bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotype–phenotype associations in 1018 individuals with SCN1A‐related epilepsies
Authors: Gallagher Declan , Pérez‐Palma Eduardo , Bruenger Tobias , Ghanty Ismael , Brilstra Eva , Ceulemans Berten , Chemaly Nicole , de Lange Iris , Depienne Christel , Guerrini Renzo , Mei Davide , Møller Rikke S. , Nabbout Rima , Regan Brigid M. , Schneider Amy L. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Schoonjans An‐Sofie , Symonds Joseph D. , Weckhuysen Sarah , Zuberi Sameer M. , Lal Dennis , Brunklaus Andreas
Published: February 2024

Objective

SCN1A variants are associated with epilepsy syndromes ranging from mild genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) to severe Dravet syndrome (DS). Many variants are de novo, making early phenotype prediction difficult, and genotype–phenotype associations remain poorly understood.

Methods

We assessed data from a retrospective cohort of 1018 individuals with SCN1A‐related epilepsies. We explored relationships between variant characteristics (position, in silico prediction scores: Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD), Rare Exome Variant Ensemble Learner (REVEL), SCN1A genetic score), seizure characteristics, and epilepsy phenotype.

Results

DS had earlier seizure onset than other GEFS+ phenotypes (5.3 vs. 12.0 months, p < .001). In silico variant scores were higher in DS versus GEFS+ (p < .001). Patients with missense variants in functionally important regions (conserved N‐terminus, S4–S6) exhibited earlier seizure onset (6.0 vs. 7.0 months, p = .003) and were more likely to have DS (280/340); those with missense variants in nonconserved regions had later onset (10.0 vs. 7.0 months, p = .036) and were more likely to have GEFS+ (15/29, χ2 = 19.16, p < .001). A minority of protein‐truncating variants were associated with GEFS+ (10/393) and more likely to be located in the proximal first and last exon coding regions than elsewhere in the gene (9.7% vs. 1.0%, p < .001). Carriers of the same missense variant exhibited less variability in age at seizure onset compared with carriers of different missense variants for both DS (1.9 vs. 2.9 months, p = .001) and GEFS+ (8.0 vs. 11.0 months, p = .043). Status epilepticus as presenting seizure type is a highly specific (95.2%) but nonsensitive (32.7%) feature of DS.

Significance

Understanding genotype–phenotype associations in SCN1A‐related epilepsies is critical for early diagnosis and management. We demonstrate an earlier disease onset in patients with missense variants in important functional regions, the occurrence of GEFS+ truncating variants, and the value of in silico prediction scores. Status epilepticus as initial seizure type is a highly specific, but not sensitive, early feature of DS.
Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids and ACTH in epileptic syndromes beyond Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome (IESS): A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Korinthenberg Rudolf , Bast Thomas , Haberlandt Edda , Stephani Ulrich , Strzelczyk Adam , Rücker Gerta
Published: February 2024

We conducted a systematic review investigating the efficacy and tolerability of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroids in children with epilepsies other than infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) that are resistant to anti‐seizure medication (ASM). We included retrospective and prospective studies reporting on more than five patients and with clear case definitions and descriptions of treatment and outcome measures. We searched multiple databases and registries, and we assessed the risk of bias in the selected studies using a questionnaire based on published templates. Results were summarized with meta‐analyses that pooled logit‐transformed proportions or rates. Subgroup analyses and univariable and multivariable meta‐regressions were performed to examine the influence of covariates. We included 38 studies (2 controlled and 5 uncontrolled prospective; 31 retrospective) involving 1152 patients. Meta‐analysis of aggregate data for the primary outcomes of seizure response and reduction of electroencephalography (EEG) spikes at the end of treatment yielded pooled proportions (PPs) of 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52–0.67) and 0.56 (95% CI 0.43–0.68). The relapse rate was high (PP 0.33, 95% CI 0.27–0.40). Group analyses and meta‐regression showed a small benefit of ACTH and no difference between all other corticosteroids, a slightly better effect in electric status epilepticus in slow sleep (ESES) and a weaker effect in patients with cognitive impairment and “symptomatic” etiology. Obesity and Cushing's syndrome were the most common adverse effects, occurring more frequently in trials addressing continuous ACTH (PP 0.73, 95% CI 0.48–0.89) or corticosteroids (PP 0.72, 95% CI 0.54–0.85) than intermittent intravenous or oral corticosteroid administration (PP 0.05, 95% CI 0.02–0.10). The validity of these results is limited by the high risk of bias in most included studies and large heterogeneity among study results. This report was registered under International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) number CRD42022313846. We received no financial support.
Labor of love: Re‐membering dismembered bodies in community research
Authors: Ndlovu Hlengiwe
Published: February 2024

Ethnographic studies are practically invasive in nature in that they intrude into people's everyday experiences. It is therefore the duty of a researcher documenting experiences of women to pay attention to these forms of violence and undertake the labor of love that seeks to re‐member women's bodies and their stories in ways that restore their dignity and contribute to healing. African feminists have encouraged us to employ research methods that are able to engage stories of trauma and survival that are not triggering, invasive and limited. Intersectional feminism offers a qualitative analytical framework that aims at identifying the interlocked layered systems of oppression that affect the marginalized in society (Yuval‐Davis (2006). Similarly, in employing fragmented narrative as a methodology, there is a realization and acknowledgment of the superficiality of linear retelling as a mode of conveying psychological damage that exposes the relationship between silence, gesture and suffering in revisiting the site of trauma.
‘It f**ked me up bad, man … It f**ked my head up, bad, man, bad’: The impact of Covid‐19 on children's mental health and well‐being in the youth justice system
Authors: Smithson Hannah
Published: February 2024

