bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moskos, Charles (1934–2008)
Authors: Miller Laura L. , Williams John Allen
Published: December 2017

Charles C. Moskos (1934–2008) was a highly influential and internationally recognized sociologist who helped develop the field of military sociology through his scholarship, teaching, mentorship, prolific writing, organizational leadership, public policy engagement, and lectures in numerous civilian and military institutions in the United States and abroad. Moskos's most significant research focused on the American enlisted experience, social integration in the military – especially racial integration, military peace‐keeping and humanitarian operations, and the I/O hypothesis, or model of institutional and occupational forms of military organization. Moskos also made significant contributions to the study of conscientious objection and national service, as well as the history of Greek Americans.
Karim, Nazmul (1922–1982)
Authors: Khondker Habibul
Published: December 2017

Professor A.K. Nazmul Karim (1922–1982), a Bangladeshi sociologist, educated at Columbia University and London University, played a pioneering role in establishing sociology as an academic discipline in Bangladesh with the help of UNESCO in 1957. His teaching and research on rural social stratification and political power inspired a generation of Bangladeshi sociologists and made sociology a highly popular field of social science in the country.
Migrant Workers
Authors: Khondker Habibul
Published: December 2017

Migrant workers are those who work for income in countries other than where they are born. Migration of the laboring class or the flow of people across national boundaries is a physical evidence of globalization, a master process which may be viewed as an amalgam of flows: flows of capital, labor, technology, popular culture, ideas of modernity and radical contra‐modern views. The drivers of migration include demographic imbalance, regional and international income inequality, breakdown of social order, and environmental degradation. The flow of people in the twenty‐first century is multidirectional. Migrants move from the Global South to the Global North, and in some instances in the opposite direction.
Gypsies
Authors: Lydaki Anna
Published: December 2017

Gypsies, the nomadic groups now known as Roma, set out from northwest India at the end of the eighth or beginning of the ninth century, and most of them are now settled permanently in one place. Their language, Romani, is not written and spoken by all Gypsies, but there are many dialects influenced by borrowed elements from the countries in which the live. Gypsies have always been the target of racism, arousing, on the one hand, the notion of the romantic stereotype, but also exciting a negative response from the mainstream who, unwilling to accept anyone different, refuse to treat Gypsies as equals. They are considered unreliable and are often associated with witchcraft. Today, the Gypsies' plight is critical as the evolution of technology has rendered their traditional jobs obsolete and almost all of them make a living from peddling, a dying trade in itself in the maelstrom of global financial strife. Poverty, unhealthy living conditions, the frequent necessity of moving around, unemployment and the rejection they often face, all lead to Gypsy children abandoning school in an effort to find work in order to survive.
Marine Pollution
Authors: Burns Thomas J.
Published: December 2017

Marine pollution refers to the degradation of the earth's oceans. The vast preponderance of marine pollution can be attributed to ways in which humankind relates to the natural environment. Sources include runoff from the use of herbicides, chemical fertilizers, and insecticides in farming, industrial wastes, trailings from mine operations, oil spills, improperly treated sewage, and silt from erosion. To understand the human causes of environmental degradation in general, and marine pollution in particular, it is important to consider a number ofdemographic and social phenomena. These include: increasing population pressures, globalization processes, inefficient use of resources and the dumping of waste, metabolic rift, overtaxing of the oceans' resources as a commons problem, mismatches between the problems and the institutions that would address them, and cultures based around expanding consumption. Addressing these problems would be facilitated by a growing cultural awareness of the natural environment, as well as by the advent of practices stewarding the common resources of the world's oceans.
Nomads
Authors: Fiddian‐Qasmiyeh Elena
Published: December 2017

Nomads rely on movement and mobility as an intrinsic part of their livelihood strategies, moving across different types of territory and for different distances, often consciously or unconsciously crossing international borders. In recent history, the mobility of nomadic people has been viewed as a threat to sociopolitical stability, leading to measures being taken to settle nomadic groups in order to control them and force them to contribute to a national economy.
Alliances (Racial/Ethnic)
Authors: Bowser Benjamin P.
Published: December 2017

Since 2000, there has been explosive growth in the social movement literature primarily from international case studies of movements in reaction to globalization. There is a growing recognition that globalization is about advancing neoliberal economics. A feature of this literature is that the social identities of international alliance actors are rarely defined by race or ethnicity. Perhaps other more fundamental bases for alliances and conflicts may exist that are overlooked because of the particular US obsession with race and ethnicity. Alternatively, race and ethnic differences may be more important than realized in the global cases. Whatever is the case, the global case studies have yet to offer new theoretical insights about the inner workings of movements or alliances. An example of an experimental approach was found that could contextualize factors and generate theory in alliance formation for studies in both the United States and globally.
Cultural Relativism
Authors: Tilley John J.
Published: December 2017

This entry briefly discusses the development and content of the main positions commonly called cultural relativism – for example, moral cultural relativism, descriptive cultural relativism, and methodological forms of cultural relativism. The controversy over moral cultural relativism receives attention as well.
Cognitive Interviewing
Authors: Ryan J. Michael , Noel HarmoniJoie
Published: December 2017

