bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Genomic and Derived Protein Structure of a Novel Human Serum Amyloid A Gene, SAA4
Authors: WATSON G. , COADE S. , WOO P.
Published: June 2006

We have determined the structure of the novel SAA gene. SAA4. The gene is 6.2 kb in length and comprises three introns and four exons. Introns 2 and 3 are significantly longer than those of the other human SAA genes. We have sequenced the exons and junction fragments and have shown that the sequence is the same as c‐SAA [1] and does not correspond to the pseudogene carried on GSAA4 [2]. The predicted SAA4 protein sequence has an eight amino acid insertion relative to the other human SAA proteins and is more closely related to rabbit and mouse SAA proteins than to the other human SAA proteins, or to those of animal species which also possess an insertion.

We have analysed the predicted SAA4 protein relative to the other human SAA proteins and have identified three important structural regions. We predict that region 1 of SAA4 represents a lipid binding domain. Region 2 forms an extensive, distinetive, hydrophobic β sheet region in place of a helical region. In region 3, SAA4 is the only SAA protein having an α helix which is not amphipathic. We predict that the SAA4 protein retains a modified function of the conserved region, retains the Ca2+ binding site, has an amino terminal surface site and has a potentially distinct secretion pattern. Together, these differences indicate a distinct function from those of the other SAA proteins.
The Effect of Disodium Cromoglycate on In Vitro Proliferation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Allergic and Healthy Donors
Authors: HOLEN E. , BRUSERUD Ø. , ELSAYED S.
Published: June 2006

The effect of disodium cromoglycate on in vitro proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals, allergic patients with moderate serum IgE and patients with atopic dermatitis and high levels of serum IgE was investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin, Concanavalin A), recombinant interleukin‐2, calcium ionophore+phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate, purified protein derivative of tuberculin and allergens. It was possible to induce in vitro specific, allergentriggered responses only in allergic individuals with moderate serum IgE and not in individuals with atopic dermatitis and high serum IgE, Generally, whenever the stimulatory signal(s) caused a significant proliferative response, disodium cromoglycate inhibited the proliferation. This inhibition was seen for all activation agents and for both healthy and allergic individuals. By contrast, for certain non‐or low‐responders (both healthy and attergic individuals) disodium cromoglycate seemed to amplify the proliferation to various activation signals. Only non‐ or lowresponder cells derived from atopic dermatitis patients showed a biphasic kinetic response pattern when stimulated with the drug in combination with recombinant interleukin‐2, recombinant interleukin‐2+ ionophore or specific allergens.
0KT3‐Induced Cytokine mRNA Expression in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Measured by Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: PISA E. K. , PISA P. , HANSSON M. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

The kinetic profile of cytokine gene expression in normal human peripheral mononuclear cells (MNC) activated by an anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody was studied. The presence or absence of 10 different cytokine mRNA were measured in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assisted mRNA amplification assay. Afler 2 h of stimulation the mRNA for interleukin‐lα (IL‐lα). interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). interleukin‐3 (IL‐3). tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) were detectable and remained present during the whole time period studied (22 h). lnterleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were detected after 4 h. while interleukin‐1O (IL‐1O) mRNA did not appear until after 7 h: they all remained expressed at 22 h. A transient expression of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) mRNA was observed between 4 and 7 h of stimulation. No gene expression of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) was detected at any time. These results show that anti‐CD3 stimulation of MNC leads to a rapid sequential induction of different cytokine mRNA. some with a very transient expression.
TCR γ/δ+ Cell Subsets in the Synovial Membranes of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: SHEN Y. , LI S. , QUAYLE A. J. , MELLBYE O. J. , NATVIG J. B. , FØRRE Ø.
Published: June 2006

Using a peroxidase/anti‐peroxidase immnunohistochemical staining method, we examined sections of inflammatory synovial membranes from 13 patients with juvenile rheumatotd arthritis (JRA) and 11 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The relative numbers of TCRγ/δ+ cells and the proportions of Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ subsets were recorded in the areas of the membranes most heavily infiltrated by CD3+ cells. In the JRA group, the majority (8/13) of the membranes had TCRγ/δ+ cells which contributed between 5 and <10% of the total number of CD3+ cells. In the RA synovial membranes examined, 5/11 samples had between 5 and 10% TCRγ/δ+ cells, but in another 5 TCRγ/δ+ cells contributed to between 10 and 20% of CD3+ cells. No significant difference was noted between the two patient groups. However, the range of values found in the RA membranes appeared to be slightly higher in comparison to previously reported values for RA synovial fluid, peripheral blood and eluted synovial membrane T cells. Analysis of the relative proportions of the Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ subsets revealed a significant dominance of Vδ1+ cells in RA membranes and approximately equal numbers of the two populations in the JRA patients. As the majority of peripheral blood TCRγ/δ+ cells use the Vδ2 segment this suggests a preferential homing or expansion of the Vδ1+ cells in hoth RA and JRA synovium. The overall distribution pattern of the TCRγ/δ+ and Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ cells was also recorded. These cells mostly accumulated in the lymphoid‐like tissues and in the perivascular area in the tissues of both RA and JRA patients. Occasionally, augmented numbers of these cells were found in the subsynovial layer or in the loose connective tissue. In the majority of cases, only a few TCRγ/δ+ cells were located in the synovial layer. The function and the possible pathogenetic importance of these TCRγ/δ+ cells have not so far been determined.
Relationship between haemoglobin and haematocrit in the definition of anaemia
Authors: Quintó Llorenç , Aponte John J. , Menéndez Clara , Sacarlal Jahit , Aide Pedro , Espasa Mateu , Mandomando Inacio , Guinovart Caterina , Macete Eusebio , Hirt Rosmarie , Urassa Honorathy , Navia Margarita M. , Thompson Ricardo , Alonso Pedro L.
Published: July 2006

