bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep Trade Agreements and Domestic Institutions in the Americas
Authors: Gómez-Mera Laura , Varela Gonzalo
Published: September 2021

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have spread rapidly around the world since the 1990s. In the Americas, the proliferation of trade agreements with countries from within and beyond the region have resulted in a “spaghetti bowl” of overlapping rules and regulations, some of which address behind-the-border issues such as investment, competition, labor, and environmental standards. Earlier research has linked trade agreements to increased foreign investment inflows. This article argues instead that the effects of PTAs on FDI depend on the domestic institutional capacities of member countries. Domestic institutions condition the benefits and effectiveness of PTAs by influencing governments’ external credibility as well as their ability to implement the agreements they sign. The empirical findings show that weak state capacity exacerbates the spaghetti-bowl effects of multiple, overlapping agreements. Moreover, it is not the quantity but the quality, and more specifically, the depth of trade agreements that matters for attracting FDI.
Prensa satírica popular en Chile y la actualidad de un debate: El Ají (1889–1894) y José Arnero (1905–1914)
Authors: Baeza Chiara Sáez , Gajardo Antonieta Vera
Published: September 2021

Este artículo analiza la prensa satírica producida por obreros tipógrafos en Chile entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. A partir de la revisión de archivos de prensa y utilizando la conceptualización sobre “cultura popular ausente”, los principales resultados revelan características diferenciadas del objeto de estudio respecto de la autorrepresentación de lo popular y del rol jugado en la esfera pública, que por un lado lo apartan de la sátira chilena del siglo XIX centrada en las disputas de los partidos oligárquicos, al tiempo que visibilizan un sujeto popular (emisor y receptor) más complejo y paradójico que el de la prensa obrera dominante, generando hallazgos relevantes para un debate actual sobre los otros populares, el modo en que han permanecido ocultos históricamente y cómo traerlos a escena para la reflexión sobre proyectos políticos del presente.
PENGARUH GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP ISLAMIC SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH DI INDONESIA
Authors: Mayliza Riri , Yusnelly Arie
Published: September 2021

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Good Corporate Governance (GCG) terhadap Islamic Corporate  Social Responsibility (ICSR) pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis data dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi SmartPLS dan menerapkan teknik  Structure Equation Model (SEM). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dan kuantitatif dengan data sekunder, di mana populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 13 Bank Umum Syariah (BUS) yang ada di Indonesia proporsi Komisaris Independen, jumlah rapat Dewan Komisaris, proporsi Komite Audit, jumlah rapat Komite Audit pada Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia dalam periode waktu selama 5 tahun (2014-2020). Penelitian ini menghasilkan penemuan yang menarik di antaranya adalah bahwa  terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan proporsi Dewan Komisaris Independen terhadap Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility (ICSR). Juga terdapat pengaruh positif signifikan ukuran Dewan Komisaris terhadap Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility (ICSR). Namun, tidak terdapat pengaruh ukuran Komite Audit terhadap Islamic Corporate Sosial Resposibility (ICSR), serta tidak berpengaruh jumlah rapat Komite Audit terhadap Islamic Corporate Sosial Resposibility (ICSR).
Hybride Simulationstechnik: Prototypenerkenntnisse in den Produktneuentwicklungsprozess einbinden
Authors:   Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Maschinenwesen, Kaczmarek Dennis , Lohrengel Armin ,   Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Maschinenwesen
Published: September 2021

Es wird gezeigt, wie Erkenntnisse eines Prototyps in den weiteren Entwicklungsprozess eines Produktes Anwendung finden können. Dazu wird ein entwickelter Rechenkern genutzt, welcher einen hybriden Ansatz aus Numerik und einem neuronalen Netz beinhaltet. Zusätzlich soll dieser Rechenkern den gesamten Produktentwicklungsprozess unterstützen und Produktvorschläge generieren, welche unter Restriktionen und einem globalen Optimierer ermittelt werden. Durch den Ansatz der Optimierung wurde Wert auf einen Kompromiss zwischen Schnelligkeit und Genauigkeit in der Rechenroutine gelegt. In diesem Artikel wird diese Vorgehensweise vorgestellt.
Textile Engineering ›SurFace‹ - Oberflächenentwurf von der taktilen zur grafischen zur taktilen Erfahrbarkeit im Design Engineering der Zukunft
Authors:   Hochschule Niederrhein, Wachs Marina-Elena , Scholl Theresa , Balbig Gesa , Grobheiser Katharina
Published: September 2021

Das Textile-Engineering steht innerhalb der Digitalisierungsphase der vierten industriellen Revolution, vor der Herausforderung, die taktile Erfahrbarkeit von physischen Oberflächen in digitale tools zu übersetzen. Hierbei stehen scheinbar analoge Entwurfsmethoden des Skizzierens, mit dem Duktus im Konflikt mit den digitalen Entwurfsflächen und -räumen. Wie können wir digitale Materialbibliotheken so verwenden, dass diese der „wahren“ Oberflächen(-Ästhetik), entsprechend unseren physisch erlebbaren Welten entsprechen? Wir entwickeln die interaktiven Entwurfsräume der Zukunft „sur face“, über das „Gesicht“ des Materials. Mittels Matrix und digitalem Duktus und im vis à vis von analogen und digitalen vernetzt designen, kommen wir der Anforderung von human centred design der textilen Zukunftswelten näher.
COVID-19 SONRASI EĞİTİM: Değişimde Süreklilik İçin Tespitler ve Öneriler
Authors: Kocabaş Cihan , Koru Neriman Beyza , Ardakoç İlayda , Kültür Kürşat , Çelik Enes , Karataş İbrahim Hakan
Published: September 2021

