bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Rectal Diclofenac in Reducing Postoperative Pain and Rescue Analgesia Requirement after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Dhawan Naresh , Das Shambhunath , Kiran Usha , Chauhan Sandeep , Bisoi Akshay K. , Makhija Neeti
Published: July 2009

Background:  Adequate analgesic medication is mandatory after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic efficacy, side effects, and need for rescue analgesia after CABG surgery comparing diclofenac and placebo rectal suppository.

Methods:  Thirty‐seven consenting adults undergoing elective CABG surgery were randomly assigned in a double‐blind fashion to receive either rectal diclofenac 100 mg (Group 1, n = 19) or placebo suppository (Group 2, n = 18) postoperatively, just after extubation. Both groups were given intravenous tramadol as a rescue analgesic. Pain scores in the two groups were assessed on a 10‐cm visual analog scale at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after suppository administration. Rescue analgesic consumption, sedation, nausea, and vomiting in both the groups were also recorded.

Results:  Twenty‐four‐hour tramadol consumption in Group 1 was 92.5 ± 33.5 mg compared to 157.5 ± 63.4 mg in Group 2 (P = 0.002). Patients in the placebo group had significantly greater pain scores 1.5 to 12 hours after extubation. Group 1 patients were significantly more awake compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative nausea was less in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P = 0.001). Though not statistically significant, three patients in Group 2 each had a single episode of vomiting, whereas no patient had vomiting in Group 1.

Conclusion:  Rectal diclofenac suppository with tramadol provides adequate pain relief after cardiac surgery, and also reduces tramadol consumption and side effects commonly associated with tramadol.
Assessment of the urgency and deferability of transfusion to inform emergency blood planning and triage: the Bloodhound prospective audit of red blood cell use
Authors: Shortt Jake , Polizzotto Mark N. , Waters Neil , Borosak Marija , Moran Martine , Comande Mary , Devine Alexandra , Jolley Damien J. , Wood Erica M.
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Careful planning is essential to ensure blood availability during shortages. Triaging supply is one proposed strategy; however, few data concerning the urgency of transfusion are available to inform planning. This study sought to determine the proportion of red blood cells (RBCs) used for clinically urgent indications.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 5132 RBC units were randomly selected at point of production and distributed into general statewide inventory over a 9‐month period. These selected units carried case report forms, for completion at the point of hospital issue for transfusion. Completed forms were returned to the blood service for collation and analysis, capturing information on indication and clinical urgency of supply, including use for potentially deferrable elective surgery.

RESULTS: Data from 5052 RBC units indicated that 95.6% were transfused. Approximately one‐third of transfused units were used to support surgery, one‐third for hematology/oncology, and one‐third for other medical and miscellaneous indications. Where used for surgery, 25.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.4%‐28.0%) were for elective procedures, although urgency of surgery was unknown in 17.1% (95% CI, 15.2%‐19.2%) of cases. Supply for nonurgent medical indications and elective surgery only accounted for 9.8% (95% CI, 9.0%‐10.6%) of use, with 53.4% (95% CI, 52.0%‐54.8%) of RBCs required within 24 hours.

CONCLUSIONS: The majority of RBCs are transfused with a high degree of clinical urgency, with only a minor proportion required to support elective surgery.
After the Storm: How Race, Class, and Immigration Concerns Influenced Beliefs About the Katrina Evacuees*
Authors: Shelton Jason E. , Coleman M. Nicole
Published: July 2009

Objective. In September 2005, approximately 150,000 Gulf Coast residents fled to Houston, Texas, seeking shelter following Hurricane Katrina. Since the majority of evacuees were poor African Americans, the political and social consequences of the storm inspired a national dialogue on race and class. However, in Houston, the discourse on Katrina evacuees also involved immigration concerns. The city's distinction as a gateway to new arrivals influenced the dialogue on the evacuees' impact on the local area. This article assesses the extent to which race, class, and immigration concerns influenced Houstonians' beliefs about the Katrina evacuees.

Methods. We analyze data from the 2006 and 2008 Houston Area Survey in order to assess attitudes toward these newcomers at two distinct time periods: within six months of their arrival and then again more than two years later.

Results. Our findings show that both national and local factors influenced beliefs about the Katrina evacuees.

Conclusions. The dynamics of race/ethnicity and apprehension toward immigrants drove largely antagonistic beliefs about the mostly poor, mostly black new arrivals.
Minding Your Neighborhood: The Spatial Context of Local Redistribution*
Authors: Minkoff Scott L.
Published: July 2009

Objectives. Previous research on redistribution by local governments has not accounted for spatial context. I develop a model of local own‐source redistributive spending that accounts for the economic characteristics and policy decisions of geographic neighbors.

Methods. I estimate a modified spatial 2SLS equation of own‐source redistributive spending that accounts for endogeneity between neighboring policy decisions and own policy decisions. The data set spans the 48 contiguous states and utilizes data from the 2000 Census and the 1997 Census of Governments, among other sources.

Results. I find that the policy choices and economic characteristics of jurisdictional neighbors are significantly related to own‐source housing and community development spending decisions. Jurisdictions reduce their redistributive policies to prevent unwanted movers from entering and produce redistributive packages similar to surrounding jurisdictions.

