bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Derivation of site-specific guideline values for nitrate toxicity in Pilbara receiving waters with high hardness
Authors: van Dam Rick A. , Bankin Karin , Parry David
Published: November 2021

The current study aimed to derive site-specific guideline values (SSGVs) for nitrate toxicity that are relevant to high hardness surface waters of the Pilbara region, north-western Australia, many of which receive nitrate-rich mine water discharges. The approach involved deriving SSGVs from a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) based on candidate data sets comprising toxicity data for local Pilbara species tested in local waters and nonlocal species tested under water quality conditions similar to those of local Pilbara waters. Water hardness was identified as the primary toxicity-modifying factor for nitrate that needed to be accounted for, with temperature and pH identified as supporting variables. Using ~10 years of local water quality data, primary and secondary criteria for hardness, temperature and pH were developed and used to select the most relevant toxicity data for the derivation. The selected toxicity data, which included data for four local species tested in local water and 10 nonlocal species tested under representative water quality conditions, were categorized according to the primary and secondary criteria. Using this categorization, four candidate nitrate toxicity data sets (n = 5, 10, 12, and 14) were assessed for their suitability to derive the SSGVs. The SSDs for all data sets yielded similar protective concentration (PC) values. Based on the best balance between the relevance of the toxicity data set to the local water quality conditions and the confidence in the PC values, the PC values based on data set 3 (12 species, six taxonomic groups) were identified as being the most appropriate for the SSGVs. The SSGVs for 99%, 95%, 90%, and 80% species protection were 7.6, 15, 23, and 39 mg/L NO3-N, respectively. An assessment of the appropriateness of the SSGVs indicated that they were likely to be appropriately protective of nitrate toxicity for the high hardness (i.e., ≥160 mg/L as CaCO3) Pilbara receiving waters. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1035–1046. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

This study derived site-specific guideline values for nitrate toxicity that reflect the high hardness characteristics of the Pilbara region in north-western Australia.
Tumour‐derived small extracellular vesicles suppress CD8+ T cell immune function by inhibiting SLC6A8‐mediated creatine import in NPM1‐mutated acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Peng Meixi , Ren Jun , Jing Yipei , Jiang Xueke , Xiao Qiaoling , Huang Junpeng , Tao Yonghong , Lei Li , Wang Xin , Yang Zailin , Yang Zesong , Zhan Qian , Lin Can , Jin Guoxiang , Zhang Xian , Zhang Ling
Published: November 2021

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) carrying nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations has been defined as a distinct entity of acute leukaemia. Despite remarkable improvements in diagnosis and treatment, the long‐term outcomes for this entity remain unsatisfactory. Emerging evidence suggests that leukaemia, similar to other malignant diseases, employs various mechanisms to evade killing by immune cells. However, the mechanism of immune escape in NPM1‐mutated AML remains unknown. In this study, both serum and leukemic cells from patients with NPM1‐mutated AML impaired the immune function of CD8+ T cells in a co‐culture system. Mechanistically, leukemic cells secreted miR‐19a‐3p into the tumour microenvironment (TME) via small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which was controlled by the NPM1‐mutated protein/CCCTC‐binding factor (CTCF)/poly (A)‐binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1) signalling axis. sEV‐related miR‐19a‐3p was internalized by CD8+ T cells and directly repressed the expression of solute‐carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8; a creatine‐specific transporter) to inhibit creatine import. Decreased creatine levels can reduce ATP production and impair CD8+ T cell immune function, leading to immune escape by leukemic cells. In summary, leukemic cell‐derived sEV‐related miR‐19a‐3p confers immunosuppression to CD8+ T cells by targeting SLC6A8‐mediated creatine import, indicating that sEV‐related miR‐19a‐3p might be a promising therapeutic target for NPM1‐mutated AML.
CAR‐T‐OPENIA: Chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy‐associated cytopenias
Authors: Taneja Alankrita , Jain Tania
Published: November 2021

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell is the most recent version in the evolution of cellular therapy with promising responses, which has revolutionized the management of some hematological malignancies in the current times. As the clinical use has progressed rather rapidly since the first approval in 2017, toxicities beyond cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell‐associated neurological syndrome have surfaced. Cytopenias are common in <30 days (“early”), 30–90 days (“short‐term”) as well as >90 days (“prolonged”); and have clinical implications to patient care as well as resource utilization. We review the details of etiology, factors associated with cytopenias, and management considerations for patients with cytopenias for each of these time‐frames. This would potentially serve as a clinical guide for hematological toxicity or CAR‐T‐OPENIA, which is commonly encountered with the use of CAR T‐cell therapy.
Structure‐guided envelope trimer design in HIV‐1 vaccine development: a narrative review
Authors: Derking Ronald , Sanders Rogier W.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

The development of a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) vaccine remains a formidable challenge. An effective vaccine likely requires the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which likely involves the use of native‐like HIV‐1 envelope (Env) trimers at some or all stages of vaccination. Development of such trimers has been very difficult, but much progress has been made in the past decade, starting with the BG505 SOSIP trimer, elucidation of its atomic structure and implementing subsequent design iterations. This progress facilitated understanding the weaknesses of the Env trimer, fuelled structure‐guided HIV‐1 vaccine design and assisted in the development of new vaccine designs. This review summarizes the relevant literature focusing on studies using structural biology to reveal and define HIV‐1 Env sites of vulnerability; to improve Env trimers, by creating more stable versions; understanding antibody responses in preclinical vaccination studies at the atomic level; understanding the glycan shield; and to improve “on‐target” antibody responses versus “off‐target” responses.

