bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian approach to gapfilling fluxes from heterogenous Dutch peatlands measured by eddy covariance
Authors: Buzacott Alexander , van den Berg Merit , Kruijt Bart , Bataille Laurent , van der Velde Ype
Published: February 2023

Peatlands are commonly a mosaic of vegetation types, ditches, and open water. Eddy covariance provides a useful way to measure fluxes at the ecosystem scale, however comparing fluxes and annual balances from different source areas in heterogenous field sites can be challenging. Separating fluxes based on wind direction is a commonly used approach to study different source areas, but this method may exclude a substantial amounts of data points that contain some information about flux behaviour, such as when the flux source area covers multiple land cover classes, and as a result the gapfilled timeseries contains greater uncertainty. In this presentation, we present a Bayesian approach that utilises the flux footprint to gapfill CO2 and CH4 fluxes. A flux footprint model was used to predict the flux source area and the relative contribution for each land cover class is calculated for each timestep. The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of a scalar is then assumed to be the linear combination of the different land cover classes weighted by the contribution within the flux footprint. A Bayesian framework was used to estimate model parameters for gapfilling each land cover class for the NEE of CO2 and CH4, where the non-linear model approaches were used in both cases. For CO2, the framework estimated the parameters for the gross primary production (GPP) light response curve and Reco via the Lloyd-Taylor respiration function, where the NEEof CO2 was then calculated as the sum of GPP and Reco. For CH4, a non-linear temperature dependence model was used.  We show results from multiple eddy covariance towers on peatlands in the Netherlands, including a mixed paludiculture pasture site, natural vegetation sites, and a pasture site with subsurface drainage. We demonstrate that this approach is useful for constraining flux behaviour and obtaining annual balances for each land cover class within the flux footprint.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Eastern-Alpine Seismicity
Authors: Hofman Rens , Kummerow Jörn , Cesca Simone ,   AlpArray Working Group
Published: February 2023

We exploit a new template matching based catalogue to study the spatialand temporal patterns of seismicity in the Eastern and Southern Alps. Datafrom the AlpArray Swath-D network from late 2017 to late 2019 were used toenhance the resolution of the seismic catalogues provided by localagencies. The template matching method was implemented using our ownGPU-accelerated algorithm to deal with the large data volume. All eventsare relocated using waveform-based picking methods.Based on this result, we study statistical characteristics of the extendedseismicity catalogue, which now has a magnitude of completeness of Mc=0.6and contains about 7,500 seismic events. We analyse the main spatial andtemporal features of seismicity revealed by this novel dataset. Finally,we analyse specific event clusters that originated from the templatematching method, and seek to link event interconnectivity to geometricalproperties of the clusters.
Solute transport experiments and modelling in terminal conduit of karst hydrosystems, Southern France
Authors: Aliouache Mohammed , Fischer Pierre , Brunet Pascal , Lapierre Lionel , Ropas Benoit , Vasseur Frank , Jourde Hervé
Published: February 2023

In the community working on karst hydrosystems, the needs for subsurface solute and contaminant transport characterization is widely acknowledge.  In former studies, several researchers addressed these needs with different approaches such as laboratory experiments, field tests, and groundwater flow and transport simulations. The main objective of such approaches is to improve knowledge of transport processes in karst hydrosystems, and propose solutions to limit the downstream hydrogeological risks (contamination of water resources). In this study, we performed a solute transport experiment in different karst aquifers, in the terminal karst conduit near the spring. We injected a dye in the karst conduit and we monitored the restitution of the tracer at three different zones downstream. In each zone, five probes were placed at different locations (middle, up, down, left and right parts of the cave) along the cross-section of the karst conduit.Experimental data allowed to reconstruct a transient spatial distribution of concentration for each zone and a general evolution of solute plume. It also provided information about dye mixing along the karst conduit. As a next step, these results are compared to simulated results to investigate the effect of karst conduit geometry, turbulent flow and velocity profiles on concentration profiles, mixing processes and the evolution of solute plume along the conduit. Preliminary results showed that the consideration of the complex karst conduit geometry and morphology has an important effect on transport processes, with a behavior notceably different from the one obtained with numerical simulations on simplified karst conduit geometries.
Slope unit size matters - why should the areal extent of slope units be considered in data-driven landslide susceptibility models?
Authors: Moreno Mateo , Steger Stefan
Published: February 2023

