bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerial Gas Mapping LiDAR for Methane Emissions Management at Oil and Gas Infrastructure
Authors: Thorpe Michael , Kreitinger Aaron , Roos Peter , Brasseur Jason , Losby Benjamin , Greenfield Nathan , Carre-Burritt Asa , Kunkel William , Altamura Dominic , Dudiak Cameron , Donahue Christopher , Moscona Ben
Published: March 2024

We present an overview of aerial Gas Mapping LiDAR (GML) technology and its application to methane emissions monitoring and informatics for oil and gas infrastructure. The GML sensor combines spatially scanned and coaligned topographic and path-integrated methane concentration LiDAR measurements with navigation data and aerial photography to provide episodic detection, localization, emission rate quantification, and emission source attribution of methane plumes within scanned infrastructure. Aerial deployment enables rapid and efficient coverage of large and dispersed infrastructure. High sensitivity LiDAR measurements allow detection of methane emissions at rates below 1.5 kg/h with greater than 90% probability of detection in most deployment conditions, resulting in the detection of more than 90% of emissions from typical oil and gas production basins. The high spatial resolution of the LiDAR scans provides geo-location of emission sources, typically to within 2 m, for targeted LDAR response and reliable emission source attribution. Well characterized emission rate estimates, produced by combining LiDAR methane concentration measurements with gas flow speed information, allow source-level prioritization of LDAR response and enable accurate source-resolved methane emissions inventories.  Real-world examples of Gas Mapping LiDAR use cases will be presented and requirements for producing large-scale methane emission inventories including sample planning, facility and equipment identification, emission rate quantification accuracy, detection sensitivity, and statistical analysis methods will be covered. Specific applications of the GML technology include leak detection and repair (LDAR); measurement, monitoring, reporting, and verification (MMRV) programs; measurement-based methane emissions inventory and intensity benchmarking and reductions tracking; and differentiated gas certification programs. © 2024 The Author(s)
Terrestrial land cover shapes fish diversity in major subtropical rivers
Authors: Zhang Heng , Blackman Rosetta , Furrer Reinhard , Osathanunkul Maslin , Brantschen Jeanine , Di Muri Cristina , Harper Lynsey , Hänfling Bernd , Niklaus Pascal , Pellissier Loïc , Schaepman Michael , Zong Shuo , Altermatt Florian
Published: March 2024

Freshwater biodiversity is critically affected by human modifications of terrestrial land use and land cover (LULC). Yet, knowledge of the spatial extent and magnitude of LULC-aquatic biodiversity linkages is still surprisingly limited, impeding the implementation of optimal management strategies. Here, we compiled fish diversity data across a 160,000-km2 subtropical river catchment in Thailand characterized by exceptional biodiversity yet intense anthropogenic alterations, and attributed fish species richness and community composition to contemporary terrestrial LULC across the catchment. We created a spatially explicit model and estimated a spatial range of LULC effects extending up to about 20 km upstream from sampling sites. The model explained nearly 60 % of the variance in the observed species richness, associated with major LULC categories including croplands, forest, and urban areas. We find that integrating both spatial range and magnitudes of LULC effects is needed to accurately predict fish species richness. Further, projected LULC changes showcase future gains and losses of fish species richness across the river network and offer a scalable basis for riverine biodiversity conservation and land management, allowing for potential mitigation of biodiversity loss in highly diverse yet data-deficient tropical to sub-tropical riverine habitats.
Precipitation in the Arctic and Southern Ocean: new insights from aircraft and ship-borne measurements
Authors: Aragon Larry Ger , Huang Yi , May Peter , Crosier Jonathan , Connolly Paul , Montoya Duque Estefania , Bower Keith
Published: March 2024

Precipitation is an important component of the hydrologic cycle and sea ice mass balance in polar regions. However, precipitation products in high latitudes constitute the highest uncertainties among satellite retrievals and numerical models. These uncertainties arise from limited in-situ observations of high-latitude precipitation and the fundamental differences between the Arctic and Southern Ocean/Antarctic environments that complicate the key precipitation properties and associated processes. To help address this knowledge gap, this study uses recent aircraft and ship-borne measurements to understand better the microphysical properties of precipitation over the Arctic and Southern Ocean/Antarctic regions. For the Arctic case, select summertime precipitation events are examined using aircraft measurements from precipitation imaging probes. We present the microphysical properties of Arctic precipitation in terms of the dominant ice precipitation type, particle size distributions, and important bulk properties. For the Southern Ocean/Antarctic case, we use recent measurements from ship-borne disdrometer and dual-polarimetric radar and present the distinctive polarimetric signatures and surface precipitation properties of seven synoptic types across the Southern Ocean. We also demonstrate an improved radar rainfall retrieval algorithm for the region, considering the dominance of small raindrop sizes of less than one millimeter in Southern Ocean rainfall. This research is leading toward more accurate, high-resolution estimates of precipitation properties in high-latitude regions, crucial in advancing the understanding of a range of climatological and meteorological processes as well as in evaluations of weather and climate models.
Novel use of portable gamma sensors to rapidly assess soil status and recovery in degraded East African agro-pastoral land
Authors: Blake Will , Amasi Aloyce , Kelly Claire , Lewin Shaun , Mkilema Francis , Msale Furaha , Mtei Kelvin , Munishi Linus , Nasseri Mona , Ndakidemi Patrick , Taylor Alex
Published: March 2024

