bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Get cold feet: job hopping a conundrum in the stable employment of Gen Z employees at Industry 5.0
Authors: Chand Pawan Kumar , Tandon Urvashi , Mishra Neha
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The present research study aims to understand the cause-and-effect reasons behind the job-hopping practices followed by Gen Z employees in the industry 5.0 in India. Further, in the tandem of efforts, the research study has examined the direct and indirect relationship among novice behaviour, social alienation and job-hopping in Gen Z in the information technology sector of Industry 5.0 in India.

Design/methodology/approach

The 533 Gen Z or millennial employees were chosen from northern India Industry 5.0 following the non-probability purposive sampling technique. The study follows the quantitative research approach, and the data were collected through a survey questionnaire based on standardized measuring instruments. Further, the gathered data were analysed using the structure equation modelling.

Findings

The study’s findings confer the significant direct impact of novice behaviour on job-hopping. While measuring the indirect relationship, the partial mediation effect was noticed in the relationship among novice behaviour, social alienation and job-hopping in the Gen Z employees of Industry 5.0 in India.

Originality/value

The present study will be beneficial to the investors to recognize the job-hopping reasons in Industry 5.0. Further, Gen Z employees and academicians will also receive insight into the cause and effect behind job-hopping. Such will minimize the gap between industry and academia and help Gen Z attain stable employment in Industry 5.0.
Royal power in the market‐oriented society: The Swedish King's consecration of business and corporate elites
Authors: Holmqvist Mikael
Published: November 2024

In this paper, I examine how the King of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf, systematically consecrates the nation's business and corporate elites who have come to dominate Swedish society during the last decades concomitant with a fundamental transformation from traditional social‐democracy to neoliberalism, that is, a society characterized by the logic of corporations and markets. By promoting the business and corporate elites, the King contributes to strengthening their status and legitimacy in relation to other groups, while at the same time he reproduces his own elite status and image as a “corporate king.” In order to examine this dual elite legitimation, I have studied three major official duties in the King's official role as Sweden's head of state: (a) the awarding of the most prestigious royal medals to corporate leaders; (b) the invitation of these elites to official royal dinners; and (c) state visits, whereby the corporate elites are given a peculiar status in relation to other elite groups. Based on this unique data on the activities of a living monarch, I refute the common assumption among sociologists today that royals, and particularly monarchs, are powerless figures and therefore irrelevant as study objects. By consecrating business and its leaders, monarchs contribute to legitimizing neoliberalism, thus strengthening its hegemony, as well as their own standing. Hence, they are not only symbolic figures, but exercise real power as well.
Potential pesticide substrates of an insect ABCC transporter
Authors: Chen Jinli , Wang Dong , Liu Wei , Zhou Yuanyuan , Yang Qing
Published: November 2024

The use of synthetic pesticides carries a significant risk of pests developing resistance, leading to decreased pesticide effectiveness. ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters, especially the ABCC subfamily members, have been suggested to act as efflux pumps for various pesticides, thereby contributing to pesticide resistance. So far, the identification of potential pesticide substrates of insect ABC transporters is most often based on the quantification of transcript in arthropods. Here, we screened and identified the potential pesticide substrates of ABCC‐9C from Tribolium castaneum based on an in vitro ATPase activity assay. Together with affinity evaluation‐, cytotoxicity analysis‐, and RNA interference‐based bioactivity tests, we revealed that the insecticides, carbofuran, and buprofezin, are potential substrates of TcABCC‐9C. Additionally, we identified an amphipathic translocation channel in the transmembrane domain of TcABCC‐9C formed by 8 transmembrane helices. Molecular docking suggested that both carbofuran and buprofezin bind at the same site within the translocation channel via hydrophobic interactions. These findings indicate that TcABCC‐9C might play a critical role in multi‐pesticide resistance, providing a potential target for managing pesticide resistance and laying the groundwork for future pest control strategies. Given the conservations among ABCC subfamily members, the experimental model we developed in this study can be also applied to identify the potential substrates of other ABCC transporters, as well as to predict insecticide resistance mediated by ABCC transporters.
Exploring the impact of a chemical disinfectant and an antiviral drug for RNA virus management in the Mediterranean fruit fly mass‐rearing
Authors: Hernández‐Pelegrín Luis , García‐Castillo Pablo , Catalá‐Oltra Marta , Dembilio Óscar , Ros Vera I.D. , Herrero Salvador
Published: November 2024

