bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a New Application of Real-Time Electrophysiology: Online Optimization of Cognitive Neurosciences Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Sanchez Gaëtan , Daunizeau Jean , Maby Emmanuel , Bertrand Olivier , Bompas Aline , Mattout Jérémie
Published: January 2014

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) mostly rely on electrophysiological brain signals. Methodological and technical progress has largely solved the challenge of processing these signals online. The main issue that remains, however, is the identification of a reliable mapping between electrophysiological measures and relevant states of mind. This is why BCIs are highly dependent upon advances in cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging research. Recently, psychological theories became more biologically plausible, leading to more realistic generative models of psychophysiological observations. Such complex interpretations of empirical data call for efficient and robust computational approaches that can deal with statistical model comparison, such as approximate Bayesian inference schemes. Importantly, the latter enable the optimization of a model selection error rate with respect to experimental control variables, yielding maximally powerful designs. In this paper, we use a Bayesian decision theoretic approach to cast model comparison in an online adaptive design optimization procedure. We show how to maximize design efficiency for individual healthy subjects or patients. Using simulated data, we demonstrate the face- and construct-validity of this approach and illustrate its extension to electrophysiology and multiple hypothesis testing based on recent psychophysiological models of perception. Finally, we discuss its implications for basic neuroscience and BCI itself.
Publisher's Note added on 24 January 2014
Authors: Lin Shu-Kun
Published: January 2014

Publisher's Note added on 24 January 2014: Cells, Volume 1, Pages 951-960 are taken as blank pages because of a pagination error in the preceding paper. We apologize for any inconvenience caused to our readers.
Ridge Preservation with Modified “Socket-Shield” Technique: A Methodological Case Series
Authors: Glocker Markus , Attin Thomas , Schmidlin Patrick
Published: January 2014

After tooth extraction, the alveolar bone undergoes a remodeling process, which leads to horizontal and vertical bone loss. These resorption processes complicate dental rehabilitation, particularly in connection with implants. Various methods of guided bone regeneration (GBR) have been described to retain the original dimension of the bone after extraction. Most procedures use filler materials and membranes to support the buccal plate and soft tissue, to stabilize the coagulum and to prevent epithelial ingrowth. It has also been suggested that resorption of the buccal bundle bone can be avoided by leaving a buccal root segment (socket shield technique) in place, because the biological integrity of the buccal periodontium (bundle bone) remains untouched. This method has also been described in connection with immediate implant placement. The present case report describes three consecutive cases in which a modified method was applied as part of a delayed implantation. The latter was carried out after six months, and during re-entry the new bone formation in the alveolar bone and the residual ridge was clinically evaluated as proof of principle. It was demonstrated that the bone was clinically preserved with this method. Possibilities and limitations are discussed and directions for future research are disclosed.
Thermodynamics as Control Theory
Authors: Wallace David
Published: January 2014

I explore the reduction of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics by treating the former as a control theory: A theory of which transitions between states can be induced on a system (assumed to obey some known underlying dynamics) by means of operations from a fixed list. I recover the results of standard thermodynamics in this framework on the assumption that the available operations do not include measurements which affect subsequent choices of operations. I then relax this assumption and use the framework to consider the vexed questions of Maxwell’s demon and Landauer’s principle. Throughout, I assume rather than prove the basic irreversibility features of statistical mechanics, taking care to distinguish them from the conceptually distinct assumptions of thermodynamics proper.
Cooling Effect of Rivers on Metropolitan Taipei Using Remote Sensing
Authors: Chen Yen-Chang , Tan Chih-Hung , Wei Chiang , Su Zi-Wen
Published: January 2014

This study applied remote sensing technology to analyze how rivers in the urban environment affect the surface temperature of their ambient areas. While surface meteorological stations can supply accurate data points in the city, remote sensing can provide such data in a two-dimensional (2-D) manner. The goal of this paper is to apply the remote sensing technique to further our understanding of the relationship between the surface temperature and rivers in urban areas. The 2-D surface temperature data was retrieved from Landsat-7 thermal infrared images, while data collected by Formosat-2 was used to categorize the land uses in the urban area. The land surface temperature distribution is simulated by a sigmoid function with nonlinear regression analysis. Combining the aforementioned data, the range of effect on the surface temperature from rivers can be derived. With the remote sensing data collected for the Taipei Metropolitan area, factors affecting the surface temperature were explored. It indicated that the effect on the developed area was less significant than on the ambient nature zone; moreover, the size of the buffer zone between the river and city, such as the wetlands or flood plain, was found to correlate with the affected distance of the river surface temperature.
Evaluation of Respirable Crystalline Silica in High School Ceramics Classrooms
Authors: Fechser Matthew , Alaves Victor , Larson Rodney , Sleeth Darrah
Published: January 2014

