bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nerve Fibers
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The nerve fiber is simply a continuation of the neuron’s axon or functional process. Thus, it is not a distinct component of nervous tissue, and would have been considered along with the neuron if a separate description were not justified by special features displayed on the way to its terminal arborizations. Three types of fiber are present in the vertebrate nervous system. In increasing Three types of order of fine structural complexity, they are: (I) nerve fibers in the sympathetic nerve fiber. trunk, known as Remak fibers; (2) fibers in the central nervous system; and (3) fibers in the peripheral nervous system or nerves.
The Peripheral Endings Of Spinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

We have pointed out repeatedly that the unipolar trunk of spinal ganglion cells bifurcates into two branches, one of which is thin and extends to the spinal cord, whereas the other is thicker and extends to the periphery. The latter enters the corresponding spinal nerve and courses as a sensory nerve fiber to end in the skin, mucosae, or muscles and tendons. Throughout the length of their course-from ganglion to peripheral endingsensory fibers are indistinguishable from motor fibers; like motor fibers, they have a myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, and all of the other fine structural characteristics of myelinated fibers.
General Features Of The Medulla; Hypoglossal Nucleus
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

We have already pointed out that two kinds of center are found within the medulla: (a) some nuclei and fiber tracts are unique to the medulla, and thus do not have equivalents in the spinal cord; and (b) other nuclei and fiber tracts do have counterparts in the spinal cord. We shall begin our examination of brainstem histology with the latter, and shall see that, although they obey the general rules of spinal cord structure, their organization presents special features that make the following type of description necessary.
The Accessory Spinal Or Xlth Cranial Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The accessory spinal nerve, which is still known as the accessory nerve of Willis, is entirely motor in function, and consists of two roots. One is spinal and ascending (in humans, it extends for about 5 cm, from the inferior olive to the fifth cervical segment), whereas the other is medullary or cranial and extends laterally from the dorsolateral sulcus, dorsal to the inferior olive and caudal to the roots of the vagus nerve.
The Facial Or Vllth Cranial Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Motor Nucleus. In humans, the motor nucleus of the facial nerve lies in the pons, Location and medial to the spinal root of the trigeminal nerve and dorsal to the most caudal surroundings. fibers of the trapezoid body and what remains of the lateral funiculus; it is surrounded laterally, dorsally, and medially by the lateral or gray reticular formation. In rodents such as the mouse and rabbit, as well as in carnivores such as the cat and dog, the facial nucleus lies closer to the ventral surface of the medulla because the trapezoid body and pons are thinner. The motor nucleus of the VII th nerve also descends farther in these animals, as illustrated in Fig. 368A, where one may see roots of the vagus nerve along with their sensory nucleus. The nucleus is elongated in the rostrocaudal dimension and displays irregular, lobate borders; in particular, one may note a ventral depression that is occupied by fascicles associated with the lateral funiculus. The rostral tip of the nucleus extends almost to the superior olive, whereas the caudal tip reaches the rostral end of the nucleus ambiguus.
The Lateral Funiculus And Its Medullary Nuclei
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The Lateral Funiculus in the Medulla. It is difficult to outline precisely the region of medullary white matter occupied by fibers of the lateral funiculus. Broadly speaking, however, they may be said to extend into the general topographic region of the lateral or gray reticular formation. Two pathways may be distinguished in the latter. The first is a superficial or ventral pathway that lies ventral to the nucleus ambiguus and is a rostral extension of the principal or ventrolateral component of the lateral funiculus (excluding, of course, the dorsal spinocerebellar and pyramidal tracts). The second is a deep or dorsal pathway in the lateral reticular formation between the nucleus ambiguus on the one hand and the floor of the fourth ventricle on the other; this pathway is bordered medially by roots of the hypoglossal nerve and laterally by the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.
Topical Areas of Interest for Promoting Health: From the Perspective of the Physician
Authors: Irwin Charles E
Published: November 2023

Chapters 8 to 14 of this book highlight the critical problems confronting adolescents today and raise the complex issues involved in studying or trying to under­ stand health-related behaviors. The authors note that each system that interacts with adolescents (school, health clinics, drug stores, restaurants, churches, transit systems) needs to assume responsibility for the health of our youth. Efforts must be broad-based, with the assistance of regulating agencies and clinicians. For example, in the State of California during the l 990’s, there is a major effort to change the social environment regarding tobacco use through laws that restrict access to cigarette machines and prohibit smoking in all public places.
Nature and Nurture: Children Without Human Parenting
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

