bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resolving the Ganges pollution paradox: A policy‐centric systematic review
Authors: Sigdel Rajesh , Carlton Gregory , Gautam Bivek
Published: March 2023

Despite the fact that it is one of the most sacred and holy rivers in the world, the Ganges River is paradoxically among the most polluted. Over the past decade, researchers have described various mechanisms and actions for improving the pollution problem within the Ganges watershed. The aim of this policy‐centric systematic review is to summarize these recommendations to make them more accessible for concerned citizen groups and planners while also critically appraising their findings. Using the Reporting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) framework, our findings indicate that there are a wide range of potential solutions for mitigating pollution in the river system that originate from 37 peer‐reviewed sources that encompass field studies, modeling analyses, and review articles. While we find that there are many actionable and thought‐provoking recommendations for improving water quality and pollution mitigation given by authors studying the Ganges, there are also areas for improvement. Notably, there is a heavy focus on state‐centric planning in the basin with only a few examples of policies that have been tailored toward encouraging community‐based solutions. This lack of community‐based planning may relate to the fact that there is also a missing social dimension to policy recommendations in the Ganges watershed, where most of the articles that we reviewed were published in natural science journals and were not interdisciplinary in nature. Better reporting standards for recommendations arising from reviews and a greater focus on the interrelations between different components of the Ganges system may also yield novel and more trustworthy policy findings for practitioners.
XPS insights: Sample degradation in X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Morgan David J.
Published: March 2023

Standard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis is thought of by many as a non‐destructive form of analysis; however, both the interaction of the X‐ray photons and the subsequent electron cascade can cause significant changes to the analysed area. This XPS Insights paper gives a brief overview to this phenomenon, supported by specific examples and experimental advice to assess and minimise damage during analysis.
Tailoring the p‐Band Center of NS Pair for Accelerating High‐Performance Lithium–Oxygen Battery
Authors: Sun Baoyu , Zheng Wei , Kang Cong , Xie Bingxing , Qian Zhengyi , Wang Yijie , Ye Shanshan , Lou Shuaifeng , Kong Fanpeng , Mei BingBao , Du Chunyu , Zuo Pengjian , Xie Jingying , Yin Geping
Published: March 2023

The local coordination environment of catalytical moieties directly determines the performance of electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, such as Li–O2 batteries (LOBs) cathode. However, understanding how the coordinative structure affects the performance, especially for non‐metal system, is still insufficient. Herein, a strategy that introduces S‐anion to tailor the electronic structure of nitrogen–carbon catalyst (SNC) is proposed to improve the LOBs performance. This study unveils that the introduced S‐anion effectively manipulates the p‐band center of pyridinic‐N moiety, substantially reducing the battery overpotential by accelerating the generation and decomposition of intermediate products Li1–3O4. The lower adsorption energy of discharging product Li2O2 on NS pair accounts for the long‐term cyclic stability by exposing the high active area under operation condition. This work demonstrates an encouraging strategy to enhance LOBs performance by modulating the p‐band center on non‐metal active sites.
Robust Underwater Adhesion of Catechol‐Functionalized Polymer Triggered by Water Exchange
Authors: Ren Jingli , Kong Ruixia , Wang Huiying , Du Shuo , Liu Pei , Wang Hua , Chen Yu , Xie Ge , Zhang Lianbin , Zhu Jintao
Published: March 2023

Adhesives with strong and stable underwater adhesion performance play a critical role in industrial and biomedical fields. However, achieving strong underwater adhesion, especially in flowing aqueous and blood environments, remains challenging. In this work, a novel solvent‐exchange‐triggered adhesive of catechol‐functionalized polyethylenimine ethoxylated is presented. The authors show that the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution of the catechol‐functionalized polymer can be directly applied to various substrates and exhibits robust dry/underwater adhesion performance induced through in situ liquid‐to‐solid phase transition triggered by water‐DMSO solvent exchange. The adhesive can even strongly bond low‐surface‐energy substrates (e.g., > 86 kPa for polytetrafluoroethylene) in diverse environments, including deionized water, air, phosphate‐buffered saline solution, seawater, and aqueous conditions with different pH values. Moreover, the adhesive exhibits strong adhesion to biological tissues and can be used as a hemostatic sealant to prevent bleeding from arteries and severe trauma to the viscera. The adhesives developed in this study with strong dry/underwater adhesion performance and excellent hemostatic capabilities display enormous application prospects in the biomedical fields.
Hybrid Heterostructure Ni3N|NiFeP/FF Self‐Supporting Electrode for High‐Current‐Density Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Authors: Li Jingwen , Song Min , Hu Yezhou , Zhu Ye , Zhang Jian , Wang Deli
Published: March 2023

