bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Conventional Thermochemical Calculations a Viable Alternative to Measurements of Vaporization Enthalpy of Azeotropes?
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Eliza , Marczak Wojciech
Published: February 2025

The majority of the studies of vaporization enthalpy dealt with pure substances. Reports of this quantity for azeotropes were scarce despite that similar experimental methods could be applied in such measurements. Vaporization enthalpies of azeotropes were determined using classical methods in the past and with a method based on the enthalpy of solution recently. Since the reported results showed discrepancies that often exceeded the declared uncertainty limits, we calculated the vaporization enthalpies of 12 azeotropes at normal boiling temperature and 298.15 K using the conventional thermochemical cycle at several levels of approximation. We validated our calculation procedure and assessed the uncertainty of the results. The assessments were based on (i) a comparison of the calculated vaporization enthalpies with the experimental ones reported in the literature, and (ii) a Monte Carlo simulation involving 106 trials with the independent variables characterized by continuous uniform distributions. The calculated vaporization enthalpies of the azeotropes proved to be correct even if they were only roughly approximated by the mole-fraction-weighted averages of the vaporization enthalpies of pure components. Thermochemical cycle calculations provided results at least as good as the experimental vaporization enthalpies, those obtained from the enthalpies of solution in particular.
Elicited Production of Essential Oil with Immunomodulatory Activity in Salvia apiana Microshoot Culture
Authors: Krol Agata , Kokotkiewicz Adam , Zabiegala Bozena , Ciesielska-Figlon Klaudia , Bryl Ewa , Witkowski Jacek Maciej , Bucinski Adam , Luczkiewicz Maria
Published: February 2025

Salvia apiana Jepson is an endemic North American species characterized by a rich phytochemical profile including abietane-type diterpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and thujone-free essential oil (EO). The current study was aimed at increasing EO production in bioreactor-grown S. apiana microshoot culture through biotic elicitation using chitosan, ergosterol, and yeast extract (YE). Additionally, the immunomodulatory effects of the major volatile constituent of white sage—1,8-cineole—as well as EOs obtained from both S. apiana microshoots and leaves of field-grown plants, were assessed. EOs were isolated via hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. Biological assays included flow cytometric evaluation of the proliferation and apoptosis rates of human CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, obtained from healthy volunteers and subjected to different concentrations of EOs and 1,8-cineole. Elicitation with 100 mg/L YE improved the production of EO in S. apiana microshoots by 9.4% (1.20% v/m). EOs from both microshoots and leaves of field-grown plants, as well as 1,8-cineole, demonstrated dose-dependent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These findings highlight the potential of S. apiana microshoot cultures capable of producing EO with significant immunomodulatory activity.
Mineral Composition Analysis of Red Horse-Chestnut (Aesculus × Carnea) Seeds and Hydroalcoholic Crude Extract Using ICP OES
Authors: D’Eusanio Veronica , Marchetti Andrea , Rivi Mirco , Morelli Lorenzo , Scarponi Paolina , Forti Luca , Tassi Lorenzo
Published: February 2025

This study presents findings on the metal and metalloid composition of red horse-chestnut (Aesculus × carnea, AXC) seeds, determined by the ICP OES technique. Samples were collected from five AXC plants located in Modena (Italy) over four consecutive years (2016–2019). The seeds underwent proximate analysis, which included measurements of moisture content, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, ash, and elemental composition. The analysis revealed consistent values for these parameters throughout the study period. The metal content of the AXC seeds can be categorized into two groups: (i) major components, with concentrations ranging from 1 to <1500 mg/100 g dry basis (d.b.), where K was identified as the most abundant element, and (ii) minor constituents, with concentrations between 1 and <1000 μg/100 g d.b., with Li, Mo, and Ti at the lower concentration limit. Comparative analyses were performed using literature data on AHP and AHH seeds, which, like AXC, belong to the Sapindaceae family and were collected from the same area and period. A hydroalcoholic extract of AXC seeds was prepared annually and characterized, with results compared to a commercial product (AXC_herb). AXC extracts had approximately 30% higher analyte concentrations than AXC_herb, while AXC seeds showed 20–30% higher metal and metalloid levels than AHP and AHH.
Serum Starvation Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Natural Matrices: Insights into Bioactive Molecules from Dromedary Urine Extracts
Authors: Sgobba Maria Noemi , Musio Biagia , Pastrana Carlos Iglesias , Todisco Stefano , Schlosserovà Nikola , Mastropirro Federica , Favia Maria , Radesco Antonio , Duarte Iola F. , De Grassi Anna , Volpicella Mariateresa , Gallo Vito , Pierri Ciro Leonardo , Ciani Elena , Guerra Lorenzo
Published: February 2025

