bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN VEGETATIVE CELLS AND SPORES OF
BACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Matches Jack R. , Walker Homer W. , Ayres John C.
Published: January 2020

Matches, Jack
R. (Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames),
Homer W. Walker, and John C. Ayres
. Phospholipids in vegetative cells and spores of
Bacillus polymyxa
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
16–23. 1964.—The same types of phospholipids were recovered from both vegetative cells and spores of
Bacillus polymyxa
1A39. Nitrogen-containing phospholipids were identified as phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl serine, and lysolecithin. Acidic phosphatides containing no nitrogen were identified as phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl glycerol, and a fraction appearing to be bis (phosphatidic) acid. The major phosphatide fraction in both cells and spores was phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Smaller amounts of phosphatidyl glycerol and bis (phosphatidic) acid were present; the other acidic phospholipid components were present only in trace amounts. Heat resistance of the spore as compared to the vegetative cell could not be attributed to a specific phospholipid, since no difference in the type of phospholipids present was observed.
EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINASE OF
STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS
Authors: Williamson W. T. , Tove S. B. , Speck M. L.
Published: January 2020

Williamson
, W. T. (North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh), S. B.
Tove, and M. L. Speck
. Extracellular proteinase of
Streptococcus lactis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
49–53. 1964.—
Streptococcus lactis
was shown to produce an extracellular proteolytic enzyme(s). A 120-fold purification of the proteinase was obtained from the cell-free culture medium by ammonium sulfate fractionation, calcium phosphate gel treatment, and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Only 32% of the activity was destroyed by heating at 98 C for 1 hr. The requirement of free sulfhydryl groups for enzyme activity was indicated by inhibition with
p
-chloromercuric benzoate. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate did not inhibit the proteinase.
EFFECT OF URIC ACID ON RIBOFLAVINE PRODUCTION BY INTESTINAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
Authors: Lau H. S. , Wiseman R. F.
Published: January 2020

Lau
, H. S. (University of Kentucky, Lexington),
and R. F. Wiseman
. Effect of uric acid on riboflavine production by intestinal coliform bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
87:
337–340. 1964.—Cultures of
Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes
, and
Paracolobactrum
species, isolated from human feces and from intestinal contents of rats, were tested for riboflavine synthesis in a chemically defined medium. Riboflavine was assayed by a fluorometric method and by microbiological assay. When uric acid was added to the synthetic medium at levels ranging from 10 to 750 μg/ml, it inhibited the production of riboflavine, but did not affect the growth of the bacteria. As the amount of uric acid in the medium was increased from 10 to 750 μg, there was a corresponding decrease in the amount of riboflavine produced. Some disappearance of uric acid was observed in the cultures. These results suggest that uric acid, or its degradation products, may have acted as an antimetabolite or an enzyme inactivator in the biosynthesis of riboflavine.
EFFECT OF THE TEMPERATURE OF GROWTH OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
ON THE FORMATION OF β-GALACTOSIDASE
Authors: Marr Allen G. , Ingraham John L. , Squires Craig L.
Published: January 2020

Marr, Allen
G. (University of California, Davis),
John L. Ingraham, and Craig L. Squires
. Effect of the temperature of growth of
Escherichia coli
on the formation of β-galactosidase. J. Bacteriol.
87:
356–362. 1964.—The synthesis of β-galactosidase was measured during exponential growth of
Escherichia coli
in a succinate-minimal medium over a temperature range of 10 to 43 C for the following: (i) a constitutive strain, and (ii) an inducible cryptic strain, induced maximally with isopropyl-thio-β-
d
-galactopyranoside (IPTG), or induced submaximally with IPTG. The differential rates of synthesis of β-galactosidase were identical for the constitutive strain and for the fully induced strain; the rates were constant from 20 to 43 C, and decreased progressively with a decrease in temperature below 20 C. Thus, in the absence of specific repression, the ability of
E. coli
to produce β-galactosidase decreases at low temperature. The differential rate of the submaximally induced culture was minimal between 20 and 30 C, and increased progressively with temperature both above 30 C and below 20 C. That the repressor concentration is maximal at 20 C was established by measuring the rate of induced synthesis of β-galactosidase as a function of the concentration of IPTG; the relative concentrations of repressor were 1.00:3.28:0.25 at 40, 20, and 10 C, respectively. After an abrupt change in temperature, the differential rate of a submaximally induced culture changed gradually to the rate of the steady state, which is in agreement with the proposal that the effect of temperature is on the concentration of repressor and not on the equilibrium between repressor and its site of action. The effect of temperature on catabolic repression was determined by comparing the differential rate of synthesis of β-galactosidase by a constitutive strain grown in succinate-minimal medium with the rate in glucose-minimal medium at various temperatures; the ratio of the rates in the two media decreased progressively and approached 2.0 as the temperature of growth was increased.
COMPARATIVE GEL FILTRATION OF TOXIN PRECURSOR AND TRYPSIN-ACTIVATED TOXIN OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
TYPE E
Authors: Sakaguchi Genji , Sakaguchi Sumiko , Imai Nobuko
Published: January 2020