Covid-19 salgınının günlük yaşantımıza etkileri halihazırda devam ederken tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de sosyal ve ekonomik saikler okulların açılmasını adeta bir zorunluluk haline getirmiştir. Türkiye’de okullar yüz yüze eğitim için yeni eğitim öğretim yılına hazırlıklarını tamamlamaya çalışmaktadır. Salgının yayılımı açısından en kritik kamusal alanlardan biri olan okullarda sürecin nasıl yürütüleceği ve okullar açıkken salgının ne derece kontrol altında tutulabileceği konusu toplumun her kesiminde merak ve endişe uyandırmaktadır. Bu minvalde elinizdeki bu çalışmanın amacı Covid-19 salgını sürecinde kapalı kalan okulların yeni eğitim öğretim dönemine ne kadar hazır olduklarının değerlendirilmesi ve bu bağlamda politika önerilerinin ortaya konmasıdır. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak okulların mevcut fiziksel koşullarının sağlık önlemleri açısından yeterliği ele alınmıştır. Okulların tam kapasite ile yüz yüze yeniden açılması sürecinde yöneticileri, öğretmenleri, öğrencileri ve velileri ilgilendiren mevcut ve muhtemel problemler değerlendirilmiş ve çözüm önerilerine değinilmiştir. Akabinde eğitim-öğretim planlama, müfredat ve içeriklere dair analizler ile rezilyans uygulamalarının etkililiğini artıracak tavsiyelere yer verilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde politika uygulayıcıları ve eğitim paydaşları için uygulanabilir ve somut politika notları sunulmuştur
Ccq1–Raf2 interaction mediates CLRC recruitment to establish heterochromatin at telomeres
Authors: Shi Shaohua , Zhou Yuanze , Lu Yanjia , Sun Hong , Xue Jing , Wu Zhenfang , Lei Ming
Published: September 2021

Telomeres, highly ordered DNA-protein complexes at eukaryotic linear chromosome ends, are specialized heterochromatin loci conserved among eukaryotes. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the shelterin complex is important for subtelomeric heterochromatin establishment. Despite shelterin has been demonstrated to mediate the recruitment of the Snf2/histone deacetylase–containing repressor complex (SHREC) and the Clr4 methyltransferase complex (CLRC) to telomeres, the mechanism involved in telomeric heterochromatin assembly remains elusive due to the multiple functions of the shelterin complex. Here, we found that CLRC plays a dominant role in heterochromatin establishment at telomeres. In addition, we identified a series of amino acids in the shelterin subunit Ccq1 that are important for the specific interaction between Ccq1 and the CLRC subunit Raf2. Finally, we demonstrated that the Ccq1–Raf2 interaction is essential for the recruitment of CLRC to telomeres, that contributes to histone H3 lysine 9 methylation, nucleosome stability and the shelterin-chromatin association, promoting a positive feedback mechanism for the nucleation and spreading of heterochromatin at subtelomeres. Together, our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of subtelomeric heterochromatin assembly by shelterin-dependent CLRC recruitment to chromosomal ends.
Drivers and Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers in New Zealand
Authors:   , Kennett Daemon
Published: September 2021

Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) are long, narrow jets of intense water vapour flux that are a fundamental component of the global atmospheric circulation, transporting moisture and heat from the tropics to higher latitudes. When an AR makes landfall, especially in areas of steep topography, it releases much of its water vapour as precipitation through orographic uplift. Thus, although ARs play a positive role in the distribution and maintenance of water resources in the mid-latitudes, they are also associated with extreme precipitation and flooding. AR events in New Zealand have had major socio-economic consequences with losses to property, farmland, stock, roads and bridges. However, despite knowledge of their occurrence, focused investigations of ARs in New Zealand have received relatively little scientific attention. In particular, little is known about how large-scale climate patterns, such as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), influence ARs and AR-related precipitation extremes.

The aim of this study is to quantify the impacts and large-scale drivers of AR landfalls in New Zealand. We employ a new AR detection algorithm, developed specifically for the New Zealand case, to investigate landfalling ARs over a 41-year period from 1979-2019. We investigate the general climatology of ARs, and evaluate the synoptic conditions that drive these events. Using a comprehensive daily rainfall dataset comprising 189 stations, we also investigate the impacts of ARs on NZ rainfall and flooding events. For northern and western regions, over 45% of rainfall fell directly under AR conditions, contributing to daily rainfall totals 2.5 times higher on average compared to non-AR days. Further, we find that AR days were associated with up to 70% of daily rainfall totals above the 99th percentile, with insurance damages exceeding NZ $1.4 billion since 1980.

