bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A key management technique based on elliptic curves for static wireless sensor networks
Authors: Jilna Payingat , Pattathil Deepthi P.
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a key distribution scheme based on elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key exchange for static wireless sensor networks with node addition. The proposed scheme relies on the transitory master key approach for secret key establishment and addresses the man‐in‐the‐middle attack in ECDH key exchange. The major advantage of the proposed method compared with the state‐of‐the‐art schemes is the high resilience offered by this scheme even if nodes are compromised in the initialisation phase. The communication overhead, computational cost and storage requirement of the proposed method is very less compared with the elliptic curve‐based approaches available in the literature. The proposed scheme can also support large networks without affecting the security and efficiency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Method for Predicting Heats of Decomposition of Nitroaromatics
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Ghani Kamal , Asgari Abdoalreza
Published: July 2015

A reliable simple approach is introduced to predict the heats of decomposition of nitroaromatics through their molecular structures. It is based on the number on nitro groups attached to aromatic ring and some structural moieties that depend on intra‐ and intermolecular interactions. In contrast to other available predictive methods, the present method can be easily applied for nitroaromatics containing different substituents attached to aromatic ring without using special computer codes, which need expert users. For 77 nitroaromatics, the new simple method gives good predictions as compared to the best available general method, which requires the set of descriptors including time expensive quantum chemical calculations. The new approach can help the chemist to design desired nitroaromatic energetic compounds with good safety.
Energy conservation and dissipation properties of time‐integration methods for nonsmooth elastodynamics with contact
Authors: Acary Vincent
Published: July 2015

This article is devoted to the study of the conservation and the dissipation properties of the mechanical energy of several time–integration methods dedicated to the elasto–dynamics with unilateral contact. Given that the direct application of the standard schemes as the Newmark schemes or the generalized–α schemes leads to energy blow‐up, we study two schemes dedicated to the time–integration of nonsmooth systems with contact: the Moreau–Jean scheme and the nonsmooth generalized–α scheme. The energy conservation and dissipation properties of the Moreau–Jean is firstly shown. In a second step, the nonsmooth generalized–α scheme is studied by adapting the previous works of Krenk and Høgsberg in the context of unilateral contact. Finally, the known properties of the Newmark and the Hilber–Hughes–Taylor (HHT) scheme in the unconstrained case are extended without any further assumptions to the case with contact.
Bridging Alone: Religious Conservatism, Marital Homogamy, and Voluntary Association Membership
Authors: Kim Young-Il
Published: July 2015

This study characterizes social insularity of religiously conservative American married couples by examining patterns of voluntary association membership. Constructing a dataset of 3938 marital dyads from the second wave of the National Survey of Families and Households, the author investigates whether conservative religious homogamy encourages membership in religious voluntary groups and discourages membership in secular voluntary groups. Results indicate that couples’ shared affiliation with conservative denominations, paired with beliefs in biblical authority and inerrancy, increases the likelihood of religious group membership for husbands and wives and reduces the likelihood of secular group membership for wives, but not for husbands. The social insularity of conservative religious groups appears to be reinforced by homogamy—particularly by wives who share faith with husbands.
Growing beyond growth: Why multiple mindsets matter for consumer behavior
Authors: Rucker Derek D. , Galinsky Adam D.
Published: July 2015

In this commentary, we reflect on several important issues and questions provoked by Murphy and Dweck's target article. First, we define a mindset as a frame of mind that affects the selection, encoding, and retrieval of information as well as the types of evaluations and responses an individual gives. As such, we suggest that while studying fixed versus growth mindsets is important, it is critical to explore and understand how a variety of mindsets affect consumer behavior, including regulatory focus, construal level, implementation versus deliberation, and power. Second, we argue that it is necessary to understand if a hierarchy exists among this variety of mindsets, with some mindsets being more foundational and more important than others. Finally, we raise questions about whether matching effects, where information matches a mindset, always produce more persuasion, or whether cases might exist where mismatches, or complementarity, are better.
Against the Reductionism of an Economic Analysis of Contract Law
Authors: Akbari Sina
Published: July 2015

Contemporary economic analysts of the law argue that certain legal institutions, such as contract law, ought to be designed to promote wealth maximization, while different legal institutions ought to seek to achieve non-wealth maximizing aims, such as distributive justice. In order to preserve the normative claim that the sole aim of any single legal institution should be the promotion of wealth maximization, economists rely on the “specialization principle”: each legal institution must be organized around a single normative criterion, partitioned from and without regard to the normative aims of other legal institutions. I argue that this idea of a strict normative division of labour between institutions is problematic. On any instrumentalist view, the normative justification of the ends of a particular legal institution cannot ignore the normative aims of the legal system of which it is a part. I develop this argument by critically examining the economic analyst’s claim that commercial contract law should be limited to helping firms maximize profit.
Fuzzy Law: A Theory of Quasi-Legal Systems
Authors: Perez Oren
Published: July 2015

