bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canadian Evidence on the Hourly Paid–Salaried Breakdown: Are Canadian Salaried Workers Missing Too?
Authors: SHANNON MIKE
Published: October 2008

Hamermesh (2002) documents the unexpected rise in the share of American workers paid by the hour. This paper uses establishment data to show that an even larger increase occurred in Canada. The Canadian increase cannot be explained by changes in industry composition or by changes in worker and job characteristics. It appears that Canadian salaried workers have also “gone missing,” adding to Hamermesh's puzzle and suggesting that a satisfactory explanation should fit both American and Canadian experiences.
Social Movement Unionism and Social Partnership in Germany: The Case of Hamburg's Hospitals
Authors: GREER IAN
Published: October 2008

This paper traces the emergence of social movement unionism in Hamburg, Germany, as labor's channels of influence have broken down and economic pressures have intensified. Trade unionists have responded to the privatization of the municipal hospitals by mobilizing members and building coalitions around issues beyond their members’ immediate interests, including democracy and public service quality. Although the loss of union influence has facilitated social movement unionism in much of West Germany, economic crisis has had a demobilizing effect in the east.
Major Matters: A Comparison of the Within‐Major Gender Pay Gap across College Majors for Early‐Career Graduates
Authors: MORGAN LAURIE A.
Published: October 2008

I use data from the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates and appended 1990 Census on about 11,000 men and women college graduates (8400 with bachelor's degrees only, and 2800 with graduate degrees) who earned degrees in a 5‐year period (1984–1988), to address questions regarding the link between college major and early‐career gender pay differentials. I look at within‐major gender pay differentials for two groups of college graduates: those whose highest degrees are bachelor's and those who hold graduate degrees. Among those whose highest degrees are bachelor's, I find that within‐major gender pay penalties are virtually zero for professional majors. Gender pay penalties are large for general studies majors: social sciences, history, and humanities, and business administration (except accounting). For these, jobs account for a large portion of the unexplained gap. Among individuals who hold graduate degrees, I find that within‐major gender pay penalties are zero for all fields. My findings suggest that pay penalties to women in the aggregate can be traced to relatively large penalties in a couple of key fields (bachelor's degree–level general studies fields): social sciences and humanities, and business administration (except accounting). These findings are important, as they contradict the prevailing view. Existing empirical research suggests that women are uniformly disadvantaged compared to men regardless of field of study and, thus, field of study explains little or none of the gender gap in pay. I conclude that supply‐side mechanisms are important factors in producing gender inequality among college graduates, and suggest that we further focus our attention on the “supply side” in understanding segregation and gender pay inequality.
Unions as Facilitators of Employment Rights: An Analysis of Individuals’ Awareness of Parental Leave in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Authors: KRAMER AMIT
Published: October 2008

This study considers the role of unions and individual characteristics as facilitators of knowledge among employees concerning labor rights. Labor policy by itself is often meaningless without mechanisms that allow implementation of such policy. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), individuals that are entitled to parental leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act but are ignorant of their right were identified. Using longitudinal data from 1992 to 2002, we find that union members’ knowledge regarding their rights is better than that of nonunion members. Other individual and work characteristics are also associated with knowledge regarding parental leave rights.
The Effects of Self‐Managed and Closely Managed Teams on Labor Productivity and Product Quality: An Empirical Analysis of a Cross‐Section of Establishments
Authors: DEVARO JED
Published: October 2008

I estimate the effect of team production on labor productivity and product quality using a cross‐section of British establishments, finding that the typical establishment enjoys statistically significant increases in labor productivity (but not product quality) from using teams, although there is no statistically significant difference between the predicted gains from autonomous versus nonautonomous teams. I show that standard methodological approaches that treat teams and autonomy as exogenous induce biases of two forms: (1) the benefits from teams are inflated, and (2) the benefits of autonomous teams relative to those of nonautonomous teams are inflated.
A randomised controlled trial of intravaginal dinoprostone, intravaginal misoprostol and transcervical balloon catheter for labour induction
Authors: Prager M , Eneroth‐Grimfors E , Edlund M , Marions L
Published: October 2008

Objective  To compare the efficacy and safety of induction of labour by vaginal application of dinoprostone or misoprostol or transcervical insertion of a balloon (Bard) catheter.

Design  A non‐blinded, randomised, controlled trial.

Setting  A tertiary level Swedish hospital.

Population  A total of 592 women who had undergone full‐term pregnancies, not previously been subjected to a caesarean section, and required induction of labour for common, routine indications.

Methods  Women were randomly assigned to induction of labour using intravaginal dinoprostone (2 mg once every 6 hours) or misoprostol (25 micrograms once every 4 hours) or a transcervical balloon catheter.

Main outcome measures  The time interval between induction to delivery in general and vaginal delivery in particular, the mode of delivery, maternal and neonatal parameters of outcome.