Air concentrations of respirable crystalline silica were measured in eleven (11) high school ceramics classrooms located in Salt Lake County, UT, USA. Respirable dust was collected on PVC filters using precision flow pumps and cyclone samplers (n = 44). Filters were subsequently analyzed for respirable dust and percent crystalline silica content. The geometric mean of the silica concentrations was 0.009 mg/m3 near the teacher’s work station and 0.008 mg/m3 near the kilns. The number of students in the classroom was correlated to the silica concentration in the ceramics classroom, but no correlation was found between the silica concentrations and either the size of the classroom or the age of the building. Results from this study indicate that ceramics teachers may be at an increased risk of exposure to crystalline silica based on the ACGIH TLV of 0.025 mg/m3, with an exceedance of 21%.
Regulation of an Autoimmune Model for Multiple Sclerosis in Th2-Biased GATA3 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Fernando Viromi , Omura Seiichi , Sato Fumitaka , Kawai Eiichiro , Martinez Nicholas , Elliott Sadie , Yoh Keigyou , Takahashi Satoru , Tsunoda Ikuo
Published: January 2014

T helper (Th)2 cells have been proposed to play a neuroprotective role in multiple sclerosis (MS). This is mainly based on “loss-of-function” studies in an animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), using blocking antibodies against Th2 related cytokines, and knockout mice lacking Th2-related molecules. We tested whether an increase of Th2 responses (“gain-of-function” approach) could alter EAE, the approach of novel GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3)-transgenic (tg) mice that overexpress GATA3, a transcription factor required for Th2 differentiation. In EAE induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35−55 peptide, GATA3-tg mice had a significantly delayed onset of disease and a less severe maximum clinical score, compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Histologically, GATA3-tg mice had decreased levels of meningitis and demyelination in the spinal cord, and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles immunologically, however both groups developed similar levels of MOG-specific lymphoproliferative responses. During the early stage, we detected higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, with MOG and mitogen stimulation of regional lymph node cells in GATA3-tg mice. During the late stage, only mitogen stimulation induced higher IL-4 and lower interferon-γ and IL-17 production in GATA3-tg mice. These results suggest that a preexisting bias toward a Th2 immune response may reduce the severity of inflammatory demyelinating diseases, including MS.
Cell-Based in Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier Model Can Rapidly Evaluate Nanoparticles’ Brain Permeability in Association with Particle Size and Surface Modification
Authors: Hanada Sanshiro , Fujioka Kouki , Inoue Yuriko , Kanaya Fumihide , Manome Yoshinobu , Yamamoto Kenji
Published: January 2014

The possibility of nanoparticle (NP) uptake to the human central nervous system is a major concern. Recent reports showed that in animal models, nanoparticles (NPs) passed through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). For the safe use of NPs, it is imperative to evaluate the permeability of NPs through the BBB. Here we used a commercially available in vitro BBB model to evaluate the permeability of NPs for a rapid, easy and reproducible assay. The model is reconstructed by culturing both primary rat brain endothelial cells and pericytes to support the tight junctions of endothelial cells. We used the permeability coefficient (Papp) to determine the permeability of NPs. The size dependency results, using fluorescent silica NPs (30, 100, and 400 nm), revealed that the Papp for the 30 nm NPs was higher than those of the larger silica. The surface charge dependency results using Qdots® (amino-, carboxyl-, and PEGylated-Qdots), showed that more amino-Qdots passed through the model than the other Qdots. Usage of serum-containing buffer in the model resulted in an overall reduction of permeability. In conclusion, although additional developments are desired to elucidate the NPs transportation, we showed that the BBB model could be useful as a tool to test the permeability of nanoparticles.
Exploring the Molecular Basis for Selective Binding of Homoserine Dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium leprae TN toward Inhibitors: A Virtual Screening Study
Authors: Zhan Dongling , Wang Dongmei , Min Weihong , Han Weiwei
Published: January 2014

Homoserine dehydrogenase (HSD) from Mycobacterium leprae TN is an antifungal target for antifungal properties including efficacy against the human pathogen. The 3D structure of HSD has been firmly established by homology modeling methods. Using the template, homoserine dehydrogenase from Thiobacillus denitrificans (PDB Id 3MTJ), a sequence identity of 40% was found and molecular dynamics simulation was used to optimize a reliable structure. The substrate and co-factor-binding regions in HSD were identified. In order to determine the important residues of the substrate (l-aspartate semialdehyde (l-ASA)) binding, the ASA was docked to the protein; Thr163, Asp198, and Glu192 may be important because they form a hydrogen bond with HSD through AutoDock 4.2 software. neuraminidaseAfter use of a virtual screening technique of HSD, the four top-scoring docking hits all seemed to cation–π ion pair with the key recognition residue Lys107, and Lys207. These ligands therefore seemed to be new chemotypes for HSD. Our results may be helpful for further experimental investigations.
Reduced Models in Chemical Kinetics via Nonlinear Data-Mining
Authors: Chiavazzo Eliodoro , Gear Charles , Dsilva Carmeline , Rabin Neta , Kevrekidis Ioannis
Published: January 2014