Our lives are permeated by various forms of legality, produced by multiple bodies - both statist and non-statist. The pervasive presence of non-statist, soft law schemes in the contemporary society poses a challenge for legal theory: how to conceptualize legal-like structures that evolve outside the boundaries of the state and are able nonetheless to exert significant normative power? Understanding this phenomenon requires, I argue, a new model of law that will not be bounded by the binary (either/or) structure of traditional jurisprudence and sociology of law. I respond to this challenge by developing a degree-theoretic model of legal-normativity which I term "fuzzy law". This model offers a new conceptual vocabulary for thinking about soft law as a social phenomenon. The model draws on three main theoretical sources: the theory of complementary pairs, fuzzy-set theory, and defeasible reasoning. I examine the jurisprudential and sociological implications of the fuzzy law model through a discussion of the dialectics of reasoning with fuzzy rules and an exploration of the coordination dynamics of quasi-legal systems.
No Such Thing as Accident: Rethinking the Relation Between Causal and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Reiff Mark R.
Published: July 2015

According to the conventional view, causal and moral responsibility have a strict hierarchical relationship. Determining causal responsibility comes first; then we sort through the factors to which we have assigned causal responsibility and determine which, if any, should be assigned moral responsibility too. Moral inquiry accordingly stands not only apart but also above causal inquiry. But I am going to argue that this way of looking at causal and moral responsibility is a mistake. Rather than being separate and independent inquires with different purposes and concerns, I am going to argue that finding causal responsibility actually entails finding moral responsibility even when there is no evidence of what we would call traditional fault. Indeed, I am going to argue we cannot find someone causally responsible without finding them morally responsible too.
Judging Positivism by Margaret Martin*
Authors: Halpin Andrew
Published: July 2015

This review of Margaret Martin’s book, Judging Positivism, considers the three levels on which her book operates as an intricate study of the principal works of Joseph Raz; a challenging critique of legal positivism, and a thoughtful reflection on the potential of legal theory. The main focus of the review is Martin’s argument against Raz’s exclusive positivism, which proceeds by identifying a change in the premises or theses of Raz’s theory of law over the course of his different writings, and then making an accusation of inconsistency and incoherence against Raz. The review examines the nature of Martin’s accusation and suggests some possible responses to it. It also comments on the relationship between Martin’s assessment of Raz and her wider rejection of legal positivism, and on her related concerns for the potential of legal theory.
The increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D following weight loss does not contribute to the improvement in insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and β-cell function
Authors: Thibault Véronique , Morisset Anne-Sophie , Brown Christine , Carpentier André C. , Baillargeon Jean-Patrice , Langlois Marie-France , Gagnon Claudia
Published: July 2015

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations have been reported to increase following weight loss. Moreover, both weight loss and higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations have been associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration following weight loss is associated with improved insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and disposition index (β-cell function). Data from two prospective lifestyle modification studies had been combined. Following a lifestyle-modifying weight loss intervention for 1 year, eighty-four men and women with prediabetes and a BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 were divided based on weight loss at 1 year: < 5 % (non-responders, n 56) and ≥ 5 % (responders, n 28). The association between the change in serum 25(OH)D concentration and changes in insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA%S) and Matsuda), insulin secretion (AUC of C-peptide) and disposition index after adjustment for weight loss was examined. Participants in the responders' group lost on average 9·5 % of their weight when compared with non-responders who lost only 0·8 % of weight. Weight loss in responders resulted in improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA%S, P= 0·0003) and disposition index (P= 0·02); however, insulin secretion remained unchanged. The rise in serum 25(OH)D concentration following weight loss in responders was significantly higher than that in non-responders (8·9 (sd 12·5) v. 3·6 (sd 10·7) nmol/l, P= 0·05). However, it had not been associated with amelioration of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, even after adjustment for weight loss and several confounders. In conclusion, the increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration following weight loss does not contribute to the improvement in insulin sensitivity or β-cell function.
Social Protection Afforded to Irregular Migrant Workers: Thoughts on the Southern Africa Development Community (with Emphasis on Botswana and South Africa)
Authors: van Eck Bruno Paul Stefan , Snyman Felicia
Published: July 2015

The majority of migrant workers target those countries in southern Africa that have stronger economies. Irregular migrants are in a particularly vulnerable position, and this article discusses the protection that this category of persons may expect to experience in the southern African region. It traverses the international, continental and regional instruments providing protection to irregular migrants, and considers the constitutional and legislative frameworks in relation to social protection in Botswana and South Africa. The article concludes by recommending that the broader notion of “social protection”, rather than the narrower concept of “social security”, should be emphasized. Job creation programmes are essential. It suggests that the advantages of the free movement of people in the region should be explored and encouraged. The article also supports the notion that a regional policy that seeks to balance the flow of migrants in the Southern African Development Community should be adopted.
The Transformation of Hunger Revisited: Reply
Authors: Logan Trevon D.
Published: July 2015