Conclusions. The nuances of geographic context are a critical determinant of local redistributive spending decisions.
Measuring Anti‐Americanism in Editorial Cartoons*
Authors: Long Mark , Bunch Rick L. , Lloyd Robert Earl
Published: July 2009

Objective.Anti‐Americanism has been subjected to minimal statistical analysis. Further, scant attention is paid to what constitutes anti‐Americanism for Americans. The objective of this article is to measure Americans' perceptions of anti‐Americanism.

Methods.Using a range of quantitative methods, including Pearson's correlation coefficient, Shannon's entropy measure, and Cohen'sdstatistics, we measure students' evaluations of editorial cartoons after 9/11. Twin measures ofmessageandequity, along with participant and cartoon variables, are used to calibrate anti‐Americanism in Spanish and U.S. editorial cartoons.

Results.Our results indicate that message ratings, that is, anti‐ or pro‐American, were more dependent on the nature of the cartoons than of the participants. White males rated these editorial cartoons as more equitable than other participants. The study shows that Spanish cartoons were rated significantly more anti‐American.

Conclusion.The article concludes that the use of U.S. icons is key to seeing anti‐Americanism, along with gender, race, and origin of cartoon.
Education and Social Desirability Bias: The Case of a Black Presidential Candidate*
Authors: Heerwig Jennifer A. , McCabe Brian J.
Published: July 2009

Objective. Survey research consistently reports a positive association between educational attainment and socially tolerant attitudes, but critics hold that respondents with high levels of education may simply purport to hold attitudes seen as socially desirable. In this article, we seek to adjudicate between the claim that the association between education and social tolerance is simply an artifact of sophisticated social desirability reporting on the part of well‐educated respondents and the competing theory that education has a real impact on increasing forms of social tolerance.

Methods. Using support for a black presidential candidate as our measure of social tolerance, we utilize an innovative online list experiment to test whether high levels of support are inflated because of social desirability reporting among the educational elite.

Results. We find no evidence of systematic overreporting of support for a black presidential candidate among respondents with high levels of education, and note that social desirability bias declines as educational attainment increases.

Conclusions. This research bolsters arguments about the liberalizing effect of education on socially tolerant attitudes, and challenges evidence that attributes this relationship to high levels of social desirability bias.
Latino and Asian American Mobilization in the 2006 Immigration Protests*
Authors: Rim Kathy H.
Published: July 2009

Objective.Through a comparative analysis of Latino and Asian American participation in the 2006 immigration rallies, this article presents a new framework for understanding differential protest outcomes.

Methods.To understand the relative lack of Asian American participation in contrast to their Latino counterparts, I conducted in‐depth interviews with community organization leaders and assessed the text of HR 4437, U.S. ethnic media, and organizational resources.

Results.I find that structural disadvantages diminished prospects for Asian American activists to effectively mobilize the Asian American community.

Conclusion.By conducting a systematic and multidimensional approach to understanding differential protest participation, I conclude that structural conditions significantly advantage the mobilization of certain groups over others.
Classification and Atherosclerosis Distribution in Patients with Left Main Coronary Disease
Authors: THOMPSON CRAIG A. , SIDHU MANDEEP S. , BROWN JEREMIAH R. , SABIR SAJJAD A. , FLOYD KEVIN C. , DE VRIES JAMES T. , JAYNE JOHN E. , FRIEDMAN BRUCE J. , HETTLEMAN BRUCE D. , NILES NATHANIEL W. , ROBB JOHN F. , MALENKA DAVID J. , KAPLAN AARON V. ,   for the DARTMOUTH DYNAMIC REGISTRY INVESTIGATORS
Published: July 2009

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to characterize clinical variables and angiographic distribution of coronary atherosclerosis to classify patients with de novo left main (LM) disease in a real‐world population presenting for coronary angiography.

Background: Limited quantitative and angiographic published data exist that provide detailed quantitative information to classify potential target population for elective LM percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and guide development of dedicated LM PCI platforms.

Methods: Medical history and clinical presentation were prospectively collected on 177 consecutive patients with LM stenosis ≥50% by coronary angiography. Blinded quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed on all LM stenoses to classify LM‐A (ostial), LM‐B (nonostial, non‐bifurcation), and LM‐C (bifurcation involvement). QCA was performed on the left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCx), and right coronary arteries (RCA) and branches (≥2.5 mm) to identify lesions with ≥60% stenosis or occlusion.

Results: No differences in baseline clinical history or presentation discriminated the distribution patterns of LM stenosis. QCA revealed 66% of LM stenoses were LM‐C. Mean LM reference vessel diameter was 4.65 mm and average lesion length was 11.12 mm. Around 88.7% of patients had at least one lesion ≥60% in a major epicardial artery and 32.2% of patients had RCA chronic total occlusion. Right‐to‐left coronary collateralization was only identified in patients with obstructive stenosis in the LAD or LCx in addition to the LM stenosis.

