bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Verbesserung der externen Abwasserreinigung bei der Produktion von Sulfitzellstoff
Authors: Schmidt H. , Kaeding J.
Published: February 2007

Moderne Sulfitzellstoffabriken mit 97% Ablaugenerfassung belasten die Vorfluter pro Tonne gebleichtem Papierzellstoff mit ca. 50 kg BSB5 und ca. 133 kg CSV‐Cr in einem Abwasservolumen von ca. 106 m3. Die in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik eingeführte zweistufige biologische Reinigung bei im Mittel 1,4 kg/m3 ‐d BSB5‐Belastung liefert Ablaufqualitäten, die in einstufigen Versuchen bei intensiviertem Stoffumsatz und 10 kg/m3 ‐d BSB5‐Belastung ebenfalls erreicht und soweit verbessert wurden, daŹs eine CSV‐Lastsenkung auf 74,5 kg resultiert. Die Abbauversuche im turbulenten System ohne Diffusionshemmung zeigten keine Kinetik nach Michaelis‐Menten. Zur weiteren CSV‐Lastsenkung wird eine chemische Reinigung (Entfärbung) des Bleichereiabwassers mit Erdalkaliverbindungen vor der biologischen Stufe vorgeschlagen. Nach kombinierter chemisch‐biologischer Reinigung verbleibt eine Restlast von ca. 61 kg CSV, die biologisch stabil ist und überwiegend aus chlorierten Lignosulfonaten besteht.
Effect of Zinc, Copper and Mercury on Channa marulius (HAMILTON)
Authors: Khangarot B. S.
Published: February 2007

Static bioassay acute toxicity tests of Zinc, Copper and Mercury were conducted to determine the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of a freshwater teleost Channa marulius (HAM.) The 96 h LC50 and 95% confidence limits for Zn2+ were 25.61 (24.13 … 27.12) mg/l; 0.90 (0.80 … 1.038) mg/l; for Cu2+ and 0.314 (0.257 … 0.371) mg/l for Hg2+. However, these values decreased at 240 h of exposure and were: 21.09 (18.29 … 24.60) mg Zn2+/l; 0.66 (0.568 … 0.841) mg Cu2+/l; and 0.131 (0.103 … 0.158) mg Hg2+/l. The relative potency ratio of Zn/Hg, Zn/Cu and Cu/Hg suggests that fish were most sensitive to Hg, followed by Cu and Zn ions.

The acute toxicities of mixtures of Zn2+−Cu2+; Zn2+−Hg2+, Cu2+−Hg2+ and Zn2+−Cu2+−Hg2+ up to 48 h of exposure were also investigated. The additive index and ranges for Zn2+−Cu2+ were −0.241 (‐0.577 … 0.054); 0.056 (‐0.269 … 0.475) for Zn‐Hg; 0.285 (‐0.043 … 0.718) for Cu‐Hg; and ‐0.542 (‐1.215 … 0.005) for Zn‐Cu‐Hg. All the mixtures tested showed a greater than additive toxicity because index ranges overlapped zero.
Über die Anwendung von screening‐Methoden zur Erfassung organischer Stoffe im Wasser
Authors: Lienig D. , Rittig B.
Published: February 2007

In der Literatur aufgeführte screening‐Methoden bzw. entsprechende Analysenschemata zur Erfassung organischer Wasserinhaltsstoffe wurden zusammengestellt und Möglichkeiten für die Entwicklung eines wasseranalytischen screenings, das für die Wasserpraxis geeignet ist, erörtert.
Spatial Distribution of the Biotic Community in the Thermal Gradients of the Two Hot Springs
Authors: Jana B. B. , Pal D. N. , Sarkar H. L.
Published: February 2007

The runoff channels of two hot springs are investigated at seven and six stations with water temperatures of 64 … 34 or 44 … 35 °C, respectively. The temperatures are constant in the annual variation. With decreasing temperature, the pH‐values and alkalinity decrease, whereas the hydrogen carbonate content and the orthophosphate concentration increase. In the range above 60 °C the mat consists of cyanophyceae and bacteria, and, unexpectedly, already from 60 °C also diatoms occur as dominant forms, below 40 °C the mat consisting of green algae and diatoms. With rotatoria, crustaceae and insects, herbivorous species occur only below 40 °C, fish species are regularly found below 38 °C.
Sedimentchemische Untersuchungen in den Küstengewässern der DDR. Teil 10: Die Rolle der Stoffaustauschprozesse an der Sediment/Wasser‐Kontaktzone eutropher Flachgewässer und Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung am Beispiel des Phosphatkreislaufes — ein Überblick am Beispiel der Darß‐Zingster Boddenkette
Authors: Schlungbaum G.
Published: February 2007

Anhand einer Literaturübersicht wird ausführlich die Rolle der Sedimente im Stoffhaushalt, insbesondere flacher limnischer und mariner Gewässer, dargestellt, wobei die Stoffaustauschprozesse an der Sediment/Wasser‐Kontaktzone besondere Berücksichtigung gefunden haben. Für zusammengefaßt fünf biologisch und 15 überwiegend physikalisch‐chemisch geprägte Prozesse werden die Hauptphosphortransporte zwischen Wasserkörper — Biomasse — Detritus — Sediment (incl. Interstitial) diskutiert. Zur Charakterisierung der bedeutendsten Phosphatumsetzungen werden die wichtigsten heute üblichen Laboratoriums‐ und in situ‐Methoden für die Aufstellung von Nährstoffbilanzen erläutert. Am Beispiel der in die komplex angelegten ökologischen Untersuchungen an der Darß‐Zingster Boddenkette integrierten Sedimentforschungskonzeption wird der derzeitige Stand der Arbeiten zur Aufnahme der in eutrophen Flachgewässern sehr heterogen verteilten Sedimentqualität, ihrer großen zeitlichen Variabilität und zu den Stoffaustauschprozessen an der Grenzschicht Sediment/Wasser beschrieben.
Verwendung von Glasfaserpapier in der Wasseranalytik. Teil 2: Seston‐ und Chlorophyllbestimmung sowie die Bestimmung des partikulären Kohlenstoffes
Authors: Loth P.
Published: February 2007

