bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Care, Consumerism in
Authors: Guseva Alya
Published: February 2014

In its most basic form, health care consumerism stands for the central role of patients in making decisions about the course of their care (self‐determination), after they have been provided with, or have accessed, information about the risks and benefits of treatment, and have given their mandatory informed consent. A broader consumerist approach advocates for patient‐centered health care, where the quality of the health care service is determined by whether the patient's needs, as defined by the patient, have been adequately met. Consumerism is closely tied to commercialism, in which consumer choice is a powerful mechanism to promote greater competition between providers in the health care field, and to deliver high‐quality health care services. The most radical brand of health care consumerism aims to make patients more responsible for the cost of their care in an effort to incentivize them to use health care resources more efficiently. The US health insurance industry has recently started to market consumer‐directed health plans and health savings accounts. While patient‐centeredness is becoming a fundamental principle of health care delivery in a democratic society, allowing health care utilization to be driven by consumer demand, especially if treatment options are framed as financial decisions, may jeopardize patients’ health and the health of their communities.
Race and Nursing
Authors: Klaus Susan F. , Williams Charlott
Published: February 2014

According to the most recent National Sample Survey from the US Department of Health and Human Services, there are 3,063,162 registered nurses (RNs) in the United States. Of these, 16.8 percent are from minority groups. While the proportion of minority RNs continues to rise, it does not yet reflect the racial distribution of the entire US population, of which 35 percent are from minority groups. This entry reviews disparities in the prevalence of nurses from a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. Nurses from many races, cultures, and ethnicities participate in and influence the field of nursing. It is important to continue to cultivate this diversity as it promotes unique perspectives that are needed in caring for increasingly heterogeneous patient populations.
Health Social Movements
Authors: Cordner Alissa , Brown Phil , Morello‐Frosch Rachel
Published: February 2014

Health social movements have strongly affected the health care system, health care policies and regulations, and public awareness of health and illness. These movements are as old as the industrial revolution, when activists and allied professionals focused on urban poverty and occupational health. Starting in the late 1960s, the women's health movement became one of the most profound of all social movements. It challenged medical stereotypes of women, broadened reproductive rights, demanded expanded funding and services, pressed for changes in traditional standards of clinical care, and changed medical research practices. AIDS activists learned from that movement and fought for expanded funding for research and treatment, advocated for the application of complementary and alternative treatment approaches, and won major shifts in the design of clinical trials.
Migration
Authors: Greenwood Heather Louise , Bourgeault Ivy Lynn
Published: February 2014

Migration is defined as the movement of people across international borders or the internal borders of a state resulting in a change of residence. At any one point, approximately 3.1 percent of the world's population is residing in a country in which they were not born. Changes and challenges posed by migration may include language and cultural barriers, changes in food, lifestyle, and health habits, social exclusion, and restricted access to employment opportunities and health services. The coping strategies adopted by migrants to adapt to their new environments, such as creating links to social networks, are also of relevance. We consider six key issues: the healthy immigrant effect; health service utilization among immigrants; gender, migration, and health; the vulnerability of temporary migrants; migration, food, and health; and diaspora and health.
Control, Sense of
Authors: Hinote Brian P.
Published: February 2014

Purely biomedical explanations of disease originating in medicine, public health, and epidemiology often focus on proximate pathogenic factors, or on the very diseases themselves, to unravel increasingly complex disease processes. However, many medical sociologists, social epidemiologists, and other forward‐looking professionals in medicine, nursing, and public health emphasize the significance of distal factors and their roles in the origins of disease. Among investigations of health, sense of control has emerged as a particularly important variable of interest in recent decades. In studies of social factors and their ubiquitous health effects, sense of control as an explanatory concept yields valuable insights into the impacts of social factors and how these forces actually impinge on individuals’ lives. Thus this idea is an important one that helps researchers and practitioners span multiple levels of social and epidemiological analysis. Early investigations related to control yielded models related to effort–reward imbalance and job strain, which have been further evaluated and subsequently refined. However the concept is measured, it is typical that as one moves down in a particular social hierarchy, one has less control over life, work, and environment, and this control (or lack of it) exhibits measurable effects on mental and physical health.
Infectious Disease
Authors: Brown Peter J.
Published: February 2014

There are three primary anthropological approaches to the study of infectious disease: ecological, historical, and applied. All focus on the interaction of humans and pathogens in particular ecological contexts. Cultural behaviors can increase or decrease the prevalence of disease, but social class is one of the strongest predictors of disease burden. Four analytical levels must be used in understanding culture and disease ecology: microbiological, individual behavioral, sociocultural, and political economic. Historical approaches utilize bioarcheological data and documents to show that human history has been characterized as three epidemiological transitions. These include the rise of infectious disease at the dawn of agriculture and early cities, the decline of infectious disease and improved health during the nineteenth century, and the re‐emergence of infectious disease in the past two decades. Applied medical anthropologists collaborate with public health practitioners to improve the effectiveness of disease control and prevention programs by increasing cultural acceptance and community participation.
Interactionism
Authors: Belgrave Linda Liska
Published: February 2014

Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective that can be used to understand and analyze connections between health, illness, behavior, and society. A product of the pragmatist philosophical orientation, symbolic interactionism emphasizes the importance of social interaction, the meanings of phenomena as developed and interpreted by social actors, and human agency. Based largely on the work of Mead and Blumer, interactionists see persons’ selves as emergent social processes, both influenced by, and influencing, the social worlds in which they are enmeshed. This entry outlines this theoretical perspective, emphasizing the Chicago School, including related traditions, and highlighting some of its contributions to medical sociology and related fields.
Bioethics
Authors: Wasserman Jason Adam , Stevenson Shannon Lindsey
Published: February 2014

Bioethics generally refers to a discipline with a central focus on the moral considerations surrounding issues of life, particularly health and medicine. While discourse on ethics has always supplemented medical philosophy and practice, advances in technology in the mid‐twentieth century enabled life‐saving and life‐sustaining measures well beyond the capacity of medicine in earlier eras. In turn, there arose new questions about the uses of these technologies and the relationship between medical decision‐making and other human values. Across the last few decades, new advances in medical imaging, genetics, and surgery, particularly success with organ transplantation, have promoted the expansion of bioethics as a field, where it has witnessed growing numbers of professionals, increasing organization (e.g., the American Society for Bioethics and the Humanities), and expanding discursive terrain, where bioethicists now engage in discussions of doctor–patient communication, environmental issues, and cultural competency in medicine. This entry provides an overview of bioethics from its historical precursors to its emergence its own field, concluding with contemporary debates and future challenges.
Pharmacology
Authors: Saris A. Jamie
Published: February 2014

This is a short description of pharmacology and some of the recent research trends relating to it. I begin with a brief definition of pharmacology, followed by a recent history of the modern pharmaceutical industry, with a special focus on the proliferation of drugs and syndromes in the recent past. Some of the social science interest that these developments have sparked is then reviewed, especially the globalization of both the pharmaceutical industry and the desire for pharmaceuticals. Both the anxiety and the promise of the pharmaceutical moment are investigated, with attention paid to the life cycle of drugs, the relationships between legal and illegal ingestion, and the increasing reality of poly‐pharmacy. The contribution concludes with an outline of the complexity of modern pharmacology both as an object of research and as an increasingly important economic and sociocultural force in the modern world.
Socialized Medicine
Authors: Nettleton Sarah , Dingwall Robert
Published: February 2014

Socialized medicine is a system of health care delivery in which care is provided as a state‐supported service. The UK National Health Service is often taken to be a paradigm case. However, it is doubtful whether it ever represented “socialism in action” in the way that North American observers described it. Since 1979 it has become increasingly marketized in England, although internal political devolution has left considerable scope for the administrations in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland to pursue policies that are much closer to the founding vision. In this sense, socialized medicine may be said to survive in some parts of the United Kingdom.
Disease and Representation
Authors: Brown Tim
Published: February 2014

Similarly to scholars in other disciplines allied with the arts, humanities, and social sciences, geographers have explored the ways in which particular kinds of bodies have been represented as diseased and/or healthy in both the past and the present. Foucault's work on the body as a site of particular regimes of knowledge and power relations has been pivotal in shifting focus towards the kinds of technologies utilized in producing such understandings. Following his analyses, geographers acknowledge, though not entirely without criticism, that one of the key ways of studying social parameters of normativity and the mechanisms for enforcing them is to look at representations of sick bodies. Here “sick” does not mean simply images or understandings of bodies that are diseased; rather, it refers to a much more expanded investigation of bodies depicted as undesirable, impure, or deviant at various moments in time and place.
Sick Role
Authors: Cockerham William C.
Published: February 2014

Talcott Parsons's concept of the sick role is a pivotal event in medical sociology, helping to transform the field in the 1950s from an applied focus toward an embrace of theory that helped solidify its academic orientation. Up until this time, medical sociology was largely atheoretical and loosely organized as a sociological subdiscipline. It had focused on topics that could be applied to policy and practical health care problem solving until Parsons also added a theoretical component. Although subjected to criticism, the sick role remains an important theory as an “ideal type” or model of the behavior of sick persons and their social role.
Gender and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Ejem Deborah
Published: February 2014

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are some of the most prevalent sources of illness globally. These diseases have great health, economic, and social impacts. STDs disproportionately affect the health and well‐being of women, especially those who live in economically disadvantaged areas.
Conversation Analysis
Authors: Pilnick Alison
Published: February 2014