The adoption of detailed mechanisms for chemical kinetics often poses two types of severe challenges: First, the number of degrees of freedom is large; and second, the dynamics is characterized by widely disparate time scales. As a result, reactive flow solvers with detailed chemistry often become intractable even for large clusters of CPUs, especially when dealing with direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent combustion problems. This has motivated the development of several techniques for reducing the complexity of such kinetics models, where, eventually, only a few variables are considered in the development of the simplified model. Unfortunately, no generally applicable a priori recipe for selecting suitable parameterizations of the reduced model is available, and the choice of slow variables often relies upon intuition and experience. We present an automated approach to this task, consisting of three main steps. First, the low dimensional manifold of slow motions is (approximately) sampled by brief simulations of the detailed model, starting from a rich enough ensemble of admissible initial conditions. Second, a global parametrization of the manifold is obtained through the Diffusion Map (DMAP) approach, which has recently emerged as a powerful tool in data analysis/machine learning. Finally, a simplified model is constructed and solved on the fly in terms of the above reduced (slow) variables. Clearly, closing this latter model requires nontrivial interpolation calculations, enabling restriction (mapping from the full ambient space to the reduced one) and lifting (mapping from the reduced space to the ambient one). This is a key step in our approach, and a variety of interpolation schemes are reported and compared. The scope of the proposed procedure is presented and discussed by means of an illustrative combustion example.
Integration of Remote Sensing Techniques for Intensity Zonation within a Landslide Area: A Case Study in the Northern Apennines, Italy
Authors: Tofani Veronica , Del Ventisette Chiara , Moretti Sandro , Casagli Nicola
Published: January 2014

This paper describes the application of remote sensing techniques, based on SAR interferometry for the intensity zonation of the landslide affecting the Castagnola village (Northern Apennines of Liguria region, Italy). The study of the instability conditions of the landslide started in 2001 with the installation of conventional monitoring systems, such as inclinometers and crackmeters, ranging in time from April 2001 to April 2002, which allowed to define the deformation rates of the landslide and to locate the actual landslide sliding surface, as well as to record the intensity of the damages and cracks affecting the buildings located within the landslide perimeter. In order to investigate the past long-term evolution of the ground movements a PSI (Persistent Scatterers Interferometry) analysis has been performed making use of a set of ERS1/ERS2 images acquired in 1992–2001 period. The outcome of the PSI analysis has allowed to confirm the landslide extension as mapped within the official landslide inventory map as well as to reconstruct the past line-of-sight average velocities of the landslide and the time-series deformations. Following the high velocities detected by the PSI, and the extensive damages surveyed in the buildings of the village, the Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBInSAR) system has been installed. The GBInSAR monitoring system has been equipped during October 2008 and three distinct campaigns have been carried out from October 2008 until March 2009. The interpretation of the data has allowed deriving a multi-temporal deformation map of the landslide, showing the up-to-date displacement field and the average landslide velocity. A new landslide boundary has been defined and two landslide sectors characterized by different displacement rates have been identified.
Separating Crop Species in Northeastern Ontario Using Hyperspectral Data
Authors: Wilson Jeffrey , Zhang Chunhua , Kovacs John
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the capability of hyperspectral narrow wavebands within the 400–900 nm range for distinguishing five cash crops commonly grown in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. Data were collected from ten different fields in the West Nipissing agricultural zone (46°24'N lat., 80°07'W long.) and included two of each of the following crop types; soybean (Glycine max), canola (Brassica napus L.), wheat (Triticum spp.), oat (Avena sativa), and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to assess the spectral separability of the various crop types under two scenarios; Scenario 1 involved testing separability of crops based on number of days after planting and Scenario 2 involved testing crop separability at specific dates across the growing season. The results indicate that select hyperspectral bands in the visual and near infrared (NIR) regions (400–900 nm) can be used to effectively distinguish the five crop species under investigation. These bands, which were used in a variety of combinations include B465, B485, B495, B515, B525, B535, B545, B625, B645, B665, B675, B695, B705, B715, B725, B735, B745, B755, B765, B815, B825, B885, and B895. In addition, although species classification could be achieved at any point during the growing season, the optimal time for satellite image acquisition was determined to be in late July or approximately 75–79 days after planting with the optimal wavebands located in the red-edge, green, and NIR regions of the spectrum.
SoundCompass: A Distributed MEMS Microphone Array-Based Sensor for Sound Source Localization
Authors: Tiete Jelmer , Domínguez Federico , Silva Bruno , Segers Laurent , Steenhaut Kris , Touhafi Abdellah
Published: January 2014

