bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrafiltration in the Ontario Dairy Industry
Authors: Howard Wayne H. , Lambert Remy
Published: November 2008

The economics of introducing ultrafiltration (UF) into the Ontario dairy industry is analyzed. First, a partial budget is developed to determine feasibility of UF on the farm. The budget indicates that the great majority of Ontario dairy farms are not large enough to capture the economies of size inherent in the new technology. Second, a location‐allocation model is used to determine the feasibility, number and location of UF collection centers in Ontario. The model indicates that the UF centers would capture the economies of size and the centers would benefit the dairy industry as a whole. However, processors of soft products and consumers of hard products could be worse off because of market changes caused by the UF centers

Les auteurs examinent les aspects économiques de l'adoption de l'ultrafiltration (UF) dans l'industrie laitière en Ontario. En premier lieu, un budget partiel est établi pour déterminer la faisabilité de l'UF à la ferme. Il appert que la grande majorité des fermes laitières de la province ne sont pas assez grandes pour tirer parti des économies d'échelle inhérentes à la nouvelle technologie. Dans une deuxième érape, un modèle d'implantation est utilisé pour examiner l'emplacement et le nombre éventuels des centres de collecte pour UF en Ontario, ainsi que la faisabilité économique de leur installation. Le modèle montre que les centres de collecte seraient en mesure de tirer avantage des économies d'échelle et qu'en plus ils profiteraient à l'industrie laitière toute entière. Toutefois, les transformateurs de produits frais (fromage cottage, crème glacée, yogourt) et les consommateurs de produits fermes (fromages à pâte ferme, poudre de lait) se trouveraient désavantagés par les bouleversements du marché causés par l'implantation des centres UF
The Effects of Tariff Removals on the North American Lumber Trade
Authors: Boyd Roy , Doroodian Khosrow , Abdul‐Latif Saquib
Published: November 2008

Under the North American Free Trade Agreement, the United States, Canada and Mexico are to remove all tariffs on softwood lumber. This paper examines the impact of loosening various present lumber trade restrictions on softwood lumber flows, prices and general economic welfare of these three countries. Some possible scenarios ranging from complete removal of tariffs on lumber trade throughout North America to a significant protection in this sector are examined. Using a spatial equilibrium model, we simulate various scenarios and quantify the effects of different levels of protection on lumber shipments and economic welfare in different geographical regions. According to our results, while lumber shipment will be affected significantly by trade liberalization, the overall of welfare will not change appreciably.

L'ALENA engage les États‐Unis, le Canada et le Mexique àéliminer tous les tarifs douaniers sur le bois d'oeuvre (bois tendre). Dans cet article nous examinons les conséquences éventuelles d'un relâchement des diverses restrictions actuelles au commerce du bois d'oeuvre sur le flux des échanges et sur le prix du bois, ainsi que sur la situation de bien‐être générale dans ces trois pays. Quelques scénarios sont considérá, allant de l'abolition complète des tarifs sur ces denrees a la grandeur de l'Amérique du Nord au maintien d 'un niveau significatif de protection de ces secteurs. Au moyen d 'un modèle d'équilibre spatial nous simulons divers scénarios et nous quantifions les effets de differents niveaux de protection sur les échanges de bois d'oeuvre, ainsi que la situation économique dans les diverses regions géographiques du sous‐continent. Il ressort de notre examen que même si les échanges de bois d'oeuvre seront touchés significativement par la libéralisation du commerce, la situation économique générate, c'est‐à‐dire le niveau de bien‐être, ne changera pas beaucoup.
Audit Committee Regulation in Australia: How Far Have We Come?
Authors: Munro Lois , Buckby Sherrena
Published: November 2008

This paper presents a synopsis of the major developments in corporate governance regulations and recommendations for Australian audit committees, categorised into three distinct periods of regulation from 1976 to 2004. Earlier Australian research on audit committee formation, composition and diligence is summarised and compared. The research is then extended by presenting the results of an empirical study of 188 of the top 300 ASX listed companies with a financial year end of 30 June 2004, the first year of the third period of regulation. The results indicate that compliance with corporate governance regulations and recommendations had improved substantially with respect to: audit committee formation; the number of audit committee members, non‐executive directors on the audit committee; financial expertise of audit committee members; and the frequency of audit committee meetings. However, the number of independent directors on audit committees was well below ASX best practice guidelines.
IFRS Developments in the USA and EU, and Some Implications for Australia
Authors: Zeff Stephen A.
Published: November 2008

There have been several developments recently, both in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), which will have consequences in Australia. The two major developments in the US are the decision by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to drop the reconciliation requirement for foreign registrants that adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the serious consideration that the SEC is currently giving to allow US publicly traded companies to adopt IFRS. The developments in the EU involve its ever‐lengthening endorsement process and the increasing pressure being brought on the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and its oversight body, the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF) trustees, to alter their composition and the character of their operations. At the same time, there has been the FASB's appeal to the EU to accept IFRS without any endorsement process.

