bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ingress of regeneration following harvest and scarification of lodgepole pine stands
Authors: Crossley D. I.
Published: February 2014

Knowledge of the rate and duration of natural regeneration ingress following the harvest of lodgepole pine stands and seed bed scarification is of importance in the timing of subsequent regeneration surveys. A study of the established regeneration was conducted involving blocks harvested a minimum of 13 years ago with germination dates established by ground-line ring counts. The results indicate that an arbitrarily set regeneration stocking survey interval can result in dangerously misleading information.
Growth Response Following Fertilizer Application in the Grand'Mère Plantations
Authors: Gagnon J. D. , Conway J. M. , Swan H. S. D.
Published: February 2014

A study was carried out in the Grand'Mère plantations on the 10-year growth response from a fertilization trial with various levels of nitrogen and potassium. There was a growth response to potassium at the end of the experiment, while the effect of nitrogen was less apparent. The best four treatments, K2, N2K2, N1K1 and K1, produced respectively 27.8, 26.9, 14.7 and 12.6 cubic meters per hectare (4.0, 3.8, 2.1 and 1.8 cunits per acre) of extra wood.
The Myth of the Omniscient Forester
Authors: Bunnell F. L.
Published: February 2014

Some foresters assume omniscience through habit, others accept the attribute upon request. The syndrome of the omniscient forester confuses both research and management. The rapid incorporation of research experience into management is dependent upon a political and societal awareness that does not flow easily from a belief that "what's good for the land is good for the people".Similarly, acknowledging existing uncertainty at the initiation of a management decision helps eliminate the pathological avoidance of paying for mistakes, which often leads to foreclosure of options.
Ten-year Growth Response to Fertilizer of a 90-year-old Black Spruce Stand in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Morrison I. K. , Foster N. W. , Winston D. A. , Swan H. S. D.
Published: February 2014

A fertilizer experiment with three levels of urea, two of triple superphosphate and two of muriate of potash was established in a 90-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) stand on a moist-to-wet site in northwestern Ontario. Response variables estimated or measured at 6 and 10 years after fertilization were mean DBH increment, BA increment (per cent and absolute), and total and merchantable volume increment. Analysis of variance and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test were carried out. Results indicated significant growth response only for one combination of N and P, and only in relation to mean DBH increment. No interactions were significant. Inspection of data revealed trends suggesting that response, which was limited, was generally to P and to a smaller degree to N. Compared with literature values, volume growth responses were generally low, about 9 m3/ha estimated total volume increment over controls in 10 years. Possible reasons for low response, including nutrient loss (particularly of N) from the root zone and low application rates are discussed.
Variations in Implementing Sustained-Yield Forestry in Canada-Quebec
Authors: Smith J. Harry G.
Published: February 2014

The situation to 1974 is described briefly. Effects of legislation implemented in 1975 are not entirely clear, but progress has been made by the Quebec government on forest use zoning, encouraging farm forestry, rationalizing wood use by industry, taking control of management of timber limits, and negotiating compensation and timber supply agreements. Resource allocation and management planning are the subject of intense efforts by a task force of specialists from many areas. It is expected that their plans will be completed for management of 44 units covering all of Quebec's forests by 1980.By 1982 all timber limit areas are to be managed by the Quebec Department of Lands and Forests. Wood will be made available on a volume allotment basis for 10-year, once renewable, terms. Stumpage charges may be variable.
Comparative Appraisal of Insecticidal Operations Against Spruce Budworm in Quebec During Two Outbreaks
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