Finally, for the first time in New Zealand, we investigate how large-scale climate patterns influence the occurrence of ARs. We find that changes in the leading modes of climate variability can alter seasonal and regional AR frequency by upwards of 30%. The SAM is identified as the dominant driver of AR activity (other than the seasonal cycle), with the positive SAM phase associated with a 16% reduction in AR occurrence during summer (30-35% reduction for the North Island). The links between AR occurrence and ENSO were less clear, though a few statistically significant relationships were found. The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), the leading mode of intraseasonal tropical variability, was found to significantly influence the frequency and timing of AR landfalls (particularly for the northern North Island). Favourable MJO phases were associated with positive AR frequency anomalies +60% above the mean. These results demonstrate potential use of the AR framework in skilful subseasonal-to-seasonal forecasts of extreme rainfall in New Zealand.
Employee’s Performance as a Consequence of Effective Communication and Working Environment: The Moderating Role of Organizational Learning Culture
Authors: Adnan Muhammad
Published: September 2021

Purpose: FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) sector has a significant role in the economic development of Pakistan. According to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, the retail sector contributes 18.6% to the GDP of Pakistan. This sector can use effective communication with a learning work environment as a tool to increase their productivity and at the same time can build customer relations. This is because communication is an essential element used to deal with customers and employees. Whereas, at the same time comfortable work environment is helpful to boost the performance of this sector. The present study aims to examine the influence of effective communication and working environment on employee’s performance with the moderating role of organizational learning culture in FMCG sector of South Punjab Region.

Design/Methodology/Approach: For the said purpose structured questionnaires were developed by using online google forms for collecting data. The sample population was selected from the FMCG sector of Pakistan. Then the collected data was analyzed by using regression analysis and Pearson Correlation via SPSS whilst Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via Smart PLS.

Findings: The results indicates that effective communication and work environment has a significant influence on employee’s performance and organizational learning culture plays a moderating role between effective communication and work environment.

Implications/Value: This research has used FMCG sector specifically to examine the impact of effective communication hence, further research can be done by using other sectors i.e., Education, Agriculture, IT etc.  In addition to that this study is based on the impact of effective communication and working environment on the employee’s performance through the moderating role of organizational culture further research can be made on the ways or methods improve working conditions of this sector.
Anaemia among young male workers in Alexandria, Egypt
Authors: Curtale F. , Abdel Fattah M. , El Shazly M. , Shamy M. Youssef , El Sahn F.
Published: September 2021

In a cross-sectional survey, we investigated exposure to and the presence of factors associated with anaemia, such as socioeconomic conditions, dietary habits, intestinal parasitic infections and lead among 355 young male workers [7-19 years of age]employed in private workshops. Of the total study sample, 44.5% [158 participants]were found to be anaemic. The major risk factors for anaemia were multiple parasitic infection, high intensity of parasitic [Ascaris lumbricoides]infection and drinking tea soon after a meal. A significantly lower prevalence of anaemia was noted after Ramadan; it appeared to be the main factor associated with the presence or absence of anaemia and warrants further attention.
Noncommunicable diseases among the Bahraini population: a review
Authors: Hamadeh R. R.
Published: September 2021

The review investigates changes in the morbidity and mortality due to noncommunicable diseases in the Bahraini population and looks at the conditions which may have contributed to them in the 1980s and 1990s. Data were extracted from the Ministry of Health annual health reports and the 1981 and 1991 censuses and other relevant published papers. Government strategies for the control of noncommunicable diseases and the promotion of healthy lifestyles are outlined.
Gallstone ileus in the Jordanian Royal Medical Services in a 10-year period
Authors: Jarbou S. M. , Al Hammouri F. A.
Published: September 2021

Six patients [5 women and 1 man, with a median age of 71 years] were operated on for gallstone ileus in the 10-year period 1988-98. The diagnosis was made before operation in 2 patients. The obstructing stones were located in the terminal ileum in 3 patients and in the proximal ileum or jejunum in 3 patients. Choledochoduodenal fistula was present in all patients. A single-stage procedure [removal of the impacted stone, fistula repair and cholecystectomy]was performed in 1 patient, enterolithotomy alone in 4 patients and resection of part of the intestine where the stone was impacted with primary anastomosis performed in 1 patient. In the postoperative period, 2 patients developed infection of the wound and 2 patients developed deep vein thrombosis; 1 of these died of pulmonary embolism.
CIDADE MÉDIA E SISTEMA DE TRANSPORTE COLETIVO: FEIRA DE SANTANA EM DEBATE
Authors: Reis Ruy De Souza , Santos Janio
Published: September 2021

Este artigo avalia, no âmbito da Política de Mobilidade Urbana de Feira de Santana, a organização do Sistema de Transporte Coletivo, suas características e entraves, para pensar como, do ponto de vista metodológico, tais serviços e lógicas são compreendidas em cidades médias. Além de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, a metodologia centrou-se no mapeamento da rede de transporte por ônibus e na aplicação de buffer. Feira de Santana é um retrato do funcionamento do transporte coletivo em várias cidades médias do Brasil. O reconhecimento da história de serviços precários revela fragmentos da vida dos pobres, em que, apesar da importância de algumas leis, na prática, o verdadeiro direito à cidade, inclusive, à mobilidade urbana, é uma utopia distante de ser atingida.
STRATEJİK YÖNETİM ARACI OLARAK HEDEF MALİYETLEME YÖNTEMİNİN HAVAYOLU İŞLETMELERİNDE UYGULANABİLİRLİĞİ
Authors: AKDENİZ Nazlı Ebru , KAYA Ergün
Published: September 2021