This article presents the findings from the United Kingdom's (UK's) first in‐depth exploration of the impacts of Covid‐19 on children at each stage of the youth justice system. Based on interviews with 140 youth justice professionals, participatory research with 40 children in custody and in the community, and a survey of all 157 youth offending teams in England and Wales, the research demonstrates that the pandemic increased the vulnerabilities of justice‐involved children; children who are routinely exposed to health anxieties, instability and inequalities, adverse experiences in the home, systemic racism and school exclusion. Professionals and children reported an increase in mental health illnesses such as anxiety and depression due to range of intersecting factors such as isolation, lack of socialising, lack of routine, lack of physical activity and poor sleep patterns. Post‐pandemic, there is an urgent need for a systemic commitment to addressing the mental health vulnerabilities of justice‐involved children.
Uptake of dental hygienist services by the Israeli 65+ age group
Authors: Natapov Lena , Berg‐Warman Ayelet , Schiffman Ile Kermel , Zusman Shlomo Paul
Published: February 2024

Objectives

To learn about the use patterns of dental hygienist services, by the 65+ age group in Israel and to identify the main barriers facing different population groups.

Methods

Telephone interviews with a representative sample of 512 older adults aged 65 and over were conducted from February to April 2020.

Results

About 50% of the older adults aged 65 and over visited a dentist (2.9 visits on average) and 35% visited a dental hygienist in the year preceding the interviews. 17% reported never visiting a dentist and 45% never received care from a dental hygienist. Dental care use rates are lower in the outlying areas of the country, among non‐Jews and among those who find it difficult to cover monthly household expenses. Those who regularly visit a dental hygienist maintain a preventive oral health routine, including tooth brushing and visits to the dentist for periodic preventive check‐ups. They are aware of the harmful effects of eating sweets in between meals.

Most of the older adults aged 65 and over are unaware of the reform under which hygienist’ care was included in the basket of services provided by health plans.

Conclusions

There is underutilization of dental hygienist services and lack of awareness of proper oral health behaviour in the lower socioeconomic group.

As less than 50% of older adults are aware of the legal rights for dental care, there is a need to raise awareness of the reform and the services provided under it.
The clinical outcomes of vital intact teeth close to large cystic lesions of endodontic origin: A prospective clinical study
Authors: Erovigni Francesco , Bosso Ilaria , Alovisi Mario , Mela Luca , Bianchi Lorenzo , Bobba Ilaria , Migliaretti Giuseppe , Bianchi Caterina Chiara , Pasqualini Damiano
Published: February 2024

Aim

To evaluate the indication of the endodontic treatment for vital intact teeth with the root apex involved in large radicular cystic lesions of endodontic origin.

Methodology

This prospective cohort study enrolled healthy participants with radicular cysts of endodontic origin and with the root apex of vital intact teeth involved in the bone defect, as determined by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Thirty‐two sound vital teeth were analysed by thermal (TPT) and electric pulp tests (EPT) before surgery (T0) and 1 week (T1), 2 weeks (T2), 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T4) post‐surgery. Student's t‐test (p < .05) was used to compare the EPT values at baseline and T4. anova (p < .05) was used to analyse the EPT variations for all maxillary and mandibular teeth. McNemar test (p < .05) was used to compare the results according to variation in EPT values gathering by variation, no variation and no response.

Results

At T1, 75 and 65.7% of teeth responded positively whilst 25 and 34.3% did not respond to EPT and TPT, respectively. The variation of the EPT values between T0 and T1 was observed for 50.0% of teeth, whilst no variation was noticed in 25.0% of teeth. At T4, 90.6 and 87.5% of teeth responded positively whilst 9.4 and 12.5% did not respond to EPT and TPT, respectively. At T4, variation of the EPT values between T0 and T4 was observed for 28.1%, whilst no variation was noticed in 62.5% of teeth. There were no statistical differences in EPT results between T0 and T4 (p > .05), but significant differences were observed for EPT values between T1 and T4 (p < .05), and between mandibular and maxillary teeth. The pulp sensibility of maxillary teeth worsened after surgery, before reverting progressively to T0 values, whilst no statistically significant differences were observed for mandibular teeth at the different time points.

Conclusions

These data support the inconsistence of the prophylactic endodontic treatment in healthy vital teeth with apex involvement in large cystic lesions of endodontic origin. Post‐surgery follow‐up with TPT and EPT is recommended to assess pulp status.
Sequential therapy with topical clobetasol for 14 days followed by hydroquinone versus hydroquinone alone in facial melasma treatment: a randomized, double‐blind, controlled clinical trial
Authors: de Amorim Rebecca P. , Barbosa Mayla M. C. , Cassiano Daniel P. , Esposito Ana C. C. , Dias Marina O. , de Abreu Ana F. T. , Bagatin Ediléia , Miot Hélio A.
Published: February 2024

Background

Clobetasol has demonstrated remarkable results in treating melasma within a short time frame; however, its use is limited because of the risk of local side effects. To date, there is no controlled trial on sequential clobetasol/hydroquinone for melasma. This study aimed to investigate the tolerability and efficacy of 0.05% clobetasol followed by 4% hydroquinone (CLOB‐HQ) in comparison to the isolated use of 4% hydroquinone (HQ).

