bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eosinophil cationic protein in atopic dermatitis: changes of serum levels by the anti‐allergic agent ketotifen *
Authors: Ikai Kouichi , Ogino Atsuhiko , Furukawa Ikuko , Ozaki Motoaki , Fujita Mayumi , Toda Kenichi , Imamura Sadao
Published: July 2006

Background Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a highly basic protein (pI over 11) with molecular weight ranging from 18.5 to 22 kDa, and is released upon eosinophil activation. ECP is stored in the eosinophil granules and has potent bactericidal, helminthotoxic, cytotoxic and neurotoxic effects. ECP levels in scrum and other body fluids are often elevated in allergic diseases and other inflammatory conditions and their measurement may give information regarding eosinophil involvement in a pathological process.

Material and Methods We evaluated the scrum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), assayed using an ECP radioimmunoassay kit, and the effect of an anti‐allergic agent, ketotifen, which has a potent anti‐eosinophil activity, in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Serum ECP levels in AD patients correlated with the severity of AD as determined in clinical evaluations. Results In patients with severe and moderate AD, serum ECP levels were significantly higher (31.04 ± 3.35 μg/1, n= 32) than in non‐atopic controls (4.92 ± 1.06 μg/1, n= 16) (P < 0.001). However, no significant correlation was observed between serum ECP and IgE levels, or between serum ECP levels and peripheral eosinophil count. After a 4‐weck administration of ketotifen (1 mg; twice a day), in AD patients with serum ECP levels more than 20 μg/I (n= 14), serum ECP levels decreased significantly (from 44.17 ± 4.53 to 18.46 ± 3.35 μg/1, P < 0.05).

Conclusion The results suggest that serum ECP levels are a useful indicator of AD activity and of the effect of anti‐allergic agents on eosinophil involvement in AD.
Clustering of fixed drug eruptions in a family
Authors: Mutgi A.B. , Mutgi V.B.
Published: July 2006

Fixed drug eruptions (FDE) are common but their pathogenesis and site specificity is poorly understood. We report the occurrence of FDE related to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole in four siblings. A new hypothesis of familial occurrence of FDE and its pathogenesis is proposed.
New nucleic acid amplification techniques in diagnostic pathology
Authors: O'Leary J.J. , Browne G. , Landers R. , Crowley M. , Healy I. , Johnson M.I. , Doyle C.T.
Published: July 2006

In 1985, Mullis discovered an exponentially increasing amplification system for nucleic acids, which became known as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This method permits the selective in vitro amplification of a particular DNA region by mimicking phenomena of in vivo DNA replication. Since then, many advances in PCR practice have been achieved, In this review, we will discuss the new techniques of in situ PCR, ligase chain reaction (LCR), transcription‐based amplification system (TAS) and the isothermal replication system, self‐sustained sequence replication (3SR). Many of the techniques described still remain largely research tools, however with further modifications they may become of use in routine diagnostic procedures in the next century.
Cancer in patients treated with coal tar: a long‐term follow up study
Authors: Jemec Gregor B.E. , Øterlind Anne
Published: July 2006

Background Coal tar is often used in dermatological therapy, although it is a recognized tumour initiator. Previous studies with observation periods of up to 25 years have not shown any increased risk of cancer in these patients, but no longer term follow up is available although the induction period for cancer is not known.

Objective To evaluate the relative risk of cancer in a group of patients who had been treated extensively with coal tar in the period 1917–1937.

Method The medical records of 117 patients treated extensively with coal tar from 1917 to 1937 were examined. Of these, a cohort of 88 patients (75%) were eligible for study. Cancers were identified through the Danish Cancer Registry, and relative risk of cancer in this cohort was calculated.

Results The overall relative risk of cancer for the treated patients was found to he 0.4 (0.2–0.8).

Conclusion No overall increased risk of cancer was apparent in this group compared to that of the general population. These data provide further support of the safety of coal tar in the management of dermatological disease.
White piedra
Authors: Ghorpade Ashok , Ramanan Cherukot
Published: July 2006

Two female patients having white piedra of the scalp hairs are reported. Both the patients presented with hair loss and whitish nodules on the hairs. In both, the diagnosis was confirmed by KOH examination and culture. A remarkable improvement was observed after use of 2% miconazole nitrate lotion for 8 weeks.
Leg ulceration due to the antiphospholipid syndrome: successful treatment with intralesional corticosteroids and failure of prolonged stanozolol therapy
Authors: Falanga Vincent , Brown Harvey , Pardes Jeffrey , Kirsner Robert S.
Published: July 2006

The clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLA) include thrombosis, thrombocytopenia and recurrent fetal loss. Livedo reticularis and leg ulceration may occur as the result of vascular occlusion, and are difficult to treat. We report a patient with a painful leg ulceration and livedo reticularis secondary to APLA in whom intralesional triamcinolone injections induced rapid and complete healing of the ulceration. A year later, the ulcer has not recurred. Initial and prolonged treatment with stanozolol, an androgenic steroid with fibrinolytic properties that has been proposed as a treatment for this condition, seemed to help at first but failed to cause persistent healing. We suggest that intralesional injection of corticosteroids should be the initial treatment of choice in ulcers due to APLA.
Intravascular crystals provide diagnostic clue in diagnosis of monoclonal cryoglobulinemia
Authors: Kindel Susan E. , Lu Peter , Smoller Bruce R.
Published: July 2006

