bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Money Laundering: A Three-Step Secret Game
Authors: Arman Md
Published: May 2023

This paper describes, theoretically, what money laundering is and how it is done following some partnered activities over time. This paper also looks for electronic money laundering and finds some related and predefined functions which are completed using electronic gadgets and the Internet. A systematic literature review is conducted by employing a meta-analysis approach. To give a clear view on money laundering, the author thinks it is necessary to make it clear first about the characteristics of money laundering, the reasons behind it, and how it negatively impacts the business and economy of a country. Money laundering is a crime in most nations, and economically developed countries built a strong fortress against money launderers, but laundering is not stopped. So, this paper tries to discover what and how the launderers launder and discover inventive ways to turn their unlawful cash lawful, which the legal authority cannot detect. This paper shows the step-by-step procedures of these globally illegal money-whitening activities, mostly theoretically.
'High Score Girl' manga; GameCenter CX part four (Supplement II:19)
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: May 2023

(History of computer science and technology)
Logical necessity of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Cadeddu Enrico Pier Giorgio
Published: May 2023

From classical mechanics, in particular the motion in a straight line, together set theory and ordinal number theory, we prove a not-classical behaviour, a discontinuous motion and emission. Now we have obtained that the not-classical behaviour is essentially due to ∄n(ω = S(n)). But incredibly this could have been discovered about 140 years ago, before Planck theory. So quantum behaviour looks very natural and classical mechanics has to be rejected. The classical limit h = 0 cannot exist.
MODUL PRAKTIKUM PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA SKALA LABORATORIUM
Authors: Sinaga Rusman
Published: May 2023

Modul praktikum ini berisi kegiatan pembelajaran yang memberikan informasi kepada mahasisa tentang karakteristik dan prinsip kerja PLTS serta mampu memperoleh data primer yang dituliskan dalam lembar kerja (job sheet) yang telah disediakan. Proses pembelajaran ini mengharapkan mahasiswa memiliki kualifikasi sebagai analis untuk menganalisis hasil pengukuran dan pengujian sistem PLTS
Inconsistency of N (natural numbers set) from a not-finitist point of view
Authors: Cadeddu Enrico Pier Giorgio
Published: May 2023

Considering the set of natural numbers N, then in the context of Peano axioms, we find a fundamental contradiction, about the existence of N, from a not-finitist point of view.
Modul Kewirausahaan: Transformasi Praktik di Abad ke-21
Authors: Yufifi  , Mohammad Wily , PRATAMA ALFIAN CAHYA , Wulandari Kasih Bunga Melati , Rahayuningtyas Gisty Ayunda , Husnaini  , Sutia Irvan , Abidin Jaenal , Tambatua Jandris Slamat , Maharani Kartika , Andayani Lina , Prawidhana Madyasta , Margiyanti  , Zulmi Mirza , Ibnussoim Mohamad , Wahyutama Muhammad Irfan , Suwondo Nanang , Numiati  , Nurfajri  , Pramono  , Zulfikar Rachmat Hidayat , Hermawan Teddy , Wibusana  , Winarti  , Windriasih Yeni , Zainudin  , Oktikasari Fatmi Y. , Suryana Danang , Fitriyati Atika Ayu
Published: May 2023

Buku "Modul Kewirausahaan: Transformasi Praktik di Abad ke-21" memberikan wawasan yang lengkap dan mendalam mengenai dunia kewirausahaan. Terdiri dari 13 bab, buku ini memberikan pembaca pemahaman tentang pengertian, harapan, dan tantangan dalam berwirausaha. Buku ini juga membahas bagaimana membangun mentalitas wirausaha, kepemimpinan dan pengambilan keputusan, manajemen waktu, pengembangan kreativitas dan inovasi, peningkatan kecerdasan finansial, serta teknik melihat peluang dan kajian prospek usaha.Selain itu, buku ini juga membahas tentang studi kelayakan bisnis, manajemen waralaba, manajemen risiko, strategi keluar bisnis, dan kiat-kiat sukses berwirausaha. Buku ini membahas secara detail tentang setiap topik dan memberikan pandangan yang berbeda serta pendekatan yang dapat diterapkan dalam kewirausahaan.Buku ini cocok untuk para calon wirausahawan, mahasiswa dan pengusaha yang ingin meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan mereka dalam mengelola bisnis. Dalam buku ini, pembaca akan mempelajari teknik-teknik dan strategi yang relevan serta berguna bagi keberhasilan bisnis di abad ke-21.
Larangan dalam Berbisnis
Authors: Aprilia Mirta
Published: May 2023

Pada saat menjalankan bisnis ataupun suatu tugas diperlukan adanya rasa tanggung jawab dan sebuah aturan untuk mengatur tindakan-tindakan yang akan dilakukan. Hal tersebut menjadi pendorong bagi sebuah bisnis untuk menuju arah yang lebih baik atau lebih sering disebut dengan kesuksesan.Seringkali pebisnis dihadapkan pada kondisi-kondisi sulit dalam perkembangannya. Baik yang terkait dengan pengelolaan sumber daya internal perusahaan dan dengan masyarakat. Untuk menangani berbagai masalah sulit semacam itu, dibutuhkan suatu prinsip yang dapat membantu pebisnis dalam bersikap. Inilah alasan mengapa etika dalam berbisnis sangat penting untuk dimiliki.Etika bisnis merupakan suatu pengetahuan tentang tata cara ideal dalam pengaturan dan pengelolaan bisnis yang memperhatikan norma dan moralitas yang berlaku secara universal. Ini merupakan aturan tidak tertulis mengenai cara menjalankan bisnis secara adil, sesuai dengan hukum yang berlaku dan tidak tergantung pada kedudukan individu atau pun organisasi di masyarakat.
Naïve Information Aggregation in Human Social Learning
Authors: Fränken Jan-Philipp , Valentin Simon , Lucas Christopher G. , Bramley Neil R
Published: May 2023