Exploring earth‐abundant and efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an urgent need and significant to water electrolysis. Although great achievements have been made, it is still challenging to achieve industrial current density and stability. Herein, a hybrid heterostructure electrode based on Ni3N and NiFeP over Fe foam substrate (Ni3N|NiFeP/FF) is reported, along with 3D‐interconnected hierarchical porous architecture, achieving the low overpotentials of 287, 178, and 290 mV at 500 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH, 30 wt% KOH, and alkaline simulated seawater, respectively, with excellent durability at 800 mA cm−2 over 120 h, which can satisfy the requirements of industrial water electrolysis. Here, the hybrid heterostructure can ensure the low energy barrier of the catalytic active sites, the 3D‐interconnected hierarchical porous architecture can facilitate the fast mass/ions/electrons transformation, which contributes together to boost the superb water splitting performance. Furthermore, the COMSOL simulations confirm the multiple merits of the designed electrode during the water electrocatalysis. The present work provides a new strategy in the design and engineering of high‐performance electrodes for industrial water electrolysis.
Transnational cooperation for effective management of the Okavango Delta World Heritage Site: The case of the Cubango-Okavango River Basin
Authors: Matswiri Gertrude
Published: March 2023

Natural heritage sites transcend national boundaries of two or more countries. The effective management of these sites requires close collaboration and cooperation between States Parties. Some of these natural heritage sites are Ramsar sites and World Heritage sites. In addition, some of the transnational natural heritage sites are river systems; most countries have put in place agreements and structures for the effective management of these river systems. With time, parts or the whole of these transnational river systems have been inscribed as World Heritage sites, not only because of their hydrological values but also due to other values such as biodiversity, biological and geomorphological processes, cultural and aesthetic values.
Engaging local communities in conservation and governance of the World Heritage in a transnational context: An example from the Maloti-Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site (Lesotho/South Africa)
Authors: Loza Joyce
Published: March 2023

Local communities and indigenous peoples are – and have been for centuries – the custodians of many World Heritage sites. Thus, they should be recognized as key actors in the process of identification, management and sustainable development of a property. The importance of enhancing their engagement in the stewardship of World Heritages sites and ensuring equitable sharing of the benefits deriving from heritage is recognized as a strategic objective of the World Heritage Convention: the 5th ‘C’ (Communities).
Introduction
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano
Published: March 2023

In logic, we study properties of sentences, such as truth, falsity, necessity, and contingency, relations between sentences, such as entailment and consistency, and practices involving sentences, such as argumentation. However, by sentences, we normally only mean sentences of a certain particular kind: declarative sentences—statements, and their counterparts in formal languages.
Questions in Propositional Logic
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano
Published: March 2023

In the previous chapter we introduced the fundamental ideas of inquisitive logic. These ideas are general, and can be used to build many specific logical systems in which we can formalize both statements and questions. One way to build such systems is to start with a system of classical logic and extend it to an inquisitive system in two steps. In the first step, we re-implement the classical system by giving it a support semantics. In executing this step, we make sure our semantics satisfies the Truth-Support Bridge: as we discussed in Sect. 2.2, this guarantees that the original logic of statements is preserved. In the second step, we extend the language with question-forming operators, which can be interpreted naturally in the context of a support semantics. The result is an inquisitive system which is conservative over the original logic. The strategy is illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
Modeling Natural Disturbances in Boreal Forests
Authors: Seidl Rupert , Fortin Marie-Josée , Honkaniemi Juha , Lucash Melissa
Published: March 2023

Natural disturbances such as wildfires, insect outbreaks, and windthrow are important processes shaping the structure and functioning of boreal forests. Disturbances are expected to intensify in the future, and this change will have profound consequences on the supply of ecosystem services to society. Consequently, models are needed to project future disturbance trajectories and quantify disturbance impacts on boreal forests. Here, we summarize key concepts of modeling natural disturbances in boreal forests. We focus specifically on disturbances from wildfire, wind and snow, and herbivores and discuss the different approaches used to capture their dynamics in models.
Remote Sensing Tools for Monitoring Forests and Tracking Their Dynamics
Authors: Massey Richard , Berner Logan T. , Foster Adrianna C. , Goetz Scott J. , Vepakomma Udayalakshmi
Published: March 2023

Remote sensing augments field data and facilitates foresight required for forest management by providing spatial and temporal observations of forest characteristics at landscape and regional scales. Statistical and machine-learning models derived from plot-level field observations can be extrapolated to larger areas using remote sensing data. For example, instruments such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and hyperspectral sensors are frequently used to quantify forest characteristics at the stand to landscape level. Moreover, multispectral imagery and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data sets derived from satellite platforms can be used to extrapolate forest resource models to large regions. The combination of novel remote sensing technologies, expanding computing capabilities, and emerging geospatial methods ensures a data-rich environment for effective strategic, tactical, and operational planning and monitoring in forest resource management.
Natural Disturbances from the Perspective of Forest Ecosystem-Based Management
Authors: Shorohova Ekaterina , Aakala Tuomas , Gauthier Sylvie , Kneeshaw Daniel , Koivula Matti , Ruel Jean-Claude , Ulanova Nina
Published: March 2023

