bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blocking triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Authors: Liu Tian , Zhou Yong , Li Ping , Duan Jia-Xi , Liu Yong-Ping , Sun Guo-Ying , Wan Li , Dong Liang , Fang Xiang , Jiang Jian-Xin , Guan Cha-Xiang
Published: December 2016

Acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with high mortality and uncontrolled inflammation plays a critical role in ALI. TREM-1 is an amplifier of inflammatory response, and is involved in the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. NLRP3 inflammasome is a member of NLRs family that contributes to ALI. However, the effect of TREM-1 on NLRP3 inflammasome and ALI is still unknown. This study aimed to determine the effect of TREM-1 modulation on LPS-induced ALI and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We showed that LR12, a TREM-1 antagonist peptide, significantly improved survival of mice after lethal doses of LPS. LR12 also attenuated inflammation and lung tissue damage by reducing histopathologic changes, infiltration of the macrophage and neutrophil into the lung, and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, and oxidative stress. LR12 decreased expression of the NLRP3, pro-caspase-1 and pro-IL-1β, and inhibited priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting NF-κB. LR12 also reduced the expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1 p10 protein, and secretion of the IL-1β, inhibited activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by decreasing ROS. For the first time, these data show that TREM-1 aggravates inflammation in ALI by activating NLRP3 inflammasome, and blocking TREM-1 may be a potential therapeutic approach for ALI.
Fabrication of Sesame Sticks-like Silver Nanoparticles/Polystyrene Hybridnanotubes and Their Catalytic Effects
Authors: Peng Fang , Wang Qi , Shi Rongjia , Wang Zeyi , You Xin , Liu Yuhong , Wang Fenghe , Gao Jay , Mao Chun
Published: December 2016

A novel and efficient catalyst is one of the goals in the material field, and the involvement of nanoscience and technology has brought new vigor to the development of catalyst. This research aimed to develop a simple two-step route to fabricate Fe3O4@PS/PDA-Ag hybridnanotubes with size-controllable and highly dispersed silver nanoparticles (NPs). First, Fe3O4@PS nanotubes of a sound mechanical property were prepared using polystyrene (PS)/toluene solution containing highly dispersed oleic acid modified Fe3O4 particles in a commercial AAO template. Next, the facile technique was used to form in situ silver NPs on the surface of magnetic PS (Fe3O4@PS) nanotubes through dopamine coating. The catalytic effects of the prepared Fe3O4@PS/PDA-Ag hybridnanotubes with highly dispersed AgNPs were characterized using a range of analytical methods, including transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. It was found that such prepared Fe3O4@PS/PDA-Ag hybridnanotubes had a large specific surface area. They possessed excellent activities in catalyzing the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by NaBH4 in the aqueous phase. Furthermore, they were readily separated from fluid and retrieved by an external magnet. Their catalyst activity and recyclability demonstrated that this approach we proposed had the potential to become a new idea and route for catalytic platform.
Angiotensin II increases glomerular permeability by β-arrestin mediated nephrin endocytosis
Authors: Königshausen Eva , Zierhut Ulf M. , Ruetze Martin , Potthoff Sebastian A. , Stegbauer Johannes , Woznowski Magdalena , Quack Ivo , Rump Lars C. , Sellin Lorenz
Published: December 2016

Glomerular permeability and subsequent albuminuria are early clinical markers for glomerular injury in hypertensive nephropathy. Albuminuria predicts mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. AT1 receptor blockers protect from albuminuria, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A blood pressure independent, molecular mechanism for angiotensin II (Ang II) dependent albuminuria has long been postulated. Albuminuria results from a defective glomerular filter. Nephrin is a major structural component of the glomerular slit diaphragm and its endocytosis is mediated by β-arrestin2. Ang II stimulation increases nephrin-β-arrestin2 binding, nephrin endocytosis and glomerular permeability in mice. This Ang II effect is mediated by AT1-receptors. AT1-receptor mutants identified G-protein signaling to be essential for this Ang II effect. Gαq knockdown and phospholipase C inhibition block Ang II mediated enhanced nephrin endocytosis. Nephrin Y1217 is the critical residue controlling nephrin binding to β-arrestin under Ang II stimulation. Nephrin Y1217 also mediates cytoskeletal anchoring to actin via nck2. Ang II stimulation decreases nephrin nck2 binding. We conclude that Ang II weakens the structural integrity of the slit diaphragm by increased nephrin endocytosis and decreased nephrin binding to nck2, which leads to increased glomerular permeability. This novel molecular mechanism of Ang II supports the use of AT1-receptor blockers to prevent albuminuria even in normotensives.
Mechanical unfolding kinetics of the SRV-1 gag-pro mRNA pseudoknot: possible implications for −1 ribosomal frameshifting stimulation
Authors: Zhong Zhensheng , Yang Lixia , Zhang Haiping , Shi Jiahao , Vandana J. Jeya , Lam Do Thuy Uyen Ha , Olsthoorn René C. L. , Lu Lanyuan , Chen Gang
Published: December 2016

