bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Objectively measuring behaviour traits in an automated restraint-test for ungulates: towards making temperament measurable
Authors: GRAUNKE K. L. , LANGBEIN J. , REPSILBER D. , SCHÖN P-C.
Published: April 2012

The personality of an animal is described by traits that cause consistent actions and reactions to environmental stimuli. An important part of personality is the reaction to unpleasant or uncontrollable situations. Methods described in the literature to measure personality in animals are often based on measuring or rating escape behaviour in these situations. In the methods described, human handlers are frequently part of the experiment or the animals’ personalities are scored by humans. Thus, these methods are at least partly subjective.

In the current study, an appliance to measure objectively the escape behaviour of ungulates and their reluctance during an uncontrollable situation (restraint) with a rather simple and comprehensible methodology is presented using a force transducer with adequate peripheral equipment. While the animals were restrained, a tractive force-time diagram describing escape behaviour was recorded and later analysed with software developed specifically.

To evaluate this newly developed technical method, 24 three-month-old calves were restrained by being tethered for 30 min on a halter that was connected to the force transducer. From the tractive force-time diagram, tractive force, maximal tractive force and the number of pulls that the calves performed during 5-min intervals were calculated. The multivariate results were analysed with ak-means-algorithm (function ‘kcca’) and a hierarchical clustering (function ‘hclust’) included in R version 2.12.1.

Both analyses revealed two clearly separated clusters including the same individuals in each analysis. The animals of cluster 1 showed a continuously higher reaction level than those of cluster 2 with a strong reaction in the beginning, a short decrease before increasing during the middle of the experiment and a final decrease at the end of the test. The animals of cluster 2 had a lower and quite steady reaction level throughout the experiment, although even here a slight increase during the middle of the experiment could be detected before a final decrease towards the end of the test was shown. There was no significant difference in weight between the two clusters.

The results showed that this newly developed method was able to detect differences in the animals’ escape behaviour patterns and reluctance with the measured parameters.
FERTILITY DECLINE UNDER SEEMINGLY UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS IN ORISSA, INDIA
Authors: SAHOO HARIHAR
Published: April 2012

Orissa, one of the extremely backward states of India with moderately high infant mortality, extreme poverty, low female literacy and very low level of industrialization and urbanization, has shown an impressive fertility decline in the last two decades. This anomaly calls for an indepth understanding of the fertility transition of the state. An analysis of the period parity progression ratios computed from the fertility histories obtained in the National Family Health Survey III shows a high progression up to the second birth, but a gradual decline after that. Thus, the transition at low level of socioeconomic development suggests a fall in the thresholds for fertility decline from levels presumed to be required in the past.
Helix advancement meatoplasty
Authors: Goodyear P W A , Reddy C E , Lesser T H J
Published: April 2012

We describe a new technique of helix advancement meatoplasty. This technique is useful in both mastoid surgery and some cases of otitis externa. The technique is designed to avoid the problems of (1) inferior positioning of the meatoplasty at the time of surgery, and (2) later inferior migration of the pinna (as can occur when the suspensory ligaments of the pinna have been cut or weakened). Such outcomes can result in a mastoid cavity which is difficult to clean as the approach to it is awkward; in such cases, it is common to have to look up into the cavity rather than directly into it. Helix advancement meatoplasty improves post-operative visualisation and aeration. It eases cleaning of the cavity by creating a more superiorly placed meatoplasty, which is supported by the tragus and is therefore less likely to drop.
Prospective study of cannabis use in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: impact on conversion to psychosis and functional outcome
Authors: Auther A. M. , McLaughlin D. , Carrión R. E. , Nagachandran P. , Correll C. U. , Cornblatt B. A.
Published: April 2012

Background

Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest an association between cannabis use and psychosis but this relationship remains controversial.

Method

Clinical high-risk (CHR) subjects (age 12–22 years) with attenuated positive symptoms of psychosis (CHR+,n=101) were compared to healthy controls (HC,n=59) on rates of substance use, including cannabis. CHR+ subjects with and without lifetime cannabis use (and abuse) were compared on prodromal symptoms and social/role functioning at baseline. Participants were followed an average of 2.97 years to determine psychosis conversion status and functional outcome.

Results

At baseline, CHR+ subjects had significantly higher rates of lifetime cannabis use than HC. CHR+ lifetime cannabis users (n=35) were older (p=0.015, trend), more likely to be Caucasian (p=0.002), less socially anhedonic (p<0.001) and had higher Global Functioning: Social (GF:Social) scores (p<0.001) than non-users (n=61). CHR+ cannabis users continued to have higher social functioning than non-users at follow-up (p<0.001) but showed no differences in role functioning. A small sample of CHR+ cannabis abusers (n=10) showed similar results in that abusers were older (p=0.008), less socially anhedonic (p=0.017, trend) and had higher baseline GF:Social scores (p=0.006) than non-abusers. Logistic regression analyses revealed that conversion to psychosis in CHR+ subjects (n=15) was not related to lifetime cannabis use or abuse.

