bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency and type of serious infections in fludarabine‐refractory B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma
Authors: Perkins Jeremy G. , Flynn Joseph M. , Howard Robin S. , Byrd John C.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Treatments for fludarabine‐refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are limited. Most new therapies being examined in fludarabine‐refractory patients have shown a high frequency of serious infection. Little data exist regarding the frequency of infections in this population treated with noninvestigational best supportive care therapies.

METHODS

The infectious courses of 27 patients with fludarabine‐refractory CLL/SLL were retrospectively reviewed. Fludarabine‐refractoriness was defined as either relapse within six months of completion of or failure to respond to fludarabine treatment. Infections were documented after patients met National Cancer Institute criteria for further treatment. Serious infections were defined as infections mandating admission to the hospital for intravenous antibiotics.

RESULTS

Patient characteristics included: median age 67 years (range, 40–83), median 3 chemotherapy treatments (range, 1–8), and hypogammaglobulinemia in 73% of patients. Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis was given to 89% of patients. Serious infections developed in 24 out of 27 patients (89%). Patients had a median of 2 admissions (range, 0–11) for serious infection occurring at a median of 4 months (range, 0–21) from onset of fludarabine‐refractoriness. The median frequency of admission for infection was 0.17 per month. Most common sites for infection in decreasing frequency were: respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood/sepsis, and soft tissues. Bacteria caused 69 out of 88 infections (78.4%); viruses (varicella‐zoster and herpes simplex) caused 11 out of 88 (12.5%); fungi caused 4 out of 88 (4.5%); and opportunistic infections caused 4 out of 88 (4.5%). Median survival was 13.0 months (range, 1–44+).

CONCLUSIONS

The frequency of serious infections in patients with fludarabine‐refractory CLL/SLL is high. These findings are relevant to trials with new and highly effective agents for which the incidence of serious infections after treatment might otherwise appear to be prohibitively high. Cancer 2002;94:2033–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10437
Proliferation marker KI‐S5 discriminates between favorable and adverse prognosis in advanced stages of neuroblastoma with and without MYCN amplification
Authors: Krams Matthias , Hero Barbara , Berthold Frank , Parwaresch Reza , Harms Dieter , Rudolph Pierre
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

The biologic behavior of neuroblastoma is notoriously variable, and even carefully elaborated prognostic models fail to predict the clinical course in a portion of cases. Because the proliferative activity is determined by the sum of all molecular imbalances that influence cell cycling, the authors investigated the potential prognostic relevance of the tumor growth fraction in neuroblastoma.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 161 neuroblastoma patients with a median follow‐up period of 72.8 months. Tumors were classified according to Hughes typing and grading criteria. The proliferative index (PI) was assessed immunohistochemically on archival biopsy specimens using monoclonal antibody Ki‐S5 (Ki‐67), and the MYCN status was determined by means of Southern blot analysis.

RESULTS

The PI, MYCN status, International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage, International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification grade, Hughes grade, and the patients' age at diagnosis were all found to be significant predictors of event free survival by univariate Kaplan–Meier analysis. However, the PI identified prognostically distinct subsets in higher tumor stages and Grade 2 and 3 neuroblastomas as well as tumors with unfavorable histology, and enabled risk stratification in tumors with and without MYCN amplification (P = 0.034 and 0.002, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis selected INSS stage (relative risk [RR], 4.05; P < 0.0001) and the PI (RR, 2.49; P = 0.007) as the sole independent prognostic indicators, whereas MYCN entered the selection only after exclusion of the PI.

CONCLUSIONS

It emerges that the PI as a single factor has greater predictive power than the MYCN status. Proliferation measurements therefore might significantly improve the accuracy of current prognostic models for neuroblastoma. Cancer 2002;94:854–61. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10256
Abnormalities of chromosome bands 15q13‐15 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Heerema Nyla A. , Sather Harland N. , Sensel Martha G. , La Mei K. L. , Hutchinson Raymond J. , Nachman James B. , Reaman Gregory H. , Lange Beverly J. , Steinherz Peter G. , Bostrom Bruce C. , Gaynon Paul S. , Uckun Fatih M.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Recurring breakpoints in chromosome bands 15q13‐15 occur infrequently in leukemia. To the authors' knowledge, the clinical significance of these breakpoints in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has not been previously investigated.

METHODS

Centrally reviewed karyotypes of children with newly diagnosed ALL enrolled on Children's Cancer Group protocols from 1988 to 1995 formed the basis of the current report. Statistical analyses used chi‐square tests for homogeneity of proportions, and outcome was analyzed using life table methods and associated statistics.

