bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ehrenfest force field: A perspective based on electron density functions
Authors: Mortera-Carbonell Aldo J. , Francisco Evelio , Martín Pendás Ángel , Hernández-Trujillo Jesús
Published: December 2023

The topology of the Ehrenfest force field (EhF) is investigated as a tool for describing local interactions in molecules and intermolecular complexes. The EhF is obtained by integrating the electronic force operator over the coordinates of all but one electron, which requires knowledge of both the electron density and the reduced pair density. For stationary states, the EhF can also be obtained as minus the divergence of the kinetic stress tensor, although this approach leads to well-documented erroneous asymptotic behavior at large distances from the nuclei. It is shown that these pathologies disappear using the electron density functions and that the EhF thus obtained displays the correct behavior in real space, with no spurious critical points or attractors. Therefore, its critical points can be unambiguously obtained and classified. Test cases, including strained molecules, isomerization reactions, and intermolecular interactions, were analyzed. Various chemically relevant facts are highlighted: for example, non-nuclear attractors are generally absent, potential hydrogen–hydrogen interactions are detected in crowded systems, and a bifurcation mechanism is observed in the isomerization of HCN. Moreover, the EhF atomic basins are less charged than those of the electron density. Although integration of the EhF over regions of real space can also be performed to yield the corresponding atomic forces, several numerical drawbacks still need to be solved if electron density functions are to be used for that purpose. Overall, the results obtained support the Ehrenfest force field as a reliable descriptor for the definition of atomic basins and molecular structure.
Parallel guidance of wavefront shaping multi-color light focusing based on spatial and frequency domain information of speckle patterns
Authors: Xiao Yuanshen , Yin Liang , Zhou Junjie , Hu Minglong , Ding Yingchun
Published: December 2023

Due to the incoherent superposition of various color light transmission matrices (TMs) in space, it has always been a challenge to measure the multi-color light TMs directly or indirectly in the field of wavefront shaping. In this paper, a hybrid algorithm for indirectly measuring the TMs of multi-color light is proposed. The prominent feature of this algorithm is that the spatial and frequency domain information of the speckle patterns is simultaneously input into the multi-input fully connected neural network. Compared with previous spatial data-driven methods, our method can better learn the mapping relationships hidden behind the color samples, making the measurement of the TMs of multi-color light through the scattering media more accurate. Experimental results show that the enhancement factor of multi-point multi-color light focusing using the hybrid algorithm is improved by about 27% compared with the genetic algorithm, and the number of iterations is reduced by about 47%. The hybrid algorithm presents a new idea for multi-color light focusing, which is of great significance for wavefront shaping in complex optical fields.
Uptake and reactivity of NO2 on the hydroxylated silica surface: A source of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Liu Ziao , Sinopoli Alessandro , Francisco Joseph S. , Gladich Ivan
Published: December 2023

We report state-of-the-art first-principles molecular dynamics results on the heterogeneous chemical uptake of NO2, a major anthropogenic pollutant, on the dry and wet hydroxylated surface of α-quartz, which is a significant component of silica-based catalysts and atmospheric dust aerosols. Our investigation spotlights an unexpected chemical pathway by which NO2 (i) can be adsorbed as HONO by deprotonation of interfacial silanols (i.e., –Si–OH group) on silica, (ii) can be barrierless converted to nitric acid, and (iii) can finally dissociated to surface bounded NO and hydroxyl gas phase radicals. This chemical pathway does not invoke any previously experimentally postulated NO2 dimerization, dimerization that is less likely to occur at low NO2 concentrations. Moreover, water significantly catalyzes the HONO formation and the dissociation of nitric acid into surface-bounded NO and OH radicals, while visible light adsorption can further promote these chemical transformations. This work highlights how water-restricted solvation regimes on common mineral substrates are likely to be a source of reactive oxygen species, and it offers a theoretical framework for further and desirable experimental efforts, aiming to better constrain trace gases/mineral interactions at different relative humidity conditions.
Auxetic polymer networks: The role of crosslinking, density, and disorder
Authors: Ninarello Andrea , Ruiz-Franco José , Zaccarelli Emanuela
Published: December 2023

Low-crosslinked polymer networks have recently been found to behave auxetically when subjected to small tensions, that is, their Poisson’s ratio ν becomes negative. In addition, for specific state points, numerical simulations revealed that diamond-like networks reach the limit of mechanical stability, exhibiting values of ν = −1, a condition that we define as hyper-auxeticity. This behavior is interesting per se for its consequences in materials science but is also appealing for fundamental physics because the mechanical instability is accompanied by evidence of criticality. In this work, we deepen our understanding of this phenomenon by performing a large set of equilibrium and stress–strain simulations in combination with phenomenological elasticity theory. The two approaches are found to be in good agreement, confirming the above results. We also extend our investigations to disordered polymer networks and find that the hyper-auxetic behavior also holds in this case, still manifesting a similar critical-like behavior as in the diamond one. Finally, we highlight the role of the number density, which is found to be a relevant control parameter determining the elastic properties of the system. The validity of the results under disordered conditions paves the way for an experimental investigation of this phenomenon in real systems, such as hydrogels.
Retina-inspired sensor array for visual adaptation with wide dynamic range of 162 dB
Authors: Lv Xueqing , Chen Tong , Lou Qiang , Lin Bosi , Sun Tian , Li Guijun , Li Jiye , Ji Hongwei , Lu Lei , Zhou Hang
Published: December 2023