Soil resources in East African agro-pastoral lands are being rapidly depleted by erosion, threatening food, water and livelihood security. Here we explore the utility of innovation in portable gamma sensors to rapidly assess soil health via proxy measurement of soil organic matter (SOM) providing visual information that enables local communities to take action to mitigate land degradation before it reaches a critical tipping point.This study is grounded in the outcomes of an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to support co-design of land management policy tailored to the needs of specific communities and places. The work has shown that limitations to delivering socially acceptable and environmentally desirable solutions can be addressed by (1) closing fundamental gaps between the evidence bases of different disciplines and indigenous knowledge and (2) addressing, through participatory action, the implementation gap between science-based recommendations, policy makers and practitioners. Key adaptations implemented in the study region include new bylaws to enforce altered grazing regimes, grassland recovery and tree planting.Against this context, we report a first trial of a portable gamma spectrometer to rapidly assess spatial variability in soil health using total and radionuclide-specific gamma emissions from naturally occurring radioisotopes as a proxy for soil organic matter. A Medusa MS-700 portable gamma spectrometer was deployed on foot across a landscape of known variability in soil health status encompassing a spectrum of impact from severely gullied soil/subsoil, heavily grazed surface soil, recovered grazed soil (ca 3 years exclusion of livestock) and conservation agriculture plots. In-situ field results showed a clear gradient in raw total gamma count rate with sample areas in each zone at 1200 ± 100, 980 ± 70, 814 ± 60 and 720 ± 60 counts per second across the above four areas respectively.  Correlations between radioisotope-specific gamma spectrometer data and organic matter (range 15 ± 2 to 30 ± 3 g kg-1 from degraded land to conservation agriculture) were evaluated to explore the dominant control on sensor response. Further comparisons are made to major and minor element geochemistry. Feedback from local Maasai community members who participated in the research further underpins the value of the sensor as a qualitative assessment tool e.g. using visual colour coding in the live data feed in the field. Quantitative comparison of sensor and laboratory data will permit development of protocols for airborne (drone) gamma spectrometry that offers community scale evaluation of grazing pressure on soil health to inform livestock future exclusion policy in common land prone to soil erosion.
Exploring Oceanographic Frontiers: Insights from Animal Telemetry Data of four Captive-Born Loggerhead Sea Turtles released in the Macaronesia
Authors: Ferro F. Lihue , Laguéns-Expósito Olaia , Aguiar-González Borja , Varo-Cruz Nuria , Liria-Loza Ana , Usategui-Martín Alejandro , Manchín Francisco
Published: March 2024

A pioneering exploration into oceanographic phenomena in Macaronesia and the west North Atlantic Ocean is presented utilizing animal telemetry data collected from four captive-born Loggerhead sea turtles. Noting the cosmopolitan nature and migratory behaviors of sea turtles, this analysis assesses the potential of sea turtles to offer valuable insights into oceanic environmental variables.  The turtles' interactions with upwelling sites, eddies, and ocean currents are revealed through the integration of georeferenced data (location and time) and oceanographic products from the Marine Copernicus Service. The oceanographic data were interpolated to the turtles’ location in time to obtain remotely-sensed Sea Surface Temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations and altimeter-derived ocean currents along the routes they performed.  The results showcase the versatility of these animals as ocean gliders if they were instrumented with temperature and chl-a sensors, providing valuable measurements mostly about the atmosphere-ocean interaction, given their known diving behavior usually ranges from the surface down to 200 m. One of the turtles stayed for over two years near Banc d’Arguin. The simulation of its performance (if it were instrumented with oceanographic sensors) resembled that of a mooring in a key region of high productivity, capturing the seasonal cycle of SST and the chl-a bloom. A second turtle crossed the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre as if it were an ocean glider leaving the Canary Islands and reaching the Gulf Stream in about 4 months. The path followed by this turtle reveals likely corridors used by sea turtles in cross-basin migrations which would be of high interest to be used for long-term and recurrent monitoring of the upper open ocean interior. Lastly, the third and fourth turtle navigated along the shelf of the Northwest African upwelling area, demonstrating their capability to sample not only open ocean but also coastal areas; the latter being particularly important given the relevance of counting with in situ SST measurements for validation of satellite data.  Jointly, the four turtles of study and their associated navigational routes encourage further study of the potential of instrumenting Loggerhead sea turtles in Macaronesia as a complementary tool to more traditional approaches for measuring environmental variables.
Evaluation of Remote Sensing and Reanalysis based Precipitation Products for hydrological studies in Semi-arid Tropics of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Saravanan Aatralarasi , Schuetze Niels , Karthe Daniel , Ramalingam Selvaprakash
Published: March 2024