0nasummer day, at the time when hay was being harvested near the now German town of Hameln, Jürgen Meyer, who had been working the fields, met “a naked, brownish, black-haired creature, who was running up and down, and was about the size of a boy of twelve years old. It uttered no human sound, but was happily enticed (into the town] by its astonished discoverer showing it two apples in his hand, and entrapped within the Bridge-gate. There it was at first received by a mob of street boys, but was very soon afterwards placed for safe custody in the Hospital of the Holy Ghost, by order of the Burgomaster [Mayor) Severin.”1
Thinking About the Mind
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

With Out speech with which to communicate, how are we to imagine the experiences, the minds, of these si lent subjects? The silent minds of feral children, whether human or animal, remain intriguing but awesome to us. The stories told of the five children provide empirical information about the pupils, but also tell us the teachers’ views of human nature and of how we try to penetrate the human mind. The various views thus set the kinds of questions we ask of both silent children and the necessarily silent animals.
The Psychology of Experimentalism and Behaviorism: Clever Hans and Lady Wonder
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

The Term behaviorism is now used to describe almost any epistemology that sets hypotheses and tests them by measuring behavior itself. Often it is incorrectly used to describe any experimental work with animals. By measuring the behavior only, the status of mind is put outside the scheme. At first, it strikes us odd to have a science of psychology that is uninterested in the mind, but upon consideration we can understand the logic. Mind is yet one more example of the human invention of categories. Unless we can define it accurately and meaningfully, the concept can become a trap. The trap is one not unlike Freud’s description of “suggestion,” and we moderns may add “instinct” to the list of examples. Behaviorism does not have a simple, specifiable, time of birth. But the analysis of the horse, Clever Hans, illustrates so well the tenets and powers of the experimental method when applied to behavior that it is the centerpiece of this chapter. The chapter that follows pursues the story of Clever Hans, not for what it says about behaviorism, but for what the end of Hans’s life tells us about human and animal interaction.
Experimentation and the Experimenter: Clever Hans)s Companions
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

A Major premise of this book is that observation and experimentation involving both animals and human beings alter the observer as well as the observed. Everyone known to us who came into Hans’s life found that their relation to him and to one another changed. Hr. Schillings, who at first was a skeptic, became a true believer in the horse’s ability to demonstrate humanlike intelligence. Professor Stumpf felt the need to defend his professional competence in many ways: by defending his work on the September Commission and by assigning the student Pfungst to clear up the mess created by the report of the Commission. Pfungst, we have described.
Peter and Moses: Chimpanzees Who Write
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

The Wish To design and erect a Mental Ladder, one that arranged animal species by their intelligence, followed by half a century the understanding of how to build such a ladder based on structure. Darwin’s initial understanding of the evolution of the physical aspects of species set in motion the building of a metaphorical ladder of structure, a hierarchy of species based on physical traits.
Language and Meaning: Sarah and Lana, Sherman and Austin, Kanzi and Ai
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

That Animals , including human beings, can be taught to make gestures is not astonishing. Hans’s taps, Van’s fetches, Peter the chimp’s writing-all these are examples of the animal’s ability to invent or modify motor actions. The motor actions, the gesticulations, and the signs do not necessarily imply meaning or the transfer of information. Let us speak to a horse through a telephone (as did Krall), the receiver of which is placed to the horse’s ear. Let us say to the horse “What is seven plus thred” Or, if we wish, “Was ist seben und zwei?” or “ Cuanto es siete y tres?” The horse taps the hoof ten times.
Not Quite Brotherly Love
Authors: Keiser Richard A
Published: November 2023

In 1983 Wilson Goode was elected as the first Black mayor of Philadelphia. He was one among a cadre of prominent Black politicians in Philadelphia who had gained legitimacy and could garner votes in both the Black and White communities. Unlike the situation in Chicago, or other cities in which Blacks enjoyed a sudden and unexpected breakthrough to political power after a long period of political subordination that left the Black community with few leaders capable of commanding diffuse support, in Philadelphia Black leaders had been participating in biracial coalitions that had been delivering incremental political empowerment for quite some time and that continue to do so in the post-Goode era. This chapter presents a history and analysis of the formation of the biracial, reform-oriented alliance in Philadelphia that was the forerunner of the coalition that elected Wilson Goode as mayor in 1983. I explain how and why biracial coalitions emerged from the conditions created by competitive electoral politics in the “City of Brotherly Love.” The chapter also documents the intermittent success of the biracial reform coalition in gaining the political empowerment of Blacks, and the strategies that the coalition members used to maintain their trust during periods when they lost elections and were excluded from the dominant coalition. I also examine the opposition a biracial coalition dedicated to an incrementalist strategy faces from within the Black community and from Whites. Concluding with a discussion of the current biracial coalition, which is headed by a White Democrat with liberal credentials, this chapter suggests that such alliances are no longer limited to the reform variety.
“The Governtnent Will Protect Us ”
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

