bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BROADband brain Network Estimation via Source Separation (BROAD-NESS)
Authors: Bonetti L. , Fernández-Rubio G. , Andersen M. H. , Malvaso C. , Carlomagno F. , Testa C. , Vuust P. , Kringelbach M. L. , Rosso M.
Published: October 2024

This study presents BROADband brain Network Estimation via Source Separation (BROAD- NESS), a novel method tailored for event-related designs, leveraging magnetoencephalography’s (MEG) high temporal and spatial resolution to identify dynamic brain networks without predefined regions. By applying principal component analysis (PCA) to source-reconstructed MEG data from 83 participants in a long-term musical sequence recognition task, BROAD-NESS captured event-related networks more effectively than traditional approaches, revealing two main networks that explained 88% of the variance. The first network, involving the auditory cortices and medial cingulate gyrus, was associated with continuous auditory processing. The second network, encompassing prefrontal and hippocampal regions, inferior temporal cortex, and insula, was linked to memory, confirmed predictions and prediction error processing. With limited computational demands and minimal assumptions, BROAD-NESS offers a powerful tool for studying event-related brain dynamics, enhancing understanding of memory-related networks in recognition of temporal sequences.
Expression of Osteopontin in M2 and M4 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Kinder Leonie , Lindner Moritz
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive (ip) retinal ganglion cells (RGC) can be divided into six different subtypes (M1 – M6). Yet, only for some of these subtypes specific markers exist that could be employed to study of the function of individual subtypes. Osteopontin (Spp1) marks alpha(α)-RGC, suggesting that, across ipRGC, it would only mark the M4-ipRGC subtype (synonymous to: ON-sustained-αRGC). Recent evidence suggests that osteopontin expression could spread to other ipRGC subtypes. Therefore, this study aims to characterise the expression pattern of osteopontin across ipRGC subtypes.

Methods

Single-cell RNA sequencing data from RGC were analysed to identify expression patterns ofSpp1across ipRGC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on retinal cryosections and flatmounts from C57BL/6J mice to characterize the localization of osteopontin across ipRGC. Neurite tracing was employed to study dendritic morphology and identify individual ipRGC subtypes.

Results

scRNAseq analysis revealedSpp1expression in two distinct clusters of ipRGC. IHC confirmed osteopontin co-localization with Smi-32, an established marker for αRGC, including M4-ipRGCs. Spp1 immunoreactivity was moreover identified in one additional group of ipRGC. By dendritic morphology and stratification those cells were clearly identified as M2-ipRGC.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that osteopontin is expressed in both M2- and M4-ipRGC, challenging the notion of osteopontin as a marker exclusively for αRGC. IHC double-labelling for osteopontin and melanopsin provides a novel method to identify and differentiate M2 ipRGC from other subtypes. This will support the study ipRGC physiology in a subtype specific manner and may for instance foster research in the field of optic nerve injury.
Unimolecular processes in diatomic carbon anions at high rotational excitation
Authors: Schmidt Viviane C. , Čurík Roman , Ončák Milan , Blaum Klaus , George Sebastian , Göck Jürgen , Grieser Manfred , Grussie Florian , von Hahn Robert , Krantz Claude , Kreckel Holger , Novotný Oldřich , Spruck Kaija , Wolf Andreas
Published: October 2024

On the millisecond to second time scale, stored beams of diatomic carbon anions C2− from a sputter ion source feature unimolecular decay of yet unexplained origin by electron emission and fragmentation. To account for the magnitude and time dependence of the experimental rates, levels with high rotational and vibrational excitation are modeled for the lowest electronic states of C2−, also including the lowest quartet potential. Energies, spontaneous radiative decay rates (including spin-forbidden quartet-level decay), and tunneling dissociation rates are determined for a large number of highly excited C2− levels and their population in sputter-type ion sources is considered. For the quartet levels, the stability against autodetachment is addressed and recently calculated rates of rotationally assisted autodetachment are applied. Nonadiabatic vibrational autodetachment rates of high vibrational levels in the doublet C2− ground potential are also calculated. The results are combined to model the experimental unimolecular decay signals. Comparison of the modeled to the experimental rates measured at the cryogenic storage ring facility CSR gives strong evidence that C2− ions in quasistable levels of the quartet electronic states are the so far unidentified source of unimolecular decay.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Autodetachment of Diatomic Carbon Anions from Long-Lived High-Rotation Quartet States
Authors: Schmidt Viviane C. , Čurík Roman , Ončák Milan , Blaum Klaus , George Sebastian , Göck Jürgen , Grieser Manfred , Grussie Florian , von Hahn Robert , Krantz Claude , Kreckel Holger , Novotný Oldřich , Spruck Kaija , Wolf Andreas
Published: October 2024

