bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technocratic Revolutions: From Industrial to Post-industrial Technocracy
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

The chapter presents a historical analysis of technocracy and its major revolutions, from its original conception in the French revolution to the latest and largely unexplored revolution from the 1980s and onwards. In this way, the chapter provides a historically informed understanding of the technocratic regime and establishes the core idea that the dynamics and structures of post- industrial society is the main driver of technocratic influence on policy and politics.
Who Are the Technocrats? From the Technostructure to Technocratic Government
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

The chapter deals with the issue of how to identify technocrats outside and within the political system and determine the nature and extent of political influence. Drawing on organizational sociology, elite research and comparative politics, the chapter maps the available answers, from the most general idea of the ‘technostructure’ to the specific (and rare) occurrence of a fully technocratic government.
The Technocratic Regime: Technocracy, Bureaucracy and Democracy
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

Technocracy is discussed as a distinct type of regime and form of statecraft. The chapter clears up the considerable confusion surrounding the relationship between technocracy, bureaucracy and democracy, which provides the foundation for the empirical analysis of the anti-bureaucratic and pro-democratic nature of contemporary technocracy. The relationship of technocracy to political ideology is discussed, leading to the suggestion that technocracy consistently pursues a position ‘beyond ideology’ while also remaining fully capable of working in lockstep with socialism, liberalism and anything in between. Finally, the chapter moves from the regime level and provides an overall model of the constitutive and intersecting policy paradigms of the New Technocracy: connective governance, risk management and performance management.
Technocratic Organization: The Power of Networks
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

The new technocratic pursuit of an imperative but difficult transition to a network state in the ‘information age’ is analyzed. Focusing on the interplay between technology and organization, the chapter argues that the new technocracy is defined by a new commitment to the power of networks, in stark contrast to the earlier preoccupation with large- scale and vertically integrated bureaucratic organization. Three types of new governance particularly invested in this development are discussed in more detail: communicative governance, collaborative governance and multilevel governance.
Technocratic Calculation: Economy, Evidence and Experiments
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

The chapter takes up the technocratic preoccupation with quantification, measurement and scientific politics. While this is a consistent feature of technocratic governance, the proliferation of performance management, accountability and evaluation systems, evidence-based policy and experimental learning also reflect a new commitment to radical incrementalism and a ‘what works’ approach, which is significantly different from earlier and industrial technocracy. The chapter illustrates the implications of this development in the cases of experimental EU governance and nudging interventions.
New Populism vs New Technocracy
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

Explores the link between technocracy and the rise of populist movements and parties in established democracies during the last two decades. Among the various attempt to find the causes of this populist challenge, the chapter singles out the interplay of technocratic depoliticization and populist repoliticization as the key dynamic. Building on existing observations of this logic in the debates on populism and anti- politics, the chapter explores how the new technocratic preoccupation with network organization, reflexive risk regulation and experimental performance calculation have all contributed in particular ways to depoliticization, which in turn has led to populist counter- reactions and attempts at repoliticization.
Reining Technocracy Back In?
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

The chapter discusses the possible contributions of this analysis to the broader quest for responses to the new populist challenge. This question is rephrased as a matter of how to rein technocracy back in in order to break out of the vicious circle in which the interplay of technocracy and populism is currently caught. Lack of attention to this problem is likely to exacerbate this problem and reinforce the current tendency to reinforce technocracy and fight fire with fire. Two general approaches to the question of reining technocracy back in are discussed: a short term cordon sanitaire and a more long-term normative reinforcement of the decisionistic model of parliamentary democracy infused with elements of a pragmatic deliberative model.
Conclusion: Technocracy at the End of the World
Authors: Esmark Anders
Published: January 2021

Taking up the case of climate change, the conclusion considers the argument for moretechnocracy in the face of ‘the end world as we know it’. Climate change is probably the strongest case for a technocratic model of political decision-making. At the very least, insufficient political adherence to the scientific evidence on climate change is an almost commonsensical part of the problem of in the current state of affairs. While fully acknowledging this problem, the chapter argues that attention to the destructive and mutually reinforcing interplay of technocracy and populism is necessary also in to the all-important challenge of climate change.
Designing Parental Leave Policy
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2021

