bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat Capacity and Thermodynamic Properties of Myclobutanil
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Hong , Liu Yuan‐Fa , Tan Zhi‐Cheng , Jia Ying‐Qi , Wang Mei‐Han , Di You‐Ying
Published: January 2005

The low‐temperature heat capacities of myclobutanil (C15H17ClN4) were precisely measured with an automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 78 to 368 K. The sample was observed to melt at (348.800 ±0.06) K. The molar enthalpy and entropy of the melting as well as the chemical purity of the substance were determined to be ΔfusHm (30931±11) J·mol−1, ΔfusSm (88.47±0.02) J·mol−1·K−1 and 99.41%, respectively. Further research of the melting process for this compound was carried out by means of DSC technique. The result was in agreement with that obtained from the measurements of heat capacities.
Microwave‐heating Synthesis and Gas Separation Performance of NaA Zeolite Membrane
Authors: Cheng Zhi‐Lin , Liu Zan , Wan Hui‐Lin
Published: January 2005

The paper presented novel synthesis of NaA zeolite membrane with good performance using microwave heating. The method involved two steps, prior seeding 120 nm of LTA crystals on substrate and then employing a secondary hydrothermal synthesis. Effects of seeding times, synthesis time and synthesis times were investigated in this work. The quality evaluation of membranes respectively used single component gases (H2 and N2) and H2/N2 (equivalent volume) mixture. The ideal H2/N2 selectivity increased from 1.90 of the substrate to 6.37 of the three‐stage synthesized membrane, which was distinctly higher than the corresponding Knudsen diffusion selectivity of 3.74. However, the real H2/N2 selectivity of the three‐stage synthesis was much lower than the corresponding ideal selectivity and close to the corresponding Knudsen diffusion selectivity of 3.74.
Synthesis of σ‐meso‐formylvinylchlorin and Benzoisobacterichlorin by Vilsmeier Reaction with Methyl Pyropheophorbide‐a
Authors: Wang Jin‐Jun , Wu Xu‐Ran , Shim Young‐Key
Published: January 2005

From methyl pyropheophorbide‐a(MPPa,1), the vinyl group of methyl pyropheophorbide‐awas converted into alkylcarbonyl group by Grignard reaction and oxidization to give chlorins2,3and5. The Vilsmeier reaction of nickel 3‐substituent‐3‐devinylpyropheophorbide‐a(6), which was prepared by the metallation with nickel acetate, with 3‐dimethylamino‐acrolein/phosphoryl chloride (3‐DMA/POCl3) was carried out to give δ‐meso‐formylvinyl‐pyropheophorbide‐a(7) in good yield. The benzoisobacterichlorin (8) was obtained by the treatment of7bwith concentrated sulfuric acid.
Synthesis of New Silicon‐linked Lanthanocene Complexes and Their High Catalytic Activity for Methyl Methacrylate Polymerization with Nanometric Sodium Hydride as Co‐catalyst
Authors: Xie Xiao‐Min , Huang Ji‐Ling
Published: January 2005

The synthesis and characterization of four new silicon‐linked lanthanocene complexes with pendant phenyl groups on cyclopentadiene were reported. Based on the data of elemental analyses, MS and IR, the complexes were presumed to be unsolvated and dimeric complexes [Me2Si(C5H3CMe2C6H5)2LnCl]2 [Ln=Er (1), Gd (2), Sm (3), Dy (4)]. In conjunction with AlEt3 or sodium hydride as the co‐catalyst, these complexes could efficiently catalyze the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). When the nanometric sodium hydride was used as a co‐catalyst, the complexes were highly effective for the polymerization of MMA. At low temperature and in short time, in [Me2Si(C5H3CMe2C6H5)2LnCl]2/NaH (nanometric) system, the polymer was obtained in more than 80% yield and the molecular weight was greater than 105. The activity reached that of organolanthanide hydride as a single‐component catalyst. In [Me2Si(C5H3CMe2C6H5)2ErCl]2/NaH (nanometric) system, the effects of the molar ratio of MMA/catalyst and catalyst/co‐catalyst, and the temperature on polymerization were studied.
Effects of systemically administered NT‐3 on sensory neuron loss and nestin expression following axotomy
Authors: Kuo Lu‐Ting , Simpson Andrew , Schänzer Anne , Tse Jamie , An Shu‐Feng , Scaravilli Francesco , Groves Michael J.
Published: January 2005

Previous work has shown that administration of the neurotrophin NT‐3 intrathecally or to the proximal stump can prevent axotomy‐induced sensory neuron loss and that NT‐3 can stimulate sensory neuron differentiation in vitro. We have examined the effect of axotomy and systemic NT‐3 administration on neuronal loss, apoptosis (defined by morphology and activated caspase‐3 immunoreactivity), and nestin expression (a protein expressed by neuronal precursor cells) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following axotomy of the adult rat sciatic nerve. Systemic administration of 1.25 or 5 mg of NT‐3 over 1 month had no effect on the incidence of apoptotic neurons but prevented the overall loss of neurons seen at 4 weeks in vehicle‐treated animals. Nestin‐immunoreactive neurons began to appear 2 weeks after sciatic transection in untreated animals and steadily increased in incidence over the next 6 weeks. NT‐3 administration increased the number of nestin‐immunoreactive neurons at 1 month by two‐ to threefold. Nestin‐IR neurons had a mean diameter of 20.78 ± 2.5 μm and expressed the neuronal markers neurofilament 200, βIII‐tubulin, protein gene product 9.5, growth associated protein 43, trkA, and calcitonin gene‐related peptide. Our results suggest that the presence of nestin in DRG neurons after nerve injury is due to recent differentiation and that exogenous NT‐3 may prevent neuron loss by stimulating this process, rather than preventing neuron death. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:320–332, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Trio, a member of the Dbl family of Rho GEFs in the developing rat brain
Authors: Ma Xin‐Ming , Huang Jian‐Ping , Eipper Betty A. , Mains Richard E.
Published: January 2005

