bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description of global EGAM in the maximum of local frequency during current ramp-up discharges in DIII-D
Authors: Camilo de Souza F. , Gorelenkov N. , Elfimov A. , Galvão R. , Collins C. , Podesta M. , Fredrickson E.
Published: June 2022

Energetic-particle-induced geodesic acoustic modes, EGAMs (Fu, Phys. Rev. Let., vol. 101, 2008, pp. 185002), driven by neutral beam injection (NBI), have been observed in many DIII-D tokamak experiments (Nazikian et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 101, 2008, pp. 185001). This mechanism has been theoretically investigated in (Qiu et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, vol. 52, 2010, pp. 095003), using a sharp energetic particle distribution function, and in (Qu et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, vol. 59, 2017, pp. 055018), where the dispersion relation and eigenmode behaviour were obtained for the situation of early beam scenario, that is, for times smaller than the beam slowing down time. In this work, we extend these studies determining the eigenmode for beyond the slowing down time, in a scenario with reverse safety factor

$q$

profile, where a small concentration of energetic ions can produce an off-axis maximum in the GAM dispersion relation. The characteristics of EGAM are analytically studied with the drift kinetic equation together with the MHD code NOVA. The toroidal energetic ion transit frequency, coupled with the GAM frequency, produces the maximum in the dispersion relation where the eigenmode can be found. The quantitative correspondence of experimental results with the predictions of the proposed model is analysed.
Energy partition between Alfvénic and compressive fluctuations in magnetorotational turbulence with near-azimuthal mean magnetic field
Authors: Kawazura Y. , Schekochihin A.A. , Barnes M. , Dorland W. , Balbus S.A.
Published: June 2022

The theory of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence predicts that Alfvénic and slow-mode-like compressive fluctuations are energetically decoupled at small scales in the inertial range. The partition of energy between these fluctuations determines the nature of dissipation, which, in many astrophysical systems, happens on scales where plasma is collisionless. However, when the magnetorotational instability (MRI) drives the turbulence, it is difficult to resolve numerically the scale at which both types of fluctuations start to be decoupled because the MRI energy injection occurs in a broad range of wavenumbers, and both types of fluctuations are usually expected to be coupled even at relatively small scales. In this study, we focus on collisional MRI turbulence threaded by a near-azimuthal mean magnetic field, which is naturally produced by the differential rotation of a disc. We show that, in such a case, the decoupling scales are reachable using a reduced MHD model that includes differential-rotation effects. In our reduced MHD model, the Alfvénic and compressive fluctuations are coupled only through the linear terms that are proportional to the angular velocity of the accretion disc. We numerically solve for the turbulence in this model and show that the Alfvénic and compressive fluctuations are decoupled at the small scales of our simulations as the nonlinear energy transfer dominates the linear coupling below the MRI-injection scale. In the decoupling scales, the energy flux of compressive fluctuations contained in the small scales is almost double that of Alfvénic fluctuations. Finally, we discuss the application of this result to prescriptions of ion-to-electron heating ratio in hot accretion flows.
Wer spricht? Die Redeeinleitungen im Thomasevangelium
Authors: Witetschek Stephan
Published: June 2022

The Gospel of Thomas (GThom) is a collection of sayings, most of which come with the stereotypical introduction ‘Jesus said: …’ The GThom thus looks like a loose collection of disparate material. However, several sayings in the collection are introduced by ‘He said: …’, thus omitting explicit reference to Jesus as the speaker. This points to greater (narrative) coherence: when the speaker's name is missing in a logion, the logion depends on the surrounding context and ceases to be a self-contained unit. This article views the GThom as a sayings collection on the way to becoming a literary composition titled ‘The Gospel according to Thomas’.
Design and performance analysis of a novel class of SMA-driven rotational mechanisms/joints
Authors: Zhou Haiqin , Cao Shunze , Ma Nan
Published: June 2022

The rotational joint plays a vital role in the industrial and civil areas, which is typically utilized to achieve the relative rotation between the adjacent parts. Generally, structuring a conventional rotational joint involves the bulk actuators (e.g., motor and hydraulic cylinders) and complex structures, bringing difficulty for miniaturing the dimension. In this paper, a class of novel rotational mechanisms, which were constructed by the combination of compliant mechanisms (e.g., cartwheel pivot and multileaf pivot) and intelligent actuator (e.g., shape memory alloy (SMA) wire and spring), was proposed to reduce the complexity of the conventional rotational joints. As the case study, a novel SMA wire-driven flexural rotational mechanism (SDFRM), which is constructed by the cartwheel pivot and SMA wire, was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of combining the compliant mechanism and smart actuator. After establishing the static model of the cartwheel pivot and the thermal effect model of the SMA wire, the overall model of SDFRM was developed for the comprehensive performance analysis and the control system design. After that, the model validation and experiments were performed with the proposed prototype and control system. It can be seen from the experimental results that the proposed model can be validated within the error of 3.8%. In addition, the performance study on SDFRM indicates that the prototyped SDFRM system can track the given trajectories within the error of 0.2 mm in the workspace. As a result, the proposed concept was demonstrated as an effective way to reduce the dimension and weight of the conventional rotational joint.
Hypergraphs without non-trivial intersecting subgraphs
Authors: Liu Xizhi
Published: June 2022

A hypergraph
$\mathcal{F}$
is non-trivial intersecting if every pair of edges in it have a nonempty intersection, but no vertex is contained in all edges of
$\mathcal{F}$
. Mubayi and Verstraëte showed that for every
$k \ge d+1 \ge 3$
and
$n \ge (d+1)k/d$
every
$k$
-graph
$\mathcal{H}$
on
$n$
vertices without a non-trivial intersecting subgraph of size
$d+1$
contains at most
$\binom{n-1}{k-1}$
edges. They conjectured that the same conclusion holds for all
$d \ge k \ge 4$
and sufficiently large
$n$
. We confirm their conjecture by proving a stronger statement.

