bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Active Learning Strategies and Higher-Order Thinking Skills of Grade 10 Students
Authors:   Department of Education-Division of Quezon, Pagbilao, Quezon, 4301 Philippines, D. Malanog Shiella , C. Vincent Aliazas John ,   Laguna State Polytechnic University-San Pablo City, Laguna, 4000 Philippines
Published: May 2022

The study aimed to determine the effect of active learning strategies in higher-order thinking skills of Grade 10 students of Dr. Panfilo Castro National High School during the School Year 2020-2021. One hundred (100) selected grade 10 students were used as respondents of the study, including pre-test and post-test experimental design. The first group was exposed to case-based learning, and the second group was exposed to visual–organization activity. A validated sixty (60) item test was used in the study to determine significant differences in pre-test and post-test scores of the two groups. The study found out that the pretest scores of the respondents in the two experimental groups as to their higher-order thinking skills in critical thinking and creative thinking skills were the same, indicating that the students have lowperformance levels before subjecting to the treatment. The post-test scores of the students of both groups showed improvement in their scores after the treatment. Likewise, a significant difference was found in both groups' pre-test and post-test scores in terms of their critical thinking and creative thinking skills. Furthermore, it also showed a significant difference in the post-test (critical thinking skills) scores between the case-based learning and visual–organization groups.
Uzumaki Nagato’s existential ideology on suffering: A phenomenological commentary
Authors: Guzman Eugene V De
Published: May 2022

Anime as media entertainment is indeed influential and captivating the interest of its audience regardless of age. In some series of Naruto Shippuden, there were seemingly controversial assertions by Uzumaki Nagato, regarding his ideology about the significance of pain or suffering in attaining a good end [Peace]. Thence, his ideology appears to be contradictory, ambiguous, and has a philosophical savor to an extent. In this research, the phenomenological analysis of Edmund Husserl will be utilized to understand the ideology of Uzumaki Nagato on suffering through his characterization on some episodes in the anime series Naruto Shippuden, at the same to make an analysis in his claim through revisiting philosophical excerpts on suffering and to excavate some philosophical tunes on his ideology. In this regard, this will be an exposition and analysis pertaining to the significance of the existence of suffering at the same time a phenomenological commentary of how Uzumaki Nagato holds the reality of it. The first part of this paper is an overview of the role of Uzumaki Nagato also known as Pain, and a descriptive analysis of his characterization as a villain and his significance. The second segment will be an exposition and analysis of some philosophical excerpts on suffering and the last part would be the conclusion. This paper will not give a new idea to solve the problem of suffering but just a reiteration of the role of suffering in human existence by pondering on the existential ideology of Uzumaki Nagato and other philosophical notion of suffering.
Effects of Science Achievement Tests, Technology Achievement Tests, Integrated Science, Technology And Community Tests And Micro Practice on Teacher's Entry Level Abilities
Authors: Kwuanyanwu Paulo Nyereugo
Published: May 2022

This study included both guidance tools and learning cases that were used to explore the entry potential of newly graduated science and technology teachers (NQSTTs). Using a semi-experimental model, the study took 106 NQSTTs, an experimental group (N = 54) and a control group (N = 52), which were subjected to a three-month Professional Certification (PQE) test program. Instruments such as the Science Performance Test (SAT), the Technology Performance Test (TAT), the Integrated Science, Technology and Society Test (ISTST) and microlearning were used to measure the entry capacity of NQSTT. All exams contained versions of the best test and test and were presented to both groups at the start of the study and at the end of the study. Significant changes in the initial ability of the teacher were detected by repeated measurements on ANOVA tests performed for each test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the teachers' initial entry capacity was relatively better than expected, probably due to the type of teacher they were prepared for. It is hoped that these findings will help to show interesting differences in the programs designed to prepare teachers for certification/ admission. The didactic effects on science and technology education are discussed.
Impact of Work Value Affecting Employee Job Satisfaction for Improving Organizational Performance
Authors: Tj Hery Winoto
Published: May 2022

Companies that want to compete in the global era will increase productivity and performance to maintain a competitive advantage. Therefore, the company must pay attention to physical, financial, marketing, and human resources. Humans, in this case, employees, are the most valuable assets for the long term. Therefore, the organization or company needs to pay more attention to its employees. The goal of this analysis is to illustrate the effect of job values on employee satisfaction. To boost the efficiency of a company. This study uses a qualitative method by using literature studies to collect issues that are relevant to the object of research. The results showed that work value has a strong correlation with employee performance satisfaction. Employees' work values ​​at work, which include independence, working conditions, recognition, relationship, achievement, and support, provide a clear understanding and understanding between employees and companies that do. Of course, it will affect the company's performance.
新时代煤炭企业1355管理模式的探索与应用
Authors:   济宁市金桥煤矿, 戈 海宾 , 马 忠涛 ,   济宁市金桥煤矿, 王 建坤 ,   济宁市金桥煤矿
Published: May 2022