Trio, a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), has a series of spectrin repeats, two GEF domains, protein interaction domains, and a putative kinase domain, potentially important in neuronal axon guidance and cell migration. Most knowledge about Trio is based on studies of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, while the function of Trio in vertebrates is unclear. The aim of these experiments was to establish the patterns of Trio expression in the postnatal rat brain. During postnatal (P) development, high levels of Trio mRNA are found in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate/putamen, and olfactory bulb, with lower levels in the septal nucleus, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Except for the cerebellum, Trio mRNA in major brain areas is highest at P1, decreasing gradually during development, with low but detectable levels at P30. In P14 cerebral cortex, pyramidal neurons with strongly staining soma and dendrites are observed primarily in layer 5. In hippocampus, strong staining is observed in pyramidal neurons, granule cells, and isolated interneurons. Cerebellar Purkinje neurons exhibit intense staining in the soma and in extensive dendritic arbors at P7 and P14. Levels of Trio mRNA and the intensity of Trio immunostaining in cerebellar Purkinje cells increase from P1 to P30. Consistent with the in situ hybridization pattern, Western blot analyses show that Trio levels in the hippocampus and cortex are high at P1, decreasing until P30. The data suggest that Trio plays an important role during neuronal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:333–348, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dlx gene expression during chick inner ear development
Authors: Brown Stephen T. , Wang Juemei , Groves Andrew K.
Published: January 2005

Members of the Dlx gene family play essential roles in the development of the zebrafish and mouse inner ear, but little is known regarding Dlx genes and avian inner ear development. We have examined the inner ear expression patterns of Dlx1, Dlx2, Dlx3, Dlx5, and Dlx6 during the first 7 days of chicken embryonic development. Dlx1 and Dlx2 expression was seen only in nonneuronal cells of the cochleovestibular ganglion and nerves from stage 21 to stage 32. Dlx3 marks the otic placode beginning at stage 9 and becomes limited to epithelium adjacent to the hindbrain as invagination of the placode begins. Dlx3 expression then resolves to the dorsal otocyst and gradually becomes limited to the endolymphatic sac by stage 30. Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression in the developing inner ear is first seen at stages 12 and 13, respectively, in the rim of the otic pit, before spreading throughout the dorsal otocyst. As morphogenesis proceeds, Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression is seen throughout the forming semicircular canals and endolymphatic structures. During later stages, both genes are seen to mark the distal surface of the forming canals and display expression complementary to that of BMP4 in the vestibular sensory regions. Dlx5 expression is also seen in the lagena macula and the cochlear and vestibular nerves by stage 30. These findings suggest important roles for Dlx genes in the vestibular and neural development of the avian inner ear. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:48–65, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression of a tyramine receptor gene in the brain of the honey bee, Apis mellifera
Authors: Mustard Julie A. , Kurshan Peri T. , Hamilton Ingrid S. , Blenau Wolfgang , Mercer Alison R.
Published: January 2005

This study reveals that the tyramine receptor gene, Amtyr1, is expressed in the developing brain, as well as in the brain of the adult worker honey bee. Changes in levels of Amtyr1 expression were examined using Northern analysis. Age‐related increases in Amtyr1 transcript levels were observed not only during metamorphic adult development, but also in the brain of the adult worker bee. RNA in situ hybridization revealed the pattern of Amtyr1 expression. Cell bodies staining intensely for tyramine receptor‐gene transcript were observed throughout the somata rind, with well‐defined clusters of cells associated with developing mushroom bodies, optic lobes, and antennal lobes of the brain. Staining for Amtyr1 transcript was particularly intense within the three major divisions of mushroom body intrinsic neurons (outer compact, noncompact, and inner compact cells), suggesting that Amtyr1 is highly expressed in these structures. Activation of AmTYR1 receptors heterologously expressed in insect (Spodoptera frugiperda) cells led to a reduction in intracellular levels of cAMP similar to that reported for AmTYR1 receptors expressed in mammalian (HEK 293) cells (Blenau et al. [2000] J Neurochem 74:900–908). Taken together, these results suggest that AmTYR1 receptors may play a role in the developing brain as well as in the brain of the adult worker bee. The actions of tyramine are likely to be mediated, at least in part, via the cAMP‐signaling pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:66–75, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using JavaNws to compare C and Java TCP‐Socket performance
Authors: Krintz Chandra , Wolski Rich
Published: January 2005