Large-scale aerial applications of chemical insecticides against spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (clem.)) took place in Quebec during two outbreaks, 1952-58 (Outbreak I) and 1970-75 and continuing (Outbreak II), in an effort to prevent extensive mortality of fir and spruce. During Outbreak I yearly treatment consisted of one application of DDT at 0.6 kg/ha (8 oz./ac.); during Outbreak II it consisted of two applications of organophosphates and carbamates (mostly fenitrothion) for a total of 0.3 kg/ha (4 oz./ac.). The effects of a single treatment were evident for two years in Outbreak I because of residual properties of DDT, while in Outbreak II, effects were evident only in the year of application. Reduction in budworm populations due to treatment was considerably greater during Outbreak I than during Outbreak II. Average foliage protection in the year of treatment and in the following year was 38% and 60% respectively in Outbreak I, while it was 15% and 0% in Outbreak II. Spray operations in any one treatment area were repeated after an interval of three or four years due to population build up in Outbreak I; continuously high populations necessitated yearly applications of insecticides in Outbreak II. It is suggested that the current spraying policy in Quebec should be reappraised in the light of conditions that prevail.
Trends and Prospects in Ontario's Poplar Plantation Management
Authors: Zsuffa L. , Anderson H. W. , Jaciw P.
Published: February 2014

The hybrid poplar plantation management systems and objectives, some of the problems, and the results of work to date are summarized.Short-rotation poplar plantations are of regularly spaced traditional-size trees, intensively managed in monoculture. Silvicultural problems are associated with clonal selection, site selection and treatment, spacing, and planting stock type. The mean annual increments of best varieties have reached at 12 years of age 29 m3/ha (400 cu. ft./acre).Forest type poplar plantations are established in logged forest areas. These are less intensively managed.Fast growing poplar and associated shade tolerant hardwoods and conifers are planted in mixed plantations (poplar polyculture) on highly variable sites. Beneficial influences are apparent on the stem quality and phenology of associated trees. Growth stimulating effects, increased site utilization and disease resistance are expected.In mini-rotation system, average dry yields of 8 t/ha/a (3.5 tons/acre/yr) or more are produced in closely-spaced, intensively-managed 1- to 3-year-old coppice plantations. Pulping tests indicate satisfactory qualities. In addition, many other uses, from petrochemical replacement to food, have potential. The management problems under study are: clonal selection, site treatments, spacing, and mechanization.
Hardwoods Within the Complete Forest Concept
Authors: Young Harold E.
Published: February 2014

The Complete Concept, biological and technological investigation of the entire tree from the root tips to the leaf tips inclusive, has been incorporated much more into the management and utilization of hardwoods than softwoods in the past ten years. Mechanized harvesting centered around mobile chiparvestors has increased production per hectare in hardwood stands about 100% by utilizing "tops" as well as small trees of all hardwood species previously not used. All of the traditional uses of hardwood are expanding to meet demand and simultaneously there is increased use for energy, cattle feed and chemicals such as xylitol. With the acknowledged shortage of fossil resources chemists and engineers are now critically examining the forests, our renewable resource, indicating that increased use of hardwoods is certain.Short rotation of 3-10 years involving thousands of stems per acre, often as a result or coppicing, are now being investigated for a number of hardwood species. This will result in intensive forest management similar to agronomy except that fibre rather than fruit production will be emphasized. Advances in short rotation management of hardwoods will always lag behind hardwood utilization because development times are not the same. Therefore those involved in management will have to stress caution as a means of guaranteeing viable and productive forests while knowledge is accumulating.
Tree Improvement and Hardwood Silviculture
Authors: Calvert R. F.
Published: February 2014

The forest manager has a genetic input into hardwood silviculture when managing native stands to secure natural regeneration or when regenerating a stand artificially by planting or direct seeding. This is because by the cutting or planting of trees, the forester is in effect influencing the genetic make-up of the forest, i.e. he is controlling the parental stock of future generations. When collecting seed, strict transfer rules should be applied and if possible seed should be collected from the best trees available. Genetically improved hardwood material will be incorporated into the main stream of forest production by planting mainly on cutover forest land. Silvicultural research into this problem is largely lacking for most of our native species. Hardwood improvement research is being carried out in black walnut, green ash, white ash and red maple. The program is being carried out in cooperation with workers in silvicultural research to assure that advances will become practice with minimum delay.
Forest Industry in West-Central Canada, 1972
Authors: Teskey Alan G. , Smyth Jack H.
Published: February 2014