Sound source localization is a well-researched subject with applications ranging from localizing sniper fire in urban battlefields to cataloging wildlife in rural areas. One critical application is the localization of noise pollution sources in urban environments, due to an increasing body of evidence linking noise pollution to adverse effects on human health. Current noise mapping techniques often fail to accurately identify noise pollution sources, because they rely on the interpolation of a limited number of scattered sound sensors. Aiming to produce accurate noise pollution maps, we developed the SoundCompass, a low-cost sound sensor capable of measuring local noise levels and sound field directionality. Our first prototype is composed of a sensor array of 52 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microphones, an inertial measuring unit and a low-power field-programmable gate array (FPGA). This article presents the SoundCompass’s hardware and firmware design together with a data fusion technique that exploits the sensing capabilities of the SoundCompass in a wireless sensor network to localize noise pollution sources. Live tests produced a sound source localization accuracy of a few centimeters in a 25-m2 anechoic chamber, while simulation results accurately located up to five broadband sound sources in a 10,000-m2 open field.
Foreground Segmentation in Depth Imagery Using Depth and Spatial Dynamic Models for Video Surveillance Applications
Authors: Del-Blanco Carlos , Mantecón Tomás , Camplani Massimo , Jaureguizar Fernando , Salgado Luis , García Narciso
Published: January 2014

Low-cost systems that can obtain a high-quality foreground segmentation almostindependently of the existing illumination conditions for indoor environments are verydesirable, especially for security and surveillance applications. In this paper, a novelforeground segmentation algorithm that uses only a Kinect depth sensor is proposedto satisfy the aforementioned system characteristics. This is achieved by combininga mixture of Gaussians-based background subtraction algorithm with a new Bayesiannetwork that robustly predicts the foreground/background regions between consecutivetime steps. The Bayesian network explicitly exploits the intrinsic characteristics ofthe depth data by means of two dynamic models that estimate the spatial and depthevolution of the foreground/background regions. The most remarkable contribution is thedepth-based dynamic model that predicts the changes in the foreground depth distributionbetween consecutive time steps. This is a key difference with regard to visible imagery,where the color/gray distribution of the foreground is typically assumed to be constant.Experiments carried out on two different depth-based databases demonstrate that theproposed combination of algorithms is able to obtain a more accurate segmentation of theforeground/background than other state-of-the art approaches.
Education for Sustainability through a Photography Competition
Authors: Scott Rowena
Published: January 2014

This article describes the development and history of a sustainability photography competition. From its simple beginnings as an environmental officer’s idea, an environmental sustainability photography competition began in just one university. Now hosted by Australasian Campuses Towards Sustainability (ACTS), finalist entries are viewed on a public website gaining international attention. A purpose of this article is to demonstrate the diversity of views of sustainability by displaying the winning entries from 2013 and 2012. It is anticipated that readers may replicate these ideas in creative arts and across disciplines throughout primary, secondary and other higher education institutions, community groups and diverse organizations.
Michel Virally ou penser le phénomène juridique
Authors: Vinuales Jorge Enrique
Published: January 2014

Professor Michel Virally was a renowned international jurist. He was also a legal theorist of great talent. That is why the Annuaire, with which he collaborated actively, was eager to publish a review of his contribution to the understanding of the phenomenon of law by situating that contribution in the broader context of phenomenological approaches to law. The analysis proposed here is based on ideas set out by M. Virally in a miscellany of studies written over the years. Despite the composite character of the sources, the understanding of the phenomenon of law that arises from them is highly coherent and clearly expresses the very immediate concern to remain close to legal factuality, as it affects the ordinary subject of law, while making it comprehensible through an analysis that is very attentive to the boundary lines specifi c to that factuality.
Le codificateur et le juge face à la responsabilité internationale de l’État : interaction entre la CDI et la CIJ dans la détermination des règles secondaires
Authors: Villalpando Santiago
Published: January 2014

Après avoir souligné la place que la jurisprudence de la Cour internationale de Justice a prise dans les travaux de codification par la Commission du droit international de la responsabilité de l’État pour fait internationalement illicite, l’article analyse l’influence que ces travaux ont exercée sur la jurisprudence de la Cour, qui s’en est parfois inspirée, mais l’a souvent aussi contournée. L’article vise à démontrer l’existence d’un processus qualifié d’ «autocatalytique » suivant lequel l’interaction entre la Commission et la Cour contribue à la consolidation du droit international dans un domaine déterminé.
Gaza : le processus de paix en question
Authors: Bockel Alain
Published: January 2014

