bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divide and Stack Up: Boron‐Based Sandwich Cluster as a Subnanoscale Propeller
Authors: Wang Ying‐Jin , Feng Lin‐Yan , Zhai Hua‐Jin
Published: July 2019

Typical salts are composed of positive and negative ions that appear alternatively, whereas decorated layered materials normally have ions anchored on the polygonal sites. In this way, the ions are spatially fixed and the system is stabilized on electrostatic grounds. Here we report on a unique boron‐lithium cluster, B7Li4−, which contains a disk‐like B7 core, being sandwiched by a Li3 ring and an isolated Li atom. All Li centers are stacked exactly on the B atoms from top or bottom, rather than being anchored on triangular B3 sites. The cluster shows dynamic fluxionality, whose Li3 ring rotates freely on the B7 disk even at below room temperature (200 K), akin to a subnanoscale propeller. The rotation barrier is only 0.37 kcal mol−1 at the single‐point CCSD(T) level. The sandwich shape facilitates intramolecular charge‐transfers, leading to a [Li3]+[B7]3−[Li]+ salt complex. The [Li3]+ layer has 2σ aromaticity, while [B7]3− core is robust with both π and σ sextets. Three‐fold π/σ aromaticity collectively stabilizes the system, as well as underlies its dynamic fluxionality. The interlayer bonding turns out to be strong, dominated by ionic interactions (of the order of 3–4 eV per Li3/Li unit). The work demonstrates a propeller at the subnanoscale, which is dynamically fluxional despite strong covalent and ionic bonding.
Infection and Fever in Pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Findings from the Study to Explore Early Development
Authors: Croen Lisa A. , Qian Yinge , Ashwood Paul , Zerbo Ousseny , Schendel Diana , Pinto‐Martin Jennifer , Daniele Fallin M. , Levy Susan , Schieve Laura A. , Yeargin‐Allsopp Marshalyn , Sabourin Katherine R. , Ames Jennifer L.
Published: July 2019

Maternal infection and fever during pregnancy have been implicated in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, studies have not been able to separate the effects of fever itself from the impact of a specific infectious organism on the developing brain. We utilized data from the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED), a case–control study among 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children born between 2003 and 2006 in the United States, to explore a possible association between maternal infection and fever during pregnancy and risk of ASD and other developmental disorders (DDs). Three groups of children were included: children with ASD (N = 606) and children with DDs (N = 856), ascertained from clinical and educational sources, and children from the general population (N = 796), randomly sampled from state birth records. Information about infection and fever during pregnancy was obtained from a telephone interview with the mother shortly after study enrollment and maternal prenatal and labor/delivery medical records. ASD and DD status was determined by an in‐person standardized developmental assessment of the child at 3–5 years of age. After adjustment for covariates, maternal infection anytime during pregnancy was not associated with ASD or DDs. However, second trimester infection accompanied by fever elevated risk for ASD approximately twofold (aOR = 2.19, 95% confidence interval 1.14–4.23). These findings of an association between maternal infection with fever in the second trimester and increased risk of ASD in the offspring suggest that the inflammatory response to the infectious agent may be etiologically relevant. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1551–1561. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Using data from a large multisite study in the United States—the Study to Explore Early Development—we found that women who had an infection during the second trimester of pregnancy accompanied by a fever are more likely to have children with ASD. These findings suggest the possibility that only more severe infections accompanied by a robust inflammatory response increase the risk of ASD.
TGF‐β‐mediated regulation of plasminogen activators is human telomerase reverse transcriptase dependent in cancer cells
Authors: Jaiswal Rishi K. , Yadava Pramod K.
Published: July 2019

Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase/terminal transferase enzyme that adds telomeric repeat sequences at the extreme end of a newly replicated chromosome. Apart from telomere lengthening, telomerase has many extracurricular activities. Telomerase is known to regulate the expression of many genes and helps in cancer progression and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). We have previously reported that human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) regulates the expression of plasminogen activator such as urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) in cancer cells following a genome‐wide transcriptomic study. Here, we present data substantiating these results in terms of real‐time assays, western blots, and immunofluorescence. Another aim of this study is to find out the possible mechanism by which hTERT regulates the expression of plasminogen activators. We have used some molecular biology techniques such as quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence and some assays such as wound healing assay and colony formation assay to solve this question. In this study, we show a positive association between hTERT and uPA. We also demonstrate that hTERT enhances uPA expression concomitant with EMT. Knocking down of hTERT reduces uPA expression as well as reverses EMT in cancer cells. We have also found that uPA is a transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β)‐induced protein. Our observations establish that TGF‐β‐induced uPA expression is hTERT dependent.
Resveratrol modulates epigenetic regulators of promoter histone methylation and acetylation that restores BRCA1, p53, p21CIP1 in human breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Chatterjee Biji , Ghosh Krishna , Kanade Santosh R.
Published: July 2019