The higher calorie levels reported in Gazeley, Newell, Bezabith (2015) are a function of a conversion of food quantities to calories that is weighted towards contemporary, calorie-rich foods. Their conversion uses the full distribution of contemporary foods and should not be applied to historical populations. Since Gazeley, Newell, Bezabith assume that industrial workers in the past had access to contemporary foods, the revised calorie levels reflect contemporary diets rather than historical diets.
Study of microbial communities in redox zone of meromictic lakes isolated from the White Sea using spectral and molecular methods
Authors: Krasnova E.D. , Kharcheva A.V. , Milyutina I.A. , Voronov D.A. , Patsaeva S.V.
Published: July 2015

Due to postglacial isostatic uplift many stratified lakes, at different stages of isolation, are located along the shores of the White Sea. In five lakes, located near the White Sea Biological Station of Moscow State University, salinity, temperature, pH, concentration of dissolved oxygen, redox potential, and illuminance were measured. Distribution of microorganisms and spectral properties of water layers were also studied. All the lakes had a narrow bright coloured layer in the redox zone caused by mass development of phototropic microorganisms. Light absorption and fluorescence spectra indicated algae containing chlorophyll a predominate in the red water layers while the colouration of green and brown layers is caused by green sulphur bacteria with bacteriochlorophylls d and e. Sunlight is completely absorbed in the redox zone because of the high density of algae and/or bacteria, resulting in aphotic conditions below. Coloured layers act as a specific biotope for special communities of microorganisms. Eukaryotes identified by the 18S rRNA gene included different species of mixotrophic algae and ciliates resistant to anoxia. The water layer colour and spectral characteristics (i.e. light absorption and fluorescence) of water in the redox zone can be considered indicators of the stage of lake isolation from the sea, with the red colour caused by cryptophyte alga Rhodomonas sp. bloom found in earlier stages and brown and green colours caused by green sulphur bacteria in later stages.
Beach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendations
Authors: Solo-Gabriele Helena M. , Harwood Valerie J. , Kay David , Fujioka Roger S. , Sadowsky Michael J. , Whitman Richard L. , Wither Andrew , Caniça Manuela , Carvalho da Fonseca Rita , Duarte Aida , Edge Thomas A. , Gargaté Maria J. , Gunde-Cimerman Nina , Hagen Ferry , McLellan Sandra L. , Nogueira da Silva Alexandra , Novak Babič Monika , Prada Susana , Rodrigues Raquel , Romão Daniela , Sabino Raquel , Samson Robert A. , Segal Esther , Staley Christopher , Taylor Huw D. , Veríssimo Cristina , Viegas Carla , Barroso Helena , Brandão João C.
Published: July 2015

Recent studies suggest that sand can serve as a vehicle for exposure of humans to pathogens at beach sites, resulting in increased health risks. Sampling for microorganisms in sand should therefore be considered for inclusion in regulatory programmes aimed at protecting recreational beach users from infectious disease. Here, we review the literature on pathogen levels in beach sand, and their potential for affecting human health. In an effort to provide specific recommendations for sand sampling programmes, we outline published guidelines for beach monitoring programmes, which are currently focused exclusively on measuring microbial levels in water. We also provide background on spatial distribution and temporal characteristics of microbes in sand, as these factors influence sampling programmes. First steps toward establishing a sand sampling programme include identifying appropriate beach sites and use of initial sanitary assessments to refine site selection. A tiered approach is recommended for monitoring. This approach would include the analysis of samples from many sites for faecal indicator organisms and other conventional analytes, while testing for specific pathogens and unconventional indicators is reserved for high-risk sites. Given the diversity of microbes found in sand, studies are urgently needed to identify the most significant aetiological agent of disease and to relate microbial measurements in sand to human health risk.
English language education among young learners in East Asia: A review of current research (2004–2014)
Authors: Butler Yuko Goto
Published: July 2015

The teaching of foreign languages to young learners is growing in popularity around the world. Research in this field, particularly of English as a second/foreign language education in East Asia, is a relatively new area of empirical inquiry, and it has the potential to make significant contributions to child second-language acquisition (Child-SLA) theory building, research methodologies, and policies in East Asia and beyond. This article reviews relevant peer-reviewed literature on English education among young learners in East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan). I begin by reviewing policy literature to illustrate the social and policy contexts of early English education, identifying major policy-related concerns. Next, I review empirical studies of English learning and teaching, organizing them by their relevance to the previously identified policy concerns. The article concludes with suggestions for future research.
Joint colloquium on plurilingualism and language education: Opportunities and challenges, (AAAL/TESOL)
Authors: Garton Sue , Kubota Ryuko
Published: July 2015

