bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Familienbeziehungen und psychische Auffälligkeiten im Jugendalter – eine Analyse mit der Jugendlichenfassung des Family Relations Test für Kinder und Jugendliche
Authors: Döpfner Manfred , Schürmann Stephanie , Bruß Martha , Müller Sabrina , Rademacher Christiane , Breuer Dieter
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Bislang liegen für den deutschen Sprachraum kaum Instrumente vor, die familiäre Beziehungen aus der Perspektive von Jugendlichen reliabel erfassen, und der Zusammenhang zwischen familiären Beziehungen aus der Sicht von Jugendlichen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten von Jugendlichen ist auch international bisher nur wenig untersucht worden. Methodik: Auf der Basis des Family Relations Test, der ursprünglich nur für Kinder entwickelt worden ist, wird mit dem Family Relations Test für Kinder und Jugendliche ein familiendiagnostisches Verfahren entwickelt, das Familienbeziehungen aus der Perspektive von Jugendlichen erhebt (94 Items davon 44 % neu formuliert). Dieser Test wurde in einer klinischen Stichprobe (n = 152) und einer Feldstichprobe (n = 132) durchgeführt. In der klinischen Stichprobe wurden zusätzlich Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Jugendlichen im Selbst- und im Elternurteil erhoben. Ergebnisse: In der zweifaktoriellen Lösung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse ergeben sich eindeutige Ladungen der Items, die positive bzw. negative Beziehungsanteile auf jeweils einem Faktor beschreiben. Die internen Konsistenzen (Cronbachs Alpha) der Gesamtskalen, die positive und negative Beziehungen erfassen, liegen zwischen .91 und .93. Jugendliche aus der Klinikstichprobe beschreiben auf diesen Gesamtskalen insgesamt in ihren Familien stärkere negative Beziehungen als Jugendliche in der Feldstichprobe. Innerhalb der Klinikstichprobe konnten zum Teil deutliche Korrelationen zwischen dem Ausmaß der psychischen Auffälligkeiten der Jugendlichen und den berichteten Familienbeziehungen festgestellt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Positive und negative Beziehungen von Jugendlichen lassen sich aus der Perspektive der Jugendlichen reliabel und faktoriell valide erfassen. Hypothesengemäß werden signifikante Zusammenhänge von negativen Familienbeziehungen und psychischen Auffälligkeiten festgestellt. Die Jugendlichenversion des Family Relations Test erweist sich als ein nützliches Instrument, um familiäre Beziehungen aus der Perspektive von Jugendlichen zu erheben.
Three‐Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of the Solar Wind Interaction With a Hyperfast‐Rotating Uranus
Authors: Griton L. , Pantellini F. , Meliani Z.
Published: June 2018

We present magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a fast‐rotating planetary magnetosphere reminiscent of the planet Uranus at solstice, that is, with the spin axis pointing to the Sun. We impose a 10 times faster rotation than for Uranus, in order to emphasize the effects of rotation on the magnetospheric tail without the need of an excessively large simulation domain while keeping the qualitative aspects of a supersonic magnetized solar wind interacting with a fast‐rotating magnetosphere. We find that a complex helical Alfvénic structure propagates downstream at a velocity exceeding the plasma velocity in the magnetosheath. Similarly, the reconnection regions, which mediate the interaction of the planetary magnetic field and the interplanetary magnetic field, do also form a helical structure with the same downstream velocity but a 2 times larger pitch. We speculate that the magnetic field of the helical structure connected to the interplanetary magnetic field asymptotically reduces the phase velocity of the helical structure toward the tailward velocity in the magnetosheath. For our simulations we use the MPI‐AMRVAC code which we enhanced with a time‐dependent background magnetic field in the splitting of the magnetic field.
Shergottite Northwest Africa 6963: A Pyroxene‐Cumulate Martian Gabbro
Authors: Filiberto Justin , Gross Juliane , Udry Arya , Trela Jarek , Wittmann Axel , Cannon Kevin M. , Penniston‐Dorland Sarah , Ash Richard , Hamilton Victoria E. , Meado Andrea L. , Carpenter Paul , Jolliff Brad , Ferré Eric C.
Published: June 2018

Northwest Africa (NWA) 6963 was found in Guelmim‐Es‐Semara, Morocco, and based on its bulk chemistry and oxygen isotopes, it was classified as a Martian meteorite. On the basis of a preliminary study of the textures and crystal sizes, it was resubclassified as a gabbroic shergottite because of the similarity with terrestrial and lunar gabbros. However, the previous work was not a quantitative investigation of NWA 6963; to supplement the original resubclassification and enable full comparison between this and other Martian samples; here we investigate the mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, quantitative textural analyses, and spectral properties of gabbroic shergottite NWA 6963 to constrain its petrogenesis, including the depth of emplacement (i.e., base of a flow versus crustal intrusion). NWA 6963 is an enriched shergottite with similar mineralogy to the basaltic shergottites but importantly does not contain any fine‐grained mesostasis. Consistent with the mineralogy, the reflectance (visible/near‐infrared and thermal infrared) spectrum of powdered NWA 6963 is similar to other shergottites because they are all dominated by pyroxene, but its reflectance is distinct in terms of albedo and spectral contrast due to its gabbroic texture. NWA 6963 represents a partial cumulate gabbro that is associated with the basaltic shergottites. Therefore, NWA 6963 could represent a hypabyssal intrusive feeder dike system for the basaltic shergottites that erupted on the surface.
CDKN2A inhibits formation of homotypic cell-in-cell structures
Authors: Liang Jianqing , Fan Jie , Wang Manna , Niu Zubiao , Zhang Zhengrong , Yuan Long , Tai Yanhong , Chen Zhaolie , Song Santai , Wang Xiaoning , Liu Xiaoqing , Huang Hongyan , Sun Qiang
Published: June 2018

