bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archiving NI 43-101 Technical Reports in ScienceBase v1
Authors: Sowers Allison , not provided jimmyswift , Bristol Sky
Published: August 2021

This protocol describes an information processing and curation workflow to document and archive mineral development project disclosure reports (NI 43-101 Technical Reports) in an experimental online archive being developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The GeoArchive contains various reports and other digital documents cited in USGS research and assessments that do not have some other permanent, accessible online repository. It serves as a permanent reference point for these materials that can be linked to from USGS products. The protocol describes how to obtain the National Instrument (NI 43-101) Technical Reports from an online portal, identify specific metadata within the documents, and deposit the PDF files and metadata using the USGS ScienceBase Repository.
Keto Extreme Fat Burner South Africa - Does It Really Work Or Scam? v1
Authors: Extreme Fat Burner South Africa Keto
Published: August 2021

by Keto Extreme Fat Burner South Africa
Elektif Sezaryen Vakalarında Genel ve Spinal Anestezinin Hasta Memnuniyeti Açısından Karşılaştırılması
Authors: YAVUZ Cengizhan , GİŞİ Gökçe , URFALIOĞLU Aykut , BORAN Ömer Faruk , BİLAL Bora , ÖKSÜZ Gözen , ARSLAN Mahmut , ÖKSÜZ Hafize , YILDIZ Hüseyin , BAHAR Şeyma
Published: August 2021

Amaç: Elektif sezaryenlerde spinal ve genel anesteziyi anne memnuniyeti açısından kıyaslamayı amaçladık. Ek olarak hastaların kaygı düzeylerinin anestezi yöntemi seçimine etkisini araştırdık.
Gereç ve yöntemler: Elektif sezaryen ile opere olan 101 gönüllü hasta prospektif olarak araştırıldı. Hastalar anestezi yöntemlerini kendileri tercih etti. Spinal anesteziyi tercih eden 51, genel anesteziyi tercih eden 50 hasta araştırıldı. Hastaların operasyon öncesi anestezi ile ilgili endişeleri soruldu. Operasyon öncesi kaygı düzeyleri Durumluluk-Süreklilik Kaygı Ölçeği (STAI= State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) ile tespit edildi. Operasyondan 24 saat sonra komplikasyonlar sorgulandı ve memnuniyet düzeyi ölçümü için ameliyat sonrası iyileşme kalitesini ölçen Memnuniyet-Derlenme Kalitesi Ölçeği (QoR-40= Quality of Recovery-40) anketi hastalara uygulandı.
Bulgular: Genel anesteziyi tercih eden hastaların kaygı düzeyi daha yüksek bulundu (p:0,000). Hastaların anesteziden en büyük edişeleri ameliyat sonrası uyanmamak (% 53,5), yoğun bakımda kalmak (%18,8), ameliyat sonrası ağrı (%11,9) olarak tespit edildi. Postoperatif komplikasyonlardan bulantı-kusma, bel sırt ağrısı ve nefes darlığı gelişen hastaların QoR-40 değerlerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düşük olduğu gözlenmiştir. Spinal anestezi ile opere olan hastaların QoR-40 puanları daha yüksekti (p:0,014).
Sonuç: Spinal anestezi ile opere olan hastaların daha memnun oldukları tespit edildi. Genel anesteziyi tercih eden hastaların kaygı düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu görüldü.
Factor V Leiden homozygous mutation: Recurrent venous thromboembolism during periods of discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Šahinović Sabira , Huskić Vildana , Kauković Adis
Published: August 2021

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), also known as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism, is a medical condition that has a high incidence and a multifactorial pathogenesis. One of the causes is a mutation of the Factor V Leiden (FVL), which is the most common inherited thrombotic disorder. A mutation inherited from both parents is found in about 0.05-0.5% of cases, making our case more medically interesting. We presented the case of a young male patient with recurrent VTE and few risk factors who was admitted to the hospital 4 times with VTE symptoms over a 5-year period. In the background, there was a homozygous FVL mutation and improper use of anticoagulant therapy. We examined the medical data, diagnostics, therapy, and precautions that were and are required.
Theoretical and Legal analysis of Modern Approaches to the Concept of International Crime
Authors: Lobach Dmitriy V.
Published: August 2021

The article attempts to study the political and legal essence (nature) of international crime as a negative impact of social reality in the analysis of various approaches. It is concluded that the concept of international crime in the context of modern trends in globalization and transformation of social relations is relevant by its definition. It is argued that in the theory of international criminal law, there are four approaches, different defining factors that comprise the contextual element of an international crime violations of international peremptory norms (jus cogens); the special nature of the external expression of such acts indicating the inherent danger of the phenomenon (as, for example, the direction of intent, seriousness and scale, special attitude on the part of the international community); functional relationship with an agent acting as a criminal policy; and encroachment on international peace and human security. Modern methods of development of the international community are applied in modern literature) as are torture, encroachments on persons enjoying international immunity, international terrorism, piracy, illegal circulation of weapons of mass destruction, etc. The option of criminalizing acts that infringe on international peace and human security and are committed as international crimes is also not excluded. An international crime is a complex affair committed in the context of institutional politics, infringing on international peace and security, and challenging the concept of the international community, thus, falling under universal jurisdiction.
Constitutional Counteraction to Threats that Arise in the Process of Introducing Digital Technologies into the Sphere of Education in Russia
Authors: Tarasevich Ivan A.
Published: August 2021

