bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dubious Compromise: October 1965–February 1966
Authors: Pham Phuong
Published: May 2010

Chapter 3 traces the period up to the publication of the Defence White Paper in February 1966. During this time, the Wilson Government continued to develop its plans to withdraw from Singapore to Australia, hiding this work from the ANZUS allies. These allies were adamant that they would not accept a voluntary British withdrawal from a central strategic node of Southeast Asia. With no agreement in sight, the Wilson Government hastily revised its plans at the last moment, rephrasing its intentions to state that it would stay in Singapore ‘as long as conditions allowed’. While publishing this intent in the Defence White Paper, to the satisfaction of the allies, the Government secretly expected and hoped that conditions in Singapore would soon come to force it to withdraw.
1 Introduction: Southern Engines of Global Growth
Authors: Santos‐Paulino Amelia U. , Wan Guanghua
Published: May 2010

Capital, largely originated from developed countries, has increased rapidly across the world in recent years, outgrowing other capital flows to developing countries. Academic and policy studies recognize the positive externalities that foreign direct investment (FDI) can generate for the host country. Alongside active policies for promoting and attracting FDI, the degree of openness to international trade is an important factor, particularly in outward‐oriented developing countries. The interface between private domestic and foreign investment is a key issue in studying FDI's externalities in the recipient economy, as FDI tends to crowd out private investment in a number of developing economies. Both FDI and domestic investment are essential for economic growth. But the challenge for developing countries is to devise an FDI strategy that can foster both economic growth and domestic investment by contributing to the development of new skills, technology, or products to the host country. Southern economic giants, remarkably China, India, Brazil, and increasingly South Africa (CIBS), are contributing to these developments. CIBS and other fast growing developing countries are important sources of investments. South—South capital flows are progressively critical for international development, but international trade remains the strongest and most direct channel through which southern leading economies impact on other countries—mostly their developing partners.
2 China, India, Brazil, and South Africa in the World Economy: Engines of Growth?
Authors: Nayyar Deepak
Published: May 2010

This chapter attempts to analyse the economic implications of the rise of China, India, Brazil, and South Africa (CIBS) for developing countries, situated in the wider context of the world economy. It examines the possible impact of their rapid growth on industrialized countries and developing countries, which could be complementary or competitive and, on balance, positive or negative. In doing so, it considers the main channels of transmission, to focus on international trade, investment, finance, and migration. The essential question is whether, in times to come, these four countries could be the new engines of growth for the world economy. The answer is that rapid growth in China already supports growth elsewhere—so far, primarily, as a market for exports, while India and Brazil have the potential to provide similar support, but South Africa does not yet exhibit such potential. In future, these countries could also provide resources for investment and technologies for productivity. The transformation and catch-up could span half a century or longer. Even so, rapid growth in these large emerging economies is already beginning to change the balance of economic power in the world.
3 Southern Engines of Global Growth: Very Long Cycles or Short Spurts?
Authors: Desai Meghnad
Published: May 2010

This chapter views the four economies of the South in a long‐run historical perspective from 1500 to 2000. It contrasts the history and the initial endowments of the two Northern hemisphere economies China and India, which are land scarce and labour abundant, with the two Southern hemisphere economies Brazil and South Africa, which are land abundant and labour scarce. It argues for different strategies for future growth and discusses impediments that might affect the paths of these four economies in the near future.
5 Global Growth and Distribution: Are China and India Reshaping the World?
Authors: Bussolo Maurizio , De Hoyos Rafael E. , Medvedev Denis , van der Mensbrugghe Dominique
Published: May 2010

