bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of brewing conditions on taste components in Fuding white tea infusions
Authors: Zhang Haihua , Li Yulin , Lv Yangjun , Jiang Yulan , Pan Junxian , Duan Yuwei , Zhu Yuejin , Zhang Shikang
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

White tea has received increasing attention of late as a result of its sweet taste and health benefits. During the brewing of white tea, many factors may affect the nutritional and sensory quality of the resulting infusions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of various infusion conditions on the taste components of Fuding white tea, including infusion time, ratio of tea and water, number of brewing steps, and temperature.

RESULTS

Brewing conditions had a strong effect on the taste compound profile and sensory characteristics. The catechin, caffeine, theanine and free amino acid contents generally increased with increasing infusion time and temperature. Conditions comprising an infusion time of 7 min, a brewing temperature of 100 °C, a tea and water ratio of 1:30 or 1:40, and a second brewing step, respectively, were shown to obtain the highest contents of most compounds. Regarding tea sensory evaluation, conditions comprising an infusion time of 3 min, a brewing temperature of 100 °C, a tea and water ratio of 1:50, and a first brewing step, resulted in the highest sensory score for comprehensive behavior of color, aroma and taste.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study reveal differences in the contents of various taste compounds, including catechins, caffeine, theanine and free amino acids, with respect to different brewing conditions, and sensory scores also varied with brewing conditions. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
As You Sow, So Shall You Reap?
Authors: Faulk Lewis , Stewart Mandi J.
Published: November 2016

Foundations’ capacity‐building grant programs strive to bolster performance and outcomes for their nonprofit grantees. Yet with few outcome evaluations of such programs, we have limited understanding of whether these capacity‐building efforts achieve their intended result. This study evaluates fifteen years of data for one foundation's capacity‐building grant program to understand whether targeted capacity building for financial management and development contributes to nonprofit financial growth. The authors examine the management–performance link in this context and inform sector leaders who dedicate resources to capacity‐building programs about the outcomes of these efforts.
Prognostic dilemmas and genetic counseling for prenatally detected fragile X gene expansions
Authors: Finucane Brenda , Lincoln Sharyn , Bailey Lindsay , Martin Christa Lese
Published: November 2016

With widespread adoption of fragile X carrier screening in pregnant women, the number of expectant couples receiving news of an unanticipated Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene expansion has increased. The most common abnormal result from maternal FMR1 testing involves an intermediate allele, also known as a gray zone result, which requires genetic counseling but poses minimal risk for an adverse developmental outcome. By contrast, the finding of a maternal FMR1 premutation or full mutation during pregnancy has important implications for the woman herself, her unborn child, and her extended family. These multiple levels of impact, in addition to the complex inheritance pattern and variable expressivity of fragile X‐associated disorders, cause significant stress for newly identified expectant couples and pose unique challenges for genetic counselors in the prenatal setting. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile synthesis, characterization and material properties of a novel poly(vinyl cinnamate)/ nickel oxide nanocomposite
Authors: Ramesan Manammel Thankappan , Nidhisha Vallil , Jayakrishnan Panniyamvelli
Published: November 2016

A poly(vinyl cinnamate) (PVCin) composite was synthesized by a simple one step in situ polymerization of vinyl cinnamate with nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles. The structural, morphological and thermal properties of the nanocomposite were characterized using Fourier transform (FT)‐Raman, FT infrared (FTIR) and UV spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), differential scanning calorimetry and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) measurements. FT‐Raman, FTIR and UV spectroscopy results revealed the characteristic absorption and shifts of peaks of the polymer matrix, the shifts being attributed to the interaction of NiO nanoparticles with the polymer chains. The structural and morphological analysis using XRD, HRTEM and FESEM showed the uniform arrangement of nanoparticles within the polymer chains. VSM showed the ferromagnetic nature of the composite with an increasing saturation of magnetism. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composite was higher than that of pure PVCin and Tg of the composite increased with increasing nanoparticle content. The electrical resistivity of the nanocomposite was studied from AC and DC conductivity measurements. AC and dielectric properties were markedly enhanced in the whole range of frequency due to the presence of NiO nanoparticles. DC conductivity of the nanocomposite was much higher than that of PVCin and the conductivity of the nanocomposite increased with increasing content of NiO nanoparticles. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Hall factor for hopping conduction in n‐ and p‐type GaN
Authors: Kajikawa Yasutomo
Published: November 2016

The experimental data of the temperature‐dependent Hall‐effect measurements on a Si‐doped n‐type and a Mg‐doped p ‐type sample of GaN, both of which exhibit the characteristic of hopping conduction among impurity sites, have been analyzed. For the n‐GaN sample, Efros‐Shklovskii variable‐range hopping among donor sites has been proved to be the dominant hopping mechanism, where the hopping drift mobility can be described as μhop ∝ T–1 exp [–(TES/T)1/2]. It is shown that the anomalous increase of the absolute value of the Hall coefficient with decreasing temperature below 25 K can be well fitted with assuming the hopping Hall factor in the form of Ahop ∝ –exp [KES(TES/T)1/2]. For the p‐GaN sample, on the other hand, nearest‐neighbor hopping among acceptor sites has been proved to be the dominant hopping mechanism, where the hopping drift mobility can be described as μhop ∝ T–3/2 exp (–T3/T). It is shown that the anomalous sign change of the Hall coefficient to negative below 110 K can be well explained with assuming the hopping Hall factor in the form of Ahop ∝ T exp (KNNHT3/T) with the negative sign.
Authenticity in Leadership: Intersectionality of Identities
Authors: Jones Susan R.
Published: November 2016

