bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the merits of simple models in distribution planning
Authors: HIGGINS J.C.
Published: February 2008

There has always been a tendency amongst a fairly vocal and influential section of the operational research profession, both in Europe and in the U.S.A., to weight mathematical criteria rather heavily in judging the merits or otherwise of a piece of operational research. Regrettably, British universities have made their own not insubstantial contribution to the development of this attitude; in the author's view, some British dons are masquerading as operational researchers and management scientists and would be better described as applied mathematicians. Within the context of distribution then, it is hardly surprising if many managers are under the impression that operational research necessarily involves the use of mathematical programming techniques or the development of complex simulation models of the distribution system under study. The purpose of this paper is to argue the case for the merits of simple models in distribution and transport planning. The author is not, of course, questioning the enormous value of more elaborate models and techniques, particularly in tackling the distribution problems of large and complex organisations, but he is trying to establish a more balanced perspective. The models are illustrated by examples drawn from work carried out by the author and by some of his former colleagues at Metra and IPC.
Container documentation: implications for the P. D. manager
Authors: WRONSKI MARK
Published: February 2008

One of the major problems attendant on the containerisation explosion has been the universal diversity of documentation. In addition, the role of traditional intermediaries in the international carriage of goods has in many cases changed, and nowhere is this more apparent than with the forwarder. This article is an attempt to clarify these two current problem areas in so far as they affect the carriage of containers by sea.
Characteristics of carbon blacks
Authors: Wilsmer L.C.
Published: February 2008

The various methods of manufacture of carbon blacks are considered, and the effects that the methods have on such properties as structure and agglomeration are discussed
Ethylene‐propylene terpolymers as paint films
Authors: Singer R.D. , Williams G.T. , Angerer G.
Published: February 2008

The results of research conducted into air‐dried terpolymer films shows the effect of various factors on degradation under accelerated weathering conditions
Mills — A survey of types and uses
Authors: Barnes P.J.
Published: February 2008

This objective survey not only reviews the types of equipment available, it also discusses the industries and materials where they are best used.
A survey of strainers
Authors: Willsmer L.C.
Published: February 2008

It is, perhaps, an over‐simplification to say that a paint or ink properly made for a specific purpose, with uncontaminated components and clean machinery, should not need to be strained or filtered.
Attenuated total reflection technique
Authors: Schmitz Dietrich
Published: February 2008

The application of attenuated total reflection (ATR) permits the use of infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of paint films. It utilises the phenomenon of abnormal dispersion close to resonance absorptions. Spectra obtained with the aid of the ATR technique are almost identical to those of the transmission method.
Microbiological testing of water paint preservatives
Authors: Gambini R.
Published: February 2008

The microbiological problems connected with water paints can be divided into two categories: in‐can degradation and dry film attack. For this reason the paper is divided into two parts: how to evaluate anti‐microbials for in‐can preservation and how to evaluate fungicides for film preservation.
Blast primers in the marine industry
Authors: Hodgson K.V.
Published: February 2008

As technical manager for a large group of paint manufacturers and painting contractors, the author is able to evaluate blast primers from the viewpoint of both supplier and user.
Sunshine, sunshine everywhere, and not a drop of rain
Authors: Caryl Cole R.
Published: February 2008

There's never a dull day in the life of a director of a testing station — at least there have not been many in my twenty‐four years as Director of Desert Sunshine Exposure Tests in Arizona. (Perhaps it would be more accurate to say, ‘in my nineteen years’, because for the first five years there was no other employee to direct.)
Apparent colour of dental restorations
Authors: von Fraunhofer J.A. , Davies E.H.
Published: February 2008

When tooth substance has been lost either by decay or accidental trauma it should be restored aesthetically and functionally to maintain the patient's oral health. Restorative procedures involve removing caries (decayed tooth substance) of the hard outer enamel and softer inner dentine layer. This is achieved by means of burrs and other dental cutting instruments. The shape of the cavity produced must provide retention for the restorative material and prevent further weakening of the tooth leading to possible cuspal fractures. Materials in common use include porcelain, gold, silver‐tin amalgam and various polymers. The decision as to which material to use in any given situation depends on several factors:
Performance and product parameters
Authors: Bullivant J.G.
Published: February 2008

The introduction — and apparent acceptance — of electrostatically sprayed thin film decorative and industrial coatings based on thermosetting powders rather than heat‐curing solvent‐based systems, has occurred so rapidly that there has been little time spent on trying to determine methods which should be used in evaluating and assessing the basic values of not only the product itself but also the anticipated performance.
Development of solventless coatings
Authors: Rossa G.
Published: February 2008

It has been estimated that corrosion costs British industry some £1400 million a year, and it is considered that up to 25% of these costs could be eliminated by better application of existing knowledge of methods of corrosion prevention, much of it by the correct application of suitable anti‐corrosion coatings. Many of the most suitable anti‐corrosion coatings that can be used in chemical plant construction and maintenance are based on epoxy resins.
Epoxy resins — materials for the engineer
Authors: Shaw J.D.N.
Published: February 2008