Ekonomik ilişkilerin ve ticaretin küreselleşmesi ile birlikte havayolu işletmelerinde rekabetin şiddeti giderek artmakta ve birim gelirler azalmaktadır. Bu ortamda havayolu işletmelerinin değişen maliyet yapıları ve artan talep karşısında, geleneksel maliyet muhasebesi sistemleri çözüm üretmekte yetersiz kalabilmektedir. Buna karşılık maliyetlerini etkili şekilde yöneten, sürekli iyileştirme yapan havayolu işletmeleri rekabet üstünlüğü elde etmektedir. İşletmelerin rekabet üstünlüğü elde etmesinde gerekli stratejik bilgiyi sağlaması için stratejik maliyet yönetimi yaklaşımları geliştirilmiştir. Bunlardan biri olan hedef maliyetleme yönteminin havayolu işletmelerinde uygulanma durumunu araştırmak bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’de faaliyette bulunan havayolu işletmelerinde maliyet yönetimi konusunda yetkililere uygulanan, hedef maliyetlemenin uygulanabilirliğine yönelik açık uçlu ve çoktan seçmeli sorulardan oluşan soru formu ile derlenen sonuçlar analiz edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan havayolu işletmelerinde hedef maliyetleme yönteminin kısmen uygulandığı ya da yöntemin bazı özelliklerinden maliyet planlamasında yararlanıldığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarından, havayolu işletmeleri ve benzer hizmet sektörlerinde faaliyette bulunan işletmelerin yararlanması ve makalenin alanyazına katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.
LOJİSTİK MALİYETLER VE LOJİSTİK PERFORMANSIN, FİRMA VE İHRACAT PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİNİN ANALİZİ
Authors: İRAK Gülay , ŞEN Hazal
Published: September 2021

Firmaların, hızlı ve sorunsuz bir şekilde hammaddenin elde edilişinden nihai tüketiciye ulaşana kadar ki süreçte lojistik performanslarını, lojistik faaliyetlerden doğan lojistik maliyetlerini etkin bir şekilde yönetmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca piyasada başarılı olmak ve rekabet etmek isteyen firmaların, firma performanslarının ve ihracat performanslarının da yüksek olması önemlidir. Böylece maliyetlerin de etkisiyle bu üç performans kriteri yüksek olan firmaların, dış pazarda daha başarılı olacağı muhtemeldir.Çalışmada firmaların lojistik performanslarını ve lojistik maliyetlerini (depolama, nakliye, sipariş işleme, stok bulundurma, elleçleme, müşteri hizmetleri maliyeti vd.) etkin yönettiklerinde, hem iç piyasada hem de dış piyasada, firma performansını ve ihracat performansını nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi’nin (TİM) 2019 yılında açıklamış olduğu ilk 1000 ihracatçı firma araştırma raporunda yer alan; çelik, elektrik elektronik, hazır giyim ve konfeksiyon sektörlerinde faaliyette bulunan 240 firmaya online anket uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada yapılan yol analizi sonuçlarına göre; lojistik performansın finansal olmayan performans üzerindeki değişimin yaklaşık yüzde 30’unu, lojistik performansın finansal performans üzerindeki değişimin yüzde 5,5’ini, lojistik performansın ihracat performansı üzerindeki değişimin yüzde 7,3’ünü, lojistik maliyetlerin ise lojistik performans üzerindeki değişimin yaklaşık yüzde 10’unu açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir.
Evaluasi Proses Pre-Treatment Sampah In PLTSa Bantargebang (Studi Kasus Pre-Treatment di PLTSa Bantargebang)
Authors: Prasetiyadi
Published: September 2021

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (PLTSa) Bantargebang sudah memiliki unit pre-treatment sampah, namun kinerjanya masih belum sesuai harapan. Penelitian ini akan mengevaluasi dan memperbaiki metode pre-treatment yang ada agar dapat bekerja lebih optimal sebagai acuan proses pre-treatment sampah umpan PLTSa. Pemilihan teknologi pada pre-treatment sampah dilakukan berdasarkan karakteristik sampah yang ada serta kebutuhan proses dan peralatan untuk mendapatkan sampah terpilah sebagai umpan PLTSa. Hasil evaluasi pemilihan proses dan peralatan pre-treatment eksisting perlu dilakukan penambahan proses dan peralatan, terutama untuk sampah berukuran besar, pembukaan kantong sampah, pemilahan sampah organik, pemilahan sampah lainnya yang dapat dijual dan sampah yang tidak layak bakar, pemilahan logam besi, pemilahan logam non- besi. dan proses sizing
OTOMATISASI KONTROL POMPA ULTRAFILTRASI DAN POMPA TEKANAN TINGGI REVERSE OSMOSIS PADA UNIT AIR SIAP MINUM MENGGUNAKAN SCHNEIDER ZELIO SMART RELAY
Authors: Setiadi Imam , Kustianto Irwan
Published: September 2021

Kebutuhan air minum serta akses untuk mendapatkan air minum yang sehat menjadi kebutuhan dasar yang harus dipenuhi terutama di daerah-daerah yang rawan air. Terutama  daerah-daerah yang sulit dijangkau atau tidak  mendapat pelayanan air bersih yang disediakan oleh Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum dan lokasi yang secara geografis juga sulit untuk mendapatkan sumber air yang baik. Adanya sarana  penyediaan air bersih dengan sistem ultrafiltrasi dan reverse osmosis yang dikembangkan oleh Pusat Teknologi Lingkungan BPPT memungkinkan untuk diterapkan dilokasi-lokasi sulit mendapatkan air, sehingga masalah kesulitan air dapat teratasi. Hanya saja perlu pengelolaan yang baik, serta operator yang cakap, sehingga alat tersebut dapat beroperasi secara berkesinambungan. Kemudahan dalam mengoperasikan, serta otomatisasi menjadi pertimbangan tersendiri terhadap kemudahan dalam pengoperasian alat tersebut. Jenis pompa  dan peralatan pengontrol tangki-tangki dipilih  agar  masyarakat tidak sulit mencari suku cadangnya.  Untuk mengontrol tangki-tangki air pada sarana penyedia air bersih sistim ultrafiltrasi dan reverse osmosis digunakan teknologi yang sederhana, yaitu radar untuk mengatur tinggi muka air, pressure switch sebagai penunjuk tekanan air, serta PLC Schneider Zelio Smart Relay sebagai pusat kontrolnya. Sistem kontrol radar, pressure switch dan PLC schneider zelio smart relay berharga murah, mudah dalam penerapanya dan dijamin ketersediaan suku cadangnya.
ANALISIS NERACA AIR DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI CISADANE
Authors: Sudinda Teddy
Published: September 2021

