bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Perspectives in the Study of North Africa
Authors: Halpern Manfred
Published: November 2008

Certainlymore books have been written on what was once French North Africa than on most regions of the continent. Yet of the volumes written prior to the independence of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, how few are now worth reading! This judgement is not retrospective; the evidence was at hand long ago.1That admirable compendium of scholarly accomplishments, Jean Alazardet al.,Histoire et historiens de l'Algerie(Paris, Alcan, 1931), tells us that, 100 years after the French conquest of that country, there was little interest in studying the living society of the Muslim majority except as it posed legal, administrative or philological problems. After World War II, the President of the Algiers Court of Appeal, Georges Surdon, noted inLa France en Afrique du nord(Algiers, Edition Alger republicain, 1946) that ‘all the books which have been devoted to the study of the implantation of the French in Algeria have given a fanciful or insufficient sketch of the native population’. Yet one of the basic arguments of his book is that since Arab authority is traditionally based on the tribe rather than on any geographical unit, Arab nationalism in North Africa stems from invalid assumptions. If one wants to learn about the problems of contemporary North Africans, less than a score of works published in French or English before Libya gained independence in 1951, Morocco and Tunisia in 1956, and Algeria in 1962 still remain essential reading.2
Third F.A.O. Regional Conference for Africa
Authors: Watterson G. G.
Published: November 2008

This conference was attended by 115 participants, representing 29 member governments, three other governments and the Holy See, six units of the U.N. family, and three other organisations. Reviewing the situation over the past two years, it was clear that agriculture was not yet playing its full part in the economic and social development of Africa. The role of agriculture is to provide food and raw materials for domestic consumption; to earn and save foreign exchange; to supply capital, labour, and raw materials for the development of other sectors of the economy; and to ensure the market for other industries. Yet, taking the region as a whole, the rate of increase in production, and especially in food production, appeared to have slowed down in recent years, and had barely sufficed to keep up with the growth of population. Food imports had increased rapidly in some countries, using up scarce supplies of foreign exchange that were needed to import capital goods essential for the execution of economic development plans. Earnings from agricultural exports, which account for the great bulk of the foreign exchange earnings of almost all African countries, had risen only slowly, and the trend had been aggravated by lower prices for such commodities on world markets, and by a rise in prices of the industrial products imported by African countries.
Conference on Industrial Co-ordination in West Africa
Authors: Ewing A. F.
Published: November 2008

This conference was attended by delegations from all the countries of West Africa other than the Ivory Coast, most of them led by ministers; and the executive secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa, Mr R. K. A. Gardiner, attended in person.

The conference had a dual origin: one was a series of meetings convened by President Diori Hamani of Niger, and serviced by a group of experts led by Professor de Bernis of the University of Grenoble; the other was the work of the E.C.A., starting with its publication of Industrial Growth in Africa (New York, 1963), followed by its mission on industrial co-ordination in West Africa, and a conference on iron and steel held in Monrovia in 1963, and culminating in a series of specialised studies. The final papers for the conference were prepared in collaboration between the E.C.A. secretariat and Professor de Bernis' group.
The Export of Ideas to Africa
Authors: Dowse Robert E.
Published: November 2008

Some time ago I became involved in one of Britain's minor export industries, the G.C.E. Advanced Level examinations (overseas). A minor industry in terms of economic return, but a major one in terms of the export of ideas, and it is with the actual concepts that are exported that I wish to concern myself. It may be as well to declare the limitations of my sample—about 800 scripts from Ghana and Nigeria over the last two years—and to make it perfectly plain that the defects I attempt to demonstrate in the students' understanding of British politics stem from British and not African errors.
International Co-operation and Development: the Rôle of Universities
Authors: Ramphal Shridath S.
Published: November 2008

To speak of international co-operation and development is to speak of the past no less than the present – and of the future also. Indeed, a thin line divides evaluation of the past from analysis of the present, and both from prospects for the future. Let me start with the element of continuum.

The Limits To Political Independence

It is in man's nature that each generation in turn reflects and inaugurates change. But the character and pace of change are never constant, and there are times when human needs demand that it proceed with unusual urgency. It is in such a time that we live; indeed, already, none of us live any longer in the kind of world into which we were born. Nor any university for that matter. And the rhythm of change is actually gaining momentum.
The International Political Ramifications of Falasha Emigration
Authors: Wagaw Teshome G.
Published: November 2008