Epoxy resins were discovered almost simultaneously in Switzerland and the U.S.A. just before World War II. Initial work on epoxy resins was primarily aimed at their possible use in dentistry, an application which to date has never really been successful. However, the early work indicated that epoxy resin systems possessed a remarkable combination of properties including high strength, good adhesion and chemical resistance which has led to their use in a wide range of applications including paints, electrical insulation and also many uses in engineering industries, from very high performance construction adhesives in the aircraft industry to systems to improve the skid resistance of urban roads.
Batch plant in production at Stowmarket
Authors: Paints Division I.C.I.
Published: February 2008

Some 66 acres of production plant for ICI Paints Division, Stowmarket, produces well over 50 million litres of paint and ancillary products a year. These are basically for the automotive/refinish, decorative and industrial markets.
Dispersibility of organic pigments in pvc binders
Authors: Herbst W.
Published: February 2008

During the dispersion of a pigment in a given application medium, two main processes are taking place side by side. These are the wetting of the pigment surface by the binder components, and the actual dispersion process, i.e. the separation of agglomerates into primary particles or at least into smaller agglomerates by the application of mechanical energy.
Effect of U.S. pollution laws on industrial paints
Authors: Bathe O.
Published: February 2008

For many years, the U.S. paint industry has responded to its customer needs by the slow twisting path of technical evolution; however, within recent years this historical ritual of progress has been destroyed. The causes of this revolution can be directly related to ecological legislation, such as:
World press on pigments
Authors: Lombardini P.
Published: February 2008

Titanium dioxide has probably received more publicity in this last year than any other pigment used in the paint and allied industries. In a recent article, Antipov et al. in Lakokras. Mat. 1972, 4, pages 9–11, discuss a laboratory reactor that is suitable for the production of titanium dioxide by TiCl4 oxidation. The reactor has been used to investigate the temperature and residence time on the degree of dispersion and the crystalline structure of the pigment. The conditions prevailing were 700 to 1300°C, 0–20 sec. Experimental results are clearly presented using graphs.
Plastic powders as metal coatings
Authors: Bond G.E. , Ralston J.N.
Published: February 2008

Many of you may already be familiar with the term ‘powder coating’. For those of you who are not, I would like to describe the term briefly. Powder coating is a relatively new process by which dry plastic powders are applied to a clean metal surface. After application, the coated object is heated, fusing the powder to form a smooth, tough coating. Available today are many plastic powders offering a wide range of properties and colours. These powders are fully formulated and are free‐flowing ready for application to metal. Previous coatings for such items have been applied from solution. The dry plastic powders are normally higher molecular weight polymers than those used in solution: because of this, the coatings produced have greatly increased durability, toughness and abrasion resistance.
Pigments for colouring epoxy powder coatings
Authors: Maltman D.V. , Deverell‐Smith R.
Published: February 2008

A selection of organic and inorganic pigments has been evaluated in an epoxy powder coating system and the results are tabulated and discussed.
The development of car painting in Japan's automobile industry
Authors: Matsumura K.
Published: February 2008

After a brief survey of the Japanese car industry as general background, I hope to describe the development of car painting in Japan and point out its characteristics, compare its quality with that of American and European products and glance at future trends.
Evaluating materials for British cars
Authors: Newsome John
Published: February 2008

Problems are always with us. This is probably a good thing because most of us earn our livelihood by trying to solve them. In the Motor Industry most of us find that our engineering colleagues tend to consider paint as a necessary evil, something to be tolerated and only planned at the eleventh hour. Luckily, we have persuaded our styling people and others to call us in at an early stage of body design.
Dispersion of Organic Pigments with Modern Dispersion Equipment
Authors: Herbst Willy
Published: February 2008

A previous paper had shown that milling organic pigments at elevated temperatures often improves colour development through better wetting. The present investigation shows that heat can, nevertheless, have an overall adverse effect on colour strength and hue of pigments which partially dissolve (and subsequently recrystallise) in a vehicle system under the combined action of heat and impact. Likewise, metastable polymorphic pigments should be dispersed at the lowest possible temperature to minimise hue shifts and/or loss of colour strength.
Research and environmental protection
Authors: LEY KURT
Published: February 2008

Today many people have become critically conscious of their environment. They recognise much more clearly than just a few years ago the negative effects of civilisation. A wide range of suggestions on how to get on with the job of managing the environment has been advanced. This includes reasonable and feasible recommendations as well as Utopian suggestions and unqualified statements liable to spread a panic, often completely disregarding the most basic facts of life and natural science. More often than not successful achievements are deliberately ignored or played down, or they are largely unknown — a fact which often comes to light when we discuss the subject with visitors and guests — probably also because good results don't usually make good headlines.
The significance of the surface chemistry of pigment blacks
Authors: Ferch Horst
Published: February 2008