The article notes that the destructive efforts of the anti-Russian forces are primarily aimed at the education sector. One of the important reasons for such aggression is some aspects of the introduction of digital technologies. The author reveals the goals, which some reformers of Russian education are moving towards. The anti-popular forces in the young USSR were striving for similar goals, which were clearly seen from the documents of those years. On the basis of those documents, it is possible to understand the essence of the destructive processes taking place in modern Russia, and to outline the ways to combat the current situation. This article highlights several threats that arise in the process of the uncontrolled introduction of digital technologies into modern Russian education. The central idea of the article is that the Russian Constitution contains provisions to counteract these threats. Such norms were updated and strengthened many times as a result of the 2020 constitutional reform.
Problems of Legal Regulation of Educational Development under Conditions of Regional Integration (on the Example of the EAEU)
Authors: Galushko Dmitriy V.
Published: August 2021

Modern integration processes are shaping a new era of interaction between states, economic and political systems, and people. International integration significantly expands cultural and informational contacts between peoples and states, affects management, production, trade, the labor market, political education, and other public institutions and processes. However, special attention is paid to the problems of education sector development. The Eurasian integration processes are no exception in this regard. In particular, the growth of the Eurasian Economic Union, which was created with the aim of building conditions for the accelerated development of the integration entity in accordance with modern requirements and the global challenges of our time. Currently, the areas of economic cooperation within the Union include, among others, the field of education, which makes it necessary to assess the problems of proper legal regulation within the international integration organization. The methodological bases of the work were the well-known general and particular methods of scientific research. The objectives of the current article are to study the relevant problems of legal support in the field of education at the supranational level and identify general trends, as well as the essential characteristics and main features in the field under consideration.
In situ Study of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Inverse Temperature Crystallization
Authors:   , Barrett Ryan F. , Fafarman Aaron T.
Published: August 2021

Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) has enormous potential for use in next-generation perovskite solar cells, but industrial production is difficult to optimize due to the inherent complexity of uniform and rapid drying of solution based inks. Solutions of MAPI dissolved in gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) display retrograde solubility at high temperatures and offer new possibilities for film fabrication through heating without solvent loss in a process known as inverse temperature crystallization (ITC). Growth of MAPI through ITC, in contrast to evaporative supersaturation, can produce high quality crystals without the typical problems associated with drying such as top-down nucleation. This crystallization mechanism can be applied to scalable manufacturing practices, however to date all studies of ITC have focused on growth of thick films or bulk single crystals or under conditions where ITC and solvent-loss crystallization occur simultaneously. Herein, we have developed a method to deconvolute these two mechanisms by observing MAPI crystallization in situ in rigorously closed and transparent viewing cells prepared by pressing indium metal between glass coverslips that fully prevent solvent loss over the experimental time scale. Study of open samples reveal that under conditions typical of traditional slot-die coating onto a heated substrate, yellow crystalline solids can form and either seed the nucleation and growth of perovskite phase MAPI or undergo an apparent solid-state conversion to the black phase thereby establishing the undersirable yellow morphology in the resulting film. Additionally, study of enclosed samples reveal that MAPI must overcome a high kinetic barrier in order to crystallize via retrograde solubility as indicated by the high degree of supersaturation that is routinely achieved by overheating saturated samples. Finally it is observed that mechanical perturbation of samples in supersaturation conditions can trigger rapid crystallization.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN GUIDED INQUIRY TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF MATERI SISTEM SARAF MANUSIA
Authors: Sariningsih Sariningsih , Suprapto Purwati Kuswarini , Badriah Liah
Published: August 2021

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran guided inquiry terhadap hasil belajar peserta didik di kelas XI MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Sindangkasih pada materi sistem saraf manusia. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan September 2018 sampai dengan bulan Juli 2019 di SMA Negeri 1 Sindangkasih. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah true experiment. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh kelas XI MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Sindangkasih sebanyak 3 kelas. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 2 kelas yaitu kelas XI MIPA 1 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas XI MIPA 3 sebagai kelas kontrol yang diambil dengan teknik cluster random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa tes tulis hasil belajar pada materi sistem saraf manusia yang dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah pembelajaran berlangsung. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji ancova. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran guided inquiry terhadap hasil belajar peserta didik pada materi sistem saraf manusia di kelas XI MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Sindangkasih.Abstract. This study aimed to determine the effect guided inquiry learning model toward learning outcomes of students in XI MIPA classes at SMA Negeri 1 Sindangkasih on nervous system subject. This research was conducted from September 2018 until July 2019 at SMA Negeri 1 Sindangkasih. The research used the true experiment method. The population in this study were all XI MIPA at SMA Negeri 1 Sindangkasih as many as 3 classes. The sample used was 2 classes, namely class XI MIPA 1 as the experimental class and class XI MIPA 3 as the control class taken by cluster random sampling technique. Data collection techniques in the form of tests of learning outcomes on the nervous system subject was conducted before and after learning process were taken place. The datas were analyzed by using the Ancova test. The results showed that there was the effect guided inquiry learning model toward learning outcomes of students on nervous system subject in XI MIPA classes at SMA Negeri 1 Sindangkasih.
POTENSI KEARIFAN LOKAL TAMBI UMA SUKU ENDE SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR BIOLOGI DAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER
Authors: Lidi Maria Waldetrudis , Daud Maimunah H , Bolong Morison Yosep M.
Published: August 2021

