bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A guide to current published meteorological data for northern lands. Part 1
Authors: Fletcher Roy Jackson
Published: October 2009

A great amount of meteorological data, in both numerical and map form, is available to the researcher interested in the poleward portions of the Northern Hemisphere. Unfortunately, few libraries maintain a current collection of meteorological data journals of foreign areas, although several journals published in the United States include surface and upper level charts for the Northern Hemisphere, and station data on a world-wide basis. In order to provide assistance in determining the availability of point and spatial meteorological data, I have compiled a bibliography of current serial publications which contains Information on the specific meteorological parameters to be found within the latest issue of the journal that I was able to examine. Following the annotated bibliography there is a listing of all weather, climatological and precipitation stations that have data within the most recently published journals. Each list gives the station name, location, height and journals in which its data are published. Omitted from this Guide are stations with less than one year of record, summer-only stations and those not included in the most recent issue of any journal (1972 to 1975) because they have started observations too recently or have ceased operation. All stations are also located on maps.
Professor Frank Debenham Founder and First Director of the Scott Polar Research Institute-An Appreciation
Authors: Mill Hugh Robert
Published: October 2009

The highest good that life can confer upon anyone is to see a piece of work, begun in a moment of inspiration, prepared on a wall-considered plan, and completed to perfection by one's own efforts, and on this rare and happy achievement we offer our heartiest congratulations to Professor Debenham.

In No. 29 of The Polar Record he has told the whole story of the inception, rise and progress of the Scott Polar Research Institute of the University of Cambridge. It is a prose saga of high ideals and great deeds modestly stated in the graceful flow of words of which he is a master.

Many of us had deplored the waste of effort in so many great polar expeditions, each undertaken afresh with scant help from the scattered original records of earlier work, each ending with its members dispersed and the accumulated data scattered once more; but it was Frank Debenham alone who formulated the remedy.
Notes on the Selection and Care of Polar Footwear
Authors: Croft Andrew , Roberts Brian
Published: October 2009

The choice of footwear is still one of the most outstanding problems which confront a traveller in the polar regions. Differences of opinion have arisen for various reasons, but perhaps the most common one is lack of experience of the available types. Personal views are influenced by the nature of the journeys already undertaken, the climatic conditions and the types of country experienced, whether the individual has had to repair his own footwear or has had native help, whether he has good circulation, the question of whether his feet are subject to excessive perspiration, and whether he has any tendency to flat-footedness, etc. It must also be remembered that a man who has used a particular kind of footwear in unsuitable conditions or without proper care tends to condemn that kind as being useless in all circumstances.
Game Conservation in Arctic Canada
Authors: Roberts Brian
Published: October 2009

It is only within comparatively recent years that the problem of conserving the game resources of the Northwest Territories has become a matter requiring the serious attention of those responsible for the administration of the Territories. The slow development of a crisis arose from the lack of co-ordinated knowledge and from the assumption that a sparse human population scattered over an immense area would not necessarily lead to any serious depletion in the numbers of wild animals. Fortunately investigation was begun and a measure of control effected in time; otherwise the story of the plains buffalo might have been repeated in the barren-ground caribou, as it was to a large degree in the musk ox, which are now reduced on the mainland to a few small herds within or close to the Thelon Game Sanctuary.
Sir James Clark Ross and the Franklin Expedition
Authors: Cyriax Richard J.
Published: October 2009

No officers, apart from those who actually served in the Franklin expedition, were so closely connected with it, both before and after its departure, as Sir Edward Parry and Sir James Clark Ross. Parry, after his last Arctic expedition (1827), was consulted as a matter of course by the Admiralty on all Arctic problems; he assisted in organising the Franklin Expedition; and was one of the Admiralty's principal advisers during the search.
The National Institute of Oceanography
Authors: Deacon G. E. R.
Published: October 2009

In 1944 Vice-Admiral Sir John Edgell, K.B.E., C.B., F.R.S., then Hydrographer of the Navy, advised the British Government that in its contribution to research in oceanography this country had fallen seriously behind other countries, including many which had no comparable traditions of interest in the oceans and their navigation, and that an oceanographical institute should be set up in Great Britain. The subject was referred to the Royal Society, and the Oceanographical Sub-Committee of the National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics showed itself, in a report which was accepted by the Society, to be strongly in favour of setting up a national oceanographical institute. It urged the primary need for researches of physical character because marine physical investigations had taken a secondary place to marine biology ever since the Challenger Expedition of 1872–76, and because the biological aspects were well looked after by existing authorities such as the Marine Biological Associations of the United Kingdom and Scotland, the Fisheries Laboratories at Lowestoft and Aberdeen, the Discovery Investigations, and marine biological laboratories associated with universities.
Soviet work on sea-ice forecasting
Authors: Armstrong Terence
Published: October 2009

