bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose HHX and Polymethyl Methacrylate Based Site Specific Floating Delivery of Prochlorperazine Maleate
Authors: Jagdale Swati C. , Randhave Aleesha B.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Prochlorperazine maleate is a phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of nausea, vomiting and vertigo. Biological half- life of the drug is about 6 to 8 hrs and oral dose is 5 or 10 mg thrice or four times a day. The mean absolute bioavailability for drug is 12.5%. Due to the solubility of drug in acidic pH, it is mainly absorbed from stomach.

Objective:

Site specific oral floating delivery of prochlorperazine maleate will prolong the gastric retention time, increases the drug bioavailability, reduces frequency of administration and can result in better patient compliance.

Method:

The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Floating drug delivery was developed using gas forming agent and release retarding agenti.e.hydroxyethyl cellulose HHX (Natrosol HHX) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). 32full factorial design was used for optimization. Prepared tablets were evaluated for pre and post compression parameters.

Results:

From the factorial batches it was observed that formulation containing 68.5% of hydroxyethyl cellulose HHX and 15% of polymethyl methacrylate had shown a drug release of 91.56 ± 2.7% with floating upto 10 hrs following Korsmeyer Peppas release kinetics.

Conclusion:

In- vivoplacebo X-ray study for optimized batch F6 had shown good gastroretention ability for 6 ± 0.5 hrs.In- vitroandin- vivostudy confirmed the site specific floating delivery for drug.
Status of Family Fissidentaceae in Gujarat
Authors: Shah D.G. , Mehta D.N. , Gujar R.V.
Published: July 2016

Bryophytes are the second largest group of land plants and are also known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom. 67 species of bryophytes have been reported from select locations across the state of Gujrat. The status of family fissidentaceae which is a large moss family is being presented in this paper. Globally the family consists of 10 genera but only one genus, Fissidens Hedw. has been collected from Gujarat. Fissidens is characterized by a unique leaf structure and shows the presence of three distinct lamina, the dorsal, the ventral and the vaginant lamina. A total of 8 species of Fissidens have been reported from the state based on vegetative characters as no sporophyte stages were collected earlier. Species reported from the neighboring states also showed the absence of sporophytes. The identification of different species was difficult due to substantial overlap in vegetative characters. Hence a detailed study on the diversity of members of Fissidentaceae in Gujarat was carried out between November 2013 and February 2015. In present study 8 distinct species of Fissidens have been collected from different parts of the state. Three species Fissidens splachnobryoides Broth., Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens curvato-involutus Dixon. have been identified while the other five are still to be identified. Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens xiphoides M. Fleisch., which have been reported as distinct species are actually synonyms according to TROPICOS database. The presence of sexual reproductive structures and sporophytes for several Fissidens species are also being reported for the first time from the state.
Transnationale etnische handel in de Brabantstraat
Authors: Cassiers Tim
Published: July 2016

Etnische gemeenschappen worden vaak vastgepind op bepaalde buurten. Hun lokale inbedding, gelinkt aan segregatie- en ander processen is een veel bestudeerd en besproken fenomeen. Maar achter deze lokale inbedding ontspint zich ook een andere ruimtelijke dimensie, namelijk één van de transnationale netwerken.
An apparatus for the instantaneous measurement of the relative light intensity
Authors: Vyncke G. , Goossens R.
Published: July 2016

An  apparatus for the instantaneous measurement of the relative light intensity  was constructed by Brechtel (1962). An analogical apparatus was built, from  the same point of view, but on another principle. Namely two selenium  photo-cells, connected in opposition, produce anti-currents in a closed  circuit. The differential current is compensated or reduced to zero by a  linear potentiometer.     The position of this potentiometer can be related to a value for the  relative ratio between the light intensity above and below the forest canopy.  The neutral density filters, which are necessary for the used photo-cells,  can enlarge the reading scale, if they are chosen judiciously.     Some positive measurements were done in a forest stand. Generally the  apparatus will give good results and will be easily used for the  characterization of light condition in forest stands.
Le degré de précision dans le calcul de la courbe d'équilibre d'après de Liocourt
Authors: Lust N.
Published: July 2016

Lors  du calcul des nombres de pieds de la courbe d'équilibre, les mêmes résultats  ne sont pratiquement jamais obtenus, parce que l' arrondissement des nombres  des pieds se fait d'une façon plutôt arbitraire.    Pour un calcul très précis d la répanicion du nombre de pieds , à partir  des valeurs de q et DE connues, l'arrondissement des nombres qui servent à  calculer les nombres de pieds suivants, peut se faire au plus tôt au  troisième chiffre après l'unité.     Cependant, lors de l'enregistrement des nombres de pieds, on peut arrondir  au premier chiffre après l'unité. Il s'ensuit que de même les volumes ne  doivent etre calculés que jusqu'à un chiffre après l'unité.     Le tableau 1 et les figures 1 et 2 montrent clairement les erreurs causées  par un arrondissement incorrect.    L'augmentation forte de a (nombre de pieds dans la classe 15), du nombnre  de pieds total et du volume total dans la courbe anormale (arrondir à  l'unité) et la courbe complètement anormale (arrondir l'unité au chiffre  supérieur), s'explique par le fait que dans ces courbes q est en réalité  devenu plus grand.     Par contre, lorsque l'on part des valeurs de q et de a connues,  l'arrondissement peut se fair au premier chiffre après l'unité, parce que les  petits nombres de pieds, où se produit l'erreur relativement la plus grande,  ont lieu le plus tard.
Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer
Authors: Goossens R.
Published: July 2016