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kearifan lokal suku Ende Tambi uma untuk dijadikan sebagai salah satu sumber belajar biologi dan pendidikan karakter yang kontekstual. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di desa Gheoghoma, dan desa Watumbawu, Kabupaten Ende Propinsi NTT pada bulan Mei Tahun 2020. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa memadukan antara data observasi, wawancara dan studi literature yang ditindaklanjuti dengan tahap reduksi data, penyajian data, penyimpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kearifan lokal Tambi uma berpotensi dijadikan sebagai sumber belajar biologi dan pendidikan karakter terutama mengandung nilai-nilai karakter luhur seperti gotong royong, persaudaraan, tanggung jawab, ketaatan, kesetaraan gender, nilai sosial, dan nilai komunikatif, yang berdampak pada sikap antusias peserta didik dalam mempelajari konsep.Abstract. This study aims to identify local wisdom of the Ende Tambi uma tribe to serve as a source of contextual biology and character education. This research was conducted in Gheoghoma village and Watumbawu village, Ende Regency, NTT Province in May 2020. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique is in the form of combining observation data, interviews and literature studies which are followed up with the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and data inference. The results showed that local wisdom of Tambi uma has the potential to be used as a source of learning biology and character education, especially containing noble character values such as mutual cooperation, brotherhood, responsibility, obedience, gender equality, social values, and communicative values, which have an impact on enthusiasm. learners in learning concepts.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN RQAAD TERHADAP MOTIVASI BELAJAR DAN KETERAMPILAN METAKOGNITIF MAHASISWA MATA KULIAH STRATEGI BELAJAR MENGAJAR BIOLOGI
Authors: Siswati Bea Hana , Hariyadi Slamet , Corebima Aloysius Duran
Published: August 2021

Abstrak. Pembelajaran yang bermakna adalah pembelajaran yang dapat dengan mudah dipahami oleh peserta didik dan informasi-informasi yang diperoleh bisa bertahan lama di dalam Long Term Memory (LTM) peserta didik. Pembelajaran di masa pandemic Covid-19 yang dilakukan secara daring tentu tidak berbeda dengan pembelajaran yang dilakukan secara luring. Suatu model/strategi pembelajaran tetap bisa digunakan dalam pembelajaran, termasuk juga model pembelajaran RQAAD (Reading, Questioning, Answering, Analyzing, Discussing). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran RQAAD terhadap motivasi belajar dan keterampilan metakognisi mahasiswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuasi eksperimen yang membandingkan kelas yang diberi perlakuan menggunakan model pembelajaran RQAAD dan yang tidak menggunakannya. Motivasi belajar mahasiswa diukur dengan skala motivasi sedangkan keterampilan metakognitif diukur dengan rubrik keterampilan metakognitif. Penelitian dilakukan pada mahasiswa semester 3 tahun akademik 2020/2021 yang terdiri dari 62 mahasiswa. Pembelajaran RQAAD terbukti berpengaruh signifikan terhadap motivasi belajar dan keterampilan metakognitif mahasiswa yang menempuh matakuliah Strategi Belajar Mengajar Biologi. Rerata skor terkoreksi motivasi belajar kelas eksperimen 5,61 persen lebih tinggi dari kelas kontrol dan rerata terkoreksi keterampilan metakognitif kelas eksperimen 16,01 persen lebih tinggi dibanding kelas kontrol.Abstract. Learning during the COVID-19 pandemic that is done online is certainly no different from learning that is done offline. A learning model/strategy can still be used in learning, including the RQAAD (Reading, Questioning, Answering, Analyzing, Discussing) learning model. This study aims to determine the effect of the RQAAD learning model on student motivation and metacognitive skills. The research method used is quasi-experimental by comparing classes that are treated using the RQAAD learning model and those who do not. Student learning motivation is measured by the motivation scale while metacognitive skills are measured by the metacognitive skills rubric. The research was conducted on 3rd semester students of the 2020/2021 academic year consisting of 62 students. Learning RQAAD proved to have a significant effect on learning motivation and metacognitive skills of students taking Biology Teaching and Learning Strategies Course. The mean score of corrected learning motivation in the experimental class is 5.61 percent higher than the control class and the average corrected metacognitive skill in the experimental class is 16.01 percent higher than the control class.
KUALITAS FISIKA KIMIA SUSU SAPI DI KABUPATEN JEMBER DAN PENGEMBANGANNYA DALAM BUKU NON TEKS
Authors: Rozana Kennis , Wahyuni Dwi , Iqbal Mochammad
Published: August 2021

