bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hospice Counsellor Facing the Grief of the Terminally Ill Child and Its Family
Authors: Godawa Grzegorz
Published: October 2015

The child’s illness, suffering and death provoke many emotions in  the family. The ill child and its family both experience grief which is an emotional reaction to the danger of losing health or life. Support offered by home hospices for children aims at overcoming the destructive influence of illness. A hospice counsellor’s task is to improve the ill child and its family’s quality of life. He is helping the family overcome grief and prepare for the child’s death. The hospice team supports the family members who experience anticipatory and later, actual mourning. Preventing pathological effects of grief is a basic challenge for people who offer help.
Las facultades para la confesión en el Código de Juan Pablo II
Authors: Saj Marek
Published: October 2015

According to the law of the Church, contained mainly in the Code of Canon Law, priests are entitled to certain rights and obligations arising from their Holy Orders. Some of them require also appropriate faculties in addition to the orders. This is the case in relation to the sacrament of penance and reconciliation. This so-called faculty is required in order to exercise this sacrament validly. The of such faculty causes the incurrence of ecclesiastical penalty of suspension latae sententiae. This text examines the norms of the Codex regarding the conferment of the faculty to administer the sacrament of penance, its use and the ecclesiastical penalties incurred for hearing confessions without such faculties.
Elements of an Educational Environments Empowering Students to Perform Reasoning on Their Career Choice
Authors: Surgėlienė Jurgita , Bankauskienė Nijolė
Published: October 2015

Despite the abundance of career education interventions and information on career opportunities, in reality, the search for information process is not necessarily performed very thoroughly, and thus persons, choosing a profession, do it in the simplest way, being unable to properly explain their decisions afterwards (Philips, Jome, 2005). It has been noticed (Wu, 2002) that students tend to identify their ideas as reasoning. Instead of proper reasoning on their decision, they tend to choose intuitively, based on their feelings. A certain environment is required in order to empower a student to perform reasoning. An environment providing students with conditions for developing the necessary skills and enabling them to implement these skills.

It is critical to discover to what are the elements of an educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice?

The aim of this work is to reveal the elements of an educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice.

Objectives:

1. To reveal the essence of the elements of an educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice.

2. To point out the elements of an educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice in general secondary school.

The main elements of the educational environment empowering students to perform reasoning on their career choice are: empowering conditions present at educational institution, engaged subjects from school community, educational technologies, orientation to students’ preparedness to perform reasoning on their career choice, peculiarities of activities are necessary, educational environment of relatives.
Links between the Factors in Selecting Pedagogical Studies and Students’ Further Professional Road
Authors: Indrašienė Valdonė , Merfeldaitė Odeta , Šimkutė Laura
Published: October 2015

Competence of the pedagogues, their individual qualities, motivation, creativity, the desire to constantly develop their skills and grow, and the ability to share the best practices are the main factors of success in education. In view of this, assistance to a young teacher is given great importance, as well as favourable conditions for a career-building. According to the Lithuanian and foreign research, major and sustainable changes in the area of education are possible only when teachers themselves are engaged in the implementation of changes (Ingersoll, Smith, 2004; Kennedy, 2008; Tatto, 2007; Review of the Lithuanian Education System, 2013). It means, that teacher’s profession requiring high level responsibility and altruism is the central axis in creating well-being of the country (Watt, 2012; Taylor, 2006). Yet, in Lithuania, as well as in the entire Europe, there is still a problem of ageing teachers, and it becomes more and more topical, since the number of young people selecting profession of a pedagogue is continuously decreasing. Thus, we have to solve a complicated task – to motivate young people to select profession of a teacher.

The Article analyses the factors in selecting pedagogical studies and their links with further selection of a profession. In pursuance of these goals, the research applied the methods of the literature and document analysis, a questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics.

Quantitative research and questionnaire survey were carried out in March-April 2014. The research involved 117 respondents from 4 Lithuanian universities. The respondents were 2nd–4th year students: social pedagogues, special pedagogues and career education pedagogues.