Results  Of the 588 subjects included in the final intention‐to‐treat analysis, 191 were assigned to treatment with dinoprostone, 199 with misoprostol and 198 with the balloon catheter. The shortest mean induction‐to‐delivery interval was obtained with the catheter (12.9 hours versus 16.8 and 17.3 hours for dinoprostone and misoprostol, respectively). The efficacies of the two prostaglandins were similar. The maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with each of the three procedures were similar.

Conclusions  Induction of labour with a transcervical balloon catheter is effective and safe and can be recommended as the first choice. The two prostaglandins, dinoprostone and misoprostol, were shown to be equally effective and safe, while misoprostol costs significantly less and is easier to store.
Divergent biogeography of native and introduced soil macroinvertebrates in North America north of Mexico
Authors: Lilleskov Erik A. , Mattson William J. , Storer Andrew J.
Published: October 2008

To improve understanding of the biogeographical consequences of species introduction, we examined whether introduced soil macroinvertebrates differ from natives in the relationship between species richness and key environmental predictors, and whether such differences affect the relationship between native and introduced species richness. For North America north of Mexico, we summarized jurisdiction occurrence data for seven macroinvertebrate taxa with strong influences on soil biodiversity or processes. We analysed the relationships of native and introduced species richness to each other using linear regression; to latitude using Gaussian regressions; and, using the residuals of the richness–latitude regressions, to distance from coasts, human population density, and human population size using regression and correlation. We found weak to strong positive relationships between native and introduced species richness. This variation was related to divergent relationships of native and introduced species with latitude, human population density, and distance from coasts. Native species richness declined with increasing latitude for all taxa, as did introduced species richness for taxa with predominantly lower‐latitude origins (ants, termites, non‐lumbricid earthworms). In contrast, introduced species richness peaked at higher latitudes for four taxa of predominantly Palearctic origins (weevils, ground beetles, lumbricid earthworms, isopods). Partitioning introduced taxa within these groups based on region of origin, we found that Palearctic taxa were distributed at higher latitudes than non‐Palearctic taxa. Thus source region appears to strongly influence introduced species richness–latitude relationships. Compared to natives, introduced species exhibited more positive relationships with human population density and negative relationships with distance from coasts, but did not differ in relationships with human population size. Thus coastal, densely populated regions are likely to have a higher proportion of introduced soil macroinvertebrate species. These differences between distribution of native and introduced species tend to weaken positive correlations between native and introduced species richness, especially for taxa dominated by Palearctic introductions.
New York's nature: a review of the status and trends in species richness across the metropolitan region
Authors: Puth Linda M. , Burns Catherine E.
Published: October 2008

Aim  The world's population is urbanizing, yet relatively little is known about the ecology of urban areas. As the largest metropolitan area in the USA, New York City is an ideal location to study the effects of urbanization. Here, we aim to produce a better understanding of the state of the research for species richness of flora and fauna across the New York metropolitan region.

Location  New York metropolitan region, USA.

Methods  We conducted a review of the published and grey literature, in which we targeted studies of species richness, and categorized each study by habitat, location and taxonomic group.

Results  We found 79 studies reporting location‐specific species richness data, resulting in 261 location‐taxonomic group records. Of these, 26 records had data from multiple time periods; 17 showed decreases in species richness, six reported increases and three showed stable species richness. Of these 26 records, most declines were attributed to anthropogenic causes, such as habitat loss/degradation and invasive species, while most increases reflected recovery from major habitat loss or increases in exotic species. Overall, most records (84) were terrestrial, followed by those in freshwater (72) and mixed habitats (61). When parsed by taxonomic group, the most commonly studied groups were plants (76) and mammals (48).

Main conclusions  In general, we discovered fewer studies than expected reporting species richness, especially studies reporting species richness for more than one point in time. Most studies that did contain data over time reported declines in species richness, while several studies reporting increasing or stable species richness reflected increases in exotic species. This survey provides a crucial first step in establishing baseline ecological knowledge for the New York metropolitan region that should help prioritize areas for protection, research and development. Furthermore, this research provides insights into the impacts of urbanization across the USA and beyond and should help establish similar frameworks for ecological understanding for other metropolitan regions throughout the world.
Assessing the effectiveness of protected areas: paradoxes call for pluralism in evaluating conservation performance
Authors: Caro Tim , Gardner Toby A. , Stoner Chantal , Fitzherbert Emily , Davenport Tim R. B.
Published: October 2008

Aim  To highlight and examine apparent paradoxes in assessing the effectiveness of different forms of land‐use for biodiversity conservation.

Location  Tanzania.

Methods  We compare and contrast the findings of two recent and seemingly conflicting studies on the effectiveness of conservation protection strategies in Tanzania. We evaluate these studies in the context of a wider body of evidence relating to the problem of determining protected area performance.

Results  We highlight the importance of landscape‐scale management approaches for biodiversity conservation; establishing clear management and monitoring objectives in advance; the interrelation between the choice of target species and the appropriate spatial scale over which to measure their fate; and differences between snapshot and longitudinal scales in assessing the effectiveness of conservation strategies.

