bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo visualization of the facial nerve in patients with acoustic neuroma using diffusion tensor imaging–based fiber tracking
Authors: Song Fei , Hou Yuanzheng , Sun Guochen , Chen Xiaolei , Xu Bainan , Huang Jason H. , Zhang Jun
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

Preoperative determination of the facial nerve (FN) course is essential to preserving its function. Neither regular preoperative imaging examination nor intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring is able to determine the exact position of the FN. The diffusion tensor imaging–based fiber tracking (DTI-FT) technique has been widely used for the preoperative noninvasive visualization of the neural fasciculus in the white matter of brain. However, further studies are required to establish its role in the preoperative visualization of the FN in acoustic neuroma surgery. The object of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using DTI-FT to visualize the FN.

METHODS

Data from 15 patients with acoustic neuromas were collected using 3-T MRI. The visualized FN course and its position relative to the tumors were determined using DTI-FT with 3D Slicer software. The preoperative visualization results of FN tracking were verified using microscopic observation and electrophysiological monitoring during microsurgery.

RESULTS

Preoperative visualization of the FN using DTI-FT was observed in 93.3% of the patients. However, in 92.9% of the patients, the FN visualization results were consistent with the actual surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

DTI-FT, in combination with intraoperative FN electrophysiological monitoring, demonstrated improved FN preservation in patients with acoustic neuroma. FN visualization mainly included the facial-vestibular nerve complex of the FN and vestibular nerve.
Preoperative external tissue expansion for complex cranial reconstructions
Authors: Reinard Kevin A. , Zakaria Hesham M. , Qatanani Ahmad , Lee Ian Y. , Rock Jack P. , Houin Herman P.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

Reconstruction of large solitary cranial defects after multiple craniotomies is challenging because scalp contraction generally requires more than simple subcutaneous undermining to ensure effective and cosmetically appealing closure. In plastic and reconstructive surgery, soft tissue expansion is considered the gold standard for reconstructing scalp defects; however, these techniques are not well known nor are they routinely practiced among neurosurgeons. The authors here describe a simple external tissue expansion technique that is associated with low morbidity and results in high cosmetic satisfaction among patients.

METHODS

The authors reviewed the medical records of patients with large cranial defects (> 5 cm) following multiple complicated craniotomies who had undergone reconstructive cranioplasty with preoperative tissue expansion using the DermaClose RC device. In addition to gathering data on patient age, sex, primary pathology, number of craniotomies and/or craniectomies, history of radiation therapy, and duration of external scalp tissue expansion, the authors screened patient charts for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, meningitis, intracranial abscess formation, dermatitis, and patient satisfaction rates.

RESULTS

The 6 identified patients (5 female, 1 male) had an age range from 36 to 70 years. All patients had complicating factors such as recalcitrant scalp infections after multiple craniotomies or cranial radiation, which led to secondary scalp tissue scarring and retraction. All patients were deemed to be potential candidates for rotational flaps with or without skin grafts. All patients underwent the same preoperative tissue expansion followed by standard cranial bone reconstruction. None of the patients developed CSF leak, meningitis, intracranial abscess, dermatitis, or permanent cosmetic defects. None of the patients required a reoperation. Mean follow-up was 117 days.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative scalp tissue expansion with the DermaClose RC device allows for simple and reliable completion of complicated cranial reconstruction with low morbidity rates and high cosmetic satisfaction among patients.
Intracranial MR-guided laser-induced thermal therapy: single-center experience with the Visualase thermal therapy system
Authors: Patel Purvee , Patel Nitesh V. , Danish Shabbar F.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

MR-guided laser-induced thermal therapy (MRgLITT) can be used to treat intracranial tumors, epilepsy, and chronic pain syndromes. Here, the authors report their single-center experience with 102 patients, the largest series to date in which the Visualase thermal therapy system was used.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent MRgLITT between 2010 and 2014 was performed. Pathologies included glioma, recurrent metastasis, radiation necrosis, chronic pain, and epilepsy. Laser catheters were placed stereotactically, and ablation was performed in the MRI suite. Demographics, operative parameters, length of hospital stay, and complications were recorded. Thirty-day readmission rates were calculated by using the standard method according to America's Health Insurance Plans Center for Policy and Research guidelines.

RESULTS

A total of 133 lasers were placed in 102 patients who required intervention for intracranial tumors (87 patients), chronic pain syndrome (cingulotomy, 5 patients), or epilepsy (10 patients). The procedure was completed in 98% (100) of these patients. Ninety-two patients (90.2%) had undergone previous treatment for their intracranial tumors. The average (± SD) total procedural time was 170.5 ± 34.4 minutes, and the mean laser-on time was 8.7 ± 6.8 minutes. The average intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays were 1.8 and 3.6 days, respectively, and the median length of stay for both the ICU and the hospital was 1 day. By postoperative Day 1, 54% of the patients (n = 55) were neurologically stable for discharge. There were 27 cases of morbidity, including new-onset neurological deficits, and 2 perioperative deaths. Fourteen patients (13.7%) developed new deficits after the MRgLITT procedure, and of those 14 patients, 64.3% (n = 9) had complete resolution of deficits within 1 month, 7.1% (n = 1) had partial resolution of symptoms within 1 month, 14.3% (n = 2) had not had resolution of symptoms at the most recent follow-up, and 14.3% (n = 2) died without resolution of symptoms. The 30-day readmission rate was 5.6%

