bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Marital Immigrant. Land, and Agricultue: A Malawian Case Study
Authors: Paul Kishindo
Published: November 2011

Les régions du centre et du sud du Malawi suivent principalement la succession et l'héritage matrilinéaires et pratiquent les mariages uxorilocaux. Les femmes, plutôt que les hommes, détiennent les principaux droits fonciers. Les responsables du gouvernement colonial et certains universitaires eurocentriques ont fait valoir que le système des mariages uxorilocaux et la propriété féminine des droits fonciers sont contraires au développement agricole, principalement parce que les hommes perdent la motivation d'investir à long terme dans des terres qui ne leur appartiennent pas. Cette étude d'immigrants mariés visait à déterminer si l'emplacement des droits fonciers chez quelqu'un d'autre qu'eux-mêmes affectait la façon dont ils percevaient l'agriculture et faisaient de la ferme. les décisions. il a constaté que si les décisions à court terme ne sont pas affectées, les investissements à long terme sont influencés par la perception de la sécurité, comprise en termes de stabilité conjugale.
Gender Inequality in the Division of Household Labour in Tanzania
Authors: Sheryl Feinstein  , Rachel Feinstein  , Sophia Sabrow
Published: November 2011

Cette étude a examiné les normes de genre et le langage utilisé pour rationaliser l'inégalité entre les sexes concernant la division du travail des ménages en Tanzanie. Des étudiants universitaires et des étudiants du secondaire tanzaniens ont participé à des entretiens, des groupes de discussion et des enquêtes pour cette étude. Les résultats suggèrent que les hommes tanzaniens ont des attentes très traditionnelles concernant les rôles de genre tandis que les femmes tanzaniennes ont des attentes plus progressistes. Certaines normes de genre, y compris l'attente selon laquelle les femmes devraient être responsables des enfants et devraient faire plus de travail que les hommes en général, ont été démontrées. naturalisation, la tentative de justifier une inégalité telle que le sexisme en prétendant quela disparité est tout simplement naturelle, a été utilisée pour expliquer les inégalités ; comme l'était la minimisation, la tentative de justifier une inégalité en réduisant l'importance du problème. Enfin, le sexisme culturel a tenté de justifier l'inégalité entre les sexes en expliquant les différences entre les sexes par des pratiques culturelles plutôt que par le sexisme.
Social Sciences and Democracy: Debates in Africa
Authors: Mkandawire Thandika
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Les sciences sociales et la modernité en Afrique subsaharienne
Authors: Akindes Francis
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Violence et langage: Problèmes du passage à la démocratie
Authors: Hountondji Paulin J.
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Political Economy of Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Akokpari John K.
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Oliver Tambo and the Politics of Class, Race and Ethnicity in the African National Congress of South frica
Authors: Callinicos Luli
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Case for Longitudinal Survey Research in Social Science Analysis in South Africa
Authors: Koen Charlton
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Dilemmas of the Left Academy: A Report on the 1998 Socialist Schofars Conference
Authors: Nash Andrew
Published: November 2011

Absract
The Internal and External Contexts of Human Rights Practice in Kenya: Daniel Arap Moi's Operational Code
Authors: Korwa G. Adar
Published: November 2011

Abstract
L'Analyse des Organisations en Afrique: Un Champ de Recherche Emergent
Authors: Emmanuel Kamdem
Published: November 2011

L'organisation, concept fondamental en sciences sociales et en sciences de gestion, a fait l'objet d'une littérature abondante qui a permis à l'analyse des organisations de devenir progressivement un champ de recherche dominant. Ce champ de recherche s'est d'abord développé en Amérique du Nord, principalement aux États-Unis, ou a été réalisé les premiers travaux systématiques sur l'organisation ; travaux essentiellement consacrés aux problèmes de fonctionnement des unités de production économique. A lafaveur de /'exportation dans d'autres régions du monde du modèle américain de gestion et des paradigmes qui le sous-tendent, après la deuxième guerre mondiale, /'analyse des organisations a connu desdéveloppements importants en Europe, en Amérique du Sud et en Asie. L'Afrique, longtemps restée en marge de cette évolution, commence son tour à connaître un regain d'intérêt pour l'organisation en tant qu'objet d'étude ; et ce à partir des années quatre-vingt. C'est une situation nouvelle que s'intéresse I'auteur de ce texte en proposant une rejlexion articulée autour de deux axes majeurs. D'une part, effectuer un survol de la littérature sur les organisations en tentant de dégager les principales perspectives d'analyse et, d'autre part, porter un regard sur la production africaine actuelle ajin d'élucider les conditions de son émergence et d'évaluer les possibilités de son développement. L'pertinence de la présente réflexion se justifie par la nécessité de construire un discours à la fois cohérent et réaliste sur l'organisation en Afrique, tout en adoptant une posture à l' attention des discours antérieurs et actuels sur l'organisation ailleurs dans le monde, notamment en Occident.
Mindless versus mindful sociology: Models of mind in sociology and the social sciences
Authors: Ken Jubber
Published: November 2011

