bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Study of the Determinants of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy by Adolescents and Youths in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Mayeye Bulelwa Frieda , Goon Daniel Ter , Yako Elizabeth Matise
Published: September 2019

It is important to understand the factors affecting willingness of adolescents and youths to adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in order to ensure positive treatment outcomes. Drawing on the Health Belief Model (HBM) theory, this study investigated the influence of self-efficacy and perceived benefits on the adherence to ART medications among adolescents and youths in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) District, Eastern Cape, South Africa. A purposive sample of 206 HIV positive adolescents and youth between age 14 to 24 years receiving ART in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality were interviewed using a self- administered questionnaire covering treatment benefits and self-efficacy. The majority of the participants affirmed strict adherence to the treatment plan is essential for effective ARV treatment (69.4%). The participants always take their medication on schedule (88.8%). It was found that a significant relationship exists between self-efficacy and adherence to ART (p = 0.000). The results suggest that perceived benefits and self-efficacy are a predictor of adherence to ART by adolescents and youths, at least in this setting.
Classification of Adolescent Offenders of the Law with Radial Neural Network Bases Function
Authors: Gil Vera Víctor Daniel , López Catalina Quintero , Puerta Lópera Isabel Cristina , Correa Henao Gabriel Jaime
Published: September 2019

Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNN) are a type of artificial neuronal network (ANN) that estimate the output of the function taking as a reference the distance to a point called center. This paper presents a RBFNN for the classification of adolescents’ offenders of the law according to their dangerousness level, that have been admitted to the Specialized Attention Center (SAC), “El Redentor” in Bogotá, Colombia in the year 2017. This classification may be utilized by psychosocial teams of the SAC in order to customize and make more effective the therapeutic pedagogical treatment. The ANN developed is particularly good for identifying adolescents with a high, low and null dangerousness level.
Predictive Mapping of Soil Properties for Precision Agriculture Using Geographic Information System (GIS) Based Geostatistics Models
Authors: Kingsley John , Lawani Solomon Odafe , Esther Ayito Okon , Ndiye Kebonye Michael , Sunday Ogeh Joseph , Penížek Vít
Published: September 2019

In precision Agriculture, geostatistical methods as a predictive tool have been extensively utilized. The approach estimates soil properties spatial variability and dependency. This study was carried out in Ovia north east Local Government Area of Edo State of Nigeria in order to map soil properties (Sand, Clay, pH, OC, P, N and CEC) and redict their spatial variability. Twenty-nine (29) soil samples were collected randomly from Typic Kandiudults soil type under three different land use, teak forest plantation, shrub, and arable farm. The soil samples were air-dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve before being analyzed for pH(CaCl2), SOC, Sand, Clay, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and CEC. Generated data were statistically and geostatistically computed to explain the spatial variability of soil properties. The traditional method of soil analysis and interpretation are tedious, time-consuming with escalating budgets thus geostatical approach. Available phosphorus yielded large variability with CV=57.08% followed by clay content with CV=49.03%. Spherical, Gaussian, Hole Effect model, Stable, Exponential and Circular models were fitted for all the soil parameters. The result revealed that soil pH, Sand content, TN and CEC were moderate spatially autocorrelated with nugget/sill value of 0.32, 0.21, 0.49 and 0.30 respectively.  SOC also gave a moderate spatially autocorrelated with nugget/sill value of 0.44. And Clay and Available phosphorus were strong spatially autocorrelated with nugget/sill value of 0.15 and 0.13 respectively. Cross-validation of the output maps using the semivariogram showed that the interpolation models are superior to assuming mean for any unsampled area. The output maps will help soil users within the area to proffer best management technology to improve crop, fiber and water production. 

 
The obstacles encountered by COPD patients about quitting smoking
Authors: Cavusoglu F. , Beser A. , Kılınc O.
Published: September 2019

Purpose: To determine the obstacles encountered by chronic obstructive respiratory disease (COPD) patients when quitting smoking.

Materials and methods: Phenomenological research design was used in this study. A total of 20 smoker COPD patients chosen with purposive sampling constituted the universe of this study. Data were collected through the in-depth interview method using semi-structured interview forms. Analysis of the data was performed with inductive analysis using the content analysis method.

Results: The challenges encountered by COPD patients when quitting smoking consist of 3 main themes and sub-themes including “İndividual specific challenges, environmental and social challenges and addiction/life with cigarettes”.

Conclusions: This study revealed the individual, environmental-social and physical, psychological and social challenges in relation to addiction encountered by COPD patients when quitting smoking. Patients should be informed about the relationship between COPD and smoking through trainings, behaviours of individuals about smoking cessation should be determined and accordingly necessary actions should be taken in line with the motivational interview principles and families be included in these actions.
Effect of a high amino acid diet on antioxidant barrier parameters of rat skin.
Authors: Niczyporuk M. , Knaś M. , Grądzka K. , Car H.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Oxidative stress is largely responsible for numerous skin complications that occur in the course of various diseases as well as accelerated skin aging. A high amino acid diet, supplemented with whey protein concentrate (WPC), is well-balanced and has well-absorbing proteins, which are an ideal source of essential amino acids.