As research and implementation continue to facilitate high‐performance computing in Java, applications can benefit from resource management and prediction tools. In this work, we present such a tool for network round‐trip time and bandwidth between a user's desktop and any machine running a Web server (this assumes that the user's browser is capable of supporting Java 1.1 and above). JavaNws is a Java implementation and extension of a powerful subset of the Network Weather Service (NWS), a performance prediction toolkit that dynamically characterizes and forecasts the performance available to an application. However, due to the Java language implementation and functionality (portability, security, etc.), it is unclear whether a Java program is able to measure and predict the network performance experienced by C‐applications with the same accuracy as an equivalent C program. We provide a quantitative equivalence study of the Java and C TCP‐socket interface and show that the data collected by the JavaNws is as predictable as that collected by the NWS (using C). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chaotic network synchronization with application to communications
Authors: Chow T. W. S. , Feng Jiu‐Chao , Ng K. T.
Published: January 2005

Chaotic signals are widely exploited for the spread spectrum communication technique. Synchronization of a chaotic communication system between a single point and multiple points is recognized as an essential issue. In this paper, a chaotic network synchronization scheme is proposed to tackle the problem of multi‐access synchronization. The proposed synchronization scheme enables the realization of a fast synchronization of multiple chaotic systems. In this paper, the proposed system is validated by application to direct‐sequence (DS) spread spectrum communication (SSC) with code division multiple access (CDMA). Promising results were obtained on the applications of speech, characters and image communications. The obtained results indicate that the proposed SSC is effective and reliable even under the situations of a noisy channel, and multi‐path interference. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated routing and admission control mechanism for real‐time multicast connection establishment
Authors: Jia Xiaohua , Zhang Yongbing , Pissinou Niki , Makki Sam
Published: January 2005

There are two major difficulties in real‐time multicast connection setup. One is the design of an efficient distributed routing algorithm which optimizes the network cost of routing trees under the real‐time constraints. The other is the integration of routing with admission control into one single phase of operations. This paper presents a real‐time multicast connection setup mechanism, which integrates multicast routing with real‐time admission control. The proposed mechanism performs the real‐time admission tests on a cost optimal tree (COT) and a shortest path tree (SPT) in parallel, aiming at optimizing network cost of the routing tree under real‐time constraints. It has the following important features: (1) it is fully distributed; (2) it achieves sub‐optimal network cost of routing trees; (3) it takes less time and less network messages for a connection setup. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of natural compounds and their derivatives as potential protein kinase C inhibitors
Authors: Tammela Päivi , Ekokoski Elina , García‐Horsman Arturo , Talman Virpi , Finel Moshe , Tuominen Raimo , Vuorela Pia
Published: January 2005

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are important signal transducers in a number of cellular responses that makes PKC inhibition a topical target for drug discovery. In this study, a set of natural compounds and their derivatives (43 in total) were screened to establish their potential inhibitory effects on PKC, exploiting kinase activity and [3H]‐phorbol ester binding assays. Statistical evaluation of the assays yielded signal‐to‐background, signal‐to‐noise, and Z′ values of 16.1, 11.3, and 0.62, respectively, for the kinase activity assay and 47.4, 15.9, and 0.73 for the binding assay, demonstrating their suitability for screening. Of the compounds investigated, the most potent PKC inhibitor was (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which had an IC50 of 4.8 µM. In addition, (−)‐epicatechin gallate, dodecyl gallate, and the flavonoids myricetin, quercetin, rhamnetin, luteolin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol were effective while naringin and scopoletin demonstrated negligible effects. None of the compounds was able to significantly inhibit the binding of phorbol ester to the regulatory domain of PKCα. The highest inhibition, 59%, was observed in the case of EGCG at a concentration of 150 µM. Taken together, nine PKC inhibitors were identified, none of which was able to compete with the binding of phorbol ester to PKCα, suggesting that the mechanism of PKC inhibition could be a result of binding to the catalytic domain of PKC. Drug Dev Res 63:76–87, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family and genetic studies of indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in Pima Indians†‡
Authors: Hanson Robert L. , Imperatore Giuseppina , Venkat Narayan K. M. , Roumain Janine , Fagot‐Campagna Anne , Pettitt David J. , Bennett Peter H. , Knowler William C.
Published: January 2005

Background

The present analyses were conducted to examine the extent to which insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, assessed using simple indices derived from an oral glucose tolerance test, are influenced by genetic factors, and to assess whether these genetic factors overlap with those influencing susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians.

Methods

Indices calculated from fasting and 2‐h post‐load insulin (I0, I120) and glucose (G0, G120) concentrations included insulin sensitivity index [ISI0=104/(I0·G0)] and corrected insulin response {CIR120=I120/[G120·(G120–70 mg/dl)]}. Heritability (h2) was determined using variance components methods in 1421 non‐diabetic individuals from 446 sibships. Among 595 individuals in 186 sibships, genome‐wide quantitative trait linkage analyses of ISI0 and CIR120 were conducted and affected‐sibling analyses of diabetic siblings stratified by prediabetic measurements of ISI0 and CIR120 were also performed.