We show that strong molecular rotation drastically modifies the autodetachment of C2− ions in the lowest quartet electronic state aΣu+4. In the strong-rotation regime, levels of this state only decay by a process termed “rotationally assisted” autodetachment, whose theoretical description is worked out based on the nonlocal resonance model. For autodetachment linked with the exchange of six rotational quanta, the results reproduce a prominent, hitherto unexplained electron emission signal with a mean decay time near 3 ms, observed on stored C2− ions from a hot ion source.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Magnetic Taylor-Proudman Constraint Explains Flows into the Tangent Cylinder
Authors: Pothérat Alban , Aujogue Kélig , Debray François
Published: October 2024

Tangent cylinders (TCs) have shaped our understanding of planetary dynamos and liquid cores. The Taylor-Proudman constraint creates these imaginary surfaces because of planetary rotation, separating polar and equatorial regions, but cannot explain the flows meandering through them. Here, we establish and verify experimentally that magnetic fields aligned with rotation drive flows TCs, linked to the flows TCs by a Taylor-Proudman constraint. This constraint explains and quantifies how magnetic fields reshape rotating flows in planetary interiors and magnetorotating flows in general.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
All-optical method for generating transient microstructured targets in laser ion acceleration
Authors: Gao Ying , Wang Pengjie , Liu Bin , Xu Shirui , Chen Shiyou , Shou Yinren , Liu Jianbo , Mei Zhusong , Cao Zhengxuan , Xu Tianqi , Liu Zhipeng , Pan Zhuo , Kong Defeng , Peng Ziyang , Liang Yulan , Song Tan , Chen Xun , Wu Qingfan , Zhang Yujia , Zhao Jiarui , Qi Wei , Deng Zhigang , Zhao Yanying , Wu Fuyuan , Zepf Matt , Ramis Rafael , Bolton Paul R. , Yan Xueqing , Ma Wenjun , Schreiber Jörg
Published: October 2024

We demonstrate an all-optical method that online produces “microstructured” targets by manipulating a Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) prepulse. Besides the enhancement of the proton number, the cutoff energy is nearly doubled. Such transient “microstructured” targets are characterized using both offline and online approaches. Based on probe experiments and hydrodynamic simulations, we develop a simple model to describe the electron density distribution upon the arrival of the main pulse. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations reveal that the annular plasma acts as an oscillating cavity for hot electrons and results in a cascaded acceleration effect. The combination of low-intensity LG prepulses and ultraintense Gaussian pulses opens another avenue for fine-tuning laser-plasma interactions spatiotemporally in interdisciplinary applications.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Dominant role of charge ordering on high harmonic generation in
Pr0.6Ca0.4MnO3
Authors: Nakano A. , Uchida K. , Tomioka Y. , Takaya M. , Okimoto Y. , Tanaka K.
Published: October 2024

High harmonic generation (HHG) is a typical high-order nonlinear optical phenomenon and can be used to probe electronic structures of solids. Here, we investigate the temperature dependence of HHG from Pr0.6Ca0.4MnO3 in the range of 7–294 K, including the charge ordering (CO) transition and magnetic transition temperatures. The high harmonic (HH) intensity remains almost constant in the high-temperature charge-disordered phase. However, as the temperature is lowered, it starts to increase near the CO transition temperature where an optical gap related to the CO appears. The anomalous gap energy dependence resembles the one recently reported in a Mott insulator. We attribute the suppression of the HH intensity at high temperatures to the destructive interference among HH emissions from thermally activated multiple charge configurations. Our results suggest that HHG is a promising tool for probing the fluctuation of local order in strongly correlated systems.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Synchronized States of Power Grids and Oscillator Networks by Convex Optimization
Authors: Hartmann Carsten , Böttcher Philipp C. , Gross David , Witthaut Dirk
Published: October 2024

Synchronization is essential for the operation of ac power systems: all generators in the power grid must rotate with fixed relative phases to enable a steady flow of electric power. Understanding the conditions for and the limitations of synchronization is of utmost practical importance. In this article, we propose a novel approach to computing and analyzing the stable stationary states of a power grid or a network of Kuramoto oscillators in terms of a convex optimization problem. This approach allows us to systematically compute stable states where the phase difference across an edge does not exceed π/2. Furthermore, the optimization formulation allows us to rigorously establish certain properties of synchronized states and to bound the error in the widely used linear power flow approximation.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
The trajectory of artificial intelligence for competency-based personalised learning: past, present and future
Authors: Dastane Omkar , Turner Jason , Nankervis Alan
Published: October 2024

Purpose

The study aims to reflect on past research, uncover current trends and propose a future research agenda in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) for competency-based personalised learning.

Design/methodology/approach

The study followed the SPAR-4-SLR protocol to retrieve 855 articles related to the field indexed in the Scopus database. Performance analysis, network analysis and science mapping were then performed using VOSviewer and the Biblioshiny app.

Findings

The analysis identified nine clusters of intellectual structure (healthcare, competencies, learning systems, digital transformation, AI literacy, computer-aided education, AI ethics, e-learning and active learning) and twelve themes (including motor, basic, emerging and niche).

