bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LipidomeDB Data Calculation Environment: Online Processing of Direct‐Infusion Mass Spectral Data for Lipid Profiles
Authors: Zhou Zhenguo , Marepally Shantan Reddy , Nune Daya Sagar , Pallakollu Prashanth , Ragan Gail , Roth Mary R. , Wang Liangjiang , Lushington Gerald H. , Visvanathan Mahesh , Welti Ruth
Published: June 2011

LipidomeDB Data Calculation Environment (DCE) is a web application to quantify complex lipids by processing data acquired after direct infusion of a lipid‐containing biological extract, to which a cocktail of internal standards has been added, into an electrospray source of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. LipidomeDB DCE is located on the public Internet at http://lipidome.bcf.ku.edu:9000/Lipidomics. LipidomeDB DCE supports targeted analyses; analyte information can be entered, or pre‐formulated lists of typical plant or animal polar lipid analytes can be selected. LipidomeDB DCE performs isotopic deconvolution and quantification in comparison to internal standard spectral peaks. Multiple precursor or neutral loss spectra from up to 35 samples may be processed simultaneously with data input as Excel files and output as tables viewable on the web and exportable in Excel. The pre‐formulated compound lists and web access, used with direct‐infusion mass spectrometry, provide a simple approach to lipidomic analysis, particularly for new users.
New Hopes for the European Neighbourhood Policy: A View from Hungary
Authors: Martonyi János
Published: June 2011

The dramatic popular uprisings sweeping across North Africa and the Middle East require that Europe reassess and reformulate its policies towards its neighbours to the south. European policy towards the region must, now more than ever, strive to promote the very values of democracy and freedom upon which the European project itself has been based, while also taking into account the unique social and cultural nuances at play in the region and in each country individually. Moreover, European policy must involve a strong merit-based component tied directly to concrete and measurable progress. Finally, EU leaders need to consider Europe's neighbourhood policy from a holistic standpoint. Addressing the important events in the southern neighbourhood should not come at the expense of the EU's commitment to its eastern neighbours who have made substantial progress towards free and democratic systems.
Transatlantic Relations and Nato
Authors: Smolar Eugeniusz
Published: June 2011

The current international situation presents significant security challenges to Europe and its allies. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has served as the linchpin of Europe–US security cooperation over the last 60 years and continues to play a significant role in their shared defence and in promoting their political aims in the wider world. The importance of NATO was reaffirmed last year by the agreement of the New Strategic Concept. However, this agreement also left many issues unresolved. These include, among other issues, NATO's future role as the United States concentrates on global challenges, mainly in Asia, rather than on Europe; Europe's weakened determination to play an adequate role in facing those challenges together with the US; the effects of military spending cuts amplified by the economic crisis; and the future of US military presence in Europe. It is therefore critical that Europeans, now more than ever, consider their capabilities and contributions to NATO in particular and to security and defence in general. As the European-led effort in Libya now clearly shows, Europe must bolster its capacity to confront threats and to project power when needed, while working within the framework of NATO and the European Security and Defence Policy, in coordination with the US.
External Relations of German Cities Through Intra-firm Networks—A Global Perspective
Authors: Hoyler Michael
Published: June 2011

This paper adopts a global perspective to investigate external relations of German cities, both transnationally and on the national scale. At the centre of the analysis are the locational strategies of major advanced producer service firms that link the cities in which they operate through a multitude of flows. Using an interlocking network model and data on the organizational structure of leading business service firms, the paper measures and interprets the extent to which German cities were integrated in the world city network in 2008. The global positions and national network patterns of 14 major German cities are explored, as well as the sectoral strengths and geographical orientations of their external relations. The paper concludes with an assessment of the trajectory of German cities in the world city network between the turn of the twenty-first century and the onset of the current financial crisis. The analysis reveals a geography of advanced producer services that is polycentric in character but does not map directly onto the distribution of other metropolitan functions. In a longitudinal perspective, German cities experienced an absolute and relative decline in global network connectivity between 2000 and 2008, which raises questions about the changing strategic importance of German cities in the world city network.
Impact factor as a metric to assess journals where OM research is published
Authors: Stonebraker Jeffrey S. , Gil Esther , Kirkwood Craig W. , Handfield Robert B.
Published: June 2011

Highlights

► We conducted an exhaustive comparison of OM journal rankings based on impact factors versus other ranking methods (113 characters) ► Impact factors are useful metrics to rank OM journals (53 characters) ► Impact factor rankings alone are not a replacement for survey‐based, citation‐based, or author‐based methods (108 characters) ► Impact factors evaluate OM journal quality from another perspective and can be used with other methods to rank OM journals (122 characters) ► Impact factors are likely to shape and influence future perception of OM journal quality (88 characters)

