bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Parental MMPI Protocols of Children Evaluated at a Child Development Clinic
Authors: Alley Gordon R. , Forsyth Robert A. , Snider Bill , Opitz Erica
Published: September 2011

All parents completed an MMPI upon evaluation of their child at a clinic before diagnosis. For this study, 144 pairs of parents were selected to reflect the sex ratio of the clinic population. This sample was divided into three groups according to the diagnostic classification of the child: (1) minimal cerebral dysfunction, (2) behavior disorder, and (3) normal child. Separate multivariate analyses, computed for the groups by comparing the mean MMPI scores on the validity scales and the clinical scales for fathers and mothers, showed no significant differences in MMPIs of fathers on the validity scales. Also, no difference appeared on the three sex-determined analyses of the clinical scales. However, significant differences were found when scores for both the mothers and combined fathers and mothers were analyzed across the validity scales. The mothers of children with behavior disorders produced lower K scores (test-taking attitude). It was concluded that, while these parents could not be differentiated on the basis of clinical scales of the MMPI, they could be on the test-taking attitude of the mothers of those children evidencing behavior disorders.
Animal Altruism and Co-Operation: A Selected Bibliography
Authors: Robinson Susan , Huber R. John
Published: September 2011

Darwin's and Spencer's respective doctrines of “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” have influenced psychologists' research for the past century. That is, there has been a substantial amount of research devoted to aggression and competition, while little research has been undertaken concerning co-operation and altruism. Both Darwin and Spencer, however, felt that species capable of co-operation, mutual aid, and altruism would be favored by natural selection. Thus, according to Darwinian-Spencerian theory altruism is a logical axis for the study of animal behavior. To that end, a bibliography listing studies concerning the development and maintenance of altruistic and co-operative behavior in animals is offered.
Use of a Factored Biographical Inventory to Identify Differentially Gifted Adolescents
Authors: Payne David A. , Halpin W. Gerald
Published: September 2011

A 118-item factored biographical questionnaire was administered to 173 male and 209 female adolescents participating in a special 8-wk. program for high school juniors and seniors gifted in art, drama, foreign language, English, math, music, science, and social science. The girls in the 8 different gifted areas had significantly different mean scores on the life history factors of social leadership, academic achievement, scientific-artistic interests, cultural-literary interests, and maladjustment. The males in the 8 different gifted areas had significantly different mean scores on the life history factors of intellectualism, social introversion, positive academic attitude, and sibling friction. Ten of 13 factor scales for males differentiated either the academically and/or artistically talented from a group of average ability. A similar result for girls was found on 12 of 15 scales.
Paired-Associate Learning, False-Recognition Scores, and Performance in a Hierarchically Arranged Concept-Learning Task
Authors: Ohnmacht Fred W. , Grippin Pauline C. , O'Connor John , Brody Richard
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated the hypotheses that paired-associate learning would be negatively related to number of acquisition trials for simple concepts but not related to a complex one and that false recognition would be positively related to such acquisitions but most strongly to a relatively complex one. Data provided some support for these predictions.
County Characteristics and Admission to State Hospital for Treatment of Alcoholism and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

Correlations between the utilization rate of alcohol and psychiatric treatment in a state hospital and characteristics of 20 Minnesota rural counties were provided. Alcoholics were affected by more characteristics than were psychiatric patients. Unemployment appeared more important than poverty. The distance to the hospital was negatively related to utilization of the hospital for males but not for females.
Effect of Alternative Combinations of Predictor Variables in Behavioral Research
Authors: Witt Robert E. , Fulcher David G.
Published: September 2011

Examination of alternative methods of combination of predictor variables was carried out to evaluate the impact of various combinatorial methods in behavioral research. The dependent variable was consumers' information seeking about purchases. The four predictor variables were: perceived conspicuousness of the product, perceived risk in a decision to purchase, need for social approval, and compliance. Data were collected from 89 housewives via personal interviews in Ss' homes. Three combinations of predictor variables were examined using multiple correlation analysis. The three models differed substantially in terms of percentage of explained variation.
Own vs Provided Constructs in a Reptest Measure of Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Metcalfe R. J. Alban
Published: September 2011

Both cognitive complexity and cognitive differentiation scores calculated using own vs provided constructs were significantly correlated over treatments, but the two indices were independent of each other.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XX. A Review of Selected Aspects of Texts in Abnormal Psychology
Authors: Leunes Arnold
Published: September 2011

