bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On-farm evaluation of a crop forecast-based approach for season-specific nitrogen application in winter wheat
Authors: M. Palka , A.M. Manschadi
Published: August 2024

Inadequate nitrogen (N)-fertilisation practices, that fail to consider seasonally variable weather conditions and their impacts on crop yield potential and N-requirements, cause reduced crop N-use efficiency. As a result, both the ecological and economic sustainability of crop production systems are put at risk. The aim of this study was to develop a season-specific crop forecasting approach that allows for a targeted application of N in winter wheat while maintaining farm revenue compared to empirical N-fertilisation practices. The crop forecasts of this study were generated using the process-based crop model SSM in combination with state-of-the-art seasonal ensemble weather forecasts (SEAS5) for the case study region of Eastern Austria. Results from three winter wheat on-farm experiments showed a significant reduction in applied N when implementing a crop forecast-based N-application approach (-43.33 kgN ha-1, -23.42%) compared to empirical N-application approaches, without compromising revenue from high-quality grain sales. The benefit of this reduced N-application approach was quantified through the economic return to applied N (ERAN). While maintaining revenue, the lower amounts of applied N led to significant benefits of + 30.22% (+ 2.20 € kgN-1) in ERAN.
Performance paradox of dynamic matching models under greedy policies
Authors: Ana Bušić , Arnaud Cadas , Josu Doncel , Jean-Michel Fourneau
Published: August 2024

We consider the stochastic matching model on a non-bipartite compatibility graph and analyze the impact of adding an edge to the expected number of items in the system. One may see adding an edge as increasing the flexibility of the system, for example, asking a family registering for social housing to list fewer requirements in order to be compatible with more housing units. Therefore, it may be natural to think that adding edges to the compatibility graph will lead to a decrease in the expected number of items in the system and the waiting time to be assigned. In our previous work, we proved this is not always true for the First Come First Matched discipline and provided sufficient conditions for the existence of the performance paradox: despite a new edge in the compatibility graph, the expected total number of items can increase. These sufficient conditions are related to the heavy-traffic assumptions in queueing systems. The intuition behind this is that the performance paradox occurs when the added edge in the compatibility graph disrupts the draining of a bottleneck. In this paper, we generalize this performance paradox result to a family of so-called greedy matching policies and explore the type of compatibility graphs where such a paradox occurs. Intuitively, a greedy matching policy never leaves compatible items unassigned, so the state space of the system consists of finite words of item classes that belong to an independent set of the compatibility graph. Some examples of greedy matching policies are First Come First Match, Match the Longest, Match the Shortest, Random, Priority. We prove several results about the existence of performance paradoxes for greedy disciplines for some family of graphs. More precisely, we prove several results about the lifting of the paradox from one graph to another one. For a certain family of graphs, we prove that there exists a paradox for the whole family of greedy policies. Most of these results are based on strong aggregation of Markov chains and graph theoretical properties.
Valorizing date palm spikelets into activated carbon-derived composite for methyl orange adsorption: advancing circular bioeconomy in wastewater treatment—a comprehensive study on its equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanisms
Authors: Al-Hazeef Mazen S. F. , Aidi Amel , Hecini Lynda , Osman Ahmed I. , Hasan Gamil Gamal , Althamthami Mohammed , Ziad Sabrina , Otmane Tarik , Rooney David W.
Published: August 2024

Leveraging date palm spikelets (DPS) as a precursor, this study developed a DPS-derived composite (ZnO@DPS-AC) for water treatment, focusing on methyl orange (MO) removal. The composite was synthesized through ZnCl2 activation and pyrolysis at 600 °C. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDS, and pHPZC. Characterization revealed a highly carbonaceous material (> 74% carbon) with significant porosity and surface functional groups. ZnO@DPS-AC demonstrated rapid MO removal, achieving over 45% reduction within 10 min and up to 99% efficiency under optimized conditions. The Langmuir model-calculated maximum adsorption capacity reached 226.81 mg/g at 20 °C. Adsorption mechanisms involved hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and pore filling. The composite showed effectiveness in treating real wastewater and removing other pollutants. This study highlights the potential of agricultural waste valorization in developing efficient, sustainable adsorbents for water remediation, contributing to circular bioeconomy principles.
Important considerations in machine learning-based landslide susceptibility assessment under future climate conditions
Authors: Han Yi , Semnani Shabnam J.
Published: August 2024

