bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Woman’s Role in Ojibway Spirituality
Authors: Williams Shirley
Published: December 2016

This paper describes the spirituality of Ojibway women, beginning with the respect native Canadians have for the earth, and the influence of the land and their nomadic lifestyle on traditional spiritual practises. Spiritual wisdom was traditionally taught at home by the mother or father of the family; today, it is taught in the teaching lodge and the sweat lodge, where women learn of their roles as leaders of ceremonies, healers, and celebrants of life.
Transcending the "unacknowledged quarantine" Putting Religion into English-Canadian Women’s History
Authors: Brouwer Ruth Compton
Published: December 2016

Until recently there has been a striking reluctance, in writing the history of women in English Canada, to make their experience in the realm of religion a central focus of study. To the extent that the subject has been taken up, it has primarily been from the perspective of its significance for feminism and other social reforms. While work on these aspects wiil remain vitally important, the historical study of women and religion needs to pay more attention to matters of theology and personal spirituality. It also needs to broaden its range to include women who are not middle-class Protestants.
Populism and Gender: The UFA and Social Credit Experiences
Authors: Finkel Alvin
Published: December 2016

Populist parties have been differentiated on the basis of their differing notions about the role of the state, conceptions about democracy, and organizational structures. This paper argues that attitudes to gender equality provide another means of distinguishing between types of populist parties. In the Alberta case, two major populist organizations dominated political life for half a century. While both organizations were male-dominated, the United Farmers of Alberta had a structure and an ideology that permitted feminists to carve out a distinct organization, an ideology, and a set of policies for women, though their successes in getting the UFA government to legislate their program were few; Social Credit ideology, by contrast, made a feminist agenda an impossibility for women in the party.
Growing Old in Aging Communities
Authors: Joseph Alun E. , Martin-Maithews Anne
Published: December 2016

This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the experience of population aging in rural small towns from the complementary perspectives of communities and their aging residents. We begin by noting that high proportions of elderly residents distinguish small rural towns from dispersed rural communities as well as from larger towns and cities. Then we consider the socio-economic characteristics of the rural elderly and the major features of their social world. This leads, in turn, to an examination of the recursive relationship between person and place. Voluntarism is used to exemplify the dynamic link between the aging individual and the aging community. The paper concludes with a consideration of the ways that “personal troubles” may become “public issues” in rural small towns struggling to cope with their aging populations.
A Critique of Canadian Aging and Health Policy
Authors: Marshall Victor W.
Published: December 2016

This paper addresses the State of health policy in relation to aging in Canada. A narrowness of the disciplinary focus of current policy analysis is criticized, and an approach based on “healthy public policy” is described and advocated. Current policy analysis is too often couched within a rhetoric of demographie crisis; it focuses too much on economies rather than social issues, and it focuses on the sick elderly instead of the well elderly. If the development and implementation of efficient and effective health and aging policies are to become a reality, organizational and institutional barriers must be overcome.
Was the Quebec Government Spending so Little?: A Comparison with Ontario, 1867-1969
Authors: Dupré Ruth
Published: December 2016

The Province of Quebec, with its French-speaking and Catholic majority, has often been, and perhaps still is, considered rather peculiar. For instance, it is widely believed that Quebec, contrary to the other Canadian provinces, did not have an interventionist government until the “Quiet Revolution” of the 1960s. This article challenges this view using original annual data of Quebec and Ontario government expenditures for the period from the Confederation of 1867 to the end of the 1960s. The conventional wisdom is found to be wanting.
Fear of Flying? The Myth of Daedalus and Icarus in Canadian Culture: To the Memory of Greg Curnoe
Authors: Kröller Eva-Marie
Published: December 2016

The myth of Daedalus and Icarus has arguably assumed as much significance in the interpretation of Canada’s post-colonial status as the much-evoked story of Caliban and Prospero. The events surrounding Greg Curnoe’s Dorval mural and the Avro Arrow as well as the ambiguities raised by John Gray’s Billy Bishop Goes to War illustrate how Canadian works of art and technological achievements have, with varying degrees of success, attempted to fuse the father’s maturity with the son’s daring. This fusion represents an effort to negotiate Canada’s responsibility in a nuclear age, claiming that the country’s ethical superiority allows it to surpass the flawed legacies of Europe and the United States.
The Gypsies of Shadow Point: Meg Merriles, Murray Lees, and Laurence’s The Stone Angel
Authors: Stevens J. David
Published: December 2016

The appearance of Murray Lees relatively late in Margaret Laurence’s The Stone Angel marks a fundamental shift in Hagar Shipley ’s internal development. Though Hagar finds Murray repulsive in certain ways, she recognizes in his life-story a version of her own and, subsequently, aspects of her personality which she has been forced to repress for much of her life. Murray, then, acts as Hagar’s alternate ego, allowing her to admit her regrets about the past, to reclaim those qualities that she relinquished before a masculine-ordered Manawaka society, and finally to complete the resonant internal change for which she has struggled since the death of John, her son.
Multiple Meanings Called Cavendish: The Interaction of Tourism with Traditional Culture
Authors: Tye Diane
Published: December 2016

