bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting tooth loss for older adults with special needs
Authors: Chen Xi , Hodges James S , Shuman Stephen K , Gatewood Laël C , Xu Jia
Published: March 2010

Chen X, Hodges JS, Shuman SK, Gatewood LC, Xu J. Predicting tooth loss for older adults with special needs. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 235–243. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Objectives:  Older Adults with Special Needs (OASN) have more oral health needs compared with healthy, independent elders. Currently, little is known about tooth loss, a key indicator of oral function loss, among OASN. Risk assessment is primarily based on clinical experience rather than scientific evidence, raising concerns for quality of care. The study’s objective was to develop an evidence‐based model to quantitatively predict tooth loss for OASN.

Methods:  Four hundred ninety‐one dentate older adults, including 235 from long‐term care facilities, were retrospectively recruited. Subjects were treated and brought to a state of oral health before enrollment. Medical and dental assessments were abstracted from dental records and used to predict risk of tooth loss. Tooth loss events were recorded for subjects during follow‐up. Multivariate negative‐binomial regression was used, starting with 27 risk factors and removing variables using Akaike’s Information Criterion. Pearson’s correlation was then conducted to evaluate the overall fit of the final fitted model.

Results:  The final fitted model included eight predictors. Among them, age, number of decayed/broken teeth at arrival, anticholinergic burden of medications and physical mobility were associated with risk of tooth loss in OASN (P ≤ 0.05). Internal validation indicated satisfactory fit of the final fitted model.

Conclusion:  An evidence‐based model with eight predictors was developed to quantitatively predict risk of tooth loss for OASN at the individual level.
Independent predictors of satisfaction in impacted third molar surgery patients
Authors: Kim YuKyoung , Kim SoungMin , Myoung Hoon
Published: March 2010

Kim YK, Kim SM, Myoung H. Independent predictors of satisfaction in impacted third molar surgery patients. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 274–286. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Objectives:  Patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction are critical dimensions leading to favorable or unfavorable treatment outcomes. Although impacted third molar (ITM) surgery is one of the most common dental surgical procedures, it is a challenging operation because of numerous potential complications and patients generally suffer from severe psychosomatic symptoms as a result of severe perioperative anxiety. We hypothesize that multiple independent factors, including perioperative anxiety and various postoperative complications, affect satisfaction of the ITM surgery patients.

Methods:  Survey data from 219 participants encompassed basic patient demographic traits, difficulty of surgery, perioperative anxiety, pain sensation and common postoperative complications. The t‐test and one‐way anova with Duncan’s multiple‐range tests were applied to detect differences in mean values of perioperative anxiety, perioperative pain sensation and satisfaction based on basic demographic characteristics and postoperative complications. The significance of postoperative complications according to demographic data and difficulty of extraction was also analyzed. A paired t‐test was applied to detect the significance of anxiety level and pain sensation changes over time. Lastly, univariate and multiple stepwise regression analyses were used to analyze the relationships among perioperative anxiety, pain sensation and satisfaction to determine the predictive factor of patient satisfaction.

Results:  Basic demographic traits proved not to have a direct significant effect on satisfaction in ITM surgery patients, but some demographic factors and difficulty of surgery showed significant relationships with postoperative complications. Univariate analysis revealed that perioperative anxiety, pain sensation, postoperative infection, numbness/paresthesia and ecchymoses have a significant influence on patient satisfaction. In particular, preoperative anxiety level and numbness/paresthesia were independent predictive factors of patient satisfaction upon multivariate analysis.

Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that the patients who undergo ITM surgery often have severe anxiety that seriously impacts patient satisfaction and resultant treatment outcomes. In addition, patient satisfaction directly depends on the occurrence of some postoperative complications. Appreciation of these predictive factors and increasing patient satisfaction may help clinicians to provide optimal care for ITM surgery patients.
A NOT SO HAPPY BIRTHDAY: THE FOSTER YOUTH TRANSITION FROM ADOLESCENCE INTO ADULTHOOD
Authors: Krinsky Miriam Aroni
Published: March 2010

Every year close to 25,000 youth age out of our foster care system; without the anchor of a family, former foster youth disproportionately join the ranks of the homeless, incarcerated, and unemployed. While the average age of financial independence in America is twenty‐six years of age, we presume that foster youth can somehow attain financial and emotional independence by age eighteen. Instead, these adolescents are woefully unprepared for independent adult life, and when they falter, too often no one is there to provide support or guidance. As a result, former foster youth are ten times more likely to be arrested than youth of the same age, race, and sex and one in four youth who age out of foster care will end up in jail within the first two years after leaving care. This article will discuss strategies for changing these disheartening outcomes for transitioning foster youth, including breaking down our silos and collectively taking charge of the lives of children in our care; keeping a watchful eye on data and outcomes and using that information to guide our actions; ensuring that the voices of youth are an ever‐present part of decisions and processes that will chart their future; and educating ourselves about best practices and new approaches. This article also discusses new opportunities that now exist to support foster youth as they move into adulthood, including new federal legislation that—for the first time—will allow states to support foster youth beyond age eighteen. Finally, this article provides a backdrop for this Special Issue and summarizes the insightful articles and innovative thinking contained herein.
JUVENILE COURT FOR YOUNG ADULTS? HOW ONGOING COURT INVOLVEMENT CAN ENHANCE FOSTER YOUTHS' CHANCES FOR SUCCESS
Authors: Buss Emily
Published: March 2010

