bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The estimation of age and sex profiles for international migration amongst countries in the Asia‐Pacific region
Authors: Shen Tianyu , Raymer James , Guan Qing , Wiśniowski Arkadiusz
Published: October 2023

Information on the age and sex patterns of international migration occurring amongst countries in the Asia‐Pacific region is important for researchers and policymakers to understand the contributions of migration towards demographic, economic and social changes. However, despite its importance, statistics on the age and sex patterns are largely absent and, where they do exist, there are considerable differences in measurement and data collection procedures. In this study, we develop a methodology for indirectly estimating the age and sex patterns of international migration for 53 populations in the Asia‐Pacific region and four macroworld regions. Multiplicative component models are used to systematically combine information from multiple data sources and infer missing data, resulting in complete and harmonised tables of migration by origin, destination, age, and sex from 2000 to 2019. The estimates are presented and assessed with some discussions on how they may be applied and further improved.
Population pharmacokinetics of molnupiravir in adults with COVID‐19: Lack of clinically important exposure variation across individuals
Authors: Bihorel Sébastien , Cao Youfang , Chawla Akshita , Birger Ruthie , Maas Brian M. , Gao Wei , Roepcke Stefan , Sardella Susanne , Humphrey Rebecca , Kondragunta Sindhuri , Jayaraman Bhuvana , Martinho Monika , Painter Wendy , Painter George , Holman Wayne , De Anda Carisa , Brown Michelle L. , Johnson Matthew G. , Paschke Amanda , Rizk Matthew L. , Stone Julie A.
Published: October 2023

Effective antiviral treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, particularly in patients with risk factors for severe disease. Molnupiravir (MK‐4482, EIDD‐2801) is an orally administered, ribonucleoside prodrug of β‐D‐N4‐hydroxycytidine (NHC) with submicromolar potency against SARS‐CoV‐2. A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) analysis for molnupiravir exposure was conducted using 4202 NHC plasma concentrations collected in 1207 individuals from a phase I trial in healthy participants, a phase IIa trial in non‐hospitalized participants with COVID‐19, a phase II trial in hospitalized participants with COVID‐19, and a phase II/III trial in non‐hospitalized participants with COVID‐19. Molnupiravir pharmacokinetics (PK) was best described by a two‐compartment model with a transit‐compartment absorption model and linear elimination. Molnupiravir apparent elimination clearance increased with body weight less‐than‐proportionally (power 0.412) and was estimated as 70.6 L/h in 80‐kg individuals with a moderate interindividual variability (43.4% coefficient of variation). Additionally, effects of sex and body mass index on apparent central volume and food status and formulation on the absorption mean transit time were identified as statistically significant descriptors of variability in these PK parameters. However, none of the identified covariate effects caused clinically relevant changes in the area under the NHC concentration versus time curve between doses, the exposure metric most closely related to clinical response. Overall, the PopPK model indicates that molnupiravir can be administered in adults without dose adjustment based on age, sex, body size, food, and mild‐to‐moderate renal or mild hepatic impairment.
Geometry and electronic properties of alkali metal (rubidium) doped boron clusters
Authors: Gao Jia Hui , Yuan Yu Quan , Li Yuan Yuan , Zhang Xin Cheng , Wang Ying Ying , Liu Ting , Yang Jing
Published: October 2023

Alkali metal‐doped boron clusters have captured much attention because of their novel electronic properties and structural evolution. In the study of RbBn0/− (n = 2–12) clusters, the minimum global search of the potential energy surface and structure optimization at the level of PBE1PBE by using the CALYPSO method and Gaussian package coupled with DFT calculation; the geometrical structures and electronic properties are systematically investigated. At n = 8, the ground‐state structures are composed of an Rb atom above B atoms, forming a structurally stable pagoda cone. By stability analysis and charge transfer calculation, the RbB8− cluster shows more stability. It found that s‐p hybridization between Rb atom and B atoms as well as s‐p hybridization between B atoms is one of the reasons for the outstanding stability exhibited in the RbB80/− clusters by using DOS and HOMO–LUMO orbital contour maps. The chemical bonding of the RbB80/− groups was analyzed by using the AdNDP method, and B atoms with larger numbers readily form multi‐center chemical bonds with the Rb atom. From the results of the bonding analysis, the interaction between the Rb atom and B atoms strengthens the stability of the RbB80/− clusters. It is hoped that this work provides a direction for experimental manipulation.
Amorphous Materials for Lithium‐Ion and Post‐Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ding Junwei , Ji Dongfang , Yue Yuanzheng , Smedskjaer Morten M.
Published: October 2023