Conversation analysis (CA) is a sociological approach to the study of human interaction. It was developed in the 1960s by Harvey Sacks and his colleagues Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. Since its beginnings in the study of ordinary or mundane talk, it has broadened its focus to institutional interaction, and particularly to interaction in health care settings. This work examines not only doctor–patient interaction, but also interactions between patients and a wide range of health care professionals, and interactions between professionals themselves. Through careful and detailed analysis of audio or video recorded naturally occurring interactions, it has shed light on topics such as how professionals elicit patient concerns and how patients present them; how diagnosis delivery and agreement on future treatment are reached; how matters of expertise are negotiated; and how the introduction of new technologies impacts on day‐to‐day health care practice.
Medical Education, Globalization of
Authors: Stevens Fred C. J.
Published: February 2014

Many countries around the world have three ambitions in higher education: attracting more students; improving standards to compete in international markets; and promoting equitable access without sociocultural and ethnic discrimination. Globalization is seen as the answer to these ambitions. Medical education fits into the concept of globalization, as in a globalizing world medical students are a strategic group to meet expectations and visions in health and health care. There is an increasing call on medical educators to prepare medical students for the social, economic, and health care realities of tomorrow. Globalization of medical education however is more than the import or export of instructional designs, but includes Western models of social organization that require deep reflection and adaptation for success.
Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Hiday Virginia Aldige , Moloney Mairead Eastin
Published: February 2014

Persons with severe mental illness (PSMI) are overrepresented in the criminal justice system (CJS). While some believe that PSMI are dealt with unfairly, others hold that PSMI are inherently violent, and “coddled” by the system. Hypotheses of criminalization (unfair arrest) and criminality (inherent violence) are not empirically supported; the public's concern about preferential treatment also appears unwarranted. Diversion programs, including mental health courts, may increase treatment and service options for PSMI interacting with the CJS. Most PSMI are not criminals and it is important to consider the social contexts of the subgroups who are most likely to criminally offend.
Social Constructionism
Authors: Bakhtiari Elyas , Olafsdottir Sigrun
Published: February 2014

The social construction of health, illness, and healing has been a central theme in medical sociology. Rooted in the notion that perceptions about reality are embedded in social context and to an extent socially produced, this perspective seeks to understand health, illness, and healing as social phenomena.
Stress: Conceptualization in Medicine and Social Sciences
Authors: Wethington Elaine , Hachey Sara M. , Rosenblum Sarah F.
Published: February 2014

One of the challenges of research on stress has been its varied conceptualization across fields of study, from biology and medicine to fields in the behavioral and social sciences. This entry contrasts different approaches to conceptualizing stress in the social sciences and medicine, and highlights recent attempts to integrate these approaches into biopsychosocial models that can be translated across disciplines and into health disparities research and behavioral change interventions. Future progress to integrate the sociological environmental perspective into medical research will be facilitated by longitudinal studies of the population that utilize concepts from the social sciences, along with physiological biomarkers.
Stress and Terrorism
Authors: Sayed Bisma Ali , Johnson Robert J.
Published: February 2014

Terrorism has long occupied a place in human history, yet we have only recently begun to systematically investigate its effects on our mental and physical health. Extant research finds evidence that direct and indirect exposure to terrorism is associated with psychological distress, including post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. Surprisingly, research also suggests that exposure to terrorism can trigger processes of adaptation that stimulate resilience in individuals and communities. This entry reviews the various types and forms of terrorism (transnational and domestic, state‐sponsored and non‐state‐sponsored), and the links between terrorism and adverse health outcomes. Special attention is paid to the emerging research on the positive consequences arising from exposure to terrorism. The various response trajectories of individuals who have been exposed to terrorism are outlined. The entry focuses, in particular, on interdisciplinary explanations for the heterogeneous nature of individuals’ responses to terrorism, and concludes by examining whether the current research agenda can be further expanded to better understand the multilevel factors that contribute to adverse health consequences after exposure to terrorism.
Social Gradient
Authors: Donkin Angela J. M.
Published: February 2014

The social gradient in health is a term used to describe the phenomenon whereby people who are less advantaged in terms of socioeconomic position have worse health (and shorter lives) than those who are more advantaged. A classic example of research on this subject is the Whitehall study of British civil servants. Analysis of these data show a steep inverse association between social class and health and mortality from a wide range of diseases. Self‐perceived health status and symptoms were also worse in subjects in lower status jobs. There were clear employment grade differences in health‐risk behaviors, in possible effects of early life environment, in social circumstances at work, and in social supports. It is clear that people in the highest social strata live longer and have better health than those in the strata just below them who, in turn, live longer than those just below them and so on in a downward gradient until the bottom of the social ladder is reached.
Mental Health and Victimization
Authors: Betts Lucy R.
Published: February 2014

