bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social Construction of Events: A Study of Institutional Change in the Photographic Field
Authors: Munir Kamal A.
Published: January 2005

Institutional theorists have recently been moving towards a notion that non-isomorphic institutional change is precipitated by significant events or ‘jolts’. In this paper, we argue that in doing so theorists have tended to move away from the social constructivist roots of institutional theory towards an understanding which implies the emergence of new organizational forms or practices in response to functional imperatives. In this context, we examine the ongoing institutional change from photography to digital imaging. Our analysis suggests that attributing institutional change to a single event or ‘jolt’ leads to a flawed understanding of institutional change processes. We demonstrate that, rather than causing institutional change, events are a part of the change process, and only become significant as actors bring them to our notice and ‘theorize’ around them (Greenwood et al. 2002). This social construction process determines the scope, significance and relevance of events, leading to the development of new artifacts and the enrolment of new stakeholders in the field. Situating events within the theorization process, rather than outside it, underlines the importance of focusing on social construction processes in accounts of institutional change.
‘Inside the Moment of Managing’: Wittgenstein and the Everyday Dynamics of Our Expressive-Responsive Activities
Authors: Shotter John
Published: January 2005

It is easy to ignore small, concrete, and idiosyncratic details as unimportant in our inquiries into management processes. Indeed, at the moment, we feel that if we are to improve them and to avoid mistakes, then we must still seek a better understanding of them in the same way that we seek a better understanding of all else in the world around us in the proposing of theories of the supposed ‘hidden’ causes responsible for the outcomes of the management process, and in seeking and discussing evidence in favor of (and against) such explanatory theories. In other words, we adopt the same mode of inquiry toward other people (and other living things) as toward inert, physical objects. Wittgenstein’s philosophy, however, is oriented toward showing us that if we fail to distinguish between the relations we can have with living beings as compared to those with dead things, then we can mislead ourselves in ways that can have disastrous consequences for us. With respect to the process of managing, instead of achieving an easy familiarity with it, our current methods of inquiry can lead us to achieve only the power of manipulation and control. Rather than our understanding regularities and repetitions, Wittgenstein’s methods can help us understand how we can arrive at unique understandings of unique persons and events - the kind of understandings that enable us to ‘go on’ in a practical situation.
Emerging Third World powers: China, India and Brazil
Authors: Harris Jerry
Published: January 2005

China, India and Brazil have become world economic powers; they are attempting to harness the forces of globalisation so as to strengthen their international standing in multilateral institutions like the WTO. Theirs is not a surrender to imperialism, but an attempt to build a bulwark against it, from which they can implement their own national strategies for development — strategies that are qualitatively different from those followed by the non-aligned movement after Bandung. While each country is pursuing a somewhat different path, their collective might within the G-20 is already forcing concessions on trade, agriculture and subsidies from the US and EU. But do such growing South-South economic linkages have the potential to transform the global balance of power?
‘Black skull’ consciousness: the new Swedish working class
Authors: Mulinari Diana , Neergaard Anders
Published: January 2005

Many of the immigrant workers who came to Sweden from the sixties onwards, and their children, are stereotyped as ‘black skulls’. They are seen as silent, passive and mired in ‘traditional’ cultures, a stereotype that also pervades the trade union bureaucracies which are closely tied to the dominant Social Democratic Party. But interviews with activists in the FAI, a network of immigrant union activists, reveal a new ‘black skull’ consciousness in which the stereotype and insult of passivity have been turned on their heads. A new consciousness and analysis of Swedish racism has emerged — one which ultimately seeks to transform the whole way in which trade unions operate.
Diversity management can be bad for you
Authors: Wrench John
Published: January 2005

Is diversity management the new tool to combat discrimination in employment, and how is it seen by both employers and union activists? A trend that began in North America, it is now being increasingly incorporated in European businesses. How it relates to equal opportunities, positive action and the priority given to combating racial discrimination in the workplace is closely analysed here. Attractive to employers, it can be a means of evading hard choices about equality and justice at work.
Invasive Fungal Infections in the Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Martin Craig A.
Published: January 2005

Invasive fungal infections have become an increasingly prevalent and disturbing problem in critically ill patients. The advent of broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy and immunosuppressant therapy, among other factors such as mechanical ventilation, places the intensive care patient at significant risk for infection with pathogenic fungi. Most patients who become infected with invasive fungi, especially Candida species, have been previously colonized with the offending organism, lending to the notion that colonization precedes infection inmany cases. Despite an ever-increasing array of antifungal therapy for these infections, mortality rates remain extremely high, especially when the bloodstream is the primary site of infection. In addition, a shift toward more resistant pathogens such asCandida glabrata, Candida krusei, and moldswill provide clinicianswith therapeutic challenges for many years. The wide variation in acquisition cost across antifungal agents adds an additional layer of complexity to clinical decision making. Newer antifungal agents, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, have become available in recent years. Placing each agent in its appropriate niche is a dilemma that has yet to be solved.
Recent Trends in the Management of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Voils Stacy A. , Kim Keri S. , Wittbrodt Eric T.
Published: January 2005

