bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting long‐term and short‐term tidal flat morphodynamics using a dynamic equilibrium theory
Authors: Hu Zhan , Wang Zheng Bing , Zitman Tjerk J. , Stive Marcel J. F. , Bouma Tjeerd J.
Published: August 2015

Dynamic equilibrium theory is a fruitful concept, which we use to systematically explain the tidal flat morphodynamic response to tidal currents, wind waves, sediment supply, and other sedimentological drivers. This theory stems from a simple analytical model that derives the tide‐ or wave‐dominated tidal flat morphology by assuming that morphological equilibrium is associated with uniform bed shear stress distribution. Many studies based on observation and process‐based modeling tend to agree with this analytical model. However, a uniform bed shear stress rarely exists on actual or modeled tidal flats, and the analytical model cannot handle the spatially and temporally varying bed shear stress. In the present study, we develop a model based on the dynamic equilibrium theory and its core assumption. Different from the static analytical model, our model explicitly accounts for the spatiotemporal bed shear stress variations for tidal flat dynamic prediction. To test our model and the embedded theory, we apply the model for both long‐term and short‐term morphological predictions. The long‐term modeling is evaluated qualitatively against previous process‐based modeling. The short‐term modeling is evaluated quantitatively against high‐resolution bed‐level monitoring data obtained from a tidal flat in Netherlands. The model results show good performances in both qualitative and quantitative tests, indicating the validity of the dynamic equilibrium theory. Thus, this model provides a valuable tool to enhance our understanding of the tidal flat morphodynamics and to apply the dynamic equilibrium theory for realistic morphological predictions.
A multilevel ocean mixed layer model resolving the diurnal cycle: Development and validation
Authors: Ling Tiejun , Xu Min , Liang Xin‐Zhong , Wang Julian X. L. , Noh Yign
Published: August 2015

The representation of transient air‐sea interactions is critical to the prediction of the sea surface temperature diurnal cycle and daily variability. This study develops a multilevel upper ocean model to more realistically resolve these interactions. The model is based on the one‐dimensional turbulence kinetic energy closure developed by Noh et al. [2011], and incorporates new numerical techniques and improved schemes for model physics. The primary improvements include: (1) a surface momentum flux penetration scheme to better depict velocity shear in the diurnal mixed layer; (2) a solar penetration scheme to improve the penetration of visible and near‐infrared bands of solar radiation into the mixed layer ocean; (3) a scheme to resolve the cool‐skin and warm‐layer effects on sea skin temperature; (4) a vertical grid stretch scheme to achieve higher near‐surface resolution with fewer vertical levels; (5) a trapezoidal time integration scheme for flexible time steps; (6) a relaxation term of the previous daily mean difference between observed and modeled sea surface temperature. According to the numerical experiments based on the TOGA‐COARE IMET mooring buoy data and the validation by observations from the National Data Buoy Center, NOAA, the results indicate that the new upper ocean mixed layer model improves the simulation of the diurnal cycle of SST and sea skin temperature, especially in amplitude.
Propionivibrio
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Pro.pi.o.ni.vi' bri.o
. M.L. n.
acidum propionicum
propionic acid; M.L. masc. n.
Vibrio
that which vibrates, a generic name; M.L. masc. n.
Propionivibrio
the propionic acid vibrio.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Propionivibrio

Gram‐negative, curved or straight
rods. Motile by means of a single polar flagellum
. Do not form spores.
Strict anaerobe or aerotolerant
. Multiply by binary fission. Chemoorganotrophic. Propionate and acetate formed as end products of fermentation. Succinate decarboxylated to propionate. Mesophilic. Member of the class
Betaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 60.8–61.6.

Type species
:
Propionivibrio dicarboxylicus
Tanaka, Nakamura and Mikami 1991b, 331 (Effective publication: Tanaka, Nakamura and Mikami 1990, 327.)
Zoogloea
Authors: Unz Richard F.
Published: August 2015

Zo.o.gloe' a
. Gr. adj.
zoos
living; Gr. n.
gloia
glue; M.L. fem. n.
Zoogloea
living glue.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Zoogloea

The following description is representative of the genus based on well‐characterized isolates recovered directly from naturally occurring, typical, fingered zoogloeae:
Straight to slightly curved, plump rods
, 1.0–1.3 × 2.1–3.6 µm, with rounded ends; sometimes tapered to a blunt point at one or both poles. Nonsporeforming and noncystforming.
Cells in older cultures are demonstrably encapsulated
. Gram negative.
Actively motile
, especially in young cultures, by means of a
single polar flagellum. Intracellular granules of poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate are formed
on media containing the salts of organic acids. Cultures enter into formation of flocs and films in liquid media at late growth stages;
the cells become embedded in gelatinous matrices to form zoogloeae, which may be distinguished by a
“
tree‐like
”
or
“
finger‐like
”
morphology
. Young colonies on solid media under a normal air atmosphere are translucent and punctiform, but may increase to 1 or 2 mm in diameter and exhibit opaque centers. Nonpigmented.

Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen or nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. Denitrification occurs with formation of N
2

. Optimal temperature for growth, 28–37°C. Optimal pH, 7.0–7.5.
Oxidase positive
. Weakly catalase positive. Chemoorganotrophic.
Acid is not formed from carbohydrates except for xylose, glycerol, and ethanol, which are attacked oxidatively by a few strains
. Proteolytic on gelatin. Most strains are urease positive. Litmus milk is unchanged. Hydrogen sulfide is usually not produced from cysteine. Major carbon sources include salts of several organic acids (e.g., lactate, pyruvate, and fumarate), dicarboxylic amino acids (e.g., aspartate, glutamate, and asparagine), alcohols, and salts of certain aromatic acids (e.g., benzoate and
m
‐toluate). Benzene derivatives are attacked by
meta
cleavage of the ring structure. Organic nitrogen compounds (e.g., dicarboxylic amino acids) and ammonia serve as nitrogen sources; nitrate is unsuitable. Specific growth factor requirements, if any, are unknown. Major cellular fatty acids are palmitoleic (C
16:1
) and 3‐hydroxydecanoic (C
10:0 3OH
) acids. Major respiratory quinones are Q‐8 and RQ‐8. The major polyamine is 2‐hydroxyputrescine.
Occur free‐living in organically polluted fresh waters and in wastewaters at all stages of treatment
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67.3–69.0.

Type species
:
Zoogloea ramigera
Itzigsohn 1868, 30.
Desulfobacula
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.ba' cu.la
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. n. dem.
bacula
of baca, berry, olive‐like fruit;
Desulfobacula
sulfate‐reducing small berry.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfobacula

Oval to sometimes coccoid or slightly curved cells, 1.2–1.5 × 1.2–3.0 μm
. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram negative. Motility may occur. Strict anaerobes with a respiratory type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotrophs
, using toluene, other aromatic compounds, and a number of low‐molecular mass aliphatic acids and alcohols
as electron donors and also as carbon sources
; these compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CO‐DH] pathway, Wood pathway) as indicated by CO‐DH activity.

Sulfate and other oxidized sulfur compounds serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S

. Optimal growth temperature, 28°C. Anoxic media (with sulfide as a reductant) containing NaCl, MgCl
2
, and vitamins are necessary for growth of the type species. Colonies in anoxic agar media are ochre to yellowish brown. Occur in anoxic marine sediments that are rich in organic compounds.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 41–42.

Type species
:
Desulfobacula toluolica
Rabus, Nordhaus, Ludwig and Widdel 2000b, 1415 (Effective publication: Rabus, Nordhaus, Ludwig and Widdel 1993, 1450.)
Desulfonema
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.ne' ma
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. n.
nema
thread; M.L. neut. n.
Desulfonema
thread‐forming sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfonema

Cells arranged in uniseriately multicellular, flexible filaments with gliding motility. Filaments are 2.5–8 μm in diameter and sometimes about 2 mm in length
; the nearly cylindrical cells are 2.5–13 µm long. Cross‐walls are visible (Figs. BXII.δ.27 and BXII.δ.28C). Granules of poly‐β‐hydroxyalkanoic acid are commonly stored. Filaments are always attached to surfaces that serve as substrata for gliding motility. Cell walls characteristic of Gram‐negative bacteria have been revealed by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections, even though Gram stain may be positive in some instances (unequally stained). The outer membrane has a wavy structure. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotrophs or chemoautotrophs
, using acetate and higher monocarboxylic acids up to C
14
, fumarate, and succinate
as electron donors and carbon sources
. Lactate or benzoate may also serve as organic substrates. Organic substrates are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CO‐DH], Wood pathway) as indicated by CO‐DH activity. For chemoautotrophic growth of some species,

H
2
can serve as the electron donor and CO
2
as the carbon source. Sulfate serves as terminal electron acceptor and is reduced to H
2
S

;
sulfite and thiosulfate may or may not be used
. Elemental sulfur does not serve as electron acceptor but is inhibitory.
Growth does not occur by fermentation in the absence of an external electron acceptor
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 35–55.

Type species
:
Desulfonema limicola
Widdel 1981, 382 (Effective publication: Widdel 1980, 379.)
Desulfospira
Authors: Liesack Werner , Finster Kai
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.spi' ra. L. pref.defrom; L. n.sulfursulfur; Gr. n.spiraa coil; M.L. fem. n.Desulfospiraa sulfate‐reducing coil.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfospira

Curved, often spirilloid cells 0.7–0.8 × 1–2 μm. Nonmotile. Gram negative. Endospores not formed. Anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Fermentative growth does not occur. Catalase positive.Chemoorganotrophic or chemoautotrophic, using a wide range of organic compounds as electron donors and also as carbon sources, e.g., fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids, hydroxyacids, or compatible solutes;these substrates are completely oxidized to CO2. Maleate and proline are used as electron donors. Aromatic compounds and sugars are not utilized.Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and S0serve as terminal electron acceptorsand are reduced to H2S. Na+and Mg2+are required for growth. Biotin is required for growth. Cells containc‐type cytochromes and menaquinones with seven isoprenoid units. Desulfoviridin is not present. Isolated from iron‐rich, oxidized, marine surface sediment.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 50.

Type species:Desulfospira joergenseniiFinster, Liesack and Tindall 1997e, 1274 (Effective publication: Finster, Liesack and Tindall 1997c, 207.)
Desulfobulbus
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.bul' bus
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. n.
bulbus
onion; M.L. masc. n.
Desulfobulbus
onionshaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobulbia / Desulfobulbales / Desulfobulbaceae / Desulfobulbus

Cells are ovoid to rod shaped, or lemon shaped with pointed ends, 0.6–1.3 × 1.5–3.5 μm
. Occur singly, in pairs, or in chains. Spore formation is not observed. Gram negative.
Cells are motile by a single polar flagellum, or are nonmotile
. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotrophs
, using
propionate
, lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, or 1‐propanol as electron donors and also as carbon sources; organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate. H
2
can be used as electron donor in the presence of acetate as organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth).