Purpose: To assess what changes will occur in the antioxidant barrier of unharmed skin of rats on a high amino acid diet.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted on sexually mature male Wistar rats (160-180g): 1. control (standard feed), 2. high amino acid diet (WPC-80 80% whey protein) administered for 7 days at a dose of 0.3g/kg of body weight, 3. WPC-80 for 7 days at a dose of 0.5g/kg of body weight, 4. WPC-80 for 14 days at a dose of 0.3g/kg of body weight, 5. WPC-80 for 14 days at a dose of 0.5g/kg of body weight. Total antioxidant capacity, total oxidative status and oxidative stress index were determined.

Results: Enrichment of a standard diet with WPC-80 did not affect the total oxidative status of undamaged healthy rat skin. This study shows that a diet rich in amino acids in rats caused an increase in total antioxidant capacity, but statistically significant values were obtained after 14 days of administering WPC at a dose of 0.5mg/kg of body weight.

Conclusions: Enrichment of a standard diet with WPC-80 strengthens the antioxidant barrier in unwounded healthy rat skin.
The analysis of the level and trends of potential years of life lost due to diabetes in Poland in the years 2002-2013
Authors: Papaj D. , Papaj E. , Beck M.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: The industrial and socio-economic development is the direct cause of changes in major health threats in highly developed societies. Diabetes is a civilization disease and it depends on the impaired action of insulin. Together with its complications, it is a significant cause of deaths all over the world.

Purpose: To assess the level and trends of potential years of life lost (PYLL) due to diabetes in Poland in the years 2002-2013. For specific purposes, it is necessary to assess the PYLL level and the dynamics of PYLL rates due to diabetes and comparison with all causes of death.

Materials and Methods: The research material consists of data from generally available databases from the Polish Statistical Office. Potentially lost years of life were calculated using the method proposed by J-M Romeder. Premature deaths have been defined as deaths occurring before the age of 70. Trends in PYLL coefficients were generated by the computer program Joinpoint Regression Programme.
Results: The results of the conducted analysis unambiguously indicate the increase in the PYLL ratio due to diabetes was observed in both the general population and the male population. The higher rate of PYLL growth and its much higher level in the male population, compared to the female population, point out to the fact that men die much younger because of diabetes. The dynamics of the PYLL coefficient trends connected with all causes of death indicate the reduction of premature mortality.
Quality of life and stigmatisation of people with psoriasis
Authors: Kowalewska B. , Gawek N. , Kowalewska J.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Skin diseases s ignificantly affect the perception of quality of life of people because they interfere with body image and self perception, lower self esteem and cause stigmatisation by the environment.
The aim of the study: Was to assess the quality of life and sense o f stigmatisation among patients with psoriasis.
Materiałs and methods: The study involved 60 people with psoriasis. Own questionnaire , standardized DLQI Scale and 6 Scale were used to collect the material for assessing stigmatisation.
Results: According t o the majority of respondents (58,3%) , dermatological patients should deal with the disease through dermatological treatment. Part of the respondents declared that they were asked several times what the illness is and whether it is treated (16,7%) or w h ether it is a contagious disease (11,7%).
Conclusions: The quali ty of life of dermatological patients was slightly reduced. The majority of respondents did not experience stigmatisation or experienced it slightly.
Retail trading of the medicinal products. Administrative aspects
Authors: Chomicz K. , Ślifirczyk A. , Jędrzejewska B. , Ślifirczyk M.
Published: September 2019

This paper presents issues regarding the administrative and legal aspects of retail trading of the medicinal products. Because one of the most important goods protected by law is health, the regulations included in the branch of administrative law are to serve its protection. Nor can one forget that public authorities must protect public health. The state carries out its tasks, among other things, by introducing restrictions on retail trade of the medicinal products. Such limitations have been inscribed into the essence of the social market economy, which is characterised by parallel economic and social goals. Although all kinds of restrictions on the issue are justified, they are somewhat restrictive.
Physiotherapy in women after breast cancer treatment – review
Authors: Skutnik K. , Ustymowicz W. , Zubrewicz K. , Zińczuk J. , Kamińska D. , Pryczynicz A.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women in the Polish region. Surgery is a basic method of breast cancer treatment. Surgery often carries a lot of unwanted changes as follows: limitation of mobility in the shoulder joint on the operated side, secondary lymphoedema, post mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS), reduction of muscle strength or disorders in body posture. Therefore, the implementation of physiotherapeutic activities that are designed to prevent and eliminate postoperative complications seems very important. The main aim of this work was to present physiotherapeutic management in women after mastectomy based on the analysis of available literature. The physiotherapeutic process can be divided into three periods: early hospital, early ambulatory and the late ambulatory period. In the first period, active slow exercises, self-support of the upper limb on the operated side and breathing exercises on the thoracic track are used to prevent circulatory disorders, pulmonary complications, and edema. The early ambulatory period includes corrective exercises, general improvement exercises, stretching and learning of automatic massage of the upper limb of the operated side. The last period should be enriched by recreational methods of physical activity such as swimming, cycling or Nordic walking to maintain physical fitness, proper mobility of the shoulder girdle and improve the patient's psychophysical state. It is very important the patient regular continues the rehabilitation program after curing of breast cancer as well. In the case of secondary lymphoedema of the upper limb, comprehensive rehabilitation physiotherapy is used, consisting of manual lymphatic drainage, healing exercises, compression therapy, and skin care.

