bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrate mediated resistance against Fusarium infection in cucumber plants acts via photorespiration
Authors: Sun Yuming , Li Yingrui , Li Yong , Wang Min , Mur Luis Alejandro Jose , Shen Qirong , Guo Shiwei
Published: June 2021

Fusarium wilt is one of the major biotic factors limiting cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) growth and yield. The outcomes of cucumber‐Fusarium interactions can be influenced by the form of nitrogen nutrition (nitrate [NO3−] or ammonium [NH4+]); however, the physiological mechanisms of N‐regulated cucumber disease resistance are still largely unclear. Here, we investigated the relationship between nitrogen forms and cucumber resistance to Fusarium infection. Our results showed that on Fusarium infection, NO3− feeding decreased the levels of the fungal toxin, fusaric acid, leaf membrane oxidative, organelle damage and disease‐associated loss in photosynthesis. Metabolomic analysis and gas‐exchange measurements linked NO3− mediated plant defence with enhanced leaf photorespiration rates. Cucumber plants sprayed with the photorespiration inhibitor isoniazid were more susceptible to Fusarium and there was a negative correlation between photorespiration rate and leaf membrane injury. However, there were positive correlations between photorespiration rate, NO3− assimilation and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This provides a potential electron sink or the peroxisomal H2O2 catalysed by glycolate oxidase. We suggest that the NO3− nutrition enhanced cucumber resistance against Fusarium infection was associated with photorespiration. Our findings provide a novel insight into a mechanism involving the interaction of photorespiration with nitrogen forms to drive wider defence.
Associations between early life harshness, parents' parenting style, and relationship quality in China
Authors: Li Haidi , Zheng Lijun
Published: June 2021

Previous studies revealed that early life stress is associated with romantic relationship quality in the life history perspective in Western nations. The current study examined the relationships between life history strategy, early life harshness/parents' parenting style, and romantic relationship quality, as well as life history strategy as a mediator in the association between early life harshness/parents' parenting style and relationship quality in China. A total of 263 individuals in romantic relationships participated in a questionnaire survey. Results revealed the direct effects of early life harshness/parents' parenting style and relationship quality. Both early life harshness and parents' parenting style have indirect effects on relationship quality through the life history strategy → communication/commitment paths. Thus, individuals with childhood adverse experiences and harsh parents' parenting style were more inclined to adopt a fast life history strategy, which was negatively associated with relationship quality.
The review of the light parameters and mechanisms of Photobiomodulation on melanoma cells
Authors: Chen Zeqing , Huang Shijie , Liu Muqing
Published: June 2021

Photobiomodulation (PBM) uses low‐intensity visible or near‐infrared light to produce beneficial effects on cells or tissues, such as brain therapy, wound healing. Still there is no consistent recommendation on the parameters (dose, light mode, wavelength, irradiance) and protocols (repetition, treatment duration) for its clinical application. Herein, we summarize the current PBM parameters for the treatment of melanoma, and we also discuss the potential photoreceptors and downstream signaling mechanisms in the PBM treatment of melanoma cells. It is hypothesized that PBM may inhibit the melanoma cells by activating mitochondria, OPNs, and other receptors. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, PBM has been shown to be beneficial in treating melanoma. Through further in‐depth studies of the underlying potential mechanisms, it can strengthen the applications of PBM for the therapy of melanoma.
Ralstonia solanacearum as a potato pathogen in Serbia: Characterization of strains and influence on peroxidase activity in tubers
Authors: Marković Sanja , Stanković Slaviša , Iličić Renata , Veljović Jovanović Sonja , Milić Komić Sonja , Jelušić Aleksandra , Popović Tatjana
Published: June 2021

Since 2011, the outbreaks of brown rot caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2, phylotype IIB‐1 (R3/B2/PIIB‐1) have significantly compromised potato production in Serbia. During 6 years of monitoring (2013–2018) among 3,524 potato tuber samples, 344 were found positive for brown rot disease. R. solanacearum R3/B2/PIIB‐1 was isolated from seven cultivars among 12 monitored, and in five localities among 17 monitored. Cultivar Lady Claire was found to have the highest disease frequency (31.98%). A total of 78 isolates were identified by R. solanacearum‐specific primer pairs (PS‐1/PS‐2 and OLI‐1/Y‐2), as well as the following tests: restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, biovar determination, immunofluorescence, biochemical analysis, and pathogenicity. The genetic composition of 36 selected isolates assessed using multilocus sequence analysis with seven genes (adk, gapA, gdhA, gyrB, ppsA, hrpB, and fliC) showed that all isolates originating from Serbian potato were homogeneous. By using the TCS algorithm of concatenated sequences to get insight into the phylogeography of isolates and other R. solanacearum strains deposited in the NCBI database, we showed that their origin is undetermined. Peroxidase (POD) activity was measured in brown rotted potato tubers. A positive correlation was found between POD activity and disease severity rated on the analysed tubers. In general, POD activity increased by 2–22 times in vascular necrotic tissues compared to non‐necrotic ones, and depended on disease severity but not on cultivar. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of POD profiles resulted in a total of 10 distinct POD isoforms, of which PODs 3–5 were highly intensified in response to R. solanacearum.
Open innovation for institutional entrepreneurship: how incumbents induce institutional change to advance autonomous driving
Authors: Schweitzer Fiona , Palmié Maximilian , Gassmann Oliver , Kahlert Jonas , Roeth Tobias
Published: June 2021

