bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase Expression at the Cell and Tissue Level Is Coordinated with Sucrose Sink-to-Source Transitions in Maize Leaf
Authors: Cheng W. H. , Im K. H. , Chourey P. S.
Published: August 2016

Immunohistological analyses for sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) show that the protein is localized in both bundle-sheath cells (BS) and mesophyll cells (M) in maize (Zea mays) leaves. In young leaves, SPS protein was predominantly in the BS, whereas mature leaves showed nearly equal levels of signal in both BS and M. A cell-type-specific response was also seen in light and dark treatments. Dark treatments led to reduced signal in M; however, little or no change was detected in BS. We suggest that SPS in BS is engaged in sucrose biosynthesis by both photoassimilatory and starch turnover reactions in maize leaves. In addition, we suggest that the enzyme in BS may play a major role in the early biosynthesis of sucrose in young leaves. These cell-specific changes in expression in situ were in agreement with the estimates of extractable enzyme activity from isolated BS and M of mature leaves (R. Ohsugi, S.C. Huber [1987] Plant Physiol 84: 1096–1101). In contrast, western blot analyses did not show any significant changes in the levels of SPS protein in either young or mature leaves subsequent to similar dark treatments. It is interesting that the northern blot analyses indicate that the steady-state levels of SPS transcripts were markedly reduced after dark treatments of > 12 h. Overall, our results indicate that Sps gene expression in maize leaf is modulated at multiple levels of controls by both developmental and environmental factors.
Complexity and Genetic Variability of Heat-Shock Protein Expression in Isolated Maize Microspores
Authors: Magnard J. L. , Vergne P. , Dumas C.
Published: August 2016

The expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in isolated maize (Zea mays L.) microspores has been investigated using high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to immunodetection and fluorography of in vivo synthesized proteins. To this end, homogeneous and viable populations of microspores have been purified in sufficient amounts for molecular analysis from plants grown in controlled conditions. Appropriate conditions for thermal stress application have been defined. The analysis revealed that isolated microspores from maize display a classical heat-shock response characterized by the repression of the normal protein synthesis and the expression of a set of HSPs. A high complexity of the response was demonstrated, with numerous different HSPs being resolved in each known major HSP molecular weight class. However, the extent of this heat-shock response is limited in that some of these HSPs do not accumulate at high levels following temperature elevation. Comparative analysis of the heat-shock responses of microspores isolated from five genotypes demonstrated high levels of genetic variability. Furthermore, many HSPs were detected in microspores at control temperature, indicating a possible involvement of these proteins in pollen development at stages close to first pollen mitosis.
The Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on the Cellular Localization of Glutamine Synthetase Isoforms in Barley Roots
Authors: Peat L. J. , Tobin A. K.
Published: August 2016

Glutamine synthetase (GS) was detected by immunogold localization in the cytosol and plastids of roots of 7-d-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Klaxon) seedlings grown in the presence or absence of NO3- (15 mM) or NH4+ (30 mM). The number of GS polypeptides changed during root development, and this was affected by N nutrition. There was no evidence of a NO3--inducible root plastid GS.In apical 5- to 10-mm regions of the root the concentration of immunogold labeling of cytosolic GS was higher in the cortical parenchyma than in the vascular cells of the stele, irrespective of N nutrition. This labeling was at least 50% higher in both cell types in N-free compared with N-grown (either NO3- or NH4+) seedlings. In contrast, GS specific activity was highest in roots of NO3--grown seedlings. It is suggested that this indicates the presence of inactive GS in roots grown without N. This study has identified both cell- and development-specific responses of GS to N nutrition.
Sharing personal genetic information: the impact of privacy concern and awareness of benefit
Authors: Heath Don , Ardestani Ali , Nemati Hamid
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Human genomic research (HGR) demands very large pools of data to generate meaningful inference. Yet, the sharing of one’s genetic data for research is a voluntary act. The collection of data sufficient to fuel rapid advancement is contingent on individuals’ willingness to share. Privacy risks associated with sharing this unique and intensely personal data are significant. Genetic data are an unambiguous identifier. Public linkage of donor to their genetic data could reveal predisposition to diseases, behaviors, paternity, heredity, intelligence, etc. The purpose of this paper is to understand individuals’ willingness to volunteer their private information in this high-risk/high-reward context.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors collect survey data from 273 respondents and use structural equation modeling techniques to analyze responses.

Findings

The authors find statistical support for our theorization. They find that while heightened awareness of the benefits and risks of sharing correlates with increased privacy concerns, the net impact is an increase in intention to share.

Social implications

The findings suggest that prescriptive awareness might be an effective tool with which policy-makers can gain the sufficient voluntary participation from individuals necessary to drive large-scale medical research.

