bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone morphogenetic proteins BMP‐6 and BMP‐7 have differential effects on survival and neurite outgrowth of cerebellar granule cell neurons
Authors: Yabe Takeshi , Samuels Ivy , Schwartz Joan P.
Published: August 2002

The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an inductive role in the generation of cerebellar granule cells embryonically. Therefore, we chose to look at their effects on cerebellar granule cell survival and differentiation postnatally. The cells express mRNA for both BMP‐6 and BMP‐7, as well as for the receptors BMPRIA and BMPRII, demonstrating that the postnatal cells have the ability to form the heterodimer receptors needed to respond to BMPs. BMP‐7 promotes cell survival, with a maximal effect at 10 ng/ml, whereas tenfold more BMP‐6 is needed: Both were active over the course of 8 days in culture. In addition, both BMPs were able to protect the neurons against death from induced apoptosis (exposure to serum‐free, low‐potassium medium) or exposure to glutamate. However, only BMP‐6 could stimulate neurite outgrowth, measured with a neurofilament ELISA, an effect that was seen over the first 6 days in culture. These results, taken together with others in the literature, suggest that the BMPs have strong neurotrophic effects that are both neuron specific and BMP specific. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time course of polyglutamine aggregate body formation and cell death: Enhanced growth in nucleus and an interval for cell death
Authors: Toyoshima I. , Sugawara M. , Kato K. , Wada C. , Shimohata T. , Koide R. , Onodera O. , Tsuji S.
Published: August 2002

Polyglutamine (polyQ) aggregate bodies are a hallmark of dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy and related neurodegenerative disorders, although the relationship between aggregate body formation and cell death is not clear. We analyzed the kinetics of polyQ aggregate formation and the time intervals for cell death, tracking individual cells using fluorescence video microscopy, for the first time. Expanded polyQ tracts of atrophin‐1 with or without nuclear localization signal (NLS) labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were constructed, Q57NLS/GFP and Q56/GFP, respectively. All of the Q57NLS/GFP aggregate bodies were in nuclei, and all of the Q56/GFP aggregate bodies were in cytoplasm. Aggregates of Q56/GFP were larger than those of Q57NLS/GFP. Surprisingly, a kinetic analysis showed that the latter grew 5.37 times faster than the former. The time interval between transfection and cell death was shorter in Q57NLS/GFP, but the time between the end of the rapid growing phase of aggregation and the start of the cell death process did not show a significant difference. Aggregate growth was confirmed to correspond to the accumulated free polyQ by the time of starting aggregation. These findings suggest that aggregate body formation induced by expanded polyQ stretches is a self‐limiting process and is enhanced by factor(s) in nuclei, whereas it is not tightly bound to the cell death process. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibody to the extracellular domain of the low affinity NGF receptor stimulates p75NGFR‐mediated apoptosis in cultured sympathetic neurons
Authors: Freidin Mona M.
Published: August 2002

Recent evidence has established a role for p75NGFR in developmentally regulated neuronal cell death. Although cell death due to NGF withdrawal is a well described, apoptosis in sympathetic neurons through stimulation of p75NGFR has not been clearly demonstrated. We have found that an antibody directed against the extracellular domain of murine p75NGFR profoundly effects the survival of short‐term cultures of sympathetic neurons. Rat superior cervical ganglion neurons grown in the presence of NGF and treated with the bioactive antibody (9651) display a dose‐dependent increase in cell death. This effect was independent of NGF concentration and partially reversed by either depolarizing stimuli or forskolin. The response to 9651 seems to act directly through a p75NGFR‐mediated pathway and not by disturbing p75NGFR/TrkA interactions. Moreover, the kinetics of antibody stimulated cell death was more rapid than the cell death resulting from removal of NGF and treatment with CNTF failed to promote neuronal survival in the presence of 9651. Initiation of cell death is often associated with decreased NFκB activity, whereas survival or rescue correlates with increased NFκB. Increases in NFκB, however, have been observed in neurons in several diseases and late in apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells. Time course studies revealed a rapid decrease in NFκB activity and a slight, but persistent increase in binding that correlated with decline in cell numbers 3 hr after treatment. These results suggest the cell death program is initiated shortly after antibody activation of p75NGFR and a subpopulation of cells may remain susceptible to rescue. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:331–340, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caspase‐3 activation in oligodendrocytes from the myelin‐deficient rat
Authors: Beesley Jacqueline S. , Lavy LeaAnn , Eraydin Nuri B. , Siman Robert , Grinspan Judith B.
Published: August 2002

