bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the nucleation of dust in oxygen-rich stellar outflows
Authors: Plane John M. C.
Published: June 2013

Understanding the nature of dust condensation in the outflow from oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch stars is a continuing problem. A kinetic model has been developed to describe the formation of gas-phase precursors from Ca, Mg, Fe, SiO and TiO in an outflow cooling from 1500 to 1000 K. Electronic structure calculations are used to identify efficient reaction pathways that lead to the formation of metal titanates and silicates. The molecular properties of the stationary points on the relevant potential energy surfaces are then used in a multi-well master equation solver to calculate pertinent rate coefficients. The outflow model couples an explicit treatment of gas-phase chemistry to a volume-conserving particle growth model. CaTiO3is shown to be the overwhelming contributor to the formation of condensation nuclei (CN), with less than 0.01 per cent provided by CaSiO3, (TiO2)2and FeTiO3. Magnesium species make a negligible contribution. Defining CN as particles with radii greater than 2 nm, the model shows that for stellar mass loss rates above 3×10−5 M⊙ yr−1, more than 10−13 CN per H nucleus will be produced when the outflow temperature is still well above 1000 K. This is sufficient to explain the observed number density of grains in circumstellar dust shells.
Desert small mammal responses to wildfire and predation in the aftermath of a La Nińa driven resource pulse
Authors: Letnic Mike , Tischler Max , Gordon Christopher
Published: June 2013

In arid Australia, flooding rains associated with the La Nińa phase of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prompt dramatic pulses of primary productivity, which in turn result in irruptions of rodents and their predators. When it is dry, the dense vegetation produced by extreme rainfall events can fuel extensive wildfires. In this study we investigated the effects of a wildfire that followed exceptional rainfalls associated with the La Niña event of 2010–2011 on small mammal assemblages in a stony (gibber) desert ecosystem in central Australia. When the study commenced in July 2011, there was dense grass cover and rodents, particularly, Rattus villosissimus occurred at high abundance. Mammalian predator activity was high throughout the study period and predators primarily consumed rodents. A wildfire in October 2011, reduced grass cover but there was no effect of fire on the abundance or species richness of small mammals, immediately after the wildfire or 11 months after the wildfire. Following the fire event, grass cover increased on both burnt and unburnt grids, but did not reach the levels recorded prior to the wildfire. Small mammal abundance and species richness declined steadily during the study irrespective of the occurrence of wildfire. At 6 and 11 months after the wildfire there was no difference in grass cover on burnt and unburnt grids and Rattus villosissimus were absent. Our results show that the removal of vegetation by wildfire was not a major driver of small mammal assemblage structure in this stony desert ecosystem. Our results are consistent with the predictions of ecosystem organization models that describe switching trophic control along gradients of resource productivity and support the notion that the decline of small mammals was driven by the onset of top‐down control by abundant predators coupled with diminished availability of food resources.
From Politicization to Policing: The Rise and Decline of New Social Movements in Amsterdam and Paris
Authors: Uitermark Justus , Nicholls Walter
Published: June 2013

This paper analyzes the rise and decline of social movements in Amsterdam and Paris, focusing in particular on the organizations of left‐wing immigrant workers. These organizations performed crucial roles for new social movements in the 1970s and 1980s but were isolated and coopted in the 1990s and early 2000s. To explain why this is so, we engage in a dialogue with Jacques Rancière and develop an understanding of cities as strategic sites for both politicization and policing. Cities serve as sites of politicization because they are incubators of the relational conduits that enable activists from different sectors to engage with one another's struggles and look beyond narrow temporal and spatial horizons. However, cities also serve as sites of policing because authorities constantly attempt to reconfigure governmental arrangements in such a way that civil society serves as an extension of the government and comes to fulfill an instrumental role in the development and implementation of policy. Just as politicizing implies the widening of temporal and spatial horizons, policing implies the narrowing of such horizons. The analysis shows the social movements of the 1960s lost steam in two of the major hubs of the new left and reveals some of the more universal mechanisms through which cities generate or quell dissent.
Bilingual Social Workers in Mental Health Service Provision: Cultural Competence, Language, and Work Experience
Authors: Liu Shu‐Wen
Published: June 2013

Many agencies actively recruit bilingual social workers. This study presents the reactions of 10 Chinese bilingual social workers to the expectations and demands of their agencies. The study employed a qualitative design with a phenomenological approach. The participants’ responses provide insight into how they manage ethnic and cultural mental health issues in Chinese populations. This study aims to improve social service delivery for clients with limited English proficiency by identifying effective, culturally competent services. The findings suggest that when hiring bilingual social workers, it is just as important for them to be culturally competent as it is for them to be an ethnic or language match with the client base. Having all of these qualities will result in staff members who can provide more effective services by making accurate diagnoses and identifying appropriate treatment plans. In addition to employing bilingual social workers, it is important to maintain good supervision as this will allow supervisees to have a unique perspective on what is involved in providing effective delivery of services to clients with limited English proficiency. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Socio‐Demographic Risks and Challenges of Bare‐Branch Villages in China
Authors: Jiang Quanbao , Sánchez‐Barricarte Jesús J.
Published: June 2013