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurs frequently in mechanically ventilated patients and has a high mortality rate. To date, there is no consensus for the diagnosis of VAP. Effective reduction in VAP-inducedmortality requires amultifaceted approach to include assessment of individual risks for VAP, implementation of effective ventilator handling procedures, routine use of VAP prevention strategies, appropriate use and interpretation of invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tests, and early broad spectrum antibiotic coverage with narrowing of coverage and cessation of therapy based on clinical improvement. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principlesmust be used in designingempiric antibiotic regimens. Because an inappropriate empiric regimen in VAP has been associated with increasedmortality, it is imperative to maintain intensive care unit–specific epidemiologic data.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Emergence of a New Pandemic
Authors: Sheth Anjly , Romanelli Frank
Published: January 2005

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic depicted the vulnerability of man and tested our ability to respond to a global emergency. The SARS-coronavirus has been postulated to originate in animals and subsequently spread to and infect humans. It is transmissible via direct and indirect contact with infected persons or their environment. Poor infection control practices have been responsible for numerous outbreaks. In the human host, the virus can cause pulmonary sequelae and can result in death. Collaborative international efforts between health care workers and scientists led to the detection and isolation of the virus. Use of available antiviral therapies and implementation of strict infection control measures became pivotal for disease containment, as the discovery for new agents to eradicate the virus emerged. To date, novel preventative or curativemedications and vaccines are lacking. Lessons learned from this pandemic must be remembered, as the emergence of another unknown infectious disease can occur instantaneously and, once again, endanger mankind.
Central Nervous System Infections in the Critically Ill
Authors: Lewin John J. , Lapointe Marc , Ziai Wendy C.
Published: January 2005

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are frequently encountered in the intensive care unit setting and are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The constantly changing trends in microbial resistance, as well as the pharmacokinetic difficulties in providing effective concentrations of antimicrobials at the site of infection represent a unique challenge to clinicians. Achievement of a successful outcome in patientswith CNS infections is reliant on eradication of the offending pathogen and management of any neurologic complications. This requires an anatomic and physiologic understanding of the different types of CNS infection, diagnostic strategies, associated complications, causative organisms, and the principles that govern drug distribution into the CNS. This article serves as a review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for a variety of CNS infections, with a focus on those commonly encountered in an intensive care setting.
The Policing of Desire in the Gabrielle Russier Affair
Authors: Reader Keith
Published: January 2005

Gabrielle Russier’s persecution by the French state and its apparatuses for her love affair with a much younger male pupil, culminating in her suicide in 1969, is a now largely forgotten but still important part of the history of 1968 and its aftermath. The article retraces the affaire and its reproductions (which include a feature film starring Annie Girardot), and considers its implications for questions of power, desire, privacy, policing and the role of the educational institution. Would a new affaire Russier be possible today? How would it be differently treated in Britain or the US, and what questions does this raise about different social and institutional determinants in these countries?
Silence in the Court and Testimony Behind Bars Juvenile Defendants and the French Judicial System
Authors: Sobanet Andrew , Terrio Susan
Published: January 2005

This article addresses salient questions in literature and anthropology centring on the politics of writing, readership and representation in a context marked by highly charged public debates on the nature, causes and perpetrators of youth violence. It critically examines and juxtaposes two sets of texts, one set produced by incarcerated youths in a writing workshop at a juvenile detention facility in Bordeaux, and the other taken from court transcripts at juvenile trials in the Paris Palace of Justice. The workshop texts, written under the guidance of novelist François Bon, allow rare access to youths’ familial milieux and to their understanding of their own place in a cycle of marginality. The texts taken from court trials privilege the voices of prosecutors, judges and attorneys who speak for, about and over the voices of young defendants. The texts produced by juvenile inmates are confronted with and speak to the plight of the young defendants.
Screening Autobiography Cyril Collard’s Nuits fauves
Authors: Gabara Rachel
Published: January 2005

