bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise das propriedades físico-químicas da glucosamina sulfato comercial, uma matéria-prima utilizada em formulações farmacêuticas
Authors: Malheiros Fernanda B. M. , Querobino Samyr M. , Corso Simone D. , Alberto-Silva Carlos
Published: March 2016

Introdução: A qualidade dos produtos em farmácias de manipulação é determinada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), mas os métodos descritos podem não ser adequados para analisar seus aspectos físico-químicos. Objetivo: Comparar aspectos físico-químicos da glucosamina sulfato de dois diferentes fornecedores com análises realizadas na farmácia de manipulação. Métodos: As características organolépticas, pH, solubilidade e densidade da glucosamina (n=50) dos fornecedores foram analisadas conforme descrito na Farmacopeia Brasileira e Compêndio Oficial e comparados aos laudos técnicos dos produtos adquiridos. Usaram-se os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e Bland-Altman. Resultados: A análise de CCI evidenciou baixa reprodutibilidade para o teste de pH e densidade, e a análise de Bland-Altman demonstrou que os fornecedores subestimavam ou superestimavam os valores de pH e densidade em relação à farmácia. Conclusão: Os aspectos físico-químicos estão adequados conforme orientações da Anvisa, mas novas técnicas mais sensíveis devem ser utilizadas para garantir a qualidade da glucosamina nas formulações.
Influência da reeducação postural global na postura, satisfação corporal e qualidade de vida após abdominoplastia: relato de caso
Authors: Oliveira Thalita De , Tascheti Thauana Garóffalo , Mendonça Adriana Clemente
Published: March 2016

Introdução: Após abdominoplastia podem ocorrer alterações posturais e a Reeducação Postural Global (RPG) pode ser uma opção de tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da RPG sobre postura, satisfação corporal e qualidade de vida pós-abdominoplastia. Método: Realizou-se avaliação fisioterapêutica pré e pós-intervenção, com registro fotográfico para análise da postura pelo Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO), coleta do questionário de satisfação corporal (Body Shape Questionaire- BSQ) e do questionário de qualidade de vida utilizando o WHOQOL-BREF. Dez sessões de RPG foram realizadas uma vez por semana, com duração aproximada de 60 minutos cada sessão. Resultados: Houve melhora da protusão do ombro e da inclinação lateral da cabeça, discreta diminuição na anteriorização e elevação da caixa torácica, aumento da cifose torácica e da anteversão pélvica, sem alteração de satisfação corporal e qualidade de vida. Conclusão: A intervenção com RPG exerceu discreta influência sobre a postura e não interferiu na satisfação corporal e na qualidade de vida.
Intensidade do treinamento durante a reabilitação física para hemiparéticos pós-acidente vascular encefálico e estresse cardiorrespiratório: uma revisão
Authors: Polese Janaine Cunha , Faria Giselle Silva e , Sérvio Thaianne Cavalcante , Souza Alexandra Farrapo de , Scianni Aline Alvim , Teixeira-Salmela Luci Fuscaldi
Published: March 2016

Introdução: A reabilitação física deveria ser realizada em intensidades capazes de promover estresse cardiorrespiratório adequado para minimizar o descondicionamento apresentado por indivíduos após Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE). Objetivo: Revisar a literatura acerca da intensidade das sessões de reabilitação física capazes de proporcionar estresse cardiorrespiratório em indivíduos pós-AVE. Métodos: Selecionaram-se estudos em que se avaliou o estresse cardiorrespiratório por meio da frequência cardíaca-alvo de indivíduos pós-AVE. A busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados Medline, SciELO, Embase e PEDro. Resultados: Foram encontrados três trabalhos transversais, e um longitudinal, com a amostra total de 78 hemiparéticos pós-AVE, totalizando 267 atendimentos. Em nenhuma das pesquisas a intensidade das sessões foi capaz de proporcionar estresse cardiorrespiratório adequado. A atividade com maior estresse cardiorrespiratório foi a de marcha. Conclusões: A intensidade do exercício durante a reabilitação física não foi capaz de provocar efeitos cardiorrespiratórios adequados em indivíduos pós-AVE.
Marcadores hematológicos de corredores amadores do município de Vitória/ES
Authors: Mazioli Ravena Chagas Freire , Santos Juliana Pinho dos , Silva Vitor Loureiro da , Lunz Wellington , Perez Anselmo José , Leopoldo Ana Paula Lima , Leopoldo André Soares
Published: March 2016

Introdução: O sistema imunológico apresenta estreita relação com o exercício físico. Todavia, poucos estudos verificaram o perfil imunológico de corredores amadores. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de marcadores imunológicos de corredores amadores do município de Vitória/ES no período pós-treinamento. Métodos: Foram selecionados 31 corredores pertencentes a dois grupos de corrida, ambos de Vitória/ES. A análise hematológica dos parâmetros imunológicos foi realizada a partir da contagem total de leucócitos por meio de leucograma. Resultados: A contagem de plaquetas apresentou diferença estatística quanto ao gênero, sendo os valores maiores encontrados no gênero feminino em relação ao treinamento contínuo. Além disso, foram encontrados valores menores de neutrófilos no gênero masculino com relação ao treinamento intervalado. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres nos demais parâmetros analisados. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o exercício físico influencia o sistema imunológico de corredores amadores de Vitória/ES, promovendo elevação das células plaquetárias e redução dos neutrófilos.
Bandagem elástica terapêutica na dor e no equilíbrio de indivíduos com alteração postural
Authors: Barradas Layanna Patrícia Freitas , Matos Ludmilla Karen Brandão Lima de , Silva Luiz Fernando Batista Pereira da
Published: March 2016