Pursuant to the research findings, selection of pedagogical studies was determined by the internal factors (interests, predisposition, values), the perceived value of social services, the possibility to be useful for the society), understanding of own teaching abilities depending on the acquired experience (e.g. delivered lessons, taking care of small children). The majority of respondents intended to relate their life to the selected profession of a pedagogue. Mainly these were the persons who have selected the studies as the first or one of the first priorities; selected the studies individually, inspired by this profession as calling and after gaining experience in school. The motives fostering connection of the career with the selected profession are also very important, e.g. desire to grow and take care of other people, quest for independence at work, used pedagogical practices, an interesting profession meeting the expectations and a desire to ensure successful future.
Network Analysis Functionality in Environmental Policy: Combining Abstract Software Engineering with Field Empiricism
Authors: Hasanagas Nikolaos D.
Published: October 2015

An empirical application of abstract network analysis software is presented in this paper. Environmental policy networks are used as a case study. The visualization of the real network hierarchy and activity (formal and informal) is feasible only by using special software. A system of "actors"
(e.g. public institutions, interest groups, enterprises) interacting with each other and dealing with a particular environmental issue constitutes a policy network, which influences the environmental policy functionality. The impacts of policy content ambiguity on network characteristics have been analyzed by using network analysis software as an example of combining algorithms with empiricism. Recommendations are made to software engineers about possible combination of algorithms with statistics and enrichment of the network analysis software with more visual analytic functions. Stronger familiarization of software engineers with policy analysis discourse and of policy analysts with positivism becomes more imperative for this purpose. On the basis of the quantitative results, environmental policy-makers are advised to invest more in trust development than in pressure and to instrumentalize more scientific information under conditions of ambiguity.
STRATEGIES DEVELOPED BY COMMUNITY-DWELLING ELDERLY PEOPLE TO LIVE ALONE
Authors: Costa Francine Melo da , Nakata Priscila Tadei , Morais Eliane Pinheiro de
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze strategies developed by the elderly in order to live alone. A qualitative, exploratory research was conducted with 14 elderly individuals, who lived in a community that belongs to the area assisted by a basic health unit in a city in southern Brazil. Data were collected through interviews and analyzed by means of the thematic content analysis technique. In order to analyze the strategies, three categories were constructed, according to the identified behaviors. Strategy 1: behaviors in search of social support; strategy 2: behaviors in search of keeping active; strategy 3: behaviors in search of religiosity. The analysis of the strategies developed by the elderly enabled us to understand how they use the available resources to handle difficulties that are inherent to the process of aging.
O modelo de atenção diferenciada nos Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas: reflexões a partir do Alto Rio Negro/AM, Brasil
Authors: Pontes Ana Lucia de Moura , Rego Sergio , Garnelo Luiza
Published: October 2015

ResumoAnalisou-se a implementação do modelo de atenção da Política Nacional de Saúde Indígena (Pnaspi) no Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena do Alto Rio Negro, à luz da diretriz da atenção diferenciada. A temática foi investigada sob três perspectivas: formulação da diretriz; itinerários terapêuticos em aldeias indígenas; atuação dos Agentes Indígenas de Saúde (AIS). Pesquisa qualitativa, apoiada na perspectiva antropológica de Menéndez sobre modelos de atenção. A coleta de dados compreendeu observação participante, entrevistas e análise documental. A formulação da diretriz da atenção diferenciada enfatiza a adequação de tecnologias e profissionais, minimizando a dimensão da coexistência e disputas entre formas de atenção. A perspectiva de análise dos modelos de atenção desde os sujeitos, proposta por Menéndez, mostrou-se fundamental para demonstrar que a partir dos itinerários terapêuticos é possível verificar a coexistência e a articulação de diversas formas de atenção. A começar da análise das rotinas dos AIS não foi possível encontrar a inclusão ou o reconhecimento das representações e práticas indígenas de saúde. Destaca-se a autoatenção, protagonizada por sujeitos e famílias.
A contraposição das noções de técnica e política nos discursos de uma elite burocrática
Authors: Klüger Elisa
Published: October 2015

ResumoO artigo faz uma análise comparativa da forma e do sentido da utilização e contraposição dos termos “técnica” e “política” nos discursos de dirigentes e funcionários do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, BNDE(S), em dois momentos: de 1952 ao início dos anos 1970 e de 1994 a 2011. A comparação foi feita através do exame de um conjunto de entrevistas realizadas nos anos 1980, com funcionários e dirigentes do primeiro período, e um segundo conjunto de entrevistas, feitas entre 2012 e 2014, com diretores do segundo período. A análise dos dados permite ver que há uma transição do padrão dos discursos. Inicialmente havia uma oposição da burocracia aos políticos, que decorria da percepção de que haveria uma superioridade de uma burocracia qualificada para tomar decisões político-econômicas. No segundo período, posterior à redemocratização, o discurso expressa a tensão gerada pela necessidade simultânea de responder aos governantes titulares e de agir de modo a preservar os valores, a missão histórica do Banco e a excelência técnica contra ingerências políticas que pudessem ameaçar a instituição. Neste segundo momento não é o credenciamento dos burocratas e sim o refinamento das técnicas por eles empregadas que é mobilizado como recurso para justificar as decisões econômicas dos burocratas. As oposições encontradas foram lidas à luz das teorias críticas de Pierre Bourdieu e Herbert Marcuse, que permitem questionar o caráter meritocrático dos especialistas em Economia e a neutralidade da ciência e das técnicas por eles empregadas. O artigo contribui para o estudo das relações entre política e burocracia no Brasil através do estudo de um caso paradigmático. Ele permite verificar como a lógica da relação de oposição entre as esferas da técnica-ciência e da política se altera ao longo do tempo e busca, por meio de uma análise crítica dos dados, avaliar quais seriam os fundamentos sociais desta transformação.
Survey of infection in orthopedic postoperative and their causative agents: a prospective study
Authors: Vieira Gabriel de Deus , Mendonça Hallan Rodrigues , Alves Thaianne da Cunha , Araújo Danilo Fernandes de Oliveira , Silveira Filho Mauro Lopes da , Freitas André Pastuczenko dos Santos Rodrigues de , Bressan Flávia , Radaeli Renato de Figueiredo , Sousa Camila Maciel de
Published: October 2015