This article deals with the dominant mode! of mind implicit or explicit in many of the social sciences and sociology. Following the lead of evolu­ tionary psychologists John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, this dominant the­ ory of mind is referred to as the 'Standard Social Science Madel'. This mode! is described and a short history of it provided. A brief explanation for ifs dominance is also offered. The paper argues that this mode! is now obsolete and that scientific progress in sociology and the social science is being hampered byadherence toit. The major shortcomings f the mode! are identified. An alternate mode[ of mind, the 'Integrated Mode!', is ojfered asa scientifically sounder one that offers sociology and the social sciences a wayout of the rut they are currently in. The mainfeatures of the Integrated Mode! are discussed and the paper concludes with the promise that the mode! holds for sociology and the social sciences ifït is adopted.
Globalisation and Discontent: Project and Discourse
Authors: Peter Alexander
Published: November 2011

abstract
Glen Adler (ed.). Engaging the State and Business The Labour Movement and Co-determination in South Africa. (Johannesburg. Witwatersrand University Press, 2000).
Authors: Franco Barchiesi
Published: November 2011

abstract
Kiraitu Murungi. In the Mud of Politics. (Nairobi. Acacia Stantex Publishers, 2000). xvii+208pp; ISBN 9966917 16 0, Kshs. 400.
Authors: Godwin R. Murunga
Published: November 2011

abstract
Les Tribulations de la Sociologie gabonaise: science des problèmes sociaux ou science des faits construits?
Authors: Jean Ferdinand Mbah
Published: November 2011

L'Histoire, le Droit et l'Economie sont des disciplines connues et bien instituées au Gabon. Ce n'est pas le cas pour la sociologie qui, introduite à la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines depuis 1970, reste une dis­ cipline très mal connue, parce que insuffisamment tournée vers la résolution des problèmes pratiques, notamment du développement, mal appréciée parce que toujours perçue comme ancrée dans la mise en évidence des dynamismes sociaux et des stratégies des groupes. Dans la mesure où la pratique des recherches sociologiques est insiif.fisante pour convaincre de l'utilité de la sociologie, une certaine tendance est née, celle qui transformera peu à peu le sociologue en expert. Le présent arti­ cle s'efforce de donner une image du sociologue et de la sociologie en présentant non seulement les pionniers de la sociologie gabonaise et leur lieu d'exercice, mais aussi les difficultés d'acclimatation de la sociologie, en partie, liées à son orientation qui tendrait non pas à s'occuper du devoir être, mais à dévoiler la nature de la société, ses hiérarchies et ses dynamismes.
Documenting Changing Family Patterns in South Africa: Are Census Data of any Value?
Authors: Susan C. Ziehl
Published: November 2011

abstract
Sites of Struggle: The reorientation of Political values in the Matabeleland conflict Zimbabwe 1980-1987
Authors: Katri Pohjolainen Yap
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Monuments, memorials and the mystique of empire the immortalisation of Cecil Rhodes in theTwentieth century
Authors: Paul Maylam
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Productivity among Nurses and Midwives in Botswana
Authors: Thabo T. Fako  , Ntonghanwah Forcheh  , Kebonyengwana T.O. Balogi
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Jessop, Bob . 2001. The regulation School and the Crisis Capitalism: Volumes 1 —3. Cheltenham. Edward Elger.
Authors: Geoffrey Wood
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The “Sorbonne” of Abidjan: dream of democracy or birth of a public space?
Authors: Aghi Bahi
Published: November 2011

Over the last few years, more or less spontaneous popular forums are developing in Abidjan. The oldest one is “La Sorbonne” in the Plateau district. It is so called in reference to the famous Parisian university. Young citizens would gather there to discuss politics. This gathering is commonly understood to be of idle persons, even by the local press. This paper contemplates the meaning of this phenomenon within the framework of the birth of the publicsphere in the new context of multipartyism. Drawing on observations and interviews, the paper dwells on what takes place, and argues that the sense constructed by the actors is ‘authentic’ democracy where the individuals can freely debate politics and express their opinions. The re-invigoration of multipartyism and particularly the new constitution issued from the civilian-military transition of the year 2000 contributed towards the spread of the idea of free speech among these young males coming from popular social backgrounds. The ongoing events of Côte d’Ivoire have thrown “ La Sorbonne” and other popular forums into civil society and consider it as the obvious expression of public opinion.
Scales of suffering, Orders of Emancipation: Critical Issues in Democratic Development in Africa
Authors: Tade Akin Aina
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Sexual Harassment in Academia in Nigeria: How Real
Authors: Olugbenga Jelil Ladebo
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Some Dilemmas of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Coping in a Zambia Village
Authors: C. Bawa Yamba
Published: November 2011