Main conclusions  Protected area assessments should not promote an isolated focus on particular conservation targets or methods of monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of conservation strategies. Instead we argue for a more pluralistic approach to evaluating conservation performance that can help to reveal where potential synergies in tackling different objectives exist, and clarifying the trade‐offs when they do not.
Incorporating habitat use in models of fauna fatalities on roads
Authors: Roger Erin , Ramp Daniel
Published: October 2008

Aim  To highlight the benefit of using habitat use to improve the accuracy of predictive road fatality models.

Location  The Snowy Mountains Highway in southern New South Wales, Australia.

Methods  A binary logistic regression model was constructed using wombat fatality presences and randomly generated absences. Species‐specific habitat variables were included as predictors in the model selection process as well as two spatially explicit measures of wombat habitat use. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were constructed for each possible combination of predictors in R. The final model was selected by comparing all models subsets for the eight predictors and employing the one standard error rule to select the best model set.

Results  The final predictive model had high discriminatory power and incorporated both measures of species habitat use, greatly exceeding the variation explained by a previously published model for the same species and road.

Main Conclusions  Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating variables that describe habitat use by fauna for predictive modelling of animal‐vehicle crashes. Reliance upon models that ignore landscape patterns are limited in their capacity to identify hotspots and inform managers of locations to engage in mitigation.
Lake construction has facilitated calanoid copepod invasions in New Zealand
Authors: Banks Chistopher M. , Duggan Ian C.
Published: October 2008

Aim  We tested the hypothesis that construction of lakes and ponds has facilitated both inter‐ and intracontinental invasions of calanoid copepod species.

Location  North Island, New Zealand.

Methods  We sampled both natural and constructed lakes, ponds and reservoirs for calanoid copepods in the North Island, New Zealand. Species records were supplemented by examining historically collected samples and literature review. Distributions of non‐indigenous calanoid copepod species were compared between constructed and natural waters. Species distributions of native species were compared with the basement terranes (microplates) of the North Island to determine if they possess ‘natural ranges’, and to assess whether construction of new water bodies had altered these distributions.

Results  Ten calanoid copepod species have been recorded. At least four, and possibly five, of these species are non‐indigenous and were restricted to constructed water bodies. Occurrences in constructed water bodies were not restricted to dammed valleys, but also included ponds constructed on farms, ornamental ponds, disused quarries and retired mines. Four Boeckella species had distributions in natural waters closely related to the North Island basement terranes, and therefore possess ‘natural ranges’ on the island. One species, Boeckella propinqua, was found in natural lakes over a small geographical range only, but has spread with construction of new water bodies to now be widely distributed over the island.

Main conclusions  Construction of lakes and ponds has facilitated the invasion of calanoid copepod species at both inter‐ and intracontinental scales. Our findings suggest that resident native calanoid copepod species may reduce the risk of invasion to natural water bodies, as similar‐sized species are commonly unable to co‐occur. Spread of the non‐indigenous representatives from constructed into natural waters is inevitable, with established populations providing local propagule supplies for regular introductions.
The distribution of range sizes of native and alien plants in four European countries and the effects of residence time
Authors: Williamson Mark , Dehnen‐Schmutz Katharina , Kühn Ingolf , Hill Mark , Klotz Stefan , Milbau Ann , Stout Jane , Pyšek Petr
Published: October 2008

Aim Do the statistical distributions of range sizes of native and alien species differ? If so, is this because of residence time effects? And can such effects indicate an average time to a maximum?

Location Ireland, Britain, Germany and the Czech Republic.

Methods The data are presence or absence of higher plants in mapping units of 100 km2(Ireland and Britain) orc. 130 km2(Germany and the Czech Republic) in areas varying from 79 to 357 thousand km2. Logit transforms of range sizes so defined were tested for normality, and examined by ANOVA, and by loess, ordinary least square (OLS) and reduced major axis regressions.

Results Current range sizes, in logits, are near normally distributed. Those of native plants are larger than those of naturalized neophytes (plants introduced since 1500ad) and much larger than those of casual neophytes. Archaeophytes (introduced earlier) have range sizes slightly larger than natives, except in Ireland. Residence time, the time since an invasive species arrived in the wild at a certain place, affects range sizes. The relationships of the range of naturalized neophytes to residence time are effectively straight in all four places, showing no significant curvature or asymptote back to 1500, though there are few records between 1500 and 1800. The relationships have anr2of only about 10%. Both OLS regressions and reduced major axes can be used to estimate the time it takes for the range of a naturalized neophyte to reach a maximum.

