bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distorções de percepção e avaliação: um estudo de caso no mercado de ações
Authors: Abrita Mateus Boldrine , Silva Gercina Gonçalves da
Published: September 2015

As decisões no mercado de ações são muito importantes, pois impactam diretamente os resultados e desempenho. A racionalidade perfeita no processo decisório vem sendo questionada e elementos não racionais, como as emoções, podem influenciar as decisões. Este artigo tem por objetivo verificar se existem elementos não racionais presentes no comportamento dos investidores no mercado de ações, como são os casos das distorções de percepção e avaliação, que podem ser classificadas em: excesso de confiança; otimismo exagerado; ancoragem, status quo, adiamento; e teoria perspectiva. Para tanto foi realizado um levantamento teórico acerca do tema e as principais distorções de percepção e avaliação. Posteriormente, realizou-se um estudo de caso com investidores que atuam no mercado financeiro, tendo como objeto de estudo os investidores no mercado de ações. Elaborou-se para esse fim, questões utilizando-se do embasamento das teorias das finanças comportamentais, e foram executadas as entrevistas com o número de vinte e oito investidores no mercado de ações em diversos locais do país. Essas abordagens se deram por conveniência em uma amostra não probabilística. Os resultados da pesquisa comprovam a presença de elementos psicológicos no processo de tomada de decisão, comprometendo o processo decisório, considerando que as distorções estão presentes no cotidiano dos investidores, evidenciando que a racionalidade perfeita não existe na realidade do mercado financeiro.
Canal de distribuição das hortaliças do assentamento Estrela do Sul
Authors: Defante Lilliane Renata , Da Silva Gercina Gonçalves , Gonzaga Jenifer Ferreira , Mello Beatriz da Silva , Lima Filho Dario de Oliveira
Published: September 2015

O estudo objetivou caracterizar o tipo de canal de distribuição de hortaliças mais utilizado pelo assentamento Estrela do Sul. No primeiro momento da pesquisa foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico sobre agricultura familiar, logística de frutas legumes e verduras (flv) em artigos, revistas, livros e páginas da web. Na segunda fase realizou-se uma pesquisa empírica in loco com uma amostra de 20 proprietários beneficiados pelo Plano Nacional de Crédito Fundiário (PNCF). Observou-se que os produtores tem dificuldade em transportar os alimentos demonstrando dependência de atravessadores para transportar estes produtos. Além Disso, os produtores do Assentamento Estrela do Sul utilizam, para a distribuição de seus produtos, a venda direta (feira e venda direta) e indireta (mercado e atacado), sendo a feira relevante por não contar com a presença de atravessadores o que é um aspecto positivo por possibilitar maior aferimento de lucro, no entanto, a escolha por esse canal não é maior devido a dificuldade de transporte e disponibilidade de tempo. No entanto propõe-se como estudos futuros uma análise detalhada da cadeia de logística e distribuição, embalagem e armazenamento de frutas, verdura e legumes de forma convencional e orgânica no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul em assentamentos de agricultura familiar embasados em agregação de valor da produção.
Aplicação das diretrizes propostas pela agenda ambiental da administração pública
Authors: Santana Walber Allan de , Moura Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de
Published: September 2015

Os Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental (SGA) geram diversos benefícios à sustentabilidade das instituições e da sociedade como um todo; nas entidades e órgãos públicos a Agenda Ambiental da Administração Pública (A3P) cumpre este papel de SGA para a Gestão Pública; a A3P objetiva implantar princípios de sustentabilidade nas ações desenvolvidas pelas entidades públicas. Este artigo trata da adesão à Agenda Ambiental da Administração Pública – A3P, por parte de uma instituição pública, como proposta para um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental; analisou-se especificamente uma Agencia Estadual de Meio Ambiente do Estado de Pernambuco, nomeadamente a CPRH. O estudo caracterizou-se como exploratório-descritivo feito por meio de um estudo de caso, com enfoque qualitativo do problema. A elaboração de um check-list norteou o estudo de caso. Na abordagem qualitativa foi feito o exame, apreensão e interpretação dos dados. Os resultados revelam que a referida Instituição não possui adesão total a A3P, devido a distintas dificuldades que vão desde a falta de sensibilização dos servidores a questões mais complexas relacionadas, por exemplo, as dificuldades de implantação de uma licitação sustentável. Evidencia-se que a A3P é indispensável para as instituições públicas que possuem o objetivo de inaugurar uma gestão mais sustentável, sendo instrumento de administração ambiental estratégica contribuindo para transformação da Gestão Pública. A discussão final sugere que há uma necessidade de maior apreensão do significado e do valor estratégico da A3P, não apenas como um instrumento de Gestão Ambiental, mas como uma ferramenta de Gestão estratégica para o setor público, tendo em vista que os objetivos da A3P contemplam valores voltados à busca pela sustentabilidade no seu sentido mais amplo.
A formação de capital social a partir do associativismo em redes de cooperação no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Luchesi Juliana Rachel de Souza , Roth Leonardo , Macke Janaina , Fachinelli Ana Cristina
Published: September 2015

