bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of waste from paper industry as a heterogeneous base catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel
Authors: Ahmed Sultana Parveen , Kataky Sudhamoyee , Dutta Riku , Thakur Ashim Jyoti , Dolui Swapan Kumar
Published: October 2024

To meet the pressing demand for alternative biofuel in the contemporary world, the production cost of biodiesel has to be decreased. Hence, this work addresses the usage of CaCO3‐rich industrial waste produced in a local paper industry in Assam, India for the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. The collected lime sludge waste was subjected to calcination at 800°C for 3 h producing a CaO‐rich catalyst which was then employed in the transesterification of cottonseed oil. The optimized reaction conditions obtained were 5 wt% catalyst concentration, oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:12 at 65°C temperature, and 3 h of reaction time. The catalyst's reusability was evaluated up to four cycles. Besides, the prepared catalyst has been characterized using Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X‐ray Diffraction (p‐XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques and its basicity was measured using Hammett indicators. Moreover, the biodiesel obtained was characterized with 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C‐NMR, Gas Chromatography‐ Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and FTIR techniques. A biodiesel yield of 98.03% was achieved and the quality of biodiesel formed during the transesterification of CSO also conforms to EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards. Thus, our study highlights the sustainability and the potential for future industrial application of paper industrial waste in the production of biodiesel.
Transgender and gender‐diverse identity in patients with eating disorders: A national cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rasmussen Sofie M. , Clausen Loa , Højgaard Astrid D. , Pop Maria L. , Kjeldsen Mikkel K. , Egedal Jeanie M. , Telléus Gry Kjærsdam
Published: October 2024

Objective

This national study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the transgender and gender‐diverse identity and to assess the level of gender congruence, body dissatisfaction and quality of life among patients with eating disorders in Denmark.

Method

Patients with eating disorders were compared to a matched non‐clinical comparison group. The survey included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and assessment of body dissatisfaction, gender congruence and quality of life.

Results

In total 568 patients with eating disorders and 538 individuals from the non‐clinical comparison group were included. The prevalence of individuals identifying as transgender or gender‐diverse was 4.50% (n = 20) among patients with eating disorders, and 6.23% (n = 23) in the non‐clinical comparison group (p‐value = 0.276). The transgender and gender‐diverse individuals with eating disorders showed no statistically significant differences in eating disorder symptomatology compared to the cisgender individuals with eating disorders; however, they reported significantly more body dissatisfaction, less gender congruence and lower quality of life.

Conclusion

The prevalence of transgender and gender‐diverse individuals did not differ between patients with eating disorders and the non‐clinical comparison group; however, transgender and gender‐diverse individuals with eating disorders may be characterised by pronounced body dissatisfaction and low quality of life.
Evaluating the Regional and Demographic Variations in Dementia‐Related Mortality Trends in the United States: 1999 to 2020
Authors: Shoaib Muhammad Mukarram , Hayat Malik Saad , Nadeem Zain Ali , Shoaib Muhammad Mohtasham , Sohail Sara , Mirza Abdullah Tahir , Shahid Fatima
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Dementia, a term for a range of cognitive impairments impacting memory, thinking, and social abilities, represents a formidable challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. Analysing the temporal trends in dementia‐related mortality among individuals, identifying the populations at high risk, and guiding the implementation of tailored interventions to address the escalating effects of dementia on public health.

Methods

Data from CDC WONDER database was examined from 1999 to 2020 for the four causes of dementia mortality: unspecified dementia (F03), Alzheimer's disease (G30), vascular dementia (F01), and other degenerative diseases of nervous system not elsewhere classified (G31). Age‐adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 persons and annual percent change (APC) were calculated and stratified by geographic region, year, age groups, sex, and race/ethnicity.

Results

A total of 4,077,973 reported deaths were related to dementia from 1999 to 2020 in the United States. The greatest proportion of deaths was associated with Alzheimer's disease (45.9%), followed by unspecified dementia (43.8%). Very low proportion of deaths were associated with vascular dementia (4.9%) or other neurodegenerative diseases (5.3%). The AAMR increased in two distinct periods: a steep incline from 1999 to 2010 (APC: 6.95, 95% CI: 6.00–7.90), followed by a modest incline till 2020 (APC: 1.41, 95% CI: 0.80–2.04). Overall, females had a higher AAMR than males. AAMRs were highest among NH Whites patients and lowest in NH Asians or Pacific Islanders. A significant geographical difference was also observed among different US census regions. Nearly equal AAMRs were seen in non‐metropolitan areas and metropolitan areas. States with AAMRs in the top 90th percentile included South Carolina, North Carolina, Maine, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama while states with AAMRs in the bottom 10th percentile included South Dakota, Florida, Hawaii, New Jersey, District of Columbia, and New York (33.1). Individuals aged above 85 had the highest AAMRs. Most deaths occurred in nursing homes and least in hospice facilities.