The myelin‐deficient (MD) rat has a point mutation in its proteolipid protein (PLP) gene that causes severe dysmyelination and oligodendrocyte cell death. Using an in vitro model, we have shown that MD oligodendrocytes initially differentiate similarly to wild‐type cells, expressing galactocerebroside, 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase, and myelin basic protein. However, at the time when PLP expression would normally begin, the MD oligodendrocytes die via an apoptotic pathway involving caspase activation. The active form of caspase‐3 was detected, along with the cleavage products of poly‐(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and spectrin, major targets of caspase‐mediated proteolysis. A specific inhibitor of casapse‐3, Ac‐DEVD‐CMK, reduced apoptosis in MD oligodendrocytes, but the rescued cells did not mature fully or express myelin‐oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. These results suggest that mutant PLP affects not only cell death but also oligodendrocyte differentiation. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:371–379, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ceramide modulates nicotinic receptor‐dependent Ca2+ signaling in rat chromaffin cells
Authors: Liu Jihong , Jorgensen Mark S. , Adams Julye M. , Titlow William B. , Nikolova‐Karakashian Mariana , Jackson Brian A.
Published: August 2002

Ceramide, which is an integral component of the sphingomyelin signaling pathway, can attenuate voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) activity in a number of cell types. The aim of the present study was to determine whether ceramide can also modulate VGCC activity, and as a consequence nicotinic receptor‐dependent Ca2+ signaling and catecholamine secretion, in rat adrenal chromaffin cells. Short‐term C6‐ceramide (CER) treatment dose‐dependently inhibited nicotine (NIC)‐induced peak intracellular Ca2+ transients. Sphingomyelinase elicited similar responses, whereas the inactive ceramide analog C2‐dihydroceramide had no effect on NIC‐induced Ca2+ transients. CER suppressed KCl‐ and NIC‐induced Ca2+ transients to a similar extent, suggesting that the voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel was a primary site of inhibition. In direct support of this concept, whole‐cell patch‐clamp analysis demonstrated that CER and sphingomyelinase significantly reduced peak Ca2+ currents. Pretreatment with staurosporine significantly attenuated CER‐dependent inhibition of both NIC‐induced Ca2+ transients and peak Ca2+ current, suggesting that the effects of CER are mediated at least in part by protein kinase C. Consistent with suppressed Ca2+ signaling, CER also significantly inhibited NIC‐induced catecholamine secretion measured at the single‐cell level by carbon fiber amperometry. This effect of CER was also significantly attenuated by pretreatment with staurosporine These data demonstrate that the sphingomyelin signaling pathway can modulate nicotinic receptor‐dependent Ca2+ signaling and catecholamine secretion in rat chromaffin cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:559–564, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variations of the surface temperature in Hong Kong during the last century
Authors: Ding Xiaoli , Zheng Dawei , Yang Song
Published: August 2002

A statistical analysis has been applied to obtain a better understanding of the variations of the surface climate in Southeast Asia. In particular, we have depicted the detailed features of the changes in the surface air temperature of Hong Kong (HK) during the past 115 years. Analysis of the time–frequency spectra of the wavelet transform indicates that although seasonal variations account for most of the temperature variations, strong signals also exist on subseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal time scales. Though the strong seasonal cycle is marked by a minimum temperature in February (and then in January) and a maximum temperature in July (and then in August), strong variations on the subseasonal and interannual time scales occur mostly in February and then in March. It is also found that a rising tendency exists in the long‐recorded temperature data, with a rate of 0.09–0.15 °C per decade.

Temperature variations in HK are strongly related to changes in the regional and remote atmospheric circulation on various time scales. The East Asian monsoon circulation is the main factor controlling the seasonal cycle and the subseasonal and interannual variations of the HK temperature during winter. The subseasonal and seasonal variations of the temperature are also associated with changes in the atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific, which is closely linked to the East Asian jet stream. Strong signals are also found in both this mid‐latitude circulation and the El Niño–southern oscillation phenomenon when the interannual variability of the HK temperature is apparent. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Symmetry states of metalloporphyrin π-cation radicals, models for peroxidase compound I
Authors: TERNER JAMES , GOLD AVRAM , WEISS RAYMOND , MANDON DOMINIQUE , TRAUTWEIN ALFRED X.
Published: August 2002

Oxoferryl porphyrin π-cation radical active sites of compound I intermediates which are found in enzymes such as peroxidases and catalases have been extensively modeled by oxidized synthetic metalloporphyrins. The electronic symmetry states of these compounds were initially assigned on the basis of electronic absorption data. In recent years new experimental and theoretical results have become available which have led to a re-evaluation and modification of the original assignments. A historical perspective of these developments is provided in the context of recent NMR, resonance Raman, and other spectroscopic data and theoretical calculations for the synthetic models and enzymatic systems.
Analyse vibrationnelle et structurale de composés à pont disulfure II—structures et spectres de vibration du dithiodiglycolate acide de sodium et de potassium monohydratés à l'état cristallin
Authors: Ramsis H. , Selkti M. , Roger J. , Delarbre J. L. , Tomas A. , Maury L. , Ennaciri et A.
Published: August 2002

The structures of the potassium and sodium salts of dithiodiglycolic acid were determined on the basis of radiocrystallographic measurements. These compounds and their deuterated analogs were identified by spectral analysis. Assignments of the Raman and infrared lines in the range 4000–200 cm−1 show that for these acid salts, one form belongs to type pseudo‐A and the second to type B according to Speakmann's classification. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective enhancement of ligand and flavin Raman modes in charge‐transfer complexes of sarcosine oxidase
Authors: Zheng Yuangang , Wagner Mary Ann , Jorns Marilyn Schuman , Carey Paul R.
Published: August 2002