Sakaguchi, Genji
(National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan),
Sumiko Sakaguchi, and Nobuko Imai
. Comparative gel filtration of toxin grecursor and trypsin-activated toxin of
Clostridium botulinum
type E. J. Bacteriol.
87:
401–407. 1964.—Precursor of type E botulinus toxin was highly purified from bacterial cells by extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, ribonuclease digestion, and chromatography on CM-Sephadex. The sample free from ribonucleic acid had a toxicity of 5.1 × 10
5
ld
50
per mg of nitrogen before activation and 8.3 × 10
7
ld
50
per mg of nitrogen after activation. This precursor and its activated product were subjected to gel filtration on a column of Sephadex G-200. No evidence for smaller fractions was obtained. Both precursor and trypsin-activated toxin were eluted in the void volume with 0.05 or 1
m
acetate buffer (pH 6.0) or with 0.05 or 0.5
m
phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). Intact trypsin and its degradation products were separated from toxin. The toxins eluted with the acetate buffers had potencies of 1.2 × 10
8
and 1.3 × 10
8
ld
50
per mg of N, while those eluted with the phosphate buffers showed lower toxicities. Possible mechanisms involved in the activation process are discussed.
FORMATION OF “PROTOPLASTS” OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
WITH A FUNGAL
N
-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE
Authors: Hash John H. , Wishnick Marcia , Miller Philip A.
Published: January 2020

Hash, John
H. (Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, N.Y.),
Marcia Wishnick, and Philip A. Miller
. Formation of “protoplasts” of
Staphylococcus aureus
with a fungal
N
-acetylhexosaminidase. J. Bacteriol.
87:
432–437. 1964.—“Protoplasts” of
Staphylococcus aureus
were obtained when cells were treated with a fungal
N
-acetyl-hexosaminidase in hypertonic sucrose solution. The “protoplasts” were sensitive to osmotic shock, and were free of amino sugars and rigid cell walls. They were unable to regenerate cell walls and form colonies. They may be true protoplasts. Osmotic barriers in the “protoplasts” were preserved, and the “protoplasts” incorporated C
14
-
l
-alanine at about 60% of the rate of intact cells.
PATHWAYS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF A BACTERIAL CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE IV
Authors: Juni Elliot , Heym Gloria A.
Published: January 2020

Juni, Elliot
(Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.),
and Gloria A. Heym
. Pathways for biosynthesis of a bacterial capsular polysaccharide. IV. Capsule resynthesis by decapsulated resting-cell suspensions. J. Bacteriol.
87:
461–467. 1964.—Methods were devised for stripping capsules from encapsulated bacteria. By use of stripped resting-cell suspensions of a gram-negative capsule-forming coccus, it was shown that polysaccharide capsule resynthesis depends upon the presence of air and an oxidizable substrate. Capsule resynthesis proceeds linearly with time. For a given quantity of stripped cells, the net amount of polysaccharide capsule synthesized is a linear function of the amount of substrate oxidized. The only factor that appears to limit the extent of capsule synthesis by resting cells is the amount of substrate utilized. A series of photomicrographs of wet mounts made in India ink show the appearance of stripped cells and resynthesized capsules formed during oxidation of pyruvate and glucose by stripped resting-cell suspensions.
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA
Authors: Takacs Frank P. , Matula Tibor I. , MacLeod Robert A.
Published: January 2020

Takacs, Frank
P. (McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada),
Tibor I. Matula, and Robert A. MacLeod
. Nutrition and metabolism of marine bacteria. XIII. Intracellular concentrations of sodium and potassium ions in a marine pseudomonad. J. Bacteriol.
87:
510–518. 1964.—Washed cells of a marine pseudomonad were suspended in buffered salt solutions containing, in addition to MgSO
4
, NaCl and KCl at various concentrations. The cells were centrifuged from the medium and analyzed for Na
+
and K
+
. Inulin and C
14
-carboxypolyglucose were employed to estimate the volume of extracellular fluid associated with the packed cells. Intracellular Na
+
and K
+
concentrations were determined by correcting for the amount of Na
+
and K
+
in the extracellular fluid. At all levels of Na
+
in the suspending medium (0 to 1
m
), the intracellular and extracellular Na
+
concentrations within the limits of experimental error were the same. The intracellular K
+
concentrations were approximately double the extracellular concentrations at the two levels of K
+
tested (0.01 and 0.15
m
) and were not influenced by the amount of Na
+
present. Intracellular and extracellular Cl
−
concentrations were the same at the one level of Cl
−
examined. The intracellular fluid volume varied with the NaCl or KCl concentration of the suspending medium, being greatest in the absence of added salts, decreasing to a minimum at 0.3
m
salt, and then increasing slightly at higher salt concentrations. Most of the intracellular Na
+
could be removed by washing with solutions of MgSO
4
or sucrose, but a small amount [10 to 15 μmoles/g (dry weight)] remained bound to the cells.
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
IN MEDIUM LIMITED IN PHOSPHATE
Authors: Mallette M. F. , Cowan Cynthia I. , Campbell J. J. R.
Published: January 2020

