bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE EMERGENCE BEHAVIOUR OFANAX JUNIUS(ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)
Authors: Trottier Robert
Published: December 2009

Emergence from the water ofAnax juniusDrury normally occurred after sunset. The onset was affected independently by water temperature and air temperature; low water temperature and high air temperature delayed the onset of emergence. In the field, the net vrtical distance travelled above the water, before ecdysis, was positively correlated with air temperature. In the laboratory, the vertical distance travelled above the water was greatest when air and water temperatures were approximately the same. The average speed of climbing to the first resting position above the water surface was faster at high than low water temperature, but the average speed of climbing from there to the final position, where ecdysis occurred, was reduced due to the effects of air temperature and humidity. Air temperatures below 12.6 °C were found to retard ecdysis and larvae returned to the water and emerged early the following day making the final process of emergence and ecdysis diurnal instead of nocturnal. The duration of ecdysis was shorter at high than low air temperatures and only the first three stages, as arbitrarily defined, were longer at low than high relative humidity; stage 4, shortened with low relative humidity. This study shows thatA.Junius, emerging from the water is affected at first by the temperature experienced when submerged, but it becomes gradually and cumulatively affected by air temperature and humidity while climbing to the ecdysial position and moulting.
THE BIOLOGY OF POLLENIA RUDIS, THE CLUSTER FLY (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE): II. LARVAL FEEDING BEHAVIOUR AND HOST SPECIFICITY
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Davies D. M.
Published: December 2009

Parasitism by Pollenia rudis (Fabr.) larvae on earthworms in the field was found only in Allolobophora chlorotica (Sav.) and Eisenia rosea (Sav.). Other species of worms were infected in the laboratory. Slime and coelomic fluid, from all species of worms tested, induced penetration behaviour. Penetration occurs mainly on the dorsal surface of the worm, and less frequently towards either end. Larvae repenetrated after leaving the original penetration site. Autonomy by the host of the parasitized segments was observed in E. rosea. Possible reasons for the restricted natural host range are discussed.
SYSTEMATICS OF NORTH AMERICAN CHRYSOPID LARVAE: CHRYSOPA CARNEA GROUP (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Tauber Catherine A.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the family Chrysopidae possess characteristics useful in classification at the species, genus, and subfamily levels. This study, which initiates a comprehensive analysis of chrysopid larval systematics, describes the important external characteristics of the family and discusses those features which vary between taxa within the family.

The carnea- group of the Chrysopa, subgenus Chrysoperla, includes six described North American species, most of which are important in pest management. This paper defines the series of characters unique to the larvae of this taxon, presents a key to all larval instars of the six species, and describes the three larval instars of each species, most of which were previously undescribed.
SUGAR FEEDING BY THE LARVA OF CHRYSOPA (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

The larva of Chrysopa, in addition to feeding on aphids, takes a sugar meal from floral nectar, honeydew or, in captivity, solutions of sucrose. Sugar sources are located by a questing activity during which it scans the substrate with the antennae and palps. Feeding on honeydew may lead the larva towards aphids, on which it then proceeds to feed, and this is perhaps a normal sequence in nature.

It is pointed out that this duality of the feeding process — sugar meal and protein-rich meal — seems to be unique among endopterygote larvae, although well known in many adult insects. The larval sugar meal of Chrysopa may be a secondary characteristic which originated from the use of honeydew as an indicator when searching for prey.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: VI. PLANT BUGS (MIRIDAE)
Authors: Wheeler A. G.
Published: December 2009

The food habits and biologies of the Miridae, or plant bugs, were studied during research on the arthropod fauna associated with alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., at Ithaca, N.Y., from 1966 to 1969. Seasonal history, population trends, and natural enemies are summarized for the following species found breeding on alfalfa: Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), A. rapidus (Say), Lopidea marginalis (Reuter), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff), and P. politus Uhler. Field observations of predation and scavenging by mirids are reported, including feeding on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris); potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris); and alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). The most common sources of animal food on the plants were Hylemya flies killed by fungus, and pea aphid mummies containing pupae of aphidiine wasps. It is concluded that utilization of some animal food on their host plants is a common phenomenon among the Miridae.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF A DEVICE TO DETECT INSECTS IN GRAIN, AND OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ADULTS OF THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE), IN WHEAT-FILLED CONTAINERS
Authors: Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

Various models of a device for detecting insects in stored grain were effective for trapping adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineux (Stephens), in laboratory experiments in which the insect population was known. At 30 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity the number of beetles trapped increased with the time the traps were immersed in the grain. The number of beetles caught was affected by population density, duration of trapping period, position and contour of the trapping surface, location of the trap, size and shape of the container, and chemotactic stimuli. The distribution of beetles in wheat-filled containers was influenced by the shape and size of the container, duration of the sampling period, and geotactic factors. More beetles were recovered from wheat nearest the floor of filled containers of 3.8-1. capacity than from higher levels. In similar containers held in darkness, as many beetles were found near the surface as near the floor up to 14 days, but at 21 days nearly 41% were found near the floor. Drums of 105-1. capacity kept in darkness contained approximately equal numbers of beetles in the top and bottom one-third portions of wheat. More beetles were found in traps baited with rotting grain than in unbaited traps. Males and females were found in equal numbers in baited traps, or near the floor of wheat-filled containers.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTION OF THE MEMBRACID PRONOTUM (HOMOPTERA): I. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ARTICULATED HAIRS
Authors: Wood T. K. , Morris G. K.
Published: December 2009