Cell-in-cell (CIC) structures, characterized by enclosure of one or more cells within another cell, were extensively documented in human cancers. Although elevated CIC formation was found in cancers with CDKN2A inactivation, a causal link between them remains to be established. We reported here that inhibiting CDKN2A expression effectively promoted homotypic CIC formation, whereas ectopic overexpression of p16INK4a or p14ARF, two proteins encoded by CDKN2A gene, significantly suppressed CIC formation in MCF7 cells. The regulation of CIC formation by CDKN2A was tightly correlated with subcellular redistribution of E-cadherin, F-actin rearrangement and reduced phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 (p-MLC2), consistent with which, CDKN2A expression imparted cells winner/outer identity in competition assay. Moreover, CIC formation negatively correlates with p16INK4a expression in human breast cancers. Thus, our work identifies CDKN2A as the first tumor suppressor whose inactivation promotes homotypic CIC formation in human cancer cells.
XK-related protein 5 (XKR5) is a novel negative regulator of KIT/D816V-mediated transformation
Authors: Sun Jianmin , Thingholm Tine , Højrup Peter , Rönnstrand Lars
Published: June 2018

In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which the oncogenic mutant KIT/D816V causes transformation of cells, we investigated proteins that selectively bind KIT/D816V, but not wild-type KIT, as potential mediators of transformation. By mass spectrometry several proteins were identified, among them a previously uncharacterized protein denoted XKR5 (XK-related protein 5), which is related to the X Kell blood group proteins. We could demonstrate that interaction between XKR5 and KIT/D816V leads to phosphorylation of XKR5 at Tyr 369, Tyr487, and Tyr 543. Tyrosine phosphorylated XKR5 acts as a negative regulator of KIT signaling, which leads to downregulation of phosphorylation of ERK, AKT, and p38. This led to reduced proliferation and colony forming capacity in semi-solid medium. Taken together, our data demonstrate that XKR5 is a novel type of negative regulator of KIT-mediated transformation.
Involvement of Burkholderiaceae and sulfurous volatiles in disease-suppressive soils
Authors: Carrión Víctor J , Cordovez Viviane , Tyc Olaf , Etalo Desalegn W , de Bruijn Irene , de Jager Victor C L , Medema Marnix H , Eberl Leo , Raaijmakers Jos M
Published: June 2018

Disease-suppressive soils are ecosystems in which plants suffer less from root infections due to the activities of specific microbial consortia. The characteristics of soils suppressive to specific fungal root pathogens are comparable to those of adaptive immunity in animals, as reported by Raaijmakers and Mazzola (Science 352:1392–3, 2016), but the mechanisms and microbial species involved in the soil suppressiveness are largely unknown. Previous taxonomic and metatranscriptome analyses of a soil suppressive to the fungal root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani revealed that members of the Burkholderiaceae family were more abundant and more active in suppressive than in non-suppressive soils. Here, isolation, phylogeny, and soil bioassays revealed a significant disease-suppressive activity for representative isolates of Burkholderia pyrrocinia, Paraburkholderia caledonica, P. graminis, P. hospita, and P. terricola. In vitro antifungal activity was only observed for P. graminis. Comparative genomics and metabolite profiling further showed that the antifungal activity of P. graminis PHS1 was associated with the production of sulfurous volatile compounds encoded by genes not found in the other four genera. Site-directed mutagenesis of two of these genes, encoding a dimethyl sulfoxide reductase and a cysteine desulfurase, resulted in a loss of antifungal activity both in vitro and in situ. These results indicate that specific members of the Burkholderiaceae family contribute to soil suppressiveness via the production of sulfurous volatile compounds.
The art of building bone: emerging role of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation in endochondral ossification
Authors: Aghajanian Patrick , Mohan Subburaman
Published: June 2018

There is a worldwide epidemic of skeletal diseases causing not only a public health issue but also accounting for a sizable portion of healthcare expenditures. The vertebrate skeleton is known to be formed by mesenchymal cells condensing into tissue elements (patterning phase) followed by their differentiation into cartilage (chondrocytes) or bone (osteoblasts) cells within the condensations. During the growth and remodeling phase, bone is formed directly via intramembranous ossification or through a cartilage to bone conversion via endochondral ossification routes. The canonical pathway of the endochondral bone formation process involves apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes followed by vascular invasion that brings in osteoclast precursors to remove cartilage and osteoblast precursors to form bone. However, there is now an emerging role for chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation in the endochondral ossification process. Although the concept of “transdifferentiation” per se is not recent, new data using a variety of techniques to follow the fate of chondrocytes in different bones during embryonic and post-natal growth as well as during fracture repair in adults have identified three different models for chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation (direct transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation to redifferentiation, and chondrocyte to osteogenic precursor). This review focuses on the emerging models of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation and their implications for the treatment of skeletal diseases as well as the possible signaling pathways that contribute to chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation processes.
Unsupervised clustering and epigenetic classification of single cells
Authors: Zamanighomi Mahdi , Lin Zhixiang , Daley Timothy , Chen Xi , Duren Zhana , Schep Alicia , Greenleaf William J. , Wong Wing Hung
Published: June 2018