Sulfate and often sulfite or thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S

. Sulfur is never reduced.
In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation of lactate, pyruvate, and ethanol
(+

CO
2

),
malate, or fumarate
. The optimum pH range for growth is 6.6–7.5. The optimum temperature range for growth is 25–40°C. Thermophilic species are not known. Media containing a reductant and
p
‐aminobenzoate are required for growth. Colonies in anaerobic agar media are whitish to grayish and smooth. All described species contain desulforubidin as sulfite reductase. Occur in anoxic parts of freshwater, brackish water, and marine habitats; also isolated from rumen contents, animal dung, and sewage sludge.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 50–60.

Type species
:
Desulfobulbus propionicus
Widdel 1981, 382 (Effective publication: Widdel 1980, 374.)
Desulfocapsa
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.cap' sa
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. n.
capsa
box; M.L. fem. n.
Desulfocapsa
a sulfate‐reducing box.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobulbia / Desulfobulbales / Desulfobulbaceae / Desulfocapsa

Cells are round‐ended rods, or elongated rods with pointed ends, 0.5–0.9 × 2.0–4.0 μm
. Cells are motile by means of single subpolarly inserted flagella, but motility can be limited to only a few cells in the population of some species. No spores are formed. Metabolism is strictly anaerobic. Simple organic compounds are incompletely oxidized, with sulfate as electron donor that is reduced to sulfide. One species of the genus,
D. sulfexigens
, is not able to use sulfate as electron acceptor.
Inorganic sulfur compounds are disproportionated to sulfate and sulfide
and support

chemolithoautotrophic growth with CO
2
as carbon source

. Fermentative growth with organic compounds is not possible. The optimal pH range for growth is 7.3–7.5. The optimal temperature range for growth is 20–30°C. Thermophilic species are not known. The NaCl requirement varies within the genus; growth of the type strain is inhibited at an NaCl concentration higher than 15 g/l. The genus comprises marine and freshwater strains. All described species contain cytochromes and no desulfoviridin. Occur in sediments of freshwater or marine habitats close to the anoxic/oxic interface.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 47–51.

Type species
:
Desulfocapsa thiozymogenes
Janssen, Schuhmann, Bak and Liesack 1997, 601 (Effective publication: Janssen, Schuhmann, Bak and Liesack 1996, 190.)
Desulfurella
Authors: Rainey Fred A. , Hollen Becky
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fur.el' la
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella;
M.L. fem. n.
Desulfurella
a small sulfur reducer.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfurellales / Desulfurellaceae / Desulfurella

Short rods. Motile by means of a single polar flagellum or nonmotile
. The cell wall is of the Gram‐negative type and has an outer S‐layer. Spore formation not observed.

Obligately anaerobic, having a mainly respiratory type of metabolism. Energy conservation occurs by S
0
or thiosulfate respiration or by pyruvate fermentation. Molecular hydrogen, organic acids and fatty acids are utilized. Lithotrophic growth can occur. CO
2
and H
2
S are produced

. Menaquinones are present. Cytochromes are not detected. Growth occurs optimally at pH 6.8–7.0.
Moderately thermophilic
with a temperature range between 45 and 75–80°C; optimal, 55–60°C. Occur in warm sediments and in thermally heated cyanobacterial or bacterial communities that are rich in organic compounds and elemental sulfur and are at temperatures in the range 50–70°C. The detailed properties of described species of this genus are given in Table 1.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 31–34.

Type species
:
Desulfurella acetivorans
Bonch‐Osmolovskaya, Sokolova, Kostrikina and Zavarzin 1993, 624 (Effective publication: Bonch‐Osmolovskaya, Sokolova, Kostrikina and Zavarzin 1990, 155.)
Malonomonas
Authors: Kuever Jan , Schink Bernhard
Published: August 2015

Ma.lo.no.mo' nas
. M.L. n.
acidum malonicum
malonic acid; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Malonomonas
malonic‐acid‐utilizing monad.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfuromonales / Desulfuromonaceae / Malonomonas

Straight or slightly curved rods, 0.4 × 3.1–4.0 μm
. Resting forms such as spores are not known to occur. Gram negative.
Motile, generally by means of a single polar flagellum. Microaerotolerant anaerobe. Chemoorganotroph. Possesses a fermentative type of metabolism. Malonate is decarboxylated to acetate
.

L

‐

Malate or fumarate is fermented to succinate and CO
2

. Optimal growth temperature, 28–30°C. Colonies on or in anoxic agar media are
red‐colored, because of high amounts of periplasmic cytochrome

c

of unknown function
. Occur in anoxic sediments in marine habitats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48.3.

Type species
:
Malonomonas rubra
Dehning and Schink 1990, 320 (Effective publication: Dehning and Schink 1989a, 431.)
Archangium
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Ar.chan' gi.um
. Gr. fem. n.
arche
beginning, origin, primitive; Gr. neut. n.
angion
vessel, container;
Archangium
primitive vessel.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Cystobacteraceae / Archangium

Vegetative cells are long, slender, needle‐shaped rods
with tapering ends.
Fruiting bodies without sporangioles
, contorted strings of myxospores in hardened slime forming cushion‐shaped masses, very variable in shape and size, may separate into packets when put under pressure.
Myxospores short, fat rods
with rounded ends to almost spherical, optically refractile. Swarm colonies with branched radial veins in a tough slime sheet. Does not degrade chitin.