Monomeric sarcosine oxidase, from a bacterial source, is a 43.8 kDa flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of sarcosine (N‐methylglycine). The enzyme forms charge‐transfer (CT) complexes with substrate analogs such as (methylthio)acetic acid (MTA), pyrrole‐2‐carboxylic acid (PCA) and (methylseleno)acetic acid (MSA). The structure of sarcosine oxidase complexed to either of the former two ligands has been solved recently and shows that the ligands are binding close to the re face of the isoalloxazine ring. More structural detail can be adduced from Raman spectroscopic studies of these complexes. These involve collecting Raman difference data using 647.1 nm excitation, a wavelength that is in the resonance or pre‐resonance regime with regard to the CT bands. Selective intensity enhancements are observed and the difference spectra reveal a rich assortment of isoalloxazine modes and a few features due to the bound ligands. Within the CT complexes, intensity enhancement for the isoalloxazine ring vibrations is typically 1–2 orders of magnitude and is greatest for vibrations associated with the N5—C4a—C10a—N1 region of the ring. This identifies the region of the isoalloxazine ring that receives the charge transfer from the ligand and confirms, at the same time, that this region is a prime candidate for nucleophilic attack or electron transfer in any reaction scheme. Intensity enhancements for the ligand modes are much higher, typically a few thousand‐fold. Isotopic substitutions combined with quantum mechanical and vibrational calculations were used to identify the ligand modes showing high intensity enhancement. For MTA and MSA these are the methyl symmetric bending and methylene wag. For PCA the pyrrole ring CH deformations show the highest intensity enhancement. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiacalixarene self‐assembled monolayers on roughened gold surfaces and their potential as SERS‐based chemical sensors
Authors: Marenco Claudia , Stirling Charles J. M. , Yarwood Jack
Published: August 2002

We report the development of a chemical sensor dependent on self‐assembled monolayers of a thiacalixarene on rough quartz–silica–gold surfaces. The calixarene assemblies were shown to display surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) signals from ‘adsorbed’ (host–guest intercalates) analyte molecules from dilute aqueous solutions (down to 10−3 M). The response was used to demonstrate the sensing potential of both uncovered and functionalized surfaces for benzene, toluene, alkylbenzenes and benzonitrile. Sensitivity was limited by saturation effects in the millimolar region and the signal‐to‐noise ratios achievable at lower concentrations. Selectivity was demonstrated for benzene vs toluene and benzene vs benzonitrile mixtures. Although detailed elucidation of the analyte surface interactions was not attempted, both reversibility and selectivity appear to be better on the functionalized (rather than on the bare) surfaces. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure Raman spectra of LiK0.8(NH4)0.2SO4
Authors: Teixeira A. M. R. , Freire P. T. C. , Sasaki J. M. , Mendes Filho J. , Melo F. E. A. , Lemos V.
Published: August 2002

Raman spectra of LiK0.8(NH4)0.2SO4 were obtained as a function of applied pressure. The measurements were carried out using a microscope to focus the light into a spot size of 2 µm, in order to avoid probing a multi‐domain sample. With increasing pressure, many of the Raman peaks are shifted towards higher wavenumbers. At certain pressures the number of peaks changes and the ˜ν vs P plots are discontinuous. These effects occurring at P = 0.9 and 2.5 GPa were interpreted as structural phase transitions. The pressure coefficients are given for modes derived from the pure E2 and A(LO) symmetries of α‐phase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependence of band intensity in pre‐resonance Raman scattering from molecules
Authors: Korotkov Pavel
Published: August 2002

The dependence of the intensity of Raman bands on the relative values of the frequencies of exciting radiation and electronic absorption bands of an object and on the values of the absorption coefficients and the forms of molecular vibrations was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The optimization of the choice of exciting radiation for Raman LIDAR diagnostics of the atmosphere was considered. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UV Raman spectroscopic study of hydrogen bonding in gibbsite and bayerite between 93 and 453 K
Authors: Rzhevskii A. M. , Ribeiro F. H.
Published: August 2002

Raman spectra of bayerite and gibbsite (hydrargillite) were measured at 453, 295 and 93 K and after H D exchange at 423 K with gaseous D2O. Spectra in the O H stretching vibration region were recorded with the use of ultraviolet laser excitation, which avoided the fluorescence problem typical for these materials. Lowering the temperature led to a spectral resolution improvement with additional bands resolved in the ν(OH) spectrum of bayerite. It was established that the positions of the Raman bands are sensitive to the temperature of the sample. A spectral criterion based on different shifts of band positions with temperature was proposed as a method to distinguish between structural OH groups forming H‐bonds between hydroxide layers or in the same plane of the layer. It was found that the highest wavenumber band at 3655 cm−1 in the spectrum of bayerite does not participate in H‐bonding. A one‐to‐one correspondence between Raman spectra recorded in the ν(OH) and ν(OD) regions upon partial H D exchange with D2O is evidence that the multiplicity of spectral bands is caused by different O H···O′ distances in the hydroxide lattice rather than by vibrational coupling of H‐bonded hydroxyls. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dephasing of the ν1 vibration of isotopic molecules of carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Kirillov Sviatoslav A.
Published: August 2002