Rainfall-induced landslides have caused a large amount of economic losses and casualties over the years. Machine learning techniques have been widely applied in recent years to assess landslide susceptibility over regions of interest. However, a number of challenges limit the reliability and performance of machine learning-based landslide models. In particular, class imbalance in the dataset, selection of landslide conditioning factors, and potential extrapolation problems for landslide prediction under future conditions need to be carefully addressed. In this work, we introduce methodologies to address these challenges using XGBoost to train the landslide prediction model. Data resampling techniques are adopted to improve the model performance with the imbalanced dataset. Various models are trained and their performances are evaluated using a combination of different metrics. The results show that synthetic minority oversampling technique combined with the proposed gridded hyperspace sampling technique performs better than the other imbalance learning techniques with XGBoost. Subsequently, the extrapolation performance of the XGBoost model is evaluated, showing that the predictions remain valid for the projected climate conditions. As a case study, landslide susceptibility maps in California, USA are generated using the developed model and are compared with the historical California landslide catalog. These results suggest that the developed model can be of great significance in global landslide susceptibility mapping under climate change scenarios.
Forgotten fish and food reterritorialization: a Swedish citizen- and professional initiative to re-embed seafood
Authors: Vesterberg Viktor , Gillette Maris Boyd
Published: August 2024

Mounting evidence demonstrates that the global food system degrades the environment, disenfranchises small-scale producers, and homogenizes foodways. Given that more than 50% of seafood worldwide enters international trade, efforts at transformation must attend to seafood as well as agricultural products. In this article, we investigate a Swedish citizen- and professional initiative, designed and implemented by the culinary civil-society organization Rutabaga Academy that reimagined Swedish seafood provisioning. Forgotten Fish: Heritage for the Future of Sustainable Fish Consumption assembled small-scale fishers, chefs, and other actors to “joyfully explore” the taste of abundant, locally available seafood and its potential for mitigating the homogeneity of fish in large-scale consumption circuits, threats to marine ecosystems and fish populations in Swedish waters, and the disadvantages of the existing food system for local fishers, heritage, and gastronomy. Participants tasted “forgotten” fish species that once played a role in local cuisines while articulating the values of the seafood provisioning system they wanted. We use concepts from Polanyi’s The Great Transformation to explore the initiative, interrogating the roles of participants in reterritorializing seafood production and consumption and the tensions characterizing their diverse visions. Participants shared a conviction that change was needed, and a belief that celebrity chefs could catalyse this change, yet the values they prioritized varied depending on their position in the food system, with different consequences for what reterritorializing seafood meant and for whom. Fishers were essential for re-embedding seafood in local and regional contexts, while chefs contributed primarily by building communities of concern around forgotten fish.
Deciphering nitrogen concentrations in Metasequoia glyptostroboides: a novel approach using RGB images and machine learning
Authors: Ma Cong , Tong Ran , Zhu Nianfu , Yuan Wenwen , Li Yanji , Wang G. Geoff , Wu Tonggui
Published: August 2024

Recent advances in spectral sensing techniques and machine learning (ML) methods have enabled the estimation of plant physiochemical traits. Nitrogen (N) is a primary limiting factor for terrestrial forest growth, but traditional methods for N determination are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and destructive. In this study, we present a rapid, non-destructive method to predict leaf N concentration (LNC) in Metasequoia glyptostroboides plantations under N and phosphorus (P) fertilization using ML techniques and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)- based RGB (red, green, blue) images. Nine spectral vegetation indices (VIs) were extracted from the RGB images. The spectral reflectance and VIs were used as input features to construct models for estimating LNC based on support vector machine, random forest (RF), and multiple linear regression, gradient boosting regression and classification and regression trees (CART). The results show that RF is the best fitting model for estimating LNC with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.73. Using this model, we evaluated the effects of N and P treatments on LNC and found a significant increase with N and a decrease with P. Height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and crown width of all M. glyptostroboides were analyzed by Pearson correlation with the predicted LNC. DBH was significantly correlated with LNC under N treatment. Our results highlight the potential of combining UAV RGB images with an ML algorithm as an efficient, scalable, and cost-effective method for LNC quantification. Future research can extend this approach to different tree species and different plant traits, paving the way for large-scale, time-efficient plant growth monitoring.
Programmable acoustic modular microrobots
Authors: Cherukumilli Subrahmanyam , Kirmizitas Fatma Ceren , Rivas David P. , Sokolich Max , Karakan M. Cagatay , White Alice E. , Das Sambeeta
Published: August 2024

The field of microrobotics has emerged as a promising area of research with significant applications in biomedicine, both in vitro and in vivo, such as targeted cargo delivery, microsurgery, and cellular manipulation. Microrobots actuated with multiple modalities have the potential for greater adaptability, robustness, and capability to perform various tasks. Modular units that can reconfigure into various shapes, create structures that may be difficult to fabricate as one whole unit, and be assembled on-site, could provide more versatility by assembly and disassembly of units on demand. Such multi-modal modular microrobots have the potential to address challenging applications. Here, we present a biocompatible cylindrical microrobot with a dome-shaped cavity. The microrobot is actuated by both magnetic and acoustic fields and forms modular microstructures of various shapes. We demonstrate the use of these microrobots for cellular manipulation by creating patterns on a surface.
Inflammatory Linear Verrucous Epidermal Nevus (ILVEN): A Scarce Cognate with a Neoplasia
Authors: R Jayavarmaa , Das Gaurav
Published: August 2024

Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) is a rare type of cutaneous nevus that has female predilection which occurs at birth or infancy and evolves along Blaschko’s lines, perceived unilaterally, over the buttocks, legs, and arms. In this case report, ILVEN was associated with multiple ulcero-proliferative skin lesions over the dorsum of the left foot, which on biopsy were proven to be malignant adnexal tumors. A 51-year-old female presented with linear, scaly, and verrucous skin lesions on her left buttock, thigh, and leg unilaterally along Blaschko’s lines after birth. Post-operative biopsy taken from the dorsum of the foot reveals trichoepithelioma. Biopsy taken from the back of the thigh and leg reveals inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus. Single-stage surgical resection of both lesions, performed with primary closure of all the areas, except the gluteal region which is closed by V–Y advancement flap. The outcome was satisfactory for the patient after surgical resection and reconstruction. No recurrence was detected during the follow-up visits. ILVEN is an uncommon type of hyperplastic cutaneous disease. ILVEN perchance associated with malignancy. Henceforth, it has to be considered during the evaluation of similar lesions for optimal treatment intervention.
Holographic visual cues for mission task elements
Authors: Jusko Tim , Walko Christian , Kante Louis
Published: August 2024

Mission task elements (MTEs) are commonly used to evaluate the handling qualities (HQs) of rotorcraft. However, the traditional approach of physical ground courses faces challenges due to evolving rotorcraft designs and flight profiles. Infrastructure limitations and lack of flexibility for research pose significant obstacles, particularly for high-speed tasks. The emergence of new air vehicles, such as eVTOLs in the civil sector and future vertical lift configurations in the military domain, requires an adapted visual cueing process for previously unaddressed mission profiles. This paper proposes an innovative solution: an augmented reality (AR) system utilizing a head-mounted display to create virtual MTE courses called holographic visual cues (HVCs). A piloted simulation campaign performed at DLR’s AVES simulator compares the effectiveness of HVCs with dome projection-based visual cues, evaluating the performance of the AR system. The study investigated the impact of holographic visual cues on pilot handling qualities, workload ratings, and task performance, finding that although these cues typically do not significantly alter pilot ratings, individual responses varied, highlighting both the technology’s potential and the need for further refinement.
Predicting Teachers’ Burnout from Self-Efficacy Dimensions and Prejudice Toward Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Glock Sabine , Costa Sara
Published: August 2024

Teacher self-efficacy has been shown to be a protective factor for teachers’ feelings of burnout, whereas ethnic prejudice might be a risk factor. Ethnic minority students are often perceived negatively and are associated with low motivation, a large number of classroom disruptions, and discipline problems. Prejudice toward these students can impact teaching practices and create a negative environment, leading to stressful situations. In the current study, we explored the associations between different teacher self-efficacy dimensions and ethnic prejudice in three dimensions of burnout in a sample of 84 preservice and inservice teachers from Italy and Germany. Results showed that teacher self-efficacy in classroom management one factor that protects teachers against emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment. However, teacher self-efficacy did not have a significant impact on feelings of depersonalization, which was mainly predicted by prejudice toward ethnic minorities. This study lays the base for potential interventions targeting the reduction of ethnic prejudice among teachers and preservice teachers. The findings suggest that addressing ethnic prejudice may be valuable, but further research is crucial to comprehensively investigate the multifaceted outcomes of possible interventions and their potential impact on both teachers and students.
Study on the Yield Surface of a Fibre-Reinforced Stabilised Soil – Effect of the Number of Loading Cycles
Authors: Martins Ligia A. , Correia António A.S. , Venda Oliveira Paulo J. , Lemos Luis J. L.
Published: August 2024

Cyclic loading may induce changes in the geomechanical behaviour of materials that should be characterised. This work studies the impact of the number of loading cycles on the mechanical behaviour of a fibre-reinforced stabilised soil focusing on its behaviour before failure (yield surface). To this end, an experimental testing program based on triaxial tests was performed on samples not subjected to a cycling loading stage, as well as on samples previously subjected to a cycling loading stage varying the number of loading cycles from 1,000 to 100,000. The results were studied in terms of the accumulated permanent axial strain and the yield surface of the composite material. It was observed that increasing the number of loading cycles led to a rise in the accumulated permanent axial strain and in the undrained resilient modulus. The results also showed an expansion of the yield surface during the first 1,000 loading cycles (the yield occurs later due to the partial mobilization of the tensile strength of the fibres during the cyclic stage) but its shape is maintained. The results also showed a progressive reduction in the yield loci with the increase in the number of loading cycles, reflecting the greater degradation of the solid matrix induced by the accumulated permanent axial strains.
A comprehensive review on realization of self-cleaning surfaces by additive manufacturing
Authors: Sherin Thanseeha , Motapothula Mallikarjuna Rao , Dalapati Goutam Kumar , Ramakrishna Seeram , Sangaraju Sambasivam , Chakrabortty Sabyasachi , Krishnamurthy Satheesh , Ghosh Siddhartha
Published: August 2024

