bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambiências sonoras antes e durante a pandemia da SARS-CoV-2 no Centro do Rio de Janeiro: Praça Tiradentes, Saara e Av. Presidente Vargas
Authors: Cortês Marina Medeiros , Niemeyer Maria Lygia Alves de , Lima Felipe De Oliveira Barros
Published: August 2022

Os sons são capazes de produzir diferentes ambiências que – em função de suas características – pode tornar um espaço tanto hostil quanto atraente para seus usuários. A pesquisa busca descrever os fenômenos sonoros urbanos, através de uma abordagem integrada de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, em que o som é tratado não apenas como fator de incômodo, mas também em seus aspectos positivos, fundamentais para a percepção ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho é mapear a diversidade de ambiências sonoras em um recorte da área do Centro do Rio de Janeiro, comparando o cenário de antes e durante a pandemia da SARS-CoV 2. Como método de análise foi adotado o mapeamento de ambiência – os pesquisadores percorreram a pé um percurso da Praça Tiradentes à Av. Presidente Vargas, atravessando o chamado Saara (área de comércio popular). Em oito pontos fixos de avaliação foram realizadas gravações de áudios, medições de LAeq, vídeos e preenchidas fichas de campo. Os dados coletados durante a segunda onda da pandemia foram comparados com a avaliação realizada no segundo semestre de 2019. Os resultados indicaram que, apesar da redução do fluxo de veículos e pedestres, as ambiências principalmente nos pontos de avaliação do Saara foram bem semelhantes aos da pesquisa anterior.
Caracterização e aproveitamento de biomassa foliar senescida de macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. Ex Martius)
Authors:   , Biesdorf Evandro Marcos
Published: August 2022

A macaúba é alternativa sustentável para superação da crise energética global, pois além de sua alta capacidade de produção de óleo, produz expressiva quantidade de folhas que podem servir como fonte agroenergética e nutricional ao sistema de exploração. Contudo, a ausência de estudos acerca da influência da disponibilidade hidro-nutricional sobre as características quantitativas e qualitativas dessa biomassa foliar tem impedido avanços e compreensões importantes no manejo tecnológico dessa cultura. Objetivou-se, em caráter inédito, avaliar a influência do ambiente edáfico sobre as características da biomassa foliar senescida de distintos acessos de macaúba e identificar o potencial de aproveitamento dessa biomassa como biocombustível ou como fonte natural de restituição/reciclagem de nutrientes. Observou-se que o acúmulo de biomassa foliar senescida é influenciado pelo ambiente edáfico. Ambientes com alta disponibilidade hídrica e nutricional proporcionaram, anualmente, aumentos de até 64% no acúmulo de biomassa, além de maiores quantidades remanescentes de N, K, Ca, S e Zn. Concluiu-se que sistemas intensivos de exploração de macaúba detém maior aptidão para exploração energética (121 GJ ha -1 ano -1 ) do que o sistema extrativista. Porém, independentemente do sistema de cultivo (intensivo, semi-intensivo ou extrativista, a biomassa foliar senescida de macaúba serve como estratégia de reciclagem de nutrientes e aumento do teor de matéria orgânica no ambiente, visto que possui potencial para reciclar/restituir anualmente até 46,2%, 5,7% e 5,5% da quantidade acumulada de N, P e K, respectivamente.
ELLIPSIS ANALYSIS IN TERI TERRY’S NOVEL “SLATED” (SYNTACTIC APPROACH)
Authors: Mulyani Mulyani , A Delukman , Jumhur Nurun Ainun
Published: August 2022

Language as the mean of communication is related to literature because language is the media of literature. Literature is abstract so that has different meaning and perception which it may be very difficult to define correctly. The writer was interested in conducting research entitled “Ellipsis analysis in Teri Terry’s novel “Slated” (Syntactic Approach)” and focused on analyzing ellipsis. In this research, the writer investigated the novel Slated by Teri Terry as the source of data. This novel consists of 51 chapters and 281 pages and the writers identified 22 chapters. The writers concluded the results of the research, as follows; the writers found twenty five ellipsis include three kinds of ellipsis, Nominal Ellipsis (NE), Verbal Ellipsis (VE) and Clausal Ellipsis (CE).
State policy in the field of ensuring sustainable development on the example of the regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Authors:   Agency for Quality Assurance in Education at the Ministry of Education in the Republic of Azerbaijan, Mamedov Simnar
Published: August 2022

The article deals with the issues of state policy aimed at achieving development goals in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The state programs which are used to achieve the goals are also analyzed. Mainly, the main directions of the ongoing work (social security of the population, medical care, improving the quality of education, creating conditions for economic growth, etc.) are highlighted. The dynamics of the main indicators as a result of the implementation of these programs of measures is also given.
State-confessional relations within the context of the expansion of religion in the internet space: new opportunities, new challenges
Authors:   Humanitarian and technical academy, Sokolovskiy Konstantin
Published: August 2022