The first sea-ice forecast for waters north of the U.S.S.R. was issued in 1923, and since about 1935 more than a dozen Soviet scientists have been studying the question. Before any method of forecasting could be evolved, meteorological and oceanographical observations, and information on the state of the sea ice had to be available. This information was collected by polar stations, merchant ships, icebreakers, vessels on patrol duty at the ice edge and aircraft on ice reconnaissance. In the late 'thirties, however, forecasters were still complaining of lack of data; not necessarily because they thought the system of collecting information was inefficient, but because there were so few observations for the preceding period. Nevertheless, a number of correlations were advanced and tested. As time went on and the volume of observations grew, it became possible to elaborate principles of more general application. This was done for instance by V. Yu. Vize, one of the earliest investigators of the subject, in a monograph called Osnovy dolgosrochnykh ledovykh prognozov [Principles of long-term ice forecasting]. The work was awarded a Stalin prize in 1946, but apparently no copy has come out of the U.S.S.R. It is not possible, therefore, to examine the methods which have been developed by Soviet scientists on the basis of ten to fifteen years' observations, but the earlier ideas which are considered below no doubt form the basis of the later system.
Australian aims in the Antarctic
Authors: Campbell S.
Published: October 2009

The importance of Australia taking an active interest in her Antarctic Dependencies was strongly urged by Sir Douglas Mawson for several years before the war. Support by the government of the day was evidenced by the fact that the Wyatt Earp was purchased from Lincoln Ellsworth after his return from the Antarctic in 1939, the express intention being to use her for further Antarctic operations. No firm plans, however, were made, and with the gathering war clouds in Europe the idea of an Australian expedition to the Antarctic was temporarily deferred.
Place-names in the Soviet Arctic
Authors: Armstrong Terence
Published: October 2009

There are places in the Soviet Arctic which on English maps and in English literature are called by three or four quite different names. The confusion to which this state of affairs leads is obvious. Yet it is not too difficult to establish a set of principles which might be generally used as a guide in putting Russian Arctic place-names on English maps.
Radiation hazard to man and animals from fallout in the Arctic
Authors: Smith C. L.
Published: October 2009

The radiation hazards to humans in certain northern regions, and to reindeer, caribou and moose, due to radioactive materials from fallout in their diets, have been discussed recently in numerous publications. The following factors make this problem of particular interest:

i. The peculiarity of lichens to absorb and retain larger quantities of radioactive fallout than other plants. This peculiarity of lichens is exemplified by some measurements of Paakkiola and Miettinen made during 1960 and 1961. They found that the strontium-90 content of lichens in northern Finland varied between 350 and 4500 SU, whereas for grass and other plants from the same area the figures varied between 43 and 273 SU.
The role of air pollution in Arctic planning and development
Authors: Benson Carl S.
Published: October 2009

The very low population densities in the Arctic and sub-Arctic, and the apparently rugged physical environment, tend to minimize one's conception of the possible effect of man's activities in these regions. In fact, of course, populations concentrate in fewer centres than in warmer regions: more than half the population of the Yukon Territory lives within 30 km of Whitehorse, and more than half Alaska's is associated with Fairbanks and Anchorage. The apparent ruggedness is offset by slow regenerative processes in areas disturbed by man. The presence of the impermeable permafrost layer over much of the Arctic and sub-Arctic prevents the dispersal of man's waste products and facilitates pollution of water and land. The air itself over centres of population is often exceptionally vulnerable to pollution.
Big Cabinets, Big Governments? Grand Coalitions and Public Policy in the German Laender
Authors: Schniewind Aline , Freitag Markus , Vatter Adrian
Published: October 2009

The inauguration of Germany's grand coalition of Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) and the Social Democrats (SPD) raises questions about the public policy performance of a coalition of ideological opposite. This paper turns attention to influence of coalition governments on the size of government in the German Laender from 1992 to 2005. We investigate whether grand coalitions at the sub-national level in Germany systematically affect government spending for education (including cultural affairs) and internal security. The article argues that the effects of grand coalitions on the size of the public sector are moderated by partisan politics but sometimes in unexpected ways. For example, government spending in the field of education is reduced when leftist parties are powerful in the Laender.
Process Sequencing Policy Dynamics: Beyond Homeostasis and Path Dependency
Authors: Howlett Michael
Published: October 2009

Studies of policy change have advanced to the point where the basic contours and factors driving policy sequences are now reasonably well identified and understood with a great deal of empirical evidence pointing to the prevalence of punctuated equilibrium processes in many policy fields. However the reasons why such processes occur is less well understood. Most attention to date has focused upon homeostatic models in which exogenously-driven shocks undermine institutionally entrenched policy equilibria. This article addresses the difficulties this account faces and the conceptual challenges which must be overcome to provide a solid grounding for the understanding and analysis of long-term policy dynamics. It focuses on the merits and demerits of alternative explanations featuring either random junctures and ‘positive-return’ sequences – path dependency – or embedded junctures and ‘reactive’ sequences – process sequencing. Models of policy-making over time using the latter two concepts, it is argued, are more likely to account for the large majority of policy dynamic than the former.
Coping with traumatic memories: Second World War veterans' experiences of social support in relation to the narrative coherence of war memories
Authors: BURNELL KAREN J. , COLEMAN PETER G. , HUNT NIGEL
Published: October 2009