Mallette
, M. F. (Pennsylvania State University, University Park),
Cynthia I. Cowan, and J. J. R. Campbell
. Growth and survival of
Escherichia coli
in medium limited in phosphate. J. Bacteriol.
87:
779–785. 1964.—Washed suspensions of
Escherichia coli
B increased in turbidity and plate count when incubated at 36.5 to 38 C without added phosphate. The population increased more quickly than did the turbidity. On continued incubation, cell viability decreased rapidly in the presence of all necessary nutrients except phosphate. The decline in viability was logarithmic for 90% of the death curve, suggesting loss of a single critical process. Various combinations of phosphate-starved cells and log-phase cells with fresh, phosphate-deficient and phosphate-containing media, and medium depleted of any contaminating phosphate suggested that the simple, phosphate-deficient medium was, in fact, devoid of available phosphorus. This deduction was confirmed by the linearity and extrapolation through the origin of a plot of turbidity against inoculum size. Cell suspensions increased in a linear manner, with the phosphate concentration at low levels. Therefore, a threshold requirement of phosphate for growth of
E. coli
did not exist, at least, above 1 × 10
−9
moles of phosphate per ml. Thus, there is no maintenance level for phosphorus in the organism analogous to the energy of maintenance. When cells had been previously incubated without exogenous phosphate, their subsequent response to added phosphate was limited. Moderate additions of phosphate did not raise the turbidity much above a plateau value reached at lower phosphate concentrations. Under such conditions, the cells were still viable as measured by plate counting. Yet, when returned to a relatively complete but simple medium after starvation, they could not divide normally. Growth of
E. coli
in a medium deficient only in phosphate rendered the cells susceptible to death on continued incubation. Apparently, material lost during starvation was necessary for multiplication. It was replaced by the plating medium and colonies formed.
2-KETOGLUCONATE FERMENTATION BYSTREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
Authors: Goddard J. L. , Sokatch J. R.
Published: January 2020

Goddard, J. L. (University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City),and J. R. Sokatch. 2-Ketogluconate fermentation byStreptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol.87:844–851. 1964.—Streptococcus faecalis10Cl did not grow with 2-ketogluconate alone as an energy source, but did grow when gluconate was added. More growth was obtained than could be accounted for by the gluconate alone. The requirement for gluconate in the stimulation of growth on 2-ketogluconate was found to be stoichiometric, not catalytic. Glucose did not replace gluconate in this phenomenon, apparently owing to the repression of the 2-ketogluconate pathway by glucose. Resting cells grown on a combination of gluconate and 2-ketogluconate did ferment 2-ketogluconate without added gluconate. Fermentation balance studies with resting cells detected the following products in moles (per mole of 2-ketogluconate): carbon dioxide, 0.98; lactic acid, 0.19; formic acid, 1.42; acetic acid, 0.70; and ethanol, 0.42. 2-Ketogluconate-1-C14and -2-C14were prepared and fermented. The data were interpreted to show that 90% of the substrate was decarboxylated to carbon dioxide and pentose phosphate. Pentose phosphate was then fermented to pyruvate through the sedoheptulose diphosphate variation of the pentose phosphate pathway found in this organism. The other 10% of the substrate was converted to pyruvate by way of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Calculations of the energy available by the above combination of pathways indicated that about 2.3 moles of adenosine triphosphate per mole of 2-ketogluconate could be obtained if the energy available in acetate formation is conserved through the acetokinase reaction.
NUTRITIONAL CONTROL OF MORPHOGENESIS IN
ARTHROBACTER CRYSTALLOPOIETES
Authors: Ensign Jerald C. , Wolfe R. S.
Published: January 2020

Ensign, Jerald
C. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
and R. S. Wolfe
. Nutritional control of morphogenesis in
Arthrobacter crystallopoietes
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
924–932. 1964.—
Arthrobacter crystallopoietes
exhibits the cyclic, morphological variation which is a characteristic of this genus. A simple chemically defined medium was developed in which this organism is restricted to growth and division entirely in the coccoid form. Addition singly to this medium of
l
-arginine,
l
-phenylalanine,
l
-asparagine,
l
-lysine, succinate, malate, fumarate, lactate, or butyrate results in the formation of the rod-shaped stage. A large number of other compounds either increase, have no effect on, or inhibit growth without inducing morphological change in the organisms.
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF HEPARIN ON HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
Authors: Nahmias André J. , Kibrick Sidney
Published: January 2020

Nahmias, AndréJ. (Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.),and Sidney Kibrick. Inhibitory effect of heparin on herpes simplex virus. J. Bacteriol.87:1060–1066. 1964.—A substance inhibitory to herpes simplex virus was observed during experiments with leukocyte cultures. The component in the cultures responsible for this inhibition was identified as heparin. The minimal inhibitory concentration required to inhibit 30 to 300tcd50of the virus in human amnion tissue culture was found to be 1 to 2 units per ml (10 to 20 μg/ml). This effect was confirmed with other strains of herpes simplex virus, other tissue-culture systems, and other media. The inhibitory activity of the heparin was found to be related to the sulfate groupings on the molecule. The effect of heparin appears to be on the virus, rather than on the cell. The virus is not inactivated, however, and the heparin-virus “complex” is readily dissociable on dilution. Heparin was shown to affect viral infection in its earliest phase, probably at the primary electrostatic attachment of virus to cell. The import of these and related observations on common virological laboratory procedures and the possible biological significance of our findings are discussed.
CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID CONTENT OF RADIATION-RESISTANT AND -SENSITIVE STRAINS OFESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Woodside E. E. , Kocholaty W.
Published: January 2020