The paper examines the features of the transformation of traditional religiosity in connection with the development of information technologies, when a wide range of confessions began to master new forms, means and methods of being present in a virtual environment. The author proposes a classification of religious Internet resources based on the principles of organizing the media space and the functions they perform. The article also outlines the prospects for the further development of Internet religiosity, as well as challenges to religious security in connection with the massive involvement of parishioners of certain denominations in the virtual digital environment.
Politological science analysis of the implementation of the information policy of the Russian state in modern foreign policy conditions
Authors:   Bashkir State University, Fadeev Kirill , Borisova Irina ,   Bashkir State University
Published: August 2022

The article examines, through a political analysis, the reasons that determine the need for corrective actions in the implementation of the state information policy of Russia in the current foreign policy situation, as well as the countermeasures taken by the Russian Federation in relation to the broadcast of intrusive anti-Russian propaganda by American and Western European media corporations. The author emphasizes the fact that in order to ensure the access of the European audience to a high-quality objective information product, it is necessary to strengthen the work on activation in the field of cooperation with the institutions of the information environment of the eastern partner states for the purpose of mutual exploitation of information platforms, and to rid the Russian mass consumer of information from external insults and threats to block channels with such content, offering as alternatives are domestic Internet resources that exclude information of this kind.
Health Education Training and Experiences of School Nurse Teachers
Authors: Fisher Chrstine M , Cummings Carol
Published: August 2022

School Nurse Teachers (SNT) play an essential role in providing ongoing health education, health instruction, and health services through the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model (WSCC). SNT completed an online survey regarding their current job responsibilities, proficiency and confidence in teaching health education lessons, and professional training. In total, 107 surveys werecompleted for a response rate of 45%. Half (51%) of the participants reported teaching health education lessons in a classroom. Confidence levels ranged from 34-53% in SNT who were very confident in implementing National Health Education Standards (NHES) into their lessons. Recommendations to better prepare future SNT included: strategies to engage learners (65%), assessment skills (54%), and pedagogical skills (53%). The majority (92%) requested professional development that focused on pedagogy. While not all SNT teach health education classes, they could be called upon by the administration to do so during the school year and provide health education to students, families, and the community. This data will help align curricula for preparing qualified SNT, professional development for practicing SNT, and applied to places in the United States and beyond where school nurses may be asked to advance students’ health and academic success through various health education efforts.
Enhancing Life through Fitness for Aging Individuals: An Interview Study
Authors: Nikitopoulos Christina E , Ho Ivy K
Published: August 2022

As individuals age from midlife, proactive health behaviors are essential for healthy aging. A fitness community can provide an experience which not only taps into physical and psychological health, but also into social well-being. Interviews took place with 30 members of fitness communities that adhere to a popular fitness regimen. Participants were over the age of 40, lived in New England, and were fitness community members for greater than one year. Twelve themes emerged from interviews, with the most prominent being a focus on physical and mental health as one ages. The strength developed through their fitness community membership provides the ability to participate in other physical activity and the mental strength is transferredto other aspects of life. The intensity of the workouts and the microcosm of the community provide a unique opportunity which might parallel other life aspects. Future research and programming should consider these findings in engaging aging individuals in fitness communities to provide a forum for physical activity increase
Genetic Diversity of Exobasidium vexans, the Causal Agent of Blister Blight on Tea in Pagilaran, Central Java, Indonesia Using PCR-RAPD
Authors: Rahma Putri Almira Ari ef , Priyatmojo Achmadi , Widiastuti Ani
Published: August 2022

Indonesia is one of the ten largest tea-producing countries in the world, with a plantation area of 104,420 hectares and a production of 139,285 thousand tons in 2018. Blister blight can cause massive crop losses across tea-growing regions of Asia, particularly in India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Japan. The infection causes a 40% yield loss. The study aimed to determine the genetic diversity in Exobasidium vexans that cause blister blight based on polymerase chain reaction-random amplified polymorphic DNA (PCR-RAPD). Sampling was conducted at Pagilaran, a tea plantation located in Central Java, Indonesia, with sampling based on altitude, Andongsili (>1,000 meters above sea level [masl]), Kayulandak (±1,000 masl), and Pagilaran (<1,000 masl) with clones TRI 2024, TRI 2025, Gambung 3, Gambung 7, Gambung 9, and Pagilaran 15. This study used the PCR method using internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1F and ITS 4 primers. Four primers used in PCR-RAPD were OPA-02, OPA-03, OPA-05, and OPB-17. The characteristics of E. vexans observed were ellipse-shaped basidiospore, hyaline, unicellular with one septate, formed at the tip of the sterigma with hyaline and elliptical shapes, with a range size of 7–15.5 μm x 2.3–4.5 μm. PCR-RAPD method was able to show the diversity of E. vexans samples between clones, in which three clusters were formed at a coefficient of 0.63. Cluster I consisted of TRI 2024 Andongsili and PGL 15 Pagilaran; Cluster II consisted of TRI 2025 Andongsili and Gambung 3 Andongsili; Cluster III consisted of Gambung 7 Andongsili, Gambung 7 Kayulandak, and Gambung 9 Andongsili.
Socio-legal needs of rape and defilement victims: Beyond punishment
Authors: Akonor Edgar Takyi , Okorley Solomon
Published: August 2022