本文研究新时代煤炭企业1355管理模式。1355管理模式融入创新发展、市场导向、问题导向、价值导向、绿色发展为核心的新管理理念，以战略、规划、计划为依托的新时代煤炭企业管理目标，实施聚焦智慧矿山建设，破除传统“苦、脏、累、险、慢”生产方式；聚焦标准体系建设，破除基础管理薄弱环节和瓶颈；聚焦安全管理体系建设，破除传统安全管理煤矿死人不可避免的旧观念；聚焦人文管理及企业文化建设，破除粗放式管理的传统观念；聚焦内外对标提升，破除企业画地为牢、封闭保守的“井筒思维”管理方法，以打破传统粗放的管理模式，提升企业管理水平和竞争力，以适应新时代、新形势、新环境的需要。济宁市金桥煤矿的实践证明该管理理念在提升现代煤矿效率和安全方面具有显著作用。
USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
Authors:   Master Student Tashkent Institute Of Architecture And Civil Engineering, Uzbekistan, Tajimov Murodjon A.
Published: May 2022

This article discusses the application of information and communication technologies in management research. Information is becoming a significant strategic factor in modern socio-economic and geopolitical development. The information product today is the basis for increasing the production of material goods and one of the determining factors of democratic transformation of governance. It should be noted that the study usually includes analysis, but is not limited to it, since it is a higher level of creative activity and may contain in various combinations observation, evaluation, experimentation and classification, development of indicators, etc.
FORMATION OF PRODUCTS FROM POWDERED POLYMERS BY ROTATIONAL AND BLOWING METHOD
Authors:   Candidate Of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fergana, Uzbekistan, Abduraxmonov A.G.
Published: May 2022

This article describes the schemes for molding products from powdered polymers by rotational and inflatable methods, the order of operations and requirements for them, the advantages and disadvantages of the system.
ANALYSIS OF THE BRAKING PROPERTIES OF THE MAN CLA 16.220 FOR SEVERE OPERATING CONDITIONS
Authors:   Assistant, Department Of Land Transport Systems And Their Exploitation, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fergana, Uzbekistan, Qobulov Maxammadjon
Published: May 2022

The braking feature is provided by the operation of the brakes. According to current state standards, cars are equipped with three mandatory braking systems (working, stopping and spare). Vehicles weighing more than 12 tons or intended for use in mountainous areas must also be equipped with an auxiliary brake system.
CORRECTIVE VALUE IN OVERCOMING SPEECH DEFICIENCIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors:   (Phd) Philosophy Of Pedagogical Sciences Tvchdpi Doctoral, V.B. Docent, Uzbekistan, Jasirkulovna Achilova Sevara
Published: May 2022

This article discusses the correctional work of schoolchildren with speech disorders dyslalia and dysarthria.
COLLOQUIAL STYLE IN ENGLISH AND IT'S TRANSLATION PROBLEMS INTO UZBEK
Authors:   1 St Year Magistrate Of Termez State University, Uzbekistan, Kenjaboyevna Bobokalonova Mushtariy
Published: May 2022

Style is a reference language that has its own vocabulary, fixed combinations, sentences, and syntactic devices, and is a linguistic system that differs from other types in its internal elements, mainly expressive features. Elements of a particular style are easier to identify when they differ from other style elements. For example, the style of parables, the style of folk epics, the style of speech, the style of newspaper language, the style of office, the book style, the style of literature, the style of science, the style of science and technology, the style of publicism, the style of speech, the style of written speech style, etc. Style is a set of basic, typical ideological and artistic features of a writer's work that are repeated in his works. All of these must have their own alternatives in the translation. One cannot be replaced or substituted for another. In this article we discuss about information colloquial style in English and it's translation problems into Uzbek.
COVID-19 TRANSITION PROCESS AND PREVENTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN DURING A PANDEMIC
Authors:   Termez Branch Of Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan, Adashovna Xurmatova Dilorom
Published: May 2022

Every day we have more information about the effects of COVID-19 on pregnant women, the data is updated. So far, evidence suggests that the risk of miscarriage in pregnant women with COVID-19 is not high. To date, existing scientific studies have reported some cases of intrauterine or perinatal infection, but this is very rare and COVID-19 infection is unlikely to cause fetal malformation. The few cases known in infants infected with a coronavirus infection in the early days are mild. There are no serious cases in our observations. In terms of maternal complications, the most complex pneumonias occur in this period in the third trimester of pregnancy or in the postpartum period, i.e., a few weeks after birth, in unvaccinated pregnant women. COVID-19 infection in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy is associated with several complications. However, due to complications in the mother (especially in the third trimester of pregnancy), the frequency of preterm births has increased.
DEVELOPMENT OF MOVEMENT QUALITIES IN CHILDREN
Authors:   Lecturer, Fergana state university, Fergana city, Uzbekistan, Goynazarov Gayratjon
Published: May 2022

The higher the intergenerational transmission of the signs of movement knowledge, the higher the advantage of the individual in realizing his motor potential in the context of specialized exercises. A young athlete may not be able to compensate for his or her genotypically limited capabilities under the same conditions or even after intense exercise with moderate hereditary performance and may not achieve great results in sports, but may show great ability in other areas of activity.
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PAPYRUS AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE FOR STUDYING FOLK MEDICINE
Authors:   Lecturer, Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Uzbekistan, Fergana city, Egamnazarov Azamjon Imomnazarovich
Published: May 2022