The development of machine vision demands accurate image capture under different lighting conditions, which is crucial for perceiving the environment correctly. In this paper, we present a human-eye-inspired sensor based on quasi-two-dimensional perovskite and indium gallium zinc oxide phototransistor array. The sensor exhibits a light detection limit as low as 6.1 nW/cm2 with a responsivity of 5 × 105 A/W, capable of perceiving light in visible spectrum range. It demonstrates light adaptation under both dim and illuminated conditions, enhancing the contrast between images and ambient light, while achieving a dynamic range of 162 dB.
Effect of the alloyed interlayer on the thermal conductance of Al/GaN interface
Authors: Li Qinshu , Liu Fang , Liu Yizhe , Wang Tao , Wang Xinqiang , Sun Bo
Published: December 2023

Understanding the interfacial phonon transport is essential for optimizing the thermal management of microelectronics, especially for high energy density devices. Some calculations have suggested that introducing interfacial defects or disorders will increase the interfacial thermal conductance, which helps heat dissipation, while some studies suggested otherwise. In this work, we introduced substitutional impurities in GaN by growing a ∼2-nm-thick AlxGa1−xN or InxGa1−xN alloyed interlayer at the Al/GaN interface and measured the interface thermal conductance by time-domain thermoreflectance at room temperature. Our results show that substituting Ga atoms near the interface with either lighter Al atoms or heavier In atoms at a nominal concentration of 20% or less will not necessarily change the thermal conductance of the Al/alloy interface but is detrimental to the thermal transport across the total Al/GaN interface, which provides an experimental guideline for the thermal design of GaN-based devices.
Nested gausslet basis sets
Authors: White Steven R. , Lindsey Michael J.
Published: December 2023

We introduce nested gausslet bases, an improvement on previous gausslet bases that can treat systems containing atoms with much larger atomic numbers. We also introduce pure Gaussian distorted gausslet bases, which allow the Hamiltonian integrals to be performed analytically, as well as hybrid bases in which the gausslets are combined with standard Gaussian-type bases. All these bases feature the diagonal approximation for the electron–electron interactions so that the Hamiltonian is completely defined by two Nb × Nb matrices, where Nb ≈ 104 is small enough to permit fast calculations at the Hartree–Fock level. In constructing these bases, we have gained new mathematical insight into the construction of one-dimensional diagonal bases. In particular, we have proved an important theorem relating four key basis set properties: completeness, orthogonality, zero-moment conditions, and diagonalization of the coordinate operator matrix. We test our basis sets on small systems with a focus on high accuracy, obtaining, for example, an accuracy of 2 × 10−5 Ha for the total Hartree–Fock energy of the neon atom in the complete basis set limit.
A panel method for the hydrodynamic analysis of a cavitating propeller with sheet and developed tip vortex cavitation
Authors: Kim Seungnam , Kinnas Spyros A.
Published: December 2023

In this article, we present a boundary element method (or panel method) applied to a cavitating propeller to investigate its performance with/without cavitation. The present method models both sheet cavitation and developed tip vortex cavitation concurrently so they can coexist in the flow induced by a propeller. The sheet cavitation can be either partial cavitation or supercavitation depending on the imposed loading on the propeller, and the developed tip vortex cavitation considers loading from the blade tip to determine its sectional volume in space and time. Elaborate numerical schemes are introduced to model both cavities, and it is shown that the present method can predict cavity patterns closely following experimental observations at various loading conditions and cavitation numbers. With the predicted cavities considered, cavitating propeller performance is predicted in potential flow and compared with experimental data, results from a viscous flow solver, and fully wetted performance to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the present method. Steady flow is considered in this study, although the method can be readily extended to unsteady problems.
Direct numerical simulation of compression ramp shock wave/boundary layer interaction controlled by plasma actuator array
Authors: Tang Mengxiao , Wu Yun
Published: December 2023

Direct numerical simulation of compression ramp shock wave/boundary layer interaction controlled by plasma actuator array is performed to gain a comprehensive understanding of its control outcome and mechanism in this paper. The computation model adopts a 24-deg compression ramp at Mach number Ma∞ = 2.0, whose simulation setup all refers to the experimental reports. First, the plasma actuator array is introduced into the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equation by a heating source model, and the corresponding numerical validation is proved in detail. Then, the flow control effect of plasma actuator array is systematically revealed, including the wave drag reduction and flow separation suppression. The results show that the mean shock wave drag can be decreased by 15% and the characteristic length of separation bubble can be reduced by 28%. At last, a new shock wave/boundary layer interaction control mechanism, called as 3D structure reconstruction, is concluded to guide the compression ramp flow control. Namely, by manipulating the quasi-2D shock wave and separation bubble into a 3D structural morphology in spanwise direction, the overall negative effect induced by shock wave/boundary layer interaction can be mitigated.
The theory of kinetic effects on resistive wall mode stability in tokamaks
Authors: Berkery J. W. , Betti R. , Liu Y. Q. , Sabbagh S. A.
Published: December 2023