Methods

A double‐blinded, randomized clinical trial involving 50 women with facial melasma was performed. They were directed to apply 0.05% clobetasol every night for 14 days, followed by 4% hydroquinone for 46 days (CLOB‐HQ group), or the use of hydroquinone for 60 days (HQ group). Evaluations were carried out at inclusion, and after 14 and 60 days of treatment, measuring modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI), Melasma Quality of Life scale (MELASQoL), and colorimetry. The Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) was assessed by a blinded evaluator.

Results

There was no difference in the main outcomes at D14 and D60 (P > 0.1). For CLOB‐HQ, the mean (CI 95%) reduction in mMASI was 13.2% (5.1–21.3%) and 43.1% (32.2–54.0%) at D14 and D60, and for HQ, they were 10.6% (5.9–27.5%) and 44.8% (33.2–52.3%). The MELASQoL, colorimetric luminosity, and GAIS showed a progressive improvement for both groups despite no difference between them. No severe side effects were identified. No cases of telangiectasias, atrophy, or perioral dermatitis were associated with the use of CLOB.

Conclusion

The sequential CLOB‐HQ regimen was safe and well tolerated, even though its efficacy was not different from HQ after 14 or 60 days of treatment. Based on these findings, the use of clobetasol 14 days before hydroquinone is not advisable for the treatment of melasma.
Examining the influence of item exposure and retrieval practice effects on test performance in a large‐scale workforce development training programme
Authors: Anyidoho Philomina Abena , Berenbon Rebecca , McHugh Bridget
Published: February 2024

Many workforce development training programmes use learning gains as a measure of programme effectiveness. However, research on K‐12 education suggests that posttest scores may be influenced by pretesting effects. Pretesting may improve posttest performance by giving learners preknowledge of posttest content. Alternatively, pretesting may enhance learning via the retrieval practice effect. Cross‐classified analysis was used to detect pretesting effects in archival data from a large‐scale agriculture workforce development programme. Data included scores from 14,302 learners, 352 trainers and 261 training centres. Results indicated that pretesting led to higher scores on posttests. Follow‐up logistic regression analyses found no effect for time lag between pretest and posttest. In addition, pretested learners did not perform better on items that were included on both forms, suggesting that score differences were due to retrieval practice effects rather than preknowledge of posttest content. These results provide evidence that pretesting may enhance learning in large‐scale workforce development training courses.
Politiques préférentielles en matière d'emploi et performances des entreprises: l'exemple des entreprises publiques indiennes
Authors: JAIN Ritika , ABRAHAM Vinoj
Published: February 2024

Les auteurs examinent l'effet des quotas d'emplois sur les performances des entreprises publiques indiennes. Utilisant des données sur les entreprises détenues par l'administration fédérale se rapportant à la période 2014–2017, ils mobilisent des méthodes par variables instrumentales et constatent que les quotas améliorent les performances de l'entreprise lorsqu'ils sont appliqués à tous les niveaux de la hiérarchie. Leurs résultats révèlent aussi que les catégories sociales visées par la discrimination positive sont surreprésentées au bas de la hiérarchie et sous‐représentées au sommet, en raison, principalement, de défaillances au niveau de la publication des vacances de postes et de pratiques discriminatoires au sein des organisations.
Introduction: To leave no one behind: Social security coverage for displaced populations and migrant workers
Authors: McKinnon Roddy
Published: February 2024

This 2023 special issue of the International Social Security Review contributes to the core debate framed by the international ambition of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals to leave no one behind and does so through the lens of social security coverage extension. Specifically, the special issue addresses the social security rights of selected population groups prioritized by the current programme of work of the International Social Security Association; namely, displaced populations, amongst whom children represent a significant proportion, and international migrant workers. Implicit in this choice is a wish to collate, analyse, enrich, and disseminate knowledge to forge a stronger consensus to help realize effective social security coverage for all.
RETRACTED: Effect of two different techniques of arteriovenous fistula puncture on wound infection in haemodialysis patients
Authors: Yao Yaling , Mao Huihui , Du Zonghua , Liu Jian
Published: February 2024