Die Rückhaltung des Sestons wird mit einer Latexsuspension und zwei Algenkulturen an einem Membranfilter und vier Sorten Glasfaserpapier geprüft. Die Papiersorte Neukafil 15–90 erweist sich als gut geeignet für die Sestonbestimmung. Die geringere Rückhaltung gegenüber dem Membranfilter wird durch andere Vorteile des Glasfaserpapiers weit‐gehend ausgeglichen. Bei der Chlorophyllbestimmung treten keine signifikanten Differenzen auf, ausgenommen zwischen frisch zermörserten und ungemörsert frisch extrahierten Proben. Das Verfahren der Frostung kann empfohlen werden. Der Quotient CSV‐Mn: partikulärem Kohlenstoff zeigt deutliche Beziehungen zum Trophiestatus der Gewässer und zum Chlorophyllgehalt der Proben.
Comparative Toxicity of Certain Non‐Insecticidal Chemicals to Mesocyclops leuckarti, the Carrier Host of Dracunculosis
Authors: Mehta S. , Gupta A. N. , Srivastava R. C.
Published: February 2007

The relative toxicities of seven non insecticidal chemicals to Mesocyclops leuckarti were tested. The relative toxicity of each chemical is given as under: Chlorine water > Potassium permanganate > Cetavlon > Quicklime > Common alum > Savlon > Sodium bicarbonate.
Zum Sauerstoffhaushalt der Gewässer der Feldberger Seenplatte an Hand ausgewählter sommerlicher Tiefenprofile seit 1924 und 1962. Teil 1: Haussee, Breiter Luzin, Lütter See, Schmaler Luzin
Authors: Richter W. M.
Published: February 2007

Für den Haussee, Breiter Luzin, Lütter See, Schmaler Luzin werden sommerliche Tiefenprofile der Sauerstoffkonzentration mit gleichzeitiger Darstellung des Metalimnions, der Sichttiefe, der Wasserfarbe sowie der Tiefengrenze für das Auftreten von Schwefelwasserstoff von 1924 … 1981 dargestellt. Die Profile belegen sehr eindrucksvoll die fortschreitende Eutrophierung dieser Seen, aber auch erste Ansätze zur Verbesserung der Wasserqualität im Haussee durch Abwasserfernhaltung. Wesentliche Daten der Hydrographie sowie die Möglichkeiten für die Restaurierung und Sanierung werden diskutiert.
Effect of Symasin on the Efficiency of Aerobic Treatment Methods
Authors: Gomolka E.
Published: February 2007

The relatively poorly water‐soluble herbicide Symasin can be oxidized biochemically to a low degree and chemically with potassium dichromate to 73%. With potassium permanganate, on the other hand, only about 5% of the theoretical chemical oxygen demand are consumed. As investigations with municipal wastewaters have shown, by the aerobic wastewater treatment Symasin is not decomposed also with extended treatment times and very intensive aeration. Only at very high dosages Symasin has a toxic effect on warm‐blooded animals; various algae species, on the other hand, and also nitrifying bacteria react very sensitively.
Chlorination of Humic Acids and Chloroform Production
Authors: Janda V. , Moucha A.
Published: February 2007

By diluting a boggy water there is produced water with a COD‐Mn of 3.4 … 10.6 mg/l O2 which is due only to humic substances. The water is mixed with 2.5 … 12.9 mg/l Cl2 at pH‐values of 5.2 … 8.5 and incubated for 24 h at 20°C. CHCl3 concentrations of 38 … 480 μg/l were found by the subsequent gas‐chromatographic determination. The production of chloroform can be calculated by means of a quadratic polynomial in dependence on COD‐Mn, chlorine concentration and pH‐value.
Chemical Composition of Aquatic Vegetation in Some Typical Wetlands of Kashmir
Authors: Kaul S.
Published: February 2007

The mineral content was investigated in the below‐ground biomass, the above‐ground biomass and the litter of the macrophytes in five wetlands in the valley of the river Jehlum. In different seasons, the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen in the dry matter were determined. Sodium, phosphorus, potassium and calcium showed decreasing concentraions from spring to autumn. The sodium and magnesium concentrations showed an irregular trend. As a whole, the incorporated mass of substances per unit of area increases, however, in the course of the period of vegatation for the below‐ground biomass as well as the above‐ground biomass. Due to washing‐out, the litter always shows considerably reduced concentrations.
Solubilization of Benzo(a)pyrene in Aqueous Solutions of Ionic Surfactants
Authors: Krasnoschekova R. , Gubergrits M.
Published: February 2007

The water solubility of benzopyrene in the presence of ionic detergents is investigated. The power of n‐alkyl benzene sulfonates to dissolve benzopyrene in increased quantities grows with the elongation of their m‐alkyl chain (from C8 to C12) and decreases with temperature between 10 and 40°C. The properties of the detergents determine their solvent effect, the substance‐specific coefficient Kbind being decisive, as is demonstrated by the example of the cation‐active detergents cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodium n‐decyl benzene sulfonate and sodium lauryl sulfonate.
Hydrochemische Ergebnisse zur Aufbereitung stark belasteter Oberflächenwässer und Uferfiltrate mit Kalkhydrat. Teil 2
Authors: Bohm L.
Published: February 2007

