bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐magnitude high‐frequency mechanical signals accelerate and augment endochondral bone repair: Preliminary evidence of efficacy
Authors: Goodship Allen E. , Lawes Timothy J. , Rubin Clinton T.
Published: January 2009

Fracture healing can be enhanced by load bearing, but the specific components of the mechanical environment which can augment or accelerate the process remain unknown. The ability of low‐magnitude, high‐frequency mechanical signals, anabolic in bone tissue, are evaluated here for their ability to influence fracture healing. The potential for short duration (17 min), extremely low‐magnitude (25 µm), high‐frequency (30 Hz) interfragmentary displacements to enhance fracture healing was evaluated in a mid‐diaphyseal, 3‐mm osteotomy of the sheep tibia. In a pilot study of proof of concept and clinical relevance, healing in osteotomies stabilized with rigid external fixation (Control: n = 4), were compared to the healing status of osteotomies with the same stiffness of fixation, but supplemented with daily mechanical loading (Experimental: n = 4). These 25‐µm displacements, induced by a ferroactive shape‐memory alloy (“smart” material) incorporated into the body of the external fixator, were less than 1% of the 3‐mm fracture gap, and less than 6% of the 0.45‐mm displacement measured at the site during ambulation (p < 0.001). At 10‐weeks post‐op, the callus in the Experimental group was 3.6‐fold stiffer (p < 0.03), 2.5‐fold stronger (p = 0.05), and 29% larger (p < 0.01) than Controls. Bone mineral content was 52% greater in the Experimental group (p < 0.02), with a 2.6‐fold increase in bone mineral content (BMC) in the region of the periosteum (p < 0.001). These data reinforce the critical role of mechanical factors in the enhancement of fracture healing, and emphasize that the signals need not be large to be influential and potentially clinically advantageous to the restoration of function. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 922–930, 2009
Kinematical and functional improvements of trigger digits after sonographically assisted percutaneous release of the A1 pulley
Authors: Kuo Li‐Chieh , Su Fong‐Chin , Tung Wen‐Lin , Lai Kuan‐Yin , Jou I‐Ming
Published: January 2009

We present evidence of kinematic and functional improvements of the trigger digit after sonographically assisted percutaneous release using quantitative motion analyses and functional assessments, respectively. Twenty‐two patients with idiopathic trigger digits, who received the surgery, were recruited. A motion tracking system was used to measure the assigned kinematics parameters at the presurgical visit and at 1, 4, and 12 weeks after surgery. The hand strength and functional outcome were also obtained using dynamometer and self‐report questionnaire assessments. The hand strength, maximal workspace, and joint range of motion of the involved digit were significantly smaller than that of the intact finger on the contralateral hand before surgery. The triggering phenomenon of the involved digit was significantly higher than that of the corresponding finger in the intact hand using a subscribed angular acceleration factor. The repeated measures showed that the workspace, joint range of motion, hand strength, and triggering effect of the involved hand significantly improved in follow‐up examinations after the surgical intervention. Painful movement or insufficient tendon excursion of the trigger digit can cause loss of movement and strength, thus interfering with functional performance. After the disappearance of the pain and triggering by sonographically assisted percutaneous release, improvements in kinematics and function were objectively quantified in this study. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 891–896, 2009
Relevance of bone graft viability in a goat transverse process model
Authors: Kruyt Moyo C. , Delawi Diyar , Habibovic Pamela , Oner F. Cumhur , van Blitterswijk Clemens A. , Dhert Wouter J.A.
Published: January 2009

Little is known about the mechanism by which autologous bone grafts are so successful. The relevance of viable osteogenic cells, which is a prominent difference between autologous bone graft and conventional alternatives, is especially controversial. With the emergence of bone tissue engineering, knowledge of the exact role of these cells has become crucial. The most obvious question to answer is whether viability of the graft has an effect on bone formation. In the current study, we investigated this effect of bone graft viability in a transverse process model that represents the initial bone formation in posterolateral spinal fusion. Eight goats received viable and devitalized autologous bone grafts in chambers mounted on the decorticated lumbar transverse processes. In addition, five goats received empty chambers. Histology and histomorphometry were performed after a 12‐week implantation, and the dynamics of bone formation was monitored by sequential fluorochrome labeling. An obvious qualitative effect of viability was demonstrated by the presence of early onset osteogenesis distant from the transverse process bone in the viable grafts only. Quantitative analysis indicated about 30% more bone in the viable grafts, however, this difference was not statistically significant. In the empty chambers, bone was found in comparable quantities. We conclude that there is a qualitative advantage of graft viability in terms of early graft‐derived osteogenesis. However, this advantage did not lead to significantly more bone formation in the viable bone grafts. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 1055–1059, 2009
A mathematical analysis and elucidation of AB(2k,1ϕ) thermophotochromic kinetics: Analytical solutions using pure kinetic data and considering as unknown the rate constants, quantum yield, and both species' spectra
Authors: Maafi Mounir , Brown Robert G.
Published: January 2009

