bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The AlborEX dataset: sampling of sub-mesoscale features in the Alboran Sea
Authors: Troupin Charles , Pascual Ananda , Ruiz Simon , Olita Antonio , Casas Benjamin , Margirier Félix , Poulain Pierre-Marie , Notarstefano Giulio , Torner Marc , Fernández Juan Gabriel , Rújula Miquel Àngel , Muñoz Cristian , Alou Eva , Ruiz Inmaculada , Tovar-Sánchez Antonio , Allen John T. , Mahadevan Amala , Tintoré Joaquín
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The AlborEX (Alboran Sea Experiment) consisted of a multi-platform, multi-disciplinary experiment carried out in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea) between 25 and 31 May 2014. The observational component of AlborEx aimed to sample the physical and biogeochemical properties of oceanographic features present along an intense frontal zone, with a particular interest in the vertical motions in its vicinity. To this end, the mission included 1 research vessel (66 profiles), 2 underwater gliders (adding up 552 profiles), 3 profiling floats, and 25 surface drifters.Near real-time ADCP velocities were collected nightly and during the CTD sections. All of the profiling floats acquired temperature and conductivity profiles, while the Provor-bio float also measured oxygen and chlorophyll a concentrations, coloured dissolved organic matter, backscattering at 700 nm, downwelling irradiance at 380, 410, and 490 nm, as well as photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR).In the context of mesoscale and sub-mesoscale interactions, the AlborEX dataset constitutes a particularly valuable source of information to infer mechanisms, evaluate vertical transport, and establish relationships between the thermal and haline structures and the biogeochemical variable evolution, in a region characterised by strong horizontal gradients provoked by the confluence of Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, thanks to its multi-platform, multi-disciplinary nature.The dataset presented in this paper can be used for the validation of high-resolution numerical models or for data assimilation experiment, thanks to the various scales of processes sampled during the cruise. All the data files that make up the dataset are available in the SOCIB data catalog at https://doi.org/10.25704/z5y2-qpye (Pascual et al., 2018). The nutrient concentrations are available at https://repository.socib.es:8643/repository/entry/show?entryid=07ebf505-bd27-4ae5-aa43-c4d1c85dd500 (last access: 24 December 2018).
Sea-level fingerprints emergent from GRACE mission data
Authors: Adhikari Surendra , Ivins Erik R. , Frederikse Thomas , Landerer Felix W. , Caron Lambert
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission data set has an important, if not revolutionary, impact on how scientists quantify the water transport on the Earth's surface. The transport phenomena include land hydrology, physical oceanography, atmospheric moisture flux, and climate related changes to the cryosphere. The mass transport observed by the satellite system also includes solid Earth motions caused by, for example, great subduction zone earthquakes and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) processes. When coupled with altimetry, this space gravimetry data provides a powerful framework for studying climate related changes on interdecadal time scales, such as ice mass loss and sea-level rise. As the changes in the latter are significant over the past two decades, there is a concomitant self-attraction and loading phenomenon generating ancillary changes in gravity, sea surface, and solid Earth deformation. These generate a finite signal in GRACE and ocean altimetry and it may often be desirable to isolate and remove them for the purpose of understanding, for example, ocean circulation changes and post-seismic viscoelastic mantle flow, or GIA, occurring beneath the sea floor. Here we provide a systematic calculation of sea-level fingerprints of continental (water) mass changes using monthly Release-06 GRACE Level-2 Stokes coefficients for the span April 2002 to August 2016 (Adhikari et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/8UC8IR), which result in a set of spherical harmonic coefficients for the time-varying geoid, sea surface, and vertical bedrock motion. A simple sum of the spectra yield monthly maps of the desired field and uncertainties therein. These may be applied for either study of the fields themselves or as fundamental filter components for the analysis of ocean circulation and earthquake related fields, or for improving ocean tide models.
Global detection of rainfall triggered landslide clusters
Authors: Benz Susanne A. , Blum Philipp
Published: January 2019

Abstract. An increasing awareness of the cost of landslides on the global economy and of the associated loss of human life, has led to the development of various global landslide databases. However, these databases typically report landslide events instead of individual landslides, i.e. a group of landslides with a common trigger and reported by media, citizens and/or government officials as a single unit. The latter results in significant cataloging and reporting biases. To counteract this biases, this study aims to identify clusters of landslide events that were triggered by the same rainfall event. Here the developed algorithm is applied to the Global Landslide Catalog (GLC) maintained by NASA. The results show that more than 40 % of all landslide events are connected to at least one other event, and that 14 % of all studied landslide events are actually part of a landslide cluster consisting of at least 10 events. However, in a more regional analysis this number ranges from 30 % for the West Coast of North America to 3 % in the Himalaya Region. The cluster with most landslide events in a day is located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with 108 events on 6th April 2010. In contrast, the longest running cluster was observed on the West Coast of North America with 132 events occurring in an area of over 120,000 km2 during 24 days in December 2015. Our study intends to enhance our understanding of landslide clustering and thus will assist in the development of improved, internationally streamlined mitigation strategies for rainfall related landslide clusters.
Choosing Impairment: conflicting interests
Authors: Metternick-Jones Selina Carolyne
Published: January 2019

The integration of reproductive genetic testing into clinical care presents both opportunities and challenges to parents in regards to shaping the lives of their future children. The relationship between parents and their future children has become more complex and new questions are being raised in relation to the extent of parental responsibility to future generations. This paper explores the ethical permissibility of using pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to select for impairment, through the use of two case studies involving identify affecting decisions.