RESULTS

Of 1946 cases with centrally reviewed and accepted cytogenetic analyses, 23 cases (1%) had breakpoints in chromosome bands 15q13‐15. Most patients with 15q13‐15 breakpoints had standard risk ALL, although breakpoints in 15q13‐15 occurred more frequently in infants than in older children. The majority of these patients (16 patients; 70%) had balanced 15q13‐15 rearrangements. Additional chromosomal abnormalities not involving 15q included abnormal 12p, abnormal 9p, Philadelphia chromosome, deletion 6q, and an 11q23 breakpoint. Thirteen (57%) 15q13‐15 breakpoints occurred in pseudodiploid karyotypes; five (22%) were in hyperdiploid karyotypes with 47‐50 chromosomes; two (9%) were in hyperdiploid karyotypes with > 50 chromosomes; and three (13%) were in hypodiploid karyotypes. Of the 23 patients with 15q13‐15 breakpoints, 21 were survivors, 18 survived event‐free for 2.2‐9.3 years, and 3 were alive 1 to 3 years after a relapse at time of writing.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study suggests that genes at 15q13‐15 may be involved in the leukemogenesis of some cases of childhood ALL, but that with current intensive therapy such aberrations do not confer increased risk of treatment failure. Cancer 2002;94:1102–10. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10325
Comparison of fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and Ga‐67 scintigraphy in evaluation of lymphoma
Authors: Kostakoglu Lale , Leonard John P. , Kuji Ichiei , Coleman Morton , Vallabhajosula Shankar , Goldsmith Stanley J.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

The accuracy of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET; dual‐head camera with attenuation correction) and Ga‐67 scintigraphy was compared to identify disease sites in patients with Hodgkin disease (HD) and intermediate and high‐grade non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) at initial diagnosis or clinical recurrence.

METHODS

Fifty‐one contemporaneous FDG‐PET and Ga‐67 scintigraphies were performed on patients with NHL (35 intermediate grade, 3 high grade) or HD (13 patients). Sites of disease were correlated on a site‐by‐site basis on FDG‐PET and Ga‐67 images. Tumor‐to‐background (T/B) ratios were obtained for both techniques. Discordant FDG‐PET and Ga‐67 findings were correlated with computed tomography findings or clinical evaluation including repeat FDG‐PET scans obtained after therapy.

RESULTS

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was positive at all 158 sites in 51 patients compared with 113 sites in 41 positive studies with Ga‐67 scintigraphy (single positron emission computed tomography [SPECT] and/or planar images). In 44 patients who had complete Ga‐67 SPECT data on all tumor sites, FDG‐PET was positive at 126 sites and Ga‐67 SPECT was positive at 81 sites. Ga‐67 SPECT failed to demonstrate disease at 45 sites (35.7%). In 10 of 44 patients, Ga‐67 SPECT completely failed to detect any disease at 22 of 45 sites (17.5%) and partially identified disease sites at 23 of 45 sites (18.2%) in 11 patients regardless of the tumor site and histology. In these patients, the lesions measured between 0.6 and 14.0 cm by CT. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed higher stage disease in 13 patients compared with Ga‐67 imaging. Tumor‐to‐background ratios were statistically different between the two techniques with higher ratios obtained with FDG‐PET (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In imaging aggressive lymphoma and HD before therapy, FDG‐PET has significantly higher site and patient sensitivity than Ga‐67 scintigraphy (100% vs. 71.5% and 100% vs. 80.3%, respectively). The change in disease stage by FDG‐PET may result in a change in therapy strategy. Cancer 2002;94:879–88. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10336
Can initial prostate specific antigen determinations eliminate the need for bone scans in patients with newly diagnosed prostate carcinoma?
Authors: Kosuda Shigeru , Yoshimura Ichiro , Aizawa Taku , Koizumi Kiyoshi , Akakura Koichiro , Kuyama Junpei , Ichihara Kiyoshi , Yonese Junji , Koizumi Mitsuru , Nakashima Jun , Fujii Hirofumi
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to assess rigorously whether serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) determination can eliminate the need for bone scans in Japanese patients with newly diagnosed prostate carcinoma with serum PSA levels ≤ 10 ng/mL.

METHODS

A retrospective assessment of 1294 patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate carcinoma was conducted at the authors' institutions. All patients underwent a bone scan, serum PSA measurement, and core needle biopsy of the prostate. The receiver operating characteristic curve for identifying a positive bone scan based on serum PSA levels and a decision tree were analyzed to determine the expected 10‐year cumulative cost and disease specific survival rate. Two competing strategies were used: PSA alone and PSA plus baseline bone scan. For the PSA‐alone strategy, a baseline bone scan was performed only when the patient had a serum PSA level > 10 ng/mL.