Introdução: Alterações posturais modificam o equilíbrio e a estabilidade, sobrecarregando estruturas corporais e resultando em dor. A Fisioterapia vem utilizando bandagens como auxílio em suas condutas. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos da bandagem na dor e equilíbrio de participantes com hipercifose torácica e protusão de ombro. Métodos: Dez participantes com protração de ombros, hipercifose torácica e dor musculoesquelética na região torácica tiveram seus valores de dor e oscilação corporal avaliados por meio de fichas e estabilometria. Posteriormente, aplicaram-se bandagens para correção postural e após sete dias realizou-se uma reavaliação. Resultados: Houve diminuição significativa na dor (p=0,0001) e apenas redução mínima das oscilações posturais dos participantes. Conclusão: A bandagem mostrou-se benéfica somente na dor, enquanto no equilíbrio ela foi insuficiente. Sugerem-se novos estudos com diferente casuística para verificar se a bandagem realmente funciona como terapia ou se promove apenas efeito placebo.
Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis
Authors: Klautau Michelle , Imešek Mirna , Azevedo Fernanda , Pleše Bruna , Nikolić Vedran , Ćetković Helena
Published: March 2016

In this study we analyze the calcarean sponge diversity of the Adriatic Sea, the type locality of some of the first described species of calcarean sponges. Morphological and molecular approaches are combined for the taxonomic identification. Our results reveal six species new to science and provisionally endemic to the Adriatic Sea (Ascandra spalatensis sp. nov., Borojevia croatica sp. nov., Leucandra falakra sp. nov., L. spinifera sp. nov., Paraleucilla dalmatica sp. nov., and Sycon ancora sp. nov.), one species previously known only from the Southwestern Atlantic (Clathrina conifera), and three already known from the Adriatic Sea (Ascaltis reticulum, Borojevia cerebrum, and Clathrina primordialis). We confirm the presence of the alien species Paraleucilla magna in the Adriatic and again record Clathrina blanca, C. clathrus, and C. rubra. We emend the description of the genus Ascaltis, propose a lectotype for Borojevia cerebrum and synonymise B. decipiens with B. cerebrum. A checklist of all calcarean species previously and currently known from the Adriatic Sea (39 species) is given. The Central Adriatic is indicated as the richest calcarean sponge fauna sector; however, the biodiversity of this class is underestimated in the whole Adriatic Sea and new systematic surveys are desirable.
O brincar e as relações de gênero: reflexões de crianças e docentes
Authors: Furlan Cássia Cristina , Müller Verônica Regina
Published: March 2016

A pesquisa buscou analisar o que crianças e docentes pensavam a respeito do brincar e as questões de gênero. No total, participaram das intervenções com o jogo 18 crianças, sendo 10 meninos e 8 meninas, e 13 professoras, todos/as da cidade de Sarandi/PR. Os dizeres das crianças acerca das representações de gênero foram conseguidos a partir da aplicação do jogo Trilhas da Diversidade, dentro do Projeto Brincadeiras e, com as docentes, no ambiente escolar, utilizando-se do jogo, por meio da técnica de grupo focal. Por meio dos episódios, conversas e brincadeiras, compreendemos a diversidade de identidades e papéis que crianças e docentes constroem e assumem. Tanto em relação às crianças como às docentes, vários foram os momentos e situações em que o conflito se estabeleceu, advindo daí uma reflexão crítica.
Educação para Ciência, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática e as Relações com a Politica de Avaliação em Larga Escala na Educação Básica
Authors: Gesser Verônica , DiBello Lilia
Published: March 2016

Neste artigo tivemos a intenção de caracterizar as relações existentes entre a politica estratégica STEM estadunidense e as politicas de avaliação para a Educação Básica no Estado da Florida. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa cujos dados foram coletados nos documentos oficiais dos Estados Unidos e do Estado da Florida disponíveis online. Empregamos a análise de conteúdo como técnica no sentido de caracterizar o nível de correspondência, influencias e de relações entre os documentos oficiais de ambas as entidades. As relações que observamos por meio dos termos padronização, mensuração, treinamento, modelos, habilidades, áreas prioritárias, desempenho/progresso e desenvolvimento/crescimento profissional, neste caso, é o de alinhamento, de nivelamento de valores, de imaginários e de verdades determinadas por interesses de alguém ou de determinados grupos hegemônicos e que estão sendo legitimados pelo Estado.
Os sentidos do trabalho do professor e o lugar social do ensino de História
Authors: Cunha Jorge Luiz Da , Cardôzo Lisliane dos Santos
Published: March 2016

Através da identidade narrativa de professores formados no curso de História da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), nosso objetivo, neste artigo, foi pesquisar como a formação inicial tem implicado no trabalho de cada um deles, em suas trajetórias de vida e como cada sujeito interpreta o lugar social do Ensino de História. A identidade narrativa teve destaque por meio da abordagem (auto)biográfica. Entendemos que a ciência histórica pode ter um papel orientador, na contemporaneidade, através da consciência histórica. O Ensino de História só pode ter um papel orientador estando inserido na cultura histórica. E, assim, envolvendo questões morais, éticas, pedagógicas, existenciais, entre outras, é que podemos constituir sentido histórico para orientar a vida e a capacidade de aprender historicamente. O aprendizado histórico não compreende só aprender conteúdos do passado, é um engajamento do sujeito social que se entende pela História, interpretando a História objetiva e subjetivamente.
O conceito epistemológico de passado para professores de história
Authors: Santos Rita de Cássia G. Pacheco dos
Published: March 2016