This paper reports a qualitative study that used narrative analysis to explore how social support helps many armed-services veterans cope with traumatic memories. The analysis was carried out on two levels, that of narrative form (level of narrative coherence), argued to be indicative of reconciliation, and narrative content (themes of social support), which allowed exploration of the types of social support experienced by veterans with coherent, reconciled and incoherent narratives. Ten British male Second World War veterans were interviewed regarding their war experiences, presence of traumatic memories, and experiences of social support from comrades, family and society. Different patterns of support were qualitatively related to coherent, reconciled and incoherent narratives. Veterans with coherent narratives were no less likely to have experienced traumatic events than those with reconciled or incoherent narratives, but they reported more positive perceptions of their war experience and of the war's outcomes, more positive experiences of communication with family in later life, and more positive perceptions of societal opinion. The results are discussed in relation to how veterans can be supported by family and friends to reconcile their traumatic memories, thus to lessen the burden in later life when vital support resources may be unavailable.
State care provision, societal opinion and children's care of older parents in 11 European countries
Authors: HABERKERN KLAUS , SZYDLIK MARC
Published: October 2009

Dependent older people are predominantly cared for by family members, mostly partners and children, but not every parent in need is cared for by a child, and intergenerational care varies widely across Europe. Previous studies have used care regimes to explain these differences, but because of the lack of large comparative surveys, the prevalence of intergenerational care has rarely been related directly to the institutional and cultural context, including state care provision, legal obligations between family members, and societal opinion about the role of the state in elderly care. This paper reports an analysis of variations in intergenerational care among European countries and the reasons for these differences using data from theSurvey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europefor Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Results from logistic multilevel models show that care by children is influenced by the individual characteristics of both parents and children, and by family structures, welfare-state institutions and cultural norms. Intergenerational care is more prevalent in southern and central European countries, where children are legally obligated to support parents in need, and care is perceived as a responsibility of the family, whereas in northern Europe, the wider availability of formal care services enable adult children, particularly daughters, have more choice about their activities and use of time.
Hybrid ant colony and immune network algorithm based on improved APF for optimal motion planning
Authors: Mingxin Yuan , Sun'an Wang , Canyang Wu , Kunpeng Li
Published: October 2009

Inspired by the mechanisms of idiotypic network hypothesis and ant finding food, a hybrid ant colony and immune network algorithm (AC-INA) for motion planning is presented. Taking the environment surrounding the robot and robot action as antigen and antibody respectively, an artificial immune network is constructed through the stimulation and suppression between the antigen and antibody, and the antibody network is searched using improved ant colony algorithm (ACA) with pseudo- random-proportional rule and super excellent ant colony optimization strategy. To further accelerate the convergence speed of AC-INA and realize the optimal dynamic obstacle avoidance, an improved adaptive artificial potential field (AAPF) method is provided by constructing new repulsive potential field on the basis of the relative position and velocity between the robot and obstacle. Taking the planning results of AAPF method as the prior knowledge, the initial instruction definition of new antibody is initialized through vaccine extraction and inoculation. During the motion planning, once the robot meets with moving obstacles, the AAPF method is used for the optimal dynamic obstacle avoidance. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is characterized by good convergence property, strong planning ability, self-organizing, self-learning, and optimal obstacle avoidance in dynamic environments. The experiment in known indoor environment verifies the validity of AAPF-based AC-INA, too.
Using information graphics in health technology assessment: Toward a structured approach
Authors: Pitt Martin , Stahl-Timmins Will , Anderson Rob , Stein Ken
Published: October 2009

Objectives: This study investigates the use of information graphics to display the outputs of health technology assessment (HTA) in the United Kingdom and proposes a more structured approach founded in an analysis of the decision-making requirements of the key stakeholders.

Methods: A scoping review of HTA reports was conducted to investigate current practice in the use of information graphics in HTA literature. A classification framework using dimensions of report section, graphical type, and originating research center was devised and used for a full content analysis of the graphical figures in the fifty most recent reports produced for the UK National Health Service's HTA process.

Results: Our survey shows that graphical tools are used extensively in HTA reports although less frequently than tables. Use of information graphics varies widely between different report sections and tends to follow conventional lines with little evidence of variance from established practice. The largest variance was found between the quantities of graphics used by different research centers responsible for authoring the reports.