Introduction  Anaemia is the most frequent haematological disorder in childhood. The notion that defines naemia does not change throughout life, although parameters used for its evaluation show significant variations during childhood. Haematocrit (Hct) (%) is usually defined as three times the value of haemoglobin (Hgb) (g/dl), while the clinical definition of anaemia is related to either an abnormal Hct or Hgb value.

Objective  To evaluate the agreement between Hgb and Hct values in the definition of anaemia, the relationship between these two parameters and their age‐dependence.

Methods  The Hct and Hgb paired values from children aged 2–18 months from Ifakara (Tanzania) and children aged 1–4 years from Manhiça (Mozambique) were analysed. Haematological determinations of the Manhiça samples were done using a KX‐21N cell counter (Kobe, Japan) and Ifakara samples were analysed in a semiautomatic cell counter (Sysmex F800 microcell counter, TOA Medical Electronics, Kobe, Japan). The κ‐statistic was used to calculate the agreement between anaemia definitions in each group. Crude and multivariate relationship between Hct and Hgb levels were analysed by linear regression model estimation. The age‐dependence of the crude ratio (Hct/Hgb) was analysed using linear regression models and fractional polynomials.

Results  The prevalences of mild and moderate anaemia as defined by Hgb levels in the Manhiça group were 61% and 6%, respectively, and 41% and 2% by Hct. In the Ifakara group these were 74% and 10%, respectively, by Hgb and 42% and 3% by Hct, respectively. Agreement between mild and moderate anaemia definitions made up from Hgb or from Hct levels were from fair to moderate. Hct levels decreased with age for high Hgb levels, whereas they increased for low Hgb levels. The classification of cases is improved when higher age‐related cut‐off values for Hct are used. The crude relationship between Hct and Hgb levels was significantly different from 3, and this was modified by age. The evaluation of the age‐dependence ratio (Hct/Hgb) showed a non‐linear relationship with an asymptotic trend to 3.

Conclusions  Measurement of haematocrit count is easy and can be performed in most rural health care centres. However, the corresponding Hgb levels cannot be derived with an acceptable accuracy using the value 3 as a conversion factor. Furthermore, the commonly assumed ‘equivalent’ cut‐off points for anaemia definitions need to be re‐evaluated.
Patterns of invasion in the Laurentian Great Lakes in relation to changes in vector activity
Authors: Ricciardi Anthony
Published: July 2006

The Laurentian Great Lakes basin has been invaded by at least 182 non‐indigenous species. A new invader is discovered every 28 weeks, which is the highest rate recorded for a freshwater ecosystem. Over the past century, invasions have occurred in phases linked to changes in the dominant vectors. The number of ship‐vectored invaders recorded per decade is correlated with the intensity of vessel traffic within the basin. Ballast water release from ocean vessels is the putative vector for 65% of all invasions recorded since the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959. As a preventive measure, ocean vessels have been required since 1993 to exchange their freshwater or estuarine ballast with highly saline ocean water prior to entering the Great Lakes. However, this procedure has not prevented ship‐vectored species introductions. Most ships visiting the Great Lakes declare ‘no ballast on board’ (NOBOB) and are exempt from the regulation, even though they carry residual water that is discharged into the Great Lakes during their activities of off‐loading inbound cargo and loading outbound cargo. Recently introduced species consist predominantly of benthic invertebrates with broad salinity tolerance. Such species are most likely to survive in a ballast tank following ballast water exchange, as well as transport in the residual water and tank sediments of NOBOB ships. Thus, the Great Lakes remain at risk of being invaded by dozens of euryhaline invertebrates that have spread into Eurasian ports from whence originates the bulk of foreign ships visiting the basin.
Ten‐year protocol biopsy findings of renal allografts in the calcineurin inhibitor era
Authors: Okamoto Masahiko , Akioka Kiyokazu , Ushigome Hidetaka , Higuchi Atsushi , Nobori Shuji , Ogino Shiro , Uryuhara Kenji , Kaihara Satoshi , Hatta Tsuguru , Urasaki Koji , Yoshimura Norio
Published: June 2006