To glean accurate information from social networks, people should distinguish evidence from hearsay. For example, when testimony depends on others' beliefs as much as on first-hand information, there is a danger of evidence becoming inflated or ignored as it passes from person to person. We compare human inferences with an idealized rational account that anticipates and adjusts for these dependencies by evaluating peers' communications with respect to the underlying communication pathways. We report on three multi-player experiments examining the dynamics of both mixed human--artificial and all-human social networks. Our analyses suggest that most human inferences are best described by a naïve learning account that is insensitive to known or inferred dependencies between network peers. Consequently, we find that simulated social learners that assume their peers behave rationally make systematic judgement errors when reasoning on the basis of actual human communications. We suggest human groups learn collectively through naïve signalling and aggregation that is computationally efficient and surprisingly robust. Overall, our results challenge the idea that everyday social inference is well captured by idealized rational accounts and provide insight into the conditions under which collective wisdom can emerge from social interactions.
Talking points related to misogyny, sexual misconduct and harassment in academia
Authors: Teixeira da Silva Jaime A.
Published: May 2023

There is an increasing discussion in academic research and publishing about sexual misconduct and sexual harassment, with awareness and action having gained traction and momentum in recent years, such as the Twitter-based #MeToo movement, a pivotal 2018 report by the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, and the emergence of multiple high-profile cases on blogs and in some academic publishing outlets. It is not unreasonable to expect an unknown number of silent – or silenced – voices of victims of harassment. The voices of those who claim to have been victimized and suppressed must be heard while the rights of defense of those who are accused must be weighed. Victims of sexual misconduct require a safe platform in academic and research institutes that is supported by robust policy and institutional structure. Sexual harassment is academic misconduct and harsh penalties are needed, and those who infringe upon the rights of others should be punished and reeducated. International students, post-docs or early career researchers may be affected by cultural differences, and in fear or shame, may remain silent. The academic community needs to debate this issue openly within a culture of open science, to fortify current policy.
Cheesy Does It? Comparing Women’s Preferences for Men’s Use of Successful and Unsuccessful Humor Displays
Authors: Brown Mitch , Brown Madeline , Buckner Zach
Published: May 2023

One of the evolutionary functions of humor for men is to connote their interest to women. However, women’s prioritization of humor from prospective mates could foster especially judicious criteria for humor quality, which may have led selection to favor particularly funny men. The current research presents four studies comparing the desirability of men whose humor displays vary in quality (i.e., funny versus unfunny). Women prefer men capable of successful humor despite viewing both humor displays as similarly friendly (Study 1). This preference appears to be rooted in perceptions of investment potential (Study 2) and especially apparent for long-term mating (Study 3). Physical attractiveness additionally heightens a preference for funny men (Study 4). The mere connotation of interest through humor appears insufficient without the display actually being funny. We contextualize results from complementary perspectives of humor being sexually selected and connoting interest.
Prevalence of Bullying in Undergraduate Students at a Medical College of Nepal
Authors: Singh Bhandari Mukta , Chataut Jagdish
Published: May 2023

IntroductionBullying is a common problem affecting physical and mental health as well as academic performance of students. It also results in harmful coping behaviours like indulgence in alcohol, drug abuse and college drop out. Compared to students from other streams, the proportion of bullying among medical students is very high. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bullying among students in a medical college of Nepal.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out amongst students of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, enrolled in MBBS stream during the period of September 2021 to July 2022. Ethical approval was taken from Institutional review committee of the institute (Approval number: 76/2021). A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics were performed and Chi-square Test was done.ResultsThe prevalence of bullying in this study was 78% (203) and 145 (71%) of the victims were male. Verbal bullying by classmates and others was 153 (75%) while non-verbal bullying by teacher/ instructor was 120 (59%). Only 50 (24%) had ever complained about bullying and out of 50 complains, 27 (54%) said action was taken but bullying didn't stop in 33 (66%) of the cases. Out of 156 students who didn't complain, 57 (37%) students felt that it was not a big issue.ConclusionsBullying is a very common problem among medical students however most of the students take it lightly and no action is taken after complaining. Thus, students should be made aware about bullying and serious action should be taken against it.
Stone Free Rate of Lower Pole Calyceal Stone Versus Other Calyces in Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery
Authors: Shah Rajiv , Kandel Tika Devi , Adhikari Deepak
Published: May 2023

Background:
Miniaturization of endoscopic instruments has gained wide popularity in the treatment of renal calculi. Retrograde intra-renal surgery (RIRS) and laser in combination has already proven their superiority when compared to other modalities in the treatment of renal calculi. This study was conducted to assess the stone-free rate (SFR) of lower pole calyceal stone versus other pole calyces in RIRS.
 Methods:
This retrospective study analyzed the stone free rate of lower pole calyx stone versus other pole calyces in retrograde intra renal surgery (RIRS) adults above 15 years of age from March 2021 to February 2022 at Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepal. The stone-free rate was assessed descriptively on post operative complications, stone size, operative time, hospital stay, and need for the second procedure.
Results:
A total of 62 patients underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery. The mean age of the study population was 38.41 ± 10.54years in the lower caliceal group against 39.09 ±13.53 years with p value of 0.829.The mean hounsfield of lower caliceal stone was 1023.31±252.96 to that of other caliceal stones 1004.00±349.22 with p value of 0.806.
 The sizes of the stones were 11.07±2.10 mm in lower caliceal stones versus 10.67±2.51mm in other caliceal stones with p value of 0.507.
The duration of operation time in 1st group was 63.82±23.57minutes to that of 65.93±28.96 in 2nd group with p value of 0.756.
The hospital stay in lower caliceal stones were 6.13±1.43days to that of other caliceal stones 5.87±0.99 with significant p value of 0.412.
There were no major complications in both arms.
The stone free rate was 25 (86.2%) in lower caliceal stones as compared to 31(93.93%) in other caliceal stones with no significant p value of 0.405.
 