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas fisika dan kimia susu sapi yang diproduksi di Kabupaten Jember dan memberikan edukasi yang tepat bagi masyarakat terkait prosedur penilaian kelayakan susu yang akan dikonsumsi melalui buku non-teks. Analisis kualitas fisika susu sapi yang dilakukan meliputi uji didih, uji alkohol, dan uji berat jenis sedangkan analisis kualitas kimia susu sapi yang dilakukan meliputi uji pH dan uji kadar lemak. Pengembangan buku non-teks dilakukan dengan menggunakan model pengembangan R2D2 (Reflective, Recursive, Design, and Development). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa sampel susu sapi dari industri susu A dan industri susu B memiliki kualitas fisika dan kimia yang sesuai dengan standar kualitas susu yang aman untuk dikonsumsi menurut SNI dan Codex. Hasil rata-rata validasi produk buku non-teks yang dikembangkan sebesar 94.84 persen dari ketiga validator. Dengan demikian produk buku non-teks tersebut sangat layak digunakan sebagai buku non-teks, khususnya buku non-teks untuk pengayaan pengetahuan.Abstract. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical quality of cow's milk produced in Jember and provide an appropriate education for the community regarding the procedure for assessing the feasibility of milk to be consumed through non-text books. The analysis of the physical quality of cow's milk includes boiling test, alcohol test, and specific gravity test, while the chemical quality analysis of cow's milk includes pH test and fat content test. The development of non-text books is carried out using the R2D2 (Reflective, Recursive, Design, and Development) development model. Based on the results of the study, it is known that samples of cow's milk from dairy industry A and milk industry B have physical and chemical qualities that are in accordance with milk quality standards that are safe for consumption according to SNI and Codex. The average result of the validation of non-textbook products developed was 94.84 percent from the three validators. Thus, the non-textbook product is very suitable to be used as a non-textbook, especially non-text books for knowledge enrichment.
EVALUASI PELATIHAN TEKNIK PENANAMAN CEMPAKA BERDASARKAN TEORI THE FOUR LEVELS KIRKPATRICK
Authors: Irawan Arif , Hidayah Hanif Nurul , Wildah A.
Published: August 2021

Abstrak. Cempaka merupakan jenis kayu yang memiliki keterikatan erat dengan budaya masyarakat suku Minahasa karena digunakan dalam pembuatan rumah adat. Pasokan bahan baku kayu cempaka sudah semakin terbatas karena keberadaannya sudah semakin berkurang. Salah satu hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk mendukung kegiatan pengembangan cempaka adalah melalui penyebarluasan informasi melalui kegiatan pelatihan teknik penanaman cempaka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi kegiatan pelatihan tenik penanaman cempaka berdasarkan teori The Four Levels yang dikembangkan oleh Kirkpatrick pada level I dan II. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara terhadap seluruh peserta kegiatan pelatihan dari 3 (tiga) kabupaten (Minahasa,Minahasa Utara, dan Minahasa Selatan) dengan jumlah peserta masing-masing kabupaten adalah berjumlah 15 orang. Data untuk evaluasi pada level 1 ditabulasi dan selanjutnya dianalisis secara deskriptif. Evaluasi pada level 2 dilakukan dengan membandingkan data hasil kuesioner pre test dan post test menggunakan uji t sampel berhubungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan tenik penanaman cempaka dapat terlakasana dengan baik (evaluasi level 1). Pelatihan mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan peserta yang ditandai dengan adanya peningkatan nilai hasil evaluasi dari kuesioner sebelum dan setelah pelatihan sebesar 22 persen di Kabupaten Minahasa; 20 persen di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, dan 13 persen di Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan (evaluasi level II).Abstract. Cempaka (Elmerrillia sp.) is a type of woods that has a close attachment to the culture of the Minahasa community because it is used in the making of traditional houses. The supply of cempaka wood raw materials has become increasingly limited because its existence has diminished. One of the things that can be done to support the preservation of cempaka is with the dissemination through training in cempaka planting techniques. This study aims to evaluate the training activities of cempaka planting techniques based on The Four Levels theory developed by Kirkpatrick at level I and II. Data collection was carried out by interviewing all training participants from 3 (three) districts (Minahasa, North Minahasa, and South Minahasa) with 15 participants in each district. Data for evaluation at level 1 were tabulated and then analyzed descriptively. Evaluation at level 2 is carried out by comparing the results of the pre-test and post-test questionnaire using the corresponding sample t test. The results showed that the training in cempaka planting techniques was carried out well (level 1 evaluation). The training was able to increase participants' knowledge which was marked by an increase in the value of the evaluation results from the questionnaire before and after the training by 22 percent in the Minahasa District; 20 percent in North Minahasa District, and 13 percent in South Minahasa District (level II evaluation).
TANTANGAN DAN PELUANG PENGEMBANGAN MATAKULIAH KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN DI ERA DISRUPSI DARI PERSPEKTIF CALON GURU BIOLOGI
Authors: Fitriyati Umi , Fachrunnisa Rifka , Hayuana Wachidah
Published: August 2021