Articulated sensilla occur on the pronotum of 100 species in 65 genera of membracids. The abundance of the sensilla and their universal occurrence in this group suggests that sensory reception is a significant function of the membracid pronotum. Bizarre forms of the pronotum may be a result of selection pressure to increase surface area.
INSTAR DIFFERENTIATION IN LARVAL CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: McCauley Victor J. E.
Published: December 2009

Examination of the most commonly used criteria for separating instars in larval chironomids, based on a study of 29 species from three subfamilies in Marion Lake, British Columbia, revealed that only head capsule width or length is suitable. Most chironomids appear to have four larval instars.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT SAMPLING PROCEDURES FOR THE GYPSY MOTH, PORTHETRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: December 2009

A variety of field sampling procedures were used to estimate population levels of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), and the following natural enemies: Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Blepharipa scutellata (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Tachinidae), and Calosoma sycophanta (L.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Regression analyses indicated, among other things, that gypsy moth egg mass counts were not good indicators of tree defoliation, but that defoliation and number of gypsy moth larvae on branch terminals were correlated. Estimates of adult abundance of A. melanoscelus and B. scutellata were negatively correlated with estimates of numbers of immature parasitoids. Numbers of gypsy moth larvae parasitized by A. melanoscelus were positively correlated with numbers of A. melanoscelus cocoons sampled. Numbers of adult C. sycophanta were not correlated with larval numbers of this insect. It was concluded from these results that the procedures used to estimate numbers of natural enemy adults were not entirely adequate, but may be useful for supplementing other sampling methods.
PHEROMONES OF IPS PINI (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE). RESPONSE TO INTERPOPULATIONAL HYBRIDS AND RELATIVE ATTRACTIVENESS OF MALES BORING IN TWO HOST SPECIES
Authors: Piston John J. , Lanier Gerald N.
Published: December 2009

Two types of field bioassays of the relative attractiveness of various pheromone sources to Ips pini were conducted at Wanakena, N.Y., and at Warrensburg, N.Y. In the first test, the numbers and sex ratios of beetles responding to boring males from New York, Idaho, and their F1 and backcross hybrids graded down in the order of "blood relationship." The intermediate attractiveness of hybrids indicates that hybrids produce pheromones of both parents. In the second test, New York males reared in white pine attracted greater numbers of beetles than those reared in red pine and beetles boring in white pine were more attractive than those boring in red pine.
TESTS WITH SINGLE INJECTIONS OF METHOXYCHLOR BLACK FLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) LARVICIDES IN LARGE RIVERS
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

Single 15-min injections of 0.18 to 0.24 p.p.m. of methoxychlor as an emulsifiable concentrate into the Saskatchewan River removed 75 to 99% of the larvae of Simulium arcticum Mall. from 23 to 34 km sections of the river. Stronger concentrations (0.30 to 0.31 p.p.m.) eliminated about 98% of the larvae from rapids 64 km distant and an estimated 46% at a distance of 139 km. Other kinds of aquatic larvae in exposed sites were also affected: Plecoptera to about the same degree as the Simuliidae, followed by Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Chironomidae (least affected). Larvae in sand were not affected. Populations of Chironomidae, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera in many sites were completely restored within 7 to 14 days after a single treatment. Fish were apparently unharmed. Residues were negligible and short lived.

Potential outbreaks of S. arcticum were averted by all of the experimental injections of methoxychlor except that of 26 May 1970. In this test an outbreak that killed four animals occurred because a 15-min, 0.207 p.p.m. dosage eliminated only about 23% of the black fly larvae in an adjacent portion of the river.
EVALUATION OF DICHLORVOS VAPORIZING SOLIDS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS
Authors: Batth Surat S. , Singh J.
Published: December 2009

Six brands of commercial dichlorvos-vaporizing solids were tested individually in a 28.3 m3 test chamber simulating home conditions to evaluate their effective life. The dichlorvos vapor concentrations developed and maintained by the vaporizers in the chamber, varied from ca. 0.5 μg to 0.005 μg/liter during approximately a 2-month test period depending on the brand and ventilation of the test chamber. Any increase in ventilation correspondingly decreased the level of dichlorvos vapor concentration and vice versa. The vaporizing samples became depleted rapidly at higher than at lower rate of air exchange. At either rate of ventilation (1/3 or 1 air change/h) some of the samples, depending on their potentiality, were completely depleted whereas others produced very low concentrations during the 2-month exposure.

A 70–90 min exposure to a dichlorvos vapor concentration of ca. 0.1 μg/liter gave almost 100% mortality of susceptible and 85% of DDT-resistant caged female house fly, Musca domestica L. However, a similar exposure killed only 16% of the field-collected female house flies. When exposed, as free flying, to a similar concentration it took only 45 and 85 min to cause 95% kill of the susceptible and 85% kill of DDT-resistant house flies respectively. However, a 61/2 h exposure of field house flies to a similar concentration killed only 35.5% of them.

