bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holocene fluvial depositional regimes of the Huab River, Skeleton Coast, Namibia
Authors: Walsh Ella , Caracciolo Luca , Ravidà Domenico , Burrough Sallie , Thomas David
Published: February 2022

Dryland fluvial systems respond to hydroclimate changes on Quaternary timescales, yet deciphering the palaeoenvironmental histories they preserve is often complex. Whilst hydrological signals are preserved in sediment stores as variations in sediment amount, character, and composition, studies in dryland settings such as Namibia that link sedimentological and compositional changes to palaeoflow are limited. Focusing on the Huab River, Skeleton Coast, this paper presents the first integrated study of textural, compositional, and stratigraphic features from a Namibian fluvial archive. Petrographic and heavy mineral assemblages from Raman laser spectroscopy are combined with lithostratigraphic and particle size analysis. Together with a chronology established through 42 optically stimulated luminescence ages, we reconstruct provenance, changes in river style, and fluvial response to climate.

The Huab lithostratigraphic record details periods of flashy ephemeral flow interbedded with flow within well‐defined channels. Compositional assemblages indicate that humid conditions during the early to mid‐Holocene resulted in activation of sediment stores across the catchment. Episodic discharge within an ephemeral river from 12 to 9 ka was followed by a more sustained river flow in a channelized system from 7 to 5 ka. During the late Holocene, better hydraulic sorting, increased mechanical breakdown of polycrystalline grains, and flash flood lithofacies suggest that flow occurred within a more arid climate. This fine‐scaled analysis of an ephemeral fluvial system indicates the utility of assessing compositional changes to distinguish between depositional regimes. This is an important approach for reconstructing fluvial response to climate and for obtaining palaeoenvironmental records from complex sedimentary archives in dryland river settings.
Altitude and density optimization over UAV‐enabled massive IoT wireless communications
Authors: Shabani Maryam , Faraji Neda , Baghani Mina
Published: February 2022

Utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as aerial base stations is a new and promising technology that enables the connectivity of a large volume of devices such as sensors and machines, referred to as massive Internet of Things (mIoT). This article aims to analyze and optimize the area spectral efficiency (ASE) by investigating the efficient deployment of UAVs to ensure reliable uplink communication from ground IoT devices to UAVs. We utilize the tools from stochastic geometry to derive the closed form expression of the ASE in the interference‐limited regime. We propose a novel framework for maximizing the ASE of UAV‐enabled networks by simultaneous optimization of UAVs' altitude and density. The simulation results demonstrate that deploying UAVs with combined optimal density and altitude outperforms more conventional deployment strategies in terms of the ASE.
Tunnelgeothermie – Ein Überblick
Authors: Stemmle Ruben , Menberg Kathrin , Rybach Ladislaus , Blum Philipp
Published: February 2022

Tunnel geothermal systems hold the potential to promote decarbonization of the building heating and cooling sector. They can be integrated into existing infrastructure, resulting in low additional costs. In addition, these systems have large contact areas with the ground leading to larger heat fluxes. However, tunnel geothermics is relatively unknown and rarely used. Thus, the objective of this study is to provide an overview of the two primary tunnel geothermal system types as well as their application and potential. Open hydrothermal systems use the tunnel drainage water as a heat source, whereas closed absorber systems harness the heat flux from the subsoil and the warm tunnel interior via heat exchangers. The evaluation of the global application of existing and planned tunnel geothermal systems shows that all open systems are currently located in mountainous regions with a thick rock overburden. In contrast, closed absorber systems are mostly installed in urban tunnel infrastructures. The spatial distribution of geothermal tunnel systems has a focus in central Europe with Switzerland, Germany and Austria being the countries with the highest number of installed systems. Finally, this study also presents a brief summary of existing methods to determine the geothermal potential of tunnels.
Characterisation of the Upper Jurassic geothermal reservoir in the South German Molasse Basin as basis for a potential assessment to foster the geothermal installation development – Results from the joint research project Geothermal Alliance Bavaria
Authors: Zosseder Kai , Pfrang Daniela , Schölderle Felix , Bohnsack Daniel , Konrad Florian
Published: February 2022

Geothermal energy applications are seen as one key element for a successful heat transition in Bavaria. But there are still some barriers for a further development. To minimize these barriers the joint research project Geothermal Alliance Bavaria (GAB) is established. One important issue to foster the implementations of geothermal projects is the assessment of geothermal load prediction in the South German Molasse Basin (SGMB). This includes, aside from a reservoir temperature prognosis, an accurate description of the hydraulic properties of the Upper Jurassic Malm reservoir. Hydraulic test analyses are conducted in the framework of the GAB to obtain specific information about the hydraulic productivity of the reservoir. Results from these analyses show a decrease of rock permeability in southern direction within the reservoir. Because the spatial distribution of hydraulic test data is limited, the porosity of the reservoir is assessed by borehole core tests and logs interpretation. A trend of matrix porosity decrease with depth is recognised and correlates with the hydraulic test results. Based on these findings and combined with further information the Upper Jurassic reservoir could be classified in separated zones of similar production rates, which can now be used for a thermal output prognosis for the Bavarian part of the SGMB. To spatially expand these prognoses more data must be investigated in the next research phase of the GAB.
The rock mass as the governing factor for successfully developing deep geothermal systems in Southern Germany
Authors: Stockinger Georg , Thuro Kurosch , Moeck Inga , Straubinger Robert
Published: February 2022