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of eight high spatial resolution gridded precipitation products in Semi-Arid regions of Tamil Nadu in India, particularly focusing on Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirapalli and Tuticorin. The study regions lack sufficiently long-term and spatially representative observed precipitation data, which is a crucial component for hydrological management. Hence, the present study evaluates the accuracy of five remote sensing-based precipitation products viz. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks – Climate Data Records (PERSIANN CDR), CPC MORPHing technique(CMORPH), Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) and three reanalysis-based precipitation products viz. National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP2) Reanalysis 2, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Reanalysis version 5 Land (ERA 5 Land), Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Application version 2 (MERRA 2) against the station data obtained from the archives of respective Public Works Department. Initially, precipitation products and ground station data were gridded to a common spatial resolution of 0.1 by linear interpolation. The products were then statistically evaluated at multiple spatial (grid and district-wise) and temporal (daily, weekly, monthly and yearly) resolutions for the period 2003-2014. We found that district-wise analysis at monthly and yearly temporal resolution provided better correlation and significantly reduced biases and errors. Evaluation results showed that in terms of overall statistical metrics, ERA 5 Land, MSWEP, PERSIANN CDR and GPM were the best-performing precipitation products, while NCEP2 performed the worst. ERA 5 Land and MSWEP better represented the daily rainfall characteristics with lower Mean Absolute Error and Root Mean Square Error. This study has significant implications for managing hydrological resources by providing valuable guidance when choosing alternative precipitation products in data-scarce regions. 
Solar wind flows across the solar activity cycle, connectivity and plasma signatures on and off the ecliptic plane
Authors: Pinto Rui , Rouillard Alexis , Indurain Mikel
Published: March 2024

We investigate the evolution of  spatial distribution of solar wind sources by means of an extended time series of data-driven 3D simulations that cover solar 2 activity cycles. We examine the corresponding solar wind acceleration profiles as a function of source latitude and time, and highlight consequences for the interpretation of Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and Solar Orbiter (SolO) in-situ measurements. We relate magnetic connectivity jumps with solar wind plasma signatures, and discuss their occurrence frequency and amplitudes at different epochs of the solar cycle, on and off the ecliptic plane.We also indicate impacts on the rotation profile of the solar corona and on the occurrence of regions of enhanced poloidal and toroidal flow shear that can drive plasma instabilities.  Finally, we search for and test geometrical parameters alternative to the standard ones currently used in semi-empirical solar wind forecasting methods.
Multi-model simulation of the radionuclide transfer in the Yellow Sea as a result of hypothetical atmospheric deposition
Authors: Kim Kyeong Ok , Bezhenar Roman , Kovalets Ivan , Brovchenko Igor , Maderich Vladimir , Kwon Kyonghwan
Published: March 2024

After accidents at the Chornobyl NPP in 1986 and Fukushima Daiichi NPP in 2011, it became clear that there are many causes that can lead to a nuclear accident, including techno-genic and natural disasters. There is a danger of damage to the Zaporizhzhia NPP, with the subsequent release of radioactivity into the environment, as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The coastline of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea(YSECS) is a place where 9 NPPs are in operation in China and Korea. Since they are semi-enclosed seas with a very high density of population, any potential nuclear accident in the region can significantly contaminate the marine environment and affect the health of many people.In the current study, a set of numerical models for the first time was applied to simulate the spreading of radionuclides in the environment as a result of the hypothetical accident at the Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant in China. The scenario of accidental release with containment-bypass was considered in this work. The atmospheric transport and deposition of radionuclides on the sea surface were simulated by the FLEXPART model. The set of 1450 dispersion scenarios following hypothetical accidental releases with different start dates were calculated for the next 120 h after release start, thus covering meteorological conditions from 1 Mar 2020 to 28 Feb 2021. Scenario with the heaviest deposition densities on the Yellow Sea was selected. These results were used as a source term for three different marine dispersion model simulating the transfer and fate of Cs-137 in YSECS: the grid-based Eulerian model THREETOX, Lagrangian radionuclide transport model and compartment model POSEIDON-R. Such approach emulates the application of various models with their own settings in the event of an unexpected accidental release, similar to the Fukushima accident. For THREETOX model setup, 3D current velocities with 30 vertical layers were extracted from the KIOST-MOM model, results of which are monthly averaged and cover North Pacific. The Lagrangian radionuclide transport model used regional currents and suspended sediments concentrations from circulation model adopted for the YSECS taking into account tides and multi-fractional sediments. These two models were applied for emergency and post-emergency phases for the period from half a year to one year after deposition. The POSEIDON-R model already had a system of boxes for the North-Western Pacific covering the YSECS, East/Japan Sea and Eastern coastal area of Japan. It was applied for a long-term assessment of several decades. Obtained concentrations of Cs-137 in water, bottom sediments and partly in marine organisms were compared and the differences were analysed. Application of three marine dispersion models provides the possible ranges of radionuclide concentrations on the one hand and increases the reliability of results on the other.
Old juniper shrubs from the area of Norse Greenlandic Settlements: toward a long growth-ring chronology and its climatic implications
Authors: Opala-Owczarek Magdalena , Owczarek Piotr
Published: March 2024

