bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pd Modified MmNi50.6Co10.2Mn5.4Al1.2 Alloy as the Catalyst of NaBH4 Electrooxidation
Authors: Cheng K. , Xu Y. , Miao R. R. , Yang F. , Yin J. L. , Wang G. L. , Cao D. X.
Published: August 2012

A Pd‐modified hydrogen storage alloy was investigated as the anode electrocatalyst of direct borohydride fuel cell. The modification of the MmNi50.6 Co10.2 Mn5.4 Al1.2 hydrogen storage alloy with Pd was carried out by a self‐reduction reaction method. The morphology and the distribution of Pd on the surface of the alloy were observed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer. It was found that Pd particles uniformly distributed on the alloy surface and the content of Pd was 0.64 wt.%. The catalytic activity of the Pd‐modified hydrogen storage alloy for NaBH4 electrooxidation was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements. Results showed that Pd modification significantly enhanced the catalytic activity of the hydrogen storage alloy. In the 1.0 mol dm–3 NaOH+ 0.1 mol dm–3 NaBH4 solution, the stabilized current density at –0.7 V was 34 and 22 mA cm–2 for the pristine and the Pd‐modified alloy, respectively. The utilization efficiency of NaBH4 on the Pd‐modified alloy catalyst reached 45%, which is higher than that on the pristine alloy (30%). The number of electrons released by BH4– electrooxidation on Pd‐modified alloy was found to be close four.
Toxicity of areca nut ingredients: Activation of CHK1/CHK2, induction of cell cycle arrest, and regulation of MMP‐9 and TIMPs production in SAS epithelial cells
Authors: Chang Mei‐Chi , Chan Chiu‐Po , Wang Wei‐Ting , Chang Bei‐En , Lee Jang‐Jaer , Tseng Shuei‐Kuen , Yeung Sin‐Yuet , Hahn Liang‐Jiunn , Jeng Jiiang‐Huei
Published: August 2012

Background

There are 600 million betel quid chewers around the world. betel quid chewing is a major risk factor of oral cancer. Why betel quid components induce oral cancer is not clear.

Methods

Cytotoxicity of areca nut extract and arecoline (an areca nut alkaloid) to SAS oral epithelial cell line was evaluated by trypan blue dye exclusion and MTT assays. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis was analyzed by propidium iodide staining flow cytometry. Chk1 and chk2 activation was analyzed by Pathscan phospho‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) production was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Areca nut extract (800 μg/mL) and arecoline (>0.4 mmol/L) caused cell death, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest of SAS cells. Areca nut extract and arecoline stimulated Chk1 and Chk2 phosphorylation in SAS cells. Areca nut extract stimulated cellular MMP‐9 but suppressed TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 production.

Conclusions

Areca nut components activate Chk1/Chk2, alter cell cycle regulation/apoptosis, MMP‐9, and TIMPs production, contributing to the pathogenesis of oral carcinogenesis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer receiving targeted or multimodal therapy — Update of the EORTC QLQ‐H&N35, Phase I
Authors: Singer Susanne , Arraras Juan I. , Baumann Ingo , Boehm Andreas , Chie Wei‐Chu , Galalae Razvan , Langendijk Johannes A. , Guntinas–Lichius Orlando , Hammerlid Eva , Pinto Monica , Nicolatou–Galitis Ourania , Schmalz Claudia , Sen Mehmet , Sherman Allen C. , Spiegel Karin , Verdonck–de Leeuw Irma , Yarom Noam , Zotti Paola , Hofmeister Dirk ,   on behalf of the EORTC Quality of Life and the EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Groups
Published: August 2012

Background

The objective of this study was to identify relevant quality of life (QOL) issues in patients with head and neck cancer receiving multimodal and/or targeted therapies.

Methods

The literature was searched for QOL issues reported after multimodal and/or targeted therapies resulting in a list of potentially relevant issues. These were discussed within a multiprofessional expert group, revised, and subsequently rated for relevance by patients and health care providers.

Results

Twenty‐seven issues were extracted that are not covered by the current version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) questionnaires. Interviews (96 health care providers from 13 countries, 137 patients from 8 countries) revealed that 26 of these issues were relevant for patients with head and neck cancer.

Conclusions

Studies investigating targeted and/or multimodal therapy should consider that some QOL issues specific to these treatments are not covered by the current version of the EORTC instruments. Consequently, the EORTC head and neck cancer module is currently in revision. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Circulating U2 small nuclear RNA fragments as a novel diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic and colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Baraniskin Alexander , Nöpel‐Dünnebacke Stefanie , Ahrens Maike , Jensen Steffen Grann , Zöllner Hannah , Maghnouj Abdelouahid , Wos Alexandra , Mayerle Julia , Munding Johanna , Kost Dennis , Reinacher‐Schick Anke , Liffers Sven , Schroers Roland , Chromik Ansgar M. , Meyer Helmut E. , Uhl Waldemar , Klein‐Scory Susanne , Weiss Frank U. , Stephan Christian , Schwarte‐Waldhoff Irmgard , Lerch Markus M. , Tannapfel Andrea , Schmiegel Wolff , Andersen Claus Lindbjerg , Hahn Stephan A.
Published: August 2012