In Southern Germany, geothermal wells target Upper Jurassic carbonates, formerly referred to as Malm, below the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB). In the northern, shallower carbonates (3000 m depth), e.g., in the Munich area, hydrothermal systems prevail, and wells yield proper flow rates. Deeper carbonates (< 4000 m) towards the south indicate a petrothermal system due to a decline in porosity and permeability. Inexplicably, fractures only contribute poorly to larger flow rates. This sets the goal for the project Dolomitkluft to analyse the rock mass for options countering low flow rates in two geothermal wells at Geretsried, Bavaria. Therefore, 20 m drill cores from 4600 to 4715 m total vertical depth (TVD) depict the initial structure of the rock mass: the rock parameters, the discontinuity network, and the in situ stresses. Alternating homogeneous, micritic, strong, to inhomogeneous, porous, weak limestones and massive, crystalline dolostones define the stratigraphy. Five joint sets from the cores can be distinguished into the bedding, two paleo anti‐ and synthetic normal faults and two recent strike‐slip faults. The latter, in combination with core disking, allows exclusively a strike‐slip (SS) stress regime and delimits the ratio to at least SH : Sv : Sh = 1.7 : 1.0 : 0.7. According to the results, including dilatation‐ and slip‐tendencies, drill trajectories of prosperous geothermal wells should head ESE/WNW, perpendicular to SS‐faults, and avoid the presence of normal faults.
Prelude to Late Triassic Ni–Cu sulphide mineralization in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Geochronological and geochemical constraints from Middle Triassic mafic‐ultramafic magmatism in central and eastern Jilin Province, NE China
Authors: Xue Hao‐Ri , Sun Feng‐Yue , Li Bi‐Le , Zhang Ya‐Jing , Qian Ye
Published: February 2022

The Hongqiling‐Piaohechuan region in the east Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is an economically important Ni–Cu sulphide mineralization region in China. It is widely accepted that these Ni–Cu sulphide deposits mainly formed during the Late Triassic period. The early Middle Triassic mafic‐ultramafic plutons are therefore key in understanding the mineralization process. Here, we report the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA‐ICP‐MS) U–Pb dating of zircon and geochemical data for two Middle Triassic mafic‐ultramafic plutons and one felsic pluton in central and eastern Jilin Province, NE China. The mafic‐ultramafic plutons are composed of gabbronorite and olivine websterite. Zircon dating results indicate that these mafic‐ultramafic plutons crystallized at 243 ± 1 to 245 ± 1 Ma in the Middle Triassic. The coeval felsic pluton is mainly quartz diorite. Zircon dating results indicate that the felsic pluton crystallized at 239.7 ± 0.63 Ma in the later period of Middle Triassic. The mafic‐ultramafic plutons are low in SiO2 (43.49–49.66 wt%), depleted in K2O (0.28–2.74 wt%) and Na2O (0.70–1.18 wt%). They have low rare earth element (REE) abundances without Eu anomalies, exhibit depletion in high‐field‐strength elements (HFSEs), and hold various εHf(t) values (−15.3 to +2.9). These findings suggest that the primary magma of mafic‐ultramafic plutons was derived from the partial melting of the depleted lithospheric mantle, metasomatized by subducted‐slab‐derived fluids/melts. Remarkably, these mafic‐ultramafic plutons have extremely high Cu–Ni contents (23.6–669.4 and 419–1,956 ppm, respectively). The coeval quartz diorites have 59.55–64.86 wt% of SiO2, 3.02–4.21 wt% of K2O and 3.97–4.49 wt% of Na2O. They are enriched in light REEs (LREEs) and large‐ion lithophile elements (LILEs); depleted in heavy REEs (HREEs) and HFSEs, and they have εHf(t) values in the range −6.4 to +2.9. Additionally, the felsic rocks exhibit adakitic‐features with high Sr/Y (28.5–58.7) and (La/Yb)N (4.9–12.2) ratios, implying the thickening crustal sources of the North China Craton (NCC) and CAOB, respectively. The above findings, combined with the regional geological data, suggest that the Middle Triassic mafic‐ultramafic plutons are the prelude to the large‐scale Late Triassic mineralization. This was induced by the thickening event of the later period of Middle Triassic felsic rocks, accompanying the final closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean (PAO) in the eastern CAOB.
IGF‐1 regulates astrocytic phagocytosis and inflammation through the p110α isoform of PI3K in a sex‐specific manner
Authors: Pinto‐Benito Daniel , Paradela‐Leal Carmen , Ganchala Danny , de Castro‐Molina Paula , Arevalo Maria‐Angeles
Published: February 2022

Insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) signaling plays a key role in neuroinflammation. Here we show that IGF‐1 also regulates phagocytosis of reactive astrocytes through p110α isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K), differentially in both sexes. Systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treatment increased the expression of GFAP, a reactive astrocyte marker, in the cortex of mice in both sexes and was blocked by IGF‐1 only in males. In primary astrocytes, LPS enhanced the mRNA expression of Toll‐like receptors (TLR2,4) and proinflammatory factors: inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), chemokine interferon‐γ‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10) and cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐10) in male and female. Treatment with IGF‐1 counteracted TLR4 but not TLR2, iNOS, and IP10 expression in both sexes and cytokines expression in males. Furthermore, reactive astrocyte phagocytosis was modulated by IGF‐1 only in male astrocytes. IGF‐1 was also able to increase AKT‐phosphorylation only in male astrocytes. PI3K inhibitors, AG66, TGX‐221, and CAL‐101, with selectivity toward catalytic p110α, p110β, and p110δ isoforms respectively, reduced AKT‐phosphorylation in males. All isoforms interact physically with IGF‐1‐receptor in both sexes. However, the expression of p110α is higher in males while the expression of IGF‐1‐receptor is similar in male and female. AG66 suppressed the IGF‐1 effect on cytokine expression and counteracted the IGF‐1‐produced phagocytosis decrease in male reactive astrocytes. Results suggest that sex‐differences in the effect of IGF‐1 on the AKT‐phosphorylation could be due to a lower expression of the p110α in female and that IGF‐1‐effects on the inflammatory response and phagocytosis of male reactive astrocytes are mediated by p110α/PI3K subunit.
Liver zonation, revisited
Authors: Paris Jasmin , Henderson Neil C.
Published: February 2022

The concept of hepatocyte functional zonation is well established, with differences in metabolism and xenobiotic processing determined by multiple factors including oxygen and nutrient levels across the hepatic lobule. However, recent advances in single‐cell genomics technologies, including single‐cell and nuclei RNA sequencing, and the rapidly evolving fields of spatial transcriptomic and proteomic profiling have greatly increased our understanding of liver zonation. Here we discuss how these transformative experimental strategies are being leveraged to dissect liver zonation at unprecedented resolution and how this new information should facilitate the emergence of novel precision medicine‐based therapies for patients with liver disease.
Effect of vaginal washing before Misoprostol insertion on cervical ripening before induction of labor: A randomized single‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Kabodmehri Roya , Sharami Seyedeh Hajar , Milani Forozan , Hosseinzadeh Fatemeh , Dalil Heirati Seyedeh Fatemeh , Bakhshipour Zakie , Pourhabibi Zahra
Published: February 2022

Background

Vaginal pH is acidic in pregnancy, but there is no information about pH changes in pregnancy, and contradictory results have been reported from the effectiveness of Misoprostol at different vaginal pH. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vaginal washing before Misoprostol insertion on cervical ripening before induction of labor in comparison with the control group.

Methods

This randomized single‐blind clinical trial was performed on 148 pregnant women who were candidates for induction of labor. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (vaginal washing with 20 cc of normal saline 0.9% before Misoprostol insertion) and the control group (without vaginal washing). Vaginal pH and Bishop scores were measured before and after the intervention. The two groups were compared in demographic‐obstetric variables, the success rate of induction of labor, maternal and neonatal outcomes, and Misoprostol dose.

Results

After the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the pH before and after in the group with vaginal washing. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the type and duration of labor, and maternal and neonatal outcomes (P > .05). The frequency of normal delivery less than 12 hours in the intervention group was higher than in the control group. Although this difference was not statistically significant due to the small number of subjects, it is clinically significant.

Conclusion

The results of the present study showed that vaginal washing with normal saline before Misoprostol insertion for induction of labor did not affect the success of induction and duration of labor.
Generalized differential quadrature analysis of MHD mixed convective motion of Casson fluids past an isothermal irregular slender geometry via Cattaneo–Christov's approach
Authors: Hamad Najiba Hasan
Published: February 2022

Classical Fourier's theory is well‐known in continuum physics and thermal sciences. However, the primary drawback of this law is that it contradicts the principle of causality. To explore the thermal relaxation time characteristic, Cattaneo–Christov's theory is adopted thermally. In this regard, the features of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convective flows of Casson fluids over an impermeable irregular sheet are revealed numerically. In addition, the resulting system of partial differential equations is altered via practical transformations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. An advanced numerical algorithm is developed in this respect to get higher approximations for temperature and velocity fields, as well as their corresponding wall gradients. For validating our numerical code, the current outcomes are compared with the available literature results. Moreover, it is revealed that the velocity field is more prominent in the suction flow situation as compared with the injection flow case. It is also found that the Casson fluid is hastened in the case of lower yield stress. Larger values of thermal relaxation parameters create a lessening trend in the temperature distribution and its related boundary layer breadth.
Intracranial hemorrhage following drainage of chronic subdural effusion and hematoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Wen Peng , Xu Wen‐Long , Chen Huan
Published: February 2022

