bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roma community in Poland as beneficiaries of welfare activities
Authors: Słania Barbara
Published: April 2019

The topic of the article is the situation of the Roma ethnic group in Poland as beneficiaries of assistance activities in the broad sense of the term – both of the social welfare system, as well as education and labour market institutions. In the first part, a short description of the Roma community in Poland will be presented on the background of other countries of the region, with particular emphasis on their social and living situation and moral changes. The situation of Roma living in Poland as clients of the social welfare sector will be described further along with challenges and dilemmas for social work and designing sectoral policies, including labour market and education, resulting from working in a culturally different environment from the majority society. In the context of multiculturalism policy implementation, the issue of potential possibilities of adapting national social policy to the specific needs and cultural requirements of the Roma ethnic minority will be discussed, as well as examples of good practices will be presented. The text is based on existing data sources, as well as partly on the author's own research conducted due to being prepared PhD dissertation and her personal experience in working with Roma in Małopolska and Upper Silesia.
The ups and downs of the professionalization of social work in Poland after 1990. The comments on the debate
Authors: Wódz Kazimiera , Faliszek Krystyna
Published: April 2019

The article attempts to present the process of professionalization of social work in Poland after 1989. It was shown in terms of the classical attribution model and in the concept of Abbott, in which the essence of the pro-fessionalization process is primarily the functioning of the profession in a complex system of internal and exter-nal dependencies. Analyses indicate that the process of professionalization of social work in Poland is currently far incomplete, and the ongoing and planned changes in the social welfare system are unlikely to favour its development. We deal with specific monopolistic practices of the state in shaping the institutional foundations of social assistance in accordance with the interests of the central administration, which seeks to shift responsibility for implemented activities to external entities, retaining full and even increased possibilities of exerting influence and control. This is also reflected in the ongoing attempt to standardize social services, which is ultimately an element of deprofessionalisation of social work
Innovative solutions in social work
Authors: Długi Blanka
Published: April 2019

The main goal of the article is to show good practices and innovative solutions in the field of providing support to those in need, implemented in a social environment in the form of group social work. Apart from innovative initiatives, the article attempts to reflect on the analysed topic and encourages the use of developed and proven ways to support the family.
Social work in probation
Authors: Jaros Marcin
Published: April 2019

The article aims to present the possibilities of using the potential of social work in the activities of a probation officer. The probation officer widely regarded as a „control” institution in relation to persons subject to criminal sanctions implements measures to improve their quality of life. My goal was to show how effective and useful knowledge of social work can be in achieving the goals of a probation officer. In the final part, the article shows how graduates of social work can apply for a job as probation officers, along with showing the benefits and consequences of exercising this profession.
Restructuring through fall - social problems in a small post-industrial city. Example of the Wojkowice Commune
Authors: Klimek Maciej
Published: April 2019

The article is part of the research trend in the field of diagnosis of crisis phenomena developed for the needs of the Local Revitalization Program. It presents problems resulting from the restructuring of industry on the exam-ple of the small town of Wojkowice in the Upper Silesian-Zagłębie Metropolis.
Implications of Early Gulf of Mexico Tectonic History for Distribution of Upper Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous Source Rocks in Deep-Water Exploration Areas of the US and Mexico
Authors: Pepper Andy
Published: April 2019

The central Gulf of Mexico Basin formed by Callovian rifting followed by oceanic spreading during anticlockwise rotation of Yucatan Block between Oxfordian (160Ma) and Valanginian (140Ma). The rotation pole was in the Straits of Florida, resulting in a wiper-blade motion having greatest sweep along a transform paralleling the coast offshore Tampico-Misantla Basin. Oceanic crust progressively separated the 160-140Ma stratigraphy, creating bands of ocean crust lacking Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, Tithonian and, near the ridge, even Berriasian deposition: present day, these stages appear progressively absent towards the spreading center.

After a basin-wide 140Ma (Valanginian) unconformity on the rimming shelves at the end of spreading, thermal subsidence resumed and water deepened further, in the basin. However, an arch separating the Gulf of Mexico and paleo-Caribbean basins across the Florida Straits remained a bathymetric sill to deep ocean circulation post-140Ma as before.

The impact of this tectonic/bathymetric evolution on the presence and ultimate expellable potential (UEP) of source rocks in the basin center is profound. Using a scheme of basin-wide correlated organic matter depositional acmes (recently developed by Petroleum Systems LLC, where the acme age is expressed in Ma), candidate source rocks in the Gulf of Mexico are: Acme A157 (late Oxfordian); A154 (Kimmeridgian); A148 (Tithonian); A144 (Berriasian/Portlandian). All four acmes have zones of nondeposition due to oceanic spreading, and older acmes are absent over a greater area. Some workers have proposed the main deep-water basin source rock in the United States is Tithonian; however, new work (so far limited to eastern deep water Mississippi Canyon, Atwater Valley, and Desoto Canyon) indicates that A157 (i.e., the oldest, most susceptible to nondeposition) is the most effective source rock.

