bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultraclean Layers and Optically Thin Clouds in the Stratocumulus-to-Cumulus Transition. Part II: Depletion of Cloud Droplets and Cloud Condensation Nuclei through Collision–Coalescence
Authors: Kuan-Ting O  , Wood Robert , Bretherton Christopher S.
Published: April 2018

In Part I, aircraft observations are used to show that ultraclean layers (UCLs) in the marine boundary layer (MBL) are a common feature of the stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition (SCT) region over the northeast Pacific. The ultraclean layers are defined as layers of either cloud or clear air in which the concentration of particles with diameter larger than 0.1 μm is below 10 cm−3. Here, idealized microphysical parcel modeling shows that in the cumulus regime, collision–coalescence can strongly deplete cloud droplet concentration in cumulus (Cu) updrafts, thereby removing cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) from the atmosphere, suggesting that collision scavenging is likely the key process causing the low particle concentration in UCLs. Furthermore, the model results suggest that the stratocumulus regime is typically not favorable for UCL formation, because condensate amounts are generally not large enough to deplete drops in the time it takes to loft air to the upper planetary boundary layer (PBL). A bulk parameterization of the coalescence-scavenging rate is derived based on in situ measurements. The fractional coalescence-scavenging rate is found to be strongly dependent upon liquid water content (LWC) and, hence, the height above cloud base, indicating that a higher cloud top and thus a greater cloud thickness in a Cu updraft is an important factor accounting for the observed sharp rise of UCL coverage in the SCT region. An important implication is that PBL height, which controls maximum cloud thickness, and therefore LWC in updrafts, could be a crucial factor constraining coalescence scavenging and thus the formation of UCLs in the MBL.
Theoretical Analysis of the Entrainment–Mixing Process at Cloud Boundaries. Part I: Droplet Size Distributions and Humidity within the Interface Zone
Authors: Pinsky Mark , Khain Alexander
Published: April 2018

The problem of a complex entrainment–mixing process is analyzed by solving a diffusion–evaporation equation for an open region in the vicinity of the cloud–dry air interface. Upon normalization the problem is reduced to a one-parametric one, the governing parameter being the potential evaporation parameter R proportional to the ratio of saturation deficit in the dry air to the available liquid water content in the cloud air. As distinct from previous multiple studies analyzing mixing within closed adiabatic volumes, we consider a principally nonstationary problem that never leads to a homogeneous equilibrium state. It is shown that at R < −1 the cloud edge shifts toward the cloud; that is, the cloud dissipates due to mixing with dry air, and the cloud volume decreases. If R > −1, the cloud edge shifts outside; that is, the mixing leads to an increase in the cloud volume. The time evolution of droplet size distribution and its moments, as well as the relative humidity within the expanding cloud–dry air interface, are calculated and analyzed. It is shown that the values of the mean volume radii rapidly decrease within the interface zone in the direction away from the cloud, indicating significant changes in the cloud edge microstructure. Scattering diagrams plotted for the cloud edge agree well with high-frequency in situ measurements, corroborating the reliability of the proposed approach. It is shown that the humidity front moves toward dry air faster than the front of liquid water content. As a result, the mixing leads to formation of a humid air shell around the cloud. The widths of the interface zone and humid shell are evaluated.
Sensitivity of Polar Amplification to Varying Insolation Conditions
Authors: Kim Doyeon , Kang Sarah M. , Shin Yechul , Feldl Nicole
Published: April 2018

The mechanism of polar amplification in the absence of surface albedo feedback is investigated using an atmospheric model coupled to an aquaplanet slab ocean forced by a CO2 doubling. In particular, we examine the sensitivity of polar surface warming response under different insolation conditions from equinox (EQN) to annual mean (ANN) to seasonally varying (SEA). Varying insolation greatly affects the climatological static stability. The equinox condition, with the largest polar static stability, exhibits a bottom-heavy vertical profile of polar warming response that leads to the strongest polar amplification. In contrast, the polar warming response in ANN and SEA exhibits a maximum in the midtroposphere, which leads to only weak polar amplification. The midtropospheric warming maximum, which results from an increased poleward atmospheric energy transport in response to the tropics-to-pole energy imbalance, contributes to polar surface warming via downward clear-sky longwave radiation. However, it is cancelled by negative cloud radiative feedbacks locally. Furthermore, the polar lapse rate feedback, calculated from radiative kernels, is negative due to the midtropospheric warming maximum, and hence is not able to promote the polar surface warming. On the other hand, the polar lapse rate feedback in EQN is positive due to the bottom-heavy warming response, contributing to the strong polar surface warming. This contrast suggests that locally induced positive radiative feedbacks are necessary for strong polar amplification. Our results demonstrate how interactions among climate feedbacks determine the strength of polar amplification.
Rossby Wave Packets on the Midlatitude Waveguide—A Review
Authors: Wirth Volkmar , Riemer Michael , Chang Edmund K. M. , Martius Olivia
Published: April 2018

