bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risky business: Do disclosure and shareholder approval of corporate political contributions affect firm performance?
Authors: Prabhat Saumya , Primo David M.
Published: December 2018

The role of corporations in the U.S. political process has received increased scrutiny in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court'sCitizens Uniteddecision, leading to calls for greater regulation. In this paper, we analyze whether policies mandating greater disclosure and shareholder approval of political contributions reduce risk and increase firm value, as proponents of such rules claim. Specifically, we examine the Neill Committee Report (NCR), which led to the passage of the United Kingdom's Political Parties, Elections, and Referendums Act 2000 mandating new disclosure and shareholder approval rules. We find that politically active firms did not benefit from the NCR in the days after its release and suffered a decline in value in the months and years that followed. Politically active firms also suffered an increase in risk, as proxied by stock return volatility, following the release of the NCR. We theorize that these findings are due to the reduced flexibility these rules impose on corporate strategy as well as the potential for these rules to facilitate political activism against corporations.
“This Is Going to Affect Our Lives”: Exploring Huu-ay-aht First Nations, the Government of Canada and British Columbia’s New Relationship Through the Implementation of the Maa-nulth Treaty
Authors: Sloan Morgan Vanessa , Castleden Heather ,   Huu-ay-aht First Nations
Published: December 2018

Canada celebrated its 150th anniversary since Confederation in 2017. At the same time, Canada is also entering an era of reconciliation that emphasizes mutually respectful and just relationships between Indigenous Peoples and the Crown. British Columbia (BC) is uniquely situated socially, politically, and economically as compared to other Canadian provinces, with few historic treaties signed. As a result, provincial, federal, and Indigenous governments are attempting to define ‘new relationships’ through modern treaties. What new relationships look like under treaties remains unclear though. Drawing from a comprehensive case study, we explore Huu-ay-aht First Nations—a signatory of the Maa-nulth Treaty, implemented in 2011—BC and Canada’s new relationship by analysing 26 interviews with treaty negotiators and Indigenous leaders. A disconnect between obligations outlined in the treaty and how Indigenous signatories experience changing relations is revealed, pointing to an asymmetrical dynamic remaining in the first years of implementation despite new relationships of modern treaty.
Jurisdiction, Sovereignties and Akwesasne: Shiprider and the Re-Crafting of Canada-US Cross-Border Maritime Law Enforcement
Authors: Pratt Anna C. , Templeman Jessica
Published: December 2018

Against the historical backdrop of the sinking of the Canadian rum-running schooner theI’m Aloneby the US Coast Guard in 1929, this paper examines the re-crafting of maritime jurisdictional practices in the 2000s through the Canada-US Cross-Border Maritime Law Enforcement Program known as Shiprider. Thinking jurisdictionally and taking seriously the materiality of the water, we explore the significance of Shiprider’s patrols in the local context of Kaniatarowano’on:we (St. Lawrence River) which flows through Akwesasne Mohawk Territory, an indigenous border nation cleaved by the Canada-US international border where local communities contend with and continue to refuse imposed colonial settler boundaries.
Mechanical Behavior of Functionally Graded Nano-Cylinders Under Radial Pressure Based on Strain Gradient Theory
Authors: Shishesaz M. , Hosseini M.
Published: December 2018

In this paper, the mechanical behavior of a functionally graded nano-cylinder under a radial pressure is investigated. Strain gradient theory is used to include the small scale effects in this analysis. The variations in material properties along the thickness direction are included based on three different models. Due to slight variations in engineering materials, the Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be constant. The governing equation and its corresponding boundary conditions are obtained using Hamilton’s principle. Due to the complexity of the governed system of differential equations, numerical methods are employed to achieve a solution. The analysis is general and can be reduced to classical elasticity if the material length scale parameters are taken to be zero. The effect of material indexn, variations in material properties and the applied internal and external pressures on the total and high-order stresses, are well examined. For the cases in which the applied external pressure at the inside (or outside) radius is zero, due to small effects in nano-cylinder, some components of the high-order radial stresses do not vanish at the boundaries. Based on the results, the material inhomogeneity indexn, as well as the selected model through which the mechanical properties may vary along the thickness, have significant effects on the radial and circumferential stresses.
First report of Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician) high-latitude peri-gondwanan macrofossil assemblages from Portugal
Authors: Colmenar Jorge , Pereira Sofia , Young Timothy P. , da Silva Carlos M. , Sá Artur A.
Published: December 2018

