bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cation-intercalation and conversion-type cathode materials for rechargeable aluminum batteries
Authors: Liu Tianming , Lv Guocheng , Liu Meng , Zhao Changchun , Liao Libing , Liu Hao , Shi Jiayan , Zhang Jian , Guo Juchen
Published: December 2021

This review provides an overview of the research on cation-intercalation and conversion-type cathodes for rechargeable Al batteries. The mechanisms behind the experimental observations are discussed to highlight the complexity of Al electrochemistry.
Strain in a platinum plate induced by an ultrahigh energy laser boosts the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Huang Yuqian , Ye Zhiguo , Pei Feng , Ma Guang , Peng Xinyuan , Li Duosheng
Published: December 2021

Laser shock peening with an ultrahigh power density and an ultrashort pulse was successfully applied to achieve mass compressive strain and lattice deformation near the Pt plate surface to improve the hydrogen evolution reaction activity.
Constructing multi-functional composite separator of PVDF-HFP/h-BN supported Co-CNF membrane for lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Liang Xin , Wang Lulu , Wang Yang , Liu Yongchao , Sun Yi , Xiang Hongfa
Published: December 2021

The design of a multi-functional composite separator results in low interface impedance and perfect polysulfide inhibition/conversion effects in Li–S batteries.
A simple, efficient route to modify the properties of epoxy dynamic polymer networks
Authors: Zhao Shizhen , Yang Hongkun , Wang Dong , Russell Thomas P.
Published: December 2021

A simple and efficient strategy to modify epoxy dynamic polymer networks (DPNs) is presented.
Tailored nano-columnar La2NiO4 cathodes for improved electrode performance
Authors: Stangl Alexander , Riaz Adeel , Rapenne Laetitia , Caicedo José Manuel , de Dios Sirvent Juan , Baiutti Federico , Jiménez Carmen , Tarancón Albert , Mermoux Michel , Burriel Mónica
Published: December 2021

We report a new strategy to grow nano-columnar La2NiO4 thin films with an enlarged specific surface area. In combination with modifications of the surface chemistry, we strongly improved the oxygen exchange activity of this promising electrode material.
Construction of a tandem S-scheme GDY/CuI/CdS-R heterostructure based on morphology-regulated graphdiyne (g-CnH2n−2) for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Jin Zhiliang , Li Teng , Zhang Lijun , Wang Xuanpu , Wang Guorong , Hao Xuqiang
Published: December 2021

The construction of a tandem S-scheme heterojunction forms a built-in electric field at the interface between the catalysts and increases the photocatalytic reduction potential.
Dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent probe-based lanthanide-functionalized hydrogen-bonded organic framework for the visual detection of methylamine
Authors: Liu Yanhong , Xu Xin , Lu Haifeng , Yan Bing
Published: December 2021

A dual emission ratiometric fluorescent probe, Eu@Tt-TPA, was successfully prepared by modifying a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (Tt-TPA) with Eu3+ to realize the simultaneous detection of methylamine (MA) in liquid and vapor states.
Temperature-tunable optical properties and carrier relaxation of CuInP2S6 crystals under ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition
Authors: Yan Xiao-Qing , Zhao Xin , Xu Haijie , Zhang Lei , Liu Dongqi , Zhang Yuchen , Huo Changfu , Liu Fang , Xie Junfang , Dong Xiao , Liu Zhi-Bo , Tian Jian-Guo
Published: December 2021

The PL emission and carrier relaxation of CuInP2S6 vary greatly with temperature under phase transition, while the two-photon absorption changes slightly with temperature.
The second-order NLO and TADF properties of a donor–acceptor dihydropyrene–cyclophanediene system: the impact of molecular architecture and polarizable environment
Authors: Yao Yao , Xu Hong-Liang , Su Zhong-Min
Published: December 2021

The DHP derivative has more excellent NLO properties, while the CPD derivative possesses TADF properties, showing an interesting “seesaw” phenomenon.
Wie halten wir unser Fachwissen aktuell?
Authors: Stumm Caroline , Hund-Georgiadis Margret
Published: December 2021

Der Informationsfluss in der Medizin wächst ebenso rasant wie Erkenntnisse aus neuesten wissenschaftlichen Publikationen. Neben den klassischen Informationsquellen stehen elektronische Ressourcen zur Verfügung, die allerorts schnellen Zugriff auf neuestes Wissen erlauben. Offen bleiben folgende Fragen: Wie bringen Fachleute aus Gesundheitsprofessionen sich auf den neuesten Wissensstand? Wie gelangt relevantes Wissen in die Praxis? Die vorliegende Befragung untersucht, welche Informationsquellen medizinische Fachpersonen hauptsächlich nutzen, um sich auf dem aktuellen Forschungsstand zu halten.
Integrale Psychiatrie – naturheilkundliches Potenzial und ganzheitliche Behandlung
Authors: Somburg Oliver
Published: December 2021

In der integrativen Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik gilt der naturheilkundliche Grundsatz, dass Krankheit nicht nur behandelt werden, sondern was den Menschen gesund macht und seine Gesundheit erhält, gezielt gefördert werden muss. Eine ganzheitliche Behandlung betrachtet den Menschen als Lebewesen in 8 Dimensionen: „evolutionär“ (geworden), „embodied“ (verkörpert), „emotional“ (emotional), „emergent“ (wandlungsfähig), „enaktiv“ (wechselwirkend-sinnstiftend), „embedded“ (eingebettet), „extended“ (auslagernd) und „exaptive“ (zweckhaft-transformativ).
Induratio penis plastica: Herausforderungen der somatischen Therapie und Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten durch Psychotherapie
Authors: Soave Armin , König Frederik , Dahlem Roland , Rink Michael , Riechardt Silke , Fisch Margit , Briken Peer , Nieder Timo O.
Published: December 2021