This entry reviews some of the types of victimization that individuals frequently encounter, and discusses what characterizes victimization from a research perspective. The two prominent methods of examining the link between victimization and mental health are reviewed, and evidence is given in support of the association between victimization experiences and mental illness. The entry also discusses some of the risk factors that serve to exacerbate the association between victimization and mental health and the protective factors that may ameliorate the effects of victimization.
Pharmaceuticals and Society
Authors: Szaflarski Magdalena
Published: February 2014

Pharmaceuticals (medicines, vaccines, and biologicals) are compounds manufactured for the purpose of diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of diseases. Pharmaceuticals consume a large share (15.2 percent) of global health spending, amounting to $440 billion a year. They are critical to the effective functioning of the health system and to global development. Access to pharmaceuticals is a key barrier to medical treatment. About a third of the world population – and 50 percent of the poorest parts of Africa and Asia – lack regular access to existing medicines. Rational medicine use presents another challenge, at both social and individual levels; the overprescribing of antibiotics is an example of irrational medicine use. The pharmaceutical industry (“Big Pharma”) is the most profitable industry in the United States and a major source of health care costs. There is an ongoing debate in the United States about pharmaceutical research and development, regulation, and marketing. For example, there have been claims that pharmaceutical companies overstate the benefits and understate the dangers of new medicines, and sometimes manipulate data to mislead outside researchers, regulators, and consumers. The industry has also been charged with influencing independent research through funding and other methods.
Professional Careers
Authors: Leicht Kevin T.
Published: February 2014

Professional careers have, traditionally, involved steady work with steadily rising earnings, and relatively high social and occupational prestige. For the professions that meet this definition (physicians, lawyers, university professors, accountants, pharmacists, engineers, and scientists) the steady and predictable professional career is under threat from multiple sources. Current research on professional careers focuses on two principal issues: (1) changes from inside the professions as practitioners become more diversified demographically and in terms of their professional interests and specialization; and (2) changes in the relative salience of institutional and technical environments in altering the logics of professional service delivery.
Nurses
Authors: Kanji Zeenatkhanu , Ladhani Zahra S. , Dhamani Khairunnisa A.
Published: February 2014

Nursing is an important part of society, as it serves the health care needs of people everywhere. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Nurses practice in a broad diversity of practice areas with a range of practices. Nurses have influenced health care globally by actively participating in policymaking, by continuously reviewing their roles according to the health care needs of the populations they serve, and by contributing to the health care in hospitals, in rural areas, and in the community. They also make an important contribution to education, administration, and research.
Health Policy
Authors: Alaszewski Andy
Published: February 2014

In modern states governments claim to be responsible for the health of all their citizens. They articulate and express this claim in health policies. The development of health policy is relatively recent and is grounded in the development of government commitment to the welfare of citizens and their capacity to raise funds and manage health care. Governments have tended to adopt two alternative approaches; the national health care system, in which the government agencies fund and manage health care and promotion; and the insurance system, in which government ensures that all citizens have health insurance and/or access to health care. Traditionally health policy has focused on the provision of health care experts and facilities to treat ill‐health and has to meet the challenge of the escalating costs of health care. Public health and health promotion are becoming an increasingly important part of health policy. Key policymakers emphasize the role of instrumental rationality in health policymaking and the importance of evidence. However, they have to accept that not only do they have to access and use evidence, but they also have to respond to and manage the broader social and political pressures and demands.
Medical Sociology
Authors: Cockerham William C.
Published: February 2014

Medical sociology is a subdiscipline of sociology which studies the social causes and consequences of health and illness. Major areas of investigation include the social aspects of health and disease, the social behavior of health care providers and the people who utilize their services, the social functions of health organizations and institutions, the social patterns of health services, the relationship of health care delivery systems to other social systems, and the social effects of health policies. What makes medical sociology important is the significant role social factors play in determining the health of individuals, groups, and large populations.
Tobacco
Authors: Rooke Catriona
Published: February 2014

Tobacco is one of most widely used psychoactive substances, as well as one of the most harmful to health. The cigarette can be seen as one of the first modern global products; it played a role in the development of mass advertising and marketing methods, as well as in the development of approaches to epidemiology and public health. Tobacco use spans a huge period of history, as well as being present across the world today.
Parenting and Stress
Authors: Caputo Jennifer L.
Published: February 2014

Parenthood is a major adult social role that is negatively associated with psychological well‐being, which can be explained by the many stressors that persons in this role encounter. Parents must cope with the economic and emotional strains of raising children, often while juggling other social roles including employment. Important moderators of the relationship between parental status and stress include marital status and gender. As the nature of the parental role and family structures continue to shift in the twenty‐first century, so will both the stressful and potentially beneficial connotations of parenthood.
Stressors, Primary and Secondary
Authors: Moran Catherine L.
Published: February 2014

