bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secure authentication and authorization design for rural‐based healthcare institutions
Authors: Hembroff Guy , Cai Yu
Published: August 2008

According to National Rural Health Association, the rural‐based healthcare institutions serve approximately a quarter of the U.S. population. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) mandates that patient information can only be accessed by authorized personnel. The complexity of this task increases significantly when associated with a rural healthcare network due to a combination of factors, including economic disadvantages, educational shortcomings, inadequate infrastructure, lack of support by legislators, the sheer isolation of living in remote rural areas, and frequent needs to share patient's information across hospitals.

This paper analyzes a rural healthcare network in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and introduces the Security for Clinical Authorization and Authentication on Health Care Networks (SCAAHN) system. A centralized repository is configured to store health level 7 (HL7) data from various healthcare organizations affiliated with the common network. Standard Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) containing patient's information can be securely accessed by authenticated and authorized personnel throughout the healthcare network. The preliminary results indicate that SCAAHN within the rural healthcare architecture has enhanced the authentication and authorization of patient records, and provided secure access to patient's information via a web portal interface. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gray‐body approximation to continuous X‐ray spectra from scanning electron microscope
Authors: Tanigaki Takeshi , Kawai Jun
Published: August 2008

The background continuum spectra interfere the quantitative elemental analysis when using a scanning electron microscope energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM‐EDX) spectroscopy. This Bremsstrahlung spectra are fitted by gray‐body radiation spectra, which is a modified black‐body radiation; an emissivity depending on the frequency of a photon is multiplied by the black‐body radiation. The agreement becomes better compared with the black‐body spectra for ordinary analysis conditions for materials analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Cu segregation to oxide–metal interface of Ni‐based alloy in a metal‐dusting environment
Authors: Doi Takashi , Kitamura Kazuyuki , Nishiyama Yoshitaka , Otsuka Nobuo , Kudo Takeo , Sato Masugu , Ikenaga Eiji , Ueda Shigenori , Kobayashi Keisuke
Published: August 2008

Hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HX‐PES) has been realized using high‐brilliance synchrotron radiation. High‐energy photon excitation enables us to probe photoelectrons with larger escape depth compared to conventional PES. This allows us to conduct, without destruction, a study of the embedded interface of materials as the oxide‐ metal interface. We apply HX‐PES to investigate for Cu segregation in the oxide–metal interface during metal‐dusting corrosion. The effective concentration of Cu in the segregation was estimated a few times higher than the bulk concentration. These results on the interface layer can explain the variation in the corrosion resistance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward accurate characterization of nitrogen depth profiles in ultrathin oxynitride films
Authors: Jiang Z. X. , Kim K. , Sieloff D. D. , Luo T. Y. , Varghese A. , Triyoso D. H. , Guenther T. , Robichaud B. , Benavides J.
Published: August 2008

Good accuracy in depth profile analyses of nitrogen in ultrathin oxynitride films is desirable for process development and routine process monitoring. Low energy SIMS is one of the techniques that has found success in the accurate characterization of thin oxynitride films. This work investigated the artifacts in a typical depth profile analysis of nitrogen with the current SIMS technique and the ways to improve the accuracy by selecting optimal analytical conditions. It was demonstrated that surface roughness developed rapidly in a SiO2/Si stack when it was bombarded with an O2+ beam at 250 eV and angle of incidence from 70 to 79° . The roughness caused distortion in the measured depth profiles of nitrogen and the major component elements. However, the above roughness and the distortion in the depth profiles can be eliminated by using a 250 eV O2+ beam at an angle of incidence above 80° . Depth profile analyses with a 250 eV 83° O2+ beam exhibited minimal surface roughening and insignificant variation in the secondary ion yield of SiN− from SiO2 bulk to the SiO2/Si interface, facilitating an accurate analysis of nitrogen distribution in a SiO2/Si stack. In addition, depth profiles of the major component elements such as 18O− and 28Si− delivered clear information on the location of the SiO2/Si interface. Using the new approach, we compared nitrogen distribution in thin SiNO films with the decoupled‐plasma nitridation (DPN) at various powers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes on progress in structuring a research project measuring energy inputs into New Zealand apple production—combining hard and soft systems methods
Authors: Frater Thomas Gregory , Houston Donald James
Published: August 2008

These notes report progress in structuring a research project into New Zealand apple production. The broad objective of the research is to measure the energy inputs into New Zealand apple production. A subsidiary objective is to develop a robust methodology for measuring energy usage and carbon emissions at the farm level, and develop a strategy for reducing them. The production system under study is recognized as a complex system, and systems thinking models are appropriate for studying it. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How students design and enact physics lessons: Five immigrant caribbean youth and the cultivation of student voice
Authors: Basu Sreyashi Jhumki
Published: August 2008