States wishing to extend foster care supports to young adults under the Fostering Connections to Success Act are required to meet all the requirements of Title IV‐E, which include regular reviews that have traditionally been conducted in juvenile courts. For some, this requirement of ongoing judicial involvement is a reason to forgo this significant source of new federal dollars. Others are seeking ways to minimize ongoing court involvement while still complying with federal requirements. This article argues that these views are misguided. Designed properly, juvenile court reviews can play a unique and important role in helping young adults begin to take responsibility for their own futures.
INVOLVING YOUTH IN THE DEPENDENCY COURT PROCESS: THE WASHINGTON STATE EXPERIENCE
Authors: Bridge Hon. Bobbe J.
Published: March 2010

In 2008, the Washington State legislature established a pilot program in four designated sites wherein youth ages twelve years and older had the right to (1) receive notice of all dependency hearings that involve them, (2) be present at such hearings, and (3) be heard personally. Pursuant to the legislation, upon request by the youth, the court participating in the pilot program is permitted to conduct an in‐chambers interview with the youth to determine his or her wishes regarding issues pending before the court. The legislation further required that the Administrative Office of the Courts and the Department of Social and Health Services collaborate in implementing and assessing the effectiveness of the program. This article details the development of the pilot program, its implementation, and evaluation results as of the date of this publication.
YOUTH AGING OUT OF FOSTER CARE—INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Boshier Peter , Wademan Jennifer
Published: March 2010

This article explores the legislative tools that New Zealand has to facilitate the protection of children and young people up to the age of seventeen years. It further explores the mechanisms currently employed in New Zealand to assist young people with the transition from care to independence, recognizing the strengths as well as the gaps in the current system. The article concludes by suggesting what could be done to close these gaps to provide better support for youth who are aging out of foster care.
CHALLENGES FACING CROSSOVER YOUTH: AN EXAMINATION OF JUVENILE‐JUSTICE DECISION MAKING AND RECIDIVISM
Authors: Herz Denise C. , Ryan Joseph P. , Bilchik Shay
Published: March 2010

Although a substantial amount of research documents the increased likelihood of maltreated youths to engage in delinquency, very little is known about them once they cross into delinquency. These youths are often referred to as “crossover youth,”“dual jurisdiction,” or “dually involved” youth, and based on a growing amount of research, it appears these youths face a number of challenges. They have significant educational problems, high rates of placement changes and high rates of substance abuse and mental health problems, and when they enter the juvenile justice system, they are more likely to stay longer and penetrate deeper into the system then their nonmaltreated counterparts. Using data from Los Angeles County (N= 581), the purpose of this study is to identify what characteristics among a crossover population are more likely to result in receiving harsher dispositions and higher recidivism rates.
“AGING OUT: DON'T MISS OUT”—A MODEL OF COMMUNITY LEGAL EDUCATION
Authors: Mandelbaum Randi
Published: March 2010

Typically, community legal education projects are ad hoc efforts where attorneys, law students, paralegals, or community organizers present how‐to workshops, develop manuals, or lead informational or training sessions for other attorneys, advocates, or members of the community. However, community education efforts can also promote and encourage public awareness, community engagement, and advocacy. This essay explores why community legal education efforts are needed and particularly well suited for youth transitioning out of foster care, and examines a specific community legal education effort that is being implemented with and on behalf of foster youth transitioning out of New Jersey's foster care system. The hope is that by studying this example, others may learn from it and be inspired to replicate it, as part of a state's or a community's overall effort to aid, empower, and engage foster youth.
Adolescents' Preferences for Primary Care Provider Interactions
Authors: Schaeuble Kristine , Haglund Kristin , Vukovich Melissa
Published: March 2010

PURPOSE.  Adolescents receive less primary care than other age groups. One reason may be the negative ways that providers sometimes interact with adolescents. The purpose was to develop knowledge regarding adolescents' preferences for provider interactions.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  Design was descriptive and mixed method. Donabedian's healthcare quality model guided the study. Data were collected via focus groups and a survey.

RESULTS.  Twenty‐four adolescents participated. Four themes described their preferences: forming a relationship, supporting independence, assuring confidentiality, and conveying caring.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Care that is congruent with adolescents' preferences may improve quality of, and access to, care and, ultimately, health outcomes.
Accuracy of Asthma Information on the World Wide Web
Authors: Meadows‐Oliver Mikki , Banasiak Nancy Cantey
Published: March 2010

PURPOSE.  An essential component of asthma management is education. Parents often turn to the Internet, a 24‐hour source of health information.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  In this descriptive study, two researchers evaluated websites using eight core educational concepts developed by the National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute (NHLBI) to determine the accuracy of the health information regarding asthma on the Internet.