CONCLUSIONS

MRgLITT, although minimally invasive, must be used with caution. Thermal damage to critical and eloquent structures can occur despite MRI guidance. Once the learning curve is overcome, the overall procedural complication rate is low, and most patients can be discharged within 24 hours, with a relatively low readmission rate. In cases in which they occurred, most neurological deficits were temporary. The therapeutic role of MRgLITT in various intracranial diseases will require larger and more rigorous studies.
Surgically resected skull base meningiomas demonstrate a divergent postoperative recurrence pattern compared with non–skull base meningiomas
Authors: Mansouri Alireza , Klironomos George , Taslimi Shervin , Kilian Alex , Gentili Fred , Khan Osaama H. , Aldape Kenneth , Zadeh Gelareh
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to identify the natural history and clinical predictors of postoperative recurrence of skull base and non–skull base meningiomas.

METHODS

The authors performed a retrospective hospital-based study of all patients with meningioma referred to their institution from September 1993 to January 2014. The cohort constituted both patients with a first-time presentation and those with evidence of recurrence. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed for analysis of recurrence and differences were assessed using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to identify potential predictors of recurrence.

RESULTS

Overall, 398 intracranial meningiomas were reviewed, including 269 (68%) non–skull base and 129 (32%) skull base meningiomas (median follow-up 30.2 months, interquartile range [IQR] 8.5–76 months). The 10-year recurrence-free survival rates for patients with gross-total resection (GTR) and subtotal resection (STR) were 90% and 43%, respectively. Skull base tumors were associated with a lower proliferation index (0.041 vs 0.062, p = 0.001), higher likelihood of WHO Grade I (85.3% vs 69.1%, p = 0.003), and younger patient age (55.2 vs 58.3 years, p = 0.01). Meningiomas in all locations demonstrated an average recurrence rate of 30% at 100 months of follow-up. Subsequently, the recurrence of skull base meningiomas plateaued whereas non–skull base lesions had an 80% recurrence rate at 230 months follow-up (p = 0.02). On univariate analysis, a prior history of recurrence (p < 0.001), initial WHO grade following resection (p < 0.001), and the inability to obtain GTR (p < 0.001) were predictors of future recurrence. On multivariate analysis a prior history of recurrence (p = 0.02) and an STR (p < 0.01) were independent predictors of a recurrence. Assessing only patients with primary presentations, STR and WHO Grades II and III were independent predictors of recurrence (p < 0.001 for both).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with skull base meningiomas present at a younger age and have less aggressive lesions overall. Extent of resection is a key predictor of recurrence and long-term follow-up of meningiomas is necessary, especially for non–skull base tumors. In skull base meningiomas, recurrence risk plateaus approximately 100 months after surgery, suggesting that for this specific cohort, follow-up after 100 months can be less frequent.
Resting-state functional MRI in an intraoperative MRI setting: proof of feasibility and correlation to clinical outcome of patients
Authors: Roder Constantin , Charyasz-Leks Edyta , Breitkopf Martin , Decker Karlheinz , Ernemann Ulrike , Klose Uwe , Tatagiba Marcos , Bisdas Sotirios
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

The authors' aim in this paper is to prove the feasibility of resting-state (RS) functional MRI (fMRI) in an intraoperative setting (iRS-fMRI) and to correlate findings with the clinical condition of patients pre- and postoperatively.

METHODS

Twelve patients underwent intraoperative MRI-guided resection of lesions in or directly adjacent to the central region and/or pyramidal tract. Intraoperative RS (iRS)–fMRI was performed pre- and intraoperatively and was correlated with patients' postoperative clinical condition, as well as with intraoperative monitoring results. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to postprocess the RS-fMRI data concerning the sensorimotor networks, and the mean z-scores were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS

iRS-fMRI in anesthetized patients proved to be feasible and analysis revealed no significant differences in preoperative z-scores between the sensorimotor areas ipsi- and contralateral to the tumor. A significant decrease in z-score (p < 0.01) was seen in patients with new neurological deficits postoperatively. The intraoperative z-score in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the tumor had a significant negative correlation with the degree of paresis immediately after the operation (r = −0.67, p < 0.001) and on the day of discharge from the hospital (r = −0.65, p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated moderate prognostic value of the intraoperative z-score (area under the curve 0.84) for the paresis score at patient discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of iRS-fMRI with ICA-based postprocessing and functional activity mapping is feasible and the results may correlate with clinical parameters, demonstrating a significant negative correlation between the intensity of the iRS-fMRI signal and the postoperative neurological changes.
Isolated unilateral trismus as a presentation of Chiari malformation: case report
Authors: Feinberg Michelle , Babington Parker , Sood Shawn , Keating Robert
Published: January 2016