They also conjectured that for
$m \ge 4$
and sufficiently large
$n$
the maximum size of a
$3$
-graph on
$n$
vertices without a non-trivial intersecting subgraph of size
$3m+1$
is achieved by certain Steiner triple systems. We give a construction with more edges showing that their conjecture is not true in general.
Glyphosate decreases bovine oocyte quality by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis
Authors: E Zhiqiang , Zhao Yuhan , Sun Jingyu , Zhang Xiaomeng , Jin Qingguo , Gao Qingshan
Published: June 2022

Glyphosate is a universal herbicide with genital toxicity, but the effect of glyphosate on oocytes has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of glyphosate (0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mM) on bovine oocytein vitromaturation. We showed that 50 mM glyphosate adversely affects the development of bovine oocytes. Exposure of oocytes to 50 mM glyphosate caused an abnormal reduction in oxidative (redox) levels compared with that in the control group, with a significantly higher reactive oxide species level (P <0.05) and significantly lower glutathione (GSH) expression (P <0.05). Additionally, the mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (SOD1,SOD2,SIRT2,SIRT3) and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were significantly reduced (P <0.05). Furthermore, treatment with 50 mM glyphosate-induced apoptosis, and the mRNA levels of the apoptotic genesCaspase-3andCaspase-4were significantly higher than those in the control group (P <0.05); however, the mRNA level ofBAXwas significantly higher than that in the control group (P <0.01). Additionally, the mRNA levels of the anti-apoptotic genesSurvivinandBCL-XLwere significantly lower than those in the control group (P <0.05), and oocyte quality was adversely affected. Together, our results confirmed that glyphosate impairs the quality of oocytes by promoting abnormal oocyte redox levels and apoptosis.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature on prevalence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) and virulence genes in feces, hides, and carcasses of pre- and peri-harvest cattle worldwide
Authors: Dewsbury Diana M. A. , Cernicchiaro Natalia , Sanderson Michael W. , Dixon Andrea L. , Ekong Pius S.
Published: June 2022

Objective

The objective of this study was to summarize peer-reviewed literature on the prevalence and concentration of non-O157 STEC (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) serogroups and virulence genes (stx and eae) in fecal, hide, and carcass samples in pre- and peri-harvest cattle worldwide, using a systematic review of the literature and meta-analyses.

Data synthesis

Seventy articles were eligible for meta-analysis inclusion; data from 65 articles were subjected to random-effects meta-analysis models to yield fecal prevalence estimates. Meta-regression models were built to explore variables contributing to the between-study heterogeneity.

Results

Worldwide pooled non-O157 serogroup, STEC, and EHEC fecal prevalence estimates (95% confidence interval) were 4.7% (3.4–6.3%), 0.7% (0.5–0.8%), and 1.0% (0.8–1.1%), respectively. Fecal prevalence estimates significantly differed by geographic region (P < 0.01) for each outcome classification. Meta-regression analyses identified region, cattle type, and specimen type as factors that contribute to heterogeneity for worldwide fecal prevalence estimates.

Conclusions

The prevalence of these global foodborne pathogens in the cattle reservoir is widespread and highly variable by region. The scarcity of prevalence and concentration data for hide and carcass matrices identifies a large data gap in the literature as these are the closest proxies for potential beef contamination at harvest.
The livestock farming digital transformation: implementation of new and emerging technologies using artificial intelligence
Authors: Fuentes Sigfredo , Gonzalez Viejo Claudia , Tongson Eden , Dunshea Frank R.
Published: June 2022

Livestock welfare assessment helps monitor animal health status to maintain productivity, identify injuries and stress, and avoid deterioration. It has also become an important marketing strategy since it increases consumer pressure for a more humane transformation in animal treatment. Common visual welfare practices by professionals and veterinarians may be subjective and cost-prohibitive, requiring trained personnel. Recent advances in remote sensing, computer vision, and artificial intelligence (AI) have helped developing new and emerging technologies for livestock biometrics to extract key physiological parameters associated with animal welfare. This review discusses the livestock farming digital transformation by describing (i) biometric techniques for health and welfare assessment, (ii) livestock identification for traceability and (iii) machine and deep learning application in livestock to address complex problems. This review also includes a critical assessment of these topics and research done so far, proposing future steps for the deployment of AI models in commercial farms. Most studies focused on model development without applications or deployment for the industry. Furthermore, reported biometric methods, accuracy, and machine learning approaches presented some inconsistencies that hinder validation. Therefore, it is required to develop more efficient, non-contact and reliable methods based on AI to assess livestock health, welfare, and productivity.
“A Wanderer's Tale”: The development of a virtual reality application for pain and quality of life in Australian burns and oncology patients
Authors: Desselle Mathilde R. , Holland Lucy R. , McKittrick Andrea , Kennedy Glen , Yates Patsy , Brown Jason
Published: June 2022

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to co-design and conduct a pilot evaluation of a novel, immersive virtual reality (VR) experience for procedural pain and anxiety in an Australian healthcare setting. The secondary objective was to identify key parameters that can facilitate the development and implementation of VR experiences in clinical practice.

