bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The emergence of cereal fungal diseases and the incidence of leaf spot diseases in Finland
Authors: JALLI M. , LAITINEN P. , LATVALA S.
Published: March 2011

Fungal plant pathogens causing cereal diseases in Finland have been studied by a literature survey, and a field survey of cereal leaf spot diseases conducted in 2009. Fifty-seven cereal fungal diseases have been identified in Finland. The first available references on different cereal fungal pathogens were published in 1868 and the most recent reports are on the emergence of Ramularia collo-cygni and Fusarium langsethiae in 2001. The incidence of cereal leaf spot diseases has increased during the last 40 years. Based on the field survey done in 2009 in Finland, Pyrenophora teres was present in 86%, Cochliobolus sativus in 90% and Rhynchosporium secalis in 52% of the investigated barley fields. Mycosphaerella graminicola was identified for the first time in Finnish spring wheat fields, being present in 6% of the studied fields. Stagonospora nodorum was present in 98% and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in 94% of spring wheat fields. Oat fields had the fewest fungal diseases. Pyrenophora chaetomioides was present in 63% and Cochliobolus sativus in 25% of the oat fields studied.;
Examples of alien pathogens in Finnish potato production - their introduction, establishment and consequences
Authors: HANNUKKALA A.O.
Published: March 2011

Most pathogens on potato have been imported into Finland via contaminated seed more than hundred years ago. The history of migration and the consequences for potato production of potato wart, blackleg and soft rot, Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) and its vector powdery scab are reviewed as examples of economically important and biologically different potato pathogens. Potato wart spread alarmingly during 1920-1960. Plant quarantine acts and the use of resistant cultivars were successful in eradicating the disease. The pathogens causing blackleg and soft rot increased rapidly in 1960-1970. Development of seed certification schemes after the end of the 1970s decreased disease incidence and made the disease insignificant other than for seed potato production. Introduction of new strains of blackleg bacteria in 2003 caused the disease again to become a considerable threat to potato production. PMTV was imported into Finland in the 1970s where it spread rapidly, especially in starch potato production. Currently it is common in all potato production except that of seed potato. The disease cannot be eradicated but contamination of clean fields can be prevented. New diseases can spread to Finland in future but population changes of existing pathogens have recently caused more problems than species completely new to Finland.;
Pests and diseases in a changing climate a major challenge for Finnish crop production
Authors: HAKALA K. , HANNUKKALA A.O. , HUUSELA-VEISTOLA E.
Published: March 2011

A longer growing season and higher accumulated effective temperature sum (ETS) will improve crop production potential in Finland. The production potential of new or at present underutilised crops (e.g. maize (Zea mays L.), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)) will improve and it will be possible to grow more productive varieties of the currently grown crops (spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.)). Also cultivation of autumn sown crops could increase if winters become milder and shorter, promoting overwintering success. Climatic conditions may on the other hand become restrictive in many ways. For example, early season droughts could intensify because of higher temperatures and consequent higher evaporation rates. Current low winter temperatures and short growing season help restrict the development and spread of pests and pathogens, but this could change in the future. Longer growing seasons, warmer autumns and milder winters may initiate new problems with higher occurrences of weeds, pests and pathogens, including new types of viruses and virus vectors. Anoxia of overwintering crops caused by ice encasement, and physical damage caused by freezing and melting of water over the fields may also increase. In this study we identify the most likely changes in crop species and varieties in Finland and the pest and pathogen species that are most likely to create production problems as a result of climate change during this century.;
Introduced pathogens found on ornamentals, strawberry and trees in Finland over the past 20 years
Authors: LILJA A. , RYTKÖNEN A. , HANTULA J.
Published: March 2011

The comparative ease and speed of international trade and travel have enabled or enhanced the spread of pests around the globe. For example, trade in ornamental plants has bolstered the spread of alien Oomycetes such as pathogenic species of Phytophthora. To date, four Phytophthora species have been identified in Finland: P. cactorum on Fragaria x ananassa, Betula pendula and Rhododendron spp., P. plurivora on Rhododendron spp. and Syringa vulgaris, and P. pini and P. ramorum on Rhododendron spp. The ascomycete Colletotrichum acutatum, which was listed as a quarantine pathogen by the European Union until 2009, was introduced in 2000 and can survive in plant debris over two winters in Finland. Positive PCR results have also been obtained from bait plants grown in soil collected from locations where diseased Fragaria x ananassa plants had earlier been destroyed. In the mid-1990s, there was an epidemic of foliar rust caused by the Asian basidiomycete Melampsoridium hiratsukanum on Alnus glutinosa and A. incana. Recently, two ascomycetes that have been introduced are Dothistroma septosporum (responsible for red band needle blight on Pinus sylvestris) and Chalara fraxinea (causing ash decline on Fraxinus excelsior).;
Alien species in the Finnish weed flora
Authors: HYVÖNEN T. , JALLI H.
Published: March 2011