Results

Both ISI0 (h2=0.37±0.06) and CIR120 (h2=0.25±0.07) were moderately heritable. Modest evidence for linkage with CIR120 (logarithm of odds (LOD)=1.6) was observed on chromosome 1q in a region previously shown to have linkage with young‐onset diabetes in Pimas. When diabetic siblings were stratified by CIR120, evidence for linkage in this region was strongest (LOD=1.5) among those with a low CIR120. Additional regions with modest evidence for linkage with ISI0 were observed on chromosomes 9p (LOD=2.0) and 14p (LOD=1.7).

Conclusions

The present analyses suggest that insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion are influenced by genetic factors in Pima Indians. The linkage analyses suggest that the putative diabetes‐susceptibility gene on chromosome 1q affects insulin secretion. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence of reading and spelling difficulties among inmates of institutions for compulsory care of juvenile delinquents
Authors: Svensson Idor , Lundberg Ingvar , Jacobson Christer
Published: January 2005

Recent studies have focused on reading and writing disabilities among inmates in prisons and at juvenile institutions. Some studies in Sweden have demonstrated that more than half of the delinquents have serious reading difficulties, and for immigrants the situation is even worse. However, these studies have focused on small groups. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to different types of reading and writing difficulties. The main purpose of this investigation was to estimate the prevalence of reading and writing disabilities in juvenile institutions. The study analyses gender differences and differences between immigrants and Swedish pupils. The study included 163 pupils from 22 institutions and used three tests of literacy skills: word identification, spelling and reading comprehension. More than 70% showed some problems in reading and spelling. However, only 11% had serious difficulties. Moreover, the results showed that comprehension ability among immigrant boys was lower than among Swedish boys, despite the same level of word reading skill. The high prevalence of reading and writing disabilities seems primarily to be related to social and cultural factors, home backgrounds, limited school attendance and poor self‐esteem rather than to constitutional problems of a dyslexic nature. The implication of this conclusion may be important for the intervention process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo overexpression of CTLA‐4 suppresses lymphoproliferative diseases and thymic negative selection
Authors: Takahashi Shigekazu , Kataoka Hiroshi , Hara Satoru , Yokosuka Tadashi , Takase Kan , Yamasaki Sho , Kobayashi Wakana , Saito Yasushi , Saito Takashi
Published: January 2005

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) induces major inhibitory signals for T cell activation. From analyses of TCR‐transgenic (Tg) CTLA‐4‐deficient mice, it has been believed that CTLA‐4 does not affect thymocyte development. To focus upon the in vivo function of CTLA‐4 in thymocyte development from a different aspect, we have established Tg mice expressing either full‐length CTLA‐4 (FL‐Tg) or a mutant CTLA‐4 lacking the cytoplasmic region (truncated, TR‐Tg), and analyzed thymocyte development. TR‐T cells express much higher CTLA‐4 on the cell surface than FL‐T cells, in which most CTLA‐4 was localized in intracellular vesicles. While CTLA‐4–/– mice exhibit lymphoproliferative disease, neither of the Tg mice with CTLA‐4–/– background developed the disorder. Although the development of thymocytes appeared normal in both Tg mice, in vivo depletion of double‐positive thymocytes by injection of anti‐CD3 Ab as well as the elimination of minor lymphocyte‐stimulating antigen‐reactive thymocytes were impaired in FL‐Tg mice but not in TR‐Tg mice. Functionally, cross‐linking of CTLA‐4 on thymocytes from FL‐Tg mice, but not from TR‐Tg mice, inhibited proliferation. These results reveal a potential role of CTLA‐4, through its cytoplasmic domain, in the negative selection of thymocytes and in the prevention of lymphoproliferative disease.
CXCR3–/– mice mount an efficient Th1 response but fail to control Leishmania major infection
Authors: Rosas Lucia E. , Barbi Joseph , Lu Bao , Fujiwara Yuko , Gerard Craig , Sanders Virginia M. , Satoskar Abhay R.
Published: January 2005

Chemokines play a critical role in recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection, which is essential for host defense. We analyzed the role of CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) in the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis using CXCR3–/– C57BL/6 mice. We found that Leishmania major‐infected CXCR3–/– mice mount an efficient Th1 response as evident by markedly increased serum levels of Th1‐associated IgG2a and significant production of IFN‐γ and IL‐12 by the draining lymph node cells, restrict systemic spread of infection, but fail to control parasite replication at the site of infection and develop chronic non‐healing lesions. Furthermore, the inability of CXCR3–/– mice to control cutaneous L. major growth was associated with fewer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and significantly lower levels of IFN‐γ in their lesions as compared to CXCR3+/+ mice. These results demonstrate that CXCR3 plays a critical role in the host defense against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major. Furthermore, they also suggest that the susceptibility of CXCR3–/– mice to L. major is due to impaired CD4+ and CD8+ T cell trafficking and decreased production of IFN‐γ at the site of infection rather than to their inability to mount a parasite‐specific Th1 response.
A fusion product of the complete Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) and the hepatitis B virus capsid protein is highly immunogenic and induces protective immunity similar to that seen with an effective lipidated OspA vaccine formula
Authors: Nassal Michael , Skamel Claudia , Kratz Peter A. , Wallich Reinhard , Stehle Thomas , Simon Markus M.
Published: January 2005