Method

A qualitative, Design Box method was selected for co-design. It was used with adult burns survivors and adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer, and healthcare professionals from these fields to identify the practical and design parameters required for the application of VR technology within the clinical setting. Results informed the development of the VR experience that was evaluated by consumers and healthcare professionals, who completed qualitative surveys. Thematic analysis was conducted on co-design notes and survey data.

Results

Procedural pain and management was a challenge for both cohorts, but particularly the burns cohort. Anxiety was significant challenge for both cohorts. Boredom and quality of life was a significant challenge, particularly for the AYA oncology cohort. These results informed the development of “A Wanderers Tale,” an Australiana-themed, gaze-controlled VR application for Oculus Quest platforms. Thematic analysis results suggest that cultural preferences, procedural contexts of use, and agency through customization and interaction are three parameters to consider when creating or selecting VR experiences for application in health.

Significance of results

This work describes a novel method for the use VR as an adjuvant pain management tool in patients with burns and cancer. The VR experience may provide a culturally, practice and procedure-appropriate tool in comparable settings of care. The study also describes interdisciplinary co-design and evaluation approaches that can help maximize the use of VR to improve healthcare approaches that address clinical challenges in pain, anxiety, and quality of life for patients while in hospital.
The Potential Impact of a Clean Energy Society on Air Quality
Authors: Sanyal Swarnali , Wuebbles Donald J.
Published: June 2022

The emissions from fossil fuel use not only affect climate but also affects air pollution both directly (emitting primary particles) and indirectly (emitting precursors for formation of ozone [O3] and particulates). Effects on ozone and particulates (especially PM2.5) are of major concern because of their adverse health effects on human and other life on Earth. Although alternative energy use is increasing, the impacts are not yet large enough to reduce the poor air quality resulting from extensive use of fossil fuels and resulting emissions in much of the world. A more definite energy transformation is needed to reduce these health impacts. Here, we examine the possibility of a midcentury future, where, because of its influence on climate, fossil fuel use has been extensively reduced in much of the world, and replaced by nonpolluting forms of energy. Analyses of the clean energy future globally and in five regions across the world, including 29 megacities, show that air quality with respect to ozone and particulate pollution improves significantly. When compared to the high‐emission future under the clean energy scenario, population weighted ozone, and particulate matter exposure are reduced by >40% and 50%, respectively. The number air quality noncompliance events, defined by exceedance days and air quality index (AQI), improved considerably under the clean energy scenario. Annually, exceedance days are reduced to 0.7% ± 1.7% for ozone pollution and 7.4% ± 17.8% for particulate pollution under the clean energy scenario. AQI always stayed above the “very unhealthy category” and are improved significantly for the “unhealthy category” in all regions. Overall major hotspots experienced significantly cleaner air under the clean energy scenario, emphasizing the significance of transforming energy production, and moving away from conventional use of fossil fuels, on air quality and human health.
Interferometric Study of Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities in Regions of Phase Scintillations and HF Backscatter
Authors: Spicher Andres , LaBelle James , Bonnell John W. , Roglans Roger , Moser Chrystal , Fuselier Stephen A. , Bounds Scott , Clausen Lasse B. N. , Di Mare Francesca , Feltman Connor A. , Jin Yaqi , Kletzing Craig , Miloch Wojciech J. , Moen Jøran I. , Oksavik Kjellmar , Sawyer Rhyan , Takahashi Toru , Yeoman Tim K.
Published: June 2022

We investigate the nature of small‐scale irregularities observed in the cusp by the Twin Rockets to Investigate Cusp Electrodynamics‐2 (TRICE‐2) in regions of enhanced phase scintillations and high‐frequency coherent radar backscatter. We take advantage of the fact that the irregularities were detected by spatially separated probes, and present an interferometric analysis of both the observed electron density and electric field fluctuations. We provide evidence that fluctuations spanning a few decameters to about a meter have low phase velocity in the plasma reference frame and are nondispersive, confirming that decameter‐scale irregularities follow the E × B velocity. Furthermore, we show that these “spatial” structures are intermittent and prominent outside of regions with strongest precipitation. The observations are then discussed in the context of possible mechanisms for irregularity creation.
PINNup: Robust Neural Network Wavefield Solutions Using Frequency Upscaling and Neuron Splitting
Authors: Huang Xinquan , Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: June 2022

