bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Synthesis of a 1,2‐Diphospholide by Double C–H Deprotonation
Authors: Dixon Lily S. H. , Matthews Peter D. , Solomon Sophia A. , Wright Dominic S.
Published: April 2015

The relationship between phosphorus and carbon chemistry has been realized for many years. Phosphorus relatives of classical organic ligands (like cyclopentadienide, Cp–) in which carbon atoms have been substituted for phosphorus atoms are important classes of organometallic ligands, which are relevant to catalysis. Often, however, a limit to applying the phosphorus counterparts is the low‐yielding and circuitous nature of their synthesis. A case in point is the 1,2‐diphospholide ligand framework, an important analogue of the cyclopentadienyl ligand, which has only been obtained from multistep syntheses. We report in this paper a high‐yielding and direct route to this type of framework using a very simple approach. Treatment of MesPHLi (Mes = 2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl) with Sb(NMe2)3 generates the 5,7‐dimethyl‐1,2‐benzodiphosphol‐1‐ide anion (1), the first 1,2‐diphospholide analogue of indenyl. Structural and NMR spectroscopic investigations suggest that this unique reaction, involving double C–H deprotonation of a CH3 group of the Mes ligand, occurs through the rearrangement of a tetraphospha‐1,4‐diide anion.
Potassium and Magnesium Complexes of the (Iminophosphoranyl)(selenophosphoranyl)methanide Ligand [CH(PPh2Se)(PPh2NSiMe3)]–
Authors: Thirumoorthi Ramalingam , Chivers Tristram
Published: April 2015

The Se,N ligand CH2(PPh2Se)(PPh2NSiMe3) (1e) was prepared in excellent yield by treatment of [CH2(PPh2)(PPh2NSiMe3)] with selenium in hot toluene. Reactions of 1e with a small excess of KH or with Mg[N(SiMe3)2] in a 2:1 molar ratio in boiling THF or toluene produced [K{CH(PPh2Se)(PPh2NSiMe3)}]2 (K3e) or Mg{CH(PPh2Se)(PPh2NSiMe3)}2 [Mg(3e)2], respectively. Compounds 1e, (K3e)2, and Mg(3e)2 were characterized by multinuclear (1H, 13C, 29Si, 31P, 77Se) NMR spectroscopy, and their X‐ray structures were determined. In the solid state the N,Se‐coordinated potassium salt forms a centrosymmetric dimer via weak K···Se interactions [3.269(1) Å]; the K+ ions also engage in intramolecular (η3 and η6) interactions with neighboring phenyl groups. The homoleptic magnesium complex Mg(3e)2 is monomeric and exhibits a Se,C,N‐bonding mode [Mg–C 2.480(5) and 2.442(5) Å].
Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Reaction of Benzyl Isocyanide: Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2‐Diarylethylenediamines
Authors: Tamura Keiji , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: April 2015

A direct catalytic asymmetric Mannich‐type reaction of benzyl isocyanide using a CuI catalyst and N‐(diphenylthiophosphinoyl)imines was developed. The simultaneous activation strategy by soft–soft interaction was the key to promote the reaction using a weakly acidic pronucleophile, benzyl isocyanide. The spontaneous cyclization of the Mannich adduct afforded the corresponding enantioenriched imidazolines, which could be precursors for a variety of 1,2‐diarylethylenediamines.
Cervical 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation in the management of chronic, medically refractory migraine: A prospective, open‐label, exploratory study
Authors: Arcioni R. , Palmisani S. , Mercieri M. , Vano V. , Tigano S. , Smith T. , Fiore M.R.D. , Al‐Kaisy A. , Martelletti P.
Published: April 2015

Background

A significant minority of chronic migraine (CM) subjects fail conventional medical treatment (rCM), becoming highly disabled. Implantation of an occipital nerve stimulator is a therapeutic option for these subjects. Paresthesia‐free cervical 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation (HF10 SCS) may provide an alternative. We report the results of a prospective, open‐label, exploratory study assessing the long‐term safety, tolerability and efficacy of cervical HF10 SCS in cohort of rCM subjects.

Methods

Included subjects were diagnosed with CM by an experienced headache specialist with the aid of an hourly headache diary. They were refractory to conventional medical treatments including onabotulinumtoxin‐A injections. Medication overuse headache was not an exclusion criteria. Enrolled subjects underwent a 2‐ to 4‐week tunnelled cervical HF10 SCS trial followed by a permanent system implant if a significant, subjective reduction in headache intensity/episodes was reported during the trial. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and 6 months after implantation with the aid of monthly diaries and headache‐specific questionnaires.

Results

Seventeen subjects underwent a trial of cervical HF10 SCS; 14 were still implanted at 6 months (one trial failure, one trial infection, one implant site infection). Seven of the 14 subjects had >30% reduction in headache days. The average reduction in headache days was 6.9 for the overall population and 12.9 among the responders. Three subjects reported tenderness over the IPG/connection site, and one had a lead migration that required surgical revision.