Conclusion: Dedicated LM stent platforms may need to be developed to accommodate larger vessel size and bifurcation distributions. A majority of patients with LM stenosis will require adjunctive epicardial vessel PCI to achieve complete anatomic revascularization.
The current status of urban‐rural differences in psychiatric disorders
Authors: Peen J. , Schoevers R. A. , Beekman A. T. , Dekker J.
Published: July 2009

Peen J, Schoevers RA, Beekman AT, Dekker J. The current status of urban–rural differences in psychiatric disorders.

Objective:  Reviews of urban–rural differences in psychiatric disorders conclude that urban rates may be marginally higher and, specifically, somewhat higher for depression. However, pooled results are not available.

Method:  A meta‐analysis of urban–rural differences in prevalence was conducted on data taken from 20 population survey studies published since 1985. Pooled urban–rural odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the total prevalence of psychiatric disorders, and specifically for mood, anxiety and substance use disorders.

Results:  Significant pooled urban–rural OR were found for the total prevalence of psychiatric disorders, and for mood disorders and anxiety disorders. No significant association with urbanization was found for substance use disorders. Adjustment for various confounders had a limited impact on the urban–rural OR.

Conclusion:  Urbanization may be taken into account in the allocation of mental health services.
Implant stability and bone density: assessment of correlation in fresh cadavers using conventional and osteotome implant sockets
Authors: Çehreli Murat Cavit , Kökat Ali Murat , Comert Ayhan , Akkocaoğlu Murat , Tekdemir Ibrahim , Akça Kιvanç
Published: July 2009

Objective: To compare the primary stability of implants placed in conventional and osteotome sites and to evaluate the level of correlation between cutting torque measurements, resonance frequency analysis (RFA), and bone density.

Materials and methods: Eight human femoral heads were scanned with computed tomography for bone density measurements as Hounsfield units (HU), and individualized computed tomography‐based surgical stents were prepared for placement of implants. Five implant sockets were prepared in each collum (CoF), caput (CaF), and trochanter (Tr‐MM) section of the femoral heads using the conventional drilling technique or by a combination of drilling and use of an osteotome. Cutting‐torque values (CTV) of the implants were measured by a manual torque wrench, followed by determination of implant stability quotients (ISQ) by RFA.

Results: The CTVs of implants were similar in the conventional group, but different in the osteotome group (P<0.05). There was a general tendency toward achieving higher CTV and ISQ values in CoF than CaF and Tr‐MM (P<0.05), and measurements in CaF and Tr‐MM were comparable (P>0.05). The mean HU of sites were similar, although CoF had higher HU values (P>0.05). CTV of implants in CaF and Tr‐MM and ISQ values in CoF in the conventional groups were higher than those in the osteotome groups (P<0.05). The correlation between CTV and HU in Tr‐MM was significant in the osteotome group, although no other correlations between CTV, ISQ, and HU could be detected (P>0.025).

Conclusions: Conventional placement led to higher implant stability than the drilling and osteotome technique used in the study. No correlation could be found between CTV, RFA, and bone density.
Recurrence rates associated with incompletely excised low‐risk nonmelanoma skin cancer
Authors: Rieger Kerri E. , Linos Eleni , Egbert Barbara M. , Swetter Susan M.
Published: July 2009

Background: Reported recurrence rates for transected nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) vary widely, and few studies have addressed recurrence of tumors followed clinically or treated with nonsurgical modalities.

Methods: Retrospective review of dermatopathology records from January 1999 to January 2005 was conducted to identify biopsies or excision specimens with histologically transected basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) which were not subsequently excised. Patient and tumor characteristics associated with recurrence were analyzed in a subgroup of patients with predominantly ‘low‐risk’ and/or minimally transected NMSCs. Prospective follow up was performed through March 31, 2008. Data was analyzed with Chi‐square and Fishers exact tests and multivariate logistic regression.

Results: Of 376 transected NMSCs, 27 (7.2%) recurred, including 20 (9%) of 223 BCCs and 7 (4.6%) SCCs in situ of 153 SCCs. The overall recurrence rate of the 124 minimally transected NMSCs was even lower (5.6%). Multivariate logistic regression identified three significant predictors of recurrence: tumor location on the head and neck (p = 0.041), tumor size (p = 0.00741) and superficial subtype of BCC (p = .035).

Conclusions: Although surgical excision of NMSC remains the standard of care, observation or nonsurgical treatment may be acceptable in many cases of incompletely excised low‐risk or minimally transected NMSCs.
DisseminatedScopulariopsis–culture is required to distinguish from other disseminated mould infections
Authors: Swick Brian L. , Reddy Sindhura C. , Friedrichs Amanda , Stone Mary Seabury
Published: July 2009

Disseminated fungal infections are a major cause of mortality in severely immunocompromised bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients.Scopulariopsisis a soil saprophytic mould that is typically associated with onychomycosis and only rarely associated with disseminated infection with cutaneous findings. We describe a case of fatal disseminatedScopulariopsisinfection in a 56‐year‐old neutropenic male with chronic myelogenous leukemia status post peripheral blood stem cell transplant that was clinically and histologically indistinguishable from disseminatedAspergillus,Fusariumor zygomycosis infection. Distinguishing the above listed fungi by tissue culture is crucial because disseminatedScopulariopsisis difficult to eradicate and associated with a high mortality rate in the immunocompromised BMT patient population.