A dichlorvos concentration of ca. 0.1 μg/liter gave 100% kill of Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) larvae and Blattella germanica L. male adults in 6 and 3 days respectively, and of Aedes attopalpus Coquillett adults in a 30-min exposure. However, only 19% kill of Attagenus megatoma (F.) larvae occurred in 7 days with a similar concentration.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): I. SOLUBLE SUGARS
Authors: Harvey G. T.
Published: December 2009

An absolute requirement for sugar could not be shown but laboratory rearing experiments using artificial diets have demonstrated a definite increase in weight of adult spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) Freeman) with increasing dietary levels of certain sugars. Males exhibit a threshold of 0.9% soluble sugars above which higher sugar levels produce no further increases in size. Females respond with an increase in size up to 4.0%, the highest level tested. Generally, faster development rates accompany greater mature weights on diets with higher nutrient levels.

Maltose, raffinose, glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, and fructose are all good sugar sources. Galactose and trehalose are only slightly inferior. Lactose, ribose, melibiose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, and melezitose in the diet are little different from the sugarless control. Sorbose is somewhat inhibitory.

Results of transfer experiments confirm the importance of sugar particularly during late larval development. They also indicate that a high protein diet during early instars has a significant effect on development rates. These results suggest that departure from the normal synchrony of development in the insect and its host can affect both rate of development and mature size of the insect.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE ANTIAGGREGATIVE PHEROMONE METHYLCYCLOHEXENONE AT THREE CONCENTRATIONS AND SPACINGS AROUND FELLED HOST TREES
Authors: Furniss M. M. , Daterman G. E. , Kline L. N. , McGregor M. D. , Trostle G. C. , Pettinger L. F. , Rudinsky J. A.
Published: December 2009

The antiaggregative pheromone 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) of the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.) was diffused at three rates and three spacings around attractive felled trees. Optimum treatment was ca. 1–2 mg/day at 10-ft spacing (0.06–1.3 g/acre per day), which reduced Douglas-fir beetle attacks and progeny by 96% and 91%, respectively. Progeny in trees exposed to higher than optimum MCH concentration were less mature, but not significantly fewer than progeny in controls. Densities of immature stages of nine other taxa of insects, both entomophagous and commensal, were determined. Abundance of larvae of the predacious clerids Enoclerus sphegeus Fab. and Thanasimus undatulus Say was significantly correlated with abundance of Douglas-fir beetle attacks and progeny. The predator Temnochila chlorodia (Mann.) and the associate Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Lee.) were more dense on samples in the test area where Douglas-fir beetle population and damage were lowest. Density of the dipterous predator Medetera aldrichii (Wheeler) was correlated with numbers of beetle entrances, but decreased at high MCH concentrations. Abundance of Coeloides brunneri Vier., a braconid parasite, was correlated with numbers of beetle brood. Presence of MCH appeared to increase abundance of the associate Pissodes fasciatus Lec. and modify its distribution in trees. Use of methylcyclohexenone for preventing infestation of susceptible trees is a potential control strategy, but a more practical and effective formulation must be developed.
DIGESTIVE PROCESSES OF HAEMATOPHAGOUS INSECTS: V. INHIBITORS OF TRYPSIN FROM GLOSSINA MORSITANS MORSITANS (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE)
Authors: Gooding R. H.
Published: December 2009

Trypsin has been partially purified from the midguts of Glossina morsitans. It is inactivated by tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone, phenylmethane sulfonylfluoride, and 2-mercaptoethanol. Mammalian sera inhibit G. morsitans trypsin in vitro. Sheep serum contains at least two inhibitors of G. morsitans trypsin and a high molecular weight material which protects against serum inhibition. Very low levels of trypsin inhibitor are found in G. morsitans primary excreta and in the salivary glands, Malpighian tubules, and anterior midguts of unfed flies. High concentrations of trypsin inhibitor are found in the anterior (non-digestive) section of the midgut for at least 48 h after flies fed on goats.
SENSIBILITÉ DE LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) À L’INFECTION PAR BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER SEUL OU EN PRÉSENCE DE CHITINASE
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

Une formulation de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner avec et sans chitinase a été testée sur des larves de Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guén. de divers âges et élevées sous des conditions de température différentes. La résistance à l’infection augmente avec l’âge et aux basses températures. Ainsi, pour une température donnée, 65% des larves du IIIè âge succombent en 5 jours alors que seulement 10% des larves du Vè âge subissent le même sort. Par contre, dans tous les cas, l’addition de chitinase augmente l’efficacité du bacille.
NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION: SOME QUESTIONS ANSWERED
Authors: Wilkinson Christopher
Published: December 2009

Numerical analyses have been carried out on some lepidopteran genera to find the effect of minimizing the number of characters used; the validity of drawing conclusions about the internal structure of a group which formed only a small portion of the analysis as a whole; the effect on numerical classifications when some characters are unknown for some taxa; and the diagnostic value of characters. The add-a-point program has been used to identify and to indicate the phenetic affinities of additional taxa.
DIEL PERIODICITY OF MALE SEX PHEROMONE RESPONSE AND FEMALE ATTRACTIVENESS IN THE GYPSY MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Cardé R. T. , Doane C. C. , Roelofs W. L.
Published: December 2009