Stressors – the problematic or troublesome events, experiences, or perceptions that cause us distress and threaten our well‐being – can be teased out into primary and secondary variants. Primary stressors are the starting points for the stress process. As stress proliferates, secondary stressors may develop as a consequence of primary stressors.
Nanoparticle Growth via Concentration Gradients Generated by Enzyme Nanopatterns
Authors: de la Rica Roberto , Bat Erhan , Herpoldt Karla L. , Xie Hai‐nan , Bertazzo Sergio , Maynard Heather D. , Stevens Molly M.
Published: February 2014

Biomineralizing organisms can grow nanomaterials with unexpected morphologies in an organic matrix where temporal and vectorial gradients of crystal growth precursors are established. Here, concentration gradients for the crystallization of gold nanoparticles are generated and applied on silicon substrates. Gradients of crystal growth precursors are generated by enzymes patterned as lines that are separated by distances ranging from the micro‐ to the nanoscale. The concentration of crystallization precursors around the lines separated by nanometric distances is not only determined by mass transport and enzyme activity but also by the nanoscale organization of biocatalysts. This nanoscale organization favors non‐classical crystal growth conditions that lead to the formation of nanoparticle clusters containing nanocrystals that are highly crystallographically aligned. The combination of bottom‐up crystal growth with top‐down electron beam lithography enables the fabrication of micrometric patterns containing gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and surface density. These are all critical parameters that determine the physical properties of these nanomaterials.
Construction and Molecular Understanding of an Unprecedented, Reversibly Thermochromic Bis‐Polydiacetylene
Authors: Lee Songyi , Lee Joonseong , Lee Minji , Cho Yu Kyung , Baek Junwoo , Kim Jinwook , Park Sungnam , Kim Myung Hwa , Chang Rakwoo , Yoon Juyoung
Published: February 2014

A new type of bis‐PDA, in which two PDAs are linked via an intervening p‐phenylene group, is developed. The Bis‐PDA‐Ph displays exceptional thermochromic reversibility owing to the presence of unique hydrophobic interactions between alkyl chains as well as aryl moieties. The Bis‐PDA‐Ph has a well‐packed structure that causes it to display a clear blue to red colorimetric transition at elevated temperatures. To elucidate the molecular origin of the thermochromic response, a theoretical simulation of the new PDA, the results of which successfully explain the thermochromic reversibility phenomenon, is conducted. Furthermore, Bis‐PDA‐Ph‐embedded polymer fibers are used as a thermochromic sensor material. It displays excellent reversibility between 20–120 °C, which is the largest temperature range reported thus far for PDA based sensors. Finally, transient absorption spectroscopy is employed for the first time to analyze the temperature‐dependent fluorescence change of the new PDA.
Minimal residual disease monitoring in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia based on RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 fusion quantification on genomic DNA
Authors: Duployez Nicolas , Nibourel Olivier , Marceau‐Renaut Alice , Willekens Christophe , Helevaut Nathalie , Caillault Aurélie , Villenet Céline , Celli‐Lebras Karine , Boissel Nicolas , Jourdan Eric , Dombret Hervé , Figeac Martin , Preudhomme Claude , Renneville Aline
Published: February 2014

Although acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21) belongs to the favorable risk AML subset, relapse incidence may reach 30% in those patients. RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 fusion transcript is a well‐established marker for minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring. In this study, we investigated the feasibility and performances of RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 DNA as MRD marker in AML with t(8;21). In 17/22 patients with t(8;21)‐positive AML treated in the French CBF‐2006 trial, breakpoints in RUNX1 and RUNX1T1 were identified using long‐range PCR followed by next‐generation sequencing. RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 DNA quantification was performed by real‐time quantitative PCR using patient‐specific primers and probe. MRD levels were evaluated in 71 follow‐up samples from 16 patients, with a median of four samples [range 2–7] per patient. RUNX1 breakpoints were located in intron 5 in all cases. RUNX1T1 breakpoints were located in intron 1b in 15 cases and in intron 1a in two cases. RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 MRD levels measured on DNA and RNA were strongly correlated (r = 0.8, P < 0.0001). Discordant MRD results were observed in 10/71 (14%) of the samples: in three samples from two patients who relapsed, RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 was detectable only on DNA, while RUNX1‐RUNX1T1 was detectable only on RNA in seven samples. MRD monitoring on genomic DNA is feasible, but with sensitivity variations depending on the patient breakpoint sequence and the qPCR assay efficiency. Although interpretation of the results is easier because it is closely related to the number of leukemic cells, this method greatly increases time, cost and complexity, which limits its interest in routine practice. Am. J. Hematol. 89:610–615, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimating fossil hominin body mass from cranial variables: An assessment using CT data from modern humans of known body mass
Authors: Elliott Marina , Kurki Helen , Weston Darlene A. , Collard Mark
Published: February 2014

