bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Summer Acaricide Tests, 1991
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: March 2022

Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer (32 kg/cm2) to single tree plots of apple trees. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times on 'Delicious' cultivar with MM. 106 rootstock. Treatments were separated by unsprayed buffer trees. These trees were ca 2.3 m tall and planted 4 × 6 m apart. A single spray of AC-801757 was applied at the same rate (142 mis form/100 gal) at either half-inch green (10 Apr), pink (1 May), or petal fall (20 May) to compare residual mite control resulting from different early season scheduling (Test 1). Oil (2%) was applied at tight cluster as a standard prebloom comparison treatment. Test 2 was conducted to compare effectiveness of a single spray of different rates of AC-801757 applied early in the season at pink (1 May). Test '3 compared different rates of AC-801757 applied on 23 Jul. Seasonal programs of different rates of Kelthane 50 WP were also tested. Kelthane treatments were applied at petal fall (20 May) and again on 3 Jun and 23 Jul. ERM and the predaceous mites ZM and TP, were sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves from each plot at weekly intervals from 16 May-21 Aug. Mites and eggs were removed from leaves with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. ARM were counted on the sampled leaves under a dissecting microscope on one-half of the lower surface of each leaf.
Periodical Cicada Control, 1991
Authors: Bessin R. , Townsend L. H.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were laboratory bioassayed for residual control of 17-year periodical cicada on apple foliage. Six replicates were used for each treatment in a completely randomized design. Apple foliage was dipped into final spray dilutions of the insecticides and allowed to dry for 24 hours. Apple stems were maintained in water filled test tubes to prevent desiccation of the foliage. Five field collected periodical cicadas of each sex were confined into 2 1-quart foundant cartons attached end-to-end containing the apple foliage. The lids to the cartons were removed and replaced with nylon screen. Mortalities were recorded at 24, 48, and 72 hr. Cicadas that were unable to flip over were classed as dead.
Mite Control, 1991
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi. Treatments were applied at 375 or 150 gal/acre for test 1 (14-yr-old trees) and test 2 (6-yr-old trees), respectively. Spray dates were as indicated in table (petal fall was ca. 23 May). The standard pesticide program consisted of Nova 40 W (2.5 oz) on 5 dates, Captan 80 W (1.25 lb) on 5 dates, Pydrin 2.4 EC (2.7 oz) on 1 date, Sevin 80 S (1.25 lb) on 1 date, Ambush 25 W (3.2 oz) on 3 dates, Cyprex 65 W (6 oz) on 1 date in test 1 and Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb/100 gal) on 2 dates in test 2. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 'Red Delicious' and 2 'Cortland' cultivars in test 1 and 1 each of 'Red Delicious,' 'Cortland,' 'Golden Delicious,' and 'McIntosh' in test 2. ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Summer months were slightly warmer and more humid than normal, with less than, adequate rainfall in Jun and Jul.
Pears, Residual Control of Pear Rust Mite, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Mature Bartlett' trees in Fennville, MI were sprayed with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer at 150 gal/acre of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 11 May (PF), 23 May (IC), 4 Jun (2C), 15 Jun (3C), 28 Jun (4C). Dates of evaluation were 29 May, 12 Jun, 26 Jun, 10 Jul, 24 Jul, and 7 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves/replication (200 per treatment) were picked and brushed in a mite brushing machine, and examined under a stereo microscope for PRM adults. At harvest on 28 Aug, 50 fruit per replicate (200 per treatment) were examined for russetting damage from PRM. Russetting evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed on the table.
Peach, Season Long Broad Spectrum Insect Control, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to mature trees on the Trevor Nichols Res. Complex (Peach 3) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees, each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 18 Apr (Pink), 8 May (PF), 20 May (IC), 31 May (2C), 12 Jun (3C), 24 Jun (4C), 7 Jul (5C), 19 Jul (6C), 31 Jul (7C), and 12 Aug (8C). Rovral, Bravo, Benlate, and Captan were applied separately to all treatments. OFM ‘flagging’ damage was evaluated on 4 Jun by inspecting 25 terminals per replicate. Mid-season fruit finish data were taken on 18 Jun, picking 25 fruit per replicate, per treatment. Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 20 Aug, by randomly picking 50 fruit per replicate per treatment, from the periphery of the tree.
Control of Apache Cicada on Asparagus, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. W. , Thiessen J.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticide treatments were applied the evening of 3 Jul to 5 yr old asparagus with 4-5 ft of fern located east of San Luis, AZ, farmed by Signal Farming. Applications were made with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.4 gal/acre with 4 T-Jet 8001 nozzles. Plots were 50 ft long × 2 rows (10 ft) wide and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Four rows of asparagus separated each treatment block. Plants were heavily infested with cicadas which had initiated seasonal oviposition 5 d prior to treatment. Plots were evaluated on 5 Jul. Live cicadas were counted by flushing from foliage from the entire plot by one person slowly walking between the two treated rows and disturbing the cicadas, with one person on the outside of each treated row trailing the flusher and counting cicadas as they flew in front of them. Dead cicadas were counted in plots after flushing live cicadas.
Apple, Evaluation of Pesticide Effect on U.S. Grade and Fruit Finish, 1990
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W.
Published: March 2022