Characterizing epigenetic heterogeneity at the cellular level is a critical problem in the modern genomics era. Assays such as single cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) offer an opportunity to interrogate cellular level epigenetic heterogeneity through patterns of variability in open chromatin. However, these assays exhibit technical variability that complicates clear classification and cell type identification in heterogeneous populations. We present scABC, an R package for the unsupervised clustering of single-cell epigenetic data, to classify scATAC-seq data and discover regions of open chromatin specific to cell identity.
Label-free detection of hypoxia-induced extracellular vesicle secretion from MCF-7 cells
Authors: Kilic Tugba , Valinhas Ana Teresa De Sousa , Wall Ivan , Renaud Philippe , Carrara Sandro
Published: June 2018

Nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes (50–150 nm membrane particles) have emerged as promising cancer biomarkers due to the carried genetic information about the parental cells. However the sensitive detection of these vesicles remains a challenge. Here we present a label-free electrochemical sensor to measure the EVs secretion levels of hypoxic and normoxic MCF-7 cells. The sensor design includes two consecutive steps; i) Au electrode surface functionalization for anti-CD81 Antibody and ii) EVs capture. The label-free detection of EVs was done via Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The working linear range for the sensor was 102–109EVs/ml with an LOD 77 EVs/mL and 379 EVs/ml for EIS and DPV based detection. A blood-abundant protein, RhD was used for the selectivity test. In order to assess the performance of the biosensor, the level of EVs secretion by the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line was compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Designed label-free electrochemical sensors utilized for quantification of EVs secretion enhancement due to CoCl2-induced hypoxia and 1.23 fold increase with respect to normoxic conditions was found.
Shift from stochastic to spatially-ordered expression of serine-glycine synthesis enzymes in 3D microtumors
Authors: Singh Manjulata , Warita Katsuhiko , Warita Tomoko , Faeder James R. , Lee Robin E. C. , Sant Shilpa , Oltvai Zoltán N.
Published: June 2018

Cell-to-cell differences in protein expression in normal tissues and tumors are a common phenomenon, but the underlying principles that govern this heterogeneity are largely unknown. Here, we show that in monolayer cancer cell-line cultures, the expression of the five metabolic enzymes of serine-glycine synthesis (SGS), including its rate-limiting enzyme, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), displays stochastic cell-to-cell variation. By contrast, in cancer cell line-derived three-dimensional (3D) microtumors PHGDH expression is restricted to the outermost part of the microtumors’ outer proliferative cell layer, while the four other SGS enzymes display near uniform expression throughout the microtumor. A mathematical model suggests that metabolic stress in the microtumor core activates factors that restrict PHGDH expression. Thus, intracellular enzyme expression in growing cell ecosystems can shift to spatially ordered patterns in 3D structured environments due to emergent cell-cell communication, with potential implications for the design of effective anti-metabolic cancer therapies.
Guideline-based stepped and collaborative care for patients with depression in a cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Härter Martin , Watzke Birgit , Daubmann Anne , Wegscheider Karl , König Hans-Helmut , Brettschneider Christian , Liebherz Sarah , Heddaeus Daniela , Steinmann Maya
Published: June 2018

Guidelines recommend stepped and collaborative care models (SCM) for depression. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex guideline-based SCM for depressed patients. German primary care units were cluster-randomised into intervention (IG) or control group (CG) (3:1 ratio). Adult routine care patients with PHQ-9 ≥ 5 points could participate and received SCM in IG and treatment as usual (TAU) in CG. Primary outcome was change in PHQ-9 from baseline to 12 months (hypothesis: greater reduction in IG). A linear mixed model was calculated with group as fixed effect and practice as random effect, controlling for baseline PHQ-9 (intention-to-treat). 36 primary care units were randomised to IG and 13 to CG. 36 psychotherapists, 6 psychiatrists and 7 clinics participated in SCM. 737 patients were included (IG: n = 569 vs. CG: n = 168); data were available for 60% (IG) and 64% (CG) after 12 months. IG showed 2.4 points greater reduction [95% confidence interval (CI): −3.4 to −1.5, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.45] (adjusted PHQ-9 mean change). Odds of response [odds ratio: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.6 to 4.7] and remission [odds ratio: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.58 to 6.26] were higher in IG. Guideline-based SCM can improve depression care.
Genome-Wide Survey and Comparative Analysis of Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) Retrotransposon Families in Four Gossypium Species
Authors: Liu Zhen , Liu Yuling , Liu Fang , Zhang Shulin , Wang Xingxing , Lu Quanwei , Wang Kunbo , Zhang Baohong , Peng Renhai
Published: June 2018

Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon is the most abundant DNA component and is largely responsible for plant genome size variation. Although it has been studied in plant species, very limited data is available for cotton, the most important fiber and texture crop. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of LTR retrotransposon families across four cotton species. In tetraploid Gossypium species, LTR retrotransposon families from the progenitor D genome had more copies in D-subgenome, and families from the progenitor A genome had more copies in A-subgenome. Some LTR retrotransposon families that insert after polyploid formation may still distribute the majority of its copies in one of the subgenomes. The data also shows that families of 10~200 copies are abundant and they have a great influence on the Gossypium genome size; on the contrary, a small number of high copy LTR retrotransposon families have less contribution to the genome size. Kimura distance distribution indicates that high copy number family is not a recent outbreak, and there is no obvious relationship between family copy number and the period of evolution. Further analysis reveals that each LTR retrotransposon family may have their own distribution characteristics in cotton.
Causal role of the inferolateral prefrontal cortex in balancing goal-directed and habitual control of behavior
Authors: Bogdanov Mario , Timmermann Jan E. , Gläscher Jan , Hummel Friedhelm C. , Schwabe Lars
Published: June 2018

Successful adaptation to complex environments depends on the balance of at least two systems: a flexible but slow goal-directed system encoding action-outcome associations and an efficient but rigid habitual system linking responses to preceding stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that the inferolateral prefrontal cortex (ilPFC), a region well known to contribute to cognitive control processes, may play a crucial role in the balance of goal-directed and habitual responding. This evidence, however, comes mainly from correlational data and whether the ilPFC is indeed causally involved in the goal-directed vs. habitual control of behavior is unclear. Here, we used neuro-navigated theta-burst stimulation (TBS) to either inhibit or enhance right ilPFC functionality before participants completed an instrumental learning task designed to probe goal-directed vs. habitual behavioral control. TBS did not affect overall learning performance. However, participants that had received inhibitory TBS were less able to adapt their behavior to altered task demands, indicating a shift from goal-directed towards more habitual control of behavior. Sham or excitatory TMS groups showed no such effect and were comparable in their performance to an unstimulated control group. Our findings indicate a causal role of the ilPFC in the balance of goal-directed vs. habitual control of behavior.
Mixed azido/phenoxido bridged trinuclear Cu(ii) complexes of Mannich bases: Synthesis, structures, magnetic properties and catalytic oxidase activities
Authors: Das Avijit , Bhattacharya Kisholoy , Das Lakshmi Kanta , Giri Sanjib , Ghosh Ashutosh
Published: June 2018

Three mixed azido/phenoxido bridged trinuclear Cu(ii) complexes of tetradentate Mannich base ligands, synthesised by a metalloligand approach show antiferromagnetic coupling and significant catecholase and phenoxazinone synthase like activities.
Electrochemical calcium extraction from 1D-Ca3Co2O6
Authors: Tchitchekova Deyana S. , Frontera Carlos , Ponrouch Alexandre , Krich Christopher , Bardé Fanny , Palacín M. Rosa
Published: June 2018

Electrochemical Ca2+extraction from 1D-Ca3Co2O6opens new directions in the quest for high energy multivalent battery cathodes.
Carbonyl and ester C–O bond hydrosilylation using κ4-diimine nickel catalysts
Authors: Rock Christopher L. , Groy Thomas L. , Trovitch Ryan J.
Published: June 2018

(Ph2PPrDI)Ni chemoselectively catalyzes α-allyl ester C–O bond hydrosilylation to prepare silyl esters with turnover frequencies of up to 990 h−1.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of bitopic arylpiperazine-phthalimides as selective dopamine D3 receptor agonists
Authors: Cao Yongkai , Sun Ningning , Zhang Jiumei , Liu Zhiguo , Tang Yi-zhe , Wu Zhengzhi , Kim Kyeong-Man , Cheon Seung Hoon
Published: June 2018

The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is a proven therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Microbial transformation of mestanolone byMacrophomina phaseolinaandCunninghamella blakesleeanaand anticancer activities of the transformed products
Authors: Farooq Rabia , Hussain Nusrat , Yousuf Sammer , Atia-tul-Wahab Atia-tul-Wahab , Ahmad Malik Shoaib , Atta-ur-Rahman Atta-ur-Rahman , Choudhary M. Iqbal
Published: June 2018

The microbial transformation of anabolic androgenic steroid mestanolone (1) withMacrophomina phaseolinaandCunninghamella blakesleeanahas afforded seven metabolites. Some of them have exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against HeLa cancer cell line.
Enhancement of dissipated energy by large bending of an organic single crystal undergoing twinning deformation
Authors: Mir Sajjad Husain , Takasaki Yuichi , Engel Emile R. , Takamizawa Satoshi
Published: June 2018

We demonstrate exceptional twinning deformation in a molecular crystal upon application of mechanical stress.
A low-cost electrochemical thio- and selenocyanation strategy for electron-rich arenes under catalyst- and oxidant-free conditions
Authors: Zhang Xing , Wang Chenguang , Jiang Hong , Sun Linhao
Published: June 2018

A low-cost and efficient thio- and selenocyanation strategy for electron-rich arenes has been developed under constant-current electrolytic conditions in an undivided cell without the use of any catalyst or oxidant.
Assembly of P3HT/CdSe nanowire networks in an insulating polymer host
Authors: Heo Kyuyoung , Miesch Caroline , Na Jun-Hee , Emrick Todd , Hayward Ryan C.
Published: June 2018