The authors present a case of Chiari malformation manifesting as isolated trismus, describe the typical symptoms associated with Chiari malformation, and discuss the potential anatomical causes for this unique presentation. A 3-year-old boy presented with inability to open his jaw for 6 weeks with associated significant weight loss. The results of medical and radiological evaluation were negative except for Type I Chiari malformation with cerebellar tonsils 12 mm below the level of the foramen magnum. The patient underwent Chiari decompression surgery. Postoperatively, his ability to open his mouth was significantly improved, allowing resumption of a regular diet. Postoperative MRI revealed almost complete resolution of the syringobulbia. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of isolated trismus from Chiari malformation with syringobulbia.
Densitometric comparison of 3 occipital regions for suitability of fixation
Authors: Das Chandan , Newcomb Anna G. U. S. , Gaudin Daniel P. , Crawford Neil R.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

Atlantooccipital fixation is an important technique in the treatment of upper cervical spine instability. Important considerations for implant devices are obtrusiveness and propagation of torque through the device caused by cervical rotation. The authors evaluated the feasibility of 3 regions of the occiput as sites for occipitocervical fixation by examining bone mineral density at these locations.

METHODS

Unembalmed occiputs of 9 male and 4 female cadavers were used (mean age at time of death was 61.6 years, range 36–68 years). Studies were undertaken using caliper measurements and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the superior nuchal line (SNL), the external occipital protuberance (EOP), and the inferior nuchal line (INL).

RESULTS

Data indicate that the bone at the INL has a similar volumetric bone density as the bone at the SNL, despite having half the thickness. Also, the volumetric bone density increases laterally along the nuchal lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Most hardware fixation is centered on stabilization at the EOP and the SNL. On the basis of these radiological results, the INL shows promise as a potential alternative site for screw placement in occipitocervical fixation.
Percutaneous biportal endoscopic decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: a technical note and preliminary clinical results
Authors: Hwa Eum Jin , Hwa Heo Dong , Son Sang Kyu , Park Choon Keun
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

The use of conventional uniportal spinal endoscopic decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis can be limited by technical difficulties and a restricted field of vision. The purpose of this study is to describe the technique for percutaneous biportal endoscopic decompression (PBED) for lumbar spinal stenosis and analysis of clinical postoperative results.

METHODS

The authors performed a unilateral laminotomy with bilateral foraminal decompression using a unilateral biportal endoscopic system in patients with single-level lumbar stenosis. The authors enrolled only patients who underwent follow-up for longer than 12 months after PBED. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled in this study. This approach was based on 2 portals: one portal was used for continuous irrigation and endoscopic viewing and the other portal was used to manipulate the instruments used in the decompression procedures. Clinical parameters such as the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Macnab criteria, and postoperative complications were analyzed.

RESULTS

Neural decompression was effectively performed in all enrolled patients. The mean ODI was significantly lower after PBED. Of 58 patients, 47 (81.0%) had a good or excellent result according to the Macnab criteria. Postoperative ODI and visual analog scale scores were significantly improved compared with preoperative values.

CONCLUSIONS

From a surgical point of view, percutaneous biportal endoscopy is very similar to microscopic spinal surgery, permitting good visualization of the contralateral sublaminar and medial foraminal areas. The authors suggest that the PBED, which is a minimally invasive procedure, is an alternative treatment option for degenerative lumbar stenosis.
Reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions in posterior cervical (subaxial) fusions with and without bone morphogenetic protein in a cohort of 1158 patients
Authors: Guppy Kern H. , Harris Jessica , Chen Jason , Paxton Elizabeth W. , Alvarez Julie , Bernbeck Johannes
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) was first approved in 2002 for use in single-level anterior lumbar fusions as an alternative to iliac crest grafts. Subsequent studies have concluded that BMP provides superior fusions rates and therefore reduces reoperations for nonunions. The purpose of this study was to determine the reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions in posterior cervical (subaxial) spinal fusions with and without the use of BMP and to determine if the nonunion rates are statistically significantly different between the two groups.

METHODS

Between January 2009 and September 2013, the authors identified 1158 posterior cervical spinal fusion cases in the subaxial spine (C2–7) from a large spine registry (Kaiser Permanente). Patient characteristics, diagnoses, operative times, lengths of stay, and reoperations were extracted from the registry. Reoperations for symptomatic nonunions were adjudicated via chart review. Logistic regression was conducted to produce estimates of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Kaplan-Meier curves for the non-BMP and BMP groups were generated and compared using the log-rank test.

