bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
55‐1: Invited Paper: Beyond Flexible Towards Sustainable Electronics
Authors: Vasara Antti , Hakola Liisa , Välimäki Marja , Vilkman Marja , Orelma Hannes , Immonen Kirsi , Torvinen Katariina , Hast Jukka , Smolander Maria
Published: June 2021

Sustainability and circular economy cover the principles of designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems. Due to global trends (eg. increasing e‐waste and material consumption) and global sustainability goals also electronics industry has to consider how to increase sustainability in its products, operations and service models. VTT has demonstrated sustainable electronic solutions by developing bio‐based and renewable material processing, by utilizing high‐speed printing and hybrid integration manufacturing processes, and by evaluating environmental impact of electronic systems and devices. This paper covers the different aspects of sustainability and highlights solutions demonstrated at VTT.
56‐4: Design of a Transparent Dielectric Metamirror for Micro LED Displays
Authors: Ahmed Khaled
Published: June 2021

Micro Light Emitting Diode (µLED) emissive displays have emerged as promising solution for low power mobile displays. Here, we propose a new structurefor red (for example) light emitter composed of a blue µLED, a quantum dot (QD) film, a passivation film, and a metamirror that is reflective to blue light and is transmissive to red light. We present a design and analysis of such structure based on analytical modeling. The proposed architecture enables power efficient µLED displays.
59‐1: Invited Paper: From Lab to Fab: Challenges and Requirements for High‐Volume MicroLED Manufacturing Equipment
Authors: Virey Eric H. , Bouhamri Zine
Published: June 2021

Availability of standard, high volume production tools and processes enabled the commercialization and commoditization of LCD and OLED. For microLED, the lack of processes standards and the proliferation of technology paths hinders the development of high‐volume manufacturing tools. This paper discusses the challenges for equipment manufacturers attempting to capture the microLED opportunity. While various technology bottlenecks remain, the microLED display industry can leverage on existing expertise and equipment from the display, semiconductor, LED and photonic industries to accelerate industrialization.
61‐5: Fully Monolithic GaN µLED Display System
Authors: Hartensveld Matthew
Published: June 2021

A fully monolithic approach is presented for Gallium Nitride (GaN) micro light emitting diode (µLED) displays to solve a number of persistent issues in the space. Novel integration allows for simple, low cost, monolithic integration of active‐matrix circuits along with peripheral control circuitry for µLED displays.
62‐5: Efficient On‐Chip Quantum‐Rod LED with Supreme Stability for Display and Lighting Application
Authors: KANG C. , Prodanov M.F. , GAO Y. , Mallem K. , Chaudhari P. , Valerii V. , SRIVASTAVA A.K.
Published: June 2021

The down‐conversion materials with an on‐chip design for display backlight have brought lots of attention due to their high performance and low material cost. However, it still suffers from high optical and thermal flux degradation. FRET in closely packaged film limits the overall efficiency. In this paper, we present white LEDs by printing thermally stable CdSe/ZnxCdl‐xS quantum rods (QRs) as a luminescent down convertor on the Blue LED chip. Thus, fabricated LEDs offer high luminescence efficacy (∼98 lm/W) and a saturated colors gamut of 118% NTSC (∼90% of BT2020) for displays. Furthermore, the amount of cadmium in the QRs is reduced significantly. Thus, these QR based LEDs are highly suitable for display backlighting and lighting applications.
63‐4: Development of Ink‐jet Printing Process for 55‐inch UHD AMQLED Display
Authors: Wang Tieshi , Zhang Yuanming , Gao Yang , Zhang Zhenqi , Chen Zhuo , Li Dong , Mei Wenhai , Li Yanzhao , Zhou Li , Pei Chen , Yu Jianwei , Shi Huaiting , Liao Jinlong , Li Xinguo , Xu Xiaoguang
Published: June 2021

In this study, by selecting the carrier injection and transport materials and optimizing the thickness of each functional layer in the device, we have solved the problem of unbalanced carrier injection in quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLED). The current efficiencies of red, green and blue spin‐coating QLED devices reach 30 cd/A, 70 cd/A, and 8 cd/A, respectively. By continuous optimization of the ink‐jet printing and film‐forming process, the suitable volume of printed ink drops and drying process conditions are obtained, and completed the fabrication of 55‐inch UHD AMQLED display.
68‐2: Optimization Analysis of Rollable Shape and Stack Design for Rollable AMOLED Display by Finite‐Element Analysis
Authors: Luo Xiaofei , Yang Zhe , Yang Yanyan , Chu Shangchieh , Zhang Jiahao , Zhu Hong , Li Zhao , Shi Shiming , Wang Dawei
Published: June 2021

The finite element analysis method (FEA) is used to study the optimization of the rolling shape and stack design. The rollable simulation model is established to compare the three rolling shapes for single‐roll, double‐roll and S‐roll. Simulation results and experiments show that single‐roll is the best rollable shape among them. The effect of optical clear adhesive (OCA) on the design of rolling stack is analyzed. The results show that, the similar OCA can significantly reduce the strain of the functional layer in the outer‐roll crimping stack, and the strain of the functional layer tends to be stable after the first round of rolling, regardless of the number of turns. Increasing the OCA1 modulus (it is recommended to be high modulus) will help reduce the strain of OCA and functional layer. Optimized stack design not only could improve the rollable ability but also could provide larger space for the design of terminal products. A 12.3‐inch prototype rollable AMOLED display has been successfully rolled up more than 100,000 cycles in dynamic at 5mm outer‐rolling radius without damages.
70‐3: Flexible Reflective Liquid Crystal Display Technology
Authors: Xie Ming , Qin Weiwei , Kong Xiangjian , Liu Jine , Qin Feng
Published: June 2021