Conclusion

Paresthesia‐free cervical HF10 SCS may be a safe and effective therapeutic option for chronic migraineurs refractory to conventional treatments.
Brain mechanisms of pain relief by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Choi J.C. , Kim J. , Kang E. , Lee J.‐M. , Cha J. , Kim Y.J. , Lee H.G. , Choi J.‐H. , Yi D.‐J.
Published: April 2015

Background

Although the exact mechanism of TENS pain relief is unknown, it is believed that TENS impulses interrupt nociceptive signals at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Aims

To evaluate the hypotheses that during pain caused by noxious stimuli, brain responses, temporal summation and brain functional connectivity are modulated by TENS, and that mechanisms of pain relief by TENS differ between men and women.

Methods

During fMRI scanning, the same noxious stimuli were delivered to each participant in pain‐only and pain+TENS conditions. In the pain‐only condition, noxious stimuli were presented without TENS. In the pain+TENS condition, participants received noxious stimuli and TENS concurrently. Participants were initially presented with TENS at an intensity that was just below that causing discomfort. TENS intensity was presented in a step‐wise fashion to prevent temporal summation from repetitive noxious stimuli.

Results

Pain and unpleasantness ratings were significantly higher in the pain‐only than the pain+TENS condition. With non‐painful TENS, primary and secondary somatosensory and parietal cortices were activated, and temporal summation from repetitive noxious stimuli was prevented. Periaqueductal gray (PAG) and lateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity was increased by TENS, and modulated by testosterone and cortisol. Women reported greater pain during TENS than men, and showed greater activation in the temporoparietal junction cortex and increased PAG functional connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex.

Conclusion

TENS led to pain reduction, probably due to activation of the descending pain‐inhibitory pathway, indicating that this TENS method may be applied in clinical practice.
Eating Disorders and Their Putative Risk Factors Among Female German Professional Athletes
Authors: Thiemann Pia , Legenbauer Tanja , Vocks Silja , Platen Petra , Auyeung Bonnie , Herpertz Stephan
Published: April 2015

This study examines putative non‐sport‐specific and sport‐specific risk factors for eating disorders (ED) among groups of professional female athletes versus non‐athletes. In detail, societal pressure to be thin, its internalisation, body dissatisfaction, sports pressure and early specialisation were investigated. The cross‐sectional study included 46 aesthetic and 62 ball game sports athletes, and 108 age‐matched non‐athletes. Study methods comprised a clinical interview to detect ED and questionnaires. More athletes from aesthetic (17%) than from ball game sports (3%) and non‐athletes (2%) suffered from ED. Aesthetic sports athletes did not differ from non‐athletes in non‐sport‐specific factors but obtained higher levels than ball game sports athletes in sport‐specific variables (p < .01). All factors together accounted for 57.3% of variation in disordered eating, with sports pressure and body dissatisfaction as significant predictors. The results confirm ED risk for German aesthetic athletes and indicate the importance of sports pressure and body dissatisfaction in explaining athletes' vulnerability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Test Takers' Writing Activities During theTOEFL iBT®Writing Tasks: A Stimulated Recall Study
Authors: Barkaoui Khaled
Published: April 2015

This study aimed to describe the writing activities that test takers engage in when responding to the writing tasks in theTOEFL iBT®test and to examine the effects of task type and test‐taker English language proficiency (ELP) and keyboarding skills on the frequency and distribution of these activities. Each of 22 test takers with different levels of ELP (low vs. high) and keyboarding skills (low vs. high) responded to 2TOEFL iBTwriting tasks (independent and integrated) on the computer. Each participant then provided stimulated recalls about the writing activities they used when performing each writing task. Stimulated recalls were coded and the results were compared across tasks and test‐taker groups. The findings indicated that the participants engaged in various construct‐relevant activities, such as interacting with the writing task and resources, planning, generating, evaluating, and revising. Additionally, test takers' writing activities varied significantly across tasks and to a lesser extent across test‐taker groups. Participants' writing activities varied most across writing tasks and, to a lesser extent, across English proficiency groups. Low keyboarding skills seem to have affected mainly activities on the independent writing task. To better understand the role of keyboarding skills in performance on theTOEFL iBTwriting tasks and to address the test's extrapolation inference, future studies need to compare the writing performance of test takers with different levels of second language (L2) proficiency and keyboarding skills in test and nontest settings.
Fragrance mix I and II: results of breakdown tests
Authors: Geier Johannes , Uter Wolfgang , Lessmann Holger , Schnuch Axel
Published: April 2015