RESULTS

The proportion of positive bone scans in patients with serum PSA levels ≤ 10.0 ng/mL was 1.33%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.870. Patients with a Gleason Grade ≥ 3 tumors or with a Gleason score ≥ 7 had a higher proportion of positive bone scans. The 10‐year disease specific survival rates with the PSA‐alone strategy and the PSA‐plus‐bone‐scan strategy were the same. The PSA‐alone strategy was minimally cost effective, with a savings of $16.00 (U.S.) in the cumulative net cost per patient over the PSA‐plus‐bone‐scan strategy.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results suggest that baseline bone scans can be eliminated in patients with newly diagnosed prostate carcinoma in Japan who have serum PSA levels ≤ 10 ng/mL. Apparently, it is possible to omit baseline bone scans for patients with a Gleason Grade ≤ 2 tumors or with a Gleason score ≤6. Cancer 2002;94:964–72. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10340
The association between breast carcinoma and meningioma in women
Authors: Custer Brian S. , Koepsell Thomas D. , Mueller Beth A.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Published case reports of a possible association between meningioma and breast carcinoma are not uncommon in the literature. Four published analytic studies have addressed this suggested association specifically. Three of these studies reported significant associations, with relative risk estimates mostly between 1.5 and 2.0. The other study reported relative risk point estimates near 1.5, but confidence intervals included 1.0. The current study was a population‐based, retrospective cohort analysis that evaluated the risk of subsequent breast carcinoma in women who were diagnosed with meningioma and the risk of subsequent meningioma in women who were diagnosed with breast carcinoma.

METHODS

The measure of association is the relative risk and is reported as the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). Using western Washington State cancer registry data and intercensal population estimates for western Washington State, incidence rates of second primary tumor were compared between identified meningioma and breast carcinoma cohorts and the general population for the years 1992–1998.

RESULTS

The risk of breast carcinoma after patients were diagnosed with meningioma (SIR) was 1.54 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.77–2.75). The risk of meningioma after patients were diagnosed with breast carcinoma was 1.40 (95% CI, 0.67–2.58), and the risk of meningioma after patients were diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma was 1.64 (95% CI, 0.79–3.02). In each combination for age groups ages > 50 years, risks were elevated, but the confidence intervals included 1.0.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that the risk of meningioma among women who have experienced breast carcinoma and the risk of breast carcinoma among women who have experienced meningioma are elevated moderately. Shared risk factors may account for the relatively week bidirectional associations seen in this and other studies. Cancer 2002;94:1626–35. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10410
Heterogeneity of risk for melanoma and pancreatic and digestive malignancies
Authors: Rutter Joni L. , Bromley Christina M. , Goldstein Alisa M. , Elder David E. , Holly Elizabeth A. , Guerry DuPont , Hartge Patricia , Struewing Jeffery P. , Hogg David , Halpern Allan , Sagebiel Richard W. , Tucker Margaret A.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Data addressing the interfamilial heterogeneity of melanoma are limited. In the current study, the authors assessed melanoma risk according to family history of melanoma and other melanoma‐associated malignancies and evaluated the familial heterogeneity of melanomas, pancreatic malignancies, and gastrointestinal malignancies.

METHODS

The authors obtained patient histories of malignancy in first‐degree relatives as part of a clinic‐based case–control study. The case group included 737 newly diagnosed patients with invasive melanoma, and the control group included 1021 outpatients from clinics at the same medical centers. To assess heterogeneity of risk among families affected by melanoma, a nonparametric method was used to detect extrabinomial variation. In addition, selected patients with melanoma (n = 133) were tested for germline mutations in CDKN2A.

RESULTS

The adjusted odds ratio associated with a family history of melanoma was 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.1–2.7). Family histories of pancreatic, gastrointestinal, brain, breast, or lymphoproliferative disease did not increase the risk of melanoma significantly. Among case families, significant evidence of familial heterogeneity was found for melanomas, but not for pancreatic or gastrointestinal malignancies. Two mutations in CDKN2A previously associated with melanoma risk were identified among the 133 patients tested in the case group; mutation detection did not differ between families with low and high heterogeneity scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Familial heterogeneity testing in the study population did not improve the selection of high‐risk families for genetic study. Even in a large case–control study, few families that had multiple members with melanoma were identified, and family members with pancreatic malignancies were rare. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.
CD4 lymphopenia as a risk factor for febrile neutropenia and early death after cytotoxic chemotherapy in adult patients with cancer
Authors: Borg Christophe , Ray‐Coquard Isabelle , Philip Irene , Clapisson Gilles , Bendriss‐Vermare Nathalie , Menetrier‐Caux Christine , Sebban Catherine , Biron Pierre , Blay Jean‐Yves
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Lymphopenia is frequently observed in patients with cancer and correlates with the risk of febrile neutropenia and early death after chemotherapy. The phenotype of the depleted lymphocyte populations was investigated in the current study.