An array of data suggests that low‐income, minority students are excluded from a high‐quality physics education. The education literature proposes that cultivating student voice in classrooms helps youth feel a deeper, more meaningful connection with school. However, limited data exist in the physics education literature on how student voice is expressed. The purpose of this study was to use critical ethnography to explore how student voice developed in the context of a ninth‐grade conceptual physics class. I developed case studies of five immigrant Caribbean youth from student, family and teacher interviews, participant observations and field notes. I relied on grounded theory as an analytic technique. Findings suggest that in expressing voice, youth designed lessons reflective of their identities, leveraged and enhanced their “epistemic” and “positional” authority (two new constructs I propose in this manuscript), and creatively utilized physics and school‐sponsored resources. This information about how students express voice has implications for how they learn physics, how critical theory is connected with physics classroom practice, and how student identity, shared authority and youth agency develop in physics classrooms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 881–899, 2008
The gap‐filling sequence on the left arm of chromosome 2 in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Sasaki Mayumi , Idiris Alimjan , Tada Aya , Kumagai Hiromichi , Giga‐Hama Yuko , Tohda Hideki
Published: August 2008

We report a gap‐filling sequence between SPBPB21E7.09 (in contig c1348) and SPBPB10D8.01 (in contig pB10D8) on the left arm of chromosome 2 in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The sequence was determined from a BAC clone overlapping SPBPB21E7.01c (eno102) (in contig c1348) and SPBC1683.07 (mal1) (in contig pB10D8). The gap‐filling sequence is 17 881 bp in length and contains five putative open reading frames, which were systematically named as SPBC460.01c, SPBC460.02c, SPBC460.03, SPBC460.04c and SPBC460.05. Their deduced amino acid sequences respectively include protein motifs corresponding to amino acid permease, glutathione S‐transferase C‐terminal domain, taurine catabolism dioxygenase TauD TfdA family and major facilitator superfamily, whereas their functions are unknown. The sequence has been submitted to the international DNA database (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank) under Accession No. AB325691. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is the impact of surgical expertise and how to get it?
Authors: Huirne Judith A. F. , Kennedy Robin , Stolzenberg Jens-Uwe , Brölmann Hans A. M.
Published: August 2008

Every surgeon will experience a learning curve while performing a new surgical procedure. Developing surgical training will shorten the learning curve, with less deleterious effects on patients during this period. There are exciting initiatives in different branches of surgical training that will be applicable across all surgical disciplines. These involve the combination of didactic repetitive training, coupled with skills training where it is applicable. These initiatives will help to move the focus, from developing technical excellence for a few individual surgeons to a more widespread approach in the training of complex laparoscopic surgery, resulting in considerable health benefits to patients.
Glucose‐Sensitive Liposomes Incorporating Hydrophobically Modified Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Jo Seong‐Min , Lee Hyeon Yong , Kim Jin‐Chul
Published: August 2008

Glucose‐sensitive liposomes were prepared by incorporating hydrophobically modified glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4.) into the liposomal bilayer of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and cholesteryl hemisuccinate. For the release test, calcein, a fluorescence marker, was entrapped in the liposomes. The liposomes were stable under neutral conditions in terms of calcein release but an extensive release was observed under acidic conditions. In the experiment of glucose concentration‐dependent calcein release, no release was observed for 180 min when the suspension of liposome was free of glucose. With a glucose concentration of 50 mg/dL, no appreciable amount of calcein was released for the first 20 min, and then the release rate was accelerated. At 200 mg/dL glucose concentration which is diagnostic and indicative for insulin‐dependent diabetes, the lag time of calcein release became shorter and a faster response was obtained. When glucose concentration further increased to 400 mg/dL, the calcein release rate and the degree of release in 180 min were almost the same as the values when the glucose concentration was 200 mg/dL. The glucose concentration‐dependent release is due to pH change, since the suspension of liposomes became acidic during the release experiments.
Measuring and Modeling Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for a Soybean Oil, Oleic Acid, Ethanol, and Water System
Authors: Mohsen‐Nia Mohsen , Modarress Hamid , Nabavi Hamid Reza
Published: August 2008

Vegetable oils can be deacidified by liquid–liquid extraction based on differences in polarity between triglycerides and fatty acids and differences in solubility. Information on the equilibrium between the phases of such systems is important for designing separation processes. The present paper reports experimental data for the extraction of fatty acid from soybean oil by (ethanol + water) as a mixed‐solvent for system of soybean oil + oleic acid + ethanol + water at 30 °C at different water contents. The liquid–liquid equilibrium data of the systems were used to obtain interaction parameters in the universal quasi‐chemical theory (UNIQUAC) activity coefficient model. These parameters can be used to predict equilibrium data of ternary and quaternary systems. The deviations between experimental and calculated compositions in both phases for each system using this model were calculated. The distribution coefficients and the selectivity factors of solvents for extraction of fatty acid from oil at 30 °C were calculated. Increasing of the water content as the co‐solvent decreased the distribution coefficients and increased the selectivity factors of mixed‐solvents, therefore considering the economical and practical aspects the optimum water content may be used for extracting oleic acid from soybean oil. We concluded that (ethanol + water) as a mixed‐solvent can be used for extracting fatty acids from edible oils in a normal temperature.
The Politics of Mysticism: Elisabeth of Spalbeek in Context
Authors: Njus Jesse
Published: August 2008