Since the late 1970s, a fragrance mix (FM I) consisting of amyl cinnamal, cinnamal, cinnamyl alcohol, eugenol, geraniol, hydroxycitronellal, isoeugenol and oakmoss absolute (Evernia prunastri) has been used as a screening agent for contact allergy to fragrances in the baseline patch test series. In 2005, another mix (FM II) was added, consisting of citronellol, coumarin, farnesol, hexyl cinnamal and hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC). Leading allergens are oakmoss absolute and isoeugenol in FM I, and HICC in FM II. The aim of the present study was analyse, if the internal ranking of fragrance allergens has changed in the course of the years, and to analyse cross reactivity between selected fragrance compounds. Retrospective analysis of data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 1998‐2013 (FM I), and 2005‐2013 (FM II). The ranking of the most frequent allergens in the FMs is largely unchanged, except for an increase in sensitization to hexyl cinnamal. Limitations of exposure to oakmoss absolute, isoeugenol and HICC in cosmetics and body care products had a positive effect, as confirmed by the declining proportions of sensitized patients. Nevertheless, they remain the most important fragrance allergens in FM I and FM II. FM I and FM II are valuable tools for screening for fragrance allergy. However, a diagnosis of fragrance allergy cannot be made by patch testing with FM I and FM II alone. In case of suspected fragrance allergy and/or positive test reaction to FM I or FM II, testing the full mix breakdown and other fragrance allergens is obligatory. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensitivity analysis on the parameter of the GLS method for a second‐gradient theory of incompressible flow
Authors: Barbosa da Cruz Antônio G. , Dutra do Carmo Eduardo G. , Duda Fernando P.
Published: April 2015

Using a non‐conforming C0‐interior penalty method and the Galerkin least‐square approach, we develop a continuous–discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for discretizing fourth‐order incompressible flow problems. The formulation is weakly coercive for spaces that fail to satisfy the inf‐sup condition and consider discontinuous basis functions for the pressure field. We consider the results of a stability analysis through a lemma which indicates that there exists an optimal or quasi‐optimal least‐square stability parameter that depends on the polynomial degree used to interpolate the velocity and pressure fields, and on the geometry of the finite element in the mesh. We provide several numerical experiments illustrating such dependence, as well as the robustness of the method to deal with arbitrary basis functions for velocity and pressure, and the ability to stabilize large pressure gradients. We believe the results provided in this paper contribute for establishing a paradigm for future studies of the parameter of the Galerkin least square method for second‐gradient theory of incompressible flow problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordinate‐invariant phase field modeling of ferro‐electrics, part I: Model formulation and single‐crystal simulations
Authors: Schrade D. , Keip M.‐A. , Thai H. , Schröder J. , Svendsen B. , Müller R. , Gross D.
Published: April 2015

An electro‐mechanically coupled phase field model for ferroelectric domain evolution is introduced. Based on Gurtin's concept of a microforce balance, a generalized Ginzburg‐Landau evolution equation is derived from the second law of thermodynamics. The thermodynamic potential is formulated for transversely isotropic material behavior by adopting a coordinateinvariant formulation. The model is reduced to 2D and implemented into a finite element framework. The numerical simulations concern the microstructure evolution in mechanically clamped BaTiO3 single‐crystals. In the second part of this contribution Keip et al. [1], the poling behavior of ferroelectric composites and polycrystals is investigated with regard to size effects and the influence of a discontinuous order parameter field across grain boundaries. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The second S‐Bahn trunk line in Munich / Die zweite S‐Bahn‐Stammstrecke München
Authors: Scheller Albert
Published: April 2015

In order to relieve the existing S‐Bahn urban transit railway trunk line under the inner city of Munich, the construction of a second S‐Bahn trunk line with a further inner‐city tunnel is planned, which will also link the transport nodes at the Hauptbahnhof main station, at the Marienhof/Marienplatz and at the Ostbahnhof east station. The two‐track line is about 10 km long, of which about 7 km will run in tunnels, and will mainly run in the Tertiary at a depth of about 40 m due to the existing dense building and underground transport routes that have to be crossed. The platform level of the three new stations will also be correspondingly 35 to 41 m deep. The high water pressures and the cross‐sections of the station tunnels of up to 330 m2 pose particular challenges for the design and construction of the stations. The article provides an overview of the overall project and the special technical features of the tunnels.

Zur Entlastung der bestehenden S‐Bahn‐Stammstrecke unter der Innenstadt von München ist der Bau einer 2. S‐Bahn‐Stammstrecke mit einem weiteren Innenstadttunnel geplant, die ebenfalls die Verkehrsknotenpunkte am Hauptbahnhof, am Marienhof/Marienplatz und am Ostbahnhof erschließen soll. Die rd. 10 km lange, zweigleisige Strecke, von der rd. 7 km im Tunnel liegen werden, wird aufgrund der bereits vorhandenen dichten Bebauung und der zu kreuzenden unterirdischen Verkehrsbauwerke überwiegend im Tertiär in einer Tiefe von rd. 40 m verlaufen. Entsprechend tief werden mit 35 bis 41 m auch die Bahnsteigebenen der drei neu zu erstellenden unterirdischen Haltepunkte liegen. Die hohen Wasserdrücke und die Querschnittsflächen der Bahnsteigröhren von bis zu 330 m2 stellen besondere Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und den Bau der Stationen. Nachfolgend wird ein Überblick über das Gesamtvorhaben und die tunnelbautechnischen Besonderheiten gegeben.
Karst investigation and treatment measures for the high‐speed track on the Swabian Jura / Karsterkundungs‐ und Sanierungsmaßnahmen für den Hochgeschwindigkeitsfahrweg auf der Schwäbischen Alb
Authors: Kielbassa Stefan , Prischmann Falk , Beer Norbert
Published: April 2015