Hybrid nanowire networks of electron donors and acceptors were achieved by the combination of phase separation, interfacial segregation, and crystallization in multicomponent blends.
Molecularversuspolymeric hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cell application
Authors: Ulfa Maria , Zhu Tao , Goubard Fabrice , Pauporté Thierry
Published: June 2018

The effect of perovskite solar cell performance boosting by hole transporting material doping is systematically analyzed for molecular and polymer compounds.
Self-assembled proteinaceous wound dressings attenuate secondary trauma and improve wound healing in vivo
Authors: Zhao Jian , Qu Yangcui , Chen Hong , Xu Rui , Yu Qian , Yang Peng
Published: June 2018

Stimuli-responsive gauze coated with a phase-transitioned lysozyme nanofilm (PTLF@gauze) has been developed, which exhibits great potential for clinical applications by reducing secondary trauma and relieving the pain of patients.
An attempt to adopt aggregation-induced emission to study organic–inorganic composite materials
Authors: Li Weili , Yao Wei , Tebyetekerwa Mike , Tang Jijun , Yang Shengyuan , Zhu Meifang , Hu Rong , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong , Xu Zexiao
Published: June 2018

With aggregation-induced emission, the morphology and properties of the prepared organic-inorganic composites coating can be studied intuitively and systematically. In addition, the obtained fluorescent property made the coatings fit a wide range of applications.
Knieprothesendesign und Kinematik: Unterschiede in Radien, Konformität und Rotation/Pivot
Authors: Calliess Tilman , Savov Peter , Ettinger Max , Karkosch Roman
Published: June 2018

Mittlerweile findet sich ein schier unendliches Angebot an Knieprothesenmodellen auf dem Markt, aus denen der Chirurg für seine Versorgung wählen kann. Obwohl sich die Designs auf den ersten Blick immer weiter annähern und ähneln, betreibt die Industrie einen hohen Aufwand, unterschiedliche Designmerkmale als Alleinstellung herauszuarbeiten. Für den Anwender ist es zunehmend schwierig, den Überblick zu behalten und die tatsächliche Relevanz der Features zu bewerten. Unabhängige vergleichende wissenschaftliche Arbeiten sind Mangelware und die Evidenz entsprechend gering. Dennoch erfordern unterschiedliche Designphilosophien ein tiefgründiges konzeptionelles Verständnis und besondere Operationsalgorithmen, sodass sich der Chirurg mit der von ihm benutzten Prothese entsprechend gut auskennen muss. Interessant ist auch eine sich aus diesem Wissen ergebende indikationsbezogene Prothesenauswahl. Im Folgenden wird ein kurzer Überblick über die wesentlichen Konzepte der ungekoppelten Primärprothesen gegeben und deren klinisch relevante Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Biomechanik und den klinischen Einsatz angesprochen.
Conoscyphus belongs to Acrobolbaceae (Jungermanniineae) not Lophocoleaceae (Lophocoleineae)
Authors: Dimon Richard J. , Váňa Jiri , Schäfer-Verwimp Alfons , Heinrichs Jochen , Renner Matt A. M.
Published: June 2018

Molecular evidence supports the transfer of Conoscyphus Mitt. from Lophocoleaceae to Acrobolbaceae, which is unexpected on the basis of morphological evidence and further disrupts the morphological circumscription of Acrobolbaceae. Conoscyphus differs from other Acrobolbaceae in possessing a stem perigynium and a conspicuous perianth that forms a tube, large underleaves that produce rhizoids in a fascicle from the underleaf disc, and shoots that grow inverted when hanging free from the substrate. However, Conoscyphus shares with other Acrobolbaceae granular brown oil bodies, a multistratose capsule, absence of terminal branching and papillose leaf cell-surface ornamentation. To reflect the morphological differences, particularly in post-fertilisation reproductive structures, between Conoscyphus and other members of the family, we retain subfamily Conoscyphoideae and transfer it to Acrobolbaceae.
Characterization of the Tissue and Stromal Cell Components of Micro-Superficial Enhanced Fluid Fat Injection (Micro-SEFFI) for Facial Aging Treatment
Authors: Rossi Martina , Roda Barbara , Zia Silvia , Vigliotta Ilaria , Zannini Chiara , Alviano Francesco , Bonsi Laura , Zattoni Andrea , Reschiglian Pierluigi , Gennai Alessandro
Published: June 2018

Background

New microfat preparations provide material suitable for use as a regenerative filler for different facial areas. To support the development of new robust techniques for regenerative purposes, the cellular content of the sample should be considered.

Objectives

To evaluate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell components of micro-superficial enhanced fluid fat injection (SEFFI) samples via a technique to harvest re-injectable tissue with minimum manipulation. The results were compared to those obtained from SEFFI samples.

Methods

Microscopy analysis was performed to visualize the tissue structure. Micro-SEFFI samples were also fractionated using Celector,® an innovative non-invasive separation technique, to provide an initial evaluation of sample fluidity and composition. SVFs obtained from SEFFI and micro-SEFFI were studied. Adipose stromal cells (ASCs) were isolated and characterized by proliferation and differentiation capacity assays.

