bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D Imaging and in-operando Tracking of Battery Electrode Microstructures
Authors: Tariq Farid , Yufit Vladimir , Eastwood David , Wu Billy , Merla Yu , Biton Moshiel , Cui Guansen , Freedman Kathrin , Peled Emanuel , Golodnitsky Diana , Lee Peter , Brandon Nigel P.
Published: February 2020

Global demands for energy storage, supply and portability has seen continual increase. Meeting these requirements will be accelerated through an ability to directly image electrochemical devices such as batteries, in 3D, at high resolutions. However, despite their importance, the influence of microstructure on electrode behaviour remains poorly understood.

Tomographic techniques allow for direct 3D imaging and chracterisation of complex microstructures down towards tens of nanometers; which are inadequately described in 2D. The performance of battery electrodes are dependent on their inherent nano/micro scale structures where important reactions occur. Microstructural differences in mechanical, electrochemical or transport behaviour at fine length scales ultimately influences cell and pack level performance. Additionally, during processing or operation microstructural evolution may degrade electrochemical performance. Here we utilise tomographic techniques to probe different 3D battery anode structures at high resolutions to capture micro-nanometer length scale structure. The advanced 3D quantification of complex electrode shapes, structures and morphology facilitate an understanding of cell level behaviour. Furthermore, we directly image and track in-operando interfacial and microstructural changes during anode lithiation (Figure 1). In doing so, this provides important insights for electrode design and understanding sources of performance degradation.
Microstructure Evolution in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Processing
Authors: Liu Zhixiao , Mukherjee Partha P.
Published: February 2020

The electrode microstructure and composition play an important role in determining the performance of the lithium ion battery (LIB). To this end, the processing of the multi-phase slurry consisting of active nanoparticles, conductive additives, binder and solvent determines the electrochemical properties and performance of the electrode. Mixing components in the slurry homogenously is one essential requirement to process the high quality electrode. Additionally, it is necessary to make these components cooperate very well with each other.1-4

Fundamentally, slurry properties and drying methods mainly determine the microstructure and the performance of the cathode composite. Viscosity of the slurry is an important property, which is determined by the concentration and the solid loading of each component, the interaction force among nanoparticles in the slurry, and the properties of active material nanoparticles that include the size of the nanoparticle, size distribution and the surface area.5 One common mechanism of the drying process is solvent evaporation from the surface of the substrate. The evaporation induced assembly is a popular scheme to make nanoparticles form desirable microstructures, and this assembly is controlled by interactions among nanoparticles and solvents, evaporation rates, mobility of nanoparticles and the morphology of nanoparticles.

In our present work, a morphology-detailed mesoscale model has been developed to gain fundamental understating of the influence of active particle morphology, size, volume fraction, solvent evaporation rated, and multi-phase (active particle, conductive additive, binder and solvent) interaction. Our results demonstrate that smaller isometric active particles tend to form favorable aggregation with conductive additive particles. Two regimes, namely spontaneous aggregation and evaporation induced
Study on Fluorine Content in Phosphates Used as Flame Retardant Additives / Co-Solvents in Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Murmann Patrick , Kalinovich Nataliya , Shevchuk Michael , Cekic-Laskovic Isidora , Winter Martin , Roeschenthaler Gerd-Volker
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have surpassed any other battery technology for consumer electronics and mobile devices in the last decades mostly due to the high energy density and the lack of memory effect. Following the invention of the concept, a lot of effort has been put into improving the energy, the power as well as the safety of the LIBs. [1] Besides other aspects, the flammability of carbonates, frequently used as electrolyte components in most batteries, is one of the major drawbacks. There are different approaches to overcome this problem. One approach is to replace the liquid electrolytes with, for example ionic liquids, gel polymer electrolytes or even solid electrolytes. [2]. In another approach flame retardants (FRs) are added to suppress the flammability of the electrolyte to the point at which it becomes non-flammable for example phosphorous containing compounds. [3] Xu et al. tested different phosphate containing compounds with varying concentrations.[4, 5]

This work displays a comparison study on five phosphorous containing FRs. The main goal was to gain deeper insight into the correlation between the fluorine content of the phosphate and the flammability of the electrolyte mixture. Special focus of the study was laid upon the fluorine content of the terminal carbon of the side chains.

Electrolyte compositions with different concentrations of the FRs were prepared using standard electrolyte components with 1 M Lithium hexafluorophosphate as conducting salt and a mix of carbonates as solvent. Since the goal was to improve the flammability of the electrolyte the crucial investigation is depicted by the self-extinguishing time (SET), which is a common way in literature to display the flammability of a certain liquid. To test the possible use of the mixtures in LIBs constant current cycling experiments were performed in half-cells on anode material (T44 graphite) as well as on cathode material (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC)). Physical properties like the flashpoint, the viscosity and the ionic conductivity completed the measurements.

Figure 1 displays the flammability of the tested electrolytes and the content in % is plotted vs the self-extinguishing time (SET) in s/g.

It was shown that the tested phosphates have potential for application as components in non-flammable electrolytes, which yields in an increase in safety without a big trade-off in performance.

[1] J. Wen, Y. Wen, C. Yu, J. Chen, Wen, Materials express, 2 (2012) 197-212.

[2] J.B. Goodenough, Y. Kim, Chem Mater, 22 (2010) 587-603.