Over the past twenty years, aggregate measures of global inequality have changed little, even if significant structural changes have been observed. The high growth rates of China and India lifted millions out of poverty, while the stagnation in many African countries caused them to fall behind. Using the World Bank's global general equilibrium model LINKAGE and the newly developed global income distribution dynamics (GIDD) tool, this chapter assesses the distribution and poverty effects of a scenario where these trends continue in the future. Even by anticipating a deceleration, growth in China and India is a key force behind the expected convergence of per capita incomes at the global level. Millions of Chinese and Indian consumers will enter into a rapidly emerging global middle class—a group of people who can afford, and demand access to, the standards of living previously reserved mainly for the residents of developed countries. Notwithstanding these positive developments, fast growth is often characterized by high urbanization and growing demand for skills, both of which result in a widening of income distribution within countries. These opposing distributional effects highlight the importance of analysing global disparities by taking into account—as the GIDD does—income dynamics between and within countries.
10 National Policies to Attract Foreign Direct Investment in Research and Development: An Assessment of Brazil and Selected Countries
Authors: Zanatta Mariana , Strachman Eduardo , Carvalho Flávia , Varrichio Pollyana C. , Camillo Edilaine , Barra Mariana
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines the main policies employed to attract multinational corporation (MNC) technological activities in China, India, Ireland, Israel, Singapore, and Taiwan in order to analyse the case of Brazil. Foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction policies are part of industrial and development policies and should not be assessed or used in isolation. The methodology applied in this work consists of elaborating country reports which comprised: (i) economic and technological data; (ii) science, technology, and industry (S&T&I) policies; (iii) the development of key technological activities by MNCs; and (iv) the main MNC R&D activities developed in the country. For most countries the selectivity, continuity, and coordination of national policies are the key factors in creating a favourable environment for foreign R&D activities. In Brazil, despite some recent actions to foster innovation and R&D investments—such as the Innovation Law—it is patent that there is a lack of a strong government policy and an absence of a specific governmental structure targeted to the attraction of such investments.
13 Networks II: Teamwork
Authors: Skyrms Brian
Published: May 2010

This chapter shows that for many tasks the use of signals is crucial in establishing the coordination needed for effective teamwork. Teamwork may in some circumstances be achieved by a simple exchange of signals between equals. In other situations a good team may need a leader.
3 Towards the Enhanced Effectiveness of Foreign Aid
Authors: Ranis Gustav
Published: May 2010

At the very time that professional scepticism concerning the effectiveness of foreign aid has reached new heights, donors seem to be ready to substantially increase the volume of aid they are willing to make available. This paper attempts to address this paradox by first examining the record of aid in the past, distinguishing between cross-country regressions and select country experience. It subsequently proceeds to propose the establishment of a new modus operandi for foreign aid, based on a much more passive, banker-like posture by donors, leaving the initiative for defining what reforms are feasible, plus the establishment of self-conditionality, to third world recipients before they approach the international community of donors.
6 Conflict Prevention as a Policy Objective of Development Aid
Authors: Fukuda‐Parr Sakiko
Published: May 2010

The current consensus objective of development aid in the international community is to reduce poverty in general and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in particular. In addition, the dominant view identifies economic growth as the principal means to this end. But the policy objective of aid can be defined in many ways, and has in fact varied over time with shifting priorities within the international community about the ultimate ends of development and the means for advancing those ends. This chapter argues that more attention should be given to conflict prevention as a policy objective of development aid and explores the implications of doing so for aid programme priorities and the international aid architecture in general. The chapter shows that violent conflict is a major obstacle to achieving the MDGs; it identifies 64 worst performing countries and finds that the majority have experienced violent internal conflict, and/or are vulnerable because of the socioeconomic correlates of internal war. The chapter then argues that development policy priorities and their support with aid can be deployed to reduce these risks. Conflict prevention is thus an important policy objective as a means to achieving MDGs as well as an end itself since security from violence is an essential aspect of human wellbeing and human security. Integrating this policy objective would imply adjustments that would need to be made in aid architecture.
8 Foreign Aid and Economic Development in Post‐war Lebanon
Authors: Dibeh Ghassan
Published: May 2010

This chapter shows that foreign aid in post-war Lebanon passed through two phases with distinct features that have had far reaching implications for post-war development. In the first phase lasting from 1992-97, foreign aid was mainly channelled towards providing resources for post-war reconstruction projects. The second phase from 1997 to the present witnessed a qualitative shift in foreign aid utilization from reconstruction needs towards financial stability and balance-of-payments equilibrium needs. This shift allowed the government to intervene in the foreign exchange market, maintained balance of payments surpluses during this period, reduced interest rates on public debt instruments and finally provided the necessary liquidity and ‘confidence’ for the government to continue borrowing funds from local commercial banks and foreign investors. More importantly this shift in foreign aid allowed the government to avoid financial and currency crises in 2002. However, the cost of such a qualitative shift was large in terms of fiscal management, diversion of funds from reconstruction, and the increased dependency of the Lebanese economy on foreign aid for stabilization purposes.
13 ‘Big Push’ versus Absorptive Capacity: How to Reconcile the Two Approaches
Authors: Guillaumont Patrick , Guillaumont Jeanneney Sylviane
Published: May 2010

