bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ranking facts for explaining answers to elementary science questions
Authors: D’Souza Jennifer , Mulang Isaiah Onando , Auer Sören
Published: January 2022

In multiple-choice exams, students select one answer from among typically four choices and can explain why they made that particular choice. Students are good at understanding natural language questions and based on their domain knowledge can easily infer the question’s answer by “connecting the dots” across various pertinent facts. Considering automated reasoning for elementary science question answering, we address the novel task of generating explanations for answers from human-authored facts. For this, we examine the practically scalable framework of feature-rich support vector machines leveraging domain-targeted, hand-crafted features. Explanations are created from a human-annotated set of nearly 5000 candidate facts in the WorldTree corpus. Our aim is to obtain better matches for valid facts of an explanation for the correct answer of a question over the available fact candidates. To this end, our features offer a comprehensive linguistic and semantic unification paradigm. The machine learning problem is the preference ordering of facts, for which we test pointwise regression versus pairwise learning-to-rank. Our contributions, originating from comprehensive evaluations against nine existing systems, are (1) a case study in which two preference ordering approaches are systematically compared, and where the pointwise approach is shown to outperform the pairwise approach, thus adding to the existing survey of observations on this topic; (2) since our system outperforms a highly-effective TF-IDF-based IR technique by 3.5 and 4.9 points on the development and test sets, respectively, it demonstrates some of the further task improvement possibilities (e.g., in terms of an efficient learning algorithm, semantic features) on this task; (3) it is a practically competent approach that can outperform some variants of BERT-based reranking models; and (4) the human-engineered features make it an interpretable machine learning model for the task.
Opportunities to address the failure of online food retailers to ensure access to required food labelling information in the USA
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L , Cash Sean B , Springer Morgan , Del Giudice Inés M , Mozaffarian Dariush
Published: January 2022

Objective:

The rapid growth in web-based grocery food purchasing has outpaced federal regulatory attention to the online provision of nutrition and allergen information historically required on food product labels. We sought to characterise the extent and variability that online retailers disclose required and regulated information and identify the legal authorities for the federal government to require online food retailers to disclose such information.

Design:

We performed a limited scan of ten products across nine national online retailers and conducted legal research using LexisNexis to analyse federal regulatory agencies’ authorities.

Setting:

USA.

Participants:

N/A.

Results:

The scan of products revealed that required information (Nutrition Facts Panels, ingredient lists, common food allergens and per cent juice for fruit drinks) was present, conspicuous and legible for an average of only 36·5 % of the products surveyed, ranging from 11·4 % for potential allergens to 54·2 % for ingredients lists. More commonly, voluntary nutrition-related claims were prominently and conspicuously displayed (63·5 % across retailers and products). Our legal examination found that the Food and Drug Administration, Federal Trade Commission and United States Department of Agriculture have existing regulatory authority over labelling, online sales and advertising, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme retailers that can be utilised to address deficiencies in the provision of required information in the online food retail environment.

Conclusions:

Information regularly provided to consumers in conventional settings is not being uniformly provided online. Congress or the federal agencies can require online food retailers disclose required nutrition and allergen information to support health, nutrition, equity and informed consumer decision-making.
What are the benefits and risks of nutrition policy actions to reduce added sugar consumption? An Australian case study
Authors: Russell Cherie , Baker Phillip , Grimes Carley , Lawrence Mark Andrew
Published: January 2022

Objective:

This study aimed to critically analyse Australia’s current and proposed policy actions to reduce added sugar consumption. Over-consumption of added sugar is a significant public health nutrition issue. The competing interests, values and beliefs among stakeholders mean they have disparate views regarding which policy actions are preferable to reduce added sugar consumption.

Design:

Semi-structured interviews using purposive, snowball sampling and policy mapping. Policy actions were classified by two frameworks: NOURISHING (e.g. behaviour change communication, food environment and food system) and the Orders of Change (e.g. first order: technical adjustments, second order: reforming the system, third order: transforming the system).

Setting:

Australia.

Participants:

Twenty-two stakeholders from the food industry, food regulation, government, public health groups and academia.

Results:

All proposed and existing policy actions targeted the food environment/behaviour change; most were assessed as first-order changes, and reductionist (nutrient specific) in nature. Influences on policy actions included industry power, stakeholder fragmentation, government ideology/political will and public pressure. Few stakeholders considered potential risks of policy actions, particularly of non-nutritive sweetener substitution or opportunity costs for other policies.