This chapter situates leadership and the process of becoming a leader within an understanding of identity, particularly intersecting social identities and intersectionality.
Crossing boundaries: the importance of cellular membranes in industrial biotechnology
Authors: Jezierska Sylwia , Van Bogaert Inge N A
Published: November 2016

How small molecules cross cellular membranes is an often overlooked issue in an industrial microbiology and biotechnology context. This is to a large extent governed by the technical difficulties to study these transport systems or by the lack of knowledge on suitable efflux pumps. This review emphasizes the importance of microbial cellular membranes in industrial biotechnology by highlighting successful strategies of membrane engineering towards more resistant and hence better performing microorganisms, as well as transporter and other engineering strategies for increased efflux of primary and secondary metabolites. Furthermore, the benefits and limitations of eukaryotic subcellular compartmentalization are discussed, as well as the biotechnological potential of membrane vesicles.
Biomanufacturing: history and perspective
Authors: Zhang Yi-Heng Percival , Sun Jibin , Ma Yanhe
Published: November 2016

Biomanufacturing is a type of manufacturing that utilizes biological systems (e.g., living microorganisms, resting cells, animal cells, plant cells, tissues, enzymes, or in vitro synthetic (enzymatic) systems) to produce commercially important biomolecules for use in the agricultural, food, material, energy, and pharmaceutical industries. History of biomanufacturing could be classified into the three revolutions in terms of respective product types (mainly), production platforms, and research technologies. Biomanufacturing 1.0 focuses on the production of primary metabolites (e.g., butanol, acetone, ethanol, citric acid) by using mono-culture fermentation; biomanufacturing 2.0 focuses on the production of secondary metabolites (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin) by using a dedicated mutant and aerobic submerged liquid fermentation; and biomanufacturing 3.0 focuses on the production of large-size biomolecules—proteins and enzymes (e.g., erythropoietin, insulin, growth hormone, amylase, DNA polymerase) by using recombinant DNA technology and advanced cell culture. Biomanufacturing 4.0 could focus on new products, for example, human tissues or cells made by regenerative medicine, artificial starch made by in vitro synthetic biosystems, isobutanol fermented by metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology-driven microorganisms, as well as exiting products produced by far better approaches. Biomanufacturing 4.0 would help address some of the most important challenges of humankind, such as food security, energy security and sustainability, water crisis, climate change, health issues, and conflict related to the energy, food, and water nexus.
A Novel Propolis Wax‐Based Organogel: Effect of Oil Type on Its Formation, Crystal Structure and Thermal Properties
Authors: Fayaz Goly , Goli Sayed Amir Hossein , Kadivar Mahdi
Published: November 2016

In this work, the potential application of propolis wax (PW) as a novel organogelator was investigated in different oils (canola, sesame, sunflower and flaxseed oil). PW at 2% (w/w) concentration produced a thick organogel at 5, 10 and 15 °C, with needle‐like crystals, suggesting that PW is a relatively efficient structuring agent for organogel formation. The oil binding capacity of the organogel with canola oil was lower than that of the other organogels, and the gelling time of flaxseed organogel with lower oil viscosity was shorter. The X‐ray diffraction measurements of the crystals showed β′‐form crystals, with no influence of oil type. In FTIR results, no chemical intermolecular interactions that were observed indicated physical bonds in the organogel network. DSC analysis was carried out to obtain greater insight into the thermal behavior of PW organogels. No significant differences were observed. The textural properties of PW organogels were stable over 30 days of storage. Flaxseed oil organogel had the greatest firmness and stickiness. These results showed the effect of oil viscosity on PW gel behavior.
Cosmetic lengthening: What are the limits?
Authors: Guerreschi F. , Tsibidakis H.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

In the last decades, limb lengthening has not been limited to the treatment of patients with dwarfism and deformities resulting from congenital anomalies, trauma, tumor and infections, but, has also been used for aesthetic reasons. Cosmetic lengthening by the Ilizarov method with circular external fixation has been applied to individuals with constitutional short stature who wish to be taller.

Materials and methods

From January 1985 to December 2010, the medical records of 63 patients with constitutional short stature (36 M, 27F; 126 legs) who underwent cosmetic bilateral leg lengthening using a hybrid advanced fixator according to the Ilizarov method, were reviewed, retrospectively. The mean age was 24.8 years, while the mean preoperative height was 152.6 cm. Paley's criteria were used to evaluate problems, obstacles, and complications from the time of surgery until 1 year after frame's removal.

Result

The mean lengthening achieved in all patients was 7.2 cm (range: 5–11 cm), with a mean duration of treatment of 9 months and 15 days (range: 7–18 months). The mean follow-up time was 6.14 years (range 1–10).