Safe and effective arteriovenous fistula (AVF) puncture is very important to reduce the wound complications of haemodialysis (HD). For AVF puncture in dialysis patients, there is a lack of clarity and consistency regarding the relative advantage of buttonhole (BH) over rope‐ladder (RL) cannulae in terms of wound complications. The study was published in several scientific databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed and Embase by October 2023. Data from all controlled trials looking at the effect of BH and RL on wound complications in haemodialysis patients were included. The articles were written in English, and they were about adult who had AVF while on dialysis. Studies with or without BH or RL treatment were excluded from the analysis. The data was analysed with RevMan5.3 software. Out of 215 trials, 9 were chosen for the final analysis. The study publication dates were between 2000 and 2023. Of these, 17 326 patients received AVF therapy. Among them, there were 3070 BH and 14 256 RL. In 9 studies, RL had a lower risk of postoperative wound infection compared to BH (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 3.06, 3.73 p < 0.0001); In all 3 studies, there were no statistically significant differences in the risk of post operative bleeding in RL versus BH(OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.25, 2.33 p = 0.63). Our studies have demonstrated that RL trocars are superior to BH trocars in the prevention of wound infection.
Delivery catheter system carries more physiological right ventricular septal pacing than stylet system
Authors: Hasebe Hideyuki , Naruse Yoshihisa , Sano Makoto , Kurebayashi Nobutake , Morikawa Shuji , Tsurumi Naoki , Shiozawa Tomoyuki , Takano Shintaro , Ogano Michio , Kimura Kei , Miyajima Keisuke , Sugiura Ryo , Henmi Ryuta , Muto Masahiro , Hosoya Natsuko , Mizukami Akira , Iguchi Keisuke , Atsumi Akiko , Odagiri Keiichi , Kiyama Yumi , Maekawa Yuichiro ,   the Mt. FUJI trial investigators
Published: February 2024

Introduction

The Mt. FUJI multicenter trial demonstrated that a delivery catheter system had a higher rate of successful right ventricular (RV) lead deployment on the RV septum (RVS) than a conventional stylet system. In this subanalysis of the Mt. FUJI trial, we assessed the differences in electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters during RV pacing between a delivery catheter system and a stylet system and their associations with the lead tip positions.

Methods

Among 70 patients enrolled in the Mt FUJI trial, ECG parameters, RV lead tip positions, and lead depth inside the septum assessed by computed tomography were compared between the catheter group (n = 36) and stylet group (n = 34).

Results

The paced QRS duration (QRS‐d), corrected paced QT (QTc), and JT interval (JTc) were significantly shorter in the catheter group than in the stylet group (QRS‐d: 130 ± 19 vs. 142 ± 15 ms, p = .004; QTc: 476 ± 25 vs. 514 ± 20 ms, p < .001; JTc: 347 ± 24 vs. 372 ± 17 ms, p < .001). This superiority of the catheter group was maintained in a subgroup analysis of patients with an RV lead tip position at the septum. The lead depth inside the septum was greater in the catheter group than in the stylet group, and there was a significant negative correlation between the paced QRS‐d and the lead depth.

Conclusion

Using a delivery catheter system carries more physiological depolarization and repolarization during RVS pacing and deeper screw penetration in the septum in comparison to conventional stylet system. The lead depth could have a more impact on the ECG parameters rather than the type of pacing lead.
Commentary on ‘Grandparental care and child mental health: a systematic review and meta‐analysis’
Authors: Shaw Daniel S.
Published: February 2024

The manuscript by Wang et al. contributes mightily to our limited understanding of grandparental care and children's mental health problems. As the authors document, despite the growing number of families worldwide where grandparents serve as the sole primary caregivers or reside with the children's parents to share caregiving responsibilities, and the growing number of studies examining associations between grandparental care and children's mental health‐related outcomes, systematic reviews and meta‐analyses integrating this literature are missing. There are meta‐analyses on relations between grandparental care and such child outcomes as physical health, nutrition and obesity, education, and even resilience, but the extant literature on child outcomes has been limited to more qualitatively oriented reviews and has typically focused on child internalizing and externalizing problems. Thus, the current meta‐analysis adds a novel and critically missing quantitative component to our broad understanding of the associations between grandparental care and children's problem behavior. In addition, beyond studies examining children's internalizing and externalizing outcomes, the authors also report on several studies (n = 7) that examine children's positive well‐being and overall mental health. Overall, among the 38 studies deemed acceptable for review, the meta‐analysis included findings from nearly 345,000 children, with a mean age of 10 years and slightly more female (51%) than male children.
Patient and dermatologists' perspectives on augmented intelligence for melanoma screening: A prospective study
Authors: Goessinger Elisabeth Victoria , Niederfeilner Johannes‐Christian , Cerminara Sara , Maul Julia‐Tatjana , Kostner Lisa , Kunz Michael , Huber Stephanie , Koral Emrah , Habermacher Lea , Sabato Gianna , Tadic Andrea , Zimmermann Carmina , Navarini Alexander , Maul Lara Valeska
Published: February 2024

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promising potential to enhance human decision‐making as synergistic augmented intelligence (AuI), but requires critical evaluation for skin cancer screening in a real‐world setting.

Objectives

To investigate the perspectives of patients and dermatologists after skin cancer screening by human, artificial and augmented intelligence.

Methods

A prospective comparative cohort study conducted at the University Hospital Basel included 205 patients (at high‐risk of developing melanoma, with resected or advanced disease) and 8 dermatologists. Patients underwent skin cancer screening by a dermatologist with subsequent 2D and 3D total‐body photography (TBP). Any suspicious and all melanocytic skin lesions ≥3 mm were imaged with digital dermoscopes and classified by corresponding convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Excisions were performed based on dermatologist's melanoma suspicion, study‐defined elevated CNN risk‐scores and/or melanoma suspicion by AuI. Subsequently, all patients and dermatologists were surveyed about their experience using questionnaires, including quantification of patient's safety sense following different examinations (subjective safety score (SSS): 0–10).