[3] A. Granzow, Accounts Chem Res, 11 (1978) 177-183.

[4] K. Xu, J Electrochem Soc, 150 (2003) A161.

[5] K. Xu, M.S. Ding, S.S. Zhang, J.L. Allen, T.R. Jow, J Electrochem Soc, 149 (2002) A622-A626.
Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of the Organic Solvent Electrolyte with Lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)Imide (LiFSI) As Lithium-Ion Conducting Salt for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Takekawa Toshihiro , Kamiguchi Kazuhiro , Imai Hideto , Hatano Masaharu
Published: February 2020

The basic physicochemical and electrochemical properties for organic solvent electrolyte dissolving lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) was studied. Ionic conductivity of 1M LiFSI in EC/DEC (3/7, v/v) was 7.2 mScm-1 at 20 oC, it is almost same value of 1M LiPF6 in EC/DEC (3/7,v/v). At lower temperature, however, the ionic conductivity of LiFSI was higher than that of LiPF6. Degree of ionic disassociation of LiFSI-electrolyte was 0.42 (20 oC) and 0.35 (-20 oC). Then the concentration of Li-ion is lower than LiPF6-electrolyte. On the other hand, diffusion coefficient of Li-ion in LiFSI-electrolyte is 1.8 cm2s-1 that is 1.3 times larger value comparing to LiPF6. This ratio gradually becomes big when it was low temperature, and reaches double at -20oC. From these results, it is assumed that the ionic conductivity is strongly affected by diffusion behavior.
Physical and Electrochemical Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Ionic Liquids and Polar Solvent Mixture as Electrolyte for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Tran Man Van , Nguyen Truong Giang , Vo Dang Khoa , Le Phung My Loan
Published: February 2020

Due to their unique properties like nonvolatility, non-flammability, high thermal stability, wide liquid range and wide electrochemical window, ionic liquids (ILs) have a great potential as components of lithium batteries [1-3]. However, the high viscosity of ILs based quaternary ammonium remains big challenge for application as lithium electrolyte. Many attempts to decrease the ILs viscosity such as: tailoring the cation and anion structures, using eutectic mixtures of ionic liquids, addition of molecular additive (organic solvent such as: EC, acetonitrile,…) [4-9].

In our previous report, the incorporation of 20 wt% EC has no positive effect on the pure IL dissociation, but decreases the viscosity as well as improves the electrochemical window stability [8, 9]. Thus, the IC-ILs mixture constitutes an interesting alternative and safe solvents for application in lithium batteries. To further explore the potential application of ammonium quaternary (QA) based ILs, we investigate here the cycling behavior and evolution of impedance characteristics of lithium cell (Li metal//ILs + 0.25M LiTFSI or ILs-EC + 0.25M LiTFSI //LiMn2O4, LiCoO2) using Swagelok prototype. The Li+insertion/desinsertion into electrode materials has also studied by cyclic voltammetry in lithium electrolyte based ILs.

Keywords:Electrolyte, ionic liquids, lithium battery

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) through Project Fund granted of 104.03-2012.46.

References

[1]. A. Lewandowski, A. S´widerska-Mocek, J. Power Sources, 194(2009).

[2]. M. Armand, F. Endres, D.R. MacFarlane, H. Ohno, B. Scrosati, Nature materials
8(2009).

[3]. A. Fernicola . B. Scrosati . H. Ohno, Ionics
12(2006)

[4]. S. Seiki, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kobayash, K.Takei, H. Miyashiro, K. Hayamizu, S. Tsuzuki, T. Mitsugi, Y. Umebayashi, J. Mol. Liq., 152(2010).

[5]. Honghe Zheng, Gao Liu, Vince Battaglia, J. Phys. Chem C
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[6]. M. Diaw, A. Chagnes, B. Carré, P. Willmann, D. Lemordant, J. Power Sources
146(2005).

[7]. H. Tokuda, K. Hayamizu, K. Ishii, Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan, M. Watanabe,
J. Phys. Chem. B
108, (2004).

[8]. M. L. Phung Le, F. Alloin, P. Strobel, J. C. Leprêtre, L. Cointeaux, C. P. del Valle, Ionics, 18(2012).

[9]. M. L. P Le, L. Cointeaux, P. Strobel, J. C. Leprêtre, P. Judeinstein, F. Alloin, J. Phys.
Chem. C,
116 (14), (2012).
Enhanced Performance of IrOx-Modified Copi Electrodes and the Characterization
Authors: Yoon Kyung Byung
Published: February 2020

The CoPi electrode films supported on ITO glass plates were modified with iridium oxide nano nanoparticles. This IrOx-modified CoPi electrodes showed Tafel slopes of ~30 mV per decade during OER at the pH between 4.5 and 13.9. The overpotentials were less than 0.2 V and the turnover frequency (TOF) was 68,631 h-1 (based on the Ir atom) at 1.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl at pH 7. The TOF is the highest value ever observed from IrO2 catalysts tested for electrochemical water oxidation. The mechanism during water oxidation was studied by an in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy to explain the unusually high catalytic activity. In the fully oxidized state the amounts of edge-sharing CoO6 octahedra bond and extended planes of CoO6 octahedra increased whereas those of IrO6 octahedra bond and extended planes of IrO6 octahedra decreased. These results demonstrate that the water oxidation occurred by transferring oxygen from Ir-O to Co-O generating O2 molecules. The details of the mechanism and the related research results obtained from our lab will be presented.
Photo-Chemical Reactions on Plasmonic Metal Nanostructures
Authors: Linic Suljo
Published: February 2020