Risk on Acme 157-144 non-deposition can be mitigated if source rocks younger than 140Ma, having significant ultimate expellable potential, were deposited in the deep basin. Based on recent reappraisal of data in DSDP Leg 77, Cuba and rafted sediment blocks in U.S. waters, significant ultimate expellable potential does exist in five younger Early to mid-Cretaceous acmes: A138 (Valanginian); A120 (early Aptian); A110 (early Albian); A101 (late Albian); and A98 (early Cenomanian). A138 may result from restricted circulation, reinforced during the 140Ma uplift of rimming shelves, while A120, A110, and A101 can be correlated with oceanic anoxic events OAE1a, b, and d.
Evolution of Late Cretaceous-Paleogene Foreland Sediment-Dispersal Systems of Northern and Central Mexico
Authors: Lawton Timothy F. , Edgar Juárez-Arriaga , Yam Zul Ernesto Ocampo-Díaz , Alejandro Beltrán-Triviño , Uwe Martens , Daniel Stockli
Published: April 2019

Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene strata of northern and central Mexico were deposited in a retroarc foreland basin that was at first narrow but expanded eastward during the Paleogene. New petrographic data and U-Pb detrital zircon ages yield insights into stratirgaphic age of the basin fill, sediment sources, and sediment-dispersal pathways. The basin differs from the contemporary Cordilleran foreland basin of the US to the north in having a dominant volcanic-lithic component in all of its sandstones. Like its northern counterpart, the Mexican basin migrated eastward with time, ahead of an advancing orogenic wedge. Provenance data indicate that the dominant sediment source for all strata was the coeval continental margin arc of western Mexico. Nevertheless, temporal differences in zircon content indicate distant sediment sources in basement and derivative sedimentary rocks of southwestern Laurentia during early (Cenomanian–Turonian) and late (Campanian–Maastrichtian and Paleogene) stages in basin evolution; during an intermediate stage (Coniacian–earliest Campanian), the Laurentian sources were absent and most pre-arc grains were derived from accreted rocks of western Mexico. The initial basin possessed a narrow foredeep filled by sediment-gravity flow deposits filled with dominantly axial sediment transport. Carbonate platforms of eastern Mexico supplied calclithites to the foredeep during early stages of basin formation, indicating the importance of pre-foreland paleotopography on sediment fill.

Sediment-dispersal systems evolved in concert with the stages of basin development. During the Cenomanian–Turonian stage, turbidites deposited in the Mesa Central had headwaters as far away as northern Sonora, but headwaters for Coniacian–Campanian deep-water deposits probably lay closer to central Mexico. Although late-stage uppermost Cretaceous–lower Eocene shallow marine and continental strata in the foreland of northeast Mexico were linked to a fluvial drainage basin whose extent was probably the greatest in Mexico, it is unclear if these clastic sediments ever reached the Gulf of Mexico. Partitioning of the distal foreland by inversion of Jurassic extensional basins in Santonian–Campanian time was probably effective at isolating dispersal systems of northern Mexico from time-equivalent sediment-routing systems of northeast-ernmost Mexico and southwestern Texas.
The Expression of the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in the Gulf of Mexico: A Review
Authors: Lowery Christopher M.
Published: April 2019

The Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) is the last major OAE of the Mesozoic and probably the best studied. In marine rocks around the Gulf of Mexico it is associated with a variety of different environments, from well-oxygenated carbonate platforms to anoxic, organic-rich outer shelf environments and un-studied basinal muds. This paper reviews the current level of knowledge about the geographic distribution and stratigraphic expression of OAE2 in the Gulf of Mexico in order to synthesize this disparate data and attempt to draw some conclusions about regional oceanography during this critical interval of the Cretaceous.

A large number of localities with varying local redox states have been tied to OAE2, including the Valles-San Luis Potosí and Guerrero-Morelos platforms in southern Mexico, deep shelf sites in northern Mexico, the well-studied outcrops and cores of west Texas on the Comanche platform, cores and wells along the Barremanian-Albian shelf margin of south Texas, geophysical data in the East Texas basin, cores in the Marine Tuscaloosa Formation of Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi, and deep wells in the deep water Gulf of Mexico. The distribution of anoxic sediments at these sites during OAE2 appears to be determined by water depth. Shallow sites, like the Mexican carbonate platforms and the Comanche platform of Texas, are oxygenated during the event. Deeper shelf sites, like the south Texas Rio Grande submarine plateau and the noncarbonate platform parts of the Mexican shelf, are anoxic and enriched in organic carbon; it seems likely that this trend continues across the rest of the Cretaceous Gulf shelf, although data is sparse. Whether this oxygen minimum zone only impacts the deeper parts of the shelf or extends all the way to the basin floor is the most significant outstanding question about OAE2 in the Gulf of Mexico.
Tempo Presente e História Ambiental: a contemporaneidade do desastre do Césio-137 (Goiânia, mais que 1987)
Authors: Klanovicz Jo , Fonseca Maíra Kaminski da
Published: April 2019

Neste artigo, discutimos encontros de contemporaneidade entre História Ambiental e História do Tempo Presente, tendo a história de um desastre sociotécnico como ponto de partida e de chegada: a contaminação de Césio-137 em Goiânia, Brasil, em 1987. Ele nos permite questionar o estatuto do ser contemporâneo, o que significa pensar tempo presente em História Ambiental e o que significa pensar tempo contemporâneo em História do Tempo Presente. A problematização das práticas de nomeação e caracterização do tecnodesastre de Goiânia nos impeliu a ler relatos oriundos tanto da imprensa escrita como de imagens e de documentários produzidos ao longo dos 30 anos de permanência do desastre na memória nacional, em cotejo com produções teórico-metodológicas sobre o tempo na História.Palavras-chave: História Ambiental. Desastres. Brasil. História do Tempo Presente.
Ditadura, interesses empresariais e desenvolvimentismo: a obra da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí
Authors: Campos Pedro Henrique Pedreira
Published: April 2019