RESULTS

In this cohort there were 1158 patients (19.3% with BMP) with a median follow up of 1.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.7–2.9 years) and median duration to operative nonunion of 0.63 years (IQR 0.44–1.57 years). Kaplan-Meier curves showed no significant difference in reoperation rates for nonunions using the log-rank test (p = 0.179). In a subset of patients with more than 1 year of follow-up, 788 patients were identified (22.5% with BMP) with a median follow-up duration of 2.5 years (IQR 1.7–3.4 years) and a median time to operative nonunion of 0.73 years (IQR 0.44–1.57 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the symptomatic operative nonunion rates for posterior cervical (subaxial) fusions with BMP compared with non-BMP (1.1% vs 0.7%; crude OR 1.73, 95% CI 0.32–9.55, p = 0.527) for more than 1 year of follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

This study presents the largest series of patients using BMP in posterior cervical (subaxial) spinal fusions. Reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions with more than 1 year of follow-up were found to be 1.1% with BMP and 0.7% without BMP. There was no significant difference in the reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions with or without BMP.
Questioning the need for ICU level of care in pediatric patients following elective uncomplicated craniotomy for brain tumors
Authors: Gabel Brandon C. , Martin Joel , Crawford John R. , Levy Michael
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

The object of this study is to address what factors may necessitate the need for intensive care monitoring after elective uncomplicated craniotomy in pediatric patients who are initially managed in a non–intensive care unit setting postoperatively.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was undertaken for all patients who underwent elective craniotomy for brain tumor between April of 2007 and April of 2012 and who were directly admitted to the floor postoperatively. Factors such as age, tumor type, craniotomy location, neurological comorbidities, reason for transfer to intensive care unit (ICU) level of care (if applicable), time between admittance to floor and transfer to ICU level of care, and reason for transfer to ICU level of care were assessed.

RESULTS

Adjusted logistic regression found 2 significant positive predictors of postoperative transfer to the ICU after initial admission to the floor: primitive neuroectodermal tumor pathology (OR 44.10, 95% CI 1.24–1572.16, p = 0.04), and repeat craniotomy during the same hospitalization (OR 13.97, 95% CI 1.21–160.66, p = 0.03). Conversely, 1 negative factor was found: low-grade glioma pathology (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.00–0.87, p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Select pediatric patients may not require ICU level of care after elective uncomplicated pediatric craniotomy. Additional studies are needed to adequately address which patients would benefit from initial ICU admittance following elective craniotomies for brain tumors.
Malignant carotid body tumor presenting with myelopathy: case report
Authors: Jeevan Dhruve S. , Saleh Mohamed , LaBagnara Michael , Neil Jayson A. , Hillard Virany H.
Published: January 2016

Malignant carotid body tumors are rare, with spread of the tumor mostly noted in regional lymph nodes. Vertebral metastases are an exceedingly rare presentation, only reported in isolated case reports, and present a diagnostic and management challenge. A case of widespread vertebral metastasis, presenting with myelopathy, from a carotid body tumor is discussed in this paper, along with management strategies.
Cerebellar and hindbrain motion in Chiari malformation with and without syringomyelia
Authors: Leung Vannessa , Magnussen John S. , Stoodley Marcus A. , Bilston Lynne E.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

The pathogenesis of syringomyelia associated with Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) is unclear. Theories of pathogenesis suggest the cerebellar tonsils may obstruct CSF flow or alter pressure gradients, or their motion might act as a piston to increase CSF pressure in the spinal subarachnoid space. This study was performed to measure cerebellar tonsillar and hindbrain motion in CM-I and assess the potential contributions to syrinx formation.

METHODS

Sixty-four CM-I patients and 25 controls were retrospectively selected from a clinical database, and all subjects had undergone cardiac-gated cine balanced fast-field echo MRI. There were a total of 36 preoperative CM-I scans, which consisted of 15 patients with and 21 patients without syringomyelia. Nineteen patients underwent paired pre- and postoperative imaging. Anteroposterior (AP) and superoinferior (SI) movements of the tip of the cerebellar tonsils, obex, fastigium of the fourth ventricle, pontomedullary junction, and cervicomedullary junction were measured. The distance between the fastigium and tip of the tonsils was used to calculate tonsillar tissue strain (Δi/i0).

RESULTS

CM-I patients had significantly greater cerebellar tonsillar motion in both the AP and SI directions than controls (AP +0.34 mm [+136%], p < 0.001; SI +0.49 mm [+163%], p < 0.001). This motion decreased after posterior fossa decompression (AP −0.20 mm [−33%], p = 0.001; SI −0.29 mm [−36%]; p < 0.001), but remained elevated above control levels (AP +56%, p = 0.021; SI +67%, p = 0.015). Similar trends were seen for all other tracked landmarks. There were no significant differences in the magnitude or timing of motion throughout the hindbrain between CM-I patients with and without syringomyelia. Increased tonsillar tissue strain correlated with Valsalva headaches (p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Cerebellar tonsillar motion may be a potential marker of CM-I and may have use in tailoring surgical procedures. The lack of association with syringomyelia suggests that tonsillar motion alone is not the driver of syrinx formation. Tonsillar tissue strain may play a part in the pathophysiology of Valsalva headaches.
Do measures of surgical effectiveness at 1 year after lumbar spine surgery accurately predict 2-year outcomes?
Authors: Adogwa Owoicho , Elsamadicy Aladine A. , Han Jing L. , Cheng Joseph , Karikari Isaac , Bagley Carlos A.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

With the recent passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, there has been a dramatic shift toward critical analyses of quality and longitudinal assessment of subjective and objective outcomes after lumbar spine surgery. Accordingly, the emergence and routine use of real-world institutional registries have been vital to the longitudinal assessment of quality. However, prospectively obtaining longitudinal outcomes for patients at 24 months after spine surgery remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to assess if 12-month measures of treatment effectiveness accurately predict long-term outcomes (24 months).

