bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simplexity and the Reinvention of Equifinality
Authors: Phillips Jonathan
Published: September 2010

Some earth surface systems apparently exhibit deterministic chaos, where small differences in initial conditions produce increasingly divergent results. This casts doubt on the venerable concept of equifinality, whereby surface features converge to similar forms. However, chaotic systems exhibit a broader‐scale order, and their complex patterns occur within well‐defined limits. This broad‐scale order arising from smaller‐scale chaos produces simplexity, where simple rules and regularities emerge from underlying complexity, when the broad‐scale structures are independent of the fine‐scale details. Chaos precludes equifinality, sensu stricto, at certain scales, but simplexity produces equifinality at others. Simplexity is illustrated in a case study of soil‐landform relationships.
Improving Distance Estimates between Areal Units in Migration Models
Authors: Boyle Paul J. , Flowerdew Robin
Published: September 2010

There are many methods of modeling migrant flows within a set of areal units, but it is common in most to incorporate some measure of distance as an explanatory variable. These distances are effectively meant to represent the typical distance between pairs of areas that would be traveled by potential migrants. They are usually calculated between population‐weighted centroids derived for each zone. It is argued here that this method of calculating distance is biased and that the zonal system used will influence the final model parameters that are intended to describe the underlying migration process. The distances between nearby zones will be particularly poorly specified using this approach, but other problems arise which relate to the shape of the zones and the position of the zones in relation to each other. This paper describes an alternative method of calculating these distances which reduces this bias. It is shown that the resulting models fit the data far more satisfactorily and that the residuals from models incorporating this approach are significantly different from those identified from models that use the standard method of specifying distance.
Travel‐Time Constraints on Destination‐Choice Sets
Authors: Thill Jean‐Claude , Horowitz Joel L.
Published: September 2010

The importance of travel‐time constraints in spatial choice is widely recognized in the literature of geography and related disciplines, but little work has been done toward developing operational models of spatial choice wherein these constraints and their effects are made explicit. The purpose of the paper is to test the accuracy of predictions produced by a destination choice model that does not take explicit account of travel constraints under the assumption that observed choices are made from choice sets delineated by a constraint of maximum travel time. Observed choices are generated by simulation from a new random utility model consistent with the constrained nature of individual choice sets. Results show that the characteristics of constraints are a decisive factor in the accuracy of the unconstrained choice model. Choice probabilities of the constrained reality are predicted with a reasonably good accuracy in some instances, but predictions are less impressive, and even poor, in many others.
Assessing the Impact of Location on Women's Labor Market Outcomes: A Methodological Exploration
Authors: Hanson Susan , Kominiak Tara , Carlin Scott
Published: September 2010

Location and the nature of locally available employment opportunities is believed to shape labor force participation, job type, and wages. Analysts investigating this issue have encountered problems in operationalizing the concept of “locally available employment opportunities.” We first review the grounds for expecting a relationship between local context and employment outcomes for women and then critically assess the methods and measures that analysts have used to explore the relationship. Finally, we describe a new approach for measuring local employment context that consists of a fine‐scaled measure individually tailored for each woman in the sample. Using discriminant analysis we ask whether the spatial variables measuring local employment context are important determinants of women's employment in female‐dominated occupations. The results suggest that for most groups of women (defined by city or suburban residence and by sociodemographics) the spatial variables are not important. For well‐educated, part‐time employed women with young children, however, living in an area rich in female‐dominated job opportunities increases the likelihood of having a job in a gender‐typical occupation; for these women, the local employment context does affect labor market outcomes.
Methodological Considerations in the Analysis of Residential Mobility: A Test of Duration, State Dependence, and Associated Events
Authors: Withers Suzanne Davies
Published: September 2010

This paper provides evidence that a longitudinal research methodology is particularly well suited to disentangle life‐course explanations of residential mobility while controlling for the duration‐of‐residence effect. Much of the literature on residential mobility has yielded conflicting evidence regarding the effects of cumulative inertia, cumulative stress, and duration dependence due in large part to different methodologies and different operational conceptions of the life cycle. I argue that the lack of analytical attention directed toward the concept of the risk period, as well as the persistent use of the household, rather than the individual, as the unit of analysis, further serve to confound our understanding of residential mobility. The empirical analysis uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and discrete‐time logistic regression models to include duration dependence, state dependence, associated events and nonstationarity in models of residential mobility for both renters and owners. Using an event‐oriented data structure that links household careers and housing careers, the study is conducted in three stages: (1) important tenure differences are established using comparative survival rates, (2) discrete‐time logit models of the hazard of moving, that include duration dependence and state dependence, are fitted by tenure group, and (3) the models are extended to include a change in household type as an associated event that increases (or decreases) the likelihood of moving. The findings indicate the potential of event‐history analysis to advance the field of residential mobility by providing a means to assess issues that once seemed intractable.
The Validity of Hierarchical Information Integration Choice Experiments to Model Residential Preference and Choice
Authors: van de Vyvere Yves , Oppewal Harmen , Timmermans Harry
Published: September 2010