Many of the Nordic countries have designed parental leave policies in ways that can promote participation of fathers in child care. Norway was the first country to introduce a father-specific leave quota in 1993. This quota is non-transferable and generously paid, and Norway has functioned as a sort of laboratory for testing such radical policies. This book is a collection of research publications from three studies conducted at various stages since the introduction of the quota. It looks at its various design characteristics and possible consequences such as take-up, framing of the leave, what fathers do when on leave, how they develop as caregivers and competent parents, how working life relates to male employees with care obligations in terms of parental leave, how fathers adapt their leave to work and how immigrant fathers relate to the laws and expectations directed to fathers in Norway. Although the chapters are based on different qualitative studies, they show changes in employed men’s fathering practices over the years and how the parental leave design may have contributed to this change.
Introduction
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2021

This chapter starts with a presentation of the rationale of the book. It describes the leave policy development in Norway, which has gone from an early focus on motherhood to equal rights to fatherhood. The take-up patterns, which have been high for the father’s quota, are described. The political debates have been hard with earmarked rights being confronted with free choice, and extensions of fathers’ rights against mothers’ rights and breastfeeding.
Decomposing Policy Design: An Outsider-Within Perspective on the Father’s Quota
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2021

Research has documented that fathers in countries with individualized, non-transferable parental leave policies take leave to a greater extent than in other countries. Studies have not, however, explored the processes of constructing these outcomes. We have investigated this issue by means of interviews with middle-class immigrant fathers from various European countries to Norway. The ‘outsider-within’ perspective represented by immigrants’ experiences is our intake to understanding this. Results show that the principle of earmarking and non-transferability combined with a generous income compensation is experienced as a great possibility to care for children and perceived as important. It is in comparison with the care regimes of their homelands that this insight becomes perceptible. These results can be seen as supporting the tendency to convergence, not in the actual care policies, but in the attitudes toward parental leave held by the fathers from these countries.
Home Alone on Leave or with the Mother Present
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2021

This chapter compares fathers who have been home on leave alone with fathers who took their leave with the mother also at home. The analysis finds distinct differences between the two leave situations and their consequences for the father-child relation, his ability to understand their non-verbal language of and his development into a confident and competent caregiver. The situation where the mother is also at home, means that she continues in her role as the primary parent, translating the child’s language to the father, which means that he assumes status as a supporting player and an assistant. He looks forward to the child growing older for him to become a more central dad and companion.
Negotiating Parental Leave and Working Life
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2021

The development of parental leave policies was the most important area of expansion for the Norwegian welfare state in the 1990s. Schemes were extended, and special rights were granted to fathers. This chapter shows how fathers in various male-dominated work organizations relate to the obligation to take leave at a time when the father’s quota was in its infancy. It underscores the importance of work context as well as personal agency and perceptions. Four different leave practices are described, and they show variations in how seriously the fathers and their work organizations relate to the new policy, and how they adapt to it. Some opposition is demonstrated, but there are clear indications that something is set in motion by the introduction of the father’s quota.
Workplace Support of Fathers’ Parental Leave Use
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2021