Woodside, E. E. (U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory, Fort Knox, Ky.),and W. Kocholaty. Carbohydrate and lipid content of radiation-resistant and -sensitive strains ofEscherichia coli. J. Bacteriol.87:1140–1146. 1964.—Total lipid contents of acetate minimal medium cultures ofEscherichia coli, strains B, B/r, and Bs, were not significantly different when identical pretreatment and extraction procedures were compared. Wide variations in intracellular hexose and pentose derivatives ofE. coliB, B/r, and Bswere induced by changes in carbon and nitrogen sources and by changes in the growth phases. The three strains produced more intracellular carbohydrate when grown in nutrient broth-glucose medium than when grown in unsupplemented nutrient broth. Acetate minimal medium cultures of the radiation-sensitive mutant,E. coliBs, contained the least, and the radiation-resistant mutant,E. coliB/r the largest, amounts of intracellular hexoses. Environmental conditions which increased the radiation resistance ofE. coliB/r were similar to the environmental conditions which favored increased intracellular hexose accumulation. After X ray ofE. coliB/r, considerable amounts of hexoses and pentoses were released into the growth medium. Alterations in hexose distribution patterns of X-rayedE. coliB/r preceded alterations in pentose distribution patterns. Prolonged postirradiation incubation resulted in a net synthesis of extracellular hexose, with concomitant loss of intracellular hexose accumulation.
PURIFICATION OF
STREPTOMYCES VENEZUELAE
PHAGE
Authors: Kolstad R. A. , Bradley S. G.
Published: January 2020

Kolstad
, R. A. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and S. G. Bradley
. Purification of
Streptomyces venezuelae
phage. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1157–1161. 1964.—
Streptomyces venezuelae
phage MSP8 was concentrated and purified by a combination of methods including dialysis against polyethylene glycol, partitioning between the two phases of aqueous polymer systems, gel filtration, chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose, and differential centrifugation.
S. venezuelae
phage MSP8 is 57% deoxyribonucleic acid and 43% protein. Its head is 55 by 70 mμ, and its tail is 10 by 150 mμ. Its dry weight is 250 mg per 10
15
plaqueforming units, and its density is 1.4. Phage MSP8 contains 15 μg of phosphorus and 40 μg of nitrogen per 10
12
particles. The ratio of light absorbancy at 260 to 280 mμ is 1.5. A mixture of two actinophages, MNP3 and MVP7, was separated by use of ECTEOLA-cellulose. In one fraction, 99% of the phage was MNP3; in another fraction, 99% of the phage was MVP7.
ANTIBIOTIC CONTROL OF TISSUE REACTIONS IN DOGS VACCINATED WITH VIABLE CELLS OF
COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS
Authors: Castleberry Merida W. , Converse John L. , Soto Peter J.
Published: January 2020

Castleberry, Merida
W. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
John L. Converse, and Peter J. Soto, Jr.
Antibiotic control of tissue reactions in dogs vaccinated with viable cells of
Coccidioides immitis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1216–1220. 1964.—A total of 12 dogs (15 to 25 lb each), vaccinated with viable
Coccidioides immitis
(subcutaneous injection of 260 viable arthrospores in the medial surface of the hind leg), resisted a respiratory challenge (aerosol) with the same organism (13,000 viable arthrospores) administered (aerosol) 2 months after vaccination. Oral amphotericin B therapy (150 mg of Fungizone per day for 21 days) of 6 of the 12 dogs, initiated immediately after vaccination, eliminated the undesirable side reactions of the viable vaccine (ulcerated vaccination site and inguinal lymphadenopathy exhibited by the 6 untreated dogs) without affecting the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Clinical observation (blood-urea nitrogen levels) during and after therapy and histological examination approximately 3 months after respiratory challenge failed to disclose any evidence of nephrotoxicity or renal damage due to the oral antibiotic therapy (total doses of more than 3 g of amphotericin B).
ANTIGEN CHANGES DURING SPORE FORMATION INBACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Baillie Ann , Norris John R.
Published: January 2020

Baillie, Ann(University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland),and John R. Norris. Antigen changes during spore formation inBacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol.87:1221–1226. 1964.—Ultrasonic extracts ofBacillus cereuscells harvested at different stages in spore formation were analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis with antisera prepared by injecting similar extracts into rabbits. Seven antigens resistant to heating at 80 C for 10 min were detected in extracts of young vegetative cells, and there were at least eight additional thermolabile antigens present at this stage. During spore formation, many of the thermolabile antigens disappeared from the cells and new antigens could be detected. Mature spores contained four of the heat-resistant antigens present in young vegetative cells and an additional five heat-resistant antigens. Only three thermolabile antigens were detected in spore extracts.
ISOLATION AND PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE φμ-4
Authors: Shafia Fred , Thompson T. L.
Published: January 2020

Shafia, Fred
(University of Nebraska, Lincoln),
and T. L. Thompson
. Isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteriophage φμ-4. J. Bacteriol.
87:
999–1002. 1964.—Bacteriophage φμ-4 was isolated from lysogenic
Bacillus stearothermophilus
NU strain 4, and was propagated in strain 10 of the same species. The phage was extremely host-specific. One of the 23 strains of thermophiles screened for susceptibility supported phage replication. Plaque-forming efficiency of φμ-4 depended on the agar medium employed and the temperature of incubation. Generally, media which resulted in restricted growth of the host cells on agar plates were most satisfactory for plaque formation. A latent period of 35 min was terminated in cell lysis and release of about 175 plaque-forming units (PFU) per infected cell. The phage particles, propagated in cells cultured in Trypticase (BBL)-yeast extract-dextrose-calcium chloride broth, were routinely removed from the lysate by 0.6 ammonium sulfate saturation in the cold. Phage purification was by ultracentrifugation followed by sucrose density-gradient. The phage particles appeared spherical, in electron micrographs. Particle size determination by electron micrographs indicated a diameter of less than 100 A.
FACTORS WHICH MODIFY THE EFFECT OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ON BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANES
Authors: Henneman Dorothy H. , Umbreit W. W.
Published: January 2020