Swick BL, Reddy SC, Friedrichs A, Stone MS. DisseminatedScopulariopsis–culture is required to distinguish from other disseminated mould infections.
Combined bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris in an 18‐year‐old female
Authors: Rossi Anthony , Reszko Anetta , Leach James , Magro Cynthia M.
Published: July 2009

We present a case of an 18‐year‐old female with clinical, histological and immunopathological features of overlapping pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. This case is unique both in the context of the distinctive hybrid nature of the bullous disorder and the young age of onset. An initial biopsy showed a combined pemphigus pattern histologically and a dominant pemphigoid pattern by immunofluorescence, hence posing a diagnostic conundrum. A subsequent biopsy however confirmed a combined pemphigus and pemphigoid pattern both in the context of the light microscopic findings and by immunofluorescence. The pathophysiologic basis of this distinctive hybrid dermatosis along with the other reported cases of overlapping pemphigus and pemphigoid are reviewed.

Rossi A, Reszko A, Leach J, Magro CM. Combined bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris in an 18‐year‐old female.
Dynamic changes in bone metabolism in the rat temporomandibular joint after molar extraction using bone scintigraphy
Authors: Yokoyama Masayoshi , Atsumi Tomohiro , Tsuchiya Masahiro , Koyama Shigeto , Sasaki Keiichi
Published: July 2009

Functional adaptation with reformation of bone tissue structure occurs after changes in mechanical stress distribution. To examine how occlusal changes affect the dynamics of bone metabolism in the mandibular condyle, bone scintigraphy of rat condyles was taken using 99mtechnetium‐methylene‐diphosphonate (99mTc‐MDP) after extraction of maxillary molars resulting in unilateral loss of occlusal support. Accumulation of 99mTc‐MDP was significantly higher in the condyles on the extracted side than on the intact side 3 d after molar extraction. In addition, bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoprotegerin expression in extracted‐side condyles were significantly increased while osteoclast numbers were significantly decreased when compared with intact‐side condyles. These differences were not detected 28 d after molar extraction. These findings suggest that occlusal change transiently results in changes in the dynamics of bone metabolism at the mandibular condyles through the downregulation of osteoclastogenesis. These changes may be involved in functional adaptation of the temporomandibular joint.
An introduction to latent growth curve modelling for longitudinal continuous data in dental research
Authors: Tu Yu‐Kang , D’Aiuto Francesco , Baelum Vibeke , Gilthorpe Mark S.
Published: July 2009

Many studies in dental research are based on repeated measurements of several continuous variables. Statistical analyses of such data require advanced methods to explore the complexity of information within the data. Currently, the most frequently adopted approach is to undertake multiple univariate tests. Occasionally, more advanced and sophisticated statistical methodologies, such as multilevel modelling and generalized estimating equation, have been used. In the last decade, a novel statistical methodology known as latent growth curve modelling has been developed in the social sciences. Latent growth curve modelling can be considered a special application of structural equation modelling and is generally conducted using structural equation modelling software. Recent development of statistical theory shows that latent growth curve modelling is equivalent to multilevel modelling, and both approaches yield identical results. However, in some study designs latent growth curve modelling can provide a more flexible framework of statistical modelling than multilevel modelling and generalized estimating equation for longitudinal data. The aim of this article was to present a non‐technical introduction to latent growth curve modelling for dental researchers. The emphasis was on conceptual understanding, rather than mathematical rigor, so path diagrams were used for visual presentations of various statistical models. When properly applied, latent growth curve modelling has great potential to give new directions for future longitudinal dental research.
Sympathectomy suppresses tumor growth and alters gene‐expression profiles in rat tongue cancer
Authors: Raju Bina , Hultström Michael , Haug Sivakami R. , Ibrahim Salah O. , Heyeraas Karin J.
Published: July 2009

Sympathetic nerves are known to affect carcinogenesis. Recently we found that sympathetic denervation decreases the size of rat tongue tumors. To identify genes involved in rat tongue carcinogenesis and to study the effect of sympathetic nerves on these genes, we compared gene‐expression profiles in normal rat tongue (control) and in tumor‐induced tongues with (SCGx) and without (Sham) bilateral sympathectomy. Significance analysis of microarrays revealed 280 genes (168 up‐regulated, 112 down‐regulated) that showed at least a twofold differential expression between Sham and SCGx tumors (false discovery rate < 5%). These included genes associated with cell adhesion, signaling, structure, proliferation, metabolism, angiogenesis, development, and immunity. Hierarchical clustering demonstrated that controls and sympathectomized tumors grouped together, while Sham tumors grouped separately. We identified 34 genes, known to be involved in carcinogenesis, that were not differentially expressed between sympathectomized tumors and control tongues, but which showed a significant change in expression in Sham tumors. Microarray results of 12 of these genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. In conclusion, sympathectomy significantly altered the gene‐expression profile and inhibited tumor growth. The expression of several cancer genes were increased more than threefold in Sham tumors, but unaltered in the sympathectomized tumors when compared with controls, indicating that these genes may be of significance in rat tongue carcinogenesis.
Oral bacterial adhesion forces to biomaterial surfaces constituting the bracket–adhesive–enamel junction in orthodontic treatment
Authors: Mei Li , Busscher Henk J. , Van Der Mei Henny C. , Chen Yangxi , De Vries Joop , Ren Yijin
Published: July 2009

