anticancer tool complementary to other existing cancer treatments.
Structure and function of an effector domain in antiviral factors and tumor suppressors SAMD9 and SAMD9L
Authors: Peng Shuxia , Meng Xiangzhi , Zhang Fushun , Pathak Prabhat Kumar , Chaturvedi Juhi , Coronado Jaime , Morales Marisol , Mao Yuanhui , Qian Shu-Bing , Deng Junpeng , Xiang Yan
Published: January 2022

Significance

SAMD9 and SAMD9L (SAMD9/9L) are important innate immune defenders against viruses and the development of myeloid tumors. They form a crucial host barrier that poxviruses must overcome for successful infection. A myriad of human diseases including many pediatric myelodysplastic syndromes are caused by mutations in SAMD9/9L. However, the molecular functions of SAMD9/9L and how their functions are executed are unknown, hindering progress in developing effective therapies for SAMD9/9L-associated human diseases. Here, we identified the structure and function of a SAMD9/9L effector domain that is essential for their physiological functions as well as the pathogenic effects exerted by patient-derived mutations. Our study revealed a potential therapeutic target for SAMD9/9L-associated human diseases.
A descriptive study on Chinese-English subtitling of extralinguistic culture-bound references in Empresses in the Palace
Authors: Xie Ying
Published: January 2022

The American version of Empresses in the Palace (《甄嬛传》) can be seen as a representative example of Chinese-to-English subtitled ancient costume drama, and an effective source of study as to how Extralinguistic Culture-bound References (ECRs) (Pedersen, 2005, 2011) in the source-language subtitles can emphasize and embody the essence of ancient Chinese culture. Based on Pedersen’s (2005, 2011) theory of the Transculturality level of ECRs and through statistical as well as textual analysis, this paper aims to conduct a descriptive study of extralinguistic culture-bound references (ECRs) in Empresses in the Palace and the Chinese-English subtitling strategies of the ECRs. It found that Monocultural ECRs account for a substantial proportion of the ECRs, with eight ECR domains covered, and that the Source Language (SL)-oriented Strategies as well as Substitution are the foremost translation strategies adopted for rendering Monocultural ECRs. Eventually, based on textual analysis of the Monocultural ECRs rendered by the SL-oriented Strategies and Substitution, from the perspective of the target audience’s plot interpretation of the drama, this paper concludes that an obvious disadvantage as a result of the Monocultural ECR’s interlingual subtitling in Empresses in the Palace is that the plot revealed in the target-language subtitles becomes logically incoherent.
Morphological shift of hyperbolic patterns in the Quran, with reference to English translation
Authors: Najjar Ibrahim , Kadhim Kais Amir , Al-Heeh Sami
Published: January 2022

This study addresses the use of hyperbole in the Quran at the word level and its English translation. It investigates the morphological shift of hyperbolic patterns such as ‘Fa’uul (فعول), Fa’eel (فعيل) and Fa’aal’ (فعال) and their corresponding English translations. We attempt to determine the implications underlying the translation strategies for the translation quality of the data under study. Under this circumstance, the translator applied a series of translation strategies, such as literal translation, paraphrase, transposition, and morphological strategies, with transposition being the most employed strategy. Such strategies were in some cases a problem for the functions of the Quranic hyperboles. As such, the translation quality was occasionally poor.
A loop extrusion–independent mechanism contributes to condensin I–mediated chromosome shaping
Authors: Kinoshita Kazuhisa , Tsubota Yuko , Tane Shoji , Aizawa Yuuki , Sakata Ryota , Takeuchi Kozo , Shintomi Keishi , Nishiyama Tomoko , Hirano Tatsuya
Published: January 2022