Integrated conjoint choice models have recently been introduced in the consumer choice literature as an approach to include a large number of influential attributes in a choice experiment and statistically test its assumed hierarchical structure. In the present article, the validity of integrated conjoint choice models is tested using housing choice as an example. The results of this study suggest that the parameters of housing utility functions derived from integrated conjoint choice models are not statistically different across experiments nor are they different from those derived from nonhierarchical conjoint models. This yields support for the validity of these models. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Bayesian Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Spatial Autoregressive Models
Authors: LeSage James P.
Published: September 2010

A Gibbs sampling (Markov chain Monte Carlo) method for estimating spatial autoregressive limited dependent variable models is presented. The method can accommodate data sets containing spatial outliers and general forms of non‐constant variance. It is argued that there are several advantages to the method proposed here relative to that proposed and illustrated in McMillen (1992) for spatial probit models.
The Bearing Correlogram: A New Method of Analyzing Directional Spatial Autocorrelation
Authors: Rosenberg Michael S.
Published: September 2010

Extensions of nondirectional spatial autocorrelation techniques to two dimensions have existed for many years, but the results are difficult to compare to the traditional nondirectional techniques and often lack ease of interpretability. This paper reviews the traditional one‐ and two‐dimensional spatial autocorrelation methods and proposes a new directional method which is both easier to compare to nondirectional methods and easier to interpret than previous directional methods.
Contrasting Entrepreneurial Economic Development in Emerging Latin American Economies: Applications and Extensions of Resource-Based Theory
Authors: West G. Page , Bamford Charles E. , Marsden Jesse W.
Published: September 2010

Emerging economies face daunting economic development challenges. Economists and management consultants have generally suggested global solutions that typically focus solely on foreign direct investment. Yet a resource–based theory approach offers an alternative view of economic development in which a foundation of resources within a region gestates entrepreneurial activity. While theoretically appealing, it is unclear in application how such resources can be developed or which types of resources are most important to develop. This paper extends the application of resource–based theory to entrepreneurial economic development in subsistence economies. A qualitative study of contrasting entrepreneurial activity in Chiapas (Mexico) and Atenas (Costa Rica) highlights the primacy of intangible resources—and especially entrepreneurial orientation resources—in the gestation of entrepreneurial activity.
Environmental Perceptions and Scanning in the United States and India: Convergence in Entrepreneurial Information Seeking?
Authors: Stewart Wayne H. , May Ruth C. , Kalia Arvind
Published: September 2010

Drawing on institutional theory and entrepreneurial cognition, we test the environmental perception–scanning framework in the United States and India. The results suggest that culture and transition context help explain scanning frequency, but entrepreneurs in the two countries are similar in their perceptions of strategic uncertainty in environmental sectors. Moreover, the perceptions of increased environmental change and sector importance, as conditioned by perceived information accessibility, are associated with increased scanning. Overall, our results provide important indications about perceptions and information seeking, and lend support to indications of a universal mindset of entrepreneurship.
Giant Right Atrium in an Adult
Authors: Ariyarajah Vignendra , Soni Anita , Morris Andrew
Published: September 2010

Massive right atrial (RA) enlargement is certainly more common in children than in adults, owing to rare congenital anomalies. Indeed, the largest description of such chamber enlargement was noted in a child, where the RA volume was reported to be 900 ml. We now report one of the largest descriptions of the RA in an adult, in absence of tricuspid stenosis and other common adult associations of RA abnormality, such as chronic pulmonary disease, severe mitral valvular pathology with pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary embolism or infarct. The RA volume was estimated to be well over 500 ml and was notably disproportionate to that of the left atrium and either ventricle.
Continuing Medical Education Program in Echocardiography
Authors: Fan Pohoey , Tomescu Mirela , Rusinaru Dan , Mut‐Vitcu Bogdan , Cocora Mioara , Mavrea Adelina , Citu Ioana , Dragulescu Stefan Iosif
Published: September 2010

Article Title: Unusual Cause of Heart Failure in a 65‐Year‐Old Women
Resource use for reproduction depends on spring arrival time and wintering area in an arctic breeding shorebird
Authors: Yohannes Elizabeth , Valcu Mihai , Lee Raymond W. , Kempenaers Bart
Published: September 2010

