bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of the Amount of Smoke Absorbed From Low Yield (‘Less Hazardous’) Cigarettes.
Authors: Robinson J. C. , Young J. C. , Rickert W. S.
Published: January 2006

Twenty‐two smokers (≥20 cigarettes per day with an average nominal nicotine delivery of .96 mg) were split randomly into treatment (16 subjects) and control (6 subjects) groups. During the first two‐week period (P1), all subjects smoked their usual brand. For the next three weeks (P2) the treatment group switched to a cigarette averaging .64 mg, while the control group switched to another brand within ± .1 mg of their usual brand. During the last three weeks (P3) the treatment group switched to a still lower vented cigarette (.38 mg nicotine) while the control group switched to another brand again having a nominal delivery within ± .1 mg of their usual brand.

Both treatment and control groups were dissatisfied with their substitute brands suggesting that the dissatisfaction may be to the act of switching cigarettes rather than to any decrease in cigarette yield.

The non‐invasive exposure measures employed (average number of cigarettes per day, daily mouth level nicotine intake, butt length, expired air carbon monoxide and saliva thiocyanate) demonstrated that the almost complete compensation of the treatment group was achieved with a combination of increased cigarette consumption, smoking intensity and depth of inhalation.

Thus, the assumed health advantage for relatively heavy smokers switching to lower delivery cigarettes is largely offset by the tendency of smokers to compensate.
Parathyroid Activity in Alcoholics
Authors: Johnell Olof , Kristensson Hans , Nilsson Bo E.
Published: January 2006

Fourteen alcoholics were tested as they were admitted to hospital because of alcohol intoxication. Their serum calcium level was low and their parathyroid hormone activity high ‐ the difference was not quite significant. However, after on average 10 days of abstinence the serum calcium level increased and the parathyroid hormone activity decreased, both significantly.
The 1978 Strike at the Norwegian Wine and Spirits Monopoly
Authors: Horverak Ø.
Published: January 2006

In the autumn of 1978 the workers at the Norwegian Wine and Spirits Monopoly went on strike. The strike lasted nine weeks. The result of the strike was a complete standstill in the deliveries of alcoholic beverages to the Monopoly's retail outlets and to licensed premises. All through the strike beer was on sale as usual. The most striking effect of the strike was the rather rapid adjustment to the new supply conditions. For most people the strike did not have any effects on the quantity consumed. The consumption of a little group of alcoholics, however, was strongly affected. The strike affected offences which for a large part are executed by far‐gone alcoholics, especially skid‐row residents. However, the strike did not seem to have had any similar demonstrable effect on offences which do not so strongly correlate with the alcohol consumption among skid‐row types.
Marital Histories of Women whose First Husbands were Alcoholic or Antisocial
Authors: DeBlois C. Susan , Stewart Mark A.
Published: January 2006

Detailed marital histories were taken from the mothers of 112 boys attending a child psychiatry clinic. 56 of these women had first been married to alcoholic or antisocial men, while another 56 had never married such men; these groups were compared. The former women were less well educated, had more often worked, tended to have unskilled jobs, and had lower socioeconomic status. They had married at an earlier age, after knowing their future husbands for a shorter time; they less often cited mutual affection as the reason for marrying. Their marriages were more often marred by separations and physical abuse, and more often broke down. The women whose first husbands were alcoholic or antisocial divided into four roughly equal groups: those who stayed married to their original husbands; those who divorced and did not remarry; those who divorced and married other antisocial or alcoholic men; and those who divorced and married men who did not have these problems. Other facets of the marital histories of women in these subgroups seemed to differ.
Employee Assistance Programming: In Search of Effective Interventions for the Problem‐Drinking Employee
Authors: Walker Keith , Shain Martin
Published: January 2006

A critical review is made of traditional approaches to occupationally‐based alcoholism programmes (Employee Assistance Programmes: E.A.Ps). Methodological problems in E.A.P. research are briefly reviewed and major conceptual, ethical and practical difficulties underlying E.A.P. implementation are identified. Suggestions for improving the efficacy and efficiency of E.A.Ps include: (i) the integration of alcoholism services with more effective systems of employee performance‐management and (ii) the extension of E.A.Ps to include interventions aimed at the‘non‐alcoholic’problem‐drinking employee.
Behavioural Patterns of Alcohol Use Among Young Adults in Britain and Zimbabwe
Authors: Chambwe A. , Slade P. D. , Dewey M. E.
Published: January 2006

A survey of drinking and drug behaviour of two samples of university students was conducted, one from Britain and one Zimbabwe. Quantities and frequencies of consumption, preferred beverages and frequencies of drinking in various contexts were elicited. Comparing the samples, Zimbabwean students drank less frequently than British students but become intoxicated more often. While smoking and illicit drug use were associated in both samples, drinking was a poor predictor of these behaviours. The case for there being a deviant sub‐group who engage in all three behaviours is not supported by these data.
A Follow‐up Study of Adolescent Glue‐Sniffers in Japan
Authors: Suwaki Hiroshi
Published: January 2006

