bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varicella‐Zoster Virus
Authors: Greninger Alexander L. , Koelle David M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides taxonomy, description of the agent, epidemiology and transmission, clinical significance, diagnosis overview, therapy overview, direct examination, isolation and identification, serologic tests, and antiviral therapy and susceptibility of Varicella‐zoster virus (VZV). VZV belongs to the family
Herpesviridae
, based on morphological criteria, and is one of the nine human‐pathogenic herpesvirus species identified so far. VZV may infect susceptible cells either by fusion at the cell surface or by endocytosis. VZV is ubiquitous and highly contagious, and therefore, primary infection with VZV usually occurs in early childhood. The clinical appearance of chicken pox is usually dominated by a generalized vesicular rash. VZV is responsible for some cases of vasculopathy in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed persons. One of the oldest direct detection methods is the Tzanck test. Analysis of CSF using nucleic acid amplification has become the method of choice for diagnosis of neurological disease associated with VZV.
The Dermatophytes and Their Relatives (
Trichophyton
,
Microsporum
,
Epidermophyton
,
Arthroderma
,
Nannizzia
,
Paraphyton
, and
Lophophyton
) and Other Agents of Superficial Mycoses
Authors: Borman Andrew M. , Summerbell Richard C.
Published: January 2025

At present, a large number of primary studies related to rapid PCR of dermatological specimens for dermatophytosis and related mycoses have been published. Dermatophytes can in principle be tested for susceptibility to antifungal drugs using the standard CLSI M38‐A3 standard for moulds. For many years, the etiologic agents of dermatophytosis have been classified, along with some nonpathogenic relatives, in three genera:
Trichophyton
,
Microsporum
, and
Epidermophyton
, in the family
Arthrodermataceae
of the order
Onygenales
, phylum
Ascomycota
. Any dermatophytes capable of reproducing sexually, i.e., producing ascomata with asci and ascospores, also had historical teleomorph names in the genus
Arthroderma
or
Nannizzia
. Conversely, most geophilic species and those zoophilic organisms that rarely cause human disease are divided among
Arthroderma
,
Lophophyton
,
Paraphyton
, and
Nannizzia
.
Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma
Authors: van de Sande Wendy W. J.
Published: January 2025

Eumycetoma was recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization in 2016. All fungi known to cause eumycetoma belong to the phylum Ascomycota.
Madurella mycetomatis
is the most common fungal causative agent of eumycetoma.
Medicopsis romeroi
is a coelomycetous anamorphic fungus. It might be misidentified as
Trematosphaeria grisea
when cultures lack pycnidia.
Neotestudina rosatii
has been isolated from soil from tropical countries; it is an ascomycete with spherical, deliquescent asci and rhomboid ascospores with one septum each. The genus
Scedosporium
comprises a small group of rather variable species. Magnetic resonance imaging and radiology are often used to identify the limits of the lesions and to determine if bone is affected. Antibody detection tests created in‐house have been used in some locations where eumycetoma is endemic.
General Approaches for Detection and Identification of Parasites
Authors: Garcia Lynne S. , Paltridge Graeme P. , Shimizu Robyn Y.
Published: January 2025

This chapter discusses various approaches and diagnostic methods currently used for the diagnosis of parasitic infections. The purpose of a direct wet mount is to confirm the possibility of infection with certain protozoa and helminths, to assess the worm burden of the patient, and to look for organism motility. Immunoassay reagents are available commercially for several of the protozoan parasites, including,
Cryptosporidium
spp., the
Entamoeba histolytica
‐
Entamoeba dispar
group, and
E. histolytica
. Fecal culture methods are especially helpful for the detection of light infections with hookworm,
Strongyloides stercoralis
, and
Trichostrongylus
spp. and for the specific identification of parasites. The agar plate culture is recommended for the recovery of
S. stercoralis
larvae; it tends to be more sensitive than some of the other diagnostic methods and, with the exception of molecular methods, is currently the method of choice. The most widely used procedure for the diagnosis of pinworm infection is the cellulose tape.
Automatic image quality evaluation in digital radiography using a modified version of the IAEA radiography phantom allowing multiple detection tasks
Authors: Tsalafoutas Ioannis A. , AlKhazzam Shady , Tsapaki Virginia , Kharita Mohammed Hassan
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To evaluate image quality (IQ) of for‐processing (raw) and for‐presentation (clinical) radiography images, under different exposure conditions and digital image post‐processing algorithms, using a phantom that enables multiple detection tasks.

Methods

A modified version of the radiography phantom described in the IAEA Human Health Series No. 39 publication was constructed, incorporating six additional Aluminum (Al) targets of thicknesses both smaller and larger than the standard one. Raw and clinical images were simultaneously acquired using two digital radiography units from different manufacturers, various exposure parameters and different examination protocols. The phantom images were read using the free IAEA software (ATIA) that estimates automatically various IQ‐metrics in images of the original phantom. Since in the modified phantom had seven Al targets, images were read seven times, one for each different Al thickness. The IQ‐metrics’ values obtained were analyzed to investigate their dependence on incident air kerma on the image receptor, tube potential, examination protocol, image type (raw or clinical), Al‐target thicknesses, and manufacturer.