Conclusions: HTA makes extensive use of graphics; however, there is little evidence of a systematic or standardized approach, or of much innovation. Significant potential exists to explore the application of information graphics in this field, but there are many research challenges. A contextually based, structured approach to the design of effective information graphics in HTA is proposed as a basis both to investigate the application of existing graphical tools in HTA, and to explore the considerable scope for innovation.
Cost-effectiveness of interventions based on physical exercise in the treatment of various diseases: A systematic literature review
Authors: Roine Eija , Roine Risto P. , Räsänen Pirjo , Vuori Ilkka , Sintonen Harri , Saarto Tiina
Published: October 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study was to review studies reporting cost-effectiveness of exercise-based interventions in treatment of various diseases.

Methods:Systematic literature search using several databases. Abstracts initially screened independently by two authors, full-text articles again evaluated by two authors, who decided whether an article should be included. Included were scientifically valid articles describing controlled studies that included an exercise-based intervention in the treatment of an established medical condition, and also reported on the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, or its effect on the utilization of health services. Quality was assessed with an established approach.

Results:A total of 914 articles were identified, of them 151 were obtained for closer review. Sixty-five articles describing sixty-one studies were included. Most (82 percent) were randomized trials. Twenty-eight studies dealt with musculoskeletal disorders, fifteen with cardiology, four with rheumatic diseases, four with pulmonary diseases, three with urinary incontinence, and two with vascular disorders. There was one study each in the fields of oncology, chronic fatigue, endocrinology, psychiatry, and neurology. Exercise interventions in musculoskeletal disorders were deemed to be cost-effective in 54 percent, in cardiology in 60 percent, and in rheumatic diseases in 75 percent of the cases. There was some evidence that exercise might be cost-effective in intermittent claudication, breast cancer patients, diabetes, and schizophrenia.

Conclusions:The number of studies assessing cost-effectiveness of exercise interventions in various diseases is still limited. The results show large variation but suggest that some exercise interventions can be cost-effective. Most convincing evidence was found for rehabilitation of cardiac and back pain patients; however, even in these cases, the evidence was partly contradictory.
Costs and effects of using specialized breast technologists in prereading mammograms in a clinical patient population
Authors: van den Biggelaar Frank J. H. M. , Kessels Alphons G. H. , van Engelshoven Jos M. A. , Flobbe Karin
Published: October 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study was to assess the costs and effects of using specialized breast technologists in prereading mammograms to reduce the increasing workload of radiologists in daily clinical practice. Mammography is the most widely used imaging modality for early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer.

Methods:A total of 1389 mammograms of consecutive patients were evaluated by two technologists trained in mammogram interpretation. The costs and effects of four different experimental strategies of prereading mammograms by technologists were analyzed by decision analytic modeling and compared with the conventional strategy of standard evaluation by the radiologist on duty.

Results:Overall, the employment of technologists in this patient population resulted in a potential time saving up to 73 percent (1019/1389) for the radiologist. No additional false-negative imaging results were found as compared to the conventional strategy. The total diagnostic costs in the conventional strategy were determined at €150,602. The experimental strategies resulted in cost savings up to 17.2 percent (range, €122,494–€139,781).

Conclusions:The employment of technologists in prereading mammograms in a clinical patient population could be effective to reduce the workload of radiologists without jeopardizing the detection of malignancies. Furthermore, diagnostic costs can be reduced considerably.
Ethics in Canadian health technology assessment: A descriptive review
Authors: DeJean Deirdre , Giacomini Mita , Schwartz Lisa , Miller Fiona A.
Published: October 2009

Background: Despite the mandate to examine the medical, ethical, and economic implications of the development and use of health technology, health technology assessment (HTA) reports often emphasize the epidemiologic and economic aspects, and omit ethical considerations. This study examines both whether and how ethical issues are incorporated into HTA.

Objectives: We aim to (i) review a set of Canadian HTA reports for ethics content, (ii) describe the strategies used to incorporate ethically relevant information into HTA, and (iii) determine the presence of implicit ethical issues in a sample of HTA reports.

Methods: Descriptive and qualitative content analysis of 608 HTA reports produced by six Canadian HTA agencies from January 1997 to December 2006.

Results: We found that (i) a minority (17 percent) of Canadian HTA reports addressed ethical issues, (ii) secondary research predominates while primary analysis is rare, (iii) implicit ethical issues are present in HTA reports that do not purport to address ethics.

Conclusions: Canadian HTA reports rarely explicitly, and then only superficially, address ethics, though implicit ethical issues abound.
Magnetic resonance imaging, knee arthroscopy, and clinical decision making: A descriptive study of five surgeons
Authors: Derrett Sarah , Walley Gayle D. , Bridgman Stephen A. , Richards Paula , Maffulli Nicola
Published: October 2009

Objectives:A randomized controlled trial (RCT) showed magnetic resonance imaging for patients waiting for knee arthroscopy did not reduce the number of arthroscopies. Our study aimed to identify decisions made by orthopedic surgeons about whether patients on a waiting list should proceed to arthroscopy, and to describe surgeons’ decisions.

Methods:Five surgeons were asked to Think Aloud (TA) as they made their decisions for twelve patients from the original RCT. Audiotapes of the decision making were transcribed for analysis.