Through analysing harm through both a personal and impersonal approach it is concluded that if a couple, or single reproducer, have a choice between an impaired and healthy embryo, and that the same number of children would result from selection, there is a moral obligation for parents to select the ones which will have an acceptable level of interest fulfilment and a normal opportunity for health.
Special Measures in Child Sexual Abuse Trials: Criminal Justice Practitioners’ Experiences and Views
Authors: Lee Eunro , Goodman-Delahunty Jane , Fraser Megan , Powell Martine B , Westera Nina J
Published: January 2019

Special measures have been implemented across the globe to improve evidence procedures in child sexual assault trials. The present study explored the day-to-day experiences and views on their use by five groups of Australian criminal justice practitioners (N = 335): judges, prosecutors, defence lawyers, police officers and witness assistance officers. Most practitioners reported routine use of pre-recorded police interviews and CCTV cross-examination of child complainants, but rare use with vulnerable adults. Despite persistent technical difficulties and lengthy waiting times for witnesses, high consensus emerged that special measures enhanced trial fairness and jury understanding. The perceived impact of special measures on conviction rates diverged widely. Defence lawyers disputed that this evidence was as reliable as in-person testimony. All practitioner groups endorsed expanded use of expert witness evidence and witness intermediaries. Ongoing professional development in all practitioner groups will further enhance justice outcomes for victims of child sexual abuse.
How do Single Mothers by Choice Promote the Health and Wellbeing of Their Donor-Conceived Children and What Role Should Law Play?
Authors: Kelly Fiona
Published: January 2019

There is increasing international consensus that the best interests of donor-conceived children should be the focal point of laws regulating assisted reproduction, with particular attention given to the promotion of children’s health and wellbeing. To achieve this objective, the Australian regulatory system has adopted a position of openness, the presumption being that children’s health is enhanced by access to information about their conception, their donors, and other donor relatives. This article explores the lived experience of 25 single mothers by choice (SMCs) who have attempted to promote the health and wellbeing of their donor-conceived children by exploring the possibility of seeking access to information about their child’s donor and/or other donor relatives. It argues that, while aspects of Australia’s regulatory framework facilitate the type of openness SMCs sought for their children, significant gaps remain. In particular, the absence of legislation in some states, and inconsistencies between and within state laws mean that the rights of donor-conceived children vary dramatically across the country.
Evaluation of crowding and tourist satisfaction in the practice of humpback whale - watching, the case of Puerto López - Ecuador
Authors:   Doctoral student. Faculty of Tourism. 506 G St. Vedado, Havana City (Cuba). pablo_t@ftur.uh.cu, Torres Matovelle Pablo , Molina Molina Gina ,   Department of Ecotourism. Metropolitana and Olímpica Ave., Portoviejo (Ecuador). gamolina@sangregorio.edu.ec
Published: January 2019

The effect of crowding on tourist satisfaction is a widely studied aspect. Its knowledge is valuable not only to guide ordering of tourism activity but also to ensure a satisfactory experience that contributes to its economic sustainability. However, studies of this type are scarce in the context of whale watching tourism. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate tourist satisfaction and crowding in the practice of humpback whale - watching in Puerto López - Ecuador. At the methodological level, a survey was applied to 340 tourists who observed whales in the June-September 2017 season. Data analysis was based on descriptive record, the structuring of an importance-performance analysis matrix, principal components analysis and binary logistic regression model. Unlike others, this research incorporated the calculation of a perceived crowding threshold and the analysis of the relationship between perceived crowding of boats and people on board. Among main results, the study finds that crowding influences tourist satisfaction when four or more boats coincide at a sighting site. In that sense, the activity in Puerto López is satisfactory in the face of a reported crowding scenario of 3.7 boats and 16.3 people per boat, on average. The limitations of this study are its exploratory nature because it is based on a non-probabilistic sampling and the questionnaire application exclusively in standard capacity boats, without considering those of 35 passengers.
La Djablesse: Between Martinique, Trinidad (and Tobago), and its Pan-Caribbean Dimension
Authors: Gugolati Maica
Published: January 2019