Henneman, DorothyH. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),and W. W. Umbreit. Factors which modify the effect of sodium and potassium on bacterial cell membranes. J. Bacteriol.87:1266–1273. 1964.—Suspensions ofEscherichia coliB, when placed in 0.2 to 0.5msolutions of NaCl, KCl, or LiCl, show an increased turbidity. With NaCl, this increased turbidity is stable with time; with KCl and LiCl, it is gradually lost. The stability to NaCl with time is due to substances removable from the cell by incubation in phosphate buffer; these materials exist in water washings from such phosphate-incubated cells.
ISOLOGOUS INTERFERENCE WITH ULTRAVIOLET AND X-RAY IRRADIATED BACTERIOPHAGE T2
Authors: Levy Stuart B.
Published: January 2020

Levy, StuartB. (Institut du Radium, Paris, France). Isologous interference with ultraviolet and X-ray irradiated bacteriophage T2. J. Bacteriol.87:1330–1338. 1964.—Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the interference capacity of an irradiated T2bacteriophage was made with ultraviolet and X-ray irradiation. Two different effects were found to explain the total interference picture in the ultraviolet-irradiated system: exclusion and depression. Exclusion is the absolute inhibition of infectious phage growth in the bacterial host. Depression is the diminution of burst size in instances where the infectious phage has not been excluded. Both effects were seen when the infectious phage was added after the addition of ultraviolet-irradiated phage. Doses between 1,600 and 2,200 ergs/mm2(survivals, ca. 10−7) showed the greatest exclusion effect (70%). Exclusion was lost between 6,500 and 7,500 ergs/mm2. The depression effect was highest (90%) at lower doses (survivals, ca. 10−6), falling off as the dose range went above 1,600 ergs/mm2or survivals of 10−7. Depression was lost at 3,000 ergs/mm2. X-ray irradiation (both direct and indirect) to survivals less than 10−2showed no interference capacity in the phage irradiated. Indirect X-ray irradiation to survivals between 5 and 10% showed 50% exclusion, but no depression.
RELEASE OF NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES BY BREWER'S YEAST III
Authors: Lewis M. J. , Phaff H. J.
Published: January 2020

Lewis
, M. J. (University of California, Davis),
and H. J. Phaff
. Release of nitrogenous substances by brewers' yeast. III. Shock excretion of amino acids. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1389–1396. 1964.—When
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
(two strains) and
S. cerevisiae
(one strain) were grown in static culture and the harvested, washed cells were suspended in a solution of glucose, amino acids were suddenly released and then rapidly reabsorbed in a space of about 2 hr. The phenomenon of amino acid release, which was termed shock excretion, varied in intensity with the strain of yeast and was shown to be dependent on the size of the pool of free amino acids within the cells. Shock excretion was independent of osmotic pressure of the suspending medium, but required the presence of a fermentable sugar.
d
-Galactose and maltose caused shock excretion only when yeast was previously adapted to these sugars. Limiting glucose concentrations prevented reabsorption of amino acids, and a further decrease in glucose concentration also limited excretion. Shock excretion was strikingly reduced when the temperature of the suspending medium was lowered.
ADANSONIAN ANALYSIS AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BASE COMPOSITION OF SOME GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Colwell R. R. , Mandel M.
Published: January 2020

Colwell, R. R. (Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.),and M. Mandel. Adansonian analysis and deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of some gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol.87:1412–1422. 1964.—The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base compositions and S values for a minimum of 134 coded properties were determined for representative cultures of the generaPseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Aerobacter, Escherichia, Alcaligenes, andFlavobacterium. Those cultures having a high degree of similarity by the criterion of numerical taxonomy were found to have similar DNA base compositions. The relative affinities of clusters of cultures suggest taxonomic relations. Eleven species ofXanthomonasmight be a single species, andV. metschnikoviiwas shown to be more closely related to enteric bacteria than to other vibrios which, in turn, were found to be like pseudomonads.Aeromonaswas found to be intermediate in similarity to enterics and pseudomonads and divisible into at least two, but possibly three, species.F. aquatilewas unlike any of the other organisms studied, and its DNA also differed greatly in composition from other representatives of the genus.
CONTROL OF URACIL SYNTHESIS BY ARGININE IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Ben-Ishai Ruth , Lahav Michal , Zamir Ada
Published: January 2020

Ben-Ishai, Ruth
(Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa),
Michal Lahav, and Ada Zamir
. Control of uracil synthesis by arginine in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1436–1442. 1964.—It is shown that arginine affects uracil biosynthesis in
Escherichia coli
. The effect of arginine on uracil synthesis was analyzed by following the changes in the level of aspartate transcarbamylase, the first specific enzyme in uracil synthesis. In this research, an effect of arginine on aspartate transcarbamylase formation was observed only if the bacteria were preincubated with arginine in the presence of uracil analogues that cause apparent partial derepression of this enzyme. The possible effect of a structural modification of aspartate transcarbamylase by 2-thiouracil, the analogue principally used, is considered. However, it is shown that arginine causes derepression of aspartate transcarbamylase, even if a modification of the enzyme occurs. An effect of uracil on arginine synthesis can also be observed in repressible strains of
E. coli
, if conditions of partial derepression of the enzymes involved in arginine synthesis prevail. However, neither the derepression of aspartate transcarbamylase by arginine nor the derepression of ornithine transcarbamylase by uracil is accompanied by changes in the level of carbamyl phosphokinase, the enzyme that catalyzes carbamyl phosphate synthesis.
ENZYMES OF THE PYRIMIDINE PATHWAY IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
II
Authors: Taylor W. Herman , Taylor Mary L.
Published: January 2020