We have developed a manufacturing process of flexible reflective LCD and successfully produced 5.0WVGA flexible reflective LCD samples. Meanwhile, the mura issue of black screen is studied, and the solution is discussed.
71‐1: Invited Paper: Skin‐inspired Electronics for Emerging Display Technology
Authors: Zhu Chenxin , Bao Zhenan
Published: June 2021

Skin‐inspired electronics with high mechanical tolerance and reliable electrical performance may greatly advance applications in consumer wearable electronics, medical devices, robotics, and displays. In this emerging research field of skin‐inspired electronics, we advocate the approach of inventing new electronic materials through molecular engineering and developing compatible fabrication processes to achieve stretchable, self‐healing electronic materials and devices. We highlight two demonstrations of stretchable and self‐healable display by our developed approach.
P‐18: Student Poster: Non‐Oxidizing Pre‐Annealing for Enhanced Fluorination of an Indium‐Gallium‐Zinc Oxide Thin‐Film Transistor
Authors: Wang Sisi , Lu Lei , Lv Nannan , Wong Man
Published: June 2021

Different processes have been investigated for the fluorination of amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) and the reliability of the resulting TFTs subjected to a positive gate‐bias thermal stress has been compared. It is shown that the negative shift of the turn‐on voltage of a TFT improved with an increase in the fluorination time. Such improvement correlates well with the annihilation of oxygen‐related defects in the fluorinated channels. However, further extension of the fluorination time has been found to lead to degradation of some device characteristics. An alternative process has been proposed, involving the addition of a non‐oxidizing anneal before the fluorination treatment. More positive shift of the turn‐on voltage and improvement in reliability have been obtained, without the TFT suffering from degradation in other device characteristics.
P‐20: 32‐inch 8K4K 120Hz LCD with LTPS TFT
Authors: Yu Chu-Kuan , Huang Chun-Ru , Lin Che-Min , Hsu Ya-Ling , Cheng Hsiao-Wei
Published: June 2021

The world's largest LTPS 8K monitor with Low Temperature Poly‐Silicon (LTPS) thin‐film transistor (TFT) is developed to have high performance and ready for mass‐production. With new process and panel design, we have realized the 32‐inch 8K LTPS display with 120Hz high frame rate and GOA driving. In this article, the challenges and related technology for large‐size 8K monitor will be discussed. Furthermore, a new LTPS panel design will be proposed to reduce gate loading and improve the uniformity of common voltage (Vcom).
P‐25: A Light‐Field Near‐to‐Eye Display with Time and Color Multiplexing
Authors: Kakeya Hideki , Watanabe Yuta
Published: June 2021

A super‐multiview light‐field near‐eye display is realized by time‐division and color multiplexing, where four images with horizontal and vertical parallax are projected to the pupil. Different methods of time and color multiplexing are evaluated to find a condition to suppress perceived flickers.
P‐35: An Analytical Method of Small‐Module Fracture Dropping Based on Finite‐Element Analysis
Authors: Li Xiaohua , Zhu Lei , Guo Qing , Zhou Wei , Zhang Bingchuan
Published: June 2021

As the probability of fracture is very often during dropping. The fragment of TPM have effect on the reliability and yields of product. Therefore, it is obviously necessary to research the influent factors on fracture in RA dropping. In this paper, to finding out the main influent factors of fracture based on FEA and experimental verification, which could provide a key path to optimize design and solve problem. These main impact factors for instance silicon adhesive parameter, silver glue, gaps between BLU pet and cell, the cell milling, are parts of several factors by filtering.
P‐47: A Geometric Waveguide with Two‐Dimensional Pupil Expansion for Near‐Eye Displays
Authors: Chien Hung-Ta , Wei Shih-Chih , Chang Chuan-Chung , Chuang Fu-Ming
Published: June 2021

We have designed and simulated a geometric waveguide for near‐eye displays. The image source is a DLP projector with a 4mm pupil. The waveguide consists of two pupil expanders for the horizontal and vertical directions. Simple optical coating and inject molding process could reduce the cost. A near‐eye display with field‐of‐view 40 degrees in diagonal is achieved. The luminance efficiency is 0.5% and the total weight is only 6.1g.
P‐49: Student Poster: Efficient Direct‐Block‐Address Encoding for Single‐Shot‐Based 3D Reconstruction
Authors: Farsangi Sina , Naiel Mohamed A. , Lamm Mark , Fieguth Paul
Published: June 2021

We propose a new framework for single‐shot 3D reconstruction based on two‐dimensional tag embedding, where the Structured Light (SL) patterns are partitioned into a number of non‐overlapping blocks that each represent a codeword for explicitly encoding the projector's corresponding pixel address, resulting in an efficient computation for both constructing the SL images and for obtaining the projector‐camera pixel correspondences.
P‐50: Reflective Augmented Reality 3D Display System Based on Lens‐Type Integral Imaging
Authors: Li Qiang , He Wei , Zhong Fei-Yan , Deng Huan
Published: June 2021

