bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solar and geomagnetic activity during cycle 21 and implications for cycle 22
Authors: Hirman J. W. , Heckman G. R. , Greer M. S. , Smith J. B.
Published: October 2006

Old Cycle 21 ended and new Cycle 22 began in September 1986. As measured by its sunspots, the new cycle of solar activity is rising more rapidly than any previous cycle in the records dating back to 1755 A.D. Progress of the new cycle—expected to last about 11 years—is of interest because terrestrial satellite missions and other technical systems are affected by various forms of solar activity; all forms of activity rise more or less in concert with the sunspots of the new cycle. In consequence, the solar output also varies. For example, the slowly varying background ultraviolet flux varies, affecting the density of the terrestrial thermosphere. In turn, satellite drag and radio propagation effects vary. Flares, energetic solar proton events, and geomagnetic storms occur in cycles that begin and end about the same time as the sunspot cycle but do not track it as well as t h e slowly varying radiation. The exceptionally rapid rise of the new cycle is the basis for prediction of a cycle of record amplitude with smoothed sunspot numbers ∼200 and smoothed 10.7‐cm solar radio flux ∼250, which would equal or exceed the largest cycles of the past. Cycle 19, the largest recorded, peaked in 1958 with a smoothed sunspot number of 201. Methods based on observation of antecedent phenomena in Cycle 21 predict that Cycle 22 will have a large maximum sunspot number well above average but not record equaling. At the present time, there is no consensus regarding which group of predictions is likely to be the more valid. Nonetheless, it appears increasingly likely that Cycle 22 will reach a peak sunspot number well above the average of all previous cycles. In another 6–12 months we expect to have a better idea of the maximum yet to come.
CEDAR 88
Authors: Meriwether John W. , Killeen Timothy
Published: October 2006

The third workshop session of the National Science Foundation's Coupling Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) initiative took place at the National Bureau of Standards and National Center for Atmospheric Research institutions in Boulder, Colo., June 6–10, and was attended by 155 participants, including about 40 graduate students.

The CEDAR initiative represents the fruit of many years of efforts by the aeronomy community and NSF to modernize the techniques used to understand the many processes of the upper atmosphere both theoretically and experimentally. Since the beginning of this initiative (under the old name of Ground‐Based Optical Aeronomy) with a summer meeting in Logan, Utah, in 1983, there has been a workshop meeting every summer. The 1988 CEDAR meeting, in particular, reflected the growing maturity of the CEDAR initiative. The meeting was well attended, and, in general, we found fewer participants drawn to the meeting just by curiosity and more who came because they expected the workshop activities would be time well spent.
DISCO 10‐year retrospective survey results
Authors: Green Edward J. , Sackett William M.
Published: October 2006

One hundred‐eighty‐eight new and prospective Ph.D.s have participated in a unique series of meetings designed to integrate young scientists into the research community and to foster interdisciplinary and interinstitutional research. These meetings, the Dissertations Symposia in Chemical Oceanography (DISCO), are sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, and the Sea Grant Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Expenses for the young marine chemists from academic institutions in the United States are totally provided by the sponsoring agencies. A number of new Ph.D.s from foreign schools have also participated by invitation; their expenses have been paid in part by their home countries or by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
IAPSO Commission on Natural Marine Hazards
Authors: El‐Sabh Mohammed I.
Published: October 2006

Responding to the United Nations designation of the International Decade for Natural Hazard Reduction, the Executive Committee of the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) meeting in August in Acapulco, Mexico, established a Commission on Natural Marine Hazards.

Natural and man‐made hazards such as tropical cyclones, floods, storm surges, tsunamis, severe waves, red tides, earthquakes, environmental pollution, volcanic eruptions, and chemical pollutions present challenges around the world and know no national or international boundaries. Such hazards therefore present challenges and life‐threatening problems to all the people of the world. Unless conscious and dedicated efforts by all nations are developed and implemented, the lives, and the quality of those lives, of all people on Earth are seriously and irreparably threatened.
Magmatic heat and the El Niño cycle
Authors: Shaw Herbert R. , Moore James G.
Published: October 2006

Large submarine lava flows with apparent volumes exceeding 10 km3 have recently been imaged on the deep ocean floor in various parts of the Pacific by means of GLORIA and SeaMarc side‐looking sonar surveys. Such flows may produce thermal anomalies large enough to perturb the cyclic processes of the ocean and could be a factor in the genesis of El Niño phenomena. We find that known volume rates of mid‐ocean magma production could generate repetitive thermal anomalies as large as 10% of the average El Niño sea surface anomaly at intervals of about 5 years (the mean interval of El Niño events between 1935 and 1984). Likewise, estimated rates of eruption, cooling of lava on the seafloor, and transfer of heat to the near‐surface environment could reasonably produce a thermal anomaly comparable to that associated with El Niño. Larger magmatic events, associated with fluctuations in the total magmatic power and seismicity along the East Pacific Rise, are possible at longer intervals and may explain the extreme size of some El Niño events, such as that of 1982–1983.
Jule Gregory Charney
Authors: Smagorinsky J.
Published: October 2006

Twelve years ago, Jule Charney was honored by AGU when he was named the 38th William Bowie medalist for having epitomized the Bowie criteria of outstanding contribution to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research.