Body mass estimates are integral to a wide range of inferences in paleoanthropology. Most techniques employ postcranial elements, but predictive equations based on cranial variables have also been developed. Three studies currently provide regression equations for estimating mass from cranial variables, but none of the equations has been tested on samples of known mass. Nor have the equations been compared to each other in terms of performance. Consequently, this study assessed the performance of existing cranial equations using computed tomography scans from a large, documented sample of modern humans of known body mass. Virtual models of the skull were reconstructed and measured using computer software, and the resulting variables were entered into three sets of published regression equations. Estimated and known body masses were then compared. For most equations, prediction errors were high and few individuals were estimated within ±20% of their known mass. Only one equation satisfied the accuracy criteria. In addition, variables that had been previously argued to be good predictors of mass in hominins, including humans, did not estimate mass reliably. These results have important implications for paleoanthropology. In particular, they emphasize the need to develop new equations for estimating fossil hominin body mass from cranial variables. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:201–214, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural pedicled mucochondral‐osteal nasoseptal flap: a novel method for orbital floor reconstruction after sinonasal and skull base tumor resection
Authors: Kalyoussef Evelyne , Schmidt Richard F. , Liu James K. , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: February 2014

Unrepaired orbital floor defects after sinonasal and skull‐base tumor resection can lead to herniation of orbital contents into the maxillary or ethmoidal sinuses, possibly resulting in infection and significant cosmetic and functional deficits. Orbital floor defects are usually repaired using prosthetic implants or autogenous material. Nasal septal cartilage has been used previously as a free graft for reconstruction. However, its reliance on local vascular supply can result in ischemia and necrosis in the postoperative period. The vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap, consisting of mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteum, is routinely used as an effective reconstruction method for endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks arising from skull base dural defects. However, this flap does not provide rigid structural reconstruction when used alone. We report a case of an orbital floor defect repaired using a pedicled mucochondral‐osteal nasoseptal flap. This technique incorporates the structural component of the nasal septal cartilage and bone with the vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap. This repair technique may be useful in patients requiring postoperative radiotherapy.
Comparison of nasal hyperosmolar xylitol and xylometazoline solutions on quality of life in patients with inferior turbinate hypertrophy secondary to nonallergic rhinitis
Authors: Cingi Cemal , Birdane Leman , Ural Ahmet , Oghan Fatih , Bal Cengiz
Published: February 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to objectively determine and compare the efficacy and effectiveness of xylitol solution (Xlear Nasal Sprey®) compared with xylometazoline and physiological saline with respect to quality of life (QoL) in patients with nasal congestion.

Methods

A prospective, randomized study was performed in 42 patients who had nasal obstruction and hypertrophied turbinate mucosa that was refractory to medical treatment. The study population was randomized into 3 groups according to the application of xylometazoline, physiological saline, and xylitol hyperosmolar solution. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated objectively (4‐phase rhinomanometry) and subjectively (visual analogue scale VAS.) before and after the application of the nasal solutions. QoL was evaluated by means of Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ).

Results

VAS scores and 4‐phase rhinomanometry scores were better in the group treated with xylometazoline compared to those treated with xylitol or saline. The xylitol procedure yielded better results than the saline procedure, but differences were not statistically significant in both objective and subjective evaluation methods. For overall QoL, there was a significant improvement from baseline for the xylometazoline and xylitol groups. However, the improvement in the xylometazoline group was significantly greater than that obtained in the xylitol group.

Conclusion

Xlear Nasal Spray® is an effective modality in the treatment of nasal congestion and has positive effect on the QoL of patients. Further studies are needed in order to plan an ongoing treatment of Xlear Nasal Sprey® at certain intervals for continuous relief of symptoms and a better and longstanding QoL.
Elektrochemie von Nanopartikeln
Authors: Kleijn Steven E. F. , Lai Stanley C. S. , Koper Marc T. M. , Unwin Patrick R.
Published: February 2014

Metall‐Nanopartikel (NPs) haben aufgrund ihrer einzigartigen physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften ein großes Anwendungspotential. Für die Katalyse und Elektrokatalyse sind NPs vor allem wegen ihres großen Oberfläche‐Masse‐Verhältnisses und ihrer möglichen zielgerichteten Anpassung für bestimmte Reaktionspfade von Interesse. Die Aktivität von NPs kann insbesondere elektrochemisch, durch die direkte Analyse der Grenzflächenchemie, erforscht werden. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir Aspekte der Elektrochemie von NPs. Wir stellen Modelluntersuchungen vor, bei denen die Form und Größe der NPs außerordentlich genau kontrolliert werden konnten bzw. deren Stofftransportbedingungen wichtige Einblicke in das Verhalten von NP‐Ensembles geben. Besondere Schwerpunkte bilden die Messung von Reaktionen an Einzel‐NPs und die Beziehung zwischen dem Signal eines Einzel‐NP und seiner Struktur. Dafür wurden innovative Experimente entwickelt, die über die Elektrochemie hinaus auch für die breitere Oberflächen‐ und Kolloidwissenschaft von Interesse sind.
Chemo‐ and Regioselective C(sp3)H Arylation of Unactivated Allylarenes by Deprotonative Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Hussain Nusrah , Frensch Gustavo , Zhang Jiadi , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: February 2014