The article describes the history of naming ancient Egyptian papyri, which played an important role in the history of traditional medicine, records of their treatment of various diseases, recommendations and suggestions for the prevention and prognosis of diseases.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Authors:   Phd, Fergana State University, Fergana City, Uzbekistan, Yuldashov Ikromjon
Published: May 2022

The comprehensive development of physical culture and sports is a complex and difficult, multifaceted task that plays a special role in the development of society. Physical education is inextricably linked with moral education. During sports competitions, the athlete develops honesty, dignity, respect for his opponent and other moral qualities. Regular physical activity and sports have a strong positive effect on mental development. The relationship of mental labor with exercise and sports training is directly interrelated. This article examines the development of physical education in higher education institutions.
ANTI-CORRUPTION EXAMINATION OF DRAFT NORMATIVE-LEGAL ACTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN: LEGAL REGULATION
Authors:   Independent Applicant, 1st Class Lawyer, Lecturer At The Department Of Organization Of Supervision Over The Execution Of Legislation Academy Of The General Prosecutor’s Office Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, Kenjayev Timur I.
Published: May 2022

This scientific work was prepared as part of the preparation of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). The author has consistently reviewed the legal acts adopted in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which have become fundamental in the field of anti-corruption expertise, as well as contributing to the further reform of this institution. Also, proposals were put forward to improve the mechanisms for conducting anti-corruption expertise of draft legislation in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CYBER SECURITY
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department Of ", Bekchonova Shoira B. ,   Mathematics And Information Technologies In Education",   Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
Published: May 2022

This article discusses the current topic of cybersecurity in the modern process of globalization, the need to study and teach the correct use of digital technologies used in pedagogy, in what areas it is used, the dangers posed by viruses, and measures to eliminate them. outlined.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE STRATEGIES IN STUDENTS
Authors:   Dsc. Associate Professor, Departments Methods Of Preschool Education Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Uzbekistan, Djamilova Nargiza
Published: May 2022

The article reveals the essence of factors such as worldview. value orientations and life goals, life path influencing the formation of a life strategy for students.The article reveals the essence of factors such as worldview. value orientations and life goals, life path influencing the formation of a life strategy for students.
WAYS OF IMPROVING SELF-CONFIDENCE IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS SPEAKING SKILLS IN B2 LEVEL
Authors:   Pedagogical Institute Of Termez State University, Uzbekistan, Hikmatullayevich Quvvatov Rahmatullo
Published: May 2022

Language is the basis of the human communication used to exchange meanings between persons and even between generations; therefore it allows us to communicate with each other in a meaningful way.
Comparative assessment of osteopathy technique with manual therapy associated with biofeedback in patients with the lumbar spine pain
Authors: Mańko Grzegorz , Jekiełek Małgorzata , Sosulska Angelika , Pieniążek Magdalena , Jaszczur-Nowicki Jarosław
Published: May 2022

Introduction: The aim of the study is to assess the impact of physiotherapy containing elements of osteopathy on the change of pain level of the lumbar spine of patients in comparison to traditional management using orthopedic manual therapy combined with biofeedback.

Material and methods: The study included 60 people qualified for outpatient rehabilitation. Patients were divided into two groups (research and control) consisting of 30 people. The mean age of patients was 52.75 ± 11.58 years. Patients were examined before and after the implementation of the rehabilitation process, pain scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index were used for the study. Rehabilitation lasted every day for four weeks. The control group used orthopedic manual therapy combined with biofeedback, while the research group used a series of treatments based on osteopathy techniques. In addition, both groups of patients underwent a standard physical therapy program.

Results: The study showed the effectiveness of manual therapy combined with biofeedback and osteopathic therapy in patients with lumbar spine pain syndrome. A decrease in pain was noted in patients of both groups, however a greater decrease was noted in the research group. In the assessment using the Oswestry Disability Index, a comparable level of quality of life was noted in both treatment groups.

Conclusions: The introduced therapeutic programs show an improvement both in terms of reducing pain and improving functioning in everyday life, however, the rehabilitation process based on osteopathic techniques is more effective in reducing pain.
NGHIÊN CỨU ÁP DỤNG KỸ THUẬT TRUNG HÒA ĐỘC TỐ TRÊN CHUỘT NHẮT TRẮNG ĐỂ KIỂM ĐỊNH CÔNG HIỆU HUYẾT THANH CHỨA KHÁNG THỂ ĐẶC HIỆU KHÁNG ĐỘC TỐ VI KHUẨN UỐN VÁN
Authors: Hường Vũ Thị Thu , An Nguyễn Thị Tường , Tâm Hoàng Thị , Huyền Trần Thị Trang , Phượng Vũ Thị , Vân Cao Thị
Published: May 2022