In 1972, west-central Canada's forest products industry of 691 establishments had gross sales of $300 million ($264 million net), and provided the equivalent of 5,900 full-time jobs directly and another 6,100 indirectly. More than two-thirds of the gross sales came from export, generating valuable foreign exchange earnings for Canada. Major products were 600,000 tonnes of pulp and paper, 431 million m2 of fibreboard, waferboard and plywood, 8 million pieces of pressure-treated products and more than 2 million m3 of lumber.Beyond these direct impacts were the secondary business activity and employment generated in other industries and sectors of the economy which had economic ties with the forest industry.
Making the Most of Forest Managers' Knowledge in Choosing Economically Desirable Regeneration Systems
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: February 2014

A simulation model was recently developed to aid forest managers in making rational economic decisions with respect to the various regeneration systems. The model capitalizes on the forest manager's experience with, and opinions of, different aspects of these systems. Opinions expressed as his subjective estimates need not be exact nor based entirely on actual data as long as they are free of bias. The final results will indicate the probability that one regeneration system might be better than others, and by how much.This paper demonstrates by means of three examples the application and interpretation of the results of the model. Although the input estimates used for these examples are believed to be well within the present cost structure, it is the application of the model as a decision-making tool that should concern the reader and not so much the results of the examples.
The Effect of Decay on Growth Rate in a White Spruce Plantation
Authors: Lachance Denis
Published: February 2014

In a white spruce plantation, sound dominant and co-dominant trees increased their total volume by 55.3% between ages 36 and 46 years, while trees with butt decay grew only 44.0%. In net terms, during that 10-year period, sound trees produced 27% more wood in volume than trees with butt decay. Growth reduction increased with increasing amount of decay present, but not in comparable proportions. This is explained by the presence mainly of root and butt rot fungi which severely affect the root system before causing much decay. Growth losses were evaluated from observations on trees still living at the end of the 10-year period; losses from trees which died during this time were not included. Polyporus tomentosus, a root and butt rot fungus which is relatively important in coniferous plantations, caused 66% (in volume and frequency) of the decay.
Economics of Thinning and Pruning – A Case Study
Authors: Dobie J. , Wright D. M.
Published: February 2014

This case study, conducted 20 years after thinning and pruning in a 33-year-old mixed stand of 86% Douglas-fir and 14% western hemlock, showed that the effect of thinning was to reduce mortality when compared with a control. Thinning increased merchantable volume by 88% compared with 44% in the control, although there was no difference in tree growth rate between the two plots.Associated with pruning, however, were severe grain distortions and very brittle grain structure of wood around pruning stubs, which resulted in poor lumber and veneer quality compared with product quality from the control.Indications are that total stand revenue would have been higher had the treated plot remained untreated, but would have been highest had it been thinned only and not pruned.
A Site Index Formula for Peatland Black Spruce in Ontario
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: February 2014

Site index formulas were derived for peatland black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) in northern Ontario based on stem analysis of 60 dominant and codominant trees. Nonlinear regression analysis and a biological growth function were employed to express both height as a function of site index and stand age and also site index as a function of stand height and age. Analysis of results indicates that peatland black spruce has a different pattern of height growth than that shown by Plonski's site index curves, particularly for site indices less than 8 m and stands older than 80 years.
Physiological Characteristics of Sugar Maple and Implications for Successful Planting
Authors: Dumbroff E. B. , Webb D. P.
Published: February 2014