This article highlights the importance of social policy and working life contexts for employed fathers’ use of parental leave. It directs attention towards the Norwegian model, which is known for its gender equality aims and welfare-state support to families, but which is also active in the regulation of working life. Based on interviews with fathers who have used the father’s quota, findings run counter to work-family research where gendered assumptions in work organizations are found to prevent active fathering. The interviewed fathers report positive attitudes and supportive practices among employers. Fathers’ stories show that their use of the leave is subject to cooperation and compromising processes at the workplace level that research on fatherhood and organizations have hardly addressed.
Conclusions: Change in Policies, Fathers’ Caregiving and the Ideal Worker Norm
Authors: Brandth Berit , Kvande Elin
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter discusses the ways in which the parental leave design in terms of the father’s quota may have consequences for change in fatherhood and caregiving and thus for the wider processes of change towards a dual earner/dual carer model. It highlights change in fathers’ sense of entitlement to leave, which has made it into a norm. Aspects such as flexible use and the possibility for mothers to stay home are identified to harm the process of change towards dual caring. A focus on the content of the leave identifies further aspects of change in the father-child relation and care competence of fathers in the direction of caring masculinities. Working life’s supportive role contributes to placing a change of the ideal worker norm within sight.
Introduction
Authors: Harding Simon
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter describes how the research study was conducted, detailing the number, type, and characteristics of the various respondents. The research study examines how London-based urban street gangs establish county line drug-supply networks into the Home Counties. It draws upon two principle theoretical perspectives with great explanatory value regarding street-gang dynamics: social field analysis and street capital theory. Active participants in county lines were interviewed in one-to-one qualitative interviews, shorter street-based interviews, or short focus groups. All were aged over 16 years old and the study acknowledged their status as victim, offender, or both. The chapter then explores the methodological challenges of the research, including ethics, limitations, negotiating access, and the usefulness of participant observation.
Emergence and Change
Authors: Harding Simon
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses why and how county lines drug-supply networks began to emerge in provincial towns across the United Kingdom. It sets out several pre-conditions (variables) which, once ripened, led to the creation of county lines drug-supply networks as they are now known. The chapter also details how street gangs have evolved, leading the social field of the urban street gang into a state of flux. Contributing to this flux are new affiliates with new aspirations to seek out and create competitive advantage by locating and exploiting dormant domestic drug markets in new locations. The chapter then outlines the push–pull factors which make a county line host location attractive. It establishes the Evolutionary Models of CL Networks, creating a typology of different UK county line models increasingly adopting business modes of professionalisation and sophistication.
Grinding
Authors: Harding Simon
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how the actual processes of county lines drug-supply networks work in reality, looking at the internal dynamics of running a county line in more detail. The daily chore of wrapping drugs, bagging them, taking phone calls, delivering drugs to user, 27/7 from a local dealing hub or trap house is referred to by the runner/dealers as ‘grinding’. The chapter then reveals life inside a trap house, managing staff, role differentiation, and the marketing principles of customer relationship management. It also outlines the management risks of county lines, as well as the options for county line expansion. County line managers know that the initial stages of line establishment are crucial and misjudgements now are costly later. A skilled county line manager must therefore mitigate all risks, and establish and secure lines to commence profitable returns. Early risks here include retaliation from an existing/rival lines; over-exposure of marketing generating police activity; failure to create a market share; and transposing profits back to the parent gang.
Introduction
Authors: Jump Deborah
Published: January 2021

Violence is a powerful resource, and boxing is a legitimised version. This book aims to give the reader a powerful tale of legitimacy, and also a darker, more sinister version of illegitimate violence and the men that perpetrate it. I question common tropes that suggest boxing is a panacea for all social ills, and unpick the criminal justice responses to youth crime and the well- intended misgivings that boxing is the cure. Boxing is seen as a ‘male preserve’ (Dunning 1986), and policy makers and parents, as well as criminal justice agencies, believe that the structured disciplining environment of the gym is enough to combat criminogenic attitudes and violent behaviour. I dispel this myth.
The Case of Eric: Self-Violence, Boxing and the Damaged, Emasculated Body
Authors: Jump Deborah
Published: January 2021

Eric’s pen portrait speaks of familial abuse - both as a victim and perpetrator – and describes the ‘deep’ appeal of the boxing gym as a site for establishing an identity that denies and defies victimization. Eric’s story illustrates the destructiveness of gym life, and the serious negative impacts that this can have upon men’s bodies and minds.
Wildlife for Sport
Authors: Nurse Angus , Wyatt Tanya
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the killing of wildlife in the name of sport via an examination of shooting, fisheries, game, and poaching. The chapter examines the extent to which legal activities such as shooting and fishing are endemic with illegal activities including: permit breaches; excessive catch; subverting of ‘fair chase’ rules, and corruption within permit and licensing schemes. The chapter argues that the legal and the illegal exist side by side and also examines the poor regulation of such sports such that regulatory problems and inadequacies allow the continued exploitation of animals in a manner that legal systems often fail to deal with adequately. The chapter also examines animal ‘sports’ such as bull-fighting which largely depend on violence towards animals and the spectacle of seeing an ostensibly ‘wild’ animal ‘competing’ in activities alongside humans.
Wildlife as Reflectors of Violence
Authors: Nurse Angus , Wyatt Tanya
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the notion that human violence has its origins in the violence evident in our evolutionary history. The prevailing wisdom is that wildlife are themselves violent and when humans act violently they are behaving like ‘animals’. The exploration covers examples of violence by wildlife, including murder by chimpanzees, and rape by elephants. In contrast, the chapter also provides examples of altruism in wildlife, which counters the notion of human compassion as one of the exceptional characteristics setting us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. The chapter aims to further challenge anthropocentric legislation by exemplifying common characteristics between wildlife and humans and in so doing set the scene for further chapters’ exploration of the legal personhood of wildlife.
Animal Rights and Wildlife Rights
Authors: Nurse Angus , Wyatt Tanya
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines issues around animal rights and wildlife rights exploring the notion of wildlife as belonging to ‘no-one’ or as belonging to ‘everyone’ in a manner that arguably should create a form of rights. Animal rights debates often centre around the need to provide rights for recognized sentient species (chimpanzees, dolphins, apes) and this chapter critically considers these debates, arguing that our exploitation of wildlife amounts to an infringement of certain rights. The chapter also contrasts the greater level of protection and limited rights provided to companion animals with that provided to wildlife, and argues for a limited extension of rights to wildlife in the form of legal personhood that protects them from certain forms of exploitation. The chapter includes case studies of the recent US case that attempted to argue for legal personhood in respect of several chimpanzees and the Argentine case that granted legal personhood to the Orang-utan, Sandra.
The Future of Wildlife Criminology
Authors: Nurse Angus , Wyatt Tanya
Published: January 2021