Monoclonal cryoglobulinemia is a relatively uncommon disorder that may involve the skin at the time of presentation. We present here a case in which the histological observation of eosinophilic crystals within dermal blood vessels provided the initial diagnostic clue to making the final diagnosis.
Localized hyperpigmentation and pruritus on the upper back
Authors: Peña‐Penabad C. , Gonzalez‐Asensio M.P. , García‐Silva J. , Armijo M.
Published: July 2006

This retrospective study of 28 patients with pruritus and hyperpigmentation located on the upper half of the back, without involvement of other skin areas, includes 8 cases of macular amyloidosis, four neurodermatitis and 16 compatible with what has been described as notalgia paresthetica (NP). With the exception of the amyloid deposition, we did not find histopathological data that differentiated between macular amyloidosis and NP, since in both processes we found necrotic keratinocytes and melanophages. The differential diagnosis and the current nosological situation of the hyperpigmentation localized on the upper back are reviewed. A diagnostic protocol is proposed.
Cyclosporin‐A in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: effects on the immune system and clinical efficiency
Authors: Masci Silvio , Feliciani Claudio , Gravante Massimo , Proietto Gianluca , Andreassi Maria , Amatetti Massimo , Amerio Pierluigi
Published: July 2006

In order to evaluate the effect of Cyclosporin–A (CyA) at doses of 5 mg/kg per day in atopic dermatitis we studied clinical effects, immunoglobulin production, lymphocytes subset, immunphenotype and local cytokine production in seven patients before and after 3 months CyA therapy. Clinically CyA was very effective in eliminating pruritus, erythema and vescicles with no significant adverse side effects. Using flow cytometric analysis we demonstrated that CyA treatment restored an overexpression of circulating CD25‐positive cells. Similar results have been recorded with HLA‐DR expression. CyA normalized the number of CD29 cells which were reduced in the blood of patients before starting treatment. Furthermore, after treatment, several cytokines (IL‐2, IL‐1α and IL‐1β) had diasappeared from the epidermis.
Treatment of mycosis fungoides with etretinate and low‐dose interferon α2a
Authors: Sánchez‐Pérez Javier , Fernández‐Herrera Jesús , Ríos Luis , Peñas Pablo F. , Dorado‐Bris José M. , García‐Díez Amaro
Published: July 2006

AimsTo evaluate the efficiency and tolerance of a treatment regime with etretinate and low‐dose interferon‐α2a(IFN α2a) in mycosis fungoides.

BackgroundAlthough there is no curative therapy for mycosis fungoides, remissions have been induced with etretinate and IFNα2a, even in advanced stages, Recently, it has been shown that this combination is more effective in the induction and maintenance of the response than the separate administration of each drug.

MethodsProspective study which includes nine patients with mycosis fungoides treated with 0.7 mg/kg/day of etretinate and 3 × 106IU/day of subcutaneous IFNα2aduring the first 3 months. Afterwards, the dosage of INFα2awas modified in accordance with the response, without the daily dosis of INFα2asurpassing 6 × 106[U. Results:At the end of the study, a favourable response was obtained in four of six patients (66%), of whom one showed a complete and three partial remission. Two patients were non‐evaluable and one discontinued therapy with partial remission of disease due to adverse effects attributable to etretinate. Side‐effects were dose‐dependent and reversible.

ConclusionsThe combination of etretinate, 0.7 mg/kg/day, and IFNα2a, 3 × 106subcutaneous IU/day, could be recommended to induce substained complete remission in later stages of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma.
Peyronie's disease: clinical and sonographic evaluation of a case
Authors: Tolat S.N. , Hare M.S. , Gharpuray M.B.
Published: July 2006

We report a case of Peyronie's Disease, for which sonography proved to be a valuable, non‐invasive diagnostic procedure. The sonographic findings and some unusual clinical features of our case are discussed.
Palmar filiform or spiny hyperkeratosis associated with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Gimenez‐Arnau Ana , Camarasa José G.
Published: July 2006

A case of palmar filiform or spiny hyperkeratosis in a 50‐year‐old man is reported. The development of pulmonary tuberculosis was followed by “music box spine” keratotic plugs and pits on both hands, apart from the palmar creases. Histological examination revealed a well delineated column of hyperkeratosis with basal parakeratosis not developing a true cornoid lamella.

This case is interesting because of its rarity, the lack of heredity and the clinical association with pulmonary tuberculosis, although Herman (1973) reported bronchial carcinoma with punctate porokeratosis. We discuss the relationship between immunosuppression and the development of these cutaneous lesions. We also review cases described as “porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris” clinically identical to our patient, who did not present true cornoid lamella. Palmar filiform hyperkeratosis is an unespecific keratinization disorder which could be considered secondary to other diseases.
Exudative discoid and lichenoid chronic dermatosis (Sulzberger‐Garbe): presentation with a puzzling penile plaque*
Authors: Trüeb Ralph M.
Published: July 2006

Objective Report of two cases of exudative discoid and lichenoid dermatosis (Sulzberger‐Garbe), with typical penile lesions. Differential diagnosis of persistent penile plaques.