A look at 12 textbooks in abnormal psychology was taken. One point of worth is that there are 89 journal articles published prior to 1950 that are cited in two or more texts, and these may be called “classics” in abnormal psychology. Second, certain journals dominate in terms of publishing these “classics,” with two-thirds of them originating from medical/psychiatric publications (which are the oldest journals). Third, certain themes are prominent within the group, namely, children's disorders and functional psychoses. A fourth finding was that texts in abnormal psychology vary rather widely both in terms of their reverence for the bibliographical past and in terms of their general reverence for references of any vintage. Finally, certain texts appear to include more of the “classics” than do others. Suggestions for further research aimed at “classical” books and potential “classics” of the future are made.
Sex Differences and Job Attitudes: Some Unexpected Findings
Authors: Matteson Michael T. , McMahon J. Timothy , McMahon Margaret
Published: September 2011

This note questions the traditional assumption that males and females hold different attitudes toward various aspects of their jobs and job environment. Many of these differences may be more clearly associated with status as a household head than with sex per se.
Perceived Contingency of Parental Reinforcements, Parent-Child Relations, and Locus of Control
Authors: Yates Reed , Kennelly Kevin , Cox S. H.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relationships among perceived contingency of parental reinforcements, parent-child relations, and locus of control, 100 university students (53 females and 47 males) completed questionnaires. In general, subjects with an internal orientation perceived their parents as contingently punishing. This finding holds most clearly for males and fathers. No relationships between perceived contingency of parental rewards and locus of control were found. Also, little evidence of a relationship between perceived parent-child relations and locus of control was obtained. Parents perceived as contingently punishing were also perceived as loving while parents perceived as noncontingently punishing were seen as rejecting. Many other significant relationships between parent-child relations measures and perceived contingency of parental reinforcement measures were obtained. These relationships differed by sex and parent. The contingency and locus of control results were discussed in terms of Seligman, Maier, and Solomon's (1971) interpretation of learned helplessness.
Correlates of Race and Color Bias among Preschool Children
Authors: Boswell Donna A. , Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the findings of an investigation of preschool Euro-American children in which were explored the relationship of individual differences in racial bias and white-black color bias to the children's general responses to light and darkness, and to certain maternal attitudes and personality traits. Using the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II and Color Meaning Test II procedures developed by Williams and his associates, significant ( p < .01) correlations were found between the child's white-black color bias and race bias, and between white-black color bias and reports of aversive experiences with darkness. There was also a significant ( p < .05) correlation between the racial attitudes of mothers and their children. Findings with a behavioral measure of dark avoidance and measures of the mother's anxiety and authoritarianism were inconclusive. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for the development of race and color bias in preschool children.
A Factor Analysis of the Israeli Fear Survey Inventory
Authors: Goldberg Joel , Yinon Yoel , Cohen Arie
Published: September 2011

Behavior modification has gained in popularity in Israel of late. Given the unique security situation and other cues peculiar to Israeli conditions and culture, an Israeli Fear Survey Inventory has been adapted from the American model. This inventory was administered to students and responses for each sex (129 males, 215 females) were separately factor analyzed. Although in general the factor structures for the two sexes tended to overlap, certain important differences were found, in particular, the fact that “Seeing Blood” was the primary factor among the males and only secondary among the females. It appears that the “Seeing Blood” factor was more crucial for the males owing to the more immediate dangers and experiences involved in military service for men in Israel.
What are the Relationships of Quality Patient Care to Nurses' Performance, Biographical and Personality Variables?
Authors: Dyer Elaine D. , Monson Mary A. , Van Drimmelen Jennie B.
Published: September 2011

Relationships among measures of quality patient care, nurse performance, biographical and personality data were studied for 387 staff nurses from 60 wards of 7 VA hospitals. Patient-care ratings were obtained by outside observers and nurses' performance ratings were obtained from three supervisory levels, peers and subordinates. Correlations between patient-care scores and performance scores were surprisingly low. Coefficients in the high twenties were rare. Education was related positively with patient care and nursing performance measures, often significantly. Age was usually related negatively to patient care and performance measures, often significantly. Higher rated nurses generally described themselves in more positive terms and as more open, helpful, energetic and people-oriented. Personality patterns of nurses rated high by various raters reflect situational needs of raters. Second-level supervisors rated nurses high who were dominant, verbal, and ascendant but cooperative participators. Head nurses rated nurses high who were not dominant but were self-controlled, responsible and cooperative in interactions with others and felt things were going well. Education was positively related to California Psychological Inventory scores except for Responsibility. Age was negatively related except for Responsibility, Self-control, and Good impression.
Subject Effects and Demand Characteristics
Authors: McGinley Hugh , Kaplan Mark , Kinsey Theron
Published: September 2011