Lithium‐ion and post‐lithium‐ion batteries are important components for building sustainable energy systems. They usually consist of a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte, and a separator. Recently, the use of solid‐state materials as electrolytes has received extensive attention. The solid‐state electrolyte materials (as well as the electrode materials) have traditionally been overwhelmingly crystalline materials, but amorphous (disordered) materials are gradually emerging as important alternatives because they can increase the number of ion storage sites and diffusion channels, enhance solid‐state ion diffusion, tolerate more severe volume changes, and improve reaction activity. To develop superior amorphous battery materials, researchers have conducted a variety of experiments and theoretical simulations. This review highlights the recent advances in using amorphous materials (AMs) for fabricating lithium‐ion and post‐lithium‐ion batteries, focusing on the correlation between material structure and properties (e.g., electrochemical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal ones).  We  review both the conventional and the emerging characterization methods for analyzing AMs and present the roles of disorder in influencing the performances of various batteries such as those based on lithium, sodium, potassium, and zinc. Finally,  we  describe the challenges and perspectives for commercializing rechargeable AMs‐based batteries.
Polysaccharide‐Targeting Lipid Nanoparticles to Kill Gram‐Negative Bacteria
Authors: Lai Xiangfeng , Chow Seong Hoong , Le Brun Anton P. , Muir Benjamin W. , Bergen Phillip J. , White Jacinta , Yu Heidi H. , Wang Jiping , Danne Jill , Jiang Jhih‐hang , Short Francesca L. , Han Mei‐Ling , Strugnell Richard A. , Song Jiangning , Cameron Neil R. , Peleg Anton Y. , Li Jian , Shen Hsin‐Hui
Published: October 2023

The rapid increase and spread of Gram‐negative bacteria resistant to many or all existing treatments threaten a return to the preantibiotic era. The presence of bacterial polysaccharides that impede the penetration of many antimicrobials and protect them from the innate immune system contributes to resistance and pathogenicity. No currently approved antibiotics target the polysaccharide regions of microbes. Here, describe monolaurin‐based niosomes, the first lipid nanoparticles that can eliminate bacterial polysaccharides from hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae, are described. Their combination with polymyxin B shows no cytotoxicity in vitro and is highly effective in combating K. pneumoniae infection in vivo. Comprehensive mechanistic studies have revealed that antimicrobial activity proceeds via a multimodal mechanism. Initially, lipid nanoparticles disrupt polysaccharides, then outer and inner membranes are destabilized and destroyed by polymyxin B, resulting in synergistic cell lysis. This novel lipidic nanoparticle system shows tremendous promise as a highly effective antimicrobial treatment targeting multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative pathogens.
Revealing the Orbital Interactions between Dissimilar Metal Sites during Oxygen Reduction Process
Authors: Sheng Xuelin , Mei Zhiyuan , Jing Qi , Zou Xiaoxiao , Wang Lilian , Xu Qijun , Guo Hong
Published: October 2023

A FeCo/DA@NC catalyst with the well‐defined FeCoN6 moiety is customized through a novel and ultrafast Joule heating technique. This catalyst demonstrates superior oxygen reduction reaction activity and stability in an alkaline environment. The power density and charge–discharge cycling of znic–air batteries driven by FeCo/DA@NC also surpass those of Pt/C catalyst. The source of the excellent oxygen reduction reaction activity of FeCo/DA@NC originates from the significantly changed charge environment and 3d orbital spin state. These not only improve the bonding strength between active sites and oxygen‐containing intermediates, but also provide spare reaction sites for oxygen‐containing intermediates. Moreover, various in situ detection techniques reveal that the rate‐determining step in the four‐electron oxygen reduction reaction is *O2 protonation. This work provides strong support for the precise design and rapid preparation of bimetallic catalysts and opens up new ideas for understanding orbital interactions during oxygen reduction reactions.
Constructing Wide‐Temperature Lithium–Sulfur Batteries by Using a Covalent Organic Nanosheet Wrapped Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Zhu Acheng , Li Shaokai , Yang Yuting , Peng Bo , Cheng Yuwen , Kang Qi , Zhuang Zechao , Ma Lianbo , Xu Jie
Published: October 2023

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries hold the superiority of eminent theoretical energy density (2600 Wh kg−1). However, the ponderous sulfur reduction reaction and the issue of polysulfide shuttling pose significant obstacles to achieving the practical wide‐temperature operation of Li–S batteries. Herein, a covalent organic nanosheet‐wrapped carbon nanotubes (denoted CON/CNT) composite is synthesized as an electrocatalyst for wide‐temperature Li–S batteries. The design incorporates the CON skeleton, which contains imide and triazine functional units capable of chemically adsorbing polysulfides, and the underlaid CNTs facilitate the conversion of captured polysulfides enabled by enhanced conductivity. The electrocatalytic behavior and chemical interplay between polysulfides and the CON/CNT interlayer are elucidated by in situ X‐ray diffraction detections and theoretical calculations. Resultantly, the CON/CNT‐modified cells demonstrate upgraded performances, including wide‐temperature operation ranging from 0 to 65 °C, high‐rate performance (625 mAh g−1 at 5.0 C), exceptional high‐rate cyclability (1000 cycles at 5.0 C), and stable operation under high sulfur loading (4.0 mg cm−2) and limited electrolyte (5 µL mgs−1). These findings might guide the development of advanced Li–S batteries.
Macrophages‐Based Biohybrid Microrobots for Breast Cancer Photothermal Immunotherapy by Inducing Pyroptosis
Authors: Xing Guozheng , Yu Xuya , Zhang Yan , Sheng Shupei , Jin Limin , Zhu Dunwan , Mei Lin , Dong Xia , Lv Feng
Published: October 2023

