bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violent Geographies. speaking the unspeakable and the politics of space
Authors: Watts Michael J.
Published: November 2004

Why would essentially local, and in some ways parochial, movements be construed by those in power, and by those holding the reins of state power in partkviar, as a threat to the Nigerian state? What is there about the site–specific character of such irreducibly local social movements that explain in some way the mass violence which surrounds the efforts by the state to limit their appeal, their legitimacy, their goals? How can one explain the particular geography of intolerance? The paper provides an account which explores the weakness of nation‐building in Nigeria (its "public secret"), weaknesses and tensions that were deepened by the contradictory impact of petro‐capitalism. [Ethnicity, nationalism, violence, Islam, Nigeria]
Shopping in Jenin: women, homes and political persons in the Galilee
Authors: Forte Tania
Published: November 2004

For the past fifteen years, Palestinian women from the Galilee, who are citizens of Israel, have been going to Jenin, a large town in the West Bank, in order to shop. These excursions have profoundly modified home life, gender relations, and domestic and political identities. This paper examines the very processes by which women's shopping activities significantly contribute to the making and transformation of the household and social roles. Moreover, this new mobility among women has spurred both men and women in the Galilee to reflect upon citizenship, nationalism, and modernity. Thus an in–depth analysis of shopping provides insights on the relationship between consumption and social production, on the one hand, and political identities on the other. [Consumption, shopping, women, Israel, Palestinians]
Resilience among Low‐Income African American Youth: An Ethnographic Perspective
Authors: Jarrett Robin L.
Published: November 2004

This commentary uses ethnographic data on lowincome African American youth and their families to expand on theoretical discussions of resilience. Substantive findings are presented to highlight the impact of environmental conditions and family characteristics on specific processes. The discussion further considers the methodological contributions of ethnographic research for generating key insights on youth resilience.
Studying Mental Illness in Context: Local, Global, or Universal?
Authors: Good Byron J.
Published: November 2004

What are the social and cultural/actors that influence the course and outcome of serious mental illness? What are the basic processes that influence the diagnosis and assessment of persons suffering such illness, and how do we accountfor higher levels of misdiagnosis among members of ethnic minorities in the United States? A review of the current status of these two major research questions illustrates characteristics of current research and the importance of ethnographic studies for advancing our understanding of basic processes.
Ethnographic Methods, Cultural Context, and Mental Illness: Bridging Different Ways of Knowing and Experience
Authors: Manson Spero M.
Published: November 2004

A self‐perpetuating cycle of mutual noninteraction among anthropologists, program representatives, and scientific peer reviewers has led to the near absence of ethnography in the NIMH research portfolio. The ensuing inattention to the context and meaning of findings emanatingfrom work supported by this agency has had enormous, but seldom appreciated, consequences. This commentary illustrates lessons learned in the course of integrating ethnographic, diagnostic, and epidemiologic techniques to study mental health problems among American Indians and Alaska Natives. These lessons demonstrate the benefits to be gained by building bridges across different ways of knowing, in terms of disciplines as well as cultures.
Cargo Cults, Cultural Creativity, and Autonomous Imagination
Authors: Stephen Michele
Published: November 2004

This article draws attention to the ways in which Western psychiatric models of psychopathology applied to the so‐called "Cargo cults" of Melanesia have served to endorse colonial and cultural discourses of power. It argues that while the ethnographic evidence indicates the positive and creative potential of such movements, Western assumptions concerning irrationality and the unconscious mind obscure this potential. The concept of autonomous imagination is proposed as a way of understanding these movements without pathologizing them.
Repression: A Reexamination of the Concept as Applied to Folktales
Authors: Johnson Allen
Published: November 2004

Psychoanalytic anthropologists assume that folktales often reflect unconscious beliefs and attitudes of listeners, who can tolerate anxiety‐provoking images and messages (perhaps wish fulfillments) because these have been projected at a safe distance into the characters in the story. Here I argue that our theory for how such a process occurs is inadequate in terms of contemporary psychoanalytic theory. We need to reexamine a number of questions for which we may have assumed we already have answers, including the nature of repression and how it is accomplished; who or what "hears" an unconscious idea that has been collectively repressed when it is expressed in a folktale; and whether Freud's structural model of id‐ego‐superego can provide an adequate theoretical framework for understanding how unconscious ideas find their way into "expressive culture." I examine these questions in light of a folktale collected among Brazilian peasants. I conclude by questioning the central importance of the ego in repression, and propose a concept of a whole, or supraordinate, self to describe the actual agency in charge of repression.
Why Cultural Psychology?
Authors: Shweder Richard A.
Published: November 2004

This essay is an edited and elaborated transcript of a tape recording of remarks made at the presidents' panel at the Bi‐Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychological Anthropology, San Diego, California, October 12, 1997.
Transnational Migration and the Nationalization of Ethnic Identity among Japanese Brazilian Return Migrants
Authors: Tsuda Takeyuki
Published: November 2004