Methods

The authors conducted a narrative review of recently published articles that made a major contribution to HIV‐1 structural biology and vaccine design efforts between the years 2000 and 2021.

Discussion

The field of structural biology is evolving at an unprecedented pace, where cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) and X‐ray crystallography provide complementary information. Resolving protein structures is necessary for defining which Env surfaces are accessible for the immune system and can be targeted by neutralizing antibodies. Recently developed techniques, such as electron microscopy‐based polyclonal epitope mapping (EMPEM) are revolutionizing the way we are analysing immune responses and shed light on the immunodominant targets on new vaccine immunogens. Such information accelerates iterative vaccine design; for example, by reducing undesirable off‐target responses, while improving immunogens to drive the more desirable on‐target responses.

Conclusions

Resolving high‐resolution structures of the HIV‐1 Env trimer was instrumental in understanding and improving recombinant HIV‐1 Env trimers that mimic the structure of viral HIV‐1 Env spikes. Newly emerging techniques in structural biology are aiding vaccine design efforts and improving immunogens. The role of structural biology in HIV‐1 vaccine design has indeed become very prominent and is unlikely to diminish any time soon.
The Raman laser spectrometer ExoMars simulator (RLS Sim): A heavy‐duty Raman tool for ground testing on ExoMars
Authors: Lopez‐Reyes Guillermo , Veneranda Marco , Manrique Jose Antonio , González Martín Álvaro , Moral Andoni , Perez‐Canora Carlos , Rodríguez Prieto Jose Antonio , Sanz Arranz Aurelio , Saiz Cano Jesús , Lalla Emmanuel , Konstantinidis Menelaos , Prieto‐Ballesteros Olga , Medina Jesús , González Manuel Ángel , Charro Elena , Lopez Jose Manuel , Rull Fernando
Published: November 2021

The Raman laser spectrometer (RLS) instrument onboard the Rosalind Franklin rover of the ExoMars 2022 mission will analyze powdered samples on Mars to search for traces of life. To prepare for the mission, the RLS scientific team has developed the RLS ExoMars Simulator (RLS Sim), a flexible model of RLS that operates similarly to the actual instrument, both in laboratory and field conditions, while also emulating the rover operational constraints in terms of sample distribution that are relevant to the Raman analysis. This system can operate autonomously to perform RLS‐representative analysis in one or several samples, making it very useful to perform heavy experimental tasks that would otherwise be impossible using a flight‐representative model of the instrument. In this work, we introduce the current configuration of the RLS Sim that has incorporated new hardware elements such as the RAman Demonstrator 1 (RAD1) spectrometer with the objective of approaching its performance to that of the actual RLS instrument. To evaluate the scientific capability of the RLS Sim, we have compared it with a replica model of RLS, the RLS Flight Spare (FS). Several acquisition aspects have been evaluated based on the analysis of select samples, assessing the performance in terms of spectral range and resolution and also studying several issues related to the evolution of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) with different acquisition parameters, especially the number of accumulations. This performance analysis has shown that the RLS Sim in its updated configuration will be a key model to perform support science for the ExoMars mission and the RLS instrument on the Rosalind Franklin rover. Designed to work intensively, the use of the RLS Sim in combination with the RLS FS will facilitate maximizing the scientific return of the RLS spectrometer during Martian operations.
Do Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis Exhibit Elevated Rates of Covid‐19 Infection?
Authors: Workman Alan D. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: November 2021

Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) may have concerns regarding their potential for an increased likelihood of contracting Covid‐19, given baseline inflammatory disease and utilization of topical or oral immunosuppressive therapies for disease treatment. In the present study, we utilize matched cohort sampling of over 12,000 CRS patients and 12,000 controls seen between June of 2020 and January of 2021, examining rates of Covid‐19 testing and positivity during that time period. We found no difference in Covid‐19 contraction between CRS patients and matched non‐CRS patients, despite an almost twofold significant increase in testing among those with CRS. This suggests that CRS patients are likely not inherently more vulnerable to Covid‐19 infection at a rate above that of the general population.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:257–258, 2022
A note on the existence of Hilfer fractional differential inclusions with almost sectorial operators
Authors: Varun Bose C. S. , Udhayakumar R.
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we mainly focus on the existence of the mild solution for the Hilfer fractional differential inclusions with almost sectorial operators. By using the results on the fractional calculus, sectorial operators, semigroup theory, and Dhage's fixed point theorem, we prove the primary results. Finally, an example is presented to demonstrate the theory obtained.
Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus MN‐431 Producing Indole Derivatives on Complementary Feeding‐Induced Diarrhea Rat Pups Through the Enhancement of the Intestinal Barrier Function
Authors: Niu Haiyue , Zhou Xiaohong , Gong Pimin , Jiao Yuehua , Zhang Jiliang , Wu Yifan , Lyu Linzheng , Liang Cong , Chen Shiwei , Han Xue , Zhang Lanwei
Published: November 2021