A new spectrokinetic method is described that determines the absolute values of all five unknown parameters (εA, εB, ϕAB, kAB, kBA) of AB(2k,1ϕ) thermophotoreactive chromic systems. For the first time, solely kinetic data are used to perform complete analytical elucidations. Also, the method addresses realistic situations by considering that both absorption spectra of the reactive species are unknown and partially or totally overlap, solving the identifiability problem, and using a single set of experimental data (for the thermal and photochemical reactions). The absolute values for the five unknown parameters that make up the true kinetic solution are readily obtained by the application of five analytically defined algebraic equations. The method is independent of experimental conditions relating to initial concentration, temperature, threshold of incident light intensity, and the wavelength at which the kinetic traces are measured. The detailed mathematical algorithm also allows the determination of the reaction quantum yield at any (isosbestic and nonisosbestic) irradiation wavelength and proposes a new colorability expression for these systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 255–264, 2009
Kinetics of the mercury(II)‐catalyzed substitution of coordinated cyanide ion in hexacyanoruthenate(II) by nitroso‐R‐salt
Authors: Naik Radhey M. , Agarwal Abhinav , Verma Amit K. , Yadav Shiv Bali S. , Kumar Basant
Published: January 2009

The kinetics and mechanism of Hg2+‐catalyzed substitution of cyanide ion in an octahedral hexacyanoruthenate(II) complex by nitroso‐R‐salt have been studied spectrophotometrically at 525 nm (λmax of the purple‐red–colored complex). The reaction conditions were: temperature = 45.0 ± 0.1°C, pH = 7.00 ± 0.02, and ionic strength (I) = 0.1 M (KCl). The reaction exhibited a first‐order dependence on [nitroso‐R‐salt] and a variable order dependence on [Ru(CN)64−]. The initial rates were obtained from slopes of absorbance versus time plots. The rate of reaction was found to initially increase linearly with [nitroso‐R‐salt], and finally decrease at [nitroso‐R‐salt] = 3.50 × 10−4 M. The effects of variation of pH, ionic strength, concentration of catalyst, and temperature on the reaction rate were also studied and explained in detail. The values of k2 and activation parameters for catalyzed reaction were found to be 7.68 × 10−4 s−1 and Ea = 49.56 ± 0.091 kJ mol−1, ΔH≠ = 46.91 ± 0.036 kJ mol−1, ΔS≠ = −234.13 ± 1.12 J K−1 mol−1, respectively. These activation parameters along with other experimental observations supported the solvent assisted interchange dissociative (Id) mechanism for the reaction. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 215–226, 2009
Rate constants and transition‐state geometry of reactions of alkyl, alkoxyl, and peroxyl radicals with thiols
Authors: Denisov Evgeny , Chatgilialoglu Crissostomos , Shestakov Aleksander , Denisova Taisa
Published: January 2009

Enthalpy, activation energy, and rate constant of 9 alkyl, 3 acyl, 3 alkoxyl, and 9 peroxyl radicals with alkanethiols, benzenethiol, and L‐cysteine are calculated. The intersection parabolas model is used for activation energy calculations. Depending on the structure of attacking radical, the activation energy of reactions with alkylthiols varies from 3 to 43 kJ mol−1 for alkyl radicals, from 7 to 9 kJ mol−1 for alkoxyl, and from 18 to 35 kJ mol−1 for peroxyl radicals. The influence of adjacent π‐bonds on activation energy is estimated. The polar effect is found in reactions of hydroxyalkyl and acyl radicals with alkylthiols. The steric effect is observed in reactions of alkyl radicals with tert‐alkylthiols. All these factors are characterized via increments of activation energy. Quantum chemical calculations of activation energy and geometry of transition state were performed for model reactions: C•H3 + CH3SH, CH3O• + CH3SH, and HO2• + CH3SH with using density functional theory and Gaussian‐98. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 284–293, 2009
A system of variational inequalities arising from finite expiry Russian option with two regimes
Authors: Yang Zhou
Published: January 2009

In this paper we consider a system of variational inequalities arising from the value of finite expiry Russian option with two regimes. We achieve the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the problem. Moreover, we show that the free boundaries are infinitely differentiable and monotonic with respect to time and some parameters in this system, as well as the mutual relationship between the solutions in two regimes. Moreover, we establish the bound of the free boundaries and analyze their property as time converges to infinite. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QALE‐FEM for numerical modelling of non‐linear interaction between 3D moored floating bodies and steep waves
Authors: Ma Q. W. , Yan S.
Published: January 2009