Rossby wave packets (RWPs) are Rossby waves for which the amplitude has a local maximum and decays to smaller values at larger distances. This review focuses on upper-tropospheric transient RWPs along the midlatitude jet stream. Their central characteristic is the propagation in the zonal direction as well as the transfer of wave energy from one individual trough or ridge to its downstream neighbor, a process called “downstream development.” These RWPs sometimes act as long-range precursors to extreme weather and presumably have an influence on the predictability of midlatitude weather systems. The paper reviews research progress in this area with an emphasis on developments during the last 15 years. The current state of knowledge is summarized including a discussion of the RWP life cycle as well as Rossby waveguides. Recent progress in the dynamical understanding of RWPs has been based, in part, on the development of diagnostic methods. These methods include algorithms to identify and track RWPs in an automated manner, which can be used to extract the climatological properties of RWPs. RWP dynamics have traditionally been investigated using the eddy kinetic energy framework; alternative approaches based on potential vorticity and wave activity fluxes are discussed and put into perspective with the more traditional approach. The different diagnostics are compared to each other and the strengths and weaknesses of individual methods are highlighted. A recurrent theme is the role of diabatic processes, which can be a source for forecast errors. Finally, the paper points to important open research questions and suggests avenues for future research.
Office Employees’ Perception of Workspace Contribution: A Gender and Office Design Perspective
Authors: Bodin Danielsson Christina , Theorell Töres
Published: April 2018

In this exploratory study, we investigated the relationship between office design and employee perception of its contribution to job satisfaction, comfort, and performance. The study includes 4,352 employees in seven different office designs. Associations between workspace satisfaction and perceived access to supportive facilities (ancillary spaces for concentrated work and for different meetings) were also investigated since these factors may be related to employees’ workspace satisfaction. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were performed separately for men and women with adjustments for age and education. Supplementary correlation analyses were performed between workspace satisfaction and perceived access to supportive facilities. Results showed differences between employees’ workspace satisfaction in studied office designs. Those with the lowest ratings of access to supportive facilities reported the lowest degree of satisfaction. The best results were found in cell-offices and the worst ones in hot-desking offices. Gender differences were also observed.
Academic Underachievement and Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Hoffmann John P.
Published: April 2018

Considerable research has addressed whether various academic factors affect involvement in delinquent behavior among youth. Yet few studies have assessed the association between academic underachievement and delinquency. Academic underachievement is defined as school performance, such as measured by grades, that falls below what is predicted by standardized tests of mental/cognitive ability. Using two waves of longitudinal data ( n = 11,223), this study aimed to evaluate this association and determine if it is affected by school attachment, family relations, parental education, or self-control. The results of the empirical model suggested a modest association between academic underachievement and delinquent behavior, but it was partially attenuated by attention deficits, an indicator of low self-control. Additional analyses indicated that attention deficits were associated with both underachievement and delinquent behavior.
Long-term maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis in eastern India: a 15-year follow-up
Authors: Ray Gautam
Published: April 2018

Clinical data of 65 histologically documented ulcerative colitis patients from January 2001 to December 2013 were prospectively recorded till June 2017 and analysed to determine the outcome of long-term maintenance treatment. Drugs used were 5-aminosalicylates, steroids and azathioprine. Primary outcome measure was relapse. Though 73.8% patients relapsed, most occurred within the first five years with mild to moderate severity and were easily controlled with the same medicines. None had progressive disease; drug discontinuation was possible in six cases. Side effects of drugs were negligible. Rates of surgery, colon cancer, complications and disease-related death were very low. Longer disease duration, azathioprine discontinuation and 5-aminosalicylate use in dose < 2.4 g/d were positively associated with relapses. Biologics were not used in any patient. We conclude that long-term effective use of low-cost drugs in India may obviate the need for newer more expensive drugs.
Longitudinal Patterns of Secure Institutional Placement Among Serious Adolescent Offenders
Authors: Lee JoAnn S. , Taxman Faye S. , Mulvey Edward P. , Schubert Carol A.
Published: April 2018

This study identifies longitudinal patterns of institutional placement to understand experiences in the juvenile justice system. We used monthly calendar data from the Pathways to Desistance study ( N = 1,354), which focuses on understanding how serious adolescent offenders desist from antisocial activity. Youth between 14 and 18 years of age were followed for 7 years. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify longitudinal patterns of institutional placement. We also examined bivariate and multivariate associations between our identified groups and demographic, legal, and extralegal factors. We chose the 4-group solution, which reflected a pattern of steady time in the community (33.3%), and three patterns of youth spending varying (22.5%), declining (24.4%), and steady high (18.8%) time in placement. Significant differences between groups suggest that youth from the most disadvantaged contexts and those who were most likely to have trouble in school and live in disorganized neighborhoods spent the most time in placement.
The Effect of Mental Illness on Segregation Following Institutional Misconduct
Authors: Clark Kyleigh
Published: April 2018