By examining the ethnic experiences of Japanese Brazilian return migrants in Japan, this paper explores how the dislocations of migration can produce a form of deterritorialized nationalism in which national loyalties are articulated outside the territorial boundaries of the nation‐state. The Japanese Brazilians respond to their ethnic exclusion in Japan, as well as their negative experiences with Japanese cultural behavior and discrimination, by discarding their previously stronger Japanese identity and affirming their Brazilian cultural distinctiveness through contextually redefining their ethnic behavior. The resulting resurgence of Brazilian national sentiment becomes an ethnic counteridentity that is asserted in opposition to what is perceived negatively as Japanese. This indicates that transnational movements of people which cross national boundaries do not necessarily subvert the hegemonic dominance of the nation‐state over individual consciousness.
The Role of Dreams in Religious Enculturation among the Asabano of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Lohmann Roger Ivar
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT Dreams play an important and often underestimated role in cultural transmission because they provide personal experiential verification of incoming information. Dreams facilitated the reception of religious beliefs among the Asabano before, during, and after their conversion to Christianity. Asabano hold the "classic" view that dreams are real experiences of the soul. Therefore, dream encounters with supernaturals provide evidence for such beings' existence and power. The Asabano case suggests that, as evidence, dreams are vital, especially in the transmission of extraordinary religious ideas.
Memory, Trauma, and Embodied Distress: The Management of Disruption in the Stories of Cambodians in Exile
Authors: Becker Gay , Beyene Yewoubdar , Ken Pauline
Published: November 2004

Embodied memories of terror and violence create new meaning and reorder the world, but in doing so they encompass the inexplicable aspects of cultural processes that have allowed the world one lives in to become an unspeakable place, hostile and death‐ridden. In this article, we examine the narratives of Cambodian refugees'experiences of the Khmer Rouge regime against the backdrop of an ethnographic study of older Cambodians' lives in an inner‐city neighborhood. The stories from this study of 40 Cambodians between the ages of 50 and 79 illustrate the relationship between bodily distress and memory, and between personal history and collective experience. These narratives reveal how people strive to create continuity in their lives but under certain circumstances are unable to do so.
The Life History of Culture Learning in a Face‐to‐Face Society
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: November 2004

This article identifies the temporal sequence during which important cultural beliefs (food taboos) are transmitted to individuals in an oral society living in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Results are based on patterns of correlation in scaled measures of cultural similarity between same‐household and same‐clan members. In the first phase of the cultural life history (zero to ten years of age), individuals are innocent of food taboos. In Phase Two (11 to 20 years of age), when most taboos are acquired, parents dominate the enculturation of the young. Phase Three (over 20 years of age) consists of a less intense period of changing beliefs transmitted from individuals outside the family. This adult learning is usually ignored in socialization studies, but has a significant impact on cultural population dynamics. Since this sequence of early family‐based, and later more broadly based, cultural influences reflects the temporal expansion of the social universe of individuals everywhere, this life history is probably representative of how cultural traits are generally acquired. Further, the timing of this ontogenetic process mirrors changes in the influence of family environment on cognitive ability in behavioral genetic studies. This parallel suggests that both cultural and psychological traits evolve similarly in response to age‐related changes in the social environment. Finally, comparing studies based on statistical models of cultural similarity with those based on reported transmission pathways suggests that the latter, which indicate overwhelming parental influence, probably reflect normative response biases.
Cultural Narratives, Violence, and Mother‐Son Loyalty: An Exploration into Gusii Personification of Evil
Authors: Ogembo Justus M.
Published: November 2004

In 1992–94 during a period of communal hysteria about witches in Gusii, southwestern Kenya, three men involved themselves in the burning of their mothers, whom they accused of witchcraft. None of them was ever punished by the government or ostracized by his community in accordance with traditional custom. The community's response to such horrifying homicides is unusual, but it can be understood in terms of the dominant ideology of the patrilineage that gained great directive force (on the members) from the economic and political stress the country was going through at the time.
Commemoration and the Healing of Memories in Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Swora Maria Gabrielle
Published: November 2004

Alcoholism is an affliction that severely damages human memory and human social relations. The doctrine and practices of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) heal memory damaged by alcoholic drinking. First, meetings and other social interactions with other AA members provide the participant with a "therapeutic reminder" of his or her affliction. Second, AA's concept of the affliction of alcoholism coupled with its practice of recounting life stories gives the alcoholic a sense of self‐continuity that may have been interrupted by years of heavy drinking. Third, AA's program for recovery provides a confessional practice (the Fourth and Fifth Steps) that allows for a life accounting for the alcoholic, giving the alcoholic's life meaning and coherence. Finally, by placing the alcoholic's experiences and self‐understandings in a broader framework, the individual's own story is made part of the larger story of the fellowship and a positive part of a tradition of mutual aid.
Freud in the Field
Authors: Whiting Beatrice B.
Published: November 2004

Life review is a common theme in contemporary theories of personality development over the life span. Life review involves revisiting, reevaluating, and reinterpreting past experiences (Butler 1996). Different ways of doing such a review involve systematically examining different goal areas of one's life (such as family, friends, career, travel, spirituality, and so on); another methodology consists of reconsidering the aspects of one's life and history, a segment at a time (Santrock 1999).