SummaryObjective:to evaluate the cases of wound infections in orthopedic postoperative period.Methods:postoperative patients who developed infection during the period from November 2012 to November 2013 were studied. Secretions were collected during surgery using sterile swabs, and sent for microbiological analysis.Results:during the period analyzed, 38 surgical procedures progressed to infection. The type of surgery presenting the largest number of infections was osteosynthesis, in 36 (94.7%) patients. Among the materials used, 18 (36%) surgeries that used external fixator were infected, and 17 (34%) using plate. The species of bacteria that caused the largest number of infections were Staphylococcus aureus, infecting 16 (43.9%) patients, followed by Acinetobacter baumannii, which infected four (10.5%) patients. Regarding the resistance profile of Gram-positive strains to antibiotics, 100% of Staphylococcus aureus strains were susceptible to vancomycin and 31.3%, to ceftriaxone. As for the Gram-negative bacteria, 100% of Acinetobacter baumannii strains were resistant to ceftriaxone, gentamicin and imipenem.Conclusion:infection control in the postoperative period is necessary, using antibiotics correctly and consciously, avoiding resistance of bacterial agents.
O tempo escolar e o encontro com o outro: do ritmo padrão às simultaneidades
Authors: Pinho Ana Sueli Teixeira de , Souza Elizeu Clementino de
Published: October 2015

Este texto tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa cujo intuito foi compreender a relação entre o tempo escolar, os outros tempos sociais e as temporalidades dos sujeitos, a partir de narrativas biográficas de professoras, em duas escolas com classes multisseriadas, e sujeitos das comunidades de Botelho e Praia Grande, em Ilha de Maré (Bahia). A análise do campo empírico fez emergir o problema do tempo escolar reduzido a ritmo, ora compreendido como uma propriedade individual, ora como uma imposição de um tempo hegemônico, o do relógio. Para problematizar essa noção, foram utilizados como referencial teórico os trabalhos de Elias (1993), Faraco (2010a) e Bakhtin (2003). Com base na relação entre tempo e diferença, retomou-se a discussão com Bakhtin (2003; 2010) para, junto com Levinas (2011a, 2011b), propor outra concepção, a de tempo como simultaneidade, concebida como coexistência e interação. A pesquisa empírica adotou, como abordagem metodológica, a narrativa (auto)biográfica que se constitui na oportunidade do outro dizer de si e, ao fazê-lo, por meio da entrevista narrativa, deixar entrever traços de uma experiência ao mesmo tempo pessoal e social. A pesquisa concluiu que a compreensão do tempo escolar, de um lado, depende de um olhar atento para os outros tempos sociais que atravessam a escola, e, de outro, de uma atenção especial às interações realizadas entre os sujeitos no interior da sala de aula. Afinal, o tempo escolar é acontecimento que se dá no encontro com o outro.
Columellar-Frenulum Angle - A Significant Clinical Parameter in Assessing the Degree of Severity in Unilateral Cleft Lip
Authors: Vathulya Madhubari , Jain Pradeep
Published: October 2015

Objectives

The study was carried out to learn if the columellar-frenulum angle could be used as one of the most important anthropometric measurements to predict the clinical severity in unilateral cleft lip patients.

Settings and Design

This is a prospective case series conducted at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Methods and Material

The study was based on the Thomson and Reinders criteria (1995), and various anthropometric measurements, including the columellar-frenulum angle, were measured. A total of 30 patients (21 boys and 9 girls) were included in the study. The ages of the children varied from 4 months to 15 years. The left side was affected in 18 patients, and 2 gave a significant positive family history. All the patients were subjected uniformly to Tennison's cleft lip repair. Patients with strictly unilateral complete cleft lip and palate were included in the study. Microform clefts, incomplete cleft lips, and bilateral clefts were excluded from the study.