Natural matrices have historically been a cornerstone in drug discovery, offering a rich source of structurally diverse and biologically active compounds. However, research on natural products often faces significant challenges due to the complexity of natural matrices, such as urine, and the limitations of bioactivity assessment assays. To ensure reliable insights, it is crucial to optimize experimental conditions to reveal the bioactive potential of samples, thereby improving the validity of statistical analyses. Approaches in metabolomics further strengthen this process by identifying and focusing on the most promising compounds within natural matrices, enhancing the precision of bioactive metabolite prioritization. In this study, we assessed the bioactivity of 17 dromedary urine samples on human renal cells under serum-reduced conditions (1%FBS) in order to minimize possible FBS-derived interfering factors. Using viability assays and Annexin V/PI staining, we found that the tumor renal cell lines Caki-1 and RCC-Shaw were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of the small molecules present in dromedary urine compared to non-tumor HK-2 cells. Employing NMR metabolomics analysis combined with detected in vitro activity, our statistical model highlights the presence of bioactive compounds in dromedary urine, such as azelaic acid and phenylacetyl glycine, underscoring its potential as a sustainable source of bioactive molecules within the framework of green chemistry and circular economy initiatives.
Investigating the Formation and Molecular Solubilization Mechanism of Emodin Solid Dispersions by Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Zhu Jiaoyue , Bai Haiju , Pan Shili , Shen Wei , Li Jingying , Ding Xuehui , Wang Lin , Xu Wei
Published: February 2025

The preparation of solid dispersions (SDs) of emodin (EMO) represents an effective strategy for enhancing its limited water solubility. However, there is a lack of effective strategies for carrier screening. The molecular mechanism underlying EMO-SDs has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we employed a molecular simulation to identify the optimal solubilizing carriers for EMO-SDs, which were subsequently validated through solubilization experiments. Gelucire 50/13 (GEL) was identified as the most effective solubilizing carrier. The formulation of the EMO-SDs was established through solubility testing, utilizing a drug-to-carrier loading ratio of 1:9. The characterization of the interactions between the drug and the carrier was conducted using DSC, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy. The DSC results indicated that EMO molecules were dispersed within the carrier in an amorphous state, while FTIR and NMR analyses revealed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the drug and carrier molecules. The molecular mechanisms of EMO-SDs were further elucidated through an MD simulation. Findings from the formation mechanism studies demonstrated that the majority of EMO molecules were embedded within the interstices of a loosely aggregated micelle-like structure formed by the carrier molecules. The solubility enhancement mechanism indicated that the carrier molecules surrounded the EMO molecules during the solubilization process, thereby facilitating the interaction of EMO with water. The stability mechanism accounts for the fact that recrystallization of the drug may occur.
Applications of Solid-Phase Microextraction and Related Techniques
Authors: Kataoka Hiroyuki
Published: February 2025

In recent years, various high-performance analytical instruments have been developed with improved sensitivity and performance [...]
Separation, Purification, Structural Characterization, and In Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng Leaves
Authors: Zhang Xueling , Shi Chongying , Wang Zilin , Dai Jiahe , Guan Chunhua , Sheng Jun , Tao Liang , Tian Yang
Published: February 2025

This study optimized the extraction process of crude polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng leaves (PNLP) using the ultrasonic-assisted dual-enzyme method through a single-factor combined with response surface experiment. The crude polysaccharides were subsequently purified and isolated with DEAE-Cellulose 52, followed by structural analysis, evaluation of antioxidant activity, and examination of digestive enzyme inhibition. The hypoglycemic effects of the purified components were further clarified. The results indicated that the optimized crude polysaccharide had an extraction yield of 17.13 ± 0.29%. The purified fraction PNLP-3 (eluted with 0.3 M NaCl) was obtained through DEAE-Cellulose 52 chromatography, exhibiting a total sugar content of 81.2% and a molecular weight of 16.57 kDa. PNLP is primarily composed of arabinose, galactose, and galacturonic acid, with molar percentages of 20.24%, 33.54%, and 24.27%, respectively. PNLP-3 is mainly composed of arabinose and galactose, with molar percentages of 29.97% and 49.35%, respectively. In this study of hypoglycemic activity, the IC50 values of PNLP-3 for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition were 1.045 mg/mL and 9.53 mg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking results confirmed that PNLP-3 exhibits better inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Furthermore, PNLP-3 alleviated hyperglycemia in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells by enhancing glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis. The antioxidant activity of PNLP-3 exhibited a positive correlation with its concentration, potentially contributing to its hypoglycemic effects by reducing oxidative stress. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of Panax notoginseng leaf polysaccharides in managing type 2 diabetes and offer new perspectives on the use of natural polysaccharides for regulating blood glucose.
Antioxidant Effects of Essential Oils from the Peels of Citrus Cultivars
Authors: Yang Jiyoon , Park Mi-Jin
Published: February 2025

