bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suficiência amostral para coletas de serapilheira acumulada sobre o solo em Pinus elliottii Engelm, Eucalyptus sp. E floresta estacional decidual
Authors: Kleinpaul Isabel Sandra , Schumacher Mauro Valdir , Brun Eleandro José , Brun Flávia Gizele König , Kleinpaul Joel Juliano
Published: February 2006

O presente estudo objetivou determinar a suficiência amostral para coletas de serapilheira acumulada sobre o solo em povoamentos de Pinus elliottii, Eucalyptus sp., ambos plantados no Campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e em uma área de Floresta Estacional Decidual (FED) localizada no Morro do Elefante, Santa Maria, RS. Para a realização do estudo, foram coletadas 100 amostras de serapilheira por floresta, com o auxílio de uma moldura quadrada de 25 cm de lado, totalizando 300 amostras, as quais foram separadas nas seguintes frações: acículas ou folhas, galhos, estruturas reprodutivas, cascas e resíduos. Com base nos pesos de matéria seca de cada fração, realizou-se a análise estatística dos dados, visando à estabilização dos valores do coeficiente de variação (CV%). Para Pinus elliottii, a maior contribuição na formação da serapilheira foi dada pelas acículas, com 57,2%; em Eucalyptus sp., isso ocorreu com os galhos (38,8%) e na FED, novamente com as folhas, que representaram 49,6% da serapilheira. No Pinus elliottii, o maior CV% se deu nos resíduos, seguido de estruturas reprodutivas. Em Eucalyptus sp., o maior CV% foi encontrado em cascas, seguido de galhos. Na FED, as cascas tiveram o maior CV%. A suficiência amostral necessária para Pinus elliottii foi de 40, sendo esse o povoamento que necessitou de menos amostras para estabilizar o CV%. Em Eucalyptus sp., a suficiência amostral foi de 70, enquanto na FED foram necessárias 80 amostras.
Teor de taninos em três espécies medicinais arbóreas simpátricas da caatinga
Authors: Monteiro Julio Marcelino , Lins Neto Ernani Machado de Freitas , Amorim Elba Lúcia Cavalcanti de , Strattmann Ruth R. , Araújo Elcida Lima , Albuquerque Ulysses Paulino de
Published: February 2006

O teor de taninos em três espécies medicinais do semi-árido do Nordeste do Brasil foi determinado. A partir de amostras das cascas do caule e folhas de 10 indivíduos de Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenam, Myracrodruon urundeuva (Engl.) Fr. All. e Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul., os teores de fenóis totais e taninos foram determinados em extratos metanólicos 80% pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau, seguido do método da precipitação de proteínas. Adicionalmente, testou-se a hipótese de que a concentração de taninos está diretamente relacionada com a altura e diâmetro das plantas. As espécies estudadas apresentaram expressivos teores de extrativos tânicos, e os resultados não ratificaram a hipótese testada.
Epidemias
Authors: Barata Rita de Cássia Barradas
Published: February 2006

A questão das epidemias, presente desde o início da história do Homem, é tratada nesse artigo, com especial destaque para as alterações sofridas pelo conceito durante o desenrolar da história e para as diversas práticas de controle desenvolvidas em resposta a elas. Através de diversas citações extraídas de pensadores e cientistas de diferentes épocas buscou-se retratar essas alterações históricas.
O que é Saúde Pública?
Authors: Pires Filho Fernando Molinos
Published: February 2006

O autor elabora uma reflexão sobre os entendimentos mais prevalentes entre os atores da área da saúde, a respeito da expressão "saúde pública". E procura mostrar que: - enquanto cidadãos trabalhadores de saúde, "enchergamos" ou "entendemos" a questão ou as questões de saúde pública de forma diferente; - em função dessas percepções diferentes, temos interesses, assumimos posturas e apontamos soluções diferentes; - os tipos de soluções, interesses, posturas e soluções guardam entre si uma lógica própria que lhes dá coerência interna, e ao mesmo tempo definem um nível de abrangência para o trato da questão, assim como determinam a possibilidade de graus de resolutividade para os problemas a ela relacionados.
Política indigenista e assitência à saúde Noel Nutels e o serviço de unidades sanitárias aéreas
Authors: Costa Dina Czeresnia
Published: February 2006

Um dos aspectos pouco conhecidos na história das políticas de saúde no Brasil foi a criação de um serviço de assistência médica às populações indígenas. Esta proposta surgiu a partir da iniciativa do médico e indigenista Noel Nutels que criou o Serviço de Unidades Sanitárias Aéreas ( S USA). Este trabalho recupera a trajetória deste serviço e busca relacioná-la com as características assumidas pela política indigenista brasileira. Política marcada pelo esforço voluntário e humanitário de alguns indivíduos que se contrapôs ao processo violento e brutal de expansão da fronteira do capitalismo nacional.
Los servicios de atención en el periodo neonatal en América Latina
Authors: Suárez Ojeda E. N.
Published: February 2006