This paper presents further development of the quasi arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element method (QALE‐FEM) based on a fully non‐linear potential theory to numerically simulate non‐linear responses of 3D moored floating bodies to steep waves. In the QALE‐FEM (recently developed by the authors and applied to 2D floating bodies), the complex unstructured mesh is generated only once at the beginning of calculation and is moved to conform to the motion of boundaries at other time steps by using a robust spring analogy method specially suggested for these kind of problems, avoiding the necessity of high‐cost remeshing. In order to tackle challenges associated with 3D floating bodies, several new numerical techniques are developed in this paper. These include the technique for moving the mesh near body surfaces, the scheme for calculating velocity on 3D body surfaces and the modified semi‐implicit time integration method for floating bodies procedure (ISITIMFB‐M) that is more efficient for dealing with the full coupling between waves and bodies. Using the newly developed techniques and methods, various cases for 3D floating bodies with motions of up to six degrees of freedom (DoFs) are simulated. These include a SPAR platform, a barge‐type floating body and one or two Wigley Hulls in head seas or in oblique waves. For some selected cases, the numerical results are compared with experimental data available in the public domain and satisfactory agreements are achieved. Many results presented in this paper have not been found elsewhere to the best knowledge of the authors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear and adaptive frame approximation schemes for elliptic PDEs: Theory and numerical experiments
Authors: Dahlke Stephan , Fornasier Massimo , Primbs Miriam , Raasch Thorsten , Werner Manuel
Published: January 2009

This article is concerned with adaptive numerical frame methods for elliptic operator equations. We show how specific noncanonical frame expansions on domains can be constructed. Moreover, we study the approximation order of best n‐term frame approximation, which serves as the benchmark for the performance of adaptive schemes. We also discuss numerical experiments for second order elliptic boundary value problems in polygonal domains where the discretization is based on recent constructions of boundary adapted wavelet bases on the interval. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009
Numerical simulations for two‐dimensional stochastic incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Lu Jun‐Xiang , Ma Yi‐Chen
Published: January 2009

This article mainly concerns modeling the stochastic input and its propagation in incompressible Navier‐Stokes(N‐S) flow simulations. The stochastic input is represented spectrally by employing orthogonal polynomial functionals from the Askey scheme as trial basis to represent the random space. A standard Galerkin projection is applied in the random dimension to derive the equations in the weak form. The resulting set of deterministic equations is then solved with standard methods to obtain the mean solution. In this article, the main method employs the Hermite polynomial as the basis in random space. Numerical examples are given and the error analysis is demonstrated for a model problem. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
A systematic review of research examining benzodiazepine‐related mortality
Authors: Charlson Fiona , Degenhardt Louisa , McLaren Jennifer , Hall Wayne , Lynskey Michael
Published: January 2009

Purpose

This paper will review literature examining the association of benzodiazepine use and mortality.

Methods

An extensive literature review was undertaken to locate all English‐language published articles that examine mortality risk associated with use of benzodiazepines from 1990 onwards.

Results

Six cohort studies meeting the criteria above were identified. The results were mixed. Three of the studies assessed elderly populations and did not find an increased risk of death associated with benzodiazepine use, whereas another study of the general population did find an increased risk, particularly for older age groups. A study of a middle aged population found that regular benzodiazepine use was associated with an increased mortality risk, and a study of ‘drug misusers’ found a significant relationship between regular use of non‐prescribed benzodiazepines and fatal overdose. Three retrospective population‐based registry studies were also identified. The first unveiled a high relative risk (RR) of death due to benzodiazepine poisoning versus other outcomes in patients 60 or older when compared to those under 60. A positive but non‐significant association between benzodiazepine use and driver‐responsible fatalities in on‐road motor vehicle accidents was reported. Drug poisoning deaths in England showed benzodiazepines caused 3.8% of all deaths caused by poisoning from a single drug.

Conclusion

On the basis of existing research there is limited data examining independent effects of illicit benzodiazepine use upon mortality. Future research is needed to carefully examine risks of use in accordance with doctors' prescriptions and extra‐medical use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
School‐based interventions for students with substance abuse
Authors: Burrow‐Sanchez Jason J. , Jenson William R. , Clark Elaine
Published: January 2009

Experimentation with substances is typical for many young people, but unfortunately some will go on to develop substance abuse problems that substantially affect their lives. Successfully intervening with students who use or abuse substances is a challenge for school mental health professionals across the nation. There is a need for evidence‐based practices that school professionals can use when working with students who have substance abuse problems. This article provides school professionals in secondary settings with current information on student substance use rates, evidence‐based individual and group interventions, and discussion of the 42 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 2 (42 CFR). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scopira: an open source C++ framework for biomedical data analysis applications
Authors: Demko Aleksander B. , Pizzi Nick J.
Published: January 2009