Bacterial adhesion to biomaterial surfaces constituting the bracket–adhesive–enamel junction represents a growing problem in orthodontics, because bacteria can adversely affect treatment by causing demineralization of the enamel surface around the brackets. It is important to know the forces with which bacteria adhere to the surfaces of these junction materials, as the strength of these forces will determine how easy it will be to remove the bacteria. We compared the adhesion forces of five initially colonizing and four cariogenic strains of bacteria to an orthodontic adhesive, stainless steel, and enamel, with and without a salivary conditioning film. Adhesion forces were determined using atomic force microscopy and a bacterial probe. In the absence of a salivary conditioning film, the strongest bacterial adhesion forces occurred to the adhesive surface (−2.9 to −6.9 nN), while adhesion forces to the enamel surfaces were lowest (−0.8 to −2.7 nN). In the presence of a salivary conditioning film, adhesion forces were reduced strongly, to less than 1 nN, and the differences between the various materials were reduced. Generally, however, initial colonizers of dental hard surfaces presented stronger adhesion forces to the different materials (−4.7 and −0.6 nN in the absence and presence of a salivary conditioning film, respectively) than cariogenic strains (−1.8 and −0.5 nN).
Effect of resin coating on adhesion and microleakage of computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing fabricated all‐ceramic crowns after occlusal loading: a laboratory study
Authors: Kitayama Shuzo , Pilecki Peter , Nasser Nasser A. , Bravis Theodora , Wilson Ron F. , Nikaido Toru , Tagami Junji , Watson Timothy F. , Foxton Richard M.
Published: July 2009

This study investigated the effect of resin coating and occlusal loading on adhesion and microleakage of all‐ceramic crowns. Molars were prepared for an all‐ceramic crown and were divided into two groups: non‐coated (control) and resin‐coated with Clearfil Tri‐S Bond. Crowns were fabricated using CEREC 3 and cemented using Clearfil Esthetic Cement. After 24 h of storage in water, the restored teeth in each group were divided into two subgroups: unloaded, or loaded while stored in water. Mechanical loading was achieved with an axial force of 80 N at 2.5 cycles s−1 for 250,000 cycles. After immersion in Rhodamine B, the specimens were sectioned and processed for microleakage evaluation by confocal microscopy, which was followed by further sectioning for microtensile bond testing. Loading had no significant effect on microleakage in either the resin‐coated or non‐resin‐coated groups. Resin coating did not reduce the microleakage at the dentine interface but increased the microleakage at the enamel interface. All the beams fractured during slicing when non‐coated and loaded. The bond strengths of non‐coated and unloaded, resin‐coated and unloaded, and resin‐coated and loaded groups were 15.82 ± 4.22, 15.17 ± 5.24, and 12.97 ± 5.82 MPa, respectively. Resin coating with Clearfil Tri‐S Bond improved the bonding of resin cement to dentine for loaded specimens. However, it was not effective in reducing the microleakage, regardless of whether it was loaded or unloaded.
The relationship among sense of coherence, socio‐economic status, and oral health‐related behaviours among Finnish dentate adults
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Kivimäki Mika , Tsakos Georgios , Suominen‐Taipale Anna L. , Nordblad Anne , Savolainen Jarno , Uutela Antti , Sheiham Aubrey , Watt Richard G.
Published: July 2009

This study assessed the independent and interactive associations between sense of coherence (SOC) and socio‐economic status (SES) with oral health‐related behaviours. Data from 5,399 dentate adults regarding their demographic characteristics, years of education, SOC score, and oral health‐related behaviours were analysed. Household income was obtained from tax authorities. Logistic regression was used to test the adjusted association of SOC with each behaviour and to test the statistical interaction between each SES indicator and the SOC score. Subjects were 1.20 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.11–1.28] and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.12–1.32) times more likely to visit dentists regularly for check‐ups and to brush their teeth twice daily or more often, respectively, and were 1.11 (95% CI: 1.03–1.20) and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.12–1.32) times less likely to be daily smokers and to consume sugar‐added products on a daily basis, respectively, for every unit increase in SOC score. The findings provide strong support for an association between higher levels of SOC and more favourable oral health‐related behaviours, independently of current SES and demographic characteristics of the participants and across the four behaviours assessed. By contrast, the findings give limited support for the moderating role of SOC on the relationship between SES and oral health‐related behaviours.
Wer löscht das Feuer? Zur Rezeption der Hero‐und‐Leander‐Sage in Mittelalter, Renaissance und Neuzeit
Authors: Gärtner Thomas
Published: July 2009