Essential oils from citrus cultivars are widely used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, and they have been extensively studied in the last decades. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of essential oils from 21 citrus cultivars and the active antioxidant constituents of the oils. Essential oils are extracted from the peels of citrus cultivars via hydrodistillation, and their chemical compositions are analyzed by gas-chromatography–mass-spectroscopy. The antioxidant activities of the citrus cultivars are determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays. Based on the results, the major constituent of the oils is d-limonene (50.88–97.19%). The essential oil from Citrus junos shows the highest phenolic content (360.04 ± 24.75 mg GAE/100 g), followed by that from Citrus × latifolia (339.42 ± 31.14 mg GAE/100 g), [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata (327.05 ± 14.29 mg GAE/100 g), and [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata (322.92 ± 21.43 mg GAE/100 g). The essential oil from [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata shows the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, with an EC50 of 86.17 ± 4.87 and 0.16 ± 0.06 mg/mL, respectively. The essential oil from Citrus reticulata and [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata shows the highest ferric-reducing activities (2302.55 ± 237.26 and 2213.12 ± 35.54 mg/100 g, respectively). These results indicate that the essential oil from [(Citrus unshiu × Citrus sinensis) × Citrus reticulata] × Citrus reticulata has a higher antioxidation effect than that from other cultivars. By comparing the chemical compositions of the essential oils, 12 compounds are selected as the major contributors to the antioxidant activities of the oils, and α-phellandrene and α-terpinene are the most active constituents of the oils.
The Role of Purine Metabolism and Uric Acid in Postnatal Neurologic Development
Authors: Mileti Lauren N. , Baleja James D.
Published: February 2025

This review explores the essential roles of purine metabolism including the catabolic product, uric acid, in the development of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The high energy requirements of the substantia nigra pars compacta alongside necessary purinergic neurotransmission and the influence of oxidative stress during development makes these neurons uniquely susceptible to changes in purine metabolism. Uric acid’s role as a central nervous system antioxidant may help to ameliorate these effects in utero. Understanding the mechanisms by which purines and uric acid influence development of the substantia nigra pars compacta can help further explain neurologic consequences of inborn errors of purine metabolism, such as Lesch–Nyhan disease.
In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Maculosin as a Melanogenesis and Tyrosinase Inhibitor
Authors: Xu Yang , Liang Xuhui , Kim Hyeon-Mi , Hyun Chang-Gu
Published: February 2025

The investigation of melanogenesis and tyrosinase inhibitors is essential for developing safe and effective natural compounds to treat pigmentation disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of maculosin, a cyclic dipeptide composed of tyrosine and proline, on melanin production and tyrosinase activity using the B16F10 melanoma cell model, while elucidating its mechanism of action through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Experimental results demonstrated that maculosin inhibited intracellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner in B16F10 melanoma cells. Molecular docking analyses revealed that maculosin exhibited high binding affinities with mushroom tyrosinase (mTYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and Bacillus megaterium tyrosinase (BmTYR) with binding energies of −7.7, −6.8, and −7.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, MD simulations confirmed the structural stability and dynamic flexibility of maculosin–protein complexes, as indicated by RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, hydrogen bond interactions, PCA, and DCCM analyses. Binding free energy calculations using the MM/PBSA method showed that maculosin exhibited binding energies of −28.76 kcal/mol with mTYR and −22.23 kcal/mol with TYRP1, outperforming standard co-crystal inhibitors such as tropolone (−12.47 kcal/mol) and kojic acid (−12.73 kcal/mol). Critical residues, including VAL-283 and HIS-263 in mTYR and HIS-381, GLY-389, and THR-391 in TYRP1, were identified as key contributors to maculosin binding, corroborating molecular docking findings and displaying strong correlations in DCCM analyses. Collectively, these results suggest that maculosin is a highly promising candidate for the treatment of pigmentation disorders, offering significant inhibitory effects on melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity.
Fructose Intake and Unhealthy Eating Habits Are Associated with MASLD in Pediatric Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study
Authors: Faienza Maria Felicia , Baima Jessica , Cecere Valentina , Monteduro Mariantonietta , Farella Ilaria , Vitale Rossella , Antoniotti Valentina , Urbano Flavia , Tini Sabrina , Lenzi Francesca Romana , Prodam Flavia
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Fructose consumption in children is increasing, as is the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Despite evidence linking added sugars to metabolic syndrome, fructose’s impact on liver disease in youth remains unclear, especially in pediatrics. Our study aimed to evaluate the role of fructose intake in metabolic and liver dysfunction in a cohort of pre-school children and adolescents with obesity. Methods: We recruited 41 children and adolescents with obesity (age range: 2.5–16 years, BMI SDS 2.6 ± 0.5 kg/m2). Clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed. Through ultrasound (US), MASLD, hepatorenal index (HRI), subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT), and visceral adipose tissue (vAT) were assessed. Dietary intake was evaluated using the IDEFICS FFQ and a fructose-specific questionnaire. Results: Pubertal subjects had more scAT and vAT, higher insulin resistance, and higher liver fibrosis parameters than those prepubertal. MASLD was detected in 12 subjects, associated with higher scAT and vAT. Pubertal subjects had lower weekly fructose intake than prepubertal subjects (p < 0.02). However, they consumed less fructose from fruits (p < 0.04) and more from other sugars (p < 0.04) than younger children. Patients with MASLD reported higher fructose intake (p < 0.01), primarily from fruits (p < 0.003), likely due to misreporting, alongside higher consumption of unhealthy food, mainly rich in saturated fats. Conclusions: Fructose intake and unhealthy dietary habits were associated with MASLD in pre-school and adolescents with obesity. Advice to pay attention to fructose intake and foods rich in saturated fats is mandatory to decrease both obesity and MASLD. Further high-powered studies in any pediatric age and different geographical areas are needed to better evaluate the MASLD history.
Paneth Cells Are a Constitutive Source of IL-10 in Mouse Small Intestinal Organoids
Authors: Nguyen Huong , Di Cara Francesca , Wang Jun , Stadnyk Andrew W.
Published: February 2025