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving  the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer - In this contribution an attempt was made to perform the  calculations involving the forest inventory by means of an office computer  Olivetti P203.     The general program (flowchart 1), identical for all tree species except  for the values of the different parameters, occupies the tracks A and B of a  magnetic card used with this computer. For each tree species one magnetic  card is required, while some supplementary cards are used for the  subroutines. The first subroutine (flowchart 1) enables us to preserve  temporarily the subtotals between two tree species (mixed stands) and so  called special or stand cards (SC). After the last tree species the totals  per ha are calculated and printed on the former, the average trees occuring  on the line below. Appendix 1 gives an example of a similar form resulting  from calculations involving a sampling in a mixed stand consisting of Oak  (code 11), Red oak (code 12), Japanese larch (code 24) and Beech (code 13).  On this form we find from the left to the right: the diameter class (m), the  number of trees per ha, the basal area (m2/ha), the current annual increment  of the basal area (m2/year/ha), current annual volume increment (m3/year/ha),  the volume (m3/ha) and the money value of the standing trees (Bfr/ha). On the  line before the last, the totals of the quantities mentioned above and of all  the tree species together are to be found. The last line gives a survey of  the average values dg, g, ig, ig, v and w.     Besides this form each stand or plot has a so-called 'stand card SC' on  wich the totals cited above as well as the area of the stand or the plot and  its code are stored. Similar 'stand card' may replace in many cases  completely the classical index cards; moreover they have the advantage that  the data can be entered directly into the computer so that further  calculations, classifications or tabling can be carried out by means of an  appropriate program or subroutine. The subroutine 2 (flowchart 2) illustrates  the use of similar cards for a series of stands or eventually a complete  forest, the real values of the different quantities above are calculated and  tabled (taking into account the area). At the same time the general totals  and the general mean values per ha, as well as the average trees are  calculated and printed. Appendix 2 represents a form resulting from such  calculations by means of subroutine 2.
La structure et la composition de groupes de régénération de hêtre dans la forêt de Soignes. Comm. N° 2 : Croissance et Accroissement
Authors: Van Miegroet M. , Réh J.
Published: July 2016

The structure and composition of beech regeneration groups in  the forest of Soignes. Comm. N° 2 : Growth and increment - Comparison between natural (RN) and artificial (RA)  regeneration groups of beech, from 16 to 26 years old, clearly indicates  quicker growth in the RA during the first years. This lead disappears within  a short time, as a consequence of premature culmination of growth (height and  girth) in the RA at a moment where growth is accelerating in the RN. An  analogous inversion in basal area of the groups occurs the relation GRA >  GRN in 16 years old groups changes into GRN > GRA at 26 years old groups.     The analysis of biomass as characterized by total shoot length and basal  area pro surface unit, also proves the relative and absolute superiority of  the RN in regard to standing stock and increment. The confrontation with  values, deduced from the production tables by WIEDEMANN, indicates a far  reaching similarity under many aspects between older stands and the RN,  whereas important differences between older stands and the RA exist.    Dynamic evolution, on the other hand, is characterized in both cases by  social degradation and progression concentration of biomass in the upper  story. In the RN it is further accompanied by concentration of the highest  number of stems in the lower story. As a direct consequence treatment chooses  the upper story, in which all real value is to be found, as its immediate  object. In no case it endeavours to stimulate social promotion considered  impossible in RA on account of extremely low stand density and in RN because  of far reaching social stratification.     In groups with RN, treatment goes out from high stand density and all kind  of inegalities between stand components. It stresses the necessity of early  individualisation of the better trees in the upper story creating at the same  time good conditions for the development of the cultural function, to be  fulfilled by a well balanced intermediate and lower story.     In the RA, on the contrary, the maintenance of the maximal number of stems  in the upper story is a principal objective of treatment, as this story is  not only considered as the source of future value development but also as the  nearly exclusive bearer of the cultural function. In doing so the tendency  toward structural uniformisation is accentuated.     The evident superiority of the RN over the RA regarding, qualitative and  quantitative aspects of structure, growing stock, biomass and increment is a  fact to be taken permanently into consideration.
Above ground biomass and biomass distribution in nursery plants of Abies grandis Lindley
Authors: Van Miegroet M. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

After 3  years, significant differences exist between fast and slower growing plants  of Abies grandis Lindley.  These differences increase, absolutely and relatively, with the passing of  time. In both cases 50 % of all overground biomass is concentrated in the  needles, 30 % in the main stem and 20 % in the branches.
Concepts of forest stability and forest management
Authors: Van Miegroet M.
Published: July 2016

To  realize its most important task, the perpetuation of forest use by the  stabilization of the forest itself, forest management must have sound  ecological foundations. A steady-state equilibrium in species composition,  resulting from unidirectional succession, is not acceptable as a parameter  for the stability of the forest ecosystem. Its concept is based on the  prevalence of internal control, whereas the frequency of minor and major  disturbances, as well as the importance of chronic external influences  characterize the forest as a relatively open system. With better results, the  stability of a forest can be measured by its resistance to internal and  external stress, its degree of resilience and the community control over  energy-flow, hydrology and nutrients. Forest management is aware that forest  stability is not a permanent state. Therefore silvicultural treatment must  control the dynamics of change within limits, set by the physical environment  and the biotic components of the forest. Each intervention is to be seen as a  purposefully induced and willfully directed perturbation to stimulate and  optimalize the internal mechanisms of selfregulation.
Esquisse de la sylviculture et de la recherche forestière au Rwanda et au Burundi avant 1961
Authors: Reynders M.
Published: July 2016