Improved non‐invasive strategies for early cancer detection are urgently needed to reduce morbidity and mortality. Non‐coding RNAs, such as microRNAs and small nucleolar RNAs, have been proposed as biomarkers for non‐invasive cancer diagnosis. Analyzing serum derived from nude mice implanted with primary human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we identified 15 diagnostic microRNA candidates. Of those miR‐1246 was selected based on its high abundance in serum of tumor carrying mice. Subsequently, we noted a cross reactivity of the established miR‐1246 assays with RNA fragments derived from U2 small nuclear RNA (RNU2‐1). Importantly, we found that the assay signal discriminating tumor from controls was derived from U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) fragments (RNU2‐1f) and not from miR‐1246. In addition, we observed a remarkable stability of RNU2‐1f in serum and provide experimental evidence that hsa‐miR‐1246 is likely a pseudo microRNA. In a next step,RNU2‐1fwas measured by qRT‐PCR and normalized tocel‐54in 191 serum/plasma samples from PDAC and colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. In comparison to 129 controls, we were able to classify samples as cancerous with a sensitivity and specificity of 97.7% [95% CI = (87.7, 99.9)] and 90.6% [95% CI = (80.7, 96.5)], respectively [area under the ROC curve 0.972]. Of note, patients with CRC were detected with our assay as early as UICC Stage II with a sensitivity of 81%. In conclusion, this is the first report showing that fragments of U2 snRNA are highly stable in serum and plasma and may serve as novel diagnostic biomarker for PDAC and CRC for future prospective screening studies.
Animal Models for Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: D'Hallewin M. , Helle M. , Garrier J. , Bezdetnaya L. , Guillemin F.
Published: August 2012

A prerequisite for starting a clinical trial is evidence of a positive impact of the technique or drug in animals. The choice of the animal model is thus very important and should mimic as closely as possible the human situation. A variety of animal models have been validated for pharmaceutical trials. The situation in phototheranostics however is not fully clear. This is due to the very complex interplay of various elements such as vascularization, oxygenation, drug availability and biodistribution, light absorption, and scattering. The present paper will give general information on aspects of animal models that have to be considered in phototheranostics, as well as highlight some typical animal models that are useful for the investigation of light‐tissue interactions.
Stattic V, a STAT3 inhibitor, affects human spermatozoa through regulation of mitochondrial activity
Authors: Lachance Catherine , Goupil Serge , Leclerc Pierre
Published: August 2012

We have recently shown that many mediators of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway are present in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Among them, STAT3 is detected mainly in membranes and flagellar cytoskeletal fractions. In order to determine the importance of STAT3‐mediated signaling, sperm were incubated with Stattic V, a specific inhibitor. Effects on motility were evaluated by CASA, sperm acrosomal integrity was evaluated by FITC conjugated lectin (PSA or PNA) staining, and protein phosphotyrosine content was assessed by Western blot using a monoclonal anti‐phosphotyrosine antibody. INDO1‐AM and JC‐1 were used to measure sperm intracellular calcium and mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively, by flow cytometry, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was investigated by luminol‐based assay. Percentages of motility and motility parameters were significantly affected by Stattic V. This later also significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ levels, progesterone‐ and calcium ionophore (A23187)‐induced acrosome reaction. On the other hand, a significant decrease in ATP content was measured when sperm were treated with Stattic V, associated with depolarization of mitochondrial membrane and elevated ROS production. These results suggest that STAT3 is involved in sperm functions, at least through regulation of mitochondrial activity. This further emphasizes that STAT3 mediates cellular activities in a manner different than strictly the activation of gene transcription. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 704–713, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An evaluation of the spatiotemporal structure of large‐scale European drought within the HiGEM climate model
Authors: Lloyd‐Hughes Benjamin , Shaffrey Leonard C. , Vidale Pier Luigi , Arnell Nigel W.
Published: August 2012

We compare the characteristics of synthetic European droughts generated by the HiGEM1 coupled climate model run with present day atmospheric composition with observed drought events extracted from the CRU TS3 data set. The results demonstrate consistency in both the rate of drought occurrence and the spatiotemporal structure of the events. Estimates of the probability density functions for event area, duration and severity are shown to be similar with confidence > 90%. Encouragingly, HiGEM is shown to replicate the extreme tails of the observed distributions and thus the most damaging European drought events. The soil moisture state is shown to play an important role in drought development. Once a large‐scale drought has been initiated it is found to be 50% more likely to continue if the local soil moisture is below the 40th percentile . In response to increased concentrations of atmospheric CO2, the modelled droughts are found to increase in duration, area and severity. The drought response can be largely attributed to temperature driven changes in relative humidity. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Changes of blood flow, oxygen tension, action potential and vascular permeability induced by arterial ischemia or venous congestion on the spinal cord in canine model
Authors: Kobayashi Shigeru , Yoshizawa Hidezo , Shimada Seiichiro , Guerrero Alexander Rodríguez , Miyachi Masaya
Published: August 2012