Conclusions: Physiotherapy in women after breast cancer surgery is a complex and long-term process. Physiotherapeutic methods are effective in treating complications after surgery of breast cancer surgery. It is necessary to constantly update the physio-therapy knowledge in women after breast cancer surgery.
Restrictions on access to Over The Counter drugs – an
obstacle or a chance for better treatment?
Authors: Pisaniak Paulina , Ozga Dorota , Tarczoń Aleksander , Stokłosa Patryk , Piękoś Dominika , Fuglewicz Magdalena
Published: September 2019

The use of OTC drugs is very popular in Poland. However, not many people realise what dangers stem
from the inappropriate use of those medications. One of the most prominent abuse of OTC drugs is improper
dosage, which may cause negative side effects leading to the deterioration of the patient’s health. A potential
solution to this problem is the imposition of restrictions on the availability of OTC drugs, which could raise the
awareness of the buyers. The people surveyed have been grouped on the basis of gender, age, education and
place of living. The results of the survey show which OTC drugs are most frequently bought, where those drugs
are bought and what the most frequent reasons for taking painkillers are. Moreover, more detailed data (taking
into account the gender, the age, the education and the place of living of the respondents) has been gathered
in regard to reading the package leaflets of the drugs, combining drugs and understanding the hazards of doing so. The interviewees have also expressed their opinions on the use of the new substitutes for OTC drugs and
the prospective selling restriction of OTC drugs proposed by the Ministry of Health. Thanks to the information
obtained, a general idea of the level of Poles’ knowledge about over-the-counter drugs can be formed. The study
has shown that: Ibuprom, APAP and Paracetamol are the most popular OTC drugs. Stemming from this tendency
is the frequent overdose of one of the active substances paracetamol. As far as the selling restriction plan of
the Ministry of Health is concerned, the negative attitude towards it results from the fear of not being able to get
the medications quickly, all the while restraining the spread of the substitutes. Finally, the issue of recurring side
effects remains the matter of not reading the package leaflets of the drugs before use.
Metallurgical analysis of the causes of
failure of the hardening furnace conveyor
belt
Authors: Merda A. , Klimaszewska K. , Sroka M. , Golański G.
Published: September 2019

Purpose: The aim of the tests was to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties
of a section of the hardening furnace conveyor belt serviced at the temperature of 880-920°C
in the carburizing atmosphere, in the context of determining the probable causes of its failure.
Design/methodology/approach: The scope of performed tests included: chemical
composition analysis of the steel and particles, microstructure investigated using optical and
scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis.
Findings: The analysis of the chemical composition showed that the examined material
was austenitic steel X15CrNiSi25-21 (S310). Performed metallurgical tests showed that after
the service the examined steel was characterized by austenitic structure with numerous
precipitates of diverse morphology. In the structure the sigma phase particles and probably
the M23C6 carbides precipitates were observed. The continuous grid of precipitates on the
boundaries of grains (mainly the sigma phase) and the influence of the cyclic changing heat
loads (or thermo-mechanical loads) were the main causes of failure of the analysed detail.
Research limitations/implications: The aim of the work was to determine the probable
causes of damage of the material used for a conveyor belt of a hardening furnace.
Practical implications: The results of investigation and analysis of the metallographic
of het-resisting austenitic steel X15CrNiSi25-21 (S310) after service at the temperature of
880-920°C are presented.
Originality/value: The paper presents the results of research on the microstructure and
mechanical properties of the section of hardening furnace conveyor belt made of creepresisting
austenitic steel. The aim of the performed tests was to determine the probable
causes of damage of the analysed detail.
Novel hybrid compounds designed by Polish scientists provide a long-lasting analgesic effect in a mouse model of neuropathic pain
Authors: Przewłocka Barbara , Starnowska-Sokół Joanna
Published: September 2019