Minus-one ribosomal frameshifting is a translational recoding mechanism widely utilized by many RNA viruses to generate accurate ratios of structural and catalytic proteins. An RNA pseudoknot structure located in the overlapping region of the gag and pro genes of Simian Retrovirus type 1 (SRV-1) stimulates frameshifting. However, the experimental characterization of SRV-1 pseudoknot (un)folding dynamics and the effect of the base triple formation is lacking. Here, we report the results of our single-molecule nanomanipulation using optical tweezers and theoretical simulation by steered molecular dynamics. Our results directly reveal that the energetic coupling between loop 2 and stem 1 via minor-groove base triple formation enhances the mechanical stability. The terminal base pair in stem 1 (directly in contact with a translating ribosome at the slippery site) also affects the mechanical stability of the pseudoknot. The −1 frameshifting efficiency is positively correlated with the cooperative one-step unfolding force and inversely correlated with the one-step mechanical unfolding rate at zero force. A significantly improved correlation was observed between −1 frameshifting efficiency and unfolding rate at forces of 15–35 pN, consistent with the fact that the ribosome is a force-generating molecular motor with helicase activity. No correlation was observed between thermal stability and −1 frameshifting efficiency.
Earliest known unequivocal rhinocerotoid sheds new light on the origin of Giant Rhinos and phylogeny of early rhinocerotoids
Authors: Wang Haibing , Bai Bin , Meng Jin , Wang Yuanqing
Published: December 2016

Forstercooperiines are a group of primitive rhinocerotoids with a relatively large body size in the Eocene, and normally considered to be closely related to Giant Rhinos. Here we report a new forstercooperiine, Pappaceras meiomenus sp. nov., from the late Early Eocene Arshanto Formation, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Pappaceras is the earliest known unequivocal rhinocerotoid, and the holotype of the new species, represented by the most complete cranium of forstercooperiines known to date, shows the earliest evidence of reduction of the first upper premolar in rhinocerotoids, and resembles paraceratheriine Juxia in basicranial features, supporting the interpretation that the forstercooperiine clade is ancestral to paraceratheriines. The new species also displays some similarities with amynodontids in craniodental structures. Phylogenetic analysis identifies P. meiomenus as a basal taxon of the monophyletic forstercooperiines. It also reveals
novel phylogenetic relationships of early rhinocerotoids that indicates Uintaceras is the sister group of paraceratheriids, to which amynodontids are more closely related than to any other group of rhinocerotoids. Furthermore, the eggysodontid clade is excluded from hyracodontids and placed as the sister group of rhinocerotids. Hyracodontidae, excluding paraceratheriids and eggysodontids, is placed as the most basal group of the rhinocerotoids.
Generation of flower high-order Poincaré sphere laser beams from a spatial light modulator
Authors: Lu T. H. , Huang T. D. , Wang J. G. , Wang L. W. , Alfano R. R.
Published: December 2016

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new complex laser beam with inhomogeneous polarization distributions mapping onto high-order Poincaré spheres (HOPSs). The complex laser mode is achieved by superposition of Laguerre-Gaussian modes and manifests exotic flower-like localization on intensity and phase profiles. A simple optical system is used to generate a polarization-variant distribution on the complex laser mode by superposition of orthogonal circular polarizations with opposite topological charges. Numerical analyses of the polarization distribution are consistent with the experimental results. The novel flower HOPS beams can act as a new light source for photonic applications.
The pan-cancer pathological regulatory landscape
Authors: Falco Matias M. , Bleda Marta , Carbonell-Caballero José , Dopazo Joaquín
Published: December 2016

Dysregulation of the normal gene expression program is the cause of a broad range of diseases, including cancer. Detecting the specific perturbed regulators that have an effect on the generation and the development of the disease is crucial for understanding the disease mechanism and for taking decisions on efficient preventive and curative therapies. Moreover, detecting such perturbations at the patient level is even more important from the perspective of personalized medicine. We applied the Transcription Factor Target Enrichment Analysis, a method that detects the activity of transcription factors based on the quantification of the collective transcriptional activation of their targets, to a large collection of 5607 cancer samples covering eleven cancer types. We produced for the first time a comprehensive catalogue of altered transcription factor activities in cancer, a considerable number of them significantly associated to patient’s survival. Moreover, we described several interesting TFs whose activity do not change substantially in the cancer with respect to the normal tissue but ultimately play an important role in patient prognostic determination, which suggest they might be promising therapeutic targets. An additional advantage of this method is that it allows obtaining personalized TF activity estimations for individual patients.
Multi-InDel Analysis for Ancestry Inference of Sub-Populations in China
Authors: Sun Kuan , Ye Yi , Luo Tao , Hou Yiping
Published: December 2016

Ancestry inference is of great interest in diverse areas of scientific researches, including the forensic biology, medical genetics and anthropology. Various methods have been published for distinguishing populations. However, few reports refer to sub-populations (like ethnic groups) within Asian populations for the limitation of markers. Several InDel loci located very tightly in physical positions were treated as one marker by us, which is multi-InDel. The multi-InDel shows potential as Ancestry Inference Marker (AIM). In this study, we performed a genome-wide scan for multi-InDels as AIM. After examining the FST distributions in the 1000 Genomes Database, 12 candidates were selected and validated for eastern Asian populations. A multiplexed assay was developed as a panel to genotype 12 multi-InDel markers simultaneously. Ancestry component analysis with STRUCTURE and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to estimate its capability for ancestry inference. Furthermore, ancestry assignments of trial individuals were conducted. It proved to be very effective when 210 samples from Han and Tibetan individuals in China were tested. The panel consisting of multi-InDel markers exhibited considerable potency in ancestry inference, and was suggested to be applied in forensic practices and genetic population studies.
NIR imaging-guided combined photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy by a pH-responsive amphiphilic polypeptide prodrug
Authors: Ruan Zheng , Liu Le , Jiang Wei , Li Shuya , Wang Yucai , Yan Lifeng
Published: December 2016