Natural disturbances drive forest dynamics and biodiversity at different spatial and temporal scales. Forests in the boreal biome are shaped by several types of disturbance, including fire, windthrow, and insect outbreaks, that vary in frequency, extent, severity, and specificity. In managed forests, disturbances also affect the amount and quality of available timber. Ecosystem management uses information on disturbance regimes as a guide to finding a balance between ecological, economic, and social viewpoints. In this chapter, we review current knowledge on disturbance regimes in boreal forests and discuss some implications for managing the impact and risk of disturbances in the context of forest ecosystem management and restoration.
Post-War Reconnaissance of Japanese Fishery and Ocean Science and Its Contribution to the Development of U.S. Scientific Programs: 1947–1954
Authors: Finley Carmel
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the over-looked contribution of Japanese scientists to ocean science and the construction of recruitment fisheries oceanography, the study of the effects of climate and ocean variability on fish abundance. After World War II, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service worked with the Supreme Commander Allied Powers staff in Tokyo to find and translate scientific documents about tuna and oceanography, for use by Americans trying to start fisheries in former Japanese waters. Determining the migration patterns of the fish was essential to catching them, and the Japanese translations greatly influenced “Progress in Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations, 1950-53.” The document pioneers the integration of fisheries, oceanography, and meteorology to better understand the dynamic structure of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and the importance of upwelling and frontal structures as they relate to distribution and abundance of Pacific tunas. The science of finding the fish was a critical step in the global expansion of tuna fishing throughout the subsequent decades. While the paper acknowledged the Japanese contribution to the construction of the science, the publication also masked the importance of the contribution.
International Fisheries Law: Past to Future
Authors: Nakamura Julia
Published: March 2023

Ocean governance is a collective effort. It depends on the ability of all actors, from States to individuals, to work together upon common understandings, values and rules for use of the ocean. The contemporary Law of the Sea regime, as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), provides a global legal order for the control of diverse activities carried out in the ocean, aiming to achieve balanced relationships among multiple users and scarce marine resources. International marine fisheries, in particular, are regulated by International Fisheries Law (IFL). More intensively in the last decades, IFL has contributed to ocean governance by harmonising social, economic and environmentally-sound standards for fisheries, setting out important parameters to support the potential of fisheries to sustainably operate in the ocean. This chapter draws on a historical narrative of IFL from 1994, when the UNCLOS entered into force, to mid-2022. It analyses selected legal developments at global and regional levels with a view to clarify how the contemporary IFL has developed and responded to the recurrent problems in fisheries at global and regional levels, addressing current and future needs.
The Barcelona School of Ecological Economics and Social Movements for Alternative Livelihoods
Authors: Cattaneo Claudio
Published: March 2023

One essential element of the Barcelona School of Ecological Economics is that it is entirely trans-disciplinary. It is a school nestled in the political activism of its intellectuals that has gestated in dictatorial times, connected with the anti-Franco Catalan movement, in the several underground social movements, and remotely connected to the Spanish Republic and the anarchist experiment in Barcelona. These are events that Joan has so often remembered to all of us, and that can be well documented in the book of one of his doctoral students (Masjuan, La Ecología Humana en el Anarquismo Ibérico. Urbanismo “orgánico”, neomalthusianismo y naturismo social. Icaria Editorial, Barcelona, 2002). For an understanding of Joan Martinez-Alier and the Barcelona school, one needs to know where they are grounded, that is, in the fertile “soil” of Iberian social movements for alternative livelihoods. The argument is that livelihoods are relevant for ecological economics, as the concept of a good life can prove. The latter is an Aristotelian oikonomic goal – remembered by Georgescu-Roegen’s joie de vivre – with its connection to substantive economics as opposed to formal, neoclassical economics. The good life is a degrowth objective too, inspired by conviviality – as formulated by Ivan Illich – and by the pluriversal notion of “buen vivir”, so well-known on the other side of el charco where Joan is just as much known and beloved.
The Environmentalism of the Paid
Authors: Corbera Esteve , Izquierdo-Tort Santiago
Published: March 2023

In this chapter, we draw on existing varieties of environmentalism, and particularly on Martínez-Alier’s powerful concept of the environmentalism of the poor, to bring forward the idea of “the environmentalism of the paid” as a rising though unexpected consequence of the emergence of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) as a conservation policy. The environmentalism of the paid emphasizes the positive role that conservation payments can bring to local livelihoods; connects very different types of stakeholders from local to global contexts through a single exchange value that nonetheless acquires different local meanings and values; and counts with strong allies who promote and make PES possible through cross-scale institutionalization processes. In bringing forward the notion of the environmentalism of the paid, we reflect on how it aligns with or contradicts old and new forms of environmental thought and practice.
An Automated Cardiac Constitutive Modelling Framework with Evolutionary Strain Energy Functions
Authors: Ludwicki Kristin , Riebel Leto L , Ohnemus Sophia , Westby Frida M E , Forsch Nickolas , Balaban Gabriel
Published: March 2023