Results

The IQ‐metric values calculated using the modified IAEA phantom images can be radically different between raw and clinical images, and between different manufacturers, irrespectively whether only the standard or all the different Al‐target thicknesses are considered. The modulation transfer function (MTF) and the signal‐to‐noise‐ratio (SNR) dependence on exposure conditions and post‐processing algorithms do not always follow the same trends for raw and clinical images and/or different manufacturers, while the signal‐difference‐to‐noise‐ratio (SDNR) and the detectability index (d′), despite their differences, seem more appropriate to characterize IQ. However, the d′ metric, which also considers both MTF and the normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS) should be considered more complete IQ‐metric than SDNR.

Conclusions

Though theoretically d′ values should be calculated using raw images, clinical images can be also used, at least for constancy tests.
Real‐Time UVC Imaging and High Safety Communication Based on Dual‐Detectable Lead‐Free Perovskite Heterostructure
Authors: Cao Fa , Hong Enliu , Li Ziqing , Han Sancan , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: January 2025

Ultraviolet band C photodetectors (UVC PDs), which can convert the UVC light (200–280 nm) signals into detectable signals, have received tremendous attention due to their wide applications in bio‐medicine, communications, and imaging fields. However, current research primarily focuses on either the conversion of UVC light into electrical signals or its conversion into visible light signals. Here, a flexible dual‐detectable UVC PD based on Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets and CsCu2I3 film is reported, which can simultaneously convert UVC light into visible light and electrical signals, achieving the visual detection for invisible UVC light. The PD exhibits exceptional self‐powered UVC light (270 nm; 1.87 mW cm−2) detection abilities with a high responsivity (R) of 16.7 mA W−1, an impressive detectivity of 6.1 × 1011 Jones, a high on/off ratio of 3789, and an ultra‐high UVC/UVA (R270/R360) rejection ratio of 2.1 × 105. The dual‐detectable PD shows great application potential for safety communication and real‐time imaging. This work proposes a new type of flexible PD through material selection and structural design, thereby inspiring novel ideas to enhance the convenience and practicality of UVC photodetection.
Phase Transitions in Dimer/Layered Sb‐Based Hybrid Halide Perovskites: An In‐Depth Analysis of Structural and Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Ciobotaru Iulia Corina , Ciobotaru Claudiu Constantin , Bartha Cristina , Enculescu Monica , Secu Mihail , Polosan Silviu , Besleaga Cristina
Published: January 2025

When used as the active layers—either as a light absorber in photovoltaic devices or as an electroluminescent material in light‐emitting devices—lead‐free perovskites significantly impact the performance of optoelectronic devices. This study focuses on antimony‐based perovskites, which are promising for lighting applications. These types of perovskites enable the formation of self‐trapped excitons (STEs) with higher dissociation energy than lead‐based perovskites, which generate excitons with lower dissociation energy. The (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9 crystals are synthesized using two methods, resulting in distinct spatial configurations – dimer and dimer/layered mixtures, each exhibiting unique structural and spectroscopic properties, as revealed by comprehensive multi‐parametric complementary analyses. Their emissive properties underscore the efficiency of the STE photoluminescence, driven by electron–phonon interactions and influenced by Sb‐Sb distances in (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9 powder, whether dispersed in polymethyl‐methacrylate or solution. The phase transition from monoclinic to hexagonal (dimer) and trigonal (layered) structures enabled the tuning of the optical properties in direct correlation with the structural and electrical features. The photoluminescence behavior of the STEs, analyzed in conjunction with the Raman spectroscopy, elucidates the dynamic process of the electron‐phonon coupling effects in the dimer (face‐capping Sb–I octahedra) and layered (corner‐sharing Sb–I octahedra) crystallographic structures.
Enhancing the Implant Osteointegration via Supramolecular Co‐Assembly Coating with Early Immunomodulation and Cell Colonization
Authors: Wang Chenglong , Shou Zeyu , Xu Chengwei , Huo Kaiyuan , Liu Wenjie , Liu Hao , Zan Xingjie , Wang Qing , Li Lianxin
Published: January 2025

Osteointegration, the effective coupling between an implant and bone tissue, is a highly intricate biological process. The initial stages of bone‐related immunomodulation and cellular colonization play crucial roles, but have received limited attention. Herein, a novel supramolecular co‐assembled coating of strontium (Sr)‐doped metal polyphenol networks (MPN) modified with c(RGDfc) is developed and well‐characterized, for eliciting an early immunomodulation and cellular colonization. The results showed that the (Sr‐MPN)@RGD coating significantly regulated the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype by controllable release of Sr, and promote the initial adhesion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by RGD presented on MPN. Notably, the (Sr‐MPN)@RGD attenuated osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress as well as enhanced osteoblast differentiation and angiogenesis due to macrophage polarization toward M2 phenotype, which in turn has a profound effect on neighboring cells through paracrine signaling. In vivo results showed that the (Sr‐MPN)@RGD coating manifested superior osseointegration and bone maturation to the bare Ti‐rod or Ti‐rod coated with MPN and Sr‐MPN. This work contributed to the design of multifunctional implant coatings that address the complex biological process of osteointegration from the perspective of orchestrating stem cell recruitment with immunomodulatory strategies.
Nanoalloys Composed of Platinum Group Metals and p‐Block Elements for Innovative Catalysis
Authors: Mukoyoshi Megumi , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Alloy nanoparticles based on platinum group metals (PGMs) have been intensively investigated in various fields, especially in catalysis. Recently, the scope of alloying has expanded to include not only d‐block transition metals but also p‐block elements, which have a wide range of properties that are very different from those of d‐block transition metals. By alloying PGMs with p‐block elements, the electronic structure and surface properties of the catalysts can be tuned, enhancing their catalytic performance. The focus of this review is on PGM–p‐block element nanoalloys, their synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and catalytic properties. In addition to typical binary crystalline alloys, such as solid‐solution and intermetallic alloys, this review also highlights the potential of multielement, amorphous, or liquid alloys, which have recently garnered much attention. The review aims to provide valuable perspectives for the development of PGM‐based sustainable and innovative catalysis, while also addressing the current challenges and future directions in this field.
A study on the variation of cytokine and electrolyte levels in rhesus macaques, cynomolgus monkeys, and Assamese macaques
Authors: Duan Suqin , Hou Jinghan , Li Yanyan , Sun Wenting , Li Mingxue , Chen Lixiong , Xu Hongjie , Jin Weihua , Liu Quan , Tang Jie , Deng Zijun , Yang Fengmei , He Zhanlong
Published: January 2025