Ghana passed the Domestic Violence Act in the year 2007 despite pockets of resistance from some conservatives who thought the act will endanger family life and lead to a high divorce rate. A special unit within the Ghana Police Service called the Domestic Violence and Victims Support Unit (DOVVSU) was established to handle all cases under the Act. The law prescribes custodial punishment for suspects upon conviction. However, data collected from secondary sources, through key informants and in-depth interviews show that most cases of rape and defilement are withdrawn for settlement which is against the law. Most often, the victims who are not financially endowed are forced to accept settlement outside the courts or withdraw from the court processes, which often do not inure to their benefits. The Act and the establishment of DOVVSU have improved access to justice for rape and defilement victims, however, some critical issues need to be addressed to ensure that victims of sexual offences are well catered for. It is in connection with this that the paper seeks to highlight some of the conditions confronting victims of sexual violence and what must be done to mitigate these challenges. Prominent among these challenges is the poor financial status of the victims which makes them succumb to the pressure of out-of-court settlement. It is recommended that the government and other stakeholders review the justice system/processes for rape and defilement victims to ensure that they are not forced by circumstances to withdraw from the court processes to accept other settlement options which are not in consonance with the law.
Chemical Control Studies of the Walnut Caterpillar
Authors: Farris M.E. , Appleby J.E.
Published: August 2022

Foliar sprays of malathion 50EC, diazinon 25EC, acephate (Orthene) 75SP, andBacillus thuringiensisBerliner (Dipel) were tested on 2nd and 4th instars ofDatana integerrimaGrote and Robinson on black walnut trees. Excellent control resulted with foliar spray applications of all the mentioned insecticides.
Chinese and Siberian Elms
Authors: Leopold Donald J.
Published: August 2022

Since the introduction of Siberian elm,Ulmus pumilaL., into cultivation, much confusion has existed in the trade between this species andUlmus parvifolia, the true Chinese elm. However, distinct vegetative, cultural, and aesthetic differences are apparent between these two Asiatic elms. Though Siberian elm has been used extensively in the past for urban planting, its future usefulness must be seriously questioned. Chinese elm has also shown tolerance to the urban environment but unlike the Siberian elm it does not experience the decline in vigor with increasing age. Common pathogens of both elms and the propagation of Chinese elm are also discussed.
Systemic Treatment for Chlorotic Trees
Authors: Himelick E.B. , Himelick Kirk J.
Published: August 2022

Ferric citrate injected in powdered form was effective in correcting iron chlorosis of pin oak, cypress, red oak, sweet gum, and swamp white oak. Chlorotic white oak and American sycamore did not respond significantly to systemic iron treatments. Both ferric ammonium citrate and ferric citrate were effective in correcting moderate to advanced stages of chlorosis in large pin oak and sweet gum. An inexpensive method of injecting premeasured chemical powders is reported.
In Search of New Kinds of Elms
Authors: Ware George H.
Published: August 2022

Trees suitable for urban use must tolerate numerous root-zone adversities such as compacted soil, restricted root space, extremes of soil wetness and dryness, wide temperature fluctuations, alkalinity, salinity, and soil disturbance. Elms have many of the necessary attributes. There is a sizable number of little-known elm species native to central and eastern Asia that should be studied more closely in the search for better urban trees. Some of these have extensive ranges and display considerable ecological variation from region to region. Certain Asian elms have been shown to have encouraging levels of resistance to Dutch elm disease.
Propagation of Platanus × Acerifolia from Meristem Tips
Authors: Krzewski Adam , Witomska Maria , Millikan D.F.
Published: August 2022

Explants ofPlatanus × acerifoliaaseptically excised and placed on the MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l vitamin C, 0.1 mg/1 BAP and 0.01 NAA will develop into complete plantlets. A month of darkness following seven weeks exposure to continuous light (1300-1500 lux) is necessary to induce rooting.
Testing Verticillium Wilt Resistance in Urban Norway Maples
Authors: Valentine F.A. , Carlson K.D. , Westfall R.D. , Manion P.D.
Published: August 2022

