bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and characteristics of biogenic silica and macro- and microelements in decomposing litter in the Min River estuary, southeast China
Authors: Zhai Shuijing , Qiu Siting , Gao Hui , Hou Guanyun
Published: February 2021

Tidal marshes are important recycling areas for biogenic silica (BSi) and macro- and microelements at the land–sea interface and are key locations for examining the decomposition process of wetland plant litter. In this study, in situ decomposition experiments were conducted with Phragmites australis, Cyperus malaccensis, and Spartina alterniflora in the Min River estuary wetland. Litterbags of 0.2-mm mesh size were used to evaluate the litter decomposition process and residual values of BSi and macro- and microelements, including C, N, Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Al, Mn, and Fe over 520 days. The litter decomposition rate significantly differed among species in the following order: C. malaccensis (0.005 d–1) > S. alterniflora (0.004 d–1) > P. australis (0.003 d–1) with BSi release rates of 98.64%, 96.75%, and 97.23%, respectively. Although there were net releases of BSi, C, and N from the three litter species, continuous decrease in the BSi/(C, N) ratio indicated that BSi was removed from the litter much faster than C and N. The accumulation index results showed that Cu, Pb, Al, and Fe were net-accumulated in the litter, whereas Cd, Mn, Cr, and Zn were predominantly released during litter decay. Pearson’s correlation analysis results showed that the amounts of N, Cu, Cd, Pb, Al, and Fe in the litter restrained BSi release with a significant negative correlation. These findings in the Min River estuary have important implications for geochemical cycles within wetland systems and the transport processes of potential nutrients out of the system.
Flash forward genetics: new twists in transcription across evolutionary boundaries
Authors: Dotto G Paolo , Missero Caterina
Published: February 2021

“Flash forward genetics” refers to a genetic approach based on the functional interaction of a given factor with unknown partner(s) converging on shared targets across evolutionary boundaries. A study by Li et al (2021), published in this issue of EMBO Reports, illustrates the innovative potential of the approach. The authors applied it to identify interacting factors for FOXN1, a mammalian transcription factor with a highly specialized function in hair follicle morphogenesis and thymus. The authors express FOXN1 in the Drosophila eye to perform an unbiased genetic screen in a totally heterologous system. In a remarkable tour de force, the authors identify and characterize a factor so far known for its ubiquitous function in transcription elongation, AFF4. Li et al show that AFF4 plays also a specific role in hair follicle and thymus development in the mouse overlapping with that of FOXN1.
Segmentacja tekstu naukowego
Authors: Gorbacz-Pazera Jolanta
Published: February 2021

Problems concerning the division of textual space in scientific literature, in particular medical sublanguage, are discussed in the present paper. Both pragmatic signals of segmentation facilitating prognosis of content continuity and functional-communicative signals including language exponents were analyzed. The paper is an attempt to answer the following questions: when is communication the best?; what are the conditions ensuring communicative efficiency of a text)?; what should be a text like to arouse interest in the addressee?; what is the secret of aesthetic influence of a text?, etc . Major conditions of the most effective harmonious dialogue between the author and the addressee are mentioned as follows: 1 ) presence of contact, 2) knowledge of code (language), 3) common thesaurus (knowledge of the world), 4) partnership of communication participants, 5) presence of appropriate intentions (aims, motives), 6) presence of communication and pragmatic principles of communications.
Uwagi o grafii i fonetyce XVII-wiecznych ksiąg parafialnych z Mokobód
Authors: Kuć Joanna
Published: February 2021

The article discusses orthography and significant phonetic phenomena in the scope of vocalism and consonantism found in the XVIIth century parish books from Mokobody (the Podlaskie-Mazowieckie dialect borderland) . The analysis of the monument confirms that some features of this graphics bear Old Polish relics' characteristics. Mokobody books reveal significant phonetic variety involving parallel occurrence of both archaic and more recent linguistic phenomena as well as dialect tendencies of mostly Mazowieckie Province and generally Polish that are distinctive for the second part of the XVIIth century.
Terminologia prawnicza w podlaskich dokumentach urzędowych z drugiej połowy XVI wieku
Authors: Kuryłowicz Beata
Published: February 2021

This article attempts to characterize legal terminology in the Podlasie official documents of the second part of the XVIth century. It follows from the research that Knyszyn writers used legal terms that were in use in the XVIth century Poland. The Podlasie documents include native names deriving from a pre-Slavonic (e.g. law, plaintiff, warranty) and Old Polish (for example : jednacz [mediator] , poręka [warrantor] , rzecznik [advocate]) language, as well as the names which appeared in the Polish language of the XVIth century (e. g . kuna [tether, handcuff], porucznik [commissioner], poruka [warranty] ) . In the Knyszyn city records there are also foreign terms: German (e.g. burmistrz [mayor], wargielt [compensation], wójt [village administrator]) and Latin (e.g. apelacja [appeal], instancja [instance] , plenipotencja [proxy]) .
Czy anarchia to także wolność? (Na podstawie wypowiedzi uczniów szkół średnich)
Authors: Karwatowska Małgorzata
Published: February 2021