This paper considers the impact of tourism on local culture in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island, a farming/fishing community turned summer resort. It concludes that the place holds multiple meanings for different constituencies, such as tourists who come to photograph the Green Gables house as proof that they have seen the "real island; young people whose visits are a show of independence, marking the passage from childhood lo adult life; and local residents who depend on tourism for their livelihood.” These and other searches for meaning that take place within community boundaries bring about an intersection of tourism and local culture that challenges conventional notions of traditional culture and massification, authenticity and artificiality.
Messages des cloches d’églises en 1989 (Ile d’ Orléans)
Authors: Noël Christiane
Published: December 2016

Christiane Noël retrace ici les différents6 signaux émis par les cloches au moyen d’un code sonore. Qui a établi ces règlements? Est-ce qu’on en comprend encore le sens? L’auteure a fait une recherche auprès de personnes de trois différents groupes d’âge dans les six villages de l’île d’Orléans, près de la ville de Québec.
L’art populaire dans la collection du Musée de la civilisation de Québec
Authors: Simard Jean
Published: December 2016

Since its opening in 1988, the Musée de la civilisation de Québec has worked on defining the axes of development of its ethnographic collection. Through the research it conducted in the main areas of this collection, the museum worked with specialists and researchers to review several issues in order to better direct the policy of developing its collections. In this context, Prof. Jean Simard of Laval University was led to clarify the evolution of the idea of folk art from its traditional forms to its current expression of living heritage. The Musée de la civilisation de Québec wants to express its gratitude for his contribution.
Political Space and Economic Space: Quebec and the Empire of the St. Lawrence
Authors: Heintzman Ralph
Published: December 2016

The paper traces the the evolving relationship between the way in which the French Canadians (later the francophone Québécois) perceived their potential economic space and the way in which they have defined political space since the Conquest. A gradual reorientation of economic space led to a narrowing definition of political space until the 1840s. From the 1840s to the 1920s a steadily widening perception of economic space led to a corresponding expansion of the cultural and political space in which the French Canadians situated themselves, culminating in Henri Bourassa’s theory of the cultural compact of Confederation. Since 1920 the pan-Canadian definition of cultural and political space has received growing recognition in law, but has also found itself in growing tension with a new reorientation of economic space along continental lines, culminating in the U.S. and North American Free Trade Agreements. Those wishing to preserve the Canadian political space may have not only to make the corresponding economic space as attractive as possible to the Québécois, but also to nourish Canadian values, especially the ideal of linguistic justice which the original conjunction of these two spaces helped to inspire.
Hortense Gordon, ARCA
Authors: Inglis D. Grace
Published: December 2016

Hortense M. Gordon, ARCA (1886-1961) served as a distinguished technical teacher in her native Hamilton, Ontario for over 30 years, establishing a high standard of design teaching and motivating her students to seek the highest form of expression consistent with the practical necessities of making a living in an industrial city during Depression and wartime years. She achieved recognition for her own art among her peers and in the public, in Canada and the United States, where she had numerous contacts. In her final decade of life, her daring abstract paintings were widely accepted and she participated as an active member of Canada’s first English-speaking abstract group, Painters Eleven.
In Search of Manitoba's Constitutional Position, 1950-1990
Authors: Wiseman Nelson
Published: December 2016

Despites relatively small population and “have not” status, Manitoba has been a major player on the stage of constitutional politics. This paper traces the province’s position as articulated at more than 20 First Ministers’ Conferences. It demonstrates how a vague and airy constitutional consciousness evolved into a fixation with the high polities of constitutional reform, and it contrasts the positions of seven premiers and three governing parties. The issues include entrenching francophone and aboriginal rights and the Meech Lake Accord. Manitoba's malleable position reveals doses of non-partisanship, philosophical principles, contradiction, and consistency.
Canadian Immigration and the North Atlantic Trading Company 1899-1906: A Controversy Revisited
Authors: Petryshyn Jaroslav
Published: December 2016

Although Canadian immigration history (1896-1914) has been intensively studied and well documented, at least one aspect remains to be clarified - the role and significance of the North Atlantic Trading Company (NATC). In 1899, Clifford Sifton sanctioned a controversial contract with the NATC whereby the Company acquired a monopoly on all Canadian immigration promotional work throughout continental Europe and Scandinavia. While the Laurier administration maintained that the NATC was a legitimate organization which gave good value for the money spent, critics of the government charged that the NATC was a fraud, taking large sums of public funds for services not rendered. The purpose of this paper is to examine the origins and activities of the NATC and to ascertain whether it was an effective agency for procuring immigrants or an elaborate fraud perpetrated by corrupt officials.
“Lest We Forget”: War and Meaning in English Canada, 1885-1914
Authors: Maroney Paul
Published: December 2016