This paper investigates impact factor as a metric for ranking the quality of journal outlets for operations management (OM) research. We review all prior studies that assessed journal outlets for OM research and compare all previous OM journal quality rankings to rankings based on impact factors. We find that rankings based on impact factors that use data from different time periods are highly correlated and provide similar rankings of journals using either two‐year or five‐year assessment periods, either with or without self‐citations. However, some individual journals have large rank changes using different impact factor specifications. We also find that OM journal rankings based on impact factors are only moderately correlated with journal quality rankings previously determined using other methods, and the agreement among these other methods in ranking the quality of OM journals is relatively modest. Thus, impact factor rankings alone are not a replacement for the assessment methods used in previous studies, but rather they evaluate OM journals from another perspective.
Collective oscillations in bubble clouds
Authors: ZERAVCIC ZORANA , LOHSE DETLEF , VAN SAARLOOS WIM
Published: June 2011

In this paper the collective oscillations of a bubble cloud in an acoustic field are theoretically analysed with concepts and techniques of condensed matter physics. More specifically, we will calculate the eigenmodes and their excitabilities, eigenfrequencies, densities of states, responses, absorption and participation ratios to better understand the collective dynamics of coupled bubbles and address the question of possible localization of acoustic energy in the bubble cloud. The radial oscillations of the individual bubbles in the acoustic field are described by coupled linearized Rayleigh–Plesset equations. We explore the effects of viscous damping, distance between bubbles, polydispersity, geometric disorder, size of the bubbles and size of the cloud. For large enough clusters, the collective response is often very different from that of a typical mode, as the frequency response of each mode is sufficiently wide that many modes are excited when the cloud is driven by ultrasound. The reason is the strong effect of viscosity on the collective mode response, which is surprising, as viscous damping effects are small for single-bubble oscillations in water. Localization of acoustic energy is only found in the case of substantial bubble size polydispersity or geometric disorder. The lack of localization for a weak disorder is traced back to the long-range 1/rinteraction potential between the individual bubbles. The results of the present paper are connected to recent experimental observations of collective bubble oscillations in a two-dimensional bubble cloud, where pronounced edge states and a pronounced low-frequency response had been observed, both consistent with the present theoretical findings. Finally, an outlook to future possible experiments is given.
Preferential concentration and relative velocity statistics of inertial particles in Navier–Stokes turbulence with and without filtering
Authors: RAY BAIDURJA , COLLINS LANCE R.
Published: June 2011

The radial distribution function (RDF, a statistical measure of preferential concentration), and the relative velocity measured along the line-of-centres of two particles are the key statistical inputs to the collision kernel for finite-inertia particles suspended in a turbulent flow Sundaram & Collins (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 335, 1997, p. 75). In this paper, we investigate the behaviour of these two-particle statistics using direct numerical simulation (DNS) of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. While it is known that the RDF for particles of any Stokes number (St) decreases with separation distance Sundaram & Collins (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 335, 1997, p. 75), Reade & Collins (Phys. Fluids, vol. 12, 2000, p. 2530), Salazar et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 600, 2008, p. 245), we observe that the peak in the RDF versus St curve shifts to higher St as we increase the separation distance. Here, St is defined as the ratio of the particle's viscous relaxation time to the Kolmogorov time-scale of the flow. Furthermore, as found in a previous study Wang, Wexler, & Zhou (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 415, 2000, p. 117), the variance of the radial relative velocity (wr) is found to increase monotonically with increasing separation distance and increasing Stokes number; however, we show for the first time that the parameteric variation of the skewness of wr with St and r/η is qualitatively similar to that of the RDF, and points to a connection between the two. We then apply low-pass filters (using three different filter scales) on the DNS velocity field in wavenumber space in order to produce ‘perfect’ large-eddy simulation (LES) velocity fields without any errors associated with subgrid-scale modelling. We present visual evidence of the effect of sharp-spectral filtering on the flow structure and the particle field. We calculate the particle statistics in the filtered velocity field and find that the RDF decreases with filtering at low St and increases with filtering at high St, similar to Fede & Simonin (Phys. Fluids, vol. 18, 2006, p. 045103). We also find that the variation of the RDF with St shifts towards higher St with filtering at all separation distances. The variance of wr is found to decrease with filtering for all St and separation distances, but the skewness of wr shows a non-monotonic response to filtering that is qualitatively similar to the RDF. We consider the variation of the RDF and moments of wr with filter scale and find that they are approximately linear in the inertial range. We demonstrate that a simple model consisting of a redefinition of the St based on the time-scale of the filtered velocity field cannot recover the unfiltered statistics. Our findings provide insight on the effect of subgrid-scale eddies on the RDF and wr, and establish the requirements of a LES model for inertial particles that can correctly predict clustering and collisional behaviour.
The social nature of the mother's tie to her child: John Bowlby's theory of attachment in post-war America
Authors: VICEDO MARGA
Published: June 2011