Without fundamental institutional change, such as a change in laws and regulations, many new technologies cannot achieve their full potential. Efforts to induce institutional change in favor of such technologies are, therefore, increasingly critical for innovative firms. To study how German automotive firms induce change that accommodates autonomous driving (AD) solutions, we conducted a case study research encompassing analysis of 31 interviews, internal archival documents, and media data. Taking the firm as the level of analysis, we identify ten practices employed by innovating incumbents in the three steps of creating saliency for change, mitigating reservations against the desired change, and institutionalizing it. We find that these practices involve shaping‐oriented and adaptation‐oriented knowledge flows. Through the combined use of these practices throughout the three steps, firms ‘open up’ their development process, utilizing purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to advance innovation. Our findings contribute to the literature on open innovation and institutional entrepreneurship and suggest that future open innovation research can profit from adopting an institutional entrepreneurship perspective.
Assessment of the effect of broadband expansion on the economy reviewed
Authors: Mendonça Mário Jorge , Loureiro Paulo R. A. , Nascimento Antônio , Ellery Roberto
Published: June 2021

Despite consensus about the positive impact of broadband expansion on the economy, from an aggregate perspective, this impact does not seem to be homogeneous for the whole economy. By using a two‐way multivariate panel data model subjected to Bayesian estimation, this study aims to determine the effect of broadband expansion on Brazilian economic sectors. To account for regional differences, the sampled data were grouped into clusters (clustering) to spot municipalities with similar characteristics. The results indicate that the impact of broadband expansion is not positive for all sectors. Actually, it was positive in more dynamic and technology‐intensive sectors (e.g., industrial and service sectors) but negative for the agricultural sector.
Liquidity defaults and progressive lending in microfinance: A lab‐in‐the field experiment in Bolivia
Authors: Cecchi Francesco , Koster Tinka , Lensink Robert
Published: June 2021

Many microfinance institutions (MFIs) use dynamic incentives in combination with progressive lending schemes to reduce defaults. However, the specific role of progressive lending has never been tested empirically, while observational evidence in other contexts points to potentially adverse effects. Using an experimental approach, we study the impact of progressive lending on overborrowing, attending to the possibility that progressive lending may actually increase liquidity defaults. We organize a framed field experiment in the municipality of Coroico, Bolivia, inviting 271 members of an MFI to participate in an experimental game. In Bolivia, the penetration rates of microfinance are among the highest in the world, progressive lending systems are a common practice, and the concept and practices of microfinance are well known among most people. We find that participants who borrowed over multiple rounds with progressively increasing borrowing caps showed increased liquidity defaults once the caps became unconstraining compared to those without progressive lending. We speculate that this result stems from anchoring borrowing loan requests on the credit limit set by the lender and formalize this rationale in a model for credit demand and naive borrowers. MFIs should consider the potential perverse anchoring effects of progressive lending when designing policies aimed at reducing overborrowing.
Prediction in High-Dimensional Linear Models and Application to Genomic Selection Under Imperfect Linkage Disequilibrium
Authors: Rabier Charles-Elie , Grusea Simona
Published: June 2021

Genomic selection (GS) consists in predicting breeding values of selection candidates, using a large number of genetic markers. An important question in GS is to determine the number of markers required for a good prediction. For this purpose, we introduce new proxies for the accuracy of the prediction. These proxies are suitable under sparse genetic map where it is likely to observe some imperfect linkage disequilibrium, that is, the situation where the alleles at a gene location and at a marker located nearby vary. Moreover, our suggested proxies are helpful for designing cost-effective SNP chips based on a moderate density of markers. We analyse rice data from Los Banos, Philippines and focus on the flowering time collected during the dry season 2012. Using different densities of markers, we show that at least 1553 markers are required to implement GS. Finding the optimal number of markers is crucial in order to optimize the breeding program.
Estimating the repercussions from China's export value‐added tax rebate policy*
Authors: Gourdon Julien , Hering Laura , Monjon Stéphanie , Poncet Sandra
Published: June 2021

Our study shows that China's export value‐added tax (VAT) rebate system is a major industrial policy that affects its exports. We use export data at the HS6 product level for a panel of 329 Chinese cities over the 2003–2012 period to assess how changes in the export VAT tax have affected China's export performance. We consider different trade margins in terms of volumes, prices, and the number of countries served. To counter endogeneity, we exploit variations in the expected impact of the export VAT rebates by trade regime, which come from an eligibility rule disqualifying certain export flows from the rebates. Our results suggest that a 1 percent decline in the export VAT tax leads to a 7.2 percent relative increase in eligible export values at the city level. This effect is due to an adjustment of quantities and the number of foreign markets served while the average unit values of exports remain unchanged.
Detrimental effects of prior self‐control exertion on subsequent sporting skill performance
Authors: Boat Ruth , Sunderland Caroline , Cooper Simon B.
Published: June 2021

The prior exertion of self‐control has previously been shown to negatively affect physical performance, yet the effects on complex sporting skill performance have not been examined. Therefore, this study examined whether prior self‐control exertion influences performance on a field hockey task, alongside measuring plasma cortisol concentration and attention as potential mechanisms to explain any effects.

