bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUÊNCIA DA PEDOFORMA NA COMPOSIÇÃO DO BANCO DE SEMENTES EM FLORESTA SECUNDÁRIA NA REGIÃO DE MAR DE MORROS, PINHEIRAL - RJ
Authors: Santos Gilsonley Lopes dos , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Conto Tiago de , Carvalho Daniel Costa de , Amorim Thiago Azevedo de , Mendonça Victoria Maria Monteiro , Morais Luiz Fernando Duarte de
Published: December 2017

A composição e qualidade do banco de sementes são alguns dos fatores responsáveis pela estrutura e composição florística dos ambientes florestais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o banco de sementes de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, com influência das características topográficas da paisagem. Foram selecionadas duas pedoformas adjacentes com relevo do tipo convexa e côncava, sendo essas divididas em minissítios (MS) I, II, e III na pedoforma convexa, e IV, V, VI na pedoforma côncava. Foram amostrados 10 pontos de cada MS, distribuídos assistematicamente, com uma área superficial de 0,0625 m² e profundidade de 3 cm. Foi registrado um total de 4.862 sementes.m-1 germinadas no período de 90 dias, sendo na pedoforma convexa observado o maior número de sementes.m-1 germinadas. Em ambas as pedoformas, foram identificadas 35 famílias e 88 espécies; dentre as espécies, 37% têm hábito herbáceo; 24%, arbóreo; 18%, arbustivo; 12%, trepador; e 2%, epifítico. Quanto ao tipo de pedoforma, foram registradas 44% das espécies encontradas em ambas, 31% foram exclusivas da convexa e 25%, da côncava. Para aos parâmetros florísticos e fitossociológicos, a pedoforma convexa apresentou maior número de sementes, famílias, espécies e riqueza, enquanto a côncava teve maiores índices de diversidade. As condições topográficas foram determinantes na composição florística e fitossociológica do banco de sementes, sendo os maiores valores de riqueza verificados na pedoforma convexa e de diversidade, na côncava, com maior índice de valor de importância para as famílias Asteraceae, Melastomataceae e Urticaceae.
El arte de morir: Una aproximación a las concepciones del deceso humano en el Paleolítico Superior europeo = The Art of Death: Exploring the Conception of Human Demise in the European Upper Palaeolithic
Authors: Martínez González Roberto , Mendoza Straffon Larissa
Published: December 2017

A partir del análisis de contextos arqueológicos con restos humanos y las manifestaciones rupestres del Paleolítico Superior europeo, se proponen dos principales formas de tratamiento mortuorio; uno dirigido a la dispersión y eventual desaparición de los difuntos y otro centrado en su preservación y retención. En el primero se observa una tendencia a la difuminación de las diferencias sociales y, en el segundo, se nota una distinción en función del grupo de edad y género. Tras el cambio climático y de patrones de asentamiento en el paso del Gravetiense al Magdaleniense y Epigravetiense, se percibe que, hasta cierto punto, las formas en que se inhumaban los diversos sectores sociales se tornaron más homogéneas. Pero, reconociendo constantes, se concluye que las concepciones paleolíticas de la muerte conformaron un fenómeno de larga duración en el que, pese a la existencia de modificaciones superficiales, pudieron mantenerse una serie de elementos más centrales.  Based on a comparative analysis of archaeological burial contexts and rock art in the European Upper Palaeolithic, this paper suggests two main forms of mortuary practices for that period: one aimed at the disposal and eventual disintegration of the dead, and another focused on their preservation and retention. The earlier reveals an intention to disguise social differences, the latter, on the contrary, seems to represent an effort to singularize the gender and age-group of the deceased. It appears that, following the changes in climate and settlement patterns that took place after the Gravettian and into the Magdalenian and Epigravettian, the burial forms and practices pertaining to different social groups became more homogeneous, to some extent. However, we identify some continuous trends which lead us to conclude that the Paleolithic idea of death may be perceived as a long-term phenomenon that, despite superficial transformations, maintained some basic elements at its core.
Higiene y baños en Córdoba a finales de la Edad Media a través de la documentación notarial
Authors: Cabrera Sánchez Margarita
Published: December 2017

El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer la historia de algunos de los baños que existieron en Córdoba a finales del Medievo, utilizando, sobre todo, la documentación notarial de la segunda mitad del siglo XV. Gracias a los testimonios notariales hemos llegado a obtener una gran cantidad de datos —en su inmensa mayoría inéditos— sobre esos recintos, hasta el punto de que conocemos su ubicación, la identidad de sus propietarios —en todos los casos fueron miembros de la nobleza—, cuál pudo ser su funcionamiento y fisonomía e incluso algunas de las normas de uso de las instalaciones. Además, todas esas noticias extraídas de la documentación notarial se han podido completar, en ocasiones, con la información obtenida a través de las intervenciones arqueológicas, que han permitido sacar a la luz restos de algunos de esos recintos.
Mourir comme mode de vie
Authors: Gandsman Ari , Herington T. Elijah , Przybylak-Brouillard Antoine , Kerbiriou Anne-Hélène
Published: December 2017

On considère que le droit de mourir, en tant que mouvement social contemporain d’importance, s’est constitué en réaction aux interventions biomédicales préoccupantes qui cherchent à prolonger la vie à tout prix. Cependant, l’aide médicale à mourir est elle aussi une intervention biomédicale reposant sur des technologies biomédicales et qui se fonde sur le langage de la technique biomédicale. Bien que les partisans du droit de mourir aient souvent recours à ce langage dans l’énoncé de leurs arguments, une écoute attentive des voix de ces activistes permet de nuancer et d’affiner l’approche des aspects contradictoires et multiples de cette expérience. La façon dont ils parlent de la mort révèle des préoccupations implicites se rapprochant davantage des notions heideggériennes de « l’art » et un prolongement des anciennes conceptions de « l’art de mourir ». Acceptant l’inéluctabilité de la mort, ou de vivre de façon àêtre vers la mort, les activistes se soucient souvent bien davantage de l’art de vivre et de mourir que de technique biomédicale.
L’intériorisation des normes
Authors: Ville Cassandre
Published: December 2017