A follow‐up study was conducted on 64 glue‐sniffing adolescents who had previously visited a child consultation center. Family backgrounds were deprived with much early separation. Many parents adopted a‘hands‐off policy in bringing up their children. School records were poor and many subjects showed signs of delinquent behavior. At follow‐up (mean 6.9 years) the recent adjustment of 42 cases (65.6 %) was examined in detail. Of these, 29 cases were evaluated as well adjusted, 2 cases as intermediate and 11 cases as poorly adjusted. Six cases had experienced glue‐sniffing and three had used amphetamine in the past year. Prognostic factors are difficult to identify.
Tobacco Smoking Addiction: A Challenge to the National Health Service
Authors: Webster Charles
Published: January 2006

Pioneer researches concerning the connection between the smoking addiction and lung cancer provided the National Health Service with its first major test in the field of preventive medicine. It is instructive in examine how this problem was handled in the period 1950 to 1962. The NHS legislation of 1946 envisaged that the new service would take on an active preventive rote and that it would respond flexibly to new demands. At the heart of the new central administration was an elaborate professional advisory machinery designed precisely for the purpose of ensuring prompt response to new needs.

The connection between smoking and lung cancer became a live issue in the immediate post‐war period through the researches of Kennaway sponsored by the British Empire Research Campaign. This work was carried to a striking conclusion in the epidemiological context by Doll and Hill in 1950. Subsequent investigations strongly supported their conclusions.

Within the Ministry of Health smoking and lung cancer was the prerogative of the Cancer Standing Advisory Committee for which this problem was an uncongenial side issue. Positive action was precluded by strong objections within the Cancer SAC to ‘cancer education’. A vociferous minority within the advisory structure campaigned to generate a more positive attitude, but once formed there was great reluctance to modify, let alone reverse, medical policy decisions. Eventually the unresponsive Cancer SAC was by‐passed. The mart prestigious and broadly based Medical SAC and the Central Health Services Council gradually awoke to the importance of this issue. Crucial to keeping this issue alive was the increasing publicity in the press which resulted in persistent parliamentary questioning.

Complete conversion was rendered more difficult by virtue of lack of sympathy of Ministers and officials within the Ministry of Health. MRC generally supported the work of Doll and Hill, but a strongly positive and independent line would have prejudiced relations with the Ministry of Health. A distinct change in the official attitude awaited the 1962 report of the Royal College of Physicians, after which further procrastination seemed inadmissible. But even then, after 12 years of inactivity, the National Health Service was not mobilized to make smoking and health a major issue on its agenda.
Under the Microscope Yet Again: A Commentary on Walker and Roach's Critique of the Dickens Committee's Enquiry into our Research
Authors: Sobell Mark B. , Sobell Linda C.
Published: January 2006

In this issue, Walker and Roach present their critique of the Dickens Committee's investigation of our research. In their critique, Walker and Roach confound criticism of the Dickens Committee with criticism of the study ‘Individualized behavior therapy for alcoholics’. We respond to the specific issues raised to demonstrate the misconceptions, and erroneous assumptions upon which Walker and Roach base their critique. The alcohol field will not be advanced by polemics.
The Risks of Drunkenness (or, Ebrietas Resurrecta) A Comparison of Frequent Intoxication Indices and of Population Sub‐Groups as to Problem Risks
Authors: Knupfer Genevieve
Published: January 2006

Data from nine population samples are combined in order to compare different population sub‐groups as to prevalence of drinking problems among high “frequency of intoxication” drinkers. Various indicators of frequent intoxication and of drinking problems are presented and discussed. Suggestions are made as to fewer, simpler questions about drinking and as to better ways of studying problem risks.
Can Accurate Drinking Histories be Obtained from Psychiatric Patients by a Nurse Conducting Screening Interviews?
Authors: Bernardt M. W. , Mumford J. , Murray R. M.
Published: January 2006

Three hundred and eighty‐five psychiatric patients were screened by a nurse for alcohol‐related problems, and a representative 112 were re‐interviewed in a ‘blind’ fashion by a psychiatrist using either (a) the same screening interview, or (b) a much more detailed history schedule. Reliability measures between the two screening interviews were high for alcohol consumption as well as the Brief MAST, CAGE, and Reich tests. Similarly the more detailed ‘validity’ interview produced closely correlated estimates of alcohol consumption. Agreement was less good for women than men and for drinking in the month, as opposed to the year, before admission. The Brief MAST, CA GE, or Reich screening tests could usefully be incorporated into the routine nursing interview at first contact with psychiatric patients.
Secondary Prevention of Alcoholism and the Centres D'Hygiène Alimentaire
Authors: Chick Jonathan
Published: January 2006