Following familiarization, 13 male hockey players (20 ± 1 years) participated in a randomized, order‐balanced, crossover design. For the manipulation of self‐control, participants completed an incongruent (self‐control exertion trial) or a congruent (control trial) Stroop task. Skill performance was assessed using a field hockey skills task. Capillary blood samples, for the determination of plasma cortisol concentration, were taken at baseline, post‐Stroop task, and post‐field hockey skills task. Cognitive tests of attention (RVIP and Flanker tasks) were completed following the field hockey skills task.

Participants made more errors in the latter stages of the field hockey skills task following self‐control exertion (trial*time interaction,p = 0.041). Participants also made more errors on the RVIP task following self‐control exertion (p = 0.035); yet the time taken to complete the hockey skills task, performance on the flanker task, and plasma cortisol concentrations were unaffected (allp > 0.05).

Overall, these findings suggest that prior self‐control exertion has detrimental effects on subsequent sporting skill performance (more errors made on the field hockey task), which may be explained by poorer sustained attention (lower accuracy on the RVIP task). This suggests that athletes should aim to avoid self‐control exertion before a competitive match to optimize performance.
The transcriptional dynamics during de novo shoot organogenesis of Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro): implication of the contributions of the abiotic stress response in this process
Authors: Tu Min , Wang Wenjia , Yao Nan , Cai Changyang , Liu Yuanyuan , Lin Chentao , Zuo Zecheng , Zhu Qiang
Published: June 2021

De novo shoot organogenesis is an important biotechnological tool for fundamental studies in plant. However, it is difficult in most bamboo species, and the genetic control of this highly dynamic and complicated regeneration process remains unclear. In this study, based on an in‐depth analysis at the cellular level, the shoot organogenesis from calli of Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) was divided into five stages. Subsequently, single‐molecule long‐read isoform sequencing of tissue samples pooled from all five stages was performed to generate a full‐length transcript landscape. A total of 83 971 transcripts, including 73 209 high‐quality full‐length transcripts, were captured, which served as an annotation reference for the subsequent RNA sequencing analysis. Time‐course transcriptome analysis of samples at the abovementioned five stages was conducted to investigate the global gene expression atlas showing genome‐wide expression of transcripts during the course of bamboo shoot organogenesis. K‐means clustering analysis and stage‐specific transcript identification revealed important dynamically expressed transcription regulators that function in bamboo shoot organogenesis. The majority of abiotic stress‐responsive genes altered their expression levels during this process, and further experiments demonstrated that exogenous application of moderate but not severe abiotic stress increased the shoot regeneration efficiency. In summary, our study provides an overview of the genetic flow dynamics during bamboo shoot organogenesis. Full‐length cDNA sequences generated in this study can serve as a valuable resource for fundamental and applied research in bamboo in the future.
The lysophospholipid‐binding molecule CD1D is not required for the alloimmunization response to fresh or stored RBCs in mice despite RBC storage driving alterations in lysophospholipids
Authors: Medved Jelena , Knott Brittney M. , Tarrah Soraya N. , Li Andria N. , Shah Neha , Moscovich Tamara C. , Boscia Alexis R. , Salazar Juan E. , Santhanakrishnan Manjula , Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Fu Xiaoyun , Zimring James C. , Luckey Chance John
Published: June 2021

Background

Despite the significant adverse clinical consequences of RBC alloimmunization, our understanding of the signals that induce immune responses to transfused RBCs remains incomplete. Though RBC storage has been shown to enhance alloimmunization in the hen egg lysozyme, ovalbumin, and human Duffy (HOD) RBC alloantigen mouse model, the molecular signals leading to immune activation in this system remain unclear. Given that the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I molecule CD1D can bind to multiple different lysophospholipids and direct immune activation, we hypothesized that storage of RBCs increases lysophospholipids known to bind CD1D, and further that recipient CD1D recognition of these altered lipids mediates storage‐induced alloimmunization responses.

Study Design and Methods

We used a mass spectrometry‐based approach to analyze the changes in lysophospholipids that are induced during storage of mouse RBCs. CD1D knockout (CD1D‐KO) and wild‐type (WT) control mice were transfused with stored HOD RBCs to measure the impact of CD1D deficiency on RBC alloimmunization.

Results

RBC storage results in alterations in multiple lysophospholipid species known to bind to CD1D and activate the immune system. Prior to transfusion, CD1D‐deficient mice had lower baseline levels of polyclonal immunoglobulin (IgG) relative to WT mice. In response to stored RBC transfusion, CD1D‐deficient mice generated similar levels of anti‐HOD IgM and anti‐HOD IgG.