Originality/value

This study contributes a theoretically and empirically informed model which demonstrates the impact of awareness and privacy concern on individuals’ willingness to share their genetic data for large-scale HGR. It helps inform a rising class of data sufficiency problems related to large-scale medical research.
Non-linear relationship between gender diversity in the partnership and profit performance in accounting firms
Authors: Hsu Chih-Shun , Kuo Lopin , Chang Bao-guang
Published: August 2016

Purpose

This study aims to examine how gender diversity within the CPA partnership team impacts the firm’s profit performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use the two-stage least squares method in analyzing the gender–diversity–performance relationship using the pooled sample obtained from the National Survey Reports on Taiwan CPA firms between 1992 and 2008.

Findings

The authors observe a non-linear relationship between gender diversity at the partner level and profit performance. The relationship curves vary according to firm size. After identifying the point of inflexion for these curves, the findings indicate that the average gender diversity is below the inflexion point for large CPA firms, but exceeds the inflexion point for medium size firms.

Practical implications

According to the critical mass theory, increasing gender diversity within the partnership team can have a positive influence on the value of the firm. Hence, the authors argue that for large CPA firms in Taiwan, the proportion of female partners leaves room for improvement. If the average number of female partners could be increased by 0.95 persons, the critical mass would be attained.

Originality/value

The study provides the empirical evidence that increasing a CPA firm’s proportion of female partners positively impacts the firm’s profit performance. The findings serve a practical value as reference source for any further studies.
Living in darkness: Internet humour and the politics of Egypt's electricity infrastructure
Authors: El Khachab Chihab
Published: August 2016

Power cuts have become a lively subject of discussion in Egypt, and they have been extensively mocked in internet memes. Based on a selection of images from the popular Asa7be page, this article examines the visual techniques and joking conventions employed in online memes in order to criticize the Egyptian state's management of the country's electricity infrastructure.
Arbovirus and insect‐specific virus discovery in Kenya by novel six genera multiplex high‐resolution melting analysis
Authors: Villinger Jandouwe , Mbaya Martin K. , Ouso Daniel , Kipanga Purity N. , Lutomiah Joel , Masiga Daniel K.
Published: August 2016

A broad diversity of arthropod‐borne viruses (arboviruses) of global health concern are endemic to East Africa, yet most surveillance efforts are limited to just a few key viral pathogens. Additionally, estimates of arbovirus diversity in the tropics are likely to be underestimated as their discovery has lagged significantly over past decades due to limitations in fast and sensitive arbovirus identification methods. Here, we developed a nearly pan‐arbovirus detection assay that uses high‐resolution melting (HRM) analysis of RT–PCR products from highly multiplexed assays to differentiate broad diversities of arboviruses. We differentiated 15 viral culture controls and seven additional synthetic viral DNA sequence controls, within Flavivirus, Alphavirus, Nairovirus, Phlebovirus, Orthobunyavirus and Thogotovirus genera. Among Bunyamwera, sindbis, dengue and Thogoto virus serial dilutions, detection by multiplex RT–PCR‐HRM was comparable to the gold standard Vero cell plaque assays. We applied our low‐cost method for enhanced broad‐range pathogen surveillance from mosquito samples collected in Kenya and identified diverse insect‐specific viruses, including a new clade in anopheline mosquitoes, and Wesselsbron virus, an arbovirus that can cause viral haemorrhagic fever in humans and has not previously been isolated in Kenya, in Culex spp. and Anopheles coustani mosquitoes. Our findings demonstrate how multiplex RT–PCR‐HRM can identify novel viral diversities and potential disease threats that may not be included in pathogen detection panels of routine surveillance efforts. This approach can be adapted to other pathogens to enhance disease surveillance and pathogen discovery efforts, as well as the study of pathogen diversity and viral evolutionary ecology.
Clinical impact of post‐progression survival on overall survival in elderly patients with extensive disease small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Imai Hisao , Mori Keita , Watase Nodoka , Kazama Toshifumi , Fujimoto Sakae , Kaira Kyoichi , Yamada Masanobu , Minato Koichi
Published: August 2016

Background

The effects of first‐line chemotherapy on overall survival (OS) might be confounded by subsequent therapies in patients with small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC). Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine the relationships between progression‐free survival (PFS) or post‐progression survival (PPS) and OS after first‐line chemotherapy in elderly patients with extensive disease‐SCLC (ED‐SCLC), using individual level data.

Methods

Between July 1998 and December 2014, we analyzed 57 cases of elderly patients with ED‐SCLC who were treated with carboplatin and etoposide as first‐line chemotherapy. The relationships between PFS and PPS with OS were analyzed at an individual level.