This paper examines the development of British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby's views and their scientific and social reception in the United States during the 1950s. In a 1951 report for the World Health Organization Bowlby contended that the mother is the child's psychic organizer, as observational studies of children worldwide showed that absence of mother love had disastrous consequences for children's emotional health. By the end of the decade Bowlby had moved from observational studies of children in hospitals to animal research in order to support his thesis that mother love is a biological need. I examine the development of Bowlby's views and their scientific and social reception in the United States during the 1950s, a central period in the evolution of his views and in debates about the social implications of his work. I argue that Bowlby's view that mother love was a biological need for children influenced discussions about the desirability of mothers working outside the home during the early Cold War. By claiming that the future of a child's mind is determined by her mother's heart, Bowlby's argument exerted an unusually strong emotional demand on mothers and had powerful implications for the moral valuation of maternal care and love.
Vitamin D status has a linear association with seasonal infections and lung function in British adults
Authors: Berry Diane J. , Hesketh Kathryn , Power Chris , Hyppönen Elina
Published: June 2011

Higher vitamin D concentrations have been proposed as a protective ‘seasonal stimulus’ against influenza, and there are suggestions for associations with other aspects of respiratory health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of current vitamin D status (measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D) with respiratory infections and lung function. We used cross-sectional data from 6789 participants in the nationwide 1958 British birth cohort who had measurements of 25(OH)D, lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC)) and respiratory infections available from the age of 45 years. In this population, the prevalence of respiratory infections had a strong seasonal pattern in the opposite direction to the pattern for 25(OH)D concentrations. Each 10 nmol/l increase in 25(OH)D was associated with a 7 % lower risk of infection (95 % CI 3, 11 %) after adjustment for adiposity, lifestyle and socio-economic factors. For FEV1and FVC, each 10 nmol/l increase in 25(OH)D was associated with 8 (95 % CI 3, 13) ml and 13 (95 % CI 7, 20) ml higher volume, respectively, after controlling for covariates. Associations of 25(OH)D with FEV1and FVC were only slightly attenuated after further adjustment for infection and other respiratory illness. In conclusion, vitamin D status had a linear relationship with respiratory infections and lung function. Randomised controlled trials are warranted to investigate the role of vitamin D supplementation on respiratory health and to establish the underlying mechanisms.
Oil palm vegetation liquor: a new source of phenolic bioactives
Authors: Sambanthamurthi Ravigadevi , Tan YewAi , Sundram Kalyana , Abeywardena Mahinda , Sambandan T. G. , Rha ChoKyun , Sinskey Anthony J. , Subramaniam Krishnan , Leow Soon-Sen , Hayes Kenneth C. , Basri Wahid Mohd
Published: June 2011

Waste from agricultural products represents a disposal liability, which needs to be addressed. Palm oil is the most widely traded edible oil globally, and its production generates 85 million tons of aqueous by-products annually. This aqueous stream is rich in phenolic antioxidants, which were investigated for their composition and potential in vitro biological activity. We have identified three isomers of caffeoylshikimic acid as major components of oil palm phenolics (OPP). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay confirmed potent free radical scavenging activity. To test for possible cardioprotective effects of OPP, we carried out in vitro LDL oxidation studies as well as ex vivo aortic ring and mesenteric vascular bed relaxation measurements. We found that OPP inhibited the Cu-mediated oxidation of human LDL. OPP also promoted vascular relaxation in both isolated aortic rings and perfused mesenteric vascular beds pre-contracted with noradrenaline. To rule out developmental toxicity, we performed teratological studies on rats up to the third generation and did not find any congenital anomalies. Thus, these initial studies suggest that OPP is safe and may have a protective role against free radical damage, LDL oxidation and its attendant negative effects, as well as vascular constriction in mitigating atherosclerosis. Oil palm vegetation liquor thus represents a new source of phenolic bioactives.
The Mystery of Property Rights: A U.S. Perspective
Authors: Lamoreaux Naomi R.
Published: June 2011

Economic development requires both secure property rights and the ability to reallocate property in response to technological and other changes. Significant reallocations have occurred repeatedly throughout U.S. history and have often been involuntary. This essay considers the question of how property rights can be subject to frequent involuntary reallocation and still be considered secure.

