Ocean deoxygenation and copepods: coping with oxygen minimum zone variability
Authors: Wishner Karen F. , Seibel Brad , Outram Dawn 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Increasing deoxygenation (loss of oxygen) of the ocean, including
expansion of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), is a potentially important
consequence of global warming. We examined present-day variability of
vertical distributions of 23 calanoid copepod species in the Eastern
Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) living in locations with different water
column oxygen profiles and OMZ intensity (lowest oxygen concentration and
its vertical extent in a profile). Copepods and hydrographic data were
collected in vertically stratified day and night MOCNESS (Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System) tows (0–1000 m)
during four cruises over a decade (2007–2017) that sampled four ETNP
locations: Costa Rica Dome, Tehuantepec Bowl, and two oceanic sites further
north (21–22∘ N) off Mexico. The sites had different
vertical oxygen profiles: some with a shallow mixed layer, abrupt
thermocline, and extensive very low oxygen OMZ core; and others with a more
gradual vertical development of the OMZ (broad mixed layer and upper
oxycline zone) and a less extensive OMZ core where oxygen was not as low.
Calanoid copepod species (including examples from the genera Eucalanus,
Pleuromamma, and Lucicutia) demonstrated different distributional strategies (implying different
physiological characteristics) associated with this variability. We
identified sets of species that (1) changed their vertical distributions and depth of maximum abundance associated with the depth and intensity of the
OMZ and its oxycline inflection points; (2) shifted their depth of diapause;
(3) adjusted their diel vertical migration, especially the nighttime upper
depth; or (4) expanded or contracted their depth range within the mixed
layer and upper part of the thermocline in association with the thickness of
the aerobic epipelagic zone (habitat compression concept). These
distribution depths changed by tens to hundreds of meters depending on the
species, oxygen profile, and phenomenon. For example, at the lower oxycline,
the depth of maximum abundance for Lucicutia hulsemannae shifted from ∼600 to
∼800 m, and the depth of diapause for Eucalanus inermis shifted from
∼500 to ∼775 m, in an expanded OMZ compared
to a thinner OMZ, but remained at similar low oxygen levels in both
situations. These species or life stages are examples of “hypoxiphilic”
taxa. For the migrating copepod Pleuromamma abdominalis, its nighttime depth was shallow
(∼20 m) when the aerobic mixed layer was thin and the low-oxygen OMZ broad, but it was much deeper (∼100 m) when the mixed
layer and higher oxygen extended deeper; daytime depth in both situations
was ∼300 m. Because temperature decreased with depth, these
distributional depth shifts had metabolic implications. The upper ocean to mesopelagic depth range encompasses a complex interwoven
ecosystem characterized by intricate relationships among its inhabitants and
their environment. It is a critically important zone for oceanic
biogeochemical and export processes and hosts key food web components for
commercial fisheries. Among the zooplankton, there will likely be winners
and losers with increasing ocean deoxygenation as species cope with
environmental change. Changes in individual copepod species abundances,
vertical distributions, and life history strategies may create potential
perturbations to these intricate food webs and processes. Present-day
variability provides a window into future scenarios and potential effects of
deoxygenation.