Results

Microscopic and quality analyses of micro-SEFFI samples by Celector® confirmed the high fluidity and sample cellular composition in terms of red blood cell contamination, the presence of cell aggregates, and extracellular matrix fragments. ASCs were isolated from adipose tissue harvested using SEFFI and micro-SEFFI systems. These cells were demonstrated to have a good proliferation rate and differentiation potential towards mesenchymal lineages.

Conclusions

Despite the small sizes and low cellularity observed in micro-SEFFI-derived tissue, we were able to isolate stem cells. This result partially explains the regenerative potential of autologous micro-SEFFI tissue grafts. In addition, using this novel Celector® technology, tissues used for aging treatment were characterized analytically, and the adipose tissue composition was evaluated with no need for extra sample processing.

Level of Evidence: 5
Shaping sustainability of seafood from capture fisheries integrating the perspectives of supply chain stakeholders through combining systems analysis tools
Authors: Hornborg Sara , Hobday Alistair J , Ziegler Friederike , Smith Anthony D M , Green Bridget S
Published: June 2018

Seafood from capture fisheries can be assessed in many ways and for different purposes, with sometimes divergent views on what characterizes “sustainable use”. Here we use two systems analysis tools—Ecological Risk Assessment for Effects of Fishing (ERAEF) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)—over the historical development of the Australian Patagonian toothfish fishery at Heard and McDonald Islands since the start in 1997. We find that ecological risks have been systematically identified in the management process using ERAEF, and with time have been mitigated, resulting in a lower risk fishery from an ecological impact perspective. LCA inventory data from the industry shows that fuel use per kilo has increased over the history of the fishery. Our results suggest that LCA and ERAEF may provide contrasting and complementary perspectives on sustainability and reveal trade-offs when used in combination. Incorporation of LCA perspectives in assessing impacts of fishing may facilitate refinement of ecosystem-based fisheries management, such as improved integration of the different perspectives of supply chain stakeholders.
Magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Glockner James F. , Kitajima Kazuhiro , Kawashima Akira
Published: June 2018

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent anatomic detail and soft tissue contrast for the evaluation of patients with renal disease. MRI needs longer scan time than computed tomography (CT); however, no radiation is involved. Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are used to help provide additional image contrast during MRI. MRI is indicated for characterization of renal mass, staging of malignant renal neoplasms, and determination of vena cava involvement by the renal tumour. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is widely accepted as a non-invasive imaging work-up of renal artery stenosis. MR urography is an alternative to CT urography to assess the upper urinary tract but does not identify urinary calculi. Diffusion-weighted imaging is a functional MR technique being used to characterize parenchymal renal disease and renal tumours. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a rare but debilitating and potentially life-threatening condition which has been linked to exposure of GBCAs in patients with severe renal insufficiency. The risk versus benefit must be assessed before proceeding.
Water homeostasis
Authors: Marples David , Nielsen Søren
Published: June 2018

Under normal circumstances, the maintenance of water balance is a question of balancing urine output against oral water intake, after allowance for the largely unregulated loss of water through other routes (respiratory, transcutaneous, and via the gastrointestinal tract). Normally, this is managed by the feedback mechanisms controlling thirst and diuresis, but in a medical context it is important to allow for other forms of administration that may not be under the control of the patient, and other routes of fluid loss, such as haemorrhage and drains.
Electrolyte and water homeostasis are closely interrelated: the major trigger for both antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) release (and hence renal water retention) and thirst is plasma osmolality. Sodium and chloride are the major solutes in extracellular fluid so are major determinants of body water content and circulating volume.
Approach to the patient with salt-wasting tubulopathies
Authors: Bockenhauer Detlef , Kleta Robert
Published: June 2018

Sodium is the main ion of the extracellular compartments, and it is through control of sodium reabsorption that the kidneys maintain volume homoeostasis and systemic blood pressure. The amount of sodium that is first filtered by the glomerulus and then reabsorbed in the tubule is quite staggering: assuming a glomerular filtration rate of 100 mL/min and a serum sodium concentration of 140 mmol/L, an average-sized person filters about 20,000 mmol of sodium per day, equivalent to the amount in 1.2 kg of cooking salt. In the steady state, the amount of sodium excreted is equal to the amount ingested. An average Western diet contains about 8–10 g of salt per day; a low-salt diet may be around 2 g per day. Under physiological conditions, the tubules reabsorb about 99% of filtered sodium. This enormous task is accomplished by a combination of distinct and sequentially oriented sodium or sodium-coupled transport systems along the nephron and the concerted and parallel action of some of these systems within the kidney. These are described, along with the consequences of disorders of the processes.
A diagnostic approach to salt-losing states such as Fanconi, Bartter Gitelman and other syndromes, and hypoaldosteronism, is described.
Function of the normal glomerulus
Authors: Dussaule Jean-Claude , Flamant Martin , Chatziantoniou Christos
Published: June 2018