Cognitive interviewing is a qualitative method used to pretest survey questions before the survey is fielded so changes can be made to improve the questions if needed. It is among the most widely used means of pretesting survey questions, especially for official government surveys and is currently the primary method of pretesting utilized by federal statistical agencies in the United States.
Du Bois: “Talented Tenth”
Authors: Dennis Rutledge M. , Dennis Kimya N.
Published: December 2017

At crucial moments in a people's history, the question “What is to be done?” is raised. Alongside this question, additional questions will follow, such as “Who will do it, when, and how?” When one explores such works as Plato's
Republic
, Machiavelli's
The Prince
, Comte's
Course in Positive Philosophy
, Marx and Engel's
Communist Manifesto
, and Edward W. Blyden's
The People of Africa
, one is deeply aware of the sense of crisis expressed by the writers and the urgency with which they raised the questions posed above. One must therefore understand the responses to group or national crises and the urgency of responses to such crises before fully understanding W.E.B. Du Bois's own urgent response to the national crisis of race, and to the many ways in which the crisis was more pronounced and devastating to blacks.
Grobalization
Authors: Ryan J. Michael
Published: December 2017

Grobalization is a term coined by sociologist George Ritzer in his book
The Globalization of Nothing
. It is meant to serve as a companion to the widely employed concept of glocalization. Grobalization is seen as a companion process to glocalization, both under the broader heading of globalization. While glocalization represents the unique combinations resulting from the interpenetration of the global and the local, grobalization represents “the imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, organizations, and the like and their desire, indeed need, to impose themselves on various geographic areas.” Thus, glocalization would be most closely associated with postmodern, pluralistic ideas of heterogeneity, whereas grobalization represents a more modern, imperialistic, and homogenizing perspective.
Labor/Labor Power
Authors: Beamish Rob
Published: December 2017

Labor is an eternal, naturally imposed condition, common to all societies. Humankind is directly part of the material order of nature and inescapably bound to its laws (e.g., gravity, mitosis and meiosis, aging). As living creatures, humans have specific material needs they must meet (e.g., metabolizing oxygen, water, and protein). Those needs are not all met immediately and directly. Through the evolution of the material order, the human order came to stand separated from the material order. Whereas the material order of nature is direct, concrete, and thingly, the human order is concurrently immediate and mediate, concrete and abstract, and objective and subjective. Labor in general is the activity through which humankind mediates itself with the material order and draws upon the concrete and abstract aspects of its being to create and recreate its existence. If labor is the eternal, naturally imposed condition of human life, labor power is the eternal, active, mediating capacity bringing humankind into contact with the material order. In class societies, labor power is the sole source of value creation and because its expenditure over an entire working day can produce value above its own value, it is the source of surplus value.
Microsociology
Authors: Scheff Thomas J.
Published: December 2017

One of the directions that is needed in social/behavioral studies is examining in detail the world of here and now, second by second, and the larger world of individual and group behavior, and, the most difficult, the relationships between the two worlds. This entry proposes some of the steps that are needed, with particular emphasis on systematic studies of emotions.
Postmodern Social Theory
Authors: Ryan J. Michael
Published: December 2017

Postmodern social theory is a field which is both difficult to define and rejects being defined. It is, in fact, a field that struggles against definitions, against norms, against protocols. Instead, it seeks to deconstruct, decenter, and delegitimize scientific claims to universal truths. With these characteristics in mind, it is easy to understand why defining such a field would be a difficult, if not counterproductive, task. Various authors have sought to overcome this difficulty by relying on common characteristics of various postmodern theories, others have defined the field by those who work in it, and still others – particularly those who work in the field itself – have avoided any attempts to define it at all.
Rapport
Authors: King C. Richard
Published: December 2017

Rapport refers to the establishment of good relationships between interviewers or ethnographers and their research subjects. Rapport forms a bond of trust and intimacy, an openness which allows more authentic accounts from the subjects. This entry offers an overview of rapport, discussing the history of the concept as well as the ways ethnographers have experimented with it.
Sexual Markets, Commodification, and Consumption
Authors: Plummer Ken
Published: December 2017

There is a long history of sex markets but contemporary capitalism has generated a wider and more intensive array. In this entry critical theories are discussed and eight basic market types are briefly described:selling relationships(e.g., “mail order brides”);selling emotions(e.g., sex therapy);selling “things” like drugs (e.g., viagra and sex toys);selling representations(e.g., the major global industry of pornography);selling marketing(e.g., advertising);selling bodies(e.g., table dancing/lap dancing, sex tourism);selling people(e.g., sex trafficking); andselling life itself(e.g., gamete donation, surrogacy, and adoption). Sex markets, sex work, and prostitution have thus become more diversified than ever before with a wider range of services.
Television
Authors: Miller Toby
Published: December 2017

The three key approaches to television are addressed in this entry. Discussions of ownership and control vary between neoliberal endorsements of limited regulation by the state, in the interests of guaranteeing market entry for new competitors, and Marxist critiques of the bourgeois media's agenda for society. Approaches to textuality vary between hermeneutic endeavors, which unearth the meaning of individual programs and link them to broader social formations and problems, and content‐analytic endeavors, which establish patterns across significant numbers of similar texts, rather than close readings of individual ones. Approaches to audiences vary between social‐psychological attempts to validate correlations between watching TV and social conduct, and culturalist critiques of imported television threatening national culture or representational concerns raised by social movements.
Transition from School to Work
Authors: Bernardi Fabrizio , Triventi Moris
Published: December 2017