In field studies gypsy moth males were attracted to synthetic cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane (disparlure), the female sex pheromone, and virgin females from 0900 to 2000 (Eastern Standard Time). The greatest numbers of males were lured to the synthetic attractant or the calling female from 1100 to 1500. These periods of male response are longer than reported in previous (1896 and 1932) New England investigations and suggest the possible recent evolution of a new diel rhythm of male sex pheromone response.
REPRESSION OF SPRUCE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA) ATTRACTION BY METHYLCYCLOHEXENONE IN IDAHO
Authors: Kline L. N. , Schmitz R. F. , Rudinsky J. A. , Furniss M. M.
Published: December 2009

Attraction of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), to beetle-infested logs was reduced 99% by addition of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH), the natural antiaggregative pheromone of the Douglas-fir beetle, D. pseudotsugae Hopkins. The synthetic attractant frontalin and α-pinene attracted few spruce beetles and its nominal attraction was nearly nullified by addition of MCH. Male spruce beetles responded to the natural and synthetic attractants in greater numbers than females. When MCH was added to these treatments, females predominated among the few beetles caught. The clerid Thanasimus undatulus Say was strongly attracted to treatments containing frontalin, whether or not MCH was added, but MCH alone was not attractive to this predator. Among 13 other species of scolytids caught, the most abundant were Scierus annectens Leconte and Hylastes nigrinus (Mann.). Two relatively rare species, Scierus pubescens Sw. and Xylechinus montanus Blkm., were attracted in unusual numbers to natural spruce beetle attractant. Intensive study is recommended of the possible use of MCH to prevent increase of spruce beetle populations.
NOTES ON ALLOPHOROCERA WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) FROM FINLAND
Authors: Wood D. M.
Published: December 2009

The composition of the tachinid genus Allophorocera, including species formerly placed in Erycilla and Pilatea, is discussed and a key to the Palaearctic species is provided. Allophorocera lapponica n. sp. from Kilpisjärvi, Finland, is described and figured.
NYMPHAL CHARACTERS AND HIGHER CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS IN THE MIRIDAE (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) WITH A SUBFAMILY KEY BASED ON THE NYMPHS
Authors: Akingbohungbe A. E.
Published: December 2009

A key to the subfamilies of Miridae based on fourth and fifth instar nymphs is provided and the value of some nymphal characters in arriving at relationships between the subfamilies is discussed. It is suggested that the reduction of parempodia to bristles most likely occurred twice in the family rather than that membranous parempodia were twice evolved. The Hyaliodes group is reviewed and the subfamily status accorded it by some authors is confirmed.
JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUE TOXICITY TO LABORATORY REARED GYPSY MOTH LARVAE,PORTHETRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Granett J.
Published: December 2009

Juvenile hormone analogues (JHA) were fed in an artificial diet to laboratory rearedPorthelria dispar(L.) larvae. The analogues used were: I: Stauffer R-20458; 1-(4′-ethylphenoxy)-6,7-epoxy-3,7-dimethyl octene. II: Altozar®. III: Hoffmann-La Roche Ro 8-5497; 10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-1-(2-propynyloxy)-2,6-tridecadiene. For JHA I and II mortality occurred primarily during the larval and pupal stages with overall EC50values from 0.19 to 0.43 p.p.m. in the diet. JHA III was not toxic. The log-probit dose–mortality curves showed low slopes. Morphologic aberrations in treated larvae and pupae were observed.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OFATHOUS(COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
Authors: Becker Edward C.
Published: December 2009

The Nearctic species of the elaterid genusAthouseast of the Rocky Mountains are revised. Of the 16 included species, two are described as new (neacanthusknown from southern Quebec to northern Georgia andorvusknown from Nova Scotia to Michigan to Virginia) and two species are transferred fromDenticollis, namely,productus(Randall) andquadrosaBecker (as a new junior synonym ofA.appalachiusVan Dyke). Other new synonymies are:carolinusVan Dyke as a junior synonym ofacanthus(Say),erebusVan Dyke ofposticus(Melsheimer), andbipunctatusProvancher ofproductus(Randall). The European speciescampyloidesis known from North America from near Quebec City and in the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Neotypes are designated for the five species described by Say and Randall and for one described by Melsheimer; lectotypes, when needed, are designated for LeConte’s, Melsheimer’s, and Candèze’s species. A key to the species is presented and the salient features and distribution maps for each species are included. Brief notes are given on three western species ofAthous: two common species (rufiventris(Eschscholtz) andnigropilisMotschulsky) that are occasionally found east of the Rockies andorophilusHarold, which is known only by the type from the Bitter Root Mountains. Brief discussions are included of two European species,vittatus(Fabricius) andsubfuscus(Müller), which have been intercepted at various eastern ports in Canada and the United States, but which have not become established in North America.
PHENETIC SIMILARITY AND MÜLLERIAN MIMICRY AMONG DARKLING GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Doyen John T. , Somerby R. E.
Published: December 2009

