bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review - Observations of Recent Comets - Ion Tails
Authors: Brandt John C.
Published: May 2019

In this review, we concentrate on an aspect of the physics of ion tails stimulated by observations of Comet Kohoutek (1973f), namely, the nature of moving structures in the tail. These motions could be bulk motions themselves or waves moving at the information speed of the medium; the resolution of this question from simple photographic data alone may not be possible.

We do not discuss the principal problem of ion tails, namely, the physical mechanism responsible for the creation of CO+ ions. Indeed, results from studies of gas phase chemistry presented at this Colloquium indicate that the solution may be quite complex. Also, we do not discuss either the details of the solar-wind comet interaction or dust tails.
Possible Detection of Colliding Plasmoids in the Tail of Comet Kohoutek (1973f)
Authors: Roosen R.G. , Brandt J.C.
Published: May 2019

Six JOCR photographs of Comet Kohoutek taken on January 19, 1974 (UT) show concentrations of plasma about ten degrees from the head of the comet which are very similar to the “barred spirals” reported by Bostick (IAU Symposium No. 6: Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmical Physics, B. Lehnert, (ed.) Cambridge Univ. Press, 1958) from laboratory observations of colliding plasmoids. The photographs were taken about one day after a solar magnetic sector boundary crossed the comet's head. Also, the comet's plasma tail splits near the head into two distinct segments. It appears that the two segments reconverge and form the plasma concentrations by collisions. This represents an increase in scale over Bostick's work of about 1014 Possible historical observations of similar phenomena are discussed.
Luminosity and Astrometry of Comets: A Review
Authors: Roemer Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

By far the greatest number of observations of the brightness of comets, and the only ones that cover a long enough time span for investigation of secular effects, have been made by visual methods, mostly with small instruments. Such observations record the contribution of a large part of the coma, and possibly some light from the tail, at wavelengths to which the eye is sensitive. Three distinct observational techniques have been defined:

1)

Comparison of similar-appearing extrafocal images of comet and comparison stars for equal apparent brightness. (Most observations have been made by this method.) The technique has been described by Bobrovnikoff (1941a, 1941b).

2)

Comparison of the in-focus image of the comet with extrafocal images of comparison stars for equal apparent brightness. This method has been described by Sidgwick (1955).

3)

A method used extensively by Max Beyer (1950), in which grossly out-of-focus images of the comet and comparison stars are examined for similarity of extinction against the sky.
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE-ANALYTIC ABILITY IN CHILDREN’S INSTRUCTED SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING
Authors: Roehr-Brackin Karen , Tellier Angela
Published: May 2019

Language-analytic ability, or the ability to treat language as an object of analysis and arrive at linguistic generalizations, is at the core of the constructs of language learning aptitude and metalinguistic awareness, which are implicated in our ability to learn explicitly. In the context of child second language (L2) learning, it has been argued that children learn primarily implicitly and that the most important component of aptitude may be memory ability. However, no empirical research to date has investigated the relationship and development of aptitude and metalinguistic awareness longitudinally as well as examined their predictive power for children’s L2 achievement in the classroom. In a study with English-speaking learners aged 8–9 (N = 111), we found that although aptitude and metalinguistic awareness were (still) dynamic, they significantly predicted children’s achievement in L2 French. Moreover, language-analytic ability proved to be the component with the strongest predictive power. This finding suggests that it may not be level of cognitive maturity alone that determines children’s approach to L2 learning; experiencing explicit, form-focused instruction may foster the role of language-analytic ability even in children as young as 8–9 years.
Paulinus of Nola in the Literary Tradition
Authors: Lienhard Joseph T.
Published: May 2019

Paulinus of Nola (ca. 355–431)—the wealthy aristocrat from Aquitaine and once governor of Campania who converted to asceticism, sold his and his wife's property, went to Nola to live as a monk at St. Felix's shrine, and was eventually elected bishop of Nola—is remembered not so much for any single great achievement as for a number of smaller ones. His contemporaries admired his asceticism, and he is counted among the earliest Christian Latin poets. His descriptions of the buildings at Nola are important to Christian archaeology, and he was known to many Latin fathers, including Ambrose, Augustine, and Jerome. Of his works, about fifty letters and thirty poems are extant. Paulinus is also known through other writers, both contemporary and later; and what follows is an attempt to trace him in the literary tradition from his own day through to the Carolingian age.
The Conclusion of the Old English ‘Descent into Hell’
Authors: Kaske R. E.
Published: May 2019

In the Exeter Book, the poem now known as The Descent into Hell begins with an account of the women finding the empty sepulcher on Easter morning (1–16); describes Christ's resurrection and descent into hell (17–55), including a brief anticipatory speech by John the Baptist (26–32); and then reports a longer speech by John the Baptist (56ff.), apparently extending without interruption through the final lines of the poem:
Swylee ie pe halsige, hælend user,fore [.]inum cildhade, cyninga selast,120 ond fore ϸære wunde, weoruda dry[….…….] ϸinum æriste, æϸelinga wyn,ond fore ϸinre me[… ……….]ian nama,ϸa ealle hellwara hergað ond lof[….………….]lum ϸe ϸe ymb stondað,125 ϸa ϸu ϸe lete sittan [……………] hond,ϸa ϸu us on ϸisne wræcsið, weoroda dryhten,ϸurh ϸines sylfes geweald secan woldest,ond fore Hierusalem in Iudeum,(sceal seo burg nu ϸa bidan efne swa ϸeah,130 ϸeoden Ieofa, ϸines eftcymes),ond for Iordane in Iudeum,(wit unc in ϸære burnan baϸodan ætgædre),oferwurpe ϸu mid ϸy wætre, weoruda dryhten,bliϸe mode ealle burgwaran,135 swylce git Iohannis in Iordanemid ϸy fullwihte fægre onbryrdonealne ϸisne middangeard. Sie ϸæs symle meotude ϸone!(118–37)
I read this difficult passage, except for the final half-line, as a single long sentence, with oferwurpe (133) construed as the second-person singular present subjunctive of oferwurpan, a possible variant of oferweorpan: ‘Likewise I beseech you, our savior, by …, by …, by …, by …, and by …, and by Jordan among the Jews (we two bathed ourselves together in that stream), may you sprinkle with the water….’
The Question of the Authorship of the ‘Milleloquium Veritatis S. Augustini’
Authors: Arbesmann Rudolph
Published: May 2019