Glomerular filtration, the first step leading to the formation of primitive urine, is a passive phenomenon. The composition of this primitive urine is the consequence of the ultrafiltration of plasma depending on renal blood flow, on hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillary, and on glomerular coefficient of ultrafiltration. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be precisely measured by the calculation of the clearance of freely filtrated exogenous substances that are neither metabolized nor reabsorbed nor secreted by tubules: its mean value is 125 mL/min/1.73 m² in men and 110 mL/min/1.73 m² in women, which represents 20% of renal blood flow. In clinical practice, estimates of GFR are obtained by the measurement of creatininaemia followed by the application of various equations (MDRD or CKD-EPI) and more recently by the measurement of plasmatic C-cystatin. Under physiological conditions, GFR is a stable parameter that is regulated by the intrinsic vascular and tubular autoregulation, by the balance between paracrine and endocrine agents acting as vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, and by the effects of renal sympathetic nerves.
The mechanisms controlling GFR regulation are complex. This is due to the variety of vasoactive agents and their targets, and multiple interactions between them. Nevertheless, the relative stability of GFR during important variations of systemic haemodynamics and volaemia is due to three major operating mechanisms: autoregulation of the afferent arteriolar resistance, local synthesis and action of angiotensin II, and the sensitivity of renal resistance vessels to respond to NO release.
Minimal change disease
Authors: Niaudet Patrick , Meyrier Alain
Published: June 2018

Minimal change disease is characteristically responsive to high-dose corticosteroids. As this is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, and responses are usually prompt, response to 60 mg/m2/day of oral prednisolone (max. 80 mg) is often used as a diagnostic test. Adults respond more slowly and have a wider differential diagnosis, and often a high risk of side effects, so therapy is not recommended without confirmation by renal biopsy. Then first-line treatment is again prednisolone or prednisone, at 1 mg/kg/day (max. 60 mg). KDIGO and other treatment protocols recommend 6 weeks treatment at full dose then 6 weeks at half dose. Shorter protocols seem to increase the risk of relapse.
Children frequently have a relapsing pattern of disease which may be managed by less extreme steroid exposure, but for which second-line therapies may be needed to avoid severe steroid side effects. This can arise in adults too. Some children and adults have steroid-dependent or steroid-resistant disease, leading to earlier initiation of treatment with second-line agents. These include levamisole, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, and anti-B cell antibodies. The evidence for these and recommendations for relapsing/resistant disease are given in this chapter.
Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Meyrier Alain , Niaudet Patrick
Published: June 2018

Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) causes nephrotic syndrome and by definition is not caused by any of the known causes of podocyte toxicity or focal segmental sclerosis such as viral infections or toxins.
A number of genetic causes of FSGS are commonly diagnosed in early childhood. Other causes of segmental scarring need to be distinguished. Genotypes in APOL1 of African origin are associated with higher incidence of FSGS and poorer responses to treatment.
Cellular and collapsing FSGS are variants of FSGS in which there is overt acute podocytopathy and they have a relatively poor prognosis. A glomerular tip lesion is thought to have a slightly better prognosis than other types.
Some cases of primary FSGS respond to high-dose corticosteroids, sometimes only after prolonged therapy. Response to steroids is a good prognostic sign, and without a response, progressive loss of renal function is likely. A circulating factor is implicated by the observation that proteinuria can recur in a donor kidney within hours of transplant. Plasma exchange appears to remove this factor but it is not conclusively identified.
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy diagnosis
Authors: Lai Kar Neng , Tang Sydney C. W.
Published: June 2018

The defining histological hallmark of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the presence of IgA in the mesangium as the sole or dominant immunoreactant. Light microscopy appearances vary very widely. The most common appearance is mesangial cell proliferation and an increase in mesangial matrix. However, this is not diagnostic in the absence of immunohistology. Focal segmental proliferative or necrotizing glomerulonephritis may be seen in ‘vasculitic’ disease with or without the skin changes of Henoch–Schönlein purpura. Extracapillary proliferation and crescent formation may occur. Occasionally florid haematuria may cause renal failure through acute tubular injury.
Most commonly the disease is slowly evolving and focal or global sclerosis and tubulointerstitial scarring develop. The Oxford classification scheme may give some prognostic weight to these changes.
There are no reliable serological or urine tests for the disease. Although average levels of serum IgA are above the population average this is not diagnostically useful in individual patients. Promising biomarkers in urine and serum are under investigation.
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Authors: Lai Kar Neng , Tang Sydney C. W.
Published: June 2018

A working hypothesis is that patients with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy have inherited defects in B cells producing galactose-deficient polymeric IgA1. Additional cofactors are required to form immune complexes and their deposition in glomeruli. Molecular characterization of IgG autoantibodies that recognize abnormally underglycosylated IgA1 reveals a specific amino acid substitution in the variable region of the IgG1 heavy chain. This substitution greatly enhances IgG1 binding to the galactose-deficient IgA1. The triggering antigens may include viral or bacterial antigens, or possibly by ingested food epitopes. Antiglycan IgG1 antibodies are one of the additional risk factors, or a second/multiple hit, which predisposes to disease development.
Glomerulonephritis associated with endocarditis, deep-seated infections, and shunt nephritis
Authors: Rodriguez-Iturbe Bernardo , Haas Mark
Published: June 2018