Einleitung Die Induratio penis plastica (IPP) ist eine erworbene chronische Erkrankung der Tunica albuginea und/oder des Septums der Corpora cavernosa, die zu Deformitäten und Verkrümmungen des Penis führen und die Sexualität der Betroffenen stark beeinträchtigen kann. Darüber hinaus kann die IPP bei den betroffenen Patienten zu emotionalen Problemen und zu Beziehungsproblemen führen.

Forschungsziele Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit gibt einen Überblick über die konservativen und chirurgischen Therapieoptionen der IPP, geht detailliert auf die psychischen Besonderheiten und Probleme der Betroffenen ein und stellt mögliche psycho- und sexualtherapeutische Interventionen dar.

Methoden Es handelt sich um eine nicht-systematische narrative Übersichtsarbeit. Mithilfe einer Pubmed-Datenbankanalyse wurden Original- und Übersichtsarbeiten zur IPP identifiziert und im Hinblick auf Methodik und Ergebnisse ausgewertet. Überlegungen zur interdisziplinären Integration einer unterstützenden Psychotherapie werden angestellt.

Ergebnisse Die konservative und die chirurgische Therapie stellen keine kausale, sondern eine symptomatische Behandlung dar. Die Effektivität der konservativen Therapie ist eingeschränkt. Die chirurgische Therapie stellt den Goldstandard zur Behandlung der schweren IPP dar, kann aber Nebenwirkungen wie erektile Dysfunktion und Längenverlust des Penis zur Folge haben. Die IPP führt häufig zu psychischen Belastungen, die im Rahmen einer interdisziplinär integrierten Psychotherapie adressiert werden sollten. Ein entsprechend kombiniertes Vorgehen wird vorgeschlagen.

Schlussfolgerung Um die Erwartungen an die konservative und chirurgische Therapie nicht zu überhöhen, müssen die Patienten über die Möglichkeiten und Limitationen realistisch und ausführlich aufgeklärt werden. Die psychischen Spezifika und Belastungen sollten bei der Therapie der IPP interdisziplinär integriert berücksichtigt werden.
Neuraltherapeutische Heilung einer Depression?
Authors: Wander Rainer
Published: December 2021

Das vegetative Nervensystem wird in das sympathische und das parasympathische System eingeteilt, deren Funktionen sich ergänzen. Eine Dauerbelastung egal welcher Art führt dazu, dass sich „Störfelder“ ergeben, die sich wie eine chronische Entzündung verhalten. Sind einzelne Anteile der neuronalen Systeme über- oder untererregt, gibt es Dissonanzen der Regulation und der Funktion. Dabei spielen die Störfelder als neuronale Trigger, die für den Patienten stumm sind, eine bedeutende Rolle. Diese sind mit diagnostisch-therapeutischer Neuraltherapie identifizierbar und korrigierbar. Die Neuraltherapie und die Akupunktur sind nicht primär für psychische Erkrankungen vorgesehen, aber es lassen sich erstaunliche Effekte erreichen und erklären.
Definition of competence standards for optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement
Authors: Houwen Britt B. S. L. , Hassan Cesare , Coupé Veerle M. H. , Greuter Marjolein J. E. , Hazewinkel Yark , Vleugels Jasper L. A. , Antonelli Giulio , Bustamante-Balén Marco , Coron Emmanuel , Cortas George A. , Dinis-Ribeiro Mario , Dobru Daniela E. , East James E. , Iacucci Marietta , Jover Rodrigo , Kuvaev Roman , Neumann Helmut , Pellisé Maria , Puig Ignasi , Rutter Matthew D. , Saunders Brian , Tate David J. , Mori Yuichi , Longcroft-Wheaton Gaius , Bisschops Raf , Dekker Evelien
Published: December 2021

Background The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) has developed a core curriculum for high quality optical diagnosis training for practice across Europe. The development of easy-to-measure competence standards for optical diagnosis can optimize clinical decision-making in endoscopy. This manuscript represents an official Position Statement of the ESGE aiming to define simple, safe, and easy-to-measure competence standards for endoscopists and artificial intelligence systems performing optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps (1 – 5 mm).

Methods A panel of European experts in optical diagnosis participated in a modified Delphi process to reach consensus on Simple Optical Diagnosis Accuracy (SODA) competence standards for implementation of the optical diagnosis strategy for diminutive colorectal polyps. In order to assess the clinical benefits and harms of implementing optical diagnosis with different competence standards, a systematic literature search was performed. This was complemented with the results from a recently performed simulation study that provides guidance for setting alternative competence standards for optical diagnosis. Proposed competence standards were based on literature search and simulation study results. Competence standards were accepted if at least 80 % agreement was reached after a maximum of three voting rounds.

Recommendation 1 In order to implement the leave-in-situ strategy for diminutive colorectal lesions (1–5 mm), it is clinically acceptable if, during real-time colonoscopy, at least 90 % sensitivity and 80 % specificity is achieved for high confidence endoscopic characterization of colorectal neoplasia of 1–5 mm in the rectosigmoid. Histopathology is used as the gold standard.