Main conclusions Established neophytes have smaller range size distributions than natives probably because many have not yet reached their maximum. We estimate it takes at least 150 years, possibly twice that, on average, for the maximum to be reached in areas of the order of 105km2. Policy needs to allow for the variation in rates of spread and particularly the long time needed to fill ranges. Most naturalized neophytes are still expanding their ranges in Europe.
An organizer controls the development of the “sword,” a sexually selected trait in swordtail fish
Authors: Eibner Cornelius , Pittlik Silke , Meyer Axel , Begemann Gerrit
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
Male swordtail fish of the genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae) possess a “sword” that is composed of several colored elongated ventral fin rays of the caudal fin. The sword is a secondary sexual trait that evolved through sexual selection by female preference. To uncover the developmental mechanisms underlying the metamorphosis from a juvenile caudal fin to the sword, we have devised a transplantation protocol to assay the fate of single transplanted fin rays and their interactions with flanking rays. These experiments provide evidence for the existence of a previously unrecognized inductive signal that originates in those rays that develop into the two longest sword rays. This “sword organizer” causes adjacent fin rays to grow and become integrated into the sword and induces the development of an additional, typically pigmented sword in grafts to the dorsal part of the caudal fin. We show that the potential to develop a sword is restricted to certain parts of the caudal fin. Our findings suggest that the evolution of swords in swordtails required the acquisition of two developmental mechanisms: the establishment of signaling competence in prospective sword rays in the embryo or early larva, and its activation through androgen signaling in adult male fish.
bicoid occurrence and Bicoid‐dependent hunchback regulation in lower cyclorrhaphan flies
Authors: Lemke Steffen , Stauber Michael , Shaw Philip J. , Rafiqi Ab. Matteen , Prell Alexander , Schmidt‐Ott Urs
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
The homeobox gene bicoid functions as an anterior pattern organizer of the Drosophila embryo, but other than in higher flies (Cyclorrhapha), bicoid orthologues appear to be absent from insect genomes. In Drosophila, bicoid is expressed in an anterior‐to‐posterior protein gradient and regulates spatially restricted expression domains of segmentation genes in a concentration‐dependent manner. hunchback, a direct transcriptional target of Bicoid, complements the “morphogen” activity of Bicoid. hunchback is activated by Bicoid throughout the anterior half of the blastoderm and a Bicoid‐binding cis‐regulatory element has been identified immediately upstream of the proximal hunchback promoter P2 of Drosophila and other higher Cyclorrhapha (Schizophora). bicoid and Bicoid‐dependent hunchback regulation are thought to have originated during or before the radiation of extant Cyclorrhapha, although the precise occurrence of these traits in lower Cyclorrhapha remains unknown. Previously, we have described a bicoid orthologue in Megaselia, a species of the lower cyclorrhaphan family Phoridae. Here, we report the occurrence of bicoid in two additional lower cyclorrhaphan families, Lonchopteridae and Platypezidae. We show that Megaselia Bicoid is required for anterior expression of Megaselia hunchback, and binds upstream of its P2 promoter. Furthermore, we report the expression of lacZ reporter constructs under the control of hunchback regulatory sequences from a range of lower cyclorrhaphan and non‐cyclorrhaphan flies in transgenic Drosophila embryos. Our results are consistent with a cyclorrhaphan origin of bicoid and suggest that a Bicoid‐binding enhancer upstream of the hunchback P2 promoter evolved at the latest in the last common ancestor of Megaselia and Schizophora.
BAC transgenic analysis reveals enhancers sufficient for Hoxa13 and neighborhood gene expression in mouse embryonic distal limbs and genital bud
Authors: Lehoczky Jessica A. , Innis Jeffrey W.
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
We previously demonstrated that a ∼1 Mb domain of genes upstream of and including Hoxa13 is co‐expressed in the developing mouse limbs and genitalia. A highly conserved non‐coding sequence, mmA13CNS, was shown to be insufficient in transgenic mice to direct precise Hoxa13‐like expression in the limb buds or genital bud, although some LacZ expression from the transgene was reproducibly found in these tissues. In this report, we used β‐globin minimal promoter LacZ recombinant BAC transgenes encompassing mmA13CNS to identify a single critical region involved in mouse Hoxa13‐like embryonic genital bud expression. By analyzing the expression patterns of these overlapping BAC clones in transgenic mice, we show that at least two sequences remote to the HoxA cluster are required collectively to drive Hoxa13‐like expression in developing distal limbs. Given that the paralogous posterior HoxD and neighboring genes have been shown to be under the influence of long‐range distal limb and genital bud enhancers, we hypothesize that both long‐range enhancers have one ancestral origin, which diverged in both sequence and function after the HoxA/D cluster duplication.
Expanded HOXA13 polyalanine tracts in a monotreme
Authors: Lehoczky Jessica A. , Innis Jeffrey W.
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
The N‐terminal region of human HOXA13 has seven discrete polyalanine tracts. Our previous analysis of these tracts in multiple major vertebrate clades suggested that three are mammal‐specific. We now report the N‐terminal HOXA13 repetitive tract structures in the monotreme Tachyglossus aculeatus (echidna). Contrary to our expectations, echidna HOXA13 possesses a unique set of polyalanine tracts and an unprecedented polyglycine tract. The data support the conclusion that the emergence of expanded polyalanine tracts in proteins occurred very early in the stem lineage that gave rise to mammals, between 162 and 315 Ma.
Gene expression reveals unique skeletal patterning in the limb of the direct‐developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui
Authors: Kerney Ryan , Hanken James
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
The growing field of skeletal developmental biology provides new molecular markers for the cellular precursors of cartilage and bone. These markers enable resolution of early features of skeletal development that are otherwise undetectable through conventional staining techniques. This study investigates mRNA distributions of skeletal regulators runx2 and sox9 along with the cartilage‐dominant collagen 2α1 (col2a1) in embryonic limbs of the direct‐developing anuran, Eleutherodactylus coqui. To date, distributions of these genes in the limb have only been examined in studies of the two primary amniote models, mouse and chicken. In E. coqui, expression of transcription factors runx2 and sox9 precedes that of col2a1 by 0.5–1 developmental stage (approximately 12–24 h). Limb buds of E. coqui contain unique distal populations of both runx2‐ and sox9‐expressing cells, which appear before formation of the primary limb axis and do not express col2a1. The subsequent distribution of col2a1 reveals a primary limb axis similar to that described for Xenopus laevis. Precocious expression of both runx2 and sox9 in the distal limb bud represents a departure from the conserved pattern of proximodistal formation of the limb skeleton that is central to prevailing models of vertebrate limb morphogenesis. Additionally, runx2 is expressed in the early joint capsule perichondria of the autopod and in the perichondria of long bones well before periosteum formation. The respective distributions of sox9 and col2a1 do not reveal the joint perichondria but instead are expressed in the fibrocartilage that fills each presumptive joint capsule. These distinct patterns of runx2‐ and sox9‐expressing cells reveal precursors of chondrocyte and osteoblast lineages well before the appearance of mature cartilage and bone.