This colloquium was organised by Ryuko Kubota (University of British Columbia, Canada) and Sue Garton (Aston University, UK) as part of the collaboration between the American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) and TESOL International Association.
Invited colloquium on negotiating the complexities of multilingual assessment, AAAL Conference 2014
Authors: Menken Kate , Shohamy Elana
Published: July 2015

The invited colloquium on New Directions in Language Assessment held at the American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) annual meeting in Portland, Oregon on March 22, 2014 brought together an international panel of scholars to together explore the possibilities and challenges of translanguaging and bi/multilingual approaches in assessment. Together, the presenters of this colloquium argued that allowing bi/multilinguals to demonstrate their knowledge and skills using their entire linguistic repertoire offers a promising new approach for teaching and assessment.
Language in education in sub-Saharan Africa: Language in Africa Special Interest Group (BAAL)
Authors: Graham Ross , McGlynn Caroline , Islei Annette
Published: July 2015

The Language in Africa Special Interest Group (LiASIG) of the British Association for Applied Linguistics (BAAL) is a forum for applied linguistic research in Africa, and invites studies with both a micro and a macro focus. Researchers are concerned with how political, social and educational contexts affect the valuation and use of languages in Africa where multilingualism is the norm. Papers are presented at the SIG annual meeting and in the LiA track at BAAL conferences. The present review covers papers presented between 2012 and 2014 that focus on the interplay of policy and practice, particularly in education.
A MONOGRAPHIC REVISION OF THE GENUS PODOCARPUS (PODOCARPACEAE): III. THE SPECIES OF THE CENTRAL AMERICA AND NORTHERN MEXICO BIOREGIONS
Authors: Mill R. R.
Published: July 2015

The species of Podocarpus L’Hér. ex Pers. (Podocarpaceae) occurring in the Central America and Northern Mexico Bioregions are revised. Four species (Podocarpus costaricensis de Laub., P. guatemalensis Standl., P. matudae Lundell, P. oleifolius D.Don) occur in these bioregions as well as three infraspecific taxa, that are here all treated as subspecies [Podocarpus matudae subsp. matudae, P. matudae subsp. jaliscanus (de Laub. & Silba) Silba, P. oleifolius subsp. costaricensis (J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray) Silba]. A fifth species, Podocarpus magnifolius J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray, may also be present in Panama but this requires verification; a brief account is provided. Podocarpus monteverdeensis de Laub. is considered a synonym of P. oleifolius subsp. costaricensis, the concept of which is amplified to include all Central American material of P. oleifolius. Several previously recognised infraspecific taxa within both Podocarpus guatemalensis and P. matudae are reduced to synonymy. Within Podocarpus matudae, P. matudae subsp. matudae is regarded as including subsp. macrocarpus and subsp. reichei but P. matudae subsp. jaliscanus is regarded as a distinct, second subspecies disjunct in westernmost Mexico. Podocarpus costaricensis, P. matudae (both subspecies) and P. oleifolius subsp. costaricensis are endemic to these bioregions. A key is provided, all definitely recorded species are illustrated and the distributions of all definitely recorded taxa are mapped. The distributions are discussed in relation to the geology and geological history of the region as well as altitude and climate. New IUCN conservation assessments are proposed for Podocarpus matudae subsp. jaliscanus, P. matudae subsp. matudae and P. oleifolius subsp. costaricensis while details of the current assessments for the remaining taxa (including Podocarpus matudae as a whole) are given. Two appendices list all accepted names and synonyms, and give a list of exsiccatae.
A NEW SPECIES OF GYROCHEILOS (GESNERIACEAE) FROM VIETNAM
Authors: Middleton D. J.
Published: July 2015

The new species Gyrocheilos orbiculatum D.J.Middleton (Gesneriaceae) is described and illustrated.
Selling Health Data
Authors: KAPLAN BONNIE
Published: July 2015

Two court cases that involve selling prescription data for pharmaceutical marketing affect biomedical informatics, patient and clinician privacy, and regulation. Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. et al. in the United States and R v. Department of Health, Ex Parte Source Informatics Ltd. in the United Kingdom concern privacy and health data protection, data de-identification and reidentification, drug detailing (marketing), commercial benefit from the required disclosure of personal information, clinician privacy and the duty of confidentiality, beneficial and unsavory uses of health data, regulating health technologies, and considering data as speech. Individuals should, at the very least, be aware of how data about them are collected and used. Taking account of how those data are used is needed so societal norms and law evolve ethically as new technologies affect health data privacy and protection.
Emerging Ethical Issues in Digital Health Information
Authors: SOLOMONIDES ANTHONY E. , MACKEY TIM KEN
Published: July 2015