The introduction describes the factors which are necessary in characterising blacks. An important factor apart from ‘primary particle size’ and structure is their surface chemistry.
Water based paints for industrial finishes
Authors: Hortensius J.
Published: February 2008

It is well known that water based coatings offer several advantages over solvent based coatings, such as: less air pollution, saving of energy, saving of raw materials and noncombustibility, at least in liquid form and during application.
Survey and field of application of lead free anti‐corrosive pigments (Part 1)
Authors: Pantzer R.
Published: February 2008

The technical and economic importance of anti‐corrosion is demonstrated by the English investigation “Report of the Committee on Corrosion and Protection”.
Why radiation curing?
Authors: Ackerman J.J.
Published: February 2008

Radiation curing has become one of the most significant developments ever to reach the printing and coating field. The great amount of interest has resulted from the many potential benefits obtained by this form of curing. The characteristics and advantages are discussed and actual commercial examples of radiation cure use have been cited in many instances.
Some aspects of resin development
Authors: Jolly A.J.
Published: February 2008

The inclusion of the word ‘some’ in the above title is essential. When reviewing even a fraction of all the literature dealing with current and likely future developments in the synthetic resins field, it becomes apparent that any paper adequately covering this would be far too long to be of any use in a symposium such as this. It has therefore been necessary to highlight certain aspects which are of a major nature on the one hand and more familiar to the author on the other.
Materials conservation and the polymer industry
Authors: Scott Gerald
Published: February 2008

The long‐term future of the polymer industry depends on finding renewable sources of its raw materials. This is a pressing problem at the present rate of petroleum‐based intermediates usage and to allow time for this problem to be solved it will be necessary to utilise oil‐based materials more efficiently.
New formulation technology can reduce high costs
Authors: Sorensen Palle
Published: February 2008

By using the acid/base concept (the electron donor/Acceptor properties) and the solubility parameter it is possible to obtain a greater understanding of the interaction between pigments, binders and solvents. When higher colour strength, better flocculation resistance, gloss and rheology are obtained in a formulation by using these concepts, the cost of the raw materials can be reduced.
Modern techniques for measuring coating thickness
Authors: Latter T.D.
Published: February 2008

Who cares? What does it matter? Why bother? Such phrases have often been used when the subject of the measurement of coating thickness has arisen. Despite this, the use of coating thickness measuring instruments has more than doubled in recent years.
Dispersion of titanium dioxide in non‐aqueous media
Authors: Rackham J.M.
Published: February 2008

There are many methods by which the state of dispersion of pigments may be studied, either in the liquid paint or in the dried film. They range from essentially practical methods useful for production control to sophisticated laboratory techniques capable of providing quantitative data on the number, size, and type of particles present in a dispersion.
Dispersion of titanium dioxide in non‐aqueous media
Authors: Rackham J.M.
Published: February 2008

Generally the physical properties of the vehicle have a greater influence on the physical nature of a dispersion than those of the pigment, and in practice the choice of binder solids and thinning solvent are important.
Additives for inks: a change in emphasis
Authors: Rose J.A.
Published: February 2008

Inkmakers have long advised the printer only to make additions to inks when necessary. Despite the advances which have taken place in ink formulation, they still give the same advice. Why then, the printer asks, must additions still be made to inks and why, as is also asked, should they be made so sparingly? Put simply, the answer is in the demands made of modern print.
The additives game
Authors: Lulham M.E.
Published: February 2008

How long one wonders before the ideal paint contains all super efficient additives and no basic raw materials. Judging from the multitude of additives now being offered: fairly soon. A somewhat facetious view maybe, but there will be many a paint chemist casting his eye over the latest formulation. It will almost certainly contain quite a few speciality additives; particularly if it is being applied by one of the novel coating techniques. Almost all the desirable properties of a paint can be enhanced by the use of additives, although not necessarily all at one and the same time.
Selecting the right defoamer
Authors: Kelley Lloyd
Published: February 2008

CHEMICAL ADDITIVES provide the best means of foam control in water‐based paints. All defoamers, however, do not work equally well in all types of formulations, and the selection of the proper defoamer should be left to qualified technical personnel.
Accelerated weathering for the testing of binders
Authors: Walter Berger Dr‐Ing
Published: February 2008

The performance properties of coatings are predominantly governed by the binder material. Weathering is the most important and conclusive method of testing binders. Although valuable information is obtained from mechanical tests determining hardness, adhesion strength, flexibility, abrasion resistance, etc, they offer no direct relationship between the measuring data and the performance of the systems. It is only in special cases that electrical properties and, in particular, chemical resistance levels are of any interest.
Chalk‐adhesion polymer for exterior house paints
Authors: Victor Mattei I. , Stauffer John G.
Published: February 2008

Rhoplex AC‐64, a new acrylic emulsion vehicle developed by Rohm and Hass, enables paint manufacturers to eliminate alkyd‐modification in water‐based exterior coatings that offer a high degree of adhesion to chalky surfaces.
Dispersion and homogenization roll mills
Authors: Krapf A.J.
Published: February 2008