Seismic wave‐equation based methods, for example, full waveform inversion, are currently used to illuminate the interior of Earth. Solving for the frequency‐domain scattered wavefield via physics‐informed neural network (PINN) has great potential in increasing the flexibility and reducing the computational cost of seismic modeling and inversion. However, when dealing with high‐frequency wavefields using PINN, its accuracy and training cost limit its application. Thus, we propose a novel implementation of PINN using frequency upscaling and neuron splitting, which allows the neural network model to grow in size as we increase the frequency while leveraging the information from the pre‐trained model for lower‐frequency wavefields, resulting in fast convergence to highly accurate wavefield solutions. Numerical results show that, compared to the commonly used PINN with random initialization, the proposed PINN exhibits notable superiority in terms of convergence and accuracy and can achieve neuron based high‐frequency wavefield solutions with a shallow model.
Dust Activities Induced by Nocturnal Low‐Level Jet Over the Taklimakan Desert From WRF‐Chem Simulation
Authors: Han Zihang , Ge Jinming , Chen Xingyu , Hu Xiaoyu , Yang Xuan , Du Jiajing
Published: June 2022

The formation and pronounced diurnal variation of the nocturnal low‐level jet (NLLJ), and the dust activities associated with the NLLJ over the Taklimakan Desert (TD) are revealed by the simulations from a coupled meteorology‐chemistry model WRF‐Chem. Based on the model diagnostic analysis, it is found that the NLLJ is mainly induced by the oscillation of the Coriolis force and the turbulent mixing largely accounts for the diurnal change of NLLJ over the TD. Moreover, the Hovmöller diagram indicates that a maximum dust emission exists in the early morning and dust western propagation mode frequently occurs at night. To further analyze the causal relationship between the morning dust emission and transport with NLLJ, the scale height of momentum (H) is conducted to describe the momentum vertical distribution and the surface friction velocity is used to reflect the intensity of dust flux. It is found that the downward momentum of NLLJ is transferred from the atmosphere to the ground and induces dust emissions after sunrise. Combined with potential temperature and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) analysis, turbulent mixing dominated by solar surface heating contributes to this process. Given these findings, dust emission caused by NLLJs appears to be an essential driving factor for reviving dust activities and the NLLJs can facilitate the long‐range transmission of dust particles due to the topography throughout summer.
New Craters on Mars: An Updated Catalog
Authors: Daubar I. J. , Dundas C. M. , McEwen A. S. , Gao A. , Wexler D. , Piqueux S. , Collins G. S. , Miljkovic K. , Neidhart T. , Eschenfelder J. , Bart G. D. , Wagstaff K. L. , Doran G. , Posiolova L. , Malin M. , Speth G. , Susko D. , Werynski A.
Published: June 2022

We present a catalog of new impacts on Mars. These craters formed in the last few decades, constrained with repeat orbital imaging. Crater diameters range from 58 m down to <1 m. For each impact, we report whether it formed a single crater or a cluster (58% clusters); albedo features of the blast zone (88% halos; 64% linear rays; 10% arcuate rays; majority dark‐toned; 4% light‐toned; 14% dual‐toned); and exposures of ice (4% definite; 2% possible). We find no trends in the occurrences of clusters with latitude, elevation, or impact size. Albedo features do not depend on atmospheric fragmentation. Halos are more prevalent at lower elevations, indicating an atmospheric pressure dependence; and around smaller impacts, which could be an observational bias. Linear rays are more likely to form from larger impacts into more consolidated material and may be enhanced by lower atmospheric pressure at higher elevations. Light‐ and dual‐toned blast zones occur in specific regions and more commonly around larger impacts, indicating excavation of compositionally distinct material. Surfaces covered with bright dust lacking cohesion are favored to form detectable surface features. The slope of the cumulative size frequency distribution for this data set is 2.2 for diameters >8 m (differential slope 2.9), significantly shallower than the slope of new lunar craters. We believe that no systematic biases exist in the Martian data set sufficient to explain the discrepancy. This catalog is complete at the time of writing, although observational biases exist, and new discoveries continue.
Magnitude and Origin of CO2 Evasion From High‐Latitude Lakes
Authors: Verheijen H. A. , Klaus M. , Seekell D. A. , Karlsson J.
Published: June 2022

Lakes evade significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere; yet the magnitude and origin of the evasion are still poorly constrained. We quantified annual CO2 evasion and its origin (in‐lake net ecosystem production vs. lateral inputs from terrestrial ecosystems) in 14 high‐latitude lakes through high‐frequency estimates of open water CO2 flux and ecosystem metabolism and inorganic carbon mass‐balance before and after ice breakup. Annual CO2 evasion ranged from 1 to 25 g C m−2 yr−1 of which an average of 57% was evaded over a short period at ice‐breakup. Annual internal CO2 production ranged from −6 to 21 g C m−2 yr−1, of which at least half was produced over winter. The contribution of internal versus external source contribution to annual CO2 evasion varied between lakes, ranging from fully internal to fully external with most lakes having over 75% of the evasion sustained through a single source. Overall, the study stresses the large variability in magnitude and control of CO2 evasion and suggests that environmental change impacts on CO2 evasion from high‐latitude lakes are not uniform.
Heterogeneity of Decoupling Between Economic Development and Carbon Emissions in China's Green Industrial Parks
Authors: Yu Xiang , Li Manqi , Kang Wenmei
Published: June 2022