The effect of the insecticides Lorsban 4 E, Guthion 35 W, and Lorsban 50 W was evaluated on the fruit on mature apple trees. Materials at rates and times noted in the table were applied to run off with a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. There were 4 single tree replicates of each treatment. All treatments and the control received 7 fungicidal sprays of Rubigan 6 oz/A + Benlate 6 oz/A. Twenty fruit per replicate were examined on the trees and evaluated for side and stem end russet. These apples were placed into grade categories according to U.S. Grade standards. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed at the time of the field examination 27 Jul.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Broccoli, Fall, 1991
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Commander’ cultivar broccoli plants were transplanted on 6 Sep 91 into a Bernow series fine, sandy-loam soil at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C., Lane, OK. Plots were 15 ft long and 2 rows wide with 10 ft buffers within rows and one row planted with turnips and collards between plots. Rows were spaced 3 ft apart and plants were spaced 1 ft apart within rows. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Conventional cultural practices were used and recommended rates of fertilizer were applied. Samplings for CL and aphids were conducted on 19, 24, 26 Sep, 1, 3, 14, and 24 Oct. CL were sized as small (instar 1 & 2) or large (instar 3 6:4). All insecticides were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer calibrated at 44.6 gal/acre. Each insecticide treatment was applied on 20, 27 Sep, and 7 Oct.
Rotations of Bacillus Thur1Ngiensis and Esfenvalerate for Control of Lepidopterous Pests in Spring Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted in a Dubbs sandy loam soil in Craighead County near Bay, AR on 26 Spr. Plots were a single row, 20 ft long. Rows were spaced 6.6 ft apart with between plant spacing at 12 inches. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Applications were made with a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart, directed at a 45° angle toward the center of the plant and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots were treated 1, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 Jun, and 5 Jul. Treatments were evaluated on 20 Jun and 10 Jul by sampling 10 randomly selected plants per plot. No. of small, medium, and large larvae, and damage lower, middle, and head leaves (including 3 wrapper leaves) per plant were determined. In addition, insect damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (<10% of lower and middle leaf area affected), 3 = moderate damage (>10% of lower and middle leaf area affected), 4 = heavy damage (unmarketable head with <10% of all leaf area affected), and 5 = severe damage (unmarketable head with >10% of all leaf area affected). All data including log transformations of insect count data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of Leafminers on Cantaloupe, 1991
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Cantaloupes were direct seeded into “Yuma Beds” on 18 Mar. Plants were thinned at 12 inch intervals on 5 Apr. Plots consisted of six 60-ft long beds spaced 80 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed, arranged in a completely randomized block design with 5 replicates. Applications were made on 23 Apr, 6, 20, 25 May, and 3 Jun. Foliar insecticide treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (4 nozzles/bed spaced 12 inches apart) operated at 60 psi, delivering 25 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Raincoat) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 6 oz/acre. Plots were sampled on 15, 22, 30 May, and 6 Jun. Samples consisted of 20 leaves collected from the center two rows of each replicate. Leaves Were taken to the laboratory, and the numbers of live and parasitized leafminer larvae present were recorded for each plot. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Ryan’s Q-test (Proc GLM).
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Endosulfan, Bifenthrin, and Other Treatments, 1991
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: March 2022