Elisabeth of Spalbeek (fl. 1246–1304) was one of the mulieres religiosae who flourished in the Low Countries during the thirteenth century. Although she is known today almost exclusively for her stigmata and her performance of Christ's Passion, I will argue that she provides an exceptional example of the spiritual networking described by scholars such as John Coakley and Anneke Mulder-Bakker. As they have shown, medieval holy women—recluses and anchoresses included—functioned only within tightly woven spiritual networks that connected other mulieres religiosae, sympathetic clerics, and powerful nobles who provided economic and political support in return for the women's prayers and spiritual authority. No one has analyzed Elisabeth's network in this light in part because the chief source for her life—the text written by Abbot Philip of Clairvaux, who visited Elisabeth in 1266/7—omits the proper names of most people surrounding Elisabeth and fails to mention many of the people with whom she must have come in contact. In addition, major documents concerning Elisabeth have, until now, escaped any collective analysis, so we have been unable to place Elisabeth in any context. Through a painstaking review of all the pertinent documents, however, I have succeeded in uncovering Elisabeth's political and spiritual alliances, allowing me to study her in her milieu and to provide a detailed analysis of her possible secular and religious influence. I argue that she was actively engaged in building and extending her own network, and in my consideration of the evidence for this “politics of mysticism,” I offer a perspective on Elisabeth that has led me to reinterpret her role in the last recorded event of her life, the French court battle between Queen Marie of Brabant and the chamberlain Pierre de la Broce.
Irreverent Empire: Anglican Inattention in an Atlantic World
Authors: Blosser Jacob M.
Published: August 2008

On a Sunday morning, early in the eighteenth century, Anglican minister James Blair accused male members of his Virginia congregation of attending church “on the purpose that they may feed their lustful Eyes.” Criticizing his hearers for unleashing their “Wanton Desires” through “Undecent, Lascivious Glances, and ogling Gestures,” Blair called on them to keep their “Hearts … eagerly intent upon Devotion” so as to “keep out the Wandring both of Eyes and Heart.” James Blair was not the only Virginia minister worried about the “irregular Wandring” of his parishioners' eyes and minds during weekly services.
Nonlinear problem of flat-plate entry into an incompressible liquid
Authors: FALTINSEN ODD M. , SEMENOV YURIY A.
Published: August 2008

The self-similar flow and free-surface shape induced by a flat plate entering an inviscid and incompressible liquid are investigated for arbitrary initial conditions. An analytical solution, which is based on two governing expressions, namely the complex velocity and the derivative of the complex potential, is obtained. These expressions are derived in an auxiliary parameter plane using integral formulae proposed for the determination of an analytical function from its modulus and argument given on the boundary of the parameter region. We derive a system of an integral and an integro-differential equation in terms of the velocity modulus and the velocity angle at the free surface, which are determined by the dynamic and kinematic boundary conditions. A numerical procedure for solving these equations is carefully validated by comparisons with results available in the literature. The results are presented in terms of the free surface shape, the angles at the tip of the splash jet, the contact angles at the intersection with the plate surface, pressure distribution and force coefficients. New features caused by the flow unsteadiness are found and discussed.
Exchange flow between a canopy and open water
Authors: JAMALI MIRMOSADEGH , ZHANG XUEYAN , NEPF HEIDI M.
Published: August 2008

This paper theoretically and experimentally investigates the exchange flow due to temperature differences between open water and a canopy of aquatic plants. A numerical model is used to study the interfacial shape, frontal velocity and total volumetric exchange, and their dependence on a dimensionless vegetation drag parameter. The numerical predictions are consistent with the laboratory measurements. There is a short initial period in which the force balance is between buoyancy and inertia, followed by drag-dominated flow for which there is a balance between buoyancy and drag forces. After the initial stage, the gravity current propagating into the canopy takes a triangular shape whereas the current propagating into the open water has almost the classic unobstructed horizontal profile, but with a slowly decreasing depth. Near the edge of the canopy, but in the open region, the flow is found to be critical with a unit internal Froude number. The exchange flow rate and the front speed in the canopy decrease slowly with time whereas the gravity current in the open water has a constant speed. The magnitude of the exchange flow decreases as the canopy drag increases. Empirical equations for the flow properties are presented. A movie is available with the online version of the paper.
Transverse instability of interfacial solitary waves
Authors: KATAOKA TAKESHI
Published: August 2008

The linear stability of finite-amplitude interfacial solitary waves in a two-layer fluid of finite depth is examined analytically on the basis of the Euler equations. An asymptotic analysis is performed, which provides an explicit criterion of instability in the case of long-wavelength transverse disturbances. This result leads to the general statement that, when the amplitude of the solitary wave is increased, the solution becomes transversely unstable before an exchange of longitudinal stability occurs.
Inertial scaling of dissipation in unsteady breaking waves
Authors: DRAZEN DAVID A. , MELVILLE W. KENDALL , LENAIN LUC
Published: August 2008