The term Falasha is derived from the Ge'ez or Amharic word maflas, ‘to remove’, and denotes people without land or roots, strangers, and will be used in this article because of its wide international recognition, although most Ethiopian Jews now prefer to be known as Beta Israel. According to their tradition, the Falasha have lived in Africa for more than two-and-a-half millennia, for the most part unaware of the existence of other Jews in the world. In recent years, an increasing number have felt impelled to seek a permanent home in Israel, and by June 1991 as many as 43,000 had managed to achieve this goal. Although most of these Ethiopian Jews must have anticipated that emigration would not be easy, it is very unlikely that they, or anyone else, could have known just how difficult would be their ordeal.
The Façade of Precision in Education Data and Statistics: a Troubling Example from Tanzania
Authors: Samoff Joel
Published: November 2008

To understand what people do and why, we need to know something about what they have done. Rarely, however, are social scientists direct observers of all events of interest to them. Hence, most often we rely on information that someone else has collected, more or less systematically, usually for some other purpose. The behavioural revolution in the social sciences, with its shrill cries of ‘falsifiability!’ and ‘reproducibility!’, has pushed us towards the sort of evidence that can be recorded and stored in quantitative form. It has as well urged us towards increasingly complex, and perhaps sophisticated, techniques for exploring relationship within that evidence.
Centre of African Studies, University of Warsaw
Authors: Halpern Jan
Published: November 2008

When the Centre of African Studies came into being three years ago, the lack of specialists in many branches of African studies in Poland and the resulting scarcity of teachers made it seem likely that development might be initially rather slow. Nevertheless, some evaluation of the Centre's work is already possible.

There were four practical objectives in establishing the Centre: (1) to build up a collection of books and other printed materials for African research; (2) to offer a two-year diploma course in African problems for holders of Master's degrees of various departments and faculties (for example, the M.A. of the Oriental Institute of the University of Warsaw, a five-year course which can include specialisation in African philology/linguistics); (3) to organise a centre of advanced research; and (4) to issue our own publications.
The Inarticulate Premiss
Authors: Seidman Robert B.
Published: November 2008

What follows purports to give the opinions of three judges of the highest court of appeal in Newstate, Africa. The title is taken from a pregnant phrase of O. W. Holmes, an American writer on jurisprudence. He held that the result of a case depended upon ‘the inarticulate major premiss’ of the judge (or the unstated assumption which most influenced his judgement), at least in matters of first impression—i.e. cases in which the judges must determine for the first time what is the operative rule (‘norm’) of law. He urged this proposition in sharp opposition to the popular notion that a judge merely applied to the ascertained facts clear rules of law, which he found in earlier cases or in statutes.
The Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria
Authors: Esterhuysen P. W.
Published: November 2008

The Africa Institute of South Africa was established in April 1960. It is an autonomous body, incorporated under the Companies Act as a non-profit association, and administered by a Council presided over by the Chancellor of the University of South Africa, Dr F. J. de Villiers. The Council is composed of representatives of the South African universities, the South African Academy of Science and Arts, and other interested bodies. The chief executive officer is the Director, Professor P. F. D. Weiss, who is also chairman of the Council of the University College at Fort Hare. Its headquarters are at the University of South Africa, in Pretoria.
Qaddafi and Africa's International Relations
Authors: Ogunbadejo Oye
Published: November 2008

By any standard, no other third-world leader in recent times has earned as much notoriety for foreign adventurist policies as Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi. The Libyan President has on different occasions embarked on a militant course of confrontation with the United States in defence of his controversial definition of territorial air space over the Gulf of Sidra. Gulf of Sidra. During the 1982 war between Britain and Argentina, Qaddafi shipped more than $100 million worth of weapons, including 120 Soviet-made SAM-7 missiles, to Buenos Aires.1 His name has since been linked with bombing and shooting incidents in Britain, which eventually led the Government there to sever Anglo-Libyan diplomatic links in April 1984;2 with arms supplies to Nicaragua, the Irish Republican Army, and several secessionist movements in Africa; with coup plots in a number of countries, including Pakistan;3 and he has openly assaulted some of his neighbours, notably the Sudan and Chad.4 Then, in December 1985, the Libyan President was linked to the daring attacks by P.L.O. gunmen on the Israeli Airline's check-in counters at the Vienna and Rome airports, in which at least 16 people lost their lives and 120 were injured.5
On the Structural Explanation of African Military Interventions
Authors: Goldsworthy David
Published: November 2008

As numerous review articles attest, approaches to the study of military interventions in African politics have varied widely in their methodology and foci of concern.1Over the last decade, a good deal of runing has been made by quantitatively-inclined political scientists, such as Alan Wells, Roberta McKown, Ruth Collier, and especially Robert Jackman, whose particular path towards the understanding of military interventions has Iain through aggregate-data analysis of structural fratures of African states.2This line of approach has recently been brought to a high level of sophistication in two major articles: Thomas H. Johnson, Robert O. Slater, and Pat McGowan, ‘Explaining African Military Coups d'Etat, 1960–1982’, inThe American Political Science Review(Washington, D.C.), 78, 3, September 1984, pp. 622–40, and Pat McGowan and Thomas H. Johnson, ‘African Military Coups d'Etat and Underdevelopment: a quantitative historical analysis’, in this Journal, 22, 4, December 1984, pp. 633–66. TheA.P.S.R.article is described by the authors as ‘only the latest and not the last word on these matters’ (p. 637), and it has already fulfilled this implicit prophecy by generating debate among those who have adopted a similar methodology.3
Systemic Agricultural Mismanagement: the 1985 ‘Bumper’ Harvest in Zambia
Authors: Good Kenneth
Published: November 2008