Sinh phẩm Globulin miễn dịch (IV. Globulin) là sản phẩm được sử dụng nhằm cung cấp miễn dịch thụ động, làm tăng nồng độ kháng thể đặc hiệu của cá thể, giúp trung hoà vi sinh vật gây bệnh hoặc các yếu tố độc lực của vi sinh vật gây bệnh. Nghiên cứu này thực hiện nhằm đánh giá sự phù hợp của kỹ thuật trung hòa độc tố trên chuột nhắt trắng để kiểm định chất lượng Globulin miễn dịch chứa kháng thể đặc hiệu kháng độc tố vi khuẩn uốn ván. Chúng tôi thực hiện độ chính xác trung gian và độ lặp lại của thử nghiệm xác định huyết thanh kháng độc tố uốn ván có trong sinh phẩm IV.Globulin bằng kỹ thuật trung hòa độc tố trên chuột nhắt trắng.  Kết quả hiệu giáhuyết thanh kháng độc tố uốn ván trong sinh phẩm IV. Globulin khi thực hiện độ chính xác trung gian là 21, 40IU/ml với CV là 2,56% và độ lặp lại là 21,67 IU/ml với CV là 2,38%. Các kết quả nghiên cứu chứng minh kỹ thuật trung hoà độc tố trên chuột nhắt trắng đạt yêu cầu về độ chính xác để kiểm định chất lượng Globulin miễn dịch chứa kháng thể đặc hiệu kháng độc tố vi khuẩn uốn ván.
THIẾT LẬP NGÂN HÀNG MẪU CHUẨN QUỐC GIA DÙNG CHO KIỂM ĐỊNH CHẤT LƯỢNG SINH PHẨM CHẨN ĐOÁN HIV TẠI VIỆT NAM
Authors: Hùng Phạm Văn , Thiển Đoàn Hữu , Linh Nguyễn Khánh , Tùng Nguyễn Hoàng , Kiều Nguyễn Thị
Published: May 2022

Ngân hàng mẫu chuẩn quốc gia dùng cho kiểm định chất lượng sinh phẩm chẩn đoán HIV được nghiên cứu xây dựng qui trình chuẩn và thu thập mẫu huyết tương HIV tại các cơ sở y tế đại diện vùng miền (Bắc-Trung-Nam-Tây Nguyên) để thiết lập ngân hàng mẫu chuẩn quốc gia HIV theo tiêu chuẩn kỹ thuật của Bộ Y tế và của WHO/UNAIDS.
Các mẫu huyết tương HIV sau khi thu thập được xác định đặc tính bằng phương pháp ELISA, Western-Blot và PCR cho kết quả (Bộ mẫu dương tính 405 mẫu có kết quả OD/CO từ 7,34-4294; Bộ mẫu âm tính 802 có giá trị OD/CO từ 0,05-0,8; Bộ mẫu khó 42 mẫu có giá trị OD/CO từ 0,089-166,3; 03 bộ mẫu chuyển đổi huyết thanh có đặc tính đạt yêu tiêu chuẩn quốc tế). 100% số lượng mẫu của ngân hàng mẫu chuẩn quốc gia HIV đều đạt thể tích trên 10ml/mẫu, được bảo quản ở điều kiện tiêu chuẩn là -70oC.
Từ các kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy ngân hàng mẫu chuẩn quốc gia dùng cho kiểm định sinh phẩm chẩn đoán HIV đạt các tiêu chuẩn chất lượng theo qui định của Bộ y tế và tiêu chuẩn quốc tế WHO/UNAIDS đề ra.
NGHIÊN CỨU ÁP DỤNG KỸ THUẬT ELISA ĐỊNH LƯỢNG CHO KIỂM ĐỊNH CÔNG HIỆU SINH PHẨM HUYẾT THANH CHỨA KHÁNG THỂ ĐẶC HIỆU KHÁNG HBS CỦA VI RÚT VIÊM GAN B
Authors: Huyền Trần Thị Trang , Hường Vũ Thị Thu , An Nguyễn Thị Tường , Minh Phạm Thị , Vân Cao Thị , Phượng Vũ Thị
Published: May 2022

Phương pháp ELISA định lượng là phương pháp nhanh, chính xác và có nhiều ưu điểm khác bao gồm nguồn cung ứng hóa chất sinh phẩm dễ dàng, thời hạn sử dụng sinh phẩm dài, giá thành rẻ, trang thiết bị máy móc sẵn có, thao tác dễ thực hiện. Nghiên cứu này thực hiện để nhằm xác định sự phù hợp của quy trình ELISA định lượng và áp dụng kỹ thuật này trong kiểm định chất lượng sản phẩm huyết thanh người chứa kháng thể viêm gan B. Chúng tôi đã khảo sát các tiêu chí kỹ thuật của quy trình trình ELISA định lượng xác định hàm lượng kháng thể anti-HBs bao gồm độ tuyến tính, giới hạn định lượng, độ đúng, độ chính xác và độ mạnh sử dụng  bộ kit ELISA định lượng thương mại đã được Cơ quan quản lý Châu Âu cấp phép. Các tiêu chí đều đạt các tiêu chuẩn chấp thuận và phù hợp để sử dụng cho kiểm định công hiệu của sản phẩm Immuno HBs 180-200 IU/ml.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Ericson Clif
Published: May 2022