The Augustinian friar Bartholomew of Urbino, as he is usually called after the town of his birth where he served as bishop during the last three years of his life (1347–1350), is best known for his still valuable Milleloquium veritatis S. Augustini. This monumental concordance contains some fifteen thousand excerpts from the writings of St. Augustine, grouped under about one thousand alphabetically arranged key words (for instance, abstinentia, ecclesia, fides, haeresis, iustitia, lex, praedestinatio, etc.) illustrating Augustine's doctrines on these topics. The work, for which Bartholomew's friend Petrarch furnished two poetical embellishments in the form of as many alternate sets of verses, was a success. Bearing witness to its wide diffusion and appreciation are over thirty MSS still extant in northern and central Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, The Netherlands, and Poland), and about the same number in French, English, Italian, and Spanish libraries. It also went through five printings: Lyons 1555; Paris 1645, 1649, and 1672; Brescia 1734.
A Medieval Latin Development of the ‘Etymology’ of St. Martin's Name: (Anecdota Martiniana III)
Authors: Peebles Bernard M.
Published: May 2019

The lives of the saints and other sacred narratives contained in the Legenda aurea of Jacobus de Voragine are often seen as sources of late-medieval works of art and literature. Little of such importance, however, has been ascribed to a non-narrative element which appears at the head of many of the chapters — an ‘etymology’ of a saint's name set out to show that one can find in that single word, if its elements are duly discerned and interpreted, an indication of some of the virtues which were especially characteristic of the saint. Jacobus' handling of the name of St. Hilary of Poitiers is typical:

Hilarius dictus est quasi hilaris, quia in seruitute Dei ualde hilaris fuit, uel dicitur Hilarius quasi alarius, ab altus et ares uirtus, quia fuit altus in scientia et uirtuosus in uita [a third etymology follows]. (p. 98)
The United States and the Coalition Provisional Authority – occupation by proxy?
Authors: Chinnappa Amy Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) governed Iraq from 2003 following Resolution 1483 of the UN Security Council. This Resolution affirmed that Iraq was in a state of occupation and that there were occupying powers. The Resolution referred to the United States of America and the United Kingdom as ‘occupying powers under the unified command of the “Authority”’, the ‘Authority’ being the CPA. However, the legal status of the CPA and its relationship to the US (the focus of this article) is not entirely clear, both under US domestic law and international law. This lack of clarity could have significant implications for the US’s responsibility for the CPA’s conduct. As with private military companies, a CPA-style administration of territory could become a tool for states to quarantine their risk under the law of occupation. This article contends that the theory of occupation by proxy may help clarify the legal status of the CPA and its relationship to the US and could assist in closing the identified gap in responsibility. To support this argument, this article establishes a legal framework for the theory of occupation by proxy which is then applied to the CPA and US.
Literacy and the Handicapped – Right or Ritual?
Authors: Jackson Merrill
Published: May 2019

This paper examines a number of studies from England, America and Australia, that deal with the attainment of literacy. Methods of stimulating literacy interest of mildly and moderately retarded children have been developed by the author. The paper concludes with a statement of the author’s belief that the road to literacy is achieved through the manipulation of a number of task dimensions.
Anomalous origin of a pulmonary artery in a teenager with tetralogy of Fallot with associated double aortic arch and coronary arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Agrawal Vishal , Solanki Parth , Shah Ritesh , Parmar Divyakant , Mishra Amit
Published: May 2019

We report the case of a 14-year-old female who had tetralogy of Fallot along with anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta with co-dominant double aortic arch forming a complete vascular ring compressing the oesophagus along with a left main coronary artery to right ventricular outflow tract fistula. She underwent surgical correction without conduit placement.
Cardiac catheterisation in infants weighing less than 2500 grams
Authors: Mostefa-Kara Mansour , Villemain Olivier , Szezepanski Isabelle , Boudjemline Younes
Published: May 2019

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to report the outcome of cardiac catheterisation in low-weight patients.

Background:

Data regarding cardiac catheterisation in infants weighing <2500 g are scarce.

Methods:

We reviewed all cardiac catheterisations performed in infants weighing <2500 g between January 2000 and May 2016. An analysis with respect to the type of procedure, the complexity of procedure (procedure type risk), and haemodynamic vulnerability index was finally carried out. We report the occurrence of deaths and complications using the adverse event severity score.