Scope

Many infants suffer from complementary feeding‐induced diarrhea (CFID). Studies have shown that intestinal microbes can enhance the intestinal barrier and prevent diarrhea by producing indole derivatives that promote pregnane X receptor (PXR) expression.

Methods and Results

In this study, the indole test and determination of the PXR concentration are performed on tryptophan broth cultures of 320‐suspected Lactobacillus and Enterococcus strains. Four strains that produce indole derivatives that promote the expression of PXR are screened as potential functional probiotics. Both Lactobacillus rhamnosus MN‐431 (L. rhamnosus MN‐431) and Lactobacillus oris FN‐448 (L. oris FN‐448) can colonize the intestine of rat pups, and L. rhamnosus MN‐431 can significantly decrease the incidence of diarrhea and intestinal permeability in rat pups. Using real‐time qPCR and the analysis of the intestinal morphology using immunohistochemistry, it is observed that the metabolized tryptophan from L. rhamnosus MN‐431 can reduce small intestinal mucosal damage by stimulating PXR/NF‐κB signaling and activating PXR and aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The intestinal barrier is also enhanced by promoting the expression of tight junction proteins such as Occludin and zonula occludens‐1 in baby rats.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that L. rhamnosus MN‐431 can metabolize tryptophan to prevent infantile CFID by promoting the expression of PXR.
Recent Advances in Research on Polyphenols: Effects on Microbiota, Metabolism, and Health
Authors: Rajha Hiba N. , Paule Armelle , Aragonès Gerard , Barbosa Mariana , Caddeo Carla , Debs Espérance , Dinkova Rada , Eckert Gunter P. , Fontana Ariel , Gebrayel Prisca , Maroun Richard G. , Napolitano Alessandra , Panzella Lucia , Pasinetti Giulio Maria , Stevens Jan F. , Schieber Andreas , Edeas Marvin
Published: November 2021

Polyphenols have attracted huge interest among researchers of various disciplines because of their numerous biological activities, such as antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, cancer chemopreventive, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial properties, and their promising applications in many fields, mainly in the medical, cosmetics, dietary supplement and food industries. In this review, the latest scientific findings in the research on polyphenols interaction with the microbiome and mitochondria, their metabolism and health beneficial effects, their involvement in cognitive diseases and obesity development, as well as some innovations in their analysis, extraction methods, development of cosmetic formulations and functional food are summarized based on the papers presented at the 13th World Congress on Polyphenol Applications. Future implications of polyphenols in disease prevention and their strategic use as prophylactic measures are specifically addressed. Polyphenols may play a key role in our tomorrow´s food and nutrition to prevent many diseases.
Effects of the 2012 and 2018 US preventive services task force prostate cancer screening guidelines on pathologic outcomes after prostatectomy
Authors: Plambeck Benjamin D. , Wang Luke L. , Mcgirr Samantha , Jiang Jinfeng , Van Leeuwen Bryant J. , Lagrange Chad A. , Boyle Shawna L.
Published: November 2021

Background

In May 2018, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended prostate cancer (PCa) screening for ages 55–69 be an individual decision. This changed from the USPSTF's May 2012 recommendation against screening for all ages. The effects of the 2012 and 2018 updates on pathologic outcomes after prostatectomy are unclear.

Methods

This study included 647 patients with PCa who underwent prostatectomy at our institution from 2005 to 2018. Patient groups were those diagnosed before the 2012 update (n = 179), between 2012 and 2018 updates (n = 417), and after the 2018 update (n = 51). We analyzed changes in the age of diagnosis, pathologic Gleason grade group (pGS), pathologic stage, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and favorable/unfavorable pathology. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for pre‐biopsy covariables (age, prostate‐specific antigen [PSA], African American race, family history) assessed impacts of 2012 and 2018 updates on pGS and pathologic stage. A p  < 0.05 was statistically significant.