This article examines public commentary on Canada’s first two military conflicts, the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 and the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. The author finds that war, and the glorification of the martial image, had a profound effect on the consciousness of late-Victorian English Canada. Both during, and in die years following, these conflicts, individuals and groups sought to imbue these events with a particular meaning or set of meanings. National, imperial and local images all competed to define and possess the meaning of Canadian participation in these wars and their place in Canadian history. What remained elusive was the development of one well-known, commonly accepted understanding of the meaning of these events.
“All that is interesting in the Canadas”: William Notman’s Maple Box Portfolio Of Stereographic Views, 1860
Authors: Skidmore Colleen
Published: December 2016

In 1860, the Prince of Wales received a souvenir portfolio of over 300 stereographic views following his tour of the Canadas. This paper examines the origins and effect of the Maple Box Portfolio, manufactured by photographer William Notman of Montreal, by focussing on one page in the collection, “The Saguenay and Rivière du Loup,” a region with a rich history of visual and literary representations. The stereograph is found to have been an ideal means of representing the Canadas in 1860s, signalling industrial incursion and recasting sublime wilderness as a commodity, captured in technology.
The Reform Party’s Re-imagining of the Canadian Nation
Authors: Patten Steve
Published: December 2016

Accepting that national political communities are continually (re)invented through political and ideological struggle, this paper examines the way in which the Reform Party of Canada has brought its New Right populist discourse to three nation-defining areas of public policy: (i) bilingualism and the status of Quebec within Canadian federalism; (ii) multiculturaiism and immigration; and (iii) Aboriginal self-governance. With reference to theoretically driven interpretations of how “the politics of cultural recognition” challenges the ideal of “universal citizenship,” it is argued that Reform's vision of Canada is based on an exclusionary discourse which would limit the political and cultural capacities of Québécois nationalists, ethnocultural minorities and Aboriginal peoples who are struggling to define the Canadian political community in a manner that allows them to assert their collective identities and pursue particular destinies.
Cultural Literacy, First Nations and the Future of Canadian Literary Studies
Authors: Hulan Renée , Warley Linda
Published: December 2016

First Nations literature presents a variety of challenges to scholars and teachers of Canadian literature to which we have a responsibility to respond. Studying First Nations literature is one means by which we can increase our understanding of and respect for First Peoples and create the political will to involve ourselves in the social justice issues that concern them. In this paper, we discuss the reasons for promoting greater cultural literacy (by which we mean the mainstream becoming acculturated by aboriginal cultures) in Canadian students, and we offer pragmatic suggestions as to how it might be achieved.
Cultured Wilderness in Jasper National Park
Authors: MacLaren I.S.
Published: December 2016

The upper Athabasca River valley in Jasper National Park has witnessed considerable human influence over the past 200 hundred years. By analysing a wide variety of influences at different times during the past two centuries, this essay considers again the meaning that Canadians accord the idea of wilderness, generally, and the idea of wilderness in the context of national parks, specifically. The discussion is guided by the view that wilderness is itself a human construct, deeply informed by human values, even if those values alter from one epoque to another.
A Legacy of Ambivalence: Responses to Nellie McClung
Authors: Fiamengo Janice
Published: December 2016

Almost 50 years after her death, scholars disagree quite markedly on the meaning and significance of Nellie McClung's legacy. Responses to her beliefs and writing range from reverence to opprobrium. In contending that the starkly contrasting assessments of McClung indicate something of a crisis for feminist scholars, I argue that literary critics and social historians need to move beyond the entrenched polarities that currently structure much academic discussion of her work. Focussing on McClung's references to “mothering the race,” I suggest that scholars in History and English might borrow from one another's disciplines to investigate the relationships between the radical and reactionary elements in McClung’s vision.
Reserves Are Only Good For Some People
Authors: Richards John
Published: December 2016

Affirming that which differentiates Aboriginal from non-Aboriginal culture has become the dominant response among many Aboriginal leaders to the humiliation of past colonialism. At the core of any satisfactory reconciliation, they conclude, must be reserves and “nation to nation” treaties that preserve and promote cultural distinctness. In this article, John Richards surveys a sample of recent writing about Aboriginal policy, and criticizes it as utopian. Reserves face severe problems of unemployment and welfare dependency, and will not be able to generate sufficient employment for their members. Much contemporary writing ignores the extent to which Aboriginal peoples have themselves come to this conclusion, and have chosen to live off-reserve and increasingly in cities. A small urban Aboriginal middle class is emerging, but Canadian cities are also creating “ghettos” in which Aboriginal peoples are overrepresented. The danger in pursuing present policy is to ignore the pragmatic needs of those Aboriginal peoples who migrate.
Canadian Studies at the Millennium: The Journey Continues
Authors: Campbell Robert M.
Published: December 2016