Grid cells (GC) and slope units (SU) are the most common mapping units in landslide susceptibility modeling. SU-based models have recently gained popularity in the field because of the availability of user-friendly software and certain advantages over GC approaches. For example, SUs are often described as more geomorphologically meaningful, less sensitive to positionally inaccurate landslide data and more flexible in representing specific variables (e.g., binary vs. count responses). In contrast to GCs, SU sizes can vary considerably within a study area. Spatially varying mapping unit sizes may be accompanied by a spatially varying likelihood of a SU being affected by a landslide. We assume that larger SUs are more likely to be labeled as "landslide-affected" than smaller SUs, which are just as susceptible to landslides simply because of their larger spatial extent. In other words, the larger the area of investigation, the more likely a landslide can be found. This may have relevant effects on subsequent landslide susceptibility models, especially if certain predictor variables correlate with SU sizes.To our knowledge, the effects of different SU sizes on landslide susceptibility models have rarely been investigated, and no approaches to explicitly consider SU size have yet been presented. In this contribution, we use Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to confront four different strategies for dealing with spatially varying SU sizes in landslide susceptibility modeling. The analyses focus on the provided SU-based dataset related to a part of the Umbria region in Central Italy (~4,100 km²). In the first strategy, all predisposing factors, including those directly related to SU size (i.e., SU area and distance/SU area), are used for model fitting and spatial prediction. The second strategy builds upon strategy 1, but it does not consider the size of the SUs for model fitting and spatial prediction. The third strategy demonstrates the ability of SU size to discriminate SUs with landslides from those without landslides and consists of a single-variable model with the area of the SUs as its only predictor. Then, in the fourth strategy, all predictors are used for model fitting, but the effect of SU size is averaged out from the spatial prediction (i.e., the size effect is not predicted into space, but its potentially confounding effect is isolated during the model fitting).The first tests support the assumption that larger SUs are more likely labeled as landslide-affected SUs and that associated confounding effects should be considered in landslide susceptibility modeling. We present the four strategies in terms of modeled relationships, relative variable importance, spatial prediction pattern and quantitative validation results.
Estimation of the economic impact of tsunamis on the Spanish coasts
Authors: Gonzalez del Pino Alex , Macías Jorge , Fernández Marta , Llorente Miguel , Sánchez-Linares Carlos , García-Mayordomo Julián , Paredes Carlos
Published: February 2023

Tsunamis are low-probability phenomena with high-risk potential. Lack of field data emphasizes the need of using simulation software to model the potential devastating effects of a tsunami and use this information to develop safety, sustainable actions and social resilience for the future. These measures may include, among many others, spatial planning; designing of evacuation routes; or the allocation of economic resources through insurance or other instruments to mitigate tsunami impacts. Our work introduces a Monte Carlo-like method for simulating the potential impact of tsunamis on the Spanish coastlines, specifically in the provinces of Huelva and Cádiz for the Atlantic region, and Balearic Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and eastern Iberian coast for the Mediterranean region. The method introduces a pseudo-probabilistic seismic-triggered tsunami simulation approach, by considering a particular selection of active faults with associated probabilistic distributions for some of the source parameters, and a Sobol’s sequences-based sampling strategy to generate a synthetic seismic catalogue. All roughly 4000 crafted seismic events are simulated along the areas of interest in high-resolution grids (five meters pixel resolution) using a two-way nested mesh approach, retrieving maximum water height, maximum mass flow and maximum modulus of the velocity at each grid cell. These numerical simulations are computed in a GPU environment, harnessing resources allocated in several high-performance computing (HPC) centres. The numerical database of retrieved variables generated throughout this study offers an excellent foundation for evaluating various tsunami-related hazards and risks.The final resulting product focuses on generating frequency distributions for the economic impacts for the Spanish insurance sector (Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros, CCS). The CCS is a public-private entity insuring most natural catastrophic events in Spain. A consistent spatially-distributed economic database regarding insurance building-related values has been constructed and aggregated in conjunction with the numerical tsunami simulations. The proposed procedure allows to associate an economic impact indicator to each source. Further statistical analysis of the economic impact estimators yields to varied conclusions such as an improved definition of worst-case scenario (effect-based rather than worst-triggered), most and least likely economic impact, highest hazardous fault sources overall and locally and many others.
Non-structural carbohydrates in fine roots and rhizomes in warmed subarctic grasslands
Authors: Bhattarai Biplabi , Richter Andreas , Metze Dennis , Sigurdsson Bjarni D. , Sigurdsson Páll , Leblans Niki , Janssens Ivan , Ostonen Ivika
Published: February 2023