No mundo contemporâneo as complexas teias de relacionamentos sociais destinam pouco espaço para as ações individuais ou isoladas de agentes organizacionais, por isso o conceito de desenvolvimento está diretamente relacionado ao de capital social. Verifica-se que estas relações são caracterizadas por fortes laços de confiança e cooperação que remetem à formação, novamente, de Capital Social. Este estudo apresenta alguns dos principais conceitos sobre Capital Social e seus atributos constitutivos a fim de conectá-los às situações de cooperação existentes nos movimentos associativistas interorganizacionais no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, através do Programa Redes de Cooperação.
A influência da lei de responsabilidade fiscal na redução da Dívida Pública Federal
Authors: Silva Barbara Cavalcanti , Melo André de Souza , Moura Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de
Published: September 2015

A Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal objetivou controlar o déficit público com a finalidade de estabelecer o equilíbrio entre receitas e despesas. O trabalho avalia o impacto da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal em vigor desde 2000, sobre a Dívida Pública Federal; assim como investiga a influência da Lei sobre componentes do orçamento público que tem contribuído para a diminuição da dívida e aponta os componentes que atuam no sentido contrário. Para tanto faz uso dos dados dos Relatórios de Gestão Fiscal da União e da análise econométrica de função de intervenção a partir de dados disponíveis no Ipea data e na Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a importância da Lei por não permitir a elevação de determinados componentes do orçamento, e provocar reduções significativas nestes. Porém foram apontados outros componentes sob os quais a Lei apresenta vulnerabilidades, e estes tem se elevado demasiadamente comprometendo a eficácia da Lei na redução da dívida pública. Em harmonia com estes resultados e pelos quais podem se explicados a análise do modelo caracterizou a intervenção da referida Lei como de função de pulso, ou seja, de curto prazo, tendo obtido inicialmente um impacto de redução na dívida pública e posteriormente uma neutralização de sua influência.
Análise da produção científica sobe planejamento estratégico situacional
Authors: Darosi Gilberto Carlos Monteiro
Published: September 2015

Este artigo buscou investigar a produção científica sobre planejamento estratégico situacional, O método conhecido como Planejamento Estratégico Situacional (PES) é uma ferramenta que auxilia na elaboração de estratégias destinadas para governos. Para isso utilizou-se da bibliometria. A maioria dos estudos sobre Planejamento Estratégico Situacional é desenvolvida na América do Sul (Brasil, Argentina e Venezuela) possivelmente numa tentativa de possuir uma metodologia de planejamento estratégico própria, diferente das metodologias tradicionais e funcionalistas de planejamento estratégico norte-americano. Contudo os Estados Unidos também se destaca nas publicações de trabalhos envolvendo o termo Planejamento Estratégico Situacional.
CULTIUS TRANSGÈNICS: LA DECADÈNCIA DE LA POLÈMICA MEDIÀTICA AL PERIODISME 2.0
Authors: Picó Garcés Maria Josep
Published: September 2015

La controvèrsia sobre les conseqüències dels organismes genèticament manipulats en la natura i salut va protagonitzar un dels debat mediàtics més intensos de finals del segle XX. Amb la declaració de l’Any de la Biotecnologia aquest treball analitza l’estat actual de la polèmica sobre els cultius transgènics a la premsa digital i la blogosfera de l’àmbit espanyol i europeu.
Genes, genomes, and codes: Revisiting some key terms with multiple meanings
Authors: Fox Keller Evelyn
Published: September 2015

Is a genome the full complement of an organism’s genes or of its DNA? Is genetics the study of genes or of heredity? Is the genetic code the mechanism for translating nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence or to phenotype? Does «genetic information» refer to the sequences coding for proteins or to all DNA sequences? Each of these questions stems from an elision between one, concrete, meaning, and another, open-ended and ambiguous. Such elision invites the illusion that the ambiguity of the open-ended term has been resolved, and by implication, that the gap between actual achievement and promise has been closed. Yet, despite the phenomenal progress molecular biology has made, we remain without an adequate account of the organization of proteins into an organism.
A vindication of ethnobotany: Between social and natural science
Authors: Vallès Xirau Joan , Garnatje Teresa
Published: September 2015

Ethnobotany, a discipline located at the intersection between natural science and social science, is sometimes misunderstood by researchers from one field or the other. In this article we will discuss the positive and negative aspects of interdisciplinarity regarding this subject, and we will argue its status as science from different points of view. Our conclusion is that ethnobotanical inquiry – as any other ethnobiological inquiry – falls within the scientific field and is currently fairly consolidated, active and productive. In addition, ethnobotany is a citizen science: the participation of the population is essential for research, which must be communicated to the academia, but also to the common citizen
Scientific ethos and the cinematic zombie outbreak: Science in fictional narratives
Authors: Ceccarelli Leah
Published: September 2015

Public anxiety about emerging biothreats is evident in the recent glut of popular entertainment where the demise, or near demise, of humankind is imagined to be the result of a new infectious pathogen against which science has no existing vaccine or cure. This article examines the figure of the scientist in such fictional narratives and what these characterizations indicate about public attitudes toward science in our contemporary world. It focuses in particular on the image of the scientist as clumsy naïve, immoral experimenter, heroic savior, and self-reflexive ethical agent.
Discours scientifique et diversité linguistique en sciences humaines et sociales
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique
Published: September 2015