Digit reduction, body size, and paedomorphosis in salamanders
Authors: Wiens John J. , Hoverman Jason T.
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
The loss of digits is a widespread evolutionary trend in tetrapods which occurs in nearly every major clade. Alberch and Gale showed that the order in which digits are evolutionarily lost in salamanders versus frogs corresponds to the order in which they develop in each group, providing a classic example of developmental constraint. However, what actually drives the loss of digits in salamanders has remained unclear. Alberch and Gale suggested that loss of digits might be associated with paedomorphosis or with reduced body size. We test these hypotheses by combining morphometric and phylogenetic information for 98 species of salamanders. We find that digit loss is associated with both paedomorphosis and reduction in body size. However, these trends are surprisingly contradictory, in that paedomorphosis is significantly associated with an increase in body size in salamanders. Thus, much of the extreme digit reduction is found in the smaller species within paedomorphic clades that have, on average, unusually large body size. Our results show that the consequences of changes in body size on morphology are highly context dependent. We also show (possibly for the first time) a significant association between paedomorphosis and increased body size, rather than the expected association with reduced body size.
Low divergence in Dlx gene expression between dentitions of the medaka (Oryzias latipes) versus high level of expression shuffling in osteichtyans
Authors: Debiais‐Thibaud M. , Germon I. , Laurenti P. , Casane D. , Borday‐Birraux V.
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
Serially homologous structures are believed to originate from the redeployment of a genetic cascade in different locations of the body. Serial homologs may diverge at the genetic and morphological level and acquire developmental independency (individualization). Teeth are repeated units that form dentitions found on different bones of the oral–pharyngeal cavity in gnathostomes and provide a good model to study such processes. Previous comparisons of dlx gene expression patterns between mouse oral teeth and zebrafish pharyngeal teeth showed a high level of divergence. Furthermore, these genes are differentially expressed in different teeth of the zebrafish, and in the mouse they are responsible for tooth identity (incisors vs. molars). We examined the potential divergence of dlx gene expression between oral and pharyngeal teeth by examining the expression pattern in the development of the first generation teeth of the medaka and comparing it with data from the zebrafish and the mouse. Out of the seven medaka dlx genes, five are expressed during odontogenesis compared with six in both the zebrafish and the mouse. The only difference observed between oral and pharyngeal teeth in the medaka is an earlier expression of dlx5a in the oral dental epithelium. The subset of dlx genes expressed in the medaka, zebrafish, and mouse is slightly different but their detailed expression patterns are highly divergent. Our results demonstrate a low constraint on dlx gene expression shuffling in the odontogenic cascade within osteichtyans but the non‐individualization of oral and pharyngeal dentitions in the medaka.
The taming of the shrew milk teeth
Authors: Järvinen Elina , Välimäki Kaisa , Pummila Marja , Thesleff Irma , Jernvall Jukka
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYA characteristic feature of mammalian dentition is the evolutionary reduction of tooth number and replacement. Because mice do not replace teeth, here we usedSorex araneus, the common shrew, as a model to investigate the loss of tooth replacement. Historically, shrews have been reported to initiate the development of several, milk or deciduous teeth but these soon become rudimentary and only the replacement teeth erupt. Shrews thus offer a living example of a derived mammalian pattern where the deciduous tooth development is being suppressed. Based on histological and gene expression analyses of serial sections, we suggest thatS. araneushas discernible tooth replacement only in the premolar 4 (P4) position. Both generations of teeth expressShhin the enamel knot and in the inner enamel epithelium. Nevertheless, the deciduous P4 (dP4) is reduced in size during embryogenesis and is eventually lost without becoming functional. Analysis of growth shows that P4 replaces the dP4 in a “double‐wedge” pattern indicative of competitive replacement where the suppression of the deciduous tooth coincides with the initiation of its replacement. Because activator–inhibitor mechanisms have been implicated in adjacent mouse molars and in transgenic mice with continuous tooth budding, we suggest that evolutionary suppression of deciduous teeth may involve early activation of replacement teeth, which in turn begin to suppress their deciduous predecessors.
Temperature‐dependent plasticity of segment number in an arthropod species: the centipede Strigamia maritima
Authors: Vedel Vincent , Chipman Ariel D. , Akam Michael , Arthur Wallace
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY
The evolution of arthropod segment number provides us with a paradox, because, whereas there is more than 20‐fold variation in this character overall, most classes and orders of arthropods are composed of species that lack any variation in the number of segments. So, what is the origin of the higher‐level variation? The centipede order Geophilomorpha is unusual because, with the exception of one of its families, all species exhibit intraspecific variation in segment number. Hence it provides an opportunity to investigate how segment number may change in a microevolutionary context. Here, we show that segment number can be directly altered by an environmental factor (temperature)—this is the first such demonstration for any arthropod. The direction of the effect is such that higher temperature during embryogenesis produces more segments. This potentially explains an intraspecific cline in the species concerned, Strigamia maritima, but it does not explain how such a cline is translated into the parallel interspecific pattern of lower‐latitude species having more segments. Given the plastic nature of the intraspecific variation, its link with interspecific differences may lie in selection acting on developmental reaction norms.
Deuterostomes in a twist: the origins of a radical new body plan
Authors: Smith Andrew B.
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYEchinoderms have a unique ontogeny and adult structure, and, among Bilateria, are the phylum that has diverged most radically in appearance from the ancestral body plan. Embryology and gene expression studies suggest how this transformation may have occurred while paleontological data provide direct evidence for the order in which these events took place. Comparing echinoderm ontogeny and genetic developmental signalling patterns with those of their sister group, the hemichordates, suggests that an evolutionary switch from posterior facultative to anterior obligate larval attachment proved the critical trigger. This necessitated introduction of a phase of torsion in development to bring the mouth into a more appropriate orientation for filter feeding, which in turn rotated the axis of the developing adult 90° out of alignment withHoxand other body patterning genes. As a result the developing echinoderm rudiment came to receive a complex mosaic of anterior–posterior signalling, and extensive co‐option of signalling pathways was able to take place. The fossil record shows that early (pre‐radiate) echinoderms were much more hemichordate‐like, with a muscular post‐anal stalk and facultative attachment, and probably developed maintaining continuity with larval axes, as in hemichordates, although left‐right asymmetry was more highly developed. Anterior attachment and torsion, however, were clearly part of the developmental pattern of helicoplacoids and (to a much greater extent) in subsequent pentaradiate forms.
Death, Dice, and Divination: Rethinking Religion and Play in South America
Authors: Corr Rachel
Published: October 2008