Continuing the first part on this subject, the results of precipitation experiments are described by the example of the removal of humic acid and lignosulphonic acid. Moreover, to increase the number of process variants and in accordance with process methods after Haberer, there is proposed a two‐stage chemical treatment, inter alia. According to the latest findings, already at the first stage a metallic salt dosing should be done, so that the purification effect can be improved. This new technique, termed “combination stage flocculation”, is based on new findings concerning the solubility behaviour of aluminium compounds at higher pH‐values in the presence of magnesium salts, when slightly soluble aluminium‐magnesium double hydroxides originate.
Zur Rolle der Stickstoffixation im Stoffhaushalt eines geschichteten Sees
Authors: Rönicke H. , Bahr K.
Published: February 2007

In the dimict lake Arend (5.1 km2, 146 hm3, 49.5 m zmax), nitrogen is production‐limiting with concentrations below the detection limit during the production period. Phytoplankton achieves biomasses of up to 18 mg/l fresh matter, essential contributions being made by Aphanizomenon with 2 mg/l and Anabaena with up to 10 mg/l. Nitrogen fixation was measured by the ethine reduction technique (acetylene reduction) during periods of the occurrence of heterocystforming Cyanophyceae and achieved peak values up to 6.59 μg N2 · h−1 · l−1 or 14.87 m−2 · h−1 g N2 · m−2 · h−1. The rates of fixation show a safe correlation with the biomass of heterocyst‐containing Cyanophyceae (r = 0.88), their development beginning at values below the N : P‐ratio of 2.66.
Acute Toxicity of Phenol, Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenate to a Freshwater Ostracod Cypris subglobosa (Sowerby)
Authors: Rao P. S. , Durve V. S. , Khangarot B. S. , Shekhawat S. S.
Published: February 2007

The toxicity of phenol, pentachlorophenol and Na‐pentachlorophenate to Cypris subglobosa is determined in the batch experiment for 96. h. In the sequence mentioned, the LC50,96h of the three substances are 71.8, 6.56 and 4.41 mg/l, respectively. In the range of 6 … 95 h the mean survival time shows a negative regression to the toxicant concentration, which, however, is not significant statistically for Na‐pentachlorophenate. In agreement with this, the LC50 for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure shows a significant decrease. Due to the comparatively high LC50,96h for pentachlorophenol and Na‐pentachlorophenate for C. subglobosa about in comparison with fish, the species is little suited to the toxicological investigation of wastewater.
Zum Vorkommen von DDT und polychlorierten Biphenylen (PBC) in Fischen aus Seen des Bezirkes Schwerin
Authors: Stechert J. , Jantz A.
Published: February 2007

Investigations were made of 212 fish samples of eight fish species from 29 lakes of the Schwerin county. Determinations were made gas‐chromatographically after chemical derivatization. In lakes with a low anthropogenic load the following concentrations were found: 0.05 mg/kg DDT, 0.03 mg/kg PCB. In lakes with higher pollution, the concentrations were 0.21 mg/kg DDT and 0.42 mg/kg PCB. The limit of tolerance for foodstuffs was never exceeded and predatory fish did not show higher concentrations than non‐predacious fish. For ten eels, however, the mean contents were 1.6 mg/kg DDT and 0.36 mg/kg PCB. The total content of DDT in all fishes was composed as follows: 70 … 75% p,p′‐DDE, 15 … 20% p,p′‐DDD and 5 … 10% p,p′‐DDT. Trout from an intensive‐breeding plant contained 0.16 mg/kg DDT and 0.04 mg/kg PCB from the contaminated feed. By means of a change‐over to different feed the contents were reduced to 0.03 mg/kg DDT and 0.04 mg/kg PCB.
Die gaschromatographische Bestimmung von freien flüchtigen Fettsäuren (C2 — C6) im Sickerwasser von Hausmülldeponien
Authors: Kittelmann H.‐U. , Hartung L. , Krüger S.
Published: February 2007

After extensive experiments aimed at determining the free volatile fatty acids (C2 to C6) in organically highly polluted percolation water of household refuse dumping places there proved optimum a column packed with 10% Carbowax 20 M on Chromatron N‐AW‐DMCS after having been conditioned for five days at 270°C and subsequently covered with 10% hard wax. On short retention times the investigated isomeric column pairs are completely separated. Equally favourable results were obtained also for liquid manure and silage extracts. The detection limits lie between 10 and 20 mg/l, the relative standard deviation is 20 … 30% in the range of the lower detection limit and 2 … 3% at 200 mg/l in the upper range. In the investigation of percolation waters with concentrations between 235 and 4300 mg/l reproducibility lies at a mean relative standard deviation of 0.5 … 2.8%. The technique is well suited for routine checking.
Ionenselektive Elektroden (ISE) — Untersuchungen zur Potentialeinstellung und Anwendung in der Analytik
Authors: Decker U. P. , Geyer R.
Published: February 2007

In the introduction, the necessity of the employment of ionselective electrodes in the water‐control practice and for process control in water treatment processes is explained. After the description of the general construction principle of measuring chains for recording potential differences, special data and details are presented concerning the composition of the ion‐selective electrodes. The principle of operation and the dependence on special conditions are described by the example of theoretical considerations. The following detection sensitivities with ISE (solid membranes) are stated: iodide 10−2… 10−7; sulphide 10−2… 10−6; cyanide 10−2… 10−5 mol/1. The communication is concluded by suggestions concerning the possibility to detect also chloride concentrations lower than 10−5 mol/1, e.g., with the aid of ISE on a solid membrane basis.
Dünnschichtchromatographische Bestimmung von Triazin‐Herbiziden in Wasser
Authors: Lienig D. , Wiemer B. , Zölfel I.
Published: February 2007