Abstrak. Matakuliah Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan (KT) memainkan peran penting untuk membekali mahasiswa mempelajari prinsip taksonomi. Taksonomi merupakan salah satu upaya konservasi. Di saat era disrupsi seperti saat ini, konservasi merupakan masalah global yang mendesak. Namun, banyak penelitian yang melaporkan bahwa matakuliah KT sulit untuk dipelajari, sehingga mahasiswa menjadi tidak tertarik untuk belajar. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengeksplorasi minat melalui persepsi mahasiswa calon guru biologi tentang tantangan yang terjadi selama perkuliahan KT berlangsung, serta solusi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengembangakan matakuliah KT. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa reflective essay yang dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik. Hasil eksplorasi persepsi mahasiswa calon guru biologi berupa tantangan dan peluang selama mengikuti perkuliahan KT. Tantangan yang dialami terangkum dalam empat tema: kesulitan pemahaman materi; keterbatasan media pembelajaran; metode pembelajaran kurang efektif; serta kesulitan management waktu. Peluang untuk mengembangkan matakuliah KT terangkum dalam empat tema besar: penguatan materi; optimalisasi media pembelajaran; optimalisasi metode pembelajaran; dan optimalisasi kegiatan praktikum.Abstract. Plant Diversity course (in Bahasa Keanekagaraman Tumbuhan) plays an essential role in facilitating students to learn taxonomic principles. Taxonomy is one of the conservation efforts. In this disruptive era, conservation is an urgent global problem. However, many studies have reported that this course is difficult to study, so that students are not interested in studying. This study is aimed at exploring interest through the perceptions of prospective biology teacher students about the challenges that emerge during KT course, as well as solutions that can be used to improve KT course. The research method used is qualitative research methods. The data collection technique was a reflective essay which  then was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results of an exploration of the perceptions of biology teacher candidate students in confronting challenges and opportunities during KT course. The challenges experienced are summarized in four themes: difficulties in understanding the material; limited learning media; less effective learning methods; as well as time management difficulties. Meanwhile, the opportunities to develop KT course are also summarized in four major themes: strengthening material; optimization of learning media; optimization of learning methods; and optimization of practicum activities.
Study of histomorphological spectrum of malignant breast diseases- In a tertiary care centre of Mumbai
Authors: Mane Vaibhav Pandurang , Wakkar Darshana Narayan , Dorkar Prashant Shrimant
Published: August 2021

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, comprising 16% of all -female cancers. It is by far the most frequent cancer in female, both in developed and developing regions and is second overall next only lung. In India, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in many regions and has overtaken cervix cancer, which was the most frequent cancer a decade ago 5 As in other developing regions, the mortality rates for breast cancer in India are high in comparison to its incidence rates. A poor survival may be largely explained by the lack of or limited access to the early detection services and treatment. Though clinical examination of the breast lump and the age of the patient can provide information about the nature of the lump, Histopathological examination is necessary to establish the diagnosis.

To classify the breast lesions and study them with age, clinical presentation and various pathological parameters.

The present study of the breast lesions was performed in the department of pathology in a general teaching hospital and tertiary referral health care centre in Mumbai. All the assimilated data was collected and analysed to find the incidence and frequency of lesions.

Infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC) is the most common breast malignancy. Grade -2 IDC’s were more common than grade- 1 and grade-3 IDC’s. Breast cancers were bulky and presented at an advanced stage in younger population. Breast carcinomas in our population presents as locally advanced cancer, with predominance of higher histological grade and higher stage in view of lack of or limited access to the early detection services and treatment.
Histopathological spectrum of oral cavity lesions – A tertiary care experience
Authors: Gupta Ishani , Rani Rekha , Suri Jyotsna
Published: August 2021

Oral cancer is one of a major health problem in some parts of the world especially in the developing countries. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world whereas in India it is one of the most prevalent cancer. Oral cavity lesions are usually asymptomatic. Accurate diagnosis of the lesion is the first step for the proper management of patients and histopathology is considered as the gold standard.

The objective is to study the different patterns of oral cavity lesions seen in a tertiary care hospital of Jammu

: One year retrospective study.

Post graduate department of pathology.

: It was a retrospective study carried out in a tertiary care centre for a period of one year from March 2020 to Feb 2021. 148 cases of oral cavity lesions were included in this study. The parameters that were included in the study were sociodemographic data, site of the lesion, clinical features and histological diagnosis. Data collected was analysed.

148 cases of oral lesions were identified during the period of study. The age of patients varied from 5 to 78years and Male to Female ratio was 2.2:1. Buccal mucosa (30%) was the most common site involved which was followed by tonsil (19%). Out of 148 cases 70 cases were malignant, 10 cases pre malignant and 21 cases were benign. Squamous cell carcinoma (33.7%) was the most common lesion present in our study.