Results

Spearman rank correlation and linear regression analyses showed that PPS was strongly correlated with OS (r = 0.92, P < 0.05, R
2 = 0.83) and PFS was moderately correlated with OS (r = 0.76, P < 0.05, R
2 = 0.25). The best response at second‐line treatment and the number of regimens after progression beyond first‐line chemotherapy were both significantly associated with PPS (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

PPS has a stronger impact on OS than PFS in elderly ED‐SCLC patients after first‐line chemotherapy. In addition, the response at second‐line treatment and the number of additional regimens after first‐line treatment are significant independent prognostic factors for PPS. These results suggest that OS in elderly ED‐SCLC patients may be influenced by treatments subsequent to first‐line chemotherapy; however, this remains to be verified with prospective studies.
Revision ofGodartianaForster (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with the description of a new species from northeastern Brazil
Authors: Zacca Thamara , Paluch Marlon , Siewert Ricardo , Freitas André , Barbosa Eduardo , Mielke Olaf , Casagrande Mirna
Published: August 2016

A revision ofGodartianaForster, 1964 (Satyrinae: Euptychiina) is provided, including the description of a new species,G.amadoiPaluch, Zacca & Freitas sp. nov. from Bahia and Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Two genera,CercyeuptychiaL. Miller & Emmel, 1971 syn. nov. andPraefaunulaForster, 1964 syn. nov., are herein synonymised withGodartiana, based on morphological and molecular data from mitochondrial gene Cytochrome C Oxidase I and the nuclear genes GAPDH and RpS5. A new taxonomic arrangement is proposed forGodartiana, increasing to five the number of species known in this genus and also synonymisingEuptychia liturataButler, 1867 syn. nov. andE.vesperButler, 1867 syn. nov. withG.armilla(Butler, 1867) comb. nov. The female genitalia of all species ofGodartianaare described and illustrated, information is given on host plants and biology, and the previously unknown immature stages ofG.muscosaare described and illustrated.
Effects of bilateral vasectomy on the interleukin 1 system in mouse epididymis
Authors: Oh Yeong Seok , Na Eun Ju , Gye Myung Chan
Published: August 2016

Problem

Regional difference in the inflammatory response in vasectomized (VAX) epididymis remains unraveled.

Method of study

Epididymal expression of interleukin 1α (IL1α), IL1β, IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1ra), IL1 receptor 1 (IL1R1), IL6, IL10, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) was examined in bilateral VAX mice by real‐time RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry.

Results

IL1α, IL1β, IL1ra, and IL1R1 were expressed in the epididymal epithelia of normal mice. Following VAX, IL1R1 mRNA was not changed, but TNF‐α, IL10, IL1α, IL1β, and IL1ra mRNA were significantly upregulated in whole epididymis, whereas IL6 and TGF‐β1 mRNA were significantly increased in corpus and cauda but not in caput epididymis. Consistently, IL1α, IL1β, and IL1ra immunoreactivities were visibly increased in epididymis following VAX.

Conclusion

Following VAX, IL1α, IL1β, IL1ra, IL10, and TNF‐α may mediate immune reaction in whole epididymis, whereas IL6 and TGF‐β1 may mediate regionally different immune response primarily in the lower part of epididymis.
Influence of feed type and its effect on repressing wool‐biting behavior in housed sheep
Authors: Huang Chen‐Yu , Takeda Ken‐ichi
Published: August 2016

Sheep sometimes develop an abnormal behavior termed as wool‐biting when kept in an indoor system; however, little is known about this behavior. As the provided feed type may affect the foraging behavior and repress abnormal behavior in animals, we tested the effect of feed type on repressing wool‐biting behavior in this study. We used hay prepared in three forms, that is hay bales, rolls and cubes. The wool‐biting frequency associated with hay bales was significantly higher than that associated with rolls (P < 0.05) and cubes (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference between rolls and cubes. For hay rolls, wool‐biting significantly decreased after feeding (P < 0.05), suggesting that rolls may provide sheep with appropriate oral stimulation; thus, decreasing the post‐feeding oral abnormal behavior. An individual difference of wool‐biting behavior between sheep was also detected, and an unexpected bed‐eating behavior was found in the hay cube treatment. We suggest that sheep performing movements that are similar to their natural foraging behavior while grazing would repress wool‐biting behavior, which happened in hay roll and hay cube treatments. Considering sanitation and animal welfare, providing sheep with hay rolls may provide an easier method to control wool‐biting behavior in housed sheep.
Persistence of DNMT3A R882 mutations during remission does not adversely affect outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Bhatnagar Bhavana , Eisfeld Ann‐Kathrin , Nicolet Deedra , Mrózek Krzysztof , Blachly James S. , Orwick Shelley , Lucas David M. , Kohlschmidt Jessica , Blum William , Kolitz Jonathan E. , Stone Richard M. , Bloomfield Clara D. , Byrd John C.
Published: August 2016