O artigo pretende problematizar os interesses empresariais em torno do projeto da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, construída durante a ditadura civil-militar brasileira. Indicando a falta de transparência na condução do projeto e do uso dos recursos públicos, analisamos a atuação dos diferentes beneficiários da obra, no que tange a aspectos como o financiamento, a realização da obra, a exploração da madeira da área inundada e o consumo da energia subsidiada por indústrias eletro-intensivas. Para proceder aos argumentos, acessamos fontes primárias produzidas por diversos agentes envolvidos no empreendimento. Concluímos que a usina de Tucuruí expressa em boa medida o perfil da ditadura brasileira, que, ao advogar por um discurso desenvolvimentista e nacionalista, escondia, por trás dele, interesses empresariais que se beneficiavam de seus projetos e do próprio caráter autoritário do regime, que garantia, dentre outras coisas, uma alta exploração da força de trabalho e elevadas margens de lucro às empresas.Palavras-chave: Usina Hidrelétrica de Tucuruí. Grandes Barragens. Ditadura Civil-Militar Brasileira (1964-1988). Empresariado. Desenvolvimentismo.
Necropolítica da memória escrava no Brasil pós-abolição
Authors: Corrêa Murilo Duarte Costa , Vieira Cainã Domit
Published: April 2019

A partir dos usos necropolíticos da memória escrava no Brasil pós-abolição, este ensaio analisa a figura do escravo como um ponto de singularização e acúmulo de uma série de tecnologias de poder (soberanas, pré, proto e ultradisciplinares, bio e necropolíticas) que poderiam oferecer uma grade de inteligibilidade para compreender a governamentalidade colonial e suas relações paradoxais com a abolição e a liberdade. Convocando as relações entre memória, história e intempestivo, e por meio da articulação entre textos do pensamento político ocidental antigo, moderno e contemporâneo, propomos descrever de forma interdisciplinar as relações entre o escravo e o fundamento da autoridade política como lógica de necropoder subterrânea que atravessa as figuras aparentemente díspares do escravo, do imigrante europeu, do trabalhador livre e do empresário de si neoliberal. Conclui-se que o desaparecimento da forma-escravo antiga e colonial não determina o fim da lógica escravista, mas sua difusão generalizada na figura de um escravo informe a que os trabalhadores livres, empresários de si mesmos e imigrantes dão consistência hoje.Palavras-chave: Memória. Tempo presente. Escravidão. Abolição. Necropolítica.
La mort de François Paradis
Authors: Bélanger David , Carrier-Lafleur Thomas
Published: April 2019

À partir d’une « lecture policière », cet article entend démontrer l’existence d’un texte absent dans le roman Maria Chapdelaine de Louis Hémon. Mis en lumière à l’aide d’actualisations transmédiatiques (les films de Gilles Carle, Marc Allégret et Julien Duvivier) et de paraphrases littéraires, ce texte concerne la mort de François Paradis. On en arrivera à la conclusion inévitable que le bel aventurier ne s’est pas « écarté », mais qu’il a été assassiné par un personnage pour lequel cette disparition ne pouvait qu’être profitable.
La notion d’«autochtonie»
Authors: Uzel Jean-Philippe
Published: April 2019

Ce numéro, composé de contributions d’auteurs autochtones et allochtones, éclaire les débats actuels entourant la notion d’« autochtonie » dans le champ des arts visuels et de la littérature, tout en rendant compte de la nouvelle effervescence de la création autochtone contemporaine, tout particulièrement au Québec et au Canada. Chacun des textes se penche sur la question de savoir ce que signifie être un artiste autochtone aujourd’hui. Ils mettent tous en évidence que la création contemporaine contribue à l’énonciation de l’identité autochtone.
Perspectives photographiques sur l’autochtonie (1984-2011)
Authors: Guignard Sophie
Published: April 2019

Cet article s'intéresse aux diverses compréhensions de la notion d'autochtonie qui peuvent être mises au jour par l'étude du travail de photographes autochtones en Amérique du Nord. Pour cela, nous étudions deux brochures d'expositions collectives de photographes autochtones : Contemporary Native American Photography (1984), et Steeling the Gaze. Portraits by Aboriginal Artists (2011).
Être un artiste contemporain et être autochtone
Authors: Uzel Jean-Philippe
Published: April 2019

Cet article revient sur la polémique qui a éclaté en juin 2017, lorsque des artistes, des intellectuels et des militants cherokees ont publié une lettre ouverte dénonçant comme frauduleuse l'identité cherokee de l'artiste Jimmie Durham, l'une des figures les plus reconnues de l'art contemporain autochtone. Loin de vouloir trancher un débat aux ramifications complexes, cet article entend plutôt restituer les termes de la querelle et examiner la façon dont cette controverse éclaire la notion d'« autochtonie ».
Characteristics of effective home-based resistance training exercise in patients with chronic disease: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Wilkinson Thomas , Billany Roseanne , Lightfoot Courtney J , Graham-Brown Matthew , Smith Alice C
Published: April 2019