The paper examines the activities of researchers in a multidisciplinary HIV/AIDS prevention project in an African rural setting. Like most such projects on health promotion, it entailed trying to pass on superior knowledge on how to save people from dying of AIDS. It draws on an ethnography that spans over a decade of HIV/AIDS prevention in Zambia to show some of the problems inherent in applied projects that do not problematise the very idea of capacity building that aims to empower local people to deal with their own problems. It is argued that such researchers ought to reflect on questions such as what it entails to say that people cope(or are coping) with a given situation of stress and uncertainty; whether this means that suchpeople draw from a range of resources to counter the impact of the situation, or simply drift along with the inevitable and are, thus, able to reduce the impact; and what kind of knowledge isinternaliseable so as to make its recipients think it prudent to act in accordance with its precepts. It is argued social scientists working with HIV/AIDS prevention ought to examine these kinds ofunderlying assumptions in their work, otherwise they end up creating increased uncertainty and leaving they people they study more vulnerable than before. Examples from the project are drawn to illustrate these issues, to conclude with some tentative points on why it is necessary to be modest about knowing what is best for others, particularly in HIV/AIDS prevention.
Growing up Pregnant: Events of Kinship in Everyday Life
Authors: Mette Ringsted
Published: November 2011

This paper explores how pregnant girls and young mothers, between the ages of 14 and 19, manage their social relations during pregnancy and early motherhood. Whereas most of the pregnant girls and young moth­ers in this study lived as 'unwanted family members ' others were reinte­grated into their families. The paper focuses on how they actively negotiate and form 'relatedness ' to reduce uncertainty in their daily life, and particularly how they and their children struggle not to be excluded from reciprocal family responsibilities. During recent decades, people in Tanzania as in most qf sub-Saharan Africa have been experiencing major changes in the family structure. Modernisation and urbanisation, and more recently the HIVIAJDS pandemic, have also resulted in the disinte­gration of social support networb and high Level of mobility also among young adolescents and children. The research is based on field­work in Muheza, a roadside town in north-eastern Tanzania (2002-2003).
Change and Continuity in Kin-Based Support Systems for Widows and Orphans among the Luo in Western Kenya
Authors: Erick Otieno Nyambedha
Published: November 2011

This paper discusses change and continuity in the kin-based support for widows and orphans among the Luo in western Kenya. It shows how the involvement of external actors such as church and donor-sponsored insti­tutions have transformed some traditional systems and created new opportunities for widows and orphans. For instance, an indigenous insti­tution such as duol (originally a communal eating arrangement, which has now evolved into a prayer house), now addresses the needs of widows and orphans through church and donor assistance. Widows and orphans can now choose when and for what purpose they should utilise domestic ties, and when to turn to relations outside the extended kin group. It is noted that many widows and orphans prefer to deal with relations outside the kinship system in their everyday life. This has resulted in conjlict between the traditional and the modern systems, with the traditional one feeling undermined. It suggested that to understand change and continu­ity in the kin-based support for widows and orphans, we need to under­stand the new social processes that have influenced changes in corporate kin group responsibility. lt is argued that donor assistance to vulnerable groups, at the local level, should take into consideration the prevailing kinship structure and other relationships if conflictsof interest are to be minimised.
Small-scale Irrigation Devel opment for Sustainable Rural Devel opment: A Case Study of the Tyhefu Irrigation Scheme
Authors: Babalwa Sishuta
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A SEGMENTATION PROBLEM IN QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ORGAN DISPOSITION IN RADIOTHERAPY
Authors: Naldi Giovanni , Avuzzi Barbara , Fantini Simona , Carrara Mauro , Orlandi Ester , Massafra Elisa , Tomatis Stefano
Published: November 2011

Radiotherapeutic treatment of cancer is best conducted if the prescription dose is given to the tumor while surrounding normal tissues are maximally spared. With the aim to meet these requirements the complexity of radiotherapy techniques have steadily increased under a strong technological impulse, especially in the last decades. One problem involves the rate of the particular disposition of the structures of interest in a patient. Recently the authors (Tomatis et al., 2010; 2011) have proposed a computational approach in order to represent quantitatively the geometrical features of organs at risk, summarized in characteristics of distance, shape and orientation of such organs in respect to the target. A basic problem to solve before to compute the risk index, is the segmentation of the organs involved in the radiotherapy planning. Here we described a 3D segmentation method by using the clinical computed tomography (CT) data of the patients. Our algorithm is based on different steps, a preprocessing phase where a nonlinear diffusion filter is applied; a level set based method for extract 2D countours; a postprocessing reconstruction of 3D volume from 2D segmented slices. Some comparisons with manually traced segmentation by clinical experts are provided.
Ergonomic practices within patient care units are associated with musculoskeletal pain and limitations
Authors: Dennerlein Jack T. , Hopcia Karen , Sembajwe Grace , Kenwood Christopher , Stoddard Anne M. , Tveito T. Helene , Hashimoto Dean M. , Sorensen Glorian
Published: November 2011

Background

With the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) for patient care unit workers, prevention efforts through ergonomic practices within units may be related to symptoms associated with typical work‐related MSDs.

Methods

We completed a cross‐sectional survey of patient care workers (n = 1,572) in two large academic hospitals in order to evaluate relationships between self‐reported musculoskeletal pain, work interference due to this pain, and limitations during activities of daily living (functional limitations) and with ergonomic practices and other organizational policy and practices metrics within the unit. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses tested the significance of these associations.