The research on the school to work transition (SWT) studies young individuals leaving the educational system and entering the labor market for the first time. The SWT is assessed in terms of the time needed to find the first job and its occupational status/prestige, wage, and type of contract and demonstrates the various indirect paths to employment. A smooth and successful transition to secure employment may facilitate other steps in the transition to adulthood, such as leaving the parental home, marrying or cohabiting, having the first child. SWT has traditionally been a central topic in social stratification and social mobility research. In more recent times, the research on SWT has progressively shifted towards labor market sociology. This shift has come about with an increased attention to the mechanisms behind the SWT and the institutional context in which it is embedded. Research has shown that the transition experiences of school leavers depend on individual decisions, but are also shaped by opportunities and constraints linked to the institutional, economic, and sociocultural environment in which the SWT occurs.
Transnationals
Authors: Loveridge Ray
Published: December 2017

The term “transnational organization” relates to a firm that owns or controls income‐generating assets in more than one country. The term is often used interchangeably with that of international organization or multinational organization and, sometimes, global organization. Increasingly often an organization is described as “transnational” when its strategic influence appears so globally dispersed as to be outside of the jurisdiction of any single national government. This is the context in which its meaning is explored in this entry.
Value
Authors: Beamish Rob
Published: December 2017

Karl Marx's labor theory of value and Georg Simmel's cultural theory represent the extremes of sociological positions on value. Under capitalist production, Marx argued, concrete human labor congeals materials into a qualitatively distinct form which determines a commodity's use. Simultaneously, that labor creates an abstract substance of socially necessary, simple, abstract labor. Simmel's conception of value stemmed from his interest in heuristic concepts sociologists could use to understand social relationships. Marx's and Simmel's analyses of value met in a concern over alienated existence in commodity‐based societies and served as the departure point for more comprehensive analyses.
Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated Alkene Functionalization: Oxazoline and Thiazoline Synthesis via Inter‐/Intramolecular Aminohydroxylation and Thioamination
Authors: Jeon Hyeonho , Kim Darong , Lee Ji Hoon , Song Jaeyoung , Lee Won Seok , Kang Dong Wook , Kang Soosung , Lee Seok Beom , Choi Sungwook , Hong Ki Bum
Published: December 2017

A metal‐free oxidative difunctionalization of N‐allylamides and N‐allylthioamides has been developed. This system features the use of a hypervalent iodine oxidant with electron‐deficient amines to access 5‐amino‐oxazoline and thiazoline scaffolds under mild conditions. Notably, various electron‐deficient amines were systematically evaluated and we verified the reaction profile was originated from an attached (benzene)sulfonyl group.

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Model fitting of sorption kinetics data: Misapplications overlooked and their rectifications
Authors: Huang Yifeng , Farooq Muhammad U. , Lai Shuixiu , Feng Xianshe , Sampranpiboon Panida , Wang Xiaodong , Huang Wei
Published: December 2017

When the model fitting of sorption kinetics data was performed using linearized pseudosecond‐order rate equations based on constant Qe corresponding to equilibrium sorption, the instantaneous driving force for sorption was underestimated, resulting in an erroneous overestimation of the rate constant. To resolve the issue, a rectification of the model fitting was proposed by accounting for the concentration dependence of Qe in the model equation based on the fact that Qe in the equation represents the sorption capacity at that instant as sorption proceeded with time. The rectified approach was validated with experimental data for various sorption systems reported in the literature. It was shown that the rectification yielded true sorption rate constant that characterizes the relationship between sorption rate and solute concentration, thereby resolving the issues associated with the original approach where the specific rate constant was found to depend on solute concentration and sorption time. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1793–1805, 2018
Mass transfer coefficient of tubular ultrafiltration membranes under high‐flux conditions
Authors: Akamatsu Kazuki , Ishizaki Keita , Yoshinaga Shotaro , Nakao Shin‐ichi
Published: December 2017

The effect of suction flow on the mass transfer coefficient of tubular ultrafiltration membranes, in particular that under a high‐flux condition, was studied. We pointed out that
is proportional to
under turbulent conditions, and that the proportional constant, b, exceeds 0.023 when the effect of suction flow is not negligible. We conducted the velocity variation method using ultrafiltration membranes with MWCOs of 20k and 100k and dextrans having molecular weights of 40,000 and 70,000 at the conditions, where
exceeded
. We demonstrated that the effect of suction flow includes not only flux but also the diffusion coefficient of solute, and that the ratio of the flux to the diffusion coefficient, expressed as
, is an important index. Finally, we concluded that
, when
is smaller than
, giving the Deissler equation itself, and that
, when
exceeds
. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1778–1782, 2018
Effect of sleep on overnight cerebrospinal fluid amyloid β kinetics
Authors: Lucey Brendan P. , Hicks Terry J. , McLeland Jennifer S. , Toedebusch Cristina D. , Boyd Jill , Elbert Donald L. , Patterson Bruce W. , Baty Jack , Morris John C. , Ovod Vitaliy , Mawuenyega Kwasi G. , Bateman Randall J.
Published: December 2017