The developments in the US have been lauded by the IASB and in Europe. They represent an impressive vote of confidence in the IASB and in the efforts being made by national standard setters and securities market regulators around the world. The US has already taken a long stride towards joining the more than 110 countries and other jurisdictions that have committed themselves to allow or require the use of IFRS for some or all reporting entities.
Fifty‐seven Curious Defects in Haswell and Langfield‐Smith (2008): A Comment
Authors: Bradbury Michael E.
Published: November 2008

Haswell and Langfield‐Smith (2008)

(HLS) catalogue 57 ‘serious defects' in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and conclude that IFRS dilute pre‐IFRS Australian accounting standards. They question the adoption of the Australian IFRS protocol. I review each of their 57 ‘serious defects' and classify them as (1) where the defect existed in pre‐IFRS Australian standards; (2) where the defect is trivial rather than serious; or (3) where HLS ignore the possibility of alternative explanations. In most cases the alternative explanations can be found in IFRS and, unlike the arguments of HLS, have been through process. Alternatively the argument provided by HLS had been through due process and discarded. I conclude that HLS is neither a serious empirical study nor a well‐reasoned a priori analysis. It is simply a catalogue of personal assertions. The conclusions they reach on IFRS are not possible from evidence they provide.
Physiographic Control on the Development of
Spartina
Marshes
Authors: Fragoso Gerardo , Spencer Tom
Published: November 2008

The established paradigm indicates that low-lying marsh production is primarily regulated by submergence and the resulting edaphic conditions. The physical sedimentary environment is in turn deemed to affect production through its effect on marsh-surface elevation relative to sea level. However, our results working with Spartina anglica indicate that production and marsh perennation are controlled by variation in surface level relative to the plant's meristematic base and not hindered by prolonged submergence. These findings suggest that plant responses to changes in sedimentary conditions determine marsh development and survival in the short term, independently of long-term changes in relative sea level.
Comment on "Ancient Asteroids Enriched in Refractory Inclusions"
Authors: Hezel Dominik C. , Russell Sara S.
Published: November 2008

Sunshine
et al
. (Reports, 25 April 2008, p. 514) reported that certain asteroids contain 30 ± 10 volume percent calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs). We contend that the amount of CAIs in CV chondrites is two to three times as low as the 10 volume percent assumed by the authors; thus, we question whether the CAI-rich bodies they studied are indeed older than known asteroids or formed before the injection of
26
Al into the solar nebula.
Arabidopsis
Stomatal Initiation Is Controlled by MAPK-Mediated Regulation of the bHLH SPEECHLESS
Authors: Lampard Gregory R. , MacAlister Cora A. , Bergmann Dominique C.
Published: November 2008

Stomata, epidermal structures that modulate gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere, play critical roles in primary productivity and the global climate. Positively acting transcription factors and negatively acting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling control stomatal development in
Arabidopsis
; however, it is not known how the opposing activities of these regulators are integrated. We found that a unique domain in a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) stomatal initiating factor, SPEECHLESS, renders it a MAPK phosphorylation target in vitro and modulates its function in vivo. MAPK cascades modulate a diverse set of activities including development, cell proliferation, and response to external stresses. The coupling of MAPK signaling to SPEECHLESS activity provides cell type specificity for MAPK output while allowing the integration of multiple developmental and environmental signals into the production and spacing of stomata.
Slide into Action: Dynamic Shuttling of HIV Reverse Transcriptase on Nucleic Acid Substrates
Authors: Liu Shixin , Abbondanzieri Elio A. , Rausch Jason W. , Grice Stuart F. J. Le , Zhuang Xiaowei
Published: November 2008

The reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) catalyzes a series of reactions to convert single-stranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA for host cell integration. This process requires a variety of enzymatic activities, including DNA polymerization, RNA cleavage, strand transfer, and strand displacement synthesis. We used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer to probe the interactions between RT and nucleic acid substrates in real time. RT was observed to slide on nucleic acid duplexes, rapidly shuttling between opposite termini of the duplex. Upon reaching the DNA 3′ terminus, RT can spontaneously flip into a polymerization orientation. Sliding kinetics were regulated by cognate nucleotides and anti-HIV drugs, which stabilized and destabilized the polymerization mode, respectively. These long-range translocation activities facilitate multiple stages of the reverse transcription pathway, including normal DNA polymerization and strand displacement synthesis.
Random Tiling and Topological Defects in a Two-Dimensional Molecular Network
Authors: Blunt Matthew O. , Russell James C. , Giménez-López María del Carmen , Garrahan Juan P. , Lin Xiang , Schröder Martin , Champness Neil R. , Beton Peter H.
Published: November 2008

A molecular network that exhibits critical correlations in the spatial order that is characteristic of a random, entropically stabilized, rhombus tiling is described. Specifically, we report a random tiling formed in a two-dimensional molecular network of
p
-terphenyl-3,5,3′,5′-tetracarboxylic acid adsorbed on graphite. The network is stabilized by hexagonal junctions of three, four, five, or six molecules and may be mapped onto a rhombus tiling in which an ordered array of vertices is embedded within a nonperiodic framework with spatial fluctuations in a local order characteristic of an entropically stabilized phase. We identified a topological defect that can propagate through the network, giving rise to a local reordering of molecular tiles and thus to transitions between quasi-degenerate local minima of a complex energy landscape. We draw parallels between the molecular tiling and dynamically arrested systems, such as glasses.
Del-1, an Endogenous Leukocyte-Endothelial Adhesion Inhibitor, Limits Inflammatory Cell Recruitment
Authors: Choi Eun Young , Chavakis Emmanouil , Czabanka Marcus A. , Langer Harald F. , Fraemohs Line , Economopoulou Matina , Kundu Ramendra K. , Orlandi Alessia , Zheng Ying Yi , Prieto DaRue A. , Ballantyne Christie M. , Constant Stephanie L. , Aird William C. , Papayannopoulou Thalia , Gahmberg Carl G. , Udey Mark C. , Vajkoczy Peter , Quertermous Thomas , Dimmeler Stefanie , Weber Christian , Chavakis Triantafyllos
Published: November 2008

Leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection or inflammation requires multiple adhesive events. Although numerous players promoting leukocyte-endothelial interactions have been characterized, functionally important endogenous inhibitors of leukocyte adhesion have not been identified. Here we describe the endothelially derived secreted molecule Del-1 (developmental endothelial locus–1) as an anti-adhesive factor that interferes with the integrin LFA-1–dependent leukocyte-endothelial adhesion. Endothelial Del-1 deficiency increased LFA-1–dependent leukocyte adhesion in vitro and in vivo. Del-1
–/–
mice displayed significantly higher neutrophil accumulation in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in vivo, which was reversed in Del-1/LFA-1 double-deficient mice. Thus, Del-1 is an endogenous inhibitor of inflammatory cell recruitment and could provide a basis for targeting leukocyte-endothelial interactions in disease.
Genome of an Endosymbiont Coupling N
2
Fixation to Cellulolysis Within Protist Cells in Termite Gut
Authors: Hongoh Yuichi , Sharma Vineet K. , Prakash Tulika , Noda Satoko , Toh Hidehiro , Taylor Todd D. , Kudo Toshiaki , Sakaki Yoshiyuki , Toyoda Atsushi , Hattori Masahira , Ohkuma Moriya
Published: November 2008

Termites harbor diverse symbiotic gut microorganisms, the majority of which are as yet uncultivable and their interrelationships unclear. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the uncultured Bacteroidales endosymbiont of the cellulolytic protist
Pseudotrichonympha grassii,
which accounts for 70% of the bacterial cells in the gut of the termite
Coptotermes formosanus
. Functional annotation of the chromosome (1,114,206 base pairs) unveiled its ability to fix dinitrogen and recycle putative host nitrogen wastes for biosynthesis of diverse amino acids and cofactors, and import glucose and xylose as energy and carbon sources. Thus, nitrogen fixation and cellulolysis are coupled within the protist's cells. This highly evolved symbiotic system probably underlies the ability of the worldwide pest termites
Coptotermes
to use wood as their sole food.
What Can Science Do for the President?
Authors: Good Gregory A.
Published: November 2008

In Sputnik's Shadow
. The President's Science Advisory Committee and Cold War America.
By Zuoyue Wang
. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 2008. 477 pp. $49.95. ISBN 9780813543314.

Through his examination of the functioning and effectiveness of the U.S. President's Science Advisory Committee, Wang explores the evolution of scientists' roles in executive policy-making during the 1950s and 1960s.
Reading Behavior from the Rocks
Authors: Jensen Sören
Published: November 2008

Trace Fossil Analysis
.
By Adolf Seilacher
. Springer, Berlin, 2007. 240 pp. $69.95, £38.50. ISBN 9783540472254.

Seilacher's iconic drawings form the framework for this application of his "method of morphological thinking in terms of processes" to structures that animals have left in soft sediments.
Smithsonian Swims in New Direction
Authors: Jenkins Lekelia D.
Published: November 2008

Sant Ocean Hall
.
Carole Baldwin, Sharon Katz Cooper, Brian Huber, Jill Johnson, Elizabeth Musteen, and Michael Vecchione, Exhibit Team
. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
http://ocean.si.edu/ocean_hall/

The Smithsonian, teaming up with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, presents specimens, models, illustrations, photographs, and films that survey the variety and importance of life in the seas of our ocean planet.
Use of a Surrogate Chimeric Virus To Detect West Nile Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Avian and Equine Sera
Authors: Komar Nicholas , Langevin Stanley , Monath Thomas P.
Published: November 2008

A chimeric yellow fever virus/West Nile virus (WNV) was compared to WNV alone as a biosafety level 2 reagent in the plaque reduction neutralization test for determining WNV infection histories. Concordance was 96.3% among 188 avian and equine serum samples. Neutralizing antibody titers were frequently more than twofold lower with the chimera.
Utility of Galactomannan Enzyme Immunoassay and (1,3) β-
d
-Glucan in Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections: Low Sensitivity for
Aspergillus fumigatus
Infection in Hematologic Malignancy Patients
Authors: Hachem R. Y. , Kontoyiannis D. P. , Chemaly R. F. , Jiang Y. , Reitzel R. , Raad I.
Published: November 2008