Acute intracranial hemorrhage (AIH) after drainage of chronic subdural hematoma is a rare but serious complication. An 86‐year‐old man with bilateral frontotemporal subdural effusion, hematoma, and cerebral hernia was admitted to our department and treated with bilateral burr hole surgery and closed‐system drainage under local anesthesia. After the operation, computed tomography (CT) showed AIH in the left temporal and occipital lobe, and then a series of head CT showed that the hematoma gradually increased day by day. This patient had a medical history of hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and taking warfarin. He was treated conservatively, but had not recovered at discharge after 1 month. We reviewed the relevant literature and analyzed the operation opportunity, causes of cerebral hemorrhage, and preventive measures in similar patients. We suppose that the coagulation abnormality and rapid fluctuations of intracranial pressure were the main causes of development of AIH in our patient. Several possible reasons such as brain shift and impaired vascular autoregulation are also associated with postoperative AIH. We must be aware of this complication and keep some preventive measures in our mind.
Exploring White individuals' perceptions of Black atheists' trustworthiness, racial identity, and feelings of warmth
Authors: Howard Simon
Published: February 2022

Anti‐atheist bias in the United States is both persistent and pervasive. However, most experimental psychological research demonstrating anti‐atheist bias have used White targets or targets whose race is not explicitly mentioned. Thus, it is unknown whether atheists of colour, who have two stigmatised identities (e.g., their race and atheist identification), are perceived differently from their ingroup counterparts with one stigmatised identity (e.g., Black Christian). Using a between‐subjects experimental design we examined White Americans' (n = 286;Mage = 39.91,SD = 13.17) perceptions of Black atheists' trustworthiness and racial identification relative to Black non‐atheists. We also explored whether exposure to Black atheists versus Black Christians would influence White individuals' feelings of warmth towards Black Americans in general. There was no evidence that White individuals perceive Black atheists as less trustworthy or less racially identified than non‐atheist Black individuals (i.e., Black Christians and Black individuals whose religious identity was not explicitly mentioned). Results did reveal, however, that White individuals had higher feelings of warmth towards Black Americans in general (and several other stigmatised groups) after exposure to a Black Christian versus Black individuals who were not Christian. Implications and future research directions are discussed, particularly focused on atheists who are multiply stigmatised.
Effect of thyroid hormone‐disrupting chemicals on swim bladder inflation and thyroid hormone‐related gene expression in Japanese medaka and zebrafish
Authors: Horie Yoshifumi , Nomura Miho , Okamoto Konori , Takahashi Chiho , Sato Tomomi , Miyagawa Shinichi , Okamura Hideo , Iguchi Taisen
Published: February 2022

We compared the influence of thyroid hormone‐disrupting chemicals (heptafluorobutanoic acid, PFBA and tris[1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl] phosphate, TDCPP) and thyroid hormone (3,3′,5‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine, T3) on swim bladder inflation and thyroid hormone‐related gene expression in Japanese medaka and zebrafish. The swim bladder of most larvae had inflated at 4 h post hatching (hph) in Japanese medaka and at 48 hph in zebrafish in controls. In both fish species, the swim bladder inflation was inhibited in larvae exposed to PFBA (lowest observed effect concentration [LOEC] in medaka: 40 mg/L; in zebrafish: 80 mg/L), TDCPP (LOEC in medaka: 1 mg/L; in zebrafish: 0.5 mg/L), and T3 (no inhibition in Japanese medaka; LOEC in zebrafish: 7.5 μg/L). We also examined the influence of PFBA, TDCPP, and T3 on the expression of thyroid stimulating hormone subunit beta (tshβ) or thyroid hormone receptor alpha (trα) and beta (trβ). No changes were observed in the expression of genes after PFBA and TDCPP exposure; however, T3 exposure upregulated trα and trβ expression in both fish species. When the results were compared between Japanese medaka and zebrafish, swim bladder inflation in both species was found to be inhibited by exposure to thyroid hormone‐disrupting chemicals. Our results show that inhibition of the swim bladder inflation at 4 hph in Japanese medaka and 48 hph in zebrafish is a potential indicator of thyroid hormone‐disturbing activity of chemicals.
Ameliorative effect of N‐acetylcysteine on the testicular tissue of adult male albino rats after glyphosate‐based herbicide exposure
Authors: Hashim Asmaa R. , Bashir Dina W. , Yasin Noha A. E. , Rashad Maha M. , El‐Gharbawy Saad M.
Published: February 2022

Glyphosate (GLP) is a broad‐spectrum herbicide that is frequently used in crop production, but its residues remain in foodstuffs. This, in turn, has led to potential adverse effects on both human and animal health. Recent studies emphasized that GLP induces teratogenic effects and reproductive disorders, but its mechanism of toxicity is highly debated. N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) is well known for its potent antioxidant capacity in addition to anti‐inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the reproductive toxicity of GLP in mature rats and evaluate the possible ameliorative effect of NAC against this toxicity. To this end, 30 adult male rats were assigned into three groups (10 rats per group) as follows: Group I, negative control; group II, GLP‐exposed; 375 mg/kg GLP, orally; group III, NAC‐cotreated, 160 mg/kg NAC 1 h before GLP, plus GLP, 375 mg/kg orally for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the testicles were collected for semen analysis and biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical studies. GLP‐exposed rats exhibited disturbances in seminal parameters and a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels and expression of apoptotic markers. Several histopathological changes were observed, including strong immunoreactions for caspase‐3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Conversely, the administration of NAC before GLP was able to improve seminal parameters, attenuate the induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in addition to the regeneration of testicular damage. In conclusion, NAC can ameliorate the reproductive toxicity induced by GLP to an acceptable degree.
Docosahexaenoic acid increased MeCP2 mediated mitochondrial respiratory complexes II and III enzyme activities in cortical astrocytes
Authors: Dave Arpita , Pillai Prakash P.
Published: February 2022