Climate predictions for subarctic regions show a higher rise in surface temperature than the global average, which will subsequently raise the soil temperature (Ts) in those regions. In response to soil warming, an increase in photosynthetically active aboveground biomass is expected, which will modify the amount of carbon assimilated. This will impact the amount of carbon allocated to aboveground and belowground growth, to root exudations and surplus carbon that might be stored as non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs). We here ask the question if soil warming affects NSCs concentration and pools in fine roots and rhizomes in subarctic grasslands.We investigated the effects of soil warming duration (medium-term (11-yr) vs. long-term (>60-yr) warmed grassland) and magnitude from 0 to +8.4 °C on community-level soluble NSCs (glucose, fructose and saccharose) in short-living fine roots and long-living rhizomes. Additionally, we determined NSCs in fine roots and rhizomes of three dominating species- Anthoxanthum odoratum, Ranunculus acris and Equisetum spp. along the soil warming gradient.We saw a significant increase in community-level total NSCs in rhizomes driven by an increase in the amount of saccharose under medium-term warming. The community-level saccharose concentration in rhizomes was positively related to the abundance of grasses in both grasslands. Both changes in concentration of NSCs and biomass of fine roots and rhizomes at the community level contributed to a significant change in NSCs pool in belowground plant organs along the soil warming gradient. At the species level, the amount of NSCs was significantly higher in Ranunculus acris; the significant difference in fine roots and rhizomes in their NSCs was observed in Equisetum spp. and the significant effect of soil warming on NSCs in fine roots and rhizomes was observed in Anthoxanthum odoratum.We highlight the species-specific differences in NSCs concentrations and analyze the effects of soil warming duration and magnitude on the community-level change in NSCs reserves in belowground plant organs.
What Marsquakes Tell Us About Impact Rates on Mars
Authors: Zenhäusern Géraldine , Wójcicka Natalia , Stähler Simon , Collins Gareth , Daubar Ingrid , Giardini Domenico , Knapmeyer Martin , Clinton John , Ceylan Savas
Published: February 2023

The current Martian cratering rate has been determined either from repeated orbital imaging (e.g.[1][2]), or using lunar rates extended to Mars in combination with crater counting [3]. Eight seismic events detected by the NASA InSight seismometer have been confirmed as impacts by orbital imaging [4]. Six of those events are part of the Very High Frequency (VF) group of marsquakes, which consists of 70 events in total. The impact signals are very similar to other VF events, suggesting that more or all VF events could be impact related. The unique characteristics of VF events, such as a long seismic coda interpreted as a result of shallow source in a strongly scattering near-surface layer [5] and their temporal and spatial distributions, are consistent with impact origin.Assuming all high quality VF events are impacts allows us to place a novel constraint on the impact rate on Mars, independent of the formation of easy-to-spot large blast zones, necessary to identify fresh craters in orbital images. We test the compatibility with the existing cratering rate estimates by using two approaches to derive a first seismically constrained impact rate for Mars. First, we use the Gutenberg-Richter law to determine the slope of the VF event magnitude-frequency distribution. The impact rate is derived by applying a relationship between seismic moment and crater diameter [6]. We refine our estimates by extrapolating the detectability of each event using a semi-empirical relationship between crater size and seismic amplitude [6]. We find that both approaches give similar rates, varying slightly depending on the detectability conditions assumed by each method. The cumulative rates N(D≥8m) = 1-4x10-6 /km2/yr are higher than those from previous imaging studies, but consistent with isochron rates [3].The discrepancy with imaging-based rates could indicate that there are impacts which are missed in imagery due to absent blast zones or that are located in unfavourable terrain, unaccounted for in the imaging-based area correction. References:[1] Daubar et al. (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2013.04.009[2] Daubar et al. (2022). doi: 10.1029/2021JE007145[3] Hartmann (2005). doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.11.023[4] Daubar et al. (2023). InSight Seismic Events Confirmed as Impacts Thus Far. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2023 abstract.[5] van Driel et al. (2021). doi: 10.1029/2020JE006670[6] Wójcicka et al. (2023). Impact Rate on Mars Implied by Seismic Observations. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2023 abstract.
Organic contaminants of emerging concern (OCECs) in urban aquifers affected by geothermal exploitations
Authors: Jurado Anna , Villa María Alejandra , Teixidó Marc , Montemurro Nicola , Pérez Sandra , Foppen Jan Willem , Pujades Estanislao
Published: February 2023