The procedure described by Sigall, Aronson, and Van Hoose (1970) in their study of subjects' cooperation and apprehension about evaluation was extended to include experimenters who tested subjects from both their own and other classes. It was hypothesized that the effects found by Sigall, et al. would be greater for subjects whose experimenter was their instructor than for subjects whose experimenter was not their instructor. The results did not support the hypothesis. Contrary to the Sigall, et al. findings, subjects in the present study showed increases in performance even when such increases suggested, from the experimenter's point of view, that the subjects were obsessive-compulsive. Interview data indicated that the average subject reportedly believed he was supposed to excell in task performance and performed accordingly. The Sigall, et al. procedure is discussed from both the experimenter's and the subjects' point of view. It is suggested that the procedure does not afford an appropriate test for understanding subjects' cooperation in a psychological experiment.
Patients Who Schedule Meetings with a State Hospital Review Board
Authors: Jansen David G. , Johnson Lester E.
Published: September 2011

61 psychiatric and 18 alcoholic patients who sought redress from a state hospital review board over a 6-yr. period were compared with normative data for new admissions to their treatment areas on the basis of selected demographic and MMPI personality characteristics. The typical visitor emerged as significantly younger than his treatment counterpart who did not go to the board. He was significantly more likely to be a committed patient and had a treatment history which dated back almost 10 yr. Personality differences suggested that these visitors from the psychiatric unit of the hospital were significantly more sociopathic, manipulative, and impatient than the average psychiatric new admission and that alcoholics who went to the review board were significantly more defensive and denying than the typical alcoholic.
Effects of N-Length Order on Resistance to Extinction in the Rat
Authors: Cogan Dennis C. , Nicholls Richard J. , Van Dyke Bill , Breaux Robert
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are reported which suggest that the regular sequencing of N-lengths both within and between daily acquisition sessions may function as a significant determiner of the strength of resistance to extinction. Rats were trained with increasing, decreasing, or random N-length sequences either within daily blocks of trials (Exp. I) or across days (Exp. II). In both experiments increasing N-lengths, e.g., R-N-R-NN-R-NNN-R, produced greater resistance to extinction than decreasing N-lengths, e.g., R-NNN-R-NN-R-N-R. The results were interpreted as more in accord with the frustration position of Amsel rather than the sequential-memory view of Capaldi.
Some Useful Applications of Sign Test
Authors: Sachdeva Darshan
Published: September 2011

A survey of some useful applications of sign test to a variety of research problems has been presented in this narration.
Prediction of Classroom Achievement Using Intelligence and Behavioral Variables for Inner-City Children
Authors: Engin Ann W.
Published: September 2011

The relative importance of academic aptitude and behavioral variables for the prediction of achievement criteria in basic skill areas was investigated for a sample comprised of 71 inner-city third and fourth grade Ss. Analysis of the regression of five subtests of the Stanford Achievement Test on WISC IQs and scores on the Devereux indicated that both intelligence and behavioral variables constitute important components of third and fourth grade reading and arithmetic achievement and account for a significant proportion of the criterion variance in this sample.
Self-Disclosure: An Elaboration of its Basic Dimensions
Authors: Chelune Gordon J.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a brief review of the basic dimensions of self-disclosing behavior as presently conceived and proposes two new parameters: affective manner of presentation and flexibility of the disclosure pattern. The nature and importance of these parameters in self-disclosing behavior are discussed in terms of interpersonal functioning and mental health.
Age and Set in Creative Test Performance
Authors: Speller Kerstin G. , Schumacher Gary M.
Published: September 2011

The Unusual Uses Test was administered to 36 boys and 36 girls from two Grade 5 and two Grade 12 classes. The resulting fluency and originality scores were then analyzed. As hypothesized, Ss told they were taking a “creativity exercise” produced more uses than Ss taking a “word exercise.” This effect was chiefly due to the older Ss being strongly influenced by the creative set. There was no effect of sex. The “exercise” manipulation did not effect the originality scores (fluency as the covariate). Younger Ss and males appeared to be more original, but an interaction of sex × grade with unusually low scores by older girls was chiefly responsible for these effects. Implications for assessment of creativity and research are discussed.
Attribution of Depression to Internal-External and Stable-Unstable Causes: Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Calhoun Lawrence G. , Johnson Richard E. , Boardman William K.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of severity, consistency, and typicalness of information about a hypothetical case of depression on causal explanations for depression. 119 undergraduates responded to brief descriptions of a depressed individual by rating (1 to 6) the extent to which the depression was due to each of four types of causes: internal stable, internal unstable, external stable, and external unstable. Severity was associated with greater attribution to internal stable causes. The consistency of the depression tended to produce attribution to stable causes, and typicalness tended to produce attribution to external causes.
Put the Blame on Name
Authors: Casler Lawrence
Published: September 2011

A person's surname is frequently related to his occupation or interests. After providing a list of examples, e.g., neurophysiologists named Head and Brain, contraception researchers named Gamble and Zipper, the author reviews some possible explanations for this relationship. These include environmental influences, Lady Luck, and Gene Power.
On the Assessment of Trip Makers' Preference by Paired Comparison Scaling
Authors: Hsu Jende
Published: September 2011