Tokamak fusion plasmas benefit from high pressures but are then susceptible to modes of instability. These magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes are macroscopic distortions of the plasma, but certain collective motions of individual particles can provide stabilizing effects opposing them. The presence of a resistive wall slows the mode growth, converting a kink to a resistive wall mode (RWM). A kinetic MHD model includes Maxwell's equations, ideal MHD constraints, and kinetic effects included through the pressure tensor, calculated with the perturbed drift-kinetic distribution function of the particles. The kinetic stabilizing effects on the RWM arise through resonances between the plasma rotation and particle drift motions: precession, bounce, and transit. A match between particle motions and the mode allows efficient transfer of energy that would otherwise drive the growth of the mode, thus damping the growth. The first approach to calculating RWM stability is to write a set of equations for the complex mode frequency in terms of known quantities and then to solve the system. The “energy principle” approach, which has the advantage of clarity in distinguishing the various stabilizing and destabilizing effects, is to change the force balance equation into an equation in terms of changes of kinetic and potential energies, and then to write a dispersion relation for the mode frequency in terms of those quantities. These methods have been used in various benchmarked codes to calculate kinetic effects on RWM stability. The theory has illuminated the important roles of plasma rotation, energetic particles, and collisions in RWM stability.
Design and performance of parallel-channel nanocryotrons in magnetic fields
Authors: Draher Timothy , Polakovic Tomas , Li Yi , Pearson John , Dibos Alan , Meziani Zein-Eddine , Xiao Zhili , Novosad Valentine
Published: December 2023

We introduce a design modification to conventional geometry of the cryogenic three-terminal switch, the nanocryotron (nTron). The conventional geometry of nTrons is modified by including parallel current-carrying channels, an approach aimed at enhancing the device's performance in magnetic field environments. The common challenge in nTron technology is to maintain efficient operation under varying magnetic field conditions. Here, we show that the adaptation of parallel channel configurations leads to an enhanced gate signal sensitivity, an increase in operational gain, and a reduction in the impact of superconducting vortices on nTron operation within magnetic fields up to 1 T. Contrary to traditional designs that are constrained by their effective channel width, the parallel nanowire channels permits larger nTron cross sections, further bolstering the device's magnetic field resilience while improving electro-thermal recovery times due to reduced local inductance. This advancement in nTron design not only augments its functionality in magnetic fields but also broadens its applicability in technological environments, offering a simple design alternative to existing nTron devices.
Underwater electrical explosion of metallic wire and tube: A comparison study
Authors: Zhang Shaojie , Zhang Yongmin , Lu Yong , Zhao Hejie , Luo Cheng , Wang Haodong , Wang Shuangming , Qiu Aici
Published: December 2023

With an initial energy storage of approximately 53.5 kJ, experiments on underwater electrical explosions of metallic wire and thin-wall tube were conducted. Two sets of controlled experiments were designed, and the wire and tube for each set were of the same length, cross-sectional area, and material. Load voltage, circuit current, and shock wave pressure were measured and analyzed, and electric power, energy deposition, and energy deposition rate were also calculated and investigated. Experimental results indicated that the underwater electrical tube explosion (UETE) always has higher and earlier local resistance peak, voltage peak, and electric power peak, as well as faster phase transition and ionization process than the underwater electrical wire explosion (UEWE). In addition, the energy deposition rate from the beginning of discharge or the decrease in current to the voltage peak is significantly increased when replacing a wire with a tube. For the shock-wave characteristics, the peak pressure, energy density, and impulse of the shock wave generated by UETE are greater than that generated by UEWE. The peak pressure at ∼33 cm increased from 21.1 to 24.5 MPa in the first set and from 18.1 to 21.7 MPa in the second when a tube was used instead of a wire. These experimental results help us understand the physical process of UETE and provide an alternative methodology for load design in industrial applications.
A general expression for vibrational Hamiltonians expressed in oblique coordinates
Authors: Boyer Mark A. , Sibert Edwin L.
Published: December 2023

We examine the properties of oblique coordinates. The coordinates, introduced by Zúñiga et al. [J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 52, 055101, (2019)], reduce vibrational mode-mixing and enhance the quality of vibrational assignments in quantum mechanical investigations of two-dimensional model Hamiltonians. Oblique coordinates are obtained by making non-orthogonal rotations of the original coordinates that convert the matrix representation of the quadratic Hamiltonian operator into a block-diagonal matrix where the blocks are distinguished by the total quanta of vibrational excitation. Using techniques for the polar decomposition of matrices, we present a scheme for finding these coordinates for systems of arbitrary dimensions. Several molecular examples are presented that highlight the advantages of these coordinates.
Ab initio study of longitudinal and transverse dynamics, including fast sound, in molten UO2 and liquid Li–Pb alloys
Authors: del Rio Beatriz G. , González Luis E.
Published: December 2023