Weeks of correspondence and consultation with lawyers and government agencies revealed the surprising and shocking fact that in Ohio (as well as in many other states) there was no public body that had the power to pass on the design of electric installations or the responsibility for protecting the health and safety of the citizen in these matters. Furthermore, there is no federal body with jurisdiction over most of these electric installations. The Federal Power Commission has authority only over facilities related to hydroelectric projects. The Army Corps of Engineers has jurisdiction only where lines cross navigable rivers. Even the Environmental Protection Agency has the right to require review of only those projects that are licensed or financed by a federal agency. There is no mechanism by which a citizen or group of citizens can seek protection from installations they consider to be dangerous without incurring large legal expenses. In designing the equipment, choosing the route, distributing the “benefits,” the only party that has any rights is the power industry.
David and Goliath
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

In the general store in Laurel, Irma Kellenberger began to sort the day’s mail. The mailboxes were little glass-fronted partitions in a high wall of golden oak. Along the top of the wall above the boxes a dozen “Wanted by the FBI” notices had been tacked and hung at crazy angles. Irma knew the location of each box by heart. She had been sorting the mail into these same boxes for more than thirty years. The Jacobs had a postcard from their son in Germany. And the Helms finally had a letter from their boy in Vietnam. Again today, the Muellers had more mail than anyone else. There was one letter from the Federal Power Commission in Washington and one from a state senator. But Irma noticed that both the letters were one sheet thin and obviously contained only a line or two of type. Two more turn-offs, she thought.
The Common School and Other Institutions
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

Of all the literacy-promoting institutions of the first half of the nineteenth century, perhaps none so likely explains the expansion of the reading public as the common school. During the antebellum years particularly, Americans boasted of their emerging public school system as part of their democratic achievement. “For the people do the voting and the children go to school” went the nationalistic song popularized by the Hutchinson family of singers. Yet a host of other institutions also stimulated literacy: young men’s institutions, maternal associations, mechanics’ institutes, libraries of all sorts, and lyceums.
Numeracy, the News, and Self-culture
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

Although the antebellum United States boasted one of the highest rates of adult literacy in the world, fiction little benefited from this large potential readership. As noted, the sales phenomenon of the century, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, sold only 310,000 copies. This number represents just 1.2 percent of the American population in 1852, the year of the book’s publication. The wide distribution of Stowe’s novel was singular. The next-ranked best-selling novel of the fifties accounted for only 0.3 percent of the population. Publishers deemed sales of twenty-five thousand copies unusual successes. Even in periodicals, the space accorded fiction diminished by midcentury. And the commercial circulating libraries, those bastions of fiction reading, were in decline during the period. In short, strong cultural biases were shaping reader preferences.
Structured Representations in Connectionist Systems?
Authors: Horgan Terence , Tienson1 John
Published: November 2023

Fodor and Pylyshyn (1988, henceforth F&P) argued that connectionism must either be too weak to account for fundamental aspects of cognition or it must be a mere implementation of the ‘classical’ picture of cognition. Cognition is systematic, they argued, and systematicity can only be explained by syntactic structure. But if a connectionist system incorporates syntactically structured representations, they maintain, it will be nothing more than a novel implementation of the classical picture of cognition as rule governed symbol manipulation, in which case connectionism will not be able to live up to its advance billing as an alternative view of cognition.
Connectionisn and the Computational Neurobiology of Curve Detection
Authors: Zucker Steven W , Dobbins Allan , Iverson Lee
Published: November 2023

One of the pillars on which modem theories of vision are based is the discovery that there exist neurons in the visual cortex with receptive fields tuned for orientation (Hubel and Wiesel 1977). Such neurons are typically interpreted as ‘curve detectors,’ and it is widely held that their responses are then simply fed forward to enable more abstract spatial pattern vision. Similar notions pervade other areas of vision as well, for example, motion and stereoscopic perception and can be taken to define the first paradigm in computational vision (Zucker 1986, 1991).This feedforward view of curve detection into pattern vision is seductive in its simplicity; however, it stands at odds with much of what is otherwise known about vision and gives rise to more dilemmas than it resolves. For example, the initial measurement of orientation information is broadly tuned, which suggests the averaging necessary to counteract retinal (sensor) sampling, quantization, and noise. However, the end result of curve detection is unexpectedly precise: comers can be distinguished from arcs of high curvature, and nearby curves can be distinguished from one another to a hyperaccurate level, even though they might pass through the same receptive field.
Ecological Genetics
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