Pyroptosis‐based immunotherapy can escape drug resistance as well as inhibit metastasis. It is urgently required to develop a delivery platform to induce targeted tumor‐specific pyroptosis for cancer immunotherapy. Herein, macrophages‐based biohybrid microrobots (IDN@MC) are constructed with IR‐macrophage and decitabine‐loaded Metal‐organic frameworks (DZNPs). The integration of fluorescence photosensitizers and pH‐sensitive DZNPs endow the microrobots properties such as photothermal conversion, fluorescent navigation, targeted drug delivery, and controlled drug release. In light of the inherent tumor targeting, tumor accumulation of IDN@MC is facilitated. Due to the sustained release of decitabine from packaged DZNPs, the host macrophages are differentiated into M1 phenotypes to exert the tumor phagocytosis at the tumor site, directly transporting the therapeutic agents into cancer cells. With laser control, the rapid and durable caspase 3‐cleaved gasdermin E (GSDME)‐related tumor pyroptosis is achieved with combined photothermal‐chemotherapy, releasing inflammatory factors such as lactate dehydrogenase and interleukin‐18. Subsequently, the robust and adaptive immune response is primed with dendritic cell maturation to initiate T‐cell clone expansion and modulation of the immune suppressive microenvironment, thus enhancing the tumor immunotherapy to inhibit tumor proliferation and metastasis. This macrophages‐based biohybrid microrobot is an efficient strategy for breast cancer treatment to trigger photo‐induced pyroptosis and augment the immune response.
Defect Emission and Its Dipole Orientation in Layered Ternary Znln2S4 Semiconductor
Authors: Wang Rui , Liu Quan , Dai Sheng , Liu Chao‐Ming , Liu Yue , Sun Zhao‐Yuan , Li Hui , Zhang Chang‐Jin , Wang Han , Xu Cheng‐Yan , Shao Wen‐Zhu , Meixner Alfred J. , Zhang Dai , Li Yang , Zhen Liang
Published: October 2023

Defect engineering is promising to tailor the physical properties of 2D semiconductors for function‐oriented electronics and optoelectronics. Compared with the extensively studied 2D binary materials, the origin of defects and their influence on physical properties of 2D ternary semiconductors are not clarified. Here, the effect of defects on the electronic structure and optical properties of few‐layer hexagonal Znln2S4 is thoroughly studied via versatile spectroscopic tools in combination with theoretical calculations. It is demonstrated that the Zn–In antistructural defects induce the formation of a series of donor and acceptor energy levels and sulfur vacancies induce donor energy levels, leading to rich recombination paths for defect emission and extrinsic absorption. Impressively, the emission of donor–acceptor pair in Znln2S4 can be significantly tailored by electrostatic gating due to efficient tunability of Fermi level (Ef). Furthermore, the layer‐dependent dipole orientation of defect emission in Znln2S4 is directly revealed by back focal plane imagining, where it presents obviously in‐plane dipole orientation within a dozen‐layer thickness of Znln2S4. These unique features of defects in Znln2S4 including extrinsic absorption, rich recombination paths, gate tunability, and in‐plane dipole orientation are definitely a benefit to the advanced orientation‐functional optoelectronic applications.
Wafer‐Scale Two‐Dimensional Semiconductors for Deep UV Sensing
Authors: Shiffa Mustaqeem , Dewes Benjamin T. , Bradford Jonathan , Cottam Nathan D. , Cheng Tin S. , Mellor Christopher J. , Makarovskiy Oleg , Rahman Kazi , O'Shea James N. , Beton Peter H. , Novikov Sergei V. , Ben Teresa , Gonzalez David , Xie Jiahao , Zhang Lijun , Patanè Amalia
Published: October 2023

2D semiconductors (2SEM) can transform many sectors, from information and communication technology to healthcare. To date, top‐down approaches to their fabrication, such as exfoliation of bulk crystals by “scotch‐tape,” are widely used, but have limited prospects for precise engineering of functionalities and scalability. Here, a bottom‐up technique based on epitaxy is used to demonstrate high‐quality, wafer‐scale 2SEM based on the wide band gap gallium selenide (GaSe) compound. GaSe layers of well‐defined thickness are developed using a bespoke facility for the epitaxial growth and in situ studies of 2SEM. The dominant centrosymmetry and stacking of the individual van der Waals layers are verified by theory and experiment; their optical anisotropy and resonant absorption in the UV spectrum are exploited for photon sensing in the technological UV‐C spectral range, offering a scalable route to deep‐UV optoelectronics.
CoOx@NiMoN/Ti3C2Tx Interface for Stable High‐Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Jayaraman Venkatesan , Sivagurunathan Amarnath T. , Adhikari Sangeeta , Kim Do‐Heyoung
Published: October 2023