Results

Median age increased from 60 to 63 (p = 0.001) between 2012 and 2018 updates and to 64 after the 2018 update. A significant decrease in pGS1, pGS2, pT2, and favorable pathology (p < 0.001), and a significant increase in pGS3, pGS4, pGS5, pT3a, and unfavorable pathology (p < 0.001) was detected between 2012 and 2018 updates. There was no significant change in pT3b or LVI between 2012 and 2018 updates. On multivariable regression, diagnosis between 2012 and 2018 updates was significantly associated with pGS4 or pGS5 and pT3a (p < 0.001). Diagnosis after the 2018 update was significantly associated with pT3a (p = 0.005). Odds of pGS4 or pGS5 were 3.2× higher (p < 0.001) if diagnosed between 2012 and 2018 updates, and 2.3× higher (p = 0.051) if after the 2018 update. Odds of pT3a were 2.4× higher (p < 0.001) if diagnosed between 2012 and 2018 updates and 2.9× higher (p = 0.005) if after the 2018 update.

Conclusions

The 2012 USPSTF guidelines negatively impacted pathologic outcomes after prostatectomy. Patients diagnosed between 2012 and 2018 updates had increased frequency of higher‐risk PCa and lower frequency of favorable disease. In addition, data after the 2018 update demonstrate a continued negative impact on postprostatectomy pathology. Thus, further investigation of the long‐term effects of the 2018 USPSTF update is warranted.
Identifying water factors that are related to ammonia nitrogen concentrations in Columbia River using a reversed hazard exponential model
Authors: de Abreu dos Santos Danrley , Martins Andrey Cassiano , da Silva Kauana Mara , Nunes Amanda Correa , Miranda Yara Campos , Battistelli André Aguiar , de Oliveira Ricardo Puziol , Camilo Rodrigo , Achcar Jorge Alberto
Published: November 2021

Ammonia nitrogen is a compound that in its abundance is related to the inadequate discharge of industrial and domestic effluents. Since high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen can directly affect the water quality or disturb the marine environment, this study examined the ammonia nitrogen concentrations in Columbia River, USA in a fixed period (from January, 2014 to January, 2020) related to some water factors. Some interesting conclusions were obtained in this study as the identification of dissolved oxygen (in mg/L), pH, specific conductivity (in umhos/cm), and temperature (in °C) as potential factors affecting the ammonia nitrogen concentrations in Columbia River which may alert authorities to keep restrictive strategies to control the advance of this kind of water pollution. The results of this study could be extended to other regions of the world, especially in more impoverished countries usually with precarious water pollution control systems with implications for public health.
Science teachers’ and students’ metavisualization in scientific modeling
Authors: Chang Hsin‐Yi
Published: November 2021

This study investigated eight experienced science teachers’ and eight senior high school students’ metavisualization when they drew models to represent their concepts of carbon cycling. Qualitative data collection techniques including think‐aloud tasks and follow‐up retrospective interviews were employed. The purposes of the study included: (1) to propose a framework differentiating performance levels leading to metavisual competence; and (2) to identify students’ metavisualization difficulties by comparing experienced teachers’ and novice students’ performances. Four aspects of metavisualization were investigated, including use of epistemic knowledge of visualization, demonstration of metacognition in visualization, use of judgment criteria, and use of metavisual strategies. Levels of progression from none or less to sufficient metavisual competence were proposed based on the participants’ metavisualization performances. Three types of epistemic knowledge of visualization were identified, namely, a view of visualization as a learning or expression tool, a static view of representation and target, and a dynamic view between purposeful visualization and knowledge construction. Five types of metavisual strategies were also identified, namely, resourcing, focusing, inducting, deducing, and perfecting strategies. Comparison of the teachers’ and students’ metavisualization indicates that the experienced teachers demonstrated distinctive metacognition and metavisual strategies that helped them achieve the goal of fluent visualization. The findings provide insights into how to support individuals’ development of metavisual competence for scientific modeling.
Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Refined Composite Multi‐Scale Dispersion Entropy and Extenics
Authors: Zhang Zhiming
Published: November 2021

Considering the difficulty of extracting bearing fault signals of pumping unit and the complexity of diagnosis, a bearing fault diagnosis method based on refined composite multi‐scale dispersion entropy (RCMDE) and Extenics is proposed. Firstly, RCMDE is used to extract the features of bearing data. Using Fisher Ratio to reduce the dimensionality of RCMDE features and select them. The selected RCMDE features are used as the feature parameters of the matter element models to construct the classical domains and node domain of the four matter element models, and build the matter element models of the four healthy states of the bearing. Finally, the sample sets to be tested are input into the four health state models to calculate the comprehensive correlation degree value. The fault diagnosis is realized according to the principle of maximum comprehensive correlation degree. The results show that the detection rate of the proposed method for the four health states of the bearing is 98.8%. In order to verify the superiority of the proposed method, the method proposed in this paper is compared with the fault diagnosis method based on the combination of MDE and extenics, and the results verify the superiority of the proposed method in this paper. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Cheyne–Stokes respiration in two sheep during recovery from general anaesthesia for experimental convection enhanced drug delivery
Authors: Cambruzzi Martina , van Oostrom Hugo , Deutsch Julia
Published: November 2021