We will show that composite photo-catalysts combing plasmonic metallic nanoparticles of noble metals and semiconductor nanostructures exhibit improved photo-chemical activity compared to conventional photo-catalytic materials.1,2 We will also show that plasmonic silver nanoparticles, optically excited with low intensity visible light, exhibit direct photo-catalytic activity. We will discuss underlying mechanisms associated with these phenomena.2,3,4 We propose that this new family of photo-catalysts could prove useful for many heterogeneous catalytic processes that cannot be activated using conventional thermal processes on metals or photo-catalytic processes on semiconductors. I will show an example of such a process.5

D. B. Ingram, S. Linic, JACS, 133, 5202, 2011

Suljo Linic, Phillip Christopher and David B., Nature Materials,
10, 911, 2011.

Ingram P. Christopher, H. Xin, S. Linic, Nature Chemistry, 3, 467, 2011.

P. Christopher, H. Xin, M. Andiappan, S. Linic, Nature Materials, 11, 1044, 2012.
Efficient Plasmon-Induced Hot Electron Transfer and Photochemistry in Semiconductor-Au Nanorod Nanoheterostructures
Authors: Lian Tianquan
Published: February 2020

Surface plasmon resonance in metal nanostructures have been used to enhance the efficiency of semiconductors and/or molecular chromophore based solar energy conversion devices by increasing the absorption or energy transfer rate through the enhanced local field strength. In more recent years, it has been shown that excitation of plasmons in metal nanostructures can lead to hot electron transfer into semiconductors and enhanced photochemistry. This novel plasmon-exciton interaction mechanism suggests that plasmonic nanostructures can potentially function as a new class of widely tunable and robust light harvesting materials for photo-detection or solar energy conversion. However, plasmon-induced hot electron injections from metal to semiconductor or molecules are still inefficient because of the competing ultrafast hot electron relaxation (via ultrafast electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering) processes within the metallic domain.

In this paper we discuss a recent study on the plasmon-exciton interaction mechanisms in colloidal quantum-confined epitaxially-grown semiconductor-gold plexcitonic nanorod heterostructures. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we show that optical excitation of plasmons in the Au tip leads to efficient hot electron injection into the semiconductor nanorod. In the presence of sacrificial electron donors, this plasmon induced hot electron transfer process can be utilized to drive photoreduction reactions under continuous illumination. Ongoing studies are examining how to further improve the plasmon induced hot electron injection efficiency through controlling the size and shape of the plasmonic and excitonic domains.
Periodic Mesoporous Materials for Overall Water Splitting: Design of an Artificial Leaf
Authors: Koodali Ranjit T , Peng Rui
Published: February 2020

The overall splitting of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen using visible light photocatalysts is considered to be a holy grail in chemistry. Several semiconductors have been developed towards this purpose, however despite intense research, they suffer from poor quantum efficiencies. Furthermore, the development of stable and robust visible light absorbing photocatalysts seems to pose greater challenges.

In recent years, periodic mesoporous have attracted attention as support materials for catalytic reactions. Among the various classes of M41S series of materials, the cubic form called MCM-48 is an attractive material compared because it’s three-dimensional interpenetrating network of pores that provides efficient diffusion of reactants and products to the photocatalytically active sites. In addition, MCM-48 mesoporous materials also have high surface areas, tunable pore sizes, and large pore volumes that facilitate good dispersion of catalytically active sites. Our results show that the cubic MCM-48 materials containing spatially isolated titania clusters are efficient photocatalysts compared to titania incorporated into one-dimensional mesoporous supports such as MCM-41. Our research has demonstrated that titanium dioxide and CdS quantum dots can be well-dispersed within the MCM-48 mesoporous matrix. By deposition of RuO2 onto the CdS-Ti-MCM-48 photocatalyst, photocorrosion can be completely suppressed. The photocatalyst, RuO2-CdS-Ti-MCM-48 is the first known visible light photocatalyst capable of overall water splitting.
Photoelectrochemical Solar Energy Conversion and Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis Using Earth-Abundant Iron Pyrite and Cobalt Pyrite Nanostructures
Authors: Jin Song , Caban Miguel , Faber Matthew S.
Published: February 2020

The scale of the energy challenges demands earth-abundant and inexpensive solar absorber materials and catalysts. Iron pyrite (FeS2) is an earth-abundant semiconductor that has generated renewed interest due to its promising properties for solar energy conversion (band gap of 0.95 eV, high absorption coefficient, and high carrier mobility). However, the solar conversion efficiency achieved for even single crystal pyrite has remained < 3%, limited by a low open circuit voltage (<200mV). To understand the fundamental bulk and surface defects intrinsic to pyrite semiconductor, we performed systematic photoelectrochemical and surface property studies on pyrite single crystals and electrical transport (temperature dependent Hall effect and field-effect) studies using single crystal pyrite nanorods and nanoplates as study platforms. The combined electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, surface property and transport studies suggest the heavily doped p-type conduction behaviors observed for intrinsic n-type pyrite originates from strong Fermi level pinning due to surface defects. Such understanding allows us to develop strategies to mitigate these issues in order to improve the performance and eventually fulfill pyrite’s promise as a solar material. Furthermore, I will also show that the pyrite-phase of transition metal disulfides (MS2, M= Fe, Co, Ni) on graphite disk substrates are highly efficient HER electrocatalysts. Several morphologies of CoS2, film, microwire, or nanowire, were controllably synthesized and these micro- and nanostructures with high surface areas substantially boost the catalytic performance.
Blueprints for Photocatalytic Solar Fuel Applications
Authors: Redel Engelbert
Published: February 2020

An important challenge of our 21st century will be the ability to capture and efficiently convert solar energy/sun-light into a storable terrestrial fuel. The future of photocatalysis and solar fuel generation lies in our ability to understand, extract and utilize “natural blueprints” e.g. for the photo-reduction process of CO2 or the splitting of H2O.

