bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute stroke in young patients positive for COVID-19: A report of six cases
Authors: Kobak Tur Esma , Gözke Eren
Published: September 2021

We report here 6 young patients of stroke with COVID-19 infection. These patients were positive for COVID-19, as confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) The patients’ mean age was 44.5 ± 1 years, and 83% were young males without cerebrovascular risk factors. Five patients had an ischemic stroke, one patient had intracranial hemorrhage. The mean stroke onset time was 10.2 ± 6.1 days after the COVID-19 diagnosis. Two patients were symptom-free for COVID-19. The mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 9.1 ± 5.3. Three patients had severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Large vessel occlusion was detected in 3 patients with ischemic stroke. Two patients were treated with intravenous thrombolytic, one patient underwent a mechanical thrombectomy, and an elective stent was fitted on another patient. In conclusion, COVID-19 should be considered as a possible cause particularly in young strokes during the pandemic period.
Isolated unilateral lingual paralysis in a supranuclear infarction
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Hwang Kyoung Jin
Published: September 2021

Lingual paralysis can result from damage to both upper and lower motor neurons. However, since the hypoglossal nucleus is innervated from both hemispheres simultaneously, unilateral lingual paralysis caused by upper motor neuron has rarely been reported. We report a case which a patient isolated unilateral lingual paralysis due to supranuclear infarction. A 50-year-old right-handed woman was admitted to our hospital due to suddenly developed dysarthria. Her tongue deviated to the right on protrusion without fasciculation or atrophy. A brain MRI showed focal lesion in the left corona radiate and basal ganglia.
Frequency of headache among university students and its effect on daily living activities
Authors: Öcal Ruhsen , Iyigündogdu Ilkin , Gursoy Kirnap Nazli , Talu Irem , Alkislar Defne , Aras Dilay , Uner Aylin , Uzunalioglu Ece
Published: September 2021

Background & Objective: Headache is a common symptom in the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of headache among a university students population in Ankara, Turkey; and to evaluate the factors affecting the headache and the effect of headache on students’ quality of life.
Methods: A face-to-face questionnaire was applied to all participants in the study. In the questionnaire, demographic data, personal background and family history of the participants as well as the presence of headache were collected. The characteristic features of the headache, accompanying symptoms and medication use for the headache were evaluated. The 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), Beck depression and Beck anxiety scales were administered to all participants.
Results: Three hundred and sixty six university students participated in the study. Three hundred and thirty one participants (90.4%) had experienced headache at least once in their lifetime. Headache was more common in women (p˂0.01). Depression was found in 135 (36.9%) students with the Beck depression scale, and anxiety was found in 236 (64.5%) students with the Beck anxiety scale. There was no relationship between depression or anxiety and the presence of headache (p>0.05). Emotional role difficulties, social function, pain and general health scores were significantly lower on SF-36 in the group with headache (p˂0.05) than without headache.
Conclusion: Headache adversely affects the quality of life and is a common symptom among university students, independent of depression and anxiety.
An investigation into the factors which affect the sitting balance of non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Cankurtaran Damla , Abidin Nihan , Unlu Akyuz Ece , Tezel Nihal
Published: September 2021

Background & Objective: This study aimed to examine the factors affecting sitting function in non- ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP) who spend most of their daily life in a sitting position.
Methods: Thirty- five non-ambulatory children with CP were included in this cross sectional study. Data included demographics, socio-economic features, examination findings, personal and family history, and accompanying problems of patients. The participants’ lower extremity spasticity was evaluated using the Modified Ashworth scale (MAS); manual ability was evaluated using the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS); sitting function using the Gross Motor Functional Measure (GMFM)-sitting subscale; and trunk control using the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS). The relationship between sitting function and the other evaluation parameters was analyzed.
Results: Children with scoliosis had significantly lower scores in TIS-static and TIS-total (p<0.05). Hip problems negatively affected the GMFM-sitting subscale, TIS-static, and TIS-total (p<0.05). Strong positive correlations were found between GMFM- B (sitting subscale) scores and TIS-static, dynamic, coordination, and TIS-total scores (p<0.05). Duration of hospitalization in neonatal intensive care and MACS were correlated with GMFM-B (p<0.05). Multivariate analyses showed that trunk control and upper extremity function were independent risk factors on sitting function.
Conclusion: More attention should be paid to rehabilitation programs which incorporate trunk control exercises and upper extremity functions in order to improve sitting function. Preventing hip dislocation may be an option to increase sitting function of non-ambulatory children with CP.
Is deep brain stimulation useful in Lance–Adams syndrome?
Authors: Öztürk Gülşah , Taşçı İrem , Samanci Mustafa Yavuz , Peker Selçuk
Published: September 2021