Fifty years of Bowie awards were celebrated at a Special Session of the AGU Spring Meeting held in Baltimore, Md., in May. It is a very special distinction that AGU has selected Charney, among others, from a truly impressive field of superachievers, as one meriting extended recall of his contributions and his place in history.
Geophysicists Archambeau and Jeanloz Receive Grants
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

When the Macarthur Foundation announced its 1988 fellowship selections in July, two geophysicists were on the list. Charles Archambeau, a seismologist at the University of Colorado in Boulder, and Raymond Jeanloz, a mineral physicist at the University of California in Berkeley, were among 31 writers, musicians, artists, historians, and scientists chosen to receive 5‐year grants from the John D. and Catherine T. Macarthur Foundation in Chicago.

The fellowship program gives money to talented people in many fields and is known for the secrecy of its nominating process and the stipulation that the money awarded—between $150,000 and $375,000 over 5 years depending on age—has no strings attached. This year's winners include novelist Thomas Pynchon and jazz drummer Max Roach.
Hans P. Eugster Memorial Symposium
Authors: Sverjensky Dimitri A.
Published: October 2006

Six of the nation's most outstanding geochemists and petrologists convened May 6, 1988, to honor the late Hans P. Eugster at a symposium organized by the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. (see photo). Over 100 of Hans' collegues, students, and friends gathered to pay tribute both to a man they fondly remebered and to the lesson offered by his scientific career—that profound discoveries follow from the application of fundamental chemical principles to geological processes. The hour‐long presentations were a good mix of current research and reminiscences about the development of now time‐honored practices in goechemistry.

Harold C. Helgeson (Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California at Berkeley) intrigued the symposium with his vision of future developments in theoretical organic geochemistry. He outlined how equations of state for inorganic aqueous electrolyte solutions may be extended to dissolved aqueous organic species. Already, these new developments enable a quantitative analysis of goechemical processes that invlove both inorganic and organic species in solution. Examples include the generation and maintenance of the oxidation states of oil‐field brines, the migration and accumulation of petroleum, and abiologic processes involving hydrothermal fluids in the origin of life. He suggested that redox reactions involving acetate may control hydrothermal transport and precipitation of petroleum in sedimentary basins. Oil accumulations, Helgeson speculated, could be regarded as just another kind of hydrothermal “ore deposit.”
Electron Diffraction and High‐Resolution Electron Microscopy of Mineral Structures
Authors: Nord Gordon L.
Published: October 2006

This book is a well‐written English translation of the original 1981 Russian edition, Strukturnoye issledovaniye mineralov metodami mikrodifraktsii i elechtronnoi mikroskopii vysokogo razresheniya. The 1987 English version has been extensively updated and includes references up to 1986. The book is essentially a text on the theoretical and experimental aspects of transmission electron microscopy and has chapters on the reciprocal lattice, electron diffraction (both kinematic and dynamic), and high‐resolution electron microscopy.

Electron diffraction is emphasized, especially its use for structure analysis of poorly crystalline and fine‐grained phases not readily determined by the more exact X ray diffraction method. Two methods of electron diffraction are discussed: selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and oblique‐texture electron diffraction (OTED); the latter technique is rarely used in the west and is never discussed in western electron microscopy texts. A SAED pattern is formed by isolating a small micrometer‐size area with an aperture and obtaining single‐crystal patterns from the diffracted beams. By tilting the sample and obtaining many patterns, a complete picture of the reciprocal lattice can be taken. An OTED pattern is formed when the incident electron beam passes through an inclined preparation consisting of a great number of thin platy crystals lying normal to the texture axis (axis normal to the support grid). To form an OTED pattern, the plates must all lie on a common face, such as a basal plane in phyllosilicates. Upon tilting the plates, an elliptical powder diffraction pattern is formed. Intensities measured from these patterns are used for a structural analysis of the platy minerals.
Ice cores and global change
Authors: Mayewski Paul A.
Published: October 2006

For scientists interested in global change problems, ice core records provide a unique and invaluable medium for studying the past. These records yield both direct and proxy links to the paleoenvironment over periods potentially as long as hundreds of thousands of years with resolution down to seasonal scale for time‐series on the order of hundreds to thousands of years. In addition, the fact that most ice core records are retrieved from locations rarely, if ever, occupied by observers, adds to the value of these data sets.