Dans des  pays pauvres et à forte densité de population comme le Rwanda et le Burundi,  l'approvisionnement en bois de chauffage et en bois de service constituent le  plus grand problème. La sylviculture et la recherche forestière sont donc  surtout conçues en fonction de ces besoins prioritaires, sans négliger  toutefois des activités forestières en vu de la production de bois d'œuvre.
The establishment of red oak and pedunculate oak seedlings in the experimental forest of Aelmoeseneie at Gontrode (Belgium)
Authors: Lust N. , Speleers L.
Published: July 2016

The  natural regeneration of American oak and pedunculate oak under cover occurs  regularly in the Aelmoeseneie forest. Nevertheless, these seedlings tend to  establish very difficultly. They often die off after one year. In order to  survive, the crown cover has to be strongly opened after the first year.      One year old seedlings of American oak, however, grow slightly better under  cover than under partial freestand. The seedlings of pedunculate oak, on the  other hand, hardly react on the different light conditions.     The American oak seeds are of good quality. A considerable amount is eaten  by the birds. The seeds of pedunculate oak are of a minor quality; an  important number is eaten by the worms. The growth of the seedlings in the  Aelmoeseneie forest does not always correspond to the growth on other sites.
Die forstliche Förderung in Belgien
Authors: Lust N.
Published: July 2016
Experimental set-up for biogeochemical research in the mixed deciduous forest Aelmoeseneie (East-Flanders)
Authors: Samson R. , Nachtergale L. , Schauvlieghe M. , Lemeur R. , Lust N.
Published: July 2016

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Transpiration of two willow species (Salix viminalis and Salix triandra) growing on a landfill of dredged sludge
Authors: Scheirlinck H. , Lust N. , Nachtergale L.
Published: July 2016

A  landfill of dredged sludge was afforested with two different willow species: Salix viminalis cv. Belgisch rood and Salix triandra cv. Noir de Vilaine. Mats of willow  wickers of those two species were woven and put on the non-consolidated  sludge. Next the stomatal resistance and the transpiration rate of this one  year old stand was measured on five characteristic days during the vegetation  period. Finally these data were extrapolated over the whole growing season to  estimate the total transpiration of this stand. Two different methods to do  this extrapolation were compared.
Silvicultural education in Greece today and tomorrow
Authors: Hatzistathis A. T.H. , Zagas T. H.
Published: July 2016

Since  last century, silviculture in Greece has been based on the knowledge and  experience of the silviculturally developed countries, mainly those of  Central Europe. This knowledge was adapted to the Greek conditions with  satisfactory results. The Laboratory of Silviculture which belongs to the  Department of Forestry and Natural Environment pays attention to the existing  silvicultural problems of Greece and other countries and records them. With  proper evaluation of these problems in the framework of the present education  programme, our Laboratory tries to educate the students of the Department and  consult the Forest Engineers. Special attention is paid to the following  subjects:     - The multiple role of natural forest (with priority to their ecological  role).     - The rehabilitation of the degraded forest ecosystems (avoidance of the  danger of desertification).    - The landscape exology according to the contemporary needs.    - The protection of the forests and their regeneration mainly after  destruction.    - The systematic cultivation of forests and especially of plantations,  aiming mainly to safeguard their resistance against various dangers.
Erhebungen über die Regeneration von Waldböden und Waldbeständen nach jahrhundertelanger devastiver Bahandlung
Authors: Zagas TH.
Published: July 2016

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Growth and development of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seedlings on different humus types under a closed forest canopy
Authors: Lust M. , Zahedi G.
Published: July 2016

In  Sep. 1995, in stands with ash and oak - beech, 116 two to four-year-old ash (Fraxinus    excelsior L.) seedlings were selected in 12  plots in order to assess collar diameter growth,    number of leaves, branches and growth flushes (episodes) per seedling,  produced during the next two years. At the same time, 30 seedlings were selected to measure the root length and    the root: shoot ratio. Seedlings were growing on different levels of soil  fertility (humus types of    typical mull, acid mull and mull moder), under a dense canopy (2.5% light  intensity).    The investigation reveals that, under the high shade of the stands, the  length of roots as well as    root: shoot ratio is greater on more fertile sites (typical mull and acid  mull), than on less fertile    site (mull moder). However, the mean root length of the seedlings in this  deciduous forest never    reaches 9 cm, presenting a limited growth on the various humus types and a  rather low stability    in the thick litter layer on the mull moder humus type. There are no  significant differences (P <    0.05) in growth and foliage development of the seedlings produced on the  different humus    types. After 2 growing seasons, the mean diameter increment does not exceed  0.6 mm. The    mean number of branches and leaves increases respectively with 1 and 4-5  units per seedling    and that of the growth flushes varies from 2 to 3 units per seedling. As a  whole under the full    canopy, ash seedlings prove a very poor response to the humus types.    The study suggests a proper felling in the closed canopy of the stand in  order to encourage the    growth and foliage development of the ash seedlings growing on the  different humus types.
Structure and development patterns analysis of Fagus sylvatica s.l.- Quercus dalechampii Ten. stands in two areas in the Rhodope mountains of Xanthi region
Authors: Milios E. , Smiris P.
Published: July 2016