“Upon the sacredness of property civilization itself depends—the right of the laborer to his hundred dollars in the savings bank, and equally the legal right of the millionaire to his millions.”1

Andrew Carnegie
Repairing a Mortgage Crisis: HOLC Lending and Its Impact on Local Housing Markets
Authors: Courtemanche Charles , Snowden Kenneth
Published: June 2011

Between 1933 and 1936 the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation purchased more than a million delinquent mortgages from private lenders and refinanced those loans for the borrowers. Its primary goal was to break the cycle of foreclosure, forced property sales and decreases in home values that was affecting local housing markets throughout the nation. We find that the volume of HOLC lending was related to measures of distress in local (county-level) housing markets and that these interventions increased 1940 median home values and homeownership rates, but not new home building.

“[A] tremendous surge of residential building in the [last] decade… was matched by an ever-increasing supply of homes sold on easy terms [and only]… a small decline in prices was necessary to wipe out this equity. Unfortunately, deflationary processes are never satisfied with small declines in values. They feed upon themselves and produce results out of all proportion to their causes… In the field of real estate finance, particularly, we have depended so much upon credit that our whole value structure can be thrown out of balance by relatively slight shocks. When such a delicate structure is once disorganized, it is a tremendous task to get it into a position where it can again function normally.”1

Henry Hoagland, 1935
The National Banking Acts and the Transformation of New York City Banking During the Civil War Era
Authors: James John A. , Weiman David F.
Published: June 2011

Focusing on the New York banking sector, we analyze a neglected, but profound impact of the National Banking Acts. By resisting federal banking legislation and “boycotting” newly chartered national banks, the New York Clearing House Association members created market opportunities for the new entrants to dominate the correspondent banking market. The new entrants’ aggressive tactics including interest payments on deposits increased their vulnerability to panicky withdrawals by country banks. They also magnified conflicts of interest within the clearinghouse, which weakened its central banking functions and further destabilized the macroeconomy.
Do Patents Weaken the Localization of Innovations? Evidence from World's Fairs
Authors: Moser Petra
Published: June 2011

This article takes advantage of an exogenous shift towards patenting in chemicals to test whether patents contribute to the geographic diffusion of innovations. Data on U.S. innovations that were exhibited at four world fairs between 1851 and 1915 suggest that innovative activity became less localized after patenting rates increased. These changes cannot be explained by changes in the localization of chemical production or economy-wide changes in the localization of innovations.
Thrifty Pensioners: Pensions and Savings in France at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Bourdieu Jérôme , Kesztenbaum Lionel , Postel-Vinay Gilles
Published: June 2011

Building on a large sample of elderly French individuals, we evaluate the resources that were available to the old. We find that a considerable percentage of the French population did not have sufficient assets to live off of when aged. We compare the savings behaviors of pensioners and non-pensioners at a time when only a small part of the labor force was entitled to a pension. We show that pensioners were better able to accumulate wealth than were non-pensioners, even when we take into account their occupation and inherited wealth.

“Oh! La misère des vieux sans pain, des vieux sans espoir, sans enfants, sans argent, sans rien autre chose que la mort devant eux, y pensons-nous? Y pensons-nous, aux vieux affamés des mansardes? Pensons-nous aux larmes de ces yeux ternes qui furent brillants, émus et joyeux, jadis?”1

Guy de Maupassant
Networks in the Premodern Economy: The Market for London Apprenticeships, 1600–1749
Authors: Leunig Tim , Minns Chris , Wallis Patrick
Published: June 2011

We examine the role of social and geographical networks in structuring entry into premodern London's skilled occupations. Newly digitized apprenticeship indenture records for 1600–1749 offer little evidence that personal ties strongly shaped apprentice recruitment. The typical London apprentices had no identifiable tie to their master through kin or place of origin. Migrant apprentices' fathers were generally outside the craft sector. The apprenticeship market was strikingly open: well-to-do families accessed a wide range of apprenticeships, and would-be apprentices could match ability and aptitude to opportunity. This fluidity aided human capital formation, with obvious implications for economic development.
The Spinning Jenny and the Industrial Revolution: A Reappraisal
Authors: Gragnolati Ugo , Moschella Daniele , Pugliese Emanuele
Published: June 2011

Why was the Industrial Revolution British? In a recent article published in this Journal, Robert Allen argues that only in England was the price of labor relative to capital high enough to justify the adoption of the labor-saving technologies which characterized the Industrial Revolution.1 To support his argument, he uses the spinning jenny as a case study. The jenny was indeed an important labor-saving technology that was invented and widely adopted in England but not in France. Allen explains this fact by calculating the returns to adopting the jenny in each country: according to his calculations the jenny was profitable in England but not in France.