The Mediterranean fruit fly is an agricultural pest of a wide variety of fruit crops. An effective method to counteract them in the field is through the application of the sterile insect technique, which requires the mass‐production of sterile males. The presence of pathogens, and specifically viruses, threatens the well‐being of mass‐reared insects generating an interest on the development of strategies for viral elimination or containment. Thirteen RNA viruses have been described in the medfly although so far only one of them, Ceratitis capitata nora virus, has been associated with detrimental effects on medfly development. In this context, medfly larvae were supplied with a chemical compound (formaldehyde) and an antiviral compound (ribavirin) via oral feeding to (1) test the potential of these compounds for viral elimination and (2) analyze their effect on medfly development. Overall, formaldehyde treatment did not reduce the viral titer for any of the tested viruses, while ribavirin effectively reduced the levels of two widespread RNA viruses but not in a dose–response manner. However, the addition of both compounds correlated with detrimental effects on medfly fitness, arguing against their use in mass‐rearing facilities.
Differential gene expression in Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) induced by Wolbachia infection
Authors: Jiménez‐Florido Patricia , Aquilino Mónica , Buckley David , Bella José L. , Planelló Rosario
Published: November 2024

Distinct lineages of the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) form well‐known hybrid zones (HZs) both in the Pyrenees and the Alps mountain ranges in South Europe. These HZs represent unique experimental systems to identify “key genes” that maintain genetic boundaries between emerging species. The Iberian endemism C. p. erythropus (Cpe) and the subspecies C. p. parallelus (Cpp), widely distributed throughout the rest of Europe, overlap and form the Pyrenean HZ. Both subspecies differ morphologically, as well as in behavioral, mitochondrial, nuclear, and chromosomal traits, and in the strains of the maternally transmitted bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia infecting them. This results in either unidirectional and bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility between both grasshopper subspecies, pointing out that Wolbachia clearly affects gene expression in the infected individuals. Here we explore how Wolbachia may modify the expression of some major genes involved in relevant pathways in Cpp in the Pyrenean HZ. We have analyzed, through molecular biomarkers, the physiological responses in C. parallelus individuals infected by Wolbachia, with particular attention to the energy metabolism, the immune system response, and the reproduction. qPCR was used to evaluate the expression of selected genes in the gonads of infected and uninfected adults of both sexes, since this tissue constitutes the main target of Wolbachia infection. Transcriptional analyses also showed differential sex‐dependent responses in most of the analyzed biomarkers in infected and noninfected individuals. We identified for the first time new sensitive biomarkers that might be involved in the reproductive barrier induced by Wolbachia in the hybrid zone.
Exposure to specific fungal lectins during adhesion impairs biofilm formation of Listeria on polystyrene
Authors: Janež Nika , Ladányi Márta , Sterniša Meta , Jug Blaž , Zupan Tanja , Peternel Tjaša , Sebastijanović Aleksandar , Perišić Nanut Milica , Karničar Katarina , Taler‐Verčič Ajda , Turk Dušan , Klančnik Anja , Štrancar Janez , Sabotič Jerica
Published: November 2024

Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic bacterium that can form biofilms in food processing plants, allowing the bacteria to survive despite the control measures applied. As the surface of the bacteria is covered with versatile polysaccharides and proteins, these influence the interactions of the bacterium with any surface. The unique properties and high stability of fungal proteins make them good candidates for the control of bacteria by targeting surface structures. We screened a group of fungal lectins and protease inhibitors from different fungal species, protein folds and known targets for their antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against model strains of Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes. Several of them significantly decreased the viability of biofilm bacteria, but had no effect on bacterial growth parameters at 37°C and thus had no antibacterial activity. Fungal lectins significantly impaired biofilm development even at room temperature, which was attributed to exposure to lectins during adhesion. The tested fungal proteins also reduced biofilm development on biological model surfaces. The observed antibiofilm activity of fungal proteins suggests that they have the potential to modulate interactions between bacteria and/or between bacteria and surfaces, which could be used in the future to reduce surface contamination by Listeria.
Populism and the rule of law: The importance of institutional legacies
Authors: Kyriacou Andreas , Trivin Pedro
Published: November 2024

Existing work sees populist governments undermining the rule of law because they seek to dismantle institutional constraints on their personalistic plebiscitarian rule. We argue that populist rulers pose a greater threat to legal impartiality, equality, and compliance when they face a legacy of weak rule of law. We find empirical support for this assertion after applying synthetic control methods to a cross‐country sample that includes up to 51 populist events spanning the period from 1920 to 2019. Our results remain consistent across a range of robustness checks including, the consideration of a set of contextual variables that can potentially determine the capacity of populist governments to sweep away institutional constraints, different populist event classifications, and different ways of measuring the rule of law. In countries, like the United States, with a robust rule of law tradition, the deleterious impact of populists on institutions will be limited but not negligible.
Black Race is Associated with Decreased Exposure to Advanced Therapies and Worse Outcomes in Individuals with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: McFalls Caya , Chaaban Lara , Melia Joanna
Published: November 2024

Background

For people diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC), racial disparities exist both in access to medications and clinical outcomes.

Methods

We used the TriNetX database for two population‐based retrospective analyses with Black (n = 22,519) and Asian (n = 8,626) individuals with UC matched for age, sex, and ethnicity. Outcomes included mortality, medication prescriptions, and clinical encounters at 6 months and 10 years.