The reflective augmented reality 3D display based on lens‐type integral imaging is presented by using a reflective polarizer. The reflective polarizer functions as a reflective imaging device as well as an image combiner. We confirmed that the proposed system could receive the 3D image and reflect image simultaneously.
P‐114: Performance Improvement of Top‐Emitting Blue Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by an Organic Capping Layer
Authors: Feng Jingwen , Li Dong , Lu Zhigao , Chen Zhuo , Li Yanzhao , Li Xinguo , Zhou Li , Pei Chen , Xu Xiaoguang
Published: June 2021

Quantum Dot Light Emitting diodes (QLED) show promise in the development of next‐generation displays due to their unique properties, such as cost‐effective, large‐area, wide‐color‐gamut and long life‐time. However, the most studied bottom‐emitting device structure can't meet the requirements of high resolution and high information‐content active matrix (AM) display in the future. Here, top‐emitting blue QLEDs with capping layer (CPL) on top metal cathode were fabricated and characterized. The introduction of CPL can influence both the optical and electrical properties of the device, resulting in a remarkable current efficiency improvement. By optimizing the CPL thickness, we have achieved an almost 12‐fold efficiency improvement of top‐emitting blue QLEDs.
P‐76: Adaptive Phase‐Correction Scheme for Enhancing the Sensing Image Quality of an Ultrasonic Fingerprint‐Sensor Integrated OLED System
Authors: Shin Hyundo , Park Hyun Sung , Seo Yudeok , Seo Dongjin , Kim Yongjo , Been Kyounghun , Jeon Byeongkyu
Published: June 2021

In this work, we proposed the modified phase correction approach to enhance the fingerprint image quality of the ultrasonic fingerprint sensor on display (FoD). The mechanical wave is diffracted at the boundary between the finger and display panel so that the interference pressure is captured by the sensor. Diffracted waves play a critical role in enhancing sensing images. To correct the diffracted patterns, the corresponding point spread function (PSF) based convolution has been generally required in the conventional approach. In this study, we proposed a modified phase correction method using the sinusoidal implicit typed function, which is derived from the desired magnitude and phase spectrum based on the analyzed pressure distribution. The proposed approach is available for the multi‐physical structure such as acoustic, elastic and viscoelastic mediums in the multi‐layered structure. We verified the proposed approach to be a useful process for diffraction correction in comparison with the numerical and experimental results.
P‐85: Improvement of the Transmittance of ADS Mode in 8K Display
Authors: Guo Yuanhui , Shi Xia , Zhang Wei , Jiang Peng , Gao Yujie , Guo Lei , Liao Yanping
Published: June 2021

One of the main factors for popularization of 8K TV is the drastically deteriorated transmittance. We proposed several ways to improve the transmittance of ADS mode in 8K display, such as modifying the traditional pixel layout and adopting new materials. The transmittance gap between 4K and 8K has narrowed.
P‐89: Diffraction Simulation of Camera Under LCD Considering the Influence of Liquid‐Crystal Phase Modulation
Authors: Deng Qian , Zhu Jiuhui , Hou Shaojun , Huang Changchih , Wang Chao , Liu Guanghui , Li Zhifu
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we propose a simulation method to evaluate the diffraction when capturing through a LCD panel, taking the LC retardation factor into account, and figure out calculated diffraction images matching well with actually captured ones. The influence of pixel design, transmittance distribution function, and phase distribution function on diffraction are discussed in detail. Distinguishing the contribution of the above factors on diffraction can further pave the way to imaging quality improvement of LCD‐based Camera‐Under‐Panel (CUP) application.
P‐95: Influences of OLED Metal Layers on the Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves at Different Frequencies
Authors: Gu Peng Hao , Liu Zheng Dao , Zhang Song , Xie Chun Y. , Shi Shi Ming
Published: June 2021

Nowadays, with the development of new IoT display applications and 5G antenna extension, the display companies attached more and more attentions on the integration of antenna. This Paper studied the influences of OLED metal layer on the transmission performance of electromagnetic wave at different frequencies, and analyzed the reference locations of antenna integration. The electromagnetic wave penetrating test of network analyzer in S21 mode was made, and 13.56 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 28 GHz were selected as the marked frequency points. We found the transmission coefficient of S21 in whole module panel was −0.005599dB (99.9356%) at 13.56MHz, but the value was decreased as −0.4702dB (89.74%) at 2.4GHz and −1.56dB (69.6%) at 5GHz, finally dropped to −11.353dB (7.32%) at 28GHz. Moreover the influence of different thickness metal layers in OLED module has been compare. We found the influence of metal layer thickness on electromagnetic waves penetration gradually increased as the frequency increasing, but influence of the metal film continuity reduced. Finally, by comparing the transmission coefficient of different metal layers, we thought the best location for 5G antenna integration was the none display area which far away from the metal layers in OLED, but the HF antenna as 13.56Mhz or other frequency lower than 2.4GHz can be integrated under the OLED devices, in the back plate layer, or upper the display area.
P‐100: Improvement of Film Profile and Device Performance with Different HIL Inks for High‐Resolution Display in Solution‐Processed OLED
Authors: Youn Jun Ho , Shin JeongKyun , Lee SangBin , Baek Heumell , Bae HyoDae
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we investigated film profile and device performance in pixel of 80ppi, 144ppi and 200ppi with 2nd harmonic structure which had thicker HIL and HTL. Pile‐up phenomena depended on ink formulation and pixel size and target film thickness. The excessive pile‐up was occurred in smaller pixel with same ink. Profiles were improved with changing the first layer ink that it had suppressed pile‐up in 200ppi size pixel. Device performance was also achieved in 200ppi size pixel compared with 80ppi size pixel device.
P‐104: Improvement of Efficiency of a New Solution Processed Red Organic Light Emitting Diodes by Applying a New Crosslinked Hole Transport Layer
Authors: Park Eunyoung , Jang Jae-Ho , Hwang Do-Hoon , Suh Min Chul
Published: June 2021