The first report of theHirnantiahigh-latitude peri-Gondwanan Fauna from Portugal (Upper Ordovician, Ribeira do Braçal Formation) is presented here. The described macroassemblages are fairly diverse containing fossils of brachiopods, trilobites, echinoderms, machaeridians, and ostracodes. Among the brachiopods, the most abundant isMirorthis mira.Plectothyrellacf.P.libyca,Paromalomenacf.P.polonica,Plectoglossa? sp., and a small indeterminate discinoid are also present. The trilobites are represented by abundant sclerites ofMucronaspiscf.M.mucronata, and an isolated cranidium and pygidium assigned toFlexicalymene. The occurrence ofMucronaspisandFlexicalymenerepresents the first record of these genera in Portugal. Echinoderms are dominant in the basal bed of the formation; the columnal plates tentatively ascribed to morphogenusPentagonocyclicusare the most abundant, followed by the echinosphaeritids. Abundant disarticulated machaeridian plates, of the genusPlumulites, associated with trilobites are present in one of the localities. Ostracodes were found in one single locality and have been assigned tentatively to the genusHerrigia. Ramose and massive bryozoans also occur in the assemblage. This new macrofossil assemblage supports the assignment of an Hirnantian age for the Ribeira do Braçal Formation. Most of the brachiopod species and the dalmanitidMucronaspisare commonly present in Hirnantian deposits globally, but the presence in the assemblage of a brachiopod close toPlectothyrella libyca, a cold-water species, previously reported only from the Hirnantian of Libya and Morocco, is noticeable. This strengthens the case for a high latitudinal setting of the present-day territory of the Portuguese Central Iberian Zone during the Late Ordovician.
Tobacco cessation behaviors among a sample of US Navy personnel
Authors: Hall Matthew T. , Austin Ryan P. , Do Tai A. , Richardson Alec G.
Published: December 2018

Introduction

The US Navy utilizes numerous resources to encourage smoking cessation. Despite these efforts, cigarette smoking among service members remains high. Electronic cigarettes (EC) have provided an additional cessation resource. Little is known regarding the utilization efficacy of these cessation resources in the US Navy.

Aims

This study sought to explore the utilization and efficacy of ECs and other smoking cessation resources.

Methods

An anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted at a military clinic from 2015 to 2016. Participants were active duty in the US Navy and reported demographics, smoking behaviors, and utilization of cessation resources.

Results

Of the 977 participants in the study, 14.9% were current and 39.4% were former smokers. Most current smokers (83.6%) previously attempted cessation, smoked an average of 2–5 cigarettes per day (34.7%), and smoked every day of the month (26.4%). The number of daily cigarettes smoked and number of days cigarettes were smoked per month was not significantly different between cigarette-only smokers and EC dual users (p= 0.92,p= 0.75, respectively). Resources used by current and former smokers include: ‘cold turkey’ (44.6%, 57.1%, respectively), ECs (22.3%, 24.7%), nicotine patch (8.3%, 1.3%), medicine (6.6%, 3.9%), nicotine gum (5.8%, 10.4%), and quit programs (2.5%, 2.6).

Conclusion

Current and former cigarette smokers utilized similar resources to quit smoking. Electronic cigarettes are being used for cessation but do not significantly reduce the number of cigarettes smoked on a daily or monthly basis. Future studies may benefit from exploring the use of cessation resources and ECs within the military as a whole.
GORENSTEIN PROJECTIVE OBJECTS IN FUNCTOR CATEGORIES
Authors: KVAMME SONDRE
Published: December 2018

Let $k$ be a commutative ring, let ${\mathcal{C}}$ be a small, $k$-linear, Hom-finite, locally bounded category, and let ${\mathcal{B}}$ be a $k$-linear abelian category. We construct a Frobenius exact subcategory ${\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}_{P}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}}))$ of the functor category ${\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}}$, and we show that it is a subcategory of the Gorenstein projective objects ${\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}})$ in ${\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}}$. Furthermore, we obtain criteria for when ${\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}_{P}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}}))={\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}})$. We show in examples that this can be used to compute ${\mathcal{G}}{\mathcal{P}}({\mathcal{B}}^{{\mathcal{C}}})$ explicitly.
ON SEPARABLE AND -FORMS
Authors: DUTTA AMARTYA KUMAR , GUPTA NEENA , LAHIRI ANIMESH
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we will prove that any $\mathbb{A}^{3}$-form over a field $k$ of characteristic zero is trivial provided it has a locally nilpotent derivation satisfying certain properties. We will also show that the result of Kambayashi on the triviality of separable $\mathbb{A}^{2}$-forms over a field $k$ extends to $\mathbb{A}^{2}$-forms over any one-dimensional Noetherian domain containing $\mathbb{Q}$.
On a family of torsional creep problems involving rapidly growing operators in divergence form
Authors: Fărcăşeanu Maria , Mihăilescu Mihai
Published: December 2018

Let Ω⊂ℝN (N≥2) be a bounded domain with smooth boundary and {pn} be a sequence of real numbers converging to+∞ as n→∞. For each integer n>1, we define the function $\varphi_{n}(t)=p_{n} \vert t \vert^{p_{n}-2}te^{ \vert t \vert^{p_{n}}}$, for all t∈ℝ, and we prove the existence of a unique nonnegative variational solution for the problem−div(((φn(|∇ u(x)|))/(|∇ u(x)|))∇ u(x))=φn(1), when x∈Ω, subject to the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition. Next, we establish the uniform convergence in Ω of the sequence of solutions for the above family of equations to the distance function to the boundary of Ω. Our result complements the earlier developments on the topic obtained by Payne and Philippin [26], Kawohl [21], Bhattacharya, DiBenedetto and Manfredi [2], Perez-Llanos and Rossi [27] and Bocea and Mihăilescu [4].
Stability of the 1D IBVP for a non autonomous scalar conservation law
Authors: Colombo Rinaldo M. , Rossi Elena
Published: December 2018