France has invested in a mode of secondary prevention for alcoholism, the Centres d'Hygiene Alimentaire (C.H.A.). Early problem drinkers detected in industry, general hospitals, by social services, and drinking/driving offenders are referred for assessment and advice. The approach is medical. Among drinking/driving offenders in Soissons, a majority attend the C.H.A. and a majority of attenders return for follow‐up. A randomized, controlled outcome study has not been performed, but the results of the Soissons C.H.A. are promising, as are some early results in two other projects.
The Relationship Between Coping Behaviours, their Effectiveness and Alcoholism Relapse and Survival
Authors: Litman Gloria K. , Stapleton John , Oppenheim A. N. , Peleg Michelle , Jackson Paul
Published: January 2006

The results of a Principal Components analysis of the Effectiveness of Coping Behaviours Inventory (ECBI) administered to 256 hospitalized alcoholic patients are compared with the results of the Coping Behaviours Inventory (CBI) administered to the same sample and also compared with a reanalysis of data obtained from a different sample 5years ago. The results indicate that the factor structure of the ECBI and CBI are similar. The four factors emerging from the present study, accounting for 59 per cent of the variance were:

1. Positive Thinking

2. Negative Thinking

3. Avoidance/Distraction

4. Seeking Social Supports

While the scores on the CBI at intake did not discriminate between subsequent relapsers and survivors, the factor scores on the ECBI at intake on ‘Positive Thinking’ and ‘Avoidance/Distraction’ were found to be predictive of subsequent outcome 6 to 12 months later. The clinical implications are discussed in terms of coping strategies for relapse prevention treatment.
Under the Microscope Yet Again: A Commentary on Walker and Roach's Critique of the Dickens Committee's Enquiry into our Research
Authors: Sobell Mark B. , Sobell Linda C.
Published: January 2006

In this issue, Walker and Roach present their critique of the Dickens Committee's investigation of our research. In their critique, Walker and Roach confound criticism of the Dickens Committee with criticism of the study‘Individualized behavior therapy for alcoholics'. We respond to the specific issues raised to demonstrate the misconceptions, and erroneous assumptions upon which Walker and Roach base their critique. The alcohol field will not be advanced by polemics.
Can Accurate Drinking Histories be Obtained from Psychiatric Patients by a Nurse Conducting Screening Interviews?
Authors: Bernardt M. W. , Mumford J. , Murray R. M.
Published: January 2006

Three hundred and eighty‐five psychiatric patients were screened by a nurse for alcohol‐related problems, and a representative 112 were re‐interviewed in a ‘blind’ fashion by a psychiatrist using either (a) the same screening interview, or (b) a much more detailed history schedule. Reliability measures between the two screening interviews were high for alcohol consumption as well as the Brief MAST, CAGE, and Reich tests. Similarly the more detailed ‘validity’ interview produced closely correlated estimates of alcohol consumption. Agreement was less good for women than men and for drinking in the month, as opposed to the year, before admission. The Brief MAST, CAGE, or Reich screening tests could usefully be incorporated into the routine nursing interview at first contact with psychiatric patients.
Effect of Nicotine Replacement on the Cigarette Withdrawal Syndrome
Authors: West R. J. , Jarvis M. J. , Russell M. A. H. , Carruthers M. E. , Feyerabend C.
Published: January 2006

The effect of nicotine replacement on the cigarette withdrawal syndrome was investigated in 48 smokers, who were randomly allocated to chew either 2 mg or. 5 mg nicotine gum over 24 hours of cigarette abstinence. Characteristic withdrawal symptoms were observed on the low dose (.5 mg) gum: i.e. increased irritability, depression, restlessness, dizziness and hunger, and decreased ability to concentrate, sociability and composure when in company. In addition there was a drop in heart rate and urinary adrenaline excretion. The 2 mg gum alleviated problems of irritability, depression, and difficulties related to social interaction but not hunger or ability to concentrate. It also reduced the drop in heart rate from 14.9 to 9.7 bpm. The results support the view that nicotine deprivation per se plays a significant role in certain withdrawal effects.
Alcohol and Brain Damage
Authors: Tuck R. R. , Brew B. J. , Britton A. M. , Loewy J.
Published: January 2006

In this review, two forms of alcohol‐related brain damage and their possible pathogenesis are discussed. These are the Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome and alcoholic dementia.

There is little doubt that thiamine deficiency is the factor responsible for Wernicke's encephalopathy. However, additional factors might play a role in the development of Korsakoff's psychosis. Many cases of Wernicke's encephalopathy are undiagnosed by clinicians whose awareness of the various manifestations of this disease needs to be increased. Thiamine deficiency may lead to brain damage by blocking the oxidative metabolism of glucose, ammo acids and fatty acids. There is no definite evidence that marginal thiamine deficiency causes disease. Certain individuals may be especially prone to the effects of thiamine deficiency for genetic reasons.