A description is given of the thin‐layer chromatographic determination of Triazine herbicides after the chloroform extraction and the detection with 0.1 N AgNO3 solution and irradiation by ultraviolet light. For simazine, Atrazine and Prometryne the detection limits are at 0.05 μg. Disturbances can be avoided if two different mobile solvents are used and preliminary cleaning by means of thin‐layer chromatography is done. The agreement of the Rf‐values in two different mobile solvents with the Rf‐values from known standard solutions is used as the criterion of identification.
Detrital Amino Acids and the Growth of Sarotherodon mossambicus — a Reply to DABROWSKI
Authors: Bowen S. H.
Published: February 2007

It depends on the trophic position of a species whether its growth is limited by the quantity or quality of diet: predators are frequently limited by the quantity of diet, primary consumers frequently by the quality of diet. The protein deficiency is of decisive importance for the growth of primary consumers. The digestible protein/digestible energy ratio is most important: 4 mg/kJ are sufficient for maintenance, 20… 30 mg/kJ are necessary for maximum growth. These values can be confirmed by feeding tests with Carassius auratus. According to measurements by different methods, the organic nitrogen is present in the detritus in the form of amino acids as bonded to organis matter. Thus, Sarotherodon mossambicus assimilates 25.6 mg amino acids/kJ from detritus, whereas only 25% of these amino acids can be identified as protein. Due to the utilization of this source of diet, detrivorous fish occupy a special position in the chain of diet, thus gaining a great importance for the aquatic culture.
The Physico‐Chemical Characteristics of the Used Filter Sand and its Role in the Seven Water Works Systems in a Tropical Region
Authors: Prasad D. Y. , Belsare D. K.
Published: February 2007

The filter‐technical equipment of seven water works in a tropical region of India is described. The structure of the filter sand layer, the grain size distribution and the degree of uniformity are compared by means of tables. The uniformity coefficient of a good filter sand is smaller than 1.7. Besides physical properties, also the surface properties of the filter sand grains are of interest. Different analytical methods for determining the incrustation are described. The amount of the filter grain load also depends on age, i.e. on the service life of the filter sand. The efficiency of a filter plant is determined also by the regeneration process, i.e. by back‐wash. This includes the methods of scouring with water only and the back‐washing with water/air.
Karpfenintensivbewirtschaftung von Seen und Eutrophierung
Authors: Kalbe L.
Published: February 2007

In the Galenbeck lake, a shallow lake covering 700 ha and having a nutrient load of 0.23 g/m2a P as well as 4.3 g/m2a N, in 1965 a stock of carp of 500 animals/ha was established and additionally fed with grain. This stock of carp resulted in a considerable whirling‐up and redeposition of the soft lime sediments, the rich submersed vegetation disappeared and the phytoplankton reached maxima of 885,420 cells/ml, whereas the zooplanktion reached only 4530 ind./l. The chlorophyll contents increased to 464 mg/m3, the depth of visibility decreased to 10 cm. The total planktonic primary production is estimated at 500 g/m2a C at least. These changes are regarded as eutrophication, its cause being attributed mainly to the internal fertilization by an intensified recirculation of nutrients from the sediment, but also by the fertilization which is connected with feeding. When the fish rearing had ceased and the stock of carp had been fished off, in 1970 a reacreation of the lake began, and in 1974 the lake reached again its original state as a clear‐water lake with an abundant contents of macrophytes, supported also by the P‐retention in an upstream storage reservoir for spray‐irrigation water.
Zum Leistungsvermögen makroporöser Adsorberpolymere bei der Elimination organischer Mikroverunreinigungen
Authors: Walther H.‐J. , Kaeding J. , Fechner P.
Published: February 2007

In laboratory experiments the adsorption of eleven different organic substances in water is individually tested in the range of concentration of 0.2… 5.0 mg/l on EP 60 and EP 61 (styrene‐divinylbenzene, non‐polar) and EP 62 and Y 59 (acrylic‐acid‐ester‐divinylbenzene, polar). In batch experiments the elimination at 1… 2 g/l adsorber quantity was 35… 80%, strongly dissociated anionic substances as benzoic acid being adsorbed only to a low degree and weakly cationic and undissociated substances being adsorbed well. Within a homologous series adsorption increases with the molar mass until the pore diameter will become too small for the taking up of substances. Under dynamic conditions (filtration technology) an elimination of 90… 100% can be expected. As a whole, the adsorption on activated carbon was better in all cases than the adsorption on the polymers. The desorption for the regeneration of the polymers is the more difficult the better the substance contained is adsorbed. By repeated loading and regeneration only a slight influence on the adsorption and desorption of a substance was found.
Zur Analytik von Chlorphenoxyalkansäuren und Chlorphenolen. Teil 2: Nachweis von Chlorphenoxyalkansäuren und Chlorphenolen in der Fischgalle
Authors: Grahl K. , Hermenau H.
Published: February 2007

The bile liquid is preserved with ethanol and the protein is precipitated. Prefractionating is done by liquid‐liquid extraction by chloroform and ethyl acetate. The extracts are column‐chromatographically separated on Florisil and subsequently detected by thin‐layer chromatography. For determining the identity of substances, the penta fluorobenzyl derivatives are prepared and chromatographed under the same conditions. Detection is carried out with the aid of ammoniacal silver nitrate reagency and ultraviolet irradiation. The highly polar conjugates of chlorophenoxyalkane acids and chlorophenols which are present in the bile are cracked by acid hydrolysis and then cleaned by re‐extraction. In this way, 2, 4‐D, MCPA, MCPP, 2,4‐dichlorophenol and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenol were detected from Salmo gairdneri. 6… 21 d after the application of the herbicides in the catchment area their concentration in the fish bile amounted to about 200 mg/l, 90% of them having been conjugates. Thus, the biliary excretion of xenobiotic substances offers an important new aspect of biomonitoring by means of fish tests, especially in the range of subacute and chronic toxicity.
Die Desinfektion von Trinkwasser — ein kritischer Überblick
Authors: Stachel B. , Gabel B. , Lahl U. , Zeschmar B.
Published: February 2007