Perubahan penggunaan lahan di DAS Cisadane mengakibatkan berkurangnya daerah resapan air. Daerah resapan memiliki fungsi untuk menangkap, menyimpan dan mengalirkan air melalui badan sungai menuju laut. Sehingga dengan menurunnya fungsi daerah resapan akibat dari perubahan penggunaan lahan menjadi daerah kedap menyebabkan pengaruh terhadap siklus hidrologi. Hal ini berkaitan dengan keseimbangan air daerah tersebut yaitu dengan menurunnya laju infiltrasi ke dalam tanah akibat meningkatnya daerah pemukiman atau lahan terbangun yang menyebabkan peningkatan laju aliran permukaan dan pengurangan penyimpanan air tanah.  Perubahan penggunaan lahan  mengakibatkan debit aliran sungai menjadi melimpah pada musim hujan dan mengalami kekeringan pada musim kemarau. Oleh karena itu untuk mengetahui debit aliran sungai  menjadi besar dan mengecil pada suatu waktu dan daerah tertentu dibutuhkan analisis neraca air yang meliputi dua unsur utama yaitu ketersediaan dan kebutuhan air dalam suatu Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS).
The future of vaccination and herd immunity in the COVID-19 pandem-ic
Authors: Supriyadi Supriyadi
Published: September 2021

Since a year ago, pandemic covid 19 has entered Indonesia, and efforts to reduce and control have been carried out several programs, one of which is vaccination. The ideal projection is two direct strategies: hybrid distribution that combines active outreach into priority groups with passive distribution to the general public and single-dose distribution to as many populations as possible. The previous plan was to save a second dose as a backup. The proper fulfillment of vaccination needs in each population required to achieve herd immunity to stop the spread of the virus will vary, depending on the variant of the virus in circulation and the heterogeneous level of that population, also depending on the density and mobility of the population. In addition, the duration of protection provided by natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity is not well established, and different vaccines can provide different durations and degrees of humoral and cellular immunity.
Antibacterial Effectiveness of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Leaves to Escherichia coli pBR322
Authors: Mere Janrigo Klaumegio , Bintang Maria , Safithri Mega
Published: September 2021

Bacterial resistance is a serious problem that until now still has become a global problem. The search for new antibacterial compounds is needed to overcome this problem. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels is a plant known to contain bioactive compounds that can be used as an antibacterial agent. This study aims to explore the leaves of this plant as an antibacterial against Escherichia coli pBR322 resistant bacteria. Based on the antibacterial test results, extracts and leaf fractions of this plant can inhibit bacterial growth. Ethyl acetate fraction at a concentration of 800 ppm showed strong antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone diameter of 10.36±0.02 mm followed by ethanol extract and other fractions, namely 8.43±0.01 mm (ethanol extract), 7.24±0.01 mm (water fraction), and 1.45±0.01 mm (n-hexane fraction). The results of spectrophotometric MIC determination also showed inhibition against bacterial growth, which was marked by a decrease in the absorbance value at the lowest antibacterial concentration of 600 ppm from 0.454 to 0.070 at wavenumber 600 nm after 24 hours of incubation. The decrease in the absorbance value indicated that the antibacterial properties of the plant leaves at this concentration were effective in inhibiting bacterial growth.
OPTIMIZATION OF LAMPUNG BATIK PRODUCTION USING THE SIMPLEX METHOD
Authors: Aldino Ahmad Ari , Ulfa Marchamah
Published: September 2021

The Production and Profit optimization application in this Batik company was built to solve their problems. This application has the ability to process raw material data, working time data, production requirements data and load data for optimization calculations. The basis for calculations carried out includes optimization calculations using the Simplex Method and the tools used are Excel Solver and Python Programming. The output of this application is that how many Batik are produced based on available resources, the total cost of expenses incurred during the production process as well as gross profit and net of sales. This application can increase company profits and the percentage level of profit depending on the price comparison of sales between one product to another
POLA KONFLIK AGAMA DI WILAYAH PLURAL: STUDI KASUS PENDIRIAN RUMAH IBADAH DI KOTA JAMBI
Authors: Halim Abdul , Mubarak Zaki
Published: September 2021

Kota Jambi memiliki potensi konflik sosial, khususnya konflik agama terkait pendirian rumah ibadah. Sejarah konflik agama di Indonesia mencatat bahwa rumah ibadah menjadi salah satu sumber konflik potensial yang seringkali berujung pada perusakan dan pembakaran. Terkait hal tersebut, perlu dilakukan upaya agar konflik ini tidak berkepanjangan, salah satunya dengan revitalisasi kearifan budaya lokal yang tumbuh di masing-masing daerah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dengan mengambil objek lokasi di Telanaipura, Alam Barajo, dan Kotabaru Kota Jambi. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa sebagai kawasan majemuk, Kota Jambi juga tak luput dari konflik pendirian rumah ibadah yang terjadi di tiga wilayah, namun tidak berkepanjangan. Pola konflik diawali dengan aksi damai masyarakat muslim terhadap pendirian gereja di pemukiman mayoritas muslim. Konflik tersebut tidak berlanjut menjadi anarkis karena kearifan lokal masyarakat Kota Jambi menyelesaikan perkara melalui mufakat bersama tuo-tuo tengganai, tokoh adat, dan tokoh agama sehingga dapat diselesaikan oleh tokoh adat, tokoh agama dan pemerintah daerah di Kota Jambi.