 
Conclusions:
Retrograde intrarenal surgery is a better procedure that continues to undergo significant advancements. It is a technically safe and effective procedure for the treatment option for treating the lower pole calyx calculus with optimal post-surgical morbidity and stone-free rate.
Molecular Characterization of Moraxella Catarrhalis and it's Antibiotics Susceptibility Patterns from Different Respiratory Tract Infection Patient's Clinical Samples
Authors: Jha Brajesh Kumar , Upadhyay Hari Prasad , Mahadevamurthy S , Sudisha J
Published: May 2023

IntroductionMoraxella catarrhalis is a gram negative, oxidase positive, cocci mainly causing upper and lowerrespiratory tract infections. The RND family efflux pumps lead to multidrug resistance in most ofthe gram negative bacteria. One of the well- known pumps in M. catarrhalis is arcAB and oprMsystem. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance in M. catarrhalis andto determine its resistance dependence on the efflux pump.
MethodsIn this study, 283 different respiratory tract infection samples processed out of that 73 were confirmedby biotyping and molecular characterization as a M. catarrhalis. The antibiotic susceptibility testswere performed by disc diffusion method according to CLSI. Molecular characterization formultidrug resistance isolates was also done along with genes responsible for efflux pumps. PCRwas done M. catarrhalis and acrAB and oprM genes. The factor for association of efflux pump withantibiotic resistance was investigated using phenylalanine argine β-naphthylamide.
ResultsThe antibiotics susceptibility result showed 12 out of 73 isolates were MDR, selectively takenfor PCR using 16SrRNA specific primer. The MDR isolates were further confirmed by PCR. Theamplification results of acra, acrb and oprm genes for the M. catarrhalis having multidrug resistancegenes by PCR band size products seen on 2% agrose gel. The highest resistance towards the drugsviz penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxiclave, cotrimoxazole, cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftrixoneand cefepime were seen in M. catarrhalis.
ConclusionsThe result showed that Moraxella catarrhalis is one of the major causes for respiratory tract infection.The drug resistance in this species is increasing day by day. The 90% of isolates have acrAB andoprM genes for efflux pump responsible for multiple drug resistance. The efflux pump inhibitorhas important clinical significance for the proper treatment.
Prevalence of Post Infectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN) and Associated Complication
Authors: Kalakheti BalaKrishna , Chaudhary Brajesh Raj , Upadhyay Hari Prasad
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Post infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) is the most common renal disease in children causing significant morbidity. The affected children present with features of acute nephric syndrome (hematuria, hypertension, edema and oliguria. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, complications, and outcomes of children presenting with post infectious glomerulonephritis in paediatric ward of tertiary care hospital.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Chitwan, Nepal from March 1st 2020 to February 28th 2021.   Children aged 4 – 15 years satisfying 2 out of 4 features of acute nephritic syndrome were included in the study. After discharge, patients were followed up at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Data entry was done in statistical packages for the social science version 20.

Results

Among 63 children recruited with acute nephritic syndrome, 73% had Post infectious glomerulonephritis. The most common etiology of PIGN was Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (63%). The mean age of children was 11.2 (±3.2) years. Males to females’ ratio was 1.5:1. The most common presenting feature was edema (100%). The most common complication was acute kidney injury (41.3%).

Conclusion

Post infectious glomerulonephritis was the most common cause of acute nephritic syndrome in children. High incidence of life-threatening complications like CCF, retinopathy, encephalopathy and renal insufficiency occur that require close monitoring and timely intervention to prevent morbidity and mortality.
MRI Evaluation in Acute Spinal Trauma in Tertiary Center of Nepal
Authors: Acharya Rajesh , Kumar Chhetri Pramod , Natraj Prasad V. , Thapa Kripesh , Mishra Manish , Ghimire Arati
Published: May 2023

IntroductionSpine injury is one of the leading caused for disability in Nepal. Patients with trauma relatedspine injury leads to neurological dysfunction, focal deficits and even fatal life threating events.The timely intervention in acute spinal trauma injury could save the patients from disability andmortality risk. Imaging modalities like Xray, CT Scan and MRI helps in diagnosis and managementof spinal trauma. MRI plays crucial role in detection of spinal cord and soft tissue injuries. It issuperior than CT scan in evaluation of spinal cord injuries, ligament, soft issue structures, disc,and occult osseous injuries. The objective of this research is to evaluate MRI in acute spinal traumain tertiary center of Nepal.
MethodsThis is descriptive hospital based observational study in those patients who were admitted andreferred in hospital for MRI with acute spinal trauma injury. Data were analysed by SPSS 2022.
ResultsAcute spinal trauma is most common in male with ratio of 1.7 with the mean±SD of age was foundto be 50.98±19.26 years. Most common mode of injury were fall injury (76%). Most common spinalregion involved were lumbar (42%) followed by thoracic (36%), dorso-lumbar (14%) and cervical(8%) region respectively. Spinal cord contusion with edema, disc rupture, paravertebral collectionand ligament injury were seen. Most common type of fractures were simple compression fracture(72%), followed by burst fracture (16%), both (6%) and listhesis and sub/dislocations (6%). Spinalcord injury were seen in 22%, followed by disc rupture, paravertebral collection and ligamentinjury.
ConclusionsMRI helps in evaluating vertebrae, spinal cord, ligament and disc injuries. We can assess the cordcontusion, edema and canal compression. It provides involvement, extension and severity of cordinjury. It endowed about outcome of surgery as well as conservative management in patient ofspinal injury.
Pattern of Drug Information Sources Utilized by Medical Practitioners at A Teaching Hospital in Nepal
Authors: Prasad Pravin , Karki Naresh , Kandel Kamal , Shah Shruti , Muskan Vitasta , Ghimire Rakesh , Mudvari Anis , Gyanwali Pradip
Published: May 2023