After years of agricultural production significantly below domestic consumption needs for key commodities, in 1985 Zambia looked forward to a good harvest of maize, the nation's staple. The Minister of Co-operatives, Justin Mukando, said in February that more than eight million bags were anticipated, and the Prime Minister, Kebby S. K. Musokotwane, declared in May that ‘we expect about ten million bags of maize’.1 In the Zambian system of presidentialism and state capitalism, the purchasing, transportation, and storage of crops, as with many other agricultural functions, was in the hands of the state. This was so in terms of the close involvement of political figures at the highest level, and through the continued reliance upon the National Agricultural Marketing Board (Namboard) and the quasi-parastatal provincial co-operative marketing unions. President Kenneth Kaunda committed himself and his Government to success in the forthcoming harvest when he told Parliament in January: ‘I am not prepared to see a recurrence of what happened last year when thousands of bags of maize remained uncollected in various depots’; the state would ensure that the agencies involved in the collection of produce improved their performance.
The Political Economy of Food Production and Nutrition in Southern Africa in Historical Perspective
Authors: Webster David J.
Published: November 2008

The abundant health enjoyed by these people [the Xhosa] must undoubtedly be principally ascribed to the simple food on which they live: milk, the principal dish, which is supplied in abundance by numerous herds of cows; meat, mostly roasted; corn, millet and watermelons, prepared in different ways, appease hunger… —Ludwig Alberti (1807)1 The tuberculosis scourge is undoubtedly on the upgrade in the Native Territories and especially in this district with its high rainfall and congested population. Unsatisfactory conditions of living and nutrition are amongst the chief factors in spreading malnutrition… the former accounted, I'm afraid, for a considerable infant mortality and pellagralike conditions among the adults.
The Unity and Territorial Integrity of Ethiopia
Authors: Haile Getatchew
Published: November 2008

Under the title ‘The American Dilemma on the Horn’, Bereket Habte Selassie published in this Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, June 1984, pp. 249–72, a lawyer's presentation of a client's case: that of the Eritrean separatists. Although my views do not necessarily represent those held by the régime in Addis Ababa, they do indicate why Ethiopians resolutely continue to defend the territorial integrity of their motherland with a degree of unity only admitted by a few writers.
Peripheral Social Formations in the New Division of Labour: African States in the Mid-1980s
Authors: Shaw Timothy M.
Published: November 2008

If the study of the foreign policies of underdeveloped countries is underdeveloped, the systematic analysis of their foreign policy decisions is not. It is simply nonexistent. – Bahgat Korany, 19841

The first half of the 1980s has posed new challenges for African foreign policy in practice and analysis, symbolised by the Ethiopian drought and the conflict in Southern Africa, but generalised in the continental crisis of negative growth. The halcyon days of the 1960s – the innocence and optimism of early African nationalism – have long since disappeared, obliterated by the global and regional shocks of the 1970s. The first independence decade coincided with a period of gradual economic expansion – as it turned out, the continent's last. The years since the mid-1970s – the end of the post-war Bretton Woods era – have been characterised by slow growth at best, for a minority of states, and by none for the majority of countries and peoples. Thus the African agenda has shifted dramatically from nation-building to -salvaging, and from import-substitution to de-industrialisation. Somewhat fanciful notions of regional and continental integration have been replaced by pragmatic imperatives of food aid and debt relief.
Communication Policies for Population Control: Nigeria in the African Context
Authors: Pratt Cornelius
Published: November 2008

Nigerians are worried about the inability of their country's economy to support an annual population growth rate of 3·3 per cent, not least because of the persistent decline in agricultural productivity, and the inadequacy of current ad hoc measures in stabilising the situation.