Investigations of the physiology of sugar maple seedlings have partially defined the phenological patterns associated with (1) root growth, (2) dormancy and budbreak, (3) changes in carbohydrate reserves and (4) the activity of endogenous hormones. Results are interpreted and discussed in relation to the problem of establishment of sugar maple seedlings on openfield sites in southern Ontario. The need to produce seedlings with the physiological characteristics, and in the developmental stage, most favorable to growth of a vigorous root system at time of planting is stressed. Future research is suggested.
Scaling Roundwood: A Metric Scaling Standard for Canada
Authors: Honer T. G.
Published: February 2014

The current status of scaling in Canada is summarized. The work of the Committee on Scaling of Primary Forest Products is discussed and the scope of the Committee is indicated. Important features of the National Standard of Canada — Scaling Roundwood, are described as they apply to measurement units and the scaling of roundwood in individual pieces, piles and stacks.
Lowland Black Spruce Seedfall: Viable Seedfall Peaks in Mid-April
Authors: Haavisto V. F.
Published: February 2014

The major proportion of seed from black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.) growing in the Goulais Swamp near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario was released in the spring, between March and May. Almost all of the year's complement of viable seed was also released at that time.
Bacillus Thuringiensis: a Logical Weapon for Spruce Budworm Control
Authors: Smirnoff W.A.
Published: February 2014

Action of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) on spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., was found to be attributable to septicemia with some enterotoxicosis. Development of a compact economical B.t. formulation, with addition of the enzyme chitinase, increased its efficiency by accelerating larval mortality. Between 1971 and 1975 field tests were conducted in balsam fir stands with different levels of insect density to select the best formulation and methods of application and to identify the major influencing environmental variables. Variability in the results prior to 1975 is attributable to difficulties with calibration of spray systems. With accurate calibration in 1976 and 1977, good results in terms of larval mortality and foliage protection were obtained, thus confirming the value of B.t. for control of spruce budworm.
Comparaison des équations de régression. Application au cubage des arbres d'épinette noire.
Authors: Zarnovican Richard
Published: February 2014

The Bartlett test, parallelism test and coincidence test were applied to compare four regression equations. The comparison dealt with regression equations for reduced height from total height of black spruce for four soil drainages, over till, in the High Subarctic of Quebec. It was found that form height can be extracted from total height by means of a single regression equation where soil drainage is good, moderately good or imperfect, but that a separate equation is required where drainage is poor.
Eight Plantations of Lodgepole Pine in West Central Alberta
Authors: Helium A. K.
Published: February 2014

Lodgepole pine seedlings in eight plantations established between 1972 and 1976 in west central Alberta had very similar early height growth compared with natural wildlings or seedlings which have grown on site from seed.Smaller root collar diameters, lighter seedlings, less root extension and growth, and possible development of shoot/root ratios exceeding 8.0 in planted stock later than seven years from seed germination, are the only measures to suggest that planted stock might be developing non-normal growth patterns in later years.The study showed that the planted stock maintained and increased its height-growth-lead over natural wildlings for at least four years after outplanting because of the head start in the nursery. This advantage represented an ever-decreasing part of the total seedling height and was estimated to have virtually no long-term significance because natural wildlings grew more rapidly in height than planted seedlings, year for year.
The 1976-1977 Drought Situation in Ontario
Authors: Stocks B. J.
Published: February 2014

The recent drought situation in Ontario was investigated, from a forest fire control standpoint, by a task force consisting of Canadian Forestry Service, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Atmospheric Environment Service and University of Toronto representatives. Results indicate that monitoring of precipitation alone is not a reliable method of establishing the duration and severity of droughts.
Another Look at Clay Dipping of Bare-Root Nursery Stock
Authors: Mullin R. E. , Bunting W. R.
Published: February 2014