This article compares the folkloric character La Djablesse as presented on two Caribbean islands: Martinique and Trinidad. It examines the importance of this feminine figure who comes from black Créole oral stories, combining contemporary oral accounts with written historical transcriptions enriched by the use of photographic materials. La Djablesse is a female demon who uses her charms to kill or challenge men’s machismo and misogyny; she teases men and the concept of masculinity while challenging ideas of domination using her sexuality. This article analyzes how this figure binds together colonial memories and postcolonial re-elaboration of gender stereotypes where eroticism is questioned in contemporary feminine representations. The article shows how this feminine folkloric figure embodies stereotypical womanhood(s) that are present in contemporary male desires. Moreover, it includes a regression to the Haitian Vodou pantheon evoked by the interlocutors, which opens the investigation on a pan-Caribbean perspective.
Os avós e a pensão alimentar. dilemas em torno da responsabilidade avoenga e a judicialização do cuidado familiar.
Authors: Debert Guita Grin , Momma Dominique Macedo
Published: January 2019

O artigo apresenta reflexões acerca do tema cuidado e família, tendo em vista a relação entre avós e netos. Explora o modo pelo qual o sistema de justiça produz regras e procura disciplinar essa relação em um contexto marcado pela constituição de novos sujeitos de direitos, respaldados por estatutos específicos, como o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e o Estatuto do Idoso. Com base em análise qualitativa de decisões judiciais bem como em notícias divulgadas pela mídia sobre o tema, retrata-se uma pletora de valores em que as leis e a responsabilidade alimentar avoenga são interpretados em função de situações específicas, marcadas por arenas de conflitos envolvidas na atribuição do dever dos avós de prestação alimentar. Trata-se de mostrar como a politização da justiça na garantia de direitos dos grupos tidos como dependentes e discriminados leva a um processo de judicialização das relações entre parentes.
Da ética do cuidado à interseccionalidade: caminhos e desafios para a compreensão do trabalho de cuidado
Authors: Araujo Anna Bárbara
Published: January 2019

A ética do cuidado surge, na década de 1980, como um referencial feminista para a compreensão do cuidado em nossas sociedades. Ao longo deste texto analiso como a ética do cuidado fornece um arcabouço teórico pouco adequado para a análise do trabalho de cuidado e busco oferecer algumas pistas para uma compreensão mais apropriada do tema. Para tal, posiciono o trabalho de cuidado no centro de discussões sobre desigualdades sociais e relações de poder e recorro a pesquisas empíricas de inspiração interseccional sobre o tema.
Trabalhos domésticos e de cuidados sob a ótica da teoria da reprodução social
Authors: Grecco Fabiana Sanches
Published: January 2019

No cerne da pluralidade das teorias e análises feministas, pesquisadoras da Teoria da Reprodução Social (TRS) ancoradas em noções marxianas de trabalho, valor, força de trabalho e reprodução social, elaboram a ideia de que tanto a produção de mercadorias quanto os trabalhos domésticos e de cuidados compõem a totalidade sistêmica do capitalismo, de que ambos são necessários à regeneração do capital. Elas compreendem que os conflitos em torno da reprodução social se configuram em um ponto chave na disputa entre capital e trabalho. Este texto analisa a problemática atual dos trabalhos domésticos e de cuidados, localizada em uma crise que impõe uma nova divisão sexual e internacional do trabalho e que evoca uma renovação na teoria social, expressada no desenvolvimento feminista da TRS.
Discourse Analysis of Written Text on Pakistani Public Transport Vehicles
Authors: Bilal Rafia , Shehzad Wasima
Published: January 2019

This research focuses on the discourse analysis of the text written on Pakistani public transport vehicles. The data were collected from the roads, parking lots and market places in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The text was written in three languages, English, Urdu and Punjabi. The sample size was fifty but in order to delimit the study, the data size was reduced to ten. The data classification was done keeping into consideration the grounded theory, as the thematic categories of data emerged after data collection. They included love for religion, parents, opposite sex and country. Moreover, it highlighted the theme of morality, socio-economic problems, desire for upward mobility and wisdom-based quotations. The data were then analyzed keeping in mind Janks’ rubrics for linguistic analysis. The linguistic analysis showed that the text employs lexicalization, overlexicalization, lexical cohesion and there is extensive use of metaphors, euphemism and personification. It was noted that the text was multilingual as it was in Urdu, Punjabi or English language with a lot of code switching. The data were then further analyzed to highlight the social and moral attributes of language users, the socio-economic problems they face and their struggle for upward mobility. The social analysis provided a deep insight into the life of public transport drivers in Pakistani society.
Do Marketing Talents Matters? Its Relationship to Marketing Capability and Performance
Authors: Jen Lichung , Liu Yichun
Published: January 2019