Depuis le retrait des forces de sécurité et des colons israéliens de la bande de Gaza en septembre 2005, la situation s’est considérablement aggravée. La victoire électorale du Hamas en Palestine, puis son coup de force à Gaza ont entraîné un durcissement de l’attitude du gouvernement israélien qui s’est traduit par un blocus des frontières suivi d’une très dure intervention militaire durant l’hiver 2008/ 09. Le processus de paix, en panne depuis plusieurs années, est contrarié par ces événements qui contredisent les principes posés lors des accords d’Oslo : principe de l’autonomie, entravé par la persistance de l’occupation militaire israélienne, principe de l’unité territoriale menacé par l’isolement croissant de Gaza, tandis que se développent les conséquences du rapport Goldstone. Les perspectives de règlement pacifique du conflit en sont assombries.
Affaire relative à la Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie c. Ukraine) : une clarification didactique de la règle de l’équidistance circonstances pertinentes
Authors: Touzé Sébastien
Published: January 2014

Le 3 février 2009, la Cour internationale de Justice a rendu son arrêt dans l’affaire relative à la Délimitation maritime en mer noire (Roumanie c. Ukraine).

L’arrêt rendu à l’unanimité fixe une ligne de délimitation marquant la frontière maritime entre les deux États et tranche un différend territorial portant sur l’île des Serpents. À cette fi n, la CIJ a tracé une ligne de délimitation en appliquant la méthode de «l’équidistance – circonstances pertinentes » . Reposant sur la définition préalable, dans une zone maritime pertinente défi nie, d’une ligne d’équidistance/ médiane provisoire à partir des côtes pertinentes des deux États, cette méthodologie conduit par la suite la Cour à apprécier si des «circonstances pertinentes » appellent un ajustement ou un déplacement de cette ligne provisoire, afin de parvenir à un résultat «équitable » .
La Commission des réclamations Erythrée/Ethiopie : suite et fin
Authors: D'Argent Pierre
Published: January 2014

On 17 August 2009, the Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission delivered its two last awards, which relate to the amount of compensation to be paid by each State for the damages resulting from the 1998-2000 war. After a general survey of these awards, this paper addresses the main lessons to be learned from them. Those concern inter alia the reparation of damages resulting from a breach of the jus ad bellum, and the way the Commission dealt with the specific economic situations of both parties when assessing damages.
À propos de la clause arbitrale dans le règlement des différends de l’organisation internationale
Authors: Bellier Stéphanie
Published: January 2014

Many international organizations, especially economic and financial or technical organizations, commonly provide for resort to arbitration to settle disputes opposing them to their member states or to individuals. A distinction must be drawn between the clause in the organization’s constitutive treaty authorizing it to make use of this jurisdictional technique (constitutional arbitration clause) and the compromis by which the organization agrees with its opponent to go to arbitration in a specific instance. These are two “ agreements” about the scope of which no mistake should be made.
Le démantèlement de la coque Q 790 et le droit international
Authors: Tardieu Aurélie
Published: January 2014

Hull Q-790 was towed into Hartlepool shipyard on 8 February 2009 so that Able UK Ltd could fi nish stripping asbestos from it and set about breaking it up. The former aircraft-carrier Clemenceau’s long trek was ended after six years of legal battles. This note tries to chart its course and to trace the tangled court proceedings since 2003 before setting out various questions of international law that have caused controversy on this occasion and to which the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships of 15 May 2009 endeavours to respond.
Actualités du droit de l’espace : le responsabilité des États du fait de la destruction de satellites dans l'espace
Authors: Kerrest Armel
Published: January 2014

The accidental or deliberate destruction of satellites highlights the international regime currently in place for the supervision of space activities and for liabilities arising from them. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the 1972 Space Convention set up an exemplary mechanism. However, improved cooperation and organization of space activities has become necessary to limit the production of space debris. Effective limits must be placed on the stationing of weapons in space and the arms race that it implies.
Gouvernance mondiale : G8 et G20 comme modes de coopération interétatiques informels
Authors: Delabie Lucie
Published: January 2014

The G20, which was created in 1999 at the instigation of the G8, brings together the heads of State and government and the fi nance ministers of the leading developed and emerging countries. This informal cooperation among a small number of states acting to surmount the malfunctions of international institutions dates from the 1960s. However, the recent propulsion of the G20 to the rank of leading forum for economic cooperation raises questions about its role in the contemporary international legal order. Although the Group’s decision-making function is limited, its regulatory role cannot be ignored. The activities of this sui generis impetus group ensure effective enforcement of pre-existing sets of norms.
Les immunités de l’Union européenne dans les États tiers
Authors: Benlolo-Carabot Myriam
Published: January 2014

L’affirmation de la capacité diplomatique de l’Union européenne (UE) et l’importance croissante qu’elle est amenée à jouer dans les relations internationales rendent particulièrement pertinente une étude des immunités dont l’Union peut se prévaloir sur le territoire des États tiers susceptibles d’accueillir des délégations ou des missions de maintien de la paix coordonnées par l’organisation. Le plus souvent conventionnel, le fondement juridique de ces immunités est pourtant parfois imprécis, sans pour autant que ces incertitudes aient suscité un contentieux volumineux. Singulièrement étendues, ces immunités posent des problèmes juridiques potentiellement importants, tant peuvent être diffi ciles d’accès les voies de recours offertes par l’organisation aux personnes privées désireuses d’engager la responsabilité de l’Union.
Urbanisation des campagnes
Authors: Juillard Etienne
Published: January 2014

Urbanization of the Countryside.