Regular exercise, principally resistance training, is an effective method to promote muscle hypertrophy and attenuate muscle atrophy during various atrophic conditions . There is growing interest in the evaluation of home-based resistance training programmes. These programmes have the potential to overcome common barriers to participation, such as accessibility and affordability. The objective of the scoping review is to map the available evidence to provide an overview of what characteristics, principles, and components are required for an effective home-based resistance training programme in patients with chronic disease. The four specific objectives of the scoping review will be to: 1) conduct a systematic search of the published and grey literature for studies reporting on home-based resistance training in patients with chronic disease; 2) map out the characteristics and range of methodologies (including exercise protocols and outcome measures) used in effective home-based resistance training; 3) examine reported challenges and limitations of home-based resistance training; and 4) propose recommendations for optimizing home-based resistance training protocols in this population.
Tracking the popularity and outcomes of all bioRxiv preprints
Authors: Abdill Richard J , Blekhman Ran
Published: April 2019

The growth of preprints in the life sciences has been reported widely and is driving policy changes for journals and funders, but little quantitative information has been published about preprint usage. Here, we report how we collected and analyzed data on all 37,648 preprints uploaded to bioRxiv.org, the largest biology-focused preprint server, in its first five years. The rate of preprint uploads to bioRxiv continues to grow (exceeding 2,100 in October 2018), as does the number of downloads (1.1 million in October 2018). We also find that two-thirds of preprints posted before 2017 were later published in peer-reviewed journals, and find a relationship between the number of downloads a preprint has received and the impact factor of the journal in which it is published. We also describe Rxivist.org, a web application that provides multiple ways to interact with preprint metadata.
Optogenetic dissection of basolateral amygdala contributions to intertemporal choice in young and aged rats
Authors: Hernandez Caesar M , Orsini Caitlin A , Labiste Chase C , Wheeler Alexa-Rae , Ten Eyck Tyler W , Bruner Matthew M , Sahagian Todd J , Harden Scott W , Frazier Charles J , Setlow Barry , Bizon Jennifer L
Published: April 2019

Across species, aging is associated with an increased ability to choose delayed over immediate gratification. These experiments used young and aged rats to test the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in intertemporal decision making. An optogenetic approach was used to inactivate the BLA in young and aged rats at discrete time points during choices between levers that yielded a small, immediate vs. a large, delayed food reward. BLA inactivation just prior to decisions attenuated impulsive choice in both young and aged rats. In contrast, inactivation during receipt of the small, immediate reward increased impulsive choice in young rats but had no effect in aged rats. BLA inactivation during the delay or intertrial interval had no effect at either age. These data demonstrate that the BLA plays multiple, temporally distinct roles during intertemporal choice, and show that the contribution of BLA to choice behavior changes across the lifespan.
Likes, comments, and shares of marine organism imagery on Facebook
Authors: McClain Craig R.
Published: April 2019

Several calls to action urge scientists and science communicators to engage more with online communities. While these calls have been answered by a high percentage of scientists and science communicators online, it often remains unclear what are the best models for effective communication. Best practices and methods for online science communication can benefit from experimental and quantitative research addressing how and when users engage with online content. This study addresses with quantitative and predictive models a key question for the popular, but often-ignored in science communication, social media platform Facebook. Specifically, this study examines the impact of imagery through quantification of likes, comments, and shares on Facebook posts. Here, I show that a basic quantitative model can be useful in predicting response to marine organism imagery on Facebook. The results of this online experiment suggest image type, novelty, and aesthetics impact the number of likes, shares, and comments on a post. In addition, the likes, shares, and comments on images did not follow traditional definitions of “charismatic megafauna”, with cephalopods and bony fishes receiving more interactions than cartilaginous fishes and marine mammals. Length and quality of caption did not significantly impact likes, comments, or shares. This study provides one of the first quantitative analysis of virality of scientific images via social media. The results challenge previously held conceptions of social media scientific outreach including increasing emphasis on imagery selection and curation, notions of which taxa the public connect with, and role of captions for imagery.
Environmental Issues and the Resulting Cultural Changes – A Study in the Hilly Tribal Ecosystem
Authors: Sasmitha R. , Arunachalam R.
Published: April 2019

Tribal communities have deep connection to environment because they have a greater dependency on natural resources. When the natural environment is altered, it disproportionately affects the tribal life. Overburdened with the environmental issues, they have problem of change in culture and further facing lot of health hazards. Hence, the present study was taken up to document the cultural changes occurring due to the changes in natural environment and to identify the probable causes of factors responsible for each issue. For documentation of the issues, the Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu was selected considering the highest proportion of tribal population in the district. Ex-post facto research design was used. Totally there were seven major cultural changes have been identified viz., changes in the regular food habits, changes in the health management practices, changes in the dressing pattern, remarkable changes in the celebration of family festivals and ceremonies, changes in the housing pattern, disappearance of traditional utensils and changes in the water use tradition.  For the above identified cultural changes, probable responsible factors were also identified and ranked by employing Garrett ranking method.
Organ Dose Distribution and Estimated Cancer Risk to Paediatric Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Aborisade C. A. , Famurewa O. C. , Ibitoye F. I. , Balogun F. A.
Published: April 2019

Aims: The aim of this research work is to estimate the organ dose distribution and the associated radiation induced cancer risk for some commonly performed Computerized Tomography (CT) examinations in a tertiary medical facility in South Nigeria.