This includes e.g. (i) architectural, structural and photonic features; (ii) catalytic-material based blueprints and (iii) efficient light-harnessing and light-trapping materials that are able to mimic key photocatalytic processes and are potentially of high interest to be further utilized into new photo-catalytic materials, architectures and solar fuel devices.
Synthesis of Pd-Based Nanoparticles and Its Photocatalytic Activity for Organic Compounds Decomposition
Authors: Jeevagan Arockiam John , Gunji Takao , Hashimoto Masanari , Kaneko Shingo , Matsumoto Futoshi
Published: February 2020

Oxide supported metal catalysts are widely recognized as an important photocatalyst because of its peculiar chemical and physical behaviors. Owing to its high reactivity, low cost and stability, TiO2 is one of the most extensivley studied photocatlaysts.1 However, for indoor applications, the faction of UV light available is very low. Hence, visble light photocatalysts are needed as an alternative of UV light photocatalysts. Recently, it hase been reported that Pt loaded WO3 exhibits high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic compounds under visible light.2 However, the high cost of Pt has been the primary impediment for the use of Pt loaded WO3 in indoor applications. The loading of other noble metals, such as Au, Pd, and Ag can also used as cocatalysts to enhance the photocatalytic activity of WO3. Among them Pd is one of the most effective cocatalyst because of the cost of the Pd is approximately one-fifth that of Pt and also shows enhanced charge separation lead to effective photocatalytic activity towards volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd and Pd based binary cocatalysts were prepared and subsequently characterized and we have demonstrated the enhancement of visible light photocatalytic activity of WO3in the decomposition of organic compounds. The details about the synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of catalysts would be discussed in the presentation.

References

1. M.R. Hoffman, S.T. Martin, W. Choi and D.W.

Bahnemann, Chem. Rev.,
95, 69, (1995).

2. R. Abe, H. Takami, N. Murakami and B. Ohtani,

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 7780, (2008)
Nanostructured Cu-Zn Oxides for Photocathodic Water Splitting
Authors: Banerjee Sriya , Myung Yoon , Im Hyungsoon , Park Jeunghee , Raman Sankar , Banerjee Parag
Published: February 2020

In this study, we show that a metal alloy can be efficiently exploited, via controlled fabrication steps, to create mechanically robust and adherent, mixed metal oxide films with tunable photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties.

Brass is an alloy of Cu and Zn and an inexpensive source of semiconducting Cu2O, CuO and ZnO, which have all been used separately as photocathodes or photoanodes respectively for solar water splitting. However, thermodynamics and free energy change predicts a prevalence of ZnO formation when brass is oxidized. In this work however, we co-fabricate Cu and Zn oxides to form a highly adherent, mixed metal oxide surface and investigate the relationship between structure, property and performance in a PEC cell.

In order to make photocathodes, we first vacuum anneal brass which leads to a Zn-depleted Cu-rich surface. Following this, the foil is oxidized in air to obtain CuO. Simultaneously, Zn out-diffusion from the underlying brass, leads to formation of a mixed CuO-ZnO phase at the surface (Fig 1a) which is highly adherent to the metal foil underneath.

Structural characterization of the oxide layer is undertaken using SEM, Raman, XPS and XRD. SEM shows the presence of CuO nanowires interspersed with ZnO fibers (Fig. 1b). Raman and XRD data confirm the presence of both CuO and ZnO phases on the surface (Fig. 1c,d). Current voltage characteristics in sodium sulphate solution shows robust photocathodic response (Fig. 1e).

This study shows that thermal oxidation of metal alloys can lead to formation of highly interspersed, mixed oxide phases forming novel heterojunctions for use as economical and manufacturing-scalable energy harvesting devices.
Advanced Redox Flow Battery Technology
Authors: Wang Wei , Nie Zimin , Vijayakumar Murugesan , Wei Xiaoliang , Li Bin , Thomsen Ed , Cosimbescu Lelia , Xu Wu , Liu Tianbiao , Reed David , Sprenkle Vincent
Published: February 2020

This presentation describes the recent progress of the advanced redox flow battery technologies including both aqueous and non-aqueous systems. On the component level, new developments on the high energy density electrolyte, high selective membrane, and catalytic electrode will be reported. Novel high energy density electrolyte combined with their NMR and Raman based solvation chemistry study will be discussed. Development of high selective membranes (Figure 1) will be reported. Performance of the niobium oxide nanorod based catalytic electrode (Figure 2) will be presented. In addition, we will briefly discuss the research and development on the nonaqeuous redox flow battery system.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) (under Contract No. 57558). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is a multi-program national laboratory operated by Battelle for DOE under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830.
Commercializing the Chloride-Containing All Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Li Liyu
Published: February 2020

In 2010, a new vanadium redox flow battery chemistry using chloride-containing supporting electrolytes was invented at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.1,2 By adding a certain amount of chloride anions into the vanadium ions supporting solutions, stable V-Cl complexes form.

