bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avoiding Signature Avoidance in ML Modules with Zippers
Authors: Blaudeau Clément , Rémy Didier , Radanne Gabriel
Published: January 2025

We present ZipML, a new path-based type system for a fully fledged ML-module language that avoids the signature avoidance problem. This is achieved by introducing floating fields, which act as additional fields of a signature, invisible to the user but still accessible to the typechecker. In practice, they are handled as zippers on signatures, and can be seen as a lightweight extension of existing signatures. Floating fields allow to delay the resolution of instances of the signature avoidance problem as long as possible or desired. Since they do not exist at runtime, they can be simplified along type equivalence, and dropped once they became unreachable. We give four rules for the simplification of floating fields without loss of type-sharing and present an algorithm that implements those rules. Remaining floating fields may fully disappear at signature ascription, especially in the presence of toplevel interfaces. Residual unavoidable floating fields can be shown to the user as a last resort, improving the quality of error messages. Besides, ZipML implements early and lazy strengthening, as well as lazy inlining of definitions, preventing duplication of signatures inside the typechecker. The correctness of the type system is proved by elaboration into M𝜔 , which has itself been proved sound by translation to F𝜔. ZipML has been designed to be an improvement over OCaml that could be retrofitted into the existing implementation.
Generically Automating Separation Logic by Functors, Homomorphisms, and Modules
Authors: Xu Qiyuan , Sanan David , Hou Zhe , Luan Xiaokun , Watt Conrad , Liu Yang
Published: January 2025

Foundational verification considers the functional correctness of programming languages with formalized semantics and uses proof assistants (e.g., Coq, Isabelle) to certify proofs. The need for verifying complex programs compels it to involve expressive Separation Logics (SLs) that exceed the scopes of well-studied automated proof theories, e.g., symbolic heap. Consequently, automation of SL in foundational verification relies heavily on ad-hoc heuristics that lack a systematic meta-theory and face scalability issues. To mitigate the gap, we propose a theory to specify SL predicates using abstract algebras including functors, homomorphisms, and modules over rings. Based on this theory, we develop a generic SL automation algorithm to reason about any data structures that can be characterized by these algebras. In addition, we also present algorithms for automatically instantiating the algebraic models to real data structures. The instantiation works compositionally, reusing the algebraic models of component structures and preserving their data abstractions. Case studies on formalized imperative semantics show our algorithm can instantiate the algebraic models automatically for a variety of complex data structures. Experimental results indicate the automatically instantiated reasoners from our generic theory show similar results to the state-of-the-art systems made of specifically crafted reasoning rules. The presented theories, proofs, and the verification framework are formalized in Isabelle/HOL.
A Primal-Dual Perspective on Program Verification Algorithms
Authors: Tsukada Takeshi , Unno Hiroshi , Padon Oded , Shoham Sharon
Published: January 2025

Many algorithms in verification and automated reasoning leverage some form of duality between proofs and refutations or counterexamples. In most cases, duality is only used as an intuition that helps in understanding the algorithms and is not formalized. In other cases, duality is used explicitly, but in a specially tailored way that does not generalize to other problems.

In this paper we propose a unified primal-dual framework for designing verification algorithms that leverage duality. To that end, we generalize the concept of a Lagrangian that is commonly used in linear programming and optimization to capture the domains considered in verification problems, which are usually discrete, e.g., powersets of states, predicates, ranking functions, etc. A Lagrangian then induces a primal problem and a dual problem. We devise an abstract primal-dual procedure that simultaneously searches for a primal solution and a dual solution, where the two searches guide each other. We provide sufficient conditions that ensure that the procedure makes progress under certain monotonicity assumptions on the Lagrangian.

We show that many existing algorithms in program analysis, verification, and automated reasoning can be derived from our algorithmic framework with a suitable choice of Lagrangian. The Lagrangian-based formulation sheds new light on various characteristics of these algorithms, such as the ingredients they use to ensure monotonicity and guarantee progress. We further use our framework to develop a new validity checking algorithm for fixpoint logic over quantified linear arithmetic. Our prototype achieves promising results and in some cases solves instances that are not solved by state-of-the-art techniques.
Automated Program Refinement: Guide and Verify Code Large Language Model with Refinement Calculus
Authors: Cai Yufan , Hou Zhe , Sanan David , Luan Xiaokun , Lin Yun , Sun Jun , Dong Jin Song
Published: January 2025

Recently, the rise of code-centric Large Language Models (LLMs) has reshaped the software engineering world with low-barrier tools like Copilot that can easily generate code. However, there is no correctness guarantee for the code generated by LLMs, which suffer from the hallucination problem, and their output is fraught with risks. Besides, the end-to-end process from specification to code through LLMs is a non-transparent and uncontrolled black box. This opacity makes it difficult for users to understand and trust the generated code. Addressing these challenges is both necessary and critical. In contrast, program refinement transforms high-level specification statements into executable code while preserving correctness. Traditional tools for program refinement are primarily designed for formal methods experts and lack automation and extensibility. We apply program refinement to guide LLM and validate the LLM-generated code while transforming refinement into a more accessible and flexible framework.