Sleep disturbances are associated with future risk of Alzheimer disease. Disrupted sleep increases soluble amyloid β, suggesting a mechanism for sleep disturbances to increase Alzheimer disease risk. We tested this response in humans using indwelling lumbar catheters to serially sample cerebrospinal fluid while participants were sleep‐deprived, treated with sodium oxybate, or allowed to sleep normally. All participants were infused with 13C6‐leucine to measure amyloid β kinetics. We found that sleep deprivation increased overnight amyloid β38, amyloid β40, and amyloid β42 levels by 25 to 30% via increased overnight amyloid β production relative to sleeping controls. These findings suggest that disrupted sleep increases Alzheimer disease risk via increased amyloid β production. Ann Neurol 2018;83:197–204
Elektrobioraffinerien: Synergien zwischen elektrochemischen und mikrobiologischen Stoffumwandlungen nutzbar machen
Authors: Harnisch Falk , Urban Carolin
Published: December 2017

Eine integrierte biobasierte Ökonomie verlangt nach einer Allianz zwischen der chemischen Industrie und der elektrischen Energiewirtschaft. Das Konzept der Elektrobioraffinerien bietet eine Blaupause für eine solche Allianzvereinbarung. Die Verbindung von mikrobiellen und elektrochemischen Stoffumwandlungen in Elektrobioraffinerien ermöglicht eine gekoppelte Produktion, Speicherung und Nutzung von Elektrizität sowie biobasierten Chemikalien. Elektrobioraffinerien stellen eine technologische Weiterentwicklung von Bioraffinerien durch die Ergänzung um (bio)elektrochemische Transformationen dar. Diese Verbindung von mikrobiellen und elektrochemischen Stoffumwandlungen hat Synergien zur Folge, die sich auf die gesamte Prozesskette auswirken können, beispielsweise durch eine Erweiterung des Produktportfolios, die Steigerung der Produktivität oder die Erschließung neuer Ausgangsstoffe. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Anwendung von oxidativen und reduktiven elektroorganischen Reaktionen auf mikrobiell produzierte Intermediate, die als bevorzugte Synthesebausteine fungieren können.
Immobilization of carbonic anhydrase on polyvinylidene fluoride membranes
Authors: Sun Jing , Wei Lina , Wang Yanzi , Zhao Zhiping , Liu Wenfang
Published: December 2017

In recent years, the application of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in CO2 removal has attracted great interest. However, obtaining high enzyme recovery activity is difficult in existing immobilization techniques. In this work, water plasma–treated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were modified via 3‐aminopropyl triethoxy silane (KH550) or γ‐(2, 3‐epoxypropoxy) propyl trimethoxy silane (KH560), and then CA was attached. The immobilization process was optimized, and the catalytic properties of PVDF‐attached CA were characterized. The maximum activity recovery of PVDF‐KH550‐CA was 60%, whereas that of PVDF‐KH560‐CA was 33%. The Km values of PVDF‐KH550‐CA, PVDF‐KH560‐CA, and free enzyme were 9.97 ± 0.37, 12.5 ± 0.2, and 6.18 ± 0.23 mM, respectively, and their Kcat/Km values were 206 ± 2, 117 ± 5, and 488 ± 4 M−1·Sec−1. PVDF‐attached CA shows excellent storage stability and reusability, and their half‐life values were 82 and 78 days at 4 °C. At 25 °C, they were 50 and 37 days, respectively. PVDF‐KH550‐CA and PVDF‐KH560‐CA retained approximately 85% and 72% of the initial activity after undergoing 10 cycles. In the presence of them, the generation rates of CaCO3 were 76% and 65% of the free CA system, which were 1.6 and 1.3 times that of the blank system, respectively. Its role in accelerating CO2 sequestration holds great promise for its practical application.
School climate and ethnic‐racial identity in school: A longitudinal examination of reciprocal associations
Authors: Camacho Tissyana C. , Medina Michael , Rivas‐Drake Deborah , Jagers Robert
Published: December 2017

The messages youth receive in schools about how they matter as individuals and as members of ethnic‐racial groups are influential in constructing their developing ethnic‐racial identities (ERI). However, the developing ERI students hold also have a role in shaping their experiences at school. The current study examined the longitudinal and reciprocal association between ERI (exploration and resolution) and school climate (support for cultural pluralism and teacher supportiveness) among 491 Black, Latino, and White middle school youth (Mage = 12.03, SD = 1.05, range: 11–17) in the Midwest. Cross‐lagged analyses revealed that greater perceptions of support for cultural pluralism within the school predicted greater exploration and resolution at later time points for all students. Moreover, greater exploration and resolution among White students was predictive of greater perceptions of support for cultural pluralism at the school. Higher quality teacher–student relationships predicted greater engagement in ERI exploration for all youth. The findings highlight the importance of school climate in helping shape ERI among youth attending a culturally diverse school and the role of such youth in shaping the climate at their school.
Asymmetric Total Syntheses and Structure Confirmation of Chlorofucins and Bromofucins
Authors: Kim Byungsook , Sohn Te‐ik , Kim Deukjoon , Paton Robert S.
Published: December 2017