Originality/value

Following an extensive review of the literature, this would appear to be the first study to provide a panoramic view of AI for competency-based personalised learning based on the Scopus database. The core gaps in the current literature have been identified and the corresponding future agenda will be instrumental in shaping future research directions in the field.
How incentive alignment along the supply chain fosters incremental innovation: evidence from defence performance-based contracts
Authors: Alqahtani Faris , Selviaridis Kostas , Stevenson Mark
Published: October 2024

Purpose

To investigate how providers of product-service bundles design and manage their contracts with upstream suppliers to incentivise incremental innovation for the benefit of their downstream customers, who contract the provider based on performance.

Design/methodology/approach

An embedded multiple-case study was conducted to examine elements of a European jet fighter’s manufacturing and after-sales supply chain. The embedded cases concern provider contracts with first-tier suppliers of product and service offerings. Data collection involved 21 semi-structured interviews, documents and other secondary data sources. Data analysis was informed by agency theory to assess the effectiveness of contract design and management in delivering incremental innovation and to identify related contracting strategies.

Findings

We identify four strategies for fostering incremental innovation in contracts between providers and their first-tier suppliers. These include two contract design strategies, i.e. reducing goal incongruence and addressing information asymmetry; and two contract management strategies, i.e. reducing outcome uncertainty and promoting inter-firm integration between providers and sub-suppliers.

Practical implications

The research offers managerial guidelines regarding how providers can design and manage their tier-one supplier contracts to achieve incremental innovation. These include encouraging early supplier involvement, using focussed KPIs in contracts, and managing product and service-offering suppliers differently.

Originality/value

The research shows the contingent effect during contract design and management of a sub-supplier’s product vs. service offering, which, in turn, impacts incremental innovation. We also find that using focussed key performance indicators in sub-supplier contracts can be effective in improving product and service quality.
Success in small places: NCB forfeiture thrives in Manitoba, a small but mighty Canadian jurisdiction
Authors: Murray Melinda , Simser Jeffrey
Published: October 2024

Purpose

This paper shows how a small jurisdiction can apply well-designed non-conviction-based (NCB) forfeiture provisions with a dedicated team to have a meaningful impact on financial crime. This paper aims to examine developing jurisprudence, legislation and case law to explore how the NCB laws work. Finally, this paper examines a relatively new area of law for Canada, unexplained wealth orders (UWOs). This paper discussed three recent cases in Western Canada currently before the courts.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper considers legislative and jurisprudential developments relevant to NCB or civil asset forfeiture and in particular considers very recent developments involving UWOs.

Findings

This paper shows how a small jurisdiction can apply well-designed NCB forfeiture provisions with a dedicated team to have a meaningful impact on financial crime.

Research limitations/implications

Some jurisdictions, like the UK, have experienced court losses with their UWO process. Canadian law may have a modest pathway to success in this area, although our jurisprudence is very much in development.

Practical implications

Manitoba is a small jurisdiction with limited resources who are finding ways to have an effective impact on financial crime through the careful application of use of conviction-based forfeiture.

Social implications

Financial crime has an outsized impact on society. This paper shows some of the techniques available to disrupt financial crime.

Originality/value

This paper incorporates developments in 2024 that have not yet been examined.
Uncovering effects of supply chain distance on sustainability adoption: empirical evidence from a multi-stakeholder partnership
Authors: Alves Ana P. Ferreira , Silva Minelle E. , Sauer Philipp C.
Published: October 2024

Purpose

To investigate the effects of supply chain (SC) distance on sustainability adoption, this study aims to advance the way prior studies on SC sustainability presume that SC structures are well-developed and stable. Since SC members face structural voids in different regions, we recognize that the information flow is impacted as SC partners often have limited knowledge of their direct partners. Thus, by studying a multi-stakeholder partnership, this article sheds light on the institutional foundation of sustainability adoption issues largely neglected to date.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative case study was used with members of an MSP (i.e. a roundtable), to understand the beef SC located in Brazil. Overall, 18 h of interview recordings and notes from 18 h of meeting observations were gathered, equaling 36 h of primary data.

Findings

Four dimensions of SC distance (physical, organizational, cultural and institutional) were identified, generating three driving effects on symbolic sustainability adoption and, consequently, a degree of invisibility for beef SC members. The results explain the process of sustainability adoption and highlight that smaller and more upstream suppliers show lower degrees of substantive adoption of SC sustainability practices.

