bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early changes of bone metabolites and lymphocyte subsets may participate in osteoporosis onset: a preliminary study of a postmenopausal osteoporosis mouse model
Authors: Wang Sizhu , Qiu Yuyou , Tang Cuisong , Tang Huan , Liu Jinchuan , Chen Jieying , Zhang Lin , Tang Guangyu
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Metabolic and immune changes in the early stages of osteoporosis are not well understood. This study aimed to explore the changes in bone metabolites and bone marrow lymphocyte subsets and their relationship during the osteoporosis onset.

Methods

We established OVX and Sham mouse models. After 5, 15, and 40 days, five mice in each group were sacrificed. Humeri were analyzed by microCT. The bone marrow cells of the left femur and tibia were collected for flow cytometry analysis. The right femur and tibia were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for metabolomics analysis.

Results

Bone microarchitecture was significantly deteriorated 15 days after OVX surgery. Analysis of bone metabolomics showed that obvious metabolite changes had happened since 5 days after surgery. Lipid metabolism was significant at the early stage of the osteoporosis. The proportion of immature B cells was increased, whereas the proportion of mature B cells was decreased in the OVX group. Metabolites were significantly correlated with the proportion of lymphocyte subsets at the early stage of the osteoporosis.

Conclusion

Lipid metabolism was significant at the early stage of the osteoporosis. Bone metabolites may influence bone formation by interfering with bone marrow lymphocyte subsets.
Population genomic analysis reveals genetic divergence and adaptation in Brachymystax lenok
Authors: Li Ping , Niu Le , Chang Jianbo , Kou Xiaomei , Wang Wentian , Hu Wenjing , Liu Qigen
Published: February 2024

Studying how populations in various environments differ genetically is crucial for gaining insights into the evolution of biodiversity. In order to pinpoint potential indicators of divergence and adaptation to diverse environments, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 3,491,868 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from five populations of Brachymystax lenok. We discovered significant geographic divergence among these 5 populations, which lack evidence of gene flow among them. Our results further demonstrated that the current distribution pattern of Brachymystax lenok are driven by geographical isolation and changes in oceans and rivers. We also performed genome-wide scan and identified the genes evolved to adapt the different environments, including stress response. In general, these results provide genomic support for high-level genetic divergence and the genetic basis of adaptation to different environments.
Technological power, complex systems, and boundary objects in global energy transitions
Authors: Ahlborg Helene
Published: February 2024

This study makes a case for why the field of political ecology (PE) would benefit from deep engagement with technological power, and exemplifies this within the domain of energy studies and the ongoing transformation of the energy sector. Technology is not among the core interests or traditional topics of PE—and is therefore often disregarded or treated as a black box. The argument presented in this study asserts that this omission undermines the analytical power and the relevance of the field. Technology is the central mechanism whereby socionatures evolve and how relationships are negotiated and enacted. The attitude towards technical things is partly based on the idea that technologies are just artefacts of little interest. Cross-field dialogue is also hindered by perceived ontological conflicts. This study draws upon research from the philosophy of technology and sociotechnical systems theory to introduce a dynamic understanding of technological power. Seeing what technology does and has the potential to do requires looking beyond the common emphasis on dominance and control, to the myriad ways in which technologies shape our everyday lives, ontologies, and imagining of the future. Taking on a contentious concept, I advocate for the use of “systems” as a boundary object suitable for cross-field dialogue. As an analytical construct without inherent scale, it works as a framing device for moving power and knowledge claims to the forefront, while also allowing dialogue outside academia.
Rice straw increases microbial nitrogen fixation, bacterial and nifH genes abundance with the change of land use types
Authors: He Chen , Li Kaikai , Li Jinku , Fan Pingshan , Ruan Yunze , Jia Zhongjun
Published: February 2024

Soil microorganisms play an important role in soil ecosystems as the main decomposers of carbon and nitrogen. They have an indispensable impact on soil health, and any alterations in the levels of organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen can significantly affect soil chemical properties and microbial community composition. Previous studies have focused on the effects of carbon and nitrogen addition on a single type of soil, but the response of soil microorganisms to varying carbon and nitrogen inputs under different land soil use types have been relatively understudied, leaving a gap in our understanding of the key influencing factors. To address this gap, we conducted a study in the tropical regions of Hainan province, focusing on four distinct land use types: natural forest soil (NS), healthy banana soil (HS), diseased banana garden soil (DS), and paddy soil (PS). Within each of these environments, we implemented five treatments: CK, RS (rice straw), RSN (rice straw and NH4NO3), RR (rice root), and RRN (rice root and NH4NO3). Our aim was to investigate how soil bacteria response to changes in carbon and nitrogen inputs, and to assess their potential for biological nitrogen fixation. The results showed that the addition of rice straw increased the absorption and utilization of nitrate nitrogen by microorganisms. The addition of rice roots (RR) did not increase the absorption capacity of inorganic nitrogen by microorganisms, but increased the content of poorly soluble organic carbon. Most importantly, the addition of rice straw increased microbial respiration and the utilization efficiency of N2 by microorganisms, and the further addition of ammonium nitrate increased microbial respiration intensity. With the change of soil type, the rice straw increases microbial nitrogen fixation, bacterial and nifH genes abundance. Meanwhile, microbial respiration intensity is an important factor influencing the differences in the structure of bacterial communities. The addition of inorganic nitrogen resulted in ammonium nitrogen accumulation, reduced microbial richness and diversity, consequently diminishing the soil microorganisms to resist the environment. Therefore, we believe that with the change of soil types, corresponding soil nutrient retention strategies should be devised and incorporated while reducing the application of ammonium nitrogen, thus ensuring healthy soil development.
Actinomycetes associated with hymenopteran insects: a promising source of bioactive natural products
Authors: Diarra Umar , Osborne-Naikatini Tamara , Subramani Ramesh
Published: February 2024