Wave dissipation by breaking, or the energy transfer from the surface wave field to currents and turbulence, is one of the least understood components of air–sea interaction. It is important for a better understanding of the coupling between the surface wave field and the upper layers of the ocean and for improved surface-wave prediction schemes. Simple scaling arguments show that the wave dissipation per unit length of breaking crest, ϵl, should be proportional to ρwgc5, where ρw is the density of water, g is the acceleration due to gravity and c is the phase speed of the breaking wave. The proportionality factor, or ‘breaking parameter’ b, has been poorly constrained by experiments and field measurements, although our earlier work has suggested that it should be dependent on measures of the wave slope and spectral bandwidth. In this paper we describe inertial scaling arguments for the energy lost by plunging breakers which predict that the breaking parameter b = β(hk)5/2, where hk is a local breaking slope parameter, and β is a parameter of O(1). This prediction is tested with laboratory measurements of breaking due to dispersive focusing of wave packets in a wave channel. Good agreement is found within the scatter of the data. We also find that if an integral linear measure of the maximum slope of the wave packet, S, is used instead of hk, then b ∝ S2.77 gives better agreement with the data. During the final preparation of this paper we became aware of similar experiments by Banner & Peirson (2007) concentrating on the threshold for breaking at lower wave slopes, using a measure of the rate of focusing of wave energy to correlate measurements of b. We discuss the significance of these results in the context of recent measurements and modelling of surface wave processes.
Aeroelastic instability of cantilevered flexible plates in uniform flow
Authors: ELOY CHRISTOPHE , LAGRANGE ROMAIN , SOUILLIEZ CLAIRE , SCHOUVEILER LIONEL
Published: August 2008

We address the flutter instability of a flexible plate immersed in an axial flow. This instability is similar to flag flutter and results from the competition between destabilizing pressure forces and stabilizing bending stiffness. In previous experimental studies, the plates have always appeared much more stable than the predictions of two-dimensional models. This discrepancy is discussed and clarified in this paper by examining experimentally and theoretically the effect of the plate aspect ratio on the instability threshold. We show that the two-dimensional limit cannot be achieved experimentally because hysteretical behaviour and three-dimensional effects appear for plates of large aspect ratio. The nature of the instability bifurcation (sub- or supercritical) is also discussed in the light of recent numerical results.
A scaling approach to the derivation of hydrodynamic boundary conditions
Authors: QIAN TIEZHENG , QIU CHUNYIN , SHENG PING
Published: August 2008

We show hydrodynamic boundary conditions to be the inherent consequence of the Onsager principle of minimum energy dissipation, provided the relevant effects of the wall potential appear within a thin fluid layer next to the solid wall, denoted the surface layer. The condition that the effect of the surface layer on the bulk hydrodynamics must be independent of its thicknesshis shown to imply a set of consistent ‘scaling relationships’ betweenhand the surface-layer variables/parameters. The use of the scaling relations, in conjunction with the surface-layer equations of motion derived from the Onsager principle, directly leads to the hydrodynamic boundary conditions. We demonstrate the surface-layer scaling process both physically and mathematically, and relate the parameters of the boundary conditions to those in the surface-layer equations of motion. In spatial regions outside the surface layer, equivalence between the use of surface-layer dynamics and boundary conditions is numerically demonstrated for Couette flows. As an application of the present approach, we derive the liquid-crystal hydrodynamic boundary conditions in which the rotational and translational dynamics are coupled.
Trapping of air in impact between a body and shallow water
Authors: KOROBKIN A. A. , ELLIS A. S. , SMITH F. T.
Published: August 2008

Near-impact behaviour is investigated for a solid body approaching another solid body with two immiscible incompressible viscous fluids occupying the gap in between. The fluids have viscosity and density ratios which are extreme, the most notable combination being water and air, such that either or both of the bodies are covered by a thin film of water. Air–water interaction and the commonly observed phenomenon of air trapping are of concern in the presence of the two or three thin layers and one or two interfaces. The subcritical regime is of most practical significance here and it leads physically to the effect of inviscid water dynamics coupling with a viscous-dominated air response locally. This physical mechanism induces touchdown (or an approach to touchdown), which is found to occur in the sense that the scaled air-gap thickness shrinks towards zero within a finite scaled time according to analysis performed hand in hand with computation. A global influence on the local touchdown properties is also identified. Comparisons with computations prove favourable. Air trapping is produced between two touchdown positions, at each of which there is a pressure peak; an oblique approach would not affect the finding unless the approach itself is extremely shallow. The mechanism of air–water interaction leading to air trapping is suggested as a quite wide-ranging result.
Some synonyms in Chrysothrix and Lepraria
Authors: LAUNDON Jack Rodney
Published: August 2008