To initiate this vision, we propose Refine4LLM, an approach that aims to:

(1) Formally refine the specifications,

(2) Automatically prompt and guide the LLM using refinement calculus,

(3) Interact with the LLM to generate the code,

(4) Verify that the generated code satisfies the constraints, thus guaranteeing its correctness,

(5) Learn and build more advanced refinement laws to extend the refinement calculus.

We evaluated Refine4LLM against the state-of-the-art baselines on program refinement and LLMs benchmarks.The experiment results show that Refine4LLM can efficiently generate more robust code and reduce the time for refinement and verification.
Grove: A Bidirectionally Typed Collaborative Structure Editor Calculus
Authors: Adams Michael D. , Griffis Eric , Porter Thomas J. , Satish Sundara Vishnu , Zhao Eric , Omar Cyrus
Published: January 2025

Version control systems typically rely on a
patch language
, heuristic
patch synthesis algorithms
like diff, and
three-way merge algorithms
. Standard patch languages and merge algorithms often fail to identify conflicts correctly when there are multiple edits to one line of code or code is relocated. This paper introduces Grove, a collaborative structure editor calculus that eliminates patch synthesis and three-way merge algorithms entirely. Instead, patches are derived directly from the log of the developer’s edit actions and all edits commute, i.e. the repository state forms a commutative replicated data type (CmRDT). To handle conflicts that can arise due to code relocation, the core datatype in Grove is a labeled directed multi-graph with uniquely identified vertices and edges. All edits amount to edge insertion and deletion, with deletion being permanent. To support tree-based editing, we define a decomposition from graphs into
groves
, which are a set of syntax trees with conflicts—including local, relocation, and unicyclic relocation conflicts—represented explicitly using holes and references between trees. Finally, we define a type error localization system for groves that enjoys a
totality
property, i.e. all editor states in Grove are statically meaningful, so developers can use standard editor services while working to resolve these explicitly represented conflicts. The static semantics is defined as a bidirectional marking system in line with recent work, with gradual typing employed to handle situations where errors and conflicts prevent type determination. We then layer on a unification-based type inference system to opportunistically fill type holes and fail gracefully when no solution exists. We mechanize the metatheory of Grove using the Agda theorem prover. We implement these ideas as the
Grove Workbench
, which generates the necessary data structures and algorithms in OCaml given a syntax tree specification.
Biparsers: Exact Printing for Data Synchronisation
Authors: Xie Ruifeng , Schrijvers Tom , Hu Zhenjiang
Published: January 2025

Parsers and printers are vital for data synchronisation between different serialisation formats. As they are tightly related, much research has been devoted to showing that both can be derived from a single definition. It, however, turns out to be challenging to extend this work with exact-printing, which recovers the original source text for the parsed data. In this paper, we propose a new approach to tackling the challenge that considers a parser-printer pair as a mechanism to synchronize the input text string with the data, and formalizes them as a bidirectional program (lens). We propose the first biparser framework to support exact-printing with non-injective parsers, provide a library of combinators for common patterns, and demonstrate its usefulness with biparsers for subsets of JSON and YAML.
All Your Base Are Belong to Us: Sort Polymorphism for Proof Assistants
Authors: Poiret Josselin , Gilbert Gaëtan , Maillard Kenji , Pédrot Pierre-Marie , Sozeau Matthieu , Tabareau Nicolas , Tanter Éric
Published: January 2025

Proof assistants based on dependent type theory, such as Coq, Lean and Agda, use different universes to classify types, typically combining a predicative hierarchy of universes for computationally-relevant types, and an impredicative universe of proof-irrelevant propositions. In general, a universe is characterized by its sort, such as Type or Prop, and its level, in the case of a predicative sort. Recent research has also highlighted the potential of introducing more sorts in the type theory of the proof assistant as a structuring means to address the coexistence of different logical or computational principles, such as univalence, exceptions, or definitional proof irrelevance. This diversity raises concrete and subtle issues from both theoretical and practical perspectives. In particular, in order to avoid duplicating definitions to inhabit all (combinations of) universes, some sort of polymorphism is needed. Universe level polymorphism is well-known and effective to deal with hierarchies, but the handling of polymorphism between sorts is currently ad hoc and limited in all major proof assistants, hampering reuse and extensibility.

This work develops sort polymorphism and its metatheory, studying in particular monomorphization, large elimination, and parametricity.

We implement sort polymorphism in Coq and present examples from a new sort-polymorphic prelude of basic definitions and automation.