The present study aimed at assessing the invasion of alien weed species in Finland based on a review of their occurrence in the Finnish weed flora. The evaluation was conducted for the three phases of the invasion process, i.e. introduction, naturalization and invasion. The literature review revealed that 815 alien weed species occur in Finland of which 314 are regarded as naturalized. Based on their occurrence in different climate zones, the risk of naturalization of new harmful alien weed species was deemed low for those species not currently found in Finland, but higher for species occurring as casual aliens in Finland. In the latter group, 10 species of concern were detected. Exploration of the distribution patterns of naturalized species within Finland revealed species occupancy to be dependent on the residence time of the species. Established neophytes can be expected to extend their ranges and to increase occupation of agricultural habitats in the future.;
Self-Perceptions About Properties Affecting Assertiveness of Trainee Counselors
Authors: Ikiz F. Ebru
Published: March 2011

The aim in this research was to determine the assertiveness levels of counselor trainees in relation to their personal perceptions about their personality characteristics and sociodemographic properties in order to achieve good mental health among those working as counselors and to
provide suggestions for counselor education. The data were gathered using the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (Rathus, 1973) as validated by Voltan (1980) with a questionnaire developed by the researcher. Participants were 233 trainee counselors from universities in Izmir, Turkey. Findings indicated
that identifying negative feelings and thoughts, talkativeness in front of an audience, giving accurate feedback, using I-language, and having a positive self-image are statistically effective in assessment of counselor trainees' assertiveness levels. There were no differences according to
gender or socioeconomic status.
The Relationships Among Procrastination, Flow, and Academic Achievement
Authors: Seo Eun Hee
Published: March 2011

The purpose in this study was to examine the relationships among procrastination, flow, and academic achievement. The data were collected from 172 Korean undergraduates. The results indicated that there was not a relationship between students' procrastination and academic achievement
and that, even though procrastination increased the likelihood of flow-like experiences, the procrastinators were not likely to perform better in an examination because of flow. The implications of this study are discussed.
Tourist valorization of the municipality of Negotin
Authors: Cuculovic Rodoljub , Cuculovic Ana
Published: March 2011

According to its physical-geographical and socio-economical characteristics,
the municipality of Negotin belongs to the territories with favorable tourist
potentials. In order to scientifically validate this fact, in this paper
tourist valorization has been performed using quantitative-qualitative
method, giving attractiveness ranking values, based on which conclusions have
been made on the direction and forms of tourist potential. The results
obtained from tourist valorization have shown that the hydrographic potential
and fauna are rated as good (3), and have the highest general tourist value
among natural resources. General values are graded as satisfactory (1.8) and
the climate is graded as unsatisfactory (1.2). Valorization of anthropogenic
characteristics gave the maximal general value (4) to cultural-historical
objects including sacral objects - monasteries and churches and the Rajac
pimnice. The Rajac pimnice have an especially high value, as they represent,
for us, a unique value that can be considered in diverse ways and adjusted to
tourist utilization. Based on the performed tourist valorization it can be
noted that the general tourist value of the municipality of Negotin is of
regional ranking, though anthropogenic potentials are of national ranking and
part of them, as emphasized, are objects that are internationally important.
The basic shortcoming is the low road quality leading to places of important
tourist value, even though the road network is favorable, and there are also
many weaknesses in the receptive tourist base. Improvement of these
shortcomings would create a good image of the municipality of Negotin in
continental tourism of the Republic of Serbia.
Analysis of the environmental state in the municipality Grocka as a basis of integrated planning protection
Authors: Filipovic Dejan , Obradovic-Arsic Danijela
Published: March 2011

The structure and use of space of city municipality of Grocka was influenced
by its specific position and resources, as well as by development processes
that have taken place in recent decades. Apart from the natural, the way of
spatial development was significantly influenced by anthropogenic factors,
often disturbing the natural conditions and opportunities. In that sense, the
analysis of existing environmental state is an important basis of integrated
planning of future spatial development of the municipality. Several different
sources of environmental pollution are identified in the municipality of
Grocka, some of which have "significant" impacts on closer and wider
environment. This paper presents the state of environment in individual
elements (air, water and soil), problems of noise, waste and the risk of
accidents in the municipality, and finally made valorization of the
environment from the pollution level.
The influence of water resources on transformation of spatial-functional structure of the territory of the municipality of Mali Zvornik and the possibilities for the construction of new hydro power plants
Authors: Pavlovic Mila , Golic Rajko , Sabic Dejan
Published: March 2011