Previous studies have reported that galactomannan (GM) enzyme immunoassay and 1,3 beta-glucan (BG) assay may be useful diagnostic tools, but their sensitivities are variable. We compared the performances of both tests. Between October 2002 and May 2005, 82 patients were prospectively monitored for 12 weeks. A total of 414 samples were tested by GM assay and 409 samples were tested by BG assay for the following four groups of patients: those with invasive aspergillosis (IA), those with other mold infections (
Fusarium
, scedosporium, zygomycosis, etc.), those with candidemia, and control patients. Blood samples were obtained twice on week 1 and once every other week for a total of 12 weeks. Patients in the invasive fungal infection groups had comparable risk factors. The sensitivity of the GM test was significantly higher for patients with IA due to non-
fumigatus Aspergillus
species than for patients with IA due to
Aspergillus fumigatus
(49% versus 13%;
P
< 0.0001) or with other mold infections (49% versus 6%;
P
< 0.0001). However, the sensitivity range (47% to 64%) and specificity (88%) of the BG assay were comparable among all patients tested, regardless of the infecting pathogen. The performance of GM-based diagnosis appears to be better for detecting non-
fumigatus Aspergillus
species. The diagnostic marker BG was shown to have a higher sensitivity than that of GM in detecting IA and other mold infections in hematologic malignancy patients.
Mice Lacking the ISG15 E1 Enzyme UbE1L Demonstrate Increased Susceptibility to both Mouse-Adapted and Non-Mouse-Adapted Influenza B Virus Infection
Authors: Lai Caroline , Struckhoff Jessica J. , Schneider Jana , Martinez-Sobrido Luis , Wolff Thorsten , García-Sastre Adolfo , Zhang Dong-Er , Lenschow Deborah J.
Published: November 2008

ISG15 functions as a critical antiviral molecule against influenza virus, with infection inducing both the conjugation of ISG15 to target proteins and production of free ISG15. Here, we report that mice lacking the ISG15 E1 enzyme UbE1L fail to form ISG15 conjugates. Both UbE1L−/−and ISG15−/−mice display increased susceptibility to influenza B virus infection, including non-mouse-adapted strains. Finally, we demonstrate that ISG15 controls influenza B virus infection through its action within radioresistant stromal cells and not bone marrow-derived cells. Thus, the conjugation of ISG15 to target proteins within stromal cells is critical to its activity against influenza virus.
The Histone Variant H3.3 Regulates Gene Expression during Lytic Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Authors: Placek Brandon J. , Huang Jing , Kent Jennifer R. , Dorsey Jean , Rice Lyndi , Fraser Nigel W. , Berger Shelley L.
Published: November 2008

It has been proposed that incorporation of the histone variant H3.3 within actively transcribed regions of a genome helps to facilitate transcription. In this report we use lytic infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a model to examine the temporal profile of histone H3 incorporation and to determine whether the variant histone H3.3 has a direct effect on transcription. We find that canonical H3.1 and variant H3.3 exhibit distinct temporal associations with the genome in cell lines expressing equal amounts of epitope-tagged H3 variants. At the earliest times examined after infection, the HSV-1 genome is incorporated into chromatin that predominantly contains the variant H3.3, whereas incorporation of canonical H3.1 occurs later in infection and is dependent on replication of the HSV-1 genome. Further, inhibition of H3.3 association, via reduced expression of the H3.3 chaperone HIRA, significantly reduces the levels of HSV-1 mRNA. These findings show that incorporation of H3.3 facilitates transcription, and they provide new evidence for a regulatory role of chromatin composition during HSV-1 acute infection.
hnRNPs Relocalize to the Cytoplasm following Infection with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Pettit Kneller Elizabeth L. , Connor John H. , Lyles Douglas S.
Published: November 2008

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) matrix protein inhibits nuclear-cytoplasmic mRNA transport. The goal of this work is to determine whether VSV inhibits the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are thought to serve as mRNA export factors. Confocal microscopy experiments showed that hnRNPA1, hnRNPK, and hnRNPC1/C2, but not hnRNPB1 or lamin A/C, are relocalized to the cytoplasm during VSV infection. We determined whether protein import is inhibited by VSV by transfecting cells with a plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) tagged with either the M9 nuclear localization sequence (NLS) or the classical NLS. These experiments revealed that both the M9 NLS and the classical NLS are functional during VSV infection. These data suggest that the inhibition of protein import is not responsible for hnRNP relocalization during VSV infection but that hnRNP export is enhanced. We found that hnRNPA1 relocalization was significantly reduced following the silencing of the mRNA export factor Rae1, indicating that Rae1 is necessary for hnRNP export. In order to determine the role of hnRNPA1 in VSV infection, we silenced hnRNPA1 in HeLa cells and assayed three aspects of the viral life cycle: host protein synthesis shutoff concurrent with the onset of viral protein synthesis, replication by plaque assay, and cell killing. We observed that host shutoff and replication are unaffected by the reduction in hnRNPA1 but that the rate of VSV-induced apoptosis is slower in cells that have reduced hnRNPA1. These data suggest that VSV promotes hnRNPA1 relocalization in a Rae1-dependent manner for apoptotic signaling.
Role of Cellular RNA Processing Factors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 mRNA Metabolism, Replication, and Infectivity
Authors: Jablonski Joseph A. , Caputi Massimo
Published: November 2008

Expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome requires several cellular factors regulating transcription, alternative splicing, RNA stability, and intracellular localization of the viral transcripts. In vitro and ex vivo approaches have identified SR proteins and hnRNPs of the A/B and H subfamilies as cellular factors that regulate different aspects of viral mRNA metabolism. To understand the role of these protein families within the context of the full replicating virus, we altered the expression levels of hnRNPs H, F, 2H9, GRSF1, A1, A2, and A3 and SR proteins SC35, SF2, and SRp40 in HEK 293 cells transfected with the proviral clone pNL4-3. Quantitative and semiquantitative PCR analyses showed that overexpression as well as downregulation of these proteins disrupted the balance of alternatively spliced viral mRNAs and may alter viral transcription. Furthermore, expression of hnRNPs H, F, 2H9, A1, and A2 and SR proteins SF2 and SRp40 increased nuclear localization of the unspliced Gag/Pol mRNA, while the same factors increased the cytoplasmic localization of the partially spliced Env mRNA. We also report that overexpression of hnRNPs A1 and A2 and SR proteins SF2, SC35, and SRp40 causes a dramatic decrease in virion production. Finally, utilizing a reporter TZM-bl cell line, we show that virion infectivity may be also impacted by deregulation of expression of most SR proteins and hnRNPs. This work demonstrates that cellular factors regulating mRNA processing have wide-ranging effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication and should be considered novel therapeutic targets.
Effects of Simultaneous Deletion of pUL11 and Glycoprotein M on Virion Maturation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Authors: Leege Tobias , Fuchs Walter , Granzow Harald , Kopp Martina , Klupp Barbara G. , Mettenleiter Thomas C.
Published: November 2008

The conserved membrane-associated tegument protein pUL11 and envelope glycoprotein M (gM) are involved in secondary envelopment of herpesvirus nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm. Although deletion of either gene had only moderate effects on replication of the related alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PrV) in cell culture, simultaneous deletion of both genes resulted in a severe impairment in virion morphogenesis of PrV coinciding with the formation of huge inclusions in the cytoplasm containing nucleocapsids embedded in tegument (M. Kopp, H. Granzow, W. Fuchs, B. G. Klupp, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 78:3024-3034, 2004). To test whether a similar phenotype occurs in HSV-1, a gM and pUL11 double deletion mutant was generated based on a newly established bacterial artificial chromosome clone of HSV-1 strain KOS. Since gM-negative HSV-1 has not been thoroughly investigated ultrastructurally and different phenotypes have been ascribed to pUL11-negative HSV-1, single gene deletion mutants were also constructed and analyzed. On monkey kidney (Vero) cells, deletion of either pUL11 or gM resulted in ca.-fivefold-reduced titers and 40- to 50%-reduced plaque diameters compared to those of wild-type HSV-1 KOS, while on rabbit kidney (RK13) cells the defects were more pronounced, resulting in ca.-50-fold titer and 70% plaque size reduction for either mutant. Electron microscopy revealed that in the absence of either pUL11 or gM virion formation in the cytoplasm was inhibited, whereas nuclear stages were not visibly affected, which is in line with the phenotypes of corresponding PrV mutants. Simultaneous deletion of pUL11 and gM led to additive growth defects and, in RK13 cells, to the formation of large intracytoplasmic inclusions of capsids and tegument material, comparable to those in PrV-ΔUL11/gM-infected RK13 cells. The defects of HSV-1ΔUL11 and HSV-1ΔUL11/gM could be partially corrected in
trans
by pUL11 of PrV. Thus, our data indicate that PrV and HSV-1 pUL11 and gM exhibit similar functions in cytoplasmic steps of virion assembly.
The Human Papillomavirus Type 8 E2 Tethering Protein Targets the Ribosomal DNA Loci of Host Mitotic Chromosomes
Authors: Poddar Atasi , Reed Shawna C. , McPhillips Maria G. , Spindler Jonathan E. , McBride Alison A.
Published: November 2008

For many papillomaviruses, the viral protein E2 tethers the viral genome to the host mitotic chromosomes to ensure persistent, long-term maintenance of the genome during cell division. Our previous studies of E2 proteins from different genera of papillomaviruses have shown that they bind to different regions of the host chromosomes during mitosis. For example, bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E2 binds to all chromosomes as small speckles in complex with the cellular protein Brd4. In contrast, the human papillomavirus type 8 (HPV-8) E2 protein binds as large speckles at the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes. Here we show that these speckles do not contain Brd4, and unlike that of BPV-1, the N-terminal Brd4-interacting domain of HPV-8 E2 is not required for chromosome binding. In contrast to BPV-1 E2, the HPV-8 E2 protein targets the short arms of acrocentric mitotic chromosomes. Furthermore, the E2 protein interacts with the repeated ribosomal DNA genes found in this location and colocalizes with UBF, the RNA polymerase I transcription factor. Therefore, HPV-8 E2 genome tethering occurs by a Brd4-independent mechanism through a novel interaction with specific regions of mitotic chromosomes. Thus, a wide range of viruses have adopted the strategy of linking their genomes to host chromosomes, but individual viruses use different chromosomal targets. Characterization of these targets will enable the development of antiviral therapies to eliminate the viral genomes from infected cells.
Analysis of Neutralization Specificities in Polyclonal Sera Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals
Authors: Li Yuxing , Svehla Krisha , Louder Mark K. , Wycuff Diane , Phogat Sanjay , Tang Min , Migueles Stephen A. , Wu Xueling , Phogat Adhuna , Shaw George M. , Connors Mark , Hoxie James , Mascola John R. , Wyatt Richard
Published: November 2008