Wilt symptoms in Norway maple half-sib families from open-pollinated seed from a random of street trees in Rochester and Syracuse, N.Y. inoculated with Verticillium dahliae were analyzed for the reliability in predicting disease, variability in the parent population, and heritability. Inoculum was prepared from 11 isolates of diverse origin from maples and reisolates from Norway maple previously inoculated with these stocks. Two replications were inoculated with two inoculum concentrations (2.5 X 106 and 0.5 X 106 propagules/ ml) and a distilled water control by dunking wounded roots of 2-0 nursery stock. Disease was verified by isolating the pathogen from stems. Thirteen families averaging 3.5 trees/family/treatment/rep (274 total) were tested in 1979, and 40 families averaging 7.8 trees/family/treatment/rep (1875 total) in 1980. Vascular streaking (dark greenish lesions) and two measures of foliage necrosis (% Crown Necrotic and % Necrosis, Worst Leaf) proved most reliable for predicting infection. These traits are recommended for screening for resistance. Three height growth measures did not prove reliable. Considerable variability is present in the parent populations, but estimates of heritabilities for each trait are quite variable, requiring further study. Increasing the incidence of infection is also important.
Desain Speed Bump Penyimpan Energi Berbasis Sensor Piezzoelektrik
Authors: Abidin Zainal , Ilmi Ulul , Bani Ashari M. Feri
Published: August 2022

Study aims to help carry out the use of the function of the speedbump or better known as the speed bump which is often found in Indonesia. The number of vehicles that cross the road with the speedbump installed makes the author want to develop the force generated from the speedbump whether it can produce electrical energy through the piezoelectric effect, from this problem the author took the initiative to create a tool that can generate alternative electrical energy. This tool is made of several main circuits, namely piezoelectric sensors to generate electrical energy, charging control as a means of charging the battery. the battery as a reservoir of power generated from the piezoelectric sensor, LED lights as the output of the power generated by the piezoelectric sensor for street lighting. All assembled into a single unit into a miniature device. Based on the results of experiments that have been carried out by comparing the effectiveness and efficiency of the tool with the results of other similar tools, the difference between the two tests of the tool is not much different and is still at the same limit.
Behavior and Strength of Composite Columns under the Impact of Uniaxial Compression Loading
Authors: Hassooni A. N. , Al Zaidee S. R.
Published: August 2022

The Concrete Filled Steel Tube Column (CFST) is classified as a composite structural element. This type of column was adopted as the main loaded member in many buildings due to its excellent mechanical properties. CFST columns have high strength and ductility behavior, and they can sustain heavy loads with high performance. These led to their adoption in many countries. In the current study, the behavior and strength of CFST columns under the effect of axial compression load with parameters such as the diameter to thickness ratio and the height to diameter ratio were investigated. Strength carrying capacity and axial and lateral deformations with axial and lateral strains were explored. The test results showed that smaller heights within the same material gave higher strength capacity. The stiffness of the CFST is more than concrete and hollow steel section specimens' due to its capability of high strength capacity with low displacement. Also, the composite action of CFST gave more stiffness.
A Low-Profile Wearable Textile Antenna Using AMC for WBAN Applications at 5.8GHz
Authors: Bouamra W. , Sfar I. , Mersani A. , Osman L. , Ribero J. M.
Published: August 2022

This paper presents a low-profile, wearable textile antenna, designed for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications operating in the 5.8GHz band for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) applications. An Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) structure was used to improve antenna performance and protect the human body from back-radiation. The antenna with the integrated AMC achieved a measured gain of 8.92dBi, an efficiency of 80%, a wide impedance bandwidth of 1.4GHz (24.1%), and SAR values of 0.00103 and 0.00034W/Kg for 10g and 1g tissues respectively. The proposed antenna was studied in a worn-on-body scenario using a multilayer numerical model of the human body. The influence of the thickness of each tissue layer of the human body was investigated. The results showed that the antenna maintained its performance, a stable gain was obtained, and the SAR values were also below the IEEE guidelines that guarantee the safety of the wearer.
Controller Design for the Pitch Control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Priyadarshini L. , Kundu S. , Maharana M. K. , Ganthia B. P.
Published: August 2022

In recent years, the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) has found its application in a large number of areas, especially in the ocean environment. But due to its highly non-linear nature with six degrees of freedom and the presence of hydrodynamic forces, the equations for AUV control become complex and difficult to design. Hence, in order to overcome this complexity and non-linearity, a reduced-order subsystem is derived for controlling the pitch. Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and Fractional Order PID (FOPID) techniques have been applied for determining the controller for better performance of pitch control in the presence of disturbance.
Polarization Effect Assessment of Sub-6 GHz Frequencies on Adult and Child Four-Layered Head Models
Authors: Pudipeddi S. S. , Jayasree P. V. Y. , Chintala S. G.
Published: August 2022