This new chemistry substantially improves the electrolyte stability over a significant wider range of temperatures, eases the system operation requirements and thus improves the system reliability and durability. It practically doubles the system energy capacity, allowing compact product design with 5X footprint reduction, and further enhances VFB safety through containerization and onsite chemical volume reduction. This technology was transferred to UniEnergy Technologies, LLC in 2012, and won the US Government’ highest Award of Excellence in Technology Transfer in 2013.

With this advanced technology, the first compact vanadium AC battery, UET’s Uni.SystemTM, was successfully developed in 2014. This system has many unique features, including

Factory integration: precision assembly & QC

Excellent safety: non-flammable, aqueous electrolytes; built-in secondary containment

Temperature agnostic: -40 °C to +50 °C

SOC agnostic: full capacity access

Plug & Play: rapid, low cost deployment

Excellent Availability: no stripping etc. required

20-year design life: unlimited cycles

100% recyclable: disposal contract included

In this presentation, the detail parameters and performance of this system will be discussed.

1. Li*, Kim, Wang, Vijayakumar, Nie, Chen, Zhang, Xia, Hu, Graff, Liu, Yang*, Advanced Energy Materials, 1, 394~400, 2011.8th International Vanadium Symposium: Chemistry, Biological Chemistry, & Toxicology (vanadium8.org)

2. Kim, Vijayakumar, Wang, Zhang, Chen, Nie, Chen, Hu, Li
*
, Yang*, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, 18186-18193, 2011.
Na3V2(PO4)3-Graphene Nanocomposite As Stable Cathodes for Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Xiaolin , Liu Jun , Wang Chongmin , Choi Daiwon , Wang Wei , Sprenkle Vincent
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Na-ion batteries, because of the high abundance and uniform geographic distribution of Na sources, have been regarded as low cost and high efficiency energy storage devices for stationary applications.1-2 However, it is difficult to find high energy and stable cathode materials for reversible Na ion insertion and extraction because of the large radius of Na ions (~40% larger than Li ions). Recently, layer structured metal oxides and NASICON structured Na3V2(PO4)3 have been demonstrated to be good cathode candidates.1-7 Na0.44MnO2 is known to have excellent cycling stability and can have a theoretical capacity of ~120 mAh/g when it cycles between Na0.22MnO2 and Na0.66MnO2. However, it has to be pre-cycled to 2V in order to fully use the capacity. Na3V2(PO4)3 is at discharge state and has a theoretical capacity of ~117 mAh/g. Yet it suffers from a low conductivity and usually needs large amount of carbon in electrode preparation. In this work, we synthesized Na3V2(PO4)3-graphene nanocomposite and demonstrated its excellent cycling stability and rate performance as cathodes for Na-ion batteries. A capacity of ~102 mAh/g was obtained at 0.5C current density and the capacity retention was ~99% after 600 cycles.

Results and Discussion

The Na3V2(PO4)3-graphene nanocomposite has 10% graphene. It was mixed with conductive carbon (10%) and binder (10%) and casted on an aluminum substrate. Long cycle stability was demonstrated in coin cells with Na metal as the counter electrode. A capacity of ~102 mAh/g was obtained at 0.5C and the capacity retention was ~99% after 600 cycles. We also studied the rate performance. The capacity at 2C rate is ~70 mAh/g.

Fig. 1. Long term cycling stability of the Na3V2(PO4)3-graphene nanocomposite.

Acknowledgement.

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability (OE) (under Contract No. 57558). We also are grateful for enlightening discussions with Dr. Imre Gyuk of the DOE-OE Grid Storage Program. (A portion of) The research was performed using EMSL, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

References

1. MD Slater, DH Kim, EJ Lee, and CS Johnson. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(2013):947.

2. HL Pan, Y-S Hu, and LQ Chen. Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013): 2338.

3. YL. Cao, LF Xiao, W Wang, DW Choi, ZM Nie, JG Yu, LV Saraf, ZG Yang, and J Liu. Adv. Mater. 23 (2011): 3155.

4. D Kim, E Lee, M Slater, W Lu, S Rood, and CS Johnson. Electrochem. Commun. 18(2012 ): 66.

5. M Sathiya, K Hemalatha, K Ramesha, JM Tarascon, AS Prakash. Chem. Mater. 24(2012):1846.

6. ZL Jian, WZ Han, X Lu, HX Yang, YS Hu, J Zhou, ZB Zhou, JQ Li, W Chen, DF Chen, and LQ Chen. Adv. Engery Mater. 3(2013):156.