Statistical Analysis

The data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results

The CF angle correlated negatively with the soft tissue defect of the cleft, cutaneous lip length, and vermilion lip length discrepancies from normal and soft tissue width just behind the alveolus.

Conclusions

CF angle promises to offer a method by which prognosis of clefts can be predicted in terms of its severity in patients with unilateral cleft lip.
Assessing the Interdental Septal Thickness in Alveolar Bone Grafting Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Liu Luwei , Ma Lian , Lin Jiuxiang , Zhang Chunan , Jia Yilin
Published: October 2015

Objective

To assess the interdental septal thickness of grafted bone bridges using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Patients

Of 71 patients with cleft lip and/or palate having undergone alveolar bone grafting for the first time at least 6 months previously, 52 patients with 57 grafted sites rated type I or II based on the Bergland scale using occlusal radiographs were selected.

Interventions

CBCT was performed for each bone-grafted alveolar cleft within 1 week after the occlusal radiographs were taken.

Main Outcome Measures

The thickness of the grafted bone bridge was evaluated using CBCT according to the relationship between crest thickness and the root width of cleft-adjacent teeth, and the results were classified into four categories, with scores of 1 to 4 indicating that the thickness of the bony bridge was ≥100%, ≥75%, ≥50%, and <50% of the root width of the cleft-adjacent teeth, respectively.

Results

Of the 34 grafted sites rated type I on the Bergland scale, 15 (44.12%), 10 (29.41%), 4 (11.76%), and 5 (14.71%) clefts were scored 1 to 4 on interdental septal thickness using CBCT, respectively. Of the 23 cases of type II, 3 (13.04%), 9 (39.13%), 1 (3.45%), and 10 (43.48%) clefts were scored 1 to 4, respectively.

Conclusions

The interdental septal thickness of grafted bone bridges with clinically successful heights based on the Bergland scale (type I or II) using occlusal radiographs varied significantly in the evaluation using CBCT.
Professional Archival Training
Authors: Peterson Trudy , Quinn Patrick , Taylor Hugh
Published: October 2015

As a profession, historical records administration has grown significantly in the past two decades. The growing size of the profession has precipitated a demand for better archival education and training programs. The session addressed the recently approved SAA guidelines for archival education programs and the prospects for the certification of archivists, the accreditation of archival programs, and the function of short term archival institutes.
State Archival Law: A Content Analysis
Authors: Bain George
Published: October 2015

The content analysis technique provides a means for systematically evaluating the statutory authority for state archival and records management programs. This study analyzes state law in eighteen categories; its structure places the categories into one of three concept groups and defines each category with smaller component parts. States are evaluated on a possible score of fifty-four points; total scores range between a high of forty-four points and a low of eleven. Additional comments focus on the methodology and on qualitative strengths and weaknesses in the archival law of the fifty states.
Filling the Gap: Oral History in the Archives
Authors: Fogerty James
Published: October 2015

Few manuscript collections contain thorough documentation of all phases of the subject's life, especially of those important phases during which his impact was most clearly evident. Even those periods of a donor's life that appear best documented will usually be found wanting; the documents seldom adequately reflect the considerations that contributed to key decisions and very rarely betray the donor's candid opinion of events and people with whom he interacted. Collections of personal papers are especially weak in the information they provide on the formative years of their donors—years that often hold the keys to perceptions that influenced their subsequent actions. Even correspondence does not always betray the author's inner thoughts, and it may, depending upon the intent behind it, be quite misleading to the researcher.

In these and related instances oral history seems a necessity rather than the luxury it often appears to be. Without properly conducted interviews, the papers of a politician or businessman may lack highly significant perspectives that do not appear on paper. Oral history interviews can document current events in a manner that traditional archival collecting cannot. Interviews can most definitely help deal with the modern paper mountain and its paucity of hard data.
Waldo Gifford Leland: Archivist by Association
Authors: Ross Rodney
Published: October 2015

This article traces the life and archival-related accomplishments of Waldo Gifford Leland (1879-1966), historian, surveyor of archival repositories in America and in France, father of the American Historical Association's Conference of Archivists, archival theorist, J. Franklin Jameson's key lieutenant in the battle for the establishment of the National Archives, second president of the Society of American Archivists, and long time head of the American Council of Learned Societies. Special attention is given to Leland's affiliation with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, his activities as AHA secretary, and his close relations with Jameson. Also discussed are Leland's support for the archival educational activities of Ernst Posner and Leland's efforts to keep the position of Archivist of the United States free from partisan politics. The article explains how the SAA's Leland Prize for noteworthy publications owes its origins to an excess of money collected for the portrait painting of Leland which hangs in the National Archives.
Invitation to a Bonfire: Reappraisal and Deaccessioning of Records as Collection Management Tools in an Archives—A Reply to Leonard Rapport
Authors: Benedict Karen
Published: October 2015