Transition metal nitrides (TMNs) are promising electrode materials for use in high‐performance electrochemical energy storage devices due to their unique properties, which include a high conductivity, pseudocapacitance, and energy density. However, structural instability during electrochemical reactions has limited their practical deployment for energy storage devices. In this context, the present study fabricated a CoOx@NiMoN/Ti3C2Tx electrode via in situ growth on Ni foam using hydrothermal treatment with post‐nitrogenization. The effect of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of CoOx on the TMN/Ti3C2Tx interface and the consequent electrochemical charge storage mechanisms are investigated in detail. The proposed CoOx@NiMoN/Ti3C2Tx electrode delivers an impressive specific capacity in a 2 m potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte and is then employed in both a hybrid solid‐state supercapacitor (HSSC) with reduced graphene oxide and a symmetric SC in a 2 m KOH + polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel electrolyte. Outstanding charge storage and high capacity retention during cyclic testing are observed for both energy storage devices. The exceptional electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrode is a result of its high conductivity and high number of active sites. Here a feasible new strategy is demonstrated for the fabrication of stable energy storage devices with a high energy density using TMNs and MXenes.
Fluoride removal using activated red mud
Authors: Mohan Devendra , Goyal Harsh , Kushwaha Rohit , Markandeya  , Shukla Sheo Prasad , Srivastava Vikas
Published: October 2023

Groundwater contamination with fluoride is a cause of concern worldwide. This study was aimed to explore the feasibility of activated red mud (ARM) for adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solutions. The morphology of the adsorbent was characterized using scanning electron microscope and elemental composition was analyzed using X‐ray fluorescence. Parameters such as pH and adsorbent dose were optimized to achieve maximum removal efficiency. Maximum removal efficiency of 96% was obtained at pH 7 with an adsorbent dose of 20 g/L. The isotherm and kinetic studies revealed that Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic models best explained the adsorption process. The study established that ARM could be an environment‐friendly and efficient adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from water.
Reading Comprehension and the COVID‐19 Pandemic: What Happened and What Can We Do About It?
Authors: Almasi Janice F. , Yuan Dongyang
Published: October 2023

Covid‐19‐related school closures worldwide had an enormous impact on literacy instruction and learning. In this article, we share an overview of what research tells us about what happened to elementary learners' reading comprehension during these school closures and what reading comprehension instruction looked like in homes and schools during this time. We also provide recommendations for the path forward on the road to revitalizing reading comprehension achievement.
Fully developed opposing mixed convection of a Jeffery tri‐hybrid nanofluid between two parallel inclined plates subjected to wall‐slip condition
Authors: Bibi Aneela , Xu Hang
Published: October 2023

We analyze the effect of wall slip on the fully developed reverse mixed convection of Jeffery nanofluids between two inclined parallel plates with uniform wall heat flux conditions. The theory of tri‐hybrid water‐based nanoparticles with unique shapes, namely, cylindrical (copper), spherical (titanium oxide), and platelet (aluminum oxide) for heat transfer enhancement is utilized since it has better heat performance applicable in a dynamic of fuels and coolant in automobiles as compared with regular Newtonian fluid and nanofluid. The equations describing the above transport phenomena are nondimensional through appropriate scale transformations. Analytical solutions for velocity, temperature, and pressure distributions are obtained. Four different flow regimes including no reversal, bottom reversal, top reversal, and on both walls reversal are found for different combinations of buoyancy and pressure. Particularly, we notice that the wall slip significantly affects flow reversal. Furthermore, we notice that Magyari 's conclusion that the results of the homogeneous nanofluid flow model can be recovered from the corresponding Newtonian fluid model has great limitations. Besides, the effect of several physical factors on velocity and temperature distributions and important physical quantities, including skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, are analyzed and graphically discussed.
Contradictions and Opportunities in Contexts of Everyday Leadership in Education
Authors: Simola Mari , Ahtiainen Raisa
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we focus on the emergence of contradictions and opportunities in everyday leadership in five comprehensive schools. We discuss how principals, teacher-members of leadership groups and teachers with no leadership responsibilities understand and conceptualise leadership work, their relationships with each other and the practices of the school. Leadership and schooling are understood as contextual practices taking place in situated, professional, material and external elements of contexts. Power is seen as an essential part of leadership, existing in relationships and interaction, and through shared understandings, values and practices. The data were collected in five schools in Southern Finland in 2018 and consist of five interviews with principals (n = 5) and five group interviews with leadership group member teachers (n = 21) and five with teachers (n = 26). We approached the data by asking: How do the respondent groups define the leadership and the school-level practices stemming from that, and how do they describe the contradictions and opportunities for leadership in their school contexts? The results unravel a range of situations and positionings of leadership in Finnish schools indicating the nature of nonuniformity of the comprehensive school system.
Principals’ Perceptions of Their Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Elomaa Mailis , Pakarinen Eija , Eskelä-Haapanen Sirpa , Lerkkanen Marja-Kristiina
Published: October 2023