7. K Saravanan, CW Mason, A Rudola, KH Wong, and P Balaya. Adv. Energy Mater. 3(2013): 444.
Static and Dynamic Corrosion Characteristics of Plasma-Sprayed Fe-70Cr Coatings by Molten Sulfur and Sodium Polysulfides in Sodium Sulfur Cells
Authors: Jung Keeyoung , Cheon Sung Wun , Park Yoon-Cheol , Park Sun-Hong , Lee Changhui , Kim Hyung Jun , Cho Namung
Published: February 2020

The sodium sulfur (NaS) cell comprises of sodium and sulfur electrodes separated by a beta alumina solid electrolyte (BASE). To avoid radical oxidation of the sodium and sulfur by oxygen or other oxidants in ambient environments, all the electrochemical components need to be protected by a hermetically sealed metal container. Joints between the adjacent structural parts are bonded by advanced gastight sealing technologies, such as electron beam welding (EBW), thermal compression bonding (TCB), and glass sealing for metal-metal, metal-ceramic, and ceramic-ceramic joints, respectively. For a contemporary sodium central type tubular cell for energy storage systems (ESS) applications, the metal container is made of aluminum alloys, and its inner surface is exposed to molten sulfur and/or sodium polysulfides (Na2Sx), at its operating temperatures of 300~350oC. However, since aluminum sulfides (AlSx), corrosion products of the aluminum alloys formed on the inner surface, may lead to an abrupt increase in cell resistance due to their high electrical resistivities, and cause cell failure by catastrophic corrosion, the inner surface needs to be appropriately coated with a conductive material. The coating material should have a high electrical conductivity, but also form a continuous conductive layer at a sufficiently slow growth rate during service. In this study, an Fe-(65~75)Cr alloy has been coated on the inner surface of the aluminum container via the argon shrouded plasma spray process. The coated containers were used to construct different types of sodium sulfur cells, and static and dynamic corrosion experiments have been conducted for up to 9 months. Results from the experiments will be discussed focusing on the characterization of corrosion products, and corrosion kinetics in order to predict the lifetime of the coating which is critical to ensure the long term durability of sodium sulfur cells.
Hierarchical Nanowires Via Oriented Attachment for Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Mai Liqiang , He Liang , Yan Mengyu , Zhao Yunlong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Mixed Doping Effect of Al and Te on the Structure and Ionic Conductivity of Garnet-Type Li7La3Zr2O12
Authors: Wang Dawei , Zhong Guiming , Gong Zhengliang , Li Yixiao , Yang Yong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Robust Growth of Herringbone Carbon Nanofibers on Layered Double Hydroxide Derived Catalysts and Their Applications As Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Qiang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Two-Dimensional Vanadium Oxides with High Rate Capability for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Mai Liqiang , An Qinyou , Wei Qiulong , Wen Wen , Zhao Luzi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Direct Growth CNTs on Graphite Felt As Electrode Material for All Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Wang Chen-Hao , Hsu Ning-Yih , Shih Yu-Chen , Chang Yu-Chung
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effects of Al Substitution for Mn on Structure and Performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode Materials
Authors: Luo Ying , Xie Jingying , Zhang Yixiao , Yan Liqin , Feng Yi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effect of Surface Fluorination on the Electrochemical Behavior and Surface State of Li4Ti5O12 for Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Zhang Yixiao , Xie Jingying , Dai Yang , Ma Shangde , Luo Ying , Feng Yi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Origin of Abnormal High Capacitance of Low Surface Area Carbon
Authors: Xing Wei , Wu Xiaozhong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
One-Step Synthesis of LiCoPO4 for Li-Ion Battery By the Rheological Phase Method
Authors: Du Chenqiang , Tang ZhiYuan , Zhang XinHe
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Correlation Between Crystallinity and Lithiation/Delithiaion Behaviors of Li12Si7 Anode for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ma Ruijun , Liu Yongfeng , Yan Ping , Gao Mingxia , Pan Hongge
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Tailoring Cathode and Morphology of Discharge Products Toward High-Rate and Long-Life Lithium-Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xin-Bo , Xu Ji-Jing , Wang Zhong-Li , Xu Dan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Microspheres As Superior Electrode Materials for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Zhang Xiaogang , Xu Guiyin , Han Jinpeng , Ding Bing , Pan Jin , Dou Hui
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Facile Fabrication of Chinese Lantern-like MnO@N-Doped C with Enhanced Lithium Storage Properties
Authors: Qiu Tian , Wang Juan , Yang Wensheng
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
TiO2 Nanostructures: Synthesis and Electrochemical Mg2+ Intercalation
Authors: Liu Yongchang , Jiao Lifang , Chen Jun , Liu Huiqiao , Cao Kangzhe , Wang Yijing
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A Mesoporous Carbon with Graphitic Structure Prepared and Used in Li-S Batteries
Authors: Wang Jing , Wu Yihuan , Hao Yajin , Wu Changcheng , Shi Zhiqiang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Sn-Ge-Se Nano-Structured Composite Materials As a High Capacity Anode Material for Li-Secondary Batteries
Authors: Han Ka Ram , Jo Mi Ru , Kang Yong-Mook , Chung Woon Jin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Mesoporous CoSnO3 Nanocubes with Multilevel Structure As High-Performance Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Gao Qiuming , Zhu Lihua
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesize Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries By One-Step Co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Wang Zhao , Hu Yu , Su Yuefeng , Wu Feng , Yan Na , Tian Jun , Chen Lai , Li Jian , Bao Liying , Chen Shi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Preparation of S@ASC Nanocomposite Materials Utilized As Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathode
Authors: Gao Qiuming , Yang Kai
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Preparation of Sphere-like Fast Ion Conductor Li0.1CexCa0.9-XTiO3 and Its Application in Solid Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Xiao Wei , Miao Chang , Li Xinhai , Guo Huajun , Wang Zhixing
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nanostructured Cathodic Electrode for Li-O2 Batteries Based on Transition Metal Nitrides
Authors: Cui Guanglei
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Modified Polymer-Derived Sicn Ceramics As Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Feng Ningning , Feng Yan , Wei Yuzhen
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Materials Development of Vanadium Flow Battery: Challenge and Prospective
Authors: Zhang Huamin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemically Partial Exfoliation of Graphene and Its Composites with Dual Doping Polypyrrole for High-Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Song Yu , Liu Xiao-Xia
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Microwave Synthesis of Sulfur/Carbon Composite with an Enhanced Cycling Stability
Authors: Xu Hanxue , Wang Zhuo , Wang Ning , Yang Hui
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
An Equivalent Circuit for Describing the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Spectra of Lithium-Ion Battery Porous Electrode
Authors: Bian Hongyan , Zhang Yuxi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Anode Electrocatalysts for Intermediate Temperature Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Range Extenders
Authors: Loukrakpam Rameshwori , Hundertmark Nina , Yang Ruizhi , Huang Yunhui , Strasser Peter
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formic Acid Using Gas Diffusion Electrode
Authors: Bitar Ziad , Pasquier David , Fecant Antoine , Chardon Sylvie
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Capacitance Dependent Electrocatalytic Activity of Manganese Dioxide Promoted Platinum Nanocatalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhou Chunmei
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Au@Pt Nanoparticles and Au(100) Electrode
Authors: Zheng Yong Li , Yao Yao , Mei Dong , Chen Yan-Xia
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Impact of Terpineol Content on the TiO2 dye Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Xin Qin , Wang Xindong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Reduction Graphene Oxide Decorated Reduced-TiO2 Nanotubes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Xiao Fan , Shen Yan , Zhang Bing Yan , Yuan Huai Liang , Huang De Kang , Wang Ming Kui
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Controlled Deposition of Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films Onto Electrodes for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Zhuang Jinliang , Terfort Andreas
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
In Situ Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopic Study at Gold/Ionic Liquid Interface
Authors: Qi ChengZi , Zhou Wei
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Interfacial Capacitance and Defect Density Dependent Activity of Graphene
Authors: Zhong Jin-Hui , Zhang Jie , Liu Jun-Yang , Zhan Dong-Ping , Ren Bin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Invited Presentation: Present Understanding of the High Capacity Layered Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Tarascon Jean-Marie , Sathiya Mariyappan , Ramesha Kannadka , Abakumov Artem M , Rousse Gwenaelle , Gonbeau Danielle , Doublet Marie-Liesse , Prakash Annigere S , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf
Published: February 2020