Are there only crimes against humanity (Derrida, 2002)? Certainly not. And Wildlife Criminology aims to expose the range of crimes against non-humans that are overlooked, ignored, and hidden and argues for an expansion of the criminological gaze to include harms against wildlife. This chapter examines the future of wildlife criminology in relation to each of the chapter topics to demonstrate the wealth of research that is possible, which can challenge the exploitation and suffering that is a fundamental feature of many aspects of our societies. This chapter revisits wildlife as property, food (and other ‘products’), sport, reflectors of violence, and victims of human violence as well as their plight to achieve rights and justice. There is much more research and advocacy to be done to improve the lives of wildlife and the health of the planet, this chapter ends with thoughts on some of what can be done.
Introduction: Rethinking Urbanism from the South
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: January 2021

The introduction situates the exploration that ensues in the six chapters by outlining the parameters of how the discussions and debates in urban studies about global connections and circuits of urbanization emerged and evolved over the last half-century or so. It defines the four key terms of the book title (urbanism, rethinking, postcolonialism and the Global South). Approaches to global urban studies via the Chicago School, Globalization-and-World-Cities Research Network, the Los Angeles School, Henri Lefebvre, and planetary urbanization are explored. It then discusses the considerable critique and vast opening of comparative urbanism that arose out of postcolonial studies and southern theory, challenging universal understandings emanating from European and North American cities. The challenges of working toward a southern and postcolonial global urban studies are highlighted, and the work of Edouard Glissant is introduced.
The Useful and Ornamental Landscapes of British (Post)colonialism
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: January 2021

The third chapter examines global urbanism as postcolonial. It concentrates on colonialism’s role in physically, ecologically and culturally re-structuring cities around the world, emphasizing the colonial shaping of urban landscapes –parks and botanical gardens - in Zanzibar and Port of Spain. The chapter shows the divergent, contested and reshaped character of the urban ecologies of these two settings in post-colonial times. British colonialism’s urban parks and gardens in both settings are the focus. Robert Orchard Williams, who served as curator of the botanic gardens of both colonies, serves as a foil for reflecting on the colonial legacy’s different refractions in these two post-colonial settings. The chapter also shows the agency of ordinary people in changing the environmental-spatial structure over time.
Submarine Urbanism: Cities People Make in ‘the Here and the Elsewhere’
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: January 2021

The fourth chapter discusses people and migration. It reverses the typical analysis of the socio-cultural experiences and identities of transnational or translocal migrants from the global South, by illustrating contemporary cultures of urbanization through literature and the arts in questions of translocality in Port of Spain, San Juan, Zanzibar, and Cape Coast. The chapter illustrates the ways in which ordinary people and creative artists in the global South work to reframe colonial experiences and re-imagine postcolonial cities and landscapes. Building on ideas from Edouard Glissant, the chapter explores the works of V. S. Naipaul, Tony Hall, Giannina Braschi, Jack Delano, Yaa Gyasi, Adam Shafi, and Abdulrazak Gurnah, as well as arts-activists affiliated with Alice Yard in Port of Spain and Casa Taft 169 in San Juan, for illustration of variations of variations in translocal experiences.
Does School Choice Add to Residential Ethnic Segregation?
Authors: Harris Richard , Johnston Ron
Published: January 2021

The English systems of school choice and allocation may result in greater ethnic segregation between schools than between neighbourhoods. This chapter looks at that proposition and asks to what extent school levels of ethnic segregation reflect neighbourhood ethnic composition, where do they not, and for which types of school are the differences greatest? It makes a simple comparison of the segregation between schools and between neighbourhoods then, acknowledging the limitations of that comparison, employs a more sophisticated analysis to compare the diversity of schools’ intakes with what they would look like under a hypothetical system without choice. In the majority of cases, intakes into schools reflect the neighbourhoods that surround them and are not dissimilar to what would be expected under a neighbourhood-based system of pupil allocation. There is little evidence that the current system of school choice raises ethnic segregation substantially.
Do Socio-Economic Separations Add to Ethnic Segregation?
Authors: Harris Richard , Johnston Ron
Published: January 2021