The present note shows that Allen's conclusions rest on implausible profitability computations. In particular, Allen assumes that output remains constant after the adoption of the jenny while hours worked decrease dramatically. From a theoretical perspective, this is equivalent to an assumption that hours worked move inversely with the marginal product of labor. As soon as these restrictive assumptions are abandoned, the jenny turns out being profitable both in England and in France. Hence the mystery of the adoption of the jenny during the Industrial Revolution remains.
Irrational Diversification: An Examination of Individual Portfolio Choice
Authors: Baltussen Guido , Post Gerrit T.
Published: June 2011

We study individual portfolio choice in a laboratory experiment and find strong evidence for heuristic behavior. The subjects tend to focus on the marginal distribution of an asset, while largely ignoring its diversification benefits. They follow a conditional 1/n diversification heuristic as they exclude the assets with an “unattractive” marginal distribution and divide the available funds equally between the remaining “attractive” assets. This strategy is applied even if it leads to allocations that are dominated in terms of first-order stochastic dominance and is clearly irrational. In line with these findings, we find that framing and problem presentation have substantial influence on portfolio decisions.
Bank Loans with Chinese Characteristics: Some Evidence on Inside Debt in a State-Controlled Banking System
Authors: Bailey Warren , Huang Wei , Yang Zhishu
Published: June 2011

We study a transitional economy where state-controlled banks make loan decisions based on noisy inside information on prospective borrowers, and may lend to avert unemployment and social instability. In China, poor financial performance and high managerial expenses increase the likelihood of obtaining a bank loan, and bank loan approval predicts poor subsequent borrower performance. Negative event study responses occur at bank loan announcements, particularly for borrowers measuring poorly on quality and creditworthiness, or for lenders or borrowers involved in litigation regarding loans. Our results highlight dilemmas in a state-led financial system and the local stock market’s sophistication in interpreting news.
Institutions and Corporate Investment: Evidence from Investment-Implied Return on Capital in China
Authors: Liu Qiao , Siu Alan
Published: June 2011

We assess the impact of institutions on Chinese firms’ corporate investment in an investment Euler equation framework. We allow the variables measuring institutions to affect the rate at which firm managers discount future investment payoffs. Applying generalized method of moments estimators to large samples of Chinese firms, we estimate the stochastic discount rates derived from actual investment and examine how they vary across institutional variables. We document robust evidence that ownership is the primary institutional factor affecting corporate investment in China. The derived discount rate for a nonstate firm is approximately 10 percentage points higher than that of an otherwise equal state firm. State firms tend to use higher discount rates to invest after they are partially privatized. We also find that firms with higher levels of corporate governance use higher discount rates to make investment.
The Determinants of Operational Risk in U.S. Financial Institutions
Authors: Chernobai Anna , Jorion Philippe , Yu Fan
Published: June 2011

We examine the incidence of operational losses among U.S. financial institutions using publicly reported loss data from 1980 to 2005. We show that most operational losses can be traced to a breakdown of internal control, and that firms suffering from these losses tend to be younger and more complex, and have higher credit risk, more antitakeover provisions, and chief executive officers (CEOs) with higher stock option holdings and bonuses relative to salary. These findings highlight the correlation between operational risk and credit risk, as well as the role of corporate governance and proper managerial incentives in mitigating operational risk.
Probabilistic map merging for multi-robot RBPF-SLAM with unknown initial poses
Authors: Lee Heon-Cheol , Lee Seung-Hwan , Choi Myoung Hwan , Lee Beom-Hee
Published: June 2011

This paper addresses the map merging problem, which is the most important issue in multi-robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) using the Rao–Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF-SLAM) with unknown initial poses. The map merging is performed using the map transformation matrix and the pair of map merging bases (MMBs) of the robots. However, it is difficult to find appropriate MMBs because each robot pose is estimated under multi-hypothesis in the RBPF-SLAM. In this paper, probabilistic map merging (PMM) using the Gaussian process is proposed to solve the problem. The performance of PMM was verified by reducing errors in the merged map with computer simulations and real experiments.
Two-state trajectory tracking control of a spherical robot using neurodynamics
Authors: Cai Yao , Zhan Qiang , Yan Caixia
Published: June 2011

Spherical robot is a special kind of nonholonomic system that cannot be converted to chained form, which means most of the well-known control methodologies are not suitable for this system. For the trajectory tracking of BHQ-1, a spherical robot designed by our lab, a two-state trajectory tracking controller is proposed in this paper. First, the kinematic model of the robot is built using screw theory and exponential method and the controllability is proved based on the differential geometric control theory. Then to solve the two-state trajectory tracking problem of BHQ-1, a shunting model of neurodynamics and Lyapunov's direct method are combined to design a two-state trajectory tracking controller, of which the Lyapunov stability is validated. Finally, typical simulation examples, such as tracking linear, circular, and sinusoidal trajectories, are introduced to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller. In this paper the proposed method can also be applied to the control of other spherical robots.
Teachers' use of digital technology in secondary music education: illustrations of changing classrooms
Authors: Wise Stuart , Greenwood Janinka , Davis Niki
Published: June 2011