Level of agreement 95 %.

Recommendation 2 In order to implement the resect-and-discard strategy for diminutive colorectal lesions (1–5 mm), it is clinically acceptable if, during real-time colonoscopy, at least 80 % sensitivity and 80 % specificity is achieved for high confidence endoscopic characterization of colorectal neoplasia of 1–5 mm. Histopathology is used as the gold standard.

Level of agreement 100 %.

Conclusion The developed SODA competence standards define diagnostic performance thresholds in relation to clinical consequences, for training and for use when auditing the optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps.
DNA Hydroxymethylation in High-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Stapińska-Syniec Angelika , Grabiec Marta , Rylski Marcin , Acewicz Albert , Sobstyl Michał
Published: December 2021

Background Since the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of nervous system tumors (2016, revised, 4th edition) has been released, gliomas are classified depending on molecular and genetic markers in connection with histopathology, instead of histopathology itself as it was in the previous classification. Over the last years, epigenetic analysis has taken on increased importance in the diagnosis and treatment of different cancers. Multiple studies confirmed that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and hydroxymethylation play an important role in the regulation of gene expression during carcinogenesis.

Methods In this review, we aim to present the current state of knowledge on DNA hydroxymethylation in human high-grade gliomas (WHO grades III and IV).

Results The correlation between DNA hydroxymethylation and survival in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients was evaluated by different studies. The majority of them showed that the expression of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) and ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes were significantly reduced, sometimes almost undetectable in high-grade gliomas in comparison with the normal brain. A decreased level of 5-hmC was associated with poor survival in patients, but high expression of the TET3 enzyme was related to a better prognosis for GBM patients. This points to the relevance of DNA hydroxymethylation in molecular diagnostics of human gliomas, including survival estimation or differentiating patients in terms of response to the treatment.

Conclusion Future studies may shed some more light on this epigenetic mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of human high-grade gliomas and help develop new targeted therapies.
Tropane-Based Dispirocyclic Oxiranes and Spirocyclic Ketones
Authors: Shivanyuk Alexander , Gerasov Andrii , Boiko Rodion , Dolgonos Grygoriy , Mandzhulo Aleksandr , Fetyukhin Volodymyr , Lukin Oleg
Published: December 2021

The Prilezhaev epoxidation of N-Boc-protected 3-cyclobutylidenetropane 1a affords a 1:2 mixture of compounds 2a and 2b, in which tropane and cyclobutane fragments are spiro-connected to the oxirane ring in endo- and exo-fashion, respectively. The exo-isomer 2b is obtained in 89% yield and 97% selectivity via the dioxirane oxidation of 1a. BF3-catalyzed isomerization of exo-oxirane 2b results in a 1:1 mixture of the spirocyclic ketones endo
3a and exo
3b containing spiro-connected tropane and cyclopentanone rings, while endo-epoxide 2a gives exclusively endo-ketone 3a. Prilezhaev and dioxirane epoxidations of N-Boc-protected 3-cyclopropylidenetropane 1b affords a mixture of endo- and exo-oxiranes 2c and 2d. Compounds 2c and 2d are not isolated in individual forms since they isomerize into a mixture of spirocyclic ketones endo
3c and exo
3d. Removal of the Boc groups from ketones 3a–d gives the corresponding hydrochlorides of aminoketones 4a–d in quantitative yields. Quantum chemical calculations predict that the rearrangement of endo-epoxides into the corresponding endo-ketones involving BF3-containing intermediates has by 4.4–7.9 kcal/mol lower activation barriers than the respective conversion of the exo-epoxides into exo-ketones. The cyclopropyl-containing dispiroepoxides 2c and 2d are predicted to interconvert faster into the corresponding ketones compared to their less strained cyclobutyl counterparts 2a and 2b.
Monitoramento da evolução do tratamento da ausência de consolidação da fratura: Papel da fosfatase alcalina e da ultrassonografia
Authors: Chaudhary Dhanji S. , Solanki Jayur J. , Verma Tarun , Chavali Viswanath H.
Published: December 2021

Objetivo Avaliar o papel da concentração sérica de fosfatase alcalina (FA) e da ultrassonografia no monitoramento do progresso do tratamento da ausência de consolidação em fraturas diafisárias.

Métodos Este estudo de coorte observacional prospectivo incluiu pacientes adultos com fraturas diafisárias dos principais ossos longos previamente submetidas a fixação interna sem consolidação. Após o tratamento definitivo, os pacientes foram avaliados periodicamente por seis meses, com realização seriada de ultrassonografia, determinação da concentração de FA e radiografias para verificar a presença de consolidação.

Resultados Após um aumento inicial em sete semanas, os níveis de FA voltaram ao valor normal em pacientes com fraturas consolidadas, mas continuaram elevados nos casos de ausência de consolidação. Da mesma forma, após uma elevação do índice de resistência (IR) vascular em cerca de 12 semanas em todos os pacientes, o IR diminuiu nos casos que progrediram para consolidação, mas continuou alto até as 24 semanas em fraturas não consolidadas. Os casos com ausência de consolidação ainda apresentavam calo hipoecogênico às 24 semanas, que não se converteu no calo hiperecogênico observado nos casos que progrediram para consolidação.