Oral cavity lesions have a vast spectrum of diseases which range from tumour like lesions to benign and malignant tumours. Our study concluded that squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion of oral cavity. Histological typing of the lesion is important for confirmation of malignancy and it is essential for the proper management of the patient.
Cyclin D1 as emerging biomarker and its correlation with other biomarkers in intraductal carcinoma of breast
Authors: Bhattacharyya Ranjan , Panda Sumita Bhattacharyya , Chakrabarti Sudipta , Chakraborty Jayati
Published: August 2021

Cyclin D1 as a biomarker is over expressed in indraductal carcinoma in breast not in benign breast diseases.

The study has been conducted in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary medical college of eastern India (n=57, d=18 months).

The primary aim was to find the correlation between Cyclin D1 with different biomarkers as well as other variables.

The association of age, ER (Estrogen Receptor) scoring, ER Positive & Negative status, PR scoring, PR positive and negative status, Her2Neu status, Tumor grade, Stage of the tumour, Laterality and location vs group have not been found to be statistically significant. However association of Her2Neu scoring (p=0.03), Ki67 status (p=0.002), Molecular Classification (p=0.01) vs group has been found to be statistically highly significant.

Cyclin D1 over expression has been reported in about half of the human breast cancers and the present study has found its direct relationship of Her2Neu scoring, Ki67 labelling index status and molecular classification vs group enriching our present knowledge and understanding.
Ectopic prostatic tissue presenting as a urinary bladder polyp in a young male
Authors: Jagdale Rakhi V , Pol Jaydeep N
Published: August 2021

Ectopic prostatic polyps are uncommon lesions, sometimes found in the lower urinary tract, particularly the posterior urethra. Ectopic prostatic tissue in the bladder is very uncommon. Until now, only 43 cases of this lesion have been reported in the English literature. Clinically and endoscopically these lesions are often mistaken for malignancy. We report a case of ectopic prostatic tissue at the bladder neck in a young male. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the prostatic nature of the tissue. Since the entity is benign and unlikely to recur, we emphasize that urologists and pathologists need to be familiar with this to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary overtreatment.
Unusual renal tumor in an infant
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Madhumita , Mukhopadhyay Biswanath , Mukhopadhyay Brati , Das Chhanda
Published: August 2021

: Two-month-old female presented with left loin swelling and pain. The swelling was 8cmx6cm and it was ballotable in nature. It was gradually increasing in size.

: To find out the incidence of this rare, high index of suspicion, investigations including cytopathology and histopathology, early diagnosis and management.

: The informed consent from the parents of the patient was taken. The study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata.

On CT a heterogenous renal mass was detected. Fine Needle Aspiration cytology from the mass showed mature neural elements, squamous epithelium, mature fat cells a few atypical oval to spindle shaped cells. Cytologically diagnosed as mature teratoma. The tumor was excised. Histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis of immature teratoma.

: Immature teratoma is one of the rare causes of Pediatric Kidney Tumor.

Renal teratoma is an extremely uncommon tumor in infancy. But it is one of the differential diagnoses of renal mass in infants. Diagnosis may be suspected from radiological investigation and confirmed by histopathological examination. A good prognosis can be expected after proper management.
Metastatic mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung: A case report
Authors: Shylashree  , Divya B M  , Nimron Kush
Published: August 2021

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a rare form of lung malignancy that is classified into high-grade and low-grade according to its histological characteristics. High-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (HMC) is more aggressive form of malignancy which involves lymph node and distant metastasis. Here, we report a 62-year-old female with complaints of dry cough and generalized weakness was diagnosed to have high grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of lung metastases to lymph nodes, pleura, left adrenal and skeleton. Diagnosis was confirmed by Computed Tomography (CT) which showed numerous lung nodules, biopsy revealing metastatic deposit of mucoepidermoid and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) indicating primary left lung malignancy with metastasis. Despite chemotherapy initiation, the prognosis remained poor.
The Iranian-American competition in Iraq: the political defeat of the United States
Authors: Bobkin Nikolay
Published: August 2021

The article gives an assessment of Iran's policy in neighboring Iraq during the years of the American occupation. The author's scientific hypothesis is that after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran, and not America, became the real beneficiary of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein. The Iranian leadership, interested in changing the Baathist regime in Baghdad, having received such a strategic gift, did everything to use the US military presence to its advantage. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategy of expanding Iran's influence in Iraq and its impact on US policy. The article shows that the nature of Iran's influence in Iraq included all the elements of state power: diplomatic, informational, military and economic. It is concluded that Tehran managed to take advantage of the democratic reforms in Iraq, which were carried out under the control of Washington. Iran used its Shiite henchmen, which gave it a political advantage over the United States, which did not have such influential allied forces in Iraq. Despite the disparate balance of military forces with America, Iran managed to avoid the risk of war with the United States and move on to achieving its long-term goals in Iraq. In the future, Tehran plans to achieve the rejection of Baghdad from constructive relations with Washington.
Western Myths about Russian and Chinese Threats
Authors: Morozov Yury
Published: August 2021