Substrate‐controlled asymmetric total syntheses and structure confirmation of (+)‐(3E)‐ and (−)‐(3Z)‐chlorofucin [(E)‐1 a and (Z)‐1 a], and (+)‐(3E)‐ and (−)‐(3Z)‐bromofucin [(E)‐1 b and (Z)‐1 b] were accomplished. Our syntheses feature as key steps haloetherification (either ‘conventional’ or ‘one‐pot organoselenium‐mediated’) of α,α′‐trans‐γ,δ‐unsaturated oxocene alcohol 9 and our (E)‐ and (Z)‐selective cross‐metathesis (CM) protocols. More importantly, a rationale is provided for the strikingly different pathways followed by α,α′‐trans‐γ,δ‐unsaturated oxocene alcohol 9 and its α,α′‐cis isomer 9′ in the presence of different electrophiles during the intramolecular electrophilic addition reactions.
Isomeric Column‐Forming Esters and Imides with Varying Curvatures of the Aromatic Plane
Authors: Ferreira Marli , Moreira Thamires S. , Cristiano Rodrigo , Gallardo Hugo , Bentaleb Ahmed , Dechambenoit Pierre , Hillard Elizabeth A. , Durola Fabien , Bock Harald
Published: December 2017

Dibenzo[a,j]coronene‐tetracarboxylic alkyl esters and imides with either a centrosymmetric bis‐peri substitution pattern or a polar bis‐ortho substitution pattern form hexagonal columnar mesophases, which in the case of the imides persist at room temperature. The bis‐peri isomers are obtained via a two‐fold oxidative photocyclization; the bis‐ortho isomers are accessed via a glyoxylic Perkin reaction of triphenylene and naphthalene building blocks. Steric congestion between the substituents and the adjacent benzo protrusion in the bis‐ortho esters and imides leads to bending of the aromatic plane, which thus avoids twisting. These isomers surprisingly show a more pronounced liquid crystalline behaviour than their non‐bent bis‐peri homologs, accommodating non‐planarity with columnar order by slipped stacking. Whereas both types of ester and the bis‐peri imide show an optical behaviour typical for perylene chromophores, the strongly bent bis‐ortho imide distinguishes itself notably from them by its absorption spectrum. The electron acceptor strength of the isomeric diimides is found to differ, the hexagonal (peri) diimide having a 0.20 eV lower LUMO energy than the pentagonal (ortho) isomer.
Ferrocene‐Alkynyl Conjugated Molecular Wires: Synthesis, Characterization, and Conductance Properties
Authors: Yuan Ye , Yan Jian‐Feng , Lin Da‐Qiang , Mao Bing‐Wei , Yuan Yao‐Feng
Published: December 2017

A novel series of 1,2,3‐substituted ferrocene‐based wires a1–a2 and b4–b5 have been synthesized by using an iterative Pd‐mediated Sonogashira cross‐coupling methodology. The molecular structures of a2 and b3 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Electrochemical data showed that there was a strong electronic communication among the ferrocenyl moieties in b1–b5. The UV absorption spectra indicated that replacing the 1,1′‐substituted ferrocene unit with a 1,2,3‐substituted ferrocene moiety causes delocalization of electrons in the extended π orbitals. The self‐assembled monolayers of wire a1 and a2 on Au surfaces have been comprehensively characterized by electrochemistry and scanning tunneling microscopy break junction. The data demonstrated that 1,2,3‐substituted ferrocene‐based wires reduced the intermolecular π–π stacking, and furthermore solved the rotation problem in the 1,1′‐substituted ferrocene‐based wires.
Synthesis of New Microporous Zincosilicates with CHA Zeolite Topology as Efficient Platforms for Ion‐Exchange of Divalent Cations
Authors: Koike Natsume , Iyoki Kenta , Keoh Sye Hoe , Chaikittisilp Watcharop , Okubo Tatsuya
Published: December 2017

There is growing interest to develop zeolite materials capable of stabilizing divalent cations such as Cu2+, Fe2+, and Ni2+for catalytic applications. Herein the synthesis of a new microporous zincosilicate with CHA zeolite topology is reported for the first time, by particularly focusing on the mixing procedures of the raw materials to prevent the precipitation of zinc oxides/hydroxides and the formation of impurity phases. The obtained zincosilicate CHA products possess remarkably higher ion‐exchange ability for catalytically useful, divalent cations, demonstrated here using Ni2+as an example, compared to that of aluminosilicate and zincoaluminosilicate analogs. It is anticipated that these zincosilicate CHA materials can be an efficient platform for several important catalytic reactions. In addition, the present finding would provide a general guideline for effective substitution of other heteroatoms into the zeolite frameworks.
Photocytotoxic Copper(II) Complexes with Schiff‐Base Scaffolds for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Lin Rong‐Kai , Chiu Chin‐I , Hsu Cho‐Han , Lai Ying‐Ju , Venkatesan Parthiban , Huang Po‐Han , Lai Ping‐Shan , Lin Chu‐Chieh
Published: December 2017