En este documento se aplica el instrumento conocido como Condiciones de Eficiencia de Servicios, a los servicios de Neonatología de seis partes de América Latina. Además, se aplica una lista de preguntas específicas sobre aspectos de la relación Madre-Hijo que incluyó veinte de los servicios tomados con las Condiciones de Eficiencia. Se concluye que la atención neonatal en A. Latina es dificitaria, ya que en promedio, está por debajo de la mitad de las condiciones aceptables del cuidado del Recién Nacido. Solo em dos de las seis partes los servicios sobrepasaban el 50%. Los aspectos más deprimidos se identificaron en Educación para la Salud y Programación y Administración. En contra de lo frecuentemente expresado, los aspectos más costosos de la atención neonatal (Equipo y Planta Física) estaban mejor cubiertos. Por ello, se recomenda que el énfasis debe ponerse en el mejoramiento de organización y en la promoción de cambios de actitud del personal En cuanto a relación Madre-Hijo, se advirtió que la mayoría de los servicios no han incorporado principios básicos de la misma en las prácticas de atención perinatal.
Sobre a dispersão de Lutzomyia Intermedia (Diptera, Psychodidae)
Authors: Aragão Mario B. , Lima Lais Clark
Published: February 2006

Utilizando um mapa de domínios morfoclimáticos e um de vegetação, foram estudadas as áreas de dispersão da espécie e obtidas as seguintes conclusões: 1 - Lutzomyia intermedia é um flebótomo que ocorre nas florestas que apresentam o seu máximo de desenvolvimento nas encostas úmidas, mas, que ocupam também áreas de relevo pouco movimentadas ou planas. 2 - No Brasil, essas encostas pertencem às serras do Mar e da Mantiqueira e, no noroeste da Argentina, situam-se na Cordilheira dos Andes. 3 - E provável que a espécie exista nas serras florestadas do interior do nordeste brasileiro.
Coverage of the Brazilian population 18 years and older by private health plans: an analysis of data from the World Health Survey
Authors: Viacava Francisco , Souza-Júnior Paulo Roberto Borges de , Szwarcwald Célia Landmann
Published: February 2006

This study analyzes data from the World Health Survey (WHS) conducted in 2003, with a sample of 5,000 individuals 18 years and older. Some 24.0% of the interviewees had private health insurance, and the main variables associated with private coverage were number of household assets, age, level of education, formal employment, living in municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants, and good self-rated health. The socioeconomic profiles of needs for and use of health services in the population covered by private health plans are different, confirming the findings of other studies reporting that this population segment as a whole presents better health conditions and greater use of services as compared to the population without private coverage, even after adjusting for socio-demographic variables and self-rated health. The WHS data also suggest that individuals with private health plans do not always use their insurance to pay for services, except in the case of mammograms.
Planejamento da assistência de enfermagem: proposta de um software-protótipo
Authors: Sperandio Dircelene Jussara , Évora Yolanda Dora Martinez
Published: February 2006

O propósito deste estudo foi descrever as etapas de desenvolvimento de um software-protótipo que possibilite aos enfermeiros, no âmbito hospitalar, atender ao planejamento da assistência de enfermagem, prescrição de enfermagem e a documentação de forma informatizada. A metodologia utilizada fundamentou-se no conceito do ciclo de vida de prototipação. Sedimentou-se em duas fases: a de definição e a de desenvolvimento. A fase de definição iniciou-se com a etapa de planejamento, seguida pela definição e análise dos requisitos necessários para a construção e culminou com a produção da especificação de requisitos do software. A fase de desenvolvimento traduziu o conjunto de requisitos em um modelo informatizado, com 10 módulos, referentes ao processo de sistematização da assistência de enfermagem. A avaliação desse recurso inovador para a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem nos diferentes estágios do seu processo será objeto de estudo posterior.
As informações recebidas pelos pais durante a hospitalização do filho
Authors: Sabatés Ana Llonch , Borba Regina Issuzu Hirooka de
Published: February 2006

Este estudo teve como objetivos conhecer a percepção dos pais quanto ao tipo de informações recebidas das enfermeiras durante a permanência do filho no hospital e identificar as informações que as enfermeiras referem fornecer aos pais. É um estudo exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado nas unidades de internação pediátrica em um hospital de ensino da cidade de São Paulo. Foram entrevistados 50 pais que estavam com seus filhos hospitalizados e 12 enfermeiras que trabalhavam nessas unidades de internação pediátrica. Os resultados evidenciaram que os pais não estavam totalmente satisfeitos com as informações recebidas durante a hospitalização do filho; as informações fornecidas aos pais pelas enfermeiras eram principalmente sobre regras e rotinas, direitos e deveres, motivos dos procedimentos e participação dos pais no cuidado com o filho hospitalizado; os pais solicitam das enfermeiras informações sobre o tempo de hospitalização, evolução da doença, medicação e tratamento do filho.
A escola de qualidade para todos: abrindo as camadas da cebola
Authors: Gomes Candido Alberto
Published: February 2006

A pesquisa educacional apresenta hoje abundantes constatações sobre como construir uma escola de qualidade para todos. Este trabalho se concentra em aspectos selecionados das diferenças entre escolas e dentro das escolas, com base na literatura nacional e internacional, embora mencionando a importância das origens sociais dos alunos, gestão educacional, avaliação e trajetórias curriculares. A estrutura peculiar dos sistemas educacionais se assemelha a uma cebola, com sucessivas camadas que influenciam a aprendizagem. Assim, se destacam despesas, instalações, tempo letivo, professores, clima e gestão escolares, efeitos dos colegas, alocação da matrícula e do espaço, ações que contribuem para a efetividade na sala de aula e a formação de turmas. Portanto, é possível atuar sobre os fatores intra-escolares, no seu âmbito de influência, que têm papel mais amplo nos países em desenvolvimento.
O Brasil no concerto das nações: a luta contra o racismo nos primórdios da Unesco
Authors: Maio Marcos Chor
Published: February 2006