The disparity between the masses of the two components in a binary liquid system can lead to the appearance of a peculiar phenomenon named “fast sound,” which was identified for the first time in Li4Pb several decades ago and later observed in other Li based alloys. However, the exact characteristics and nature of this phenomenon and the reasons behind its appearance have not totally been identified yet. In this work, we analyze the longitudinal and transverse current correlation functions of UO2, Li4Pb, and Li0.17Pb0.83, as obtained from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We find that fast sound appears to occur in the two former systems but not in the latter. Additionally, we discuss some of the properties of the liquid mixtures that may be related to the appearance (or absence) of the phenomenon, such as the composition, the polyhedral structure of the melt, and the type of bonding in the system.
Modeling of electron refluxing and TNSA fields in laser–target interactions based on analysis of K

α
emission
Authors: Nardi Eran , Stambulchik Evgeny , Zinamon Zeev , Maron Yitzhak
Published: December 2023

We analyze and model fast-electron-induced Kα emission from an experiment in which a high-intensity ultra-short laser irradiated foil and bulk titanium targets. The motion of electrons inside the targets is calculated allowing for multiple scattering and collisional energy loss, while outside the target, electric fields of arbitrary configurations are assumed. It is shown that both the radial Kα-intensity distributions and the somewhat non-intuitive dependence of the absolute Kα emission on the target thickness can be reproduced by taking into account the fast-electron refluxing with an electric field configuration based on the target normal sheath acceleration model. We infer the presence of a sheath electric field on the order of TV/m, extending to about 100μm in the radial direction. In addition, we obtain a temporal profile of the Kα radiation.
High performance selective light absorber based on nickel nanopillar array for photothermal conversion
Authors: Cai Jianing , Li Linhao , Chen Zhao , Zhang Junying , Hou Zhi-Ling
Published: December 2023

Efficient absorption of solar radiation holds the key to photothermal utilization; however, realizing solar absorber designs with high absorption efficiency remains challenging. Herein, a nickel-based metamaterial selective solar absorber with a nanopillar array structure was proposed to realize nearly perfect optical absorption over a broad spectrum. The average absorbance is up to 96% in the 300–2033 nm wavelength range. Notably, a reasonably detailed analysis of the physical mechanism of the proposed absorber was performed in this paper, attributing the exceptional broadband absorption to the concurrent interaction with surface plasmon resonance, quarter-wavelength resonance, and electric dipole resonance. The absorption efficiency declines significantly when λ > 2.5 μm, with only 20% absorptivity at λ = 6 μm in the radiation-absorbing transition region. This decline is desirable, as it contributes to reducing the emissivity in the mid-infrared range and, therefore, prevents self-radiation. The results demonstrate that the selective absorber possesses the potential to capture solar energy within a broadband, while avoiding undesirable self-radiation, thereby enhancing the integral efficiency of the solar energy conversion system. Moreover, the absorption spectrum shows insensitivity to polarization and angle of incidence. The selective solar absorber proposed here offers excellent performance with a simple structure, showing great promise in the field of photothermal conversion.
Broadening of the power deposition profile in on-axis X2 ECRH experiments in the L-2M stellarator and the low-threshold parametric decay instability of the pump wave
Authors: Gusakov E. Z. , Popov A. Yu. , Meshcheryakov A. I. , Grishina I. A. , Tereshchenko M. A.
Published: December 2023

The effect of considerable broadening of the power deposition profile in on-axis X2 electron cyclotron resonance heating experiments observed in the L-2M stellarator is interpreted in the paper as one of the consequences of the low-threshold parametric decay instability of the pump wave, resulting in excitation of ion and electron Bernstein daughter waves. The instability is considered under the specific L-2M experimental conditions and shown to be absolute. The threshold of this instability is exceeded in the experiment. This finally allows explaining, at least qualitatively, the effect of nonlocal microwave power deposition detected in L-2M.
Pass bands formation in YIG film with periodic metal grating
Authors: Sakharov V. K. , Khivintsev Y. V. , Nikulin Y. V. , Dzhumaliev A. S. , Kozhevnikov A. V. , Filimonov Y. A.
Published: December 2023

Experimental results on the magnetostatic surface wave (MSSW) propagation in an yttrium-iron garnet film with a periodical array of metal stripes on the surface are presented. An effect of the pass bands formation in the MSSW transmission characteristics contrasting to the known Bragg stop bands inherent in a periodical structure is reported and discussed. Our findings provide one more way to affect the spin wave propagation and realize a control in magnonic devices.
Mitigating the consequences of electronic health record data breaches for patients and healthcare workers
Authors: Looi Jeffrey C. L. , Allison Stephen , Bastiampillai Tarun , Maguire Paul A. , Kisely Steve , Looi Richard C. H.
Published: December 2023

Electronic health records (EHRs) have been widely adopted in Australian public sector healthcare and will remain an ongoing, essential data system. However, recent substantial data breaches from hacked business data systems in Australian enterprises, as well as international healthcare providers, mean that EHR data breaches are increasingly likely in Australia. Risks include medical identity theft and extortion attempts based on threats to release sensitive patient information. Hacking is now a foreseeable additional risk of medical treatment. Risk mitigation for the consequences of data breaches needs to be considered, as well as support for patients (and families) and healthcare workers. This includes identity theft protection services, cybersecurity insurance, and psychological support.
Transgender women sex workers’ experiences accessing sexual health care in Iran: a qualitative study
Authors: Saadat Mina , Keramat Afsaneh , Nazari Ali Mohammad , Ranjbar Hadi , Jahanfar Shayesteh , Motaghi Zahra
Published: December 2023