Abstract:  Ten‐year protocol biopsies were performed in 16 patients treated with calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) continuously. All kidney grafts were functioning well at the time of biopsy with the mean serum creatinine level of 1.6 ± 0.8 mg/dL. The specimen of biopsy showed various degrees of tissue injury. According to the Banff grading, allograft glomerulopathy (cg) was observed in one case. Interstitial fibrosis (ci) and tubular atrophy (ct) were observed more frequently in 13 (81%) and 15 (93%) cases, respectively. Fibrous intimal thickening (cv) was seen in one (7%) case. Arteriolar hyaline thickening (ah) was seen in 14 (87%) cases. These findings were associated with chronic rejection in one case, recurrence of original disease in four (25%) cases, toxicity of CNI in 14 (87%) cases. Longer follow‐up studies are needed to confirm whether CNI should be continued or not in the long‐term period following kidney transplantation for better graft survival.
Late corticosteroid withdrawal can be safely performed for kidney recipients with stable graft function under pathological confirmation
Authors: Harada Hiroshi , Miura Masayoshi , Ogawa Yayoi , Seki Toshimori , Taniguchi Akihisa , Takenouchi Toshinao , Togashi Masaki , Hirano Tetsuo
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Corticosteroid withdrawal (CSWD) protocols to minimize the risk of cardiovascular events after kidney transplantation have been reported. However, most of them were within one year post‐transplant, and the pathological survey after CSWD was poorly done. We conducted the present retrospective study to elucidate the usefulness and safety of late‐steroid withdrawal more than one year after transplantation in kidney recipients with pathological evaluation. Twenty kidney recipients with stable graft function more than one year post‐transplant, and whose corticosteroid (CS) was withdrawn were enrolled in this study. The change in their clinical parameters of graft function (sCr and uP/Cr), metabolic profiles, and histological graft status (Banff 97 scoring system) were studied pre‐ and post‐CSWD, and compared with a control cohort taking continuous CS. The dose of CS was tapered gradually and has been maintained with the minimal dose of CS (1.25–5 mg of prednisone) by three months after transplant. CS was furthermore reduced thereafter, if graft function had been stable more than one year and a patient wanted CS to be withdrawn, then a graft biopsy was undertaken. CSWD was accomplished between 16 and 195 (median 41.5) months post‐transplant, if there was no significant histological graft damage or on‐going acute rejection. A repeat biopsy was carried out two to 21 months after CSWD. In contrast, the observation point of the control cohort was 24 to 49 (median 36.5) months after transplant, and the second biopsy was done five to 30 months after the initial biopsy. The control cohort took 2.5 to 5 (median 2.5) mg of prednisone daily. There were no significant alterations of graft function between pre‐ and post‐CSWD (sCr: 1.14 ± 0.1 and 1.17 ± 0.1 mg/dL, respectively, p = 0.3299, uP/Cr: 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.21 ± 0.06, respectively, p = 0.0574). The hypertension rate between both groups was not different between double biopsy points. In addition the rates of glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia were comparable between two points in both cohorts. There was no significant change in the acute/active lesion scoring (2 t1 and 3 i1 were only positive factors before CSWD and they all returned to t0 and i0 after CSWD). Moreover, chronic/sclerosing allograft nephropathy scorings were minimal and similar between pre‐ and post‐CSWD compared with the control. CSWD for more than one year is safe for patients whose graft functions are stable with pathological confirmation; however, a longer follow‐up study is warranted.
Acute cellular rejection occurring on the first day after living‐related renal transplantation: a case report
Authors: Maruyama Michihiro , Kenmochi Takashi , Saigo Kenichi , Akutsu Naotake , Iwashita Chikara , Ohtsuki Kazunori , Kitamura Hiroshi , Joh Kensuke
Published: June 2006

Abstract:  The patient was a 52‐year‐old man who received an ABO‐compatible but non‐identical living‐related renal graft from his wife. The graft started to function immediately and the urine output rate was over 100 mL/h. However, this was gradually decreased within 12 h after transplantation. On day 2 post‐transplant, the urine output almost stopped. A biopsy specimen revealed lymphocyte dominant cellular infiltration in the interstitium with mild tubulitis (according to Banff's schema grade Ia) and no C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries. Immunohistochemistry disclosed T‐cell infiltration. The patient responded to a course of steroid pulse therapy (five days of 500 mg of methylprednisolone). The urine output gradually increased and the level of serum creatinine gradually decreased to 1.0 mg/dL. These clinical and histological findings strongly suggested acute cellular rejection. Acute cellular rejection occurring within 24 h post‐transplant is extremely rare. In the present case acute cellular rejection occurred within the first day after living‐related renal transplantation and was strongly suspected from histopathological findings in the allograft biopsy specimen.
Detection of HTLV‐I and ‐II in Scottish blood donor samples and archive donations
Authors: Davidson F. , Lycett C. , Jarvis L. M. , Kerr D. , Lumley S. , Petrik J. , Dow B. C.
Published: June 2006

Background and Objectives  Positive samples identified during routine serological screening for HCV (hepatitis C virus), HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) are confirmed by nucleic acid testing in the SNBTS (Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service) PCR Reference laboratory. Serological screening for HTLV‐I (human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I) and ‐II was implemented in Scotland in November 2002, at which time a PCR assay was not available for confirmation. Our aim was to develop a real‐time PCR assay that could be used for the confirmation of samples showing HTLV‐I serological positive or indeterminate reactivity and to investigate whether a serologically silent carrier status exists (‘Tax’ only) in the Scottish donor population.