W polskich i niektórych europejskich mediach pojawiło się
w ostatnim okresie wiele informacji na temat opracowanej
przez polskich naukowców nowej substancji proponowanej
jako lek przeciwbólowy. Ze względu na fakt, że badania te
prowadzone były pod moim kierunkiem, podjęłam decyzję,
aby czytelnikom kwartalnika „Ból” umożliwić zapoznanie się
z genezą i wynikiem tych badań.
Punktem wyjścia do wyżej wspomnianych badań, przeprowadzonych
w Zakładzie Farmakologii Bólu Instytutu
Farmakologii im. J. Maja Polskiej Akademii Nauk, była obserwacja,
że po wielokrotnym podawaniu opioidów rozwija
się tolerancja, a po dłuższym czasie stosowania, lek
opioidowy powoduje ból. Weryfikowaliśmy tezę, że w endogennych
systemach, wywołane uszkodzeniem układu
nerwowego zaburzenie homeostazy na korzyść działania
przeciwbólowego, powoduje następowy wzrost aktywności
układów probólowych. Przeprowadziliśmy liczne badania
zmian aktywności endogennych systemów przeciw- i probólowych
(cholecystokinina, substancja P, melanokortyna,
bradykinina), będących konsekwencją uszkodzenia tkanki
nerwowej w zwierzęcym modelu bólu neuropatycznego.
Bardzo interesujące wyniki uzyskaliśmy dla działającej probólowo
melanokortyny, która jest peptydem pochodzącym
z proopiomelanokortyny, czyli z tego samego prohormonu, co działająca silnie przeciwbólowo beta-endorfina. Fakt
powstawania z tego samego prohormonu dwóch przeciwnie
działających peptydów dodatkowo uatrakcyjnił naszą
hipotezę badawczą.
Po wielu badaniach opracowano substancję bifunkcyjną,
która w modelu tego bólu wywołała silny efekt analgetyczny.
Syntezę zaproponowanej przez nas hybrydy opracował
i przeprowadził zespół chemików pod kierunkiem prof.
Aleksandry Misickiej-Kęsik z Pracowni Peptydów Wydziału
Chemii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Obecnie poszerzone
badania tej hybrydy, mające doprowadzić do badań klinicznych,
otrzymały finansowanie Narodowego Centrum Badań
i Rozwoju.
Levetiracetam – a drug that can be used not only in the treatment of epilepsy
Authors: Pietrzak Bogusława , Natanek Alicja , Zwierzyńska Ewa
Published: September 2019

Levetiracetam, which belongs to the new generation of antiepileptic drugs, has a unique and not well-known mechanism of action. The drug affects the release of neurotransmitters through the binding to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A. Moreover, it acts on calcium channels, inhibits glutamatergic neurotransmission and affects GABA-ergic neurotransmission through e.g. the Zn²⁺-induced suppression of GABAA-mediated presynaptic inhibition and the modulation of the action of GABAA antagonists. Levetiracetam has also neuroprotective activity which is associated with the influence on transcription processes, neurotransmission, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The results of recent research indicate that this complex action creates the prospect of using it in the alleviation of epileptogenesis, poststroke seizuires, seizure prophylaxis in brain injured patients and diabetic neuropathy. Furthermore, the drug may also have a beneficial effect in the treatment of Alzheimer patients with epileptic seizures and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease.
A Review of Recently Developed LC–MS/MS Methods for the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Water
Authors: Kachhawaha Akanksha S , Nagarnaik Pranav M , Labhasetwar Pawan , Banerjee Kaushik
Published: September 2019

Background: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are present in the environment in trace concentrations. These compounds may cause health hazards to human beings and animals. The concerns related to their existence has led to development of a number of sensitive, accurate, and robust analytical methods. Objective: This article aims to review the recently developed chromatography-MS-based methods for the analysis of PPCPs in varied aqueous matrices and also presents a brief overview of the current status of PPCPs in the Indian aquatic environment. Methods: It demonstrates existing and recent trends in sampling, sample preparation techniques, and instrumentation methods for estimation of PPCPs in water. Results: Solid-phase extraction is found to be the most commonly used sample preparation technique, and LC–tandem MS (MS/MS; with electrospray ionization) is the most extensively used instrumentation technique for the analysis of PPCPs. Conclusions: The analytical methods reviewed here provide a detailed overview of the procedures for detection and quantification of PPCPs in water. These methods are useful for monitoring these compounds in environmental matrices and facilitate risk assessment studies. Highlights: This paper reviews the analytical methods for estimation of PPCPs in aquatic environmental matrices and presents their comprehensive evaluation.
How Must I Explain to the Dolphins?
Authors: Abrahams Yvette ,   Center for Environmental Philosophy, The University of North Texas
Published: September 2019

The story of change and growth, i.e., evolution, in the traditional manner, involves an epistemology of indigenous knowledge systems that admits both evolution and the divine—and therefore the human capacity for free choice—that tells us that fossil fuels are a bad choice. Steven Biko’s message of “Black Consciousness” responds to the dilemma of how we belong to the species that is damaging the planetary ecosystem, amd yet how we can deny complicity by saying that reclaiming our culture enables us to see what we have done, so we can refuse complicity with the system that has divided us and take responsibility for giving birth to new life. The uncertainties of climate change can be thought through using race, class, gender, sexual orientation, indigeneity, and disability as categories of analysis. The result is an understanding that through both climate science and lived experience, we can know enough to know we ought to act on climate change. We do not need more research; we need instead an acceptance of our ignorance amid a sense of ethical responsibility. This story speaks of liberation from oppression and of climate action as deeply entangled in
Lenin and Nietzsche in the Althusserian Perspective: Philosophy as Eternal Battle
Authors: Sautkin Aleksandr , Philippova Elena
Published: September 2019