The genus Alysphaeria Turpin is typified; it belongs to Chrysothrix Mont. nom. cons. Five old unused names are added to the synonymy of Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J. R. Laundon. Lepraria atrotomentosa Orange & Wolseley is a synonym of L. cupressicola (Hue) J. R. Laundon, a new combination. Lepraria nigrocincta Diederich et al. is identical with the earlier L. yunnaniana (Hue) Zahlbr. and therefore also goes into synonymy.
Diel and seasonal courses of ambient carbon dioxide concentration and their effect on productivity of the epilithic lichen Lecanora muralis in a temperate, suburban habitat
Authors: LANGE Otto L. , GREEN T. G. Allan
Published: August 2008

Ambient CO2 concentration (together with CO2 exchange and microclimate) was recorded every 30 min for 15 months for Lecanora muralis growing in the Botanical Garden Würzburg (Germany, northern Bavaria), a habitat on the outskirts of the city. Annual mean CO2 was around 17 ppm higher than the global average reported for the time of measurement (361 ppm; 1995/96), and daily values ranged from 317 to 490 ppm. Diel courses of CO2 could be classified into three different types. Type A, when CO2 levels rose overnight and then fell strongly to below global levels during the day, which predominated in the summer (about 75 of days); Type B, irregular diel courses occurred during all seasons with often very rapid changes apparently due to advective CO2 transport; Type C, CO2 concentration was typically almost stable at generally between c. 330 and 430 ppm which predominated in the winter (63 of days).

Under controlled conditions, CO2 saturation of net photosynthesis (NP) of L. muralis at optimal hydration and light occurred at around 1000 ppm. NP was also affected by low CO2 at limiting light and thallus water contents. Based upon these data, we estimated the improvement of NP of L. muralis due to transient increase of ambient CO2 (as compared with the global average) for one selected combination of environmental factors (nocturnal dew or frost). This combination is an important source of water for the lichen, resulting in 40 of its annual production and, especially in these situations, photosynthesis was increased by high ambient CO2 in the early morning under prevailing Type A conditions. After dew activation, light compensation point of NP occurred at an average concentration of 413 ppm and diel maxima of NP at 402 ppm. This allows a rough estimate that the transiently elevated CO2 increased the photosynthetic gain of the lichen after dew of 7, or an improvement to its annual carbon balance of about 3. Conditions, especially interrelationships between lichen hydration, light and CO2 are so complex that we are not yet able to extend our estimates to other environmental situations of photosynthetic activity of L. muralis.
Taxonomic revision of Xanthomendoza borealis and Xanthoria mawsonii (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota)
Authors: LINDBLOM Louise , SØCHTING Ulrik
Published: August 2008

The xanthorioid taxa Xanthomendoza borealis and Xanthoria mawsonii are revised using morphological, anatomical, secondary chemical, and molecular characters. We conclude that most specimens determined as X. mawsonii from the Antarctic are conspecific with specimens labelled X. borealis from the Northern Hemisphere. Some specimens named X. mawsonii from the Antarctic are wrongly determined specimens of Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr, including the holotype of Xanthoria mawsonii C. W. Dodge. Accordingly, Xanthoria mawsonii C. W. Dodge is a synonym to Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr. The only available correct name for the bipolar species, which comprises material previously determined as X. borealis and X. mawsonii, and is distinct from the more widespread taxon X. candelaria, is Xanthomendoza borealis (R. Sant. & Poelt) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S. Kondratyuk.
New species and new records of Enterographa ( Roccellaceae) from India
Authors: JAGADEESH RAM T. A. M. , SINHA G. P. , SINGH K. P.
Published: August 2008

Enterographa bengalensis, a new species is described from the mangrove reserve – Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve, West Bengal, India. It is characterized by the convergent punctiform to lirelliform ascomata, 12–15(–17) septate fusiform ascospores and the presence of psoromic acid. In addition, three species of the genus viz. E. anguinella (Nyl.) Redinger, E. divergens (Müll. Arg.) Redinger and E. multiseptata R. Sant. are also reported for the first time from India.
New species and combinations in The Lichens of the British Isles
Authors: COPPINS Brian J. , APTROOT André
Published: August 2008

The preparation of the new edition of The Lichen Flora of the British Isles necessitates the publication of several taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties. The following new species are described: Anisomeridium robustum (Monoblastiaceae), Antennulariella lichenisata (Antennulariellaceae), Fellhanera duplex (Pilocarpaceae), Gyalideopsis crenulata (Gomphillaceae), Micarea farinosa (Pilocarpaceae) and Xerotrema quercicola (Odontotremataceae). Antennulariella lichenisata is the first lichenized member of the order Capnodiales to be described. The following new combinations are proposed: Bacidia squamellosa, Catillaria lobariicola, Collemopsidium arenisedum, C. argilospilum, C. caesium, C. chlorococcum, C. monense, C. subarenisedum, Miriquidica pycnocarpa f. sorediata, Pyrenocarpon thelostomum, Topeliopsis azorica, and Verrucaria nigrescens f. tectorum.
Assessing the importance of fishing impacts on Hawaiian coral reef fish assemblages along regional-scale human population gradients
Authors: WILLIAMS I. D. , WALSH W. J. , SCHROEDER R. E. , FRIEDLANDER A. M. , RICHARDS B. L. , STAMOULIS K. A.
Published: August 2008