The isotopic structure of the ν1 line in the isotropic Raman spectrum of liquid carbon tetrachloride was studied. A new fitting procedure was employed enabling one to fit overlapping lines, obtaining dynamic parameters at the same time. The time‐correlation functions of vibrational dephasing were first found for each isotopic species present in the liquid at their natural abundance. The isotopic dependence of the characteristic times of vibrational dephasing and vibrational frequency modulation was analysed. The isotopic dependence of dephasing times is contained primarily in the frequency factor: the dephasing times decrease with decreasing line frequency. This dependence entirely outweighs the opposite relationship between the dephasing times and masses. The frequency modulation times show the same trend, which contradicts the simple collision model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phonons in isostructural compounds CuxM1−x(HCOO)2·2H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cd): a Raman scattering study
Authors: Moura M. R. , Paschoal C. W. A. , Ayala A. P. , Guedes I. , Leyva A. G. , Polla G. , Vega D. , Perazzo P. K.
Published: August 2002

The Raman spectra of isostructural compounds CuxM1−x(HCOO)2·2H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cd) at room temperature are presented. The phonons observed were assigned on the basis of formate and water group vibrations and correlations with previous data reported for other formates. The influence of metal–guest ion substitution is discussed in the system Cu0.53Mn0.47(HCOO)2·2H2O when Mn is replaced by Cd. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SERS effect from silver photoreduced on to silica colloidal nanoparticles
Authors: Muniz‐Miranda Maurizio
Published: August 2002

Novel SERS‐active substrates were obtained by photoreduction of silver ions on to silica nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solution. By adsorption of organic ligands the Ag‐doped silica colloids show good stability and SERS efficiency comparable to those of pure silver hydrosols. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoting strategic change: ‘playmaker’ roles in organizational agenda formation
Authors: Pitt Martyn , McAulay Laurie , Sims David
Published: August 2002

Effective strategic change depends on an evolving, relevant and timely agenda. A process in which key actors attend to some concerns and sideline others.

This article explores agenda‐forming activities in terms of the contributions made by internal change agents who adopt ‘agenda playmaking’ roles.

The repertoire of these roles is illustrated in one organization via five descriptive metaphors, namely the advocate, champion, evangelist, disciple and broker.

Effective agenda formation requires senior managers to legitimize playmaking activities by promoting organizational norms and rewards whose aim is to align personal and organizational interests and to encourage diverse, yet inclusive contributions.

Managers at all levels should also acknowledge the pivotal contributions of those who prove to be skilled playmakers as well as the value of training to develop skills in the performance of playmaker roles.

Finally, there is much to be gained from the development of a robust, dynamic and comprehensive theory of agenda formation in the strategic change process.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of gas‐producing components in different varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris by in vitro fermentation
Authors: Granito M , Champ M , David A , Bonnet C , Guerra M
Published: August 2002

Phaseolus vulgaris consumption has been limited as part of the occidental diet owing to flatulence production. Raffinose, stachyose and verbascose have been shown to be the main components responsible for flatulence; however, it is thought that soluble fibre could also be involved in this phenomenon. The aim of the present study was to identify the main components of beans influencing flatus. Ten varieties of P vulgaris originating from South America were first analysed for their main nutrient and carbohydrate fractions. Three of the varieties were then fractionated to extract soluble and insoluble fibres. Various combinations of α‐galactosides and soluble and insoluble fibre fractions, in similar proportions to those contained in cooked grains, were used as substrates for in vitro fermentation studies using human faecal inoculum to determine the fermentative capacity of each of the three fractions. Considering the white varieties, total gas production and acidification of the medium were correlated with fermented organic matter from soluble fibre (R2 = 1)) and with α‐galactosides (R2 = 0.75). On the other hand, tannins present in pigmented varieties did not seem to interfere significantly in fermentation of soluble fibre. The total production of gas per gram of mixed fractions of soluble fibre and α‐galactosides in proportions found in cooked grains was lower than that expected from each substrate separately. It can be concluded that soluble fibre and α‐galactosides are good substrates for endogenous colonic flora subjected to in vitro fermentation studies and are thus responsible for flatulence induced by legume consumption.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A new TLC method to detect the presence of ground papaya seed in ground black pepper
Authors: Paradkar Manish M , Singhal Rekha S , Kulkarni Pushpa R
Published: August 2002

A simple TLC method to detect the adulteration of black pepper powder with ground papaya seed was developed. Ethylene dichloride extracts showed a fluorescent spot at 366 nm at Rf 0.943 that proved to be a promising marker for the presence of papaya seed powder in black pepper powder even at a level of 20 g kg−1. Partial purification by column chromatography followed by GC/MS analysis indicated that this fluorescent marker was a mixture of aldehydes such as n‐nonanal, 2‐decenal and trans‐2‐undecenal which were absent from black pepper.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Validating the performance of the mammary sentinel lymph node team
Authors: Euhus David M. , Peters George N. , Leitch A . Marilyn , Saboorian Hossein , Mathews Dana , Erdman William , Anglin Beth , Huth James
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

The mammary sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure has the potential to improve the accuracy and lower the morbidity of axillary staging in breast cancer patients, but results are closely linked to experience and can vary widely between institutions. Standardized performance measures need to be established in order to optimize the transition to SLN biopsy only.