In recent years, the insect microbiome has become the focus of many actinomycete researchers in their search for novel bioactive compounds with members of the order Hymenoptera at the forefront of the revolution. Hymenoptera encompasses all bees, wasps, ants, and sawflies and is the third largest insect order by species richness. Additionally, Hymenoptera is the most diverse insect order in terms of ecological roles, behaviors, and social systems, thus making it an ideal starting point in the search for symbiotic actinomycetes. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on hymenopteran associations with actinomycetes including information on interactions between actinomycetes and hymenopterans, isolation, and screening methodologies, as well as novel actinomycete species and natural products discovered between early 2013 and 2023. A total of 19 new species were discovered within this time period, with the genus Streptomyces being represented by 11 species while the remaining 8 belonged to rare actinomycetes genera. In addition, 35 novel compounds were reported from hymenopteran-associated actinomycetes within the same time period with the majority originating from Streptomyces strains. The reported novel compounds exhibit a range of biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-enzymatic, and antiproliferative activity, as well as cytotoxicity.
Light-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter release from rod photoreceptor ribbon synapses involves an interplay of Complexin 4 and Transducin with the SNARE complex
Authors: Lux Uwe Thorsten , Meyer Jutta , Jahn Olaf , Davison Adam , Babai Norbert , Gießl Andreas , Wartenberg Anna , Sticht Heinrich , Brose Nils , Reim Kerstin , Brandstätter Johann Helmut
Published: February 2024

Adaptation of photoreceptor sensitivity to varying light intensities is a fundamental requirement for retinal function and vision. Adaptive mechanisms in signal transduction are well described, but little is known about the mechanisms that adapt the photoreceptor synapse to changing light intensities. The SNARE complex regulators Complexin 3 and Complexin 4 have been proposed to be involved in synaptic light adaptation by limiting synaptic vesicle recruitment and fusion. How this Complexin effect is exerted is unknown. Focusing on rod photoreceptors, we established Complexin 4 as the predominant Complexin in the light-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter release. The number of readily releasable synaptic vesicles is significantly smaller in light than in dark at wildtype compared to Complexin 4 deficient rod photoreceptor ribbon synapses. Electrophysiology indicates that Complexin 4 reduces or clamps Ca2+-dependent sustained synaptic vesicle release, thereby enhancing light signaling at the synapse. Complexin 4 deficiency increased synaptic vesicle release and desensitized light signaling. In a quantitative proteomic screen, we identified Transducin as an interactor of the Complexin 4-SNARE complex. Our results provide evidence for a presynaptic interplay of both Complexin 4 and Transducin with the SNARE complex, an interplay that may facilitate the adaptation of synaptic transmission to light at rod photoreceptor ribbon synapses.
Requirements for essential micronutrients during caloric restriction and fasting
Authors: Zhang Weiguo , Chen Peng , Huo Shaofeng , Huang Xiaomin , Zhao Youyou
Published: February 2024

Caloric restriction (CR) or energy restriction, when carefully designed, monitored, and implemented in self-motivated and compliant individuals, proves to be a viable non-pharmacologic strategy for human weight control and obesity management. Beyond its role in weight management, CR has the potential to impede responses involved not only in the pathogenesis of various diseases but also in the aging process in adults, thereby being proposed to promote a healthier and longer life. The core objective of implementing caloric restriction is to establish a balance between energy intake and expenditure, typically involving a reduction in intake and an increase in expenditure—a negative balance at least initially. It may transition toward and maintain a more desired equilibrium over time. However, it is essential to note that CR may lead to a proportional reduction in micronutrient intake unless corresponding supplementation is provided. Historical human case reports on CR have consistently maintained adequate intakes (AI) or recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for essential micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals. Similarly, longevity studies involving non-human primates have upheld micronutrient consumption levels comparable to control groups or baseline measures. Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have also endorsed daily supplementation of multivitamins and minerals to meet micronutrient needs. However, aside from these human case reports, limited human trials, and primate experiments, there remains a notable gap in human research specifically addressing precise micronutrient requirements during CR. While adhering to AI or RDA for minerals and vitamins appears sensible in the current practice, it’s important to recognize that these guidelines are formulated for generally healthy populations under standard circumstances. The adequacy of these guidelines in the setting of prolonged and profound negative energy balance remains unclear. From perspectives of evidence-based medicine and precision nutrition, this field necessitates comprehensive exploration to uncover the intricacies of absorption, utilization, and metabolism and the requirement of each hydrophilic and lipophilic vitamin and mineral during these special periods. Such investigations are crucial to determine whether existing daily dietary recommendations for micronutrients are quantitatively inadequate, excessive, or appropriate when energy balance remains negative over extended durations.
Impact of radiation dose distribution on nutritional supplementation needs in head and neck cancer radiotherapy: a voxel-based machine learning approach
Authors: Madhavan Sudharsan , Gamez Mauricio , Garces Yolanda I. , Lester Scott C. , Ma Daniel J. , Mundy Daniel W. , Neben Wittich Michelle A. , Qian Jing , Routman David M. , Foote Robert L. , Shiraishi Satomi
Published: February 2024