China's bare branches, the Chinese name for surplus men, have attracted much attention, yet few studies have focused on the increasing phenomenon of bare‐branch villages. In this literature review, the formation of bare‐branch villages, the impact of such villages on individual bare branches and their families, and potential threats to villages and families are analyzed. It was found that the sex ratio and female marriage migration to prosperous areas are the two main determinants of the formation of bare‐branch villages. Individual bare branches in such villages are affected both physically and psychologically and are isolated in social activities. Their families and villages suffer in many ways. Bare branches may accelerate the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and increase the incidence of criminal behavior and violence. Even worse, because bare branches in a village share many bonds, they may take collective actions that can endanger China's social stability.
Using Google Drive to facilitate a blended approach to authentic learning
Authors: Rowe Michael , Bozalek Vivienne , Frantz Jose
Published: June 2013

While technology has the potential to create opportunities for transformative learning in higher education, it is often used to merely reinforce didactic teaching that aims to control access to expert knowledge. Instead, educators should consider using technology to enhance communication and provide richer, more meaningful platforms for the social construction of knowledge. By using technology to engage in shared learning experiences that extend beyond the walls of the classroom, we can create opportunities to develop the patterns of thinking that students need to participate in complex, real world situations. We used authentic learning as a framework to guide the implementation of a case‐based, blended module in a South African physiotherapy department. Google Drive was used as a collaborative online authoring environment in which small groups of students used clinical cases to create their own content, guided by a team of facilitators. This paper describes an innovative approach to clinical education using authentic learning as a guiding framework, and Google Drive as an implementation platform. We believe that this approach led to the transformation of student learning practices, altered power relationships in the classroom and facilitated the development of critical attitudes towards knowledge and authority.
Itamaraty on the Move: Institutional and Political Change inBrazilian Foreign Service underLuladaSilva'sPresidency (2003–2010)
Authors: DE FARIA CARLOS AURÉLIO PIMENTA , LOPES DAWISSON BELÉM , CASARÕES GUILHERME
Published: June 2013

This article aims to provide answers to two questions prompted by the latest reforms ofBrazilian foreign service duringLula daSilva's presidency: How exactly might these institutional changes generate any impact over theBrazilian diplomatic corporation cohesion at large? How could bureaucratic insulation be undermined as an unexpected outcome of this process? To accomplish their objectives, the authors will briefly review the process of institution‐building inBrazil, with an emphasis on the diplomatic corporation and the transformations it has undergone over the last three decades.
Distribution and chronology of Pleistocene permafrost features in France: Database and first results
Authors: Bertran Pascal , Andrieux Eric , Antoine Pierre , Coutard Sylvie , Deschodt Laurent , Gardère Philippe , Hernandez Marion , Legentil Claude , Lenoble Arnaud , Liard Morgane , Mercier Norbert , Moine Olivier , Sitzia Luca , Van Vliet‐Lanoë Brigitte
Published: June 2013

Numerous periglacial features (polygons, nets, soil stripes, ice‐wedge pseudomorphs and sand‐wedge casts, involutions) have been recorded in France by examining bibliographical sources and aerial photographs. These data show that a large part of France was affected by permafrost during the Pleistocene and only the southern Aquitaine Basin and Languedoc seem to have been beyond its maximum extent. The first OSL ages obtained from the aeolian infill of wedge structures indicate that at least two phases of thermal contraction cracking occurred in southwestern France between ∼25 and 36 ka. Chronostratigraphical data from loess in northern France indicate that these episodes correspond to the formation of ice‐wedge networks associated with tundra gleys. In the latter region, two additional permafrost episodes probably occurred during the Last Glacial, the older one corresponding to the end of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 around 60 ka and the more recent one to MIS 2 around 19–16 ka. Although stratigraphical data indicate that these episodes were relatively short (about one millennium), relict permafrost may have existed for longer periods in northern France.
The origin and sources of loess‐like sediment in the Jinsha River Valley, SW China
Authors: Pan Baotian , Guan Qingyu , Gao Hongshan , Guan Dongsheng , Liu Fenliang , Li Zongmeng , Su Huai
Published: June 2013

The grain size of the loess‐like sediment in the Jinsha River Valley is essentially similar to that of typical loess, and it differs from that of the fluvial sediment in the Jinsha River area. We conclude that the loess‐like sediment is of aeolian origin, as is the loess of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The geochemical characteristics of the loess‐like sediment are similar to those of dammed lake and fluvial sediments in the same area, which is significantly different from those of the typical loess in NW China. The geochemical characteristics show that the loess‐like sediment originated from proximal materials. Combined with the grain‐size distribution pattern of the aeolian deposits, we suggest that the loess‐like sediment of the Jinsha River Valley originated from the dammed lake and fluvial sediments that accumulated in the valley. The local mountain‐valley wind circulation (especially the valley wind in winter and spring) provided the transport force for the loess‐like sediment. The presentation of the loess‐like sediment may indicate the appearance of the grassland and forest steppe and the beginning of the dry‐hot valley phenomenon.
A selective antagonist of histamine H4 receptors prevents antigen‐induced airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs: involvement of lipocortin‐1
Authors: Somma T , Cinci L , Formicola G , Pini A , Thurmond R , Ennis M , Bani D , Masini E
Published: June 2013