Lance–Adams syndrome (LAS) is a chronic post-hypoxic myoclonus that occurs after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Although many drugs are available to treat this condition, the underlying mechanism of the disease is yet to be understood. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been attempted and proven to be partially successful in treating LAS in several cases. Here, we present a 40-year-old woman who developed myoclonus subsequent to cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) that occurred after her first cesarean delivery at the age of 26 years. The patient underwent implantation of bilateral globus pallidus interna (GPi)-DBS about 14 years after disease onset. Regarding Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale (UMRS), 8% and 20% improvements were observed in action and resting myoclonus, respectively, with high-frequency stimulation as a result of the 3-year follow-up study. In this case, neuromodulation therapy applied 14 years after hypoxia-causing LAS was not sufficiently beneficial.
Acute isolated anterior cerebral artery infarcts: A clinical – radiological study
Authors: Aaron Sanjith , Pancharatnam Divyan , Al Hashmi Amal
Published: September 2021

Background: The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) supplies many eloquent areas and can have anatomical variations making ACA strokes clinically and radiologically challenging. This study looks at the clinical and radiological features of isolated acute ACA strokes from a stroke centre in Oman.
Methods: A retrospective study conducted over a 2 year period on ACA strokes presenting within 12 hours of symptom onset. TOAST classification was used for aetiology. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were used to assess stroke severity. Fischer’s classification was used for assessing the arterial segments with CT angiogram. Heidelberg Bleeding Classification was used for haemorrhagic conversion.
Results: Isolated ACA strokes constituted 25/1180 (2.1 %) of ischemic strokes. Males 15/25 (60%) Mean age was 68.4 years (Range 42 -97 years). Twenty eight percent of patients had earlier strokes. Hemiparesis (68%) was the commonest clinical presentation. Twenty percent had only lower limb weakness. Hypertension 22/25 (88%) followed by diabetes mellitus 12/25 (48%) was the commonest risk factor. The mean NIHSS was 9 (range 3 to 13). In 36% of patients there was progression of stroke. Plain CT Picked the infarct only in 6/24 (25%). Left side involvement in 18/25 (72%) Artery of Hubner was involved in 6/25 (24%); 44% had an embolic aetiology. There was no mortality and at discharge, 11/25 (44%) had mRS3 or less.
Conclusions: In acute ACA infarcts a CT scan can miss the diagnosis in 74%. An embolic aetiology has to be considered in any Isolated ACA stroke and the outcome appears to be good.
Recurrent attacks of transient global amnesia with intracranial vertebral artery dissection: Case report
Authors: Lee Hyung-Soo , Lee Sang-hun
Published: September 2021

Whether Transient global amnesia (TGA) is related to ischemic pathogenesis remains unclear. The recurrence of TGA is rare. We report a rare case of recurrent attacks of TGA with intracranial vertebral artery dissection in young men without other triggers and any associated factor. A 39-year-old man was hospitalized for amnesia. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) revealed a tiny focus of high-intensity signals in the left. High-resolution MRI showed the dissecting aneurysm of the V4 portion of the right vertebral artery. Two years later, the patient experienced sudden memory loss again. On DWI, a new punctate restricted diffusion lesion was observed in the left hippocampus. Considering the recurrence in young men with no other triggers, this case raises the hypothesis that a pure TGA in a young patient could potentially be a vertebrobasilar TIA. Therefore, when a patient presents with TGA, without any associated factors, it is important to investigate and exclude sinister causes of global amnesia and we recommend that a vascular examination be conducted.
A collaborative effort to build an epilepsy program in central Vietnam
Authors: Tran Thi Phuoc Yen , Truong Van Tri , Nguyen Dinh Toan , Nguyen Duy Duan , Bouthillier Alain , Nguyen Dang Khoa
Published: September 2021

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a developing country with an estimated population of 96.2 million as of 2019. The prevalence rate of epilepsy is between 4.4 and 14 per 1000 population. The care of epileptic patients in Vietnam is suboptimal for many reasons: insufficient resources, poor infrastructure, lack of education (to both patients and physicians), and inadequate offer of medical and surgical treatment options for epilepsy.
‘Dexamethasone–mannitol–hyperbaric oxygen’ combination therapy is effective for patients with delayed neurological sequelae after acute carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Guo Dazhi , Xue Ruijun , Qi Ya’nan , Lv Yan , Meng Xiang'en , Pan Shuyi
Published: September 2021