The growing geopolitical confrontation between the West, led by the United States on the one hand, and Russia and China on the other, leads to the appearance in the Western media of myths about Russian and Chinese threats to the international community. The article describes what myths are circulating in the modern media and what such publications lead to. At the same time, the article presents facts that expose these myths.
Economic relations between the United States and South Africa
Authors: Obraztsova Margarita
Published: August 2021

The article analyses the role of the South African mining sector in the development of long-term relations between the United States and South Africa. Largely with the help of American investments the South African mining industry was formed. Thereby America provided its firms with access to South Africa’s rich resource potential. The increasing dependence of the United States on those types of minerals that are of strategic importance for its defense industry makes relations with South Africa a priority. Therefore, US policy is primarily aimed at ensuring the access of American companies to the South African market.
The military-political aspect of Polish-American relations in 2020
Authors: Pavlova Maria
Published: August 2021

The article examines key aspects of political and military cooperation between Poland and the United States in 2020. The main attention is paid to on-going discussions about Poland's involvement in NATO nuclear programs and the development of the idea of creating a base for the permanent deployment of the US troops in Poland.
Eroding Arms Control Regime and US-Russia Relations
Authors: Shapiro Natalia
Published: August 2021

Two weeks after Joseph Biden took office as President, the U.S. and Russia extended the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty for five years. This landmark arms control treaty limits the number of strategic offensive weapons each country can have. A ‘window of opportunity’ for a new stage of strategic stability discussions on arms control has opened. Strategic competition between the world’s most powerful countries, escalating global and regional threats, accelerating technological advances in the military sphere, which hold the potential to have a transformative impact on arms forces and military conflicts, have given added urgency to the bilateral dialogue on arms control between the two nuclear superpowers. Political barriers to a new agreement are significant. The perilous state of U.S.-Russia relations, lack of trust and mutual suspicion make it more difficult for the two powers to have sustainable negotiations toward a new treaty. However, if political will is in place coupled with a realistic approach and the United States’ readiness to address Russia’s concerns, a follow-on agreement could be reached.
Daily Life of the American Embassy in Czechoslovakia in 1945—1948
Authors: Yungblyud Valery
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the study of various aspects of daily life of the US Embassy in Czechoslovakia in 1945—1948. The author considers the main areas of its work, major problems and difficulties that American diplomats had to overcome being in difficult conditions of the post-war economic recovery and international tension growth. Special attention is paid to the role of Ambassador L. A. Steinhardt, his methods of leadership, interactions with subordinates, with the Czechoslovak authorities and the State Department. This allows to reveal some new aspects of American diplomacy functioning, as well as to identify poorly explored factors that influenced American politics in Central Europe during the years when the Cold War was brewing and tensions between Moscow and Washington were rising. The article is based on unpublished primary sources from the American archives.
The German Question in the Foreign Policy of the Austrian Empire in 1850—1866
Authors: Kotova Elena
Published: August 2021

For centuries, the House of Austria (the Habsburgs) maintained its leadership in the Holy Roman Empire, and later in the German Union. But in the middle of the 19th century the situation changed, Austria lost its position in Germany, lost to Prussia in the struggle for hegemony. The article examines what factors influenced such an outcome of the German question, what policy Austria pursued in the 50—60s of the 19th century, what tasks it set for itself. The paper traces the relationship between the domestic and foreign policy of Austria. Economic weakness and political instability prevented the monarchy from pursuing a successful foreign policy. The multinational empire could not resist the challenge of nationalism and prevent the unification of Italy and Germany. Difficult relations with France and Russia, inconsistent policy towards the Middle German states largely determined this outcome. The personal factor was also important. None of the Austrian statesmen could resist such an outstanding politician as Bismarck.
The return visit of the President of the French Republic Emile Loubet and the Formation of the Image of a “Great Friend” of Russia
Authors: Limanova Svetlana
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes the visit of Emile Loubet, President of the French Republic, to the Russian Empire in 1902, as well as the specifics of its organization and representation. The visit was conceived as a demonstration of the inviolability of the Franco-Russian alliance. A whole complex of informational, ceremonial and commemorative methods was supposed to form the image of France not just as a “friend”, but as a “great friend” of Russia. Periodicals solved various tasks at once: attracting and maintaining attention, forming a certain image, creating and reflecting public opinion. The effect of the ceremonial part was enhanced by the active involvement of the urban population in the celebrations, symbolic decoration of the ceremonial space, and the production of souvenirs. As a result, it was possible to consolidate the “friendly” image of the French nation in Russia, enhance the positive effect of the meeting of the allies, and create favorable conditions for further cooperation. At this stage, the Franco-Russian alliance allowed maintaining the balance of power in Europe and paying attention to geopolitical interests in other regions. However, even greater rapprochement between the two powers entailed increased obligations and the necessity to coordinate further actions more carefully, while narrowing the opportunities for interaction with other states. In spite of the brilliant celebrations, the allies' desire to recover the maximum benefit from the «cordial» relationship has become increasingly evident.
“All Things Considered, the General Standing of the Kingdom is Most Favorable…”: Neutrality of the Netherlands against the Background of German Empire Genesis
Authors: Shatokhina-Mordvintseva Galina
Published: August 2021