In response to the growing importance of such records, the National Science Foundation's Division of Polar Programs recently sponsored the U.S. Ice Core Research Workshop in Durham, N.H. At the workshop, 45 U.S. scientists actively involved in ice core research together formulated a globally based strategy planned through the 1990s that would result in the development of an ice core program integrally tied to global change issues. Representatives from the European ice core research community also attended, to aid in discussions of anticipated joint international efforts.
NASA Space Physics Program
Authors: Mellott Mary
Published: October 2006

The selection of proposals to be funded under NASA's Space Physics Division Research and Analysis (R&A) Program in fiscal year (FY) 1989 has been completed, and the results of this selection are summarized here.

These proposals were submitted in response to NASA Research Announcement (NRA) NRA‐88‐OSSA‐02, issued in February of this year. The NRA covered most but not all of the Division's R&A programs, as can be seen in Table 1. Basic R&A programs in Heliopsheric Physics, Ionospheric Physics, Magnetospheric Physics, and Solar Physics were reviewed, along with the Cosmic Physics Theory and Data Analysis. Not included in this review were the experimental portion of the Cosmic Physics program, the Suborbital Program (sounding rockets and balloons), and the Solar‐Terrestrial Theory Program.
Challenger and Discovery
Authors: Horn L. J.
Published: October 2006

Watching Discovery land, I felt an intense pride and joy knowing that the United States was back in space once again. Those feelings triggered a series of memories for me.

At the time of the Challenger explosion, I watched picture after perfectly pointed picture of the Uranus crescent read out on a data screen while, just a few feet away on the television screen, I saw a violent explosion and subsequent debris falling on the sea. Just a few days earlier, after years of careful planning, the Voyager spacecraft went hurtling through the Uranian system. Voyager was still transmitting to Earth new discoveries about Uranus, its rings and tiny moons. The Voyager success stood in stark contrast to the Challenger defeat.
Northeast Paleomagnetics Workshop
Authors: Banerjee Subir K.
Published: October 2006

The second annual Northeast Paleomagnetics Workshop was held at Lehigh University on September 24. The meeting provided an informal forum for students to practice presenting their work and for workers to discuss the nuts and bolts of doing paleomagnetism. The first paleomagnetics workshop was held in September 1987 at Syracuse University under Peter Plumley's direction.

More than 30 students and researchers from 14 institutions in the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada attended the conference, with 17 participants giving short presentations. Looser time constraints than typically observed at AGU meetings allowed uninhibited discussion during and after each of the talks. Topics covered ranged from interpreting Taconic overprints and recognizing strain and remagnetization in Appalachian rocks to the effects of overlapping coercivity spectra on directional distributions, AMS instrumentation problems, and the confidence interval about the angle between 2 poles.
TOGA‐COARE Workshop
Authors: Lucas Roger
Published: October 2006

The SURTROPAC group of the Centre ORSTOM de Noumea, New Caledonia, South Pacific, will host an international meeting on TOGA (Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Program) followed by a workshop for planning the TOGA‐COARE work (Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment) in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean. Joel Picaut of ORSTOM‐Noumea and Roger Lukas of the Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR) of the University of Hawaii are joint convenors. The conference will be sponsored by France, the United States, and the International TOGA Project Office. Tentative dates for the meetingand workshop are May 24–30, 1989.
Better results in modeling clouds
Authors: Koenig L. R.
Published: October 2006

The Second International Cloud Modeling Workshop was held August 8–13 in Toulouse, France. Eighty‐one scientists from 5 continents (18 countries in all) participated in the workshop, which was an activity of the World Meteorological Organization's Cloud Physics and Weather Modification Research Program. The workshop was organized by J.‐P. Chalon (France), L. R. Koenig (WMO) and B. A. Silverman (USA).
AGU Congressional Fellow Frizell
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU Congressional Science Fellow Virgil A. Frizzell, Jr., has completed the orientation program offered by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and has elected to work with Congressman Norman Y. Mineta.