Background and Purpose

Among the pathogenic mechanisms of asthma, a role for oxidative/nitrosative stress has been well documented. Recent evidence suggests that histamine H4 receptors play a modulatory role in allergic inflammation. Here we report the effects of compound JNJ 7777120 (JNJ), a selective H4 receptor antagonist, on antigen‐induced airway inflammation, paying special attention to its effects on lipocortin‐1 (LC‐1/annexin‐A1), a 37 kDA anti‐inflammatory protein that plays a key role in the production of inflammatory mediators.

Experimental Approach

Ovalbumin (OA)‐sensitized guinea pigs placed in a respiratory chamber were challenged with antigen. JNJ (5, 7.5 and 10 mg·kg−1) was given i.p. for 4 days before antigen challenge. Respiratory parameters were recorded. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected and lung specimens taken for further analyses 1 h after antigen challenge. In BAL fluid, levels of LC‐1, PGD2, LTB4 and TNF‐α were measured. In lung tissue samples, myeloperoxidase, caspase‐3 and Mn‐superoxide dismutase activities and 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine levels were measured.

Key Results

OA challenge decreased LC‐1 levels in BAL fluid, induced cough, dyspnoea and bronchoconstriction and increased PGD2, LTB4 and TNF‐α levels in lung tissue. Treatment with JNJ dose‐dependently increased levels of LC‐1, reduced respiratory abnormalities and lowered levels of PGD2, LTB4 and TNF‐α in BAL fluid.

Conclusions and Implications

Antigen‐induced asthma‐like reactions in guinea pigs decreased levels of LC‐1 and increased TNF‐α and eicosanoid production. JNJ pretreatment reduced allergic asthmatic responses and airway inflammation, an effect associated with LC‐1 up‐regulation.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed issue on Histamine Pharmacology Update. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/
10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue‐1
Early parental physical punishment and emotional and behavioural outcomes in preschool children
Authors: Scott S. , Lewsey J. , Thompson L. , Wilson P.
Published: June 2013

Objective

To determine whether there is an association between being smacked by your main caregiver in the first two years and emotional and behavioural problems at age four.

Methods

Design: Secondary analysis of data from the Growing Up in Scotland Prospective Study (GUS). Setting: Scotland, UK. Participants: GUS birth cohort children, whose main caregiver had no concerns about their behaviour at 22 months. Exposure: Ever smacked by main caregiver in first 22 months, as measured by caregiver self‐report at 22 months. Main Outcome: Emotional and behavioural problems as measured by parental assessment and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 46 months.

Results

Preschool children exposed to main caregiver smacking in the first two years were twice as likely to have emotional and behavioural problems as measured by parental assessment [odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–3.2; absolute risk reduction (ARR) 17.8%, 95% CI 12.1–23.5] and SDQ (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7–3.7; ARR 7.5%, 95% CI 3.7–11.5), as children never smacked by their main caregiver. The association remained significant after adjusting for child age and sex, caregiver age, sex, ethnicity, educational attainment and mental health status, sibling number, structural family transitions and socioeconomic status (adj. OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.8–3.2 for parental assessment and adj. OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.5 for SDQ).

Conclusions

Parental use of physical punishment in the first two years may be a modifiable risk factor for emotional and behavioural difficulties in preschool children.
Parents of children with physical disabilities – perceived health in parents related to the child's sleep problems and need for attention at night
Authors: Mörelius E. , Hemmingsson H.
Published: June 2013

Background

Approximately half of all children with moderate to severe physical disabilities have persistent sleep problems and many of these children need parental attention at night.

Aim

To study whether sleep problems and need for night‐time attention among children with physical disabilities are associated with perceived parental health, headache, psychological exhaustion, pain due to heavy lifting, night‐time wakefulness and disrupted sleep.

Methods

We asked parents of 377 children with physical disabilities aged 1–16 years to complete a questionnaire about their own health. The children all lived at home with both parents.

Results

Both parents reported poor health, psychological exhaustion, more night‐time wakefulness and disrupted sleep when the child had sleep problems (P < 0.05). Mothers also reported more headache when the child had sleep problems (P = 0.001). Both parents reported more night‐time wakefulness and disrupted sleep when the child needed night‐time attention (P < 0.01). In general, mothers reported significantly poorer health, more night‐time wakefulness, disrupted sleep, headache and psychological exhaustion than fathers (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Sleep problems need to be acknowledged within the paediatric setting in order to prevent psychological exhaustion and poor health in mothers and fathers of children with physical disabilities.
Prognosis of implants and abutment teeth under combined tooth‐implant‐supported and solely implant‐supported double‐crown‐retained removable dental prostheses
Authors: Rammelsberg Peter , Bernhart Gunda , Lorenzo Bermejo Justo , Schmitter Marc , Schwarz Stefanie
Published: June 2013

Objective

Objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of complications in dental implants and abutment teeth used for combined tooth‐implant‐ and solely implant‐supported double crown‐retained removable dental prostheses (RDPs).