METHODS

A nationwide, multiinstitutional, prospective spine outcomes registry was used for this study. Enrollment criteria included available demographic, surgical, and clinical outcomes data. All patients had prospectively collected outcomes measures and a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patient-reported outcomes instruments (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI], SF-36, and visual analog scale [VAS]-back pain/leg pain) were completed before surgery and then at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. The Health Transition Index of the SF-36 was used to determine the 1- and 2-year minimum clinically important difference (MCID), and logistic regression modeling was performed to determine if achieving MCID at 1 year adequately predicted improvement and achievement of MCID at 24 months.

RESULTS

The study group included 969 patients: 300 patients underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), 606 patients underwent transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), and 63 patients underwent lateral interbody fusion (LLIF). There was a significant correlation between the 12- and 24-month ODI (r = 0.82; p < 0.0001), SF-36 Physical Component Summary score (r = 0.89; p < 0.0001), VAS-back pain (r = 0.90; p < 0.0001), and VAS-leg pain (r = 0.85; p < 0.0001). For the ALIF cohort, patients achieving MCID thresholds for ODI at 12 months were 13-fold (p < 0.0001) more likely to achieve MCID at 24 months. Similarly, for the TLIF and LLIF cohorts, patients achieving MCID thresholds for ODI at 12 months were 13-fold and 14-fold (p < 0.0001) more likely to achieve MCID at 24 months. Outcome measures obtained at 12 months postoperatively are highly predictive of 24-month outcomes, independent of the surgical procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

In a multiinstitutional prospective study, patient-centered measures of surgical effectiveness obtained at 12 months adequately predict long-term (24-month) outcomes after lumbar spine surgery. Patients achieving MCID at 1 year were more likely to report meaningful and durable improvement at 24 months, suggesting that the 12-month time point is sufficient to identify effective versus ineffective patient care.
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor of the brain without tumor-induced osteomalacia in an 8-year-old girl: case report
Authors: Ellis Mark B. , Gridley Daniel , Lal Suresh , Nair Geetha R. , Feiz-Erfan Iman
Published: January 2016

Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (mixed connective tissue variant) (PMT-MCT) are tumors that may cause tumor-induced osteomalacia and rarely appear intracranially. The authors describe the case of an 8-year-old girl who was found to have PMT-MCT with involvement of the cerebellar hemisphere and a small tumor pedicle breaching the dura mater and involving the skull. This was removed surgically in gross-total fashion without further complication. Histologically the tumor was confirmed to be a PMT-MCT. There was no evidence of tumor-induced osteomalacia. At the 42-month follow-up, the patient is doing well, has no abnormalities, and is free of recurrence. PMT-MCTs are rare tumors that may involve the brain parenchyma. A gross-total resection may be effective to cure these lesions.
Language, learning, and memory in children with and without single-suture craniosynostosis
Authors: Kapp-Simon Kathleen A. , Wallace Erin , Collett Brent R. , Cradock Mary Michaeleen , Crerand Canice E. , Speltz Matthew L.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

The language and memory functions of children with and without single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC) were compared at school age (mean 7.45 years, standard deviation [SD] 0.54 years). The children in this cohort were originally recruited in infancy and prior to cranial surgery for those with SSC.

METHODS

Individual evaluations of 179 school-aged children with SSC and 183 controls were conducted (70% of the original cohort) using standardized measures of language, learning, and memory. Parents participated in an interview about specialized education interventions and school progress. Parents and teachers completed questionnaires about language development.

RESULTS

Children with SSC (cases) obtained lower scores than controls on all measures. The adjusted differences in language, learning, and memory scores were modest, with SD ranging from 0.0 to −0.4 (p values ranged from 0.001 to 0.99). Censored normal regression was used to account for intervention services received prior to the school-age evaluation; this increased case-control differences (SD range 0.1 to −0.5, p value range 0.001 to 0.50). Mean scores for cases in each SSC diagnostic group were lower than those for controls, with the greatest differences observed among children with unilateral coronal craniosynostosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Children with SSC continue to show poorer performance than controls on language, learning, and memory tasks at early elementary school age, even when controlling for known confounders, although mean differences are small. Multidisciplinary care, including direct psychological assessment, for children with SSC should extend through school age with a specific focus on language and conceptual learning, as these are areas of potential risk. Future research is needed to investigate language, memory, and learning for this population during the middle to high school years.
Transfer of children with isolated linear skull fractures: is it worth the cost?
Authors: White Ian K. , Pestereva Ecaterina , Shaikh Kashif A. , Fulkerson Daniel H.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

Children with skull fractures are often transferred to hospitals with pediatric neurosurgical capabilities. Historical data suggest that a small percentage of patients with an isolated skull fracture will clinically decline. However, recent papers have suggested that the risk of decline in certain patients is low. There are few data regarding the financial costs associated with transporting patients at low risk for requiring specialty care. In this study, the clinical outcomes and financial costs of transferring of a population of children with isolated skull fractures to a Level 1 pediatric trauma center over a 9-year period were analyzed.