Most of the focus of this book has been on ethnic segregation, reflecting the discourse found in the media and prominent in government policy documents. However, there is a strong intersectionality between social and ethnic dis-/advantage, which means processes of socio-economic separation are linked to patterns of ethnic segregation in ways that are not easily disentangled. The purpose of this chapter is not to try and do so but, instead, to look for evidence that within ethnic groups, and within a system of constrained school choice, the more or less affluent have different amounts of segregation from other ethnic groups, with this being related to the different types of school they attend. That evidence is found with those of the White British who are not eligible for Free School Meals generally the most segregated from / least exposed to other ethnic groups, with the effects of academically selective and some religiously selective schools contributing to the differences.
The Rise of New Labour: Electoral Concerns Trump Ideology
Authors: Batrouni Dimitri
Published: January 2021

The second chapter details the ideas under the leaderships of John Smith and Tony Blair. It chronicles Smith’s short term in terms of new ideas and policy processes he began to develop. After Smith’s tragic death, this chapter analyses the rise of Blair and the ideas he engaged with before winning in 1997.
Interpretivist Methods and Military Intervention Research: Using Interview Research to De-centre the ‘Intervener’
Authors: McNeill Casey
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers the case of Casey McNeill's research on the US Africa Command (AFRICOM). It describes the mismatches that often exist between the intervention's official narrative of its purpose and the actual priorities and practices encountered in interviews at the headquarters. It also emphasizes how intervention research based on published material such as the intervening organization's self-descriptions, documents, and evaluations can be misguiding in understanding how staff do their day-to-day work. The chapter offers useful strategies on how to overcome challenges in interviews with the help of interpretivist methodologies. It also explains how interpretivist methodology influenced McNeill's interview research with personnel at the AFRICOM.
The Interview as a Cultural Performance and the Value of Surrendering Control
Authors: Göransson Markus
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks into Markus Göransson's reports from Tajikistan. It demonstrates how the mere use of the word “interview” could scare cautious non-elite research participants in violent and/or illiberal contexts away. It recounts Göransson's field research while being equipped with literature-based knowledge on how to conduct oral history interviews and secure the informed consent of interlocutors. The chapter explains how Göransson gathered data ad hoc, in informal, private, and often group settings, requiring flexibility and creativity on his behalf and a willingness to relinquish control of the process to some extent. It points out the deep affinities between the states' disciplining techniques and scientific research method.
Unexpected Grey Areas, Innuendo and Webs of Complicity: Experiences of Researching Sexual Exploitation in UN Peacekeeping Missions
Authors: Myrttinen Henri
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the problems of conducting research on sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in conflict-affected situations in relation to peacekeeping operations (PKOs). It focuses on some of the murkiness and dilemmas, gaps, methodological issues, and ethical challenges that Henri Myrttinen encountered in conducting research on SEA/SGBV. It also points out methodological challenges of conducting research on SEA/SGBV issues, particularly on dealing with unverifiable data and the risks of collusion with interlocutors. The chapter draws on Myrttinen's comparative study on the gendered impacts of peacekeeping in Cambodia and Timor-Leste. It also examines some of the grey areas related to the theoretically black-and-white issue of SEA in PKOs.
Holding Feminist Space
Authors: cook sam , Allen Louise
Published: January 2021