Material and methods

Patients were selected from a prospective clinical study. Seventy‐three RDPs retained by 234 implants and 107 abutment teeth were placed in 39 men and 22 women with a mean age of 65 years. Forty‐five RDPs were located in the maxilla and 28 in the mandible. Thirty‐four RDPs were solely implant‐supported and 39 were combined tooth‐implant‐supported. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to estimate success defined as survival without severe abutment‐related complications, and Cox regression was used to isolate the most relevant prognostic risk factors.

Results

After a median observation period of 2.7 years for the RDPs, six implants failed and eleven implants were diagnosed with peri‐implantitis. Four abutment teeth were extracted, and three abutment teeth showed severe complications requiring extended interventions. For both abutment teeth and implants, Kaplan–Meier analyses revealed a 5‐year probability of success of 85% for solely implant‐supported RDPs and 92% for combined tooth‐implant‐supported RDPs. Multiple Cox regression identified RDP location (P = 0.01), age (P = 0.01), and gender (P = 0.04) as prognostic risk factors for severe implant‐related complications. Solely implant‐supported RPDs showed a poorer prognosis, but the risk difference did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

Preliminary data suggest that the combination of teeth and implants to support double crown‐retained RDPs may result in a prognostic advantage. The present findings should be validated in independent studies.
Phospho‐Rb (Ser780) as a biomarker in patients with cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown primary tumour: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Park G.C. , Lee M. , Roh J.‐L. , Choi S.‐H. , Nam S.Y. , Kim S.Y. , Cho K.‐J.
Published: June 2013

Objectives

Cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown primary tumour are a heterogeneous disease entity with various clinical features. There are many controversies regarding treatment methods and treatment response predictions. Therefore, we examined the prognostic significance of biomarkers in patients with cervical metastasis of unknown primary tumour.

Design

A molecular study of retrospective cohorts.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Main outcome measures

Metastatic cervical lymph nodes of 36 patients with cervical unknown primary metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma were assessed by in situ hybridisation for human papillomavirus and immunohistochemistry for p16, retinoblastoma protein (phospho‐Ser780), hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α, glucose transporter 1 and carbonic anhydrase 9 expression. Clinicopathological factors and biomarkers were analysed for their associations with disease‐free survival and overall survival.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that nodal extracapsular spread was associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.049), nodal‐positive retinoblastoma protein staining were significantly associated with poor outcomes of both disease‐free survival (P = 0.035) and overall survival (P = 0.019), Multivariate analysis revealed that nodal positivity of retinoblastoma protein and nodal extracapsular spread were the significant predictors of overall survival (P = 0.049, hazard ratio = 6.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.01–38.35 and P = 0.037, hazard ratio = 4.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.09–17.21, respectively).

Conclusion

The retinoblastoma protein expression of metastatic lymph nodes represents an independent prognostic indicator in patients with cervical metastasis of unknown primary tumour.
Assessment of the reproducibility of the indirect ultrasound method of measuring diaphragm mobility
Authors: Grams Samantha T. , von Saltiél Rossana , Mayer Anamaria F. , Schivinski Camila I. S. , de S. Nobre Luiz Felipe , Nóbrega Isadora S. , Jacomino Maria Eduarda M. L. P. , Paulin Elaine
Published: June 2013

The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility of the ultrasound (US) measurement of craniocaudal displacement of the left branch of the portal vein as an indirect method of measuring right hemidiaphragm mobility in healthy young adults. Forty‐one healthy participants were selected, ranging from 20 to 30 years of age. The US tests were conducted and interpreted by two observers (A and B) on two separate occasions (Test 1 and Test 2). Intra‐observer and interobserver reproducibility and repeatability of US measurements were determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC[2,1]) using a 95% confidence interval (CI). Interobserver reproducibility assessment showed ‘high correlation’ for Test 1 and Test 2 (ICC[2,1] = 0·83, 95% CI = 0·70–0·91, and ICC[2,1]  = 0·79, 95% CI = 0·61–0·89, respectively). Intra‐observer reproducibility assessment showed ‘moderate correlation’ for observer A (ICC[2,1]  = 0·69, 95% CI = 0·45–0·84) and for observer B (ICC[2,1]  = 0·65, 95% CI = 0·39–0·81). Repeatability assessment showed ‘high correlation’ for all tests performed (ICC[2,1]  = 0·86, 0·80, 0·74, 0·79, P<0·001). In conclusion, US measurement of craniocaudal displacement of the left branch of the portal vein is a reproducible method of measuring right hemidiaphragm mobility in healthy young adults.
A case series of CAEBV of children and young adults treated with reduced‐intensity conditioning and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a single‐center study
Authors: Watanabe Yuko , Sasahara Yoji , Satoh Miki , Looi Chung Yeng , Katayama Saori , Suzuki Tasuku , Suzuki Nobu , Ouchi Meri , Horino Satoshi , Moriya Kunihiko , Nanjyo Yuka , Onuma Masaei , Kitazawa Hiroshi , Irie Masahiro , Niizuma Hidetaka , Uchiyama Toru , Rikiishi Takeshi , Kumaki Satoru , Minegishi Masayoshi , Wada Taizo , Yachie Akihiro , Tsuchiya Shigeru , Kure Shigeo
Published: June 2013