Background

Non‐human primates (NPHs), such as rhesus macaques, cynomolgus monkeys, and Assamese macaques, play a crucial role in biomedical research. However, baseline cytokine and electrolyte data for these three species, particularly data stratified by age and sex, are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish and analyze age‐ and sex‐specific cytokine and electrolyte profiles in these three species.

Methods

This study included 40 rhesus macaques (21 males, 19 females), 33 cynomolgus monkeys (17 males, 16 females), and 45 Assamese macaques (25 males, 20 females) classified by age (1–5 years, 6–12 years, >13 years) and sex. The levels of 23 immune function indicators and 5 electrolyte indicators were measured.

Results

Among the three monkey species, the levels of sCD40L, IL‐18, MCP‐1, MIP‐1β, TGFa, K+, Na+, and Cl− exhibited species‐, sex‐, and age‐related differences. Comparison within the same species，sex had no significant impact on cytokine levels in NHPs but did affect electrolyte levels, particularly Cl− and Na+ levels, in cynomolgus monkeys and Assamese macaques. Electrolyte levels in NHPs were not affected by age, whereas the levels of certain cytokines, particularly sCD40L, GM‐CSF, and IL‐10, varied with age. The remaining 21 cytokines demonstrated no significant age‐related changes.

Conclusions

Significant variations in cytokine and electrolyte levels exist among different monkey species, sexes, and age groups. This research provides valuable resources for NHP researchers and sets the stage for further exploring the impacts of sex and age on NHP physiology and immune function.
Comprehensive Passivation of Surface and Bulk Defects in Perovskite for High Efficiency Carbon‐Based CsPbI3 Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Jianxin , Peng Xin , Wu Haosheng , Zhang Guizhi , Chen Yueying , Cai Weizi , Pan Zhenxiao , Rao Huashang , Zhong Xinhua
Published: January 2025

Carbon‐based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) have the advantages of high stability and low cost, but their mean efficiency has become an obstacle to commercialization. Defects, which are widely distributed on the surface and bulk of films, are an important factor in C‐PSCs for low efficiency. The conventional post‐treatment method through forming a low‐dimensional (LD) perovskite layer usually fails in manipulating the bulk defects. Herein, we propose a strategy of combining wet film (uncrystallized) treatment with dry film treatment to in situ form LD perovskite throughout the grain boundaries inside of the film and on the surface of the film, thereby simultaneously passivating the bulk and surface defects in the CsPbI3 film. As a result, the photoluminescence lifetime is significantly improved from 22.5 ns to 92.1 ns. The assembled CsPbI3 C‐PSCs based on the above strategy deliver a champion efficiency of 19.65 %, which is a new record efficiency for inorganic C‐PSCs.
Ba‐Alginate Microspheres for Protein Encapsulation by Aerosolization
Authors: Asri Hatice , Liman Gamze , Mert Serap
Published: January 2025

The encapsulation efficiency, release profiles, and kinetics of BSA from Ba‐alginate microcapsules with the size of 150–215 μm, prepared by aerosolization method starting from different BSA concentrations (w/v: 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.30%), were investigated. The critical BSA w/v ratio was found to be 0.15%, and BSA release from both Ba‐ and Ca‐alginate microcapsules, prepared for comparison, was continued up to 25 and 3 h, respectively. Korsmeyer‐Peppas model was found to be valid for Ba‐alginate microcapsules according to release kinetics analysis. BSA‐loaded Ba‐alginate microcapsules were more durable and had a longer release profile than Ca‐alginate microcapsules. FTIR analysis of Ca‐alginate and Ba‐alginate microcapsules confirms the cross‐linking of Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions with alginate and supports the presence of BSA in BSA‐loaded Ba and Ca‐alginate microcapsules. Moreover, the developed BSA‐Ba‐alginate microcapsules did not show swelling behavior at pH = 1.2 and remained intact in sodium citrate solution until 24 h. These results demonstrate that Ba‐alginate microcapsules are resistant in the stomach environment and suitable for encapsulation of water‐soluble molecules such as BSA.
Preparation of CoNi‐LDH‐Modified Polypropylene‐Based Carbon Fiber Membranes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Minghang , Liu Qiongxia , Zhang Mingguang , Deng Yu , Liu Cheng , Hu Fangyuan , Jian Xigao , Chen Yousi
Published: January 2025