Study Design:  The study was designed to estimate the radiological implications of radiation dose that the paediatric patients were exposed to during routine CT examinations.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between August 16,  2011 to August 15 2012.

Methodology: Well calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters (LiF-100) were attached to the skin of paediatric patients such as skull, chest, abdomen, and pelvic in the path of the primary X-ray beam to determine radiation exposure during CT examination. The effective dose was calculated from the equivalent dose obtained from OAUTHC, and the cancer risk associated was estimated by multiply age-dependent lifetime cancer mortality risk (per unit dose) with estimated age-dependent doses produced by various CT examinations.

Results: Out of 258 paediatric patients scanned the equivalent dose measured for abdominal CT scan ranged from 23.49 - 55. 26 mSv; skull CT scan ranged from 10.07 – 69.94 mSv and chest CT scan ranged from 8.60 – 31.94 mSv. The peak tube voltage (kVp) used range from 80 – 140 while the exposure current-time product (mA) range from 30 – 300.  The abdominal CT scan had the highest cancer risk ranging from digestive 37.5% to lung cancer risk of 0.4%. The risks estimated in this work were higher than the ICRP recommended value. Reducing the millampere-second setting of the equipment for paediatric without significant loss of radiological information will reduce this risk.

Conclusion: In this study the estimated cancer risk to paediatric patients undergoing CT is high.  This is in keeping with findings in a previous study thus emphasizing the need to standardize and optimize radiation dose in paediatric patients undergoing CT in Nigeria so as to keep cancer risk at the minimum.
Interaction of Eggplant Genotypes by Cropping Systems and Correlations between Characters
Authors: Costa José Carlos , Mendes Adônis Queiroz , De Carvalho Islan Diego Espindula , Da Silva Jackson , De Carvalho Filho José Luiz Sandes , Menezes Dimas
Published: April 2019

The eggplant, Solanum melongena L. is a crop that is in the expansion phase, mainly due to the medicinal properties of its fruits in lowering cholesterol levels and blood pressure. The objective of this work was to evaluate eggplant genotypes in different cropping systems, identifying those most adapted to the Meso-region of Atlantic Forest. The experiment was conducted between December 2011 and May 2012, in the experimental area of the Department of Agronomy of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Recife, PE, and at the Experimental Station Luiz Jorge da Gama Wanderley - IPA in Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, located in the Meso-region of Atlantic Forest. We assessed two open-pollinated cultivars and six eggplant hybrids in three cultivation systems: conventional, organic and hydroponic. A randomized complete block design with eight treatments and six replicates was used in each of the three systems. The hydroponic cultivation system exhibited the best results in all the genotypes in the studied variables, in which five hybrids presented better performance in this system. The hybrid of Ciça and Embu, open pollinated cultivar, showed no significant difference between the systems. The hybrids Comprida, Chica and Blanca showed higher commercial fruit yield in all cultivation systems. The hydroponic system presented that the majority of the genotypic and phenotypic correlations smaller than those of the conventional and organic systems.
A novel auto‐positioning method in Iodine‐125 seed brachytherapy driven by preoperative planning
Authors: Ma Xiaodong , Yang Zhiyong , Jiang Shan , Zhang Guobin , Chai Shude
Published: April 2019

Iodine‐125 seed brachytherapy has great potential in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, the success of this treatment is highly dependent on the ability to accurately position the coplanar template. The aim of this study was to develop an auto‐positioning system for the template with a design focus on efficiency and accuracy. In this study, an auto‐positioning system was presented, which was composed of a treatment planning system (TPS) and a robot‐assisted system. The TPS was developed as a control system for the robot‐assisted system. Then, the robot‐assisted system was driven by the output of the TPS to position the template. Contrast experiments for error validation were carried out in a computed tomography environment to compare with the traditional positioning method (TPM). Animal experiments on Sprague–Dawley rats were also carried out to evaluate the auto‐positioning system. The error validation experiments and animal experiments with this auto‐positioning system were successfully carried out with improved efficiency and accuracy. The error validation experiments achieved a positioning error of 1.04 ± 0.19 mm and a positioning time of 23.15 ± 2.52 min, demonstrating a great improvement compared with the TPM (2.55 ± 0.21 mm and 40.35 ± 2.99 min, respectively). The animal experiments demonstrated that the mean deviation of the seed position was 0.75 mm. The dose‐volume histogram of the preoperative planning showed the same as the postoperative dosimetry validation. A novel auto‐positioning system driven by preoperative planning was established, which exhibited higher efficiency and accuracy compared with the TPM.
Radiopharmaceuticals and Fluorescein Sodium Mediated Triple‐Modality Molecular Imaging Allows Precise Image‐Guided Tumor Surgery
Authors: Zheng Sheng , Zhang Zeyu , Qu Yawei , Zhang Xiaojun , Guo Hongbo , Shi Xiaojing , Cai Meishan , Cao Caiguang , Hu Zhenhua , Liu Haifeng , Tian Jie
Published: April 2019