Species of tenebrionid beetles in the generaCoelocnemisandEleodesshare high similarity in dorsal features. Similar species are largely sympatric in occurrence, and the distributions of some species pairs are almost identical. These congruences in appearance and geographic distribution are interpreted as evidence of Müllerian mimicry. All these beetles produce quinonoid secretions, presumably used in defense against vertebrate predators. The widespread occurrence of defensive secretions, and the similarities in dorsal silhouette and cuticular sculpturing, suggest that Müllerian mimicry is of general importance among tenebrionid beetles. The common black coloration of tenebrionids probably has an aposematic function, since black contrasts sharply with most substrates under the crepuscular lighting conditions in which tenebrionid activity typically occurs. The suitability of numerical phenetic methods for the description and analysis of convergence and mimicry phenomena is discussed.
BIOLOGY OFTACHINAEPHAGUS ZEALANDICUS(HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), PARASITOID OF SYNANTHROPIC DIPTERA
Authors: Olton G. S. , Legner E. F.
Published: December 2009

The synonymy, distribution, host range, and life history of the gregarious larval–pupal parasitoidTachinaephagus zealandicusAshmead, is discussed. Laboratory studies of its biology were conducted at 25° ± 2 °C usingMusca domesticaL. as host. Its developmental stages are described. Under laboratory conditions its life cycle lasted 23–27 days. Parasitoid development accelerated with higher average densities per host. Single standardized hosts produced 3–18 adult parasitoids. Mated females provided with hosts lived 50.4–67.2 h. The average length of the reproductive period and number of hosts parasitized were independent of host density; however, the average number of eggs deposited per host increased at lower host densities. Adult emergence displayed circadian rhythmicity independent of photoperiod over 3+ days.
INDUCTION OF SEXUAL MATURITY IN THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), BY SOME ANALOGUES OF JUVENILE HORMONE
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

Topical application of three analogues of juvenile hormone, ZR-515 (isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate), ZR-777 (prop-2-ynyl 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate), and JH-25 (7-ethoxy-1 (p-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene) to pre-diapause adults of the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), induced ovarian development and resorption of fat bodies. Control of this species by hormonal induction of reproductive maturity and related metabolic alterations at the onset of winter is suggested.
THE GENUS AMBLYSELLUS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE): A KEY TO THE KNOWN SPECIES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF EIGHT NEW SPECIES
Authors: DeLong Dwight M. , Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

Eight new species of Amblysellus are described and illustrated: A. cereus n. sp. from Guatemala, A. torqus n. sp. and A. excavus n. sp. from Ecuador, A. dedecus n. sp., A. necopinus n. sp., A. copulus n. sp., and A. macularis n. sp. from Mexico, and A. acuerus n. sp. from North America north of Mexico. A key to the known species of the genus is presented.
TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING THE BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF THE EUROPEAN EARWIG, FORFICULA AURICULARIA (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Lamb Robert J. , Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

The European earwig is an excellent experimental animal for many laboratory and field studies of insect ecology and behavior, but special rearing, marking, and trapping techniques are required to exploit the insects’ potential fully. This paper describes an artificial nest and associated techniques which reduce rearing mortality below 10%. Methods of studying events in natural nests, and of capturing and marking individuals for population studies, also are described.
PHYTOPHAGOUS ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF CROWNVETCH IN PENNSYLVANIA
Authors: Wheeler A. G.
Published: December 2009

A survey of the phytophagous arthropod fauna of the introduced legume crownvetch, Coronilla varia L., was conducted in Pennsylvania during 1971–73. Samples were taken from large forage fields, highway plantings used for erosion control, and greenhouses. Emphasis was placed on determining what known pests of other forage legumes are associated with crownvetch and on clarifying the relationship of the species to the host plant. Species were categorized as primary, secondary, and incidental according to their intimacy with the host. Biological notes, known host plant range, and association with other legumes are presented for 19 of the 33 primary species. The grasshoppersMelanoplus differentialis (Thomas) and M. femurrubrum (DeGeer) and the gelechiid moth Stomopteryx palpilineella Chambers caused defoliation in several highway plantings. Other abundant species were the alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze); potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris); clover stem borer, Languria mozardi (Latreille); and nitidulid beetle Meligethes nigrescens Stephens. The similarity of the phytophagous fauna of crownvetch to that of alfalfa is discussed. Alfalfa pests found not to breed on crownvetch were the meadow spittlebug, pea aphid, alfalfa weevil, clover leaf weevil, clover root curculio, and alfalfa seed chalcid. As yet pest problems on crownvetch are few when compared with those of alfalfa and other forage legumes.
THE WESTERN CHERRY FRUIT FLY, RHAGOLETIS INDIFFERENS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): 1. DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIAPAUSING PUPAE IN THE SOIL
Authors: AliNiazee M. T.
Published: December 2009

Field studies conducted in cherry orchards of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, indicate that diapausing pupae of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, overwinter in the soil at a depth of 1–4 in. Relatively very small numbers of pupae were collected from surface debris and soil samples taken at a depth of 6 in. and below. The number of flies emerging from different soil depths indicated that removal of the top 6 in. of soil caused a 99% reduction in adult emergence, while the removal of the top 1 in. of soil had no effect.
CHANGES IN MOSQUITO FLIGHT ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL CHANGES IN POLARIZED LIGHT
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

Diurnal activity of Aedes and Culex spp. was observed near Banff, Alta., and Hope, B.C., when naturally polarized light was present, reduced, or absent in relatively open habitats. Resting mosquitoes attacked as soon as they were approached closely, whether or not polarized light was present. In contrast, mosquitoes made long, roving flights only when there was polarized light overhead. Roving flight stopped whenever zenith polarization was disrupted by passing clouds or by the unpolarized glare surrounding the sun. As overhead polarization is most intense near sunrise and sunset, it could be employed then by mosquitoes travelling to and from feeding or oviposition sites.
TWELVE NEW SPECIES OF LIMNOPHYES EATON, WITH KEYS TO NEARCTIC MALES OF THE GENUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Sæther Ole A.
Published: December 2009