The rapid development of flexible electronic devices has placed higher demands on the development of high‐performance flexible supercapacitors. In this work, a safe and simple method was developed to prepare cobalt–nickel layered double hydroxide (CoNi‐LDH) flexible electrodes. Metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived CoNi‐LDH was successfully grown on the surface of polypropylene nonwoven flexible carbon fiber membranes through plasma oxidation treatment, grafting of cobalt‐based MOFs, and room‐temperature etching in Ni2+ solution. The prepared flexible modified carbon fiber membrane (CPO‐CoNi‐40‐0.5) has good mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 159.26 ± 63.03 kPa. In addition, the CPO‐CoNi‐40‐0.5 electrode has a high specific capacitance of 580 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The assembled supercapacitor maintains 99% of the initial specific capacity after 7000 cycles and 98% of the initial specific capacity when it is folded at 90°, showing excellent long cycle stability and bending resistance. This paper provides a new way to promote the development of high‐performance and low‐cost flexible electrodes.
Photomediated One‐Pot Multicomponent Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of N‐Acyl/Sulfonyl‐α‐Phosphonated‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinoline via Twice Acyl/Sulfonyl Iminium Formation
Authors: Zhang Yun , Nie Jia‐Huan , Du Yao , Ye Xin‐Rui , Cui Bao‐Dong , Mou Xue‐Qing , Liu Jia‐Bao , Yuan Wei‐Cheng , Chen Yong‐Zheng
Published: January 2025

N‐acyl/sulfonyl‐α‐phosphonated 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroiso‐quinolines (THIQs) are significant structural motifs in organic synthesis and drug discovery. However, the one‐pot approach enabling direct difunctionalization of THIQs remains challenging. Herein we report a photomediated one‐pot multicomponent cascade reaction to access N‐acyl/sulfonyl‐α‐phosphonated THIQs via twice acyl/sulfonyl iminium. This method features air as an oxidant, high atom and step economy, and mild conditions.
Development of biocompatible mesoporous silica materials for enhanced UV protection
Authors: Lee Suk Joong , Lee Young Jae , Lee Ji Yea , Yun Young Sok , Kwon Tae Keun , Jung Inhong
Published: January 2025

A new class of mesoporous silica (MPS)‐based biocompatible ultraviolet (UV) protective materials (1–4) has been prepared and characterized. These materials, which include avobenzone (AV)‐encapsulated MPS, were modified with biphenyl‐4‐triethoxysilane and polyethylene glycol (PEG200). Their photostability was tested under a sun‐simulated lamp. It was found that the structure of the material significantly impacts UV protection performance. Specifically, encapsulating AV‐enhanced UV radiation absorption, while the biphenyl layer improved UV‐blocking capabilities. Additionally, the PEG layer increased the materials' biocompatibility. Materials 1–4 demonstrated critical wavelengths of 389 nm and UV‐A/UV‐B ratios ranging from 0.61 to 0.89. Notably, the sun protection factor values were estimated between 6.04 and 17.24. In vivo testing on nude mice showed that untreated skin exhibited significant epidermal thickening due to sunburn. In contrast, skin treated with material 3 did not show any epidermal thickening, being 14 times thinner than unprotected skin. With high stability against photodegradation, materials 1–4 are promising candidates for UV protection applications, with material 3 proving to be the most effective.
Molecular Mechanisms of Magnolol in Gastric Precancerous Lesions: A Computational and Experimental Study
Authors: Yang Yuan , Huang Cuiqin , Li Mengshu , Wen Yuanxiangying , Jiang Yiwei , Li Peiyuan , Ning Xufeng , Jiang Qilin , Zhou Lingshan , Zhou Weiwei , Zeng Bin
Published: January 2025

The formation of gastric precancerous‐lesions (GPLs) has been identified as a critical step in tumorigenesis, and patients with GPLs have an increased risk of gastric cancer. Magnolol is the primary biphenolic compound in Magnolia officinalis. It possesses various pharmacological properties, such as cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties, and inhibit tumor growth. However, its therapeutic effects on GPLs treatment and the related mechanisms have not yet been studied. To address this, the mechanisms by which magnolol affects GPLs were elucidated via protein‐chemical interaction prediction analysis, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and experimental verification. GPL‐related targets were obtained from the GeneCards database, whereas magnolol targets were obtained from the STITCH database. The two group of targets were compared by constructing a Venn diagram, and potential key GPL‐related targets of magnolol were identified. Next, the interactions between the active compounds of magnolol and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related proteins were evaluated via molecular docking. The protein–compound complexes with the optimal binding affinity were analysed via molecular dynamics simulation. The efficacy and mechanisms of Magnolol in the treatment of GPLs were further assessed using in‐vitro models. Magnolol exerts its pharmacological effects by acting on multiple targets. ERBB2 might be a potential target of magnolol in GPL treatment.
Computational Mining of a Novel Acetyl‐CoA Synthetase for the Biosynthesis of Unnatural Phenylalanine Butyramide
Authors: Fan Xinyu , Chen Pengcheng , Wu Dan , Zheng Pu
Published: January 2025