RESULTS.  Of the 68 websites reviewed, only 6 (8.8%) had accurate and complete information regarding asthma according to NHBLI recommendations.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Nurses must be educated regarding the selection of accurate websites on asthma so that in turn, they may educate patients and their families.
Fulminant Plasmapheresis‐refractory Thrombotic Microangiopathy Associated With Advanced Gastric Cancer
Authors: Vasko Radovan , Koziolek Michael , Füzesi Laszlo , König Fatima , Strutz Frank , Müller Gerhard Anton
Published: March 2010

We report a case of a 27‐year‐old female with thrombotic microangiopathy as an initial presentation of an unexpected disseminated gastric carcinoma. Based on clinical features and laboratory findings, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was diagnosed and plasma exchange started. However, she had responded poorly to plasmapheresis, developed multiorgan failure and died 72 h after admission. Autopsy revealed a disseminated gastric adenocarcinoma with metastatic infiltration of dura mater and disseminated tumor cell emboli in the microcirculation of the liver and lungs. Genetic analysis revealed amplification of KRAS oncogene and aberrations in DCC tumor suppressor gene, which can explain the young age and advanced disease at presentation. The role of plasmapheresis in cancer‐associated TTP is uncertain. Plasmapheresis delivers fresh coagulation factors and may theoretically promote microthrombi formation and lead to worsening of the disease. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura seems to be a late and prognostically poor manifestation of an underlying malignancy, with majority of patients dying soon after diagnosis. It is important to be aware of this possibility in thrombotic microangiopathy, especially with atypical features and poor response to standard treatment.
A Case Report of Thrombocytopenia‐associated Multiple Organ Failure Secondary to Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Infection in a Pediatric Patient: Successful Treatment With Plasma Exchange
Authors: Yildirim Inci , Ceyhan Mehmet , Bayrakci Benan , Uysal Mutlu , Kuskonmaz Baris , Ozaltin Fatih
Published: March 2010

A high proportion of the patients with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infection develop severe sepsis. The mortality rate is high despite aggressive antimicrobial therapy in these patients. The case of a 10‐year‐old boy who developed thrombocytopenia‐associated multiple organ failure (TAMOF) secondary to S. typhi infection is reported. The patient did not respond to antimicrobial treatment, including ciprofloxacin, in addition to conventional supportive measures, so plasma exchange was performed. The thrombocytopenia and organ failure had resolved after 3 days of plasma exchange therapy. Plasma exchange is suggested to be a life‐saving intervention in a child with TAMOF secondary to S. typhi infection.
The First Case Report of the Treatment of Transplant Coronary Artery Disease With Dextran Sulfate Adsorption Lipid Apheresis
Authors: Sosland Rachel P , Gollub Steven B , Wilson David B , Moriarty Patrick M
Published: March 2010

In patients who have undergone a heart transplant, the major cause of death is coronary artery disease (CAD). The etiology of cardiac‐allograft vasculopathy is thought to be multifactorial, but due in large part to immune mechanisms that cause elevations in serum cholesterol levels. The dextran sulfate cellulose low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) adsorption (DSA) apheresis procedure has been shown to reduce lipoprotein levels and markers of blood rheology to improve coronary perfusion to the transplanted heart. We report the first described case of the stabilization and reversal of progressive transplant CAD with DSA. We followed a 50‐year‐old male orthotopic heart transplant recipient with familial hyperlipidemia refractory to lipid lowering therapy with bi‐weekly LDL‐apheresis (DSA system) for 12 months. Quarterly pre‐ and post‐apheresis blood investigations were obtained, as well as annual adenosine thallium (AT) studies. Creatinine kinase (CPK), creatinine, LDL, fibrinogen, and lipoprotein (a) were reduced by 70%, 26%, 23%, 47%, and 47%, respectively. AT before the initiation of apheresis revealed a small to medium sized, partially reversible perfusion defect in the anterolateral and inferoapical walls, with an ejection fraction (EF) of 49%, elevated left ventricular volume (171 mL), and an elevated pulmonary‐to‐myocardial (PMR) count ratio of 0.67 (normal <0.52). After 12 months of LDL apheresis with DSA, a repeat AT demonstrated no fixed or reversible perfusion abnormality, an EF of 51%, and the PMR had normalized (0.46). This is the first reported case demonstrating that in a heart transplant survivor with hyperlipidemia and progression of coronary artery disease, LDL apheresis with DSA therapy can lead to regression and is an effective treatment of post‐transplant coronary disease.
Two Case Reports of Successful Therapeutic Erythrocytapheresis as an Adjunctive Therapy in Severe Falciparum Malaria
Authors: Chung Hae‐Sun , Peck Kyong Ran , Kim Dae‐Won
Published: March 2010

For many years, erythrocytapheresis has been used for the rapid removal of parasites in patients with severe and complicated malaria. Here, we report two cases of severe Plasmodium falciparum infection treated by erythrocytapheresis in addition to antimalarial chemotherapy. Both patients were referred to the emergency department with high fevers (40°C) after returning from Africa. Peripheral blood smears showed 25.8% and 15% of parasitized erythrocytes, respectively. In both cases, antimalarial chemotherapy was begun and erythrocytapheresis was performed, and dramatic reduction of parasitemia was achieved. Clinical symptoms and laboratory abnormalities were also improved. Erythrocytapheresis in combination with antimalarial chemotherapy would be an effective and rapid approach to treat severe falciparum malaria.
CRUDE OIL BIODEGRADATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AT THE RIUTORT OIL SHALE MINE, SE PYRENEES
Authors: Permanyer A. , Gallego J. L. R. , Caja M. A. , Dessort D.
Published: March 2010