Conclusions

The current data do not indicate that low to moderate lifetime cannabis use is a major contributor to psychosis or poor social and role functioning in clinical high-risk youth with attenuated positive symptoms of psychosis.
Longitudinal follow-up of cavum septum pellucidum and adhesio interthalamica alterations in first-episode psychosis: a population-based MRI study
Authors: Trzesniak C. , Schaufelberger M. S. , Duran F. L. S. , Santos L. C. , Rosa P. G. P. , McGuire P. K. , Murray R. M. , Scazufca M. , Menezes P. R. , Hallak J. E. C. , Crippa J. A. S. , Busatto G. F.
Published: April 2012

Background

Neurodevelopmental alterations have been described inconsistently in psychosis probably because of lack of standardization among studies. The aim of this study was to conduct the first longitudinal and population-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the presence and size of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and adhesio interthalamica (AI) in a large sample of patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP).

Method

FEP patients (n=122) were subdivided into schizophrenia (n=62), mood disorders (n=46) and other psychosis (n=14) groups and compared to 94 healthy next-door neighbour controls. After 13 months, 80 FEP patients and 52 controls underwent a second MRI examination.

Results

We found significant reductions in the AI length in schizophrenia FEP in comparison with the mood disorders and control subgroups (longer length) at the baseline assessment, and no differences in any measure of the CSP. By contrast, there was a diagnosis×time interaction for the CSP length, with a more prominent increase for this measure in the psychosis group. There was an involution of the AI length over time for all groups but no diagnosis×time interaction.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the CSP per se may not be linked to the neurobiology of emerging psychotic disorders, although it might be related to the progression of the disease. However, the fact that the AI length was shown to be shorter at the onset of the disorder supports the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia and indicates that an alteration in this grey matter junction may be a risk factor for developing psychosis.
Familiarity breeds: incest and the Ptolemaic dynasty
Authors: Ager Sheila L.
Published: April 2012

This paper examines the problem of Ptolemaic incest from a variety of cross-disciplinary perspectives. Specifically, it seeks to establish the following: that there is little in the ancient record to support the common claim that the Ptolemies suffered extensively from the deleterious genetic effects of inbreeding; that the various theories so far put forward as explanations for Ptolemaic incest offer at best only a partial rationale for this dynastic practice; that the most compelling rationale for Ptolemaic incest is to be found in complex, and perhaps unconscious, symbolic motivations analogous to those observed by anthropologists in other cultures; and finally, that, for the Ptolemies, incest was, like thetruphêfor which they were so notorious, a dynastic signature which highlighted their singularity and above all, their power.
On the source of Burnet's construal of Apology 30b 2–4: a correction
Authors: Burnyeat M.F.
Published: April 2012

The construal of Apology 30b 2–4 which in JHS 123 (2003) I attributed to John Burnet had appeared in print sixteen years before his edition of Euthyphro, Apology and Crito. I now suggest that it probably originated in the mind of J.A. Smith, who was an undergraduate contemporary of Burnet's at Balliol College, Oxford, and later Waynflete Professor of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy. The unexpected construal, transmitted by Balliol tradition, is typical of Smith's cast of mind.
MONETARY RULES AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH IN AN OPEN ECONOMY
Authors: Lai Ching-Chong , Chin Chi-Ting
Published: April 2012

This paper develops a monetary endogenous growth model for an open economy. The salient feature of the model is that it is able to deal with various monetary policy rules, including money growth rate targeting, inflation rate targeting, and nominal income growth rate targeting. It is found that a rise in the pegged rate may either increase or decrease the balanced-growth rate under regimes of both money growth rate targeting and nominal income growth targeting. However, a rise in the pegged rate is sure to depress the balanced-growth rate under the regime of inflation rate targeting. It is also found that money growth rate targeting is fundamentally equivalent to nominal income growth rate targeting if a specific restriction is imposed, and inflation rate targeting is not qualitatively equivalent to either money growth rate targeting or nominal income growth rate targeting.
Islamic family law in Europe? From dichotomies to discourse – or: beyond cultural and religious identity in family law
Authors: Büchler Andrea
Published: April 2012

In a number of European countries there are fears that foreign, particularly Islamic, family law is becoming entrenched. All parties to this discussion see themselves as under threat. Migrant populations claim their right to cultural identity, while their host countries' domestic populations see a risk to social cohesion. Family law brings the underlying tensions into sharp focus. Cultural and religious identity and family law are interrelated in a number of ways and raise various complex issues. European legal systems have taken various approaches to meeting these challenges, many of which have been apologetic, and few of which have been informed by theory. I propose to examine this complexity and indicate areas in which conflicts may arise by analysing a family-law case involving migrants living transnationally. I will include questions of international private law, comments on the various degrees of consideration accorded to cultural identity within substantive family law, and remarks on models of legal pluralism and the dangers that go along with them. I will conclude with an evaluation of approaches which are process-based rather than institution-based.
Personal family law systems – a comparative and international human rights analysis
Authors: Tagari Hadas
Published: April 2012