Results

At 6 months and 10 years after diagnosis, Black people had increased mortality (2.7% vs. 1.9% and 8.1% vs. 6.9%, p < 0.0001), were prescribed fewer UC‐specific therapies (21.3% vs. 26.4% and 30% vs. 36%, p < 0.0001), had higher rates of emergency department visits (22.3% vs. 13.6% and 41.2% vs. 31.5%, p < 0.0001), and higher hospitalisation rates (30.1% vs. 25.8% and 42.6% vs. 39.9%, p < 0.0001). At 6 months, they had more opioid prescriptions (18.5% vs. 15.7%, p < 0.0001). Asian people had lower mortality at 10 years (5.6% vs. 7.7%, p < 0.0001), higher rates of UC‐specific medications at 6 months (28.6% vs. 26.5%, p = 0.002), and more hospitalizations (38.8% vs. 27.7%, p < 0.0001 at 6 months and 50% vs. 42.2%, p < 0.0001 at 10 years).

Conclusion

Black individuals with UC are prescribed fewer disease‐specific therapies compared to White individuals and have increased hospitalizations and mortality. Black individuals have higher rates of opioid prescriptions. Opioids have been associated with increased complication rates in inflammatory bowel disease. These trends are not seen in Asian individuals. This reveals critical disparities in the care of Black people with UC with opportunity for targeted interventions.
Responses of shallow subarctic ponds to a warming climate in the Anthropocene: a palaeolimnological perspective from the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada
Authors: Nishikawa Connor , Medeiros Andrew S. , Eamer Jennifer , Wolfe Brent B.
Published: November 2024

Arctic ecotones contain dynamic freshwater ecosystems where aquatic biota vary across these transitions and as such can be especially susceptible to environmental change. Here, we examine the palaeoecology of two ponds in the ecotonal Hudson Bay Lowlands, subarctic Canada, to understand how aquatic biota have responded in an increasingly climate‐stressed Anthropocene, and to better anticipate future changes. Using a multi‐proxy palaeolimnological approach, we reconstruct past environmental conditions through the examination of subfossil chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) and compare these records to organic carbon and nitrogen elemental and isotope composition, and previously published cellulose‐inferred lake water oxygen isotope records. Despite their close proximity, we found different chironomid assemblages in each pond that reflected differences in hydrological trajectories since 1940; an isolated pond exposed to evaporative stress showed an increasingly littoral chironomid assemblage, while a nearby basin that began receiving waters from a channel fen lost semi‐terrestrial taxa associated with flooded grassy margins that became more permanently submerged. Even though large catchment‐mediated changes resulted in a shift in some chironomids of both ponds, chironomid‐based palaeo‐temperature reconstructions demonstrated similar warming trends. Shifts in the ecology of subarctic lakes and ponds are expected to increase as the effects of climate change become more severe.
Novel Hydrazide‐Hydrazones Bearing a Benzimidazole Ring: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Inhibitor Properties Against CA I and CA II Isozymes
Authors: Işık Ayşen , Acar Çevik Ulviye , Celik Ismail , Küçükoğlu Kaan , Nadaroglu Hayrunnisa , Bostancı Hayrani Eren , Özkay Yusuf , Kaplancıklı Zafer Asım
Published: November 2024

In this study, we propose identifying potential novel compounds targeting carbonic anhydrase I and II. Herein, we have designed and synthesized new benzimidazole‐hydrazide‐hydrazones derivatives (4a‐4r) to investigate the effects of these synthesized compounds on CA isoenzymes. The compounds' 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS spectra were used to confirm their chemical structures. The synthetic derivatives were screened for their inhibitory potential against carbonic anhydrase I and II by in vitro assay. These compounds have IC50 values of 3.727–1.493 μM (hCA I) and 3.892–1.547 μM (hCA II). Inhibition types and Ki values of the compounds were determined. The Ki values of the compounds were 3.006 ± 0.17 μM‐0.356 ± 0.0 μM (hCA I) and 2.923 ± 0.15 μM‐0.346 ± 0.0 μM (hCA II). Acetazolamide (AAZ) was used as the reference in the study. The most potent derivatives, a 4‐methoxy derivative (compound 4k) and 4‐(trifluoromethyl) derivative (compound 4g), than AAZ (IC50 = 2.26 μM) and their IC50 values were found as 1.493 μM and 1.675 μM, respectively. Compared to AAZ, the other derivatives having more effect on hCA I were compounds 4b, 4e, 4l, 4m, 4n, and 4o. The compounds gave IC50 values of 1.743, 1.789, 1.933, 1.966, 1.983, and 1.986 μM, respectively. Compounds 4a‐4r found no more effective inhibitory activity against hCA II isozyme than AAZ (IC50 = 1.17 μM). According to the in vitro test results, detailed protein‐ligand interactions of the compounds 4b and 4k exhibited considerably low binding energies, suggesting strong interaction affinities against hCA I. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of the compounds on the L929 healthy cell line were evaluated.
Implant‐Supported Cantilever Fixed Dental Prosthesis in the Anterior Region: Effect of Implant Type and Aging In Vitro
Authors: Rohr Nadja , Iwauchi Yotaro , Bernauer Raffael , Heuzeroth Raphael , Zitzmann Nicola U.
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To investigate if the fracture load of implant‐supported cantilever fixed dental prostheses (ICFDPs) in the anterior region is affected by the implant type and the aging protocol.