The music industry in the 21st century uses digital technology in a wide range of applications including performance, composition and in recording and publishing. Much of this digital technology is freely available via downloads from the internet, as part of software included with computers when they are purchased and via applications that are available for some mobile phones. Such technology is transforming music and the way people approach many traditional music activities. This paper is about transformative practices that are underway in some secondary school music classrooms. Practices are being shaped by the culture of the schools and the students that they recruit. We describe the perceptions and practices of nine music teachers in four New Zealand secondary schools with regard to digital technology and how they are changing their work in their classroom. Data collection techniques include interviews, observation and a questionnaire. The data were subjected to two stages of thematic analysis. Grounded analysis was used to allow the teachers' voices emerge. This was then followed by the application of five themes identified in the literature on pedagogic change prompted by teachers' adoption of digital technologies.
Understanding the one-to-one relationship in instrumental/vocal tuition in Higher Education: comparing student and teacher perceptions
Authors: Gaunt Helena
Published: June 2011

The power of one-to-one tuition in Higher Music Education is evidenced by its continuing place at the heart of conservatoire education. The need to examine this student–teacher relationship more closely has been emphasised in the last decades by increasing understanding of processes of student learning in Higher Education as a whole, and in particular the impact which student–teacher relations have on learning. Literature on PhD supervision, for example, has highlighted the depth of applied craft skills made possible in one-to-one interaction, and has also drawn attention to a range of potential difficulties encountered in the supervisory relationship. This paper draws on findings from a study at a conservatoire in the UK, which explored student and teacher perceptions of one-to-one tuition. It analyses student and teacher perspectives on the relationship and considers the match between their perceptions within student–teacher pairs. Findings demonstrate diverse characterisation of the relationship, and varied approaches to extending a social relationship beyond the confines of the lesson. Comparison of student–teacher pairs indicates that the students tended to mirror their teachers' opinions about appropriate social interaction. This was one example of the dynamics of power operating within the one-to-one relationship, although these were rarely discussed explicitly. Such dynamics of power made it difficult in some instances for students to articulate difficulties with learning and to change teacher. There was also evidence of a possible connection between dynamics of power in the relationship and students' reluctance to develop artistic and professional self-direction. The implications of these findings are considered in terms of conceptualising one-to-one tuition, and the need to review the professional framework of its delivery in Higher Music Education.
Scientific concepts in singing: Do they belong in a student toolbox of learning?
Authors: Latukefu Lotte , Verenikina Irina
Published: June 2011

This article presents part of a five-year Australian study, the purpose of which was to look at learning singing in a pedagogical environment designed using sociocultural theory. The classroom environment was transformed over 5 years in consultation with other staff members and used the reflective journals that students wrote during that time as a way of refining and changing the design. Themes emerging from the journals were analysed to inform changes to the design. One of the main themes to emerge was student reflections about the scientific concepts they were taught and the ways the concepts were introduced. These reflections became the basis for the discussion in this paper. The study demonstrated that the students' acquisition of scientific concepts of singing affected both their singing performance and their ability to learn in a positive way. The study suggests that scientific concepts of singing could become part of the students' toolbox that helps develop their singing by making meaning of what they are experiencing kinaesthetically and aurally while they sing.
Continuity, change and mature musical identity construction: Using ‘Rivers of Musical Experience’ to trace the musical lives of six mature-age keyboard players
Authors: Taylor Angela
Published: June 2011

‘Rivers of Musical Experience’ were used as a research tool to explore the wide range of musical experiences and concomitant identity construction that six amateur keyboard players over the age of 55 brought to their learning as mature adults. It appears that significant changes in their lives acted as triggers for them to engage in musical activity which had meaning for them, often further prompted by the interest and actions of family, friends and acquaintances. Lifelong engagement with music was not only a source of pleasure and social enrichment but also pain, disappointment, liberation and empowerment.
Mapping the context: insights and issues from local government development of music communities
Authors: Kenny Ailbhe
Published: June 2011

Recent years have revealed local government to be a fundamental stakeholder in the development of arts and music communities. This article provides a context for an exploration and study of the issues, themes and dilemmas that surround local government and music communities. In particular the article provides this examination from an Irish perspective and focuses on recent research to provide insights from local government music practice. Key themes, questions and issues are raised concerning the impact of local government on the development of music communities, how arts agendas are integrated into local government, the tensions between artistic aims and political remits, as well as the ways local government is enhancing musical participation and development amongst communities.
Present and future horizons for Irish English
Authors: Hickey Raymond
Published: June 2011