Originality/value

This study investigates how SC distance affects the alignment of SC members in terms of sustainability adoption. By providing reflections on how institutional distance can hinder suppliers from adopting sustainability requirements they received from the SC, this research contributes to shifting from sustainability discourse to real practice and proactive partner engagement.
Social Media Networks and Stock Price Synchronicity: Evidence from a Chinese Stock Forum
Authors: Guo Feng , Lyu Bin , Lyu Xiaoliang , Zheng Jiandong
Published: October 2024

The widespread communication and interaction between small investors on social media in the capital market has resulted in the formation of a social media network specific to listed companies. Using a unique dataset from an active online stock forum in China, we construct a social media network of listed companies by assigning listed companies as nodes and common commenters who post in each of the subforums for two listed companies in a year as edges. Then, we investigate the relationship between the network centrality of the listed companies and stock price synchronicity. The results show that there is a significantly negative relationship between the social network centrality of listed companies and stock price synchronicity, indicating that social media networks can improve the price efficiency of capital markets. The mechanism analysis shows that social media networks can produce more corporate‐specific information and improve the efficiency of information dissemination, thus reducing stock price synchronicity.
Endothelial cell‐specific progerin expression does not cause cardiovascular alterations and premature death
Authors: Benedicto Ignacio , Hamczyk Magda R. , Nevado Rosa M. , Barettino Ana , Carmona Rosa M. , Espinós‐Estévez Carla , Gonzalo Pilar , de la Fuente‐Pérez Miguel , Andrés‐Manzano María J. , González‐Gómez Cristina , Dorado Beatriz , Andrés Vicente
Published: October 2024

Hutchinson‐Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the LMNA gene that provokes the synthesis of progerin, a mutant version of the nuclear protein lamin A that accelerates aging and precipitates death. The most clinically relevant feature of HGPS is the development of cardiac anomalies and severe vascular alterations, including massive loss of vascular smooth muscle cells, increased fibrosis, and generalized atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear if progerin expression in endothelial cells (ECs) causes the cardiovascular manifestations of HGPS. To tackle this question, we generated atherosclerosis‐free mice (LmnaLCS/LCSCdh5‐CreERT2) and atheroprone mice (Apoe−/−LmnaLCS/LCSCdh5‐CreERT2) with EC‐specific progerin expression. Like progerin‐free controls, LmnaLCS/LCSCdh5‐CreERT2 mice did not develop heart fibrosis or cardiac electrical and functional alterations, and had normal vascular structure, body weight, and lifespan. Similarly, atheroprone Apoe−/−LmnaLCS/LCSCdh5‐CreERT2 mice showed no alteration in body weight or lifespan versus Apoe−/−LmnaLCS/LCS controls and did not develop vascular alterations or aggravated atherosclerosis. Our results indicate that progerin expression in ECs is not sufficient to cause the cardiovascular phenotype and premature death associated with progeria.
The impact of cysteine on lifespan in three model organisms: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ma Yue , Chen Mengqi , Huang Kaiyao , Chang Wakam
Published: October 2024

Cysteine is an amino acid present in thiol proteins and often dictates their secondary structures. Although considered nonessential, cysteine may be essential for patients with certain metabolic diseases and can reduce the requirement for dietary methionine. Cysteine and some of its derivatives, such as N‐acetylcysteine, are considered antioxidants and widely used in animal aging studies. To provide insights into the potential anti‐aging effects of cysteine, we systematically reviewed and performed a meta‐analysis to investigate the impact of cysteine supplementation on lifespan using three model organisms: mice, nematodes, and fruit flies. A total of 13 mouse studies, 13 C. elegans studies, and 5 Drosophila studies were included in the analysis. The findings revealed that cysteine supplementation significantly reduced the risk of mortality in mice and C. elegans. Subgroup analysis showed consistent results across different starting times and administration methods and revealed adverse effects of high doses on worms and a lack of effect in nondisease mouse models. Similar to mice, the effects of cysteine supplementation on Drosophila were not statistically significant, except in transgenic flies. The study identified certain limitations, including the quality of the included studies and the potential for publication bias. We also discussed uncertainties in the underlying molecular mechanisms and the clinical application of dietary cysteine.
Determinants of quality of life and emotional well‐being in a bariatric surgery seeking cohort of 1501 multi‐ethnic Asian patients
Authors: Chua Wei Yu , Chia Daryl Kai Ann , Chan Yiong Huak , Leong Eugene Kwong Fei , Chen Ashley , Asif Sharen , Wong Yu An , Fung Javis , Johnson Rachel Patricia , Poojari Shefali Jay , Gani Qamaruzaman Syed , Lin Wen , Wai Shu Ning , Kayambu Geetha , Lim Serene Peiying , Neo Wen Joo , Wee Candice Xin Yi , Lomanto Davide , Kim Guowei , So Jimmy Bok Yan , Shabbir Asim
Published: October 2024

Objective

The relationship between ethnicity, obesity and health‐related quality of life outcomes in a multi‐ethnic population remains poorly understood. We aim to investigate the relationship between ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), obesity‐associated diseases, as well as determinants of quality of life (QoL) in Southeast Asian patients with obesity. We aim to develop and validate a simple objective score to identify patients with obesity at high risk for major depression.