The author considers the concepts of dispersion and homogenization in relation to modern three roll mill machinery appropriate to these operations.
Formulation of water thinnable airdrying paint based on Finnresin CTA‐38'80E, a long oil based alkyd
Authors: Oy Kemira
Published: February 2008

Neutralisation and pH Whichever amine or ammonia can in principle be used for the neutralisation, it must be considered, however, that the neutralising agent has to be completely volatilised in the film, because otherwise it reduces water resistance and eventually makes the paint yellow.
Textured finishes: some formulation suggestions
Authors: Bax John , Bush Stephen
Published: February 2008

There is an increasing interest in textured finishes both from the manufacturer's and the user's point of view. The paint formulator is increasingly being asked to produce paints and coatings to provide these textures and this article aims to provide some suitable formulations for the technologist to use as a basis for his work.
The colour pill: Color‐Herbol tint system
Authors: Augustin Friedrich
Published: February 2008

There is a saying that all roads leads to Rome. This applies certainly to the tinting of dispersion colours, because there are many possible ways of arriving at a particular shade of colour.
Process sampling in a hurry
Authors: Lamson Ltd. D.D.
Published: February 2008

Paint and dye manufacture has come a long way since the job of colour matching was given to the chap who seemed to have an ‘eye’ for it. Computer colour examination given as near perfect colour matches as one can tell with the naked eye.
Viscosity measurement of surface coating materials
Authors: Bryan S.
Published: February 2008

The viscosity of surface coating fluids is a property of considerable importance in their manufacture and application. This is apparent from a consideration of, for example, the various stages involved in the production and application of a decorative paint.
Parameters affecting thermoplastic coating process:
Authors: Khanna Raj
Published: February 2008

These parameters, therefore, only partly characterise the extrusion performance, and a more valid correlation appears to exist between output rate and the specific energy of mixing and gelation as defined below. A plot of this relation for 15 different compounds at a screw speed of 60 rpm is presented in Fig (6). Energy is absorbed in mixing and gelation and the amount of energy per unit mass of compound increases with increasing output.
A simplified method for the qualitative detection of copper and organotin and lead compounds in antifouling paints leachates
Authors: Abou‐Khalil M.A. , Ghanem N.A.
Published: February 2008

Spot test methods were used for the qualitatative detection of the presence of Cu, lead and tin compounds in the antifouling paints leachates. Laboratory prepared antifouling paints were used as a guidance for the detection of these compounds. The methods were applied for commercial antifouling paints and gave promising results.
New organic yellow pigments with high fastness to light and weathering Part 2
Authors: Geissler G.
Published: February 2008

For a better picture still of the fastness to weathering of the various pigments in the chosen paint system, it is worthwhile studying more closely the reflectance curves which were measured before and after weathering for the determination of the AN values. In Figure 10 the reflectance curves of the non‐weathered and the weathered areas of the test panels are shown in pairs, again in order of decreasing fastness, i.e. beginning with the pigment with the smallest AN value. However, only the reflectance curves of the 1:50 reductions are shown.
A quick test for airless sprayability
Authors: Roobol Norman R. , Hutchinson Daniel C.
Published: February 2008

For a number of reasons, airless spray is a convenient technique for application for various mastics, sealers, and adhesives. Of particular advantage is the low overspray, which becomes increasingly important in view of EPA and OSHA solvent regulations. From the user point of view, however, research on new materials is often difficult. There is no published information on the relationship of sprayability to any particular material properties. Whenever a particular new material must be evaluated as to airless sprayability, an actual attempt must be made to spray it using a variety of spray conditions. If the user is unable to spray the material, the user is likewise often unable to suggest what property the adhesive supplier might change in order to increase its sprayability. As a result, numerous reformulations would be submitted for evaluation, each requiring a slow, trial‐and‐error sprayability test. That method of airless spray evaluation is very time consuming and often results in a considerable usage of material.
U.V. radiation cured finishes and equipment
Authors: Bassett Geoffrey
Published: February 2008

Drying paint, varnish or lacquer coatings on any substrate is a study in inefficiency if we try to relate the energy input to the energy which actually dries and converts the surface coating.
The analysis of acetate acrylic copolymer systems
Authors: Haken J.K.
Published: February 2008

The analysis of acetate acrylic and acrylic copolymers systems is described. Much useful information is rapidly obtained by infra‐red spectrophotometry and pyrolysis gas chromatography, however quantitative analyses generally require the polymer material to be cleaved by chemical means with subsequent identification of the fragments by gas chromatography.
An investigation into the influence of titanium dioxide pigments on the cracking of air‐drying exterior alkyd paints
Authors: Valpola Jouko
Published: February 2008