Beatrice Whiting recently took the latter approach when she decided to review a formative period of her graduate school career as part of composing an intellectual autobiography. The significant flash points she has found most fascinating to reanalyze are moments she refers to as "AH‐HAs," when confusion suddenly cleared or disparate planes of understanding intersected. When that occurred, these insights helped in her professional search for questions and problems worthy of scientific investigation. They helped her frame (potentially) testable hypotheses. Some of the most promising, however, had to be let go because there was no practical or reasonable way to collect the necessary data, as in the case of the AH‐HA described in this article.

Whiting blends a personal need to revisit and recount this particular segment of her professional development with her fieldwork report. The reader can understand these experiences as a unique historical report on dreams and Freudian theory from the 1930s, for example. Many social scientists throughout this period and well into the 1950s (and a few still today) undertook psychoanalysis as a part of their professional and personal preparation, and Whiting weaves this experience into both her autobiography and her theories about Paiute dreams.
The Circulation of Children through Households in Yap and Kosrae
Authors: Burton Michael L. , Nero Karen L. , Egan James A.
Published: November 2004

We describe a gendered pattern of circulation of youth through households in two Micronesian societies. Yapese girls and female teens shift into vertically extended households, where elders reside, between ages 11 and 17. The opposite pattern pertains in Kosrae, where females shift between ages 11 and 14 into two‐generation households. The opposing patterns are explained by opposite divisions of labor, with Yap having a female farming system and Kosrae having a male farming system. In both instances the residence shifts of female youth between middle childhood and the late teens involve movements into the kinds of households where they do the most work, per capita. We explain the patternfirst in terms of the desire to teachyoung people socially valued work roles, and, secondly, in terms of the need for their labor. These analyses demonstrate the need for processual modes of understanding household composition and its effects on the formation of gender roles and transmission of knowledge.
The Pentecostal Re‐Formation of Self: Opting for Orthodoxy in Yucatán
Authors: Kray Christine A.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the dialectical relationship between religious worship and the sense of self. Even while the postmodern self is fragmented and shifting, people may seek religious experiences that oblige them to enact integrated ways of being. In Yucatán in the 1990s, competing values of relationality and autonomy created psychic and socialfriction. Through their religious worship and life narratives, Yucatecan Pentecostal converts resolved some of this tension by constructing themselves as individuals. Rather than playing with hybridity, they opted for discipline, orthodoxy, and integration.
Sitting in Silence: Self, Emotion, and Tradition in the Genesis of a Charismatic Ministry
Authors: Schrauwers Albert
Published: November 2004

David Willson was the charismatic leader of a small Utopian Quaker sect, the Children of Peace (1812–89), who prophesied a millenarian transformation of the British empire. This article examines the confluence of social forces and historical conditions that made this charismatic ministry possible. Following Csordas, the emphasis is placed on the means by which followership is created, rather than on the personality of the leader. I argue that Willson's charismatic leadership was predicated upon inculcating a distinctive habitus, on shaping and molding cultural conceptions of self and of emotion, which create the distinctive disposition to obey infollowers. A "theology of mind" was critical to Willson's ministry, and the culturally and historically distinctive emotions and dispositions it described were inculcated in the communal ritual practice of "sitting in silence."
Making Śakti: Controlling (Natural) Impurity for Female (Cultural) Power
Authors: Menon Usha
Published: November 2004

This article examines the meanings embedded in the Hindu concept of sakti, often glossed as 'female energy/ power. " Hindus believe that such sakti energizes the universe. Women, as females, share in the sakti of Devi, the Great Goddess of Hinduism, and are thought to embody it. However, such embodiment does not, in and of itself, result in the ability to exercise power and authority in socially and culturally meaningful ways. For Hindu women to become powerful, it is necessary for them to remake their akti through culturally prescribed actions and transform the sakti given by nature into moral power and authority'a cultural artifact. Using three canonical stories from the temple town ofBhubaneswar, in Orissa, eastern India, the article explores the disjunction between natural female power and the subordinate social rank of women and the cultural mediations necessary for transforming such power into a moral force both awesome and irresistible.
Encountering the Forest Man: Feminine Experience, Imaginary Others, and the Disjunctions of Patriarchy in Nepal
Authors: Mchugh Ernestine
Published: November 2004

