bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐236: Late‐News Poster: Hard defect detection and classification for display panel products
Authors: Cho Sanghoon , Kim Sangsoo , Song Myeongho , Park Changhyun , Son Sangrak
Published: July 2024

Hard defect of display panel such as crack or chipping is one of the most critical defects that have fatal impacts on the product. Conventional deep‐learning‐based methods have difficulties in equipment control in practical point of view due to the vastness of training data and numerous parameters. Consequently, more simple and robust machine‐learning models jointly with traditional image processing algorithms with small number of parameters are increasingly required for the maintenance of inspection equipment. To resolve the issue, we proposed a novel image processing and decision tree classification algorithm that can be operated using smaller number of parameters than deep‐learning method. Firstly, panel image is fed into proposed image processing algorithm and converted into feature map to highlight the hard defect. After binary thresholding of the image, remaining pixels are specified as bounding box. Subsequently, features are extracted in the bounding box followed by classification into normal/defective panel. Additional RANSAC‐based outer edge inspection algorithm is processed. We conducted an experimental study using manufacturing data, and showed successful performance in hard defect detection and classification.
P‐67: Research on the Flashing Issue of the Large Integrated Automotive LCD MDL
Authors: Pan Qiannan , Liu Tiantian , Yu Jie , Fu Qi , Wang Yang , Han Rui , Ma Qing , Cui Dong , Yoon D.K. , Xue Hailin , Dong Xiaoqiao
Published: July 2024

BOE has proposed a automotive 44.8” oxide cockpit solution, which is consists of 9K curved display module and 8K+ system solution. In the development process of this large‐size display project, the flashing screen problem has been analysed and summarised. These work provides a reference for the large‐size and high‐performance automotive system solutions.
P‐68: Oxide Semiconductor Thin‐Film Transistor‐Based Micro‐LED Pixel Circuit with External Current Setting System
Authors: Woo Hye-Won , Im Hwarim , Moon Kook Chul , Kim Yong-Sang
Published: July 2024

We propose an oxide semiconductor thin‐film transistor‐based micro light‐emitting diode pixel circuit with external current setting system. The proposed circuit achieved stable operation using pulse width modulation with maximum error rates 1.2 % and 3.2 % under threshold voltage variations and mobility variations, respectively.
P‐72: A Bidirectional Gate Driver Circuit with Scan Signal for Low‐Frame‐Rate LTPO AMOLED Displays
Authors: Lee Chia‐Lun , Lai Po‐Cheng , Wei Ting‐En , Lin Chih‐Lung
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a bidirectional gate driver circuit based on low‐temperature polycrystalline oxide thin‐film transistors for a low‐frame‐rate AMOLED display. Simulation results indicate the falling and rising times of the output waveform are all below 3.48 μs and 0.56 μs with the threshold voltage variations of TFTs, ensuring the stability of the proposed circuit. The output waveforms are also generated successfully for a frame rate of 1 Hz display panel and have no fluctuation in consecutive frames. Therefore, the proposed circuit is suitable for a low‐frame‐rate AMOLED display.
P‐73: Gate Driver Circuit to generating Multi‐Frequency Pulses using LTPO Technology
Authors: Huang Zhenghao , Xu Ji , Pan Zhenshen , Yang Yang , Zhang Lu , Dang Pengle , Shen Ying , Zhu Xiujian
Published: July 2024

This paper proposes a gate driver circuit for the implementation of multi‐region and multi‐refresh rates. A distinctive feature of this proposed circuit is the integration of a separate control block into the existing gate driver circuit. Another is the utilization of CMOS (a combination of n‐type IGZO and p‐type LTPS) to enhance circuit reliability and reduce power consumption. This gate driver circuit can be applied to an LTPO based pixel circuit which can be using with a variable refresh rate and implemented multi‐zone and multi‐refresh rates. Through circuit simulations, the paper verifies the successful operation of multi‐refresh rates based on control signals and establishes a reduction in clock power consumption. Consequently, the proposed gate driver circuit stands as a solution for achieving high resolution and low power consumption in displays.
P‐74: Study on mechanism of ΔVp impact on picture quality and optimization
Authors: Yang Xinlan , Peng Zhou , Wei Zhan , Wang Shijun , Wang Jiguo , Liu Yi , Tai Yuke , Qi Shengmei , Qiu Zhangjie , Chen Gongda , Wang Yang , Ding Tengfei , Liang Haiyao , Zhang Shengfeng , Yu Tianjing , Wang Kaixuan , Chen Xi
Published: July 2024

Color shift or marginal fringe appear in the bilateral alternating drive mode of Dual Gate structures, which is the impact of ΔVp between the near and far points of gate in positive and negative frames on the brightness uniformity. This essay discusses the mechanism analysis and the GOA design optimization.
P‐81: Multimodal Intelligent Display Backplane Blocks
Authors: Roose Florian De , Lopez Mauricio Velazquez , Çeliker Hikmet , Siskos Aris , Faramarzi Seyed , Berghmans François , Adjemian Olivier , Dahiya Deepak , Genoe Jan , Dehaene Wim , Myny Kris , Papadopoulos Nikolas
Published: July 2024