METHODS

A retrospective review of all children treated for head injury at Riley Hospital for Children (Indianapolis, Indiana) between 2005 and 2013 was performed. Patients with a skull fracture were identified based on ICD-9 codes. Patients with intracranial hematoma, brain parenchymal injury, or multisystem trauma were excluded. Children transferred to Riley Hospital from an outside facility were identified. The clinical and radiographic outcomes were recorded. A cost analysis was performed on patients who were transferred with an isolated, linear, nondisplaced skull fracture.

RESULTS

Between 2005 and 2013, a total of 619 pediatric patients with isolated skull fractures were transferred. Of these, 438 (70.8%) patients had a linear, nondisplaced skull fracture. Of these 438 patients, 399 (91.1%) were transferred by ambulance and 39 (8.9%) by helicopter. Based on the current ambulance and helicopter fees, a total of $1,834,727 (an average of $4188.90 per patient) was spent on transfer fees alone. No patient required neurosurgical intervention. All patients recovered with symptomatic treatment; no patient suffered late decline or epilepsy.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that nearly $2 million was spent solely on transfer fees for 438 pediatric patients with isolated linear skull fractures over a 9-year period. All patients in this study had good clinical outcomes, and none required neurosurgical intervention. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that, in the absence of abuse, most children with isolated, linear, nondisplaced skull fractures do not require transfer to a Level 1 pediatric trauma center. The authors suggest ideas for further study to refine the protocols for determining which patients require transport.
Low rates of recurrence and slow progression of pediatric pilocytic astrocytoma after gross-total resection: justification for reducing surveillance imaging
Authors: Dodgshun Andrew J. , Maixner Wirginia J. , Hansford Jordan R. , Sullivan Michael J.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

Pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) are common brain tumors in children. Optimal management of PA is gross-total resection (GTR), after which event-free survival (EFS) is excellent. The tempo of recurrences, when they do occur, is relatively sparsely reported, and there is no agreed upon surveillance recommendation for patients in this category. It has been suggested that surveillance MRI is performed too frequently and could be safely reduced in both frequency and duration. The authors conducted a retrospective review of pediatric patients with PA who underwent GTR at a single institution over an 18-year period and who had documented recurrences.

METHODS

All patients under 18 years of age who had undergone GTR of a PA between 1996 and 2013 were included in the study. Clinical, radiological, and tumor characteristics were recorded.

RESULTS

Sixty-seven patients met the criteria for GTR over the period studied. The 5-year EFS rate was 95% (95% CI 89%–100%) and overall survival was 100%. Recurrences showed a nonsignificant trend of occurring more commonly in patients with persistent nonenhancing FLAIR abnormalities after surgery, but there was no difference with regard to tumor location. All recurrences occurred before 3 years postresection, all were asymptomatic, and all patients were observed for at least one additional scan after the initial detection during routine surveillance MRI before further therapy was undertaken.

CONCLUSIONS

EFS and overall survival are excellent after GTR in this population with PAs. Progression after recurrence occurs slowly and is asymptomatic. A less intensive schedule of MRI surveillance in this group of patients would result in time and cost savings, without compromising safety. The authors suggest a schedule of 6 MRI scans to be obtained postoperatively, at 3–6 months, then at 1, 2, 3.5, and 5 years.
Development of a nonintermediate-incision ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedure using a nasogastric feeding tube for infant patients with hydrocephalus: technical note
Authors: Hamauchi Shuji , Seki Toshitaka , Sasamori Toru , Houkin Kiyohiro
Published: January 2016

Intermediate incisions are considered necessary to pass a catheter tube from the head to the abdomen in ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunting via a frontal bur hole. However, an intermediate incision can sometimes become dehiscent, resulting in CSF leakage or infection of the shunt system in the early period after shunt implantation, particularly in infant patients. In this article, the authors describe a novel method of VP shunt insertion that does not require an intermediate incision. This nonintermediate-incision VP shunt procedure was performed in 3 infant patients with hydrocephalus and was not associated with any complications. This method can eliminate the intermediate incision, which is a disadvantage of VP shunt insertion via a frontal bur hole.
Association of increased morbidity with the occurrence of hyperglycemia in the immediate postoperative period after elective pediatric neurosurgery
Authors: Filho Nazel Oliveira , Alves Rodrigo L. , Fernandes Adriano T. , Castro Fernanda S. P. , Melo José Roberto Tude , Módolo Norma S. P.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE

The acute elevation of blood glucose in perioperative pediatric patients subjected to cardiac surgery and in victims of head trauma is associated with higher rates of postoperative complications. Data on the occurrence of hyperglycemia and its association with unfavorable outcomes among patients who have undergone elective neurosurgery are scarce in the literature. This study aimed to determine whether the occurrence of hyperglycemia during the perioperative period of elective neurosurgery for the resection of tumors of the CNS in children is associated with increased morbidity.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort analysis included 105 children up to 12 years of age who underwent elective neurosurgery for resection of supratentorial and infratentorial CNS tumors between January 2005 and December 2010 at the São Rafael Hospital, a tertiary care medical center in Salvador, Brazil. Demographic data and intraoperative and postoperative information were collected from the medical records. Differences in blood glucose levels during the perioperative period were evaluated with nonparametric tests.