How far does the system safety concept extend? Does system safety apply only to autos, trains, aircraft and weapon systems, or does it also apply to other types of systems, such as the ecosystem and the food chain system? Many years ago, Rachel Carson showed how DDT was an unsafe product, and how it contaminated our food chain and caused human diseases. It seems that there is now a similar controversy emerging. Genetically modified organics (GMOs) are common foods that have been genetically modified for various reasons — mostly for business gains rather than for health improvements. Monsanto, for example, has modified common food sources, such as soybeans, corn and wheat, to be able to survive the use of the commercial pesticide weed killer, Roundup. Farmers growing GMO foods can then regularly apply Roundup to kill bugs without damaging the crop. This sounds good and makes a lot of money for Monsanto, but the downside is that Roundup is now in these foods — and research is showing that the modified food has bad effects on test animals and, therefore, possibly on humans.
The International System Safety Society and the International System Safety Conference — Its Future
Authors: Jones Malcolm
Published: May 2022

In recent years, there has been a falling off of membership in the International System Safety Society and attendance at its annual International System Safety Conference (ISSC). There are a number of reasons for this, including:

The recent tight budget constraints on government and independent organizations

A growing loss of younger Society membership

The impression that the Society no longer serves a unique niche in the world of system safety

The first aspect needs no further consideration, apart from how one continues to make the case to organizations about the benefits of active membership in the Society and attendance at its meetings. Typically, one might note the value of networking with peers, learning what’s new and topical in system safety. I suppose one must also ask how organizations typically view graded membership in the Society as compared to equivalent membership in more formal institutions. More specifically, what does the Society’s membership and level mean to the individual and the organization in terms of achieving improved performance? What benefits do organizations gain from Society membership of advertising the pedigree of its workforce? Has there been an organizational review of this nature?
A Structured Scenario-Based Approach for Performing Functional Hazard Identification Analyses
Authors: Woodbridge Tom
Published: May 2022

Several industry standards call for performing a functional hazard analysis as an early step in the overall hazard analysis process. This paper describes the structured, scenario-based approach for a functional hazard identification analysis used by the NASA Constellation Program’s Level 2 Ground Integration Hazard Analysis Team. The team used this method to determine system functions and identify the hazards associated with the Constellation Ares I rocket while on the launch pad. This paper provides examples from the analysis performed on the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle, describes the method and offers a summary of the hazards uncovered by the method per vehicle stage. This method is applicable for identifying hazards in all types of systems and system integration scenarios. Lastly, while this functional hazard identification analysis approach has its advantages and should be in the safety engineer’s analytical toolbox, this paper also touches on the approach’s limitations.
Gains from Losses
Authors: Livingston John
Published: May 2022

This past year, I spent some time supporting an effort to develop a set of hazard report review guidelines to be used by engineers assigned to hazard report review teams. The subject reports were developed by contractors for a major program and the review was done by a government team. The engineers were selected for their engineering expertise and, in most cases, were getting their first experience in assessing hazard analysis reports. I was reminded of my own start in the field of system safety almost 40 years ago.

While I acknowledge that almost all readers of Journal of System Safety (JSS) are experienced system safety practitioners, we all had to start somewhere. In my case, it was with little guidance or formal training.
Notes on Society History
Authors: Gordon Rex
Published: May 2022

As the membership of the International System Safety Society began to include those living outside of the Greater Los Angeles area, it became evident that there was a need for chapters in order to provide a more direct interaction of individuals attempting to understand and implement the nebulous field of system safety. As previously noted, nearly all the charter and earliest subsequent members of the Society were associated with the Southern California Aerospace/Air Force complex. During the first few years, there was little thought given to the need for chapters, since most members lived in the L.A. area and could attend the annual Society dinner meetings.

As time went on, the need to find qualified individuals to respond to the contractual requirements of MILS- 38130 and other system safety requirements challenged contractors elsewhere. At the same time, the surge by governmental agencies to initiate system safety practices accelerated. This need led to the recruitment of many of the early system safety practitioners for key positions in other locations, especially in the DC and other Northeast locations. This altered the demographics of Society membership, and enthused the desire for local chapters.
An Improved Estimation of Multiple-Point Fault Probabilities if the Faults Have Different Periodic Latencies
Authors: Edler Frank , Soden Michael , Hankammer René
Published: May 2022

Fault tree analysis (FTA), reliability block diagrams (RBD) and event tree analysis (ETA) are established methods for assessing potential risks of hazardous events, in particular when resulting from coincidental events. Combining the Boolean algebra, probability theory and reliability data, they allow quantitative estimation of intrinsic risks from technical equipment like machinery control, aerospace systems or vehicle functions, among many others.

The quantitative reliability theory was mainly developed between the 1960s and the 1980s. At that time, simplifications and approximations for the mathematical formulae were needed to achieve calculation results within acceptable time, regarding restricted computer resources.

Our investigation revealed that some of these simplifications and approximations, often assumed as precise calculations in secondary literature, can lead to wrong results in quantitative risk assessment. When faults are combined, and individual latency periods exist, the currently established approximations may lead to results which are too optimistic in comparison with a precise probabilistic approach.

This publication proposes a new approximation for the computation of the related probabilities. The approach provides an upper-bound estimation. Using the developed formulae, the under-estimation of multipleevent probabilities can be avoided.