METHODS

Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD56) were quantified on Day 1 using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting in a prospective study of 213 patients with cancer treated with chemotherapy in a single oncology ward during 12 months. Correlations between lymphocyte phenotype, clinical characteristics, and the risk of febrile neutropenia and early death within 31 days after chemotherapy were investigated in univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

Total lymphocyte count and CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocyte subsets were significantly lower in patients who experienced febrile neutropenia. Total lymphocyte count and CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD56 lymphocyte subsets were significantly lower in patients who died within 31 days after chemotherapy. Using logistic regression, CD4 lymphopenia (< 450/μL; odds ratio [OR] = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5–5.9) and the dose of chemotherapy (OR = 3,9, 95% CI = 2.0–7.8) were both identified as independent risk factors for febrile neutropenia. Fifty‐four percent of patients with both risk factors experienced febrile neutropenia. CD4 lymphocyte count < 450/μL was also an independent risk factor for early death (OR = 7.7, 95% CI = 1.7–35). Thirteen percent of patients with a CD4 lymphocyte count ≤ 450/μL died within 31 days after chemotherapy. Eighty‐seven percent (14 of 16) of patients who died before Day 31 had a CD4 lymphocyte count < 450/μL.

CONCLUSIONS

A low CD4 count was an independent risk factor for febrile neutropenia and early death in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Opioid switching from transdermal fentanyl to oral methadone in patients with cancer pain
Authors: Benítez‐Rosario Miguel Angel , Feria Manuel , Salinas‐Martín Antonio , Martínez‐Castillo Luis Pedro , Martín‐Ortega José Javier
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

Patients with cancer often are rotated from other opioids to methadone to improve the balance between analgesia and side effects. To the authors' knowledge, no clear guidelines currently exist for the safe and effective rotation from transdermal fentanyl to methadone.

METHODS

The authors evaluated a protocol for switching opioid from transdermal fentanyl to oral methadone in 17 patients with cancer. Reasons for switching were uncontrolled pain (41.1% of patients) and neurotoxic side effects (58.9% of patients). Methadone was initiated 8–24 hours after fentanyl withdrawal, depending on the patient's previous opioid doses (from < 100 μg per hour to > 300 μg per hour). The starting methadone dose was calculated according to a 2‐step conversion between transdermal fentanyl:oral morphine (1:100 ratio) and oral morphine:oral methadone (5:1 ratio or 10:1 ratio). The correlation between previous fentanyl dose and the final methadone dose or the fentanyl:methadone dose ratio was assessed by means of Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (r), respectively. A Friedman test was used to compare pain intensity before and after the switch and the use of daily rescue doses.

RESULTS

Opioid rotation was fully or partially effective in 80% and 20%, respectively, of patients with somatic pain. Neuropathic pain was not affected by opioid switching. Delirium and myoclonus were reverted in 80% and 100% of patients, respectively, after opioid switching. A positive linear correlation was obtained between the fentanyl and methadone doses (Pearson r, 0.851). Previous fentanyl doses were not correlated with the final fentanyl:methadone dose ratios (Spearman r, − 0.327).

CONCLUSIONS

The protocol studied provided a safe approach for switching from transdermal fentanyl to oral methadone, improving the balance between analgesia and side effects in patients with cancer. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Variations of concentric hair cells in a Cnidarian sensory epithelium (Coryne tubulosa)
Authors: Holtmann Matthias , Thurm Ulrich
Published: November 2004

In capitate hydropolyps, the spherical end‐knobs of the short tentacles present an exceptional concentration of sensory functions in one of the evolutionarily oldest nervous systems. The tentacular spheres are the basis of sensation and discrimination of objects and of capturing of prey‐objects by the discharge of nematocytes (stinging cells). Recent electrophysiological studies of the spheres revealed combined chemo/mechanosensory functioning of the nematocytes and mechanosensitivity of further types of cells. The present electron microscopical study made use of the small size of the spheres of Coryne tubulosa to characterize all cells of some spheres. Five types of ectodermal cells were found to have sensory structural features and to be separated by or enclosed in supporting cells: 1) nematocytes of the stenotele type; 2) short and 3) long ciliated concentric hair cells, which carry a cilium‐stereovilli bundle, similar to the cnidocil apparatus of nematocytes; 4) cells having a recessed cilium‐microvilli complex equipped with a thick cell‐traversing rootlet (rootlet cells); and 5) cells having a recessed short cilium with no microvilli and only a short rootlet and containing, apically as well as basally, aggregations of dense‐core vesicles (vesicle‐rich cells). Types 1–4 vary the configuration of a concentric cilium‐microvilli complex (variations of a concentric hair bundle) and were demonstrated or inferred to be mechanosensitive. Apical exocytotic activity, which is well known for the nematocytes (discharge of their cnidocyst), is indicated by ultrastructure for the nematocyte‐resembling concentric hair cells and for the vesicle‐rich cells. The tentacular spheres are considered an early paradigm of a sensory epithelium. Its synaptic structures and extensive connectivity are the subject of a subsequent paper. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:550–563, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution in complex systems
Authors: Anderson Paul E. , Jensen Henrik Jeldtoft , Oliveira L. P. , Sibani Paolo
Published: November 2004