During the past decades, the Arctic has experienced a more rapid and pronounced temperature increase than most other parts of the world. However, to fully understand the mechanisms and consequences of contemporary and future climate change, it is necessary to study past natural changes in climate and the environment. There is a lack of comprehensive and complementary studies about past changes on a scale of hundreds of years, in which climatic conditions can be reconstructed with high-resolution and replication. Greenland, covered by approximately 90 % of the Greenland ice sheet, is particularly vulnerable to climate change. The Greenland temperature proxy reconstructions are mostly based on ice cores or varve sediments. Available early-instrumental observations reach the second half of the 18th century. The aim of our study was to explore the potential of juniper shrubs growing in multiple sites from hitherto unexplored locations in Greenland, to create and extend growth-ring chronologies back in time, and thus further our knowledge of regional climate variations in the past. Around 90 wood samples were collected from three sites in southern Greenland: Narsarsuaq, Kiattuut Sermiat and Qassiarsuk. From each site, both living and dry wood were available. In addition, we analysed 35 historical juniper discs collected during the Danish expeditions to Greenland at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Data processing was extremely difficult due to very narrow growth rings as well as the occurrence of missing and false rings. Thus, we performed double-stained microscopic sections for each specimen. In addition, anomalies in the anatomy of wood were found, such as frost rings and density fluctuations, related to extreme climatic conditions. Most of the analysed juniper specimens were of similar biological age, i.e. 200-280 for living shrubs, up to 310 years for dead wood, and even 350 for historical discs. However, they have been dated to different time periods, enabling the construction of a 487-year-long growth-ring chronology (1536-2023). The combination of this unique dendrochronological material made it possible to develop a chronology of Juniperus communis dating back to the beginning of the Little Ice Age. Up to now, these juniper shrubs are the oldest ones found in Greenland. The possibilities of extending this record in time using archaeological wooden artefacts are being discussed. The newly developed dendrochronological data, as an important element within the Arctic dendrochronological network, will allow a better understanding of environmental changes and human interaction in Greenland.The research was funded by a Polish National Science Centre project no. UMO-2019/35/D/ST10/03137.
The Galileo for Science project: Bernese GNSS Software applications for Fundamental Physics
Authors: Cinelli Marco , Sapio Feliciana , Lucchesi David , Visco Massimo , Di Marco Alessandro , Fiorenza Emiliano , Lefevre Carlo , Loffredo Pasqualino , Lucente Marco , Magnafico Carmelo , Peron Roberto , Santoli Francesco , Vespe Francesco
Published: March 2024

The Galileo for Science Project (G4S_2.0) is an ongoing project funded by the Italian Space Agency that has several goals in the field of Fundamental Physics by exploiting the Galileo-FOC Constellation and, in particular, GSAT0201 (E18) and GSAT0202 (E14), the two satellite in elliptical orbit. By exploiting the accuracy of the atomic clocks on board the satellites, in particular of the clock-bias estimated in the process of data reduction of the tracking observations during a Precise Orbit Determination (POD), it allows on the one hand to measure the gravitational redshift, constraining the Local Position Invariance (LPI) and, on the other hand, to place constraints on the possible presence of dark matter in our galaxy in the form of Domain Walls. A fundamental point is obtaining a suitable satellite orbit solution by performing an accurate POD. In this context, the activities carried out with the Bernese code will be presented.
Analyzing Seismic Signals of the 2021 Dayoukeng Mud Ejection in Northern Taiwan
Authors: Lai Ya-Chuan , Shih Min-Hung , Lin Cheng-Horng , Lee Hsiao-Fen
Published: March 2024