In the chlorination of drinking water about 90% of chlorine show an oxidizing effect, 10% result in halogenated reaction products, ca. 1% of them consisting of trihalomethanes. When chlorine dioxide is applied, in most the trihalomethanes remain below the detection limit, but increasingly polar organic reaction products originate, on the other hand. Chloramine is rarely applied, mostly for securing transport with storage reservoir waters. Only little information about reaction products is available. By the application of ozone one obtains a wide spectrum of reaction products, the aldehyde contents can be influenced by activated carbon. Especially critical is the formation of persistent epoxides, above all from pesticides. Due to antimon burners, the ultraviolet irradiation is gaining in interest, and in many cases its biocidal effect is superior to that produced by chlorination and ozonization, except for the problem of re‐germination in the water supply network. The costs of ultraviolet irradiation, however, are much higher than those of the other techniques, of which chlorination causes only about one quarter of the costs of the other chemical disinfection techniques.
Möglichkeiten der Nachreinigung von Abwässern aus der Kunstlederproduktion mit Hilfe von Algen, Teil 2
Authors: Chromek J. , Kupec J. , Marvan P. , Mládek M.
Published: February 2007

The attempt was made to use the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda for the purification of wastewaters from the production of artificial leather. The dimethylamine contained in these wastewaters is continuously decomposed and the remaining nitrogen‐containing residuals are used as a nutrient source for the production of algal biomass. In continuous experiments with original wastewaters, dimethylamine and its metabolites showed a pronounced inhibiting effect. In practice, a longer retention time in the reactors as well as a sufficient share of municipal wastewater are required in order to avoid a limiting of growth due to a phosphorus deficiency. The second part of this paper is concluded by information about other investigations performed by us on the purification of artificial leather wastewaters with the aid of the biological nitrogen elimination under specific conditions with a successful denitrification of up to 95%.
Zur Veränderung der Bestände von Phragmites australis (CAVANILLES) TRINIUS ex STEUDEL (Phragmites communis TRINIUS) im Breiten Luzin bei Feldberg (Mecklenburg)
Authors: Richter W. M.
Published: February 2007

This paper represents the documentation of phragmites stocks by means of photographic records with a panoramic camera (120°/45° angular coverage, f 28 mm, 1 : 2.8). There are demonstrated the changes in the stock of reed due to grazing, boat traffic, entering from the bank and passing at the back as well as the weakening of stocks under the influence of increasing nutrient contents in the water. The method allows a very efficient inspection and documentation of the hatching strips and their changes.
Untersuchungen zur Phosphataufnahme durch Unterwasserpflanzen
Authors: Kussatz C. , Gnauck A. , Jorga W. , Mayer H.‐G. , Schürmann L. , Weise G.
Published: February 2007

The uptake of phosphorus by Potamogeton pectinatus, P. lucens, Ranunculus fluitans, Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum is investigated in batch tests at 0.02, 0.04, 0.4 and 4.0 mg/l PO in the medium for 4, 28 and 52 h. Uptake is strictly dependent on concentration, a saturation function being discernible already after 52 h. At rising concentration the mechanism of uptake is determined by a decreasing rate of incorporation. The rates of uptake are dependent also on the actual and maximum cell nutrient contents. Species with a low phosphorus content of <5 mg PO/g dry weight as Elodea canadensis, Potamogeton pectinatus and Myriophyllum spicatum show their maximum phosphorus incorporation at low substrate concentrations. At phosphorus contents >5 mg PO/g dry weight the phosphorus incorporation is increased only at substrate concentrations of 0.04… 0.4 mg/l PO.
Humic Acids in the Inflows to the Fláje Reservoir after Deforestation of its Watershed
Authors: Micka J. , Fiala L. , Chalupa J.
Published: February 2007

Today only 35% of the catchment area are covered by forests after deforestation, as compared with the original 70%. In connection with that, the concentration of humic matter has decreased from the original 8 mg/1 to 4 mg/1. The analysis of these changes is facilitated by the linear regressions of a high significance which exist between the COD‐Mn and humic acid concentration and the colour. Parallel to deforestation, also the nitrate concentration increased, which, however, can be explained by higher nitrogen concentrations in precipitation.
Acute Toxicity of Distillery Effluent on a Freshwater Fish and Three Pond Snails
Authors: Khangarot B. S. , Rao P. S. , Shekhawat S. S. , Durve V. S.
Published: February 2007

The LC50for 12… 96 h of a distillery waste water were determined forLebistes reticulatus, Lymnaea luteola, Lymnaea acuminataandViviparus bengalensisin the batch experiment with daily exchange of the medium. The sensitivity of the species increases in the given sequence with values of the LC50,96 hof 10.77 to 3.72 % proportion of wastewater in the medium. Compared with this, with values of the LC50,48 hof 14.06… 15.71 % after 48 h of exposure there is no significant difference in sensitivity, whereas after exposure for 12 and 24 h the sensitivity grows in the following order:V. bengalensis, L. acuminata, L. luteola, Lebistes reticulatus. Toxicity is obviously primarily determined by the sulphides; with increasing time of exposure also the suspended matter and other factors act toxically.
The Influence of the TTC Concentration on the Determination of Activated Sludge Activity
Authors: Miksch K.
Published: February 2007