The healthy gut masks a dynamic balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, largely due to microbial factors in the lumen. IL-10 is vital among the anti-inflammatory mediators, yet confirming constitutive versus stimulated secretion in any cell type is difficult due to the cellular complexity in the gut. Seeking to determine whether intestinal epithelial cells are programmed to constitutively make IL-10, we confirmed that IL-10 mRNA was present in enteroids from C57BL/6 mice and IL-10 protein was co-localized with a Paneth cell marker but not with markers for goblet or tuft cells. Paneth cells positive for IL-10 also possessed apical and basal IL-10RA, while cells negative for IL-10 had only basal IL-10RA, suggesting a possible autocrine role for IL-10. Indeed, Paneth cells in IL-10 gene knockout (IL-10KO) enteroids possessed lower levels of anti-microbial protein mRNAs, which could not be restored by adding IL-10. Enteroids passaged onto Transwell® filters to form monolayers were treated with IL-10 and STAT3 phosphorylation was measured. Apically applied IL-10 resulted in a stronger STAT3 signal than basally applied cytokine. Our results indicate that a subpopulation of Paneth cells constitutively secrete IL-10 apically, which binds apical IL-10RA, impacting the expression of anti-microbial proteins unique to Paneth cells.
Sixteen Years of Gamma-Ray Discoveries and AGN Observations with Fermi-LAT
Authors: Casaburo Fausto , Ciprini Stefano , Gasparrini Dario , Giacchino Federica
Published: February 2025

In June 2024, the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope (FGST) celebrated its 16th year of operations. The Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) is the main instrument onboard the FGST satellite and is designed to be sensitive to γ-rays in the energy range from about 20MeV up to the TeV regime. From its launch, the Fermi-LAT has collected more than 4.53billion photon events, providing crucial information to improve our understanding of particle acceleration and γ-ray production phenomena in astrophysical sources. The most abundant in the last 4FGL-data release 4 (4FGL-DR4), most powerful and persistent γ-ray emitters in the sky are the Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs). These sources are extremely luminous galaxy cores powered by a super massive black hole (SMBH) with a mass ranging from millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun. The ASI-SSDC, a facility of the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), plays a pivotal role in supporting Fermi-LAT by providing the essential infrastructure for the storage, processing, and analysis of the vast amounts of data generated by the mission. As a key asset to various space missions, ASI-SSDC contributes significantly to advancing research in high-energy astrophysics and γ-ray observations.
Functional Roles and Host Interactions of Orthoflavivirus Non-Structural Proteins During Replication
Authors: Donaldson Meghan K. , Zanders Levi A. , Jose Joyce
Published: February 2025

Orthoflavivirus, a genus encompassing arthropod-borne, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses in the Flaviviridae family, represents clinically relevant viruses that pose significant threats to human and animal health worldwide. With warming climates and persistent urbanization, arthropod vectors and the viruses they transmit continue to widen their geographic distribution, expanding endemic zones. Flaviviruses such as dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus cause debilitating and fatal infections globally. In 2024, the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization declared the current dengue situation a Multi-Country Grade 3 Outbreak, the highest level. FDA-approved treatment options for diseases caused by flaviviruses are limited or non-existent, and vaccines are suboptimal for many flaviviruses. Understanding the molecular characteristics of the flavivirus life cycle, virus-host interactions, and resulting pathogenesis in various cells and model systems is critical for developing effective therapeutic intervention strategies. This review will focus on the virus-host interactions of mosquito- and tick-borne flaviviruses from the virus replication and assembly perspective, emphasizing the interplay between viral non-structural proteins and host pathways that are hijacked for their advantage. Highlighting interaction pathways, including innate immunity, intracellular movement, and membrane modification, emphasizes the need for rigorous and targeted antiviral research and development against these re-emerging viruses.
Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Parasites in Humans and Pet Dogs in Rural Areas of Los Ríos Region, Southern Chile
Authors: Sanhueza Teneo Daniel , Venegas Tamara , Videla Francisca , Chesnais Cedric B. , Loncoman Carlos , Valenzuela-Nieto Guillermo
Published: February 2025

Parasitic infections pose a significant global health burden, affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite their importance, studies integrating human and animal parasitology to understand transmission pathways are scarce. This study, conducted between August 2022 and April 2023, aimed to investigate the prevalence of parasites in humans and domestic dogs in the Los Rios Region, southern Chile, and explore the risk factors associated with parasitism. A total of 291 human participants provided fecal and blood samples for parasitological and serological analyses, while 92 fecal samples from owned dogs were analyzed. The detection of intestinal parasites employed microscopy and molecular techniques, including next-generation sequencing (NGS). Anti-Toxocara canis and anti-Echinococcus granulosus antibodies in humans were assessed using ELISA. Socioeconomic surveys explored the risk factors associated with parasitism. The results showed a parasite prevalence of 39% in humans and 40% in dogs. Anti-Toxocara canis IgG antibodies were detected in 28.2% of humans. Zoonotic subtypes of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. were identified. Thus, the results of our study indicate a high prevalence of intestinal and extraintestinal parasites in the human population of our region. Furthermore, our findings underscore the significant risk of zoonotic transmission of parasites from companion animals. This study contributes to the understanding of parasite transmission dynamics in southern Chile and has implications for public health policy and practice. The results emphasize the importance of considering the connection between human, animal, and environmental health to develop effective control strategies and mitigate the impact of parasitic infections.
Effects of an Animal-Assisted Drop-In Program on First-Year University Students’ Trajectory of Psychological Wellbeing
Authors: Carr Alexa M. , Pendry Patricia
Published: February 2025