This article is an exploration of the problem ofmarginality in relation to women's experience of self. Among the Gurungs of Nepal, many women struggled with two disjunctions in experience: one growing out of physical and emotional dislocations that took place at marriage, and the other related to a portrait of life in society that failed to address central features of their experience. The failure of the dominant ideology to accommodate women's experience was in part addressed in another idiom, that of a set of cultural symbols that women could (and did) imaginatively engage to express their inner feelings. The analysis reveals ways in which patriarchies and the constructions of the world that accompany them subordinate women, distance them from valued spheres of power, and omit or mute features of their experience that conflict with the ideologies that support male dominance. It demonstrates the value of the symbolic idiom elaborated by women as a vehicle for confronting and integrating aspects of experience not generally elaborated in Gurung representations of self.
Seeking a Place to Rest: Representation of Bounded Movement among Russian‐Jewish Homecomers
Authors: Lomsky‐Feder Edna , Rapoport Tamar
Published: November 2004

This study explores person‐place relations in the context of the crisscross movement of Russian‐Jewish immigrants (university students) who came to Israel in the early 1990s and who subsequently returned to their homeland on a visit. Readings of the immigrants' "visiting tales" uncovered a repertoire of five identity practices, each of which constitutes a different analytical type of person‐place relation. Our analysis attests to the existence of a multiplicity of ways by which immigrants orient to the existence of place(s) and experience places while they re‐constitute their relationship with both the old and the new country. Furthermore, it elucidates how they seek a place in which to rest rather than being constantly on the move. This article shows how national homecoming is a living metanarrative that regulates immigrants' relations to place even in the transnational era. It suggests that postmodern thought should be more attentive to the manner in which metanarratives (national, ethnic, ecological) produce identity practices that orchestrate movement in space and endow meaning to person‐place relations.
Swazi Concepts of intelligence: The Universal versus the Local
Authors: Booth Margaret Zoller
Published: November 2004

The Swazi concept of "intelligence " is analyzed in this article from both a historical and a contemporary perspective. It investigates the meanings of hlakaniphile (the closest translation for "intelligence") and how and why perceptions of this term have changed throughout the 20th century and continue to vary today. Utilizing historical and anthropological sources with contemporary local parental ethnotheories regarding intelligent behaviors, the article analyzes the impact of Western culture on meanings of the Swazi concept. Throughout history, as Swazi and Western societies have influenced each other, hlakaniphile continues to include a local perception of social skills. However, the definition has begun to incorporate more Western notions of intellectual competence, as reflected in academic achievement
Russian Cultural Scripts: The Theory of Cultural Scripts and Its Applications
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2004

"Cultural scripts" as understood in this article are representations of cultural norms that are widely held in a given society and that are reflected in language (in culture‐specific "keywords," phrases, conversational routines, and so on). A key methodological principle in the theory underlying this article is that the proposed cultural scripts must be formulated in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage, that is, in terms of empirically established universal human concepts, encoded in words that have exact semantic equivalents in all languages.

As D'Andrade notes, the Natural Semantic Metalanguage "offers a potential means to ground all complex concepts in ordinary language and translate concepts from one language to another without loss or distortion in meaning" (2001:246). What applies to concepts applies to shared understandings, that is, to what the author and colleagues have been calling, for more than a decade, "cultural scripts." The author argues that "cultural scripts" formulated in universal human concepts allow us to understand cultural norms and attitudes from within, that is, from the point of view of the "actors," while at the same time making them intelligible to outsiders.

In this article, the theory of cultural scripts is applied to Russian culture and, in particular, the Russian cultural scripts concerning speech, truth, and interpersonal communication("obenie").
Is There a Mexican View of Death?
Authors: Brandes Stanley
Published: November 2004

Reviewing social science literature over the past half century, this article identifies a widely held image of what we might call the morbid Mexican. In contrast to people from other cultural traditions, Mexicans are said to scorn and laugh at death and to be comfortable in the presence of death. They are also portrayed as relatively impervious to the emotional impact of death. Through a systematic survey of ethnographic data, particularly concerning funerals and mortuary ritual, the article challenges this portrayal of Mexican national character. It traces the origin and perpetuation of the stereotypical Mexican attitude toward death to the broad dissemination of popular images derived from the Day of the Dead.
Narratives and Moral Projects: Generational Memories of the Malagasy 1947 Rebellion
Authors: Cole Jennifer
Published: November 2004