Sort polymorphism is a natural solution that effectively addresses the limitations of current approaches and prepares the ground for future multi-sorted type theories.
Algebraic Temporal Effects: Temporal Verification of Recursively Typed Higher-Order Programs
Authors: Sekiyama Taro , Unno Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

We present a general form of temporal effects for recursive types. Temporal effects have been adopted by effect systems to verify both linear-time temporal safety and liveness properties of higher-order programs with recursive functions. A challenge in a generalization to recursive types is that recursive types can easily cause unstructured loops, which obscure the regularity of the infinite behavior of computation and make it harder to statically verify liveness properties. To solve this problem, we introduce temporal effects with a later modality, which enable us to capture the behavior of non-terminating programs by stratifying obscure loops caused by recursive types. While temporal effects in the prior work are based on certain concrete formal forms, such as logical formulas and automata-based lattices, our temporal effects, which we call algebraic temporal effects, are more abstract, axiomatizing temporal effects in an algebraic manner and clarifying the requirements for temporal effects that can reason about programs soundly. We formulate algebraic temporal effects, formalize an effect system built on top of them, and prove two kinds of soundness of the effect system: safety and liveness soundness. We also introduce two instances of algebraic temporal effects: one is temporal regular effects, which are based on ω-regular expressions, and the other is temporal fixpoint effects, which are based on a first-order fixpoint logic. Their usefulness is demonstrated via examples including concurrent and object-oriented programs.
A Machine Learning Approach to Resolving Conflicts in Physical Human–Robot Interaction
Authors: Dincer Enes Ulas , Al-Saadi Zaid , Hamad Yahya M. , Aydin Yusuf , Kucukyilmaz Ayse , Basdogan Cagatay
Published: January 2025

As artificial intelligence techniques become more sophisticated, we anticipate that robots collaborating with humans will develop their own intentions, leading to potential conflicts in interaction. This development calls for advanced conflict resolution strategies in physical human–robot interaction (pHRI), a key focus of our research. We use a machine learning (ML) classifier to detect conflicts during co-manipulation tasks to adapt the robot’s behavior accordingly using an admittance controller. In our approach, we focus on two groups of interactions, namely “harmonious” and “conflicting,” corresponding respectively to the cases of the human and the robot working in harmony to transport an object when they aim for the same target, and human and robot are in conflict when human changes the manipulation plan, e.g. due to a change in the direction of movement or parking location of the object.

Co-manipulation scenarios were designed to investigate the efficacy of the proposed ML approach, involving 20 participants. Task performance achieved by the ML approach was compared against three alternative approaches: (a) a rule-based (RB) Approach, where interaction behaviors were rule-derived from statistical distributions of haptic features; (b) an unyielding robot that is proactive during harmonious interactions but does not resolve conflicts otherwise, and (c) a passive robot which always follows the human partner. This mode of cooperation is known as “hand guidance” in pHRI literature and is frequently used in industrial settings for so-called “teaching” a trajectory to a collaborative robot.

The results show that the proposed ML approach is superior to the others in task performance. However, a detailed questionnaire administered after the experiments, which contains several metrics, covering a spectrum of dimensions to measure the subjective opinion of the participants, reveals that the most preferred mode of interaction with the robot is surprisingly passive. This preference indicates a strong inclination toward an interaction mode that gives more control to humans and offers less demanding interaction, even if it is not the most efficient in task performance. Hence, there is a clear trade-off between task performance and the preferred mode of interaction of humans with a robot, and a well-balanced approach is necessary for designing effective pHRI systems in the future.
Multi-Row Guiding Template Design for Lamellar Directed Self-Assembly with Self-Aligned Via Process
Authors: Lin Yi-Ting , Fan Kang-Ting , Jiang Iris Hui-Ru
Published: January 2025

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers can generate tiny and dense layout features, holding great potential for patterning vias and contacts at advanced nodes. Existing studies mainly focused on guiding template design for cylindrical DSA, but by leveraging self-aligned via process, lamellar DSA can form vias to be immune to placement errors and free of a uniform pitch between vias, which cylindrical DSA suffers from. The state-of-the-art guiding template design for lamellar DSA can handle only single-row templates, thus limiting the flexibility of via grouping. Therefore, in this article, we explore further and propose a novel and general multi-row guiding template design approach. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art work on both mask conflicts and short guiding templates, and requires much less computation time.
Evaluating Adaptive Video Streaming over Multipath QUIC with Shared Bottleneck Detection
Authors: Kimura Bruno , Ferlin Simone , Paiva Thomas , Mahmoodi Toktam , Brunstrom Anna , Alay Ozgu
Published: January 2025

The promises of multipath transport are to aggregate bandwidth, improve resource utilization, and enhance reliability. In this paper, we demonstrate that the way multipath coupled congestion control is defined today leads to a suboptimal resource utilisation when network paths are disjoint, i.e., they do not share a bottleneck link. With growing interest in standardising Multipath QUIC (MPQUIC), we have implemented the practical shared bottleneck detection (SBD) algorithm from 
RFC8382
in MPQUIC (MPQUIC-SBD). Through extensive experiments, we evaluate MPQUIC-SBD in the context of video streaming with various Adaptive Bitrate (ABR) algorithms, addressing both ABR classes of rule-based and learning-based solutions. We demonstrate that MPQUIC-SBD accurately detects shared bottlenecks over 90% of the time, depending on the ABR algorithm, as the size of the video segments increases. In non-shared bottleneck scenarios, when MPQUIC-SBD detects that its QUIC subflows do not share the same network resources, it decouples their congestion windows accordingly, enabling video throughput gains of up to 37% compared to MPQUIC. These gains translate directly into improved video quality metrics, including higher bitrate, better resolution, and reduced buffering, resulting in an enhanced quality of experience for users.
A Multimodal Hierarchical Attentional Ordering Network
Authors: Yang Yiping , Cui Baiyun , Li Yingming
Published: January 2025