Results

Prevalence of self‐reported musculoskeletal symptoms in the past 3 months was 74% with 53% reporting pain in the low back. 32.8% reported that this pain interfered with their work duties and 17.7% reported functional limitations in the prior week. Decreased ergonomic practices were significantly associated with reporting pain in four body areas (low back, neck/shoulder, arms, and lower extremity) in the previous 3 months, interference with work caused by this pain, symptom severity, and limitations in completing activities of daily living in the past week. Except for low back pain and work interference, these associations remained significant when psychosocial covariates such as psychological demands were included in multiple logistic regressions.

Conclusions

Ergonomic practices appear to be associated with many of the musculoskeletal symptoms denoting their importance for prevention efforts in acute health care settings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:107–116, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Representativity and networks of Marine Protected Areas
Authors: Rice Jake , Houston Kim
Published: November 2011

Through recent Decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), States have agreed to establish networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), and that representativity is a necessary feature of the networks.

There is extensive literature on the intent of these commitments and scientific guidance on network design. The guidance specifies that to have representativity captured in a network requires that a suitable biogeographical classification exists and that areas which ‘represent’ the biogeographical subdivisions are included. However, no operational guidance has been provided on how to determine that a subdivision is adequately ‘represented’ by a protected area.

This paper looks at the management and conservation functions expected to be served by representative MPAs, including an ‘insurance policy’ function, a ‘benchmark’ or natural control function, and a ‘seed stock’ function.

The scales at which marine ecological processes typically operate are reviewed, as a basis for determining the scales of MPAs needed to provide these functions.

It is concluded that representative MPAs at the spatial scales of the interactions of key top predators and forage fish generally should ensure spatial scales large enough to give protection to the other processes as well.

To ensure the key functions are served, the representative MPAs also should have sufficient protection that human pressures do not alter the characteristics of these ecological processes.

Copyright © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2011. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Electroactive Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Unique Geometric Structures by Using Rigid Norbornylogous Bridges
Authors: Darwish Nadim , Eggers Paul K. , Da Silva Paulo , Zhang Yi , Tong Yujin , Ye Shen , Gooding J. Justin , Paddon‐Row Michael N.
Published: November 2011

Herein, we describe the synthesis of straight (S) and L‐shaped (L) norbornylogous bridges (NBs) with an anthraquinone moiety at the distal end as the redox‐active head group and two thiol feet at the proximal end, by which the molecules assemble on gold surfaces. The NB molecules were shown to form self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) with a well‐behaved surface redox process. The SAMs were characterized by using in situ IR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, scanning tunnelling microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The surface selection rules associated with the IR band intensities allowed the estimation of the position of the anthraquinone moiety with respect to the surface and the tilt of the bridge with respect to the surface normal, both in pure and diluted monolayers. It is shown that the S‐ and L‐NBs hold the plane of the anthraquinone moiety close to the surface normal or the surface tangent, respectively. Neither NB molecule changes its orientation if spaced by diluents on the surface. The difference in the structure of the S‐ and L‐NB SAMs provides a suitable framework for the investigation of factors that govern electron transfer of anthraquinone moieties across self‐assembled monolayers with limited structural ambiguity, as compared with the commonly used structurally flexible alkanethiol monolayers.
Current drugs in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Yu Yiyun , La Cava Antonio
Published: November 2011

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with heterogeneous presentation and clinical manifestations. These aspects represent a problem in the treatment of the disease. Nonspecific medications for SLE that include antimalarials, corticosteroids, and cytotoxic drugs improve the prognosis of SLE yet carry significant side effects. Therefore, new targeted therapies that block pathways involved in the pathogenesis of SLE have been developed as possible additions to the standard management of the disease. This work reviews the current therapies and novel approaches in the treatment of SLE. Drug Dev Res 72:561–572, 2011. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The lymphocyte potassium channels Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 as targets for immunosuppression
Authors: Lam Jenny , Wulff Heike
Published: November 2011

The voltage‐gated Kv1.3 and the calcium‐activated KCa3.1 potassium channel modulate many calcium‐dependent cellular processes in immune cells, including T‐cell activation and proliferation and have therefore been proposed as novel therapeutic targets for immunomodulation. Kv1.3 is highly expressed in CCR7− effector memory T cells and is emerging as a target for T‐cell‐mediated diseases like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type‐1 diabetes mellitus, allergic contact dermatitis, and psoriasis. In contrast, KCa3.1 is expressed in CCR7+ naive and central memory T cells, as well as in mast cells, macrophages, dedifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, vascular endothelium, and airway epithelium. Given this expression pattern, KCa3.1 is a potential therapeutic target for conditions ranging from inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and asthma to cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and post‐angioplasty restenosis. Results from animal studies have been supportive of the therapeutic potential of both Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 blockers and have also not shown any toxicities associated with pharmacological Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 blockade. To date, two compounds targeting Kv1.3 are in preclinical development, but so far, no Kv1.3 blocker has advanced into clinical trials. KCa3.1 blockers, on the other hand, have been evaluated in clinical trials for sickle cell anemia and exercise‐induced asthma, but have so far not shown efficacy. However, the trial results support KCa3.1 as a safe therapeutic target and hopefully will enable clinical trials for other medical conditions that might benefit from KCa3.1 blockade. Drug Dev Res 72:573–584, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arene Exchange in the Ruthenium–Naphthalene Complex [CpRu(C10H8)]+
Authors: Perekalin Dmitry S. , Karslyan Eduard E. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Borissova Alexandra O. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Kudinov Alexander R.
Published: November 2011