In this chapter we examine whether absorptive capacity can constitute sufficient justification for rejecting the proposal of a large aid increase to support the ‘big push’. We argue that the probability of a poverty trap exists for many countries, in particular the least developed countries (LDCs) and that an increase in aid is relevant for them. Moreover we show that the decrease in marginal aid returns is slower in vulnerable countries, which supports the rationale to include vulnerability as one of the aid allocation criteria. We examine the main obstacles to absorptive capacity, such as disbursement constraints and short-term bottlenecks, macroeconomic problems, including loss in competitiveness and macroeconomic volatility, as well as the weakening of institutions. The general conclusion that we draw for reconciling the two approaches is that absorptive capacity strongly influenced by aid itself or by its modalities. The big push and absorptive capacity approaches cannot be reconciled without aid reform supported by an aid increase. First, what is needed is to balance the utilization of aid between activities that are directly productive and those that are social in nature in order to avoid transitory loss of competitiveness. Second, schemes that facilitate the use of aid as insurance against exogenous shocks are to be enhanced because they lower the risk of Dutch disease, and contribute to faster and more equitable growth over the long term. Finally a performance-based conditionality should replace the traditional policy-based one in order to cope with several absorptive capacity limitations, particularly the sociopolitical one. An aid-supported big push will not be effective without new ownership of policy by the recipient countries.
14 Aid and Rent‐driven Growth: Mauritania, Kenya, and Mozambique Compared
Authors: Auty Richard M.
Published: May 2010

This chapter conceptualises foreign aid as a geopolitical form of rent in order to help distinguish the conditions under which aid is detrimental to sustained economic recovery from those where it is beneficial. Foreign aid shares with natural resource rent and contrived (i.e., government monopoly) rent the property of being a large revenue stream that is detached from the economic activity that generates it, and elicits political contests for its capture. Rent-driven models suggest such contests have two adverse effects: (i) they deflect government incentives into rent-channelling at the expense of promoting wealth creation; and (ii) the resulting political allocation of the rent distorts the economy and precipitates a growth collapse, which is protracted. In this context, the three principal causes of aid failure identified in the literature (corruption, a poor policy environment and Dutch disease effects) are all symptoms of the destabilizing impact of rent streams on immature political economies. Consequently, the deployment of foreign aid to revive collapsed economies runs the risk of perpetuating rent-seeking and thereby postponing essential economic restructuring. This chapter compares the varied impacts of aid on the development trajectories of Mauritania, Kenya, and Mozambique. It argues that successful aid deployment requires: recognition that aid modalities differentiate aid's effectiveness; stronger public accountability; and the construction of a cohesive pro-reform political constituency. The paper proposes a dual track strategy as a politically practical means of deploying geopolitical rent to restructure distorted economies.
7 Language Interpretation and Individual Representationalism: Quine and Davidson
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: May 2010

An important tradition of second-family Individual Representationalism centres on language. The chief representatives of this tradition are W. V. Quine and Donald Davidson. This chapter discusses the tradition of linguistic interpretation articulated by Quine and Davidson. Quine claims that the notions of meaning, reference, and representation lack objective status. He argues that attributions of representational content are indeterminate. He views psychology and semantics as less factual than natural science. Davidson's work inherits the Individual Representationalism of Quine and Strawson. He shares their basic assumption that to engage in objective reference, or representation of the physical environment, an individual must be able to think general criteria for applying representations. That is, the individual must be able to represent some basic conditions that make objectivity possible. In the subject's own representational capacities there must be a mirroring of some constitutive preconditions of objective representation, if objective representation is to occur.
8 Biological and Methodological Backgrounds
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: May 2010

This chapter sets the stage for distinguishing the distinctively psychological kind representation from broader kinds (often also called ‘representation’) shared by psychology with biology. It argues for a use for the (or a) notion representation that is distinctive to psychology. By focusing on actual explanation in science, it roughs out one border of a psychological kind, representation. It argues that certain psychological explanations are not special cases of biological explanations. Psychological explanations have a distinct explanatory paradigm. Psychology depends on there being systematic, functional pre-representational causal relations with the environment. But it discovers its own kinds. One of them is the kind representation. The chapter also develops a specific conception of perception that indicates a significant, explanatorily relevant kind. It concludes with examples of explanation in perceptual psychology that are distinctive of psychology and that invoke the kinds representation and perception.
11 Glimpses Forward
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: May 2010

This chapter outlines three philosophical issues suggested by the discussion of perceptual objectivity. The three issues are (a) determining the epistemic status of general principles governing constitutive conditions on objective empirical representation; (b) explicating relations between perception and propositional thought; and (c) mapping levels and types of objectivity.
What is Constitutionalisation?
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: May 2010