O texto apresenta parte dos resultados da investigação de doutorado intitulado “A Significância do Passado para Professores de História”.Os sujeitos são dezessete professores de História de dez colégios de Ensino Médio na cidade de Curitiba-PR, atuantes no quadro próprio do Magistério. O objetivo foi identificar como os professores entendem o conceito epistemológico de passado. Apresenta e categoriza as respostas dos professores sobre as ideias de passado em seis grupos: passado estático, passado para criar empatia, passado como memória, passado para memorização, passado exemplar e passado para orientação.O suporte teórico de análise e investigação desenvolvido por Michael Oakeshott (2003) e David Lowenthal (1989, 1998) que fundamentam as análises sobre o conceito de passado. JörnRüsen (2001, 2007a, 2007b) é o autor responsável pelo referencial teórico sobre a Educação Histórica e consciência histórica. Jacques Le Goff (1992) auxiliou a construção da categoria relacionada à memória e a memorização, Peter Lee (2003) e Maria Auxiliadora Schmidt (2010) auxiliaram na elaboração da categoria de empatia com o passado. A categorização apresenta resultados que podem contribuir para a discussão sobre como o professor de História compreende a epistemologia da sua ciência de referência.
CD11b+ and Sca-1+ Cells Exert the Main Beneficial Effects of Systemically Administered Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells in a Murine Model of Mixed Th2/Th17 Allergic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Cruz Fernanda F. , Borg Zachary D. , Goodwin Meagan , Coffey Amy L. , Wagner Darcy E. , Rocco Patricia R.M. , Weiss Daniel J.
Published: March 2016

Systemic administration of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMDMCs) or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) reduces inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine model of Th2-mediated eosinophilic allergic airway inflammation. However, since BMDMCs are a heterogeneous population that includes MSCs, it is unclear whether the MSCs alone are responsible for the BMDMC effects. To determine which BMDMC population(s) is responsible for ameliorating AHR and lung inflammation in a model of mixed Th2-eosinophilic and Th17-neutrophilic allergic airway inflammation, reminiscent of severe clinical asthma, BMDMCs obtained from normal C57Bl/6 mice were serially depleted of CD45, CD34, CD11b, CD3, CD19, CD31, or Sca-1 positive cells. The different resulting cell populations were then assessed for ability to reduce lung inflammation and AHR in mixed Th2/Th17 allergic airway inflammation induced by mucosal sensitization to and challenge with Aspergillus hyphal extract (AHE) in syngeneic C56Bl/6 mice. BMDMCs depleted of either CD11b-positive (CD11b+) or Sca-1-positive (Sca-1+) cells were unable to ameliorate AHR or lung inflammation in this model. Depletion of the other cell types did not diminish the ameliorating effects of BMDMC administration. In conclusion, in the current model of allergic inflammation, CD11b+ cells (monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells) and Sca-1+ cells (MSCs) are responsible for the beneficial effects of BMDMCs.

Significance

This study shows that bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMDMCs) are as effective as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in ameliorating experimental asthma. It also demonstrates that not only MSCs present in the pool of BMDMCs are responsible for BMDMCs' beneficial effects but also monocytes, which are the most important cell population to trigger these effects. All of this is in the setting of a clinically relevant model of severe allergic airways inflammation and thus provides further support for potential clinical use of cell therapy using MSCs, BMDMCs, and also adult cells such as monocytes in patients with severe asthma.
Charge transfer states appear in the π-conjugated pure hydrocarbon molecule on Cu(111)
Authors: Yonezawa Keiichirou , Suda Yosuke , Yanagisawa Susumu , Hosokai Takuya , Kato Kengo , Yamaguchi Takuma , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Ueno Nobuo , Kera Satoshi
Published: March 2016

We report on the results of experimental and theoretical studies on the electronic structure of gas-phase diindenoperylene (DIP) and DIP-monolayer (ML) on Cu(111). Vapor-phase ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) was realized for 11.3 mg of DIP, giving reference orbital energies of isolated DIP, and UPS and inverse photoemission spectroscopy of DIP-ML/graphite were performed to obtain DIP-ML electronic states at a weak interfacial interaction. Furthermore, first-principles calculation clearly demonstrates the interfacial rearrangement. These results provide evidence that the rearrangement of orbital energies, which is realized in HOMO–LUMO and HOMO–HOMO−1 gaps, brings partially occupied LUMO through the surface-induced aromatic stabilization of DIP, a pure hydrocarbon molecule, on Cu(111).
Steep subthreshold swing and energy efficiency in MOSFFETs utilizing nonlinear gate dielectric insulators
Authors: Ota Hiroyuki , Migita Shinji , Fukuda Koichi , Toriumi Akira
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we propose a novel MOSFET in which an ordinary paraelectric insulator is replaced with one in which permittivity is nonlinearly dependent on the electric field. Technology computer-aided design simulation reveals that a variation in the permittivity of the gate insulator in conjunction with a variation in the gate electric field can lead to excellent subthermal subthreshold swings (34 mV/decade), with high on-currents comparable to those of conventional MOSFETs. We also demonstrate the advantages of nonlinear dielectric MOSFETS (NLD-MOSFETs) over conventional MOSFETs by showing a 10-fold shorter intrinsic delay at a supply voltage of 0.2 V.
Topotactic reductive synthesis of A-site cation-ordered perovskite YBaCo2Ox (x = 4.5–5.5) epitaxial thin films
Authors: Katayama Tsukasa , Chikamatsu Akira , Fukumura Tomoteru , Hasegawa Tetsuya
Published: March 2016