Results:For five patients, surgeons agreed about proceeding with arthroscopy, although reasoning differed. In no cases did surgeons agree about not proceeding to arthroscopy. Agreement was more likely in patients with clinically diagnosed meniscal abnormality, and less likely in patients with osteoarthritis.

Conclusions:Surgeons’ decisions were influenced by patient wishes. For some patients, the decision to proceed with arthroscopy was based solely on clinical diagnosis; MRI may not be advantageous in these instances. Surgeons disagreed more often than they agreed about the decision to proceed with arthroscopy, particularly when OA was diagnosed. This has implications for decision making in the current NHS patient choice environment. Patients may choose a treatment provider from a list of available providers at time of original clinical assessment and diagnosis. The treating surgeon does not necessarily re-examine the patient until the day of surgery. Given the variation between surgeons about the merits of proceeding with arthroscopy, surgeons may end up in the invidious position of providing surgery to patients whom they do not believe will benefit from arthroscopy.
Self-report versus care provider registration of healthcare utilization: Impact on cost and cost-utility
Authors: Hoogendoorn Martine , van Wetering Carel R. , Schols Annemie M. , Rutten-van Mölken Maureen P. M. H.
Published: October 2009

Objectives: This study aims to compare the impact of two different sources of resource use, self-report versus care provider registrations, on cost and cost utility.

Methods: Data were gathered for a cost-effectiveness study performed alongside a 2-year randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of an INTERdisciplinary COMmunity-based management program (INTERCOM) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The program was offered by physiotherapists, dieticians and respiratory nurses. During the 2-year period, patients reported all resource use in a cost booklet. In addition, data on hospital admissions and outpatient visits, visits to the physiotherapist, dietician or respiratory nurse, diet nutrition, and outpatient medication were obtained from administrative records. The cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was calculated in two ways, using data from the cost booklet or registrations.

Results: In total, 175 patients were included in the study. Agreement between self-report and registrations was almost perfect for hospitalizations (rho = 0.93) and physiotherapist visits (rho = 0.86), but above 0.55, moderate, for all other types of care. The total cost difference between the registrations and the cost booklet was 464 euros with the highest difference for hospitalizations 386 euro. Based on the cost booklet the cost difference between the treatment group and usual care was 2,444 euros (95 percent confidence interval [CI], −819 to 5,950), which resulted in a cost-utility of 29,100 euro/QALY. For the registrations, the results were 2,498 euros (95 percent CI, −88 to 6,084) and 29,390 euro/QALY, respectively.

Conclusions: This study showed that the use of self-reported data or data from registrations effected within-group costs, but not between-group costs or the cost utility.
Complementing the net benefit approach: A new framework for Bayesian cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Hernández Miguel Angel Negrín , Vázquez-Polo Francisco José , González-Torre Francisco Javier Girón , Bas Elías Moreno
Published: October 2009

Objectives:The aim of cost-effectiveness analysis is to maximize health benefits from a given budget, taking a societal perspective. Consequently, the comparison of alternative treatments or technologies is solely based on their expected effectiveness and cost. However, the expectation, or mean, poses important limitations as it might be a poor summary of the underlying distribution, for instance when the effectiveness is a categorical variable, or when the distributions of either effectiveness or cost present a high degree of asymmetry. Clinical variables often present these characteristics.

Methods:In this study, we present a framework for cost-effectiveness analysis based on the whole posterior distribution of effectiveness and cost.

Results:An application with real data is included to illustrate the analysis. Decision-making measures such as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, incremental net-benefit, and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, can also be defined under the new framework.

Conclusions:This framework overcomes limitations of the mean and offers complementary information for the decision maker.
Economic evaluation of a minimal psychological intervention in chronically ill elderly patients with minor or mild to moderate depression: A randomized trial (the DELTA-study)
Authors: Jonkers Catharina C. M. , Lamers Femke , Evers Silvia M. A. A. , Bosma Hans , Metsemakers Job F. , Van Eijk Jacques Th. M.
Published: October 2009

Objectives: Depression is associated with high healthcare utilization and related costs. Effective treatments might reduce the economic burden. The objective of this study was to establish the cost-utility of a minimal psychological intervention (MPI) aimed at reducing depression and improving quality of life in elderly persons with diabetes or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and co-occurring minor, mild, or moderate depression.

Methods: Trial-based cost-utility analysis was used to compare the MPI with usual care. Annual costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) based on the Euroqol (EQ5D) and on depression-free days were calculated.

Results: Annual costs and effects were not significantly different for the MPI group and care as usual. Bootstrap analysis indicated a dominant intervention, with a probability of 63 percent that the MPI is less costly and more effective than usual care.