(1) Each year, thousands of students leave their pets behind to attend university, often causing separation anxiety and losing a vital stress-coping resource. While many universities offer animal visitation programs (AVPs), their effectiveness in supporting student wellbeing during this transition remains unclear. This randomized controlled trial evaluated psychological mood risk and resilience in a randomly selected sample of first-year university students (n = 145) separated from their childhood pets. (2) Participants were randomly assigned to receive access to a seven-session, biweekly 2 h drop-in program (n = 77) featuring unstructured interactions with therapy dogs or a waitlist control group (n = 68). Assessments of wellbeing were conducted at the start, middle, and end of the semester including depression, anxiety, worry, stress, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and self-compassion. (3) Regression analyses showed that access to the semester-long drop-in program significantly flattened trajectories of depression (B = −3.05, p = 0.01, d = 0.514), worry (B = −3.92, p = 0.04, d = 0.416), and stress (B = −1.94, p = 0.05, d = 0.386) compared to the control group. Students in experimental conditions also showed improvements in self-compassion (B = 4.03, p < 0.001, d = 0.605). (4) These findings suggest regular access to unstructured drop-in programs featuring therapy dogs may provide valuable psychological support for students adjusting to university life.
Efavirenz Repurposing Challenges: A Novel Nanomicelle-Based Antiviral Therapy Against Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses
Authors: Maldonado Sofía , Fuentes Pedro , Bernabeu Ezequiel , Bertera Facundo , Opezzo Javier , Lagomarsino Eduardo , Lee Hyun J. , Martínez Rodríguez Fleming , Choi Marcelo R. , Salgueiro María Jimena , Damonte Elsa B. , Höcht Christian , Moretton Marcela A. , Sepúlveda Claudia S. , Chiappetta Diego A.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objective: World Health Organization latest statistics state that 17% of infectious diseases are transmitted by vectors, causing more than 700,000 deaths each year. Particularly, dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and yellow fever (YFV) viral infections have generated international awareness due to their epidemic proportion and risks of international spread. In this framework, the repositioning strategy of Efavirenz (EFV) represents a key clinical feature to improve different antiviral therapies. Therefore, the development of Soluplus®-based nanomicelles (NMs) loaded with EFV (10 mg/mL) for optimized oral pharmacotherapy against ZIKV, DENV and YFV infections was investigated. Methods: EFV-NMs were obtained by an acetone diffusion technique. Micellar size and in vitro micellar interaction with mucin were assessed by dynamic light scattering. In vitro cytocompatibility was investigated in A549 and Vero cells and micellar in vitro antiviral activity against ZIKV, DENV and YFV was evaluated. In vivo oral bioavailability and histological studies were assessed in Wistar rats. Results: EFV encapsulation within Soluplus® NMs increased the drug’s apparent aqueous solubility up to 4803-fold with a unimodal micellar size distribution and a micellar size of ~90 nm at 25 and 37 °C. Micellar in vitro interaction with mucin was also assessed in a pH range of 1.2–7.5 and its storage micellar physicochemical stability at 4 °C was confirmed over 2 years. In vitro cytocompatibility assays in A549 and Vero cells confirmed that EFV micellar dispersions resulted in safe nanoformulations. Interestingly, EFV-loaded NMs exhibited significantly higher in vitro antiviral activity compared with EFV solution for all the tested flaviviruses. In addition, the selectivity index (SI) values reveal that EFV-loaded NMs exhibited considerably more biological efficacy compared to EFV solution in A549 and Vero cell lines and for each viral infection (SI > 10). Further, the drug pharmacokinetics parameters were enhanced after the oral administration of EFV-loaded NMs, being biocompatible by not causing damage in the gastrointestinal segments. Conclusions: Overall, our EFV nanoformulation highlighted its potential as a novel drug delivery platform for optimized ZIKV, DENV and YFV antiviral therapy.
Novel Peptide-Modified Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanoparticles with pH-Sensitive Release of Doxorubicin for Targeted Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Gong Liming , Zhao Heming , Chen Liqing , Liu Yanhong , Wu Hao , Liu Chao , Feng Jing , Liu Chenfei , Xiao Congcong , Wang Qiming , Jin Mingji , Gao Zhonggao , Huang Wei , Guan Youyan
Published: February 2025