Water shortage is expected to exacerbate because of the increase pressure on water resources due to climate change and the growing population. It is deemed necessary to take advantage of all the available freshwater resources to cover the growing demand, especially in urban areas. However, urban aquifers are commonly contaminated by a wide range of organic contaminants of emerging concern (OCECs). OCECs, which comprise natural and synthetic compounds, are potentially hazardous to the environment and human health. Therefore, the processes controlling the behaviour of OCECs must be investigated to determine when and how the urban resources can be used safely and to design remediation strategies against them. The removal rate of OCECs depends on the temperature and redox conditions of groundwater that may be affected by anthropogenic activities like the exploitation of the geothermal potential of aquifers. The behaviour of some OCECs has been investigated in the context of managed aquifer recharge (MAR). However, the water range in MAR is lower than that expected around geothermal exploitations, and the behaviour of OCECs under similar conditions to that found around geothermal facilities should be evaluated. We have investigated the removal of 12 OCECs reported in the aquifers of Barcelona (Spain) by using batch experiments under different redox conditions and temperatures (25°C and 35°C). The results show that the removal rate of OCECs depends on the temperature, suggesting that the impact of geothermal exploitations must be considered when investigating the fate and evolution of OCECs in urban aquifers. Unexpectedly, it was observed that the removal rate could also decrease with the temperature, which may be related to the proliferation of different communities of bacteria depending on the temperature. Overall, this investigation supports the idea that it is possible to design geothermal facilities to promote the removal of OCECs.
Visualization of Buoyant MP motion in response to different flow velocities and bed types
Authors: Molazadeh Marziye , Calabro Guilherme , Liu Fan , Dris Rachid , Chaumont Cedric , Rovelli Lorenzo , Lorke Andreas , Lemaire Bruno J. , Gasperi Johnny , Tassin Bruno , Vollersten Jes
Published: February 2023

The widespread use of plastic has made it a widely dispersed product with a high impact on the environment. Through fragmentation of larger pieces or direct discharge, microplastic particles (MP) are present in almost every aquatic ecosystem. MPs based on polymers of lower density than water (ρ < 1.0 g cm−3), such as polyethylene (PE), are among the MPs most commonly found in the sediments of freshwater systems which is counterintuitive. Different mechanisms and theories may explain the dynamics of buoyant positive MP motion and their deposition in water systems. Thus, examining the behavior of MP particles carried in suspension is particularly relevant to assess this contaminant fate. The experimental approach is an important way to help to fill the knowledge gap exist on the transport of these particles in natural flows. In this study, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has been deployed to investigate how turbulent water regime contribute affect the dynamics of buoyant particles and if it drives them towards the bed . Different sets of experiments with different flow velocities and non-cohesive bed types were conducted in a 200 cm long, 30 cm wide, 22 cm deep, rectangular, re-circulating, tilting flume. The PIV measurements were done in the centerline of the flume. A camera framed and recorded images in the laser sheet at 15 Hz to follow fast turbulence fluctuations. Pristine PE particles of around 47µm were used. A particle tracking technique was used to record, to follow the trajectory and to calculate de velocity of the particles. The analyzed images clearly show that turbulence homogenizes the particles in the water column. Also, a substantial quantities of PE particles were subject to downward vertical transport which in its turn increase the chance of particles coming in contact with the bed. Turbulent energy is an important driver in the dynamics of buoyant positive particles, and under more realistic environmental conditions, as biofilm presence on the sediment, would enlighten the trapping of these particles by the sediment.
A pan-European analysis of drought events and impacts
Authors: Merlo Martina , Giuliani Matteo , Du Yiheng , Pechlivanidis Ilias , Castelletti Andrea
Published: February 2023

A drought is a slowly developing natural phenomenon that can occur in all climatic zones, and propagates through the entire hydrological cycle with long-term economic and environmental impacts. Climate change has made drought one of the greatest natural hazards in Europe, affecting large areas and populations. Different definitions of drought exist, i.e. meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts, which vary according to the time horizon considered and differ in the variable used to define them. Just as there is no single definition of drought, there is no single index that accounts for all the types of droughts. As a consequence, capturing the evolution of drought dynamics and associated impacts across different temporal and spatial scales remains a critical challenge.In this work, we analyze existing standardized drought indexes in terms of their ability in detecting drought events at the pan-European scale using data from HydroGFD2.0 reanalysis and E-HYPE hydrological model simulations over the time period 1993-2018. We firstly compare the frequency and mean duration of drought events detected by different indexes to identify the river basins mostly affected by droughts and to assess similarities and differences in the information provided by different indexes. We then compare them with the drought impacts recorded in the Geocoded Disasters (GDIS) dataset to examine agreements and discrepancies between index-detected droughts and impact data.Preliminary results show that different indexes generally agree in pointing out that Southern England, Northern France, and Northern Italy are the regions that experienced the highest number of drought events, whereas other regions, such as Southern Spain, experienced intense droughts events, which are not consistently indicated by all indexes. In terms of drought duration, the areas affected by the longest droughts are instead the Baltic Sea region and Normandy. Clustering the 35408 European basins according to dominant hydrologic processes reveals that the variables mainly controlling the drought process vary across clusters and depends on the characteristics of each cluster. While substantial agreement exists between observed impact and detected drought, several areas without GDIS records show critical index values. Such asymmetry can be explained by incomplete reporting in GDIS but also due to some non-physical hydrometeorological factors influencing drought dynamics, such as controlled water infrastructure, that are not adequately captured by standardized indexes. These findings suggest the need of adjusting the formulation of drought indexes to the specific characteristics of different river basins in order to improve drought detection and management.
Seismic methods to investigate the interplay between magmatism and tectonics in the Northern Apennines hinterland, Tuscan Magmatic province, Italy
Authors: Nicollet Karen , Muñoz Francisco , Savard Geneviève , Montanari Domenico , d'Ambrosio Michele , Saccorotti Gilberto , Piccinini Davide , Piana Agostinetti Nicola , Porras Loria Juan Luis , Michailos Konstantinos , Minetto Riccardo , Bonini Marco , Del Ventisette Chiara , Lupi Matteo
Published: February 2023