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between nutritional supplementation and radiation dose to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles and larynx for head and neck (HN) cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed radiotherapy (RT) dose for 231 HN cancer patients, focusing on the pharyngeal constrictors and larynx. We defined nutritional supplementation as feeding tube utilization or >10% weight loss from baseline within 90 days after radiotherapy completion. Using deformable image registration (DIR), we mapped each patient’s anatomical structures to a reference coordinate system, and corresponding deformations were applied to dose matrices. Voxel doses were utilized as features for ridge logistic regression models, optimized through 5-fold cross-validation. Model performance was assessed with area under the curve of a receiver operating curve (AUC) and F1 score. We built and compared models using 1) pharyngeal constrictor voxels, 2) larynx voxels, 3) clinical factors and mean regional dose metrics, and 4) clinical factors and dose-volume histogram metrics. Test set AUCs were compared among the models, and feature importance was evaluated.

Results

DIR of the pharyngeal constrictors and larynx yielded mean Dice coefficients of 0.80 and 0.84, respectively. Pharyngeal constrictors voxels and larynx voxel models had AUC of 0.88 and 0.82, respectively. Voxel-based dose modeling identified the superior to middle regions of the pharyngeal constrictors and the superior region of larynx as most predictive of feeding tube use/weight loss. Univariate analysis found treatment setting, treatment laterality, chemotherapy, baseline dysphagia, weight, and socioeconomic status predictive of outcome. An aggregated model using mean doses of pharyngeal constrictors and larynx subregions had an AUC of 0.87 and the model using conventional DVH metrics had an AUC of 0.85 with p-value of 0.04. Feature importance calculations from the regional dose model indicated that mean doses to the superior-middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles followed by mean dose to the superior larynx were most predictive of nutritional supplementation.

Conclusions

Machine learning modeling of voxel-level doses enables identification of subregions within organs that correlate with toxicity. For HN radiotherapy, doses to the superior-middle pharyngeal constrictors are most predictive of feeding tube use/weight loss followed by the doses to superior portion of the larynx.
Expression and prognosis of ADAMTS18 in different tumors
Authors: Guo Wenfei , Zhang Yuying
Published: February 2024

ADAMTS18 has been identified as an orphan member of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) family of Zn-dependent secreted metalloproteinases since 2002. Despite the recent breakthroughs in tumor biology of ADAMTS18, there is no literature systematically discussing the relationship between ADAMTS18 and cancer. In this review, we will summarize the expression pattern and prognostic value of ADAMTS18 in various cancers. In addition, we will highlight the biological functions of ADAMTS18 in the tumor microenvironment, including the regulation of cell proliferation signals, death patterns, invasion, and migration, which influence cancer progression.
Mortality rate and predictors among neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study
Authors: Getahun Genanew Kassie , Beyene Mihretu , Afework Tsion , Desalegn Mitiku , Jemberie Selamawit Shita , Shitemaw Tewodros
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Addressing neonatal mortality is an important priority for improving the health and well-being of newborns. Almost two-thirds of infant deaths occur in the first month of life; among these, more than two-thirds die in their first week. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the mortality rate and predictors of mortality among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2023.

Methods

An institutional-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted using 459 neonates who were admitted to the NICU at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022. The data were extracted from randomly selected charts using a pretested data extraction checklist. The Nelson Alan curve with log-rank test was used to compare the presence of differences in the mortality rate of different groups over different categorical variables. The cox proportional hazards analysis model was used to identify predictors of neonatal death. The presence and absence of statistical significance was considered at a p-value of less than 0.05 and the strength of association was measured using AHR.

Results

The neonatal mortality rate was 3.1 (95% CI: 1.3–4.9) per 1,000 neonate-days. Low birth weight (AHR = 1.44: 95% CI: 1.06–3.13), exclusive breast-feeding (AHR = 0.74: 95% CI: 0.35–0.95), and time of exclusive breast-feeding (AHR = 0.92: 95% CI: 0.49–0.99) were the identified predictors of newborn mortality.