During the 2‐week orientation program arranged and conducted by AAAS, lectures, seminars, receptions, and tours introduced many aspects of the legislative process to Frizzell and the 40 other fellows comprising the 1988–1989 class of the AAAS Congressional Science and Engineering Fellows and Diplomacy Fellows Programs. Briefings by agencies affiliated with Congress (Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, General Accounting Office, and Congressional Budget Office), Executive agencies (Office of Management and Budget and Department of Defense), and several outside agencies (National Academy of Science, Inter‐American Development Bank, and World Resources Institute) provided insight into their roles in science a n d technology policy analysis, development, and implementation. The fellows generally found the orientation program challenging and exhausting, but it provided them with a basic understanding of the working environment in the capital and prepared them for the 2‐week selection process.
Predicting lightning storms
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

Lightning is the second most deadly weather phenomenon after flash floods. It kills more people a year than tornadoes and damages utilities, curtails recreational activities, and affects flight paths. Roughly half of all aviation accidents are weather related according to Delain Edman, of the National Weather Service's National Severe Storms Forecast Center, Kansas City, Mo. That's why meteorologists are testing a new lightning detection network to help predict storms and pinpoint “hot spots” of lightning activity.
13th EGS Assembly
Authors: Barton P. J.
Published: October 2006

About 1000 scientists from all over the world met in March in Bologna at the European Geophysical Society's 13th General Assembly. Among them were 57 students, whose travel to the meeting was subsidized by a travel grant program run by EGS.

The meeting sessions were divided among the three sections of EGS, Solid Earth and Planets, Hydrospheres and Atmospheres, and Upper Atmospheres, Ionospheres, Magnetospheres, and External Geophysics.
CEHR testifies on the Women in Science
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Anne Thompson of AGU's Committee on Education and Human Resources (CEHR) presented AGU's views in May in Baltimore before a National Science Foundation task force on women, minorities, and the handicapped in the science and technology workforce. The task force had requested from AGU recommendations on research opportunities for women and women's retention and promotion in research and academic environments.
Scientific drilling into the Midcontinent Rift System
Authors: Hinze W. J. , Kelly W. C.
Published: October 2006

Geochemical and geophysical investigations over the past decade suggest a laterally as well as radially heterogeneous upper mantle. The sources of this variability are mantle dynamics and interactions with the crust. The opportunities to sample these variations directly are limited within continental regions. However, the basalts of the Midcontinent Rift (MCR) System of North America are particularly attractive for studying subcontinental mantle.

The MCR is an 1100‐Ma paleorift [Halls, 1978; Green, 1983; Van Schmus and Hinze, 1985] that extends for more than 2000 km across the North American midcontinent (Cover). Drill holes into the MCR to obtain samples of the basalt can be located to answer critical questions regarding the origin and evolution of this aborted Precambrian rift.
Richard p. Feynman 1918”1988
Authors: Reiff Patricia H. , Feynman Joan , Gold Thomas , Wasserburg G. J. , Sheeley Neil R. , Akasofu S.‐I.
Published: October 2006

Richard Feynman, simply put, was a genius. His quick wit and uncommon grasp of physics meant that any research area he encountered, he quickly mastered. Despite the fact that his own area of research was not geophysics, his life and work influenced almost all of us.

Virtually every physics graduate student who started in the mid 60s or later was exposed to his Lectures on Physics, either by having t h em as a text for a course or by using them (as I did) to bone up for oral qualifying exams. Feynman diagrams appear in nearly every modern quantum mechanics textbook and are featured in his official Caltech portrait, which illustrates this article.
Along the waterfront
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Abel Wolman, AGU Section of Hydrology member since 1948 and a Fellow, has been awarded at the age of 96 the “Health for All” medal of t h e World Health Organization. As a sanitary engineer since 1915 and Professor Emeritus at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., he is the first nonphysician to receive this WHO award

On November 9, during the 24th Annual Conference of the American Water Resources Association, in Milwaukee, Wis., the following awards were presented to AGU Section of Hydrology members: 5. W. Lohman, U.S. Geological Survey, retired, Denver, Colo. (Fellow and member since 1936), the Honorary Member Award in recognition of his eminence in water resource science and technology; Peter E. Black, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y. (member 1963), received the President's Award for Outstanding Service; receiving the William R. Boggess Award for the best paper were David R. Maidment (member 1874), and Douglas T. Shaw (member 1987), both of University of Texas, Austin; elected Fellows were Peter E. Black (member 1963) and Albert Rango (member 1969); t h e William C. Ackermann Medal for Excellence in Water Management was presented posthumously to William C. Ackermann, Champaign, III. (Fellow and member 1938), the award being accepted by Margaret Ackermann and family.
First IGBP Topic: Past Global Change
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Special Committee for the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program set up in October the first IGBP scientific steering committee and instructed it to develop projects to study records of past global change. Hans Oeschger of the University of Berne, Switzerland, was named chairman

The committee's work will encompass the past 150,000 years, to include a full glacial‐interglacial cycle. Particular studies will focus on changes during Holocine time, the past 10,000 years, and on changes induced by human activity in the past 1000 years. The IGBP Secretariat has more details (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, S‐104 05, Stockholm)
Herbert Friedman”1981 Bowie Medalist
Authors: Gursky Herbert
Published: October 2006