There is clearly a spectrum of mental impairment in alcoholics which cannot be attributed to thiamine deficiency. Some of these abnormalities correlate with the neuroradiological and pathological signs of cerebral atrophy. Mental impairment and atrophy in alcoholics are partly reversible with abstinence. Alcohol itself might be neurotoxic which would explain some of these phenomena.
A Multivariate Analysis of Psychological, Clinical and CT Scanning Measures in Detoxified Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Acker W. , Ron M. A. , Lishman W. A. , Shaw G. K.
Published: January 2006

Psychological, clinical, and CT scanning measures of 100 detoxified male alcoholics and 50 controls are reported. There were statistically significant group differences in psychological and CT scanning measures. However, individual differences in premorbid intelligence accounted for more of the variance in psychological performance than did clinical data (drinking history) or CT scanning measures. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.
Alcohol Policy in a Crisis Situation
Authors: Wald Ignacy , Moskalewicz Jacek
Published: January 2006

The impact of the 1980 political crisis on Polish drinking is described. Alcohol prices began to rise, temporary prohibition was introduced and the military government felt it necessary to take a number of active steps to deal with excessive drinking. Long queues began to appear at liquor shops, and in late 1981 liquor rationing was introduced. All these forces combined to produce a dramatic fall in consumption. In July 1982 alcohol rationing began to be lifted. Together these events provide an interesting example of a‘natural experiment', illustrating the effects of multiple and acute social measures and social change on population drinking.
Alcohol and Fits
Authors: Johnson Ralph
Published: January 2006

This review indicates the way in which epilepsy and excessive ethanol intake are related and the frequency of each in relation to the other. There are many ways that fits may be precipitated, both during intoxication and during recovery from ethanol excess. Continuing anticonvulsant therapy is not usually indicated. The importance of abstinence is emphasised if fits occur.
Addiction Control Policies or There's no Such Thing as a Free Lunch
Authors: Maynard Alan , Powell Melanie
Published: January 2006

This paper sets out the characteristics of the basic economic approach to evaluating addiction control policy. It emphasises the importance of costing policy prior to implementation in an attempt to highlight the waste of resources which can result from ad hoc policy choice. Every policy choice is taken at the cost of another and if such costs are evaluated and minimised, limited funds can be spent most efficiently. The example used is the cost to the health of Europeans from EEC market controls such as the Common Agricultural Policy wine policy. These and similar costs must be considered if recent moves to set up an EEC Health Policy are to be fulfilled.
Methadone Treatment of Opiate Dependence in Canada
Authors: Peachey J. E. , Franklin T.
Published: January 2006

Although methadone has been used in Canada for the treatment of opiate‐dependent persons since 1959, information concerning its use in Canada is limited. Methadone treatment in Canada is discussed with respect to national and provincial drug laws, public and professional support for the treatment, patient characteristics, and the sources and types of illicit and licit opiates abused. The paper also reports on the results of a survey of the physicians in Canada who were authorized during 1981–82 to prescribe methadone to opiate‐dependent persons. These physicians were asked to provide information on the number of patients they treated with methadone during the previous 12 months, their indications) for the use of methadone, the dosages used and duration of treatment, and the auxiliary treatments provided. Information concerning specific provincial methadone treatment programmes is also presented.
Nicotine, Cigarette Smoking, and Body Weight
Authors: Grunberg Neil E.
Published: January 2006

A century of studies indicate that cigarette smokers weigh less than comparably aged nonsmokers and that many smokers who give up cigarettes gain weight. Behavioural, psychological, and biological explanations have been offered to account for these relationships but most of these explanations have limited empirical support. A recent series of animal and human studies suggest that changes in specific food consumption contribute to the inverse relationship between nicotine and body weight and between cigarette smoking and body weight. This paper reviews and discusses the smoking/body weight relationship, the possible explanations for this relationship, relevant recent studies, and the implications of the findings regarding nicotine and specific food consumption.

It is commonly believed that cigarette smoking keeps body weight down and that cessation of smoking results in excessive weight gains. In fact, some smokers continue to smoke in order to avoid gaining weight [1]. Because an inverse relationship between cigarette smoking and body weight may deter smoking cessation and may even encourage some people (e.g., young women who are concerned about their appearance) to begin smoking, it is important to determine whether the relationship exists and what causes it. This paper first discusses research establishing the inverse relationship between smoking and body weight and then examines possible explanations for the relationship.
The Impact of a Research Interview on Clinical Re‐attendance: A Happy Finding
Authors: Sutherland Gay , Stockwell Tim , Edwards Griffith
Published: January 2006

In the course of an assessment of alcohol patients undertaken as a preliminary to a study of the effects of different treatment, an unexpected finding emerged. Almost all patients seen by a psychologist as part of the study returned for a second session with a counsellor, whereas only just over half of the patients seen initially by a counsellor returned for their second appointment with that counsellor. Possible explanations are discussed.
Alcohol‐Related Problems in the Primary Health Care Setting: a review of early intervention strategies
Authors: BABOR THOMAS F. , RITSON E. BRUCE , HODGSON RAY J.
Published: January 2006