This article analyses the structures and substances of personal systems of family law based on religious affiliation within their social, political and historical contexts, and explores the varied ways in which they implicate the human rights of those governed by these systems, and the way international law and jurisprudence of human rights respond to these challenges. This analysis suggests that looking at the specific manifestations of personal family law systems in concrete contexts illuminates significant human rights implications which have not received sufficient attention in mainstream human rights discourse, for various legal, cultural and political reasons. The contexts which this article will draw on are personal family law systems in Israel, India, Lebanon and Morocco, which comprise a varied sample of family law structures and legal, cultural, social and political contexts.
Foucault's rhetorical challenge to law
Authors: Burgess Sarah
Published: April 2012

For scholars of law, the turn to Michel Foucault's works almost inevitably invokes an apology, a qualification, or a caveat. With the acknowledgement that Foucault never offers a sustained account of law as an ‘object of inquiry’ comes a sense that his work might nonetheless offer important insight into contemporary forms of law and modern legal problems. The difficulty with which many scholars struggle is how to begin from the position of this ‘nevertheless’ or ‘however’ that marks the contingent ground from which they argue. That is, scholars grapple with how to make Foucault say something about law when what he says is indirect or culled from several different works.
Geodetic corrections to Amazon River water level gauges using ICESat altimetry
Authors: Hall Amanda C. , Schumann Guy J.‐P. , Bamber Jonathan L. , Bates Paul D. , Trigg Mark A.
Published: April 2012

Gauge stations are vital for monitoring water levels worldwide. However, many remote basins suffer from having gauges that are not tied to a common datum, making it impossible to know absolute water elevations, and therefore slope. This problem is known to exist on the River Amazon, for example, where water flux modeling efforts have been hampered by inconsistently leveled gauge data that serve as boundary conditions for these models. This paper presents a methodology for using Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) laser altimetry observations to geodetically level gauge stations. A proof‐of‐concept study was carried out to ascertain the feasibility and accuracy of the approach, and a mean absolute error of 19 cm was found. Once this was established, gauges within the Amazon Basin were geodetically leveled. This produced offsets for six gauges using a method that can be transferred to other locations and allows slope and discharge estimates to be calculated. The results are significant, with offsets as large as 13.37 m being added. The approach could provide improvements in modeling floodplain flow, processes, and fluxes in the Amazon Basin and worldwide.
Tsunami deposits: A broader perspective
Authors: Weiss Robert , Bourgeois Joanne
Published: April 2012

Tsunami Sedimentology and Its Role in Hazard Awareness, Preparedness, Assessment, and Mitigation; San Francisco, California, 2–3 December 2011 Tsunami sediments are recorders of recent and past tsunamis. While studies of recent tsunamis document erosional and depositional features created during tsunami inundation, the exploration of prehistoric (paleo‐) tsunami deposits poses a more complex problem due to uncertainties introduced by incomplete preservation and incomplete knowledge of environmental conditions at the time. A better understanding of sedimentary processes governing deposit generation will improve our ability to employ paleotsunami deposits as tools to reconstruct prehistoric tsunami characteristics.
Veverka receives 2011 Whipple Award: Citation
Authors: Leshin Laurie
Published: April 2012

Joseph Veverka received the 2011 Whipple Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes an individual who has made an outstanding contribution in the field of planetary science.
Veverka receives 2011 Whipple Award: Response
Authors: Veverka Joseph
Published: April 2012

Joseph Veverka received the 2011 Whipple Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes an individual who has made an outstanding contribution in the field of planetary science.
Determination of iron metal optical constants: Implications for ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared remote sensing of airless bodies
Authors: Cahill Joshua T. S. , Blewett David T. , Nguyen N. V. , Xu Kun , Kirillov Oleg A. , Lawrence Samuel J. , Denevi Brett W. , Coman Ecaterina I.
Published: April 2012

Iron metal is an opaque phase common in planetary materials both as an igneous mineral and as a space‐weathering by‐product. In either form, iron metal has a large influence on the interpretation of ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared spectra of planetary surfaces obtained from Earth‐ or space‐based observatories. Therefore, the optical properties of iron are a critical input necessary for accurate theoretical radiative‐transfer mixing models for inversion of maturity and mineral proportions from reflectance spectra. Here we report new measurements of the optical constants of iron in the ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum (∼160 to 1700 nm). These values are determined from an iron metal film vapor‐deposited onto a fused silica prism. Optical constant determination is carried out using an ellipsometer that performs the measurement within the prism, sensing the side of the metal film unexposed to the ambient atmosphere. The data we report have important implications for modeling planetary spectra and for comparison of laboratory measurements of extraterrestrial samples with remotely sensed data sets.
Day‐to‐day migrating and nonmigrating tidal variability due to the six‐day planetary wave
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Liu H.‐L. , Hagan M. E.
Published: April 2012