It is generally considered that the genesis of myelopathy associated with the degenerative conditions of the spine may result from both mechanical compression and circulatory disturbance. Many references about spinal cord tissue ischemic damage can be found in the literature, but not detailed studies about spinal cord microvasculature damage related to congestion or blood permeability. This study investigates the effect of ischemia and congestion on the spinal cord using an in vivo model. The aorta was clamped as an ischemia model of the spinal cord and the inferior vena cava was clamped as a congestion model at the 6th costal level for 30 min using forceps transpleurally. Measurements of blood flow, partial oxygen pressure, and conduction velocity in the spinal cord were repeated over a period of 1 h after release of clamping. Finally, we examined the status of blood‐spinal cord barrier under fluorescence and transmission electron microscope. Immediately after clamping of the inferior vena cava, the central venous pressure increased by about four times. Blood flow, oxygen tension and action potential were more severely affected by the aorta clamping; but this ischemic model did not show any changes of blood permeability in the spinal cord. The intramedullar edema was more easily produced by venous congestion than by arterial ischemia. In conclusions, venous congestion may be a preceding and essential factor of circulatory disturbance in the compressed spinal cord inducing myelopathy. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:139–146, 2012
Characterisation of commercial aromatised vinegars: phenolic compounds, volatile composition and antioxidant activity
Authors: Cejudo‐Bastante MarÍa J , Durán‐Guerrero Enrique , Natera‐Marín Ramón , Castro‐Mejías Remedios , García‐Barroso Carmelo
Published: August 2012

Background

Nineteen commercially available aromatised vinegars, which were representative of this type of product, were tested to ascertain their phenolic and volatile composition and antioxidant activity. The aromatised vinegars came from different raw materials such as fruits, spices, herbs and vegetables. The antioxidant activity was determined by means of photochemiluminescence, phenolic profile by using ultra performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, and the volatile composition was determined by using stir bar sorptive extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Results

Nine polyphenolic compounds and 141 volatile compounds were identified. Vinegar aromatised with black truffle and rosemary obtained the highest values of antioxidant activity, followed by those aromatised with lemon, tarragon, aromatic herbs and vegetables. Antioxidant activity was highly correlated with the presence of trans‐p‐coutaric acid, trans‐caftaric acid, 5‐hydroxy‐methylfurfural and furfural. Moreover, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol was exclusive to the vinegar aromatised with tarragon, while p‐menth‐1,8‐ol, dimethyl styrene, 4‐methyl acetophenone and nootkatone were only found in vinegar aromatised with lemon.

Conclusion

On the basis of the results from the cluster analysis of cases, it can be concluded that the grouping responds more to the trademark of each vinegar than to the raw material.
Facile and Efficient Fabrication of Photoresponsive Microgels via Thiol–Michael Addition
Authors: Zhang Hui‐Juan , Xin Yan , Yan Qiang , Zhou Li‐Lin , Peng Liao , Yuan Jin‐Ying
Published: August 2012

A photoresponsive microgel is designed by the combination of a noncovalent assembly strategy with a covalent cross‐linking method. End‐functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) with azobenzene [(PEG‐(Azo)2)] was mixed with acrylate‐modified β‐CD (β‐CD‐MAA) to form photoresponsive inclusion complex through host–guest interaction. The above photoresponsive complex was cross‐linked by thiol‐functionalized PEG (PEG‐dithiol) via Michael addition click reaction. The photoreversibility of resulted microgel was studied by TEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and 1H NMR measurements. The characterization results indicated that the reversible size changes of the microgel could be achieved by alternative UV–Vis irradiations with good repeatability.
Preferential star strand biogenesis of pre‐miR‐24‐2 targets PKC‐alpha and suppresses cell survival in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Martin Elizabeth C. , Elliott Steven , Rhodes Lyndsay V. , Antoon James W. , Fewell Claire , Zhu Yun , Driver Jennifer L. , Jodari‐Karimi Mona , Taylor Christopher W. , Flemington Erik K. , Beckman Barbara S. , Collins‐Burow Bridgette M. , Burow Matthew E.
Published: August 2012

microRNAs (miRNA) are regulators of cellular pathways and alterations of normal miRNA expression levels have been shown to increase tumorigenesis. miR‐24 has been demonstrated as having both tumor suppressive and oncogenic properties depending on cell context. Here, we demonstrate a possible role for pre‐miR‐24‐2 as a tumor suppressor in the MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line through the preferential processing of mature miR‐24‐2* over miR‐24. Specifically, we show that the ectopic expression of miR‐24‐2* in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells results in a suppression of cellular survival both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, the overexpression of miR‐24‐2* results in a dampening of cell survival through the targeted suppression of PKCα. In addition, a similar biological change is observed in vivo where MCF‐7 cells overexpressing pre‐miR‐24‐2 have decreased tumorigenicity and tumor incidence. Taken together our data demonstrate that when overexpressed biogenesis of the pre‐miR‐24‐2 favors miR‐24‐2* in the MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line and suggests a tumor suppressive role for miR‐24‐2* observed through the inhibition of PKCα‐mediated cellular survival. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enteral nutrition is feasible in pediatric stem cell transplantation patients
Authors: Bicakli Derya Hopanci , Yilmaz Medine C. , Aksoylar Serap , Kantar Mehmet , Cetingul Nazan , Kansoy Savas
Published: August 2012