What features characterize complex system dynamics? Power laws and scale invariance of fluctuations are often taken as the hallmarks of complexity, drawing on analogies with equilibrium critical phenomena. Here we argue that slow, directed dynamics, during which the system's properties change significantly, is fundamental. The underlying dynamics is related to a slow, decelerating but spasmodic release of an intrinsic strain or tension. Time series of a number of appropriate observables can be analyzed to confirm this effect. The strain arises from local frustration. As the strain is released through “quakes,” some system variable undergoes record statistics with accompanying log‐Poisson statistics for the quake event times. We demonstrate these phenomena via two very different systems: a model of magnetic relaxation in type II superconductors and the Tangled Nature model of evolutionary ecology and show how quantitative indications of aging can be found. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 49–56, 2004
High resolution neutron and X‐ray diffraction studies as a function of temperature and electric field of the ferroelectric phase transition of RDP
Authors: Mattauch S. , Heger G. , Michel K. H.
Published: November 2004

Neutron and high resolution X‐ray diffraction investigations on perfect single crystals of RbH2PO4 (RDP), a hydrogen bonded ferroelectric of KDP type are reported. The results of crystal structure analysis from diffraction data, below and above the paraelectric ‐ ferroelectric phase transition, support a disorder ‐ order character of [PO4H2]‐‐groups. The tetragonal symmetry of the paraelectric phase with the double well potential of the hydrogen atoms obtained by diffraction, results simply from a time‐space average of orthorhombic symmetry. According to the group ‐ subgroup relation between the tetragonal space group I42d and the orthorhombic Fdd2 a short range order of ferroelectric clusters in the tetragonal phase is observed. With decreasing temperature the ferroelectric clusters increase and the long range interaction between their local polarisation vectors leads to the formation of lamellar ferroelectric domains with alternating polarisation directions at TC = 147 K. From the high resolution X‐ray data it is concluded that below TC the ferroelastic strain in the (a,b)‐plane leads to micro‐angle grain boundaries at the domain walls. The tilt angle is enhanced by an applied electric field parallel to the ferroelectric axis. The resulting dislocations at the domain walls persist in the paraelectric phase leading to a memory effect for the arrangement of twin lamellae. With increased electric field the phase transition temperature TC is decreased. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Watermarking on CNN‐UM for image and video authentication
Authors: Yalçın M. E. , Vandewalle J. , Arena P. , Basile A. , Fortuna L.
Published: November 2004

In this paper a new approach to fragile watermarking technique is introduced. This problem is particularly interesting in the field of modern multimedia applications, when image and video authentication are required. The approach exploits the cellular automata suitability to work as pseudorandom pattern generators and extends the related algorithms under the framework of the cellular non‐linear networks (CNNs). The result is a novel way to perform watermarking generation in real time, using the presently available CNN‐universal chip prototypes. In this paper, both the CNN algorithms for fragile watermarking as well as on‐chip experimental results are reported, confirming the suitability of CNNs to successfully act as real‐time watermarking generators. The availability of CNN‐based visual microprocessors allows to have powerful algorithms to watermark in real time images or videos for efficient smart camera applications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient implementation of PRNGs based on the digital sawtooth map
Authors: Alioto Massimo , Bernardi Simone , Fort Ada , Rocchi Santina , Vignoli Valerio
Published: November 2004

In this paper, the sawtooth map digitally implemented is analysed to evaluate its suitability for pseudo‐random binary numbers generation. Period and statistical properties of the sequences generated by the digital map are evaluated versus arithmetic precision, approximation strategy and characteristic parameter of the map.

In general, the digital implementation of the sawtooth map requires the use of a multiplier, which is quite expensive in terms of gate count. However, results show that values of design parameters that lead to adequate statistical features and to a relatively high period also allow for significantly reducing the complexity required in the implementation.

To better evaluate performance of the digital sawtooth map as a pseudo‐random number generator, it is compared to a linear feedback shift register with the same number of flip‐flops, which is well known for its output sequences with a long period, appealing statistical quality, and for a reduced gate count. Performance comparison and implementation on a programmable logic device show that the digital sawtooth map is suitable for pseudo‐random number generation, also requiring a relatively small amount of hardware. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Models of the Planar Magnetron Glow Discharges
Authors: Kolev I. , Bogaerts A.
Published: November 2004

The outlines of two methods for numerical simulation ‐ hybrid and PIC/MCC of DC magnetrons are presented. Typical results from both of them are shown and compared. The hybrid model is faster, but has limited validity range. The PIC/MCC model, on the other hand, is stable for all operational conditions and does not require any assumptions, but is computationally expensive. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Nanothermodynamic Analysis of Cubic Boron Nitride Nucleation upon Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Wang C.X. , Liu Q.X. , Yang G.W.
Published: November 2004