A-site cation-ordered perovskite YBaCo2O
x
epitaxial films were synthesized by combining pulsed-laser deposition and topotactic reduction using CaH2. The oxygen contents (x) of the films could be controlled in a range of 4.5–5.5 by adjusting the reaction temperature. The c-axis length of the YBaCo2O
x
films decreased with decreasing x when x ≥ 5.3 but drastically increased when x ∼ 4.5. In contrast, the in-plane lattice constants remained locked-in by the substrate after the reaction. The metal insulator transition observed in bulk YBaCo2O5.5 was substantially suppressed in the present film, likely because of the epitaxial strain effect. The resistivity of the films was significantly enhanced by changing the x value from ∼5.5 to ∼4.5, reflecting the distortion of the CoO
x
layers.
Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of excited states of an asymmetric cubic GaN/Al0.25Ga0.75N double quantum well grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Wecker Tobias , Callsen Gordon , Hoffmann Axel , Reuter Dirk , As Donat J.
Published: March 2016

Optical transitions involving higher energy levels of cubic AlGaN quantum wells are investigated by means of photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy. An asymmetric cubic GaN/Al
x
Ga1−

x
N double quantum well (QW) structure with an Al content of x = 0.25 ± 0.03 was grown on a 3C-SiC(001) substrate exploiting radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The photoluminescence excitation data reveals two emission bands, which are assigned to the first electron and the third heavy hole (e1–hh3) and the second electron and the second heavy hole (e2–hh2) energy level of the wide QW. Besides in the narrow QW no higher energy levels can be observed. The experimental data is in good agreement with theoretical calculations using a Schrödinger–Poisson solver based on an effective mass model (nextnano3). The exciton binding energy was calculated considering the confinement of the QWs and also the energy dependency of the effective mass for excited energy levels.
Divan Şiirinde Hz. Musa /
The Prophet Moses In Divan Poetry
Authors: UZUN Adnan
Published: March 2016

The Prophet Moses In Divan Poetry
Abstract

Divan poetry is a conglomerate formed under the influence of eastern societies' common culture and geographical advantages shared by various communities which is shaped by Islamic civilization and the sense of art. Prophet Moses is known by his place in Abrahamic religions. According to Islam, as a baby he was found in the Nile River, adopted by the Egyptian royal family, and grew up in the palace of the Pharaoh although in that time the Pharaoh ordered all newborn male Hebrew boys to be killed. Moses was forced to leave Egypt when he was young. Eventually, he became a prophet. He showed great patience against deeds of his folk. Divan poets mentioned Prophet Moses in their poetries with his standing against to Pharaoh, miracles like conversation with God in the Mount Sinai, Shacar al-Tur (the tree in the Mount Sinai), magic rod, and white hand. Prophet Moses became a source of inspiration for expression of sufi feelings and thoughts for Classic Turkish Literature poets. This article examines how Divan poetry depicts Prophet Moses and his miracles.

Divan Şiirinde Hz. Musa
Öz
Divan Şiiri, İslam Medeniyetinin şekillendirdiği Müslüman Doğu toplumlarının ortak kültüründen ve çeşitli milletlerle paylaştığı coğrafyanın değerlerinden etkilenerek oluşan, devrin sanat anlayışıyla yoğrulmuş bir birikimdir. 

Hz. Musa, Firavun tarafından yeni doğan bütün erkek çocukların öldürüldüğü bir dönemde dünyaya gelmesi, İsrail oğullarına zulmeden ve tanrılık iddiasında bulunan Firavun’un sarayında yetişmesi, gençliğinde yaşadığı olaylar nedeniyle Mısır’ı terketmek zorunda kalması, peygamber oluşu, mücadelesi ve halkına karşı gösterdiği sabır gibi özelliklerinin yanında başta Yahudilik olmak üzere bütün semavi dinlerde en önemli peygamberler arasında yer alması gibi nitelikleriyle İslam Dini ve diğer ilahi dinlerin inanç ve kültür değerlerinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Divan şairleri Hz. Musa’yı, Firavun’a karşı duruşu, Tûr Dağı’nda Allah ile tekellümü, Şecer-i Tûr, mucizevi asası, yed-i beyza sahibi oluşu gibi yönleri ve göstermiş olduğu mucizeleriyle şiirlerine konu etmişlerdir.

Hz. Musa, Klasik Türk edebiyatı şairleri için tasavvufî duygu, düşünce ve heyecanların ifadesinde ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Bu makalede, Hz. Musa ve onun mucizeleri ile ilgili Divan şiirinde yer alan ifade ve anlatımlar incelenmiştir.

 
Kur’an’da “Sebîl” Kelimesi Bağlamında “Yol” Kavramının Semantik Analiz /
Semantic Analysis of the Word "Sabil" in the Quran
Authors: YILDIZ İbrahim
Published: March 2016

Semantic Analysis of the Word "Sabil" in the Quran

Abstract

This study examines the meaning of the word “sabil” which means road/path in the Quranic context. The travel of human beings in time and space from the very beginning time of their birth until death, means that they are on a road. Because of the road leads someone wherever he or she wants to go, the means which lead someone to God called as sabil-Allah (road of God). In this context, there are a lot of words like “sabil”, “sırat”, “tariq”, “sunen” which all means road in Quran. Then, the semantic analysis of these words which sometime have different meaning, has great importance. This work also investigates the relations between the word sabil and the trial of worldly life. Consequently, this study carries out a semantic analysis of the word “sabil” and other related words which have the same meaning.