In addition, certain vagueness and over-simplification in the probabilistic treatment of events with latency periods can be eliminated. Examples of related shortcomings in the literature can be found, down to the early roots of reliability theory.
President's Message
Authors: Simmons Rodney
Published: May 2022

During recent years, the International System Safety Society has been adjusting to a changing environment. In many ways, we’ve been buffeted by a number of outside factors, only some of which we might be able to influence. I am reminded of a 1998 book by Andy Grove, former CEO of Intel, titled Only the Paranoid Survive. In that book, Grove talks about the importance of changing with the times, lest being left behind as a mere historical mention. Groove has also discussed the concept of the strategic inflection point, as depicted here.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

This is the first issue where I have the honor of serving as the editor of Journal of System Safety (JSS). I would like to thank Clif Ericson for his many years of service as editor and I am comforted by the knowledge that Clif is still available to give advice.
Design-Based Safety
Authors: MacCollum David
Published: May 2022

We are in an age of disbelief. The March 2015 issue of National Geographic included a feature story called “The War On Science.” Unfortunately, our system safety profession is right in the middle of this battlefield. Most people have no understanding of science, and even less of safety. Many are unable to accept that science can improve safety.

The symptoms of skepticism of science have been around for centuries. At the time Columbus sailed to the New World in 1492, almost everyone believed the world was flat. A hundred years later, Galileo claimed the Earth rotated on its own axis and orbited the sun. His findings were rejected by the church and he was forced to recant. It was not until 450 years later that the church admitted its error. During the 1830s, Charles Darwin developed his theory of natural selection that led to the proposition that humans are distant cousins of monkeys. This was a concept that was hard to swallow for most people, as they believed they had a Divine beginning. Science skepticism made national news in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee, where John Scopes stood trial for teaching evolution in high school. When science conflicts with the public’s core beliefs, it usually loses.
TBD
Authors: Hoes Charles
Published: May 2022

A topic that seems to keep popping up is how the International System Safety Society can assist with helping new (or maybe not so new) system safety engineers advance their careers by providing mentoring opportunities. The role and importance of mentors and mentoring is a topic that is near and dear to me. I don’t know other people’s challenges and experiences with learning to become competent in a new field, but for me, it typically doesn’t happen until I have had a chance to be mentored by an expert. I can take years of classes, attend conferences, attend workshops, sit through lectures and generally stuff my mind with all sorts of theoretical knowledge, but until I have a chance to work side by side with an experienced and compassionate mentor, it just doesn’t sink in.
Implementing a Process for Marketing Optional Safety Equipment
Authors: Parizo Clifford , Robinson Chris
Published: May 2022

A technical paper at the 31st International System Safety Conference (ISSC) in 2013 discussed work that was being done at Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation to develop a standard process for marketing safety-enhancing features and equipment that are above and beyond airworthiness certification and regulatory requirements. Sikorsky has taken the stance that it’s worth the cost and weight associated with including certain items in our bid offerings because of their impact on safety. Although customers can choose to remove these items during contract negotiations, those decisions will initiate a dialogue to ensure that customers fully understand the consequences of doing so. Sikorsky’s Product Equipment List (PEL) process was implemented in August, 2014. This paper discusses changes that were incorporated during the PEL launch.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

“Efficacy” is defined by Webster as “the power to produce an effect.” A good example of the use of this word is found in the science of pharmacology, where the maximal effect of a drug is referred to as either “maximal efficacy” or simply “efficacy.” Consider two drugs that are available for pain relief. Aspirin can provide relief up to moderate pain intensities, while morphine relieves almost all levels of pain. Therefore, the opiate has a much greater efficacy for pain reduction (of course, there are side effects that must be considered).

In Memoriam: James Howard Wiggins, Sr., Daniel L. Welch, and Preston Lee Parker
Design-Based Safety
Authors: MacCollum David
Published: May 2022

In the Old Wild West, “quick buck” peddlers sold colored water spiked with alcohol and opium as a cure-all tonic. These elixirs were touted for their ability to stop everything from baldness to toenail fungus, along with all diseases, aches and pains in between. These sweettasting nostrums were always in demand because they made the user feel good. A common name for these concoctions was “snake oil.”

A recent feature article in Engineering News Record (ENR) offered an amazing revelation of how modern day “quick buck” condo developers are pushing risk onto other parties without addressing the hazards. In their contracts for construction, they use terms such as “the highest standard of care.” This work product of contract writers makes developers feel good, but drives up the cost of insurance and the potential liability for the bidding contractor. Overlooked is the fact that the broad term of “risk” includes many unlisted hazards, and allows the developers’ management to feel enough to ignore the need for designbased safety. To dispel this concept, management needs to retain system safety specialists at the time of design to identify each and every hazard — and ensure for their control.
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Raheja Dev
Published: May 2022

System safety engineering will be a great tool for designing health care systems for patient safety, but the White House has a wider goal — one that includes not only patient safety, but also reliability, efficiency, productivity, quality and cost reduction. Therefore, systems engineering is poised to become the next proactive tool in health care.