Background Following remission of the generalized eruption of exudative discoid and lichenoid dermatosis (Sulzberger‐Garbe), it is not unusual to see a single remaining lesion localized on the penis. Since Sulzberger et al. (Sulzberger MB, Witten VH, Hunt JA. Puzzling persistent penile plaques. Arch Dermatol 1956:73:101‐109) reviewed dermatoses presenting with puzzling persistent penile plaques in 1955, further dermatoses have evolved as important differential diagnoses. Much controversy has arisen as to the justification of exudative discoid and lichenoid dermatosis (Sulzberger‐Garbe) as a disease entity.

Conclusions Diagnosis of most cases of persistent plaques of dermatitis on the penis is possible with a careful examination of the entire skin, and a thorough history to discover past lesions. The possibility of malignancy makes a biopsy mandatory. Exudative discoid and lichenoid chronic dermatosis (Sulzberger‐Garbe) typically responds well to systemic steroids. Intrale‐sional triamcinolone acetonide has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of a persistent penile plaque in exudative discoid and lichenoid dermatosis (Sulzberger‐Garbe), and may be helpful in discontinuing or reducing systemic therapy to a level compatible with long‐term treatment.
Glycolic acid and its use in dermatology
Authors: Cotellessa C. , Peris K. , Chimenti S.
Published: July 2006

Glycolic acid has distinctive pharmacologic properties that recommend it for topical use in a range of skin disorders: acne, aging and photoaging, keratoses, age spots. Future studies and more extensive and varied clinical trials would surely point out its therapeutic potential and extend its range of clinical applications.
Nifedipine‐induced facial telangiectasia
Authors: Vejlstrup Eva , Poskitt Louise , Wojnarowska Fenella
Published: July 2006

Nifedipine is a calcium‐channel blocker widely prescribed for vasodilation of coronary and peripheral vessels. We describe an elderly woman who, whilst taking nifedipine. developed facial telangiectasia. On discontinuing the drug the telangiectasia resolved markedly.
Coculture of mast cells with psoriatic fibroblasts: an experimental system for studying the two cell interactions
Authors: Levi‐Schaffer Francesca , Klapholz Laurent , Weinrauch Louis , Shalit Meir
Published: July 2006

In this study we established a coculture system for rat peritoneal mast cells (MC) with psoriatic (PSO) dermal fibroblasts. Rat MC adhered within five minutes to the fibroblasts monolayer and their attachment and viability was maintained for at least 2‐3 days. Cocultured MC could be activated to release high percentages of histamine with compound 48/80 indicating that they retained their full functional activity. Attachment, viability and functional activity were similar for MC seeded on PSO fibroblasts or on normal human fibroblasts (NOR) used as a control. This would indicate that PSO fibroblasts altered biochemical characteristics do not interfere with these MC properties. We suggest that this coculture system is a suitable in vitro defined model to study mutual effects of MC and fibroblasts in psoriasis.
Molecular response of human keratinocytes to ultraviolet radiation: an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of acute and chronic photodamage
Authors: Garmyn Marjan
Published: July 2006

The acute molecular response of human keratinocytes to solar simulated radiation or UVB includes modulation in gene expression of various cytokines and growth regulatory proteins. This genetic response is consistent with the immunemodulating effect of UV and an effect of UV on cell kinetics, including growth arrest and subsequent hyperproliferation. The ultimate signal and signal transduction pathway resulting in the induction or suppression of gene transcription after UV will further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of acute photodamage of human skin. Photoaging appears to decrease the expression of differentiation associated genes. Photocarcinogenesis, the ultimate consequence of chronic photodamage, is associated with permanent changes in growth regulatory genes and differentiation associated genes. This may be caused by gene (in)activation through mutations, amplifications or deletions, us demonstrated for the tumor‐suppressor gen p53 and the ras proto‐oncogenes.
Vitiligo is associated with a significant increase in HLA‐DR6 and a decrease in DQw2 antigens in Northern Italian patients.
Authors: Valsecchi R. , Bontempelli M. , Cainelli T. , Leghissa P. , Di Landro A.
Published: July 2006

Background Pathogenesis of vitiligo is still unclear; although the mechanism of melanocyte destruction is not know, reports of abnormalities in immunoregulation and immune reactivity in these patients support the autoimmune theory of the disease. A wide variety of autoimmune disorders have been associated with HLA antigens, and at the present time there are conflicting results about the association between vitiligo and HLA phenotypes.

Objective and methods To determine if some increases in certain HLA antigens in the Northern Italian population suffering from vitiligo exist, we studied 33 patients, and we compared the results obtained with those observed in 443 control subjects of the same geographical area.

Results HLA‐DR and DQ typing showed a statistically significant increase of DR6 antigen and a statistically significant decrease of DQw2 type. The comparison of the phenotype frequencies of the loci A,B and C observed in the patients and in the control group showed no statistically significant differences after the p correction.