RESULTS

The patients who developed postoperative complications exhibited higher blood glucose levels on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (162.0 ± 35.8 mg/dl vs 146.3 ± 43.3 mg/dl; p = 0.016) and peak blood glucose levels on postoperative Day 1 (171.9 ± 30.2 mg/dl vs 156.1 ± 43.2 mg/dl; p = 0.008). Multivariate analysis showed that peak blood glucose levels on postoperative Day 1 were independently associated with a higher odds ratio for postoperative complication (OR 1.05). The occurrence of hyperglycemia (>150 mg/dl) upon admission to the ICU was associated with longer ICU (p = 0.003) and hospital (p = 0.001) stays.

CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence of hyperglycemia during the postoperative period after elective pediatric neurosurgery for the resection of CNS tumors was associated with longer hospital and ICU stays. Postoperative complications were associated with higher blood glucose levels upon admission to the ICU and higher peak blood glucose on the first postoperative day.
Interhemispheric transchoroidal approach to resect third ventricular teratoma
Authors: Ito Yuki , Inoue Tomohiro , Tamura Akira , Tsutsumi Kazuo
Published: January 2016

The authors demonstrate an interhemispheric transchoroidal approach for third ventricular teratoma resection. Interhemispheric dissection exposed the corpus callosum at a length of about 2 cm. A callosotomy was made to enter into the right lateral ventricle. After septal vein ligation, dissection was made of the space between the right fornix and right internal cerebral vein (ICV); thus bilateral fornix and left ICV would be retracted to the left; right choroid plexus, right ICV to the right. By this transchoroidal approach, the foramen of Monro was extended posteriorly, providing enough of a surgical corridor to resect a posteriorly located third ventricular tumor.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/gIzPiH3zx_o.
Retractorless surgery for a pineal region tumor through an occipital transtentorial approach
Authors: Nakao Naoyuki
Published: January 2016

This video demonstrates surgical techniques of the occipital transtentorial approach to a pineal region tumor without using a fixed brain retractor, which may cause functional impairment or even tissue injury to the occipital visual cortex. There are several ways to facilitate retractorless surgery through this approach. A lateral-semiprone positioning of the patient can induce gravity retraction. The brain is relaxed by draining CSF fluid through lumbar drainage or lateral ventricular tap in the case of obstructive hydrocephalus. Dynamic retraction with handheld instruments after extensive dissection of the deep venous system, including basal veins, can provide a sufficient working space.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/kQvEHiNcRow.
Microsurgical resection of ambient cistern arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Choudhri Omar , Lawton Michael T.
Published: January 2016

The middle tentorial incisural space, located lateral to the midbrain and medial to the temporal lobe, contains the ambient cistern through which courses the third, fourth, and fifth cranial nerves, posterior cerebral artery (PCA), superior cerebellar artery, and the choroidal arteries. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in this compartment are supplied by the thalamogeniculate and posterior temporal branches of the PCA, and drain into tributaries of the basal vein of Rosenthal. We present a case of an AVM in this middle tentorial incisural space that persisted after embolization and radiosurgery, and was microsurgically resected through a subtemporal approach. This case demonstrates the anatomy of the middle incisural space and technical aspects in microsurgical resection of these rare AVMs.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/V-dIWh8ys3E.
Subfrontal trans-lamina terminalis approach to a third ventricular craniopharyngioma
Authors: Choudhri Omar , Chang Steven D.
Published: January 2016

Craniopharyngiomas are benign, partly cystic epithelial tumors that can rarely occur in a retrochiasmatic location with involvement of the third ventricle. The lamina terminalis is an important neurosurgical corridor to these craniopharyngiomas in the anterior portion of the third ventricle. We present a video case of a large midline suprasellar and third ventricular craniopharyngioma in a 32-year-old male with visual disturbances. The tumor was approached with a subfrontal translamina terminalis exposure, and a gross-total resection of the tumor was achieved. This surgery involved working through a lamina terminalis fenestration around the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tracts, and the anterior communicating artery complex. This video illustrates the techniques employed in performing a transbasal anterior skull base approach to the third ventricle and demonstrates vivid surgical anatomy of neurovascular structures around the lamina terminalis.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/fCYMgx8SnKs.
Supracerebellar infratentorial sitting craniotomy for a pinealoblastoma
Authors: Choudhri Omar , Chang Steven D.
Published: January 2016