The research findings indicate that the Dayoukeng area is the most active region in the Tatun Volcano Group, Taiwan. In early 2022, mud ejecta was discovered near the main fumarole, indicating heightened activity. Comparative geochemical analysis revealed an abnormal increase in the cation concentration of hot spring at the end of 2021. Real-time webcam further identified additional steam activity above the main vent between Dec 12, 2021 and Jan 2, 2022. It is speculated that during this period, Dayoukeng may have experienced intensified steaming. A nearby network with dense seismic Zland nodes offers a unique opportunity to detect the signals during this anomalous activity in Dayoukeng. By scrutinizing and comparing the characteristics of these signals, we try to decipher the temporal variations of the sequence.The data from nearby stations indicate a gradual increase in Dayoukeng’s activity starting from Dec 8, 2021. Initially, there is a gradual increase in signals, predominantly microearthquake within Dayoukeng. Subsequently, a notable increase in signals, characterized by a combination of seismic and acoustic signals, is observed. On Dec 12, microtremors possibly associated with mud ejections are detected. Following this, there is a repetitive occurrence of the previous seismo-acoustic observations, each enduring for several hours, persisting until a few days later. Such seismic data of dense short-period seismic network provides a chronological sequence of the Dayoukeng event, thereby facilitating the subsequent model for the entire event.
Effects of prior calcite and prior aragonite precipitation on cave dripwater compositions
Authors: Wassenburg Jasper A. , Samanta Anupam , Sha Lijuan , Lee Hosun , Scholz Denis , Cheng Hai , Ait Brahim Yassine , Budsky Alexander , Breitenbach Sebastian F. M.
Published: March 2024

Cave monitoring programs have provided a wealth of information on processes that affect speleothem proxy systems such as stable isotopes and trace elements. Prior carbonate precipitation (PCarbP), i.e. the precipitation of a carbonate mineral from supersaturated water occurring in the epikarst or at the ceiling of the cave, is one of the dominant processes that controls the dripwater d13C, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca as well as U/Ca. Enhanced PCarbP is associated with reduced infiltration or a decrease in CO2 partial pressures of the infiltrating water. Often this process can be linked to the precipitation - evaporation balance (P-E) or rainfall variability. The type of carbonate polymorph that precipitates, calcite or aragonite, determines how dripwater trace element to Ca (Me/Ca) ratios evolve as a consequence of PCarbP. This has led to distinguish prior calcite precipitation (PCP) from prior aragonite precipitation (PAP) since calcite trace element partitioning coefficients (DMe) differ from aragonite DMe. Determining accurate calcite and aragonite DMefor Mg, Sr, Ba, and U is crucial to identify the PCarbP mode (i.e., PCP or PAP) and increase our confidence in interpreting speleothem trace element variability.Using an autosampler we were able to collect dripwater samples from Grotte de Piste, Morocco at unprecedented 4-day resolution covering the transition from the wet winter to the dry summer season. The drip site has high drip rates during the wet winter but progressively dries out during summer. We observe a strong significant positive correlation between dripwater Ca concentrations and drip rate (r=0.996, p
Do you hear the noise pollution?
Authors: Budinski Natalija
Published: March 2024

Petro Kuzmjak school is a small school in rural area and it is attended by 500 students from 7 to 18 years old and it is always something going on. Last yea,r in April, we have been part of one international project organized by Serbian Center for Science Promotion where students explored the level of noise pollution in our school.Noise pollution is excessive, undesirable, or disturbing noise that interferes with normal activities and disrupt the balance of human or animal life. It is considered as a form of environmental pollution and some of the source of noise pollutions are: traffic, industry, aircrafts, public events, or household appliances. Constant exposure to noise can cause health issues, sleep disturbance, reduce quality of life, but also disrupt wildlife habitats, affecting animal communication, migration patterns, and overall well-being.Implementation of noise regulations, sound barriers, and development of quieter technologies potentially mitigate noise pollution. To diminish noise pollution we need to raise public awareness and involve community, and that why is the project that we conducted in the school related to noise pollution has a great importance.The role of researchers was taken by our eight grade students (15 years) who measured the level of noise in our school with the help of NOIXAPP application in the scope of their mathematical lessons. First step was introduction of application and setting the rules of the use of phone in the school.  NOIXAPP is an application developed by the National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics and it measures acoustic pollution in urban environments. The application uses mobile phone microphones to collect data on urban background noise and sends it to a platform that allows a full picture of the acoustic space of an area to be reconstructed. The solution is based on mobile application software, where it is possible to record, calculate the average values ​​of the sound pressure level. Georeferenced data is transferred and anonymized, integrated, validated and mapped on an open data web portal. Beside the measurement itself, students learned about noise pollution, which is one of the least discussed, although it is very important for people's health.With this measurement, students evaluated the level of noise in our school. It was an additional motivation for students to take part in the research and to find out if our school is a pleasant and safe place in terms of noise. Students measured the noise in various parts of our school to get a more realistic picture. Measurements were made in the hall, school yard, corridor, hallway, etc. The results were presented graphically, and it was a way to connect collected real life data with mathematical knowledge.
Advances in Igneous Petrology: Coupled chemical maps & thermodynamic models to tackle mushes crystallization dynamics
Authors: France Lydéric , Toussaint Aurore , Charvet Valentine
Published: March 2024