This  study was conducted in Fagus sylvatica-Quercus dalechampii stands in two areas in the Rhodope mountains of Xanthi. In order to analyse the structure and the  development patterns of our stands, 23 plots were established, increment cores were taken, and stem  analysis was conducted in 2 couples of dominant (competitive) beech and oak trees. The  main results of this research indicate that a) In the mountainous part of the study area,  natural and anthropogenic disturbances form the initiation, development and structure of beech-oak  stands. However the fact that a number of oak trees survived after the disturbance in  combination with landscape topography, which inhibited the dispersion of pine seeds, the species biology and the local climate, which is warmer than that of adjacent areas, influenced the succession pathways in the area and allowed oak to act as a pioneer species. b) Even though only one  of the two structural types, found in the submountainous part of the study area, was initiated by  (anthropogenic) disturbances, the structure and composition of both structural types stands were and still are formed by illegal cuttings in which the oak wood is preferred. c) In both competing couples, the beech trees, after the first 80-85 years of their life, showed by far  higher volume growth rates than the adjacent competitive oak trees which, in combination with the trees height growth patterns, implies, that in the future, a total domination of beech trees (in the two couples) will be observed. d) Forest practice must preserve the mixture of beech and oak in the mountainous part of the study area and enhance the presence of oak component in the submountainous part of the study area, in order to maintain· the diversity of these stands, to avoid the disadvantages of a homogenous forest and to mediate an orderly transition of community types, if the predicted increase in the average global temperatures comes true.
Situation actuelle de la protection de la nature en quelques pays d'Europe
Authors: Thas J.
Published: July 2016

L'accroissement  de la population et le progrès énorme de l'industrialisation obligent l'homme  de chercher des solutions pour la disparition de la nature et l'épuisement  des ressources naturelles. En plus notre société moderne et le progrès social  actuel apportent que les fonctions récréatives et esthétiques de la nature  deviennent très importantes. Le but de la conservation des ressources  naturelles est la recherche de moyens pour limiter les pertes et les dégâts  de productivité de la biosphère sans nuire à l'expansion économique actuelle.  Quoique la disparition des ressources naturelles inorganiques (le fer, le  cuivre) soit très avancée on a déjà la possibilité de trouver des solutions  raisonnables. Par contre la disparition des ressources organiques (agriculture,  élevage) doit avoir des conséquences catastrophiques. La protection de la  nature a pour but la conservation des éléments des écosystèmes naturels et  dont l'existence est nécessaire pour des raisons scientifiques, culturelles  ou touristiques. Dans la plupart des pays d'Europe la situation de la  protection de la nature n'est pas très différente, à part l'Angleterre où la  réorganisation de la protection de la nature a été basée sur des méthodes  américaines et japonaises. L'état belge, néerlandais, français et aIler:nand  ne prévoit pas de législation coordonnée ou d'autorités centrales. Les lois  par rapport aux six sections de la protection de la nature (protection de la  flore, protection de la faune, aménagement du territoire et urbanisme, lois  commerciales et publicitaires, pollution des eaux, pollution atmosphérique)  sont réparties entre plusieurs ministères et sont promulguées chaque fois  qu'une menace sérieuse pèse sur le milieu naturel. Les résultats les plus  positifs ont été faits par des organismes privés malgré des difficultés  financières. L'institution anglaise «Nature conservancy», qui comporte la  plus grande partie de la conservation de la nature, peut servir d'exemple de  la réorganisation nécessaire de la protection de la nature en Europe.
Hogyan hat a monetáris politika a befektetői döntésekre?
Authors: Csontó Balázs , Siklós Dóra
Published: July 2016

A tanulmány célja, hogy megvizsgálja azokat a mechanizmusokat, amelyeken keresztül a monetáris politika kifejti hatását a befektetői döntésekre . A monetáris politikai döntések a transzmissziós csatornákon keresztül gyakorolnak hatást a gazdaságra, így e csatornák működésének alapos megismerése elengedhetetlenül fontos a monetáris politikai célkitűzések megvalósításához. Éppen ezért, a monetáris politika által alkalmazható eszközök nagyon rövid áttekintése után a dolgozat részletesen elemzi az egyes csatornák működését. Ezen belül kitér a hagyományos csatornákra („money view”) és a hitelcsatornára összpontosító nézetekre („credit view”), valamint e csatornáknak az eurózónában és Magyarországon betöltött jelentőségére. A tanulmány befejező része felhívja a figyelmet egy olyan helyzetre, amikor a monetáris politika elveszíti a befektetői döntések befolyásolására vonatkozó képességét, azaz a likviditási csapda jelenségére.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E50, E52
Adózás, megtakarítás, hatékonyság II.
Authors: Erdos Tibor
Published: July 2016