Self-cleaning surfaces revolutionizing the technology world due to their novel property of cleaning themselves, and its multi-functional self-cleaning surfaces exhibit at least one or more functional properties (transparent, conducting, anti-bacterial, anti-corrosion, etc.) This review article focuses on the fundamentals of wettability, material parameters controlling surface wettability and three different paths to realization of self-cleaning surfaces, i.e., (i) super-hydrophobic, (ii) super-hydrophilic and (iii) photocatalytic. The subsequent part of the article mostly focuses on the super-hydrophobic path towards realizing self-cleaning surfaces. In the super-hydrophobic path, the objective is to make the surface extremely repellent to water so that water droplets slide and ‘roll off’ from the surface. The next section of the review article focuses on the role of additive manufacturing in the fabrication of super-hydrophobic micro-structures. Amidst the different fabrication processes of self-cleaning surfaces, additive manufacturing stays ahead as it has the manufacturing capacity to create complex micro-structures in a scalable and cost-effective manner. A few prominent types of additive manufacturing processes were strategically chosen which are based on powder bed fusion, vat photopolymerization, material extrusion and material jetting techniques. All these additive manufacturing techniques have been extensively reviewed, and the relative advantages and challenges faced by each during the scalable and affordable fabrication of super-hydrophobic self-cleaning surfaces have been discussed. The article concludes with the latest developments in this field of research and future potential. These surfaces are key to answer sustainable development goals in manufacturing industries.

Graphical abstract
Port performance indicators construction based on the AIS-generated trajectory segmentation and classification
Authors: Wijaya Wayan Mahardhika , Nakamura Yasuhiro
Published: August 2024

With coverage of worldwide shipping routes and straightforward accessibility, vessels’ navigational data from AIS have emerged as a potential leading source of knowledge for maritime stakeholders. However, transforming the raw AIS messages into meaningful indicators requires comprehensive work that involves enrichment with multiple relevant data sources. In this study, a fain-grained technique to process AIS tracks for the purpose of constructing port performance indicators is proposed. The technique involves trajectory segmentation to separate the stopping and underway segments of AIS-generated trajectories and trajectory classification to identify moored and at-anchor vessels from the stopping segments. With the fusion of relevant information, the method estimates the port boundary and identifies the associated berthing and anchorage locations to estimate turnaround time and construct port connectivity indicators. AIS datasets recorded over eight months covering the waters of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, known as one of the world’s busiest shipping routes, are selected to evaluate the proposed method. The trajectory segmentation demonstrated 98–99% accuracy, while the classification achieved 95–97%. The estimation of the vessel turnaround time closely matched the UNCTAD data with an error rate of 2.9%. These results prove the proposed approach’s practicality in contributing to the real-world scenario.
Understanding Evacuation Behavior During Cyclones: Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Khan Mohammad Asif Hasan , Mozumder Pallab , Halim Nafisa , Meng Sisi
Published: August 2024

Due to its unique location, Bangladesh often faces devastating hydroclimatic shocks such as floods and cyclones. In the recent past, three major cyclones (Sidr in 2007, Aila in 2009, and Komen in 2015) claimed 3800 lives and damaged hundreds of thousands of houses with billions of dollars in property damages. In this paper, we focus on understanding people's evacuation behaviors in the face of approaching cyclones using survey data collected through face-to-face interviews with residents living in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Through various statistical models, including probit, panel probit, bivariate probit, and multinomial logit models, we have explored the determinants of both past and future evacuation decisions, as well as the choice of evacuation destinations. Our findings reveal consistent patterns across different cyclone events, highlighting the significant roles played by warning time, proximity to the coast, property loss, shelter accessibility, housing structure, literacy, past evacuation experiences, and demographic factors such as age, gender, and employment status. Additionally, the analysis of evacuation destinations uncovers nuanced insights into the preferences and challenges faced by evacuees, including the need for improving shelter accessibility. With rising vulnerabilities in coastal areas in Bangladesh and worldwide, identifying what drives households' evacuation decisions and their destination choices can provide useful inputs for evacuation planning and effective disaster management.
Effect of pulsed electric field on viability of Fusarium micromycetes
Authors: Palicova Jana , Chrpova Jana , Tobolkova Anna , Ovesna Jaroslava , Stranska Milena
Published: August 2024

Fusarium species are one of the most studied fungal pathogens of cereals. They cause Fusarium head blight or stem base diseases that are risky not only in terms of yield losses but also due to mycotoxins production. Several strategies are used to prevent Fusarium colonisation of plants, including fungicide treatment. However, according to the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the use of fungicides needs to be reduced, and therefore, alternative seed treatments should be sought. One possible method is the use of a pulsed electric field (PEF) that could kill or remove the fungi from the grains surface. The sensitivity of fungi to PEF treatment was first investigated. Spore suspensions of four Fusarium species (F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides) were treated in a continuous PEF system (OMNIPEF; VITAVE, Czech Republic), and spore viability was subsequently assessed on an artificial medium. Different species of the genus Fusarium showed statistically significant differences in their response to PEF. As the frequency increased from 450 to 900 Hz, the number of viable spores gradually decreased for all Fusarium species tested. Fusarium poae responded already at the lowest frequency of 450 Hz with a strong reduction in spore viability (only 9.4% of spores survived). At the same frequency, 15.3% of F. graminearum spores, 28.9% of F. sporotrichioides spores, and 53.4% of F. culmorum spores remained viable.
Investigation of effective parameters on Fe/Ta thin films by plasma focus device: number of shots and distance from tip anode
Authors: EbneRasool ArezooSadat , AdibAmini Shaghayegh , Sari Amir Hossein
Published: August 2024