The assemblage and evolution in time through various differentiation processes of igneous reservoirs shapes magmatism expressions at depth and at surface. Our knowledge of those systems largely relies on theoretical or applied thermomechanical and kinetic models, on geophysical data from active systems, and on structural and petrological data from active and fossil systems. Petrological approaches commonly use textures, thermodynamic models, chemical compositions of major and trace elements to decipher on the dynamics of complex igneous processes. Although chemical maps are more and more common, the overwhelming of the published data reposes on punctual measurements.Here by using the example of a basalt crystallizing from liquidus to solidus in closed system, we present a new petrological approach that couples chemical maps to thermodynamic models to provide the first maps of thermodynamic parameters with a value attributed to each pixel (e.g., temperature or melt fraction maps in plutonic rocks). If the cooling rate is quantified by other means (e.g., diffusion chronometry), then the first of its kind movies of the crystallization evolution can be built from the first crystal to form to the last melt drop crystallization. We will present such results, allowing the igneous petrologist to explore their data in a new perspective. As an example the studied samples could be observed at various stages of the crystallization path highlighting a heterogeneous interstitial melt spatial distribution during magma solidification. This result has potentially important implications on melt segregation at the scale of the igneous reservoir. The presented results highlight that such a heterogeneous melt distribution was already present at the magma/mush transition. Additional simplified numerical crystallization models suggest that this heterogeneous a melt distribution is related to an early heterogeneous nucleation process, and may be common in volcanic and igneous plumbing systems.Overall, this new approach will eventually help to make progress in our understanding of igneous systems.
Water Competition within The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in The Yellow River Basin: Insights from Water Quantity and Quality Dimensions
Authors: Han Xinxueqi , Hua En , Guan Jiajie , Yin Jieling , Engel Bernie A , Sun Shikun , Wang Yubao
Published: March 2024

Water is a critical shared resource for food and energy production, and its scarcity is becoming more evident under the combined effects of economic expansion and climate change. This has heightened the debate on the competition for increasingly scarce water resources between the food and energy industries. To comprehensively assess water competition and synergy mechanisms, both water quantity and quality dimensions must be considered. Here, we establish two scenarios based on the water footprint perspective: water quantity (blue water footprint) and water quality-quantity (blue and grey water footprints). By integrating the Lotka-Volterra model with water footprint theory, we propose a method to assess water synergy and competition within the food and energy industries, illustrated through a case study in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). Results show that from 2000 to 2020, urbanization and industrialization have reshaped water competition in the YRB, shifting it from food-producing areas to those focused on energy production. The inclusion of water quality exacerbates the water competition within the food and energy industries, particularly in resource-rich and economically developed cities. Moreover, our study highlights the sensitivity of water competition in the YRB to fluctuations in industrial structural configuration, advancements in water utilization efficiency, and the shifts in policy directives. This indicates that, in charting a path forward, the YRB should consistently enforce water pollution control regulations and embrace advanced water-saving technologies to effectively mitigating conflicts that may arise from water competition.
Machine Learning for mechanical classification of organic-rich shale based on high-speed nanoindentation
Authors: Jiang Su , Zhao Junliang , Zhang Dongxiao
Published: March 2024

In conjunction with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), quasi-static nanoindentation has been widely used to investigate the mechanical properties of minerals and organic matters in shale at micro scale. However, due to the limited test efficiency of conventional nanoindentation measurement and the demand of mineralogical identification which is achieved by SEM observation and EDS analysis, the research scheme in previous works can be time-consuming and complicated. This work attempts to develop a new micromechanical research scheme with high test efficiency and automatic mineralogical identification. A newly-developed high-speed nanoindentaion technique is used to characterize the mechanical properties distribution of a shale sample from the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China. Then, the mineralogical distribution in the corresponding areas is obtained by using MAPS Mineralogy. Finally, logistic regression is applied to link the mechanical properties distribution and mineralogical distribution, and to realize the automatic mineralogical identification based on nanoindentation results. In addition, to further investigate the influence of characterization experiments on machine learning results, the characterization abilities, including lateral spatial resolution, detection depth, and signal spacing, of the two experimental methods are compared. The detection depth of MAPS Mineralogy is markedly higher than that of nanoindentation, which means that the material volume detected by the two methods is different. The lateral range responding to applied force and incident electrons determines that the signal of data points at the boundary can be a mixture of two or more minerals. The influence of such detection depth difference and boundary effect is also discussed.  
Constructional and erosional geomorphic markers used to understand spatio-temporal variations in fault activity
Authors: Rhodes Ed , Dolan James , Ivester Andrew , McGill Sally , Van Dissen Russ
Published: March 2024