Materials and Methods  A real‐time HTLV PCR was devised using a lymphoblastoid cell line which has HTLV‐I sequence integrated in the genome (C8166 cells). These were spiked into peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The assay was evaluated on archived serologically confirmed HTLV‐positive samples and new positives identified since implementation of screening.

Results  HTLV‐I and ‐II were detected in cells and plasma from stored donations and a serological positive donation identified in routine screening. HTLV DNA can also be amplified from the plasma obtained from plasma preparation tubes. There was no evidence of a carrier status (‘Tax’ only) in 100 serologically negative blood donors tested. The PCR assay developed is reliable and sensitive, capable of identifying one copy of HTLV‐I.

Conclusions  The HTLV PCR is a useful addition for HTLV confirmation, especially in serologically indeterminate samples and for look‐back studies. HTLV PCR confirmation will provide additional useful information for donor medical staff for counselling donors.
Pitfalls in pediatric tracheostomy: a case report
Authors: CULNANE TAMARA , HULLETT BRUCE , FARRELL TANYA
Published: June 2006

Tracheostomy is required in approximately 22% of children with Goldenhar syndrome because of upper airway obstruction. We report a case of problematic tracheostomy placement in a 24‐week‐old ex‐premature infant with Goldenhar syndrome. This infant had potentially life‐threatening ventilatory insufficiency following tracheostomy placement related to tracheostomy tube size and position. These complications may have been avoided by a change in practice in methods of assessment of tube position.
Prophylactic recombinant factor VIIa administration to an infant with congenital systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma
Authors: DE SANTIAGO JESUS , MARTINEZ‐GARCIA ERNESTO , GIRON JORGE , SALCEDO CONCEPCIÓN , PÉREZ‐GALLARDO ANTONIO
Published: June 2006

We report the case of an infant affected with congenital systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma scheduled for central venous access system implantation (Port‐a‐CathTM) and a liver and bone marrow biopsy. The patient had impaired liver function, thrombocytopenia, and coagulopathy which was refractory to daily fresh‐frozen plasma and platelet infusions: 80 μg·kg−1 dose−1 of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) was administered i.v. every 2 h starting 30 min before the procedure and ending 6 h afterwards. Very minor bleeding was observed during the procedure. In conclusion, rFVIIa therapy was effective as prophylaxis for both invasive procedures in this patient with a coagulopathy which was refractory to other different therapies.
Characterization of diatom–cyanobacteria symbioses on the basis of nifH, hetR and 16S rRNA sequences
Authors: Foster Rachel A. , Zehr Jonathan P.
Published: July 2006

Richelia intracellularis is a symbiotic heterocystous cyanobacterium that is capable of forming associations with several genera of diatoms. nifH, 16S rRNA and hetR sequences were amplified and cloned from field populations of Richelia associated with Hemiaulus hauckii (N. Atlantic), with Rhizosolenia clevei (N. Pacific), and from a cultivated isolate of Calothrix associated with Chaetoceros from station ALOHA (N. Pacific). Sequence identity was highest (98.2%) among the 16S rRNA sequences, and more divergent for the hetR (83.8%) and nifH (91.1%) sequences. The hetR and nifH DNA and amino acid sequences obtained from the symbionts associated with the three different diatom genera diverged into three separate lineages supported by high bootstrap values. The data indicate that symbionts in the different hosts are distinct species or strains. Furthermore, three previously unidentified heterocystous‐like nifH sequence groups recently reported from station ALOHA in the subtropical Pacific, het‐1, het‐2 and het‐3, were linked to Richelia associated with R. clevei, H. hauckii and the Calothrix symbiont of Chaetoceros sp. respectively.
A Community Economic Forecasting and Simulation System: Description of a Satellite Model
Authors: KHAN M. SHAHBAZ , TREYZ GEORGE I.
Published: July 2006

This paper deals with the problem of modelling sub‐county areas that are so small that county level forecasts cannot be used for policy purposes. Starting from a simple specification that relates demand for local goods and services to local and non‐local income, a system of equations is developed that can be used as a satellite to a county model to forecast impacts of economic events at the town level. Regression coefficients for the equations are estimated using data at the one‐digit SIC code level for a pooled sample of towns in Massachusetts. Model validation tests are reported. An example of an application is provided by simulating impacts of 500 new manufacturing jobs in a town within a county. Our approach yields simulation and forecasting results for both the town and the county.
Alternatives to Unemployment‐Based Funding Formulas In the Allocation of Federal Grants
Authors: F.RAGAN, Jr. JAMES , J.SLOTTJE DANIEL
Published: July 2006

Each year Congress allocates billions of dollars to states on the basis of unemployment. The stated objectives include assisting unskilled, economically disadvantaged, and dislocated workers; yet unemployment is a poor proxy for identifying such individuals. This paper examines the consequences of altering allocation formulas and concludes that switching from unemployment statistics to alternative measures of need, e.g., low wages, low income, or poverty, would have a dramatic impact on the geographic distribution of funds. Even switching from one unemployment statistic to another (e.g., from aggregate unemployment to excess unemployment or long‐term unemployment) would substantially alter the distribution of funds.
Taxation of Natural Resources and State Economic Growth
Authors: NELSON MICHAEL A.
Published: July 2006