The territory of the municipality of Mali Zvornik is, from the aspect of
morphology and spatial-functional structure, a heterogeneous area. It is
located in the valley of the Drina River and in hilly-mountainous part of
Podrinjske mountains. The area of the municipality is 184 km?, with 14076
inhabitants (2002). The importance of water resources for the development of
the municipality, particularly of the hydropower plant (HPP) ?Zvornik?, is
analyzed in this paper. Inadequate use of hydro-energetic potential,
possibilities for construction of new hydropower plants and economic reasons
for their construction are also emphasized. The priorities of the development
of hydraulic engineering are defined in relation to morphological and
hydrological conditions. They refer to increase of power of the HPP ?Zvornik?
and construction of small-scale hydropower plants in hilly-mountainous part
of municipality. Considering depopulation processes in the villages of Mali
Zvornik, hydraulic engineering, together with agriculture, forestry,
exploitation of mineral goods and tourism, can be one of the factors of
demographic and economic revitalization of this area.
The new cartographic projects in the Military Geographical Institute
Authors: Borisov Mirko , Radojcic Stevan , Ikonovic Vesna
Published: March 2011

This paper gives an overview and some details about a few new projects in
area of digital cartography production of Military Geographical Institute.
The maps are presented at scales 1:25.000, 1.250.000, 1:300.000 and
1:1.000.000. All of them are made in order to satisfy rigorous criterion of
Serbian Armed Forces, as a main user of those maps. Those are the first
digital topographic, overview topographic and geographic maps in Serbia, too.
Cartographic analysis of urban areas using satellite image as a base for data collecting
Authors: Tadic Vladan , Sekulovic Dragoljub , Tatomirovic Slavisa
Published: March 2011

This paper shows possibilities of using the WORLDVIEW-1 satellite images as a
base for creating and updating cartographic materials. It also describes the
entire applied procedure for satellite images processing so that they could
be used in cartography.
The application of algorithm for introduction of the automatization in process of symbol-scale mapping
Authors: Urosev Natasa
Published: March 2011

Beside the main subject, this paper will present principals of average
graphical weight of thematic map. The algorithm is based on this subject and
also on basics of symbol-scaled(2) mapping. Maps are very often overloaded by
symbols. The main goal of thematic mapping is to represent the quantitative
and qualitative characteristics of the occurrences in geospace. These two
factors are combined in this algorithm. Modern GIS software has possibility
to create thematic maps by methods of signs, cartograms and cart diagrams.
These are very precise maps and they are presenting distinctive occurrence
but also very graphical chaotic with lot of overcastted areas that are
overloading the map. These are the reasons why it?s necessary to create this
algorithm which would give some balance among boundaries of thematic map
area.
Family and social development: Between the risk and the capital
Authors: Rajkovic Ljubica , Miletic-Stepanovic Vesna
Published: March 2011

This paper analyzes the relationship between family and social development in
Serbia and Macedonia at the time of post-socialist transformation, stressing
the ambivalence between risk and capital. The theoretical starting point is
provided, first, by the theory of structuration by French sociologist Pierre
Bourdieu and an analysis of traditional and modern patriarchate by feminists
author Carol Patmen. The paper d eals with three issues: 1. the role of
extended families; 2. retraditionalisation of the woman?s role in the family;
and 3. violence against women as a health risk: the risks of birth control
and symbolic risks (of strengthening traditional authority and marital power
of men). The study relied on the following data sources: 1. statistical data
for Serbia and Macedonia; 2. research findings by Vera Ehrlich, ?Family in
the Transformation - the Study of Three Hundred Yugoslav Villages?; 3.
findings from two sample investigations: a) the study by the Institute for
Sociological Research of the Faculty of Philosophy on a representative
sample, b) the study of the position of rural women on the sample of 580
rural families under observation in six districts of the central Serbia
(Zlatiborski, Sumadijski, Rasinski, the City of Belgrade, Nisavski and
Borski). Special attention will be paid to the regions of Macedonia along the
border with Serbia - Poloski, Skopje and the Northeastern.
The effect of applied cytotoxic drugs on biological behaviour of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Jankovic Drina , Djokic Divna , Nikolic Nadezda , Glodic Pavle
Published: March 2011