We prove the stability with respect to the flux of solutions to initial – boundary value problems for scalar non autonomous conservation laws in one space dimension. Key estimates are obtained through a careful construction of the solutions.
Periodic solutions for a fractional asymptotically linear problem
Authors: Ambrosio Vincenzo , Molica Bisci Giovanni
Published: December 2018

We study the existence and multiplicity of periodic weak solutions for a non-local equation involving an odd subcritical nonlinearity which is asymptotically linear at infinity. We investigate such problem by applying the pseudo-index theory developed by Bartolo, Benci and Fortunato [11] after transforming the problem to a degenerate elliptic problem in a half-cylinder with a Neumann boundary condition, via a Caffarelli-Silvestre type extension in periodic setting. The periodic nonlocal case, considered here, presents, respect to the cases studied in the literature, some new additional difficulties and a careful analysis of the fractional spaces involved is necessary.
AN IMPROVED RESULT ON GROUND STATE SOLUTIONS OF QUASILINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATIONS WITH SUPER-LINEAR NONLINEARITIES
Authors: CHEN SITONG , GAO ZU
Published: December 2018

By using variational and some new analytic techniques, we prove the existence of ground state solutions for the quasilinear Schrödinger equation with variable potentials and super-linear nonlinearities. Moreover, we establish a minimax characterisation of the ground state energy. Our result improves and extends the existing results in the literature.
ANALOGUES OF THE AOKI–OHNO AND LE–MURAKAMI RELATIONS FOR FINITE MULTIPLE ZETA VALUES
Authors: KANEKO MASANOBU , OYAMA KOJIRO , SAITO SHINGO
Published: December 2018

We establish finite analogues of the identities known as the Aoki–Ohno relation and the Le–Murakami relation in the theory of multiple zeta values. We use an explicit form of a generating series given by Aoki and Ohno.
‘The Heart of the Country’: The Primacy of Peasants and Maize in Modern Guatemala
Authors: Carey David
Published: December 2018

Much of the agricultural history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Latin America has been dominated by studies of export products and economies. Yet just as important for national development were domestic markets supplied by small-scale farmers. Using Guatemala as a case study for Latin America, this article examines the challenges faced by farmers producing for local, regional and national markets. Over the course of the national period, state authorities’ sporadic concern for domestic agriculture provided indigenous small-scale farmers with opportunities to advance their agendas, which ranged from resisting forced labour to maintaining their traditional agricultural practices. By the 1930s, domestic foodstuff production had increased markedly because in the early twentieth century state authorities had joined small-scale farmers to actively promote domestic-use agriculture.
Avian haemosporidian infections in rufous-collared sparrows in an Andean dry forest: diversity and factors related to prevalence and parasitaemia
Authors: Cadena-Ortiz Héctor , Mantilla Juan S. , de Aguilar Juan Rivero , Flores Diana , Bahamonde Daniela , Matta Nubia E. , Bonaccorso Elisa
Published: December 2018

Despite intensive research during the last few decades, understanding of ecological and physiological factors related to haemosporidian infections in birds is still fragmentary. Since more model organisms are needed in order to understand these infections in the wild, we analysed avian haemosporidian infections in the rufous-collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis, Emberizidae) in a dry forest of the Ecuadorian Andes. Parasite diversity was screened using molecular and morphological approaches. By molecular diagnosis, we identified three linages that were phylogenetically placed in the context of molecular haemosporidian diversity and associated with a morphospecies. By microscopy, we identified five described morphospecies and one additional undescribed morphospecies. We found that avian haemosporidian prevalence on the study site was 76.3%. Additionally, we used a series of generalized linear models to explore the potential relationship of parasite prevalence and parasitaemia with a set of variables related to physiological and environmental conditions. Although our results revealed associations of haemosporidian infections with precipitation, age and sampling site, the models only explained a small fraction of the variation.
Unconfirmed death as a predictor of psychological morbidity in family members of disappeared persons
Authors: Isuru Amila , Hewage S. N. , Bandumithra Padmakumara , Williams S. S.
Published: December 2018

Background

The 2004 tsunami, the civil conflict until 2009 and the youth insurrection in the late 1980s in Sri Lanka resulted in many persons being classified as ‘missing’ as they disappeared and were unaccounted for. Our aim was to compare the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in families of disappeared individuals, who eventually received the mortal remains and those who did not.

Method

An ethically approved cross sectional study was conducted in a purposively selected sample after informed consent. Information on the circumstances of the family member going missing was gathered. Culturally adapted versions of the General Health Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Scale were administered. Those who screened positive were assessed by a psychiatrist on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria to arrive at a diagnosis.

Results

Of 391 cases of disappearances studied, MDD (17.5% v. 6%) and PGD (22% v. 7%) were significantly higher in those who did not eventually receive the mortal remains of the disappeared person. Among those who did not receive the mortal remains, being unsure whether the disappeared person was dead or alive was highly predictive of MDD and PGD. Mothers and wives, older family members and those with a family history of mental illness were more vulnerable.