Conclusions:

Most of Australia’s policy actions to reduce added sugar consumption are reductionist. Preferencing nutrient specific, first-order policy actions could reflect the influence of vested interests, a historically dominant reductionist orientation to nutrition science and policy, and the perceived difficulty of pursuing second- or third-order changes. Pursuing only first-order policy actions could lead to ‘regrettable’ substitutions and creates an opportunity cost for more comprehensive policy aimed at adjusting the broader food system.
Structural and Ultrastructural Changes in the Tongue of mdx Mice
Authors: Tomiate André N. , Barbosa Gabriela K. , Rici Rose E. G. , de Almeida Sonia Regina Y. , Watanabe Ii-sei , Ciena Adriano P.
Published: January 2022

The mdx mouse is an experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscular degeneration which affects the oral cavity musculature, and promotes difficulty in swallowing. This study aimed to describe morphological, structural, and ultrastructural changes in the tongue mucosa and musculature of mdx mice. Forty six-month-old mice were divided into two groups: Control C57bl/10 (n = 20) and mdx C57bl/10mdx (n = 20). The tongue was dissected and analyzed with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Our results showed conical and triangular filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate papillae, and their connective tissue cores. The epithelium layers identified were corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale. The mdx group had a thicker epithelium. Lamina propria was composed of reddish and greenish collagen. In mdx, collagen was present in the musculature of the tongue's body and in the muscular tissue between mucous and serous glands of the caudal region. Musculature was also characterized by a shorter length of sarcoplasmic invaginations, myocytolysis in mitochondrial groupings, and inflammatory focus. In conclusion, the tongue of 6-month-old mdx mice had morphology, structure, and ultrastructure revealed, showing higher wear of filiform papillae indirect reflex from the muscular degeneration process.
The Search for Social Harmony at Harvard Business School, 1919–1942
Authors: Acton Ryan M.
Published: January 2022

In the mid-1920s, Wallace Donham, the dean of Harvard Business School, recruited two intellectuals, Elton Mayo and Lawrence Henderson, to find solutions to the nation's ills. Like many intellectuals since the late 1800s, Donham, Mayo, and Henderson believed that laissez-faire modernization and competitive individualism had shattered the social bonds that had once harmonized the nation. Corporations, they believed, thus should use a new science of administration to tie workers into close-knit workgroups. These bonds would fulfill workers’ needs for stability and community, discipline workers’ wayward emotions and thoughts, and diminish workers’ susceptibility to labor activism and radical politics. Historians have shown that a vein of intellectuals turned the common “progressive” faith in social bonds into an argument for the strong state. This article shows, however, that this faith also contributed to conservative thought and tools of control.
Business Entry and Exit: Career Changes of Proprietors in England and Wales (1851–81) Using Record-Linkage
Authors: Bennett Robert J. , Montebruno Piero , van Lieshout Carry , Smith Harry
Published: January 2022

The article links the digital records of individual proprietors in the manuscript censuses 1851–81 for the whole of England and Wales using the BBCE database to identify career changes of employers and own account proprietors. It investigates continuing proprietorship, entry to business from previous activity, and switching out of business. The article identifies the effects on switching of demography, gender, household relationships, sector markets, and opportunity/necessity measured by location and access to railways. Previous analysis of nineteenth-century proprietor careers has been based mainly on local case studies and large firms. This article allows examination across the spectrum of small and large businesses for a representative sample large enough to generalize to the behavior of the whole population. The analysis shows a larger proportion of flows between employer, own account, and worker status than often expected, indicating a relatively open and flexible Victorian economy, and higher than in the modern United Kingdom. Farm and nonfarm activities show contrasted patterns, with farm proprietors more stable with less switching, as to be expected. Switching appears to have slowed slightly over time, with incumbency increasing for both farm and nonfarm employers, and for both men and women, but own account proprietorship was often relatively ephemeral. The article assesses the factors influencing switching using logistic regression. This confirms age, sex, marital status, family position, location, and sector as significant for explaining switching/nonswitching. The results demonstrate that although open and flexible, proprietorship was highly varied between sectors, with changes of railway accessibility mainly significant for farmers.
Glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) control with preemergence and postemergence herbicide programs
Authors: Bond Jason A. , Allen Tom W. , Seale John W. , Edwards Henry M.
Published: January 2022

A field study was conducted twice in Elizabeth, MS, at on-farm sites in 2010–11 and 2011–12, and twice in 2012–13 at Mississippi State University’s Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS, to evaluate glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass control and crop response to fall treatments followed by postemergence herbicide treatments in winter and/or spring. Italian ryegrass was controlled ≥92% and 61% following S-metolachlor and tillage 77 d after fall treatments (DA-FT), respectively. S-metolachlor fall treatment provided 33% greater control than clethodim winter treatment at 21 d after winter treatments (DA-WT). Tillage fall treatment followed by (fb) clethodim winter treatment fb paraquat spring treatment provided similar control (93%) to treatments containing S-metolachlor fall treatment fb a winter or spring herbicide treatment (≥93%) 24 d after spring treatments (DA-ST). Greatest soybean and corn density and yield were also observed following programs containing S-metolachlor fall treatment. Sequential postemergence herbicide treatments were not required to increase corn and soybean density and yield when S-metolachlor was used as a fall treatment. Growers have the best opportunity to maximize GR Italian ryegrass control when S-metolachlor fb a winter or spring herbicide treatment is used.
Tibetan Plateau Made Central Asian Drylands Move Northward, Concentrate in Narrow Latitudinal Bands, and Increase in Intensity During the Cenozoic
Authors: Zhang Ran , Zhang Zhongshi , Jiang Dabang , Ramstein Gilles , Dupont‐Nivet Guillaume , Li Xiangyu
Published: January 2022