Radical resection is the most effective method for malignant tumor treatments. However, conventional imaging cannot fully satisfy the clinical needs of surgical navigation. This study presents a novel triple‐modality positron emission tomography (PET)–Cerenkov radiation energy transfer (CRET)–confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) imaging strategy for intraoperative tumor imaging and surgical navigation. Using clinical radiopharmaceuticals and fluorescein sodium (FS), this strategy can accurately detect the tumor and guide the tumor surgery. The FS emission property under Cerenkov radiation excitation is investigated using 2‐deoxy‐2‐18F‐fluoroglucose and 11C‐choline. Performances of the PET–CRET–CLE imaging and the CRET–CLE image‐guided surgery are evaluated on mouse models. The CRET signal at 8 mm depth is stronger than the Cerenkov luminescence at 1 mm depth in phantoms. In vivo experiments indicate that 0.5 mL kg−1 of 10% FS generates the strongest CRET signal, which can be observed immediately after FS injection. A surgical navigation study shows that the tumors are precisely detected and resected using intraoperative CRET–CLE. In summary, a PET–CRET–CLE triple‐modality imaging strategy is developed. This strategy can detect the tumors and precisely guide the tumor resection using clinical pharmaceuticals. This triple‐modality imaging shows high potential in surgical navigation research and clinical translation.
Measuring the impact of European colonization on Native American populations in Southern Brazil and Uruguay: Evidence from mtDNA
Authors: Tavares Gustavo M. , Reales Guillermo , Bortolini Maria Cátira , Fagundes Nelson J. R.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The major aim of this article was to estimate the demographic impact of European arrival and colonization over Native American populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay. We also compared the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic diversity, structure, and demography of Native American lineages present in current indigenous (Natives) and nonindigenous admixed (Admixed) populations to estimate the effective population size (Ne) of contemporary and ancestral (pre‐Columbian) Native American populations.

Methods

We retrieved published mtDNA sequences from Native (n = 396) and Admixed (n = 309) populations from southern Brazil, Uruguay, and surrounding areas. We conducted genetic diversity, structure, and demographic analyses. Finally, we used Approximate Bayesian Computation to estimate the Ne for current Native, Admixed, and pre‐Columbian Native American populations.

Results

We found higher Native American mtDNA genetic diversity in admixed rather than in indigenous populations (131/309 vs 27/396 different haplotypes, respectively). Only Admixed populations maintained ancient signals of the Native American population expansion approximately 14 to 17 kya, which have decayed in Natives. Our Ne estimates suggest that Natives represent only 0.33% (0.18%‐1.19%) of the Ne for ancestral pre‐Columbian indigenous populations.

Conclusions

Admixed populations represent an important genetic reservoir of Native American lineages, many of which are extinct in contemporary indigenous populations. In addition, the Native American lineages present in Admixed populations retain part of the past demographic history of Native Americans. The intensity of the reduction is congruent with historical accounts of strong indigenous depopulation during the colonization process.
Recent Development of Aprotic Na−O2 Batteries
Authors: Zhao Shuo , Qin Bin , Chan Kwong‐Yu , Li Chi‐Ying Vanessa , Li Fujun
Published: April 2019

The development of batteries with high energy density and low costs involves chemistry beyond lithium‐ion batteries. Rechargeable sodium‐oxygen (Na−O2) batteries make two essential steps forward: i) replacing Li by Na to remove the bottleneck in resources supply and ii) using oxygen from air to raise the theoretical energy density. A lot of progress has been made in performance and understanding of Na−O2 battery since its first report in 2012. However, there remain significant challenges, such as the instability of discharge products, dendrite growth of Na metal, and the crossover of superoxide. A timely review is given here to summarize the challenges encountered in the components of the Na−O2 battery. Insights are offered on sodium anode protection, morphology dynamics at the cathode, amphibian presence of superoxide, and the roles of electrolyte. Bright prospects in further development of aprotic Na−O2 batteries are envisioned.
Structure‐Reactivity Relations in Ruthenium Catalysed Furfural Hydrogenation
Authors: Durndell Lee J. , Zou Guchu , Shangguan Wenfeng , Lee Adam F. , Wilson Karen
Published: April 2019

Furfural is an abundant and low‐cost bio‐derived platform chemical, obtained by xylose dehydration, and an important precursor to furfuryl alcohol and furan resins. The liquid phase selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol was systematically investigated over silica supported Ru nanoparticles to elucidate structure‐reactivity relations and obtain mechanistic insight. Furfural hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol is weakly structure sensitive for Ru nanoparticles spanning 2 to 25 nm, and the dominant reaction pathway reaching 95 % selectivity under our conditions (<25 bar H2 and 100–165 °C). In contrast, furfural decarbonylation to furan exhibits a strong structure sensitivity, being favoured over sub‐10 nm particles. Increasing pH2 from 10 to 25 bar resulted in a modest increase in C=O hydrogenation, while higher temperatures promoted ring‐opening of furfuryl alcohol.
High‐Capacity and Long‐Cycle Lifetime Li−CO2/O2 Battery Based on Dandelion‐like NiCo2O4 Hollow Microspheres
Authors: Zou Lu , Jiang Yuexing , Cheng Junfang , Wang Ziling , Jia Lichao , Chi Bo , Pu Jian , Jian Li
Published: April 2019