A report, titled “Report To The President, Better Health Care And Lower Costs: Accelerating Improvement Through Systems Engineering,” was prepared by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) in May 2014 [Ref. 1]. The report highlights systems engineering, widely used in manufacturing and aviation, as an interdisciplinary approach to analyze, design, manage and measure a complex system. It also points out that, in spite of excellent examples, systems methods and tools are not yet used on a widespread basis in U.S. health care.
Notes on Society History
Authors: Gordon Rex
Published: May 2022

One of the traditional functions of a professional organization such as ours is to provide due recognition and honor to those who have made a significant contribution to the goals of the organization. The International System Safety Society (ISSS) has pursued this practice for many years, with various specified annual awards defined in our operating manual (OM). At the Society’s Executive Council (EC) meeting on August 28, 2015, a new honorary award was approved: System Safety Pathfinder.
Planning the Unplanned Experiment: Towards Assessing the Efficacy of Standards for Safety-Critical Software
Authors: Graydon Patrick , Holloway Michael
Published: May 2022

While software in industries such as aviation has a good safety record, little is known about whether standards for software in other safety-critical applications “work” — or even what that means. Safe use of software in safety-critical applications requires well-founded means of determining whether the software is fit for such use. It is often implicitly argued that software is fit for safety-critical use because it conforms to an appropriate standard. Without knowing whether a standard “works,” such reliance is an experiment and without carefully collecting assessment data, that experiment is unplanned. To help “plan” the experiment, we organized a workshop to develop practical ideas for assessing software safety standards. In this paper, we relate and elaborate on our workshop discussion, which revealed subtle, but important, study design considerations and practical barriers to collecting appropriate historical data and recruiting appropriate experimental subjects. We discuss assessing standards as written and as applied, several candidate definitions for what it means for a standard to “work,” and key assessment strategies and study techniques. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the kinds of research that will be required and how academia, industry and regulators might collaborate to overcome these noted barriers.
Design-Based Safety
Authors: MacCollum David
Published: May 2022

Every year since the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) was created, there have been hundreds of personal injury lawsuits that identify hazardous workplace machinery conditions or hazardous facility circumstances. These lawsuits are third-party personal litigations against the manufacturer or the premises owner whose product or property was inherently dangerous. These hazards were the cause of crippling injury or death of workers.
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Raheja Dev
Published: May 2022

The popular theory that human error, such as making the wrong diagnosis, operating on the wrong body part or administering the wrong medication, in itself causes harm to patients may not always be completely true. According to system safety theory and the “Swiss Cheese” theory of healthcare, at least two things have to go wrong for harm to occur. Usually, the primary cause is a poorly designed care system that allows human errors to happen. Each weakness in the system is called a “hazard.” A human error is a trigger event that finally results in the harm. Therefore, human error is a symptom of a poorly designed system, not necessarily the primary cause of harm. Using the analogy of a gun, the loaded gun is a hazard, while pulling the trigger can result in harm. If the gun is not loaded, the trigger (human error) is not an issue.
Notes on Society History
Authors: Gordon Rex
Published: May 2022

In 1968, the sudden death of the newly elected Society President B.P. Hilgenson brought on a potential crisis.

In these early years, the Society could not afford a paid administrator to handle the membership rolls, collection of dues, official correspondence, etc. Therefore, an elected officer or a designated volunteer needed to perform these duties. It had become the practice to have all administrative documents, membership cards, published documents, etc. boxed up and mailed directly to the newly elected president for the appropriate delegation of duties.
A Novel Near-Miss Event Model with a Quantitative Assessment Methodology
Authors: Sadler David
Published: May 2022

A new near-miss event model and quantitative assessment methodology are presented, which support the identification and understanding of the near-miss phenomenon. Current approaches to near-miss assessment are a re-application of hazard analysis types, which were not developed for near-miss assessment. Such analysis fundamentally assumes an understanding of the hazard’s existence. A near-miss is an event where all the elements of a mishap congregated, but — without deliberate mitigation — did not produce harm. It signals a system weakness that was not previously identified and mitigated. In complex, procedurally driven, tightly coupled or strongly self-deterministic systems, near-miss events may be the only indication of such a system weakness. Hazard analysis is dependent on statistical analysis and identification of hazards. No safety analysis can produce a perfect understanding of all risk. This imperfect understanding of risk carries questions regarding the nature of such imperfectly defined risk. Near-miss events provide an untapped source of information about defined and unidentified risk. This new near-miss event model and quantitatively driven assessment methodology allow the system safety professional to identify and assess the nature and complexity of risk flowing from a near-miss event.
From the Editor's Desk
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

Several recent issues of Journal of System Safety (JSS) have discussed the subject of paradigms and how the International System Safety Society (ISSS) may want to change some of its ways of doing business. It has also been pointed out that we must be careful to preserve the things that work and are valuable to our members.
TBD
Authors: Hoes Charles
Published: May 2022

I have been asked to provide a summary/status report on our involvement with the Arizona State University (ASU) initiative to introduce the topic of “design for safety” into engineering courses. I will attempt to do that here, but I wish to point out that this effort has the potential to change some of the fundamental aspects of our understanding of the goals and operation of the International System Safety Society (ISSS). It is my opinion that this is the correct time to re-think the vision of the ISSS to reflect an expanded global role. The ASU initiative is just one piece of a multi-part effort to reposition the ISSS as the “go to” organization in the field of system safety engineering and management. The effects of sequestration have made it clear that, for the ISSS, depending upon government projects is unreasonable, risky and does not meet the much broader needs of global industry — or mankind. I believe it is time for the Society to step up and admit that we are the leading organization in the field of system safety (by whatever name that field is referred to by various organizations).
System Safety Matrix Methods
Authors: Zito Richard
Published: May 2022