To investigate day‐to‐day variability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), an idealized simulation of a six‐day westward propagating zonal wave number‐1 planetary wave is performed using the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME‐GCM). The six‐day planetary wave introduces a six‐day periodicity in the zonal mean atmosphere, migrating and nonmigrating tides, as well as in secondary waves that are produced by nonlinear planetary wave‐tide interactions. We have further used the linear Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM) to isolate the effect of how the day‐to‐day changes in zonal mean zonal winds may influence tides in the MLT. The most significant changes are observed in the migrating diurnal tide (DW1), eastward propagating nonmigrating tides with zonal wave numbers‐2 and ‐3 (DE2 and DE3), and a 20 hr eastward propagating wave with zonal wave number‐2 (20E2). Because we have included the lower atmospheric source of nonmigrating tides, DE2 and DE3 are present with relatively large amplitudes in the MLT, even in the absence of planetary wave forcing. The 20E2 wave is produced by the nonlinear interaction between the DE3 and the six‐day planetary wave, and its large amplitude indicates the importance of including the realistic spectra of nonmigrating tides in numerical simulations of planetary waves. The GSWM simulations reveal that the DW1 is not significantly influenced by the changes in the zonal mean winds. We thus conclude that the DW1 changes are driven by a combination of changes due to nonlinear interaction with the six‐day planetary wave as well as changes due to zonal asymmetries that result from the six‐day planetary wave. The six‐day planetary wave induced changes in zonal mean zonal winds lead to a general reduction in the amplitude of DE2 and DE3, and introduce a slight periodic behavior in these tides. The effect of changing zonal mean zonal winds appears to be the primary driver of the changes in the DE2. However, for DE3, although the changes that can be attributed to zonal mean zonal wind variability are not insignificant, the primary driver of the DE3 perturbations appears to be the nonlinear interaction with the six‐day planetary wave. Last, we demonstrate that the day‐to‐day changes in the DE3 introduce similar day‐to‐day changes in the daytime wave number‐4 longitude structure in the low‐latitude ionosphere. These results indicate that short‐term variability in the low‐latitude ionosphere is likely to be driven by similar short‐term variability in nonmigrating tides in the MLT.
Escape dynamics in moderately damped Josephson junctions (Review Article)
Authors: Massarotti D. , Longobardi L. , Galletti L. , Stornaiuolo D. , Montemurro D. , Pepe G. , Rotoli G. , Barone A. , Tafuri F.
Published: April 2012

The Josephson effect is a privileged access to the macroscopic quantum nature of superconductors. We review some ideas and experimental techniques on macroscopic quantum decay phenomena occurring in Josephson structures. The attention is mainly addressed to intermediate levels of dissipation which characterize a large majority of low critical current Josephson devices and are therefore an avoidable consequence of nanotechnology applied more and more to Josephson devices. Phase diffusion phenomena take over thermal activation in some temperature ranges also affecting the transition to macroscopic quantum tunneling, enriching the phase diagram mostly defined by the Josephson energy, the temperature and the level of dissipation.
Quantization of diamagnetic current in a superconducting ring with the Josephson point contact
Authors: Bondarenko S. I. , Koverya V. P. , Krevsun A. V. , Levchenko N. M.
Published: April 2012

It was established experimentally that a critical value of the diamagnetic current, excited by an external magnetic field in a superconducting ring (with an inductance of about ∼10−6 H) with a Nb-Nb clamping point contact having the Josephson contact properties is a strictly periodic function of field strength, despite the complex microstructure of the clamping contact. The reasons of the periodic dependence are discussed on a basis of the interference model of diamagnetic current and quantized values of the circulating current in the microinterferometer formed by the clamping contact.
Modulation of domain wall dynamics in TbFeCo single layer nanowire
Authors: Ngo Duc-The , Ikeda Kotaro , Awano Hiroyuki
Published: April 2012

We demonstrate the possibility to write and modulate the magnetic domain walls in a TbFeCo single layer nanowire (300 nm width, 150 μm length). To realize this, a tiny magnetic domain was nucleated by an Oersted field produced by a 1.6 MHz pulse current (35 mA in amplitude, 5-40 ns in length) crossed the wire. To write the wall to the wire, a DC current was used to drive the nucleated domain (with two walls in two sides) to the wire in accordance with spin-transfer torque mechanism. A critical current density of Jc = 3.5 × 1010 Am−2 was required to control the motion of the walls in the wire. It was found that the size of the domain moving in the wire could be adjusted by either external field or the length of the nucleated pulse current. This could be considered as an important note for writing process in domain wall spin-torque devices, especially, memory elements.
Accelerated drop detachment in granular suspensions
Authors: Bonnoit Claire , Bertrand Thibault , Clément Eric , Lindner Anke
Published: April 2012