Constitutionalisation involves the attempt to subject all governmental action within a designated field to the structures, processes, principles, and values of a ‘constitution’. Although this phenomenon is having an impact across government, its prominence today is mainly attributable to the realisation that the activity of governing is increasingly being exercised through transnational or international arrangements that are not easily susceptible to the controls of national constitutions. Constitutionalisation is the term used for the attempt to subject the exercise of all types of public power, whatever the medium of its exercise, to the discipline of constitutional procedures and norms. This chapter aims to specify the character of this phenomenon, offer an account of its dynamic, and raise some questions about the processes it engenders. It argues that constitutionalisation is best understood by reference to the related concepts of constitution and constitutionalism. It begin by considering the 18th-century movements that gave rise to the modern idea of a constitution and its associated political theory, that of constitutionalism. By situating constitutionalisation in this context, the chapter offers a perspective that will help us to reach a judgment on the question of whether this emerging phenomenon of constitutionalisation signals the global triumph of constitutionalism, its demise, or its transmutation.
Constitutionalism and Representation
Authors: Riekmann Sonja Puntscher
Published: May 2010

This chapter first challenges the nexus between constitutionalism and nationhood, arguing that like the nation states, which are also the outcome of integration processes merging regions into states, the EU must accommodate difference and that until now she does so by veiling constitutionalism. It then argues that the current problems of the Union resulting from the rejection of treaty revisions stem from the citizens' lack of trust in organs of supranational and national representation, and that this wont is fuelled by the colliding systems of representation simultaneously based on supranationalism and on intergovernmentalism. It discusses the citizens' ambivalences regarding their trust in European institutions as they surface in public opinion polls, and interprets them as a misfit of expectations and results of European politics. Finally, it discusses the democratic potential offered by the Treaty of Lisbon to bridge the gap between representatives and represented through a combination of enhanced parliamentarism and citizens' involvement. Despite all the shortcomings and paradoxes created by the IGC, the ‘Treaty of Parliaments’, it is argued that it would indeed mark a significant turn in European constitutionalism.
The Best of Times and the Worst of Times
Authors: Kumm Mattias
Published: May 2010

The idea of a ‘postnational constellation’ conjures up a world in which globalisation, privatisation, and individualisation have changed the basic configuration of the legal and political world. The state has become disaggregated as regulatory authority has shifted towards transnational governance structures and devolved to subnational public authorities or private actors. There are a number of questions one might ask about these changes. Have they strengthened human rights and have they furthered peace, justice, and prosperity within and across societies? Or have they created new inequities and new dangers? The literature on these questions, either generally, or addressing specific policy issues, is endless. This chapter focuses on the more limited question of how these changes can best be described and assessed in constitutional terms. Specifically the question is: How are these changes affecting the tradition of modern constitutionalism? It provides a deeper understanding of the nature of the dispute between triumphalists and nostalgists.
Global Administrative Law and the Constitutional Ambition
Authors: Krisch Nico
Published: May 2010

This chapter weighs the pros and cons of applying the insights of constitutionalism to issues of global law. After sketching the challenge both global constitutionalism and global administrative law face in the precarious legitimacy of transnational and global governance, it examines more closely the scope and aims of both projects. It is in their respective ambitions that the key difference between the two lies: constitutionalist visions set out to describe and develop a fully justified global order, while global administrative law approaches are more limited in scope, focusing on particular elements of global governance and confining themselves to the analysis and realisation of narrower political ideals, especially accountability. Such a limited approach does, however, raise serious problems, both on the practical and the normative level. The chapter focuses on only on two sets of issues: the difficulty in separating ‘administrative’ from ‘constitutional’ issues, and the risk of legitimising illegitimate institutions, in part by elevating them to the level of law. Although the resulting challenge for global administrative law is serious and will condition the further trajectory of the project, it should not distract from the significant advantages its more limited ambition entails.
Beyond the Holistic Constitution?
Authors: Walker Neil
Published: May 2010

This chapter deals with the constitutional consequences of the erosion of statehood. It does so by considering whether — and, if so, on what terms — constitutionalism can remain a viable concept in the old state setting. It asks whether — and, if so, on what terms — constitutionalism could possibly be adapted to new settings. It argues that the use of the term constitutionalism should be retained, and it should be used to serve as a placeholder for exactly those concerns with respect to which others reject the use of the constitutional language when speaking about the transnationalisation of law. Constitutionalism serves a crucial longstop function of providing a medium for dealing with the abiding concerns we still have, and ought to have, about our ideas of the common interest.
The Sequential Principle of Relative Culpability
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