Substitution of the naphthalene ligand in [CpRu(C10H8)]+ (1; Cp = cyclopentadienyl ligand) by other arenes occurs upon heating or visible‐light irradiation and gives complexes [CpRu(arene)]+ [arene = C6HnMe6–n, C6H5OH, C6H5OMe, C6H4(OMe)2, indene, 2,2‐paracyclophane] in 70–90 % yield. The reaction rate increases with coordinating ability of the solvent, CH2Cl2 < THF/CH2Cl2 < Me2CO, and counterion, [B(3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3)4]– < PF6– < BF4– < CF3SO3–. Acceptor or bulky substituents in the incoming arene slow down the exchange. Complexes with acceptor arenes C6H5COMe, C6H5COOH, and C6H4(COOH)2 were obtained by the exchange reaction in water. Complexes [CpRu(η6‐cycloheptatriene)]+ and [CpRu(η6‐cyclooctatetraene)]+ were obtained by irradiation of 1 with the corresponding cyclic polyenes. A similar reaction with α‐phellandrene is accompanied by dehydrogenation to give [CpRu(cymene)]+. Cation 1 reacts with 2‐naphthoic acid anion to give the zwitterionic complexes [CpRu]+[C10H7COO]– in which the [CpRu]+ fragment coordinates either at the substituted or unsubstituted ring. Upon protonation and subsequent irradiation, both isomers convert into [CpRu(C10H7COOH)]+ in which the metal atom coordinates only to the unsubstituted ring. The structures of [CpRu(p‐xylene)][PF6], [CpRu(2,2‐paracyclophane)][PF6], [CpRu(C6H5COOH)][BF4], and [CpRu(cymene)][BPh4] were determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Ionic Additives and Weak Magnetic Fields in the Thermal Decomposition of Octacarbonyldicobalt – Tools To Control the Morphology of Cobalt Nanoparticles
Authors: Dreyer Axel , Peter Michael , Mattay Jochen , Eckstädt Katrin , Hütten Andreas , Jutzi Peter
Published: November 2011

In the presence of ionic compounds, the thermal decomposition of octacarbonyldicobalt, Co2(CO)8, in an inert solvent leads exclusively to ϵ‐Co nanocubes. The ionic species can be added directly or generated in situ by a chemical reaction between an additive and the precursor or between two additives. The additional presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field leads to disc‐shaped crystalline nanoparticles, which assemble to chains.
Electrochemical Reductive Deprotonation of an Imidazole Ligand in a Bipyridine Tricarbonyl Rhenium(I) Complex
Authors: Zeng Qiang , Messaoudani Mahdi , Vlček Antonín , Hartl František
Published: November 2011

The reduction pathway of fac‐[ReI(imH)(CO)3(bpy)]+ was studied in situ by UV/Vis/NIR–IR spectroelectrochemistry with an OTTLE cell. The complex underwent 1e– reduction of the 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) ligand and intramolecular electron transfer, which resulted in the conversion of the axial imidazole (imH) ligand to 3‐imidazolate (3‐im–). This step was followed by two bpy‐based 1e– reductions to ultimately produce five‐coordinate [Re(CO)3(bpy)]– and free 3‐im–. The identity of the reduction product fac‐[Re(3‐im–)(CO)3(bpy)] has been proven by partial chemical deprotonation of the parent complex followed by IR spectroelectrochemistry. This is the first time that the reductive electrochemical conversion of metal‐coordinated imidazole to terminal 3‐imidazolate has been observed.
Occurrence of negative epsilon in seismic hazard analysis deaggregation, and its impact on target spectra computation
Authors: Burks Lynne S. , Baker Jack W.
Published: November 2011

This paper investigates circumstances behind the occurrence of negative ε (the normalized difference between the spectral acceleration of a recorded ground motion and the median response predicted by a ground motion prediction equation) in probabilistic seismic hazard deaggregation. Negative ε values are of engineering interest because of their impact on the conditional mean spectrum (CMS), which is a proposed alternative to the uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) as a target spectrum for ground motion selection. In the case where target ε values from deaggregation are positive, the CMS calculation produces relatively lower response spectra than the UHS. Positive target ε values occur almost universally in active seismic regions at long return periods of engineering interest, but the possibility of negative target ε values is important because in the case of negative target ε, some relationships between the CMS and UHS would reverse. This paper describes the calculation of target ε, performs parametric studies to determine when negative ε values occur in deaggregation, and investigates the potential impact on target spectrum calculation and ground motion selection. The case studies indicate that special seismicity models and certain ground motion prediction equations have the most significant effect on ε values and a combination of these characteristics in Eastern North America creates the most likely situation for negative target ε to occur. CMS results are nonintuitive when the target ε is negative, but it is not clear that this is a common practical concern because negative target ε occurs only in well‐constrained areas. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COST‐MINIMISATION ANALYSIS VERSUS COST‐EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, REVISITED
Authors: Dakin Helen , Wordsworth Sarah
Published: November 2011