We synthesized a new set of solution processable light emitting materials for phosphorescent red organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). To improve the device performance, we controlled the electron mobility of electron transport layer (ETL). However, the effect of changing the electron mobility of ETL was very limited. So, we applied a new crosslinkable hole transport layer which was perfectly crosslinked at 135°C and achieved much more improved efficiency by up to 200%.
P‐116: TADF OLED Emission Zone and Stability Analysis with Water Exposure to Different Layers During Deposition
Authors: Ciarnáin Rossa Mac , Mo Hin Wai , Nagayoshi Kaori , Fujimoto Hiroshi , Harada Kentaro , Ke Tung-Huei , Heremans Paul , Adachi Chihaya
Published: June 2021

Reliable devices are essential for the commercialization of OLED technology. OLED materials are notorious for their sensitivity to various substances such as water. For thermally activated delayed emission (TADF) OLEDs, which layers are most water‐sensitive is unknown. Work towards understanding how water affects OLED performance is shown. Surprisingly, it is shown that the water effect on the emission layer is negligible compared to other layers in this stack. The emission zone is measured for fresh and degraded OLEDs deposited under different water partial pressures. Using a novel highly sensitive measurement method, a shift to the anode side was observed.
Retaining problems or solutions? The post‐acquisition performance implications of director retention
Authors: Campbell Robert J. , Busenbark John R. , Graffin Scott D. , Boivie Steven
Published: June 2021

Research Summary

Director retention is a common practice during acquisitions, whereby the acquiring firm adds at least one director from the target onto its board. Despite the regularity of the phenomenon, little is understood about the post‐acquisition financial implications of director retention. In this exploratory study, we investigate the financial impact (via long‐term investor value appropriation) of director retention in a sample of acquisitions among publicly traded firms. Our empirical analyses consistently illustrate negative financial ramifications of director retention for the acquiring firm across multiple analytic models, time horizons of performance, and samples. We delineate implications for research on boards of directors and acquisitions, and we offer preliminary theoretical logic and empirical analyses for future scholarship to elucidate the mechanisms driving antecedents and outcomes of director retention.

Managerial Summary

Despite the prevalence of director retention—a practice where an acquirer adds at least one director from the target onto the board of the ongoing firm—research on the topic is equivocal about the financial implications of this practice. We argue this is a crucial oversight because new directors can have an incredible influence on the trajectory of the firm and its subsequent performance, a fact that is particularly true in the turbulent post‐acquisition period. In our study, we empirically examine the impact of director retention on post‐acquisition performance. Across multiple analyses and time intervals of performance, we consistently find that director retention is negatively associated with the performance of the acquiring firm. Accordingly, our findings suggest that acquirers should generally approach direction retention with caution.
Genotyping‐by‐sequencing resolves relationships in Polygonaceae tribe Eriogoneae
Authors: Pearman Peter B. , Alioto Tyler S. , Trotta Jean‐Remi P. , Columbus J. Travis
Published: June 2021

The resolution of cryptic diversity is essential for understanding the evolutionary diversification of lineages and establishing conservation priorities. We examine relationships in Eriogoneae (Polygonaceae), a diverse lineage in western North America. We ask whether Eriogonum umbellatum, a morphologically and ecologically diverse species, is monophyletic and whether its varieties represent evolutionary lineages. We use genotyping‐by‐sequencing to assemble a SNP dataset for 51 species in the genera Chorizanthe, Eriogonum and Sidotheca. We report a hierarchical phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood to estimate the evolutionary history of Eriogoneae. We illustrate admixture components for 21 populations of E. umbellatum, representing four varieties, and test for lineage structure using TreeMix. We identify strongly supported clades within Eriogoneae. Many relationships in the Eucycla + Oregonium and Latifolia clades are supported, while most relationships within the Eriogonum subg. Oligogonum clade and a clade with most Chorizanthe remain unresolved. Eriogonum congdonii resolves within the main E. umbellatum clade, while populations of three varieties of E. umbellatum are closely related to E. ursinum and are associated with serpentine soils. ADmixture and TreeMix analyses suggest E. umbellatum varieties represent evolutionary lineages. These results from SNP data are largely consistent with previous phylogenetic studies of Eriogoneae based on sequence variation. Structure within Oligogonum suggests consistent environmental association and radiation after initial colonization of serpentine. Morphology is unreliable for the infraspecific taxonomy of E. umbellatum. Additional molecular studies are needed to resolve the evolutionary relationships and ecological diversification within this species, in Oligogonum, and in Eriogoneae.
Professional development to support principals' vision of science instruction: Building from their prior experiences to support the science practices
Authors: McNeill Katherine L. , Lowenhaupt Rebecca , Cherbow Kevin , Lowell Benjamin R.
Published: June 2021