Background: Delayed neurological sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning (DNS) is the most common neuropsychiatric sequelae of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. At present, there is no effective method to prevent or treat DNS. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the combined application of dexamethasone, mannitol and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) in the treatment of patients with DNS.
Methods: A total of 312 patients with DNS were recruited and randomly assigned into the experimental group (10 mg/day dexamethasone, 100 ml/12 h mannitol + HBO2 therapy) and the control group (HBO2 only). All patients received conventional treatment. We used the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale to assess the cognitive function, the remission rate (RR) to assess the clinical efficacy and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) to assess the neurological function. In addition, we measured myelin basic protein (MBP) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to assess the extent of nerve damage.
Results: Compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly increased average MMSE score (P = 0.035) and RR (P = 0.021), significantly reduced average NIHSS score (P = 0.028) and significantly lower MBP level in CSF (P = 0.0019) after 4 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, compared with patients who received dexamethasone alone, patients who received dexamethasone and mannitol had higher average MMSE score (P = 0.012) and RR (P = 0.038) and lower average NIHSS score (P = 0.022) and MBP level in CSF (P = 0.002). Dexamethasone and mannitol combined with HBO2 did not significantly increase adverse effects.
Conclusion: The combination therapy of dexamethasone–mannitol–HBO2 is better in treating DNS than HBO2 alone and HBO2 combination with dexamethasone, and it can be used as a potential new therapy in the future.
Review on the Artificial Brain Technology: BlueBrain
Authors:   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Luck-now, India, Vinny Madhulika
Published: September 2021

Blue brain is a supercomputer programmed such that it can function as an artificial brain, which can also be called a virtual brain. IBM is developing this virtual brain which would be the world’s first such created machine. Its main aim is to create a machine in which the information of the actual brain can be uploaded. This would ensure that a person’s knowledge, personality, memories, and intelligence are preserved and safe. The Blue Brain project utilizes the technologies of reverse engineering and artificial intelligence at its core and is implemented through the use of supercomputers and nanobots. Special software like BBP-SDK are also specifically developed for the Blue Brain project. The Blue Brain project is centered towards finding viable solutions to brain disorders, a working model close to the actual brain which would help in greater understanding of the human brain and the human mind and the state of consciousness, a step towards building an independently thinking machine, and finally collecting information of hundreds of years from the human brains and storing it in the form of a databases. The Blue Brain project mimics the human brain by acquiring the data from its surrounding through special software, interpreting through neural electrophysiology and morphology, and simulating them on computers. Thus, The Blue Brain project is a powerful tool for the study and analysis of the human brain and for the advancement of the human brain and society.
Introduction to Blockchain
Authors:   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, AUUP, Lucknow, India, Sahani Amarpreet , Singh Pawan ,   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, AUUP, Lucknow, India, Tiwari Anil Kr ,   Amity School of Engineering and Technology, AUUP, Lucknow, India
Published: September 2021

The current monetary system has many issues associated with it like double spending, standard transaction fees, financial crisis, centralized power and private ledgers. Blockchain provides a remedy to all these ills by its basic structure, zero or minimal transaction fees and by providing a public ledger system which is visible to everyone who is the part of blockchain which makes it free from complications like double spending and financial crisis. Blockchain is basically a continuously growing list of records or public distributed ledger system called blocks linked and secured suing cryptography. Each block has multiple transaction details associated with it. It was introduced in the year 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto, who is believed to be a Japanese man, born in 1974. Given the features and universal nature of the Blockchain, which include decentralized ledger system, proof of work and cryptography, one can appreciate that its implementation could result in far reaching changes in all domains.
Energy Optimization for Smart Housing Systems
Authors:   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Luck-now, India, Misra Medha
Published: September 2021

Smart home is an emerging technology which is growing continuously now. It integrates many of the new technologies with the help of home networking for improving human’s quality and standard of living, so there are many projects which are researching in diverse technologies in order to apply them to the smart home system. As the technology evolves it comforts mankind with some additional ease and advancement. At the time the evolution calls upon all the daily routine devices to operate over internet and this project is based on the idea to make these devices accessible to the owner anytime anywhere. Particularly for now we intend to connect electrical appliances in any house to a kind of a local area network so that it can be operated by the respective authorities so as to minimize the electricity wastage. Further, these devices along with sensors can be made to operate on their own, intelligently and accurately. The excellency of the project can be utilized in hostels and classrooms as well where most of the times we find electrical appliances operational even when not necessary. The idea is to turn a house into a smart house. The project utilizes the current technology such as wifi and low-cost electronic modules to meet the requirements of IOT and gives it a web as well as an app interface for an ease of access. The technologies which we are using include - Wifi mod-ule, Relay module, Raspberry pi, Sensors for automatic support and feedback to user. The project can be extended to cloud also for data storage and providing access to authorized user.
Resolving phylogenetic and classical nomenclature: A Revision of Canarium Schumacher, 1817 (Mollusca, Neostromboidae, Strombidae)
Authors: Liverani Virgilio , Dekkers Aart , Maxwell Stephen
Published: September 2021