This chapter takes a modest step towards providing a theory of culpability by examining an important constraint that any such theory might be thought to satisfy. This constraint is referred to as the ‘sequential principle of relative culpability’: Ceteris paribus, it is worse to perform the same criminal act purposely than knowingly, or knowingly than recklessly, or recklessly than negligently. The chapter critically discusses this sequential principle and questions why no existing statutory schemes in penal codes conform to it.
Rapes Without Rapists: Consent and Reasonable Mistake
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

Since a mistaken belief about consent should be a defence to rape when it is reasonable, it is important to identify the kind of evidence that is helpful in distinguishing reasonable from unreasonable mistakes about consent to sex. This chapter argues that an adequate theory of whether a mistake about consent is reasonable depends on empirical evidence about how consent to sexual relations is expressed even when no mistake is made. It examines this evidence and contends (contrary to many rape law reformers) that the author's views about the conditions under which mistakes about consent to sex are reasonable are not unfair to women in general or to rape victims in particular.
Partial Defenses
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

This chapter describes a number of circumstances in which persons are exempt from blame — in both a moral and criminal context — because most other persons in similar circumstances would have done what they did. It is argued this alleged defence is plausible on normative grounds, even though it typically fails for empirical reasons.
Why Punish the Deserving?
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: May 2010

This chapter argues that a comprehensive justification for punishing criminals must address why those persons who deserve to be punished should actually be punished by the state, all things considered. Plausible answers to this question reveal deficiencies in pure retributive theories: those that deem consequences to be wholly irrelevant to the justification of punishment. Consequences are material when we explain why the state should punish those who are deserving of punishment.
The Making of Legal Authority
Authors: Jansen Nils
Published: May 2010

Accounts of the nature of legal authority typically focus on the authority of officially sanctioned rules issued by legally recognised bodies — legislatures, courts, and regulators — that fit comfortably within traditional state-centred concepts of law. Such accounts neglect the more complex processes involved in acquiring legal authority. Throughout the history of modern legal systems, texts have come to acquire authority for legal officials without being issued by a legislature or a court. From Justinian's Institutes and Blackstone's Commentaries, to modern examples such as the American Law Institute's Restatements and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, academic codifications have come to be seen as legally authoritative, and their norms applied as such in courts and other contexts. How have such texts acquired legal authority? Does their authority undermine the orthodox accounts of the nature of legal systems? Drawing on examples from Roman law to the present day, this book offers a comparative analysis of non-legislative codifications. It offers a contribution to the debates surrounding the harmonisation of European private law, and the growth of international law.
Introduction
Authors: Jansen Nils
Published: May 2010

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the problems associated with law-making and its application in legal practice. It then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to further clarify the classical understanding of the legal process in general, and of codifications in particular. The analysis focuses on specific legal texts and their form, rather than on legal rules. Here, the main argument proceeds from the historical observation that — before and besides the modern legislative codifications — there have always been non-legislative codifications and other basic reference texts: law books, laying down a comprehensive body of norms, which were not issued by legislators but nevertheless were regarded as effectively binding in legal discourse.
The Making of Legal Authority
Authors: Jansen Nils
Published: May 2010

This chapter addresses the question of how legal authority is made. More specifically, it asks how non-legislative reference texts can achieve such a high degree of authority that the participants in legal discourse may rely on such texts as an ultimate source of the law. Even if a full answer to this question is not possible, because the legal authority of an individual reference text is always the result of an individual historical process of recognition that cannot be fully explained on the basis of abstract theory alone, and because such processes are often connected with social struggle for influence, wealth, and reputation, it may be possible, nevertheless, to identify and better understand some factors contributing to the authority of a legal reference text.
Conclusion
Authors: Jansen Nils
Published: May 2010

This concluding chapter argues that non-legislative codifications, such as the American Restatements, the Principles of European Contract Law, and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, are no modern peculiarity. On the contrary: European private law has long been developed on the basis of texts that were largely independent of any political domination. This becomes apparent from the transjurisdictional character of most non-legislative codifications. Thus, private law has mostly been, and still is to a large degree, autonomous from the states' political system.
International Differences in Well-Being
Authors: Diener Ed , Kahneman Daniel , Helliwell John
Published: May 2010