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in the neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system. Currently, therapeutics for RTT is aimed at restoring the loss‐of‐function by MeCP2 gene therapy, but that approach has multiple challenges. We have already reported impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in MeCP2 deficient astrocytes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, has been shown with health benefits, but its impact on mitochondrial functions in MeCP2 deficient astrocytes has never been paid much attention. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of DHA on mitochondrial respiratory chain regulation in MeCP2 knockdown astrocytes. We determined NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 (Ndufv2‐complex‐I), Ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase core protein (Uqcrc1‐complex‐III) genes expression, Ndufv2 protein expression, respiratory electron transport chain complex I, II, III, and IV enzyme activities, intracellular Ca+2, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in DHA pre‐incubated MeCP2 knock‐down rat primary cortical astrocytes. Our study demonstrates that 100 µM DHA increases MeCP2 gene and protein expression. Increases brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Uqcrc1 gene expression, Ndufv2 protein expression, but has no effect on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene expression. DHA treatment also increases mitochondrial respiratory Complexes II and III activities and reduces intracellular calcium levels. Taken together, the effects of DHA seem independent of MeCP2 deficiency in astrocytes. Hence, further studies are warranted to understand the complicated mechanisms of DHA and for its therapeutic significance in MeCP2‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and in RTT disease.
Novel boron‐containing compound, halogenated boroxine, induces selective cytotoxicity through apoptosis triggering in UT‐7 leukemia
Authors: Hadzic Maida , Pojskic Lejla , Lojo‐Kadric Naida , Haveric Anja , Ramic Jasmin , Galic Borivoj , Haveric Sanin
Published: February 2022

Apoptosis induction is a promising approach in targeting tumor cells. As halogenated boroxine (HB) shows antitumor activity, but its mechanism of action in hematological tumors remains unclear, in this study, we aimed to analyze apoptosis triggering in normal and UT‐7 leukemia cells by HB. Methods for assessing cell viability and cytotoxicity, apoptosis detection, relative expression of 84 apoptosis‐associated genes and BCL‐2, and functional analysis were applied. Pronounced HB activities in inhibition of cell viability, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis induction with measurable differences between tumor and normal cells were found. HB modulated the expression of 21 genes, predominantly downregulated the antiapoptotic genes in leukemia. The functional association revealed HB's impact on inhibition of NF‐κB signaling pathway. BCL‐2 expression decreasing was found only in UT‐7 leukemia. This study identified HB as an apoptosis inducer affecting leukemia but not normal cells considering mechanisms of selective activity that may be a great advantage of HB applications.
Neuroprotective effect of alpha‐pinene is mediated by suppression of the TNF‐α/NF‐κB pathway in Alzheimer's disease rat model
Authors: Khan‐Mohammadi‐Khorrami Mohammad‐Kazem , Asle‐Rousta Masoumeh , Rahnema Mehdi , Amini Rahim
Published: February 2022

Monoterpene alpha‐pinene possesses antioxidant, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. We evaluated the effect of alpha‐pinene on oxidative/nitrosative stress, neuroinflammation, and molecular and behavioral changes induced by beta‐amyloid (Aβ)1‐42 in rats and investigated the possible mechanisms of these outcomes. Male Wistar rats received alpha‐pinene (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally) for 14 consecutive days after intrahippocampal injection of Aβ1‐42. Alpha‐pinene decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, increased glutathione content, and enhanced catalase activity in Aβ‐injected rats. Also, messenger RNA expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, nuclear factor κB, and N‐methyl‐
d‐aspartate receptor subunits 2A and 2B reduced in the hippocampus of these animals. Besides this, alpha‐pinene repressed the Aβ1‐42‐induced reduction of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression. Treatment with alpha‐pinene caused Aβ‐receiving rats to spend more time in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze test and led to an increase in percentages of open arm entrance and time spent in the open arm in the elevated plus‐maze test. We concluded that alpha‐pinene strengthens the antioxidant system and prevents neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of rats receiving Aβ. It improves spatial learning and memory and reduces anxiety‐like behavior in these animals. Consequently, alpha‐pinene alleviates Aβ‐induced oxidative/nitrosative stress, neuroinflammation, and behavioral deficits. It is probably a suitable candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Early is superior to late plasma exchange for severe multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Authors: Katlan Banu , Kesici Selman , Karacanoğlu Dilek , Oygar Pembe Derin , Ünal Yüksekgönül Ayse , Şener Seher , Aykan Hayrettin Hakan , Özsurekçi Yasemin , Özen Seza , Bayrakci Benan
Published: February 2022

Background

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) can be life threatening in severe cases because of uncontrolled inflammation and multi‐organ failure. In this study, we report the effect of plasma exchange in the treatment of MIS‐C and to emphasize the effect of its early application on outcome.