O objetivo deste artigo é abordar o contexto político-científico que levou o Brasil à condição de paradigma da Unesco em matéria racial. Parto da hipótese de que logo após o Holocausto a imagem positiva das relações raciais no Brasil adquiriu maior visibilidade transformando-se numa espécie de anti-Alemanha nazista. Nesta ocasião, ocorreram esforços não antecipados no sentido de uma associação entre a busca de inteligibilidade do fenômeno totalitário alemão, a crítica radical do estatuto científico do conceito de raça, a explicitação de demandas sócio-econômicas de países subdesenvolvidos e a escolha do Brasil como laboratório sócio-antropológico. Esta conjunção de propósitos só se viabilizou a partir de uma conexão político-acadêmica transnacional de caráter universalista.
A troca das palavras e a troca das coisas: Política e linguagem no Congresso Nacional
Authors: Abreu Luiz Eduardo
Published: February 2006

Este artigo descreve as relações políticas no Congresso Nacional brasileiro utilizando o modelo da linguagem. O empreendimento tem sua "inspiração" na idéia lévi-straussiana de que a lingüística teria a chave para a compreensão da sociedade; esta inspiração é, no entanto, desenvolvida em uma outra direção. O artigo faz uma etnografia da política, valendo-se da idéia wittgensteiniana de que o significado de uma palavra é o seu uso em situações concretas; o uso, por sua vez, estaria vinculado a regras. Dentre elas, a mais importante, seria justamente a de que a política é percebida como relações de troca, nos moldes da dádiva descrita por Mauss. Argumenta-se que em certas situações a palavra, ela mesma, é uma prestação, ou seja, faz parte do sistema de trocas. O ponto central do artigo funda-se na percepção da política a partir da relação entre a troca das palavras e a troca das coisas.
A cena: lançando sombra sobre o real
Authors: Crapanzano Vincent
Published: February 2006

Este artigo explora a relação entre o que se considera como realidade 'objetiva' ou 'suprema' - e digamos - a sua subjetivação: um mundo de sombras, na fronteira da imaginação, que chamo de 'cena'. Sugiro que essas duas 'realidades' são mutuamente implicadas. Argumento que, na medida em que reagimos a (ou criamos) essas cenas que colorem a nossa experiência da realidade objetiva, elas merecem atenção antropológica. Enfatizo a natureza intersubjetiva da própria subjetividade e apresento uma tentativa preliminar de entendimento dos dramas interlocutórios complexos (que ocorrem no ritual, por exemplo, ou na psicanálise) que constituem a cena.
Se Deus fosse jaguar: canibalismo e cristianismo entre os Guarani (séculos XVI-XX)
Authors: Fausto Carlos
Published: February 2006

Por meio de uma reanálise da literatura sobre a "religião guarani", pretende-se indicar como e em que direções ela se transformou, desde o século XVI, recriando-se como a "religião guarani" contemporânea, tal qual a descreveu a etnologia do século XX. O pano de fundo dessa análise é a leitura crítica da noção de um "modo de ser guarani" fundado em uma religiosidade impermeável à mudança. Busca-se sugerir que o contato com o cristianismo missionário e a experiência colonial conduziram a uma crescente negação do canibalismo enquanto fundamento do poder xamânico e da reprodução social, processo aqui denominado "desjaguarificação". Esse processo conduziu a mudanças na noção de pessoa e permitiu o surgimento de um novo modo de conceber a relação com animais e divindades, fundado agora em uma categoria nativa de amor.
Identidade e alteridade entre os Ese Ejja da Bolívia setentrional
Authors: Lepri Isabella
Published: February 2006

Este artigo explora a construção da identidade própria, que se dá na relação com os outros, em uma sociedade da Amazônia boliviana. Ele tem como foco as atitudes ambíguas dos Ese Ejja em relação aos bolivianos (não-indígenas). Sustento que a ambivalência dos Ese Ejja reflete a natureza mutável, contextual e relacional da identidade, entendida como auto-imagem. A relação descrita é caracterizada pela autodepreciação dos Ese Ejja, parcialmente atribuível a fatores históricos, econômicos e políticos, mas também coerente com a estratégia indígena de evitar confrontação direta com entidades perigosas. Além disso, sugiro que essa postura em relação aos estranhos poderosos também pode ser lida segundo as noções sociocosmológicas indígenas relativas à alteridade e ao tornar-se outro, e a partir do sentido que têm os próprios Ese Ejja de estarem na história
À luz da tragédia: Édipo e o apotropaico
Authors: Serra Ordep
Published: February 2006