The combination of aryl bromides, allylbenzene, base and a palladium catalyst usually results in a Heck reaction. Herein we combine these same reagents, but override the Heck pathway by employing a strong base. In the presence of LiN(SiMe3)2, allylbenzene derivatives undergo reversible deprotonation. Transmetalation of the resulting allyllithium intermediate to LPdAr(Br) and reductive elimination provide the 1,1‐diarylprop‐2‐enes, which are not accessible by the Heck reaction. The regioselectivity in this deprotonative cross‐coupling process is catalyst‐controlled and very high.
Direkte Synthese von funktionalisierten 1,2‐Azaborininen
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Geetharani K. , Jimenez‐Halla J. Oscar C. , Schäfer Marius
Published: February 2014

Ein neuer katalytischer Zugang zu funktionalisierten 1,2‐Azaborininen konnte durch [2+2]/[2+4]‐Cycloadditionen von Di‐tert‐butyliminoboranen und Alkinen in Gegenwart eines Rhodiumkatalysators eröffnet werden. Die ersten Beispiele für Ferrocen‐funktionalisierte Azaborinine konnten so synthetisiert werden. Außerdem kann die Regioselektivität dieser Reaktion über die Bildung eines intermediären Rhodium‐1,2‐Azaboret‐Komplexes kontrolliert werden, was zu einem ersten Azaborininboronsäureester führte. Die Isolierung eines BN‐Isosters mit einer NH‐Gruppe wurde durch Eliminierung von Isobuten aus einer N(tBu)‐Einheit unter thermolytischen Bedingungen erreicht. Quantenchemische Untersuchungen liefern weitere Einblicke in die Bildung von 1,2‐Azaborininen und die Eliminierung von Isobuten aus der N(tBu)‐Gruppe.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed trans‐Selective Hydrostannation of Alkynes
Authors: Rummelt Stephan M. , Fürstner Alois
Published: February 2014

In contrast to all other transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydrostannation reactions documented in the literature, the addition of Bu3SnH across various types of alkynes proceeds with excellent trans selectivity, provided the reaction is catalyzed by [Cp*Ru]‐based complexes. This method is distinguished by a broad substrate scope and a remarkable compatibility with functional groups, including various substituents that would neither survive under the conditions of established Lewis acid mediated trans hydrostannations nor withstand free‐radical reactions. In case of unsymmetrical alkynes, a cooperative effect between the proper catalyst and protic functionality in the substrate allows outstanding levels of regioselectivity to be secured as well.
Charge‐Scaling Effect in Ionic Liquids from the Charge‐Density Analysis ofN,N′‐Dimethylimidazolium Methylsulfate
Authors: Beichel Witali , Trapp Nils , Hauf Christoph , Kohler Oliver , Eickerling Georg , Scherer Wolfgang , Krossing Ingo
Published: February 2014

The charge scaling effect in ionic liquids was explored on the basis of experimental and theoretical charge‐density analyses of [C1MIM][C1SO4] employing the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) approach. Integrated QTAIM charges of the experimental (calculated) charge density of the cation and anion resulted in non‐integer values of ±0.90 (±0.87) e. Efficient charge transfer along the bond paths of the hydrogen bonds between the imidazolium ring and the anion was considered as the origin of these reduced charges. In addition, a detailed QTAIM analysis of the bonding situation in the [C1SO4]−anion revealed the presence of negative πO→σ*S‐Ohyperconjugation.
Controlled Carbon Nitride Growth on Surfaces for Hydrogen Evolution Electrodes
Authors: Shalom Menny , Gimenez Sixto , Schipper Florian , Herraiz‐Cardona Isaac , Bisquert Juan , Antonietti Markus
Published: February 2014

Efficient and low‐cost electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction are highly desired for future renewable energy systems. Described herein is the reduction of water to hydrogen using a metal‐free carbon nitride electrocatalyst which operates in neutral and alkaline environments. An efficient, easy, and general method for growing ordered carbon nitride on different electrodes was developed. The metal‐free catalyst demonstrates low overpotential values, which are comparable to those of non‐noble metals, with reasonable current densities. The facile deposition method enables the fabrication of many electronic and photoelectronic devices based on carbon nitride for renewable energy applications.
Combined Heterogeneous Metal/Chiral Amine: Multiple Relay Catalysis for Versatile Eco‐Friendly Synthesis
Authors: Deiana Luca , Jiang Yan , Palo‐Nieto Carlos , Afewerki Samson , Incerti‐Pradillos Celia A. , Verho Oscar , Tai Cheuk‐Wai , Johnston Eric V. , Córdova Armando
Published: February 2014