Conclusion

The cosmetic leg lengthening was helpful to all patients, improving their social capabilities and self-confidence. All patients considered their stature as normal and they reported satisfaction and gratification with important changes in their professional and personal life. Cosmetic leg lengthening may raise some ethical objections and for that reason patients should be well informed about all the risks and complications related to this type of surgery.
Compensation or Reinforcement? The Stratification of Parental Responses to Children’s Early Ability
Authors: Grätz Michael , Torche Florencia
Published: November 2016

Theory and empirical evidence suggest that parents allocate their investments unequally among their children, thus inducing within-family inequality. We investigate whether parents reinforce or compensate for initial ability differences between their children as well as whether these parental responses vary by family socioeconomic status (SES). Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) and a twin fixed-effects approach to address unobserved heterogeneity, we find that parental responses to early ability differences between their children do vary by family SES. Contrary to prior findings, we find that advantaged parents provide more cognitive stimulation to higher-ability children, and lower-class parents do not respond to ability differences. No analogous stratification in parental responses to birth weight is found, suggesting that parents’ responses vary across domains of child endowments. The reinforcing responses to early ability by high-SES parents do not, however, led to increases in ability differences among children because parental responses have little effect on children’s later cognitive performance in this twin sample.
Renaut Corpuscles or Peripheral Nerve Infarcts? A Historical Overview
Authors: Kazamel Mohamed , Boes Christopher J.
Published: November 2016

Renaut corpuscles are cylindrical hyaline structures that arise from the peripheral nerve perineurium and project into the endoneurium. Despite their earlier accurate description in the French and German literature, Kernohan and Woltman (1938) reported very similar structures as “nerve infarcts” in a case series of vasculitic neuropathy. Krücke (1955) deserves credit for discovering this error and further explaining how peripheral nerves react differently (from brain parenchyma) to ischemia. We tried to elucidate the reason why Kernohan and Woltman, and others, made this scientific error by describing the historical evolution of our understanding of the structure and function of Renaut corpuscles.
Deformation and orientation statistics of neutrally buoyant sub-Kolmogorov ellipsoidal droplets in turbulent Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Spandan Vamsi , Lohse Detlef , Verzicco Roberto
Published: November 2016

The influence of the underlying flow topology on the shape and size of sub-Kolmogorov droplets dispersed in a turbulent flow is of considerable interest in many industrial and scientific applications. In this work we study the deformation and orientation statistics of sub-Kolmogorov droplets dispersed into a turbulent Taylor–Couette flow. Along with direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the carrier phase and Lagrangian tracking of the dispersed droplets, we solve a phenomenological equation proposed by Maffettone and Minale (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 78, 1998, pp. 227–241) to track the shape evolution and orientation of approximately $10^{5}$ ellipsoidal droplets. By varying the capillary number $Ca$ and viscosity ratio $\hat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}$ of the droplets we find that they deform more with increasing capillary number $Ca$ and this effect is more pronounced in the boundary layer regions. This indicates that along with an expected capillary number effect there is also a strong correlation between spatial position and degree of deformation of the droplet. Regardless of the capillary number $Ca$, the major axis of the ellipsoids tends to align with the streamwise direction and the extensional strain rate eigendirection in the boundary layer region while the distribution is highly isotropic in the bulk due to the strong mixing provided by the large-scale vortical structures. When the viscosity ratio between the droplet and the carrier fluid is increased we find that there is no preferential stretched axis which is due to the increased influence of rotation over stretching and relaxation. Droplets in high viscosity ratio systems are thus less deformed and oblate (disk-like) as compared to highly deformed prolate (cigar-like) droplets in low viscosity ratio systems.
Whole-genome fetal and maternal DNA methylation analysis using MeDIP-NGS for the identification of differentially methylated regions
Authors: KERAVNOU ANNA , IOANNIDES MARIOS , TSANGARAS KYRIAKOS , LOIZIDES CHARALAMBOS , HADJIDANIEL MICHAEL D. , PAPAGEORGIOU ELISAVET A. , KYRIAKOU SKEVI , ANTONIOU PAVLOS , MINA PETROS , ACHILLEOS ACHILLEAS , NEOFYTOU MARIA , KYPRI ELENA , SISMANI CAROLINA , KOUMBARIS GEORGE , PATSALIS PHILIPPOS C.
Published: November 2016

DNA methylation is an epigenetic marker that has been shown to vary significantly across different tissues. Taking advantage of the methylation differences between placenta-derived cell-free DNA and maternal blood, several groups employed different approaches for the discovery of fetal-specific biomarkers. The aim of this study was to analyse whole-genome fetal and maternal methylomes in order to identify and confirm the presence of differentially methylated regions (DMRs). We have initially utilized methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify genome-wide DMRs between chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and female non-pregnant plasma (PL) and peripheral blood (WBF) samples. Next, using specific criteria, 331 fetal-specific DMRs were selected and confirmed in eight CVS, eight WBF and eight PL samples by combining MeDIP and in-solution targeted enrichment followed by NGS. Results showed higher enrichment in CVS samples as compared to both WBF and PL samples, confirming the distinct methylation levels between fetal and maternal DNA for the selected DMRs. We have successfully implemented a novel approach for the discovery and confirmation of a significant number of fetal-specific DMRs by combining for the first time MeDIP and in-solution targeted enrichment followed by NGS. The implementation of this double-enrichment approach is highly efficient and enables the detailed analysis of multiple DMRs by targeted NGS. Also, this is, to our knowledge, the first reported application of MeDIP on plasma samples, which leverages the implementation of our enrichment methodology in the detection of fetal abnormalities in maternal plasma.
Applying International Standards in Enforcing the Right to Personal Liberty in Cameroon: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Enonchong Laura-Stella
Published: November 2016