This chapter will address studies bridging ecology and genetics, that is, relating issues discussed in the previous chapter to those discussed in chapters 2, 3, and 4. Much of the work discussed in chapters 2 and 3 regarding levels of genetic variation in populations was done with little or no regard to ecological context. The populations surveyed simply came from nature with little concern about the actual ecological setting. Chapter 4 did touch on some ecological issues (e.g., habitat choice in the laboratory and competition), but most of the work discussed in this chapter deals with wild populations, although when relevant, laboratory work will be mentioned.
Development
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

The relationship between the development of organisms and their evolutionary history has long been a focus of biologists; witness Haekel’s (1879) famous dictum “ontogeny is a recapitulation of phylogeny.” Such concerns were part of mainstream biology well into the present century, most notably in de Beer’s (1930, 1940) books. De Beer transcended Haekel’ s work in not only relating development to the history of life, but using development to understand mechanisms of evolution. (The notion that development could provide any meaningful insights into evolutionary history fell into disrepute by the mid-20th century [Gould, 1977].) While some attention continued to be paid Ito development and evolution, it is only the last 20 years that have witnessed a flourishing of experimental work attempting to connect rules of development to mechanisms and patterns of evolution.
Arms Sales
Authors: Blechman Barry M
Published: November 2023

To the foreign policy professional, the evaluation of arms sales involves complicated calculations of military, political, and economic pros and cons. Arms sales are business ventures, of course-big business. They are said to be indirect means of ensuring the nation's defense, making it possible for friendly nations to defend their security (and, presumably, American interests) without risk to American lives. Arms sales are also instruments of diplomacy, used either to develop closer relations between the United States and foreign nations or to avoid their deterioration. Sometimes there are direct military benefits of arms sales, as when the United States agrees to make available a certain value of weapons in exchange for the lease of military facilities abroad, but more often the benefits are more subtle. Arms sales are said to buy influence and unseen leverage, which is banked for use at critical times when the United States needs the support of foreign powers.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher Michela
Published: November 2023

It is not a real contradiction that the most creative scientists are frequently just those, not only willing to accept the existence of disorder, but also positively attracted to it. The evident reason is that the recognition of disorder is an opportunity, and in fact a necessary preliminary, for the creative act of ordering.
Forms of Memory in Pavlovian Conditioning
Authors: Holland Peter C
Published: November 2023

Psychologists have made few compelling generalizations about memory as a whole, but a variety of satisfying statements about performances on particular memory tasks. The conventional psychological approach to this state of affairs was to view memory as a single system and each task as a way of illuminating a small set of its attributes. More recently psychologists have taken the view that there are several memory systems, which may serve different purposes and follow different rules of operation. Furthermore, it has been tempting to suggest that those systems have separate neural mechanisms and evolutionary histories. A plethora of “divisions of memory” has been proposed, many based on exciting new evidence from neuropsychology and animal conditioning. These forms of memory are distinguished along many attributes, such as content (e.g., semantic vs. episodic), type of processing (e.g., working vs. reference), capacity (limited or unlimited), and endurance (transient vs. permanent). Considerable experimentation shows that memory tasks thought to engage these different systems are differentially sensitive to certain variables and manipulations.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenzweig Mark R
Published: November 2023

A major theme that runs through this section is differential changes and differential activities in the nervous system in relation to learning and memory, and often in relation to specific kinds of learning and memory. These changes can occur during learning and formation of memory and during development and self-organization of the nervous system; morever, differential changes in the brain caused by diseases lead to predictable changes in specific abilities to learn and remember.
Functions of Neuronal Networks in the Hippocampus and of Backprojections in the Cerebral Cortex in Memory
Authors: Rolls Edmund T
Published: November 2023