The author of this sketch attempts to reach the understanding and verbalization of a notion belonging to the sphere of political life, which is apparently important for secondary schools students, namely anarchy. The answer to the question: “How does a school a young man attends affects understanding of the meaning of this word?”, has also become crucial. The research embraced one hundred students altogether from two types of schools: secondary school of general education and secondary technical school . It appeared that the youth from both groups hold reluctant attitude towards the wordnotion anarchy. Evaluating this phenomenon negatively, young people do it in the following way: they verbalize it directly; they recall featured synonyms of this notion characterizing it in a clear-cut way; they create collocations of the noun freedom with negative evaluation epithets which are supposed to be the answer to the question what anarchy is; they use common quotations, proverbs and sayings; or they use laconic statements that are clearly expressing disapproval of this state. The most noticeable differences between the respondents are mainly of formal character. Explaining the meaning of the analyzed category, the youth of secondary technical school show significantly worse skills as compared to their peers from secondary school of general education, who create less successful verbalizations.
Frazeologizmy z komponentem ręka w językach włoskim i polskim
Authors:   Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Kobus Magdalena
Published: February 2021

The subject of the paper is comparative analysis of Italian and Polish idiomatic expressions containing word hand and it’s aim is to distinguish types of phraseological equivalence in described group. 38 Italian idiomatic expressions were collected and 36 Polish equivalents were found in translations dictionaries. In the first part of the paper were described few research concepts of equivalence. The second part is a description of collected material. Analyzing idiomatic expressions were divided into 4 groups, depending on number of differences between Italian and Polish expression. Most differences concerned grammar, lexis concerned a little bit less. In collected material were 2 Italian expressions that did not have Polish equivalents.
Фразеологические универсалии и сопоставительная фразеология
Authors:   Гранадский Университет, Испания, Памиес Антонио
Published: February 2021

The application of the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor to large lexicographic works leads to the necessity of a hierarchic model of conceptual mappings. Otherwise, the number of combinations of source domains with target models would be too large and unpredictable, since the typical examples used by Lakoff and Johnson were only a few and selected rather ad hoc. This work is a proposal of analysis of metaphoric idioms according to their underlying mapping into four levels (iconic models > archimetaphors > particular metaphors > variants) in order to compare and classify idioms cross-linguistically. Zastosowanie kognitywnej teorii metafory do obszernych opracowań leksykograficznych stwarza konieczność wykorzystania hierarchicznego modelu konceptualnego mapowania. Jeżeli model ten nie jest wykorzystywany, liczba kombinacji domen źródłowych z modelami docelowymi będzie zbyt duża i nieprzewidywalna, typowe przykłady wykorzystywane przez Lakoffa i Johnsona były nieliczne i przeważnie wybierane ad hoc. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia propozycję modelu analizy idiomów o charakterze metaforycznym według mapowania na czterech płaszczyznach (modele ikoniczne > archimetafory > konkretne metafory > warianty). Proponowany sposób analizowania wybranej grupy idiomów umożliwia porównanie i klasyfikowanie jednostek w perspektywie kontrastywnej.
Formato de presentación de proyecto. Rentas del suelo y vivienda: una estrategia para la renovación urbana en Bogotá. Tendencia y perspectiva
Authors: Oscar Hernan Arcos Palma , Mauricio Díaz Lozano , Nicolás Ronderos , Lenka Sobotova
Published: February 2021

Mediante el análisis de la dinámica histórica sectorial en Bogotá (1998-2017) y los precios del suelo, la investigación busca estimar las rentas del suelo urbano y proponer, con aplicación del método de balance de planificación, una estrategia de redistribución de rentas en renovación urbana mediante el impulso a la dinámica sectorial de vivienda en áreas de la ciudad caracterizadas por asentamientos originales informales o sin normas de planificación. Tales áreas, en la actualidad, se caracterizan por: Precios de mercado que hacen posible los cierres financieros de la construcción de vivienda social; Espacio público y vías de acceso deficitarios con respecto a estándares normativos vigentes. Tales carencias dificultan la movilidad y disminuyen la calidad de vida de sus habitantes; Bajo aprovechamiento del suelo. La infraestructura de servicios disponible indica para esos sectores de la ciudad posibilidades de mejor aprovechamiento del suelo urbano para un mayor número de viviendas por hectárea y contribución a la disminución del déficit cuantitativo habitacional en sectores de ingresos medios y bajos ; El resultado final previsto es una metodología cuya aplicación práctica permitirá la formulación e implementación de una política pública global de captura de rentas por parte de la Administración local, redistribución en proyectos de renovación urbana con énfasis en la disminución de déficit habitacionales de segmentos de bajos ingresos en la ciudad.
El ¿nuevo? tratamiento contable y fiscal de las propiedades, planta y equipo
Authors: Luz Dary Montoya Ocampo
Published: February 2021