The econometric evidence that has been brought to bear on the question of how state and local taxes affect the location decision of firms among competing states or regions is surprisingly sparse and often contradictory. In this research the question is addressed from a different empirical perspective than has been considered heretofore. Using a pool of cross‐section and time‐series data, the trends in employment and capital formation in three energy‐rich states are analyzed during a period when these states substituted energy‐related revenues for more traditional forms of taxation. McLure's general equilibrium model of regional taxation and industrial location forms the theoretical basis for the empirical analysis. The findings suggest that relative changes in state and local taxes on products and labor are of more significance as a location determinant than relative changes in the state corporate income tax.
The Impact of City/Suburban Location on Moving Plans: A Cincinnati Study
Authors: VARADY DAVID P.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT
In order to improve the ability of central‐city policymakers to retain middle‐income families, this paper tests for the importance of city/suburban location as well as other background characteristics in explaining variations in moving plans. Stepwise discriminant analysis is applied to a mailed questionnaire sample of 1,738 households who purchased homes in Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio, during the first half of 1986. The city buyers’ greater propensity to move reflected compositional effects, with younger households purchasing modest homes. Contrary to what was expected, recent city buyers with urban tastes did not have strong attachments to their location. The implications of these and other results to stem outmigration flows are discussed.
Annexation Rates and Institutional Constraints
Authors: LINER GAINES H.
Published: July 2006

This paper analyzes the Sengstock typology of annexation laws for predictive power. Cities were found to annex at different rates when categorized according to the Sengstock typology. Cities allowed to annex land areas under municipal determination provisions were found to annex at higher rates than cities that annexed under predominantly under other types of laws. Cities that annexed under judicial determination provisions were found to annex land areas at lower rates than cities that annexed under other types of laws.
Metropolitan Growth and Decline in the United States: an Empirical Analysis
Authors: CADWALLADER MARTIN
Published: July 2006

Urban growth rates are documented for the largest United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas for the periods 1965–70 and 1975–80. The spatial pattern associated with these growth rates tends to reinforce the sunbelt‐frostbelt dichotomy, as the majority of cities with positive migration rates for both time periods are located outside of the heavily industrialized Northeast and Midwest regions of the country. Two and three‐group discriminant analyses indicate that manufacturing activity, local tax rates, and spending on education, are particularly important discriminators between growing and declining cities. A simultaneous‐equations framework is used to formally model the interrelationships between migration rates for SMSA's and other variables, such as income, unemployment, taxes, public spending, and housing costs. Using two‐stage least squares analysis, the estimated coefficients, and their associated standard errors suggest that the net migration equation works better for the 1975‐80 data than for the previous time period.
Producer Services and Flexible Production: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: COFFEY WILLIAM J. , BAILLY ANTOINE S.
Published: July 2006

While the flexible production literature has become increasingly abundant in recent years, the vast majority of it is narrowly restricted to manufacturing activities, entirely ignoring the role that producer services play in modern systems of production. This paper attempts to explore the conceptual linkages between the growth and the location of producer services, on the one hand, and the rise of flexible forms of production, on the other. After a brief summary of the flexible production approach, the factors underlying the growth and the increasing externalization of producer services are examined. The appropriateness of employing a flexible production framework in the case of producer services, and the significance of flexible production for understanding the location of producer services are then explored. Finally, the labor force effect of flexibility in the production and use of producer services is considered.
Economic Impact Studies of Regional Public Colleges and Universities
Authors: BECK ROGER , ELLIOTT DONALD , MEISEL JOHN , WAGNER MICHAEL
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This article reviews methodological issues confronting authors and users of economic impact studies of public colleges and universities. Questions addressed include the following: How should economic impact of regional public colleges and universities be defined? What considerations should govern the definition or the geographical study area? How should tax support of publicly supported institutions be addressed? The article includes perspectives from recent literature considering these questions from both short‐term and long‐term perspectives. Resolution of these issues depends upon careful delineation and communication of the alternative states of world between which the hypothetical impact is measured.
Regional Economic Diversity and Diversification
Authors: SIEGEL PAUL B. , JOHNSON THOMAS G. , ALWANG JEFFREY
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Regional scientists have long attempted to develop meaningful definitions and measures of economic diversity and diversification, and to establish functional relationships between diversity, diversification, and economic performance. The multiplicity of definitions and measures explains, in part, the confusion about these relationships. A framework that sorts out the overlaps, contradictions, and gaps of the various definitions and measures IS needed. Such a framework would explicitly address the question, “What is the relationship between a region's changing economic structure and performance?” In this paper it is suggested that an input‐output model that incorporates elements of portfolio theory be used as the integrating framework for analysis.
Geographic Perspectives on Elderly Population Growth
Authors: ROGERSON PETER A.
Published: July 2006