Liquid oil seeps from organic‐rich source rock intervals in the Eocene Armàncies Formation in the walls of the underground Riutort oil‐shale mine in the SE Pyrenees. The mine was excavated at the beginning of the last century for oil shale extraction. For this study, oil samples were recovered from fractures in the mine walls, and from pools of water on the mine floor. Some oil is present at the bottom of these pools; oil also floats on the surface of the water in association with emulsions colonized by microbial mats. The oils have undergone variable degrees of biodegradation.

The physical and chemical environment in the mine was studied in order to establish the controls on biodegradation processes. The results show that the degree of biodegradation depended on factors including the location of the oil (i.e. floating on the top of the water or from the bottom of a pool), and the addition of fresh seepage oil. The biodegradation observed mainly involved the progressive removal of n‐alkanes, isoprenoids and some aromatics. Biodegradation was also assessed in terms of the sulphur content and by quantitative analyses of molecular markers in the aromatic fraction. These approaches indicated that at least 50% of the oil was lost as a result of biodegradation. Isotope studies were also undertaken but isotope signatures did not provide significant data.

Microbiological data were consistent with data collected from chemical analyses. Evidence for the presence of hydrocarbon‐degrading bacteria were obtained from laboratory studies.
OIL‐PRONE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS COALS IN THE NORWEGIAN BARENTS SEA: IMPLICATIONS FOR A PALAEOZOIC PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Authors: Van Koeverden J.H. , Karlsen D.A. , Schwark L. , Chpitsglouz A. , Backer‐Owe K.
Published: March 2010

In this study, we assess the oil generation potential of Lower Carboniferous, liptinite‐rich coals in the Tettegras Formation on the Finnmark Platform, southern Norwegian Barents Sea. Oil from these coals has been expelled into intercalated sandstones. The coals may have contributed to petroleum recorded in well 7128/4–1 on the Finnmark Platform and may constitute a new Palaeozoic source rock in the Barents Sea.

The Tettegras Formation coals contain up to 80 vol.% liptinite (mineral matter free base) and have low oxygen indices. Hydrogen indices up to 367 mg HC/g TOC indicate liquid hydrocarbon potential. In wells 7128/4–1 and 7128/6–1, the coals have vitrinite reflectance Ro= 0.75–0.85 %. Compared to shale and carbonate source rocks, expulsion from coal in general begins at higher maturities (Ro= 0.8–0.9% and Tmax= 444–453°C). Thus, the coals in the wells are mostly immature with regard to oil expulsion. The oil in well 7128/4–1 most likely originates from a more mature part of the Tettegras Formation in the deeper northern part of the Finnmark Platform. Wide variations in biomarker facies parameters and δ13C isotope values indicate a heterogeneous paralic depositional setting. The preferential retention by coal strata of naphthenes (e.g. terpanes and steranes) and aromatic compounds, compared to n‐alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids, results in a terrigenous and waxy oil. This oil however contains marine biomarkers derived from the intercalated shales and siltstones. It is therefore important to consider the entire coal‐bearing sequence, including the intercalated shales, in terms of source rock potential.

Coals of similar age occur on Svalbard and Bjørnøya. The results of this study therefore suggest that a Lower Carboniferous coaly source rock may extend over large areas of the Norwegian Barents Sea. This source rock is mature in areas where the otherwise prolific Upper Jurassic marine shales are either immature or missing and may constitute a new Palaeozoic coal‐sourced petroleum system in the Barents Sea.
HYDROCARBON‐INDUCED DIAGENETIC DOLOMITE AND PYRITE FORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE HORMOZ ISLAND SALT DOME, OFFSHORE IRAN
Authors: Ghazban F. , Al‐Aasm I. S.
Published: March 2010

Hormoz Island, a salt diapir in the eastern Persian Gulf, is dominated by the Infracambrian Hormoz Complex comprising both evaporites (Hormoz Salt) and carbonates, siliciclastics and volcanic rocks. Minerals include black, white and grey dolomites, pyrite, gypsum, anhydrite, apatite and iron oxides. Formation of some of the dolomite crystals is interpreted to be linked to the oxidation of hydrocarbons.

The δ13C values of black dolomite crystals range from −0.8 to −2.07‰ VPDB, indicating that little if any of their carbon is derived from hydrocarbon oxidation but that sea water has provided carbon and Mg for dolomite precipitation. The δ18O values for these dolomites range from −9.2 to −15.3‰ VPDB, reflecting a temperature effect on isotopic fractionation. By contrast, δ13C values for white to grey dolomites range from −17.81 to −35.68‰ VPDB, indicating that the carbon may be derived from the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Based on the δ18Odolomite and temperatures obtained from fluid inclusion studies (215°C), the calculated δ18Owater in equilibrium with these dolomites (+2 < δ18Ofluid < +12‰) indicates the involvement of brines evolved via the interaction of seawater with the Hormoz Salt and associated sedimentary rocks. Some of the dolomite may have precipitated from post‐Cambrian seawaters at lower temperatures (ca.100 °C). Thus, the dolomites may have begun to form during deep burial but have also formed during salt diapirism at more shallow depths.