The evolution of central Asian drylands during the Cenozoic is a hot topic in paleoclimate research, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigate this topic with climate modeling based on six key geological periods. Our results indicate that central Asian drylands have existed since the early Eocene, after which they move northward and become narrower. Although changed land‐sea distribution and decreased atmospheric CO2 concentration promote the aridification of drylands, they only slightly affect the latitudinal position of drylands. By comparison, the growth of Asian high‐topography areas, especially the Tibetan Plateau (TP), makes central Asian drylands move northward, concentrate in narrow latitudinal bands, and increase in intensity. Good model‐data qualitative agreement is obtained for stepwise aridification in midlatitude inland Asia north of ∼40°N, and the uplifted main and northern TP by the early Miocene likely forced drylands to form in this region.
The Basal Detectability of an Ice‐Covered Mars by MARSIS
Authors: Grima C. , Mouginot J. , Kofman W. , Hérique A. , Beck P.
Published: January 2022

The detection of anomalously strong relative basal reflectivity beneath the Martian South Polar Layered Deposits (SPLD) from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) has led to hypotheses suggesting the presence of basal materials such as liquid water. Here, we propose a forward approach to assess whether such a high signal could be produced by a Martian terrain currently exposed at the surface without liquid water. We convert existing MARSIS surface reflectivity measurements into a basal reflectivity as if it were overlaid by an SPLD‐like ice deposit. 0.3%–2% of the surface could produce basal reflections of magnitude similar to the SPLD measurements in the assumption of a 10% impure ice. An ice loss tangent 0.01 is required to prevent any of the current Martian surface from producing a bright SPLD‐like basal reflection. The detected bright terrains are gathered within volcanic constructs of diverse geologic epoch.
Theoretical Considerations on the Characteristic Timescales of Hydrogen Generation by Serpentinization Reactions on Enceladus
Authors: Daval Damien , Choblet Gaël , Sotin Christophe , Guyot François
Published: January 2022

The Cassini spacecraft demonstrated that Saturn's small moon Enceladus may harbor hydrothermal activity. In particular, molecular hydrogen production could result from water‐rock interactions in a tidally heated, water‐filled porous rocky core. The lifetime of such reactions is key to assess the habitability potential of Enceladus and to constrain plausible durations of the active stage in a context where the evolution of the moon is debated. Although it has recently been suggested that the serpentinization timescale does not exceed a few hundred million years, this estimation was based on assumptions regarding silicate dissolution kinetics that are prone to overestimate the actual reactivity of primary silicates. Here, we investigated plausible rate‐limiting mechanisms governing fluid‐rock interactions that could delay the completion of Enceladus' core serpentinization. In particular, we considered the impact of (a) various secondary mineral assemblages on the Gibbs free energy of Fe‐bearing silicate dissolution and associated dissolution rates; (b) rate‐laws alternative to the transition state theory; (c) diffusion in nanoporous secondary assemblages; (d) slow water supply. Overall, our results confirm that serpentinization timescales never exceed 500 Myr, and indicate that fluid flow ultimately sets the tempo for serpentinization. Only unreasonable grain sizes in Enceladus' core (>1 m) or unexpectedly low diffusivity of secondary coatings covering primary silicates would be consistent with serpentinization durations of several billion years. We thus suggest that either the hydrothermal activity has developed recently on Enceladus, or alternative processes (pyrolysis of insoluble organic matter, microbial activity) must be tested to explain the observed H2 flux in Enceladus' plume.
MARCH3 negatively regulates IL-3-triggered inflammatory response by mediating K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of IL-3Rα
Authors: Feng Lu , Li Chen , Zeng Lin-Wen , Gao Deng , Sun Yu-Hao , Zhong Li , Lin Heng , Shu Hong-Bing , Li Shu
Published: January 2022

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a hematopoietic growth factor and critical regulator of inflammatory response such as sepsis. IL-3 binds to IL-3 receptor α (IL-3Rα), which is then associated with IL-3Rβ to initiate signaling. How IL-3-triggered physiological and pathological effects are regulated at the receptor level is unclear. Here, we show that the plasma membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH3 negatively regulates IL-3-triggered signaling. MARCH3 is associated with IL-3Rα, mediates its K48-linked polyubiquitination at K377 and promotes its proteasomal degradation. MARCH3-deficiency promotes IL-3-triggered transcription of downstream effector genes and IL-3-induced expansion of myeloid cells. In the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis, MARCH3-deficiency aggravates IL-3-ampified expression of inflammatory cytokines, organ damage and inflammatory death. Our findings suggest that regulation of IL-3Rα by MARCH3 plays an important role in IL-3-triggered physiological functions and inflammatory diseases.
Vaccine strain affects seroconversion after influenza vaccination in COPD patients and healthy older people
Authors: Snape Natale , Anderson Gary P. , Irving Louis B. , Jarnicki Andrew G. , Hurt Aeron C. , Collins Tina , Xi Yang , Upham John W.
Published: January 2022