We aim to establish whether it is ever appropriate to conduct cost‐minimisation analysis (CMA) rather than cost‐effectiveness analysis.We perform a literature review to examine how the use of CMA has changed since Briggs & O'Brien announced its death in 2001. Examples of simulated and trial data are presented: firstly to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of CMA in the context of non‐inferiority trials and those finding no significant difference in efficacy and secondly to assess whether CMA gives biased results.We show that CMA is still used and will bias measures of uncertainty, causing overestimation or underestimation of the value of information and the probability that treatment is cost‐effective. Although bias will be negligible for non‐inferiority studies comparing treatments that differ enormously in cost, it is generally necessary to collect and analyse data on costs and efficacy (including utilities) to assess this bias. Cost‐effectiveness analysis (including evaluation of the joint distribution of costs and benefits) is almost always required to avoid biased estimation of uncertainty. The remit of CMA in trial‐based economic evaluation is therefore even narrower than previously thought, suggesting that CMA is not only dead but should also be buried. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributive justice, procedural justice, exemplarity, and employees' willingness to cooperate in M&A integration processes: An analysis of the Air France‐KLM merger
Authors: Melkonian Tessa , Monin Philippe , Noorderhaven Niels G.
Published: November 2011

Although employees' willingness to cooperate is acknowledged as a critical success factor for post‐M&A (merger‐and‐acquisition) integration, we still know little about the psychological mechanisms that lie beneath employees' cooperative attitudes and behaviors in this context. Building on the premises of fairness heuristic theory, this longitudinal study explores how the relative importance of distributive and procedural justice judgments for employees' willingness to cooperate shifts over time. We suggest that when employees lack justice‐relevant information on both distributive and procedural aspects of decisions, they will use another temporary heuristic to reduce uncertainty by scrutinizing the M&A‐related cooperative behaviors of authority figures. We test our hypotheses on data from a four‐time repeated cross‐sectional survey of employee responses in a post‐M&A integration process. The findings provide important insights into how merging firms can enhance employees' willingness to cooperate through the subtle exercise of justice and exemplarity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postacquisition evolution of the appraisal and reward systems: A study of Chinese IT firms acquired by US firms
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee , Huang Kun
Published: November 2011

This study investigates changes and continuity in the performance appraisal and reward systems of four Chinese IT firms after they were acquired by US‐owned multinational corporations. Drawing on different perspectives, it examines changes in the appraisal and reward systems of the acquired units and the extent to which they may be influenced by the interplay of business strategy, organizational structure, resource‐based power of the acquiring and acquired partners, management competence, labor market factors, and the cultural norms of China. The study reveals that the guiding principle of performance management and reward policy of the acquired firms have experienced changes. However, the structure of compensation remains largely unchanged. There is a high level of resistance from the Chinese managers to adopt more sophisticated performance appraisal techniques and to widen the wage band to differentiate employees' performance. The foreign acquirers have taken a cautious and pragmatic approach to implement changes. As a result, the relatively slow speed of change and limited substantive changes in the performance and reward practices make it impossible to achieve a full strategic alignment of human resource practices at the corporate‐level post‐acquisition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Odanacatib reduces bone turnover and increases bone mass in the lumbar spine of skeletally mature ovariectomized rhesus monkeys
Authors: Masarachia Patricia J , Pennypacker Brenda L , Pickarski Maureen , Scott Kevin R , Wesolowski Gregg A , Smith Susan Y , Samadfam Rani , Goetzmann Jason E , Scott Boyd B , Kimmel Donald B , Duong Le T
Published: November 2011

Odanacatib (ODN) is a selective and reversible inhibitor of cathepsin K (CatK) currently being developed as a once-weekly treatment for osteoporosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ODN on bone turnover, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone strength in the lumbar spine of estrogen-deficient, skeletally mature rhesus monkeys. Ovariectomized (OVX) monkeys were treated in prevention mode for 21 months with either vehicle, ODN 6 mg/kg, or ODN 30 mg/kg (p.o., q.d.) and compared with intact animals. ODN treatment persistently suppressed the bone resorption markers (urinary NTx [75% to 90%] and serum CTx [40% to 55%]) and the serum formation markers (BSAP [30% to 35%] and P1NP [60% to 70%]) versus vehicle-treated OVX monkeys. Treatment with ODN also led to dose-dependent increases in serum 1-CTP and maintained estrogen deficiency–elevated Trap-5b levels, supporting the distinct mechanism of CatK inhibition in effectively suppressing bone resorption without reducing osteoclast numbers. ODN at both doses fully prevented bone loss in lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L4) BMD in OVX animals, maintaining a level comparable to intact animals. ODN dose-dependently increased L1 to L4 BMD by 7% in the 6 mg/kg group (p < 0.05 versus OVX-vehicle) and 15% in the 30 mg/kg group (p < 0.05 versus OVX-vehicle) from baseline. Treatment also trended to increase bone strength, associated with a positive and highly significant correlation (R = 0.838) between peak load and bone mineral content of the lumbar spine. Whereas ODN reduced bone turnover parameters in trabecular bone, the number of osteoclasts was either maintained or increased in the ODN-treated groups compared with the vehicle controls. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the long-term treatment with ODN effectively suppressed bone turnover without reducing osteoclast number and maintained normal biomechanical properties of the spine of OVX nonhuman primates. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Randomized controlled trial of a primary care–based screening program to identify older women with prevalent osteoporotic vertebral fractures: Cohort for skeletal health in Bristol and Avon (COSHIBA)
Authors: Clark Emma M , Gould Virginia , Morrison Leigh , Ades AE , Dieppe Paul , Tobias Jon H
Published: November 2011