Materials and Methods

Sixty ICFDPs were prepared using multilayer monolithic zirconia for restoring bone‐level (BL) and tissue‐level (TL) titanium‐zirconium implants. Fracture load was measured at baseline (no aging) or after aging in a chewing simulator loading the implant crown or the cantilever in a 30° angle (n = 10 per group). A two‐way ANOVA was applied (α = 0.05) for the effects of implant type and aging protocol.

Results

Implant type (p < 0.001) and aging (p < 0.001) had a significant effect on fracture load values. Baseline specimens of both BL (665 ± 62 N) and TL (554 ± 23 N) had significantly higher mean fracture load values than those of aged specimens(BL implant crown 545 ± 46 N, BL cantilever 563 ± 45 N, TL implant crown 455 ± 32 N, TL cantilever 476 ± 24 N) (p < 0.001). The loading position during aging did not affect fracture load values for BL (p = 0.980) nor TL (p = 0.749). BL implants failed by cement fracture and abutment deformation, while for TL the transmucosal part of the implant deformed.

Conclusions

The fracture load values of anterior ICFDPs decrease with aging in a chewing simulator. BL implants are preferable over TL implants for anterior ICFDPs as higher fracture load values were achieved, and no implant deformation occurred.
METTL16 and YTHDC1 Regulate Spermatogonial Differentiation via m6A
Authors: Gu Xueying , Dai Xinyuan , Sun Haifeng , Lian Yilong , Huang Xingxu , Shen Bin , Zhang Pengfei
Published: November 2024

Spermatogenesis is a highly unique and intricate process, finely regulated at multiple levels, including post‐transcriptional regulation. N6‐methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA, plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation during spermatogenesis. Previous research indicated extensive m6A modification at each stage of spermatogenesis, but depletion of Mettl3 and/or Mettl14 in spermatogenic cells with Stra8‐Cre did not reveal any detectable abnormalities up to the stage of elongating spermatids. This suggests the involvement of other methyltransferases in the regulation of m6A modification during spermatogonial differentiation and meiosis. As a METTL3/14‐independent m6A methyltransferase, METTL16 remains insufficiently studied in its roles during spermatogenesis. We report that male mice with Mettl16vasa‐cre exhibited significantly smaller testes, accompanied by a progressive loss of spermatogonia after birth. Additionally, the deletion of Mettl16 in A1 spermatogonia using Stra8‐Cre results in a blockade in spermatogonial differentiation. Given YTHDC1's specific recognition for METTL16 target genes, we further investigated the role of YTHDC1 using Ythdc1‐sKO mouse model. Our results indicate that Ythdc1Stra8‐cre also impairs spermatogonial differentiation, similar to the effects observed in Mettl16Stra8‐cre mice. RNA‐seq and m6A‐seq analyses revealed that deletion of either Mettl6 or Ythdc1 disrupted the gene expression related to chromosome organisation and segregation, ultimately leading to male infertility. Collectively, this study underscores the essential roles of the m6A writer METTL16 and its reader YTHDC1 in the differentiation of spermatogonia.
Heterochrony and Oophagy Underlie the Evolution of Giant Filter‐Feeding Lamniform Sharks
Authors: Gayford Joel H. , Irschick Duncan J. , Chin Andrew , Rummer Jodie L.
Published: November 2024

Evolutionary transitions toward gigantic body sizes have profound consequences for the structure and dynamics of ecological networks. Among elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), gigantism has evolved on several occasions, most notably in the iconic Megalodon (Otodus megalodon†) and the extant whale shark (Rhincodon typus), basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), and megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios), all of which reach total lengths exceeding 6 m and, in some cases, reach 21 m or more. Comparative phylogenetic studies suggest that filter feeding and heterothermy provide two alternative evolutionary pathways leading to gigantism in sharks. These selection‐based explanations for gigantism are important; however, our understanding of evolutionary transitions in body size is fundamentally constrained without a proximate, mechanistic understanding of how the suite of adaptations necessary to facilitate gigantism evolved. Here we propose the heterochrony hypothesis for the evolution of the giant filter‐feeding shark ecomorphotype. We suggest that craniofacial adaptations for oophagy in embryonic stages of lamniform sharks are retained through ontogeny in C. maximus and M. pelagios by paedomorphosis, resulting in an enlarged head and mouth relative to the rest of the body, even in adulthood. This change in developmental timing enables these taxa to optimize prey acquisition, which is thought to be the limiting factor for the evolution of gigantism in filter‐feeding marine vertebrates. We discuss the concordance of this hypothesis with current developmental, morphological, and evolutionary data, and we suggest future means by which the hypothesis could be tested.
The formation and cross‐border connectivity of bank branch networks across the Canadian provinces: regional internationalization via interbank networks and foreign trade (1879–1900)
Authors: Pivavarava Alena V.
Published: November 2024