The implementation of science reform must be viewed as a systems‐level problem and not just focus on resources for teachers and students. High‐capacity instructional leadership is essential for supporting classroom science instruction. Recent reform efforts include a shift from learning about science facts to figuring out scientific phenomena in which students use science practices as they build and apply disciplinary core ideas. We report findings from a research study on professional development (PD) to support instructional leaders' learning about the science practices. After participating in the PD, the instructional leaders' familiarity with and leadership content knowledge of the science practices significantly improved. Initially, principals used their understandings from other disciplines and content neutral visions of classrooms to make sense of science instruction. For example, they initially used their understandings of models and argument from ELA and math to make sense of science classroom instruction. Furthermore, some principals focused on content neutral strategies, like a clear objective. Over the course of the PD workshops, principals took up the language of the science practices in more nuanced and sophisticated ways. Principals' use of the language of the science practices became more frequent and shifted from identifying or defining them to considering quality and implementation in science classrooms. As we design tools to support science, we need to consider instructional leaders as important stakeholders and develop resources to specifically meet their needs. If the science feels too unfamiliar or intimidating, principals may avoid or reframe science reform efforts. Consequently, it is important to leverage instructional leaders' resources from other disciplines and content neutral strategies as bridges for building understanding in science. We argue that the science practices are one potential lever to engage in this work and shift instructional leaders' understandings of science instruction.
Producing fit‐for‐purpose water and recovering resources from various sources: An overview
Authors: Jegatheesan Veeriah , Shu Li , Jegatheesan Leonardo
Published: June 2021

Natural resources, except wind power and solar energy, are depleting, and therefore it is essential to develop and implement best management practices wherever possible. With respect to water, integrated water management is essential to preserve the fresh water for many generations to come. Producing fit‐for‐purpose water from various sources such as rainwater, wastewater, seawater/brackish water, and stormwater will contribute greatly to conserve the fresh water. By looking at a few wastewater streams, such as domestic wastewater and wastewaters from industries such as textile, aquaculture, mining, meat processing, carwash, and agriculture, generated all over the world informs us that quantifying them and characterizing their qualities are important to understand many aspects. The increase or decrease in consumption and technologies implemented (or need to be implemented) for water and energy savings, recovery of energy and resources from concentrates and other wastes (such as wastewater sludge, agricultural and food wastes) to reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover materials and energy will give clear direction that should be taken in research and development and implementation of technologies for sustainable living.
Pathological and sonographic review of early isolated severe lower urinary tract obstruction and implications for prenatal treatment
Authors: Vinit N. , Bessières B. , Spaggiari E. , Heidet L. , Gubler M.‐C. , Dreux S. , Attie‐Bitach T. , Blanc T. , Ville Y. ,   Collaborators
Published: June 2021

Objective

To identify favorable renal histology in fetuses with early severe lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) and determine the best timing and selection criteria for prenatal surgery.

Methods

This multicenter, retrospective study included male fetuses with severe LUTO which died before 24 weeks of gestation during the period January 2000 to December 2018. Age‐matched controls were used as reference standard for renal histology. Prenatal ultrasound features and fetal serum and/or urine β2microglobulin level were retrieved and kidney histology slides (hematein‐eosin‐safran and α‐smooth‐muscle‐actin (αSMA) immunostaining) were prepared and reviewed. αSMA‐positive staining of the blastema is due to its aberrant differentiation into myofibroblastic cells. Cases were sorted into histopathologic groups (favorable or unfavorable) according to the blastema's morphology and αSMA labeling and the data of these groups were compared.

Results

Included in the study were 74 fetuses with a median gestational age at outcome of 17 + 6 (range, 13 + 0 to 23 + 5) weeks. Parenchymal organization was preserved in 48% of the kidneys. A blastema was present in 90% of the kidneys, but it was morphologically normal in only 9% and αSMA‐negative in only 1% of them. Most (82%) fetuses had an unfavorable prognosis, and 36% of fetuses died ≤ 18 weeks and had severe renal lesions detected on histology (early unfavorable prognosis). A favorable renal prognosis was associated with an earlier gestational age (P = 0.001). Fetuses with LUTO had a significantly lower number of mature glomeruli (P < 0.001) compared with controls. However, there was no significant difference in the number of glomeruli generations between the early‐unfavorable‐prognosis group (≤ 18 weeks) and the group with a favorable prognosis (P = 0.19). A comparison of prenatal ultrasound features and biochemical markers between groups could not identify any prenatal selection criteria.

Conclusions

Before 18 weeks, around 30% of fetuses with severe LUTO still have potential for kidney development. Identification of these cases would enable them to be targeted for prenatal therapy. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Structural neuroimaging of the altered brain stemming from pediatric and adolescent hearing loss—Scientific and clinical challenges
Authors: Ratnanather J. Tilak
Published: June 2021

There has been a spurt in structural neuroimaging studies of the effect of hearing loss on the brain. Specifically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technologies provide an opportunity to quantify changes in gray and white matter structures at the macroscopic scale. To date, there have been 32 MRI and 23 DTI studies that have analyzed structural differences accruing from pre‐ or peri‐lingual pediatric hearing loss with congenital or early onset etiology and postlingual hearing loss in pre‐to‐late adolescence. Additionally, there have been 15 prospective clinical structural neuroimaging studies of children and adolescents being evaluated for cochlear implants. The results of the 70 studies are summarized in two figures and three tables. Plastic changes in the brain are seen to be multifocal rather than diffuse, that is, differences are consistent across regions implicated in the hearing, speech and language networks regardless of modes of communication and amplification. Structures in that play an important role in cognition are affected to a lesser extent. A limitation of these studies is the emphasis on volumetric measures and on homogeneous groups of subjects with hearing loss. It is suggested that additional measures of morphometry and connectivity could contribute to a greater understanding of the effect of hearing loss on the brain. Then an interpretation of the observed macroscopic structural differences is given. This is followed by discussion of how structural imaging can be combined with functional imaging to provide biomarkers for longitudinal tracking of amplification.