Background

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐infected T or NK cells cause chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV). Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is curative treatment for CAEBV patients. However, chemotherapy prior to HSCT and optimal conditioning regimen for allogeneic HSCT are still controversial.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively analyzed five patients with CAEBV treated with reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC) consisted of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and low‐dose total‐body irradiation followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a single institute. Only one of five patients received chemotherapy prior to transplantation. We analyzed EBV‐infected cells in a patient whose EBV load increased after HSCT by T‐cell repertoire assay, separation of T‐cell subpopulations, in situ hybridization and microsatellite analysis.

Results

All five patients achieved engraftment, complete chimera, and eradication of EBV load. All patients have been alive without any serious regimen‐related toxicity for more than 16 months following HSCT. However, one patient transplanted from HLA‐matched sibling donor developed clonal proliferation of CD4+ Vβ3+ T cells caused by monoclonal EBV infection on day 99 after transplantation. Further analysis revealed that the CD4+ Vβ3+ T cells selectively harbored EBV genome, and these infected cells were derived from donor T cells.

Conclusions

Allogeneic HSCT with RIC is a safe and effective treatment for better overall survival and less regimen‐related toxicity in patients with CAEBV. Our first pediatric case reported in the literature suggests that we should consider the possibility of persistent EBV infection in donor T cells as well as the relapse in recipient cells if EBV load increases after allogeneic HSCT.
An integrator circuit in cerebellar cortex
Authors: Maex Reinoud , Steuber Volker
Published: June 2013

The brain builds dynamic models of the body and the outside world to predict the consequences of actions and stimuli. A well‐known example is the oculomotor integrator, which anticipates the position‐dependent elasticity forces acting on the eye ball by mathematically integrating over time oculomotor velocity commands. Many models of neural integration have been proposed, based on feedback excitation, lateral inhibition or intrinsic neuronal nonlinearities. We report here that a computational model of the cerebellar cortex, a structure thought to implement dynamic models, reveals a hitherto unrecognized integrator circuit. In this model, comprising Purkinje cells, molecular layer interneurons and parallel fibres, Purkinje cells were able to generate responses lasting more than 10 s, to which both neuronal and network mechanisms contributed. Activation of the somatic fast sodium current by subthreshold voltage fluctuations was able to maintain pulse‐evoked graded persistent activity, whereas lateral inhibition among Purkinje cells via recurrent axon collaterals further prolonged the responses to step and sine wave stimulation. The responses of Purkinje cells decayed with a time‐constant whose value depended on their baseline spike rate, with integration vanishing at low (< 1 per s) and high rates (> 30 per s). The model predicts that the apparently fast circuit of the cerebellar cortex may control the timing of slow processes without having to rely on sensory feedback. Thus, the cerebellar cortex may contain an adaptive temporal integrator, with the sensitivity of integration to the baseline spike rate offering a potential mechanism of plasticity of the response time‐constant.
Passing the Torch: Factors Influencing Transgenerational Intent in Family Firms
Authors: Williams David W. , Zorn Michelle L. , Russell Crook T. , Combs James G.
Published: June 2013

Recent family business research has focused on transgenerational intent (TI)—the plan to pass management of the business to future generations—as a defining characteristic of family firms. We theorize that TI is influenced by the current leader's consideration of factors related to three subsystems (business, ownership, and family) that underlie the family business system. Specifically, we hypothesize that characteristics of the business (the age and size of the firm), the owners (gender and minority status), and the family, specifically the family's engagement in the firm (time until succession and the family's role in advising the CEO) influence the current leader's TI. Results based on a survey of over 700 family‐managed firms are largely supportive of our hypotheses. Understanding what affects TI will help advance researchers' efforts to develop a theory of the family firm.
Family Social Capital in Family Businesses: A Stocks and Flows Investigation
Authors: Gudmunson Clinton G. , Danes Sharon M.
Published: June 2013

This study investigates family social capital “stock and flow” processes defined by social capital access and use at the family‐firm nexus over time. We examined direction of effects in associations between family functional strength and business‐related tension moderated by firm continuation status using National Family Business Panel data, grounded in the Sustainable Family Business Theory (SFBT). Families continuing ownership experienced greater family functional continuity, which was associated with less business‐related tension over time. Families discontinuing ownership exhibited less functional continuity with a family and business disengagement pattern. Regarding bridging of family capital resources, differences were found in human, social, and financial capital that were associated with family functional strength and business‐related tension for each ownership group. For both groups, however, making family a priority over firm was associated with stronger family functionality. Contributions include theoretical and methodological distinctions between family capital stocks and flows and support for SFBT theoretical propositions.
An experimental study of ontogenetic and seasonal changes in the temperature preferences of unfed and fed brown trout,Salmo trutta
Authors: Elliott J. Malcolm , Allonby J. Derek
Published: June 2013