Conclusão Alterações significativas sugestivas de consolidação foram simultaneamente observadas nas radiografias, na ultrassonografia e na concentração de FA durante o período de acompanhamento. No entanto, a realização seriada de exames da concentração de FA e de ultrassonografia durante o acompanhamento indicou o progresso da consolidação da fratura. Seu papel no monitoramento da ausência de consolidação é mais complementar do que suplementar à radiografia.
Association Between PON1 (L55M and Q192R) Genetic Polymorphism and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in North Indian Women Exposed to Pesticides
Authors: Jaiswar Shyam Pyari , Priyadarshini Apala , Singh Apurva , Ahmad Mohd Kalim , Deo Sujata , Sankhwar Pushpa
Published: December 2021

Objective The aim of the present study was to examine the relation between the PON1 polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).

Methods In a cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 100 females. DNA was extracted and PON1 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.

Results Regarding PON1 L55M, the mutated allele (M) frequency was found in 70.5% in RPL and in 53.5% in controls; the M allele was signiﬁcantly associated with an increased risk of RPL (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]; p < 0.001). However, regarding PON1 Q192R, the R mutated allele frequency was found in 28.5% in RPL and in 33% in controls. The R allele did not show any risk for RPL (ORadj 0.81; 95%CI; p = 0.329).

Conclusion The present study suggests that there is an effect of genetic polymorphism on RPL and provides additional evidence that combines with the growing information about the ways in which certain PON1 genotypes can affect the development of the fetus in the uterus.
SLC7A3: In Silico Prediction of a Potential New Cause of Childhood Epilepsy
Authors: Sourbron Jo , Jansen Katrien , Mei Davide , Hammer Trine Bjørg , Møller Rikke S. , Gold Nina B. , O'Grady Lauren , Guerrini Renzo , Lagae Lieven
Published: December 2021

We report an in-depth genetic analysis in an 11-year-old boy with drug-resistant, generalized seizures and developmental disability. Three distinct variants of unknown clinical significance (VUS) were detected by whole exome sequencing (WES) but not by initial genetic analyses (microarray and epilepsy gene panel). These variants involve the SLC7A3, CACNA1H, and IGLON5 genes, which were subsequently evaluated by computational analyses using the InterVar tool and MutationTaster. While future functional studies are necessary to prove the pathogenicity of a certain VUS, segregation analyses over three generations and in silico predictions suggest the X-linked gene SLC7A3 (transmembrane solute carrier transporter) as the likely culprit gene in this patient. In addition, a search via GeneMatcher unveiled two additional patients with a VUS in SLC7A3. We propose SLC7A3 as a likely candidate gene for epilepsy and/or developmental/cognitive delay and provide an overview of the 27 SLC genes related to epilepsy by other preclinical and/or clinical studies.
Risk Factors Associated with Uterine Rupture and Dehiscence: A Cross-Sectional Canadian Study
Authors: Figueiró-Filho Ernesto Antonio , Gomez Javier Mejia , Farine Dan
Published: December 2021

Objective To compare maternal and perinatal risk factors associated with complete uterine rupture and uterine dehiscence.

Methods Cross-sectional study of patients with uterine rupture/dehiscence from January 1998 to December 2017 (30 years) admitted at the Labor and Delivery Unit of a tertiary teaching hospital in Canada.

Results There were 174 (0.1%) cases of uterine disruption (29 ruptures and 145 cases of dehiscence) out of 169,356 deliveries. There were associations between dehiscence and multiparity (odds ratio [OR]: 3.2; p = 0.02), elevated maternal body mass index (BMI; OR: 3.4; p = 0.02), attempt of vaginal birth after a cesarian section (OR: 2.9; p = 0.05) and 5-minute low Apgar score (OR: 5.9; p < 0.001). Uterine rupture was associated with preterm deliveries (36.5 ± 4.9 versus 38.2 ± 2.9; p = 0.006), postpartum hemorrhage (OR: 13.9; p < 0.001), hysterectomy (OR: 23.0; p = 0.002), and stillbirth (OR: 8.2; p < 0.001). There were no associations between uterine rupture and maternal age, gestational age, onset of labor, spontaneous or artificial rupture of membranes, use of oxytocin, type of uterine incision, and birthweight.

Conclusion This large cohort demonstrated that there are different risk factors associated with either uterine rupture or dehiscence. Uterine rupture still represents a great threat to fetal-maternal health and, differently from the common belief, uterine dehiscence can also compromise perinatal outcomes.
A Neuro-Metabolic Syndrome that Needs to Be Discovered: A Child with Late Onset Asparagine Synthetase Deficiency
Authors: Di Stasio Fabiana , Faraguna Martha Caterina , Di Marco Santo , Crescitelli Viola , Iascone Maria , Florio Santa , Peruzzi Cinzia , Gasperini Serena
Published: December 2021

Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in ASNS—a gene encoding asparagine synthetase. It has mainly been described as a neurological phenotype manifesting as severe developmental delay, congenital microcephaly, spasticity, and refractory seizures; it is not associated with any specific dysmorphisms. ASNS deficiency leads to the inability to synthesize a nonessential amino acid in the brain, this explains why the symptoms are primarily neurological. The accumulation of aspartate/glutamate causes increased neuronal apoptosis leading to brain atrophy and increased neuronal excitability leading to seizures. Asparagine levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid are not reliable biomarkers for this disorder, therefore diagnosis is mainly obtained by molecular genetics. This disorder is associated with a poor prognosis and there is no treatment except supportive therapy. Prenatal diagnosis is possible. We report a case of a later onset form, c.146G > A (p.Arg49Gln) variant in the ASNS gene detected by molecular analysis using next-generation sequencing; the patient's clinical presentation included microcephaly, regression of developmental milestones, epilepsy, and hyperthermia.
Evaluation of Patients Referred to Children's Medical Center Laboratory for Diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidoses: Eight Years' Experience from Iran
Authors: Jafaryazdi Rokhsareh , Shams Sedigheh , Setoodeh Aria , Badv Reza Shervin , Ziaee Vahid , Abbasi Farzaneh , Haghi Ashtiani Mohammad Taghi , Mozafari Fatemeh , Shafeghat Lila
Published: December 2021

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are rare lysosomal storage diseases, resulting from deficiencies of enzymes responsible for Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) degradation. This leads to accumulation of GAGs in tissues and their excretion in urine, with a wide variety of manifestations. Early diagnosis of MPSs is strictly recommended due to available therapy that can slow down disease progression during the early ages. This study aimed to evaluate patients with suspected MPS referred to Children's Medical Center laboratory over eight years. We also evaluated the usefulness of urine GAG as a screening test for identification of such patients. A total of 1414 patients (40% female, 60% male, with mean age 3.1 ± 4.1years) have participated in this study. The urinary GAG analysis (uGAG) was performed by 1, 9-dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) and Berry spot test (BST). All patients with positive and mild positive results or with disease-related symptoms were evaluated in terms of definitive diagnosis, received treatments, morbidity, and mortality rate. In 407 (36.5%) patients uGAG were positive or mild positive, of which 26.3% suffered from one of the types of MPSs, 28.5% suffered from other diseases, 32.9% were undiagnosed, 12.3% were apparently healthy, and 19 died. The negative predictive value of uGAG test in our study was 100%. About 21% of MPSs patients received enzyme replacement therapy, while four patients underwent stem cell transplants. The rest received supportive care. We concluded that a combination of DMMB and BST methods has acceptable sensitivity for screening suspicious MPS patients.
The absence of the Efimov effect in systems of one- and two-dimensional particles
Authors: Barth Simon , Bitter Andreas , Vugalter Semjon
Published: December 2021

We study virtual levels of N-particle Schrödinger operators and prove that if the particles are one-dimensional and N ≥ 3, then virtual levels at the bottom of the essential spectrum correspond to eigenvalues. The same is true for two-dimensional particles if N ≥ 4. These results are applied to prove the non-existence of the Efimov effect in systems of N ≥ 4 one-dimensional or N ≥ 5 two-dimensional particles.
High-precision tabletop microplotter for flexible on-demand material deposition in printed electronics and device functionalization
Authors: Hussain Navid , jan Nazami Mohammad , Ma Chunyan , Hirtz Michael
Published: December 2021

Microstructuring, in particular, the additive functionalization of surfaces with, e.g., conductive or bioactive materials plays a crucial role in many applications in sensing or printed electronics. Mostly, the lithography steps are made prior to assembling functionalized surfaces into the desired places of use within a bigger device as a microfluidic channel or an electronic casing. However, when this is not possible, most lithography techniques struggle with access to recessed or inclined/vertical surfaces for geometrical reasons. In particular, for “on-the-fly” printing aiming to add microstructures to already existing devices on demand and maybe even for one-time trials, e.g., in prototyping, a flexible “micropencil” allowing for direct write under direct manual control and on arbitrarily positioned surfaces would be highly desirable. Here, we present a highly flexible, micromanipulator-based setup for capillary printing of conductive and biomaterial ink formulations that can address a wide range of geometries as exemplified on vertical, recessed surfaces and stacked 3D scaffolds as models for hard to access surfaces. A wide range of feature sizes from tens to hundreds of micrometer can be obtained by the choice of capillary sizes and the on-demand in situ writing capabilities are demonstrated with completion of a circuit structure by gold line interconnects deposited with the setup.
Field line random walk in magnetic turbulence
Authors: Shalchi A.
Published: December 2021

The stochastic behavior of magnetic field lines in turbulence is explored analytically and numerically. This problem is a fundamental aspect of turbulence research but also highly relevant in the theory of energetic particles. In the current paper, previous approaches are reviewed and some simple heuristic arguments are provided helping the reader to understand the reason for the form of analytical results. The importance of the so-called Kubo number in field line random walk theory is also discussed. Furthermore, analytical results for a position-dependent field line diffusion coefficient are provided. For more realistic turbulence configurations, the field line diffusion coefficients are computed numerically. This includes quasi-slab, quasi-2D, two-component, and three-dimensional turbulence. Specific aspects of the field line random walk in each model are also discussed. Results based on a diffusion approximation are compared with numerical results obtained without employing this approximation with the aim to explore its validity and accuracy. Numerical results based on simulations for incompressible and compressible turbulence are also discussed.
Enhanced tunneling distance of near field radiative energy with high-index dielectric resonators
Authors: Wen Sy-Bor , Jakkinapalli Aravind
Published: December 2021