The epigenetic enzymes catalyze posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histones, which functionally determine gene expression at the chromatin level. Resveratrol (RVT) a much studied anti‐cancer natural molecule is known for restoration of BRCA1, p53, and p21 in cancer cells. We aimed to investigate the role of histone methylation and acetylation on upregulation of these tumor suppressor genes. Our results suggest RVT significantly increase expression of BRCA1, p53, and p21, while decreased expression of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) at a 20 μM concentration by 48 hr in both MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. Also, there was an overall loss of H4R3me2s (catalytic product of PRMT5) and H3K27me3 (catalytic product of PRMT5). In contrast, RVT exposure caused a significant decrease in lysine deacetylase (KDAC) activity and expression of KDAC1‐3, whereas the expression of lysine acetyltransferase KAT2A/3B was increased compared to the unexposed cells. As an outcome, RVT increased global level of H3K9ac and H3K27ac marks. The chromatin immunoprecipitation showed 20 μM RVT exposure significantly reduced the enrichment of repressive histone marks (H4R3me2s and H3K27me3) while the abundance of activating histone marks (H3K9/27ac) within the proximal promoter region of BRCA1, p53, and p21 was increased. We hypothesize RVT by affecting the expression and function of methylation and acetylation enzymes altered the epigenetic modifications on promoter histones that restored expression of these critically important tumor suppressor genes.
International multidisciplinary expert panel consensus on breast reconstruction and radiotherapy
Authors: Nava M B , Benson J R , Audretsch W , Blondeel P , Catanuto G , Clemens M W , Cordeiro P G , De Vita R , Hammond D C , Jassem J , Lozza L , Orecchia R , Pusic A L , Rancati A , Rezai M , Scaperrotta G , Spano A , Winters Z E , Rocco N
Published: July 2019

Background

Conflicting evidence challenges clinical decision-making when breast reconstruction is considered in the context of radiotherapy. Current literature was evaluated and key statements on topical issues were generated and discussed by an expert panel at the International Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Meeting in Milan 2017.

Methods

Studies on radiotherapy and breast reconstruction (1985 to September 2017) were screened using MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL. The literature review yielded 30 controversial key questions. A set of key statements was derived and the highest levels of clinical evidence (LoE) for each of these were summarized. Nineteen panellists convened for dedicated discussions at the International Oncoplastic Breast Surgery Meeting to express agreement, disagreement or abstention for the generated key statements.

Results

The literature review identified 1522 peer-reviewed publications. A list of 22 key statements was produced, with the highest LoE recorded for each statement. These ranged from II to IV, with most statements (11 of 22, 50 per cent) supported by LoE III. There was full consensus for nine (41 per cent) of the 22 key statements, and more than 75 per cent agreement was reached for half (11 of 22).

Conclusion

Poor evidence exists on which to base patient-informed consent. Low-quality studies are conflicting with wide-ranging treatment options, precluding expert consensus regarding optimal type and timing of breast reconstruction in the context of radiotherapy. There is a need for high-quality evidence from prospective registries and randomized trials in this field.
Are You Measuring What Matters?
Authors: Moore Jannice
Published: July 2019

Jannice Moore is president of The Governance Coach, a Calgary, Alberta, Canada‐based firm that specializes in Policy Governance® consultation and coaching. In this article, Moore discusses how effective policies can ensure boards are relying on the best and most appropriate metrics data to guide organizational decision‐making, leading to sound governance.
Understand changes to student‐athlete transfer process
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: July 2019

The student‐athlete transfer process has been under scrutiny from student‐athletes, family members, coaches, and administrators for some time. The inherent unfairness associated with student‐athletes being required to stay at the same schools while the head coaches who recruited them moved elsewhere has obviously been a particular concern. Similarly, there had been widely publicized cases of student‐athletes wanting to transfer for compelling personal and other reasons while coaches and schools withheld the approval needed to release the student‐athletes and to allow them to move on. Finally, the idea of a student‐athlete being required to sit out a year after transferring seemed inherently unfair because regular students can freely move from school to school without any restrictions.
Role of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α as a potential biomarker for renal diseases—A systematic review
Authors: Encinas Jéssica Freitas Araújo , Foncesca Carlos Henrique , Perez Matheus Moreira , Simões Diogo Pimenta , da Costa Aguiar Alves Beatriz , Bacci Marcelo Rodrigues , Maifrino Laura Beatriz Mesiano , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso , da Veiga Glaucia Luciano
Published: July 2019

Renal cells need oxygen for homeostasis; it is known for adjusting cellular functioning and the energy obtainment have a broad relationship with cellular respiration, through the O2 bioavailability. O2 homeostasis regulation in the kidney is mediated by hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs). HIF is divided into three α isoforms, represented by HIF‐1α, HIF‐2α, and HIF‐3α in addition to three paralogs of HIF‐1β; these are involved in some metabolic processes, as well as in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Renal biopsy analyses of patients and experimental animal models aim to understand the relationship between HIF and protection against developing renal diseases or the induction of their onset, being thus this molecule can be considered a potential biomarker of renal disease. We carried out a systematic review to which we included studies on HIF‐1α and renal disease in the last 5 years (2013‐2018) in researches with humans and/or animal model through searches in three databases: LILACS, PubMed, and SciELO by two researchers. We obtained 22 articles that discussed the relationship with HIF as inductor or protector against renal disease and no relation between HIF and renal. We observed controversies remain regarding the relation between of HIF with renal diseases; this may be related to the different intracellular pathways mediated by HIF‐1α, thereby determining differentiated cellular responses.
Autophagy: An evolutionarily conserved process in the maintenance of stem cells and aging
Authors: Vijayakumar Karthikeyan , Cho Goang‐Won
Published: July 2019