Type species
:
Archangium gephyra
Jahn 1924, 67.
Hyalangium gen. nov
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Hy.al.an' gi.um
. Gr. fem. n.
hyalos
glass; Gr. neut. n.
angion
vessel, container; M.L. neut. n.
Hyalangium
glassy vessel.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Cystobacteraceae / Hyalangium

Vegetative cells are delicate, slender rods with tapering ends. Fruiting bodies consist of small spherical sporangioles
that are
often empty
and then look
glassy and transparent
, arranged in extended, dense sheets, or often, in chains.
Myxospores are short rods or irregularly spherical
; optically refractile. Swarm colonies with a thin but tough slime sheet with fine veins, adsorbs Congo red with a purple red color. Of the proteolytic–bacteriolytic nutritional type.

Type species
:
Hyalangium minutum
sp. nov
.
Haploangium
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Ha.plo.an' gi.um
. Gr. adj.
haplos
simple; Gr. neut. n.
angeion
vessel; M.L. neut. n.
Haploangium
simple vessel.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Polyangiaceae / Haploangium

Vegetative cells cylindrical rods with rounded ends. Fruiting body consists of a single sporangiole. Myxospores similar to vegetative cells in shape
.

Type species
:
Haploangium rugiseptum
(ex McCurdy 1970)
comb. nov
. (
Haploangium rugiseptum
Peterson 1959, 5;
Polyangium rugiseptum
McCurdy 1970, 295.)
Desulfomonile
Authors: DeWeerd Kim A. , Todd Townsend G. , Suflita Joseph M.
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.mo.ni' le
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. n.
monile
collar; M.L. neut. n.
Desulfomonile
a “collared” sulfate‐reducer.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophaceae / Desulfomonile

Single rod‐shaped cells with rounded ends, 0.5–0.7
×
3–10 μm, each containing an invagination of the cell wall that resembles a collar
. Cells may be slightly curved or bent at the collar region. Endospores not formed. Gram negative. Nonmotile.
Strict anaerobe
. A medium containing a reducing agent is required for growth.

Possess a respiratory type of metabolism with sulfur oxyanions reduced to H
2
S or

meta

‐
halobenzoates reduced to dehalogenated products
(
reductive dehalogenation
). Pyruvate can be fermented to acetate and lactate. Optimal growth temperature 37°C. Cells grow poorly on solid agar medium, yielding small (0.5–1.0 mm diameter), white colonies after extended incubation (>3 weeks).
Growth in a mineral medium requires the vitamins thiamine, nicotinamide, and 1
,
4‐naphthoquinone
. Isolated from a sewage sludge bacterial consortium enriched on 3‐chlorobenzoate.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 49.0.

Type species
:
Desulfomonile tiedjei
DeWeerd, Mandelco, Tanner, Woese and Suflita 1991, 178 (Effective publication: DeWeerd, Mandelco, Tanner, Woese and Suflita 1990, 28.)
Desulfovirga
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.vir
'
ga
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. fem. n.
virga
twig, rod; M.L. fem. n.
Desulfovirga
a sulfate‐reducing rod..

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophobacteraceae / Desulfovirga

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.8–2
×
2.2–4 μm
. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram negative. Motile by a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotrophic
, using C
1
‐C
12
straight‐chain fatty acids, other organic acids, and alcohols
as carbon sources and electron donors
. Electron donors are completely oxidized to CO
2
.

Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfur serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Nitrate is not used as a terminal electron acceptor

. Optimal growth temperature, 35°C. Media containing a reductant and vitamins are necessary for growth. Cells contain cytochrome
c
, but no desulfoviridin.
Desulfovirga
species occur in freshwater habitats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 60.

Type species
:
Desulfovirga adipica
Tanaka, Stackebrandt, Tohyama and Eguchi 2000a, 643.
Sulfurospirillum
Authors: Stolz John F. , Oremland Ronald S. , Paster' Bruce J. , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Vandamme Peter
Published: August 2015

Sul.fu.ro.spi.ril' lum
. L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. n.
spira
a spiral; M.L. neut. n.
Sulfurospirillum
a spirillum that reduces elemental sulfur.

Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria / Campylobacterales / Campylobacteraceae / Sulfurospirillum

Slender, vibrioid to spirally curved rods, 0.1–0.5 × 1.0–3 µm. May form helical chains of two or more cells. Motile by polar flagella. Gram negative. Nonsporeforming.
Microaerobic, with respiratory oxidation of succinate, fumarate, malate, lactate, or pyruvate, but not acetate
. Oxidase positive. Carbohydrates are not oxidized or fermented.

Reduces S
0
. Fumarate may be fermented under anoxic conditions

. Free living, found in freshwater and marine environments. Temperature growth range from 8 to 36°C. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons,
Sulfurospirillum
falls in the family
Campylobacteraceae
, which belongs in the
Epsilonproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 32–42.

Type species
:
Sulfurospirillum deleyianum
Schumacher, Kroneck, and Pfennig 1993, 188 (Effective publication: Schumacher, Kroneck and Pfennig 1992, 292.)
Ruminobacter
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko S.
Published: August 2015

Ru.mi.no.bac' ter
. L. adj.
ruminalis
of the rumen; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of bacterium, a small rod; M.L. masc. n.
Ruminobacter
small rod of the rumen.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Aeromonadales / Succinivibrionaceae / Ruminobacter

Oval to long rods. Gram negative
. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile. Chemoorganotroph.
Metabolize carbohydrates; fermentation products include succinate, acetate, and formate; trace amounts of lactate and ethanol may be formed. No rumen fluid requirement for growth. Obligately anaerobic
. CO
2
required, which is incorporated into succinic acid. NH
3
is essential as a nitrogen source. No cytochromes. Peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid. Sphingophospholipids absent. Straight chain saturated C
16:0
fatty acid predominates, while C
14:0
acid and the monounsaturated C
16:1
and C
18:1
acids occur in smaller amount. Low levels of iso‐ and anteiso‐methyl branched fatty acids. Analysis of 16S rDNA places the genus into the family
Succinivibrionaceae
of the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 40–42.