Cantaloupe was seeded into Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 26 Mar in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPWF. Plants were transferred on 22 Apr into spray chambers (25 cm X 30 cm PVC cylinders) in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf from the growing point and SPWF immatures were sampled on the oldest leaf using a 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk cutter 24 hours prior to treatment. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a C02 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. Treatment applications were made on 23 Apr and 1 May. Untreated plants were inter-spaced between treated plants for an added source of SPWF adult re-infestation. SPWF adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf on treated plants at 24 and 168 hours after the first application and at 24 hours after the second application. Immature SPWF (including eggs and all stages of nymphs) were sampled on one 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk/plarit and numbers were recorded by instar on the oldest or second oldest leaf at 72 and 168 hours after the first application and 48 hours after the second application.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Comparing an Abbott Bacillus Thumngiensis Product to Permethrin in a Full Season Program, 1992: Cabbage was transplanted on 16 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10 ft rows on 36 inch centers with 18 inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply weekly applications of each treatment. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at .01% v/v with all treatments. Treatments were applied on 27 Jul, 6, 14, 26 Aug, 11, 18 Sep. Evaluations were made on 3, 12 Aug, 9 and 28 Sep by selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera using replicate totals for the entire season.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Spring Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage transplants were planted on 7 Apr near Georgetown, DE. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 38 inch centers, were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheel barrow sprayer using 3 nozzles/row delivering 34 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 11, 18, 26, and 28 May; 2, 11, 16, and 23 Jun. Latron B-1956 spreader/sticker (0.06%) was added to all treatments on every spray date. Number of larvae/5 plants was recorded on 21 May and 2 Jul.
Sweetpotato Whitefly Control on Cantaloupe, 1991
Authors: Chu C. C , Henneberry T. J. , Akey D. H.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, California, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Seed was planted 20 Aug at the rate of three seeds/hill with hills spaced 30 inches within a row. Missing hills were replanted on 9 Sep. Each plot consisted of two rows spaced 40 inches wide. Rows were 20 ft long. Plots were partially isolated by 7-ft wide corridors of fallow ground between plots and 7-ft fallow alleys separating experimental blocks. Treatments were (1) cantaloupe seeds treated with NTN 33893 at 0.10 lb Al/lb of seed, (2) NTN 33893 treated seeds followed, after plant emergency, by a foliar spray of 1% liquid detergent, (3) a foliar spray of NTN 33893 at 0.13 lb Al/acre, (4) a foliar spray of Monitor at 0.5 lb Al/acre and (5) untreated plots. Foliar sprays of each material were made in 27 gal of water/acre on 10 Sep with a high clearance sprayer with a modified spray boom having two nozzles at the top of plants and four nozzles at the bottom of plants per row. Bottom nozzles were oriented at 30° angles to improve underleaf coverage. Five leaves numbered 2 or 3 from the apical bud were sampled from each hill in each plot on days 6 and 13 after foliar sprays. Large third and fourth instar nymphs were counted on each side of one 1.55-inch2 leaf disk/leaf and recorded separately for each surface. The effect of the treatments and SPW infestations on plant stand establishment were determined by counting the number of seed hill replants from the two 20 ft rows in each plot.
Insecticidal and Microbial Control of ECB in Minnesota Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Bartels D. W. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Southern Experiment Station at Waseca in corn planted 29 May. Four-row plots, 9.1 m (30 ft) long with 1.2 m (4 ft) alleys, and separated by two rows of corn, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. A Hagie highboy sprayer with two flat fan (8003VS) nozzles/row, delivering 53.6 1/ha (35 gal/acre) at 2.5 kg/cm2 (36 psi) was used to treat the ear zone of each row. A weekly spray schedule was initiated near 10% silk. Due to mechanical problems and weather, a 9 day spray interval resulted. Treatments were applied 11, 20 and 29 Aug. Plots were artificially infested with about 25 neonate ECB larvae/ear on 12 Aug. Treatments were evaluated 8 Sep by randomly selecting 25 ears/plot (100/treatment) and recording total ECB larvae, larval size, location, and feeding damage.
Early Season ECB Control on Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Bowman James S. , Campbell Margaret D.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm located in Madbury, NH. The experimental design consisted of 18 treatments arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications per treatment. ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn was hand-planted on 18 May in rows on 36 inch centers. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn. The first application of each insecticide treatment was administered on 10 Jul when the corn plants were in the late whorl or pretassel growth stage (when approximately one-half of the plants have tassel growth visibly emerging from the whorls). All treatments received a second application on 16 Jul and selected treatments received a third and final application on 23 Jul. The insecticide treatments were applied using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer. Each treatment was applied in a single pass over the row directed into the whorls at a delivery rate of 14.4 gal/acre. On 10 Jul, just prior to the first insecticide application, an evaluation was made of the percentage of plants showing ECB leaf feeding injury. The percentage of plants with ECB injured tassels was determined on 5 Aug. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest time (17 Aug and 19 Aug) by examining all the plants in each replicate for ECB feeding injury to both stalks and ears.
Microbial Insecticides for Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, 1992
Authors: Hazzard R. V. , Gault J.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted at South Deerfield, Mass. on Apr 26 in blocks of 4 rows by 7.6 m with 76 cm between-row and 15 cm in-row spacing. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Pheromone traps (two Heliothis Scentry traps, with Trecé lures for Iowa or NV strains) indicated that first-generation ECB flight began by 28 May, peaked the week of 11 Jun, and ended by the week of 12 Jul. Insecticide treatments were initiated at pretassel, continuing at 5-6 day intervals until silk dried. Applications were made on 26 Jun, 2, 7, and 12 Jul. Materials were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one nozzle over the row and two drop nozzles (T-Jet D2-25 core) delivering 80 gal/acre at 120 psi. For the first application, only the over-the-row nozzles were used. All products used were formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki as the active ingredient, and all were applied with a sticker (Bond) at 2 oz/acre. On 21 Jul, 50 ears per plot were examined for external injury to husk and internal injury from ECB.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Thrips on Onions, 1992
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were tested for control of thrips on onions grown in a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins Agricultural Research & Extension Center in Lane, OK. Onions were direct seeded into beds spaced 6 ft apart on 12 Sep, 1991 and thinned to 3 inch intervals on 4 Mar, 1992. Plots measuring 4 rows by 12 ft (0.0066 acre) and 10 ft buffers within rows were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. A bed planted to wheat and rye bordered each side of all plots to minimize drift. Populations were assessed by counting all thrips larvae and adults on 5 plants/plot on 5, 8 and 12 Jun. A single insecticide application was made on 5 Jun after pretreatment counts with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone TX-18 nozzles/row that delivered 45 gal/acre at 40 psi. Adult thrips collected 4 Jun from untreated plots were determined to be 86% Frankliniella fusca and 14% Frankliniella occidentalis. Data were transformed [log (x + 1)] and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1988) and means were separated using Ryan’s Q test.
Soil Systemic Value in Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Verndale, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Miller Jennifer
Published: March 2022