Le rasage et l’épilation font partie du quotidien de nombreuses femmes. La pilosité revêt plusieurs significations. Son absence est une manière de signifier sa féminité, sa beauté, mais aussi de maîtriser l’image de soi que l’on présente aux autres. Cette norme sociale du glabre féminin apparaît comme une contrainte quotidienne que les femmes continuent malgré tout d’accepter. Cette analyse discursive regroupant une quinzaine d’entrevues explore la perception qu’ont les femmes de leur corps, de leur pilosité et de leurs pratiques. L’agentivité des femmes se révèle être limitée. L’image du corps féminin glabre est intériorisée et façonne les jugements de ces femmes. La norme du lisse induit chez elles des comportements d’autosurveillance en imprégnant leurs désirs et leurs émotions. Certaines s’opposent à cette guerre contre les poils des femmes et revendiquent leur droit de choisir en conservant leur pilosité. Si ce geste symbolique conteste le pouvoir des autres sur le choix des unes, leurs actions ne sont pas isolées, et cette décision politique semble correspondre, elle aussi, à une norme sociale. En revanche, celle-ci est minoritaire et généralement réprimée.
Les sous-entendus de l’Arrêt TC/0168/13 du Tribunal constitutionnel dominicain
Authors: Gabriel Ambroise Dorino
Published: December 2017

La République dominicaine et Haïti, depuis leur naissance, d’abord en tant que colonies de deux puissances coloniales antagoniques (l’Espagne et la France), puis en tant que républiques libérées du colonialisme et de l’esclavagisme brutal au début du XIXe siècle, vivent dans une tension constante. L’histoire de ces deux petits pays partageant la même île et qui ensemble ne mesurent que quelque 77 000 kilomètres carrés, rapporte que cette tension irrésolue et liée principalement à la question de la migration des Haïtiens vers la partie est de l’île fait partie inhérente de la politique économique depuis l’occupation américaine de 1915-1934. Elle est maintenue et nourrie par les élites économiques et politiques des deux pays au service du capital multinational. Elle est utilisée pour camoufler les enjeux économiques, pour contrôler la mobilité des travailleurs esclaves et légitimer les accrocs aux respects des droits humains sur l’île. Le massacre des Haïtiens et des Dominicains noirs en 1937 et l’arrêt du Tribunal constitutionnel dominicain en 2013 enlevant leur nationalité à des milliers de Dominicains d’origine haïtienne doivent être interprétés à partir d’une même logique économique : se débarrasser du surplus de population jugée indésirable sous la couverture de la souveraineté politique et ethnique. Mais cette notion archaïque de souveraineté est démasquée, car la résistance est sortie de sa peur paralysante, et l’exploité se découvre sujet de droits et réclame sa place légitime.
Les pretos-velhos dans l’umbanda
Authors: Rougeon Marina
Published: December 2017

Cet article présente le culte rendu aujourd’hui dans la ville de Rio aux esprits d’anciens esclaves dans le cadre de l’umbanda : lespretos-velhos(« vieux Noirs »). Fondé sur des éléments récents de terrain, le portrait complexe de ces entités spirituelles met en évidence des aspects moins visibles des reconstructions mémorielles de l’esclavage dans un contexte actuel de redéfinition de ce passé dans la société brésilienne. Pour ce faire, la démarche ethnographique privilégie les caractéristiques attribuées à ces entités par les adeptes, certains éléments de leurs histoires de vie et les expériences vécues des umbandistes avec les « vieux Noirs ». À la fois ancêtres, esclaves et guérisseurs, lespretos-velhossuscitent une diversité de lectures qui met notamment l’accent sur la polysémie du terme d’ancestralité. En outre, leurs rapports avec un saint catholique noir, saint Benedito, révèlent un syncrétisme afro-catholique à l’oeuvre au sein de la pratique rituelle de l’umbanda. Enfin, le texte aboutit en signalant la possibilité, pour les umbandistes, d’une nouvelle visibilité dans la sphère publique de la portée symbolique de l’image de l’esclave noir brésilien.
Les net-up… une nouvelle forme du projet entrepreneurial ?
Authors: Dechamp Gaëlle , Vez Émilie
Published: December 2017

Quid de la dimension communautaire dans la création de start-up ? La notion de net-up, projet entrepreneurial démarré grâce à l’appui d’une communauté, répond en partie à cette interrogation. Notre recherche, de nature exploratoire, consiste en l’approfondissement des concepts propres à la net-up, selon la définition proposée par Burret (2012). Plus spécifiquement, il s’agira de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques de la communauté regroupée autour de ces projets entrepreneuriaux et d’étudier les mécanismes à la base d’une dynamique cocréative entre un porteur de projet et une communauté présente dans un tiers-lieu.
Nouvelles voies théoriques et méthodologiques pour une meilleure compréhension de l’engagement des PME à la RSE : état de l’art de 2005 à 20151
Authors: Ondoua Biwolé Viviane
Published: December 2017