During human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, patients develop various levels of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. In some cases, patient sera can potently neutralize diverse strains of HIV-1, but the antibody specificities that mediate this broad neutralization are not known, and their elucidation remains a formidable challenge. Due to variable and nonneutralizing determinants on the exterior envelope glycoprotein (Env), nonnative Env protein released from cells, and the glycan shielding that assembles in the context of the quaternary structure of the functional spike, HIV-1 Env elicits a myriad of binding antibodies. However, few of these antibodies can neutralize circulating viruses. We present a systematic analysis of the NAb specificities of a panel of HIV-1-positive sera, using methodologies that identify both conformational and continuous neutralization determinants on the HIV-1 Env protein. Characterization of sera included selective adsorption with native gp120 and specific point mutant variants, chimeric virus analysis, and peptide inhibition of viral neutralization. The gp120 protein was the major neutralizing determinant for most sera, although not all neutralization activity against all viruses could be identified. In some broadly neutralizing sera, the gp120-directed neutralization mapped to the CD4 binding region of gp120. In addition, we found evidence that regions of the gp120 coreceptor binding site may also be a target of neutralizing activity. Sera displaying limited neutralization breadth were mapped to the immunogenic V3 region of gp120. In a subset of sera, we also identified NAbs directed against the conserved, membrane-proximal external region of gp41. These data allow a more detailed understanding of the humoral responses to the HIV-1 Env protein and provide insights regarding the most relevant targets for HIV-1 vaccine design.
The rotated-lamina syndrome. III. Cases in Begonia, Corylus, Magnolia, Pellionia, Prunus, and Tilia
Authors: Charlton W. A.
Published: November 2008

The rotated-lamina syndrome occurs in all adult shoots of Tilia × europaea, and in lateral shoots of Corylus spp. and Prunus laurocerasus. Corylus and Prunus also have orthotropic radially symmetrical shoots that have normal leaf orientation. Development of the syndrome in leaf primordia in Tilia and Corylus is similar to that previously described in Ulmus, i.e., the leaf primordium is initially asymmetrical so that the leaf blade component of the primordium arises facing only obliquely towards the shoot apex, and further asymmetrical outgrowth of the leaf buttress brings the leaf blade region into the rotated position. Leaves of Begonia foliosa and the ventral leaves of (anisophyllous) Pellionia pulchra arise from initially symmetrical primordia, and lamina rotation occurs by asymmetric growth at the base of the leaf blade region. The process is similar to that in the woody examples but occurs at a proportionately later stage of leaf development. Development of the syndrome in Prunis laurocerasus and Magnolia × soulangeana differs considerably. Primordia are slightly asymmetrical but have normal dorsiventrality at first, but when the lamina arises the two edges of the leaf blade grow towards the same (upper) side of the bud, and this is responsible for most of the appearance of rotation. In general the upper stipule is initially larger than the lower and arises much earlier in Corylus and Tilia. Leaves that have normal orientation in Corylus and Prunus develop from quite symmetrical primordia, but those of Cotylus may show some asymmetry of stipule development. Shoots of all cases can be considered to show heteroblastic growth, and the early part of the heteroblastic sequence is prolonged in the orthotropic shoots with normally oriented leaves in Corylus and Prunus. The morphological and morphogenetic significance of the rotated-lamina syndrome is discussed. Key words: Begonia, Corylus, Magnolia, Pellionia, Prunus, Tilia, leaf, development, dorsiventrality, lamina rotation.
Ultrastructural observations on a marine lignicolous ascomycete: Bovicornua intricata gen. et sp.nov.
Authors: Yusoff M. , Koch J. , Jones E. B. Gareth , Moss S. T.
Published: November 2008

Bovicornua intricata sp.nov. is described from driftwood found at Marloes, South Wales, U.K. and Stenbjerg, Jutland, Denmark and compared with species of Ceriosporopsis Linder. Bovicornua intricata is separated from Ceriosporopsis species by the greater complexity of the structure of the appendaged ascospores. In ascospores of B. intricata, the exosporic wall layer enrobes both the spore wall and the polar appendages which arise as outgrowths of the spore. The exosporium is bipartite, the inner region has regular, parallel electron-dense lamellations that radiate from the episporium. The outer region of the exosporium consists of electron-dense fibrillar material at which the lamellae terminate. Key words: ascospore, marine ascomycete, spore appendage, taxonomy, ultrastructure.
Unilateral incompatibility and the effects of interspecific pollination for Erythronium americanum and Erythronium albidum (Liliaceae)
Authors: Harder Lawrence D. , Cruzan Mitchell B. , Thomson James D.
Published: November 2008

To determine whether interspecific pollen transfer could reduce seed production by two sympatric lilies, Erythronium albidum and Erythronium americanum, we hand-pollinated flowers with mixtures of conspecific and heterospecific pollen. These species exhibited typical unilateral interspecific incompatibility, i.e., pollen tubes from the self-infertile species (E. americanum) grew apparently unimpeded in styles of the self-fertile species (E. albidum), whereas the reverse cross resulted in an incompatibility reaction. Because of this asymmetrical relation and faster growth by heterospecific pollen tubes in E. albidum stigmas than by conspecific tubes, pollination with abundant heterospecific pollen reduced fruit and seed production by E. albidum, but not by E. americanum, as long as the stigma also received some conspecific pollen. Unilateral incompatibility could benefit self-infertile species in reproductive interactions with closely related self-fertile species; however, this benefit remains to be demonstrated for naturally pollinated plants. Key words: Erythronium albidum, Erythronium americanum, interspecific pollen transfer, pollination, unilateral incompatibility.
Seasonal growth of black spruce and tamarack roots in an Alberta peatland
Authors: Conlin Timothy S. S. , Lieffers Victor J.
Published: November 2008