Conclusions

Family members of missing individuals unsure whether their loved one was alive or dead have higher psychological morbidity in the form of MDD and PGD.
‘At risk mental state’ clinics for psychosis – an idea whose time has come – and gone!
Authors: Ajnakina Olesya , David Anthony S. , Murray Robin M.
Published: December 2018

At Risk Mental State (ARMS) clinics are specialised mental health services for young, help-seeking people, thought to be at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis. Their stated purpose is to reduce transitions from the ARMS state to clinical psychotic disorder. Reports of ARMS clinics provide ‘evidence-based recommendations’ or ‘guidance’ for the treatment of such individuals, and claim that such clinics prevent the development of psychosis. However, we note that in an area with a very well-developed ARMS clinic (South London), only a very small proportion (4%) of patients with first episode psychosis had previously been seen at this clinic with symptoms of the ARMS. We conclude that the task of reaching sufficient people to make a major contribution to the prevention of psychosis is beyond the power of ARMS clinics. Following the preventative approaches used for many medical disorders (e.g. lung cancer, coronary artery disease), we consider that a more effective way of preventing psychosis will be to adopt a public health approach; this should attempt to decrease exposure to environmental factors such as cannabis use which are known to increase risk of the disorder.
Inverse Dynamics of a 3-P[2(US)] Translational Parallel Robot
Authors: Mazare Mahmood , Taghizadeh Mostafa , Najafi M. Rasool
Published: December 2018

In this paper, a type of parallel robot with three translational degrees of freedom is studied. Inverse and forward kinematic equations are extracted for position and velocity analyses. The dynamic model is derived by Lagrange’s approach and the principle of virtual work and related computational algorithms implementing inverse and forward dynamics are presented. Furthermore, some numerical simulations are performed using the kinematic and dynamic models in which the results show good agreement with expected qualitative behavior of the mechanism. Comparisons with the results of work-energy and impulse-momentum methods quantitatively verify the validity of the derived equations of motion. Also, a relative computational effectiveness is observed in implementation of virtual work model via the simulations.
ON BOUNCING GEOMETRIC BROWNIAN MOTIONS
Authors: Liu Xin , Kulkarni Vidyadhar G. , Gong Qi
Published: December 2018

A pair of bouncing geometric Brownian motions (GBMs) is studied. The bouncing GBMs behave like GBMs except that, when they meet, they bounce off away from each other. The object of interest is the position process, which is defined as the position of the latest meeting point at each time. We study the distributions of the time and position of their meeting points, and show that the suitably scaled logarithmic position process converges weakly to a standard Brownian motion as the bounce size δ→0. We also establish the convergence of the bouncing GBMs to mutually reflected GBMs as δ→0. Finally, applying our model to limit order books, we derive a simple and effective prediction formula for trading prices.
Crater Edge-based Flexible Autonomous Navigation for Planetary Landing
Authors: Tian Yang , Yu Meng , Yao Meibao , Huang Xiangyu
Published: December 2018

In this paper, a novel method for autonomous navigation for an extra-terrestrial body landing mission is proposed. Based on state-of-the-art crater detection and matching algorithms, a crater edge-based navigation method is formulated, in which solar illumination direction is adopted as a complementary optical cue to aid crater edge-based navigation when only one crater is available. To improve the pose estimation accuracy, a distributed Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is developed to encapsulate the crater edge-based estimation approach. Finally, the effectiveness of proposed approach is validated by Monte Carlo simulations using a specifically designed planetary landing simulation toolbox.
Factors for Self-Managing Care Following Older Adults’ Discharge from the Emergency Department: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Marr Sharon , Hillier Loretta M. , Simpson Diane , Vinson Sigrid , Goodwill Sarah , Jewell David , Hazzan Afeez Abiola
Published: December 2018

Cette étude avait pour but d’identifier les facteurs qui influent sur la capacité des personnes âgées à prendre en charge leur santé après une consultation au service des urgences (SU). Les questionnaires de l’enquête (n = 380) ont été remplis en SU par des personnes âgées et leurs aidants et visaient à évaluer leur perception de la compréhension de l’information qui leur était fournie. Des entrevues (n = 51) ont été réalisées avec un sous-échantillon de participants au cours des quatre semaines suivant leur consultation au SU et ont examiné les facteurs ayant une incidence sur l’autogestion des problèmes de santé. La perception de la compréhension de l’information reçue en SU (« oui, certainement ») était meilleure lors de la consultation au SU (91 %) que lors du suivi (71 %), lorsque 20 % des participants ne comprenaient pas ou n’étaient pas certains qu’ils avaient compris ce qui leur avait été communiqué en SU. Les patients ont rapporté que l’autogestion de leurs problèmes de santé était influencée par: la communication avec le personnel du SU, la compréhension des attentes suivant le congé de l’hôpital, l’état de santé, la disponibilité des aidants et divers facteurs externes. De plus, les soignants ont aussi mentionné l’appui aux soignants et la résistance des patients aux recommandations. L’utilisation de stratégies adaptées aux aînés en SU (p. ex. recommandations écrites, confirmation de la compréhension des recommandations), particulièrement celles liées à l’identification des personnes à risque et de celles nécessitant davantage de soutiens transitoires ou un meilleur accès ou intégration aux ressources disponibles dans la communauté amélioreraient l’autogestion des problèmes de santé suivant les consultations en SU.
In Defense of Progressive Legal Historiography
Authors: Kalman Laura
Published: December 2018