Background This study aimed to examine the experiences of transgender women who work in the sex industry regarding their access to health care facilities for sexual health. Transgender women sex workers are recognised worldwide as a high-risk group for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods In Iran, between January and May 2022, we employed a snowball sampling technique to recruit a diverse group of 22 transgender women sex workers aged 19–42 years. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with these participants to provide insights into their experiences with accessing sexual health care. Results The data was analysed using thematic analysis, revealing four overarching themes: experiences of violence, contextual barriers to health, socioeconomic challenges and HIV/STI risk practices, and 11 sub-themes. The results demonstrate that many participants experienced difficulties in accessing sexual health services due to violence, discrimination, financial difficulties and lack of awareness about STIs. Conclusion Sex workers face extraordinarily challenging occupational risks, including sexual and physical abuse, mental health issues, and HIV and STIs. Targeted public intervention programs and research for this group are urgently needed. Outreach programs engaging with underserved transgender women sex workers have the potential to enhance access to healthcare services, and contribute to the reduction of HIV transmission rates.
Identification of Tensin-3 as a MALT1 substrate that controls B cell adhesion and lymphoma dissemination
Authors: Juilland Mélanie , Alouche Nagham , Ubezzi Ivana , Gonzalez Montserrat , Rashid Harun-Or , Scarpellino Leonardo , Erdmann Tabea , Grau Michael , Lenz Georg , Luther Sanjiv A. , Thome Margot
Published: December 2023

The protease MALT1 promotes lymphocyte activation and lymphomagenesis by cleaving a limited set of cellular substrates, most of which control gene expression. Here, we identified the integrin-binding scaffold protein Tensin-3 as a MALT1 substrate in activated human B cells. Activated B cells lacking Tensin-3 showed decreased integrin-dependent adhesion but exhibited comparable NF-κB1 and Jun N-terminal kinase transcriptional responses. Cells expressing a noncleavable form of Tensin-3, on the other hand, showed increased adhesion. To test the role of Tensin-3 cleavage in vivo, mice expressing a noncleavable version of Tensin-3 were generated, which showed a partial reduction in the T cell–dependent B cell response. Interestingly, human diffuse large B cell lymphomas and mantle cell lymphomas with constitutive MALT1 activity showed strong constitutive Tensin-3 cleavage and a decrease in uncleaved Tensin-3 levels. Moreover, silencing of Tensin-3 expression in MALT1-driven lymphoma promoted dissemination of xenografted lymphoma cells to the bone marrow and spleen. Thus, MALT1-dependent Tensin-3 cleavage reveals a unique aspect of the function of MALT1, which negatively regulates integrin-dependent B cell adhesion and facilitates metastatic spread of B cell lymphomas.
A genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies a role for Rab5A and early endosomes in hepatitis E virus replication
Authors: Oechslin Noémie , Da Silva Nathalie , Ankavay Maliki , Moradpour Darius , Gouttenoire Jérôme
Published: December 2023

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. As the other positive-strand RNA viruses, it is believed to replicate its genome in a membrane-associated replication complex. However, current understanding of the host factors required for productive HEV infection is limited and the site as well as the composition of the HEV replication complex are still poorly characterized. To identify host factors required for HEV RNA replication, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen in permissive human cell lines harboring subgenomic HEV replicons allowing for positive and negative selection. Among the validated candidates, Ras-related early endosomal protein Rab5A was selected for further characterization. siRNA-mediated silencing of Rab5A and its effectors APPL1 and EEA1, but not of the late and recycling endosome components Rab7A and Rab11A, respectively, significantly reduced HEV RNA replication. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Rab5A and of dynamin-2, required for the formation of early endosomes, resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of HEV RNA replication. Colocalization studies revealed close proximity of Rab5A, the HEV ORF1 protein, corresponding to the viral replicase, as well as HEV positive- and negative-strand RNA. In conclusion, we successfully exploited CRISPR/Cas9 and selectable subgenomic replicons to identify host factors of a noncytolytic virus. This approach revealed a role for Rab5A and early endosomes in HEV RNA replication, likely by serving as a scaffold for the establishment of functional replication complexes. Our findings yield insights into the HEV life cycle and the virus–host interactions required for productive infection.
Expert elicitation of the timing and uncertainty to establish a geologic sequestration well for CO
2
in the United States
Authors: Moore Emily J. , Karplus Valerie J. , Morgan M. Granger
Published: December 2023