En este artículo exploro la ocurrencia de juegos en rituales funerarios dentro de contextos etnográficos específicos de Sudamérica. Juegos funerarios expresan la vinculación entre rituales religiosos “serios” y actividades lúdicas en forma de apuestas, bromas, parodia, y mimesis. Juegos en velorios yuxtaponen la muerte y el humor, el duelo y la risa, el peligro y la diversión. Los motivos de los juegos funerarios no pueden enmarcarse en una sola explicación teorética sino que requieren explicaciones múltiples. En mi análisis hago referencia a explicaciones indígenas, el simbolismo comparativo de Sudamérica, y teorías antropológicas que ayudan a entender los significados múltiples de los juegos funerarios, y propongo que en muchas culturas indígenas de Sudamérica, el juego es el medio que mantiene el enlace de comunicación entre los vivos y el alma del difunto.

In this article I explore the playing of games during funeral rituals in specific, South American ethnographic contexts. Funeral games express the link between “serious” religious rituals and ludic activities in the form of gambling, jokes, parody, and mimesis. Games at wakes juxtapose death and humor, grief and laughter, danger and fun. The reasons for playing cannot be reduced to one theoretical explanation but require multiple explanations. In my analysis I refer to indigenous exegesis, the comparative symbolism of South American cultures, and anthropological theories to understand the multiple meanings of funeral games, and I suggest that in many South American indigenous cultures play is the means by which the living maintain a communicative link with the soul of the deceased.
Creating Community: Land Titling, Education, and Settlement Formation Among the Ashéninka of Peruvian Amazonia
Authors: Killick Evan
Published: October 2008