Humans can impact coral reef fishes directly by fishing, or indirectly through anthropogenic degradation of habitat. Uncertainty about the relative importance of those can make it difficult to develop and build consensus for appropriate remedial management. Relationships between fish assemblages and human population density were assessed using data from 18 locations widely spread throughout the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) to evaluate the significance of fishing as a factor potentially driving fish trends on a regional scale. Fish biomass in several groups was negatively correlated with local human population density and a number of lines of evidence indicate that fishing was the prime driver of those trends. First, declines were consistently evident among fish groups targeted by fishers, but not among lightly fished or non-target groupings, which indicates that declines in target groups were not simply indicative of a general decline in habitat quality along human population gradients. Second, proximity to high human populations was not associated with low fish biomass where shoreline structure prevented ready access by fishers. Relatively remote and inaccessible locations within the MHI had 2.1–4.2 times the biomass of target fishes compared to accessible and populous locations, and may therefore function as partial refugia. However, stocks in those areas were clearly far from pristine, as biomass of large predators was more than an order of magnitude lower than at more intact ecosystems elsewhere in the Pacific.
Privacy Issues in Clinical Genomic Medicine, or Marcus Welby, M.D., Meets the $1000 Genome
Authors: ALPERT SHERI
Published: August 2008

We have all heard a refrain much like this one over the last decade, increasingly so, as the cost of genetic sequencing has been drastically reduced with improvements in associated techniques and technologies. Already, discoveries are being made in laboratories that can help doctors determine from which drug a particular patient will receive the most efficacious treatment. The working presumption is that, eventually, individuals’ genetic sequence information will be included in each of their personal medical records.
Ethical Challenges of Telemedicine and Telehealth
Authors: KAPLAN BONNIE , LITEWKA SERGIO
Published: August 2008

As healthcare institutions expand and vertically integrate, healthcare delivery is less constrained by geography, nationality, or even by institutional boundaries. As part of this trend, some aspects of the healthcare process are shifted from medical centers back into the home and communities. Telehealth applications intended for health promotion, social services, and other activities—for the healthy as well as for the ill—provide services outside clinical settings in homes, schools, libraries, and other governmental and community sites. Such developments include health information web sites, on-line support groups, automated telephone counseling, interactive health promotion programs, and electronic mail exchanges. Concomitant with these developments is the growth of consumer health informatics, in which individuals seeking medical care or information are able to find various health information resources that take advantage of new information technologies.
Organizational Repertoires and Rites in Health Information Security
Authors: COOPER TED , COLLMANN JEFF , NEIDERMEIER HENRY
Published: August 2008

The privacy and security rules of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 emphasize taking steps for protecting protected health information from unauthorized access and modification. Nonetheless, even organizations highly skilled in data security that comply with regulations and all good practices will suffer and must respond to breaches. This paper reports on a case study in responding to an important breach of the confidentiality and integrity of identifiable patient information of the Kaiser Internet Patient Portal known as “Kaiser Permanente Online” (KP Online). From the perspective of theories about highly reliable organizations, effective health information security programs must respond resiliently to as well as prospectively anticipate security breaches.
Net Effect: Professional and Ethical Challenges of Medicine Online
Authors: DERSE ARTHUR R. , MILLER TRACY E.
Published: August 2008

From computerized medical records to databases of pharmacological interactions and automated provisional EKG readings, the emergence of information technology has significantly altered the practice of medicine. Information technology has been widely used to enhance diagnosis and treatment and to improve communication between providers. The advent of the Internet also brings far-reaching implications for patient–physician communication, challenging physicians, patients, and policymakers to consider its impact on the delivery of medical care and the therapeutic relationship. A new set of practices by patients and physicians is unfolding in cyberspace, ranging from the use of e-mail to communicate between physicians and patients in an existing relationship to one-to-one consultations with an anonymous physician and ongoing online treatment, such as psychotherapy. These practices are emerging in both the for-profit and not-for-profit spheres.
CQ Sources/Bibliography
Authors: Anton Bette
Published: August 2008

These CQ Sources were compiled by Bette Anton.
Pandemic Flu Planning in the Community: What Can Clinical Ethicists Bring to the Public Health Table?
Authors: BERLINGER NANCY , MOSES JACOB
Published: August 2008

It is still remarkably difficult for public health officials charged with developing and implementing pandemic influenza preparedness plans at the community level—where care is delivered—to obtain clear, concrete, and consistent guidance on how to construct plans that are both ethical and actionable. As of mid-2007, most of the federal and state pandemic plans filed with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, describing how public health officials will coordinate public agencies and private entities in the event of an outbreak, failed to include ethical guidance for first responders responsible for providing essential services and making fair decisions during a public health emergency.
Deception and the Principle of Double Effect
Authors: GOLDWORTH AMNON
Published: August 2008

The Principle of Double Effect has been with us since the Middle Ages and has sanctified actions that might otherwise be viewed as morally wrong. What I wish to show in this brief perspective is that an overlooked element in the discussions of this principle raises a serious question about its applicability.
Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People, by John Harris. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. 242 pp. $28.95.
Authors: Glannon Walter
Published: August 2008