Four experiments were established at Orono nursery to study the effects of root dipping (Kaolin clay slurry) on survival and growth after outplanting of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.). There were early- and late-season spring plantings carried out after holding the trees in unrefrigerated storage in kraft-polyethylene bags for periods up to 3 weeks. Results of the outplantings were examined in terms of 5-year survival and growth data.The results show that the clay dipping was usually of no benefit and sometimes damaging. Late planting generally resulted in decreased survival and poorer growth. Storage of trees from the early lifting showed no significant decreases in survival and growth, but storage of spruce in the late lifting showed reduced survival and growth in proportion to duration of holding.
Geographic Referencing of National Forestry Data
Authors: Moore W. C. , Bonnor G. M.
Published: February 2014

National summaries of Forest resource data must be improved in quality and quantity, and they must be more location-specific. To meet the last requirement, a simple, consistent, accurate and computer-compatible geographic referencing system is needed. The 10 km Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid referencing system fills this need. The paper describes the concept and the use of the UTM grid system, and outlines the proposed application to referencing forest resource data in Canada.
Conifer Encroachment on the Chilcotin Grasslands of British Columbia
Authors: Strang R. M. , Parminter J. V.
Published: February 2014

Detailed quantitative examination of a grassland/forest ecotone near Williams Lake, B.C. showed that a combination of fire, grass competition and subtle micro-site determinants of soil moisture availability appear to be the factors influencing tree encroachment most strongly. Historically fire has inhibited tree establishment on the grasslands — between 1759 and 1926 the fire interval approximated 10 years. Presumably because of heavy grazing, no severe fires have burned the area since 1926. Conifer encroachment began in 1931 and virtually ceased in 1972.
Natural and Advance Regeneration of Engelmann Spruce and Subalpine Fir Compared 21 Years After Site Treatment
Authors: Herring L. J. , McMinn R. G.
Published: February 2014

The mean height of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni Parry) advance growth 21 years after release by overstorey harvesting and residual tree felling, was eight times that of natural regeneration established following brush blade scarification. Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) advance growth was nine times taller than natural regeneration established on scarified soil. Mean current annual height increment of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir advance growth was 39 and 34 cm, respectively, compared with only 7 cm for natural regeneration on scarified soil. The performance gap does not appear to be narrowing. The poor performance of natural regeneration on mineral soil exposed by blade scarification is attributed to removal of organic and top mineral soil horizons beyond the immediate reach of seedlings. These soil layers remained available to the advance growth. Consideration should be given to preserving advance growth when scarification may be inappropriate.
Norway Spruce Provenance Experiments in the Maritimes Region of Canada
Authors: Fowler D. P. , Coles J. F.
Published: February 2014

Results from ten provenance trials of Norway spruce in the Maritimes Region are reviewed. Norway spruce from eastern Poland and from mid-elevations in the Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains of northern Poland can be expected to perform well when planted over a wide range of sites in central and southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. Norway spruce from east of the Baltic Sea, i.e., northeastern Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, western Russia and White Russia is recommended for northern New Brunswick. These same provenances are recommended for use in Great Lakes — St. Lawrence Region of Quebec and Ontario.Survival and growth rate of Norway spruce are compared to that of native spruce species. In general, survival of black and Norway spruce was the same and exceeded that of white and red spruce. Black spruce was taller than Norway which was taller than white and red spruce in most tests. It is suggested that growth of Norway spruce will exceed that of native spruces over rotations of 40-50 years.
Sociology in Finnish Forest Research
Authors: Young R. A.
Published: February 2014

In Finland, where a high proportion of forested land is owned by smallholders and farmers, a sociological tradition of forest research has evolved. This paper reviews the landmark studies of forest owners and their behaviour.In Canada, where much will be expected of private woodlot owners in the next two decades, this research deserves to be better known and to be emulated, because it is scientifically sound and highly practical.
Comparison of Seedling and Transplant Performance Following 15 Years Growth
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

The fifteenth year remeasurement of an experiment comparing seedlings and transplants shows that the transplants have produced 26 to 56% more growth (aggregate height). At current costs this would be at 11 to 23% less expense.
Impact potentiel du flottage du bois sur le milieu aquatique
Authors: Visser S. A. , Couture P.
Published: February 2014