Conclusion This study showed that genes in or closely linked to the HLA‐DR and DO regions of the major histocompatibility complex could influence susceptibility to vitiligo in Northern Italian patients.
Clearing of psoriatic erythroderma following heliotherapy in the Dead Sea area
Authors: Giryes Hani , Sukenik Shaul , Halevy Sima
Published: July 2006

We report herein a patient suffering from psoriatic erythroderma and psoriatic arthritis treated successfully in the Dead Sea area. Sun exposure (heliotherapy) and emollients, without any additional topical or systemic treatments, resulted in clearing of the erythroderma within 4 weeks of treatment. Additional regimens of climatotherapy and balneotherapy, given for another 2 weeks, led to marked alleviation of his arthritic complaints. The remission of skin disease persisted for 5 months without further therapy.
Leg ulcerations due to livedo vasculitis: successful combined therapy with pentoxifylline and nifedipine
Authors: Nikolova Kremena , Popov Janko , Obreshkova Elena
Published: July 2006

We report a patient with livedo vasculities with painful leg alterations in whom prolonged combined therapy with pentoxifylline and nifedipine of 2 years duration induced a remarkable and long‐lasting improvement of the disease. During the period no occurrence of the ulcerations has been observed.
Can we use radiotherapy alone in the treatment of keloids?
Authors: Supe Sanjay S. , Sharma Anil K. , Deka A.C. , Deka B.C.
Published: July 2006

Objective The use of radiation for the treatment of keloids has been the topic of debate for years.

Methods In this study, 46 symptomatic cases were treated with 90Sr‐90Y β‐rays. Patients were given four fractions of 5 Gy per fraction either as weekly or twice weekly schedules.

Results Radiation dose of 20 Gy given twice weekly in four fractions showed response in 92% of the cases as compared to 81% in those receiving four fractions of 5 Gy weekly.

Conclusion Further studies with numerous dose fractionation schedules would open up new dimensions in the radiotherapy of keloids.
Netherton's syndrome in two sisters. A ten year experience of therapy with retinoids
Authors: Groves S. , Dezfoulian B. , Bonardeaux Ch. , de la Brassinne M.
Published: July 2006

Netherton's syndrome is a recessive autosomal disease associating ichthyosiform dermatosis, hair dysplasia and systemic involvement. (Netherton, 1958, Arch. Dermatol., Vol. 78, 483–487). We report the observation of two sisters who present the complete form of Netherton's syndrome. Both patients were treated with retinoids for more than ten years.
Leprechaunism
Authors: Barba Annalisa , Chieregato Carlo , Schena Donatella , Pizzo Paolo
Published: July 2006

A 10‐year old girl with leprechaunism was studied by clinical examination, blood tests and skin biopsies. She is one of the few cases of such long survival and the first one with two missence mutations demonstrated in the alpha‐1 subunit of the insulin receptor. The case is interesting not only because of its rarity and typical morphology but also because nowadays it is possible to explain the clinical features at a metabolic and hormonal level.
Diagnosis and treatment of oral hairy leukoplakia
Authors: Mabruk Mohamed J.E.M.F. , Flint Stephen R. , Coleman David C. , Toner Mary , Atkins Gregory J.
Published: July 2006

Background Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a greyish white keratotic lesion occurring unilaterally or bilaterally on the lateral border or ventral surface of the tongue and occasionally at other mucosal sites. This lesion is seen in immunosuppressed individuals, usually in association with HIV infection.

Aims The clinical and histopathological features of OHL are only sufficient to reach a presumptive diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis of OHL requires demonstration of the presence of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) within the OHL lesion. Prompt and accurate recognition of the condition is important, as it is an early and reliable sign of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Conclusions A definitive diagnosis of OHL may be acheived by detection of EBV in the lesion through the use of immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridisation on biopsy material.
Measures of the effect of adult severe atopic eczema on quality of life
Authors: Finlay Andrew Y.
Published: July 2006

Background Measures of the impact of severe eczema on patients’ lives are required for clinical, audit and political reasons, in order to argue for more resources for dermatology services.

Objective The purpose of this study was to identify and measure the effects of severe eczema on quality of life of adults.

Setting Dermatology hospital hased clinics throughout the United Kingdom.

Methods Ninety‐two adults with severe atopic eczema completed a questionnaire concerning the effect of their disease on their quality of life.

Results The mean Dermatology Life Quality Index was 18 (60%). S.D. 7.1. with subsections relating to “symptoms and feelings” and “treatment effects” scoring highest. Disease comparison utility questions demonstrated that patients with severe eczema consider that having diabetes (ratio=1.21) or hypertension (1.38) would be better than having eczema, whereas having bronchitis (0.89) would be worse than having eczema (if diseases equal, ratio = 1). Over the long term, atopic eczema affects family life in 80% of patients and sexual relationships in 57%. 32% of patients had lost a median income of £5000 over the previous year because of their eczema, and those patients who were working had lost a median of 5 days from work over the previous year. 50% of patients would be prepared to give up 2 h or more a day in order to have normal skin, and 74% (49%) of patients would be prepared to pay £1000 (£10,000) or more for a cure.

Conclusion This study confirms the major impact of severe atopic eczema on the quality of life of adults.
Assesment of self application of four topical agents on genital warts in women
Authors: Frega A. , Stentella P. , Di Renzi F. , Chiaie L. Delle , Cipriano L. , Pachi A.
Published: July 2006

Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of topical medical therapy in women affected by HPV vulvoperineal warts, comparing four agents: Podophillotoxin 0.5% of solution. 5% topical 5‐FU cream. α‐IFN cream anc β‐IFN cream.

Methods One hundred thirty‐four women with untreated vulvoperineal warts were enrolled. After colposcopic, cytological and histological assessment of HPV changes, the women affected were divided into four groups and treated by self‐application of one of the following agents: Podophillotoxin 0.5% solution, 5% topical 5‐FU cream. α‐IFN cream, and β‐IFN cream.