This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Imaging
Electrochemical studies of iron(II) complexeswith 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole possessing spin crossover
Authors: Kokovkin Vasily V. , Kal'nyi Danila B. , Korotaev Evgenii V. , Shakirova Olga G. , Lavrenova Ludmila G.
Published: June 2021

The electrochemical properties of a number of coordination compounds of iron(II) with 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (NH2trz), which have a sharp thermally induced spin crossover with hysteresis on the temperature curves of the effective magnetic moment dependence, were studied using method cyclic voltammetry (CV) at 298 K. The complexes were mixed with carbon powder and silicon oil and included in the paste electrode. The measurements were made in solutions of 0.10 M KNO3. It was found that the area 0.5–0.6 V and 0.3–0.4 V contains the anode and cathode current peaks of freshly prepared paste electrodes. In all cases, the redox process in the paste is quasi‐reversible. At the same molar concentration of complexes in the paste (0.1 mol kg−1), a number of current peaks depends on the nature of the anion. The peak current value correlates with the calculated fraction of the high spin form in the solid phase of the complex and the temperature of the direct spin crossover (when heated, Tc↑). The magnetic properties of Fe(NH2trz)3(NO3)2 complex, its mixture with carbon powder and the paste were measured by Faraday method in a temperature range 80–370 K. The effective magnetic moment was depended on changes in variations in the environment of the molecules of the complex in the studied samples.
Synthesis and characterisation of the quaternary cyanamide Li2MgSn2(NCN)6
Authors: Qiao Xianji , Corkett Alex J. , Stoffel Ralf P. , Dronskowski Richard
Published: June 2021

The quaternary cyanamide Li2MgSn2(NCN)6 was prepared by a solid‐state metathesis reaction between Li2NCN, MgF2, and SnF4. Its trigonal structure was determined from powder X‐ray diffraction data to be isotypic to that of Li2MnSn2(NCN)6 with P
m symmetry. The new phase is well thought of as being derived from a [NiAs]‐type MNCN structure with Sn2(NCN)32+ corundum‐like layers alternating with Li2Zr(NCN)3‐like Li2Mg(NCN)32− layers. Structural anomalies in the shape of the cyanamide units are addressed via PXRD, IR spectroscopy as well as density‐functional theory, all of them suggesting the presence of N≡C−N2− cyanamide units.
Aesthetic Practice as Critique: The Suspension of Judgment and the Invention of New Possibilities of Perception, Thinking, and Action
Authors: Zahn Manuel
Published: June 2021

From the perspective of media education theory and aesthetic education, this article discusses some considerations of aesthetic practice as media-critical practice. Media-critical practice is described as a reflexive-transformative practice with and in media and no longer as a distanced, self-reflexive and rational critique of media or media use. It first shows that in this perspective, subjects no longer (only) intentionally deal with media, but first and foremost become subjects in relation to medial apparatuses. In a second step I shall relate to contemporary artists of the so-called post-internet art. Their aesthetic practices have the potential to criticize (to question, reflect, or subvert) the entanglement of human beings into contemporary media-cultural environments.
What Is the Poor Image Rich in?
Authors: Schmidt Helena
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines the concept of the poor image in relation to a contemporary, critical art education. Coined by Hito Steyerl in 2009, the term describes digital, sometimes poorly resolved image copies, which are proliferating on the internet, often deprived of any context or image information. These new visual forms are accompanied by a shift in the way images are used and reflected, which in turn is central to post-internet art education. The article examines the term poor image and, in a second step, situates it in a contemporary teaching practice. In doing so, the author investigates its performative potential and speculates on how pictorial poorness may lead to pedagogical richness.
Educating Things: Art Education Beyond the Individual in the Post-Digital
Authors: Hahn Annemarie
Published: June 2021

Current digital infrastructures have not only profoundly changed the way people communicate with each other, but also the material conditions in which people relate to other people, people relate to things, and also things relate to things. These emerging alliances have an impact on relationships between human and non-human actors, and thus also on concepts of individual subjectivity. In the field of art, with neo-materialistic theoretical approaches, a new relationship can be observed between the artist-subject and the art-artifacts, which places the materials in the focus of the dissonance. This displacement is to the disadvantage of the individual artist-subject. In this chapter, these theoretical considerations are exemplified by an examination of the relations between people and things in the exhibition “Co-Workers - Network as Artist” at the MAM in Paris (2015/16). The exhibition is particularly interesting because of its understanding of digital materiality.
Post-internet Verfremdung
Authors: Björk Helena
Published: June 2021

The ease of uploading images on Instagram has meant that a whole generation grows up paying closer attention to visual language. At the same time, Instagram and other social media have come to dominate visual culture to the extent that we need to make an effort to unlearn what they have taught us. Here the internet is seen not only as a vital part of visual culture but also as a site of learning. This chapter presents a school assignment as a possible approach to online visual culture. By creating Instagram fiction, we can understand how social media operate both visually and socially. Parody and estrangement, or the Brechtian Verfremdungseffekt, are examples offered to examine a phenomenon and activate critical thinking.
Post-Internet Art and Pre-Internet Art Education
Authors: Sweeny Robert W.
Published: June 2021