In this potato growing area of Minnesota CPB populations have generally been modest to low, commercial production irrigated but scattered, and insecticide resistance negligible, if present at all. The intent of the trial was to evaluate a traditional treatment using soil systemics with and without foliars, and their contribution to yield. The field was planted on 9 May using cut A-size Russet Burbank certified seed. Plots were 4 rows, 0.9 m in width and 9.1 m in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Soils at this site were sandy loam and were irrigated season long. Soil systemics were applied just as the potato plants were emerging and were hilled in immediately. Foliars were applied on 25 Jun, 12, 18 and 27 Jul using 2 liters total material on .0134 ha.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1992
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The experiments were randomized complete block designs with six replicates each. Experiments CPB-A and B were planted May 18 and 19 respectively, at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1991. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows where planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole seed (ca 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of a flowable maneb (4F) 2.3 to 3.5 L/ha). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha.
Mite Control, 1992
Authors: Forsythe H.Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 15-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and 330 gal/acre. Spray dates were as indicated in table (petal fall was ca. 5 Jun). The standard pesticide program consisted of Nova 40 W (2.5 oz/100 gal) on 5 dates, Penncozeb 75 DF (1.0 lb) on 1 date, Sevin 80 S (.62 lb) on 4 dates, Ambush 25 W (3.2. oz) on 3 dates, and Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb) on 7 dates. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. A randomized complete block design of single-tree replications was used, with 2 ‘Red Delicious’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars for each treatment. ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Generally, the entire season was unusually cool, with sufficient rainfall in Jun, Jul, and Aug.
Biological Sprays to Control Colorado Potato Beetle, Painter, VA, 1992
Authors: Speese J.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 18 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated row, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plant spacing was 12 inches with 36 inches between rows. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone (D4-45) nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 12, 18, and 28 May; 9, 16, and 23 Jun. Peak egg hatch (>50% masses hatched) occurred on 12 May. On 16 Jun, Cygon 400 (0.5 pt product/acre) was added to each treatment for potato leafhopper [Empoasca fabae (Harris)] control. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen stems/plot, % defoliation ratings on 15 and 22 Jun, and yield data on 2 Jul.
Apple, All-Season European Red Mite Acaricide Test, 1992
Authors: Hamilton George C.
Published: March 2022