The discussion of marketing capability on firms’ performance has been well documented for the last two decades. Most of the previous studies regarding the measurement of marketing capability are based solitary on the attitude of top managers. However, employees’ marketing talents are rarely discussed. This study, we propose a two-order factor hierarchy model utilizing a new pairwise survey approach to evaluate managers’ marketing capability and employees’ marketing talent. A preliminary questionnaire was developed to conduct an empirical study, of which four companies over 2,000 employees were surveyed. This study identified the positive impact of employee marketing talent and managerial marketing capability to organizational performance. Theoretical contribution, managerial implication and limitations are also discussed.
How Strategic Human Resource Planning Influence Performance of Agricultural Research Institutes in Kenya
Authors: Musi Yusuf W. , Mukulu E. , Oloko M.
Published: January 2019

Strategic planning is a tool that determines the destiny of an individual, institution or organization. Globally, competition defines strategies encompassed by institutions due to industrial economy that had been experienced to pass toward knowledge resource. Efficiency is achieved by successful utilization of resources. Organisations seek a more competitive edge at all costs and turn to more innovations in information technology. Effective measures provide decision makers with feedback on the effect of deliberate actions and influence critical decisions such as resources allocations, as well as appropriate action as may be necessary. This study was carried out in Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO) to determine how strategic human resource influence the performance of agricultural research organisations. It was anchored on the theory of transformational leadership theory. Information on whether research organisations apply strategic human resource planning in management was scarce. This was partly due to the little attention that was drawn on quality of services offered and feedback. Although there had been previous international studies in this field, no similar work had been conducted in agricultural-based research organisations in Kenya. This study therefore sought to establish whether strategic human resource planning could influence performance in agricultural research organizations. Survey research design was used. The study comprised of four agricultural research institutes. The Institutes had a total of 2922 employees in 2016. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect primary data. A pilot test was conducted on 10% of the total respondents to test reliability and validity. Reliability of the instrument was determined by use of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The Pearson’s product moment correlation was used to establish test for linearity using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, (SPSS 2018), while Analysis of Variance was used to test hypothesis. Results showed that strategic human resource management contributes to increased agricultural research performance in KALRO institutes. It is recommended that the findings of this study be embraced by other agricultural research institutions in Kenya.
Evaluation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.walp) Genotypes for Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Maize-cowpea Crop Rotation
Authors: Simunji Simunji , Munyinda Kalaluka L. , Lungu Obed I. , Mweetwa Alice M. , Phiri Elijah
Published: January 2019

Nitrogen is a major plant nutrient which is most limiting in the soil due to soil losses of mineral nitrogen (N) form. To ensure availability of nitrogen in the soil, the study was conducted to screen four cowpea genotypes for Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) and their contribution to maize yield in maize- cowpea rotation. The cowpea genotypes used were mutants LT11-3-3-12 (LT) and BB14-16-2-2 (BB) and their parental varieties Lutembwe (LTPRT) and Bubebe (BBPRT) respectively. Trials were established at two sites (Chisamba and Batoka) of different soil types. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Labelled 15N urea was applied at 20kgNha-1 on the four cowpea genotypes during 2015/16 growing season. Cowpea plant parts were dried and milled for 15N isotopic analysis. The data collected included Nitrogen content and atom % 15N excess in the fixing cowpea genotypes and non-nitrogen fixing pearl millet to determine total nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (TNdfa) and total nitrogen (TN) in plant parts which were further used to compute Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF). The results showed that BNF by cowpea genotypes at Chisamba was 63.9 kg ha-1 and was significantly (P<0.001) more than BNF of 6.6 kgha-1 at Batoka. The LT mutant fixed significantly (P<0.001) higher nitrogen of 86.1 kgha-1 and 16.5kg ha-1 at Chisamba and Batoka respectively than other genotypes. However, both BB and LT mutants significantly fixed more nitrogen than their parents and have demonstrated to increase maize grain yields up-to 12 tha-1 in the maize – cowpea rotation.
Captain
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

As captain Camp has the team meet in his dormitory room for open discussion, working out issues, including team play and strategy. On-field practice includes development of playing techniques such as more reliable backward kicking of the ball—assigning kicking to a particular player who comes to be positioned centrally in a front line (the “center”) and directs the ball to a particular player in back of, but moved closer to, the line whose close positioning makes him known as the “quarterback.” Kicking techniques are developed to send the ball back briskly as a “snapback.” Yale seems in the lead in developing techniques and playing strategy. Camp also seeks to develop a team that is determined to win and is physically well conditioned and prepared for tough play.
Impossible to Ignore
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Though valuing physical education and college sports for improving students’ physical condition and discipline, Harvard’s president, Charles W. Eliot, had come to believe in 1882 that college sports are demanding too much time and effort from students, brought on by a drive toward a “professional standard of excellence.” Eliot wants college sports at the level of “amateurs who are amusing themselves.” He tries to interest other college presidents in faculty oversight of intercollegiate competition with interinstitutional cooperation. Yale and other schools refuse, but Harvard sets up a faculty athletic committee to regulate Harvard’s athletics, and the committee begins to impose the limits Eliot is seeking.
Writer, Teacher … Director?
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Camp develops new football booklets in 1883: a referee’s book with rule interpretations to aid referee decision making, approved and published under the auspices of the Intercollegiate Football Association, and a historical statistical record of American football since intercollegiate competition began, with lists of players, referees, current captains, and the like. He coaches Yale’s baseball and football teams and is praised for his coaching results. Apparently at Camp’s initiative, a Yale professor investigates hiring of Camp by Yale as the school’s athletic supervisor, but Camp is not hired.
All-Americans
Authors: Tamte Roger R.
Published: January 2019