Recent anecdotal reports have suggested that disciplinary segregation in prison is disproportionately used against mentally ill inmates. To date, little research has examined this phenomenon empirically. This study analyzes the impact of a prediagnosed mental illness on the likelihood an inmate is sentenced to segregation following an institutional misconduct in state facilities. Findings suggest that inmates with a mental illness have a higher likelihood of being sentenced to segregation compared with inmates without a mental illness (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36), net of other factors. Further analyses indicate that mentally ill inmates are more likely to receive segregation compared with a range of other less serious disciplinary actions. Practical implications and directions for future research are explored.
Robots and Organization Studies: Why Robots Might Not Want to Steal Your Job
Authors: Fleming Peter
Published: April 2018

A number of recent high-profile studies of robotics and artificial intelligence (or AI) in economics and sociology have predicted that many jobs will soon disappear due to automation, with few new ones replacing them. While techno-optimists and techno-pessimists contest whether a jobless future is a positive development or not, this paper points to the elephant in the room. Despite successive waves of computerization (including advanced machine learning), jobs have not disappeared. And probably won’t in the near future. To explain why, some basic insights from organization studies can make a contribution. I propose the concept of ‘bounded automation’ to demonstrate how organizational forces mould the application of technology in the employment sector. If work does not vanish in the age of AI, then poorly paid jobs will most certainly proliferate, I argue. Finally, a case is made for the scholarly community to engage with wider social justice concerns. This I term public organization studies.
Footsbarn
Authors: Valls-Russell Janice
Published: April 2018

This article takes as its starting point the Footsbarn Travelling Theatre’s move from Britain to France in the early 1980s. It argues that this relocated Footsbarn in a political, geocultural and linguistic context that reinforced their idiosyncratic approach to Shakespeare and Molière. Focusing on performances in southern France and drawing on textual and visual archives as well as interviews and spectator-responses, the article offers insights into the ways exposure to non-Anglophone audiences enriched the company’s art forms through exchanges with different cultures, enabling it to elaborate a language of performance that also relocates Shakespeare.
Feminist Shakespeare and saturation of experience in Monika Pęcikiewicz’s intermedial adaptations
Authors: Sakowska Aleksandra
Published: April 2018

Monika Pęcikiewicz belongs to a handful of Polish theatre directors who identify themselves as feminists. It is a very important stance as feminism in Poland is considered a left-leaning proclivity, shunned for fear of being considered post-communist, antisocial or anti-Catholic. For Pęcikiewicz, Shakespeare’s texts alone are not enough to realize her artistic vision. She has shifted her attention to the use of new digital technologies, to undermine the narrative, linear quality of Shakespeare’s stories. Ultimately Pęcikiewicz is intent on producing different levels of experience for her spectators with a focus on female experience in particular.
Dietary dopamine depletion blunts reward network sensitivity to face trustworthiness
Authors: Zebrowitz Leslie A , Boshyan Jasmine , Ward Noreen , Hanlin Luke , Wolf Jutta M , Hadjikhani Nouchine
Published: April 2018

Research demonstrating responsiveness of the neural reward network to face trustworthiness has not assessed whether the effects are mediated by dopaminergic function. We filled this gap in the literature by investigating whether dietary dopamine depletion would blunt the sensitivity of neural activation to faces varying in trustworthiness across reward regions as well as the sensitivity of behavioral responses to those faces. As prolactin release is negatively regulated by dopamine, peripheral prolactin levels confirmed the efficacy of our manipulation. The dopamine depletion manipulation moderated neural activation to face trustworthiness in the amygdala, medial orbital frontal cortex, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Control participants ( n=20) showed nonlinear and linear neural activation to face trustworthiness in the amygdala and ventral medial prefrontal cortex, and nonlinear activation in the medial orbital frontal cortex, while depleted participants ( n=20) showed only a linear effect in the amygdala. Controls also showed stronger amygdala activation to high trustworthy faces than depleted participants. In contrast to effects on neural activation, dopamine depletion did not blunt the sensitivity of behavioral ratings. While this is the first study to demonstrate that dopamine depletion blunts the sensitivity of the neural reward system to social stimuli, namely faces varying in trustworthiness, future research should investigate behavioral measures that may be more responsive to dopaminergic effects than face ratings. Such research would shed further light on the possibility that individual differences in dopaminergic function that were simulated by our manipulation influence social interactions with people who vary in facial trustworthiness.
Coffee with co-workers: role of caffeine on evaluations of the self and others in group settings
Authors: Unnava Vasu , Singh Amit Surendra , Unnava H Rao
Published: April 2018