Endocarditis is a cause of glomerulonephritis. Healthcare interventions (prosthetic valves, indwelling catheters, pacemaker wires) and intravenous drug abuse are presently the most common causes of endocarditis and Staphylococcus aureus is frequently the infecting bacteria. Shunt nephritis is a form of glomerulonephritis associated with infection of ventriculoatrial shunts implanted to relieve hydrocephalus and, typically, are caused by prolonged infections of low-pathogenicity microorganisms. This complication led to the replacement of the technique by ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Deep-seated infections such as chronic abscesses and osteomyelitis can sometimes cause a similar syndrome. In all cases, treatment of the infection is the key strategy.
The nature of the glomerulonephritis tends in subacute infection to be a lobular membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I pattern associated with low C3 levels. However, an acute post-infectious pattern may also be seen, and a third pattern is focal necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis, which tends to be pauci-immune as seen in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, but usually without positive fluorescence or solid phase assays for ANCA antigens.
Radiation nephropathy
Authors: Phipps Lisa M. , Chen Titi , Harris David C. H.
Published: June 2018

Radiation nephropathy usually arises after inadvertent exposure of kidneys to radiotherapy. It may manifest as acute nephropathy as early as 6 months after exposure, or later as chronic nephropathy, hypertension, or asymptomatic proteinuria. Glomerular and peritubular endothelium and renal tubular cells are especially radiosensitive. There are no pathognomonic histological features, but renal pathology may be similar to that of haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
Radiation nephropathy may be prevented by renal shielding and mitigated by radiation dose fractionation. Control of hypertension is important and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists appear to have protective effects beyond those of blood pressure control.
Immune-mediated tubulointerstitial nephritis
Authors: Segall Liviu , Covic Adrian
Published: June 2018

Immune-mediated tubulointerstitial nephritides (TINs) are generally encountered in the context of systemic or extrarenal autoimmune diseases, such as sarcoidosis, Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, TIN and uveitis (TINU) syndrome, and immunoglobulin G4-related disease. The pathogenesis of these TINs is complex and more or less unclear; it usually involves leucocyte activation, autoantibodies, immune complex deposition, complement activation, and release of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors.
Tubulointerstitial inflammation most commonly has a chronic pattern, although acute forms of TIN may also occur. Furthermore, inflammation may be granulomatous (as in sarcoidosis or Crohn’s disease) or non-granulomatous. Immunofluorescence staining can sometimes reveal immune complex deposits and even antitubular basement membrane autoantibodies. Systemic immunosuppressive therapies are almost always required to prevent progression to irreversible interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and end-stage renal disease.
Effect of lifestyle modifications on patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Williams Andrew D. , Fassett Robert G. , Howden Erin J. , Coombes Jeff S.
Published: June 2018

While treatment with pharmacological agents is commonplace, lifestyle management in delaying chronic kidney disease progression should also be provided. These include dietary and exercise interventions, and bariatric surgery for obesity – though this last may have effects in both directions. This chapter describes the effects of lifestyle on chronic kidney disease progression and the research evidence for the use of lifestyle interventions.
Vascular calcification
Authors: Covic Adrian , Apetrii Mugurel , Voroneanu Luminita , Goldsmith David J.
Published: June 2018

Vascular calcification (VC) is a common feature of patients with advanced CKD and it could be, at least in part, the cause of increased cardiovascular mortality in these patients. From a morphologic point of view, there are at least two types of pathologic calcium phosphate deposition in the arterial wall—namely, intima calcification (mostly associated with atherosclerotic plaques) and media calcification (associated with stiffening of the vasculature, resulting in significantly adverse cardiovascular outcomes).
Although VC was viewed initially as a passive phenomenon, it appears to be a cell-mediated, dynamic, and actively regulated process that closely resembles the formation of normal bone tissue, as discovered recently. VC seems to be the result of the dysregulation of the equilibrium between promoters and inhibitors. The determinants are mostly represented by altered calcium and phosphorus metabolism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D excess, high fibroblast growth factor 23, and high levels of indoxyl sulphate or leptin; meanwhile, the inhibitors are vitamin K, fetuin A, matrix G1a protein, osteoprotegerin, and pyrophosphate.
A number of non-invasive imaging techniques are available to investigate cardiac and vascular calcification: plain X-rays, to identify macroscopic calcifications of the aorta and peripheral arteries; two-dimensional ultrasound for investigating the calcification of carotid arteries, femoral arteries, and aorta; echocardiography, for assessment of valvular calcification; and, of course, computed tomography technologies, which constitute the gold standard for quantification of coronary artery and aorta calcification. All these methods have a series of advantages and limitations.
The treatment/ prevention of VC is currently mostly around calcium-mineral bone disease interventions, and unproven. There are interesting hypotheses around vitamin K, Magnesium, sodium thiosulphate and other potential agents.
The patient with Wilms tumour
Authors: Miller-Hodges Eve , Mitchell Christopher
Published: June 2018

Wilms tumour is the most common renal tumour in childhood. It is most commonly identified as a large abdominal mass. Treatment by surgical removal and chemotherapy, and radiotherapy in more advanced stages, is curative in most patients. Five year survival is over 90%. Survivors may be at some risk from long term complications including the effects of radiotherapy on the remaining kidney.

A small minority of Wilms tumours occur in individuals with an underlying mutation in the WT1 gene. WT1 mutations may also cause developmental abnormalities of the genitourinary system, and renal disease including steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome / focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.