 

Kur’an’da “Sebîl” Kelimesi Bağlamında “Yol” Kavramının Semantik Analiz

Öz

Bu çalışmada sebîl kelimesi bağlamında Kur’an’daki yol kavramının hangi anlamlarda kullanıldığının tespitine çalışılmıştır. İnsanoğlunun doğumundan ölümüne kadar bu dünyada hem zamanda hem de mekânda yolculuk etmek zorunda olması, onun bir yol izlediğini gösterir. Yolların insanları gitmek istedikleri yerlere ulaştırmasından mülhem olarak Allah’ın rızasına götüren tüm vasıtalara Allah’ın yolu denilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Kur’an’da sebîl, sırât, tarîk ve sünen gibi yol manasına gelen kelimelerin de önemli bir yekûn tuttuğu görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla aynı anlamı ifade etseler bile zaman zaman farklı anlam ve olgulara işaret edebilen bu kavramların semantik bir analize tabi tutulması önemlidir. Bu çalışma, aynı zamanda Kuran’da yol kavramı ile dünya hayatı ve imtihan olgusu arasında nasıl bir ilişki kurulduğunu açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışmada, sebîl kelimesinin semantik incelemesi yapılmış, ayrıca Kur’an’daki diğer yol anlamına gelen kelimeler incelenerek konu bütünlüğünün sağlanmasına gayret edilmiştir.
Stabilization of large drainage basins over geological time scales: Cenozoic West Africa, hot spot swell growth, and the Niger River
Authors: Chardon Dominique , Grimaud Jean‐Louis , Rouby Delphine , Beauvais Anicet , Christophoul Frédéric
Published: March 2016

Reconstructing the evolving geometry of large river catchments over geological time scales is crucial to constraining yields to sedimentary basins. In the case of Africa, it should further help deciphering the response of large cratonic sediment routing systems to Cenozoic growth of the basin‐and‐swell topography of the continent. Mapping of dated and regionally correlated lateritic paleolandscape remnants complemented by onshore sedimentological archives allows the reconstruction of two physiographic configurations of West Africa in the Paleogene. Those reconstructions show that the geometry of the drainage is stabilized by the late early Oligocene (29 Ma) and probably by the end of the Eocene (34 Ma), allowing to effectively link the inland morphoclimatic record to offshore sedimentation since that time, particularly in the case of the Niger catchment—delta system. Mid‐Eocene paleogeography reveals the antiquity of the Senegambia catchment back to at least 45 Ma and suggests that a marginal upwarp forming a continental divide preexisted early Oligocene connection of the Niger and Volta catchments to the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Such a drainage rearrangement was primarily enhanced by the topographic growth of the Hoggar hot spot swell and caused a stratigraphic turnover along the Equatorial margin of West Africa.
Focusing of relative plate motion at a continental transform fault: Cenozoic dextral displacement >700 km on New Zealand's Alpine Fault, reversing >225 km of Late Cretaceous sinistral motion
Authors: Lamb Simon , Mortimer Nick , Smith Euan , Turner Gillian
Published: March 2016

The widely accepted ∼450 km Cenozoic dextral strike‐slip displacement on New Zealand's Alpine Fault is large for continental strike‐slip faults, but it is still less than 60% of the Cenozoic relative plate motion between the Australian and Pacific plates through Zealandia, with the remaining motion assumed to be taken up by rotation and displacement on other faults in a zone up to 300 km wide. We show here that the 450 km total displacement across the Alpine Fault is an artifact of assumptions about the geometry of New Zealand's basement terranes in the Eocene, and the actual Cenozoic dextral displacement across the active trace is greater than 665 km, with more than 700 km (and <785 km since 25 Ma) occurring in a narrow zone less than 10 km wide. This way, the Alpine Fault has accommodated almost all (>94%) of the relative plate motion in the last 25 Ma at an average rate in excess of 28 mm/yr. It reverses more than 225 km (and <300 km) of sinistral shear through Zealandia in the Late Cretaceous, when Zealandia lay on the margin of Gondwana, providing a direct constraint on the kinematics of extension between East and West Antarctica at this time.
Broadband assessment of degree‐2 gravitational changes from GRACE and other estimates, 2002–2015
Authors: Chen J. L. , Wilson C. R. , Ries J. C.
Published: March 2016

Space geodetic measurements, including the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), satellite laser ranging (SLR), and Earth rotation provide independent and increasingly accurate estimates of variations in Earth's gravity field Stokes coefficients ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20. Mass redistribution predicted by climate models provides another independent estimate of air and water contributions to these degree‐2 changes. SLR has been a successful technique in measuring these low‐degree gravitational changes. Broadband comparisons of independent estimates of ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 from GRACE, SLR, Earth rotation, and climate models during the GRACE era from April 2002 to April 2015 show that the current GRACE release 5 solutions of ΔC21 and ΔS21 provided by the Center for Space Research (CSR) are greatly improved over earlier solutions and agree remarkably well with other estimates, especially on ΔS21 estimates. GRACE and Earth rotation ΔS21 agreement is exceptionally good across a very broad frequency band from intraseasonal, seasonal, to interannual and decadal periods. SLR ΔC20 estimates remain superior to GRACE and Earth rotation estimates, due to the large uncertainty in GRACE ΔC20 solutions and particularly high sensitivity of Earth rotation ΔC20 estimates to errors in the wind fields. With several estimates of ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 variations, it is possible to estimate broadband noise variance and noise power spectra in each, given reasonable assumptions about noise independence. The GRACE CSR release 5 solutions clearly outperform other estimates of ΔC21 and ΔS21 variations with the lowest noise levels over a broad band of frequencies.
Estimating river discharge using multiple‐tide gauges distributed along a channel
Authors: Moftakhari H. R. , Jay D. A. , Talke S. A.
Published: March 2016