Conclusion

The dementia related deaths are continuously increasing. Highest AAMRs were observed among the NH White people, females, and in the southern areas of the United States. People aged 85+ were most affected. To stop the rising death rates, targeted interventions and awareness are required for both prevention and treatment of dementia.
Applying global lessons from limerick: Insights for Taiwan's drug policy development
Authors: Wu Yu‐Chieh , Wei Lien‐Chung
Published: October 2024

This letter responds to Duopah et al.'s study on illicit drug use in Limerick City, drawing parallels with Taiwan's experiences in drug policy development and highlighting lessons from other countries with advanced harm reduction policies, including Portugal and Switzerland. The application of Kingdon's multiple streams model is used to analyse cross‐cultural policy development. Taiwan's shift from punitive to health‐oriented strategies, such as supervised injection facilities and rehabilitation programs, is explored. This letter emphasises the challenges of stakeholder engagement, particularly in integrating the perspectives of people who use drugs, and discusses the broader implications for international policy adaptation, especially in countries with similar health system challenges. Taiwan's development of multi‐tiered interventions and integrated care models serves as an example of evidence‐based policymaking. These insights highlight the potential for global cross‐cultural learning in drug policy development.
Mammographic density and breast cancer risk among Black American women
Authors: Holder Etienne X. , Bigham Zahna , Nelson Kerrie P. , Barnard Mollie E. , Palmer Julie R. , Bertrand Kimberly A.
Published: October 2024

High mammographic density is a well‐established risk factor for breast cancer; however, data from Black women are limited. It is largely unknown how mammographic density is associated with breast cancer subtypes among Black women. We examined the association between percent mammographic density (PMD) and breast cancer risk among participants in the Black Women's Health Study. Digital screening mammograms were available for 363 cases and 5541 non‐cases. Cumulus software was used to assess PMD. We used inverse probability of sampling weights and Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age and body mass index, to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) overall and by age at mammography and estrogen receptor (ER) status of the breast tumors. Multivariable models included additional breast cancer risk factors. Tests of statistical significance were 2‐sided. In simple models, women in the highest quartile of PMD had 53% increased odds of breast cancer compared to those in the lowest quartile (HR 1.53; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.11). HRs were 1.37 (95% CI: 0.83, 2.24) among women <55 years of age and 1.68 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.56) among women aged ≥55 years. HRs were 1.49 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.16) for ER+ cancer and 1.45 (95% CI: 0.73, 2.87) for ER– cancer. Associations were largely unchanged in multivariable models. In this study of U.S. Black women, higher PMD was associated with ER+ and ER– breast cancer risk. Findings from this study reinforce the importance of breast density as a risk factor for breast cancer in Black women.
Pregnancy outcomes following second‐trimester abortions: A comparison between medical and surgical management. A historic cohort study
Authors: Abokaf Hanaa , Korytnikova Elena , Yaniv‐Salem Shimrit , Shoham‐Vardi Ilana , Sergienko Ruslan , Sheizaf Boaz , Weintraub Adi Y.
Published: October 2024

Objective

To compare perinatal outcomes in subsequent pregnancies following second‐trimester abortions, stratified by the method of abortion.

Methods

A historic cohort study was conducted in a single tertiary hospital, including women who had second‐trimester abortions between 12+0 and 24+0 weeks and subsequent documented pregnancies within 3–60 months. Data were collected from hospitalization and perinatal databases. Composite outcome variables were constructed, and multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze associations, adjusting for confounders.

Results

Among 771 women meeting the inclusion criteria, 83% had surgical abortions and 17% had medical abortions. Medical abortion was associated with a higher incidence of placenta‐associated pregnancy complications compared with surgical abortion. No significant differences were found in other perinatal outcomes.

Conclusion

The study highlights the potential influence of the abortion method on subsequent pregnancy outcomes, particularly regarding placenta‐associated complications. This underscores the importance of considering the method of second‐trimester abortion in counseling women regarding potential risks to subsequent pregnancies. Adverse outcomes in subsequent pregnancies following second‐trimester abortion were associated with the medical method of abortion, warranting further research and careful counseling in clinical practice.
Association of gestational trophoblastic disease with subsequent development of non‐trophoblastic cancer
Authors: Munyakarama Blaise , Koushik Anita , Leduc Valérie , Healy‐Profitós Jessica , Auger Nathalie
Published: October 2024

Objective

To evaluate the association between gestational trophoblastic disease and the subsequent risk of developing non‐trophoblastic cancer.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 3084 women with gestational trophoblastic disease and 1 415 812 women with obstetric deliveries in Quebec, Canada, between 1989 and 2021. The main exposure was gestational trophoblastic disease, including hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, and gestational choriocarcinoma. The outcome was development of non‐trophoblastic cancer during 33 years of follow‐up. We measured the association of gestational trophoblastic disease with non‐trophoblastic cancer using adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and tested whether associations were stronger for certain types of cancer or cancers with later onset.

Results

The incidence of non‐trophoblastic cancer was greater for women with invasive moles (47.1/10 000 person‐years) and gestational choriocarcinoma (59.3/10 000 person‐years) than hydatidiform moles (18.4/10 000 person‐years) and no gestational trophoblastic disease (22.4/10 000 person‐years). Gestational choriocarcinoma (HR 2.33, 95% CI: 1.35–4.01; P = 0.002) and invasive moles (HR 1.97, 95% CI: 1.06–3.65; P = 0.033) were associated with an elevated risk of non‐trophoblastic cancer compared with no gestational trophoblastic disease, while hydatidiform moles were not. Gestational choriocarcinoma and invasive moles were mainly associated with gynecologic cancer. However, risk of cancer was limited to the short‐term period after pregnancy and became similar to no gestational trophoblastic disease by the end of follow‐up.