Heart disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Many cardiac diseases are associated with altered elastic energy relations of the heart tissue. However, the strain energy functions describing these characteristics are limited since they were designed manually for highly specific experimental setups. In this study, we develop CHESRA (Cardiac Hyperelastic Evolutionary Symbolic Regression Algorithm), an automated constitutive modelling framework, to derive cardiac elastic strain energy functions directly from experimental data. Our results indicate that CHESRA finds functions that reproduce mechanical tissue properties from experimental data whilst controlling function complexity. Our novel approach has the potential to find strain-energy functions that fit to various experimental data sets and may contribute to automatically building mathematical models to understand clinical observations of heart diseases.
Digital Genetic Editions. Towards Macroanalysis across Versions
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk
Published: March 2023

This chapter suggests the possibility of macroanalysis across versions. The focus on big data, distant reading and macroanalysis in Digital Humanities seems to have the immediate effect that close reading is forced into an antonymous position and non-digital literary studies orLiteraturwissenschaftsuddenly look provincial in comparison. But not all traditional forms of literary studies are microscopic or focused on close reading, and vice versa, not all digital forms of literary studies are macroscopic or panoramic. The suggested approach sees genetic editing as a negotiation between micro- and macroanalysis, paying attention to passages that never made it into the published texts.
Digitale Hermeneutik. Computergestütztes Close Reading als literaturwissenschaftliches Forschungsparadigma?
Authors: Gius Evelyn
Published: March 2023

Die Frage nach dem Status der Digital Humanities hat mittlerweile durch ihre Institutionalisierung in Form von Professuren, Forschungsfeldern, Konferenzen und Förderlinien eine pragmatische Antwort gefunden oder zumindest deutlich an Dringlichkeit verloren. Damit geht eine Phase teilweise ermüdender und wenig ergiebiger Diskussionen zu Ende. Die Diskussionen um die Inhalte der Digital Humanities sind im Umfang deutlich weniger, vielleicht auch, weil man sie – lapidar, aber doch treffend – abkürzen kann: Im Grunde handelt es sich immer dann um Digital Humanities, wenn der Gegenstand oder die Methodik einer geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschung digital ist. Allerdings scheint es im Kontext der disziplinären Entwicklungen einen wesentlichen Unterschied zu machen, welchen Teil nun das Digitale ausmacht. Während nämlich digitale Gegenstände relativ problemlos in die traditionellen Geisteswissenschaften integriert worden sind, wurden und werden digitale Zugänge bzw. Methoden weniger offen aufgenommen.
Quantitative Semantik. Word Embedding Models für literaturwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen
Authors: Schöch Christof
Published: March 2023

Zum Verhältnis der hermeneutischen und der quantitativen Literaturwissenschaften besteht eine Reihe von Argumentationsmustern, nach denen die letzteren von Fall zu Fall als Retter, Herausforderer, Sargnagel oder Ergänzung der ersteren gesehen werden. Alle diese Argumentationsmuster haben ihren Charme und ihre Schattenseiten, ihre Berechtigung und ihre Grenzen. In der Tat entscheidet sich die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von hermeneutischen und quantitativen Verfahren in den Literaturwissenschaften nicht ein für alle Mal.
Empirie – Beschreibung – Interpretation. Über den Platz von Computermodellen in den hermeneutisch-historisch orientierten Literaturwissenschaften
Authors: Kuhn Jonas
Published: March 2023

Ausgangspunkt für diesen Artikel sind die Vorannahmen, die für einen Text erfüllt sein müssen, damit datenbasierte Textanalysemodelle aus der Computerlinguistik methodisch zuverlässig auf ihn angewandt werden können. Der Artikel stellt die Frage, inwieweit die empirisch-korpusbasierte Methodik unter diesen Annahmen Befunde zu interpretationsrelevanten Eigenschaften literarischer Texte liefern und damit einen Beitrag zu Kernfragen einer hermeneutisch-historisch orientierten Literaturwissenschaft leisten kann. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist die methodische Vorannahme, dass die Trainingsdaten, auf deren Basis die Modellparameter abgeschätzt werden, in den relevanten Eigenschaften repräsentativ seien für die Texte, die im Zentrum der eigentlichen Untersuchung stehen. Dies scheint zunächst das Spektrum der erzielbaren Befunde auf deskriptive Untersuchungskategorien zu beschränken, für die eine robuste Operationalisierung möglich ist. Interpretationsrelevanten Texteigenschaften scheinen sich dem Zugang zu entziehen. Der Artikel regt jedoch an, eine alternative Praxis für die Anwendung von Computermodellen zu explorieren, bei der über deskriptive Standardkategorien hinaus untersuchungsspezifische Analysekategorien aus einer bestimmten Fragestellung heraus entwickelt und komputationell modelliert werden können. Basierend auf einem Vorverständnis im Sinne einer hermeneutisch geprägten Arbeitspraxis können so auch interpretationsrelevante Texteigenschaften in die Modellierung einbezogen werden. Zur Absicherung der methodischen Validität der Befunde muss das Forschungsteam bei diesem Vorgehen seine Modelle anhand geeigneter, sorgfältig annotierter Referenzdatensätze selbst kalibrieren und die zu erwartende Vorhersagegenauigkeit abschätzen.
Tausend Tode, tausend Autoren, tausend Texte? Zur Textualität digitaler Literatur
Authors: Nantke Julia
Published: March 2023