Taylor, W. Herman
(Portland State College, Portland, Ore.),
and Mary L. Taylor
. Enzymes of the pyrimidine pathway in
Escherichia coli
. II. Intracellular localization and properties of dihydroorotic dehydrogenase. J. Bacteriol.
88:
105–111. 1964.—Intracellular localization of three enzymes of the pyrimidine pathway in
Escherichia coli
was studied. Dihydroorotic dehydrogenase was found to be associated with the membrane portion of lysed spheroplasts. Centrifugal fractionation of cell-free extracts showed all the dihydroorotic dehydrogenase activity to be associated with large structures, probably cell wall-membrane fragments. In contrast, all orotidylic decarboxylase activity was found in the cytoplasm in both lysed spheroplasts and cell-free extracts. Aspartate transcarbamylase activity appeared to be particulate in repressed cells, but only 25% was particulate in derepressed cells. Dihydroorotic dehydrogenase was shown to be bound to oxidative particles by oxygen uptake and orotate production from dihydroorotate. A ferricyanide reduction assay, suitable for measuring soluble and particulate enzyme, was devised for dihydroorotic dehydrogenase. Soluble dihydroorotic dehydrogenase was prepared by use of deoxycholate. A 20-fold purification of the enzyme compared to whole-cell activity was achieved by ammonium sulfate fractionation of the deoxycholate-soluble enzyme. Although cytochromes were implicated by cyanide inhibition of aerobic orotate production by particles, the purified enzyme appeared to be separated from the cytochromes, as shown by lack of cyanide inhibition in the ferricyanide assay. The purified soluble enzyme did not react in the aerobic assay previously used by others for assay of this enzyme. In contrast to the degradative dihydroorotic dehydrogenases reported by other workers, the biosynthetic dihydroorotic dehydrogenase of
E. coli
did not link to pyridine nucleotides.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING THE GROWTH OF FUNGI I
Authors: Gottlieb David , Van Etten James L.
Published: January 2020

Gottlieb, David
(University of Illinois, Urbana),
and James L. Van Etten
. Biochemical changes during the growth of fungi. I. Nitrogen compounds and carbohydrate changes in
Penicillium atrovenetum
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
114–121. 1964.—Changes in the biochemical constituents of cells were studied during the growth and development of
Penicillium atrovenetum
. Growth of the fungus, as measured by the dry weight, could be divided into four phases: lag, log, stationary, and death. The percentages of total nitrogen, cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein increased to a maximum during the lag phase, and subsequently decreased as the fungus aged. The percentage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was always slightly higher in the spores than in the mycelium. The DNA in the mycelium decreased in the lag phase, and then increased slightly to a plateau for the duration of the log phase, followed by a decrease to a constant percentage during the stationary and death phases. Carbohydrates were present in higher concentration in the mycelium than in the spores. The percentage of carbohydrates in the mycelium increased continually until it reached a maximum late in the log phase, and then decreased as the fungus entered the death phase. The results reported for this fungus are, in general, in agreement with those reported for other microorganisms. Namely, the percentages of enzyme-forming compounds, such as amino acids, nucleotides, RNA, and protein, were highest in the lag phase, whereas storage compounds such as carbohydrates increased to a maximum near the end of the log phase. The definition of log phase in fungi depends on the criteria that are used. If, instead of using the linear increase in dry weight to delimit this growth period, one uses the end of net protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis, a more realistic concept of growth emerges.
METABOLIC CONTROL OF PENICILLINASE BIOSYNTHESIS IN
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Yip Lily C. , Shah Ramesh , Day Richard A.
Published: January 2020

Yip, Lily
C. (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio),
Ramesh Shah, and Richard A. Day
. Metabolic control of penicillinase biosynthesis in
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
297–308. 1964.—Penicillinase production in strains 5 and 5/B of
Bacillus cereus
in response to treatment by 6-aminopenicillanic acid (APA), penicillin G, (6-
N
-α-(
p
-benzyloxyphenoxy)-propionylamino-penicillanic acid, and cephalosporin C (CC) was found to be analogous to that seen in constitutive strains. Strain 5 did not release penicillinase into the medium to any great extent. Penicillinase production and the effect of the above penicillins on it were found to decline with increasing density of the culture. The penicillins were shown to accelerate or retard the production of penicillinase activity in strain 5 cells during pretreatment at 0 C and during incubation at 37 C. Strains 5 and 5/B gave qualitatively similar responses to penicillin treatment. At 0 C, the specific activity of penicillinase in strain 5 passes through a period of rapid increase at 0 hr and a period of little change at approximately 1 hr, followed by an increased rate of change towards 2 hr. The effect of APA or CC on specific activity of strain 5 cells during treatment at 0 C could not be reversed by one another, but Hg could reverse the increase caused by CC to some extent and the repression caused by APA. The production of penicillinase in the microconstitutive strain 5 of
Bacillus cereus
in response to treatment with CC was influenced by various inhibitors. 8-Azaguanine inhibited the production of the enzyme both during a pretreatment of the cells with CC at 0 C and during the subsequent incubation at 37 C. Actinomycin D, 6-azauracil, 6-thioguanine, and 2-thiocytosine inhibit the increase in penicillinase arising after the pretreatment at 0 C. 6-Azathymine has very little effect on the change of penicillinase activity. The CC-induced change occurring during the 0 C period was postulated to be a process at the level of protein biosynthesis itself; change at 37 C, constituting a delayed response, was considered a process at the level of messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis.
BIOTIN DEFICIENCY AND THE FATTY ACIDS OF CERTAIN BIOTIN-REQUIRING BACTERIA
Authors: Croom Jo A. , McNeill J. J. , Tove S. B.
Published: January 2020