This study tests the hypothesis that the temperature preferences of brown trout,Salmo trutta, vary in relation to: (i) their mass and hence their age (0+, 1+, 2+, 3+); (ii) the season (spring, summer, autumn) and hence the acclimation temperature; and (iii) whether or not the fish are fed. The experiments were performed in still water in a 3‐m‐long artificial channel (water depth, 0.28 m). There was a temperature gradient from 25 to 0 °C along the channel.

Experiments were for 0+ trout inMay and for 0+, 1+, 2+ and 3+ trout inAugust andNovember. In each month, five trout of the same age were not fed for 2 days, and then one fish was placed in the section at noon and left for 24‐h habituation. The next day, starting at noon, the position of the fish was noted every 2 h over 24 h, and the temperature at this position was measured (n = 13 readings). This procedure was repeated for each of the five fish (n = 65 readings for trout of the same age in each month) and then with five continuously fed trout of the same age as the unfed trout.

For all trout, there was a diel variation in recorded temperatures at the observed positions with the lowest values in the day and the highest at night. This diel variation was slight for 0+ trout, but more marked for older trout, especially 2+ and 3+ fish. The overall mean preferred temperature decreased markedly with trout mass and age from 16.3 °C for 0+ unfed fish to 12.0 °C for 3+ unfed fish and from 14.5 °C for 0+ fed fish to 9.5 °C for 3+ fed fish. The mean preferred temperature was always lower for fed trout than for unfed trout.

There was also an ontogenetic increase in the variation in individual temperature preferences around the mean value for both unfed and fed trout (CV% increased with fish mass and age). Neither the season (spring, summer, autumn) nor the acclimation temperature had any obvious effect on the mean preferred temperature.

Therefore, the temperature preferences of brown trout were not constant but varied ontogenetically and whether or not the fish were fed. It is concluded from comparisons with earlier studies that the temperature preferences for fed juveniles (0+, 1+) were similar to their optimum temperature for growth rate, whereas the lower values for older fed trout were similar to their temperature for maximum conversion efficiency of energy intake to growth, thereby optimising growth efficiency rather than growth rate.
Stable isotope evidence indicates the incorporation into Japanese catchments of marine‐derived nutrients transported by spawning Pacific Salmon
Authors: Koshino Yosuke , Kudo Hideaki , Kaeriyama Masahide
Published: June 2013

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) transport marine‐derived nutrients (MDN) and organic matter to freshwater ecosystems, which enhances the productivity of North Pacific ecosystems. Relatively few studies, however, have evaluated the MDN subsidy to both the aquatic system and the terrestrial catchment simultaneously. Using stable isotope analysis, we tested how the dynamics of MDN differed between the river and adjacent riparian forest in rivers of the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage Site in eastern Hokkaido (Japan). In addition, we accounted for temporal and spatial variations in the stable isotope signatures of freshwater organisms due to the presence or absence of spawning salmon.

We analysed carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) of biofilm, invertebrates, fish, riparian plants and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Rusha River during the pre‐spawning and spawning periods and in the Akai River (where there are no salmon). Willow leaves were collected along the 50‐m transects to evaluate how far MDN are incorporated within the riparian area. We counted the number of pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) carcasses in riparian areas and categorised their mode of transport. In addition, we examined the stomach contents of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma).

The δ13C and δ15N of aquatic organisms increased by 1–4‰ and 1–6‰, respectively, with the arrival of salmon spawners. Aquatic organisms incorporated 23% of their nitrogen from salmon (range: 7–46%). The diet of Dolly Varden switched from aquatic invertebrates to salmon eggs during the salmon spawning run.

More salmon carcasses were transported from the stream to riparian areas by flooding than by brown bears. The δ13C and δ15N of blowflies (Calliphora spp.) and brown bears increased significantly during the spawning run. Riparian vegetation, with the exception of Manchurian alder (Alnus hirsuta), incorporated 25% of its nitrogen from salmon. The δ15N values of riparian willow (Salix spp.) were correlated negatively with distance from the stream.

The proportion of MDN incorporated in the freshwater biota was lower than that reported for North American rivers, potentially due to the influence of dams and modification of the river environment in this Japanese example. The riparian forest incorporated a relatively high fraction of MDN, however, mainly due to the transport of salmon carcasses from the channel by brown bears and, particularly, flooding. The dynamics of salmon‐derived nutrients thus differed between river and adjacent riparian zones. These results suggested the importance of linkages between freshwater and riparian ecosystems for the extent of the marine nutrient subsidy.
Biogeographical patterns of phytoplankton community size structure in the oceans
Authors: Acevedo‐Trejos Esteban , Brandt Gunnar , Merico Agostino , Smith S. Lan
Published: June 2013

Aim

Develop a biogeographical classification of phytoplankton size distributions for the Atlantic Ocean and predict the global phytoplankton size composition based on prevailing environmental conditions.