Methods

Associations between ethnicity, obesity‐associated diseases, BMI and determinants of QoL (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 and 36‐Item Short Form Survey) were analysed using multivariate logistic regression in a prospective cohort of 1501 patients with obesity. Multivariate regression and receiver operating characteristics curves were used to develop and validate a novel scoring system to identify patients at risk of major depression.

Results

Patients of Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity had increased risk of hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 1.51 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–1.92, p < .001]), BMI Class 4 (OR: 17.89 [95% CI: 9.53–33.60, p < .001]) and major depression (OR: 1.71 [95% CI: 1.23–2.39, p = .002]), respectively. Factors associated with major depression (gender, ethnicity, age, obstructive sleep apnoea, Physical Component Score and Mental Component Score scores) were used to create and validate a novel scoring system with an area under curve of 0.812 (95% CI: 0.787–0.837). A cutoff of 4 of 7 points was identified with a sensitivity of 70%, specificity of 81%, positive predictive of 53% and negative predictive value of 90%.

Conclusion

The prevalence of metabolic complications from obesity significantly varies with ethnicity. We developed a novel and simple scoring tool combining objective demographic and patient‐reported outcomes to screen and triage patients at risk of major depression.
The role of GRB2 in diabetes, diabetes complications and related disorders
Authors: Ma Jing , Dong Yuyan , Liu Juxiang , Gao Shuo , Quan Jinxing
Published: October 2024

Growth factor receptor‐bound protein 2 (GRB2) is a key adaptor protein involved in multiple signalling pathways, and its dysregulation is associated with various diseases. Type 2 diabetes is a systemic condition characterized by insulin resistance and impaired β‐cell function. The complications of diabetes significantly reduce life expectancy and quality of life, imposing a substantial burden on society. However, the role of GRB2 in diabetes and associated complications is largely unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that GRB2 plays a crucial role in insulin resistance, inflammation, immune activation and the regulation of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis and differentiation. Dysregulation of GRB2‐mediated pathways contributes to the progression of diabetic neuropathy, cognitive dysfunction, nephropathy, retinopathy and related disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the role of GRB2 in diabetes, diabetes complications and related disorders, alongside recent advances in the development of GRB2‐targeted therapies. Elucidating the complex role of GRB2 in these disorders provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies targeting GRB2‐mediated pathways.
Differences in sampling efficiency of each insect order in yellow pan traps with installation of flight interception windows
Authors: Uemori Kazushige , Hishi Takuo
Published: October 2024

To monitor insect diversity and community changes, it is necessary to select traps with a high sampling efficiency. We examined the effects of a flight interception window on a small yellow pan trap (flight interception pan; FIP). Our results showed that fewer Hymenoptera individuals were captured by the FIP than by the non‐FIP (NFIP) traps. Fewer Aculeata, Diptera and Hemiptera individuals were captured by the FIP than by the NFIP traps, whereas more Coleoptera individuals were captured by the FIP than by the NFIP traps. The flight interception window did not affect the Aculeata species composition. Considering the labor involved in attaching windows and the reduced ease of trap transport and setting, the NFIP traps are better for sampling Hymenoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera, whereas the FIP traps are better for sampling Coleoptera.
Immunotherapy‐induced reprogramming of cancer‐associated fibroblasts can promote tumor progression
Authors: Yamashita Tomoya , Horiguchi Haruki , Kadomatsu Tsuyoshi , Sato Michio , Moroishi Toshiro , Oike Yuichi
Published: October 2024

Use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as cancer immunotherapy has advanced rapidly in the clinic; however, ICI initiation can also cause an unexpectedly rapid acceleration of cancer progression in some patients. Here, we used a murine syngeneic melanoma model to conduct mechanistic analysis of cancer‐associated fibroblast (CAF) function in cancer progression in the context of immunotherapy. We found that after ICI treatment CAFs acquire inflammatory properties, which can promote tumor progression. Mechanistically, we show that T‐cell‐derived interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) stimulates production of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) by macrophages, facilitating CAF conversion to inflammatory CAFs. Our findings suggest that CAF/immune cell crosstalk plays an essential role in ICI‐associated tumor progression.
Fat embolism: a systematic review to facilitate the development of standardised procedures in pathology
Authors: Morena Donato , Scopetti Matteo , Padovano Martina , Turillazzi Emanuela , Fineschi Vittorio
Published: October 2024