Une question qui se pose aujourd’hui avec acuité est de savoir  si le monolinguisme – dans la pratique il s’agit de l’anglais académique – est propice à la production des connaissances en sciences humaines et sociales. Pour assurer leur carrière, les chercheurs aspirent à faire connaître leurs travaux en publiant dans des revues internationales très normées, les plus prestigieuses. Mais on ne doit pas ignorer les limites qu’impose le fonctionnement de ces revues à la production de connaissances innovantes, susceptibles de mettre en cause les routines intellectuelles. On peut soutenir l’idée qu’en sciences humaines et sociales la préservation d’une pluralité d’espaces de production scientifiques fondés sur une pluralité de langues favorise davantage la créativité qu’un espace unique et homogène, qui tend vers un plus grand conformisme.
Paradoxes i argumentació. De la Retórica als refinaments de la matemàtica
Authors: Serrano Sebastià
Published: September 2015

Les paradoxes -i els problemes que aquestes susciten a la lògica- poden rastrejar-se, com a objecte de reflexió, des dels sofistes fins als matemàtics i filòsofs del llenguatge contemporanis, passant per Aristòtil, Abel o Russell, mentre l’àlgebra retòrica es convertia en àlgebra sincopada i finalment en àlgebra simbòlica.  La paradoxa pot ser vista com  un entrebanc que impedeix  el raonament asèptic, però també com un estímul provocador per a la imaginació i per a la praxi argumentativa /persuasiva, un recurs retòric que ha mobilitzat al llarg de la història les energies del pensament rigorós a fi d’evitar el «contraban» de les fal·làcies en els discursos de tota mena. Un repte, doncs, que suscita la creativitat en l’àmbit d’una cultura deutora de la tradició retòrica.
Arguing to convince: The rhetoric of scientific discourse
Authors: Albaladejo Tomás
Published: September 2015

This paper deals with scientific discourse as a rhetorical discourse from the point of view of the structure of the classical parts of oral discourse (and all kinds of discourse). The role of argumentation in discourse, with the perlocutionary goal of convincing the receiver, is studied as the foundation of the rhetorical nature of scientific discourse. A scientific treatise by Santiago Ramón y Cajal is analysed using the tools provided by rhetoric in order to prove the rhetorical nature of scientific discourse. The main contribution of this paper is to establish the crucial role of argumentation in scientific discourse and to demonstrate its permeation of the entire discourse.
Keratinocytes can modulate and directly initiate nociceptive responses
Authors: Baumbauer Kyle M , DeBerry Jennifer J , Adelman Peter C , Miller Richard H , Hachisuka Junichi , Lee Kuan Hsien , Ross Sarah E , Koerber H Richard , Davis Brian M , Albers Kathryn M
Published: September 2015

How thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli applied to the skin are transduced into signals transmitted by peripheral neurons to the CNS is an area of intense study. Several studies indicate that transduction mechanisms are intrinsic to cutaneous neurons and that epidermal keratinocytes only modulate this transduction. Using mice expressing channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in keratinocytes we show that blue light activation of the epidermis alone can produce action potentials (APs) in multiple types of cutaneous sensory neurons including SA1, A-HTMR, CM, CH, CMC, CMH and CMHC fiber types. In loss of function studies, yellow light stimulation of keratinocytes that express halorhodopsin reduced AP generation in response to naturalistic stimuli. These findings support the idea that intrinsic sensory transduction mechanisms in epidermal keratinocytes can directly elicit AP firing in nociceptive as well as tactile sensory afferents and suggest a significantly expanded role for the epidermis in sensory processing.
Modeling irrigation‐based climate change adaptation in agriculture: Model development and evaluation in Northeast China
Authors: Okada Masashi , Iizumi Toshichika , Sakurai Gen , Hanasaki Naota , Sakai Toru , Okamoto Katsuo , Yokozawa Masayuki
Published: September 2015

Replacing a rainfed cropping system with an irrigated one is widely assumed to be an effective measure for climate change adaptation. However, many agricultural impact studies have not necessarily accounted for the space‐time variations in the water availability under changing climate and land use. Moreover, many hydrologic and agricultural assessments of climate change impacts are not fully integrated. To overcome this shortcoming, a tool that can simultaneously simulate the dynamic interactions between crop production and water resources in a watershed is essential. Here we propose the regional production and circulation coupled model (CROVER) by embedding the PRYSBI‐2 (Process‐based Regional Yield Simulator with Bayesian Inference version 2) large‐area crop model into the global water resources model (called H08), and apply this model to the Songhua River watershed in Northeast China. The evaluation reveals that the model's performance in capturing the major characteristics of historical change in surface soil moisture, river discharge, actual crop evapotranspiration, and soybean yield relative to the reference data during the interval 1979–2010 is satisfactory accurate. The simulation experiments using the model demonstrated that subregional irrigation management, such as designating the area to which irrigation is primarily applied, has measurable influences on the regional crop production in a drought year. This finding suggests that reassessing climate change risk in agriculture using this type of modeling is crucial not to overestimate potential of irrigation‐based adaptation.
Miniaturized differentially fed dual‐band implantable antenna: Design, realization, and in vitro test
Authors: Lei Wen , Guo Yong‐Xin
Published: September 2015