By placing high-index dielectric resonators on surfaces supporting surface plasmons in the near field, strong magnetic resonance can be observed in the high-index dielectric resonators with appropriate heights around the surface plasmon resonance frequencies. The strong magnetic resonance allows strong thermal photon tunneling across a 1 μm gap, which is one order longer than the previous demonstrations of near field radiation with surface plasmons. The thermal photon tunneling happens when the horizontal wavenumber is kx∼4πw with w is the width of the high-index resonators. The height of the high-index dielectric resonators should provide enough retardation of the electric field between the top and bottom of the resonator to form a displacement current loop. Therefore, similar magnetic field resonance occurs in the resonator when we triple rather than double the height of the high-index dielectric resonators. The usage of dielectric resonators to amplify the thermal electric field in the near field domain can be a potential method to increase the quasi-monochromatic radiation distance of an emission domain by one order or more at the frequencies of the surface waves.
Using neutrons and x rays to measure plasma conditions in a solid sphere of deuterated polyethylene compressed to densities of 35 g/cc at temperatures of 2 keV and pressures of 40 Gbar
Authors: Nilsen J. , Bachmann B. , Zimmerman G. B. , Hatarik R. , Döppner T. , Swift D. C. , Hawreliak J. , Collins G. W. , Falcone R. W. , Glenzer S. H. , Kraus D. , Landen O. L. , Castor J. I. , Whitley H. D. , Kritcher A. L.
Published: December 2021

This paper describes an experiment that shock compresses the center of a solid deuterated polyethylene sphere, CD2, to densities of 35 g/cc and temperatures of 2 keV with corresponding pressure of 40 Gbar. The design employs a strong spherically converging shock launched through a solid ball of material using a Hohlraum radiation drive. As the shock coalesces at the center it produces a hot spot that we characterize by measuring the x-ray self-emission and 2.45 MeV neutrons emitted. Two-dimensional images and time-resolved measurements of the x rays emitted determine the size and time duration of the hot spot, leading to an estimated 2 keV electron temperature. The neutron time of flight spectrometer measures an average ion temperature of 1.06 ± 0.15 keV and neutron yield of 7.0 (±0.5) × 109 DD neutrons. Our new distribution function tool enables us to create a forward model of the experimental data based on 1D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, leading to a better understanding of the plasma conditions that produce the measured neutrons and x rays. Our simulations indicate that the x rays are produced in a short-lived hot-dense core over tens of picoseconds, whereas the neutron emission continues for about 200 ps, as the hot core starts to expand, thereby leading to a lower mean temperature of the plasma during neutron production. This finding is in agreement with the experimental data, and we therefore conclude that the forward-modeling is a useful tool for inferring the conditions of the hot spot in a laser-driven implosion during burn.
Elastic–viscoplastic constitutive theory of dense granular flow and its three-dimensional numerical realization
Authors: Chen Fuzhen , Yan Hong
Published: December 2021

The problem of the movement of dense granular media is common in industrial processes. Dense granular media cannot only show solid-like properties when stacked but can also flow like a liquid, exhibiting properties of fluids. Simultaneous modeling and description of these two states remain a challenge. In this study, a new constitutive model describing the motion of dense granular media is established. A linear elastic model is used to describe the solid phase. After reaching the plastic yield criterion, a viscoplastic constitutive model based on rheology is used to describe the liquid phase. The transitional relationship between these two models is deduced in detail, and the elastic–viscoplastic constitutive theory that describes the movement of dense granular media is more in line with physical reality. Smoothed particle hydrodynamic method is used to discretely solve the new model, and the relationship between smoothed particles and actual particles is illustrated. A series of basic calculation tests is used to verify the theoretical model and numerical method. Through a comparison with experiments and other numerical results, it is shown that the theoretical model and numerical method are suitable for the analysis of the movement of dense granular media and have important practical value for the preparation and processing of similar materials, three-dimensional printing, and mineral mining.
Photoluminescence and charge transfer in the prototypical 2D/3D semiconductor heterostructure MoS2/GaAs
Authors: Rojas-Lopez Rafael R. , Brant Juliana C. , Ramos Maíra S. O. , Castro Túlio H. L. G. , Guimarães Marcos H. D. , Neves Bernardo R. A. , Guimarães Paulo S. S.
Published: December 2021

The new generation of two-dimensional (2D) materials has shown a broad range of applications for optical and electronic devices. Understanding the properties of these materials when integrated with more traditional three-dimensional (3D) semiconductors is an important challenge for the implementation of ultra-thin electronic devices. Recent observations have shown that by combining MoS2 with GaAs, it is possible to develop high quality photodetectors and solar cells. Here, we present a study of effects of intrinsic GaAs, p-doped GaAs, and n-doped GaAs substrates on the photoluminescence of monolayer MoS2. We observe a decrease in an order of magnitude in the emission intensity of MoS2 in all MoS2/GaAs heterojunctions, when compared to a control sample consisting of a MoS2 monolayer isolated from GaAs by a few layers of hexagonal boron nitride. We also see a dependence of the trion to A-exciton emission ratio in the photoluminescence spectra on the type of substrates, a dependence that we relate to the static charge exchange between MoS2 and the substrates when the junction is formed. Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy measurements of heterojunctions suggest type-I band alignments, so that excitons generated on the MoS2 monolayer will be transferred to the GaAs substrate. Our results shed light on the charge exchange leading to band offsets in 2D/3D heterojunctions, which play a central role in the understanding and further improvement of electronic devices.
Kinetic construction of the high-beta anisotropic-pressure equilibrium in the magnetosphere
Authors: Aibara H. , Yoshida Z. , Shirahata K.
Published: December 2021