L’objet du présent article est de proposer de nouvelles voies théoriques et méthodologiques pour une meilleure compréhension de l’engagement des PME à la RSE. L’état de l’art des publications des meilleures revues classées2 de 2005 à 2015 révèle que sur les 83 articles publiés dans 35 revues, les théories des organisations et de management stratégique jusque-là mobilisées donnent une compréhension partielle de l’engagement des PME à la RSE. En effet, ces théories s’appuient sur les fondements de la grande entreprise américaine, pourtant différents des caractéristiques de la PME, conduisant ainsi à des situations dénaturantes. Il est alors proposé de convoquer les caractéristiques de l’entreprise japonaise plus compatibles avec la PME. En conséquence, les théories mobilisées pourraient être complétées par les théories de nature sociologique notamment les théories de l’entrepreneuriat, des ressources humaines, des incitations et des conventions. Par ailleurs, il apparaît qu’au plan méthodologique, aucune étude ne présente la posture du chercheur comme un praticien réflexif qui pourrait produire des résultats différents et probants.
La torna de los clásicos valencianos a la llingua asturiana
Authors: Suárez García Pablo
Published: December 2017

Resume: L’artículu presenta l’estáu actual de les tornes de les obres clásiques valencianes que l’autor foi fayendo a la llingua asturiana..Pallabres-clave: torna, Valencia, asturianu, catalán, valencianu Abstract: This paper presents the current state of the translations of the valencian classics that the author was making into the Asturian language. Keywords: translation, Valencia, Asturian language, Catalan language, Valencian language.
L’humor en la poesia catalana de la Guerra dels Segadors
Authors: Garcia i Ribes José Antonio
Published: December 2017

Resum: En aquest estudi ens ocuparem, en una primera aproximació, de l’element humorístic en la poesia escrita sobre –i per a– la Guerra dels Segadors en el context de l’anomenada «guerra de papers». D’entre aquesta producció s’estudia la que va ser escrita en català, raó per la qual la majoria d’autors i poemes del corpus són del Principat. Al llarg de les pàgines d’aquest article també definirem què conforma l’element humorístic. Amb aquesta finalitat, es realitzarà sempre l’esforç d’aïllar i diferenciar allò que ens resulta humorístic en l’actualitat d’allò que els devia paréixer còmic als homes del Barroc. Paraules clau: Poesia en català, humor, segle XVII, Barroc, Guerra dels Segadorl Abstract: This article is a brief introduction to the study of the humorous element in the poetry written above –and for– the War of Reapers in the context of so-called War of Papers. Betwen this production we will study that written in catalan, this is the reason why most autors and poems of the corpus are of the Principat. Throughout the pages of this article we will also define what constitutes the humoruous element. For this purpose, will be always the effort to isolate and differenciate what is humorous to us today of what should seem comical to the inhabitants of the Baroque. Keywords: Poetry in Catalan, humor, 17th century, Baroque, War of the Reapers
Test-Retest Reliability, Validity, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test to Assess Balance in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mitchell Kathryn D. , Chen Han , Silfies Sheri P.
Published: December 2017

Background:

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) have balance deficits that result in falls. Balance tests developed for older adults do not discriminate between fallers and nonfallers with MS. The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) identifies body systems contributing to imbalance/fall risk. This study evaluated the test-retest reliability and construct validity of the BESTest to assess balance in individuals with MS, compared the diagnostic accuracy of the BESTest and Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and investigated the minimal detectable change of the BESTest in this population.

Methods:

Twenty individuals with MS were recruited. Age, onset of disease, and fall history were obtained. The following measures were used: Expanded Disability Status Scale, University of Illinois at Chicago Fear of Falling Measure, BESTest, and BBS. Twelve participants were retested to determine test-retest reliability of the BESTest.

Results:

The BESTest demonstrated strong test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [3,1] = 0.98 [95% CI, 0.91–0.99], P = .01) and was highly correlated with the BBS (r = 0.94, P = .01). The BBS had poor accuracy to identify fallers. Using a score of 81%, the BESTest had moderate sensitivity (0.89) to identify fallers. The standard error of the measurement for the BESTest was 4.16 points, which translates into a minimal detectable change of 9.7% [90% CI] to 11.5% [95% CI].

Conclusions:

The BESTest demonstrates excellent test-retest reliability and diagnostic utility as a measure of functional balance in persons with moderate MS. A change in BESTest score of at least 10% may indicate a true change in balance performance in this population.
ДУБРОВАЧКО ПИСМО ВОЈВОДИ РАДИЧУ САНКОВИЋУ
Authors: Смиљанић Аранђел
Published: December 2017

Дубровчани су 19. августа 1398. упутили писмо војводи РадичуСанковићу, као одговор на његово писмо које им је упутио неколико дана ра-није. У њему је оптужио протовестијара Жору Бокшића, јер је правио пробле-ме људима Санковића. Дубровчани су обећали да ће писати Бокшићу како сеслични инциденти не би понављали у будућности. У случају да се он оглушио њихове захтјеве, остављали су могућност војводи Радичу да им пише поновоистим поводом.
ПОВЕЉА ВОЈВОДЕ РАДОСАВА ПАВЛОВИЋА ДУБРОВЧАНИМА О ПРИМИТКУ НОВЦА ЗА ПРОДАТИ ДИО КОНАВАЛА
Authors: Драгичевић Павле
Published: December 2017

Предмет рада је повеља босанског војводе Радосава Павло-вића издата Дубровчанима, којом се потврђује примитак новца за његов про-дати дио Конавала у износу од 13.000 дуката. Од поменутог износа посланициРадосава Павловића донијели су му 7.000 дуката, док су остатак у име наведе-ног војводе уложили у Дубровнику на камату у износу од 5%.
PRILOG POZNAVANJU FAUNE LEPTIRA (LEPIDOPTERA) KANJONA SUTJESKE I HRČAVKE
Authors: Filipović Slaven , Šćiban Marko
Published: December 2017