La contabilidad financiera en Colombia estaba inmersa en un conjunto de normas que regían sus principios y reglamentaban las prácticas empresariales sobre el tema; estos eran los decretos 2649 y 2650 de 1993. Con el auge de los tratados de libre comercio (TLC), la globalización y en vista que muchos países de Latinoamérica estaban actualizando sus normas contables, el Congreso de la República expide la Ley 1314 de 2009 por la cual se regulan los principios y normas de contabilidad e información financiera, y se establece el marco institucional que permite converger con las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF), separando a las compañías en tres grupos de acuerdo a características específicas determinadas en ella. De ahí en adelante el Gobierno expide una serie de decretos donde reglamenta y compila la Ley 1314 y sus decretos subsiguientes, buscando conformar un sistema único y homogéneo para que la información financiera brindara confiabilidad, transparencia, utilidad entre otras características, para la toma de decisiones de sus usuarios.
Formato de presentación de proyecto. Efectos en el costo del capital social (equity) tras la adopción de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera en las principales empresas de Colombia
Authors: Miguel Angel Laverde Sarmiento , Juan Carlos Lezama Palomino , Jorge Fernando García Carrillo
Published: February 2021

Este proyecto pretende evaluar el efecto que tiene la implementación de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera en el cálculo del costo de capital social (Equity) en una muestra de las principales empresas colombianas listadas en el índice bursátil COLCAP. Inicia realizando un análisis teórico sobre los principales métodos de cálculo del costo de capital, luego se identifican los más utilizados en el contexto Colombia, seguido de una caracterización de las empresas de estudio y de sus principales instrumentos financieros, luego mediante la revisión literaria y el estado del arte se determina la metodología adecuada para identificar el comportamiento del costo de capital después de la aplicación de la normativa internacional que inicialmente se plantea desde el modelo CAPM y por último mediante un análisis econométrico se determinará cual metodología es más significativa para el cálculo de este estudio. La hipótesis que se plantea es que la aplicación del nuevo marco normativo mejore la calidad de la información financiera y por tal motivo el costo de capital sea más preciso. Este análisis es significativo para las ciencias económicas y en especial para la profesión contable debido a que ratificaría si las NIIF son relevantes para los cálculos financieros y por parte del área económica verificaría si esta información es importante para satisfacer los análisis que realizan los expertos que diseñan las políticas públicas del país.
Perspectiva histórica en psicología de la salud
Authors: Laura Marcela Muñoz Prado
Published: February 2021

Esta presentación se elaboró con el propósito de hacer un recorrido histórico de la Psicología de la salud. Para ello se indicó una estrategia metodológica de cómo hacer este seguimiento, y se eligieron diversas ideas principales de esta disciplina en periodos históricos que la determinaron, finalizando con un listado cronológico de hitos que consolidaron la disciplina como tál.
Enfoque biopsicosocial del estrés: Lo afectivo y lo emocional
Authors: Laura Marcela Muñoz Prado
Published: February 2021

Esta presentación se elaboró con el propósito de explicar el enfoque bio-psico-social del estrés. Para ello se utilizaron diversas posturas teóricas, sobre cada uno de ellos, eligiendo las ideas centrales más completas, y ejemplificarlas en más detalle, con diversas formulaciones que simplificaban cada planteamiento elegido.
Measurement of pore sized microporous-mesoporous materials by time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Zhao Zhi-hong , Zhang Ming-hui , Liu Wen-Jing , Li Quan-teng
Published: February 2021

Time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD NMR) technology has been used for pore detection in porous materials for a long time, but there are few pore detection methods for microporous-mesoporous materials. The surface of different materials is obtained by pore detection of known pore materials. Relaxation rate, which obtains aperture information, has an important practical significance for the application of time-domain NMR technology in the characterization of porous materials. In this study, the T2 peaks of pores of known pore size materials, namely zeolite molecular sieves (0.3 nm and 1 nm) and anodized aluminum porous membranes (30 nm and 90 nm), were used to calculate the pore surface relaxation of zeolite molecular sieve with 0.3 nm pore size and 1 nm pore size. The ratio of the rate of the surface is 3.379; the ratio of the pore surface relaxation ratio of the 30 nm and 90 nm apertures of the anodized aluminum porous film is 3.031. This result is very close to the pore size ratio, indicating that the surface relaxation rate of the same material is directly related to the pore size, while the T2 peak can qualitatively measure the pore size.
Effects of nanocellulose on alginate/gelatin bio-inks for extrusion-based 3D printing
Authors: Han Chenyang , Wang Xinyi , Ni Zhongjin , Ni Yihua , Huan Weiwei , Lv Yan , Bai Shuyang
Published: February 2021