Conclusion

The neonatal mortality rate was high. Low birth weight of the neonate, exclusive breast-feeding initiation, and time of exclusive breast-feeding were independent predictors of neonatal death. Therefore, empowering mothers to exclusively breastfeed their children, which is a cost-effective, safe, and realistic option, can significantly minimize infant mortality.
Case Report: foetal gastroschisis with ideal pregnancy outcomes under multidisciplinary treatment management
Authors: Liu Shuhua , Qian Jingyu , Li Qiuru , Liu Dehong , Zhang Bin , Chen Xianxia
Published: February 2024

Background

Gastroschisis has increased in recent years, however, complicated gastroschisis is associated with higher mortality, as well as higher health care costs and disease burdens from short- and long-term complications.

Case introduction

A woman aged 25 years old at 37 + 1 weeks gestation (gravida 2; para 0) was admitted to the hospital because of foetal gastroschisis. Targeted quaternary ultrasound performed at our hospital showed that 34 mm of the abdominal wall was interrupted continuously, an intestinal echo with a range of approximately 88 × 50 mm was seen bulging outwards the local area close to the intestinal wall showed a 34 × 23 m anecho, and the foetus was measuring 2 weeks smaller than expected. After MDT including the maternal-foetal medicine, ultrasound, paediatric surgery, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and anaesthesiology departments, caesarean section was performed at 37 + 2 weeks. A baby boy was delivered, the small intestine, large intestine and stomach were seen outside of the abdomen, the abdominal cavity was excluded from the defect on the right side of the umbilical cord, the mesentery was shortened, and the intestinal tube had obvious oedema After paediatric surgical discussion, silo bag placement and delayed closure was performed, the placement process was smooth. One week following silo placement, the abdominal contents had been fully reduced below the fascia following daily partial reductions of the viscera,and the second stage of the operation was performed under general anaesthesia. The newborn was successfully discharged from the hospital 20 days after the operation and was followed up, with good growth, normal milk intake and smooth bowel movements.

Conclusions

The diagnosis and treatment of complicated gastroschisis needs to be carried out under multidisciplinary team treatment. Delivery by cesarean section after 37 weeks is feasible.Immediate postpartum surgery is possible, and the choice of surgical modality is determined by the child's condition, emphasizing that it should be performed without adequate sedation under anaesthesia. A standardized postoperative care pathway appropriate to risk should be developed to optimize nutritional support and antibiotic use, and standardized enteral feeding practices should be sought with long-term follow-up.
Analogical thinking modifiability and math processing strategy
Authors: Tzuriel David
Published: February 2024

A sample of 48 children in Grade 2 was randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 24) and a control group (n = 24). Both groups were administered the Analogical Modifiability Puzzle Test (AMPT) and Math Accuracy and Processing Strategy (MAPS) test before and after a teaching phase of the AMPT. The MAPS test includes scores for Accuracy, Processing Strategy, and a Math-Total. The findings reveal significant treatment x time interactions for AMPT (near-transfer) and MAPS (far-transfer) scores. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that AMPT post-teaching score added significantly to Math Total. The findings indicate that Math Accuracy and Math Processing Strategies are affected by mediation for analogical thinking and that modifiability of analogical thinking significantly predicts Math-Total.
Desert dust episodes during pregnancy are associated with increased preterm delivery in French Guiana
Authors: Nacher Mathieu , Leneuve Malika , Basurko Celia , Louis Alphonse , Dotou Dominique , Bernard Stephanie , Pannechou Kathy , Boudia Karim Merad , Osei Lindsay , Quet Fabrice , Hcini Najeh
Published: February 2024

Preterm deliveries are a major multifactorial public health problem in French Guiana. Desert dust episodes have been associated with preterm delivery in Guadeloupe, a territory with similarities to French Guiana. We thus tried to replicate this finding in the context of French Guiana. A retrospective ecological cohort study combined daily PM10 concentration measurements during pregnancy and term at delivery extracted from French Guiana’s computerized pregnancy delivery registry. Daily PM10 concentrations during the course of pregnancy were analyzed as mean concentrations and as the proportion of intense dust episodes (≥55 μg PM10/m3). These exposure variables were studied in relation to the outcome of preterm delivery. Overall, 3,321 pregnant women with complete daily PM10 measurements were included, of whom 374 (11.26%) delivered prematurely. Among preterm deliveries, 168 (44.9%) were spontaneous deliveries and 206 (55.1%) were induced. Rank-sum tests showed that, for spontaneous and induced spontaneous deliveries, both mean PM10 concentrations and proportions of intense desert dust episodes were significantly greater among preterm births than among term births. Although the proportion of intense desert dust episodes during pregnancy was significantly associated with spontaneous preterm deliveries, the relation was U-shaped, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2 (95%CI = 1.2–3.1) for lowest values relative to median values and AOR = 5.4 (95%CI = 3.2–8.9) for the highest values relative to median values. Similarly, the proportion of intense desert dust episodes during pregnancy was also significantly associated with induced preterm deliveries in a U-shaped manner (AOR = 2.7 (95%CI = 1.6–4.5) for the lowest relative to median values and AOR = 6.8 (95%CI = 3.9–11.9) for the highest relative to median values). Although in our study the relation between PM10 concentrations appeared non-linear, the highest mean concentrations and intense desert dust episodes were indeed associated with both spontaneous and induced preterm delivery.
Mental health problems, interpersonal trust, and socio-cultural correlates of corruption perception in Ghana
Authors: Anyan Frederick , Andoh-Arthur Johnny , Adjei Stephen Baffour , Akotia Charity Sylvia
Published: February 2024