Results A 71.8% CR (complete recovery) was reported by patients in the Podophilloloxin therapy group; a 50% CR in the 5%‐ topical 5‐FU cream group; a 27% CR in the α‐IFN group: and lastly a 34.2% CR in the β‐IFN cream group (P < 0.001).

Conclusions The role of topical medical therapy of vulvoperineal warts remains limited in effectiveness, but the use of 5r/r topical 5‐FU and Podophyllotoxin, showed better efficacy compared to IFN. The results obtained were unchanged after one year follow‐up, showing that Podophylloloxin and 5% topical 5‐FU can be considered a valid therapeutic strategy.
Keratoacanthomas: human papillomavirus and herpes simplex virus associated?
Authors: Strumìa R. , Roveggio C. , Rotola A. , Monini P. , Cassai E.
Published: July 2006

Background A viral cause for keratoacanthoma has been postulated by many investigators. Recently, some investigators reported the identification of genital high risk human papilloma virus types 16 and 18 in keratoacanthomas from transplant recipients.

Observations We analysed by polymerase chain reaction biopsies of six multiple keratoacanthomas and four solitary keratoacanthoma biopsies for the presence of the most common genital papilloma viruses. All keratoacanthomas included in the study had developed in skin areas exposed to sunlight. In addition. We analysed 16 normal skin tissue biopsies. Six of these control tissue biopsies were from sun‐exposed skin areas, while 10 were from skin areas not exposed to sunlight. None of the patients enrolled in the study had clinical evidence of immunosuppression. As herpes simplex virus is associated to a variety of skin diseases and might co‐operate with human papilloma virus in cervical cancer, the presence of this virus in bioptic specimens was also addressed.

Results DNA sequences from oncogenic papilloma viruses type 16 and 18 were disclosed in two of four solitary keratoacanthomas, three of six multiple keratoacanthomas and four of six biopsies from sun‐exposed normal skin. Non‐oncogenic papilloma viruses (type 6 or 11) were detected only in one biopsy from a multiple keratoacanthoma, and herpes simplex virus DNA was disclosed in one solitary keratoacanthoma, one multiple keratoacanthoma and one tissue biopsy from sun‐exposed skin. All specimens positive for herpes simplex virus were co‐infected with human papilloma virus type 16, but this association was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test; P= 0.14). None of the tissue biopsies from sun‐protected normal skin was positive for these viruses. The difference of viral prevalence in sun‐exposed and non‐ exposed skin was statistically significant (P= 1.5 × 10−3).

Conclusions In this study, human papilloma virus type 16 was detected with a high prevalence in keratoacanthomas and normal skin from immunocompetent individuals. The different prevalence of viral DNA in sun‐exposed and non‐exposed skin suggests that sunlight may favour viral infection. The comparable prevalence of viral DNA in neoplastic and normal tissue from skin areas exposed to sunlight would indicate that human papilloma virus infection occurred after the onset of neoplastic proliferation. In turn, the rapid growth of keratoacanthomas and the high viral prevalence (50%) would imply a high overall rate of infection (and/or re‐infection). The role of herpes simplex virus in this cutaneous pathology in unclear.
Cutaneous lesions of disseminated cryptococcosis as the initial presentation of advanced HIV infection
Authors: Calista Donato , Stagno Alessandro , Landi Christian
Published: July 2006

Cutaneous lesions of disseminated cryptococcosis as the first clinical evidence of acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is described in three cases. The clinical diagnosis was difficult because of the polymorphism of lesions, absence of general symptoms and the patients’unawareness of their HIV infection. Patient I had central nervous system involvement and a poor prognosis. Patients 2 and 3 had cutaneous lesions only and have remained in relatively good health at 18‐ and 14‐month follow‐ups, respectively, after treatment. The patients were treated with amphotericin B 0.5mg/kg per day for 6 weeks and oral fluconazole at 300 mg/day. The cutaneous lesions healed in 30 days. Because the high risk of relapse, long‐term suppressive therapy was instituted with oral fluconazole 300 mg/day. supplemented with three weekly amphotericin infusions. To the best of our knowledge, cutaneous cryptococcosis as the presenting sign of HIV infection has not been previously reported in medical literature.
Non‐tuberculous mycobacterial skin infections
Authors: Hautmann Giuseppe , Katsambas Andreas , Lotti Torello
Published: July 2006

General description The mycobacteria are a large genus which includes important pathogens of man and other vertebrates, apparently harmless commensals, and free‐living saprophytes. The relative importance of non‐tuberculous mycobacterial diseases has been undergoing evolution during the past few years and further changes and modifications are expected to occur in the near future. In this paper we review the microbiological, clinical, histological and therapeutical aspects of the most important human pathogens of non–tuberculous mycobacteria.