A 23 year-old apple orchard, varieties ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied 14 May, petal fall (PF); 19 Jun, 3rd cover (3C); 3 Jul, 4th cover (4C); 17 Jul, 5th cover (5C); and 31 Jul, 6th cover (6C).
Potato Leafhopper Control in Ohio, 1992
Authors: Wilson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston to evaluate the efficacy of 5 insecticides for control of PLH on 2nd and 3rd cuttings of a 3 year old alfalfa stand. Plots were 13.7 X 15.2 m (45 x 50 ft) with 5 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. However, the location of 3rd cutting treatments remained the same as that selected for the 2nd cutting. Treatments were applied on 30 Jun to the 2nd cutting and on 11 Aug to the 3rd cutting with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 4.6 m (15 ft) and flat spray tip nozzles (Teejet 800VS) mounted at 38.1 cm (15 inch) intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 280.6 liters/ha (30 gal/ acre) at 30 psi at a tractor speed of 5.6 km/hr (3.5 mi/hr). The 2nd cutting treatment was applied when alfalfa stem length was 43.5 cm (17.1 inches) to evaluate control efficacy in a situation where harvest was delayed but stand was susceptible to very heavy PLH feeding activity. The 3rd cutting treatment was applied when stem length was 27 cm (10.6 inches) following harvest of the 2nd cutting. PLH adult abundance was estimated by talcing 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot within 1 day prior to treatments and 2, 7, and 14 DAT. PLH nymph abundance was estimated 7 and 14 DAT when the stage was present in abundance in the untreated plots. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatments and at 7 and 14 DAT.
Efficacy of Selected Pyrethroids Against All Armyworm and Bollworm in Southern North Carouna, 1990
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 9 May in a Norfolk sandy loam soil near Gibson, NC. Recommended agronomic practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.6 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15 G used at planting for thrips. A randomized complete block design with 5 replicates and 6-row (38 inch centers) x 50 ft plots with 10 ft alleys were utilized. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gal water at 50 psi with one TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. Applications were made on 19 and 26 Jul and 15 Aug. One hundred squares and bolls per treatment (25/plot) from the middle 2 rows were inspected 6 d after the 2nd application and 100 bolls (25/plot) inspected 14 d after the 3rd treatment. Yields were harvested from the middle 2 rows of each plot with a 1-row John Deere mechanical harvester.
Apple, Evaluation of Fall Application of Oil for European Red Mite, 1991
Authors: Berkett L. P. , Schmitt D. , Bower K.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment was randomly applied to 5 tagged twigs on each of 10 mature ‘Empire’ trees. These twigs had been previously examined for presence of ERM eggs at the node between 1989/1990 growth. Applications of Ortho Volck oil were applied to drip to each twig using a backpack sprayer. Fall treatments were applied 1 Nov 1990. Spring application was applied 14 Apr 1991. All twigs were removed from the orchard on 17 Apr and brought to the laboratory where they were cut into 5 cm pieces including the node. Cut twig pieces were placed in incubation chambers for egg hatch. Chambers consisted of 9.5 liter plastic freezer containers fitted with an elevated plexiglass platform on which each twig was affixed upright on a nail. Water was placed in the bottom of the container for humidity.
Apple, Effect of Insecticides on Secondary Pests, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Felland Carl M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking.’ Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with test insecticides. Trees were 8 years old and planted 20 x 30 ft apart. NTN-33893 and Carzol/Cygon were applied dilute to run-off with a pressure hand gun at approximately 4.1 gal per tree. The airblast treatment of NTN was applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 75 gal/acre at 2.0 mph for a complete spray. The NTN 5% RTU treatment was applied with a paint brush to the trunk in a 10-12 inch band 12 inch above the ground. Application dates are listed in the table. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of captan 50 W, Dithane M-45, Nova 40 WP and Topsin M 85DF. Effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on SP was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. STLM control was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of trees at the end of both 1st generation and 2nd generation adult emergence. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface, 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Apple, Season-Long Insecticide Block Treatments, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI (‘F’ Block) at a rate of 100 gal/acre with an FMC CP 3000 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of three rows by three trees (9 trees/unit), each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 11 May (pink), 29 May (petal fall), 9 Jun (IC), 22 Jun (2C), 2 Jul (3C), 15 Jul (4C), 27 Jul (5C), 7 Aug (6C), 20 Aug (7C), and 1 Sep (8C). Streptomycin, Dithane, Captan, Benlate, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. Mid-season data were taken on 26 Jun by picking 50 fruit, taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 200 fruit per treatment. Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 11 Sep by picking 100 fruit, taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 400 fruit per treatment.
California Citrus Thrips Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1992
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. , Reagan C. A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides for the control of citrus thrips were evaluated spring, 1992 in Field 12 (22-yr old Atwood ‘navel’ oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied 28, 29 Apr or 11, 12 May with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gal/acre. The field was divided into 4 blocks with one replicate of each treatment allocated randomly within each block; each replicate consisted of four trees (except one replicate in treatment 24 had three trees). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct, 1992 on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars (approximately 10% severe scarring of outside fruit as sampled in this study). In 1992, late Apr and May were relatively warm. Daily maximums were between 79 and 95°F (mean of 87.4°), mean average temperature of 73.7°, in the 4 weeks after petal-fall. A little precipitation occurred (0.04 inch on both 1 May and 6 May; 0.08 inch on 30 Jun) but probably had little effect on the treatments.
Control of Biomodal First Flight Codling Moth in Walnuts, 1992
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Fouche C. F. , Bisabri B.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on ‘Serr’ walnuts in a commercial orchard near Arbuckle, Calif. Five treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of 8 rows by 8 trees planted on a 30 ft. by 30 ft. spacing (1.32 acres). Treatments were applied with an air blast sprayer operating at 1.7 mph and delivering 50 gal/acre of finished spray. The first application was applied on 27 Apr, at the end of the first peak of the first CM flight (368 degree days [DD]). The second application was applied on 19 May, at the end of the second peak of the first CM flight (817 DD). Control of the first peak was evaluated by counting all CM-infested dropped nuts from 4 trees in the center or each plot weekly from 19 May through 16 Jun. Control of the second peak was evaluated by determining the percent CM infestation from 200 nut pairs from the bottom V4 of the 4 trees in the center of each plot on 16 Jun. Walnut aphids were monitored by inspecting 10 leaflets/tree from the 4 trees in the center of each plot weekly from 2 Jun through 16 Jun.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Dry (Kidney) Bean, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Sheets Becky
Published: March 2022