This article surveys the debate between “progressives” and “revisionists” about the Constitution and constitutional interpretation during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Contemporary revisionist scholarship assumes that its victory over progressive scholarship is complete. The article suggests otherwise. First, it summarizes the revisionists’ achievements. Second, in an attempt to improve the quality of the debate, it maintains that “revisionist” and “progressive” legal historians undermine their cases by using words like “progressive,” “Gilded Age,” and “Jacksonian,” and that “revisionist” is not an enlightening term, either. Third, it contends that revisionists have made straw men out of the progressives, whose diversity and contributions they ignore, and that they have shown a lack of empathy for the circumstances facing the progressives. At considerable risk, progressives called attention to the relevance of political calculation, economic self-interest, and biography to understanding the Constitution, constitutional interpretation, and judicial power. The article also observes that revisionists have not yet won the day and that there are still “progressive” holdouts in the legal academy and history departments. Finally, it argues that like the work of “revisionists,” the scholarship of the “progressives”—particularly if we rechristen both—still has something to teach us and that it is time to abandon the familiar dialectic of thesis and antithesis and turn to synthesis.
The impact of childhood trauma and psychophysiological reactivity on at-risk women's adjustment to parenthood
Authors: Oosterman Mirjam , Schuengel Carlo , Forrer Mirte L. , De Moor Marleen H. M.
Published: December 2018

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have an impact on women's adaptation to parenthood, but mechanisms are poorly understood. Autonomic nervous system reactivity was tested as a potential mediating mechanism in a sample of 193 at-risk primiparous women. ACEs were measured retrospectively during pregnancy. A baby cry-response task was administered during pregnancy while indicators of sympathetic reactivity (pre-ejection period; PEP) and parasympathetic reactivity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) were recorded. Parenting self-efficacy, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were measured during pregnancy and 1 year after giving birth. Harsh discipline was measured 2 years after giving birth. Structural equation modeling was employed to test whether baseline PEP and RSA and reactivity mediated links between ACEs and postnatal outcomes, adjusted for prenatal variables. High ACEs predicted less RSA reactivity (p = .02), which subsequently predicted increases in depressive symptoms (p = .03). The indirect effect was not significant (p = .06). There was no indirect link between high ACEs and harsh parenting through PEP nor RSA (n = 98). The parasympathetic nervous system may be involved in negative affective responses in the transition to parenthood among women exposed to childhood trauma.
Population density and habitat loss of Chestnut-headed PartridgeArborophila cambodianain south-west Cambodia
Authors: CHHIN SOPHEA , SOUTER NICHOLAS J. , NGOPRASERT DUSIT , BROWNE STEPHEN J. , SAVINI TOMMASO
Published: December 2018

Thirty-two percent of bird species in South-East Asia are likely to become extinct by the end of this century. However, due to a lack of data this number may be an underestimate. The Chestnut-headed PartridgeArborophila cambodianafound in south-west Cambodia’s Cardamom Mountain range is a largely unknown potentially at-risk species. We used line transects and camera traps to surveyA. cambodianain four protected areas in the Cardamom Mountains to estimate population densities. We also assessed their current distribution range and broad scale habitat changes from 1996 to 2016. We foundA. cambodianain evergreen and semi-evergreen forest at a density of 1.23 calling males/km2, and at altitudes above 400 m and where the slope was between 11 and 43o. From 1996 to 2016A. cambodiana’spotential habitat decreased by 11%, whilst the total evergreen forest cover in the Cardamom Mountains decreased by 20%.A. cambodianahas a very restricted range within which the habitat has been fragmented. Compounded by human disturbance and development activities that negatively affect the species, we suggest a revision of its IUCN Red List status from ‘Least Concern’ to ‘Near Threatened’ as it partially meets a range of threatened Red List species criteria.
Prenatal thrombosis of the ductus arteriosus
Authors: Sequeira Ana T. , Lemos Mariana , Palma Maria J.
Published: December 2018

Spontaneous thrombus in the ductus arteriosus, without associated ductal aneurysm, is a rare condition. We report successful management with clinical and echocardiographic follow-up in a newborn with prenatal diagnosis.
Rare case of septum primum malposition defect in dextrocardia and situs inversus totalis without heterotaxy syndrome
Authors: Jhaveri Simone , Erenberg Francine , Yaman Malek
Published: December 2018

Septum primum malposition defect is an extremely rare CHD and is often found in patients with visceral heterotaxy, particularly of the polysplenia type. We describe a unique patient with dextrocardia, situs inversus totalis, and bilateral superior vena caval veins without heterotaxy syndrome who was diagnosed with an interatrial defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage due to malposition of the septum primum.
The Art of Resistance: The Bards and Minstrels’ Response to Anti-Syncretism/Anti-liminality in north India
Authors: KUMAR MUKESH
Published: December 2018