The JCS was established to provide for the multidisciplinary study of Canada that would contribute to greater self-understanding and national consensus. This founding purpose remains compelling. Globalization threatens to drain Canadian content from Canadians’ experiences. Canadian Studies’ development fractured a shared experience of Canada and weakened its sense of national purpose. Canadian Studies’ renewal must, first, adopt a comparative framework to establish where Canada “fits” in the globalized world. Second, interdisciplinarity must speak in a national discourse and to the Canadian Studies agenda. Third, it should reconnect to its activist roots. Fourth, Canadian Studies must confront received wisdom and challenge traditional approaches.
In the Shadow of Free Trade: Nationalism, Feminism and Identity Politics in Contemporary English Canada
Authors: Bashevkin Sylvia
Published: December 2016

English-Canadian nationalism, defined as the organised pursuit of greater cultural and economic independence from the United States, has long faced significant internal and external challenges. The coming into effect of bilateral and trilateral free trade agreements, on their own significant losses for the interest, coincided chronologically with the erosion of a progressive social movement presence in English Canada, a movement that had helped to animate anti-free trade activism. This article examines the dynamics of contemporary nationalism with particular reference to organised feminism and other movements in English Canada.
Sexualities and National Identities: Re-imagining Queer Nationalism
Authors: Rankin L. Pauline
Published: December 2016

This article draws on the literature addressing citizenship, nationalism, feminism and queer politics in order to re-examine the relationship between national identities and sexual minorities in Canada today. In particular, the question of women's place within the constructs of mainstream nationalist discourses and queer nationalism is addressed. Using the concept of “relational positionality,” the article advances a feminist analysis of the Queer Nation movement in order to reconsider the theoretical and political implications of a nationalism grounded in queer experience and to evaluate the extent to which queer nationalism can be “lesbian-friendly.”
"High Octane Kung Fu Action": Examining Racialization in The 2nd Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival and Fantasia '98: Toronto Festival
Authors: Ma Michael
Published: December 2016

The 2nd Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival and Fantasia '98: Toronto Festival as spaces that produce racialization. This essay examines how these festivals operate through reified notions of "Asian" ethnicity and race; a reification that obscures the understanding that "race" and "ethnicity" are both socio-cultural constructions. Using a Foucauldian notion of subjection, or subject formation, this essay shows that these festivals seldom involve themselves in a self-reflexive critique of how or why an "Asian" subjectivity is constituted. The author argues that racialization becomes veiled and aestheticized as it is used to organize the "Asian" film festival.
Locality and Universalization: Where is Canadian Studies?
Authors: Angus Ian
Published: December 2016

This meditation on locality distinguishes three stages through which writing would pass in order to argue that a genuinely post-colonial English Canadian philosophy would utilize categories taken from here to clarify the universality of the human condition as such. English Canadian thought, as exemplified by Harold Innis and George Grant, contains a contradiction insofar as its principled and universal defence of locality was hinged exclusively to a politics oriented to the nation-state. The term "place" as defended in this tradition of thought, which can also be seen emerging within new social movements, has some limitations that can be clarified by distinguishing the term "place" from "locality." Locative thinking is a thinking that does not simply occur somewhere, but whose location is integral to the meaning of what is thought.
Modernization and Reaction: Postwar Evolutions and the Critique of Higher Learning in English-Speaking Canada, 1945-1970
Authors: Massolin Philip A.
Published: December 2016

Higher education underwent the final stage of modernization after 1945. The Second World War had accelerated modernizing trends that were decades in the making. In the postwar era, universities in English-speaking Canada continued to develop as utilitarian institutions: they were funded by the public purse, responsive to both governments and the public at large, and perceived as the focal points for the continued material and technological advancement of society. The utilitarian university, in short, reflected the values and orientations of the modern world. As such, there was little room in it for the humanities and liberal arts, once the foci of higher learning. Nor did the university maintain its function as social critic or transmitter of cultural values. Signaled by massive enrolments, million-dollar budgets, and the unprecedented significance of professional and applied science faculties, by the late 1960s, the fully modern multiversity had arrived in Canada.