The immunogenicity of peptides and protein fragments can be considerably enhanced by their presentation on particulate carriers such as capsid‐like particles (CLP) from hepatitis B virus (HBV). Here we tested the suitability of the HBV capsid protein as a carrier for a relevant full‐length pathogen‐derived protein antigen. The entire 255‐amino acid ectodomain of the outer surface protein A (OspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, was inserted into the major B cell epitope of the HBV capsid, yielding a multimerization‐competent fusion protein, termed coreOspA. CoreOspA, consisting only in part of regular CLP, induced antibodies to OspA, including the Ig isotype profile and specificity for the protective epitope LA‐2, with an efficiency similar to that of recombinant lipidated OspA, the first generation vaccine against Lyme disease. Moreover, coreOspA actively and passively protected mice against subsequent challenge with B. burgdorferi. The data demonstrate the capacity of the HBV capsid protein to act as a potent immunomodulator even for full‐length and structurally complex polypeptide chains and thus opens new avenues for novel vaccine designs.
Age‐associated changes in glycosylation of CD43 and CD45 on mouse CD4 T cells
Authors: Garcia Gonzalo G. , Berger Scott B. , Sadighi Akha Amir A. A. , Miller Richard A.
Published: January 2005

We have recently shown that treatment of T cells from aged mice with an endopeptidase specific for O‐linked glycoproteins can restore synapse formation and early activation markers to CD4 cells from aged mice. New data show that the sialidase from Clostridium perfringens, but not from Vibrio cholerae, can increase activation of CD4 cells from both old and young mice as measured by calcium signals, expression of CD25 and CD69, and secretion of IL‐2. Lectin binding assays showed alterations with age in the levels, accessibility or conformation of multiple glycoproteins on the surface of CD4 cells. While some alterations were due to the accumulation of memory cells with age, others were age sensitive and found exclusively in the naive subset or both naive and memory subsets. Furthermore, analysis of the sialic acid links α(2,3)Gal/GalNAc and α(2,6)Gal/GalNAc in immunoprecipitated CD43 and CD45 molecules confirm that age alters the glycosylation of specific proteins that regulate TCR interaction with antigen presenting cells. These data support the idea that changes in T cell surface glycosylation could play an important role in immune senescence.
Ca2+ influx‐mediated histamine synthesis and IL‐6 release in mast cells activated by monomeric IgE
Authors: Tanaka Satoshi , Mikura Sonoko , Hashimoto Eri , Sugimoto Yukihiko , Ichikawa Atsushi
Published: January 2005

We previously demonstrated that histamine synthesis is drastically induced upon sensitization with an anti‐DNP IgE clone, SPE‐7, in IL‐3‐dependent mouse bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMC). We found that Ca2+ mobilization induced by SPE‐7 exhibited a similar profile to the capacitative Ca2+ entry evoked by thapsigargin. Potentials for activation of mast cells were found to vary between different IgE clones, and a monovalent hapten, DNP‐lysine, suppressed the activation induced by SPE‐7. Ca2+ mobilization induced by SPE‐7 was suppressed potently by the specific store‐operated Ca2+ channel inhibitor, SK&F 96365, but not at all by Ca2+ channel inhibitors with more broad spectrum, La3+ and Gd3+, whereas the Ca2+ mobilization induced by Ag stimulation was suppressed by these inhibitors. Ca2+ mobilization was also induced by SPE‐7 in in vitro differentiated mast cells, although the increases in histamine synthesis and IL‐6 release were smaller than those in BMMC. These results suggest that Ca2+ influx operated by a distinct mechanism from that in Ag stimulation is essential for increased histamine synthesis and IL‐6 release in mast cells.
Crystallographic Proof of Double Walden Inversion in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Macrocyclic Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives
Authors: Beşli Serap , Coles Simon J. , Davies David B. , Eaton Robert J. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Kıhç Adem , Shaw Robert A.
Published: January 2005

Using X‐ray crystallography it is demonstrated unambiguously that a double Walden inversion reaction occurs for suc‐cessive nucleophilic substitution of the mono‐spiropropanoxy‐amino derivative of the cis‐ansa‐macrocyclic cyclophosphazene compound N3P3[O(CH2)3NH][O(CH2CH2O)4]Cl2 (3). The spiropropanoxyamino moiety enables groups above and below the plane of the N3P3 ring to be distinguished. The first nucleophilic substitution of compound 3 with X– (e.g., X = 2‐naphthoxy) gives N3P3[O(CH2)3NH][O(CH2CH2O)4]XCl (4a), which has a trans‐ansa‐macrocyclic ring as a result of the inversion reaction, and then subsequent reaction of 4a with the same nucleophile gives N3P3[O(CH2)3NH][O(CH2CH2O)4]X2 (5a), in which the macrocyclic ring is cis‐ansa again, but it is now on the opposite side of the N3P3 ring from that of the starting material 3 as a result of the second inversion reaction. Structures stereochemically analogous to compound 5a were also obtained upon reaction with other monofunctional nucleophiles, such as phenol, pyrrolidine and aniline, to give compounds 5b, 5c and 5d, respectively, and with the difunctional nucleophile 2,2,3,3‐tetrafluorobutanediol to give the di‐ansa derivative 6. Compound 3 was also sequentially treated with two different mononucleophiles — phenol and aniline — to give the unsymmetrically disubstituted compound 7, in which the macrocyclic ring is also cis‐ansa again and on the opposite side of the N3P3 ring from that of the starting material, as a result of the double Walden inversion reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Counterfactuals and roles: mock victims' and perpetrators' accounts of judicial cases
Authors: Catellani Patrizia , Milesi Patrizia
Published: January 2005