We aimed to demonstrate whether enteral nutrition (EN) is feasible in daily practice of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).Nutritional records of 100 patients were evaluated. Patients with poor oral intake were fed by EN with tube. A total of 79 patients required nutritional support. Of them, 71 were fed by EN only. Five were fed by EN plus parenteral nutrition (PN),three were fed by PN only. Median duration of EN was 21 days. In the EN only group, 68% gained or maintained their weight. EN should be considered as a feasible option for nutrition support in children undergoing HSCT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1327–1329. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of aberrant methylation regions in neuroblastoma by screening of tissue‐specific differentially methylated regions
Authors: Sugito Kiminobu , Kawashima Hiroyuki , Uekusa Shota , Yoshizawa Shinsuke , Hoshi Reina , Furuya Takeshi , Kaneda Hide , Hosoda Toshifumi , Masuko Takayuki , Ohashi Kensuke , Ikeda Taro , Koshinaga Tsugumichi , Fujiwara Kyoko , Igarashi Jun , Ghosh Srimoyee , Held William A. , Nagase Hiroki
Published: August 2012

Background

The identification of tissue‐specific differentially methylated regions (tDMRs) is key to our understanding of mammalian development. Research has indicated that tDMRs are aberrantly methylated in cancer and may affect the oncogenic process.

Procedure

We used the MassARRAY EpiTYPER system to determine the quantitative methylation levels of seven neuroblastomas (NBs) and two control adrenal medullas at 12 conserved tDMRs. A second sample set of 19 NBs was also analyzed. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the relationship of the quantitative methylation levels to other prognostic factors in these sample sets.

Results

Screening of 12 tDMRs revealed 2 genomic regions (SLC16A5 and ZNF206) with frequent aberrant methylation patterns in NB. The methylation levels of SLC16A5 and ZNF206 were low compared to the control adrenal medullas. The SLC16A5 methylation level (cut‐off point, 13.25%) was associated with age at diagnosis, disease stage, and Shimada classification but not with MYCN amplification. The ZNF206 methylation level (cut‐off point, 68.80%) was associated with all of the prognostic factors analyzed. Although the methylation levels at these regions did not reach statistical significance in their association with prognosis in mono‐variant analysis, patients with both hypomethylation of SLC16A5 and hypermethylation of ZNF206 had a significantly prolonged event‐free survival, when these two variables were analyzed together.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that two tDMRs frequently displayed altered methylation patterns in the NB genome, suggesting their distinct involvement in NB development/differentiation. The combined analysis of these two regions could serve as a diagnostic biomarker for poor clinical outcome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 383–389. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple system morbidities associated with children with snore symptom
Authors: Cai Xiao‐Hong , Li Xiu‐Cui , Hu Qing‐Qing , Yu Chen‐Yi , Zhou Yong‐Hai , Su Miao‐Shang , Zhao Ya‐Ping , Hu Yun‐Liang , Wang Liang‐Xing
Published: August 2012

Objective

To exam the relationship between snoring and morbidities of multiple systems in children.

Study design

Children with snoring were enrolled and divided into primary snorer (PS) group and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) group based on polysomnography. The healthy children served as the control group. The growth parameters, maxillofacial malformations, blood chemistry, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram were recorded and intelligence testing was performed in the enrolled children who were ≥6 years old.

Results

The weight and height were similar in the control group (n = 60) and the PS group (n = 63), but lower in the OSAHS group (n = 89;P < 0.001). Occurrence of adenoidal face and dental malocclusion in the OSAHS and the PS group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, the OSAHS group had a lower serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level, higher low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level; and a possible higher pulmonary artery pressure based on the echocardiogram (P < 0.001). All the above parameters in the PS group were similar to those in the control group. Full‐scale IQ and performance IQ of the OSAHS group was lower (P < 0.001), attention deficits were significantly higher in the OSAHS group (P < 0.001), but were similar in the PS group when compared to the control group.

Conclusions

OSAHS in children is associated with delayed growth, maxillofacial malformations, impaired cognitive functions, abnormalities in lipid metabolism, and changes in pulmonary artery pressures. PS children also have higher incidence of maxillofacial malformations but have a normal growth and normal cognitive functions. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:381–389. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of anti‐pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: I. aztreonam and carbapenems
Authors: Zobell Jeffery T. , Young David C. , Waters C. Dustin , Stockmann Chris , Ampofo Krow , Sherwin Catherine M.T. , Spigarelli Michael G.
Published: August 2012