This research explores the effect of consuming a moderate amount of commercially available caffeinated coffee on an individual’s self-evaluated participation in a group activity and subsequent evaluations of the experience. Across two studies, results show that consuming a moderate amount of caffeinated coffee prior to indulging in a group activity enhances an individual’s task-relevant participation in the group activity. In addition, subjective evaluations of the participation of other group members and oneself are also positively influenced. Finally, the positive impact of consuming a moderate amount of caffeinated coffee on the evaluation of participation of other group members and oneself is moderated by a sense of an increased level of alertness.
The Structure and Function of Social Networks of Mothers of Young Children With Disabilities
Authors: Kilburn Janice E. , Shapiro Cheri J.
Published: April 2018

The current exploratory study examines the structure and function of social support for mothers of very young children (under 24 months) with a range of disabilities who are receiving Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Part C early intervention services. The psychological well-being and social networks of 88 mothers in one state were assessed. Associations between network characteristics and maternal stress were found for the total network, along with a connection between lowered depression and concrete support from the spouse/partner and lowered stress and emotional support from professional helpers. This study mirrors some findings of similar studies of mothers with older children with disabilities but uniquely found spouse/partner support to be prominent. Implications for both research and early intervention practitioners are considered.
Phenotypic heterogeneity of intellectual disability in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: A case report and literature review
Authors: Liu Zhenlei , Liu Jiaqi , Liu Gang , Cao Wenjian , Liu Sen , Chen Yixin , Zuo Yuzhi , Chen Weisheng , Chen Jun , Zhang Yu , Huang Shishu , Qiu Guixing , Giampietro Philip F. , Zhang Feng , Wu Zhihong , Wu Nan
Published: April 2018

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare autosomal recessive heterogeneous disorder mainly caused by mutations in the neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase 1 gene ( NTRK1) and characterized by insensitivity to noxious stimuli, anhidrosis, and intellectual disability. We herein report the first north Han Chinese patient with CIPA who exhibited classic phenotypic features and severe intellectual disability caused by a homozygous c.851-33T>A mutation of NTRK1, resulting in aberrant splicing and an open reading frame shift. We reviewed the literature and performed in silico analysis to determine the association between mutations and intellectual disability in patients with CIPA. We found that intellectual disability was correlated with the specific Ntrk1 protein domain that a mutation jeopardized. Mutations located peripheral to the Ntrk1 protein do not influence important functional domains and tend to cause milder symptoms without intellectual disability. Mutations that involve critical amino acids in the protein are prone to cause severe symptoms, including intellectual disability.
Anatomical and radiologic characteristics of isthmus parameters in guiding pedicle screw placement
Authors: Rexiti Paerhati , Abulizi Yakufu , Muheremu Aikeremujiang , Wang Shuiquan , Maimaiti Maierdan , Guo Hailong , Sheng Weibin
Published: April 2018

Objective

To study the clinical application of lumbar isthmus parameters in guiding pedicle screw placement.

Methods

Lumbar isthmus parameters were measured in normal lumbar x-rays and cadaveric specimens from a Chinese Han population. Distance between the medial pedicle border and lateral isthmus border was recorded as a ‘D’ value and was compared between X-rays and cadavers. Orthopaedic surgeons estimated different distances (2–6 mm) and angles (5–20°), and bias ratios between estimated and real values were compared. Orthopaedic residents placed pedicle screws on cadaveric specimens before and after application of the ‘D’ value, and screw placement accuracy was compared.

Results

Except for L4 vertebrae, significant differences in the ‘D’ value were found between 25 cadaveric specimens and x-ray films from 120 patients. Distances and angles estimated by 40 surgeons were significantly different from all real values, except 2 mm distance. Accuracy of pedicle screw placement by six orthopaedic residents was significantly improved by applying the ‘D’ value.

Conclusions

Surgeon estimates of distance were more accurate than angle estimates. Addition of a ‘D’ value to conventional parameters may significantly improve pedicle screw placement accuracy in lumbar spine surgery.
Handicap et consommation : un état de l’art
Authors: Dubost Nathalie
Published: April 2018

Le handicap étant socialement et culturellement construit, cet article propose une synthèse critique des recherches en marketing autour de deux questions. Tout d’abord, comment le consommateur en situation de handicap est-il dépeint dans ces travaux ? Deux représentations émergent : un consommateur passif, cible de la construction d’une offre adaptée, et un consommateur plus actif qui souhaite s’approprier l’espace marchand. Ensuite, est-il associé au processus de recherche académique, dans une démarche participative ? Après avoir présenté ce qu’est la recherche participative, nous montrons que seulement une minorité de travaux relève de cette approche, et nous nous interrogeons sur les problèmes méthodologiques qu’elle soulève. Des pistes de recherches sont alors évoquées en lien avec cette démarche pour mieux connaître le consommateur en situation de handicap.
Spinal Fluid Cytokine Levels and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Findings in Complex Febrile Seizures
Authors: Yamanaka Gaku , Ishida Yu , Morichi Shinichiro , Morishita Natsumi , Takeshita Mika , Tomomi Urabe , Tomoko Mori , Oana Shingo , Kashiwagi Yasuyo , Kawashima Hisashi
Published: April 2018