Camp becomes an incognito writer of articles for a new publication that begins in August 1889, the Week’s Sport, published by Caspar Whitney and focused on amateur, especially college, sports. In December Camp includes in his written contribution an “All-America” team—eleven players from Harvard, Princeton, and Yale—that the article says could successfully compete against a British team. A year later, in 1890, a second All-America team is named. Whitney’s publication fails, but he immediately begins a sports column in Harper’s Weekly, which continues to name All-America teams; Camp is the known author of at least the 1891 and 1897 teams and likely others also.
Liu Cixin’s Three-Body Trilogy
Authors: Song Mingwei
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the life and work of Liu Cixin, a Chinese science-fiction writer who has played a major role in reviving the genre in twenty-first-century China. The chapter discusses Liu’s work in the context of the genre’s history in China. Liu and other writers belonging to the same generation have created a new wave, in which the genre has gained unprecedented popularity in China. The main part of the chapter analyzes several major works by Liu and attempts to theorize the aesthetics and politics of the new wave as represented in Liu’s stories and novels. The new wave makes visible the hidden dimensions of Chinese science fiction, together with the darker side of reality that it speaks to.
Postpunk Desires
Authors: Howard Yetta
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores underground nightlife in the context of subcultural resistance to normative models of liberation. Ugliness in the chapter is visible as an antagonistically expressed gender and sexual nonnormativity within the postpunk aesthetics of cult film Liquid Sky (1982). The film is theorized as a dystopian feminism that aligns itself with alienated sexual and sonic space. The conceptual ugliness, in this chapter, corresponds to the queer female body as site of estrangement, ensconced in sexual and substance-desiring practices.
Carmen
Authors: André Naomi
Published: January 2019

This chapter follows the character of Carmen from her genesis in the middle of the nineteenth century with Prosper Mérimée’s novella (1845-46) through Bizet’s opera (1875), the film adaptation of Carmen Jones (1954), the MTV hip hopera (2001), and the South African U-Carmen eKhayelitsha (2005). With a transnational lens, this chapter brings together the same story as it moves across the Atlantic from Europe to the United States to South Africa and becomes a focal point for looking at text and genre. The emphases are on the intricacies of representation across the parameters of race, gender, expressions of hypersexuality, class, and nation while they are juxtaposed and held in dialogue with each other.
Engaged Musicology, Political Action, and Social Justice
Authors: André Naomi
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines a new analytical paradigm called “Engaged Musicology” that allows for reading opera as an art form that has potential for being a site for critical inquiry, political activism, and social change. It is fleshed out in two real-life situations: a cutting-edge new production of Bizet’s Carmen (a Trans Carmen in prison) and a concert version performance of Mozart’s Die Entführung aus dem Serail. The potential of an engaged musicological practice allows old and new, standard and underrepresented narratives to be voiced in opera. Such a practice would both invite new audiences into the opera house and present traditional opera goers with new realities.
Biographical Sketch
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an overview of Clarke’s life, primarily drawn from Neil McAleer’s biography and Clarke’s reminiscences. It first notes the emergence in his childhood of the passions that defined his career: devotion to space, the oceans, and science fiction; close relationships with males; and an urge to make money. After summarizing his World War II experiences and early career as a science fiction and science writer, the chapter theorizes that the 1952 arrest of British cryptographer Alan Turing for homosexual activity drove the closeted Clarke, fearing similar persecution for homosexuality, to get married and abandon Britain for Sri Lanka, although the allure of skin diving was also a factor. There, he remained active as an author and television personality until his death in 2008.
Marvelous Machines
Authors: Westfahl Gary
Published: January 2019

This chapter explains that although Clarke valued new technology, his stories regularly cast inventors and inventions in a negative light. Evidenced by the club stories in Tales from the White Hart (1957), the motives of his science fiction inventors are usually questionable; their machines frequently malfunction, or have undesirable side effects; and even when functioning properly, inventions can be misused. After long periods of development, machines may be perfected but can become useless or succumb to the ravages of time. These concerns figure in Clarke’s only novel focused on a new machine, The Fountains of Paradise (1979), wherein an engineer’s ego drives him to construct a space elevator; mishaps plague its construction; and the device is eventually abandoned when a climate change renders Earth uninhabitable.
FDR’s Closest Contender
Authors: Rofe J. Simon
Published: January 2019