Polypeptide micelles conjugated with DOX and a NIR photosensitizer can be used as imaging-guided PDT agents for cancer theranostics.
Beyond chemotherapeutics: cisplatin as a temporary buckle to fabricate drug-loaded nanogels
Authors: Zhang Weiqi , Zhang Zhe , Tung Ching-Hsuan
Published: December 2016

A cisplatin templated nanogel with targeting capability was synthesized, inspired by cisplatin as a chemotherapeutic drug.
Cu(ii)-catalyzed sulfide construction: both aryl groups utilization of intermolecular and intramolecular diaryliodonium salt
Authors: Wang Ming , Wei Jianpeng , Fan Qiaoling , Jiang Xuefeng
Published: December 2016

A sulfur–iodine exchange strategy was developed that utilized both aryl groups of diaryliodonium salt employed in intermolecular and intramolecular reactions.
Copper/B2pin2-catalyzed C–H difluoroacetylation–cycloamidation of anilines leading to the formation of 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindoles
Authors: Ke Miaolin , Song Qiuling
Published: December 2016

An original and efficient synthesis of 3,3-difluoro-2-oxindole derivatives has been developed via copper/B2pin2-catalyzed difluoroacetylation of aniline via C–H activation followed by intramolecular amidation.
Heparin acts as a structural component of β-endorphin amyloid fibrils rather than a simple aggregation promoter
Authors: Nespovitaya N. , Mahou P. , Laine R. F. , Schierle G. S. Kaminski , Kaminski C. F.
Published: December 2016

Super-resolution microscopy gives molecular level insights into the heparin-promoted aggregation of β-endorphin amyloid fibrils.
Remarkable enhancement of Fenton degradation at a wide pH range promoted by thioglycolic acid
Authors: Subramanian Gokulakrishnan , Madras Giridhar
Published: December 2016

Thioglycolic acid efficiently recycles Fe(ii) and significantly enhances the Fenton degradation of organic and microbial pollutants at a broad pH range.
Comment on “trans-1,2-Disiloxybenzocyclobutene, an adequate partner for the auto-oxidation: EPR/spin trapping and theoretical studies” by J. Drujon et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, 16, 7513
Authors: Korth Hans-Gert , Mulder Peter , Paul Thomas
Published: December 2016

The involvement of biradical intermediates/biradicaloid transition states in the benzocyclobutene ring opening step needs to be considered as well.
Introducing a closed system approach for the investigation of chemical steps involving proton and electron transfer; as illustrated by a copper-based water oxidation catalyst
Authors: de Ruiter Jessica M. , Buda Francesco
Published: December 2016

We present an ab initio molecular dynamics approach to characterize proton-coupled electron transfer catalytic steps and identify the preferred reaction mechanism.
Kinetic analysis of non-isothermal solid-state reactions: multi-stage modeling without assumptions in the reaction mechanism
Authors: Pomerantsev Alexey L. , Kutsenova Alla V. , Rodionova Oxana Ye.
Published: December 2016

A novel non-linear regression method for modeling non-isothermal thermogravimetric data is proposed.
Computational design of cyclic peptides for the customized oriented immobilization of globular proteins
Authors: Soler Miguel A. , Rodriguez Alex , Russo Anna , Adedeji Abimbola Feyisara , Dongmo Foumthuim Cedrix J. , Cantarutti Cristina , Ambrosetti Elena , Casalis Loredana , Corazza Alessandra , Scoles Giacinto , Marasco Daniela , Laio Alessandro , Fortuna Sara
Published: December 2016

We generate probes for the customized oriented immobilization of proteins by computational design.
Nanostructure, hydrogen bonding and rheology in choline chloride deep eutectic solvents as a function of the hydrogen bond donor
Authors: Stefanovic Ryan , Ludwig Michael , Webber Grant B. , Atkin Rob , Page Alister J.
Published: December 2016

Ab initio MD and experiments are combined to reveal how the nanostructures in choline chloride deep eutectic solvents, and hence their properties, are modulated by the hydrogen bond donor structure.
Molecular qubits based on potentially nuclear-spin-free nickel ions
Authors: Bader K. , Schlindwein S. H. , Gudat D. , van Slageren J.
Published: December 2016

Molecular quantum bits based on potentially nuclear-spin-free nickel display coherence times of up to 40 microseconds.
Heteroleptic, two-coordinate [M(NHC){N(SiMe3)2}] (M = Co, Fe) complexes: synthesis, reactivity and magnetism rationalized by an unexpected metal oxidation state
Authors: Danopoulos Andreas A. , Braunstein Pierre , Monakhov Kirill Yu. , van Leusen Jan , Kögerler Paul , Clémancey Martin , Latour Jean-Marc , Benayad Anass , Tromp Moniek , Rezabal Elixabete , Frison Gilles
Published: December 2016

Magnetism, XPS and XANES data of the title complexes imply MIIcentres coupled to one ligand-delocalized electron.
Second-generation hexavalent molybdenum oxo-amidinate precursors for atomic layer deposition
Authors: Jurca T. , Peters A. W. , Mouat A. R. , Farha O. K. , Hupp J. T. , Lohr T. L. , Delferro M. , Marks T. J.
Published: December 2016

The synthesis and characterization of molybdenum oxo-amidinate ALD precursors MoO2(R2AMD)2[AMD =N,N′-di-R-acetamidinate; R = Cy (2; cyclohexyl) andiPr (3)] is reported.
Efficient synthesis of carborane azo derivatives and their reactivity
Authors: Gao Yang , Lin Yue-Jian , Han Ying-Feng , Jin Guo-Xin
Published: December 2016