Focalizando as tragédias sofocleanas Rei Édipo e Édipo em Colono, mas considerando também outras versões e documentos iconográficos relativos ao mito de Édipo, busca-se evidenciar que a noção do apotropaico desempenha, nesse contexto, um papel significativo. Sugere-se que as crenças e as práticas nas quais este valor se exprime têm raízes no plano mais profundo de uma cosmovisão tradicional dos helenos: têm a ver com idéias sobre o destino e com categorias fundamentais do pensamento religioso dos gregos. Sustenta-se que o código do apotropaico tem na magia (domínio ao qual inúmeros estudos tendem a cingi-lo), apenas uma de suas expressões, cuja interpretação depende da análise de outros discursos da cultura grega. Na encenação da história de Édipo, a tragédia evidencia com singular clareza o sentido mais profundo do apotropaico.
Maturation of seeds of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Brazilwood), an endangered leguminous tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Borges Igor Ferrari , Giudice Neto João Del , Bilia Denise Augusta Camargo , Figueiredo-Ribeiro Rita de Cássia Leone , Barbedo Claudio José
Published: February 2006

The present work describes changes during the maturation process of seeds of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. Individual flowers were tagged in the day of their anthesis and the pods were collected directly from the branches from 32 to 65 days after flowering (DAF). Results obtained suggested that physiological maturity of C. echinata seeds occurred ca. 60-65 DAF, immediately before shedding, when seeds had 30-40% water content.
Biopigments from Monascus: strains selection, citrinin production and color stability
Authors: Carvalho Júlio Cesar de , Oishi Bruno Oliva , Pandey Ashok , Soccol Carlos Ricardo
Published: February 2006

Fungi form the genus Monascus are a promising source for natural color additives. However, before effectively applying Monascus to foods, it is important to select strains which produce large amounts of biopigments but little or no citrinin, a mycotoxin usually also produced by these fungi. Also, color stability of these pigments should be properly investigated. In order to compare Monascus strains for biopigment production in solid substrate fermentation (SSF), 4 strains (NRRL 1991, NRRL 2897, CCT 3802 and LPB 31) were cultivated over PDA in Petri dishes, and compared for radial growth velocity. Also, these strains were cultivated over cooked rice, and compared in relation to their capacity to produce biopigments and citrinin. The results showed that the strain LPB 31 is the best strain for biopigment production in SSF, giving both higher pigment concentration and lower citrinin concentration on the extracts, showing that it is a promising strain for production of this bioproduct. Biopigmentassays for heat and pH stability, show that these biopigments are unstable at low pH and high temperatures, but may be successfully used at near-neutrality pH's and in non-thermal processed foods.
Microbial rennet produced by Mucor miehei in solid-state and submerged fermentation
Authors: Silveira Guilherme Garcia da , Oliveira Gustavo Monteiro de , Ribeiro Eloizio Julio , Monti Rubens , Contiero Jonas
Published: February 2006

The aim of this work was to study the effect of carbon and nitrogen sources in submerged fermentation, and the casein effect on solid-state fermentation on rennin production by Mucor miehei. Biomass peaks reached 6.7; 8.1 and 8 g/L and enzymatic production peaks of 1,066; 857 and 480 Soxhlet Units (S.U.) for glucose concentration of 18; 25 and 35 g/L respectively. Flasks with baffles showed biomass peaks of 6.7; 8.3 and 10 g/L and enzyme activity peaks of 648; 279 and 300 S.U. for the same glucose concentration. The values of 923 and 667 S.U. were obtained when corn steep liquor and Proflo (Cottonseed Nutrients from Traders ®) were used. In SSF system the enzymatic activities were 414, 264 and 167 S.U., when using HCl 0.2 N, 0.3 N and 0.4 N respectively. SSF experiments using 1 and 2 g of casein/gram wheat bran (10% moisture) showed an increase in the enzymatic production (966 and 1,117 S.U.). The results suggested that increase in glucose concentration affected the enzyme synthesis, and casein was the prime factor in the enzyme synthesis induction. SSF showed to be a good system for rennin production.
Inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis on raw poultry using microwave heating
Authors: Pucciarelli Amanda B. , Benassi Fernando O.
Published: February 2006

The effect of microwave heating on Salmonella Enteritidis inoculated on fresh chicken was investigated using a microwave oven (800 w) to determine the destruction of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from chicken carcasses, in relation to the time of heating at two power settings: high (power level 10) and medium (power level 6); The relationship between heating time and temperature was also been studied. The destruction was 6.4 log cycles at time 95 sec for the high power level, and 5 log cycles at time 140 sec for medium power setting. After 110 sec for higher power level, no survival of Salmonella Enteritidis was detected in samples (100g), but at 140 sec for medium power level, these food pathogens were still present.
Succession in rocky intertidal benthic communities in areas with different pollution levels at Guanabara Bay (RJ-Brazil)
Authors: Breves-Ramos André , Lavrado Helena Passeri , Junqueira Andrea de Oliveira Ribeiro , Silva Sérgio Henrique Gonçalves da
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to describe and compare the succession of intertidal benthic communities in two areas at Guanabara Bay, RJ, Brazil: Urca, an area submitted to moderated organic pollution and Catalão, an extremely polluted area. Three transects in each area were scraped one month before the beginning of this study in order to evaluate the recruitment (recruitment-treatments). Three other transects were monitored without manipulation (monitoring treatments). Species composition and relative abundance were evaluated monthly between September and December, 2000. A total of 26 species was found at Urca and 13 at Catalão. The percent cover of the most abundant organisms was not similar between treatments at Urca after four months, while in Catalão, the similarity was 72% in the second month. The faster community development and recovery at the most polluted area was probably related to the existence of simple and resilient communities in more impacted areas.
Attack behavior of Podisus rostralis (Heteroptera: Pentatomidade) adults on caterpillars of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Authors: Lemos Walkymário Paulo , Zanuncio José Cola , Serrão José Eduardo
Published: February 2006