The present study aimed to describe school principals’ perceptions of the changes and challenges they faced during the COVID-19 pandemic and what kinds of support and new competences they found important for managing their work. Fifty-five Finnish principals completed an online questionnaire that included open-ended questions. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that principals experienced changes mainly in their workload, in the nature of their work, and at an individual level, such as in family-work balance and increased motivation. Information and communication technology skills were mentioned most often as new skills needed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, though some principals argued that no new skills were needed. Principals highly valued support from the school community through discussions, flexibility, and teamwork, as well as clear instructions and guidelines from the upper-level administration. The results help in planning crisis leadership to ensure the continuity of high-quality education during exceptional circumstances. As other educational crises may follow the COVID-19 pandemic and crisis and change management are essential skills for principals, these skills should be taken into account when revising the pre- and in-service training curricula.
Towards a Multi-form Professional Development of Educational Leadership
Authors: Hanhimäki Eija , Alho Janni , Nuora Piia , Risku Mika , Fonsén Elina , Mäkiharju Alex , Smeds-Nylund Ann-Sofie , Autio Petra , Korva Saana
Published: October 2023

This chapter aims to investigate the professional development of educational leadership based on the need to define and develop leadership in educational organisations that are in the middle of complex challenges and changing operational environments. The data of this study were collected through interviews and project descriptions of the key actors of the four key projects of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland. The data were analysed using problem-driven qualitative content analysis with inductive reasoning. The main results included both the common aspects, such as the development of education in educational leadership, and more project-specific aspects, such as an emphasis on the specific context, in these projects. Furthermore, it was found that the professional development of educational leadership could be supported when, for example, the need for flexibility and supportive networks are recognised. In addition, when describing the holistic development of the professional leadership in education, it is crucial to provide multi-form and equal development opportunities to individuals and communities at every level and in all leadership positions during their entire careers. The results of these development experiments can help both national and international audiences in the professional development of educational leadership in their educational systems.
Service Design Thinking Method for Educational Leaders
Authors: Suoheimo Mari , Määttä Kaarina
Published: October 2023

Leading educational work can be a challenge as it includes guiding many different stakeholder groups. This study presents the service design process used to develop a service mobile application aimed at supporting the work of school principals in Finnish Lapland. Design thinking and Double Diamond are co-creative processes used by service designers to approach problems. In these processes, users play a central role in co-designing the service together with the service designers and other relevant stakeholders. This chapter describes the design thinking and Double Diamond methods in more detail and suggests how they can be utilised in the field of educational leadership by using participatory approaches to deal with complex social issues. While design thinking has been implemented widely in management education, it has rarely been applied to educational leadership. However, schools can be viewed as services where several interactions take place and where value is co-created. This study investigates how service design thinking can be applied in educational leadership. The data are based on focus groups and a research diary with field notes. A detailed literature review on how service design has been utilised in educational leadership is also included.
The Why, Where, How and What of Curriculum Leadership: A Non-affirmative Approach
Authors: Uljens Michael
Published: October 2023

The movement from a social-democratic welfare state towards a neoliberal competition state since the 1990s in Europe required a multi-level perspective to understand the dynamics within and relations between macro-level educational governance and micro-level educational leadership. The chapter starts with critiquing initiatives to handle this multi-level nature of leadership. First, the limit of universalist multi-level models is that they are educationally unarticulated, while particularist approaches are typically specialised on either curriculum or leadership of teaching. Second, instrumental and normative approaches in turn are problematic in education for a political democracy. To overcome these dilemmas, the chapter argues that curriculum leadership theory needs to explain (a) the societal task of education (the why and where of educational leadership), (b) the pedagogical nature of leadership interactions (the how of educational leadership) and (c) the object led or the teaching-studying-learning process (the what of educational leadership). To this end, this chapter outlines how Bildung-centred non-affirmative education theory (NAT) offers fruitful concepts for approaching the pedagogical dimensions of educational leaders’ curriculum work.
Evaluating Scientific Tourism Potential for Nature-Based Destinations: Expert Validation and Field Testing of Criteria and Indicators in the Aysén Región of Chilean Patagonia
Authors: Veloso Katerina , Bourlon Fabien , Szmulewicz Pablo
Published: October 2023

The evolution of tourists’ motivations is generating new approaches to tourism. One of them is scientific tourism (ST), which involves travel experiences with a focus on participation in scientific studies of various disciplines. ST has evolved significantly over the last decade in ChileanPatagonia, driven by public policies and the interest of various academic and private actors. These actors argue that involving travelers in research initiatives taking place in Patagonian destinations allows them to develop lasting connections with the heritage and institutions of these territories. This chapter presents an innovative process, including stakeholder identification, semi-structured survey interviews, and document analysis, to develop a matrix of weighted criteria to assess the potential for sustainable ST development within a destination. The process involves weighing four criteria: scientific research possibilities, supply of services to support scientific travel, value chain coordination, and current demand for ST in the destination. Each of these criteria is operationalized through a set of indicators that make it possible to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for the sustainable development of scientific tourism services in the destination. Then, the method is field tested in the Aysén Region of Chilean Patagonia, affording the opportunity to further evaluate its assessment capacity.
Catalyzing Holistic Conservation-Based Development Through Ethical Travel Experiences Rooted in the Bioculture of Patagonia’s Subantarctic Natural Laboratories
Authors: Gale-Detrich Trace , Sánchez Jardón Laura , Adiego Andrés , Rozzi Ricardo , Maldonado Pamela , Navarrete Almonacid Matías , Coloma Zapata José , Hernández Soto Diego , Mora Chepo Manuel , Cancino Salas Ronald , Bourlon Fabien , Villa-Martínez Rodrigo , Moldenhauer Ortega Lorna , Henríquez V. Carla
Published: October 2023