Type species
:
Ruminobacter amylophilus
(Hamlin and Hungate 1956) Stackebrandt and Hippe 1987, 179 (Effective publication: Stackebrandt and Hippe 1 9 8 6, 205) (
Bacteroides amylophilus
Hamlin and Hungate 1956, 552.)
Idiomarina
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

l.di.o.ma.ri' na
. Gr. adj.
idios
original, true; L. fem. adj.
marina
of the sea, marine; M.L. fem. n.
Idiomarina
pertaining to the peculiar, true marine nature of microorganisms from the ocean (seawater).

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Idiomarina

Chemoorganotrophic Gram‐negative obligately aerobic rods
. Motile; one polar flagellum.
Require Na
+
for growth
; no required vitamins or amino acids. Temperature optimum 20–22°C; pH optimum 7.5–8.0.
Oxidase, catalase, gelatinase, lipase, and DNase positive
. Do not hydrolyze starch or agar. Major cellular fatty acids are branched
iso
forms having odd numbers of carbon atoms.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48.9–50.4.

Type species
:
Idiomarina abyssalis
Ivanova, Romanenko, Chun, Matte, Matte, Mikhailov, Svetashev, Huq, Maugel and Colwell 2000b, 906.
Microbulbifer
Authors: González José M.
Published: August 2015

Mi.cro.bul' bi.fer
. Gr. adj.
micro
small; L. masc. n.
bulbus
bulb; suff. ‐
fer
carrying, bearing; L. masc. n.
Microbulbifer
small bearer of bulbs.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Microbulbifer

Rod‐shaped cells
, 0.3–0.5 × 1.1–1.7 µm. Gram negative. Capsules are produced. Nonsporeforming and noncystforming.
Nonmotile
. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is not produced. Colonies are nonpigmented.
Possess a strictly aerobic type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
. Denitrification does not occur.
Oxidase and catalase positive. A sea salt‐based medium is required for growth
. Chemoorganotrophic, growing on sugars, fatty acids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids. Cellulose, xylan, chitin, gelatin, starch, and Tween 80 are hydrolyzed. Related to but outside the group of true
Pseudomonas
in the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 57.6.

Type species
:
Microbulbifer hydrolyticus
González, Mayer, Moran, Hodson and Whitman 1997, 375.
Pseudoalteromonas
Authors: Bowman John P. , McMeekin Thomas A.
Published: August 2015

Pseu.do.al.te.ro.mo' nas. Gr. adj.pseudesfalse; M.L. n.Alteromonasthe genusAlteromonas; M.L. n.PseudoalteromonasfalseAlteromonas.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Pseudoalteromonas

Straight rods, approximately 1 × 2–3 µm, occurring singly or in pairs. Do not form spores or cysts. Do not accumulate poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate. Nonbioluminescent.Gram negative. Motile by means of a single polar flagellum, either unsheathed or sheathed. Colonies are nonpigmented or pigmented.Chemoheterotrophic. Aerobic, possessing a strictly respiratory type of metabolismwith oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. No growth occurs anaerobically. A constitutive arginine dihydrolase system is usually absent. One species (P. denitrificans) is able to denitrify. Utilize a range of carbon substrates, including carbohydrates, alcohols, organic acids, and amino acids. Form gelatinase and lipase. Ammonia serves as a nitrogen source. Amino acids may be required by some strains for growth.Requires Na+ions for growth. Mostly psychrotolerant, with growth occurring between 0 and 40°C. Several species produce autotoxic antibiotic compounds. Isolated from seawater, sediment, sea ice, surfaces of stones, marine algae, marine invertebrates, and salted foods. The major quinone is ubiquinone‐8 (Q‐8). Major fatty acids are C16:0, C16:1 ω7c, C17:1 ω8c, and C18:1 ω7c. Member of the orderAlteromonadales, familyAlteromonadaceae, in theGammaproteobacteria.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 38–48 (Tm).

Type species:Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis(Zobell and Upham 1944) Gauthier, Gauthier and Christen 1995a, 759 (Alteromonas haloplanktis(Zobell and Upham 1944) Reichelt and Baumann 1973a, 438; “Vibrio haloplanktis” Zobell and Upham 1944, 261.)
Cardiobacterium
Authors: Paster Bruce J. , Dewhirst Floyd E.
Published: August 2015

Car.di.o.bac.te' ri.um
. Gr. n.
cardia
heart; Gr. n.
bakterion
small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Cardiobacterium
bacterium of the heart.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Cardiobacteriales / Cardiobacteriaceae / Cardiobacterium

Straight rods 0.5–0.75 × 1.0–3.0 µm, with rounded ends. Occasional long filaments, 7.0–35.0 µm may occur.
Pleomorphic
. Cells are arranged singly, in pairs, in short chains, and in rosette clusters. Gram negative, but retention of crystal violet may occur in the swollen ends or central portions of cells. Nonmotile.
Facultatively anaerobic
. CO
2
is required by some strains on isolation. Aerobic growth is scant unless humidity is elevated. Growth in candle jars or under anaerobic conditions is not dependent on an elevated humidity. Optimum temperature, 30–37°C. Colonies on blood agar are smooth, convex, and opaque.
Chemoorganotrophic, having a strictly fermentative type of metabolism
. Acid but not gas is produced from fructose, glucose, mannose, sorbitol, mannitol, and sucrose. Lactic acid is the major product of glucose fermentation; smaller amounts of pyruvate, formate, and propionate are formed. Oxidase positive.
Catalase negative
. Small amounts of
indole
are formed.
Nitrates are not reduced
. No growth occurs on MacConkey agar. Urease negative. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) negative. Occur in nasal flora of humans; isolated from the blood of humans with bacterial endocarditis.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59–60.