The urbanization of the countryside or the integration of rural inhabitants into new economic and social relations with town-dwellers, can be interpreted either as the obliteration of the countryside by the technical progress of the town, or as the cooperation of rural and urban inhabitants, resulting in the disappearance of the town/country dichotomy. The essential problem is whether or not a new "urbanized" rural society can develop and create a new balance between natural conditions and technological possibilities. Urban/ rural relations can take three forms: the town, as a colonizer or parasite, lives off the rural populations to whom it rents land; the town, or industrial complex, develops independently of its surroundings, "sterilizing" instead of "fertilizing" them; the town and the countryside work together in view of a generalized and common expansion.
Vers une nouvelle fonction de l'agriculture périurbaine
Authors: Falque Max
Published: January 2014

Towards a New Function of Periurban Agriculture.

The author maintains that, in the domain of periurban agriculture, ecological considerations must take priority over economic ones. To defend this argument, he describes the development of the American megalopolis; If France is to avoid similar disasters, we should restructure the town intra muros and thoughtfully divide suburban areas among urbanization, agriculture and parks. The urban planner must understand the spatial consequences of demographic and economic expansion and try to minimize the negative or parasitic consumption of space (urbanized surfaces are surrounded by wastelands where fields and forests have been destroyed but not yet replaced by urban constructions), while not neglecting the positive consumption (each urban inhabitant requires 300 to 400 square meters of land). After examining the inadequacies of contemporary economic policies concerning the localization of agricultural areas, the author explains the concept of "agricultural zones of ecological protection" (ZAPE). Using statistical information on the chemical and biological pollution produced by industrialized farming techniques, he determines the location of these zones in relation to urban centers and the nature of the agricultural activities that should be practiced. He then compares the different means by which a community can acquire the land necessary to create a ZAPE, considering also the cost of such a zone and the ways available to finance It. Ecological protection rather than economic profit should determine agricultural and urbanization policies, and the concept of "gross national product" should be replaced by that of "gross national happiness."
De l'espace rural à l'espace urbain. Problèmes de typologie
Authors: Chapuis Robert
Published: January 2014

L'auteur discute différentes méthodes utilisées pour définir les types d'espace urbain et rural, non dans l'abstrait et de manière universelle, mais dans des limites bien définies et selon des critères qui peuvent être quantifiés. La typologie la plus simple, ou « classique », utilise des méthodes statistiques simples et peut se baser sur un critère unique, qui peut être, par exemple, démographique (taille de l'agglomération, densité) ou financier (potentiel fiscal). Mais comme un critère unique apparaît insuffisant, on peut en combiner plusieurs. Sont ensuite analysées les différentes façons de sélectionner et utiliser des critères multiples, comme par exemple celles utilisées dans la recherche d'E. Juillard sur l'urbanisation en France ou dans la recherche de R. Mols sur la banlieue de Bruxelles. Les indices retenus par Juillard donnent une idée de la diversité des critères disponibles ; ils concernent la consommation, la mentalité, la physionomie, le développement socio-économique et le rythme d'évolution des communes étudiées. A partir d'un article de J.-B. Racine sur les modèles graphiques et mathématiques, l'auteur explique les techniques d'analyse factorielle et discute leurs avantages. L'utilisation de ces méthodes modernes ne doit cependant pas prendre le pas sur l'expérience géographique classique et l'auteur prévient qu'une typologie est toujours partiale et partielle ; elle ne doit pas être surestimée, mais considérée comme un instrument de recherche dont la validité doit être prouvée sur le terrain.
Urbanisation et structures agricoles de la région parisienne entre 1955 et 1966. Essai de méthode
Authors: Bryant C. R.
Published: January 2014

Urbanization and Agricultural Structures in the Paris Region between 1955 and 1966.

In order to define a suitable program of rural planning, it is first necessary to analyze the transformations occurring in agricultural structures as a result of urbanization. This article explains how to prepare a "spatial diagnostic" or representation of situations in geographical space, the first step in such an analysis. After describing the principal characteristics (size of farms, mechanization, production, population) of the region to be examined (the departments of Seine-et-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Yvelines and Essonne), a region "where agriculture and urban development are in conflict, the author discusses his choice of variables that will permit the description of the main aspects of agricultural structure and change and the correlation of the decline, stability, or prosperity of farming with urbanization. The 57 variables selected are listed in Table 1. Next he explains the analytic techniques employed and the methodological framework to which they refer. Factor analysis (Varimax and Promax) is used to define groups of interdependent variables, and dissimilarity analysis, to determine type-situations. Various tables give the results of these analyses, which are then compared with those obtained by the MEAR (Mission d'Étude d'Aménagement Rural) in its study of rural development in the Paris region. The author feels that the method he proposes is more rapid than the traditional one used by the MEAR, and that its results are clearer and more objective. In conclusion, he recommends (to geographers) the use of information theory and its concepts.
Le renouveau villageois sur la rive gauche du Rhône entre Drôme et Durance
Authors: Grosso René
Published: January 2014

Village Renewal on the Left Bank of the Rhone between Drome and Durance.