Introduction. This study was aimed at investigating the influence of certain
cytotoxic drugs on the organ uptake of the following
99mTc-radiopharma?ceuticals: 99mTc-2,3-dicarboxypropane-1,1-diphosphonic
acid, 99mTc-meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, 99mTc-tin colloid and
99mTc-mac?raggregated albumin. Methotrexate sodium and cyclophosphamide were
used as models to evaluate these effects. Material and methods. Two groups of
healthy male Wistar rats were treated separately by oral application of the
drugs for 7 days. On the eighth day, each of the 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals
was applied in a separate group of treated animals. They were sacrificed at
different time intervals and the radioactivity in the organs of interest was
measured. The organ uptake of the 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals in an additional
control group of animals was also studied. Results. The results obtained
showed an alteration in the organ uptake of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals in
animals treated with cytotoxic drugs. In the rats treated with methotrexate
sodium, there was a higher up?take of 99mTc-meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
in the bones, stomach and intestine, a higher uptake of
99mTc-2,3-dicarboxypropane-1?,1-diphosphronic acid in the bones, intestine,
blood and muscle, a lower uptake of 99mTc-tin colloid in the liver and a
lower accumulation of 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin in the lungs.
Cyclophospha?mide-treated animals showed enhanced uptake of
99mTc-meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in the kidneys, a twofold enhanced
uptake of 99mTc-2,3-dicarboxypropane-1,1-diphosphronic acid in all organs
except the stomach, a decreased uptake of 99mTc-tin colloid in the lungs,
spleen and kidneys and a significantly decreased uptake of
99mTc-macroaggregated albumin in the lungs. Conclusion. These results confirm
that both methotrexate sodium and cyclophosphamide may alter the organ
uptake of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals in experimental animals.
Frequency of hospital infections at department of urogoly
Authors: Rakic Violeta , Markovic-Denic Ljiljana , Maksimovic Milomir
Published: March 2011

Introduction. At departments of urology, as well as other hospital
departments, hospital infections represent an important problem. The
objective of this work was to determine the frequency and the most common
localizations of hospital infections at the Department of urology. Material
and methods. All the patients hospitalized for longer than 48 hours at the
Department of Urology, General hospital, Sabac were included in a prospective
study of incidence in the period of 12 months. The everyday epidemiological
surveillance was carried out, as well as the inspection of the existing
medical files. The diagnosis of hospital infections was made on the basis of
known definitions. Results. Ninetyfour out of 554 hospitalized patients
included in the research had 122 hospital infections. One hospital infection
was recorded in 64 of those included in the research, whereas two and three
infections were recorded in 26 and 2 patients, respectively. The incidence
rate of the patients with hospital infections was 17.3%, and the rate of the
incidence of the infections 22.4%. The incidence rate by 1,000
patients-hospitalization days was 12.4. Out of the total number of
infections, 69.7% were urinary tract infections, 27% surgical site infections
and 3.3% sepses. The incidence rate of the patients with urinary infections
was 14.7% and the incidence rate of urinary infections 15.6%. The rate of
urinary infections in the patients with urinary catheter (19.6%) was
sig?nificantly higher than in those patients without urinary catheter
(p<0.001). The rate of incidence of surgical site infections was 6.1% and the
incidence rate of blood infections was 0.7%. Conclusion. The most common
hospital infections in our work were urinary infections and surgical site
infections. The rates recorded in our study are similar to those in the
hospitals that have only started the surveillance of hospital infections.
Financial justification of investments into special diet for patients with phenylketonuria
Authors: Konstantinidis Georgios , Radovanov Dobrila , Konstantinidis Nada
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder of metabolism of amino
acid phenylalanine, which results in the absence of phenylalanine
hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine into
tyrosine. It is an autosomal recessive disorder. Screening for
phenylketonuria in Voivodina started in 2003. Screening data are shown in
this paper. Treatment of phenylketonuria is based on a strict, life long, low
protein diet with the controlled phenylalanine intake. Diet must start early,
in the first weeks of life. The aim of the diet is to reduce natural protein
intake and to cover protein needs by special phenylalanine free protein
products. There is a big variety of formulas found available on the market
for treatment of phenylketonuria. All of them are free of phenylalanine and
very expensive. Discussion. Till May 2005 there was no refunding for these
products in our country. According to the decision made by the Provincial
Secretariat for Health, providing all children with protein supplement in
their first year of life started at the Institute for Child and Youth
Healthcare. In September 2007 the Republic Fund for Health Insurance started
to refund protein supplement and low protein products for all children up to
the age of 18 years. Conclusion. Besides all technical and organizational
difficulties associated with this work, this paper also shows how, by good
prevention of phenylketonuria complications, much more money can be saved
than it has been invested, even in countries with low amounts of money
allocated for this purpose (in absolute figures).
Applicability of children’s environment and health action plan in Serbia
Authors: Kristoforovic-Ilic Miroslava
Published: March 2011

The Children?s Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe was adopted at
the 4th Ministry Conference on Environment (the World Health Organization,
2004). It is focused on children health care against hazards originating from
the human environment. In its conclusion, the need is expressed for the
development of national plans in the field of Environmental and Children
Health for European region by 2007. Mutual activities would be obligatory for
each country and their realization should be the responsibility of Ministers
of Health Care and Environmental Health. In our country, a draft version of
this document was recently adopted, where the following priority regional
goals are proposed: safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, injury
prevention and adequate physical activity, clean indoor and outdoor air, the
human environment without chemicals. Every segment has been explained in
details through activities, expected results, indicators, sources of
verification and the main participants in the project implementation. The end
of the action plan period is proposed to be the year 2019. It is also
followed by a defined set of indicators: exposure, activities and health
status. The analyses of particular activities or data to be used have pointed
to some drawbacks of this draft version, which can be overcome by respecting
expert opinions.
Tuberculosis in the 21st century: Challenges, endeavors and recommendations to doctors
Authors: Ristic Lidija , Rancic Milan , Radovic Milan
Published: March 2011