This article develops an analysis of how different generations in both rural and urban areas of East Madagascar remember a violent anticolonial rebellion that took place in 1947 and places these memories in the context of various state regimes' efforts to create competing narrations of the events. I show how rural and urban elders, rural and urban youth, and former soldiers remember the 1947 rebellion in different, but overlapping, ways. Rather than viewing the overall pattern as a simple reflex of the particular narratives people use, I suggest that their memories are best viewed as a complex outcome of the ways in which people's "moral projects" shape their selection, use and interpretation of particular narratives, thereby accounting for the considerable heterogeneity in the ways 1947 is remembered. Such a reading attempts to move beyond the tendency within cultural historical studies to focus solely on narrative dynamics to a more nuanced understanding of the interaction between narrative and context in the making of memory.
Breastfeeding: An Adaptive Process
Authors: Yovsi Relindis D. , Keller Heidi
Published: November 2004

Breastfeeding is not only a natural way of feeding children but also a parenting system that is practiced differently in diverse cultures depending on the ecological conditions and cultural values. In this study, videotapes of breastfeeding sessions and interviews with breastfeeding mothers of two ethnic groups of rural Cameroon, sedentary Nso farmers (n = 33) and nomadic Fulani pastorals (n = 18), were analyzed. The primary socialization goal of the two groups is the health and survival of the child in a hazardous environment. Yet their ideas about selfconstruct differ, with the Nso following a more interdependent developmental pathway and the Fulani following a more individualistic pathway. The results are discussed with respect to their relevance in defining a culturally informed developmental science, as well as developing intervention programs that are tailored to the needs of people in varying contexts.
Surviving a Distant Past: A Case Study of the Cultural Construction of Trauma Descendant Identity
Authors: Kidron Carol A.
Published: November 2004

Despite the abundance of psychological studies on trauma related ills of descendants of historical trauma, and the extensive scholarly work describing the memory politics of silenced traumatic pasts, there has yet to emerge a critical analysis of the constitutive practices of descendants of historical trauma. This article presents an ethnographic account of a support group for descendants of Holocaust survivors, proposing that the discursive frame of intergenerational transmission of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and support group based narrative practices allow descendants to fashion their sense of self as survivors of the distant traumatic past. The discursive frame of transmitted PTSD acts as both a mnemonic bridge to the past and a mechanism of identity making, as participants narratively reemplot their life stories as having been personally constituted by the distant past A close ethnographic reading of on‐site discursive practices points to how culture ferments to produce narratives, practices and ultimately carriers of memory to both sustain and revitalize historical grand narratives and the cultural scenarios they embed.
Emotion and Culture: Arguing with Martha Nussbaum
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2004

Martha Nussbaum's account of human emotions, given in her influential 2001 book Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions is, in many ways, a balanced and insightful one. Her discussion steers prudently and carefully between, on the one hand, the excesses of cultural relativism and social constructivism, and on the other, the crude universalism of biological and cognitivist accounts of emotion. And yet I do not find Nussbaum's overall account fully adequate, and, in particular, I do not think she accords sufficient weight to the role of language in emotional experience or its interpretation. She acknowledges that language differences probably shape emotional life in some ways, but she goes on to say that "the role of language has often been overestimated" (p. 1551)—without noting that it has also often been greatly underestimated.

In this article, I argue that despite her desire to strike a balance between extreme positions on emotion and culture, Nussbaum's account of human emotions errs on the side of universalism. I focus on "grief," which is her key example of a universal human emotion, and contrast the Anglo cultural perspective (some aspects of which Nussbaum assumes to be universal) with those reflected in other languages such as Russian, French, Chinese, and the Central Australian language Pintupi.
Life Stories, War, and Veterans: On the Social Distribution of Memories
Authors: Lomsky‐Feder Edna
Published: November 2004

On the basis of examining life stories narrated by 63 Israeli male veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, this article delves into the social construction of personal memory. Focusing on the remembering subject will allow us to study this process by highlighting the agent who creates his or her world, but at the same time it will disclose how society frames and channels the agent's choices.

My contention is that personal memory (traumatic or normalizing, conforming or critical) is embedded within, designed by, and derives its meaning from, a memory field that offers different interpretations of war. Yet this memory field is not an open space, and the remembering subject is not free to choose any interpretation he wishes. Cultural criteria "distribute" accessibility to different collective memories according to social entitlement. These "distributive criteria" dictate who is entitled to remember and what is to be remembered, thereby controlling the extent of trauma and criticism of personal memory.
Filial Piety, Modernization, and the Challenges of Raising Children for Chinese Immigrants: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence
Authors: LIEBER ELI , NIHIRA KAZUO , MINK IRIS TAN
Published: November 2004

This study examines Chinese immigrant parents' perceptions of filial piety. The concept of filial piety is introduced and we discuss the impacts of modernization and immigration experience on the challenges faced by contemporary Chinese immigrants as they reconcile traditional values with the demands of sociohistorical change and child rearing in the United States. Factor analysis of a commonly applied scale demonstrates multiple aspects of filial piety and reflects modifications from traditional views. Interview results point to aspects of filial piety not fully represented in the quantitative scale and expose specific challenges in child rearing related to filial values. These findings suggest the evolution of expectations and strategies related to a cultural adaptation of filial piety. One key demand is for strategies consistent with parental values while maintaining respect for children's unique point of view. The conclusions focus on the development of approaches to understanding the evolving conceptualization and meaning of filial piety for contemporary immigrant Chinese.
Aspects of Non‐Verbal Accommodation to Language in a Bilingual Montreal Hospital Setting
Authors: Woolfson Peter
Published: November 2004