Results

Most patients believed AI could improve diagnostic performance (95.5%, n = 192/201). In total, 83.4% preferred AuI‐based skin cancer screening compared to examination by AI or dermatologist alone (3D‐TBP: 61.3%; 2D‐TBP: 22.1%, n = 199). Regarding SSS, AuI induced a significantly higher feeling of safety than AI (mean‐SSS (mSSS): 9.5 vs. 7.7, p < 0.0001) or dermatologist screening alone (mSSS: 9.5 vs. 9.1, p = 0.001). Most dermatologists expressed high trust in AI examination results (3D‐TBP: 90.2%; 2D‐TBP: 96.1%, n = 205). In 68.3% of the examinations, dermatologists felt that diagnostic accuracy improved through additional AI‐assessment (n = 140/205). Especially beginners (<2 years' dermoscopic experience; 61.8%, n = 94/152) felt AI facilitated their clinical work compared to experts (>5 years' dermoscopic experience; 20.9%, n = 9/43). Contrarily, in divergent risk assessments, only 1.5% of dermatologists trusted a benign CNN‐classification more than personal malignancy suspicion (n = 3/205).

Conclusions

While patients already prefer AuI with 3D‐TBP for melanoma recognition, dermatologists continue to rely largely on their own decision‐making despite high confidence in AI‐results.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04605822).
Maps’ agency and mountains’ multiplicity: Conflicts triggered by state maps involving pilgrims and desired mining futures in the Andes
Authors: Salas Carreño Guillermo , Solano‐del‐Castillo José Enrique
Published: February 2024

This article analyzes how the agency of state maps triggered conflicts between rural communities, pilgrims, and state institutions, in which some mountains emerged as multiple entities within and beyond the nature‐culture divide. The Quyllurit'i shrine is the focus of an important pilgrimage in the Andes. The Peruvian state established the shrine´s Protected Area in 2010 but had been granting mining concessions around it. Confronted with a state map of the Protected Area surrounded by mining concessions, the pilgrims' organizations called for their nullification and staged protests in Cuzco city in 2016. Meanwhile, the community within which the shrine is located experienced the establishment of the Protected Area as a process of land expropriation. Its members were holders of the mining concessions and aimed to conduct mining on their lands. Mining concessions, the Protected Area, and land titles were the state maps mediating these conflicts.
Sleep apnea in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: Impact on perioperative outcomes
Authors: Farha Kassar , Gercek Mustafa , Gercek Muhammed , Mischlinger Johannes , Rudolph Volker , Gummert Jan F. , Saad Charbel , Aboud Anas , Fox Henrik
Published: February 2024

Sleep‐disordered breathing is common in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Sleep‐disordered breathing is associated with increased perioperative morbidity, arrhythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation) and mortality. This study investigated the impact of sleep‐disordered breathing on the postoperative course after coronary artery bypass grafting, including development of atrial fibrillation. This prospective single‐centre cohort study included adults undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. All were screened for sleep‐disordered breathing (polygraphy) and atrial fibrillation (electrocardiogram) preoperatively; those with known sleep‐disordered breathing or atrial fibrillation were excluded. Endpoints included new‐onset atrial fibrillation, duration of mechanical ventilation, time in the intensive care unit, and postoperative infection. Regression analysis was performed to identify associations between sleep‐disordered breathing and these outcomes. A total of 508 participants were included (80% male, median age 68 years). The prevalence of any (apnea–hypopnea index ≥ 5 per hr), moderate (apnea–hypopnea index = 15–30 per hr) and severe (apnea–hypopnea index > 30 per hr) sleep‐disordered breathing was 52.9%, 9.3% and 10.2%, respectively. All‐cause 30‐day mortality was 0.98%. After adjustment for age and sex, severe sleep‐disordered breathing was associated with longer respiratory ventilation support (crude odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 5.28 [2.18–12.77]; p < 0.001) and higher postoperative infection rates (crude odds ratio 3.32 [1.45–7.58]; p < 0.005), but not new‐onset atrial fibrillation or mortality. New‐onset atrial fibrillation was significantly associated with postoperative infection and prolonged hospital stay. The significant associations between sleep‐disordered breathing and several adverse outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting support the need for preoperative sleep‐disordered breathing screening in individuals undergoing cardiac surgery.
Genetic analysis of translation initiation in bacteria: An initiator tRNA‐centric view
Authors: Lahry Kuldeep , Datta Madhurima , Varshney Umesh
Published: February 2024

Translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) in bacteria occurs in the steps of initiation, elongation, termination, and ribosome recycling. The initiation step comprises multiple stages and uses a special transfer RNA (tRNA) called initiator tRNA (i‐tRNA), which is first aminoacylated and then formylated using methionine and N10‐formyl‐tetrahydrofolate (N10‐fTHF), respectively. Both methionine and N10‐fTHF are produced via one‐carbon metabolism, linking translation initiation with active cellular metabolism. The fidelity of i‐tRNA binding to the ribosomal peptidyl‐site (P‐site) is attributed to the structural features in its acceptor stem, and the highly conserved three consecutive G‐C base pairs (3GC pairs) in the anticodon stem. The acceptor stem region is important in formylation of the amino acid attached to i‐tRNA and in its initial binding to the P‐site. And, the 3GC pairs are crucial in transiting the i‐tRNA through various stages of initiation. We utilized the feature of 3GC pairs to investigate the nuanced layers of scrutiny that ensure fidelity of translation initiation through i‐tRNA abundance and its interactions with the components of the translation apparatus. We discuss the importance of i‐tRNA in the final stages of ribosome maturation, as also the roles of the Shine–Dalgarno sequence, ribosome heterogeneity, initiation factors, ribosome recycling factor, and coevolution of the translation apparatus in orchestrating a delicate balance between the fidelity of initiation and/or its leakiness to generate proteome plasticity in cells to confer growth fitness advantages in response to the dynamic nutritional states.
Novel finding of Paulownia fortunei endophytic rhizobia in China
Authors: Ren Han , Ding Wei , Lv Chengqun , Luo Yufan , Chen Zhenfei , Chen Junfan , Sun Xu
Published: February 2024