Conclusion

Although storage of RBCs leads to alteration of several lysophospholipids known to be capable of binding CD1D, storage‐induced RBC alloimmunization responses are not impacted by recipient CD1D deficiency.
Superstitions and Residential Property Buyer Decision Making in Sri Lanka
Authors: Poologasingam Caleb , Perera Upuli
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the influence of superstitious beliefs on the residential property buyer’s decision-making in Sri Lanka. Despite plethora of research devoted to study superstitious beliefs affecting residential property prices, limited studies are available discussing the effects of superstitious beliefs on the entire buyer decision-making process. Besides, no studies are dedicated to discuss the issue pertaining to the Sri Lankan residential market. Rooted to Vastu, Almanac, and Islamic discipline, superstitious beliefs on the residential property exist in Sri Lanka. These superstitious beliefs, on the whole, concentrate on the design, shape, alignment, size, location, and structure of residential properties. Superstitious beliefs of buyers become a factor affecting their problem recognition, an insight for the information search, a criterion for evaluation of alternatives, a critical factor to make a purchase or purchase intention decision, and measurement of satisfaction of the residential property purchased. These findings are based on in-depth interviews with twenty (20) residential and community experts and thirty (30) residential buyers. John Dewey's five-stage buyer decision-making process is employed as a theoretical framework for data analysis. This examination provides useful insights on the behavioural aspect of the residential market in Sri Lanka for its market actors including real estate developers, agents, businesses, and real estate planners.
β‐Catenin is required for optimal exercise‐ and contraction‐stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake
Authors: Masson Stewart W. C. , Woodhead Jonathan S. T. , D'Souza Randall F. , Broome Sophie C. , MacRae Caitlin , Cho Hyun C. , Atiola Robert D. , Futi Tumanu , Dent Jessica R. , Shepherd Peter R. , Merry Troy L.
Published: June 2021

Key points

Loss of β‐catenin impairs in vivo and isolated muscle exercise/contraction‐stimulated glucose uptake.

β‐Catenin is required for exercise‐induced skeletal muscle actin cytoskeleton remodelling.

β‐Catenin675 phosphorylation during exercise may be intensity dependent.

The conserved structural protein β‐catenin is an emerging regulator of vesicle trafficking in multiple tissues and supports insulin‐stimulated glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation in skeletal muscle by facilitating cortical actin remodelling. Actin remodelling may be a convergence point between insulin and exercise/contraction‐stimulated glucose uptake. Here we investigated whether β‐catenin is involved in regulating exercise/contraction‐stimulated glucose uptake. We report that the muscle‐specific deletion of β‐catenin induced in adult mice (BCAT‐mKO) impairs both exercise‐ and contraction (isolated muscle)‐induced glucose uptake without affecting running performance or canonical exercise signalling pathways. Furthermore, high intensity exercise in mice and contraction of myotubes and isolated muscles led to the phosphorylation of β‐cateninS675, and this was impaired by Rac1 inhibition. Moderate intensity exercise in control and Rac1 muscle‐specific knockout mice did not induce muscle β‐cateninS675 phosphorylation, suggesting exercise intensity‐dependent regulation of β‐cateninS675. Introduction of a non‐phosphorylatable S675A mutant of β‐catenin into myoblasts impaired GLUT4 translocation and actin remodelling stimulated by carbachol, a Rac1 and RhoA activator. Exercise‐induced increases in cross‐sectional phalloidin staining (F‐actin marker) of gastrocnemius muscle was impaired in muscle from BCAT‐mKO mice. Collectively our findings suggest that β‐catenin is required for optimal glucose transport in muscle during exercise/contraction, potentially via facilitating actin cytoskeleton remodelling.
Modeling the Time Duration Until the Adoption of Residential Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Hamed Mohammad M. , Al-Masri Adnan , Dalala Zakariya M. , AlSaleh Raed J.
Published: June 2021

This paper addresses two key decisions by households to adopt rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and the length of time until the adoption. It is hypothesized that these decisions are controlled by different mechanisms and should be modeled independently. This is the first attempt to formally estimate the length of time until the adoption to the authors’ knowledge. Two models are presented in this paper. The first is a mixed logit to model the respondents’ intention to adopt a solar PV system, and the second is a random parameters ordered probit to estimate the length of time until the adoption. Estimation results show that the number of electrical appliances, the households’ interest to harness economic benefits, and the type and characteristics of the dwelling motivate households to select a shorter duration until the adoption. Results also show that the majority (77.80%) of respondents with electric vehicles are highly likely to adopt a rooftop system and select a shorter time duration until adoption. In addition, a significant proportion (83.23%) of respondents with high monthly electricity bills is more likely to adopt a rooftop PV system and select a shorter time duration. Results show that the average monthly electricity bill for households with a PV system has decreased by 74.04%. Reducing monthly electricity bills is a key instigator for adopting a rooftop PV system. Our results confirm the hypothesis that even if there is an intent to adopt a rooftop solar PV system, the length of time until the adoption is controlled by another mechanism.
Real-time prediction of Litho-facies from drilling data using an Artificial Neural Network: A comparative field data study with optimizing algorithms
Authors: Agrawal Romy , Malik Aashish , Samuel Robello , Saxena Amit
Published: June 2021