The Northern Apennines hinterland is normally referred to as a back-arc area affected by magmatism since the late Neogene, with intrusive and extrusive magmatic rocks being scattered through the southern Tuscany and the Tuscan Archipelago. This setting makes this geothermal area one of the most important worldwide.  The very high geothermal gradient of the Tuscan Magmatic Province (up to 200–1000 mW/m2 in the central part of the Larderello-Travale geothermal field) fuels vigorous fluid flow that promotes a widespread geothermal activity. The plumbing magmatic systems progressively migrated eastwards. In Tuscany, the Elba Island is proposed to be the ancient (and now exhumed) analogue of the Larderello-Travale geothermal system where Pliocene to Pleistocene granites have been found at about 3 km depth. The occurrence of such magmatic bodies links to one of the most debated structures of the region, namely the K-horizon seismic reflector. Early authors suggest that this level may represent the transition between ductile and brittle geological units. Other authors propose that the k-horizon may represent a level where the magmatic brines released by the cooling plutons are stored at super-critical conditions.To understand the spatial and temporal relationship between tectonics and eastwards migration of magmatism, we deployed a seismic network composed of 30 broadband sensors that complemented the permanent INGV network from September 2020 to August 2021. We used QuakeMigrate to build the seismic catalogue and identified 915 events. The seismic activity is well spread across the region and occurs in swarm sequences in areas marked by higher geothermal gradients, particulary in the Larderello-Travale geothermal field. We investigate the seismic clusters and compare them against the locations obtained with the permanent monitoring network. Our results significantly reduce the magnitude of completeness for the Northern Appennines hinterland and provide new insights into the tectonics of the region. This study will be continued with a newly funded project that will use ambient noise methods acquired by nodal networks to provide high-resolution tomographic inversions of the geothermal systems of the Tuscan Magmatic Province.
Groundwater Flow System in Klang River Watershed, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Saito Mariko , Tsujimura Maki , Roslan Norsyafina , Samuding Kamarudin , Che Ros Faizah , Yusoff Ismail
Published: February 2023

This study aims to clarify the groundwater recharge and flow processes in a basin located in a tropical humid area with a complex geological setting. We conducted intensive sampling campaigns for river water and groundwater during three different time periods in the relatively dry season (September 2019, January-March 2020, and August-September 2022). The 40 river water samples and 25 groundwater samples were taken from the upper-stream area with an altitude of 527 m to the downstream area with an altitude of 10 m. The oxygen-18 (δ18O) and deuterium stable isotopic compositions and inorganic constituent concentrations were determined on all water samples. We also used the monthly stable isotopic compositions in rainwater observed at a location with an altitude of 26 m, 15 km apart from the Klang River basin, by the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation database (GNIP), IAEA. These chemical compositions were used as tracers to investigate the groundwater recharge and flow system. The deep groundwater shows a lower δ18O than the volume-weighted mean of rainwater and higher ion concentrations, whereas the shallow groundwater shows a higher δ18O and lower ion concentrations. This suggests that the deep groundwater with low δ18O seems to be recharged in the mountainous area with an altitude ranging from 70 to 1421 m. Additionally, we conducted a principal component analysis and cluster analysis using inorganic constituent concentrations and stable isotopic compositions, showing that the deep and shallow groundwater samples are classified into two groups. This shows that the deep groundwater in the downstream area is recharged mainly in the mountainous areas with the highest altitude of 1421 m, and the shallow groundwater is recharged partly in the hilly areas with the highest altitude of 250 m. We believe our study serves new findings on the groundwater flow system in mega-cities of tropical climate regions.
Validation of a WRF-Chem setup aiming aerosol-radiation-cloud interactions studies over the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Silva Rui , Carvalho Ana Cristina , Carvalho David , Rocha Alfredo
Published: February 2023