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that degrades and recycles defective organelles, toxic proteins, and various other aggregates on the cytoplasmic surface by sequestering them into autophagosomes which, then, fuse with lysosomes which degrade them. If these aggregates are not cleared, they accumulate and damage the cell resulting in cellular senescence and aging. Stem cells, with their capacity to differentiate, are crucial for tissue homeostasis. In addition to differentiation, the stemness of stem cells must be preserved. Recent studies in stem cells show the importance of autophagy in evading cellular senescence. In this review, we describe the conservative nature of the autophagy process, carried out throughout evolution. In particular, we highlight the role of autophagy in various evolutionarily diverse species and how it evolved to maintain tissue homeostasis and regulate aging and cellular senescence in stem cells.
Structural characterization of intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) starch
Authors: Zhong Yingxin , Mogoginta Juan , Gayin Joseph , Annor George Amponsah
Published: July 2019

Background and objectives

Intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium, IWG), a perennial, is currently being developed into a food crop that can be used in mainstream food systems. This study focused on characterizing starches extracted from IWG kernels harvested in Roseau (IWG‐RS) and Rosemount (IWG‐RM) in Minnesota, USA, and compared with starches from Jasmine rice (JR) and hard red wheat (HRW). Thermal properties, size distribution, granule size and morphology, and the unit and internal chain profile of extracted starches were evaluated.

Findings

The amylose contents of IWG‐RS and IWG‐RM were 30.7% and 30.4%, respectively. IWG starches had the lowest gelatinization temperatures. Enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH) of HRW was similar to that of IWG‐RM. The λmax of the starches suggests that the amylose chains and internal chains of the IWG starches were longer than those of HRW and JR. IWG‐RM has the least β‐limit dextrin and longer external chain. Unit and internal chain profiles of amylopectins between IWGs were similar.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the properties of IWG starches were similar to those of wheat. Differences in some starch properties were also observed between the IWG grown at different locations.

Significance and novelty

This is the first report on the unit and internal chain profile of IWG. Understanding the microstructure of starch from IWG can potentially optimize its chemical functionality.
Natural Compounds Gallic Acid Derivatives for Long‐Life Li/Na Organic Batteries
Authors: Xia Tianlai , Wang Yingqian , Wang Binshen , Yang Zhixiong , Pan Guangxing , Zhang Ling , Zhang Jiaheng
Published: July 2019

Li/Na organic batteries have attracted the attention of researchers because of their flexibility, lightweight, and recyclability compared to the metal oxide‐based Li/Na‐ion batteries. The low specific capacity is a major problem for the application of Li/Na organic batteries. Herein, we found that the green and natural gallic acid derivatives, ellagic acid (EA, dimer) and tannic acid (TA, oligomer) are good anode materials for Li‐ and Na‐ion batteries due to their π‐π conjugated structures and abundant carbonyl, carboxyl, phenolic groups. Outstanding electrochemical performance in specific capacity and cycling stability are exhibited. 644, 364, 195, and 162 mAh g−1 for EA and 297, 451, 465, and 265 mAh g−1 for TA are obtained for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) at current densities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 A g−1 after 150, 250, 500, 1000 cycles, respectively. The specific capacities of EA and TA LIBs are higher than those of organic LIBs and can be comparable with metal oxide LIBs. And the cycling stabilities of EA and TA LIBs are better. Meanwhile, EA and TA are universal anode materials, which enable us to construct Na‐ion batteries that show specific capacity of 105 mAh g−1 for EA and 46 mAh g−1 for TA at 50 mA g−1 after 350 cycles. This work provides us important inspirations for exploring organic materials from nature, which can be applied in green and high‐performance energy‐storage devices.
Enantiopure 4‐oxazolin‐2‐ones and 4‐methylene‐2‐oxazolidinones as chiral building blocks in a divergent asymmetric synthesis of heterocycles
Authors: Santoyo Blanca M. , González‐Romero Carlos , Zárate‐Zárate Daniel , Hernández‐Benitez R. Israel , Pelayo Vanessa , Barrera Edson , Escalante Carlos H. , Fuentes‐Benites Aydeé , Martínez‐Morales Guadalupe , López Julio , Vázquez Miguel A. , Delgado Francisco , Jiménez‐Vázquez Hugo A. , Tamariz Joaquín
Published: July 2019