Conclusion

While invasive moles and gestational choriocarcinoma appear to be associated with the subsequent development of non‐trophoblastic cancer, the absolute risk is small and limited to the short‐term.
Novel risk factors associated with retained placenta after vaginal birth
Authors: Nasser Basel H. , Jadaon Jimmy E. , Awad‐Khamaisy Nibal , Lfoul Luna Abo , Hendler Israel
Published: October 2024

Objective

To evaluate maternal and obstetric risk factors associated with retained placenta following singleton live vaginal births.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with retained placenta after singleton live vaginal birth at or after 24 weeks of gestation, compared in a 1:2 ratio with women who had uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. The study and control groups were matched for maternal age, gestational age, and parity. Multivariate regression analysis assessed potential risk factors related to retained placenta.

Results

In all, 15,260 women who delivered at our medical center(both vaginal and non‐vaginal)between 2015 and 2022, 170 (1.1%) were diagnosed with retained placenta. Ninety‐nine women (0.65%) who met the inclusion criteria were matched with 198 controls (1.3%). Multivariate logistic regression identified potential risk factors not previously described for retained placenta, including in vitro fertilization (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3–11.7, P = 00.018), large‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses (OR 28.2, 95% CI 5.4–148.5, P = 00.029), and endometriosis (OR 8.2, 95% CI 0.92–20, P = 00.024). Additional risk factors included pre‐eclampsia, labor induction, vacuum‐assisted delivery, and prolonged second‐stage labor.

Conclusion

This study identifies critical risk factors for retained placenta, highlighting the importance of early identification to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Risk factors for relaparotomy after cesarean delivery
Authors: Hendin Natav , Seidman Liron , Geron Yossi , Zeevi Gil , Hadar Eran , Walfisch Asnat , Houri Ohad
Published: October 2024

Objective

To identify and analyze risk factors associated with relaparotomy following cesarean delivery (CD), focusing on obstetric and surgical parameters.

Methods

Retrospective case–control study conducted at a high‐volume tertiary obstetric center. We reviewed all women who underwent CD between 2013 and 2023. Patients who required a relaparotomy, defined as the reopening of the fascia, were included in the study group. Patient data were systematically reviewed to identify potential risk factors contributing to the need for post‐CD relaparotomy, compared with a control group that did not undergo a relaparotomy.

Results

Out of 11 465 women underwent CD, 59 (0.5%) required relaparotomy. Using a multivariate model for independent risk factors, we found the following to be associated with relaparotomy: emergency CD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78–5.38, P < 0.01), placenta previa (aOR 4.66, 95% CI 1.54–14.11, P < 0.01), and multiple gestation as indications for the CD (aOR 4.61, 95% CI 2.10–10.12, P < 0.01); estimated intraoperative blood loss of more than 1 L (aOR 5.98, 95% CI 2.79–12.80, P < 0.01); and intraoperative adhesions (aOR 7.12, 95% CI 4.06–12.48, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Our study underscores the multifactorial nature of relaparotomy after CD, emphasizing the significance of considering a broad array of risk factors. By identifying and understanding these factors, clinicians can optimize patient care and potentially reduce morbidity, particularly the need for subsequent surgical interventions.
Materialism in Chinese college students during 2007–2020: The influence of social change on the inclining trend
Authors: Su Qian , Liang Yuan , Qiao Juan , Wang Jiuming
Published: October 2024

Materialism is fundamental to the human value or goal system; therefore, an understanding of its level among Chinese college students and its changes over time is of great value. In the present study, a cross‐temporal meta‐analysis was performed by reviewing studies that conducted Material Values Scale‐based assessment of the materialism level among Chinese university students from 2007 to 2020. Moreover, a time lag analysis was performed to clarify whether variations in materialism level are interpretable with macro‐social indicators. Finally, 82 articles on studies enrolling a total of 45,966 Chinese university students were reviewed. The materialism score significantly increased on a yearly basis. Furthermore, macro‐social changes in diverse areas, including economic condition (gross domestic product per capita, consumption level of all residents and national disposable income per capita), social connectedness (urbanisation degree and divorce ratio) and overall threat (rate of university enrollment), were the major factors influencing the degree of materialism among the students. By identifying the inclining trend of materialism among these college students across time and using relevant macro‐social indicators, a theoretical three‐dimensional framework was established to elucidate the degree of materialism among Chinese college students as a group.
M‐Net: A Skin Cancer Classification With Improved Convolutional Neural Network Based on the Enhanced Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Xu Zhinan , Zhang Xiaoxia , Liu Luzhou
Published: October 2024