This article examines the problematic enforcement of the right to personal liberty in Cameroon. It offers a critical review of that right by assessing its compatibility with international standards endorsed by article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 6 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. It finds that, although a small number of provisions are not sufficiently robust to protect that right adequately, for the most part the Cameroonian provisions reflect international standards. In the light of that assessment, the article seeks to identify the impediments to the effective enforcement of the right and to recommend the most effective and feasible mechanisms for developing a robust enforcement framework for the protection and promotion of the right to personal liberty in Cameroon.
Childhood trauma is associated with increased brain responses to emotionally negative as compared with positive faces in patients with psychotic disorders
Authors: Aas M. , Kauppi K. , Brandt C. L. , Tesli M. , Kaufmann T. , Steen N. E. , Agartz I. , Westlye L. T. , Andreassen O. A. , Melle I.
Published: November 2016

Background

Childhood trauma increases risk of a range of mental disorders including psychosis. Whereas the mechanisms are unclear, previous evidence has implicated atypical processing of emotions among the core cognitive models, in particular suggesting altered attentional allocation towards negative stimuli and increased negativity bias. Here, we tested the association between childhood trauma and brain activation during emotional face processing in patients diagnosed with psychosis continuum disorders. In particular, we tested if childhood trauma was associated with the differentiation in brain responses between negative and positive face stimuli. We also tested if trauma was associated with emotional ratings of negative and positive faces.

Method

We included 101 patients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar spectrum diagnosis. History of childhood trauma was obtained using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Brain activation was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging during presentation of faces with negative or positive emotional expressions. After the scanner session, patients performed emotional ratings of the same faces.

Results

Higher levels of total childhood trauma were associated with stronger differentiation in brain responses to negative compared with positive faces in clusters comprising the right angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus and the lateral occipital cortex (Cohen's d = 0.72–0.77). In patients with schizophrenia, childhood trauma was associated with reporting negative faces as more negative, and positive faces as less positive (Cohen's d > 0.8).

Conclusions

Along with the observed negativity bias in the assessment of emotional valence of faces, our data suggest stronger differentiation in brain responses between negative and positive faces with higher levels of trauma.
Spatial distribution and risk factors associated withSalmonella entericain pigs
Authors: PARADA J. , CARRANZA A. , ALVAREZ J. , PICHEL M. , TAMIOZZO P. , BUSSO J. , AMBROGI A.
Published: November 2016

The importance of pork in the transmission ofSalmonellaspp. to humans has led to the development of control programmes worldwide. For this, knowledge on the epidemiology of the infection in the production system is fundamental to the efficacy of the regulations. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and spatial distribution ofSalmonella-infected farms in the central region of Argentina, and to identify the predominant serotypes and epidemiological factors associated with an increased risk of infection.Salmonellawas isolated from 22 of 52 sampled farms, for a farm prevalence of 42·3% (95% confidence interval 28·4–56·1). The most frequent serotypes isolated wereS. Typhimurium andS. Derby, which have often been considered of public health concern in the region. Limited evidences of global and local clustering in the region under study were found, and the type of feed and presence of diarrhoeic pigs were significantly associated with havingSalmonellashedders in the farm. This highlights the need to evaluate microbiological controls at the farm level, and demonstrates the usefulness of the spatial tools to identify areas of greatest risk when processing pork at slaughterhouse, which could contribute to increasing the food safety of pork products.
Is “not just right experience” (NJRE) in obsessive-compulsive disorder part of an autistic phenotype?
Authors: Hellriegel Josselyn , Barber Caroline , Wikramanayake Maheshi , Fineberg Naomi A. , Mandy William
Published: November 2016

Objective

Harm avoidance (HA) and “not just right experience” (NJRE) have been proposed to be 2 core motivational processes underlying obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The objective of this study was to explore whether NJRE demarcates a neurodevelopmental OCD subgroup distinct from HA related to autistic traits and/or to a broader phenotype of cognitive rigidity and sensory processing difficulties associated with an earlier age of OCD onset.

Methods

A correlational design investigated whether NJRE and HA are distinct entities in OCD and explored their relationship to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits measured by the Autism Quotient (AQ), sensory processing, set-shifting, and age of OCD onset in an OCD sample (N=25).

Results

NJRE was only moderately (r=.34) correlated to HA and not significant in this study. Consistent with predictions, NJRE was associated with sensory processing difficulties and an earlier age of OCD onset. No significant relationships were found between NJRE and ASD traits as measured by the AQ or set-shifting difficulties.