This study advances a new approach to investigating the resilience of regional banking systems by reconstructing the co‐evolving branch and interbank networks in post‐Confederation Canada (1879–1900). By digitizing annual banking registers, this study employed a microgeographic approach to constructing a novel longitudinal dataset on city locations and correspondent arrangements of individual branches of Canadian banks. This study uncovered and visualized the divergent growth trajectories of branch and interbank networks across the Canadian provinces, applying network analysis to analyse their structural properties at the city‐bank level. Survival analysis revealed significantly different volatility levels in the branch networks of chartered and private banks induced by the recurrent economic downturns and regulatory changes, as measured with their new venturing and survival rates. Mapping the interbank networks at the branch‐city level revealed a multi‐tier structure of the correspondent system and contributed novel insights into the regional internationalization via cross‐border interbank arrangements and foreign trade flows. With the new branch‐level evidence, this study addresses a major limitation in the extant literature on banking history in Canada, which, to date, was based on fragmented evidence on banks’ branch establishments and interbank networks. This paper offers implications for future research on international banking history, as well as the financial integration of regions and their cross‐border connectivity via interbank networks.
An Evolutionary Game Study of Consumers' Low‐Carbon Travel Behavior Under Carbon‐Inclusive Policy
Authors: Liu Yaqin , Chen Xi , Zhang Mengya , Li Ke , da Silva Daniel S. , de Albuquerque Victor Hugo C.
Published: November 2024

Carbon‐inclusive policy is regarded as an incentive measure to personal low‐carbon actions. However, its impacts are various for different parties under the government‐led (including government and consumer) mode and the enterprise‐led (including government, consumer and the enterprise) mode, while few studies reveal their difference and give reasonable implications. To fill these gaps, taking consumer's low‐carbon travel as an example, this study develops two evolutionary game models—a two‐party model (based on government‐led adoption) and a tripartite model (based on enterprise‐led adoption)—to investigate the effects of carbon‐inclusive policy. The findings show that (1) the policy benefits all parties in both models, but the participation of the enterprise enhances the effectiveness of the policy; (2) the enterprise‐led mode, that is, the operation of the carbon‐inclusive platform by the enterprise is preferred because all parties have higher payoff, compared with the government‐led mode; and (3) subsidies from the government has a greater impact for consumers' low‐carbon behaviours. However, it has a less impact for the enterprise, which indicates the strategic action of the government is to establish a reasonable consumer subsidy system while reducing subsidies for the enterprise. This study offers a novel perspective on the effects of the carbon‐inclusive policy on consumers' low‐carbon behaviour, and enriches the practice of personal carbon trading.
Psychological interventions for family members of people with psychological disorders with emotional dysregulation: Introduction to special section
Authors: Guillén Verónica
Published: November 2024

Clinicians working with people suffering from psychological disorders involving emotional dysregulation often focus on treating the patient. To some extent, this is logical given the urgency and severity of the patient's problems. However, caregivers of these patients experience high levels of burden, depression, and other types of distress. Therefore, not caring for family members means first, neglecting these people who are also suffering, and secondly missing the opportunity to help patients from other perspectives focused on the context around them that can be very helpful. Currently, there is growing interest in studying interventions to help relatives of people with severe mental disorders. This special section presents some studies that analyze several variables that may influence the course of treatment, such as the influence of personality traits of parents of people with eating disorders and affective disorders or the family alliance for therapeutic change, and the level of hopelessness in family members of people with borderline personality disorders. Second, empirically supported interventions are presented for psychological disorders involving emotional dysregulation, for example, in relatives of people with borderline personality disorder and eating disorders. It is essential to make progress in the psychological care of people with psychological disorders and we think a good way to do this is to integrate into our clinical practice the possibility of offering skills training and psychoeducation to family members. So far, good results have been obtained, and we believe it is essential to disseminate these interventions among clinicians and researchers.
Global Land Use Change and Its Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Li Lidong , Awada Tala , Zhang Yao , Paustian Keith
Published: November 2024