Readers are invited to contact Greg S. Loeben in writing at Midwestern University, Glendale Campus, Bioethics Program, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308 regarding books they would like to see reviewed or books they are interested in reviewing.
REAL ZEROS OF ALGEBRAIC POLYNOMIALS WITH STABLE RANDOM COEFFICIENTS
Authors: FARAHMAND K.
Published: August 2008

We consider a random algebraic polynomial of the form Pn,θ,α(t)=θ0ξ0+θ1ξ1t+⋯+θnξntn, where ξk, k=0,1,2,…,n have identical symmetric stable distribution with index α, 0<α≤2. First, for a general form of θk,α≡θk we derive the expected number of real zeros of Pn,θ,α(t). We then show that our results can be used for special choices of θk. In particular, we obtain the above expected number of zeros when $\theta _k={n\choose k}^{1/2}$. The latter generate a polynomial with binomial elements which has recently been of significant interest and has previously been studied only for Gaussian distributed coefficients. We see the effect of α on increasing the expected number of zeros compared with the special case of Gaussian coefficients.
Methods to calculate normal tissue complication and tumour control probabilities for fractionated inhomogeneous dose distribution of intensity-modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Kehwar T.S. , Bhardwaj Anup K.
Published: August 2008

Objectives: This study is designed to present and evaluate radiobiological-based dose–volume histogram (DVH) reduction schemes to calculate normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and tumour control probability (TCP) for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).

Methods: The proposed DVH reduction schemes were derived for 2 Gy per fraction and prescribed dose per fraction for critical organs and tumours, respectively. Sample computed tomography scans were used to generate two IMRT plans to deliver 54 Gy to PTV1 and 24 Gy to PTV2 via sequential IMRT boost (SqIB) and simultaneous integrated IMRT boost (SIB) plans. Differential DVHs were used to calculate effective volumes using published values of related parameters of critical organs and prostate.

Results: NTCP values for bladder were almost zero for both IMRT plans. The plots between k and NTCP for rectum and femurs (k = 0.1–1.0) show higher NTCP for SqIB than that for SIB. The TCP decreases with increasing clonogenic cell density and is higher for SIB than that for SqIB for all clonogenic cell densities. The value of α proposed by Brenner and Hall shows very low radio sensitivity of clonogens of the prostate, which gives very low TCP for conventional doses of 70–80 Gy delivered in 7–8 weeks, even for very low clonogenic cell density in the prostate.

Conclusion: The presented DVH reduction schemes have radiobiological bearing and therefore seem to be effective in calculating fairly accurate NTCP and TCP.
The rudiments of a theory of solar wind/magnetosphere coupling derived from first principles
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E.
Published: August 2008

A formula that expresses the dayside reconnection rate in terms of upstream solar wind parameters is derived and tested. The derivation is based on the hypothesis that dayside reconnection is governed by local plasma parameters and that whatever controls those parameters controls the reconnection rate. The starting point of the derivation is the Cassak‐Shay formula (from energy conservation principles), which expresses the dayside reconnection rate in terms of four parameters: the magnetic field strengths Bm and Bs in the magnetosphere and magnetosheath and the plasma mass densities ρm and ρs in the magnetosphere and magnetosheath. Using the Rankine‐Hugoniot relations at the bow shock and an analysis of the magnetosheath flow, three of these parameters are expressed in terms of upstream solar wind parameters. These three expressions are then used in the Cassak‐Shay formula to obtain the “solar wind control function.” The interpretation of the control function is that solar wind pressure largely sets the reconnection rate. The solar wind magnetic field enters into the control function because of a bow shock Mach number dependence. The onset of a “plasmasphere effect” occurs when ρm > MA0.87ρsolarwind, wherein the magnetosphere begins to exert control over solar wind/magnetosphere coupling. Using the OMNI2 data set and seven geomagnetic indices, the solar wind control function is tested on its ability to describe the variance in the geomagnetic indices. The control function is found to be successful, statistically as good as the best “solar wind driver function” in the literature. This picture opens a new pathway to understanding and calculating solar wind/magnetosphere coupling.
Mechanisms of formation of lava tubes
Authors: Valerio A. , Tallarico A. , Dragoni M.
Published: August 2008