In earlier trials on navy bean, insecticide use against foliar insects appeared to reduce yields. This trial was established at the Staples Irrigation Station using kidney bean as the plant host. The field was planted on 20 May with 4 row plots, each row 0.76 m wide and 7.6 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Soil treatments were banded in a 10 cm. band over the row the day of planting. Foliars were applied on 11 and 29 Jul using 2 liter of total material on 0.0023 ha. All plots were regularly irrigated. Data on stand, moisture and yield were collected and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
Insecticide Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Broccou and Lettuce, 1991
Authors: Chu C.C , Henneberry T.J. , Akey D.H.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, California. Head lettuce, ‘Empire MI’, was planted at 28 seeds/m of seed row, and hybrid broccoli. ‘Packman’, at 25 seeds/m of seed row, each in separate plots, on 18 Sep. Plots of each crop were two rows (beds) in 40-inch row spacings with rows 20 ft long. Seed rows of each crop were spaced 20 inches apart on a bed. Plots were separated by two fallow rows and 20-ft fallow alleys that separated experimental blocks. Treatments were (1) 0.53 lb Al/acre of NTN 33893 granular formulation applied on the soil surface above seed rows, (2) foliar application of NTN 33893 (240 FS) at 0.13 lb Al/acre, (3) foliar applications of 0.5% liquid detergent, (4) foliar applications of 1% soybean oil plus 0.7% oil emulsifier (Comate-102), (5) foliar application of 0.08 lb Al/acre of Capture, and (6) untreated plots. NTN 33893 granules were applied immediately after planting. Foliar applications were made on 1, 15, and 22 Oct with a backpack sprayer to deliver 32 gal of spray per acre. Ten leaves from each plot were sampled four times at weekly intervals beginning on 7 Oct. Initial samples were 6 days after the first foliar sprays and 19 days after soil application of granular NTN 33893.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Castillo J. G.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 8 Feb 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 1 Feb. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart in rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 26 Jan. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 3 Feb for weed control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 12.2 m long. A 3.0-m long section of nontreated plants separated replicates. Treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 1.8 m alleyway.
Control of Mexican Bean Beetle in Soybeans with Systemic Insecticides, 1976
Authors: Linduska James J. , Dively Galen P. , Bellinger Robert G.
Published: March 2022

Soybeans were planted May 28'76 with a conventional 4-row unit planter equipped with granular insecticide applicators. The insecticides were placed in a 4-inch band over the seed furrow, behind the planter shoe and in front of the press wheel. Two drag chains were attached behind the press wheel of each planter. Plots consisted of 16 rows (12 rows soybeans and 4 rows snap beans), 175 ft long with 30 in between rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Every 4th row was planted with Early Gallatin snap beans to encourage an infestation of Mexican bean beetle. No insecticide was applied to the snap beans. Soil was classified as a Bertie silt loam and the soil temp at the time of treatment was 72°F at the 4 in depth. At late pod-fill, 20 plants were selected at random following an “x” pattern in each plot. Each plant was rated visually to the nearest 10% defoliation. Yield data were taken from 2 rows,16 ft long, in the center of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture and reported in bu/A. Rainfall was below normal except for the period during pod formation.
Screening of Fungi and Bacteria For Control of The Forest Tent Caterpillar 1970-1973
Authors: Lewis R. , Filer T. H.
Published: March 2022