Results:

A total of 218 procedures were performed on 211 patients. The mean age and weight were, respectively, 15 ± 26 days (range, 0–152) and 2111 ± 338 g (range, 1000–2500). Procedures were interventional and diagnostic, respectively, in 174 (80%) and 44 (20%) patients. Out of 218, 205 (94%) were successful. Eleven complications (5%) occurred – six with an adverse event severity score of 4 and five with an adverse event severity score of 3. Ten patients (91%) showed a favourable outcome, and one died (stent thrombosis few hours after patent ductus arteriosus stenting). No correlation was found between lower weight and occurrence of death (p = 0.68) or complications (p = 0.23). The gravity scores (procedure type risk and haemodynamic vulnerability index) were not predictive of complications.

Conclusions:

Cardiac catheterisation in infants weighing <2500 g appears feasible and effective with low risk. The weight should not discourage from performing cardiac catheterisation in this population.
Benralizumab: Der IL-5-Rezeptor als Ziel bei schwerem eosinophilem Asthma
Authors: Leuppi Jörg D. , Schmid-Grendelmeier Peter , Rothe Thomas , von Garnier Christophe , Simon Hans-Uwe , Schuoler Claudio , Pendl Gunther , Solèr Markus
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Für Patienten mit schwierig kontrollierbarem, schwerem Asthma bronchiale stehen heute neben der inhalativen Medikation hochwirksame, gezielte Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Bei Vorliegen einer deutlichen Eosinophilie verspricht die Hemmung der Interleukin-5-Achse (IL‑5) mit spezifischen, monoklonalen Antikörpern eine wirksame und nebenwirkungsarme Alternative zur dauerhaften systemischen Steroidtherapie. In diesem Übersichtsartikel werden die Daten zu Benralizumab, einem spezifischen Antikörper gegen den IL-5-Rezeptor Alpha, zusammengefasst. Dieser Angriffspunkt verhindert die Rezeptorstimulation durch IL-5 und aktiviert eine NK-zellvermittelte zytotoxische Reaktion, die zur Apoptose der eosinophilen Granulozyten führt. Die s.c.-Applikation von Benralizumab führt innerhalb von Tagen zur nahezu vollständigen Depletion der Eosinophilen im Blut mit konsekutiver Verbesserung der Lungenfunktion und Stabilisierung des Asthmas. Für ausgewählte Patienten mit schwerem Asthma eröffnet sich hier eine vielversprechende Therapie-Option.
Antidepressiva und Selbstgefährdung: ein Widerspruch?
Authors: Hatzinger Martin
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Diskussion über das Auftreten von suizidalen Symptomen bzw. Suizid unter einer Antidepressivatherapie ist bereits jahrzehntealt. Sowohl die Fachwelt als auch die Laienpresse setzte sich mit dem Thema immer wieder kritisch auseinander. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die aktuelle Evidenzlage: Zurzeit bestehen keine Hinweise für eine Erhöhung des Suizidrisikos. Hingegen wurde insbesondere bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen zu Beginn der Therapie eine höhere Rate an Suizidalitätssymptomen (Suizidgedanken, Suizidhandlungen) beobachtet. Diese Symptome waren gegenüber der Periode vor Einsetzen der Antidepressivatherapie nicht erhöht und nehmen im Verlauf der Therapie kontinuierlich ab. Zu Beginn der Behandlung ist deshalb eine besonders intensive Therapieführung nötig. Allgemein gilt, dass eine unterlassene Therapie einer Depression das grösste Risiko für einen Suizid darstellt.
Provenance and Drainage Evolution of the Red River Revealed by Pb Isotopic Analysis of Detrital K‐Feldspar
Authors: Wang Ce , Liang Xinquan , Foster David A. , Liang Xirong , Zhang Le , Su Ming
Published: May 2019

The development of the Red River is closely related to the topographic changes in East Asia, but the evolution of this drainage system remains unclear. We determined Pb isotopic compositions of detrital K‐feldspars from the Yinggehai‐Song Hong Basin to understand the sedimentary provenance and to test models of drainage patterns in East Asia. The Pb isotopic data show that detritus in the northern basin was mainly derived from the Red River system since the late Oligocene, and that the Red River achieved its present state in the late Miocene (~10.5 Ma). The variable provenance over time suggests that the Red River was probably connected to the Middle Yangtze and Mekong Rivers before the Miocene, and lost these headwater areas in the middle and late Miocene, respectively. The drainage reorganization probably occurred in response to rapid surface uplift of eastern Tibetan Plateau.
Dual nitrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation during anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria
Authors: Kobayashi Kanae , Makabe Akiko , Yano Midori , Oshiki Mamoru , Kindaichi Tomonori , Casciotti Karen L , Okabe Satoshi
Published: May 2019

Natural abundance of stable nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) isotopes are invaluable biogeochemical tracers for assessing the N transformations in the environment. To fully exploit these tracers, the N and O isotope effects (15ε and 18ε) associated with the respective nitrogen transformation processes must be known. However, the N and O isotope effects of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), one of the major fixed N sinks and NO3− producers, are not well known. Here, we report the dual N and O isotope effects associated with anammox by three different anammox bacteria including “Ca. Scalindua japonica”, a putative marine species, which were measured in continuous enrichment culture experiments. All three anammox species yielded similar N isotope effects of NH4+ oxidation to N2 (15εNH4→N2) ranging from 30.9‰ to 32.7‰ and inverse kinetic isotope effects of NO2− oxidation to NO3− (15εNO2→NO3 = −45.3‰ to −30.1‰). In contrast, 15εNO2→N2 (NO2− reduction to N2) were significantly different among three species, which is probably because individual anammox bacteria species might possess different types of nitrite reductase. We also report the combined O isotope effects for NO2− oxidation (18ENO2→NO3) by anammox bacteria. These obtained dual N and O isotopic effects could provide significant insights into the contribution of anammox bacteria to the fixed N loss and NO2− reoxidation (N recycling) in various natural environments.
Deducing Phonon Scattering from Normal Mode Excitations
Authors: Raj Anant , Eapen Jacob
Published: May 2019