Cellulose nanofibers (NFC) have attracted special attention in the field of extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting due to their good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, and outstanding shear-thinning property. In this study, by mixing cellulose nanofibers suspension with sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin (GEL) solution, five groups of composite bio-inks with different NFC concentrations were prepared. The effects of NFC on the performance of the SA/GEL matrix hydrogels were analyzed by morphological observation, rheological property testing, mechanical property testing, swelling property testing, and printability analysis. The rheological results showed that the addition of NFC noticeably increased the viscosity of biological inks with low shear rates; therefore, the printed scaffolds maintained their structure better during the 3D printing process. After crosslinking with calcium chloride (CaCl2), the fidelity of the NFC/SA/GEL composite hydrogel structure was better than that of the SA/GEL hydrogel. Moreover, the structural properties were strengthened, and the mechanical stabilities of the composite hydrogels improved when NFC was added. Therefore, this study provided an easy way to improve the printability of extrusion-based 3D printing and the potential use of nanocellulose.
Optimization of chemical and enzymatic deinking of photocopier waste paper
Authors: Pathak Puneet , Bhardwaj Nishi K. , Singh Ajay K.
Published: February 2021

The utilization of post-consumer papers in the production of new paper products is increasing all over the world in recent years. Recycling of photocopier paper is a major problem due to difficulty in removal of non-impact ink. Enzymes offer potential advantages in ecofriendly deinking of recovered paper. In this study the deinking of photocopier paper was examined using chemicals and a commercial cellulase enzyme. Parameters of deinking experiments were optimized for hydrapulping. The ink was removed by flotation and washing processes. Then these parameters were compared in terms of ink removal ability of the process, as well as optical and strength properties of the deinked paper. The application of enzymatic deinking improved ink removal efficiency by 24.6% and freeness by 21.6% with a reduction in drainage time of 11.5% in comparison to those obtained with chemical deinking. The physical properties, namely burst index and tensile index, were observed to improve by 15.3% and 2.7%, respectively and brightness and tear index decreased by 2.1% and 21.9%, respectively. Results of deinking efficiency of photocopier paper showed that the enzyme used in the present work performed better than the conventional chemicals used for deinking.
AGAT-Syntax as component of computer-based Ukrainian grammar
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Darchuk Nataliia
Published: February 2021

Abstract: The article describes functional features of the syntactic module of computer-based Ukrainian grammar AGAT. This is a linguistic type of computer-aided syntactic analysis, which provides full information about syntactic units and categories, in particular, predicativity, coordinate and subordinate clauses, the categories of subject and predicate etc. The developed linguistic software provides syntactic analysis of a whole sentence in the form of a dependency tree and indicates the types of syntactic relations and links. The AGAT-syntax task is to identify all varieties of compatibility – predicative, subordinate, and coordinate – of each word in the text. The grammatical characteristics of the phrase directly depend on which part of the language its keyword belongs to. The lexical and grammatical nature of the word determines its compatibility to the other words. Accordingly, phrases can be divided into substantive, adjective, pronouns, numeral, verbal and adverbial. Computer sub-grammars of valencies of the said parts of the language are built by us on a single principle: a lexema is indicated, preposition that participates in government and a case of a substantive word form in the shape of a two-letter code. In theory, according to their composition words combinations (phrases) are divided into simple, complex and combined. Dependency tree is built from two elements – nodes and connections. Nodes are wordforms and connections are relationships between the main element (“master”) and dependent element (“slave”). It enables to describe a configuration, a form, external parameters of a sentence but this is not sufficient to describe a sentence structure. Thus, the syntactic analysis has two levels: the first one attributes to each binary pair a type of syntactic relationships on the level of morphological way of expression of a “master”; the second level attributes to the connection a type of syntactic relationships, which include: subjective, objective, attributive, adverbial, completive and appositive modifying.. In such a way, the cycle of automated syntactic analysis of Ukrainian texts is completed by determining the syntactic word-combination, identifying a type of syntactic link and a type of relationship. It provides full range of characteristics that can be used for systemic study of semantic and syntactic problems. Keywords: automated syntactic analysis, dependency tree, syntactic relations, syntactic links.
Intellectual capital in the system of human resources policy of the diplomatic service
Authors: Palagusynets Rostyslav
Published: February 2021