Li-ion batteries have contributed to the commercial success of portable electronics and may soon dominate the electric transportation market provided that major scientific advances including new materials and concepts are developed. Layered oxides of the general formula LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, termed as NMC, display the highest capacity (≈ 200 mAh/g) of any presently used positive electrode materials.1 By modifying the chemical composition through substitution of Li for M in the metal layers, Thackeray’s and Dahn’s groups have confectioned materials displaying reversible capacities exceeding 250 mAh/g.2-3However, their implementation in practical Li-ion cells is still plagued by the complex electrochemical mechanism and large voltage decay upon cycling. Elucidating the origin of large capacity in these materials and the cause of voltage decay so that a practical solution can be identified remains two fundamental challenges addressed by numerous groups worldwide.

In an attempt to understand both the aforementioned issues, we have designed structurally related Li2Ru1-yMyO3 materials (M= Sn, Mn, Ti; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1).4-6 Containing a single redox-active cation and displaying sustainable reversible capacities as high as 230 mAh/g, the Li2Ru1-ySnyO3 phases turn out to be the ideal system to unambiguously show, based on an arsenal of characterization techniques, that the reactivity of these high capacity materials towards Li entails cumulative cationic (Mn+→M(n+1)+) and anionic (“O2–→O2
2–”) reversible redox processes.4 To address the voltage decay issue, Ti4+ (d0) substitution was selected owing to its zero CFSE ,similar to Sn4+(d10), and its smaller size (0.60Å); with the expectation that Ti would be more likely to show accelerated cation migration for direct visualization of migration paths.6

The results of such studies will be reported with the hope that they will help the battery community to develop high capacity layered electrodes free from voltage decays upon cycling.

References:

T. Ozhuku, Y. Makimura, Chem Lett,
30, 642-643 (2001).

M. M. Thackeray,S-H. Kang, C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey,R. Benedek,S. A. Hackney,J. Mater Chem,
17, 3112-3125 (2007).

F. Zhou,X. Zhao,A.Van Bommel, X. Xia,J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc.
158, A187-A191 (2011).

M. Sathiya, G. Rousse, K. Ramesha, C. P. Laisa, H. Vezin, M. L. Sougrati, M. L. Doublet, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, W. Walker, A. S. Prakash, M. Ben Hassine, L. Dupont, J.- M. Tarascon,Nat Mater,
12, 827-835 (2013).

M. Sathiya, K. Ramesha, G. Rousse, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, A. S. Prakash, M. L. Doublet, K. Hemalatha, J.-M. Tarascon, Chem Mater
25, 1121-1131 (2013).