Thurstone's Case V has been applied to the study of travellers' attitudes toward various modes of transportation. This paper discusses the validity of this application by examining three assumptions of the Case V as well as the problem of dimensionality. Assumptions are violated tentatively one at a time. The results suggest that the problem of dimensionality and the assumption of equal variances have to be verified before the Case V can be applied successfully to studies of transportation.
Two Studies Involving Expectancy of the Therapeutic Agent
Authors: Gibbs Margaret S.
Published: September 2011

The recent focus on expectancy as a factor in effectiveness of therapy has tended to overlook the role of expectancy of the treatment agent. Study 1 showed manipulated expectancies of a mental hospital staff predicted favorability of discharge for 10 patients ( p < .057). In the second study, a therapeutic analogue, neither “patients'” nor “therapists'” expectancies directly predicted amount of change in 64 students. Congruency of expectancy, however, interacted with “therapists'” warmth or coolness to influence amount of change.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXII. Sidney Marshall Jourard: 1926–1974
Authors: Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

This obituary places Sidney Marshall Jourard and his contributions to psychology in a living context.
Demonstration of the Effect, “Similar to Me,” in Simulated Employment Interviews
Authors: Rand Thomas M. , Wexley Kenneth N.
Published: September 2011

Simulated video-taped employment interviews were constructed in which a black and a white applicant presented, in addition to job-related statements, biographical background information which was either similar or dissimilar to that of the white interviewer. 160 subjects were selected as interviewers who demonstrated extreme scores on the variables of need for affiliation and racial prejudice. The results indicated that biographical similarity of interviewer and applicant led to higher ratings of the candidate's job suitability and other personal characteristics. Racially prejudiced interviewers were generally more negative in their evaluations of all candidates regardless of the applicant's race. Neither race of the applicant nor affiliation need of the evaluators showed significant main effects. Implications of the so-called effect, “similar to me,” were discussed in relation to the employment interview.
Instructors' Ratings of Delinquents after Outward Bound Survival Training and Their Subsequent Recidivism
Authors: Baer Daniel J. , Jacobs Peter J. , Carr Frances E.
Published: September 2011

After participating in an Outward Bound survival training course, 60 male delinquents were evaluated by patrol leaders. Successful students were awarded a certificate and all Ss were then paroled. A significant association was found between nonrecidivism within a 5-yr. period and the awarding of a certificate. Principal components analysis of a 40-item rating scale completed by the patrol leaders yielded six factors. Significant correlations were found between the factor scores of Maturity, Leadership, and Effort, with nonrecidivism. Results suggest that a rating based on Outward Bound performance can provide a long-term prediction of recidivism.
Comparison of “Psychological Styles” in Delinquent and Nondelinquent Females
Authors: Karoly Paul
Published: September 2011

16 black and 16 white female delinquents and 36 black and 31 white high school females were compared on measures of interpersonal trust, sensation-seeking, and assertiveness. Expected differences for groups and race failed to emerge. Results were discussed in terms of the need to enlarge upon traditional views of adolescent psychopathology and to seek improved modes of assessing lower-class clients.
Instructions and Reinforcement in Modification of a Case of Astasia-Abasia
Authors: Turner Samuel M. , Hersen Michel
Published: September 2011

The effects of instructions, social reinforcement, and sex of the therapist administering reinforcement contingencies were examined in an analysis of one case of astasia-abasia. Instructions alone appeared to result in some improvement in the patient's ability to walk, but a combination of instructions and contingent verbal praise (social reinforcement) yielded the most dramatic effects. The sex of the therapist administering contingencies did not seem relevant.
Serial Discrimination Reversal in a Slow Loris (Nycticebus)
Authors: Kalish-Landon Nancy , Maier Richard A.
Published: September 2011

A Slow Loris was tested on a serial discrimination reversal problem, reaching an optimal level of performance after 9 reversals. Thus, the ability of the Prosimian Primate was roughly comparable to that of the more highly evolved Squirrel and Capuchin monkey.
Scales Which Measure Behavioral Reactions to Illness during Hospitalization and Attitudes toward Hospitals
Authors: Smith Walter J. , Apfeldorf Max
Published: September 2011

The construction and statistical evaluation of two scales are described. The first is a Thurstone and Chave type measuring attitudes toward hospitals, and the second an objective measure of behavioral reactions during hospitalization. Split-half reliability (corrected) was high (.90) for the behavioral measure, moderately high (.78) for the attitude scale. Validity was assessed by the known-groups method. Patients designated by head nurses as responding positively to hospitalization and treatment scored significantly higher ( p.001) on both scales than patients reported to be responding in a negative manner.
An Empirical Comparison of Four Measures of the Average Intercorrelation
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