Introduction

This study examines the overall levels and effects of corruption perception on mental health while controlling for the effect of interpersonal trust as a routine covariate in studies of corruption.

Methods

Participants (N = 730; 60.8% Men; Mean age = 22.13, SD = 3.66) were invited to answer a cross-sectional survey. Group mean difference tests and network analysis were performed.

Results

Women, urban dwellers, and those who showed moderate religiosity, and lower nationality reported the highest levels of corruption perception, but the effect on mental health problems was stronger for higher religiosity. The perception that politicians and government officials are corrupt emerged as the most influential to link other corruption perceptions (e.g., state institutions are corrupt). Witnessing corruption among state institutions and government officials and the perception that the rich in society can influence any state institutions and actors showed the strongest and broadest links to depression and anxiety symptoms.

Discussion

The findings suggest that there may be substantial effect of corruption on mental health problems than trust in interpersonal relationships. The relatively high poverty rate in Ghana may explain why those who do not have the financial means or personal connections to meet the demands of bribery and corruption experience a sense of helplessness associated with mental health problems when they perceive that the rich in society can influence state institutions and actors for personal gains. Furthermore, the tendency to remain silent to protect others from being exposed in corruption in order to maintain relationships, or to expose them to ruin relationships, or conform to a culture of corruption either in solidarity or fear of victimisation, may create a psychological burden that may be associated with mental health problems. The implications for reconceptualising corruption as a key social determinant of public mental health are discussed.
Research on factors influencing Chinese parents’ support for death education: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Chen Hejie , Xiao Yuan , Huang Xincheng , Fan Siyuan , Wu Haiwen , Li Linxiao , Wu Yibo
Published: February 2024

Objective

This study aims to explore the factors influencing Chinese parents’ attitudes toward death education. Given the current lack of such education in China, this research is particularly significant. Death education is vital for shaping the values of young people and alleviating mental health issues, such as depression and suicidal tendencies. By identifying these influencing factors, this study seeks to provide guidance for policymakers and educators in promoting the development and widespread adoption of death education.

Methods

To do so, a national cross-sectional quota sample of 12,435 Chinese parents was used. Borrowing from social-ecological theory, the researchers carried out multiple stepwise regression analyses to examine the individual, family, and social-level factors that shape the supportive attitudes of Chinese parents toward death education.

Results

The findings revealed that at the individual level, parent (β = 0.04, p < 0.001), education level (β = 0.07, p < 0.001), and religious belief (β = −0.02, p < 0.05) were significant predictors of Chinese parents’ support for death education. Meanwhile, at the family and social level, average monthly household income (β = 0.07, p < 0.001), family health (β = 0.03, p < 0.05), family communication (β = 0.02, p < 0.05), social support (β = 0.15, p < 0.001), neighborhood relations (β = 0.11, p < 0.001), and social network size (β = 0.05, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of Chinese parents’ supportive attitudes toward death education.

Conclusion

Based on these findings, it is suggested that the relevant development, planning, publicity, and public welfare groups and government departments should promote death education, provide more social support, and encourage neighborhood harmony. As higher education and average monthly household income were found to significantly impact the support, the government should improve access to higher education and actively work to increase residents’ income to facilitate the development of death education.
Geographic variation in inpatient medical expenditure among older adults aged 75 years and above in Japan: a three-level multilevel analysis of nationwide data
Authors: Shirakura Yuki , Shobugawa Yugo , Saito Reiko
Published: February 2024

Introduction

In Japan, a country at the forefront of population ageing, significant geographic variation has been observed in inpatient medical expenditures for older adults aged 75 and above (IMEP75), both at the small- and large-area levels. However, our understanding of how different levels of administrative (geographic) units contribute to the overall geographic disparities remains incomplete. Thus, this study aimed to assess the degree to which geographic variation in IMEP75 can be attributed to municipality-, secondary medical area (SMA)-, and prefecture-level characteristics, and identify key factors associated with IMEP75.

Methods

Using nationwide aggregate health insurance claims data of municipalities for the period of April 2018 to March 2019, we conducted a multilevel linear regression analysis with three levels: municipalities, SMA, and prefectures. The contribution of municipality-, SMA-, and prefecture-level correlates to the overall geographic variation in IMEP75 was evaluated using the proportional change in variance across six constructed models. The effects of individual factors on IMEP75 in the multilevel models were assessed by estimating beta coefficients with their 95% confidence intervals.