The proportion of a region's population that is elderly may change over time for many different reasons. The proportion may grow because of the net in‐migration of elderly individuals, or it may grow because of the net out‐migration of nonelderly residents. Furthermore, the proportion may grow if the number of nonmovers in the “pre‐elderly” cohort is relatively high. This paper discusses in detail the ways in which this proportion may change over time. This is complemented by a state‐level empirical study of elderly population growth in the United States during the late 1980s. The spatial pattern of the rate of new entry into the elderly cohort among nonmovers is found to be particularly influential in determining changes in the proportion of a state's population that is elderly.
Factors Associated With Life Space Among Community‐Living Rural Elders in Japan
Authors: Murata Chiyoe , Kondo Takaaki , Tamakoshi Koji , Yatsuya Hiroshi , Toyoshima Hideaki
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The study objective was to identify factors associated with life space to examine the service needs of the elderly.

Design: Cross‐sectional study.

Sample: 2,409 community‐living elderly in a rural town in Japan.

Measurement: Daily activity level was used as a proxy for life space. Respondents were asked about their daily activity, health status, and psychosocial factors in a self‐administered questionnaire. Factors associated with life space were identified using general linear models. Relative associations of each factor with life space were tested using stepwise multiple regression procedure.

Results: Elderly in a smaller life space were significantly older, had more illnesses, worse activities of daily living (ADL), and poor self‐rated health. Poor psychological well‐being and fewer social relations were also associated with a smaller life space. Age and ADL difficulty accounted for 51.7% of life space variations. In addition, more elderly with ADL difficulty expressed unmet needs for transportation and socializing opportunities.

Conclusions: Life space was related not only to age or health status but also to environmental or psychosocial factors. Appropriate services for a vulnerable population may have a positive effect on elderly health. Moreover, elderly life space may be used as an indicator to identify people at risk in order to provide more effective community‐based programs for the elderly.
Information Content of Business Methods Patents
Authors: Boscaljon Brian , Filbeck Greg , Smaby Tim
Published: July 2006

We examine the market reaction to business method patents granted to publicly traded firms. Our findings suggest that the State Street decision represents a turning point not only for the growth in the number of business method patent filings, but also in the market's awareness and perception of value creation for the filing firms. The granting of a business method patent evokes a positive average stock price reaction, especially in the post‐State Street period. Cross‐sectional differences in abnormal returns depend on the type of patent granted. The market reaction also differs based on industry classification.
Significance of QRS Duration Changes in the Evaluation of ST‐Segment Depression Presenting Exclusively During the Postexercise Recovery Period
Authors: Michaelides Andreas P. , Fourlas Christos A. , Giannopoulos Nikolaos , Aggeli Konstantina , Andrikopoulos George K. , Tsioufis Konstantinos , Massias Spiros S. , Stefanadis Christodoulos I.
Published: July 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of QRS prolongation in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with exercise‐induced ST‐segment depression exclusively during the recovery period.

Methods: The study population consisted of 107 patients (90 males and 17 females) aged 39–70 (mean 59 ± 7) years who underwent a treadmill exercise test using Bruce protocol and presented ST‐segment depression limited to the recovery period. Angiographic data were available for all studied patients.

Results: Among studied patients, 74 (69%) were found to have hemodynamically significant CAD, while the remaining 33 (31%) had normal coronary arteries. Concomitant QRS prolongation was revealed in 61 (82%) of the patients with angiographically documented CAD, while in 13 (18%) patients QRS duration remained unchanged. On the contrary, only 4 (12%) of the 33 patients with normal coronary arteries showed prolonged QRS duration during ST depression, while in the remaining 29 (88%) QRS duration remained unchanged.

Conclusions: The evaluation of the concomitant QRS duration changes may discriminate patients with truly ischemia‐induced ST‐segment depression limited to the recovery period.
Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: an uncommon histological variant of squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: GONZÁLEZ‐VELA M. CARMEN , VAL‐BERNAL J. FERNANDO , MAYORGA MARTA , ZALDUMBIDE LAURA , BÁSCONES MARTA
Published: July 2006

Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) or acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma is a well‐recognized variant of squamous cell carcinoma. ASCC commonly occurs in the sun‐exposed areas of the skin and has only rarely been observed in mucosal sites. We report a case of ASCC in the larynx of a 75‐year‐old man with a history of odynophagia and dysphonia of 3 months' duration that presented as an exophytic lesion on the right vocal cord. Biopsy was performed and the histological diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment consisted of total laryngectomy and radical neck dissection. Microscopically, the tumor showed a prominent alveolar pattern with cystic degeneration of the neoplastic epithelium and formation of pseudoglandular structures. In the lumina there were acantholytic cells. Transition areas from conventional squamous cell carcinoma to adenoid pattern were found. To the best of our knowledge this is only the third case of ASCC reported in the larynx. We reviewed the nine mucosal ASCCs of the upper aerodigestive tract reported. The assertion that these tumors are associated with an aggressive behavior and poor prognosis cannot be estimated in this review as the number of cases is small and the tumors are located in different places.
Internet and information technology use by dental students in Chile
Authors: Uribe S. , Mariño R. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract  As part of a larger cross‐country survey of dental students, students from the School of Dentistry, The University of Valparaiso, were invited to participate in a study to describe their use of information and communication technology (ICT). Information was derived from a 124‐item questionnaire which included 14 socio‐demographic items and 29 items asking about ICT use. ICT items were derived from a University of Birmingham, UK, battery. Data was collected in July and August 2004. A total of 162 of the 249 dental students participated in the study. The average age of students was 21.0 years (SD 2.4 years). The majority of participants (62.1%) were female. All participants had access to a computer, and 96.4% used the Internet. Most students had home Internet connections (73.4%). The most commonly used Internet sites on at least a weekly basis were: email (92.2%); and search engines (88.3%). However, a very few (21.1%) used the Internet to search for dental information for their studies on at least a weekly basis. Furthermore, although the majority (70.4%) found Internet use easy/very easy, 56.2% indicated that any search for information was easy/very easy. The majority (72.2%) indicated that the use of virtual education would not affect their class attendance. The final multivariate model explained 26% of the variance in ICT use, significant predictors for ICT use were gender, year of study, level of difficulty in using Internet, and place of Internet use. However, Internet use was mostly for non‐dental purposes.
The basal cell layer of the developing oral mucosa in the human fetus
Authors: Coslet J. Gorge , Cohen D. Wslter
Published: June 2006

During successive growth stages in the human embryo, the basal cells of the developing epidermis and specific areas of the oral mucous membranes are observed to be one of two types. One type is represented by a cuboidal cell which contains a large, round nucleus which occupies the majority of space in the cell. The cytoplasm of this cell is granular and slightly eosinophilic. This basal cell is located in the oral epithelium of the lips, cheeks, and soft palate. The other cell type is represented by a tall columnar cell which is polarized by the presence of an oval nucleus in the pole of the cell furthest away from the cell border in contact with the mesenchyme. The polarization produces a clear zone in the cell which is due to the fact that most of the cytoplasm appears to be missing. Small amounts of cytoplasm are present in the cell in the form of fine granules and filaments. It is possible that the granules are filaments seen in cross section. It was impossible to determine this conclusively with the resolution of the light microscope. The polarized, columnar, basal cells were observed in the epithelium of the gum ridge, hard palate, and epidermis.

The speculation was offered that the morphologic difference in the basal cells in areas destined to become masticatory and lining mucosa in the adult, may be a reflection of a genetic bias of these tissues to develop along predetermined pathways to become a cornified or a non‐cornified stratified squamous epithelium. The differentiation may initially take place at the same time oral mucosa is differentiated to become dental lamina.
The uptake of H3‐estradiol by the oral tissues of rats
Authors: Formicola Allan J. , Weatherford Thomas , Grupe Harold
Published: June 2006

This study was designed to determine whether H3‐estradiol would localize in the oral tissues of rats. Twenty ovariectomized rats were injected subcutaneously with H3‐estradiol. After injection, oral tissue including gingivae and mucosa, submandibular gland, liver, kidney, uterus and skin were dissected, weighed and homogenized. The tissues were assayed for H3‐estradiol and 5 ml aliquots added to liquid scintillation fluid. The samples were read on a Beckman Liquid Scintillator.

A series of experiments using the above technique demonstrated the following: (1) H3‐estradiol concentrated in the oral extract when a dose of 0.136 μg/100 gm body weight or greater was given. (2) The assay of oral extract contained H3‐estradiol as evidenced by chromatography. (3) One hour after injection the oral extract had the highest concentration of H3‐estradiol (212 CPM/mg of tissue) while the uterus remained low (47.7 CPM/mg) in uptake. Four hours after injection there was a statistically significant increase of H3‐estradiol in the uterus (118.5 CPM/mg but not a significant decrease of H3‐estradiol in the oral extract (131.8 CPM/mg). (4) Estrogen (Progynon)* priming for 7 days reduced the uptake of H3‐estradiol in the oral extract.

Since H3‐estradiol concentrates in the oral extract, it is suggested that estrogen can influence the gingival tissues on a local cellular level. The fact that estrogen priming reduced the uptake of H3‐estradiol in the oral extract indicates that there may be some type of binding site in the gingivae and mucosa.
Electron microscopic studies of human tooth development
Authors: Sisca Rodger F. , Provenza D. Vincent
Published: June 2006

This study present an ultrastructural characterization of the prospective gingival epithelium in the human embryo during the third and fourth months of development.