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the common malignant tumors. Chemotherapeutic agents represented by doxorubicin (DOX) are common adjuvant therapies for patients with advanced CRC. However, DOX suffers from dose-dependent cardiotoxicity and myelosuppression due to a lack of targeting and specificity, which severely limits its clinical application. Methods: Herein, we constructed a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) modified by a novel peptide (LT peptide) to deliver the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) for the targeted treatment of CRC. Results: In this study, LT-PEG@DOX@ZIF-8 nanoparticles were prepared by a simple method with suitable particle size and zeta potential, which were also capable of pH-responsive drug release. In vitro assays exhibited that LT-PEG@DOX@ZIF-8 nanoparticles were effectively taken up by C26 cells, significantly inhibited cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, in mice models with colorectal tumors, LT-PEG@DOX@ZIF-8 nanoparticles also displayed specific tumor aggregation and exerted anti-tumor effects to prolong the survival of the mice. Conclusions: In conclusion, LT-PEG@DOX@ZIF-8 provides a promising strategy for the delivery of DOX to effectively treat CRC.
Types of Recording, Types of Performance and the Ontological Identity of Musical Works
Authors: Arbo Alessandro
Published: February 2025

While all types of musical works have been affected by the advent of recording, it has not always been in the same way or to the same extent. The aim of this paper is to delve into these differences and to clarify the role played by recording in defining the ontological identity of musical works. Starting from the discussion of some ontological approaches, it considers music recording in light of the conceptual tension between its meaning as a document of a performance of a pre-existing musical work and its meaning as a construction of an autonomous musical work. It argues that the diverse roles that recording can play depend not only on a grasp of the ontological identity of works but on an adequate understanding of the (type of) performance to which they refer. An expansion of the “logical space” of the notion of performance is ultimately necessary to account for the ontological identity of musical works, whether documented or constructed through recording.
Performance Enhancement of Planar GaAs Photoconductive Semiconductor Switches by Introducing p-Type Epitaxial Layer
Authors: Zong Jiawei , Shi Yating , Qian Guang , Wang Jinpeng , Wei Zelu , Kong Yuechan , Zhang Jingwen , Chen Tangsheng
Published: February 2025

Gallium arsenide photoconductive semiconductor switches (GaAs PCSSs) have attracted much attention in pulsed power systems and high-power microwave sources. The quality of ohmic contact has a significant impact on their switching performance. In this article, a 100 nm p-type epitaxial layer and Ti/Pt/Au metal electrodes were introduced into a GaAs PCSS to enhance ohmic contact, resulting in a specific contact resistivity of 3 × 10−4 Ω·cm2. The optimized device exhibited a reduction in dark current from 32.2 μA to 11.7 μA and achieved a peak pulse output of 4 kV under a bias of 8.1 kV. This work provides a new feasible approach for high-power miniaturized solid switches.
Cost-Effective Method for Dissolved Oxygen Sensing with Electrodeposited n-Cu2O Thin-Film Semiconductors
Authors: Wijesooriya H. E. , Seneviratne J. A. , Jayathilaka K. M. D. C. , Fernando W. T. R. S. , Piyumal P. L. A. K. , Ranaweera A. L. A. K. , Kalingamudali S. R. D. , Kumara L. S. R. , Seo O. , Sakata O. , Wijesundera R. P.
Published: February 2025

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a crucial parameter in water quality monitoring because it directly affects the health of aquatic ecosystems. This study explored electrodeposited Cu2O thin-film semiconductors for DO sensing. Cu2O was chosen for its low cost, eco-friendliness, and non-toxic nature. Cu2O films were electrodeposited on titanium (Ti) substrates using an acetate bath (0.1 M sodium acetate and 0.01 M cupric acetate) at −200 mV versus Ag/AgCl for 30 min, with a bath temperature of 55 °C, stirred at 50 rpm. The bath pH was systematically adjusted from 5.8 to 6.8 in 0.2 steps using NaOH and Acetic acid. A range of analyses including synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface wettability, capacitance–voltage (C-V), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to assess their properties and sensing performance. The results showed that Cu2O films deposited at pH 6.4 exhibited optimal performance for DO sensing, with a strong linear response, marking this pH, deposition time, and temperature as ideal for creating effective DO sensors. This study introduces a novel, cost-effective approach to dissolved oxygen sensing using electrodeposited n-Cu2O thin-film semiconductors, marking the first application of this material in such sensors and showcasing its potential for scalable and environmentally sustainable sensing technologies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Nanocomposites Using Galactomannan and Organomodified Montmorillonite
Authors: Saihi Razika , Souli Lahcene , Chabira Salem Fouad , Derouiche Yazid , Maschke Ulrich
Published: February 2025