This experimental investigation is the first to generate a surface iron-tantalum (Fe/Ta) alloy as a sublayer-layer using a plasma focus device. Examining how ion beams from a plasma focus device alloy iron and tantalum with varying melting points is one of the key objectives of this study. Fe/Ta thin film nanostructure and surface morphology were also examined. The distance from the tip anode and the varied number of shots are the experimental variables. Although tantalum's melting point (3020 $$^\circ{\rm C}$$

∘

C

) is generally known to be near to that of iron (2862 $$^\circ{\rm C}$$

∘

C

), it is possible that iron vaporizes and partial alloying of iron with tantalum occurs before tantalum reaches its melting point. Fe/Ta thin film identification techniques include scanning electron microscopy, mapping of cross-section, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction pattern. Additionally, the composition of multilayer structures is examined using EDS. In conclusion, the results of the X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the number of shots had a significant impact on the residual strain degree of the thin films that were deposited. Furthermore, structures made of FeTa and Fe2Ta were produced. Additionally, photos from scanning electron microscopy and cross-section mapping verify that the sample with five shots at an 8 cm distance from the tip anode formed a uniform Fe/Ta alloy structure. The sample with five shots at a distance of 4 cm from the tip anode formed micro-island structures, as seen by scanning electron microscopy, with decreasing distance. Furthermore, depth elemental distribution revealed that the optimal depth of penetration in a homogenous material to develop alloying is best determined by number of PF shots.
Development and quality evaluation of cookies enriched with various levels of grapefruit pomace powder
Authors: Kausar Tusneem , Saeed Esha , Hussain Ashiq , Firdous Nida , Bibi Barira , Kabir Khurram , Ul An Qurat , Ali Muhammad Qasim , Najam Ayesha , Ahmed Adnan , Yaqub Shazia , Elkhedir Abdeen Elsiddig
Published: August 2024

Grapefruit pomace, has been considered a valuable waste byproduct and a rich source of health promoting and functional components. The present work aims to prepare a flour by hot air drying of grapefruit pomace, in order to explore and incorporate it into the formulation of cookies at a level of 0, 5, 10 and 15% replacement with the straight grade wheat flour. The effect of grapefruit pomace powder on the physical, bioactive, chemical, textural and organoleptic properties of the cookies was assessed. Results showed the presence of 8.25% fibre, 9.63% ash, 8.96 mg/GAE g total phenolic content, 3.64 mg QE/g total flavonoid content, 2.05 mg/g total carotenoid contents and 42.12% antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) in the grapefruit pomace powder. The addition of pomace powder at varying amount in the cookies resulted in significant (p < 0.05) change in the chemical and bioactive composition. A significant increase in the fibre (1.58–3.10%), ash content (0.58–1.25%) and fat (20.19–22.05%) and significant decrease in crude protein content (6.79–5.20%) was observed in the cookies having 0–15% grapefruit pomace powder. Similarly, bioactive contents and antioxidant activity of the cookies was also significantly (p < 0.05) increased as the level of incorporation of grapefruit pomace powder was increased. Significant changes in the physical properties of the cookies were also observed, as diameter and thickness were decreased and hardness of the cookies was increased. Cookies containing 10% grapefruit pomace powder got significantly high scores in terms of taste and overall acceptability. It could be concluded that the use of grapefruit pomace powder has potential to enhance the nutritional and antioxidant potential of the cookies.
The HadGEM3‐GC3.1 Contribution to the CMIP6 Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project
Authors: Jones Gareth S. , Andrews Martin B. , Andrews Timothy , Blockley Ed , Ciavarella Andrew , Christidis Nikos , Cotterill Daniel F. , Lott Fraser C. , Ridley Jeff , Stott Peter A.
Published: August 2024