In the decades since the Security Council adopted its first resolution on Women, Peace and Security this thematic policy area has both expanded and deepened. Although there are key institutional and geo-political continuities to be traced here, the contours of the space into which WPS policy now emerges has also shifted profoundly. Emerging out of a conversation between two former NGO policy advocates this article explores some of these continuities and changes. With a combined experience spanning 15 years of the WPS Agenda at the UN’s Headquarters in New York, Louise Allen (NGO Working Group Executive Director 2014-2018) and Sam Cook (WILPF, PeaceWomen Project Director, 2005-2010) reflect on and weave together a range of concerns: the significance and ethical challenges of the Council’s behind-the-scenes politics; the shifting role of NGOs in relation to WPS policy development; the impact of advances in communication technology; and perhaps most cogently for ongoing political efforts, the challenges and rewards of working in feminist coalition and toward a shared feminist future.
Global Racial Hierarchies and the Limits of Localization via National Action Plans
Authors: Haastrup Toni , Hagen Jamie J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter uses an intersectional feminist analysis to consider how most WPS work continues to be done to or about countries in the Global South through the lens of National Action Plans (NAPs). We consider who WPS is about and who it is for on the international stage. A central part of this investigation is interrogating whether certain NAPs are truly able to localize the international project of WPS or whether because of global racial hierarchies, they actually simply reinforce the status quo. We also consider why funders in the Global North continue to look abroad to address issues of gendered insecurity and conflict despite the challenges within their own boarders. Finally, we look at which images are used to present the women the NAP is meant to be about keeping secure. As part of the second generation of work reflecting on the WPS architecture, this chapter is a reflection on how whiteness and white privilege are refracted in the knowledge of and in the implementation practices of the WPS agenda. Overall, this critique of the practices of the WPS agenda contributes to feminist studies on securitization and the cooptation within WPS that serves to perpetuate a ‘white savior’ narrative around peace and security.
Addressing Future Fragility: Women, Climate Change and Migration
Authors: Mawby Briana , Applebaum Anna
Published: January 2021

Climate change and its consequences are among the greatest challenges facing the global community, with the potential to radically alter the structures of communities, states, and international cooperation. Climate change will fundamentally reshape migration patterns around the world; as people choose to migrate to find safety and economic opportunities, their movements will affect how states manage their borders and national security and will strain further the already burdened mechanisms which help guide migration flows locally and internationally. The pressure of climate-related migration in both origin and destination communities requires rethinking international initiatives and national frameworks governing migration and resettlement. When a shock occurs, such as those caused by climate change impacts, it leaves women especially vulnerable and makes migration particularly arduous. Yet women will also be critical to determining the response to such events. In order to understand the potential impacts of climate change-related migration, it is critical to understand women’s roles and experiences. As responsive new policies and approaches are being designed, it is equally critical for women’s perspectives, needs, and expertise to be centered. This chapter provides a discussion of the gendered consequences of climate change, the legal and policy gaps that exist for understanding and addressing gendered climate change-related migration, and the role that future WPS research and analysis can play in highlighting and addressing these issues.
Feminist Challenges to the Co-optation of WPS: A Conversation with Joy Onyesoh and Madeleine Rees
Authors: Onyesoh Joy , Rees Madeleine , Confortini Catia Cecilia
Published: January 2021

In this conversation with Catia C. Confortini (former International Vice President), Madeleine Rees (Secretary General) and Joy Onyesoh (International President) reflect on the legacy of and prospects for Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom’s feminist advocacy on WPS. Drawing on Nigerian and transnational experiences they lament the sidestepping of WILPF’s feminist peace analysis in favor of an agenda co-opted by states and narrow, militarized security interests. At the same time, engagement with the state is not only a necessity, but an opening to transform the global governance system in the direction of feminist peace.
Responsibility Beyond Growth
Authors: de Saille Stevienna , Medvecky Fabien , Van Oudheusden Michiel , Albertson Kevin , Amanatidou Effie , Birabi Timothy , Pansera Mario
Published: January 2021

Innovation is generally considered to be the antidote to economic stagnation. But while the coupling of ‘responsible' and 'innovation’ has been much discussed, that of 'responsible stagnation' has gone largely unexplored. In this book, we take this concept seriously as a means to question the political economy of science, technology and innovation, both as policy and as process, and the problems which arise from unquestioned emphasis on innovation as the means to increase GDP. The book argues that examining what 'responsible stagnation' might contribute opens new space in the growing global discussion about RI, incorporating innovation in non-market oriented processes, goods and services which have strong societal benefit but do not necessarily contribute to GDP. It examines the conundrum of diminishing productivity returns and increased environmental and social hazards associated with attempts to increase GDP, and how taking a growth-agnostic approach contributes to recalibrating innovation around responsibility as its focal point. Drawing on insights from ecological and steady state economics, Science and Technology Studies, and social innovation across the world, this interdisciplinary group of scholars questions how the growth paradigm shapes and limits the innovation space, and how decoupling innovation from growth points toward myriad possibilities for facilitating human well-being in more environmentally and socially responsible ways.
Introducing Responsible Stagnation as the ‘Fourth Quadrant’
Authors: de Saille Stevienna
Published: January 2021