Results

We analysed data of 1,888 municipalities, 344 SMAs, and 47 prefectures. The availability of healthcare resources at the SMA-level and broader regions to which prefectures belonged together explained 57.3% of the overall geographic variance in IMEP75, whereas the effects of factors influencing healthcare demands at the municipality-level were relatively minor, contributing an additional explanatory power of 2.5%. Factors related to long-term and end-of-life care needs and provision such as the proportion of older adults certified as needing long-term care, long-term care benefit expenditure per recipient, and the availability of hospital beds for psychiatric and chronic care and end-of-life care support at home were associated with IMEP75.

Conclusion

To ameliorate the geographic variation in IMEP75 in Japan, the reallocation of healthcare resources across SMAs should be considered, and drivers of broader regional disparities need to be further explored. Moreover, healthcare systems for older adults must integrate an infrastructure of efficient long-term care and end-of-life care delivery outside hospitals to alleviate the burden on inpatient care.
Visible minority status and occupation were associated with increased COVID-19 infection in Greater Vancouver British Columbia between June and November 2020: an ecological study
Authors: Adhikari Binay , Abdia Younathan , Ringa Notice , Clemens Felicity , Mak Sunny , Rose Caren , Janjua Naveed Z. , Otterstatter Michael , Irvine Michael A.
Published: February 2024

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted health disparities, especially among specific population groups. This study examines the spatial relationship between the proportion of visible minorities (VM), occupation types and COVID-19 infection in the Greater Vancouver region of British Columbia, Canada.

Methods

Provincial COVID-19 case data between June 24, 2020, and November 7, 2020, were aggregated by census dissemination area and linked with sociodemographic data from the Canadian 2016 census. Bayesian spatial Poisson regression models were used to examine the association between proportion of visible minorities, occupation types and COVID-19 infection. Models were adjusted for COVID-19 testing rates and other sociodemographic factors. Relative risk (RR) and 95% Credible Intervals (95% CrI) were calculated.

Results

We found an inverse relationship between the proportion of the Chinese population and risk of COVID-19 infection (RR = 0.98 95% CrI = 0.96, 0.99), whereas an increased risk was observed for the proportions of the South Asian group (RR = 1.10, 95% CrI = 1.08, 1.12), and Other Visible Minority group (RR = 1.06, 95% CrI = 1.04, 1.08). Similarly, a higher proportion of frontline workers (RR = 1.05, 95% CrI = 1.04, 1.07) was associated with higher infection risk compared to non-frontline.

Conclusion

Despite adjustments for testing, housing, occupation, and other social economic status variables, there is still a substantial association between the proportion of visible minorities, occupation types, and the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection in British Columbia. This ecological analysis highlights the existing disparities in the burden of diseases among different visible minority populations and occupation types.
Effects of a comprehensive structured patient education intervention on disease-related knowledge and behaviour change among people living with type 2 diabetes in the Philippines
Authors: Trani Maria Rosan , Bilocura Imelda , Bersabal Shazna , Panilagao Rhea Karla , Toledo Bj Rosos , Garrido Eduardo , Aultman Crystal , Oh Paul , Ghisi Gabriela Lima de Melo
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Addressing the ongoing needs of individuals with diabetes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like the Philippines, requires a focus on regular follow-ups with healthcare teams, adherence to healthy behaviors, and effective patient education to prevent long-term complications. The aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of a comprehensive educational program for those living with diabetes in the Philippines.

Methods

In a prospective study, a convenience sample of patients living with diabetes attending a cardiac rehabilitation or an outpatient diabetes clinic in the Philippines received a 12-week education intervention. Participants completed surveys at pre- and post-intervention assessing disease-related knowledge, health literacy, dietary habits, and tobacco use. Physical activity was measured by steps taken per day using wearable devices and by self-report of minutes of moderate or vigorous-intensity exercise per week. Satisfaction with the educational materials was also evaluated by a survey composed of Likert-type scale and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests or chi-square were used for data analysis.

Results

Overall, 184 individuals living with diabetes type 2 (mean age = 54.4 ± 12.4, 32% female) completed both assessments. There was significant improvement in disease-related knowledge (p < 0.001), daily steps measured by a wearable device and self-reported minutes of moderate/vigorous-intensity exercise (p < 0.001), and the number of fruit and vegetable servings consumed per day (p = 0.001). No significant changes were observed in health literacy levels. One participant stopped using tobacco at post-education. Educational materials were highly satisfactory to participants. Lack of time, family responsibilities, and poor internet access were the main barriers to learning reported by participants. Suggestions to improve the education provided included assessment of information needs at the start of the education, having short summaries about the topics, follow-ups post-intervention, and inviting family members to sessions.