Resources for egg production may come from body reserves stored before breeding (“capital breeders”) or from food acquired at the breeding site (“income breeders”). Arctic migrants were long thought to be capital breeders, because they often arrive at a time when local food availability is still limited. However, later evidence suggested that arctic breeding shorebirds are primarily income breeders, or that they use a mixed strategy depending on laying date. We explored the relationship between laying date and resource use for reproduction in the pectoral sandpiperCalidris melanotosbreeding in the Alaskan arctic by contrasting carbon isotope (δ13C) values of the local diet and of maternal plasma, cellular blood, feather and claw with those of the eggs produced. Our results revealed that early breeding females utilize resources for egg production that were acquired recently at staging areas, whereas later breeding females mostly relied on nutrients derived from local food sources. These findings suggest that the resource allocation strategy used for reproduction differs among females, and varies depending on the timing of arrival and the start of reproduction. The arrival date at the breeding ground and laying date may critically depend on non‐breeding season events such as winter habitat choice, staging areas or migration routes. By comparing maternal feather δ13C, claw δ13C and feather δD, we examined whether non‐breeding season events influenced the use of resources for egg production through variation in capture date or clutch initiation date. Female pectoral sandpipers originating from moulting areas characterized by higher (more positive) δD signatures were caught earlier and started laying earlier, and they used stored resources for reproduction. Using regional maps of δD values for precipitation in the wintering sites in South America, we compared the spatial variation in the observed feather δD signatures. This analysis indicated that female pectoral sandpipers with higher δD signatures, presumably coming from more north‐easterly wintering sites in southern America, started laying earlier and used mostly stored resources for egg production, compared to females that wintered (or at least moulted) further south. Our results thus show that winter moulting habitat is linked to breeding resource allocation strategy in this high‐arctic breeding shorebird.
Influence of residual alveolar bone height on osseointegration of implants in the maxilla: a pilot study
Authors: Fenner Matthias , Vairaktaris Eleftherios , Fischer Kathrin , Schlegel Karl Andreas , Neukam Friedrich Wilhelm , Nkenke Emeka
Published: September 2010

Aims/Background: For sinus floor augmentation and simultaneous implant placement, a minimum of 5 mm of residual bone height has been recommended empirically. This study was designed to test this assumption in an experimental animal trial.

Material and methods: In eight mini pigs, three premolars and two molars were removed on one side of the maxilla. Three months later, the animals were assigned to four groups of two animals each. A cavity was created at the base of the alveolar process so that the residual bone height was reduced to 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm, respectively. Six implants were installed and an inlay augmentation procedure was carried out using a particulated iliac bone graft. Implants were loaded with fixed provisional restorations after a healing period of 6 months. The animals were sacrificed after 6 months of functional loading. Histologic specimens were prepared and histomorphometric analysis was performed [bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) ratio, interthread bone area, peri‐implant bone area, crestal bone resorption (CBR)].

Results: Two implants were lost during follow‐up and fibrous encapsulation was detected in one additional implant. All failures occurred in one animal with a residual alveolar height of 2 mm. On the buccal aspect, BIC turned out to be significantly higher for 6 mm when compared with 2/4 mm (75.8 ± 26.1 vs. 58 ± 23.2/53.9 ± 22.8; P<0.05), while on the palatal aspect, BIC was significantly higher for 6/8 mm when compared with 2/4 mm (80 ± 17.8/78.9 ± 10.3 vs. 55.8 ± 26.5/55.6 ± 21.3; P<0.05). For an alveolar height of 8 mm, CBR tended to be significantly lower than for bone heights of 2/4 mm (3.8 ± 2.3 vs. 5.3 ± 2.6/5.8 ± 3.9; P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a significant association of BIC and interthread bone area as well as a negative association to CBR on the palatal aspect.

Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the combination of maxillary inlay grafting and simultaneous implant placement does not hinder osseous integration even though the alveolar crest has been reduced to a residual height of 4 mm and below. However, according to histomorphometry, the highest predictability is gained in sites with residual bone heights of 6 and 8 mm.
Tree‐line dynamics in Ungava peninsula, northern Quebec
Authors: Payette Serge , Gagnon Réjean
Published: September 2010

The characteristics of the present tree‐line in continental Northern Quebec appear to be related to modern and past ecological conditions. 14C dating of fossil trees and charcoal, and age structure of tree populations are used as evidence of tree‐line dynamics over the last 400 yr. As inferred from the reproductive strategies of the two tree species, black spruce Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP, and Tamarack Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch, forming the present tree‐line populations, major changes during postglacial time in Northern Quebec are not only concerned with tree‐line position, but also with tree‐line composition. The present tree‐line is made by larch (or tamarack) and corresponds to its natural seed regeneration limit. Black spruce probably reached its northernmost holocene latitudes during a warmer period and it then formed the tree‐line. During the Little Ice Age, fires destroyed large tracks of forest and black spruce krummholz (400, and 250–200 yr ago); afterwards, tree species reestablished only in protected sites, and exposed sites were not reseeded. At some places, fires did not burn completely the forest cover, and preserved isolated trees and small groves probably became locus of reafforestation. Differential forest regeneration and tree age structure suggest that fire and climate are intimately associated in controlling tree population dynamics. Favourable and less favourable forest regeneration periods are inferred from these data and it is suggested that tree‐line displacements in Northern Quebec during the last 400 yr were less important than in the Northwest Territories.
Financial Parenting, Financial Coping Behaviors, and Well‐Being of Emerging Adults
Authors: Serido Joyce , Shim Soyeon , Mishra Anubha , Tang Chuanyi
Published: September 2010