Die Digitalisierung der Textproduktion, -distribution und -rezeption im Rahmen des aktuellen Medienwandels übt, das ist unbestritten, einen kaum zu überschätzenden Einfluss auf den wissenschaftlichen und privaten Umgang mit Texten sowie auf unsere Text-basierte Kultur als Ganze aus. Die davon betroffenen Bereiche interagieren auf vielfältige Weise und haben so an einer Remodellierung zentraler geisteswissenschaftlicher Parameter teil.
Wie und wozu analysiert man Blogs? Überlegungen zwischen Digital Philology, Distant Reading und Kulturpoetik
Authors: Schuster Jörg
Published: March 2023

Das Verhältnis von Literatur und elektronischen Medien hat sich anders entwickelt, als dies in den 1990er Jahren – als Computer und Internet zu Alltagsphänomenen avancierten – erwartet worden war. Der Hypertext schien damals die Möglichkeit einer neuen experimentellen Avantgarde zu eröffnen: Erzähltechnische Innovationen der Moderne wie multiperspektivisches und nicht-lineares Erzählen wurden im Zuge der neuen elektronischen Möglichkeiten radikalisiert, grundlegende literaturtheoretische Begriffe wie ‚Text‘ und ‚Autorschaft‘ schienen neu definiert werden zu müssen.
Einführung
Authors: Lang-Koetz Claus , Reischl Annika , Fischer Stephan , Weber Sabrina , Kusch Anina
Published: March 2023

In diesem Kapitel werden die Bedeutung von Innovationen für Unternehmen und Gesellschaft und verschiedene Arten von Innovationen mit Beispielen vorgestellt. Grundlegende Begriffe des Innovationsmanagements werden erläutert und es wird dargestellt warum Innovation organisiert werden muss. Weiterhin wird den Leserinnen und Lesern erläutert, wie sie dieses Buch nutzen können.
“Three Bedrooms and a Nice School”—Residential Choices, School Choices and Vicious Circles of Segregation in the Education Landscape of Finnish Cities
Authors: Bernelius Venla , Kosunen Sonja
Published: March 2023

This chapter asks how socio-spatial segregation, school choices and residential choices are related in the relatively egalitarian Finnish education system. In many countries, school choice policies have been viewed as a means of desegregating schools by removing the immediate link between home address and school allocation through allowing pupils to select schools in different locations. However, international research points to school choice increasing school segregation, and our long-term research on the Helsinki metropolitan area demonstrates this in the Finnish context as well. The tendency towards school segregation is increased by the effect that school and school catchment area segregation have on the residential mobility of families with children. By combining register-based research and qualitative evidence, we describe the complex interconnections of social and spatial processes contributing to growth of segregation and educational inequality in urban schools and neighbourhoods in Finland. Processes operating at multiple scales exacerbate the risk of self-perpetuating vicious circles of segregation, where segregation in schools and neighbourhoods feed into each other. Besides the macro-level patterns of segregation in the cities and their education systems, local hierarchies between neighbouring schools and between school classes may further segregate schools and their individual catchment areas. Such micro-level processes may lead to growing segregation even when initial differences are small, as parents compare and navigate the network of schools close to their residential location, and school reputations mediate choices in local school markets. Our research has unearthed multiple mechanisms creating growing divides between schools, demonstrating that not even a relatively egalitarian educational system with high overall quality of schools is entirely shielded from segregation tendencies, which may lead to a decline in equality and greater risks of educational exclusion.
Everyday Life in Schools in Disadvantaged Areas
Authors: Peltola Marja , Huilla Heidi , Luoma Tiina , Oittinen Riikka
Published: March 2023

In Finland, urban segregation has been identified as a new and increasing challenge for pursuing the ideal of the egalitarian comprehensive school. Yet very little is known of particular school contexts, and public concern over school segregation runs a risk of reproducing segregation by focusing in a stigmatising manner on schools in less advantaged areas. In this chapter, we draw on interview data from five comprehensive schools in the metropolitan area of Helsinki to examine how students of schools located in areas that may be considered disadvantaged talk about their everyday life in the school and residential area. We build on the idea that young people represent their lives as ordinary rather than adopting ‘in-risk’ positions, and examine ways in which the schools and residential areas are discussed. We argue that despite their awareness of local problems and racialised and social class-based inequalities, young people are attached to their schools and residential areas, and tend to describe the problems encountered as manageable. While there are statistical similarities between disadvantaged residential areas, the particular local contexts and their effects for young people’s everyday lives vary from one area to another and according to the young people’s social class and racialised background. This highlights the need to understand the particularities and connections between schools and residential areas in discussions of segregation and in attempts to address it.
The Foundations of Critical Studies in Education in Finland
Authors: Kosunen Sonja , Kauko Jaakko , Seppänen Piia , Thrupp Martin
Published: March 2023

This chapter considers the historical roots of critical studies of Finnish education, particularly sociology, politics, and the history of education. It presents an interview with six emeriti professors who have participated in constructing the academic field. The chapter highlights their views about the greatest achievements of societally-oriented educational research in Finland, and what they considered the biggest disappointments or mistakes in this line of research.
Teachers’ Expectations and Expectations of Teachers: Understanding Teachers’ Societal Role
Authors: Juvonen Sara , Toom Auli
Published: March 2023