It is known that damage to certain regions of the temporal lobe in humans produces anterograde amnesia, manifested as a major deficit following the damage in learning to recognize new stimuli (Milner, 1972; Scoville & Milner, 1957; Squire, 1986, 1987). The anterograde amnesia has been attributed to damage to the hippocampus, which is within the temporal lobe, and to its associated pathways such as the fornix (Gaffan, 1974, 1977; Milner, 1972; Scoville & Milner, 1957; Zola-Morgan, Squire, & Amaral, 1986), but this has been questioned, and it has been suggested that damage to both the hippocampus and the amygdala is crucial in producing anterograde amnesia, in that combined but not separate damage to the hippocampus and amygdala produced severe difficulty with visual and tactual recognition tasks in the monkey (Mishkin, 1978, 1982; Murray & Mishkin, 1984). In investigations of the particular aspects of memory for which the hippocampus may be essential, it has been shown that monkeys with damage to the hippocampofornical system have a learning deficit on memory tasks that requires them to make associations between a stimulus, for example, a picture, and a spatial motor response such as touching one part of a screen (Gaffan, 1985; Rupniak & Gaffan, 1987); they are also impaired on memory tasks that require combinations of stimulus attributes with their locations in space to be processed together, such as memory not only for which object was shown but where it was shown (Gaffan & Saunders, 1985). Further, humans with right temporal lobe damage are also impaired in conditional spatial response and object-place memory tasks (Petrides, 1985; Smith & Milner, 1981 ).
The Neocortex and Memory Storage
Authors: Killackey Herbert P
Published: November 2023

In this brief chapter, I will outline some of the major themes appearing in neocortical research since the early 1960s, how these themes are currently being modified, and how they relate to the involvement of the neocortex in learning and memory. The focus will be on memory processes. I use this term in the lay sense of facts or data about the everyday world that one can (consciously or unconsciously) store and recall on demand. Good examples are telephone or social security numbers or, most wondrously, the name to match the face of a colleague seen but once a year at a scientific meeting.
Neural Networks: Test Tubes to Theorems
Authors: Cooper Leon N , Bear Mark F , Ebner Ford F , Scofield Christopher
Published: November 2023

When interest in neural networks revived around 1970, few people believed that such systems would ever be of any use. Computers worked too well; it was felt that they could be programmed to perform any desired task. But limitations of current computers in solving many problems involving difficult to define rules or complex pattern recognition now are widely recognized; if anything, expectations for neural networks may be too high. The problem is no longer to convince anyone that neural networks might be useful but rather to incorporate such networks into systems that solve real-world problems economically.
A Neural Architecture for the Representation of Scenes
Authors: Malsburg Christoph Von Der
Published: November 2023

Learning and memory deal with the process by which knowledge and skills are absorbed and stored in the brain. To understand them it is important to have precise ideas about the stuff that is being stored: What is its nature? How is it organized? How is it implemented in neural hardware? The neuroscience of learning and memory is at present conditioned by a set of concepts based on specific answers to these questions. In this chapter I will raise a number of issues that are not solved in this framework. These issues have come up during attempts at model reconstructions of elementary capabilities of the brain, such as pattern recognition, perceptual segmentation, and scene representation. Back-engineering is an important window to the brain. It is true that if a given functional problem had a million technical solutions, the construction of any one of them would say nothing about nature’ s solution. However, there is good reason to believe that relevant functional problems have very few solutions, and any one of them will suggest important constraints to the neuroscience of brain function. Backengineering is a fruitful exercise because it necessitates whole-system solutions. This puts it in contrast to many studies that limit their view to small subtasks and subsystems, thus leaving out essential aspects.
Interactions Within Neuronal Assemblies: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Gerstein George L
Published: November 2023

Models of neuronal networks have been with us since the mid-fifties, starting with the work of Rochester (Rochester, Holland, Haibt, & Duda, 1956) and of Farley (1964; Farley & Clarke, 1961) and their associates. After years of steady growth, the field has become extremely active, as exemplified by the chapters by Cooper and co-workers, Kohonen, von der Malsburg, and Sejnowski and Tesauro in this volume. In contrast, direct experimental access to real neuronal networks in the brain has been possible only since the early eighties. It is the purpose of this chapter to juxtapose some of the ideas and assumptions made in modeling networks to recent experimental results on real neurons.
Antoine Lavoisier and Hans Krebs: Two Styles of Scientific Creativity
Authors: Holmes Frederic L
Published: November 2023

The study of creative scientific activity belongs to no single discipline. History of science, philosophy of science, sociology of science, and cognitive psychology are all prominent among the fields that claim to provide accounts of the processes involved. Despite their shared goals, practitioners in these fields are not yet fully engaged in a collaborative enterprise. They have approached problems of scientific creativity from different points of view, examined such activity at different levels, on different time scales, and have employed in commensurable criteria of evaluation. There are, nevertheless, encouraging signs that the barriers which have separated their respective endeavors are beginning to recede.
Fields of Enterprise: On Michael Faraday’s Thought
Authors: Tweney Ryan D
Published: November 2023