Este artículo analiza tanto el proceso como los efectos del proceso de titulación de las tierras indígenas por parte del pueblo Ashéninka en el Perú. Aquí se toman en cuenta las relaciones entre el estado y los grupos indígenas y se muestra cómo estas relaciones pueden ocurrir en múltiples maneras, difiriendo no sólo entre distintos grupos nativos sino también al interior de un mismo grupo étnico. El artículo compara las diferentes historias de varias comunidades Ashéninka; tanto las que han luchado por la obtención de derechos a la tierra como las que han buscado su reconocimiento oficial como parte de un proceso de formalización legal. En comunidades del segundo tipo el artículo muestra que el deseo de lograr una mejor educación para sus hijos es el fundamento de la búsqueda del reconocimiento oficial. El artículo toma en cuenta los efectos que conlleva para los Ashéninka el vivir en comunidades oficialmente reconocidas. Concluye que las identidades y acciones comuna les pueden ser no una motivación sino mas bien la consecuencia en la comunidad de un reconocimiento oficial de derechos a la tierra.

This article analyzes the process and effects of land titling in Ashéninka communities in eastern central Peru. Through this analysis the article considers the relationship between nation states and indigenous groups and shows how this relationship can occur in multiple ways, differing not only between distinct indigenous groups but also within a single ethnic grouping. The article compares accounts of Ashéninka communities that have had to fight for their rights to land with the experiences of communities that have sought official recognition as part of an established legal process. In these latter communities the article argues that it is the Ashéninka's desire for schooling that underpins their wish to gain official recognition. The article also considers the effects that living in defined settlements is having and concludes that communal identities and action can be a result of the recognition of land rights rather than an impetus for land rights claims.
“Para salir adelante”: The Emergence and Acceleration of International Migration in New Sending Areas of Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Lee Alison Elizabeth
Published: October 2008

Este artículo examina el inicio y la aceleración de la migración internacional en áreas recientemente incorporadas por las redes migratorias a través del análisis de cómo Zapotitlán Salinas, Puebla, un pueblo rural en el centro‐sur de México, fue rápidamente transformado a una comunidad de migrantes durante los últimos veinte años. A mediados de los ochenta, algunos individuos de Zapotitlán migraron a la ciudad de Nueva York para salir adelante y mejorar su calidad de vida en México. Para mediados de los noventa, el impacto local de la prolongada crisis económica en México, las políticas económicas neoliberales implementadas para contrarrestar la crisis, y otros factores locales y regionales prácticamente destruyeron la industria local del ónix, eliminando la mayoría del empleo local. Los niveles crecientes de consumo y las expectativas del consumo entre Zapotitecos junto con la ausencia de los empleos adecuados local y regionalmente afirmaron la toma de decisión de individuos para migrar, sobre todo en el contexto del empeoramiento de las condiciones económicas y sociales en México. La aceleración de la migración internacional en Zapotitlán Salinas fue acompañada por cambios en el significado y experiencia de la migración a través del tiempo.

This paper examines the emergence and acceleration of international migration in new sending areas of Mexico by analyzing how Zapotitlán Salinas, Puebla, a rural town in south‐central Mexico, was rapidly transformed into a migrant sending community over the last 20 years. In the mid‐1980s, some individuals from Zapotitlán set out for New York City in order to salir adelante (do well for themselves) in the hopes of improving their standard of living in Mexico. By the mid‐1990s the local impact of Mexico's deepening economic crisis, the neoliberal economic policies implemented to counteract the crisis, and other local and regional factors virtually destroyed the town's onyx industry, eliminating most local sources of employment. Increasing levels of consumption and consumption expectations among Zapotitecos along with the lack of suitable local and regional employment options reinforced individuals' decisions to migrate, particularly in the context of worsening economic and social conditions in Mexico. The acceleration of international migration in Zapotitlán Salinas was accompanied by changes in the meaning and experience of migration over time.
The Sisterhood of Boa Morte in Brazil: Harmonious Mixture, Black Resistance, and the Politics of Religious Practice
Authors: Selka Stephen
Published: October 2008

Este artigo analisa a relação entre política e religião no Recôncavo Baiano, região do Nordeste brasileiro, a partir da observação da festa afro‐católica da Irmandade da Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte. No Brasil, religiões de origem africana têm sido consideradas exemplos idealizados de mistura cultural, especialmente quando combinadas às tradições européias. Entretanto, e mais recentemente, militantes que lutam contra desigualdades raciais têm tomado estas mesmas práticas religiosas como símbolos de resistência cultural. Enquanto os políticos da elite invocam a Irmandade como símbolo de mistura harmoniosa, militantes anti‐racista a interpretam como demonstração de resistência negra à dominação. Neste contexto, o artigo investiga de que modo as praticantes interpretam esta apropriação simbólica em torno de suas práticas religiosas. Especificamente, examino de que modo as irmãs da Boa Morte se utilizam destes dois discursos, o da mistura harmoniosa e o da resistência negra, para o benefício de seus próprios objetivos.