There is, of course, increasing international awareness of the intractable economic and social woes associated with uncontrolled population growth. More important still, there is now considerable interest in devising effective policies and measures for controlling population, and these include the implementation of massive public-education programmes. In Tanzania in January 1984 the Second African Population Conference called on the member-states of the U.N. Economic Commission of Africa ‘to ensure the availability and accessibility of family planning services to all couples or individuals seeking services freely or at subsidized prices‘.2 Implicit in these proposals is the need to develop national communication policies on population issues.
The Need for an Appropriate Industrial Strategy to Support Peasant Agriculture
Authors: Seidman Ann
Published: November 2008

MOST economists agree that industrialisation should help to increase agricultural productivity and raise the living standards of rural producers. In the 1970s, however, manufacturing in sub-Saharan Africa, even including South Africa, grew at a slower rate than in any other region except South-East Asia. Furthermore, far from promoting the anticipated outcome, industrialisation in Southern Africa undermined peasant farm cultivation and contributed to the present crisis in African agriculture.
The Political Uses of Agricultural Markets in Zambia
Authors: Pletcher James R.
Published: November 2008

IT is widely acknowledged that the origins of Africa's hunger crisis lie only partly in weather patterns. A growing number of studies have emphasised the rôle which the state plays in creating a policy environment which either undermines or promotes commercial agriculture.1Much of the fault for the latter's poor performance in many areas of the continent is assigned to short-sighted government policies of excessive intervention in agricultural markets. The cardinal sins are considered to be price controls, food subsidies, and state-run marketing boards. As the external debt of African states grows, foreign lenders and aid donors impose economic reforms deemed necessary to address the long-run structural problems. The austerity packages of the International Monetary Fund, for example, aim to reduce demand in the borrowing country by cutting government spending on subsidies, while the World Bank focuses on stimulating agricultural production through a mixture of targeted investments and advice on how to change the pricing and tax structure so as to improve incentives for farmers.2
Tanzanian Political Culture and the Cabinet
Authors: van Donge Jan Kees , Liviga Athumani J.
Published: November 2008

THIS article aims to clarify the national political culture of Tanzania through an analysis of one important institution — the Cabinet. Although attention to the norms and rules that regulate political behaviour in formal and informal ways can reveal insights that are not disclosed by other approaches, political culture has been a neglected field in the study of African politics.

By way of contrast, class analysis has been a popular approach to African politics in past decades.1It has been shown, for instance, that those in government positions siphon off surplus from the peasantry through the marketing of agricultural produce. This has happended in countries as diverse as Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Malawi, and Tanzania,2where there are enormous differences in economic performance, as well as with respect to the way in which political conflicts are handled. People n similar class positions can act in a variety of ways – this is a matter of culture – because there is more than one possible logic with which to perceive and defend interests.
Involuntary Migration in Somalia: the Politics of Resettlement
Authors: Schraeder Peter J.
Published: November 2008

The resettlement of nomads recently has become a renewed topic of interest within the literature on development. The general purpose of most schemes is to sedentarise nomadic peoples through farm or manufacturing co-operatives to be able systematically to provide them with the necessities of existence, including health services and education, and to reduce their vulnerability to the vagaries of their day-to-day search for green pastures and water. Nomadism has been defined as ‘the movement of the household during the annual round of productive activities’, while its polar opposite, sedentism, is ‘the immobile location of the household during the annual round of productive activities’.1
Decolonisation and Political Socialisation with Reference to West Africa
Authors: Goldberg Melvin
Published: November 2008

Decolonisation in British and French West Africa presents some interesting parallers and contrasts. The pressures facing the most important colonial systems during and after World War 11 came from the two new superpowers — particularly the United States — nationalist movements, and internal dissensions. The war Seriously undermined the power of Britain and France and brought into question the moral right of one nation to rule over another. Initially both remained unconvinced about the merits of independence, and in fact the evidence suggests that considerable efforts were made to thwart the process of decolonisation. By the mid-1950s, however, Britain and France succumbed to the three pressures mentioned above, and rather than wait until the situation was uncontainable they chose to guide their colonies along an ‘approved’ path to independence.
National Service and National Consciousness in Nigeria
Authors: Marenin Otwin
Published: November 2008

Economicdependence and cultural diversity are the bedrock upon which the élites of ex-colonial states attempt to construct a functioning state apparatus, a viable economy, and a sense of nationhood to surround and enshrine the emergent order. The achievement of national integration is sought in language and education policies, cultural and ideological programmes, and the structuring of access to – and distribution of – available resources. It is basically for this reason that a number of governments in the Third World require their highly educated youth to spend a year of service to the nation after they leave the university. Hence the National Youth Service Corps in Nigeria, which started operating in 1973, amidst great publicity, and has since become an established part of governmental and student planning. By mid-1979 about 46,000 had passed through the programme, serving the nation in a variety of jobs, mainly as teachers, before being employed in either the private or public sector.
Varieties of Instability: a Theoretical and Methodological Critique
Authors: Moten A. Rashid
Published: November 2008