Phenylalanine butyramide (FBA) is an unnatural amide with the potential to be a postbiotic derivative due to its improved organoleptic and physicochemical properties compared to butyric acid and its salts. However, a green biosynthesis method to prepare FBA has not yet been studied. In this study, we mined a novel acetyl‐CoA synthetase from Methanocella arvoryzae (MethACS) for the synthesis of FBA using a sequence‐ and structure‐guided database mining approach that combines solubility prediction with the binding free energy of the protein. MethACS exhibits excellent catalytic performance, pH stability, and good thermophilicity. Using MethACS, 0.35 g/L of FBA could be produced with a 100% conversion rate when the concentration ratio of butyric acid to phenylalaninamide was >1:4. Through density‐functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulation, we gained insight into the mechanism of the synthesis of FBA catalyzed by MethACS. Trp264 was further identified as a crucial residue influencing substrate specificity by saturation mutagenesis. Substrate profiling revealed that MethACS can catalyze the formation of amide derivatives of short‐ and medium‐chain fatty acids. This study offers an efficient approach for investigating the biosynthesis of unnatural substances.
Rapid and Sustainable Electrochemical Pd Catalyst Generation from Bulk Metal
Authors: Samoylenko Dmirtiy E. , Lotsman Kristina A. , Rodygin Konstantin S. , Ananikov Valentin P.
Published: January 2025

Palladium catalysts constitute a cornerstone of modern chemistry with upmost scientific and industrial impact. Bulk palladium metal itself is chemically inert, and a sequence of chemical transformations has to be utilized to convert the metal into a Pd precatalyst covered by ligands. However, the “cocktail” concept of catalysis discovered recently has shown that Pd systems can efficiently operate in catalysis without the need for a complicated and expensive preinstalled ligand environment. Here, we point out on a green and sustainable process for the generation of Pd active species without the need for waste‐abundant precatalyst‐related chemistry. In this work, an electric current was used to generate an active Pd catalyst from a bulk metal in an ionic liquid medium for the efficient cross‐coupling of aryl iodides/bromides and boronic acids. A synthetically important Suzuki cross‐coupling was utilized as a representative test reaction to confirm the idea. Notably, an electric current is used only at the Pd dissolution stage. Afterwards, the electrodes are removed from the reaction mixture, and a standard reaction procedure can be followed. The reported catalyst preparation process via electrochemical dissolution is potentially compatible with several already existing catalytic methods.
Controlling Sign and Magnitude of Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Axially Chiral Schiff‐Base Boron Difluoride Complexes Bearing Polyethylene Glycol Chains
Authors: Ikeshita Masahiro , Ichinose Miku , Suzuki Daiya , Ono Jungo , Imai Yoshitane , Tsuno Takashi
Published: January 2025

The synthesis, structure, and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties of axially chiral boron difluoride complexes are described. A series of optically pure bis (boron difluoride) complexes were prepared in 5 steps from commercially available (S)‐ or (R)‐BINOL as starting materials. The complexes were found to exhibit similar yellow photoluminescence in solution, regardless of the type of substituents on the nitrogen atoms. Notably, for the complex with polyethylene glycol chains, homogeneous and transparent films were formed by the drop‐cast method, showing intense CPL with a different sign from that of the solution state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to understand their photophysical behavior including configuration‐dependent CPL properties.
Special Collection: Drug Discovery in FranceTargeting Tumor‐Associated Carbonic Anhydrases in Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Clément Sébastien , Richeter Sébastien , WINUM Jean-Yves
Published: January 2025

Tumor‐associated human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs), particularly isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII, are overexpressed in hypoxic regions of solid tumors and play a crucial role in regulating pH homeostasis, promoting cancer cell survival and enhancing invasiveness. These enzymes have emerged as promising therapeutic targets in cancer treatment, including photothermal therapy (PTT). PTT is a minimally invasive technique that uses light‐absorbing agents to convert near‐infrared (NIR) light into heat, effectively inducing localized hyperthermia and promoting cancer cell apoptosis. Recent advances in the design of hCA‐targeted photothermal agents have shown promise in selectively targeting and ablating cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. We explore here recent advancements in developing combination therapies that integrate hCA‐targeted strategies with PTT for tumor treatment. By focusing on tumor‐associated isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII, we underscore the potential of hCA inhibition to enhance both the efficacy and specificity of PTT in cancer therapy. We also address critical challenges and outline future directions, emphasizing the need to improve the biocompatibility, stability, and clinical translation of hCA‐targeted photothermal agents. This mini review highlights the promise of combining hCA inhibition with PTT as an innovative therapeutic approach, aiming to advance more precise and effective cancer treatments.
An Efficient Lattice‐Based Heterogeneous Signcryption Scheme for VANETs
Authors: Jiao Jintao , Guo Lei , Yu Wensen , Yang Sheng , Li Shaozi
Published: January 2025