The display of the future is multimodal, integrating optical sensors, RFID antennas, ultrasound transducers, etc. The sensors produce a large amount of redundant data, which should be preprocessed on the substrate, ideally on the backpanel. Control gates and select and data drivers need to be more configurable and partitionable to create operational flexibility. This paper presents various circuit blocks for processing and control, including operational amplifiers, high‐resolution analog‐to‐digital converters, a microprocessor, DC‐DC converters, and high resolution sensor pixel array architectures. Moreover, the performance of the basic building blocks is compared in LTPS and IGZO technology.
P‐247: Late‐News Poster: Integrated Gate Driver Circuit with Self‐compensation Function Using Oxide TFTs for AMOLED Displays
Authors: Feng Xuehuan , Li Yongqian , Xu Pan , Han Ying , Zhao Donghui , Zhu Mingyi , Dong Zhiqiang , Li Tianji , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel GOA (gate driver on array) circuit which has a self‐compensation function. This circuit not only reduces the number of TFTs but also improves the reliability characteristics of AMOLED panels. Meanwhile there is no additional cost compared to conventional structure. The proposed GOA circuit in 5‐inch experiment panel had passed 1000 hours of high temperature (60°C;) reliability test.
P‐99: A New Unit‐cell Type Fine Metal Mask for IT & Gen8.x AMOLED Applications
Authors: Kim Mu-Gyeom , Chang Yeoungjin , Choi Heedong , Park Chanju
Published: July 2024

In this study, we explore the feasibility of employing a unit‐cell type fine metal mask (uc‐FMM) for IT and Gen8.x AMOLED applications, which currently represent the forefront of the OLED industry in the upcoming era. The conventional stick‐type fine metal mask (FMM) raised concerns about lateral wrinkling with increasing mask width, particularly affecting middle and large‐sized displays and the overall panel efficiency of glass design. Our focus lies in understanding the tension relationships within the mask and the open mask used as a sub‐frame for support. The tensions involved—T1 for the metal mask, T2 for the open mask, and T3 at the welding points—all play crucial roles. We utilized portable X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to measure these tensions accurately. Of particular significance is T3, which we analyzed in relation to welding morphology, welded adhesion, and material properties. By experimenting with different invar materials and welding lasers, we established quantitative relationships. Our findings strongly indicate that uc‐FMM presents a compelling and inevitable solution for the future of OLED technology.
P‐105: Micro LED Total Repair Solutions for Display Application: EHD Printing, 1‐by‐1 Transfer, and Functional Nano‐ink material
Authors: Nguyen Vudat , Lee Hyungdong , Jeon Kwangsun , Son Wonil , Joung Jaewoo , Byun Doyoung
Published: July 2024

In recent years, micro‐LED technology has become crucial for high‐definition AR/VR displays and large TVs. ENJET addresses production challenges with a specialized bonder machine, employing EHD Printing, 1‐by‐1 transfer for precise, defect‐free micro‐LED production.

This work demonstrated dispensing up to 7 µm conductive bond dots via EHD inkjet printing, achieving a placement precision of 1.5 µm in both x and y directions.
P‐108: High conductivity transparent electrode with In2O3 – ZnO periodic structure and gradient oxygen concentration
Authors: Akhmedov Akhmed , Asvarov Abil , Murliev Eldar , Belyaev Victor , Abduev Aslan
Published: July 2024

Multilayer structures based on the In‐Zn‐O (IZO) system with modulated oxygen doping have been developed as a TCF (transparent conductive film) alternative to ITO or IGZO layers in the LC and OLED displays. The minimum resistivity (3.37 Ohm*cm) and the maximum concentration of free charge carriers correspond to the layers synthesized in an atmosphere of pure argon, while the maximum mobility (39.18 cm2/V*s) corresponds to the layers synthesized in the atmosphere of both argon and oxygen 99.6%/0.4% mixture. Thin‐film periodic structures with gradient modulation of oxygen content in thickness have been fabricated by periodically changing the oxygen concentration in the composition of the working gas during spraying at a substrate temperature of 100 °C. The structures consist of alternating layers with a high concentration of free charge carriers and layers with high mobility. As a result of the single layers' thicknesses optimization the thin‐film periodic structures with a minimum resistivity of 2.89 Ohm*cm have been made. The resistivity is lower than in homogeneous layers of the same composition. The alternation of layers of optimal thickness provides high carrier mobility, it is inherent to layers synthesized in the atmosphere of 99.6/0.4 argon and oxygen mixture at high concentration. The mobility value is close to the value achieved in the layers synthesized in the pure argon atmosphere.

This material provides fabrication of high quality, stable and low cost transparent electrodes or TFT layers with performances corresponding to parameters of traditional materials.
P‐109: Investigation of Low Residual Stress Anti Reflection Coating with High Hardness for Display Applications
Authors: Kim Sungwoo , Joo Jongseok
Published: July 2024

Anti reflection coating with high hardness on the OLED display surface was studied to improve the wear resistance and visibility of OLED. However, the high residual stress inside the multilayer thin film configuration of anti reflection coating has been a problem and the improvement is necessary. In this study, the residual stress and optical properties variation on various deposition conditions on the thin film were investigated. In addition, we suggested new coating structure using nanocomposites to overcome the residual stress of films.
P‐112: Analyzing Scrubber Failure Causes Using the CNN 1D Inception Module
Authors: Park Seki , Park Jungyu , Gwon Gimin , An Yechan
Published: July 2024