An iridium(iii)-catalyzed C–N-bond-forming direct synthesis of carborane azo derivatives was developed.
Synthesis and characterisation of ruthenium–nitrosyl complexes in oxygen-rich ligand environments
Authors: Krishnan V. Mahesh , Arman Hadi D. , Tonzetich Zachary J.
Published: December 2016

A new class of ruthenium–nitrosyl complexes in oxygen-rich ligand environments has been prepared and its redox chemistry examined.
The effect of colloidal aggregates on fat crystal networks
Authors: Chauhan Raamanand R. , Dullens Roel P. A. , Velikov Krassimir P. , Aarts Dirk G. A. L.
Published: December 2016

An investigation into the role of fractal fumed silica aggregates in the crystallization and network formation of fat crystals.
Selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid over MnOx–CeO2 composite catalysts
Authors: Han Xuewang , Li Chaoqun , Liu Xiaohui , Xia Qineng , Wang Yanqin
Published: December 2016

Non-noble metal catalysts, MnOx–CeO2 mixed oxides, were prepared by a co-precipitation method and used in the direct aerobic oxidation of HMF to FDCA, showing excellent catalystic activity and stability.
Integration of perovskite and polymer photoactive layers to produce ultrafast response, ultraviolet-to-near-infrared, sensitive photodetectors
Authors: Shen Liang , Lin Yuze , Bao Chunxiong , Bai Yang , Deng Yehao , Wang Mengmeng , Li Tao , Lu Yongfeng , Gruverman Alexei , Li Weiwei , Huang Jinsong
Published: December 2016

An organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite/organic bulk-heterojunction hybrid photodetector with a response time of 5 ns to NIR was produced.
Why does F-doping enhance the photocatalytic water-splitting performance of mBiVO4? – a density functional theory study
Authors: Wen Lili , Ding Kaining , Huang Shuping , Zhang Yongfan , Li Yi , Chen Wenkai
Published: December 2016

F-Doping can be a promising strategy to modify the photocatalytic performance of mBiVO4for hydrogen and oxygen evolution from water.
Isolation of a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) state of a tris 1,4-diimine complex of iron in the solid state: X-ray crystal structure and EPR
Authors: Shee Nirmal K. , Drew Michael G. B. , Datta Dipankar
Published: December 2016

Using 5,6-dihydro-5,6-epoxy-1,10-phenanthroline as the ligand L, the X-ray crystal structure of [FeL3](ClO4)2·2H2O is determined.
A cavity extended water-soluble resorcin[4]arene: synthesis, pH-controlled complexation with paraquat, and application in controllable self-assembly
Authors: Zhou Yujuan , Jie Kecheng , Yao Yong
Published: December 2016

A novel pH-responsive molecular recognition motif was built between an anionic carboxylate group modified resorcin[4]arene and paraquat in water. We then employed it to fabricate a supra-amphiphile for controllable self-assembly.
1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane nickel(ii) O,O′-dialkyldithiophosphates as potential precursors for nickel sulfides
Authors: Yadav Reena , Singh Ashish Kumar , Waghadkar Yogesh , Kociok-Köhn Gabriele , Kumar Abhinav , Chauhan Ratna , Rane Sunit , Gosavi Suresh
Published: December 2016

Three new dppe nickel(ii) dithiophosphates with different counteranions synthesized and decomposed to obtain Ni–S systems with same phase independent of the nature of counteranions and alkyl fragments.
Conformational change in the association of a heterocyclic urea derivative forming two intramolecular hydrogen bonds in polar solvent
Authors: Kwiatkowski Adam , Grela Izabela , Ośmiałowski Borys
Published: December 2016

Competition of two urea moieties for the same counterpart including change of conformation upon binding in polar solvent.
Novel low temperature (<37 °C) chitosan hydrogel fabrication under the synergistic effect of graphene oxide
Authors: Dai Zhenqing , Lu Qiongfang , Quan Qinguo , Mo Rijian , Zhou Chunxia , Hong Pengzhi , Li Chengyong
Published: December 2016

A low temperature chitosan hydrogel was fabricated under the synergistic effect of graphene oxide, and may be applied in hydrogel medical coatings.
Amphiphilic and double hydrophilic block copolymers containing a polydehydroalanine block
Authors: Billing Mark , Festag Grit , Bellstedt Peter , Schacher Felix H.
Published: December 2016

We present the synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic and double hydrophilic block copolymers containing a polydehydroalanine (PDha) block.
Room temperature decarboxylative cyanation of carboxylic acids using photoredox catalysis and cyanobenziodoxolones: a divergent mechanism compared to alkynylation
Authors: Le Vaillant Franck , Wodrich Matthew D. , Waser Jérôme
Published: December 2016

Conversion of carboxylic acids to nitriles using photoredox catalysis and benziodoxolone reagents: divergent mechanism when compared to alkynylation!
Seeing Speech Production Through the Window of Complex Interactions: Introduction to the Supplement of Select Papers From the 10th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP) in Cologne
Authors: Fuchs Susanne , Lancia Leonardo
Published: December 2016