Enantiopure 3‐((R)‐ and 3‐((S)‐1‐phenylethyl)‐4‐oxazoline‐2‐ones were evaluated as chiral building blocks for the divergent construction of heterocycles with stereogenic quaternary centers. The N‐(R)‐ or N‐(S)‐1‐phenylethyl group of these compounds proved to be an efficient chiral auxiliary for the asymmetric induction of the 4‐ and 5‐positions of the 4‐oxazolin‐2‐one ring through thermal and MW‐promoted nucleophilic conjugated addition to Michael acceptors and alkyl halides. The resulting adducts were transformed via a cascade process into fused six‐membered carbo‐ and heterocycles. The structure of the reaction products depended on the electrophiles and reaction conditions used. Alternative isomeric 4‐methylene‐2‐oxazolidinones served as chiral precursors for a versatile and divergent approach to highly substituted cyclic carbamates. DFT quantum calculations showed that the formation of bicyclic pyranyl compounds was generated by a diastereoselective concerted hetero‐Diels‐Alder cycloaddition.
Spectroscopy for model heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis
Authors: Kartouzian Aras
Published: July 2019

Heterogeneous catalysis has vastly benefited from investigations performed on model systems under well‐controlled conditions. The application of most of the techniques utilized for such studies is not feasible for asymmetric reactions as enantiomers possess identical physical and chemical properties unless while interacting with polarized light and other chiral entities. A thorough investigation of a heterogeneous asymmetric catalytic process should include probing the catalyst prior to, during, and after the reaction as well as the analysis of reaction products to evaluate the achieved enantiomeric excess. I present recent studies that demonstrate the strength of chiroptical spectroscopic methods to tackle the challenges in investigating model heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis covering all the abovementioned aspects.
Determination of clay content in Canadian oil sands using x‐ray florescence spectroscopy for diagnosis of ore processability
Authors: Li An , Xu Zhenghe
Published: July 2019

In this study, a simple and robust method based on the use of x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy to measure potassium content as an indicator of illite in oil sands was proposed and tested. The XRF results of illite determination were compared with those determined using the conventional methylene blue titration (MBT) method. To test the suitability of the XRF method for determining illite content in various streams of oil sands processing as a diagnosis tool, a toluene‐diluted‐bitumen solution was used to contaminate solid surfaces prior to their analysis by the XRF and MBT methods. In order to remove the organic matter from the bitumen‐contaminated solids for evaluating the XRF and MBT method, toluene washing and low temperature ashing were applied to the bitumen‐contaminated solids prior to their analysis. The robustness of the XRF analysis in comparison with the MBT method was further confirmed by analyzing the solids extracted from bitumen froth and tailings stream. The results show that the XRF method was more tolerant to surface contamination and therefore more reliable in determining illite content in oil sands and relevant processing streams. It was also found that the potassium contents measured by the XRF method on solids from 10 ores show a strong correlation with the corresponding fines contents of these ores, indicating that the XRF method can potentially be used to determine the fines content of oil sands and related processing streams.
Design and Biological Evaluation of Manganese‐ and Ruthenium‐Based Hybrid CO‐RMs (HYCOs)
Authors: Ollivier Anthony , Foresti Roberta , El Ali Zeina , Martens Thierry , Kitagishi Hiroaki , Motterlini Roberto , Rivard Michael
Published: July 2019

Interest in the therapeutic effects of carbon monoxide (CO), a product of heme degradation catalyzed by the enzyme heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), has led to the development of CO‐releasing molecules (CO‐RMs) for the controlled delivery of this gas in vivo. We recently proposed conjugating a cobalt‐based CO‐RM with various activators of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), the transcription factor that regulates HO‐1 expression, in order to exploit the beneficial effects of exogenous and endogenous CO. In this study, we describe the preparation of hybrid molecules (termed HYCOs) conjugating a fumaric acid derivative as an Nrf2 activator to a Mn‐ or a Ru‐based CO‐RM known to be pharmacologically active. With the exception of an acyl‐manganese complex, these hybrids were obtained by associating the two bioactive entities by means of a linker of variable structure. X‐ray diffraction analyses and preliminary biological investigations are also presented.
To treat or not to treat: Patient exclusion in immune oncology clinical trials due to preexisting autoimmune disease
Authors: Pantuck Morgan , McDermott David , Drakaki Alexandra
Published: July 2019