Skin cancer is a common malignant tumor causing tens of thousands of deaths each year, making early detection essential for better treatment outcomes. However, the similar visual characteristics of skin lesions make it challenging to accurately differentiate between lesion types. With advancements in deep learning, researchers have increasingly turned to convolutional neural networks for skin cancer detection and classification. In this article, an improved skin cancer classification model M‐Net is proposed, and the enhanced gray wolf optimization algorithm is combined to improve the classification performance. The gray wolf optimization algorithm guides the wolf pack to prey through a multileader structure and gradually converges through the encirclement and pursuit mechanism, so as to perform a more detailed search in the later stage. To further improve the performance of the gray wolf optimization, this study introduces the simulated annealing algorithm to avoid falling into the local optimal state and expands the search range by improving the search mechanism, thus enhancing the global optimization ability of the algorithm. The M‐Net model significantly improves the accuracy of classification by extracting features of skin lesions and optimizing parameters with the enhanced gray wolf optimization algorithm. The experimental results based on the ISIC 2018 dataset show that compared with the baseline model, the feature extraction network of the model has achieved a significant improvement in accuracy. The classification performance of M‐Net is excellent in multiple indicators, with accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score reaching 0.891, 0.857, 0.895, and 0.872, respectively. In addition, the modular design of M‐Net enables it to flexibly adjust feature extraction and classification modules to adapt to different classification tasks, showing great scalability and applicability. In general, the model proposed in this article performs well in the classification of skin lesions, has broad clinical application prospects, and provides strong support for promoting the diagnosis of skin diseases.
HIF1A/PCDH7 axis mediates fatty acid synthesis and metabolism to inhibit lung adenocarcinoma anoikis
Authors: Yang Xiaoyan , Zhang Qingfeng , Wei Liyang , Liu Kui
Published: October 2024

Background

Aberrantly expressed PCDH7 participates in the malignant progression of many cancers. PCDH7 has been newly discovered as a risk factor in lung cancer, but its functional study in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has not been conducted yet. This study aimed to investigate the functional role of PCDH7 in LUAD.

Methods

Bioinformatics analyzed the expression of PCDH7 and HIF1A in LUAD tissues, predicted the binding sites between the two, analyzed the clinicopathological relevance of PCDH7 and examined the pathway enrichment of PCDH7. Expression of PCDH7 and HIF1A in LUAD cells was analyzed by RT‐qPCR. A nude mouse transplantation tumor model was constructed to analyze the effect of PCDH7 on tumor growth in vivo. The binding relationship between PCDH7 and HIF1A was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments and the dual‐luciferase assay. Cell viability was detected with Cell Counting Kit‐8. Triglyceride content and Caspase3 activity were measured using corresponding reagent kits. FASN and ACC1 expression was determined utilizing western blot.

Results

PCDH7 was highly expressed in LUAD and correlated with patients' overall survival time and N stage. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that PCDH7 could promote LUAD growth and anoikis resistance. Moreover, overexpression of PCDH7 markedly increased the content of triglycerides in cells and promoted the expression of FASN and ACC1 proteins to inhibit LUAD cell anoikis. Cell rescue experiment confirmed that HIF1A activated PCDH7 to suppress LUAD anoikis by promoting fatty acid (FA) synthesis and metabolism.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that the HIF1A/PCDH7 axis suppressed LUAD anoikis by promoting FA synthesis and metabolism. The FA synthesis pathway might be a key pathway regulated by PCDH7 in LUAD anoikis.
A novel quinazoline derivative exhibits potent anticancer cytotoxicity via apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis in DMBA‐induced mammary gland carcinoma
Authors: Rani Soniya , Trivedi Rimjhim , Ansari Mohd. Nazam , Saeedan Abdulaziz S. , Kumar Dinesh , Singh Sunil Kumar , Mukherjee Alok , Singh Manjari , Kaithwas Gaurav
Published: October 2024

Mammary gland carcinoma is one of the most prevalent and deadly diseases among women globally. It is a type of solid malignant tumor. In this malignant tumor, the microenvironment becomes hypoxic in rapidly proliferating cancer cells. These cells undergo adaptive changes through the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1alpha (HIF‐1α) which is regulated by factor inhibiting HIF‐1α (FIH‐1). Considering this, we hypothesized that the chemical activation of FIH‐1 would inhibit the hypoxic activity of HIF‐1α in mammary gland carcinoma. A library of 67,609 chemical compounds was virtually screened against FIH‐1 based on Lipinski's rule from the ZINC database. The BBAP‐8 has been selected based on an excellent docking score (−8.352 Kcal/mol), favorable ADMET, and potential FIH‐1 activator profile. Further, its in‐vitro cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity were scrutinized against MCF‐7 cells and in‐vivo activity against 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary gland carcinoma in Wistar rats. It exhibited significant cytotoxicity (IC50 = 16.59 ± 0.49 μM) and activated apoptosis when scrutinized through DAPI, AO/EB, and JC‐1 staining. Also, oral administration of BBAP‐8 restored hemodynamic changes, normalized tissue architecture, and corrected metabolic abnormalities. The western blot analysis and mRNA expression analysis validated that BBAP‐8 has the potential to activate FIH‐1 with the downregulation of GLUT‐1, VEGF, and Twist‐1. Moreover, BBAP‐8 fostered apoptosis, when evaluated through BCL‐2, BAX, Caspase‐8, and Caspase‐3. Based on research findings, this implies that BBAP‐8 activates FIH‐1 and can be effective in chemotherapeutic treatment of mammary gland carcinoma.
Daidzein ameliorates experimental traumatic brain injury‐induced neurological symptoms by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis
Authors: Haider Tehreem , Khan Salman , Bibi Tehmina , Zahra Sana Ali , Ali Hussain , Din Fakhar ud , Shah Fawad Ali , Youn Isoo , Seo Eun Kyoung
Published: October 2024