Based on a boron nitride thermodynamic equilibrium phase diagram, a nanothermodynamic analysis was proposed, with respect to the effect of nanometer‐size‐induced additional pressure on the Gibbs' free energy of critical nuclei and the phase transition of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) to cubic boron nitride (c‐BN), to elucidate nucleation of c‐BN during chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Notably, the analysis showed that the effect of surface tension induced by the nanometer‐size curvature of critical nuclei could drive the metastable phase region of c‐BN nucleation into the stable phase region of the boron nitride phase diagram; consequently, c‐BN nucleation would occur prior to h‐BN nucleation in the competing growth of c‐BN and h‐BN upon CVD.
Psammoma body and its precursors in papillary thyroid carcinoma: A study by fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Das Dilip K. , Mallik Mrinmay K. , Haji Bahiyah E. , Ahmed Mahmoud S. , Al‐Shama'a Mariam , Al‐Ayadhy Bushra , George Sara S. , Sathar Sitara A. , Junaid Thamradeen A.
Published: November 2004

Psammoma bodies (PBs) form an important diagnostic criterion of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), but their mechanism of formation is not clear. Following our observation in a case of PTC that laminated hyaline globules may be the precursor form of PBs, the present study was undertaken to find out their relation to PBs in PTC cases. Fifty‐four cases of PTC and 14 follicular neoplasms, diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, were studied by one of the investigators (DKD) to find out the PBs, irregular calcifications, hyaline globules, and other forms made of similar material. PBs along with irregular calcification were present in five PTC cases, PB alone was present in 1 case, and irregular calcification alone was present in 4 cases. Large hyaline globules (LHGs), small hyaline globules (SHGs), branching hyaline cylinders (BHCs), and irregular hyaline deposits (IHDs) were identified in 10, 14, 6, and 9 cases, respectively. One or more of these four forms were present altogether in 18 (33.3%) of PTC cases and none of the follicular neoplasms (P = 0.0142). These forms were present in 80.0% of cases with PB/irregular calcifications as opposed to 22.7% in cases without them (P = 0.0012). Our observations suggest that LHGs, SHGs, and BHCs are precursors of PBs and IHDs serve as a nidus for irregular calcification. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:380–386. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of plasmacytoma presenting as breast masses in a patient on estrogen therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Vetto John T. , Beer Tomasz M. , Fidda Nisreen , Ham Bruce , Jimenez‐Lee Ricardo , Schmidt Waldemar
Published: November 2004

We describe a 79‐yr‐old man with a history of androgen‐independent metastatic prostate cancer treated with exogenous estrogens presenting with bilateral breast masses associated with bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. Although the findings on physical examination with the concomitant history of estrogen therapy for metastatic prostate cancer raised the clinical suspicion of breast cancer, fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology identified the lesions as multiple myeloma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:417–419. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developing a brain specialized for face perception: A converging methods approach
Authors: de Haan Michelle , Humphreys Kate , Johnson Mark H.
Published: November 2004

Adults are normally very quick and accurate at recognizing facial identity. This skill has been explained by two opposing views as being due to the existence of an innate cortical “face module” or to the natural consequence of adults' extensive experience with faces. Neither of these views puts particular importance on studying development of face‐processing skills, as in one view the module simply comes on‐line and in the other view development is equated with adult learning. In this article, we present evidence from a variety of methodologies to argue for an “interactive specialization” view. In this view, orienting tendencies present early in life ensure faces are a frequent visual input to higher cortical areas in the ventral visual pathway. In this way, cortical specialization for face processing is an emergent product of the interaction of factors both intrinsic and extrinsic to the developing child. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 200–212, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10027
Physiological and neuropsychological correlates of approach/withdrawal tendencies in preschool: Further examination of the behavioral inhibition system/behavioral activation system scales for young children
Authors: Blair Clancy , Peters Rachel , Granger Doug
Published: November 2004

This study examined a parent‐report version of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales, a measure of approach–withdrawal motivation, in 170 children between the ages of 3 to 5 years attending Head Start programs. Physiological measures included assessments of baseline salivary cortisol and change in cortisol in response to the assessment session, and resting and suppression estimates of cardiac vagal tone. Cognitive self‐regulation was assessed with a peg‐tapping measure of inhibitory control and an item‐selection measure of cognitive set‐shifting ability. Results indicated that higher level of parent‐reported withdrawal motivation was associated with cortisol increase and that parent‐reported approach motivation tended to be associated with cortisol decrease across the assessment session. Higher level of parent‐reported withdrawal also was positively related to cognitive self‐regulation while parent‐reported approach was negatively related to cognitive self‐regulation. Person‐oriented analysis indicated that children characterized by both high level of approach and high level of withdrawal tended to exhibit lower resting vagal tone, higher initial cortisol, and minimal cortisol and vagal change. Overall, findings suggest that the parent‐report version of the BIS/BAS scales works well as an indicator of children's reactivity to appetitive and aversive motivational stimuli. Directions for future research and implications of findings for the longitudinal study of temperament and personality are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 113‐124, 2004.
Rewarding properties of social interactions in adolescent and adult male and female rats: Impact of social versus isolate housing of subjects and partners
Authors: Douglas Lewis A. , Varlinskaya Elena I. , Spear Linda P.
Published: November 2004