The article is devoted to the identification of some intersection points in the philosophical ideas of F. Nietzsche and V. Lenin. The analysis of Lenin’s views, given by Louis Althusser in a number of his works, can serve as the methodological basis for such a comparison. In this perspective, Lenin’s understanding of philosophy is characterized by the fact that philosophy is treated not only as a theory but, above all, as a practice of struggle for domination. Lenin and Nietzsche share the dynamic view of the universe, the idea of the leading role of contradictions and struggle in the world’s being. Philosophy appears as an expression of some hidden impulses, which are ultimately reducible to the will to power. Therefore, for both thinkers knowledge appears not as the result of pure and objective cognition, but as a product of the struggle of power instincts, and knowledge itself is a necessary element of any power order.
Cognitive Consciousness in Kant’s Theory of Experience
Authors: Rimkus Edvardas
Published: September 2019

The article investigates the Kantian theory of cognitive consciousness not only as epis­temological but also as psychological theory of human consciousness. Kant describes experience as a synthesis of sensible matter and conceptual form. Transcendental consciousness, producing basic conceptual instruments of cognition and acting both in the spheres of outer and inner experience, lying on the ground of this process. There is a social aspect in this theory of cognitive consciousness that Kant himself has never expressed directly: a priori concepts and principles/rules of cognition are produced and legitimated not only by separate individuals but also intersubjectively in a social community. Treating transcendental consciousness psychologically as a theory analysing mechanisms that establish individual consciousness, intellectual intuition (which is refused in Kant’s theory) needs to be introduced.
Human Dignity: Between the Existentialist and the Essentialist Approaches
Authors: Holub Grzegorz
Published: September 2019

Human dignity is an important part of Western culture, which has spread over the world, and theses on it can be considered in and applied to various spheres of human life and whole societies. In this paper, a selected aspect of dignity is undertaken, namely, how we get to know and understand dignity. This aspect is considered by personalists and other philosophers interested in shedding some light on human dignity. Two approaches to the matter are adopted and contrasted: existentialist and essentialist. The former stresses how dignity is discovered and how it exists in its very essence, via experience and phenomenological insight. The latter concentrates on the description of personal characteristics and other relevant factors, which result in a thesis on dignity. In the conclusions, the author points out that these two approaches should not be considered as alternatives contending with each other but rather narratives complementing one another.
Facing the Uncanny: Questioning Art with E. Levinas
Authors: Saldukaitytė Jolanta
Published: September 2019

The article peruses the idea that art, and more specifically, representation of the face, has something monstrous and uncanny in it. The author concentrates on Levinas’s philosophy and shows that, first, art by giving the image to the face, freezes it in a plastic form and by this means turns it inevitably into a caricature. Second, face in art, unlike alive face, lacks temporality. What is lively, what is human expression is locked, not able to change, not exposed to vulnerability and therefore no longer is an ethical face of the Other. The article argues that Levinas does not reject the art but tries to re-locate it in a larger context of world: its meaning comes from being engaged in the word: social, cultural, political and above all ethical context.
Higher Education and Science in Brazil: A Walk toward the Cliff?
Authors: Knobel Marcelo , Leal Fernanda
Published: September 2019

The recent declarations and measures enacted by President Jair Bolsonaro in regard to Brazilian higher education and science have caused great concern and created considerable confusion. This article summarizes the main events taking place since January 2019, as well as their possible implications for the future. Given the importance of public universities and federally funded public agencies for the country’s social and economic demands, budget cuts and hostility toward academic institutions effectively “cut the government’s own throat.”
What Works to Reduce Inequality in Higher Education?
Authors: Geven Koen , Herbaut Estelle
Published: September 2019

Policy makers are increasingly searching for ways to reduce inequality in higher education. There is now a sizeable and high-quality body of literature that estimates the effects of interventions on access and completion in higher education. Our new paper reviews 75 quasi-experimental studies and rigorously compares more than 200 causal effects of outreach and financial aid interventions on disadvantaged students. We found that outreach and financial aid can both work, but important lessons should be learned from interventions that do not show an effect. In this article, we first provide an overview of the main mechanisms driving exclusion, both in terms of access to and completion from higher education. We then summarize the evidence for policy makers, highlighting key lessons, while we also indicate directions for future research.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Open Access Finding Tools
Authors: Schultz Teresa Auch , Azadbakht Elena , Bull Jonathan , Bucy Rosalind , Floyd Jeremy
Published: September 2019

The open access (OA) movement seeks to ensure that scholarly knowledge is available to anyone with internet access, but being available for free online is of little use if people cannot find open versions. A handful of tools have become available in recent years to help address this problem by searching for an open version of a document whenever a user hits a paywall. This project set out to study how effective four of these tools are when compared to each other and to Google Scholar, which has long been a source of finding OA versions. To do this, the project used Open Access Button, Unpaywall, Lazy Scholar, and Kopernio to search for open versions of 1,000 articles. Results show none of the tools found as many successful hits as Google Scholar, but two of the tools did register unique successful hits, indicating a benefit to incorporating them in searches for OA versions. Some of the tools also include additional features that can further benefit users in their search for accessible scholarly knowledge.
Library-Authored Web Content and the Need for Content Strategy
Authors: McDonald Courtney , Burkhardt Heidi
Published: September 2019