Newly developed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) demonstrate impressive clinical activity. However, they can also cause life‐threatening side effects. The efficacy and toxicity associated with ICIs both derive from unregulated, enhanced immune activation. Health care providers have been hesitant to prescribe these medications to patients who have preexisting autoimmune disease (AD) because of concerns that this may exacerbate their underlying immune condition. These patients have also been excluded from ongoing ICI clinical trials. However, new data suggest that the potential benefits of ICI treatment may outweigh the potential risks for this patient group as long as physicians also provide sufficient monitoring for AD exacerbations or other side effects. Therefore, it may be appropriate to include patients with advanced malignancies and preexisting AD in ICI clinical trials when no other effective cancer treatment options exist. Overall, physicians should avoid excluding patients from ICI therapy unnecessarily when the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks.
Strain, strain rate, and mechanical power: An optimization comparison for oscillatory ventilation
Authors: Herrmann Jacob , Tawhai Merryn H. , Kaczka David W.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for optimization of mechanical ventilator waveforms using multiple frequencies of oscillatory flow delivered simultaneously to minimize the risk of ventilator‐induced lung injury (VILI) associated with regional strain, strain rate, and mechanical power. Optimization was performed using simulations of distributed oscillatory flow and gas transport in a computational model of anatomically derived branching airway segments and viscoelastic terminal acini under healthy and injured conditions. Objective functions defined by regional strain or strain rate were minimized by single‐frequency ventilation waveforms using the highest or lowest frequencies available, respectively. However, a mechanical power objective function was minimized by a combination of multiple frequencies delivered simultaneously. This simulation study thus demonstrates the potential for multifrequency oscillatory ventilation to reduce regional mechanical power in comparison to single‐frequency ventilation, and thereby reduce the risk of VILI.
A low leakage TG‐CNTFET–based inexact full adder for low power image processing applications
Authors: Goyal Candy , Ubhi Jagpal Singh , Raj Balwinder
Published: July 2019

This paper presents a highly stable, low leakage inexact full adder (FA) which is based on top gate carbon nanotube field effect transistors (TG‐CNTFET) for motion detector applications. Inexact arithmetic circuits are highly accepted in low power multimedia applications. Circuit level metrics, ie, average power, propagation delay, power‐delay product (PDP), and leakage power dissipation as well as application level metric such as peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) are considered to compare the performance of proposed inexact FA. All the simulations are performed using HSPICE tool with Stanford 32‐nm TG‐CNTFET model. The operating frequency used for simulation is 1‐Ghz with 0.9‐V supply voltage. Proposed inexact FA successfully achieve manifold reduction in leakage power as well as consume 89.2% lesser energy as compared with latest existing inexact FA while having other parameters in acceptable range. Simulations using MATLAB show satisfactory image quality and PSNR value for motion detection applications. The effect of variations in voltage and temperature on leakage power is also presented which confirms stability of the proposed circuit.
Gas mixture effects on ion‐beam flux characteristics from dense plasma focus device: Investigation by the Vlasov–Maxwell equations and experiments
Authors: Barati Hadi , Habibi Morteza
Published: July 2019

The Vlasov–Maxwell equations were numerically solved to calculate the ion‐beam flux from the plasma of argon and the plasma of mixtures of argon and neon. Some experiments were performed to measure the ion beam from the Amirkabir plasma focus (APF) device. The calculations have shown that the argon ion‐beam flux peaked up to 1.928 × 1030 ions m−2 s−1 at the optimum pressure of 1.866 mbar while the neon‐argon mixture's ion‐beam flux reached a maximum of 4.301 × 1030 ions m−2 s−1 for 15% neon admixture at the optimum pressure of 1.866 mbar. The calculated kinetic energy of the ion beam has shown a maximum value of 708.7 J for the mixture of 85% argon‐15% neon at the mentioned optimum pressure.
Embrace change, diversity, accountability in leadership roles
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: July 2019

During her four decades in education, Valerie Rutledge, Ed.D., has been a high school teacher, an adjunct professor, director of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga's School of Education, and dean of UTC's College of Health, Education and Professional Studies. Rutledge earned her bachelor's and master's degrees in education at UTC and her doctorate of higher education at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Along the way, she took a leave of absence in 1993–94 to direct her father's campaign for governor of Tennessee.
Intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma exhibiting neuroendocrine differentiation: Case report with cytomorphology, immunocytochemistry, and review of the literature focusing on cytology
Authors: Ren Wen‐hao , Dong Kun , Huang Xiao‐zheng , Zhu Yan‐li
Published: July 2019

Intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumor of the thyroid gland with thymic epithelial differentiation; it is the malignant counterpart of ectopic thymoma of the thyroid gland and histologically resembles thymic carcinoma. Given its favorable prognostic course, preoperative cytological diagnosis is important to distinguish this neoplasm from other more aggressive thyroid neoplasms that can have similar or overlapping cytomorphological features. However, there is little information about the cytology of this disease available in the literature, even in the latest fourth edition of World Health Organization classification of tumors of endocrine organs. Here, we report a case of intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma exhibiting neuroendocrine differentiation in a 33‐year‐old woman and present a review of the literature.
Effect of IS01957, a para‐coumaric acid derivative on pharmacokinetic modulation of diclofenac through oral route for augmented efficacy
Authors: Sharma Anjna , Gour Abhishek , Bhatt Shipra , Rath Santosh K. , Malik Tanveer A. , Dogra Ashish , Sangwan Payare L. , Koul Surrinder , Abdullah Sheikh Tasduq , Singh Gurdarshan , Nandi Utpal
Published: July 2019