The original objective of the study was to screen various fungi imperfect! for eventual use in control of the forest tent caterpillar In southern river bottom hardwoods. Initially, only Beauveria bassiana, Spicaria sp. and Metarrhizium sp. were screened; however, commercial preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Thuricide 90 ts, Thuricide HPC, Biotrol A-12, Biotrol W-25, and combinations of these) were later screened. Combinations of B. bassiana and the B. thuringiensis preparations also were tested. Tent caterpillars were sprayed with the various preparations and maintained in a chamber at 21°C. Thuricide concentrations ranged from 416 to 8,333 ppm. Biotrol and B. bassiana preparations ranged from 0.25 to 10 mgs. per petri dish. Each dish contained 10-50 2nd, or 3rd instar larvae. Since Spicaria sp. and Metarrhizium sp. showed low virulence, they were eliminated from the study after the initial tests. The effectiveness of the various preparations is summarized in the table.
P.

ERICHSONII

CONTROL WITH DIMILIN ON LARCH, 1976
Authors: Valovage Walter D. , Kulman Herbert M.
Published: March 2022

on June 24, branches on larch field trees were sprayed to the drip point with 1 of 6 treatments; tap water (check), 50, 125, 250, 625, and 1250 ppm a . i . Dimilin W-25. There was a mixed population of 15 to 20 1st and 2nd instar larch sawfly larvae on each branch. A dacron mesh bag was tied over the branch to contain the larvae. Three replicate branches, each on a different tree, were used for each Dimilin treatment. Five replicate branches, each on a different tree, were sprayed with tap water as checks. Mortality counts were taken 5 days after treatment. In addition, 2 identical experiments were set up in the laboratory - one using a mixed population of 1st and 2nd instar larvae and the other only 4th instar larvae. Clipped branches were dipped in 1 of 5 treatments; tap water (check), 2.5, 25, 250, and 2500 ppm a . i . Dimilin W-25. After drying, each branch was placed in a separate cardboard rearing carton with the cut end immersed in water to reduce desiccation. Ten to 15 larvae were placed in each carton and 3 replicates were used per treatment. Mortality counts were taken 5 days after treatment.
D

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SIMILIS

CONTROL WITH DIMILIN ON WHITE PINE, 1976
Authors: Valovage Walter D. , Kulman Herbert M.
Published: March 2022

A mixture of 3rd and 4th instar introduced pine sawfly larvae was collected near Ponemah, Mn. on July 8. White pine branches were cut and dipped in 1 of 6 treatments; tap water (check), 0 . 2 5 , 2 . 5, 25, 250, and 2500 ppm a . i . Dimilin W-25. After drying, each branch was placed in a separate cardboard rearing carton with the cut end immersed in water to reduce desiccation. Ten to 15 larvae were transferred to the branches in each carton. Three replicates were set up for each treatment, and mortality counts were taken after 4 days.
Elm Leaf Beetle Control By Spraying and Trunk Implantation, 1975
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Eads Clark O.
Published: March 2022

In Romoland, California, a randomized block experiment was laid out on 9 home properties having 44 infested elms from 6 to 15 feet tall and under varying conditions of care. Untreated check and treatments consisted of single tree plots replicated 4 times. A sample from each tree consisted of counting all larvae on leaves of ten 18-in terminal twigs pruned randomly from the lateral periphery pf the tree. Counts were made 1 , 2 , 5 , and 8 weeks after treating July 22'75. Counts of each date were transformed to (X + 0.5)1/2 and subjected to an analysis of variance. Thorough coverage sprays, buffered to pH 6.5 and at 3.1 gal/tree, were applied with a power sprayer at 175 psi. For trunk implantation a 1/2 in hole 1 3/8 in deep was made with an electric drill per each 4 in of trunk circumference 18 in above ground. Each plastic Medicap was hammered into its hole until the flared, outer end was ca. 1/8 in inside the outer bark surface. For Cygon 2.67EC implant a hypodermic syringe measured 1 ml into each hole which was then stoppered with a no. 2 cork. All implanted trees were thoroughly irrigated for 24 hrs just prior to treatment.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control, California, 1976
Authors: Morishita Frank S. , Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Fuchsia plants were in 1 gal cans on greenhouse benches. Eight treatments were applied in each test and each treatment consisted of 4 plants. The treatments were replicated 6 times. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of runoff with a Bean 5 gpm sprayer at 150 psi. Greenhouse temperature was 21° C and the treatments were applied on May 14'76 in test A and July 5'76 in test B. Samples consisted of 4 leaves/plant taken at 7 day intervals. The number of live and dead nymphs were counted and the results are expressed as the mean number/replication.
Scots Pine,