Though clinical guidelines recommend influenza vaccination for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and other high-risk populations, it is unclear whether current vaccination strategies induce optimal antibody responses. This study aimed to identify key variables associated with strain-specific antibody responses in COPD patients and healthy older people. 76 COPD and 72 healthy participants were recruited from two Australian centres and inoculated with influenza vaccine. Serum strain-specific antibody titres were measured pre- and post-inoculation. Seroconversion rate was the primary endpoint. Antibody responses varied between vaccine strains. The highest rates of seroconversion were seen with novel strains (36–55%), with lesser responses to strains included in the vaccine in more than one consecutive year (27–33%). Vaccine responses were similar in COPD patients and healthy participants. Vaccine strain, hypertension and latitude were independent predictors of seroconversion. Our findings reassure that influenza vaccination is equally immunogenic in COPD patients and healthy older people; however, there is room for improvement. There may be a need to personalise the yearly influenza vaccine, including consideration of pre-existing antibody titres, in order to target gaps in individual antibody repertoires and improve protection.
Galectin-1 as the new player in staging and prognosis of COVID-19
Authors: Markovic Sofija Sekulic , Gajovic Nevena , Jurisevic Milena , Jovanovic Marina , Jovicic Biljana Popovska , Arsenijevic Nebojsa , Mijailovic Zeljko , Jovanovic Marina , Dolicanin Zana , Jovanovic Ivan
Published: January 2022

A new virus from the group of coronaviruses was identified as the cause of atypical pneumonia and called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and disease called Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). During the cytokine storm, the main cause of the death, proinflammatory cytokines are released which stimulate further tissue destruction. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in many immune and inflammatory processes and its role in COVID-19 is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine systemic values of Gal-1 and correlations between Gal-1 and proinflammatory cytokines and clinical parameters during COVID-19 progression. This is observational and cross-sectional study. 210 COVID-19 patients were included and divided into mild, severe or critical group according to COVID-19 severity. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, IL-33 and Gal-1 were measured using sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Systemic levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, IL-33 and Gal-1 were significantly higher in stage III of COVID-19 patients compared to stage I and II. There were no significant differences in the ratio between Gal-1 and IL-10 with proinflammatory cytokines. Positive correlation was detected between Gal-1 and IL-1β, IL6, IL-10, IL-23 and IL-33. Gal-1 positively correlated with chest radiographic finding, dry cough and headache and negatively correlated with normal breathing sound. Linear regression model and ROC curve analysis point on Gal-1 as significant predictor for COVID-19 severity. Presented results implicate on Gal-1 and IL-10 dependent immunomodulation. The precise mechanism of Gal-1 effect in COVID-19 and its potential as a stage marker of disease severity is still to be clarified.
Coalescence of two growing bubbles in a Hele–Shaw cell
Authors: Ohashi Masatoshi , Toramaru Atsushi , Namiki Atsuko
Published: January 2022

An understanding of the dynamics of growth-driven coalescence is important in diverse fields across natural science and engineering. Motivated by the bubble coalescence in magma during volcanic eruptions, we study both experimentally and theoretically the coalescence of two growing bubbles in a Hele–Shaw cell. In our system, bubbles grow by gas expansion due to decompression and the diffusional influx of dissolved gas in the liquid. Our experiments show that the evolution of film thickness and bubble shape depends on viscosity, decompression rate, and cell gap. Through a scaling analysis and a perturbation approximation, we find that the hydrodynamic interaction between two bubbles is characterized by a film capillary number $$Ca_f=(\eta {\dot{R}}/\sigma )(R/D)^2$$

C

a
f

=

(
η

R
˙

/
σ
)

(
R
/
D
)

2

depending on viscosity $$\eta$$
η
, bubble radius R, growth rate $${\dot{R}}$$

R
˙

, interfacial tension $$\sigma$$
σ
, and cell gap D. The experimental results demonstrate that the film capillary number solely determines the bubble distortion just before coalescence. Under our experimental conditions, bubble coalescence occurs below a critical value of a nominal film capillary number defined as a film capillary number evaluated when two undeformed circular bubbles come into contact.
Coupled-core fiber Bragg gratings for low-cost sensing
Authors: Flores-Bravo Jose A. , Madrigal Javier , Zubia Joseba , Sales Salvador , Villatoro Joel
Published: January 2022

Sensors based on Bragg gratings inscribed in conventional single mode fibers are expensive due to the need of a sophisticated, but low-speed, interrogation system. As an alternative to overcome this issue, in this work, it is proposed and demonstrated the use of coupled-core optical fiber Bragg gratings. It was found that the relative reflectivity from such gratings changed when the coupled-core fiber was subjected to point or periodic bending. This feature makes the interrogation of such gratings simple, fast, and cost-effective. The reflectivity changes of the gratings are attributed to the properties of the supermodes supported by the coupled-core fiber. As potential applications of the referred gratings, intensity-modulated vector bending and vibration sensing are demonstrated. We believe that the results reported here can pave the way to the development of many inexpensive sensors. Besides, coupled-core fiber Bragg gratings may expand the use of grating technology in other areas.
Xeno nucleic acids (XNAs) having non-ribose scaffolds with unique supramolecular properties
Authors: Asanuma Hiroyuki , Kamiya Yukiko , Kashida Hiromu , Murayama Keiji
Published: January 2022

We review the chemical structures of XNAs with non-ribose scaffolds, their hybridization abilities, and their unique behaviors with a particular focus on the acyclic XNAs.
Constructing a correlation between ferroelectricity and grain sizes in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 ferroelectric thin films
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Luo Hang , Yuan Xi , Zhang Dou
Published: January 2022