Synchronous losses of biological, linguistic, and cultural diversity are contributing to processes ofbiocultural homogenization, a persistent downgrading in how people perceive biodiversity, environmental, and cultural conditions, and what they consider asnormal.Some have linked biocultural homogenization with neoliberal practices that emphasize standardization and efficiencies in order to enhance capital accumulation. In Chile, which is highly centralized, urban, and centered around neoliberal development,biocultural homogenizationis especially concerning, as it may lower support for conservation. Thus, when thinking about conservation-based development in Patagonia, locally driven initiatives that foster biocultural reawakening, democratize science, and catalyze sustainable development, might help address biocultural homogenization and build conservation support. This mixed-methods, intrinsic case study explored three initiatives underway in the Aysén and Magallanes regions of Chile that address some of these outcomes: (1) Subantarctic Natural Laboratories; (2) 3-Hs Biocultural Ethic and FEP Cycle Approach; and (3) Scientific Tourism Collaborative Learning Networks. We sought to better understand their methods and implementations and explore how their integration might strengthen conservation-based development in Patagonia, through ethical travel experiences rooted in the bioculture of local communities. Results suggest promise for a combined approach; thus, additional research and consideration are merited.
Connectivity, Tourism, and Conservation: From Extractive Appropriation to Socio-Environmental Reappropriation of Nature in Aysén
Authors: Muñoz Rebolledo María Dolores , Rossetti Fulvio , Torres-Salinas Robinson , Urrutia Reveco Santiago
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores how connectivity has interacted with tourism and nature conservation in the Aysén region of ChileanPatagonia, and some of the social, environmental, and territorial issues that have arisen from this articulation. We posit that the Longitudinal Austral Highway (Carretera Austral, in Spanish), as a road that facilitates connectivity and access to natural environments throughout the Aysén region, has operated as the mobilizing axis for different processes of valuing and appropriating nature. We argue that the links between connectivity, tourism, and conservation have changed over time, as actors’ material and symbolic appropriations of nature in Patagonia have evolved. Our goal with this chapter is to inform ongoing Chilean debate about the ways in which nature should be valued as the country moves forward. Our case study research identifies and discusses the new social, environmental, and territorial processes brought about by the Carretera Austral and the consequent resignification and reappropriation of nature that has occurred in Aysén. We base our case study on review of secondary data sources including public reports, plans, and policies related to the Carretera Austral and territorial development, as well as scholarly research on related topics, including values, identity, territorial transformation, and heritage.
Geographic Imaginaries in Dispute in Northern Patagonia: Tourism, Environmental Conservation, and Indigenous Territorial Rights in Quinquén, Chile
Authors: Sepúlveda Bastien , Martínez-Berríos Nelson
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we pose that tourism participates in a process of reterritorialization, in dialogue with past and present dynamics of deterritorialization, and arises from the actions of diverse powers that constrain Indigenous agency. We discuss tourism both as a window that reveals the tensions between environmentalconservation and Indigenous territorial rights and as a socio-political process that could resolve them. Methodologically, this work reflects extensive bibliographical review, document analysis, and fieldwork that has been conducted through numerous periodic stays in Quinquén and other Pewenche communities. First, we explore a theoretical perspective of the production of geographical imaginaries and its applications in Northern Patagonia. Next, we analyze the dual processes of exploitation/protection of the Araucaria, contextualizing them within the framework of the territorial dispossession that affected the Pewenche in the upper basin of the Bío-Bío River, an area of Chile located in the mountainous communes of Lonquimay, in the Araucanía Region, and Alto Bío-Bío, in the Bío-Bío Region, where 54% and 83% of the population identify themselves as Pewenche, respectively. This chapter continues with consideration of the Quinquén territory of northern Chilean Patagonia, where the Pewenche struggle for the Araucaria tree has resulted in a tourism development project.
Dynamical analysis of an age-space structured malaria epidemic model
Authors: Wang Jinliang , Cao Meiyu , Kuniya Toshikazu
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we will revisit the model studied in Lou and Zhao (J Math Biol 62:543–568, 2011), where the model takes the form of a nonlocal and time-delayed reaction–diffusion model arising from the fixed incubation period. We consider the infection age to be a continuous variable but without the limitation of the fixed incubation period, leading to an age-space structured malaria model in a bounded domain. By performing the elementary analysis, we investigate the well-posedness of the model by proving the global existence of the solution, define the explicit formula of basic reproduction number when all parameters remain constant. By analyzing the characteristic equations and designing suitable Lyapunov functions, we also establish the threshold dynamics of the constant disease-free and positive equilibria. Our theoretical results are also validated by numerical simulations for 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional domains.
Compositional truth with propositional tautologies and quantifier-free correctness
Authors: Wcisło Bartosz
Published: October 2023