The goal of this study was to consider the role of parents in the development of their children's financial independence by the time the children are old enough to enter college. Using data from 2,098 first‐year university students, we examined two pathways to emerging adults' financial, psychological, and personal well‐being, combining research on the positive effects of family financial environment and future‐oriented coping behaviors. Two findings are of particular note. The quality of parent‐child communication regarding financial topics proved to be the most potent predictor of children's financial, psychological, and personal well‐being. Further, parents' expectations had a significant indirect influence (via financial coping behaviors) on their children's well‐being. Implications for promoting financial self‐sufficiency among young adults are discussed.
Financial Literacy of Young Adults: The Importance of Parental Socialization
Authors: Jorgensen Bryce L. , Savla Jyoti
Published: September 2010

This article tests a conceptual model of perceived parental influence on the financial literacy of young adults. Structural equation modeling was used to test whether (a) parents were perceived to influence young adults' financial knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors and (b) the degree to which young adults' financial attitudes mediated financial knowledge and perceived parental influence on young adults' financial behaviors. A sample consisting of 420 college students participated in the study. Findings by the College Student Financial Literacy Survey (CSFLS) indicated that perceived parental influence had a direct and moderately significant influence on financial attitude, did not have an effect on financial knowledge, and had an indirect and moderately significant influence on financial behavior, mediated through financial attitude.
Does Change in Young Men's Employment Influence Fathering?
Authors: Hofferth Sandra L. , Goldscheider Frances
Published: September 2010

This study examined the association between paternal and maternal employment changes and changes in the frequency of fathers praising, showing affection, disciplining, and reading to children. Data were drawn from the Young Adult supplement to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979). Supporting economic theory, fathers were more involved when they and their partner were employed full time and were less involved when their employment exceeded that of their partner. Although fathers tended to be less involved when they worked less, fathers who held traditional gender role attitudes were more involved than those who held nontraditional gender role attitudes. The results suggest the important part fathers' attitudes and values have in influencing their involvement with children under differing employment conditions.
The Eden model: Innovation in Australian aged care?
Authors: Petersen Maree , Warbuton Jeni
Published: September 2010

Aim:  The Eden model of care is part of discourse associated with innovation in aged care. There is, however, limited rigorous research to identify its essential claims. This paper examines the implementation of the Eden model in one integrated health service in rural Australia.

Methods:  Data are derived from a small qualitative study that explored the views of staff.

Results:  Findings highlight that while the discourse of the Eden model is accessible to all staff within aged care and is linked to person‐centred care, there is tension with this practice of aged care within the Australian context.

Conclusion:  It is appropriate to ask if this form of care is innovative; what constitutes innovation and the importance of accounting for wider contextual factors. There is a need to build on this exploratory study with dialogue and research of not only the Eden model, but innovation in aged care within Australia.
Interactive Effects of Elevated CO2 and Growth Temperature on the Tolerance of Photosynthesis to Acute Heat Stress in C3 and C4 Species
Authors: Hamilton III E. William , Heckathorn Scott A. , Joshi Puneet , Wang Dan , Barua Deepak
Published: September 2010

Determining effects of elevated CO2 on the tolerance of photosynthesis to acute heat‐stress (heat wave) is necessary for predicting plant responses to global warming, as photosynthesis is thermolabile and acute heat‐stress and atmospheric CO2 will increase in the future. Few studies have examined this, and past results are variable, which may be due to methodological variation. To address this, we grew two C3 and two C4 species at current or elevated CO2 and three different growth temperatures (GT). We assessed photosynthetic thermotolerance in both unacclimated (basal tolerance) and pre‐heat‐stressed (preHS = acclimated) plants. In C3 species, basal thermotolerance of net photosynthesis (Pn) was increased in high CO2, but in C4 species, Pn thermotlerance was decreased by high CO2 (except Zea mays at low GT); CO2 effects in preHS plants were mostly small or absent, though high CO2 was detrimental in one C3 and one C4 species at warmer GT. Though high CO2 generally decreased stomatal conductance, decreases in Pn during heat stress were mostly due to non‐stomatal effects. Photosystem II (PSII) efficiency was often decreased by high CO2 during heat stress, especially at high GT; CO2 effects on post‐PSII electron transport were variable. Thus, high CO2 often affected photosynthetic theromotolerance, and the effects varied with photosynthetic pathway, growth temperature, and acclimation state. Most importantly, in heat‐stressed plants at normal or warmer growth temperatures, high CO2 may often decrease, or not benefit as expected, tolerance of photosynthesis to acute heat stress. Therefore, interactive effects of elevated CO2 and warmer growth temperatures on acute heat tolerance may contribute to future changes in plant productivity, distribution, and diversity.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH: Characteristics of risk in patients of nurse practitioner safety net practices
Authors: Fiandt Kathryn , Doeschot Christy , Lanning Julie , Latzke Lorrie
Published: September 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the characteristics of vulnerability in patients at safety net practices where nurse practitioners (NPs) provide the majority of the health care and to discuss the implications regarding patient data collection for all NPs who provide safety net care.