Folytatva a korábbi cikkben megkezdett elemzéseket, az adózás és a hatékonyság kérdéseit vizsgálva arra a következtetésre jutunk, hogy a differenciált forgalmi adók több szempontból is hatékonyság csökkentőek. Egyrészt megváltoztatják a termékösszetételt, ami így már a lakossági szükségleteknek az optimálisnál alacsonyabb szintű kielégítését valószínűsíti, és másrészt termékösszetételen keresztül torzítják a forrásallokációt is, ami a hagyományos hatékonysági értelmezés szerint, alacsonyabb tőkehatékonysághoz is vezet. Hasonló torzításokat okoz, hogy az imputed income nem adózik. Hatékonyság romboló hatása ellenére a szelektív adóztatás elkerülése gyakorlatban nem megvalósítható, hiszen a társadalmi költségei meghaladhatnák a hatékonyságbeli nyereséget. Végső következtetés ugyanaz, mint amit a korábbi cikkben megfogalmaztunk, sem a méltányosság, sem a hatékonyság nem lehet egyedüli célja az adórendszernek.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E 62, H21
Tegnap, ma, holnap: a vállalati tevékenységek kiszervezésének trendjei
Authors: Bogel Gyorgy
Published: July 2016

A tevékenységek kiszervezése, illetve annak nemzetközi változata, az úgynevezett offshore outsourcing napjaink gazdaságának egyik legfontosabb jelensége. A termelés kihelyezése olcsó országokba már évtizedekkel ezelőtt megindult. Az infokommunikácós technológia fejlődésének köszönhetően a múlt század kilencvenes éveiben az egyéb, többnyire szolgáltatás jellegű vállalati tevékenységek is sorra kerültek. A near-shoring és az off-shoring hatalmas, dinamikusan fejlődő iparággá vált, ami különleges lehetőségeket biztosít számos feltörekvő országnak. A szektorban élénk verseny bontakozott ki, aminek részese hazánk is. Ebben a küzdelemben sajátos ország- és vállalati stratégiák figyelhetők meg. A fejlődés számos gazdasági, politikai és társadalmi problémát vet fel, amelyekre megoldást kell keresniük mindazoknak, akik élni kívánnak a lehetőségekkel.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: L24.
A történelmi puzzle – Szellemi társasjáték Csaba Lászlóval
Authors: Murakozy Laszlo
Published: July 2016

Nem panaszkodhat napjaink felnőtt generációja Magyarországon, tágabban nézve Közép-Európában arra, hogy unalmas sors adatott volna meg számára a huszadik század végén, a huszonegyedik század elején. A posztszocialista átmenet évei viharos történéseket hoztak. Különösen hálás lehet a sorsnak a társadalomtudományok, s így a közgazdaságtan iránt érdeklődő szakember azért, mert kérdések kifogyhatatlan sora vár megválaszolásra. De talán túl sok puzzle vár kirakásra, és túl sok, vagy talán túl kevés válasz született napjaink alapvető kérdéseire. A már szocialista rendszer idején is élt emberek az összeomlás után sok mindent tisztábban látnak a korábbi időszakról. A rendszerváltás óta eltelt másfél évtized tudományos megítélését illetően már sokkal nehezebb helyzetben vagyunk. Benneélünk, bennünk él a kor. Túl közel van ahhoz, hogy igazán megértsük, hogy a mindennapok mozaikköveiből összerakjuk a történelmi képet: hol vagyunk, hova megyünk? De túl közel van ahhoz is, hogy ne próbáljunk nap mint nap újabb kis darabot elhelyezni a történelmi puzzle-ben, vagy éppen az összes eddigi részecskét újra- meg újra elrendezni.
A Google és versenytársai
Authors: Szalontay Katalin
Published: July 2016

Egyetemi diplomamunkám témájaként a Google cég piaci stratégiai elemzését választottam. A cég nevéhez fűződik a ma legnépszerűbb keresőmotor kifejlesztése és üzemeltetése. A vállalat üzleti sikere a két fiatal alapító-tulajdonos által kidolgozott PageRank eljárásban rejlik, ami forradalmi változást hozott, lehetővé téve az Internet adatállományát alkotó hatalmas adatbázisban történő hatékony keresést. AGoogle megjelenését követően a korábbi keresők visszaszorultak és részben el is tűntek. A kilencvenes évek kiemelkedő vállalataiéval ellentétes, „különc” stratégiát alkalmazó cég az alapítóit hét év leforgása alatt milliárdossá tette, hatalmas felhasználói bázist gyűjtött össze, és számtalan konkurens vállalatnak okozott fejtörést. A legtöbben a Google név hallatán csupán egy egyszerű internetes keresőre asszociálnak, de a jól hangzó név mögött ma már egy hatalmas birodalom áll, amely a keresőfelülete mellett szoftvercsomagjaival is felvette a versenyt a többiekkel, a keresési eredmények mellett elhelyezett reklámokkal pedig hatalmas bevételre tett szert.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: L1.
Nemzetgazdaságunk a rendszerváltás után
Authors: Stark Antal
Published: July 2016