Condensin I is a five-subunit protein complex that is central to mitotic chromosome assembly in eukaryotic cells. Despite recent progress, its molecular mechanisms of action remain to be fully elucidated. By using Xenopus egg extracts as a functional assay, we find that condensin I complexes harboring mutations in its kleisin subunit CAP-H produce chromosomes with confined axes in the presence of topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα) and highly compact structures (termed “beans”) with condensin-positive central cores in its absence. The bean phenotype depends on the SMC ATPase cycle and can be reversed by subsequent addition of topo IIα. The HEAT repeat subunit CAP-D2, but not CAP-G, is essential for the bean formation. Notably, loop extrusion activities of the mutant complexes cannot explain the chromosomal defects they exhibit in Xenopus egg extracts, implying that a loop extrusion–independent mechanism contributes to condensin I–mediated chromosome assembly and shaping. We provide evidence that condensin–condensin interactions underlie these processes.
Functional and structural differences between skinned and intact muscle preparations
Authors: Lewalle Alex , Campbell Kenneth S. , Campbell Stuart G. , Milburn Gregory N. , Niederer Steven A.
Published: January 2022

Myofilaments and their associated proteins, which together constitute the sarcomeres, provide the molecular-level basis for contractile function in all muscle types. In intact muscle, sarcomere-level contraction is strongly coupled to other cellular subsystems, in particular the sarcolemmal membrane. Skinned muscle preparations (where the sarcolemma has been removed or permeabilized) are an experimental system designed to probe contractile mechanisms independently of the sarcolemma. Over the last few decades, experiments performed using permeabilized preparations have been invaluable for clarifying the understanding of contractile mechanisms in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. Today, the technique is increasingly harnessed for preclinical and/or pharmacological studies that seek to understand how interventions will impact intact muscle contraction. In this context, intrinsic functional and structural differences between skinned and intact muscle pose a major interpretational challenge. This review first surveys measurements that highlight these differences in terms of the sarcomere structure, passive and active tension generation, and calcium dependence. We then highlight the main practical challenges and caveats faced by experimentalists seeking to emulate the physiological conditions of intact muscle. Gaining an awareness of these complexities is essential for putting experiments in due perspective.
An inversion algorithm for P-functions with applications to multi-energy CT
Authors: Bal Guillaume , Gong Ruoming , Terzioglu Fatma
Published: January 2022

Multi-energy computed tomography (ME-CT) is an x-ray transmission imaging technique that uses the energy dependence of x-ray photon attenuation to determine the elemental composition of an object of interest. Mathematically, forward ME-CT measurements are modeled by a nonlinear integral transform. In this paper, local conditions for global invertibility of the ME-CT transform are studied, and explicit stability estimates quantifying the error propagation from measurements to reconstructions are provided. Motivated from the inverse problem of image reconstruction in ME-CT, an iterative inversion algorithm for the so-called P-functions is proposed. Numerical simulations for ME-CT, in two and three materials settings with an equal number of energy measurements, confirm the theoretical predictions.
Influence of plasma density on radiative recombination cross sections of oxygen ions
Authors: Ribière Maxime
Published: January 2022

Radiative recombination cross sections of oxygen ions from O+ to O6+ are calculated by an atomic model assuming central field and Hartree–Fock–Slater approximation for exchange potential. The recombining ions are considered on their ground states, to form recombined ions on their ground states as well as on several subshells up to 4d. The effect of plasma density on the cross sections is taken into account by varying the Wigner–Seitz cell representing the atomic volume containing bound and free electrons. It is shown that the increase of plasma density significantly enhances the cross sections involving excited states of the recombined ions at atmospheric pressures and beyond. These cross sections may be used in collisional-radiative models for fully ionized plasma simulations in the frame work of, for example, switches in Marx generator and laser-induced plasmas in air.
Tuning superconductivity with spin–orbit coupling and proximity effects in ferromagnet/superconductor/ heavy metal heterostructures
Authors: Zhao Duo , Wang Xiaolei , Wang Zhijie , Wei Dahai
Published: January 2022