This book draws together the latest work from scholars around the world using subjective well-being data to understand and compare well-being across countries and cultures. Starting from many different vantage points, the book reaches a consensus that many measures of subjective well-being, ranging from life evaluations through emotional states, based on memories and current evaluations, merit broader collection and analysis. Using data from the Gallup World Poll, the World Values Survey, and other internationally comparable surveys, the chapters document wide divergences among countries in all measures of subjective well-being. The international differences are greater for life evaluations than for emotions. Despite the well-documented differences in the ways in which subjective evaluations change through time and across cultures, the bulk of the very large international differences in life evaluations are due to differences in life circumstances rather than differences in the way these differences are evaluated.
1 Income’s Association with Judgments of Life Versus Feelings
Authors: Diener Ed , Kahneman Daniel , Tov William , Arora Raksha
Published: May 2010

Evidence is presented that measures of subjective well-being vary along a dimension anchored at the two ends by evaluative judgments of life and experienced affect. A debate in recent decades has been focused on whether rising income increases the experience of well-being. This chapter found that Judgment is more strongly associated with income, and with long-term changes of national income. Measures of feelings showed lower correlations with income in cross-sectional analyses, and lower associations with long-term rising income. Furthermore, income showed very similar regression lines with the judgment of life at the two times of the surveys, suggesting that a common standard was used. Measures of concepts such as “Happiness” and “Life Satisfaction” appear to be saturated with varying mixtures of judgment and affect, and this is reflected in the degree to which they correlate with income. This chapter's findings are relevant to Easterlin’s hypotheses about income and well-being. Income and income change were associated with judgments of life and national increases in them, whereas the associations of income and feelings were less robust.
3 Culture and Well-Being: Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro
Published: May 2010

This chapter reviews the literature on culture and well-being focusing on the following three topics: (a) historical and cultural variations in concepts of well-being, (b) measurement and methodological issues, and (c) cultural differences in mean levels, correlates, and consequences of well-being. The three main theses of this chapter are (a) there are diverse lay concepts of happiness and well-being across times and cultures, ranging from “fortune and good luck” to “the satisfaction of one’s desires” to “pleasure and enjoyment,” (b) therefore, well-being should be assessed using diverse measures that tap into these different concepts of well-being, and (c) national differences in mean levels, correlates, and consequences of well-being should be interpreted with the diversity of lay concepts of and beliefs about happiness and the limitations of different measures (e.g., global vs. online reports of well-being) in mind.
5 Life (Evaluation), HIV/AIDS, and Death in Africa
Authors: Deaton Angus , Fortson Jane , Tortora Robert
Published: May 2010

This chapter uses data from the Gallup World Poll and from the Demographic and Health Surveys to investigate how subjective well-being (SWB) is affected by mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, including mortality from HIV/AIDS. The Gallup data provide direct evidence on Africans’ own emotional and evaluative responses to high levels of infection and of mortality. By comparing the effect of mortality on SWB with the effect of income on SWB, monetary values can attached to mortality to illuminate the often controversial question of how to value life in Africa. Large fractions of the respondents in the World Poll report the mortality of an immediate family member in the last twelve months, with malaria typically more important than AIDS, and deaths of women in childbirth more important than deaths from AIDS in many countries. A life evaluation measure (Cantril’s ladder of life) is relatively insensitive to the deaths of immediate family, which suggests a low value of life. There are much larger effects on experiential measures, such as sadness and depression, which suggest much larger values of life. It is not clear whether either of these results is correct, yet the results here demonstrate that experiential and evaluative measures are not the same thing, and that they cannot be used interchangeably as measures of “happiness” in welfare economics.
6 Does Relative Income Matter? Are the Critics Right?
Authors: Layard R. , Mayraz G. , Nickell S.
Published: May 2010

Do other peoples’ incomes reduce the happiness which people in advanced countries experience from any given income? And does this help to explain why in the U.S., Germany and some other advanced countries, happiness has been constant for many decades? The answer is to both questions is Yes. This chapter provides four main pieces of evidence. (1) In the U.S. General Survey (repeated samples since 1972) comparator income has a negative effect on happiness equal in magnitude to the positive effect of own income. (2) In the West German Socio-Economic Panel since 1984 the same is true but with life-satisfaction as the dependant variable. The chapter also uses the Panel to compare the effect of income comparisons and of adaptation as factors explaining the stable level of life-satisfaction: income comparisons emerge as much the more important. (3) When in the U.S. analysis the chapter introduces “perceived” relative income as a potential explanatory variable, its effect is as large as the effect of actual relative income – further supporting the view that comparisons matter. (4) Finally, for a panel of European countries since 1973 the chapter estimates the effect of average income upon average life-satisfaction, splitting income into two components: trend and cycle. The effect of trend income is small and ill-defined. The chapter's conclusions relate to time series and to advanced countries only. They differ from those drawn in recent studies by Deaton and Stevenson/Wolfers, but those studies are largely cross-sectional and mostly include non-advanced as well as advanced countries.
7 Happiness and Economic Growth: Does the Cross Section Predict Time Trends? Evidence from Developing Countries
Authors: Easterlin Richard A. , Sawangfa Onnicha
Published: May 2010