Acute pulmonary exacerbations (APE) in cystic fibrosis (CF) are associated with loss of lung function that may require aggressive management with intravenous antibiotics. The aim of this review is to provide an evidence‐based summary of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD), tolerability, and efficacy studies utilizing aztreonam and anti‐pseudomonal carbapenems (i.e., doripenem, imipenem–cilastatin, and meropenem) in the treatment of an APE, and to identify areas where further study is warranted. The current dosing recommendations in the United States and Europe for aztreonam are lower than the literature supported dosing range of 200–300 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hr, maximum 8–12 g/day. In vitro, PK/PD, and tolerability studies show the potential of doripenem 90 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hr, infused over 4 hr, maximum 6 g/day in the treatment of APE. Imipenem‐cilastatin 100 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hr, maximum 4 g/day and meropenem 120 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hr, maximum 6 g/day have been shown to be tolerable and effective in the treatment of APE. With availability issues of new anti‐pseudomonal agents and a large percentage of CF patients will not regain their lung function following an APE, we suggest the need to determine optimization of aztreonam and meropenem dosing in CF, as well as to determine the clinical efficacy of doripenem in the treatment of APE. The usefulness of imipenem‐cilastatin may be limited due to the rapid development of resistance. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:1147–1158. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in proteomic profiles in different prostate lobes of male rats throughout growth and development and aging stages of the life span
Authors: Das Arunangshu , Bortner James D. , Aliaga Cesar A. , Baker Aaron , Stanley Anne , Stanley Bruce A. , Kaag Matthew , Richie John P. , El‐Bayoumy Karam
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND

Aging‐related changes in important cellular pathways in the prostate may promote a permissive environment for an increased risk for prostatic disease development such as prostate cancer. Our objectives were to examine for such changes, by systematically determining the effects of growth and development and aging on proteomic profiles in different lobes of the rat prostate.

METHODS

Prostate lobes (dorsolateral lobe, DL and ventral lobe, VL) were obtained from male Fisher rats of various ages representing young (4 months), mature (12 months), old (18 months), and very old (24 months). Differentially expressed proteins between age groups in each lobe were identified using a proteomic approach, isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ). Select changes in the DL and VL were verified by immunoblot analysis.

RESULTS

iTRAQ identified 317 proteins with high confidence. iTRAQ discovered 12 and 6 proteins significantly modulated in response to growth and development in the DL and VL, respectively, and 42 and 29 proteins significantly modulated in response to aging in the DL and VL, respectively. Proteins modulated during growth and development in the DL and VL are involved in a variety of biological processes including cell communication and development, whereas proteins modulated during aging were predominantly related to antioxidant activity and immunity. Immunoblot analysis verified age‐related changes for α‐1 antitrypsin, annexin A1, hypoxia up‐regulated protein 1, and 78 kDa glucose‐regulated protein.

CONCLUSIONS

Aging results in changes in numerous prostatic proteins and pathways which are mainly linked to inflammation and may lead to prostatic disease development. Prostate 73: 363–375, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor: a fourth‐generation neonicotinoid
Authors: Cutler Penny , Slater Russell , Edmunds Andrew JF , Maienfisch Peter , Hall Roger G , Earley Fergus GP , Pitterna Thomas , Pal Sitaram , Paul Verity‐Laura , Goodchild Jim , Blacker Melissa , Hagmann Leonhard , Crossthwaite Andrew J
Published: August 2012

Background

The precise mode of action of sulfoxaflor, a new nicotinic acetylcholine receptor‐modulating insecticide, is unclear. A detailed understanding of the mode of action, especially in relation to the neonicotinoids, is essential for recommending effective pest management practices.

Results

Radiolabel binding experiments using a tritiated analogue of sulfoxaflor ([3H]‐methyl‐SFX) performed on membranes from Myzus persicae demonstrate that sulfoxaflor interacts specifically with the high‐affinity imidacloprid binding site present in a subpopulation of the total nAChR pool. In competition studies, imidacloprid‐like neonicotinoids displace [3H]‐methyl‐SFX at pM concentrations. The effects of sulfoxaflor on the exposed aphid nervous system in situ are analogous to those of imidacloprid and nitenpyram, and finally the high‐affinity sulfoxaflor binding site is absent in a Myzus persicae strain (clone FRC) possessing a single amino acid point mutation (R81T) in the β‐nAChR, a region critical for neonicotinoid interaction.

Conclusion

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor pharmacological profile of sulfoxaflor in aphids is consistent with that of imidacloprid. Additionally, the insecticidal activity of sulfoxaflor and the current commercialised neonicotinoids is affected by the point mutation in FRC Myzus persicae. Therefore, it is suggested that sulfoxalfor be considered a neonicotinoid, and that this be taken into account when recommending insecticide rotation partnering for effective resistance management programmes. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Diamond synthesis through the generation of plasma during spark plasma sintering
Authors: Zhang Faming , Ahmed Furqan , Bednarcik Jozef , Burkel Eberhard
Published: August 2012

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) of carbon nanotubes based materials to diamond was conducted at a very low pressure in vacuum and argon atmospheres. The phases and microstructures of the sintered samples were analyzed by Synchrotron X‐ray, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Diamond phases are created from carbon nanotubes/FeNi mixtures at pressure of 9.55 MPa in vacuum and argon atmospheres during SPS. At this pressure, carbon flowers, and perfect diamond crystals are obtained at 1200 °C only in the argon atmosphere. The consequences provide an indirect evidence for the existence of plasma during SPS. The argon atmosphere promotes the plasma generation and thus enhances the diamond transition.