Galactomannan/organomodified montmoriollonite (G1M/OM-MMT) nanocomposites and G2M/OM-MMT nanocomposites were biosynthesized using galactomannan (GM) and organomodified montmorillonite (OM-MMT) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 10−2 M) designed for antioxidant activities. Furthermore, galactomannan (GM) was isolated from fruit rind of Punica granatum grown in the Djelfa region, in Algeria, and the nanoclay used in this work was an Algerian montmorillonite. Two different types of nanocomposites were synthetized using different amounts of GM and OM-MMT (w/w) [GM1/OM-MMT (0.5:1) and GM2/OM-MMT (0.5:2)] via a solution interaction method. FTIR analysis confirmed the intercalation of GM in the interlayer of OM-MMT. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the interlayer space of OM-MMT was increased from 124.6 nm to 209.9 nm, and regarding the intercalation of GM in the OM-MMT interlayers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (DEX) confirmed the intercalated structure of the nanocomposites, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) improved the thermal stability of the synthesized bionanocomposites. The antioxidant activities of the GM1/OM-MMT nanocomposites and GM2/OM-MMT nanocomposites were evaluated with a spectrophotometer and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine) radical scavenging assay. GM1/OM-MMT nanocomposites and GM2/OM-MMT nanocomposites gave good antioxidant activity. Indeed, GM1/OM-MMT had an IC50 of 0.19 mg/mL and GM2/OM-MMT an IC50 of 0.28 mg/mL.
Efficacy and Clinical Application of Physical Activity in Substance Use Disorder Rehabilitation: A Review on Mechanism and Benefits
Authors: Calcini Gaia , Bolcato Vittorio , Tronconi Livio Pietro , Basile Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

Background: Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) are chronic conditions characterized by high relapse rates and significant psychological, physical, and social complications. Despite the availability of traditional pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions, many individuals struggle to maintain abstinence. Recently, physical activity (PA) has emerged as a promising complementary intervention. This review aims to examine the existing evidence on the effects of PA in individuals with SUDs, with a particular focus on neurobiological mechanisms. Methods: A narrative review was conducted on 30 September 2024, searching relevant keywords on PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, reviews, and meta-analyses published between 1988 and 2024 were considered. Results: Fifty studies were included. Key themes included the role of PA in inducing neuroadaptation in individuals with SUDs, which is crucial for relapse prevention and impulse control, and the effects of PA depending on the type of PA and the specific SUD. Neurobiological modifications related to PA are of particular interest in the search for potential biomarkers. Additionally, studies explored the effects of PA on cravings, mental health, and quality of life. The review overall discusses the psychological changes induced by PA during SUD rehabilitation, identifies barriers to participation in PA programs, and suggests clinical and organizational strategies to enhance adherence. Conclusions: Physical activity is a promising adjunctive therapy for the management of Substance Use Disorders. Long-time longitudinal studies and meta-analyses are needed to sustain scientific evidence of efficacy. The success of PA programs moreover depends on overcoming barriers to adherence, including physical, psychological, and logistical challenges.
Application of a Polysaccharide Purification Instrument—The Preparation and Characterization of Soybean Soluble Polysaccharide
Authors: Zhuang Xuhui , Chen Hongjuan , Luo Xiaohong , Han Wei , Yang Yongtan
Published: February 2025

Polysaccharides in plants and microorganisms have important application value, and their purification and preparation is a prerequisite for in-depth research. However, there is currently a lack of dedicated separation and purification instruments for polysaccharide substances. In our previous work, a polysaccharide purification instrument (PSPI) was designed using post-column split-flow and post-column derivatization schemes and developed. In this study, the PSPI was applied to separation and preparation of the soybean soluble polysaccharides (SSPSs) and obtained the purified SSPS (SSPS-P). The total carbohydrate content in SSPS-P reached 97.2%, compared to 81.7% in SSPS, and the carbohydrate recovery rate was 86.5%. The composition and structure of SSPS-P have been assessed by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR. SSPS-P was a polysaccharide with a molecular weight (Mw) of 354 KDa, composed of D-glc, D-gal and L-ara with the molar ratio of 0.02:2.08:1.01. The structure of SSPS-P was mainly →4)-β-galp-(1→unit. The α-L-araf residues were also detected in the form of T-α-L-araf-(1→2)-α-L-araf-(1→, →3)-α-L-araf-(1→ and →3,5)-α-araf-(1→. PSPI could be applied for rapid and precise separation and preparation of polysaccharides.
Optimization of Bio-Based Polyurethane Elastic Nanofibrous Membrane via Electrospinning for Waterproof and Breathable Applications
Authors: Zhang Bin , Li Xueqin , Lin Yanyan , Cheng Ningbo , Jiao Wenling , Wang Xianfeng , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin
Published: February 2025

Bio-based polyurethane (BPU) offers excellent biocompatibility and outstanding elasticity, providing vast potential for the development of next-generation waterproof and breathable materials. However, achieving stable and uniform electrospinning of BPU remains a significant challenge. Herein, BPU with superior electrospinning performance was synthesized using poly(butylene sebacate), poly(trimethylene ether glycol), ethylene glycol, and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) as raw materials. BPU nanofibrous membranes were successfully fabricated using solutions of varying concentrations (12 wt%, 16 wt%, 20 wt%, and 24 wt%), and their morphology, mechanical properties, hydrophobicity, and breathability were systematically analyzed. The nanofibrous membrane prepared with 20 wt% BPU solution exhibited optimal fiber morphology and mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 15.6 MPa and an elongation at break of 440.8%. In contrast, lower concentrations (12 wt% and 16 wt%) resulted in insufficient fiber formation, leading to poorer performance, while higher concentrations (24 wt%) significantly reduced fiber uniformity, negatively impacting the overall performance. Additionally, the nanofibrous membrane produced from the 20 wt% BPU solution demonstrated significant hydrophobicity and breathability, with a water contact angle of 133.2°, hydrostatic pressure of 48.2 kPa, and breathability of 12.6 kg·m2·d−1. These findings suggest that BPU nanofibrous membranes produced via electrospinning hold great potential for application in functional textiles.
Implementation of Fuzzy PID Controller to an Isolated Wind/Battery/Super Magnetic Energy Storage Power System
Authors: Zaid Sherif A. , Alatawi Khaled S.
Published: February 2025