Somatic mutation of the DNMT3A gene at the arginine R882 site is common in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The prognostic significance of DNMT3A R882 mutation clearance, using traditional diagnostic next generation sequencing (NGS) methods, during complete remission (CR) in AML patients is controversial. We examined the impact of clearing DNMT3A R882 mutations at diagnosis to the detectable threshold of ˂3% during CR on outcome in 56 adult AML patients. Mutational remission, defined as clearance of pre‐treatment DNMT3A R882 and all other AML‐associated mutations to a variant allele frequency ˂3%, occurred in 14 patients whereas persistent DNMT3A R882 mutations were observed in 42 patients. There were no significant differences in disease‐free or overall survival between patients with and without DNMT3A R882 mutation clearance. Patients with persistent DNMT3A R882 who cleared all other AML mutations and did not acquire new mutations (n = 30), trended towards longer disease‐free survival (1·6 vs. 0·6 years, P = 0·06) than patients with persistence of DNMT3A R882, in addition to other mutations or acquisition of new AML‐associated mutations, such as those in TET2, JAK2, ASXL1 and TP53 (n = 12). These data demonstrate that DNMT3A R882 mutations, as assessed by traditional NGS methods, persist in the majority of AML patients in CR.
Development and face validity of a cerebral visual impairment motor questionnaire for children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Salavati M. , Waninge A. , Rameckers E.A.A. , van der Steen J. , Krijnen W.P. , van der Schans C.P. , Steenbergen B.
Published: August 2016

Aim

The objectives of this study were (i) to develop two cerebral visual impairment motor questionnaires (CVI‐MQ's) for children with cerebral palsy (CP): one for children with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I, II and III and one for children with GMFCS levels IV and V; (ii) to describe their face validity and usability; and (iii) to determine their sensitivity and specificity.

Backgrounds

The initial versions of the two CVI‐MQ's were developed based on literature. Subsequently, the Delphi method was used in two groups of experts, one familiar with CVI and one not familiar with CVI, in order to gain consensus about face validity and usability. The sensitivity and specificity of the CVI‐MQ's were subsequently assessed in 82 children with CP with (n = 39) and without CVI (n = 43). With the receiver operating curve the cut‐off scores were determined to detect possible presence or absence of CVI in children with CP.

Results

Both questionnaires showed very good face validity (percentage agreement above 96%) and good usability (percentage agreement 95%) for practical use. The CVI‐MQ version for GMFCS levels I, II and III had a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.96, with a cut‐off score of 12 points or higher, and the version for GMFCS levels IV and V had a sensitivity of 0.97 and a specificity of 0.98, with a cut‐off score of eight points or higher.

Conclusion

The CVI‐MQ is able to identify at‐risk children with CP for the probability of having CVI.
The Determinants of Students’ Well‐being in Secondary Vocational Schools in Kosovo and Macedonia
Authors: Gashi Ardiana , Mojsoska‐Blazevski Nikica
Published: August 2016

Students’ well‐being is crucial for learning motivation and effective learning, for their quality of life and their psychological health later in life. In this regard, this article investigates the factors that affect the well‐being of students in secondary vocational schools in Kosovo and Macedonia. It empirically examines determinants of students’ well‐being categorised into socio‐demographic factors, environment and socialisation, and satisfaction factors. It is based on an OLS regression analysis, using data from six secondary vocational schools in the two countries. Findings reveal that well‐being is determined to a great extent by students’ experience in school, particularly their perception of the usefulness of what they are learning for a future job, whether teachers are welcoming, and the friendliness of co‐students. Students who experience bullying are much less happy in school. These findings are important from a policy perspective, as they reveal that students’ well‐being is mainly determined by factors that can be controlled and influenced by schools and less so by factors that are not determined by schools. The evidence from this study can be used to strengthen the social inclusion role of vocational schools.
Impact of body mass index on outcome in stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis
Authors: Gensicke H. , Wicht A. , Bill O. , Zini A. , Costa P. , Kägi G. , Stark R. , Seiffge D. J. , Traenka C. , Peters N. , Bonati L. H. , Giovannini G. , De Marchis G. M. , Poli L. , Polymeris A. , Vanacker P. , Sarikaya H. , Lyrer P. A. , Pezzini A. , Vandelli L. , Michel P. , Engelter S. T. ,   for the Thrombolysis in Stroke Patients (TriSP) collaborators
Published: August 2016

Background and purpose

The impact of body mass index (BMI) on outcome in stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) was investigated.

Methods

In a multicentre IVT‐register‐based observational study, BMI with (i) poor 3‐month outcome (i.e. modified Rankin Scale scores 3–6), (ii) death and (iii) symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) based on criteria of the ECASS II trial was compared. BMI was used as a continuous and categorical variable distinguishing normal weight (reference group 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) from underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2) patients. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses with adjustments for age and stroke severity were done and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals [OR (95% CI)] were calculated.

Results

Of 1798 patients, 730 (40.6%) were normal weight, 55 (3.1%) were underweight, 717 (39.9%) overweight and 295 (16.4%) obese. Poor outcome occurred in 38.1% of normal weight patients and did not differ significantly from underweight (45.5%), overweight (36.1%) and obese (32.5%) patients. The same was true for death (9.5% vs. 14.5%, 9.6% and 7.5%) and sICH (3.9% vs. 5.5%, 4.3%, 2.7%). Neither in univariable nor in multivariable analyses did the risks of poor outcome, death or sICH differ significantly between BMI groups. BMI as a continuous variable was not associated with poor outcome, death or sICH in unadjusted [OR (95% CI) 0.99 (0.97–1.01), 0.98 (0.95–1.02), 0.98 (0.94–1.04)] or adjusted analyses [OR (95% CI) 1.01 (0.98–1.03), 0.99 (0.95–1.05), 1.01 (0.97–1.05)], respectively.