The UK contribution to the Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP), part of the sixth phase of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), is described. The lower atmosphere and ocean resolution configuration of the latest Hadley Centre global environmental model, HadGEM3‐GC3.1, is used to create simulations driven either with historical changes in anthropogenic well‐mixed greenhouse gases, anthropogenic aerosols, or natural climate factors. Global mean near‐surface air temperatures from the HadGEM3‐GC31‐LL simulations are consistent with CMIP6 model ensembles for the equivalent experiments. While the HadGEM3‐GC31‐LL simulations with anthropogenic and natural forcing factors capture the overall observed warming, the lack of marked simulated warming until the 1990s is diagnosed as due to aerosol cooling mostly offsetting the well‐mixed greenhouse gas warming until then. The model has unusual temperature variability over the Southern Ocean related to occasional deep convection bringing heat to the surface. This is most prominent in the model's aerosol only simulations, which have the curious feature of warming in the high southern latitudes, while the rest of the globe cools, a behavior not seen in other CMIP6 models. This has implications for studies that assume model responses, from different climate drivers, can be linearly combined. While DAMIP was predominantly designed for detection and attribution studies, the experiments are also very valuable for understanding how different climate drivers influence a model, and thus for interpretating the responses of combined anthropogenic and natural driven simulations. We recommend institutions provide model simulations for the high priority DAMIP experiments.
Cenozoic Pulsed Rise and Growth of the Chinese South Tianshan Revealed by Zircon and Apatite Provenance Analyses: Implications for Stepwise Aridification in the Tarim Basin
Authors: Xiang Dunfeng , Zhang Zhiyong , Chew David , Jolivet Marc , Malusà Marco G. , Zack Thomas , Wu Lin , Guo Chao , Wang Nan , Xiao Wenjiao
Published: August 2024

Cenozoic uplift in the Tianshan played an important role in driving Proto‐Paratethys Sea retreat and Asian aridification. However, most paleoclimate studies have focused on the Pamir‐Tianshan corridor, and frequently overlook the role of the entire Tianshan range in modifying the Central Asian climate during Cenozoic uplift. When and how Cenozoic deformation of Tianshan was initiated and propagated are intensively debated which makes its role in contributing to climate change in Central Asia more ambiguous. To address this issue, this study presents new detrital zircon U‐Pb and detrital apatite U‐Pb and fission track age data from Cenozoic sedimentary successions (54–0 Ma) in the northern margin of the Tarim Basin and integrates these data with published provenance data from adjacent regions. Our results show that deformation/uplift of the Baicheng‐Kuqa Depression and the South Tianshan occurred at ∼41–37 Ma and ∼24 Ma, when topographic growth of South Tianshan began to block the flow of sediment from the north. Continued uplift of the South Tianshan completely blocked fluvial transport from the Central Tianshan‐Yili Block by ∼10 Ma, as shown by the paucity of 380–310 Ma detrital zircons/apatites. Far‐field, north‐directed compressive stress resulting from the India‐Asia collision began to propagate toward the South Tianshan and its foreland during the Late Eocene, and continued to propagate into the South Tianshan and northward at the ∼24 Ma and 10 Ma. Finally, we suggest a two‐stage of aridification in the Tarim Basin which can be linked to two stages (∼24 and 10 Ma) of growth of the Tianshan.
TPTNet: A Data‐Driven Temperature Prediction Model Based on Turbulent Potential Temperature
Authors: Park Jun , Lee Changhoon
Published: August 2024

A data‐driven model for predicting the surface temperature using neural networks was proposed to alleviate the computational burden of numerical weather prediction (NWP). Our model, named TPTNet uses only 2 m temperature measured at the weather stations of the South Korean Peninsula as input to predict the local temperature at finite forecast hours. The turbulent fluctuation component of the temperature was extracted from the station measurements by separating the climatology component accounting for the yearly and daily variations. The effect of station altitude was then compensated by introducing a potential temperature. The resulting turbulent potential temperature (TPT) data at irregularly distributed stations were used as input for predicting the TPT at forecast hours through three trained networks based on convolutional neural network, Swin Transformer, and a graph neural network. By comparing the prediction performance of our network with that of persistence and NWP, we found that our model can make predictions comparable to NWP for up to 12 hr.
Impact of Soil Moisture Updates on Temperature Forecasting
Authors: Ha Soyoung , Sun Juanzhen
Published: August 2024

The impact of land variables on temperature forecasts in atmospheric cycling is often underestimated or overlooked. This oversight primarily occurs due to the abundance of meteorological measurements available for assimilation and partly because soil states are assumed to be quickly reset by atmospheric forcing, such as precipitation, justifying no spin‐ups or no updates of soil states during cycling. In this study, by updating soil moisture every 6 hr using different analysis data sets for May 2019, considerable discrepancies were found, highlighting large uncertainties in soil moisture analysis. Different soil moisture analyses produced systematically different temperature forecasts, with errors growing over cycles to be comparable to a typical error magnitude of 2‐m temperature observations (∼2°K). This study demonstrates that temperature forecasts are significantly influenced by whether and how soil moisture is updated, not only near the surface but also up to the low‐mid troposphere and throughout the cycles.
Characterizing the Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Viscous Interaction at Uranus and Neptune
Authors: Donaldson Katelin , Olsen Angela J. , Paty Carol S. , Caggiano Joe
Published: August 2024