U ovom radu dati su prvi prikazi faune leptira u neposrednoj zoni predviđenoj za gradnju mini-hidrocentralana rijekama Sutjesci i Hrčavki u Nacionalnom parku Sutjeska. U kratkom vremenskom intervalu,u samo jednom dijelu sezone, na uniformnom tipu staništa zabilježeno je 68 vrsta dnevnih i 48 vrstanoćnih leptira, što ukazuje na izuzetan biološki potencijal. Sedam vrsta dnevnih i 47 noćnih su prvi putzabilježene u Nacionalnom parku Sutjeska, dok je postojanje dvije vrste roda Apatura potvrđeno poslijeviše od sto godina. Pronađene su neke od vrsta sa Crvene liste Republike Srpske, kao i Natura 2000vrste. Kako su leptiri jako osjetljivi na bilo kakve promjene u staništu, bili bi dobar bioindikator uticajaprocesa izgradnje.
TOWARDS THE BRYOPHYTE FLORA OF THE SUTJESKA NATIONAL PARK (THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA)
Authors: Pantović Jovana , Milanović Đorđije , Janković Ivana , Sabovljević Marko
Published: December 2017

Old literature data together with recent field research were combined in order to present bryophytechecklist of the Sutjeska National Park. A total of 261 taxa were found within the park area, out of which40 are liverwort and 221 moss taxa. Bearing in mind a huge lack of bryological research in Bosnia andHerzegovina during last decades, 41 species were refound after more than fifty years, and 92 new for thepark area as well. Additionally, seven species are included in the candidate list of the new Red data bookof European bryophytes. These are: Anoectangium aestivum, Buxbaumia viridis, Cinclidotus aquaticus,Fontinalis hypnoides, Orthotrichum patens, Pseudocampylium radicale and Schistidium helveticum.
KOMPARATIVNA ANALIZA INVESTICIJA U POLJOPRIVREDU, LOV I ŠUMARSTVO U BRČKO DISTRIKTU BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE I BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
Authors: Ribić Fatima , Ribić Abdulah
Published: December 2017

Poljoprivreda, lov i ribolov kao privredna aktivnost (sektor privrede) obuhvata biljnu i stočarsku proizvodnju sa lovstvom i uslužnim djelatnostima u vezi sa njima, šumarstvo i sječu drva, odnosno iskorišćavanje šuma i ribolov i akvakulturu. S obzirom na značaj koji ima za opstanak ljudi (izvor hrane i izvor sirovina za dalju preradu) može se okarakterisati kao najznačajnija privredna aktivnost. U ovom radu analizira se značaj i struktura investicija u sektor poljoprivrede, lova i šumarstva u Brčko distriktu BiH u odnosu na isto na nivou Bosne i Hercegovine. Prvo je objašnjen pojam investicija i oblasti koje čine sektor poljoprivrede, lova i šumarstva. Zatim je obavljena komparativna analiza investicija u ovaj sektor u Brčko distriktu BiH s aspekta isplaćenih investicija, osnovnih izvora finansiranja investicija i tehničke strukture ostvarenih investicija i izvedeni odgovarajući zaključci. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju veći značaj sektora poljoprivrede, lova i šumarstva za privredu Brčko distrikta BiH nego za privredu Bosne i Hercegovine. Takođe, pokazuju i veće učešće investicija u ovaj sektor u privredi Brčko distrikta BiH, ali i na finansiranje iz klasičnih izvora (sopstvena sredstva i finansijski krediti) i u manje vrijedna materijalna stalna sredstva (osnovno stado, dugogodišnji zasadi, mehanizacija i oprema manje vrijednosti i sl.).
УЛОГА МЕДИЈА У СТВАРАЊУ ПОЗИТИВНОГ ИМИЏА ЕФИКАСНЕ ЛОКАЛНЕ САМОУПРАВЕ: НОВИ МОДЕЛ КОМУНИЦИРАЊА
Authors: Стевић Жељко , Новарлић Борис , Ђуричић Здравко , Ђурић Предраг
Published: December 2017

Савремени комуникациони канали, огледају се прије свега у брзини у којој правовремена, транспарентна и јасна инфорамција, „путује“ од пошиљаоца до примаоца поруке. У данашњим условима пословања, веома важну улогу имају Интернет, али и традиционални медији као што су радио и телевизија. У овом емпиријском раду, спроведеном на територији града Добоја, анализиран је однос између улоге савремених медија у стварању позитивног имиџа успјешне локалне самоуправе. Претпостављени односи међу посматраним варијаблама тестирани су примјеном неколико статистичких метода. Резултати из истраживања сугеришу да коришћењем Интернета и осталих, савремених облика комуникације доводе да стварања успјешне локалне самоуправе, а посматрана корелација је и статистички значајна. Истраживање је показало да je 68,42% анкетираних медијских кућа, мишљења да је Интернет најбоље средство за добијање правовремених и тачних информација о активностима градске администрације. С друге стране, резултати показују да се чак 84,2% испитаника у потпуности слаже да интернет презентација доприноси бољој промоцији рада административне службе града Добоја и међусобној кумуникацији, а што свакако представља и највећу опредјељеност испитаника. Резултати овог истраживања пружају допринос емпиријским сазнањима у овој области, те указују на неадекватну употребу информационо-комуникационих технологија у локалној администрацији града Добоја, а у циљу стицања боље репутације на регионалном принципу, као и на изградњи њене конкурентске позиције у Републици Српској.
En dannelsesreise i animasjonens landskap – Didaktikk og etikk i Disneys Pinocchio
Authors: Aalen Marit , Zachrisson Anders
Published: December 2017