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes deficits in neurological function, induces pathological changes, and increases oxidative stress. The current investigation aimed to determine Daidzein's neuroprotective potential in experimental TBI. Initially, the HT‐22 cell line exposed to H2O2 underwent in vitro examination, and the results showed that Daidzein had a neuroprotective effect evident from enhanced cell viability and decreased NO generation. Using three different Daidzein doses—1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg—in the in vivo experiment, the potential of Daidzein was evaluated against TBI. The neurological severity score (NSS), kondziela's screen test, and elevated plus maze showed improvements after treatment with Daidzein manifested by decreased score, enhanced motor coordination, and anti‐anxiety effects. Additionally, Daidzein improved mechanical allodynia and restored the breakdown of the blood‐brain barrier. The FTIR spectral analysis showed restoration of the biochemical compositional changes. Furthermore, H & E and Toluidine blue staining revealed an improvement in the histopathological alterations. The RT‐qPCR revealed an increase in mRNA expression level of Nrf2, HO‐1, and Bcl‐2 and the downregulation of Keap‐1, Bax and Cleaved caspase‐3 expressions. Thus, exhibiting its antioxidant and antiapoptotic potential. The RT‐qPCR also manifested a decrease in mRNA expression of GFAP and Iba‐1. Further immunohistochemistry results indicated Daidzein's antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties by upregulating Nrf2 and downregulating cleaved caspase‐3. Daidzein also lowered the apoptosis index and improved neuronal survival evidenced by flow cytometric analysis. In addition to this, Daidzein notably increased the antioxidant enzyme levels and decreased the oxidative stress markers. The current study's findings point to the neuroprotective potential of the phytoestrogen Daidzein as it lessened neurological abnormalities, decreased oxidative stress, and lowered proapoptotic protein expression.
Multimodal action of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors against neurodegenerative disorders: An update review
Authors: Singh Niraj Kumar , Singh Pranjul , Varshney Prachi , Singh Ashini , Bhushan Bharat
Published: October 2024

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) is an enzyme primarily found in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum and also highly expressed in the substantia nigra, cerebellum, caudate, hippocampal regions and cerebellar purkinje cells, responsible for selectively breaking down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) into 5′‐GMP and regulate intracellular cGMP levels. As a second messenger, cyclic GMP enhances signals at postsynaptic receptors and triggers downstream effector molecules, leading to changes in gene expression and neuronal responses. Additionally, cGMP signaling transduction cascade, present in the brain, is also essential for learning and memory processes. Mechanistically, PDE5 inhibitors share structural similarities with cGMP, competitively binding to PDE5 and inhibiting cGMP hydrolysis. This action enhances the effects of nitric oxide, resulting in anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Neurodegenerative disorders entail the progressive loss of neuron structure, culminating in neuronal cell death, with currently available drugs providing only limited symptomatic relief, rendering neurodegeneration considered incurable. PDE5 inhibitors have recently emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and diseases involving cognitive impairment. This review elucidates the principal roles of 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cGMP signaling pathways in neuronal functions, believed to play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. It provides an updated assessment of PDE5 inhibitors as disease‐modifying agents for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, Huntington's disease, and neuroinflammation. The paper aims to review the current understanding of PDE5 inhibitors, which concurrently regulate both cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways, positing that they may exert complementary and synergistic effects in modifying neurodegeneration, thus presenting a novel direction in therapeutic discovery. Moreover, the review provides critical about biological functions, therapeutic potentials, limitations, challenges, and emerging applications of selective PDE5 inhibitors. This comprehensive overview aims to guide future academic and industrial endeavors in this field.
Microfracture for medium size to large knee chondral defects has limited long‐term efficacy: A systematic review
Authors: Gopinatth Varun , Jackson Garrett R. , Touhey Daniel C. , Chahla Jorge , Smith Matthew V. , Matava Matthew J. , Brophy Robert H. , Knapik Derrick M.
Published: October 2024

Purpose

To evaluate clinical and radiographic outcomes, return to sport, failure rate, operations and complications in patients undergoing microfracture of the knee, including the femoral condyle, tibial plateau, patella and trochlea, at a mean 10‐year or greater follow‐up.

Methods

A literature search was performed by querying SCOPUS, PubMed, Medline and the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials from database inception through May 2023 according to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement. Inclusion criteria were level I‐IV human studies reporting on outcomes, reoperations and complications following microfracture of the knee at a mean 10‐year or greater follow‐up. Biomechanical and epidemiological studies, including patients undergoing concomitant realignment procedures, and studies with patients under 18 years old were excluded. Data regarding failure, as defined by each study, as well as reoperations were gathered. Study quality was assessed via the Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies criteria.