Three studies assessed the influence of differential perspective taking on counterfactual thinking. In Study 1 male and female subjects were asked to play the role of, respectively, perpetrator and victim in a rape case, and to give their own account of the event. Analysis of spontaneous counterfactuals showed a main tendency to focus on actions more than inactions and on controllable more than uncontrollable elements. However, this tendency was moderated by the subject's role and the counterfactual target. While victims focused on perpetrators' controllable actions more than on their own, perpetrators did not focus on victims' controllable actions more than on their own; they focused on victims' controllable inactions instead. In Study 2, where males and females were asked to reverse their roles, and where prompted as well as spontaneous counterfactuals were analysed, the same results were found. Further evidence for generality of these results was found in Study 3, where an assault case instead of a rape case was taken into account. These findings support the view that counterfactual mutability may be influenced by role‐based motivations, as well as by role‐based expectations regarding how active a party is supposed to have been in an event. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of a major event on stereotyping: terrorist attacks in Israel and Israeli adolescents' perceptions of Palestinians, Jordanians and Arabs
Authors: Bar‐Tal Daniel , Labin Daniela
Published: January 2005

This study examines the effect of a major event (terrorist attacks) on the stereotypic perceptions, attitudes and affects of 119 Israeli adolescents (56 males and 63 females of 5th and 8th grades) toward three target groups: (a) Palestinians, who still have conflictive relations with the Israelis (Palestinian extremists carried out the attacks), (b) Jordanians, who have peaceful relations with the Israelis and (c) Arabs, in general, who are considered a subcategory including Arabs of all nations. The questionnaires were administered to the same adolescents three times: during a relatively peaceful spell in Israeli–Palestinian relations; one day following two terrorist attacks, and three months thereafter. In the last administration adolescents' need for closure was also measured. Adolescents' perceptions, attitudes and affect toward the three target group were differentiated—relating to Palestinians most negatively and to Jordanians most positively. Also, following the terrorist attacks, stereotypic perceptions and attitudes changed in a negative direction, in relation to all the three groups; again with expressed differentiation among the three groups. In the third measurement, some measures remained negative, but some changed to be more positive. Only few effects of age were detected and several significant correlation with need for closure were found. These results indicate that stereotypes and attitudes toward outgroups are context‐dependent, influenced by events; thus they serve as ‘a seismograph’ to the quality of intergroup relations at any given time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ups and downs of thinking about a successful other: self‐construals and the consequences of social comparisons
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Oyserman Daphna
Published: January 2005

We hypothesized that the consequences of upward social comparisons are mediated by independent versus interdependent content of self‐construals. Independent self‐construals emphasize personal uniqueness; thus comparison to an outstanding other should undermine one's sense of uniqueness and lower current self‐evaluations. Conversely, interdependent self‐construals focus on interpersonal connectedness. Hence, interdependent individuals should be able to bask in the reflected success of a personally relevant other in an upward comparison task, thus increasing self‐evaluations. In a study involving 66 US undergraduates the latter predictions were supported. The psychological dimension of interdependence predicted differential outcomes of upward social comparisons, but this was not the case for the dimension of independence. Also, differential consequences of social comparison were more pronounced for current self‐evaluations than for participants' possible selves. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and selective micellar electrokinetic chromatography for simultaneous determination of amikacin, kanamycin A, and tobramycin with UV detection and application in drug formulations
Authors: Yeh Hsin‐Hua , Lin Shun‐Jin , Ko Ju‐Yun , Chou Chia‐An , Chen Su‐Hwei
Published: January 2005

A simple and selective micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with UV detection is described for simultaneous determination of amikacin, tobramycin, and kanamycin A, performed in Tris buffer (180 mM; pH 9.1) with 300 mM sodium pentanesulfonate (SPS) as an anionic surfactant. Under this condition, good separation with high efficiency and the required short analysis time is achieved. The linear ranges of the method for the determination of amikacin, tobramycin, and kanamycin A were 0.1–0.5 mg / mL, 0.4–2.0 mg / mL, and 0.4–2.0 mg / mL, respectively; the detection limits (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3; injection, 0.5 psi 5 s) were 0.08, 0.2, and 0.2 mg / mL, respectively. The small amount of sample required and the expeditiousness of the procedure allow content uniformity to be determined in individual commercial products.
Rapid assay of vitamin E in vegetable oils by reversed‐phase capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Aturki Zeineb , D'Orazio Giovanni , Fanali Salvatore
Published: January 2005