While the quantum scattering theory has provided the theoretical underpinning for phonon interactions, the correspondence between the phonon modes and normal modes of vibrations has never been fully established; for example, the nature of energy exchange during elementary normal mode interactions remains largely unknown. In this work, by adopting a set of real asymmetric normal mode amplitudes, we first discriminate the normal and Umklapp processes directly from atomistic dynamics. We then demonstrate that the undulating harmonic and anharmonic potentials, which allow a number of interaction pathways, generate several total-energy-conserving forward and backward scattering events including those which are traditionally considered as quantum-forbidden. Although the normal mode energy is proportional to the square of the eigen-frequency, we deduce that the energy exchanged from one mode to another in each elementary interaction is proportional to the frequency – a quantum-like restriction. We anticipate that the current approach can be utilized profitably to discover unbiased scattering channels, many traditionally quantum forbidden, with complex anharmonicities. Our discovery will aid in the development of next-generation Peierls-Boltzmann transport simulations that access normal mode scattering pathways from finite temperature ab initio simulations.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps protein composition is specific for patients with Lupus nephritis and includes methyl-oxidized αenolase (methionine sulfoxide 93)
Authors: Bruschi Maurizio , Petretto Andrea , Santucci Laura , Vaglio Augusto , Pratesi Federico , Migliorini Paola , Bertelli Roberta , Lavarello Chiara , Bartolucci Martina , Candiano Giovanni , Prunotto Marco , Ghiggeri Gian Marco
Published: May 2019

NETs constitute a network of DNA and proteins released by neutrophils in response to infectious and immunologic triggers. NET proteins are recognized as autoantigens in ANCA vasculitis; limited knowledge is available in other autoimmune pathologies. The composition of NETs produced ex vivo by resting and Phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated neutrophils was analyzed by high-throughput Fusion Orbitrap technology in 16 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/Lupus nephritis (9 SLE/7 LN) and in 11 controls. Seven-hundred proteins were characterized and specific fingerprints discriminated LN from SLE. We focused on methyl-oxidized αenolase (methionine sulfoxide 93) that was markedly increased in NETs from LN and was localized in NET filaments in tight connection and outlying DNA. The isotype of anti-αenolase antibodies was IgG2 in LN and IgG4 in other autoimmune glomerulonephritis (Membranous Nephropathy, MN); serum anti-αenolase IgG2 were higher in LN than in SLE and absent in MN. The same IgG2 antibodies recognized 5 epitopes of the protein one containing methionine sulphoxide 93. In conclusion, specific NET protein fingerprints characterize different subsets of SLE; methyl-oxidized αenolase is over-expressed in LN. Circulating anti-αenolase IgG2 recognize the oxidized epitope and are high in serum of LN patients. Post-translational modified NET proteins contribute to autoimmunity in patients with LN.
Improved TGIRT-seq methods for comprehensive transcriptome profiling with decreased adapter dimer formation and bias correction
Authors: Xu Hengyi , Yao Jun , Wu Douglas C. , Lambowitz Alan M.
Published: May 2019

Thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptases (TGIRTs) with high fidelity and processivity have been used for a variety of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) applications, including comprehensive profiling of whole-cell, exosomal, and human plasma RNAs; quantitative tRNA-seq based on the ability of TGIRT enzymes to give full-length reads of tRNAs and other structured small ncRNAs; high-throughput mapping of post-transcriptional modifications; and RNA structure mapping. Here, we improved TGIRT-seq methods for comprehensive transcriptome profiling by rationally designing RNA-seq adapters that minimize adapter dimer formation. Additionally, we developed biochemical and computational methods for remediating 5′- and 3′-end biases, the latter based on a random forest regression model that provides insight into the contribution of different factors to these biases. These improvements, some of which may be applicable to other RNA-seq methods, increase the efficiency of TGIRT-seq library construction and improve coverage of very small RNAs, such as miRNAs. Our findings provide insight into the biochemical basis of 5′- and 3′-end biases in RNA-seq and suggest general approaches for remediating biases and decreasing adapter dimer formation.
Short-term changes in frequencies of circulating leukocytes associated with narrowband UVB phototherapy in people with clinically isolated syndrome
Authors: Trend Stephanie , Jones Anderson P. , Cha Lilian , Cooper Matthew N. , Geldenhuys Sian , Fabis-Pedrini Marzena J. , Carroll William M. , Cole Judith M. , Booth David R. , Lucas Robyn M. , French Martyn A. , Byrne Scott N. , Kermode Allan G. , Hart Prue H.
Published: May 2019

Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is the earliest clinical episode in multiple sclerosis (MS). Low environmental exposure to UV radiation is implicated in risk of developing MS, and therefore, narrowband UVB phototherapy might delay progression to MS in people with CIS. Twenty individuals with CIS were recruited, and half were randomised to receive 24 sessions of narrowband UVB phototherapy over a period of 8 weeks. Here, the effects of narrowband UVB phototherapy on the frequencies of circulating immune cells and immunoglobulin levels after phototherapy are reported. Peripheral blood samples for all participants were collected at baseline, and 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months after enrolment. An extensive panel of leukocyte populations, including subsets of T cells, B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells were examined in phototherapy-treated and control participants, and immunoglobulin levels measured in serum. There were significant short-term increases in the frequency of naïve B cells, intermediate monocytes, and fraction III FoxP3+ T regulatory cells, and decreases in switched memory B cells and classical monocytes in phototherapy-treated individuals. Since B cells are increasingly targeted by MS therapies, the effects of narrowband UVB phototherapy in people with MS should be investigated further.
Response of height, dry matter accumulation and partitioning of oat (Avena sativa L.) to planting density and nitrogen in Horqin Sandy Land
Authors: Gao Kai , Yu Yang Fu , Xia Zhu Tie , Yang Gao , Xing Zhao Li , Qi Li Tian , Ling Lin Zhi
Published: May 2019

Nitrogen fertilizer application and planting densities were key limiting factor for the physiological metabolism and growth of Avena sativa L. In the paper, it was set five nitrogen fertilizer application (including: N1:225 kg/hm2, N2:300 kg/hm2, N3:375 kg/hm2, N4:450 kg/hm2, N5:525 kg/hm2) and four planting densities (including M1:3 million plants/hm2, M2:3.5 million plants/hm2, M3:4 million plants/hm2, M4:4.5 million plants/hm2), and measure plant height, aboveground biomass, underground biomass, total biomass, stem biomass, leaf biomass, root biomass and ear biomass, and calculate stem/leaf ratio, root/crown ratio, stem contribution rate, leaf contribution rate, root contribution rate and spike contribution rate, to study the effect of density and nitrogen fertilizer on height, biomass and material distribution of Avena sativa L to provide scientific basis for water and fertilizer management of Avena sativa L in Horqin Sandy Land (Science and Technology Park of Inner Mongolia university for nationalities). The results showed, The main purpose was to harvest aboveground biomass such as oat stem and leaf, the optimal density and nitrogen fertilizer combination was M4 and N3, and aboveground biomass was 4254.96 g/m2 (2017) and 4226.21 g/m2 (2018). Under the same planting density, the height, aboveground biomass and underground biomass of Avena sativa L all showed first increased and then decreased with the rising of fertilizer application and the biggest height value appeared at N3. Under the same nitrogen fertilizer application, the height indicated increased gradually with the rising of density, and higher biomass was obtained under lower nitrogen fertilizer application and higher planting density conditions (such as:N1 conditions, the biggest value of underground biomass and total biomass was obtained under M1 condition), and under higher nitrogen fertilizer application conditions the higher value of biomass was obtained under lower planting density condition (M1 (2017) and M2 (2018) under the condition of N5 treatment, the aboveground biomass and total biomass were the highest, while M4 (2017) and M3 (2018) underground biomass was the highest.). Under same nitrogen fertilizer application conditions, the root/shoot ratio and stem/leaf ratio all showed increased first and then decreased with the rising of density. Under same density conditions, the root/shoot ratio and stem/leaf ratio indicated different variation laws with different nitrogen fertilizer application amount. The changes laws of root contribution rate, stem contribution rate, leaf contribution rate and ear contribution rate were different due to density and nitrogen fertilizer application.
Temperature dependence of anomalous protonic and superprotonic transport properties in mixed salts based on CsH2PO4
Authors: Andrio Andreu , Hernández S. I. , García-Alcántara C. , del Castillo L. F. , Compañ Vicente , Santamaría-Holek Iván
Published: May 2019

The transport properties of mixed salts based on CsH2PO4 are influenced by the interactions among charge carriers.
Impact of Cu doping on the structural, morphological and optical activity of V2O5 nanorods for photodiode fabrication and their characteristics
Authors: Thangarasu R. , Babu B. , Senthil Kumar N. , Ho Mon-Shu , Balasundaram O. N. , Elangovan T.
Published: May 2019

A wet chemical precipitation method was used to synthesize pure and Cu-doped (3, 5 or 7 at%) V2O5 nanorods and photodiodes were fabricated.
Determining the gas composition for the growth of BNNTs using a thermodynamic approach
Authors: Khrabry Alexander , Kaganovich Igor D. , Yatom Shurik , Vekselman Vladislav , Radić-Perić Jelena , Rodman John , Raitses Yevgeny
Published: May 2019

B2N molecules are determined to be major nitrogen-containing gas phase precursors for the growth of BNNTs on boron droplets.
The reaction of hydrated iodide I(H2O)− with ozone: a new route to IO2− products
Authors: Teiwes Ricky , Elm Jonas , Bilde Merete , Pedersen Henrik B.
Published: May 2019

We report on an experimental characterization of the isolated reaction of hydrated iodide I(H2O)− with ozone O3 at room temperature performed using a radio-frequency ion trap combined with a quadrupole mass spectrometer.
Understanding of transition metal (Ru, W) doping into Nb for improved thermodynamic stability and hydrogen permeability: density functional theory calculations
Authors: Wu Yang , Wang Zhongmin , Liu Peng-Fei , Bo Tao , Hao Chongyan , Hu Chaohao , Cheng Zhenxiang , Wang Bao-Tian , Zhou Huaiying
Published: May 2019

First principles calculations show that alloying and temperature could affect the solubility and diffusivity of hydrogen in Nb. Also, TM doping could greatly improve the hydrogen diffusion performance with good control of hydrogen embrittlement.
Surface thermodynamics of silicate compounds: the case of Zn2SiO4(001) surfaces and thin films
Authors: Baima Jacopo , Goniakowski Jacek , Noguera Claudine , Koltsov Alexey , Mataigne Jean-Michel
Published: May 2019