Anthropogenic activities have altered approximately two‐thirds of the Earth's land surface. Urbanization, industrialization, agricultural expansion, and deforestation are increasingly impacting the terrestrial landscapes, leading to shifts of areas in artificial surface (i.e., humanmade), cropland, pasture, forest, and barren land. Land use patterns and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions play a critical role in global climate change. Here we synthesized 29 years of global historical data and demonstrated how land use impacts global GHG emissions using structural equation modeling. We then obtained predictive estimates of future global GHG emissions using a deep learning model. Our results show that, from 1992 to 2020, the global terrestrial areas covered by artificial surface and cropland have expanded by 133% and 6% because of population growth and socioeconomic development, resulting in 4.0% and 3.8% of declines in pasture and forest areas, respectively. Land use was significantly associated with GHG emissions (p < 0.05). Artificial surface dominates global GHG emissions, followed by cropland, pasture, and barren land. The increase in artificial surfaces has driven up global GHG emissions through the increase in energy consumption. Conversely, improved agricultural management practices have contributed to mitigating agricultural GHG emissions. Forest, on the other hand, serves as a sink of GHG. In total, global GHG emissions increased from 31 to 46 GtCO2eq from 1992 to 2020. Looking ahead, if current trends in global land use continue at the same rates, our model projects that global GHG emissions will reach 76 ± 8 GtCO2eq in 2050. In contrast, reducing the rates of land use change by half could limit global GHG emissions to 60 ± 3 GtCO2eq in 2050. Monitoring and analyzing these projections allow a better understanding of the potential impacts of various land use scenarios on global climate and planning for a sustainable future.
Clinical benefits of partial splenic embolization for cancer patients
Authors: Beppu Toru , Masuda Toshiro , Imai Katsunori , Hayashi Hiromitsu
Published: November 2024

Partial splenic embolization (PSE) has developed as an alternative to surgical splenectomy, mainly to improve hypersplenism and esophagogastric varices in cirrhotic patients. We proposed the novel concept that splenic infarction volume, rather than the splenic infarction ratio, is essential for patients receiving PSE. A splenic infarction volume between 388 and 540 mL is suitable for a sufficient increase in platelet count and less severe PSE‐related complications. When restricted to patients with massive splenomegaly >700 mL, the noninfarcted volume of the spleen plays an important role in increasing platelet counts. Based on the splenic volume concept, PSE or laparoscopic splenectomy should be selected. Partial splenic embolization is effective for cancer patients with hypersplenism. Hypersplenism can occur due to portal vein congestion by thrombosis or tumor thrombosis, and hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after oxaliplatin‐including chemotherapy other than liver cirrhosis. Therefore, PSE has been emphasized as a pretreatment intervention for invasive treatments for cancer patients and is applied synchronously with systemic chemotherapy or chemoembolization for patients with liver malignancies. It was reported that additional PSE on chemoembolization can prolong progression‐free survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, PSE can improve liver function and fibrosis, promote liver regeneration, and activate host immunity. Partial splenic embolization can result in thrombocytosis (<200 × 109/L), but this platelet count is unlikely to promote cancer progression. Partial splenic embolization can improve hypersplenism caused by various factors related to the patient's comorbidity and cancer treatment. Our splenic volume concept helps identify appropriate treatment procedures. A proper understanding of PSE and its dissemination is strongly required.
Ski‐pistes can compensate for the climate change‐driven loss of bird communities of avalanche tracks in the Alps
Authors: Lopez Dayron , Chamberlain Dan , Requena Emmanuel , Rosselli Domenico , Alba Riccardo
Published: November 2024

As a consequence of both climate and land‐use change, open alpine habitats are shrinking. Snow avalanches are a natural disturbance that create habitat mosaics which host unique bird communities, but their frequency and severity will probably be influenced by climate change. Ski‐pistes can be considered the artificial counterpart of avalanches, and have been shown to have generally negative effects on alpine fauna. In this study, we compared the bird assemblages of these two open, linear habitats in the Italian Alps, to determine if ski‐pistes could compensate for the potential loss of avalanche tracks and open habitats in the future. In the forest and treeline ecotone zones, there was little difference in abundance and diversity between avalanche tracks, ski‐pistes and reference points. However, above the treeline, avalanche tracks supported greater bird diversity and were characterized by high vegetation diversity, whereas ski‐pistes harboured less‐abundant and less‐diverse bird assemblages in a homogeneous habitat with high grass cover. Shrub‐related species were negatively affected by the vegetation removal involved in the creation of ski‐pistes, but occurred in suitable habitats in the avalanche tracks at lower elevations. Although ski‐pistes had the most negative impacts in high‐elevation assemblages, they were used by some species of alpine and low‐elevation grasslands, showing that pistes could provide suitable habitats below the natural treeline, which may be of benefit to threatened grassland birds. New high‐elevation ski facilities should be discouraged and the conservation potential of ski‐pistes could be improved with sustainable management practices by including some important habitat elements from avalanche tracks such as small trees and shrubs.
Characterization of the Tyranno SA4 third generation SiC fiber surface and comparison with Tyranno SA3 and HNS fibers
Authors: Braun James , Fellah Clémentine , Labrugère Christine , Vaudescal Mélanie , Sauder Cédric
Published: November 2024