Despite Leonard Rapport's articulate argument for it, reappraisal and deaccessioning of archival records is an inappropriate tool for collection management. Such broad-scale review is warranted only when the generally applied standards of appraisal at an institution are erroneous, when there is systematic error rather than possible misjudgment in applying those standards in specific cases. The proper time for reappraising and possibly deaccessioning records is during the processing of newly accessioned records, which may render old ones redundant or irrelevant to the changing nature of the holdings.
The Videodisk: Technology, Applications, and Some Implications for Archives
Authors: Bui Dominic
Published: October 2015

As a medium of information storage and retrieval, the video or optical disk affords certain advantages such as high-density storage capabilities, image stability, and speed of recall. This article reviews current videodisk technology and discusses some of its strengths, advantages, and problems as well as its potential as a medium of recording, storage, and retrieval for archival materials, both textual and pictorial. Also considered are the experimental and exploratory uses of the videodisk for archival purposes as conducted in pilot programs by the Public Archives of Canada and by the Library of Congress. Although the videodisk is relatively new and as yet has not been adopted as a permanent storage medium on a large scale, its technical potential is such that its use in archives should not be overlooked.
Communication and Events in History: Toward a Theory for Documenting the Past
Authors: Elliott Clark
Published: October 2015

While communication is a central factor in society, the creation and functions of documents of interest to archivists and historians have not been extensively studied. The author reviews several investigations of communication in history along with selected publications from other disciplines that address the nature of communication, especially writing as a social activity. He also delineates the elements of a document-level study of communication through presentation of a study of document functions derived from a set of letters in the Harvard University Archives. The author concludes with the presentation of a three-part classification of document-event relations, which is considered in regard to general areas of historical study.
The Burke-Cappon Debate: Some Further Criticisms and Considerations for Archival Theory
Authors: Kimball Gregg
Published: October 2015

In two recent American Archivist articles, Frank G. Burke and Lester J. Cappon explored the notion of archival theory and produced a fundamental disagreement over the nature and role of theory in the archival field. This article further examines the possibilities of archival theory within the context of that debate. Three theoretical positions emerge from this discussion. The first is archival theory as universal laws or models, based on the study of archives in the context of other social institutions, as propounded by Burke. The second theoretical position discussed is archival theory analyzed in its historical development, with emphasis on the intellectual traditions which directed the formation of theory. The final theoretical position discussed is that of Cappon, who rejected both of the above approaches to archival theory.
The NHPRC/Mellon Foundation Fellowship in Archives Administration: Structured Training on the Job
Authors: Endelman Judith , Wurl Joel
Published: October 2015

Since 1985 the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, supported in part by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, has sponsored a fellowship program in archival administration designed to provide professional archivists an opportunity to develop practical administrative skills through appointments at selected archival repositories. This article traces the history of the fellowship program and analyzes its value for fellows, host institutions, and the profession as a whole.

Judith Endelman outlines the basic structure of the fellowship and chronicles its evolution. She identifies several factors crucial to the success of a fellowship experience and discusses ways in which the program might be strengthened.

Joel Wurl presents the results of a survey of the fellows and host institution project directors from the first two years. Overall, participants reported satisfaction with their experiences, but noted some structural weaknesses, including the desire, expressed by project directors, for a larger pool of fellowship applicants. Participants concluded almost unanimously that the program should continue and be supported more actively by the profession.
Nurturing Archival Education in the University
Authors: Eastwood Terry
Published: October 2015

This article examines curriculum for graduate archival education in the university. In the light of the history of archival education and the development of archives in North America, the author advocates and defends the concept of an autonomous degree for archivists by evaluating the experience of the Master of Archival Studies Program at the University of British Columbia and by offering a philosophy of curricular development. The premise of his argument is that subjects long recognized as constituting a core of archival knowledge form the basis of the archival curriculum onto which knowledge of other disciplines may be grafted.
Writing a General Records Schedule for Electronic Records
Authors: Cunliffe William , Miller Michael
Published: October 2015

The National Archives and Records Administration confronted the difficult question of how burgeoning electronic records should be scheduled and appraised when, in 1986-88, it revised the existing General Records Schedules as they pertained to the disposition of machine-readable records. The committee of custodial and appraisal archivists substantially revised GRS 20, the existing nontextual schedule for machine-readable records, and created new provisions in GRS 23, which, for the first time, addressed the issue of electronic records created on personal computers or in office automation systems. The authors discuss the fundamental archival questions raised in the revision process, describe how the issues were resolved, and evaluate the results.
Reconciling Sibling Rivalry in the AACR 2 "Family": The Potential for Agreement on Rules for Archival Description of All Types of Materials
Authors: Matters Marion
Published: October 2015