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising and minimally invasive method for the treatment of superficial diseases, and photosensitizers with high phototoxicity indices (defined as (IC50dark)/(IC50irradiation)) are essential for the development of ideal photosensitizing properties for this technology. Herein, we report a series of photocytotoxic copper(II) complexes [Cu(RQYMP)(dppn)] (RQYMP=N,N,O‐tridentate Schiff‐base derivatives, dppn=benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2‐a;2′,3′‐c]phenazine), the structures of which have been confirmed by mass spectrometry and FTIR spectroscopy. X‐ray crystallography revealed that the CuN4O core of the [Cu(cumylQYMP)(dppn)](ClO4) complex (3) has a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry. Phototoxicity indices of 329 against human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC15) and 296 against basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cell lines have been determined with [Cu(3‐OMeQYMP)(dppn)](ClO4) (4). This can be attributed to the formation of reactive oxygen species, cell apoptosis, and caspase‐3 activation, indicating high potential of complex 4 as a photosensitizer candidate in PDT. Thus, copper complexes bearing suitable Schiff‐base ligands with a dppn co‐ligand may be considered for the design of efficient metal‐based anticancer agents for PDT.
Beyond Hydrofunctionalisation: A Well‐Defined Calcium Compound Catalysed Mild and Efficient Carbonyl Cyanosilylation
Authors: Yadav Sandeep , Dixit Ruchi , Vanka Kumar , Sen Sakya S.
Published: December 2017

Organocalcium compounds have been reported as efficient catalysts for various transformations, for cases in which one of the substrates contained an E−H (E=B, N, Si, P) bond. Here, we look at the possibility of employing an organocalcium compound for a transformation in which none of the precursors has a polar E−H bond. This study demonstrates the utilization of a well‐defined amidinatocalcium iodide, [PhC(NiPr)2CaI] (1) for cyanosilylation of a variety of aldehydes and ketones with Me3SiCN under ambient conditions without the need of any co‐catalyst. The reaction mechanism involves a weak adduct formation between 1 and Me3SiCN leading to the activation of the Si−C bond, which subsequently undergoes σ‐bond metathesis with a C=O moiety. Such a mechanistic pathway is unprecedented in alkaline earth metal chemistry. Experimental and computational studies support the mechanism.
Prediction of Protein‐Protein Interactions
Authors: Kotlyar Max , Rossos Andrea E.M. , Jurisica Igor
Published: December 2017

The authors provide an overview of physical protein‐protein interaction prediction, covering the main strategies for predicting interactions, approaches for assessing predictions, and online resources for accessing predictions. This unit focuses on the main advancements in each of these areas over the last decade. The methods and resources that are presented here are not an exhaustive set, but characterize the current state of the field—highlighting key challenges and achievements. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the Seven Bridges Cancer Genomics Cloud to Access and Analyze Petabytes of Cancer Data
Authors: Malhotra Raunaq , Seth Isheeta , Lehnert Erik , Zhao Jing , Kaushik Gaurav , Williams Elizabeth H. , Sethi Anurag , Davis‐Dusenbery Brandi N.
Published: December 2017

Next‐generation sequencing has produced petabytes of data, but accessing and analyzing these data remain challenging. Traditionally, researchers investigating public datasets like The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) would download the data to a high‐performance cluster, which could take several weeks even with a highly optimized network connection. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) initiated the Cancer Genomics Cloud Pilots program to provide researchers with the resources to process data with cloud computational resources. We present protocols using one of these Cloud Pilots, the Seven Bridges Cancer Genomics Cloud (CGC), to find and query public datasets, bring your own data to the CGC, analyze data using standard or custom workflows, and benchmark tools for accuracy with interactive analysis features. These protocols demonstrate that the CGC is a data‐analysis ecosystem that fully empowers researchers with a variety of areas of expertise and interests to collaborate in the analysis of petabytes of data. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trifluoroethoxy‐Coated Subphthalocyanines Attract Small Arenes in Their π‐Concave Cavity
Authors: Mori Satoru , Wang Jiandong , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shiro Motoo , Matsumoto Takashi , Tsuzuki Seiji , Shibata Norio
Published: December 2017

X‐ray crystallographic analyses of a series of trifluoroethoxy‐substituted subphthalocyanines disclosed that a molecule of toluene is clasped at the center of the molecular concave cavity. Twelve trifluoroethoxy substituents, which flexibly surround the toluene molecule to hold it on the 14 π‐electron‐conjugated surface of the subphthalocyanines, can also catch a molecule of benzene. In contrast, a nonsubstituted subphthalocyanine does not show the same phenomena, and two subphthalocyanine units are required to maintain a small aromatic compound in their concave cavity. DFT calculations of the complexes were conducted to better understand the arene clathrates. Trifluoroethoxy‐substituted subphthalocyanines can be used to prepare arene clathrates as a result of their concave space. This is a unique approach to obtaining X‐ray crystal structures of small noncrystalline aromatic compounds.
Role of flow‐cytometric immunophenotyping in prediction of BCR/ABL1 gene rearrangement in adult B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Corrente Francesco , Bellesi Silvia , Metafuni Elisabetta , Puggioni Pier Luigi , Marietti Sara , Ciminello Angela Maria , Za Tommaso , Sorà Federica , Fianchi Luana , Sica Simona , De Stefano Valerio , Chiusolo Patrizia
Published: December 2017