Nowadays, vehicular ad‐hoc networks (VANETs) offer increased convenience to drivers and enable intelligent traffic management. However, the public wireless transmission channel in VANETs brings challenges related to security vulnerabilities and privacy leakage, in addition, vehicles produced by different manufacturers may use different cryptosystems such as certificateless cryptosystems (CLCs) and identity‐based cryptosystems (IBC). To address privacy leakage during cross‐cryptosystem communication in VANETs, we propose a lattice‐based heterogeneous signcryption scheme named LHS‐C2I. The scheme facilitates secure multi‐cryptosystem bidirectional communication as CLC‐based vehicles to IBC‐based vehicles and IBC‐based vehicles to CLC‐based vehicles. The confidentiality and authenticity of LHS‐C2I help to prevent the users from privacy leakage during cross‐cryptosystem communication and to authenticate the message integrity and the sender's identity legitimacy. The proposed scheme is proven to achieve Indistinguishability under Chosen Ciphertext Attack (IND‐CCA2) and Existential Unforgeability against Adaptive Chosen Messages Attack (EUF‐CMA) within the random oracle model. Performance analysis demonstrates that LHS‐C2I outperforms existing schemes in terms of computational overhead, communication overhead, and overall security features. It is particularly well‐suited for scenarios requiring secure communication across different cryptosystems in VANETs.
Cytokine Dynamics in Action: A Mechanistic Approach to Assess Interleukin 6 Related Therapeutic Protein‐Drug–Disease Interactions
Authors: Pan Xian , Gill Katherine L. , Pansari Amita , Hatley Oliver , Curry Liam , Jamei Masoud , Gardner Iain
Published: January 2025

Understanding cytokine‐related therapeutic protein–drug interactions (TP‐DI) is crucial for effective medication management in conditions characterized by elevated inflammatory responses. Recent FDA and ICH guidelines highlight a systematic, risk‐based approach for evaluating these interactions, emphasizing the need for a thorough mechanistic understanding of TP‐DIs. This study integrates the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for TP (specifically interleukin‐6, IL‐6) with small‐molecule drug PBPK models to elucidate cytokine‐related TP‐DI mechanistically. The integrated model successfully predicted TP‐DIs across a broad range of both constant and fluctuating IL‐6 levels, as observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, HIV‐infection, and those undergoing hip‐surgery or bone marrow transplantation (all simulated AUC and Cmax ratios were within a twofold error of the observed data). Constant IL‐6 levels that would be associated with mild, moderate, and strong inhibitory interactions were estimated. The time‐course and extent of TP‐DI potential were also assessed in cytokine storm triggered by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (COVID‐19) and T‐cell engager therapies (blinatumomab, mosunetuzumab, and epcoritamab). Additionally, scenarios involving concurrent CYP enzyme suppression by IL‐6 and induction by rifampicin were assessed for the magnitude of drug interaction. By providing a robust mechanistic framework for understanding cytokine–drug interactions and establishing reliable exposure–response relationships, this study enhances predictive accuracy and informs human dosing strategies. It demonstrates the potential of PBPK models to improve therapeutic decision making and patient care, particularly in inflammatory conditions.
Pnictogen‐Bridged Sulfoximines: Effects of Element and N‐Substituent on Excited‐State Dynamics
Authors: Mizuta Koki , Shimoji Haruki , Fujii Toshiki , Yamamoto Shunsuke , Ohkita Hideo , Naka Kensuke , Imoto Hiroaki
Published: January 2025

Pnictogen (Pn=As, Sb, Bi)‐bridged sulfoximines were synthesized by introducing phenyl (Ph) and benzyl (Bn) groups onto the nitrogen atom. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed a weak closed‐shell interaction between Pn and N or O. As‐ and Sb‐bridged sulfoximines with a Bn group exhibited dual fluorescence in solution, while the others primarily showed a single emission. The viscosity and polarity of the solvent significantly affected dual‐emission behavior. DFT calculations demonstrated the excited‐state dynamics, showing that Pn⋅⋅⋅N (or Pn⋅⋅⋅O) interactions were either elongated or shortened upon photo‐excitation, depending on the Pn type and the substituent on N.
Current Trends in Endodontic Clinical Practice in Croatia: A Report From a Croatian National Survey
Authors: Sović Josipa , Šegović Sanja , Matijević Jurica , Pavelić Božidar , Anić Ivica , Tomasic Ivan
Published: January 2025

Objective

To assess the state of endodontic practices and identify factors influencing the use of modern endodontic techniques among dental practitioners in Croatia.

Materials and Methods

A questionnaire was distributed to all dental offices in Croatia, yielding 819 responses (27% response rate). Data were descriptively analyzed and statistically modeled.

Results

Nearly 74% of endodontic treatments in Croatia are performed by general practitioners (17 teeth per month per practitioner), while endodontic specialists handle the highest number of treatments per specialist (67 teeth per month, representing 15% of total treatments). 56% of respondents use radiography before the procedure “always” or “almost always” with intra‐oral periapical radiography being the most commonly used technique. Rubber dams are used “never” to “rarely” by 74% of respondents. Apex‐locators are highly prevalent, used “almost always” to “always” by 83% of practitioners. Magnifiers are rarely used, with 63% of respondents reporting they “never” use them. Lasers are never used by 92% of respondents, whereas 59% frequently use engine‐driven instrumentation. 76% of respondents “always” or “almost always” determine the working length of the root canal. Sodium hypochlorite is the most common irrigant (88%), and EDTA for smear layer removal is used by 36% of respondents. The cold lateral condensation is the most popular obturation technique (64%). CBCT is unused by 59% of responders, most probably because it is not accessible.