Conclusion

In this largest study to date, investigating the impact of BMI in IVT‐treated stroke patients, BMI had no prognostic meaning with regard to 3‐month functional outcome, death or occurrence of sICH.
Measuring Concentrations of Dissolved Methane and Ethane and the 13C of Methane in Shale and Till
Authors: Hendry M. Jim , Barbour S. Lee , Schmeling Erin E. , Mundle Scott O. C.
Published: August 2016

Baseline characterization of concentrations and isotopic values of dissolved natural gases is needed to identify contamination caused by the leakage of fugitive gases from oil and gas activities. Methods to collect and analyze baseline concentration‐depth profiles of dissolved CH4 and C2H6 and δ13C‐CH4 in shales and Quaternary clayey tills were assessed at two sites in the Williston Basin, Canada. Core and cuttings samples were stored in Isojars® in a low O2 headspace prior to analysis. Measurements and multiphase diffusion modeling show that the gas concentrations in core samples yield well‐defined and reproducible depth profiles after 31‐d equilibration. No measurable oxidative loss or production during core sample storage was observed. Concentrations from cuttings and mud gas logging (including IsoTubes®) were much lower than from cores, but correlated well. Simulations suggest the lower concentrations from cuttings can be attributed to drilling time, and therefore their use to define gas concentration profiles may have inherent limitations. Calculations based on mud gas logging show the method can provide estimates of core concentrations if operational parameters for the mud gas capture cylinder are quantified. The δ13C‐CH4 measured from mud gas, IsoTubes®, cuttings, and core samples are consistent, exhibiting slight variations that should not alter the implications of the results in identifying the sources of the gases. This study shows core and mud gas techniques and, to a lesser extent, cuttings, can generate high‐resolution depth profiles of dissolved hydrocarbon gas concentrations and their isotopes.
Parents’ concerns about future pregnancy after stillbirth: a qualitative study
Authors: Meaney Sarah , Everard Claire M. , Gallagher Stephen , O'Donoghue Keelin
Published: August 2016

Objectives

As stillbirth has a devastating impact, it is imperative to understand the importance of clinical and emotional care after stillbirth and how it influences subsequent pregnancies. The aim of the study was to gain insight into the consideration and planning of a subsequent pregnancy by parents in the weeks following stillbirth.

Design

A qualitative semi‐structured interview format was utilized. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed as the analytic strategy.

Participants and setting

The recruitment strategy focused on couples whereby the parents of ten stillborn babies were contacted; however, five men declined to participate in the study. The final sample of 15 parents were all Irish: ten of whom were female and five of whom were male.

Results

Findings revealed two superordinate themes relating to a subsequent pregnancy after stillbirth: aspirations for future pregnancy and expectations of future care. Parents disclosed how the prospect of a subsequent pregnancy was daunting with fears about the potential loss of another child. Despite these fears, parents’ aspirations differed in the days following stillbirth; mothers wished to plan a future pregnancy while fathers were reluctant to consider any pregnancies. Parents were unsure of what to expect in terms of the level of care that would be provided to them in a subsequent pregnancy. Additional appointments at the maternity hospital were considered crucial to provide reassurance during a subsequent pregnancy.

Conclusions

These findings underscore the far‐reaching and contrasting effects of stillbirth on parents. These complex needs highlight the importance of the multidisciplinary team approach.
Greater carotid intima media thickness at a younger age in HIV‐infected patients compared with reference values for an uninfected cohort
Authors: Krikke M , Arends JE , Van Lelyveld SFL , Hoepelman AIM , Visseren FLJ
Published: August 2016

Objectives

In contrast to the general population, no decline in cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been noted in HIV‐infected patients over the last 10 years. We compared the carotid artery intima media thickness (CIMT) of HIV‐infected patients to that of age‐ and gender‐matched reference values and determined the relationship between CVD risk factors and CIMT.

Methods

A total of 292 HIV‐infected patients were enrolled in the study. Data collected included vascular screening data, data obtained using a questionnaire, data obtained from laboratory assessments and CIMT measurement. Using linear regression (adjusted for age/gender/known HIV), the association between HIV‐specific and classical cardiovascular risk factors and CIMT was evaluated.

Results

The cohort comprised for 91% of male patients, aged 49.4 ± 10.5 years, with a known duration of HIV infection of 8.8 ± 6.7 years. The mean with standard deviation (mean ± SD) CIMT was 0.77 ± 0.19 mm, compared with 0.58 ± 0.05 mm in the controls. A steeper increase of CIMT per age was seen in the HIV‐infected patients. A significant relationship between CIMT and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) and ankle brachial index was found. Of the HIV‐specific variables, only a relationship between CIMT and length of cART use and between CIMT and (inversely) current cART use was seen.