Seasonal growth of black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. BSP) and tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) roots in an Alberta peatland were assessed by measuring growth into emplaced soil cores that did not contain plant roots. Five cores were positioned 1 m from the base of each tree and 10 replicates of this treatment were used for each species. Sequential lifting of these cores during the growing season showed that root growth by these species did not begin until midsummer. Tamarack root growth was restricted to August and September, while black spruce root growth continued into October. Key words: flooding, Larix laricina, peatland, phenology, Picea mariana, temperature, root growth.
Grouping and identification ofTuberspecies using RAPD markers
Authors: Gandeboeuf Delphine , Dupré C. , Chevalier G. , Roeckel-Drevet P. , Nicolas P.
Published: November 2008

Mycorrhizal fungi of the genus Tuber are classified by morphological characters that allow differentiation of most species. However, some economically important species are difficult to differentiate on morphological grounds. When morphological traits are not sufficient to discriminate between taxa, other markers are needed. Genetic variation of fruit bodies of 12 Tuber taxa was studied by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. High interspecific variability was observed between most species. Moreover, important infraspecific variation occurred in all species, except Tuber brumale s.L, Tuber melanosporum, and Tuber magnatum. Southern hybridization patterns of RAPD products of the various species were used to confirm the data. Relationships among Tuber species were determined by cluster analyses. UPGMA analyses revealed several main clusters and a low genetic similarity between taxa. These results indicate that RAPD and polymerase chain reaction are useful for analysing genetic variation within Tuber species. Most species can be identified by differences in their amplified DNA profiles. However, the two pairs of closely related taxa Tuber aestivum – Tuber uncinatum and Tuber brumale var. brumale – Tuber brumale var. moschatum did not appear to differ genotypically. Key words: Tuber, RAPD, Southern, UPGMA, inter- and infra-specific variability.
Dynamique pluriannuelle des hyphomycètes aquatiques de l'Osse, rivière réalimentée du sud-ouest de la France
Authors: Mothe-Jean-Louis Anne-Marie
Published: November 2008

The Osse River is a plain river (southwest of France) fed by the Neste Canal flowing from the Pyrénées. From 1988 to 1993, 46 samples taken from the foam in the river have shown a great temporal variability in densities of aquatic hyphomycete conidia, especially during winter. In 1992, the winter maximum density, related to the latest leaf breakdown, was 1522 conidia/mm3, and the winter minimum, in 1989, 2 conidia/mm3. This variability was much lower during spring. The water temperature varied between 3.0 and 23.5 °C. Several species of hyphomycetes appeared as extremely sensitive to temperature variations, whereas no significant correlation with pH variations was found. The effects of floods on the fungal community varied according to the flood intensity and timing and to the composition of the riparian vegetation. The role of the species composition and the phenology of the riparian vegetation on the fungal community stucture and dynamics was discussed in relation to leaf litter decomposition. This paper emphasizes the need to take into account the flood intensity for the study of hyphomycetes dynamics and the significant role of hydrodynamics in freshwater nutrient cycle. Key words: aquatic hyphomycetes, temperature, pH, vegetation phenology, vegetation composition, decomposition, hydrodynamic.
The rotated-lamina syndrome. VII. Direct formation of lamina in the rotated position in Pterospermum (Sterculiaceae) and the appearance of hyper-rotation
Authors: Charlton W. A.
Published: November 2008

The genus Pterospermum presents an extreme case of lamina rotation in their dorsiventral distichous shoots. In Pterospermum suberifolium and an unidentified species, the young laminae emerge from the bud with their upper surfaces facing towards the upper side of the shoot, and, in this, they resemble most other cases of lamina rotation. In Pterospermum heterophyllum and Pterospermum acerifolium, the lamina emerge in hyper-rotated orientation, with the upper surface of the lamina facing outwards away from the parent axis in P. heterophyllum or outwards and towards the lower side of the shoot in P. acerifolium. The early development of the lamina is unusual in all cases, since it appears to arise directly in the rotated position. This unusual mode of lamina development appears to be a case of saltational evolution. In P. acerifolium and P. heterophyllum, the leaf buttress also develops asymmetrically in the manner of other lamina rotators previously described, so that the lamina is rotated further with the formation of a triangular axillary site. This may be a relic of a more "normal" form of lamina rotation. Shoots with spiral phyllotaxis also occur in P. acerifolium, and in P. heterophyllum to a lesser extent, and these shoots have palmately lobed peltate leaves in contrast with the simple leaves of the dorsiventral shoots. The laminae in these shoots arise in a peculiar orientation, so that the upper surface of the lamina faces in the direction of growth of the shoot and never faces towards the shoot apex on which it formed. The mode of early lamina development in the spiral shoots is very similar to that of the dorsiventral shoots, but in the spiral shoots, the lamina is symmetrically placed instead of facing to one side of the shoot. It is suggested that the peculiar orientation of the lamina in the dorsiventral shoots arose first, and then a symmetrical form of this mode of development became incorporated into the leaves of the spiral shoots. Key words: Sterculiaceae, leaf, development, dorsiventrality, lamina rotation, hyper-rotation.
Morph frequencies and floral variation in a heterostylous colonizing weed, Lythtum salicaria
Authors: Mal Tarun K. , Lovett-Doust Jon
Published: November 2008

Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) is an exotic weed that arrived in North America from Europe during the early 1800s. It is a herbaceous perennial with a trimorphic breeding system. Seventy-four populations of L. salicaria were surveyed from Windsor, Ontario, to the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec. Fifty of the populations were significantly anisoplethic (i.e., unequal frequencies of the three flower morphs), including 10 populations that were nontrimorphic. Populations with fewer than 100 plants tended to have one or even two morphs missing. Although larger populations rarely lacked a morph, they did show significantly skewed morph frequencies. Indices of clonal size, such as number of ramets per genet and genet diameter, differed significantly among sites, and clonal growth also showed significant interaction between morph and site. One-way analyses of variance indicated that morphs differed in terms of either number of ramets per genet or genet diameter in 16% of populations. Morphometric analyses of flowers from 49 populations showed significant variability in floral traits among genets, flower morphs, and sites. Results indicated frequent reduction in herkogamy (spatial separation between anther and stigma), with variant flowers having very little or no stigma–anther separation. Mean stigma–anther separation was lowest in the mid-morph individuals, followed by the short and long morphs. Correspondingly, the frequency of variant flowers was greatest in mid-morph individuals and least in long-morph individuals. Isoplethic and anisoplethic populations did not differ, for any morph, in the frequency of occurrence of these variant flowers. Key words: Lythrum salicaria, purple loosestrife, isoplethy, morph frequency, heterostyly, variant flowers, stigma–anther separation.
Remersonia, a new genus for Stilbella thermophila, a thermophilic mould from compost
Authors: Seifert Keith A. , Louis-Seize Gerry , Samson Robert A. , Boekhout Teun
Published: November 2008

The thermophilic synnematous hyphomycete Stilbella thermophila is redescribed and illustrated based on the study of type and supplementary material. The species is transferred to a new anamorph genus, Remersonia, characterized by determinate synnemata with scarcely branched conidiophores, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells, relatively large ameroconidia that accumulate in slime, and thermotolerant growth. Cladistic analysis of partial 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences suggest that the fungus is a member of the Sordariales. Septal ultrastructure and a failure to grow on benomyl-emended media support the ascomycetous affinities of the fungus. Failure to grow on cycloheximide-emended media supports sequencing data suggesting that the species is not allied with the Ophiostomatales. The biology of the fungus is briefly discussed. Key words: thermophilic fungi, mushroom compost, hyphomycetes, systematics, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA.
Pollination, capsule damage, and the production of seeds in Salix setchelliana (Salicaceae), an Alaskan glacial river gravel bar willow
Authors: Douglas D. A.
Published: November 2008

Salix setchelliana, a clonal prostrate willow, is a dominant species of glacial river gravel bars in Denali National Park, Alaska. This habitat, which is located between migrating river channels, is unpredictable in time, patchy in space, and essentially alpine in nature. The species takes advantage of both entomophily and anemophily, thus perhaps improving its success under these conditions. It is dependent primarily on insect pollination, carried out by a variety of species, but wind pollination accounted for 7–25% of seed production. The number of seeds per capsule was much below the potential maximum. Seed prédation, and probably insufficient pollination, influenced seed production. Prédation accounted for a 70% reduction in seed production per capsule in an open pollination treatment (P = 0.005). There were significant differences in number of seeds per capsule between collection sites (P = 0.0022). An inverse relationship was observed between seed predation levels and seed numbers in both insect-damaged and undamaged capsules. Key words: alpine, clonal, pollination, seed prédation.
PHANTOM THICK BRANE IN 5D BULK
Authors: DZHUNUSHALIEV VLADIMIR , FOLOMEEV VLADIMIR , MYRZAKUL SHYNARAY , MYRZAKULOV RATBAY
Published: November 2008

A model of a thick brane in 5D bulk supported by two phantom scalar fields is considered. The comparison with a thick brane supported by two usual scalar fields is carried out. The distinctions between a thick brane supported by one usual scalar field and our model have been pointed out.
GLUON SATURATION AND THE FROISSART BOUND: A SIMPLE APPROACH
Authors: CARVALHO F. , DURÃES F. O. , GONÇALVES V. P. , NAVARRA F. S.
Published: November 2008

At very high energies we expect that the hadronic cross sections satisfy the Froissart bound, which is a well-established property of the strong interactions. In this energy regime we also expect the formation of the Color Glass Condensate, characterized by gluon saturation and a typical momentum scale: the saturation scale Qs. In this paper we show that if a saturation window exists between the nonperturbative and perturbative regimes of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the total cross sections satisfy the Froissart bound. Furthermore, we show that our approach allows us to describe the high energy experimental data on [Formula: see text] total cross sections.
GENERATION OF AN EPR PAIR OF ATOMS IN COUPLED CAVITIES SYSTEM VIA AN OPTICAL FIBER
Authors: YABU-UTI B. F. C. , NOHAMA F. K. , ROVERSI J. A.
Published: November 2008

The interaction between identical two-level atoms with a system that consists of two coupled cavities connected by an optical fiber was investigated. With new bosonic operators, the interaction Hamiltonian between the fiber and the cavities can be diagonalized (Pellizzari's model1). In the strong coupling regime (cavity field-fiber), the interaction between atoms and the non-resonant normal modes can be eliminated, simplifying our system to that of one atom interacting with a single-mode cavity. For this interaction, we have analyzed the entanglement between distant atoms. We present two simple procedures to generate two atoms in a maximally entangled state, interacting (i) successively and (ii) simultaneously with the coupled cavities system.