 

Jambi City has the potential for social conflict, especially religious conflict related to the establishment of houses of worship. The history of religious conflict in Indonesia notes that houses of worship have become a source of potential conflict which often leads to destruction and burning. Related to this, it is necessary to make efforts to prevent this conflict is not prolonged, one option is by revitalizing of the local cultural wisdom that grows in each region. This study was conducted using a qualitative research approach. This research was conducted in Telanaipura, Alam Barajo, and Kotabaru in Jambi City. The results of this study found that as a pluralistic area, Jambi City was also not spared from the conflict of the establishment of places of worship that occurred in three regions, but was not prolonged. The pattern of conflict began with peaceful actions by Muslim communities against the construction of churches in Muslim-majority settlements. The conflict did not continue to be anarchic because the local wisdom of the people of Jambi City resolved cases through consensus with tuo-tuo tengganai, traditional leaders, and religious leaders so that it could be resolved by traditional leaders, religious leaders and local governments Jambi City.
AMAR MA‘RUF NAHī MUNKAR: SEBUAH KAJIAN ONTOLOGIS
Authors: Badarussyamsi Badarussyamsi , Ridwan Mohammad , Aiman Nur
Published: September 2021

This article examines ontologically the term "amar ma'ruf nahī munkar" which is always hotly discussed. The aspects studied include the definition, history, law, terms, and pillars of Amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. So far, the concept of amar ma'ruf nahī munkar has not been studied comprehensively so that its meaning is minimized only in the context of da'wah, even though the social content of the meaning of the word is very important to reveal. The focus of the study in this article is how to understand the concept of amar ma'ruf nahī munkar in accordance with the instructions of the Qur'an and al-Sunnah as well as the views of Muslim scholars. The study method carried out is a literature review by examining in depth the concept of amar ma'ruf nahī munkar and its scope. The research findings show that the concept of amar ma'ruf nahī munkar has broad dimensions, both with regard to definition, history, law, terms, and pillars as well as their application. It is very possible that what has been seen as amar ma'ruf nahī munkar can not actually be called a realization of this concept, because the ontological indicators in this concept have not been fulfilled. The ontological study of the concept of ma'ruf nahī munkar implies the message that every Muslim must participate in creating a stable and comfortable social order, which can provide guarantees for the creation of a good quality of life for the community.

 

Artikel ini mengkaji secara ontologis term “amar ma‘ruf nahī munkar” yang senantiasa hangat diperbincangkan. Aspek-aspek yang dikaji mencakup definisi, sejarah, hukum, syarat, dan rukun Amar ma‘ruf nahi munkar. Selama ini konsep amar ma‘ruf nahī munkar belum dikaji secara komprehensif sehingga dikecilkan artinya hanya dalam konteks dakwah, padahal kandungan sosial dari makna kata tersebut justru sangat penting untuk diungkap. Fokus kajian dalam artikel ini adalah bagaimana memahami konsep amar ma‘ruf nahī munkar sesuai dengan petunjuk Al-Qur’an dan al-Sunnah serta pandangan para ulama Muslim. Metode kajian yang dijalankan adalah kajian literatur dengan mencermati secara mendalam konsep amar ma‘ruf nahī munkar beserta ruang lingkupnya. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep amar ma‘ruf nahī munkar memiliki dimensi yang luas, baik yang berkenaan dengan definisi, sejarah, hukum, syarat, dan rukun serta aplikasinya. Sangat mungkin terjadi bahwa apa yang selama ini dipandang sebagai amar ma‘ruf nahī munkar sebenarnya belum bisa disebut sebagai realisasi terhadap konsep ini, karena belum terpenuhinya indikator-indikator ontologis dalam konsep ini. Kajian ontologis terhadap konsep ma‘ruf nahī munkar menyiratkan pesan bahwa setiap Muslim harus berpartisipasi menciptakan tatanan sosial yang stabil dan confortable, yang dapat memberikan jaminan bagi terciptanya kualitas hidup masyarakat yang baik.
Zielonka's theory of the European Empire: A Challenge to Theory and Practice of European Integration
Authors: Murray Katrina
Published: September 2021

CESAA 16TH ANNUAL EUROPE ESSAY COMPETITION 2008 POSTGRADUATE CATEGORYThe emergence of new theory to account for the sui generis phenomenon of European integration has produced a myriad of responses, challenging traditional approaches and creating new debates. This essay analyses just one of these responses, that is Zielonka’s model of Europe as a polycentric neo-medieval empire. He argues that Europe is developing into a body with soft border zones, multiple identities, divided loyalties and sovereignties with a multiplicity of overlapping institutions. Although the suggestion of a flexible and pluralistic Europe is not a new one, the way in which Zielonka presents this concept as an original and inventive model for European governance is worthy of further research and debate.
Japanese Foreign Policy towards the Republic of Croatia: Preventive Diplomacy and Post-conflict Reconstruction 1994 - 1997
Authors: Peric Marcela
Published: September 2021