It is a pleasure for me to be here to speak regarding Herbert Friedman, who in 1981 became the 43rd recipient of the William Bowie Medal. I have known Friedman professionally for more than 25 years. I regard him as a close personal friend; we have competed scientifically, we have collaborated on science projects, and I now have the privilege of occupying his former office at the Naval Research Laboratory, managing the research division that he created and ran from 1958 to 1980. His current office is next to mine and I am happy to say that he occupies it several days a week and generates enough work to keep a secretary busy.
Mineral Physics in Canada, 1988
Authors: McCammon Catherine
Published: October 2006

Mineral physics is emerging as a coherent discipline in Canada. Most laboratories have specialized in traditional mineralogy and crystallography over past years, but new laboratories are being set up that focus on research that specifically includes mineral physics. The vast size of Canada and the failure of annual meetings to attract a diverse audience of mineralogists has retarded the growth of mineral physics in the past, but several initiatives in the next few years promise to change this trend.
Synchrotron radiation, applications in the Earth sciences
Authors: Bassett William A.
Published: October 2006

A report on synchrotron radiation has been prepared by the Mineral Physics Committee to inform members of the Earth science community of the potentials of this powerful new tool. The report, which was prepared by W. A. Bassett, G. B. Brown, M. H. Manghnani, H. K. Mao, and L. C. Ming will be published sometime in the next few months by AGU as a separate document. The following is a summary of its contents. Anyone wanting a copy of the report should write to Customer Service at AGU.
Earth science study
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

More than 150 scientists on 23 panels will contribute to a report on the future of Earth science research that has been called the first of its kind by the head of the project. They will assess promising trends, determine longand short‐term research priorities for solid‐Earth science in the 1990s, and suggest ways that government, academia, and the private sector should act together to realize those goals. The work is being supported by a $500,000 grant to the National Research Council from the W.M. Keck Foundation of Los Angeles
NSF picks 11 S&T Centers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation has chosen 11 universities to be the hosts of Science and Technology Centers. One of these, the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms at the University of Oklahoma in Norman, will emphasize geophysical research.

The announcement of the centers marks the long‐awaited beginning of a controversial program that would provide first‐year installments on 5‐year grants. The size of each award ranges from $900,000 (the amount allocated to the storm prediction center) to $4.1 million.
CGU' 15th Meeting
Authors: Hajnal Z.
Published: October 2006

The 1988 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Geophysical Union in May in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, marked a major change in the Union's position as one of Canada's scientific societies. While enjoying the guidance and support of the Geological Association of Canada and of the Canadian Association of Physicists for 15 years, the members of the Union overwhelmingly indicated their preference for an independent organization.

The main objective of the new organization, according to its constitution, is “to advance the science of geophysics and promote a better understanding thereof throughout Canada.” In the spirit of this goal the executive received a mandate to establish formal contacts with several related scientific organizations. Negotiations toward various forms of association have reached different levels of completion with American Geophysical Union, Canadian Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanograpahic Society, Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists, European Geophysical Society, and Geological Association of Canada.
U.S.‐Japan Quake Prediction Research
Authors: Kisslinger Carl , Mikumo Takeshi , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: October 2006

For the seventh time since 1964, a seminar on earthquake prediction has been convened under the U.S.‐Japan Cooperation in Science Program. The purpose of the seminar was to provide an opportunity for researchers from the two countries to share recent progress and future plans in the continuing effort to develop the scientific basis for predicting earthquakes and practical means for implementing prediction technology as it emerges. Thirty‐six contributors, 15 from Japan and 21 from the U.S., met in Morro Bay, Calif.September 12–14. The following day they traveled to nearby sections of the San Andreas fault, including the site of the Parkfield prediction experiment. The conveners of the seminar were Hiroo Kanamori, Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), for the U.S., and Takeshi Mikumo, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, for Japan . Funding for the participants came from the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Japan Society forthe Promotion of Science, supplemented by other agencies in both countries.
TER‐QUA Climate Meeting
Authors: Tanner William F.
Published: October 2006

Although the popular view is that the Earth is “warming up and drying out,” the present climate trend appears to be toward lower temperatures and more rain, according to papers presented by Earth scientists who met in Lincoln, Nebr., October 6–7.

Several speakers stated that actual data supporting the warming‐up concept come from U.S. Weather Bureau stations, of which 97.5% are located in metropolitan areas where urban heat production is rising. These investigators found that the 2.5% rural stations show a cooling history for the latest 4 decades.
GEWEX
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

At the Vancouver General Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, its International Committee on Remote Sensing and Data Transmission (ICRSDT) established a Working Group on Global Change and the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experment (GEWEX). The ICRSDT Working Group has begun formulating areas of effort to consider, discuss, and develop over the next few years. The present members are Barry Goodison, Canada; Robert Gurney, U.S.; Helmut Rott, Austria; Albert Rango, U.S.; Vincent Salomonson, U.S., Chairman; and John Stewart, U.K.