Archivists and others faced with the cataloging of special materials have been searching for ways to resolve existing conflicts among a number of special descriptive cataloging manuals that have been prepared to clarify or expand upon rules presented in the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 2nd edition (AACR 2). The author discusses the problems, issues, and conflicts that surfaced when cataloging rules in AACR 2 and the special manuals were compared with each other and with the 5XX fields (the "containers" available for notes) in the USMARC format. Three manuals used widely by archivists in their own repositories and in bibliographic networks that include archival materials receive special attention: Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts; Graphic Materials; and Archival Moving Image Materials.
Archival Applicability of External Guidelines for Data Structures
Authors: Szary Richard
Published: October 2015

By the conclusion of its first meeting, the Working Group on Standards for Archival Description had identified no standards that could be defined as external data structure guidelines. The absence of standards in this cell of the group's matrix may reflect either the non-existence of such standards affecting archival description, or the profession's inability to recognize them. The author discusses the role of such standards, offers some examples from the library community, and suggests strategies for influencing their development to support archival requirements.
Whispers in the Stacks: The Problem of Sound Recordings in Archives
Authors: Paton Christopher
Published: October 2015

Although both audio and visual materials are distinctively twentieth-century forms of documentation, audio recordings have been largely ignored by the archival community. One reason for this lapse may be the lack of communication between "paper" and "sound" archivists. More critical reasons include the difficulties of appraisal, processing, use, and preservation that sound recordings pose for archives that are oriented toward the care of paper materials. The author explores these issues, offers suggestions for improving the status and care of sound recordings in archives, and stresses the importance of addressing this issue now, before preservation needs of aging sound recordings become overwhelming.
Literature on the Preservation of Nonpaper Materials
Authors: Bowling Mary
Published: October 2015

This review essay describes selected recent writings on the preservation of nonpaper materials. Following an introduction to general works and periodicals, the author notes important new publications (including forthcoming ones) on the preservation of sound recordings, moving images, photographs, microforms, and magnetic and optical media. In the latter category, the volume of literature is particularly scarce. The essay ends with an explanation of the author's survey strategy.
The Boston Case of Charles Merrill Mount: The Archivist's Arch Enemy
Authors: Galvin Theresa
Published: October 2015

The theft of valuable letters and documents by Charles Merrill Mount from the Library of Congress Manuscript Division and the National Archives and Records Administration brings to the forefront, once again, the question of collection security in our nation's archives. This study examines the Mount case and shows how the government was able to prove the charges of interstate transportation of stolen property against him. It suggests possible failures in the security systems of these two institutions and the subsequent changes they have made.
Appraisal: The Process of Choice
Authors: Sink Robert
Published: October 2015

In 1987 the manuscripts and archives staff of the New York Public Library participated in the field testing of the "Black Box" appraisal model developed by Frank Boles and Julia Marks Young. Based on this experience, the author evaluates the Boles and Young model in light of its taxonomic function, its usefulness for staff training, and its contribution for furthering the development of appraisal theory. The discussion is extended to consider other recent developments such as cooperative appraisal projects and documentation strategies. The article concludes by emphasizing the value to archivists of documenting and sharing their appraisal decisions.
The Solution of the Space Requirements of State Archives in Slovakia
Authors: Draškaba Peter , Spiritza Juraj
Published: October 2015

The Archives of the Slovak Socialist Republic, with a tradition of many centuries, is facing a space problem due to the enormous growth of records and to the inadequate and often antiquated archival buildings. The Central State Mining Archives and the Regional State Archives have successfully renovated historic buildings to serve as archives. The Central State Archives and the District State Archives have chosen to construct new buildings as archival depots.
The Dutch Association of Archivists Marks Its Centennial
Authors: Buisman Frank
Published: October 2015

The founding of the Dutch Association of Archivists (VAN) in June 1891 was related to developments in the organization of public records in the Netherlands at the end of the nineteenth century. That organization, which continues today, is described by the author. The role of the Dutch association, especially in the commissioning of a manual to provide practical interpretation of archival principles, and in the drafting of the first and subsequent Dutch national archives laws, is also discussed.
Do Real Archivists Need Archives & Museum Informatics?
Authors: Pederson Ann
Published: October 2015

Archives & Museum Informatics disseminates news and analysis of developments in automation and information technologies and their effects within the archival and museum communities through the publication of a quarterly newsletter and a technical reports series, both of which are edited by David Bearman. The author reviews the contents of both the newsletters and the technical reports, concluding that they comprise a unique and badly needed means to help archivists understand the new approaches, techniques, and technologies that are reshaping human communication.
Czech Archives at the Crossroads: Breaking with the Past
Authors: Kajlik Vladimir
Published: October 2015