Increasingly sophisticated content management systems (CMS) allow librarians to publish content via the web and within the private domain of institutional learning management systems. “Libraries as publishers” may bring to mind roles in scholarly communication and open scholarship, but the authors argue that libraries’ self-publishing dates to the first “pathfinder” handout and continues today via commonly used, feature-rich applications such as WordPress, Drupal, LibGuides, and Canvas. Although this technology can reduce costly development overhead, it also poses significant challenges. These tools can inadvertently be used to create more noise than signal, potentially alienating the very audiences we hope to reach. No CMS can, by itself, address the fact that authoring, editing, and publishing quality content is both a situated expertise and a significant, ongoing demand on staff time. This article will review library use of CMS applications, outline challenges inherent in their use, and discuss the advantages of embracing content strategy.
Use of Language-Learning Apps as a Tool for Foreign Language Acquisition by Academic Libraries Employees
Authors: Ibacache Kathia
Published: September 2019

Language-learning apps are becoming prominent tools for self-learners. This article investigates whether librarians and employees of academic libraries have used them and whether the content of these language-learning apps supports foreign language knowledge needed to fulfill library-related tasks. The research is based on a survey sent to librarians and employees of the University Libraries of the University of Colorado Boulder (UCB), two professional library organizations, and randomly selected employees of 74 university libraries around the United States. The results reveal that librarians and employees of academic libraries have used language-learning apps. However, there is an unmet need for language-learning apps that cover broader content including reading comprehension and other foreign language skills suitable for academic library work.
Letter from the Editor (September 2019)
Authors: Varnum Kenneth J.
Published: September 2019

Letter from the Editor for September 2019.
“Oceans of Love”
Authors: Mirakhor Leah
Published: September 2019

This essay reviews Hilton Als’ 2019 exhibition God Made My Face: A
Collective Portrait of James Baldwin at the David Zwirner Gallery.
The show visually displays Baldwin in two parts: “A Walker in the
City” examines his biography and “Colonialism” examines
“what Baldwin himself was unable to do” by displaying the work of
contemporary artists and filmmakers whose works resonate with Baldwin’s
critiques of masculinity, race, and American empire. Mirakhor explores how
Als’ quest to restore Baldwin is part of a long and deep literary and
personal conversation that Als has been having since he was in his teens, and in
this instance, exploring why and how it has culminated via the visual, instead
of the literary. As Mirakhor observes, to be in the exhibit is not to just
observe how Als has formed and figured Baldwin, but to see how Baldwin has
informed and made Als, one of our most lyrical and impassioned contemporary
writers and thinkers.
Beyond Understanding
Authors: Ghatage Rohan
Published: September 2019

This essay establishes a philosophical connection between James Baldwin and the
philosopher William James by investigating how the pragmatist protocol against
“vicious intellectualism” offers Baldwin a key resource for
thinking through how anti-black racism might be dismantled. While Richard Wright
had earlier denounced pragmatism for privileging experience over knowledge, and
thereby offering the black subject no means for redressing America’s
constitutive hierarchies, uncovering the current of Jamesian thought that runs
through Baldwin’s essays brings into view his attempt to move beyond
epistemology as the primary framework for inaugurating a future unburdened by
the problem of the color line. Although Baldwin indicts contemporaneous
arrangements of knowledge for producing the most dehumanizing forms of racism,
he does not simply attempt to rewrite the enervating meanings to which black
subjects are given. Articulating a pragmatist sensibility at various stages of
his career, Baldwin repeatedly suggests that the imagining and creation of a
better world is predicated upon rethinking the normative value accorded to
knowledge in the practice of politics. The provocative challenge that Baldwin
issues for his reader is to cease the well-established privileging of knowledge,
and to instead stage the struggle for freedom within an aesthetic, rather than
epistemological, paradigm.
“We can love one another in other ways”
Authors: Raeburn Michael
Published: September 2019

The author discusses his personal relationship with James Baldwin, recounting
their collaboration on a film script for an adaptation of
Giovanni’s Room.
Barnacle recruit density and size increase from high to middle intertidal elevations in wave-exposed habitats on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia
Authors: Scrosati Ricardo A
Published: September 2019