For 10 correlation matrices taken from Harman, a measure of the average intercorrelation proposed by Kaiser (γ) was compared with the mean, the median, and the average using Fisher's r-to-z transformation. The differences among the four measures were generally small but they appeared to be systematic.
Self-Actualization and Retrospective Reports of Parent-Child Relationships among College Females
Authors: Hjelle Larry A. , Smith Greg
Published: September 2011

The relationship between self-actualization and retrospective perceptions of parental child-rearing attitudes and behaviors was investigated. 20 high and 20 low self-actualizing college-aged females, pre-selected on the basis of their scores on Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory, were compared on Schaefer's Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory. As predicted, high self-actualizing subjects scored significantly higher than low self-actualizing subjects on the majority of the paternal and maternal scales on the inventory, reflecting perceived parental attitudes of acceptance, psychological autonomy, and lax control. Likewise, as predicted, high self-actualizing subjects scored significantly lower than low self-actualizing subjects on the majority of the paternal and maternal scales of the inventory, reflecting perceived parental attitudes of rejection, psychological control, and firm control.
Effect of Forebrain Ablation on Long-Term Retention of an Appetitive Discrimination by Goldfish
Authors: Flood Nancy Bohac
Published: September 2011

4 normal and 4 forebrain-ablated fish were food-reinforced for correct choice in a circle-square discrimination task; both groups readily learned the task. When the fish were tested after 8 days of a practice-free retention interval, both groups performed equally well and at the same level as their earlier asymptote. The results of this study indicate that long-term memory function of teleosts is not affected by forebrain ablation.
Two Concepts of “True Score” in Test Theory
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

Two concepts of “true score” in test theory are examined. Under one concept, the true score is identified with the expected value of the observed score, and it follows that reliability is the ratio of true variance to observed variance. Under the other concept, the true score is a constant which is not necessarily equal to the expected value of the observed score, and it follows that reliability is not necessarily equal to the ratio of true variance to observed variance. Axioms are presented which encompass both points of view, and explicit formulas relating the two kinds of true scores are derived by representing all scores and components of scores as random variables with the same associated probability space.
Interpersonal Behavior Constructs: A Revised Approach to Defining Dyadic Interaction Styles
Authors: Kogan Kate L. , Gordon Betty N.
Published: September 2011

Methods for analyzing mother-child interactions which have been used in clinical and research studies over a 10-yr. period have been revised in the interests of greater economy and more precise clinical utility. This paper reports data to document the comparability of the old and new approaches, the reliability of the method when used by several observers, and the usefulness of the new instrument in delineating behavioral change before and after therapeutic intervention.
Personal Satisfaction Form as a Measure of Psychotherapeutic Outcome
Authors: Nichols Michael P.
Published: September 2011

The Personal Satisfaction Form is a semi-structured interview procedure for evaluating outcome in psychotherapy. Patients are asked to discuss and provide behavioral examples of their subjective experience of satisfaction in eight areas of living. Each area is rated, independently, on a seven-point scale. Ratings are then summed to provide a single numerical index of satisfaction. Ratings of satisfaction were collected before and after therapy with 43 outpatients and found to be highly reliable. Evidence is also presented for both convergent and divergent validity.
Schedule-Induced Polydipsia: Species Limitations
Authors: Wilson Stephen , Spencer W. Boyd
Published: September 2011

5 male hamsters were reduced to 80% ad lib. weight and were run in a 3-hr. session with a VI-60 sec. schedule for 20-mg. pellets for 14 consecutive days. Water was freely available at all times. As hamsters did not exhibit the excessive drinking characteristic of other animals under similar paradigms, there appears to be a species limitation to schedule-induced polydipsia.
Operant Preferences for Male and Female Voices by Profoundly Retarded Males
Authors: Uno Tad , Seitel Alan L. , Cleland Charles C.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies of preferences of the profoundly mentally retarded have indicated that complex visual stimuli are more effective in eliciting responses than are auditory or simple stimuli. Male and female voices were used to determine preference for voice. Profoundly retarded adults (mean Social Quotient of 11.7) were first exposed to a situation where button pressing resulted in either a 250- or a 2000-Hz tone and then to a situation in which a male and female voice was associated with each button. Statistically significant differential preference was not exhibited to either type of stimulus although the female voice did appear more effective.
Heart Rates of Hungry or Thirsty Rats during Sucrose Presentation
Authors: Brillhart C. Anne , Osberg Arthur G. , Beck Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Heart rates were recorded from unrestrained food- or water-deprived rats ( n = 8) before, during, and after 1-min. presentations of either 2% or 16% sucrose. When sucrose was presented there were nearly identical initial increments for all four deprivation-incentive combinations, followed by an immediate decrement. Rates increased again when the solutions were removed. The results are discussed in terms of locomotor activity.
Word Position in Unipolar Semantic Stapel Scales
Authors: Albaum Gerald , Del Hawkins I. , Best Roger
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of adjective placement on Stapel Scale values. Results for 63 college students showed that the attitude-rating values generated by three different word positions did not differ significantly.
Occupational Affiliation and Ratings of Physical Height and Personal Esteem
Authors: Lechelt Eugene C.
Published: September 2011