Approximately 12% of postmenopausal women have osteoporotic vertebral fractures (VFs); these are associated with excess morbidity and mortality and a high risk of future osteoporotic fractures. Despite this, less than one-third come to clinical attention, partly due to lack of clear clinical triggers for referral for spinal radiographs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a novel primary care–based screening tool could be used to identify postmenopausal women with osteoporotic VFs and increase appropriate management of osteoporosis. A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 15 general practices within the Bristol area of the UK. A total of 3200 women aged 65 to 80 years were enrolled, with no exclusion criteria. A simple screening tool was carried out by a nurse in primary care to identify women at high risk of osteoporotic VFs. All identified high-risk women were offered a diagnostic thoracolumbar radiograph. Radiographs were reported using standard National Health Service (NHS) reporting, with results sent back to each participant's general practitioner (GP). Participants in the control arm did not receive the screening tool or radiographs. The main outcome measure was self-reported prescription of medication for osteoporosis at 6 months with a random 5% subsample verified against electronic GP records. Secondary outcome was self-reported incidence of new fractures. Results showed that allocation to screening increased prescription of osteoporosis medications by 124% (odds ratio [OR] for prescription 2.24 at 6 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 4.33). Allocation to screening also reduced fracture incidence at 12-month follow-up (OR for new fracture 0.60; 95% CI, 0.35–1.03; p = 0.063), although this did not reach statistical significance. This study supports the use of a simple screening tool administered in primary care to increase appropriate prescription of medications for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in the UK. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Five years of denosumab exposure in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: Results from the first two years of the FREEDOM extension
Authors: Papapoulos Socrates , Chapurlat Roland , Libanati Cesar , Brandi Maria Luisa , Brown Jacques P , Czerwiński Edward , Krieg Marc-Antoine , Man Zulema , Mellström Dan , Radominski Sebastião C , Reginster Jean-Yves , Resch Heinrich , Ivorra José A Román , Roux Christian , Vittinghoff Eric , Austin Matthew , Daizadeh Nadia , Bradley Michelle N , Grauer Andreas , Cummings Steven R , Bone Henry G
Published: November 2011

The 3-year FREEDOM trial assessed the efficacy and safety of 60 mg denosumab every 6 months for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Participants who completed the FREEDOM trial were eligible to enter an extension to continue the evaluation of denosumab efficacy and safety for up to 10 years. For the extension results presented here, women from the FREEDOM denosumab group had 2 more years of denosumab treatment (long-term group) and those from the FREEDOM placebo group had 2 years of denosumab exposure (cross-over group). We report results for bone turnover markers (BTMs), bone mineral density (BMD), fracture rates, and safety. A total of 4550 women enrolled in the extension (2343 long-term; 2207 cross-over). Reductions in BTMs were maintained (long-term group) or occurred rapidly (cross-over group) following denosumab administration. In the long-term group, lumbar spine and total hip BMD increased further, resulting in 5-year gains of 13.7% and 7.0%, respectively. In the cross-over group, BMD increased at the lumbar spine (7.7%) and total hip (4.0%) during the 2-year denosumab treatment. Yearly fracture incidences for both groups were below rates observed in the FREEDOM placebo group and below rates projected for a “virtual untreated twin” cohort. Adverse events did not increase with long-term denosumab administration. Two adverse events in the cross-over group were adjudicated as consistent with osteonecrosis of the jaw. Five-year denosumab treatment of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis maintained BTM reduction and increased BMD, and was associated with low fracture rates and a favorable risk/benefit profile. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Understanding cross‐boundary events in ONIOM QM:QM' calculations
Authors: Lundberg Marcus
Published: November 2011