A differentially fed dual‐band implantable antenna is designed in this paper, with an additional shorting strip to achieve a size reduction. The antenna has been simulated by using one‐layer and multilayer tissue models and a human anatomical model. The prototype model is fabricated and in vitro demonstrated with skin‐mimicking phantoms, which experimentally achieves impedance bandwidths of 32 MHz at 401–406 MHz Medical Device Radiocommunications Service band and 151 MHz at 2.4–2.48 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical band. Radiation characteristic has been evaluated in Computer Simulation Technology (CST) human voxel model.
Recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones and midlatitude predictability
Authors: Aiyyer A.
Published: September 2015

Data from an ensemble prediction system are used to examine the impact of recurving tropical cyclones on downstream midlatitude forecasts. The ensemble spread, normalized by its climatology, increases after recurvature and peaks approximately 4–5 days later. It returns to climatological levels within a week after recurvature. Initially, the spread increases around the position of the tropical storm. Subsequently, it increases after extratropical transition, and it is associated with a developing wave packet in the midlatitude storm track. The enhanced spread propagates downstream approximately at the group speed of the wave packet. These results suggest that relative to the model's baseline, recurvature‐related increase in loss of forecast skill is spatially and temporally localized. Further, energy dispersion of the developing wave packet may constrain the rate at which the forecast errors propagate downstream.
An assessment of phytoplankton primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean from satellite ocean color/in situ chlorophyll‐a based models
Authors: Lee Younjoo J. , Matrai Patricia A. , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Saba Vincent S. , Antoine David , Ardyna Mathieu , Asanuma Ichio , Babin Marcel , Bélanger Simon , Benoît‐Gagné Maxime , Devred Emmanuel , Fernández‐Méndez Mar , Gentili Bernard , Hirawake Toru , Kang Sung‐Ho , Kameda Takahiko , Katlein Christian , Lee Sang H. , Lee Zhongping , Mélin Frédéric , Scardi Michele , Smyth Tim J. , Tang Shilin , Turpie Kevin R. , Waters Kirk J. , Westberry Toby K.
Published: September 2015

We investigated 32 net primary productivity (NPP) models by assessing skills to reproduce integrated NPP in the Arctic Ocean. The models were provided with two sources each of surface chlorophyll‐a concentration (chlorophyll), photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), sea surface temperature (SST), and mixed‐layer depth (MLD). The models were most sensitive to uncertainties in surface chlorophyll, generally performing better with in situ chlorophyll than with satellite‐derived values. They were much less sensitive to uncertainties in PAR, SST, and MLD, possibly due to relatively narrow ranges of input data and/or relatively little difference between input data sources. Regardless of type or complexity, most of the models were not able to fully reproduce the variability of in situ NPP, whereas some of them exhibited almost no bias (i.e., reproduced the mean of in situ NPP). The models performed relatively well in low‐productivity seasons as well as in sea ice‐covered/deep‐water regions. Depth‐resolved models correlated more with in situ NPP than other model types, but had a greater tendency to overestimate mean NPP whereas absorption‐based models exhibited the lowest bias associated with weaker correlation. The models performed better when a subsurface chlorophyll‐a maximum (SCM) was absent. As a group, the models overestimated mean NPP, however this was partly offset by some models underestimating NPP when a SCM was present. Our study suggests that NPP models need to be carefully tuned for the Arctic Ocean because most of the models performing relatively well were those that used Arctic‐relevant parameters.
Regime shift in Arabian dust activity, triggered by persistent Fertile Crescent drought
Authors: Notaro Michael , Yu Yan , Kalashnikova Olga V.
Published: September 2015

The Arabian Peninsula has experienced pronounced interannual to decadal variability in dust activity, including an abrupt regime shift around 2006 from an inactive dust period during 1998–2005 to an active period during 2007–2013. Corresponding in time to the onset of this regime shift, the climate state transitioned into a combined La Niña and negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which incited a hiatus in global warming in the 2000s. Superimposed upon a long‐term regional drying trend, synergistic interactions between these teleconnection modes triggered the establishment of a devastating and prolonged drought, which engulfed the Fertile Crescent, namely, Iraq and Syria, and led to crop failure and civil unrest. Dried soils and diminished vegetation cover in the Fertile Crescent, as evident through remotely sensed enhanced vegetation indices, supported greater dust generation and transport to the Arabian Peninsula in 2007–2013, as identified both in increased dust days observed at weather stations and enhanced remotely sensed aerosol optical depth. According to backward trajectory analysis of dust days on the Arabian Peninsula, increased dust lifting and atmospheric dust concentration in the Fertile Crescent during this recent, prolonged drought episode supported a greater frequency of dust events across the peninsula with associated northerly trajectories and led to the dust regime shift. These findings are particularly concerning, considering projections of warming and drying for the eastern Mediterranean region and potential collapse of the Fertile Crescent during this century.
Late Amazonian subsidence and magmatism of Olympus Mons, Mars
Authors: Chadwick John , McGovern Patrick , Simpson Mariel , Reeves Ashleigh
Published: September 2015