This chapter identifies twin foreign policy influences on the 1944 election. The first and most straightforward was that the United States was, like many others, a nation at war and that this had a huge impact on the campaign. The second influence was the decision by the Republican contender, Thomas E. Dewey, not to campaign on the extent of Roosevelt administration’s prior knowledge of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Dewey’s begrudging discretion strongly encouraged by US Army chief of staff General George C. Marshall, limited the scope of his ability to critique the administration and its prosecution of the war.
Confirming the Cold War Consensus
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: January 2019

A year before Americans went to the polls, the 1952 election promised to be a “critical” election. The leading potential candidates were positioning themselves to continue the “great debate” over America’s Cold War foreign policy, providing the voters with a real choice on key questions such as the geographic extent, economic cost, and military emphasis of containment. By the time of the two party conventions, however, the Democrats and Republicans had opted for candidates who essentially agreed with Truman’s policy toward the Soviet Union. Dwight Eisenhower’s victory was therefore important, not because it marked a key moment of change in the direction of US policy, but for the exact opposite: it sustained the Cold War consensus, ensuring that a Republican administration would continue with the central thrust of its Democratic predecessor.
The Peace Candidate
Authors: Schwartz Thomas Alan
Published: January 2019

After the midterm elections of 1970, Richard Nixon believed that he might well be a one-term president. Deep dissatisfaction with the Vietnam War, as well domestic disorder and a sluggish economy, all seemed to point to electoral defeat. However, over the next eighteen months, with the help of his national security adviser Henry Kissinger, Nixon organized a foreign policy trifecta—the opening to China, a summit in the Soviet Union, and a tentative peace accord with the North Vietnamese—that helped secure an overwhelming electoral mandate. He proved to be the “peace candidate” in 1972 despite continuing to wage war in Southeast Asia.
The Domestic Politics of War and Peace
Authors: Mason Robert
Published: January 2019

Issues of foreign policy were central to presidential politics in 1980. Not only did the Iran hostage crisis and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan raise disturbing questions about America’s strength in the world, but, crucially, Jimmy Carter identified foreign policy as a way to salvage his political fortunes. The strategy, which reflected the bleakness of his domestic record, managed to score some successes. But these successes were incomplete. Impatience with limits on American power overseas was pushing public opinion toward hawkish skepticism of negotiation, assisting the late 1970s Republican revitalization, and allowing Ronald Reagan to unlock an anti-Carter mandate in which malaise about America’s standing overseas was as significant as the malaise about the domestic situation.
Ending the Cold War without Debate
Authors: Strong Robert A.
Published: January 2019

The contest for the American presidency in 1988 should have been a campaign with lively discussions and debates about international politics. It was not. Explaining why may raise important questions about the role of foreign affairs in American presidential politics. The contest for the White House in 1988 took place just before some of the most dramatic changes in and challenges to the international system that any modern presidency has ever known. It would have been good if and might have been expected that presidential candidates in that year had spent considerable time and energy discussing and debating those emerging changes. The debate did not occur.
Remembrance Begins, 1919–1923
Authors: Conner Thomas H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at the establishment of the ABMC and the history of American cemeteries and monuments in Europe. During the First World War, in a span of about seven months, America left more than 75,000 American soldiers dead in Europe. Torn between bringing the soldiers home and the expense of doing so, the U.S. government allowed the families to decide the fates of their fallen loved ones. Two parties arose from the controversy over whether the fallen soldiers should be brought home or left in American cemeteries abroad. The “Bring Home the Soldier Dead League” wanted the former, and the “Field of Honor Association” wanted the latter. Most of the soldiers’ bodies were shipped home to America, but in 1920-1921, eight permanent cemetery sites were designated in Europe: Suresnes, Romagne, Belleau Wood, Bony, Brookwood, Fère-en-Tardenois, Thiaucourt, and Waregem. In addition to the American cemeteries, it was also decided that American monuments would be erected in Europe. General Pershing emerged as the “chief of national remembrance” for the United States, and the first chairman of the ABMC.
The Completion of the ABMC’s Original Mission and Looking toward an Uncertain Future, 1937–1938
Authors: Conner Thomas H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the future for the ABMC after the project the agency had been created to do—namely, build and dedicate the eight cemetery chapels and eleven monuments—was completed. Discussing in great detail the planning for the dedication of the memorials in 1937, the chapter points out how the difficulties of that process paled in comparison to the solemn and honorable significance of the project the ABMC had been given. The dedications featured impassioned pleas for peace at a time that war clouds were again appearing in Europe. Once the dedications were finished, the ABMC was able to confound speculation that its termination would follow. This chapter ends with General Pershing surviving a near fatal bout of illness, and the beginning of the next European war that found the newly created monuments in the middle of the coming terror.
Amnijska membrana kot biološki nosilec, njena priprava in uporaba v regenerativni medicini v Sloveniji
Authors: Cirman Tina , Železnik Ramuta Taja , Lužnik Zala , Hawlina Marko , Schollmayer Petra , Smrke Dragica , Kreft Mateja Erdani
Published: January 2019