This revision of the genus Canarium Schumacher, 1817 after Abbott (1960) advances our understanding of the phylogeny of Strombidae. Morphological characters were used to generate a phylogeny using maximum likelihood and including all of the recognised species. This resulted in the recognition of one tree, and within that tree the existing genera Canarium Schumacher, 1817 Tridentarius Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002 and Terestrombus Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002, and two more Maculastrombus n. gen. and Neostrombus n. gen. were recognisable clades. Furthermore, within the genus Canarium, four subgenera, Canarium (Canarium), Canarium (Conundrum), Canarium (Elegantum), and Canarium (Stereostrombus), were identified and described. We describe and define taxa that are compatible with the requirements of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode 2020), and also conform to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). This revision assists in generating a system of nomenclature that reflects the hypothetical relationships, and is at the same time practical in its application. We designate type localities and types for included species that were not yet addressed up until now.
Are the ICZN and PhyloCode that incompatible? A summary of the shifts in Stromboidean taxonomy and the definition of two new subfamilies in Stromboidae (Mollusca, Neostromboidae)
Authors: Maxwell Stephen , Rymer Tasmin
Published: September 2021

The taxonomy of Stromboideans has, historically, been simplistic. However, recent revisions have seen new taxa introduced to distinguish relationships between species clusters. We discuss these numerous advancements in Stromboidean systematics, and describe two new subfamilies here. The key diagnostic characteristic, the basal peg on the first lateral tooth, splits the Strombidae into two clades similar to those observed with molecular data. In defining the new subfamilies, Neoaligerinae and Neostrombinae, we demonstrate that the practical application of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode 2020), can also conform to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). This revision further advances and strengthens the framework of Stromboidean nomenclature such that it is able to reflect the current understanding of the evolutionary relationships between members of the Stromboidea.
Two new species of Barycypraea (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) from the Miocene of Java, Indonesia
Authors: Dovesi Matteo , Parsons Jeff
Published: September 2021

Two new species of Barycypraea Schilder, 1927 described from the middle Miocene Epoch on Java, Indonesia. The new species are compared to 140 specimens of related congers belonging to Barycypraea using a morphological analysis concerning outline, callosities, extremities and teeth. The study includes a discussion of the type locality and the site’s stratigraphy.
Short Communication: Timing of resin-tapping operations in maritime pine forests in Northern Spain
Authors: Touza Roberto , Lema Margarita , Zas Rafael
Published: September 2021

Aim of study: To optimize the timing of resin-tapping activities for maximizing the economic efficiency of resin tapping in Atlantic maritime pine forests.
Area of study: Northern Spain.
Material and methods: We conducted three small experiments in a mature maritime pine forest aimed to test: i) the impact of groove frequency on resin production, ii) the effect of previous grooves as a driver of temporal patterns of resin production along the seasons and iii) the impact of previous tapping on resin production in the following campaign.
Main results: The resin produced decreased as groove frequency decreased, but the reduction was low. Considering that the number of trees that a worker can tap increases with more spaced grooves, higher tapping efficiency can be achieved with monthly grooves. Previous tapping increased resin yield during the following campaign but resin production was not affected by the previous grooves during the current tapping campaign.
Research highlights: Responses to wounding seem to require time to be effective and temporal patterns of resin production appear to be driven by weather conditions alone.
Keywords: resin yield; Pinus pinaster; seasonality; induced responses; wounding.
A genetic algorithm for resizing and sampling reduction of non-stationary soil chemical attributes optimizing spatial prediction
Authors: Maltauro Tamara C. , Guedes Luciana P. C. , Uribe-Opazo Miguel A. , Canton Letícia E. D.
Published: September 2021

Aim of study: To evaluate the influence of the parameters of the geostatistical model and the initial sample configuration used in the optimization process; and to propose and evaluate the resizing of a sample configuration, reducing its sample size, for simulated data and for the study of the spatial variability of soil chemical attributes under a non-stationary with drift process from a commercial soybean cultivation area.Area of study: Cascavel, BrazilMaterial and methods: For both, the simulated data and the soil chemical attributes, the Genetic Algorithm was used for sample resizing, maximizing the overall accuracy measure.Main results: The results obtained from the simulated data showed that the practical range did not influence in a relevant way the optimization process. Moreover, the local variations, such as variance or sampling errors (nugget effect), had a direct relationship with the reduction of the sample size, mainly for the smaller nugget effect. For the soil chemical attributes, the Genetic Algorithm was efficient in resizing the sampling configuration, since it generated sampling configurations with 30 to 35 points, corresponding to 29.41% to 34.31% of the initial configuration, respectively. In addition, comparing the optimized and initial configurations, similarities were obtained regarding spatial dependence structure and characterization of spatial variability of soil chemical attributes in the study area.Research highlights: The optimization process showed that it is possible to reduce the sample size, allowing for lesser financial investments with data collection and laboratory analysis of soil samples in future experiments.
Assessment of the usability of the EUSAMA and the phase angle method in examining the condition of shock absorbers installed in a vehicle
Authors: Lozia Zbigniew
Published: September 2021