An eco-friendly standalone microgrid is demonstrated in this article. It has an energy storage system (ESS), a superconducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES), and a wind power generator. Usually, microgrid control and energy management are challenging issues when designing microgrids. Hence, introducing fuzzy control concepts enhances the performance of the recommended microgrid. Wind and ESS energy are normally suitable for satisfying load demands under normal circumstances. However, the SMES supports the microgrid’s transient performance against load demand disturbances. The newly designed fuzzy proportion integral derivative (FPID) controller was used to measure the microgrid’s behavior subjected to fluctuations in wind power and load demand. Simulations via Matlab/Simulink were performed to assess the suggested system’s performance. The simulations’ outcomes established that the introduced microgrid continuously energizes the load demand with AC power during all interruptions with a regulated frequency and voltage. Furthermore, the microgrid operated excellently despite changing wind power and load. The results have been examined under identical conditions with and without SMES using the FPID controller and then compared to the proportional integral derivative (PID). Hence, the suggested microgrid has been examined under four situations: FPID controller with SMES, PID controller with SMES, FPID controller without SMES, and PID controller without SMES. It was found that the microgrid with the proposed FPID controller and SMES produced the best microgrid performance and responses of all the tested situations. The proposed control system provides an average improvement in overshoot, about 24.4%. Also, it is discovered that the suggested controller can precisely maintain the microgrid response stable under any disturbances, notwithstanding the modeling errors. Additionally, the TI C2000 Launchpad XL, TMS320F28379D microcontroller kit was used to create a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) emulator in order to assess the suggested system and verify the simulation outcomes.
Production and Characterization of Camel Milk Cheese Made Using Chicken Gizzard Inner Lining Extract as Coagulant
Authors: Sboui Amel , Fguiri Imen , Omrani Abir , Rahali Abir , Dbara Mohamed , Khorchani Touhami
Published: February 2025

The process of camel milk’s transformation into cheese is a delicate operation due to various difficulties in achieving coagulation. This study investigates the processing challenges of camel milk in the production of camel milk cheese using chicken gizzard inner lining extract (CGLE) as a coagulant. The crude extract presents an extraction yield of 55.05 ± 1.8% and a pH = 4.40 ± 0.05. The optimal coagulation conditions were pH 5 and temperature 45 °C. A fresh camel milk cheese was produced using CGLE and characterized as CME. The cheese yield of the CME was 26.88 ± 0.42%, which was higher than that obtained with chymosin (CC) at 12.66 ± 0.12%. The pH and acidity were 5.29 ± 0.09 and 56.25 ± 1.25°D. The gross composition of camel cheese (CME) was determined in comparison to (CC) fat (13.50 ± 2.82%), proteins (11.61 ± 0.19%), and dry matter (38.85 ± 1.22%). The sensory analysis demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.05) between the CME and CC in terms of white color, acidic taste, and consistency. Therefore, CME presents an overall acceptability in comparison to the control. The chicken gizzard inner lining extract could be used as an efficient coagulant for the production of fresh camel cheese.
Streamflow Reconstruction Using Multi-Taxa Tree-Ring Records from Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya
Authors: Husna Asmaul , Shah Santosh K. , Mehrotra Nivedita , Thomte Lamginsang , Deeksha  , Rahman Tanveer W. , Pandey Uttam , Islam Nazimul , Gaire Narayan P. , Singh Dharmaveer
Published: February 2025

To study the long-term hydroclimate variability in the Satluj Basin, streamflow data was reconstructed using tree-ring width datasets from multiple taxa available from the Kullu Valley, western (Indian) Himalaya. Five ring-width tree-ring chronologies of three conifer tree taxa (Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, and Pinus roxburghii) significantly correlate with the streamflow during the southwest monsoon season. Based on this correlation, a 228-year (1787–2014 CE) June–August streamflow was reconstructed using average tree-ring chronology. The reconstruction accounts for 34.5% of the total variance of the gauge records from 1964 to 2011 CE. The annual reconstruction showed above-average high-flow periods during the periods 1808–1811, 1823–1827, 1833–1837, 1860–1863, 1876–1881, and 1986–1992 CE and below-average low-flow periods during the periods 1792–1798, 1817–1820, 1828–1832, 1853–1856, 1867–1870, 1944–1947, and 1959–1962 CE. Furthermore, a period of prominent prolonged below-average discharge in the low-frequency streamflow record is indicated during the periods 1788–1807, 1999–2011, 1966–1977, 1939–1949, and 1854–1864. The low-flow (dry periods) observed in the present streamflow reconstruction are coherent with other hydroclimatic reconstructions carried out from the local (Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Himalaya) to the regional (Hindukush mountain range in Pakistan) level. The reconstruction shows occurrences of short (2.0–2.8 and 4.8–8.3 years) to medium (12.5 years) periodicities, which signify their teleconnections with large-scale climate variations such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.