This paper reviews conceptual issues and research findings relevant to the secondary prevention of alcohol‐related problems in the primary care setting. A discussion of public health concepts and recent epidemiological studies is followed by a review of screening procedures developed to identify individuals at risk. Representative programmes designed to reduce alcohol misuse and treat harmful drinking are summarized. The results of several systematic programme evaluations suggest that modest but reliable effects on drinking behaviour and related problems can follow from brief interventions, especially with the less serious type of problem drinker. The basic elements of these interventions include information giving, brief advice, self‐help manuals, self‐help groups and periodic monitoring of progress by the health worker. It is concluded that low intensity, brief interventions have much to recommend as the first approach to the problem drinker in the primary care setting.
THC Consumption Among Students: its estimation and log‐normality
Authors: SMART REGINALD , ADLAF EDWARD M.
Published: January 2006

The purpose of the present paper was to examine firstly the distribution of THC consumption among an aggregate sample of 4737 students from Ontario, Canada, and secondly the assumption of log‐normality. With respect to the estimation of THC consumption the following was indicated: per capita consumption was estimated to be 310 mg; males consumed significantly more than did females; and consumption was curvilinearly related to age of student. In contrast to earlier findings, the assumption of log‐normality was not met. The preventative implications of the log‐normal distribution are indeed important, not only with respect to alcohol but also to other substance use and therefore require further research.
Sensation Seeking and Pathological Gambling
Authors: BLASZCZYNSKI A. P. , WILSON A. C. , MCCONAGHY N.
Published: January 2006

Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Spielberger's State‐ Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to 51 pathological gamblers seeking treatment to investigate the hypothesis that arousal associated with gambling was related to a general sensation seeking personality trait.

Pathological gamblers as compared to the general population were found to have elevated Psychoticism, Neuroticism, State and Trait anxiety scores but contrary to expectation, significantly lower Sensation Seeking scores. It was argued that pathological gamblers were not necessarily sensation seekers but that avoidance or reduction of noxious physiological states or dysphoric mood, in conjunction with a behaviour completion mechanism, was a major factor in explaining persistence in gambling.
Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 9. England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Authors: GLASS ILANA BELLE
Published: January 2006

This paper reviews alcohol problems research in England, Wales and Northern Ireland over the last 25 years. Published work in the British Journal of Addiction, the British Medical Journal, the Lancet, and Journal of Studies on Alcohol form the central sources. It describes how the sixties laid the foundation for innovative methodology across the whole gamut of social science investigation. Important issues to emerge during the seventies were the systematic application of epidemiological techniques to populations of alcoholic patients, the development of the provisional description of the alcohol dependence syndrome and the seventy of alcohol dependence questionnaire, the exploitation of biochemical procedures to newly conceived animal models of dependence, the controlled investigation of brain function and the evaluation of relatively established notions of treatment. During the eighties, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol‐induced hypertension and the fetal alcohol syndrome became topics of interest; biological and genetic research burgeoned; the economics of alcohol abuse, the precipitants of relapse and the role of the community were analysed. Some insights into funding and policy are discerned with indications for future directions.
Alcohol Dependence Among General Medical Inpatients
Authors: CORRIGAN GERALDINE V. , WEBB MARCUS G. T. , UNWIN ANTONY R.
Published: January 2006

Alcoholics identified on medical wards were found to be less severely dependent overall than comparative samples admitted to a psychiatric hospital for treatment. This was the case although typical alcohol consumption levels were reported to be the same. Few ‘medical’alcoholics conformed to Jellinek's beta subtype and few were severely dependent. There was, however, on the scale of severity of dependence a similar distribution of cases of ‘absent to minimal’—‘mild to moderate’dependence between ‘medical’ alcoholics and approximately half of ‘psychiatric’ alcoholics. The remaining ‘psychiatric’ alcoholics were more severely dependent. The development of dependence as judged by the temporal ordering of symptoms occurred according to a sequence which was similar to that identified in psychiatric treatment settings.
The Impact of Prescribing on the Crimes of Opioid Users
Authors: BENNETT TREVOR , WRIGHT RICHARD
Published: January 2006

The paper investigates the contention that prescribing opioids to regular users leads to a reduction in non‐drug crimes. It also examines the nature of the relationship between addiction and crime and some of the factors which influence this relationship. As part of a study of opioid users currently receiving a prescription for methadone or heroin from U.K. National Health Service clinics or from private practitioners (plus a small number of others dependent solely on black‐market supplies), self‐reports on non‐drug crimes were collected relating to the periods before and after first receiving a prescription. The findings show that a smaller proportion of addicts reported non‐drug crimes when receiving a prescription than in the period before receiving one. It is noted that this reduction is unlikely to be explained by addicts abandoning the black‐market, as almost all of them continued to use illicit sources. There was a reduction, however, in the proportion of addicts who used black‐market drugs frequently. Some opioid users who continued to commit non‐drug crimes while receiving a prescription admitted offending for reasons unrelated to drug taking.
Tobacco Battered and the Pipes Shattered: a note on the fate of the first British campaign against tobacco smoking
Authors: HARRISON LARRY
Published: January 2006