Bilingual physicians, both Anglophone and Francophone dominant, do not vary their non‐verbal behavior when switching from one language to another to accommodate a monolingual patient. However, when communicating with frail elderly patients, or in situations where the need for explicit communication is high, bilingual physicians and family practice residents will be more precise in paralanguage and use broader, more careful gestures and body motions.
The Gender of Child Discourse: Same‐Sex Peer Socialization Through Language Use in a Taiwanese Preschool
Authors: Farris Catherine S.
Published: November 2004

Language, as both a system of meaning and a form of social action, is central to any analysis of social reproduction. Gender emerges as a major category in social reproduction and is therefore implicated in language and speech. Although scholars of language and gender studies generally have not used a post‐structuralist theoretical approach, I argue for such a phenomenological and interactive perspective, which takes gender as a socially and culturally constructed set of symbols that subjects produce and transform in daily interactions in specific contexts. This research is an ethnographic study of language and peer sex role socialization in a Mandarin Chinese speaking preschool and is based on fieldwork carried out in 1984 in Taibei, Taiwan, the Republic of China. Videotapes of naturally occurring conversations among same‐sex peer groups of three‐ to six‐year‐old boys and four‐ to eight‐yearold girls in a variety of settings are examined to show the discursive means by which these Chinese girls' and boys' interests and behaviors are reflexively organized and reproduced. Through verbal and nonverbal interaction, boys create a childish masculine ethos that centers on action, competition, and aggression, punctuated with onomatopoeia and mild vulgarity, and that is organized and expressed discursively through loud, terse, direct forms of speech. Whereas girls create a feminine ethos that centers on the construction and maintenance of quasi‐familial social relations or on authoritarian roles based on teacher models, and that is organized and expressed discursively through coy, affected, and indirect forms of speech.
Book Reviews
Authors: Timm Lenora A.
Published: November 2004

The Uses of Linguistics Edward H. Bendix. ed. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 583. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1990. 235 pp. $59.00 (cloth)
Uniquely Human: The Evolution of Speech, Thought, and Selfless Behavior.
Authors: Stokoe William C.
Published: November 2004

Uniquely Human: The Evolution of Speech, Thought, and Selfless Behavior Philip Lieberman. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991. 210 pp. $27.95 (cloth)
Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg
Authors: Lindenfeld Jacqueline
Published: November 2004

Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg. Penelope Gardner‐Chloros. Oxford Studies in Language Contact. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. 218 pp. $67.00 (doth)
The Folk Biology of the Tobelo People: A Study in Folk Classification
Authors: Brown Cecil
Published: November 2004

The Folk Biology of the Tobelo People:. Study in Folk Classification. Paul Michael Taylor. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, 34. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.187 pp. n.p. (paper)
Saying Isn't Believing: Conversation, Narrative and the Discourse of Belief in a French Newfoundland Community
Authors: Dominy Michèle D.
Published: November 2004

Saying Isn't Believing: Conversation, Narrative and the Discourse of Belief in. French Newfoundland Community. Gary R. Butler. Social and Economic Studies, 42. St. Johns, Newfoundland: The Institute of Social and Economic Research and the American Folklore Society, 1990.199 pp. $24.95 CAN (paper)
Disentangling: Conflict Discourse in Pacific Societies
Authors: Harkness Sara
Published: November 2004

Disentangling: Conflict Discourse in Pacific Societies. Karat Ann Watson Gegeo and Geoffrey M. White, eds. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. 505 pp. $49.50 (cloth)
English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko S.
Published: November 2004

English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Jenny Cheshire. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 384 pp. $89.50 (cloth), $29.95 (paper)
Narrating Our Pasts: The Social Construction of Oral History
Authors: Eastman Carol M.
Published: November 2004

Narrating Our Pasts: The Social Construction of Oral History. Elizabeth Tonkin. Cambridge Studies in Oral and Literate Culture, 22. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 171 pp.
Locating Dialect in Discourse: The Language of Honest Men and Bonnie Lassies in Ayr
Authors: Montgomery Michael
Published: November 2004

Locating Dialect in Discourse: The Language of Honest Men and Bonnie Lassies in Ayr. Ronald K. S. Macaulay. Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. 293 pp.
Langauge, Education, and Development: Urban and Rural Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Samarin William J
Published: November 2004