The new line from Stuttgart to Ulm is part of the new trans‐European Main Line from Paris to Budapest. It crosses the Schwäbische Alb (Swabian Jura) and is divided for planning approval purposes into the sections Albvorland, Albaufstieg, Albhochfläche and Albabstieg (Alb foreland, climb, high plain and descent). While the high plain is mostly characterised by open‐air line, long tunnels dominate the adjoining slope sections. Common to all these sections is a similar geology with karstified Weissjura limestone as the most frequent formation. The construction of a structurally safe and serviceable high‐speed railway track demands careful handling of the karst.

This article presents the concept for karst investigation and treatment for the high plain. A differentiation is made between wide‐area investigation for the permanent way in cuttings and on embankment and isolated investigation for bridge foundations. Selected investigation results are described as well as the treatment measures derived from them. A decision is made based on generally valid rules about relevant cavity sizes dependant on the depth below the foundation whether and what treatment is necessary. This is generally based on the results of the karst working group, who performed appropriate work on the basics for the new line from Nuremberg to Ingolstadt on the Franconian Jura.

Die Neubaustrecke Stuttgart–Ulm ist Teil der neuen transeuropäischen Magistrale Paris–Budapest. Sie quert die Schwäbische Alb und wird von der Planfeststellung in die Abschnitte Albvorland, Albaufstieg, Albhochfläche und Albabstieg unterteilt. Während die Albhochfläche überwiegend durch offene Strecken charakterisiert wird, dominieren in den angrenzenden Hangabschnitten lange Tunnel. Diesen Bereichen gemeinsam ist eine ähnliche Geologie mit verkarstetem Weißjura‐Kalkstein als häufigste Formation. Für die Herstellung eines standsicheren und gebrauchstauglichen Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Fahrwegs bedarf es eines sorgfältigen Umgangs mit dem Karst.

In diesem Beitrag wird das Konzept der Karsterkundung und ‐sanierung für die Albhochfläche vorgestellt. Dabei wird zwischen singulären Erkundungen für Brückengründungen und flächendeckenden Erkundungen für den Fahrweg im Einschnitt und in Dammlage unterschieden. Ausgewählte Erkundungsergebnisse sowie daraus abgeleitete Sanierungsmaßnahmen werden vorgestellt. Auf Grundlage allgemeingültiger Festlegungen über relevante Hohlraumgrößen in Abhängigkeit von der Tiefenlage unter der Gründung wird entschieden, ob und welche Sanierungsmaßnahmen erforderlich sind. Hierbei wird generell auf die Ergebnisse des Arbeitskreises Karst zurückgegriffen, der für die Neubaustrecke Nürnberg–Ingolstadt auf der Fränkischen Alb entsprechende Grundlagenarbeit geleistet hat.
Intersectin1‐s, A multidomain adapter protein, Is essential for malignant glioma proliferation
Authors: Gu Feng , Zhang Huikun , Qin Fengxia , Liu Xiaoli , Li Wenliang , Fu Li , Ying Guoguang , Li Binghui , Zhang Ming , Ma Yongjie
Published: April 2015

Glioblastomas, the most aggressive form of primary brain tumors with a tendency to invade surrounding healthy brain tissues, remains an incurable disease. Intersectin (ITSN) is a multidomain adapter protein implicated in endocytosis, exocytosis, and multiple signaling pathways. Prior research of ours has shown intersectin1‐S (ITSN1‐S) is critical for the migration and invasion of glioma cells by regulating several key proteins. In this study, we established ITSN1‐S expression patterns in human tumor tissues. We discovered that ITSN1‐S expression was positively correlated with histological grade of gliomas and with poor patient prognosis. We also found that the expression of ITSN1‐S protein was essential to glioblastoma cell proliferation. Furthermore, through a series of expression constructs encoding different ITSN1‐S domains, we identified the critical roles of ITSN1‐S SH3 domains in the regulation of cell proliferation. This study also demonstrates evidence suggesting that the regulation of ITSN1‐S on glioblastoma cells proliferation is through the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. In conclusion, this study suggests critical roles of ITSN1‐S in malignant glioma proliferation, indicating a potential usage of ITSN1‐S in the therapeutic intervention as a novel molecular target. GLIA 2015;63:1595–1605
Evaluating lifestyle and health‐related characteristics of older adults with co‐occurring depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities
Authors: Freitas Cassandra , Deschênes Sonya , Au Bonnie , Smith Kimberley , Schmitz Norbert
Published: April 2015

Objective

Comorbid depression and cardiometabolic abnormalities might represent an important subgroup of depression. The aim of the present study was to evaluate lifestyle and health‐related characteristics of individuals with both depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities.