The surface cells were squamoid and interdigitated. The central cell layer was composed of more rounded cells while those of the basal layer were cuboidal to low columnar. The intercellular spaces were fewer and smaller toward the free surface. Differences in the number, variety and organizational aspects of the junctional complexes were noted relative to level of location. Hemidesmosomes were observed at the basal cell‐connective tissue interface. Pronounced differences in the kinds and number of organelles were noted at the various epithelial levels. In the surface cells, glycogen was accumulated throughout the cell and organelles were reduced in number. As the glycogen diminished in the cells toward the basal region, the organelle complement increased. The arrangement of tonofilaments tended to change toward the superficial layers. The larger masses were located in the deeper and central cells while surfaceward, tonofilaments were diffusely distributed.
The applicability of a special freeze‐sectioning technique in enzyme histochemical studies of molar tissues in the mouse
Authors: Heyden Guy
Published: June 2006

The freeze‐sectioning technique of Ullberg (1954, 1958) was tested for enzyme histochemical studies of molar eruption in the mouse when cutting the tissues in a cryostat. The method was found applicable for the purposes intended, not only in lactate and malate dehydrogenase recording but also, and especially, in those for glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and adenosine‐triphosphatase activities in calcified tissues. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique, were discussed as compared with the difficulties of EDTA‐demineralization. Marked oxidative and hydrolytic enzyme reactions were observed in the reduced dental epithelium even in progressed stages of molar crown eruption. Hard‐tissue forming cells revealed cytoplasmic ATPase activity as well as endothelial cells and connective tissue regions beneath heavily keratinized and unstained oral epithelium. The cervical migration of the oral epithelium, after the fusion with the reduced dental epithelium, could be discerned by the different distributions of enzyme histochemical reactions.
Penetration pathway of a topically applied foreign protein into rat gingiva
Authors: McDougall W. A.
Published: June 2006

Topically applied horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) failed to penetrate through keratinized rat gingiva. It rapidly entered the intercellular spaces of the non‐keratinized epithelial attachment and within 10 minutes it spread as far as the attachment's apical limit. Widening of the intercellular spaces occurred. Spread into the underlying connective tissue was associated with dilation of venules and, after 30 minutes, emigration of neutrophils into the epithelial attachment. Macrophages and to a lesser extent, fibroblasts showed uptake of HRPO into vesicles and lysosomes. Some macrophages containing HRPO were located close to the crest of the alveolus. A few cells of theepithelial attachment also showed the presence of HRPO in lysosomes.
Vascular permeability to collodidal carbon in chronically inflamed gingiva
Authors: Theilade Jørgen , Egelberg Jan , Attström Rolf
Published: June 2006

The permeability of mechanically non‐irritated blood vessels of chronically inflamed gingivae of dogs was investigated using the carbon labelling method and electron microscopy. Deposits of carbon were found in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells and pericytes and in extravascular and intravascular leukocytes. The areas between the lining cells of the vessel wall and between these cells and the basement membrane did not reveal carbon particles. These results indicate that the vessels of resting chronically inflamed gingivae do not exhibit an increased permeability. Compared to healthy gingivae the chronically inflamed gingivae seem to be characterized by an increased emigration of leukocytes and an increased uptake of carbon by the cells of the vessel walls.
On the hydroxyproline‐Containing components in the gingival exudate
Authors: Paunio Keijo
Published: June 2006

The aim of the study was to determine the presence of hydroxyproline‐containing components in the gingival exudate. The material was collected with filter paper strips from more than 100 individuals. Two pools were made: one for gel permeation chromatography, on Sephadex G‐200 columns, and one for dialysis, against tap water. Single strips containing gingival exudate from one single sulcus were also analyzed. The analysis of the individual strips was made directly from the supernatant fluid. The results from the pooled samples show that about 50 % of the hydroxyproline‐containing components were fractionated into two peaks in column chromatography. The hexosamines were also fractionated into the same peaks. The hydroxyproline containing components in the gingival exudate may arise from blood serum leaking into the crevice or from gingival collagen degraded by proteolytic enzymes originating from the gingival tissue itself or from plaque. These can be considered as a sign of collagen metabolism and/or of a plaque enzyme action on the connective tissue in the gingiva.
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of the human periodontal ligament
Authors: Hllldén Leif , Linde Anders , Ljunggren Anna
Published: June 2006

The isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1. 1. 1. 27.) from the periodontal ligament on the root surface of extracted erupted permanent human teeth have been separated and quantitated by means of cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis.

LDH‐3 and LDH‐4 were the predominating isoenzymes. and smaller amounts of LDH‐2 and LDH‐5 were also present. Only traces of LDH‐1 could be seen. The results indicate the presence of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways in the human periodontal ligament.

These pathways bring about an efficient, economical energy production under normal circumstances, and make the survival of this tissue possible under hypoxic conditions, when the blood supply is briefly interrupted. The results further show that determinations of the survival time of the periodontal ligament on a tooth outside its alveolus have to be made by activity measurements of both aerobic and anaerobic enzymes.
Histochemical studies on the dentin of magnesium‐deficient rats
Authors: Trowbridge Henry , Louchard William , Jenks Patricia
Published: June 2006

Characteristic striations form in the dentin of rats maintained on a diet deficient in magnesium. These striations were studied histochemically in both intact and parathyroidectomized rats. In the lower incisor teeth the striations occurred at intervals varying between 20 and 27μ. Each dentinal striation contained distinct zones of sudanophilic material, acid mucopolysaccharides, and PASpositive proteinpolysaccharides. Dentinal tubules appeared to be enlarged in the zone of sudanophilia. Striations in the dentin of parathyroidectomized rats were very similar to those in intact animals. Formation of dentinal striations ceased within 4 days when deficient animals were placed on a magnesium‐supplemented diet.