Conclusions

Croatian endodontic practices are comparable to those in countries with similar economic status, but there is substantial potential, particularly among general practitioners, to enhance knowledge and awareness of modern technologies through continuous education. Underused techniques in Croatia include rubber dams, magnifiers, lasers, and CBCT.
Continuous Production of Bifunctional Platform Chemicals From Plant Oils in Water by Cyclodextrin‐Mediated Hydroformylation
Authors: Roth Thomas Friedrich Hubertus , Averbeck Tobias , Daalmann Marvin , Vogt Dieter , Seidensticker Thomas
Published: January 2025

Platform chemicals from renewable resources with broad applications are highly desirable, particularly for replacing fossil‐based monomers. Bifunctional aliphatic ester‐aldehydes, accessible via regioselective hydroformylation of unsaturated oleochemicals, can be converted into linear ω‐amino/ω‐hydroxy esters and dicarboxylic acids—key building blocks for biobased aliphatic polycondensates. However, their success hinges on efficient, economically viable production, with catalyst recycling being critical. We present the Rh‐catalyzed, cyclodextrin‐mediated, aqueous biphasic hydroformylation of methyl 10‐undecenoate (from castor oil) and methyl 9‐decenoate (from rapeseed oil) to produce methyl 12‐oxododecanoate and methyl 11‐oxoundecanoate, respectively, with high yields and productivity. This system allows for efficient catalyst recycling via decantation, maintaining 30 % of its native activity in aqueous biphasic conditions. Reaction conditions were optimized using a tailored experimental design, reducing nearly 200 experiments to 39 without sacrificing predictive accuracy. The optimized conditions were transferred to a continuous miniplant, achieving a low rhodium loss of 0.018 % h−1, with excellent space‐time yields of 76.5 kg h−1 m−3. Rhodium in the product was as low as 79 ppb, with 4.4 kg of product per mg of catalyst lost, marking a significant step in combining hydroformylation‐derived, bio‐based platform chemicals with economic industrial potential.
Vitamin C: Its Role in Cosmeceuticals
Authors: Singh Nupur , Brown Angela N. , Oscherwitz Max , Gold Michael H.
Published: January 2025

Background

Vitamin C is a well‐known product used in cosmeceuticals for its various topical application benefits ranging from antioxidative, antiaging, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐pigmentary among others. The main problems encountered with vitamin C products include the stability, penetrance into the skin, and tolerance of vitamin C's various forms.

Aims

This paper aims to explore current literature on the role of Vitamin C in cosmetic dermatology and present a review on how products have developed for certain purposes and their outcomes.

Methods

A literature search was conducted on PubMed reviewing vitamin C in cosmetic and non‐cosmetic formulations and its utility for cosmetic dermatologic conditions. Research produced by various journals was then investigated to highlight its uses and potential in the field.

Results

Numerous studies support the varied claims regarding topical vitamin C, particularly in its role as an antioxidant, antiaging, anti‐pigmentary, and anti‐inflammatory agent. The integration of Vitamin C with other cosmetic ingredients is rapidly developing, ranging from vitamin E and natural plant extracts to several exfoliative acids and growth factors. The cosmetic industry's next steps involve better stabilization to improve the synergistic mechanisms with other ingredients and without lowering its bioavailability, efficacy, or absorption.

Conclusions

Vitamin C has proven to be a powerful player in cosmetic dermatology, both as a stand‐alone element and in combination with cosmetic ingredients. This review showcases some of the most pertinent clinical studies that support its efficacy in mitigating photoaging, oxidative stress, abnormal pigmentation, and inflammation among other cosmetic concerns, underscoring the promise behind vitamin C.
Distinguishing stop‐the‐clock breaks from general extended time accommodations
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: January 2025

Testing accommodations can be a challenge to administer, especially when students take examinations in testing centers or non‐classroom locations where proctors may or may not have sufficient pre‐exam contact with an institution's disability services office. One common area of confusion is distinguishing accommodations of breaks during an exam (so‐called stop‐the‐clock breaks) from extended time accommodations.
Experimental Investigation of the Dynamic Impact Failure of Bolted Rock With Different Anchoring Angles
Authors: Qiu Peng‐qi , Wang Wen‐wei , Wang Kai , Ning Jian‐guo , Zhang Xiao‐qiang , Zhao Chun‐li , Xu Qiang , Zong Hai‐tao , Cai Ting‐ting
Published: January 2025

Bolt support mechanisms represent a key technique to support the surrounding rock in coal mines. In deep rock engineering applications, the bolt‐supported structure of the surrounding rock of a deep roadway under high bearing stress may fail under dynamic loads such as those of blasting vibrations and earthquake motion. In this study, dynamic uniaxial compression tests were conducted on steel bar reinforced rock to investigate the rockbolt performance under dynamic loading. The deformation of the specimen surface and rockbolt was recorded during the test. The strengths and failure modes of the bolted rock samples were investigated. The results show that the bolt and rock deform asynchronously when the bolted specimen is subjected to a dynamic load, and the time of the asynchronous deformation of the specimens with different bolt angles is considerably different. When the stress wave acts along the direction of the bolt, it is more likely to cause the failure of the bolted specimen. Anchorage agents should be employed to realize the synchronous deformation of the bolt and rock mass. The slip and dislocation of the anchorage agent/rock surface and anchorage agent/bolt interface are the key factors influencing the failure of bolted specimens. The influence of a dynamic stress wave on the surrounding rock support structure of a deep roadway can be effectively reduced by improving the antisliding characteristics of the anchoring agent and increasing the bolt density. The research results can provide theoretical guidance and serve as a reference to realize the reinforcement engineering of underground permanent chambers and roadways.
Study on Improving Liquid Carrying Performance of Horizontal Wells With Swirl Jet Composite Device
Authors: Liang Huizhen , Mu Lin , Li Jinyong , Li Chengzhen , Ma Jian
Published: January 2025