P

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APPROXIMATUS

CONTROL, ILLINOIS, 1976
Authors: Appleby J. E. , Farris M. , Randell R.
Published: March 2022

An acre planting of 15-year-old Scots pine was selected in Pope County, Illinois for evaluating the efficacy of treatments applied to pine stumps to prevent weevil infestations in the stumps. A total of 56 trees were felled in December, 1975, leaving stumps of 3-5 inches in height. The felled trees were removed from the site and burned. On March 31 each treatment was applied onto 8 stumps using a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied using knapsack sprayers and each stump was covered thoroughly. The diesel oil treatment was applied with a large paint brush until the entire surface area of the stumps were oil-covered. On June 4 selected stumps were retreated. On July 21 the bark of each stump was removed and the number of cocoons counted from each stump.
Root Weevil Control on Rhododendron, 1976
Authors: Campbell R. Lee , Barstow D. A.
Published: March 2022

As a follow-up to 1975 studies which showed Orthene to be an effective deterrent to leaf damage caused by adult root weevil, a completely randomized trial with 4 replicates of each of 10 treatments was set up. Each block consisted of a group of plants whose number varied according to the area necessary to ensure that adequate feeding from 1975 was represented. In all cases all plants in each block were sprayed to run off with a gasoline-powered sprayer according to the schedule in the table beginning on June 14. The treatments were evaluated by selecting plants which had been fed on in 1975 and sampling 5 representative 1976 leaves from each block on Oct 5. As each leaf was collected, a 1975 leaf was taken from the same twig. The area of each leaf was measured by use of a K&E Compensating Polar Planimeter Model 4236 and the amount of feeding was determined. It is planned to analyze the differences between each treatment and the amount of damage which occurred in 1975 as well as the difference between the treatments. At this time we are reporting only the data on the amount of feeding which occurred in 1976. The mean amount of leaf tissue which was consumed in the 40 blocks in 1975 was 0.83 sq cm per leaf (n= 200).
Phytotoxicity Test, Ohio, 1976
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Balderston C. P.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 18 species and cultivars of woody ornamental nursery crops in northeastern Ohio. All plants utilized exhibited both mature and developing foliage when insecticides were applied Jul 14, 15 and 16 under sunny skies with ca 30° C temperatures. Each experimental rate was applied to 4 single-plant replicates growing in field blocks. Compressed air sprayers were used to apply finished spray to runoff. Plants were examined 24 hours, 72 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after treatment.
Insecticide Screening For Control of Chicken Lice, 1976
Authors: Darrow D. I. , LeMeilleur C. A.
Published: March 2022

Chickens, naturally or artificially infested with the chicken body louse, Menacanthusstramineus (Nitzsch), were treated with acetone, ethanol, or water solution of compounds prepared from technical or finer grades. Material was applied by spraying 40 ml of solution onto the infested chickens with an artist's airbrush modified to give a coarse spray at a pressure of 40 psi. The chickens were suspended with a soft cotton rope by the legs and rotated to assure complete and adequate coverage. Treated animals were confined separately in cage-layer cells for a 28-day posttreatment observation period. Animals treated similarly were placed in adjacent cells, but those treated with different materials or concentrations were separated by one cell. Reinfestation, when it did occur, was limited to lice arising from viable eggs present on the test animals at time of treatment. Pretreatment louse populations were estimated by counting the motile forms found in 10 partings of feathers; 2 each at the vent, breast, back, neck, and wings. Posttreatment counts made in the same way were taken at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days. If the initial test concentration of 0.25% Al was effective in controlling the lice ^90% reduction at 28 days posttreatment), subsequent tests were made at lower concentrations to determine the minimal effective dosage to achieve>90% reduction. A standard (0.01% malathion) and an acetone control were run with each series of tests. At least 2 animal replicates/concentration were treated. Methods of treatment and assessment of results were modified after R. A. Hoffman and B. F. Hogan, 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(2): 468-70. Compounds were rated according to the following classifications based upon examination at 28 days posttreatment.