This article analyses the policy of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) towards the former republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in the 1990s during the Yugoslav crisis. It argues that MOFA adopted an indirect foreign policy approach since it acted through theUnited Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to help foster the peace process. The article particularly focuses on the roles played by Yasushi Akashi, the head of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Sadako Ogata, through whom Japan provided aid during the humanitarian crisis. Japan exerted its preventive diplomacy to defuse tensions in the successor republics and to prevent thespread of the conflict to Macedonia and Albania. After the end of the conflict, Japan’s policy towards the region focused on post-conflict reconstruction and supporting the transition to prepare for theEuropean integration process.
Editors' introduction to the Special Issue: New opportunities for the EU-Canada Strategic Partnership
Authors: Knodt Michele , Chaban Natalia
Published: September 2021

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The Impact of Totalitarian Rule on Contemporary European Union Policy: The Case of Latvia and its Linguistic Divide
Authors: Kamolins Leigh
Published: September 2021

CESAA 17TH ANNUAL EUROPE ESSAY COMPETITION 2009 - Postgraduate winner: Leigh Kamolins, Monash UniversityThe influence of multiple totalitarian regimes has resulted in the Latvia of today becoming a multi-ethnic society. The reinstatement of Latvia’s outdated 1922 constitution following independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, failed to deal with the demographic changes that had taken place under Soviet rule. Notably, protections for minority groups were given no constitutional, nor subsequent legislative backing. This was only partially addressed under the EU’s Copenhagen Criteria requirement on minority protections as part of the accession process. As the situation was not fully dealt with during accession, the language rights of minorities of Latvia continue to be impacted on. This article examines paradoxes in EU policy towards minority languages. It is argued that given this historic context, the current system of EU languages is discriminatory and unduly impacts on the linguistic rights of a large proportion of the Latvian and broader EU populace.
Should Turkey be Admitted into the European Union? The Debate
Authors: Di Francesco-Mayot Sophie
Published: September 2021

CESAA 17TH ANNUAL EUROPE ESSAY COMPETITION 2009 - Honours winner: Sophie Di Francesco-Mayot, Monash UniversityOver the past decades, the European Union has witnessed an increasing apathy among European citizens’ vis-à-vis EU institutions. In 1993, EU elites formally introduced the idea of a ‘European citizenship’ in an attempt on the one hand, to reactivate the European integration project, and, on the other hand, to foster greater consciousness of the European identity which the EU is supposed to represent. What opportunities and challenges would Turkey’s accession to EU membership have on our idea of ‘European citizenship’ and ‘identity’? An analysis on the current debate regarding Turkey’s possible accession in the EU raises significant questions on the EU’s identity and on the role of the EU in the international community.
Liberal Democracy: Culture Free? The Habermas-Ratzinger Debate and its Implications for Europe
Authors: Jiménez Lobeira Pablo C.
Published: September 2021

The increasing number of residents and citizens with non-Western cultural backgrounds in the European Union (EU) has prompted the question of whether EU Member States (and other Western democracies) can accommodate the newcomers and maintain their free polities (‘liberal democracies’). The answer depends on how important – if at all – cultural groundings are to democratic polities. The analysis of a fascinating Habermas-Ratzinger debate on the ‘pre-political moral foundations of the freestate’ suggests that while legitimacy originates on the will of the citizens that conform the political community, liberal democracies might not be completely free from moral principles implicit in their political culture. This possibility has normative implications for the political future of the EU—and of the West in general—particularly regarding immigration, integration and citizenship policies.
The EU and Southern Cross: The effects of EU energy policy on EU-Australia energy trade
Authors: Thompson Evan
Published: September 2021

The Lisbon Treaty which entered into force in 2009 was a major event in the ongoing evolution of the European Union (EU) project. However, despite important changes, energy policy formation remains muddled and continues to be area of contest between the EU and its Member States. This in turn means that trade dynamics with important energy providers such as Australia become affected by the internal dynamics concerning energy policy within the EU. Complicating this further is the advancement of climate change mitigation as a major policy issue also has wide ranging implications.The article argues that despite the Lisbon Treaty providing a legal basis for formulating energy policy through the application of shared competences, it does not exercise any substantive direct influence on national or trade-related issues surrounding energy. Instead of the EU exercising relative control, trade in energy resources is still conducted largely on a bilateral basis with EU Member States continuing to determine the primary aspects of their energy policy. As such, the greatest impact the EU has on Member State-Australia’s energy trade is indirect, through binding policy initiatives originally negotiated by the Member States.
Involvement of Asian Actors in the European Commission’s Online Consultations in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Alexandrova Petya , Lindeboom Gert-Jan , Rasmussen Anne
Published: September 2021

In order to examine the involvement of Asian interests in European Union politics, we develop a preliminary framework for studying the involvement of external interests in EU policy -making. Using data on the online consultations of the European Commission from 2001 till 2010, we aim at explaining both the level of engagement, the types of active actors and policy areas of involvement of different regions. We find that that external representation is partly but not fully accounted for by economic ties and possession of resources. Moreover, we find variation in which areas and by which actors different regions are represented suggesting that variation in national-sectoral structures between them affects differences in the character of representation between them.
The EU Administration of Mostar: Implications for the EU’s evolving peacebuilding approach
Authors: Björkdahl Annika
Published: September 2021