Tobacco was first introduced into Elizabethan England as a new addition to the pharmacopoeia and the non‐medical use of tobacco was condemned as being injurious to health. Attempts were made to discourage the recreational use of tobacco through controls over its price, availability and production, and through a stream of hostile pamphlets, verses and Royal Proclamations. Yet this multi‐faceted prevention policy was a failure. Within 100 years, Britain was actively promoting the consumption of tobacco throughout the world. This paper provides a brief description of how, over 300 years ago, a government's commitment to combatting the introduction of an addictive drug was undermined, and its policies reversed.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Marijuana Smokers
Authors: MATHEW ROY J. , TANT STEPHEN , BURGER CANDICE
Published: January 2006

Regional cerebral blood flow measurements were performed with the 133Xenon inhalation technique in 17 chronic marijuana smokers and 16 age‐and sex‐matched controls. There were no significant differences between the groups.
Alcohol and Expectancy: subjective, psychophysiological and behavioral responses to alcohol stimuli in severely, moderately and non‐dependent drinkers
Authors: LABERG JON CHRISTIAN
Published: January 2006

Thirty male subjects, 10 severely and 10 moderately alcohol dependent, along with 10 non‐dependent controls, were studied in four experimental drinking conditions. Each subject participated in each condition. All subjects received a priming dose of 2 ml 40% vodka/kg or placebo, and a drinking test of 1 ml 40% vodka/kg 45 minutes later. Subjects were told that the priming dose contained ‘alcohol’ in two conditions and ‘soft drinks’ in the two other conditions of the Balanced placebo design. Self‐reported desire for a drink and experienced effects from alcohol were more influenced by instructions than by the actual presence of alcohol, although a peak BAG of 0.11% were reached if all available alcohol were consumed (not all subjects did so). Severely dependent subjects demonstrated more craning than the other groups, this difference was observed in the presence of information about alcohol, regardless of whether alcohol was present or not. No differences in speed of drinking were found. The severely dependent subjects showed a higher general arousal than moderately and non‐dependent subjects in this experimental setting, as measured by skin conductance level, and they displayed a higher skin conductance response to the instruction that alcohol was to be given. Severely dependent subjects showed a hypothermic response to alcohol. The results confirm our previous findings that expectations of alcohol exerts greater influence on craving than pharmacological effects of alcohol, but the severely dependent subjects are reacting more strongly to alcohol cues than less dependent alcoholics. In addition, the experiment demonstrates that psychophysiological responses are elicited by alcohol cues, and supports a classical conditioning model of alcohol dependence.
Monitoring the Demand for Treatment by Problem Drug Takers: a case study of a London Drug Dependency Unit
Authors: DAVIAUD E. , HARTNOLL R. , POWER R. , GRIFFITHS L. , CHALMERS C.
Published: January 2006

Reliable, up‐to‐date information on drug misuse is essential for planning and evaluating service provision, both for administrators and for those who provide a service. This paper presents routine monitoring of a treatment agency as a tool that can play an important part in achieving this goal. The characteristics of routine monitoring are described. A case study is then presented, using the example of an inner London DDU. This illustrates that whilst a snapshot of the profile of an agency's clientele can be useful in raising questions about needs and forms of support, of far greater value, especially for planning purposes, is continuous information on how the characteristics of clients and the pattern of demand on the service change over time. Not only does this reflect changing service needs at the agency concerned, hut can also, when taken in conjunction with other sources of information, be valuable as an indicator of trends in the wider community and as a pointer to service needs in the future. In this example, there were marked changes over 4 years, with an increasing proportion of the client group being older chronic heroin users who had been in and out of treatment before. Other changes included a fall in the proportion of new clients, an increase in the delay between first opiate use and first demand for treatment, and important changes in the route of administration. The paper concludes with an assessment of the value and limitations of single case routine monitoring.
The Research Institute on Alcoholism, Buffalo, New York
Authors: BLANE HOWARD T.
Published: January 2006

The Research Institute on Alcoholism (RIA‐Buffalo, New York) is a free‐standing, state‐supported institution for the conduct of biological, psychological, and social research on the etiology, prevention, and treatment of alcoholic disorders. With a total staff of about 80 persons, the Institute has stable state funding from its parent agency, the Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, supplemented by external grant monies. Career development and training opportunities are supported through a variety of mechanisms and benefit from RIA's close association with the State University of New York at Buffalo. As a state agency, the RIA discharges a number of responsibilities of immediate relevance to the public welfare and relates to a variety of state and other organizations. The RIA is engaged in the conduct of several lines of inquiry and a central focus is upon the ontogeny of drinking careers and alcoholic disorders from adolescent through early adulthood.
Reasons for Drinking and Alcohol Use in Young Adults at High Risk and at Low Risk for Alcoholism
Authors: HESSELBROCK VICTOR M. , O'BRIEN JAMES , WEINSTEIN MARLYNN , CARTER‐MENENDEZ NANCY
Published: January 2006