In Cieśliński (J Philos Logic 39:325–337, 2010), Cieśliński asked whether compositional truth theory with the additional axiom that all propositional tautologies are true is conservative over Peano Arithmetic. We provide a partial answer to this question, showing that if we additionally assume that truth predicate agrees with arithmetical truth on quantifier-free sentences, the resulting theory is as strong as $$\Delta _0$$

Δ
0

-induction for the compositional truth predicate, hence non-conservative. On the other hand, it can be shown with a routine argument that the principle of quantifier-free correctness is itself conservative.
Vibronic dynamics from real-time time-dependent density-functional theory coupled to the Ehrenfest scheme: the example of p-coumaric acid
Authors: Guerrini Michele , Krumland Jannis , Cocchi Caterina
Published: October 2023

We investigate the vibronic dynamics of a modified version of the p-coumaric acid using real-time time-dependent density-functional theory coupled with the Ehrenfest scheme in the adiabatic local density approximation. Due to the issues of this functional to yield a reliable starting point for the evolution of the electron-nuclear system triggered by a pulse, we start off the simulations constraining the electronic occupation of the molecule in two excited states corresponding to a bright, delocalized transition, and a dark, charge-transfer-like excitation. By monitoring the kinetic energy spectral density, we analyze the nature of the nuclear motion over a time window of 300 fs. Anharmonic effects appear at low frequencies, below 500 cm$$^{-1}$$

-
1

, and are particularly pronounced in the charge-transfer excitation. In this case, after about 200 fs, the molecular backbone becomes largely distorted and the initially constrained occupations evolve toward a different electronic configuration. On the other hand, the dynamics initialized from the delocalized bright excitation are electronically and structurally stable, and the resulting nuclear motion is markedly harmonic. Our results provide indications to decipher the vibronic dynamics of this chromophore and related systems in view of more elaborated simulations embedding the molecules in a realistic environment.
Immunolabelling perturbs the endogenous and antibody-conjugated elemental concentrations during immuno-mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Mello Monique G. , Westerhausen Mika T. , Lockwood Thomas E. , Singh Prashina , Wanagat Jonathan , Bishop David P.
Published: October 2023

Immuno-mass spectrometry imaging uses lanthanide-conjugated antibodies to spatially quantify biomolecules via laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The multi-element capabilities allow for highly multiplexed analyses that may include both conjugated antibodies and endogenous metals to reveal relationships between disease and chemical composition. Sample handling is known to perturb the composition of the endogenous elements, but there has been little investigation into the effects of immunolabelling and coverslipping. Here, we used cryofixed muscle sections to examine the impact of immunolabelling steps on the concentrations of a Gd-conjugated anti-dystrophin primary antibody, and the endogenous metals Cu and Zn. Primary antibody incubation resulted in a decrease in Zn, and an increase in Cu. Zn was removed from the cytoplasm where it was hypothesised to be more labile, whereas concentrated locations of Zn remained in the cell membrane in all samples that underwent the immunostaining process. Cu increased in concentration and was found mostly in the cell membrane. The concentration of the Gd-conjugated antibody when compared to the standard air-dried sample was not significantly different when coverslipped using an organic mounting medium, whereas use of an aqueous mounting medium significantly reduced the concentration of Gd. These results build on the knowledge of how certain sample handling techniques change elemental concentrations and distributions in tissue sections. Immunolabelling steps impact the concentration of endogenous elements, and separate histological sections are required for the quantitative analysis of endogenous elements and biomolecules. Additionally, coverslipping tissue sections for complementary immunohistochemical/immunofluorescent imaging may compromise the integrity of the elemental label, and organic mounting media are recommended over aqueous mounting media.

Graphical Abstract
Toward Online Mobile Facility Location on General Metrics
Authors: Ghodselahi Abdolhamid , Kuhn Fabian
Published: October 2023

We introduce an online variant of mobile facility location (MFL) (introduced by Demaine et al. (SODA 258–267 2007)). We call this new problem online mobile facility location (OMFL). In the OMFL problem, initially, we are given a set of k mobile facilities with their starting locations. One by one, requests are added. After each request arrives, one can make some changes to the facility locations before the subsequent request arrives. Each request is always assigned to the nearest facility. The cost of this assignment is the distance from the request to the facility. The objective is to minimize the total cost, which consists of the relocation cost of facilities and the distance cost of requests to their nearest facilities. We provide a lower bound for the OMFL problem that even holds on uniform metrics. A natural approach to solve the OMFL problem for general metric spaces is to utilize hierarchically well-separated trees (HSTs) and directly solve the OMFL problem on HSTs. In this paper, we provide the first step in this direction by solving a generalized variant of the OMFL problem on uniform metrics that we call G-OMFL. We devise a simple deterministic online algorithm and provide a tight analysis for the algorithm. The second step remains an open question. Inspired by the k-server problem, we introduce a new variant of the OMFL problem that focuses solely on minimizing movement cost. We refer to this variant as M-OMFL. Additionally, we provide a lower bound for M-OMFL that is applicable even on uniform metrics.
Comparison of endoscopic versus CT assessment of stone-free status after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
Authors: Hartung F. O. , Müller K. J. , Herrmann J. , Grüne B. , Michel M. S. , Rassweiler-Seyfried M. C.
Published: October 2023