Results

Nine studies from 2003 to 2018, consisting of 727 patients (mean age 38.9 ± 8.1 years; range 25.8–47.6) undergoing microfracture for chondral defects in the knee were identified. Mean follow‐up ranged from 10 to 17 years. Males composed 56.5% of patients, with a mean defect size ranging from 2.3 to 4.01 cm2. Based on radiographs at follow‐up, osteoarthritis progression occurred in 40%–48% of patients. Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue scores were low. Patient‐reported outcome measures showed significant improvement in postoperative scores at final follow‐up. Return‐to‐sport rate ranged from 17.2% to 20%. Longitudinal analysis revealed declining clinical outcomes and return‐to‐sport rates from short‐ and mid‐ to long‐term follow‐up. There was high variability in failure definition and reoperations, with 2.9%–41% of patients requiring total knee arthroplasty.

Conclusions

At a mean 10‐year or greater follow‐up, microfracture for chondral defects of the knee 2–4 cm2 in size demonstrated a high rate of osteoarthritis progression with poor healing of the chondral defect and low overall return‐to‐sport rates. Failure and reoperation rates ranged from 2.9% to 41%, with declining outcomes from short‐ and mid‐ to long‐term follow‐up. The advantages of microfracture relating to availability, complexity, and cost should be weighed against concerns about long‐term success, particularly with medium‐size and larger lesions.

Level of Evidence

Level IV systematic review.
Same same but different—Image‐based versus imageless robotic‐assisted total knee arthroplasty!
Authors: Hirschmann Michael T. , Avram George , Graichen Heiko , Tandogan Reha N. , Mengis Natalie , Zaffagnini Stefano
Published: October 2024

Robotic‐assisted total knee arthroplasty (RTKA) has gained widespread acceptance due to its demonstrated ability to improve surgical accuracy compared to conventional total knee arthroplasty (CTKA). While the precise impact of RTKA on postoperative patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) remains inconclusive, the increased accuracy in alignment and joint kinematics suggests potential improvements in patient satisfaction and functional outcomes. Two primary RTKA systems exist: image‐based, which uses preoperative CT scans for detailed 3D modeling, and image‐less, which relies on intra‐operative digitization of anatomical landmarks. Both systems aim to achieve accurate implant placement and soft‐tissue balancing, yet they differ in methodology and reliance on preoperative data.

Despite RTKA's theoretical advantages, there is ongoing debate about whether accuracy alone is sufficient to achieve optimal postoperative outcomes, particularly concerning joint kinematics and alignment strategies. Literature reveals no significant difference in coronal plane alignment between image‐based and image‐less systems, though image‐less systems may be more prone to varus errors due to the reliance on intra‐articular landmarks. Additionally, image‐free systems may face challenges in replicating native knee anatomy, especially in the sagittal plane, leading to potential limitations in achieving ideal tibial slope reconstruction.

The future of RTKA may lie in refining implant positioning strategies that minimize postoperative alterations to pre‐arthritic knee kinematics, particularly with standardized off‐the‐shelf implants. As robotic technology evolves, there is potential to enhance surgical outcomes by combining accuracy with personalized alignment approaches that better address individual patient anatomy. Further research is needed to assess the long‐term clinical benefits of RTKA and its capacity to improve patient‐specific functional outcomes.

Level of evidence

level 5
The use of a novel toe–thumb pressure index for assessing arterial status in the lower limb. A reliability and validity study
Authors: Mazzeo Juliana , Banwell Helen A. , Tehan Peta E. , Anderson Grace , Graham Kristin
Published: October 2024

Aims

This study explored the reliability, validity and perceived comfort of a novel thumb pressure measure and calculation of a toe–thumb index to identify their suitability as an adjunct or alternatives to ankle–brachial and toe–brachial indices.

Methods and Results

Repeated manual thumb and toe systolic blood pressures were conducted using two raters, over two time points, on 34 healthy participants. Concurrent automated toe, thumb and brachial systolic blood pressures as well as comfort ratings for these measures (using a 10 mm visual analogue scale) were captured once by a research assistant. Automated thumb and brachial measures showed fair correlation (ρ = 0.36, p = 0.03) and a toe–thumb index and toe–brachial index good correlation (ρ = 0.62, p < 0.01). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) identified moderate intra‐rater reliability for manual thumb pressures for Rater 1 and 2 (ICC 0.57, 95% CI [0.14, 0.79] and ICC 0.74, 95% CI [0.49, 0.87], respectively), while inter‐rater reliability was poor (ICC = 0.16, 95% CI [−0.85, 0.47]). Concurrent validity comparing manual and automated measures for thumb pressure was also poor (ICC −0.05, 95% CI [−1.06, 0.72] and ICC 0.42, 95% CI [−0.16, 0.72] Rater 1 and 2 respectively). Thumb measures were significantly more comfortable than brachial measures (5 mm, p < 0.00).