Sequence coherence modeling refers to how to coherently organize a given set of elements within a sequence, which is a fundamental aspect in comprehension, generation, and reasoning tasks. Although making great progress, existing deep neural network-based ordering approaches suffer from critical limitations: (1) Most of the previous coherence modeling approaches focus on the ordering of pure text sequences, while real-world data are often expressed in multimodal form; (2) The pairwise ranking method, widely used for ordering single/multimodal sequences, faces challenges in effectively modeling overall contextual relationships; (3) The redundancy problem would exist in multimodal ordering and can influence the encoding performance, which has been ignored when performing ordering. In this article, we propose a novel Multimodal Hierarchical Attentional Ordering Network (referred to as MHAONet) for multimodal sequence ordering, which effectively captures the required global dependencies in multimodal sequences to enhance the coherence modeling. In particular, a multimodal encoder is introduced to encode the whole sequence for fully exploiting global contexts, where a multimodal selectively visible mask module is elaborately designed for controlled information transmission between different modalities. This enables the model to capture multimodal semantic and contextual information across the sequence. Further, the token-level and paragraph-level hierarchical attention layers are employed to encourage the model to concentrate on features of different granularities. In addition, a transformer-based pointer network is used for performing order prediction. Comprehensive experiments and analysis on benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed model.
TelecomRAG: Taming Telecom Standards with Retrieval Augmented Generation and LLMs
Authors: Yilma Girma M. , Ayala-Romero Jose A. , Garcia-Saavedra Andres , Costa-Perez Xavier
Published: January 2025

Large Language Models (LLMs) have immense potential to transform the telecommunications industry. They could help professionals understand complex standards, generate code, and accelerate development. However, traditional LLMs struggle with the precision and source verification essential for telecom work. To address this, specialized LLM-based solutions tailored to telecommunication standards are needed. This
Editorial Note
showcases how Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) can offer a way to create precise, factual answers. In particular, we show how to build a Telecommunication Standards Assistant that provides accurate, detailed, and verifiable responses. We show a usage example of this framework using 3GPP Release 16 and Release 18 specification documents. We believe that the application of RAG can bring significant value to the telecommunications field.
Electrochemical Investigation of Ethinylestradiol Using a Novel Lawsone – Based Electrode
Authors: Smajdor Joanna , Kochana Jolanta
Published: January 2025

A new, simple voltametric method of ethinylestradiol (EE) determination is presented. Ethinylestradiol is an estrogenic compound widely used for women hormonal therapy. EE is characterized by an extremely high physiological activity, and, primarily because of this property, is an object of numerous studies considering its influence on people and environment. In order to obtain high repeatability of measurements and low detection limits, the working electrode made of glassy carbon was modified with the modification layer consisted of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and mesoporous carbon (LAW-MC/GC). The electrochemical behaviour of EE on the LAW-MC/GC electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. By using the differential pulse voltammetry, the linear response for analyte was obtained in the concentration range from 0.02 mg ml−1 to 1.5 mg ml−1, with a detection limit of 0.009 mg ml−1 for preconcentration time of 60 s. Repeatability of the method was measured and determined as RSD % for EE concentration of 0.05 mg ml−1 as 3.6%. The proposed method was successfully applied and validated by studying the recovery of ethinylestradiol in commercially available combined oral contraceptive pills, human fluids samples and certified reference materials.
Review—Challenges and Innovations in Nano-Computing and Reliable Interconnect Technologies
Authors: Gupta Shilpa
Published: January 2025

Over the past few years, nano-technology innovations have made inroads into a wide array of industries, such as electronics, healthcare, and energy, helped by rapid developments in this field. A key part of enabling these innovations is the production of robust interconnects that can enable the integration and communication of nano-scale computing and technology. This paper provides a comprehensive study on nano-interconnect and nano-computing, considering its importance in nano-scale applications, which is critical to the performance, energy, and scalability of nano-sized devices. The research also identifies key concerns which must be overcome to accommodate their use in several technologies, like striving to conserve electricity integrity at the nano-scale, controlling thermal effects, providing mechanical stability, and reducing fabricational complexities. The balance between reliability and application-specific behavior demonstrates the need for interdisciplinary solutions to address the bottlenecks preventing the development of the next era of high-performance, robust, and efficient nano-systems. This review attempts to highlight the necessity of reliable interconnects and nano-computing systems among researchers and to attract further work on the vast obstacles that comes in their path of development.
L‐Carnitine Improves Muscle Nutrient Metabolism and Intestinal Health in High‐Fat‐Fed Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Cao Xianglin , Yuan Rongjie , Guo Yi , Jia Mengtao , Wei Yinyin , zhou Jiameng , Cui Han , Li Baohua , Chen Jianjun
Published: January 2025