We performed a retrospective analysis of 88 adult patients with B‐ALL diagnosed in our center by a flow‐cytometric assessment. Immunophenotypic expression of leukemic cells was explored by simultaneous evaluation of positivity, percentage of expressing cells and median fluorescence intensity (MFI). BCR/ABL1 fusion transcripts were assessed by RT‐PCR analysis and were identified in 36 patients (40.9%). CD10 and CD34 were positive in the totality of BCR/ABL1‐positive cases. Patients with gene rearrangement had a greater frequency of CD66c, CD13 and CD33 positivity compared with BCR/ABL1‐negative cases. Moreover, BCR/ABL1‐positive cases exhibited a greater median percentage and MFI values of CD13, CD33, CD66c, CD10, CD34 and CD25 expressions, but a lower median percentage and MFI values of CD38 and CD22 expressions than patients without gene rearrangement. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CD10, CD38 and CD13 expressions were independent predictors for the presence of BCR/ABL1 rearrangement. Predictive probabilities of molecular occurrence based on these markers are proposed. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Burglary resistance of thermal insulating clay unit masonry (RC 3)
Authors: Stimmeder Gottfried , Ecklmayr Rudi , Prommer Norbert
Published: December 2017

In 2017 the Austrian Clay Masonry Industry carried out a test of burglary resistance according to ÖNORM EN 1627 for the first time. A window was fixed in a highly insulated clay masonry wall (with declared compressive strength of the clay units 7.5 N/mm2). Resistance class RC 3 was verified for the window, the fixing to the wall and the wall itself.
Protection of masonry veneer walls against driving rain
Authors: Gigla Birger
Published: December 2017

The present article reports on investigations into the protection of masonry veneer walls according to Eurocode 6 against driving rain including consideration of window openings through rain exposure tests on eight test samples with different waterproofing variants. The results were published in the paper “Resistance of Masonry Veneer Walls against Rain Penetration” at the 13th Canadian Masonry Symposium (Halifax, Canada, June 4th – June 7th 2017). At the conference, the paper was awarded the C. T. Grimm‐Award for the best publication worldwide on the durability of masonry. It is summarised in excerpts below.
Investigation of the seismic out‐of‐plane behaviour of unreinforced masonry walls
Authors: Lönhoff Moritz , Sadegh‐Azar Hamid , Meyer Udo
Published: December 2017

The structural stability of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls has to be guaranteed not only under static (permanent and live) loads but also under earthquake loads. Loads transverse to the plane (out‐of‐plane) often have a decisive influence on the load‐bearing capacity. In practical applications, simplified methods from codes, guidelines and literature are often used to analyse and evaluate the out‐of‐plane capacity of load‐bearing and non‐load‐bearing URM walls. The results of these simplified methods can be significantly conservative and inaccurate since essential influencing effects are neglected. For many existing buildings, the simplified methods underestimate the capacity, which leads to cost‐intensive retrofitting and strengthening measures or complete replacement by other wall systems.

In order to realistically estimate the out‐of‐plane capacity, parameters such as wall geometry, boundary conditions, vertical loads and especially dynamic effects (e.g. inertia forces) have to be taken into account. In this paper, non‐linear time history simulations are presented to investigate the influence of these effects. The numerically determined maximum acceptable earthquake acceleration is compared with results from simplified analysis models. The comparison shows that the out‐of‐plane capacity is significantly higher than the values predicted by simplified models. Finally, several initial experimental seismic tests conducted on the shaking table of the TU Kaiserslautern are presented, together with the planned extensive experimental test program on the out‐of‐plane capacity of masonry walls.
Ecological surprise: concept, synthesis, and social dimensions
Authors: Filbee‐Dexter Karen , Pittman Jeremy , Haig Heather A. , Alexander Steven M. , Symons Celia C. , Burke Matthew J.
Published: December 2017

As the extent and intensity of human impacts on ecosystems increase and the capacity of ecosystems to absorb these impacts dwindles, unanticipated behavior in ecological systems—or surprises—is likely to become more common. The concept of ecological surprise is broadly applied but seldom explicitly developed in ecological literature, and ecologists can employ diverging language, frameworks, and interpretations of surprise. Here, we synthesize what ecological surprise has meant to ecologists studying these events and review the development and use of the concept in ecology. We define ecological surprise as a situation where human expectations or predictions of natural system behavior deviate from observed ecosystem behavior. This can occur when people (1) fail to anticipate change in ecosystems; (2) fail to influence ecosystem behavior as intended; or (3) discover something about an ecosystem that runs counter to accepted knowledge. We develop a conceptual model that captures the interactions between social and ecological processes that lead to these events and examine two types of drivers that contribute to surprise: underlying driving forces and proximate causes. Our definition of ecological surprise inherently acknowledges that, to be surprising, there must be human observers to the ecological occurrence who have expectations about ecosystem behavior. To explore this dimension, we draw on social science perspectives to understand the ways in which human expectations of ecosystems are influenced by social networks, heuristics, and mental models. We use a case study to demonstrate how our integrated conceptualization of ecological surprise provides a systematic way of examining these events. Our integration of these perspectives enables us to better synthesize social and ecological knowledge of these events, and encourages ecologists to critically reflect on how they, as scientists, formulate and reformulate expectations of ecosystem behavior.
The impact of climate change uncertainty on California's vegetation and adaptation management
Authors: Thorne James H. , Choe Hyeyeong , Boynton Ryan M. , Bjorkman Jacquelyn , Albright Whitney , Nydick Koren , Flint Alan L. , Flint Lorraine E. , Schwartz Mark W.
Published: December 2017