Methods

Data were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The sample was comprised of 5365 adults aged 50–80 years. High depressive symptoms were based on the eight‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression scale. Cardiometabolic abnormalities were defined as having ≥3 cardiometabolic risk factors (hypertension, impaired glycemic control, systemic inflammation, low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and central obesity). Four groups were created based on Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression scores and cardiometabolic abnormalities: those with (i) comorbid depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities (DCM); (ii) depressive symptoms only (DnoCM); (iii) cardiometabolic abnormalities only; and (iv) neither depressive symptoms nor cardiometabolic abnormalities. Lifestyle and health‐related characteristics of the four groups were compared using chi‐square tests. A modified Poisson regression analysis was performed to compare the DCM and the DnoCM groups with respect to lifestyle and health‐related characteristics.

Results

Those in the DCM group were significantly less physically active (p = 0.003), had poorer self‐rated health (p < 0.001), had lower income (p = 0.001), and were more likely to be retired (p < 0.001) than those in the DnoCM group. The pattern of results remained after controlling for other lifestyle and health‐related factors.

Conclusion

These results provide support for a cardiometabolic subgroup of depression that is associated with physical inactivity, poorer self‐rated health, lower income, and retirement. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schizophrenia‐like topological changes in the structural connectome of individuals with subclinical psychotic experiences
Authors: Drakesmith Mark , Caeyenberghs Karen , Dutt Anirban , Zammit Stanley , Evans C. John , Reichenberg Abraham , Lewis Glyn , David Anthony S. , Jones Derek K.
Published: April 2015

Schizophrenia is often regarded as a “dysconnectivity” disorder and recent work using graph theory has been used to better characterize dysconnectivity of the structural connectome in schizophrenia. However, there are still little data on the topology of connectomes in less severe forms of the condition. Such analysis will identify topological markers of less severe disease states and provide potential predictors of further disease development. Individuals with psychotic experiences (PEs) were identified from a population‐based cohort without relying on participants presenting to clinical services. Such individuals have an increased risk of developing clinically significant psychosis. 123 individuals with PEs and 125 controls were scanned with diffusion‐weighted MRI. Whole‐brain structural connectomes were derived and a range of global and local GT‐metrics were computed. Global efficiency and density were significantly reduced in individuals with PEs. Local efficiency was reduced in a number of regions, including critical network hubs. Further analysis of functional subnetworks showed differential impairment of the default mode network. An additional analysis of pair‐wise connections showed no evidence of differences in individuals with PEs. These results are consistent with previous findings in schizophrenia. Reduced efficiency in critical core hubs suggests the brains of individuals with PEs may be particularly predisposed to dysfunction. The absence of any detectable effects in pair‐wise connections illustrates that, at less severe stages of psychosis, white‐matter alterations are subtle and only manifest when examining network topology. This study indicates that topology could be a sensitive biomarker for early stages of psychotic illness. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2629–2643, 2015.© 2015 TheAuthors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age and sex effects on corpus callosum morphology across the lifespan
Authors: Prendergast Daniel M. , Ardekani Babak , Ikuta Toshikazu , John Majnu , Peters Bart , DeRosse Pamela , Wellington Robin , Malhotra Anil K. , Szeszko Philip R.
Published: April 2015

The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest interhemispheric white matter tract in the human brain, and is characterized by pronounced differences in morphology among individuals. There are limited data, however, regarding typical development, sex differences, and the neuropsychological correlates of individual differences within CC subregions. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging exams were collected in a large cohort (N = 305) of healthy individuals (ages 8–68). We used a highly reliable program to automatically identify the midsagittal plane and obtain CC subregion measures according to approaches described by Witelson [1989]: Brain 112:799–835 and Hampel et al. [1998]: Arch Neurol 55:193–198 and a measure of whole CC shape (i.e., circularity). CC measurement parameters, including area, perimeter, length, circularity, and CC subregion area values were generally characterized by inverted U‐shaped curves across the observed age range. Peak values for CC subregions were observed between ages 32 and 45, and descriptive linear correlations were consistent with sharper area changes in development. We also observed differing age‐associated changes across the lifespan between males and females in the CC subregion corresponding to the genu (Witelson's subregion 2), as well as CC circularity. Mediation analysis using path modeling indicated that genu area mediated the relationship between age and processing speed for females, and the relationship between age and visual learning and executive functioning for males. Taken together, our findings implicate sex differences in CC morphology across the lifespan that are localized to the genu, which appear to mediate neuropsychological functions. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2691–2702, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactions between default mode and control networks as a function of increasing cognitive reasoning complexity
Authors: Hearne Luke , Cocchi Luca , Zalesky Andrew , Mattingley Jason B.
Published: April 2015