Many studies anticipate that carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) will be essential to decarbonizing the U.S. economy. However, prior work has not estimated the time required to develop, approve, and implement a geologic sequestration site in the United States. We generate such an estimate by identifying six clearance points that must be passed before a sequestration site can become operational. For each clearance point (CP), we elicit expert judgments of the time required in the form of probability distributions and then use stochastic simulation to combine and sum the results. We find that, on average, there is a 90% chance that the time required lies between 5.5 and 9.6 y, with an upper bound of 12 y. Even using the most optimistic expert judgements, the lower bound on time is 2.7 y, and the upper bound is 8.3 y. Using the most pessimistic judgements, the lower bound is 3.5 y and the upper bound is 19.2 y. These estimates suggest that strategies must be found to safely accelerate the process. We conclude the paper by discussing seven potential strategies.
Stability of hydrides in sub-Neptune exoplanets with thick hydrogen-rich atmospheres
Authors: Kim Taehyun , Wei Xuehui , Chariton Stella , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Ryu Young-Jay , Yang Shize , Shim Sang-Heon
Published: December 2023

Many sub-Neptune exoplanets have been believed to be composed of a thick hydrogen-dominated atmosphere and a high-temperature heavier-element-dominant core. From an assumption that there is no chemical reaction between hydrogen and silicates/metals at the atmosphere–interior boundary, the cores of sub-Neptunes have been modeled with molten silicates and metals (magma) in previous studies. In large sub-Neptunes, pressure at the atmosphere–magma boundary can reach tens of gigapascals where hydrogen is a dense liquid. A recent experiment showed that hydrogen can induce the reduction of Fe

2
+

in (Mg,Fe)O to Fe

0

metal at the pressure–temperature conditions relevant to the atmosphere–interior boundary. However, it is unclear whether Mg, one of the abundant heavy elements in the planetary interiors, remains oxidized or can be reduced by H. Our experiments in the laser-heated diamond-anvil cell found that heating of MgO + Fe to 3,500 to 4,900 K (close to or above their melting temperatures) in an H medium leads to the formation of Mg

2

FeH

6

and H

2

O at 8 to 13 GPa. At 26 to 29 GPa, the behavior of the system changes, and Mg–H in an H fluid and H

2

O were detected with separate FeH

x

. The observations indicate the dissociation of the Mg–O bond by H and subsequent production of hydride and water. Therefore, the atmosphere–magma interaction can lead to a fundamentally different mineralogy for sub-Neptune exoplanets compared with rocky planets. The change in the chemical reaction at the higher pressures can also affect the size demographics (i.e., “radius cliff”) and the atmosphere chemistry of sub-Neptune exoplanets.
Isotopes prove advanced, integral crop production, and stockbreeding strategies nourished Trypillia mega-populations
Authors: Schlütz Frank , Hofmann Robert , Dal Corso Marta , Pashkevych Galyna , Dreibrodt Stefan , Shatilo Mila , Țerna Andreea , Fuchs Katharina , Filipović Dragana , Flohra Pascal , Makarewicza Cheryl A. , Țernaa Stanislav , Videiko Mykhailo , Rud Vitalii , Müller Johannes , Kirleis Wiebke
Published: December 2023

After 500 y of colonizing the forest-steppe area northwest of the Black Sea, on the territories of what is today Moldova and Ukraine, Trypillia societies founded large, aggregated settlements from ca. 4150 BCE and mega-sites (>100 ha) from ca. 3950 BCE. Covering up to 320 ha and housing up to 15,000 inhabitants, the latter were the world’s largest settlements to date. Some 480
δ
13
C and
δ
15
N measurements on bones of humans, animals, and charred crops allow the detection of spatio-temporal patterns and the calculation of complete agricultural Bayesian food webs for Trypillia societies. The isotope data come from settlements of the entire Trypillia area between the Prut and the Dnieper rivers. The datasets cover the development of the Trypillia societies from the early phase (4800–4200/4100 BCE), over the agglomeration of mega-sites (4200/4100–3650 BCE), to the dispersal phase (3650–3000 BCE). High
δ
15
N values mostly come from the mega-sites. Our analyses show that the subsistence of Trypillia mega-sites depended on pulses cultivated on strongly manured (dung-)soils and on cattle that were kept fenced on intensive pastures to easy collect the manure for pulse cultivation. The food web models indicate a low proportion of meat in human diet (approximately 10%). The largely crop-based diet, consisting of cereals plus up to 46% pulses, was balanced in calories and indispensable amino acids. The flourishing of Europe’s first mega-populations depended on an advanced, integral mega-economy that included sophisticated dung management. Their demise was therefore not economically, but socially, conditioned [Hofmann
et al.
,
PLoS One
.
14
, e0222243 (2019)].
Exploring geomagnetic variations in ancient Mesopotamia: Archaeomagnetic study of inscribed bricks from the 3rd–1st millennia BCE
Authors: Howland Matthew D. , Tauxe Lisa , Gordin Shai , Altaweel Mark , Cych Brendan , Ben-Yosef Erez
Published: December 2023