The male imagines of 12 new Nearctic species of Limnophyes are described: Limnophyes cristatissimus n. sp., Limnophyes hudsoni n. sp., Limnophyes ninae n. sp., Limnophyes nudiradius n. sp., Limnophyes pilicistulus n. sp., Limnophyes folliculatus n. sp., Limnophyes carolinensis n. sp., Limnophyes recisus n. sp., Limnophyes coloradensis n. sp., Limnophyes margaretae n. sp., Limnophyes hastulatus n. sp., and Limnophyes spatulosus n. sp. The female imagines of Limnophyes hudsoni n. sp. and Limnophyes carolinensis n. sp. are described. A key to male imagines of Nearctic Limnophyes is given.
A COMPARISON OF IRRADIATED OR CHEMOSTERILIZED PINK BOLLWORM MOTHS FOR SUPPRESSING NATIVE POPULATIONS IN FIELD CAGES
Authors: Flint H. M. , Wright B. , Sallam H. , Horn Bob
Published: December 2009

Pink bollworm moths chemosterilized by fumigation with bis (1-Aziridinyl) phosphinic acid, ethyl ester, and released into field cages failed to suppress native populations. In comparison, moths irradiated with 10 krad of gamma radiation caused highly significant reductions in populations. Flight range and competitiveness tests in the laboratory failed to explain the ineffectiveness of the chemosterilized moths.
PENTES SABLONNEUSES DE CARRIÈRES: CIMETIÈRES DES IMAGOS DE METASYRPHUS LAPPONICUS (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) ATTEINTS D’ENTOMOPHTHOROSE
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , MacLeod Donald M.
Published: December 2009

Au cours de l’été 1972, un grand nombre de spécimens morts du syrphe Metasyrphus lapponicus Zetterstedt ont été découverts dans une sablière de la région de Chicoutimi, au Québec. En plus de la condition particulière des mouches qui étaient placées en bandes horizontales, la tête dirigée vers le zénith solaire, la présence de mycélium nous permit de constater qu’elles avaient succombées à une maladie cryptogamique. Un champignon du genre Entomophthora sp. a été isolé et identifié comme espèce nouvelle. Des observations sur le terrain permirent de déterminer les détails de ce comportement particulier des syrphes qui choississent les pentes sablonneuses de carrières pour aller mourir, mais aucune explication sur les raisons profondes de ce comportement ne put être avancée à ce stade de la recherche.
DISPERSAL PATTERN OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) TAGGED WITH 32P
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , West A. S. , Gomery John
Published: December 2009

Large numbers of black flies, mostly Simulium venustum Say, were labelled as larvae with 32P and released in rapids in the Chalk River near the village of Chalk River, Ont., to complete development and disperse as adults. Flies were trapped over a 900 square mile area for 3 months after the release, and radioactive flies from the traps were identified at CRNL by means of an autoradiographic technique. The distance travelled by the flies could be described by a normal distribution curve, with the average migration between 5.8 to 8.2 miles. A few individuals were trapped at a distance of 22 miles 2 days after emergence, and some crossed the Ottawa River which is at least a mile wide at the point nearest the release area. Some traps caught very high numbers of radioactive flies, one at about 6 miles from the release center accounting for more than 1300 tagged flies. The traps giving the highest number of tagged flies (e.g., > 100) were clustered in two distinctive areas, one west and one large area south of the release point. The results indicate that control measures should be applied to black fly streams at least 10 miles from critical areas such as towns.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF FUNCTION IN THE FOREGUT OF THE BLOWFLYPHORMIA REGINA(DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) DURING THE CROP-EMPTYING PROCESS
Authors: Thomson Alan J.
Published: December 2009

The sequential mode of operation of the various valves and pumps in the foregut of the blowflyPhormia reginaMeigen is described for the crop-emptying process. The results of the study are discussed in relation to the results of Gelperin, who showed that the rate of crop emptying was determined by the crop volume and the blood solute concentration. A mechanism by which synchronization of function may be achieved, based on the results of Nagai, and Thomson and Holling, is proposed, i.e. synchronization depends on the activity of stretch-sensitive muscle fibres.
PHOTOPERIOD EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER, COLEOPHORA LARICELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Ryan R. B.
Published: December 2009

Long-day (LD = 18 light: 6 dark) and short-day (SD = 12L:12D) photoperiodic treatments of various sequences and durations were applied to Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) larvae at 20 °C. Continuous development did not occur at either constant LD or SD. At LD, growth of young larvae was slow and was suspended in the late second or early third instar. At SD, young larvae developed rapidly but entered diapause in the late third instar. Pupation occurred when LD followed a period at SD. Timing and synchrony of pupation in a population were shown to be controllable by specific LD and SD sequences.
TREHALASE ACTIVITY IN THE SILK GLANDS OF THE SILKWORM,BOMBYX MORI(LEPIDOPTERA: BOMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Shimada Shuya
Published: December 2009