Based on point-of-time comparisons of happiness in richer and poorer countries, it is commonly asserted that economic growth will have a significant positive impact on happiness in poorer countries, if not richer. The time trends of subjective well-being (SWB) in thirteen developing countries, however, are not significantly related to predictions derived from the cross sectional relation of happiness to GDP per capita. The point-of-time comparison leads to the expectation that the same absolute increase in GDP per capita will have a bigger impact on SWB in a poorer than a richer country. In fact there is no significant relation between actual trends in SWB and those predicted from the cross sectional relationship. Nor is a higher percentage rate of growth in GDP per capita significantly positively associated with a greater improvement in SWB. In the developing countries studied here a greater increase in happiness does not accompany more rapid economic growth. These conclusions hold true for two measures of SWB that are separately analyzed, overall life satisfaction and satisfaction with finances. The two SWB measures themselves, however, typically trend similarly within a country, providing mutually supporting evidence of the trend in well-being.
12 Faith and Freedom: Traditional and Modern Ways to Happiness
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: May 2010

There are two main routes to happiness, one linked with modernization and another with traditional belief systems. In so far as modernization brings greater income, and political and personal freedom, it is conducive to rising subjective well-being — and in recent decades, it has actually made people happier. Economic development helps but its impact follows a curve of diminishing returns and rising social tolerance and political freedom played even more important roles in the global rise of subjective well-being that occurred from 1981 to 2007. Belief systems also shape subjective well-being, and religion has traditionally helped offset the effect of poverty. Thus, within most countries religious people are happier than non-religious people, although they tend to have lower incomes. And cross-nationally, the people of strongly religious low-income countries are substantially happier than the people of less religious low-income countries. Ideologies also help shape subjective well-being. Today, the publics of most ex-communist countries show weak or negative correlations between religion and subjective well-being. This seems to reflect a recent influx of unhappy people, who have turned to religion following the collapse of faith in communist ideology, which once provided a sense of meaning and certainty for many people.
Rethinking World Politics
Authors: Cerny Philip
Published: May 2010

This book is a major intervention into a central debate in international relations: how has globalization transformed world politics? Most work on world politics still presumes the following: in domestic affairs, individual states function as essentially unified entities; and in international affairs, stable nation-states interact with each other. In this book, the state lies at the center; it is what politics is all about. However, the author contends that recent experience suggests another process at work: “transnational neopluralism.” In the old version of pluralist theory, the state is less a cohesive and unified entity than a varyingly stable amalgam of competing and cross-cutting interest groups that surround and populate it. Contemporary world politics is subject to similar pressures from a wide variety of sub- and supra-national actors, many of which are organized transnationally rather than nationally. In recent years, the ability of transnational governance bodies, NGOs, and transnational firms to shape world politics has steadily grown. Importantly, the rapidly growing transnational linkages among groups and the emergence of increasingly influential, even powerful, cross-border interest and value groups is new. These processes are not replacing nation-states, but are forging new transnational webs of power. States, this book argues, are themselves increasingly trapped in these webs. After mapping out the dynamics behind contemporary world politics, the book concludes by prognosticating where this all might lead.
Chapter 2 Globalization and Other Stories
Authors: Cerny Philip G.
Published: May 2010

This chapter looks back at the question of paradigms in the study of politics, both domestic and international, and global politics. It argues that the paradigms that have been dominant in political science and international relations, although they have served well up to a point, have been undermined by structural developments and patterns of political action over many decades, particularly since the middle of the 20th century and increasingly as we get further into the 21st; what is generally referred to as the process of globalization. What Kuhn called “normal science” is continually being challenged and undermined by a fundamental transformation referred to as “world politics.” World politics not only crosses over between the international and domestic levels of analysis but also involves a process of interaction and semi-fusion of the two supposedly distinct levels which, however uneven and continually evolving, is fundamentally transforming the way we understand how the world works. In attempting to explain globalization, therefore, a new paradigm is needed: transnational neopluralism.
Chapter 5 Multinodal Politics
Authors: Cerny Philip G.
Published: May 2010