QM:QM' models, where QM' is a fast molecular orbital method, offers advantages over standard quantum mechanics: molecular mechanics (QM:MM) models, especially in the description of charge transfer and mutual polarization between layers. The ONIOM QM:QM' scheme also allows for reactions across the layer boundary, but the understanding of these events is limited. To explain the factors that affect cross‐boundary events, a set of proton transfer processes, including the acylation reaction in serine protease, have been investigated. For reactions inside out, that is, when a group breaks a bond in the high layer and forms a new bond with a group in the low layer, QM' methods that are overbinding relative to the QM method, for example, Hartree–Fock versus B3LYP, can severely overestimate the exothermicity of the reaction. This might lead to artificial reactivity across the QM:QM' boundary, a phenomenon called model escape. The accuracy for reactions that occur outside in, that is, when a group in the low layer forms a new bond with the high layer, is mainly determined by the QM' calculation. Cross‐boundary reactions should generally be avoided in the present ONIOM scheme. Fortunately, a better understanding of these events makes it easy to design stable ONIOM QM:QM' models, for example, by choosing a proper model system. Importantly, an accurate description of cross‐boundary reactions would open up possibilities to simulate chemical reactions without a priori limiting the reactivity in the design of the computational model. Challenges to implement a simulation scheme (ONIOM‐XR) that can automatically handle chemical reactions between different layers are briefly discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2012
Synthesis of cyclic N‐nitrourethanes by the simultaneous oxidative desulfurization and nitration of cyclic thiourethanes
Authors: Willer Rodney L. , Campbell Christopher G. , Storey Robson F.
Published: November 2011

The reaction of five‐ and six‐membered cyclic thiourethanes with acetyl nitrate results in a vigorous reaction that generates copious amounts of red–brown nitrogen oxide fumes and produces the corresponding cyclic N‐nitrourethanes in high yields (>95%). The overall yield of the cyclic N‐nitrourethanes starting from an aminoalcohol using the “thiourethane” route is superior to the conventional route going through the cyclic urethane. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Coaxial Electrospinning with Triton X‐100 Solutions as Sheath Fluids for Preparing PAN Nanofibers
Authors: Yu Deng‐Guang , Chatterton Nicholas P. , Yang Jun‐He , Wang Xia , Liao Yao‐Zu
Published: November 2011

Coaxial electrospinning using surfactants as sheath fluid for preparing high‐quality polymer nanofibers is studied. PAN nanofibers are fabricated using this process with Triton X‐100 solutions in DMF. FESEM demonstrates that the Triton X‐100 solution has a significant influence on the quality of the nanofibers. The nanofiber diameters can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of Triton X‐100 in the sheath fluids with a scaling law D = 640 C−0.32. The mechanism of the influence of Triton X‐100 solutions on the formation of PAN fibers is discussed and it is demonstrated that coaxial electrospinning with surfactant solution is a facile method for achieving high‐quality polymer nanofibers.

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Maximal exact structures on additive categories revisited
Authors: Crivei Septimiu
Published: November 2011

Sieg and Wegner showed that the stable exact sequences define a maximal exact structure (in the sense of Quillen) in any pre‐abelian category 41. We generalize this result to weakly idempotent complete additive categories.
In vivo monitoring of pH, redox status, and glutathione using L‐band EPR for assessment of therapeutic effectiveness in solid tumors
Authors: Bobko Andrey A. , Eubank Timothy D. , Voorhees Jeffrey L. , Efimova Olga V. , Kirilyuk Igor A. , Petryakov Sergey , Trofimiov Dmitrii G. , Marsh Clay B. , Zweier Jay L. , Grigor'ev Igor A. , Samouilov Alexandre , Khramtsov Valery V.
Published: November 2011

Approach for in vivo real‐time assessment of tumor tissue extracellular pH (pHe), redox, and intracellular glutathione based on L‐band EPR spectroscopy using dual function pH and redox nitroxide probe and disulfide nitroxide biradical, is described. These parameters were monitored in PyMT mice bearing breast cancer tumors during treatment with granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor. It was observed that tumor pHe is about 0.4 pH units lower than that in normal mammary gland tissue. Treatment with granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor decreased the value of pHe by 0.3 units compared with PBS control treatment. Tumor tissue reducing capacity and intracellular glutathione were elevated compared with normal mammary gland tissue. Granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor treatment resulted in a decrease of the tumor tissue reducing capacity and intracellular glutathione content. In addition to spectroscopic studies, pHe mapping was performed using recently proposed variable frequency proton–electron double‐resonance imaging. The pH mapping superimposed with MRI image supports probe localization in mammary gland/tumor tissue, shows high heterogeneity of tumor tissue pHe and a difference of about 0.4 pH units between average pHe values in tumor and normal mammary gland. In summary, the developed multifunctional approach allows for in vivo, noninvasive pHe, extracellular redox, and intracellular glutathione content monitoring during investigation of various therapeutic strategies for solid tumors. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioarchaeological Investigation of Possible Gunshot Wounds in 18th Century Human Skeletons from Korea
Authors: Kim Y.‐S. , Kim M. J. , Yu T.‐Y. , Lee I. S. , Yi Y. S. , Oh C. S. , Shin D. H.
Published: November 2011

Notwithstanding the relative abundance of bioarchaeological evidence of pre‐20th century gunshot wounds discovered at European and American archaeological sites, similar findings in East Asian countries have been very rare. In this study, we report evidence of possible gunshot wounds sustained by two individuals buried in Joseon tombs of Korea. The shapes of the trauma seemed to indicate low‐velocity projectiles, most likely musket balls. To our knowledge, this is the first bioarchaeological report specifically concerning possible gunshot‐wound evidence in East Asian skeletons recovered from archaeological fields. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.