Two 8‐month‐old Suffolk sheep, weighing 45 and 55 kg, respectively, were anaesthetised for an intrathalamic injection of an experimental drug. After an uneventful procedure and general anaesthesia using controlled mechanical ventilation, the sheep were weaned off the ventilator and allowed to breathe spontaneously with end‐tidal carbon dioxide (PE′CO2) levels remaining within normal limits. During recovery, intermittent apnoeic phases were observed with increasing PE′CO2(>70 mmHg) and decreasing oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2) levels (90%–91%). The sheep appeared unresponsive, and reflexes were absent. This alternated with phases of normal mentation, normal reflexes and regular spontaneous ventilation, where ventilatory parameters improved. Tentative treatment to reduce intracranial pressure and administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone were unsuccessful. Definite diagnosis of Cheyne–Stokes respiration is difficult but was suspected in these two cases; cerebral cortex damage, intracranial haemorrhage or opioid mediated respiratory rhythm disturbances are possible causes.
Re-examination of Slip Distribution of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake (Mw 9.2) by the Inversion of Tsunami Data Using Green’s Functions Corrected for Compressible Seawater Over the Elastic Earth
Authors: Fujii Yushiro , Satake Kenji , Watada Shingo , Ho Tung-Cheng
Published: November 2021

We re-examined the slip distribution on faults of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman (M 9.1 according to USGS) earthquake by the inversion of tsunami data with phase-corrected Green’s functions applied to linear long waves. The correction accounts for the effects of compressibility of seawater, elasticity of solid earth, and gravitational potential variation associated with the motion of mass to reproduce the delayed arrivals and the reversed phase of the first tsunami waves. We used sea surface height (SSH) data from satellite altimetry (SA) measurements along five tracks, and the tsunami waveforms recorded at tide gauges (TGs) and ocean bottom pressure gauges (OBPGs) in and around the Indian Ocean. The inversion results for both data sets for different rupture velocities (Vr) show that the reproducibility of the spatiotemporal SSHs and tsunami waveforms is improved by the phase corrections, although the effects are not so significant within the Indian Ocean. The best slip distribution model from joint inversion of SA, TG and OBPG data with Vr of 1.3 km/s shows the largest slips of 16–25 m off Sumatra Island, large slips of 2–11 m off the Nicobar Islands, and moderate slips of 2–6 m in the Andaman Islands. The inversion results reproduce the far-field tsunami waveforms well at distant stations even more than 13,000–25,000 km from the epicenter. The total source length is about 1400 km and the seismic moment is Mw 9.2, longer and larger than that of our previous estimates based on TG records.
Synthesis and characterization of biopolyols through biomass liquefaction of wood shavings and their application in the preparation of polyurethane wood composites
Authors: Olszewski Adam , Kosmela Paulina , Piszczyk Łukasz
Published: November 2021

The sustainability of production systems in wood processing, wood industry, and wooden waste disposal is an important issue for European industry and society. Proper development of products based on renewable wood resources gives an opportunity to provide materials with long-term environmental, social, and economic sustainability. This study aims to establish a new way of forestry and agricultural waste materials utilization by synthesis of bio-based polyols and manufacturing of polyurethane wood composites (PU-WC). The first part of this paper describes the liquefaction of wood shavings at a temperature of 150 °C for 6 h in three different solvents—glycerol, poly (ethylene glycol) and their mixture in a 1:1 ratio. The second part deals with the synthesis of polyurethane (PU) resins containing 90% of biopolyol. Eight sets of materials with different NCO:OH ratios were obtained in a one-step method using a hydraulic press. These materials were characterized, and the material with the most promising properties was selected for polyurethane wood composites production. Composites with 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% of wood shavings were obtained. The addition of filler caused an increase in flexural strength, Young`s modulus, hardness, and impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed good adhesion between the polymer and the filler. The optimum filler content is between 50 and 60% by weight of the composite. The presented study provides a significant step toward a greener alternative for materials produced mainly from non-renewable resources.
Asymptotic properties of a class of linearly implicit schemes for weakly compressible Euler equations
Authors: Kučera Václav , Lukáčová-Medvid’ová Mária , Noelle Sebastian , Schütz Jochen
Published: November 2021

In this paper we derive and analyse a class of linearly implicit schemes which includes the one of Feistauer and Kučera (J Comput Phys 224:208–221, 2007) as well as the class of RS-IMEX schemes (Schütz and Noelle in J Sci Comp 64:522–540, 2015; Kaiser et al. in J Sci Comput 70:1390–1407, 2017; Bispen et al. in Commun Comput Phys 16:307–347, 2014; Zakerzadeh in ESAIM Math Model Numer Anal 53:893–924, 2019). The implicit part is based on a Jacobian matrix which is evaluated at a reference state. This state can be either the solution at the old time level as in Feistauer and Kučera (2007), or a numerical approximation of the incompressible limit equations as in Zeifang et al. (Commun Comput Phys 27:292–320, 2020), or possibly another state. Subsequently, it is shown that this class of methods is asymptotically preserving under the assumption of a discrete Hilbert expansion. For a one-dimensional setting with some limitations on the reference state, the existence of a discrete Hilbert expansion is shown.
Sensitivity of a fluidic oscillator to modifications of feedback channel and mixing chamber geometry
Authors: Tajik Abdul Raouf , Kara Kursat , Parezanović Vladimir
Published: November 2021