Location

Atlantic Ocean and Global Ocean

Methods

Using phytoplankton size composition data, nutrient concentrations (nitrite+nitrate, phosphate, and silicate), irradiance, temperature and zooplankton abundances of the Atlantic Meridional Transect programme, we derived and tested an environmental classification method of phytoplankton size distribution with a k‐means clustering technique. We then used principal component and Dirichlet multivariate regression analyses to disentangle the relative influence of different environmental conditions on the phytoplankton size composition. Subsequently, we evaluated different probabilisitic models and selected the most parsimonious one to estimate the global phytoplankton size distributions in the world oceans based on global climatology data of the World Ocean Atlas 2009.

Results

Based only on prevailing environmental conditions and without a priori knowledge concerning, for example, the position of oceanic fronts, the primary productivity, the distribution of organisms or any geographical information, our classification method captures the size structures of phytoplankton communities across the Atlantic. We find a strong influence of temperature and nitrite+nitrate concentration on the prevalence of the different size classes, and we present evidence that both factors may act independently on structuring phytoplankton communities. While at low nitrite+nitrate concentrations temperature has a major structuring impact, at high nitrite+nitrate concentrations its influence is reduced. Finally, we show that the global distribution of phytoplankton community size structure can be predicted by a probabilistic model based only on temperature and nitrite+nitrate.

Main conclusion

The global distribution of phytoplankton community size structure can be predicted with good approximation using a parsimonious probabilistic model forced by only temperature and nitrite+nitrate data.
Mangrove‐reef connectivity promotes the effectiveness of marine reserves across the western Pacific
Authors: Olds Andrew D. , Albert Simon , Maxwell Paul S. , Pitt Kylie A. , Connolly Rod M.
Published: June 2013

Aim

To evaluate the potential of habitat connectivity to promote the effectiveness of marine reserves. We used heterogeneous reef seascapes as a model system to examine the potential interaction of reserves and mangrove‐reef connectivity and compared the magnitude of these effects across the western Pacific Ocean.

Location

 The tropical and subtropical western Pacific, including the Solomon Islands, Great Barrier Reef and Moreton Bay, Australia.

Methods

We quantified fish densities on coral reefs (38 sites) and in mangrove forests (19 sites) across seven marine reserves and twelve unprotected control locations. Fish assemblages were in seascapes supporting either adjacent reefs and mangroves or isolated reefs. For each reserve‐control comparison, we evaluated the potential interactive effects of habitat connectivity on species richness and densities of harvested species, functional groups, families and individual species. We then examined the influence of spatial variation in reserve attributes, seascape heterogeneity and latitude on the magnitude of reserve‐connectivity effects.

Results 

Snappers (Lutjanidae) and rabbitfish (Siganidae) were more abundant on reserve reefs close to mangroves in all regions. These interactive effects also enhanced the abundance of sweetlip (Haemulidae), bream (Sparidae), harvested fish, herbivores and piscivores and species richness in two of the three regions examined. Spatial variation in the magnitude of reserve‐connectivity effects was explained by differences among reserves in seascape variables (i.e. area of mangroves and reef, duration of mangrove inundation and distance to rivers) but not by reserve attributes (i.e. age, size, poaching) or latitude.

Main conclusions

 Habitat connectivity improved the effectiveness of reserves across the western Pacific Ocean. We recommend that heterogeneous landscapes with high‐habitat connectivity should be viewed as high priorities for conservation. By improving our understanding of connectivity, and through its explicit incorporation into conservation, we may have greater success in restoring biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems.
The interaction between a drying climate and land use affects forest structure and above‐ground carbon storage
Authors: Bennett Joanne M. , Cunningham Shaun C. , Connelly Christine A. , Clarke Rohan H. , Thomson James R. , Mac Nally Ralph
Published: June 2013

Aim

Climate change has been linked to negative effects on vegetation, including drought‐induced dieback. Large‐scale dieback not only leads to considerable carbon emissions but often leads to loss of ecological resources. We investigated whether, and how, the structure, composition and carbon content changed over a period of extended drought (the ‘Big Dry’) in a much‐modified forest ecosystem. We explored whether landscape configuration, management practice or soil type influenced vegetation change.

Location

The Box‐Ironbark forests of south‐eastern Australia.

Methods

In 2010, we remeasured 120 forest transects that had first been measured in 1997 by using identical field methods. Vegetation structure and composition were quantified. We used allometric growth models to estimate the expected increase in above‐ground carbon (AGC) storage between 1997 and 2010; these estimates were compared with observed values.

Results

Forest structure was systematically different between the two periods. Canopy cover, shrub cover and litter decreased between the 1997 and 2010 surveys, whereas total basal area of dead trees, dead trees in all size classes and saplings increased between the two surveys. Climate, fragment size and their interaction were the major predictors of change in most of the measured vegetation characteristics. By comparing measured AGC in 2010 and estimates from growth models, we estimated that 5.6 ± 2.1 SE t C ha−1 may have been foregone over the Big Dry.