Michael Faraday, the English physicist (1791-1867), is best known for his discovery of electromagnetic induction. He was one of the first thinkers to break from classical physics and to move toward modern field conceptions in physics (see, e.g., Berkson, 1974; Einstein & Infeld, 1938; Miller, 1984; Ner sessian, 1984). The recent surge of interest in Faraday also rests on the fact that his diaries, notebooks, and correspondence form a historical record that is perhaps more complete than that left by other scientists. Faraday is thus a natural testing ground for understanding the process of scientific thought from historical, philosophical, sociological, and psychological points of view (Tweney, Doherty, & Mynatt, 1981). The richness of the surviving Faraday documents is exemplified well in the collection of papers edited by Gooding and James (1985). My own approach to Faraday has been based on cogni tive psychology. In other articles, I explored the nature of his experimental strategy (Tweney, 1984), his use of an organized knowledge base (Tweney, 1985), the procedural underpinnings of his thought (Tweney, 1987), the microstructure of some of his research (Tweney & Hoffner, 1987), and, using Faraday as a case study, presented a general framework for a cognitive analysis of science (Tweney, 1985, 1988).
Believing in Magic
Authors: Vyse Stuart A
Published: November 2023

When it comes to hitting, Wade Boggs is an expert. The New York Yankees third baseman has won the American League batting title five times, and he is the only player in this century to get two hundred hits in seven consecutive seasons. At the plate, Boggs is one of baseball’s most methodical workmen. Firmly rooted in the left hand batter’s box, he leans in, anticipating the pitch, and fixes the mound with a hardened stare. His bat is cocked tightly behind his left shoulder, vibrating more rapidly as the pitcher begins his motion. When the ball finally comes to the plate, a translucent streak on a field of green, he measures its path with instantaneous accuracy and adjusts his stance and swing to meet it. He rarely swings at a bad pitch, and never at the first pitch, good or bad. Down in the count at 1-and-2 or 2-and-2, he can foul off a dozen pitches before finding one to put in play. And when he hits (on average, approximately every third trip to the plate), he can place the ball at will: launching a flare into an unprotected patch of short right center or drilling it down the line to disappear into a shadowy corner of left field. Destined to join the hallowed figures of baseball history, Boggs is one of the greatest hitters ever to play the game.
The Neopatriarchal Discourse
Authors: Sharabi Hisham
Published: November 2023

Language, as Barthes has described it, is simultaneously a social institution and a system of values.1 In its narrow sense discourse is a form of language: larger than a sentence but smaller than a total language.2 The term discourse, as I use it here, includes this denotation but goes beyond it to assimilate the objective realities of language emphasized in Barthes’ definition. As in Frederic Jameson’s precise terms, these objective realities refer to “ ‘realities’ or objects in the real world, such as the various levels or instances of a social formation: political power, social class, institutions, and events themselves.”3 The “language” of the neopatriarchal discourse is classical Arabic, in which the knowledge (beliefs, concepts, substantive information) and self-knowledge (modes of self-understanding and of self-relating) of neopatriarchal culture get formulated and produced in the shape of discourse. One of the most striking characteristics of what we call classical Arabic (fusha) is the radical dichotomy it presupposes between the everyday colloquial and formal language: the division is not merely that between literate and vulgar tongues found in all class societies, but between two distinct languages, structurally related but essentially different.
Radical Criticism of Neopatriarchal Culture
Authors: Sharabi Hisham
Published: November 2023

The period of the 1970s and 1980s, which marks neopatriarchal society’s highest material prosperity and the beginning of its social and political stagnation, coincides with the emergence of an impressive body of scholarly and critical works forming the first radical critique of neopatriarchy. Grounded in the various disciplines of the humanities and social sciences, these writings are all inspired by modes of thinking derived from three basic trends: critical Anglo-American social science, Western Marxism, and French structuralist and post-structuralist thought.1
The Final Phase
Authors: Sharabi Hisham
Published: November 2023

The third quarter of the twentieth century (the postindependence period) saw the maturation of a social process that had its origins in the interwar period: the transformation of neopatriarchal society into a mass society. Now the social structure of neopatriarchal society began to assume the character of a mass-made up, however, not of proletarians or peasants and workers in a clear sense but of a featureless amalgam, best expressed in Lenin’s observation about Czarist Russia before the revolution, a transitional society at the point of internal disintegration: “There is no people-yet there is a mass of people.”
Problems Involving Large Strains and Rotations
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins with a brief review of the fundamentals of continuum mechanics for solid mechanics problems with large strains and large rotations. The review is limited to material that is relevant to the rest of the discussion in this book. This is followed by a presentation of boundary element formulations for hypoelastic materials subjected to small elastic strains but arbitrarily large inelastic strains and rotations. Finally, finite element formulations for the same class of problems are briefly reviewed. Since this book is devoted to boundary element methods, the purpose of the last section of this chapter is not to discuss details of various finite element formulations but to present a brief comparison between boundary element and finite element formulations for this class of problems.
Axisymmetric Forming Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