The English language was first taken to Ireland in the late twelfth century and enjoyed a modest position in late medieval Irish society, a position which betrayed no sign of the later dominance of English in Ireland as in so many countries to which the language was taken during the period of English colonialism. The fate of the English language after initial settlement was determined by the existence of Irish and Anglo-Norman as widely spoken languages in the country. Irish was the continuation of forms of Celtic taken to Ireland in the first centuries BCE and the native language of the great majority of the population at the time settlers from Britain first arrived in Ireland. Anglo-Norman was the form of French used by the nobility in England and particularly in the marches of south and south-west Wales, the region from which the initial settlers in the south-east of Ireland came.
Victories fastened in grammar: historical documentation of Irish English
Authors: McCafferty Kevin
Published: June 2011

In ‘Murdering the language’ Moya Cannon imagines Ireland as a shore washed over by human tides. Each invasion added fresh layers to landscape, community and language, until:

[…] we spoke our book of invasions –

an unruly wash of Victorian pedantry,

Cromwellian English, Scots,

the jetsam and the beached bones of Irish –

a grammarian's nightmare. (Cannon, 2007: 88)
‘Irish isn't spoken here?’ Language policy and planning in Ireland
Authors: McDermott Philip
Published: June 2011

A 2003 Irish short film calledYu Ming is Ainm Dom(My name is Yu Ming) by director Daniel O'Hara describes the experiences of a young Chinese man called Yu Ming who comes to Ireland in search of work. As he prepares to leave China he reads in a travel guide thatGaeilge(or Irish) is the first official language of Ireland and therefore sets out on an intensive learning course. On his arrival in Dublin Yu Ming is delighted to see public signage in Irish that he can understand. At the airport he finds hisbealach amach(Way Out) and catches a bus toan lár(the city centre). However, his initial communication with local people in perfect Irish is met with strange looks and confusion with many Dubliners under the impression that they are listening to Chinese. Yu Ming eventually begins a conversation in Irish with an old man in a pub who explains to a perplexed Yu Ming that “Ní labhraítear Gaeilge anseo, labhraítear Béarla anseo – ó Shasana!”(“Irish isn't spoken here – English is spoken here, from England!”). Yu Ming leaves Dublin and finds work in rural western Ireland where the old man has suggested he should go.
What is Irish Standard English?
Authors: Kirk John M.
Published: June 2011

Standard English need not be a matter of prescriptivism or any attempt to ‘create’ a particular standard, but, rather, can be a matter of observation of actual linguistic behaviour. For Hudson (2000), standard English is the kind of English which is written in published work, which is spoken in situations where published writing is most influential – especially in university level education and so in post-university professions – and which is spoken ‘natively’ at home by the ‘professional class’, i.e. people who are most influenced by published writing. In the papers in Bex and Watts (eds, 1999), it is recurrently claimed that, when speaking English, what the ‘social group with highest degree of power, wealth or prestige’ or more neutrally ‘educated people’ or ‘socially admired people’ speak is the variety known as ‘standard English’. However, ‘standard English’ may also mean that shared aspect of English which makes global communication possible. This latter perspective allows for two meanings of ‘standard’: it may refer both to an idealised set of shared features, and also to different sets of national features, reflecting different demographic and political histories and language influences. The methodology adopted in the International Corpus of English (henceforth ICE – cf. Greenbaum, 1996) enables us to observe and investigate each set of features, showing what everybody shares and also what makes each national variety of English different.
Grammatical variation in Irish English
Authors: Corrigan Karen P.
Published: June 2011

Irish English (IrE) was initially learned as a second language as a result of the successive colonizations of Ireland by speakers of English and Scots dialects that began in the Middle Ages and reached a peak during what is termed ‘The Plantation Period’ of Irish history. The scheme persuaded English and Scottish settlers to colonize the island of Ireland, hailing from urban centres like London as well as more rural areas like Norfolk and Galloway. This intensive colonization process created the possibility that a novel type of English could emerge. This new variety is characterized by: (i) innovative forms; (ii) the incorporation of features drawn from Irish, the indigenous language prior to colonization, and (iii) other characteristics caused by the mixing of Irish with the regional Scots and English vernaculars of the new settlers. Interestingly (and not uncommonly when migratory movements of these kinds arise), modern varieties of IrE still retain this mixed heritage. Moreover, the colonization is preserved culturally – particularly in the north of Ireland – by ethnic divisions between the descendants of the migrant and indigenous populations. Thus, Catholics, who reflect the latter group, celebrate events like ‘St Patrick's Day’ while their Protestant neighbours commemorate ‘The Glorious Twelfth’ each July, celebrating the day in 1690 when King William III's victory at the Battle of the Boyne ensured the ultimate success of the Plantation scheme in which their forefathers participated. The linguistic consequences of this contact permeate all aspects of the speech used within these communities (accent, grammar and vocabulary). Moreover, some of the grammatical features that are the focus of this article have travelled to regions that have been intensively settled by Irish migrants. Hence, these features also have important implications for the study of transported dialects, which has recently become very topical and is the focus of a new strand of research in English variation studies typified by the publication of Hickey (ed. 2004).
Ireland in translation
Authors: Cronin Michael
Published: June 2011