A theoretical model of the high-beta equilibrium of magnetospheric plasmas was constructed by consistently connecting the (anisotropic pressure) Grad–Shafranov equation and the Vlasov equation. The Grad–Shafranov equation was used to determine the axisymmetric magnetic field for a given magnetization current corresponding to a pressure tensor. Given a magnetic field, we determine the distribution function as a specific equilibrium solution of the Vlasov equation, using which we obtain the pressure tensor. We need to find an appropriate class of the distribution function for these two equations to be satisfied simultaneously. Here, we consider the distribution function that maximizes the entropy on the submanifold specified by the magnetic moment. This is equivalent to the reduction of the canonical Poisson bracket to the noncanonical one having the Casimir corresponding to the magnetic moment. The pressure tensor then becomes a function of the magnetic field (through the cyclotron frequency) and flux function, satisfying the requirement of the Grad–Shafranov equation.
Stable and compact RF-to-optical link using lithium niobate on insulator waveguides
Authors: Obrzud Ewelina , Denis Séverine , Sattari Hamed , Choong Gregory , Kundermann Stefan , Dubochet Olivier , Despont Michel , Lecomte Steve , Ghadimi Amir H. , Brasch Victor
Published: December 2021

Optical frequency combs have become a very powerful tool in metrology and beyond, thanks to their ability to link radio frequencies with optical frequencies via a process known as self-referencing. Typical self-referencing is accomplished in two steps: the generation of an octave-spanning supercontinuum spectrum and the frequency-doubling of one part of that spectrum. Traditionally, these two steps have been performed by two separate optical components. With the advent of photonic integrated circuits, the combination of these two steps has become possible in a single small and monolithic chip. One photonic integrated circuit platform very well suited for on-chip self-referencing is lithium niobate on insulator—a platform characterized by high second and third order nonlinearities. Here, we show that combining a lithium niobate on insulator waveguide with a silicon photodiode results in a very compact and direct low-noise path toward self-referencing of mode-locked lasers. Using digital servo electronics, the resulting frequency comb is fully stabilized. Its high degree of stability is verified with an independent out-of-loop measurement and is quantified to be 6.8 mHz. Furthermore, we show that the spectrum generated inside the lithium niobate waveguide remains stable over many hours.
Fully differential analysis of the electron impact ionization of hydrogen in Debye plasmas
Authors: Acebal E. , Cuenca A. , Martínez S. , Otranto S.
Published: December 2021

In this work, electron impact ionizing collisions on atomic hydrogen embedded in weakly coupled plasmas are studied at impact energies of 80 and 150 eV. Fully differential cross sections calculated by means of a distorted wave model which explicitly considers the screening effect among the three interacting particles in the final state are presented and analyzed. Compared to the unscreened case, clear differences in shape and magnitude are found for the dominant structures, the binary and recoil peaks, suggesting that the role played in the collision by the different particles varies with the Debye screening length. A scaling law for the fully differential cross section in terms of the nuclear charge Z, first proposed by Kornberg and Miraglia in the photo-double ionization context, is shown to also hold for the electron impact ionization of hydrogenic ions in the present screened context.
Theory, simulation, and experiments on a magnetically insulated line oscillator (MILO) at 10 kA, 240 kV near Hull cutoff condition
Authors: Packard Drew A. , Lau Y. Y. , Guerin E. N. , Swenson C. J. , Langellotti S. V. , Jassem A. , Li D. , Jordan N. M. , Luginsland J. W. , McBride R. D. , Gilgenbach R. M.
Published: December 2021

The magnetically insulated line oscillator (MILO) is a high power microwave source that has received increased attention recently because it does not require an external magnetic field. Self-magnetic insulation typically requires operation at high currents, ∼50 kA in previous experiments (at ∼10 Ω). This paper reports the first MILO experiment operating at moderate current, less than 10 kA, at a lower voltage of 240 kV, driven by the Michigan Electron Long Beam Accelerator. The viability of this lower current operation was predicted by our recently developed theory on Brillouin flow, which also led to the rigorous derivation, for the first time, of the Buneman–Hartree condition for the cylindrical MILO using both the Brillouin flow and single particle model. The experiments show that more than 90% of shots operate at a magnetic field less than 1.3 times the Hull-cutoff magnetic field, and this magnetic field is significantly lower than the magnetic field required at the Buneman–Hartree condition. These experiments also oscillated at less current than the Hull cutoff condition on over 80% of shots, suggesting that MILOs might operate at a current lower than that expected at exactly Hull cutoff; this peculiar feature was also predicted by the theory. Particle-in-cell simulations from the improved concurrent electromagnetic particle-in-cell (ICEPIC) and CST codes are detailed, which corroborate MILO operation at lower currents than the Hull cutoff condition. The maximum efficiency achieved in these experiments is 1%, at a resonant frequency of 1 GHz. An initial comparison of the newly developed theory against prior MILO experiments is presented.
Enhanced quasi-monoenergetic ions generation: Based on gold nanoparticles application in gas-filled nanosphere targets
Authors: Mehrangiz Mahsa
Published: December 2021