The lithology of the formation is known to affect the drilling operation. Litho-facies help in the quantification of the formation properties, which optimizes the drilling parameters. The proposed work uses the artificial neural network algorithm and an optimizer to develop a working model for predicting the lithology of any formation within the study area in real-time. The proposed model is trained using the formation data comprising 15-dependent variables from the Eagleford region of the United States of America. It builds a method for measuring or forecasting litho-facies in real-time when drilling through a formation. It uses general drilling parameters for better precision, including Rate of Penetration, Rotation per minute, Surface Torque, Differential Pressure, Gamma Ray Correlation, and a d-exponent correlation function. The proposed model compares and assesses various first-order optimization algorithm's efficiency, such as Adaptive Moment Estimation, Adaptive Gradient, Root Mean Square Propagation, and Stochastic Gradient Descent with traditional artificial neural network in quantitative litho-facies detection. The model can predict the complex lithology for vertical/inclined/horizontal wellbores in real-time, making it a novel algorithm in the industry. The developed algorithm illustrates an accuracy of 86 % using Adam optimizer when tested with the existing data and improves as the model is trained with more data.
A New Uncertainty Analysis-Based Framework for Data-Driven Computational Mechanics
Authors: Guo Xu , Du Zongliang , Liu Chang , Tang Shan
Published: June 2021

In this article, a new uncertainty analysis-based framework for data-driven computational mechanics (DDCM) is established. Compared with its practical classical counterpart, the distinctive feature of this framework is that uncertainty analysis is introduced into the corresponding problem formulation explicitly. Instated of only focusing on a single solution in phase space, a solution set is sought for to account for the influence of the multisource uncertainties associated with the data set on the data-driven solutions. An illustrative example provided shows that the proposed framework is not only conceptually new but also has the potential of circumventing the intrinsic numerical difficulties pertaining to the classical DDCM framework.
Mechanics of Biohybrid Valveless Pump-Bot
Authors: Li Zhengwei , Saif M. Taher A.
Published: June 2021

Engineering living systems is a rapidly emerging discipline where the functional biohybrid robotics (or “Bio-bots”) are built by integrating of living cells with engineered scaffolds. Inspired by embryonic heart, we presented earlier the first example of a biohybrid valveless pump-bot, an impedance pump, capable of transporting fluids powered by engineered living muscle tissues. The pump consists of a soft tube attached to rigid boundaries at the ends, and a muscle ring that squeezes the tube cyclically at an off-center location. Cyclic contraction results in a net flow through the tube. We observed that muscle force occasionally buckles the tube in a random fashion, i.e., similar muscles do not buckle the tube consistently. In order to explain this anomaly, here we develop an analytical model to predict the deformation and stability of circular elastic tubes subjected to a uniform squeezing force due to a muscle ring (like a taught rubber band). The prediction from the model is validated by comparing with experiments and finite element analysis. The nonlinear model reveals that the circular elastic tube cannot buckle irrespective of muscle force. Buckling state can be reached and sustained by bending and folding the tube before applying the muscle ring. This imperfection may appear during assembly of the pump or from nonuniform thickness of the muscle ring. This study provides design guides for developing advanced biohybrid impedance pumps for diverse applications.
Biomechanical Study and Prediction of Lower Extremity Joint Movements Using Bayesian Regularization-Based Backpropagation Neural Network
Authors: Narayan Jyotindra , Dwivedy Santosha K.
Published: June 2021

This work aims to estimate the lower-limb joint angles in the sagittal plane using Microsoft Kinect-based experimental setup and apply an efficient machine learning technique for predicting the same based on kinematic, spatiotemporal, and biological parameters. Ten healthy participants from 19 to 50 years (33 ± 11.24 years) were asked to walk in front of the Kinect camera. Based on the skeleton image, the biomechanical hip, knee, and ankle joint angles of the lower-limb were measured using ni-labview. Thereafter, two Bayesian regularization-based backpropagation multilayer perceptron neural network models were designed to predict the joint angles in the stance and swing phase. The joint angles of two individuals, as a testing dataset, were predicted and compared with the experimental results. The test correlation coefficient for predicted joint angles has shown a promising effect of the proposed neural network models. Finally, a qualitative comparison was presented between the joint angles of healthy people and unhealthy people of similar age groups.
Mechanism of highly selective etching of SiCN by using NF3/Ar-based plasma
Authors: Matsui Miyako , Usui Tatehito , Kuwahara Kenichi
Published: June 2021