As a promising energy storage technology, Li−CO2/O2 battery with ultrahigh discharge capacities have received much attention, reaching capacities three times that of Li−O2 batteries. Herein, using an excellent catalyst, NiCo2O4 designed as a 3D dandelion‐like hollow nanostructure, a Li−CO2/O2 battery is systematically investigated to understand how the reaction mechanisms are affected by CO2. With CO2 stabilization, the batteries could achieve a specific discharge capacity as high as 22000 mAh/g and a long‐term cycling performance of up to 140 cycles without apparent deterioration. In addition, the intrinsic mechanism of the current density influence is explored based on the Li2CO3 morphology evolution. Superoxide anion radical species (O2.− ) were identified to be rapidly consumed by CO2, which dramatically enhances the stability of Li−O2 batteries. The results indicate that the NiCo2O4 nanocatalyst can efficiently inhibit Li2CO3 aggregation and realize the maximum utilization of active sites. The results confirm that the 3D dandelion‐like NiCo2O4 catalyst can be a potential cathode for Li−CO2/O2 batteries.
Solvothermal Synthesis of Porous MnF2 Hollow Spheroids as Anode Materials for Sodium‐/Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wei Yiyong , Ma Xiaohang , Huang Xiaotong , Zhao Bangchuan , Zhu Xuebin , Liang Changhao , Zi Zhenfa , Dai Jianming
Published: April 2019

Porous MnF2 hollow spheroids are synthesized by using a facile solvothermal method. As‐synthesized MnF2 exhibits excellent electrochemical properties. The high reversible capabilities of 0.533 Ah/g at 0.057 A/g and 0.453 Ah/g at 0.577 A/g are obtained after 150 cycles for lithium‐ion batteries. Furthermore, the same MnF2 displays a high reversible specific capacity of 0.199 Ah/g at 2.308 A/g. As to sodium‐ion batteries, an initial reversible capability of 0.41 Ah/g at 0.01 A/g can be acquired and 0.154 Ah/g at 0.05 A/g can be retained after 150 cycles. It is noteworthy that as‐synthesized MnF2 could be a promising anode material in both sodium‐ and lithium‐ion batteries.
Electrochemically Fabricated Ni−P, Ni−S and Ni−Se Materials for Overall Water Splitting: Investigating the Concept of Bifunctional Electrocatalysis
Authors: Sultana Ummul K. , O'Mullane Anthony P.
Published: April 2019

The front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. Anthony O′Mullane from Queensland University of Technology (Australia). The image shows the elements used in this study to synthesise our electrocatalysts and we use this theme in celebration of the International Year of the Periodic Table. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201801731.
Pulver, Brocken und Partikel
Authors: Wagner Benno
Published: April 2019

Neben den mechanischen Grundoperationen wie dem Zekleinern und Mahlen, dem Mischen und Rühren, dem Trennen und Sieben und der dazugehörigen Messtechnik und Analytik sind auch begleitende Prozesse wie der Transport und das Handling von Pulvern und Schüttgütern, das Lagern und sogar das Verpacken Thema der Powtech. Breit gefächert ist auch die Branchenabdeckung, die die Chemische‐ und die Grundstoffindustrie ebenso umfasst, wie die Food‐ und Feed‐Produktion sowie die Herstellung pharmazeutischer, kosmetischer und diätetischer Produkte. Diese kompakte Sonderausgabe von CITplus ist der Nürnberger Welt‐Leitmesse für die Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik gewidmet.
Reißfest
Authors: Hugelmann Karin
Published: April 2019

Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Trocknungsverfahren sind Kontaktbandtrockner flexibel einsetzbar und können ‐ von fließfähigen Suspensionen über feste Granulate bis hin zu Pulvern ‐ eine enorme Bandbreite an Stoffen verarbeiten. Konstruktionsbedingt sind die Anlagen jedoch häufig nur schwer zugänglich; Wartungen sowie Reinigungen gestalten sich daher oftmals zeitintensiv und verringern die Verfügbarkeit der Trockner. Die EL‐A Verfahrenstechnik hat daher einen leicht zugänglichen, ergonomischen Kontaktbandtrockner entwickelt.
Wärmekreislauf des Mediums
Authors: Störp Michael
Published: April 2019

Die neue Serie Clino TemperPipe sorgt für eine effiziente Temperaturübertragung in Rohrleitungen und in Produktionsanlagen. Eine Erwärmung, Abkühlung und Temperierung eines Mediums in verschiedenen Temperaturstufen im Prozess ist einfach realisierbar.
Funktionelle Beschichtungen von Granulaten
Authors: Mueller Marcus
Published: April 2019

In den letzten Jahren haben sich viele renommierte Düngemittelhersteller für die Aufbereitungstechnik von Eirich entschieden. Die Anforderungen an die Produkte werden immer komplexer. Heute werden auf Granulate vielfach funktionelle Beschichtungen aufgetragen, die z. B. die Nährstoffabgabe steuern sollen.
100% Verfügbarkeit: Drehöfen verzichten auf Stillstand
Authors: Sienk Thorsten
Published: April 2019

Pneumatische Fördertechnik bestimmt das Bild des Materialflusses in der Zementindustrie. Es sind Gebläse, die das feine Material mit Rohrleitungen durch den Herstellprozess fördern. Die Ansprüche an die Verfügbarkeit der Aggregate sind entsprechend groß, weil ohne Gebläseluft die Produktion stehen würde. Dyckerhoff setzt im Zementwerk Lengerich seit Jahrzehnten Lösungen von AERZEN ein. Es seien vor allem die inneren Werte und die innovative Art der Luftverdichtung, die im Münsterland begeistern.
4 mal Kundennutzen
Authors: Hartleb Jörg
Published: April 2019