Tentative effort areas include the following:

Further definition of the role of remote sensing and data transmission in GEWEX.

Definition of the large‐scale effects of seasonal snow cover, particularly as observed by remote sensing.

Quantifying the spatial and temporal variability of evapotranspiration over large areas using remote sensing.

Selection of models making good use of remote sensing for general circulation models and water balance studies.

Definition of methods involving remote sensing or data transmission to aggregate observations or parameterize processes on a regional scale (for example, GCM grid scale/100×100 km) so as to Jink local processes with GCM models of the atmosphere or large watershed models.

Developing recommendations for remote sensing and in situ data sets that should be given high priority and compiled for studies of the hydrological cycle and its evolution over time. As part of this recommendation, identifications of key countries and their existing data sets might be included in the effort.
Fiftieth William Bowie Medal presented to Hannes Alfven
Authors: Dessler A.J.
Published: October 2006

The oldest and most prestigious award of AGU is its Bowie Medal. We recognize and honor a lifetime of momentous achievements in space physics by Hannes Alfvén by naming him our 1988 Bowie Medalist. But more than that, with this award, we honor the underdog, one who has stood up to a powerful scientific establishment, suffered, persisted, and finally prevailed. By making Hannes Alfven our Bowie Medalist, we do more than recognize a worthy recipient—we make ourselves feel good. Our innate sense of justice is indulged. We bask in the self‐satisfied glow that comes from witnessing truth win over the forces that would lead us astray.
Studies begin on Armenian quake
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

Scientists investigating the recent earthquake near Leninakan in Soviet Armenia have begun to come up with information that may help them understand the threat of future disasters in the region, one of the world's most seismically active and densely settled. One earthquake engineer has concluded that the seismic history of the area was a factor in the earthquakes's large death toll. 25,000 bodies have been recovered, and many more people may have been killed.

The main shock was felt in northern Armenia for about half a minute at 11:41 AM local time. Current calculations from the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Boulder, Colo., show that the surface‐wave magnitude was 6.8. The epicenter was located at 40.94°N, 44.29°E, about 100 km northwest of Yerevan, Soviet Armenia's capital. Four minutes later a magnitude 5.8 aftershock hit the same area and hundreds of tremors have continued to shake the area. James Dewey of NEIC said the forms of seismic waves produced by the main shock suggest “that the earthquake was a multiple source event.”
SCOR activities
Authors: Krishaswami S.
Published: October 2006

In August 1982 the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) constituted a working group (WG‐71) on “Particulate Biogeochemical Processes.” This working grouphad the following terms of reference:

To delineate the principal particulate transport processes which control trace element and nutrient element distribution in the open ocean.

To clarify the definition of terms and processes used to describe particulate material in the ocean and to suggest the most appropriate methodology for the study of the material defined above.

To ascertain the possibility of determining particulate fluxes of elements and organic matter to different depths in the sea.

To prepare a state‐of‐the‐art report on the particulate processes.
Hydrology prize to Dumitrescu and Nemec
Authors: Klemes Vit
Published: October 2006

During the 8th Session of the World Meteorological Organization Commission for Hydrology in Geneva, I had the honor and pleasure to present the International Association of Hydrological Sciences Hydrology Prize jointly to Sorin Dumitrescu of Paris and Jaromir Němec of Geneva, who distinguished themselves by their contributions to hydrology on the international scene during the past two decades.

Dumitrescu, a native of Rumania, who presently is the Acting Assistant Director General of the Natural Science Sector of Unesco, was cited for his multifaceted initiatives in his tenure as Director of the Unesco Division of Water Sciences during which he provided strong leadership for the International Hydrological Decade and later for the International Hydrology Program, which have become the mainstream of international scientific hydrological activities.
USGS National Water Quality Assessment Program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey is to assess the quantity and the quality of the Earth resources of the nation and to provide information that will assist resource managers and policy makers at the federal, state, and local levels in making sound decisions. Assessment of water‐quality conditions and trends is an important part of this overall mission, and the survey has recently released the report Concepts for a National Water‐Quality Assessment Program by Robert M. Hirsch, William M. Alley, and William G. Wilber as U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1021.

The authors define an approach for examining the quality aspects of water resources at a unique combination of spatial and temporal scales. The spatial scale is primarily regional (several thousands of square miles), and the temporal scale is primarily multiyear and decadal. The study design stems from the view that insights about water quality, which would be of great value to resource managers and policy makers, can best be achieved by examining water quality at these scales and by aggregating the findings of the studies with time and across the country. These assessments would rely on many of the data already being collected as part of smaller‐scale studies focused on local problems, although the questions under investigation would be quite different. The primary questions would concern the natural and human factors that give rise to different types of widespread water‐ quality conditions and the long‐term fate of contaminants stored in aquifers, sediments, or biota.
Academies counsel Bush on science
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

For the first time, the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine have released reports providing a president‐elect with specific advice on science and technology issues.