Previous research has mainly focused on breeding, timber supply, and physiological–biochemical characteristics of Paulownia fortunei. However, there has been limited attention given to its endophytic rhizobia and its potential benefits for plant growth due to a lack of knowledge about the existence of root nodules. In this study, we isolated nine bacterial strains from the root nodules after occasionally discovering the nodular‐like structure in uncultivated three year P. fortunei roots and then sequenced the 16S rDNA and nifA sequencing to conduct the bacterial strain identifications. We then determined the carbon use capability and nitrogenase activity of the bacterial strains. The result of 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that the endophytic rhizobia belongs to the genus Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, Herbaspirillum and Burkholderia. The results of nifA sequencing indicated that the nifA gene was sequenced in strain PG‐3, PG‐5, PG‐6, PG‐7, PG‐8 and PG‐9 rather than in strain PG‐1, PG‐2 and PG‐4. Besides, the nitrogenase activity of strain PG‐9 was significantly higher than other bacterial strains. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results indicated that fructose, glucose, and sucrose were significantly related to the plant height, diameter, and biomass rather than other carbon sources and nitrogenase activity. Our research revealed that the majority of bacterial strains isolated from P. fortunei exhibited a broad carbon utilization pathway and have the potential to promote plant growth after re‐Inoculation. This study aims to investigate the phylogeny of endophytic rhizobia in P. fortunei, and expand the range of non‐legume hosts studied for future research on biological N‐fixation.
Roles of SP/KLF transcription factors in odontoblast differentiation: From development to diseases
Authors: Wang Xuefei , Sun Kaida , Xu Zekai , Chen Zhuo , Wu Wenzhi
Published: February 2024

Objectives

A zinc‐finger transcription factor family comprising specificity proteins (SPs) and Krüppel‐like factor proteins (KLFs) plays an important role in dentin development and regeneration. However, a systematic regulatory network involving SPs/KLFs in odontoblast differentiation has not yet been described. This review examined the expression patterns of SP/KLF gene family members and their current known functions and mechanisms in odontoblast differentiation, and discussed prospective research directions for further exploration of mechanisms involving the SP/KLF gene family in dentin development.

Materials and Methods

Relevant literature on SP/KLF gene family members and dentin development was acquired from PubMed and Web of Science.

Results

We discuss the expression patterns, functions, and related mechanisms of eight members of the SP/KLF gene family in dentin development and genetic disorders with dental problems. We also summarize current knowledge about their complementary or synergistic actions. Finally, we propose future research directions for investigating the mechanisms of dentin development.

Conclusions

The SP/KLF gene family plays a vital role in tooth development. Studying the complex complementary or synergistic interactions between SPs/KLFs is helpful for understanding the process of odontoblast differentiation. Applications of single‐cell and spatial multi‐omics may provide a more complete investigation of the mechanism involved in dentin development.
A real‐life experience of long‐term use of pilocarpine in irradiated head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Kittichet Rungarun , Chitapanarux Imjai , Kittidachanan Kittikun , Sripan Patumrat
Published: February 2024

Aims

To assess long‐term efficacy and side effects of pilocarpine on irradiated head and neck cancer (HNC) patients in both for prevention and treatment of radiation‐induced xerostomia (RIX).

Methods

Retrospective observational study was conducted. Eligibility criteria included irradiated HNC patients who received pilocarpine at least 12 weeks either for prevention (group A) or for treatment (group B) of RIX. We collected the documented Late Effect Normal Tissue Task Force‐Subjective, Objective, Management, Analytics subjective/objective grades of RIX before (only group B) and the latest visit for pilocarpine prescription, dosage, side effects, duration of treatment, and the cause of discontinuation.

Results

Between December 2007 and June 2022, 182 patients were enrolled including 95 patients (52%) in group A and 87 patients (48%) in group B. Group A patients reported grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 objective RIX in 0%, 7%, 93%, and 0%. Grade 1, 2, and 3 subjective RIX were 57%, 28%, and 15%. All patients in group B had grade 3 both objective/subjective RIX. The overall improvement of objective/subjective RIX was found in 40%/83%. Discontinuation was found in 51% of patients due to tolerable symptoms or deterioration of the patient's status.