Significant developments in single grain K-feldspar IRSL (Infra-Red Stimulated Luminescence) dating of sediment coupled to high resolution surface morphology provides new opportunities to explore fault, and fault system, behaviour over many earthquake cycles. Results from California and New Zealand demonstrate systematic variations in fault slip rate over multiple earthquake cycles. In New Zealand, sub-parallel faults within the Marlborough Fault System demonstrate complementary behaviour; as slip rate on one fault reduces, slip speeds up on another or others. The construction of these records depends on developing detailed chronologies of multiple slip events on each fault; dates for rates that vary in time and space. The approaches that our interdisciplinary collaborative team has developed to do this will be presented, along with an assessment of the reliability of the reconstructions, in particular the dense chronologies developed. New avenues to add further resolution and robustness to these approaches will be considered, along with innovative ideas to co-develop palaeoclimate and environmental reconstructions, and build an improved understanding of sediment grain transport trajectories.
Investigating expanding air pollution and climate change on the African continent
Authors: Levelt Pieternel , Marais Eloise A , Worden Helen , Tang Wenfu , Martinez-Alonso Sara , Edwards David , Eskes Henk , Veefkind Pepijn , Brown Steve , Gameli Hodoli Collins , Felix Hughes Allison , Lefer Barry , Sheldon Drobot , Westervelt Dan
Published: March 2024

In the next few decades a large increase in population is expected to occur on the African continent, leading to a doubling of the current population, which will reach 2.5 billion by 2050. At the same time, Africa is experiencing substantial economic growth. As a result, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions will increase considerably with significant health impacts to people in Africa. In the decades ahead, Africa’s contribution to climate change and air pollution will become increasingly important. The time has come to determine the evolving role of Africa in global environmental change.  We are building an Atmospheric Composition Virtual Constellation, as envisioned by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), by adding to our polar satellites,  geostationary satellites in the Northern Hemisphere : GEMS over Asia (launch 2022); TEMPO over the USA (launch 2023) and Sentinel 4 over Europe to be launched in the 2024 timeframe. However, there are currently no geostationary satellites envisioned over Africa and South-America, where we expect the largest increase in emissions in the decades to come.In this paper the scientific need for geostationary satellite measurements over Africa will be described, partly based on several recent research achievements related to Africa using space observations and modeling approaches, as well as first assessments using the GEMS data over Asia, and TEMPO over the USA. Our ambition is to develop an integrated community effort to better characterize air quality and climate-related processes on the African continent.  
The Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project: CMIP6 highlights and plans for CMIP7
Authors: Gillett Nathan , Simpson Isla , Hegerl Gabi , Knutti Reto , Ribes Aurélien , Shiogama Hideo , Stone Daithi , Tebaldi Claudia , Wolski Piotr , Zhang Wenxia
Published: March 2024

The Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP) coordinates single forcing climate model simulations for detection and attribution analysis and other applications. DAMIP simulations were carried out with fifteen climate models as part of CMIP6, and these simulations were used in at least 270 published articles. These simulations were also used directly in at least five chapters of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Working Group I Report, and they underpinned the estimate of anthropogenic attributable warming highlighted in the Summary for Policymakers of that report, and quoted directly in the UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Pact. For CMIP7, natural-only, well-mixed greenhouse gas-only, and aerosol-only simulations have been proposed as fast track DAMIP simulations, and planning of a broader set of experiments is currently underway. This talk will highlight key DAMIP results from CMIP6, and will discuss plans for the CMIP7 version of DAMIP. Comments and suggestions regarding the CMIP7 DAMIP experimental design will be welcomed.
Impact of changing groundwater flow paths on CO2 and CH4 dynamics in the groundwater of temperate-to-arctic mires
Authors: Sieczko Anna , Silvennoinen Hanna , Lyngstad Anders , Stachowicz Marta , Osuch Paweł , Michałowski Robert , Trandziuk Paweł , Grygoruk Mateusz
Published: March 2024

Mires are one of the systems, which are highly affected by climate change. At the same time, they are main sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Considering that hydrological patterns remain major factors affecting these emissions and they are likely to be affected by climate change, GHG fluxes may be altered as well. Whereas majority of the studies focused on direct GHG emissions from the peat or mire surface waters, less in known about the processes of groundwater flow especially in relation to transfer of GHG-rich groundwater to the mire ecosystems.The main objective of this study was to assess how dynamics of CO2 and CH4 in groundwater of mires is likely to be affected due to changed paths of groundwater flow.The study was conducted from May 2023 till October 2023 in four mires located along latitudinal gradient from subarctic Norway to temperate areas in Poland, which serve as examples of systems exposed to abrupt climate change. They include Nordic permafrost and bog-like systems in Norway through bog-lake system in Poland. The study used the set of gas piezometers (gas-equilibrators) located towards-to-lake transect, where concentrations of CO2 and CH4 were measured in vertical profiles (2 m, 1m, 0.1m). Simultaneously, water levels were measured with automatic pressure transducers in a 3-h interval. We also documented electric conductivity of groundwater along the transects in which the dynamics of CO2 and CH4 were assessed.We determined the amounts of CO2 and CH4 transported by groundwater to the mires. Our results demonstrate high vertical and temporal variability of GHG concentrations in groundwater of mires, which has implications for determination of future carbon balance in such areas.  Additionally, our findings imply that groundwater is an important GHG source to the mire and need to be considered in the light of climate change as increasing sources of GHG into the atmosphere. Changes in groundwater flow caused by global warming (e.g., palsa mires decomposition, increase of evapotranspiration in temperate mires) can have significant influence on emissions of GHG in the future.
Groundwater travel time distribution in the subsurface of a high energy beach – a multi tracer approach
Authors: Meyer Rena , Greskowiak Janek , Reckhardt Anja , Seibert Stephan , Sültenfuß Jürgen , Massmann Gudrun
Published: March 2024