Data Sources: Data were collected from patients at four safety net practices: a rural health clinic, a rural nurse‐managed health clinic, an urban nurse‐managed health clinic, and an urban Indian health clinic.

Conclusions: The users of these practices reflected a significant degree of risk for poor health outcomes based on characteristics of risk identified in the literature. Patients seen in nurse‐managed health clinics without federal subsidies had more risk that those in federally supported clinics.

Implications for Practice: Given the increasing evidence of the impact of social and environment factors on poor health outcomes, the importance of assessing and describing the characteristics of risk is discussed. These data are essential for supporting the value of these NP‐provided safety net services to healthcare insurers and federal health policy makers.
Participation in Physical Activity Among Normal‐ and Overweight Hispanic and Non‐Hispanic White Adolescents
Authors: Stovitz Steven D. , Steffen Lyn M. , Boostrom Ardys
Published: September 2010

Background:  The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between weight status and participation in physical activity (PA) among Hispanic and non‐Hispanic white (NHW) adolescent boys and girls.

Methods:  In this cross‐sectional study, height and weight were measured and a modified 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to 1302 Hispanic and NHW adolescents, aged 14‐17 years, attending high school in Nueces County, Texas. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relation between weight status (normal weight or “at risk for overweight and overweight” [AR&O]) and PA, including moderate PA, vigorous PA, strength training, participation in team sports, and TV viewing, according to gender and ethnicity.

Results:  Thirty‐eight percent of adolescents were AR&O, including 32% and 48% of Hispanic girls and boys, respectively, and 22% and 35% of NHW girls and boys, respectively. As expected, boys reported participating in more PAs than girls. Compared with NHW girls, both normal weight and AR&O Hispanic girls reported significantly fewer bouts of moderate activity, less involvement in team sports, and more time watching TV. Normal weight boys reported participating in significantly more vigorous activity than those who were AR&O. Hispanic boys reported more strength training than NHWs; however, they watched significantly more hours of TV than NHW boys.

Conclusions:  Hispanic and NHW high school students reported participation in different PAs; this information may be useful for planning health and physical education curriculum.
Feasibility of a Pilot Programme to Increase Awareness of Blood Pressure as an Important Risk Factor for Stroke in Australia
Authors: Kilkenny Monique F. , Johnson Roslyn R. , Cadilhac Dominique A.
Published: September 2010

Background:

Reduction of blood pressure represents one of the most effective means of reducing stroke risk. However, lack of community awareness and uncontrolled blood pressure remain a significant problem. In 2007, the National Stroke Foundation (Australia) conducted the ***‘Know Your Numbers' pilot programme to improve community knowledge, based on a similar UK programme developed by the Blood Pressure Association. We aimed to determine the success of the pilot in improving knowledge and in identifying factors to improve the programme.

Methods:

Pharmacy Guild of Australia and Rotary International recruited volunteers to provide a ‘free’ blood pressure check and educational resources between 25 and 27 October 2007 via ‘pressure stations’. Evaluation methods: registration log and a survey of a ‘one in 10 sample’ at baseline and 3 months. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results:

77 out of 104 pressure stations returned data. The median tested per pressure station: 29 (interquartile range 19, 50), 66% tested by pharmacy and 32% by Rotary. Of the 2834 registrants (58% female, 55% aged < 55 years), 46% had ‘high’ readings (>140/90 mmHg). Of those with high readings, 45% reported no history of high blood pressure and ***one-third of the registrants were unaware of their blood pressure level. There was evidence of improved knowledge at the 3-month follow-up, with most participants with high blood pressure (85%, n = 22) being reviewed by their doctor.