Pyrite and native sulphur are interpreted to have formed in reducing conditions where the source of sulphur was H2S produced by the thermochemical reduction of sulphate in the Hormoz Salt evaporites. Heavy δ34S values for the anhydrites (ranging from 28.7 to 30.8‰) and for sulphides (ranging from 17.2 to 23.4‰) preclude a major contribution of sulphur from volcanic sources or from Early Cambrian shales.

Pyrites, apatites and dolomites formed at depth within the diapir. It is envisaged that hydrocarbons leaked along the flanks of the Hormoz Island salt dome, resulting in reducing conditions which promoted the formation of diagenetic minerals.
The effects of acute and chronic exercise on the vasculature
Authors: Whyte J. J. , Harold Laughlin M.
Published: March 2010

Regular physical activity (endurance training, ET) has a strong positive link with cardiovascular health. The aim of this review is to draw together the current knowledge on gene expression in different cell types comprising the vessels of the circulatory system, with special emphasis on the endothelium, and how these gene products interact to influence vascular health. The effect beneficial effects of ET on the endothelium are believed to result from increased vascular shear stress during ET bouts. A number of mechanosensory mechanisms have been elucidated that may contribute to the effects of ET on vascular function, but there are questions regarding interactions among molecular pathways. For instance, increases in flow brought on by ET can reduce circulating levels of viscosity and haemostatic and inflammatory variables that may interact with increased shear stress, releasing vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin, decreasing permeability to plasma lipoproteins as well as the adhesion of leucocytes. At this time the optimal rate‐of‐flow and rate‐of‐change in flow for determining whether anti‐atherogenic or pro‐atherogenic processes proceed remain unknown. In addition, the impact of haemodynamic variables differs with vessel size and tissue type in which arteries are located. While the hurdles to understanding the mechanism responsible for ET‐induced alterations in vascular cell gene expression are significant, they in no way undermine the established benefits of regular physical activity to the cardiovascular system and to general overall health. This review summarizes current understanding of control of vascular cell gene expression by exercise and how these processes lead to improved cardiovascular health.
The regulation of muscle glycogen: the granule and its proteins
Authors: Graham T. E. , Yuan Z. , Hill A. K. , Wilson R. J.
Published: March 2010

Despite decades of studying muscle glycogen in many metabolic situations, surprisingly little is known regarding its regulation. Glycogen is a dynamic and vital metabolic fuel that has very limited energetic capacity. Thus its regulation is highly complex and multifaceted. The stores in muscle are not homogeneous and there appear to be various metabolic pools. Each granule is capable of independent regulation and fundamental aspects of the regulation appear to be associated with a complex set of proteins (some are enzymes and others serve scaffolding roles) that associate both with the granule and with each other in a dynamic fashion. The regulation includes altered phosphorylation status and often translocation as well. The understanding of the roles and the regulation of glycogenin, protein phosphatase 1, glycogen targeting proteins, laforin and malin are in their infancy. These various processes appear to be the mechanisms that give the glycogen granule precise, yet dynamic regulation.
Mechanisms of exercise‐induced improvements in the contractile apparatus of the mammalian myocardium
Authors: Kemi O. J. , Wisløff U.
Published: March 2010

One of the main outcomes of aerobic endurance exercise training is the improved maximal oxygen uptake, and this is pivotal to the improved work capacity that follows the exercise training. Improved maximal oxygen uptake in turn is at least partly achieved because exercise training increases the ability of the myocardium to produce a greater cardiac output. In healthy subjects, this has been demonstrated repeatedly over many decades. It has recently emerged that this scenario may also be true under conditions of an initial myocardial dysfunction. For instance, myocardial improvements may still be observed after exercise training in post‐myocardial infarction heart failure. In both health and disease, it is the changes that occur in the individual cardiomyocytes with respect to their ability to contract that by and large drive the exercise training‐induced adaptation to the heart. Here, we review the evidence and the mechanisms by which exercise training induces beneficial changes in the mammalian myocardium, as obtained by means of experimental and clinical studies, and argue that these changes ultimately alter the function of the whole heart and contribute to the changes in whole‐body function.
Extracellular Matrix in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions: Fibrillar Collagens, Biglycan and Decorin are Upregulated and Associated with Infiltrating Immune Cells
Authors: Mohan Hema , Krumbholz Markus , Sharma Rakhi , Eisele Sylvia , Junker Andreas , Sixt Michael , Newcombe Jia , Wekerle Hartmut , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Lassmann Hans , Meinl Edgar
Published: March 2010