Attack behavior of the predator Podisus rostralis (Stäl) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) adults on fourth instar Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) caterpillars was studied in laboratory conditions. Ten 24 hours old adults of this predator were observed during two hours with the following attack behavior: (1) Predator: prey finding; prey observation; touching prey with antenna; attack behavior; prey paralysis; predator retreat after attack; attack cessation; successive attacks; and (2) Prey: defense. The predator P. rostralis found its prey before attacking and it approached it with slow circular movements. The attack was usually made in the posterior part of the prey to reduce defense reaction. Larger size of prey in relation to the predator resulted difficult prey paralysis but it occurred in less than two hours.
Recent developments on broodstock maturation and reproduction of Farfantepenaeus paulensis
Authors: Peixoto Sílvio , Cavalli Ronaldo Olivera , Wasielesky Wilson
Published: February 2006

This paper describes the latest developments on maturation and reproduction of Farfantepenaeus paulensis in captivity, with special reference to the studies conducted during the last decade at the Laboratory of Mariculture, University of Rio Grande in southern Brazil, aiming to improve the future outlook for a sustainable nauplii production of F. paulensis. Particular emphasis has been given on the reproductive cycle, ovarian maturation, maturation and spawning systems, artificial insemination, broodstock reproductive performance and maintenance of captive broodstock.
Uptake of cadmium by Pseudokirchneriella supcapitata
Authors: Casiraghi Magela Paula , Luporini Samuel , Silva Eduardo Mendes da
Published: February 2006

In this work the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella supcapitata was used for the removal of the cadmium in liquids. The accumulations of metal ions by the alga occur in two stages: a very fast absorption (passive adsorption) proceeded by a slower absorption (activate absorption). A mathematical model based on the surface absorption and on the transport into the interior of the cellular membrane was developed. The simulation model kinetic parameters were experimentally obtained. Through the results observed, the mathematical model was shown to be suitable when compared to the experimental results, confirming the validation of the mathematical model.
Urgency treatment profile of 0 to 15 year-old children assisted at urgency dental service from Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo
Authors: Sakai Vivien Thiemy , Magalhães Ana Carolina , Pessan Juliano Pelim , Silva Salete Moura Bonifácio da , Machado Maria Aparecida de Andrade Moreira
Published: February 2006

Dental recordings of 0 to 15-year-old patients assisted at Urgency Dental Service (UDS) from Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, in 2001 and 2002, were assessed in order to quantify the number of patients that used the service, to determine attendance patterns, and to record the frequency of different types of dental emergencies and their performed treatment. Data were plotted and submitted to a descriptive statistical analysis. Among the total of patients attended at UDS (6020), 1166 (19.37%) were children, with mean age of 9.24 years. Trauma was the cause for 199 (17.06%) of the recorded urgency visits. It occurred more frequently in children between 0 and 3 years of age (34.42%), and between 7 and 12 years of age (18.12%). The main treatments performed were temporary restoration (33.33%) for coronal fracture, and orientation (24.44%) for luxation. Nontraumatic events were the etiology for 967 (82.92%) of the total urgency diagnosis. The most commonly found nontraumatic diagnosis was dental caries lesions (61.75%), followed by problems of eruption or root resorption (14.27%) and bone or soft tissue lesions (6.51%), among others (17.47%). The most frequent treatments performed for caries lesions were: excavation and temporary restoration (39.39%) when there was no abscess, and coronal opening and dressing (40.95%) for caries lesions with abscess. There was an increasing trend in caries lesions prevalence according to the rising of the age, in contrast to trauma prevalence. Treatment for both situations was done according to the indicated protocol for each case.
Partial time use of anterior repositioning splints in the management of TMJ pain and dysfunction: a one-year controlled study
Authors: Conti Paulo César Rodrigues , Miranda João Evandro Silva , Conti Ana Cláudia C. Ferreira , Pegoraro Luiz Fernando , Araújo Carlos dos Reis Pereira de
Published: February 2006