The Kingdom of the Netherlands, being a small European kingdom with vast colonial possessions, was watching the process of unification of Germany with certain anxiety. With the beginning of the Franco-Prussian (Franco-German) War of 1870—1871 the Netherlands, mostly dominated by pro-German moods, declared its neutrality. And although a mobilization campaign had been carried out in the country, neither its government nor its people had any major concerns that the Netherlands as well as the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, that was tied to the House of Orange-Nassau through a personal union, could be drawn into the military conflict. Sustainable increase of income obtained from colonies, directing financial flows mostly to the benefit of external loans, proactive foreign trade — together these factors reduced the possibility of great powers infringing the neutrality of the Netherlands almost to zero. However, having successfully maintained its neutral status, the Netherlands still failed to avoid inner political crises that vividly demonstrated the incapability of the liberal cabinets steering the country at that time.
Catalonia and Regional Self-Government in the First Quarter of the 20th Century
Authors: Filatov Georgy
Published: August 2021

The Mancomunitat represents the first experience of self-government in Catalonia in the 20th century. This idea began to form among Catalan intellectuals in the second half of the 19th century, when the interests of the local bourgeoisie and the cultural elite of the region unexpectedly coincided in connection with the need to defend their interests before the central authorities. The Mancomunitat emerged at a time when the political system of the restoration was in crisis as the main monarchist parties were ousted from the political life of the region by Catalanists and Republicans. In these conditions, the Spanish government preferred to satisfy the demands of the nationalists, since they were a more conservative force and did not pretend to change the political system of Spain. As a result, the Catalan provinces were able to create the Mancomunitat, which allowed them to coordinate efforts to deal with administrative issues.
Russian Governor-Generals as Actors in Imperial Peripheral Politics
Authors: Narezhny Anatoliy
Published: August 2021

The article is about the role of Russian governors-general in the national outskirts of the Russian Empire. It attempts to substantiate arguments in favor of the thesis that they were given an important role in the development and implementation of the principles of outskirts politics, directions and methods of its implementation. According to the authors, this was facilitated both by the special status of the post itself in the vertical of power, and the specifics of the composition of executives, formed from among persons enjoying the special trust of the sovereign. Governor-generals prepared a number of drafts proposing their own assessment of the situation in the Empire’s outskirts and additional measures “to merge them with native Russia” in the 19th century. Sometimes these proposals went beyond the current policy, which is confirmed by the analysis of D. G. Bibikov and F. J. Mirkovich’s projects, which in the forties of the 19th century proposed to abandon attempts to attract representatives of the Polish elite to the imperial power and to concentrate efforts on supporting the Orthodox Church and protecting the rights of local peasantry. This approach is evaluated as a stage in the process of preparing a new course of imperial policy in the western provinces of the Empire after the January Uprising of 1863.
Space, Time and Digital Reality
Authors: Przhilensky Vladimir
Published: August 2021

This research describes certain after-effects of digitalization shown in the field of social design of reality, transformation of time and space, which no longer rely on traditional physical metrics. The article argues the idea of the end of the Galilean-Cartesian era, when the outside world was defined by intellectually constructed reality of physical theory and partial return to the Aristotelian understanding of the world as a heterogeneous aggregate of places. Also the important consequences of digitalization of social design of reality for system of thoughts and actions evolution are shown. Base vectors of evolution of ideas of space and time are defined in historical and scientific and socio-historical contexts, the direction of intellectual overcoming of negative consequences of geometrization of the ideas of time and space is set.
The Polish Minority in the German Empire — the Agrarian Aspect of Government Policy and the Opposition of the Polish Population in the Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries
Authors: Matveeva Anna
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this article is to examine the agrarian aspect of the opposition to the Prussian policy of Germanization of the Polish population of the provinces of Poznań and West Prussia from a historical perspective, with the main focus on the 1880s — 1900s. The publication of the Colonization Law in 1886 and the creation of the Colonization Commission marked the beginning of attempts by the Prussian government to change the ratio of the Polish and German population of the provinces in favour of the latter. The German side in 1886—1902 acted exclusively through centralized budget financing of the colonization structures, which increased from year to year. However, this did not lead to the achievement of the goals set. To counteract the Prussian activities, the Poles set up a system of credit institutions, the main role in which belonged to the Land Bank. These financial institutions took over the crediting of land deals and the support of Polish landowners and farmers. The Polish side chose a much more effective method, which allowed it to gain the upper hand over the German strategy. The process of Germanization in the agricultural sector in the late 19th and early 20th centuries went through several stages, always being a direct reflection of the general direction of German government policy: from the creation of internal unity under Bismarck, through Caprivi’s “Era of reconciliation”, to the “Weltpolitik” of Bulow, when Polish policy became a part of the common colonial trend.