Purpose

As the famous linguist and anthropologist C. Hockett noted about 30 years ago, “What one sees of language, as of anything, depends on the angle of view, and different explorers approach from different directions. Unfortunately, sometimes they become so enamored of their particular approach that they incline to scoff at any other, so that instead of everybody being the richer for the variety, everybody loses. … It is obviously impossible to see all of anything from a single vantage point. So it is never inappropriate to seek new perspectives” (Hockett, 1987, p. 1). This supplement takes such a broad perspective and contains a selection of peer-reviewed papers seeing speech production through the window of complex interactions between physical, linguistic, social, and communicative factors. Papers were presented at the 10th International Seminar on Speech Production in Cologne. We hope to encourage the reader to continue working in this exciting direction.
Modelling and analysis of PPF in PMSM
Authors: Hang Jun , Zhang Jianzhong , Ding Shichuan , Cheng Ming
Published: December 2016

This study presents an analytical model for a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with phase‐to‐phase fault (PPF). On the basis of the derived model, the expressions of zero sequence voltage components are obtained and analysed. The analytical model is applied to study the PMSM behaviours in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The experiment platform is established to validate the derived model. The experimental results are close to the simulation results, indicating the effectiveness of the analytical model. Hence, the obtained model maybe well used for condition monitoring and PPF diagnosis of the PMSM.
Signal processing for TFR of synchro‐phasor data
Authors: Negi Sanjay Singh , Kishor Nand , Kumar Avinash , Uhlen Kjetil
Published: December 2016

With increased number of phasor measurement units (PMUs) deployment in the power system, there is growing interest in real‐time event detection. The study in this paper presents post‐processing approach to map the event occurrence for large sets of synchro‐phasor data available from different regions/buses in the power network. The time–frequency representation (TFR) is applied to analyse the transients that contain rapid variations in amplitude or phase during the event occurrence against post‐event conditions. This is based on reassigned smoothed‐pseudo‐Wigner–Ville distribution. The capability to correctly localise TF regions, where signals are locally coupled, is assessed on synthetic signal and PMUs signals. Important information such as time marginals is estimated to determine any event present in the analysed signal segment. Furthermore, the event localisation is enhanced applying Hough transform on TFR with calculation of group delay and reassignment vector. The developed procedure gives reasonable results for highlighting the distinct representation of events in study. The proposed approach can be easily implemented in real‐time monitoring for event detection in the power system.
Adaptive distance protection scheme with quadrilateral characteristic for extremely high‐voltage/ultra‐high‐voltage transmission line
Authors: Ma Jing , Xiang Xiaoqiang , Li Pei , Deng Zhuojun , Thorp James S.
Published: December 2016

Traditional distance protection may mal‐operate or refuse to operate in the case of non‐metallic faults, endangering the safety of power system. Therefore, a new adaptive distance protection scheme based on the impedance complex plane is proposed in this study. First, by utilising the phase relationship between the negative sequence current at the relaying point and the current at the fault point, the fault supplementary impedance angle caused by the fault resistance is calculated. Then, the effective fault impedance from the fault point to the relaying point is obtained by the trigonometric function relationship of the effective fault impedance, measured impedance and fault supplementary impedance on the impedance complex plane. On this basis, the criterion of the adaptive distance protection is constructed. Finally, test results on real‐time digital simulator demonstrate that the protection scheme proposed in this study is applicable to various types of faults, and has a good adaptability to different system operating conditions. Compared with traditional distance protection scheme, the proposed scheme is immune to the fault resistance, thus mal‐operation or operation‐rejection of distance protection caused by the fault resistance could be effectively avoided.
Second‐order sliding mode control for power optimisation of DFIG‐based variable speed wind turbine
Authors: Liu Xiangjie , Han Yaozhen , Wang Chengcheng
Published: December 2016

Power optimisation is quite important for the doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) in the modern renewable power generation system. However, the VSWTs are generally non‐linear and uncertain systems. This study proposes a super‐twisting second‐order sliding mode (SOSM) control scheme to maximise the wind energy capture of a DFIG‐based VSWT system, and regulate the stator reactive power to follow the grid requirements. By regulating the generator rotor voltage, the designed SOSM controller makes the wind turbine rotor speed track the optimal speed to maximise the power generation, and controls the rotor current to follow the external reference to regulate the stator reactive power. A quadratic form Lyapunov function is adopted to determine the range of controller parameters and guarantee the finite time stability. Simulation results on a 1.5 MW DFIG‐based VSWT demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Prenatal Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Cataract: In Utero Manifestations of Cryptic Disease
Authors: Ashwal Eran , Achiron Asaf , Gilboa Yinon , Berkenstadt Michal , Rosner Mordecai , Achiron Reuven
Published: December 2016

Purpose To report and review our experience with antenatal evaluation for fetuses diagnosed with congenital cataract.

Materials and Methods We retrospectively identified pregnancies diagnosed with fetal cataract during antenatal ultrasound. Evaluation of fetal eyes included intraocular anatomy and biometry. Data on fetal malformations, serology and fetal karyotype were collected.

Results 8 cases, identified over the course of 10 years, were reviewed. Week 15 was the mean time for diagnosis (range 11 – 34). Extraocular anomalies were demonstrated in 6 cases (central nervous system, cardiac and renal systems). Additional intraocular abnormalities were detected in two cases: one fetus had persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and another had bilateral retinal detachment. All cases but one involved cataracts in both eyes. The unilateral case was associated with microphthalmic aphakia. All cases had negative serology for TORCHs. 7 out of the 8 fetuses were terminated. The only one who survived developed in utero cataracts secondary to maternal steroid therapy. He underwent bilateral cataract extraction during the first weeks of life and ophthalmologic evaluation at 2 years of age was unremarkable, without any visual impairment.