This study is aimed to determine whether postoperative low dose computed tomography (LDCT) imaging is necessary after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), or the surgeon's intraoperative assessment of residual fragments (RF) is sufficient and avoidance of postoperative imaging with reduction of radiation exposure can be achieved. Data of all 610 patients who underwent PCNL in prone position in our institution from February 2009 to September 2020 was collected. Parameters such as age, gender, BMI, ASA-Classification, stone related parameters and the surgeon’s assessment of stone-free status were analyzed. The LDCT performed postoperatively was compared to the intraoperative assessment of the surgeon regarding RF. The mean age of patients was 52.82 years; the mean BMI was 28.18 kg/m2. In 418 cases, the surgeon made a clear statement about the presence of RF and postoperative LDCT was carried out. The discrepancy between the two methods (surgeon´s assessment vs. LDCT) was significant at p < 0.0001. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the surgeon when assessing RF were 24.05%, 99.45%, 98.28% and 50%. Stone free rate (SFR) after primary PCNL was 45.57%. The overall SFR at discharge was 96.23%. Although the surgeon´s assessment of RF was reliable, postoperative LDCT imaging should still be performed if endoscopic stone clearance is suspected due to the high false negative rate and the low negative predictive value. The optimal timing of postoperative imaging following PCNL remains unclear.
Over ninety years old: Does high cognitive reserve still help brain efficiency?
Authors: Carta Elisa , Riccardi Alice , Marinetto Silvia , Mattivi Sara , Selini Enrico , Pucci Veronica , Mondini Sara
Published: October 2023

Nonagenarians and centenarians, also called oldest-old, are a very heterogeneous population that counts a limited number of individuals as it is a real challenge to reach this goal. Even if it is well known that cognitive reserve can be considered a factor in maintaining good cognitive functioning in ageing, only very few studies have been carried out on the role of cognitive reserve (CR) in the oldest-old people. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between cognitive reserve and cognitive functioning in a population living in a specific region of Italy, the Blue Zone in Sardinia. This population is characterised by extreme longevity and distinctive historical, geographic, social, linguistic and nutritional features. The cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) and the short cognitive Esame Neuropsicologico Breve-2 (ENB-2, Brief Neuropsychological Examination) were administered to 67 participants, all aged between 90 and 105 years old. The CRIq was a predictor of neuropsychological performance for the global score of the battery of tests, ENB-2 (ENB-tot) and also for 7 out of 16 of its sub-tests. All except one (Token) tapped executive functions (Interference memory at 10 and 30 s, TMT-B, Overlapping figures, Abstraction, Fluency). Results highlight that also in the oldest-old population CR has a positive effect on cognition, especially on executive functioning.
Touch imprint cytology is useful for the intraoperative pathological diagnosis of PitNETs’ surgical margins
Authors: Tanabe Noriaki , Inoshita Naoko , Ishida Atsushi , Kato Masataka , Yoshimoto Haruko , Shiramizu Hideki , Suga Hidetaka , Tateno Toru , Ohashi Kenichi , Yamada Shozo
Published: October 2023

Touch imprint cytology (TIC) and frozen section (FS) procedures are essential for intraoperative pathological diagnosis (IPD). They are invaluable tools for therapeutic decision-making, helping surgeons avoid under or overtreatment of patients. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are generally small, slow-growing tumors with low-grade malignancy located at the base of the skull where it is impossible to maintain a wide tumor margin. Therefore, transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) should be performed with necessary caution, and with sufficient and minimal resection. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of TIC for the diagnosis of PitNET and determine its ability to accurately evaluate the surgical margin compared to the FS procedure. A total of 104 fresh specimens from 28 patients who underwent TSS for PitNETs were examined using TIC and FS. TIC specimens were categorized according to the cell imprinting pattern. All specimens with a large number of neuroendocrine cells diffusely attached to the glass surfaces had PitNET components. Contrarily, no rich or diffuse cell attachments were observed in any non-tumoral endocrine cells. In conclusion, recognizing a pattern of endocrine cell adherence to glass is highly effective in IPD to certify the existence of a PitNET component.
SDN as a defence mechanism: a comprehensive survey
Authors: Ayodele Believe , Buttigieg Victor
Published: October 2023

Investing in cybersecurity is increasingly considered a significant area and aspect a business or organisation should seriously consider. Some of these security solutions are network-based and provide many levels of protection. However, traditional networks are seen to be vendor-specific and are limited, enabling minor to no network flexibility or customisation. Implementing SDN to combat cyberattacks is a workable option for resolving this traditional network constraint. Less attention has been paid to how SDN has been utilised to address security concerns, with most surveys concentrating on the security challenges the SDN paradigm faces. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art on how SDN has been used to combat attacks between 2017 and 2022 by highlighting the specifics of each literature, its advantages, limitations, and potential areas for further study. This work introduces a taxonomy highlighting SDN’s fundamental traits and contributions as a defence mechanism (SaaDM).