On the path to carbon neutrality, the journey to net‐zero emissions in the industry is achievable, and the green development of industrial parks is crucial for a smooth transition. We examined a sample of 171 green industrial parks certified by China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT). Using the Tapio decoupling model, we conducted decoupling analyses at both the national and regional scales of their economic growth and environmental conservation for three consecutive years. Spatial heterogeneity is found in carbon‐economy decoupling states and carbon‐pollutant synergy effects. Industrial parks in the east of China present better carbon‐economy decoupling states and carbon‐pollutant synergy effects than the other regions. The CO2 emissions determinants were explored by using the STIRPAT model. The variable industrial value‐added per capita, which is representative of economic growth, presents a positive and significant effect on emissions; the energy output and the proportion of high‐tech industries present a negative effect. However, after dividing the parks into groups by their leading industries, the influence of the variables started to show a power discrepancy. The heterogeneity analysis of this study can provide a basis for developing diversified strategies for Chinese industrial parks under the net‐zero emission goal.
Closing the Global Marine 226Ra Budget Reveals the Biological Pump as a Dominant Removal Flux in the Upper Ocean
Authors: Xu Bochao , Cardenas M. Bayani , Santos Isaac R. , Burnett William C. , Charette Matthew A. , Rodellas Valentí , Li Sanzhong , Lian Ergang , Yu Zhigang
Published: June 2022

Radium isotopes are powerful proxies in oceanography and hydrology. Radium mass balance models, including assessments of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), often overlook particle scavenging (PS) as a pathway for dissolved radium removal from the world ocean. Here, we build a global ocean 226Ra mass balance model and reevaluate the potential importance of PS. We find that PS is the major 226Ra sink for the upper ocean, removing about 96% of the total input from various sources. Aside from vertical exchange with the lower ocean, SGD is the largest 226Ra source into the upper ocean. The biological pump transfers particles to the deep ocean, resulting in a major but often overlooked impact on the global 226Ra marine budget. Our findings suggest that radium mass balance models should consider PS in systems with high siliceous algae production and export fluxes and long water residence times to prevent underestimation of large‐scale SGD fluxes.
Amplitude Dependence of Nonlinear Precipitation Blocking of Relativistic Electrons by Large Amplitude EMIC Waves
Authors: Bortnik Jacob , Albert Jay M. , Artemyev Anton , Li Wen , Jun Chae‐Woo , Grach Veronika S. , Demekhov Andrei G.
Published: June 2022

Recent work has shown that ElectroMagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves tend to occur in four distinct regions, each having their own characteristics and morphology. Here, we use nonlinear test‐particle simulations to examine the range of energetic electron scattering responses to two EMIC wave groups that occur at low L‐shells and overlap the outer radiation belt electrons. The first group consists of low‐density, H‐band region b waves, and the second group consists of high‐density, He‐band region c waves. Results show that while low‐density EMIC waves cannot precipitate electrons below ∼16 MeV, the high density EMIC waves drive a range of linear and nonlinear behaviors including phase bunching and trapping. In particular, a nonlinear force bunching effect can rapidly advect electrons at low pitch‐angles near the minimum resonant energy to larger pitch angles, effectively blocking precipitation and loss. This effect contradicts conventional expectations and may have profound implication for observational campaigns.
Persistence of Soil Enthalpy Drives the Winter and Summer Climate Connection in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Lin Zouxing , Zuo Zhiyan , Zhang Renhe , Xiao Dong , You Qinglong , Qiao Liang
Published: June 2022

Although some outcomes have been reported, our knowledge of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) climate and its prediction remains unclear due to land surface complexity and observational uncertainty. Here, long‐term observations and reanalysis data revealed a significant positive relationship between winter and the subsequent summer surface air temperatures (SATs) over the TP, in which we highlighted the role of the persistence of soil enthalpy (SE) process. The winter SE can memorize the winter SAT anomaly, and the signal decays with depth gradually, but the consistency with spring SE increases substantially. This persistence of the SE process facilitates the winter SAT signals to be preserved for months until summer, resulting in homogeneous SAT anomalies in summer. The atmospheric response to the SAT anomaly further demonstrates the significant effect of winter thermal conditions on the subsequent summer climate over the TP. Hence, this work brings a new perspective for understanding the TP climate.
Automated Global Classification of Surface Layer Stratification Using High‐Resolution Sea Surface Roughness Measurements by Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Stopa Justin E. , Wang Chen , Vandemark Doug , Foster Ralph , Mouche Alexis , Chapron Bertrand
Published: June 2022

A three‐state global estimator of marine surface layer atmospheric stratification is demonstrated using more than 600,000 Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar wave mode images at incidence angle ≈36.8°. Stratification is quantified using a bulk Richardson number, Ri, derived from collocated ERA5 surface analyses. The three stratification states are defined as unstable: Ri < −0.012, near‐neutral: −0.012 < Ri < +0.001, and stable: Ri > +0.001. These boundaries are identified by the characteristic boundary layer coherent structures that form in these regimes and modulate the surface roughness imaged by the radar. An automated machine learning algorithm identifies the coherent structures impressed on the images. Data from 2016 to 2019 are used to examine spatial and temporal variation in these state estimates in terms of expected wind and thermal forcing. This new satellite‐based approach for detecting air‐sea stratification has implications for weather modeling and air‐sea flux products.
Influence of Magnetic Fields on Precipitating Solar Wind Hydrogen at Mars
Authors: Henderson Sarah , Halekas Jasper , Girazian Zach , Espley Jared , Elrod Meredith
Published: June 2022