In an ever-growing demand for solar energy production and technologies, atmospheric aerosols pose a great challenge for solar power suppliers due to their high spatio-temporal variability, their direct influence on the scattering and absorption of the incoming solar radiation, and their role as cloud condensation nuclei, indirectly affecting cloud formation and precipitation. Hence, atmospheric aerosols are a preponderant element of an accurate weather and solar forecasting system. Located in Southwestern Europe, the Iberian Peninsula (IP) represents one of the regions with the highest solar power potential in Europe, but it is frequently affected by forest fires and high-concentration dust episodes with their origin in the major African deserts during the warmer months. In this study, a model setup using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) is evaluated during an extreme dust episode that affected the IP in August 2010, aiming to perform aerosol-radiation-cloud interactions studies over the region. Model results, such as particle concentration and aerosol optical properties, are compared against different in-situ observations and remote sensing data from regional air quality stations and from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) to assess the model performance under these kinds of events.
UCIS4EQ applied to the South Iceland region
Authors: Monterrubio-Velasco Marisol , Pienkowska Marta , de la Puente Josep
Published: February 2023

Urgent Computing (UC) refers to the use of High-Performance Computing (HPC) and High-Performance Data Analytics (HPDA) during or immediately after emergency situations. It typically combines complex edge-to-end workflows with capacity computing, where multiple model realizations are required (to account for input and model uncertainties) under strict time-to-solution constraints. Enabling urgent HPC for emergency scenarios, such as earthquakes, can prove valuable towards resilience and relief. The temporal horizon for UC typically ranges from minutes to a few hours.A novel  HPC-based urgent seismic simulation workflow, the Urgent Computing Integrated Services for Earthquakes (UCIS4EQ),  focuses on short-time reports of the consequences of moderate to large earthquakes. UCIS4EQ automatically prepares and manages sets of physics-based deterministic simulations to rapidly obtain synthetic results. Based on pre-computed and on-the-fly simulations, UCIS4EQ delivers estimates of relevant ground motion parameters, such as peak ground velocity, peak ground acceleration, or shaking duration, with very high spatial resolution.  The physics-based engine includes pre-trained Machine Learning (ML) models fed with pre-computed simulation databases and r full 3D simulations on demand, providing results in minutes and hours, respectively.  The combined results, when well-calibrated, could complement GMPEs for rapid hazard assessmentTo demonstrate the potential of UC in seismology, we show the capability of the UCIS4EQ workflow both for the ML predictions and for deterministic simulations in the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) and the Reykjanes Peninsula Oblique Rift (RPOR). The largest historic earthquakes in Iceland have occurred within these zones and have exceeded magnitude 7. The study region  (63.5°-64.5°N, 20°-22°W) is where the largely sinistral East-West transform motion across the tectonic margin is taken up by a complex array of near-vertical and parallel North-South oriented dextral transform faults in SISZ-RPOR. The high seismic activity in the area widely affects the capital Reykjavik, the most populous city in Iceland. This work has been supported by the ChEESE and eFlows4HPC projects.
River influence on groundwater – head changes vs. chemical changes
Authors: Haas Johannes Christoph , Retter Alice , Birk Steffen , Brielmann Heike , Stumpp Christine
Published: February 2023

High correlations between river stages and groundwater levels are often seen as an indicator of surface water influence on groundwater. However, such a simple correlation does not necessarily provide information about the nature of said influence, i.e. whether the groundwater hydraulic head only follows the changes in river level or if there is also significant inflow of surface water into the aquifer.In two large sampling campaigns (early summer and late autumn) covering 45 groundwater and 11 river sites stretching from the alpine region to the foreland basins of the Mur river, Austria using surface water-borne wastewater indicators, stable isotopes of water and selected microbial indicators [1], we show that the influence of surface water intrusion into the shallow aquifer often can be traced hundreds of meters away from the river. Still, at some wells in close vicinity to the river (< 50m) with high correlation of water levels (R > 0.9), isotope data and wastewater indicators hint at no direct surface water influence.However, one could argue that even at these locations it is plausible that a flood event in the river might reverse flow temporarily, signs of which will not be found by irregular sampling at an inappropriate temporal scale, as the river-borne substances will be quickly flushed out of the shallow aquifer due to the generally effluent conditions. Operating a high-resolution UV-Vis sensor, monitoring nitrate and other key components, we show that direct river influence in the given case still is unlikely. [1] https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13
Rethinking tipping points in spatial ecosystems
Authors: Banerjee Swarnendu , Baudena Mara , Carter Paul , Bastiaansen Robbin , Doelman Arjen , Rietkerk Max
Published: February 2023