This study examined the relationship of attitudes towards the use of alcohol and alcohol consumption among young adult offspring of alcoholic (N=130) and non‐alcoholic (N = 75) parents. No differences were found between the two samples in the subjects’reported reasons for drinking or reasons for limiting consumption. In general, the greater the total amount of alcohol consumed, the more important were social enhancement and relief of unpleasant affect as reasons for drinking. Further, reasons for limiting alcohol consumption did not distinguish the high risk and low risk groups. Across both samples, lower consumption was associated with not wanting to become intoxicated, not liking the alcohol effect and not liking the taste. The associations found between reasons for not drinking and decreased consumption were smaller than the associations found between reasons for drinking and increased consumption.
Prevalence, Incidence and Chronicity of Drinking Patterns and Problems Among Men as a Function of Age: a longitudinal and cohort analysis
Authors: FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON
Published: January 2006

Analyses demonstrate that changes in prevalence of drinking patterns and problems across the life course for men can be described by age‐related incidence, chronicity and remission. Two longitudinal general population data sets demonstrate that the incidence of heavy drinking and alcohol problems decreases with age and that the chronicity of alcohol problems is highest in the middle years, decreasing after that time. A cohort analysis indicates that cohort membership or unique historical events do not appear to affect these age‐specific findings for men measured in the mid‐to‐late 20th Century in the U.S.
Life Events and Addiction: a critical review
Authors: O'DOHERTY FIONA , DAVIES JOHN B.
Published: January 2006

A number of research studies dealing with the relationship between life events' and the course of the addiction process are reviewed. It is concluded that there are problems involved in drawing unambiguous inferences from these researches. There is an absence of strong theoretical development which makes it difficult to see where the train of research is leading; consequently any association between the main variables can, at present, be viewed as ex post facto support for some version of a life events theory’. In addition, there are methodological problems concerning retrospective recall, the ‘search after meaning’ and the treatment of events as independent separate entities. It is suggested that advances will be made by way of approaches which take into account the dynamic and structural aspects of life courses' and the addiction process, and which pursue a more rigorous line of theoretical development and refinement.
Government Drug Agencies and Control of Drug Misuse
Authors: EDMONDSON KEN
Published: January 2006

Despite an increasing level of successful action against drug trafficking, international authorities remain concerned at the continuing problem and the association with other criminal activities. Social use of psychoactive substances has a long history and attitudes continue to change. The controls which governments impose over drugs also change, both with these attitudes and with the increasing knowledge of pharmacology and physiologic effects of drugs, sometimes over many years. Public opinion remains somewhat ambivalent and ideas of personal liberty and the desire to be protected from harm become confused. Governments must accept the responsibility to impose controls in the interest of the community's safety. They need to remain flexible, varying controls with experience, and with therapeutic need, taking into account patterns of utilization and the advent of more appropriate treatments. This requires full cooperation with the academic and professional communities and a climate which assists mutual understanding.
A Survey of Cannabis Use in Offshore Rig Workers
Authors: CALDER IAN M. , RAMSEY JOHN
Published: January 2006

A series of offshore oil and gas rig workers were submitted to routine medical examination immediately prior to deployment offshore. Urine analysis for cannabinoids was found to be positive in 9.2%. Subsequent follow‐up showed that no accident had involved this group. New employees had their contracts terminated while established workers were disciplined. It does however pose the problem of another risk factor for accidents in an already hazardous occupation.
Young Female Canadian Drinkers: employment, marital status and heavy drinking
Authors: WHITEHEAD PAUL C. , LAYNE NEVILLE
Published: January 2006

Heavy drinking among young Canadian women is examined using data from the Canada Fitness Survey that involved a well selected sample of over 22,000 Canadians in 1981. Patterns of heavy drinking among women between the ages of 15 and 29 are examined for a variety of age, marital status and occupational status categories. Comparisons are made with males of corresponding ages while using definitions of heavy drinking that control for differences in average body weight between the sexes. With such a control in place, marked similarities are found between the usual consumption patterns of young males and females for a variety of status configurations.
Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 14. Israel
Authors: WEISS SHOSHANA , ELDAR PENINA
Published: January 2006

This paper summarizes alcohol problems research in Israel over the last 38yeurs (May 1948‐May 1986). The three main areas of interest in the framework of the Israeli research‐epidemiology, treatment and education, have been elucidated by looking at three eras, the late 40's‐60's (historical background), the 70's and the 80's. Some insights into policy and funding are also outlined as well as future directions. During the three above mentioned periods, epidemiological studies have constituted the main core of the Israeli research. Important issues to emerge in the 70's were the treatment of alcoholics. During the 80's research into the preventive‐educational domain has begun. In summary, new concepts, approaches and problems have expanded research into the alcohol field in recent years. This raises and heightens the hope that research can be developed and that new investigators can be encouraged to pursue alcohol research in spite of the difficulties relating to policy development, planning and budgeting.
Aversion Treatment of Alcoholism: some reminiscences
Authors: LEMERE FREDERICK
Published: January 2006