Conclusion In most cases, fetal cataract was associated with additional abnormalities, both intra- and extra-ocular. In instances when cataracts are isolated, we suggest conducting a detailed and thorough in utero ophthalmic examination in order to improve antenatal parental counselling.
Marktdurchdringung von neuen Arzneimitteln
Authors: de Millas Christoph , Höer Ariane , Zimmermann Anne , Häussler Bertram
Published: December 2016

Zielsetzung Mit dem Arzneimittelmarktneuordnungsgesetz (AMNOG) wurde 2011 die frühe Nutzenbewertung in Deutschland eingeführt. Die vorliegende Analyse untersucht, ob in den ersten zwei Jahren nach Markteinführung ein Unterschied in der Marktdurchdringung für Neueinführungen vor und nach AMNOG besteht und ob die Höhe des Zusatznutzens die Marktdurchdringung beeinflusst.

Methodik Die Analyse betrachtet 65 bzw. 40 Wirkstoffe, die vor bzw. nach Einführung der frühen Nutzenbewertung in den Markt kamen (Prä- bzw. Post-AMNOG-Wirkstoffe). Markteinführung der Wirkstoffe war zwischen Januar 2005 und Dezember 2013. Die Marktdurchdringung wurde berechnet als Anteil des realen ambulanten Verbrauchs in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung gemessen in definierten Tagesdosen (DDD – „defined daily dose“) am zu erwartenden Verbrauch auf der Grundlage der Zielpopulation. Zur Operationalisierung des Zusatznutzens wurden die Beschlüsse des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses abhängig von Zusatznutzen und Ergebnissicherheit auf einer Ordinalskala bewertet.

Ergebnisse Über alle Wirkstoffe hinweg erreichten die Post- im Vergleich zu den Prä-AMNOG-Wirkstoffen im Durchschnitt eine numerisch höhere Marktdurchdringung. Der Unterschied war nicht statistisch signifikant. An zwei Anwendungsgebieten wird beispielhaft gezeigt, dass die Marktdurchdringung von den spezifischen Marktgegebenheiten abhing. Es konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ergebnis der Nutzenbewertung und der Höhe der Marktdurchdringung nachgewiesen werden.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse der Analyse geben weder einen Hinweis darauf, dass die frühe Nutzenbewertung die Anwendung neuer Arzneimittel fördert, noch dass sie diese behindert.
Die Gestaltung von Zielvereinbarungen in Chefarztverträgen unter Berücksichtigung von regulatorischen Vorgaben
Authors: Lohmann Christian
Published: December 2016

Zielsetzung Der Einsatz von Zielvereinbarungen als Grundlage der variablen Vergütung von Chefärzten wird durch die regulatorischen Bestimmungen des § 135c SGB V n. F. sowie berufsrechtliche Vorgaben erheblich eingeschränkt. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die Auswirkungen auf die Zweckmäßigkeit sowie den zukünftigen Einsatz von Zielvereinbarungen im Krankenhaus.

Methodik Die Analyse basiert auf einer empirischen Auswertung der von der Koordinierungsstelle „Zielvereinbarungen in Chefarztverträgen“ bewerteten Zulässigkeit von Zielvereinbarungen sowie auf einer konzeptionellen Auseinandersetzung mit den Problembereichen der zulässigen Zielvereinbarungen aus der Perspektive des Krankenhauses.

Ergebnisse Während leistungsbezogene Zielvereinbarungen von der Koordinierungsstelle „Zielvereinbarungen in Chefarztverträgen“ als nicht akzeptabel angesehen werden, sind andersartige Zielvereinbarungen aus der Perspektive des Krankenhauses ebenfalls als problembehaftet einzustufen.

Schlussfolgerung Aufgrund der regulatorischen Vorgaben sind die möglichen Zielvereinbarungen als zu einseitig zu beurteilen, da sie die Ziele des Krankenhauses nicht in ihrer Gesamtheit wiedergeben. Unter Beachtung der regulatorischen Vorgaben erscheint die Nutzung von Zielvorgaben als Personalführungsinstrument als nicht zweckmäßig.
Feed efficiency and enteric methane production of Nellore cattle in the feedlot and on pasture
Authors: Oliveira L. F. , Ruggieri A. C. , Branco R. H. , Cota O. L. , Canesin R. C. , Costa H. J. U. , Mercadante M. E. Z.
Published: December 2016

The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between residual feed intake (RFI) evaluated in a feedlot-performance test and on pasture, and to determine the effect of feedlot RFI classification on enteric methane (CH4) production in the feedlot and on pasture. Seventy-three animals (25 with a low RFI, 24 with a medium RFI and 24 with a high RFI) classified in a feedlot performance test were subjected to performance testing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture. Enteric CH4 was measured in a sample of these animals (n = 47, with high and low RFI) by the sulfur hexafluoride tracer-gas technique after the feedlot-performance test and during the performance test on pasture. In the feedlot-performance test, dry-matter intake (DMI) of low-RFI animals was 9.4% and 19.7% lower (P < 0.05) than that of medium- and high-RFI animals respectively. However, there was no difference in DMI and, consequently, in RFI on pasture among animals classified as low, medium and high RFI. Accordingly, there is evidence of re-ranking of animals for RFI performance tested in the feedlot after weaning and, subsequently, on pasture. During the period of enteric CH4 measurement in the feedlot and on pasture, the DMI, neutral detergent-fibre intake and gross-energy intake of low-RFI animals were lower than those of high-RFI animals, and low-RFI animals exhibited greater DM and neutral detergent fibre digestibility only in the feedlot. Enteric CH4 production did not differ between low- and high-RFI animals either in the feedlot (101 and 107 g CH4/day) or on pasture (101 and 95.9 g CH4/day). A significant difference in CH4 yield (CH4/kg DMI) was observed on pasture between animals with low and high RFI (17.6 and 13.7 g CH4/kg DMI respectively). The results did not support the hypothesis that an increase in feed efficiency, evaluated in growing animals in feedlot-performance tests, decreases enteric CH4 production (g/day) proportionally to the lower DMI.
Proton Conductivity of Graphene Oxide on Aging
Authors: Karim Mohammad Razaul , Islam Md. Saidul , Rabin Nurun Nahar , Ohtani Ryo , Nakamura Masaaki , Koinuma Michio , Hayami Shinya
Published: December 2016