Conclusion:

The ‘Know Your Numbers' pilot programme was a successful model for improving knowledge of blood pressure as an important stroke risk factor and encouraging individuals with high blood pressure to be reviewed by their doctor. Further programmes with evaluation are being planned.
Is There a Role for Echocardiography in Intracerebral Haemorrhage?
Authors: Albright Karen C. , Alexandrov Andrei , Howard George , Martin-Schild Sheryl
Published: September 2010

Hypertension (HTN) is the most common cause of nontraumatic ICH, yet echocardiography, which can stage hypertensive heart disease (HHD), is not part of the routine evaluation of patients with ICH. Previous studies have shown that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are associated with regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and reversal of myocardial fibrosis. Improvement in these architectural changes in the heart has been shown to improve outcomes and prevent major adverse cardiac events, including stroke. Obtaining echocardiography on ICH patients routinely could help to access the prevalence of HHD and to tailor antihypertensive regimens in this high risk group of patients. Further study is required to determine whether angiotensin directed therapies provide optimal secondary prevention in ICH patients with HHD.
Ten Years of Stroke Programmes in Poland: Where Did we Start? Where Did we Get To?
Authors: Członkowska Anna , Niewada Maciej , Sarzyñska-Długosz Iwona , Kobayashi Adam , Skowroñska Marta
Published: September 2010

Risk factors and a high stroke mortality rate are a heavy stroke burden on Central and Eastern European countries. The 1995 Helsingborg Declaration outlined the aim of the coming decade was to improve patient care. In Poland it led to the foundation of the National Stroke Prevention and Treatment Programme, (1998-2008) which later became part of the National Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment Programme. The aim: Improve acute and postacute management Implement innovative therapies Develop poststroke rehabilitation, and Monitor epidemiology.

Establishing and equipping stroke units has raised their number from three to 111. Thrombolysis for stroke and carotid angioplasty and stenting procedures were supported and supervised. The needs in poststroke rehabilitation were assessed and services have improved due to the support of the programme. Continuous monitoring of patient care proved that the mortality and disability rates have decreased and the quality of treatment has improved.
Endovascular Treatments of Atherosclerotic Carotid Diseases in China
Authors: Liu Xinfeng , Xu Gelin
Published: September 2010

Stroke induces heavy socioeconomic burdens particularly in developing countries. Considering the multisectional discrepancies, strategies of stroke prevention and management adapted for western populations are not always applicable for patients in developing countries. Currently, carotid endarterectomy is the recommended treatment for severe carotid stenosis in the west. Carotid angioplasty and stenting is an alternative treatment only for patients with a high surgery risk. However, in developing countries such as China, where carotid endarterectomy is widely unavailable, Carotid angioplasty and stenting has developed rapidly in recent years and is becoming a choice of treatment for occlusive carotid diseases.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐like neuropeptide is secreted as a neurohormone from specific brain neurons into the corpus allatum in the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: KIM Mi Young , SONG Hwa Young , KIM Soon Ok , KANG Pil Don , KWON Ohseok , LEE Bong Hee
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the secretion of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)‐like neuropeptide in the silkworm, Bombyx mori , by using immunocytochemical techniques on the brain and retrocerebral complex of fifth instar larvae. In the brain, four pairs of median neurosecretory cell (MNC) bodies and six pairs of lateral neurosecretory cell (LNC) bodies had distinct immunoreactivities to this peptide, suggesting that this peptide is produced from two types of brain neuron. These reactivities were much stronger in the MNC than in the LNC. Labeled MNC projected their axons into the contralateral corpora allata, to which axons of labeled MNC were eventually innervated, through decussation in the median region, contralateral nerve corporis cardiaci I and nerve corpora allata I. Labeled LNC extended their axons into the ipsilateral corpora allata to be innervated through the ipsilateral nerve corporis cardiaci II and nerve corpora allata I. These results suggest that BDNF is secreted as a neurohormone from MNC and LNC of the brain into the corpora allata.
Ephemeropteran community structure and spatial stability of local populations of the major species group in the Keumho River
Authors: LEE Sung Jin , PARK Jae Heung , RO Tae Ho
Published: September 2010

This study was conducted to analyze the community structure of mayflies and stabilizing points for the local populations in relation to longitudinal changes in the Keumho River, Korea. A total of 22 ephemeropteran species occurred in the main riverine system during the sampling period of 3 years. The results indicated that Baetis fuscatus (mean density of 117.3 individuals/m2), Ecdyonurus levis (54.1), Uracanthella rufa (51.3) and Caenis KUa (49.9) comprised the major species group of the ephemeropteran community. The results of statistical analyses showed that these four species were distinguished from the others in terms of their mean densities. Longitudinal patterns based on total species numbers and numbers of individuals were characterized into three phases. A new approach was applied to analyze stabilized points for local populations based on the River Continuum Concept and density‐dependent mechanisms among local populations in a metapopulation. Stabilized local populations of B. fuscatus and E. levis occurred coincidentally at two points that were approximately 45 and 75 km away from the Youngchun Dam. Caenis KUa was locally stabilized at two points that were 40 and 60 km away from the dam. Uracanthella rufa showed only one stabilized local population at a point approximately 80 km away from the dam. The diversity index for the ephemeropteran community was compared with that calculated for the benthic macroinvertebrate community, and their similarity is discussed.
Expression and purification ofArtogeia rapaelysozyme II cDNA in a baculovirus/insect cell system
Authors: BANG In Seok , YOE Sung Moon , KANG Chang Soo
Published: September 2010