Nowadays, with the extensive use of mobile phones, the Electromagnetic (EM) radiation penetration from Radio Frequencies (RFs), particularly into the human head, is an issue that needs resolving. Some serious biological hazards occur inside the human body due to RF radiation accumulation. The RF radiation can be minimized by embodying shielding and coating materials on the front side of the mobile handset. The novelty of the proposed work is the use of mathematical analysis in calculating the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) absorbed by planar four-layer adult and child head models when exposed to mobile smartphone RF radiation. The variation of SAR with the Angle of Incident (AoI) of the EM wave considers Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) Polarization. The SAR absorption alteration with the AoI of the EM wave is calculated with the help of the shielding effectiveness parameter of the external Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) shield coated with conductive copper (Cu) mesh, forming a laminated shield using the methodology of the transmission line method. Furthermore, the SAR variation with AoI for both human head models is calculated theoretically at Sub-6 GHz mobile frequencies of 4.5GHz and 3.6GHz. SAR of 7.41e-12 W/kg and 4.41e-11 W/kg is achieved theoretically for adult and child head models respectively, at 89° TE polarization at 4.5GHz.
The Performance of Spectral Clustering Algorithms on Water Distribution Networks: Further Evidence
Authors: Belloum F. , Houichi L. , Kherouf M.
Published: August 2022

The aim of the current paper is to revisit the performance of spectral clustering algorithms for water distribution networks. In the literature, there have been attempts to introduce improved algorithms based on graph theory. We focus on a class of these algorithms that applies the concepts of the spectral clustering approach. We assess the performance of spectral clustering algorithms on a wider range of water network types (i.e. large, medium, and small sized networks) using a wider range of clustering methods (both partitioning and hierarchical) and performance indicators. Our findings suggest that partitioning methods, such as k-means are not consistently efficient in all types of networks. Nonetheless, the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) algorithm shows a relatively good performance according to modularity, while the internal indices of k-means and hierarchical clustering algorithms are more efficient. Stability indices show that PAM and CLARA algorithms are more efficient.
Cognitive behavioral treatment for disordered gaming and problem gambling in adolescents: a pilot feasibility study
Authors: André Frida , Einarsson Isak , Dahlström Elisabeth , Niklasson Katalin , Håkansson Anders , Claesdotter-Knutsson Emma
Published: August 2022

Background: Disordered gaming and problem gambling (DG/PG) are associated with a range of functional impairments as well as psychiatric comorbidity. With the proliferation of digital gaming apps aimed at children and adolescents, which involve in-game purchases, there is increasing evidence that DG/PG are on the rise in this age range. The behavior can be detected in youth presenting at school-based health clinics and community psychiatric clinics. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of several recommended treatments for adults, but little evidence is available for the efficacy of this approach in adolescents with DG/PG.

Aim: To evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of a CBT-based intervention developed for adolescents with DG/PG, which can be delivered in routine psychiatric care facilities.

Methods: Adolescents who were patients at a child and adolescent psychiatry service were screened for DG/PG. Those aged 12–17 years with pronounced symptoms were invited to participate in a 7-week CBT program called Relapse Prevention. Nine adolescents agreed to participate and five consented to repeated assessments of outcome (pre-, post-treatment, and 6-month follow-up). In addition to acceptability and satisfaction with treatment, symptoms of DG were assessed with standardized interview and self-report measures.

Results: There were no dropouts from the treatment. Participants who completed treatment and all outcome assessments reported satisfaction with the treatment. The participants showed fewer symptoms of DG after treatment, and the proportion who met criteria for computer game addiction decreased from 56 to 0%. There was no reduction in the number of participants who met criteria for PG.

Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence for the acceptability and feasibility of a CBT-based intervention for DG/PG in adolescents. Preliminary data suggest that the treatment may be effective for DG but not PG. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this approach for both conditions.
Predictors of post-COVID-19 and the impact of persistent symptoms in non-hospitalized patients 12 months after COVID-19, with a focus on work ability
Authors: Kisiel Marta A. , Janols Helena , Nordqvist Tobias , Bergquist Jonas , Hagfeldt Simone , Malinovschi Andrei , Svartengren Magnus
Published: August 2022

Background: Better knowledge of long-term symptoms following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the so-called post-COVID-19, in non-hospitalized patients is needed. The aim of this study was to study persisent symptoms up to 12 months after COVID-19 in non-hospitalized patients and their impact on work ability. We also investigated predictors of persistent symptoms.

Methods: This study encompassed non-hospitalized adult subjects with a COVID-19 infection confirmed via positive nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction test during the first wave of the pandemic in Uppsala, Sweden. In total, 566 subjects were sent a survey via e-mail or post with an invitation to participate in the survey 12 months post-diagnosis. The majority of subjects were healthcare workers, as this group was prioritized for testing.

Results: A total of 366 subjects responded, with 47% reporting persistent symptoms 12 months after their COVID-19 diagnosis. The most commonly reported symptoms at this time were impaired sense of smell and/or taste and fatigue. Among the predictors of persistent symptoms were being born abroad, lower physical fitness compared with peers before COVID-19, body mass index >25 kg/m2, cooccurrence of hypertension and chronic pain, and having more than seven of the general COVID-19 symptoms at the onset. Respondents with symptoms after 12 months self-reported negatively about their general health and work ability.