The solar wind interaction with planetary magnetospheres dictates the mechanism through which energy is transported across planetary systems. The magnetohydrodynamic plasma description suggests that solar wind conditions in the outer solar system encourage the magnetopause boundaries at Uranus and Neptune to be more Kelvin‐Helmholtz unstable, however, no quantitative assessment has been performed. To characterize the viscous solar wind interaction at Uranus and Neptune, we create an analytical model to determine where Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instabilities (KHIs) may form along their magnetopauses by searching for regions where the minimum condition for KHI formation is satisfied. We run the model at solstice and equinox for a range of Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) strengths, and rotation phases. We find minimal seasonal variation for low IMF strengths (B = 0.01 nT), with ∼70% of the magnetopause surface at Uranus and ∼80% at Neptune, enabling KHI formation. For periods of stronger IMF strength (B > 0.3 nT), KHIs were significantly suppressed. While KHIs depend on both the conditions inside the magnetopause boundary and the shocked solar wind IMF strength, we find that the IMF strength is the most significant criterion in determining whether or not KHIs are allowed to form at the magnetopause boundaries.
The Effect of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field Clock Angle and the Latitude Location of the Intense Crustal Magnetic Field on the Ion Escape at Mars: An MHD Simulation Study
Authors: Wang Ming , Guan Zijian , Xie Lianghai , Lu Jianyong , Wei Guanchun , Sui Haoyang , Zhang Jiaqi , Li Jinyu , Zhang Hanxiao , Qu Baohang , Xu Qi , Li Lei
Published: August 2024

In this paper, using a three‐dimensional multifluid MHD model, we studied the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle and the latitude position of the intense crustal magnetic field (ICMF) on the escape of ions O+, , and at Mars. The main results are as follows: (a) The IMF clock angle affects the ion escape at Mars. When the ICMF is on the dayside, the ion escape rate reaches a maximum at the IMF clock angles close to 60°–90° and a minimum at the IMF clock angles close to 120°–150°, because the ICMF can change the topology of the magnetic field and affect the interaction between the solar wind and Mars. The difference between the maximum and minimum ion escape rates due to the IMF clock angle can reach over 50%. (b) Compared with the −ESW hemisphere, the escape flux of and in the +ESW hemisphere is more significant. However, O+ generally has a larger escape flux in the −ESW hemisphere. The different results in the ±ESW hemispheres might be due to the larger distribution of the hot oxygen corona, which changes the flow pattern of O+. (c) The latitude location of the ICMF can also affect the ion escape. When the ICMF is on the dayside, as the subsolar point varies from 25°S to 25°N, that is, the intense crustal magnetic field position keeps shifting southward, the ion escape rate shows a gradual increase.
Internally Driven Variability of the Angola Low is the Main Source of Uncertainty for the Future Changes in Southern African Precipitation
Authors: Monerie Paul‐Arthur , Dieppois Bastien , Pohl Benjamin , Crétat Julien
Published: August 2024

Variations in southern African precipitation have a major impact on local communities, increasing climate‐related risks and affecting water and food security, as well as natural ecosystems. However, future changes in southern African precipitation are uncertain, with climate models showing a wide range of responses from near‐term projections (2020–2040) to the end of the 21st century (2080–2100). Here, we assess the uncertainty in southern African precipitation change using five Ocean‐Atmosphere General Circulation single model initial‐condition large ensembles (30–50 ensemble members) and four emissions scenarios. We show that the main source of uncertainty in 21st Century projections of southern African precipitation is the internal climate variability. In addition, we find that differences between ensemble members in simulating future changes in the location of the Angola Low explain a large proportion (∼60%) of the uncertainty in precipitation change. Together, the internal variations in the large‐scale circulation over the Pacific Ocean and the Angola Low explain ∼64% of the uncertainty in southern African precipitation change. We suggest that a better understanding of the future evolutions of the southern African precipitation may be achieved by understanding better the model's ability to simulate the Angola Low and its effects on precipitation.
Traveling or Jiggling: Particle Motion Modes and Their Relative Contribution to Bed‐Load Variables
Authors: Rebai Daniel , Radice Alessio , Ballio Francesco
Published: August 2024

The motion state of a particle is a crucial aspect of sediment transport problems. In this paper, we conceptualized three states: stillness, “transport”, and “non‐transport”, considering that not all the particle motions contribute significantly to the mean sediment transport rate. Starting from a data set of bed‐load particle tracks obtained from particle tracking velocimetry, we removed the bias from experimental uncertainty and applied one‐dimensional, instantaneous, and non‐parametric criteria for distinguishing the states. We described the kinematics of particles in transport and non‐transport states, presenting some sample trajectories and the distributions of particle velocity and acceleration. While the transport state presents a clear distinction between stream‐wise and transverse particle velocity, the non‐transport state is related to isotropic particle jiggling, and does not significantly contribute to the bed‐load rate. Vice‐versa, the particle motions in the non‐transport state are relevant for other summary indicators of the transport process, such as the mean number of moving particles and mean particle velocity. We discuss how applying the proposed non‐parametric criterion for state separation is beneficial compared to parameter‐dependent alternatives available in the literature. Finally, we provide an outlook on possible applications of our concept for the investigation of other sediment transport processes (incipient motion, solid‐fluid interface, creeping flow).
Assessment of ability of AlphaMissense to identify variants affecting susceptibility to common disease
Authors: Curtis David
Published: August 2024