The article is a continuation of the author's earlier considerations concerning the methods of testing shock absorbers installed in the vehicle. The work concerns the analysis of the usability of two methods: the EUSAMA method and the phase angle method. The first one examines the minimum ratio of the force in contact between the wheel and the vibration-inducing plate (on which the wheel of the tested suspension rests) and the static value of this force. The second one uses the minimum of the phase shift angle between the excitation (vertical movement of the said plate) and the force in contact between the tire and this plate for diagnosis. Two linear quarter-car models and their description in the frequency domain were used to evaluate two analyzed methods. For both evaluated methods, the monotonicity of the dependence of the diagnostic parameter on the diagnosed one (damping in suspension) is visible; in the case of the phase angle method it is close to linear. The correction of the results related to the inertia of the vibration-inducing plate was considered. The calculations were made for two typical data sets: for the front and rear suspension of a middle-class passenger car. They allow a general qualitative and (to a limited extent) quantitative assessment of the usefulness of the analyzed methods. For the EUSAMA method, the test result has a noticeable effect of the inertia of the vibration-inducing plate. This confirms the legitimacy of correcting the force measured in the diagnostic stand. Values without correction are more optimistic. For cars with a low weight or a lightly loaded road axle (especially the rear axle) of heavier vehicles, low values of the diagnostic parameter are obtained, suggesting a bad condition of the shock absorbers, which is not confirmed by their examination in the state removed from the vehicle. In the second assessed method, there are clear differences between the values of the phase angle obtained based on testing the force in the wheel-plate contact and those obtained for the analysis of the force measured in the test stand. Therefore, the correction for the value of the station plate inertia force is significant. Values without correction are more pessimistic, although it is not justified in the condition of the tested vehicle. The works cited in the article describe several practical drawbacks of the phase angle assessment method. The author points to the importance of further research, much more laborious, with the use of nonlinear models and the necessary experimental verification of the obtained simulation results.
Immanuel Kants transzendentaler Kritizismus und die Frage nach Gott
Authors: Mugerauer Roland
Published: September 2021

For those who are interested, the study of Kant's relevant writings is facilitated here, especially that of the ´Critique of Pure Reason´.

Immanuel Kant's transcendental philosophy and criticism of reason has left a lasting mark on modern thinking. The author gives an overview of Kant´s criticism. The focus is on Kant's philosophical treatment of the subject of God and his criticism of affirmative rational theology. If one wants to understand Kant, the God theme is of outstanding importance. Moreover, it is gaining increased philosophical interest nowadays. The author concludes with an outlook on the philosophical theologies in German idealism.
Chest Tubes
Authors: Kumar Joshi Mohit
Published: September 2021

Insertion of intercostal drainage (ICD) tube is one of the commonest surgical procedure that is life saving in certain circumstances. Although the procedure is being used for long, yet there is no consensus in its management. The procedure is simple to perform but the incidence of the complications, which primarily occur due to improper positioning of the tube and poor post-procedural care, is as high as 40%. It is therefore essential that all clinicians should be familiar with this simple, common and lifesaving procedure. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of various aspects of intercostal drainage including the prerequisites, technique of insertion, post-procedural care, complications and common pitfalls in the management of chest tubes in the light of the recent advances and updates.
The Multi-Tier Instrument in the Area of Chemistry and Science
Authors: Habiddin Habiddin , Ayuningrum Nofinadya Septiana
Published: September 2021

Knowledge of students’ unscientific understanding before learning a new topic known as students’ preconception or prior knowledge is vital for helping the teacher design a proper teaching strategy. Meanwhile, knowledge of students’ understanding after teaching will provide a way for a teacher to evaluate the effectiveness of his/her teaching. For these reasons, science educators should investigate students’ understanding over time. Studying students’ understanding requires a proper and powerful tool/instrument such as a multi-tier instrument. This paper describes the history of multi-tier instruments initiated by the two-tier and recently became a five-tier instrument, the procedure to develop the instrument, and how to utilize the instrument to identify students’ unscientific understanding. Our recent study describing the development of a four-tier instrument of electrolyte and non-electrolyte solution (FTI-ENES) is presented.
Cultural Heritage and the Crisis of Democracy
Authors: Campos Yussef
Published: September 2021

Democracy in Brazil is experiencing a crisis that has not been seen for a long time. After the 1988 Constitution, democratic institutions began to show signs of strengthening, such as the Public Ministry, the Judiciary, direct elections, among others. However, the rise of the extreme right – a non-exclusive event in our country – has mitigated and persecuted these institutions, with their dismantling, their ideological and religious equipment and even their extinction, as happened with the Ministry of Culture. The National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute has also been the target of repeated attacks. Appointments of unprepared individuals, without adequate qualification to assume management and leadership positions at the Institute has been the Achilles heel of the almost centenary IPHAN (National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute, in the acronym in Portuguese). Other facts mark the attack on places of memory and Brazilian heritage. In the midst of demonstrations around the world about the modification of place names that honor human rights defenders and the overthrowing of their statues, in Brazil the president of the republic testifies to his inability to occupy this position by giving prizes to torturers who acted as torturers in the Civil-Military Dictatorship (1964–1985). Thus, this brief text will seek to exemplify how some facts – some prior to the current administration but which solidify with it – exemplify the current democratic crisis, which strikes not only Heritage and places of memory, but also an entire state structure that comes undone through the virulence of fake news and corruption led by the Bolsonaro family.
More Functions Associated with Neutrosophic gsα*- Closed Sets in Neutrosophic Topological Spaces
Authors: Anbarasi Rodrigo P. , Maheswari S.
Published: September 2021