L‐Carnitine is widely recognized for its involvement in lipid metabolism, but its effects on muscle quality and gut health in carp have not been well studied. The research aimed to investigate how L‐carnitine influences muscle quality and intestinal health in high‐fat‐fed carp. The study was separated into four groups that received either the standard diet, a high‐fat diet (HFD), or a HFD supplemented with 500 mg/kg L‐carnitine (LLC), or a HFD supplemented with 1000 mg/kg L‐carnitine (HLC) for 56 days. L‐Carnitine was found to significantly reduce blood lipid levels. In addition, L‐carnitine increased the crude protein content and decreased the crude fat content of high‐fat‐fed carp muscle while improving muscle fiber morphology and muscle quality. L‐Carnitine increased the expression of genes related to intestinal tight junction proteins (claudin-2, occludin, and zo-1), improved the expression of genes related to intestinal inflammation, and enhanced the physical barrier function and organization of the intestine. Analysis of intestinal flora and intestinal metabolites showed that L‐carnitine increased the diversity of the intestinal flora, increased the abundance of Cetobacterium, and influenced intestinal levels of bile acids, arachidonic acid, and tryptophan‐related metabolites. In conclusion, supplementation with 1000 mg/kg L‐carnitine improved muscle quality and intestinal health significantly in high‐fat‐fed carp by regulating muscle nutrient metabolism and intestinal flora.
Monkeypox Virus Outbreak 2022: Assessment of Knowledge Among Healthcare Workers in Two Countries—India and Saudi Arabia
Authors: Naik Sachin , Vellappally Sajith , Al Kheraif Abdulaziz Abdullah , Alsarani Majed M. , Basavarajappa Santhosh , Alhassoun Raghad Khalid , Hashem Mohamed , Fouad Hassan , Saleem Murtaza , M Asiri Faisal Ali , Mohammed Awaiyer Meshal Saeed
Published: January 2025

Background: Healthcare workers play a crucial role in limiting the spread of the monkeypox virus. Studies show that healthcare worker’s (HCWs) understanding and communication about preventing infectious diseases can inspire various groups of individuals.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the knowledge of HCWs in India and Saudi Arabia regarding monkeypox virus infection.

Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among HCWs in India and Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was developed using information from the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention websites. The validation of the questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87) was conducted for data collection. The mean scores between different demographic groups were compared using Student’s t‐test and one‐way ANOVA.

Results: A total of 848 participants responded to the questionnaire (India = 424 and Saudi Arabia = 424). The average knowledge score in India was 12.59 ± 2.49, and in Saudi Arabia, it was 13.25 ± 2.99 out of 20. The percentage of participants with good knowledge about monkeypox was 22.2% in India and 36.1% in Saudi Arabia. Participants with poor knowledge about monkeypox constituted 11% in India and 12% in Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion: HCWs in both countries had moderate to poor knowledge about the monkeypox outbreak. This might be because monkeypox is not prevalent in these countries. More education is needed to improve HCWs knowledge about monkeypox infection.
Species Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation Challenges of Wild Mammals of Besmena‐Odubulu‐Controlled Hunting Area, Southeastern Ethiopia
Authors: Worku Dejene , Haji Feto , Dida Getu
Published: January 2025

Even though Ethiopia is among few African countries with high faunal species diversity, the recorded mammalian resource data are very low. Hence, compiling the baseline data on current wildlife ecological issues and conservation threats to wildlife’s in their respective area are crucial for better wildlife conservation and management purpose. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the current diversity, distribution, and conservation threats to wildlife of the Besmena‐Odubulu‐controlled hunting area between 2019 and 2020 during both dry and wet seasons. To achieve this objective, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The primary data were collected from focus group discussion and field survey of 30 representative random sampling of line transects. A sample of 40 household heads was purposively selected from the purposively selected four kebeles (Besmena, Wajitu‐Shabe, Wolta’i wocho, and Awash‐Kolati villages) for FGD. Similarly, for the field survey, the total area of the study was classified into four smaller sample units (montane forest habitat, woodland habitat, riverine habitat, and bamboo habitat) in such a way that each of the sample areas represents the major habitats of the study area. Descriptive statistics, biodiversity indices, and chi‐square tests were used to analyze the data. Hence, during the study, a total of 16 diurnal species of medium‐ and large‐sized mammals, grouped into 8 families, and 6 orders were identified. Based on the recorded data, 62.5% were large‐sized mammalian species, where the highest being Bovidae families with five species, and the remaining 37.5% were medium‐sized mammals. In our current survey, we also found endemic and endangered mammalian species such as mountain nyala (Tragelphus buxtani) and Menelik’s bushbuck (Tragelphus scriptus Meneliki). The most abundant species among those that have been identified are Phacochoerus africanus and Papio anubis, with respective abundances of 21.0% and 23.0%, followed by Tragelphus buxtoni (13.0%) and Tragelphus scriptus subsp. Menelik’s bushbuck (12.0%). However, Canis mesomelas (0.5%) was the least abundant species observed in the study area. Furthermore, the main threat to conservation that led to conflict between people and wildlife over the resources in the Besemena‐Odubulu‐controlled hunting area was the heavy dependency of the local community on those resource to sustain their lives. Therefore, it is necessary to implement community‐based conservation strategies together with practicable management plans.
Optimizing Oat (Avena sativa L.) Production Strategies to Mitigate Nitrate Toxicity Without Compromising Fodder Quality
Authors: Pyati Prasanna S. , Bhattacharjee Subhradip , Kumar Rakesh , Ram Hardev , Meena Rajesh Kumar , Hindorya Phool Singh , Bhakuni Kanika , Kashyap Suryakanta , Biswal Bisworanjita , S. K. Manjunath , Yadav Maluram , Makarana Govind , Min Doohong
Published: January 2025