Method

In this retrospective observational study, the medical records of children with severe MIS‐C admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between April 2020 and January 2021 were reviewed. Severe MIS‐C patients were treated according to protocol consisting of plasma exchange (PE), intravenous immune globulin, steroids, and anakinra which we called the “PISA” protocol referring to the initials. The patients were divided into two groups as early plasma exchange (E‐PE) and late plasma exchange (L‐PE) according to the elapse time between hospital admission and the administration of PE. Groups were compared in terms of outcome variables. Primary study outcome was 28‐day mortality. Secondary outcome variables were acute phase response time, length of immunomodulatory treatment, frequency of patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) and inotropic support, length of inotropic support and MV, length of hospital and PICU stays.

Results

Eighteen pediatric patients with MIS‐C were included in the study. Seventeen (95%) of the patients presented with decompensated shock and required inotropic support. One of the 17 patients needed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (ECMO) PISA protocol was used in all patients. There was no mortality in the E‐PE group while the mortality rate was 20% in the L‐PE group. Acute phase reactant response was faster in the E‐PE group and immunomodulatory treatments could be reduced earlier; the frequency of patients requiring inotropic and mechanical ventilation (MV) support was lower in the E‐PE group; the duration of inotropic support, duration of MV, and length of stay in hospital and PICU were significantly shorter in the E‐PE group.

Conclusion

We suggest that in selected cases, timely administration of PE is a beneficial rescue therapy for MIS‐C related hyperinflammation presenting with severe cardiovascular collapse.
Guide to tuning the chalcone molecular properties based on the push‐pull effect energy scale created via the molecular tailoring approach
Authors: Afonin Andrei V. , Rusinska‐Roszak Danuta
Published: February 2022

Using the molecular tailoring approach, a total energy scale for the push‐pull effect in the range from −40 to 100 kcal/mol is created for the wide series of neutral, charged and doubly charged compounds on the chalcone platform. Taking into account similar energy scale for hydrogen bonds, the strength of the push‐pull effect is ranked in the seven categories, ranging from negative (anti‐push‐pull) to very weak and very strong push‐pull effect. It is demonstrated that the molecular properties of chalcone can be tuned prior synthesis due to the created energy scale for the push‐pull effect. The single bonds of the π‐spacer in the chalcones are shortened, the double ones are lengthened, and the C=O bond vibrations are red shifted when the push‐pull effect is enhanced along the energy scale. The HOMO and LUMO energies change systematically while the HOMO–LUMO energy gap narrows as the strength of the push–pull effect increases.
Two silver(I) complexes: Synthesis, structures, and electrochemicalH2O2sensing
Authors: Kong Xiaoxia , Shen Qinqin , Wan Tiantian , Li Kaiyi , Sun Fugang , Wu Huilu
Published: February 2022

Two new silver(I) complexes, formulated as [Ag2(L1)2](picrate)2(1), {[Ag2(L2)2(terephthalate)](C2H5OH)3(H2O)}n(2) (L1 = 1,3‐bis(2‐benzimidazyl)benzene, L2 = 1,3‐bis(1‐methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐thiapropane), were synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography, elemental analysis, infrared, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The crystal analysis results showed that the complexes exhibited different structures: binuclear for1and one‐dimensional polymeric for2. Their Ag(I) centers displayed different coordination geometric structures: two‐coordinated linear in1, whereas four‐coordinated distorted tetrahedron in2. The electrochemical sensing performance of Ag(I) complexes modified carbon paste electrode (CPE‐1 and CPE‐2) toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was evaluated by chronoamperometry in 0.2 M phosphate buffer saline (pH = 6) at −0.2 V. The CPE‐1 was found to have a wide linear response from 1.0 × 10−5to 4.0 × 10−3 M, lower detection limit of 1.73 μM, excellent anti‐interference ability, and stability. The CPE‐2 does not have recognition properties for H2O2, which may be due to the large steric hindrance around Ag(I) centers that is not easy to combine with H2O2to form a catalytic transition state. The above studies proved that Ag(I) complexes can be used as effective components of electrode materials for the electrochemical recognition of H2O2.
Oncogenic and tumor suppressor genes expression in myeloproliferative neoplasms: The hidden side of a complex pathology
Authors: Abedi Elham , Karimi Mehran , Yaghobi Ramin , Mohammadi Hamid , Haghpanah Sezaneh , Moghadam Mohamad , Bayat Elahe , Rezvani Alireza , Ramzi Mani
Published: February 2022

Background

The present study aimed to explore the changes in the expressions of six tumor‐related genes in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The study population included 130 patients with MPNs (52 with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 49 with essential thrombocythemia (ET), 20 with polycythemia vera (PV), and 9 with primary myelofibrosis (PMF)) and 51 healthy individuals.

Methods

The expression profiling of six genes (ADAMTS18, CMTM5, CDKN2B, DCC, FHIT, and WNT5B) in the peripheral blood granulocyte cells was explored by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results

The patients with MPNs showed significant downregulation of CMTM5 (EFC = 0.66) and DCC (EFC = 0.65) genes in contrast to a non‐significant upregulation of ADAMTS18, CDKN2B, FHIT, and WNT5B genes. Downregulation of DCC was consistent in all subtypes of MPN (EFC range: 0.591–0.860). However, CMTM5 had a 1.22‐fold upregulation in PMF in contrast to downregulation in other MPN subtypes (EFC range: 0.599–0.775). The results revealed a significant downregulation in CMTM5 and DCC at below 60‐years of age. Furthermore, female patients showed a clear‐cut downregulation in both CMTM5 and DCC (EFC DCC: 0.436 and CMTM5: 0.570), while male patients presented a less prominent downregulation with a borderline p‐value only in DCC (EFC: 0.69; p = 0.05).