We experimentally study the detachment of drops of granular suspensions using a density matched model suspension with varying grain volume fraction (ϕ = 15% to 55%) and grain diameter (d = 20 μm to 140 μm). We show that at the beginning of the detachment process, the suspensions behave as an effective fluid. The detachment dynamics in this regime can be entirely described by the shear viscosity of the suspension [R. J. Furbank and J. F. Morris, Int. J. Multiphase Flow 33(4), 448–468 (2007)]. At later stages of the detachment, the dynamics become independent of the volume fraction and are found to be identical to the dynamics of the interstitial fluid. Surprisingly, visual observation reveals that at this stage, particles are still present in the neck. We suspect rearrangements of particles to locally free the neck of grains, causing the observed dynamics. Close to the final pinch off, the detachment of the suspensions is further accelerated, compared to the dynamics of pure interstitial fluid. This acceleration might be due to the fact that the neck diameter gets of the order of magnitude of the size of the grains and a continuous thinning of the liquid thread is not possible any more. The crossover between the different detachment regimes is a function of the grain size and the initial volume fraction. We characterize the overall acceleration as a function of the grain size and volume fraction.
A complete quantum mechanical study of chlorine photodissociation
Authors: Johnsen A. J. , Alekseyev A. B. , Balint-Kurti G. G. , Brouard M. , Brown Alex , Buenker R. J. , Campbell E. K. , Kokh D. B.
Published: April 2012

A fully quantum mechanical dynamical calculation on the photodissociation of molecular chlorine is presented. The magnitudes and phases of all the relevant photofragment T-matrices have been calculated, making this study the computational equivalent of a “complete experiment,” where all the possible parameters defining an experiment have been determined. The results are used to simulate cross-sections and angular momentum polarization information which may be compared with experimental data. The calculations rigorously confirm the currently accepted mechanism for the UV photodissociation of Cl2, in which the majority of the products exit on the C 1Π1u state, with non-adiabatic couplings to the A 3Π1u and several other Ω = 1 states, and a small contribution from the B\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\sideset{^3}{ _{0^{+}u}}{\Pi}$\end{document}Π3 state present at longer wavelengths.
Two-dimensional measurement of edge impurity emissions using space-resolved extreme ultraviolet spectrometer in Large Helical Device
Authors: Wang Erhui , Morita Shigeru , Goto Motoshi , Dong Chunfeng
Published: April 2012

A space-resolved extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer working in wavelength range of 50–500 Å has been developed to measure two-dimensional distribution of impurity spectral lines emitted from edge plasma of Large Helical Device (LHD), in which the magnetic field is formed by stochastic magnetic field with three-dimensional structure called ergodic layer. The two-dimensional measurement of edge impurity line emissions is carried out by scanning horizontally the observation chord of the space-resolved EUV spectrometer during single LHD discharge. Images of CIV (312.4 Å) and HeII (303.78 Å) are presented as the first result. The results are compared with ones calculated from the edge chord length in the ergodic layer of LHD plasma.
Surface-induced phase behavior of polymer/nanoparticle blends with attractions
Authors: Frischknecht Amalie L. , Padmanabhan Venkat , Mackay Michael E.
Published: April 2012

In an athermal blend of nanoparticles and homopolymer near a hard wall, there is a first order phase transition in which the nanoparticles segregate to the wall and form a densely packed monolayer above a certain nanoparticle density. Previous investigations of this phase transition employed a fluids density functional theory (DFT) at constant packing fraction. Here we report further DFT calculations to probe the robustness of this phase transition. We find that the phase transition also occurs in athermal systems at constant pressure, the more natural experimental condition than constant packing fraction. Adding nanoparticle-polymer attractions increases the nanoparticle transition density, while sufficiently strong attractions suppress the first-order transition entirely. In this case the systems display a continuous transition to a bulk layered state. Adding attractions between the polymers and the wall has a similar effect of delaying and then suppressing the first-order nanoparticle segregation transition, but does not lead to any continuous phase transitions.
Optimal emitter-collector gap for thermionic energy converters
Authors: Lee Jae-Hyung , Bargatin Igor , Melosh Nicholas A. , Howe Roger T.
Published: April 2012

In this letter, we calculate numerically the emitter-collector gaps that maximize the power conversion efficiency of vacuum thermionic energy converters (TECs). The optimum arises because efficiency drops both at very large gaps, due to space-charge limitations on the TEC current, and at very small gaps, due to the increased parasitic heat loss via near-field radiative heat transfer. For typical TECs made with cesiated tungsten electrodes, the optimal gaps range from 900 nm to 3 μm and are approximately equal to the characteristic wavelength of the emitter thermal radiation, as given by Wien’s displacement law.
Shift of Ag diffusion profiles in CdTe by metal/semiconductor interfaces
Authors: Wolf H. , Kronenberg J. , Wagner F. , Deicher M. , Wichert Th. ,   ISOLDE Collaboration
Published: April 2012

Metal layers deposited on the surface of the semiconductor CdTe effect a shift of the concentration profile of Ag dopants in CdTe by several 100 μm during diffusion anneal at about 550 K. Radio-tracer experiments using 111Ag show that this effect occurs in the case of Al, Ni, Cu, and Au layers. A preliminary explanation relates the effect to an enhancement of the diffusion of Ag atoms in CdTe caused by Cd self-interstitials that are generated at the metal/semiconductor interface.
The transcriptional landscape and small RNAs of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium
Authors: Kröger Carsten , Dillon Shane C. , Cameron Andrew D. S. , Papenfort Kai , Sivasankaran Sathesh K. , Hokamp Karsten , Chao Yanjie , Sittka Alexandra , Hébrard Magali , Händler Kristian , Colgan Aoife , Leekitcharoenphon Pimlapas , Langridge Gemma C. , Lohan Amanda J. , Loftus Brendan , Lucchini Sacha , Ussery David W. , Dorman Charles J. , Thomson Nicholas R. , Vogel Jörg , Hinton Jay C. D.
Published: April 2012