Jelen írás áttekinti Magyarország gazdasági fejlődésének legfontosabb trendjeit a 90-es évektől napjainkig. A folyamatok jobb szemléltetése érdekében a magyarországi eseményeket nemzetközi környezetbe helyezve, az EU-hoz csatlakozott posztszocialista országok adataival összevetve tárgyaljuk. Ezt követően felvázoljuk, hogy a gazdasági változások milyen társadalmi folyamatokhoz illeszkednek, külön kitérve többek között az egészégügy helyzetére, az oktatásra és a kulturális élet fejlődési sajátosságaira.
Registration of ‘Secretariat’ Winter Barley
Authors: Brooks W. S. , Vaughn M. E. , Berger G. L. , Griffey C. A. , Thomason W. E. , Pitman R. M. , Malla S. , Seago J. E. , Dunaway D. W. , Rucker E. G. , Behl H. D. , Beahm B. R. , Browning P. W. , Schmale D. G. , McMaster N. , Hardiman T. H. , Custis J. T. , Starner D. E. , Gulick S. A. , Ashburn S. R. , Jones E. H. , Marshall D. S. , Fountain M. O. , Tuong T. D. , Kurantz M. J. , Moreau R. A. , Hicks K. B.
Published: July 2016

‘Secretariat’ (Reg. No. CV‐359, PI 673931) is a six‐row hulled winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and released in May 2014. Secretariat, formerly designated VA08B‐85, was derived from the cross VA00B‐199/VA00B‐259 and developed using a modified bulk breeding method. It was evaluated from 2012 to 2015 in the Virginia Official Variety Trials at five to six locations. Secretariat's average grain yield (5907 kg ha−1) was higher than the check cultivars ‘Atlantic’, ‘Price’, ‘Callao’, ‘Nomini’, and ‘Wysor’ and similar to ‘Thoroughbred’. Average grain volume weight of Secretariat (61.1 kg hL−1) was similar to Thoroughbred, Atlantic, Price, and Callao and higher than Nomini and Wysor. Head emergence of Secretariat is 6 d earlier than the predominant cultivar Thoroughbred. Earlier maturity is a primary factor determining whether barley or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is used in double‐cropping systems with soybean [Glycine max (Merr.) L.]. Grain of Secretariat produced an average starch concentration (56.9%) that was higher than Price and Callao, similar to Atlantic, but lower than Thoroughbred. Secretariat provides barley producers and end users in the eastern United States with a high‐yielding, widely adapted, early‐maturing winter barley cultivar that has good grain quality and is highly resistant to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia hordei G. Otth) and powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. hordei Em. Marchal].
Intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumours: A retrospective study of sur­gical outcomes
Authors: Ahsan Md. Kamrul , Awwal Md. Abdul , Khan Shahidul Islam , Haque Md. Hamidul , Zaman Naznin
Published: July 2016

Background: Intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumours (IESCT) accounts for approximately two thirds of all intraspinal neoplasm and are of important clinical consideration and surgery is the essence in cases with neurological deterioration.Objective: To share our experience on the outcome of surgical excision of intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumours. Methods: Results of 60 patients surgically treated intradural extramedullary spinal tumours between Octo­ber 2003 and October 2015 at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and in our private settings, Dhaka, were analyzed retrospectively. There were 32 males, 28 females with an average age of 52.4 years (13-70 years) and followed up for at least a year. The preoperative symptom with duration, tumours location and intradural space occupancy and the histopathological diagnosis were analyzed. Pain was evaluated by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the neurologic function was assessed by Nurick's grade.Results: The tumours were located as, thoracic 32 (53.33%), lumbar 16 (26.67%), cervical 04 (6.67%), and junctional 08 (13.33%), CervicoThoracic-01, Thoracolumbar-07). The histopathological diagnosis included schwannoma 35 (58.33%), meningiomas 14 (23.33%), neurofbroma 4 (6.67%), arachnoid cyst and myxopapillary ependymoma 03 (05.00%) each and paraganglioma 01 (01.67%). The VAS score was reduced in all cases from 8.0 ± 1.2 to 1.2 ± 0.8 (p < 0.003) and the Nurick's grade was improved in all cases from 3.0 ± 1.3 to 1.0 ± 0.0 (p < 0.005). The preoperative neurological deficit improved within 8 postoperative weeks in most cases and within 1 postoperative year in all cases. Complications included cerebrospinal fluid leakage, parasthesia, dependant bedsore 02 (3.33%) each and recurrence 03 (05.00%). and further neurological deterioration 1 (01.67%) case.Conclusion: lntradural extramedullary tumors detected by MRI are mostly benign and good clinical results can be obtained when treated surgi­cally. Aggressive surgical excision potentially minimizes neurologic morbidity and improved outcome. ­
Columellar sinus: A rare congenital isolated sinus
Authors: Datta Anindita , Akhtar Nasima , Naha Abirvab
Published: July 2016

Midline congenital malformation of the nose is a very rare presentation and it's midline situation seems curious and is very difficult to explain on the basis of the present day conception of the embryology of the nose. The prevalence of lower lip sinuses has been estimated to be about 0.001 % of the general population. Upper lip sinuses are even more uncommon. We herein report a case of a 13 years old girl having congenital sinus affecting the upper part of the columella.
A middle aged man with Caroli's disease: A case report
Authors: Sarker Imran , Bhuiyan A.K.M. Motiur Rahman , Sarker Md. Zilan Miah
Published: July 2016