The magnitude of problem with tuberculosis lies in the fact that one third of
the world population is infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Even in the
21st century, tuberculosis kills more people than any other infective agent.
Definition of case of resistance - the case of resistant tuberculosis is
precisely defined by the recommendations of the World Health Organization as
primary, initial, acquired multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant
tuberculosis. The development of resistance tuberculosis may result from the
administration of monotherapy or inadequate combinations of anti-tuberculosis
drugs. A possible role of doctors in the development of multi drug-resistant
tuberculosis is very important. Actually, multi drug-resistant tuberculosis
is a direct consequence of mistakes in prescribing chemotherapy, provision of
anti-tuberculosis drugs, surveillance of the patient and decision-making
regarding further treatment as well as in a wrong way of administration of
anti-tuberculosis drugs. The problem of extensively drug-resistant
tuberculosis in the world has become very alarming. In South Africa,
extensively drug resistant tuberculosis accounts for 24% of all tuberculosis
case. It can be concluded that only adequate treatment according to directly
supervised short regiment for correctly categorized cases of tuberculosis can
stop the escalation of multidrug or extensively drug resistant tuberculosis,
which is actually an incurable illness in the 21st century.
Modern pacemaker therapy
Authors: Kovacevic Dragan , Topalov Vasilije , Mijatov Milan
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Pacemakers are devices that modern medicine and cardiology
cannot be imagined without. The technique of implantation comes to surgical
procedure where all principles of asepsis and antisepsis have to be
respected. Although some complications do happen, they are rather rare.
Results. After the implantation of the device, the patient is not handicapped
(unless the heart was additionally damaged). On the contrary, the patient
returns to his work and functions normally within his family in most of the
cases. The first medical appointment is scheduled a month after the
implantation and the following are three and six months after. Types of
devices. Today there are ?new types of electrostimulation?- implantable
cardioverter defibrillators and multisite electrostimulators. The former is
implanted in patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death and the latter in
patients with heart failure and left bundle branch block. Owing to these
devices, the sudden cardiac death can be prevented successfully and the
quality of a patient?s life is improved.
Mental health and mental hygiene between two millenniums
Authors: Backovic Dusan
Published: March 2011

A century has passed since Klifford Beers published his work "A mind that
found Itself". This paper has inspired the shift of mental hygiene towards
the prevention of mental disorders and health improvements. At the beginning
of this millenium, with much improved scientific knowledge, experience and
possibilities, but confronted with new challenges we are observing the
tempestuous historical features which have influenced the development of
mental health care. Mental health is crucial for the welfare of a society and
its individuals, since such disorders are not only the cause of emotional
suffering, but they also deteriorate the quality of life, cause alienation
and discrimination of an individual. At the same time, they are a great
economic burden to the society as they require long-term therapy and often
result in poor productivity. In order to decrease the burden of mental
disorders it is required to stimulate prevention and improvement of mental
health of the population within the framework of national policies,
legislation and financing.
Lyme borreliosis: Diagnostic difficulties in interpreting serological results
Authors: Gajovic Olgica , Todorovic Zoran , Nesic Ljiljana , Lazic Zorica
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Lyme borreliosis is a multi-systemic disease caused by
spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. The specific response is
influenced by phenotypic characteristics of Borrelia, different antigen
structure, their different geographic distribution, and the patient?s
capability to react to the infection. The immune response to Borrelia
burgdorferi sensu lato develops relatively late, whereas in some patients it
never develops. The immune response in the early phase of Lyme borreliosis is
very similar to the one of healthy population. Diagnosis of borrelia.
Clinical manifestation, detailed anamnesis and epidemiological data are
crucial for making the diagnosis. The majority of patients in the late phase
of Lyme borreliosis have IgG antibody response, which could be followed by
IgM also throughout this period of time. The number of serologically positive
findings increases with the duration of the infection. Specific borrelial
antigens can be detected by a Western blot test. In patients with
neuroborreliosis, antibodies could be synthesized only intrathecally. IgG and
IgM antibody response can persist for many years after the treatment. There
is no positive serological test, which could be the indicator of the disease
activity on its own; even if it demonstrates high antibody titre. If there
are no clinical signs of Lyme borreliosis, the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis
should be primarily based on clinical findings, and serological results
should be used only to confirm but not to make the diagnosis of Lyme
borreliosis. Specific antibodies from the IgM class can be proved in about
50% of patients, 2 to 4 weeks after the onset of primary infection, but an
early administration of the antibiotics can postpone or inhibit that
response. Interpretation of serological results. When interpreting the
serological test results with high level of sensitivity and specificity used
for making diagnosis of lyme borreliosis, it is necessary to take into
consideration the seroprevalence in a certain region. In the population with
a low prevalence of the disease, the tests will have a low positive
predicative value, i.e. the probability of indicating the real disease will
be lower. According to the recommendations given by the Centre for Disease
Control in North America, all extreme and positive results of EA and IFA are
to be confirmed by a Western blot test. Diagnostic problems. The main problem
in making diagnosis of lyme borreliosis is underestimation and overrating of
the diagnosis. Not a single positive serologic test is the indicator of the
disease activity on its own, regardless of the antibodies titre level, when
clear clinical signs are scarce.