A correlation between ferroelectricity and grain sizes was constructed through controlling process conditions including annealing conditions and film thickness.
Electronic properties and interfacial contact of graphene/CrSiTe3 van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Chen Li , Jiang Chuan , Yang Maoyou , Wang Dongchao , Shi Changmin , Liu Hongmei , Cui Guangliang , Li Xiaolong , Shi Jiakuo
Published: January 2022

The electronic properties and interfacial contact of the graphene-based heterostructure graphene/CrSiTe3 (Gr/CrSiTe3) are modulated by tuning the interfacial distance, along with application of an external electric field.
Synthesis and characterization of rare-earth metallate amido complexes bearing the 2-amidate-functionalized indolyl ligand and their application in the hydroboration of esters with pinacolborane
Authors: Wei Yun , Bao Qin , Song Lulu , Hong Dongjing , Gao Jianjian , Wang Shaowu , Zhu Xiancui , Zhou Shuangliu , Mu Xiaolong
Published: January 2022

The novel trinuclear rare earth amido complexes exhibited high activity towards the hydroboration of esters under neat and room temperature conditions.
Cu/N-Oxyl-catalyzed aerobic oxidative esterification to oxalic acid diesters from ethylene glycol via highly selective intermolecular alcohol oxidation
Authors: Morino Yusuke , Yatabe Takafumi , Suzuki Kosuke , Yamaguchi Kazuya
Published: January 2022

Using Cu/N-oxyl catalysts, a highly efficient aerobic oxidative esterification reaction of ethylene glycol to various oxalic acid diesters in the presence of other aliphatic primary alcohols was realized.
Crystal engineering of alkylethynyl fluoroanthradithiophenes
Authors: Thorley Karl J. , Dremann Derek , Iqbal Hamna F. , Parkin Sean R. , Jurchescu Oana D. , Anthony John E.
Published: January 2022

2-Dimensional brickwork packing is desirable for high mobility organic semiconductors. We synthesised acene derivatives that adopt this packing without using heavier group 14 elements to investigate substituent effects on bulk transport properties.
Homology modeling, virtual screening and MD simulations for the identification of NUAK1 and ULK1 potential dual inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Hao-ran , Gao Cheng-long , Zhang Li-chuan , Yu Ri-lei , Kang Cong-min
Published: January 2022

Compound 1 is the most promising potential inhibitor of NUAK1/ULK1 obtained by screening.
Biosynthesis, regulation, and engineering of natural products from Lysobacter
Authors: Yue Huan , Miller Amanda Lynn , Khetrapal Vimmy , Jayaseker Vishakha , Wright Stephen , Du Liangcheng
Published: January 2022

This review summarizes progress in Lysobacter natural product research over the past 10 years, including identification, mechanisms for biosynthesis and regulation, and metabolic engineering.
Pyridine-functional diblock copolymer nanoparticles synthesized via RAFT-mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly: effect of solution pH
Authors: Wen Shang-Pin , Fielding Lee A.
Published: January 2022

Poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(benzyl methacrylate) copolymer nanoparticles can be prepared by RAFT-mediated PISA with tuneable diameters by changing the copolymer composition or simply by altering the solution pH for a fixed composition.
Defensin–lipid interactions in membrane targeting: mechanisms of action and opportunities for the development of antimicrobial and anticancer therapeutics
Authors: Hein Matthew J. A. , Kvansakul Marc , Lay Fung T. , Phan Thanh Kha , Hulett Mark D.
Published: January 2022

Defensins are a class of host defence peptides (HDPs) that often harbour antimicrobial and anticancer activities, making them attractive candidates as novel therapeutics. In comparison with current antimicrobial and cancer treatments, defensins uniquely target specific membrane lipids via mechanisms distinct from other HDPs. Therefore, defensins could be potentially developed as therapeutics with increased selectivity and reduced susceptibility to the resistance mechanisms of tumour cells and infectious pathogens. In this review, we highlight recent advances in defensin research with a particular focus on membrane lipid-targeting in cancer and infection settings. In doing so, we discuss strategies to harness lipid-binding defensins for anticancer and anti-infective therapies.
Alteration in gills, skin, and fins of snakehead fish (Channa striata) due to ectoparasite infection: a macropathological and histopathological approach
Authors: Zaiyana Nurliza , Sardi Arif , Ridwan Harahap Muhammad , Humairani Rindhira , Paujiah Epa , Rumondang Rumondang , Zulfahmi Ilham
Published: January 2022

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a freshwater fish with high economic value both as ornamental and consumed fish. However, the ability to adapt to fluctuating environmental states prompts snakehead fish to be susceptible to parasites, ectoparasites, and endoparasites. Gills, skin, and fins are the major body parts that are often infected with ectoparasites. This study aims to discover the macro pathology in gills, skin, and fins of ectoparasites-infected snakehead fish and its histopathology. This study was conducted from April to June 2021. Observational data on macro pathology and histopathology were analyzed qualitatively. The results indicated that the macro pathology of the skin, gills, and fins of snakehead fish infected with ectoparasites indicates discoloration, excess mucus production, the dull coloration of the gills, and irritation of the gills body surfaces, and skin hemorrhages. In conclusion, infection of ectoparasites affects several alterations in the skin, gills, and fins, both macro pathological and histopathological.
The effect of different stock densities on the performance of giant prawns (Macrobracium rosenbergii) and rice production in the minapadi system
Authors: Mahendra Mahendra , Diana Farah , Oktavinanda Giovanni
Published: January 2022