The author is concerned with the causes and forms of village renovation in the Rhone Valley. The population of this region, which since the middle of the last century, had diminished, is now beginning to increase, due to the creation of residential suburbs in the villages peripheral to urban centers and to the restoration of abandoned villages. The agglomeration composed of Avignon and its surrounding towns illustrates the classical procedure by which suburbs develop in relation to housing policies, and also shows the effects of urban expansion on village structure and dimension. New relations between the town and the surrounding countryside, and also between urban and rural residents of villages, are formed, and the resulting urbanization, considered in the light of Juillard's definitions, is either that produced by "urbanizing" towns whose influences penetrate the countryside and contribute to its evolution, or that of "insular" industrial centers who do not stimulate their surroundings. The population of the Rhone Valley has grown not only because of the expansion of urban agglomerations but also because of the renovation of abandoned farms and villages by part-time residents of urban origin, tourists, artists and anti-social non-conformists. By their example, the newcomers encourage the local inhabitants to preserve and exploit the natural and historical assets of their region. Four cases are described in detail to show the different ways in which abandoned villages have been revived. In conclusion, the author deplores the creation of villages without villagers, where residents of urban origin have completely replaced native inhabitants and have transformed the site to meet urban needs and desires; he feels that villages where occupants and visitors of diverse origins are associated promise a more durable form of rural renovation.
Population et société à Pourrières, 1368-1430. Premier bilan d'une enquête
Authors: Coulet Nöel
Published: January 2014

Cet article décrit la première étape d'un projet de recherche entreprise en 1970-71 par le Centre d'étude des sociétés méditerranéennes de l'Université de Provence et consacrée à l'étude d'un village provençal, Pourrières, au bas Moyen Age. Bien qu'il reste encore beaucoup à faire, les informations fournies par des documents fiscaux et les actes notariaux de l'époque donnent une idée de ce que pouvait être un village à la fin du xive siècle. Les résultats obtenus dans l'étude de la distribution et de l'exploitation foncière sont partiels et approximatifs, car les cadastres sont incomplets ou difficiles à interpréter. Les documents concernant l'habitation sont plus instructifs et indiquent une concentration progressive de l'espace habité. A l'exception d'un ou deux notaires, d'un forgeron et d'un tisserand, tous les habitants du village sont cultivateurs ; mais si leurs activités sont semblables, leurs fortunes sont loin d'être égales. Après l'analyse des institutions politiques de la communauté, l'article se concentre sur le thème essentiel de la recherche : l'évolution démographique à Pourrières. Afin de mieux comprendre la chute démographique révélée par la courbe établie sur la base de différents documents fiscaux, les taux de mortalité, de natalité, le renouvellement des générations et l'immigration sont analysés. Comme l'histoire démographique se rapproche étroitement de l'histoire économique et sociale, la recherche se poursuivra dans ce sens.
La démocratie impossible. Parenté et politique dans un village lorrain
Authors: Karnoouh Claude
Published: January 2014

Cet article, fondé sur un travail de terrain commencé en 1968, étudie les nombreux aspects de la vie politique dans un village lorrain et met en évidence le rôle important joué par la parenté dans les activités municipales. Après avoir défini le « Politique », l'auteur explique et critique les trois approches théoriques utilisées par les sociologues et ethnologues pour l'étude des relations des communautés paysannes avec les États qui les contrôlent. Il justifie son choix d'une hypothèse de discontinuité latente ou patente par opposition à une continuité a priori ou a posteriori. Avant de passer à l'analyse des systèmes politiques du village qui permettra de définir les différents modèles indigènes du pouvoir local, l'auteur résume la situation de « dos-à-dos » de la Nation et du village français en général. Puis, il décrit le village proprement dit, objet de l'étude, en insistant sur la période pré-électorale et sur le contexte entre le village vu de l'extérieur : une communauté paisible unanime, et le village vu de l'intérieur : groupes politiques rivalisant pour le pouvoir. La suite est consacrée à l'analyse de la « famille » ou parentèle, à sa composition, à son influence, à son action, et fait ressortir son importance politique. L'endogamie villageoise, la stratégie matrimoniale, sont autant de moyens pour accroître les liens politiques entre parents. Néanmoins, la famille ne constitue pas seulement un réseau complexe de relations de pouvoir mais souvent aussi un code sémantique dans les termes duquel les villageois élaborent leurs concepts politiques.
L'alimentation paysanne en France entre 1850 et 1936
Authors: Bonnain-Moerdijk Rolande
Published: January 2014