Langauge, Education, and Development: Urban and Rural Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea. Suzanne Romaine. Oxford Studies in Langauge Contact. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. 392 pp.
Semantics, Culture, and Cognition: Human Concepts in Culture‐Specific Configurations
Authors: Casson Ronald W.
Published: November 2004

Semantics, Culture, and Cognition: Human Concepts in Culture‐Specific Configurations. Anna Wierzbicka. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 487 pp.
Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior
Authors: Woolfson A. Peter
Published: November 2004

Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior. Robert S. Feldman and Bernard Rimé. eds. Studies in Emotion and Social interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 511 pp.
Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution
Authors: Tomasello Michael
Published: November 2004

Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Kathleen R. Gibson and Tim Ingold. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 483 pp.
The Lopsided Ape: Evolution of the Generative Mind
Authors: Beeman William
Published: November 2004

The Lopsided Ape: Evolution of the Generative Mind. Michael C. Corballis. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. 366 pp.
Sociolinguistics Today: International Perspectives
Authors: Walters Keith
Published: November 2004

Sociolinguistics Today: International Perspectives. Kmgsley Bolton and Helen Kwok. eds. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. 383 pp.
Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences
Authors: Zimmerman Don H.
Published: November 2004

Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences. Graham Button. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 278 pp.
Language, Society and the Elderly: Discourse, Identity and Ageing
Authors: Gordon Margaret
Published: November 2004

Language, Society and the Elderly: Discourse, Identity and Ageing. Nikolas Coupland. Justine Coupland. and Howard Giles. Language in Society, 18. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991. 220 pp.
Sound Symbolism, Onomatopoeia, and New Guinea Frog Names
Authors: Hays Terence E.
Published: November 2004

Brent Berlin has recently proposed the use of r sounds as a substantive universal in the names given to frogs and toads, a tendency that he attributes to onomatopoeia. A data set from over 200 New Guinea languages is analyzed. Berlin's proposal regarding r sounds receives strong support, but an even more significant pattern is found with respect to g sounds. Onomatopoeia is a possible motivation for both of these pattern
Book Reviews
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2004

Bilingualism and National Development. Gary M. Jones and A. Conrad K. Ozóg. eds. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, Ltd., 1993.172 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Schaefer Stacy B.
Published: November 2004

Folklore and Culture on the Texas‐Mexican Border. Amárico Paredes. Austin, TX: Center for Mexican American Studies, University of Texas, 1993.287 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Hunn Eugene
Published: November 2004

The Cultural Relations of Classification: An Analysis of Nuaulu Animal Categories from Central Seram. Roy Ellen. Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, 91. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.315 pp.
American Indian English
Authors: Kwachka Patricia B.
Published: November 2004

American Indian English. William L. Leap. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1993. 312 pp.
Participant Tracking in Maya Hieroglyphic Texts: Who Was That Masked Man?
Authors: Josserand J. Kathryn
Published: November 2004

Advances in the decipherment of Classic Period (A.D. 300–900) Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions have made it possible to use discourse analysis to investigate the literary style of Maya monuments. This article discusses the identification of protagonists whose names have been deleted from key passages for dramatic effect, using current knowledge of Classic Maya discourse, including verb morphology, syntax, episodic structure of narrative texts, the rhetorical devices of foregrounding and backgrounding, and the elaboration of linguistic structures surrounding peak events.
Language, Culture & Education: Proceedings of the Colston Research Society, Bristol
Authors: Breitborde Lawrence B.
Published: November 2004

Language, Culture & Education: Proceedings of the Colston Research Society, Bristol. Michael C. Beveridge and Gordon Reddiford. eds. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1993. 184 pp.
Functions of Rasta Talk in a Jamaican Creole Healing Narrative: "A Bigfoot Dem Gi' Mi"
Authors: Patrick Peter L. , Payne‐Jackson Arvilla
Published: November 2004

Personal narratives are sites for the negotiation and construction of cultural and linguistic norms, and healing stories recontextualize bodily struggles as social and spiritual conflicts. We argue that a narrative of supernatural illness and cure told in Rasta Talk, a style of Jamaican Creole which is undergoing functional expansion, applies a historical critique of colonialism and racism to the health‐care system, while allowing the teller to reposition himself discursively to alleviate suffering and stigma. Creative performance in the genre of illness narrative provides an opportunity for linking the diffusion and transformation of speech styles and registers such as Rasta Talk to the strategic extension of their social functions.
The Social Circulation of Media Discourse and the Mediation of Communities
Authors: Spitulnik Debra
Published: November 2004