Barnacle recruitment is often studied in rocky intertidal habitats due to the relevant role that barnacles can play in intertidal communities. In 2014, barnacle (Semibalanus balanoides) recruitment was measured at high elevations in wave-exposed intertidal habitats on the NW Atlantic coast in Nova Scotia, Canada. Values were considerably lower than previously reported for middle elevations in wave-exposed intertidal habitats on the NE Atlantic and NE Pacific coasts. To determine if such differences in recruitment may have resulted from elevation influences, I did a field experiment in 2019 in wave-exposed intertidal habitats in Nova Scotia to test the hypothesis that recruitment is higher at middle than at high elevations, based on known environmental differences between both elevation zones. Based on data from three locations spanning 158 km of the Nova Scotia coast, barnacle recruitment was, on average, nearly 200 % higher (and recruits were larger) at middle than at high elevations. However, even with this increase, barnacle recruitment on this NW Atlantic coast is still lower than for comparable habitats on the NE Atlantic and NE Pacific coasts, and also lower than previously reported for wave-exposed locations farther south on the NW Atlantic coast, in Maine, USA. Therefore, barnacle recruitment in wave-exposed intertidal environments in Nova Scotia appears to be only moderate relative to other shores. This difference in the supply of barnacle recruits might influence the intensity of interspecific interactions involving barnacles.
Rhodococcus sp. may convert ethylene to acetaldehyde to slow ripening in climacteric fruit.
Authors: Perry Guenevere
Published: September 2019

Pre-Print Update. Previous studies suggested Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Bacillus licheniformis cells converted ethylene to a nitrile compound to delay the effects of ripening, (Perry, G. Nov. 9, 2017). However, there may be an alternative compound that plays a more significant role in induced Rhodococcus and Bacillus ability to delay ripening. It has been known for years that Rhodococcus can convert the alkyne compound acetylene to acetaldehyde and potentially ethanol as a secondary product (DeBont, 1980).

This pre-print revisit re-examines the prior data to determine if the tri-phasic system previously discussed in 2017, induced bacteria to convert ethylene and/or propylene into acetaldehyde (a primary product), ethanol (a secondary product), and acetonitrile (a product of ethanol and a subsequent ammoxidation reaction). The acetaldehyde may delay the effects of ripening and inhibit fungal growth, while the nitrile by products enhance early plant development including germination and root elongation. Experimental results suggest an inducible monooxygenase or dioxygenase like enzyme is required to facilitate this process.
The Photorhabdus asymbiotica virulence cassettes deliver protein effectors directly into target eukaryotic cells
Authors: Vlisidou Isabella , Hapeshi Alexia , Healey Joseph RJ , Smart Katie , Yang Guowei , Waterfield Nicholas R
Published: September 2019

Photorhabdus is a highly effective insect pathogen and symbiont of insecticidal nematodes. To exert its potent insecticidal effects, it elaborates a myriad of toxins and small molecule effectors. Among these, the Photorhabdus Virulence Cassettes (PVCs) represent an elegant self-contained delivery mechanism for diverse protein toxins. Importantly, these self-contained nanosyringes overcome host cell membrane barriers, and act independently, at a distance from the bacteria itself. In this study, we demonstrate that Pnf, a PVC needle complex associated toxin, is a Rho-GTPase, which acts via deamidation and transglutamination to disrupt the cytoskeleton. TEM and Western blots have shown a physical association between Pnf and its cognate PVC delivery mechanism. We demonstrate that for Pnf to exert its effect, translocation across the cell membrane is absolutely essential.
A contractile injection system stimulates tubeworm metamorphosis by translocating a proteinaceous effector
Authors: Ericson Charles F , Eisenstein Fabian , Medeiros João M , Malter Kyle E , Cavalcanti Giselle S , Zeller Robert W , Newman Dianne K , Pilhofer Martin , Shikuma Nicholas J
Published: September 2019

The swimming larvae of many marine animals identify a location on the sea floor to undergo metamorphosis based on the presence of specific bacteria. Although this microbe–animal interaction is critical for the life cycles of diverse marine animals, what types of biochemical cues from bacteria that induce metamorphosis has been a mystery. Metamorphosis of larvae of the tubeworm Hydroides elegans is induced by arrays of phage tail-like contractile injection systems, which are released by the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. Here we identify the novel effector protein Mif1. By cryo-electron tomography imaging and functional assays, we observe Mif1 as cargo inside the tube lumen of the contractile injection system and show that the mif1 gene is required for inducing metamorphosis. Purified Mif1 is sufficient for triggering metamorphosis when electroporated into tubeworm larvae. Our results indicate that the delivery of protein effectors by contractile injection systems may orchestrate microbe–animal interactions in diverse contexts.
Mechanisms of iron- and O2-sensing by the [4Fe-4S] cluster of the global iron regulator RirA
Authors: Pellicer Martinez Ma Teresa , Crack Jason C , Stewart Melissa YY , Bradley Justin M , Svistunenko Dimitri A , Johnston Andrew WB , Cheesman Myles R , Todd Jonathan D , Le Brun Nick E
Published: September 2019