A partir de 357 réponses obtenues lors d'une enquête lancée en 1935 par L'Encyclopédie française sur l'alimentation quotidienne paysanne, on a essayé de retracer l'évolution de cette alimentation entre 1850 et 1936, tant au point de vue qualitatif que quantitatif, et de dégager un découpage en périodes. Dans un second temps, on s'est attaché à l'étude des innovations perçues par le milieu rural et on a particulièrement distingué, à propos de la viande de boucherie, les occasions cycliques et calendaires de consommation, ainsi que les manifestations sociales qu'elles accompagnaient.
La « hacienda » précapitaliste en Amérique latine : le cas de l'Equateur
Authors: Guerrero B. Andrés
Published: January 2014

The Precapitalistic « Hacienda » in Latin America : the Case of Ecuador.

The very large land properties, i.e. the haciendas, of the high plateaux of the Andes of Ecuador were the dominant elements of the agrarian social structure. This study discusses the economic, political and ideological conditions of the existence and the reproduction of the hacienda as a form of production within the global capitalist structure of the country. The hacienda was based on the appropriation of a ground rent in the form of labour. This rent was extorted from a specific form of extended family — the huasipungo family — which lived within the hacienda, where it possessed, for the family's reproduction, a given amount of land and the rights to pasture its animals. At the same time, this family provided salaried workers for the landowner, thanks to specific mechanisms of relative overpopulation inherent to this form of production. These workers constituted the manpower for the cultivation of the crops that were under the direct control and supervision of the administration of the large landholding. This production was sold directly on the national market. The ground rent thus realized was accumulated in other sectors of the economy and only a small part returned to the hacienda in the form of modern means of production, which served to modernize certain aspects of the work process though conserving the precapitalistic nature of this production. The form of insertion, of the hacienda and of the landowners as a social class, into the structures of the national capitalist mode of production, lead to a blockage of all possibilities of their transition. cultivation of the crops that were under the direct control and supervision of the administration of the large landholding. This production was sold directly on the national market. The ground rent thus realized was accumulated in other sectors of the economy and only a small part returned to the hacienda in the form of modern means of production, which served to modernize certain aspects of the work process though conserving the precapitalistic nature of this production. The form of insertion, of the hacienda and of the landowners as a social class, into the structures of the national capitalist mode of production, lead to a blockage of all possibilities of their transition.
Maison longue et famille étendue en Bretagne
Authors: Gaillard-Bans Patricia
Published: January 2014

A travers une forme d'habitat très particulier — les écarts à structure linéaire de la région vannetaise — , à partir de données orales mais aussi de documents d'archives, cet article se propose d'introduire sur un point délimité la problématique des rapports entre structure du bâti et formes sociales communautaires.

Ce qui apparaît c'est la constitution progressive de la communauté familiale et sa désintégration. Ce processus de fission est inhérent à ce type d'organisation, du moins dans la région considérée, mais il s'est précipité au moment où les conditions sociales, démographiques, économiques émanant de la société globale, rendaient caduque, de manière décisive, toute forme d'association à tendance communautaire.
Connaissances techniques et patrimoine maritime
Authors: Geistdoerfer Aliette
Published: January 2014

La mer pour devenir un territoire, un patrimoine, ne peut pas — comme une terre, un troupeau, des objets — être concrètement partagée, signalée, délimitée, bornée. Seuls ceux qui ont acquis les moyens techniques de l'exploiter, c'est-à-dire les connaissances de ses modifications et des fonds, peuvent la posséder. Mais ces pêcheurs, selon le système économique et social dans lequel ils vivent, ne sont pas propriétaires pour autant du produit de leur pêche. Aux Iles de la Madeleine (Québec), la transmission de ces connaissances se fait uniquement par le canal des liens familiaux qui unissent les membres des équipages et, ainsi, la mer qui entoure cet archipel est partagée dans la mémoire des pêcheurs en de nombreux territoires familiaux nommés et reconnus par tous.
Capitalisme et métamorphoses du notable
Authors: Robert Michel
Published: January 2014

Capitalism and the Metamorphoses of Notables.

The fonction, the role and the very definition of the notable are submitted to deep transformations bound to the development of the capitalistic mode of production in the French countryside. In the Département of the Manche, since the beginning of this century, the traditional notables, whose archetype is the aristocratic landowner, must ineluctably give way to capitalistic businessmen. The study of the division of power within a dairy farm cooperative points out how the "ancients" (the chairman) are fighting against the irresistible rising to the "newcomers" (the manager) and what the conflicts resulting from such an opposition are.