The concept of neutrosophic continuous function was very first introduced by A.A. Salama et al. The main aim of this paper is to introduce a new concept of Neutrosophic continuous function namely Strongly Neutrosophic gsα* - continuous functions, Perfectly Neutrosophic gsα* - continuous functions and Totally Neutrosophic gsα* - continuous functions in Neutrosophic topological spaces. These concepts are derived from strongly generalized neutrosophic continuous function and perfectly generalized neutrosophic continuous function. Several interesting properties and characterizations are derived and compared with already existing neutrosophic functions.
Infectious Esophagitis
Authors: Kingsley-Godwin Daniella , Jana Kingsley-Godwin Maria , Godwin Joshua
Published: September 2021

Esophagitis is the inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, which is characterized by its swelling and irritation. The esophagus is tubular structure which helps in the swallowing, and it links the back of the throat to the stomach. The swelling is commonly caused by acid reflux. Sometimes, this swelling can also be caused by infections. Infectious esophagitis can be set off by fungi, yeast, viruses, bacteria and other types of organisms. Anyone can get infectious esophagitis, but people with weakened or comprised immune system are more likely to develop the disease. Anyone can get it, but people are more likely to develop it if their immune system is weakened or compromised. The purpose of this chapter is to review the clinical manifestations, etiology, pathophysiology, histopathology, diagnosis, treatment/management, prevention, prognosis and other healthcare issues of infectious esophagitis.
Silencing of Long Non-coding RNA HOTAIR Suppresses Reverses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in AGS Gastric Cancer Cell Line by Downregulation of Fibronectin 1 and Claudin-4
Authors: Babapour Pegah , Tahmasebi-Birgani Maryam , Hashemi Mehrdad , Hajjari Mohammad-Reza
Published: September 2021

Background: Gastric cancer is the second reason for cancer mortality worldwide, with a high capacity for metastasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recently described as lengthy transcripts with no open reading frame. The lncRNAs play an important role in critical cellular and molecular pathways, including cell cycle, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Therefore, it is not surprising that abnormal expression of lncRNAs may be involved in human cancers. The HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is a highly cited lncRNAs whose altered expression has been reported in a variety of human cancers such as gastric cancer. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular route in which an epithelial phenotype of the cells can be changed into the mesenchymal state. The signaling pathways involved in EMT are related to cancer metastasis and recurrence of gastric cancer. Methods: The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of HOTAIR gene silencing on expression levels of fibronectin 1 (FN1) and claudin-4 (CLDN4) genes, two important markers of EMT, in AGS cellular model of gastric cancer. The AGS cells were exposed to the HOTAIR-specific siRNA for 48 hours. The extracted RNAs were subjected to complementary DNA synthesis and real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using 2−ΔΔCt method. Cells with no siRNA treatment were considered the control set. The P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The observed data showed that the expression levels of two EMT markers FN1 and CLDN4, were significantly decreased after HOTAIR silencing. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that HOTAIR can regulate the EMT signaling pathway through critical EMT factors like FN1 and CLDN4 transcripts. However, a long way remains to apply this finding in therapeutic approach, and further experiments are needed.
Loyalty, Justice, and Limit-Situations
Authors: Papastephanou Marianna ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Discussions of loyalty typically focus on its alleged tendency to encourage pernicious attachments to collectivities. The present article intervenes in these discussions by asking how considerations of loyalty in limit-situations (Karl Jaspers) might illuminate neglected ethico-political intricacies. Rather than suggesting that loyalty, independently of circumstances, is always a virtue or a vice this article explores how loyalty’s complex synergies in limit-situations sometimes advance rather than oppose cosmopolitan justice. This perspective, I claim, helps us see that, instead of always making us partial, as many contemporary discourses on loyalty assume, loyalty sometimes makes us partisan in an ethico-politically enabling sense.
Perplexity and Philosophical Progress
Authors: De Cruz Helen ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

Perplexity is an epistemic emotion with deep philosophical significance. In ancient Greek philosophy, it is identified as a catalyst for philosophical progress and personal philosophical transformation. In psychological terms, perplexity is the phenomenological sense of lacking immersion in the world, a state of puzzlement and alienation from one’s everyday surroundings. What could make such an emotion philosophically useful? To answer this question, I examine the role of perplexity in Jane Addams’s political theory and ethics. Addams, a social reformer and American pragmatist philosopher, regarded perplexity as an emotion that arises out of specific situations, such as being part of a social settlement, union actions, or trying to surmount gender expectations. Perplexity allows us cognitive distance from our everyday customary morality and ordinary habits of thinking, and this pushes us to become creative in our philosophical reflection. I contextualize perplexity in Jane Addams’s social reforms, and examine the relevance of her ideas today.
What is an Intellectual and What Can an Intellectual Do at Present?
Authors: Min Xiong ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2021