As part of the self-aligned processes to fabricate a 3D device, highly selective SiCN etching using NF3/Ar-based gas plasma generated by microwave electron-cyclotron resonance was investigated. The etching rate of SiCN etched by NF3/Ar plasma was higher than that of various other materials, namely, SiO2, Si3N4, poly-Si, TiN, and Al2O3. Extremely highly selective etchings of SiCN with regard to various materials are possible by forming protective layers on nonetched materials by adding gases to the NF3/Ar plasma. The effects of adding gases to the NF3/Ar plasma on various other materials were studied by analysis using optical emission spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The three key findings of these analyses are summarized as follows. First, highly selective etching of SiCN to poly-Si was achieved by adding oxygen to the NF3/Ar etching plasma. This etching was made possible because poly-Si etching was inhibited by forming a 1.0-nm-thick oxidized layer to protect the poly-Si surface from the etching reaction with fluorine radicals. Second, highly selective etching of SiCN to SiO2 and Si3N4 was achieved by using NF3/Ar-based plasma with added SiCl4. In this etching, silicon-containing deposited layers were formed on the SiO2 and Si3N4 surfaces. The deposited layers protected the surfaces from being etched by reacting with fluorine radicals. Third, highly selective etching over TiN was achieved by using hydrogen-added plasma. The XPS results show that a thin protective layer containing TiNxFy and ammonium fluoride was formed on the TiN surface. The protective layer formed on the TiN surface effectively protects the TiN from being etched by fluorine radicals.
Optical realization of the pascal—Characterization of two gas modulated refractometers
Authors: Silander Isak , Forssén Clayton , Zakrisson Johan , Zelan Martin , Axner Ove
Published: June 2021

By measuring the refractivity and the temperature of a gas, its pressure can be calculated from fundamental principles. The most sensitive instruments are currently based on Fabry–Perot cavities where a laser is used to probe the frequency of a cavity mode. However, for best accuracy, the realization of such systems requires exceptional mechanical stability. Gas modulation refractometry (GAMOR) has previously demonstrated an impressive ability to mitigate the influence of fluctuations and drifts whereby it can provide high-precision (sub-ppm, i.e., sub-parts-per-million or sub-10−6) assessment of gas refractivity and pressure. In this work, two independent GAMOR-based refractometers are individually characterized, compared to each other, and finally compared to a calibrated dead weight piston gauge with respect to their abilities to assess pressure in the 4–25 kPa range. The first system, referred to as the stationary optical pascal (SOP), uses a miniature fixed point gallium cell to measure the temperature. The second system, denoted the transportable optical pascal (TOP), relies on calibrated Pt-100 sensors. The expanded uncertainty for assessment of pressure (k=2) was estimated to, for the SOP and TOP, [(10mPa)2+(10×10−6P)2]1/2 and [(16mPa)2+(28×10−6P)2]1/2, respectively. While the uncertainty of the SOP is mainly limited by the uncertainty in the molar polarizability of nitrogen (8 ppm), the uncertainty of the TOP is dominated by the temperature assessment (26 ppm). To verify the long-term stability, the systems were compared to each other over a period of 5 months. It was found that all measurements fell within the estimated expanded uncertainty (k=2) for comparative measurements (27 ppm). This verified that the estimated error budget for the uncorrelated errors holds over this extensive period of time.
Detection of Pyrazinamide Heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Werngren Jim , Mansjö Mikael , Glader Mikaela , Hoffner Sven , Davies Forsman Lina
Published: June 2021

Heteroresistance is defined as the coexistence of both susceptible and resistant bacteria in a bacterial population. Previously published data show that it may occur in 9 to 57% of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates for various drugs.
The Infectivity Gene
bbk13
Is Important for Multiple Phases of the Borrelia burgdorferi Enzootic Cycle
Authors: Aranjuez George F. , Lasseter Amanda G. , Jewett Mollie W.
Published: June 2021

Lyme disease is a multistage inflammatory disease caused by the spirochete
Borrelia burgdorferi
transmitted through the bite of an infected
Ixodes scapularis
tick. We previously discovered a
B. burgdorferi
infectivity gene,
bbk13
, that facilitates mammalian infection by promoting spirochete population expansion in the skin inoculation site.
The Division Defect of aBacillus subtilis minD nocDouble Mutant Can Be Suppressed by Spx-Dependent and Spx-Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Yu Yuanchen , Dempwolff Felix , Oshiro Reid T. , Gueiros-Filho Frederico J. , Jacobson Stephen C. , Kearns Daniel B.
Published: June 2021

Bacteria must properly position the location of the cell division machinery in order to grow, divide, and ensure each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome. InBacillus subtilis, cell division site selection depends on the Min and Noc systems, and while neither is individually essential, cells fail to grow at high temperature when both are mutated.
Authigenic berthierine and incipient chloritization in shallowly buried sandstone reservoirs: Key role of the source-to-sink context
Authors: Virolle Maxime , Brigaud Benjamin , Beaufort Daniel , Patrier Patricia , Abdelrahman Eid , Thomas Hadrien , Portier Eric , Samson Yann , Bourillot Raphaël , Féniès Hugues
Published: June 2021