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird das Nachwirken der antiken mythologischen Erzählung um die unglückliche Liebe zwischen Hero und Leander in Mittelalter und Renaissance thematisiert. Hauptsächlich wird auf die Versifikation bei Baudri de Bourgueil eingegangen, welche zunächst der allegorischen Deutung des spätantiken Fulgentius verpflichtet ist, aber auch die ovidische Darstellung in den Heroidenbriefen berücksichtigt. Ausblicksweise behandelt wird auch das Epos Leandris des Caspar von Barth und ein Gedicht des byzantinischen Gelehrten Markos Musuros. Als entscheidender Geischtspunkt erweist sich die Frage, wer jeweils in den einzelnen Versionen für das Verlöschen des Signalfeuers verantwortlich ist.
Embracing Difference in Ann‐Marie MacDonald’s Fall on Your Knees
Authors: Staels Hilde
Published: July 2009

Some literary critics have investigated the embrace of racial and gender difference in Ann‐Marie MacDonald’s Fall on Your Knees as an important neo‐Gothic thematic aspect of the novel. The narrative text however also contains some key scenes that formally convey the female characters’ liberating encounter with the alienated other within themselves. In these scenes, a poetic discourse is used to celebrate the Piper sisters’ embrace of difference. The formal investigation of the key scenes is indebted to Julia Kristeva’s theory about alterity with its psychoanalytic, ethical and linguistic dimensions.
Measuring transepidermal water loss: a comparative in vivo study of condenser‐chamber, unventilated‐chamber and open‐chamber systems
Authors: Farahmand Sara , Tien Lilian , Hui Xiaoying , Maibach Howard I.
Published: July 2009

Background/aims: Two main systems have been utilized for measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL): open chamber and closed chamber. Yet, further validation and standardization studies may be necessary to reveal the sensitivity, precision, and robustness of these instruments.

Methods: Three instruments are compared for their applicability to assess TEWL: unventilated chamber, open chamber and condenser chamber. The comparative study was performed on human forearm skin (n=6), in the normal condition (baseline), and after (1) 10 tape strippings on both arms, (2) moisturizer cream (Eucerin®) and petrolatum application for 1 h, and (3) 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) aqueous solution and distilled water (as control) application for 20 min.

Results: The condenser‐chamber system, was the only device among these three that could show the effect of tape stripping on TEWL values as compared with baseline (P<0.001). The effect of moisturization, in terms of % change of TEWL values after application of cream and petrolatum, did not show significant difference between devices (P>0.05). However, only the values obtained from condenser‐chamber device revealed a highly significant change as compared with baseline (P<0.001). Condenser‐chamber system could also discriminate between the effect of moisturizer and petrolatum on TEWL values (P<0.05). The change of TEWL values after SLS application was shown to be significant by unventilated and condenser‐chamber systems (P<0.05). However, none of the devices differentiated between the effect of water and 1% SLS solution applied for 20 min. The values obtained from all three instruments correlate well with each other (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Our results highlight the differences between two closed‐chamber TEWL measurement instruments, which are designed based on different measurement principles. This may provide insights to find the best practice to improve the quality, precision and sensitivity of the measurements.
Population‐based waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio reference values in preschool children
Authors: Roswall Josefine , Bergman Stefan , Almqvist‐Tangen Gerd , Alm Bernt , Niklasson Aimon , Nierop Andreas FM , Dahlgren Jovanna
Published: July 2009

Aim:  To establish new reference values for measurements of waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio in preschool children.

Methods:  A population‐based, cross‐sectional study of 4502 children aged 0–5 years derived from child health care in a Swedish county. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were recorded using a standardized procedure.

Results:  New reference values for waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio for preschool children are presented. Reference charts were constructed and are presented. Waist circumference increased with age (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). After adjustment to the individual height, expressed as waist‐to‐height ratio, there was an inverse correlation to age during the first 5 years of age (r = −0.87, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  The new reference values for waist circumference and waist‐to‐height ratio for Swedish preschool children enable future identification of new risk populations for childhood obesity. For clinicians, new reference charts for these two variables are provided for practical use.
Can early intake of dietary omega‐3 predict childhood externalizing behaviour?
Authors: Waylen A , Ford T , Goodman R , Samara M , Wolke D
Published: July 2009

Aim:  To determine whether maternal and child intake of dietary omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids (FA), together with the presence or absence of breast‐feeding, predicted psychiatric diagnosis of externalizing disorders in childhood.

Methods:  Data concerning childhood externalizing disorders were collected from 8242 children aged 7.9 years in a large British cohort. Intake of n‐3 FA was measured for the study mother during pregnancy and for the child at 3 years. Duration of breast‐feeding was examined to account for moderating effects. Adjustment was made for a variety of potential confounders.

Results:  Maternal intake of n‐3 and breast‐feeding predicted oppositional/conduct disorder and comorbid externalizing disorder before adjustment for confounding factors. However, there was no association between intake of n‐3 by mother or child and any type of externalizing disorder once socio‐demographic factors were taken into account.