Minapadi is a prawn rearing system in rice fields that is carried out with rice plants. This study aims to increase the income of farmers with high productivity of rice yields and increase the production of giant prawns. The method used is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were : P1 = stocking density of 100 ind/plot, P2 = stocking density of 200 ind/plot, P3 = stocking density of 300 ind/plot. This research was conducted for 90 days. Parameters observed were rice productivity and growth. The results showed that the best treatment was P2 = stocking density of 200 ind/plot. By producing an average rice productivity of 5.5 kg/50 m2 and the average relative growth rate of 4.72%. From the results of this study, the application of the Minapadi system with giant prawns had a positive impact on the observed parameters (P<0.05) and thus will provide benefits for farmers.
Catching investigation of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus Albacares) based on the distribution of chlorophyll-a in the North Waters of Aceh: A November and December analysis
Authors: Irham Muhammad , Wali Akbar Maulana , Mukhli Mukhlis , Fuadi Afdhal , Authar Muhammad , Setiawan Ichsan
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution of chlorophyll-a on the catch of yellowfin tuna in the northern waters of Aceh. This research was conducted in the north of Aceh waters starting from November to December 2020. fish catch data was collected by direct survey in the field by following the activities of fishermen and recording the number of catches. Data on chlorophyll-a was obtained from Aqua Modis satellite imagery. The catch data analysis used the CPUE model, while the chlorophyll-a analysis was carried out using the SeaDas 7.5 and ArcGIS. The results showed that the catch of yellowfin tuna was higher in November than in December as well as the distribution of chlorophyll-a content. The coefficient of determination (Adjusted R Square) is 0.09, which means that the relationship between chlorophyll-a and yellowfin tuna catches is only 9%, while 91% is influenced by other factors. These results inform that the content of chlorophyll-a does not show a significant relationship to the catch of yellowfin tuna.
Community structure of plankton in Aneuk Laot Lake Sabang Pulau Weh
Authors: Nurfadillah Nurfadillah , Desrita Desrita , Dewiyanti Irma , Rahayu Riska Sri , Maulidawati Seri , Sari Siswani , Surikawati Surikawati , Karina Indri
Published: January 2022

The role of plankton as natural food affects the potential of fish in the waters. The structure of the plankton community in the Aneuk Laot Lake can provide an overview of the stability of these waters. This study aims to determine the plankton biomass and the structure of the plankton community of Aneuk Laot Lake Sabang. This research was conducted in September 2019 in the waters of Aneuk Laot Lake. Determination of observation stations using the stratified random sampling method, identification of plankton using the census method and analysis of chlorophyll-a using the Trichomatic method. The results showed that the plankton composition consisted of 27 phytoplankton and 4 zooplankton genera which were divided into Bacillarophyceae (36%), Chlorophyceae (19%), Cyanophyceae (16%), Zygnematophyceae (10%), Dinophyceae (3%), Euglenophyceae (3%) and Crustacean class (13%). The abundance of plankton was 21,333 ind/l, the most abundant type is Navicula sp. Diversity index value (2.97) is category high, eveness index (0.87) and low dominance index (0.07). Chlorophyll-a values ranged from 2.84 to 4.84 mg/l including the medium nutrient category. Aneuk Laot Lake has a high level of community stability with trophic status of mesotrophic-eutrophic.
Comparative anatomy of the caudal fin (pinna caudalis)Tor douronensis(Valenciennes, 1842) andTor soro(Valenciennes, 1842)
Authors: Akmal Yusrizal , Zulfahmi Ilham , Muliari Muliari , Burhanuddin Iqbal Andi , Budimawan Budimawan , Dhamayanti Yeni , Humairani Rindhira , Irfannur Irfannur , Rinaldi Rinaldi
Published: January 2022

Tor douronensisandTor sorowere two of the four species of the Tor genus that live in Indonesian waters. However, studies related to the skeleton of these two fish are still rarely disclosed. The aim of this study compared the morphology of the caudal-fin (pinna caudalis)T. douronensisandT. soro. The research stages include sample preparation, making skeleton preparations, image analysis, and identification of skeleton terminology.T. douronensisfish were collected from the waters of the Pagar Alam area, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra, whileT. sorowas collected from the waters of Bukit Lawang, Bohorok District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province. The caudal-fin (pinna caudalis) is part of the ossa urostylus which produces optimal hydrodynamic propulsion. The caudal-fin (pinna caudalis) Genus Tor is part of theossa urostyluswhich is composed of 31 caudal-fin rays (pinnae), sixhypuralbones,parhypural,pleurostylus,epural, anduroneuralis. The ventral part ofT. douronensisandT. sorois composed of theparhypural,and the 1stand 2ndhypuralbones.T. douronensishad aparhypuralbone that was more prominent and separates from thespina hemaliscompared toT. soro. The dorsal part was composed of the 3rdhypuralbones to 6thhypural, inT. sorothehypuralbone was fused with cartilage.Os pleurostylus T. douronensishad a more prominent shape thanT. soroand there was enlargement in the posterior part. The 3rdand 4thhypuralbones onT. sorohad the largest size. TheT. sorohad threespina neuralisand threespina hemalisto support the rays of the tail. The bones that composed the caudal-fin ofT. douronensisandT. sorowere relatively similar to those of some fish from the family Cyprinidae. The results of this study could be used as an alternative to identifyT. douronensisandT. sorofrom the skeleton.
Regulation of tourist dress ethics in the realization of maritime-based halal tourism in Sabang city
Authors: Sumaiya Naili , Abdullah Muhammad Adli
Published: January 2022