Solar wind protons can interact directly with the hydrogen corona of Mars through charge exchange, resulting in energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) able to penetrate deep into the upper atmosphere of Mars. ENAs can undergo multiple charge changing interactions, leading to an observable beam of penetrating protons in the upper atmosphere. We seek to characterize the behavior of these protons in the presence of magnetic fields using data collected by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft. We find that backscattered penetrating proton flux is enhanced in regions where the magnetic field strength is greater than 200 nT. We also find a strong correlation at CO2 column densities less than 5.5 × 1014 cm−2 between magnetic field strength and the observed backscattered and downward flux. We do not see significant changes in penetrating proton flux with magnetic field strengths on the order of 10 nT.
Seasonal Variation of Thermospheric Composition Observed by NASA GOLD
Authors: Qian Liying , Gan Quan , Wang Wenbin , Cai Xuguang , Eastes Richard , Yue Jia
Published: June 2022

We examine characteristics of the seasonal variation of thermospheric composition using column number density ratio ∑O/N2 observed by the NASA Global Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission from low‐mid to mid‐high latitudes. We also use ∑O/N2 derived from the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) limb measurements onboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite and estimated by the NRLMSISE‐00 empirical model to aid our investigation. We found that the ∑O/N2 seasonal variation is hemispherically asymmetric: in the southern hemisphere, it exhibits the well‐known annual and semiannual pattern, with highs near the equinoxes, and primary and secondary lows near the solstices. In the northern hemisphere, it is dominated by an annual variation, with a minor semiannual component with the highs shifting toward the wintertime. We also found that the durations of the December and June solstice seasons in terms of ∑O/N2 are highly variable with longitude. Our hypothesis is that ion‐neutral collisional heating in the equatorial ionization anomaly region, ion drag, and auroral Joule heating play substantial roles in this longitudinal dependency. Finally, the rate of change in ∑O/N2 from one solstice season to the other is dependent on latitude, with more dramatic changes at higher latitudes.
Adaptive Feedback Convolutional‐Neural‐Network‐Based High‐Resolution Reflection‐Waveform Inversion
Authors: Wu Yulang , McMechan George A. , Wang Yanfei
Published: June 2022

Full‐waveform inversion (FWI) applies non‐linear optimization to estimate the velocity model by fitting the observed seismic data. With a smooth starting velocity model, FWI mainly inverts for the shallower background velocity model by fitting the observed direct, diving and refracted data, and updates the interfaces by fitting the observed reflected data. As the deeper parts of background velocity model cannot be effectively updated by fitting the reflected data in FWI, the deeper interfaces are less accurate than the shallower interfaces. To update the deeper background velocity model, many reflection‐waveform inversion (RWI) algorithms were proposed to separate the tomographic and migration components from the reflection‐related gradient. We propose a convolutional‐neural‐network‐based reflection‐waveform inversion (CNN‐RWI) to repeatedly apply the iteratively updated convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict the true velocity model from the smooth starting velocity model (the tomographic components), and the high‐resolution migration image (the migration components). The CNN is iteratively updated by the more representative training data set, which is obtained from the latest CNN‐predicted velocity model by the proposed spatially constrained divisive hierarchical k‐means parcellation method. The more representative the training velocity models are, the more accurate the CNN‐predicted velocity model becomes. Synthetic examples using different portions of the Marmousi2 P‐wave velocity model show that CNN‐RWI inverts for both the shallower and deeper parts of velocity models more accurately than the conjugate‐gradient FWI (CG‐FWI). Both the CNN‐RWI and the CG‐FWI are sensitive to the accuracy of the starting velocity model and the complexity of the unknown true velocity model.
The Transition of Stratospheric Polar Vortex Intensity: A Case Study of Winter 1987/88
Authors: Shan Qi , Fan Ke
Published: June 2022

The stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) is a key part of the stratospheric system. A better understanding of its variability and its interaction with the troposphere might help us to improve tropospheric predictability. In winter 1987/88, the SPV intensity exhibited the most significant positive transition (enhanced from weak to strong) between the early winter (November and December) and late winter (January and February) during 1979–2019. Therefore, we selected winter 1987/88 as an extreme case to analyze its stratosphere–troposphere interaction processes. Results indicate that the positive transition of SPV intensity was probably caused by the negative transition of upward planetary wave intensity entering the stratosphere, especially planetary wave‐1. We further found that the anomalous strong (weak) upward planetary wave‐1 in the stratosphere might originate from the increased (reduced) generation of planetary wave‐1 in the lower troposphere. Accompanied by anomalous SPV intensity, the positive (negative) stratospheric zonal wind anomalies were able to propagate downwards into the troposphere during strong (weak) SPV stages. And these out‐of‐phase downward propagating anomalies might have contributed to the out‐of‐phase tropospheric zonal wind anomalies between these two stages, which appeared as North Atlantic Oscillation‐like zonal wind anomalies in the North Atlantic region and similar dipole‐like anomaly mode but in the Asia‐Arctic region at 500 hPa. Moreover, we found that this downward influence of SPV anomalies can also manifest in its statistical relationship with the 500‐hPa zonal winds on simultaneous monthly scales.
Global Hydrogen Abundances on the Lunar Surface
Authors: Lawrence David J. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Wilson Jack T. , Elphic Richard C.
Published: June 2022