Caroli's disease (CD) is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by non-obstructive dilatation of intra hepatic bile ducts, which may be complicated by stone formation, recurrent cholangitis, biliary abscess and higher risk for biliary malignancy. We report a 37-year-old man with recurrent bouts of upper abdominal pain, high grade pyrexia, mild icterus with normal liver function tests who was diagnosed as a case of Caroli's disease. The laboratory studies confirmed Caroli' s disease with a SOL in liver suggestive of liver abscess and the patient received broad spectrum antibiotics with anaerobic and amoebicidal coverage. With 14 days course of antibiotics, he gradually recovered from his symptoms.
Cardiac tamponade due to malignant pericardial effusion in breast cancer: A case report
Authors: Mahmud Sultan , Khan Omar Sadeque , Aftabuddin Md. , Adhikary Asit Baran
Published: July 2016

We present a case of 35 years old women who presented to our institution with a history of bilateral infiltrating duct cell carcinoma of breast, chest pain with heaviness, severe respiratory distress and hypotension. Echocardiography revealed massive pericardial effusion with features of cardiac tamponade. The patient was treated with urgent pericardiocentesis followed by subxiphoid pericardial window drainage of 500ml of haemorrhagic pericardial fluid. Cytological examina­tion confirmed the previous suspicious of malignancy. The patient tolerated the procedure very well, immediate sympto­matic relief was observed.
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: A report of two cases
Authors: Rahman Md. Habibur , Akhter Morsheda , Haque Syed Symul
Published: July 2016

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is one of the important cause of acute kidney injury in children. There is excellent outcome in patients with typical HUS but atypical HUS is associated with high mortality, risk of recurrence and may lead to end stage renal disease. We report two cases of 5 and 6 year old child having clinical & laboratory characteristics of atypical HUS. These children had a fulminant course of illness with complications involving various systems. The report provides an insight into the etio pathogenesis, diagnoses and treatment of this condition.
Increasing role of cytogenetics in the diagnosis and stratification of childhood leukaemia
Authors: Jamal Chowdhury Yakub
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Permanent Stations for Calibration/Validation of Thermal Sensors over Spain
Authors: Sobrino Jose , Skoković Dražen
Published: July 2016

The Global Change Unit (GCU) at the University of Valencia has been involved in several calibration/validation (cal/val) activities carried out in dedicated field campaigns organized by ESA and other organisms. However, permanent stations are required in order to ensure a long-term and continuous calibration of on-orbit sensors. In the framework of the CEOS-Spain project, the GCU has managed the set-up and launch of experimental sites in Spain for the calibration of thermal infrared sensors and the validation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) products derived from those data. Currently, three sites have been identified and equipped: the agricultural area of Barrax (39.05 N, 2.1 W), the marshland area in the National Park of Doñana (36.99 N, 6.44 W), and the semi-arid area of the National Park of Cabo de Gata (36.83 N, 2.25 W). This work presents the performance of the permanent stations installed over the different test areas, as well as the cal/val results obtained for a number of Earth Observation sensors: SEVIRI, MODIS, and TIRS/Landsat-8.
Native Mass Spectrometry in Fragment-Based Drug Discovery
Authors: Pedro Liliana , Quinn Ronald
Published: July 2016

The advent of native mass spectrometry (MS) in 1990 led to the development of new mass spectrometry instrumentation and methodologies for the analysis of noncovalent protein–ligand complexes. Native MS has matured to become a fast, simple, highly sensitive and automatable technique with well-established utility for fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD). Native MS has the capability to directly detect weak ligand binding to proteins, to determine stoichiometry, relative or absolute binding affinities and specificities. Native MS can be used to delineate ligand-binding sites, to elucidate mechanisms of cooperativity and to study the thermodynamics of binding. This review highlights key attributes of native MS for FBDD campaigns.
Influences of Adhesion Variability on the “Living” Dynamics of Filamentous Bacteria in Microfluidic Channels
Authors: Jahnke Justin , Terrell Jessica , Smith Austin , Cheng Xuanhong , Stratis-Cullum Dimitra
Published: July 2016

Microfabricated devices have increasingly incorporated bacterial cells for microscale studies and exploiting cell-based functions in situ. However, the role of surface interactions in controlling the bacterial cell behavior is not well understood. In this study, microfluidic substrates of varied bacterial-binding affinity were used to probe the interaction-driven behavior of filamentous Escherichia coli. In particular, cell alignment under controlled shear flow as well as subsequent orientation and filamentation were compared between cells presenting distinct outer membrane phenotypes. We demonstrated that filaments retained position under flow, which allowed for dynamic single-cell monitoring with in situ elongation of over 100 μm for adherent cells. This maximum was not reached by planktonic cells and was, therefore, adhesion-dependent. The bound filaments initially aligned with flow under a range of flow rates and their continual elongation was traced in terms of length and growth path; analysis demonstrated that fimbriae-mediated adhesion increased growth rate, increased terminal length, as well as dramatically changed the adherent geometry, particularly buckling behavior. The effects to filament length and buckling were further exaggerated by the strongest, specificity-driven adhesion tested. Such surface-guided control of the elongation process may be valuable to yield interesting “living” filamentous structures in microdevices. In addition, this work may offer a biomedically relevant platform for further elucidation of filamentation as an immune-resistant morphology. Overall, this work should inspire broader exploration of microfabricated devices for the study and application of single bacterial cells.
Phylogenetic evidence for cladogenetic polyploidization in land plants
Authors: Zhan Shing H. , Drori Michal , Goldberg Emma E. , Otto Sarah P. , Mayrose Itay
Published: July 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Polyploidization is a common and recurring phenomenon in plants and is often thought to be a mechanism of “instant speciation”. Whether polyploidization is associated with the formation of new species (cladogenesis) or simply occurs over time within a lineage (anagenesis), however, has never been assessed systematically.