Conclusions

These preliminary findings suggest a lack of evidence demonstrating NJRE as a manifestation of core autistic traits as measured by the AQ. However, NJRE was associated with sensory abnormalities and an earlier age of OCD onset. The role of NJRE as a developmental, and possibly neurodevelopmental, risk factor for OCD possibly warrants further investigation.
Imagining through Sound: An experimental analysis of narrativity in
electronic music
Authors: Çamcı Anil
Published: November 2016

The highly rewarding experience of electronic music persists throughout our daily
lives. Our immediate environments are replete with events that emit sounds that are
extremely complex. Electronic music engages with the listening habits we take for
granted in our everyday lives, and reveals how intricate they can be. Inspired by
such intricacies, I have conducted a series of listening experiments with 80
participants over the course of three years to explore the cognition of electronic
music. In this article, I will first present the method and the results of this
experiment, including a categorical analysis of mental associations evoked by
different works of electronic music. Next, I will offer a discussion of narrativity
in electronic music supported by these results and diverse perspectives on
narrativity from a number of disciplines. I will then construct a definition of
gestures as narrative units in electronic music in relation to events in the
environment. In doing so, I will bring together various theories on electronic music
with not only the findings of the current study but also existing research on
auditory cognition.
Hearing Words Written
Authors: Kyriakides Yannis
Published: November 2016

Over the past few years, I have developed a form of composition – which I callmusic–text–film –in which I explore the dynamics between sound, words and visuals. In this article I will attempt to explain how meaning is constructed in the interplay between these layers of media. Taking as an example three of my works,Subliminal: The Lucretian Picnic,Dreams of the BlindandThe Arrest, I analyse and discuss aspects of narrative, point of view, metaphor and cross-modal perception, as a way of understanding how multimedia art, specifically in the audiovisual domain, is experienced. One of the issues that arose out of these pieces was the question of location of the ‘voice’. It is as if a state of limbo is created between the narrative voice of the text and the implied voice of the music, due to the absence of a conventional focal point to pin it on – an actor or a singer. I would like to suggest that because of this vacancy and the way the projected word takes the place of the sung or spoken voice, the inner voice of the audience becomes activated. This then becomes a vital immersive dimension in the performance, as the inner voice of the audience finds its place within the space of the composition.
Learned Irrelevance and Cue Competition Using an Eriksen Flanker	Task
Authors: Tapia Melissa , Meyers Kirkwood , Richardson Rachel , Ghinescu Rodica , Schachtman Todd R.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Many studies have examined competition between cues for learning. Research examining cue competition has used cues that predict the occurrence of an outcome, or, in some rare cases, competition between cues that predict the absence of an outcome (predicting that an outcome explicitly will not occur). Alternatively, learned irrelevance occurs when a cue lacks the ability to predict the occurrence or absence of an outcome. Using an Eriksen flanker task, the present study evaluated competition among cues that do not have predictive value, that is, competition for learning that an outcome is unpredictable. Subjects’ inability to predict the occurrence of compatible and incompatible trials was manipulated by presenting cues that were uncorrelated with these trial types. Accuracy results showed competition between cues possessing a lack of predictive ability. The results are discussed in terms of propositional and associative theories of learning.
Constructing and Deconstructing Concepts
Authors: Doan Charles A. , Vigo Ronaldo
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Several empirical investigations have explored whether observers prefer to sort sets of multidimensional stimuli into groups by employing one-dimensional or family-resemblance strategies. Although one-dimensional sorting strategies have been the prevalent finding for these unsupervised classification paradigms, several researchers have provided evidence that the choice of strategy may depend on the particular demands of the task. To account for this disparity, we propose that observers extract relational patterns from stimulus sets that facilitate the development of optimal classification strategies for relegating category membership. We conducted a novel constrained categorization experiment to empirically test this hypothesis by instructing participants to either add or remove objects from presented categorical stimuli. We employed generalized representational information theory (GRIT; Vigo, 2011b , 2013a , 2014 ) and its associated formal models to predict and explain how human beings chose to modify these categorical stimuli. Additionally, we compared model performance to predictions made by a leading prototypicality measure in the literature.
Notch regulates BMP responsiveness and lateral branching in vessel networks via SMAD6
Authors: Mouillesseaux Kevin P. , Wiley David S. , Saunders Lauren M. , Wylie Lyndsay A. , Kushner Erich J. , Chong Diana C. , Citrin Kathryn M. , Barber Andrew T. , Park Youngsook , Kim Jun-Dae , Samsa Leigh Ann , Kim Jongmin , Liu Jiandong , Jin Suk-Won , Bautch Victoria L.
Published: November 2016