An important issue in the analysis of rare variant association studies is the ability to annotate nonsynonymous variants in terms of their likely importance as affecting protein function. To address this, AlphaMissense was recently released and was shown to have good performance using benchmarks based on variants causing severe disease and on functional assays. Here, we assess the performance of AlphaMissense across 18 genes which had previously demonstrated association between rare coding variants and hyperlipidaemia, hypertension or type 2 diabetes. The strength of evidence in favour of association, expressed as the signed log p value (SLP), was compared between AlphaMissense and 43 other annotation methods. The results demonstrated marked variability between genes regarding the extent to which nonsynonymous variants contributed to evidence for association and also between the performance of different methods of annotating the nonsynonymous variants. Although AlphaMissense produced the highest SLP on average across genes, it produced the maximum SLP for only 4 genes. For some genes, other methods produced a considerably higher SLP and there were examples of genes where AlphaMissense produced no evidence for association while another method performed well. The marked inconsistency across genes means that it is difficult to decide on an optimal method of analysis of sequence data. The fact that different methods perform well for different genes suggests that if one wished to use sequence data for individual risk prediction then gene-specific annotation methods should be used.
Breast cancer clinical trial participation among diverse patients at a comprehensive cancer center
Authors: Podany Emily L. , Bulsara Shaun , Sanchez Katherine , Otte Kristen , Ellis Matthew J. , Kinik Maryam
Published: August 2024

This study was designed to determine the enrollment patterns in breast cancer clinical trials (CCTs) of patients with diverse backgrounds in an equal access setting and to evaluate the factors contributing to low rates of clinical trial accrual in patients of low socioeconomic status (SES). We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of new patients seen at the Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center dating from 5/2015 to 9/2021, which included 3043 patients screened for breast CCTs. We compared the rate of CCT availability, eligibility, and enrollment between two patient populations: Smith Clinic, where most patients are of low SES and uninsured, and Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center (BSLMC) with mostly predominantly insured, higher income patients. We performed logistic regression to evaluate whether differences in age, clinic, race, trial type, and primary language may be underlying the differences in CCT enrollment. More patients were eligible for CCTs at Smith Clinic (53.7% vs 44.7%, p < 0.001). However, Smith Clinic patients were more likely to decline CCT enrollment compared to BSLMC (61.3% declined vs 39.4%, p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, Black patients had a significantly higher rate of CCT refusal overall (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.12–0.56, p < 0.001) and BSLMC only (OR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.060–0.60, p = 0.006). Our data shows that it is likely an oversimplification to assume that equal access will lead to the elimination of CCT disparities. Efforts to diversify CCTs must include consideration of structural and institutional inequities as well as social needs.
Localization and segmentation of atomic columns in supported nanoparticles for fast scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Eliasson Henrik , Erni Rolf
Published: August 2024

To accurately capture the dynamic behavior of small nanoparticles in scanning transmission electron microscopy, high-quality data and advanced data processing is needed. The fast scan rate required to observe structural dynamics inherently leads to very noisy data where machine learning tools are essential for unbiased analysis. In this study, we develop a workflow based on two U-Net architectures to automatically localize and classify atomic columns at particle-support interfaces. The model is trained on non-physical image simulations, achieves sub-pixel localization precision, high classification accuracy, and generalizes well to experimental data. We test our model on both in situ and ex situ experimental time series recorded at 5 frames per second of small Pt nanoparticles supported on CeO2(111). The processed movies show sub-second dynamics of the nanoparticles and reveal site-specific movement patterns of individual atomic columns.
A Global Dataset of Potential Chloride Deposits on Mars as Identified by TGO CaSSIS
Authors: Bickel V. T. , Thomas N. , Pommerol A. , Tornabene L. L. , El-Maarry M. R. , Rangarajan V. G.
Published: August 2024

Chloride deposits are markers for early Mars’ aqueous past, with important implications for our understanding of the martian climate and habitability. The Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) onboard ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter provides high-resolution color-infrared images, enabling a planet-wide search for (small) potentially chloride-bearing deposits. Here, we use a neural network to map potentially chloride-bearing deposits in CaSSIS images over a significant fraction of the planet. We identify 965 chloride deposit candidates with diameters ranging from <300 to >3000 m, including previously unknown deposits, 136 (~14%) of which are located in the highlands north of the equator, up to ~36°N. Northern chloride candidates tend to be smaller than in the south and are predominantly located in small-scale topographic depressions in low-albedo Noachian and Hesperian highland terranes. Our new dataset augments existing chloride deposit maps, informs current and future imaging campaigns, and enables future modelling work towards a better understanding of the distribution of near-surface water in Mars’ distant past.