In superconducting/ferromagnet heterostructures, spin-triplet Cooper pairs that carry spin information are crucial for the realization of superconducting spintronics. It has been theoretically proposed that they can be generated and controlled by the magnetic proximity effect and spin–orbit coupling (SOC), resulting in a change in the critical temperature (T
C). However, experiments are still lacking, which limits the development of device applications. Here, we fabricate a series of Co/Nb/Pt heterostructures and reference samples, where the SOC and magnetic proximity can be independently controlled. We found the suppression of T
C up to 11% by the different Rashba-SOC at the Nb/Pt and Nb/Cu interfaces, and the normalized T
C/T
C
0 was successfully tuned by 24% with the coeffect of SOC and magnetic proximity. Through rigorous comparison, we attribute the tuning of superconductivity to the spin-triplet Cooper pairs, which is controlled by both the SOC strength and magnetic proximity. Our results offer a new pathway to control superconductivity with SOC and pave a new direction for the design of superconducting spintronics devices.
Ultra-slow electron spin-lattice relaxation in a low magnetic field enables massive optical spin polarization in the 4A2 ground state of Cr3+
in ruby*
Authors: Riesen Hans
Published: January 2022

Ruby (α-Al2O3 doped with Cr3+) has been an archetypal material in the development of optical spectroscopy of the solid state for the last 150 years and was the first material that was demonstrated to lase. Notwithstanding the vast literature on ruby, one effect was somehow missed: in a magnetic field B
∥c ∼ 235 mT, the spin-lattice relaxation time T
1 for the |+3/2⟩ level in the 4A2 ground state is massively lengthened to ∼12 s at 1.4 K as demonstrated in this study. This very long relaxation time enables optical pumping of the |+3/2⟩ level via the R
1(±1/2) lines and a considerable +3/2 spin polarization of ∼95% is readily achieved. The observed magnetic field dependence can be quantitatively described using the one-phonon relaxation process.
Determination of the tricritical point, H–T phase diagram and exchange interactions in the antiferromagnet MnTa2O6
Authors: R Maruthi , Seehra Mohindar S , Ghosh Sayandeep , Medwal Rohit , Rawat Rajdeep S , Weise Bruno , Choi Eun Sang , Thota Subhash
Published: January 2022

Using the analysis of the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the magnetization (M) measured in the temperature range of 1.5 K to 400 K in magnetic fields up to 250 kOe, the magnetic field-temperature (H–T) phase diagram, tricritical point and exchange constants of the antiferromagnetic MnTa2O6 are determined in this work. X-ray diffraction/Rietveld refinement and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the polycrystalline MnTa2O6 sample verified its phase purity. Temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility χ (=M/H) yields the Néel temperature T
N = 5.97 K determined from the peak in the computed ∂(χT)/∂T vs T plot, in agreement with the T
N = 6.00 K determined from the peak in the C
P vs T data. The experimental data of C
P vs T near T
N is fitted to C
P = A|T − T
N|−α
yielding the critical exponent α = 0.10(0.13) for T > T
N (T < T
N). The χ vs T data for T > 25 K fits well with the modified Curie–Weiss law: χ = χ
0 + C/(T − θ) with χ
0 = −2.12 × 10−4 emu mol−1 Oe−1 yielding θ = −24 K, and C = 4.44 emu K mol−1 Oe−1, the later giving magnetic moment μ = 5.96 μ
B per Mn2+ ion. This yields the effective spin S = 5/2 and g = 2.015 for Mn2+, in agreement with g = 2.0155 measured using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Using the magnitudes of θ and T
N and molecular field theory, the antiferromagnetic exchange constants J
0/k
B = −1.5 ± 0.2 K and J
⊥/k
B = −0.85 ± 0.05 K for Mn2+ ions along the chain c-axis and perpendicular to the c-axis respectively are determined. The χ vs T data when compared to the prediction of a Heisenberg linear chain model provides semiquantitative agreement with the observed variation. The H–T phase diagram is mapped using the M–H isotherms and M–T data at different H yielding the tricritical point T
TP (H, T) = (17.0 kOe, 5.69 K) separating the paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and spin-flop phases. At 1.5 K, the experimental magnitudes of the exchange field H
E = 206.4 kOe and spin-flop field H
SF = 23.5 kOe yield the anisotropy field H
A = 1.34 kOe. These results for MnTa2O6 are compared with those reported recently in the isostructural MnNb2O6.
High-performance transparent conductive film by using ultra-thin metal grids
Authors: Yin Zhiqin , Liu Qingquan , Cui Zhuangzhuang , Xuan Zhiyi , Xie Maobing , Yao Bimu , Wang Shaowei
Published: January 2022