Post-Internet art represents a challenge to previous artistic concepts that tended to view the utilization of networked digital technologies as either the fulfillment of utopian fantasies of ego destruction, or the dystopian realization of a posthuman nightmare. Post-Internet art oscillates between these two extremes, making use of numerous interrelated networks that are decentralized in nature. Formal schooling is generally centralized, and art education tends to operate in a similar manner within this system, regardless of attempts to substantially change the structure of the field. A comparison of these two different systems might offer art educators opportunities to rethink practices that have been virtually unaffected by decentralization.
Bodies of Images: Art Education After the Internet
Authors: Schütze Konstanze
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores a series of thought experiments for an investigation of what one casually calls the image. In this endeavor, images will be rendered as bodies compiled from versions of themselves (bodies of images), explored embedded in dissemination processes (memeplexes), and hence contoured as highly effective structures with sophisticated potential for transformation (image objects). Basing on three major theoretical concepts (meme theory, object-oriented ontology, and network effects), this re-interrogation of the image is the suggestion of a reading of images as entities that actively, or inactively, form structural assemblages and maintain energetic human and non-human constellations which shape the present. At the close of the exploration, a professional habitus is sketched in which art educators are experts for image relations.
COVID-19-Betroffenheit in der vollstationären Langzeitpflege
Authors: Kohl Raphael , Jürchott Kathrin , Hering Christian , Gangnus Annabell , Kuhlmey Adelheid , Schwinger Antje
Published: June 2021

Die Corona-Pandemie deckt die Schwächen des stationären Pflegesystems – schon vor der Pandemie waren diese abzusehen – nun schonungslos auf. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeichnet basierend auf Abrechnungsdaten der AOK-Pflege- und Krankenkassen ein Abbild dieser Krisensituation für die erste Pandemiewelle von März bis Mai 2020. Aufgezeigt wird die Sterblichkeit von vollstationär Pflegebedürftigen, die in der 15. Kalenderwoche 20 % höher als im Mittel der Vorjahre lag und dann bis zur 20. Kalenderwoche wieder auf den Durchschnitt der Vorjahre abfiel. Mit Blick auf COVID-Erkrankte entfiel jeder fünfte COVID-Krankenhausaufenthalt und fast jeder dritte COVID-Todesfall im Krankenhaus auf einen vollstationär versorgten Pflegebedürftigen. Die Ergebnisse zum massiven Rückgang der Krankenhausaufnahmen von Pflegebedürftigen aus den Heimen zwischen der 10. und 12. Kalenderwoche des Jahres 2020 um rund ein Drittel werfen zudem ein erstes Schlaglicht auf mögliche sekundäre Folgen für die Gesundheitsversorgung während der ersten Pandemiewelle. Der Beitrag legt damit erste Befunde aus dem Kontext des durch den Spitzenverband der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV-SV) geförderten Forschungsprojektes Covid-Heim vor, das von der Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin in Kooperation mit dem Wissenschaftlichem Institut der AOK (WIdO) durchgeführt wird. Ziel des Projektes ist eine möglichst umfassende Beschreibung der Situation der Heimbewohnerinnen und -bewohner, ihrer Angehörigen und der Pflegekräfte, um so eine belastbare Evidenz für Veränderungen im Versorgungssetting der stationären Langzeitpflege zu erhalten.
Wachstumsmarkt Pflege
Authors: Heger Dörte
Published: June 2021

Die Alterung der Gesellschaft lässt die Anzahl pflegebedürftiger Menschen weiter steigen. Gleichzeitig wird das Potenzial der Angehörigenpflege zurückgehen, sodass verstärkt auf professionelle Pflegeangebote zurückgegriffen werden muss. Der Pflegemarkt ist und bleibt somit ein Wachstumsmarkt. Die Herausforderung wird es sein, die nötigen personellen und finanziellen Ressourcen zu gewinnen, um das Angebot entsprechend auszuweiten. Die Unternehmen tun daher gut daran, sich für Arbeitskräfte und Kapitalgeber attraktiv aufzustellen. Damit Pflege bezahlbar bleibt, sollte die Politik Planungssicherheit gewährleisten und unternehmerisches Handeln fördern. Parallel können Maßnahmen, welche die Pflegebedürftigkeit verzögern und vermeiden, den Anstieg der Nachfrage nach Pflege abschwächen und die Lebensqualität älterer Menschen steigern.
Beruflich Pflegende – Engpass oder Treiber von Veränderungen?
Authors: Stemmer Renate
Published: June 2021

Der Beitrag diskutiert die Rolle der beruflich Pflegenden in den sich verändernden Angebotsstrukturen im Zuständigkeitsbereich des SGB XI. Diese wird beeinflusst durch deren Arbeitssituation, Qualifikation und die zugewiesenen Handlungsspielräume. Die Engpasssituation ist unbestritten. Empirisch belegt ist ein erheblicher Mangel an Pflegepersonen im Zusammenhang mit gravierenden Mängeln der Arbeitsqualität. Diese betreffen die Bezahlung, die vertragliche Beschäftigungssituation, eine unzureichende Balance zwischen Arbeit und Leben, ein hohes Arbeitsaufkommen, unzureichende Karrieremöglichkeiten und geringe Mitarbeiterrepräsentation.