Introduction: The development of pharmaceutical industry has been adding new knowledge about drugs continuously making it difficult to remember each piece of information. The physicians need to be supplemented with new information using various unbiased and reliable drug information (DI) sources which will promote rationale use of medicines. This study aims to understand the commonly used sources of DI by prescribers at our institute, their usefulness and the need for an independent drug information unit at the institute.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study that included all prescribers presently working at this institute and actively involved in patient care was conducted. Consenting participants were requested to fill in the self-administered questionnaire. Data thus collected were entered using EpiData version 3.1 and were analysed using SPSS version 18.
Results: Filled-in questionnaires were obtained from 147 prescribers. Almost all of the participants (95.80%) used textbooks and Online Medical Sites (OMS) as sources of DI. Among participants using OMS for DI, 80 (58.39%) classified them as sometimes biased. Less than half (41.25%) agreed that they will absolutely be benefitted from having unbiased DI services at the hospital. The participants most commonly (136, 92.50%) had queries related to dosage / administration on a daily basis.
Conclusions: Most prescribers relied on textbooks and OMS for DI which in their opinion had some level of biasness associated with them. They also agreed on the need of independent DI services in the institution to support prescription practices.
Rare Occurrence of Prostate Cancer Metastasizing to the Orbit: A Case Report
Authors: S Praveena , K Vinay , Chalimidi Karunakar Reddy , T Krishna Prasad
Published: May 2023

Prostate cancer is second most common cancer with frequent metastasis occurring to bone. We report a unique case of soft tissue and bony orbital metastasis from carcinoma prostate. The patient presented with orbital metastasis after defaulting to the advised treatment. He responded well to radiation therapy and the lesion regressed completely. Our patient was diagnosed to have an oligo-metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. He was non-compliant with treatment and presented to us with proptosis, which was later diagnosed to be an orbital metastasis from prostate cancer. It responded well to the external beam chemotherapy. Orbital metastasis is a rare but known complication of carcinoma prostate. One must consider the diagnosis of orbital metastasis from carcinoma prostate in an elderly male presenting with proptosis.
Knowledge Regarding Childhood Anemia among Mothers of Under Five Children in a Maternal and Child Health Clinic of a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Pokharel Sunita , Adhikari Jamuna
Published: May 2023

Introduction: Anemia is the commonest nutritional problem in the world, mostly in developing countries. In Nepal, more than half of children aged six to 59 months are anemic. Anemia causes a lot of morbidity and mortality in children under five years. Thus, objective of this study is to find out the level of knowledge regarding childhood anemia among mothers of under five children.
Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study among mothers having children under five years of age selected by using non-probability purposive sampling method. Structured questionnaire in Nepali version were used to interview with mothers in a Maternal and Child Health Clinic of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. The study was conducted for 12 weeks. Results were analyzed by using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range) and inferential statistics (Chi Square test) in SPSS version 20.
Results: Total 206 mothers participated in the study. Nearly two third (62.1%) had high level of knowledge regarding childhood anemia among mothers of under-five children. There is statistical association between level of knowledge and occupation of mothers (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: The level of knowledge is high in nearly two third of mothers of under five children regarding childhood anemia. Therefore, health education program should be launched by management committee to increase the knowledge of the mothers.
Visual Function at High Altitude in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sabina , Gurung Anu , Manoranjan Aparajita , Kanojia Kamakshi
Published: May 2023

Introduction: Assessment of visual function is important for diagnosing ocular diseases. In the present study we are assessing different components of visual functions like visual acuity, color vision, contrast sensitivity and stereoacuity at high altitude in Nepal.
Methods: A cross- sectional quantitative study was conducted in Bargaun village at an altitude of 3330 meters of Humla district of Western Nepal. Detailed eye examination was carried out for the participants consenting for the study who were from Bargaun and Limatang villages of Humla. Visual acuity, color vision, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and oxygen saturation were measured. Convenience sampling was done. Data were entered in excel, converted to a comma separated values format and supplied for regression analysis in Python 3. T-tests were done and a linear regression model was fitted to the data to determine the relationship between independent and dependent variables and obtain coefficients for the relationship.
Results: One hundred and sixty four participants completed the study. Among them, 60.37% were 50 years of age and below. Oxygen saturation was 91 - 100% in 64.63%, 81 - 90% in 33.53% and 70-80% in 1.83% participants. Maximum number of participants had visual acuity of 0.48-1 (6/18-6/6). Contrast sensitivity was 10% in 4.88%, 5% in 23.17%, 2.5% in 40.24% and 1.25% in 31.71%. Stereoacuity was < 30 seconds of arc in 78.5%, 30-60 seconds of arc in 12.80% and 9% of participants had decreased stereoacuity. Color vision was decreased in 4.88%. Increase in age was associated with decrease in oxygen saturation, poorer visual acuity, decrease in color vision and poorer contrast sensitivity (p value = 0.00). Increase in oxygen saturation was associated with better visual acuity, better contrast sensitivity and better stereoacuity which was statistically significant (p value = 0.00).
Conclusions: Oxygen saturation was reduced in 35%, visual acuity was decreased in 2.44%, contrast sensitivity was reduced in 28.05%, stereoacuity was reduced in 9% and color vision was abnormal in 4.88% of the participants residing at high altitude of Nepal.
न्यायिक समितिको न्याय निरूपण प्रक्रिया {Adjudication of Justice adopted by Judicial Committee's}
Authors: अधिकारी Adhikari रमेश Ramesh
Published: May 2023