The article defines the essence and significance of intellectual capital, its place in the system of personnel policy of the diplomatic service. Various definitions of intellectual capital, which in their works were provided by such scientists as A. Chukhno, VL Inozemtsev, O, Kendyukhov, G. Nazarova and others, are considered. It is determined that intellectual capital is a complex system concept, which is considered by scientists taking into account the needs of modern society, which requires a constant exchange of information and replenishment of knowledge. It is emphasized that intelligence passes into property only when under the influence of brain abilities something useful is created, which is endowed with a certain form: databases, lists of information, descriptions of processes, reports and more. The main function of intellectual capital is determined, which is to accelerate the growth of profits through the implementation and formation of the necessary relationships and things, knowledge systems of the enterprise, which, in turn, ensure its highly efficient economic activity. The updated personnel policy in the diplomatic service envisages strengthening the role of the desk officer of the political unit, projecting changes for 2 years and increasing the transparency of the introduction of personnel assessment by the 360 method.It is established that the success of the diplomatic service depends on a balanced personnel policy aimed, in particular, at the growth of intellectual capital. The experience of organizing the personnel work of the diplomatic service of the United States of America is studied. The main problems are formulated and recommendations for improving the personnel policy of the diplomatic service are based on the analysis of world experience.In order to increase the value of intellectual capital, the need for quality education of employees of the diplomatic service, continuous training and self-education of ambassadors and staff, as well as the creation of a personnel reserve in the diplomatic service was emphasized. In addition, it is unacceptable to reduce the cost of diplomatic service. In order to advance in their careers and advance to higher positions, diplomats must be able to undergo systematic training and be experts in at least two regions and speak at least two (three) languages.
Methodology of implementation of the state criminal policy in the field of prevention and counteraction to economic crime in the context of interaction with other types of state policy
Authors: Grytsyshen Dymytrii
Published: February 2021

Today, the issue of cooperation is facing the processes of formation and implementation of state criminal policy in the field of prevention and combating economic crime. This issue is especially relevant for Ukraine and needs to be studied from the standpoint of public administration science. In view of this, the purpose of the study is to determine the methodology of state criminal policy in the field of prevention and combating economic crime in the context of interaction with other types of public policy. The types of economic crimes that are the greatest threats to national security have been identified. Each direction of state policy to combat economic crime is considered by the following most common types: unfair competition, legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and terrorist financing, raiding, misuse of budget funds, tax evasion, corruption) sectors of public administration. It is proved that the process of prevention and counteraction of unfair competition is realized through various types of state policy, namely: state anti-corruption policy, state competition policy and state investment policy. It is determined that corruption can penetrate all spheres of public life and be a source of a set of risks in the economic, social, political and legal systems, the consequences of which are a low level of national security and can cause danger at the regional and international levels. For each type of economic crime, the types of state policy are defined: anti-terrorist policy; investment policy; competition policy; monetary policy; budget policy; fiscal policy; anti-corruption policy; state criminal policy. The conclusions substantiate the peculiarities of the implementation of state policy in terms of preventing and combating economic crime, which is the basis for the formation of its conceptual and methodological provisions.
History of weaving in Azerbaijan
Authors: Mammadova Shahla
Published: February 2021

One of the interesting part of craftsmanship is weaving and its’ history is very ancient. The article was dedicated to history of weaving in Azerbaijan. Archaeological materials which concern to weaving were unearthed during the excavations last decade are very significant for the history of craftsmanship. From Neolothic to Medieval period weaving had been developed and catched its’ industrial high. Archaeological materials give us an opportunity to describe a life of weavers in ancient times in Azerbaijan. According to weaving, abundance of raw material reserves in Azerbaijan territories have rich development since ancient times.First of all, there are included wild technical plants as well as lagh, linen, hemp mallow, nettle and etc. Along with this, development of cattle-breeding especially weaving and existence of main raw material reserves,wool should be emphasized. According to researches, early step of weaving was connected with simple technical habits in weaving field. Archaeologists suppose that bone tools with sharp edge which were found at “Firuz” camp in Qobustan of the Mesolithic period are related to elementary weaving. So that, actually we can’t deny the fact of appearance of initial habits in weaving field before the Neolithic period.Afterwards, habits obtained in weaving stimulated formation of weaving in the Neolithic period.In the Neolithic period and in the Eneolithic period that had replaced it, weaving became one of the significant fields for home craftsmen. As is known, at that time fields as home craftsmen’s stoneprocessing, boneprocessing, ceramics production, leather and peltprocessing, metalprocessing were spread widely. Actually, development of weaving was closely connected with most of above said fields of craftsmanship.There was defined existance of traces of mattings made from clay and reed at Kultepe I near to Nakhchivan city and Alikomektepesi monument in Mugan. There are remains of textile and matting on sceletons and on surface of clay pots in opened ground graves. In addition, there are found remains of mattings on clay floors of buildings of Alikomektepesi settlement.
Early medieval religious-memorial monuments of gadabay region of Azerbaijan
Authors: Mehdiyev Eldar
Published: February 2021