It is reasonable to assume that violence is a common recurring condition in all parts of the world, during all periods of history, and at all stages of social development. Yet there is not a single, compelling theory that specifies, even crudely, a comprehensive causal model of political violence.1 The reason, as C. N. Cnudde points out, is ‘that the processes which bring about change in a unit as vast as a nation are much more complex than any single theory predicts’.2 This complexity of the process has not, however, hindered the growth of scholarly literature. On the contrary, social scientists, despite certain theoretical and methodological difficulties, have subjected this relatively uncharted area to further exploration.
President Kenneth Kaunda's Annual Address to the Zambian National Assembly: a Contextual Content Analysis of Changing Rhetoric, 1965–83
Authors: Scarritt James R.
Published: November 2008

Most writers on Zambia are agreed that President Kenneth Kaunda has grown more powerful over the last two decades by having learned to deal with changing circumstances, and that he has developed a unique position as an able and trusted mediator among political factions. There is also a consensus among those authors, however, that Kaunda's powers are rather severely constrained by the bourgeoisie-in-formation, by the weakening of the governing United National Independence Party (U.N.I.P.), by a declining economy, and by a difficult international environment, and that these limitations are growing stronger as time passes despite his ideological initiative in formulating what is known as ‘Zambian Humanism’.1
Autopsy on a Régime: Ghana's Civilian Interregnum 1969–72
Authors: Le Vine Victor T.
Published: November 2008

This short article was written in June 1972 as an attempt to provide an eye-witness account of the Busia Government and its difficulties, and is published now as a contribution to the continuing discussion about the reasons for that régime's collapse. Professor Le Vine was Head of the Department of Political Science at the University of Ghana, Legon, during 1969–71, and is the author of Political Corruption, the Ghana Case (Stanford, 1975), a study of the Nkrumah period.

‘Autopsy’ is, perhaps, too harsh a word; possibly ‘requiem’ would have been more appropriate. Unfortunately, however, save for the members of the Government displaced by the coup d'état of 13 January 1972, the régime of Dr Kofi A. Busia had few mourners in Ghana. Most Ghanaians appear to have shaken their heads, gone about their usual business, and awaited the future with cynical patience. As coups go, Colonel Ignatius Acheampong's exercise was a model of quiet efficiency – it met virtually no resistance, took no casyalties, and had almost no noticeable effect on the ordinary bustle of life and affairs in the capital cuty. The ensuing celebrations were perfunctory, and what dancing in the streets there was seemed to be half-hearted at best.
A Cultural Analysis of the Economy of Affection and the Uncaptured Peasantry in Tanzania
Authors: Waters Tony
Published: November 2008

Is the ‘economy of affection’, as suggested by Goran Hyden, the key factor determining social relations in East Africa and elsewhere? According to this thesis, both villagers and city-dwellers are tied together in webs of kinship and tribal obligation that mitigate against the accumulation of wealth or capital necessary for the formation of either industrial modes of production or class-based societies. Hyden claims that the high values placed on personal relationships are dependent upon ‘a peasant mode of production’, and that, in the case of Tanzania, their persistence and perseverance has been the most significant factor inhibiting economic development. In short, the ‘smallness’ of the peasantry is a source of power.
The Political Economy of Resources: Africa's Future in the Global Environment
Authors: Shaw Timothy M. , Grieve Malcolm J.
Published: November 2008

Africa has become more reliant – not less – on exports of primary products and raw materials and on imports of finished and semifinished goods since independence… the fact that Africa's role in the world economy has undergone a relative decline at the same time as dependence on foreign markets, goods and capital has experienced an absolute increase is evidence that the gap between Africa and the industrialised world is growing, despite the ambitious efforts of African states to close it.1
Indicators of Educational Progress - a Markov Chain Approach Applied to Swaziland
Authors: Geary Kevin
Published: November 2008

This short article analyses the demand for and the use of educational indicators with reference to Swaziland. The data requirements are considered as well as the policy implications of establishing a fixed series, and an educational input-output table is constructed in an attempt to derive an all-embracing set of indicators. The Markov model presented here was initially created in order to help forecast what might happen to the Swaziland education system rather than to describe it. As the discussion of the data requirements below suggests, however, this can be considered a fortunate birth.
Concepts and Strategies of Economic Independence
Authors: Ghai Dharam P.
Published: November 2008

There are few objectives considered more compelling by developing countries than the need to attain their economic freedom. Throughout the Third World, from Bolivia and Botswana to Burma, few themes arouse such mass enthusiasm as the clarion call to economic independence. However, despite its potency in shaping many national goals and policies, very little intellectual effort has been expended in analysing the concept and exploring its ramifications in the realms of politics, economics, or sociology.
Négritude and the Noble Savage
Authors: Steeves Edna L.
Published: November 2008