 This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction 10.2298/MPNS1212531U
Prevention of spine deforimities in adoloscents due to inaduquate posture
Authors: Popova-Ramova Elizabeta , Lazovic Milica
Published: March 2011

Introduction. The spine deformities tend to increase, and in 90% of children
they change the quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the
percents of spinal deformity in our population of adolescents, and long bad
posture in and out of school as a factor for its increase. Material and
methods. The study included 124 adolescents attending High Musical School in
Bitola and Skopje, who underwent four standard spine tests and an interview.
Results. According to the test 3, 50% of the examined adolescents in Bitola
and 69% in Skopje had the postural spine deformity, the average being 59.5%.
The results obtained by the questionnaire showed that 50% of adolescents did
not have any physical activity out of school, the longest daily activity,
lasting four hours, in 48% of the examinees was practising their musical
instruments; 40% of the examinees spent two hours watching TV or using the
computer, whereas 18% did not use any of them at all. Conclusion. The bad
spine posture tends to deteriorate in adolescents and the factor influencing
this result should be established by studies aimed at determining the effects
of physical activity on reducing such deformities, since the specific type of
their education induces the risk of developing pain and early degenerative
changes of the spine, which are predominant in the professionals.
Attitudes and behavior of students related to reproductive health
Authors: Radovanovic Snezana , Kocic Sanja , Sorak Marija , Milic Caslav
Published: March 2011

Introduction. One of the features of modern societies is the increase of
sexual activity among young people. Sexual activity creates new health
problems, or to be more exact, it can result in an unplanned pregnancy and
disease induced by sexual contact. Material and methods. The data for the
study were obtained from the questionnaires filled in by students of the
Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Economics in Kragujevac in 2008. Out of
615 students of both sexes included in this questionnaire, 222 students were
from the Faculty of Medicine and 393 students from the Faculty of Economics.
The questionnaire was designed at the Institute for Public Health ?Dr Milan
Jovanovic Batut? in 2000 for the project ?Health condition, health needs and
using of health protection by population in Serbia?. Results. The research
showed that 41.6% of the students included in the questionnaire had sexual
relations; 69.1% of female and 30.9% of male students had sexual experience,
i.e. one third and two thirds of the interviewed students attending the
Faculty of Economics and of Medicine, respectively. The reason for having the
first sexual intercourse was love in 50.4%. Almost 80% of the interviewees
used a condom during the first sexual contact. According to the answers,
71.9% of the study sample had one sexual partner. More than half (51.6%) of
the students having sexual relations did not use contraceptives.
Contraceptives were used more frequently by the students of Medical Faculty
(54.3%) than those from the Faculty of Economics (45.7%). Conclusion. In
order to prevent multiple consequences of ignorance and risky behavior, it
is necessary to inform and educate young people about the reproductive
health.
Biphenotypic acute leukaemia: Case reports of two paediatric patients
Authors: Kacanski Natasa , Konstantinidis Nada , Kolarovic Jovanka , Slavkovic Bojana , Vujic Dragana
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Biphenotypic acute leukaemia is an uncommon type of leukaemia
whose blasts co-express myeloid and B-or T-lymphoid antigens. Case report. We
describe two cases of paediatric patients with biphenotypic acute leukaemia.
A four-year-old female patient was found to have myeloid and B-lymphoid
associated antigens in the same blast cells. Cytogenetic analysis showed a
Philadelphia (Ph) positivity t (9;22) (q34;q11) with rearrangements of
M.bcr-Abl (p210). She was treated with combined acute myeloid leukaemia/acute
lymphoblastic leukaemia induction therapy followed by autologous stem cell
transplantation. The patient died due to the complications of stem cell
transplantation procedure. Another patient was a 20-month-old girl with
myeloid and T-lymphoid associated antigens in the blast cells and with normal
karyotype. She received acute myeloid leukaemia induction therapy. She has
never achieved remission. Discussion. Immunophenotype is essential to
establish the diagnosis of biphenotypic acute leukaemia according to the
scoring system adopted by the European Group of Immunological Classification
of Leukaemia. There is no agreement about uniformity in treatment for the
patients with this type of leukaemia. Biphenotypic acute leukaemia is a high
risk leukaemia which requires a more intensive treatment. Conclusion. Therapy
for every patient with biphenotypic acute leukaemia should depend on their
immunophenotype and gene rearrangement profiles.
Blame and Accountability 2: On Being Accountable
Authors: O'Connor Nick , Kotze Beth , Wright Murray
Published: March 2011

Objective: This second paper follows an exploration of the nature of blame and addresses the balance between a ‘blame-free’ health culture and appropriate accountability. This paper aims to define and describe accountability as a key component of clinical governance and a responsive, fair and transparent health culture.