A major purpose of this article is to chronicle the postwar evolution of the university in English-speaking Canada. Even more important is the analysis of the reaction to these modernizing trends. Harold Innis, Donald Creighton, George Grant, Vincent Massey, Hilda Neatby and Northrop Frye were among the most significant of the postwar critics of modern higher education. While most Canadians were vaguely supportive of or indifferent to modernization, these critics deplored modern tendencies as being destructive of what they perceived to be an age-old university tradition and as undermining the basic cultural values of Western civilization. Above all, their self-imposed mandate was to call attention to the abuses and help reverse the effects of modernization. An understanding of the critics' views is thus important because it enables a fuller appreciation of the issues that underpinned academic modernization. It also helps one grasp the critics' own Idealized conception of the academy, which reveals much not only about the substance of the modernity debate, but also the biases and cultural values of the critics as the latter relate to higher education and the greater question of modernization.
Seeking Honest Justice in a Land of Strangers: Nahnebahwequa’s Struggle for Land
Authors: Haig-Brown Celia
Published: December 2016

Through the documentation of the history of the struggle of one remarkable woman, Nahnebahwequa, to obtain title to her land, this paper presents an example of Aboriginal peoples’ thoughtful responses to the process of colonization. It questions the notion of two founding nations as the basis of what we now call Canada and complicates simplistic separations between Aboriginal people and missionaries. Finally, the paper outlines some of the pedagogical implications of these considerations as foundational to Canadian national identity.
Where the Scientists Roam: Ecology, Management and Bison in Northern Canada
Authors: Sandlos John
Published: December 2016

This essay explores the historical role that scientists have played in the debates over bison management in Wood Buffalo National Park. It questions the philosophical assumption that science is inherently tied to the control and management of nature by state and economic actors. The paper closely examines four distinct periods in the history of wildlife science in the park to argue that zoologists, ecologists and veterinarians have played diverse and contradictory roles in the debates over northern bison management. Though the historical record reveals many examples of scientists who accepted an intensive managerial approach to bison conservation, many other wildlife scientists working in Wood Buffalo National Park have, in fact, resisted the utilitarian and productionist emphasis that has been promoted by administrators working within the Canadian government. The paper concludes that the practice of wildlife ecology in Wood Buffalo Park has been a diverse and heterogeneous endeavour reflecting different disciplinary, institutional and ideological divisions within the field,
Selective Integration: Knowledge and Interests in the Model Forest Program
Authors: Beyers Joanna M.
Published: December 2016

This essay examines the federal Model Forest Program (1992-1997), focussing on the process by which model forests were selected at the start of the program. The outcomes of this process suggest that ecological ideas cannot be readily separated from the prevailing material interests, including forestry experts, that advocate them. This study supports the concept of partial integration of new knowledge into resource policy, in which some ideas are favoured while others are discarded or modified so as to fit the orthodox point of view. As a result of the selectivity of expert interpretation of ecological ideas, the program fell short of innovation. This conservatism will constrain the choices available to Canadian forest management in the future.
Myths and Realities about Petroleum-Related Development: Lessons for British Columbia from Atlantic Canada and the North Sea
Authors: House J.D.
Published: December 2016

The government of British Columbia has recently agreed to lift the moratorium on offshore petroleum exploration on Canada’s west coast, and the federal government has been asked to follow suit. There is a strong possibility, therefore, that drilling for oil and gas offshore British Columbia will begin in the near future. Some coastal communities, hard-hit by resource problems in forestry and fisheries with attendant unemployment and out-migration, have been lobbying in favour of lifting the moratorium, while environmentalists and some First Nations people have been lobbying equally as hard for its continuance. Predicated on the assumption that BC may well be on the verge of developing an offshore petroleum industry, this article essay explores several issues related to the development of such an industry. It poses the question: if the province is to develop an offshore oil and gas industry, how should it go about it in as environmentally and socially responsible a way as possible?

Fortunately for British Columbia, two provinces on Canada’s east coast, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia, already have established offshore petroleum industries. They have a 40-year history of experiences in both the exploration and production phases of offshore development. This essay provides an overview of the Atlantic Canadian and North Sea experiences. It argues that it is, in principle at least, feasible to manage offshore developments in a socially and environmentally responsible way, and in such a way that local people and communities, including First Nations, can be beneficiaries. There is nothing automatic about this, however. It will require enlightened governance at both the provincial and federal level, and a willingness to devolve to effected communities enough decision-making authority to negotiate with the oil companies from a position of strength. Success will depend on local people becoming well informed about the industry and taking the lead in determining the conditions under which development can proceed.
“Out of the Painted Grove, My Buck”: The Escape from Irony in Avison and Page
Authors: Johnston Gordon
Published: December 2016

This essay provides a gendered reading of the poetics of two of the most prominent female modernist Canadian poets. It begins with a close reading of the relatively early poems “Watershed” by Margaret Avison and “Arras” by P.K. Page, in which the appearance of living creatures (the buck and the peacock) within the aesthetic structures of a painting and an arras provides a model for an alternate and female version of transcendence, and a means of resisting the characteristic irony of modernism and its concurrent slide toward extreme groundlessness. It then explores this “transcendence of nearness” in more recent poems of “hid life” by both poets.
The City and the Ladies: Politics, Religion and Female Benevolence in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Hamilton, Canada West
Authors: Varty Carmen Nielson
Published: December 2016