The aging effect on the proton conductivity of graphene oxide (GO) is investigated. Characterizations of oxygenated functional groups and measurement of the proton conductivity have been performed using freshly prepared GO and the same sample after preserving for three years under ambient conditions. Although GO retains its layered structure, a slight deviation in its powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern and Raman spectra upon aging implies some changes in the interlayer distance and functional groups. Decomposition of epoxy groups on aging has been recognised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The proton conductivity was found to be reduced by 25 % after three years of aging.
Phylogenetic relationships and description of Bolivar, a new genus of Neotropical doryctine wasps (Hymenoptera : Braconidae)
Authors: Zaldívar-Riverón Alejandro , Rodríguez-Jiménez Andrea , Sarmiento Carlos E. , Pedraza-Lara Carlos , López-Estrada E. Karen
Published: December 2016

Metasomal elongation is a common feature in species of various parasitoid Hymenoptera, probably due to adaptive morphological convergence to similar parasitoid strategies. The braconid subfamily Doryctinae is perhaps where this feature has evolved the most times independently. Here we recognise a new Neotropical doryctine wasp genus with a petiolate first metasomal tergum, based on molecular and morphological analysis. The phylogenetic affinities of the new genus within Doryctinae and the relationships among six of its described and three potentially cryptic, undescribed species were reconstructed using sequence data from three genes, wingless, 28SrDNA and COI. The new genus is resolved in a clade together with Semirhytus Szépligeti, Johnsonius Marsh and Parallorhogas Marsh. These four genera share vein m-cu of the hind wing slightly curved distally and the propodeum with a distinct lateral and median longitudinal carina and an apical areola. The relationships recovered among the examined species suggest a South American origin for the new genus and its subsequent diversification into Central America and Mexico. Described as Bolivar, gen. nov., this new taxon comprises eight species, two species previously placed within Notiospathius Matthews & Marsh, B. ornaticornis (Cameron), comb. nov., and B. bribri (Marsh), comb. nov., and six new species (B. ecuadorensis, sp. nov., B. helmuthi, sp. nov., B. pittieri, sp. nov., B. risaraldae, sp. nov., B. teres, sp. nov. and B. tuxtlae, sp. nov.).
Dating the emergence of truffle-like fungi in Australia, by using an augmented meta-analysis
Authors: Sheedy Elizabeth M. , Ryberg Martin , Lebel Teresa , May Tom W. , Bougher Neale L. , Matheny P. Brandon
Published: December 2016

Australia supports a high diversity of sequestrate (truffle-like) macrofungi. This has long been thought to be related to the predominantly or seasonally dry climate. The present study posits that if aridity were a key factor in the evolution of sequestrate fruit-bodies, most sequestrate species would have emerged in Australia only after it began to aridify, which occurred post-separation with Antarctica (c. 32 million years ago). Focusing on the high phylogenetic diversity of sequestrate taxa in the Agaricomycetes in Australia, dates of sequestrate nodes were compiled directly from published phylogenies (four lineages) or created using sequences available on GenBank that were processed in BEAST using a secondary calibration method (nine lineages). Although the morphologically diverse Hysterangiales was found to be the first group to become sequestrate, c. 83 million years ago, overall sequestration in Australia occurred more recently. Models were created and compared and support was found for an increased rate of sequestration in Australia at some point between 34 and 13 million years ago (during the Oligocene and Miocene). Although the rate of sequestration is shown to have increased in Australia after separation from Antarctica, the timing also overlaps with the radiation of potential mycorrhizal plant associates, and the emergence of specialised mycophagous marsupials. Although aridification is evidently not the sole driver of sequestration, it is still likely to have had a major influence on the diversity of sequestrate fungi in Australia. Comparisons with other regions of high sequestrate diversity will be informative.
Multimode optomechanical system in the quantum regime
Authors: Nielsen William Hvidtfelt Padkær , Tsaturyan Yeghishe , Møller Christoffer Bo , Polzik Eugene S. , Schliesser Albert
Published: December 2016

Significance

Optomechanics is the field of research studying the interaction of light and mechanical motion of mesoscopic objects. Recently, the quantum mechanical character of this interaction has been of particular interest. So far, experimental research, especially in the quantum regime, has focused on canonical systems with only one optical and mechanical degree of freedom—or mode—, respectively. In this work, we introduce a simple and robust optomechanical system featuring many, highly coherent mechanical modes. We evidence and investigate strong quantum correlations in this system, generated by the presence of this multitude of mechanical modes. This represents a key step toward multimode quantum optomechanics, which offers richer dynamics, new quantum phenomena, and a more accurate representation of real-world mechanical sensors.
Block models and personalized PageRank
Authors: Kloumann Isabel M. , Ugander Johan , Kleinberg Jon
Published: December 2016