magnified image

Diamonds are obtained from carbon nanotubes/FeNi at 1200 °C and 9.55 MPa in argon atmosphere of SPS.
Integration of chalcogenide glassy films and liquid crystals for photoalignment and optically addressed modulators
Authors: Abdulhalim I. , Kirzhner M. Gelbaor , Kurioz Yu. , Klebanov M. , Lyubin V. , Reznikov Yu. , Sheremet N. , Slyusarenko K.
Published: August 2012

The present paper reports on our recent achievements including the photoalignment achieved of liquid crystals (LCs) using amorphous chalcogenide semiconductors (AChS) glassy films and the creation of optically addressed spatial light modulators (OASLMs). The photoalignment in this case is based on the phenomenon of photoinduced anisotropy, essentially found to be efficient in the nano‐dimentional (ND, <50 nm) AChS films while the OASLM action is based on their photosensitivity.
“Any Questions?”: Investigating the Nature of Understanding‐Checks in the Language Classroom
Authors: Waring Hansun Zhang
Published: August 2012

Insofar as effective instruction is contingent upon the degree to which it is tailored to learner understandings in situ, developing a firmer grasp of how understanding‐checks work in the reality of the classroom is integral to educators' knowledge of teacher practices and, ultimately, their ability to implement effective teacher training. The purpose of this article is to produce a detailed account of how yes‐no questions (e.g., “Do you have any questions?”) work as understanding‐checks in the language classroom. Based on 28 hours of interaction in an English as a second language classroom, this conversation analytic study shows how such questions are oriented to by the participants in two major sequential environments and, in particular, how they are not always produced and treated as inviting questions. Findings of this study provide an empirical basis for enhancing the efficacy of pedagogical interaction.
English Language Learners' Access to and Attainment in Postsecondary Education
Authors: Kanno Yasuko , Cromley Jennifer G.
Published: August 2012

Although English language learners (ELLs) are currently the fastest‐growing group among the school‐age population in the United States, there is surprisingly little information on their participation in postsecondary education. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88), a nationally representative sample of eighth graders who were followed for 12 years, we present one of the first national‐level examinations of ELLs' access to and degree of attainment in postsecondary education. Our analyses show that ELLs lag far behind both English‐proficient linguistic minority students and monolingual English‐speaking students in college access and attainment. Only one in eight ELLs in the NELS:88 study earned a bachelor's degree, whereas one in four English‐proficient linguistic minority students and one in three monolingual English speakers did. In addition, one in five ELLs was a high school dropout. Subsequent probit regressions reveal that a host of nonlinguistic factors, rather than the ELLs' linguistic background per se, contributed to ELLs' limited postsecondary education access and attainment.
Recent advances in cancer stem cell research for cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Kokuryo Toshio , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Nagino Masato
Published: August 2012

Cancer stem cells have been identified as cells with the capacity to self‐renew and differentiate into multiple lineages of human malignancies. Cholangiocarcinoma is one of the most difficult intra‐abdominal malignancies that can be treated using a surgical approach. Chemotherapy in addition to surgery is necessary to improve patient survival. However, its clinical benefit is limited, and, to date, no other effective anticancer drug is available for this disease. Several reports have shown the existence of cholangiocarcinoma stem cells. Cell surface antigens such as CD133, CD24, EpCAM, CD44, and others have been used to isolate cholangiocarcinoma stem cells. In general, enhanced expression of these markers in resected specimens of cholangiocarcinoma was associated with malignant potential. Distinct and specific pathways are expected to be present in cancer stem cells compared to other cancer cells that have no stem cell properties. To date, reports showing possible signaling pathways in cholangiocarcinoma stem cells are limited. More research is anticipated. Targeting therapies for surface molecular markers or specific signaling pathways of cholangiocarcinoma stem cells may be important in order to change the clinical outcome of patients with this disease. However, no clinical trial has been performed so far. This review will focus on the markers and signaling pathways used to define cholangiocarcinoma stem cells. A novel therapeutic approach of targeting cholangiocarcinoma stem cells will also be discussed.
Water Turnover and Core Temperature on Mount Rainier
Authors: Hailes Walter S. , Cuddy John S. , Slivka Dustin S. , Hansen Kent , Ruby Brent C.
Published: August 2012

Objective

Hydration is an important logistical consideration for persons performing in austere environments because water demands must be balanced with the burden of carrying water.

Methods

Seven novice climbers participated in a study to determine the hydration kinetics and core temperatures associated with a successful summit of Mount Rainier. Ingestible radio-equipped thermometer capsules were swallowed to monitor core temperature, and an oral dose of deuterium (0.12 ± 0.02 g · kg−1 body weight) was administered to determine hydration kinetics.

Results

Mean core temperature throughout the 5.5-hour climb to Camp Muir (3000 m) was 37.6 ± 0.3°C. Water turnover was 95.0 ± 17.5 mL · kg−1 · 24 h−1 over the duration of the 43-hour study. There was a trend for reduced body mass from before (75.9 ± 13.0 kg) to after (74.8 ± 12.5 kg) the climb ( P = .06), and urine specific gravity increased from before (1.013 ± 0.002) to after (1.022 ± 0.006) the climb ( P = .004).