A global map of bulk hydrogen abundances on the Moon is presented. This map was generated using data from the Lunar Prospector Neutron Spectrometer. This map required corrections for variations due to rare‐earth elements, and was calibrated to Apollo sample hydrogen abundances. Since neutron‐derived measurements sample hydrogen content to a depth of tens of cm, these results provide complementary insights to those provided by studies using spectral reflectance data, which sample depths of order μm. Comparison of these abundances to Apollo sample values suggest that the samples reflect actual hydrogen content on the lunar surface, not dominantly from non‐lunar contamination. The average lunar hydrogen abundance is 47 ppm with a systematic uncertainty of ∼10 ppm. This is consistent with bulk hydrogen from solar wind emplacement. A bulk hydrogen enhancement (50–68 ppm) has been identified at the Moon's largest pyroclastic deposit (Aristarchus Plateau), which corroborates prior observations that hydrogen and/or water plays a role in lunar magmatic events. Global data show a correlation between hydrogen and evolved materials rich in incompatible trace elements (i.e., KREEP type rocks), with a hydrogen excess of 14–36 ppm in these materials. Based on this hydrogen enhancement, we estimate a lower‐limit water abundance within urKREEP materials (i.e., the final ∼2% of the lunar magma ocean) of 320–820 ppm H2O. This observation implies that water played a role in the original magma‐ocean formation and solidification with a lower‐limit water content in the original lunar magma ocean of 7–16 ppm or higher.
Lactoferrin for iron-deficiency anemia in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical trial
Authors: El Amrousy Doaa , El-Afify Dalia , Elsawy Abdallah , Elsheikh Mai , Donia Amr , Nassar Mohammed
Published: June 2022

Background

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is common in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, oral iron supplements are commonly associated with poor compliance due to gastrointestinal side effects. We compared the effect of lactoferrin versus oral ferrous sulfate for the treatment of IDA in children with IBD.

Methods

Ninety-two IBD children with IDA were included but only 80 children completed the study and they were randomized into two groups: ferrous sulfate group (n = 40) who received ferrous sulfate 6 mg/kg/day for 3 months and lactoferrin group (n = 40) who received lactoferrin 100 mg/day for 3 months. Complete blood count, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TS), serum ferritin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and hepcidin 25 were measured before and after the treatment.

Results

Hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume, serum iron, TS, and serum ferritin significantly increased, while TIBC decreased significantly after the administration of either ferrous sulfate or lactoferrin compared to their baseline data. In addition, lactoferrin significantly increased Hb, serum iron, TS, and serum ferritin compared to ferrous sulfate. Moreover, lactoferrin significantly decreased IL-6 and hepcidin levels.

Conclusion

Lactoferrin is a promising effective treatment with fewer side effects than oral elemental iron in children with IBD and IDA.

Clinical trial registration

The study was registered at www.pactr.org (PACTR202002763901803).

Impact

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is treated with oral iron therapy; however, oral iron supplements are commonly associated with poor compliance due to gastrointestinal side effects.

To the best of our knowledge, our study was the first in pediatrics that compared the effect of lactoferrin versus oral ferrous sulfate as an iron supplement for the treatment of IDA in children with IBD.

We found that lactoferrin is a promising effective treatment with fewer side effects than oral elemental iron in children with IBD and IDA.
Severe cellular stress drives apoptosis through a dual control mechanism independently of p53
Authors: Wang Yen-Chun , Wang Li-Ting , Hung Ta I , Hong Yi-Ren , Chen Chung-Hwan , Ho Cheng-Jung , Wang Chihuei
Published: June 2022

For past two decades, p53 has been claimed as the primary sensor initiating apoptosis. Under severe cellular stress, p53 transcriptional activity activates BH3-only proteins such as Bim, Puma, or Noxa to nullify the inhibitory effects of anti-apoptotic proteins on pro-apoptotic proteins for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Cellular stress determines the expression level of p53, and the amount of p53 corresponds to the magnitude of apoptosis. However, our studies indicated that Bim and Puma are not the target genes of p53 in three cancer models, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, and osteosarcoma. Bim counteracted with Bcl-xl to activate apoptosis independently of p53 in response to doxorubicin-induced severe DNA damage in prostate cancer. Moreover, the transcriptional activity of p53 was more related to cell cycle arrest other than apoptosis for responding to DNA damage stress generated by doxorubicin in prostate cancer and glioblastoma. A proteasome inhibitor that causes protein turnover dysfunction, bortezomib, produced apoptosis in a p53-independent manner in glioblastoma and osteosarcoma. p53 in terms of both protein level and nuclear localization in combining doxorubicin with bortezomib treatment was obviously lower than when using DOX alone, inversely correlated with the magnitude of apoptosis in glioblastoma. Using a BH3-mimetic, ABT-263, to treat doxorubicin-sensitive p53-wild type and doxorubicin-resistant p53-null osteosarcoma cells demonstrated only limited apoptotic response. The combination of doxorubicin or bortezomib with ABT-263 generated a synergistic outcome of apoptosis in both p53-wild type and p53-null osteosarcoma cells. Together, this suggested that p53 might have no role in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer, glioblastoma and osteosarcoma. The effects of ABT-263 in single and combination treatment of osteosarcoma or prostate cancer indicated a dual control to regulate apoptosis in response to severe cellular stress. Whether our findings only apply in these three types of cancers or extend to other cancer types remains to be explored.
Formamidinium lead triiodide perovskites with improved structural stabilities and photovoltaic properties obtained by ultratrace dimethylamine substitution
Authors: Qiao Wen-Cheng , Liang Jia-Qi , Dong Wei , Ma Kaiyang , Wang Xue Lu , Yao Ye-Feng
Published: June 2022