नेपालमा सङ्घीयताको अभ्याससँगै नयाँ नयाँ कार्य पद्धतिहरू कार्यान्वयनमा आएका छन् । स्थानीय तहमा न्यायिक समितिको गठन र न्यायिक समिति मार्फत न्याय निरूपण गर्ने प्रव्रिmयाको थालनी यसैको एउटा उदाहरण हो । न्यायिक समिति र यसको न्याय निरूपण प्रक्रियामा केन्द्रित रहेर यस लेखले पालिकाहरूमा नवीन निकायका रूपमा स्थापित न्यायिक समितिको न्याय निरूपण प्रक्रियालाई विस्तृत रूपमा अध्ययन गरी एउटा निष्कर्षमा पुग्ने प्रयास गरेको छ । यस लेखको उद्देश्य न्यायिक समितिको न्याय सम्पादनको अवस्थाको पहिचान गर्नु र न्यायिक समिति मार्फत भएका न्याय निरूपणको प्रभाव विश्लेषण गर्नु रहेको छ । गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान विधिमा आधारित रहेको यस अध्ययनमा उद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोट विधिको प्रयोग गरी अध्ययनका सहभागीको छनोट गरिएको छ भने आवश्यक तथ्याङ्क तथा जानकारी अन्तर्वार्ता, टेलिफोन सम्पर्क र पुस्तकालय अध्ययनवाट सङ्कलन गरिएको छ ।

उक्त तथ्याङ्कलाई व्यवस्थित रूपमा विभिन्न शीर्षक र उपशीर्षक राखी सिलसिलेवर रूपमा विश्लेषण गरी प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । अध्ययनको व्रmममा प्राप्त भएका तथ्याङ्क विश्लेषणका आधारमा स्थानीय तहको न्यायिक समितिमा दर्ता भएका विवादहरूलाई न्यायिक समितिले मेलमिलापको माध्यमबाट निरूपण गरेको र मेलमिलाप हुन नसकेका विवादहरूलाई आफैले निरूपण गरेको देखिन्छ । स्थानीय तहबाटै न्याय निरूपण हुँदा सेवाग्राहीले बढी समय र झन्झट खेप्नु नपरेको र मेलमिलापमार्फत गरिएको न्याय निरूपणले समाजमा सामाजिक सद्भाव र सहिष्णुताको भावनाको विकास गराएको देखिन्छ । न्यायिक समितिले स्थानीय स्तरमा न्याय निरूपण गरेर देशको सङ्घीयताको अनुभूति आम जनमानसमा दिलाउन प्रयत्नरत रहेको देखिन्छ । यसबाट देशमा न्यायको क्षेत्रमा सर्वसाधारण जनताले लिनुपर्ने परामर्श, गर्नुपर्ने विचार विमर्श तथा काम, कर्तव्यका सन्दर्भमा जनचेतना अभिवृद्धि हुँदै गएको, आपराधिक गतिविधिहरू गाउँ परिवेशमा कम हुने गरेका र जटिल प्रकृतिका मुद्दा बाहेक सामान्य विवादहरूलाई स्थानीय निकायमार्फत समाधान गरेको पाइयो । पाप्तिका आधारमा न्यायिक समितिको भूमिका प्रभावकारी बन्दै गइरहेको हुनाले सङ्घीय शासन पद्धतिलाई सापेक्षित रूपमा प्रभावकारी बनाउनका लागि पनि न्यायिक समितिलाई अधिकार सम्पन्न वनाई न्याय निरूपणका लागि आवश्यक पर्ने ज्ञान सीप र प्रशिक्षण प्रदान गर्नु आवश्यक देखिन्छ ।
नेपाली व्याकरण शिक्षण गर्दा अपनाइएका कार्यकलापहरूको अध्ययन {Study of The Activities Adopted While Teaching Nepali Grammar}
Authors: चाैहान Chauhan ईश्वर Ishwar
Published: May 2023

प्रस्तुत आलेख व्याकरण शिक्षण गर्दा अपनाइएका कार्यकलापहरूको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । अध्ययनलाई पूर्णता प्रदान गर्न कक्षा ६ को पाठ्यक्रमले निर्देश गरेका व्याकरणका क्षेत्रलाई आधार बनाई सम्बन्धित शिक्षकहरूबाट तथ्य सङ्कलन र विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसरी अध्ययनलाई अगाडि बढाउन सामग्री सङ्कलनका विधिको रूपमा क्षेत्रीय अध्ययन विधि उपयोग गरिएको छ भने सामग्री विश्लेषण विधिको रूपमा वर्णनात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक विधि अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । अध्ययन समग्रतामा व्याकरण शिक्षण गर्दा अधिकांश शिक्षकहरूले निगमनात्मक पद्धतिकेन्द्रित कार्यकलापहरूको प्रयोग गरेको तथ्यबाट पुष्टि हुन्छ । कतिपय कार्यकलापहरू विद्यार्थीको शैक्षणिक तथा मनोवैज्ञानिक स्तरभन्दा कठिन रहेका छन् । कक्षा अवलोकन र प्रश्न प्रतिक्रियाका आधारमा यी कठिन कार्यकलाप सञ्चालन गर्न शिक्षक प्रयत्नशील भएपनि परिणाम अपेक्षाअनुसार नआउने देखिन्छ । व्याकरणको आधारभूत अवधारणा शिक्षण गर्नुपर्ने कक्षा ६ का विद्यार्थीहरूलाई स्तरअनुसार थप कार्यकलापमा आवृत्त गराउन भाषा पाठ्यपुस्तक विधि तथा भाषा संसर्ग विधिअनुरूप समुचित कार्यकलापहरू प्रयोग प्रयत्न आवश्यक छ । यद्यपि व्याकरणको क्षेत्रगत वैशिष्ट्यता अध्ययन गरी आगमनात्मक पद्धतिअनुसार कार्यकलाप निर्धारण र प्रयोग अभ्यास गर्नु गराउनु आवश्यक रहेको छ । वस्तुतः शिक्षकहरूमा व्याकरण शिक्षणप्रति रहेको रूचि र तत्परताले उचित कार्यकलाप व्यवस्थापन तथा प्रशासन गर्न सक्षम रहेका छन् ।
कक्षा नौमा अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थी हरूको भाषा सिकाइ उपलब्धि परीक्षण {Language Learning Achievement Test for Class 9 Students}
Authors: भट्ट Bhatta महेशप्रसाद Mahesh Prasad , पाेखरेल Pokharel कष्णप्रसाद Krishna Prasad
Published: May 2023