Methods

Performance data were prospectively collected for the first 156 mammary SLN procedures performed by three surgeons in our institution.

Results

Seventy‐five cases were required to achieve an SLN visualization rate of > 80% on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy. The SLN visualization rate was 90% for the last 52 cases. Two surgeons required 25 cases before consistently achieving a ≥ 90% SLN identification rate in the operating room and one required 15 cases. The metastasis detection rate increased from 22% for the first 52 cases to 31% for the last 52 cases. The false negative rate for the procedure was 5%.

Conclusions

The following performance criteria and benchmarks are suggested for validating the performance of the SLN team: (1) SLN visualization rate on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy ≥ 80%, (2) SLN identification rate in the operating room ≥ 90%, (3) False negative rate for the procedure  5%. Thirty procedures per surgeon were sufficient to achieve these benchmarks in our group. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:209–215. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gamma probe‐directed lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in primary melanoma: Reliability of the procedure and analysis of failures after long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Jacobs Ira A. , Chevinsky Aaron H. , Swayne Lawrence C. , Magidson Jory G. , Britto Errol J. , Smith Thomas J.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Some patients presenting with cutaneous malignant melanoma without palpable adenopathy have regional metastatic disease. The results of a prospective clinical study of γ probe‐directed sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy are presented.

Methods

Over a 3‐year period, 103 patients with a diagnosis of invasive primary cutaneous malignant melanoma (Breslow > 0.12 mm or > Clark level II) underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy with technetium sulfur colloid followed by γ‐probe‐guided sentinel lymphadenectomy. There were 46 women and 57 men with a mean age of 55.7 years (range, 19–91).

Results

Mean Breslow thickness was 2.3 mm (range, 0.12–10 mm). Primary locations were head and neck in 12, trunk 46, upper extremity 19, and lower extremity in 26. One hundred sixteen lymph node basins were mapped in 103 patients. Axillary, inguinal, and cervical nodal basins comprised 55, 34, and 11% of the total basins evaluated, respectively. Sixty‐eight patients (66%) underwent lymphatic mapping of one regional nodal basin, 27 patients (26%) underwent synchronous lymphatic mapping of 2 regional nodal basins, 6 patients (6%) underwent synchronous lymphatic mapping of 3 regional nodal basins, and 2 patients (2%) underwent synchronous lymphatic mapping of 4 regional nodal basins. Seroma or infection did not occur in any patients. Micrometastatic disease was identified in 15 sentinel lymph node biopsy sites in 13 (10%) patients. Of 10 patients undergoing lymph node dissection, 9(90%) had no additional pathological lymph node involvement. We achieved 99% success rate, 1% rate of failed sentinel node procedure, and 8% false‐negative rate after median follow‐up for 2 years.

Conclusions

We concluded that γ probe‐directed sentinel lymph node biopsy is a straightforward procedure which can be done in the outpatient setting and facilitates management of patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. It allows the surgeon to identify all basins at risk for metastatic disease and the location of the sentinel node(s) in relation to the basin. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:157–164. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resection margin status in lumpectomy specimens for duct carcinoma of the breast: correlation with core biopsy and mammographic findings
Authors: Mai Kien T. , Chaudhuri Monica , Perkins D. Garth , Mirsky Douglas
Published: August 2002

Background

The strategy for surgical treatment of breast carcinoma proven by biopsy is mainly based on the physical and mammographic examinations. To investigate if the pathological findings in core biopsy are contributory to planning the surgical strategy, we correlated the status of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in the core needle biopsy of breast, the mammographic changes and the status of resection margins in the subsequent lumpectomy.

Study Design

Consecutive 130 core needle biopsies with prior mammography and subsequent lumpectomy were reviewed. Biopsies were divided into: group I, DCIS; group II, DCIS and infiltrating carcinoma (IC); and group III, IC. Mammographic findings were categorized into four groups: (a) nonspecific findings; (b) calcification (Ca++); Ca++ and mass, and mass only. The status of margins in correlating lumpectomy specimens was reviewed. Close margin was defined as a free margin at less than 0.1cm from the carcinoma.

Results

The rates of positive or close margins in three groups I, II, and III were 13/18, 18/48, and 2/64 (P < 0.001); and in mammography groups of nonspecific finding, Ca++, Ca++ mass and mass only were 5/6, 7/15, 8/37, and 13/72 (P < 0.001), respectively. Of the total of 14 cases with positive margins of more than 0.5 cm in length, 8, 4, and 2 cases were from group I, II, and II, respectively. In addition, 13 of 21 cases with nonspecific changes or with only Ca++ in mammograms belonged to the group I; 10 of these 13 cases were associated with positive margins. Forty‐one of 72 cases presenting as a mass only in mammograms belonged to the group III; only 2 of these 41 cases were associated positive margins.