This essay considers the deﬁnition and role of intellectuals based on the inspiration of Rosa Luxemburg and the author’s personal experience. According to the author, an intellectual should not be deﬁned by their occupation but by whether he or she is open-minded, tolerant, and does not give up thinking. The author further reﬂects on the relationship between individuals and groups, steps through which intellectuals participate in reality, and the difﬁculty of ﬁnd-ing all the facts instead of being guided by selected facts. Based on the author’s self-analysis of herself during the COVID-19 pandemic, it could be concluded that intellectuals should never walk into the ranks of blindly cheering for victory and everyone needs to be heard and seen.
Atividade biológica percebida e indicadores edáficos em uma área de fruticultura periurbana
Authors: Sousa Jocy Ana Paixão de , Souza José Carlos de , Carli Bruno Paes de , Fengler Felipe Hashimoto , Medeiros Gerson Araújo de , Ribeiro Admilson Ãrio
Published: September 2021

A produção agrícola em áreas urbanizadas promove a segurança alimentar e presta importantes serviços ecossistêmicos. Portanto, este estudo objetivou caracterizar a atividade biológica e os parâmetros edáficos, buscando relacionar as condições físicas e biológicas do solo. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de fruticultura periurbana. O levantamento da diversidade biológica foi realizado pela avaliação visual da presença de atividade biológica, cobertura vegetal, fungos, bioturbação e raízes, utilizando uma estrutura reticulada de 0,5 m², subdividida em quadrantes de 0,05 x 0,05 m. Os parâmetros de solo analisados foram a resistência do solo a penetração, matéria orgânica, umidade, peso específico aparente seco, índice de vazios e porosidade. A cobertura sobre a superfície foi estimada por meio de classificação automática de imagens fotográficas. Medidas conservacionistas como a cobertura do solo com palhada, promoveram a manutenção da umidade, a proteção contra o potencial erosivo, o desenvolvimento da diversidade biológica e a produção de matéria orgânica. A análise da atividade biológica percebida pode ser usada como um indicador de qualidade dos solos, relacionando-se com maiores teores de matéria orgânica e porosidade. As áreas com maior resistência do solo a penetração foram aquelas com mais baixos teores de matéria orgânica, menor porosidade e atividade biológica.
Anatomical characterization of wood for identification of the Tachigali Aubl. species
Authors: Brito Junior João Fideles de , Sccoti Marta Silvana Volpato , Biazatti Scheila Cristina , Pereira Bárbara Luísa Corradi
Published: September 2021

In the Amazon many forest species present problems of identification and obtaining botanical material with reproductive structures is not always possible. The macro and microscopic characteristics of the wood of three species of the genus Tachigali Aubl were analyzed in order to determine basic differences among the species. The collection of material was carried at the Forest Management Unit III, in the Flona do Jamari (Jamari National Forest), where we selected arboreal individuals from the species Tachigali poeppigiana Tul., Tachigali setifera (Ducke) Zarucchi & Herend and Tachigali subvelutina (Benth.) Oliveira-Filho, commonly known in Brazil as Tachi Preto (Black Tachi), Tachi Vermelho (Red Tachi) and Tachi Amarelo (Yellow Tachi), respectively, in which the coloring of the core is the main attribute for assigning their vernacular name. Heartwood samples were collected for the making of the specimens. The axial parenchyma was vasicentric and unilateral for T. poeppigiana and T. setifera, and unilateral and sparse for T. subvelutina. Pores were classified as medium and large for T. setifera and T. poeppigiana and very uncommon for T. subvelutina; however, they are medium and very uncommon for the three species. All species showed uniseriate, non-stratified and homogeneous rays. We concluded there are anatomical characteristics that allow the differentiation of the species from the genus Tachigali, which may be used to assist in forest management plans, as well as the surveillance system.
Quintais agroflorestais em uma comunidade rural no vale do Rio Araguari, Amazônia Oriental
Authors: Matos Filho João Ramos de , Moraes Luiz Leno da Costa , Freitas João da Luz , Cruz Junior Francisco de Oliveira , Santos Adriano Castelo dos
Published: September 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os quintais agroflorestais (QAF) do ponto de vista agroecológico, estrutural e florístico na comunidade de São Tomé, município de Ferreira Gomes, Amapá. No trabalho de campo utilizou-se o método etnográfico com as técnicas de observação participante, entrevistas formais e informais. Além disso, foi realizado um inventário das plantas que compõem os quintais, levantando-se o número de espécies existentes, tipos de usos e estrutura dos QAF. As propriedades investigadas apresentaram tamanhos variados, bem como o número de espécies e espécimes. Animais domésticos são criados para principalmente complementar alimentação. Foram registrados nos quintais um total de 97 espécies vegetais, incluídas em 44 famílias e 80 gêneros. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram: Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Malvaceae e Myrtaceae. Com relação às categorias de uso, a maioria das espécies é de uso múltiplo, com destaque para as de uso alimentar (58 espécies) e medicinal (31 espécies). As espécies mais frequentes de uso alimentar foram: Cocos nucifera L., Mangifera indica L., Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum, Musa cavendishii, Bactris gasipaes Kunth. E as espécies de uso medicinal mais frequentes foram: Carapa guianensis Aubl., Carica papaya L., Vernonia condensata Baker, Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson, Ruta graveolens L. O manejo dos QAF é simples e de baixo custo, uma vez que envolve práticas tradicionais de cultivo de plantas e a principal finalidade dos quintais na comunidade São Tomé é de promover a complementação alimentar das unidades familiares e de venda de sua produção excedente na feira.
Análise sensorial, físico-química e bioquímica de tomate italiano cultivados nos sistemas orgânico e convencional
Authors: Domiciano Simone Aparecida , Casagrande Jéssica Gawski , Realto Glaucinei Brissow , Silva Ivone Vieira da , Carvalho Marco Antonio Camillo de , Zanuzo Márcio Roggia , Seabra Júnior Santino
Published: September 2021