Reliable estimation of freshwater inflow to the ocean from large tidal rivers is vital for water resources management and climate analyses. Discharge gauging stations are typically located beyond the tidal intrusion reach, such that inputs and losses occurring closer to the ocean are not included. Here, we develop a method of estimating river discharge using multiple gauges and time‐dependent tidal statistics determined via wavelet analysis. The Multiple‐gauge Tidal Discharge Estimate (MTDE) method is developed using data from the Columbia River and Fraser River estuaries and calibrated against river discharge. Next, we evaluate the general applicability of MTDE by testing an idealized two‐dimensional numerical model, with a convergent cross‐sectional profile, for eighty‐one cases in which nondimensional numbers for friction, river flow, and convergence length scale are varied. The simulations suggest that MTDE is applicable to a variety of tidal systems. Model results and data analyses together suggest that MTDE works best with at least three gauges: a reference station near the river mouth, and two upstream gauges that respond strongly to distinct portions of the observed range of flow. The balance between tidal damping and amplifying factors determines the favorable location of the gauges. Compared to previous studies, the MTDE method improves the time resolution of estimates (from 2.5 to <1 week) and is applicable to systems with mixed diurnal/semidiurnal tides. However, model results suggest that tide‐induced residual flows such as the Stokes drift may still affect the accuracy of MTDE at seaward locations during periods of low river discharge.
A parametrization of 3‐D subgrid‐scale clouds for conventional GCMs: Assessment using A‐Train satellite data and solar radiative transfer characteristics
Authors: Barker Howard W. , Cole Jason N. S. , Li Jiangnan , von Salzen Knut
Published: March 2016

A stochastic algorithm for generating 3‐D cloud fields based on profiles of cloud fraction
and mean cloud water content is presented and assessed using cloud properties inferred from A‐Train satellite data. The ultimate intention is to employ the algorithm, along with 3‐D radiative transfer (RT) models, in Global Climate Models (GCMs). The algorithm approaches cloud fields as whole objects demarcated by contiguous layers with
. This contrasts with conventional GCM radiation routines that deal with clouds on a per‐(arbitrary) layer basis. A‐Train cloud data for August 2007 were partitioned into ∼29,000 domains, each ∼280 km long, to represent nominal GCM columns. For each A‐Train/stochastic pair of domains, profiles of domain‐averaged fluxes were computed by a 1‐D broadband solar RT model in Independent Column Approximation mode. Globally averaged, mean bias error for upwelling radiation at top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) is 6.8 W m−2. Upon advancing the RT model to 2‐D, differences between 1‐D and 2‐D upwelling fluxes at TOA for A‐Train domains differed from corresponding differences for model‐generated domains by ∼1 W m−2, on average, with differences for the model domains exhibiting stronger dependence on solar zenith angle
. Moving on to 3‐D RT for model domains, 1‐D–3‐D differences became slightly stronger functions of
thanks mostly to accentuated 3‐D effects at small
. Simple parametrizations for the stochastic algorithm's variables that govern horizontal and vertical structure of clouds should be adequate to capture the ramifications of systematic neglect of 3‐D solar RT in GCMs.
Observation‐constrained modeling of the ionospheric impact of negative sprites
Authors: Liu Ningyu , Boggs Levi D. , Cummer Steven A.
Published: March 2016

This paper reports observation and modeling of five negative sprites occurring above two Florida thunderstorms. The sprites were triggered by unusual types of negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning discharges with impulse charge moment change ranging from 600 to 1300 C km and charge transfer characterized by a timescale of 0.1–0.2 ms. The negative sprite typically consists of a few generally vertical elements that each contain a bright core and dimmer streamers extending from the core in both downward and upward directions. Modeling results using the measured charge moment change waveforms indicate that the lower ionosphere was significantly modified by the CGs and the lower ionospheric density might have been increased by nearly 4 orders of magnitude due to the most intense CG. Finally, streamer modeling results show that the ionospheric inhomogeneities produced by atmospheric gravity waves can initiate negative sprite streamers, assuming that they can modulate the ionization coefficient.
E
ccles,
J
ohn
C
arew (1903–1997)
Authors: De Sio Fabio
Published: March 2016

John Carew Eccles (1903–1997) was one of the leading neurophysiologists of the twentieth century. A student and collaborator of Charles Scott Sherrington, he devoted most of his scientific life to the study of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the nervous system, and for this he shared the Nobel Prize with Hodgkin and Huxley in 1963. Eccles was a protagonist of the controversy over the nature of synaptic transmission, and in this connection, he developed a neat hypotheticodeductive epistemological stance under the influence of Karl Popper's falsificationism. Eccles held strong philosophical convictions: while methodologically a reductionist, he was fiercely opposed to the materialistic philosophy underlying most of contemporary brain science and developed a dualist‐interactionist account of brain–mind relations.
Population Genetics Analysis of the Origin of Modern
J
apanese
Authors: Nakagome Shigeki , Oota Hiroki
Published: March 2016

Human settlement of the Japanese archipelago is of significant interest for understanding how human populations migrated from the East Asian continent to isolated islands and shifted lifestyles from hunter‐gathering to farming. The hunter‐gathering Jomon period follows the Palaeolithic period but precedes the agricultural Yayoi period. Three hypotheses have been proposed to model the population history in the Japanese archipelago. Two of these are in contrast with each other, hypothesising that lineages leading to modern Japanese are traced back to a single ancestor of indigenous Jomon (the transformation hypothesis) or migrant Yayoi (the replacement hypothesis) people. The third model postulates a hybridisation lineage or an admixture of the two ancestral populations. Recent advances in high‐throughput technology have enabled the application of genome‐scale data to directly test the three models. Several lines of population genetics studies strongly support the hybridisation hypothesis to explain the origin of modern Japanese.