Functional blood vessel growth depends on generation of distinct but coordinated responses from endothelial cells. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), part of the TGFβ superfamily, bind receptors to induce phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of SMAD transcription factors (R-SMAD1/5/8) and regulate vessel growth. However, SMAD1/5/8 signalling results in both pro- and anti-angiogenic outputs, highlighting a poor understanding of the complexities of BMP signalling in the vasculature. Here we show that BMP6 and BMP2 ligands are pro-angiogenic in vitro and in vivo, and that lateral vessel branching requires threshold levels of R-SMAD phosphorylation. Endothelial cell responsiveness to these pro-angiogenic BMP ligands is regulated by Notch status and Notch sets responsiveness by regulating a cell-intrinsic BMP inhibitor, SMAD6, which affects BMP responses upstream of target gene expression. Thus, we reveal a paradigm for Notch-dependent regulation of angiogenesis: Notch regulates SMAD6 expression to affect BMP responsiveness of endothelial cells and new vessel branch formation.
Competition among networks highlights the power of the weak
Authors: Iranzo Jaime , Buldú Javier M. , Aguirre Jacobo
Published: November 2016

The unpreventable connections between real networked systems have recently called for an examination of percolation, diffusion or synchronization phenomena in multilayer networks. Here we use network science and game theory to explore interactions in networks-of-networks and model these as a game for gaining importance. We propose a viewpoint where networks choose the connection strategies, in contrast with classical approaches where nodes are the active players. Specifically, we investigate how creating paths between networks leads to different Nash equilibria that determine their structural and dynamical properties. In a wide variety of cases, selecting adequate connections leads to a cooperative solution that allows weak networks to overcome the strongest opponent. Counterintuitively, each weak network can induce a global transition to such cooperative configuration regardless of the actions of the strongest network. This power of the weak reveals a critical dominance of the underdogs in the fate of networks-of-networks.
tRNA-mediated codon-biased translation in mycobacterial hypoxic persistence
Authors: Chionh Yok Hian , McBee Megan , Babu I. Ramesh , Hia Fabian , Lin Wenwei , Zhao Wei , Cao Jianshu , Dziergowska Agnieszka , Malkiewicz Andrzej , Begley Thomas J. , Alonso Sylvie , Dedon Peter C.
Published: November 2016

Microbial pathogens adapt to the stress of infection by regulating transcription, translation and protein modification. We report that changes in gene expression in hypoxia-induced non-replicating persistence in mycobacteria—which models tuberculous granulomas—are partly determined by a mechanism of tRNA reprogramming and codon-biased translation. Mycobacterium bovis BCG responded to each stage of hypoxia and aerobic resuscitation by uniquely reprogramming 40 modified ribonucleosides in tRNA, which correlate with selective translation of mRNAs from families of codon-biased persistence genes. For example, early hypoxia increases wobble cmo5U in tRNAThr(UGU), which parallels translation of transcripts enriched in its cognate codon, ACG, including the DosR master regulator of hypoxic bacteriostasis. Codon re-engineering of dosR exaggerates hypoxia-induced changes in codon-biased DosR translation, with altered dosR expression revealing unanticipated effects on bacterial survival during hypoxia. These results reveal a coordinated system of tRNA modifications and translation of codon-biased transcripts that enhance expression of stress response proteins in mycobacteria.
Modulated phases of graphene quantum Hall polariton fluids
Authors: Pellegrino Francesco M. D. , Giovannetti Vittorio , MacDonald Allan H. , Polini Marco
Published: November 2016

There is a growing experimental interest in coupling cavity photons to the cyclotron resonance excitations of electron liquids in high-mobility semiconductor quantum wells or graphene sheets. These media offer unique platforms to carry out fundamental studies of exciton-polariton condensation and cavity quantum electrodynamics in a regime, in which electron–electron interactions are expected to play a pivotal role. Here, focusing on graphene, we present a theoretical study of the impact of electron–electron interactions on a quantum Hall polariton fluid, that is a fluid of magneto-excitons resonantly coupled to cavity photons. We show that electron–electron interactions are responsible for an instability of graphene integer quantum Hall polariton fluids towards a modulated phase. We demonstrate that this phase can be detected by measuring the collective excitation spectra, which is often at a characteristic wave vector of the order of the inverse magnetic length.
A two-dimensional spin field-effect switch
Authors: Yan Wenjing , Txoperena Oihana , Llopis Roger , Dery Hanan , Hueso Luis E. , Casanova Fèlix
Published: November 2016

Future development in spintronic devices will require an advanced control of spin currents, for example by an electric field. Here we demonstrate an approach that differs from previous proposals such as the Datta and Das modulator, and that is based on a van de Waals heterostructure of atomically thin graphene and semiconducting MoS2. Our device combines the superior spin transport properties of graphene with the strong spin–orbit coupling of MoS2 and allows switching of the spin current in the graphene channel between ON and OFF states by tuning the spin absorption into the MoS2 with a gate electrode. Our proposal holds potential for technologically relevant applications such as search engines or pattern recognition circuits, and opens possibilities towards electrical injection of spins into transition metal dichalcogenides and alike materials.
Reader domain specificity and lysine demethylase-4 family function
Authors: Su Zhangli , Wang Fengbin , Lee Jin-Hee , Stephens Kimberly E. , Papazyan Romeo , Voronina Ekaterina , Krautkramer Kimberly A. , Raman Ana , Thorpe Jeremy J. , Boersma Melissa D. , Kuznetsov Vyacheslav I. , Miller Mitchell D. , Taverna Sean D. , Phillips George N. , Denu John M.
Published: November 2016