More than 50 y of research have provided great insight into the physiology, metabolism, and molecular biology of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium (
S
. Typhimurium), but important gaps in our knowledge remain. It is clear that a precise choreography of gene expression is required for
Salmonella
infection, but basic genetic information such as the global locations of transcription start sites (TSSs) has been lacking. We combined three RNA-sequencing techniques and two sequencing platforms to generate a robust picture of transcription in
S
. Typhimurium. Differential RNA sequencing identified 1,873 TSSs on the chromosome of
S
. Typhimurium SL1344 and 13% of these TSSs initiated antisense transcripts. Unique findings include the TSSs of the virulence regulators
phoP
,
slyA
, and
invF
. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that RNA polymerase was bound to 70% of the TSSs, and two-thirds of these TSSs were associated with σ
70
(including
phoP
,
slyA
, and
invF
) from which we identified the −10 and −35 motifs of σ
70
-dependent
S
. Typhimurium gene promoters. Overall, we corrected the location of important genes and discovered 18 times more promoters than identified previously.
S
. Typhimurium expresses 140 small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) at early stationary phase, including 60 newly identified sRNAs. Almost half of the experimentally verified sRNAs were found to be unique to the
Salmonella
genus, and <20% were found throughout the Enterobacteriaceae. This description of the transcriptional map of SL1344 advances our understanding of
S
. Typhimurium, arguably the most important bacterial infection model.
Self-Knowledge and God as Other in Augustine
Authors: Hankey Wayne J.
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Recent philosophical and theological writing on Augustine in France, England and North America is sharply divided between readings which serve either a historicist, anti-metaphysical, postmodern retrieval or an ahistorical, metaphysical, modern reassertion. The postmodern retrieval begins from a Heideggerian «end of metaphysics» and goes at least some distance with Jacques Derrida's development of its consequences. This essay starts from engagements with Augustine by Derrida and Jean-Luc Marion, moving then to Rowan Williams on the De trinitate, read to prevent comparison with Descartes' Meditations, and considers how Williams relates Augustine to Plotinus. The opposed modernist interpretation appears in Stephen Menn's Descartes and Augustine, which sees a continuity between Plotinus, Augustine and Descartes. Finally, the essay treats Plotinus and Augustine on God and self-knowledge, maintaining that Augustine's De trinitate is better understood from within a modern ahistorical stance which, within metaphysics, places Augustine together with Plotinus and Descartes. This view better captures his difference from Plotinus than the alternative postmodern perspective tending to assimilate Augustine to Plotinus.
Direkte und indirekte Bezeichnung. Die metaphysischen Hintergründe einer semantischen Debatte im Spätmittelalter
Authors: Perler Dominik
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Late medieval philosophers in the Aristotelian tradition developed two theoretical models in order to explain the signication of words. Some - including Thomas Aquinas - claimed that spoken words immediately signify concepts, but extramental things only mediately, while others - such as William of Ockham - held the view that they immediately signify things. The present essay analyzes these two semantic models, paying particular attention to their metaphysical and epistemological background. It shows that the «indirect signication model» defended by Thomas is not a model committed to representationalism or semantic idealism, as some recent commentators have claimed. It is rather a model that relies upon two crucial theses: (i) human beings form concepts by abstracting universal forms from extramental things; and (ü) spoken words signify those universal forms having an immaterial existence in the intellect. Ockham's refusal of the «indirect signication model» is mainly motivated by his rejection of these controversial claims.
Cusanus
Authors: Sonderegger Erwin
Published: April 2012

Abstract

More often than not Cusanus is interpreted in a theological manner, under strong theological presuppositions and within a religious range. This is understandable since he was a cardinal and had important functions in the Papal States. The inadequacy of this approach, however, is evident when one considers that not all of his texts are meant to assert traditional beliefs but instead to reflect upon their presuppositions. A word-for-word interpretation of the first proposition of the appendix of the dialogue De non aliud («Definitio, quae se et omnia definit, ea est, quae per omnem mentem quaeritur») reveals a shift in the concept of definitio during the dialogue. Cusanus begins in a quite traditional manner and ends in a supremely abstract and speculative intuition. The not-other determines itself in a vision, setting everything in its proper place; a vision we aspire to repeat in our mental life. In this way, Cusanus does what all great philosophers do: he reflects in a given set of traditions and beliefs upon their presuppositions.
Production.
Authors: Bosland P. W. , Votava E. J.
Published: April 2012

This chapter provides an overview of the most common production methods for peppers. The importance of climatic factors, soil type, land preparation, irrigation, fertilizers and mycorrhizal fungi in pepper production and the effects of nutrient deficiencies, flower drop, growth regulators and weed, disease and pest control in pepper yield are discussed. The benefits of greenhouse pepper production and the use of row tunnels are also pointed out.
Compost barns - an alternative housing system for dairy cows?
Authors: Klaas I. C. , Bjerg B. S.
Published: April 2012