A commonly accepted practice for comparative evaluations of the exterior durability properties of titanium dioxide pigment grades is to prepare alkyd paints on each pigment grade, then apply the paints on test panels and send the properly dried panels to a Florida exposure centre for 12 months. During these 12 months the condition of the panels is examined monthly and gloss, chalking, cracking and other eventual changes are recorded and reported.
Emulsion polymerisation of linseed and safflower vinyl esters
Authors: Joshi S.K. , Chatterjee P.C.
Published: February 2008

Vinyl esters of mixed fatty acids derived from linseed and safflower oils were emulsion polymerised to yield oligomers that gave hard, glossy films with excellent flexibility and good water and chemical resistance.
Progress in water based printing inks
Authors: Hutchinson G.H.
Published: February 2008

The trend towards a greater use of water as the solvent in flexographic and gravure printing inks has been influenced by a number of factors — the growing attention to environmental pollution problems, health and safety aspects, elimination of residual print odour in food packaging printing and conservation of organic solvents.
Vibration ball mills: Have they a place in pigment and resin technology?
Authors: Smith Edward A.
Published: February 2008

The vibrational ball mill has been around for close on fifty years and yet, it seems to have made only minor impacts in the pigments and resin industries. Looking at the techniques of vibrational milling one notes that such a method of comminution, or grinding, is very much faster than, say, a conventional ball mill. Some larger vibration mills achieve an energy input of more than twenty times that in the tumbler mill. So one asks: why have not such miils been taken up by the paint and associated industries? The idea is technically attractive in which the grinding media are given an acceleration far in excess of that achieved by gravity in the conventional mill. For those who are not familiar with the vibrational ball mill it might be added that the container holding the grinding media is oscillated by an out‐of‐balance system, over a relatively small amplitude. This causes the grinding media inside to tap against one another and, if they are spherical, to revolve on their individual axes.
Nitropropane as an aid to solvent balance control
Authors: Bennett Robert R.
Published: February 2008

Solvent Balance is the key to prevention of undesirable application and film properties when non‐complying solvents are replaced in formulations that do not conform to pollution control regulations. Nitropropane has been shown to be effective as aid to balance control, improved adhesion and pigment wetting.
Influence of inert pigments on the anti‐corrosive properties of paint films: Part I
Authors: Kresse Peter
Published: February 2008

In corrosion protection it is usual to differentiate between inert and active pigments. Inert pigments are those which, according to present theories, have a mere barrier function in the fillm. Active pigments, on the other hand, reduce or prevent corrosion by the formation of passivation ions, as chromates do, or by the formation of metal soaps like lead, and zinc pigments. Long‐term work with inert pigments in primers has shown that they, too, influence the performance of primers in a variety of ways — such obvious factors like differing water‐soluble salts contents or strongly varying critical pigment volume concentrations being left out of account.
Energy control in twin screw polymer compounding extruders
Authors: Todd David B.
Published: February 2008

This work was undertaken to develop an additional and improved mode of control for twin‐screw compounding equipment, to increase the capability for the compounder to “fine tune” his equipment to accommodate changes in feed rate and feed properties without having to alter screw configeration.
Nitrocellulose thinners: the gas chromatography technique as a study method
Authors: Hendifar Abdolah R. , Tirgan Mohammad A.
Published: February 2008

Because of the continuing usage of nitrocellulose lacquers, a study of the thinners to determine the percentages of the components is very important. Usually these thinners consist of a mixture aromatic and alphatic hydrocarbons (as diluents or non solvents) and ketones, esters and ethers (as solvents).
Misting of printing inks
Authors: Fetsko Jacqueline M. , Lavelle Jean S.
Published: February 2008

The initial objective of NAPIM's misting project at Lehigh University is to develop a viable standard test method for evaluating the misting tendencies of printing inks. An ensuing objective will be to identify the ink characteristics responsible for misting. Development of such information is expected to uncover approaches for minimizing misting problems.
Polybisphenol phthalate alkyds
Authors: Chandra Sushil , Kiran Batra (Miss)
Published: February 2008

Polybisphenol phthalate was synthesized and incorporated into linseed oil alkyd by replacing a part of phthalic anhydride during the preparation of alkyds. Film properties of these polybisphenol phthalate modified alkyds (also termed as copolyesters) were examined and compared with those of pure alkyds. Copolyesters were superior in film properties as compared to pure alkyd resins especially with respect to chemical resistance.
New Buhler bead mill for the printing ink and paints industry
Authors: Wilke U.
Published: February 2008

Our newly developed Cobra 251 V bead mill was presented to the public at the ACHEMA 79 Exhibition. Designed for the wetting and dispersion of printing inks, paints and other pasty products of average viscosities, it will supplement our line of three‐roll mills. This makes the Cobra 251 V an alternative to the present‐day annular chamber mills. Our new bead mill is characterized by its very high specific capacity, its maximum degree of automation, and its high efficiency at a given throughput rate and dispersion quality.
Optical properties of white printing inks
Authors: Blakey R.R.
Published: February 2008