Conclusions:  Any association between intake of n‐3 and childhood externalizing disorders appears to be strongly confounded with socio‐demographic factors. This is important to note given the current popularity of n‐3 as a possible treatment for behaviour problems related to inattention and impulsivity. Care must be taken that studies investigating this relationship account fully for factors associated with both behaviour and diet.
Discerning Fidelity: Badiou between Faith and Reason
Authors: Holsclaw Geoffrey
Published: July 2009

At this juncture in history, viewed as either the dusk of modernity or the dawn of its overcoming, questions of faith and reason are continually cast up anew. The questioning of faith and reason raise familiar binaries and oppositions: Is faith for or against, internal or external, before or after, above or below reason? Does faith perfect or overcome, complete or destroy, add or subtract from reason? This essay will pass through two figures representative of the contested field of Thomistic scholarship en route to a discussion of how the French philosopher Alain Badiou might intervene within the contemporary discussions of faith and reason. It will first engage Denys Turner's recent work which could be characterized as a dogmatic faith in reason attempting to repel the dispositional faith which he attributes to Fergus Kerr. These competing conceptions of faith will set the backdrop for a presentation and application of Badiou's understanding of faith as discerning fidelity.
New roles of flavoproteins in molecular cell biology: An unexpected role for quinone reductases as regulators of proteasomal degradation
Authors: Sollner Sonja , Macheroux Peter
Published: July 2009

Quinone reductases are ubiquitous soluble enzymes found in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. These enzymes utilize a reduced nicotinamide such as NADH or NADPH to reduce the flavin cofactor (either FMN or FAD), which then affords two‐electron reduction of cellular quinones. Although the chemical nature of the quinone substrate is still a matter of debate, the reaction appears to play a pivotal role in quinone detoxification by preventing the generation of potentially harmful semiquinones. In recent years, an additional role of quinone reductases as regulators of proteasomal degradation of transcription factors and possibly intrinsically unstructured protein has emerged. To fulfil this role, quinone reductase binds to the core particle of the proteasome and recruits certain transcription factors such as p53 and p73α to the complex. The latter process appears to be governed by the redox state of the flavin cofactor of the quinone reductase, thus linking the stability of transcription factors to cellular events such as oxidative stress. Here, we review the current evidence for protein complex formation between quinone reductase and the 20S proteasome in eukaryotic cells and describe the regulatory role of this complex in stabilizing transcription factors by acting as inhibitors of their proteasomal degradation.
Atomic‐resolution structure of reduced cyanobacterial cytochrome c6 with an unusual sequence insertion
Authors: Bialek Wojciech , Krzywda Szymon , Jaskolski Mariusz , Szczepaniak Andrzej
Published: July 2009

The structure of the reduced form of cytochrome c6 from the mesophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 has been determined at 1.2 Å and refined to an R‐factor of 0.107. This protein is unique among all known cytochromes c6, owing to the presence of an unusual seven‐residue insertion, KDGSKSL(44–50), which differs from the insertion found in the recently discovered plant cytochromes c6A. Furthermore, the present protein is unusual because of its very high content (36%) of the smallest residues (glycine and alanine). The structure reveals that the overall fold of the protein is similar to that of other class I c‐type cytochromes, despite the presence of the specific insertion. The insertion is located within the most variable region of the cytochrome c6 sequence, i.e. between helices II and III. The first six residues [KDGSKS(44–49)] form a loop, whereas the last residue, Leu50, extends the N‐terminal beginning of helix III. Several specific noncovalent interactions are found inside the insertion, as well as between the insertion and the rest of the protein. The crystal structure contains three copies of the cytochrome c6 molecule per asymmetric unit, and is characterized by an unusually high packing density, with solvent occupying barely 17.58% of the crystal volume.
The Importance of Hunting and Habitat in Determining the Abundance of Tropical Forest Species in Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Rist Janna , Milner‐Gulland Eleanor Jane , Cowlishaw Guy , Rowcliffe J. Marcus
Published: July 2009

Understanding the impact of hunting on wildlife populations is crucial to achieving sustainability and requires knowledge of prey abundance responses to different levels of exploitation. While the abundance of primates has been shown to respond independently to hunting and habitat, habitat is rarely considered simultaneously when evaluating the impacts of hunting. Furthermore, the importance of these two factors in determining the abundance of other species has not been well investigated. We evaluate the independent effects of hunting and habitat on the abundance of a diverse assemblage of species, using a series of predictions and data from a study in Equatorial Guinea. Line transect surveys in sites of varying hunting intensity and habitat, and weekly interviews with hunters on current hunting effort in each site, were conducted. We also consider the role of past hunting, and discuss the interrelationships between hunting and habitat variables. We show that for primates, hunting is important in determining abundance, while for rodents and duikers, habitat is more important. Our findings show that the effects of hunting and habitat on abundance vary greatly between species, are often confounded and require an approach that isolates their independent effects to determine the true impact of hunting. Conservation managers must consider and incorporate habitat heterogeneity when managing hunting systems, taking into account the way in which the relative importance of these factors can vary between species.
BREAD MAKING OF DURUM WHEAT WITH CHICKPEA SOURDOUGH OR COMPRESSED BAKER'S YEAST
Authors: KEFALAS PETROS , KOTZAMANIDIS SAVAS , SABANIS DIMITRIOS , YUPSANI ANASTASIA , KEFALA LIDA‐AIKATERINI , KOKKALIS ATHANASIOS , YUPSANIS TRAIANOS
Published: July 2009

Two ways of improving durum wheat bread‐making quality were evaluated.