We present a DFT-based study of polar and non-polar Zn2SiO4 surfaces, and show that surface effects may favor decomposition of silicate thin films into ZnO and SiO2.
Metal-free SERS substrate based on rGO–TiO2–Fe3O4 nanohybrid: contribution from interfacial charge transfer and magnetic controllability
Authors: Jiang Xin , Sang Qinqin , Yang Ming , Du Juan , Wang Weie , Yang Libin , Han Xiaoxia , Zhao Bing
Published: May 2019

We proposed a new ternary nanohybrid rGO–TiO2–Fe3O4 as a magnetically controllable, ultra-sensitive SERS substrate with ultra-high SERS activity and applicability.
Unravelling the catalytic influence of naturally occurring salts on biomass pyrolysis chemistry using glucose as a model compound: a combined experimental and DFT study
Authors: Arora Jyotsna S. , Ansari Khursheed B. , Chew Jia Wei , Dauenhauer Paul J. , Mushrif Samir H.
Published: May 2019

Alkali and alkaline-earth metal loaded biomass pyrolysis highlights that different metal ions have different effects on bio-oil composition.
The synthesis, structure and catalytic properties of the [Mo7O24(μ-Mo8O26)Mo7O24]16−anion formedviatwo intermediate heptamolybdates [Co(en)3]2[NaMo7O24]Cl·nH2O and (H3O)[Co(en)3]2[Mo7O24]Cl·9H2O
Authors: Damjanović Vladimir , Pisk Jana , Kuzman Dino , Agustin Dominique , Vrdoljak Višnja , Stilinović Vladimir , Cindrić Marina
Published: May 2019

Ageing a mixture of sodium molybdate, malonic acid, and tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(iii) chloride yielded POMs.
A MedChem toolbox for cereblon-directed PROTACs
Authors: Steinebach Christian , Sosič Izidor , Lindner Stefanie , Bricelj Aleša , Kohl Franziska , Ng Yuen Lam Dora , Monschke Marius , Wagner Karl G. , Krönke Jan , Gütschow Michael
Published: May 2019

A modular chemistry toolbox was developed for cereblon-directed PROTACs.
The asymmetric vinylogous Mannich reaction of noncyclic dicyanoolefins catalyzed by a bifunctional thiourea–ammonium salt phase transfer catalyst
Authors: Fang Yanhong , Wei Zhonglin , Wang Ying , Liu Shuo , Cao Jungang , Liang Dapeng , Lin Yingjie , Duan Haifeng
Published: May 2019

An efficient enantioselective vinylogous Mannich reaction of N-Boc aminosulfones with noncyclic α,α-dicyanoolefins has been realized using an extraordinary bifunctional thiourea–ammonium salt phase transfer catalyst derived from quinine.
Synthesis, growth mechanism and photocatalytic property of CdS with different kinds of surfactants
Authors: Yang Xiande , Ma Jun , Wang Tinglan , Wang Boyou , Meng Dawei , Wang Yongqian
Published: May 2019

CdS is a well-known visible-light-sensitive semiconductor and has been widely used in photocatalysis. In order to improve the photocatalytic of CdS, CdS structures with different kinds of surfactants were synthesized by hydrothermal method.
Mn3O4 microspheres as an oxidase mimic for rapid detection of glutathione
Authors: Xi Juqun , Zhu Chunhua , Wang Yanqiu , Zhang Qiannan , Fan Lei
Published: May 2019

The oxidase-like activity of Mn3O4 was used to detect the GSH level directly and rapidly in the absence of H2O2.
Growing prospects of DNA nanomaterials in novel biomedical applications
Authors: Suo Zhiguang , Chen Jingqi , Hou Xialing , Hu Ziheng , Xing Feifei , Feng Lingyan
Published: May 2019

Recent progress in DNA-based nanomaterials is summarized, ranging from applications in biosensors, biomedicine/imaging, and molecular logic gates to emerging nanomachines, as well as future perspective discussions.
Reduced graphene oxide-supported cobalt oxide decorated N-doped graphitic carbon for efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis
Authors: Li Meng , Bao Cheng , Liu Yuting , Meng Jing , Liu Xia , Cai Yongliang , Wuu Delvin , Zong Yun , Loh Teck-Peng , Wang Zhijuan
Published: May 2019

An efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst with sandwich structure, i.e., highly nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon (N-GC/Co@CoO, carbonized from ZIF-67) on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), has been obtained through hydrothermal and carbonization treatment.
Catalytic degradation of diclofenac from aqueous solutions using peroxymonosulfate activated by magnetic MWCNTs-CoFe3O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Dadban Shahamat Yousef , Zazouli Mohammad Ali , Zare Mohammad Reza , Mengelizadeh Nezamaddin
Published: May 2019

The MWCNTs-CoFe3O4 as a novel catalyst showed high catalytic activity in activation of proxymonosulfate for degradation of diclofenac.
Effect of Ta addition on the structural, thermodynamic and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNi high entropy alloys
Authors: Du Zhenyu , Zuo Jie , Bao Nanyun , Yang Mingli , Jiang Gang , Zhang Li
Published: May 2019

Ta addition alters the microstructures, thermodynamic and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNi alloys.
Catalyst-free four-component domino synthetic approach toward versatile multicyclic spirooxindole pyran scaffolds
Authors: Mohammadi Aref , Bayat Mohammad , Nasri Shima
Published: May 2019