The analysis of networks is a common feature in system safety analysis. These networks may range from electronic circuits to software flowcharts to maps of land, air, sea and communications traffic. Matrix methods are the natural tool for the analysis of these networks, and the object of this paper is to describe the basics of matrix methods in the context of three common problems encountered by systems safety engineers: the Bent Pin Problem, the Sneak Circuit Problem and the Analysis of Software Logic. Comparison of these analyses will reveal deep connections between these problems and suggest directions for future research.
President's Message
Authors: Simmons Rodney
Published: May 2022

As this is my last opportunity to talk to you in this forum, I would like to cover a few topics. First, I would like to welcome the newly elected officers and thank all those who have volunteered. Our new officers and directors are:

Executive Vice President: Russell Mitchell, C.S.P.

Director of Media and Publications: Michael H. (Mike) McKelvey

Director of Intersociety and Government Services: Paul Sorensen

Director of Member Services: Linda M.S. Thomas

I would also like to thank the past directors and officers who have served, many of whom continue to serve us well and faithfully. I offer a special thanks to Saralyn Dwyer, Melissa Emery, Odell Farrell and our next President, Dr. Charles (Chuck) Muniak.
Design-Based Safety
Authors: MacCollum David
Published: May 2022

In 1726, Jonathan Swift wrote a novel about Gulliver’s Travels. The story of Gulliver’s first voyage describes the goals and mindset of the Lilliputians as they attempted to tie down and restrict technical advances known to larger and superior individuals. The story is a satire about how the real world’s progress is hampered by mental lightweights who object to better ways of doing things.

Specialists in design-based system safety are vulnerable to “Lilliputians” who are out of touch with technology and engage a biased media in attempting to stop the use of reliable design-based safety.
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Raheja Dev
Published: May 2022

A new technology, three-dimensional (3D) printing, has the potential to change the medical world. Objects are made by fusing or depositing materials, such as plastic, metal, powders, liquids or living cells, in layers to produce a 3D object. This technology started in manufacturing and was used to create spare parts for airplanes, eliminating the need for constructing manufacturing prototypes and producing new components within hours instead of weeks.

The application of this technology in healthcare is growing. It is now used in the creation of customized prosthetics, implants and anatomical models. Its usage is expanding rapidly in other areas of healthcare, including pharmaceutical research regarding drug dosage forms, delivery and discovery.
President's Message
Authors: Muniak Charles
Published: May 2022

This is my first article in Journal of System Safety (JSS) where I have the honor of serving as President of the International System Safety Society (ISSS). There is a lot going on, and I look forward to outlining some of these items in more detail after our Executive Council (EC) meeting at the International System Safety Society Conference (ISSC) this August in Albuquerque, New Mexico. There has been a good deal of discussion about the need for paradigm shifts in the last several issues of JSS. I am instituting a fairly fundamental paradigm shift in the way the EC conducts business. At the annual EC meeting, it has been the tradition to focus on matters that require an EC decision. Discussion of other matters was discouraged. I am going to allow — and actually encourage — discussion of important matters that will not need an immediate EC decision. Of course, these discussion topics will have to be approved and placed on the agenda with a time limit. The output of these discussions will be a better identification of strategic issues and the beginnings of solutions that will be transformed eventually into motions for EC votes.
Design-Based Safety
Authors: MacCollum David
Published: May 2022

The role of system safety engineers is to ensure the inclusion of design-based safety so that projects are completed ahead of schedule and under budget. Removal of hazards during planning and project design includes examining each piece of equipment to be used on the construction project. Most serious construction injuries and deaths caused by workplace accidents can be traced to inherent hazardous design defects. Construction workers are often unaware of these defects and, even if they are aware, they have no authority to improve on the design.
System Safety in Healthcare
Authors: Escano Maria , Raheja Dev
Published: May 2022

Electronic Medical Records (EMR) are the digital version of paper charts. They are the electronic record of an individual’s health-related information that is created, gathered, managed, and consulted by licensed clinicians and staff [Refs. 1-3]. This article will focus on some of the challenges of health record integration between often disparate systems — internally, across a mix of systems, or externally, such as entities ranging from federal and state agencies, insurance companies, physician practices, medical facilities and pharmacies. The challenges of data collection, assimilation and integration remain at the forefront of our electronic medical record era [Refs. 1, 6-9]. Seamlessly moving information across disparate information systems becomes even more challenging when the data involves confidential medical information.
Notes on Society History
Authors: Gordon Rex
Published: May 2022

The word “esteemed” — “to be highly regarded with respect” — certainly describes Jerry Lederer, a friend and colleague that I had the privilege of spending many hours with during his retirement years prior to his passing in 2004 at the age of 102. He was extremely modest about his accomplishments, which are legendary in the fields of flight and aerospace safety.