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can modify immune reactions, e.g. by sequestering or displaying growth factors and by interacting with immune and glial cells. Here we quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) expression of 50 ECM components and 34 ECM degrading enzymes in multiple sclerosis (MS) active and inactive white matter lesions. COL1A1, COL3A1, COL5A1 and COL5A2 chains were induced strongly in active lesions and even more in inactive lesions. These chains interact to form collagen types I, III and V, which are fibrillar collagens. Biglycan and decorin, which can decorate fibrillar collagens, were also induced strongly. The fibrillar collagens, biglycan and decorin were largely found between the endothelium and astrocytic glia limitans in the perivascular space where they formed a meshwork which was closely associated with infiltrating immune cells. In active lesions collagen V was also seen in the heavily infiltrated parenchyma. Fibrillar collagens I and III inhibited in vitro human monocyte production of CCL2 (MCP‐1), an inflammatory chemokine involved in recruitment of immune cells. Together, ECM changes in lesions with different activities were quantified and proteins forming a perivascular fibrosis were identified. Induced fibrillar collagens may contribute to limiting enlargement of MS lesions by inhibiting the production of CCL2 by monocytes.
Pathogenesis of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus‐induced disease
Authors: Roos Raymond P.
Published: March 2010

Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a member of the Cardiovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Interest in TMEV is at least partly related to the fact that the Daniels (DA) strain and other members of Theiler’s original (TO) subgroup induce an inflammatory demyelinating disease in which the virus persists for the life of the mouse. This disease resembles multiple sclerosis because of the similar pathology and because the immune system seems to play an important role in both. The present review describes features of TMEV and the importance of both virus persistence as well as the immune system in the pathogenesis of DA virus‐induced demyelinating disease. (Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol. doi: 10.1111/j.1759‐1961.2010.00008.x, 2010)
The Social Web and Your Business's Five‐Year Survival Rate
Authors: Randall Stephen
Published: March 2010

Social media will change the business scenario in ways we have yet to imagine—but ignoring it will be a bigger mistake than any we are likely to make by embracing it. A mobile computing entrepreneur offers three important tips for companies on the verge of entering this new frontier.
The Pleasures and Perils of Social Media: A Case Study
Authors: Baek Eun‐Kyong
Published: March 2010

From the first, Innocent Drinks involved its customers, asking them for feedback and sending them company news. Now that they're the fastest‐growing food and drink business in the UK, how do they maintain that success without giving the impression of selling out?
Overheard: A Conversation About Social Media Conversations
Authors: Dwyer Gwyneth
Published: March 2010

Imagine a typical corporate marketing office coming to terms with the phenomenon of social media such as Twitter and Facebook. Then make it into a cartoon. We expect some of this will seem very familiar.
Social Media's Second Act: Toward Sustainable Brand Engagement
Authors: Briggs Tom
Published: March 2010

Effective social brands are like friends. You can trust them. You can build a community around them. But once that community begins to reach around the globe, you had better keep it real and you had better respect its personal privacy.
Two Faces of Social Media: Brand Communication and Brand Research
Authors: Beuker Ralf , Abbing Erik Roscam
Published: March 2010

The social web is not just a place to communicate about your brand—it's also a good place to facilitate brand research. But remember that knowing the attitudes and behavior of your target audience comes first.
You Are Connected. Now, What Are You Going to Do About It?
Authors: Hancock Chris
Published: March 2010

Designers who learn the dialogue and tools of social media will find they are in a unique position to help lead their companies into a new era. Good designers already have the vision to imagine innovative outcomes; savvy ones will develop the skills to drive a social media strategy that will help achieve those outcomes.
Validation of the Diagnostic Teacher Assessment of Mathematics and Science (DTAMS) Instrument
Authors: Saderholm Jon , Ronau Robert , Brown E. Todd , Collins Gary
Published: March 2010

The Diagnostic Teacher Assessment in Mathematics and Science (DTAMS) was developed to measure the content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge of middle‐school teachers. Its reliability and validity were initially established by reviewing national standards for content and use of expert question writing teams and reviewers. DTAMS was administered to approximately 1,600 middle‐school mathematics teachers in 17 states. Subsequent analyses using structural equation modeling and item response theory were performed as part of a multistage validation process. This evaluation contributes to the body of work describing the reliability and validity of these assessments. The results of this study confirm trends in middle‐school mathematics teacher preparation and certification and help explain middle‐school student mathematics achievement levels.
Changes in Teaching Efficacy During a Professional Development School‐Based Science Methods Course
Authors: Swars Susan L. , Dooley Caitlin McMunn
Published: March 2010

This mixed methods study offers a theoretically grounded description of a field‐based science methods course within a Professional Development School (PDS) model (i.e., PDS‐based course). The preservice teachers' (n= 21) experiences within the PDS‐based course prompted significant changes in their personal teaching efficacy, with the opportunities working with children afforded in the course attributed as a source of these beliefs. However, the preservice teachers' teaching outcome expectancy beliefs did not significantly shift. The results of this study support the extant literature in that field experiences with science methods courses can facilitate preservice teacher development in meaningful ways. This study expands upon this literature by considering a PDS context for science teacher preparation, more specifically, a science methods course purposefully integrated in elementary classrooms at a PDS where preservice teachers facilitated scientific inquiry projects with children. The findings should prompt new ways of thinking about teacher preparation, particularly related to science, that provide systematic and intentional connectivity between university programs and K–12 schools so preservice teachers can connect theory and practice.
REVIEW: Presocratic Philosophy
Authors: DuBose Shannon
Published: March 2010