Conclusions: The cost-effectiveness analysis does not support dissemination of the MPI in its current form. The economic evaluation study showed limited probability that MPI is cost-effective over usual care. Further adjustments to the MPI are needed to make the intervention suitable for dissemination in regular care. Trial registration: isrctn.org, identifier: ISRCTN92331982.
Cognitive behaviour therapy for a specific phobia of vomiting
Authors: Veale David
Published: October 2009

This article summarizes the current knowledge and treatment for a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV). It is relatively uncommon compared to other specific phobias but may have been misdiagnosed in catchment-area surveys. The differential diagnosis of SPOV includes obsessive–compulsive disorder, hypochondriacal disorder and anorexia nervosa. I discuss the following: a model that is linked to past aversive experiences of vomiting; conducting a clinical assessment; making a formulation; psycho-education, engagement and therapy. The strategies employed depend on the formulation but are likely to include: exposure in vivo to cues of vomiting, exposure in imagination and role-plays of vomiting, imagery re-scripting, behavioural experiments; and dropping of safety-seeking behaviours.
Geomorphic analysis of small rayed craters on Mars: Examining primary versus secondary impacts
Authors: Calef Fred J. , Herrick Robert R. , Sharpton Virgil L.
Published: October 2009

Twenty confirmed impacts over a 7‐year time period on Mars were qualitatively and statistically compared to 287 secondary craters believed to originate from Zunil, an ∼500 ka, 10‐km diameter, primary crater. Our goal was to establish criteria to distinguish secondaries from primaries in the general crater population on the basis of their horizontal planforms. Recent primary impacts have extensive “air blast” zones, distal ray systems (>100 crater radii, R), and ephemeral ejecta. Recent primaries formed clusters of craters from atmospheric fragmentation of the meteoroid body. Secondary craters have ejecta blankets with shorter rays that are consistent with emplacement by low‐impact velocities (near 1 km/s). The mean extent of the continuous ejecta blankets was less distal for secondaries (5.38 ± 1.57R) versus primaries (18.07 ± 7.01R), though primary ejecta were less fractal (Fractal Dimension Index (FDI) < 1.30) and more circular on average (Circularity Ratio (CR) = 0.55 ± 0.25 versus 0.27 ± 0.13 for secondaries). Crater rims were remarkably circular (primaries CR = 0.97 ± 0.02, secondaries at 0.94 ± 0.05), though secondaries have the lowest values (CR < 0.9). Secondary crater rims were elongated toward or orthogonal to their primary of origin. Uprange source directions for most secondaries, determined by ejecta planform and crater rim ellipticity, point toward Zunil, although contamination from other primaries is considered in some areas. Ejecta blanket discrepancies between recent primaries and Zunil secondaries are attributable to differences in impact velocity and retention age. After removal of the ejecta blanket, crater rims are generally not diagnostic for determining crater origin. Fragmentation of primaries may play some role in steepening the size‐frequency distribution of crater diameters in the 5 m < D < 30 m range.
Robust elastic frequency‐domain full‐waveform inversion using the L1 norm
Authors: Brossier R. , Operto S. , Virieux J.
Published: October 2009

Elastic frequency‐domain full‐waveform inversion is here applied to a realistic synthetic offshore model to study the behavior of the least‐squares and least‐absolute‐value norms, in the presence of noisy multi‐component seismic data. As expected, the inversion results show that the L2 norm is highly sensitive to non‐Gaussian errors in the data and gives rise to high amplitude artifacts in the reconstructed models. The L1 norm shows more robust behavior, whatever the noise characteristics, and allows convergence towards acceptable models, for both the compressional‐wave and shear‐wave velocity models. This study highlights the sensitivity of the full‐waveform inversion results for the chosen norm in the case of noisy data. The marginally used L1 norm reveals a robust alternative to the L2 norm for frequency‐domain full‐waveform inversion of weakly redundant data.
QBO effects on Antarctic mesospheric winds and polar vortex dynamics
Authors: Ford E. A. K. , Hibbins R. E. , Jarvis M. J.
Published: October 2009

A dynamical link is demonstrated between the equatorial quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and high‐latitude mesospheric zonal winds recorded by an Imaging Doppler Interferometer (IDI) at Halley, Antarctica. Above ∼80 km eastward winds in winter (an extension of the polar vortex into the mesosphere) are strengthened under easterly 50 hPa QBO conditions. This is similar to the Holton‐Tan effect in the stratosphere but working in opposition. The weak winter time zonal winds are shown to differ by up to 2.6 m/s dependent on QBO phase. In spring, zonal winds are most strongly correlated with the equatorial 25 hPa QBO and are significantly more westerly in November, an extension of the QBO response in the stratosphere below. It is suggested that QBO modulation of the vortex winds in the Antarctic mesosphere is dependent on planetary‐wave activity from the Antarctic in winter and Arctic in spring.
Magnetotelluric transect across the Niigata‐Kobe Tectonic Zone, central Japan: A clear correlation between strain accumulation and resistivity structure
Authors: Yoshimura R. , Oshiman N. , Uyeshima M. , Toh H. , Uto T. , Kanezaki H. , Mochido Y. , Aizawa K. , Ogawa Y. , Nishitani T. , Sakanaka S. , Mishina M. , Satoh H. , Goto T. , Kasaya T. , Yamaguchi S. , Murakami H. , Mogi T. , Yamaya Y. , Harada M. , Shiozaki I. , Honkura Y. , Koyama S. , Nakao S. , Wada Y. , Fujita Y.
Published: October 2009