Environmentally harmful gases generated during the OLED manufacturing process are burned by a scrubber and discharged as water‐soluble gases using a wet system. The gases are incompletely burned, causing residues to accumulate in the pipes and eventually clogging the pipes. It takes an average of 80 hours for the facility to be backed up, including identifying the condition of the facility, analyzing the cause, issuing the ‘work order’ for pipe cleaning, and restating the facility. And due to the analysis error, the pipe does not need to be cleaned, and the cleaning cost is wasted. In this study, the CNN 1Dinception module was used to automatically analyze the reason for the failure of the scrubber in real time. The developed AI model was applied to mass production and achieved an average accuracy of 99.4%. In particular, the “pipe clogging” mode was predicted with 100% accuracy.
P‐239: Late‐News Poster: Modeling Particle Deposition in Evaporating Colloidal Droplets
Authors: Ko Minjeong , James Richard , Koo Jahoon , Cho Hyunguk
Published: July 2024

Inkjet printing is a cost‐effective method of particle deposition applicable, for example, in the manufacture of Quantum Dot (QD) color filters. However, it is a challenge to achieve uniform deposition of particles because evaporating colloidal dispersions are prone to the coffee‐ring effect.

When the particle size is small, it is difficult to gauge directly by experiment how particles migrate during the evaporation process. Consequently, it is a challenge to optimize the process conditions to improve uniformity by experiment alone. To aid in this task, we have developed a simulator for colloidal droplet evaporation. Rather than use an effective particle concentration field as in previous works, motion of each individual particle is calculated by Stokesian Dynamics, with particle interactions governed by the DLVO theory. In order to facilitate the simulation of large collections of particles, GPU computing is applied to reduce the simulation time.

A phase‐field approach is taken to capture the interface physics at the solvent‐air interface. Within a colloidal droplet we find that, by controlling the temperature, it is possible to promote Marangoni flow and, in turn, improve deposition uniformity. In future, we aim to use simulation to further optimize the process conditions, such as the chamber pressure and temperature, in order maximize uniformity.
P‐241: Late‐News Poster: A Study on the Tramsferable Functional Film of Mini LED / Micro LED Chip
Authors: Lee Gwan‐Seop , Kim Young‐Gyun , Lee Chill‐Won , Hong Suk‐Min , Han Kwan‐Young
Published: July 2024

Micro / Mini LEDs, which are concentrated on next generation displays, are considered very important in transferring technology that moves chips quickly and accurately to a desired location. In this paper, to reduce the damage problem to the chip during the transfer process, an adhesive tape that can be easily transferred using changes in adhesion was produced.
P‐263: High Performance Near‐Infrared Detachable Polarizer for Panel Disassembly and Reuse
Authors: Chen Shuang‐Huei , Lin Szu‐Yin , Huang Yao‐Jheng , Wu Ming‐Tzung , Chang Te‐Yi
Published: July 2024

To address the environmental issues caused by discarded panels, this work demonstrates a novel high performance near‐infrared detachable polarizer (NIR‐POL). The adhesive used in NIR‐POL incorporated infrared‐sensitive materials and acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive modification techniques. The NIR‐POL exhibits adhesion properties and reliability that meet the panel requirements. Disassembling the 32‐inch panel takes only 2.5 minutes using the constructed automated NIR polarizer removal equipment, leaving no residue on the panel. This technology facilitates reworking, recycling, and reutilization for display green manufacturing.
P‐114: A Method for Visualizing and Quantifying Color Differences using Relative Hue and Relative Color Concentration and its Application
Authors: Han-yan SUN , Xiao-hu LI , Wei-tao CHEN , Xiao-peng CUI , Jian-guo XING
Published: July 2024

This paper innovates a method for visualizing and quantifying color differences using relative hue and relative color concentration. Firstly, the relative hue and relative color concentration are proposed to solve the problem that conventional chromaticity parameters can't characterize color difference. Secondly, the color difference visualization and quantification method realized by weighting algorithm and VB programming can replace the conventional qualitative assessment by human eyes, which greatly improves the accuracy and repeatability. Finally, this paper takes the color difference problem of 2 a‐Si products as an example, and uses the method of this paper to test and analyze, and easily clarifies the cause of color difference as the uneven thickness of Panel SINx film layer and the slow settling rate of LED phosphor. Combined with principle analysis, optical simulation, and experimental verification, this paper finally proposes an improvement plan to solve the stubborn color difference problem of a‐Si products.
P‐134: Organic Buffer Layer Depressed Dark Current of Short‐Wave Infrared PbS Quantum Dot Photodetector
Authors: Wu Jiufeng , Wang Xiao , Zhang Wenjie , Xu Lihai , Chen Simin , Fang Fan , Pan Ruikun , Zhang Lei , Cao Leifeng , Chen Wei
Published: July 2024

Lead Sulfide Quantum Dots (PbS QDs) are promising in shortwave infrared (SWIR) photodetectors. This work introduces organic polymer PM6 in hole transport layer of photodetectors and we obtain a decreased dark current density below 150 nA/cm2 and an increased external quantum efficiency at 60% of the QD SWIR photodetectors.
P‐138: Color Demura for LTPS TFT MicroLED Displays
Authors: Lyu Bojia , Wu Wei , Zhao Shuang , Huo Zhongwang , Guo Xiaojun
Published: July 2024

In this study, a loop iterative approach is employed to gradually get closer to the actual red, green, and blue color coordinates and brightness ratio under a given grayscale to realize the brightness and chromaticity compensation (Color Demura) for LTPS TFT MicroLED display. This approach is applied to a 9.38‐inch 480 × 960 resolution MicroLED display, achieving brightness uniformity more than 95% and chromaticity non‐uniformity less than 1JNCD, respectively.
P‐149: The Optical Taste of MLED Display: From the Mini‐/Micro‐LED Optical Property to the Design of Pixel Circuit
Authors: Chen Yunni , Zhou Zhou , Liu Fancheng , Zha Guowei , Yuan Jianfeng
Published: July 2024