The problems of poor or biased information and of misleading health and well-being advice on the Internet have been extensively documented. The recent decision by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers to authorize a large number of new generic, top-level domains, including some with a clear connection to health or healthcare, presents an opportunity to bring some order to this chaotic situation. In the case of the most general of these domains, “.health,” experts advance a compelling argument in favor of some degree of content oversight and control. On the opposing side, advocates for an unrestricted and open Internet counter that this taken-for-granted principle is too valuable to be compromised, and that, once lost, it may never be recovered. We advance and provide evidence for a proposal to bridge the credibility gap in online health information by providing provenance information for websites in the .health domain.
Reconsidering the Ethical Permissibility of the Use of Unregistered Interventions against Ebola Virus Disease
Authors: LANDRY JOSHUA T. , FOREMAN THOMAS , KEKEWICH MICHAEL
Published: July 2015

Ethical considerations for the use of unregistered interventions for Ebola virus disease have sparked considerable debate among academic and clinical ethicists. In August 2014 the World Health Organization (WHO) convened a panel of experts to discuss approaches to the outbreak in West Africa, with the goal of determining "whether it is ethical to use unregistered interventions with unknown adverse effects for possible treatment or prophylaxis”.1 The panel concluded that there would be an ethical imperative to provide such unregistered interventions if specific criteria could be met. This paper evaluates the WHO conclusion and argues that although it may be reasonable to provide unregistered interventions considering the circumstance, there is no clear ethical imperative to do so.
Impact of a Hurricane Shelter Viral Gastroenteritis Outbreak on a Responding Medical Team
Authors: Gaither Joshua B. , Page Rianne , Prather Caren , Paavola Fred , Garrett Andrew L.
Published: July 2015

Introduction

In late October of 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the northeast United States and shelters were established throughout the impacted region. Numerous cases of infectious viral gastroenteritis occurred in several of these shelters. Such outbreaks are common and have been well described in the past. Early monitoring for, and recognition of, the outbreak allowed for implementation of aggressive infection control measures. However, these measures required intensive medical response team involvement. Little is known about how such outbreaks affect the medical teams responding to the incident.

Hypothesis/Problem

Describe the impact of an infectious viral gastroenteritis outbreak within a single shelter on a responding medical team.

Methods

The number of individuals staying in the single shelter each night (as determined by shelter staff) and the number of patients treated for symptoms of viral gastroenteritis were recorded each day. On return from deployment, members of a single responding medical team were surveyed to determine how many team members became ill during, or immediately following, their deployment.

Results

The shelter population peaked on November 5, 2012 with 811 individuals sleeping in the shelter. The first patients presented to the shelter clinic with symptoms of viral gastroenteritis on November 4, 2012, and the last case was seen on November 21, 2012. A total of 64 patients were treated for nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea over the 17-day period. A post-deployment survey was sent to 66 deployed medical team members and 45 completed the survey. Twelve (26.7%) of the team members who responded to the survey experienced symptoms of probable viral gastroenteritis. Team members reported onset of symptoms during deployment as well as after returning home. Symptoms started on days 4-8, 8-14, on the trip home, and after returning home in four, four, two, and two team members, respectively.

Conclusion

Medical teams providing shelter care during viral gastroenteritis outbreaks are susceptible to contracting the virus while caring for patients. When responding to similar incidents in the future, teams should not only be ready to implement aggressive infectious control measures but also be prepared to care for team members who become ill.

GaitherJB, PageR, PratherC, PaavolaF, GarrettAL. Impact of a hurricane shelter viral gastroenteritis outbreak on a responding medical team. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(4):1–4.
Emergency Food Supplies in Food Secure Households
Authors: Golem Devon L. , Byrd-Bredbenner Carol
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Limited food supply paired with reduced access to food during emergency disasters can lead to malnutrition. To date, research evaluating the adequacy of household emergency food supplies relies on self-reported data from surveys and has not been measured objectively in households in the United States. The main objective of this study was to describe household calorie availability and nutrient density in a normal situation and to project changes that could occur when emergencies (eg, natural disasters) restrict replenishment of food supplies and disrupt water and/or energy needed for food preparation and storage.

Hypothesis

The calorie availability of the food supply within households in New Jersey (USA) is anticipated to be well above the recommended 3-day period. However, it is anticipated that the nutritional density of the food supply within these households will be negative. Additionally, the disaster-related factors that diminish the ability to consume stored food (eg, lack of water, power for cooking, and/or proper storage) will further reduce the caloric and nutritional adequacy of the household food supply.

Methods

The household food supplies of 100 food secure families in New Jersey were inventoried at a non-emergency point in time. The number of days that the inventoried food supply would provide all household members 100% of the daily value (DV) for calories and other nutrients was determined. Additionally, the effects of water and power shortages on nutritional availability of household food supply were estimated.