It was recently shown that nanostructured targets with largely spaced gold ultrasmall nanoparticles (NPs) show outstanding performances in enhancing the laser-driven ions' acceleration process due to the higher laser-to-target energy absorption [Vallières et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 22, 091303 (2019)]. Based on this structure, here, an alternative nanostructured design is proposed to promote light/heavy ions' acceleration quality. The scheme relies on using a gold NP layered nanosphere filled with a low-density argon gas. The nanosphere has an inner layer of vanadium and an outer layer of proton–carbon (1:1) mixture. The validity of this suggestion has been simulated by the two-dimensional particle-in-cell code (EPOCH). Simulation results indicate that the interaction of ultra-intense laser (∼4.61 × 1019 W/cm2) with a gas-filled gold NP layered nanosphere can positively decrease the aggregation of electrons stated inside the target, leading to higher Coulomb repulsion between charged ions. Therefore, we can expect the generation of quasi-monoenergetic H+, C6+, V20+, and Au49+, as well as Ar15+ (cutoff energy of ∼0.49 MeV/u and relative divergence angle of 2.9°) at the end of the interaction. From simulations, as the interaction terminates, for a gas-filled gold NP layered nanosphere with an optimal gap space of 80 nm, a cutoff energy increase of roughly 19% for H+, 16.4% for C6+, and rather equal percent of 15.9% for medium-heavy ions (V20+ and Au49+) is obtained with respect to a hollow gold NP layered nanosphere. Moreover, a relative divergence angle decrease of up to nearly 0.29–1.91 times will be calculated for the accelerated ions. Overall, the results verify that a gas-filled gold NP layered nanosphere can be regarded as a candidate for the generation of quasi-monoenergetic ions through the spherical Coulomb explosion regime.
Electron orbital mapping of SrTiO3 using electron energy-loss spectroscopy
Authors: Iwashimizu C. , Haruta M. , Kurata H.
Published: December 2021

The visualization of electron orbitals in real space is expected as a next-generation technique that has been evolved from high spatial resolution electron microscopy. Core excitation electron energy-loss spectra with a high signal-to-noise ratio were recorded in a scanning transmission electron microscope with high spatial resolution to directly observe the electron orbitals in real space. We experimentally demonstrate that anisotropic distributions of oxygen 2p orbitals in SrTiO3 were observed in real space and were dependent on the difference in the chemical bonds between Ti and O atoms. The results open the door to the visualization of electronic orbitals with electron microscopes.
Abel inversion of optical beam deflection signals from photoacoustic waves with symmetry in one, two, and three dimensions
Authors: Yan Xingchi , Diebold Gerald J.
Published: December 2021

Photoacoustic waves can be detected by recording optical beam deflection as a result of density gradients inherent in the waves. Beam deflection can be recorded from a single laser beam placed at a distance from the source where data are generated as a function of time, or by recording beam deflections at a single time as the position of the probe beam is varied. For either case, the deflection signal is shown to be described by an Abel transform of the pressure gradient. Here, the inversion of beam deflection data from photoacoustic sources with symmetry in one, two, and three dimensions is investigated. An iterative method based on total variation regularization and a regression procedure based on Lasso regularization are shown to result in accurate reproductions of the theoretical expressions that describe photoacoustic waves from simple sources.
Distinct architecture and composition of mouse axonemal radial spoke head revealed by cryo-EM
Authors: Zheng Wei , Li Fan , Ding Zhanyu , Liu Hao , Zhu Lei , Xu Cong , Li Jiawei , Gao Qi , Wang Yanxing , Fu Zhenglin , Peng Chao , Yan Xiumin , Zhu Xueliang , Cong Yao
Published: December 2021

Significance

The radial spoke (RS) transmits mechanochemical signals from the central pair (CP) to axonemal dynein arms to coordinate ciliary motility. The RS head, the key CP interaction domain, differs dramatically in morphology between protozoa and metazoa despite the conservation of components in evolution. In this work, we show that the murine RS head is compositionally distinct from that of
Chlamydomonas
and describe the cryo-EM structure of its core complex at 3.2-Å resolution. Our results provide a blueprint for understanding not only the allosteric coordination within the complex and the mechanism of the RS–CP interaction but also the etiology of numerous RS head gene mutations that have been linked to primary ciliary dyskinesia.
National polarization and international agreements
Authors: Perrings Charles , Hechter Michael , Mamada Robert
Published: December 2021

Significance

Why are so many postwar experiments in international governance now being challenged? We consider how polarization of political parties and stakeholders on the issues addressed by international environment agreements affects commitment to those agreements. We also consider how changes in national obligations under agreements affect polarization. We show that while there is good cause to think that party polarization is associated with reduced support for international agreements, stakeholder engagement that penalizes parties adopting positions too distant from their own has an important moderating affect. An understanding of the way that the political environment conditions national commitment to international agreements may, in turn, help in understanding the way in which national decisions ramify through the international treaty system.
Interindividual cooperation mediated by partisanship complicates Madison’s cure for “mischiefs of faction”
Authors: Kawakatsu Mari , Lelkes Yphtach , Levin Simon A. , Tarnita Corina E.
Published: December 2021

Significance

How can a pluralistic republic combat dangers of tyrannical factions? InFederalist No. 10, James Madison proposed that the problem of factions could be mitigated by expanding the political sphere. Over 200 y later, however, polarization plagues the United States, despite the likely greater diversity of issues considered in the realm of politics. To tackle this puzzle, we explore how, in a partisan context, interactions among regular citizens can lead to collective-level factionalization via diversity collapse, as issues/opinions become increasingly segregated by party. We find that, while Madison was right that issue diversity can promote both individual cooperation and societal cohesion, extreme partisanship can introduce tension between the two, so that interindividual cooperation thrives at the cost of increased polarization.