Type species
:
Cardiobacterium hominis
Slotnick and Dougherty 1964, 271.
Allochromatium
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Al' lo.chro.ma' ti.um
. Gr. adj.
allos
the other;
Chromatium
a genus name; M.L. neut. n.
Allochromatium
the other
Chromatium
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Allochromatium

Cells straight to slightly curved rods
, single or in pairs, multiply by binary fission,
motile by polar flagella
, Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain internal
photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
in which the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids are located.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 55.1–66.3.

Type species
:
Allochromatium vinosum
(Ehrenberg 1838) Imhoff, Süling and Petri 1998b, 1141 (
Chromatium vinosum
(Ehrenberg 1838) Winogradsky 1888, 99;
Monas vinosa
Ehrenberg 1838, 11.)
Lamprocystis
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Lam' pro.cys' tis
. Gr. adj.
lampros
bright, brilliant; Gr. n.
cystis
the bladder, a bag; M.L. fem. n.
Lamprocystis
brilliant bag.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Lamprocystis

Cells spherical to ovoid
, 1.9–3.8 µm in diameter, diplococcusshaped before cell division and may occur in irregular aggregates, multiply by binary fission,
nonmotile or motile by means of a single flagellum, form gas vesicles
in central part. Gram negative and belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
. At high sulfide concentration (4–6 mM) and light intensity (1000–2000 lux), cells may grow as long, branching cell aggregates embedded in slime. Under favorable growth conditions, cell aggregates may break up into smaller clusters and spheroidal microcolonies, which become motile by flagella; finally, individual motile cells are liberated. Internal
photosynthetic membranes are of vesicular type
and contain the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63.4–64.1.

Type species
:
Lamprocystis roseopersicina
(Kützing 1849) Schroeter 1886, 151 (
Protococcus roseopersicinus
Kützing 1849,196.)
Nitrosococcus
Authors: Koops Hans‐Peter , Pommerening‐Röser Andreas
Published: August 2015

Ni.tro.so.coc' cus.
M.L. adj.
nitrosus
nitrous;
coccus
a grain, berry; M.L. masc. n.
Nitrosococcus
nitrous sphere.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Nitrosococcus

Cells are spherical to ellipsoidal
(Figure 1). Typical Gram‐negative cell wall, but
some strains have additional layers composed of repeating subunits arranged in a molecular array
(Watson and Remsen, 1969, 1970).
Extensive intracytoplasmic membrane systems arranged centrally in the protoplasm
(Figure 1). Carboxysomes not observed.
Obligate salt requirement. Urea
can be used as ammonia source by one of the two described species. Motile cells possess
a tuft of flagella or a single flagellum
. Species are
distributed in oceans and in salt lakes
.

Type species
:
Nitrosococcus nitrosus
(Migula 1900) Buchanan 1925, 402 (Nom. Cons. Opin. 23 Jud. Comm. 1958b, 169) (
Micrococcus nitrosus
Migula 1900, 194.)
Thiocapsa
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Caumette Pierre
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.cap' sa. Gr. n.thiossulfur; L. n.capsabox; M.L. fem. n.Thiocapsasulfur box.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thiocapsa

Cells spherical, 1.0–3.0 µm in diameter, diplococci before multiplication by binary fission,nonmotile. Tetrads may be formed after consecutive division in two perpendicular planes. Individual cells surrounded by a strong slime capsule and may contain gas vesicles. Gram negative, belong to theGammaproteobacteria, and have internalphotosynthetic membranes of vesicular typecontaining the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyllaand carotenoids.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 63.3–66.3.

Type species:Thiocapsa roseopersicinaWinogradsky 1888, 84.
Thiopedia
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.pe' di.a
. G. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. n.
pedium
a plain, a flat area; M.L. fem. n.
Thiopedia
sulfur plain.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thiopedia

Cells spherical to ovoid, nonmotile
, and multiply by binary fission. Rectangular platelets formed with 4, 8, 16, 32, or more regularly arranged cells (up to 128 or 256 cells may stick together). Gram negative,
contain irregularly shaped gas vesicles in the central part of the cell and internal photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
with bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids as photosynthetic pigments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62.5–63.5.

Type species
:
Thiopedia rosea
Winogradsky 1988, 85.
Arhodomonas
Authors: Tanner Ralph S. , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

A.rho.do.mo' nas
. Gr. pref. a not; Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose, also the color or odor of the rose; Gr. n.
monas
lonely, alone; M.L. n.
Arhodomonas
the
monas
that is not rose colored.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Ectothiorhodospiraceae / Arhodomonas

Cells are
rods that occur singly or in pairs, are motile by means of flagella
, and multiply by binary fission. Gram negative. Members of the
Ectothiorhodospiraceae
of the
Gammaproteobacteria
.
Gas vesicles and endospores are not formed
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Arhodomonas aquaeolei
Adkins, Madigan, Mandelco, Woese and Tanner 1993, 518.
Thiorhodospira
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Gorlenko Vladimir M.
Published: August 2015

Thi' o.rho' do.spi' ra
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; Gr. n.
spira
spiral; M.L. fem. n.
Thiorhodospira
the spiral rose with sulfur.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Ectothiorhodospiraceae / Thiorhodospira

Cells vibrioid or spiral‐shaped, motile by means of a monopolar flagellar tuft
, multiplies by binary fission. Gram‐negative and belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
. Internal photosynthetic membranes are parallel lamellae piercing the cytoplasm lengthwise or underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.

Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 56.0–57.4 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Thiorhodospira sibirica
Bryantseva, Gorlenko, Kompantseva, Imhoff, Süling and Mityushina 1999b, 700.
Alterococcus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Al.te.ro.coc' cus
. L.
alter
another; Gr. n.
coccus
a grain or berry; M.L. masc. n.
Alterococcus
another coccus.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Alterococcus

Spherical cells 0.8–0.9 μm in diameter
, occurring singly or in pairs.
Motile by means of a single flagellum
. Gram negative.
Facultatively anaerobic
, capable of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation. Chemoheterotrophic.
Oxidase and catalase positive
. Optimum temperature for growth, 45°C. No growth occurs at 30°C or 60°C.
Halophilic
; growth occurs in the presence of 1–3% NaCl (optimum, 2.0%), but not 0% or 5% NaCl. The major cellular fatty acid is
anteiso
‐15‐carbon acid (C
15:0 anteiso
). Cause agar liquefaction. Habitat: coastal hot springs.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.5–67.0.

Type species
:
Alterococcus agarolyticus
Shieh and Jean 1999, 341 (Effective publication: Shieh and Jean 1998, 644)
Calymmatobacterium
Authors: Brownell George H.
Published: August 2015

Ca.lym.ma.to.bac.te' ri.um. Gr. n.calymmamantle, sheath; Gr. dim. neut. n.bakteriona small rod; M.L. neut. n.Calymmatobacteriumthe sheathed rodlet.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Calymmatobacterium

Pleomorphic rods, 0.5–1.5 × 1.0–2.0 μm, with rounded ends. Occur singly or in clusters.The cells exhibit single or bipolar condensation of chromatin. Capsules are present. Gram negative. Nonmotile. The exudate from infected tissues, when stained by Wright's stain or by Giemsa stain, demonstratescharacteristic intracellular organisms in the cytoplasm of large mononuclear phagocytes(“Donovan bodies”). Can be cultivatedin vivoin the yolk sac of embryonated chicken eggs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and human epithelial (HEp‐2) monolayers, orin vitroon special egg yolk‐containing media; has not been reproducibly cultivated in bacteriologic media. Optimum growth temperature, 37°C. Pathogenic for humans, causingDonovanosis(granuloma inguinale).

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: not known.

Type species:Calymmatobacterium granulomatisAragão and Vianna 1913, 221.
Ewingella
Authors: O'Hara Caroline M. , Farmer J.J.
Published: August 2015

Ewing.el' la
. M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella
; M.L. fem. n.
Ewingella
named to honor William H. Ewing an American bacteriologist who made many contributions to the nomenclature and classification of the families
Enterobacteriaceae
and
Vibrionaceae
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Ewingella

Small rod‐shaped cells, 0.6–0.7 × 1–1.8 µm, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Contains the enterobacterial common antigen. Motile by 3–10 peritrichous flagella. Facultatively anaerobic. Gram negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive.
Some strains grow faster and are more active biochemically at 25°C than 36°C. Positive reactions for methyl red, Voges–Proskauer, citrate utilization
(
Simmons
),

ONPG test, nitrate reduction to nitrite, and acid production from
D
‐glucose

,

d

‐
mannitol, salicin, trehalose
,

d

‐
arabitol
,

d

‐

mannose, and
D
‐galactose

. Utilize 35 of 156 carbon sources. Negative reactions for indole production, H
2
S production (TSI), urea hydrolysis, phenylalanine deaminase, lysine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase, gelatin hydrolysis (22°C), growth in KCN, malonate utilization, acetate utilization, lipase (corn oil), DNase production, pigment production, and fermentation of sucrose, dulcitol, adonitol,
myo
‐inositol,
D
‐sorbitol,
L
‐arabinose, raffinose, maltose,
D
‐xylose, cellobiose, α‐methyl‐
D
‐glucoside, erythritol, melibiose, and mucate. No visible gas is produced during fermentation. Susceptible to colistin, nalidixic acid, sulfadiazine (most strains), gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and carbenicillin (disk diffusion method on Mueller‐Hinton agar);
resistant to penicillin and cephalothin
; variable susceptibility to ampicillin.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53.6–55.2.

Type species
:
Ewingella americana
Grimont, Farmer, Grimont, Asbury, Brenner and Deval 1984a, 91 (Effective publication: Grimont, Farmer, Grimont, Asbury, Brenner and Deval 1983a, 41.)
Klebsiella
Authors: Grimont Patrick A.D. , Grimont Francine
Published: August 2015

Kleb.si.el' la
. M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella;
M.L. fem. n.
Klebsiella
named after Edwin Klebs (1834–1913), a German bacteriologist.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Klebsiella