We propose a model to describe lava tube formation, considering lava as a Newtonian fluid moving downslope in a rectangular channel. We obtain flow velocity using an analytical steady‐state solution of the Navier‐Stokes equation. Shear stress is also calculated from velocity for a Newtonian incompressible and isotropic fluid. A 2‐D model with heat flux assigned at the upper surface is introduced to describe lava cooling by radiation into the atmosphere and to obtain the flow temperature. Lava crust is considered as a plastic body, and its rheology is described through the introduction of the yield strength as a function of temperature. It describes the capacity of crustal structure to prevent shear deformation for lower shear stress values. When lava temperature becomes lower than the solidus value Ts, a superficial thin solid layer develops in regions where shear stress σxy is smaller than yield strength τ. The model shows how the competition between these two functions (σxy and τ) controls the development of crust width and the possible transition from a mobile crust to a stationary roof. For typical parameter values of lava channels on Mount Etna, crust develops in the central part of the flow, laterally limited by two crust‐free regions. We analyze the effects of some typical channel irregularities on surface shear stress and, as a consequence, on crust width growth. We consider a variation of channel width and ground slope, finding that crust widening is favored by channel widening or slope reduction. In both cases, the decrease in shear stress produces an increase in the fraction of channel width occupied by solid crust. Given a set of initial conditions defining eruptive parameters and channel features, the model provides critical values of channel width and ground slope that allow tube formation. The effect of different effusion rates on crust development is also studied, with the result that tube formation is favored by low flow rates, corresponding to lower values of σxy.
A case study of the tropical Hot Event in November 2006 (HE0611) using a geostationary meteorological satellite and the TAO/TRITON mooring array
Authors: Qin Huiling , Kawamura Hiroshi , Sakaida Futoki , Ando Kentaro
Published: August 2008

Qin et al. have found Hot Events (HE), which are short‐term (about 20 days) large‐scale (about 15,000,000 km2) regions with very high Sea Surface Temperatures (SST > 30°C). Following their definition, an HE was identified in the tropical western Pacific in November 2006, which is named HE0611. A case study of HE is conducted by using the advanced satellite products and in‐situ measurements from the TAO/TRITON mooring array. Two parts (HE0611‐East and ‐West) with very high SST connected to form HE0611. SST in HE0611‐West increases quickly with large diurnal SST variations, which are caused by large solar radiation and suppressed latent heat loss. The increase of the mixed‐layer heat content is clearly accounted for the accumulated heat gain through the air‐sea interaction. The formation mechanism of HE0611‐East is completely different; its very high SST is supported by a subsurface high SST anomaly associated with the El Niño. Two phenomena similar to HE0611 were observed in November of the El Niño years of 1994 and 2002.
Interpretation of gravity wave signatures in GPS radio occultations
Authors: Alexander P. , de la Torre A. , Llamedo P.
Published: August 2008

The horizontal averaging of global positioning system radio occultation retrievals produces an amplitude attenuation and phase shift in any plane gravity wave, which may lead to significant discrepancies with respect to the original values. In addition, wavelengths cannot be straightforwardly inferred due to the observational characteristics. If the waves produce small departures from spherical symmetry in the background atmosphere and under the assumption that the refractivity kernel may be represented by a delta function, an analytical expression may be derived in order to find how the retrieved amplitudes become weakened (against the original ones). In particular, we study the range of waves that may be detected and the consequent reduction in variance calculation, which is found to be around 19%. A larger discrepancy was obtained when comparing an occultation variance with the one computed from a numerical simulation of that case. Wave amplitudes can be better resolved when the fronts are nearly horizontal or when the angle between the occultation line of sight and the horizontal component of the wave vector approaches π/2. Short horizontal scale waves have a high probability of becoming attenuated or of not being detected at all. We then find geometrical relations in terms of the relative orientation between waves and sounding, so as to appropriately interpret wavelengths extracted from the acquired data. Only inertio‐gravity waves, which exhibit nearly horizontal fronts, will show small differences between detected and original vertical wavelengths. Last, we analyze the retrieval effect on wave phase and find a shift between original and detected wave that generally is nonzero and approaches π/4 for the largest horizontal wavelengths.
Seasonal trends in chemical composition of aerosols at a tropical coastal site of India
Authors: George Susan K. , Nair Prabha R. , Parameswaran K. , Jacob Salu , Abraham Annamma
Published: August 2008

Chemical composition of near‐surface aerosols at the tropical coastal location Trivandrum (8.55°N, 77°E) has been studied by analyzing the aerosol samples collected during a period of 16 months from October 2003 to January 2005. The annual mean aerosol mass loading at this site averages to around 54 ± 19 μg m−3. The chemical analysis of samples revealed Cl−, SO42−, and NO3− to be the major anionic species and Na, NH4+, Fe, and Ca to be the major cationic species. The total mass loading and the mass concentration of various chemical species showed pronounced seasonal dependence. The active aerosol sources at this location have been investigated in detail to delineate their relative dominance in different seasons. Ions like Na, Cl, Mg, and K, which are mainly of oceanic origin, showed peak during monsoon, indicating sea spray to be the most important source mechanism during the period. On the other hand, mass loading of SO42−, NH4+, PO43−, Fe, and Al and that of trace elements exhibited their maximum in winter/summer, indicating the dominance of continental/crustal sources during the period. The sea salt and non‐sea salt components of individual ions like SO42−, K, Ca, and Mg also revealed distinctly different seasonal patterns. In spite of being a coastal site, the non‐sea salt components dominated at this location. Dominance of non‐sea salt SO42− throughout the year indicates significant anthropogenic influence at this location. On the basis of this study, a first‐cut model for the chemical composition of aerosols at this tropical coastal site has been evolved.