For a correct determination of the activated sludge activity with the aid of TTC an optimum TTC concentration is required not only in the solution, but also as related to the biomass. Since TTC has toxic effects on bacteria, the selection of the optimum TTC concentration is connected with problems: in the suboptimal range the TTC concentration as referred to the existing bioactivity is too low, in the supraoptimal range the toxic effect does not permit any correct determination of activity. A generally optimum range cannot be stated due to the very different activities and sensitivities of the present bacterial populations. Therefore, the application of the TTC methods requires the simultaneous parallel application of different TTC concentrations and the determination of the activity in the plateau range of the relation between the TTC concentration and the formazan concentration formed.
Zytotoxikologische Untersuchung von Schadstoffen und Wasserblüten mit gefrierkonserviertem Bullensperma (Spermatest)
Authors: Kalbe L. , Recknagel R.‐D.
Published: February 2007

The method is based on the determination of the number of the nonmotile sperms and/or the lethally damaged sperms with the aid of the fluorescent dye primuline. Incubation takes place at a suspension density of 10.000/mm3… 38.000/mm3, at 40°C or 46 °C for 15… 60 min. During the test with sublimate the loss of motility amounts to 55% at 4 mg/l Hg2+, the LC50 is 7.3 mg/l Hg2+. Phenyl‐mercuric acetate causes the total loss of motility with 20 mg/l, the LC50 is above 168 mg/l (equivalent to 100 mg/l Hg2+). The LC50 of sodiumpentadecylmonosulphonate and dodecylpyridinchloride are 11.6 and 15.8 mg/l, resp. Filtrates of blooming of cyanophyceae on Baltic, having been digested by repeated freezing and thawing, with 1.5… 6.4 g/l dry matter showed motility losses of 30… 100 % for Nodularia spumigena, whereas no significant effect was produced by a filtrate of Microcystis aeruginosa with 28.2 g/l dry matter as well as water‐blooming of Nodularia spumigena from the Small Jasmund Bodden.
Zur indirekten Ermittlung von Selektivitätskoeffizienten für Ionenaustauschreaktionen
Authors: Ender V. , Bosholm J.
Published: February 2007

A relation is derived for the calculation of unknown selectivity coefficients from unknown values of tertiary reactions and its validity is proved by experimental investigations of the systems H+/Na+/Ca2+, H+/Na+/Co2+ and H+/Na+/Al3+ at the strongly acid cation exchanger Wofatit KPS.
Water Quality Control by Means of Measuring the Specific Electrolytic Conductivity
Authors: Rummel W.
Published: February 2007

Results of investigations on the basis of series of measurements having been performed for many years on the electrolytic conductivity in several waters with different degrees of pollution have shown a good correlation between residue from evaporation and conductivity. For concentrations of more than 2500 mg/l chloride these functional relations loose their validity. Because of this finding, the routine investigations of the residue from evaporation in the laboratory were stopped. Comparative measurements of residue from evaporation and conductivity which were repeated after a few years indicated deviations between 0.5 and 8 %. Limited artificial additions of salt, acid, base and thawing salt caused linear changes of the conductivity of the water samples, so that in continuous water quality control systems respective disturbances will be automatically signalled and transmitted and the extent of the pollution can be determined quantitatively with the aid of integral calculus.
Zur ökonomischen Bedeutung der biologischen Selbstreinigung
Authors: Tümpling W. V.
Published: February 2007

In twelve flowing water (Q 1.04… 30.4 m3/s, 0.5… 1.2 m/s) the self‐purification efficiency in 110 river sections (L 1.3… 26.4 km) is determined as the load difference in kg · d−1 COD‐Mn as well as in g · m−3 referred to the daily passage. In the economical comparison, the self‐purification efficiency is valued as substitution for wastewater treatment plants of the same capacity. At a mean specific capacity of 8.6 g · m−3, the self‐purification efficiency of the investigated waters is equivalent to economical values of 124 · 103… 534 · 103 M km−1 investment costs, 11 · 103… 80 · 103 M · a−1km−1 operating costs and 5… 81 MWh · a−1 km−1 expenditure of energy. The specific capacity in g · m−3 COD‐Mn shows an exponential regression to the degree of saprobity (L = 0.015 · exp (1.7358 · S)). From this empirical model the limits of the self‐purification capacity of aerobic waters by oxygen input can be detected: in respective examples more than 50% of the required oxygen input are due to weirs.
Anforderungen an die Gütebewirtschaftung von Oberflächengewässern in tropischen und subtropischen Klimaten
Authors: Uhlmann D.
Published: February 2007

A survey is given of the special conditions and their effects by means of a large number of examples. There should be pointed out especially the possible mass development of higher aquatic plants, partly high concentrations of turbidity‐causing substances, the lack of oxygen even at slight water depths as well as the often high contents of pathogenic agents and a pronounced thermal stratification in storage reservoirs. Conclusions for the quality management are derived.
Stand der einheitlichen Wasseranalytik in der DDR
Authors: Legler Ch. , Breitig G.
Published: February 2007

Uniform analytical methods for water investigations have been available in the GDR since 1957 (chemistry) and 1961 (biology). The AUSGEWÄHLTEN METHODEN DER WASSERUNTERSUCHUNG (Selected Methods of Water Analysis) published between 1970 and 1976 in several parts of two volumes were based upon analytical methods which had been co‐ordinated within the framework of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid. The chemical, physicochemical, physical and electrochemical methods (vol. I) and the biological, microbiological and toxicological methods (vol. II) compiled here are obligatory by the technical standard TGL 28400 „Wasseruntersuchungen — Grundsätze zur Untersuchungsmethodik”︁ (water analyses—principles for the analytical methods). Now a survey of the further development of this collection of methods is given by the authors in their second edition of 1982 (vol. II) and 1985 (vol. I).
Zur Elimination organischer Verbindungen durch Adsorberpolymere
Authors: Walther H. J. , Kümmel R. , Worch E. , Tsaussides E. , Hellmig R.
Published: February 2007