The theory of alternative stable states and tipping points has garnered a lot of attention in recent years. However, typically the ecosystem models that predict tipping behaviors do not resolve space explicitly. Ecosystems being inherently spatial, it is important to understand the implication of incorporating spatial processes in theoretical models and their applicability to real world. In this talk, I will illustrate several pattern formation phenomena that may arise when incorporating spatial dynamics in models exhibiting alternative stable state. For this, we use simple mathematical models of savannas to study the behavior of these spatial ecosystems in the face of environmental change. Model analyses presented here challenge the simplistic notion of tipping and lay down a way forward regarding studying ecosystem response to global change.
Observed intensification of heat extremes amplified by circulation over western Europe and dampened over the US Midwest
Authors: Singh Jitendra , Sippel Sebastian , Fischer Erich
Published: February 2023

Heat extremes show the fastest warming trend over western Europe (WEU) and a weak cooling trend over the Midwest United States (MUS). We use observations and Earth System Model (ESM) large ensemble simulations to understand why the observed trends over these two regions are opposite. Based on the dynamical adjustment method we provide observational and model evidence that circulation changes greatly amplify the warming trends over WEU and weaken the trends over MUS in the last four decades. We find that circulation-driven changes in heat extremes cause ~0.2°C/decade cooling over MUS that reverses the weaker warming effects of all other forcings combined and thus leads to very small overall trends. In contrast, it causes an additional ~0.2°C/decade warming over WEU, which accounts for ~35% of the warming rate that is caused by forced thermodynamic changes. Although ESMs represent the forced thermodynamic warming well over WEU, they underestimate the circulation-induced warming that further reveals why ESMs underestimate the observed warming rate over WEU.Overall, these findings imply that if the circulation changes represent a forced response WEU continues to experience a severe intensification of heat extremes conditions in future as circulation-induced amplification of heat extremes may further intensify in the warmer world. Conversely, if the circulation-induced trend were due to internal variability, and thus would reverse in the coming decades, this would imply a somewhat slower rate of warming of heat extremes. Moreover, heat extremes over MUS continue to warm more slowly if circulation keeps dampening the warming effects in the coming decades, but potentially increase rapidly if the circulation trend reverses.
EMSO ERIC support, coordination and management service for the benefit of a distributed consortium
Authors: Quaranta Gabriella , Tegas Valentina , Dañobeitia Juanjo
Published: February 2023

In order to achieve a successful research and innovation project, it is increasingly critical to clearly define efficient coordination and management processes. Keeping in mind the limited research funding at the National and European levels and the growing competition in academic areas and more, in general, in the research environment, the proper management of research projects has become essential. Designing and ensuring a realistic project plan in terms of scope, objectives, time and costs is a critical condition to obtain financing and a crucial element to guarantee a successful implementation of a project. This is even more decisive when the project provides for the participation of affiliated entities; this is a common practice in the case of the ERIC- European Research Infrastructure Consortium.  In the case of EMSO ERIC- The European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory -the project management should normally consider an effective way of coordinating human resource efforts and activities between its central management office and the different affiliated Research Organisations, members of the ERIC  consortium, who could join the same project.In general, and even more so within a distributed ERIC,  participation in a project means delivering precise impacts and results relevant to the mission of the Consortium and its members, in relation to their strategic roadmap and vision.For this reason, within EMSO ERIC, an internal service has been created that aims to encourage and promote a permanent and structured collaboration between the EMSO ERIC Central Management office and the research organizations, in the context of activities and strategies planned and implemented since the beginning of the project.While ensuring a constant and effective cooperative link in the framework of externally funded projects, the EMSO ERIC coordination and management service offers the opportunity to leverage the impact of project activities and results on the growth, strength, outreach and cohesion of EMSO ERIC.This process covers the whole project life cycle, from its embryonic stage as a proposal, through its implementation and until its completion and conclusion, supporting the development of all the project management steps and monitoring the technical implementation of the activities to fulfil deadlines and targets, trying to be successful in project management as well as in research.
Long-term physiological responses of herbaceous plants to global change from carbon and oxygen isotopes in herbarium specimen
Authors: Basler David , Nelson Daniel B. , de Vos Jurriaan , Moreno-Gutiérrez Cristina , Kahmen Ansgar
Published: February 2023

The analysis of the isotopic composition in herbarium specimens gives insight into the physiological responses of plants to environmental change. Specifically, the carbon isotope composition of plants is linked to the time-integrated, leaf-level intrinsic water use efficiency (i.e., the ratio of net photosynthesis over stomatal conductance), while the oxygen isotope composition is linked to leaf stomatal conductance. Thus, by combining stable isotope analyses of carbon and oxygen, trends in integrated values for net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance can be determined. Here, we present results from analyses of carbon and oxygen isotope values from over 3000 sampled herbarium specimens, that have been collected across Switzerland over the past century covering more than 80 herbaceous plant species and a wide range of habitats. While plants across most taxa and habitats have increased their intrinsic water use efficiency over the last decades, the contribution of net photosynthesis or stomatal conductance to changes in intrinsic water use efficiency differs among different plant functional groups (herbs, legumes, grasses, and sedges). Applying a multi-model approach, our study demonstrates that the carbon and water relations of plants respond to long-term changes in the environment but that the physiological nature of these responses differs among plant functional groups and the plant’s ecological niche.
The effects of debris flow on structural sediment connectivity: case studies in the Italian Alps and in Southern Brazil
Authors: Paul Leonardo Rodolfo , Scorpio Vittoria , Michel Gean Paulo , Comiti Francesco , Zanandrea Franciele , Schwarz Heron
Published: February 2023