As discussed in chapter 5, interface conditions at the tool-workpiece interfaces play crucial roles in various forming operations. Axisymmetric upsetting and ring compression tests provide useful means for analytically investigating the interfacial friction conditions and validating them against experimental observations. A unique feature of deformation in ring compression, as well as in rolling and forging, is the existence of a neutral point (or region) along the toolworkpiece interface where the tangential relative velocity between the deforming material and the die becomes zero. The frictional stresses usually change direction across a neutral point (or region). The location of this point (or region), however, is not known a priori and this causes considerable difficulty in modeling such processes. This chapter discusses the applicability of BEM to this class of problems. Numerical results are presented for axisymmetric ring compression and extension problems. Salient features of these processes are then discussed in view of the numerical results.
Integral Equations for Ceramic Grinding Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

Strength degradation of the finished part due to surface and subsurface damage is a critical issue in grinding of ceramic materials. In this chapter, the chip formation process is modeled as a two-dimensional system of radial and lateral cracks, and an integral equation approach is developed to investigate the interactions of these radial and lateral cracks with various distributions of planar microcracks. The effects in the vicinity of the free surface are modeled explicitly. The amplification and shielding effects on stress intensity factors due to various microcrack distributions are studied in detail. Numerical results are presented for crack systems representing single-grit as well as multi-grit grinding, and the implications of crack interactions on the strength degradation of finished products are discussed. Effective elastic properties for workpieces containing microcrack distributions are obtained and their ramifications on the grinding process are investigated. Some benevolent microcrack distributions that will facilitate chip formation as well as suppress surface and subsurface damage evolution are also presented.
Children, Mind, and Language: An Introduction
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M
Published: November 2023

Adults often talk about the mind. Sometimes we talk about the mind directly: “It slipped my mind.’’ ‘‘He must have lost his mind.’’ More often we talk about the contents of our minds, that is, about someone’s mental states and activities: “He thinks that there is life on Mars.” “I just imagined it.” “She was daydreaming.” This sort of talk is shaped by and reveals our understanding of persons’ internal mental lives. Not only do adults talk about the mind, so do children. The conversation that begins this chapter provides one example. Children’s talk about the mind reveals their thoughts about this intriguing subject, just as adult talk reveals adult thinking. But what, exactly, do children understand about the mind, and when does an understanding of mind first emerge? In this volume we attempt to answer this question. In constructing our answer, we advance three arguments and provide extensive new findings to use in forging a comprehensive account of children’s developing theories of mind.
Desires and Beliefs
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M
Published: November 2023

In the two previous chapters, we have considered children’s talk about desires and beliefs separately. Here we consider them together. Substantively, our everyday mentalism involves appeals to both beliefs and desires, the core constructs of a theory of mind. Furthermore, children talk about both these states; the children talking about thoughts and beliefs in Chapter 3 are the same children talking about desires in Chapter 4. At times, children talk about beliefs and desires in the same breath, as in the example above. So an important question is how children’s developing understanding and talk about these two constructs relate. When and how does reference to thought and b!,!lief emerge in relation to reference to desire? There are theoretical and methodological reasons to address this question.
Ordinary Talk about Persons and Minds: Questions and Conclusions
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M
Published: November 2023

Adam’s simple observation reflects a remarkable but common insight. In this ut terance, as in others, Adam reveals an intriguing understanding of mental states as distinct from reality. He is in good company; all 10 children in our study comment regularly on mental states and make distinctions between mental states and actions, between mental states and reality, between one sort of state and another, and be tween the states of different persons. They do so first in their talk about desires and then later in their talk about thoughts and beliefs, and they do so at an early age. In three or four short years, children who began life as speechless infants become able to conceive of and comment on mental life.
Warren Court, 1953-1969
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

There have been two great creative periods in American public law. The first was the formative era, when the Marshall Court laid down the foundations of American constitutional law, giving specific content to the broad general terms in which the Constitution is written. The judicial task at that time was to work out from the constitutional text a body oflegal doctrines adapted to the needs of the new nation and the new era into which it was entering.
There’s No Business Like the Body Business: Food, Dieting, and Recovery
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene
Published: November 2023