Results

The households had an average of 33.16 days (SD=21.97; range=8.14-125.17 days) of calories at 100% DV for all household members. Lack of water, energy for cooking, or both would render a decrease in the total household calories by 28%, 35%, or 38%, respectively. Loss of power for greater than five days would reduce availability of household calories by 27%. A positive nutrient density was observed with and without the food-related resources of water and power.

Conclusion

The mean food supply within the sampled households exceeds the current emergency preparedness recommendations, even when considering specific nutrients and emergency-related factors that affect ability to consume the food supply. Cross-sectional observation of the household food supply of food secure families in New Jersey reveals adequate dietary-based emergency preparedness and low vulnerability to emergency-induced food insecurity.

GolemDL,Byrd-BredbennerC.Emergency food supplies in food secure households.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(4):1–6.
The expression of impersonals in Middle English
Authors: LIGHT CAITLIN , WALLENBERG JOEL
Published: July 2015

This article contributes to continuing work on the information structural function of passivization, and how quantitative changes in the implementation of a syntactic strategy may be tied in with the acquisition or loss of comparable strategies. Seoane (2006) outlines a proposal that suggests that the passive construction is used more extensively in English than in the other Germanic languages in order to compensate for the lack of unmarked object topicalization found in languages with verb-seconding (V2). We reconsider this hypothesis from a quantitative perspective and ﬁnd that, upon further examination, the claim does not hold.

We compare parallelNew Testamenttranslations along two dimensions: one set across three stages of historical English, and one set across three Germanic languages. We ﬁnd that the reported change in the rate of passivization between stages of English, and between English and other Germanic languages, is in fact not directly related to the presence or absence of a V2 grammar, but rather due to the availability (or absence) of different strategies of forming impersonal clauses.

The current article focuses in more detail on one of the ﬁndings of an ongoing study into phenomena linked to the change in passivization in English. While theNew Testamenttranslations provide evidence that the overall rate of passivization remains stable across the history of English in one context, we ﬁnd, in contrast, a signiﬁcant difference in the rate of passivization between three translations of theRule of St Benedict. These translations represent an Old English (OE) translation and two Middle English (ME) translations: one Northern, and one Southern. The data reveal a dialect distinction in ME: the Northern translation passivizes at a signiﬁcantly lower rate.

Unlike theNew Testament, which is primarily a narrative, theRule of St Benedicttext is written as a set of instructions, and passivization is primarily a strategy for expressing clauses in which no agent can be speciﬁed. We ﬁnd that where the Southern translation of theRule of St Benedictuses a passive, the Northern translation frequently expresses the same content via an active clause with impersonalmanin the subject position. While clauses with impersonalmancan be found in both the Northern ME and OE translations of this text, it is wholly absent from the Southern ME translation.

This reveals a dialect difference in the ME period: the Southern dialect appears to entirely lack a historically attested strategy for forming impersonal clauses. This, in turn, becomes one factor leading to a rise in the rate of passivization, as passive clauses are used to compensate for the missing strategy.
Ideology, race and place in historical constructions of belonging: the case of Zimbabwe
Authors: FITZMAURICE SUSAN
Published: July 2015

This article explores the ways in which constructions of identities of place are embedded in the ideology of race and social orientation in Zimbabwe. Using newspaper reports, memoirs, speeches, advertisements, fiction, interviews and ephemera produced around key discursive thresholds, it examines the production of multiple meanings of key terms within competing discourses to generate co-existing parallel lexicons. Crucially, labels like ‘settler’, ‘African’ and ‘Zimbabwean’, labels that are inextricably linked to access to and association with the land in colonial and postcolonial Zimbabwe, shift their reference and connotations for different speakers in different settings and periods. For example, the term ‘settler’, used to refer to white colonists of British origin who occupied vast agricultural lands in colonial Zimbabwe, is appropriated in post-independent Zimbabwe to designate blacks settled on the land in the Fast Track Land Reform Programme. The analysis of semantic pragmatic change in relation to key discursive thresholds yields a complex story of changing identities conditioned by different experiences of a raced national biography.
Have went– an American usage problem
Authors: VAN OSTADE INGRID TIEKEN-BOON , KOSTADINOVA VIKTORIJA
Published: July 2015

Have wentmay seem a straightforward non-standard grammatical form today, but it evidently has a different status in British and American English. While in British English it developed into a non-standard form after the codification of the strong verb system by the eighteenth-century normative grammarians, in American English it became a usage problem. This we concluded from its appearance primarily in usage guides published in the United States over the years. The current status of the variant in the region was confirmed by evidence we encountered both in anonymous surveys and in face-to-face interviews with native speakers of American English. Our findings for the differences in status ofhave wentin the course of its history were supported by corpus-based analyses of historical and modern text corpora for British and American English, while a close analysis of selected modern instances ofhave wentandhave goneshowed a different distribution between the two that appears to warrant a perceived difference in meaning noted by some of the American informants.
WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: health-risk behaviours on nutrition and physical activity in 6–9-year-old schoolchildren
Authors: Wijnhoven Trudy MA , van Raaij Joop MA , Yngve Agneta , Sjöberg Agneta , Kunešová Marie , Duleva Vesselka , Petrauskiene Ausra , Rito Ana I , Breda João
Published: July 2015

Objective

To assess to what extent eight behavioural health risks related to breakfast and food consumption and five behavioural health risks related to physical activity, screen time and sleep duration are present among schoolchildren, and to examine whether health-risk behaviours are associated with obesity.