RirA is a global regulator of iron homeostasis in Rhizobium and related α-proteobacteria. In its [4Fe-4S] cluster-bound form it represses iron uptake by binding to IRO Box sequences upstream of RirA-regulated genes. Under low iron and/or aerobic conditions, [4Fe-4S] RirA undergoes cluster conversion/degradation to apo-RirA, which can no longer bind IRO Box sequences. Here, we apply time-resolved mass spectrometry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine how the RirA cluster senses iron and O2. The data indicate that the key iron-sensing step is the O2-independent, reversible dissociation of Fe2+ from [4Fe-4S]2+ to form [3Fe-4S]0. The dissociation constant for this process was determined as Kd = ~3 µM, which is consistent with the sensing of ‘free’ iron in the cytoplasm. O2-sensing occurs through enhanced cluster degradation under aerobic conditions, via O2-mediated oxidation of the [3Fe-4S]0 intermediate to form [3Fe-4S]1+. This work provides a detailed mechanistic/functional view of an iron-responsive regulator.
Self-organization of modular network architecture by activity-dependent neuronal migration and outgrowth
Authors: Okujeni Samora , Egert Ulrich
Published: September 2019

The spatial distribution of neurons and activity-dependent neurite outgrowth shape long-range interaction, recurrent local connectivity and the modularity in neuronal networks. We investigated how this mesoscale architecture develops by interaction of neurite outgrowth, cell migration and activity in cultured networks of rat cortical neurons and show that simple rules can explain variations of network modularity. In contrast to theoretical studies on activity-dependent outgrowth but consistent with predictions for modular networks, spontaneous activity and the rate of synchronized bursts increased with clustering, whereas peak firing rates in bursts increased in highly interconnected homogeneous networks. As Ca2+ influx increased exponentially with increasing network recruitment during bursts, its modulation was highly correlated to peak firing rates. During network maturation, long-term estimates of Ca2+ influx showed convergence, even for highly different mesoscale architectures, neurite extent, connectivity, modularity and average activity levels, indicating homeostatic regulation towards a common set-point of Ca2+ influx.
Cell-autonomous regulation of epithelial cell quiescence by calcium channel Trpv6
Authors: Xin Yi , Malick Allison , Hu Meiqin , Liu Chengdong , Batah Heya , Xu Haoxing , Duan Cunming
Published: September 2019

Epithelial homeostasis and regeneration require a pool of quiescent cells. How the quiescent cells are established and maintained is poorly understood. Here, we report that Trpv6, a cation channel responsible for epithelial Ca2+ absorption, functions as a key regulator of cellular quiescence. Genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of Trpv6 promoted zebrafish epithelial cells to exit from quiescence and re-enter the cell cycle. Reintroducing Trpv6, but not its channel dead mutant, restored the quiescent state. Ca2+ imaging showed that Trpv6 is constitutively open in vivo. Mechanistically, Trpv6-mediated Ca2+ influx maintained the quiescent state by suppressing insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-mediated Akt-Tor and Erk signaling. In zebrafish epithelia and human colon carcinoma cells, Trpv6/TRPV6 elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels and activated PP2A, which down-regulated IGF signaling and promoted the quiescent state. Our findings suggest that Trpv6 mediates constitutive Ca2+ influx into epithelial cells to continuously suppress growth factor signaling and maintain the quiescent state.
A critical role of VMP1 in lipoprotein secretion
Authors: Morishita Hideaki , Zhao Yan G , Tamura Norito , Nishimura Taki , Kanda Yuki , Sakamaki Yuriko , Okazaki Mitsuyo , Li Dongfang , Mizushima Noboru
Published: September 2019

Lipoproteins are lipid-protein complexes that are primarily generated and secreted from the intestine, liver, and visceral endoderm and delivered to peripheral tissues. Lipoproteins, which are assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, are released into the ER lumen for secretion, but its mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the release of lipoproteins from the ER membrane requires VMP1, an ER transmembrane protein essential for autophagy and certain types of secretion. Loss of vmp1, but not other autophagy-related genes, in zebrafish causes lipoprotein accumulation in the intestine and liver. Vmp1 deficiency in mice also leads to lipid accumulation in the visceral endoderm and intestine. In VMP1-depleted cells, neutral lipids accumulate within lipid bilayers of the ER membrane, thus affecting lipoprotein secretion. These results suggest that VMP1 is important for the release of lipoproteins from the ER membrane to the ER lumen in addition to its previously known functions.
Single molecule mechanics resolves the earliest events in force generation by cardiac myosin
Authors: Woody Michael S , Winkelmann Donald A , Capitanio Marco , Ostap E Michael , Goldman Yale E
Published: September 2019

Key steps of cardiac mechanochemistry, including the force-generating working stroke and the release of phosphate (Pi), occur rapidly after myosin-actin attachment. An ultra-high-speed optical trap enabled direct observation of the timing and amplitude of the working stroke, which can occur within <200 μs of actin binding by β-cardiac myosin. The initial actomyosin state can sustain loads of at least 4.5 pN and proceeds directly to the stroke or detaches before releasing ATP hydrolysis products. The rates of these processes depend on the force. The time between binding and stroke is unaffected by 10 mM Pi which, along with other findings, indicates the stroke precedes phosphate release. After Pi release, Pi can rebind enabling reversal of the working stroke. Detecting these rapid events under physiological loads provides definitive indication of the dynamics by which actomyosin converts biochemical energy into mechanical work.