This essay investigates the rarely theorised genre of autobiographical film via a comparative analysis of the written and filmed versions of Cyril Collard’s Les Nuits fauves. Collard’s autobiographies are centred around three categories of relationships: his love affair with a woman, his love affairs with men, and his ‘savage nights’ - anonymous sado-masochistic encounters with men under a Paris bridge. In his written autobiography, Collard described himself as fragmented by these sexual relationships and invaded by the HIV virus. In the film version, made as he was dying, he incorporated these kaleidoscopic stories of otherness into a unifying and unified story of himself, consciously renegotiating an image that he knew would outlast him. As filmmaker and star, Collard stitched together his formerly fragmented self, adapting a text of dispersed identity into a film that would monumentalise him for posterity.
Locating Colonisation and Globalisation in Francophone African Film and Literature
Authors: Langford Rachael
Published: January 2005

This article considers the figuring of space in three works from the post-Independence era of cultural production in Francophone West Africa: the films Borom Sarret (1963) and La Noire de… (1965) by Ousmane Sembène, and the novel Cinéma (1997) by Tierno Monenembo. The article examines the characteristic spatial tropes and practices of colonialism and globalisation. It then explores the use of horizontal and vertical figures in the three works above, concluding that the use of the horizontal and the vertical by Sembène and Monenembo can be read as forming a complex engagement with cultures of colonialism, neocolonialism and globalisation.
Butch Identity Development: The Formation of an Authentic Gender
Authors: Hiestand Katherine R. , Levitt Heidi M.
Published: January 2005

The present article explores the gender identity development of butch lesbian women, as conveyed in semi-structured interviews. A grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) analysis of the women’s developmental experiences was performed. From these results, a model was formed that illustrated the process of their gender identity development, in interaction with the development of their sexual orientation. Butch gender identity development is posited as a healthy process complicated by the societal pressures to conform to gender roles, and is offered as an alternative to a diagnosis of gender identity disorder.
Malaysian Women Service Users and the Economics of the Psychiatric Asylum System
Authors: Crabtree Sara Ashencaen
Published: January 2005

Findings from an ethnographic study of women psychiatric service users in Sarawak, Malaysia, indicate that they are subject to a host of oppressive strategies that operate in terms of physical control of women’s mobility and activities. These directly impact on the exploitation of women’s labour in the hospital setting. Labour is considered in relation to rehabilitative activities such as occupational therapy, unpaid ward chores and the exclusion of women service users from informal profiteering activities amongst the patient population in general. These forms of exploitation are placed in a global as well as an historical context of the subjugation of women in the psychiatric and capitalist system.
Book Review: The Effect of Health Insurance on Medical Care Utilization and Implications for Insurance Expansion: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Buchmueller Thomas C. , Grumbach Kevin , Kronick Richard , Kahn James G.
Published: January 2005

Both the costs and benefits associated with extending health insurance coverage depend on the extent and exact ways in which health insurance affects the utilization of medical care. We review the literature relating to such effects with the goal of informing researchers interested in simulating the impact of policy initiatives aimed at achieving universal coverage. Overall, this literature is quite consistent in finding significant effects of insurance on all types of utilization. Insurance coverage increases outpatient utilization by roughly 1 visit per year for children and between 1 and 2 visits for adults. For both children and adults, these visits are associated with an increased receipt of preventive care. Insurance coverage also increases inpatient utilization for children and adults; for children, there is some evidence that insurance coverage reduces ambulatory care sensitive hospital admissions.
Managed Care and Patient-Rated Quality of Care from Primary Physicians
Authors: Grembowski David E. , Patrick Donald L. , Williams Barbara , Diehr Paula , Martin Diane P.
Published: January 2005

The aim is to determine the associations between managed care controls and patient-rated quality of care from primary physicians. In a prospective cohort study, 17,187 patients were screened in the waiting rooms of 261 primary care physicians in the Seattle metropolitan area (1996-1997) to identify 2,850 English-speaking adult patients with depressive symptoms and/or selected pain problems. Patients completed 6-month follow-ups to rate the quality of care from their primary physicians. The intensity of managed care was measured for each patient’s health plan, primary care office, and physician. Regression analyses revealed that patients in more managed plans and offices had lower ratings of the quality of care from their primary physicians. Managed care controls targeting physicians were generally not associated with patient ratings.
Children Welcome, Adults Need Not Apply: Changes in Public Program Enrollment across States and over Time
Authors: Gilmer Todd , Kronick Richard , Rice Thomas
Published: January 2005