Conclusions

Correlation of the extent of carcinoma with pre‐operative histopathological findings was better than with mammography. Core biopsies containing only DCIS, particularly in cases with nonspecific findings or with only Ca++ in mammograms, represent a group of breast carcinoma that pose the high risk for incomplete resection in lumpectomy. Surgical management of patients having these cores includes wider resection margins than would otherwise be taken. Most core biopsies with only IC were associated with negative margins. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:189–193. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of selective internal radiation therapy and hepatic arterial chemotherapy on normal liver volume and spleen volume
Authors: Moroz Paul , Anderson James E.M. , Van Hazel Guy , Gray Bruce N.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To determine the effect of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) and hepatic arterial chemotherapy (HAC) on normal liver volume and spleen volume in patients receiving these treatments for advanced liver cancer.

Methods

In a phase III clinical trial to assess the benefit of SIRT over HAC one group of patients received SIRT + HAC while a second group received HAC only. All patients in this trial who had abdominal CT scans available before treatment, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment were evaluated. Changes in normal hepatic parenchyma (NHP) volume, portal vein diameter and spleen volume were calculated for each patient and analysed for significant trends.

Results

The mean NHP volume decreased by 17% (P = 0.001) 12 months after treatment among patients receiving SIRT + HAC (N = 22), while the mean NHP volume among patients treated with HAC only (N = 15) was unchanged at 12 months. The mean portal vein diameter increased by 9% in both treatment groups, P = 0.048 and P < 0.001, respectively. The mean spleen volume increased by 48% (P < 0.001) and 26% (P = 0.001), respectively, in the two groups 12 months after treatment started. There was no clinical evidence of hepatic failure, portal hypertension or splenic dysfunction in any of the patients.

Conclusions

Treatment of patients with SIRT + HAC causes contraction of the normal hepatic parenchyma, while treatment with HAC alone has no significant effect. Treatment with either SIRT + HAC or HAC alone causes a significant increase in portal vein diameter and spleen volume by 12 months after treatment. The increase in spleen volume and portal vein size is likely to be due to portal hypertension resulting from scarring within the liver as a result of chemical and radiation hepatitis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:248–252. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human resource development in remote island communities: an evaluation of tour‐guide training in Vanuatu
Authors: Black Rosemary , King Brian
Published: August 2002

About 30% of visitors to Vanuatu visit the outer islands, where ecotourism has recently emerged as a small‐scale but significant activity. In the face of increasing competition from comparable Asia–Pacific destinations, there has been pressure on tourism operators and the Vanuatu Government to improve product quality through mechanisms such as the development of high‐quality tours. One way to enhance product quality is through the provision of appropriate professional training for tourism sector employees, including local tour guides. The paper outlines a tour‐guide training programme delivered on the outer islands, which received financial assistance from several foreign aid agencies. The programme is an instructive example of an attempt to implement a human resource strategy in a developing country arising from the recommendations of a national tourism masterplan that sought the active involvement of international funding agencies in the implementation phase. The paper evaluates the effectiveness of the training programme and outlines the challenges of programme delivery. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurements of the kinetics of the OH + α‐pinene and OH + β‐pinene reactions at low pressure
Authors: Chuong B. , Davis M. , Edwards M. , Stevens P. S.
Published: August 2002

The rate constants for the OH + α‐pinene and OH + β‐pinene reactions have been measured in 5 Torr of He using discharge‐flow systems coupled with resonance fluorescence and laser‐induced fluorescence detection of the OH radical. At room temperature, the measured effective bimolecular rate constant for the OH + α‐pinene reaction was (6.08 ± 0.24) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. These results are in excellent agreement with previous absolute measurements of this rate constant, but are approximately 13% greater than the value currently recommended for atmospheric modeling. The measured effective bimolecular rate constant for the OH + β‐pinene reaction at room temperature was (7.72 ± 0.44) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, in excellent agreement with previous measurements and current recommendations. Above 300 K, the effective bimolecular rate constants for these reactions display a negative temperature dependence suggesting that OH addition dominates the reaction mechanisms under these conditions. This negative temperature dependence is larger than that observed at higher pressures. The measured rate constants for the OH + α‐pinene and OH + β‐pinene reactions are in good agreement with established reactivity trends relating the rate constant for OH + alkene reactions with the ionization potential of the alkene when ab initio calculated energies for the highest occupied molecular orbital are used as surrogates for the ionization potentials for α‐ and β‐pinene. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 300–308, 2002
Kinetics and mechanism of formation of manganate(VI) and hypomanganate(V) coordination polymer intermediates during the base‐catalyzed oxidation of carboxymethyl cellulose polymer by permanganate, Part 1
Authors: M. Shaker Ali
Published: August 2002

Kinetics and mechanism of the disproportionation of MnO4− via [CMC—MnVIO42−] intermediate complex formation during the oxidation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polysaccharide have been investigated spectrophotometrically at pH ≥12 and various temperatures (15–35°C). The rate law was suggested as Rate = kobsMnO4−]. Kinetic and spectrophotometric measurements revealed the formation of hypomanganate(V) and manganate(VI) transient species, which are base‐catalyzed. A mechanism was postulated that is consistent with the experimental data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 605–611, 2001
Agricultural sustainability in Turkey: integrating food, environmental and energy securities
Authors: Evrendilek F. , Ertekin C.
Published: August 2002

Agricultural production in Turkey is not sustainable due to degradation and loss of croplands, rapid population growth, and inequitable economic growth (poverty and overconsumption). Degrading land uses and management practices disturb the life‐supporting biogeochemical cycles within croplands and between croplands and natural ecosystems by increasing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs: CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, and tropospheric O3), pollution of water, soil and air, loss of soil organic matter and biodiversity, erosion, salinization and desertification. Sustainability‐oriented management practices in croplands include maintenance of soil organic matter by conservation tillage and residue management, windbreaks, selection of crops ecologically adapted to local climate regimes, efficient crop rotation, enhancement of agrobiodiversity (e.g. intercropping and agroforestry), and adoption of proper drainage techniques. Implementation of these preventive and mitigative measures necessitates internalization of ecological principles into agricultural policy and management processes. This study explores the opportunities and limitations of agricultural sustainability in Turkey in a holistic manner. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was developed to relate CO2 emissions to energy intensity (energy use/gross domestic product), affluence (gross domestic product/population) and population growth. Our MLR model with a high R2 of 97 per cent revealed that stabilization of human population growth, and increasing energy efficiency in economic growth are essential to decreasing GHG emissions and enhancing environmental quality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A ranking methodology for assessing relative erosion risk and its application to dehesas and montados in Spain and Portugal
Authors: Shakesby R. A. , Coelho C. O. A. , Schnabel S. , Keizer J. J. , Clarke M. A. , Lavado Contador J. F. , Walsh R. P. D. , Ferreira A. J. D. , Doerr S. H.
Published: August 2002

The dehesas and montados of Spain and Portugal cover about 6 million ha and form open savannah‐type woodland comprising cork (Quercus suber) and holm (Q. rotundifolia and Q. ilex) oaks. Following their decline until the 1960s, these land management practices have become valued at national and international policy‐making levels for their biodiversity, aesthetic qualities and potential for tourism and recreation, but comparatively little attention has been given to consequences for soil conservation. In this paper, the soil erosion risks associated with these land uses are compared with those of selected alternative forestry and agroforestry land uses. Selected soil properties, results of rainfall simulation experiments and field observations of erosion features for (a) two montado and three dehesa sites differing in terms of grazing pressure and tree type, (b) six alternative forestry plantations of various ages and (c) an olive grove are ranked according to relative erosion risk. None of the dehesa or montado sites has an overall mean rank indicating an erosion risk as low as that in established forestry plantations (at least four–five years old). One (heavily grazed) dehesa has a relatively high overall mean rank indicating a relative erosion risk only slightly lower than that obtained for an erosion‐prone, newly ploughed and planted eucalyptus plantation. It is concluded that present day dehesa and montado variants can be prone to severe erosion if stocking rates and/or tillage frequency become excessive. The advantages and limitations of the ranking methodology used are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angiogenesis three months after clinical transmyocardial laser revascularization using an excimer laser
Authors: van der Sloot Jos A.P. , Huikeshoven Menno , van der Wal Allard C. , Tukkie Raymond , van Gemert Martin J.C. , van der Meulen Jan , Beek Johan F.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

We present for the first time histologic findings 3 months after clinical transmyocardial laser revascularization using a XeCl excimer laser.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Histology was performed on a patient who died from a noncardiac cause 3 months post‐excimer TMLR.

Results

In the treated myocardium, no patent channels were found but scars were seen with a linear distribution and in continuity with circumscribed small fibrotic endocardial and epicardial scars. The scars were highly vascularized by new vessels, ranging from small capillaries to large thin walled, and sometimes branching ectatic vessels. Sprouting of vessels into the adjacent myocardium was also observed.

Conclusion

These results suggest that angiogenesis might play a role in the clinical improvement after TMLR. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:369–373, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Get real!: Cultural relevance and resistance to the mediated feminine ideal
Authors: Duke Lisa
Published: August 2002