Izhodišča: Amnijska membrana (AM) je notranja stran posteljice, ki obdaja in ščiti zarodek. AM je večplastna struktura, ki je sestavljena iz amnijskih epitelijskih celic, amnijskih mezenhimskih stromalnih celic, bazalne lamine in vezivnega tkiva. Iz njene zgradbe izhajajo tudi lastnosti AM, zaradi katerih se že vrsto let uporablja v terapevtske namene, predvsem v oftalmologiji, saj pospešuje epitelizacijo, deluje kot substrat za celice, zmanjšuje fibrozo in neovaskularizacijo tkiva ter deluje protimikrobno. Zaradi mehanskih lastnosti AM, ki so posledica predvsem molekul zunajceličnega matriksa bazalne lamine in vezivnega tkiva, se AM v zadnjih letih vedno pogosteje uporablja tudi kot biološki nosilec v regenerativni medicini. Zaključki: Regenerativna medicina je interdisciplinarno področje raziskav in kliničnih aplikacij, ki uporablja načela bioloških in inženirskih znanosti za razvoj živih tkivnih ali organskih nadomestkov. V regenerativni medicini ločimo tri pristope: 1) vsaditev funkcionalnih celic, med drugim tudi matičnih celic, v poškodovano ali okvarjeno tkivo, 2) uporaba različnih sintetičnih materialov ali materialov naravnega izvora, ki pomagajo pri ponovnem oblikovanju poškodovanega ali okvarjenega tkiva in 3) tkivno inženirstvo, tj. uporaba ustreznih nosilcev, ki spodbujajo rast tkivno specifičnih celic in oblikovanje novega tkiva. V prispevku predstavljamo tudi uporabo amnijske membrane kot biološkega nosilca v regenerativni medicini v Sloveniji.
The mechanisms and dynamics of corruption
Authors: Newell James L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the conditions that have to be met in order for corrupt transactions to be possible at all. It argues that a lack of trust undermines prospects for the successful conclusion of corrupt transactions: because each party knows that the other cannot denounce cheating to the authorities without incriminating himself, each is fearful of being cheated by the other and is therefore incentivised to hold back from making a corrupt agreement in the first place. And yet corrupt agreements are made and corrupt transactions are successfully carried out. This is because of the mechanisms and dynamics involved – which have the effect, precisely, of helping the parties to overcome the trust problem. The 'mechanisms' are the resources, social and personal, psychological and material, the parties bring to the transaction, the 'dynamics' the patterns of action and interaction, through which the transactions take place. Showing how mechanisms and dynamics enable the overcoming of each of the problems that each of the parties face at each stage of the corrupt transaction makes it possible to understand how corruption itself ‘works’ in practice.
Political corruption in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Newell James L.
Published: January 2019

Political scientists have conventionally distinguished between advanced liberal democracies; communist and post-communist states, and so-called third-world countries. Though used less frequently than was once the case, the groups or ones like them are distinguished because drawing general conclusions about the nature of political life requires being able to categorise in order to compare countries; and because, broadly speaking, the groups mark broad distinctions tending to correlate with a range of variables including political corruption. Placing, then, the liberal democracies of Western Europe in one category and the former communist countries of Europe, plus Russia, in another reveals that corruption is a larger problem in the latter part of the world than it is in the former. Against this background, the chapter looks at the historical context of corruption during the communist era. It then provides an overview of the extent of corruption in the post-communist era and of the variations in its extent between the states concerned –before explaining the distinctive reasons for the development of these levels of corruption, assessing their impact and looking at what is being done and needs to be done to reduce levels of corruption.
Introduction
Authors: Cesario Marilina , Magennis Hugh
Published: January 2019

The Introduction begins by placing the present volume in the context of previous and current work on the subject of medieval knowledge. It goes on to give an outline of medieval perspectives on the meaning, value and transmission of knowledge, noting the influence of classical authors and tracing the development of ideas about knowledge through the writings of key Christian thinkers. Isidore of Seville is identified as the key influence of the medieval encyclopaedic tradition and particular attention is paid to the authoritative work of Augustine, Bede and Aquinas. The introduction relates aspects of these medieval perspectives to specific chapters of the book and also highlights the relationship between religious and secular traditions. It ends with a succinct outline of each chapter.
Dream divination in manuscripts and early printed books: patterns of transmission1
Authors: Chardonnens László Sándor
Published: January 2019

In the opening chapter Sándor Chardonnens focuses on medieval collections on dream divination. Taking account of a vast corpus of such writings, widely dispersed chronologically and geographically, he argues that alphabetical and thematic dream books, dream lunaries and mantic alphabets belong to the same branch of divination, that of oneiromancy, but that they were rarely anthologised in clusters within the same collection. He investigates patterns of transmission of dream divination in manuscripts and early printed texts in order to understand whether the ways in which those three types of dream divination were clustered together may give us an indication of genre awareness.
Knowledge of the weather in the Middle Ages: Libellus de disposicione totius anni futuri1
Authors: Cesario Marilina
Published: January 2019