Translation has long featured as a convenient metaphor for the Irish condition. However, its use as metaphor should not disguise the insights translation provides into the status and formation of Irish English. When Richard II arrived in Ireland in 1394 his problems were not only political and military. They were also linguistic. On the occasion of the visit of the Irish kings to Richard in Dublin that same year, James Butler, the second Earl of Ormond, had to interpret the king's speech into Irish. Loyalty to Richard's kingship did not extend to loyalty to his chosen tongue. The translation skills of another Earl of Ormond would be further called upon in 1541 when the Irish parliament made Henry VIII King of Ireland. The Earl on this occasion interpreted the Speaker's address into Irish for the benefit of the Lords and Commons, although they were predominantly of Anglo-Norman or Old English origin. The act of translation, in this instance, was not without its ironies. James Butler was interpreting into a language that had been outlawed four years previously under the Act for the English Order, Habit and Language.
Teaching and Irish English
Authors: O'Keeffe Anne
Published: June 2011

The first decade of the twenty-first century has been characterised in Irish English studies by a diversification of research agendas. Whereas studies before 2000 were largely concerned with internal issues in the development of Irish English, more recent research has been marked by the desire to view Irish English in the context of international varieties of English, as demanded by Barker and O'Keeffe (1999). Much has changed in the study of Irish English in the last decade or so. This is in part due to a broader perspective adopted by researchers and also to the emergence of new ways of looking at Irish English: see Barron and Schneider (eds) 2005; Hickey, 2005, 2007a; Corrigan, 2010; Amador-Moreno, 2006, 2010. There seems to be a less exclusive concern with Irish English within the strict orbit of British English and the effects of contact with the Irish language. This is perhaps aided by looking at Irish English in the context of English as a global language (Kirkpatrick ed. 2010). A function of this globalisation is variation and that in itself brings richness and diversity. In the context of English language teaching, Irish English is one of many types of English.
Figuring the Group
Authors: DeMarrais Elizabeth
Published: June 2011

This article focuses on the social group, asking how approaches to the representation of the group (in forms such as rock-art, images painted on pottery and three-dimensional caches of figurines) can help us understand the nature of collective experience in the past. Current research has concentrated on individuals (and their experiences) in past societies, while group dynamics have been neglected. Attention should be re-directed to the wide range of emotional experiences that we know affected individuals, particularly as part of their interactions with others, during rituals and other collective events in the past. Investigation of figurative representations over a sustained period provides one means of reconstructing the repetitive, stereotyped emotions, local rules, ‘non-rational’ propensities, moral sentiments, and shared emotions that shaped group life in past societies.
Human Ontogeny and Material Change at the Bronze Age Tell of Százhalombatta, Hungary
Authors: Sofaer Joanna
Published: June 2011

This article explores the relationship between human ontogeny — how people become who they are — and material change at the Bronze Age tell of Százhalombatta, Hungary. Shifts in domestic material culture and in the use of domestic space in houses imply altered developmental experiences for people living on the tell from the Early to Middle Bronze Age. These changes produced qualitatively different kinds of people at different points in time.
Image, Memory and Ritual: Re-viewing the Antecedents of Writing
Authors: Costello Sarah Kielt
Published: June 2011

This article addresses the visual culture of the Neolithic Near East, in particular that found on seals and sealings, objects often associated with information storage and administration. It considers the connection between those images and a broader Neolithic cosmology and, finally, the ways that both changed as cities replaced villages. The evidence is a set of imagery carved on small, portable objects such as palettes and seals, as well as their impressions on clay. By and large, seals have been studied as administrative and economic tools, part of a developing system of record-keeping in the millennia preceding the first writing. Their imagery, however, reveals elements of a basic cosmology, suggesting a religious context and meaning that precedes evidence of their use in administrative contexts. I posit that a) there are recurring motifs in the visual culture of the Neolithic Near East; and b) the subject matter of these motifs relates to religious beliefs and practices. I argue that to fully understand early seal use, we must proceed historically rather than ahistorically, first considering the primary association between these objects and cosmological concerns, and then broaden interpretations of later seal use, archive systems and ultimately writing, to consider how the content or meaning of the glyptic imagery may relate to those contexts.