In this study, the authors assessed cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) findings in complex febrile seizures. This study included 23 Japanese patients with complex febrile seizures. Twenty patients underwent SPECT and 12 underwent analysis of cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels (interleukin [IL]-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-17, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor–α, and interferon-γ); 9 patients underwent both studies. Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels were compared between the current complex febrile seizure patients and 30 patients with acute encephalopathy. In 17 of 20 patients, SPECT findings revealed areas of hypoperfusion, including the frontal (5), occipital (4), and lobular (4) regions, overlapping with other areas. Relative to patients with acute encephalopathy, those with complex febrile seizures exhibited significantly lower cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor–α, and interleukin-10 levels and significantly higher interleukin-17 levels. As patients with complex febrile seizures frequently exhibit abnormal SPECT findings, cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-17 levels might provide a valid biomarker to discriminate complex febrile seizures and acute encephalopathy, regardless of SPECT findings.
Toward Exclusion through Inclusion: Engendering Reputation with Gender-Inclusive Facilities at Colleges and Universities in the United States, 2001-2013
Authors: Davis Alexander K.
Published: April 2018

Ample sociological evidence demonstrates that binary gender ideologies are an intractable part of formal organizations and that transgender issues tend to be marginalized by a wide range of social institutions. Yet, in the last 15 years, more than 200 colleges and universities have attempted to ameliorate such realities by adopting gender-inclusive facilities in which students of any gender can share residential and restroom spaces. What cultural logics motivate these transformations? How can their emergence be reconciled with the difficulty of altering the gender order? Using an original sample of 2,036 campus newspaper articles, I find that support for inclusive facilities frames such spaces as a resource through which an institution can claim improved standing in the field of higher education. This process of engendering reputation allows traditional gender separation in residential arrangements to be overcome, but it also situates institutional responsiveness to transgender issues as a means of enhancing a college or university’s public prestige. This, in turn, produces novel status systems in the field of higher education—albeit ones that perpetuate familiar forms of institutional and cultural exclusion.
Shared parameter models for joint analysis of longitudinal and survival data with left truncation due to delayed entry – Applications to cystic fibrosis
Authors: Schluchter Mark D , Piccorelli Annalisa V
Published: April 2018

Many longitudinal studies observe time to occurrence of a clinical event such as death, while also collecting serial measurements of one or more biomarkers that are predictive of the event, or are surrogate outcomes of interest. Joint modeling can be used to examine the relationship between the biomarker and the event, and also as a way of adjusting analyses of the biomarker for non-ignorable dropout. In settings such as registry studies, an additional complexity is caused when follow-up of subjects is delayed, referred to as left-truncation of follow-up in the survival analysis setting. If not adjusted for, this can cause bias in estimation of parameters of the survival distribution for the clinical event and in parameters of the longitudinal outcome such as the profile or rate of change over time because subjects may die or have the clinical event before follow-up starts. This paper illustrates how a broad class of shared parameter models can be used to jointly model a time to event outcome along with a longitudinal marker using available nonlinear mixed modeling software, when follow-up times are left truncated. Methods are applied to jointly model survival and decline in lung function in cystic fibrosis patients.
Perceived Barriers to Managing Medications and Solutions to Barriers Suggested by Bhutanese Former Refugees and Service Providers
Authors: Murray Linda , Elmer Shandell , Elkhair Jennifer
Published: April 2018

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to explore perceived barriers to managing medications and potential solutions to such barriers among Bhutanese former refugees and service providers in Tasmania, Australia. Method: Thirty Bhutanese former refugees and service providers recruited through community health programs participated in a community-based participatory research design. Data were elicited through a structured focus group process and analyzed using content analysis. Results: Perceived barriers to managing medications included language barriers, low health literacy, and culturally unresponsive interactions with services. Themes identifying potential solutions to barriers referred to the functional health literacy of individuals (providing reassurance, checking understanding, and involving support networks) and creating supportive health care environments (consistent service providers, culturally responsive care, assistance navigating services, using trained interpreters). Discussion: Creating environments conducive to interactive and critical health literacy about medications is as important for culturally congruent care as supporting the functional health literacy of individuals.
Combination of Adenomyoma and Adenomyomatous Hyperplasia of the Ampullary System: A First Case Report
Authors: Gialamas Eleftherios , Mormont Murielle , Bagetakos Ilias , Frossard Jean-Louis , Morel Philippe , Puppa Giacomo
Published: April 2018