Conclusions

A greater CIMT was found in HIV‐infected patients compared with controls. In contrast to HIV‐specific variables, classical CVD risk factors were associated with a greater CIMT and should therefore be the focus of preventive measures.
Outcomes of everolimus treatment for renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex: A single institution experience in Japan
Authors: Hatano Takashi , Chikaraishi Kentaro , Inaba Hiroyuki , Endo Katsuhisa , Egawa Shin
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity profiles of everolimus in Japanese patients with renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex.

Methods

Patients with a 4‐cm or larger angiomyolipoma meeting the diagnostic criteria of tuberous sclerosis complex were selected as participants of our investigation. In each case, we assessed tuberous sclerosis complex‐associated symptoms, the treatment effect and adverse events. The treatment effect was evaluated by measuring the tumor volume reduction rate using abdominal computed tomography or magneitc resonance imaging. Adverse events were investigated using CTCAE v4.0‐JCOG. The dose of everolimus was set at 10 mg once a day for adults. For childhood angiomyolipoma, everolimus administration was initiated at a dose of 5 mg once a day. Blood everolimus level was measured, and the dose was adjusted to maintain this within a range of 5–15 ng/mL.

Results

The angiomyolipoma volume decreased in 46 of 47 cases, and the mean reduction rate for all cases was 60% in 12 months. The angiomyolipoma volume markedly decreased in the first 3 months, and the size leveled off after 6 months. The main adverse events related to everolimus treatment were stomatitis (91%) and irregular menstruation (65%). Grade 3 or severer adverse events were noted in three cases (6%). All patients developed some adverse events in the first 6 months. The incidence markedly decreased to 40–50% after 13 months.

Conclusion

The tumor volume‐reducing effect of everolimus in a Japanese population was equivalent to or higher than that in Western populations. A wide variety of everolimus treatment‐related adverse events can be observed, but most cases are very mild. Special attention should be given to stomatitis, irregular menstruation and interstitial lung disease as adverse events.
Were Self-Driving Cars Really About to Kill Someone?
Authors: Collett Laura
Published: August 2016

The first fatality involving a self-driving car has occurred. But “statistically” there was little reason to believe it would happen sooner rather than later, says Laura Collett
Sexual identity development: relationship with lifetime suicidal ideation in sexual minority women
Authors: Dirkes Jessica , Hughes Tonda , Ramirez‐Valles Jesus , Johnson Tim , Bostwick Wendy
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

This study draws on a life course perspective to evaluate in a sample of sexual minority women: (1) the relationship between age at reaching sexual identity milestones and risk of suicidal ideation, (2) developmental stages or stages of sexual identity development that represent greatest risk and (3) the relationship between age of reaching milestones and parental support.

Background

Research shows higher rates of suicidal ideation among sexual minority women than heterosexual women. Evidence suggests this is partly accounted for by risk factors including sexual identity development and parental support. However, it remains unclear whether there are stages of particularly high risk.

Design

This is a cross‐sectional study. Data come from a prospective study of sexual minority women that used convenience and respondent‐driven sampling methods.

Methods

Using logistic regression, we examined associations among age at sexual identity developmental milestones, parental support and suicidal ideation in a large (N = 820), ethnically diverse sample of sexual minority women.

Results

Compared with women who first wondered about their sexual identity in adulthood, those who first wondered in early, middle or late adolescence had greater odds of lifetime suicidal ideation. Younger age at subsequent milestones (first decided or first disclosed) was not associated with heightened risk of suicidal ideation. Parental support was independently associated with suicidal ideation.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that where one is in the process of identifying as a sexual minority may be more important than age in understanding risk of suicidal ideation in this population. As individuals come to accept and integrate their sexual minority identity risks associated with younger age diminish.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Nurses and other healthcare providers who work with youth should routinely ask about sexual orientation and suicidal ideation and be aware that youth in the earliest stages of coming out as sexual minority may be at particularly high risk of suicide.
A plausible link between the asteroid 21 Lutetia and CH carbonaceous chondrites
Authors: Moyano‐Cambero Carles E. , Trigo‐Rodrίguez Josep M. , Llorca Jordi , Fornasier Sonia , Barucci Maria A. , Rimola Albert
Published: August 2016

A crucial topic in planetology research is establishing links between primitive meteorites and their parent asteroids. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of a connection between asteroids similar to 21 Lutetia, encountered by the Rosetta mission in July 2010, and the CH3 carbonaceous chondrite Pecora Escarpment 91467 (PCA 91467). Several spectra of this meteorite were acquired in the ultraviolet to near‐infrared (0.3–2.2 μm) and in the midinfrared to thermal infrared (2.5–30.0 μm or 4000 to ~333 cm−1), and they are compared here to spectra from the asteroid 21 Lutetia. There are several similarities in absorption bands and overall spectral behavior between this CH3 meteorite and 21 Lutetia. Considering also that the bulk density of Lutetia is similar to that of CH chondrites, we suggest that this asteroid could be similar, or related to, the parent body of these meteorites, if not the parent body itself. However, the apparent surface diversity of Lutetia pointed out in previous studies indicates that it could simultaneously be related to other types of chondrites. Future discovery of additional unweathered CH chondrites could provide deeper insight in the possible connection between this family of metal‐rich carbonaceous chondrites and 21 Lutetia or other featureless, possibly hydrated high‐albedo asteroids.
An empirical test of ‘universal’ biomass scaling relationships in kelps: evidence of convergence with seed plants
Authors: Starko Samuel , Martone Patrick T.
Published: August 2016

Biomass allocation patterns have received substantial consideration, leading to the recognition of several ‘universal’ interspecific trends. Despite efforts to understand biomass partitioning among embryophytes, few studies have examined macroalgae that evolved independently, yet function ecologically in much the same ways as plants.