Discussion

Results of this study demonstrated the positive effects a comprehensive structured patient education intervention on disease-related knowledge and behaviour changes among people living with type 2 diabetes in the Philippines.
Cumulative summation analysis of learning curve for endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal resection of craniopharyngiomas
Authors: Ye Jiye , Yang Ruiting , Wu Jie , Xu Chunming , Hong Tao
Published: February 2024

Background

To evaluate the cumulative summation (CUSUM) analysis of the learning curve for Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal resection of craniopharyngioma (EETC).

Methods

Retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 113 patients who underwent EETC by the same neurosurgery team of the first affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from June 2012 to November 2020. The learning curve was created by the CUSUM method and analyzed, which was divided into two groups: the learning stage and stable stage based on the learning curve trend. The median operation time and minimum surgical case number was calculated and the operation time and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.

Results

The median operation time was 318 min. The best fitting curve equation was y = 227.72 + 49.06x + 0.14x2 − 0.05x3, R2 = 0.949, (p < 0.001). The minimum number of surgical cases was 65. Between the two groups, the operation time decreased from 360.8 ± 106.4 min in the learning group to 281.6 ± 69.9 min in the stable group (p < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications (intracranial infection, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, and diabetes insipidus) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The CUSUM learning curve of craniopharyngioma resection via endoscope endonasal transsphenoidal approach could better describe the learning process for a neurosurgeon. The frequency of surgery could be a good factor for strengthening the learning effect and help to shorten the learning time. After 65 cases of EETC, the surgical skills can reach a stable stage, the operation time is obviously shortened, and the postoperative complications are significantly reduced.
Ensemble and Pre-Training Approach for Echo State Network and Extreme Learning Machine Models
Authors: Tang Lingyu , Wang Jun , Wang Mengyao , Zhao Chunyu
Published: February 2024

The echo state network (ESN) is a recurrent neural network that has yielded state-of-the-art results in many areas owing to its rapid learning ability and the fact that the weights of input neurons and hidden neurons are fixed throughout the learning process. However, the setting procedure for initializing the ESN’s recurrent structure may lead to difficulties in designing a sound reservoir that matches a specific task. This paper proposes an improved pre-training method to adjust the model’s parameters and topology to obtain an adaptive reservoir for a given application. Two strategies, namely global random selection and ensemble training, are introduced to pre-train the randomly initialized ESN model. Specifically, particle swarm optimization is applied to optimize chosen fixed and global weight values within the network, and the reliability and stability of the pre-trained model are enhanced by employing the ensemble training strategy. In addition, we test the feasibility of the model for time series prediction on six benchmarks and two real-life datasets. The experimental results show a clear enhancement in the ESN learning results. Furthermore, the proposed global random selection and ensemble training strategies are also applied to pre-train the extreme learning machine (ELM), which has a similar training process to the ESN model. Numerical experiments are subsequently carried out on the above-mentioned eight datasets. The experimental findings consistently show that the performance of the proposed pre-trained ELM model is also improved significantly. The suggested two strategies can thus enhance the ESN and ELM models’ prediction accuracy and adaptability.
Improving the OWC Wave Energy Converter Power Take-Off Efficiency throughout Experimental and Numerical Characterisation of an SCIG
Authors: Lopez-Mendia Joseba , Robles Eider , Ceballos Salvador , Ruiz-Minguela Pablo , Rotger Jacobo
Published: February 2024

The increasing interest in the use of renewable energy technologies is directing attention towards the potential contribution of marine energy technologies, especially ocean wave energy, to world energy demand. While open-sea demonstrations of full-scale devices have been carried out to validate several technologies, the focus now is shifting to optimising the components for efficiency and reliability. The efficiency of the electrical generator plays a crucial role in wave-to-wire numerical models for converting wave energy into usable electricity. It provides essential data that enables the industry to reduce technical risks and uncertainties. Wave-to-wire models typically simplify the generator’s efficiency through assuming a single curve based on the load. This curve is usually provided by the machine manufacturers for the nominal rotational speed. However, the rotational speed varies in the case of air turbines used in OWC devices. Therefore, to accurately estimate decision variables derived from these models, a comprehensive efficiency map is necessary. This map should demonstrate the performance at different rotational speeds and loads, as it directly influences the estimation of key parameters. The main objective of the present work is to improve the generator behaviour of an OWC for different generator operation regimes. For this purpose, a numerical model of the generator’s efficiency will be developed throughout the segregation of losses and validated experimentally. Finally, an optimal control law will be presented to maximise the electrical power output of the wave energy converter, considering the efficiency of both the generator and the turbine.
FlashPCR: Revolutionising qPCR by Accelerating Amplification through Low ∆T Protocols
Authors: Bustin Stephen A. , Kirvell Sara , Nolan Tania , Shipley Gregory L.
Published: February 2024