In this chapter Marilina Cesario addresses the subject of weather forecasting in the Middle Ages as revealed in the meteorological prognostics that survive abundantly from throughout the period but particularly from the eleventh century onwards. The chapter focuses in particular on one fifteenth-century medical manuscript from Germany containing an anthology of seven Latin weather texts. Cesario edits and translates the texts for the first time and offers detailed discussion of them. She finds that these treatises contribute to their manuscript’s overarching interest in natural philosophy and that they were mostly given theoretical rather than practical usage, having their place in a context of academic learning (eruditio). One item stands out from the others, however, a puzzling salt prognostication found uniquely here. This text relies not, it is argued, on erudite knowledge but on knowledge acquired empirically and appears to have been designed for practical use.
The Cambridge Songs as anthology of musical knowledge
Authors: Buckley Ann
Published: January 2019

Here Ann Buckley presents an appraisal of the collection known as ‘The Cambridge Songs’, found in a mid-eleventh-century English manuscript but derived from a German source which also included material from the international clerical court culture of the period. Buckley suggests that the collection can be viewed as an example of an ‘anthology of musical knowledge’, which informs on genres, techniques, performance practice and the types of repertory that would have been usual in the eleventh century among learned audiences. The chapter focuses firstly on the collection’s song texts as a source of information on musical knowledge and musical practice in German court culture of the eleventh century but takes account too of the wider European clerical and intellectual framework, interrogating the raison d’être of such a collection in the context of anthologies of knowledge of the time.
The emergence of devotion to the name of Jesus in the West
Authors: Renevey Denis
Published: January 2019

In this chapter Denis Renevey examines the ways in which writers in the Greek world and, later, western religious teachers used the name of ‘Jesus’ in contemplative practices, and offers ‘answers as to the way in which knowledge of the power of the name “Jesus” was appropriated for different purposes in the two differing Christian traditions, and according to distinct spiritual ideologies’. Renevey discusses the influence of Origen in the development of knowledge about the powerful potential of the name of Jesus and goes on to highlight the attachment to the name in Orthodox liturgical practice from about the ninth century, an attachment that in the fervency of its language anticipates western traditions of affectivity. Among western writers, Renevey focuses on Anselm of Canterbury and Bernard of Clairvaux, the former promoting affective use of the name in personal devotion, the latter in a communal monastic context, as part of a well-conceived devotional scheme.
Meet the pagans: on the misuse of Beowulf in Andreas
Authors: North Richard
Published: January 2019

Richard North’s chapter argues that the Old English verse saint’s life Andreas (on the apostle St Andrew) appropriates the secular epic poem Beowulf for mock-epic purposes, turning knowledge of Beowulf, a poem which by implication must have been famous in Anglo-Saxon England, to a new Christian purpose. Andreas is seen to offer through its mock-epic style a satirical commentary on the heathen nostalgia of Beowulf. In Andreas knowledge of secular literature and its version of the past is astutely re-appropriated for religious purposes, being absorbed into and transcended by a Christian celebration of the true heroism of the saint. This chapter adds a new dimension to the understanding of Anglo-Saxon literary history and the place of secular tradition within it.
Introduction
Authors: Gajda Alexandra , Cavill Paul
Published: January 2019

This introduction explores the relationship between intellectual, political and religious history, and how they should fruitfully be integrated with classic parliamentary history. It argues that the early modern parliament must be understood through broader developments in historical thought and practice. The first part of the introduction examines the changing and unchanging character of history in this period, which provides the context for the essays in the volume. Thereafter the introduction relates approaches to the past to the growing historical consciousness within and about parliament and the historicised modes through which early modern authors chose to think and write about it. These new perspectives are analysed in the context of the historiography of parliament of the past century. It is argued that the constitutionalist mode of thinking so dominant at the end of our period grew out of the interaction of history, law and politics in, around and about parliament. The collection thus restates the crucial role of institutions for the study of political culture and thought.
The significance (and insignificance) of precedent in early Stuart parliaments
Authors: Healy Simon
Published: January 2019

Precedents were frequently invoked in early modern parliaments, particularly by lawyers, whose profession used ‘artificial reason’ to elucidate legal precedents, and who attempted to impose this paradigm upon constitutional debates. If laws and precedents were straightforwardly bastions of the subject’s liberties (as lawyers claimed), then they might have been deployed only in specific contexts. However, many invocations of precedent occurred along the ill-defined borderlands between the common law and the prerogative. This essay considers the role of precedent in four important parliamentary debates of the early Stuart period: over the proposed union of England and Scotland, over impositions, over impeachment, and over the liberty of the subject in relation to the Five Knights’ Case and the Petition of Right. It stresses how ineffectual precedents proved in resolving political disputes, and argues that more pragmatic considerations were paramount.