Gadabay situated at the western part of Azerbaijan Republic. There are many early medieval Christian temples, churches and monasteries which concern to Caucasian Albania in Gadabay region. This article is dedicated to early medieval temples and religious monuments of Caucasian Albania in Gadabay. It was researched Gadabay temple, Chaldash, Chanakhchi, Girdiman (Pir Javanshir), Agh kilse (White church), Ayrivang temples and Hamshivang monastery in last decade. These historical monuments established during early medieval period of Caucasian Albania. Early medievalreligious situation of the country was largely studied by Azerbaijani Albanian scholars. As it is known from the sources, in the early Middle Ages the religious situation in Albania as a whole was extremely complicated. Thus, idolatry persisted, and Christianity and Zoroastrianism struggled to spread. There was a fierce struggle between their ideologues and supporters. The defense of Zoroastrianism by the Sassanids and Christianity by the Romans and then the Byzantines by all means that the inter-religious struggle went beyond the borders of the country.When thinking about the structure of the society that existed in the Gadabay region in the early Middle Ages, it would be more correct to refer directly to sources on the history of Albania. The study of early medieval archeological monuments of Gadabay region used ancient and medieval sources, materials of historical, archeological and ethnographic researches carried out in various monuments, samples of material culture kept in museums, funds and private collections. As it is known, the works of Strabo, Plolemy, Kirokos Ganjali and especially the Albanian historian M. Kalankatuklu provide very valuable information about the history of Albania. Of course, the study of all this in relation to archeological materials and in a comparative manner is great scientific importance.M. Kalankatuklu states that during the reign of the Albanian Tsar Arsvagen and Prince Khurs of Girdiman, "there are still pagans left in Girdiman". At that time, Christianity was already widespread in the country.
The ratio of national and supranational levels of foreign policy formation of the European Union
Authors: Erhiun Melissa
Published: February 2021

The relevance of the topic has been summed up by the migratory crisis, the emergence of recent conflicts and the occasional instability near the cordons of the EU, as a result, he is forced to strengthen supranational governance in various fields. One of such areas is foreign policy, which in the context of changing the nature of security interactions plays an important role in the process of European integration. The object of the study is the EU as an international actor in the process of its formation and development. The subject is the foreign policy dimension of the EU's functioning, its conceptual, institutional and instrumental aspects.The aim of the article was to consider a number of approaches with different emphases in the interpretation of the European Union's foreign policy, definitions of "sovereignty" and "supranationality", the difference between normative and implementing supranationalism, the historical attitude of member states to the full preservation or delegation of sovereignty. in the formation of EU policy, the creation of new authorities and positions in the process of EU formation in the context and the factors influencing member states on the formation of common EU policy and determine the attitude of member states to the supranational level of governance, advantages and disadvantages for them.Conclusions. Member states are ambivalent about deeper integration in foreign policy. On the one hand, foreign policy cooperation can serve as a tool that allows Member States to pursue their national interests more effectively. However, in the absence of leadership in the EU, the supranational level can become an instrument of regulatory justification for projecting the priorities of individual member states on other members of the union. At the same time, the possibilities of its use remain limited due to serious differences in the strategic culture of the EU member states.
LEAF ANATOMY CHARACTERIZATION OF FOUR Apochloa SPECIES: A C3 GENUS RELATED TO EVOLUTION OF C4 PATHWAY IN GRASSES
Authors: Mendonça Ane Marcela das Chagas , Viana Pedro Lage , Barbosa João Paulo Rodrigues Alves Delfino
Published: February 2021

Leaf anatomy characteristics provide important evidences about the transition between C3 and C4 pathways. The C4 photosynthesis pathway allowed to reduce the C3 photorespiratory rate, concentrating CO2 around the Rubisco site and using structures and machinery already presented in C3 plants. In monocots, it is observed a high number of C4 lineages, most of them phylogenetically related to C3 groups. The genus Apochloa (C3), subtribe Arthropogoninae, is related to two C4 genera Coleataenia and Cyphonanthus. The aim of this study was to evaluate four Apochloa species in order to establish anatomical characteristics related to the evolution of C4 pathway in this group. By means of transverse sections fully expanded leaves of A. euprepes, A. lorea, A. molinioides, and A. poliophylla were collected and the characteristics of the mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells were determined. These species showed a rustic Kranz anatomy with enlarged and radial arranged BS cells, which have few organelles organized in a centrifugal position. Although the modifications of BS cells are probably related to the maintenance of plant water status, we also discuss the evolution for the establishment of C4 photosynthesis in the related C4 genera.
Scene and heard
Authors: Mills Amanda Patricia
Published: February 2021

Hocken Collections in Dunedin, New Zealand, has been collecting and curating music relating to the Dunedin Sound music scene since the 1980s, with recorded music, published texts, documents and photographs gathered to document the scene, and contextualize the narratives that exist within it. Through examination of three particular collections that highlight different aspects of the Dunedin Sound scene, distinct threads emerge, offering dynamic opportunities for curation, and for complete collections, or discrete parts of the collections, to be reinterpreted in new ways. Through these examples, we can see that collection and curation of a music scene is more than just acquiring officially recorded music: visual materials, correspondence, setlists, song lyrics and documents relating to the music industry or the scene allow for a broader narrative, while unofficial live recordings demonstrate development of musical styles across that scene.
Billboard’s ‘Hot Country Songs’ chart and the curation of country music culture
Authors: Watson Jada
Published: February 2021