Conclusions

Based on this retrospective analysis, long‐term use of pilocarpine in irradiated HNC appears feasible for both prevention and treatment of RIX.
Plant–mycorrhizal associations may explain the latitudinal gradient of plant community assembly
Authors: Shinohara Naoto , Kobayashi Yuta , Nishizawa Keita , Kadowaki Kohmei , Yamawo Akira
Published: February 2024

Biogeographical variation in community assembly processes forms the basis of the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity by driving β‐diversity. Classical studies on community assembly predict environmental filtering affecting β‐diversity more strongly at higher latitudes, where productivity is lower and abiotic stress is stronger. Contrary to this prediction, recent evidence indicates that plant community composition at higher latitudes exhibits more spatially clustered distributions independently of background environments, suggesting the importance of spatial processes, such as priority effects. In this study, we propose a hypothesis that resolves this paradox by considering plant–soil feedback and biogeographic variations in the dominant mycorrhizal type: we predict that the increasing prevalence of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees with latitude contributes to the spatially clustered distribution of plants, as EcM trees tend to exhibit positive plant–soil feedback. We analyzed a large‐scale standardized dataset of Japanese forests covering a latitudinal gradient of >10° and found that 1) the proportion of EcM trees was higher at higher latitudes, and 2) EcM tree‐rich communities exhibited more spatially clustered distributions likely due to positive plant–soil feedback. Consequently, 3) tree species composition at higher latitudes was better explained by spatial variables suggesting the importance of priority effects. Consistent with the predictions of the plant–soil feedback theory, these patterns were more pronounced in understory than in canopy communities. Taken together, our results lend support to our hypothesis that biogeographic variation in tree community assembly patterns is defined by mycorrhizal types and plant–soil feedback, thereby resolving a paradox in the latitudinal gradient of plant community assembly. Our work highlights that plant mycorrhizal type underlies the determinants of β‐diversity which is a critical component of the latitudinal gradient of diversity.
Revisiting growth–defence trade‐offs and breeding strategies in crops
Authors: Gao Mingjun , Hao Zeyun , Ning Yuese , He Zuhua
Published: February 2024

Plants have evolved a multi‐layered immune system to fight off pathogens. However, immune activation is costly and is often associated with growth and development penalty. In crops, yield is the main breeding target and is usually affected by high disease resistance. Therefore, proper balance between growth and defence is critical for achieving efficient crop improvement. This review highlights recent advances in attempts designed to alleviate the trade‐offs between growth and disease resistance in crops mediated by resistance (R) genes, susceptibility (S) genes and pleiotropic genes. We also provide an update on strategies for optimizing the growth–defence trade‐offs to breed future crops with desirable disease resistance and high yield.
Amniotic membrane dressings for treatment of aplasia cutis in newborns
Authors: Kadivar Maliheh , Sangsari Razieh , Rostamli Somayeh , Sotoudeh Soheila , Mirnia Kayvan
Published: February 2024

Background

Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rare congenital skin defect characterized by a focal or extensive absence of the epidermis, dermis, and occasionally, subcutaneous tissue. When the wound caused by this defect is wide or deep, various treatments are used, including skin grafting. The amniotic membrane (AM) is a biological dressing that facilitates re‐epithelialization as it contains mesenchymal cells and numerous growth factors.

Objective

To report the efficacy of AM dressings in treating the skin defects of ACC.

Method

This study was conducted on five neonates diagnosed with ACC born between 2018 and 2022, referred to the Children's Medical Center in Tehran, Iran. AM dressings were applied on wounds larger than 1 cm2. The wounds were assessed weekly and, if required, an additional AM dressing was applied.

Results

The skin defects gradually re‐epithelialized after application of the AM. The complete healing process took around 3.5 weeks on average. No hypertrophic scarring was observed.

Conclusion

The application of AM dressing resulted in satisfactory cosmetic outcomes, with no hypertrophic scar formation. Complete healing occurred in all cases except one. The length of the hospital stay ranged from 2 to 6 weeks, depending on the size of the wound.
Unveiling Innovative Approaches to Mitigate Metals/Metalloids Toxicity for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Charagh Sidra , Hui Suozhen , Wang Jingxin , Raza Ali , Zhou Liang , Xu Bo , Zhang Yuanyuan , Sheng Zhonghua , Tang Shaoqing , Hu Shikai , Hu Peisong
Published: February 2024

Due to anthropogenic activities, environmental pollution of heavy metals/metalloids (HMs) has increased and received growing attention in recent decades. Plants growing in HM‐contaminated soils have slower growth and development, resulting in lower agricultural yield. Exposure to HMs leads to the generation of free radicals (oxidative stress), which alters plant morpho‐physiological and biochemical pathways at the cellular and tissue levels. Plants have evolved complex defense mechanisms to avoid or tolerate the toxic effects of HMs, including HMs absorption and accumulation in cell organelles, immobilization by forming complexes with organic chelates, extraction via numerous transporters, ion channels, signaling cascades, and transcription elements, among others. Nonetheless, these internal defensive mechanisms are insufficient to overcome HMs toxicity. Therefore, unveiling HMs adaptation and tolerance mechanisms is necessary for sustainable agriculture. Recent breakthroughs in cutting‐edge approaches such as phytohormone and gasotransmitters application, nanotechnology, omics, and genetic engineering tools have identified molecular regulators linked to HMs tolerance, which may be applied to generate HMs‐tolerant future plants. This review summarizes numerous systems that plants have adapted to resist HMs toxicity, such as physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses. Diverse adaptation strategies have also been comprehensively presented to advance plant resilience to HMs toxicity that could enable sustainable agricultural production.
Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of distinct Arabidopsis organs reveal high PSI‐NDH complex accumulation in stems
Authors: Laihonen Laura , Rantala Marjaana , Ranasinghe Umanga , Tyystjärvi Esa , Mulo Paula
Published: February 2024