Mini‐LED and Micro‐LED have ultrahigh luminance and excellent color saturation to be used in MLED display based on COG (Chip on Class). In this paper, two pitch‐0.6 mm MLED displays with pulse hybrid modulation (PHM) and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) driving Mode separately is proposed. And we discuss the influences of the intrinsic optical characteristics of Mini‐LED and Micro‐LED on the design of MLED display pixel circuit. In particular, surface brightness distributions of different gray scale are tested to theoretically analyze the pocking phenomenon in different ways.
P‐150: Study of Hexagonal Structure and Micro‐Lens With Anti‐Reflection Design Improving Micro‐LEDs Normal Luminance
Authors: Lin Chia-Ching , Lin Hoang-Yan , Huang Mao-Kai , Zhuang Yuan-Zhen , Huang Yu-Hsin , Lin Kuan-Heng
Published: July 2024

As LEDs continue to miniaturize, in addition to the side‐wall defect effect causing a decrease in LED luminous efficiency, the reduction in LED size also leads to the emergence of downward and lateral light emission. These non‐forward emissions are prone to total internal reflection and significant refraction at interfaces between packaging layers and air, consequently diminishing forward light emission. To mitigate the loss of forward luminance and ambient light reflection, we propose a secondary‐optical design and simulate the physical model by commercial software. The simulation result shows that the loss was reduced from 40.06% to 18.51% with Hexagonal Structure, and the ambient light reflection was reduce from 25.41% to 4.78%. With the addition of microlens array, loss can be further reduced to 2.67%, and ambient light reflection was reduced to 5.34%.
P‐161: Full‐in‐situ Imaging and Laser Processing System Supporting Detection and Removal of Defective Micro‐LED Dies During Mass Transfer
Authors: Cao Yuxuan , Yang Kuai , Zhang Zhen
Published: July 2024

Micro‐LEDs have been hailed as the next‐generation display technology, with mass transfer being the key to achieving mass production of Micro‐LED displays. During the mass transfer process, it is crucial to identify and remove defective dies in order to ensure high yield and optimal display performance. In this paper, a novel in‐situ observation, imaging, and laser processing system is proposed, enabling online, in‐situ, and zero‐misalignment removal of faulty dies during the mass transfer process. This system holds great promise for significantly improving the efficiency of mass transfer and further driving the realization of mass production for Micro‐LED displays.
P‐166: Interface Defect Engineering Strategy to Enhance Flexibility of Thin Film Encapsulation by Inhibiting Crack Propagation
Authors: Baek Sooyeon , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: July 2024

This study explores Thin Film Encapsulation, highlighting its impressive resistance to crack propagation achieved by intentionally introducing defects between two distinct inorganic materials. Through strategic interface defect engineering, we have successfully reinforced the encapsulation's robustness, contributing to its enhanced performance and durability.
P‐178: Improve the response time of LCD and expand applications at low temperature
Authors: Qian YongLi , Zhao Jian , Zhang Hong , Zhang Yu , Li XiaoHe , Wan NianQing , Su ZhiDan
Published: July 2024

With the requirements for applications in extremely cold environments, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) technology, limited by the properties of liquid crystal materials, exhibits poor image quality, especially when displaying rapidly changing images at low temperatures. Therefore, improving the response time at low temperatures is a key issue. In this paper, we have designed a heating circuit for the LCD. This circuit is controlled by an internal sensor, which improves the LCD's performance at low temperatures. Experimental results show that the internal sensor can provide feedback within a range of ‐50℃ to 150℃. The Gray‐ to‐Gray (GtoG) response time can reach 100ms at ‐40℃, greatly enhancing the competitiveness of LCD technology.
P‐181: Enhancing the Bragg‐Reflection by Blending Ag Nanoparticles in Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Wang Yubo , Zhang Xing , Lin Guangjie , Zhang Yongfang , Liu Yang
Published: July 2024

The coupling between the incident light and the highly reflective nanoparticles is believed to potentially raise the reflective intensity of PSCLCs by creating a channel that causes the incident light to reach the helical CLCs and reflect outward. Therefore, in this research Ag nanoparticles were blended into polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLCs) to enhance their reflective intensity. A small amount of blending Ag nanoparticles (less than 1.0 wt%) in PSCLCs that investigated with 1wt% ‐ 3wt% RM 257 polymerization effectively leads to an increase of the reflective intensity of up to 17%, but has little effect on their thermally induced dynamical reflection variations. These results indicate that the blending of Ag nanoparticles in PSCLCs is an adequate method for the investigation of highly reflective PSCLCs.
P‐183: One Drop Filling (ODF) for High‐Viscosity Liquid Crystal
Authors: Huo Yi‐Peng , Yuan Zheng‐Nan , Sun Zhi‐Bo , Tseng Man‐Chun , Vashchenko Valerii , Vashchenko Olena , Srivastava Abhishek Kumar , Ho Jacob , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: July 2024