This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of partial use of anterior repositioning appliances in the management of TMJ pain and dysfunction when compared to stabilization splints and a control group in a one-year follow-up. Sample was initially constituted by 60 patients, randomly divided into three groups: I- stabilization splints, II- repositioning splints and III- no treatment. The whole sample was evaluated by means of TMJ and muscle palpation, mandibular AROM, analysis of occlusal contacts, joint sounds inspection and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for one year; 52 patients composed the final sample. A significant (after 15 days) improvement in pain report (VAS) and palpation index was found for group II (p<0.01). The occurrence of occlusal alterations as posterior open bite or gross interferences after the splint therapy and increased muscle tenderness were not problems in this study. Similar results in joint noises reduction were observed for the entire sample. It was concluded that controlled partial use of repositioning splints is a beneficial tool in the management of intra-articular pain and dysfunction, with no risks of irreversible occlusal changes.
Compressive strength of resin-modified glass ionomer restorative material: effect of P/L ratio and storage time
Authors: Aratani Mônica , Pereira Antônio Carlos , Correr-Sobrinho Lourenço , Sinhoreti Mário Alexandre Coelho , Consani Simonides
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cement Fuji II LC and Vitremer, in powder/liquid ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, at three periods (24 hours, 7 and 28 days) of storage in distilled water at 37ºC. For each material, P/L ratio and storage time, 5 cylindrical specimens were prepared, with 4mm diameter and 6mm height, in silicon moulds. Specimens were light-cured for 40 seconds at each extremity, removed from the moulds and laterally light-cured (perpendicular to long axis) for 40 seconds, protected as recommended by the manufacturers and immersed for the time tested. The specimens were submitted to compressive strength testing in an Instron machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0mm/min until failure. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%), and showed that the compressive strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cement was reduced when P/L ratio was reduced and that the storage in water had little influence on compressive strength.
Marginal fit at cylinder-abutment interface before and after overcasting procedure
Authors: Moraes Luciana Martins Cres , Rossetti Paulo Henrique Orlato , Rossetti Leylha Maria Nunes , Pedreira Ana Paula Ribeiro do Vale , Valle Accacio Lins do , Bonachela Wellington Cardoso
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to measure marginal fit at cylinder-abutment interface, before and after overcasting procedure. A hexagonal implant was fixed to a stainless steel base and a Estheticone-like abutment used during all the experiment. Before casting procedure, gold (Group I) and Ni-Cr-Be (Group II) premachined cylinders were tightened to the abutment with gold and titanium screws (in both groups), with 10Ncm and 20Ncm torque values for the same screw type. Vertical measures were taken at the light microscope (Mitutoyo 5050, Tokyo, Japan) three times in six different parts along the abutment-cylinder interface for each torque value. Cylinders were overcast with Ag-Pd (Group I) or Ni-Cr-Be (Group II) alloy. After casting, the same measures and torque values were repeated. Intragroup differences (10 or 20Ncm torque values, before and after casting) and intergroup differences (10 and 20Ncm torque values, before or after casting) were analyzed by the Paired t Test; (p<0.05). Intragroup differences were observed for G-I (gold, 20Ncm, titanium screw, p=0.044) and for G-II (Ni-Cr-Be, 10Ncm, gold screw, p=0.002). Intergroup differences only were not observed in the G-II group (Ni-Cr-Be, 10 and 20Ncm, titanium screw, p=0.534). Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) Regardless of screw type, marginal misfit was higher for Ni-Cr-Be cylinders after casting, but within acceptable levels of fit; 2) The combination of gold cylinders with gold or titanium screws was the most effective to reduce marginal misfit; 3) Both screw types did not improve marginal fit of Ni-Cr-Be cylinders after overcastting, and 4) Although a 20Ncm torque improved marginal fit in all situations, its use is not recommended due to the increased risk of prosthesis failure. Ni-Cr-Be alloys may be successfully used in single-tooth implant restorations, with no damage to the fit between abutment and prosthetic cylinder.
Evaluation of mechanical properties of Z250 composite resin light-cured by different methods
Authors: Obici Andresa Carla , Sinhoreti Mário Alexandre Coelho , Correr-Sobrinho Lourenço , Góes Mário Fernando de , Consani Simonides
Published: February 2006

This study evaluated some mechanical parameters of Z250 composite resin using different light-curing methods. Ten specimens were prepared for each mechanical test group with different dimensions according to the test. Light-curing was performed by: a). continuous light (800mW/cm²-40s); b). exponential light (0-800mW/cm²-40s); c). intermittent light (2s-600mW/cm²; 2s without light-80s); d). stepped light (10s-150mW/cm²; 30s-650mW/cm²); e). PAC (1320mW/cm²-3s); f). LED (350mW/cm²-40s). After 24 ± 1 h, the specimens were loaded at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. The mechanical properties were calculated and analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). The results showed that the highest compressive strength values were found for the continuous, exponential, intermittent and stepped light methods, whereas PAC and LED obtained the lowest values. LED, stepped light, PAC, exponential and continuous light presented the highest values for diametral tensile strength. The intermittent light showed the lowest value, which was significantly lower than the value obtained for LED only. Flexural strength results were not significantly different between all light-curing methods. Finally, the highest modulus of elasticity values were obtained for LED, exponential, continuous and intermittent light, whereas PAC and stepped light showed the lowest values. The mechanical properties were affected by light-curing methods employed.
Associated dental anomalies: case report
Authors: Garib Daniela Gamba , Zanella Nildiceli Leite Melo , Peck Sheldon
Published: February 2006

Certain human dental anomalies frequently occur together, supporting the accumulated evidence of the shared genetic control of dental developmental disturbances. The present study reports a rare and interesting case of a 12-year-old girl with an association of multiple dental abnormalities, including agenesis, tooth malposition and delayed development. The etiology and treatment planning are discussed with reference to the literature. The clinical implications of genetically controlled patterns of dental anomalies are important in the establishment of early diagnosis and appropriate orthodontic intervention.
Effect of soil properties on lead bioavailability and toxicity to earthworms
Authors: Bradham Karen D. , Dayton Elizabeth A. , Basta Nicholas T. , Schroder Jackie , Payton Mark , Lanno Roman P.
Published: February 2006