Artikkelen fremstiller Disneys Pinocchio som en dannelsesreise der utvikling av dyder står på dagsorden. Hensikten er å vise hvordan filmen kan brukes til å levendegjøre etiske og kristne temaer i undervisning. Temaene settes i relasjon til barns selv­utvikling, og bidrar dermed til å realisere den dannelsesdimensjon som blir fremhevet i styringsdokumenter for både skole og barnehage. Forfatterne bruker hovedtrekkene i filmen til å vise at den dramatiserer en utvikling fra klassisk dydsetikk til en mer kristent orientert etikk. Analysen trekker veksler på dydsetikk, slik den er utformet i antikken og slik den er kristnet gjennom filosofer som Søren Kierkegaard. I forfatternes lesning handler Disneys Pinocchio om at selvutvikling i dydsetisk forstand forutsetter evnen til å gjenkjenne ondskap og aktivt velge det gode. Artikkelen legger også vekt på hvordan tegnefilmens kunstneriske virkemidler bidrar til å levendegjøre den etiske tematikken, og knytter an til fortellermåter barn allerede er kjent med.
The distribution and numbers of cheetah(Acinonyx jubatus)in southern Africa
Authors: Weise Florian J. , Vijay Varsha , Jacobson Andrew P. , Schoonover Rebecca F. , Groom Rosemary J. , Horgan Jane , Keeping Derek , Klein Rebecca , Marnewick Kelly , Maude Glyn , Melzheimer Jörg , Mills Gus , van der Merwe Vincent , van der Meer Esther , van Vuuren Rudie J. , Wachter Bettina , Pimm Stuart L.
Published: December 2017

Assessing the numbers and distribution of threatened species is a central challenge in conservation, often made difficult because the species of concern are rare and elusive. For some predators, this may be compounded by their being sparsely distributed over large areas. Such is the case with the cheetahAcinonyx jubatus.The IUCN Red List process solicits comments, is democratic, transparent, widely-used, and has recently assessed the species. Here, we present additional methods to that process and provide quantitative approaches that may afford greater detail and a benchmark against which to compare future assessments. The cheetah poses challenges, but also affords unique opportunities. It is photogenic, allowing the compilation of thousands of crowd-sourced data. It is also persecuted for killing livestock, enabling estimation of local population densities from the numbers persecuted. Documented instances of persecution in areas with known human and livestock density mean that these data can provide an estimate of where the species may or may not occur in areas without observational data. Compilations of extensive telemetry data coupled with nearly 20,000 additional observations from 39 sources show that free-ranging cheetahs were present across approximately 789,700 km2of Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe (56%, 22%, 12% and 10% respectively) from 2010 to 2016, with an estimated adult population of 3,577 animals. We identified a further 742,800 km2of potential cheetah habitat within the study region with low human and livestock densities, where another ∼3,250 cheetahs may occur. Unlike many previous estimates, we make the data available and provide explicit information on exactly where cheetahs occur, or are unlikely to occur. We stress the value of gathering data from public sources though these data were mostly from well-visited protected areas. There is a contiguous, transboundary population of cheetah in southern Africa, known to be the largest in the world. We suggest that this population is more threatened than believed due to the concentration of about 55% of free-ranging individuals in two ecoregions. This area overlaps with commercial farmland with high persecution risk; adult cheetahs were removed at the rate of 0.3 individuals per 100 km2per year. Our population estimate for confirmed cheetah presence areas is 11% lower than the IUCN’s current assessment for the same region, lending additional support to the recent call for the up-listing of this species from vulnerable to endangered status.
Incremental growth of therizinosaurian dental tissues: implications for dietary transitions in Theropoda
Authors: Button Khai , You Hailu , Kirkland James I. , Zanno Lindsay
Published: December 2017

Previous investigations document functional and phylogenetic signals in the histology of dinosaur teeth. In particular, incremental lines in dentin have been used to determine tooth growth and replacement rates in several dinosaurian clades. However, to date, few studies have investigated the dental microstructure of theropods in the omnivory/herbivory spectrum. Here we examine dental histology of Therizinosauria, a clade of large-bodied theropods bearing significant morphological evidence for herbivory, by examining the teeth of the early-diverging therizinosaurian Falcarius utahensis, and an isolated tooth referred to Suzhousaurus megatherioides, a highly specialized large-bodied representative. Despite attaining some of the largest body masses among maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs, therizinosaurian teeth are diminutive, measuring no more than 0.90 cm in crown height (CH) and 0.38 cm in crown base length (CBL). Comparisons with other theropods and non-theropodan herbivorous dinosaurs reveals that when controlling for estimated body mass, crown volume in therizinosaurians plots most closely with dinosaurs of similar dietary strategy as opposed to phylogenetic heritage. Analysis of incremental growth lines in dentin, observed in thin sections of therizinosaurian teeth, demonstrates that tooth growth rates fall within the range of other archosaurs, conforming to hypothesized physiological limitations on the production of dental tissues. Despite dietary differences between therizinosaurians and hypercarnivorous theropods, the types of enamel crystallites present and their spatial distribution—i.e., the schmelzmuster of both taxa—is limited to parallel enamel crystallites, the simplest form of enamel and the plesiomorphic condition for Theropoda. This finding supports previous hypotheses that dental microstructure is strongly influenced by phylogeny, yet equally supports suggestions of reduced reliance on oral processing in omnivorous/herbivorous theropods rather than the microstructural specializations to diet exhibited by non-theropodan herbivorous dinosaurs. Finally, although our sample is limited, we document a significant reduction in the rate of enamel apposition contrasted with increased relative enamel thickness between early and later diverging therizinosaurians that coincides with anatomical evidence for increased specializations to herbivory in the clade.
Protective effect ofRhus coriariafruit extracts against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in muscle progenitors and zebrafish embryos
Authors: Najjar Fadia , Rizk Francine , Carnac Gilles , Nassar Rim , Jabak Sara , Sobolev Anatoly Petrovich , Bou Saada Yara , El Sabban Marwan , Hamade Aline
Published: December 2017

Background and Purpose

Oxidative stress is involved in normal and pathological functioning of skeletal muscle. Protection of myoblasts from oxidative stress may improve muscle contraction and delay aging. Here we studied the effect ofR. coriariasumac fruit extract on human myoblasts and zebrafish embryos in conditions of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress.