Learning objective At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be able to describe the pathogenesis. the microbiological, clinical and histological features of non‐tuberculous mycobacterial skin infections and should be able to diagnose and treat these skin diseases.
Serum level of major basic protein indicates disease activity in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Ikai Kouichi , Nakajima Naoko , Ozaki Motoaki , Furukawa Ikuko , Aoshima Toshiyuki , Mitani Tsuneo , Sawami Mari , Sayama Shigetoshi , Omoto Mitsuyoshi , Uehara Masami , Imamura Sadao
Published: July 2006

We evaluated the serum levels of major basic protein (MBP), assayed using an MBP radioimmunoassay kit. and the effect of an anti‐allergic agent, ketotifen, which has strong anti‐eosinophil activity, in 56 atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. The serum MBP level was significantly lower (660.11 ± 34.52 ng/ml, P < 0.05) after administration of ketotifen (1 mg twice a day) for 8 weeks than before treatment (774.98 ± 48.64 ng/ml). These findings suggest that serum MBP levels are a useful indicator of AD activity and that anti‐allergic agents can have an effect on eosinophil involvement in AD.
Oral itraconazole therapy for pityriasis versicolor
Authors: Georgiou S. , Monastirli A. , Pasmatzi E. , Zografakis C. , Tsambaos D.
Published: July 2006

The therapeutic efficacy and safely of oral itraconazole (200 mg/day for 7 days) was assessed in an open trial in 50 patients with pityriasis versicolor. At the end of the I‐week therapy complete remission and marked improvement were observed in 44% and 48% of the treated patients, respectively: 8% of the patients who showed no response were treated for 1 more week and also revealed a complete remission by the end of she 3‐week follow‐up (50/50). Headache and/or nausea occurred in 6% of the patients, whereas, the haematological and biochemical investigations revealed no abnormalities. The results of the present study clearly indicate that oral itraconazole is a highly efficacious and safe treatment for pityriasis versicolor.
Serum levels of soluble IL‐2 receptor, soluble ICAM‐1, TNF‐alpha, interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐6 in scleroderma
Authors: Bruns M. , Haustein U.F. , Hofmann Ch. , Herrmann K.
Published: July 2006

Background A variety of immunological markers have been reported to be elevated in patients with systemic scleroderma (SSc).

Objective The aim of this study was to determine which of the following parameters: soluble IL‐2 receptor (sIL‐2r). soluble ICAM‐1 (sICAM‐1), tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐alpha), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) reflect the clinical stage of the disease and how they correlate with each other.

Methods In 31 scleroderma patients the serum levels of these markers were measured in the same blood sample using ELISA test kits. The results were correlated with clinical findings such as extent of skin disease, inflammatory disease activity and involvement of internal organs.

Results SIL‐2r, slCAM‐1 and TNF‐alpha showed significant differences in subgroups of SSc patients in contrast to IL‐4and IL‐6, The five parameters did not correlate with each other.

Conclusion sIL‐2r, sICAM‐1 and TNF‐alpha showed differences in subgroups of scleroderma and therefore they may be useful in further studies as markers of disease activity.
Itraconazole versus terbinafine (LAMISIL®): which is better for the treatment of onychomycosis?
Authors: Honeyman J.F. , Talarico Filho S. , Arruda L.H.F. , Jr. A.C. Pereira , Santamarta J.R. , Souza E.M. , Woscoff A. , Amorim Filho R. , De la Parra C.R. , Enokihara M.Y. , Gavazoni M.F. , Gubelin H.W. , Rosa S.P. , Turin M.A.G. , Vitale M.A.
Published: July 2006

Objectives To compare the efficacy, safely and tolerability of oral terbinafine with itraconazole in patients with toenail onychomycosis treated for 4 months.

Setting Departments of dermatology of six universities and one private clinic.

Design Double‐blind double‐dummy, multicentric, multinational, parallel‐group therapeutic trial, involving 179 patients with toenail onychomycosis. Patients were randomly treated with either 200 mg/day oral itraconazole or 250 mg/day terbinafine for 4 months. After the 4th month both treatment groups received oral placebo for another 8 months. The total duration of the study was therefore 12 months. After the 12th month a final evaluation of efficacy was performed in 167 patients (85 on itraconazole and 82 on terbinafine) and a final evaluation of tolerability was performed in 175 patient.

Results The dermatophytes identified at the initial visit were Trichophyton rubrum (82.1%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (14%) and others (3.9%), The mycological cure rates at the end of the 4th and 12th months were 54.9% and 95.3% in the terbinafine group and 51.8% and 84.31% in the itraconazole group (the difference between the groups was. statistically significant at the 12th month, P < 0.04). Clinical cure was achieved by 8.5% and 9.4% of the patients in the terbinafine and itraconazole groups at the 4th month (not significant. NS) and these rates increased to 57.8% and 62.9%. respectively, at the 12th month (difference between groups NS, P > 0,05). A complete mycological cure associated with clinical improvement over 50%. was observed at the 4th month in 50% of the patients treated with terbinafine and 49.4% of the patients treated with itraconazole which was not statistically significant (NS). At the 12th month the rates increased to 95.4% with terbinafine and 75.7% with itraconazole (statistically significant. P < 0.001). Seven patients of the terbinafine group and 9 patients of the itraconazole group presented drug‐related side effects (NS). Six patients (6.3%) discontinued the study due to adverse events in the itraconazole group hut no patient discontinued in the terbinafine group. At entry into the study all subjects in both groups presented normal values in liver function tests which remained unchanged throughout the study in the patients of the terbinafine group. One patient of the itraconazole group presented small increases in SGOT and SGPT associated with abdominal pain and nausea.
The effectiveness of cyclosporine and photochemotherapy in the treatment of psoriasis: a retrospective study
Authors: Zonneveld I.M. , Witkamp L. , Bossuyt P.M.M. , Meinardi M.M.H.M. , Bos J.D.
Published: July 2006

Objective In this retrospective study, the effectiveness of cyclosporine A (CsA) and photochemotherapy (PUVA) in inducing and maintaining remission has been evaluated for a 1 year period in 50 patients.