The development of the conditioned reflex aversion treatment of alcoholism at the Schick Shadel Hospital in Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. is reviewed. This treatment is based on Pavlovian principles which must be strictly adhered w if true aversion is to be attained. The unconditioned stimulus (nausea and emesis induced by emetine injection, or painful electric shock) must be timed to coincide exactly with the conditioned stimulus (the imbibing of alcoholic beverages). Aversion atone, however is not enough for a complete treatment program. We have, therefore, augmented this with pentothal interviews and a comprehensive program of individual and group counseling, informational orientation lectures, nutritional advice, and strong after‐care support systems for recovery. Abstinence should not be a deprivation but rather a positive rewarding experience of life without alcohol.
Dimensions of Multiple Drug Use and a Typology of Drug Users
Authors: WILKINSON D. ADRIAN , LEIGH GILLIAN M. , CORDINGLEY JOANNE , MARTIN GARTH W. , LEI HAU
Published: January 2006

An accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment depends largely upon the construction of measures which will capture the complexity of multiple substance use patterns. Of 256 subjects assessed for a drug abuse treatment programme, 90% had used drugs from four or more of eight classes (Alcohol, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Narcotics, Sedative Hypnotics, Solvents, Stimulants, Tranquillizers) during the past year. A principal components analysis of frequency data from the drug classes indicated four orthogonal factors, explaining 72% of the variance. Cluster analysis (Ward's method) grouped subjects into five clusters, provisionally labelled A (predominantly alcohol), ADR (combining high use of alcohol,‘depressant’ and ‘recreational'drugs), D (predominantly ‘depressant’ drugs), R (mainly ‘recreational’ drugs) and S (very high use of solvents). Four of the clusters (A, D. R. S) combined drugs similar to the principal component factors, with a fifth cluster (ADR) indicating high use of all drug classes except solvents. The clusters also differed in several important ways, including age, social class, social stability, age at onset of drug problem, number of drug classes used, and present severity of drug and alcohol problems.
Social‐psychological Approaches to Understanding Addictive Behaviours: attitude‐behaviour and decision‐making models
Authors: SUTTON STEPHEN
Published: January 2006

This paper reviews a number of psychological theories of decision‐making and attitude‐behaviour relations that have been applied, or are potentially applicable, to addictive behaviours. The theories discussed (subjective expected utility models, Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action, and the Health Belief Model) are expectancy‐value formulations in which the key concepts are the expectancies or subjective probabilities concerning the outcomes of a given action and the subjective values or utilities attached to those outcomes. Potential criticisms of this approach are considered in the course of reviewing the theories and the research bearing on them. It is concluded that the theories discussed are a rich source of ideas that may be used to further our understanding of addictive behaviours but that their potential has so far been largely untapped. In particular, studies are required that involve experimental manipulation and/or repeated measurement of beliefs and attitudes.
Drug Problems and the Voluntary Sector of Care in the U.K.: identifying key issues
Authors: ETTORRE BETSY
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for later research reporting of the DAIGE (Drug Agencies Information Gathering Exercise) Study. This paper will not give any data from the major research endeavour which has just been completed but reflects many of the discussions which have been held with staff of voluntary agencies during the course of fieldwork. This paper provides discussions on: why this research is needed, key issues in the development of treatment and rehabilitation policy in Britain and the problems with which voluntary drug agencies are currently confronted. Linked with these discussions, the question as to whether the dichotomy between ‘treatment’ and ‘Rehabilitation’ mirrors inappropriately old social divides (e.g. between state and church,‘doing good’ and professionalism, regular budgets and support by jumble sales, etc.) is raised.
Decline in Alcohol‐related In‐patient Care and Mortality in Stockholm County
Authors: ROMELSJÖ ANDERS
Published: January 2006

There has been an impressive decline in in‐patient care for liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis for both sexes and in alcohol psychosis, alcoholism, alcohol intoxication (summed) for men since the end of the seventies in metropolitan Stockholm. The mortality in liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis has also dropped, while there has been a levelling‐off for alcohol psychosis, alcoholism and alcohol intoxication. The decrease of the 1978‐79 level to the 1983–84 level was between 20% and 40% for most parameters. This reduction is partly explained by a 20% fall in the sale of alcohol between 1976 and 1984. The decrease is also probably due to an increase in the sale and use of disulfiram and calcium carbimide (more than 70% since the end of the seventies). Alcohol policy, attitudes, in–patient care resources and social data are also discussed.
A Framework for National Alcohol Programmes in Developing Countries
Authors: Curry Robert L.
Published: January 2006

Beverage alcohol's per capita production and consumption have been rising throughout developing areas. Many of the countries involved have been previously free from the social, health and economic problems that are now accompanying the production and consumption growth. In order to conceptualize and deal with the problems, particularly from an economic perspective, there is need for an analytic framework that could serve as a basis for policy analysis. The effort herein is to provide such a framework, one that could assist policymakers in determining what, if any, remedial steps to take. Some steps that might be prudent to take from the perspective of improving levels of health and the means of development in poorer countries could be inconsistent with entrenched economic interests, both foreign and domestic. Such potential contradictions highlight the need for an appropriate analytic focus on the problems.