The behaviour of light in white prints is dominated by the presence of titanium dioxide pigment, which is responsible for opacity. The pigment also strongly influences gloss and is responsible for the whiteness of prints.
Commercial applications for dibutyltin dilaurate
Authors: Lower E.S.
Published: February 2008

Dibutyltin dilaurate, (Di‐n‐butyl dilauroyl dioxystannone; (C4H9)2 Sn(OCOC10H20 CH3)2) is a water insoluble oily liquid which can be produced by heating lauric acid with dibutyltin oxide in a molecular ratio of 1:2, for seven hours at 95/100°C. It can also be produced from dibutyltin chloride and sodium laurate.
Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology Paint Industries Show 1980, Atlanta, Georgia
Authors: Warson H.
Published: February 2008

The Annual Paint Industries Show is the U.S.A. counterpart of both the Annual OCCA Exhibition and the OCCA Conference. This year's show was held in the impressive Civic Centre at Atlanta, Georgia. There were about 140 participating organisations in one main Exhibition Hall. October 28th‐31st.
Applications of gas chromatography in the paint & allied industries Part I: raw materials
Authors: Walton Ann J.
Published: February 2008

Solvents by their very nature are volatile substances and therefore eminently suitable for analysis by GC. The separation of low‐molecular‐weight hydrocarbons on a highly‐polar stationary phase, which consisted of mixed bis‐lactams, was reported by Ravey (157). The packing was claimed to be stable up to 80°C, thus permitting some degree of temperature programming to be used, so that the molecular‐weight range of the samples examined in one analysis could be increased. The specific retention volumes and retention indices at 45°C for a total of 49 normal, branched or halogenated hydrocarbons were measured by Zielinski and Martine (211) for a series of seven stationary phases of similar chain length. These consisted of n‐heptadecance, l‐ hexadecylchloride, l‐hevadeceen,l‐hexadecylbromide, l‐hexadecyliodide, di‐n‐octyl ether and di‐n‐octyl thioether and the procedures described were used in the choice and classification of the stationary phases for GC. Separation of the alkenenaphthene fraction of white spirit was carried out by Leont'eva et al. (120) on a column coated with squalane and operated at 100°C. The carrier gas was helium and fifty three separate peaks were identified and quantified using a flameionisation detector (FID). A squalane capillary column was used by Kumar et al. (115) to identify the hydrocarbon components of a petroleum naphtha fraction (boiling range 40 to 150°C). The analysis was performed under isothermal conditions.
Leather finishes based on polyvinylchloride and polystyrene resins
Authors: Khan M.I. , Chandra S. , Vasishtha A.K.
Published: February 2008

Lacquers based on polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride resins were prepared by blending the two resins in various proportions. Their properties were evaluated and compared with those of a commercial leather lacquer based on polyvinyl chloride resin of organosol type. It was found that some of the blends proved to be comparable and even superior, in some respect, to the commercial sample.
Applications of gas chromatography in the paint & allied industries. Part 3: Binder resins
Authors: Walton Anne J.
Published: February 2008

The majority of binders used in paint manufacture are either highly‐viscous or solid materials in their own right. The identification of their chemical constituents has been reported by Haken (71) using infrared spectroscopy at liquid nitrogen temperature. However, the procedure proved to be very expensive since a great deal of breakage of the equipment occurred owing to the need to keep cooling and then reheating to room temperature. A better procedure was considered to be fragmentation of the initial polymer samples to give volatile fractions better suited to GC examination, which was just as accurate as the spectroscopic approach and far simpler and cheaper to carry out.
Printing ink problems
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

The 1974 Health and Safety Act has affected printing like other industries and has caused employers, manufacturers and suppliers to respond in different ways and to varying degrees. In this article is collated the experiences of some inkmakers, in trying to ensure products and working environments are safe, for the benefit of others.
Higher solids paints
Authors: Drew E.W.
Published: February 2008

Automatic electrostatic spray has been a practical method of paint application for over 30 years, based on rotating charged discs or bells. The newer high speed discs are simply a development from this process.
Difficult blending operations
Authors: Pemberton E.W.
Published: February 2008

The assumption is often made in considering the blending or mixing of two or more phases that interparticle forces are not significant. Where one is considering components to be blended which are relatively coarse, emphasis is placed on densities and shape or geometry, but when any of the components are fine, say, below 300 BSS, surface forces on the particles of powder can exert a predominant effect. The problem of blending may become acute where a relatively coarse powder needs to be mixed with a very fine one and where there is a high ratio between the components.
Centrifugal separation of paint factory effluents
Authors: Quilter John
Published: February 2008

For maximum efficiency paint manufacture is now, in the main, carried out on a batch‐wise basis. It is therefore vital that, between batches, the paint containers and ancillary equipment are thoroughly cleaned of residual paints or solvents.
Modification of totally hydrolysed lac: uses of Rebulac in water‐thinnable paints and primers
Authors: Banerjee R.K. , Sengupta S.C.
Published: February 2008