Measurements of the flow directions of 80 long lava flows in the flexural basin that surrounds Olympus Mons reveal that most are no longer aligned with the regional downslope direction but diverge by an average of 15.4° ± 9.8° in the counterclockwise direction. This misalignment is consistent with topographic change in the basin after the flows were emplaced due to subsidence centered on nearby Olympus Mons. The observed tilting indicates subsidence of 0.62 to 2.13 km at the center of Olympus Mons induced by the addition of 1.33 × 105 to 1.35 × 106 km3 of volcanic material or about 1–10% of the total volume of the present‐day edifice. New crater size‐frequency measurements for selected areas within the flexural basin indicate that the subsidence took place in the past 210 ± 40 Ma. These findings indicate that previously recognized Late Amazonian volcanic and tectonic events at Olympus Mons signify an important period of magmatic activity during which a substantial portion of the present‐day edifice may have been added.
Self‐X Materials and Structures in Nature and Technology: Bio‐inspiration as a Driving Force for Technical Innovation
Authors: Speck Thomas , Knippers Jan , Speck Olga
Published: September 2015

Over the course of 3.8 billion years of biological evolution, nature has found the answers to many engineering problems. The aim of biomimetics is to analyse and tap biology's potential as a huge reservoir for innovative solutions. Thomas Speck, Professor and Director of the Plant Biomechanics Group (PBG) at the University of Freiburg and the Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Jan Knippers, Professor and Head of the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) at the University of Stuttgart, and Olga Speck, a researcher at the PBG, scientific coordinator of FIT and manager of the Competence Network Biomimetics at Freiburg, explain how biological material systems with self‐x properties are cost‐efficient, multifunctional, and can be environmentally friendly; and with several billion trial runs, have surely stood the test of time.
Fabrication Agency: Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall
Authors: Schwinn Tobias , Menges Achim
Published: September 2015

Advances in computation challenge established design approaches in architecture through a much deeper integration of form generation and materialisation. Tobias Schwinn, Research Associate at the Institute for Computational Design (ICD), University of Stuttgart, and Guest‐Editor Achim Menges, Director of the ICD, introduce how the potentials and constraints of robotic fabrication can now be explored as generative drivers in agent‐based design. This enables architectural innovation in unison with fabricability, structural capacity and spatial performance, as demonstrated by the Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall in Schwäbisch Gmu"nd, Germany, the world's first building with a robotically fabricated segmented timber shell as its primary structure.
Templating Design for Biology and Biology for Design
Authors: Oxman Neri
Published: September 2015

Architect Neri Oxman, Associate Professor and Head of the Mediated Matter Group at the MIT Media Lab, introduces how new advances in additive manufacturing coupled with emerging capabilities in materials science and synthetic biology are today empowering designers to combine top‐down design procedures with bottom‐up digital or physical growth across spatial and temporal scales.
Long Range Self‐Assembly of Polythiophene Breath Figures: Optical and Morphological Characterization
Authors: Routh Prahlad K. , Nykypanchuk Dmytro , Venkatesh T. A. , Cotlet Mircea
Published: September 2015

Large‐area, device relevant sized microporous thin films are formed with commercially available polythiophenes by the breath figure technique, a water‐assisted micropatterning method, with such semitransparent thin films exhibiting periodicity and uniformity dictated by the length of the polymer side chain. Compared to drop‐casted thin films, the microporous thin films exhibit increased crystallinity due to stronger packing of the polymer inside the honeycomb frame.
Metal–Organic Polyhedra Cages Immobilized on a Plasmonic Substrate for Sensitive Detection of Trace Explosives
Authors: Wang Chen , Shang Jin , Lan Yue , Tian Tian , Wang Hui , Chen Xi , Gu Jing‐Ying , Liu Jefferson Zhe , Wan Li‐Jun , Zhu Wei , Li Guangtao
Published: September 2015

A novel strategy for highly sensitive detection and discrimination of explosives is developed based on the metal–organic polyhedra (MOP)‐decorated plasmonic substrate. It is found that the careful selection of the geometric and electronic characteristics of the assembly units (organic ligands and unsaturated metals sites) embedded within the MOP cage allows for the integration of multiple weak molecular interactions in a controllable fashion and thus the MOP cage can serve as an excellent receptor for selective uptake and binding of explosives. By further grafting of the MOP cage onto a plasmonic substrate with good surface‐enhanced Raman scattering enhancement factor, the resulting sensor shows a good sensing capability to various groups of ultratrace explosives, especially the challenging aliphatic nitro‐organics.
Revealing Optical Properties of Reduced‐Dimensionality Materials at Relevant Length Scales
Authors: Ogletree D. Frank , Schuck P. James , Weber‐Bargioni Alexander F. , Borys Nicholas J. , Aloni Shaul , Bao Wei , Barja Sara , Lee Jiye , Melli Mauro , Munechika Keiko , Whitelam Stephan , Wickenburg Sebastian
Published: September 2015

Reduced‐dimensionality materials for photonic and optoelectronic applications including energy conversion, solid‐state lighting, sensing, and information technology are undergoing rapid development. The search for novel materials based on reduced‐dimensionality is driven by new physics. Understanding and optimizing material properties requires characterization at the relevant length scale, which is often below the diffraction limit. Three important material systems are chosen for review here, all of which are under investigation at the Molecular Foundry, to illustrate the current state of the art in nanoscale optical characterization: 2D semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides; 1D semiconducting nanowires; and energy‐transfer in assemblies of 0D semiconducting nanocrystals. For each system, the key optical properties, the principal experimental techniques, and important recent results are discussed. Applications and new developments in near‐field optical microscopy and spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and cathodoluminescence in the electron microscope are given detailed attention. Work done at the Molecular Foundry is placed in context within the fields under review. A discussion of emerging opportunities and directions for the future closes the review.
Superhydrophobicity vs. Ice Adhesion: The Quandary of Robust Icephobic Surface Design
Authors: Maitra Tanmoy , Jung Stefan , Giger Markus Eduardo , Kandrical Vimal , Ruesch Timon , Poulikakos Dimos
Published: September 2015