The KDM4 histone demethylases are conserved epigenetic regulators linked to development, spermatogenesis and tumorigenesis. However, how the KDM4 family targets specific chromatin regions is largely unknown. Here, an extensive histone peptide microarray analysis uncovers trimethyl-lysine histone-binding preferences among the closely related KDM4 double tudor domains (DTDs). KDM4A/B DTDs bind strongly to H3K23me3, a poorly understood histone modification recently shown to be enriched in meiotic chromatin of ciliates and nematodes. The 2.28 Å co-crystal structure of KDM4A-DTD in complex with H3K23me3 peptide reveals key intermolecular interactions for H3K23me3 recognition. Furthermore, analysis of the 2.56 Å KDM4B-DTD crystal structure pinpoints the underlying residues required for exclusive H3K23me3 specificity, an interaction supported by in vivo co-localization of KDM4B and H3K23me3 at heterochromatin in mammalian meiotic and newly postmeiotic spermatocytes. In vitro demethylation assays suggest H3K23me3 binding by KDM4B stimulates H3K36 demethylation. Together, these results provide a possible mechanism whereby H3K23me3-binding by KDM4B directs localized H3K36 demethylation during meiosis and spermatogenesis.
Arabidopsis seed germination speed is controlled by SNL histone deacetylase-binding factor-mediated regulation of AUX1
Authors: Wang Zhi , Chen Fengying , Li Xiaoying , Cao Hong , Ding Meng , Zhang Cun , Zuo Jinghong , Xu Chaonan , Xu Jimei , Deng Xin , Xiang Yong , Soppe Wim J. J. , Liu Yongxiu
Published: November 2016

Histone acetylation is known to affect the speed of seed germination, but the molecular regulatory basis of this remains ambiguous. Here we report that loss of function of two histone deacetylase-binding factors, SWI-INDEPENDENT3 (SIN3)-LIKE1 (SNL1) and SNL2, results in accelerated radicle protrusion and growth during seed germination. AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1) is identified as a key factor in this process, enhancing germination speed downstream of SNL1 and SNL2. AUX1 expression and histone H3 acetylation at lysines 9 and 18 is regulated by SNL1 and SNL2. The D-type cyclins encoding genes CYCD1;1 and CYCD4;1 display increased expression in AUX1 over-expression lines and the snl1snl2 double mutant. Accordingly, knockout of CYCD4;1 reduces seed germination speed of AUX1 over-expression lines and snl1snl2 suggesting the importance of cell cycling for radicle protrusion during seed germination. Together, our work identifies AUX1 as a link between histone acetylation mediated by SNL1 and SNL2, and radicle growth promoted by CYCD1;1 and CYCD4;1 during seed germination.
In vivo protein interaction network analysis reveals porin-localized antibiotic inactivation in Acinetobacter baumannii strain AB5075
Authors: Wu Xia , Chavez Juan D. , Schweppe Devin K. , Zheng Chunxiang , Weisbrod Chad R. , Eng Jimmy K. , Murali Ananya , Lee Samuel A. , Ramage Elizabeth , Gallagher Larry A. , Kulasekara Hemantha D. , Edrozo Mauna E. , Kamischke Cassandra N. , Brittnacher Mitchell J. , Miller Samuel I. , Singh Pradeep K. , Manoil Colin , Bruce James E.
Published: November 2016

The nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide and is a challenge for treatment due to its evolved resistance to antibiotics, including carbapenems. Here, to gain insight on A. baumannii antibiotic resistance mechanisms, we analyse the protein interaction network of a multidrug-resistant A. baumannii clinical strain (AB5075). Using in vivo chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry, we identify 2,068 non-redundant cross-linked peptide pairs containing 245 intra- and 398 inter-molecular interactions. Outer membrane proteins OmpA and YiaD, and carbapenemase Oxa-23 are hubs of the identified interaction network. Eighteen novel interactors of Oxa-23 are identified. Interactions of Oxa-23 with outer membrane porins OmpA and CarO are verified with co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Furthermore, transposon mutagenesis of oxa-23 or interactors of Oxa-23 demonstrates changes in meropenem or imipenem sensitivity in strain AB5075. These results provide a view of porin-localized antibiotic inactivation and increase understanding of bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
Correction: Corrigendum: Circulating tumour DNA profiling reveals heterogeneity of EGFR inhibitor resistance mechanisms in lung cancer patients
Authors: Chabon Jacob J. , Simmons Andrew D. , Lovejoy Alexander F. , Esfahani Mohammad S. , Newman Aaron M. , Haringsma Henry J. , Kurtz David M. , Stehr Henning , Scherer Florian , Karlovich Chris A. , Harding Thomas C. , Durkin Kathleen A. , Otterson Gregory A. , Thomas Purcell W. , Ross Camidge D. , Goldman Jonathan W. , Sequist Lecia V. , Piotrowska Zofia , Wakelee Heather A. , Neal Joel W. , Alizadeh Ash A. , Diehn Maximilian
Published: November 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 11815 (2016); Published 10 June 2016; Updated 14 November 2016 Previous work by Del Re et al. describing the emergence of KRAS mutations following treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors was inadvertently omitted from the reference list of this Article and should have been cited as follows.
Correction: Corrigendum: Bub1 is required for maintaining cancer stem cells in breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Han Jeong Yoon , Han Yu Kyeong , Park Ga-Young , Kim Sung Dae , Lee Chang Geun
Published: November 2016

Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 15993; published online: 06 January 2016; updated: 11 November 2016
Correction: Corrigendum: Time-dependent effects of ultraviolet and nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma on the biological activity of titanium
Authors: Choi Sung-Hwan , Jeong Won-Seok , Cha Jung-Yul , Lee Jae-Hoon , Yu Hyung-Seog , Choi Eun-Ha , Kim Kwang-Mahn , Hwang Chung-Ju
Published: November 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 33421; published online: 15 September 2016; updated: 11 November 2016
Electrically Tunable Nd:YAG waveguide laser based on Graphene
Authors: Ma Linan , Tan Yang , Akhmadaliev Shavkat , Zhou Shengqiang , Chen Feng
Published: November 2016

We demonstrate a tunable hybrid Graphene-Nd:YAG cladding waveguide laser exploiting the electro-optic and the Joule heating effects of Graphene. A cladding Nd:YAG waveguide was fabricated by the ion irradiation. The multi-layer graphene were transferred onto the waveguide surface as the saturable absorber to get the Q-switched pulsed laser oscillation in the waveguide. Composing with appropriate electrodes, graphene based capacitance and heater were formed on the surface of the Nd:YAG waveguide. Through electrical control of graphene, the state of the hybrid waveguide laser was turned on or off. And the laser operation of the hybrid waveguide was electrically tuned between the continuous wave laser and the nanosecond pulsed laser.
Engineering yeast for high-level production of stilbenoid antioxidants
Authors: Li Mingji , Schneider Konstantin , Kristensen Mette , Borodina Irina , Nielsen Jens
Published: November 2016

Stilbenoids, including resveratrol and its methylated derivatives, are natural potent antioxidants, produced by some plants in trace amounts as defense compounds. Extraction of stilbenoids from natural sources is costly due to their low abundance and often limited availability of the plant. Here we engineered the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of stilbenoids on a simple mineral medium typically used for industrial production. We applied a pull-push-block strain engineering strategy that included overexpression of the resveratrol biosynthesis pathway, optimization of the electron transfer to the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, increase of the precursors supply, and decrease of the pathway intermediates degradation. Fed-batch fermentation of the final strain resulted in a final titer of 800 mg l−1 resveratrol, which is by far the highest titer reported to date for production of resveratrol from glucose. We further integrated heterologous methyltransferases into the resveratrol platform strain and hereby demonstrated for the first time de novo biosynthesis of pinostilbene and pterostilbene, which have better stability and uptake in the human body, from glucose.
Non-contact radio frequency shielding and wave guiding by multi-folded transformation optics method
Authors: Madni Hamza Ahmad , Zheng Bin , Yang Yihao , Wang Huaping , Zhang Xianmin , Yin Wenyan , Li Erping , Chen Hongsheng
Published: November 2016

Compared with conventional radio frequency (RF) shielding methods in which the conductive coating material encloses the circuits design and the leakage problem occurs due to the gap in such conductive material, non-contact RF shielding at a distance is very promising but still impossible to achieve so far. In this paper, a multi-folded transformation optics method is proposed to design a non-contact device for RF shielding. This “open-shielded” device can shield any object at a distance from the electromagnetic waves at the operating frequency, while the object is still physically open to the outer space. Based on this, an open-carpet cloak is proposed and the functionality of the open-carpet cloak is demonstrated. Furthermore, we investigate a scheme of non-contact wave guiding to remotely control the propagation of surface waves over any obstacles. The flexibilities of such multi-folded transformation optics method demonstrate the powerfulness of the method in the design of novel remote devices with impressive new functionalities.
Fastest Formation Routes of Nanocarbons in Solution Plasma Processes
Authors: Morishita Tetsunori , Ueno Tomonaga , Panomsuwan Gasidit , Hieda Junko , Yoshida Akihito , Bratescu Maria Antoaneta , Saito Nagahiro
Published: November 2016

Although solution-plasma processing enables room-temperature synthesis of nanocarbons, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated the routes of solution-plasma-induced nanocarbon formation from hexane, hexadecane, cyclohexane, and benzene. The synthesis rate from benzene was the highest. However, the nanocarbons from linear molecules were more crystalline than those from ring molecules. Linear molecules decomposed into shorter olefins, whereas ring molecules were reconstructed in the plasma. In the saturated ring molecules, C–H dissociation proceeded, followed by conversion into unsaturated ring molecules. However, unsaturated ring molecules were directly polymerized through cation radicals, such as benzene radical cation, and were converted into two- and three-ring molecules at the plasma–solution interface. The nanocarbons from linear molecules were synthesized in plasma from small molecules such as C2under heat; the obtained products were the same as those obtained via pyrolysis synthesis. Conversely, the nanocarbons obtained from ring molecules were directly synthesized through an intermediate, such as benzene radical cation, at the interface between plasma and solution, resulting in the same products as those obtained via polymerization. These two different reaction fields provide a reasonable explanation for the fastest synthesis rate observed in the case of benzene.