Some aspects are discussed of the consequences of logging operations on natural waters. The release into the aquatic environment of certain types of organic substances from logs can result in an increase in the colour and odour of the water. It appears that bark in particular is responsible for the deterioration of the water quality. Factors such as age and species of the tree and the environmental conditions of the water do mainly determine the nature and effectiveness of the microbial degradation of the tree trunk. Different constituents such as simple sugars, polysaccharides, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, lignins, amino acids, peptides, proteins, fatty and other organic acids, as well as phenols can, each to a different degree, be degraded by various types of microbes, in particular by fungi. Substances liberated from the bark and the wood, as well as their products of degradation could exert a stress on several types of organisms in the aquatic environment. Although no specific case of acute toxicity has as yet been reported, some laboratory studies have indicated sub-lethal effects involving fish (blockage of their respiratory system), fish eggs (reduction in the number of hatchings) and algae (reduction in growth rate). In certain instances these effects could be ascribed either to the presence of toxic organic substances or to low oxygen levels.
The Use of APL in Forest Sampling and Mensuration
Authors: Titus Stephen J.
Published: February 2014

Use of the APL programming language in solving selected problems in forest sampling and mensuration topics is illustrated using "direct definition" APL functions. Mensuration topics include the crown competition factor and log, tree, and stand volume. Simple random, point (variable radius plot), and stratified sampling methods are discussed.
A Model for Regular Mortality in Unthinned White Spruce Plantations
Authors: Evert F.
Published: February 2014

The dominant stand height, and the number of live trees per hectare, when taken together at the start of a growth period, are good predictors of periodic mortality in total number of trees per hectare, and of its distribution by tree sizes.While the prediction of net growth and yield may require data for total mortality only, more detailed information, i.e. distribution by tree size, is needed for a planned effort to prevent, reduce or salvage it. This information can be obtained by the equations presented in this report.
Management of Public Outdoor Recreation Competition
Authors: Nautiyal J. C. , Jaakson R.
Published: February 2014

The production of public outdoor recreation facilities in Canadian provinces can become more efficient and the benefits obtained from them more equitably shared by the public, if the rights to enjoy the recreational resources are shared equally by the residents and can be freely exchanged in the market place. Such an exchange is possible if a coupon system is introduced where all residents receive their share of existing facilities at the beginning of each year.
Ten-year Response of Semimature Jack Pine Forest in Northwestern Ontario to Fall Nitrogen-Phosphorus and Nitrogen-Potassium Fertilizer Treatments
Authors: Morrison I. K. , Foster N. W. , Swan H. S. D.
Published: February 2014

Results are reported from the third in a series of three industry-sponsored forest fertilization field trials established in an approximately 55-year-old jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stand in the Dryden-Sioux Lookout area of northwestern Ontario. The experiment was of randomized block design and tested various combinations of N plus P and N plus K. The experiment was unique in that fertilizers were applied in the fall on approximately 5 cm of early snow. Significant increases over control for several parameters after both five and ten years were noted for several treatments. Best response in relation to total volume increment over ten years was to N at 112 kg/ha plus K at 93 kg/ha where 21.72 m3/ha of extra wood was produced.
Site Classification From Air Photos in a Forest Inventory
Authors: Bonnor G. M. , Morrier K. C.
Published: February 2014

A site classification system using 5-metre site index classes was applied in an inventory in eastern Ontario. ir photos and data on site index obtained from fiels work were used by photo interpreters to assign site index classes to individual stands. In a subsequent test of the procedures, the accuracy of the classification was found to be 76 percent. This accuracy, while acceptable, can be increased.The method is intended for use in extensive (regional, provincial) forest inventories and provides an objective (numerical) assessment of site quality.
Une Première Décennie en Aménagement de Forêts Privées au Québec
Authors: Mignault Marius
Published: February 2014