The development of African studies in our time has unearthed what is regarded as a storehouse of esoteric lore, a happy hunting ground for ethnologists, anthropologists, and linguists, a paradise for the mythopoeic and archetypal critic. But as literature? Indeed, some ‘civilised’ people still feel a strange unease that the black man should have a literature at all. Yet African oral and written materials, even a decade or two ago regarded primarily as of ethnological and anthropological interest, are today being investigated as authentic literature, part of the international mainstream. Black literature has arrived.
Employment in the Service Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Frankman Myron , Charle Edwin
Published: November 2008

One characteristic which all countries presently hold in common — whatever their level of income — is the tendency for a growing proportion of the population to be employed in the ‘service sector’ of their economies rather than in ‘secondary’ or industrial activities. The purpose of this short article is to suggest that a consideration of certain features of the expanding employment in services in low-income countries may help to evaluate two commonly identified situations. First, in regard to manufacturing activities there has been a persistent tendency towards increasing capital intensity, despite the frequent assertion that resort should be made to more labour intensive technology in order to ‘spread’ jobs more widely. Secondly, the pace of urbanisation has continued to accelerate, despite widespread concern over high rates of urban unemployment and under-employment that seem a consequence of excessive migration to the cities.
The Soviet Africa Institute and the Development of African Studies
Authors: Morris Milton D.
Published: November 2008

Soviet relations with the countries of black Africa have been of considerable interest to many western scholars. They have examined extensively the history of these relations, their shifting doctrinal bases, and the many formidable problems Soviet policy-makers have encountered in the pursuit of their stated objectives.1A frequently overlooked aspect is the scholarly research of a group of Africanists whose activities appear to be inextricably linked with overall Soviet efforts in Africa.
Obstacles to Guerrilla Warfare–a South African Case Study
Authors: Johns Sheridan
Published: November 2008

More than ten years after the turn from non-violence to organised violence by the African opposition in South African the white Nationalist régime remains firmlly entrenched in power. Its security forces have successfully suppressed sabotage campaigns initiated in the early 1960s, unco-ordinated terrorist attacks mounted during the same period, and incipient guerrilla action in South-West Africa in 1966. At the call of the authorities in Salisbury they joined their northern neighbours to defeat armed incursions in Rhodesia during 1967–8, and more recently they have contained sporadic attacks in the Caprivi Strip along the Zambian border. The South African Government appears confident that its forces can continue to thwart any future attempts at domestic insurgency.
The Control of Credit in Zambia
Authors: Harvey Charles
Published: November 2008

‘In the national interest we have decided to take 51% of the shares of the Standard Bank and Barclays Bank.’
Trends in Kenyan Agriculture in Relation to Employment
Authors: Gwyer G. D.
Published: November 2008

THE objective of this article is to contribute to our understanding of the unemployment problem in Kenya through an analysis of trends in employment in both large- and small-scale agriculture. First, the major movements that have been occurring within agriculture are described, and the importance of investment in education is emphasised to explain movements out of this sector. Secondly, the effects of past government programmes on the employment capacity of small-scale agriculture are related to still outstanding problems of regional disparities resulting from differential access to knowledge, finance, and material inputs. Lastly, employment trends in large-scale agriculture are compared and related to the adoption of new technology and changing farm structures.
Fanon and the Revolutionary Peasantry — the Algerian Case
Authors: Perinbam B. Marie
Published: November 2008

Numerous commentaries have been written on Frantz Fanon's theory of decolonisation in relation to the peasants, most of them focusing on his claim that they constitute the most revolutionary sector in the Third World. This article critically re-examines what Fanon said–and what others think he said–dealing specifically with generalisations based on his observations of the Algerian peasantry during the war of independence, November 1954 to July 1962.
The Political Economy of Disintegration in Nigeria
Authors: Nagziger E. Wayne
Published: November 2008

Since 1949–53, when the Nigerian élite was first consulted by the British in a constitutional review, the peoples of Nigeria have engaged in a continual regional, communal, and class struggle for a share in the economic benefits resulting from decolonisation and independence, and the accompanying modernisation. The two coups d'état of 1966 and the civil war of 1967–70 were the most virulent of these struggles. This article analyses economic factors contributing to the Nigeria–Biafra conflict and the interrelated coups. Except for a brief discussion of the colonial economic legacy, the emphasis is upon the decade or two prior to the war.
Traditional and Modern Aspects of Educational Planning in Africa
Authors: D'Aeth Richard
Published: November 2008

The culture of a country, or a society within it, provides the context for education. The planning of education should therefore start with a consideration of the cultural background, and this is especially true of those countries in Africa which are predominantly Islamic. However, when an attempt is made to follow this line of approach, the complexity of the situation soon becomes apparent; and it is necessary to bear in mind several themes that constantly arise.
The Kakamega Club of Buganda
Authors: Hancock I. R.
Published: November 2008