Conclusion

Thumb systolic pressures are correlated with brachial systolic pressures, with reasonable intra‐rater reliability, however, correlation is only fair and measurement error wider than clinically acceptable. Furthermore, manual measures are poorly correlated with automated units. Consequently, caution is required in applying these techniques. As thumb measures were perceived as significantly more comfortable than brachial measures and have an advantage where brachial pressures cannot, or should not, be obtained, further evaluation is warranted.
Volume and Permeability of White Matter Hyperintensity on Cognition: A DCE Imaging Study of an Older Cohort With and Without Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Lim Changmok , Lee Hunwoo , Moon Yeonsil , Han Seol‐Heui , Kim Hee Jin , Chung Hyun Woo , Moon Won‐Jin
Published: October 2024

Background

The impact of blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage on white matter hyperintensity (WMH) subtypes (location) and its association with clinical factors and cognition remains unclear.

Purpose

To investigate the relationship between WMH volume, permeability, clinical factors, and cognition in older individuals across the cognitive spectrum.

Study Type

Prospective, cross‐sectional.

Subjects

A total of 193 older adults with/without cognitive impairment; 128 females; mean age 70.1 years (standard deviation 6.8).

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T, GE Dynamic contrast‐enhanced, three‐dimensional (3D) Magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo (MPRAGE T1WI), 3D fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR).

Assessment

Periventricular WMH (PWMH), deep WMH (DWMH), and normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) were segmented using FMRIB automatic segmentation tool algorithms on 3D FLAIR. Hippocampal volume and cortex volume were segmented on 3D T1WI. BBB permeability (Ktrans) and blood plasma volume (Vp) were determined using the Patlak model. Vascular risk factors and cognition were assessed.

Statistical Tests

Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with WMH permeability. Logistic regression analysis assessed the association between WMH imaging features and cognition, adjusting for age, sex, apolipoprotein E4 status, education, and brain volumes. A P‐value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

PWMH exhibited higher Ktrans (0.598 ± 0.509 × 10−3 minute−1) compared to DWMH (0.496 ± 0.478 × 10−3 minute−1) and NAWM (0.476 ± 0.398 × 10−3 minute−1). Smaller PWMH volume and cardiovascular disease (CVD) history were significantly associated with higher Ktrans in PWMH. In DWMH, higher Ktrans were associated with CVD history and cortical volume. In NAWM, it was linked to CVD history and dyslipidemia. Larger PWMH volume (odds ratio [OR] 1.106, confidence interval [CI]: 1.021–1.197) and smaller hippocampal volume (OR 0.069; CI: 0.019–0.253) were independently linked to worse global cognition after covariate adjustment.

Data Conclusion

Elevated BBB leakage in PWMH was associated with lower PWMH volume and prior CVD history. Notably, PWMH volume, rather than permeability, was correlated with cognitive decline, suggesting that BBB leakage in WMH may be a consequence of CVD rather than indicate disease progression.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
Phase behavior and synergistic gelation of scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) male gonad hydrolysates and gellan gum driven by pH
Authors: Liu Jia‐Cheng , Nie Bin , Wang Yu‐Qiao , Yan Jia‐Nan , Wu Hai‐Tao
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have investigated complexation and coacervation of scallop Patinopecten yessoensis male gonad hydrolysates (SMGHs) and polysaccharides influenced by pH and blending ratio. It has been found that SMGHs/polysaccharide composite shows better gel properties under strongly acidic conditions. Thus, the complexation and coacervation of SMGHs and gellan gum (GG) were investigated via turbidimetric titration at different pH values (1–12) and biopolymer blending ratios (9.5:0.5–6:4).

RESULTS

Both pHc and pHφ1 exhibited ratio‐independent behavior with constant values at approximately pH 5.8 and pH 3.8, respectively, dividing SMGHs/GG blends into three phases named mixed polymers, soluble complexes and insoluble coacervates, respectively. Overall, SMGHs and GG exhibited synergistic gelation under neutral and acidic conditions, with the initial storage modulus (G') increasing by approximately 42.5‐, 573.7‐ and 3421‐fold and 97.7‐, 550.3‐ and 0.5‐fold, respectively, at pH 7, 5 and 3, compared with SMGHs and GG. As pH decreased from 7 to 3, the initial G' and viscosity η values of SMGHs/GG gels increased by 20.1‐ and 2.3‐fold, respectively, exhibiting the greatest increase in gel strength. Moreover, the free water in the SMGHs/GG system significantly shifted toward lower relaxation times attributed to the immobilization of the outer hydration layers. SMGHs/GG gels in the insoluble phase exhibited denser networks and rougher surfaces, supporting the enhanced rheological properties and water retention capacity of the gel.

CONCLUSION

This work provides a basic foundation for the development of pH‐driven SMGHs/GG gelation by examining complexation and coacervation processes. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Bridged Ethylene Polyethylene Oxide Surfaces to Improve Packing Materials for Widepore Size Exclusion Chromatography
Authors: Camacho Kristine Joy , Tchoul Oksana , Xu Yuehong , Finny Abraham , Kizekai Lavelay , McLaughlin Justin , Byrd Steven , Addepalli Balasubrahmanyam , Xu MingCheng , Lauber Matthew
Published: October 2024