Although Hamilton City Council committed regular financial support to the Ladies Benevolent Society’s Orphan Asylum, several members of council objected to a new appropriation of public money for the institution in 1852. Roman Catholic council members accused the Ladies Benevolent Society of proselytism and called the city’s relationship with the society into question. The public debates that ensued illuminate the role of religious and gender identities in the constitution of a “public sphere” in mid-nineteenth-century Hamilton. These debates also reveal that the formation of new social institutions by private associations was subject to contest and negotiation in the political and public sphere.
Le socialisme coopératif ou la « Jérusalem terrestre » de la League for Social Reconstruction, 1932-1942
Authors: Lacombe Sylvie
Published: December 2016

En réaction à la crise économique des années 1930, des intellectuels canadiens militent activement pour l’établissement d’une société «meilleure». En janvier 1932 est créée une League for Social Reconstruction visant l’éradication des calamités du système capitaliste. En 1934, une seconde initiative réformiste s’incarne dans la Fellowship for a Christian Social Order. Si l’on n’a pas manqué de remarquer la proximité de ton et la parenté idéologique entre ces organisations, on ne les a jamais traitées de front. Cet article veut remédier à cette lacune. Grâce à l’analyse d’un thème récurrent, le covenant community, on s’aperçoit que ces efforts réformistes ne sont pas simplement complémentaires, mais qu’ils se sous-tendent les uns les autres parce qu’ils circonscrivent un même univers culturel de significations sociales.
Support for a Centralist Vision of Labour Policy in Early Canada
Authors: DiGiacomo Gordon
Published: December 2016

This essay tests the argument that the decisions of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) were consistent with the views of Canadians at the time. Thoroughly set out by Alan Cairns in a 1971 article, the argument was supported by Richard Simeon and Ian Robinson 20 years later in their study for the Macdonald Royal Commission. To test the argument, the essay uses the two JCPC decisions that resulted in provincial control of labour policy, namely, Toronto Electric Commissioners v. Snider and the Labour Conventions reference. To determine the degree of popular support for these judgements, the essay surveys the views and reactions of key institutional actors. The evidence shows that support for federal control of labour policy was substantial. The author concludes that, in at least two instances, the provincialist bias of the law lords was at odds with the centralist vision of Canadians, and that support for a centralist vision did exist in early Canada.
“While there is Still Time…”: J. Murray Gibbon and the Spectacle of Difference in Three CPR Folk Festivals, 1928-1931
Authors: Henderson Stuart
Published: December 2016

Between 1928 and 1931, a series of 16 Folk music and handicraft festivals were staged across Canada under the auspices of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The principal architect of the festivals, John Murray Gibbon, would later popularize the now-ubiquitous and immeasurably influential phrase “Canadian Mosaic” to explain his vision of a united Canada comprised of distinct identities. This article establishes the foundational role played by the category “Folk” in Gibbon’s construction of the mosaic metaphor for Canadian cultural identity. It examines the construction of three major festivals and interrogates the very category “Folk” around which they were designed. It establishes connections between the structures of the festivals and the race, class, and gender-based cultural assumptions and ideologies that informed their organizers and participants. Finally, it explores the relationship between Gibbon’s emphasis on antimodern Folk identities and an increasingly intricate Canadian cultural matrix under the conditions of modernity.
Making New Identities: Alberta Small Towns Confront the City, 1900-1950
Authors: Wetherell Donald G.
Published: December 2016

Based on a sample of nine towns in Alberta, this essay studies how town corporate identity was constructed in response to the challenge of the city between 1900 and 1950. Towns first developed their civic identity on the basis of optimistic prospects, which were directly shaped by the competition, model, and power of the city. Between 1900 and the beginning of the Second World War, the civic identity of towns was styled as that of a city in waiting whose future growth depended on promotion and policies favouring development. The collapse of such prospects in 1912-13 and the persistence of economic uncertainty during and immediately after the war resulted in a reconstruction of civic identity. With reduced growth, towns during the interwar years began to view themselves as places of social stability and order that served and promoted the social and economic well-being of the society at large.
Awakening to the Intergenerational Equity Debate in Canada
Authors: Foot David K. , Venne Rosemary A.
Published: December 2016

An earlier study revealed that conflict over the issue of intergenerational equity (referring to equality in treatment for different generations) was apparent in the US media during the 1980s and early 1990s while attention to this issue was virtually non-existent in Canada. The focus for discussions on this issue is the distribution of the economic costs of an aging population. Specifically, with an aging population, the growth in elderly dependents is a significant concern for countries with pay-as-you-go public pension systems. This research analyzes public discussion of the intergenerational equity issue from 1993 to 1998 through content analysis of print media. The number of articles on this issue grew and peaked in 1996 with a sharp decline in 1997 and 1998. The issue of intergenerational equity surfaced in Canada during the mid-1990s with the fear that the Canada Pension Plan might run dry during the 2010s under then-current contribution rates. The pension issue serves as a flashpoint for recent concerns of intergenerational equity in Canada.
“It is Impossible for His Majesty’s Government to Withdraw from these Dominions” Britain and the Defence of Canada, 1813 to 1834
Authors: McDonald Terry
Published: December 2016