Straight rods, 0.3–1.0 × 0.6–6.0 μm
, arranged singly, in pairs or short chains; often surrounded by a
capsule
. Conform to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Gram negative.
Nonmotile
(except
K
.
mobilis
). Facultatively anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Grow on meat extract media (except
K
.
granulomatis
, which has not been cultured), producing more or less dome‐shaped, glistening colonies of varying degrees of stickiness depending on the strain and the composition of the medium.
Oxidase negative
. Glucose is fermented with the production of acid and gas (more CO
2
is produced than H
2
), but anaerogenic strains occur. Most strains produce 2,3‐butanediol as a major end product of glucose fermentation. The
Voges–Proskauer test is usually positive
. Lactic, acetic, and formic acids are formed in smaller amounts and ethanol in larger amounts than in a mixed acid fermentation. All strains utilize
L
‐arabinose,
D
‐arabitol,
D
‐cellobiose, citrate,
D
‐fructose,
D
‐galactose,
D
‐glucose, 2‐ketogluconate, maltose,
D
‐mannitol,
D
‐melibiose,
D
‐raffinose,
D
‐trehalose, and
D
‐xylose as sole carbon sources. With the exception of some
K
.
pneumoniae
subsp.
ozaenae
strains, all
Klebsiella
strains

utilize
myo
‐inositol

,

l

‐
rhamnose, and sucrose as sole carbon sources
. With the exception of some
K
.
pneumoniae
subsp.
ozaenae
and
K
.
pneumoniae
subsp.
rhinoscleromatis
strains, all strains utilize lactose and
D
‐sorbitol as sole carbon sources. No strain utilizes betaine, caprate, caprylate, glutarate, itaconate, 3‐phenylpropionate, and propionate. H
2
S is not produced, β‐glucuronides are not hydrolyzed, and
L
‐tryptophan and
L
‐histidine are not deaminated. Ornithine is not decarboxylated by klebsiellae strains except
K
.
mobilis, K
.
ornithinolytica
, and rare strains of
K
.
pneumoniae
. Most strains hydrolyze urea and β‐galactosides. Some strains fix nitrogen. Occur in intestinal contents, clinical specimens from humans and animals (e.g., horses, swine, monkeys), soil, water, or on plants.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53–58.

Type species
:
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(Schroeter 1886) Trevisan 1887, 94 (
Hyalococcus pneumoniae
Schroeter 1886, 1952.)
Leminorella
Authors: Farmer J.J. , Brenner Frances W.
Published: August 2015

Le.mi.no.rel' la
. M.L. dim. ‐
ella
ending; M.L. fem. n.
Leminorella
named to honor Leon Le Minor, a French microbiologist, for his many contributions to enteric bacteriology including the nomenclature, classification, and serotyping of
Salmonella
; lysogeny; metabolic plasmids; and new and rapid biochemical tests. The name also honors Simone Le Minor, who also made many contributions to enteric bacteriology as head of the National
Salmonella
Centre of France and for her research on
Serratia
serotyping.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Leminorella

Small rod‐shaped cells, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Gram‐negative.
Nonmotile at 36°C and 25°C
. Contain the enterobacterial common antigen. Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase positive (strong and rapid). Oxidase negative. Nonpigmented. Ferment, rather than oxidize,
D
‐glucose. Reduce nitrate to nitrite.

Inactive biochemically. Positive for H
2
S production

(
TSI and PIA
),

tyrosine hydrolysis, and fermentation of
L
‐arabinose

,

d

‐

xylose, and
L
‐tartrate

. Negative for indole production, Voges–Proskauer, urea hydrolysis, phenylalanine deaminase, lysine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase, growth in the presence of cyanide (KCN test), malonate utilization, esculin hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis (22°C), lipase (corn oil), DNase, and the fermentation of lactose, sucrose,
D
‐mannitol, salicin, adonitol,
myo
‐inositol,
D
‐sorbitol, raffinose,
L
‐rhamnose, maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, α‐methyl‐
D
‐glucoside, erythritol, melibiose,
D
‐arabitol, glycerol,
D
‐mannose, and
D
‐galactose. Susceptible to colistin, nalidixic acid, sulfadiazine, gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol;
resistant to streptomycin, penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin
(disk diffusion method on Mueller‐Hinton agar).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: not reported.

Type species
:
Leminorella grimontii
Hickman‐Brenner, Vohra, Huntley‐Carter, Fanning, Lowery, Brenner and Farmer 1985c, 375 (Effective publication: Hickman‐Brenner, Vohra, Huntley‐Carter, Fanning, Lowery, Brenner and Farmer 1985b, 235.)
Moellerella
Authors: Farmer J.J. , Brenner Frances W.
Published: August 2015

Moe.ller.el' la
. M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella
; M.L. fem. n.
Moellerella
named to honor Vagn Møller for his contributions to enteric bacteriology, especially for Moeller media for the determination of lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and arginine dihydrolase, that are widely used for the identification of
Enterobacteriaceae
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Moellerella

Small rod‐shaped cells, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Contain the enterobacterial common antigen. Gram negative. Nonmotile. Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase positive. Oxidase negative. Nonpigmented. Ferment, rather than oxidize,
D
‐glucose and other carbohydrates. Reduce nitrate to nitrite.
Positive for methyl red, citrate utilization
(
Simmons
),
ONPG, and the fermentation of lactose, sucrose, adonitol, raffinose, melibiose
,

d

‐
arabitol
,

d

‐

mannose, and
D
‐galactose

. Negative for indole production, Voges–Proskauer, H
2
S production (TSI), urea hydrolysis, phenylalanine deaminase, lysine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase, motility at 36°C, malonate utilization, esculin hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis (22°C), lipase (corn oil), and DNase, and the fermentation of dulcitol, salicin,
myo
‐inositol,
D
‐sorbitol,
L
‐arabinose,
L
‐rhamnose,
D
‐xylose, trehalose, cellobiose, α‐methyl‐
D
‐glucoside, erythritol, glycerol, and mucate. No visible gas produced during fermentation.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: not determined.

Type species
:
Moellerella wisconsensis
Hickman‐Brenner, Huntley‐Carter, Saitoh, Steigerwalt, Farmer and Brenner 1984c, 355 (Effective publication: Hickman‐Brenner, Huntley‐Carter, Saitoh, Steigerwalt, Farmer and Brenner 1984a, 462.)