Diclofenac is one of the world's largest selling nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The major concerns related to oral diclofenac therapy are gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects for which explicitly emphasis has been given to use it at lowest effective dose for the shortest duration. On the other hand, IS01957 has been designed under the purview of anti‐inflammatory drug and bioavailability enhancer. IS01957 have dual action on inflammation and nociception with acceptable safety profile. In the quest for a suitable combination with improved therapeutic efficacy and better tolerability, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction studies were performed for diclofenac with or without IS01957 in mice model. Results showed that IS01957 enhanced both anti‐inflammatory effect and plasma concentration of diclofenac upon concomitant oral administration. These interesting results steered to enumerate the possible role of IS01957 towards diclofenac pharmacokinetics through a panel of mechanistic investigations: (a) BCRP dependent ATPase activity was markedly interfered by IS01957; (b) IS01957 increased the intestinal permeability of diclofenac in the single pass in‐situ perfusion model; (c) IS01957 inhibited the CYP2C9 catalyzed diclofenac 4‐hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. Immunoblotting results suggest that diclofenac action was improved significantly in the presence of IS01957 involving MAPK pathways. Finally acute gastric damage study showed that IS01957 in combination with diclofenac was better to improve the desired PGE2 level as compare to alone. In nutshell, IS01957 have potential to augment the efficacy of diclofenac through pharmacokinetic modulation. Further investigations are required for dose reduction of diclofenac to combat its liabilities before going into clinical setting.
Consider implications of court ruling for food‐allergy accommodations
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: July 2019

Food allergies present a host of issues for institutions that offer meal plans. Although the 2012 Lesley University settlement agreement with the Department of Justice and the similar 2019 settlement agreement with Rider University provide a roadmap for resolving most accommodation requests, both leave open the question of when an exemption from a mandatory meal plan rather than an allergen‐free meals accommodation may be necessary.
Try motivational interviewing with students who resist adaptive changes
Authors: Bedrossian Louise
Published: July 2019

It's not uncommon for disability services providers to encounter students who employ maladaptive methods in the college environment. They often become “stuck,” possibly resulting in academic collapse, difficulties with social interaction, health setbacks, financial consequences, or other issues that impede success. They may:
Task‐avoidant behaviour and dyslexia: A follow‐up from Grade 2 to age 20
Authors: Syal Samira , Torppa Minna
Published: July 2019

Task‐avoidant behaviour is correlated with reading skills and may have an impact on achieving educational and occupation goals in the long run. Longitudinal studies on task avoidance and its links to reading difficulties are non‐existent, however. The present study examines changes and stability of task‐avoidant behaviour from childhood (Grade 2), through adolescence (Grades 7 and 9), to early adulthood (age 20) among participants identified with (n= 46) and without dyslexia (n= 151) at Grade 2, with gender effects also examined. Results showed significant changes in task avoidance from Grade 2 to Grade 7 and from Grade 9 to age 20, wherein task avoidance increased from Grade 2 to Grade 9 and then decreased until age 20. Furthermore, low correlations obtained between task avoidance assessments over time indicated instability; thus, task avoidance at one point did not predict task avoidance later on. Differences between those with and without dyslexia emerged only at Grade 2, with higher task avoidance reported in the dyslexia group. Finally, no significant gender‐related effects were found for task avoidance at any time point. Together, our findings imply that although task avoidance may be linked to dyslexia in the parental reports of the young study participants, this association does not persist in participants' self‐reports at later ages.
Tree diversity drives associational resistance to herbivory at both forest edge and interior
Authors: Guyot Virginie , Jactel Hervé , Imbaud Baptiste , Burnel Laurent , Castagneyrol Bastien , Heinz Wilfried , Deconchat Marc , Vialatte Aude
Published: July 2019

Tree diversity is increasingly acknowledged as an important driver of insect herbivory. However, there is still a debate about the direction of associational effects that can range from associational resistance (i.e., less damage in mixed stands than in monocultures) to the opposite, associational susceptibility. Discrepancies among published studies may be due to the overlooked effect of spatially dependent processes such as tree location within forests. We addressed this issue by measuring crown defoliation and leaf damage made by different guilds of insect herbivores on oaks growing among conspecific versus heterospecific neighbors at forest edges versus interior, in two closed sites in SW France forests. Overall, oaks were significantly less defoliated among heterospecific neighbors (i.e., associational resistance), at both forest edge and interior. At the leaf level, guild diversity and leaf miner herbivory significantly increased with tree diversity regardless of oak location within stands. Other guilds showed no clear response to tree diversity or oak location. We showed that herbivore response to tree diversity varied among insect feeding guilds but not between forest edges and interior, with inconsistent patterns between sites. Importantly, we show that oaks were more defoliated in pure oak plots than in mixed plots at both edge and forest interior and that, on average, defoliation decreased with increasing tree diversity from one to seven species. We conclude that edge conditions could be interacting with tree diversity to regulate insect defoliation, but future investigations are needed to integrate them into the management of temperate forests, notably by better understanding the role of the landscape context.
The effect of multiple natural enemies on a shared herbivore prey
Authors: Klapwijk Maartje J.
Published: July 2019

Natural enemy diversity is thought to be important for effective suppression of herbivores in production systems. Studies investigating the importance of the diversity and composition of the natural enemy complex often use within‐year empirical studies or experimental exclusion setups.