Social interactions have been shown to be rewarding for adolescent and adult rats; however, there has been little emphasis on comparing the strength of the rewarding value of social stimuli across ontogeny. Since age differences in social interactions may vary with sex or housing circumstances, the present study assessed social conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats housed either socially or in isolation and conditioned with either group‐housed or isolate‐housed partners. Isolated animals of both sexes and ages demonstrated social CPP, with the strongest preference emerging in adolescent males. Social CPP was not evident in group‐housed adults whereas group‐housed adolescents developed a preference for the compartment previously paired with similarly housed partners; however, when socially housed adolescents were conditioned with isolated partners, social CPP did not emerge. Age differences in social CPP may reflect age‐related neural alterations in brain systems implicated in regulation of social behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 153‐162, 2004.
An audit of a British sample of death certificates in which anorexia nervosa is listed as a cause of death
Authors: Muir Anne , Palmer Robert L
Published: November 2004

Objective

Anorexia nervosa is associated with an increased mortality rate. National mortality statistics based on statutory death certification are potentially an important source of information. However, there are reasons to believe that these statistics may be subject to significant errors. An audit of the quality of information and diagnosis was conducted on death certificates in which anorexia nervosa was mentioned.

Method

The current study examined data from death certificates of people who died in England and Wales between 1993 and 1999.

Results

There were 230 such deaths, but only 128—just over one half—were rated as likely to be deaths associated with true anorexia nervosa.

Discussion

National mortality statistics derived from death certificates are a flawed source of information on deaths from anorexia nervosa when taken at face value. There may be both underreporting and overreporting. Detailed examination may improve their usefulness by reducing the overerreporting. It seems likely that the association of deaths with anorexia nervosa is systematically underreported. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 356–360, 2004.
A study on an improved absorbing boundary condition for a multimode waveguide analysis using the FDTD method
Authors: Kusama Yusuke , Ozaki Satoshi , Hashimoto Osamu
Published: November 2004

When the FDTD method is applied to the analysis of a multimode waveguide, a problem is the treatment of the absorbing boundary corresponding to the matching at the termination. In the present study, the electromagnetic field in the cross section of the waveguide one cell inward from the termination is expressed as a linear combination of the eigenmodes of the waveguide. For the propagating mode, Mur's absorbing boundary condition is applied by means of the modal phase velocity, and the electromagnetic field at the termination is derived for each nonpropagating mode analytically by means of the modal attenuation constant. Finally, a linear combination is created at the termination to make a simple absorbing boundary. As a specific application, this procedure is applied to a waveguide with an H‐plane discontinuity for which the modal transmitted power is calculated, demonstrating the effectiveness of the procedure. Since the present technique is based on waveguide eigenmode expansion in the frequency domain, it can be used only for single‐frequency analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(12): 1–9, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20110
Synthesis and Characterization of Lithium Complexes of 2‐(Diphenylphosphanylamino)pyridine and N,2‐Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)benzeneamine
Authors: Xavier Kochappilly O. , Smolensky Elena , Kapon Moshe , Aucott Stephen M. , Woollins J. Derek , Eisen Moris S.
Published: November 2004

Lithium complexes of 2‐(diphenylphosphinoamino)pyridine and N,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)benzeneamine have been synthesized from the corresponding neutral compounds. In the former complex, the metal ion is coordinated to both nitrogen atoms, forming a constrained four‐membered ring, whereas the latter complex forms a five‐membered ring as the metal ion coordinates preferentially to the phosphorus atom. Coordination of the metal ion in both complexes is dictated primarily by soft−hard interactions and, subsequently, by the constrained geometry of the ring formed. Both lithium complexes and the corresponding neutral compounds have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Solvothermal Syntheses and Structural Characterisation of Three Isostructural 3D Metal‐Malate Coordination Polymers: {[M(C4H4O5)(H2O)]·H2O}n (M = CoII, NiII, CoII/NiII)
Authors: Xie Feng‐Tong , Duan Li‐Mei , Xu Ji‐Qing , Ye Ling , Liu Ya‐Bing , Hu Xi‐Xue , Song Jiang‐Feng
Published: November 2004

Three isostructural coordination polymers with the general formula {[M(C4H4O5)(H2O)]·H2O}n [M = CoII (1), NiII (2) and 1/3CoII + 2/3NiII (3), C4H4O5 = Hmal2−, malate dianion] have been designed and synthesised via solvothermal routes. In these compounds, the malate acts as the unique quinque‐dentate ligand with all five oxygen atoms participating in the coordination. The MII ions are interconnected via α‐ and β‐carboxyl groups from the malate ligands to generate zigzag chains and planes which are further linked together by the β‐carboxyl groups leading to the 3D open frameworks. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate the occurrence of antiferromagnetic (1), ferromagnetic (2) and ferrimagnetic (3) interactions between the MII ions mediated by the skew‐skew carboxylate bridges. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
X‐ray and Solution Structures of the First Zn Funnel Complex Based on a Calix[6]aza‐cryptand
Authors: Darbost Ulrich , Zeng Xianshun , Rager Marie‐Noëlle , Giorgi Michel , Jabin Ivan , Reinaud Olivia
Published: November 2004