In the later stages of horizontal gas well development, due to insufficient formation energy, the stratified flow of gas and liquid in the horizontal section generates a decrease in the well's liquid‐carrying capacity, accumulating liquid in the wellbore. Since the flow pattern of gas–liquid two‐phase flow in horizontal wells is significantly different from that in vertical wells, existing vertical well liquid removal and gas production technologies cannot be directly applied to address the liquid accumulation issues in horizontal wells. This paper presents a swirl jet composite device that, through the combination of a spiral guide belt and an internal flow channel, effectively integrates the jet and vortex effects, capable of transforming the stratified flow in the horizontal section into an annular flow, thereby enhancing the gas well's liquid‐carrying capacity. This study applies a combination of theoretical, experimental, and simulation methods to conduct computational fluid dynamics analysis on the device's ability to improve the gas well's liquid‐carrying capacity. It deeply investigates the flow characteristics of the gas–liquid two‐phase flow within the device. The results indicate that the device can not only achieve gas–liquid separation by transforming the flow regime from laminar to an orderly annular flow but also increase the axial velocity to extend the effective distance of the swirling section. Compared with the case without the device installed, the liquid phase volume fraction at the bottom of the well is reduced by 85.9%, and the liquid holdup is reduced by 38%. This demonstrates that compared to traditional technologies such as gas‐lift dewatering and gas production, the device can enhance the liquid‐carrying capacity of horizontal wells and effectively address the issue of liquid accumulation in horizontal wells. It provides theoretical guidance and a practical basis for future research on applying swirl jet composite devices to improve the liquid‐carrying capacity of horizontal wells.
Evolution of Human Susceptibility to Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Hypotheses and Comparative Evidence
Authors: August Isabel , Gagneux Pascal , Semendeferi Katerina , Marchetto Maria Carolina
Published: January 2025

Primates rely on memory to navigate both physical and social environments and in humans, loss of memory function leads to devastating consequences. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which begins by impacting memory functioning and is ultimately fatal. AD is common across human populations and its prevalence is predicted to rise with increases in the aging population. Despite this, the full AD phenotype has not been observed in any other nonhuman primate species. While a significant amount of research has been devoted to understanding the immediate mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis in humans, less research has focused on why humans are particularly vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases like AD. Here we explore hypotheses on the evolution of distinct human susceptibility to AD and place these in the context of findings from comparative neuroanatomical and molecular studies and discuss recent evidence for evolutionary changes protective against AD in the primate lineage.
Thermal Distribution in Fins of Different Geometries With Temperature and Wavelength Dependent Properties
Authors: Kaur Kanwalpreet , Singh Surjan
Published: January 2025

In this research work, we developed a mathematical model of heat transfer for different profiles of fins. This paper investigates heat transfer dynamics in continuously moving fins (rectangular, trapezoidal and concave parabolic), focusing on temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficients, internal heat generation and emissivity that varies with temperature and wavelength. The different values of the heat transfer coefficient capture various types of convection, nucleate boiling, condensation, and radiation effects, while treating thermal conductivity as a linear function of temperature. This problem is converted into a dimensionless form, and we adopted the Legendre wavelet collocation method (LWCM) to get the solution of the fin problem for various profiles. An exact solution in specific cases shows congruence up to seven to eight decimal places with LWCM results. Moreover, our analysis explores the effect of numerous non‐dimensional parameters such as thermal conductivity parameter , Peclet number , surface emissivity parameter B, convention‐conduction parameter , radiation‐conduction parameter , internal heat generation , D fin taper ratio on the temperature profile and fin efficiency were studied in detail. As , , and B, D increases in magnitude, the temperature inside the fin decreases, while higher values of Peclet number (), A, m, and Q cause lower heat transfer rate inside the fin. The results provide significant insights into the complex interplay of thermal processes across different fin geometries, emphasizing the importance of these dependencies for accurate modeling and optimization in thermal management systems.
Parameter‐Tuned Pulsed Wave Photobiomodulation Enhances Stem Cells From Apical Papilla Differentiation: Evidence From Gene and Protein Analyses
Authors: Kang Moon‐Ho , Kim Hong Bae , Chung Jong Hoon , Choung Pill‐Hoon
Published: January 2025

This study examines the effects of pulsed wave photobiomodulation (pwPBM) on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP). Using 810 nm near‐infrared (NIR) light with 300 Hz pulses and a 30% duty cycle, pwPBM was applied at a total energy density of 750 mJ/cm2. Osteogenesis was evaluated through both in vitro and in vivo analyses. In vitro experiments demonstrated significant enhancement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, along with upregulation of key osteogenesis‐related genes and proteins, as confirmed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analyses. In vivo, histological assessments following SCAP transplantation revealed increased bone tissue formation, further corroborated by osteocalcin staining. These findings underscore the potential of pwPBM as an innovative and effective tool for dental tissue regeneration and engineering.