A rapid capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) method for the analysis of vitamin E in vegetable oils is reported. Vitamin E consists of a group of eight isomers, tocopherols (TOHs) and tocotrienols. The separation of four TOHs (α‐, γ‐, δ‐TOH), α‐tocopherol acetate (α‐TOH‐Ac), and an antioxidant compound, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) used to prevent TOH autoxidation, was optimized. The CEC experiments were carried out in a 75 μm inner diameter (ID) fused‐silica capillary, partially packed with 3 μm C18 stationary phase (33 cm total length, 8.4 cm and 7 cm effective and packed lengths, respectively). The optimum mobile phase was a polar organic phase composed of a mixture of methanol‐acetonitrile in the ratio 50/50 v/v containing 0.01% ammonium acetate, applying a voltage and temperature set at −25 kV and 20°C, respectively. The tocopherols and the BHT were successfully separated within 2.5 min using the short‐end injection method. Under these experimental conditions, repeatability of retention time and peak area, analyte detection and quantitation limits, linearity, precision, and accuracy were studied. The CEC method was applied to determine the content of TOHs in different commercially available oils of virgin olive, hazelnut, sunflower, and soybean. The extraction of vitamin E isomers from oil samples was achieved using methanol and a methanol‐isopropanol mixture.
Determination of food colorants by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Huang Hsi‐Ya , Chuang Chia‐Ling , Chiu Chen‐Wen , Chung Ming‐Che
Published: January 2005

A microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) method was developed to analyze and detect eight food colorants (tartrazine, fast green FCF, brilliant blue FCF, allura red AC, indigo carmine, sunset yellow FCF, new coccine, and carminic acid), which are commonly used as food additives in various food products. The effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant, organic modifier, cosurfactant, and oil were examined in order to optimize the separation. The amount of organic modifier (acetonitrile) and SDS surfactant were determined as apparent influences on the separation resolution while the type of oil and cosurfactant rarely affected the separation selectivity of the eight colorants. A highly efficient MEEKC separation method, where the eight colorants were separated with baseline resolution within 14 min, was achieved by using a microemulsion solution of pH 2.0 containing 3.31% SDS, 0.81% octane, 6.61% 1‐butanol, and 10% acetonitrile. This optimal MEEKC method has a higher separation efficiency and similar detection limit when compared to conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE) method. Furthermore, a sample pretreatment is rarely needed when this MEEKC technique is used to analyze colorants in food products, whereas a suitable sample pretreatment (for example solid‐phase extraction) has to be employed prior to CE separation in order to eliminate matrix interferences resulting from the constituents of the food sample.
Toward a greater appreciation of noncovalent chemical/DNA interactions: Application of biological and computational approaches
Authors: Snyder Ronald D. , Hendry Lawrence B.
Published: January 2005

Noncovalent DNA interactions, e.g., DNA intercalation and DNA groove‐binding, have not been well studied relative to covalent interactions largely due to the inability of predicting and detecting such events in intact cells. We have adapted an in vitro bleomycin amplification method for DNA intercalation for use in cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells and have validated this approach through the use of a three‐dimensional DNA computational docking model that quantifies potential strength of DNA intercalative binding based on electrostatics and hydrogen bonding. For many structural classes of molecules, DNA intercalation is necessary but not sufficient for genotoxicity. The present article reviews our progress to date in predicting and confirming noncovalent binding of drugs and other chemicals and in understanding the mechanistic relationship between intercalation and genotoxicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Active mass driver system as the first application of active structural control
Authors: Ikeda Yoshiki , Sasaki Katsuyasu , Sakamoto Mitsuo , Kobori Takuji
Published: January 2005

An active mass driver (AMD) system has been installed in a ten‐storey office building in Tokyo to suppress vibration in both one‐translational and the torsional directions under earthquake and wind loadings. This installation is the first application of active structural control in the civil engineering field. This paper describes the objective building and its dynamic properties, the composition and specification of the AMD system, the control strategy, the control purpose, and the system's effectiveness based on observation records. The control strategy has basically been introduced as an output feedback control law that is simplified from a state feedback control law in the linear quadratic regulator problem. The responses of both the structure and the AMD system have been recorded since 1989. A structure–controller interaction model is identified to simulate the earthquake observation records and to compare them with the analysed uncontrolled responses. An ARX model is fitted to each set of these observation records to evaluate the control effectiveness as equivalent damping ratios in the vibration modes. Both the simulation and the system identification confirm that the AMD system achieves the control purpose under earthquake excitations. The wind observation records also show high control effectiveness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of hybrid mass damper system applied to a 36‐storey high‐rise building
Authors: Nagashima Ichiro , Maseki Ryota , Asami Yutaka , Hirai Jun , Abiru Hisanori
Published: January 2005

A recently developed hybrid mass damper (HMD) system and its application to a 36‐storey high‐rise building with a bi‐axial eccentricity, located in Tokyo, are presented. This new HMD system utilizes a gear‐type pendulum and a linear actuator. Here, the gear‐type pendulum is employed to make the natural period of the auxiliary mass comparatively long while minimizing the height of the device, and the linear actuator, on the other hand, ensures smooth and noiseless operation of the system. There are several special features in the control method as well; two HMD systems are applied to control the transverse‐torsional coupled vibration of the building, and also variable gain feedback (VGF) control technique has been developed to fully utilize the capacity of the HMD system from weaker to stronger external excitations.