Fat embolism (FE) is a historically recognised but still actively researched topic in forensic pathology. Several aspects remain not fully elucidated, such as its aetiopathogenesis, its causal role in death determination, the impact of interfering factors (e.g. cardiopulmonary resuscitation or other medical procedures) and both qualitative and quantitative diagnostic methodologies in clinical and forensic contexts. These issues are further underscored by the potential involvement of FE in the causal determination of non‐traumatic deaths, which often raises questions of professional liability. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive and up‐to‐date overview of the most recent scientific evidence relevant to forensic pathology. Our systematic research has included 58 articles from 1990 to the present on the topic of FE and fat embolism syndrome (FES). From these articles, we identified 45 case reports, from which the authors’ descriptions were extracted to provide information on individual cases and the operational methods of forensic pathologists. Additionally, 21 experimental studies were identified, and their key findings have been summarised narratively. It has emerged that both traumatic and non‐traumatic cases are frequently reported in the forensic context, with orthopaedic and cosmetic surgery being among the highest‐risk specialities. Experimental studies have re‐evaluated the role of a patent foramen ovale in the pathogenesis of FE, as well as the impact of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in causing FE severe enough to result in death. Additionally, there are new findings regarding diagnostic techniques, including radiological and immunohistological methods; however, they have not yet fully bridged the reliability gap compared to an accurate autopsy–histological evaluation. The major critical points that emerged include the lack of complete and detailed information on premortem clinical conditions, the underutilisation of grading systems and the methodological heterogeneity applied, resulting in considerable variability regarding the organs studied histologically and the diagnostic techniques used. Despite the limitations associated with the analysis of case reports and the heterogeneity of included experimental studies, we believe that this study can provide a comprehensive overview of the FE topic. It furnishes pathologists with an updated overview useful for clinical practice and guiding future research trends, as well as facilitating the development of standardised procedures.
Establishment of Evidence‐Based Nursing Indices for Dysphagia After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery
Authors: Yu Chen , Luo Chunmei , Song Caiping
Published: October 2024

Aim

To select and obtain relevant evidence for the management of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery both domestically and internationally, clinical quality evaluation indicators were developed based on evidence‐based nursing practices, and obstacles and promoting factors in evidence‐based nursing practices were analysed. This research was aimed to provide a basis for evidence‐based nursing practices to promote standardized management of dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery.

Background

Dysphagia is the most common complication following anterior cervical surgery, but there is a lack of standard protocols and guidelines to direct clinical practice.

Design

Mixed methods were employed for the translational research to support evidence‐based practice.

Data Sources

This study was based on the JBI evidence‐based health care model. According to the ‘6S Evidence Resource Pyramid Model’, we searched from top to bottom.

Methods

This study is guided by the knowledge to action (KTA) evidence‐based practice model. Utilizing a comprehensive evidence‐based approach and following the 6S evidence resource pyramid model, relevant evidence on the management of swallowing disorders after cervical anterior surgery was selected from both domestic and international sources. Based on the best available evidence, the Delphi expert consultation method was used to establish a management plan for swallowing disorders post‐cervical anterior surgery. Semi‐structured interviews were then conducted to identify barriers to clinical implementation, and clinical quality evaluation indicators, as well as promoting factors, were subsequently developed.

Results

Based on the 31 best evidence points, 12 evaluation indicators were developed. The baseline results of these indicators reveal that, apart from evaluation indicator 8, which has a compliance rate of 72.2%, the compliance rates for most of the other indicators are relatively low. Based on the results of the clinical quality review, the following main obstacles were analysed: negative behaviours and attributes, lack of professional knowledge, and lack of standardized management.

Conclusions

Effective management of swallowing disorders after cervical spine surgery is crucial for enhancing treatment outcomes, reducing complications, shortening hospital stays and improving patient quality of life. This study identified the best evidence for managing dysphagia post‐anterior cervical surgery and developed corresponding solutions. The next step involves applying these measures in clinical practice to improve patient prognosis and elevate the quality of care.
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) due to Influenza in Post‐COVID Resurgence: Disproportionate Impact on Older Māori and Pacific Peoples
Authors: Cheung Isabella M. Y. , Paynter Janine , Broderick David , Trenholme Adrian , Byrnes Cass A. , Grant Cameron C. , Huang S. Qiu , Turner Nikki , McIntyre Peter
Published: October 2024

Objective

Influenza reemerged after a 2020–2021 hiatus in 2022, but understanding the resurgence needs pre‐COVID era surveillance. We compared age‐ and ethnicity‐specific incidence of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from a hospital network in Auckland, New Zealand, in 2022 against a baseline, 2012–2019.

Methods

Annual and monthly influenza SARI incidence per 1000 persons by age and ethnic group between 2012 and 2022 was calculated using resident population as the denominator. The hospitals capture most severe illness of the resident population.

Results

Influenza SARI incidence was highest among <1 year olds (2.62; 95% CI: 1.84–3.61) during 2012–2019, lowest at 6–14 years, and did not significantly increase until 50–64 years (0.35; 95% CI: 0.27–0.45), reaching 1.19 (95% CI: 0.57–1.55) in those ≥75 years. In all age groups, incidence was at least threefold higher in Māori and Pacific Peoples. No influenza SARI was identified in 2020–2021. In 2022, despite an early peak, annual incidence (<65 years) was lower than baseline in all ethnic groups, but incidence (≥65 years) in Māori (2.06; 95% CI: 1.22–3.26) and Pacific (3.94; 95% CI: 2.97–5.13) peoples was higher in 2022 than most baseline years, whereas incidence in NMNP (0.22; 95% CI: 0.14–0.32) was lower than any baseline year.