Successful performance of challenging cognitive tasks depends on a consistent functional segregation of activity within the default‐mode network, on the one hand, and control networks encompassing frontoparietal and cingulo‐opercular areas on the other. Recent work, however, has suggested that in some cognitive control contexts nodes within the default‐mode and control networks may actually cooperate to achieve optimal task performance. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine whether the ability to relate variables while solving a cognitive reasoning problem involves transient increases in connectivity between default‐mode and control regions. Participants performed a modified version of the classic Wason selection task, in which the number of variables to be related is systematically varied across trials. As expected, areas within the default‐mode network showed a parametric deactivation with increases in relational complexity, compared with neural activity in null trials. Critically, some of these areas also showed enhanced connectivity with task‐positive control regions. Specifically, task‐based connectivity between the striatum and the angular gyri, and between the thalamus and right temporal pole, increased as a function of relational complexity. These findings challenge the notion that functional segregation between regions within default‐mode and control networks invariably support cognitive task performance, and reveal previously unknown roles for the striatum and thalamus in managing network dynamics during cognitive reasoning. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2719–2731, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differences in Theory of Mind and Pretend Play Associations in Children with and Without Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Jester Melanie , Johnson Carla J.
Published: April 2015

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have difficulty engaging in social pretend play, which cannot be explained exclusively by their deficient language skills. Alternatively, the ability to represent mental states (Theory of Mind [ToM]) might be important in appreciating peers' perspectives during pretend play. This study investigated whether ToM was associated with pretend play abilities in children with and without SLI. Forty‐four children (22 with SLI, 22 with typical development [TD]) between 4 and 6 years of age participated in ToM tasks and a dyadic role play activity. Children with SLI performed significantly more poorly on ToM tasks than children with TD; however, there were no significant group differences in children's role play abilities. Partial correlations revealed a positive and significant association between ToM and social pretend play in children with TD but a negative and not significant association in children with SLI. These findings suggest that not all forms and aspects of pretend play require mental representation in order to understand or engage in pretend play. Further, children with SLI may differ in their mental representational abilities from children with TD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guggulsterone and bexarotene induce secretion of exosome‐associated breast cancer resistance protein and reduce doxorubicin resistance in MDA‐MB‐231 cells
Authors: Kong Ji Na , He Qian , Wang Guanghu , Dasgupta Somsankar , Dinkins Michael B. , Zhu Gu , Kim Austin , Spassieva Stefka , Bieberich Erhard
Published: April 2015

Many breast cancer cells acquire multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by ABC transporters such as breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2). Here we show that incubation of human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells with farnesoid X receptor antagonist guggulsterone (gug) and retinoid X receptor agonist bexarotene (bex) elevated ceramide, a sphingolipid known to induce exosome secretion. The gug+bex combination reduced cellular levels of BCRP to 20% of control cells by inducing its association and secretion with exosomes. Exogenous C6 ceramide also induced secretion of BCRP‐associated exosomes, while siRNA‐mediated knockdown or GW4869‐mediated inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), an enzyme generating ceramide, restored cellular BCRP. Immunocytochemistry showed that ceramide elevation and concurrent loss of cellular BCRP was prominent in Aldefluor‐labeled breast cancer stem‐like cells. These cells no longer excluded the BCRP substrate Hoechst 33342 and showed caspase activation and apoptosis induction. Consistent with reduced BCRP, ABC transporter assays showed that gug+bex increased doxorubicin retention and that the combination of gug+bex with doxorubicin enhanced cell death by more than fivefold. Taken together, our results suggest a novel mechanism by which ceramide induces BCRP secretion and reduces MDR, which may be useful as adjuvant drug treatment for sensitizing breast cancer cells and cancer stem cells to chemotherapy.
Kinetic Barriers and the Self‐organization of Life
Authors: Pascal Robert
Published: April 2015

This review is devoted to an analysis of the consequences of the Eschenmoser view that the origin of life requires a chemical environment held far from equilibrium by kinetic barriers. The corresponding conditions, in which replicating entities comply with a specific form of stability, are considered in terms of temperature and potential sources of energy capable of feeding the system. The need for kinetic irreversibility of reproduction cycles is emphasized as a condition for effective selection. High turnover rates for cyclic processes would facilitate the development of entities capable of reproducing themselves. A preference is given here to processes involving selective catalytic pathways, rather than to a temperature increase likely to preferentially facilitate noncatalytic degradation pathways. Accordingly, emphasis is placed on direct or induced intramolecular pathways. Lastly, energy barriers are considered to help reveal the nature of potential energy carriers.
Reconstructing Agriculture in Vitcos Inca Settlement, Peru
Authors: Meseth Enrique , Wang Liang‐Chi , Chen Su‐Hwa , Yu Jason C. S. , Buzinny Michael
Published: April 2015

Vitcos was occupied by the Incas of Vilcabamba in the sixteenth century, which included about 20 ha of agricultural fields with crops such as maize, potato, quinoa, amaranth and beans.

The current study assessed water management for agriculture on this site. Desk research included relating past climatic data to a parallel study on modern climate, evapotranspiration, crop schedules, crop water requirements and capillary rise estimates; additionally, field studies comprised soil sample collection and analysis, watercourse flow measurements and hydrological interpretation, GIS mapping of crop fields, and the reconstruction of crops with palynology techniques and radiocarbon dating.