Released only days before President Reagan's final budget was sent to Congress, the “white papers” recommend that NASA's space station be developed only if consistent with clearly stated long term space goals, that natural gas be promoted as an alternative to fossil fuels that release more CO2, and that Bush's science advisor should occupy a senior White House position such as assistant to the President.
LCDP operation change
Authors: King John W.
Published: October 2006

The Long Core Development Project (LCDP) has operated at the University of Rhode Island, Narragansett (URI), Graduate School of Oceanography, for the past 10 years. The goal of the LCDP was to develop a coring system for obtaining undisturbed, large‐diameter sediment cores of 50‐m length from oceanic depths. A 30‐m coring system has been developed and successfully tested.

Federal funding for the operation, or continued development, of the LCDP is presently unavailable. Therefore the University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, and the URI Long Core Advisory Committee have elected to change the operation of the LCDP.
Center for ocean dating approved
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation will spend up to $5.4 million over 3 years to establish a center dedicated to the rapid isotopic analysis of water from the world's oceans. The national facility will be located at Woods Hole Oceanographie Institution on Cape Cod, Mass, and is expected to open in the summer of 1990.

The purpose of the center, according to an NSF statement, is to provide around‐theclock age analyses of oceanographie samples from around the world. The demand for quick, accurate dating of sea water is expected to rise sharply during the next decade as a result of new international research programs on the causes and effects of climate change and NSF's own Global Geoscience Initiative, the statement said. The Woods Hole facility will be able to process 4500 samples a year.
NASA planetary programs for 1990
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is accepting applications for research in planetary geology and geophysics, planetary astronomy, and instrumentation for future planetary flight missions for funding in Fiscal Year 1990. Detailed information is available from the discipline scientist for each program, at NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546; tel. 202‐453‐1597.

The program for research in planetary geology, geophysics, cartography, and geologic mapping (NASA Research Announcement 88‐OSSA‐16) supports investigation of the planets, their satellites including ring systems and Earth's Moon, and such smaller Solar System bodies as asteroids and comets. Examples of research under this program are theoretical, analytical, field, and comparative studies, laboratory experimentation, photointerpretation, and cartographic research like the l:500,000‐scale Mars Geologic Mapping program. For FY 1990 NASA expects to have about $10 million for the program, which should support about 150 scientists. Application deadline is April 1. James R. Underwood, Jr., Mail Code EL, is discipline scientist for the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program.
Mixtures and Mineral Reactions
Authors: Rumble D.
Published: October 2006

The monograph Mixtures and Mineral Reactions contains a large amount of information of value to mineralogists, petrologists, and geochemists. The first four chapters are a succinct account of the thermodynamic description of crystalline solutions. In these early chapters a comparison is made between different mathematical treatments of activitycomposition models, there is a discussion of the unmixing by exsolution of a single solution into two phases, and methods of computing phase equilibria in assemblages of different minerals are given. If the reader is perplexed by the discussion of standard states (cf. Figure 1.3), not to worry. That is a normal condition for anyone forced to choose between equivalent reference frames yet knowing, somewhere down the line, that the choice will ultimately make one's computational life more or less difficult.
1988 Ewing Medal to Wolfgang H. Berger
Authors: Douglas Robert C. , Berger Wolfgang H.
Published: October 2006

From simple suggestions sometimes spring great accomplishments. For Wolfgang Berger the beginning was a suggestion from his doctoral advisor, Fred Phleger, who said, in response to a question about what Wolf might pursue for a dissertation, “study planktonic foraminifera.”

At the time the suggestion probably would not have been of interest to a geophysics or geochemistry student, but luckily for all of us, Wolfs early training was in paleontology and stratigraphy, and he took Fred's suggestion. The result has been a rich flow of ideas about the formation and preservation of biogenic sediments in the deep‐sea carbonate dissolution, climatic change, global ocean productivity, and the Cenozoic ocean.
U.S./U.S.S.R. basic sciences agreement
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A framework agreement in basic scientific research was signed January 8 by Secretary Schultz and Foreign Minister Shevardnadze to encourage scientific cooperation between the two nations.

Areas of research identified in the agreement are geosciences, engineering sciences, scientific problems of the Arctic and the north, life sciences, science policy, chemistry, mathematics, and theoretical physics.
EPA 1990 Budget
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Lee M. Thomas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, announced that President Reagan has proposed a total fiscal budget of $4.9 billion for EPA, representing a 9% increase from 1989. The request includes $1.83 billion for operating programs, $1.75 billion for the Superfund program, $100 million for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) program, $1.2 billion for the Construction Grants program, and $421.5 million for research and development.