Methods: The literature is examined and the concept of a fair and transparent health culture is explored. The case vignette in Part 1 is used to illustrate a particular issue of accountability.

Results: The place of accountability in relation to clinicians and health organisations is elucidated.

Conclusions: The necessary conditions for an accountable, responsive, fair and transparent health culture are proposed.
Excuses
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , Walker Elizabeth
Published: March 2011

Aim: This paper aims to examine the nature of excuses.

Conclusion: The making of excuses is sometimes roundly condemned. However, an excuse is a reason offered in application for exemption from a task or for blameless status when an action has been taken (or not taken). Acceptance (or otherwise) depends on an assessment by society of the facts and a decision (by society) as to whether a sufficient quantity of energy has been exerted by the applicant. Psychoanalysis, meditation and the ageing process may assist the individual by reducing the number of excuses submitted, and increasing the rate of excuse acceptance (by society).
So, You Want to Design an Acute Mental Health Inpatient Unit: Physical Issues for Consideration
Authors: Arya Dinesh
Published: March 2011

Objective: The aim of this paper is to explore important considerations when planning an acute mental health inpatient unit.

Conclusions: Planning a mental health acute inpatient facility should be about more than just building a beautiful, fabulous facility. A novel architectural design, fancy gadgets, safe tapware, new lounge suites, good light and air circulation are all incredibly important and good architects and designers can inform us about new developments in architecture and design that we must incorporate in our design plans. However, to design a facility that is right for tomorrow, it is also important to spend time trying to understand what happens in the facility and how the new facility is going to make things different and better. Planning of a health facility should be about creating an environment that is not only pleasant, comfortable and safe but also one that would enable and facilitate better care. It is important to map processes before rather than after building a facility, so that this process mapping can inform design and we do not keep falling into the trap of building a beautiful new facility but losing the opportunity to make care better.
Slavery as the commodification of people
Authors: Fiskesjö Magnus
Published: March 2011

In the 1950s, teams of Chinese government ethnologists helped liberate
“slaves” whom they identified among the Wa people in the course of China’s military
annexation and pacification of the formerly autonomous Wa lands, between
China and Burma. For the Chinese, the “discovery” of these “slaves” proved the
Engels-Morganian evolutionist theory that the supposedly primitive and therefore
predominantly egalitarian Wa society was teetering on the threshold between Ur-
Communism and ancient slavery. A closer examination of the historical and cultural
context of slavery in China and in the Wa lands reveals a different dynamics
of commodification, which also sheds light on slavery more generally. In this article
I discuss the rejection of slavery under Wa kinship ideology, the adoption of
child war captives, and the anomalous Chinese mine slaves in the Wa lands. I also
discuss the trade in people emerging with the opium export economy of the late
nineteenth and early twentieth century which helped sustain, yet also threatened,
autonomous Wa society. I suggest that past Wa “slave” trade was spurred by the
same processes of commodification that historically drove the Chinese trade in
people, and in recent decades have produced the large-scale human trafficking
across Asia, which UN officials have labeled “the largest slave trade in history” and
which often hides slavery under the cover of kinship.
Austerity against the Homo Sovieticus
Authors: Repečkait Daiva
Published: March 2011

This article analyzes the public discourse on the riots of 16 January
2009, in Vilnius, when protest against economic shock therapy ended in violent
clashes with the police. Politicians and the media were quick to ethnicize the riots,
claiming an “involvement of foreign influences” and noting that the rioters had
been predominantly “Russian-speaking.” Analyzing electronic and print media, the
article identifies a wider tendency, particularly among middle-class Lithuanian
youth, of portraying the social class consisting of “losers of the post-soviet transition”
as aggressive and primitive Others. A pseudo-ethnicity that combines Rus sian
language and culture with lower-class background into a notion of homo sovieticus
comes to stand for what is hindering the “clean up” of Lithuania and middleclass
aspirations to form a new European identity. As such, the riots serve as a lens
that illuminates the way ethnicity is flexibly utilized to shift political loyalties.
Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Capacities of Herbal and Tea Infusions
Authors: Fu Li , Xu Bo-Tao , Gan Ren-You , Zhang Yuan , Xu Xiang-Rong , Xia En-Qin , Li Hua-Bin
Published: March 2011