Croom, JoA. (North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh), J. J.McNeill, and S. B. Tove. Biotin deficiency and the fatty acids of certain biotin-requiring bacteria. J. Bacteriol.88:389–394. 1964.—The major fatty acids ofLactobacillus plantarumwere identified as myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic,cis-vaccenic, and lactobacillic. Small amounts of a C14-monoenoic acid were also found. The major acids of a biotin-requiring mutant ofEscherichia coliwere lauric, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, methylene-hexadecanoic, octadecenoic, and methylene-octadecanoic. The C16-monoenoic acid fraction ofE. colialso contained small amounts of 7,8-hexadecenoate. The C18-monoenoic acid fraction contained 9,10-octadecenoic acid (oleic), with small amounts of 7,8-octadecenoic. Two other components, which had properties similar to tridecanoic and pentadecanoic acids, were also found. Biotin deficiency inL. plantarumdecreased the relative amounts ofcis-vaccenic and lactobacillic acids, and increased palmitic acid. InE. colithere was no change in the proportion of palmitic acid, whereas there were increases in monoenoic acids and a decreased level of methylene-hexadecanoic acid. InL. plantarum, palmitic and lactobacillic acids increased with age, andcis-vaccenic decreased sharply. In biotin deficiency, there was a decrease of about 20% in total lipid ofL. plantarum.
MECHANISMS IN THE INHIBITION OF MICROORGANISMS BY SORBIC ACID
Authors: York George K. , Vaughn Reese H.
Published: January 2020

York, GeorgeK. (University of California, Davis),and Reese H. Vaughn. Mechanisms in the inhibition of microorganisms by sorbic acid. J. Bacteriol.88:411–417. 1964.—Oxidative assimilation of glucose, acetate, succinate, and fumarate by washed cells ofEscherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andSaccharomyces cerevisiaewas inhibited by concentrations of sorbic acid ranging from 15 to 105 mg per 100 ml. At higher concentrations, the oxidation of these substrates was inhibited. Oxidative phosphorylation by submicroscopic particles ofE. coliwas reduced by about 30% by 37 mg per 100 ml of sorbic acid. The sulfhydryl enzymes fumarase, aspartase, and succinic dehydrogenase were inhibited by sorbic acid. The loss of activity of sorbic acid after reacting with cysteine suggested that a thiol addition occurred, which is believed to be the mechanism of action against sulfhydryl enzymes or cofactors.
VIABILITY AND METABOLISM OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
AFTER FREEZING, LYOPHILIZATION, AND IRRADIATION
Authors: Ahn T. H. , Nishihara H. , Carpenter Charles M. , Taplin G. V.
Published: January 2020

Ahn
, T. H. (University of California, Los Angeles),
H. Nishihara, Charles M. Carpenter, and G. V. Taplin
. Viability and metabolism of
Staphylococcus aureus
after freezing, lyophilization, and gamma irradiation. J. Bacteriol.
88:
545–552. 1964.—Reproductive viability and oxidative activity on various substrates (alanine, glutamic acid, glucose, lactic acid) were studied in
Staphylococcus aureus
cells subjected to (i) freezing and thawing, (ii) lyophilization, (iii) irradiation in suspension, (iv) irradiation in lyophilized state, and (v) lyophilization and irradiation in the presence of various substrates. Freezing and thawing in dilute albumin solution had no effect on viable cell count and on lactic acid oxidation, but the oxidation rates of alanine, glutamic acid, and glucose were decreased. Lyophilization reduced the viable cell count to 25 to 30% of the initial value, and decreased the oxidation rates of glutamic acid and alanine proportionally, whereas decrease in glucose oxidation was less than proportional. The lactic acid oxidation rate was not affected by lyophilization. An irradiation dosage of about 40,000 r was required to reduce the viable count of cells irradiated in suspension by one log
10
unit; lyophilized cells required 140,000 to 170,000 r. Cells irradiated in suspension with dosages sufficient to render them completely nonviable on culture continued to respire on lactic acid at about 60% the rate of nonirradiated cells, but the residual activities on the other substrates tested were less than 10 to 12%. Lyophilized cells irradiated with sufficient dosages for cultural nonviability retained 40 to 80% of the oxidative capacity of nonirradiated cells on the test substrates. Cells lyophilized and irradiated in the presence of albumin generally retained a greater portion of their oxidative activities compared with cells lyophilized and irradiated in buffer. Cells irradiated in the presence of various oxidizable substrates gave varying results, depending both on the substrate present during irradiation and the substrate added for the oxidative studies.
INDUCTION BY ANTIBIOTICS AND COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY OF L-PHASE VARIANTS OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Molander C. W. , Kagan B. M. , Weinberger H. J. , Heimlich E. M. , Busser R. J.
Published: January 2020