Cultivated compost housing systems for dairy cattle are reported in the literature from Israel, the USA and the Netherlands. A deep-bedded pack is commonly supported by large amounts of wood shavings and sawdust to enhance microbial activity and evaporation. Aerobic composting processes are maintained by cultivating the bedded pack once or twice daily with a heavy harrow. Existing studies indicate that cultivated compost housing systems can be an alternative to free-stall housing systems for dairy cows, which improves animal welfare in terms of low prevalence of lame cows, high cow comfort with low prevalence of hock lesions and unrestrained lying comfort. Udder health and milk quality appear to be acceptable, but high bacterial counts in the bedding emphasize that a high level of hygiene at milking is vital to keep the incidence of mastitis low and maintain a high milk quality. Ammonia emission from a compost barn with slatted floor in the feeding alley may be comparable to levels of a free stall barn with slatted floor aisles, but results are conflicting. Cultivated compost housing systems may potentially pose challenges in relation to emission of ammonia, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, but the literature is sparse. Feasibility of sustainable bedding material is essential to develop and spread the system among farmers in different geographic locations, and therefore we need to know more about potential bedding materials, their effect on mastitis pathogens and emission of ammonia and greenhouse gases.
Coleen Murphy: How to stay young at heart, body, and mind
Authors: Sedwick Caitlin
Published: April 2012

Murphy studies reproductive and cognitive aging in C. elegans.
Nonpolarized signaling reveals two distinct modes of 3D cell migration
Authors: Petrie Ryan J. , Gavara Núria , Chadwick Richard S. , Yamada Kenneth M.
Published: April 2012

We search in this paper for context-specific modes of three-dimensional (3D) cell migration using imaging for phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) and active Rac1 and Cdc42 in primary fibroblasts migrating within different 3D environments. In 3D collagen, PIP3 and active Rac1 and Cdc42 were targeted to the leading edge, consistent with lamellipodia-based migration. In contrast, elongated cells migrating inside dermal explants and the cell-derived matrix (CDM) formed blunt, cylindrical protrusions, termed lobopodia, and Rac1, Cdc42, and PIP3 signaling was nonpolarized. Reducing RhoA, Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), or myosin II activity switched the cells to lamellipodia-based 3D migration. These modes of 3D migration were regulated by matrix physical properties. Specifically, experimentally modifying the elasticity of the CDM or collagen gels established that nonlinear elasticity supported lamellipodia-based migration, whereas linear elasticity switched cells to lobopodia-based migration. Thus, the relative polarization of intracellular signaling identifies two distinct modes of 3D cell migration governed intrinsically by RhoA, ROCK, and myosin II and extrinsically by the elastic behavior of the 3D extracellular matrix.
Minimizing the “Re” in Review
Authors: Williams Elizabeth H. , Carpentier Pamela A. , Misteli Tom
Published: April 2012

There is a troubling trend in scientific publishing for manuscripts to undergo multiple, often lengthy, rounds of review, resulting in significant delays to publication. JCB is announcing new procedures to streamline its editorial process and eliminate unnecessary delays.
Gating properties of the P2X2a and P2X2b receptor channels: Experiments and mathematical modeling
Authors: Khadra Anmar , Yan Zonghe , Coddou Claudio , Tomić Melanija , Sherman Arthur , Stojilkovic Stanko S.
Published: April 2012

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X2 receptors exhibit two opposite activation-dependent changes, pore dilation and pore closing (desensitization), through a process that is incompletely understood. To address this issue and to clarify the roles of calcium and the C-terminal domain in gating, we combined biophysical and mathematical approaches using two splice forms of receptors: the full-size form (P2X2aR) and the shorter form missing 69 residues in the C-terminal domain (P2X2bR). Both receptors developed conductivity for N-methyl-d-glucamine within 2–6 s of ATP application. However, pore dilation was accompanied with a decrease rather than an increase in the total conductance, which temporally coincided with rapid and partial desensitization. During sustained agonist application, receptors continued to desensitize in calcium-independent and calcium-dependent modes. Calcium-independent desensitization was more pronounced in P2X2bR, and calcium-dependent desensitization was more pronounced in P2X2aR. In whole cell recording, we also observed use-dependent facilitation of desensitization of both receptors. Such behavior was accounted for by a 16-state Markov kinetic model describing ATP binding/unbinding and activation/desensitization. The model assumes that naive receptors open when two to three ATP molecules bind and undergo calcium-independent desensitization, causing a decrease in the total conductance, or pore dilation, causing a shift in the reversal potential. In calcium-containing media, receptor desensitization is facilitated and the use-dependent desensitization can be modeled by a calcium-dependent toggle switch. The experiments and the model together provide a rationale for the lack of sustained current growth in dilating P2X2Rs and show that receptors in the dilated state can also desensitize in the presence of calcium.
On the energy transport in internal transport barriers of RFP plasmas
Authors: Lorenzini R. , Alfier A. , Auriemma F. , Fassina A. , Franz P. , Innocente P. , López-Bruna D. , Martines E. , Momo B. , Pereverzev G. , Piovesan P. , Spizzo G. , Spolaore M. , Terranova D.
Published: April 2012