In this chapter we introduce the central problem of innovation in a slow-growth economy, which is a tendency to prioritize economic returns over other values, and to downplay or ignore ecological limitations. Drawing from established but alternative economic theories, we suggest that the unexamined fourth quadrant of the innovation matrix, responsible stagnation (RS), provides an opportunity to also consider how innovation outside the market is pointing to more viable ways of sustaining social progress, particularly in developed economies which have passed their productivity peak. The introduction defines these concepts and concludes by introducing RS as a particular configuration of change in which ethics matters and the priorities are restraint, living gently, and the uptake and embedding of new ideas and novel ways of doing things better, regardless of their contribution to GDP.
The Problem with Markets
Authors: Albertson Kevin
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores why market-based policies, promoted under the prevailing global paradigm of “economic liberalism”, are not sufficient in and of themselves to facilitate human wellbeing in a stagnant world economy. It describes how, in theory, markets deliver efficient allocations of private (commodified) goods and services, yet in practice the conditions for this efficiency are seldom met.
Putting Responsibility Centre Stage: The Underlying Values of Responsible Stagnation
Authors: Medvecky Fabien
Published: January 2021

This chapter shows how the concept of ‘responsible stagnation’ opens up a new way of looking at some of the problems with markets, GDP growth and innovation systems as they currently stand. It discusses the concept of ‘stagnation’ and why it provokes such fear on the part of policymakers and politicians, before examining the normative values of Responsible Stagnation and how ‘responsibility’ might be imagined in this setting. It considers the value of slowed reasoning in better decision-making, and innovating from an ethics of care. The chapter closes with a discussion on RS as a particular configuration of change, both social and material, that places responsibility centre-stage and offers its own set of priorities, regardless of their contribution to GDP.
Conclusion: The Scope of Responsible Stagnation
Authors: de Saille Stevienna , Medvecky Fabien , van Oudheusden Michiel
Published: January 2021

Our final chapter reaffirms how 'responsible stagnation' (RS) can incorporate a different set of values and measures into an a-growth understanding of innovation. It argues for greater circulation of novel ideas to help mitigate the environmental and social damage inevitable if we continue to prioritize GDP-measured growth and suggests that many of these are already in the system. Rather than creating an impediment to the quest for progress, the chapter demonstrates how RS, as an integral component of responsible innovation and not its antithesis, provides a framing mechanism through which assumptions about growth can be made visible and questioned. This opens possibilities for innovation directed at achieving social, ecological and economic equilibrium and for reducing input rather than always seeking to produce more. It concludes by examining the part that both innovation and stagnation will have to play in the transition to a more sustainable, more socially equitable society.
Higher Education Policies
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Cini Lorenzo , Guzmán-Concha César
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses long-term and short-term political-economic changes occurring in the field of higher education (HE) related to the recent wave of student protests. It offers a historical overview of the trend of marketization affecting the HE sectors of Chile, England, Italy, and Quebec in recent decades. The four regions under investigation cover different HE systems, from those where the role of the state is still prominent (Italy and Quebec), and the commodification trend is not so strong, to others in which the market, along with the commodification of the sector, have acquired greater relevance over recent decades (England and Chile). The chapter argues that the different pace and form of the marketization process have heavily affected the ways in which students mobilized in terms of action repertoires, political goals and demands, and organizational structures. Exploring the variety and the institutional differences in the field of HE helps one assess the variety of the student movements embedded in such fields.
Compassionate Capitalism
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

This book examines the evolution of compassionate capitalism in medieval England, using a unique and comprehensive source of information, the Cambridge Hundred Rolls. It demonstrates how compassionate capitalism developed through the bequest of rental income on property to charitable and religious institutions, such as hospitals, abbeys and friaries. This rental income was generated by the dramatic growth of an urban property market, through which wealthy merchants invested the profits of trade in property development. Compassionate capitalism was a driving force in the medieval economy from the mid-1200s to the Black Death of 1348.
The Cambridge Hundred Rolls record a comprehensive survey of the town in 1279, profiling property location, ownership and use, the gifting of rents and the transmission of property between generations. It identifies over 30 leading family dynasties and the factors behind their rise and decline.
By synthesising this information it is possible to reconstruct the economic topography of the town and to compare the occupational structure of different parishes. This leads to a fundamental revaluation of the topography of medieval Cambridge and the role of property markets in urban development. It also reveals the influence of religious teaching on the management of economic assets by family dynasties.
Introduction
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