A discussion of W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. I, The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans (xv/538 pp.); Vol. 11, The Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus (xvii/553 pp.) Cambridge University Pres

F. M. Cleve, The Giants of PreSophistic Greek Philosophy, An Attempt to Reconstruct Their Thoughts, Martinus Nijhoff

D. E. Gershenson and D. A. Greenberg, Anaxagoras and the Birth of Physics, Blaisdell Publishing Company

G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy, Cambridge University Press, 1966 (v/503 pp.)
THE GOVERNANCE OF THE KINGDOM OF DARKNESS: A Philosophical Fable
Authors: Cronus Diodorus
Published: March 2010

Wherein may be discerned the true essence of moral depravity, or that which really does, like a cesspool, corrupt whatever comes under its influence, as containing within itself all evil and ugliness.
WHAT MATTERS IN SURVIVAL?
Authors: Baillie James
Published: March 2010

Abstract: I examine Derek Parfit's claim that it doesn't matter whether he survives in the future, if someone survives who is psychologically connected to him by “Relation R.” Thus, were his body to perish and be replaced by an exact duplicate, both physically and psychologically identical to him, this would be just as good as “ordinary” survival. Parfit takes the corollary view that replacement of loved ones by exact duplicates is no loss. In contrast, Peter Unger argues that we place nontransferable value in the lives of individual persons. I argue that the question of the preferability of Relation R over identity is unanswerable at present, as such hypothetical situations are too far removed from our experience to allow any reliable responses. I contrast cases involving artifacts, where we can make informed judgments concerning whether a given object's value would be transferred to a duplicate.
FOUNDATIONS OF A KANTIAN THEORY OF PUNISHMENT
Authors: Corlett J. Angelo
Published: March 2010

It has recently been argued that there is probably no theory of punishment to be found in Immanuel Kant's writings, but that “if one selects carefully among the many remarks and insights that Kant has left us about crime and punishment, one might even be able to build such an edifice from the bricks provided.”1 In this paper, I seek to provide part of a foundation of a Kantian theory of punishment, one which is consistent with many, if not all, of Kant's own insights on justice. Finally, I assess the plausibility of Kant's view.
Expressing a Good Will: Kant on the Motive of Duty
Authors: Johnson Robert N.
Published: March 2010

If any action is to be morally good it is not enough that it should conform to the moral law‐it must also be done for the sake of the moral law: where this is not so, the conformity is only too contingent and precarious, since the nonmoral ground at work will now and then produce actions which accord with the law, but very often actions which transgress it.
The character table of a group of shape (2×2.G):2
Authors: Barraclough R. W.
Published: March 2010

We use the technique of Fischer matrices to write a program to produce the character table of a group of shape (2×2.G):2 from the character tables of G, G:2, 2.G and 2.G:2.
RFID Pharmaceutical Tracking: From Manufacturer Through In Vivo Drug Delivery
Authors: Jones Erick , Henry Marcia , Cochran David , Frailey Tara
Published: March 2010

Advances in medical technology rely heavily on the collection and analysis of measured data to facilitate patient diagnosis and business decisions. The healthcare industry, particularly pharmaceuticals and diagnostic processes, has an ongoing need to improve item tracking and data collection to improve the quality of care while reducing cost. The remote, non-invasive characteristics of radio frequency identification (RFID) can facilitate the information needs of healthcare without imposing additional burden onto the patient or the staff. Properly deployed RFID enabled devices can provide convenient and accurate data for disease diagnosis, evaluation of prescription noncompliance, and identification of medication dosage errors. This paper describes an overview of the concept of an all-encompassing RFID pharmaceutical tracking system that begins with compliance documentation from the drug manufacturer and continues through the confirmation of patient compliance by capsule extraction from the bottle into a pill case and ultimately ingested or inserted into the body. This system also facilitates compliance with Food and Drug Administration proposed e-pedigree requirements and provides data for healthcare decision making. An introduction to healthcare trends is provided in order to communicate the need for such a biocompatible RFID pharmaceutical tracking system. Also presented in this paper is the overall scope of research and in vitro test method to develop biocompatible RFID tag components for use in a “pharmaceutical supply chain system” beginning with the manufacturer, continuing through distribution, and ending at the point of interest within the patient’s body.
Design and Construction of a Portable Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Apparatus for Migraine Treatment
Authors: Charlet de Sauvage Renaud , Beuter Anne , Lagroye Isabelle , Veyret Bernard
Published: March 2010

A portable transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) prototype was designed and constructed for use in clinical trials to manage the pain associated with migraine with aura. In this system, a half-sinusoid (optionally a full-sine) TMS pulse is delivered into a circular coil. The pulse triggering is controlled by a switch in the coil handle. The pulse intensity and polarity are adjustable. Measured pulse parameters (period ≃202 μs, maximum magnetic field at coil center ≃0.7 T) corresponded to expected values and were in the range described for commercially available TMS apparatus. The maximum current density, computed 3 cm below the coil using a simple model of brain anatomy, was approximately 1.9 times the motor threshold, thus ensuring a sufficient margin for reaching the neuronal threshold in the target area.
Hydraulics of Drilling With Aerated Muds Under Simulated Borehole Conditions
Authors: Zhou L. , Ahmed R. M. , Miska S. Z. , Takach N. E. , Yu M. , Saasen A.
Published: March 2010