Synthesis of spirooxindole pyrans by a sequential four-component reaction of nitroketene dithioacetals, alkylamine/benzylamine, isatin, and active methylene compounds.
Specific keratinase derived designer peptides potently inhibit Aβ aggregation resulting in reduced neuronal toxicity and apoptosis
Authors: Rajput Rinky , G L Balasubramani , Srivastava Ankit , Wahi Divya , Shrivastava Nidhi , Kundu Bishwajit , Grover Abhinav
Published: May 2019

Compelling evidence implicates self-assembly of amyloid-β (Aβ1–42) peptides into soluble oligomers and fibrils as a major underlying event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Herein, we employed amyloid-degrading keratinase (kerA) enzyme as a key Aβ1–42-binding scaffold to identify five keratinase-guided peptides (KgPs) capable of interacting with and altering amyloidogenic conversion of Aβ1–42. The KgPs showed micromolar affinities with Aβ1–42 and abolished its sigmoidal amyloidogenic transition, resulting in abrogation of fibrillogenesis. Comprehensive assessment using dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that KgPs induced the formation of off-pathway oligomers comparatively larger than the native Aβ1–42 oligomers but with a significantly reduced cross-β signature. These off-pathway oligomers exhibited low immunoreactivity against oligomer-specific (A11) and fibril-specific (OC) antibodies and rescued neuronal cells from Aβ1–42 oligomer toxicity as well as neuronal apoptosis. Structural analysis using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed two preferred KgP binding sites (Lys16–Phe20 and Leu28–Val39) on the NMR ensembles of monomeric and fibrillar Aβ1–42, indicating an interruption of crucial hydrophobic and aromatic interactions. Overall, our results demonstrate a new approach for designing potential anti-amyloid molecules that could pave way for developing effective therapeutics against AD and other amyloid diseases.
Revealing the chemical structure of the Class I disc Oph-IRS 67
Authors: Artur de la Villarmois E. , Kristensen L. E. , Jørgensen J. K.
Published: May 2019

Context. Recent results suggest that the first steps towards planet formation may be already taking place in protoplanetary discs during the first 100 000 yr after stars form. It is therefore crucial to unravel the physical and chemical structures of such discs in their earliest stages while they are still embedded in their natal envelopes and compare them with more evolved systems.

Aims. The purpose of this paper is to explore the structure of a line-rich Class I protobinary source, Oph-IRS 67, and analyse the differences and similarities with Class 0 and Class II sources.

Methods. We present a systematic molecular line study of IRS 67 with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) on 1–2′′ (150–300 AU) scales. The wide instantaneous band-width of the SMA observations (~30 GHz) provide detections of a range of molecular transitions that trace different physics, such as CO isotopologues, sulphur-bearing species, deuterated species, and carbon-chain molecules.

Results. We see significant differences between different groups of species. For example, the CO isotopologues and sulphur-bearing species show a rotational profile and are tracing the larger-scale circumbinary disc structure, while CN, DCN, and carbon-chain molecules peak at the southern edge of the disc at blue-shifted velocities. In addition, the cold gas tracer DCO+ is seen beyond the extent of the circumbinary disc.

Conclusions. The detected molecular transitions can be grouped into three main components: cold regions far from the system, the circumbinary disc, and a UV-irradiated region likely associated with the surface layers of the disc that are reached by the UV radiation from the sources. The different components are consistent with the temperature structure derived from the ratio of two H2CO transitions, that is, warm temperatures are seen towards the outflow direction, lukewarm temperatures are associated with the UV-radiated region, and cold temperatures are related with the circumbinary disc structure. The chemistry towards IRS 67 shares similarities with both Class 0 and Class II sources, possibly due to the high gas column density and the strong UV radiation arising from the binary system. IRS 67 is, therefore, highlighting the intermediate chemistry between deeply embedded sources and T-Tauri discs.
Significance of Algae in eliminating and deactivating pathological index Organisms in Wastewater Stabilization Pond Systems
Authors: Al-Tameemi Fadwa Ali Hussein , Kadhim Thura Awad
Published: May 2019

Wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) are an economical alternative to conventional wastewater treatment technologies. They are commonly favored by small and rural communities. Due to long hydraulic retention time required by the treatment in these systems, algal activity is often expected during summer season. This study investigated the effects of algal growth on the removal and inactivation of pathogenic indicator organisms in WSP systems. Two predominant algae species (Mougeotia sp. and Nostochopsis sp) that were found in Iraq (Alkhademiyah sewage station in Baghdad) WSP were able to increase both pH and DO. The highest inactivation rates of both E. coli and total coliforms (TC) were observed at pH 10.6 compared to other pH (5.1, 8.2, 8.4, 10.6) investigated in the bench-scale experiments. Both high (20mg/L) and low DO (1 mg/L) levels can facilitate the removal and inactivation of both E. coli and TC. Enterococci were significantly reduced at both intermediate (8.6 mg/L) and high (20 mg/L) DO concentrations. Therefore, the presence of algae can potentially promote the removal of E. coli, TC and Enterococci. Much higher inactivation of E. coli, TC and Enterococci at a higher temperature (20°C) than at a lower temperature (4°C) indicates temperature is one the most important removal factor. Two potential/additional indicator organisms (Enterococci and Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens)) exhibited different inactivation trends than the traditional indicators (E. coli and TC) under the same pH and DO conditions. C. perfringens were tolerant to all the tested pH, DO and temperature conditions. Their resistance to environmental stresses may pose potential health risk. Hence, both Enterococci and C. perfringens could be potentially used as indictor organisms to predict the overall level of pathogens in treatedwastewater.
Reduction crystallization of heavy metals from acid treated phosphogypsum effluent utilizing hydrazine as a reducing reagent
Authors: Mashifan Tebogo , Sithole Nastassia
Published: May 2019