Applications of organic–inorganic formamidinium (FA) lead triiodide (FAPbI3) perovskites in high-efficiency solar cells often suffer from spontaneous α-to-δ phase transitions. However, current efforts to inhibit this phenomenon based on simple cation and anion alloying strategies continue to suffer from unintended consequences, such as unfavorable shifts in the bandgap energy and unwanted phase separation during operation. The present work compares the effects of bromine (Br) anion and dimethylamine (DMA) cation alloying on the structure and properties of FAPbI3 perovskite in detail. DMA-incorporated FAPbI3 perovskites show significantly improved structural stability and photovoltaic performance, while the inherent bandgap energy of the original material is maintained. Rigorous analyses demonstrate that the relatively large size and free isotropic motion of the incorporated DMA cations constrain the dynamic space of neighboring FA cations, which increases the degree to which the FA cations interact with the inorganic lattice and therefore stabilizes the PbI6 lattice structure without significant lattice distortion. Hence, this work demonstrates an efficient method for improving the phase stability of FAPbI3 perovskite materials while providing a plausible molecular mechanism for the stability engendered by the alloying of DMA and FA.
Bioinspired macromolecular templates for crystallographic orientation control of ZnO thin films through zinc hydroxide carbonate
Authors: Mikami Takahiro , Matsumura Shunichi , Ichikawa Rino , Kato Riki , Uchida Junya , Nishimura Tatsuya , Kato Takashi
Published: June 2022

The biomineralization-inspired preparation of inorganic hybrid materials has attracted attention. Here, we report a new approach to the orientation control of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin-film crystals through the preparation of zinc hydroxide carbonate (ZHC) by the macromolecular templates of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Using 100-nm-thick PHEMA templates, ZHC thin films with thec-axis oriented parallel to the substrate were obtained, while ZHC thin films prepared by 100-nm-thick PVA templates showed perpendicular orientation. After the thermal treatment of ZHC, the crystal orientations of the ZnO thin films were maintained. The effects of the thickness and annealing time for the polymer templates on the morphologies of the ZnO thin films were examined.
A COL4A1 variant in a neonate with multiple intracranial hemorrhages and congenital cataracts
Authors: Yakabe Ayane , Ikuse Tamaki , Ito Natsuki , Yamada Hiromichi , Saito Nobutomo , Kitamura Yuri , Iwasaki Tomohiro , Ikeno Mitsuru , Suganuma Hiroki , Abe Shinpei , Miyazaki Nao , Hisata Ken , Shoji Hiromichi , Nakazawa Tomoyuki , Eguchi Hidetaka , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: June 2022

A 2-day-old neonate presented with seizures, multiple intracranial hemorrhages, and bilateral congenital cataracts. Targeted next-generation sequencing of the collagen type IV alpha 1 chain (COL4A1) gene revealed a heterozygous de novo missense variant (NM_001845.6:c.2291G>A/p.Gly764Asp). This missense variant adds to the compendium of COL4A1 variants and is associated with a COL4A1-related disorder.
Room-temperature high-precision printing of flexible wireless electronics based on MXene inks
Authors: Shao Yuzhou , Wei Lusong , Wu Xinyue , Jiang Chengmei , Yao Yao , Peng Bo , Chen Han , Huangfu Jiangtao , Ying Yibin , Zhang Chuanfang John , Ping Jianfeng
Published: June 2022

Wireless technologies-supported printed flexible electronics are crucial for the Internet of Things (IoTs), human-machine interaction, wearable and biomedical applications. However, the challenges to existing printing approaches remain, such as low printing precision, difficulty in conformal printing, complex ink formulations and processes. Here we present a room-temperature direct printing strategy for flexible wireless electronics, where distinct high-performance functional modules (e.g., antennas, micro-supercapacitors, and sensors) can be fabricated with high resolution and further integrated on various flat/curved substrates. The additive-free titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene aqueous inks are regulated with large single-layer ratio (>90%) and narrow flake size distribution, offering metallic conductivity (~6, 900 S cm−1) in the ultrafine-printed tracks (3 μm line gap and 0.43% spatial uniformity) without annealing. In particular, we build an all-MXene-printed integrated system capable of wireless communication, energy harvesting, and smart sensing. This work opens a door for high-precision additive manufacturing of printed wireless electronics at room temperature.