Chlorite is recognized worldwide as a key mineral that inhibits the development of quartz cement in deeply buried sandstone reservoirs. Iron-rich chlorite is mainly formed by the transformation of a precursor clay mineral; however, few studies have focused on the early stages before the crystallization of chlorite. This study analyzed shallowly buried (400–1000 m) coastal sandstones from within the Wealden Group of the Paris Basin. Berthierine, a 7 Å trioctahedral clay mineral belonging to the serpentine group, approximatively with same chemistry as chlorite but a different crystal structure, has been identified in a 900-m-deep well but not in a 400–600-m-deep well. Berthierine has mainly been observed as clay coatings around detrital grains with a typical honeycomb texture. Nanopetrographic observations suggest that the honeycomb textural organization of the clay particles found in deeper buried sandstone reservoirs (>1500 m) is acquired from a berthierine precursor at shallow depths. However, small amounts of quartz overgrowths are observed on the surface of detrital grains at shallow depths and low temperature (below 40 °C), and it is believed that precursor berthierine coatings are primarily responsible for the inhibition of quartz overgrowths before Fe-rich chlorite is formed. This suggests that the key mineral primarily controlling the reservoir quality of deeply buried sandstone reservoirs is berthierine rather than iron-rich chlorite, which challenges the commonly accepted assertion that chlorite coating is the main process that inhibits quartz overgrowths. The source-to-sink context of the Paris Basin during the Early Cretaceous was decisive with respect to the supply of sands and berthierine clay precursors (in particular kaolinite and iron-rich, hydroxy-interlayered clay minerals) to the center of the basin.
Syphilitic meningitis presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies
Authors: Chu Melissa , Kumar Shejil , Sturm Jonathan
Published: June 2021

Syphilis is increasingly prevalent in the community. The protean manifestations of neurosyphilis make the recognition, diagnosis and early initiation of treatment challenging. We report a case of early syphilitic meningitis presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was inflammatory with predominant lymphocytosis. The patient was diagnosed with neurosyphilis based on serum as well as CSF testing. Intravenous benzylpenicillin treatment resulted in rapid improvement of neurological symptoms. Neurosyphilis should be considered in immunocompetent patients presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies, or isolated cranial neuropathies without vascular risk factors.
Presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a secondary analysis using published data
Authors: Casey-Bryars Miriam , Griffin John , McAloon Conor , Byrne Andrew , Madden Jamie , Mc Evoy David , Collins Áine , Hunt Kevin , Barber Ann , Butler Francis , Lane Elizabeth Ann , O'Brien Kirsty , Wall Patrick , Walsh Kieran , More Simon John
Published: June 2021

Objective

To estimate the proportion of presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection that can occur, and the timing of transmission relative to symptom onset.

Setting/design

Secondary analysis of international published data.

Data sources

Meta-analysis of COVID-19 incubation period and a rapid review of serial interval and generation time, which are published separately.

Participants

Data from China, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy, Republic of Korea, Singapore and Vietnam from December 2019 to May 2020.

Methods

Simulations were generated of incubation period and of serial interval or generation time. From these, transmission times relative to symptom onset, and the proportion of presymptomatic transmission, were estimated.

Outcome measures

Transmission time of SARS-CoV-2 relative to symptom onset and proportion of presymptomatic transmission.

Results

Based on 18 serial interval/generation time estimates from 15 papers, mean transmission time relative to symptom onset ranged from −2.6 (95% CI −3.0 to –2.1) days before infector symptom onset to 1.4 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.8) days after symptom onset. The proportion of presymptomatic transmission ranged from 45.9% (95% CI 42.9% to 49.0%) to 69.1% (95% CI 66.2% to 71.9%).

Conclusions

There is substantial potential for presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across a range of different contexts. This highlights the need for rapid case detection, contact tracing and quarantine. The transmission patterns that we report reflect the combination of biological infectiousness and transmission opportunities which vary according to context.
Efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Luo Lihong , Qing Lei , Yao Chengjiao , Liu Dongying , Li Yilin , Li Tinglin , Feng Peimin
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease, and 62% of patients with UC felt that it is difficult for them to live a normal life. Furthermore, some researches have shown that about 15% of patients with UC undergo at least one extreme clinical course in their lifetime, and 10%–30% of patients with UC oblige colectomy. Although many investigations have demonstrated that HBO2has a beneficial impact on UC treatment, a systematic review and meta-analysis are unavailable. Therefore, a meta-analysis is essential to assess the efficacy and safety of HBO2in treating UC.

Methods and analysis

A systematic search plan will be performed in the following seven databases with a restriction of time from inception to September 2020 to filter the eligible studies: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP) and Chinese Biomedical Database WanFang. Other related resources will be also searched. Two independent reviewers will choose eligible researches and extract data. The risk of bias will be evaluated based on Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Eventually, a systematic review and meta-analysis will be performed via the Review Manager V.5.3 statistical software and STATA V.14.0 software.