Phosphogypsum is a by-product generated from phosphoric acid production processes. Due to the negative impact posed to the environment by the material, a chemical treatment process was developed to reduce the hazardous constituents in the material and render the final product useful for other applications. The treatment of phosphogypsum produced an effluent laden with contaminants such as copper, iron, manganese and thallium. This study was conducted to investigate the use of hydrazine as a reducing agent to remove and reduce Cu, Fe, Mn and TI from effluent, applying a reduction crystallization process. Nickel powder a base substrate was utilised as a seeding material. A feasibility study was carried out to test the efficiency and find the optimum operating conditions for the process. The predominant detected components in the feedstock were 71% Fe, 14% Tl, 5.1% Mn, 4.12% Cu and 2.4% Zn. The results obtained indicate that hydrazine can effectively remove up to 99.8% of metals from the effluent at the optimum pH of 10.5. Growth of the nickel powder particles was evident indicating a reduction and adsorption of contaminants on the surface of the powder. The treated solution was within South African acceptable limits for effluent discharge, which stipulates a concentration of 20 mg/l of copper, iron, manganese and thulium.
Assessment of carbon dynamics in Ecuadorian forests through the Mathematical Spatial Model of Global Carbon Cycle and the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Authors: Silvia Llerena , Alexander Tarko , Anna Kurbatova , Polina Kozhevnikova
Published: May 2019

Conservation and sustainable development of forests are mitigation mechanisms against climate change due to the forest carbon sink capacity. Therefore, biomass estimation allows to assess forest productivity and control carbon budgets. In Ecuador, biomass and carbon sequestration studies are scarce. Thus, we estimated and forecasted changes in biomass of Ecuadorian forests through the Mathematical Spatial Model of Global Carbon Cycle and the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index. The mathematical model describes the processes of growth and decay of vegetation in terms of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, plants and soil under anthropogenic impacts. The vegetation map and the biomass of 2017 (4,86 Gt) were developed with remote sensing methodology in ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.3 programs. The observed biomass decrease between 2000 and 2010 was due to the high deforestation rate. Thanks to conservation and reforestation policies and the compensatory effect between the atmosphere and forests, a biomass increase is expected until 2060. According to the vegetation map, Amazon region has a better plant vigor, followed by Andean and Coast regions, where scattered vegetation predominates. This information is useful for planning environmental practices such as forest conservation and reforestation in order to increase carbon storage.
Non-Linear pattern analysis of El Niño’s impact on tropical precipitation
Authors: Yu X L , Zhang S R
Published: May 2019

Climate system is complicated and highly nonlinear, and a certain condition occurs over a small region could potentially propagate through space to affect remote regions. However, diagnosing such remote relationships is challenging due to the non-linearity of the climate system itself. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) anomaly that indicates El Niño dynamics and Amazon basin local precipitation. We overcame the traditional difficulty of establishing reliable climate relationship with a simple linear assumption, by employing the statistical framework of mutual information. We effectively revealed a strong relationship between El Niño’s and tropical precipitation as well as the spatial distribution of such relationship.
Effects of R-R time series accuracy on heart rate variability indexes
Authors: Cassirame Johan , Chevrolat Simon , Mourot Laurent
Published: May 2019

Our study aims to quantify the effect of inaccuracy in the R-R times series on heart rate variability (HRV) indexes. Starting from 75 series measured in supine, standing and submaximal exercise situations in 25 healthy male subjects, we generated 15 new R-R time series with accuracy from ±2 to 30 ms. HRV analyses was performed on the 1200 obtained series and compared with the results of the original series. The results showed that during supine, HRV indexes were moderately affected by inaccuracy up to ±30 ms. However, during standing, the indexes were affected to a greater degree and it was even more evident during exercise: in this later case significant difference in the root mean square of successive standard deviations (rMSSD), a commonly used parasympathetic index in sport sciences for both health and performance purposes, were observed when inaccuracy was equal or greater than 4 ms. Also, a relationship between inaccuracy and rMSSD was highlighted: the lower the rMSSD, the greater the error. Our study underscored the importance of the accuracy of R-R measurement for heart rate variability and provides recommendation regarding technology and measurement errors on final results.
Sonographic and Doppler Sonographic Diagnosis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants and Newborns
Authors: Deeg Karl-Heinz
Published: May 2019

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) occurs primarily in immature preterm infants with low birth weight. It has a prevalence of 7 – 11 % with a poor prognosis and a mortality rate of 20 – 40 %. Plain abdominal radiography is still considered the diagnostic method of first choice even though ultrasound can visualize significantly more findings suspicious for NEC. Such as thickened bowel walls, dilated fluid-filled bowel loops, and gas bubbles in the intestinal wall, portal vein. Moreover, it is possible to assess intestinal peristalsis, to differentiate between intraluminal and extraluminal fluid and to assess the location of fluid accumulations and their internal echo pattern. In addition, free intraabdominal gas can be visualized on ultrasound. Increased flow rates in the mesenteric arteries and decreased flow in the portal vein can be detected on Doppler ultrasound in NEC. Color-coded Doppler ultrasound can be used to differentiate between bowel loops with increased and decreased perfusion and thus at risk for perforation. Ultrasound is therefore superior to conventional radiography in many regards and should replace it as the diagnostic method of first choice not least because of its noninvasive nature.