This article explores the EU’s efforts to reunify and reconstruct Mostar through the seminal experiment of EUAM (1994-1996), which combined peacebuilding with urban reconstruction in an innovative way. The aim is to identify lessons to be learned from the experiences of EUAM that can assist the EU to adjust its peacebuilding approach to better address post-conflict divides in cities where the EU currently is engaged. Cities divided by violent conflict tend to freeze the conflict, as they remained divided regardless of a conflict settlement, and they become serious obstacles to peace and a challenge to peacebuilding. Far too little is known about the role of urban space in building peace in ethno-nationally contested cities. By marrying critical urban studies with critical peacebuilding literature this article brings novelty to EU-studies and advances our understanding of the EU’s role in peacebuilding as well as in the Western Balkans.
Language and Identity in post-Soviet Ukraine: Transformation of an Unbroken Bond
Authors: Kulyk Volodymyr
Published: September 2021

Language has traditionally been a crucial component of Ukrainian identity. Given the lack of independent statehood, Ukrainian identity was primarily ethnocultural rather than civic. However, the contradictory policies of the Soviet regime produced a large-scale discrepancy between the language use and ethnocultural identity. Moreover, independence boosted Ukrainian civic identity and stimulated reconsideration of its relationship with the ethnocultural identity of the titular group. Although the Ukrainian language occupies a special place in both main versions of Ukrainian identity, it has to be reconciled with the continued reliance on Russian of about half of Ukraine’s citizens. At the same time, the perception of oneself as Ukrainian is gradually shifting from ethnocultural to civic, particularly among the young generations raised in independent Ukraine. Last but not least, the escalation of an identity struggle in the wake of the Orange Revolution led to different dynamics in the two parts of the country.
Obstinate and Unmovable? The EU vis-à-vis Myanmar via EU-ASEAN
Authors: Balossi-Restelli Ludovica Marchi
Published: September 2021

This article examines continuity and change in the European Union’s interactions with the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) with regard to Myanmar. As the EU has used its connections with ASEAN to raise its concerns around Myanmar, the Association’s behaviour also comes into focus. This investigation is linked to the evolution of the EU in world affairs via its political ties to ASEAN. It concentrates on the rather abrupt change introduced by the reform process launched in 2011-12, which marked the beginning of a new phase. The EU’s concern that the Myanmar issue not destabilise its relations with ASEAN has remained constant, however changes in the dialogue can be seen as forming three distinct phases. It is maintained that the aspiration to escape from pervasive China and the desirability of attracting new partners were the catalyst for these changes. Official documents from the EU, the European Commission, and European Council Conclusions and Common Positions, declarations issued at ASEAN, Asia-Europe and other meetings, together with secondary sources and interviews conducted mostly in Myanmar, contribute to this work. While many scholars have hinted at the extent to which the issue of Myanmar has been problematic to the EU-ASEAN links, there has been no emphasis on the positive effect that Myanmar has had on EU-ASEAN relations. This research illuminates the extent to which this issue has conversely helped to reinforce the long-lasting EU-ASEAN relationship.
Considering the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Bruce Stuart
Published: September 2021

In light of the Eurozone crisis, how essential is the current incarnation of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) for prosperity in Europe and how can understanding the causes of the crisis inform potential adaptations?
The “Europeanization” of Secessionist Programs: A Study of Montenegro and Catalonia
Authors: Pavković Aleksander
Published: September 2021

In 2006, the EU encouraged, facilitated and supervised the secession referendum of Montenegro. In 2014, the EU officials refused to facilitate a similar referendum in its member state Spain, and have so far denied any claims that Catalonia, when independent, would retain its membership of the EU. The paper argues that the EU policy towards secession referenda significantly affected the outcome of secessionist mobilization in these two cases.In spite of these sharp differences in the EU response, secessionist programs in both countries were ‘Europeanised’ in a similar way: in Montenegro, secession was aiming to facilitate the EU accession, and in Catalonia, to increase the benefits of retained EU membership. This paper explores the political and demographic context of the Europeanisation of secessionist programs.The majority of citizens in Catalonia and Montenegro do not identify as Catalan or Montenegrin only. The paper argues that the Europeanization of secessionist programs was, in part, an attempt to widen the appeal of secession to those who are not only Catalan or only Montenegrin.
The Right to Citizenship – Slovenia and Australia
Authors: Walters Robert
Published: September 2021

Most people across the world automatically assume citizenship at birth or acquire citizenship by descent or naturalisation. Since the growth of the concept of citizenship from the French and American Revolutions, it has become an important principle to the nation state and individual. Citizenship is the right to have rights. However, the right to citizenship is limited. In some cases when territorial rule changes the citizenship laws may exclude individuals resident in the territory. This article compares the development of the first citizenship laws in Australia and Slovenia, and the impact that these new laws had on the residents of both states. The first citizenship laws established by Australia were in 1948. More than forty years later in 1990, when Slovenia finally obtained independence from the former Yugoslavia, the new country was able to establish their own citizenship laws. The result of the Slovenian citizenship laws saw many former Yugoslav citizens who were resident in Slovenia being without citizenship of any state. Subsequently, these people were declared stateless. On the other hand, for Australia, the outcome was relatively smooth with the transition from British subjects to Australian citizenship.