Design

Cross-sectional design as part of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (school year 2007/2008). Children’s behavioural data were reported by their parents and children’s weight and height measured by trained fieldworkers. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed.

Setting

Primary schools in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Portugal and Sweden; paediatric clinics in the Czech Republic.

Subjects

Nationally representative samples of 6–9-year-olds (n 15 643).

Results

All thirteen risk behaviours differed statistically significantly across countries. Highest prevalence estimates of risk behaviours were observed in Bulgaria and lowest in Sweden. Not having breakfast daily and spending screen time ≥2 h/d were clearly positively associated with obesity. The same was true for eating ‘foods like pizza, French fries, hamburgers, sausages or meat pies’ >3 d/week and playing outside <1 h/d. Surprisingly, other individual unhealthy eating or less favourable physical activity behaviours showed either no or significant negative associations with obesity. A combination of multiple less favourable physical activity behaviours showed positive associations with obesity, whereas multiple unhealthy eating behaviours combined did not lead to higher odds of obesity.

Conclusions

Despite a categorization based on international health recommendations, individual associations of the thirteen health-risk behaviours with obesity were not consistent, whereas presence of multiple physical activity-related risk behaviours was clearly associated with higher odds of obesity.
Assemblages, relationality and recursivity. Comments on ‘Archaeology and contemporaneity’ by Gavin Lucas
Authors: Jones Andrew Meirion
Published: July 2015

I warmly welcome Gavin Lucas's discussion of time and contemporaneity. I view this as another component of a sustained (and much-needed) investigation of the ontological character of archaeology. Gavin Lucas is presently at the forefront of this line of enquiry. His analysis is much more than an exploration of the ontology of archaeology. It is also a radical rethinking of the basis of the discipline. His analysis takes us back to ‘first principles’ and reveals unexpected and thought-provoking conclusions. Excitingly, his discussion touches upon the very basis of archaeological chronologies and archaeological stratigraphies, and forces us to think about them afresh. Worsaae, Montelius, Childe: these figures stalk the pages of elementary textbooks on archaeology, yet Lucas's analysis allows us not only to appreciate their analytical skills, but also to rethink and question them.
Archaeology, anthropology and the stuff of time
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: July 2015

Lucas's discussion of contemporaneity makes an important contribution to archaeological understandings of chronology and dating and to broader debates about temporality. Extending his earlier work on time (Buchli and Lucas 2001; Lucas 2001; 2005), Lucas's central insight is that contemporaneity is not a function of a shared unit of time but of the specific relations through which objects are imbricated. The approach is likely to have profound implications for archaeological approaches to chronology. Whether or not it undermines the current preoccupation with absolute dating, it should certainly give renewed impetus to those branches of archaeology that make it possible to examine time as a matter of the specific material properties of artefacts. This is important, first, because it opens up the possibility of more nuanced empirical understanding of the very stuff of time (literally how it is materially manifest) and, second, because such empirical understandings enable conceptual refinement and extension of the categories through which time is understood. Of broader interest for non-archaeological readers are the ramifications of this discussion of contemporaneity for the ways in which time is investigated and conceptualized. Writing as an anthropologist, interested but with no expertise in archaeological dating, it is these latter considerations that I want to pursue in my comments, as these relate to contemporaneity and to the broader investigation of time.
From football stadium to Iron Age hillfort. Creating a taxonomy of Wessex hillfort communities
Authors: Davis Oliver
Published: July 2015

The variability of Wessex hillfort form, use and development has long been noted, but not satisfactorily explained. This paper seeks to explain this variability and suggests that each hillfort may have had its own distinctive history of use, dependent upon the nature of the hillfort community – the people who visited, inhabited and used the hillfort. This paper starts by using grid–group analysis to define identities that can be found among modern communities – such as that of spectators of contemporary professional football clubs – which helps to frame our understanding of hillfort communities as constituted of households with differing motivations, loyalties and identification with the material environment. The variable trajectories of hillfort development are thus explained by the changing cultural relationships between Iron Age households and hillforts.
A GLUING FORMULA FOR THE ANALYTIC TORSION ON HYPERBOLIC MANIFOLDS WITH CUSPS
Authors: Pfaff Jonathan
Published: July 2015