Maintaining optimum circulation rates is important in aerated mud drilling operations. However, reliable predictions of the optimum rates require accurate modeling of the frictional pressure loss at bottom-hole conditions. This paper presents a mechanistic model for underbalanced drilling with aerated muds. Extensive experiments in a unique field-scale high pressure and high temperature flow loop were performed to verify the predictions of the model. This flow loop has a 150×89 mm2(6″×3.5″) horizontal annular geometry and is 22 m long. In the experiments, cuttings were introduced at a rate of 7.5 kg/min, representing a penetration rate of 15 m/h in the annular test section. The liquid phase flow rates were in the range of 0.30–0.57 m3/min, representing superficial liquid velocities in the range of 0.47–0.90 m/s. The gas liquid ratio (gas volume fraction under in situ condition) was varied from 0.0 to 0.38. Test pressures and temperatures ranged from 1.28 to 3.45 MPa, and 27°C to 80°C, respectively. Gas liquid ratios were chosen to simulate practical gas liquid ratios under downhole conditions. For all the test runs, pressure drop and cuttings bed height over the entire annular section were measured. Flow patterns were identified by visual observations through a view port. The hydraulic model determines the flow pattern and predicts frictional pressure losses in a horizontal concentric annulus. The influences of the gas liquid ratio and other flow parameters on the frictional pressure loss are analyzed using this model. Comparisons between the model predictions and experimental measurements show a satisfactory agreement. The present model is useful for the design of underbalanced drilling applications in a horizontal wellbore.
A Novel In Vivo Joint Loading System to Investigate the Effect of Daily Mechanical Load on a Healing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Eng Mark Stasiak M. , Imhauser Carl , Packer Jonathan , Bedi Asheesh , Brophy Robert , Kovacevic David , Jackson Kent , Deng Xiang-Hua , Rodeo Scott , Torzilli Peter
Published: March 2010

We designed and validated a novel knee joint fixation/distraction system to study tendon–to-bone healing in an in vivo rat model of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The system uses an external fixator to apply a cyclic distraction of the knee joint while monitoring the resultant force developed across the joint, thus providing a temporal indication of structural changes during the healing process of the bone-tendon-bone reconstruction. The validation was performed using an optical kinematic tracking system to determine the local displacement of the knee. The average system compliance was determined to be 42.4±8.8 μm/N with a coefficient of variation of 20.7%. The compliance was used to obtain a best fit correction factor which brought the total root mean square error of knee joint distraction to within 179 μm (16.1%) of the applied distraction. We performed a pilot study using 15 rats that had ACL reconstructions using a flexor digitorum longus tendon autograft and found that the animals tolerated the indwelling fixator and daily anesthesia over a 10 day loading protocol. Our knee joint fixation/distraction system provides a valuable tool to study how mechanical stimuli affect in vivo bone-tendon-bone healing.
An Advanced Patient Lift and Transfer Device for the Home
Authors: Bostelman Roger , Ryu Ji-Chul , Chang Tommy , Johnson Joshua , Agrawal Sunil K.
Published: March 2010

The home lift, position, and rehabilitation (HLPR) chair has a unique design and novel capabilities when compared with conventional powered wheelchairs. In addition to mobility, it provides lift and can transfer patients. Even though medical devices are developing at a rapid pace today, an aspect that is often overlooked in these developments is adherence to “rider safety standards.” The contributions of this paper are threefold: (i) novel design of a lift and transfer system, (ii) experiments and results toward improved stability test designs that include HLPR-type devices to meet rider safety standards, and (iii) autonomous navigation and control based on nonlinear system theory of dynamic feedback linearization. Stability experimental results show promise for multipurpose patient mobility, lift, and transfer devices such as HLPR. A method for autonomous maneuvers was tested in simulation and experiments. We also expect the autonomous or semi-autonomous mobility mode of the vehicle to be useful for riders who have potential neural and cognitive impairments.
Development of dry-processed silicon nanodot planar cold cathode and its electron emission properties
Authors: Hirano Yoshiyuki , Nanba Masakazu , Egami Norifumi , Yamazaki Susumu , Koshida Nobuyoshi
Published: March 2010

A dry-processed planar-type cold cathode has been developed using a nanometer-sized Si dot film as an electron drift layer. Multilayered Si-nanodot films were fabricated on a n-type single-crystalline Si (c-Si) wafer by sequential dry processing (low-pressure chemical vapor deposition) and subsequent thermal oxidation. Planar-type cold cathodes composed of a thin Au film, a nanometer-sized Si dot film, a c-Si substrate, and a back contact exhibit fluctuation-free electron emission with small angle dispersion. The emission efficiency was 0.14% at an applied voltage of 20V for the device with the average Si dot size of 1.3nm. The emission model based on multiple tunneling cascade in nanocrystalline silicon dot chain interconnected via tunnel oxide has been supported by the device fabricated using dry processing.