Kelps allocate photosynthate among three organs (the blade(s), stipe(s) and holdfast) that are superficially convergent with organs of land plants, providing a unique opportunity to test the limits of ‘universal’ trends. In this study, we used an allometric approach to quantify interspecific biomass partitioning patterns in kelps and assess whether embryophyte‐based predictions of biomass scaling can be applied to marine macrophytes that lack root‐to‐leaf hydraulic transport.

Photosynthetic area and dry mass were found to scale to approximately the ¾ power and kelp biomass allocation patterns were shown to match closely to empirical measures of allometric scaling among woody plants. Larger kelp species were found to have increased relative stipe and holdfast mass than smaller species, highlighting important consequences of size for marine macroalgae.

Our study provides insights into the evolution of size in the largest marine macrophytes and corroborates previous work suggesting that the morphology of divergent lineages of photoautotrophs may reflect similar selective pressures.
Epigenetic contribution to successful polyploidizations: variation in global cytosine methylation along an extensive ploidy series in Dianthus broteri (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Alonso Conchita , Balao Francisco , Bazaga Pilar , Pérez Ricardo
Published: August 2016

Polyploidization is a significant evolutionary force in plants which involves major genomic and genetic changes, frequently regulated by epigenetic factors. We explored whether natural polyploidization in Dianthus broteri complex resulted in substantial changes in global DNA cytosine methylation associated to ploidy.

Global cytosine methylation was estimated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 12 monocytotypic populations with different ploidies (2×, 4×, 6×, 12×) broadly distributed within D. broteri distribution range. The effects of ploidy level and local variation on methylation were assessed by generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs).

Dianthus broteri exhibited a higher methylation percent (˜33%) than expected by its monoploid genome size and a large variation among study populations (range: 29.3–35.3%). Global methylation tended to increase with ploidy but did not significantly differ across levels due to increased variation within the highest‐order polyploidy categories. Methylation varied more among hexaploid and dodecaploid populations, despite such cytotypes showing more restricted geographic location and increased genetic relatedness than diploids and tetraploids.

In this study, we demonstrate the usefulness of an HPLC method in providing precise and genome reference‐free global measure of DNA cytosine methylation, suitable to advance current knowledge of the roles of this epigenetic mechanism in polyploidization processes.
Preparedness and response to chemical and biological threats: the role of exposure science
Authors: Lioy Paul J. , Laskin Jeffrey D. , Georgopoulos Panos G.
Published: August 2016

There are multiple components to emergency preparedness and the response to chemical and biological threat agents. The 5Rs framework (rescue, reentry, recovery, restoration, and rehabitation) outlines opportunities to apply exposure science in emergency events. Exposure science provides guidance and refined tools for characterizing, assessing, and reducing risks from catastrophic events, such as the release of hazardous airborne chemicals or biological agents. Important challenges to be met include deployment of assets, including medications, before and after an emergency response situation. Assessment of past studies demonstrates the value of integrating exposure science methods into risk analysis and the management of catastrophic events.
Nucleases from Prevotella intermedia can degrade neutrophil extracellular traps
Authors: Doke M. , Fukamachi H. , Morisaki H. , Arimoto T. , Kataoka H. , Kuwata H.
Published: August 2016

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by periodontal bacteria in subgingival plaque. These bacteria are able to colonize the periodontal region by evading the host immune response. Neutrophils, the host's first line of defense against infection, use various strategies to kill invading pathogens, including neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These are extracellular net‐like fibers comprising DNA and antimicrobial components such as histones, LL‐37, defensins, myeloperoxidase, and neutrophil elastase from neutrophils that disarm and kill bacteria extracellularly. Bacterial nuclease degrades the NETs to escape NET killing. It has now been shown that extracellular nucleases enable bacteria to evade this host antimicrobial mechanism, leading to increased pathogenicity. Here, we compared the DNA degradation activity of major Gram‐negative periodontopathogenic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. We found that Pr. intermedia showed the highest DNA degradation activity. A genome search of Pr. intermedia revealed the presence of two genes, nucA and nucD, putatively encoding secreted nucleases, although their enzymatic and biological activities are unknown. We cloned nucA‐ and nucD‐encoding nucleases from Pr. intermedia ATCC 25611 and characterized their gene products. Recombinant NucA and NucD digested DNA and RNA, which required both Mg2+ and Ca2+ for optimal activity. In addition, NucA and NucD were able to degrade the DNA matrix comprising NETs.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Law Enforcement Officers on Rabies and Animal Control Issues in Kansas
Authors: Straily A. , Trevino‐Garrison I.
Published: August 2016