Billboard charts are curators of popular music culture. As Will Straw observes, Billboard charts bring order to otherwise chaotic consumption behaviors, by processing, archiving and transmitting a musical product’s commercial activity to radio programmers, streaming services and record labels, thus creating a cyclic relationship between Billboard and these actors. Through this process, charts document and shape a genre’s culture. Theories of social remembering offer a critical framework for considering the credibility of such record keeping within a culture that disadvantages and systematically ignores women. Influenced by the work of Catherine Strong, this article explores the role of Billboard charts in the process of ‘remembering’ and ‘forgetting’ in country music culture. In this context, Billboard charts function as curatorial instruments that systematically ‘remember’ some artists, while ‘casting away’ others. Drawing on the results of a data-driven analysis of the Hot Country Songs (HCS) chart, this article argues that Billboard’s new methodology has contributed to the radical extinction of variety and erasure of women’s narrative voices within country music culture.
Curating exhausted commodities
Authors: Taylor Iain A.
Published: February 2021

While there has been growing interest in the curation and exhibition of popular music ephemera in recent years, such exhibitions have tended to focus on propagating canonical accounts, or on the telling of local or social histories. This article considers a different form of popular music curation, one driven not by a desire to preserve, but rather with the revaluing of so-called ‘exhausted commodities’—damaged, degraded and defaced artefacts which would otherwise be discarded. Focusing upon the case study of We Buy White Albums—an ongoing collection and exhibition by New York-based collector, curator and artist Rutherford Chang—this article explores the complexities associated with such notions of curation in the context of music-based commodities, and the potential for curatorial recontextualizations of damaged, defaced and degrading artefacts as a means of exploring hidden histories of popular music.
Continuity and change in popular music curation
Authors: Cohen Sara
Published: February 2021

How is popular music curated and how has this practice developed over time? What distinguishes it and what can focusing on curation reveal about popular music history? This article addresses these questions with the help of three exhibitions exploring aspects of the popular music past. Staged in Liverpool between 1991 and 2016, the exhibitions illustrate the work and effort of exhibiting and curating popular music, and developments and changes in this work across a 25-year period. Perspectives on popular music as a curatorial object have certainly changed. Moreover, beyond the traditional association of curation with the professional domain of museums and other institutions, a broader understanding has emerged of curation as a vernacular practice. What the exhibitions also show, however, is that these developments cannot be mapped chronologically. Rather, different perspectives and approaches regarding popular music curation continually circulate, clash and intersect. This, it is argued, creates certain fundamental tensions that make curation a productive lens through which to examine popular music history.
Supplementing a typology of curation
Authors: Jones Michael Lewis
Published: February 2021

The article explores the creation of a concert that explored George Harrison’s relationship with Indian classical music. It was a scripted concert that featured two surviving musicians from the ‘Within You Without You’ recording sessions along with material artefacts. The experience is used to consider supplements to the Baker, Istvandity and Nowak identification of structuring concepts of curation.
Zniszczenia i straty wojenne poniesione przez rolnictwo województwa krakowskiego w wyniku II wojny światowej
Authors:   Dr inż., Katedra Ekonomii i Gospodarki Żywnościowej, Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowie, Polska, Janicka Anna
Published: February 2021

During World War II, the entire Polish territory twice became a war zone, bearing heavy consequences. Equal or even greater losses were caused by the hostile occupation. When calculating on a per-capita basis, the destruction rate in Poland was the highest in the world. The politics of plunder contributed to the excessive exploitation of domestic resources, social income and national heritage. The situation of agriculture in the Krakow Province after World War II was very difficult, especially in the front-line areas. The damage caused by the German occupier was of a wide-ranging nature. Plant and animal production, farms suffered. By building pillboxes, training grounds, trenches and bunkers, large areas of arable land and sown crops were destroyed. The fields were mined, weed strewn, and impoverished. The soil lay fallow. There were neither draft or slaughter animals. Breeding animals were transported away. Houses, outbuildings, agricultural machinery and tools were destroyed . Devastation of the forest stands was a serious problem. Most damage and destruction was caused by Soviet troops destroying, looting, plundering and requisitioning various items. Captured cattle driven off and herd grazing with bread grain led to a reduction in the supply of feedstuff and food for the local population. With the help of grenades, the state of stock in rivers and standing water was devastated. All these affected the disastrous material situation of the rural population and caused a drastic decline in agricultural production. The Krakow Province faced a difficult task of reconstruction of agriculture from war damage.
Generał brygady pilot Bolesław Feliks Stachoń (1897–1941). Przyczynek do badań biograficznych oficera i lotnika
Authors:   Dr, Miejska i Powiatowa Biblioteka Publiczna w Ropczycach, Polska, Woźny Grażyna
Published: February 2021