The mesoscale, multitier texture of the lotus leaf has served as an inspiration to fabricate surface designs with controllable superhydrophobic properties, targeting a broad range of applications. The choice of material for such designs is directly related to surface performance, in particular under adverse and realistic conditions. Due to its importance in many applications, here aluminium is employed as a material platform and identify key porous hierarchical textures, yielding extraordinary impalement‐resistant behavior: Droplet repellency is demonstrated consistently for water impact velocities up to 12 m s−1 (extreme Weber number, We ≈ 3500). Despite impressive superhydrophobic behavior, if ice forms on such surfaces, ice adhesion is markedly stronger than on less hydrophobic alumina nanotube array structures. In a departure from the findings of the well‐accepted shear stress‐based ice adhesion criterion, a deviation between decreasing ice adhesion strength and increasing hydrophobicity is observed. This is explained with ice adhesion mechanism, depending strongly on the applied stress field orientation and the respective effective ice–substrate contact area. Our results indicate that ice adhesion criteria for the performance of icephobic surfaces should account for the simultaneous presence of shear and tensile stresses, instead of shear stresses alone.
Competition and Coexistence of Raman and Random Lasing in Silica‐/Titania‐Based Solid Foams
Authors: Gaikwad Preeti , Bachelard Nicolas , Sebbah Patrick , Backov Rénal , Vallée Renaud A. L.
Published: September 2015

Recently, competing random lasing and stimulated Raman scattering mechanisms have been observed for the same gain medium infiltrated in diffusive silica‐based solid foams. Specifically, the light transport mean free path in such disordered media has been identified to be a parameter of choice to tune the observation of either Raman or random lasing. In this contribution, novel silica‐/titania‐based solid foams are designed that allow tuning this parameter significantly, by one order of magnitude. This being achieved, the transition from “pure” random to “pure” Raman lasing is shown, while going through a state of concomitant existence of both mechanisms. The experimental results are well understood, owing to simulations of a simple 1D diffusive model, which suggests that both gain mechanisms may present a complex interplay, leading to random Raman lasing.
Understanding the Impact of Hierarchical Nanostructure in Ternary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Fang Jin , Wang Zaiyu , Zhang Jianqi , Zhang Yajie , Deng Dan , Wang Zhen , Lu Kun , Ma Wei , Wei Zhixiang
Published: September 2015

Ternary organic solar cells (OSCs), which blend two donors and fullerene derivatives with different absorption ranges, are a promising potential strategy for high‐power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). In this study, inverted ternary OSCs are fabricated by blending a highly crystalline small molecule BDT‐3T‐CNCOO in a low band gap polymer PBDTTT‐C‐T:PC71BM. As the small molecule is introduced, the overall PCEs increase from 7.60% to 8.58%. The morphologies of ternary blends are studied by combining transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray scattering techniques at different length scales. Hierarchical phase separation is revealed in the ternary blend, which is composed of domains with sizes of ≈88, ≈50, and ≈20 nm, respectively. The hierarchical phase separation balances the charge separation and transport in ternary OSCs. As a result, the fill factors of the devices significantly improve from 58.4% to 71.6%. Thus, ternary blends show higher hole mobility and higher fill factor than binary blends, which demonstrates a facile strategy to increase the performance of OSCs.
Diverse Applications of Nitrones for the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Anderson Laura L.
Published: September 2015

Although best known for their [3+2]‐dipolar cycloaddition reactivity and use in the preparation of isoxazolines and isoxazolidines, nitrones are versatile reagents that undergo a variety of transformations for the synthesis of a diverse array of heterocyclic compounds. The breadth of heterocycle synthesis using nitrone reagents includes: 1) stepwise [3+3]‐cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with vinyl diazoacetates, transition‐metal‐coordinated cycloisomerization intermediates, trimethylene methanes, and cyclopropane diesters to form dihydro‐ and tetrahydro‐1,2‐oxazines; 2) internal redox cyclization reactions of alkyne‐tethered nitrones to provide access to azabicyclooctanes, isoindoles, aminoindanones, and isoquinolones; 3) electrocyclizations of in situ generated N‐allenylnitrones to form pyridines and azetidine‐N‐oxides, as well as metal‐catalyzed cyclizations and rearrangements of nitrones to form azepine‐N‐oxides, spirocyclic isoxazolines, and α,β‐epoxyimines; and 4) the use of [3+2]‐cycloaddition reactions of nitrones to trigger cascade reactions for the formation of tetrahydrooxazepines, dihydrocarbazoles, and benzoindolizines. This Focus Review aims to highlight these diverse applications of nitrones for the synthesis of heterocycles to emphasize the broad utility of these reactive intermediates and to inspire their further development as important synthons beyond the scope of traditional [3+2]‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions.
In situ study of the Gravettian individual from Cussac cave, locus 2 (Dordogne, France)
Authors: Villotte Sébastien , Santos Frédéric , Courtaud Patrice
Published: September 2015

Objectives

Cussac cave, discovered in 2000, is characterized by the exceptional presence of monumental engravings and human remains deposited in bear nests. Both the style of the art and a direct radiocarbon date indicate a Gravettian age. As the cave is protected as a national heritage site, only very limited access to and restricted direct interventions involving the human remains are possible. Here, we present the results of observations and measurements of Cussac L2A, represented by a virtually complete skeleton covered with a layer of clay.