However, within‐year population suppression might not translate in long‐term population regulation. Therefore, I used a combination of long‐term data collection and an exclusion experiment to investigate mechanisms behind year‐to‐year population changes and potential effects of disturbance of the natural enemy complex.

Using the holly leaf miner study system in Wytham Woods, I find that the dominant predator in the system does not necessarily contribute the most to the reduction in year‐to‐year changes in mine density or within‐patch fluctuations. Using the exclusion experiment, it becomes clear that parasitism later in the prey life cycle can to a certain level compensate for disruption of mortality in the earlier life stage of the prey.

Thus, for host suppression in perennial systems the mortality pressure over the whole life cycle is important and disturbance during one part of the life cycle might not necessarily be buffered by mortality in other parts of the life cycle, especially if the natural enemy complex consists of multiple predator guilds.
CD49d/CD29‐integrin controls the accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells into the CNS during neuroinflammation
Authors: Garnier Arnaud , Laffont Sophie , Garnier Laure , Kaba Elisa , Deutsch Urban , Engelhardt Britta , Guéry Jean‐Charles
Published: July 2019

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are found in the CNS during neuroinflammation and have been reported to exert regulatory functions in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the mechanisms of entry of pDCs into the CNS as well as their phenotype and innate functional properties, once recruited into the CNS, have not been thoroughly examined. Herein, we show that pDCs rapidly accumulate into the brain and spinal cord during the acute phase of EAE, and maintain the expression of numerous phenotypic markers typical of peripheral pDCs. Functionally, CNS‐pDCs constitutively expressed IRF7 and were able to rapidly produce type I IFNs and IL‐12p40 upon ex vivo TLR‐9 stimulation. Using adoptive transfer experiments, we provide evidence that CNS‐pDC are recruited from the blood and accumulate into the CNS during the acute phase of EAE. Accumulation of pDCs into the CNS was strongly inhibited in the absence of CD29, but not CD18, suggesting a major role for ß1 but not ß2 integrins. Indeed, blocking the CD49d α4‐integrins during acute EAE drastically diminished CNS‐pDC numbers. Together, our results demonstrate that circulating pDCs are actively recruited into the CNS during acute EAE through a mechanism largely dependent on CD49d/CD29‐integrins.
Heterometallic Multinuclear Complexes as Anti‐Cancer Agents‐An Overview of Recent Developments
Authors: van Niekerk Annick , Chellan Prinessa , Mapolie Selwyn F.
Published: July 2019

This review provides a critical assessment of the advances made in the development of heterometallic multinuclear complexes as potential chemotherapeutic agents, with the aim of providing a starting point for future investigators. The combination of the classical transition metals (Pt, Ru and Au) with other metal moieties has the potential to result in complexes with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. This enables selective targeting of the biological targets, which offers a possible way of circumventing the issue of drug‐resistance. This review catalogues the reported heterometallic multinuclear complexes and comments on possible synergism, stability, structure activity relationships and mechanistic studies. It was found that there remains a large scope for future research, especially concerning the combination of PtIV and CuI metals with other metals centres.
Au‐Cavitand Catalyzed Alkyne‐Acid Cyclizations
Authors: Ho Tam D. , Schramm Michael P.
Published: July 2019

Supramolecular cavitands that contain inwardly directed functional groups have yielded specialized transformations and trapping of reactive intermediates. A recently reported 3‐wall Au cavitand provides exciting opportunities for supramolecular catalysis. In this study, a variety of substituted γ‐alkynoic acids were reacted to give lactones. The interaction of peripheral “R” groups revealed differential catalyst behavior. Extremely large and small groups reacted with appreciable rate. Intermediate sized groups however, slowed significantly: giving support that size‐specific binding is at play when using cavitands as a scaffold for gold catalysis. These results serve as some of the first evidence of the interplay between substrate and cavitand interior in the catalytic sphere.
Wireless Power Transmission Enabled by a Triboelectric Nanogenerator via a Magnetic Interaction
Authors: Cao Shengli , Zhang Hulin , Guo Rui , Zhang Wendong , Sang Shengbo
Published: July 2019

Non‐contact wireless power transmission is considered as an ideal energy supply technology due to its convenience and safety. Herein, a subtle triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)–based non‐contact wireless energy transmission technique is invented via a dynamic magnetic field media. The electricity is first converted into the magnet's vibration. Through the interaction between a pair of magnets, TENG can then wirelessly receive the vibrational energy driven by an electrically induced magnetic field variation. The working principle and output performance of the designed device are explored by simulations and a series of demonstrations, respectively. By inserting different plates in the magnetic field and adjusting the configuration, the TENG exhibits excellent anti‐interference and desirable output performance, indicating that the energy conversion unit exhibits advantages of high efficiency and adaptability. A superior transmission and output performance of 1.5 μW can be achieved under low frequency and relatively large separation distance, at a load resistance of 80 MΩ. TENGs, which enable wireless energy transmission via magnetic field that can easily light up 12 light‐emitting diode (LED) bulbs and drive an electronic watch, provide a promising and feasible approach to energy conversion and energy supply and serve as an alternative power source for driving portable electronics.
Multidimensional Co‐Exfoliated Activated Graphene‐Based Carbon Hybrid for Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Phiri Josphat , Gane Patrick , Maloney Thad C.
Published: July 2019