This article addresses the issue of passive resistance by the Jogi and Mirasi musician castes against the puritanical notions of their former patrons, Meos. After the Meo patrons embraced theTablighi Jamaat's version of Islam, the Jogis and Mirasis feel pressured to give up performing. Their artistry is also their livelihood which they value very much. By using James Scott's understanding of ‘passive resistance’ and ‘hidden transcript’ this article shows the use of poetic art for passive resistance. In doing so, the Jogis and Mirasis do not compromise with the civility of the art and positively use the lyrics of their new songs against the Meo patrons’ versions of religious purity on one hand, and extremist Hinduism on the other. They, in fact, emphasize a version of righteousness that is universal and thus needs no organised religion.
Dietary glycaemic index and cognitive function: prospective associations in adults of the 1946 British birth cohort
Authors: Philippou Elena , Pot Gerda K , Heraclides Alexandros , Richards Marcus , Bendayan Rebecca
Published: December 2018

Objective

Evidence suggests that the rate of glucose release following consumption of carbohydrate-containing foods, defined as the glycaemic index (GI), is inversely associated with cognitive function. To date, most of the evidence stems from either single-meal studies or highly heterogeneous cohort studies. We aimed to study the prospective associations of diet GI at age 53 years with outcomes of verbal memory and letter search tests at age 69 years and rate of decline between 53 and 69 years.

Design

Longitudinal population-based birth cohort study.

Setting

MRC National Survey for Health and Development.

Participants

Cohort members (n 1252).

Results

Using multivariable linear and logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders, associations of higher-GI diet with lower verbal memory, lower letter search speed and lower number of hits in a letter search test were attenuated after adjustments for cognitive ability at age 15 years, educational attainment, further training and occupational social class. No association was observed between diet GI at 53 years and letter search accuracy or speed–accuracy trade-off at 69 years, or between diet GI at 53 years and rate of decline between 53 and 69 years in any cognitive measure.

Conclusions

Diet GI does not appear to predict cognitive function or decline, which was mainly explained by childhood cognitive ability, education and occupational social class. Our findings confirm the need for further research on the association between diet and cognition from a life-course perspective.
Cross-sectional associations of physical activity and gross motor proficiency with adiposity in South African children of pre-school age
Authors: Draper Catherine E , Tomaz Simone A , Jones Rachel A , Hinkley Trina , Twine Rhian , Kahn Kathleen , Norris Shane A
Published: December 2018

Objective

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity, gross motor skills and adiposity in South African children of pre-school age.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

High-income urban, and low-income urban and rural settings in South Africa.

Participants

Children (3–6 years old,n268) were recruited from urban high-income (n46), urban low-income (n91) and rural low-income (n122) settings. Height and weight were measured to calculate the main outcome variables: BMI and BMI-for-ageZ-score (BAZ). Height-for-age and weight-for-ageZ-scores were also calculated. Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers were used to objectively measure physical activity; the Test of Gross Motor Development (Version 2) was used to assess gross motor skills.

Results

More children were overweight/obese and had a higher BAZ from urban low-income settings compared with urban high-income settings and rural low-income settings. Being less physically active was associated with thinness, but not overweight/obesity. Time spent in physical activity at moderate and vigorous intensities was positively associated with BMI and BAZ. Gross motor proficiency was not associated with adiposity in this sample.

Conclusions

The findings of this research highlight the need for obesity prevention particularly in urban low-income settings, as well as the need to take into consideration the complexity of the relationship between adiposity, physical activity and gross motor skills in South African pre-school children.
CONSERVED QUANTITIES ON MULTISYMPLECTIC MANIFOLDS
Authors: RYVKIN LEONID , WURZBACHER TILMANN , ZAMBON MARCO
Published: December 2018

Given a vector field on a manifold $M$, we define a globally conserved quantity to be a differential form whose Lie derivative is exact. Integrals of conserved quantities over suitable submanifolds are constant under time evolution, the Kelvin circulation theorem being a well-known special case. More generally, conserved quantities are well behaved under transgression to spaces of maps into $M$. We focus on the case of multisymplectic manifolds and Hamiltonian vector fields. Our main result is that in the presence of a Lie group of symmetries admitting a homotopy co-momentum map, one obtains a whole family of globally conserved quantities. This extends a classical result in symplectic geometry. We carry this out in a general setting, considering several variants of the notion of globally conserved quantity.
Why are US men retiring later?
Authors: Hou Wenliang , Munnell Alicia , Sanzenbacher Geoffrey Todd , Li Yinji
Published: December 2018