Molander
, C. W. (Cedars of Lebanon-Mount Sinai Hospitals, Los Angeles, Calif.), B. M.
Kagan, H. J. Weinberger, E. M. Heimlich, and R. J. Busser
. Induction by antibiotics and comparative sensitivity of L-phase variants of
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
591–594. 1964.—The penicillins, cephalothin, vancomycin, and bacitracin were found to be less inhibitory to the L-phase variants than to their respective parent bacteria. Those antibiotics not considered to be primarily inhibitors of cell-wall synthesis were, in general, somewhat more inhibitory to the L form than to their parent bacteria. Only the penicillins and cephalothin readily induced L-phase variation. Novobiocin induced pleomorphic growth resembling the earliest stages of L-phase transformation. Failure of observable induction by bacitracin and vancomycin suggests that these two antibiotics affect cell-wall synthesis in a manner different from the penicillins, or that L-phase transformation may require more than “penicillin-like” interference with cell-wall synthesis.
CATALASE ACTIVITY OF TWO
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
STRAINS AND ITS ENHANCEMENT BY AEROBIOSIS AND ADDED CATIONS
Authors: Jones Dorothy , Deibel R. H. , Niven C. F.
Published: January 2020

Jones, Dorothy
(American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.), R. H.
Deibel, and C. F. Niven, Jr.
Catalase activity of two
Streptococcus faecalis
strains and its enhancement by aerobiosis and added cations. J. Bacteriol.
88:
602–610. 1964.—The nature of catalase activity noted in two unusual
Streptococcus faecalis
strains was determined. Enzyme activity was lost slowly when cultures were maintained by daily transfer in test tubes of broth media. Loss of activity could be prevented by aerobic culture. Supplementation of the growth medium with ferric, manganese, and zinc ions, as well as aerobiosis, enhanced catalase activity. However, addition of these cations to cell suspensions or to cell-free extracts did not increase catalase activity. Although oxygen was observed to be one of the reaction end products, the catalase activity was not inhibited by cyanide or azide, and the iron-porphyrin coenzyme of classical catalase was not detected. The enzyme was purified 185-fold by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, followed by chromotography on a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column.
GROWTH AND EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCTION BY
RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI
IN DEFINED MEDIUM
Authors: Dudman W. F.
Published: January 2020

Dudman
, W. F. (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia). Growth and extracellular polysaccharide production by
Rhizobium meliloti
in defined medium. J. Bacteriol.
88:
640–645. 1964.—A defined medium was developed in which
Rhizobium meliloti
grew well in shaken flasks and produced large yields of extracellular polysaccharide. The medium contains 1% mannitol plus 1% sodium succinate as the carbon source. 0.2% sodium glutamate as the nitrogen source, mineral salts, thiamine, and biotin. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were inferior to mannitol when compared as carbon sources. The presence of succinate in the medium enhanced polysaccharide production and also stimulated the appearance of an extracellular soluble pigment. In this medium, both growth and polysaccharide production were favored by low aeration.
PROPERTIES OF PROTEINASE FROMSTREPTOCOCCUS FAECALISVAR.LIQUEFACIENS
Authors: Bleiweis Arnold S. , Zimmerman Leonard N.
Published: January 2020

Bleiweis, ArnoldS. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park),and Leonard N. Zimmerman. Properties of proteinase fromStreptococcus faecalisvar.liquefaciens. J. Bacteriol.88:653–659. 1964.—The extracellular group D streptococcal proteinase is inactivated by chelating agents [ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (EDTA),o-phenanthroline, and 8-quinolinol] and mercaptans (cysteine, mercaptoethanol, and thioglycolate). The optimal inhibitory concentrations of EDTA (4 × 10−4m) and cysteine (2.5 × 10−2m) promote rapid loss of activity with 50% inactivation after 4 to 5 min. Enzyme inactivated by either EDTA or cysteine is reactivated about 80% by 4 × 10−4mZn++. Such reactivation of EDTA-treated enzyme is prevented completely by iodoacetate (5 × 10−2m) and of cysteine-treated enzyme by oxidizing conditions, which suggests that the zinc binding-site may be a thiol. High levels of zinc (10−3m) do not allow reactivation in either case, and actually inhibit native proteinase. Ca++, Mg++, Co++, Fe++, Cu++, and Ni++do not reactivate cysteine-treated enzyme, but Mn++(10−4to 8 × 10−4m) allows 27% reversal. N2-held, cysteine-treated enzyme can be spontaneously reactivated if the substrate is flushed with O2during the assay; leakage of air or O2into the samples before assay leads to loss of reactivatability. Native proteinase does not lose activity after dialysis for 43 hr against 0.07mphosphate buffer. It is concluded that the group D proteinase obtained fromStreptococcus faecalisvar.liquefaciensis probably a zinc metalloenzyme that is unlike the thiol-activated, group A streptococcal proteinase, but similar to the mammalian carboxypeptidase A.
CHARACTERIZATION OF AN HFR STRAIN OF
SHIGELLA FLEXNERI
Authors: Schneider Herman , Falkow Stanley
Published: January 2020

Schneider, Herman
(Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
and Stanley Falkow
. Characterization of an Hfr strain of
Shigella flexneri
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
682–689. 1964.—A Hfr
Shigella flexneri
, strain 69, was obtained by terminal marker selection in a cross between Hfr
Escherichia coli
and
S. flexneri
. The chromosome of this Hfr
Shigella
bears gross homology to the
E. coli
chromosome: it can conjugate with both
Shigella
and
E. coli;
its order of gene transmission is the same as
E. coli;
and interrupted matings show that distance between gene loci is the same as for
E. coli
. The kinetics of transfer of the
pro
+
,
thr
+
+
leu
+
, and
arg
+
loci by Hfr
S. flexneri
differ from Hfr
E. coli
, and may indicate that function of the sex factor, F, derived from
E. coli
, is modified when integrated into the
Shigella
chromosome.