The close ties of the Czechoslovak archival institutions with the ideological superstructure of the past oppressive Communist regime has left the archives vulnerable to attacks in the period of ideological breakdown of Marxism-Leninism throughout the Eastern bloc countries. The future of Czech and Slovak archives will be determined by how fast and thoroughly they disassociate themselves from the untenable ideology and from their own inconvenient past. The major task for archivists today is to rehabilitate, to reform, and to integrate the archival profession into the new social order. The first steps in the right direction have been taken. How Czechoslovak archivistics will meet the challenge of newly regained autonomy under the conditions of Czechoslovakia's strangled economy remains to be seen.
Pushing MARC AMC To Its Limits: The Vatican Archives Project
Authors: Yakel Elizabeth
Published: October 2015

The USMARC AMC was used to create a computerized access system for the Vatican archives in a collaborative effort between Vatican personnel and American scholars and archivists. The two initial goals of the Vatican Archives Project were to create and enter series level descriptions for all holdings in the Archivio Segreto Vaticano (ASV) and to research, compile, and enter agency histories for all central offices of the Catholic Church. The author discusses the challenge posed by the application of the MARC AMC format to ASV records, especially that posed by the seeming limitations of fields Finding Aids Note (555), Linking Entry Complexity Note (580), and Genre/Form Heading (655). The need to include interpretive analyses in addition to conventional objective description is also discussed, as well as concerns and comments on the international exchange of archival data.
Changing Technologies in European Archives
Authors: de Parga Margarita , González Pedro
Published: October 2015

The development and growth of new information technologies and their application to nearly all aspects of society are challenging European archives. New technologies are having an impact on several aspects of archival theory and practice through the introduction of records in new media into archives and through the use of information technologies in the management and description of archival records. Although various archives are reacting to this situation by developing partial applications, there is a need to develop integrated information systems and general automation plans for the archives. The authors discuss various partial and general applications and describe the comprehensive computerization of the Archivo General de Indias at greater length.
The Future of European Archival Education
Authors: René-Bazin Paule
Published: October 2015

Although it may be premature to talk about a "European" archivist, the training of European archivists is a necessary precondition for the future of increasing harmonization within Europe. Some first steps towards a common European training have been instituted during the past thirty years under the auspices of the International Council on Archives and through the efforts of individual national archives services. The author proposes a model curriculum for a common approach to archival education and discusses current cooperative efforts in archival education within Europe.
Qualifications Desired by Employers for Entry-Level Archivists in the United States
Authors: Gabehart Alan
Published: October 2015

Archivists occupy positions in a wide variety of agencies and institutions, presenting a broad diversity of professional responsibilities. It is important for employers to be able to identify individuals who possess the appropriate combination of educational preparation and practical training suitable to match the needs of their institutions. The author presents the results of a study designed to identify the qualifications desired by employers for entry-level archivists in the United States.
Smaller Archives and Professional Development: Some New York Stories
Authors: Wosh Peter , Yakel Elizabeth
Published: October 2015

In 1987, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission funded a two-year project designed to improve religious archives in the New York metropolitan area. The Archivists of Religious Institutions, a regional group responsible for administering the grant, developed a coordinated program of workshops, consultation reports, and cooperative endeavors in order to address the peculiar problems of smaller repositories. The results illustrate the difficulties of interinstitutional cooperation, weaknesses in traditional archival training methods, and the profession's failure to address realistically the nature, role, importance, and uniqueness of smaller archives.
From Education to Application and Back: Archival Literature and an Electronic Records Curriculum
Authors: Gilliland-Swetland Anne
Published: October 2015

Literature relating to the archival administration of electronic records is growing rapidly and becoming increasingly rich and diverse. With reference to key texts, the author examines some of the functions this literature needs to play in electronic records instruction, particularly at the graduate level. She then discusses some of the current limitations of the literature and offers suggestions on how these might be overcome, particulary through the use of electronic information systems technology.
Free Trade in Archival Ideas: The Canadian Perspective on North American Archival Development
Authors: Wallot Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2015

This article examines similarities and differences between Canadian and American archival practices, in particular in matters relating to appraisal. It provides an overview of the National Archives of Canada's top-down "provenance-based structural-functional" approach to appraisal of the federal government's records in all forms and on all supports. It describes the Multi-Year Disposition Plan in its third year of implementation and raises a certain number of issues that concern archivists on both sides of the border.
Viewing the Field: A Literature Review and Survey of the Use of U.S. MARC AMC in U.S. Academic Archives
Authors: Martin Lyn
Published: October 2015