This study presents 32 high-resolution geomagnetic intensity data points from Mesopotamia, spanning the 3rd to the 1st millennia BCE. These data contribute to rectifying geographic disparities in the resolution of the global archaeointensity curve that have hampered our understanding of geomagnetic field dynamics and the viability of applying archaeomagnetism as a method of absolute dating of archaeological objects. A lack of precise and well-dated intensity data in the region has also limited our ability to identify short-term fluctuations in the geomagnetic field, such as the Levantine Iron Age geomagnetic Anomaly (LIAA), a period of high field intensity from ca. 1050 to 550 BCE. This phenomenon has hitherto not been well-demonstrated in Mesopotamia, contrary to predictions from regional geomagnetic models. To address these issues, this study presents precise archaeomagnetic results from 32 inscribed baked bricks, tightly dated to the reigns of 12 Mesopotamian kings through interpretation of their inscriptions. Results confirm the presence of the high field values of the LIAA in Mesopotamia during the first millennium BCE and drastically increase the resolution of the archaeointensity curve for the 3rd–1st millennia BCE. This research establishes a baseline for the use of archaeomagnetic analysis as an absolute dating technique for archaeological materials from Mesopotamia.
A transcriptional program underlying the circannual rhythms of gonadal development in medaka
Authors: Nakayama Tomoya , Tanikawa Miki , Okushi Yuki , Itoh Thoma , Shimmura Tsuyoshi , Maruyama Michiyo , Yamaguchi Taiki , Matsumiya Akiko , Shinomiya Ai , Guh Ying-Jey , Chen Junfeng , Naruse Kiyoshi , Kudoh Hiroshi , Kondo Yohei , Naoki Honda , Aoki Kazuhiro , Nagano Atsushi J. , Yoshimura Takashi
Published: December 2023

To cope with seasonal environmental changes, organisms have evolved approximately 1-y endogenous circannual clocks. These circannual clocks regulate various physiological properties and behaviors such as reproduction, hibernation, migration, and molting, thus providing organisms with adaptive advantages. Although several hypotheses have been proposed, the genes that regulate circannual rhythms and the underlying mechanisms controlling long-term circannual clocks remain unknown in any organism. Here, we show a transcriptional program underlying the circannual clock in medaka fish (
Oryzias latipes
). We monitored the seasonal reproductive rhythms of medaka kept under natural outdoor conditions for 2 y. Linear regression analysis suggested that seasonal changes in reproductive activity were predominantly determined by an endogenous program. Medaka hypothalamic and pituitary transcriptomes were obtained monthly over 2 y and daily on all equinoxes and solstices. Analysis identified 3,341 seasonally oscillating genes and 1,381 daily oscillating genes. We then examined the existence of circannual rhythms in medaka via maintaining them under constant photoperiodic conditions. Medaka exhibited approximately 6-mo free-running circannual rhythms under constant conditions, and monthly transcriptomes under constant conditions identified 518 circannual genes. Gene ontology analysis of circannual genes highlighted the enrichment of genes related to cell proliferation and differentiation. Altogether, our findings support the “histogenesis hypothesis” that postulates the involvement of tissue remodeling in circannual time-keeping.
Defining a de novo non-RBM antibody as RBD-8 and its synergistic rescue of immune-evaded antibodies to neutralize Omicron SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Rao Xia , Zhao Runchu , Tong Zhou , Guo Shuxin , Peng Weiyu , Liu Kefang , Li Shihua , Wu Lili , Tong Jianyu , Chai Yan , Han Pu , Wang Feiran , Jia Peng , Li Zhaohui , Zhao Xin , Li Dedong , Zhang Rong , Zhang Xue , Zou Weiwei , Li Weiwei , Wang Qihui , Gao George Fu , Wu Yan , Dai Lianpan , Gao Feng
Published: December 2023

Currently, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike (S) protein are classified into seven classes based on their binding epitopes. However, most of these antibodies are seriously impaired by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and its subvariants, especially the recent BQ.1.1, XBB and its derivatives. Identification of broadly neutralizing MAbs against currently circulating variants is imperative. In this study, we identified a “breathing” cryptic epitope in the S protein, named as RBD-8. Two human MAbs, BIOLS56 and IMCAS74, were isolated recognizing this epitope with broad neutralization abilities against tested sarbecoviruses, including SARS-CoV, pangolin-origin coronaviruses, and all the SARS-CoV-2 variants tested (Omicron BA.4/BA.5, BQ.1.1, and XBB subvariants). Searching through the literature, some more RBD-8 MAbs were defined. More importantly, BIOLS56 rescues the immune-evaded antibody, RBD-5 MAb IMCAS-L4.65, by making a bispecific MAb, to neutralize BQ.1 and BQ.1.1, thereby producing an MAb to cover all the currently circulating Omicron subvariants. Structural analysis reveals that the neutralization effect of RBD-8 antibodies depends on the extent of epitope exposure, which is affected by the angle of antibody binding and the number of up-RBDs induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding. This cryptic epitope which recognizes non- receptor binding motif (non-RBM) provides guidance for the development of universal therapeutic antibodies and vaccines against COVID-19.
A distinct human cell type expressing MHCII and RORγt with dual characteristics of dendritic cells and type 3 innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Ulezko Antonova Alina , Lonardi Silvia , Monti Matilde , Missale Francesco , Fan Changxu , Coates Matthew L. , Bugatti Mattia , Jaeger Natalia , Fernandes Rodrigues Patrick , Brioschi Simone , Trsan Tihana , Fachi José L. , Nguyen Khai M. , Nunley Ryan M. , Moratto Daniele , Zini Stefania , Kong Lingjia , Deguine Jacques , Peeples Mark E. , Xavier Ramnik J. , Clatworthy Menna R. , Wang Ting , Cella Marina , Vermi William , Colonna Marco
Published: December 2023