Study Design and Methods

Crude ethanolic 70% extract (CE) and its fractions was obtained from sumac fruits. The composition of sumac ethyl acetate EtOAc fraction was studied by1H NMR. The viability of human myoblasts treated with CE and the EtOAc fraction was determined by trypan blue exclusion test. Oxidative stress, cell cycle and adhesion were analyzed by flow cytometry and microscopy. Gene expression was analyzed by qPCR.

Results

The EtOAc fraction (IC502.57 µg/mL) had the highest antioxidant activity and exhibited the best protective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. It also restored cell adhesion. This effect was mediated by superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase. Pre-treatment of zebrafish embryos with low concentrations of the EtOAc fraction protected them from hydrogen peroxide-induced deathin vivo.1H NMR analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid in this fraction.

Conclusion

Rhus coriariaextracts inhibited or slowed down the progress of skeletal muscle atrophy by decreasing oxidative stress via superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase-dependent mechanisms.
Disentangling diatom species complexes: does morphometry suffice?
Authors: Blanco Saúl , Borrego-Ramos María , Olenici Adriana
Published: December 2017

Accurate taxonomic resolution in light microscopy analyses of microalgae is essential to achieve high quality, comparable results in both floristic analyses and biomonitoring studies. A number of closely related diatom taxa have been detected to date co-occurring within benthic diatom assemblages, sharing many morphological, morphometrical and ecological characteristics. In this contribution, we analysed the hypothesis that, where a large sample size (number of individuals) is available, common morphometrical parameters (valve length, width and stria density) are sufficient to achieve a correct identification to the species level. We focused on some common diatom taxa belonging to the genusGomphonema. More than 400 valves and frustules were photographed in valve view and measured using Fiji software. Several statistical tools (mixture and discriminant analysis, k-means clustering, classification trees, etc.) were explored to test whether mere morphometry, independently of other valve features, leads to correct identifications, when compared to identifications made by experts. In view of the results obtained, morphometry-based determination in diatom taxonomy is discouraged.
MMS Observation of Shock‐Reflected He++ at Earth's Quasi‐Perpendicular Bow Shock
Authors: Broll Jeffrey Michael , Fuselier S. A. , Trattner K. J. , Schwartz S. J. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , Anderson B. J.
Published: December 2017

Specular reflection of protons at Earth's supercritical quasi‐perpendicular bow shock has long been known to lead to the thermalization of solar wind particles by velocity‐space dispersion. The same process has been proposed for He++ but could not be confirmed previously due to insufficient time resolution for velocity distribution measurements. We present observations and simulations of a bow shock crossing by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission on 20 November 2015 indicating that a very similar reflection process for He++ is possible, and further that the part of the incoming distribution with the highest probability of reflecting is the same for H+ and He++. However, the reflection process for He++ is accomplished by deeper penetration into the downstream magnetic fields.
Variation in Rising Limb of Colorado River Snowmelt Runoff Hydrograph Controlled by Dust Radiative Forcing in Snow
Authors: Painter Thomas H. , Skiles S. McKenzie , Deems Jeffrey S. , Brandt W. Tyler , Dozier Jeff
Published: December 2017

Common practice and conventional wisdom hold that fluctuations in air temperature control interannual variability in snowmelt and subsequent river runoff. However, recent observations in the Upper Colorado River Basin confirm that net solar radiation and by extension radiative forcing by dust deposited on snow cover exerts the primary forcing on snowmelt. We show that the variation in the shape of the rising limb of the annual hydrograph is controlled by variability in dust radiative forcing and surprisingly is independent of variations in winter and spring air temperatures. These observations suggest that hydroclimatic modeling must be improved to account for aerosol forcings of the water cycle. Anthropogenic climate change will likely reduce total snow accumulations and cause snowmelt runoff to occur earlier. However, dust radiative forcing of snowmelt is likely consuming important adaptive capacity that would allow human and natural systems to be more resilient to changing hydroclimatic conditions.
Predicting Electron Population Characteristics in 2‐D Using Multispectral Ground‐Based Imaging
Authors: Grubbs Guy , Michell Robert , Samara Marilia , Hampton Donald , Jahn Jorg‐Micha
Published: December 2017

Ground‐based imaging and in situ sounding rocket data are compared to electron transport modeling for an active inverted‐V type auroral event. The Ground‐to‐Rocket Electrodynamics‐Electrons Correlative Experiment (GREECE) mission successfully launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, on 3 March 2014 at 11:09:50 UT and reached an apogee of approximately 335 km over the aurora. Multiple ground‐based electron‐multiplying charge‐coupled device (EMCCD) imagers were positioned at Venetie, Alaska, and aimed toward magnetic zenith. The imagers observed the intensity of different auroral emission lines (427.8, 557.7, and 844.6 nm) at the magnetic foot point of the rocket payload. Emission line intensity data are correlated with electron characteristics measured by the GREECE onboard electron spectrometer. A modified version of the GLobal airglOW (GLOW) model is used to estimate precipitating electron characteristics based on optical emissions. GLOW predicted the electron population characteristics with 20% error given the observed spectral intensities within 10° of magnetic zenith. Predictions are within 30% of the actual values within 20° of magnetic zenith for inverted‐V‐type aurora. Therefore, it is argued that this technique can be used, at least in certain types of aurora, such as the inverted‐V type presented here, to derive 2‐D maps of electron characteristics. These can then be used to further derive 2‐D maps of ionospheric parameters as a function of time, based solely on multispectral optical imaging data.
Meteorological and Land Surface Properties Impacting Sea Breeze Extent and Aerosol Distribution in a Dry Environment
Authors: Igel Adele L. , van den Heever Susan C. , Johnson Jill S.
Published: December 2017