24 male and 29 female undergraduates were requested to rate independently on a seven-point scale (1) the physical height of men in 10 selected occupational groups and, approximately 3 mo. later, (2) the extent to which they esteemed men in these occupations. Ratings of males and females of both physical height and personal esteem, according to occupational affiliation, were highly positively correlated. Physical height and personal esteem ratings by males were significantly positively correlated; thus, how these males personally esteemed members of occupational groups appears to be directly related to how tall they rated members of these groups. Although the females' ratings of personal esteem and physical height were also highly correlated, substantial differences between mean ratings of physical height and personal esteem occurred for several occupational classes.
Validation of the Alco-Calculator
Authors: Compton John V. , Vogler Roger E.
Published: September 2011

The Alco-calculator was validated by comparing its blood alcohol estimates with actual breath samples (N = 48). The Alco-calculator overestimated the blood alcohol concentration by 20 mg % and showed an accuracy confidence interval of ± 26 mg.% ( p = .95) The utility of the calculator for training in discrimination of blood alcohol levels is discussed.
Frustration Effect in a Free Operant Situation for Albino Rats
Authors: Quirt B. Michael , Cohen Jerome S.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained to bar press for food reinforcement in a two-bar multiple fixed-ratio situation. After the animal had established asymptotic rates of time for transferring between bars and responding on each bar, responding on one bar led to no reinforcement or random intermittent (50%) reinforcement. Responding on a second bar was always reinforced. Under both schedules of reinforcement, rats decreased their time to transfer to the second bar and their time to respond on the second bar. All animals also displayed an initial disruption of transfer back to and responses on the first bar. For rats on the intermittent reinforcement schedule, the decreased response time on the reinforced bar was primarily found after nonreinforcement of response to the previous bar. Reinforcement schedules for response to the first bar did not differentially affect the above behavior.
Strong Vocational Interest Blank Profiles of Women in Law, Mathematics, Medicine, and Psychology
Authors: Gough Harrison G.
Published: September 2011

Male form Strong Vocational Interest Blank protocols were obtained from 4 female samples: 40 law students, 44 mathematicians, 51 medical students, and 49 graduate students in psychology Each sample scored higher ( p < .01) than the complement (other three samples pooled) on the appropriate occupational scale. Classificatory indices were defined for each sample, adding scores on four scales with positive differences and subtracting four with negative; no scale was used twice. Analyses of variance were significant ( p < .01) for each index. The accuracy of each index in correctly assigning individuals to the designated occupation was also examined. Obtained vs chance hit rates were 78% vs 78% (law), 85% vs 76% (mathematics), 78% vs 72% (medicine), and 75% vs 73% (psychology).
Intrusive and Repetitive Thought after a Depressing Film: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wilner Nancy , Horowitz Mardi J.
Published: September 2011

A hypothesis of increased intrusive and repetitive thoughts after any undischarged negative emotional-ideational state was based on previous experiments which involved films which aroused fear and anger and was extended to include a film that arouses sadness. 19 university students saw a film with a separation theme and had levels of intrusions, film references, and negative affect similar to those of subjects who saw films with themes of bodily injury.
Size of the Environment as a Determiner of Effects of Scopolamine
Authors: Stewart Warren J.
Published: September 2011

64 rats were injected with either saline or 0.25 mg/kg scopolamine and tested in one of four different-sized open fields. There was a positive correlation between increasing field size and increased ambulation in undrugged animals. Scopolamine increased ambulation in rats in the 2 smaller fields but not in the larger 2 fields; and it did not attenuate the rate of habituation. Rearing and grooming were not affected so much by field size, but grooming was increased by scopolamine. The results can be interpreted in terms of base rate/response competition hypotheses.
Sex Differences in Learning Connected Discourse as a Function of Exposure and Interitem Intervals
Authors: King David J.
Published: September 2011

Learning of connected discourse was contrasted for males and females for differing exposure and interitem intervals. With total presentation time constant, it was more difficult for males to learn the material when the interitem interval was greater than the exposure interval rather than the reverse. Females appeared to learn equally well under both conditions.
Attitude toward Capital Punishment: Scale Validation
Authors: Moore Michael
Published: September 2011

Thurstone's “Attitude toward Capital Punishment” scale was found valid and reliable in predicting 44 upper division students' reported vote on the California Death Penalty Proposition. No differential changes in either attitude or estimated probability of the proposition's passing are found in supporters vs opponents of the proposition as a result of the outcome of the vote.
Reduction of State and Trait Anxiety by Kind Firmness Attitude Therapy
Authors: Wadsworth Allen P. , Wilson Warner , Barker Harry R.
Published: September 2011