Pinealoblastomas are WHO grade IV tumors of the pineal region and comprise up to 50% of all pineal parenchymal tumors. They are highly aggressive tumors that spread along the craniospinal axis and are most commonly seen in children. The standard of care involves maximal surgical resection and chemoradiation following tissue diagnosis. We present the rare case of a large pinealoblastoma in an 18-year-old girl who presented with headaches and Parinaud's syndrome from tectal compression. An attempt was made at endoscopic transventricular biopsy of the tumor at an outside hospital, but it was aborted given bleeding at the biopsy site. We performed a supracerebellar infratentorial approach in a sitting position to achieve a gross-total resection of the tumor. This video case illustrates techniques for setting up a sitting craniotomy and approaching a previously biopsied hemorrhagic pinealoblastoma. The venous conglomerate at the tentorial incisura was found to be enveloped by the tumor and a thickened arachnoid scar. Surgical anatomy of the third ventricle and the pineal region is illustrated in this case through the process of surgical dissection and tumor resection.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/CzB0lFQ7AyI.
Microsurgical treatment of a tentorial galenic dural arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Choudhri Omar , Steinberg Gary K.
Published: January 2016

Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae (TDAVFs) are complex lesions with the arteriovenous fistula located between the leaves of the tentorium cerebelli. While a large portion of dural arteriovenous fistulae are treated endovascularly, TDAVF may require additional microsurgical treatment given their high risk of hemorrhage and multitude of feeders. We describe the case of a 65-year-old male who presented with hemorrhage from a straight sinus and galenic TDAVF. The straight sinus portion of the fistula was obliterated by 3 endovascular treatments and 1 microsurgical treatment. The galenic component of the TDAVF persisted and was approached via a posterior interhemispheric approach in a lateral position. This video demonstrates surgical technique and anatomy associated with this rarely seen dural arteriovenous fistula.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/iOLzWOabLZ0.
ICG-VA application in subtemporal transtentorial treatment of a Cognard V dural arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Rustemi Oriela , Scienza Renato , Della Puppa Alessandro
Published: January 2016

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVF) with cervical perimedullary drainage, Cognard V, are a surgically challenging rare entity. In this video we show the disconnection of a right tentorial Cognard V dAVF, done through a subtemporal transtentorial approach with the application of indocyanine green video angiography. A 47-year-old man presented with severe tetraparesis. Only partial embolization was possible. An osteoplastic frontotemporal craniotomy was performed to obtain a wide view along with CSF release to safely mobilize the temporal lobe. Neuronavigation was used to detect the fistula and indocyanine to detect the tentorial afferent arteries and to confirm final disconnection.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/Yr8tAiiHNXU.
Posterior interhemispheric transtentorial approach for resection of a meningioma at the posteromedial tentorial incisura
Authors: Liyong Sun , Bao Yuhai , Liang Jiantao , Li Mingchu , Ren Jian
Published: January 2016

The posterior interhemispheric approach is a versatile approach to access lesions of the pineal region, posterior incisural space, posterior region of third ventricle, and adjacent structures. We demonstrate the case of a 26-year-old woman with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus caused by a meningioma at the posteromedial tentorial incisura. Gross-total removal of the tumor was successfully achieved via a posterior interhemispheric transtentorial approach. The patient reported an immediate and significant symptomatic improvement after surgery. The detailed operative technique and surgical nuances, including the surgical corridor, tentorium incision, tumor dissection and removal are illustrated in this video atlas.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/nSNyjQKl7aE.
Posterior interhemispheric approach and microsurgical resection of a pineal parenchymal neoplasm of intermediate differentiation
Authors: Nanda Anil , Konar Subhas , Kalakoti Piyush , Maiti Tanmoy
Published: January 2016

Owing to a deep-seated location and intricate venous anatomy, pathologies of the posterior third ventricular region pose formidable challenges to the operating neurosurgeon. In this video, we present a case of an elderly Caucasian female with a rare histological variant of a pineal parenchymal mass who presented with gait disturbances and worsening retro-orbital headache. Radiological and clinco-histopathological correlates of this rare tumor pathology having intermediate differentiation are highlighted. Briefly outlined are surgical pearls and strategies to minimize complications, as the tumor is approached through the posterior interhemispheric corridor, to achieve a gross-total decompression.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/KXwclZ7Ei84.
Using the trans-lamina terminalis route via a pterional approach to resect a retrochiasmatic craniopharyngioma involving the third ventricle
Authors: Weil Alexander G. , Robert Thomas , Alsaiari Sultan , Obaid Sami , Bojanowski Michel W.
Published: January 2016

Retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas involving the anterior third ventricle are challenging to access. Although the pterional approach is a common route for suprasellar lesions, when the craniopharyngioma extends behind the chiasma into the third ventricle, access is even more difficult, and the lamina terminalis may offer a good working window. The translamina terminalis approach provides direct access to the retrochiasmatic portion of the tumor with minimal brain retraction and no manipulation of the visual nerves. In this video, we emphasize the utility of using the lamina terminalis corridor to resect the retrochiasmatic intraventricular portion of a craniopharyngioma.

The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/hrLNC0hDKe4.