An investigation is made into the performance of a commercial product (Wofatit EP 61) and of newly‐developed experimental samples of macroporous adsorption polymers (copolymers of styrene and divinyl benzene) with a much larger specific surface in batch and filter experiments. Against organic adsorptives having the character of weak electrolytes, adsorption polymers show a significantly pH‐dependent elimination capacity. Non‐ionic or only weakly dissociated anionic adsorptives are removed by the experimental samples to a much higher degree than by the commercial adsorption polymer. Highly dissociated anionic compounds can be removed by activated carbon better than by macroporous adsorption polymers.
Biochemische Abbaubarkeit ausgewählter alicyclischer Verbindungen
Authors: Wotzka J. , Giest B. , Pfitzner St.
Published: February 2007

Thirteen alicyclic compounds (C5… C7) are examined for their biochemical degradability in a laboratory activating tank and in two respirometers (Warburg, Sapromat). The tests were performed with adapted and nonadapted activated sludge. In addition, the COD was determined by three different methods. With the exception of cycloheptane (BOD < 25% of the BODtheor.), six compounds prove to be easily degradable (BOD > 45% of the BODtheor.) and six compounds prove to be degradable (BOD 45… 25% of the BODtheor.).
Langzeitveränderungen essentieller Nährstoffe in der zentralen Ostsee
Authors: Nehring D.
Published: February 2007

The continuing phosphate accumulation with 0.04… 0.075 μmol · 1−1 · a−1 in the deep water and 0.024… 0.026 μmol · 1−1 · a−1 in the winter‐time surface layer of central Baltic Sea stations is confirmed by the continued previous investigations. After an increase the nitrate concentrations in the deep water decreased significantly between 1979 and 1982, which is obviously due to denitrification processes caused by unfavourable oxygen conditions in the boltom water. In the Fårö Deep and in the Landsort Deep a significant correlation between nitrate and oxygen concentrations was found. In the winter‐time surface layer, for the nitrate a positive trend prevailed with 0.148… 0.225 μmol · 1−1 · a−1, which was in close correlation with an increase in salinity. This eutrophication is caused by the prevailing anthropogenic influences and also by oceanological changes as the decrease in the stability of stratification in the Gotland Deep with an intensification of the vertical exchange of matter. Consequences of eutrophication consist in the increase of the biomass of zooplankton and zoobenthos and in the yields of the Baltic Sea fisheries, but also in the increased loading of the oxygen balance causing longer anoxie periods in the deep water.
Effects of Chronic Exposure to Sublethal Doses of Two Pesticides on Alkaline and Acid Phosphatase Activities in the Intestine of a Fresh Water Teleost, Channa striatus BL. (Channidae)
Authors: Arora N. , Kulshrestha S. K.
Published: February 2007

The effects of chronic exposures to sublethal concentration of two pesticides Carbaryl and Endosulfan on alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the intestine of a fresh water teleost Channa striatus have been observed by exposing the fish for a period of two to thirty days to 10 ppm and 20 ppm of Carbaryl and 0.00075 and 0.001 ppm of Endosulfan. The inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity has been dependent on the duration of exposure, concentration and the type of pesticide used. The acid phosphatase activity increased with the duration of exposure in higher concentration of Carbaryl and both the concentrations of Endosulfan. Endosulfan produced more pronounced effects than Carbaryl.
On the Kinetics of Denitrification. Part 4: Studies on Denitrification with the pH Auxostat
Authors: Bürger G. , Behrens U.
Published: February 2007

Continuous denitrification was investigated in the system acetate medium—mixed culture with the pH auxostat. The cultivation method was applicable under defined conditions. The maximum specific growth rate obtained was 0.37… 0.38 h−1. A comparison with data from the chemostat was performed.
Occurrence and Chemistry of Zinc in Freshwaters – its Toxicity and Bioaccumulation with Respect to Algae: A Review Part 2: Toxicity and Bioaccumulation with Respect to Algae
Authors: Vymazal J.
Published: February 2007

Zinc has definitely been established to be required for the growth of both higher plants and algae, but it can act either in a stimulatory mode or in an inhibitory one, depending on its level of availability. A variety of environmental factors are known to modify the toxicity of zinc in water on algae. It has been observed that algae differ in their tolerance to zinc.

It is well known that algae can accumulate zinc or other metals from water, producing an internal concentration greater than in their surroundings. The modes of accumulation and concentration factors are given.
Effect of synthetic fertilizers and atmospheric precipitation on nitrogen enrichment in surface waters
Authors: Beneš J. , Boehmová M. , Fiala L. , Veselý M. , Vokounová E.
Published: February 2007

The increase of the nitrate concentration in surface waters used as water supply resources has been investigated with a view to the effects of agricultural activities and atmospheric precipitation. The nitrate concentration increased beyond the acceptable limit for infants after 1975, when due to the permanent augmentation of the synthetic fertilizer rates the organic humus quantities decreased to a minimum. The variability of nitrate concentrations in atmospheric precipitation is dependent on the magnitude of precipitation and the intensity of industry in the given region. At an average value of atmospheric precipitation the nitrogen value in agricultural regions varies within 6 to 12 kg · ha−1 · a−1, in regions with extended industries up to 24 kg · ha−1 · a−1.
The influence of egg size and thermal conditions of incubation on the body length and the yolk sac volume of vendace (Coregonus albula L.) eleutheroembryos
Authors: Luczynski M. , Wojtaszek W. , Kirklewska A.
Published: February 2007

Eggs of C. albula were incubated at 1.5 ° and acclimated for different times to 10 °. This procedure caused a varying delay in their hatching. The percentage of normal hatch and the eleutheroembryos' body length and yolk sac dimensions (height and length) were measured, and the yolk sac volume was calculated. The number of days of hatching delay was positively correlated with the total length of embryos and inversely correlated with their yolk sac volume.