Main conclusions

Our findings add to the evidence linking climate change to negative effects on vegetation, including mortality, canopy dieback and reduced carbon sequestration. These effects may be amplified in fragmented vegetation because of greater water and heat stress. If the carbon sequestration deficit of c. 5.6 t C ha−1 were to apply across the extant Box‐Ironbark forests of Victoria (c. 255,400 ha), then 1.43 Mt of carbon sequestration may not have occurred during the Big Dry.
Effects of fertilization management on pasture productivity and nutrient composition
Authors: Chinea E. , Arévalo J. R.
Published: June 2013

Biomass productivity in poor soils is limited by several factors, among which are climatic conditions and nutrients. The most important limiting nutrients in plant productivity are nitrogen and phosphorus, even in regions receiving <200 mm precipitation. In this study, we evaluated the improvement in pasture and soil quality using different fertilization management procedures over 2 years in phosphorus‐deficient soils. Three different fertilizers were used: urban solid waste (USW), ecofertilizer (EF) and calcium superphosphate (SP). The hypothesis that fertilization management significantly improves the quality of the soil and forage for cattle was also tested.

Results showed that biomass change depended on the year but not on the treatment. Different percentages of functional groups (graminoids, leguminoids and others) were compared by year and treatment. The results were similar for the three groups. In general, the sampled year was more important than the treatments. Soil composition did show some changes, e.g. higher levels of phosphorus in soils fertilized with USW than in the soils under other treatments. As for plant nutrient composition, control plots revealed lower levels of nutrients for graminoids and leguminoids, while the results were irregular in the case of the other species group. For the fertilized plots, USW and SP revealed better results in graminoids, whereas for leguminoids, EF was more nutrient effective in 2004. In 2003, the three fertilizers led to improvements in soil and forage quality compared with the controls.

Given the dependence of the local population on goat produce, we suggest a restoration of degraded native pasture areas using these treatments. In particular, USW increases productivity but has minimal effects on functional group composition and soil nutrient cycles.
The information society: permanent crisis through the (dis)ordering of networks
Authors: MARSHALL JONATHAN PAUL
Published: June 2013

People often assume that computerized networks are relatively stable and well connected. This implies that the network society, or information society, is also relatively stable, well ordered and adaptive. However, computer software and networks repeatedly fail or prove inadequate, so we cannot assume that network society is stable. Similarly, misinformation is as expected and socially important as information. By taking this disorder seriously, it becomes possible to observe data that paradigms that primarily seek order exclude and to reveal some of the fundamental paradoxes of the information society that simultaneously both undermine and establish that society. By means of these informational paradoxes, I consider and elucidate some network and software failures from January 2011.
Second Italy: distance education in a Second‐Life international studies project
Authors: VANNI ILARIA
Published: June 2013

Reflecting on recent literature on digital literacies, I consider the use of the virtual world Second Life in distance education. To do so, I draw on theories of learning that accommodate elements of instability and uncertainty. Tacit learning is the process of acquiring knowledge from interaction and experience, or mess and play growing out of interactive and networked processes, as opposed to understanding teaching as passing knowledge down. I explore these points through a case study, Isola del Giglio, which is a learning site built in Second Life as part of a double degree in international studies at the University of Technology, Sydney. In the article, I describe the students' learning experiences during their exchange year in Italy and the in‐world learning experience in Second Life.
Linking people with long‐term health conditions to healthy community activities: development of Patient‐Led Assessment for Network Support (PLANS)
Authors: Blickem Christian , Kennedy Anne , Vassilev Ivaylo , Morris Rebecca , Brooks Helen , Jariwala Praksha , Blakeman Tom , Rogers Anne
Published: June 2013

Objective

To combine insights from service users with long‐term conditions (LTCs) to assist the development of a community referral intervention designed to promote engagement and improve access to health‐relevant resources.

Background

Social deprivation and reduced access to resources have been causally linked with social isolation and the ability to manage LTCs. Participation in meaningful activity has been associated with positive health benefits, and strategies to promote access to community activities have shown some potential to improve outcomes for people with LTCs. This suggests the need to develop an engagement and referral intervention in partnership with service users and community groups as part of mainstream self‐care support.

Method

A series of focus groups and interviews with members of community groups in Greater Manchester designed as an iterative and collaborative approach to elicit the role of personal and community networks that support long‐term condition management (LTCM) to develop a community referral tool.

Results

Participants reported a broad range of resources relevant to LTCM that often went beyond the usual concerns associated with self‐care. This helped to inform a tool (PLANS) to tailor access to types of community‐based resources which can support LTCM.

Conclusions

Understanding the everyday challenges of living with a LTC highlighted the importance of connecting and engaging with localized support for people. In response to this, we developed an intervention (PLANS) which tailors access to local resources based on personal preferences, needs and acceptability to encourage service users to engage with sustainable health choices.