Ethics and dissemination

This study will not involve the individual patient and any ethical problems since its outcomes are based on published data. Therefore, no ethical review and approval are required. We plan to publish the study in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020210244.
Developing a reporting guideline for artificial intelligence-centred diagnostic test accuracy studies: the STARD-AI protocol
Authors: Sounderajah Viknesh , Ashrafian Hutan , Golub Robert M , Shetty Shravya , De Fauw Jeffrey , Hooft Lotty , Moons Karel , Collins Gary , Moher David , Bossuyt Patrick M , Darzi Ara , Karthikesalingam Alan , Denniston Alastair K , Mateen Bilal Akhter , Ting Daniel , Treanor Darren , King Dominic , Greaves Felix , Godwin Jonathan , Pearson-Stuttard Jonathan , Harling Leanne , McInnes Matthew , Rifai Nader , Tomasev Nenad , Normahani Pasha , Whiting Penny , Aggarwal Ravi , Vollmer Sebastian , Markar Sheraz R , Panch Trishan , Liu Xiaoxuan
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Study (STARD) was developed to improve the completeness and transparency of reporting in studies investigating diagnostic test accuracy. However, its current form, STARD 2015 does not address the issues and challenges raised by artificial intelligence (AI)-centred interventions. As such, we propose an AI-specific version of the STARD checklist (STARD-AI), which focuses on the reporting of AI diagnostic test accuracy studies. This paper describes the methods that will be used to develop STARD-AI.

Methods and analysis

The development of the STARD-AI checklist can be distilled into six stages. (1) A project organisation phase has been undertaken, during which a Project Team and a Steering Committee were established; (2) An item generation process has been completed following a literature review, a patient and public involvement and engagement exercise and an online scoping survey of international experts; (3) A three-round modified Delphi consensus methodology is underway, which will culminate in a teleconference consensus meeting of experts; (4) Thereafter, the Project Team will draft the initial STARD-AI checklist and the accompanying documents; (5) A piloting phase among expert users will be undertaken to identify items which are either unclear or missing. This process, consisting of surveys and semistructured interviews, will contribute towards the explanation and elaboration document and (6) On finalisation of the manuscripts, the group’s efforts turn towards an organised dissemination and implementation strategy to maximise end-user adoption.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval has been granted by the Joint Research Compliance Office at Imperial College London (reference number: 19IC5679). A dissemination strategy will be aimed towards five groups of stakeholders: (1) academia, (2) policy, (3) guidelines and regulation, (4) industry and (5) public and non-specific stakeholders. We anticipate that dissemination will take place in Q3 of 2021.
Study protocol for SKIPMDD: subcutaneous ketamine infusion in palliative care patients with advanced life limiting illnesses for major depressive disorder (phase II pilot feasibility study)
Authors: Lee Wei , Sheehan Caitlin , Chye Richard , Chang Sungwon , Loo Colleen , Draper Brian , Agar Meera , Currow David C
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Major depressive disorder (MDD) in people with advanced life-limiting illnesses can have significant impact on the quality-of-life of those affected. The management of MDD in the palliative care setting can be challenging as typical antidepressants may not work in time nor be tolerated due to coexisting organ dysfunctions, symptom burden and frailty. Parenteral ketamine was found to exhibit effective and rapid-onset antidepressant effect even against treatment-resistant depression in the psychiatric population. However, there is currently neither feasibility study nor available prospective study available to inform of the safety, tolerability and efficacy of such for MDD in the palliative setting.

Methods and analysis

This is an open-labelled, single arm, phase II pilot feasibility study involving adult patients with advanced life-limiting illnesses and MDD across four palliative care services in Australia. It has an individual dose-titration design (0.1–0.4 mg/kg) with weekly treatments of subcutaneous ketamine infusion over 2 hours. The primary outcome is feasibility. The secondary outcomes are related to the safety, tolerability and antidepressant efficacy of ketamine, participants’ satisfaction in relation to the trial process and the reasons for not completing the study at various stages. The feasibility data will be reported using descriptive statistics. Meanwhile, side effects, tolerability and efficacy data will be analysed using change of assessment scores from baseline.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval was acquired (South Western Sydney Local Health District: HREC/18/LPOOL/466). The results of this study will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant conferences.

Trial registration number

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry Number: ACTRN12618001586202; Pre-results.
Conception and design of novel lumbar drain insertion simulator
Authors: Murthy Nikhil Krishna , O’Brien Ellie , Dahdaleh Nader S
Published: June 2021

Lumbar drain insertion is a common procedure that is performed by anaesthesiologists, radiologists and neurosurgeons that is generally taught through supervised learning that can place patients at risk. We describe in detail the creation and considerations of a novel lumbar drain simulator designed to allow learners to rehearse the complete lumbar drain insertion procedure from start to finish. A lumbar drain simulator was designed with the goal of simulating drain placement on a patient including identifying physical landmarks, sterile field preparation, technical steps of the procedure, troubleshooting and securing and connecting the drainage system. Emphasis was placed on simulating the structural components of the anatomic compartments encountered during needle insertion and accurate reproduction of the tactile aspects of the procedure. The simulator is able to reproduce the critical aspects of drain placement, allowing for learners to practice a complete lumbar drain placement from start to finish. A complete simulation of lumbar drain placement can be created that allows learners to practise all aspects of the lumbar drain procedure. Learners can rehearse all steps of the procedure allowing them to be more confident and facile with the procedure, which can lead to improved patient safety and satisfaction.