Between 1971 and 1978, the Laval University Forest Research Foundation collaborating with the Quebec Department of Lands and Forest (now the Department of Energy and Resources), has carried out, first in the eastern region, then elsewhere in the province, a series of investigations in intensive management of private woodlands. Now that the experience is over, it is possible to sum up the operational activities and the associated fall out on research and development. Through his experience, the author is able to define a certain number of problems which need to be solved should Quebec want to include production of private woodlands in its economic strategy.
Regeneration and Management of White Ash in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
Authors: Goldsmith F. B. , Lees J. C.
Published: February 2014

White ash natural regeneration and plantation performance were studied at several locations in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Stump sprouts were an important component of the regeneration. Soil, shade, and competition conditions which appeared to favour seedling regeneration were tested in the greenhouse using wildlings. Partial shade, high lime content, high nitrate nitrogen, and freedom from competition were important requirements for successful regeneration. In this region, the northern limit of the ecological range of white ash, these requirements become critical. To encourage white ash regeneration and to increase the white ash component in mixed hardwood stands, a shelterwood system of silviculture is recommended. Narrow strip clearcutting as already tried in Nova Scotia, is worthy of further study.
Morphological Grading of White Pine Nursery Stock
Authors: Mullin R. E. , Christl C.
Published: February 2014

In the spring of 1975 regular white pine (Pinus strobus L.) stock, 3 + 0 and 2 + 2, were measured for top length, root length, stem diameter, and top-root ratio by volume of water displacement and then planted at the Midhurst Research Unit. Survival and growth was measured for 5 years.The 2 + 2 stock was superior in survival, growth and cost for a specified stand (aggregate height per unit area at 5 years). Top length, stem diameter and root volume were found to be highly significant predictors of subsequent performance. Tentative recommendations are given for 2 + 2 white pine stock specifications as minimums of: 20 cm for top length, 0.40 cm for stem diameter, 12 ml for root volume, and a top-root ratio less than 3.5:1.
Overwinter Storage of Walker Poplar Cuttings
Authors: Cram W. H. , Lindquist C. H.
Published: February 2014

Rooting of cuttings was 82% after overwinter storage at −2 °C, 73% after +2 °C storage, and only 60% after being heeled-in outdoors. Budbreak after planting was earliest for the heeled-in cuttings and latest for those refrigerated at −2 °C, but length of the subsequent top growth was similar for all storage treatments.
A Microcomputer-Based Annual Ring Measurement System
Authors: Jordan G. A. , Ballance R. H.
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the interfacing and programming of a Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III microcomputer and the DIGI-MlC, one of the newest automated annual ring measurement systems to come on the market since introduction of the ADDO-X. The combined equipment allows rapid and straightforward measurement, storage, reviewing, editing and analysis of increment data. Hardware, software, and procedures are discussed and basic technical information is provided. Questions of reliability, quality and manufacturer support are addressed. Keywords: TRS-80, microcomputer application, stem analysis, measurement
De la nécessité d'un inventaire forestier écologique
Authors: Brown Jean-Louis
Published: February 2014

To meet our growing needs for wood products will require several million dollars of investment in forest management without assured success, unless we have an appropriate knowledge of forest ecosystems.This paper proposes a simple approach to laying down an "ecological" forest map. Physical habitats which can be related to landform, position on the slope, drainage, etc., within an ecological region, are mapped with their actual stands. This approach leads to a rapid classification and mapping of the different forest ecosystems. It is then possible to work out different chronological sequences or seres by relating the stands occupying similar habitats. Knowledge of seres and of actual stand allows the manager to foresee the evolution of a particular stand. In the same way, by the integrated mapping of forest stands and physical habitats, results of sylvicultural treatments can be related to habitat factors, and subsequently can be applied to similar ecosystems.Added costs of mapping data relative to habitats are rapidly compensated by avoiding costly management errors. Furthermore, the supplementary exercise of determining the habitat increases the precision of photo interpretation for stand mapping. The cost is also compensated by the fact that map contours are permanent since they are based on natural and stable features. Only vegetation data will have to be brought up to date periodically.
The Practicality of Top-root Ratio in Nursery Stock Characterization
Authors: Racey G. D. , Glerum C. , Hutchison R. E.
Published: February 2014