In many biomedical research laboratories, data analysis and visualization algorithms are typical prototypes using an interpreted programming language. If performance becomes an issue, they are ported to C and integrated with interpreted systems, not fully utilizing object‐oriented software development. This paper presents an overview of Scopira, an open source C++ framework suitable for biomedical data analysis and visualization. Scopira provides high‐performance end‐to‐end application development features, in the form of an extensible C++ library. This library provides general programming utilities, numerical matrices and algorithms, parallelization facilities, and graphical user interface elements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cluster‐chain‐based context transfer mechanism for fast basic service set transition in the centralized wireless LAN architecture
Authors: Huang Chung‐Ming , Li Jian‐Wei
Published: January 2009

The emergence of centralized WLAN architectures is proposed to solve the problems of large scale deployment of WLANs. In the centralized WLAN, access point (AP) is split into two pieces: wireless termination point (WTP), and access controller (AC). An AC is the centralized controller for a large number of WTPs. A station (STA) has the demand to move from one WTP to another within the same extended service set (ESS). Such behavior is called a basic service set (BSS) transition. In this paper, we propose the cluster‐chain‐based context (C3T) mechanism with a cluster member selection (CMS) algorithm to reduce the BSS transition delay in the centralized WLAN architecture. The proposed mechanism can have lower signaling cost for context transfer and does not have the ping‐pong problem comparing with the existing context transfer schemes in terms of BSS transition, such as the proactive neighbor caching (PNC) scheme, the configuration and provisioning for wireless APs handoff protocol (CAPWAPHP), and so on. Furthermore, since the original 802.11r fast BSS transition does not specify how to work in the centralized WLAN architecture, we incorporate the C3T mechanism into IEEE 802.11r that works in the centralized WLAN architecture. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Path quality detection algorithms for near optimal geographic routing in sensor networks with obstacles
Authors: Moraru Luminita , Leone Pierre , Nikoletseas Sotiris , Rolim Jose
Published: January 2009

Geographic routing scales well in sensor networks, mainly due to its stateless nature. Most of the algorithms in this area are concerned with guaranteeing a path toward the destination in the context of any network topology, while the optimality of the path is of little interest. In this paper, we are presenting a novel geographic routing algorithm with obstacle avoidance properties. It aims at finding the optimal path from a source to a destination when some areas of the network are unavailable for routing due to low local density or obstacle presence. It locally and gradually with time (but, as we show, quite fast) evaluates and updates the quality of the previously used paths and ignores non‐optimal paths for further routing. By means of extensive simulations, we are comparing its performance to existing state of the art protocols, showing that it performs much better in terms of path length and hop count thus minimizing latency, overall traffic and energy consumption. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Securing multi‐operator‐based QoS‐aware mesh networks: requirements and design options
Authors: Askoxylakis I. , Bencsáth B. , Buttyán L. , Dóra L. , Siris V. , Szili D. , Vajda I.
Published: January 2009

Wireless mesh networking allows network operators and service providers to offer nearly ubiquitous broadband access at a low cost to customers. In this paper, we focus on QoS‐aware mesh networks operated by multiple operators in a cooperative manner. In particular, we identify the general security requirements of such networks and we give an overview on the available design options for a security architecture aiming at satisfying those requirements. More specifically, we consider the problems of mesh client authentication and access control, protection of wireless communications, securing the routing, key management, and intrusion and misbehavior detection and recovery. Our aim is to structure this rich problem domain and to prepare the grounds for the design of a practically usable security architecture. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced access control in hybrid MANETs through utility‐based pre‐authentication control
Authors: Martinez Pedro Miguel Ruiz , Lopez Rafael Marin , Ros Francisco J. , Martinez Juan A.
Published: January 2009

We study the issue of efficient network access control in mobilead hocnetworks (MANETs) with Internet connectivity through static gateways. This research issue is interesting in many scenarios, specially those in which operators deploy the MANET as an access network to their infrastructure.The goal is to provide a mechanism allowing Internet gateways to accept only authorized traffic without jeopardizing the overall network performance. Unlike traditional schemes in whichad hocnodes need to get authenticated with their new gateway as they move around, we propose a solution based on pre‐authentication. It uses utility‐based optimal control to decide with which gateways to pre‐authenticate over time. Our simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms traditional schemes over a variety of scenarios and network parameters. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Newton's Early Thoughts on Planetary Motion: A Fresh Look
Authors: Whiteside Derek T.
Published: January 2009

The conventional view of the prehistory of Newton's synthesis in the Principia of his predecessors' work in planetary theory and terrestrial gravitation is still not seriously changed from that which Newton himself chose to impose on his contemporaries at the end of his life. In his own words:

‘… the same year ‘1666’ I began to think of gravity extending to ye orb of the Moon & having found out how to estimate the force wth wch [a] globe revolving within a sphere presses the surface of the sphere from Keplers rule of the periodical times of the Planets being in a sesquialterate proportion of their distances from the centers of their Orbs, & having deduced that the forces wch keep the Planets in their orbs must [be] reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about wch they revolve: & thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her Orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth, & found them answer pretty nearly …’
The Geoheliocentric Mathematical Hypothesis in Sixteenth-Century Planetary Theory
Authors: Schofield Christine
Published: January 2009

It has become generally accepted that the earliest geoheliocentric representation of the planets' motions in which the majority of the planets orbited about the Sun appeared in 1588. For in this year the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe announced his discovery of a new system of the world, in which Sun and Moon moved about the Earth, and the five planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn performed their motions about the Sun. Yet the accompanying figure, which depicts a planetary arrangement in general identical with that of Tycho, occurs in a manuscript prepared at least a year before Tycho's publication of his system. Moreover, the author of the manuscript derived this representation of the planets' motions not from Tycho, but rather from Copernicus. The aim of this paper is to show that as a result of the work of Copernicus, a number of sixteenth-century mathematicians produced treatments of the planetary motions similar to the system proposed by Tycho in 1588.
The True Inventors of the Keratoscope and Photo-Keratoscope
Authors: Levene John R.
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

As early as 1670 Isaac Barrow and Isaac Newton, at Cambridge, were aware of the production of astigmatism by oblique pencils of rays on a spherical lens. Thomas Young (1800) and G. B. Airy (1825) independently discovered ocular astigmatism. By viewing the image of objects reflected on the anterior surface of the cornea, the cornea may be examined for any defects of its surface (including astigmatism). The corneal “reflex” had been examined as early as 1619 by Christoph Scheiner, and as a “clinical” test, by using a candle flame, by David Brewster (1808). An instrument (the keratoscope) for examining the anterior surface of the cornea for the detection of abnormality was first invented by Henry Goode (1847) of Cambridge University. Antonio Plácido, formerly credited with the invention, independently invented a keratoscope in 1880. Correspondence of Plácido and Emile Javal (Paris) reveals that Placido invented the photo-keratoscope, formerly attributed to Allvar Gullstrand (1896) in Sweden. Javal is credited with the first description of the application of a photo-keratoscope (independently invented by him) in a specific case of ocular abnormality.
George Gabriel Stokes on Stellar Aberration and the Luminiferous Ether
Authors: Wilson David B.
Published: January 2009

Acceptance of Augustin Fresnel's wave theory of light posed numerous questions for early nineteenth-century physicists. Among the most pressing was the problem of the properties of the luminiferous ether. Fresnel had shown that light waves were transverse. Therefore, since, among ordinary materials, only solids support transverse vibrations, there existed striking likenesses between highly tangible solids and the highly intangible ether. Accordingly, such men as Augustin-Louis Cauchy, James MacCullagh, Franz Neumann, and George Green constructed various theories of an elastic-solid ether.1 At the same time, however, the disconcerting implausibilities of an all-pervasive solid provoked considerable apprehension in regard to the elastic-solid tradition. Thomas Young found the concept ‘perfectly appalling’ and argued that ‘the hypothesis [that fluids can support transverse vibrations] remains completely open for discussion, notwithstanding the apparent difficulties attending it.’2 John Herschel, probably the most important English advocate of the wave theory, regarded the concept of a solid ether as only a temporary device, useful ‘till the real truth shall be discovered.’3 Consequently, despite the accomplishments which helped to make the elastic-solid theory ‘the most celebrated special form of the wave theory’,4 there were important voices of reservation.
Alfred Russel Wallace: Philosophy of Nature and Man
Authors: Smith Roger
Published: January 2009

Historians of the Victorian period have begun to re-evaluate the general background and impact of Darwin's theory of the origin of species by means of natural selection. An emerging picture suggests that the Darwinian theory of evolution was only one aspect (albeit, a major aspect) of a more general change in intellectual positions. It is possible to summarize two correlated developments in the second half of the nineteenth century: the seculariszation of majors areas of thought, and the increasing breakdown of a common intellectualmilieu. Studies in linguistics, historical criticism, socio-political theory, theologys, and anthropology, besides evolutionary theory, contributed to these developments. It has also been argued that the background of evolutionary thought lay within a relatively unified early Victorian intellectual context with shared religious, moral, and scientific concepts. Evolutionary theory contributed to the disintegration of this shared context, but it did not intrinsically assume a clear demarcation between value-laden (ethical or religious) ideas and scientific ideas. On the one hand, in the later Victorian period, religious and scientific intellectuals found it increasingly hard to share common ground. On the other hand, they did sometimes share an enthusiasm for applying biological models to social and ethical theory. It is necessary to look closely before ascribing any increased differentiation of positions to the impact of evolutionary biology.
Charles Lyell and the Philosophers of Science
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: January 2009

Two of the most influential evaluations of Charles Lyell's geological ideas were those of the philosophers of science, John F. W. Herschel and William Whewell. In this paper I shall argue that the great difference between these evaluations—whereas Herschel was fundamentally sympathetic to Lyell's geologizing, Whewell was fundamentally opposed—is a function of the fact that Herschel was an empiricist and Whewell a rationalist. For convenience, I shall structure the discussion around the three key elements in Lyell's approach to geology. First, he was anactualist: he wanted to explain past geological phenomena in terms of causes of the kind that are operating at present. Second, he was auniformitarian: he wanted to explain only in terms of causes of the degree operating at present; that is, he wanted to avoid ‘catastrophes’. Third, as a geologist he saw the earth as being in asteady-state, in which all periods are essentially similar to one another. Because they will prove important, I draw attention also to two major features of Lyell's programme. First, there is his theory of climate, which suggests, ‘without help from a comet’, that earthly temperature fluctuations are primarily a function of the constantly changing distribution of land and sea. Clearly this theory is actualistic, for it is based on such present phenomena as the Gulf Stream; it is also uniformitarian and supports a steady-state world picture. Second, there is Lyell's denial that the fossil record is progressive, his criticism of Lamarckian evolutionism, ostensibly on the grounds that modern evidence is against it (i.e. it fails actualistically), and his rather veiled claim that the origins of species will nevertheless prove in some way natural, that is, subject to causes falling beneath lawlike regularities in principle discernible by us.
Charles Lyell Speaks in the Lecture Theatre
Authors: Rudwigk Martin J. S.
Published: January 2009

For many of those who attended the Charles Lyell Centenary Symposium, one of the high points was the reappearance of Lyell himself (ably impersonated by John Thackray) in the lecture theatre of the Royal Institution, where some extracts from his London lectures of 1832–3 gave a vivid demonstration of his persuasive rhetoric. These extracts were also felt to illustrate Lyell's characteristic method of geological interpretation and his deeper concerns with the implications of his science, perhaps more clearly than in other published material from the earlier part of his career. At the request of several members of the symposium, I therefore give here a full version of these passages, without the ‘cuts’ and minor alterations that were necessary for the ‘performing script’. The purpose of this paper is simply to make this source-material more accessible, so that it can be used to enrich our understanding of Lyell's approach to geology at this period. I have recently published an account of the circumstances of Lyell's lectures at King's College London in 1832–3 and those at the Royal Institution in 1833, with a summary of their contents, so I shall present these fuller extracts here with the minimum of editorial notes. The two passages chosen are the longest and most continuous of those which Lyell wrote out in full rather than in note form.
The Geological Ideas of J. J. Berzelius
Authors: Frängsmyr Tore
Published: January 2009

The development of geology during the first half of the nineteenth century is now considered to be more complicated than was once thought. The positivistic picture of two conflicting schools, one of them allegedly modern and progressive, the other supposedly conservative and scriptural, is too simplistic and misleading. First, the influence of the Bible has been exaggerated. It is true that in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Flood had been given an important role as a geological agent, but in the early nineteenth century there were hardly any professional geologists who defended this view. At least, it is not correct to associate either neptunism, catastrophism, or diluvialism with the Mosaic tradition. Secondly, the use of such terms as ‘catastrophism’ and ‘diluvialism’ has been unfortunate in so far as they have led to biblical associations; these terms must be given a more precise meaning. Thirdly, in the evaluation of the geology of the period, not enough weight has been given to the historical context. From our knowledge of modern geology alone it is not possible to judge what was loose speculation or empirical science at that time. Lyell's contributions to geology, as well as those of his opponents, should be considered and examined in more detail.
Geology and Orthodoxy: The Case of Noah's Flood in Eighteenth-Century Thought
Authors: Rappaport Rhoda
Published: January 2009

The view that religious orthodoxy stifled geological progress has had many distinguished exponents, one of the earliest being Georges Cuvier. To Cuvier, however, efforts to combine Genesis with geology ended before the middle of the eighteenth century, and opened the way not for progress but for wild speculation. We may admire the genius of Leibniz and Buffon, he declared, but this should not lead us to confuse system-building with geology as ‘une science positive’. While Cuvier's younger contemporary, Charles Lyell, agreed that ‘extravagant systems’ had retarded progress, he insisted that ‘scriptural authority’ had had a similar effect until late in the eighteenth century.
The Physiology of Mind, the Unity of Nature, and the Moral Order in Victorian Thought
Authors: Jacyna L. S.
Published: January 2009

In 1879 G. H. Lewes described the state of current British mental science. There were, he maintained, three main ‘schools’ of psychology. The first of these Lewes called the ‘ontological’ school; its members traced their lineage to Thomas Reid and to the common sense philosophers of the early nineteenth century, especially Dugald Stewart and William Hamilton. The second school was the ‘empirical’, which stood in the tradition of Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Condillac, Hartley, and James Mill. The ontologists and the empiricists differed in their theories of knowledge: the former held that certain beliefs were native to the mind; the latter that all ideas originated, mediately or immediately, from experience. However, both schools agreed on the object of psychological enquiry. They ‘quietly ignore the complex conditions of the living organism, and treat mental facts simply as the manifestations of a Psychical Principle’. Further, the ontological and empiricist schools concurred on the means by which this principle should be studied; both made introspection the ‘exclusive method of research’.
Borrowed Words: problems of vocabulary in eighteenth-century geology
Authors: Rappaport Rhoda
Published: January 2009

Every science has its technical vocabulary, consisting in part of terms coined for explicit purposes and in part of words borrowed from ordinary discourse and used with greater or lesser degrees of precision. Words of the latter sort pose curious problems, some of them familiar to those historians of science concerned with, for example, what Galileo meant byforzaand Newton byattraction. Indeed, analogous problems face any historian seeking to understand the older meanings of terms still in use today.
The Metaphysics of Impenetrability: Euler's Conception of force
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: January 2009

In this paper I want to examine in some detail one eighteenth-century attempt to restructure the foundations of mechanics, that of Leonhard Euler. It is now generally recognized that the idea, due to Mach, that all that happened in the eighteenth century was the elaboration of a deductive and mathematical mechanics on the basis of Newton's Laws is misleading at best. Newton's Principia needed much more than a reformulation in analytic terms if it was to provide the basis for the comprehensive mechanics that was developed in the eighteenth century. Book II of the Principia, in particular, where the problem of the resistance offered to the motion of a finite body by a fluid medium was raised, was generally (and rightly) thought to be in large part mistaken and confused. There were also a number of areas crucial to the unification of mechanics which Newton did not deal with at all in the Principia: particularly the dynamics of rigid, flexible and elastic bodies, and the dynamics of several bodies with mutual interactions. Although a start had been made on some of these topics in the seventeenth century (notably by Galileo, Beeckman, Mersenne, Huygens, Pardies, Hooke, and Leibniz), it was only in the eighteenth century that they were subjected to detailed examination, and Euler's contribution to the development of these topics, and hence to the unification of mechanics, was immense.
Wissenschaft in Worstedopolis: Public Science in Bradford, 1800–1850
Authors: Morrell J. B.
Published: January 2009

I take as my text today an epistle of John—John Phillips writing from Birmingham in 1839: ‘in quieter towns like … York … peace, good order, [and] leisure favour the expansion of a philosophical spirit’.
Of What is History of Psychology a History?
Authors: Richards Graham
Published: January 2009

The British Psychological Society having established a ‘Philosophy and History’ section, a fresh look at the nature of the History of Psychology is called for. In this paper, I would like to make a contribution to this by raising some conundrums which have yet to be adequately addressed. First, though, what has happened in the History of Psychology so far? Psychologists have been writing histories of their discipline since the turn of the century; Baldwin's History of Psychology appeared in 1913, for example, and the first volume of G. S. Brett's trilogy of the same title in 1912, a year which also saw Dessoir's Outlines of the History of Psychology translated into English. This early work was clearly aimed at providing a respectable genealogy for the nascent discipline; only about a fifth of Baldwin's work actually deals with experimental or empirical Psychology dating from later than the mid-nineteenth century, while Brett treats scientific approaches virtually as a coda to a survey of the history of the philosophy of mind. Psychology is presented as the legitimate heir to the main western philosophical tradition, sired on it, so to speak, by physiologists such as Helmholtz, Muller and Broca. In 1929, E. G. Boring published the first edition of his A History of Experimental Psychology, which dominated the field for decades along with Gardner Murphy's Historical Introduction of Modern Psychology of 1928, a lighter weight work but with a somewhat broader range, which served as an introductory text. Both went into subsequent editions, the latter as recently as 1972 (much enlarged). The series The History of Psychology in Autobiography, begun in 1930 and now in its seventh volume (1980), contains professional autobiographies by the ageing eminent of varying levels of self-disclosure, wit and informative value. It is not, however, until the 1960s that a self-conscious sub-discipline calling itself ‘History of Psychology’ emerges within Psychology, being pioneered by the late R. I. Watson in the United States. New histories begin appearing, including Kantor's very positivistic The Scientific Evolution of Psychology Vol. 1 of 1963 and Hearnshaw's A Short History of British Psychology of 1964. In 1965, the Journal for the History of the Behavioral Sciences was started, formally signalling the arrival of the new sub-discipline on the scene. Subsequent events warrant a more critical appraisal.
Jacob Boehme's Divine Substance Salitter: its Nature, Origin, and Relationship to Seventeenth Century Scientific Theories
Authors: Principe Lawrence M. , Weeks Andrew
Published: January 2009

The Century between the death of Copernicus (1543) and the birth of Newton (1642) witnessed a major reshaping of traditional ways of viewing the universe. The Ptolemaic system was challenged by Copernican heliocentrism, the Aristotelian world was assailed by Galilean physics and revived atomism, and theology was troubled by the progressive distancing of God from the daily operation of His creation. Besides earning this era the title of ‘the Scientific Revolution’, the intellectual ferment of these times offered many world systems as successors to the throne of crumbling Aristotelianism.
Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author
Authors: Herbert Sandra
Published: January 2009

On occasion Charles Darwin can seem our scientific contemporary, for the subjects he engaged remain engaging today, but in his role as author he belongs to the past. It is not customary today for scientists to write book after book, as Darwin did, or for these books to serve as the primary vehicle of scientific communication. For Darwin, however, the book was central. He wrote at least eighteen, depending on what one counts; in hisAutobiographyhe entitled the section describing his most important work ‘An account how several books arose’; and in his personal Journal, begun in August 1838 after he had come to a mature sense of himself, he organized entries around his books. A characteristic entry is that for 1846: ‘Oct. 1st. Finished last proof of my Geolog. Observ. on S. America; This volume, including Paper in Geolog. Journal on the Falkland Islands took me 18 & 1/2 months:–’. Further, almost always he had a book under way: when one was complete, the next was begun. He called them the milestones to his life.
‘Nature’ in the laboratory: domestication and discipline with the microscope in Victorian life science
Authors: Gooday Graeme
Published: January 2009

What sort of activities took place in the academic laboratories developed for teaching the natural sciences in Britain between the 1860s and 1880s? What kind of social and instrumental regimes were implemented to make them meaningful and efficient venues of experimental instruction? As humanly constructed sites of experiment how were the metropolitan institutional contexts of these laboratories engineered to make them legitimate places to study ‘Nature’? Previous studies have documented chemists' effective use of regimented quantitative analysis in their laboratory teaching from the 1820s, but less is known about how Victorian academics made other sorts of laboratories unproblematic pedagogical spaces. This paper will examine the literary, disciplinary and instrumental technologies of microscopy deployed by T. H. Huxley at his South Kensington laboratory during the early 1870s to render his biology teaching legitimate, meaningful and efficient. As such it is a response to Pickstone's recent call for a broader account of microscopy teaching in late nineteenth-century academic life science, and one localized answer to Bennett's enquiries as to what the appearance of a microscope in laboratories and other domestic settings betokened to historical actors, and how such tokens changed over time.
Industrial recruitment of chemistry students from English universities: a revaluation of its early importance
Authors: Donnelly James
Published: January 2009

In England, institutionalized locations for science in academe and industry sprang up at approximately the same time, that is to say, during the period from the mid-nineteenth century to the First World War. By the latter date science was well established within most academic institutions and, more rudimentarily, in many industrial firms. Standardized forms of practice were to be found in both sectors, and there existed mechanisms for the transfer of personnel, knowledge and finance between the two. Both sites were of course surrounded and sustained by a network of other institutions and practices: scientific and technical societies and journals, patent and company law, government agencies and so on. Nevertheless, during the period just identified these two developed as the key occupational sites (outside schoolteaching) for men trained in science.
Engineering science in Glasgow: economy, efficiency and measurement as prime movers in the differentiation of an academic discipline
Authors: Marsden Ben
Published: January 2009

In what follows I use the term ‘academic engineering’ to describe the teaching of engineering within a university or college of higher education: specifically, this differentiates an institutional teaching framework from the broader assimilation of engineering working practices in nineteenth-century Britain by the then standard method of apprenticeship or pupillage, and from the practice of engineering as a profession. The growth of academic engineering, both in terms of student numbers and the variety of courses, profoundly influenced the structure of what we might call ‘practical engineering’, the status of engineering as a profession searching for recognition within society, and the corporate relationship between engineers and places of higher education. These are issues which I will only touch on here.
De-centring the ‘big picture’:The Origins of Modern Scienceand the modern origins of science
Authors: Cunningham Andrew , Williams Perry
Published: January 2009

Like it or not, a big picture of the history of science is something which we cannot avoid. Big pictures are, of course, thoroughly out of fashion at the moment; those committed to specialist research find them simplistic and insufficiently complex and nuanced, while postmodernists regard them as simply impossible. But however specialist we may be in our research, however scornful of the immaturity of grand narratives, it is not so easy to escape from dependence – acknowledged or not – on a big picture. When we define our research as part of the history of science, we implicitly invoke a big picture of that history to give identity and meaning to our specialism. When we teach the history of science, even if we do not present a big picture explicitly, our students already have a big picture of that history which they bring to our classes and into which they fit whatever we say, no matter how many complications and refinements and contradictions we put before them – unless we offer them an alternative big picture.