Adenomyoma and adenomyomatous hyperplasia are benign tumor-like lesions that rarely involve the major or minor duodenal papilla. We report the case of a 73-year-old patient who underwent a cephalic duodenopancreatectomy due to clinical and radiological evidence of underlying malignant neoplasm. The histopathology results revealed the unusual association of a major duodenal papilla adenomyoma and an adenomyomatous hyperplasia of the minor papilla. Because of their resemblance to pancreatic malignancy, the diagnosis of these lesions is particularly challenging. In most cases, it is established postoperatively, after histopathological examination of the surgical specimen.
NIH Toolbox® Emotion Batteries for Children: Factor-Based Composites and Norms
Authors: Paolillo Emily W. , McKenna Benjamin S. , Nowinski Cindy J. , Thomas Michael L. , Malcarne Vanessa L. , Heaton Robert K.
Published: April 2018

The recently released National Institutes of Health Toolbox (NIHTB) batteries for neurological and behavioral function were designed to serve as standardized, common measures in clinical and epidemiological research. The current study aimed to examine constructs assessed by the self-report and parental proxy-report scales in the NIHTB Emotion Battery (NIHTB-EB) for Children by using factor analyses on data from the U.S. national normative sample of 2,916 English-speaking children. This battery contains 31 scales designed to assess both positive and negative aspects of social and emotional functioning that are considered developmentally relevant at each of three age ranges (3-7, 8-12, and 13-17 years). Results revealed four similar self-report factors for ages 8 to 12 years and 13 to 17 years. Proxy reports for ages 3 to 7 years revealed three factors, and for ages 8 to 12 years two factors. Based on the standardization sample data, age- and gender-corrected norms are presented for all NIHTB-EB individual scales and factor-based composites.
Third-Person Perception of Science Narratives: The Case of Climate Change Denial
Authors: Dahlstrom Michael Field , Rosenthal Sonny
Published: April 2018

Science communicators are increasingly recognizing the potential of narratives to reach and influence audiences. However, do audiences recognize and consider this tactic when evaluating how such messages influence themselves and others? This study compares third-person perceptions of persuasive narrative and nonnarrative messages in a climate change context. Results suggest that individuals are aware of the influence of narratives and are able to resist this influence, but this is only when they perceive a message as having negative influence. Otherwise, individuals underestimate the influence of narratives on themselves. These findings add an audience-centered perspective to the current discussions on incorporating narratives within science communication.
Understanding the Relationship Between Female Sex Workers and Their Intimate Partners: Lessons and Initial Findings From Participatory Research in North Karnataka, South India
Authors: Bhattacharjee Parinita , Campbell Linda , Thalinja Raghavendra , Nair Sapna , Doddamane Mahesh , Ramanaik Satyanarayana , Isac Shajy , Beattie Tara S.
Published: April 2018

While traditional HIV prevention programs with female sex workers (FSWs) in Karnataka, India, have focused on reducing HIV transmission between FSWs and clients through increased condom use, these programs have not fully addressed the transmission risk between FSWs and their nonpaying intimate partners (IPs). Condom use is infrequent and violence is recurrent in these relationships: Furthermore, there is little evidence on the precise nature of FSW–IP relationships. Our study addresses this knowledge gap to inform HIV programs targeted at FSWs. A series of workshops, using participatory tools, was held to explore FSW-IP relationships; 31 FSWs and 37 IPs participated. Three aspects of FSW–IP relationships were examined: how FSWs and IPs understand and interpret their relationships, factors influencing condom use, and the role of violence and its consequences. FSWs wish to be perceived as their IPs’ wives, while IPs expect their FSW partners to accept their dominance in the relationship. Nonuse of condoms signals fidelity and elevates the status of the relationship almost to that of marriage, which helps FSWs enter the category of “good” (married) women. Tolerating and accepting violence in these relationships is normative, as in other marital relationships; IPs justify violence as necessary to establish and maintain their power within the relationship. Both FSWs and IPs value their relationships despite the high degree of risk posed by low condom use and high levels of violence. Implications for program design include addressing current norms around masculinity and gender roles, and improving communication within relationships.
Moral Mobility
Authors: Ingvars Árdís Kristín , Gíslason Ingólfur V.
Published: April 2018

In 2014, a group of male Syrian refugees organized a sit-in protest in Greece. They demanded and gained permission to travel further into Europe. In a world where mobility has become a marker of men’s success, Europe’s border regime tests “other” men’s aspiration for mobility through images of good morality and provider’s capability. Within this system, male asylum seekers tend to be rejected as too pitiful, as not real men, or as dangerous distorted men. However, in Greece, the discourse of human dignity has reconstructed people’s perceptions of other men’s vulnerability. Thus, we argue that the young Syrians could embody an emergent refugee masculinity by visibly performing responsibility, democracy, and strength and by navigating their desires through moral subjectivity. Moreover, they rejected personal political sensibilities in order to maintain solidarity within the group. Thus, the performance by the Syrian refugee men has paved the way for emergent refugee masculinities in Greece, which have since then gained worldwide attention.
Love, Materiality, and Masculinity in Jordan
Authors: Nasser El-Dine Sandra
Published: April 2018