EPA's major shift of emphasis for 1990 will be an increased focus on long‐term research, to complement their traditionally shorterterm regulatory demands. This will allow the agency to anticipate and address emerging environmental problems that require a longer‐term perspective, especially the effects of global climate change. The policy will also allow EPA to prevent pollution at its source, rather than concentrating primarily on cleanup efforts, as has been done in the past. Superfund is a high priority for 1990, as is the LUST progam.
Microbes to boost oil recovery
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A petroleum research team at the University of Oklahoma, Norman, will begin introducing microbes into a declining oil field near Oklahoma City in an attempt to retrieve unrecoverable oil from existing reservoirs.

The study is funded by the Department of Energy and is the first major, federally cosponsored field test of an advanced oil production technique since the 1970s. The grant could total $660,000 over the next 33 months, while the university will be adding an additional $71,000 to the project.
Fluvial Processes in River Engineering
Authors: Osterkamp W.R.
Published: October 2006

Since 1971, when W. H. Grafs book, Hydraulics of Sediment Transport, was published, a number of other texts that also provide somewhat personal perspectives on water‐sediment interactions in open‐channel flows have appeared. The latest of these is Fluvial Processes in River Engineering, by Howard H. Chang. This text updates recent developments in the study of hydraulics and sediment transport of natural stream channels, but unlike the earlier books, it expands consideration to geomorphic processes and models of channel change. The author states that the book is intended as a text for senior and graduate‐level engineering students. It appears that Chang has succeeded in tailoring the book for that audience, but it also appears that no fewer than two semesters of classroom time would be required to provide an adequate basis for understanding the considerable variety of subject matter covered.
Space geodesy and the global forecast of earthquakes
Authors: Bilham Roger , Zerbini Susanna
Published: October 2006

In view of the unprecedented increase in population in the developing nations and the apparent concentration of much of this population in urban centers within regions of seismic risk, we recommend the implementation of geodetic networks with a scale and distribution appropriate to characterizing earthquake risk in these nations. Synopsis of resolution adopted by Inter‐Union Commission on the Lithosphere (ICL Working Group 1), Belem, Brazil, November 1988.
Automatic geophysical observatories
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

To extend Antarctic science support capacity, the Division of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation is developing Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGOs). The AGO program was initiated at the urging of the upper atmospheric physics research community for ionospheric, magnetospheric, and thermospheric studies and aeronomy. However, it is expected that the AGOs will have other uses, such as tropospheric or stratospheric chemistry, seismology, or the collection of meteoric dust.

The AGOs will be transportable to almost any site in Antarctica. It is expected that the first two will be deployed in the field during the austral summer of 1990–1991, with two more being deployed each summer up to a total of six AGOs. It is probable that measurements made at AGOs could be complemented by similar measurements at manned stations, and it is encouraged that such possibilities be explored.
Satellite images monitor volcanos
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

In response to the rare but serious threat that volcanoes pose to airplanes, the Federal Aviation Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently established a volcano monitoring service. Under the agreement NOAA will contact FAA if satellite images show ash eruptions reaching higher than 5 km along flight routes.

The volcano monitoring service will also depend on pilots, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Smithsonian Institution's Scientific Event Alert Network for reports of volcanic eruptions.
Groundwater Pumping Tests
Authors: Bedinger M. S.
Published: October 2006

Knowledge of aquifer system hydraulic porperties is an essential elemeat in design of water supply wells and well fields; hazardous waste contamination problems require knowledge of hydraulic properties for placement of monitoring wells, for detection of waste‐migration plumes and other monitoring needs, and for design of groundwater remediation measures. Groundwater pumping tests are important tools in determination of aquifer properties.
Construction of new rock drill
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The University of Washington has been funded to design, construct and test a deepsea rock drill that will have the initial capability of penetrating and sampling igneous basement rocks, lithified sediments, and both sulfide and carbonate sea‐floor deposits to a coring depth of 3 m. The drill will be deployable to depths of up to 5000 m by a conventional research vessel, using the .680‐in armored conducting cable, the unofficial National Science Foundation standard. This drill is expected to be the prototype of small, overthe‐ side rock drills that can penetrate to 50 m. Final design and construction start mid‐ February.

The drill will provide oriented rock cores from marine environments that are difficult, if not impossible, to sample using conventional sediment coring or dredging techniques. The ability to retrieve vertically oriented rock cores from 3 m below the surface of the sea floor opens a whole new vista of scientific opportunities. This capability will allow the research community to address problems that have only been approached by the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP).