bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on the reaction between pyridine and benzyl magnesium chloride
Authors: Veer W. L. C. , Goldschmidt
Published: September 2010

The Grignard reaction between pyridine and benzyl magnesium chloride does not lead to the formation of 2‐benzylpyridine, as has been described by Bergmann and Rosenthal, but to 4‐benzylpyridine.
The activity of ions in suspensions. I. On the activity of several cations in dusarite suspensions
Authors: Schuffelen A. C. , Barendregt T.
Published: September 2010

The activity of the ions was measured in a number of dusarite suspensions containing varying quantities of adsorbed K, Mg and Ca. It was found to be very small in dense suspensions. With equal occupation of the adsorbent the average relation between the activities of K, Mg and Ca is as 25: 2.3: 1. The relation between the ions expressed in activities is quite different from that expressed in true concentrations.
The reaction between 1,3‐dichloro‐4,6‐dinitrobenzene and sodium glycolate
Authors: Blanksma J. J. , Fohr P. G.
Published: September 2010

Both the chlorine atoms in 1,3‐dichloro‐4,6‐dinitrobenzene can be replaced by the glycol residue by interaction with sodium glycolate dissolved in glycol. 4‐6‐Dinitrophenyl‐1,3‐di‐(β‐hydroxyethyl ether), so obtained, gives powerfully explosive nitrate esters when treated with nitric acid; the structure of these esters has been determined by the method described below.
Eugenine and eugenone, new compounds from wild‐growing clove varieties. (Eugenia caryophyllata Thungb.)
Authors: Meijer Th. M.
Published: September 2010

Upon the investigation of cloves from the different regions of the Moluccas, several wildgrowing varities were collected which were distinguished from the cultivated ones in appearance and odour. They were bigger and did not develop the characteristic odour of the ordinary cloves. The content of essential oil was much less, and varied from 3.6‐6.0% compared with 16.9‐23.2% for 150 samples of cultivated cloves. A table of the physical constants of the essential oil of 10 samples of wild cloves from various places is given. The most remarkable fact about these oils, however, was the absence of eugenol, which occurs in the oil of ordinary cloves to an amount of 64‐85 %. Instead, crystalline substances were deposited which until now had not been isolated from the oil of cloves. It was shown that two different compounds occurred, viz. C11H10O4 and C10H12O4; one of which was always present to the greater extent. They could easily be purified. The substance C11H10O4 with a melting point of 119‐120° C gave a violet colour with ferric chloride in alcoholic solution. One methyl group was present, and on acetylation a substance with a melting point of 150‐151° C was obtained, which according to the acetyl determination contained one acetyl group. Upon oxidation with potassium permanganate, oxalic acid was detected and a substance (C9H10O3) which has not yet been identified. On demethylation with hydroiodic acid (sp. gr. 1.7) a substance C10H8O4 was obtained with a melting point of 286° C, which agreed very well with the description of 5,7‐dihydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin. For the compound C11H10O4 the formula of 7‐methoxy‐5‐hydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin was established, and the name eugenine was given to it.

The substance C10H12O4 gave a dark red colour with alcoholic ferric chloride and had a melting point of 98° C. It contained two methoxyl groups and gave a p‐nitrophenylhydrazone with, a melting point of 221° C. Oxidation with sulphuric acid and potassium bichromate led to the isolation of 2,6‐dimethoxyquinone C6H8O4, melting point 250° C and the development of the odour of acetic acid. Treated with iodine in alkaline medium the smell of iodoform was observed, indicating the presence of an acetyl group. Fusion of the substance with a mixture of potassium and sodium hydroxide gave phloroglucinol. From these results the compound was identified as 2,6‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐acetophenone. and it was called eugenone.
On the structure of expansine, a bactericidal and fungicidal substance in penicillium expansum westl.
Authors: Th. Nauta W. , Oosterhuis H. K. , van der Linden A. C. , van Duyn P. , Dienske J. W.
Published: September 2010

From this investigation it is concluded that expansine C7H6O4, a substance with bactericidal and fungicidal properties isolated by Oosterhuis and Luyken

) H. K. Oosterhuis and R. Luyken, unpublished work.

) from the culture liquid of Penicillium expansum Westl., very probably has the structure of an anhydro‐3‐hydroxymethylene‐tetrahydro‐γ‐pyron‐2‐carboxylic acid.

Expansine is probably identical with patulin

) Patulin: H. Raistrick, J. H. Birkenshaw, A. Bracken, W. E. Gye, W. A. Hopkins and M. Greenwood, Lancet 245, 625–634 (1943). E. Chain, Brit. Med. Bull. 2, 1 (1944). Article in Brit. Med. J. 27/11/1943, p. 683. C. H. Stuart Harris, E. Francis and J. M. Staufeld, Lancet 245, 684 (1943). E. Chain, H. W. Florey, M. A. Jennings, D. Crowfoot and B. Low, Lancet 246, 112 (1944), Compt. rend. 1944 II. 25. I. R. Hooper, H. W. Anderson, P. Skell and H. E. Carter, Science (New York) 99, 16 (1944), Compt. rend. 1944 II. 25. Kenneth Walker and B. P. Wiesner, Lancet 246, 294 (1944), Compt. rend. 1944 II, 25. Schweiz. Med. Wochschr. 74, 611—636 (1944). Renseignements scientifiques d'hygiène, médicine et biologie no. 2, 44 (1944). Nachrichten für Aussenhandel Nr. 134 (1944). Chemie 57, 79 (1944).

), claviformin

) Claviformin: Wilkins and Harris, J. Exptl. Path. 23, 166 (1942). E. Chain, H. W. Florey and H A. Jennings loc. cit. E. Chain, H. W. Florey, A. D. Gardner, N. G. Heatley, M. A. Jennings, J. Orr Ewing and A. G. Sanders, Lancet 242, 226 (1940).

) and clavacin

) Clavacin: G. A. Glister, Nature 148, 470 (1941). B. P. Wiesner. Nature 149, 356 (1941). I. R. Hooper, H. W. Anderson, P. Skell and H. E. Garter loc. cit. Kenneth Walker and B. P. Wiesner loc. cit. Waksman and Horning‐Spencer, J. Bact. 45, 233 (1943).

).
The nitration of dianisoylmethane and para‐methoxydesoxybenzoin
Authors: van Steenis J.
Published: September 2010

Some derivatives of dianisoylmethane are described.

The action of absolute nitric acid upon dianisoylmethane and para‐methoxydesoxybenzoin is investigated. The first compound forms 1,3‐diparamethoxyphenyl‐1,3‐dioxo‐2‐nitropropane (dianisoylnitromethane). Beside this reaction the molecule is oxidized to anisic acid, while, depending on the reaction circumstances, 3‐nitro‐ and 3,5‐dinitroanisic acid are formed.

Anisic acid and 3‐nitroanisic acid form a molecular compound in the ratio 1:1.

Upon nitrating p‐methoxydesoxybenzoin, nitro groups are introduced into the benzene nucleus, while at the same time the. CO. CH2. C6H5 group is replaced by a nitro group.
Studies of gas absorption. I. Liquid film resistance to gas absorption in scrubbers
Authors: van Krevelen D. W. , Hoftijzer P. J.
Published: September 2010

A dimensionless equation has been derived for the mass transfer coefficient in the liquid phase (k1) both for physical and chemical absorption.

The equation can be written:

where the dimensionless groups2) have the following significance:

When the absorption is purely physical the group Ha has the value of 1. The equation is checked with the available data in the literature and those from experiments by the authors.

The “constant” c seems to depend on the relation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm diameter}\,{\rm of}\,{\rm packing}}}{{{\rm height}\,{\rm of}\,{\rm scrubber}}} $\end{document}; the function can be approximated by the formula:

The equation derived resembles the non‐dimensionless equation of Sherwood and Holloway3) (for physical absorption).
The effective permittivity of compressed and sintered samples of TiO2
Authors: Stevels J. M.
Published: September 2010

The effective permittivity of compressed and sintered samples of TiO2 is measured. The results are discussed in terms of the theory developed by Polder and van Santen.
A simple method for the preparation of 4‐carbethoxy pyridine (ethyl isonicotinate)
Authors: van Dorp D. A. , Arens J. F.
Published: September 2010

4‐Carbethoxypyridine can be prepared in a simple way by treating pyridine with zinc and ethyl chloroformate, and subsequent thermal decomposition of the tetrahydrodipyridyl derivative (I) formed. The dihydropyridine derivative (II) then formed can be easily converted into the desired 4‐carbethoxypyridine (III) by heating with sulphur.
The constituents of the bark of diospyros maritima bl.
Authors: Meijer Th. M.
Published: September 2010

The ground bark of Diospyros maritima gave on extraction with ether a mixture of several substances, three of which were isolated in a crystalline and pure form. The first substance had a melting point of 216°C, was colourless, insoluble in alkali and had the composition C20H32O. Acetylation led to the isolation of a product with a melting point of 232°C; an acetyl determination did not give satisfactory results. The second substance isolated from the extract turned out to be identical with scopoletin, 7‐hydroxy‐6‐methoxy‐coumarin. Several derivatives have been prepared. The third substance proved to be identical with plumbagin, 5‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐napthoquinone, the active principle of Plumbago species. A review of several uses of Plumbago roots in India, Malayan States and Java is given. The relation to vitamin K is discussed.
Cell dimensions and space group of regular acid sodium acetate: CH3COONa. CH3COOH
Authors: Lebret M. C.
Published: September 2010

A rotation diagram and several Sauter diagrams were made of regular acid sodium acetate, CH3COONa. CH3COOH, around the [001] axis. The period amounts to 15.86 ± 0.01 Å. Measured density: 1.39. Number of molecules per cell: 24. Space group: Th7 ‐ I a 3. Wyckoff's tentative determination is thereby confirmed.
The taste of 3‐aminobenzonitrile and its derivatives
Authors: Blanksma J. J. , Petri E. M.
Published: September 2010

m‐Nitraniline is 40 times2) and m‐aminobenzonitrile 25 times as sweet as cane sugar. Both are volatile in steam. Replacement of the NO2 group by CN reduces the sweet taste by a third. Hydrolysis of the CN to CONH2 causes the sweet taste and also the volatility in steam to disappear. Tasteless compounds are also produced when the amino group is acylated.

By condensing 3‐aminobenzonitrile with 1‐chloro‐2: 4‐dinitrobenzene there is produced 3′‐cyano‐2: 4‐dinitrodiphenylamine, which is tasteless and this on reduction with sodium disulphide gives tasteless 3′‐cyano‐2‐amino‐4‐nitrodiphenylamine.
The essential oil from the leaves of clausena anisata Hook.f.
Authors: Meijer Th. M.
Published: September 2010

A survey of the literature on the leaves of Clausena anisata is given. Distillation of the leaves yields 3.4‐7.1% of oil, the young leaves as a rule yielding a higher percentage of oil than the old ones. The chief constituent of the oil is anethole, varying from 74.3‐89.6% of the oil. On cooling, the oil solidifies. Leaves picked every month of the year have been distilled in order to obtain information about the seasonal variation of the oil and anethole contents; also the constants of each oil have been determined. The variation was shown to be small, both with regard to yield and the anethole content. A diagram has been drawn in which the variation of oil and anethole content are plotted.

The economic prospect of this oil is discussed.
Über Para‐ und Diamagnetische Nickelverbindungen IV
Authors: Lifschitz I.
Published: September 2010

Diformylaethylendiimincampher‐Nickel ist im festen Zustand in Benzenlösung diamagnetisch, in Methylalkohol und einigen anderen Medien paramagnetisch. Die Rotationsdispersion seiner Lösungen in Benzen‐ und Methylalkohol wurde gemessen. Über den Zustand des gelösten Stoffes und die Ursachen des Cottoneffectes ergeben sich hieraus einige Schlussfolgerungen.
Reformatzky reactions with s‐methyl‐bromothioacetate
Authors: Arens J. F. , van Dorp D. A.
Published: September 2010

The S‐methyl ester of bromothioacetic acid I can be used in Reformatzky reactions, but the yields are low and by‐products are formed.
A cyclic process for the preparation of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride
Authors: Reinders W. , Nicolai H. W.
Published: September 2010

The equilibria in the system of reciprocal salt pairs NH4HN3 + NaCl ⇄ NaHCO3 + NH4Cl were examined at 0, 10, 25 and 35°C and in solutions with various concentrations of NH3. From these equilibria were deduced the conditions for a cyclic process for the production of NaHCO3 and NH4Cl from NaCl and NH4HCO3.
Odourless thiocol
Authors: Blanksma J. J.
Published: September 2010

With sodium disulphide in alcoholic solution ethylene dichloride (α,β‐dichloroethane) gives diethylene 1,2,5,6‐tetra‐sulphide1, and with sodium polysulphide (Na2S5) in aqueous emulsion it forms polymeric ethylene polysulphide, which is known as the artificial rubber, thiocol2. Both have an unpleasant garlic‐like odour which can be removed by mixing with copper powder when odourless thiocol is obtained.
Analyse des Produits de Polymérisation d'Hydrocarbures au Moyen des Spectres d'Absorption Infrarouges
Authors: Lecomte J. , Leendertse J. J. , Waterman H. I.
Published: September 2010

De nombreux échantillons, représentant des produits de polymérisation d'hydrocarbures, préparés et déjà étudiés à différents points de vue au Laboratoire de Chimie Industrielle à Delft, ont été soumis à l'analyse spectrale infrarouge au Laboratoire des Recherches physiques à la Sorbonne. On confirme ainsi la plupart des résultats obtenus à Delft en les complétant, et en montrant que le recours au spectre infrarouge fournit des renseignements intéressants sur ces produits de poids moléculaire élevé.
Influence of cadmium‐ and lead halides on the photo‐sensitivity of silver halides
Authors: Burgers W. G. , Kooy J. N.
Published: September 2010

Mixed crystals of AgBr with a few % of PbBr2 and of AgCl with a few % of CdCl2 were prepared, partly by co‐precipitation and partly from the melt. Debije‐Scherrer photographs showed no change in lattice parameter compared with the pure silver halides. That actually mixed crystals were formed was concluded from the marked decrease in photosensitivity (colouring on exposure to ultraviolet light) as compared to that of the pure halides.
The reaction between chloral and camphoroxime. (discrepancies in the literature II
Authors: van Alphen J. , Drost G.
Published: September 2010

Chloral and camphoroxime form a compound which contains one molecule of each and is decomposed by water.
The presence of acid esters of l‐nor‐ecgonine in coca leaves
Authors: de Jong A. W. K.
Published: September 2010

The amino acid formerly1) separated from Java coca leaves is l‐nor‐ecgonine, which Einhorn has obtained by oxidation of l‐ecgonine with potassium permanganate in alkaline solution. It is present in the leaves as acid esters. The calcium salis of these esters and also that of l‐nor‐ecgonine itself are soluble in the mixture of benzene and methyl alcohol boiling at 58° and also in the mixture of benzene and ethyl alcohol boiling at 68°.
Mesure de pente à mi‐onde des courbes polarographiques: I. Considérations théoriques
Authors: Delahay Paul
Published: September 2010

L'auteur définit la notion de „pente à mi‐onde”︁ d'une courbe polarographique. Il montre par la voie du calcul que dans des conditions expérimentales identiques la pente a mi‐onde est proportionnelle à la concentration de la substance réduite à l'électrode à goutte.

Deux causes d'erreur affectent les mesures de pente à mi‐onde: 1) la modification de l'onde due à l'existence du courant résiduel de l'électrolyte de base, 2) la résistance du circuit de mesure.

Si deux ondes polarographiques présentent des potentiels à mi‐onde assez voisins (0.05 à 0.10 volt), les deux pentes à mi‐onde sont affectées d'une erreur supplémentaire résultant du rapprochement des deux ondes.
Mesure de pente à mi‐onde des courbes polarografiques. II. méthode de mesure
Authors: Delahay Paul
Published: September 2010

L'auteur décrit une méthode de mesure de la pente à mi‐onde d'une courbe polarographique.

La méthode est basée sur la superposition d'une faible tension alternative (de l'ordre de 0.005 volt) à la différence de potentiel appliquée à la cellule polarographique.

La composante alternative du courant traversant la cellule, mesurée au moyen d'un amplificateur, présente un maximum d'intensité au potentiel à mi‐onde; l'application de cette propriété permet de localiser très exactement le potentiel à mi‐onde au cours de l'exécution d'une mesure.

Au potentiel à mi‐onde, la valeur de la pente est obtenue en remplaçant la cellule contenant la substance étudiée par une résistance variable (boîte) shuntée par une cellule polarographique identique à la cellule de mesure et contenant la solution de l'électrolyte de base. La résistance variable est réglée de manière à obtenir le même courant de sortie de l'amplificateur que dans le cas où la cellule contenant la solution étudiée est en circuit. La pente est alors égale à l'inverse de la valeur de la résistance variable.

On constate expérimentalement que la pente à mi‐onde augmente avec la fréquence de la tension alternative appliquée à la cellule polarographique. A des fréquences de l'ordre de quelques centaines de périodes par seconde l'influence des phénomènes de polarisation de concentration disparaît; la pente à mi‐onde mesurée est alors égale à la conductivité proprement dite présentée par la cellule polarographique.

Aux très basses fréquences (quelques périodes par seconde), la pente à mi‐onde est pratiquement proportionnelle à la concentration de la substance étudiée. Les mesures sont toutefois assez délicates et relativement peu précises. Aux fréquences plus élevées, cette relation de proportionnalité n'est plus vérifiée. L'interprétation qualitative de ce phénomène est indiquée.
The diëlectric constant measurement of powdered regular crystalline solids
Authors: van Vessem J. C. , Bijvoet J. M.
Published: September 2010

1. In measuring the D.C. of a powder a grain‐size effect must be taken into account.

2. For ε1/ε2 ratio's up to 3 special precautions will not be necessary, for ratio's up to 6 the effect may be eliminated by using a large condenser (500 cm3) and a powder of fine grain‐size (0.02 mm).

3. Former measurements of several authors cannot be relied upon, the grain‐size effect not having been taken into account.

4. Measurements of the D.C. of NaCl and KCl powder at different filling‐fractions under ideal conditions of powder‐sizes and of NH4Cl and KCl floating in CCl4‐C6H6 prove that the Böttcher and Wiener‐Bruggeman powder‐formulae give good results.
La 2‐Amino‐4‐Hydroxy‐7(6?)‐Hydroxyméthyl‐Ptéridine
Authors: Backer H. J. , Houtman A. C.
Published: September 2010

La condensation de la glucoréductone avec la 2,5,6‐triamino‐4‐hydroxypyrimidine ne donne pas de ptéridine, mais un produit intermédiaire. La réaction de l'hydroxyméthylglyoxal sur la même pyrimidine engendre une ptéridine, pour laquelle deux formules sont possibles. Il y a lieu d'admettre que le groupe hydroxyméthyle du produit occupe la place 7 dans le noyau de ptéridine. La ptérine est caractérisée à l'état de diacétate et de monobenzoate.
Investigations on sterols III: The Provitamins‐D from the mussel (Mytilus edulis))
Authors: van der Vliet J.
Published: September 2010

In a further investigation on the sterol fraction from the mussel (mytilus edulis) the following degradation products have been obtained by oxidation of the ultra‐violet irradiation product: formaldehyde, the well known degradation ketone C18H32O from vitamin‐D3, methyl‐isopropyl‐acetaldehyde and isopropyl‐acetaldehyde. The latter aldehydes were detected by conversion into and isolation of the corresponding acid amides.

Qualitative and quantitative consideration of the results compared with similar degradations of calciferol and an irradiation product from 7‐dehydrocholesterol, as well as biological data, lead to the conclusion that “mussel provitamin‐D” is composed of:

magnified image

The last two components probably cannot, or at least to a small extent only, be activated antirachitically.
Investigations on sterols.): IV. The configuration of the junction between rings C and D in cholesterol
Authors: van der Vliet J.
Published: September 2010

The ketone C18H32O, obtained by the oxidation of vitamin‐D3 and which still contains the rings C and D of the original sterol, appears to be readily converted into an isomer and the same holds for its semicarbazone. This isomerisation is to be explained by the conversion of the trans‐hydrindane into the cis‐hydrindane configuration. From this it is concluded that the junction between the rings C and D in vitamin‐D3, 7‐dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol very probably has the trans‐configuration.
The determination of small amounts of succinic acid in biological nutrient media
Authors: Tasman A. , Smith L.
Published: September 2010

This investigation originated in the analytical technique of Goepfert, which was subjected to a critical theoretical and experimental discussion, whereby die various defects connected with this technique were demonstrated.

On the basis of the experience obtained an analytical technique was developed with which it is possible to determine succinic acid to an average error of 2.71% in amounts varying from 0.50‐6.00 mg in 10 cm3 of broth containing various amounts of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, alcohol, lactic acid and glucose together with 200 mg Difco proteose peptone.

This analytical technique amounts essentially to the following operations. The sample to be analysed is subjected to steam distillation in acid medium whereby formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and alcohol are removed. The residue of this steam distillation is extracted with ether. The etherial residue is taken up in water and the succinic acid precipitated in this with silver nitrate after adding an excess of alcohol. The excess of silver is titrated back by Volhard's method in the filtrate of this liquid.

It was found that succinic acid is in itself resistant to oxidation by potassium permanganate in acid medium but is oxidisable readily enough in the presence of peptones and other “inducing” substances.

This oxidation takes place with potassium permanganate both in acid and in alkaline medium, while other oxidising agents such as cerium sulphate and mercuric oxide have the same effect. Succinic acid thus fits into the scheme of “induced oxidations”, many good examples of which have been collected by Schilow as early as 1903.
Steric effects on mesomerism: II. The experimental procedures for following the deacylation of aromatic acylamino‐nitro compounds. The deacylation of ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐nitro‐acetanilide
Authors: Wepster B. M. , Verkade P. E.
Published: September 2010

The first part of this paper contains an extensive description of the experimental procedures used in estimating the rate constants of the “catalytic” deacylation of aromatic acylamino‐nitro compounds; the accuracy of the methods in question has been argued in detail.

In the second part of this paper the results of the kinetic investigation of the deacylation of ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐nitro‐acetanilide have been given and discussed.
The disintegration of fire bricks by carbon monoxide: Part II. Some investigations on the disintegration of fire bricks
Authors: Bohlken S. F.
Published: September 2010

The influence of rapid temperature changes (15‐40° C/min) in the material causes an excessive carbon deposition and carbon dioxide evolution both for a temperature increase and a temperature decrease, regardless of the gas atmosphere at the change in temperature.

The behaviour of different catalytic materials is discussed. Contrary to current belief the behaviour of natural and synthetic iron compounds (as oxides etc.) is unlike that of similar materials after mixing with clay and burning, as regards the catalytic activity as a function of temperature and sulphur compounds. There seem to be indications that in fire brick the catalytic iron compounds are activated in some way, perhaps by alkali from the clay, as those catalysts are far more resistant to sulphur compounds and as the deposition of carbon and evolution of carbon dioxide increases with increasing temperature from 400° to 800° C.

The compressibility of carbon deposited at 450°, 600° and 750° C and of powdered coke has been determined. There is not much difference between that of coke and that of deposited carbon. So the hypothesis of Diepschlag1) about this property seems not quite certain.
Preparation of 3‐methyl‐4‐alkyl‐pyridines from 3‐methylpyridine: (73rd communication on pyridine derivatives)
Authors: Wibaut J. P. , Vromen S.
Published: September 2010

The preparation of 3‐methyl‐4‐ethylpyridine, 3‐methyl‐4‐n‐propylpyridine and 3‐methyl‐4‐n‐butylpyridine from 3‐methylpyridine, by the method of Wibaut and Arens, is described.
Sur L'équilibre Complexe des Molécules Br2, C12, BrCl et des atomes Br et Cl dans L'Intervalle de Température Compris Entre 298.1° K et 3000° K
Authors: Butkow K.
Published: September 2010

Using the latest data on the atomic weight, as atomic proportions and thermodynamical constants, the chemical equilibrium between molecules Br2, Cl2 and BrCl is calculated.
Discrepancies in the literature III, IV, V: III. The dimorphism of salicylaldehyde‐α‐naphthylimide
Authors: van Alphen J. , Drost G.
Published: September 2010

A high melting form of salicylaldehyde‐α‐napthylimide has been obtained, showing that this compound is dimorphous or trimorphous.
The rôle of compounds containing phosphorus in the colloidal behaviour of potato protein
Authors: Hofstee J.
Published: September 2010

An investigation has been made on the influence of the phosphorus containing compounds in the potato on the solubility of potato protein. It seems probable that only part of the protein is made insoluble by the simultaneous precipitation of phosphorus containing compounds and protein. The remainder is made insoluble by negatively charged compounds containing no phosphorus.
Analysis of textile auxiliary products
Authors: van der Hoeve J. A.
Published: September 2010

An attempt has been made, in the domain of washing, wetting, retarding agents and emulsifiers to produce a system of qualitative analysis which embraces more groups of compounds within this field than has been the case up to the present. To this end various new tests are introduced such as: the Resolin B‐Solidogen BSE test, the KI3 test, the ammonium cobalt thiocyanate test, the Chlorantinlichtbraun BRLL test, the diazo test, the starch iodine test, alkaline distillation, the heating test and the acid heating test.
The determination of the hardness of organic films
Authors: Hoekstra Joh. , Nijveld H. A. W.
Published: September 2010

An apparatus is described for the determination of the indentation hardness of organic films. The deepness of the indentation can be measured with an accuracy of 0.1 μ. The measurement is performed during the application of the force.

A few results are given, indicating how the hardness of some lacquer films changes with time and thickness of the layer.
A new micro‐method for the analysis of gaseous hydrocarbons, based on high‐vacuum evaporation
Authors: Smittenberg J.
Published: September 2010

About 0.5 ml of the gas mixture is condensed in a vessel cooled with liquid nitrogen and evaporated in the vacuum of a diffusion pump, first at −196° and subsequently at a gradually increasing temperature. The evaporated gases are collected in an evacuated chamber, where the pressure rise is measured continually. From the pressure‐time curve the relative amounts of C1, C2, C3 and C4 follow immediately, while in a limited number of cases the amount of ethene by the side of ethane and the amount of isobutane by the side of n‐butane, can be measured separately.

The principle of the method: higher separation efficiency at decreasing pressure, may be applied in general to all kinds of sufficiently volatile substances of which only tiny quantities are available for analysis.
On the use of the rotating step sector in combination with intermittent light sources in spectrochemical analysis III
Authors: Schmidt R. , Manders H. , van Wijk G. J.
Published: September 2010

In a previous paper

R. Schmidt, Rec. trav. chim. 65, 825 (1947).

evidence was given that a step sector yields the same calibration curve for a photographic emulsion with either an intermittent light source or a continuous one, provided the emulsion has a negligible intermittency effect under the prevailing conditions. The data of that paper are now presented in a new way, based on that of the two‐line method and the use of densities, transformed according to Seidel, which permits more definite conclusions.

Evidence is given that the step sector yields the same calibration curve as the two‐line method, in cases where it may be applied.

The precision of both methods is compared; the step sector method proving to be less precise than the two‐line method.
Cylindrical diffusion with a discontinuous boundary
Authors: Vreedenberg H. A.
Published: September 2010

In continuation of the article of Hermans

J. J. Hermans. J. Colloid Sci. 2, 387 (1947).

the theory is treated of the cylindrical diffusion in a medium with immobile “holes”, in which the diffusing particles are caught. This theory gives a better description of Hermans's observations than a formula of Bungenberg de Jong applied by him.
Determination of the oil content of waxy oils
Authors: Mazee W. M.
Published: September 2010

A new method is described to determine the oil content of waxy oils. The oil content is determined as a function of the pour point of the dewaxed oil. The waxy oil is dissolved in a mixture of butanone and toluene of a suitable composition, after which part of the wax is precipitated by cooling the solution down to certain temperatures and separated by filtration. The oil in the wax cake is removed by repeated stirring with fresh solvent. By successively adding the extracts of the wax cake to the dewaxed oil and repeating the pour point determination, the maximum quantity of oil of a certain pour point is determined.
The determination of carbazole in anthracene
Authors: Strafford N. , Stubbings W. V.
Published: September 2010

Anthracene used in certain industrial processes must be substantially free from carbazole. No simple method, suitable for the routine determination of the carbazole content of semi‐refined and refined technical anthracenes ‐ containing up to about 6 % and less than 1 % carbazole respectively ‐ appears to be available in the literature. An investigation which ultimately led to the development of a suitable method was accordingly undertaken. The results are summarised in the present paper.
Formation of cinnamic aldehyde by interaction of benzaldehyde and boron fluoride etherate
Authors: van der Zanden J. M. , de Vries G.
Published: September 2010

The formation of cinnamic aldehyde by interaction of benzaldehyde and boron fluoride etherate is described.
The velocity of ozonisation of benzene and its homologues
Authors: van Dijk J.
Published: September 2010

It appears from velocity measurements of the ozonisation of benzene, toluene, m‐xylene, mesitylene and hexamethylbenzene that the reactivity of these substanees increases in the order mentioned. The order of the reaction could not be determined in the case of benzene, toluene and m‐xylene. With mesitylene the reaction is apparently quatermolecular and with hexamethylbenzene it is apparently bimolecular.

The results of comparative velocity measurements with mixtures of benzene and toluene are not in disagreement with direct velocity measurements.
A new method for the synthesis of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. Preparation of β‐methylcinnamic aldehyde, citral and β‐ionylidene acetaldehyde
Authors: Arens J. F. , van Dorp D. A.
Published: September 2010

Ethoxyacetylene carbinols can be partially hydrogenated to the corresponding ethylenecarbinols, which on hydrolysis yield α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. β‐ionylidene acetaldehyde VI could be obtained in fair yield starting from β‐ionone III (magnified image). This substance was identical with the β‐ionylidene acetaldehyde, described by Kuhn and Morris. Citral and β‐methylcinnamic aldehyde were prepared also.
Études dans la série du thiophène. II). Sur quelques acides et cétones de la série du thiophène, et leurs dérivés
Authors: Buu‐Hoï Ng. Ph. , Hoán Nguyen
Published: September 2010

Dans ce travail, on décrit la préparation et les propriétés de plusieurs acides dérivés du thiophène, du 2‐bromothiophène, des 2 thiotolénes, et du 2,5‐diméthylthiophène. Les méthodes utilisées pour préparer ces acides sont l'oxydation des méthylcétones par l'hypobromite de Na, pour les acides nucléaires, et la réaction de Willgerodt pour les acides à carboxyles extranucléaires. De nombreuses amides substituées dérivant de ces divers acides ont été préparées et comparées avec leurs isologues appartenant aux séries benzénique et furanique. A partir des chlorures de certains de ces acides et au moyen de la réaction de Friedel‐Crafts, on a préparé une série de cétones nouvelles, dont certaines ont été converties en α, β, β‐triaryléthènes à noyau thiophène. Avec les mêmes chlorures d'acides et les magnésiens du pyrrol et de l'indol, on a obtenu de nombreuses cétones, dont certaines ont pu être méthylées à l'azote. Quelques autres composés hétérocycliques azotés à noyau thiophène (benzacridines, phénanthridines, benzimidazols) ont aussi été synthétisés; des isologues furaniques de plusieurs des substances ci‐dessus ont été préparés à titre comparatif. Enfin, la chlorométhylation du 2,5‐thioxène est décrite, ainsi que des réactions de Pfitzinger avec les acétylthiotolènes.
3‐Nitrobenzene‐(1‐azo‐4)‐1‐naphthol. Discrepancies in the literature VI
Authors: van Alphen J. , Drost G.
Published: September 2010

3‐Nitrobenzene‐(1 azo 4)‐1‐naphthol has been examined, as contradictory data concerning it are found in the literature.
The electrolytic reduction of pyridine monocarboxylic acids to methylpyridines. (76th communication on pyridine and quinoline derivatives). Preliminary communication
Authors: Wibaut J. P. , Boer H.
Published: September 2010

By the electrolytic reduction of pyridine 2‐ and 4‐carboxylic acids respectively at a lead or mercury cathode, 2‐ and 4‐methylpyridine, respectively have been obtained in yields of 30‐35%. The reduction product from pyridine 3‐carboxylic acid has not yet been identified.
Steric effects on mesomerism. III). Estimation of the direct influence of substituents on the rate of deacylation ofortho‐ andpara‐nitro‐acetanilide
Authors: Wepster B. M. , Verkade P. E.
Published: September 2010

This paper contains data on the rates of “catalytic” deacylation of derivatives ofortho‐ andpara‐nitro‐acetanilide in which steric effects on mesomerism are absent, especially 1‐acetylamino‐2‐nitro‐4‐R‐benzene, 1‐acetyl‐amino‐2‐nitro‐5‐R‐benzene and 1‐acetylamino‐4‐nitro‐6‐R‐benzene. Comparison of these rates with those ofortho‐ orpara‐nitro‐acetanilide gives the (“direct”) influence of the respective substituents inpara‐, meta‐ andortho‐position to the acetylamino group. The results, which will be used in subsequent papers, are nearly always in qualitative agreement with current electronic theory.
Pharmacologically active biurets containing piperidine and their related compounds
Authors: Anderson Hamilton H. , Ch'eng Charles H. , Sah Peter P. T.
Published: September 2010

In order to find out what chemical groups are responsible for the favorable pharmacologic properties of biurets reported by Hill and Degnan5), four new biurets were synthesized, namely 1,1,5‐triphenyl (1), 1‐phenyl‐5,5‐pentamethylene (II), 5,5‐pentamethylene (III), and 1,1,5,5,‐bis(pentamethylene) (IV). I was obtained from dry diphenylamine and the azide of phenyl‐oxamic acid. The same azide with piperidine gave compound II, while III was obtained from the azide of oxamic acid and piperidine. IV was prepared by the following series of reactions: (a) Diethyl oxalate, heated with a calculated amount of dry piperidine at 150°, gave ethyl N,N‐pentamethylene oxamate (V). (b) V condensed with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol and gave the hydrazide of N,N‐pentamethylene oxamic acid (VI). (c) VI, diazotized in the cold, gave the azide of N,N‐pentamethylene oxalic acid (VII). (d) VII reacted with dry piperidine in dry boiling benzene and gave compound IV.

The results of pharmacologic studies indicated that (1) the benzene ring imparts to the biuret molecule toxic properties; (2) the piperidine ring endows to the biuret molecule favorable hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties; and (3) the biuret chain seems to be associated with the reduction of toxicity. Of the four new biurets studied, only IV was found to possess valuable properties. It resembles sodium pentobarbital in its pharmacologic action and is only one tenth as toxic.
Derivatives of bis (4‐aminophenyl)‐sulfone I. Vitamin C Derivatives of Bis (4‐aminophenyl)‐sulfone and Related Sulfa Drugs
Authors: Sah Peter P. T. , Daniels T. C. , Chen K. K. , Kleiderer E. C.
Published: September 2010

In order to improve the chemotherapeutic value of bis (4‐aminophenyl)‐sulfone, an agent active against tuberculosis, leprosy, and a number of bacterial infections but too toxic for clinical use, it was condensed with vitamin C (1‐ascorbic acid) in methanol solution to form a crystalline product.

This new derivative has a LD 50 of 987.7 ± 94.8 mg per kilo (mice, oral). Compared with the LD 50 of bis (4‐aminophenyl)‐sulfone, which is 12.6 mg/kilo (mice, oral), the vitamin C derivative is only one eightieth as toxic. In a concentration of 0.2 mg per 10 cm3 culture, it inhibited completely the growth of T. B. from 96 to 168 hours; in a concentration of 0.02 mg per 10 cm3 culture, it was found to be still bacteriostatic.

The vitamin C derivatives of sulfa drugs were also prepared and studied.

The antitubercular activity of the vitamin C derivatives of sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine was found to be of the same magnitude as salicylacetone, which inhibited completely the growth of T.B. in a concentration of 2 mg per 10 cm3 culture.
Composition and vapour pressures of aqueous solutions of ammmonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide
Authors: van Krevelen D. W. , Hoftijzer P. J. , Huntjens F. J.
Published: September 2010

Vapour pressures of aqueous solutions containing ammonia and carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide or ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, have been determined at temperatures from 20‐60° C. Dissolved hydrogen sulphide is present almost completely in the form of ammonium hydrosulphide. Dissolved carbon dioxide is present in the form of carbonate, bicarbonate and carbamate of ammonium.

The experimental vapour pressure data are interpreted from the viewpoint of the ionic equilibria in the solutions. The numerical values of the equilibrium constants have been derived.

A method is described enabling one to calculate the vapour pressure for arbitrary compositions of the solutions.

Diagrams are given for the vapour pressures of the two‐component system ammonia‐carbon dioxide, as a function of the total ammonia content and the ratio R (= total carbon dioxide/total ammonia). From these diagrams also the vapour pressures of the three‐component system ammonia‐carbon dioxide‐hydrogen sulphide can be derived approximatively.
Studies of gas absorption: V. Mass transfer in film reactors (wetted wall columns)
Authors: van Krevelen D. W. , Hoftijzer P. J.
Published: September 2010

Measurements of mass transfer coefficients in film reactors are reported.

Turbulence due to entrance effects is shown to explain why mass transfer coefficients in the gas film may be proportional to the 0.8th power of mass velocity even, within the region where streamline flow is normal. It is shown that the velocity profile of gas flow is completely developed only when the apparatus is longer than 25 times the diameter.

A theoretical expression for mass transfer in the liquid film is derived. This expression is valid for Reynolds numbers below 25.

At higher Reynolds numbers, turbulence in the exterior parts of the layer begins to play a part.
On the existence of solid hydrides of arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
Authors: Brink C. , Dallinga G. , Nivard R. J. F.
Published: September 2010

A critical study was made of the literature describing the formation of solid hydrides of arsenic, antimony and bismuth, and the experiments of Weeks and Druce and others were repeated. From determinations of hydrogen content by heating the products in vacuo and from Röntgen patterns, it was proved that we never obtained solid hydrides. We conclude that the existence of solid hydrides of arsenic, antimony and bismuth is still questionable.
Les Propriétés du Groupe Sulfonyle IV: L'addition de Diazométhane à des Sulfones Cycliques non Saturées
Authors: Backer H. J. , Dost N. , Knotnerus J.
Published: September 2010

Le comportement de quelques sulfones cycliques non saturées vis‐à‐vis du diazométhane forme l'objet de cette étude.

Ni en position α, ni en position β par rapport au groupe sulfonyle, une double liaison cyclique ne réagit avec le diazométhane dans les conditions usuelles. Cependant, lorsque la sulfone renferme deux doubles liaisons conjuguées, elle est à méme d'additionner une molécule de diazométhane, en donnant naissance à un dérivé de pyrazoline. Les deux doubles liaisons peuvent faire partie du cycle (thiophènesulfones) ou l'une d'elles peut ètre fixée au cycle en position semicyclique (3‐méthyl‐4‐méthylène‐thiacyclopentène‐2–1,1‐dioxyde).

Les pyrazolines obtenues perdent, sous l'action de la chaleur, une molécule d'azote, en abandonnant des dérivés du cyclopropane.
A contribution to the knowledge on metanethole
Authors: van der Zanden J. M. , de Vries G.
Published: September 2010

Oxidation of metanethole, , with sodium bichromate in acetic acid afforded 2‐anisoylanisic acid magnified image and an orange coloured product of the formula C18H14O4, melting at 180–180.5°. This latter product on further oxidation also gave 2‐anisoylanisic acid and by another route an acid ‐ probably dibasic ‐ with an equivalent of 164 and melting at 213–214°. These results led us to suggest a preliminary structural formula for metanethole, which was not published.

Only at a later date did we learn of a research by Baker and Enderby1), who arrived at a formula which differed from our tentative one.

We then carried out two syntheses, which afforded the same product, the formula of which when set up in one plane is identical with that ascribed to metanethole by the above investigators. The substance was not identical with metanethole, however.
Synthesis of 2‐amino‐5‐ethoxypyridine
Authors: den Hertog H. J. , Jouwersma C. , van der Wal A. A. , Willebrands‐Schogt E. C. C.
Published: September 2010

2‐Amino‐5‐ethoxypyridine has been synthesised starting from 2‐amino‐pyridine and 3‐ethoxypyridine. The synthesis from 2‐aminopyridine via 2‐amino‐5‐bromopyridine is not a feasible method of preparation because of the occurrence of various side‐reactions in the action of sodium ethylate on the latter substance in the presence of copper powder as a catalyst. The bromine atom is then replaced mainly by hydrogen instead of by ethoxyl, while simultaneously, one of the hydrogen atoms in the amino group is replaced by an ethyl group. An alternative route via 5‐bromo‐2‐nitro‐pyridine leads to no better result, since in this compound sodium ethylate replaces not the bromine atom but the nitro group by ethoxyl.

2‐Amino‐5‐ethoxypyridine can be prepared in a satisfactory manner, however, from 3‐ethoxypyridine via 2‐bromo‐3‐ethoxy‐6‐nitropyridine.
Études dans la Série du Thiophène. III. Indoles, naphtindoles, pyrrocolines et pyrimidazoles dérivés du noyau thiophénique
Authors: Buu‐Hoï Ng. Ph. , Nguyen‐Hoán
Published: September 2010

Dans ce travail, on entreprend l'étude des composés dérivant du noyau thiophène, et qui appartiennent en même temps aux groupes de l'indole, du 4,5‐benzoindole, de la pyrrocoline, et du pyrimidazole. Dans un but de comparaison, une série de composés équivalents en série benzénique a été également synthétisée. Au cours de cette étude, une contribution à la fois théorique et pratique a été apportée à la synthèse des indoles par la méthode deFischer; en même temps, la chimie de plusieurs thiophènes substitués (2‐ et 3‐thiotolènes, 2,5‐thioxène, 2‐chloro‐ et'2‐bromothiophènes. 2‐phényl‐et 2‐xénylthiophène) a pu être développée. Enfin, quelques réactions (nitrosation, réactions de Friedel‐Crafts) ont été effectuées sur les indoles et pyrrocolines ainsi obtenus.
Hydrolysis of the addition products of hydrogen chloride to isoprene
Authors: Ultée A. J.
Published: September 2010

By hydrolysis of the addition products of hydrogen chloride and isoprene, 1‐chloro‐3‐methylbutene‐2 [CH3. C(CH3):CH. CH2Cl) and 3‐chloro‐3‐methylbutene‐1 (CH3. CCl(CH3). CH:CH2], the main product is isoprene alcohol, CH3. C(CH3OH. CH:CH2 (3‐methyl‐3‐hydroxybutene‐1) along with a compound, which is very probably prenol

Communication 91 from the Rubber‐Stichting, Delft.

) CH3. C(CH3):CH. CH2OH, also.
The Breckpot calculator for calculating efficiency differences. The systematic error introduced by curvature of sector curves
Authors: Schmidt R.
Published: September 2010

The computation of efficiency differences of spectrum lines in step‐sector spectra may be carried out by means of a special calculator according to Breckpot. The employment of this calculator is based on the assumption that the sector curves are linear and parallel. Curvature of sector curves, which is very common, introduces a systematic error, the order of magnitude of which is determined by an approximative calculation. An exact treatment is given for a special ‐ extremely simple ‐ case. The approximative treatment yields values which are somewhat high, but of the right order of magnitude. The influence of the systematic error on the accuracy of concentrations reported is discussed.
Amides V. Ultraviolet absorption‐spectra of diacylimines
Authors: Polya J. B. , Spotswood T. M.
Published: September 2010

Ultraviolet absorption‐spectra of some diacylimines in chloroform solution have been measured. The spectra of purely aliphatic diacylimines differ from those of aliphatic amides. Possible structures for diacylimines are discussed.
Synthèse Générale des p‐Nitrophényl‐Arylamines: (Propriétés du groupe sulfonyle. V
Authors: Backer H. J. , Wadman S. K.
Published: September 2010

Une nouvelle synthèse, au moyen de la réaction de la p‐nitrophényl‐sulfonylcyanamide sur des amines aromatiques, au sein d'acide acétique, nous rend aisément accessibles les aryl‐p‐nitrophénylsulfonylguanidines, dont la décomposition, en solution alcaline, fournit une méthode générale et excellente pour préparer les amines secondaires nitrées ArNHC6H4NO2(p).
Synthesis of a cis isomer of vitamin A aldehyde
Authors: Graham W. , van Dorp D. A. , Arens J. F.
Published: September 2010

Cis‐C18 ketone I has been converted in Δ3‐cis‐Δ3‐trans vitamin A‐aldehyde IV by the method involving the use of ethoxy acetylene.
Comparison of the action of some catalysts on the addition of ethyl mercaptan to cetene‐1
Authors: Th. Hackmann J. , Berkenbosch R.
Published: September 2010

The addition of mercaptans to olefins was studied and showed to be a very subtle reaction, which is extremely sensitive both to positive and and negative catalysts.

The investigation, which was carried out with pure cetene‐1, revealed that the addition, which was almost unnoticeable without catalyst, is affected by ultra‐violet light, organic peroxides and air, ferrous chloride and ferrous 3,5‐diisopropyl salicylate, combinations of peroxides and ferrous salts, mercuric acetate and mercuric mercaptide.

By far the highest rate of reaction is obtained by using ultra‐violet light of the correct wave length, combinations of peroxides and ferrous salts following next in catalytic activity. There is an outstanding activity of the peroxide derived from cetene.

The reaction is greatly inhibited by the presence of butadiene, oenanthol and fatty acids; a contamination of 1% of butadiene prevents every reaction from taking place, even when intensely illuminated with ultra‐violet light.