Materials and Methods

A portion of the clay that covered some bones was removed in order to undertake a study of the skeleton in situ. The age‐at‐death was assessed using several indicators, especially changes on the auricular surface of the ilium. The sex was assessed using the morphology and morphometrics of the coxal bones. Cussac L2A stature, humero‐femoral index, and crural index were also estimated. The dimensions of the Cussac L2A skeletal remains are compared with the other European Gravettian and Late Upper Paleolithic human remains using adjusted Z‐Scores.

Results

The analysis indicates that Cussac L2A is probably a male who died aged between 20 and 50 years. If the sex assessment is correct, with an averaged estimated stature of 1.64 m, Cussac L2A would be one of the shorter Gravettian males.

Discussion

These results raise the importance of the new discoveries to better understand the variability of Upper Paleolithic skeletal morphology and stress the difficulties in marrying heritage preservation and scientific investigations. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:759–768, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometry, merism, and tooth shape of the lower second deciduous molar and first permanent molar
Authors: Bailey Shara E. , Benazzi Stefano , Buti Laura , Hublin J.‐J.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

This study investigates the effect of allometry on the shape of lower dm2 (dm2) and lower M1 (M1) crown outlines and examines whether the trajectory and magnitude of allometric scaling are shared between Neandertals and Homo sapiens.

Methods

Our sample included 164 specimens: 57 recent H. sapiens, 44 Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens, 17 early H. sapiens, and 46 Neandertals. Of these, 59 represent dm2/M1 pairs from the same individuals. Occlusal photographs were used to obtain crown shapes of dm2s and M1s. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the matrix of shape coordinates was used to explore the pattern of morphological variation across the dm2 and M1 samples. Allometry was investigated by means of the Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient. Two‐block partial least squares (2B‐PLS) analysis was used to explore patterns of covariation between dm2 and M 1 crown outlines of matched individual pairs.

Results

The PCA confirmed significant differences between Neandertal and H. sapiens dm2 and M1 shapes. Allometry accounted for a small but statistically significant proportion of the total morphological variance. The magnitude of the allometric contribution to crown shape was stronger among Neandertals than among H. sapiens. However, we could not reject the null hypothesis that the two species share the same allometric trajectory. The 2B‐PLS analysis of the pooled sample of paired individuals revealed a significant correlation in crown shape between dm2 and M1. While Procrustes distances differed significantly between dm2 and M1 in Neandertals, it did not among H. sapiens groups.

Conclusions

Our results confirm several of the results obtained by a similar study of upper dm2/M1 (dm2/M1), but there are differences as well. Neandertal dm2/M1 shapes are less derived than those of the dm2/M1. Such differences may support previous studies, which have suggested that different developmental and/or epigenetic factors affect the upper and lower dentitions. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:93–105, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inferior turbinate reconstruction using porcine small intestine submucosal xenograft demonstrates improved quality of life outcomes in patients with empty nose syndrome
Authors: Velasquez Nathalia , Huang Zhenxiao , Humphreys Ian M. , Nayak Jayakar V.
Published: September 2015

Background

We describe the surgical technique for use of small intestine submucosal (SIS) xenograft implant for inferior turbinate reconstruction and report our early results in a pilot case series of patients suffering from symptoms consistent with empty nose syndrome (ENS).

Methods

We report an observational prospective cohort study of ENS patients undergoing inferior turbinate reconstruction using porcine SIS xenograft. Effects of the procedure on quality of life (QOL) were assessed through serial 25‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐25) scores and analyzed by 1‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between the initial visit and 1, 4, and 12 weeks after surgery.

Results

Three patients with ENS underwent inferior turbinate reconstruction. No unexpected complications were noted over the 12‐week follow‐up course. Despite mild partial reabsorption of the SIS implant, neoturbinates were maintained in all patients. The mean preoperative score SNOT‐25 was 77.6 (maximum 125). The mean postoperative scores were 65 at 1 week, 57 at 4 weeks, and 55 at 12 weeks (p < 0.01). Furthermore, for the “difficulty with nasal breathing” and “nose is too open” subdomains, statistically significant improvement was also noted at weeks 4 and 12 postoperatively (p < 0.05 and p <0.01, respectively).

Conclusion

The use of porcine SIS xenograft for inferior turbinate reconstruction appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of patients diagnosed with ENS. This study demonstrates statistically significant improvement in global QOL metrics and nasal‐specific subdomains following inferior turbinate reconstruction/neoturbinate creation for ENS as evaluated through serial SNOT‐25 scores.
Visual evoked potentials detect cortical processing deficits in Rett syndrome
Authors: LeBlanc Jocelyn J. , DeGregorio Geneva , Centofante Eleonora , Vogel‐Farley Vanessa K. , Barnes Katherine , Kaufmann Walter E. , Fagiolini Michela , Nelson Charles A.
Published: September 2015

Objective

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutation of the X‐linked MECP2 gene and characterized by developmental regression during the first few years of life. The objective of this study was to investigate if the visual evoked potential (VEP) could be used as an unbiased, quantitative biomarker to monitor brain function in RTT.