Conclusions: This study indicated that many people who had mild COVID-19 might have a variety of long-term symptoms. It highlights the importance of considering work ability after mild COVID-19.
The Precaution in The Explanation of ibn Aqeel: Its Forms and Places "From The Beginning of the Second Part to The End of the Explanation"
Authors: Omer Abohaneefa Omeralshareef Ali
Published: August 2022

This article tackles the grammatical precautions that Ibn Aqeel referred to in his explanation of Al-Alfiyat Ibn Malik and it is not part of the rule mentioned in Al-Alfiya. Then it is linked to the grammatical rule which the researcher is going to clarify with the aim of reaching the explanation of the grammatical issue mentioned by Ibn Malik in his Alfiyah in a clear way far from ambiguity. This will be done following the descriptive approach, using the analytical tool. In the millennium, that precaution is synonymous, so precaution means conservatism, caution, and precaution is one of the meanings of precaution, as the relationship between them is that of the general to the particular.
Effects of the sample matrix on the photobleaching and photodegradation of toluene-derived secondary organic aerosol compounds
Authors: Klodt Alexandra L. , Adamek Marley , Dibley Monica , Nizkorodov Sergey A. , O'Brien Rachel E.
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from the photooxidation
of aromatic compounds in the presence of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) is
known to efficiently absorb ultraviolet and visible radiation. With exposure
to sunlight, the photodegradation of chromophoric compounds in the SOA
causes this type of SOA to slowly photobleach. These photodegradation
reactions may occur in cloud droplets, which are characterized by low
concentrations of solutes, or in aerosol particles, which can have highly
viscous organic phases and aqueous phases with high concentrations of
inorganic salts. To investigate the effects of the surrounding matrix on the
rates and mechanisms of photodegradation of SOA compounds, SOA was prepared
in a smog chamber by photooxidation of toluene in the presence of NOx.
The collected SOA was photolyzed for up to 24 h using near-UV radiation
(300–400 nm) from a xenon arc lamp under different conditions: directly on
the filter, dissolved in pure water, and dissolved in 1 M ammonium sulfate.
The SOA mass absorption coefficient was measured as a function of
irradiation time to determine photobleaching rates. Electrospray ionization
high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography
separation was used to observe changes in SOA composition resulting from the
irradiation. The rate of decrease in SOA mass absorption coefficient due to
photobleaching was the fastest in water, with the presence of 1 M ammonium
sulfate modestly slowing down the photobleaching. By contrast,
photobleaching directly on the filter was slower. The high-resolution
mass spectrometry analysis revealed an efficient photodegradation of
nitrophenol compounds on the filter but not in the aqueous phases, with
relatively little change observed in the composition of the SOA irradiated
in water or 1 M ammonium sulfate despite faster photobleaching than in the
on-filter samples. This suggests that photodegradation of nitrophenols
contributes much more significantly to photobleaching in the organic phase
than in the aqueous phase. We conclude that the SOA absorption coefficient
lifetime with respect to photobleaching and lifetimes of individual
chromophores in SOA with respect to photodegradation will depend strongly on
the sample matrix in which SOA compounds are exposed to sunlight.
The effect of static chamber base on N2O flux in drip irrigation
Authors: Baram Shahar , Bar-Tal Asher , Gal Alon , Friedman Shmulik P. , Russo David
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Static chambers are commonly used to provide in situ quantification of nitrous oxide (N2O)
fluxes. Despite their benefits, when left in the field, the physicochemical
conditions inside the chamber's base may differ from the ambient, especially
in drip-irrigated systems. This research aimed to study the effects of
static chamber bases on water and N distribution and the subsequent impact
on N2O fluxes. N2O emissions were measured in a
drip-irrigated avocado orchard for 2 years, using bases with a dripper at
their center (In) and bases installed adjacent to the dripper (adjacent).
During the irrigation and fertigation season, the measured N2OIn
fluxes were greater than the N2OAdjacent fluxes (0.015 ± 0.003 vs. 0.006 ± 0.001 g m−2 d−1). By contrast, during the
winter, when the orchard is not irrigated or fertilized, insignificant
differences were observed between the measured N2OAdjecent and
N2OIn fluxes. Three-dimensional simulations of water flow, N
transport, and N transformations showed two opposing phenomena: (a) increased
water contents, N concentrations, and downward flushing when the dripper is
placed inside the base, and (b) hampering of the lateral distribution of
water and solutes into the most bio-active part of the soil inside the base
when the base is placed adjacent to the dripper. It also showed that both
“In” and “adjacent” practices underestimate the “true” cumulative flux
from a dripper with no base by ∼ 25 % and ∼ 50 %, respectively. A nomogram in a non-dimensional form corresponding to
all soil textures, emitter spacings, and discharge rates was developed to
determine the optimal diameter of an equivalent cylindrical base to be used
along a single dripline. Further studies under variable conditions (soil
types, wetting patterns, nutrient availabilities), rather than a single
study, are needed to test the constructiveness of the suggested
methodologies.
Contrasting activation energies of respiration and nutrient uptake drive lower ecosystem-level uptake at higher temperatures
Authors: Tomczyk Nathan , Rosemond Amy , Kaz Anna , Benstead Jonathan