Conclusion

After no influenza 2020–2021, Auckland had an early, high, narrow peak in 2022. Stratification by age and ethnicity revealed striking discrepancies in incidence among Māori and Pacific adults over 65 years compared with NMNP adults, with implications for targeted vaccination strategies.
Identifying cognitive, affective, and developmental mechanisms linking threat and deprivation with adolescent psychopathology
Authors: Sadikova Ekaterina , Weissman David G. , Rosen Maya L. , Robinson Elise , Lengua Liliana J. , Sheridan Margaret A. , Tiemeier Henning , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: October 2024

Background

The mechanisms linking early‐life adversity with psychopathology over the life‐course are complex. In this prospective study, we collectively examined cognitive, affective, and developmental mediators previously found to individually link childhood threat and deprivation experiences to adolescent psychopathology to identify the most potent mechanisms.

Methods

Data came from a community sample of 227 children (mean child age 11.5 ± 0.5 years, 48.5% female) from the Seattle metro area with recruitment designed to reflect diversity in family income. Candidate mechanisms included self‐rated pubertal development and task‐measured attention bias to threat, emotion regulation, theory of mind, fear learning, inhibitory control, language ability, reasoning, and reward sensitivity. Using a high‐dimensional mediation approach, we determined which mediating pathways linking threat and deprivation to psychopathology persisted after controlling for all candidate mechanisms associated with psychopathology. Models additionally controlled for the child's age, sex, early‐childhood emotional and behavioral symptoms, poverty, and maternal depression.

Results

Blunted reward sensitivity mediated the prospective relationship between threat and internalizing psychopathology, explaining 17.25% (95% CI 1.08%, 69.96%) of this association. Advanced pubertal development was associated with increases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms (standardized associations of 0.16 (95% CI 0.03, 0.29) and 0.17 (95% CI 0.05, 0.29), respectively), but not with adversity. Although deprivation was strongly related to psychopathology, no mechanisms were empirically identified.

Conclusions

In a well‐characterized community sample, we isolated reward sensitivity as a robust mediator of the prospective association between early‐life threat and adolescent internalizing psychopathology. Interventions aimed at bolstering reward sensitivity may mitigate the impact of early‐life threat experiences on internalizing problems.
Trainee resistors: Have our students become our teachers?
Authors: Peebles Erin R. , Khan Rabia
Published: October 2024

The authors urge medical education to move beyond teaching social determinants, advocating for active resistance to systemic injustices and a more politically engaged and justice‐oriented approach to healthcare training.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Self‐Reported Sarcopenia and Its Association With Multimorbidity in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Son Youn‐Jung , Lee Yun Mi , Kim Da‐Young , Kim Eun‐Jung , Ahn Jeong‐Ah
Published: October 2024

This cross‐sectional study aimed to identify the impact of multimorbidity on self‐reported sarcopenia and compare the differences in the prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults with and without multimorbidity. We enrolled 876 community‐dwelling older adults in South Korea. Multimorbidity was defined as the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases, and sarcopenia was evaluated using the Strength, Assistance in walking, Rising from a chair, Climbing stairs, and Falling Questionnaire. Binomial logistic regression analyses were performed. Our study revealed that the prevalence of sarcopenia was significantly higher (43.5%) in older adults with multimorbidity than in those without multimorbidity (20.8%). This finding underscores the significant impact of multimorbidity on sarcopenia. We also found that poor perceived health status was the strongest predictor of sarcopenia in older adults with multimorbidity, while oldest‐old age (≥ 85 years) was the strongest predictor of sarcopenia in those without multimorbidity. Large prospective cohort studies using objective sarcopenia screening tools are needed to demonstrate the synergistic effects of multimorbidity and sarcopenia on health outcomes among community‐dwelling older adults.
African Horned Melon (Cucumis metuliferus): Climate‐Resilient Crop and Gene Donor in the Breeding of Major Cucurbits
Authors: Sebati Olga , Shimelis Hussein , Mashilo Jacob
Published: October 2024