Transparent conductive films (TCFs) are indispensable for many optoelectronic devices. Films with high transmittance and low sheet resistance at low cost are ideal for people to pursue. In this paper, ultra-thin Au grid TCFs with thickness less than 0.32 μm are developed and fabricated by ultraviolet lithography. Nanoscale thick metal grid and simple experimental steps can greatly reduce their cost. The influence of grid shape (square, hexagon, ring), thickness and duty ratio on the transmittance and sheet resistance has been investigated systematically. The TCF with square shape Au grid has excellent properties with transmittance of 96.9%, sheet resistance of 11.5 Ω sq−1, and corresponding figure of merit of 1016. It is a good transparent heater with heating speed 100% faster and heating temperature 3.3% higher than indium tin oxide. It can also be fabricated on flexible substrates and exhibit good mechanical property, which have wide practical applications.
Strong coupling in thermoelectric nanojunctions: a reaction coordinate framework
Authors: McConnell Conor , Nazir Ahsan
Published: January 2022

We study a model of a thermoelectric nanojunction driven by vibrationally-assisted tunnelling. We apply the reaction coordinate formalism to derive a master equation governing its thermoelectric performance beyond the weak electron-vibrational coupling limit. Employing full counting statistics we calculate the current flow, thermopower, associated noise, and efficiency without resorting to the weak vibrational coupling approximation. We demonstrate intricacies of the power-efficiency-precision trade-off at strong coupling, showing that the three cannot be maximised simultaneously in our model. Finally, we emphasise the importance of capturing non-additivity when considering strong coupling and multiple environments, demonstrating that an additive treatment of the environments can violate the upper bound on thermoelectric efficiency imposed by Carnot.
Phononic manipulation of antiferromagnetic domains in NiO
Authors: Stremoukhov Pavel , Carl S Davies , Safin Ansar , Nikitov Sergey , Kirilyuk Andrei
Published: January 2022

The interaction between the crystal lattice and spins appears to be a very efficient mechanism for non-thermal manipulation of magnetic order. A particularly intriguing question is whether lattice vibrations can also be used to control or even switch domains in collinear antiferromagnets, where all other mechanisms fail. To answer this question, here we study the magnetic effects induced by tunable and narrow-band infrared optical pulses in single crystals of antiferromagnetic nickel oxide. Our measurements reveal that a resonant excitation in the vicinity of the frequency of longitudinal optical phonons leads to the displacement of antiferromagnetic domains in NiO, potentially revealing a promising method to manipulate antiferromagnetic order.
Photon blockade in a cavity–atom optomechanical system
Authors: Ding Zhong , Zhang Yong
Published: January 2022

We study the single-photon blockade (1PB), two-photon blockade (2PB), and photon-induced tunneling (PIT) effects in a cavity–atom optomechanical system in which a two-level atom is coupled to a single-model cavity field via a two-photon interaction. By analyzing the eigenenergy spectrum of the system, we obtain a perfect 1PB with a high occupancy probability of single-photon excitation, which means that a high-quality and efficient single-photon source can be generated. However, PIT often occurs in many cases when we consider 2PB in analogy to 1PB. In addition, we find that a 2PB region will present in the optomechanical system, which can be proved by calculating the correlation function of the model analytically.
Data-driven parity-time-symmetric vector rogue wave solutions of multi-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Chang Li-Jun , Mo Yi-Fan , Ling Li-Ming , Zeng De-Lu
Published: January 2022

Rogue waves are a class of nonlinear waves with extreme amplitudes, which usually appear suddenly and disappear without any trace. Recently, the parity-time (

P
T

)-symmetric vector rogue waves (RWs) of multi-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation (n-NLSE) are usually derived by the methods of integrable systems. In this paper, we utilize the multi-stage physics-informed neural networks (MS-PINNs) algorithm to derive the data-driven

P
T

symmetric vector RWs solution of coupled NLS system in elliptic and X-shapes domains with nonzero boundary condition. The results of the experiment show that the multi-stage physics-informed neural networks are quite feasible and effective for multi-component nonlinear physical systems in the above domains and boundary conditions.