Single helical axis (SHAx) states obtained in high current reversed field pinch (RFP) plasmas feature an internal transport barrier delimiting the hot helical core region. The electron temperature jump across this region, and the related temperature gradient, display a clear relationship with the normalized amplitude of the secondary MHD modes. A transport analysis performed with the ASTRA code, taking into account the helical geometry, yields values of the thermal conductivity in the barrier region as low as 5 m2 s−1. The thermal conductivity is also related to the secondary mode amplitude. Since such amplitude is reduced when plasma current is increased, it is expected that higher current plasmas will display even steeper thermal gradients and hotter helical cores.
Physics of intrinsic rotation in flux-driven ITG turbulence
Authors: Ku S. , Abiteboul J. , Diamond P.H. , Dif-Pradalier G. , Kwon J.M. , Sarazin Y. , Hahm T.S. , Garbet X. , Chang C.S. , Latu G. , Yoon E.S. , Ghendrih Ph. , Yi S. , Strugarek A. , Solomon W. , Grandgirard V.
Published: April 2012

Global, heat flux-driven ITG gyrokinetic simulations which manifest the formation of macroscopic, mean toroidal flow profiles with peak thermal Mach number 0.05, are reported. Both a particle-in-cell (XGC1p) and a semi-Lagrangian (GYSELA) approach are utilized without a priori assumptions of scale separation between turbulence and mean fields. Flux-driven ITG simulations with different edge flow boundary conditions show in both approaches the development of net unidirectional intrinsic rotation in the co-current direction. Intrinsic torque is shown to scale approximately linearly with the inverse scale length of the ion temperature gradient. External momentum input is shown to effectively cancel the intrinsic rotation profile, thus confirming the existence of a local residual stress and intrinsic torque. Fluctuation intensity, intrinsic torque and mean flow are demonstrated to develop inwards from the boundary. The measured correlations between residual stress and two fluctuation spectrum symmetry breakers, namely E × B shear and intensity gradient, are similar. Avalanches of (positive) heat flux, which propagate either outwards or inwards, are correlated with avalanches of (negative) parallel momentum flux, so that outward transport of heat and inward transport of parallel momentum are correlated and mediated by avalanches. The probability distribution functions of the outward heat flux and the inward momentum flux show strong structural similarity.
The Ras-like protein R-Ras2/TC21 is important for proper mammary gland development
Authors: Larive Romain M. , Abad Antonio , Cardaba Clara M. , Hernández Teresa , Cañamero Marta , de Álava Enrique , Santos Eugenio , Alarcón Balbino , Bustelo Xosé R.
Published: April 2012

R-Ras2/TC21 is a GTPase with high sequence and signaling similarity with Ras subfamily members. Although it has been extensively studied using overexpression studies in cell lines, its physiological role remains poorly characterized. Here we used RRas2-knockout mice expressing β-galactosidase under the regulation of the endogenous RRas2 promoter to investigate the function of this GTPase in vivo. Despite its expression in tissues critical for organismal viability, RRas2−/−mice show no major alterations in viability, growth rates, cardiovascular parameters, or fertility. By contrast, they display a marked and specific defect in the development of the mammary gland during puberty. In the absence of R-Ras2/TC21, this gland forms reduced numbers of terminal end buds (TEBs) and ductal branches, leading to a temporal delay in the extension and arborization of the gland tree in mammary fat pads. This phenotype is linked to cell-autonomous proliferative defects of epithelial cells present in TEBs. These cells also show reduced Erk activation but wild type–like levels of phosphorylated Akt. Using compound RRas2-, HRas-, and NRas-knockout mice, we demonstrate that these GTPases act in a nonsynergistic and nonadditive manner during this morphogenic process.
Recent advances in measurement of the water vapour continuum in the far-infrared spectral region
Authors: Green Paul D. , Newman Stuart M. , Beeby Ralph J. , Murray Jonathan E. , Pickering Juliet C. , Harries John E.
Published: April 2012

We present a new derivation of the foreign-broadened water vapour continuum in the far-infrared (far-IR) pure rotation band between 24 μm and 120 μm (85–420 cm
−1
) from field data collected in flight campaigns of the Continuum Absorption by Visible and IR radiation and Atmospheric Relevance (CAVIAR) project with Imperial College's Tropospheric Airborne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TAFTS) far-IR spectro-radiometer instrument onboard the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurement (FAAM) BAe-146 research aircraft; and compare this new derivation with those recently published in the literature in this spectral band. This new dataset validates the current Mlawer–Tobin-Clough–Kneizys–Davies (MT-CKD) 2.5 model parametrization above 300 cm
−1
, but indicates the need to strengthen the parametrization below 300 cm
−1
, by up to 50 per cent at 100 cm
−1
. Data recorded at a number of flight altitudes have allowed measurements within a wide range of column water vapour environments, greatly increasing the sensitivity of this analysis to the continuum strength.