Mobilgeräte von ecom sind als ganzheitliches System zu betrachten, das sich aus zentraler Hardware, eng abgestimmten Peripherals und unterstützender Software nach den Anforderungen der Kunden richtet und sich modular auch für zukünftige Herausforderungen konfigurieren lässt
A web‐based group decision support system for multicriteria problems
Authors: Conceição Luís , Martinho Diogo , Andrade Rui , Carneiro João , Martins Constantino , Marreiros Goreti , Novais Paulo
Published: April 2019

One of the most important factors to determine the success of an organization is the quality of decisions made. Supporting a decision‐making process is a complex task, mainly when decision‐makers are dispersed. Group decision support systems (GDSSs) have been studied over the last decades with the goal of providing support to decision‐makers; however, their acceptance by organizations has been difficult. This happens mostly due to usability problems, loss of interaction between decision‐makers, and consequently, loss of information. In this work, we present a web‐based GDSS developed to support groups of decision‐makers, regardless of their geographic location. The system allows the creation of multicriteria problems and the configuration of the preferences, intentions, and interests of each decision‐maker. The presented system uses a multiagent system to combine and process this information, using virtual agents that represent each decision‐maker. We believe that, with this approach, we will proceed in the refinements of a successful GDSS to correctly support decision‐makers while preserving the valuable intelligence and knowledge that can be generated in face‐to‐face meetings. Furthermore, the high level of usability that the system provides will contribute to an easier acceptance and adoption of this kind of systems.
Self‐Assembly of Diacetylene‐Bridged Phenylenevinylene Oligomers in Water and Organic Solvents
Authors: García‐Iglesias Miguel , Mayoral María José , Serrano‐Molina David , Aparicio Fátima , Vázquez‐González Violeta , González‐Rodríguez David
Published: April 2019

Rodlike π‐conjugated molecules in which two OPV fragments are connected through a diacetylene bond self‐assemble in aqueous and organic media. Optical spectroscopy and AFM measurements indicated that, in water, strong hydrophobic interactions between π‐cores promote aggregation into robust, uniform micellar structures. In contrast, in apolar solvents, a fibrilar morphology is obtained by coiling of columnar stacks. These stacks are formed in a nucleation‐elongation process with degrees of cooperativity of 0.006, that is influenced by the low rotation barriers around the σ‐bonds in the diacetylene linker.
Magnetic Nanoplatelets for High Contrast Cardiovascular Imaging by Magnetically Modulated Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Hu Jie , Gorsak Tanja , Martín Rodríguez Emma , Calle Daniel , Muñoz‐Ortiz Tamara , Jaque Daniel , Fernández Nuria , Cussó Lorena , Rivero Fernando , Aguilar Torres Río , García Solé José , Mertelj Alenka , Makovec Darko , Desco Manuel , Lisjak Darja , Alfonso Fernando , Sanz‐Rodríguez Francisco , Ortgies Dirk H.
Published: April 2019

Improving clinical techniques for cardiovascular imaging is important for better diagnosis / treatment of cardiovascular diseases, a main cause of mortality in western countries. One problem is a lack of contrast and hence the difficult interpretation of intracoronary images, especially those achieved by optical techniques, such as intracoronary optical coherence tomography (IC‐OCT). This could be overcome by multifunctional contrast agents, leading to better interpretability. In this work, magnetic nanoplatelets are employed to increase the contrast of IC‐OCT images by means of a magnetically modulated approach. This allows high‐resolution visualization of individual macrophages by IC‐OCT, fundamental in the formation of arteriosclerosis plaques. In addition, it is demonstrated that the nanoplatelets and nanoplatelets‐marked‐macrophages can be magnetically driven to specific sites. Thus, the results herein identify magnetic nanoplatelets as unique contrast agents for high‐resolution cardiovascular imaging by optical coherence tomography.
Defect‐Driven Enhancement of Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution on Fe–Co–Al Ternary Hydroxides
Authors: Sun Yixuan , Xia Yuanyuan , Kuai Long , Sun Hongxia , Cao Wei , Huttula Marko , Honkanen Ari‐Pekka , Viljanen Mira , Huotari Simo , Geng Baoyou
Published: April 2019

Efficient, abundant and low‐cost catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are required for energy conversion and storage. In this study, a doping–etching route has been developed to access defect rich Fe–Co–Al (Fe–Co–Al‐AE) ternary hydroxide nanosheets for superior electrochemical oxygen evolution. After partial etching of Al, ultrathin Fe3Co2Al2‐AE electrocatalysts with a rich pore structure are obtained with a shift of the cobalt valence state towards higher valence (Co2+→Co3+), along with a substantial improvement in the catalytic performance. Fe3Co2Al2‐AE shows a notably lower overpotential of only 284 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and double the OER mass activity of the etching‐free Fe3Co2Al2 with an overpotential of 350 mV. Density functional theory shows the leaching of Al changes the rate‐determining step of the OER from conversion of *OOH into O2 on Fe3Co2Al2 to formation of OOH from *O on the Al‐defective catalysts. This work demonstrates an effective route to design and synthesize transition metal electrocatalysts and provides a promising alternative for the further development of oxygen evolution catalysts.