Here, we describe the preparation of bridged ethylene polyethylene oxide (BE‐PEO) surface‐modified silica packing materials for size exclusion chromatography. BE‐PEO surface‐modified silica was hydrolyzed and subsequent 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of hydrolysis products confirmed the successful formation of BE‐PEO bonded surface. Silica particles exhibiting 3 µm diameters and 1000 Å nominal pore diameters were selected as a base material for this work out of the critical need to improve analytical capabilities for the testing of cell and gene therapy drug products. Accelerated high pH aging study revealed significant enhancement in column stability. Multi‐angle light scattering noise measurements showed inordinately lower baseline noise. Moreover, we evaluated the chromatographic performance of BE‐PEO silica‐packed columns through separations of a protein test mixture, DNA ladder, monoclonal antibody‐based therapeutics, and adeno‐associated viruses. BE‐PEO silica columns demonstrated high resolution, high recovery separations that were confirmed to be reproducible and capable of extended column lifetimes and exhibited low ionic and hydrophobic secondary interactions. In summary, BE‐PEO silica particles have yielded a new level of performance, improved base stability, and inherently lower baseline noise. These novel widepore particles will facilitate more sensitive size‐based detection and characterization of large biologics in the form of advanced gene therapy products.
Biogas Residue Carbonization Rather Than Biogas Residue Promoted the Yield of Pakchoi and Reduced the N2O Production Potential in Horticultural Soil
Authors: Ouyang Hao , Song Yufeng , Yu Qianqian , Zhou Yindi , Zhang Feifan , Wang Hongyue , Zhong Lei
Published: October 2024

Biogas residue (BR) and biogas residue‐derived biochar (BRC) are widely used as substitute for inorganic Nitrogen (N) fertilizers in vegetable production. Yet, their comparative research on vegetable production and N2O production was still lacking. Here, the pot experiment of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis) with a gradient of BR or BRC application rates (0, 30%, 60%, 100% w/w) was carried out to simulate different N fertilizer substitution rates. The results showed that the pakchoi yield had no difference between BR or BRC and control treatments; BRC had more advantages than BR in maintaining or increasing the pakchoi yield. BR and BRC could all reduce N2O production potential in vegetable soils. But BRC had a stronger ability to inhibit denitrification while BR had a stronger ability to inhibit nitrification compared with each other. The results showed that BR and BRC had different regulatory pathways for pakchoi yield and N2O production. BR regulated the pakchoi yield majorly through nitrification, but BRC majorly through denitrification. It suggested that BR and BRC could partially or completely replace inorganic fertilizers without reducing pakchoi yield. BRC combined with chemical fertilizers was a higher intelligence strategy in vegetable systems to improve pakchoi yield and N2O production compared with BR. It provided a theoretical basis for the application of BR and BRC to nutrient cycling and microbial processes in the soil‐vegetable system.
Acylated Anthocyanins From Black Carrots and Their Related Phenolic Acids Diminish Priming and Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in THP‐1 Monocytes
Authors: Behrendt Inken , Becker Katharina , Steingass Christof Björn , Schweiggert Ralf , Michel Gabriela , Friedrich Elvira , Grote Daniela , Martin Zoe , Dötzer Hanna Pauline , Fasshauer Mathias , Speckmann Martin , Kuntz Sabine
Published: October 2024

Scope

Excessive activation of the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor pyrin domain‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to chronic inflammation. Thus, targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation by anthocyanins may prevent inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the present study determines the influence of a black carrot extract (BCE) with high amounts of acylated anthocyanins and their related phenolic acids on the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Methods and results

THP‐1 monocytes are pretreated with a BCE, cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C3G), or hydroxycinnamic acids. NLRP3 inflammasome assembly is initiated by priming THP‐1 monocytes with lipopolysaccharide and/or activating the NLRP3 inflammasome with nigericin. Flow cytometry is used to assess apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) speck formation, as well as ASC and NLRP3 protein expression. Caspase‐1 activity is measured using a bioluminescent assay, and cytokine concentrations are determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). C3G and phenolic acids diminish ASC and NLRP3 protein expression. In addition, C3G and phenolic acids attenuate ASC speck formation. Furthermore, the BCE and C3G decline caspase‐1 activity. Consistently, IL‐1β and IL‐18 secretion are reduced upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Conclusion

The present study shows that a BCE with high amounts of acylated anthocyanins and their related phenolic acids diminish priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP‐1 monocytes.
Design and investigation of an ultra‐wideband microstrip patch antenna for biomedical on‐body applications
Authors: Krishnan Rahul , Cheggour Selina , Meher Priya R.
Published: October 2024

Microstrip antennas are increasingly utilized in space‐borne applications, spanning areas such as RFID, mobile communication, and healthcare. This paper introduces a novel wearable ultra‐wideband (UWB) microstrip patch antenna, distinctively designed in a star shape. The antenna, with a total volume of 1172 mmÂş, is crafted on a semiflexible substrate using RT/duroid 5880. It exhibits a low loss tangent of 0.0004 and a relative permittivity of 2.2. The proposed design achieves a resonant frequency of 3.4 GHz, an impressive reflection coefficient of −39 dB, and an extensive bandwidth of 5.6 GHz, ranging from 2.8 to 8.4 GHz. Although the antenna demonstrates modest gain and directivity, its expansive bandwidth is a significant attribute. This wideband antenna is proposed as an ideal candidate for wearable biomedical applications, leveraging its substantial bandwidth and unique design characteristics.