The properties of sea breeze circulations are influenced by a variety of meteorological and geophysical factors that interact with one another. These circulations can redistribute aerosol particles and pollution and therefore can play an important role in local air quality, as well as impact remote sensing. In this study, we select 11 factors that have the potential to impact either the sea breeze circulation properties and/or the spatial distribution of aerosols. Simulations are run to identify which of the 11 factors have the largest influence on the sea breeze properties and aerosol concentrations and to subsequently understand the mean response of these variables to the selected factors. All simulations are designed to be representative of conditions in coastal sub tropical environments and are thus relatively dry, as such they do not support deep convection associated with the sea breeze front. For this dry sea breeze regime, we find that the background wind speed was the most influential factor for the sea breeze propagation, with the soil saturation fraction also being important. For the spatial aerosol distribution, the most important factors were the soil moisture, sea‐air temperature difference, and the initial boundary layer height. The importance of these factors seems to be strongly tied to the development of the surface‐based mixed layer both ahead of and behind the sea breeze front. This study highlights potential avenues for further research regarding sea breeze dynamics and the impact of sea breeze circulations on pollution dispersion and remote sensing algorithms.
Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Multi‐Component Alloys: Bulk Metallic Glasses and High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Li Xiaopeng
Published: December 2017

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) and high entropy alloys (HEAs) are both important multi‐component alloys with novel microstructures and unique properties, which make them promising for applications in many industries. However, certain hindrances have been identified in the fabrication of BMGs and HEAs by conventional techniques due to the intrinsic requirements of BMGs and HEAs. With the advent of metal additive manufacturing, new opportunities have been perceived to fabricate geometrically complex BMGs and HEAs with tailorable microstructure theoretically at any site within the specimen, which are not achievable using conventional fabrication techniques. After providing some background and introducing the conventional fabrication techniques for BMGs and HEAs, this review will focus on the current status, development, and challenges in metal additive manufacturing of BMGs and HEAs including different additive manufacturing techniques being used, microstructure design and evolution, as well as properties of the fabricated BMGs and HEAs. A future outlook of metal additive manufacturing of BMGs and HEAs will also be provided at the end.
NMR mit Tischgeräten und deren Anwendungen von der Materialwissenschaft bis zur organischen Chemie
Authors: Blümich Bernhard , Singh Kawarpal
Published: December 2017

Die NMR‐Spektroskopie ist eine unverzichtbare Analysemethode. Bis vor kurzem erforderten die Geräte viel Platz, waren teuer und schwer zu bedienen. Dies hat sich mit der Einführung kompakter NMR‐Spektrometer geändert, die sich für die Analyse kleiner Moleküle auf der Laborbank eignen. Solche Spektrometer sind mit Permanentmagneten für1H‐NMR‐Frequenzen zwischen 40 und 80 MHz ausgestattet. Erst seit wenigen Jahren gibt es kleine Permanentmagnete mit homogenen Magnetfeldern für hochaufgelöste Spektroskopie. Tischgeräte mit inhomogenen Feldern werden schon seit 40 Jahren zur Charakterisierung von Lebensmitteln und Materialien über Relaxations‐ und Diffusionsmessungen genutzt. Ähnliche NMR‐Geräte messen diese Parameter im Streufeld außerhalb des Magneten. Sie werden zur Untersuchung von Bohrlochwänden in Ölquellen sowie für zerstörungsfreie Analysenverwendet. Der gegenwärtige Stand von NMR‐Spektroskopie, ‐Bildgebung und ‐Relaxometrie wird hier anhand repräsentativer Beispiele beschrieben.
Visualization of Heterogeneous Oxygen Storage Behavior in Platinum‐Supported Cerium‐Zirconium Oxide Three‐Way Catalyst Particles by Hard X‐ray Spectro‐Ptychography
Authors: Hirose Makoto , Ishiguro Nozomu , Shimomura Kei , Burdet Nicolas , Matsui Hirosuke , Tada Mizuki , Takahashi Yukio
Published: December 2017

The cerium density and valence in micrometer‐size platinum‐supported cerium–zirconium oxide Pt/Ce2Zr2Ox (x=7–8) three‐way catalyst particles were successfully mapped by hard X‐ray spectro‐ptychography (ptychographic‐X‐ray absorption fine structure, XAFS). The analysis of correlation between the Ce density and valence in ptychographic‐XAFS images suggested the existence of several oxidation behaviors in the oxygen storage process in the Ce2Zr2Ox particles. Ptychographic‐XAFS will open up the nanoscale chemical imaging and structural analysis of heterogeneous catalysts.
CO2 to Terpenes: Autotrophic and Electroautotrophic α‐Humulene Production with Cupriavidus necator
Authors: Krieg Thomas , Sydow Anne , Faust Sonja , Huth Ina , Holtmann Dirk
Published: December 2017

We show that CO2 can be converted by an engineered “Knallgas” bacterium (Cupriavidus necator) into the terpene α‐humulene. Heterologous expression of the mevalonate pathway and α‐humulene synthase resulted in the production of approximately 10 mg α‐humulene per gram cell dry mass (CDW) under heterotrophic conditions. This first example of chemolithoautotrophic production of a terpene from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen is a promising starting point for the production of different high‐value terpene compounds from abundant and simple raw materials. Furthermore, the production system was used to produce 17 mg α‐humulene per gram CDW from CO2 and electrical energy in microbial electrosynthesis (MES) mode. Given that the system can convert CO2 by using electrical energy from solar energy, it opens a new route to artificial photosynthetic systems.
Chiral Bifunctional Phosphine‐Carboxylate Ligands for Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C−H Arylation
Authors: Yang Lei , Neuburger Markus , Baudoin Olivier
Published: December 2017