Oat or Jai (Avena sativa L.), a vital winter forage crop in India and several other countries, is frequently affected by nitrate toxicity, compromising animal health and fodder quality. This study aimed to identify optimal agronomic management practices that enhance fodder quality and reduce nitrate accumulation in the Trans‐Gangetic plains of India. Using a pooled split‐plot design, this experiment evaluated the effects of different oat varieties, nutrient management regimes, and seeding rates. The experimental results revealed variability in fodder quality across varieties. Increasing the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer application by 25% above the recommended rate, coupled with 95 kg ha−1 of seed rate, significantly improved fodder yield, nutritional energy status, and reduced fiber fractions (p < 0.05). Conversely, reducing fertilizer application to 75% of the recommended dose and supplementing with manure and plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) markedly decreased the risk of nitrate accumulation. Specifically, the combination of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) or 75% RDF with PGPR and farmyard manure (FYM) at a seed rate of 90 kg ha−1 proved most effective for the JHO‐851 and Kent varieties in single‐cut systems and JHO‐851 and HJ‐8 varieties in multicut systems, achieving the highest dry matter yield and quality with minimal nitrate levels (p < 0.05). Future research should explore shade management, a potentially significant factor in nitrate accumulation, and its interaction with other management strategies.
Transmission Scheme for Massive MIMO Systems Using Nulling‐Based Approach
Authors: Anand Prateek , M.K. Arti , Kumar Manoranjan
Published: January 2025

In this paper, a new transmission scheme is proposed for massive multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems which will improve the performance of future 5G systems in terms of data rate and spectral efficiency, while accommodating a large number of users. We discuss massive MIMO systems, in which diversity gain is very high (of the order of 104 for a 100 × 100 system) and a high data rate can also be provided. We propose new transmission schemes with different data rates for a massive MIMO system in Rayleigh fading. Diversity‐multiplexing trade‐off curve shows that more diversity gain can be achieved by utilizing more number of transmission time slots. It is also shown by simulation and analysis that if the number of receive antennas is less than the number of transmit antennas, then the detection of symbols can be performed by increasing transmission time slots. The statistical properties of the instantaneous signal‐to‐noise ratio are characterized at the receiver by deriving closed‐form expressions of the moment‐generating function (MGF). An approximate expression of the symbol error rate (SER) of the proposed scheme‐based system is obtained by using the MGF expression. It is shown in the paper that the SER performance of the proposed scheme can be improved either by increasing the transmission time slots or increasing the number of receive antennas.
Evaluating the Antidiabetic Activity of Aloe niebuhriana Latex in Alloxan‐Induced Diabetic Rats and the Development of a Novel Effervescent Granule‐Based Delivery System
Authors: Moharram Bushra Abdulkarim , Alburyhi Mahmoud Mahyoob , Al-Maqtari Tareq , Faisal Abdu
Published: January 2025

Background: Ethnomedicine exhibits potential in developing affordable effective antidiabetic agents.

Aim: This work aimed to explore the antidiabetic properties of Aloe niebuhriana latex extract both in vivo, utilizing alloxan‐induced diabetic rats, and in vitro, through α‐amylase enzyme testing. Additionally, it sought to formulate optimal effervescent granules derived from the extract.

Methods: The α‐amylase inhibition assay was performed using the α‐amylase kit using biochemical analyzers. Experimental diabetes was induced in animals with alloxan. On Day 14 postdiabetes induction, body weight, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile parameters were determined. Also, six effervescent granule preparations of the extract were formulated using wet granulation. Based on its physical and organoleptic properties, a formulation was selected and optimized.

Results: The extract displayed modest α‐amylase inhibition, with an IC50 value of 439.2 μg/mL. Both doses of A. niebuhriana extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood glucose level compared to their respective Day 1 levels (p < 0.001). Moreover, the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg significantly normalized lipid profile compared to the diabetic control groups (p < 0.05 − 0.001). Six formulations containing the extract were prepared (F1–F6), and F6 containing 200 mg of the extract was selected for optimization due to its favorable odor, taste, foaming, and effervescent properties, high solubility, and absence of turbidity and adhesion. The formulated F6 granules successfully met the quality parameters assessed including flow time, pH effervescent time, angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, and Hausner’s ratio.