The War of 1812 showed the British government how vulnerable Canada was to an attack by the United States, particularly in the Great Lakes region. In order to defend its North American possessions, the government in London continued to maintain a naval dockyard at Kingston that for most of its existence, was under the command of Captain (later Commodore) Robert Barrie. As the American threat diminished, Barrie and his officers were able to enjoy a somewhat hedonistic lifestyle, probably unaware that serious questions were being asked in London about the viability of and even the necessity for such a station. Using the Duke of Wellington’s thoughts and comments about the defence of Canada and contemporary accounts of life in Kingston, this essay examines the political and economic realities facing the government and contrasts them with everyday life in one of Imperial Britain’s more important garrison towns.
“Home Sweet Havoc”: Howard Engel’s Niagara in Print and Film
Authors: Rose Marilyn , Sloniowski Jeannette
Published: December 2016

In “placing” his homespun detective Benny Cooperman in “Grantham,” Ontario, Howard Engel creates a Niagara that is far more than a tourist destination informed by the spectacular natural phenomenon that is Niagara Falls. Rather, Engel’s Niagara is a cultural nexus in which power and power relations, especially as they relate to the politics of exclusion, are explored with a mordant eye and a critical awareness of the consequences when small cities and fertile agricultural regions are left to the political devices of unrestrained hegemonic interests. After exploring Engel’s fiction in light of contemporary theories of place, space and post-coloniality, this essay examines a made-for-television film adaptation of The Suicide Murders and asks whether the film retains the complexities and moral vision of the novelistic original.
“Talk About Strenuous Hockey”: Violence, Manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer Rivalry
Authors: Lorenz Stacy L. , Osborne Geraint B.
Published: December 2016

This case study of violence and masculinity in Canadian hockey examines newspaper reports of matches involving the Ottawa Silver Seven and the Montreal Wanderers during the 1907 season. It analyzes media narratives of rough and aggressive hockey in relation to gender and class identities in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Canada. Newspapers created hockey narratives that combined elements of “brutal butchery” and “strenuous spectacle.” These narratives spoke to different ways of experiencing and enjoying hockey, to tensions within public perceptions of the sport, and to a wider ambivalence about violence in the game. Depictions of “brutal butchery” combined outrage and fascination; accounts of “strenuous spectacle” portrayed violence as part of an absorbing, aggressive, masculine display. Ideals of respectable, middle-class masculinity and rough, working-class masculinity coexisted within accounts of fast, skilled, rugged, hard-hitting hockey. The danger, physicality, and competitiveness of “strenuous hockey” also cultivated and reinforced standards of passionate manhood and primitive masculinity during this time period. By evaluating key issues surrounding violence, gender, and class in early hockey, this article addresses important gaps in the study of Canadian sport history and the analysis of hockey and Canadian popular culture. In particular, it begins to answer the need for careful, focussed case studies that examine hockey violence in a historical context.
“Against All Invasion”: The Archival Story of Kipling, Copyright, and the Macmillan Expansion into Canada, 1900-1920
Authors: MacLaren Eli
Published: December 2016

The Macmillan Company expanded into Canada in order to defend its imperial monopolies, particularly that on the works of Rudyard Kipling. The expansion was an offshoot of the growing New York house, but its fundamental intent was to bind the slippery Canadian market to the purposes of imperial copyright. George N. Morang had abruptly deprived Macmillan of this market with the first effective monopolies in the history of the Canadian book trade. He acquired these copyrights through licences that fulfilled the Canadian Copyright Amendment 1900. If authors, such as Kipling, increasingly retained proprietary control of their works, and if at the same time Canadian publishers such as Morang acquired the legal means to prohibit certain British editions from entering Canada, then a British publisher such as Macmillan suddenly stood to lose a great deal. This deprivation provoked a decisive reaction. Within a few years, the Macmillan Company of Canada was a chartered business based in Toronto, and it had clawed back control of Kipling’s works in Canada. The expansion helped prevent the growth of an independent Canadian publishing industry in the first decades of the twentieth century.
Boundaries, Borders, and Barriers: Marie-Claire Blais and the Archival Adventure
Authors: MacLennan Oriel C.L.
Published: December 2016

Literary archives often reflect the individual writer, and, in the case of Marie-Claire Blais, especially illustrate her complexity. An overall picture of the core Blaisian archival collections, including media, in Canada, the United States, and France is briefly presented, with some discussion of challenges posed for the researcher concerning their access and use. To illustrate some insights afforded into Blais’s literary development in the first 10 years of her career, letters from three archives, the Fonds Judith Jasmin in Montreal, the Wilson collections at Yale University, and the Barbara Deming Papers at Radcliffe College, are studied together with related material from Blais’s memoir Parcours d’un écrivain: Notes américaines, Wilson’s published letters and diaries, and Mary Meigs’s autobiography Lily Briscoe: A Self-Portrait. Some observations and ideas concerning multidimensional innovators such as Blais and the archival issues thus raised are explored, with a suggested role for our national institutions.
“Not Heaven-Endowed to Run the World”: The British Empire in the Early Thought of George Grant
Authors: Staring Scott
Published: December 2016