Conclusions

Hydration demands of climbing Mount Rainier are highly elevated despite modest fluctuations in core temperature. Participants experienced hypohydration but were able to maintain sufficient hydration to successfully summit Mount Rainier and return home safely.
The Epidemiology of Caving Injuries in the United States
Authors: Stella-Watts Alejandro C. , Holstege Christopher P. , Lee Jae K. , Charlton Nathan P.
Published: August 2012

Objective

Caving is a demanding sport practiced throughout the world. Currently, there are no collective data analyzing injury mechanism or type in these austere environments. This study is a retrospective analysis of caving incidents documented by the National Speleological Society (NSS)—American Caving Accidents (ACA) annual publication.

Methods

This study retrospectively analyzes 877 incident reports collected between 1980 and 2008 by NSS-ACA. For each victim, the month, year, location, age, gender, incident type, injury zone of the body, injury type, the result of the incident, and time intervals for rescue were extracted.

Results

A total of 1356 victims were identified; 83% of victims were male, 17% were female. Ages ranged from 2 to 69 years old, with an average of 27 years. The greatest number of events occurred in summer months, peaking in July. The most common incident leading to traumatic injury was a caver fall (74%), also contributing to 30% of caver fatalities. Lower extremities were most commonly injured (29%), followed by the upper extremities and head (21% and 15%, respectively). Fractures comprised 41% of injuries, followed by lacerations (13%), bruise, hematoma, and abrasions (12%), and sprains and strains (7%).

Conclusions

The majority of injuries were not life threatening; however, over the course of 28 years there were 81 documented fatalities. Similar to other studies of wilderness injuries, fractures, soft tissue injuries, and lacerations were prominent in this study. In general, the overall precipitating event leading to injuries is falling, leading to orthopedic trauma. To better prepare cave rescue teams we have attempted to describe the characteristics of caving injuries in the United States.
Julia sets converging to filled quadratic Julia sets
Authors: KOZMA ROBERT T. , DEVANEY ROBERT L.
Published: August 2012

In this paper we consider singular perturbations of the quadratic polynomial $F(z) = z^2 + c$ where $c$ is the center of a hyperbolic component of the Mandelbrot set, i.e., rational maps of the form $z^2 + c + \lambda /z^2$. We show that, as $\lambda \rightarrow 0$, the Julia sets of these maps converge in the Hausdorff topology to the filled Julia set of the quadratic map $z^2 + c$. When $c$ lies in a hyperbolic component of the Mandelbrot set but not at its center, the situation is much simpler and the Julia sets do not converge to the filled Julia set of $z^2 + c$.
Maurice Delafosse
Authors: Labouret Henri
Published: August 2012

Notre Institut venait à peine de naître qu'il était douloureusement éprouvé par la mort d'un de ses directeurs: Maurice Delafosse, gouverneur honoraire des Colonies, Professeur à l'École Coloniale et à l'École des Langues Orientales Vivantes de Paris.
To the Members of the Institute
Authors: Lugard
Published: August 2012

In a communication which I addressed to the members of the Institute last October I informed them that the Bureau had decided that despite the difficulties created by the outbreak of war it was the duty of the Institute to continue as far as possible to promote the study of Africa and its peoples as long as such work could be maintained in accordance with the international character of the Institute. In particular it was felt that the publication of the Journal should be continued. Recent events have greatly altered the situation. Apart from such technical difficulties as shortage of paper, it is clearly impossible now to maintain a sufficient measure of international collaboration for the Journal. It was hoped also that the Institute could continue its series of publications during the war; but, while one book has already been published and it is hoped to complete the publication of others which have already reached an advanced stage, it would be impossible in present conditions to consider any new publications. In these circumstances it has been decided by the British members of the Bureau that the Institute should suspend its activities for the rest of the war. I deeply regret that this course should be unavoidable, and I look forward to the Institute resuming its work, as soon as possible after the war is over, in accordance with the scheme adopted in principle by the Executive Council in June 1939.
Information Service
Authors: Vischer Hanns
Published: August 2012

The information given here is intended to keep members acquainted with opportunities that actually exist for studying African languages at schools and universities in the various countries. Details of courses and the conditions under which they can be attended can be obtained by members from the offices of the Institute.
Ida Caroline Ward
Authors: Forde Daryll
Published: August 2012