The indications of halal values in the local regulation need to be looked at further on the overall coverage of halal aspects included dress ethics that need to be applied to support halal tourism with local identity and global competitiveness. The Aceh government which has special autonomy under the leadership of the mayor of Sabang, has issued special regulations to support the implementation of ‘good’ and 'halal' tourism. This regulation is stated in Qanun Number 9 of 2019 concerning the Master Plan for Tourism Development of Sabang City for 2019-2027. The stipulation of these regulations clearly indicates the spirit of halal, including the ethics of dress which is a local identity in the management of marine tourism in the city of Sabang which can be seen in many poins of mentioned qanun. Normative research by looking at the scope of government regulations that is presented qualitatively shows the need for the scope of rules or derivative rules from the side of non-muslim tourists in terms of the obligation to comply with local halal norms and ethics, such as etiquette for beachfront dress and supervision. This is because the embodiment of halal tourism in products, governance, facilities, and supervision must support social, ethical, customary and local communities. The preference for halal tourism that has been declared by the government must not prioritize the quantity of tourism but prioritize the quality of halal, wisdom and social culture of the local community.
Learning management strategy new normal era
Authors: Soraya Ratna , Mardiana Nana , Mardiani Nani , Kartika Rika , Siregar Wildawani
Published: January 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on various sectors of life, including in learning activities. The government as a decision maker makes policies to carry out online learning activities in order to slow the spread of Covid-19. Principals as leaders in learning activities require the right strategy in implementing online learning that supports government policies. The strategy used in school management in the era of new habits due to the Covid-19 pandemic is expected to be able to maintain the quality of learning activities as in the pre-pandemic period in the schools they lead. The purpose of this study was to determine the principal’s leadership strategy in dealing with learning in the era of new habits. The method used was a qualitative method. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the principal’s leadership strategies in dealing with learning in the new era of habits is; 1) to make online learning policies in schools by involving relevant teachers and school officials; 2) to improve the facilities and quality of ICT infrastructure in learning activities in schools; 3) to improve the quality of human resources in integrating IT for learning activities; 4) to communicate with parents or guardians of students; 5) to provide understanding to students about online learning activities; 6) to be ready and open in dealing with the changes in learning activities in the future.
Determination of superior agriculture commodities in North Sumatra Province
Authors: Novita Desi , Rinanda Teja , Riyadh Ilham Mhd.
Published: January 2022

This study aims to determine the contribution of the agriculture sector in the economy in North Sumatra Province and to find out the superior agriculture commodities. The data used in this study is secondary data, namely data on the production of various agricultural commodities in North Sumatra Province and Indonesia for the period 2019-2020. Quantitative description analysis in the form of contribution analysis and growth analysis is used to determine the contribution of the agricultural sector in the economy in North Sumatra Province in 2016-2020. Static Location Quotient (SLQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ) analyses are used to analyze superior agricultural commodities. The results show that the contribution of the agricultural sector has decreased to the economy in North Sumatra Province in the 2016-2020 period. The results of the SLQ and DLQ analyses show that the superior agricultural commodities that are cross-sub-sectoral are Red Chili, Cabbage, Tomato, Eggplant, Durian, Salak, Rubber, and Fisheries. The superior agricultural commodities come from the Horticulture Sub-sector, Plantation Sub-sector, and Fisheries Sub-sector. Meanwhile, commodities originating from the Food crop Sub-sector and Livestock Sub-sector did not contribute to the creation of superior agriculture commodities in North Sumatra Province in 2019-2020.
Analysis of main facilities utilization level in Kuala Langsa Fish Landing Base, East Aceh, Aceh
Authors: Aprilla Mutia Ratna , Rahmah Alvi , B Aini Qurratu , Irham Muhammad , Rusydi Ichsan , Sofiati Titien
Published: January 2022

Fishing ports are an important factor in supporting various capture fisheries activities in Aceh. One of the fishing ports in East Aceh is the Kuala Langsa Fish Landing Base (PPI). The problems in managing PPI Kuala Langsa are inadequate facilities and supporting infrastructure, therefore good port facility management is needed to be able to provide facilities and infrastructure more effectively and efficiently. This study aims to find out the actual condition of the fishing port dock and port pond facilities, and determine the utilization level of the fishing port dock and port pond facilities according to spatial and time in PPI Kuala Langsa. The research was conducted in August 2020 using survey methods and interviews with 18 fishermen. The actual conditions were then analyzed descriptively, whereas a level of used facilities was analyzed by using a formula from the Director-General of Capture Fisheries (1981), namely by using a percentage of the level of utilization. The results showed that the condition of the fishing port dock and port pond in PPI Kuala Langsa is good. The level of spatial utilization on the fishing port dock has crossed the limit (105%) and based on time was not optimal (45%). While the level utilization of the port pond facilities based on space and time level are still within optimal (100%).
Le jumeau numérique de l’information, une étape essentielle de la continuité numérique
Authors: Le Gros Gaïc
Published: January 2022