A new ODF machine for high‐viscosity liquid crystals (LCs) is successfully constructed and tested using ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs). Innovatively, heating over 100°C, filling FLC in a vacuum, and sealing can automatically be done in one reaction pot. No glue leakage exists in the FLC samples. Good alignment without defect and electro‐optic (EO) performance are achieved. The response time is 33 μs, and relaxation time is 27 μs. Contrast Ratio (CR)=10000:1 (@ 632 nm). This is one of the critical steps towards the commercialization of FLC‐based displays and optoelectronic devices.
P‐190: Photo‐triggered Transmission‐color Through a Cholesteric Liquid Crystal for Multi‐level Information Encryption
Authors: Chen Yongguang , Lin Guangjie , Zhang Xing , Gong Xiaohui , Liu Yang
Published: July 2024

In this research, the house‐made transparent cell with a cell gap of 10 μm was made using one glass slide that coated with commercial polyimide and the other one coated by SD1 photo‐responsive molecules, and filled with CLCs made from E7 nematic LCs and 1.0% S811 doping in the pitch of 10 μm. The LCs on SD1 molecules coated slide thereafter were in‐plane switched clock‐wisely by means of linear polarized blue laser (λ=405nm) irradiation, and thus elongate the pitch and tune reflection of CLCs. As the reflection of incident light has an extremely large wavelength (~14×103 nm) and is hard to be detected, the structure change induced optical performance in CLCs by in‐plane switch of near‐slide LCs was identified by a polarized optical microscopy (POM) under the transmission mode. The cell inserted with CLCs was saw in purple initially, when the near‐slide LCs were clock‐wisely switched by π/4, 5π/12, 7π/12, 2π/3 and 5π/6, respectively, the cell turned to indigo, green, yellow, orange and pink accordingly. Alternatively, the induced pink cells can be counter‐tuned to their initial purple by anti‐clockwise laser irradiation. This observation suggests that the switching of near‐slip LCs is sufficient for optically encoding in CLCs and could have significant applications in displays, especially in a data‐hidden mode.
P‐197: Material Distribution Optimization towards High Performance Phosphor‐Assisted Fluorescence Devices
Authors: Cai Minghan , Li Guomeng , Liu Bin , Wang Hongyu , Huang Genmao , Zhang Dongdong , Duan Lian , Zhu Xiujian , Song Wonjun
Published: July 2024

Different source arrangements can significantly affect the material distribution within emitting layers of OLEDs. By optimizing the source arrangement, increasing the concentration of the assisted phosphor, and decreasing the concentration of the multi‐resonance fluorescent dopant at the interface, the efficiency of phosphor‐assisted fluorescence device can be enhanced by 14%.
P‐203: Highly‐Pure Color and Stable Green Hyperfluorescence Device through Host Adjustment
Authors: Kim Hae Ung , Palanisamy Paramasivam , Chae Mi Young , Kwon Jang Hyuk
Published: July 2024

In this study, we report a fluorescent green emitter based on 4,4‐dfluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) backbone and its hyperfluroescence (HF) device. Our HF device shows high EQE of 20.0%, emission peak at 532 nm with narrow FWHM of 29 nm and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) of (0.27, 0.68). Moreover, with consideration of good host materials the device realized a long lifetime (LT90) of 210 h at an initial luminance of3,000 cd/m2.
P‐251: Late‐News Poster: OLED Lifetime Optimization in Lower Current‐Density Region
Authors: Naganuma Tomohiko , Aoki Hayata , Murata Ryosuke , Sakamoto Michiaki , Ushikubo Takahiro , Tsubuku Masashi , Kimura Hiroyuki
Published: July 2024

The Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) lifetime property was investigated in the lower current‐density region. The OLED display is required for an equivalent long lifetime performance in higher and lower current‐density regions. It was clarified that hole accumulation at the interface between electron blocking layer (EBL) and emissive layer (EML) is important for the Blue OLED lifetime property at lower current densities. The device simulation showed that the appropriate EML hole barrier affects the carrier distribution.
P‐256: Late‐News Poster: Enhancement of OLED Color Conversion Efficiency and Viewing Angle Dependency Using Organic Color Conversion Layers
Authors: Kim Youngrok , Roh Jiho , Suh Min Chul
Published: July 2024

Applying the Host‐Dopant System to organic color conversion layers (OCCL) has resulted in a high color conversion efficiency
CCE) compared to previous commercial methods. The OCCL exhibited an impressive CCE of 123.1%, surpassing that of quantum dot (QD) conversion layer by 61.3%. Furthermore, we observed that the viewing angle characteristics of blue top‐emission organic light emitting diodes (OLED) with OCCL was significantly improved due to their corrugated surface compared to the pristine top‐emission OLED.
P‐260: Late‐News Poster: Doping Ratio Control of Organic Composite Layer in OELDs by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
Authors: Kyoung Jaisun , Park Younggil , Ahn Nari
Published: July 2024

The OLEDs industry needs a reliable nondestructive process control method for measuring the correct thickness of layers and estimation of doping or mixing ratio. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we applied for thickness and doping ratio monitoring for emission layer (EML) and mixed electron transport layer (mETL) grown on glass by evaporator. Optical properties of EML host and dopant, mETL host and mixing material have been investigated. We present the effect of doping on optical constants dispersions of EML and mETL layers in the photon energy range 1.2 to 5.0 eV. We adopted the Effective Medium Theory (EMT) to monitoring mixing ratio and dispersion equation to monitoring doping ratio. In result developed monitoring tool can measure imperceptible difference doping ratio.
Laminating Layered Structures of 2D MXene and Graphene Oxide for High‐Performance All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors
Authors: Wei Xing , Zhang Zhijiang , Wei Bingqing , Zhang Qing
Published: July 2024