For an odd-dimensional oriented hyperbolic manifold with cusps and strongly acyclic coefficient systems, we define the Reidemeister torsion of the Borel–Serre compactification of the manifold using bases of cohomology classes defined via Eisenstein series by the method of Harder. In the main result of this paper we relate this combinatorial torsion to the regularized analytic torsion. Together with results on the asymptotic behaviour of the regularized analytic torsion, established previously, this should have applications to study the growth of torsion in the cohomology of arithmetic groups. Our main result is established via a gluing formula, and here our approach is heavily inspired by a recent paper of Lesch.
X-ray cross-correlation analysis of the low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1636-53
Authors: Lei Ya-Juan
Published: July 2015

We analyze the cross-correlation function of the soft and hard X-rays of the atoll source 4U 1636-53 with RXTE data. The results show that the cross-correlations evolve along the different branches of the color-color diagram. At the lower left banana states, we have both positive and ambiguous correlations, and positive correlations are dominant for the lower banana and the upper banana states. The anti-correlation is detected at the top of the upper banana states. The cross-correlations of two atoll sources 4U 1735-44 and 4U 1608-52 have been studied in previous work, and the anti-correlations are detected at the lower left banana or the top of the upper banana states. Our results show that, in the 4U 1636-53, the distribution of the cross-correlations in the color-color diagram is similar to those of 4U 1735-44 and 4U 1608-52, and confirm further that the distribution of cross-correlations in color-color diagram could be correlated with the luminosity of the source.
A new test of uniformity for object orientations in astronomy
Authors: Pelgrims V.
Published: July 2015

We briefly present a new coordinate-invariant statistical test dedicated to the study of the orientations of transverse quantities of non-uniformly distributed sources on the celestial sphere. These quantities can be projected spin-axes or polarization vectors of astronomical sources.
Morpho-statistical characterization of the cosmic web using marked point processes
Authors: Stoica Radu S.
Published: July 2015

The cosmic web is the intricate network of filaments outlined by the galaxies positions distribution in our Universe. One possible manner to break the complexity of such an elaborate geometrical structure is to assume it made of simple interacting objects. Under this hypothesis, the filamentary network can be considered as the realization of an object or a marked point process. These processes are probabilistic models dealing with configurations of random objects given by random points having random characteristics or marks. Here, the filamentary network is considered as the realization of such a process, with the objects being cylinders that align and connect in order to form the network. The paper presents the use of marked point processes to the detection and the characterization of the galactic filaments.
Statistical assessment of the relation between the inferred morphological type and the emission-line activity type of a large sample of galaxies
Authors: Ortega-Minakata R. A. , Torres-Papaqui J. P. , Andernach H. , Islas-Islas J. M.
Published: July 2015

We quantify the statistical evidence of the relation between the inferred morphology and the emission-line activity type of galaxies for a large sample of galaxies. We compare the distribution of the inferred morphologies of galaxies of different dominant activity types, showing that the difference in the median morphological type between the samples of different activity types is significant. We also test the significance of the difference in the mean morphological type between all the activity-type samples using an ANOVA model with a modified Tukey test that takes into account heteroscedasticity and the unequal sample sizes. We show this test in the form of simultaneous confidence intervals for all pairwise comparisons of the mean morphological types of the samples. Using this test, scarcely applied in astronomy, we conclude that there are statistically significant differences in the inferred morphologies of galaxies of different dominant activity types.
Cosmological Applications of the Gaussian Kinematic Formula
Authors: Fantaye Yabebal T. , Marinucci Domenico
Published: July 2015

The Gaussian Kinematic Formula (GKF, see Adler and Taylor (2007,2011)) is an extremely powerful tool allowing for explicit analytic predictions of expected values of Minkowski functionals under realistic experimental conditions for cosmological data collections. In this paper, we implement Minkowski functionals on multipoles and needlet components of CMB fields, thus allowing a better control of cosmic variance and extraction of information on both harmonic and real domains; we then exploit the GKF to provide their expected values on spherical maps, in the presence of arbitrary sky masks, and under nonGaussian circumstances.
Radial 3D-Needlets on the Unit Ball
Authors: Durastanti Claudio , Fantaye Yabebal T. , Hansen Frode K. , Marinucci Domenico , Pesenson Isaac Z.
Published: July 2015

We present a simple construction of spherical wavelets for the unit ball, which we label Radial 3D Needlets. We envisage an experimental framework where data are collected on concentric spheres with the same pixelization at different radial distances from the origin. The unit ball is hence viewed as a tensor product of the unit interval with the unit sphere: a set of eigenfunctions is therefore defined on the corresponding Laplacian operator. Wavelets are then constructed by a smooth convolution of the projectors defined by these eigenfunctions. Localization properties may be rigorously shown to hold in the real and harmonic domain, and an exact reconstruction formula holds; the system allows a very convenient computational implementation.