As part of a longitudinal study that examines early and late adolescent girls' interpretations of mainstream teen magazines, this research focuses on how the African American audience's interpretive frame enables them to critique and distance themselves from selected aspects of a consumption object with which they regularly engage. The results were drawn from in‐depth interviews with 16 African American girls, ages 13–18, who are regular readers of one of the top three teen titles: Seventeen, YM, or ‘Teen. In this article, consumption is conceptualized not only as purchase, but acceptance of and aspiration to the ideals employed by the beauty industry to sell goods and services, e.g., a thin body type, European‐American facial features, and a preference for a “made‐up” appearance. Conversely, anti‐consumption is rejection, subversion or negotiation of those same ideals, although such critical stances do not preclude voluntary, regular exposure to the texts conveying these ideals. The analysis illustrates the importance of cultural relevance in promoting consumers' aspiration to mediated ideals; in particular, the article explores African American consumers' criticism of Euro‐centric feminine ideals as not real. While White girls actively sought out the magazines' alternate, improved version of reality, African American girls compared the fictional work to their real world experience and not only denied the veracity of the ideal, but preferred their reality to it. As predicted by racial identity theory, most African American girls in this study, particularly older girls, did not defer to the magazines' authority in defining their conception of femininity, which instead was strongly influenced by culture and frequently defined in direct opposition to the mediated ideal. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Loss of critical palindromic transgene promoter sequence in chemically induced Tg.AC mouse skin papillomas expressing transgene‐derived mRNA†
Authors: Thompson Karol L. , Rosenzweig Barry A. , Honchel Ronald , Cannon Ronald E. , Blanchard Kerry T. , Stoll Raymond E. , Sistare Frank D.
Published: August 2002

The Tg.AC transgenic mouse carries a v‐Ha‐ras transgene. Skin papillomas develop in Tg.AC mice upon repeated dermal application of tumor promoters and carcinogens. The transgene is inserted at a single site on chromosome 11 in a multiple‐copy array. Although most of the ≥ 40 copies are arranged in a direct‐repeat orientation, two copies of the transgene are inserted in a palindromic, inverted‐repeat orientation. Deletion of the palindromic transgene promoter sequence is associated strongly with and diagnostic of loss of phenotypic responsiveness to Tg.AC papillomagens, such as 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA). Unexpectedly, a loss of palindromic transgene sequence, in the absence of an observable reduction in copy number of the direct‐repeat‐oriented transgene sequence, is seen in DNA from papillomas when compared to genomic DNA from tail clips or skin samples away from the application site. Transgene‐derived transcripts were detectable in all Tg.AC papillomas sampled. The transgene locus was hypomethylated in papillomas but not in samples from tail clips from the same animal or from skin samples away from the application site in responder Tg.AC mice, as shown by loss of resistance to digestion by HpaII. A cell line derived from a Tg.AC squamous cell carcinoma showed complete loss of the palindromic transgene sequence, hypomethylation of the transgene locus, and strong expression of v‐Ha‐ras mRNA. These data indicate that the palindromic transgene sequence, which appears to be necessary for initial responsiveness to tumorigens, may be susceptible to deletion during rapid cellular proliferation and is not required for transgene expression in later phases of papilloma growth. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ribozyme‐mediated downregulation of human metallothionein IIa induces apoptosis in human prostate and ovarian cancer cell lines
Authors: Tekur Seshadri , Ho Shuk‐Mei
Published: August 2002

Human metallothioneins (MTs) are low‐molecular‐weight, cysteine‐rich, metal ion–binding proteins that constitute the majority of intracellular protein thiols. They are overexpressed in prostate and ovarian cancers and are believed to confer resistance to radiation and cytotoxic anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of MTs in prostate and ovarian cancer cells and their possible relationship with other cancer development and progression factors. The main problem in investigating the role of MT, however, is the absence of any known specific inhibitor. To this end, in a previous study, we had developed sequence‐specific ribozymes (Rzs) targeting MT and had shown their in cellulo efficacy. Here we show that transient transfection of a vector carrying a hammerhead Rz (Rz4‐9), designed to cleave class II MT, in the human prostate cancer cell line PC‐3 and the ovarian cancer cell line SKOV‐3 resulted in a dose‐dependent attenuation of MT‐IIa transcripts and dramatic cell loss. Transient transfection with 2 μg of Rz4‐9 vector DNA completely abolished MT‐IIa mRNA levels and induced a 94% and a 67% reduction in cell number in PC‐3 cells and SKOV‐3 cells, respectively. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) showed that the Rz‐induced cell loss probably was due to apoptosis, because it was associated with marked increases in the hypodiploid cell population, reaching maximums of 52% and 64% in cultures of PC‐3 and SKOV‐3, respectively. Additionally, annexin V–propidium iodide double‐staining, followed by FACS, confirmed that Rz4‐9‐induced cell death was due to apoptosis and showed a vector DNA–dependent increase in late apoptotic cell numbers that reached maximums of 80% and 42%, respectively, in PC‐3 and SKOV‐3 cell cultures transfected with the highest concentration of vector DNA. In parallel experiments, transfection with a vector containing the enzymatically inactive mutant Rz‐3‐3 or the empty vector was not effective in inducing similar responses. The Rz‐induced loss of MT‐IIa mRNA–associated cell death in these cancer cell lines was attended by dose‐dependent downregulation of the proto‐oncogene c‐myc and the apoptosis inhibitory mediator bcl‐2, suggesting that these signaling pathways are involved in the process. In conclusion, our data indicate that MT‐IIa is an important cell‐survival or anti‐apoptotic factor for prostate and ovarian cancer cells and that downregulation of its expression via transgene expression of a sequence‐specific Rz is a feasible target for cancer therapy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.