Debris flows are major geophysical processes which are able to modify the landscape. Structural sediment connectivity describes the physical coupling of landscape units, and it may be affected by the occurrence of single large-magnitude debris flows and/or by the cumulative changes determined by frequent, small-magnitude events. Understanding the coupling of hillslopes to the main channel during and after debris flows is essential for comprehending catchments sediment transfer at different timescales. Debris flows might provoke sudden changes in the landscape through processes such as bed and bank erosion, overbank deposition and natural dam formation. While debris flows may modify the landscape, their characteristics (e.g., path, runout) are strongly affected by the geomorphological settings. Indeed, there is an interplay between landscape morphology and debris flows, one conditioning the other and vice versa. In this regard, determining how much structural connectivity influences the coupling of debris flow with the channel network remains a challenge. An evaluation of the structural connectivity before and after storm events that triggered debris flow has been carried out on multi-temporal DTMs available for the Stolla basin (Autonomous Province of Bozen-Bolzano, Italian Alps) utilizing the Index of Connectivity (IC) and on a pre-event DTM for the Revolver basin (Santa Catarina state, Southern Brazil). To understand whether the morphological changes caused by the debris flows had an impact on flow routing during the event, some of the debris flow events were simulated by a physically based model. The topographic changes caused by the simulated scenarios have been used to compare pre- vs post-event sediment connectivity.  
A local quasigeoid determination by solving the nonlinear satellite-fixed geodetic boundary value problem
Authors: Macák Marek , Minarechová Zuzana , Čunderlík Róbert , Mikula Karol
Published: February 2023

We present an iterative approach for solving the nonlinear satellite-fixed geodetic boundary value problem (NSFGBVP) by the finite element method that is applied for a determination of local quasigeoid in Himalayas and Andes. At first, we formulate the NSFGBVP that consists of the Laplace equation holding in the 3D bounded domain outside the Earth, the nonlinear boundary condition (BC) prescribed on the disretized Earth's surface, and the Dirichlet BC given on a spherical boundary placed approximately at the altitude of chosen satellite mission and additional four side boundaries. Then the iterative approach is based on determining the direction of actual gravity vector together with the value of the disturbing potential. Such a concept leads to the first iteration where the oblique derivative boundary value problem is solved, and the last iteration represents the approximation of the actual disturbing potential and the direction of gravity vector. As a numerical method for our approach, we have implemented the finite element method with triangular prisms. Finally, we present a high-resolution numerical experiment dealing with the local gravity field modelling in Himalayas and Andes.
Using multi-scale and multi-model datasets for post-event assessment of wildfires
Authors: Krüger Robert , Blanch Gorriz Xabier , Grothum Oliver , Eltner Anette
Published: February 2023

Between June and August 2022, the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) reported more fires in Europe than in any other recent summer season. This is particularly true for Central Europe, where the largest forest fire in recent Czech history occurred in the German-Czech border region. With global warming and resulting longer dry periods, the length and severity of wildfire seasons in central Europe will likely increase. Therefore, easy to implement and cost-effective methods to assess wildfire damage and regeneration of the ecosystems are getting increasingly important. In this study we evaluated how different datasets obtained by uncrewed aerial system (UAS) can be incorporated with datasets obtained from the ground to describe the fire affected landscape. Thereby, multi-spectral 3D point clouds were derived from low-cost UAV laser scanning and using structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry applied to RGB and multi-spectral imagery. The aerial datasets were combined with ground-based terrestrial and mobile laser scanning. The datasets were acquired in several surveys following the forest fire event in the German part of the National park Saxonian/Bohemian Switzerland.Initial results show the potential of UAS-based sensing for efficient mapping of a burned area with a high resolution (600-1000 pts/m²). The combination of point clouds from UAS-based laser scanning and photogrammetry enables a detailed representation of the burned forest with different levels of fire damage (e.g., in still present canopy) when compared to the single datasets. The UAS based laser scanning data reveals higher noise compared to the SfM-based point clouds. However, the accuracy is still sufficient to improve the quality of orthomosaics in densely vegetated areas. In a next step, further investigations on data accuracy are conducted and automated point cloud fusion algorithms based on classified points are considered.