Inwieweit die Bemühungen, den Personalmangel über eine Erhöhung des Anteils an Assistenzpersonen zu verringern, zielführend auch im Sinne ausreichender Pflege- und Versorgungsqualität sind, ist offen. Sorge bereitet das unklare Potenzial der Assistenzpersonen angesichts äußerst heterogener länderspezifischer Qualifizierungsangebote ebenso wie die voraussichtlich eher geringen Delegationskompetenzen der zukünftigen Pflegefachpersonen. Unverständlich ist auch, dass die hochschulisch qualifizierten Pflegenden in den Überlegungen zur bewohnernahen Versorgung bislang keine Rolle spielen.

Die in der Pflege Tätigen können dann zum Treiber von Veränderungen werden, wenn ihr Potential qualifikations- und aufgabenbezogen genutzt wird. Dies setzt zwingend die Integration der beruflich Pflegenden mit hochschulischer Qualifikation auf der Bachelor- und der Masterebene in der bewohnernahen Pflege und Versorgung voraus. Bedingung ist ebenfalls eine deutliche Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen sowie eine Stärkung der politischen Einflussnahmemöglichkeiten.
Regionale Sicherstellung der Pflegeversorgung
Authors: Greß Stefan , Jacobs Klaus
Published: June 2021

Heute sind die Länder verantwortlich für die Vorhaltung einer „leistungsfähigen, zahlenmäßig ausreichenden und wirtschaftlichen pflegerischen Versorgungsstruktur“, den Pflegekassen hingegen obliegt der individuelle Sicherstellungsauftrag, d. h., sie haben eine bedarfsgerechte Versorgung der Versicherten zu gewährleisten. Die Friktionen, die aus dieser Regelung resultieren, werden herausgearbeitet sowie potentielle Neuordnungen mit Blick auf die Verantwortlichkeiten diskutiert. Diese bestehen in der Entwicklung und verpflichtenden Anwendung einer Bedarfsplanung für die pflegerische Versorgung, in der gezielten Förderung von Versorgungsangeboten durch die Länder oder über die Versorgungsverträge der Pflegekassen und in einer deutlich verbindlicheren Kooperation der für Gewährleistung bedarfsgerechter Pflegeangebote zentralen Akteure.
Status quo der Senioren- und Pflegeplanung und Hand-lungsempfehlungen für Kommunen
Authors: Braeseke Grit , Naegele Gerhard , Engelmann Freja
Published: June 2021

Die im § 9 SGB XI bundesgesetzlich vorgegebene Verantwortung der Bundesländer für die Vorhaltung einer leistungsfähigen pflegerischen Versorgungsstruktur wird in den Ländern unterschiedlich in die Praxis umgesetzt. Zum einen erfolgt die Pflegeplanung auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen (teilweise auf Länder- und teilweise auf Kreisebene). Zum anderen variieren die Planungsinhalte und -verfahren stark. Nach einer kurzen Übersicht zu den gesetzlichen Regelungen der Bundesländer wird das Spektrum der Handlungsfelder von Pflegeplanungen auf Länder- und Kreisebene beschrieben. Anhand von vier konkreten Planungskonzepten werden anschließend die genutzten Indikatoren vorgestellt. Abschließend finden sich Handlungsempfehlungen zum konkreten Vorgehen bei der Senioren- und Pflegeplanung für die Stadt- und Landkreise.
Ausgezeichnete Quartiersarbeit – Modelle für die Vernetzung von Pflege und bürgerschaftlichem Engagement
Authors: Wehrbein Heike , Hanemann Melanie
Published: June 2021

Um ein selbstbestimmtes Leben auch bei Unterstützungsbedarf führen zu können, braucht es förderliche Bedingungen vor Ort – insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund sich verändernder Familienstrukturen und fehlender Fachkräfte in der Pflege. Diese Bedingungen kleinräumig und bedarfsgerecht aufzubauen ist das Ziel von Quartiersprojekten. Akteure in Städten und Dörfern müssen dabei einen Umgang mit sehr unterschiedlichen Voraussetzungen finden. Wie gut das gelingen kann und wie viel sich durch Vernetzung erreichen lässt, zeigen die hier porträtierten Praxisbeispiele. Es sind die fünf besten Kandidaten einer bundesweiten Ausschreibung für den „Pflegeinnovationspreis der Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe 2020“.
Pflegebedürftigkeit in Deutschland
Authors: Matzk Sören , Tsiasioti Chrysanthi , Behrendt Susann , Jürchott Kathrin , Schwinger Antje
Published: June 2021

Der Beitrag liefert ein ausführliches Bild zum Stand der Pflegebedürftigkeit und der gesundheitlichen Versorgung der Pflegebedürftigen in Deutschland. Die Analysen basieren auf GKVstandardisierten AOK-Daten. Sie zeigen Prävalenz, Verläufe und Versorgungsformen der Pflege sowie Kennzahlen zur gesundheitlichen Versorgung der Pflegebedürftigen. Im Fokus stehen die Inanspruchnahme von ärztlichen und stationären Leistungen, Polymedikation und Verordnungen von PRISCUS-Wirkstoffen und Psychopharmaka. Die Ergebnisse werden der Versorgung der Nicht-Pflegebedürftigen gleichen Alters gegenübergestellt und differenziert nach Schwere der Pflegebedürftigkeit und Versorgungssetting ausgewiesen.