This article describes changes in the extent of public health insurance coverage for low-income children and adults from 1979 through 2001. Although previous research has demonstrated that public coverage among children has increased substantially during the past 20 years, our work shows that almost all of the increase has occurred among children in families with incomes between 100% and 200% of the federal poverty level (FPL), with little change among children in families with incomes below 100% of FPL. In contrast to the increase in public coverage among children, there has been virtually no change in the generosity of public programs for low-income adults. The overall stability of public coverage for adults masks substantial changes at the state level: public coverage for adults increased substantially in Tennessee, Vermont, Arizona, and other states that implemented Section 1115 Medicaid waivers, while declining in New York, California, and many Rust Belt states.
Physician Recommendations for Follow-Up of Positive Fecal Occult Blood Tests
Authors: Yabroff K. Robin , Klabunde Carrie N. , Myers Ron , Brown Martin L.
Published: January 2005

Following a positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT), physician recommendation of complete diagnostic evaluation (CDE) is an important first step to ensure identification and treatment of preinvasive or invasive colorectal cancer. Physicians may not recommend CDE, however, potentially compromising the effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening programs and the quality of care for individual patients. The authors used a theoretical model of health behavior and two national physician samples to explore factors associated with recommendations for CDE. Overall, 63 percent of the sample of physicians providing primary care and 76 percent of the gastroenterologist and general surgeon sample reported recommending CDE. Variables representing the theoretical model constructs of physician background, experience, and practice patterns; practice environment; physician psychosocial representations; and patient characteristics were significantly associated with recommendations of CDE. Development of interventions to improve recommendations of CDE is an important area for future research.
A Home Visiting Asthma Education Program: Challenges to Program Implementation
Authors: Brown Josephine V. , Demi Alice S. , Celano Marianne P. , Bakeman Roger , Kobrynski Lisa , Wilson Sandra R.
Published: January 2005

This study describes the implementation of a nurse home visiting asthma education program for low-income African American families of young children with asthma. Of 55 families, 71% completed the program consisting of eight lessons. The achievement of learning objectives was predicted by caregiver factors, such as education, presence of father or surrogate father in the household, and safety of the neighborhood, but not by child factors, such as age or severity of asthma as implied by the prescribed asthmamedication regimen. Incompatibility between the scheduling needs of the families and the nurse home visitors was a major obstacle in delivering the program on time, despite the flexibility of the nurse home visitors. The authors suggest that future home-based asthma education programs contain a more limited number of home visits but add telephone follow-ups and address the broader needs of low-income families that most likely function as barriers to program success.
Perceptions of Service Providers and Community Members on Intimate Partner Violence Within a Latino Community
Authors: Lewis M. Jane , West Bernadette , Bautista Leyna , Greenberg Alexandra M. , Done-Perez Iris
Published: January 2005

This study examined perceptions regarding intimate partner abuse (IPV) in a largely Latino community in NewJersey through focus groups with Latino communitymembers and key informant interviews with providers of services to this population. Questions examined definitions of partner abuse; perceptions of factors contributing to, or protecting against, IPV; and barriers to reporting IPV both for the victim and the community at large. Atlas.ti, a qualitative data package, was used to analyze transcripts for themes drawn from the literature and preliminary review of transcripts. Findings point to both similarities and some potentially important differences between the perspectives of community members and service providers in such areas as definitions of partner abuse, factors associated with abuse, and barriers to reporting. Although both community members and service providers can individually offer important insights with regard to IPV, a more complete picture emerges when the views of both groups are considered.
An Interactive and Contextual Model of Community-University Collaborations for Research and Action
Authors: Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda , Harper Gary W. , Lewis Rhonda
Published: January 2005

Community-university partnerships for research and action are at the heart of many fields in the social sciences including public health, urban planning, education, and community psychology. These partnerships involve individuals from different backgrounds and disciplines working together to address social issues of importance to the community. This article proposes an interactive and contextual model for developing and sustaining community-university partnerships. The phases in the model include gaining entry into the community, developing and sustaining a mutual collaboration (developing trust and mutual respect, establishing adequate communication, respecting human diversity, establishing a culture of learning, respecting the culture of the setting and the community, and developing an action agenda), and recognizing the benefits and outcomes of partnership work. The model also includes the potential challenges that might threaten the partnership, such as resource inequality and time commitment.
Implementation of Health Education, Based on Ethnographic Study, to Increase the Colostrum and Decrease Early Solid Food Feeding
Authors: Wiryo Hananto , Hakimi M.
Published: January 2005

Traditionally, mothers provide banana to their neonates as well as discharge their colostrum prior to breastfeeding, increasing the risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Health education modules, based on ethnographic study, to discourage these detrimental practices were developed for use by community leaders. Two thousand six hundred and seventy neonates were followed from birth to 28 days. Overall, neonatal banana feeding decreased 18.3% and colostrum feeding increased 32.8%. Religious leaders, who had strong community influence, had the highest health module execution. Moreover, their influence on the communitywas important. Overall, the use of ethnographic study data to identify specific cues to action of individuals in a community, such as community religious leaders, is an effective and appropriate method for reducing the detrimental customs of both early solid-food feeding of banana and colostrum discharge prior to breast-feeding, positively affecting community perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Health Planning That Magnifies the Community's Voice: Allies Against Asthma
Authors: Butterfoss Frances D. , Kelly Cynthia , Taylor-Fishwick Jude
Published: January 2005