Results indicate that irrigation requirements for crops sown once a year occurred only in May, for potato (15.3 mm) and quinoa (3.5 mm), but rainfed irrigation was feasible if capillary rise is considered. Finally, the Inca population of Vitcos was estimated in relation to food production, considering dietary habits, crop field area, crop yields, nutrition value of crops and calorie requirements, reaching 365 people, taking into account that crops were sown once a year and meat supply represented 10% of the diet. This estimate matches with the number of people that could have been accommodated in Vitcos Inca dwellings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the process, nature and impact of rehabilitation for development of a moderniZation strategy for national irrigation systems in the Philippines
Authors: Delos Reyes Mona Liza F. , David Wilfredo P. , Schultz Bart , Prasad Krishna
Published: April 2015

Data on medium‐ to large‐scale canal irrigation systems in the Philippines suggest that rehabilitation projects were not sufficient to close the gap between actual area irrigated and irrigation service area. This study analysed the underlying details of various rehabilitation and improvement works in three canal irrigation systems to identify an effective approach to close this gap. The findings show that the rehabilitation works generally focused on maintaining the original canals. Canal lining was the most common improvement work.

The planning and design process adopted lacked revalidation of design criteria and assumptions used in the original system design. It did not have the benefit of diagnostic assessment studies. No technical assessments of water supply adequacy for proposed projects were carried out.

The findings also indicate that the potential for increasing the actual area irrigated lay in augmentation of water supply, reuse of drainage water, use of adjustable gates at major water distribution points and strategic timing of irrigation schedules between tertiary areas to adapt to prevailing hydrological regimes. Consideration of these findings and an increased attention to consistency among available water supply, irrigation demand, physical design of structures and a realistic operational plan can greatly enhance the impacts of the irrigation modernisation plan in the Philippines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
African American Pastors on Mental Health, Coping, and Help Seeking
Authors: Avent Janeé R. , Cashwell Craig S. , Brown‐Jeffy Shelly
Published: April 2015

Within the Black Church, there remains much that is unknown about pastoral motivations, beliefs, and attitudes about mental health. The purpose of this study was to investigate pastors' responses to parishioners dealing with mental health issues, including perspectives on counseling services and coping strategies. According to this study's findings, African American pastors often are the first line of support for parishioners' mental health and recognizing adaptive and maladaptive forms of coping.
The Influence of Spirituality and Religion on Coping for Combat‐Deployed Military Personnel
Authors: Sterner William R. , Jackson‐Cherry Lisa R.
Published: April 2015

A paucity of research exists examining the role of spirituality/religion (S/R) as a protective factor for combat‐deployed military personnel. The purpose of this study is to (a) define the underlying structure of items from an author‐developed instrument measuring coping, beliefs, and support; and (b) examine how S/R affiliation, activities, and practices affect coping responses for 279 combat‐deployed military personnel. Significant predictors of coping included support, age, Christian affiliation, and frequency of S/R practices. The authors found that beliefs, S/R practices prior to deployment, previous combat deployments, and first deployment were not significant predictors of coping. Implications for counselors and future research are addressed.
Religious Orientation and Ethnic Identity as Predictors of Religious Coping Among Bereaved Individuals
Authors: Cruz‐Ortega Luis G. , Gutierrez Daniel , Waite Dennis
Published: April 2015

Religious orientation and ethnic identity inform the religious coping process, but research on this topic is scarce. The authors collected data on these constructs from a sample (N = 319) of bereaved adults. A canonical correlation analysis showed that individuals who engage in traditional spiritual practices and strive to achieve ordinary and transcendental spiritual goals are more likely to engage in positive religious coping (Wilks's Λ = .36, Rc2 = .62, p < .001). Also, a multiple regression analysis revealed that individuals with higher levels of ethnic identity development are more likely to engage in positive religious coping (β = .12, t < .05). Finally, a discriminant analysis indicated that ethnic identity and a conservative religious orientation discriminated between Whites and ethnic minority individuals, Wilks's Λ = .71, χ2(4, N = 204) = 70.10, p < .001, Rc2 = .26. The authors encourage counselors to strengthen their multicultural and spiritual competencies to provide effective services to a culturally and religiously diverse clientele.
Mindfulness and Contemplation: Secular and Religious Traditions in Western Context
Authors: Stratton Stephen P.
Published: April 2015

This article considers the growth of mindfulness as a secular practice embedded in a culture that is pluralistic but still primed by Western religion and spirituality. Eastern and Western meditational practices are compared and contrasted for greater understanding of the strengths of each. Western contemplative practices are described as an attentional training process with common factors related to mindfulness. Even as Eastern and Western meditational forms are distinguished, the shared concerns of those who value a religious–spiritual perspective in counseling are raised. Ethical implications are discussed related to informed consent, competence, and multicultural awareness.
Anxiety and the Use of Alcohol‐Related Protective Behavioral Strategies
Authors: Napper Lucy E. , LaBrie Joseph W. , Hummer Justin F.
Published: April 2015

Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) are useful skills for reducing the negative consequences of alcohol. The moderating effects of anxiety on the relationship between 3 different types of PBS and negative consequences were examined among students accessing college counseling services. Results revealed a significant interaction between anxiety and strategies while drinking, suggesting that these simple strategies may be particularly beneficial among students who drink heavily and experience high levels of anxiety. Implications for counseling centers are discussed.
Development of the Preferences for College Counseling Inventory
Authors: Hatchett Gregory T.
Published: April 2015

This study describes the development of the Preferences for College Counseling Inventory (PCCI). In addition to providing data about college students' preferences for the logistics of counseling and the demographic/professional background of a potential therapist, the PCCI also provides numerical scores on 3 scales (Therapist Expertise, Therapist Warmth, and Therapist Directiveness) that measure preferences for therapist dispositions and 2 scales (Task‐Oriented Activities and Experiential/Insight‐Oriented Activities) that measure preferences for counseling activities.
Facilitating College Students' Recovery Through the Use of Collegiate Recovery Programs
Authors: DePue M. Kristina , Hagedorn W. Bryce
Published: April 2015

This article describes an untapped resource that counselors can use to help serve the multiple needs of college students recovering from addiction: collegiate recovery programs. The authors provide detailed information about the collegiate recovery population and give examples of successful programs. Implications for future research are discussed, and suggestions are provided for facilitating student recovery and advocating for collegiate recovery programs.
Graduate Students on Campus: Needs and Implications for College Counselors
Authors: Benshoff James M. , Cashwell Craig S. , Rowell P. Clay
Published: April 2015

Graduate students compose an important segment of university and college populations. However, institutions of higher education often have not addressed adequately their status as adult students with different developmental and life issues and concerns. This article defines and describes the needs of graduate students, discusses implications, and makes recommendations for college counselors to more effectively address their range of needs.
Cultural and Cognitive Predictors of Academic Motivation Among Mexican American Adolescents: Caution Against Discounting the Impact of Cultural Processes
Authors: Piña‐Watson Brandy , López Belem , Ojeda Lizette , Rodriguez Kimberly M.
Published: April 2015

This study examined the role of cognitive (i.e., grit, hope, and academic skepticism) and cultural variables (i.e., generational status, familismo, ethnic identity, and bicultural stress) on academic motivation among 181 Mexican American adolescents. Results indicated that hope, grit, and familismo positively predicted academic motivation. Conversely, academic skepticism and bicultural stress negatively predicted academic motivation. This study demonstrates that culture is important to consider above and beyond cognitive variables. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

Este estudio examinó la influencia que ejercen las variables cognitivas (determinación, esperanza y escepticismo académico) y culturales (estatus generacional, familismo, identidad étnica y estrés bicultural) sobre la motivación académica en 181 adolescentes mexicano‐americanos. Los resultados indicaron que la esperanza, la determinación y el familismo pronosticaron positivamente la motivación académica. Y a la inversa, el escepticismo académico y el estrés bicultural pronosticaron negativamente la motivación académica. Este estudio demuestra que es importante considerar la cultura además de las variables cognitivas. Se discuten las implicaciones para la práctica y la investigación.
The Effects of a Group Supervision Intervention to Promote Wellness and Prevent Burnout
Authors: OHRT JONATHAN H. , PROSEK ELIZABETH A. , ENER ELIZABETH , LINDO NATALYA
Published: April 2015

The authors evaluated the effects of a wellness intervention in group supervision on wellness and burnuot in counselors‐in‐training (n = 88). They found no differences between the treatment and control group at posttest. Additionally, Coping Self was negatively related to the Emotional Exhaustion subscale. The authors discuss results and implications for counselor education and supervision.
African American School Counselors in Predominantly White‐Culture School Districts: A Phenomenological Study From a Humanistic Perspective
Authors: WINES LISA A. , NELSON JUDITH A. , WATTS RICHARD E.
Published: April 2015

This study examined the phenomenology of African American school counselors in predominantly White‐culture school districts from a humanistic perspective. Interview data were collected and analyzed using Giorgi's () 4‐step process. Six essential essence statements emerged, including recommendations for school counselors and implications for humanistic approaches in school counseling.
“They're Not Keeping a Journal of Feelings”
Authors: Kohnen Angela M.
Published: April 2015

Career and Technical Education (CTE) centers offer an opportunity for students to engage in authentic reading and writing activities. In many states, “embedding” English and math credits (i.e., allowing students to earn traditional core subject credits in the context of their CTE programs) has become a popular trend. This article reports on one rural CTE center's attempt to embed English credit. While some teachers struggled against a contrived set of assignments and expectations, others found meaningful ways to use reading and writing in their classrooms. The successes of a welding instructor and a construction instructor are described, with the teachers’ philosophy of education and ability to see a role for writing within that philosophy being key. Rather than viewing writing as detracting from their overall program goals, these teachers had a vision for writing as a route to disciplinary expertise.