African horned melon (Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer ex Naudin, 2n = 2x = 24) is an under‐researched and under‐utilised cucurbit crop primarily grown for its nutritious fruit. In its centre of diversity, the crop is valued for its relatively high tolerance to insect pests, diseases, drought and heat stress. It is a potential opportunity crop and a valuable source of genes to major Cucumis species, including cucumber (Cucumis sativas L.) and melon (C. melo L.). Its climate resilience and nutrient‐rich fruit provide niche market opportunities. Hence, production and value‐adding will make African horned melon a crop of choice globally. There is a need for an in‐depth investigation into the genetic diversity, breeding and food composition of the crop. Therefore, the objective of this review was to provide perspectives on the production and breeding status of African horned melon to appraise its genetic value for human welfare, strategic production, genetic conservation and breeding of market‐preferred varieties, including closely related Cucumis species. The first section described the botany, production status, germplasm resources and characterisation based on phenotypic and genetic markers. This is followed by breeding progress for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, utilities and challenges of gene transfer and potential rootstock to Cucumis species, especially cucumber and melon. The review summarised the main breeding goals and approaches, including mutation breeding to fast‐track the development of new varieties. Information presented in the review will guide cultivar design in African horned melon or related cucurbits, aiming for superior agronomic and nutritional quality traits and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Towards minilateral climate governance? Analysing climate club design options through the lens of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
Authors: Hall Catherine
Published: October 2024

In response to the limitations of the United Nations climate change regime, a range of dynamic climate governance arrangements have emerged, including minilateral ‘climate clubs’. Although proposed as a solution to move international climate policy forward, depending on their specific design, climate clubs could raise implications from the perspective of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR‐RC). Accordingly, this article aims to analyse different climate club design options through the lens of CBDR‐RC. First, it explains the general rationale for climate clubs and presents a spectrum of key club design features. Second, this article describes how CBDR‐RC has been operationalised under the climate regime. Third, drawing on current club‐like arrangements—namely, the Climate Club, the Clean Energy Ministerial and the proposed Global Arrangement on Sustainable Steel and Aluminium—it critically examines whether different design options are (likely to be) compatible with CBDR‐RC.
Securing commitment and control for the supply of plasma derivatives for public health systems. II: A survey of national pathways
Authors: von Bonsdorff Leni , Farrugia Albert , Candura Fabio , O'Leary Peter , Vesga Miguel A. , De Angelis Vincenzo
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives

Pressures on the supply of plasma‐derived medicinal products (PDMPs) have led to the efforts to increase the level of plasma collected by public health authorities.

Materials and Methods

Public blood collectors were assessed regarding their routes towards domestically sourced plasma and PDMPs.

Results

The collectors' operations were specified and analysed. Models were classified according to the type of plasma collection system and contract fractionation arrangements.

Conclusion

Commitment and control to a public plasma collection system are the key features that need to underpin plasma collection.
The safety of pathogen‐reduced platelet transfusions in critically ill term and preterm neonates
Authors: D'hont Alexia , Ecury‐Goossen Ginette M. , Overduin Ruben J. , Manshande Meindert E. , Duits Ashley J.
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives

Platelet transfusions carry an important risk of infection transmission. The Mirasol Pathogen Reduction Technology system for platelets uses riboflavin and UV light to introduce irreparable lesions into nucleic acids, thereby inhibiting pathogen replication and inactivating white blood cells. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety of pathogen‐reduced platelet transfusions (PRPTs) in critically ill infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in the Caribbean.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a descriptive retrospective study of the use of Mirasol PRPTs in patients admitted to the NICU of the general hospital in Curaçao from February 2016 to April 2023.

Results

A total of 208 PRPTs were administered to 46 patients (median [range] transfusions per patient: 3 [1–24]). Three patients were born term, and 43 were born preterm (median [range] gestational age: 27 4/7 weeks [24 6/7–36 6/7]). PRPTs were well‐tolerated and no complications occurred, especially no signs of haemolysis nor any signs of new infection within 24 h after transfusion. Twenty‐one of 46 patients (46%) died during their admittance. None of the deaths were deemed related to PRPT.

Conclusion

Mirasol PRPT appears to be safe for use in critically ill neonates, including extremely preterm neonates.
Occurrence record of Haemaphysalis (Allophysalis) warburtoni Nuttall, 1912 (Ixodidae) in the Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Ayyanar Elango , Kishan Raju Hari , Krishnamoorthi Ranganathan , Kumar Ashwani
Published: October 2024

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Investigation of arc spot splitting behavior on aluminum, titanium, and their alloy cathodes under different gas flows
Authors: Du Hao , Zhang Ke , Xu Feng , Zuo Dunwen , Lang Wenchang
Published: October 2024

This paper presents an experimental study on the spot splitting behavior of aluminum, titanium, and their alloy cathodes during electric arc discharge. Utilizing high-speed digital cameras, we dynamically captured the splitting motion of cathode arc spots and analyzed their behavior under different pressures of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen. The study also examined the effects of pulsed arc current parameters on spot splitting. We observed a ringlike expansion of pulsed arc spots during splitting, with aluminum cathodes showing better performance than titanium in promoting spot splitting and stabilizing the subsequent motion of the split spots. Oxygen was found to enhance spot splitting more effectively than nitrogen. Furthermore, the parameters of the pulsed arc can control the extent of spot splitting and expansion. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing arc parameter control in metal film deposition processes.