Methods CsA was administered for induction of remission and continued as maintenance therapy. PUVA was given as a single course. Patients were classified into two groups: moderate psoriasis and severe psoriasis.

Results Efficacy parameters showed a remission of 93% following one course of PUVA therapy versus 80% in the CsA group (P < 0.01) in moderate psoriasis. In severe psoriasis no differences were detectable. The mean induction of remission period with CsA was 12.5 weeks and with PUVA 13.5 weeks. Nine of 25 CsA treated patients and five of 25 PUVA treated patients failed to reach a remission within a period of 16 weeks. The mean maintenance of remission was 39 weeks in the CsA group and 33 weeks in the PUVA group.

Conclusion These results indicate a preferential position of PUVA therapy to treat both moderate and severe psoriasis that does not respond to topical treatment.
Linear Darier's disease in a patient with recurrent carcinoma of the bladder reflects cutaneous mosaicism
Authors: Papadavid E. , Dawber R.P.R.
Published: July 2006

We report a case where occurrence of linear Darier's disease along Blaschko's lines followed radiotherapy due to the subject's recurrence of a longstanding carcinoma of the bladder. Scattered papules on the chest and hack preceded the exacerbation of the disease. In this case, localised linear disease may he triggered on a background of a more disseminated disease which raises the possibility that linear keratosis follicularis is a separate entity of cutaneous mosaicism for the mutation responsible for Darter's disease.
Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis induced by gestodene in an oral contraceptive
Authors: Amichai Boaz , Lazarov Aneta
Published: July 2006

We describe a case of eruptive pseudoangiomatosis triggered by the oral contraceptive Minulet® containing gestodene and ethinyloestradiol. A possible immunological mechanism in the induction of the skin lesions is suggested by the histopathological findings and a positive macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) test for the progesterone components in Minulet®.
Naevus sudoriferus (local eccrine hyperhidrosis)
Authors: Rasmussen H. Boje , Ullman S.
Published: July 2006

Naevus sudoriferus (local hyperhidrosis) or ephidrosis, in an 8‐year‐old girl is presented. The symptoms consisted of sweating in an area on the dorsal aspect of the right forearm and had been present for approximately 1 year. Episodes of hyperhidrosis occurred 2–4 times daily. The diagnosis was supported using the starch‐iodine sweat test, which delineated the area of sweat dysfunction, The patient was treated topically with aluminium chloride solution.
Girls Who Perceive Themselves as Competent Some Antecedents and Correlates
Authors: Baruch Grace K.
Published: July 2006

The self-perceptions of competence of white, middle-class fifth- and tenth-grade girls were examined in relation to (a) certain maternal variables and (b) self-esteem and anticipated role pattern (career aspirations and desired family sizeJ. Subjects were 79 fifth-graders and 51 of their mothers, and 49 tenth-graders and 38 of their mothers. Self-perceptions of competence were measured by an adaptation of the Rosenkrantz Sex-Role Questionnaire. Specific maternal variables were: mothers' self-perceptions of competence, maternal child-rearing values, and maternal employment. In the results, girls who had high self-perceptions of competence had mothers whose own self-perceptions were high; their mothers placed significantly more value on traits related to independence, assertiveness, and achievement. There were no effects of maternal employment. Other findings were: there was a positive relationship of self-esteem and self-perceptions of competence (significant only for tenth-graders); and high-competence girls had higher career aspirations and desired fewer children.
Therapist Judgments of Clients' Sex-role Problems
Authors: Cowan Gloria
Published: July 2006

Thirty therapists belonging to the Michigan Society of Consulting Psychologists rated the bipolar adjectives of the Sex-Role Stereotypes Questionnaire as to which pole was a problem for their average male and female clients. Female clients were viewed as too feminine on both socially desirable and socially undesirable adjectives. The problems of male clients were not viewed in sex stereotypic ways on the specific stereotypes. Asked directly, therapists reported that sex-role expectations create problems for both male and female clients. The findings contradict the hypothesis that therapists see the problems of women in therapy as nonconformity to the feminine stereotype.
Women's Physiological Reactions to Physically Demanding Work
Authors: Wardle Miriam Gayle
Published: July 2006

Eight females (X age = 20 yrs.) were subjects in an experiment consisting of two parts. The first part measured the maximal work capacity and peak work load on a treadmill at a speed of 8 kms (5 mph) with grade increasing 2 1/2% every 3 minutes. The second part measured energy expended on a treadmill walked under varying conditions of speed, grade, and load in an eight hour day of strenuous work. The results showed that these women were able to do strenuous work expending 2369 kcals for 8 1/2 hours. The energy expended exceeded that required for most physically demanding occupations. The results have implications for vocational choice research for women who have been excluded from occupations due to an assumed lack of strength.
Sex as Reported in a Recent Sample of Psychological Research
Authors: Reardon Patrice , Prescott Suzanne
Published: July 2006

This study is a follow up on the study done by Sara Schwabacher (1972). All the articles in this study were taken from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1974, volume 30, and were reviewed for sex of subjects, type of conclusions drawn, and whether sex was mentioned in the abstract, introduction, or methods section. These results were compared to the Schwabacher study in order to discover if the conditions noted in her study continue to prevail, or whether there has been a change in scientific sampling and reporting procedures.