This article focuses on the intersection of religion and politics in the Recôncavo region of the state of Bahia in northeastern Brazil. African‐derived religions, particular practices that combine African and European traditions, have long been cited as examples of the Brazilian ideal of cultural mixture. More recently, however, activists struggling against racial inequality have sought to claim African‐derived religions as emblems of cultural defiance. Focusing on the Afro‐Catholic festival of the Sisterhood of Our Lady of Boa Morte in the state of Bahia, I investigate how elite politicians invoke this sisterhood as a symbol of harmonious cultural and racial mixture while antiracist activists simultaneously claim it as an emblem of black resistance. Against this backdrop, I explore how practitioners have responded to and engaged politicized representations of their religion. In particular, I examine how the sisters of Boa Morte negotiate the discourses of harmonious mixture and black resistance for their own purposes.
(Re)Production Zones: Mixing Religion, Development and Desire in Rural Ecuadorian Households
Authors: DeTemple Jill
Published: October 2008

Entre los espacios más privados, hogares ecuatorianos rurales son aun así puntos de enfoque de varios debates públicos. Empleados de organizaciones religiosas y de desarrollos seculares trabajan en cocinas propagando mensajes sobre limpieza, nutrición y la puridad. En dormitorios, doctrinas cristianas y agendas de desarrollo secular ambas tratan el comportamiento sexual. Este artículo explora esta intersección entre la religión y el desarrollo en las zonas de contacto en espacios domésticos con una perspectiva formada en estudios religiosos. Da énfasis a los papeles que las construcciones de la realidad eclesiástica, misionera, y laica han tenido, y siguen teniendo, en la producción y reproducción de sexualidad, hogares y familias. Enfocando especialmente en las maneras en que estas construcciones emplean un discurso de deseo y su control, la autora afirma que el desarrollo sigue desplegando una orientación religiosa implícita a pesar de su retórica secular; que agentes motivadas por religión usan el desarrollo en una manera estratégica; y que los “clientes” ecuatorianos mezclan y separan la religión y el desarrollo en maneras no intentas por agentes de religión y desarrollo.

Among the most private of spaces, rural Ecuadorian households are nevertheless the focus of several public debates. Personnel in both religious and development organizations work in kitchens, propagating messages about cleanliness, nutrition, and purity. In bedrooms, Christian doctrines and secular development agendas both address sexual behavior. This article explores this interplay of religion and development in the contact zones of domestic spaces from a religious studies perspective. It emphasizes the roles ecclesiastical, missionary, and lay religious constructions of reality have and do play in the production and reproduction of sexuality, households and families. Focusing especially on the ways in which these constructions employ a discourse of desire and its control, the author argues that development continues to deploy an implicit religious orientation despite its overtly secular rhetoric; that religiously motivated agents use development strategically; and that Ecuadorian “clients” mix and separate religion and development in ways unintended by religious and development agents.
Almost Paradise: The Cultural Politics of Identity and Tourism in Samaná, Dominican Republic
Authors: Skoczen Kathleen N.
Published: October 2008

En la República Dominicana, el turismo es la base fundamental del desarrollo económico, transformando no sólo el paisaje social y cultural, sino también los reflejos individuales del yo, de la comunidad y de la nación. En la región noreste de Samaná, donde el turismo ha crecido y se ha establecido como una fuente importante de empleo y de especulación, los esfuerzos para controlar esta industria se han politizado. Este estudio investiga los esfuerzos de una empresa extranjera para controlar los recursos del turismo local, y la consecuente resistencia por parte de grupos locales. Este conflicto, aunque cimentado en los recursos materiales, a menudo se articuló mediante el complejo discurso de la identidad. La cultura política se convirtió en el vehículo principal por el cual se luchó para controlar bienes materiales y simbólicos. Estas disputas descubren un campo cultural en continua transformación, exponiendo la inestabilidad de unas categorías consideradas tiempo atrás como indudables.

In the Dominican Republic, tourism is the dominant development strategy transforming not only the social and cultural landscape, but also individual reflections of self, community and nation. In the northeast region of Samaná, as tourism has grown and become an important source of employment and profit, the struggles to control the industry are politicized. This case study examines the attempts of a foreign company to control local tourist assets, and the ensuing struggle on the local level to resist. The conflict, although grounded in material assets, was often articulated through the complex discourse of identity. Cultural politics became a primary vehicle through which the control of material and symbolic assets was fought. These struggles bring to light a changing cultural field, exposing the instability of categories long taken for granted.