Conclusions

Chronic myeloid leukemia cases showed a significant upregulation of WNT5B, as a known oncogenesis gene. Two tumor suppressor genes, namely DCC and CMTM5, were downregulated in the patients with MPNs, especially in females and patients below 60 years of age.
Risk factors for lymph node metastasis and indication of local resection in duodenal neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Nakao Eisuke , Namikawa Ken , Hirasawa Toshiaki , Nakano Kaoru , Tokai Yoshitaka , Yoshimizu Shoichi , Horiuchi Yusuke , Ishiyama Akiyoshi , Yoshio Toshiyuki , Nunobe Souya , Fujisaki Junko
Published: February 2022

Background and Aim

The risk factors for lymph node metastasis (LNM) of duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (DNETs) are not well identified, and a definitive standard of treatment for DNETs has not been established. In this study, we aimed to identify the risk factors for LNM and establish the indication of local resection for DNETs.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 55 patients with 60 non‐ampullary and nonfunctional DNETs. We evaluated the risk factors for LNM and compared the outcomes between endoscopic resection (ER) for DNETs <5 mm and laparoscopy and endoscopy cooperative surgery (LECS) for DNETs ≥5 mm.

Results

LNM was present in four (8.7%) patients. Univariate analysis revealed that tumor size ≥10 mm, positive lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and 0‐Is morphology were significantly associated with LNM (P = 0.008, P = 0.037, and P = 0.045, respectively). ER and LECS were performed for 18 and 11 DNETs, respectively. All lesions treated with ER or LECS were confined to the submucosal layer. The median tumor size was 3 mm in ER and 6 mm in LECS. Although there was no significant difference in the R0 (no residual tumor) resection rate, R0 resection was completely achieved in the LECS. No significant differences were observed in terms of complication rates. No recurrence was observed in any of the groups.

Conclusions

Tumor size ≥10 mm, positive LVI, and 0‐Is morphology were significant risk factors for LNM. We demonstrated that ER is feasible and could be safely applied for DNETs <5 mm, and LECS could be applied for DNETs 5–10 mm in size.
An evaluation of Egyptian microfinance laws and regulations preventing overindebtedness of women
Authors: Bedaiwy Shymaa , Peter Dimity
Published: February 2022

This paper examines the strengths and challenges of the Egyptian microfinance laws and regulations that protect impoverished women from overindebtedness. The focus of the analysis is on the regulation of microfinance in the nonbanking sector, that is, microfinance primarily provided by non‐governmental organizations. Although a number of significant laws and regulations have been enacted that provide some protection from overindebtedness, it was found that these protections do not extend far enough, and some critical protections are absent. This leaves the most impoverished Egyptian women using microfinance, vulnerable to overindebtedness.
Variation in density, but not morphology, of cutaneous sensilla among body regions in nine species of Australian geckos
Authors: Riedel Jendrian , Schwarzkopf Lin
Published: February 2022

Skin sense organs, cutaneous sensilla, are a well‐known feature of the integument of squamate reptiles and particularly geckos. They vary widely in morphology among species and are thought to be mechanosensitive, associated with prey capture and handling, tail autotomy and placement of the adhesive toepads in pad‐bearing species. Some authors suggest that they may also sense abiotic environmental features, such as temperature or humidity. Here, we describe the morphology and distribution of cutaneous sensilla among body regions of nine Australian gecko species, in four genera. We hypothesised that if sensilla morphology was distinct, or sensilla density high, around the mouth, on the tail and on extremities, sensilla were likely used for these direct tactile functions. We found that sensilla morphology was uniform among body regions within species, but varied among species, while sensilla densities varied among species and body regions. In all species studied, sensilla density was highest on the labials and the dorsal tail scales and low on the feet, head and body, providing strong support for the hypothesis that sensilla serve tactile mechanoreceptive functions for prey capture and handling and for predator avoidance, but not for toepad placement. We suggest sensilla density may be explained by mechanoreception, whereas structure may be influenced by other factors.
RNA‐Seq reveals distinct transcriptomic differences in rotator cuff tendon based on tear etiology and patient sex
Authors: Rai Muhammad Farooq , Cai Lei , Tycksen Eric D. , Keener Jay , Chamberlain Aaron
Published: February 2022