In beach aquifers two water bodies, relatively old terrestrial freshwater and young oceanic saltwater mix, biogeochemical reactions change the solute composition of the water and groundwater discharge modifies element net fluxes to the ocean. Residence times are baseline information for the biogeochemical interpretation and help to understand groundwater flow and transport regimes. In the present study we used environmental tracers, i.e. apparent tritium-helium (3H/He) ages, temperatures and silica (Si) concentrations to derive groundwater ages and travel times in the subsurface along a cross-shore transect at the high energy beach aquifer on Spiekeroog, a barrier island in North-Western Germany. Recent generic modelling studies suggested that in beach aquifers under high energy conditions, characterized by high waves and tidal amplitudes as well as seasonal storm floods, flow and transport patterns in space and time are highly variable. As a consequence, the typical salinity and age stratification is distorted as compared to the classical stable concept of water bodies in beach aquifers derived from more embayed sites. To advance the understanding of such highly dynamic systems we obtained two sets of apparent 3H/He ages one year apart at three permanently installed multilevel wells each filtered in four depths (6, 12, 18, 24 m bgs), located at the dune base, near the mean high water line and near the mean low water line respectively. At the same locations, data loggers continuously recorded groundwater temperatures and were used to calculate travel times. In addition, Si was measured in samples taken every six weeks over one year. The results show relatively young apparent 3H/He ages in all samples, ranging from weeks to approximately 18 years. The water was youngest in the shallow part and near the high water line and ages increased with depth and towards the low water line and dune base. Interestingly, 3H/He ages vary significantly at some locations in the two data sets. Temperature derived travel times, representing the young water component (from the North Sea), overall agree well with the mixed apparent 3H/He ages. Si accumulating with time shows a similar trend. In the next steps, the results will help to constrain site specific groundwater modelling and support the interpretation of geochemical data and underlying processes in order to finally better understand the functioning  of high energy beach systems.
Improved estimation of net ecosystem CO2 exchange for North America in eddy flux upscaling with memory-based deep learning 
Authors: He Wei , Huang Chengcheng , Liu Jinxiu , Nguyen Ngoc Tu , Yang Hua , Zhao Mengyao
Published: March 2024

Estimation of regional-scale carbon budget still faces considerable uncertainties, whereby reconciling bottom-up estimates and top-down inversions are essential steps towards reducing such uncertainties. Here,  we make full use of available flux tower observations and novel satellite land surface observations (e.g., soil moisture and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence) to constrain the spatiotemporal regimes of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) for North America based on the advanced Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) networks. The LSTM-based model is capable of incorporating the memory effects of climate and environments on NEE variations, thus more accurately simulating the interannual variations (IAVs) and long-term trends of NEE. We produced gridded NEE at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°and monthly time-step over 2001–2021 for North America.The annual total NEE during 2001–2021 is -1.74 ± 0.10 Pg C yr-1, which is much closer to the top-down inversions (-0.73 and -0.63 Pg C yr-1 for CarbonTracker2022 over the same period and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) v10 MIP ensemble mean over 2015–2020 respectively) than the global flux upscaling products (-3.04 and -2.75 Pg C yr-1 by FLUXCOM2020 RS+CRUJRA1.1 and RS+ERA5 respectively and -3.30 Pg C yr-1 by NIES2020). Moreover, the spatial patterns matched with the OCO-2 v10 MIP ensemble mean reasonably well, which indicated the largest carbon uptake in the Midwest Corn-Belt area during peak growing seasons and in the Southeast on an annual basis. The estimated IAV of NEE is highly correlated with that by CarbonTracker2022. The LSTM estimate captured the NEE anomalies caused by the droughts in 2011, 2012, 2017, 2020–2021, and the 2019 Midwest floods. The performances are clearly better than existing global flux upscaling products. In addition, the estimated annual NEE exhibited a significant decline at the rate of -0.008 Pg C yr-2 (p < 0.05), indicating an overall enhanced carbon sink during the recent two decades, which is in line with contemporary estimates.These results suggest that the LSTM-based NEE upscaling provides an improved estimation of North American NEE for both spatial and temporal characteristics, narrowing down the gap between bottom-up estimates and top-down inversions, which is an important step towards robust regional carbon budget estimations.