In order to supply new information on the antioxidant function of selected beverages for nutritionists and the general public, total phenolic contents of 51 kinds of herbal and tea infusions made in China were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. A significant correlation between FRAP and TEAC values suggested that antioxidant components in these beverages were capable of reducing oxidants and scavenging free radicals. The high correlation between antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents indicated that phenolic compounds could be one of the main components responsible for antioxidant activities of these beverages. Generally, these beverages had high antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents, and could be important dietary sources of antioxidant phenolics for prevention of diseases caused by oxidative stress.
An Approach to an Inhibition Electronic Tongue to Detect On-Line Organophosphorus Insecticides Using a Computer Controlled Multi-Commuted Flow System
Authors: Alonso Gustavo A. , Dominguez Rocio B. , Marty Jean-Louis , Muñoz Roberto
Published: March 2011

An approach to an inhibition bioelectronic tongue is presented. The work is focused on development of an automated flow system to carry out experimental assays, a custom potentiostat to measure the response from an enzymatic biosensor, and an inhibition protocol which allows on-line detections. A Multi-commuted Flow Analysis system (MCFA) was selected and developed to carry out assays with an improved inhibition method to detect the insecticides chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO), chlorfenvinfos (CFV) and azinphos methyl-oxon (AZMO). The system manifold comprised a peristaltic pump, a set of seven electronic valves controlled by a personal computer electronic interface and software based on LabView® to control the sample dilutions into the cell. The inhibition method consists in the injection of the insecticide when the enzyme activity has reached the plateau of the current; with this method the incubation time is avoided. A potentiostat was developed to measure the response from the enzymatic biosensor. Low limits of detection of 10 nM for CPO, CFV, and AZMO were achieved.
Synthesis of glycoconjugate fragments of mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannosides and lipomannan
Authors: Cao Benjamin , White Jonathan M , Williams Spencer J
Published: March 2011

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causitive agent of tuberculosis (TB), possesses a complex cell wall containing mannose-rich glycophospholids termed phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs), lipomannan (LM), and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). These glycophospholipids play important roles in cell wall function and host–pathogen interactions. Synthetic PIM/LM/LAM substructures are useful biochemical tools to delineate and dissect the fine details of mannose glycophospholipid biosynthesis and their interactions with host cells. We report the efficient synthesis of a series of azidooctyl di- and trimannosides possessing the following glycan structures: α-Man-1,6-α-Man, α-Man-1,6-α-Man-1,6-α-Man, α-Man-1,2-α-Man-1,6-α-Man and 2,6-di-(α-Man)-α-Man. The synthesis includes the use of non-benzyl protecting groups compatible with the azido group and preparation of the branched trisaccharide structure 2,6-di-(α-Man)-α-Man through a double glycosylation of a 3,4-butanediacetal-protected mannoside. The azidooctyl groups of these synthetic mannans were elaborated to fluorescent glycoconjugates and squaric ester derivatives useful for further conjugation studies.
A questão da participação da comunidade do Distrito de Perus-(São Paulo/Brasil), no projeto MDL Aterro Bandeirantes
Authors: Rizzi Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2011

A partir de 2001 tiveram início as indagações do poder público municipal, da sociedade civil e de especialistas a respeito do futuro do Aterro Bandeirantes, o maior aterro sanitário do mundo, localizado em um pequeno distrito chamado Perus, zona Oeste do Município de São Paulo. Muito embora houvesse a recomendação dos especialistas e a vontade da comunidade local em implantar ali, um parque sobre o Aterro, o poder público municipal optou por um fim econômico: a geração de energia elétrica através da combustão do gás metano emanado da decomposição do lixo acumulado. A partir de 2003, o poder público municipal, tendo o Unibanco como principal mediador, passou a fomentar a implantação, na área do aterro, do chamado Projeto MDL – Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo. Esse projeto é um instrumento de operacionalização do chamado Tratado de Kyoto para a redução da emissão de poluentes na Atmosfera através do incentivo de práticas econômicas geradoras de energia alternativa, não-poluente que tem por finalidade converter créditos de carbono (certificados) em recursos financeiros. A proposta seria uma grande idéia e uma ótima saída para todos os atores em questão, se o poder público municipal não tivesse esquecido de chamar a comunidade local a participar da condução do projeto, algo previsto pelo Artigo 2º do referido Tratado. O texto a seguir é uma exposição de como se deu esse processo de alijamento da participação local na condução do projeto e de como foi formado o monopólio dos grandes atores hegemônicos na captação, geração, distribuição e consumo da energia elétrica alternativa gerada pelo lucrativo Consórcio Bandeirantes, o agregado de empresas que deu origem ao Projeto MDL Aterro Bandeirantes.