This experimental study investigates the effects of internal geometry modifications on the performance of a curved Sweeping Jet actuator. The modifications are applied to the geometry of the feedback channel and the mixing chamber Coanda surface, and the resulting actuator properties are evaluated using time-resolved static pressure measurements inside the actuator and hot-wire measurements of the external flow. The major result is that small, localized modifications of the curved sweeping jet actuator geometry can lead to a complete change in the external flow regime, making the jet velocity distribution homogeneous, similar to the angled variant of the actuator. The Coanda surface shape is identified as the primary cause of the external jet adopting the bifurcated or homogeneous flow regime. The relationships between the sweeping frequency, jet deflection angle, required supply pressure, and pressure fluctuations are analyzed and discussed in detail. External flow behavior and coherence are characterized by phase-averaged, phase-locked velocity profiles and auto-correlation of the velocity signals.

Graphical abstract
The log odds of positive neck lymph nodes is a superior lymph node predictor for overall survival in head and neck cancer: a population-based analysis in Germany
Authors: Kouka Mussab , Al-Ahmar Elisa , Büntzel Jens , Kaftan Holger , Böger Daniel , Müller Andreas , Schultze-Mosgau Stefan , Ernst Thomas , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando
Published: November 2021

Background

This population-based study investigated the influence of different lymph node (LN) classifications on overall survival (OS) in head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods

401 patients (median age: 57 years; 47% stage IV) of the Thuringian cancer registries with diagnosis of a primary HNC receiving a neck dissection (ND) in 2009 and 2010 were included. OS was assessed in relation to total number of LN removed, number of positive LN, LN ratio, and log odds of positive LN (LODDS).

Results

Mean number of LODDS was 0–0.96 ± 0.57. When limiting the multivariate analysis to TNM stage, only the UICC staging (stage IV: HR 9.218; 95% CI 2.721–31.224; p < 0.001) and LODDS >  – 1.0 (HR 2.120; 95% CI 1.129–3.982; p = 0.019) were independently associated with lower OS.

Conclusion

LODDS was an independent and superior predictor for OS in HNC in a population-based setting with representative real-life data.
Genetic therapies for neurological disorders
Authors: FitzPatrick Laura , Bird Adrian
Published: November 2021

In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that many neurological disorders are underpinned by a genetic aetiology. This has resulted in considerable efforts to develop therapeutic strategies which can treat the disease-causing mutation, either by supplying a functional copy of the mutated gene or editing the genomic sequence. In this review, we will discuss the main genetic strategies which are currently being explored for the treatment of monogenic neurological disorders, as well as some of the challenges they face. In addition, we will address some of the ethical difficulties which may arise.
Distributionally robust stochastic programs with side information based on trimmings
Authors: Esteban-Pérez Adrián , Morales Juan M.
Published: November 2021

We consider stochastic programs conditional on some covariate information, where the only knowledge of the possible relationship between the uncertain parameters and the covariates is reduced to a finite data sample of their joint distribution. By exploiting the close link between the notion of trimmings of a probability measure and the partial mass transportation problem, we construct a data-driven Distributionally Robust Optimization (DRO) framework to hedge the decision against the intrinsic error in the process of inferring conditional information from limited joint data. We show that our approach is computationally as tractable as the standard (without side information) Wasserstein-metric-based DRO and enjoys performance guarantees. Furthermore, our DRO framework can be conveniently used to address data-driven decision-making problems under contaminated samples. Finally, the theoretical results are illustrated using a single-item newsvendor problem and a portfolio allocation problem with side information.
Challenges for recovery of large carnivores in humanized countries: attitudes and knowledge of sheep farmers towards brown bear in Western Pyrenees, Spain
Authors: Herrero Juan , García-Serrano Alicia , Reiné Ramón , Ferrer Vicente , Azón Ricardo , López-Bao José Vicente , Palomero Guillermo
Published: November 2021

During 2017, we studied knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes towards brown bears by extensive mountain sheep farmers in the Western Pyrenees, using a structured questionnaire, specifically, whether the scarce bear presence, or the administrative region, was influential. Livestock raising practices are mainly family properties and have suffered a strong decline in the last decades. Despite its low abundance (only 2 bear individuals during the study period in the area), there was a generalized negative attitude towards the presence of bears. Farmers considered bear presence as incompatible with sheep mountain herding. One third of them have experienced bear damages, although this was not the main difficulty for the viability of farming practices. They were able to change husbandry practices after wildlife and dog’s damages, increasing vigilance, hiring shepherds, and using livestock guarding dogs, whose work is perceived as satisfactory. Farmers considered that information available about bear and compensation systems for damages was insufficient, and should be improved.
Correction to: Social media data archives in an API-driven world
Authors: Acker Amelia , Kriesberg Adam
Published: November 2021