M. Sathiya, A. M. Abakumov, K. Ramesha, D. Foix, G. Rousse, C. P. Laisa, D. Gonbeau, M. L. Doublet, A. S. prakash, G, van Tendeloo, J-M. Tarascon, Manuscript submitted (Nature Materials)
Invited Presentation: Advances in Li/S Batteries
Authors: Hassoun Jusef , Agostini Marco , Sun Y-K. , Scrosati Bruno
Published: February 2020

The recent progresses of the lithium sulfur battery, both in terms of stability, energy density and cycling life, triggered increasing interest of the scientific community and of the battery manufacturers, particularly in view of its possible use as the energy storage system for electric vehicles.[1] It is, in fact, expected that the sulfur battery may be in the next few years the “high-energy” system of choice for EVs and for storage in renewable-energy plants. The several issues associated with the lithium sulfur battery, including i) electrode dissolution and volume variation, ii) high cell polarization, iii) insulating nature of the electrode and iv) polysulfide shuttle effect, have been recently addressed by adopting innovative solutions leading to enhancement of the electrochemical behavior. Among the various improvements, a crucial role has been played by composite sulfur-carbon electrodes, having “ad-hoc” structures designed to increase the sulfur utilization ad to buffer its volume variation.[2] A relevant approach to avoid the polysulfide shuttle reactions is the employment of additive salts in the electrolyte solution acting as the anode-film forming agent [3]. Recently, the use of solution containing dissolved polysulfide has been proposed as an effective way to physically and electrochemically buffer the sulfur cathode dissolution.[4] Even more attracting has been the use of dissolved polysulfide as the cathode in a semi-liquid cell configuration, in which the electrochemical process evolves in the electrolyte solution [5]. In this presentation, we report an overview of the most recent attempts employed to make the “lithium-sulfur” system suitable for application as new energy storage system of interest in the emerging green-technology field.

[1] B. Scrosati, J. Hassoun, Y- K. Sun, Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3287

[2] J-H. Kim, D-J. Lee, H-G. Jung, Y-K. Sun, J. Hassoun, B. Scrosati, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 1076

[3] D. Aurbach, E. Pollak, R. Elazari, G. Salitra, C.S. Kelley, J. Affinito, J. of the Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, A694

[4] D.-J. Lee, M. Agostini, J.-W. Park, Y.-K. Sun, J. Hassoun, B. Scrosati, ChemSusChem 2013, 6, 2245 – 2248

[5] Y. Yang, G. Zheng, Y. Cui, Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 1552
Invited Presentation: Addressing Capacity Fading Challenges in Li-S Batteries via Electrolyte/Cathode Design
Authors: Nazar Linda F
Published: February 2020

The presentation will focus on recent work in our lab involving the development of new electrolytes for the Li-S cell along with new materials for the cathode and developing insightful in situ probes of redox processes for a working cell and understanding the cathode interface. We consider these to be the most challenging issues in electrochemical energy storage cells that operate on the basis of chemical transformations, where the factors that govern capacity and cycling stability are difficult to access owing to the amorphous nature of the intermediate species. I will present results on cathodes for the Li-S cell comprised of sulfur-imbibed robust spherical carbon shells with tailored porosity that exhibit excellent cycling stability. Their highly regular nanoscale dimensions and thin carbon shells allow highly uniform electrochemical response and enable direct monitoring of sulfur speciation within the cell over the whole redox range by operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy on the S K-edge. These studies are coupled with solid state NMR investigations, and include investigations of novel electrolyte systems. Functional tailoring of the surface of the shells will also be presented, and if time permits, comparison will be drawn with Li-O2 electrochemistry.
Invited Presentation: Progress in Redox Composite Cathode for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Kang Kisuk
Published: February 2020

Only a small number of Li-containing cathode material groups have been considered for practical use in Li-ion battery systems. The constraints for cathode material design such as open anion framework and Li-containing conditions restrict the choices of materials for this use. Thus, until now, candidates of positive electrode were limited to crystals that contain both redox-active element (usually transition-metal) and lithium ion in the open framework with few exceptions. To expand the sight for seeking new positive electrode material, we recently suggested a novel strategy to use Li-free transition metal ionic compounds (MX, M = transition metal, X = anion or polyanion group) as a positive electrode material by blending with a simple Li ionic compound (LiY, Y = anion or polyanion group) in nanoscale for Li-ion batteries [1]. In this nanocomposite electrode, MX provided a redox couple for an electrochemical reaction, while Li ions were supplied from LiY.

In this talk, we present our recent progress in this concept of new electrode design.

Reference

[1] Energy Storage in Composites of a Redox Couple Host and a Lithium Ion Host, Kim et. al, Nano Today, Vol 7, pp. 168-173 (2012)
Invited Presentation: Dynamic Behaviors of Phase Transition in Cathode Material
Authors: Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Ogumi Zempachi , Arai Hajime
Published: February 2020

Yoshiharu Uchimoto is a professor in the Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, a position he has since 2007. Title of his talk is “Dynamic behaviors of phase transition in cathode material". Time-resolved in situ analysis enables us to observe dynamic behavior occurring in an operating battery without touching its components and so actual processes associated with charging/discharging can be elucidated. The difficulty in in situ analysis has been low time resolutions, namely, it often takes long time to measure one spectrum/pattern and the status changes during the measurement has been unacceptably large. Recently the measuring probes have been much improved and observation at practical charging/discharging rate of 0.1C to 50C is now available. In his talk, application of in situ technique by using synchrotron X-ray to lithium battery analysis using their measurement characteristics are demonstrated.