Previous enantioselective Pd0‐catalyzed C−H activation reactions proceeding via the concerted metalation‐deprotonation mechanism employed either a chiral ancillary ligand, a chiral base, or a bimolecular mixture thereof. This study describes the development of new chiral bifunctional ligands based on a binaphthyl scaffold which incorporates both a phosphine and a carboxylic acid moiety. The optimal ligand provided high yields and enantioselectivities for a desymmetrizing C(sp2)−H arylation leading to 5,6‐dihydrophenanthridines, whereas the corresponding monofunctional ligands showed low enantioselectivities. The bifunctional system proved applicable to a range of substituted dihydrophenanthridines, and allowed the parallel kinetic resolution of racemic substrates.
Die katalytische, asymmetrische Mukaiyama‐Michael‐Reaktion von Silylketenacetalen mit α,β‐ungesättigten Methylestern
Authors: Gatzenmeier Tim , Kaib Philip S. J. , Lingnau Julia B. , Goddard Richard , List Benjamin
Published: December 2017

α,β‐Ungesättigte Ester sind einfach zugängliche, aber schwierig zu aktivierende Substrate in der asymmetrischen Katalyse. Wir stellen hier eine effiziente, allgemeine und hochenantioselektive Mukaiyama‐Michael‐Reaktion von Silylketenacetalen mit α,β‐ungesättigten Methylestern vor, die durch silylierte Imidodiphosphorimidat(IDPi)‐Lewis‐Säuren katalysiert wird.
Water‐soluble binder PAALi with terpene resin emulsion as tackifier for LiFePO4 cathode
Authors: He Jiarong , Zhong Haoxiang , Zhang Lingzhi
Published: December 2017

Terpene resin (TS) emulsion has been adopted as a tackifier in lithium polyacrylate (PAALi) as water‐soluble binder for LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode in Li‐ion batteries. TS–PAALi composite binder with optimal ratio of 1:1 (denoted as TS1–PAALi1), shows improved flexibility and enhanced adhesion capability of 0.170 N/cm in comparison with 0.120 N/cm of PAALi after introducing TS as adhesion enhancing agent, which is comparable with that of nonaqueous poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF, 0.171 N/cm) and much better than aqueous sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, 0.045 N/cm). The electrochemical characteristics of LFP with TS1–PAALi1 have been investigated and further compared with those of PAALi, CMC, and PVDF. LFP with TS1–PAALi1 exhibits superior cycling stability and rate capability, maintaining 65.57% capacity of 0.2 C at 5 C rate in comparison with 60.73%, 57.83%, and 34.79% for PAALi, CMC, and PVDF, respectively. In addition, LFP with TS1–PAALi1 displays excellent cycling performance almost without any capacity fading at 60 °C after 45 cycles at 1 C, much better than that of PAALi, CMC, and PVDF. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveal that LFP with TS1–PAALi1 has a smaller redox potential difference, lower electrode polarization, and a more favorable electrochemical kinetics (fast lithium diffusion rate) than that of PAALi, CMC, and PVDF, thus more superior electrochemical performances. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46132.
Noncoded amino acids in protein engineering: Structure–activity relationship studies of hirudin–thrombin interaction
Authors: De Filippis Vincenzo , Acquasaliente Laura , Pontarollo Giulia , Peterle Daniele
Published: December 2017

The advent of recombinant DNA technology allowed to site‐specifically insert, delete, or mutate almost any amino acid in a given protein, significantly improving our knowledge of protein structure, stability, and function. Nevertheless, a quantitative description of the physical and chemical basis that makes a polypeptide chain to efficiently fold into a stable and functionally active conformation is still elusive. This mainly originates from the fact that nature combined, in a yet unknown manner, different properties (i.e., hydrophobicity, conformational propensity, polarizability, and hydrogen bonding capability) into the 20 standard natural amino acids, thus making difficult, if not impossible, to univocally relate the change in protein stability or function to the alteration of physicochemical properties caused by amino acid exchange(s). In this view, incorporation of noncoded amino acids with tailored side chains, allowing to finely tune the structure at a protein site, would facilitate to dissect the effects of a given mutation in terms of one or a few physicochemical properties, thus much expanding the scope of physical organic chemistry in the study of proteins. In this review, relevant applications from our laboratory will be presented on the use of noncoded amino acids in structure–activity relationships studies of hirudin binding to thrombin.
Die hohen Berge in der Tiefe
Authors: George Kai Horst
Published: December 2017

Viele Vertreter der sogenannten Meiofauna zeigen trotz ihrer geringen Körpergröße (≤ 1 mm), einer fast ausschließlich substratgebundenen Lebensweise, fehlenden Freiwasserstadien und nur wenigen Nachkommen eine sehr weite bis weltweite Verbreitung in den Ozeanen. Dieses als „Meiofauna‐Paradoxon“ bekannte Phänomen fällt besonders bei Arten des Flachwassers ins Auge, für die die riesigen Tiefseegebiete der Meere eine schier unüberwindliche Barriere darstellen. Bei dem Versuch, das „Meiofauna‐Paradoxon“ zu verstehen, haben Forscher in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten zunehmend Seeberge ins Visier genommen. Diese Erhebungen verteilen sich in großer Zahl über die Ozeane. Sie ragen aus der Tiefsee empor und erreichen häufig lichtdurchflutete Regionen. Somit könnten Seeberge (ebenso wie ozeanische Inseln) zur Ausbreitung mariner Meiofauna beitragen, indem sie eine Funktion als „Trittsteine“ bei der Überwindung großer Entfernungen einnehmen. Untersuchungen der letzten Jahre deuten darauf hin, dass Seeberge zumindest für einzelne Tiergruppen der Meiofauna durchaus als Trittsteine fungieren.