In March 1961 the Democratic Party won the national elections in Uganda largely because it captured o of the 21 seats within the Kingdom of Buganda. The Buganda Government had ordered a boycott of the elections, because neither the British administration nor the African political parties would guarantee Buganda's future position within Uganda, and all but three per cent of the electorate stayed away from the polls. The Democratic Party took office despised within Buganda because it had defied the Kabaka, and feared by his Protestant advisers because of its predominantly Catholic support.
On Economic Bargaining between African Governments and Multi-National Companies
Authors: Curry Robert L. , Rothchild Donald
Published: November 2008

The activities of multi-national companies provide primary sources of economic contact between African countries and the industrialised world. The companies' operations in both resource and product markets are often influenced by impositions made, or not made, by host governments in Africa. Such impositions result from bargaining between governments and companies in which each negotiating agent is intent upon obtaining the most preferred conditions—and these are affected by variables that occupy the central focus of our analysis. First, we outline what we believe are crucial variables that affect bargaining outcomes: i.e. particular patterns of benefits and costs arising from the ways that companies manage their businesses in developing lands. Second, we note particular instances where the critical variables appear to be influential, and explore how closer concentration on these might lead to more preferential outcomes from the viewpoint of African governments.
Zambia's Second Republic —the Establishment of a One-Party State
Authors: Pettman Jan
Published: November 2008

Zambia inherited a system of government and administration in 1964 which was ill-suited to the tasks of political development to which her new leaders were dedicated. What little national unity and mobilisation had been achieved in the independence struggle declined with the removal of the common enemy. The Government rested on a fragile base, without the support of agreed rules and practices to limit and contain conflict, and without adequate instruments available for the implementation of its policies. So the search began for a more suitable political system, which could cope with the new needs of independence, and provide for the stability of the state and the survival of the Government.
The Armed Forces as an Instrument of South African Policy in Namibia
Authors: Dale Richard
Published: November 2008

The primary purpose of this article is to survey the political history of the Union Defence Force (U.D.F.) and the South African Defence Force (S.A.D.F.) – the former term applying to the Union and the latter to the Republic of South Africa – from 1914 until 1979, in such a manner that other scholars can undertake comparative research on African armies in general and those in Southern Africa in particular. Although the focus is on one geographical area, namely, South-West Africa or Namibia, for a 65-year time span, this need not constrain other analysts in their choice of location or duration. A secondary purpose is to include the additional element of international organisations, specifically, the League of Nations and the United Nations, because hopefully this will enrich the comparative utility of the research design. The principal organising device of the enquiry is that of the differing rôles of the military unit, an approach which has been utilised in the literature concerning armed forces in non-western areas.1
Secession and the Right of Self-Determination: an O.A.U. Dilemma
Authors: Kamanu Onyeonoro S.
Published: November 2008

The struggle for African independence was waged under the banner of the right of self-determination, and today African states and the Organisation of African Unity give financial and diplomatic support to the liberation movements of Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. Yet the same African states and the O.A.U. denounced Biafra's attempted withdrawal from Nigeria and similar struggles in Southern Sudan, Chad, and Eritrea, without reference to the possible merits of their peoples' claims to the right of self-determination. Biafran secession, in particular, was condemned as a priori detrimental to African interests: it was incompatible with the goal of African unity and would set a precedent that could lead to the further balkanisation of the continent.
Popular Literature for an African Elite
Authors: Lindfors Bernth
Published: November 2008

The emergence of a literature in English in Nigeria is usually described as a rapid post-war phenomenon, an unexpected flowering of creative energy which took scarcely more than two decades to produce rich, ripe fruit. According to most published reports, this literature was born suddenly in 1952 out of the pregnant thumb of Amos Tutuola; was nursed through a wobbly infancy by Cyprian Ekwensi, T. M. Aluko, and Onuora Nzekwu; was guided through a magnificent adolescence by Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, J. P. Clark, Christopher Okigbo, and their numerous university-trained followers; was tested by a civil war which left several casualties but no diminution of the will to write; and was later restored to normal prolificacy by the assiduous application of old and new talents.
Economic Aspects of Lesotho's Relations with South Africa
Authors: Cobbe James H.
Published: November 2008

Lesotho has long had the distinction of being one of the more anomalous states not only in Southern Africa, but in the world. It is entirely surrounded by another country, the Republic of South Africa. It is ethnically and linguistically very homogeneous. It is a monarchy. Physically, the lowest point in Lesotho is higher, in vertical distance above sea level, that that in any other country. Its economy is marked by some extraordinary paradoxes, such as agriculture being the main economic activity of the bulk of the labour force albeit the origin of a small fraction of total income, imports enomously exceeding exports and being larger than domestic output, and fewer citizens working for cash inside the country than outside.
The Potential Impact of Economic Sanctions Against South Africa
Authors: Love Janice
Published: November 2008