We obtained an electrical transect image of the Niigata‐Kobe Tectonic Zone (NKTZ). Several major active faults are located in this zone of concentrated deformation. The main features of the final two‐dimensional model are a thick resistive block in the upper crust, with a thinned‐out portion beneath the Atotsugawa Fault, and a strong conductor in the lower crust that intrudes upward into the upper resistor. The upper crustal resistive zone corresponds well to the spatiality of the NKTZ, and relatively conductive zones sandwiching this resistor may contribute to observed changes in displacement rates. The overlapping locations of the conductor and the low‐velocity body in the lower crust indicate that the conductor represents a zone that was weakened by fluids. Given that microearthquakes are localized in the regions between the resistive and conductive zones, we suggest that the distribution of earthquakes is influenced by intrusions of fluid derived from the conductor.
Dual periodicities in energetic electrons at Saturn
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Mitchell D. G. , Krimigis S. M. , Krupp N.
Published: October 2009

The fluxes of energetic electrons (110–365 keV) in Saturn's magnetosphere were subjected to Lomb periodogram analyses for 1677 days from late 2004 to the middle of 2009. The electrons generally exhibited strong periodicities at 10.82 hours and 10.60 hours for much of the ∼4.6 year interval. The longer period was generally present all the time, while the shorter period became prominent during the last ∼600 days of the interval. The 10.8‐hour signal appeared strongly in observations made north of the equator and weakly in the south, while the 10.6‐hour signal appeared only for northern observations. The dual periodicity in the electrons is similar to that recently discovered in the Saturn kilometric radiation. Periods in the 10.6 to 10.8 hour range are similar to the sun‐referenced periods of neutral winds measured in Saturn's polar atmospheres.
Balloon‐borne observations of the galactic positron fraction during solar minimum negative polarity
Authors: Clem John , Evenson Paul
Published: October 2009

Galactic cosmic ray electrons and nuclei respond differently to solar modulation, with the differences directly related to the reversals of the solar magnetic field, which occur every 11 years. If the large‐scale heliospheric magnetic field has certain types of structures, the charge sign of cosmic ray particles can affect their propagation. Careful study of the behavior of cosmic ray positrons, relative to negative electrons (which have identical masses), allows for a definitive separation of the effects due to charge sign from the other possible effects. As part of an ongoing investigation of charge sign dependence in solar modulation, cosmic ray positron fraction in the energy range of 0.6 to 4.5 GeV was measured on a balloon flight from Kiruna, Sweden, to Victoria Island, Canada, during 2–6 June 2006. Measurements from this flight are compared to previous results and current models.
High‐resolution vertical E × B drift model derived from ROCSAT‐1 data
Authors: Kil Hyosub , Oh Seung‐Jun , Paxton Larry J. , Fang Tzu‐Wei
Published: October 2009

The measurements of vertical ion velocity from the first Republic of China satellite (ROCSAT‐1) provide a unique database for the development of an annually and longitudinally high‐resolution vertical plasma drift model in the equatorial ionosphere. Currently, the ROCSAT‐1‐based empirical vertical drift models are available for three seasons: equinox and solstices. However, the vertical drift patterns are not precisely divided by the three seasons. A monthly vertical drift model with high longitudinal resolution is desirable to accurately model the low‐latitude ionosphere and to identify the coupling between the ionosphere and atmospheric tide. Here we introduce an empirical vertical drift model derived by using the ROCSAT‐1 data in three solar flux conditions (F10.7 < 150, 130 < F10.7 < 200, and F10.7 > 180) under Kp ≤ 3+. The local time, day of the year, and longitude of the model are binned by 15 min, 1 month, and 10°, respectively, under each solar flux condition. Our vertical drift model is validated by comparing the model with the measurements of the vertical drift velocity at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory. The characteristics and variability of the vertical drift are briefly discussed.
Estimating E region density profiles from radio occultation measurements assisted by IDA4D
Authors: Nicolls M. J. , Rodrigues F. S. , Bust G. S. , Chau J. L.
Published: October 2009

An alternative approach for estimating E region density profiles using radio occultation total electron content (ROTEC) measurements is presented. In this approach, the F region contribution to the measured ROTEC is removed using the estimated F region from an assimilative model of ionospheric density. E region density profiles are then obtained from a numerical inversion of the residual ROTEC, which is assumed to be the E region contribution to the ROTEC. The proposed technique has been applied to radio occultation measurements made by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC), while the F region specification is obtained from the Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four‐Dimensional (IDA4D) algorithm. Examples of E region profiles obtained with this approach are presented and compared with nearby radar measurements at the magnetic equator. The results indicate that accurate estimates of the E region peak height and density can be obtained with this approach. This technique may be applicable to the estimation of E region conductivities with the global coverage provided by the radio occultation measurements.
Causal link of the wave‐4 structures in plasma density and vertical plasma drift in the low‐latitude ionosphere
Authors: Fang T.‐W. , Kil H. , Millward G. , Richmond A. D. , Liu J.‐Y. , Oh S.‐J.
Published: October 2009