Being a teacher is an esteemed position in Finland. Finnish class teachers are academically educated professionals in five-year masters level programmes, where only a small percentage of applicants are accepted. However, in recent years, more teachers have reported having intentions to leave the profession, and there has been a slight decline in the number of applicants to teacher education programmes too. In this chapter, we elaborate Finnish expectations of teaching as a profession, set by society on the one hand, and teachers themselves on the other. Society sets both explicit and implicit expectations for teachers: teachers’ work is defined by a national curriculum as well as current policy aims, but is also moulded by the surrounding culture and norms. Teachers themselves are likely to have expectations of a personally fulfilling career; expectations that have begun to form already in their years as students in school, observing and learning what teachers and school are like. Schools, ideally, function to both maintain and reform society. We argue that expectations concerning teachers—normative expectations learned through observation in particular—act as part of the way schools maintain society. We ask whether Finnish teacher education today does enough to help teachers to assume their teacher role in society broadly and navigate the constantly changing field of education.
Herausforderungen der Translation von innovativen Produkten und Technologien in die klinische Praxis
Authors: Moser Lukas B. , Nehrer Stefan , Angele Peter , Aurich Matthias , Dyrna Felix , Hackl Wolfgang , Hess Silvan , Neubauer Markus , Niemeyer Philipp , Rupp Marco-Christopher , Zellner Johannes ,   das AGA-Komitee Innovation und Translation
Published: March 2023

In Zeiten der zunehmenden Technisierung und Digitalisierung hat die Bedeutung der translationalen Medizin zugenommen. Eine erfolgreiche Translation von der Grundlagenforschung bis zur klinischen Anwendung ist ein kostspieliger und zeitaufwendiger Prozess, der von vielen Faktoren abhängt. Negative Beispiele aus der Vergangenheit (Thalidomid, Metall-Metall-Paarungen bei der Hüftendoprothetik) zeigen, dass eine Translation auch Risiken für die Patienten birgt. In den letzten Jahren wurden strengere Auflagen für die Herstellung und Zulassung von Medizinprodukten eingeführt, um die Patientensicherheit gewährleisten zu können. Die autologe Chondrozytentransplantation (ACT) ist ein Beispiel für eine gelungene Translation. Auf präklinische experimentelle Tierstudien folgten klinische Patientenstudien mit einer Marktzulassung und Implementation in den klinischen Alltag. Die Wirksamkeit allein ist nicht entscheidend, ob dieses Produkt auf dem Markt zugelassen wird. Zwischen der Grundlagenwissenschaft und der Bereitschaft des Markts, in die Weiterentwicklung und Kommerzialisierung eines Produkts zu investieren, ist eine erhebliche Hürde, die auch Tal des Todes genannt wird. Nur wenn diese Hürde überwunden wird, kommt es letztendlich zur Marktzulassung und zum klinischen Einsatz. Das Minced-cartilage-Verfahren zur Behandlung von fokalen Knorpelschäden hat kürzlich diese Hürde genommen und den Translationsprozess abgeschlossen. Aktuell liegen lediglich Kurzzeitergebnisse vor; frühzeitige Anwender verwenden diese Technik bereits, obwohl noch keine randomisierten Studien und mittelfristige Ergebnisse vorliegen. Weitere Studien werden zeigen, ob sich ein klinischer Nutzen abzeichnet und das Produkt am Markt bleibt.
Who is Exposed to HIV Prevention Interventions? An Assessment of Associated Factors Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in South Africa
Authors: Jonas Kim , Beattie Daniel , Crutzen Rik , Mathews Catherine
Published: March 2023

This study examined the prevalence of HIV risk factors and their association with intervention exposure among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) living in six South African districts in which a combination HIV-prevention intervention was being implemented. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted from 2017 to 2018 among a representative sample of AGYW aged 15–24 years living in the six districts. We used an electronic questionnaire for self-reported demographic and behavioural questions and blood samples were taken to confirm HIV status in the laboratory. Chi-Squared tests and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to examine associations between demographic characteristics, HIV acquisition and transmission risk factors and the likelihood of participating in any of the key components of the combination HIV-prevention intervention. Among the 4399 participants, 45.3% reported inconsistent condom use with casual partner and 46.6% with a main partner. Almost half of participants (47.8%) had participated in one or more components of the HIV-prevention intervention, and in a multivariate logistic regression, those reporting a higher number of HIV risk behaviours were no more (or less) likely to participate. Participants who were not in high school were significantly less likely to have participated in the intervention compared to those still in high school, when adjusting for age and HIV risk factors. The barriers to access and uptake of combination HIV prevention interventions among AGYW who are out of the education system need to be explored and combination HIV prevention interventions and implementation strategies need to be tailored to reach this population.
Predicting Coral Reef Carbonate Chemistry Through Statistical Modeling: Constraining Nearshore Residence Time Around Guam
Authors: Hirsh Heidi K. , Oliver Thomas A. , Barkley Hannah C. , Wren Johanna L. K. , Monismith Stephen G. , Manzello Derek P. , Enochs Ian C.
Published: March 2023