Over the past two decades, the share of individuals claiming Social Security at the Early Eligibility Age has dropped and the average retirement age has increased. At the same time, Social Security rules have changed substantially, employer-sponsored retirement plans have shifted from defined benefit (DB) to defined contribution (DC), health has improved, and mortality has decreased. In theory, all of these changes could lead to a trend toward later claiming. Disentangling the effect of any one change is difficult because they have been occurring simultaneously. This paper uses the Gustman and Steinmeier structural model of retirement timing to investigate which of these changes matter most by simulating their effects on the original cohort (1931–1941) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The predicted behavior is then compared with the actual retirements of the Early Boomer cohort (1948–1953) to see how much of the later cohort's delayed claiming and retirement can be explained by these changes. The Early Boomer cohort was less likely to be fully retired than the HRS cohort at both age 62 (36.7% vs. 44.0%) and age 64 (49.5% vs. 53.9%). The model suggests that the shift from DB toward DC plans was the biggest contributor to these declines, followed by better health. Social Security rules and improvements in mortality played smaller roles.
Elective cesarean delivery at term and the long-term risk for endocrine and metabolic morbidity of the offspring
Authors: Moshkovsky R. , Wainstock T. , Sheiner E. , Landau D. , Walfisch A.
Published: December 2018

Other than obesity, no definitive insights have been gained regarding the apparent association between mode of delivery and long-term endocrine and metabolic outcomes in the offspring. We aimed to determine whether elective cesarean delivery (CD) impacts on long-term endocrine and metabolic morbidity of the offspring. A population-based cohort analysis was performed including all singleton-term deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2014 at a single tertiary medical center. A comparison was performed between children delivered via a non-emergent CD and those delivered vaginally (VD). Hospitalizations of the offspring up to the age of 18 years involving endocrine morbidity were evaluated. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to compare cumulative morbidity incidence. Cox and a Weibull regression models were used to control for confounders. During the study period 131,880 term deliveries met the inclusion criteria; 8.9% were elective non-urgent CDs (n=11,768) and 91.1% (n=120,112) were VDs. The survival curve demonstrated a significantly higher cumulative incidence of endo-metabolic morbidity in offspring born via CD (P=0.010). In the regression models, adjusted for maternal obesity, CD was not noted as an independent risk factor for long-term pediatric endocrine and metabolic morbidity of the offspring while maternal obesity emerged as a strong predictor. We therefore conclude that CD per-se does not appear to increase the risk for long-term pediatric endo-metabolic morbidity of the offspring.
On the Driver of Daytime Pc3 Auroral Pulsations
Authors: Motoba T. , Ebihara Y. , Ogawa Y. , Kadokura A. , Engebretson M. J. , Angelopoulos V. , Gerrard A. J. , Weatherwax A. T.
Published: December 2018

Pc3 range frequency (22–100 mHz) auroral pulsations often occur at daytime high latitudes, equatorward of the cusp/cleft and typically map to the dayside outer magnetosphere. In this paper we present simultaneous observations of compressional Pc3 magnetic pulsations in the dayside outer magnetosphere that occurred in direct association with daytime Pc3 auroral pulsations at South Pole Station (−74.4° magnetic latitude). The pulsations were almost identical at the two locations, and their correlation was clearest when the magnetospheric pulsations were highly monochromatic. Lower‐band chorus waves and keV electron fluxes were also modulated in the Pc3 range, likely by the compressional magnetic pulsations. The common Pc3 frequency in the magnetosphere and aurora matched well with the predicted frequency of upstream ultralow frequency waves. These results provide the first compelling evidence for the direct dayside outer magnetosphere‐ionosphere linkage between upstream‐generated compressional Pc3 waves, Pc3 range modulations of chorus waves and keV electrons, and Pc3 auroral pulsations.
On the Velocity‐Current Relation of Positive Leader Discharges
Authors: Zhao X. , Liu L. , Wang X. , Liu L. , Qu L. , Jia L. , He J. , Luo B. , Chen H.
Published: December 2018

The velocity‐current relation of positive leader discharges is of great importance in the research of lightning physics. However, the measured data in a wide range of current up to several hundred amperes are not available so far. To fill the gap, experiments on positive leader discharges in long air gaps under lightning impulses were carried out on the test site at an altitude of 2.1 km. The velocity and current of positive leaders were measured with the synchronized discharge current and high‐speed video frames. An empirical formula for the velocity‐current relation of positive leaders is given with the leader current up to 500 A. The measurements are also compared with the numerical simulations, and it is suggested that the initial tip radius of a propagating leader grows as the leader current increases.
Deciphering Human Contributions to Yellow River Flow Reductions and Downstream Drying Using Centuries‐Long Tree Ring Records
Authors: Li Jinbao , Xie Shang‐Ping , Cook Edward R. , Chen Fahu , Shi Jiangfeng , Zhang David D. , Fang Keyan , Gou Xiaohua , Li Teng , Peng Jianfeng , Shi Shiyuan , Zhao Yesi
Published: December 2018

The Yellow River flow has decreased substantially in recent decades, and the river often dried up in the lower reach and failed to reach the sea. Climate change and human disruption have been suggested as major causes of the flow reduction, but quantification of their relative contribution is challenging due to limited instrumental records and disturbance by dams. Here we use a basin‐wide tree ring network to reconstruct the Yellow River flow for the past 1,200 years and show that the flow exhibits marked amplitude variations that are closely coupled to the hydrological mean state swings at multidecadal to centennial timescales. Recent flow should have increased to the highest level of the past 1,200 years if there were no human disruption. However, human activities have caused a loss of nearly half of natural flow since the late 1960s and are the main culprit for recent downstream flow reduction.
Climatology of the Quasi‐6‐Day Wave in the Mesopause Region and Its Modulations on Total Electron Content During 2003–2017
Authors: Qin Yusong , Gu Sheng‐Yang , Dou Xiankang , Gong Yun , Chen Gang , Zhang Shaodong , Wu Qian
Published: December 2018