This article discusses how performing masculinity in intimate relationships is related to the material dimensions of love. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork among middle-class young men and women in the Jordanian capital of Amman, I argue that to understand the continuing significance of the material aspects of marriage, it is important to pay attention to local notions of practical and transactional forms of love. Contributing to emerging scholarship on “caring” Arab masculinities, this article shows how material forms of care are integral to local relationship dynamics. Yet, in the context of the current economic situation in Jordan, the resources of many young men are limited, and they find themselves in a difficult position, both as compassionate partners and as manly men. Hence, they negotiate the entanglements of love and money by associating “true love” with their female partner’s willingness to compromise on the material requirements of marriage.
Integrative Review of the Relationship Between Sleep Disturbances and Episodic Memory in Older Adults
Authors: Yeh An-Yun , Pressler Susan J. , Giordani Bruno J. , Pozehl Bunny J. , Berger Ann M.
Published: April 2018

Impaired episodic memory in older adults has been linked to many factors. One of these factors is sleep disturbances, which are reported by more than 50% of older adults. The relationship between episodic memory and sleep disturbances remains unclear, however, because of the multiple types of measures of sleep and episodic memory used in previous studies. The purpose of this integrative literature review was to integrate and compare findings on this relationship in adults aged 65 years. An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsychINFO, and Medline for material published from the inception of the databases to December 2016. The literature search produced 13 data-based, peer-reviewed, and primary research articles that met eligibility criteria. The synthesized results from these articles provide evidence that older adults with 6–8 hr of self-reported total sleep time had better episodic memory than older adults with ≤5 hr or ≥9 hr of total sleep time. Shorter length and lower percentage of slow-wave sleep were associated with reduced episodic memory in older adults, but the results were controversial. Selection of different measurements and inconsistent variables across studies increased the difficulty of synthesizing and comparing the results. The diversity of covariates controlled in the included articles raise questions regarding which covariates should be controlled in such studies of sleep and episodic memory in older adults. The numerous study limitations were thus major barriers to understanding the relationship between sleep disturbances and episodic memory.
Learning everyday entrepreneurial practices through coworking
Authors: Butcher Tim
Published: April 2018

This article aims to understand learning in coworking. Coworking is an emergent global phenomenon that involves independent workers, often from various occupational backgrounds, working collectively in shared workspaces. I situate coworking in broader debates on entrepreneurialism and socioeconomic change to conceptualise it as a twofold process: of learning everyday coworking practices and learning through coworking practices. While coworking, individuals learn to make sense of their place in the entrepreneurial milieu by developing practices that contest established entrepreneurial norms. Drawing on an ethnographic study, I show how coworkers learn to become collaborative, intentional and to perform contestation through co-created situated learning. That learning enables them to co-construct a sense of community necessary to become entrepreneurially proficient in an increasingly uncertain world of work. By critically understanding why and how learning occurs in coworking, this research contributes to our knowledge of what learning is, and why and where it can occur.
Coaching as a social process
Authors: Shoukry Hany , Cox Elaine
Published: April 2018

In this conceptual article, we argue the importance to the coaching profession of a critical understanding of coaching as a social process in order to promote coaching as an enabler for change and facilitate its use in other cultures and challenging contexts. We start with a critical analysis of the origin of coaching, arguing that neoliberal values have been embedded in the discourse of coaching. We also discuss the impact of coaching as an instrumental and ideological device, sometimes used in organisations as a process of control, and suggest that understanding coaching as a social process has the potential to transform it into an enabler for change. We propose a framework for understanding how different philosophical positions affect the way coaches may respond to the challenges of intercultural or oppressive social contexts. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for coaching research and development.
The importance of environment: Neighborhood characteristics and parent perceptions of child health
Authors: Cronin Cory E , Gran Brian K
Published: April 2018

Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use acknowledges the importance of community and environment in how individuals utilize health-care services. This article questions whether and how environment influences perceptions of health, specifically parents’ perceptions of their children’s health. Based on data from the 2011–2012 US National Survey of Children’s Health, this study investigates how parents’ views of their neighborhoods (such as safety, social support, amenities, and detracting elements) shape perceptions of their child’s health. Furthermore, the analysis considers how these relationships are similar or different for minority populations. Using ordinal logistic regression, this study demonstrates that neighborhood characteristics influence parents’ perceptions of their children’s health. Parents who report their neighborhoods as safe, supportive, and having desirable amenities perceive their children to be healthier. Parents living in neighborhoods possessing detracting elements report their children’s health as worse. These findings are largely consistent for minority and nonminority neighborhoods. The findings of this study convey the importance of environments to how parents view the health of their children. Improving safety and strengthening social supports within neighborhoods could help to address health concerns. As well, health-care organizations and public health offices should launch initiatives in disadvantaged neighborhoods to address health concerns and disparities.
Framing drug and alcohol use as a public health problem in Britain
Authors: Mold Alex
Published: April 2018

Recent attempts to approach drug and alcohol problems as a public health issue in the UK and globally have begun to achieve some success. Yet, in historical terms, the idea that the use of psychoactive substances should be regarded as a public health problem is a relatively new one. In the UK, it was only in the latter half of the 20th century that what were termed “public health” approaches to alcohol and drugs began to gain purchase. Moreover, what was meant by a “public health” framing of psychoactive substance use changed over time and between substances. This article examines the development of public health approaches to drugs and alcohol in Britain since the 19th century. It suggests that a public health view of substance use existed alongside, and interacted with, other approaches to drug and alcohol use. To understand the meaning of a “public health” framing of drugs and alcohol we need to locate this in historical and geographical context.
Bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints for pipelines: A review of current practice and future challenges
Authors: Aljuboury Muhsin , Rizvi Md Jahir , Grove Stephen , Cullen Richard
Published: April 2018

Metallic bolted flanges and pipes have both been increasingly replaced by fibre-reinforced polymer materials in many applications which deal with extreme harsh environments such as oil, chemical, marine, etc. This is not only due to the fibre-reinforced polymer material’s resistance to the chemical reaction but also due to their inherent mechanical properties of high strength to weight ratio. However, very little research has been published regarding bolted flange joints made of fibre-reinforced polymer materials. Also, the availability of standards and relevant design codes are very limited for bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints. Hence, the design guidelines, dimensional considerations and selection of fabrication methods for the bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints have yet to be optimized fully. For instance, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, section X and ASME PCC-1-2013 appendix O or other similar standards do not include specific rules for the design of the bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints. As a result, it is difficult to understand the consequences on the reliability of fibre-reinforced polymer flanges made with parametric variations and dimensional alterations. This has led the authors to carry out research to maximise the performance of the bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints through a series of experimenters and numerical simulations. The present article will focus on the available techniques to manufacture the bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flanges along with the associated issues and possible challenges compared to metallic flanges.
Segmented pathways of illegality: Reconciling the coexistence of master and auxiliary statuses in the experiences of 1.5-generation undocumented young adults
Authors: Gonzales Roberto G , Burciaga Edelina M
Published: April 2018

In response to a changing immigration enforcement landscape, a growing number of studies have sought to understand the impact of immigration policy and practice on a new and growing population. Recent scholarship has uncovered layers of stratification within undocumented populations, while some scholars have argued that illegality is a “master status.” In this article, we argue that these two ideas are not in tension. That is, certain traits or identities (e.g., race or gender) can be master statuses while also exhibiting layers of stratification. While our understanding of illegality is consistent with the master status framework, we recognize variation within that category. Our point of departure is the recognition that the experiences of undocumented children differ greatly from those of undocumented adults. From this observation, we point to four salient axes of difference and stratification that shape varied and unequal pathways for undocumented youth and young adults: (1) educational access and attainment, (2) place; (3) race and ethnicity, and (4) Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals status.
The influence of political skill on career success in an Ecuadorian family firm
Authors: Hayek Mario , Randolph-Seng Brandon , Atinc Guclu , Montalvo Daniel
Published: April 2018

Human capital attributes, such as political skill, motivate employees and relate to their success. While political skill is associated with greater objective (i.e. salary) and subjective (i.e. career satisfaction) career success, the strength of these relationships has been inconsistent. Grounded in social identity theory, therefore, we propose and test the hypothesis that in certain types of contexts, political skill may be more strongly associated with subjective career success than objective career success. The sample ( N = 856) was taken from a large family-controlled financial services firm in Ecuador. Using Smart Partial Least Squares (PLS) structural equation modeling, our results showed that, in the unique Ecuadorian context, political skill is more strongly related to career satisfaction than to performance evaluations or salary. In addition, the relationship between political skill and career satisfaction is partially mediated by affective commitment. Theoretical explanations of how political skill operates in non-Western contexts have not been addressed in the extant literature. As such, our single-culture context provides an elaboration-type advancement in political skill theory by testing the boundaries of the theory in very specific contexts. This work contributes to cross-cultural management research by providing a reason for why specific employee skill sets may be developed in different ways depending on cultural specifics. As such, excelling at certain work skills may be much more socially complex when cultural dynamics are taken into consideration.