While presenting similar properties, the Hi‐Nicalon Type S (HNS) and Tyranno SA3 (TSA3) SiC fibers exhibit different mechanical behaviors when used as reinforcement in SiC/SiC composites. Indeed, the HNS‐reinforced composites exhibit a pseudoductile mechanical behavior whereas the TSA3‐based composites show low ductility. Even though the differences in their grain size and surface roughness could explain a part of this phenomenon, the chemical composition and microstructure of the fibers outermost surface play a key role. The recent availability of the new Tyranno SA4 (TSA4) SiC fiber allowed the processing of composites showing the expected pseudoductile mechanical behavior in ceramic matrix composites, even without an interphase. Therefore, this result shows that the TSA4 surface should be different from its predecessors. In order to characterize the surface, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed on the HNS, TSA3, and TSA4 fibers. The presence of an organized boron nitride layer of dozens of nanometers in thickness on the TSA4 fiber surface was evidenced. This layer already acts as an interphase material, guaranteeing cracks deflection, and is responsible for the pseudoductile behavior of composites made of this new fiber, reducing the interfacial shear stress at the fiber/matrix interface.
Behavioral, haematological, and physiological effects of oxygen‐rich spray after simulated catch and release in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Ruiz Nuria , Tort Lluis
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the impact of an oxygen‐rich spray on rainbow trout subjected to short‐term air exposure episodes. These episodes can be due to sampling procedures or catch‐and‐release (C&R) practices, focusing on behavioral, haematological, and physiological responses. For this, 12 rainbow trout were divided into two groups: control and oxygen‐rich sprayed fish. The fish were chased for 3 min and exposed to air for 6 s, and blood and behavior parameters were assessed. Simulated C&R resulted in partial physiological reflex impairment across groups. However, sprayed fish exhibited significant differences during recovery in head complex reflex and faster tendencies to regain orientation compared to control. Haematological analyses revealed that the treated group displayed reduced erythrocyte swelling and maintenance of red blood cell (RBC) counts, indicating reduced need for compensatory responses to hypoxia. Meanwhile, stress‐related indicators, including cortisol, glucose, and lactate, remained unaffected by the treatment, suggesting no interference of spraying with the fish ability to launch a healthy stress response. No adverse effects were observed on skin surfaces or gills after an exploratory analysis. Overall, the oxygen‐rich spray exhibited favorable effects, indicating potential benefits in protecting rainbow trout during C&R practices or sampling episodes. Moreover, there is a possible wider application of this methodology to benefit other species of fish subjected to stressors such as aquaculture, research, and fisheries management.
How does an autism diagnosis impact a child and their carer in regional Australia?
Authors: De Grandi Alyssia J , Newsom David H
Published: November 2024

Aim

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. This study aims to investigate the impact of an ASD diagnosis on children and their carers from a regional/rural Australian perspective.

Methods

A three‐part survey development study included: (i) Semi‐structured individual ASD carer interviews to identify common themes; (ii) survey development and testing; and (iii) online survey circulation to wider group of carers, for data collection and analysis.

Results

Transcripts from eight carer interviews guided the development of 65 survey questions. The survey was circulated to 316 carers of children diagnosed with ASD. Of the 101 respondents, 95% were female, 86% regional and 12% were rural inhabitants. The average child's age at diagnosis was 6.64 years. Most carers (93%) reported that diagnosis of ASD met their goal, for some an improved understanding of their child's behaviour (39%) and allowing access to therapy (16%), government disability funding (National Disability Insurance Scheme) (19%) and learning support (9%). Some (44%) reported no downsides to an ASD diagnosis; however, 38% reported fears of discrimination, particularly with future relationships (5%) and employment (14%). Barriers included waiting times (16%), costs of appointments (9.9%) and difficulty navigating through the health system (5.9%). Only five participants reported having no costs associated with appointments.

Conclusions

Carers had positive attitudes and experiences regarding their child's ASD diagnosis. The benefits outweighed the perceived harms. Barriers to accessing services included waiting times, out‐of‐pocket expenses and travel distance.
Japan's legal framework for copyright protection of AI‐generated works: A comparative law analysis exploring the possibility of Japan's adoption of the UK legislative approach
Authors: Takeuchi Seiya S.
Published: November 2024