Previously, theArtogeia rapaelysozyme II (ARLII) gene was isolated and its complete nucleotide sequence was determined by RACE‐PCR from fat body of larvae injected withEscherichia coli. In the present study, the ARLII gene was expressed by using a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). The expression level of recombinant (r)ARLII protein was optimized by varying virus titer and time‐course of infection. The optimum protein expression conditions were infection of the cells at a multiplicity of infection of 10, and harvest at 84 h post‐infection. Under these conditions, we estimated the amount of rARLII produced in the BEVS to be 10 mg/mL. rARLII was purified from cell‐conditioned media using cation exchange column and reversed‐phase FPLC methods. Purified rARLII was able to form a clear zone in a lysoplate assay againstMicrococcus luteus. The lytic activity was estimated to be 1.53 times higher than that of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWLZ) under the same conditions. The optimum temperature for the lytic activity of the rARLII was 50°C, and its temperature dependency was greater than that of HEWLZ at low temperatures (<65°C).
An evaluation of Merocel and Series 5000 nasal packs in patients following nasal surgery: a prospective randomised trial
Authors: Bresnihan M. , Mehigan B. , Curran A.
Published: September 2010

Objective:  The primary objective of this study was to compare postoperative pain levels between Merocel and Series 5000 nasal packs.

Design:  A prospective randomised, single blind, paired control trial.

Setting:  A single consultant in two tertiary Otolaryngology units.

Participants:  Twenty‐four adults, ASA 1, who underwent septoplasty, endoscopic sinus surgery or both, were considered after exclusion criteria were applied: bleeding abnormalities, patients taking anticoagulant medications and any significant co‐morbidity requiring admission beyond 24‐h postoperatively. Twenty‐one patients were randomly assigned to have one side of their nose packed with Merocel pack and the other with Series 5000 overnight.

Main outcome measures:  The difference in pain levels, using a visual analogue scale, both with the pack in situ and on removal.

Results:  In 20 patients, the mean pain scores while the packs were in situ were 3.78 for Merocel and 3.62 for Series 5000 and was not found to be significantly different (P = 0.65. 95% CI = −0.57–0.89). The mean pain score on removal of the Merocel pack was five and for the Series 5000 was 3.08. The Series 5000 pack was significantly less painful than Merocel on removal (P < 0.0001. 95% CI = 1.11–2.7). Both were equally effective in their stability and haemostatic effect.

Conclusions:  Both the Merocel and Series 5000 packs are effective packs regarding haemostasis and have equivalent pain levels while in situ. However, the Series 5000 pack was significantly less painful on removal of the pack.
Salvage optic nerve decompression for traumatic blindness under nasal endoscopy: risk and benefit analysis
Authors: Li H.B. , Shi J.B. , Cheng L. , Yun O. , Xu G.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  Transnasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression was recommended to treat traumatic optic neuropathy as an effectively adjunctive procedure. The aim of this study was to assess the risks and benefits of salvage surgical decompression for complete vision loss (no light detection) after failure of mega‐dose steroid therapy.

Design:  Retrospective study.

Setting:  Two hospitals in Guangzhou and Nanjing, China.

Participants:  Forty‐two patients of traumatic optic neuropathy with complete vision loss and failed to improve after steroid therapy for at least 3 days.

Main outcome measures:  All patients were treated by transnasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression and received follow‐up for at least 6 month. Vision improvement and complications were evaluated.

Results:  Transnasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression was performed successfully in 40 patients and was incomplete in two patients due to bleeding. Vision improved in four of 42 patients (9.5%) of traumatic optic neuropathy with complete vision loss and failed steroid therapy. Complications and sequelae included severe bleeding (two cases), cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (one case), nasal polyps (seven cases), chronic sinusitis (four cases) and nasal synechia (17 cases).

Conclusion:  Transnasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression was recommended as a minimally invasive, safe procedure, but complications and sequelae of the surgery should not be neglected. Based on the risk and benefit analysis, we conclude that the very poor surgical outcomes of this series do not support endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic blindness.
Case Theory: A Historical Overview
Authors: Markman Vita
Published: September 2010

Case has been a highly influential topic in syntax and morphology. This paper traces the development of Case theory within generative syntax from Government and Binding framework through Minimalism. It focuses on how the approaches to Case have been changing during the last three decades, paying attention to the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence that effected these changes.
Subjects: Grammatical Relations, Grammatical Functions and Functional Categories
Authors: Paul Ileana
Published: September 2010