Conclusion: This study highlights the antidiabetic potential of A. niebuhriana latex extract, potentially attributed to its hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and α‐amylase inhibitory effects. The successful formulation and evaluation of the extract as effervescent granules suggest its potential as an antidiabetic drug.
Supplemental Table 3 from Validating Wave 1 (2014) Urinary Cotinine and TNE-2 Cut-points for Differentiating Wave 4 (2017) Cigarette Use from Non-use in the United States Using Data from the PATH Study
Authors: Edwards Kathryn C. , Khan Asia , Sharma Eva , Wang Lanqing , Feng June , Blount Benjamin C. , Sosnoff Connie S. , Smith Danielle M. , Goniewicz Maciej L. , Pearson Jennifer , Villanti Andrea C. , Delnevo Cristine D. , Bover-Manderski Michelle T. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Niaura Raymond , Everard Colm , Kimmel Heather L. , Duffy Kara , Rostron Brian L. , Del Valle-Pinero Arseima Y. , van Bemmel Dana M. , Stanton Cassandra A. , Hyland Andrew
Published: January 2025

Supplemental Table 3 provides prevalence rates of any tobacco use using cotinine cut-points.
Supplementary Materials and Methods from Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress among Adult Former Smoker, Current E-Cigarette Users—Results from Wave 1 PATH Study
Authors: Christensen Carol H. , Chang Joanne T. , Rostron Brian L. , Hammad Hoda T. , van Bemmel Dana M. , Del Valle-Pinero Arseima Y. , Wang Baoguang , Mishina Elena V. , Faulcon Lisa M. , DePina Ana , Brown-Baker La'Nissa , Kimmel Heather L. , Lambert Elizabeth , Blount Benjamin C. , Vesper Huber W. , Wang Lanqing , Goniewicz Maciej L. , Hyland Andrew , Travers Mark J. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Niaura Raymond , Cummings K. Michael , Taylor Kristie A. , Edwards Kathryn C. , Borek Nicolette , Ambrose Bridget K. , Chang Cindy M.
Published: January 2025

Description of biomarker assays
Supplementary Table 5 from Metabolic Syndrome and Risks of Breast Cancer Outcomes for Luminal, Triple-Negative, and HER2-Overexpressing Subtypes
Authors: Loroña Nicole C. , Othus Megan , Malone Kathleen E. , Linden Hannah M. , Tang Mei-Tzu C. , Li Christopher I.
Published: January 2025

Supplementary Table 5 presents results for breast cancer specific and all-cause mortality associated with metabolic syndrome and its components by molecular subtype of breast cancer and stratified by stage at diagnosis.
Supplementary Table S7 from The Influence of DNA Repair Genes and Prenatal Tobacco Exposure on Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Gene–Environment Interaction Study
Authors: Wang Xinran , Zhong Charlie , Ma Xiaomei , Metayer Catherine , Mancuso Nicolas , Gauderman W. James , Wiemels Joseph L.
Published: January 2025

Supplementary Table S7 shows meta-analyzed minP permutation p values from the Latino and non-Latino datasets used for creating tables S5 and S6.
Supplementary Table S2 from The Influence of DNA Repair Genes and Prenatal Tobacco Exposure on Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Gene–Environment Interaction Study
Authors: Wang Xinran , Zhong Charlie , Ma Xiaomei , Metayer Catherine , Mancuso Nicolas , Gauderman W. James , Wiemels Joseph L.
Published: January 2025

Supplementary Table S2 shows "transcripts of each gene per million transcripts" showing the relative high expression of these genes in pre-B lymphoblasts in GTEX data.
Supplementary Figure S4 from The Influence of DNA Repair Genes and Prenatal Tobacco Exposure on Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Gene–Environment Interaction Study
Authors: Wang Xinran , Zhong Charlie , Ma Xiaomei , Metayer Catherine , Mancuso Nicolas , Gauderman W. James , Wiemels Joseph L.
Published: January 2025

Supplementary Figure S4 shows bulk tissue expression for SETMAR. This gene is expressed substantially in pre-B lymphoblasts which is the target for transformation in childhood ALL.
Figure S1 from Physical Activity during Adolescence and Early Adulthood and Breast Cancer Risk before Age 40 Years
Authors: Kehm Rebecca D. , Genkinger Jeanine M. , Knight Julia A. , MacInnis Robert J. , Liao Yuyan , Li Shuai , Weideman Prue C. , Chung Wendy K. , Kurian Allison W. , Colonna Sarah V. , Andrulis Irene L. , Buys Saundra S. , Daly Mary B. , John Esther M. , Hopper John L. , Terry Mary Beth
Published: January 2025

Figure S1 presents an overview of the selection criteria applied to identify the full cohort used in the main analyses.
Table S4 from Risk of Developing a Subsequent Primary Cancer among Adult Cancer Survivors
Authors: Warkentin Matthew T. , Cheung Winson Y. , Brenner Darren R. , O’Sullivan Dylan E.
Published: January 2025