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Heterotrophic microbes play key roles in regulating fluxes of energy and nutrients, which are increasingly affected by globally changing environmental conditions such as warming and nutrient enrichment. While the effects of temperature and nutrients on microbial mineralization of carbon have been studied in some detail, much less attention has been given to how these factors are altering uptake rates of nutrients. We used laboratory experiments to simultaneously evaluate the temperature dependence of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) uptake and respiration by leaf litter-associated microbial communities from temperate headwater streams. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of the initial concentration of SRP on the temperature dependence of P uptake. Finally, we used simple simulation models to extrapolate our results and estimate the effect of warming and P availability on cumulative gross uptake at the ecosystem level. We found that the temperature dependence of P uptake was lower than that of respiration (0.48 vs. 1.02 eV). Further, the temperature dependence of P uptake increased with the initial concentration of SRP supplied, ranging from 0.12–0.48 eV over a 11–212 µg L-1 gradient in initial concentrations. Finally, despite our laboratory experiments showing increases in mass-specific rates of gross P uptake with temperature, our simulation models found declines in cumulative P uptake with warming because the increased rates of respiration at warmer temperatures more rapidly depleted benthic carbon substrates and consequently reduced the biomass of the benthic microbial community. Thus, even though mass-specific rates of P uptake were higher at the warmer temperatures, cumulative ecosystem-level P uptake was lower over the residence time of a pulsed input of organic carbon. Our results highlight the need to consider the combined effects of warming, nutrient availability, and resource availability/magnitude on carbon processing as important controls of nutrient processing.
Quantifying the contribution of forcing and three prominent modes of variability on historical climate
Authors: Schurer Andrew P. , Hegerl Gabriele C. , Goosse Hugues , Bollasina Massimo A. , England Matthew H. , Mineter Michael J. , Smith Doug M. , Tett Simon F. B.
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Climate models can produce accurate representations of the most important modes of climate variability, but they cannot be expected to follow their observed time-evolution. This makes direct comparison of simulated and observed variability difficult, and creates uncertainty in estimates of forced change. We investigate the role of three modes of climate variability, the North Atlantic Oscillation, El-Niño Southern Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode, as pacemakers of climate variability since 1781, evaluating where their evolution masks or enhances forced climate trends. We use particle filter data assimilation to constrain the observed variability in a global climate model without nudging, producing a near free running model simulation with the time-evolution of these modes similar to those observed. Since the climate model also contains external forcings, these simulations, in combination with model experiments with identical forcing but no assimilation, can be used to compare the forced response to the effect of the three modes assimilated, and evaluate to what extent these are confounded with the forced response. The assimilated model is significantly closer than the “forcing only” simulations to annual temperature and precipitation observations over many regions, in particular the tropics, the north Atlantic and Europe. The results indicate where initialized simulations that track these modes could be expected to show additional skill. Assimilating the three modes cannot explain the large discrepancy previously found between observed and modelled variability in the southern extra-tropics but constraining the El-Niño Southern Oscillation reconciles simulated global cooling with that observed after volcanic eruptions.
PySubdiv: open-source geological modelling and reconstruction by non-manifold subdivision surfaces
Authors: Moulaeifard Mohammad , Bernard Simon , Wellmann Florian
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Sealed geological models are commonly used as an input to process simulations, for example in hydrogeological or geomechanical studies. Creating these meshes often requires tedious manual work – and it is, therefore, difficult to adjust a once-created model. In this work, we propose a flexible framework to create and interact with geological models using explicit surface representations. The essence of the work lies in the determination of the control mesh and the definition of semi-sharp creases values which, in combination, enable the representation of complex structural settings with a low number of control points. We achieve this flexibility through the adaptation of recent algorithms from the field of computer graphics to the specific requirements of geological modelling, specifically the representation of non-manifold topologies and sharp features. We combine the method with a swarm optimization approach to enable the automatic determination of vertex position and crease sharpness values. The result of this work is implemented in an open-source software (PySubdiv) for reconstructing geological structures while resulting in a model which is (1) sealed/watertight, (2) controllable with a control mesh, and (3) topologically similar to the main geological structure. Also, the reconstructed model may include a fewer number of vertices compared to the input geological structure which results in reducing the cost of modelling and simulation. Furthermore, the proposed method resolves some problems known from spline surfaces. In addition to enabling a manual adjustment of sealed geological models, the algorithm also provides a method for the integration of explicit surface representations in inverse frameworks and the consideration of uncertainties.
Benchmarking High-Resolution, Hydrologic Performance of Long-Term Retrospectives in the United States
Authors: Towler Erin , Foks Sydney S. , Dugger Aubrey L. , Dickinson Jesse E. , Essaid Hedeff I. , Gochis David , Viger Roland J. , Zhang Yongxin
Published: August 2022