Dimensions of vendace embryos emerging from eggs of different size were compared. Larger eggs produced longer embryos equipped with larger yolk sacs, and differences in the yolk sac volume were far more pronounced than differences in the body length.
Zinc Induced Changes in the Nucleic Acids and Protein Metabolism in the Fingerlings of a Freshwater Murrel, Channa punctatus
Authors: Shukla J. P. , Pandey K.
Published: February 2007

Fingerlings of Channa punctatus, a freshwater murrel, when subjected to a sublethal concentration of 12 mg l−1 zinc for 20 days elicited a significantly decreased (P<0.01) RNA content and hypoproteinemia in their liver. However, an exposure for 10 days under the same condition did not produce a significant alternation (P>0.05) neither in the nucleic acids (RNA – DNA) nor in the protein content. Results are discussed in relation to the pollutional stress of this heavy metal.
Modification of Microapparatus for Isolation and Concentration of Organics from Water by Continuous Steam Distillation‐Extraction
Authors: Pehal F. , Janda V.
Published: February 2007

The modified apparatus for the isolation and concentration of organic compounds from water by steam distillation‐extraction is described. The modified construction of the microapparatus is based on the theoretical aspects of the method and practical experiences. High recoveries and good detection limits obtained by applying the method can be used in trace water analysis.
Elektrosorptionsanalyse: Ein empfindliches Verfahren zum Nachweis grenzflächenaktiver Stoffe im Wasser
Authors: Schmidt V. , Horn E. , Jehring H.
Published: February 2007

Two examples of damages: Damages to waters caused by surfaceactive polyethylene glycolacrylate (PEGA) waste waters and a fire extinguishing substance (30 % fatty alkyl sulphate and 15 % ethylene glycol butyl ether) are analytically evaluated. A new method from polarography was described – the electrosorption analysis –, which was tested on the samples of the waste waters and waters of the events of damage. For comparison, investigations were carried out according to the conventional laboratory routine method. The described new method has shown pronounced advantages with respect to the detectability of substances contained in water and the expenditure of material and time. Individual tensides can be determined if known separation processes are applied in advance.
Effect of Individual Phenolic Compounds and of their Mixtures on Luminous Bacteria. Part I.: Use of Bacterial Luminescence Extinguishing for Biotesting of Phenols
Authors: Stom D. J. , Geel T. A. , Balayan A. E.
Published: February 2007

Data are presented that confirm the employment of the bacterial luminescence for evaluating the toxicity of phenolic compounds. High sensitivity and speed properties of the method are shown. Phenolic compound concentrations are determined that produce toxic effects on luminous bacteria cells. It is shown that hydroquinone possesses the highest toxicity.
Zum Umweltverhalten von Fluortensiden. Teil 3: Reinigung der industriellen Abwässer
Authors: Prescher D. , Gross U. , Wotzka J. , Tscheu‐Schlüter M. , Starke W.
Published: February 2007

Four fluorotensides which are used mainly industrially are investigated with respect to their removability from waters. Since, in general, fluorotensides are difficult to remove or not at all removable biochemically, the effects of chemical or physicochemical treatment processes are tested. As the results represented in pictures and tables show, different modes of behaviour can be recognized with respect to the respective purification effect for the investigated fluorotensides, partly among them. Flocculation with Al‐ and Fe‐salts as well as chlorination and ozonization show only partial effects. But all the investigated fluorotensides can be adsorptively eliminated by means of powder or granular active charcoal and adsorbent resin Wofatit EA60.
Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der biologischen Phosphatelimination aus Abwasser mit Belebtschlamm
Authors: Peukert V. , Röske I. , Uhlmann D.
Published: February 2007

The recovery of phosphorus will become almost as important as its removal for preventing eutrophication. In this connection, the biological techniques for the elimination of P are of a special importance. The fundamentals and the process technologies of the “phostrip” technique and the anaerobic/aerobic technique are described. The biological P‐removal is more susceptible to interference than the normal activated sludge process is. The most important sources of troubles are discussed. For a stable process it is necessary at the anaerobic stage that neither molecular oxygen nor nitrate oxygen are present and that the organic substances contained in the waste water are partly hydrolyzed in order to use up the intracellular energy reserves in the form of polyphosphates to a considerable degree. Moreover, at the aerobic stage there have to be guaranteed high rates of growth of the P‐storing bacteria and the formation of polyphosphates as well as only a low degree of nitrification. From this results an increased expenditure for the process control especially for the oxygen and nitrate concentrations at the aerobic stage. The results from two model plants are represented.
Synergistic Effect of Sulfoxide with Carbaryl on the in vivo Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Snail Lymnaea acuminata
Authors: Singh D. K. , Agarwal R. A.
Published: February 2007

The synergistic effects of sulfoxide on the effects of carbaryl in the snail Lymnaea acuminata were studied. Snails were exposed to 40 % and 80 % of 48 h LC50 doses of synergist, carbaryl mixture (5 : 1). While the concentration of carbaryl present in the mixture would not bring about any change in carbohydrate metabolism, there was a marked decrease in the AChE activity, glycogen levels and an increase in lactic acid and a reduction of sugar levels when the snails were exposed to a carbaryl synergist mixture. Sulfoxide alone also caused a decrease in glycogen levels and an increase in lactic acid levels. These changes, however, were smaller as compared to those resulting from exposure to the mixtures.
Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen von Salmonellen in einer Oxydationsteichanlage
Authors: Stelzer W. , Schulze E. , Ziegert E.
Published: February 2007

The examined oxydation pond treatment plant shows a good degradation (>95 %) of bacteriological pollution (colony count 20°, coliforms, enterococcae). In 55,6 % of raw waste water samples salmonella were detected but the effluent was free of salmonella. In total 10 sero‐types were isolated and 91,1 % of all isolates were sensitive to all tested antibiotics.