This paper examines the legal policy for copyright protection of artificial intelligence (AI) generated‐works that are autonomously created by AI models without a human's creative process in Japan from the perspective of a comparative law analysis between Japan and the United Kingdom. In summary, this paper concludes that the legal policy‐making approach for copyright protection of AI‐generated works within the framework of Japanese copyright law should involve: (a) addressing concerns about legal consistency through careful selection of a legislative measure; and, therefore, (b) directing the focus of legal policy discussions towards considerations of legal eligibility, moving beyond discussions on legal consistency. This entails an analysis of the strict necessity for copyright protection of AI‐generated works within the prevailing social environment in Japan. First, the focal point of the legal eligibility discussions should focus on a possible loss of market demand for human creations and necessity of social defence to human creations (social defence function for human creations logic) in Japan. In addition, based on the social incentive protection theory, it should be emphasised that the second purpose of incorporation of copyright protection for AI‐generated works under Japanese copyright law is to promote future Japanese industry's investment in AI technologies (AI industry's investment promotion logic), which will indirectly contribute to the cultural advancement in society (Berne Convention's cultural advancement logic). The author expects that the conclusion presented in this paper will accelerate more intensive social scientific analysis work on legal eligibility of the legal policy for copyright protection of AI generated‐works.
Generative artificial intelligence is not a mere tool: Revisiting Indonesian Copyright Law
Authors: Nasakti Ghazali Hasan , Dirkareshza Rianda
Published: November 2024

Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) is capable of creating original works with such a remarkable degree of autonomy that it makes no sense to be considered or analogized to traditional technologies that are merely used by humans. The human who provides the initial input (prompt) to the GAI does not make sense to be considered as the author of the GAI's self‐created works. The internal characteristics of GAI that enable it to create its own works and the works per se challenge the four prevailing justifications in Indonesian Copyright Law: the biological humans, the idea‐expression dichotomy, the Hegelian, and the Lockean justifications. This research finds the problem that there is a legal vacuum in the copyright regime in Indonesia regarding the legal status of GAI's self‐ created works. The research uses normative legal research method; with theoretical, symbolic logic legal interpretation––which assists in logical modeling of new legal provisions, comparative law, and conceptual approaches; this research aims to answer the legal lacuna which can be addressed with the proposed solution of placing GAI's self‐created works as sui generis and should be put into the public domain with attribution given to GAI which is logically coherent, efficient, and in line with existing justifications and principles of copyright. However, this research also found that the Indonesian copyright regime itself does not formally acknowledge the concept of public domain, which complicates it compared to the United States Copyright Law, hence the urgency to revise it by adopting and adding a concrete formulation of public domain––as elaborated in this article––which is different from public domain in the informal sense, and then adding the formulation of attribution provisions to GAI.
Systematic review: The gut microbiota as a link between colorectal cancer and obesity
Authors: Ruiz‐Malagón Antonio Jesús , Rodríguez‐Sojo María Jesús , Redondo Eduardo , Rodríguez‐Cabezas María Elena , Gálvez Julio , Rodríguez‐Nogales Alba
Published: November 2024

Microbiome modulation is one of the novel strategies in medicine with the greatest future to improve the health of individuals and reduce the risk of different conditions, including metabolic, immune, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases, as well as cancer. Regarding the latter, many studies have reported the role of the gut microbiome in carcinogenesis, formation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as its response to different systemic therapies. Likewise, obesity, one of the most important risk factors for CRC, is also well known for its association with gut dysbiosis. Moreover, obesity and CRC display, apart from microbial dysbiosis, chronic inflammation, which participates in their pathogenesis. Although human and murine studies demonstrate the significant impact of the microbiome in regulating energy metabolism and CRC development, little is understood about the contribution of the microbiome to the development of obesity‐associated CRC. Therefore, this systematic review explores the evidence for microbiome changes associated with these conditions and hypothesizes that this may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity‐related CRC. Two databases were searched, and different studies on the relationship among obesity, intestinal microbiota and CRC in clinical and preclinical models were selected. Data extraction was carried out by two reviewers independently, and 101 studies were finally considered. Findings indicate the existence of a risk association between obesity and CRC derived from metabolic, immune, and microbial disorders.
Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaws and Management Strategies
Authors: Coulthard Imogen , Dave Manas
Published: November 2024

Background

Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws (ORNJ) is a severe complication arising from radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. It results from irreversible damage to osteocytes, leading to nonhealing of exposed bone. The condition can cause substantial pain, swelling, trismus, and in severe cases, pathological fractures of the jaw, substantially impacting the patient's quality of life and increasing morbidity.

Aims

This review aims to describe the pathophysiology of ORNJ, evaluate current management strategies, and explore emerging therapies to provide a comprehensive understanding of this condition.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted to describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of ORNJ.

Results

The pathophysiology of ORNJ involves multiple theories, including radiation‐induced fibrosis and the “hypoxia, hypocellular, and hypovascular” model. Management strategies include surgical debridement, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), and emerging biological approaches such as tissue engineering and platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), which are all discussed.

Discussion

Radiotherapy significantly impairs wound healing, leading to chronic fibrosis and tissue necrosis. Although ORNJ is uncommon, its impact on patients is substantial. Current treatments offer limited success, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach and ongoing research into innovative therapies. Emerging treatments, including tissue engineering and PRP, offer potential but require further research.

Conclusion

ORNJ remains a challenging condition with substantial patient morbidity. Understanding its pathophysiology is crucial for patient education, early detection and developing effective management strategies.