Este trabalho comparou tomates tipo italiano oriundos de cultivo convencional e orgânico quanto à preferência por estudantes além de suas características físicas e químicas.  Frutos maduros de tomate foram colhidos no mesmo estágio (totalmente maduro), selecionados, higienizados e submetidos à análise sensorial utilizando escala hedônica que varia entre 1  ponto (‘desgostei muito’) e 5 pontos (‘gostei muito’). As avaliações qualitativas foram quanto a aparência, gosto e textura. Nas análises físico-químicas foram mensurados o calibre dos frutos, o teor de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável além dos teores de licopeno, β-caroteno e vitamina C.  Os tomates oriundos de cultivo orgânico apresentaram incremento de 36,7, 18,33 e 26,28% respectivamente nos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, licopeno e vitamina C quando comparados ao sistema convencional.  Porém, ao avaliar os resultados qualitativos pela aplicação da escala hedônica entre os estudantes foi verificado que estes preferiram o tomate convencional em função da aparência atribuindo a característica “gostei”. Já no quesito sabor e textura dos frutos não houve diferença estatística entre os sistemas de cultivo. Entretanto, os frutos do sistema de cultivo convencional foram os preferidos pelos estudantes devido a sua aparência mais atrativa do que os frutos orgânicos.
Changes in the structure of bird communities over 10 years in the Ecological Corridor of Paraguay River, Pantanal wetland
Authors: Queiroz Rafaella Ferreira Neres de , Vitorino Breno Dias , Frota Angélica Vilas Boas da , Silva Carolina Joana da , Castrillon Solange Kimie Ikeda , Nunes Josué Ribeiro da Silva
Published: September 2021

Studies with bird communities related to the hydrogeomorphological characteristics of climatic rivers associated with flood areas are important to identify short and long term temporal space changes. In this perspective, this research aims to evaluate the structure of the bird community of the Paraguay River, through the richness of descriptors, the quantity and the diversity and equability index over an interval of 10 years, 2008 / 9-2018 / 19 , considering the economies of the hydrological cycle, floods, floods, emptiness and drought and sampled macrohabitats. The study was developed addressing a connected hydrology of the Paraguay River, in the longitudinal and lateral dimensions. A study area comprised of three functional sectors of the Paraguay River, meandering, rectilinear and transitional, beginning in the urban period of the municipality of Cáceres-MT, up to a Descalvada Farm, with a 134 km course of the river, with 13 points in total. Each functional sector of the river, had a sampling point and 10 parental bays, with different degrees of lateral connectivity, were sampled. A survey analyzed and compared two hydrological sampling cycles, the first between June 2008 and March 2009, and the second between August 2018 and April 2019. The protocol for the sampling consisted of four campaigns corresponding to the hydrological drought studies, flood, full and ebb. The results pointed to a distinction in the community structure between the two cycles 2008/2009 - 2018/2019 show a difference in the relative scope and in the composition of the species in the sampled locations. The main change registered between the two cycles (2008/2009 and 2018/2019) was the disappearance of three nests - habitat for feeding and reproduction of colonial birds, identified in the first and without registration in the second cycle. The dominance of Mycteria americana is highlighted, a species sensitive to environmental changes, not observed in the first cycle of studies. The absence of nests in 2018/2019, coupled with the dominance of Pitangus sulphuratus, a generalist species, may indicate anthropic changes that occurred along the Paraguay River in this time interval. It is hoped that the results of this comparison will be able to subsidize or influence the effective decision-making for the conservation of the biodiversity of birds and the Paraguay and Pantanal river itself.