Allies Against Asthma, a working group of the Consortium for Infant and Child Health (CINCH), conducted a comprehensive asthma needs assessment in Hampton Roads, Virginia, in 2001. Results from extant data and parent surveys indicated that asthma prevalence was high (15% to 18%), 45% to 50% of children received primary care for asthma in the emergency department, 30% had been recently hospitalized, and most children were not adequately medicated. Focus groups revealed inadequate asthma education, low income, lack of resources and consistent care, disparities in insurance coverage, and noncompliance with national asthma guidelines. An integrated community asthma action plan was developed and funded. Members were satisfied with the planning process—88% felt the plan reflected the needs assessment, and 86% agreed the plan would effectively improve asthma management. Interventions commenced in January 2002. The inclusive process that led to these interventions will ensure that the project is successful and sustainable.
Chronic Illness as a Challenge to the Attachment Process
Authors: Ødegård Winnie
Published: January 2005

Potential disruptions to the attachment process imposed by chronic illnesses include child and parental anxiety, the physical effects of the illness, impositions of the treatment, and the attitudes and behaviour of the clinicians. Strategies for tackling these disruptions, such as holding, containment and provision of space for the child and parents are outlined and illustrated.
Personal Construct Theory and Paediatric Health Care
Authors: Green David
Published: January 2005

Kelly chose to write his Psychology of Personal Constructs (1955) at a deliberately high level of abstraction. Hence his theory is replete with implications for therapeutic practice but decidedly short on ‘how to do it’ instructions. This article uses a series of clinical examples to demonstrate how the principles of personal construct theory can be applied to the challenges faced by young people in paediatric healthcare settings. These illustrations of both assessment techniques and psychotherapeutic approach offer a taste of practice-based evidence in a field where formal empirical evidence of effectiveness is still in short supply.
Systemic Healing: An Ecosystemic Biopsychosocial Integration Applied to Clinical Practice in the Care of Sick Children
Authors: Goetz Darryl Ross , Caron Wayne
Published: January 2005

A new model of health and healing is needed for sick children and young people and their families. Traditional models of healing promote a body-mind split, which can make for a lack of connection between helping professionals, and neglect collaboration with young people and their families. Systemic healing is described as a new approach to health that is rooted in multiple theories and integrates ecosystemic concepts and biopsychosocial models of health. Clinical application of systemic healing is achieved with the ecosystemic biopsychosocial grid (EBG). The EBG is a tool that can be used to facilitate the formation of an interdisciplinary collaborative goal, to conceptualize obstacles and resources relative to the goal, and to design focused systemic interventions that reverberate throughout multiple contexts of the sick person’s life.
Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions with Pediatric Populations
Authors: Powers Scott W. , Jones Julie S. , Jones Benjamin A.
Published: January 2005

Clinical outcome studies have established cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as an efficacious treatment for children and adolescents presenting with a variety of problems, such as anxiety and maladaptive behaviors. Findings to date are also very promising for the use of CBT techniques with children and adolescents who have chronic medical illnesses, including obesity, encopresis, severe and persistent feeding problems, recurrent headache, recurrent abdominal pain and acute procedural pain. This article provides an overview of behavioral/cognitive-behavioral theory, intervention and the important role outcome-based research plays in the development of this treatment modality. CBT interventions utilized with various pediatric populations are described, and the results of outcome-based research employing these techniques are examined. The Chambless criteria are used to determine the efficacy of specific interventions based upon the number, size and outcomes of studies utilizing CBT treatments with pediatric populations. Case examples are included to further illustrate the effectiveness of these interventions for children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions.
The Role of Peer Support in Facilitating Psychosocial Adjustment to Chronic Illness in Adolescence
Authors: Olsson Craig A. , Boyce Mark F. , Toumbourou John W. , Sawyer Susan M.
Published: January 2005