Versatility, sensitivity, and accuracy have made the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) a crucial tool for research, as well as diagnostic applications. However, for point-of-care (PoC) use, traditional qPCR faces two main challenges: long run times mean results are not available for half an hour or more, and the requisite high-temperature denaturation requires more robust and power-demanding instrumentation. This study addresses both issues and revises primer and probe designs, modified buffers, and low ∆T protocols which, together, speed up qPCR on conventional qPCR instruments and will allow for the development of robust, point-of-care devices. Our approach, called “FlashPCR”, uses a protocol involving a 15-second denaturation at 79 °C, followed by repeated cycling for 1 s at 79 °C and 71 °C, together with high Tm primers and specific but simple buffers. It also allows for efficient reverse transcription as part of a one-step RT-qPCR protocol, making it universally applicable for both rapid research and diagnostic applications.
Enhanced Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Properties of Pterostilbene (Resveratrol Derivative) in Amorphous Solid Dispersions
Authors: Rosiak Natalia , Tykarska Ewa , Cielecka-Piontek Judyta
Published: February 2024

In this study, amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of pterostilbene (PTR) with polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers (PVP K30 and VA64) were prepared through milling, affirming the amorphous dispersion of PTR via X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Subsequent analysis of DSC thermograms, augmented using mathematical equations such as the Gordon–Taylor and Couchman–Karasz equations, facilitated the determination of predicted values for glass transition (Tg), PTR’s miscibility with PVP, and the strength of PTR’s interaction with the polymers. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis validated interactions maintaining PTR’s amorphous state and identified involved functional groups, namely, the 4′–OH and/or –CH groups of PTR and the C=O group of PVP. The study culminated in evaluating the impact of amorphization on water solubility, the release profile in pH 6.8, and in vitro permeability (PAMPA-GIT and BBB methods). In addition, it was determined how improving water solubility affects the increase in antioxidant (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays) and neuroprotective (inhibition of cholinesterases: AChE and BChE) properties. The apparent solubility of the pure PTR was ~4.0 µg·mL−1 and showed no activity in the considered assays. For obtained ASDs (PTR-PVP30/PTR-PVPVA64, respectively) improvements in apparent solubility (410.8 and 383.2 µg·mL−1), release profile, permeability, antioxidant properties (ABTS: IC50 = 52.37/52.99 μg·mL−1, DPPH: IC50 = 163.43/173.96 μg·mL−1, CUPRAC: IC0.5 = 122.27/129.59 μg·mL−1, FRAP: IC0.5 = 95.69/98.57 μg·mL−1), and neuroprotective effects (AChE: 39.1%/36.2%, BChE: 76.9%/73.2%) were confirmed.
Use of 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate Synthase (DAHP Synthase) to Enhance the Heterologous Biosynthesis of Diosmetin and Chrysoeriol in an Engineered Strain of Streptomyces albidoflavus
Authors: Pérez-Valero Álvaro , Serna-Diestro Juan , Villar Claudio J. , Lombó Felipe
Published: February 2024

Flavonoids are a large family of polyphenolic compounds with important agro-industrial, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. Among the structural diversity found in the flavonoid family, methylated flavonoids show interesting characteristics such as greater stability and improved oral bioavailability. This work is focused on the reconstruction of the entire biosynthetic pathway of the methylated flavones diosmetin and chrysoeriol in Streptomyces albidoflavus. A total of eight different genes (TAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, FNS1, F3′H/CPR, 3′-OMT, 4′-OMT) are necessary for the heterologous biosynthesis of these two flavonoids, and all of them have been integrated along the chromosome of the bacterial host. The biosynthesis of diosmetin and chrysoeriol has been achieved, reaching titers of 2.44 mg/L and 2.34 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, an additional compound, putatively identified as luteolin 3′,4′-dimethyl ether, was produced in both diosmetin and chrysoeriol-producing strains. With the purpose of increasing flavonoid titers, a 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate synthase (DAHP synthase) from an antibiotic biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) from Amycolatopsis balhimycina was heterologously expressed in S. albidoflavus, enhancing diosmetin and chrysoeriol production titers of 4.03 mg/L and 3.13 mg/L, which is an increase of 65% and 34%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the de novo biosynthesis of diosmetin and chrysoeriol in a heterologous host.
Similarities in Structure and Function of UDP-Glycosyltransferase Homologs from Human and Plants
Authors: Lethe Mary Caroline L. , Paris Vincent , Wang Xiaoqiang , Chan Clement T. Y.
Published: February 2024

The uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and metabolic wastes, which is essential for detoxifying those species. Over the last several decades, a huge effort has been put into studying human and mammalian UGT homologs, but family members in other organisms have been explored much less. Potentially, other UGT homologs can have desirable substrate specificity and biological activities that can be harnessed for detoxification in various medical settings. In this review article, we take a plant UGT homology, UGT71G1, and compare its structural and biochemical properties with the human homologs. These comparisons suggest that even though mammalian and plant UGTs are functional in different environments, they may support similar biochemical activities based on their protein structure and function. The known biological functions of these homologs are discussed so as to provide insights into the use of UGT homologs from other organisms for addressing human diseases related to UGTs.