Graphene oxide (GO)‐based all‐solid‐state supercapacitors (SCs) provide an important complement to liquid‐ and gel‐electrolyte‐based SCs in a variety of applications, including flexible electronics. Still, their mediocre capacitance and complex fabrication methods hold back the realization of their full potential. Here, a simple fabrication of all‐solid‐state SCs with layered GO as a solid electrolyte and MXene as electrodes is demonstrated. The resultant SCs show excellent energy storage capacitance comparable to other MXene‐based SCs using liquid electrolytes. The outperformance is attributed to extra interlayer spacing expansion and improved ion transport kinetics thanks to a synergistic water‐absorbing effect due to the hydrophilicity of both MXene and GO in combination, which interestingly satisfies the intrinsic surface‐dominated pseudocapacitive behavior of MXene. The application of this SC in humidity sensing has also been demonstrated to be fast responsive. The findings describe in this work provide a means of improving the capacitance performance using GO as a solid electrolyte with MXene as the electrodes and exploit the potential application as electronic elements for smart devices.
Sustained Area‐Selectivity in Atomic Layer Deposition of Ir Films: Utilization of Dual Effects of O3 in Deposition and Etching
Authors: Kim Han , Kim Taeseok , Chung Hong Keun , Jeon Jihoon , Kim Sung‐Chul , Won Sung Ok , Harada Ryosuke , Tsugawa Tomohiro , Kim Sangtae , Kim Seong Keun
Published: July 2024

Area‐selective deposition (ASD) based on self‐aligned technology has emerged as a promising solution for resolving misalignment issues during ultrafine patterning processes. Despite its potential, the problems of area‐selectivity losing beyond a certain thickness remain critical in ASD applications. This study reports a novel approach to sustain the area‐selectivity of Ir films as the thickness increases. Ir films are deposited on Al2O3 as the growth area and SiO2 as the non‐growth area using atomic‐layer‐deposition with tricarbonyl‐(1,2,3‐η)‐1,2,3‐tri(tert‐butyl)‐cyclopropenyl‐iridium and O3. O3 exhibits a dual effect, facilitating both deposition and etching. In the steady‐state growth regime, O3 solely contributes to deposition, whereas in the initial growth stages, longer exposure to O3 etches the initially formed isolated Ir nuclei through the formation of volatile IrO3. Importantly, longer O3 exposure is required for the initial etching on the growth area(Al2O3) compared to the non‐growth area(SiO2). By controlling the O3 injection time, the area selectivity is sustained even above a thickness of 25 nm by suppressing nucleation on the non‐growth area. These findings shed light on the fundamental mechanisms of ASD using O3 and offer a promising avenue for advancing thin‐film technologies. Furthermore, this approach holds promise for extending ASD to other metals susceptible to forming volatile species.
Liquid Metal‐Enabled Tunable Synthesis of Nanoporous Polycrystalline Copper for Selective CO2‐to‐Formate Electrochemical Conversion
Authors: Zhong Wenyu , Chi Yuan , Yu Ruohan , Kong Charlie , Zhou Shujie , Han Chen , Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Mao Guangzhao , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kourosh , Amal Rose , Tang Jianbo , Lu Xunyu
Published: July 2024

Copper‐based catalysts exhibit high activity in electrochemical CO2 conversion to value‐added chemicals. However, achieving precise control over catalysts design to generate narrowly distributed products remains challenging. Herein, a gallium (Ga) liquid metal‐based approach is employed to synthesize hierarchical nanoporous copper (HNP Cu) catalysts with tailored ligament/pore and crystallite sizes. The nanoporosity and polycrystallinity are generated by dealloying intermetallic CuGa2 formed after immersing pristine Cu foil in liquid Ga in a basic or acidic solution. The liquid metal‐based approach allows for the transformation of monocrystalline Cu to the polycrystalline HNP Cu with enhanced CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) performance. The dealloyed HNP Cu catalyst with suitable crystallite size (22.8 nm) and nanoporous structure (ligament/pore size of 45 nm) exhibits a high Faradaic efficiency of 91% toward formate production under an applied potential as low as −0.3 VRHE. The superior CO2RR performance can be ascribed to the enlarged electrochemical catalytic surface area, the generation of preferred Cu facets, and the rich grain boundaries by polycrystallinity. This work demonstrates the potential of liquid metal‐based synthesis for improving catalysts performance based on structural design, without increasing compositional complexity.
Full Picture of Lattice Deformation in a Ge1 − xSnx Micro‐Disk by 5D X‐ray Diffraction Microscopy
Authors: Corley‐Wiciak Cedric , Zoellner Marvin H. , Corley‐Wiciak Agnieszka A. , Rovaris Fabrizio , Zatterin Edoardo , Zaitsev Ignatii , Sfuncia Gianfranco , Nicotra Giuseppe , Spirito Davide , von den Driesch Nils , Manganelli Costanza L. , Marzegalli Anna , Schulli Tobias U. , Buca Dan , Montalenti Francesco , Capellini Giovanni , Richter Carsten
Published: July 2024