This article describes a Chronic Illness Peer Support (ChIPS) programme designed to assist young people in their adjustment to life with a chronic medical condition. The ChIPS programme takes a non-categorical approach to participation, recognizing that young people with different medical conditions experience many similar concerns. Support groups are facilitated by a health professional and peer co-leader. Groups meet weekly for 8 weeks and typically include between six and eight young people. Young people can choose to remain involved in broader social, educational and recreational activities following completion of the 8-week programme. We discuss nine psychosocial mechanisms by which peer support groups such as ChIPS might act to improve resilience and well-being among participants. We also discuss some theoretical risks in running support groups for chronically ill young people, which emphasize the importance of training and support of group leaders, including the peer co-leaders. The article concludes with a personal testimony by a ChIPS participant that was prepared for the 2003 Australian and New Zealand Adolescent Health Conference.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy as a Treatment Model for Depressed Adolescents with Chronic Medical Problems
Authors: Chan Raphael Tsi-Wai
Published: January 2005

Many adolescents with chronic medical disorders experience psychological distress and mental health problems, including depression. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited individual psychotherapy which was originally developed for the treatment of depression in adults. It explores the patient’s interpersonal problem areas such as grief, interpersonal disputes, role transitions and interpersonal deficits, which then become the focus of the therapy. Controlled clinical studies have shown the efficacy and effectiveness of this therapeutic model for the management of adolescent depression. This article explores the applicability of IPT to adolescents with depression and chronic medical problems using theoretical concepts and research evidence from the adolescent development and health psychology literature. The specific interpersonal problem areas of IPT are relevant to the difficulties faced by these adolescents, although some modification of standard adult IPT may be necessary.
Consultation with Paediatric Teams
Authors: Duff Alistair J.A. , Bryon Mandy
Published: January 2005

The increasing complexity of paediatric medical care requires the combined efforts of physicians, nurses and other healthcare professionals. Comprehensive patient care often involves problem solving, which utilizes skills beyond the scope of expertise of one clinician. Gone are the days of the lone physician. The multidisciplinary team is now the tried and tested norm for healthcare provision. Psychosocial professions are increasingly called upon for opinion and intervention in paediatric services. Indeed, paediatric specialties are increasingly purchasing such services directly. There is a range of psychosocial professionals, skilled in providing a variety of therapeutic approaches to meet the needs of the paediatric population. The challenge is to maximize health outcomes and minimize the emotional consequences for all concerned. This article sets out to describe and define the practice of psychosocial consultation to medical teams, from the early stages in observation of the paediatric service to the development of more proactive strategies for full psychosocial integration. The value of consultation is discussed and detailed description is made of the context and structure for delivery of effective psychosocial consultation. The use of the psychosocial meeting for identifying and accepting referrals and, importantly for the supervision of nonpsychologically trained team members, is illustrated with case examples. Finally, the difficulties of the psychosocial role itself within a paediatric multidisciplinary team, and clinical implications for future directions are outlined.
Emigration as popular culture
Authors: Sabry Tarik
Published: January 2005

This article explores the symbolic dimensions of emigration by enquiring into the relationship between emigration as a social phenomenon in Morocco, and Moroccan popular culture. The article critiques the discourses of unity and reconciliation inherent in analyses of Moroccan popular culture and contends that the popular in Moroccan popular culture is a pseudo-popular that speaks for the voices of the centre. This article concentrates on three taken-for-granted, non-institutionalized, popular cultural spaces in Moroccan popular culture: popular jokes, the Derb and the queue outside western embassies, and argues that emigration in Morocco is not an isolated social phenomenon, but a pervasive part of the make-up of its popular culture.
The silent language of ethnicity
Authors: Kramvig Britt
Published: January 2005

The article argues that in everyday life, in ethnically mixed communities in the Arctic region, the concept of Saaminess is dynamic and situated. Social practices that sustain impure identity categories are in existence. People insist on ambiguity as a matter of resistance against Norwegian society as well as against the logic of nationalism, after a century of institutionalized assimilation. In the practice of everyday life, gift exchange becomes a way of visualizing basic recognition and appreciation of the humanity of the other. Objects, values and symbols become the material employed in the creation of a local, collective self-perception that transcends ethnic boundaries. In such a context ethno-political identity categories and any notion of ethnicity that sees ethnic categories as mutually exclusive are poor tools for the analysis of what takes place in this region. There is a need for an opening up of concepts such as ethnicity and identity to encompass differences and antagonisms, both analytically and politically.
Rhetorical nationalisms
Authors: Armstrong Karen
Published: January 2005

The international news during the summer of 2004 was full of ethnic fighting and a ‘war on terrorism’ that reached around the world. These events raise again the topic of nationalism. Using examples of rhetorical nationalism from two cases, Finland and the United States, this article examines these two distinct expressions of nationalism, how they are based on differing systems of valuation and on whether the message is directed to internal or external relations. Internally-directed nationalism may result in ethnic fighting but it is usually territorial, while externally-directed nationalism has global repercussions.
Access to the internet in the context of community participation and community satisfaction
Authors: Dutta-Bergman Mohan J.
Published: January 2005