Supplemental Table 4. Risk of developing a subsequent primary cancer by follow-up period and age at diagnosis for the first primary cancer. Follow-up was broken into four contiguous periods from the start of the survival, defined as six months after diagnosis of the first primary cancer, until the end of follow-up. Observed and expected number of subsequent primary cancers and the standardized incidence ratios with confidence intervals are reported according to first primary cancer site and sex. Cells based on observed subsequent primary cancers less than 10 were not reportable (NR) due to guidelines for identifiable data in the Alberta Cancer Registry.
Supplementary Table S3 from Characterization of the Biological Variability of the Angiome Biomarkers over Time in Healthy Participants
Authors: Liu Yingmiao , Li Jiatong , Lyu Jing , Howard Lauren E. , Sibley Alexander B. , Starr Mark D. , Brady John C. , Arrowood Christy , Kohn Elise C. , Ivy S. Percy , Hurwitz Herbert I. , Abbruzzese James L. , Owzar Kouros , Nixon Andrew B.
Published: January 2025

Supplementary Table S3 shows the association of BMI with biomarker levels.
Supplementary Table S2 from Small Area Estimation of PSA Testing in US States and Counties
Authors: Liu Benmei , Pleis John R. , Khan Diba , Parsons Van L. , Lee Richard , Cai Bill , Town Machell , Feuer Eric J. , He Yulei
Published: January 2025

State and county-level covariates pool. This tables lists all potential covariates and their sources, with indicators for the final covariates selected for each theta-model and delta-model in the state- and county-level models, respectively.
Supplementary Table S1 from Small Area Estimation of PSA Testing in US States and Counties
Authors: Liu Benmei , Pleis John R. , Khan Diba , Parsons Van L. , Lee Richard , Cai Bill , Town Machell , Feuer Eric J. , He Yulei
Published: January 2025

Final response rates (RR) for the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). This table summarizes the final household-level and adult RR for NHIS across 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2019, along with the state-level minimum, maximum and median RR for BRFSS in 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018.
Supplementary Figure S3 from Treatment and Survival Differences between Patients with Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Versus Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: Anampa Jesus D. , Lin Shuwen , Obeng-Gyasi Samilia , Xue Xiaonan
Published: January 2025

Supplementary Figure S3 shows trends in treatment modalities between patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma over time. A) Chemotherapy. B) Radiation. C) Surgery types: BCS (circles) vs. Mastectomy (triangles). Abbreviations: BCS, breast-conserving surgery.
Supplementary Table 1 from Biomarkers Suitable for Early Detection of Intrathoracic Cancers in Primary Care: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hamad Wasim , Grigore Bogdan , Walford Hugo , Peters Jaime , Alexandris Panos , Bonfield Stefanie , Standen Laura , Boscott Rachel , Behiyat Dawnya , Kuhn Isla , Neal Richard D. , Walter Fiona M. , Calanzani Natalia
Published: January 2025

Individual biomarkers for Lung Cancer reported in one study
Data from Biomarkers of Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure by E-Liquid Nicotine Concentration Level among US Adult Exclusive E-Cigarette Users
Authors: Dai Hongying Daisy , Reyes Sara , Buckley James , Maloney Patrick
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackground:
The current e-cigarette market has been rapidly evolving with an increase in the share of high nicotine concentration vaping products. This study examined urinary biomarkers of exposure (BOE) by nicotine concentration level among exclusive e-cigarette users.
Methods:
Data were drawn from wave 5 (December 2018–November 2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. Between-subject differences in BOEs of nicotine, metal, tobacco-specific nitrosamine, and volatile organic compounds were examined across e-cigarettes containing nicotine or not [yes (n = 300) vs. no (n = 31) vs. non-tobacco use (n = 3,021)] and different nicotine concentration levels (0.1%–1.7%, 1.8%–4.9%, and 5.0%+).
Results:
Among 3,353 participants, exclusive e-cigarette users exhibited higher mean concentrations of nicotine metabolites than non-tobacco users. Nicotine e-cigarette users had higher concentrations of total nicotine equivalents-2 [TNE2; mean (95% confidence interval), 21.8 (15.2–31.2) vs. 0.2 (0.1–0.6) nmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.0001] and cotinine [1,418.2 (998.0–2,015.4) vs. 12.2 (0.1–0.6), P < 0.0001) ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.0001] than non-nicotine e-cigarette users. Users of e-cigarette products with nicotine levels of 1.8% to 4.9% had higher TNE2 and cotinine levels than those using 0.1% to 1.7%, though differences were insignificant after adjusting for covariates. As compared to non-tobacco users, nicotine vapers had higher concentrations of lead (adjusted P = 0.01).
Conclusions:
Nicotine containing e-cigarette users exhibited elevated levels of nicotine metabolites than non-nicotine containing vapers and non-tobacco users. Future research needs to investigate health effects of e-cigarette use across different nicotine levels.
Impact:
Regulating the nicotine content in e-cigarettes could be crucial in managing nicotine exposure and potentially mitigating associated health risks.