Rotator cuff tears are a common pathology in the shoulder and generally have two underlying etiologies: traumatic and degenerative. Little is known about the molecular underpinning of these etiologies. Here we queried transcript level differences in tear etiology stratified by sex in 31 patients with rotator cuff tears. Tendon tissues were isolated from females (N = 16) and males (N = 15) with traumatic (N = 16) or degenerative (N = 15) tears during arthroscopy. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified by RNA‐seq and biological processes were probed computationally. Expression of some transcripts was validated by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We identified 339 and 336 transcripts differentially expressed by tear etiology in females and males, respectively, at a fold‐change greater than |2|. In females, GSTM1, MT1G, S1008A, ACSM3, DSC, FAM110C, and VNN2 were elevated in traumatic tears representing metabolic/catabolic processes, and immune response whereas CHAD, CLEC3A, IBSP, TNMD, APLNR, and CPA3 were elevated in degenerative tears representing tissue morphogenesis and developmental processes, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix organization. In males, ELOA3B, CXCL8, ADM, TNS4, and SPOCK1 were elevated in traumatic tears representing localization of endoplasmic reticulum, chromosome organization, leukocyte/neutrophil degranulation, and protein transport whereas MYL2, TNNC1, MB, CPA3, APLNR, and CA3 were highly upregulated in degenerative tears representing muscle cell differentiation and development and angiogenesis. Numerous novel lncRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed by tear etiology in both sexes. Real‐time qPCR confirmed RNA‐seq data. This study improves our understanding of tendon biology based on underlying etiology (trauma or degeneration) in a sex‐specific manner. These findings may help drive clinical decision‐making in females and males with traumatic and degenerative shoulder injuries.
Monitoring the lipid oxidation and flavor of Russian sturgeon fillets treated with low temperature vacuum heating: formation and relationship
Authors: Shen Shi‐Ke , Wu Zheng‐Yang , Chen Yue‐Wen , Dong Xiu‐Ping , Liu Fei‐Jian , Ding Zhi‐Wen
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

Sturgeon is one of the most precious fish resources worldwide. Low temperature vacuum heating (LTVH) has been confirmed as a good way of maintaining food quality. However, there is a lack of in‐depth studies assessing the impact of LTVH on lipid oxidation and flavor formation.

RESULTS

The present study compared the effect of LTVH and traditional cooking on lipid oxidation and flavor of sturgeon fillets. In total, 13 fatty acids were detected, of which polyunsaturated fatty acids content was the highest (P < 0.05). LTVH prevented the formation of conjugated diene and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (P < 0.05), as manifested by an increased signal intensity of free radicals of electron spin resonance. The characteristic peaks intensity of lipid by Raman at 970 cm−1, 1080 cm−1 and 1655 cm−1 were reduced, whereas peaks at 1068 cm−1 and 1125 cm−1 displayed the opposite trend. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that the lipids particles were reduced and distributed more evenly with an increase in heating temperature. Principal component analysis of electronic nose cannot effectively separate all groups; however, gas chromatography‐ion migration spectrometry showed that the volatile flavor compounds were relatively stable during LTVH. Correlation analysis of all the above lipid oxidation indices and characteristic flavor substances showed that each treatment group was located in different quadrants and demonstrated great differentiation.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the results of the present study support the view that LTVH is a healthier way of cooking. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry
The antimicrobial and bioactive properties of lactobionic acid
Authors: Sáez‐Orviz Sara , Marcet Ismael , Rendueles Manuel , Díaz Mario
Published: February 2022

Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a bioactive molecule that has generated keen interest in different industries. However, its future application in the food area is one of the most promising. Chemically, it is a polyhydroxy acid formed by the union of two molecules (galactose and gluconic acid) linked by an ether‐bond, showing many interesting and unusual properties due to its structure and composition, although it is traditionally known in the food industry for its chelating, moisturizing, gelling, and antioxidant properties. There has been much research into the production of LBA, either by microbial fermentation or biocatalytic approaches such as enzymatic synthesis, but its use in foodstuffs, to produce new functional products and to evaluate its antimicrobial activity against food‐borne pathogens, is a relatively new topic that has attracted the interest of the international research community recently. Furthermore, in spite of the potential of LBA, it has been approved only by the US Food and Drug Administration, and for its use as the salt form, but the publication of new comprehensive studies, able to agglutinate all the new food‐related LBA research results, could disseminate knowledge about this compound and have an influence on its current regulation status. The aim of the present review is to describe the most recent advances and research on its antimicrobial potential, as well as summarizing the significant aspects that make LBA a promising bioactive compound for the food sector. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Preoperative C‐reactive protein to prealbumin ratio is independently associated with prognosis in patients with resectable colorectal cancer
Authors: Huang Zhe , Cai Pengzhu , Zhao Yumei , Niu Dongdong , Xu Feipeng , Lai Yousheng , Pang Jinglin , Qi Jiaming , Wu Jiayuan
Published: February 2022

Background

Increasing attention has been drawn the prognostic value of inflammatory indices for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the prognostic value of the preoperative C‐reactive protein to prealbumin ratio (CPAR) in CRC remains unclear.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted with 794 patients who had CRC and underwent radical surgical resection. The predictive performance of the inflammatory indices was analyzed and compared using the area under the time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic curve. A competing risk regression model and Cox proportional hazard model were used to analyze the effects of CPAR on disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively.

Results

Patients with high CPAR (>7.25) had poor survival outcome. The CPAR had the best predictive performance among all inflammatory indices, and was significantly associated with several characteristics of tumor invasion, including histological grade, tumor stage, and tumor size. Multivariate analysis showed that high CPAR was independently associated with poor DFS (subdistribution hazard ratio = 2.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.74–2.82) and OS (hazard ratio = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.60–1.96).

Conclusion

Preoperative CPAR assessment could serve as an effective and reliable tool for prognostic prediction in patients with resectable CRC.