First, durum wheat (cultivar “Papadakis”) was blended with bread wheat flour of good (A‐flour) or medium (B‐flour) quality (70% durum and 30% bread wheat flour). Durum wheat flour displayed the γ‐gliadin 45 electrophoretic band and acceptable bread‐making quality. Breads from flour blends had better volume, particularly the durum and A‐flour blend. The addition of ascorbic and citric acid and malt flour improved dough rheological properties and thus bread volume, as well as staling rate and sensory characteristics. These were more pronounced in the blend of durum with B‐flour.

Second, durum wheat flour alone was used to prepare chickpea sourdough‐leavened bread, as flavor is important for consumer acceptance. With the addition only of salt, the chickpea sourdough‐leavened durum wheat bread displayed acceptable loaf volume, distinguished flavor and longer shelf life compared with bread prepared with compressed baker's yeast.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

One of the practical applications of this study is the possibility of using a common durum wheat cultivar instead of local varieties as is the case with traditional breads. Results of this work may be useful for promoting greater acceptance of durum wheat breads as well as expansion of the use of a traditional Mediterranean chickpea sourdough‐leavened durum wheat bread with distinguished flavor and taste.

This work may serve as a guide for determining the quality of flours suitable for production of “home made” or “village” bread (which has high market value as specialty bread) by blending durum and bread wheat flours. Best results are obtained with good‐quality bread wheat flour, regardless of the good quality of durum wheat cultivar used, together with the use of the dough improvers implemented in this work.
Aesthetics and Cognitive Science
Authors: Stokes Dustin
Published: July 2009

Experiences of art involve exercise of ordinary cognitive and perceptual capacitiesbutin unique ways. These two features of experiences of art imply the mutual importance of aesthetics and cognitive science. Cognitive science provides empirical and theoretical analysis of the relevant cognitive capacities. Aesthetics thus does well to incorporate cognitive scientific research. Aesthetics also offers philosophical analysis of the uniqueness of the experience of art. Thus, cognitive science does well to incorporate the explanations of aesthetics. This paper explores this general framework ofexpansionism: a research strategy that suggests that the explanatory goals and resources of both aesthetics and cognitive science should expand to include those of the other. Two relations are considered. First, what is the relation between aesthetics and more traditional cognitive science? Second, what is the relation between aesthetics and new developments in cognitive science that de‐emphasize mental representation and emphasize body and action?
Works and Performances in the Performing Arts
Authors: Davies David
Published: July 2009

The primary purpose of the performing arts is to prepare and present ‘artistic performances’, performances that either are themselves the appreciative focuses of works of art or are instances of other things that are works of art. In the latter case, we have performances of what may be termed ‘performed works’, as is generally taken to be so with performances of classical music and traditional theatrical performances. In the former case, we have what may be termed ‘performance‐works’, as, for example, in free improvisations. Where we have performances of performed works, a number of distinctive philosophical questions arise: What kind of thing is a performed work? How is it appreciated through its performances? Is ‘authenticity’ an artistically relevant quality of performances of performed works, and, if so, why? How much of what goes on in the performing arts is rightly viewed as the performance of performed works? Artistic performances, whether or not they are of performed works, raise philosophical questions of their own. Can a performance itself be rightly viewed as a work of art? How do improvisation and rehearsal enter into the performing arts, and how do they bear on the appreciation of artistic performances? What role does the audience play in such performances? Does the performer’s use of her own body as an artistic medium, as for example in dance performance, generate special constraints on appreciation? How, finally, does what is usually classified as ‘performance art’ relate to activities in the performing arts more generally construed? I critically survey the ways in which these questions have been addressed by principal theorists in the field.
How, When, and Why to Use Digital Experimental Virtual Environments to Study Social Behavior
Authors: McCall Cade , Blascovich Jim
Published: July 2009

Over the last decade, researchers have begun using immersive virtual environment technology (IVET; commonly known as virtual reality) to create digital experimental virtual environments (DEVEs) to investigate social psychological processes. Researchers increasingly recognize that IVET provides powerful and cost‐effective ways to manipulate theoretical variables and to measure a host of outcome variables, while providing a remarkable level of experimental control and ecological realism. In this article, we discuss IVET, the nature of social influence within DEVEs, and the use of DEVEs to study social behavior.
Body in Mind: The Role of Embodied Cognition in Self‐Regulation
Authors: Balcetis Emily , Cole Shana
Published: July 2009

We review a growing body of literature that evidences the reciprocal relationship between body and mind, known as embodied cognition. We argue that an embodied mind may serve a functional purpose, aiding in self‐regulatory processes. Specifically, we suggest that embodied cognition assists in self‐regulation by increasing signal strength, encouraging appropriate goal‐relevant action, and incorporating situational constraints to cue appropriate information processing styles. Furthermore, we propose that affect serves as the link between an embodied mind and self‐regulatory action. Finally, we situate this research in debates on theories of mind, and we advocate for a highly interactive system that integrates information across modalities.