In the original publication of the article, the last name of the second author has been misspelled as “Kreisberg” and ORCID ID of the authors were not provided.
Decoding the Cauzin Softstrip: a case study in extracting information from old media
Authors: Reimsbach Michael , Aycock John
Published: November 2021

Having content in an archive is of limited value if it cannot be read and used. As a case study of extricating information from obsolete media, making it readable once again through deep learning techniques, we examine the Cauzin Softstrip: one of the first two-dimensional bar codes, released in 1985 by Cauzin Systems, which could be used for encoding all manner of digital data. Softstrips occupy a curious middle ground, as they were both physical and digital. The bar codes were printed on paper, and in that sense are no different in an archival way than any printed material. Softstrips can be found in old computer magazines, computer books, and booklets of software Cauzin produced. However, managing the digital nature of these physical artifacts falls within the scope of digital curation. To make the information on them readable and useful, the digital information needs to be extracted, which originally would have occurred using a physical Cauzin Softstrip reader. Obtaining a working Softstrip reader is already extremely difficult and will most likely be impossible in the coming years. In order to extract the encoded data, we created a digital Softstrip reader, making Softstrip data accessible without needing a physical reader. Our decoding strategy is able to decode over 91% of the 1229 Softstrips in our Softstrip corpus; this rises to 99% if we only consider Softstrip images produced under controlled conditions. Furthermore, we later acquired another set of 117 Softstrips and we were able to decode nearly 95% of them with no adjustments to the decoder. These excellent results underscore the fact that technology like deep learning is readily accessible to non-experts; we obtained these results using a convolutional neural network, even though neither of the authors are expert in the area.
National archives’ priorities: an international overview
Authors: Martínez-Cardama Sara , Pacios Ana R.
Published: November 2021

This discussion of national archives’ present priorities affords an overview of the areas meriting their greatest attention. It is based on an analysis of 18 strategic plans and 41 vision statements found for the 159 national archives affiliated with the International Council on Archives’ regional branches that provide public access to these documents on their websites. Improvement in access to and conservation and digitisation of the respective collections are convergent items in such plans and statements. Other strategies including protection for the national heritage and collective memory are also identified in some developing countries where the national archive is the mainstay of cultural and intellectual life. Strengthening national archive authority as the governing institution that guides a country’s archival policy, another issue found in both plans and statements, infers the need to heighten archives’ social and institutional role in their respective countries. The article identifies what is deemed good practice in cultural institution transparency management by describing what these institutions do and how. The scant presence of strategic plans on national archives’ websites is regretted, however, for it deprives citizens of information on the action planned for the years to come and precludes any international extrapolation of the present findings.
Are Female Paraphilias Hiding in Plain Sight? Risqué Male–Male Erotica for Women in Sinophone and Anglophone Regions
Authors: Madill Anna , Zhao Yao
Published: November 2021

Female-oriented male–male erotica is a genre of popular culture often know as Boys’ Love (BL), yaoi, and danmei. It is one of the largest by-and-for women sexual subcultures and a global phenomenon. With the largest data sets in the field, we ask: Which risqué sexual content do Sinophone (Chinese-speaking) and Anglophone (English-speaking) participants particularly enjoy in BL and does this differ between cultures?, and Are there sub-demographics in Sinophone and in Anglophone culture who enjoy particular forms of risqué sexual content in BL and do these forms relate also to enjoyment of particular storylines and concern with legal issues? The material studied meets the DSM-5 definition of the paraphilic, and little is known about paraphilias in women or in the general population. Using Categorical Principal Component Analysis we explored one 15-response question from our Sinophone (N= 1922) and Anglophone (N= 1715) BL fandom surveys: Which risqué sexual content do you particularly enjoy in BL? We also tested for associations with seven demographic and other BL content-related questions. Notably, the component structure was nearly replicated between the two independent samples, in order of strength: BDSM Specialist, Mechanoid/Animal Sex Specialist, Underage Sex Specialist, and Minority Paraphilia Specialist. In both samples, it was the avid BL fans and/or those who liked explicitly sexual stories, a largely overlapping demographic, who most engage the risqué content, while, for the Sinophone, this included also more non-heterosexual and/or other-gendered people. We conclude that women’s paraphilias have been largely overlooked because they might be expressed more commonly through fantasy than action, that their mass expression has awaited both the means and the market force, and that current conceptualization of, and assumptions about, paraphilias is overly modeled on that of men.
Pornography Use Profiles and the Emergence of Sexual Behaviors in Adolescence
Authors: Pirrone Davide , Zondervan-Zwijnenburg Mariëlle , Reitz Ellen , van den Eijnden Regina J. J. M. , ter Bogt Tom F. M.
Published: November 2021