Key Concepts

Prehistory in the Japanese archipelago is characterised by the Jomon and Yayoi cultures.

A major cultural transition from the Jomon period to the Yayoi period is a shift in lifestyles from hunter‐gathering to farming.

Three demographic models have been proposed to explain the origin of modern Japanese: transformation, replacement and hybridisation.

A dual structure hypothesis is based on the hybridisation model and assumes that modern Japanese is admixed between the indigenous Jomon and migrated Yayoi people, and the degree of admixture varies among local populations in the Japanese archipelago.

Population genetics analyses have been performed to make inferences about the evolutionary history of modern Japanese.

Genomic data, as well as genetic data from a single locus or small number of loci, support the hybridisation hypothesis to explain the origin of modern Japanese.

Statistical modelling based on genomic data shows a complex history characterised with the population stratification of the Jomon people in the Japanese archipelago.
Ego‐depletion and aggressive behavior
Authors: Barlett Christopher , Oliphant Hannah , Gregory Wesley , Jones Dorian
Published: March 2016

Multiple theoretical frameworks postulate that ego‐depletion can influence aggressive behavior. Our experimental study assessed whether ego‐depletion is related to aggressive behavioral change and whether provocation moderated this effect. Aggression was measured by asking participants to take raffle tickets from an ostensible partner. First, participants were randomly assigned to either high or low ego‐depletion (by having them memorize a short or long number throughout the entire study) prior to engaging in the first ticket exchange. Participants were then either provoked (or not) by having their “partner” take more or fewer tickets than the partner originally requested. The ticket exchange occurred three times to assess behavioral change. Results showed that aggression was highest for ego depleted participants who were provoked. Implications are discussed in terms of the General Aggression Model and the Strength Model of Self‐Control. Aggr. Behav. 42:533–541, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antioxidants inhibit neuronal toxicity in Parkinson's disease‐linked LRRK2
Authors: Angeles Dario C. , Ho Patrick , Dymock Brian W. , Lim Kah‐Leong , Zhou Zhi‐Dong , Tan Eng‐King
Published: March 2016

Mutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease. The prevalent G2019S mutation increase oxidative, kinase and toxic activity and inhibit endogenous peroxidases. We initially screened a library of 84 antioxidants and identified seven phenolic compounds that inhibited kinase activity on leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 substrates. The representative antioxidants (piceatannol, thymoquinone, and esculetin) with strong kinase inhibitor activity, reduced loss in dopaminergic neurons, oxidative dysfunction, and locomotor defects in G2019S‐expressing neuronal and Drosophila models compared to weak inhibitors. We provide proof of principle that natural antioxidants with dual antioxidant and kinase inhibitor properties could be useful for leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2‐linked Parkinson's disease.
Accurate Second Harmonic Generation Microimprinting in Glassy Oxide Materials
Authors: Dussauze Marc , Rodriguez Vincent , Adamietz Frédéric , Yang Guang , Bondu Flavie , Lepicard Antoine , Chafer Mathieu , Cardinal Thierry , Fargin Evelyne
Published: March 2016

Spatial and geometry controls of second order optical properties at the micrometer scale have been achieved on borophosphate niobium glasses by thermal poling using micropatterned anode electrodes. Electrode structuring should induce local field enhancement, which is observed at the edges of an indium tin oxide‐ablated layer. A lateral poling effect governs the geometry and the strength of the electric field implemented. The potential of such process to fabricate large scale microstructured periodical design of second order optical properties has been demonstrated.
Reversible Laser‐Induced Amplified Spontaneous Emission from Coexisting Tetragonal and Orthorhombic Phases in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Panzer Fabian , Baderschneider Sebastian , Gujar Tanaji P. , Unger Thomas , Bagnich Sergey , Jakoby Marius , Bässler Heinz , Hüttner Sven , Köhler Jürgen , Moos Ralf , Thelakkat Mukundan , Hildner Richard , Köhler Anna
Published: March 2016

The photoluminescence in a lead halide perovskite is measured for different temperatures (5–300 K) and excitation fluences (21–1615 μJ cm−2). It is found that amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is observed for an excitation density larger than about 1 × 1018 cm−3 for both the tetragonal phase above 163 K and the orthorhombic phase below about 163 K. The fluence that is required to obtain this excitation density depends on temperature and phase since the nonradiative decay of excitations is temperature activated with different activation energies of and for the tetragonal and orthorhombic phase, respectively. The ASE from the tetragonal phase—usually prevailing at temperatures above about 163 K—can also be observed at 5 K, in addition to the ASE from the orthorhombic phase, when the sample is previously exposed to a fluence exceeding 630 μJ cm−2 at a photon energy of 3.68 eV. This additional ASE can be removed by mild heating to 35 K or optically, by exposing the sample by typically a few seconds with a fluence around 630 μJ cm−2. The physical mechanism underlying this optically induced phase transition process is discussed. It is demonstrated that this phase change can, in principle, be used for an all‐optical “write–read–erase” memory device.
Novel Bismaleimide Resins Modified by Allyl Compound Containing Liquid Crystalline Structure
Authors: Wang Kaixiang , Wang Yuanying , Chen Ping , Xia Lianlian , Xiong Xuhai
Published: March 2016