The impact of economic sanctions against countries engaging in objectionable behaviour tends to be minimised by seemingly dispassionate analysts but overrated by those committed to punishing the target. Governments often act to impose economic sanctions despite controversies regarding their utility, and this article will examine the variables that contribute to their success or failure, and their potential impact on South Africa, including a brief analysis of the various measures recently imposed by western industrialised nations.
International Financial Institutions and Economic Policy Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Fearon James D.
Published: November 2008

Since the 1979 oil shock and in the course of the subsequent world recession, many African governments have dramatically altered the orientation of their economic policies. States previously committed to various brands of ‘African socialism’ have been ending subsidies, reducingde factotaxes on agricultural producers, ‘privatising’ previously state-run activities, adopting more liberal exchange-rate policies, and implementing numerous other ‘market-oriented’ reforms.
Israel and Africa: the Era of Tachlis
Authors: Frank Lawrence P.
Published: November 2008

The visit of Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir to Liberia, Cameroun, Côte d'Ivoire, and Togo in June 1987 confirmed that Israeli-African relations have entered a third phase that is more pragmatic and more limited than the first two. For Israel and Africa, this is an era of tachlis, or unadorned realism.2
Sir Geoffrey Colby and the ‘Solent’ Flying-Boat Service to Nyasaland, 1949–50
Authors: Baker Colin
Published: November 2008

In the history of Malawi's transport and communications, few modes of travel can be more unusual or fascinating than the flying-boat service from November 1949 to October 1950 between Southampton in Britain and Vaaldam near Johannesburg in South Africa, via Cape Maclear, a somewhat isolated and inaccessible spot on the south-west shore of Lake Malawi, 150 miles from the then administrative capital of Zomba and a further 50 miles from the main commercial centre of Blantyre. Although short-lived and of limited immediate practical importance, its long-term significance was considerable, whilst the details of how the service came about add to our knowledge of the early post-World War II history of colonial Nyasaland, and tell us a good deal about the Governor of the time, Geoffrey Colby.
African Literary Comment on Dictators: Wole Soyinka's Plays and Nuruddin Farah's Novels
Authors: Gugler Josef
Published: November 2008

African intellectuals grapple with political problems well before social scientists are prepared to address them. The abuse of political power constitutes one such problem: a number of African countries have suffered under dictatorships over the last 25 years, but scholars have had very little to say about their experiences to this day.1Wole Soyinka, however, the foremost African playwright, presented a satire on the régime of Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana, 1957–66) in its later years inKongi's Harvest(London, Ibadan, and Nairobi, 1967), a play performed already in 1965. And Camara Laye indicted the régime of Sékou Touré (Guinea, 1958–84) in his novelDramouss(Paris, 1966)
Mozambique: From Symbolic Socialism to Symbolic Reform
Authors: Ottaway Marina
Published: November 2008

In the four years since the signing of the Nkomati accord in March 1984, Mozambique has undergone a quiet but far-reaching process of policy reform. Faced with a major crisis caused by the Renamo insurgency and by economic mismanagement, the Government has apparently abandoned its ambitious programme of socialist transformation through the creation of state farms and the launching of large projects, adopting instead a package of market-oriented economic reforms. Having joined the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in late 1984, Mozambique has been devaluing its currency, increasing the prices of agricultural produce, allowing peasants to sell commodities to private traders, and channelling some aid to the private sector, in keeping with the policies favoured by those organisations, The U.S. Agency for International Development, which has also become a donor since 1984, has likewise exerted pressure for policy reform, in particular for aid to the private commercial farms. While the socialist economic sector has not been dismantled, the Government is now stressing the importance of peasant and private agriculture, and the necessity of providing more support for both.1
Liberia' Never–Die Christians
Authors: Gifford Paul
Published: November 2008

In Monrovia, the capital of the West African state of Liberia, Richard K. Sleboe, a Kru tribesman from Sinoe County and previously a Jehovah's Witness, founded in June 1970 the Kingdom Assembly Church of Africa. This came to be popularly known as the ‘Never—Die Church’ from its most distinguishing belief, namely that a true believer will never physically die but will live on this earth forever.
Lesotho and the Inner Periphery in the New South Africa
Authors: Weisfelder Richard F.
Published: November 2008

Reformand the transformation of authoritarian régimes in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and the Horn of Africa have been associated with rampant nationalism, secession of component units, and ultimately, demands for the return of lost territories. By contrast, within supposedly ‘tribal’ Southern Africa, the African National Congress (A.N.C.) and its Africanist opponents are agreed that any settlement must apply to the whole of the Republic of South Africa, including the so-called ‘independent Homelands’.