Dans le but d’assurer la transmission de l’information tout au long du cycle de vie d’un site, Orano a mis en place une plateforme unique qui collecte et donne rapidement accès aux données. Le dispositif a été testé sur les sites de la Hague, d’Orano Melox et du Tricastin.
Aktuelle Evidenzlage zur Beurteilung der Fahrtauglichkeit von
Menschen mit kognitiven Einschränkungen: Ein systematisches
Review
Authors: Karrer Linda , Pfleger Elisabeth , Kolominsky-Rabas Peter
Published: January 2022

Einleitung Aufgrund der hohen Prävalenz demenzieller Erkrankungen
handelt es sich bei der Überprüfung der Fahrtauglichkeit von
Menschen mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen um ein Thema von
großer gesellschaftlicher Relevanz.

Methodik Es wurde eine umfassende systematische Literaturrecherche zu der
Forschungsfrage: „Welche evidenz-basierten Methoden eignen sich zur
Beurteilung der Fahrtauglichkeit von Menschen mit Demenz (MmD) oder milden
kognitiven Einschränkungen (MCI)?“ für den Zeitraum
2015–2020 durchgeführt. Die Recherche erfolgte in den
Datenbanken Medline, PsycINFO, LIVIVO, PubPsych, Scopus, Cinahl und CENTRAL.

Ergebnisse 30 Studien wurden in die qualitative Analyse eingeschlossen.
Die Fahrtauglichkeit kann mit praxisbasierten Testverfahren wie Praxisfahrtest
(On-road), Fahrsimulator und Fahrverhaltensbeurteilung im natürlichen
Umfeld (Naturalistic Driving) beurteilt werden. Theoriebasierte Methoden sind:
neuropsychologische Tests, fahrspezifische Testungen und Fragebögen zur
Selbsteinschätzung. Die Studienlage zeigt, dass einzelne
neuropsychologische Tests nicht zur Bestimmung der Fahrtauglichkeit ausreichen.
Eine höhere Aussagekraft haben praxisbasierte Testverfahren,
fahrspezifische Testungen sowie Kombinationen aus evidenz-basierten
Methoden.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Überprüfung der Fahrtauglichkeit
von Menschen mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen sollte angesichts des
progredienten Verlaufs demenzieller Erkrankungen engmaschig durch eine
Kombination aus theorie- und praxisbasierter Methoden erfolgen.
HIV-Test in der Schwangerschaft – 2020 noch nicht bei
100%
Authors: Schwarze-Zander Carolynne , Strizek Brigitte , Cravat Laila , Merz Waltraut M. , van Bremen Kathrin , Rockstroh Juergen K. , Wasmuth Jan-Christian , Boesecke Christoph , Haberl Annette
Published: January 2022

Einleitung Ende 2019 lebten weltweit 38 Millionen Menschen mit HIV, mehr
als die Hälfte Mädchen und Frauen. Kenntnis über den
HIV-Status der Schwangeren kann eine HIV-Transmission verhindern. Ziel unserer
Studie war es, die Umsetzung der 2015 in den Mutterschaftsrichtlinien
vorgeschriebenen Dokumentation zur Beratung zum HIV-Test und dessen
Durchführung zu untersuchen.

Methodik Von Juni bis Oktober 2020 wurde an der
Universitätsfrauenklinik Bonn die Dokumentation zum HIV-Screening in
Mutterpässen überprüft und Schwangere anhand eines
anonymen Fragebogens zum HIV-Test und ihrer Einstellung zu einem universellen
Screening befragt.

Ergebnisse Von 401 analysierten Mutterpässen war in 11%
die Dokumentation unvollständig: in 8% war keine Dokumentation
zur Beratung oder Durchführung des HIV-Tests erfolgt, in 3% war
nur die Beratung dokumentiert. In den Fragebögen (n=291) gaben
47% der Schwangeren an, dass keine Beratung erfolgt oder erinnerlich
sei. 90% der Frauen unterstützten die Durchführung eines
HIV-Testes in der Schwangerschaft, 9% waren unsicher, 1% lehnten
diesen ab. 55% würden die Umstellung der aktuellen
„opt-in“ zur „opt-out“-Screening-Strategie
befürworten.

Zusammenfassung Die Dokumentation der Beratung und Durchführung
des HIV-Tests in der Schwangerschaft war in 11% unvollständig,
fast die Hälfte der Mütter berichten, dass eine Beratung nicht
erfolgt oder erinnerlich sei. Neue Strategien der Hebammen und
Frauenärzt*innen müssen entwickelt werden, um eine
universelle HIV-Testung der Schwangeren zu erreichen und in Richtung null
HIV-Mutter-Kind-Transmission zu gelangen.