The westward quasi‐6‐day planetary wave (Q6DW) with zonal wave number 1 is a prominent oscillation in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region, which causes significant variabilities in the ionosphere through E region wind dynamo. In this paper, the neutral wind observations from the Thermosphere Ionosphere and Mesosphere Electric Dynamics Doppler Imager experiment, the kinetic temperature observations from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument, and the total electron content (TEC) maps from globally distributed Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers during 2003–2017 are utilized to statistically study the Q6DW in both the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere. Our statistical results show that (1) the Q6DW is most likely to occur during May and September, exhibiting a quasi‐semiannual oscillation. (2) The periods of the Q6DW show two statistical crests at ~6 and ~7 days separately. (3) The ionospheric oscillations due to the Q6DW are positively related to both the 10.7‐cm solar flux index and the neutral wave amplitudes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. The stronger oscillations in TEC under higher solar activity conditions are due to the larger ionization rate and thus larger background TEC. A stronger Q6DW results in stronger wind dynamos in the E region, which leads to stronger F region responses indirectly. (4) The interhemispheric asymmetries of the ionospheric responses to Q6DW show weak negative correlations with both solar activities and neutral wave perturbations, the mechanism of which needs our further investigation.
Changes in the Relationship Between the Interannual Variation of Eurasian Snow Cover and Spring SAT Over Eastern Eurasia
Authors: Wang Min , Jia Xiao Jing , Ge Jing Wen , Qian Qi Feng
Published: December 2018

Changes in the relationship between interannual variation of spring (March–April–May) surface air temperature (SAT) over eastern Eurasia (SAT_EA) and Eurasian snow during 1972–2009 are investigated. The results show that the interannual variation in SAT_EA is significantly correlated with Eurasian snow cover anomalies (SCA) over two key regions, which include the western (SCAW) and eastern (SCAE) parts of the Eurasian continent. A pronounced climate shift of SAT_EA is observed around the late 1980s, and therefore, the data are divided into two subperiods, that is, 1972–1987 (P1) and 1988–2009 (P2). Examinations show that the relationship between SAT_EA and SCAW is impacted by the Arctic Oscillation. In contrast, the relationship between SCAE and the SAT_EA is Arctic Oscillation independent and is significantly increased from P1 to P2. Further analysis shows that the increased correlation between SAT_EA and SCAE from P1 to P2 cannot be well explained by the snow‐related surface heat flux. A wave train‐like anomalous circulation plays an important role in enhancing their relationship through intensified wind‐induced heat advection in P2, which causes reduced snow and increased SAT_EA. A lead‐lag regression analysis of the SCAE and the circulation anomalies indicates that the changes of the SCAE and SAT_EA are mainly responses to atmospheric circulation anomalies that occur 2 months before spring. Numerical experiments that use a linear baroclinic model indicate that the snow anomalies around Lake Baikal may impact the variation of SAT_EA through modulating atmospheric circulation over the East Asia‐North Pacific area.
An Assessment of the Impacts of Cloud Vertical Heterogeneity on Global Ice Cloud Data Records From Passive Satellite Retrievals
Authors: Wang Chenxi , Platnick Steven , Fauchez Thomas , Meyer Kerry , Zhang Zhibo , Iwabuchi Hironobu , Kahn Brian H.
Published: December 2018

Spaceborne passive instruments are widely used to infer long‐term ice cloud properties due to their large temporal and spatial coverage. Although observations from active instruments demonstrate ice particle variability in the vertical dimension, a pragmatic assumption made in passive cloud retrieval algorithms is that the observed scene consists of a plane‐parallel cloud. In this study, a theoretical exploration on how ice cloud vertical heterogeneity (ICVH) influences passive retrievals (i.e., cloud optical thickness, cloud effective radius, and ice water path, IWP) is implemented at the pixel scale. Specifically, with an established ice cloud profile database inferred from 1‐year Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation/CloudSat, we quantitatively estimate ICVH‐induced biases on monthly averaged cloud macrophysical and radiative properties. Results show an average underestimation (−35%) of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) monthly IWP due to the ICVH for global ice clouds over ocean. The ICVH impacts are enhanced at large IWPs (e.g., > 500 g/m2) and solar zenith angles, resulting in a profound underestimation of MODIS IWP (up to −50%) in deep convective regions and middle to high‐latitude regions in the winter hemisphere. The global‐averaged ice cloudy‐sky reflected solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation derived from MODIS retrievals are slightly overestimated, suggesting that the ICVH has little impact on cloud radiative properties. Relatively large reflected solar radiation (0.3 W/m2) and outgoing longwave radiation (0.1 W/m2) flux differences occur at high and low IWPs, respectively. The largest total flux difference (~2 W/m2), mainly contributed by shortwave part, is associated with deep convection where the typical IWP is greater than 2,000 g/m2.