Rabies is a deadly zoonoses endemic in the United States, including Kansas. Animal control programmes that emphasize vaccination of dogs and cats, removal of stray animals and enforcement of licensure programmes have historically been essential in reducing the risk of rabies exposures to humans (Beran, 1991). Kansas does not mandate the use of animal control officers [ACOs] and in areas where there is no designated animal control officer, law enforcement officers [LEOs] are required to fill that role. Little is known about LEOs' knowledge of rabies, their current practices in responding to animal‐related calls or if they receive any specialized training to perform the duties of an ACO. A web‐based, voluntary and anonymous survey was sent to law enforcement officers in Kansas in January 2014. The survey included questions about animal control practices and a self‐assessment of rabies knowledge. The response rate was 16.2%. All respondents indicated LEOs will respond to animal‐related calls, even if there was an ACO available in their department or jurisdiction. A majority of respondents indicated they had not received training on safe animal handling (62.9%, 61/97) or zoonoses prevention (85.6%, 83/97), even though a strong majority considered such training important (89.7% and 79.4%, respectively). Most respondents (>80%) were able to correctly identify animals capable of transmitting rabies but were less aware of how rabies was transmitted or the severity of rabies in humans. Our results demonstrate that Kansas LEOs perform animal control duties, many without the proper training, even though most consider such training to be important to be able to perform their duties safely. Training on safe animal handling and zoonoses prevention should be provided to all LEOs in Kansas to enable them to safely execute their duties and provide timely and accurate information to citizens regarding rabies prevention.
Thermal Homogenization of Electrical Machine Windings Applying the Multiple-Scales Method
Authors: Romanazzi Pietro , Bruna Maria , Howey David A.
Published: August 2016

Low-order thermal models of electrical machines are fundamental for the design and management of electric powertrains since they allow evaluation of multiple drive cycles in a very short simulation time and implementation of model-based control schemes. A common technique to obtain these models involves homogenization of the electrical winding geometry and thermal properties. However, incorrect estimation of homogenized parameters has a significant impact on the accuracy of the model. Since the experimental estimation of these parameters is both costly and time-consuming, authors usually prefer to rely either on simple analytical formulae or complex numerical calculations. In this paper, we derive a low-order homogenized model using the method of multiple-scales (MS) and show that this gives an accurate steady-state and transient prediction of hot-spot temperature within the windings. The accuracy of the proposed method is shown by comparing the results with both high-order numerical simulations and experimental measurements from the literature.
Science Signaling
Podcast for 2 August 2016: Patient-specific protein complexes
Authors: Schrum Adam G. , Neier Steven C. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: August 2016

A technique for identifying patient-specific protein complexes reveals altered signaling in T cells from patients with the autoimmune disease alopecia areata.
Efficacy of β-Lactam-plus-Macrolide Combination Therapy in a Mouse Model of Lethal Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Yoshioka Daisuke , Kajiwara Chiaki , Ishii Yoshikazu , Umeki Kenji , Hiramatsu Kazufumi , Kadota Jun-ichi , Tateda Kazuhiro
Published: August 2016

Community-acquired pneumonia is a common disease with considerable morbidity and mortality, for which
Streptococcus pneumoniae
is accepted as a leading cause. Although β-lactam-plus-macrolide combination therapy for this disease is recommended in several guidelines, the clinical efficacy of this strategy against pneumococcal pneumonia remains controversial. In this study, we examined the effects of β-lactam-plus-macrolide combination therapy on lethal mouse pneumococcal pneumonia and explored the mechanisms of action
in vitro
and
in vivo
. We investigated survival, lung bacterial burden, and cellular host responses in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from mice infected with pneumonia and treated with ceftriaxone, azithromycin, or both in combination. Although
in vitro
synergy was not observed, significant survival benefits were demonstrated with combination treatment. Lung neutrophil influx was significantly lower in the ceftriaxone-plus-azithromycin-treated group than in the ceftriaxone-treated group, whereas no differences in the lung bacterial burden were observed on day 3 between the ceftriaxone-plus-azithromycin-treated group and the ceftriaxone-treated group. Notably, the analysis of cell surface markers in the ceftriaxone-plus-azithromycin combination group exhibited upregulation of presumed immune checkpoint ligand CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II in neutrophils and CD11b-positive CD11c-positive (CD11b
+
CD11c
+
) macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as downregulation of immune checkpoint receptors cytotoxic-T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 and programmed death 1 in T helper and T regulatory cells. Our data demonstrate that the survival benefits of ceftriaxone-plus-azithromycin therapy occur through modulation of immune checkpoints in mouse pneumococcal pneumonia. In addition, immune checkpoint molecules may be a novel target class for future macrolide research.