Lattice strain in crystals can be exploited to effectively tune their physical properties. In microscopic structures, experimental access to the full strain tensor with spatial resolution at the (sub‐)micrometer scale is at the same time very interesting and challenging. In this work, how scanning X‐ray diffraction microscopy, an emerging model‐free method based on synchrotron radiation, can shed light on the complex, anisotropic deformation landscape within three dimensional (3D) microstructures is shown. This technique allows the reconstruction of all lattice parameters within any type of crystal with submicron spatial resolution and requires no sample preparation. Consequently, the local state of deformation can be fully quantified. Exploiting this capability, all components of the strain tensor in a suspended, strained Ge1 − xSnx /Ge microdisk are mapped. Subtle elastic deformations are unambiguously correlated with structural defects, 3D microstructure geometry, and chemical variations, as verified by comparison with complementary electron microscopy and finite element simulations. The methodology described here is applicable to a wide range of fields, from bioengineering to metallurgy and semiconductor research.
Tackling CO2 Loss in Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction by Advanced Material and Electrolyzer Design
Authors: Yang Yue , He Fan , Lv Xiangzhou , Liu Qian , Wu Angjian , Qi Zhifu , Wu Hao Bin
Published: July 2024

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECO2R) has been considered as a promising approach to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels. CO2 loss in conventional alkaline electrolyzers has been recognized as a major obstacle that compromising the efficiency of the ECO2R system. This review firstly conducts an in‐depth assessment of the origin and influence of CO2 loss. On this basis, this work summarizes electrolyzer configurations based on novel material and structure design that are capable of tackling CO2 loss, including acidic electrolyzer, bipolar membrane (BPM) derived electrolyzer, cascade electrolyzer, liquid‐phase‐anode electrolyzer, and liquid‐fed electrolyzer. The design strategies and challenges of these carbon efficient electrolyzers have been deliberated in detail. By comparing and analyzing the advantages and limitations of various electrolyzer designs, this work aims to provide some guidelines for the development of efficient ECO2R technology toward large‐scale industrial application.
Students' awareness and conceptions of science‐related communication mechanisms on social media
Authors: Kresin Soraya , Kremer Kerstin , Nehring Andreas , Büssing Alexander Georg
Published: July 2024

The rise of social media platforms and subsequent lack of traditional gatekeeping mechanisms have enabled the proliferation of scientific disinformation. Users attempting to properly evaluate scientific information and disinformation are immensely obstructed by media communication mechanisms such as filter bubbles and echo chambers. Given the recent approaches to reconceptualizing the nature of science represented by facets of media communication mechanisms, we report results from seven focus groups of 26 tenth‐grade students (M = 15 years; 58% female, 38% male, 4% nonbinary) investigating such mechanisms as applied to climate change content on social media. Using qualitative content analysis, we identified the students' awareness and conceptions of mechanisms such as filter bubbles and echo chambers on a continuum between rather simple and elaborate. The findings suggest that the students have a general awareness of most mechanisms based on their own experiences and describe additional media communication mechanisms, such as bots, microtargeting, and, particularly, algorithms, which appear specifically relevant in dealing with scientific disinformation on social media. Based on the results, we derive a set of needs for science educational learning materials and science media literacy to prepare students to tackle scientific disinformation on social media.
Investigating the influence of varying water regimes on the growth and development and nutritional water productivity of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.)
Authors: Rumani Muneiwa , Mabhaudhi Tafadzwanashe , Mandizvo Takudzwa , Ramabulana Anza‐Tshilidzi , Madala Ntakadzeni Edwin , Ramphinwa Maanea Lonia , Magwaza Lembe Samukelo , Mudau Fhatuwani Nixwell
Published: July 2024

Bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) is an indigenous shrub of South Africa known for its medicinal properties. However, due to a lack of comprehensive information to develop suitable irrigation management strategies, the cultivation of bush tea is currently limited to small‐scale operations. Considering this limitation, the current research investigated the effect of water regimes on the growth and development, yield, and nutrient content along with its nutritional water productivity (NWP) under field conditions. The treatment consisted of a crop water requirement (ETa) of 100%, 30%, and the control (stress) in a complete randomized block design (CRBD). Each treatment was replicated three times to ensure robustness and accuracy of the findings. Results demonstrated that the highest gravimetric moisture content readings were found in the control treatment and the lowest in the 100% treatment. Conversely, the 30% ETa treatment significantly (p < 0.05) impacted bush tea's growth, development, productivity, and NWP. However, it was observed that the 100% ETa treatment resulted in a higher biomass yield (259.1 kg/ha) compared to the 30% ETa treatment (171.2 kg/ha) and control (stress) (68.2 kg/ha). The water productivity exhibited notable differences across the varying water regimes. These findings contribute valuable insights for developing appropriate irrigation management strategies to overcome existing limitations in the scale of bush tea production. The research lays the groundwork for future studies and practical applications aimed to foster the sustainable cultivation of bush tea in South Africa.
Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological findings of a congenital hypomyelinating leukodystrophy in a Holstein Friesian calf
Authors: Planas Carles , van de Poel Nyke C. , Dimmendaal Sanne , Weerts Erik , Hut Peter , Santifort Koen , Veraa Stefanie
Published: July 2024

A 12‐day‐old, male Holstein Friesian calf was presented to the hospital due to progressive ataxia and tremors since birth. A diffuse central nervous system disorder primarily affecting white matter was suspected based on clinical neurological examination. Blood tests were unremarkable, except for positive serology for Schmallenberg virus. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated severe, diffuse abnormalities primarily affecting the white matter regions of the encephalon and cranial cervical spinal cord, consistent with leukoencephalomyelopathy. Euthanasia was performed at 8 weeks of age after no clinical improvement. A postmortem examination was performed. Histopathological examination of the central nervous system revealed changes compatible with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, with no signs of infectious agents observed. The disorder was considered most likely to be hereditary, as Schmallenberg virus infections during pregnancy in cattle have not been reported to result in such clinical, magnetic resonance imaging or histopathological findings, and no viral genomic material was identified with polymerase chain reaction.
Resilient riverine social–ecological systems: A new paradigm to meet global conservation targets
Authors: Perry Denielle , Praskievicz Sarah , McManamay Ryan , Saxena Alark , Grimm Kerry , Zegre Nicolas , Bair Lucas , Ruddell Benjamin L. , Rushforth Richard
Published: July 2024