Recent studies have characterized various mouse antigen-presenting cells (APCs) expressing the lymphoid-lineage transcription factor RORγt (Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t), which exhibit distinct phenotypic features and are implicated in the induction of peripheral regulatory T cells (Tregs) and immune tolerance to microbiota and self-antigens. These APCs encompass Janus cells and Thetis cell subsets, some of which express the AutoImmune REgulator (AIRE). RORγt
+
MHCII
+
type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) have also been implicated in the instruction of microbiota-specific Tregs. While RORγt
+
APCs have been actively investigated in mice, the identity and function of these cell subsets in humans remain elusive. Herein, we identify a rare subset of RORγt
+
cells with dendritic cell (DC) features through integrated single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell ATAC sequencing. These cells, which we term RORγt
+
DC-like cells (R-DC-like), exhibit DC morphology, express the MHC class II machinery, and are distinct from all previously reported DC and ILC3 subsets, but share transcriptional and epigenetic similarities with DC2 and ILC3. We have developed procedures to isolate and expand them in vitro, enabling their functional characterization. R-DC-like cells proliferate in vitro, continue to express RORγt, and differentiate into CD1c
+
DC2-like cells. They stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic T cells. The identification of human R-DC-like cells with proliferative potential and plasticity toward CD1c
+
DC2-like cells will prompt further investigation into their impact on immune homeostasis, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Structural and performance enhancement focused review of substrate integrated waveguide cavity backed antennas: The perspective of wireless and satellite communication
Authors: Agrawal Meha , Yadav Ravi
Published: December 2023

The increasing demand for efficient data transmission and reception, coupled with high-speed data requirements, is set to drive the extensive global deployment of emerging satellite and terrestrial wireless networks in the next decade. This growth in satellite and terrestrial wireless networks also creates an increased need for reliable and seamless connectivity between ground-based users and satellite communication systems. Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antennas offer promising solutions that can serve both terrestrial wireless networks and satellite applications. This review paper presents a comprehensive examination of SIW antennas, exploring their potential applications in both wireless and satellite communication scenarios. An extensive evaluation of various approaches that can be utilized to decrease the size of SIW antennas while also improving their bandwidth and gain are discussed. Also, the design strategies for SIW-based multiband, circularly polarized, dual-polarized, and self-multiplexing antennas designed for satellite communication applications, without relying on rigorous optimization techniques are discussed. Furthermore, the potential future directions and applications of SIW antennas by identifying emerging trends and challenges in the field are also highlighted. Consequently, the review will potentially motivate new research initiatives and directions, while providing valuable guidance for future SIW antenna development and research endeavors.
Multi-condition tool wear prediction for milling CFRP base on a novel hybrid monitoring method
Authors: Li Shipeng , Huang Siming , Li Hao , Liu Wentao , Wu Weizhou , Liu Jian
Published: December 2023

In the carbon fiber-reinforced plastic milling process, the high abrasive property of carbon fiber will lead to the rapid growth of tool wear, resulting in poor surface quality of parts. However, due to the signal data distribution discrepancy under different working conditions, addressing the problem of local degradation and low prediction accuracy in tool wear monitoring model is a significant challenge. This paper proposes an entropy criterion deep conditional domain adaptation network, which effectively exploits domain invariant features of the signals and enhances the stability of model training. Furthermore, a novel unsupervised optimization method based on tool wear distribution is proposed, which refines the monitoring results of data-driven models. This approach reduces misclassification of tool wear conditions resulting from defects in data-driven models and interference from the manufacturing process, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the monitoring model. The experimental results show that the hybrid method provides assurance for the accurate construction of tool wear monitoring model under different working conditions.
Stretchable, flexible fabric heater based on carbon nanotubes and water polyurethane nanocomposites by wet spinning process
Authors: Yang Ketong , Wu Yajin , Wang Wei , Chen Wei , Si Chuanliang , Yao Hai , Wang Zhengtao , Lv Luying , Yang Zhiyue , Yu Yangtao , Li Jing , Wu Xulei , Han Menghong , Wang Yingying , Wang Huatao
Published: December 2023

Wearable heaters are essential for people living in cold regions, but creating heaters that are low-cost, lightweight, and high air permeability poses challenges. In this study, we developed a wearable heater using carbon nanotube/water polyurethane (CNT/WPU) nanocomposite fibers that achieve high extension rate and conductivity. We produced low-cost and mass-produced fibers using the wet spinning. With heat treatment, we increased the elongation rate of the fibers to 1893.8% and decreased the resistivity to 0.07 Ω*m. then wove the fibers into a heating fabric using warp knitting, that resistance is 493 Ω. Achieved a uniform temperature of 58 °C at voltage of 36 V, with a thermal stability fluctuation of −5.0 °C to +6.3 °C when bent from 0° to 360°. Our results show that wearable heaters have excellent flexibility and stretchability, due to nanocomposite fibers and special braided structure, which offer a novel idea for wearable heaters.