Herein, a simple route for the fabrication of highly porous‐activated few‐layer graphene for application in supercapacitors as an electrode material is reported. The process makes use of natural and renewable materials, which is an essential prerequisite, especially for large‐scale application. Few‐layer graphene is exfoliated in aqueous suspension with the aid of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), an environmentally benign eco‐friendly medium that is low‐cost, biodegradable, and sustainable. The exfoliated product is subsequently activated to increase the surface area and to form the desired pore structure. The prepared electrode materials exhibit a high surface area of up to 720 m2 g−1. MFC is also used as a nontoxic environmentally friendly binder in the electrode application. The electrochemical performance is evaluated in a three‐electrode system, and the prepared samples show a high specific capacitance of up to 120 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The samples also exhibit a high capacity‐retention rate of about 99% after 5000 cycles and 97% after 10 000 cycles. The proposed method for the fabrication of graphene‐based supercapacitor electrode materials, based largely on renewable and sustainable materials, offers potential for commercially viable applications.
Interface‐Engineered Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell
Authors: Luo Dan , Xu Qing , Qian Jing , Li Xiaopeng
Published: July 2019

Ceria oxide is one of the most promising ionic conducting oxide electrolytes for intermediate temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells (IT‐SOECs). However, its strong tendency of reducing Ce4+ to Ce3+ leads to severe performance degradation. Herein, an attractive interface engineering approach to construct a micrometer‐thin Ba‐rich oxide layer that inhibits electron shuttling within ceria reduction is reported. Ba cations are first intentionally doped into the fuel electrode as NiO‐BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3−δ (NiO‐BZCY) and then diffuse to the interface between NiO‐BZCY and Sm0.2Ce0.8O2−δ (SDC) via a one‐step co‐sintering process. The corresponding electrolyzer delivers a current density of 0.86 A cm−2 at 1.3 V, placing it as one of the best‐performing IT‐SOECs. The cell can reversibly and stably switch between electrolysis and fuel cell modes.
Research on the modulation mechanism and rock breaking efficiency of a cuttings waterjet
Authors: Wang Peng , Zhao Bo , Ni Hongjian , Li Zhina , Liu Yuandong , Chen Xinyong
Published: July 2019

The feasibility of a cuttings waterjet directly modulated in the bottom hole is discussed from the aspects of cuttings suction and rock‐breaking efficiency. The particle waterjet modulation mechanism using a Helmholtz oscillating cavity is studied through numerical simulation and the rock‐breaking efficiency of five types of particles (including cuttings, steel balls, steel emery, garnet, and silicon carbide) is studied through experiment. The influences of particle parameters (such as diameter, density, and concentration) and operation parameters (such as standoff distance, pump pressure, and confining pressure) on the suction and rock‐breaking effect of different particles are analyzed. The results show that all particle types with different parameters could be indrawn into the Helmholtz oscillating cavity with two symmetrical suction ports and could be accelerated to considerable velocity amplitude to impact rock. The rock‐breaking efficiency of pure cuttings was lower than fractional cuttings (ie, 50% cuttings and 50% steel balls) and pure steel balls, but the pure cuttings can be used as an effective assisted rock‐breaking method. The research results lay a foundation for development of a cuttings waterjet directly modulated in the bottom hole for assisting rock‐breaking technology.
Compositional, morphological, and physicochemical properties of starches from red adzuki bean, chickpea, faba bean, and baiyue bean grown in China
Authors: Zhang Zuosheng , Tian Xiaolin , Wang Peng , Jiang Hao , Li Wenhao
Published: July 2019

Starches of four legume varieties grown in China were evaluated for composition, granule structure, turbidity, swelling power, solubility, and thermal and pasting properties. The similar granule shapes, surface fissures, polarized crosses, inner structure characteristics, and granule sizes could be observed among all legume varieties through a variety of microscopy techniques such as light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Amylose contents were in the range of 30.61%–33.55%. All of the starch varieties showed C‐type X‐ray pattern, but exhibited different relative crystallinity percentage. Significant differences were observed among starch varieties in swelling power, solubility, and light transmittance. Thermal analysis and pasting profile of legume starches showed that all the varieties’ differences are probably due to variation in amylose content. The thermal and pasting parameters of starches were evaluated using differential scanning calorimeter and Rapid Visco‐Analyser, respectively, and significant differences were observed in individual pasting and thermal parameters. The present study can be used for identifying differences between legume varieties for starch structural and physicochemical characteristics and could provide guidance to possible industries for their end use.