This research longitudinally explored adolescent pornography (porn) consumption and its association with sexual development in early and middle adolescence. A four-wave design with half-year intervals investigated pornography consumption and different (sexual) activities, such as masturbation, French kissing, petting, giving/receiving manual and oral sex, and intercourse, among 630 respondents (47.9% female, mean age 13.7 years; SD = 0.48) years at T1). A latent growth mixture analysis of pornography consumption revealed two groups with relatively low pornography (LP; 51.8% of the boys, 91.4% of the girls) versus high pornography (HP; 48.2% of the boys; 8.6% of the girls) consumption across time. At T1, HP boys on average watched pornography less than once a month, but more than once a year at T1. At T4, their average pornography use had increased to almost one to two times a week. LP boys never watched pornography at T1. At T4, their average pornography use was still less than once a year. At T1, HP girls never watched pornography, but consumption increased to almost one to three times a month at T4. Across waves of the study, LP girls (almost) never watched pornography. A discrete-time survival mixture analysis of sexual developmental patterning indicated that, compared to their LP peers, both girls and boys in the HP groups showed accelerated development of masturbation, petting, and receiving manual sex. Girls in the HP group were also more inclined to receive oral sex, whereas boys in the HP group also showed earlier and more frequent manual sex and intercourse. Thus, whereas the HP group of boys was substantially larger compared to that of girls, pornography consumption was related to accelerated development of sexual activities for both genders across early and middle adolescence. The discussion deliberates on pornography as a driving force in adolescent sexual development versus pornography as a medium of choice for sexually advanced adolescents.
Liquid “Syngas” Based on Supercritical Water and Graphite Oxide/TiO2 Composite as Catalyst for CO2 to Organic Conversion
Authors: Gerasymchuk Y. , Wędzyńska A. , Stręk W.
Published: November 2021

The conversion of carbon monoxide into organic substances is one of the top topics of modern science due to the development of industry and the climate changes caused by it on the one hand, and the possibility of obtaining an economic effect on the other, as it could allow for partial recovery of fuels. A problem in this regard has always been the low solubility of CO2 in water, which eliminated the possibility of easy converting carbon dioxide into the liquid. The development of research on water critical states revealed the fact that water in a subcritical state has a much higher ability to dissolve gases. And this effect was used to obtain the "liquid synthesis gas" model presented in this paper. Equally important was the selection of an appropriate catalyst that would increase the efficiency of the conversion process by generating hydrogen in the system under the influence of cold plasma. In this work we present the studies of transformation of CO2 dissolved in supercritical water using partially reduced graphite oxide—nanometric titania composite (RGO-TiO2) as catalyst, due to the ability of RGO to generate hydrogen in the water environment (water splitting) under the influence of various physical factors, especially cold plasma. The RGO catalyst was stabilized with titanium oxide to obtain higher activity at lower RGO concentrations in the system. Therefore, research on conversions was preceded by a thorough analysis of CO2 solubility in supercritical water, as well as an analysis of the structural, morphological, and spectroscopic properties of the catalyst.

Graphic Abstract

General scheme of cold plasma reactor.
Time Adaptivity in Model Predictive Control
Authors: Alla Alessandro , Gräßle Carmen , Hinze Michael
Published: November 2021

The core of the Model Predictive Control (MPC) method in every step of the algorithm consists in solving a time-dependent optimization problem on the prediction horizon of the MPC algorithm, and then to apply a portion of the optimal control over the application horizon to obtain the new state. To solve this problem efficiently, we propose a time-adaptive residual based a-posteriori error control concept based on the optimality system of this optimal control problem. This approach not only delivers an adaptive time discretization of the prediction horizon, but also suggests an adaptive time discretization of the application horizon, whose length could be either adaptive or fixed. We apply this concept for systems governed by linear parabolic PDEs and present several numerical examples which demonstrate the performance and the robustness of our adaptive MPC control concept.
Automated extraction of revision events from keystroke data
Authors: Conijn Rianne , Dux Speltz Emily , Chukharev-Hudilainen Evgeny
Published: November 2021

Revision plays an important role in writing, and as revisions break down the linearity of the writing process, they are crucial in describing writing process dynamics. Keystroke logging and analysis have been used to identify revisions made during writing. Previous approaches include the manual annotation of revisions, building nonlinear S-notations, and the automated extraction of backspace keypresses. However, these approaches are time-intensive, vulnerable to construct, or restricted. Therefore, this article presents a computational approach to the automatic extraction of full revision events from keystroke logs, including both insertions and deletions, as well as the characters typed to replace the deleted text. Within this approach, revision candidates are first automatically extracted, which allows for a simplified manual annotation of revision events. Second, machine learning is used to automatically detect revision events. For this, 7120 revision events were manually annotated in a dataset of keystrokes obtained from 65 students conducting a writing task. The results showed that revision events could be automatically predicted with a relatively high accuracy. In addition, a case study proved that this approach could be easily applied to a new dataset. To conclude, computational approaches can be beneficial in providing automated insights into revisions in writing.