We investigate the annual and local time variations of the wave‐4 structures in the plasma density and vertical drift in the low‐latitude F region by analyzing the measurements from the first Republic of China satellite (ROCSAT‐1) and conducting simulations with the Global Ionosphere and Plasmasphere (GIP) model. The GIP model uses apex magnetic coordinates with International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) for magnetic field, neutral wind from HWM‐07, and thermospheric parameters from the NRLMSISE‐00 model. In order to understand how the vertical drifts relate to the longitudinal structure of the topside ionosphere, we apply the equatorial vertical drifts observed from ROCSAT‐1 to drive the GIP model. The model well reproduces the longitudinal structure in electron density, and the magnitudes of electron density are comparable with ROCSAT‐1 measurement at 600 km. The ROCSAT‐1 observations of the vertical drift and plasma density show maximum amplitudes of their wave‐4 components in July–September and minimum amplitudes in December–February. An eastward shift of the wave‐4 components with increasing local time is observed in both the density and the vertical drift. The GIP model density showed similar annual and local time variations of the wave‐4 component. Since the model uses the observed equatorial vertical E × B drift as an input, the results indicate the vertical drifts are essential in the formation and evolution of the longitudinal wave‐4 density structure. The amplitude of the eastward propagating diurnal tide (DE3) at 110 km shows similar annual and local time variations as the F region parameters, supporting the link between the DE3 tide, vertical E × B drift, and F region plasma density on a global scale.
Overview and characterization of retrievals of temperature, pressure, and atmospheric constituents from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) measurements
Authors: Khosravi Rashid , Lambert Alyn , Lee Hyunah , Gille John , Barnett John , Francis Gene , Edwards David , Halvorson Chris , Massie Steve , Craig Cheryl , Krinsky Charles , McInerney Joe , Stone Ken , Eden Thomas , Nardi Bruno , Hepplewhite Christopher , Mankin William , Coffey Michael
Published: October 2009

The retrieval algorithm for the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) instrument onboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura satellite is presented. The algorithm is based on optimal estimation theory, using a modified Levenberg‐Marquardt approach for the iterative solution. Overview of the retrieval scheme, convergence criteria, and the forward models is given. Treatments of clouds and aerosols as well as line‐of‐sight gradients in temperature are described. The retrievals are characterized by high vertical resolution of 1 km and negligible a priori contribution for all products in regions of high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) (most of the retrieval ranges). It is shown that these characteristics hold for all latitudes along a HIRDLS orbit. The weighting functions are narrow and show good sensitivity to temperature or gas perturbations in regions of high SNR. The retrieval error predicted by the algorithm consists of radiometric noise, pointing jitter error, smoothing error, and forward model error. For temperature, these components are shown for a midlatitude profile as well as for a full orbit. The predicted temperature error varies from 0.5 K to 0.8 K from the upper troposphere to the stratopause region, consistent with the empirical estimates given by Gille et al. (2008). For O3 and HNO3, the predicted errors and their useful pressure ranges are, respectively, 10–5% from 50 to 1 hPa and 5–10% from 100 to 10 hPa. These results are based on version V004 of the retrieved data, released in August 2008 to the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov).
Lagrangian simulations of stable isotopes in water vapor: An evaluation of nonequilibrium fractionation in the Craig‐Gordon model
Authors: Pfahl Stephan , Wernli Heini
Published: October 2009

The Craig‐Gordon model is the basis for the parameterization of water isotope fractionation during evaporation from the ocean in many atmospheric isotope models. Its exact formulation (e.g., with respect to the nonequilibrium fractionation factor k) is mainly based on theoretical considerations and not very well constrained by observations. This study addresses this issue by combining a recently developed Lagrangian moisture source analysis with a Craig‐Gordon fractionation parameterization for the identified evaporation events in order to model isotope ratios in water vapor. This technique is applied to 45 measurement days of isotopes in water vapor at Rehovot (Israel) during the years 2001–2006. A comparison of the simulated deuterium excess with the measurements reveals that a much better agreement can be achieved using a wind speed independent formulation of k instead of the classical parameterization introduced by Merlivat and Jouzel, which is widely applied in isotope GCMs. The numerical values of k that lead to the best agreement of simulated and observed deuterium excess = 0.9925, kHDO = 0.9961) can be shown to be consistent with data from other studies. In future research, it should be tested if this empirically derived, wind speed independent parameterization also leads to an improvement of the performance of more complex models, including GCMs, in modeling deuterium excess.