This chapter sets out the key research questions addressed in the book. These concern the role of English towns in the commercial revolution that was underway in the thirteenth century. There is a particular focus on the medieval property market, and on the citizens who were active in that market. The chapter reviews previous literature, and explains the choice of Cambridge as a case study. This choice is largely dictated by a unique source of information, namely the Cambridge Hundred Rolls, which are also described in this chapter. The Hundred Rolls date to 1279, but the origins of the town were much earlier. The early history of the town is set out, so that the context of the Hundred Rolls can be fully understood.
Legacy: Cambridge in the 14th and 15th Centuries
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

Chapter 7 connects the book to work on the subsequent history of Cambridge, including that on the development of the University. It considers the extent to which trends identified in the Hundred Rolls continued into the fourteenth century. Cambridge adjusted to the decline in its agricultural trade after the Black Death by developing its service sector, linked to university education. The role of family dynasties remained significant, but the period was characterised by the growth of three key institutions – the borough corporation, the guilds, and the colleges. College property holdings increased, driven by increasing student numbers, and the colleges gradually obtained rights to the meadows adjoining the river to the west of the town. The foundation of King’s College transformed the street plan in the west of Cambridge, obliterating many ancient streets and buildings, but providing new economic opportunities to supply the academic community.
The Bridging Capacity of Realist Constructivism: The Normative Evolution of Human Security and the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Iancu Andreea
Published: January 2021

This chapter is an inquiry into the evolution and implementation of the controversial norm of responsibility to protect in the international community, with respect to the effects it produces in international customary law. It looks into the changes in the security discourse induced by the norms that emphasize human rights, which impact the core practices of the international system, as reasons for intervention, international security, and state sovereignty. It traces the normative evolution of human-centered principles, by identifying their commonalities, their institutional markers, and their presence in the discourse of international actors. The chapter scrutinizes the international community’s internalization of the normative frameworks of human security and the responsibility to protect by testing them on two hard cases; the conflicts in Libya and Syria.
Permutations and Combinations in Theorizing Global Politics: Whither Realist Constructivism?
Authors: Sjoberg Laura
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that while combinations of realisms and constructivisms provide more leverage in understanding international relations than either of the two approaches alone, two is unnecessarily limiting. It suggests that where two is an improvement, three or more might be better yet. To this end, it looks at the empirical chapters of the book and asks what might be gained by incorporating into their analyses critical theories, decolonial approaches, queer approaches, and feminisms. It concludes by arguing for trading in realist constructivism for ‘ism’ promiscuity.
Modern Marriage Myths: the Dichotomy Between Expectations of Legal Rationality and Lived Law
Authors: Barlow Anne
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws on nationally representative research from the British Social Attitudes Survey 2019, to explore the differences between the legal expectations and lived experiences of cohabitants. It demonstrates that the ‘common law marriage myth’ remains pervasive, questioning assumption of conscious, mutual and autonomous relationship decision making, and compares this with Muslim marriage myths. It then discusses how the law should respond.
The Case for Moving Away from ‘Non-Marriage’ Declarations
Authors: Vora Vishal
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines ‘non-marriage’ declarations in English law. It discusses the relevant legislative provisions and case law relating to marriage formalities and details the legal position of those within such non-recognised relationships. It then notes the inadequacy of the current law and argues for reform, proposing various options including a tiered model of cohabitation classification.
From Regulating Marriage Ceremonies to Recognizing Marriage Ceremonies
Authors: Parveen Rehana
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues for a post-ceremony registration system for weddings, similar to the registration of births and deaths, which would enable varied forms of marriage ceremony to be legally recognised. It contextualises ‘the Muslim problem’ and examines Muslim attitudes towards the nikah ceremony. It argues that individuals should be able to determine for themselves when and how they marry and that the state’s interests can be protected by such a post-ceremony registration system.
In Pursuit of an Islamic Divorce: a Socio-Legal Examination of Practices Among British Muslims
Authors: Uddin Islam
Published: January 2021

This chapter surveys the practices of Islamic marriages and divorce among British Muslims, highlighting the importance of religious divorces to mark the end of a marriage. It looks at the various forms of ADR that have evolved in Muslim communities to deal with the lack of legal recognition of nikahs. It then argues for the establishment of a general standard of best practice for faith-based dispute resolution forums such as Shariah Councils, in order to safeguard and empower women users, and redress any imbalances in the process.
Conclusion
Authors: Akhtar Rajnaara C. , Nash Patrick , Probert Rebecca
Published: January 2021

This chapter sums up the state of debate in the field. It highlights the problems with the current law as discussed throughout the book and emphasises the need for major reform. It ends on an optimistic note by drawing attention to the current Law Commission project to design effective marriage laws.