The introduction of the internet in American life has led to debate among media scholars, sociologists and political scientists about the role of the internet in society. Two areas of research that have received substantial attention in the domain of internet effects are the digital divide and social capital. Digital divide researchers have pointed out the critical gaps in society among different groups in the context of their access to new media and technology. Social capital researchers have focused on the influence of the internet on community life. The article contributes to the literature by (a) consolidating the two concepts of access and community participation to articulate the community correlates of the digital divide, and (b) applying a complementary resource-based perspective to capture the relationship between the internet and community outcomes. It investigates the role of community access to the internet in the context of the participation of individuals in their communities and their satisfaction with community life.
Moaning, whinging and laughing: the subjective side of complaints
Authors: Edwards Derek
Published: January 2005

Indirect complaint sequences are examined in a corpus of everyday domestic telephone conversations. The analysis focuses on how a speaker/complainer displays and manages their subjective investment in the complaint. Four features are picked out: (1) announcements, in which an upcoming complaint is projected in ways that signal the complainer’s stance or attitude; (2) laughter accompanying the complaint announcement, and its delivery and receipt; (3) displacement, where the speaker complains about something incidental to what would be expected to be the main offence; and (4) uses of lexical descriptions such as ‘moan’ and ‘whinge’ that formulate subjectivity, investment, and a disposition to complain, and are generally used to counter a complaint’s evidential basis or objectivity. Laughter and irony provide complaint recipients with response cues, and are used in ways that can strengthen as well as undermine a complaint’s factual basis and seriousness.
Honoris Causa speeches: an approach to structure
Authors: Fortanet Inmaculada
Published: January 2005

Academic English has been the focus of attention for many researchers in the past few years. However, academic spoken English has not received much attention, and those who have selected this field have mainly taken academic lectures and conference paper presentations as their corpus. In this article, a new classification of spoken academic genres is presented, which is formed by classroom genres, institutional genres and research genres. Among these, institutional genres have been selected as a corpus, specifically the Honoris Causa acceptance speech, which has not yet been analysed. We believe that this genre has specific characteristics, mainly related to purpose and structure. In this study, we demonstrate that Honoris Causa speeches follow an established structural pattern and that they always have two purposes: a common one, namely, to express gratitude for the award; and a secondary one that varies from one speech to the other. It is also proved that common rhetorical patterns relate the speaker, the topic and the secondary purpose of the speeches.
Pragmatic markers and discourse coherence relations in English and Catalan oral narrative
Authors: González Montserrat
Published: January 2005

This article explores the role that markers play in the pragmatic discourse structure of Catalan and English oral narratives. It is argued that their meaning is directly related to the sort of coherence relation that they establish with preceding and following propositions and discourse segments, centring the discussion on four discourse structures/components: ideational, rhetorical, sequential and inferential. The aim is to show the textual form-pragmatic function relationship by means of specific lexical units placed at specific parts of the narrative. The hypothesis held in this article is that pragmatic markers help in the organization of narrative segments and that their semanticopragmatic traits make them appropriate for their use in specific segments.
‘Dear Sirs, I hope you will find this information useful’: discourse strategies in Italian and English ‘For Your Information’ (FYI) letters
Authors: Vergaro Carla
Published: January 2005

This article describes a contrastive study of rhetorical differences between Italian and English ‘For Your Information’ (FYI) letters. It is assumed that cultural differences affect discourse genres traditionally considered as standardized, ritual or even formulaic, written business communication being a case in point. It was our goal to investigate how information is presented in business correspondence and what rhetorical strategies are used to elicit compliance by a given readership in a given culture. To answer these questions of an essentially pragmatic and ethnolinguistic nature, our research focused on analysing contrastively a corpus of authentic Italian and English business letters. At the macro-textual level, the analysis focused on rhetorical structure, mainly drawing on the notion of move. At the micro-textual level, the analysis concentrated on the pragmatic use of mood, modality, reference system and metadiscourse. This article focuses on the cultural preferences that Italian and English writers show - both at the macro- and micro-textual level - when engaged in ‘For Your Information’ letter writing. It will be shown that in both languages there are differences in the way in which discourse patterns are organized as well as in the use of politeness.
‘Bullets as bacteria’
Authors: Coleman Renita , Perlmutter David D.
Published: January 2005