Significance

Methods based on PageRank have been fundamental to work on identifying communities in networks, but, to date, there has been little formal basis for the effectiveness of these methods. We establish a surprising connection between the personalized PageRank algorithm and the stochastic block model for random graphs, showing that personalized PageRank, in fact, provides the optimal geometric discriminant function for separating the communities in stochastic block models over a wide class of functions. Building on this result, we develop stronger classifiers that, although scalable, are competitive with computationally much more demanding methods such as belief propagation.
Chiral twist drives raft formation and organization in membranes composed of rod-like particles
Authors: Kang Louis , Lubensky Tom C.
Published: December 2016

Significance

Chiral objects are different from their mirror images and have properties that are physically forbidden for achiral objects. We show theoretically how one of these properties, the preference for chiral rods to adopt twisted configurations, generates an array of rafts in membranes formed by rod-like particles. Our theory can predict the composition, size, and interactions of these rafts based on measurable attributes of the rods, and its agreement with experimental data from a virus-based system supports its validity. Moreover, it proposes a mechanism for the stabilization of rafts in cell membranes, which are composed of chiral molecules. These lipid rafts are hypothesized to have important biological functions, and their manipulation may rely on a command of molecular chirality.
A Note on the 25 Most Frequent Surnames from the 2000 United States Census Bureau List
Authors: Nuessel Frank
Published: December 2016

This note uses the United States Census Bureau database of the 1,000 most frequent surnames from the US census of 2000. It discusses briefly the meaning and origin of the notion of surname. It provides a table of the 25 most frequent surnames in the US from the 2000 census data, including number of people with the surname, and its meaning. This article provides the reader with three useful onomastic research tools for surnames: (1) The US Census Bureau’s list of the 1,000 most frequently occurring surnames for 2000; (2) Patrick Hanks’ Dictionary of American Surnames; and (3) the National Geographic interactive surname list.
Skipping of the very-high-frequency structural particle de (的) in Chinese reading
Authors: Zang Chuanli , Zhang Manman , Bai Xuejun , Yan Guoli , Angele Bernhard , Liversedge Simon P
Published: December 2016

How do readers decide whether to skip or fixate a word? Angele and Rayner [2013. Processing the in the parafovea: Are articles skipped automatically? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 649–662] showed that English readers base skipping decisions on the parafoveal information available, but not the sentential context. Due to the increased visual density of the language, Chinese readers may be able to process a parafoveal word and integrate it with the sentence context to a greater extent than English readers. Consequently, influences on skipping decisions in Chinese may differ from those in English. In a boundary paradigm experiment, participants read sentences containing a single-character target verb (e.g., 取 meaning get) whose preview was manipulated in three conditions: identity preview; a preview consisting of the syntactically anomalous high-frequency structural particle de (的), or a pseudocharacter preview. The results showed that Chinese readers were more likely to skip the target when the preview was de than in either of the other conditions, suggesting that de-skipping is triggered by the parafoveal preview of a highly frequent particle word rather than on the likelihood of the upcoming word given the sentential context.
Jung’s psychoid concept: an hermeneutic understanding
Authors: Addison Ann
Published: December 2016

Jung’s psychoid concept is not one of his most widely published ideas but it is one of his most fundamental, and his thinking on the subject occupied him for most of his career. Theoretically, he grounded the concept in the history of vitalism, but his ideas also had hermeneutic origins, in his self-experimentation and active imagination, as described in The Red Book. This paper reviews such hermeneutic background, and its value for informing a clinically relevant understanding of the psychoid concept.
Generalized food deception
Authors: Johnson Steven D. , Schiestl Florian P.
Published: December 2016

The majority of rewardless plant species are not specific mimics of the flowers of other species; instead, they deploy a generalized set of floral signals to attract pollinators. These generalized food-deceptive (GFD) species have a number of unique evolutionary and ecological properties that are discussed in this chapter. The success of GFD plants needs to be understood in light of the fact that flower-visiting animals regularly encounter reward-depleted flowers during their foraging bouts. The evolutionary strategy of GFD species succeeds because the process whereby flower visitors learn to avoid deceptive species is sometimes slow and uncertain and depends on a number of factors. Most of the known GFD species are orchids, but the principles outlined in this chapter apply broadly to other deceptive plant–pollinator interactions and underline the relative ease by which plants can manipulate food-seeking insects.
Virgil’s First Patron
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: December 2016

The paper provides a full discussion of the place of Asinius Pollio in Virgil’s early work and of the connection between the poet and Maecenas. Virgil’s early work is set within the context of Triumviral Italy and of the political turmoil of the period. Much use is made, often in a heavily critical way, of the evidence provided by the late antique commentators of Virgil. The main contention of this study is that the development of Virgil’s political allegiances may be traced by a close reading of the work that he produced between the late forties and the early thirties of the first century bc.
Intentional Operators
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: December 2016

Chapter 1 provides a world-semantics for intentional propositional operators. Impossible worlds of various kinds are deployed to ensure that the operators behave in various important ways; notably they fail to be closed under entailment.
Characterization and Descriptions
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: December 2016

Chapter 4 provides a formulation of the Characterization Principle (that objects have the properties by which they are characterized), which is both completely general and does not suffer from the problems of standard formulations. A corresponding theory of descriptions is also given.