Rebulac has been found to be highly suitable for the production of water‐thinnable primers and gloss paints formulations. The baked films on ferrous and non‐ferrous metals are highly adherent, hard and water‐resistant, in contrast to aqueous lac varnishes. The possibilities of the development of aqueous zinc chrome primers based on Rebulac has also been indicated.
Some common problems encountered when using proportioning resin systems in production
Authors: Dargavel G.T.
Published: February 2008

The causes of difficulties and production problems when using resins can generally be divided into five areas, and this paper will cover some of the common causes of production difficulties in each of these areas.
Calcium carbonate as a pigment for paper coating
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

Calcium carbonates, which are normally classified as extenders in oleoresinous systems, also constitute a very wide range of pigments in other uses that are both diverse in their origin and form. The diversity of form is reflected in their various Theological properties and in the optical properties of the coating. They can be either natural or synthetic and are known for their high binder demand and their usefulness for the smooth matt coatings required for gravure printing. They are also used in the high solids coating field.
A method for the determination of heat and light fastness of insoluble organic pigments
Authors: Rabah M.A. , Aboukhashaba A.A. , Aly M.S.
Published: February 2008

The European association of pigment and dye manufacturers established a method for the estimation of heat and light fastness of organic pigments. In such method, pigments were dispersed in partially dried linseed oil whereby prints were made on standard writing paper. Degraded prints were visually estimated after comparing with a freshly prepared standard scale of 8 grades. A sample similar to scale 5 or more was considered to be of good or excellent fastness. Practically, it became familiar with controversial personnel estimations, especially in regard to the critical level of 4–5. Furthermore, the specific side effect interference of the linseed oil resin could not be avoided. It becomes reasonable to put forward a method depending on instrumental measurements. In the light of this method, heat and light fastness of organic pigments can be colourimetrically determined. The pigment is pasted in water containing 2–3% weight of sodium silicate as binding agent. Thin film prints are then made on a transparent non‐porous standard paper 80 g/m2. Prints are dried over P2O5 in a desicator placed in a cool and dark place. The dried prints are striped in 2cm width. Some of these stripes are taken for the colourimetric determination of the colour density with the help of a colour densitometer. Other stripes are subjected for 72 hours to daylight (not to direct sun rays) or placed in a drying oven maintained at the required temperature for the same duration. For colour density measurements, prints are underlined with 100 g/m2 white standard paper. Peak heights obtained with certain light wave‐length are computed with reference to the peak of the undergraded sample. It has been shown that a change in heat or light fastness as low as 2% can be determined with an accuracy range of 0.5% compared to 12.5% and 3.5% for the European method respectively.
The role of sand gravel in lowering the mechanical wear of traffic paints
Authors: Aboukhashaba A.A. , Rabah M.A. , Aly M.S.
Published: February 2008

Tar‐impregnated paper strips, 2m long and 20cm width were painted with 1–1.25mm thick yellow traffic paint. Sand gravel having a grain size 2.0 + 1.5 mm was uniformly screened over the wet paint film. The dry painted samples were fixed on pavements of Jeddah‐Taif highway during the summer [42 ± 2°C]. The mechanical wear rate was determined and compared with that of sand‐free paint.
De‐aeration of printing ink formulations
Authors: Boulton A.J.
Published: February 2008

During recent years there has been a considerable development in the type of mixer which is used in the preparation of printing ink formulations.
Effect of pigmentation on gloss
Authors: Simpson L.A.
Published: February 2008

Since the size of surface defect which has a detrimental affect on specular gloss is comparable with that of some pigment particles it follows that in paint systems where pigment is present at the surface, gloss may be significantly affected. The size of titanium dioxide crystals, for example, is about 0.2 ?m so depending on the paint system used, the type of pigment and its concentration are important factors.
New instrumentation for paint thickness testing
Authors: Sellars I.C.
Published: February 2008

In the surface coating procedure, it is not only the quality of paint which is crucial, but how it is applied. Accurate film thickness, ensuring paint film continuity meets the required specification, and adequate substrate coverage, minimising paint film permeability, is imperative for any successful paint system. Measuring coating thickness is an obvious necessity to save production costs, to meet specifications and ensure an accepted level of quality in the product itself, as well as ensuring the product is right from the supplier. In quality control processing, speedy, accurate measurement reduces time, labour and reject costs and minimises scrap materials.
Utilising gelatin: some applications in the coatings, adhesives and allied industries
Authors: Lower Edgar S.
Published: February 2008

Various reviews have appeared in earlier years dealing with several aspects of gelatin. Articles have also appeared dealing with the structure of the material and its properties, and with its properties in the solid state. Specifications for the purer form of gelatin have appeared in a number of Pharmacopiea, and commercial specification covering several qualities of the material have also been published.
Utilising gelatin: some applications in the coatings, adhesives and allied industries—2
Authors: Lower E.S.
Published: February 2008