Contrary to the previous study, the percentage of all male studies show a sharp drop of 15% while all female studies rose 22%. When comparing the amount of single sex studies overgeneralized, all-male studies remained proportionately the same, whereas overgeneralized all-female studies showed an increase of 35.5%. In addition more both-sex articles checked for sex differences than previously reported. The authors discuss the results in relation to the women's movement and scientific decision making. Three suggestions for scientific reporting and procedures are made.
Where Are We Now? Discussion of Papers Presented in the 1975 AERA Symposium on Sex Differences in Achievement Motivation and Achievement Behavior
Authors: Alper Thelma
Published: July 2006

The five papers presented at the symposium are examined critically in an attempt to account for both positive and negative findings in this area of research. Where relevant, the data from other studies not covered by these papers are introduced to support the author's conclusions.
Work Status, Work Satisfaction, and Blood Pressure Among Married Black and White Women
Authors: Hauenstein Louise S. , Kasl Stanislav V. , Harburg Ernest
Published: July 2006

This study examined blood pressure levels of married women in relation to such work-related variables as work load, satisfaction with work, reported strain, and evaluated performance. The major findings were: (a) Differences in work load were unrelated to blood pressure levels. However, currently unemployed working women had lower levels. (b) Housewives reporting tension about housework and being critical of own performance had higher blood pressure. (c) Working wives with a strong commitment to the work role had higher blood pressure levels, as did those women who were relatively low on indicators of job achievement.
Girls' and Boys' Changing Attitudes Toward School
Authors: Fink Arlene , Kosecoff Jacqueline
Published: July 2006

This study considered children in kindergarten, first grade, and second grade in order to determine whether boys and girls differ from one another in their attitudes toward school when they first begin, and whether the relationship between boys' and girls' attitude changes with time. The information used in the study was collected during an evaluation of the California pre-school program. A total of 6011 educationally disadvantaged children in 148 elementary schools were selected for the evaluation. The Attitude to School Questionnaire, developed at UCLA, was used to measure attitude. The study found that the sample of disadvantaged girls and boys has similar attitudes toward school in kindergarten. As they progress through the second grade, girls' attitude remains stable, while boys' attitude improves. The study also found that the differences between these attitude patterns were statistically significant. The study's results challenge the belief that girls have a better attitude toward school and suggest that differences in attitude between girls and boys develop between kindergarten and first grade.
Relationships Between Sex, Sex Role, and Social Influence
Authors: Falbo Toni
Published: July 2006

A study (N = 60) was conducted to investigate the relationship between sex, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, and measures of social influence. These influence measures involved self-reports of influence strategies, peer evaluations after group discussions, the Marlowe-Crowne Social-Desirability Scale, and a conformity paradigm. It was found that regardless of the subject's sex, masculine and androgynous persons received more positive peer evaluations than feminine persons. Feminine people regardless of sex were more likely than masculine or androgynous people ( p < .05) to report using tears, emotional alteration, and subtlety in efforts to influence others. It was also found that sex-typed and androgynous persons had higher need for approval scores than cross-sex-typed individuals.
Effects of Changing Proportions of the Sexes on Ratings of Occupational Prestige
Authors: Hawkins Robert Parker , Pingree Suzanne
Published: July 2006

Touhey (1974) has suggested that an influx of women into high-status, male-dominated professions will result in declining prestige and desirability for those professions. The present study attempts both a replication and an extension to examine results of changing sex ratios in low-status and female-dominated occupations. Replication of the previous finding and its predicted extension to high-status women's jobs occurred only with college sophomores; juniors and seniors generally did not respond to sex composition, although they did rate high-status men's jobs as even more prestigious with a larger proportion of women employed in the job. Results for the low-status jobs were less clear, possibly reflecting the distance of college students from such occupations. Unlike Touhey's, these results are not interpreted as predicting future occupational prestige, but only as reflecting current attitudes about women and men.
Sex Differences in Response to Marijuana in a Social Setting
Authors: Adamec Cannie Stark , Pihl R. O.
Published: July 2006

Due to the failure to include women in the subject samples of most experimental investigations of the effects of cannabis, the possibility exists that the data obtained on this social intoxicant are applicable to only 49% of the population. Those few studies that have compared males and females have focused on performance variables and have demonstrated very few differences. It was hypothesized that the most likely area for male/female marijuana differences would be that of social interactions and behaviors related to these interactions.

In a relaxed, informal atmosphere, Es videotaped the social interactions of groups of female friends, female strangers, male friends, or male strangers as they smoked coltsfoot, placebo, and marijuana. In addition to social-condition and drug-condition differences, we obtained statistically significant effects indicating that the women responded both to the social situations and to the drug differently from the men. In general, the women interacted with each other more positively than did the men. These effects were paralleled by sex differences in mood, person perception, and even in how pleasurable or annoying the experimental tasks were.

These data are of import not only in the area of cannabis research but in the field of social interactions and the study of female/male differences as well.