The United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity set forth the 30 × 30 target, an agenda for countries to protect at least 30% of their terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine areas by 2030. With <6 years to reach that goal, riverine conservation professionals are faced with the difficult decision of prioritizing which rivers or river segments should be conserved (protected and/or restored). While incorporating resilience into conservation planning is essential for enhancing, restoring, and maintaining the vital riverine ecosystem services (ES) most threatened by climate change and other environmental and human stresses, this paradigm is at odds with traditional conservation approaches that are either opportunistic or reactionary, where only unique and highly visible ecosystems have been prioritized. Barriers to implementing resilience‐based riverine conservation planning include: (1) difficulties in conceptualizing and quantifying resilience; (2) insufficient consideration of the social components of riverine systems; (3) the inapplicability of terrestrial‐only conservation models to aquatic systems; and (4) the traditional ad hoc and opportunistic approach to conservation. To overcome these barriers, we propose a resilience‐based riverine conservation framework that includes: (1) assessing riverine resilience using indicator frameworks; (2) considering rivers as dynamically coupled social–ecological systems; (3) explicitly incorporating terrestrial–aquatic network connectivity into conservation decision‐making; and (4) strategic systems planning using a novel resilience–conservation matrix as a tool. This framework has the potential to transform conservation practices around the globe to more effectively protect river systems and enhance their resilience to climate change and human development.

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Human Water > Water Governance
Clinical effectiveness of transaxillary single‐port endoscopic surgery in the treatment of breast benign tumor
Authors: Yang Qingyu , Wang Qinbo , Li Zongyan , Fu Xiaoyan , Chen Zuxiao , Li Haiyan
Published: July 2024

Background

Benign breast lumps affect 10% of women in their lifetimes. Endoscopic surgery could be an alternative surgical technique for benign breast tumors because it is performed through small wounds hidden in inconspicuous areas. The aim of this study was to explore the safety and esthetic effects of endoscopic surgery in the treatment of benign breast disease.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study analyzed 363 patients with benign breast tumors from August 2021 to December 2023 in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen University, of whom 118 underwent transaxillary single‐port endoscopic surgery and 245 underwent traditional open surgery. Clinicopathologic characteristics, surgery type, hospital stay, and complications were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the procedure for benign breast tumors.

Results

Breast tumor resection was successfully performed in 363 patients by endoscopic surgery or traditional open surgery. Endoscopic procedures demonstrated longer durations of surgery (98.54 ± 35.17 min vs. 70.28 ± 26.06 min, p < 0.01) and postoperative drainage (64.30 ± 34.92 mL vs.18.49 ± 19.86 mL, p < 0.01), but there was less blood loss. The nipple‐areolar complex of the patients who underwent endoscopic resection was significantly more sensitive than the traditional open surgery group. Patients in the endoscopic group reported higher satisfaction with surgical outcome (13.10 ± 1.97 vs. 12.63 ± 1.90, p < 0.01). And there was a significant difference in the wound scar and cosmetic outcome total score between the two groups.

Conclusion

Transaxillary single‐port endoscopic surgery is effective and safe and improves postoperative nipple‐areolar sensation and cosmetic outcome, as compared to the conventional technique.
Synthetic lethality between toxic amino acids, RTG‐target genes and chaperones in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Druseikis Marina E. , Covo Shay
Published: July 2024

The toxicity of non‐proteinogenic amino acids has been known for decades. Numerous reports describe their antimicrobial/anticancer potential. However, these molecules are often toxic to the host as well; thus, a synthetic lethality approach that reduces the dose of these toxins while maintaining toxicity can be beneficial. Here we investigate synthetic lethality between toxic amino acids, the retrograde pathway, and molecular chaperones. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mitochondrial retrograde (RTG) pathway activation induces transcription of RTG‐target genes to replenish alpha‐ketoglutarate and its downstream product glutamate; both metabolites are required for arginine and lysine biosynthesis. We previously reported that tolerance of canavanine, a toxic arginine derivative, requires an intact RTG pathway, and low‐dose canavanine exposure reduces the expression of RTG‐target genes. Here we show that only a few of the examined chaperone mutants are sensitive to sublethal doses of canavanine. To predict synthetic lethality potential between RTG‐target genes and chaperones, we measured the expression of RTG‐target genes in canavanine‐sensitive and canavanine‐tolerant chaperone mutants. Most RTG‐target genes were induced in all chaperone mutants starved for arginine; the same trend was not observed under lysine starvation. Canavanine exposure under arginine starvation attenuated and even reversed RTG‐target‐gene expression in the tested chaperone mutants. Importantly, under nearly all tested genetic and pharmacological conditions, the expression of IDH1 and/or IDH2 was induced. In agreement, idh1 and idh2 mutants are sensitive to canavanine and thialysine and show synthetic growth inhibition with chaperone mutants. Overall, we show that inhibiting molecular chaperones, RTG‐target genes, or both can sensitize cells to low doses of toxic amino acids.