First insights into the coordinative behavior of a calix[6]tren ligand are presented. Reaction with zinc perchlorate led to a dicationic complex with the metal ion strongly bound to the tren cap. It presents a unique coordination site accessible for a small coordinating molecule that is controlled by the calixarene cavity. Hence, X‐ray analysis and solution 1H NMR studies evidenced a five‐coordinate complex thanks to the coordination of a guest ligand, MeCN, included deep inside the calixarene cavity. Interestingly, the metal ion is bound in an asymmetrical environment in both the solid state and in solution. It is also particularly reluctant, and resistant, to anion binding. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Implicit and explicit measures of prejudice and stereotyping: do they assess the same underlying knowledge structure?
Authors: Dambrun Michaël , Guimond Serge
Published: November 2004

Do implicit and explicit measures of ethnic attitudes assess the same underlying knowledge structure in long term memory? This study uses both a correlational and an experimental design (N = 133) in order to address this central question. In the first part, we suggest that self‐presentational strategies can partly explain why the relation between implicit and explicit measures is inconsistent in the existing literature. More specifically, we show that when there are strong norms against prejudice, implicit and explicit measures are significantly negatively related. In the second part, an experimental manipulation of relative gratification (RG), the opposite of relative deprivation, reveals that when the level of explicit prejudice increases (RG condition), a similar effect is also observed at the implicit level. Together, these results suggest that implicit and explicit measures assess similar knowledge structure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History of Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
Authors: Hoffmann George R.
Published: November 2004

Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, the journal of the Environmental Mutagen Society (EMS), marks its 25th anniversary in 2004. The journal, originally called Environmental Mutagenesis, was established in 1979 with Seymour Abrahamson as its first editor. The development of the journal is closely linked to the evolution of the fields of mutation research and genetic toxicology. This perspective traces the founding of the journal and discusses its editorial history, growth, content, style, administration, and relationship to the EMS. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
History of the science of mutagenesis from a personal perspective
Authors: Malling Heinrich V.
Published: November 2004

A career in the study of mutagenesis spanning 50 years is a gift few scientists have been bestowed. My tenure in the field started in 1953, the year the structure of DNA became known (Watson and Crick [1953]: Nature 171:737). Before that time, it was suspected that DNA was the genetic material based on the research of Oswald T. Avery (Avery et al. [1944]: J Exp Med 79:137), but many scientists still believed that proteins or polysaccharides could be the genetic material. The present article describes a lifetime of personal experience in the field of chemical mutagenesis. The methods used to treat viruses with chemical mutagens were well developed in the 1950s. Here I review the early use of nitrous acid and hydroxylamine as mutagens in eukaryotes, the development of methods for the metabolic activation of mutagens by microsomal preparations, and the selection of a mutant tester set for the qualitative characterization of the mutagenic activity of chemicals. These studies provided critical background information that was used by Bruce Ames in the development of his Salmonella/microsome assay, widely known as the Ames test (Ames et al. [1973]: Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 70:2281–2285). This article also describes how a set of diagnostic chemical mutagens was selected and used to identify the molecular nature of gene mutations. Today, DNA sequencing has replaced the use of diagnostic mutagens, but studies of this kind formed the foundation of modern mutation research. They also helped set the stage for the organization of the Environmental Mutagen Society and the Environmental Mutagen Information Center, which are described. The article ends with the development of mammalian single‐cell mutation assays, the first system for studying in vivo mutagenesis using recoverable vectors in transgenic animals, other mutation assays in intact mammals, and my thoughts on the critically important area of germ cell mutagenesis. This narrative is not a complete autobiographical account, in that I have selected only those experiences that I feel are important for the history of the field and the edification of today's students. I hope I have shown that science not only is a valuable pursuit but can also be fun, stimulating, and satisfying. A good sense of humor and the knowledge that many discoveries come by serendipity are essential. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling animal movements using stochastic differential equations
Authors: Preisler Haiganoush K. , Ager Alan A. , Johnson Bruce K. , Kie John G.
Published: November 2004

We describe the use of bivariate stochastic differential equations (SDE) for modeling movements of 216 radio‐collared female Rocky Mountain elk at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in northeastern Oregon. Spatially and temporally explicit vector fields were estimated using approximating difference equations and nonparametric regression techniques. Estimated vector fields of movement were mapped onto the project area at selected times of the day to examine spatial patterns of movement in relation to topography. Using the concept of a potential function, we were able to study the influence of roads and grassland foraging areas on elk movements. Doing so we identified broad spatial patterns of elk movements and showed the time dependent effects of habitat features within the habitat mosaic at Starkey. Our analyses quantify the cycles of movements in spring and summer in terms of attraction or repulsion to specific habitat features, and illustrate the magnitude, timing and direction of these movements. An extensive list of references is included. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.