U.S. MARC AMC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging for Archives and Manuscript Control) has "come of age," taking its place in the mainstream of both archival and cataloging thinking, theory, and practice. The meteoric rise in the use of MARC AMC is evident in the statistics reported by the bibliographic utilities. The literature of MARC AMC, although extensive, has not been reviewed since 1989 and does not systematically document the use of the format in U.S. academic archives. This paper presents a review of that literature and reports the results of a 1992 survey of 200 archivists, representing 200 academic archives in the United States. These respondents were randomly selected from the Society of American Archivists' 1991 Directory of Individual Members; they cooperated in a survey examining the use of MARC AMC for cataloging archival and manuscript collections. This paper profiles the institutional use of MARC AMC, including the choice of a cataloging standard, such as Steven Henson's Archives, Personal Papers and Manuscripts, Second Edition (APPM, Second Edition) and Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, Second Edition, Revised (AACR2R), chapter 4. The paper concludes with an admonition for archivists and traditional catalogers to work collaboratively to catalog archival and manuscript collections.
Digitizing History
Authors: Whaley John
Published: October 2015

Funded by grants from the Ford Foundation, IBM, and Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU has built the Multicultural Archives database, principally comprising documents borrowed from the African-American community. The documents are scanned, processed by optical character recognition technology, and stored on optical disks. By using this technology, we have gained access to materials privately held and seldom shared, since owners of the documents usually will not donate them. To help publicize the project and encourage public participation, we organized a Black History Archives Project Advisory Board, working with Virginia Union University (a nearby African-American institution) and the Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia. The project owes its success to resolution of interdependent political and technical problems.
Integrating Archival Management and the ARCHIVES Listserv in the Classroom: A Case Study
Authors: Shenk Diana , Esposito Jackie
Published: October 2015

Introducing technological tools into credit instruction in archival management is a relatively new field of exploration. In fall 1993, Penn State University's Archival Management/History 490 team instructors and students took a step forward by integrating traditional classroom instruction with the often volatile and highly interactive ARCHIVES Listserv. The results of their experiment are detailed in this article.
Congressional Papers: Collection Development Policies
Authors: Phillips Faye
Published: October 2015

The Documentation of Congress: Report of the Congressional Archivists Roundtable Task Force on Congressional Documentation presents a viable, working documentation strategy for the U.S. Congress. As part of the documentation strategy, the task force recommends the writing of a model policy statement for archival institutions collecting congressional papers. This article presents a model congressional papers collection development policy that can be appended to a repository's full collection development policy. The model is based on Faye Phillips, "Developing Collecting Policies for Manuscript Collections." The article includes discussion regarding ancillary persons or organizations to be collected in conjunction with congressional papers.
Small Business, Manufacturing, and Flexible Specialization: Implications for the Archivist
Authors: Nash Michael
Published: October 2015

This article relates current research in the history of small business to archival practice. It compares the ways small and large firms are organized and function and describes how these differences are reflected in the records of such firms. The author discusses the implications of this model for documentation strategies and the appraisal of business records.
Liberty, Equality, Posterity?: Some Archival Lessons from the Case of the French Revolution
Authors: Panitch Judith
Published: October 2015

The French Revolution has been widely regarded as a turning point in archival history, yet few have probed the complexity and numerous contradictions of this transitional period. Rather than smoothly ushering in a new concept of archives or archival practice, the Revolution fostered two divergent tendencies. Records and documents from the Old Régime were reviled and frequently destroyed, even as archival structures were developed to care for new records of the Republic, and for selected records from the past. This article explores both of these tendencies in order to provide a fuller picture of archival development during the Revolutionary period. Yet the very fervor surrounding archives during that time also provides the basis for more universal reflection. The battle over the appropriate formation and content of archives demonstrates the extent to which they are, above all, cultural institutions, and the ways in which archival documents are frequently of importance as much for their symbolism as for their content. This article concludes by examining the ways in which archives, as "sites of memory," are very much products of their time, invested with a meaning that may be changed--as during the French Revolution--by changing beliefs and values.
Building an Archives: Appraisal Theory for Architectural Records
Authors: Cook Terry
Published: October 2015

The appraisal of architectural records is complicated by the many existing interpretations of the purpose and function of architecture: which buildings, which architects, what other social, economic, and governmental influences, and which interpretations of the architecture are to be documented? In dealing with these questions--and with the massive growth rate of current records--the traditional approach to appraisal based on present and future research value is of little use. Documentation strategy is a relatively new approach to appraisal, and stresses a macro-appraisal and selection of the functions, activities, and record creators that need to be documented for posterity. The understanding of records in their overall context provided by macro-appraisal will ensure a more complete documentary record, but will require archivists to become actively involved in determining which records survive, not passively waiting to appraise and select those records which find the way to archival repositories on their own.