The present study's primary goals were: (a) to determine the impact upon state and trait anxiety of a treatment for depression based on Kind Firmness attitude therapy and (b) to compare the effectiveness of that program with the effectiveness of a more conventional form of therapy. Differential effects of the two programs upon neurotics and psychotics were also examined. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to 16 university students, 32 neurotic and 24 psychotic patients on three occasions. Results indicated that neurotics treated on both programs declined significantly in state and trait anxiety. Psychotics treated by the Kind Firmness attitude therapy regime experienced a significant reduction in unpleasant, consciously perceived feelings of tension and anxiety (state) with no significant changes in anxiety proneness (trait). Psychotics treated on the Conventional program, however, demonstrated an opposite pattern of response, experiencing a significant decrease in trait anxiety with no significant changes in state.
Treatment of Overweight: I. Relationship between Initial Weight and Weight Change during Behavior Therapy of Overweight Individuals: Analysis of Data from Previous Studies
Authors: Murray D. C.
Published: September 2011

Data from studies of the use of behavior therapy in the treatment of overweight are used to compute correlations between initial weight and weight change. There is a tendency for those with the highest initial weight to lose the most weight. The relationship appears higher when both men and women are included than if data are only from women and when treatment is longer. It is suggested that these results may tentatively be seen as implying a similar relationship between initial disturbance and outcome of treatment in psychotherapy generally.
Correlations among Different Forms of the Quick Test
Authors: Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

57 college students took all 6 individual and 3 group forms of the Quick Test. High significant Pearson correlations among raw scores and IQs suggest that these alternate forms are measuring similarly.
Behavioral Contrast in Albino Rats
Authors: Bradshaw C. M.
Published: September 2011

3 albino Wistar rats were trained in multiple variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. When reinforcement was withheld during one of the component schedules, the reduction in response rate during that component was accompanied by an increase in responding during the other (unchanged) component. This positive behavioral contrast was statistically significant for all three rats. The results are discussed in relation to interpretations of behavioral contrast based on autoshaping phenomena.
Internal-External Control and Assertiveness of Subjects High and Low in Social Desirability
Authors: Appelbaum Alan S. , Tuma June M. , Johnson James H.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between locus of control and assertiveness in a 2 × 2 factorial design ( N = 28 per group) employing students both high and low in social desirability as subjects ( N = 112). It was predicted that internals would be more assertive than externals but that this relationship would hold only for subjects scoring low in social desirability. Results indicate that internals do describe themselves as more assertive than externals but that this relationship does not vary with social desirability.
Conservation Ability of Elderly Men Living in the Community and an Institution
Authors: Eisner Donald A.
Published: September 2011

The present study assessed possible differences in decline of ability for logical operations for 10 elderly community residents and two elderly institutionalized groups ( ns = 10). While 100% conservation was shown by the community group on two-dimensional space, number, substance, continuous quantity, weight, and discontinuous quantity, and 80% conservation of volume, the institutionalized groups showed much lower rates. The implication is that active elderly persons who reside in their own homes will not show the apparent decrement noted in earlier studies of institutionalized persons. The relationship between logical operations and fluid intelligence was supported by the diminished conservation performance of neurologically impaired institutionalized groups. Other sampling effects which might account for the differing results among studies were age and length of institutionalization.
Conditioned Suppression of Schedule-Induced Polydipsia in Rats
Authors: Bond N. W. , Blackman D. E.
Published: September 2011

3 rats exposed to the intermittent delivery of food reinforcement developed a pattern of reliable post-pellet licking, i.e., schedule-induced polydipsia. A tone correlated with unavoidable shocks was then superimposed upon this baseline. The rats' licking behavior was suppressed during the tone periods but remained unchanged during the no-tone periods. This suppression of licking was due to a decrease in the mean number of post-pellet licks; the percentage of intervals containing licking remaining relatively constant. When the shock intensity was increased there was a further reduction in licking behavior due to a decrease in the number of intervals containing licks. These results demonstrate that schedule-induced polydipsia can be altered by factors other than those involving the primary schedule.
Effects of Sophistication and Faking Sets on the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: Velicer Wayne F. , Weiner Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

Personality inventories, by their very nature, are particularly susceptible to faking. Past studies have shown that instructions to fake can distort responses to a personality inventory; however, validity scales have generally detected faking. Such studies have generally assumed that Ss were naive. When the effects of different faking sets with Ss of different degrees of sophistication were investigated using the Eysenck Personality Inventory the results indicate that Ss possessing even a minimum degree of sophistication can successfully fake on this inventory.
Love: A Psychometric Approach
Authors: Pam Alvin , Plutchik Robert , Conte Hope R.
Published: September 2011