Methods of forming gelatin films and sheets have been published, and of semi‐permeabie membranes. The structure of dried gelatin films has been investigated, including temperature dependance of the structure forming process, and internal stresses of gelatin film applied to solid substrates. Studies of the state of absorbed water in gelatin films have been carried out, to show that the absorbed water becomes bound. Internal stresses arising from the heating of gelatin film have been found to decrease by addition of plasticisers, such as glycerol. The mechanical properties of gelatin film prepared by the evaporation of its water/solvent solutions has been investigated, and the effects of dyes and titanium dioxide on the mechanical properties of the films has been examined. The oxide was found to have negligible effects, but the dyes produced minor changes in the modulus and tensile strength, and major changes in the contraction of the film under constant stress. The effects of water on the mechanical strength of gelatin films has also been considered and compared with its effects on collagen. The permeability of potassium chloride, tetraalkyl ammonium chloride, dodecylamine chloride and uric acid, glucose and urea.
Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology 48th Paint Industries Show, Montreal October 12–14, 1983
Authors: Warson H.
Published: February 2008

New ground was broken this year when the Annual Paint Industries Show was held for the first time in Canada, the location being the Place Bonaventure in Montreal, a city in which the main language being French added an extra interest.
Polybisphenol maleate — its blends and copolyesters for surface coatings
Authors: Batra Kiran
Published: February 2008

Polybisphenol maleate was prepared by the reaction of bisphenol diacetate and maleic acid and its molecular weight, relative viscosity, solubility and melting points were determined. Its structure was confirmed by spectral and chemical analysis. It was incorporated physically and chemically into linseed oil alkyds and resulting products were termed as physical blends and copolyesters respectively. Film properties of blends and copolyesters were studied and compared with those of plain linseed oil alkyds. It was found that copolyesters were superior in film properties to those of plain linseed oil alkyds, and blends were up to some extent.
The advantage of plastics for resin storage and process tanks
Authors: Ashby R.A.J.
Published: February 2008

The properties of plastic tanks make them attractive to engineers and experience has encouraged a continuing diversification of applications. In specific applications their properties are competitive with stainless steel at only a fraction of the price.
Pigmentation for polyurethane anti‐corrosion coatings
Authors: Wieczorrek W.
Published: February 2008

Polyurethane coatings (PUR) have, for some years now, been gaining increasing importance in the field of corrosion protection. Whereas PUR systems have been established for a long time as top‐quality coatings in virtually all other sectors, they were rather late in gaining a foothold in the field of “heavy‐duty corrosion protection”. Their increasing use nowadays is related, among other things, to new developments which form the subject of this article.
Formulation and manufacture of micaceous iron oxide paints
Authors: Carter Eric
Published: February 2008

Micaceous iron oxide (MIO) paints are employed throughout the world to provide long‐life corrosion protection for structural steelwork.
Polyurethane/micaceous iron oxide coatings
Authors: Sonntag Michael
Published: February 2008

Micaceous iron oxide coatings are becoming more and more popular in Europe in steel construction, both as an undercoat and as a topcoat. This is mainly due to the protecting platelet structure of the micaceous iron oxide, which protects the resin component from oxidative uv degradation on exposure to the weather. It is also fairly common to combine them with aluminium pigments. This reinforces the scale‐like character of such coating systems and gives a light, metallic appearance. Because of the natural dark colour of micaceous iron oxide, the choice of shades is rather limited. There are nevertheless no problems in matching certain dirty shades as are found, for example, in standardised colour cards.
Varnishes and coatings for printing inks
Authors: Cawkill E.
Published: February 2008

The basic reasons for use of an overprint varnish are generally to afford protection to the inks and/or substrate and to promote gloss. The types of coating available can be summarised as follows in approximately an order of increasing gloss level.
The development of an accurate minimum film forming temperature instrument
Authors: Davies M.A.S.
Published: February 2008

Several years ago, under the leadership of the late Mr. G. H. Cox, the Research Instrumentation and Engineering Section of I.C.I. Paints Division, Slough, carried out a design study on instrumentation for the determination of minimum film forming temperature of latexes for waterborne surface coatings.
Heat resistant pigments
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

The heat resisting qualities of certain pigments, has, in some cases been known for decades, but a problem until relatively recently has been the difficulty of overcoming binder deficiencies in organic coatings, particularly at temperatures over 200°C. A marked contribution was the development of silicone resin, since very good high temperature characteristics have been discovered. Polytetrafluoroethylene and polycarbonate resins also possess high heat stability, and to a lesser extent, so do polyvinyl formal, butyl rubber, neoprene, some polyurethane and epoxies. A new polyethylene resin has been developed by the Nippon Steel Corporation of Japan, that does not result in the deterioration of the other properties.
Advance in polymers science
Authors: Edwards Anthony
Published: February 2008

An American company has achieved what is claimed to be a breakthrough of great significance to polymer science.