Soil properties are important factors modifying metal bioavailability to ecological receptors. Twenty-one soils with a wide range of soil properties (USA; http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/taxonomy/) were amended with a single concentration of Pb (2,000 mg/kg) to determine the effects of soil properties on Pb bioavailability and toxicity to earthworms. Earthworm mortality ranged from 0 to 100% acute mortality following exposure to the same total concentration of Pb (2,000 mg/kg) in amended field soils. Internal Pb concentrations in earthworms ranged from 28.7 to 782 mg/kg, with a mean of 271 mg/kg. Path analysis was used to partition correlations in an attempt to discern the relative contribution of each soil property. Results of path analysis indicated that pH was the most important soil property affecting earthworm mortality (p < 0.01) and internal Pb (p < 0.05). Soil pH was related inversely to mortality and internal Pb, soil solution Pb, and Pb bioavailability. The most important soil property modifying reproduction was amorphous iron and aluminum oxides (FEAL). Because FEAL is rich in pH-dependent cation-exchange sites, several soil properties, including pH, FEAL, and cation-exchange capacity, have a causal effect on Pb adsorption and soluble Pb. Path analysis is useful for assessing contaminated soils with a wide range of soil properties and can assist in ecological risk assessment and remediation decisions for contaminated sites. Soil properties are important factors modifying metal bioavailability and toxicity and should be considered during the ecological risk assessment of metals in contaminated soils.
How terrestrial snails can be used in risk assessment of soils
Authors: de Vaufleury Annette , Cœurdassier Michael , Pandard Pascal , Scheifler Renaud , Lovy Christiane , Crini Nadia , Badot Pierre-Marie
Published: February 2006

Among soil invertebrates, terrestrial snails are herbivorous and detritivorous organisms exposed to polluted soils by both digestive and cutaneous routes. Using laboratory-reared snails (Helix aspersa aspersa), we describe how the effects of contaminants on survival and growth of snails can be evaluated in laboratory bioassays. A national ring test was performed to assess the effect of Cd added to the soil or to the food. The ecotoxicity of sewage sludge also was evaluated. The present results demonstrate that toxicity depends on both the pollutants and the exposure route. Cadmium was sixfold more toxic for snails exposed via food contamination (median effective concentration [EC50], 68–139 μg/g) than via soil contamination (EC50, 534–877 μg/g), whereas the opposite occurred with the sewage sludge (EC50, 55% of sludge in the food and 10% of waste in the soil). A logistic relationship linked growth inhibition and internal Cd concentrations, which can reach 2,000 μg/g in the viscera of snails exposed to 626 μg/g in the food. No clear trend was found between Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Ni concentrations in the sludge and in snail tissues. These data enabled the development of an international standard, which should enhance the use of terrestrial gastropods for both fundamental research and routine risk assessment in the terrestrial environment.
Developing a critical load approach for national risk assessments of atmospheric metal deposition
Authors: Hall Jane R. , Ashmore Mike , Fawehinmi Joseph , Jordan Crawford , Lofts Stephen , Shotbolt Laura , Spurgeon David J. , Svendsen Claus , Tipping Edward
Published: February 2006

The critical load approach has been proposed for evaluation of the need to reduce atmospheric emissions of metals that lead to transboundary transport and deposition across Europe. The present study demonstrates and evaluates the application of a critical load approach for national-scale risk assessment of metal deposition in the United Kingdom. Critical load maps, calculated using critical limits based on pH-dependent free metal ion activities, are presented. Current concentrations of lead and cadmium in soils are compared with two sets of critical limit values: First, limits based on the reactive soil concentration, and second, a pH-dependent free ion critical limit function, which takes into account variable soil characteristics across the country. The use of these two models leads to different conclusions about which areas of the United Kingdom are at greatest risk, partly because of differences in the range of values of pH and organic matter in soils used in ecotoxicological experiments and in the national database. Critical loads were calculated based on free ion critical limits; the critical loads were lowest in the south and east of the country and were associated with higher soil pH, lower runoff, and lower soil organic matter.
Copper inhibition of soil organic matter decomposition in a seventy-year field exposure
Authors: Sauvé Sébastien
Published: February 2006

On a site contaminated decades ago with Cu from a wood treatment facility, we can observe that the decomposition of soil organic matter has been slowed. This represents an exceptional data set, and it allows us to address many challenges faced by regulators and risk assessors who are trying to derive appropriate soil quality criteria. These data are representative of a field study with a very well-equilibrated contamination and allow the derivation of chronic toxicity threshold values for the inhibition of microbial respiration. Soil respiration is the main determinant of the carbon balance, and it is assessed using the accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM) in this case. Using data derived from a 70-year-old field study also has the advantage of not being subject to risk assessment uncertainty factors arising from the potential aging effects of spiked soil or to the uncertainty caused by laboratory-to-field differences, both of which are very difficult to address. The resulting toxicity thresholds for an inhibition of SOM degradation are 154, 193, and 285 mg Cu/kg dry soil for inhibition levels of 10, 20, and 50%, respectively. Setting those thresholds correctly is critical for a proper risk assessment relative to sustainable development and agriculture.
Effects of humic acid and competing cations on metal uptake byLolium perenne
Authors: Kalis Erwin J. J. , Temminghoff Erwin J. M. , Weng Liping , van Riemsdijk Willem H.
Published: February 2006