The impacts of different emission levels and climate change conditions to landscape‐scale natural vegetation could have large repercussions for ecosystem services and environmental health. We forecast the risk‐reduction benefits to natural landscapes of lowering business‐as‐usual greenhouse gas emissions by comparing the extent and spatial patterns of climate exposure to dominant vegetation under current emissions trajectories (Representative Concentration Pathway, RCP8.5) and envisioned Paris Accord target emissions (RCP4.5). This comparison allows us to assess the ecosystem value of reaching targets to keep global temperature warming under 2°C. Using 350,719 km2 of natural lands in California, USA, and the mapped extents of 30 vegetation types, we identify each type's current bioclimatic envelope by the frequency with which it occupies current climate conditions. We then map the trajectory of each pixel's climate under the four climate futures to quantify areas expected to fall within, become marginal to (outside a 95% probability contour), or move beyond their current climate conditions by the end of the 21st century. In California, these four future climates represent temperature increases of 1.9–4.5°C and a −24.8 to +22.9% change in annual precipitation by 2100. From 158,481 to 196,493 km2 (45–56%) of California's natural vegetation is predicted to become highly climatically stressed under current emission levels (RCP8.5) under the drier and wetter global climate models, respectively. Vegetation in three California ecoregions critical to human welfare, southwestern CA, the Great Valley, and the Sierra Nevada Mountains, becomes >50% impacted, including 68% of the lands around Los Angeles and San Diego. However, reducing emissions to RCP4.5 levels reduces statewide climate exposure risk by 86,382–99,726 km2. These projections are conservative baseline estimates because they do not account for amplified drought‐related mortality, fires, and beetle outbreaks that have been observed during the current five‐year drought. However, these results point to the landscape benefits of emission reductions.
A new application of principal response curves for summarizing abrupt and cyclic shifts of communities over space
Authors: Auber Arnaud , Travers‐Trolet Morgane , Villanueva Maria Ching , Ernande Bruno
Published: December 2017

There is a growing need to easily describe and synthesize the dynamics of ecosystems’ components in space and time. Most multivariate analyses provide ordination diagrams or biplots that are too cluttered to allow simple reading and are unfamiliar to most users. To overcome such difficulties, a novel application of principal response curves (PRCs) is proposed. Principal response curves are traditionally used to assess treatment effects on community structure measured repeatedly over time. In this new application, the tested factor and the repeated‐observation axis are replaced by time and space, respectively. The georeferencing of sampling sites permits to produce an easy‐to‐read map that summarizes both the temporal dynamics of the community and the contribution of each species to these dynamics at each sampling site. A 24‐yr‐long time series of scientific surveys monitoring 77 fish and cephalopod species in the Eastern English Channel is used to illustrate the novel application of the PRC method. This new application could prove a relevant tool for the ecosystem approach to human activities management by providing spatialized indicators of community changes, as spatial monitoring tools are increasingly recommended for measuring the effectiveness of management actions.
Long‐term population dynamics in a multi‐species assemblage of large herbivores in East Africa
Authors: Kiffner Christian , Rheault Helena , Miller Elizabeth , Scheetz Tanner , Enriquez Vivien , Swafford Rachelle , Kioko John , Prins Herbert H. T.
Published: December 2017

Wildlife population declines in Africa are widespread. However, species‐specific population trends and dynamics in mammal community composition have rarely been described over long time periods. To describe population trends of 13 large herbivore species in Lake Manyara National Park (Tanzania) from 1959 to 2016 and to discover whether the herbivore community structure changed, we used general additive models and additional statistical methods to detect structural changes in the time series. Population dynamics were non‐linear and population growth rates were not correlated with precipitation anomalies. Relatively steep population declines of three megaherbivores occurred during the 1980s and early 1990s, resulting in severe reductions in African elephant and buffalo populations and the local extinction of black rhinoceros. These declines coincided with reported peaks of illegal hunting of these species and expansion of agriculture at the periphery of the park. Population densities of elephant and buffalo seem to have stabilized in recent times, yet have not recovered to previous densities. In contrast, eight species (giraffe, zebra, waterbuck, wildebeest, warthog, impala, bushbuck, and baboon) have apparently fared well (similar or higher densities in most recent compared to first decade), despite having undergone substantial fluctuations over the past 58 yr. Population fluctuations in these species were likely caused by disease outbreaks, heavy bush encroachment, and reduced competition with buffalo. Possibly, declines in megaherbivore densities (mainly elephants) facilitated bush encroachment. Albeit grazers are still dominating in the herbivore community, the proportion of browsers is currently increasing, likely encouraged by dense vegetation in the shrub layer in large parts of the park. Overall, herbivore biomass density has declined by ~40% compared to the baseline estimate in the first decade of the time series. Our analyses and ancillary information provide evidence that this overall decline in the herbivore assemblage was triggered by human‐induced reductions in megaherbivore population densities during the 1980s, either through excessive poaching, insularization of the park, or both. Likely, this had cascading and interacting effects on the vegetation structure and the herbivore assemblage. Thus, legacy effects of ineffective megaherbivore conservation efforts 30 yr ago are likely still affecting the ecology of this national park.