METHODS:

We tested this hypothesis using phylogenetic and karyotypic information from 235 plant genera (mostly angiosperms). We first constructed a large database of combined sequence and chromosome number data sets using an automated procedure. We then applied likelihood models (ClaSSE) that estimate the degree of synchronization between polyploidization and speciation events in maximum likelihood and Bayesian frameworks.

KEY RESULTS:

Our maximum likelihood analysis indicated that 35 genera supported a model that includes cladogenetic transitions over a model with only anagenetic transitions, whereas three genera supported a model that incorporates anagenetic transitions over one with only cladogenetic transitions. Furthermore, the Bayesian analysis supported a preponderance of cladogenetic change in four genera but did not support a preponderance of anagenetic change in any genus.

CONCLUSIONS:

Overall, these phylogenetic analyses provide the first broad confirmation that polyploidization is temporally associated with speciation events, suggesting that it is indeed a major speciation mechanism in plants, at least in some genera.
A DETECTION OF BARYON ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS FROM THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXY CLUSTERS
Authors: Hong Tao , Han J. L. , Wen Z. L.
Published: July 2016

We calculate the correlation function of 79,091 galaxy clusters in the redshift region of

, selected from the WH15 cluster catalog. With a weight of cluster mass, a significant baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) peak is detected on the correlation function with a significance of

. By fitting the correlation function with a ΛCDM model curve, we find

Mpc, which is consistent with the Planck 2015 cosmology. We find that the correlation function of the higher mass sub-sample shows a higher amplitude at small scales of

, which is consistent with our previous result. The two-dimensional correlation function of this large sample of galaxy clusters shows a faint BAO ring with a significance of

, from which we find that the distance scale parameters on directions across and along the line of sight are

and

, respectively.
RECONCILING THE STELLAR AND NEBULAR SPECTRA OF HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES*
Authors: Steidel Charles C. , Strom Allison L. , Pettini Max , Rudie Gwen C. , Reddy Naveen A. , Trainor Ryan F.
Published: July 2016

We present a combined analysis of rest-frame far-UV (FUV; 1000–2000 Å) and rest-frame optical (3600–7000 Å) composite spectra formed from very deep Keck/LRIS and Keck/MOSFIRE observations of a sample of 30 star-forming galaxies with

, selected to be broadly representative of the full KBSS-MOSFIRE spectroscopic survey. Since the same massive stars are responsible for the observed FUV continuum and for the excitation of the observed nebular emission, a self-consistent stellar population synthesis model should simultaneously match the details of the FUV stellar+nebular continuum and—when inserted as the excitation source in photoionization models—predict all observed nebular emission line ratios. We find that only models including massive star binaries, having low stellar metallicity (

) but relatively high nebular (ionized gas-phase) abundances (

), can successfully match all of the observational constraints. We show that this apparent discrepancy is naturally explained by highly super-solar O/Fe (

), expected for a gas whose enrichment is dominated by the products of core-collapse supernovae. While O dominates the physics of the ionized gas (and thus the nebular emission lines), Fe dominates the extreme-UV (EUV) and FUV opacity and controls the mass-loss rate from massive stars, resulting in particularly dramatic effects for massive stars in binary systems. This high nebular excitation—caused by the hard EUV spectra of Fe-poor massive stars—is much more common at high redshift

than low redshift due to systematic differences in the star formation history of typical galaxies.
Uricase Inhibits Nitrogen Dioxide–Promoted Allergic Sensitization to Inhaled Ovalbumin Independent of Uric Acid Catabolism
Authors: Ather Jennifer L. , Burgess Edward J. , Hoyt Laura R. , Randall Matthew J. , Mandal Mridul K. , Matthews Dwight E. , Boyson Jonathan E. , Poynter Matthew E.
Published: July 2016

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an environmental air pollutant and endogenously generated oxidant that contributes to the exacerbation of respiratory disease and can function as an adjuvant to allergically sensitize to an innocuous inhaled Ag. Because uric acid has been implicated as a mediator of adjuvant activity, we sought to determine whether uric acid was elevated and participated in a mouse model of NO2-promoted allergic sensitization. We found that uric acid was increased in the airways of mice exposed to NO2 and that administration of uricase inhibited the development of OVA-driven allergic airway disease subsequent to OVA challenge, as well as the generation of OVA-specific Abs. However, uricase was itself immunogenic, inducing a uricase-specific adaptive immune response that occurred even when the enzymatic activity of uricase had been inactivated. Inhibition of the OVA-specific response was not due to the capacity of uricase to inhibit the early steps of OVA uptake or processing and presentation by dendritic cells, but occurred at a later step that blocked OVA-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Although blocking uric acid formation by allopurinol did not affect outcomes, administration of ultra-clean human serum albumin at protein concentrations equivalent to that of uricase inhibited NO2-promoted allergic airway disease. These results indicate that, although uric acid levels are elevated in the airways of NO2-exposed mice, the powerful inhibitory effect of uricase administration on allergic sensitization is mediated more through Ag-specific immune deviation than via suppression of allergic sensitization, a mechanism to be considered in the interpretation of results from other experimental systems.