प्रस्तुत लेख विद्यार्थीहरूको भाषा सिकाइ उपलब्धि क्षमताको परीक्षणमा केन्द्रित छ । यस लेखमा माध्यमिक तह अन्तर्गत मूलतः कक्षा नौमा अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थीहरूको भाषा सिकाइ क्षमताको परीक्षण गरी सिकाइ उपलब्धिको विश्लेषणसमेत गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखको उद्देश्य कक्षा नौमा अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थीहरूको भाषा सिकाइ क्षमता पत्ता लगाउनु रहेको छ । यस लेखको तयारीका क्रममा परिमाणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचाको अनुप्रयोग गरिएको छ । यसमा स्थलगत अध्ययन पद्धतिको प्रयोग गरी सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यस लेखको तयारीका क्रममा प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । भाषा सिकाइ क्षमता सम्बन्धी जम्मा १६ पूर्णाङ्कको प्रश्नावली निर्माण गरी सामुदायिक र संस्थागत गरी चार विद्यालयका जम्मा ८० जना विद्यार्थीमा निर्मित प्रश्नावली परीक्षण गरी प्राप्त तथ्याङ्कको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । विश्लेषण गर्दा विद्यार्थीहरूमा भाषा सिकाइ उपलब्धि (भाषातत्व पहिचान, प्रयोग र पठनबोध) क्षमता मध्यम खालको रहेको निष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखले निर्दिष्ट विषय क्षेत्रमा अध्ययन, अनुसन्धान गर्न चाहने तथा यस विषयमा सरोकार राख्नेहरूलाई नीतिगत तथा प्रयोगात्मक तहमा सहयोग पुर्याउने विश्वास गरिएको छ ।
जीवन आचार्यका कविताहरूमा बन्धन र मोक्षको पुनव्र्याख्या {Redefining the Concept of "Bondage and Salvation" in Poems of Jeevan Acharya}
Authors: देवकाेटा Devkota राजकुमार Rajkumar
Published: May 2023

प्रस्तुत लेखमा साहित्यकार जीवन आचार्यका सिर्जनाको सङ्कलन तथा सम्पादन गरिएको कृति ‘सम्पूर्णमा जीवन आचार्य’ र ‘जीवन आचार्यका कविता’ पुस्तकमा समाविष्ट कविताहरूको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । जीवन आचार्यका विभिन्न कविताका अंशलाई दृष्टान्तका रूपमा उद्धृत गरी त्यसमा भएका तथ्यका आधारमा पूर्वीय वैदिक र अवैदिक दर्शनमा रहेका बन्धनका कारण र त्यसबाट पाइने मोक्षका उपायलाई नेपालको वर्तमान परिवेशलाई तुलना गर्दै पुनव्र्याख्या गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनपत्रमा कवि आचार्यका कवितामा वैदिक र अवैदिक दुवै प्रकारका दर्शन, जीवनका चिन्तन र मोक्षका बाटालाई गहन रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । वर्तमान समयमा मानिसले भोग्नुपरेको सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक, धार्मिक आदि बन्धनका तथ्यपूर्ण कुरालाई कवितामा प्रस्तुत विम्बका आधारमा पुनव्र्याख्या गरी मोक्षको बाटो पनि केलाइएको छ । वैदिक र अवैदिक दर्शनले भनेको बन्धन र मोक्षलाई मात्र नहेरी वर्तमान अवस्थाको बन्धन के हो र त्यसबाट मोक्ष प्राप्तिको बाटो के हो भन्ने कुरालाई पनि बुझ्नुपर्ने हुन्छ । यो अध्ययनपत्र तिनै आधारलाई केन्द्रमा राखी तयार पारिएको हो ।
The Emergency Contraceptive Pills: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice among Students at Gorkha Campus
Authors: Ghimire Sudha , Sharma Prashamsha
Published: May 2023

Unplanned and unwanted pregnancy is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in South Asia. Despite the availability of a range of modern and effective contraceptives, unwanted and unplanned pregnancies continue to occur. Emergency contraception is a method to prevent pregnancy in women who have had unprotected sex or when birth control methods have failed. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of students of Gorkha Campus regarding Emergency Contraception Pills (ECP). Total 98 respondents were selected using the census sampling technique, with self-administered questionnaires for data collection. Out of the total sample, most of the respondents were female (88%) , nearly three-quarters (72%) were from age18 to 21 years, and more than half were Janajati. Only 35% of the respondents knew that I-Pill is ECP, while half of them did not know the best time to use it. It was a pity that only more than a fifth (22.4%) of the respondents had adequate knowledge on ECP. The mean score of knowledge was 1.31, and St.deviation was 1.30. The student’s streams of education were significantly associated with adequate knowledge, P<0.5 and the rest of the variables were insignificant. Thought the knowledge of ECP was low, had a positive attitude towards ECP, and only few (7%) of the respondent had used the ECP till the date of data collection. Based on the study finding, educational intervention related to ECP is recommended for the students of Gorkha campus.
Thermotrophy Exploratory Study
Authors: Lee James Weifu
Published: May 2023

The question of whether environmental heat energy could be utilized as a source ofenergy for biological metabolism is the center of this exploratory research. In 1979, thisauthor postulated a hypothesis for the existence of thermotrophs that could isothermallyutilize environmental heat energy as a source of their energy on Earth. Accordingto this hypothesis, the thermotrophs could be the first primitive forms of life in theearly Earth environment. The chemotrophs and phototrophs that we currently are allwell familiar with might have been evolved somehow from the primitive thermotrophs.Furthermore, all the organisms currently regarded as the “chemotrophs” and “phototrophs”could actually be the mixed trophy types containing thermotrophic features: thermo-chemotrophs and thermo-phototrophs. Energetic analysis with the thermodynamicfirst law indicated that the anaerobic acetate-utilizing methanogenic archaea Methanosarcinacould be a “living fossil specimen” of the thermotrophs. Experiments with enrichedacetate-utilizing methanogen, including Methanosarcina, has, for the first time,demonstrated that their anaerobic metabolism was indeed associated with isothermalenvironmental heat utilization, resulting in their liquid culture temperature to change(decrease) by about −0.10 oC and sometimes drop by as much as −0.45 oC observed inthe experiments. The mean temperature change (drop) was −0.25 ±0.06 oC.
Exploratory Analysis of Changes in Global Parameters Around Sightings of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
Authors: Coleman Les
Published: May 2023

Unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) have long been associated with earthquakesand other geophysical occurrences and are seen by government agencies in the UnitedStates and elsewhere as possibly significant to national security. Despite that, themechanisms driving UAP are unclear. This study contributes to their better understandingby looking at UAP as more than sighting reports and conducts an atheoretical, data-driven review that seeks to identify their statistical associations with global geophysicaland anthropomorphic parameters. The analysis covers the period 1995-2020and includes 19 variables with annual and monthly frequency. UAP sightings are fromNUFORC and mainly cover North America, which encompasses 17 percent of Earth’sland area and is a sample of global data. Here we show that reports of UAP sightings arepreceded by changes of the same sign in stock prices and of the opposite sign in airlinercrashes, atmospheric carbon dioxide, and earthquakes. UAP sightings are then accompaniedor followed by changes of the same sign in airliner crashes, battle deaths, earthquakes,global temperature, sunspots, and volcanic eruptions; and by changes of theopposite sign in atmospheric carbon dioxide, cosmic radiation, mental health deaths,natural disasters, and tropical storms. This analysis highlights a potentially importantscientific gap whereby UAP are associated with diverse global parameters, and providesa basis for further study.
Emotion: The Connective Tissue of Atmospheres and Haunts
Authors: Jawer Michael
Published: May 2023

Just as a small band of scholars has endeavored to explore the phenomenon of “atmosphere”– i.e., the characteristic feel of a particular situation, circumstance, artifactor era – another group of researchers has shed light on the defining characteristicsof “haunts,” those places where the atmosphere may, to some people, seem strange,spooky or off-putting. The fields of atmosphere studies, hauntology, and spectralityattest to these investigations. However, scholars of atmosphere rarely refer to haunts,while scholars of hauntology and spectrality insufficiently emphasize the affective coreof atmospheres. This paper argues that affect – which nearly all studies acknowledge asthe key element of atmosphere – is equally central to the phenomenon of haunts. Sinceaffect is a property of living creatures, the paper proposes that haunted atmospheresattest to the quality or intensity of feelings expressed by individuals, even if they areno longer in that location or no longer living. Just as atmospheres can be sensed butnot grasped, just as they are ineffable yet discernable, and just as they are fleetingyet can also linger, they resemble feelings, moods and ghosts. The term “presence,”which recurs throughout atmosphere studies, hauntology, and spectrality, is closelyconsidered for its connection with concepts of time, immediacy, and memory. Threeexperiences of the author are presented as touchstones for evaluating the possibilitiesdiscussed. The paper concludes by discussing our species’ “ocular-centrism,” i.e., itstendency to conclude that what can be seen and definitively measured is real whereaswhat is invisible and shifting is less real or not at all.
The SOREM-Led Induction Method (SLIM): A Novel and Theoretically Grounded Approach to Eliciting Out-Of-Body Experiences
Authors: Hollier Peter
Published: May 2023

In parapsychological literature, out-of-body experiences (OBEs) appear closely correlatedto the phenomenon of sleep paralysis (SP), with some authors referring to the SP stateas a “gate” or “launching pad” for OBEs. Given the notorious difficulty of eliciting OBEsvoluntarily using conventional methods, this paper proposes a novel methodology foreliciting OBEs, involving the induction of SP as a precursor condition. The relationshipbetween sleep onset rapid eye movement (SOREM) sleep, SP, and OBEs are discussed, asis the work of earlier researchers who first elicited SOREM and sleep paralysis in the sleeplaboratory. The results of preliminary testing of this methodology are briefly described.
Announcements Spring 2023
Authors: Journal of Scientific Exploration
Published: May 2023

Announcements Spring 2023
Catching CO2 pollutant gas through nanocomposite formed by chitosan with non-circular C16 carbon double ring: VAMP study
Authors: Pacheco-Sánchez Juan Horacio , Isidro-Ortega F. J. , Zaragoza I.-P.
Published: May 2023

VAMP study for catching CO2 on nanocomposite generated by chitosan with non-circular C16 carbon ring, for contributing to distinguish the need for ambient air cleaning. Our aim is to modify porosity of chitosan as adsorbent of pollutant agents. At this time our searching is for taking profit of chitosan and carbon rings as new nanocomposite to be applied on air cleaning of pollutant gas, as it is carbon dioxide (CO2). In here, a new material is proposed for pollutant gas capture to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels. Particularly, C16 double carbon ring is responsible for catching CO2, while on the one side chitosan is only capable to break CO2 molecules, on the other side it can be surrounded by carbon ring molecules to catch more CO2, pollutant molecules.
A comparison of viscoelastic behavior of engineering elastomers under different stress and temperature
Authors: Juárez Hernández Jocelyn Arlet , Sotomayor-del-Moral Jonathan Allan , Susarrey-Huerta Orlando , Farfán-Cabrera Leonardo Israel , Pascual-Francisco Juan Benito
Published: May 2023