Because women feel their bodies fail the beauty test, American industry benefits enormously, continually nurturing feminine insecurities. Ruling patriarchal interests, like corporate culture, the traditional family, the government, and the media also benefit. If women are so busy trying to control their bodies through dieting, excessive exercise, and self-improvement activities, they lose control over other important aspects of selfhood that might challenge the status quo. In the words of one critic, “A secretary who benchpresses 150 pounds is still stuck in a dead-end job; a housewife who runs the marathon is still financially dependent on her husband.” In creating women’s concept of the ideal body image, the cultural mirror is more influential than the mirror reflecting peer group attitudes. Research has shown that women overestimate how thin a body their male and female peers desire. In a recent study using body silhouettes, college students of both sexes were asked to indicate an ideal female figure, the one that they believed most attractive to the same-sex peer and other-sex peer. Not only did the women select a thinner silhouette than the men, but when asked to choose a personal ideal, rather than a peer ideal, the women selected an even skinnier model.
From Disorderly Eating to Eating Disorder: The Cultural Context of Anorexia and Bulimia
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene
Published: November 2023

The words of a popular song echo a powerful message in our culture-that only the beautiful and the thin are valued and loved. Reiterated by families, peers, and the school environment, this notion is taken seriously by many young women. So seriously, in fact, that anorexia nervosa (obsession with food, starvation dieting, severe weight loss) and bulimia (compulsive binge eating, followed by purging through self-induced vomiting or laxatives) occur ten times more frequently in women than in men. These syndromes usually develop during adolescence and, until recently, were more prevalent among upper- and upper-middle class women.
The Unexpected
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

On an April evening in 1926, having taken a friend home, I was on my way back to my rooms. The first stage of the return trip had brought me onto the platform of the 66th Street “L” station; and there I stood, waiting, I would have said, for a downtown train. Surely I had no sense of waiting for anything else. Spring was in the air. After the confinement of winter it was good to be out of doors; so I just rested there, leaning against a railing as one does on shipboard.
Breeding seasons in feral pigeons
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Reproduction in birds involves a large number of behavioral and endocrinological events in complex ecologic settings. In no other aspect of avian biology must so many hormonal and behavioral variables satisfactorily interact with environments that are not wholly predictable. The neuroendocrine system is sensitive not only to astronomic, climatic, and habitat variation, but also to intraspecific and inter specific events, and includes feedback loops on itself.
Nestsites and nestbuilding
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Members of the Columbidae have a reasonably well-deserved reputation of making poorly constructed nests. Their nests certainly show less attention to detail than those of passerines, but that is true of many other kinds of birds. Most pigeons surely do not qualify as master architects, but the natural history of the nestlife of juveniles includes behavior that frequently augments the nest building efforts of parents. This applies to feral pigeons, who have nests that can be decidedly flimsy, but who may use a nest long enough to have it become monumental in size and in longevity.
Diet
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Quality and quantity of available food is of course one of the most important biological factors in the life of feral’ pigeons. An individual pigeon will lose about 5 per cent of its body weight after three days without food, and requires about five days of feeding to regain the original body weight (Griminger 1983); pigeons, being granivorous, must be intensive feeders. In the summary of feral pigeon diets presented below, some findings may be surprising and surely will contrast with the general public opinion that pigeons eat virtually anything.
Control of pigeon populations
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Populations increase by adding new individuals through birth and immigration; they decrease by subtracting individuals in excess of any additions, through death and emigration. There are no alternative phenomena. Resources-nutrition for growth, maintenance and reproduction, and shelter for relief from environmental pressures-dictate whether populations increase, stabilize, or decrease. Therefore, if a program of control of a feral pigeon population is envisioned, the aim should be to reduce or eliminate pigeon resources-food and shelter. Phrased this way, which is intentionally oversimplified, it would seem that any control program should be easy to bring to success.
First-order linear dynamical systems
Authors: Sandefur James T
Published: November 2023

Solutions to linear dynamical systems with applications When modeling the real world, we first consider only the most basic assumptions. This often leads to a linear (possibly nonhomogeneous) dynamical system. The good news is that in general we can find solutions to these linear dynamical systems. These solutions can lead us to a better understanding of the situation we are modeling. We then try to make our model more realistic by adding secondary assumptions. These assumptions often lead to nonlinear dynamical systems. Unfortunately, we can rarely find solutions to nonlinear dynamical systems. We will see in Chapter 6 that while we cannot find solutions, we can determine the long term behavior of many nonlinear systems using the techniques we develop in studying linear systems. We must comment that there are still a great many types of nonlinear systems for which the behavior is still not understood. To understand the world better, mathematicians need to develop means for understanding these equations better. A major part of this book will be devoted to finding solutions to linear systems. This is not because linear systems are more important or more common than nonlinear systems, but because we know more about linear systems.