In 2021, 80 years will have passed since the death of Bolesław Stachoń, the Polish pilot and a Royal Air Force (RAF) liaison officer. His contribution to the development of Polish aviation and his activity as the commander of the congregation camp in Eastchurch (December 1939 – July 1940) and later Swinderby Airport (VII 1940 – VII 1941 r.), from which he flew combat missions, remain unknown. His education, war experience and knowledge of foreign languages predetermined Stachoń to perform high functions in the army. He was, among other things, park commander in the 11th Aviation Regiment in Lida, the Pilot School in the NCO Aviation Training Center and the commander of the Aviation Shooting and Bombing School in Grudziądz. He ran an editing business and published articles in "Przegląd Lotniczy...", and also he published books in the field of aviation. Before the Second World War world he held a diplomatic function in Moscow. He was the first Pole to gain a gyroplane pilot's license, thanks to which he brought the C-30 airship to Warsaw. In September 1939, he commanded units that brought down over 20 German planes. On the orders of General Józef Zając he undertook a military mission to Romania, where he oversaw the evacuation of Polish airmen to France. From there he made a detour to England, where he was in command of the RAF Volunteer Reserve Training Center. In exile, he continued his editorial work; cofounding the magazine "News from the World: the daily newsletter of the Center Polish Aviation in England"; published "One-day Polish Aviation in England". Bolesław Stachoń was an icon of interwar Polish aviation and first-class pilot. He died during his third bomber flight on July 4 1941.
Episkopat wobec integralności ziem polskich po II wojnie światowej. Wybrane problemy z najnowszej literatury i źródeł
Authors:   Dr hab., Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, Polska, Gryz Ryszard
Published: February 2021

The article presents selected issues concerning Polish Primates cardinal August Hlond and cardinal Stefan Wyszyński and other bishops’ engagement in the case of emergence and stabilisation of the Polish church administration on the Western and Northern Lands after World War II. It covers the most important stages in the chronology of events related to this topic (1945 – 1951 – 1956 – 1972). The most significant decisions were made in August 1945, when five apostolic administrations were created for the dioceses of Warmia and Gdańsk, Gorzów, Opole Silesia and Lower Silesia. In June 1972, after the Bundestag’s ratification of the border agreement between the Polish People's Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, the temporary nature of the Polish ecclesiastical structures on the so-called Recovered Territories came to an end. In his bull “Episcoporum Poloniae coetus”, Pope Paul VI liquidated apostolic administrations and created four new dioceses (Gorzów, Koszalin-Kołobrzeg, Szczecin-Kamieńsk and Opole). In the twenty-seven-year long process of stabilisation of the Polish ecclesiastical structures, the position of successive Popes and the Holy See was decisive. They were taking into account the views of the German and Polish episcopates and the state of Polish-German relations in the matter of the boundary line approval. The most active among the Polish hierarchy was Bishop Bolesław Kominek (apostolic administrator in Opole, archbishop of Wrocław, and cardinal). The basis of the article’s synthetic narrative is the selection of the latest Polish publications on state-church relations in Poland after the Second World War, and source editions. The personal notes of Primate Wyszyński – “Pro memoria”, pastoral letters of the Polish Episcopate, announcements of the Episcopal Conference of Poland, and official statements of bishops, among others, were used.
Wybrane aspekty funkcjonowania organizacji pożytku publicznego w społeczeństwie obywatelskim na przykładzie województwa podkarpackiego
Authors:   Mgr, Instytut Nauk Socjologicznych, Kolegium Nauk Społecznych, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Polska, Jamroży Krzysztof
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this article is to present the functioning of Subcarpathian public benefit organizations (pbo) in the field of cross-sectoral cooperation and financing of their activities. This has been done on the basis of CATI research (N = 368), taking into account the narrow understanding of the concept of civil society, which is the background for the activities of the analyzed NGO's. The main problem of public benefit organizations in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship seems to be the passivity of these entities, which manifests itself in focusing on obtaining finance from public sources and from private donors, and not on the active search for sources of income e.g. by running own business or charging fees for services. Also, the forms of cooperation undertaken by the public benefit organizations with primary and secondary sectors suggest that their leaders focus their attention on receiving money, and not on joint activities for the benefit of the community, the use of employee volunteering or taking an active part in consultations conducted by central and local authorities. An attempt was made to solve the problem, which is based on the assumption that public benefit organizations located in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship should, through their actions, fit into the liberal concept of civil society. This would not simply enable the sector itself to be activated, which could also contribute to the activation of the inhabitants of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. This could provide the basis for the creation of a strong civil society, which not only would be a passive observer of political and social events, but also an active stakeholder in public life.