This paper presents an overview of how the notion of ‘subject’ has been defined in linguistic theory. Although the term developed out of Artistotelian logic, its use has been narrowed to refer to the grammatical relation (or function). Over the past 50 years, the definition of subject and its universality have been the source of much debate. Broadly Chomskian approaches claim that grammatical relations such as subject are not primitives of the grammar and can be derived from phrase structure. As such, testing for the subject involves constituency tests (more recent versions of Chomskian syntax, however, abstract away from constituency). Other approaches (Relational Grammar, Lexical‐Function Grammar) posit grammatical relations as primitives of the grammar that are not necessarily related to constituency. And at the other extreme, certain linguists argue that subjects are not found in all languages and therefore the notion is not one of interest (e.g. Role and Reference Grammar). This paper reviews the various analyses of subjects and considers in some detail how the notion of subject has evolved within the Chomskian framework.
(Re)Greening the City: Urban Park Restoration as a Spatial Fix
Authors: Birge‐Liberman Phil
Published: September 2010

Urban sustainability has emerged as a priority field of research for urban geographers. This article offers a critical review of the park restoration and green city movements. I will begin by using an urban political ecology lens to engage in the geographical history of urban parks in America. I will explore the prior treatment of park making in America, paying particular attention to the historiographic issues raised and the large gap in the literature: that parks were engineered urban ecosystems in a political‐economic setting and set into the historical–geographical crises of capitalism. I will examine the ways that parks, as engineered urban ecosystems, acted as a spatial fix to the crises of capitalism under dialectical policy regimes. I will argue that parks have never truly been democratic spaces and have suffered under egalitarian policy regimes, while prospering under elitist policy regimes. This article is illustrated with case study material from research on park restoration in Boston, Massachusetts, and concludes with an examination of the future of urban parks.
Efficient Singlet Oxygen Generation by Luminescent 2‐(2′‐Thienyl)Pyridyl Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes and Their Calixarene Derivatives
Authors: Lai Siu‐Wai , Liu Ying , Zhang Dong , Wang Bin , Lok Chun‐Nam , Che Chi‐Ming , Selke Matthias
Published: September 2010

Luminescent cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes, namely [Pt(Thpy)(PPh3)X]n+ (HThpy = 2‐(2′‐thienyl)pyridine; X = Cl− (1), n = 0; X = CH3CN (2), pyridine (3), n = 1) and [Pt(Thpy)(HThpy)Y]n+ (Y = Cl− (4), n = 0; Y = pyridine (5), n = 1), exhibit structured emission with peak maximum at ∼556 and 598 nm in degassed acetonitrile and with emission quantum yield and lifetime of up to 0.38 and 26 μs, respectively. These complexes are efficient photosensitizers of singlet oxygen with yields up to >90%. Complex 5 exhibited photocytotoxicity towards cancer cells and fluorescence microscopic images of cells incubated with 5 reveal substantial uptake at the nucleus and mitochondria.
Measurement and reporting of the duration of untreated psychosis
Authors: Large Matthew , Nielssen Olav , Slade Tim , Harris Anthony
Published: September 2010

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic, illness and methodological factors associated with mean and median duration of untreated psychosis (DUP).

Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the published studies of DUP and an examination of available DUP distributions.

Results: DUP was longer in samples with a higher proportion of patients with schizophrenia and was shorter in samples that included affective psychosis. Sex, age, and the methods of measuring the onset and end‐point of DUP and the type of service in which the studies were performed did not contribute to the heterogeneity of the mean or median DUP values. Mean DUP is significantly prolonged by a small number of patients, and the median DUP is a poor indicator of the rate at which patients present.

Conclusions: The DUP of patients with affective and non‐affective psychosis should be examined separately in order to make measures of DUP more meaningful and comparable, and DUP should be reported using more comprehensive measures. We suggest a method of reporting DUP based on the rate of presentation of first‐episode psychosis patients rather than the length of DUP.
REVIEW: Stem Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: Krause Korff , Schneider Carsten , Kuck Karl‐Heinz , Jaquet Kai
Published: September 2010

Heart insufficiency remains the leading cause of death despite pharmacological and interventional therapy as well as primary and secondary prevention. Laboratory research on cardiac repair implementing stem cells and progenitor cells has raised great expectations as well as controversies. The potential of diverse progenitor cells to repair damaged heart tissue includes replacement (tissue transplant), restoration (activation of resident cardiac progenitor cells, paracrine effects), and regeneration (stem cell engraftment forming new myocytes). Based on promising experimental results clinical trials including several hundreds of patients with ischemic heart disease have been initiated using mostly bone marrow‐derived cells. Probably, due to a lack of standardization of cell isolation and delivery methods these trials showed controverse results regarding effectiveness. However, significant therapeutic regeneration of human myocardium could not be proven until now. Several issues are at debate concerning the translation of the experimental data into the clinic discussing the adequate cell type, dosing, timing, and delivery mode of myocardial stem cell therapy. This review focusses on the potential and clinical translation of cell based therapies in cardiovascular disease.