(1) Crude extracts prepared from the silk glands of the silkworm,Bombyx moriL. contain trehalase activity. (2) Trehalase in the silk glands has a pH of 5.5 and a Km of 0.71 mM. The activity of the enzyme is inhibited by divalent cations such as Mn, Cu, and Zn. (3) By histochemical methods, it is shown that trehalase is localized in the periphery of the silk gland cells, especially in the tunica propria and tunica intima. (4) Trehalase activity is low in fifth instar and increases greatly in spinning stages, after which the activity decreases.
THE MIMALLONIS GROUP OF THE GENUS EUXOA HBN. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES
Authors: Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

Diagnostic characters of Euxoa mimallonis (Grt.) and E. biformata Sm. are discussed. Three species are described as new: condita from Forestville, Que., shasta from northern California, and intermontana from the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. Adults and genitalia of the species are illustrated and a key to species is included.
A REVISION OF THE GENERACOPROPORUSANDCILEA(COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

The nine species ofCoproporusKraatz andCilea silphoides(Linné) of America, north of Mexico are revised. No new species are described.Coproporus maneeiScheerpeltz is placed in synonymy withC.ventriculus(Say). Based on examination of type material, a number of Latin American species formerly considered as synonyms, are recognized as valid species. These includeconvexus(Erichson) andignavus(Sharp) which are distinct fromhepaticus(Erichson); andterminatus(Erichson) which is distinct fromrutilus(Erichson).

Coproporus rutilus piceorufusfrom Argentina and Brasil andC.rutilus obscuriorfrom Panama, both described as aberrations by Bernhauer (1918), are elevated to specific status.Coproporus segnis, formerly known from Mexico and Panama, is reported from the United States for the first time.

The usage of bothCoproporusKraatz andCileaJacquelin du Val has been confused in previous publications. The synonymy and priority ofCoproporusvs.ErchomusMotschulsky andCileavs.LeucoparyphusKraatz are discussed. Each genus and species is described and the distribution of each species is mapped. The male genitalia of each species are drawn and the major diagnostic characters are illustrated with scanning electron photomicrographs. A diagnostic key to all the taxa is included.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE CADDISFLY FAMILY LIMNEPHILIDAE (TRICHOPTERA). II
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B.
Published: December 2009

Two Old World limnephilid genera are recorded from North America for the first time: Chilostigma with C. itascae n. sp; and Ecclisocosmoecus to which is transferred the former Ecclisomyia scylla Milne. Three new species are also described in other genera: Dicosmoecus schmidi n. sp., Cryptochia denningi n. sp., and Neothremma andersoni n. sp. The taxonomic status of the genus Psychoronia is reviewed.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MITES AND OTHER ARTHROPODS IN FOREST FLOOR HABITATS
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

The evolutionary success of the mites, which rivals that of the insects, is reviewed briefly. A remarkable secondary adaptive radiation apparently occurred in the mites, probably beginning in the late Mesozoic, in conjunction with the major evolution and radiation of the insects and to a lesser extent of the higher plants and the warm-blooded vertebrate animals.

The spectrum of forest floor microhabitats, in which mite–arthropod associations may occur, is discussed. The problems in elucidating the living relationships between mites and other arthropods, due to biological complexities and physical difficulties, are reviewed. Some of the elements of close mite–arthropod associations are discussed, including protected stable habitats provided by insects, shared habitat specificities, regularity of co-occurrence, host specificity, site constancy of mites on their arthropod hosts, and life cycle synchrony.

Examples are given of the apparently few morphological adaptations of insects for accommodating mites. The variety of morphological structures which are adaptations of mites to an association with other arthropods are discussed, particularly regressive modifications. Physiological and behavioral adaptations of mites to secretions or to other actions of their arthropod associates are mentioned. Cases are given showing the different ways in which mites have achieved synchrony of their life cycle with that of their hosts.

Some thoughts on the usefulness of research on the interrelationships between mites and other arthropods conclude the paper.
REVIEW OF THE TRIBAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE LEAFHOPPER SUBFAMILY APHRODINAE (DELTOCEPHALINAE OF AUTHORS) OF THE HOLARCTIC REGION (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

The classification of the Aphrodinae is reviewed. The subfamily is redefined to include the Deltocephalinae (“Euscelidae”) and Hecalinae, and nine tribes are recognized: Eupelecini, Paradorydiini, Stirellini, Paraboloponini, Aphrodini, Krisnini, Selenocephalini, Hecalini, and Deltocephalini. The tribe Aphrodini is divided into six subtribes: Doraturina, Achaeticina, Anoterostemmina, Neobalina, Aphrodina, and Xestocephalina. The tribe Deltocephalini is divided into six subtribes: Deltocephalina, Athysanina, Cicadulina, Macrostelina, Platymetopiina, and Cochlorhinina. Keys are provided to the tribes and subtribes, and the Holarctic taxa are defined, with their Holarctic genera listed under each.
THE TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES BY CONTACT AND SOIL TREATMENT TO TWO SPECIES OF GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Tomlin A. D.
Published: December 2009

Adults of predatory carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of the species Stenolophus comma Fabricius field-collected from light traps were bioassayed against several soil insecticides along with laboratory reared larvae of the predatory carabid Pterostichus melanarius Illiger. Adult S. comma beetles were exposed to serial dilutions of insecticides using a Potter spray tower; larvae of P. melanarius were exposed to insecticidally treated Plainfield sand. Fensulfothion, phorate, methomyl, carbofuran, and O,O-diethyl-S(tertbutylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate (Counter®) proved to be highly toxic to adult S. comma with a 0.01% solution causing mortalities > 65%. In the bioassay of P. melanarius larvae, Counter®, phorate, heptachlor, aldrin, and O-(2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)vinyl) O-methyl ethylphosphonothioate (WL 24073) produced mortalities > 75% at 0.1 p.p.m. in Plainfield sand. The Pterostichus larvae which are probably important as predators of pest insects appear quite susceptible to several important soil insecticides. Chlorfenvinphos, leptophos, and p,p′-DDT were fairly innocuous to both adults and larvae.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FLOWERING PLANTS AND FOUR SPECIES OFBOMBUS(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Liu H. J. , Macfarlane R. P. , Pengelly D. H.
Published: December 2009

An attraction to certain plant species byBombus terricola,B.bimaculatus,B.perplexus, andB.ternariuswas observed. The gathering of pollen was observed as a behavioural act distinct from nectar gathering. Pollen analyses indicated that pollen collectors restricted their activities to a small number of plant species. These bees’ life histories and flower preferences made them potentially effective pollinators of early-flowering economic crops,Ribesspp., andPyrus Malusin particular, and of common weeds such asSolanum DulcamaraandHypericum perforatum. The same reasons prevented them from being important in the pollination ofTrifolium pratenseandMedicago sativa.
SEASONAL CYCLE AND BIOLOGY OF WINTHEMIA RUFOPICTA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) AS A PARASITE OF HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Danks H. V.
Published: December 2009

The first adult generation of Winthemia rufopicta (Big.) emerged during April in North Carolina, males preceding the females by about a week. This was several weeks prior to the occurrence of large larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (Fab.), two commonly recorded hosts of W. rufopicta. The average female, after a pre-ovipositional period of several days, deposited about 60 eggs over a further several days. The sex ratio was normally unity, with the exception that flies overwintered in the field showed a predominance of males.

Populations of W. rufopicta declined in spring, apparently from a shortage of hosts, then slowly built up through several overlapping generations: developmental rates at different temperatures are indicated. In the fall, local host concentrations were more frequent, and parasitism of Heliothis hosts on tobacco occurred consistently and sometimes reached high levels. Parasites overwintered as fully grown diapausing maggots in shallow cells in the soil.

Experimental populations of Heliothis spp. (mainly H. virescens) maintained on tobacco were not parasitized by W. rufopicta until late in the season. Temporal and spatial interactions between host and parasite populations at that time are discussed.
A NEW CRETACEOUS BIBIONID FROM CANADIAN AMBER (DIPTERA: BIBIONIDAE)
Authors: Peterson B. V.
Published: December 2009

Plecia myersi n. sp. is described from remains found in Canadian Amber, of Upper Cretaceous age, from Cedar Lake, Manitoba. This specimen is the oldest positively identified fossil of the Bibionidae, and demonstrates the family existed in the Mesozoic Era in a form much like modern species.
LIFE HISTORY AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EUROPEAN EARWIG, FORFICULA AURICULARIA (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE), AT VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Lamb Robert J. , Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

The life history of the European earwig at Vancouver, B.C., is described and divided into two periods: the nesting phase and the free-foraging phase. Seasonal changes in population characteristics are documented and compared in sparsely and densely vegetated habitats. The developmental rates, population sizes, and sex ratios, but not the body weights, differ between the two habitats. Suggested reasons for these differences are advanced.
THE BIOLOGY OF POLLENIA RUDIS, THE CLUSTER FLY (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE): IV. A PRELIMINARY MODEL OF THE CLUSTER FLY LIFE CYCLE, AND SOME POSSIBLE METHODS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Authors: Thomson A. J.
Published: December 2009

To relate the various details of the cluster fly life cycle which have recently appeared in the literature, a preliminary mathematical model is constructed When used to interpret the population data of De Coursey, the relationships of the model were shown to be at least qualitatively sound. From an examination of the parameters which modify the components of the model, some possible control measures are suggested.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO THE BERTHA ARMYWORM (MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Harris C. R. , Turnbull S.A.
Published: December 2009

This study had dual objectives: to select a series of insecticides toxic to the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walk.), and to determine susceptibility of the various developmental stages to insecticides. Pupae were collected from infested rapeseed fields in Alberta and a laboratory rearing procedure suitable for production of large numbers of insects was devised. The direct contact toxicity of 50 insecticides to third-stage larvae was assessed. Methomyl and DDT were included as standard insecticides. None of the experimental insecticides was as toxic as methomyl but about one half were more toxic than DDT. Tests with representative organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate insecticides indicated that all caused rapid knockdown of third-stage larvae. There was no evidence of subsequent recovery. After the life history of the bertha armyworm under controlled environmental conditions was determined, tests were conducted to ascertain the susceptibility of the various developmental stages to methomyl, chlorpyrifos, leptophos, and methidathion. Eggs and first and second stage larvae were more susceptible to direct contact applications of the insecticides than were the later larval stages, pupae, and adults.