We have, with the deepest regret, to record the death on 10 October 1949 of Professor Ida Ward after a short but severe illness. Most members of the Institute have long been aware of the great services she has rendered to it in the field of linguistic studies. Not only has she made an outstanding academic contribution, of which Professor Diedrich Westermann writes below; she also worked tirelessly for the fuller appreciation in every quarter of the importance of linguistic studies and the development of vernacular literature for research, education, and social development in Africa. Her lively, shrewd, patient and, above all, kindly personality attracted the interest and co-operation of all concerned, either scientifically or practically, with African languages. Scholars, administrators, and teachers of every country warmed to the quiet determination, measured enthusiasm, and great fairmindedness with which she would present or discuss new developments and opportunities. As Chairman of the Institute's Linguistic Advisory Committee and a member, since 1947, of its Executive Council, Professor Ida Ward gave us invaluable service. All who met and worked with her in committees and conferences in Europe and America, and especially in Africa itself, know well that she embodied in a quite exceptional way our aspirations and scientific standards in the linguistic field, and was for us an ambassador of great value. Her trim, frail presence radiated goodness and common sense as well as high originality of mind. Although she had retired a year previously from her University Chair she was contributing as actively as before to the Institute's work. In his address at a memorial service held in London on 15 October, Professor Turner, Director of the School of Oriental and African Studies, with which she had been so long associated, expressed feelings which we in the Institute fully share, recalling Professor Ward as a great and good woman. Her name is already established in the roll of great women who have done much for Africa.
To the Members of the Institute
Authors: Vischer Hanns
Published: August 2012

With the death of Monsieur René Hentsch at Geneva the Institute has lost a great friend, whose understanding and generous assistance were of the greatest help in the days when the plans for our Institute were laid and the first steps were taken which led to its foundation as an international body in 1926.

We are glad to announce two more additions to the membership of our Interim Committee: Dr. W. Huender of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and Monsieur J. Soustelle, who is replacing General Sicé during his absence abroad.

Members will be glad to hear that, following on recent events, we have again been able to get into touch with the Institut Français de l'Afrique Noire at Dakar and our member, Professor Monod, its Director.

Since our last issue, another of the books embodying the results of studies in the field by our Fellows has been published. It is The Realm of a Rain Queen, A Study of the Pattern of Lovedu Society, by Dr. and Mrs. J. D. Krige. We hope to publish a review of this book in October.

On going to press, 58 entries have been received for the Prize Essay Competition. The latest date for sending off manuscripts was 1 April 1943, but, in order to allow for delays in the post, manuscripts will be accepted up to the end of June.
Diedrich Westermann
Authors: Forde Daryll
Published: August 2012

Professor Diedrich Westermann, whose international reputation in the field of African studies needs no emphasis here, was intimately associated with the foundation and early development of our Institute. As a former missionary in Togoland and as Director of the Seminar für Orientalische Sprachen in the University of Berlin, he attended the Conference at High Leigh in 1924 when the proposal to found an International Institute for the study of African languages and cultures was first formulated. He served on the provisional committee which gave effect to this proposal and, at the first general meeting of the Institute in 1926, he and Professor Delafosse1 were appointed Directors of the Institute to serve with Harms Vischer as Secretary General and Lord Lugard as Chairman.
Maternal dietary glycaemic load during pregnancy and gestational weight gain, birth weight and postpartum weight retention: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Knudsen Vibeke K. , Heitmann Berit L. , Halldorsson Thorhallur I. , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Olsen Sjurdur F.
Published: August 2012

Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load (GL) have been related to obesity and other health outcomes. The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between maternal dietary GL and gestational weight gain, birth weight, the risk of giving birth to a child large-for-gestational age (LGA) or small-for-gestational age and postpartum weight retention (PPWR). Data were derived from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996–2002), including data on gestational and lifestyle factors in pregnancy and 18 months postpartum. Dietary data were collected using a validated FFQ. Information on birth outcome was obtained through registers. A total of 47 003 women were included. The associations between the GL and birth outcome, gestational weight gain, assessed between weeks 12 and 30 of gestation, and PPWR were analysed by linear and logistic regression. Birth weight increased by 36 g from the lowest to highest GL quintile (95 % CI 19, 53 g), and an increased risk of LGA of 14 % was detected in the highest GL quintile compared with the lowest GL quintile. Among normal-weight and overweight women, higher gestational weight gain rates were detected in the highest GL quintile (26 g/week (95 % CI 19, 34) and 30 g/week (95 % CI 13, 46), respectively). The association between the GL and PPWR was most pronounced among pre-pregnant obese women, with an increase in weight retention of 1·3 (95 % CI 0·2, 2·8) kg from the lowest to highest GL quintile. The GL may play a role for excessive gestational weight gain and PPWR, which may be more pronounced among overweight and obese women.
The transnasal flexible laryngoesophagoscope as an adjunct during surgical correction of choanal atresia
Authors: Fitzgerald O'Connor E J , Phillips J S
Published: August 2012

Introduction:

We report the first published description of transoral use of the transnasal flexible laryngoesophagoscope during surgical correction of choanal atresia.

Case report:

A four-month-old boy was referred to the ear, nose and throat department by his general practitioner with a two-week history of left-sided, watery, green, nasal discharge. A diagnosis of choanal atresia was made. The child underwent successful surgical correction which incorporated transoral use of a transnasal flexible laryngoesophagoscope.

Discussion:

When used transorally, the transnasal flexible laryngoesophagoscope's ability to provide omnidirectional visualisation together with high definition picture clarity significantly improves the operative field of view. This endoscope's incorporated suction and insufflation functions and its facility to pass extra instruments via the endoscope port are of particular advantage for this type of procedure.