Abstract. As high-resolution hydrologic models become more widespread, there is a pressing need for systematic evaluation and documentation of their performance. This paper develops and demonstrates a benchmark statistical design that evaluates the long-term performance of two process-oriented, high-resolution, continental-scale hydrologic models that have been developed to assess water availability and risks in the United States (US): the National Water Model v2.1 application of WRF-Hydro (NWMv2.1) and the National Hydrologic Model v1.0 application of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (NHMv1.0). The evaluation is performed on 5,390 streamflow gages from 1983 to 2016 (~33 years) at a daily time step, including both natural and human-impacted catchments, representing one of the most comprehensive evaluations over the conterminous US. The benchmark consists of a suite of metrics for overall performance, their components, and hydrologic-specific signatures. Overall, the model applications show similar performance, with better performance at sites that are less disturbed by human activities, particularly in the West. Both model applications exhibit better performance in the Northeast, Southeast, Pacific Northwest, and high elevation sites in the West. Relatively worse performance is found in the Central region, Southwest, and lower-elevation West. Both models overestimate streamflow volumes at disturbed gages in the West, which could be attributed to not accounting for human activities, such as active management. Both models underestimate flow variability, especially the highest flows. The model applications showed differences in estimation of low flows, with consistent overestimation by the NWMv2.1, and both over- and under-estimation by the NHMv1.0. This benchmark provides a baseline to document performance and measure the evolution of each model application.
Visualization of dynamics in coupled multi-spin systems
Authors: Xu Jingyan , Budker Dmitry , Barskiy Danila A.
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Since the dawn of quantum mechanics, ways to visualize spins and their interactions have attracted the attention of researchers and philosophers of science. In this work we present a generalized measurement-based 3D-visualization approach for describing dynamics in strongly coupled spin ensembles. The approach brings together angular momentum probability surfaces (AMPS), Husimi Q functions, and DROPS (discrete representations of operators for spin systems) and finds particular utility when the total angular momentum basis is used for describing Hamiltonians. We show that, depending on the choice of a generalized measurement operator, the plotted surfaces either represent probabilities of finding the maximal projection of an angular momentum along any direction in space or represent measurable coherences between the states with different total angular momenta. Such effects are difficult to grasp by looking at (time-dependent) numerical values of density-matrix elements. The approach is complete in a sense that there is one-to-one correspondence between the plotted surfaces and the density matrix. Three examples of nuclear spin dynamics in two-spin systems are visualized: (i) a zero- to ultralow-field (ZULF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment in the presence of a magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the sensitive axis of the detector, (ii) interplay between chemical exchange and spin dynamics during high-field signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE), and (iii) a high-field spin-lock-induced crossing (SLIC) sequence, with the initial state being the singlet state between two spins. The presented visualization technique facilitates intuitive understanding of spin dynamics during complex experiments as exemplified here by the considered cases. Temporal sequences (“the movies”) of such surfaces show phenomena like interconversion of spin order between the coupled spins and are particularly relevant in ZULF NMR.
Evaluation of low-cost Raspberry Pi sensors for photogrammetry of glacier calving fronts
Authors: Taylor Liam S. , Quincey Duncan J. , Smith Mark W.
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Glacier calving fronts are highly dynamic environments that are becoming ubiquitous as glaciers recede and, in many cases, develop proglacial lakes. Monitoring of calving fronts is necessary to fully quantify the glacier ablation budget and to warn downstream communities of the threat of hazards, such as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Timelapse camera arrays, with structure-from-motion photogrammetry, can produce regular 3D models of glaciers to monitor changes in the ice, but are seldom incorporated into monitoring systems owing to the high cost of equipment. In this proof-of-concept study at Fjallsjökull, Iceland, we present and test a low-cost camera system based on Raspberry Pi computers and compare the resulting point cloud data to a reference cloud generated using an unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV). The mean absolute difference between the Raspberry Pi and UAV point clouds is found to be 0.301 m with a standard deviation of 0.738 m. We find that high-resolution point clouds can be robustly generated from cameras positioned up to 1.5 km from the glacier (mean absolute difference 0.341 m, standard deviation 0.742 m). Combined, these experiments suggest that for monitoring calving events in glaciers, Raspberry Pi cameras represent an affordable, flexible, and practical option for future scientific research. Owing to the connectivity capabilities of Raspberry Pi computers, this opens the possibility for real-time photogrammetry of glacier calving fronts for deployment as an early warning system to calving-triggered GLOFs.