This article demonstrates how mass media, because of their extensive accessibility and scope, can serve as both reservoirs and reference points for the circulation of words, phrases, and discourse styles in popular culture. Focusing on the social circulation of radio discourse in Zambia, I examine the semiotics of the decontextualization, recontextualization, and creative reworking of media discourse outside of contexts of direct media consumption. The analysis illustrates one productive avenue for probing the linguistic intertextuality of large‐scale societies, as well as the more general heteroglossic nature of language. It suggests that people's active engagements with mass media, along with the social circulation of media discourse and its intertextual connections, are key components in the construction and integration of communities.
Language and Cognition: The Cognitive Consequences of Spatial Description in Guugu Yimithirr
Authors: Levinson Stephen C.
Published: November 2004

This article explores the relation between language and cognition by examining the case of "absolute" (cardinal direction) spatial description in the Australian aboriginal language Guugu Yimithirr. This kind of spatial description is incongruent with the "relative" (e.g., left/right/front/back) spatial description familiar in European languages. Building on Haviland's 1993 analysis of Guugu Yimithirr directionals in speech and gesture, a series of informal experiments were developed. It is shown that Guugu Yimithirr speakers predominantly code for nonverbal memory in "absolute" concepts congruent with their language, while a comparative sample of Dutch speakers do so in "relative" concepts. Much anecdotal evidence also supports this. The conclusion is that Whorfian effects may in fact be demonstrable in the spatial domain.
The Navajo Progressive in Discourse: A Study in Temporal Semantics.
Authors: Thompson Chad L.
Published: November 2004

The Navajo Progressive in Discourse:. Study in Temporal Semantics. Sally Midgette. History and Language, 6. New York: Peter Lang, 1995. 252 pp.
Do You See What I Mean: Plains Indians Sign Talk and the Embodiment of Action.
Authors: Keating Elizabeth
Published: November 2004

Do You See What. Mean: Plains Indians Sign Talk and the Embodiment of Action. Brenda Farnell. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. 382 pp.
One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross‐Disciplinary Perspectives on Code‐Switching.
Authors: Moyer Melissa G.
Published: November 2004

One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross‐Disciplinary Perspectives on Code‐Switching. Lesley Milroy and Pieter Muysken. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 366 pp.
"A Twisted Rope Binds My Waist": Locating Constraints on Meaning in a Tij Songfest
Authors: Ahearn Laura M.
Published: November 2004

This article explores the songfests involved in a Nepali women's festival called Tij. Presenting a practice theory of meaning constraint, I argue that any attempt to constrain interpretive indeterminacy in discursive events like Tij songfests must be firmly situated along sociospatial, temporal, textual, and intertextual dimensions. Choosing one song to analyze in detail, I propose an explanation for why potentially oppositional lyrics have not thus far challenged prevailing gender relations in the village of junigau.
Early Pointing Gestures in Zincantán
Authors: Haviland John B.
Published: November 2004

Starting with naturally occurring (proto–) pointing gestures of two infants, I examine the role and nature of early gesture in language acquisition and socialization in the Tzotzil‐speaking community of Zinacantán, in Chiapas, Mexico. Early "words" are, not surprisingly, only part of the story, since verbalizations are embedded in wider communicative routines that characteristically involve gesture. Although the precursors to gesture have been linked to "practical actions," I argue that considerable conceptual complexity must be involved in emancipating, for example, pointing from grabbing or reaching. I suggest that the developments—both cognitive and sociointeractive— that accompany emerging gesture are consistent with the interactive and conceptual bases for later language development, despite doubts in Western psycholinguistics about both infants' communicative intentions and about the continuity or lack thereof between specifically linguistic and other cognitive attainments. Attention to metalinguistic theorizing in communicative traditions, like that of Zinacantdn, which posit no radical discontinuity between gesture and the rest of language, and which conceive of even small infants as emerging interactive participants, may provide a useful theoretical corrective.
Conversational Structure and Language Acquisition: The Role of Repetition in Tzeltal
Authors: Brown Penelope
Published: November 2004

When Tzeltal children in the Mayan community of Tenejapa, in southern Mexico, begin speaking, their production vocabulary consists predominantly of verb roots, in contrast to the dominance of nouns in the initial vocabulary of first‐language learners of Indo‐European languages. This article proposes that a particular Tzeltal conversational feature—known in the Mayanist literature as "dialogic repetition"—provides a context that facilitates the early analysis and use of verbs. Although Tzeltal babies are not treated by adults as genuine interlocutors worthy of sustained interaction, dialogic repetition in the speech the children are exposed to may have an important role in revealing to them the structural properties of the language, as well as in socializing the collaborative style of verbal interaction adults favor in this community.
Post‐Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940‐1990.
Authors: Fenigsen Janina
Published: November 2004

Post‐Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990. Joshua A. Fishman. Andrew W. Conrad. and Alma Rubal‐Lopez. eds. Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 72. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996. 654 pp.
Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese and Semantics: Primes and Universals
Authors: Palmer Gary B.
Published: November 2004

Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese. Anna Wierzbicka. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 317 pp.

Semantics: Primes and Universals. Anna Wierzbicka. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. 500 pp.