A new psychometric instrument, the Love Scale, was developed for measuring feelings and attitudes associated with being in love. A series of items was constructed to provide measures of five components assumed on the basis of philosophical speculation and previous research to be basic to the love experience: Respect, Congeniality, Altruism, Physical Attraction, and Attachment. Both the total and the subscale scores proved to be highly reliable. The significant differences between Love, Dating, and Friendship groups clearly indicated that the Love relationship can be distinguished empirically from that of Dating or Friendship. Most important to a Love relationship appeared to be Attachment and Physical Attraction.
Professorial Internal-Control Orientation, Academic Rank, and Tenure
Authors: Hollon C.
Published: September 2011

The present study explored the relationship between internal-control orientation as measured by Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale and academic rank and tenure for 211 male faculty members from seven public community colleges. Professorial internal-control orientation was not significantly related to either academic rank or tenure.
The Scandinavian Suicide Phenomenon: Fact or Artifact? Another Look
Authors: Coombs David , Miller Howard
Published: September 2011

The well known differences in suicide rates among the European countries (especially the Scandinavian) are often explained as artifacts of statistical gathering and reporting. It is pointed out that the relative-rate differences reported by these countries obtain to a surprising (and reliable) extent in their immigrants to the United States where such statistics are gathered and reported by the same agents. It is suggested, therefore, that at least some portion of these differences is genuine.
Contrasting Proverbs as a Measure of Attitudes of College Students toward Curiosity-Related Behaviors
Authors: Maw Wallace H. , Maw Ethel W.
Published: September 2011

42 pairs of contrasting proverbs chosen to measure attitudes toward curiosity-related behavior were administered to 70 college students along with the Ontario Test of Motivation, purported to measure attitudes toward ambiguity, complexity, novelty, and specific curiosity. The proverbs test yielded an index of stability of .91; scores correlated positively and significantly with each of the variables measured by the Ontario scale. As correlations were not high ( r .35), attitudes measured by the two instruments seem largely independent of each other.
A Direct Comparison of the Predictive Capabilities of Two Cloze-Derived Readability Formulas
Authors: Miller Lawrence R.
Published: September 2011

Two Cloze-derived readability equations were cross-validated on three Cloze reading comprehension tests to determine if they differed significantly in their predictive capabilities. The equations were Coleman's Formula 4 and Bormuth's Machine Computation Formula; the tests were the 1969 Bormuth Cloze Reading Comprehension Test and the 1967 Miller-Coleman Readability Scale (600 response and 2400 response conditions). Results indicated that: each formula's scores correlated significantly with reader scores on each test ( p < .001); each formula generated statistically equivalent coefficients on the Miller-Coleman 600 response and 2400 response tests ( p > .05); the Bormuth formula generated a significantly higher validity coefficient on the Bormuth test than the Coleman formula did ( p < .001).
Credibility of Sources of Information about Drugs to Heroin Addicts
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Hagen Kenneth , Harvey William M.
Published: September 2011

A small sample of black heroin addicts ( N = 23) was studied to determine their views of the credibility of a variety of sources of information about drugs. Addicts' own experience and that of ex-addicts and other users were the most trusted sources; and mental health professionals were significantly less credible than sources with personal drug experience. The findings support the use of paraprofessionals in drug education and drug counseling.
Mapping into a Structure: A Method for Studying Social Cognition
Authors: Kuethe James L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to illustrate a method of studying social cognition based on the use of a “blank sociogram.” 445 subjects mapped social elements into empty structures in whatever pattern they preferred. In the first illustration, in which names were associated with personality descriptions, the results showed high commonality of mapping. A second illustration of the technique involving self-concept produced results compatible with earlier investigations.
Authoritarianism, Pretrial Publicity, and Awareness of Bias in Simulated Jurors
Authors: Sue Stanley , Smith Ronald E. , Pedroza George
Published: September 2011

In a simulated jury experiment, 158 university students were asked to render certain decisions as jurors in a criminal case. Subjects were exposed to damaging (to the defendant) pretrial publicity or to neutral pretrial publicity. Subjects were asked if they could remain impartial and also completed the F-scale questionnaire. Results indicated that even when subjects claim they are unbiased by pretrial publicity, their decisions as simulated jurors reveal bias. Their F-scores, however, appeared unrelated to judicial decisions.
The Suprasentential and the Unstructured Interview
Authors: Whalen Suzanne
Published: September 2011

Suprasentential refers to an apparently extraneous vocal phenomenon such as “oh,” “ah,” “well,” “you know,” a mid-sentence speech hesitation or a seemingly unconnected comment which, while not a necessary part of a sentence, contributes when present to vocal interaction. Suprasententials may serve to retain control of the speech-end of the dialogue, play a role in emotional expression, solicit a response from the person spoken to, or otherwise sustain conversation. A classification including nine kinds of suprasentential is suggested. A method for eliciting sustained speech via picture-story items and open-ended discussion items in a dyadic situation is described.