Surveys of mass media content related to social violence suggest that it generally focuses on the individual, atomistic ‘act’ (e.g. the bang-bang car chase) rather than issues of cause and prevention. Yet, increasingly - but with controversy - doctors, health officials and activists have pushed for a ‘public health’ model of reporting news about crime and violence that looks at interactions between the victim, the agent of injury or death, and the environment in which the injury or death took place rather than viewing it in strictly individual terms. In this study of television news-magazine stories, we found a strong emphasis on episodic and personal stories, with minor allusions to greater social issues. The emphasis on entertainment seemed to negate any promised ‘public health’ angles. We conclude that the challenge for the public health model is to find ‘scripts’ that journalists deem to be publicly consumable and ratings friendly.
Children drawing toy commercials: re-imagining television production features
Authors: Griffiths Merris
Published: January 2005

Using a selection of toy commercials that were designed and drawn (as part of a small-scale research study) by a sample of primary school children between the ages of 7 and 11 years, this article aims to demonstrate and carefully analyse the extent to which young children understand and appreciate the visual appearance and functions of technical production features in televised toy commercials. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which the sample children demonstrated their understanding of technical production features (especially ‘camera’ angles and shot sizes), advertisement layout and the overall composition of a meaningful ‘text’. The children’s advertisement designs or ‘texts’ are also cross-matched with their televised counterparts (where appropriate), to further demonstrate the audience’s levels of understanding and appreciation.
‘Racist’ graffiti: text, context and social comment
Authors: Lynn Nick , Lea Susan J.
Published: January 2005

The research project, upon which this article is based, conceptualizes the act of graffiti in Bakhtinian terms as a ‘heteroglot’ tangible ‘utterance’: one that is uniquely visual, lexical, and time, place and space specific. The project set out to locate and examine ‘racist’ graffiti; specifically graffiti motivated or prompted by the presence of refugees or ‘asylum seekers’. Despite media reports suggesting that such graffiti was widespread, it proved almost impossible to find. Drawing upon a case study carried out in Sighthill Glasgow, the project was re-focused in order to explain the paucity of such graffiti. In so doing, alternate and clandestine forms of ‘racist’ graffiti became apparent. Inextricably linked to a ‘local code’ known and understood by residents, ‘asylum seekers’ and the local authority — who have responsibility for (re)defining and removing ‘racist’ graffiti — the social, ideological and institutional implications raised are particularly disturbing.
Prime-time Satanism: rumor-panic and the work of iconic topoi
Authors: Gunn Joshua
Published: January 2005

This article examines images of The Satanic Bible and clips from a 1969 shockumentary titled, Satanis: The Devil’s Mass, tracing the gradual transformation of their imagery into what is termed, variously, ‘iconic topoi ’ or ‘visual abbreviations’. Mapping the visual abbreviations of Satanic imagery demonstrates how the mass media enable the invention of rumor-panics from a limited number of ‘texts’. Once divorced from their actual content in media programs, the imagistic forms of the book and film collectively served as ready-made topoi for the invention of a clandestine and criminal Satanic ‘underground’ in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This article also argues that the fragmentation of the book and film into stock footage reflects the conditions of their production, helping to highlight the cultural logics typical of late capitalism.
‘We do things together’
Authors: Hellström Ingrid , Nolan Mike , Lundh Ulla
Published: January 2005

The value of the single case study is well established in dementia care with the seminal contributions of Alzheimer and Kitwood being based on the study of individuals. This article presents a case study of an elderly married couple living with dementia and explores how their relationship has continued to flourish. In drawing on their story we highlight ways in which both partners seek to ‘maintain involvement’ of the person with dementia (PWD) (Keady, 1999), and consider the various types of ‘work’ that is required. We suggest that whilst the ‘personhood’ of the PWD as an individual has received much recent attention, a consideration of ‘couplehood’ is also essential to a full understanding of how spouses live with and respond to the impact of dementia.
‘Taking Care of Myself’
Authors: Ducharme Francine , Lévesque Louise , Lachance Lise , Giroux Francine , Legault Alain , Préville Michel
Published: January 2005

The purpose of this randomized study was to test the efficacy of an intervention programme entitled ‘Taking Care of Myself’ on selected indicators of mental health of daughter caregivers of elderly parents with dementia living in a long-term care setting. The programme is based on an empowerment perspective and on a stress and coping theoretical framework. Three groups of caregivers were compared: one took part in the experimental programme (EG, N= 45), one in a comparison programme offered by a Quebec Alzheimer Society (AG, N = 51), and another was a control group (CG, N = 41). Two successful outcomes are unique to the EG condition, that is, competence dealing with health care staff and perceived challenge of the caregiver role. Prediction analyses also provide statistical support for the efficacy of the EG and AG conditions to produce successful outcomes with respect to common indicators (perceived threat and role overload, control by self, informal/formal social support, and use of the coping strategy of reframing). These results provide avenues of intervention for promoting the mental health of caregivers of an institutionalized relative.