Free vibration tests as well as control of wind vibrations of the building induced by the Typhoon 9810 in 1998 were used to verify the performance of the control system. It was found that the maximum and the root‐mean‐square acceleration responses of the building were reduced to 63 per cent and 47 per cent of the corresponding uncontrolled accelerations. Finally, the control performance of the system was confirmed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response control performance of a hybrid mass damper applied to a tall building
Authors: Watakabe Morimasa , Tohdo Masanobu , Chiba Osamu , Izumi Nobuyuki , Ebisawa Hiromichi , Fujita Takafumi
Published: January 2005

A hybrid mass damper system with convertible active and passive modes using a hydraulic actuator (hereinafter referred to as APMD) has been installed to an actual slender tall building with an aspect ratio of eight constructed in Chiba prefecture. In this paper, simulation analysis, force vibration tests and observation of behaviours against moderate wind or some earthquake excitations were carried out to investigate the response control performance of the mass damper system. From the analysis, it was confirmed that on the active mode due to the vibration tests, the damping factors in the 1st mode were about 81–11 per cent, the satisfactory vibration control effect was obtained, and no spillover in the second mode occurred. The response values of the peak and the R.M.S. accelerations under the active mode due to the actual wind excitations were reduced to 1/4.5‐1/2.0 (average 1/3) in comparison with the responses in non‐controlled system. Through the results obtained by these investigations, it was concluded that the mass damper system was quite effective for the response control of the slender tall building to wind loads or earthquakes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A flume design for the study of slope length effects on runoff
Authors: Stomph T. J. , De Ridder N. , Van De Giesen N. C.
Published: January 2005

Recent publications from field and simulation studies indicate that runoff per unit area decreases as the length of the slope being observed is increased. This scale effect has been observed and documented for slopes with a uniform infiltration capacity as well as for slopes along which infiltration capacity is variable. This paper presents the design and testing of a laboratory flume for the study of the processes that lead to this scale effect, particularly for the case of slopes covered with crops. The features of the flume include reliable experimental control of soil water content prior to rainfall, high intensity rainfall without erosion, uniform crop growth along the slope, and the option of varying the infiltration rate independently of rainfall and soil characteristics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Step–pool evolution in the Rio Cordon, northeastern Italy
Authors: Lenzi Mario A.
Published: January 2005

The principle that formative events, punctuated by periods of evolution, recovery or temporary periods of steady‐state conditions, control the development of the step–pool morphology, has been applied to the evolution of the Rio Cordon stream bed. The Rio Cordon is a small catchment (5 km2) within the Dolomites wherein hydraulic parameters of floods and the coarse bedload are recorded. Detailed field surveys of the step–pool structures carried out before and after the September 1994 and October 1998 floods have served to illustrate the control on step–pool changes by these floods. Floods were grouped into two categories. The first includes ‘ordinary’ events which are characterized by peak discharges with a return time of one to five years (1·8–5·15 m3 s−1) and by an hourly bedload rate not exceeding 20 m3 h−1. The second refers to ‘exceptional’ events with a return time of 30–50 years. A flood of this latter type occurred on 14 September 1994, with a peak discharge of 10·4 m3 s−1 and average hourly bedload rate of 324 m3 h−1. Step–pool features were characterized primarily by a steepness parameter c = (H/Ls)/S. The evolution of the steepness parameter was measured in the field from 1992 to 1998. The results indicate that maximum resistance conditions are gradually reached at the end of a series of ordinary flood events. During this period, bed armouring dominate the sediment transport response. However, following an extraordinary flood and unlimited sediment supply conditions, the steepness factor can suddenly decrease as a result of sediment trapped in the pools and a lengthening of step spacing. The analogy of step spacing with antidune wavelength and the main destruction and transformation mechanism of the steps are also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element simulations of fully non‐linear interaction between vertical cylinders and steep waves. Part 2: numerical results and validation
Authors: Ma Q. W. , Wu G. X. , Eatock Taylor R.
Published: January 2005

In Ma, Wu, Eatock Taylor [Finite element simulation of fully non‐linear interaction between vertical cylinders and steep waves. Part 1: methodology and numerical procedure. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2001], designated Part 1 hereafter, we have developed the methodology and solution procedure for simulating the three‐dimensional interaction between fixed bodies and steep waves based on a finite element method (FEM). This paper provides extensive numerical results and validation. The effectiveness of the radiation condition is investigated by comparing the results from short and long tanks; the accuracy of the computed data is confirmed through comparison with analytical solutions. The adopted mathematical model is also validated by comparing the obtained numerical results with experimental data. Various test cases, including non‐linear bichromatic and irregular waves and the interactions between waves and one or two cylinders, are analysed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remedies for artificial diapycnal mixing in a σ co‐ordinated model of Tokyo Bay1
Authors: Kaneko Akinari
Published: January 2005

False diapycnal mixing often occurs due to horizontal diffusion in the simulation of heat, salinity, or water quality in estuaries by using a σ co‐ordinated ocean model. The Princeton ocean model (POM) is used as a basic σ co‐ordinated model and is applied to Tokyo Bay. Only river discharges are introduced into the model as external forces. Two remedies recommended in the POM, Stelling's horizontal diffusion approximation, Huang's new diffusion formula, Song and Haidvogel's s co‐ordinates, and Smolarkiewicz advection scheme have all been examined for suppressing the false diapycnal mixing. The conclusions are that the simultaneous use of POM's remedy and Stelling's approximation and the simultaneous use of POM's remedy and s co‐ordinates are the most effective. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.