Methods

We recorded pattern‐reversal VEPs in Mecp2 heterozygous female mice and 34 girls with RTT. The amplitudes and latencies of VEP waveform components were quantified, and were related to disease stage, clinical severity, and MECP2 mutation type in patients. Visual acuity was also assessed in both mice and patients by modulating the spatial frequency of the stimuli.

Results

Mecp2 heterozygous female mice and RTT patients exhibited a similar decrease in VEP amplitude that was most striking in the later stages of the disorder. RTT patients also displayed a slower recovery from the principal peak of the VEP response that was impacted by MECP2 mutation type. When the spatial frequency of the stimulus was increased, both patients and mice displayed a deficit in discriminating smaller patterns, indicating lower visual spatial acuity in RTT.

Interpretation

VEP is a method that can be used to assess brain function across species and in children with severe disabilities like RTT. Our findings support the introduction of standardized VEP analysis in clinical and research settings to probe the neurobiological mechanism underlying functional impairment and to longitudinally monitor progression of the disorder and response to treatment. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Fluorine‐Free Anti‐Smudge Polyurethane Coatings
Authors: Rabnawaz Muhammad , Liu Guojun , Hu Heng
Published: September 2015

Conventionally, low‐surface‐tension fluorinated reagents are incorporated into anti‐smudge (oil‐ and water‐repellent) coatings for oil repellency. However, fluorinated compounds are expensive and an environmental concern because of their high stability and bioaccumulation. These factors limit their widespread application. We report herein the development of fluorine‐free anti‐smudge polyurethane coatings that are clear at thicknesses up to tens of micrometers and are able to sustain extensive surface damage. We demonstrate that these coatings can be applied readily onto a diverse range of substrates.
Monitoring of Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide in Living Cells Using Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Li Da‐Wei , Qu Lu‐Lu , Hu Kai , Long Yi‐Tao , Tian He
Published: September 2015

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important gasotransmitter in diverse physiological processes, although many aspects of its roles remain unclear, partly owing to a lack of robust analytical methods. Herein we report a novel surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanosensor, 4‐acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide‐functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/4‐AA), for detecting the endogenous H2S in living cells. The detection is accomplished with SERS spectrum changes of AuNPs/4‐AA resulting from the reaction of H2S with 4‐AA on AuNPs. The SERS nanosensor exhibits high selectivity toward H2S. Furthermore, AuNPs/4‐AA responds to H2S within 1 min with a 0.1 μM level of sensitivity. In particular, our SERS method can be utilized to monitor the endogenous H2S generated in living glioma cells, demonstrating its great promise in studies of pathophysiological pathways involving H2S.
Porphyrin Boxes: Rationally Designed Porous Organic Cages
Authors: Hong Soonsang , Rohman Md. Rumum , Jia Jiangtao , Kim Youngkook , Moon Dohyun , Kim Yonghwi , Ko Young Ho , Lee Eunsung , Kim Kimoon
Published: September 2015

The porphyrin boxes (PB‐1 and PB‐2), which are rationally designed porous organic cages with a large cavity using well‐defined and rigid 3‐connected triangular and 4‐connected square shaped building units are reported. PB‐1 has a cavity as large as 1.95 nm in diameter and shows high chemical stability in a broad pH range (4.8 to 13) in aqueous media. The crystalline nature as well as cavity structure of the shape‐persistent organic cage crystals were intact even after complete removal of guest molecules, leading to one of the highest surface areas (1370 m2g−1) among the known porous organic molecular solids. The size of the cavities and windows of the porous organic cages can be modulated using different sized building units while maintaining the topology of the cages, as illustrated with PB‐2. Interestingly, PB‐2 crystals showed unusual N2 sorption isotherms as well as high selectivity for CO2 over N2 and CH4 (201 and 47.9, respectively at 273 K at 1 bar).
Conductive Elastomers with Autonomic Self‐Healing Properties
Authors: Guo Kun , Zhang Da‐Li , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Zhang Jian , Ding Li‐Sheng , Li Bang‐Jing , Zhang Sheng
Published: September 2015

Healable, electrically conductive materials are highly desirable and valuable for the development of various modern electronics. But the preparation of a material combining good mechanical elasticity, functional properties, and intrinsic self‐healing ability remains a great challenge. Here, we design composites by connecting a polymer network and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through host–guest interactions. The resulting materials show bulk electrical conductivity, proximity sensitivity, humidity sensitivity and are able to self‐heal without external stimulus under ambient conditions rapidly. Furthermore, they also possess elasticity comparable to commercial rubbers.
Final‐Stage Site‐Selective Acylation for the Total Syntheses of Multifidosides A–C
Authors: Ueda Yoshihiro , Furuta Takumi , Kawabata Takeo
Published: September 2015

The first total syntheses of multifidosides A–C have been achieved. The synthetic strategy is characterized by catalytic site‐selective acylation of unprotected glycoside precursors in the final stage of the synthesis. High functional‐group tolerance of the site‐selective acylation, promoted by an organocatalyst, enabled the conventionally difficult molecular transformation in a predictable and reliable manner. An advantage of this strategy is to avoid the risks of undesired side reactions during the removal of the protecting groups at the final stage of the total synthesis.