To accurately predict the impacts of ocean acidification on shallow-water ecosystems, we must account for the biogeochemical impact of local benthic communities, as well as the connectivity between offshore and onshore water masses. Estimation of residence time can help quantify this connectivity and determine the degree to which the benthos can influence the chemistry of the overlying water column. We present estimates of nearshore residence time for Guam and utilize these estimates to model the effects of benthic ecosystem metabolism on the coral reef carbonate system. Control volume and particle tracking approaches were used to estimate nearshore residence time. These estimates were paired with observed patterns in the reef carbonate system around Guam using water samples collected by NOAA’s National Coral Reef Monitoring Program. Model performance results suggest that when considering the effects of benthic metabolism on the carbonate system, it is paramount to represent the contact time of the water volume with the benthos. Even coarse estimates of residence time significantly increase model skill. We observed the highest predictive skill in models including control volume derived estimates of residence time, but only when those estimates were included as an interaction with benthic composition. This work shows that not only is residence time critically important to better predict biogeochemical variability in coral reef environments, but that even coarse hydrodynamic models can provide useful residence time estimates at management relevant, whole-ecosystem scales.
Concept maps as assessment for learning in university mathematics
Authors: Evans Tanya , Jeong Inae
Published: March 2023

A concept map is a visualisation of a group of related concepts with their relationships identified by directed arrows, which can be viewed as an externalisation of a schema encoded in a learner’s long-term memory. Concept maps have become popular learning tools in various educational settings. However, the existing research has not fully explored the effectiveness of concept mapping as a learning tool nor analysed its utility as an assessment tool in mathematics. This study reports on the implementation and evaluation of a novel assessment, concept mapping, in a university mathematics course (N = 219). We investigated relationships between concept mapping performance and two major outcome variables: academic achievement and assessment self-efficacy (a two-factor measure comprising Comprehension and Execution and Emotional Regulation). Hierarchical multiple regression showed that concept mapping performance explains a statistically significant amount of variance in both the final exam scores and the Emotional Regulation factor of assessment self-efficacy after accounting for other conventional coursework assessments. The explained variance in the final exam suggests that concept mapping used as an assessment tool can detect and evaluate learners’ distinct capabilities that are not discerned by conventional assessments. Hence, concept mapping’s potential to assess conceptual understanding warrants further investigations. Moreover, the association with the emotional regulation efficacy measure suggests that concept mapping as a learning activity involves more positivity about the ability to succeed in facing challenges than a typical assignment. This potentially indicates more perseverance and effortful learning while actively engaged in meaning-making and the type of relational reasoning elicited by concept mapping.
Trace elements in farmland soils and crops, and probabilistic health risk assessment in areas influenced by mining activity in Ecuador
Authors: Romero-Crespo Paola , Jiménez-Oyola Samantha , Salgado-Almeida Bryan , Zambrano-Anchundia Johanna , Goyburo-Chávez Cindy , González-Valoys Ana , Higueras Pablo
Published: March 2023

Consumption of food grown in contaminated soils may be a significant human exposure pathway to pollutants, including toxic elements. This study aimed to investigate the pollution level of trace elements in farmland soil and crops collected in orchards from Ponce Enriquez, one of the Ecuador’s most important gold mining areas. The concentration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chrome (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) was analyzed in soil and crop samples (celery, chives, corn, herbs, lettuce, turnips, green beans, cassava, and carrots). In addition, a probabilistic human health risk assessment, in terms of hazard quotients (HQ) and cancer risk (CR), was conducted to assess the potential risk related to local crop ingestion. The contents of As, Cr, Cu, and Ni in soils exceeded the Ecuadorian quality guidelines for agricultural soils. The trace elements concentration in local crops was higher than the maximum permissible levels set by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The HQ and CR of local crop ingestion were several orders higher than the safe exposure threshold, mainly for lettuce, chives, and turnips. Our results revealed that inhabitants of the study area are exposed to developing carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects due to long-term food consumption with high trace elements. This study sheds light on the need to assess further the quality of agricultural soils and crops grown in mining areas with signs of contamination to guarantee consumer food safety.
Characterization of a DRC1 null variant associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia and female infertility
Authors: Pereira R. , Carvalho V. , Dias C. , Barbosa T. , Oliveira J. , Alves Â. , Oliveira E. , Sá R. , Sousa M.
Published: March 2023

Propose

We here present a female case with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and infertility. In this report, we also present the evaluation of the patient family, including her twin sister, also with PCD and infertility.

Methods

Confirmation of the PCD clinical diagnosis was performed through assessment of cilia motility, by high-speed video microscopy (HSVM), axoneme ultrastructure, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and genetic characterization, by whole-exome sequence (WES). Gene expression studies used qPCR for mRNA expression and immunofluorescence to determine cell protein localization.