This essay argues that scholars have exaggerated the extent to which political philosopher George Grant was influenced by the anti-American and pro-British sentiments of his ancestors. Drawing evidence from his Second World War correspondence, the author shows that Grant in fact began the war with a favourable opinion of the United States of Franklin D. Roosevelt. What changed his thinking was America’s entry into the war in 1941, which forced Grant to reckon with the prospect of a postwar world dominated by what he described as an expanding American liberal empire. For a brief period at the end of the war, Grant’s distress over this prospect moved him to look for an alternative model of world order in a revitalized British Empire. Grant, however, had to suppress too many of his own misgivings about English imperialism to hold onto this idealized vision for long, and soon after the war he abandoned it altogether.
Les limites de la loyauté et de l’engagement chez les journalistes en milieu minoritaire francophone au Canada : une étude exploratoire
Authors: Bernier Marc-François
Published: December 2016

Les journalistes en milieu minoritaire (JMM) francophone au Canada sont parfois considérés davantage comme des promoteurs ou des défenseurs des intérêts de leur communauté que comme des journalistes soucieux de respecter les normes professionnelles traditionnelles reliées à l’impartialité (neutralité, objectivité). Sur le plan de la recherche, pourtant, on ne sait pas grand chose en ce qui concerne les aspects normatifs du journalisme francophone en milieu minoritaire. Nous avons mené une étude exploratoire auprès de 153 JMM afin qu’ils s’expriment quant à leur engagement et leur loyauté à l’égard de leur groupe dans un contexte où ces journalistes ressentent une pression communautaire, laquelle résulte en bonne partie de la perception qu’ont les acteurs des attentes de leur communauté. Nos résultats suggèrent un portrait nuancé où le respect de certaines normes professionnelles est pris en considération par des journalistes qui sont tout de même sensibles aux attentes de leur communauté et de leur employeur, telles qu’ils les perçoivent.
Framing the New Midwifery: Media Narratives in Ontario and Quebec during the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Paterson Stephanie , Marshall Cherry
Published: December 2016

After long periods of activism and policy debate, Ontario and Quebec were the first two provinces to integrate midwifery into their health-care services. Despite its success and growing popularity in the post-legislative era, midwifery was a highly contentious policy issue, with debates emerging at every level of policy development. In this essay, the authors explore how these debates played out in media. Specifically, the authors suggest that the frames produced by newspapers during this period served to align midwifery with broader provincial socio-political discourses, which in turn legitimized state intervention in the area of reproductive health. At the same time, however, the authors demonstrate that where Ontario media representations muted differences between midwives and physicians, representations in Quebec emphasized them. Thus, the authors show that in very different ways, media representations of midwifery in Ontario and Quebec both established a discursive context in which the state had to “act on” midwifery and midwives, and also challenged the potential of midwifery to transform women’s birth experiences.
Black Life in a Nineteenth-Century New Brunswick Town
Authors: Harris Jennifer
Published: December 2016

Drawing on a variety of unstudied and understudied materials, this essay seeks to contextualize the lives of nineteenth-century Black residents of Sackville, Westmorland County, New Brunswick, as a means of considering their lives and what factors may have motivated their choice to leave in the late 1860s. As the history of Black settlement in Westmorland varies from that of other areas in the province, this essay attempts to address the specificity and consequences of that different experience, and draws attention to the ways in which the lives of Black residents in smaller Canadian communities might be profitably recuperated.
Wordsworth’s Canadian Ministries
Authors: Ware Tracy
Published: December 2016

Canadian writers have long been as divided on the matter of William Wordsworth’s influence as writers elsewhere. After looking at the criticism that regards Wordsworth as inappropriate in Canada, this essay considers three aspects of his enduring influence: responses to “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,” the preferred text for those who wish to ridicule Wordsworth, but also a touchstone for such poets as Elizabeth Brewster and Don McKay; responses to “Tintern Abbey,” such as Charles G.D. Roberts’s “The Tantramar Revisited” and Al Purdy’s “The Country North of Belleville”; and Peter Dale Scott’s revision of The Prelude in Minding the Darkness. Wordsworthian poetry flourishes in diverse environments because it is less a matter of the Lake District than of “the mighty world / Of eye and ear,—both what they half create, / And what perceive” (“Tintern Abbey” 105-7). The essay concludes that Canadian criticism has placed too much emphasis on geography, especially for poets who are not exclusively concerned with national landscapes or themes.