A novel allyl compound containing liquid crystalline structure, i.e., 4,4’‐bis(4‐allyloxy benzoic acid) phenyl ester (BAOBE), was synthesized. The chemical structure of BAOBE was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectra, and the liquid crystalline properties were confirmed by polarized optical microscopy (POM). Besides, a series of modified bismaleimide (BMI) resins were prepared based on N,N′‐4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethylene (BDM), BAOBE, and O,O’‐diallyl bisphenol A (DABPA). The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicate that the modified resins have excellent thermal stability with the highest temperatures for 5% weight loss above 438°C. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) suggest that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the modified resins are above 280°C. Besides, the introduction of BAOBE leads to a significant improvement in the flexural and impact properties of the modified BMI resins. Compared with the resin with only DABPA as a modifier, the highest flexural and impact strength can reach 156.2 MPa and 15.6 kJ/m2, increased by 19.2% and 90.2%, respectively.
Two‐Dimensional Fluorinated Graphene: Synthesis, Structures, Properties and Applications
Authors: Feng Wei , Long Peng , Feng Yiyu , Li Yu
Published: March 2016

Fluorinated graphene, an up‐rising member of the graphene family, combines a two‐dimensional layer‐structure, a wide bandgap, and high stability and attracts significant attention because of its unique nanostructure and carbon–fluorine bonds. Here, we give an extensive review of recent progress on synthetic methods and C–F bonding; additionally, we present the optical, electrical and electronic properties of fluorinated graphene and its electrochemical/biological applications. Fluorinated graphene exhibits various types of C–F bonds (covalent, semi‐ionic, and ionic bonds), tunable F/C ratios, and different configurations controlled by synthetic methods including direct fluorination and exfoliation methods. The relationship between the types/amounts of C–F bonds and specific properties, such as opened bandgap, high thermal and chemical stability, dispersibility, semiconducting/insulating nature, magnetic, self‐lubricating and mechanical properties and thermal conductivity, is discussed comprehensively. By optimizing the C–F bonding character and F/C ratios, fluorinated graphene can be utilized for energy conversion and storage devices, bioapplications, electrochemical sensors and amphiphobicity. Based on current progress, we propose potential problems of fluorinated graphene as well as the future challenge on the synthetic methods and C‐F bonding character. This review will provide guidance for controlling C–F bonds, developing fluorine‐related effects and promoting the application of fluorinated graphene.
Impact of Public Infrastructure on Output of U.S. Food Manufacturing Industries: A Heterogeneous Dynamic Panel Approach
Authors: Tong Tingting , Yu T. Edward , Jensen Kimberly , De La Torre Ugarte Daniel , Cho Seong‐Hoon
Published: March 2016

This study analyzes the long‐run impacts of public infrastructure on output of 34 U.S. food manufacturing/processing industries during 1958–2000 using heterogeneous dynamic panel methods, including mean group and pooled mean group methods. The results suggest that public infrastructure has a long‐term output impact across U.S. food manufacturing and processing industries. A 1% increase in public infrastructure increases U.S. food manufacturing output by 0.06% in the long run. The long‐run positive impact of public infrastructure on food output suggests its importance to the food manufacturing sector of continuous public infrastructure investment [EconLit citations: Q13; H54; C33].
Coumarinyl azoimidazolyl complexes of osmium(II) hydridocarbonyls: spectroscopic and structural characterization, oxidation catalysis, photovoltaic effect and density functional theory computation
Authors: Datta Papia , Sardar Dibakar , Panda Uttam , Halder Ajanta , Manik Nabin Baran , Chen Chun‐Jung , Sinha Chittaranjan
Published: March 2016

Os(II) hydridocarbonyl complexes of coumarinyl azoimidazoles, [Osh(CO)(PPh3)2(CZ‐4R‐R′)]0/+ (3, 4) (CZ‐R‐H = 2‐(coumarinyl‐6‐azo)‐4‐substituted imidazole or 1‐alkyl‐2‐(coumarinyl‐6‐azo)‐4‐substituted imidazole), were characterized from spectroscopic data and the single‐crystal X‐ray data for one of the complexes, [Osh(CO)(PPh3)2(CZ‐4‐Ph)] (3c) (CZ‐4‐Ph = 2‐(coumarinyl‐6‐azo)‐4‐phenylimidazolate), confirmed the structure. The complexes show higher emission (quantum yield ϕ = 0.0163–0.16) and longer lifetime (τ = 1.4–10.3 ns) than free ligands (ϕ = 0.0012–0.0185 and τ = 0.685–1.306 ns). Cyclic voltammetry shows quasi‐reversible metal oxidation at 0.67–0.94 V for [Os(III)/Os(II)] and 1.21–1.36 V for [Os(IV)/Os(III)] and subsequent azo reductions (−0.68 to −0.95 V for [NN]/[N N]− and irreversible < −1.2 V for [N N]−/[NN]2−) of the chelated coumarinyl azoimidazole. The complexes are photostable and show better photovoltaic power conversion efficiency than free ligands. Also, the complexes were used as catalysts for the oxidation of primary/secondary alcohols to aldehydes/ketones using oxidizing agents like N‐methylmorpholine N‐oxide, t‐BuOOH and H2O2. Density functional theory computation was carried out from the optimized structures and the data obtained were used to interpret the electronic and photovoltaic properties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.