Within the bioticl ligand model, which describes relationships between chemical speciation and metal binding at an organism's surface, multicomponent (long-term) metal uptake by plants has seldom been studied. In the present work, we exposed perennial ryegrass to nutrient solutions with two levels of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn (1 and 0.1 μM) and with or without 30 mg/L of humic acid. Iron and Mn concentrations were constant over all treatments. The hypothesis tested was that humic acid lowers the free and labile metal concentration and, therefore, reduces the metal uptake and, finally, the metal content of the plant. The free metal ion concentrations in the nutrient solutions were measured by the Donnan membrane technique and labile metal concentrations by diffusive gradients in thin-films. The metal content of the shoots depends on the metal content of the roots. The metal content of the roots is a function of the adsorption of metals on the root surface. In a multicomponent system at metal concentrations of 1 μM, humic acid decreased Cu, Pb, and Fe adsorption at the root surface, but it increased Cd, Zn, and Mn adsorption at the root surface. Complexation of cations such as Cu, Pb, and Fe with high affinity for (dissolved) organic matter may lead to increased uptake of cations with low affinity for organic matter (Ni, Zn, and Cd) because of competition between cations at the root surface. The results suggest that competition between metal ions can play a major role in multicomponent metal uptake, which has to be taken into account during risk assessments of metal-polluted soils.
Tungsten effects on survival, growth, and reproduction in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida
Authors: Inouye Laura S. , Jones Robert P. , Bednar Anthony J.
Published: February 2006

To provide basic toxicity data for formulating risk characterization benchmarks, the effects of tungsten on survival, growth, and reproduction were investigated in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Parallel studies with lead as a reference toxicant also were conducted. Although sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) was less acutely toxic than lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) in 14-d spiked field soil acute toxicity assays (lethal concentrations for 50% of organisms: W, 6,250 mg/kg; Pb, 2,490 mg/kg), tungstate completely inhibited reproduction in 28- and 56-d assays at all tested tungsten concentrations (≥704 mg/kg). By comparison, cocoon production was not significantly reduced for lead concentrations until concentrations reached 766 mg/kg, and cocoon production was still observed at the highest concentration tested (1,650 mg/kg). These data indicate that tungsten is a reproductive toxicant for earthworms and that, by comparison, its sublethal toxicity is greater than that of lead. Toxicity data for other soil invertebrate species are required to fully establish benchmark levels/ecological soil screening levels for tungsten.
Short-term natural attenuation of copper in soils: Effects of time, temperature, and soil characteristics
Authors: Ma Yibing , Lombi Enzo , Nolan Annette L. , McLaughlin Mike J.
Published: February 2006

Natural attenuation of metals added to soils refers to the processes by which the mobility and bioavailability/toxicity of the added metals decline with time. In this paper, we used isotopic dilution techniques to investigate the short-term (30 d) natural attenuation of Cu added to 19 European soils at two effective concentrations shown to inhibit plant (tomato) growth by 10 and 90%. The results showed that the lability of Cu added to soils rapidly decreased after addition, especially in the soils with pH > 6.0, followed by a slow decrease in Cu lability. The lability of Cu added to soils also decreased with increasing incubation temperature. The activation energies and the apparent diffusion rate coefficients for the attenuation processes were 33 to 36 kJ/mol and 0.66 to 20.9 × 10−10/s at 20°C, respectively, and were consistent with Cu diffusion in meso- and micropores. The attenuation of Cu lability was modeled on the basis of three processes: precipitation/nucleation of Cu on soil surfaces, Cu occlusion within organic matter, and diffusion of Cu into micropores. The soil and environmental factors governing attenuation rates were soil pH, organic matter content, incubation time, and temperature. Soil pH is the key factor for natural attenuation of Cu added to soils. The model can be used to scale ecotoxicological data generated from different soils and under different incubation times and temperatures.
Ambient copper concentrations in agricultural and natural European soils: An overview
Authors: Heijerick Dagobert G. , Van Sprang Patrick A. , Van Hyfte Annick D.
Published: February 2006

Copper concentrations in soil are affected by a large number of processes related to the natural spatial variability (geochemistry), the amount released, the spatial and temporal distributions of these releases, and the large number of transportation, complexation, and dissolution processes. The present study reports the generated country-specific and land use-specific environmental concentration distributions of ambient copper exposure levels in European soils that were used for the derivation of “reasonable worst-case” predicted environmental copper concentrations (RWC-ambient copper PEC) for three types of soil uses: Agricultural soils, forest soils, and undefined grassland soils. Only recent and high-quality monitoring data (Q1) that comply with a number of criteria (i.e., sampling strategy, land use, digestion method, and absence of point sources) were selected for this purpose. Data treatment procedures used in the present study were based on the methods and concepts laid down in the European Union Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment and in the “combined monitoring-based and modeling-based priority setting” procedure. The derived median RWC-ambient copper PEC for European agricultural soils is 31.1 mg/kg dry weight, with the lowest and highest RWC-ambient copper PEC found in Belgium (16.1 mg/kg dry wt) and northern Italy (57.5 mg/kg dry wt), respectively. The high value for Italian soils probably is related to the (recent) volcanic origin of these soils. Similarly, RWC-ambient copper PECs were derived for forest soils and undefined grassland soils (24.4 and 35.3 mg/kg, respectively). Observed differences between the different soil uses could be related to various parameters and processes that determine the copper levels in soil (e.g., soil type associated with specific soil uses, addition of fertilizers and pesticides, and presence of cattle).