In this work, a comparison of the viscoelastic creep behavior of five engineering elastomers (Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer, Flouroelastomer, nitrile butadiene rubber, silicon rubber and neoprene/chloroprene rubber) is presented. Creep tests at different stress levels and temperatures were conducted using a “home-built” creep test device. A commercial equipment of Digital Image Correlation technique was implemented for the measurement of the time-dependent strains. The linear viscoelastic behavior regimes were determined by evaluating the creep compliance for each stress and temperature condition. Then, the creep curves obtained were fitted to a characteristic creep model, enabling the calculation of the viscoelastic parameters of each material. It was observed that the tested elastomers exhibited different elastic and viscous parameters, which were found to decrease with temperature. Particularly, it was observed that silicon rubber showed large instantaneous (elastic) strain and a small viscous deformation, whereas the Flouroelastomer rubber exhibited moderate strain curves, even at very high temperatures (100 °C and 120 °C), showing the highest creep resistance and the wider regime of linear viscoelastic behavior.
Star shape interferometer with reduced vibration sensitivity
Authors: De la Rosa Juan , Gomez Eduardo , Valenzuela Victor Manuel
Published: May 2023

An optical interferometer has a high sensitivity to displacements of the mirrors and other optical elements, something that becomes a source of fluctuations in situations where one is only interested in the phase change due to a sample inserted in one of the paths. A Sagnac interferometer minimizes this sensitivity by having the two beams follow opposite trajectories, so that a mirror displacement gives a similar phase change for both paths, but makes it impossible to insert an element that affects only one path. We present a new kind of interferometer, the Star interferometer, where the two beams still interact with all the optical elements while having different trajectories. We obtain a common phase change in both trajectories by having a different number of turns for each path. Having independent access to both trajectories makes it possible to determine the phase change due to a sample inserted in one of the paths, opening new possibilities for interferometric configurations that maintain a reduced sensitivity to displacements of the optical elements.
Density and Seasoning Characteristics of Pinus caribaea Lumber Grown at Suba Forest, Oromia, Ethiopia
Authors: Kaba Gemechu , Desalegn Getachew , Tesfaye Anteneh , Mussa Mahadi , Wubshet Tsegaye , Mezgebu Getachew
Published: May 2023

Determination of the seasoning characteristics, physical and mechanical properties of lumber species is helpful in identifying the main factors affecting the quality, suitability and overall performance of wood and wood-based products. The Pinus caribaea has been considered as industrial lumber species and there is a little study conducted in identifying the physical characteristics which on turn affects the quality of product derived from the lumber. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the density and seasoning characteristics of P. caribaea lumber. Sample trees were harvested from Suba Forest Oromia, Ethiopia. The experiments were carried out using air and kiln seasoning methods. To measure the initial moisture content, seasoning rate, shrinkage, wood density, and seasoning defects, six replicates of samples from each tree portions were prepared when green and promptly weighed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been employed in interpreting the experimental results. The obtained results have shown that the mean initial moisture content for air stacks was 78.2% while for the kiln seasoning stacks 82.9%. Seasoning time for sawn boards of 3 cm thick to reach 17% moisture continent (MC) required 61 days, while for kiln seasoning took 4.3 days to reach 14.62% MC. This showed that kiln seasoning was about 14 times faster than air seasoning. In air seasoning the MC (%) of the lumber from 78.2% to 16.9%; and, the obtained mean values of shrinkages were tangential (3.6%), radial (1.9%) and volumetric (5.4%). The initial moisture content (IMC) and green density (GD) of the lumber were significant difference along the tree height at a 95% probability level. The seasoning rate % and final MC (%) along the tree height were significant difference at 95% probability level, while the seasoning rate % and final MC were significant difference between seasoning methods at 99% probability level. Seasoning defects such as cup, bow, twist, and crook were observed on kiln seasoned. In addition, end checks and splits were observed on air seasoned boards. Therefore, the experimental factors should be monitored and optimized properly to obtain the lumber with good quality and utilize it for different purposes, including construction and industrial applications.
Impact of Urbanization on Land Cover Changes and Land Surface Temperature in Iseyin Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Adeleke S.O.  , Moshood F.J.
Published: May 2023

Urbanization, without any iota of doubt, is one of the leading factors modifying the Earth’s surface because it has a significant impact on land cover changes and Land Surface Temperature (LST). This study assessed the impact of urbanization on land cover changes and LST in Iseyin Local Government Area. Landsat images of 22 years duration (2000, 2013, and 2022) and 30 m resolution were used in the study. The result showed that in 2000, vegetation occupied 58538 ha (43%), the built-up areas covered 2535 ha (2%), farmland covered 61248 ha (45%), rocky/hilly areas accounted for 3226 ha (2.4%), water bodies accounted for 431.17 ha (0.3%) while bare land covered 8642 equivalent to 6.42% of the area. In 2013, the built-up area occupied 3.4% (4577 ha), water body covered 0.21% (281 ha), vegetation covered 35% (48136 ha), farmland covered 48% (64352 ha), bare land covered 11% (15944 ha) while rocky/hilly area covered 1.02% (1376 ha). In 2022, built-up areas covered 6393 ha (4.8%), water bodies, vegetation and farmland covered 515 ha, 33819 ha, and 75999 ha respectively while bare land and rocky/hilly areas also covered 14346 ha and 3594 ha respectively. The LST result showed a mean temperature value of about 32oC, 27oC and 29oC in 2000, 2013, and 2022 respectively. The study concludes that urbanization has largely affected the land cover types in Iseyin LGA and increased the LST between 2000 and 2022. The study has therefore provided a scientific reference to policymakers to develop effective and sustainable policies in Iseyin LGA.
Credibility on Scholar Performance Evaluation Using Google Scholar and ResearchGate
Authors: Takefuji Yoshiyasu
Published: May 2023

Scholar performance evaluation plays a key role in management science and engineering. Scholar evaluation using Google Scholar and ResearchGate can serve as an indispensable scouter for evaluating scholar performance. Both tools to quantitatively evaluate scholars can be used to support evidence-based decision making in administration and human resources. However, both tools must be used together for complementing accurate scholar evaluation. This author shows examples of fatal drawbacks in Google Scholar and ResearchGate, respectively. Scopus and Publons, used as default scholar performance, are affected by publisher-bias selection of journals and conferences. The author recommends scholar performance evaluation using both tools such as Google Scholar and ResearchGate together with Scopus and Publons.