Results

We identified a homozygous nonsense variant in the DRC1 gene (NM 145038.5:c.352C>T (p.Gln118Ter)) in the female patient with PCD and infertility that fit the model of autosomal recessive genetic transmission. This variant eventually results in a dyskinetic ciliary beat with a lower frequency and a partial lack of both dynein arms as revealed by TEM analysis. Moreover, this variant implies a decrease in the expression of DRC1 mRNA and protein. Additionally, expression analysis suggested that DRC1 may interact with other DRC elements.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the DRC1 null variant leads to PCD associated with infertility, likely caused by defects in axoneme from Fallopian tube cilia. Overall, our outcomes contribute to a better understanding of the genetic factors involved in the pathophysiology of PCD and infertility, and they highlight the interaction of different genes in the patient phenotype, which should be investigated further because it may explain the high heterogeneity observed in PCD patients.
Magnetocaloric Effect in R6Fe23: R = Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm
Authors: Abu Elnasr Raghda , H. Aly Samy , Yehia Sherif , Mohammad Fatema Z.
Published: March 2023

We present a mean field study on the R6Fe23 system, where R = Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm, to calculate the magnetization, magnetic heat capacity, and the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) (isothermal entropy change (ΔSm) and the adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad)) for different field changes up to 5 T and at temperatures ranging from 0 to 600 K. The maximum ΔSm, using the trapezoidal method, for the R6Fe23 system is in the range 4.9–9.8 J/K mol, and the maximum ΔTad is in the range 9.56–15.17 K for a field change ΔH = 5 T. The largest ΔSm and largest ΔTad are found for Tm6Fe23 to be 9.8 J/K mol and 15.17 K at Curie temperature Tc = 489 K, for ΔH = 5 T. The relative cooling power RCP(S) is in the range 148–560 J/mol for ΔH = 5 T, which is comparable to that of bench-mark materials, e.g., Gd. Also, the RCP based on the adiabatic temperature change, RCP(T) is in the range 449–1092 K2 for ΔH = 5 T, which is comparable also to that of bench-mark materials, e.g., Gd. We investigated the type of phase transition in the light of universal curves, Arrott plots, and the behavior of the magnetic moment, magnetic heat capacity, and MCE (ΔSm, ΔTad), which confirm that the type of phase transition at Tc of this system is second-order phase transition (SOPT). A calculation of some critical exponents adds more evidence that the MFT is fairly suitable to handle the aforementioned properties in the studied systems.
UnbiasedNets: a dataset diversification framework for robustness bias alleviation in neural networks
Authors: Naseer Mahum , Prabakaran Bharath Srinivas , Hasan Osman , Shafique Muhammad
Published: March 2023

Performance of trained neural network (NN) models, in terms of testing accuracy, has improved remarkably over the past several years, especially with the advent of deep learning. However, even the most accurate NNs can be biased toward a specific output classification due to the inherent bias in the available training datasets, which may propagate to the real-world implementations. This paper deals with the robustness bias, i.e., the bias exhibited by the trained NN by having a significantly large robustness to noise for a certain output class, as compared to the remaining output classes. The bias is shown to result from imbalanced datasets, i.e., the datasets where all output classes are not equally represented. Towards this, we propose the UnbiasedNets framework, which leverages K-means clustering and the NN’s noise tolerance to diversify the given training dataset, even from relatively smaller datasets. This generates balanced datasets and reduces the bias within the datasets themselves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first framework catering to the robustness bias problem in NNs. We use real-world datasets to demonstrate the efficacy of the UnbiasedNets for data diversification, in case of both binary and multi-label classifiers. The results are compared to well-known tools aimed at generating balanced datasets, and illustrate how existing works have limited success while addressing the robustness bias. In contrast, UnbiasedNets provides a notable improvement over existing works, while even reducing the robustness bias significantly in some cases, as observed by comparing the NNs trained on the diversified and original datasets.
Vessels Arrival Process and its Application to the SHIP/M/$$\infty$$ Queue
Authors: Di Crescenzo Antonio , Martinucci Barbara , Paraggio Paola
Published: March 2023

In modeling of port dynamics it seems reasonable to assume that the ships arrive on a somewhat scheduled basis and that there is a constant lay period during which, in a uniform way, each vessel can arrive at the port. In the present paper, we study the counting process N(t) which represents the number of scheduled vessels arriving during the time interval (0, t], $$t>0$$

t
>
0

. Specifically, we provide the explicit expressions of the probability generating function, the probability distribution and the expected value of N(t). In some cases of interest, we also obtain the probability law of the stationary counting process representing the number of arrivals in a time interval of length t when the initial time is an arbitrarily chosen instant. This leads to various results concerning the autocorrelations of the random variables $$X_i$$

X
i

, $$i\in \mathbb {Z}$$

i
∈
Z

, which give the actual interarrival time between the $$(i-1)$$

(
i
-
1
)

-th and the i-th vessel arrival. Finally, we provide an application to a stochastic model for the queueing behavior at the port, given by a queueing system characterized by stationary interarrival times $$X_i$$

X
i

, exponential service times and an infinite number of servers. In this case, some results on the average number of customers and on the probability of an empty queue are disclosed.