This chapter contains the core of the book's theoretical and analytical argument; namely, that a process of what has been called “structuration” has been unfolding, however unevenly, that puts transnationally linked, organized, and intertwined “interest” and “value” groups at the heart of the transformation processes. These groups play a crucial role in shaping what is a multilevel, multinodal process of politicking; of pursuing their collective interests and goals, of seeking to influence and control policy-making, of shaping political processes and power structures, and of competing and forming (and breaking) coalitions in the pursuit of those goals. They seek increasingly to “capture the benefits of globalization” for their constituents, across borders and at different levels of action. Furthermore, they play a central role in the transformation of globalizing public policy-making processes at various levels.
Chapter 6 Globalizing the Public Policy Process
Authors: Cerny Philip G.
Published: May 2010

Globalization involves differential patterns of politics in which interest groups, political parties, and political entrepreneurs seek to use different parts of the policy process to benefit from globalizing trends in specific issue-areas. Diverse actors face divergent cost-benefit calculi. At one level, the policy process becomes a terrain of conflict and coalition-building between those actors and interests that believe they would benefit on the whole from globalization, on the one hand, and those that believe they would be disadvantaged, on the other. But at another level, globalization (especially globalization as discourse) itself becomes a bargaining process among groups that are characterized by different kinds of payoffs. This process benefits primarily those groups that are transnationally linked and networked, providing them with what Thomas Friedman has called a “globalization premium.” The notion of the policy process in general therefore needs to be reconceptualized for a globalizing world. This chapter suggests some modest ways in which to develop a new model of the policy process to reflect this changing environment.
Conclusion
Authors: Cerny Philip G.
Published: May 2010

This chapter focuses on two contemporary theorists of rescaling, Bob Jessop and Neil Brenner. Jessop places this reconceptualization of space within a broad analysis of the changing “capitalist type of state”; Brenner develops a more circumscribed study of urban governance but places it clearly in the larger context of capitalism and globalization. These authors' depictions of the shape of structural change are examined and it is argued that despite the rigor of these analyses and the many insights they provide, the authors are nevertheless hampered by the elements of classical Marxist analysis they retain, especially their focus on “accumulation strategies” and Marxist theories of value.
An HRM Perspective on Employee Participation
Authors: Boxall Peter , Purcell John
Published: May 2010

Since the 1980s, human resource management (HRM) has become the most widely recognized term in the Anglophone world referring to the activities of management in organizing work and managing people to achieve organizational ends. HRM itself can be subdivided into three domains: micro HRM, strategic HRM, and international HRM. This diversity in HRM leads to a major problem if one is asked to describe an HRM perspective on employee participation. The response to this challenge is to emphasize the value of taking an ‘analytical approach’ to HRM. This article applies an analytical HRM approach to the study of contemporary patterns of employee representation and participation. It describes the trends in employee-voice practices and the larger organizational patterns of which they form a part. The focus is mainly on the Anglo-American world, but some comparisons are also made with practices outside the Anglophone sphere to illustrate what is distinctive.
Labour Process and Marxist Perspectives on Employee Participation
Authors: Lucio Miguel Martinez
Published: May 2010

This article aims to outline how an apparently positive feature of organizational life can also be considered a focus of concern. It starts with an outline of some of the variations in Marxist and Labour Process debates, along with discussion of those debates within political science that have had most impact on discussions in industrial relations, especially the debate on corporatism. The article then moves to a discussion of critical accounts of the broad notion of participation within capitalist economies at various levels. It explains why forms of worker participation are both the subject of political demands by various constituencies, yet are also a cause of concern in the way they have evolved. Finally, the article outlines some of the challenges facing critical and, in particular, Marxist and Labour Process approaches to the debates on participation.
Direct Employee Participation
Authors: Wilkinson Adrian , Dundon Tony
Published: May 2010

This article defines direct participation and considers the context in which participation has changed over time. It is concerned with clarifying what is meant by different participation schemes. The article also evaluates the extent to which various practices allow workers to have a say in organizational decisions. Next, it considers the issue of management choice over employee voice and participation. The article then reviews a framework against which to evaluate employee participation, and this is followed by an explanation of the types of schemes used in practice. Furthermore, it considers the impacts on organizational performance and employee well-being that are often claimed to arise from employee participation. The article concludes by reviewing some of the current influences and policy choices in the area of direct employee participation.