In addition to leaves, the main site of photosynthetic reactions, active photosynthesis also takes place in stems, siliques and tree trunks. Although non‐foliar photosynthesis has a marked effect on plant growth and yield, only limited information on the expression patterns of photosynthesis‐related genes and the structure of photosynthetic machinery in different plant organs has been available. Here, we report the results of transcriptomic analysis of various organs of Arabidopsis thaliana and compare the gene expression profiles of young and mature leaves with a special focus on photosynthetic genes. Further, we analyzed the composition and organization of the photosynthetic electron transfer machinery in leaves, stems and green siliques at the protein level using BN‐PAGE. RNA‐Seq analysis revealed unique gene expression profiles in different plant organs and showed major differences in the expression of photosynthesis‐related genes in young as compared to mature rosettes. Gel‐based proteomic analysis of the thylakoid protein complex organization further showed that all studied plant organs contain the necessary components of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain. Intriguingly, stems accumulate high amounts of PSI‐NDH complex, which has previously been implicated in cyclic electron transfer.
“We Are Bulletproof”: The Transcultural Power of Fandom in #StopAsianHate
Authors: Zhang Amy , Ong Christina
Published: February 2024

Fears of COVID‐19, alongside existing anti‐Asian sentiment, resulted in 11,467 documented hate incidents against Asians/Asian Americans in the United States between March 2020 and March 2022, per the Stop AAPI Hate Reporting Center. In response, #StopAsianHate and #StopAAPIHate were used on Twitter to increase public awareness. Considering anti‐Asian racism transcends geographic boundaries, we interrogate: how does engagement with these hashtags reflect the transculturality of responses to anti‐Asian racism in a digital environment? We analyzed 920,271 tweets between March 19, 2020, and May 31, 2022, containing either hashtag, defining a “spike” in engagement as any day with >5,000 tweets, and found that of 25 spikes, 11 immediately followed the 2021 Atlanta‐area shootings—however, another 12 spikes were related to South Korean megagroup BTS. We further compare the results of two topic modeling methods, LDA and NMF, to examine how the use of and engagement with these hashtags shift over time primarily due to BTS fans (“ARMY”). This work joins emerging scholarship on race, fandom, and activism through cultural production in order to advance our collective understanding of modern digital activism and racial politics. Overall, we interrogate fandom's contributions to combating anti‐Asian sentiment, build on existing literature exploring the potential for fandoms to advocate for social justice, and argue that the transculturality of BTS, ARMY, and their affective ties represent an opportunity for accessible global discourse about anti‐Asian racism.
Performance Analysis of Waste Biomass Gasification and Renewable Hydrogen Production by Neural Network Algorithm
Authors: Vargas Gabriel Gomes , Ortiz Pablo Silva , de Oliveira Silvio
Published: February 2024

This study assesses renewable hydrogen production via gasification of residual biomass, using artificial neural networks (ANNs) for predictive modeling. The process uses residues from sugarcane and orange harvests, sewage sludge, corn byproducts, coffee remnants, eucalyptus remains, and urban waste. Simulation data from aspen plus® software predict hydrogen conversion from each biomass type, with a three-layer feedforward neural network algorithm used for model construction. The model showed high accuracy, with R2 values exceeding 0.9941 and 0.9931 in training and testing datasets, respectively. Performance metrics revealed a maximum higher heating value (HHV) of 18.1 MJ/kg for sewage sludge, the highest cold gas efficiency for urban and orange waste (82.2% and 80.6%), and the highest carbon conversion efficiency for sugarcane bagasse and orange residue (92.8% and 91.2%). Corn waste and sewage sludge yielded the highest hydrogen mole fractions (0.55 and 0.52). The system can reach relative exergy efficiencies from 24.4% for sugarcane straw residues to 42.6% for sugarcane bagasse. Rational exergy efficiencies reached from 23.7% (coffee waste) to 39.0% (sugarcane bagasse). This research highlights the potential of ANNs in forecasting hydrogen conversion and assessing the performance of gasification-based renewable hydrogen procedures using biomass wastes.
Oil Film Formation and Delamination Process on Nanostructured Surfaces in Boundary Lubrication: A Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Deng Shizhe , Kubo Atsushi , Todaka Yoshikazu , Shiihara Yoshinori , Mitsuhara Masatoshi , Umeno Yoshitaka
Published: February 2024

A series of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the temporal evolution of frictional behaviors of lubricants between sliding nanostructured iron surfaces. Grain boundary atoms were given a stronger interaction with the lubricant molecules. We varied the surface distance and interaction strength between grain boundary atoms and lubricants. It was found that, below the critical compressive stress, the oil film detached from the surface at first and then attached to it after several nanoseconds due to the localized molecular rearrangement within lubricants and the enhancement of interaction between lubricants and iron surfaces. The transition times required for oil film formation and de-lamination both increased as it approached the critical compressive stress. Larger interaction strength increased the delamination time but barely affected the formation time.