Herein is described a versatile and broad synergistic strategy for expansion of chemical space and the synthesis of valuable molecules (e.g. carbocycles and heterocycles), with up to three quaternary stereocenters, in a highly enantioselective fashion from simple alcohols (31 examples, 95:5 to >99.5:0.5 e.r.) using integrated heterogeneous metal/chiral amine multiple relay catalysis and air/O2as the terminal oxidant. A novel highly 1,4‐selective heterogeneous metal/amine co‐catalyzed hydrogenation of enals was also added to the relay catalysis sequences.
Age and growth rates of the critically endangered fish Garra ghorensis can inform their conservation management
Authors: Hamidan Nashat , Britton J. Robert
Published: February 2014

Information on the life‐history traits of threatened fishes can inform their conservation as they can indicate resilience to environmental change and vulnerability to extirpation and extinction. Garra ghorensis, a small (< 140 mm total length) riverine cyprinid fish, endemic to the southern Dead Sea area, is critically endangered through habitat loss and invasive species. There are, however, no data currently available on their life‐history traits to inform their conservation management.

The age structure and growth rate characteristics of three G. ghorensis populations in Jordan were assessed. Close to the sampling sites, minimum air temperatures approached 0 °C in January but maxima exceeded 40 °C in July and August. Samples collected monthly throughout 2011 contained fish with lengths between 23 and 137 mm, with most less than 100 mm. Monthly length distributions showed three distinct length modes in each population whose mean lengths increased throughout the warmer months.

Growth check formation on scales was annual and their ageing revealed fish in each population present to at least 4 years old, with a maximum of 6 years. Comparison of these data with the length modes indicated that the modes corresponded to ages 0+, 1+ and >2 years. Variability in length at age was apparent within sites, suggesting protracted spawning. Females were significantly larger than males.

Growth rates and lifespans of G. ghorensis were highest at the most disturbed site (habitat loss and the presence of the invasive Oreochromis aureus). This growth plasticity in response to slower flows and deeper water suggests G. ghorensis has some resilience to environmental disturbances and suggests that their conservation management might not have to return their habitats to pristine conditions to avoid impacts on their lifespan and growth parameters. It also shows that further work is needed to identify the issues that are affecting the persistence of their populations.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed knowledge in an online patient support community: Authority and discovery
Authors: Kazmer Michelle M. , Lustria Mia Liza A. , Cortese Juliann , Burnett Gary , Kim Ji‐Hyun , Ma Jinxuan , Frost Jeana
Published: February 2014

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative condition that occurs in adulthood and targets the motor neurons. Social support is crucial to the well‐being and quality of life of people with unpredictable and incurable diseases such as ALS. Members of the PatientsLikeMe (PLM) ALS online support community share social support but also exchange and build distributed knowledge within their discussion forum. This qualitative analysis of 1,000 posts from the PLM ALS online discussion examines the social support within the PLM ALS online community and explores ways community members share and build knowledge. The analysis responds to 3 research questions: RQ1: How and why is knowledge shared among the distributed participants in the PLM‐ALS threaded discussion forum?; RQ2: How do the participants in the PLM‐ALS threaded discussion forum work together to discover knowledge about treatments and to keep knowledge discovered over time?; and RQ3: How do participants in the PLM‐ALS forum co‐create and treat authoritative knowledge from multiple sources including the medical literature, healthcare professionals, lived experiences of patients and “other” sources of information such as lay literature and alternative health providers? The findings have implications for supporting knowledge sharing and discovery in addition to social support for patients.
Toward a model of emotions and mood in the online information search process
Authors: Lopatovska Irene
Published: February 2014

This article reports the results of a study that examined relationships between primary emotions, secondary emotions, and mood in the online information search context. During the experiment, participants were asked to searchGoogle to obtain information on the two given search tasks. Participants' primary emotions were inferred from analysis of their facial expressions, data on secondary emotions were obtained through participant interviews, and mood was measured using thePositiveAffectNegativeAffectScale (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) prior, during, and after the search. The search process was represented by the collection of search actions, search performance, and search outcome quality variables. The findings suggest existence of direct relationships between primary emotions and search actions, which in turn imply the possibility of inferring emotions from search actions and vice versa. The link between secondary emotions and searchers' evaluative judgments, and lack of evidence of any relationships between secondary emotions and other search process variables, point to the strengths and weaknesses of self‐reported emotion measures in understanding searchers' affective experiences. Our study did not find strong relationships between mood and search process and outcomes, indicating that while mood can have a limited effect on search activities, it is a relatively stable and long‐lasting state that cannot be easily altered by the search experience and, in turn, cannot significantly affect the search. The article proposes a model of relationships between emotions, mood, and several facets of the search process. Directions for future work are also discussed.