Top-root ratios (T/R) form a non-normal frequency distribution which is positively skewed or skewed to the right, creating a bias in the estimate of a sample mean. T/R's determined by volume displacement give larger estimates than those determined by oven-dry weight. This difference increases with the size and T/R of the tree. Top length, stem diameter, top volume and root volume are all better indicators of nursery stock quality and potential growth performance than T/R. As top-root ratio is difficult to interpret or use in an objective manner it is of little value in nursery stock evaluation.
Some Applications Of Nonlinear Regression Models In Forestry Research
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: February 2014

Many biological processes are basically nonlinear in nature and should be described as such in empirical modelling. Advantages of nonlinear regression models over their linear counterparts are discussed briefly. Examples of several nonlinear regression models useful in forestry are given and demonstrated graphically. With the ever-increasing availability of nonlinear regression rountines, it is hoped that more foresters will use such models in their research work and data analysis.
Nitrogen Fixation: A Biotechnological Opportunity for Canadian Forestry
Authors: Chatarpaul L. , Carlisle A.
Published: February 2014

Intensive harvesting and forest management systems will increase nitrogen and organic matter losses from forest soils, and there will be a need to manage the soils using both fertilizers and nitrogen-fixing techniques to maintain site productivity. Legumes and non-legumes with nitrogen-fixing symbioses can fix up to 300 kg ha−1 year−1 of nitrogen and provide soil organic matter, but poor soils will need fertilization to maintain the nitrogen-fixing process. There are many species and cultural techniques the forester can use, including green manuring and mixed stands, but carefully designed field trials are needed to solve cultural problems. In addition, there are many opportunities for genetic selection of both the trees and shrubs and the bacteria (actinomycetes) involved. Before the systems can be used effectively the operational foresters will need to be better informed about the soil biota and the interaction with site and vegetation. The development of nitrogen-fixing systems offers a biotechnological opportunity for Canadian foresters to increase tree yield while maintaining site productivity.
Negligible Cull and Growth Loss of Jack Pine Associated with Globose Gall Rust
Authors: Gross H. L.
Published: February 2014

The height and diameter of galled and unaffected jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were compared for five stands in northwestern Ontario. The severity of infection by globose gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii [J.P. Moore] Y. Hirat.) was rated as the total number of galls per tree and the number of stem galls per tree.Comparison of galled with unaffected trees in all stands showed essentially no size difference. Tree size increased relative to the number of galls per tree in one of the stands. This relationship was interpreted as reflecting that large individuals had more sites susceptible to infection. Trees were more uniform in size for the other stands and no size difference associated with numbers of galls was apparent.Galls were observed on the branches but not on the main stem of trees studied in mature stands. Hence, defect associated with the merchantable portion of the bole was nil. Both stem galls and branch galls were fairly common in young stands, an indication that jack pines with stem galls usually die as stands mature. Observations in other jack pine stands indicate that galled tissue and associated tree parts frequently do die.
Advantages of Clonal Forestry
Authors: Libby W. J. , Rauter R. M.
Published: February 2014

This article outlines and discusses the advantages of clonal forestry that were identified at the 1983 Canadian Tree Improvement Association Conference. Key Words: Breeding, Deployment, Diversity, Genetic correlation, Genetic gain, Hybrids, Inbreeding, Maturation state, Photosynthate allocation, Production efficiency, Silviculture, Site specificity
Elihu Stewart and the Beginnings of Dominion Forestry
Authors: Honer T. G. , Johnstone Kenneth
Published: February 2014

Early proclamations regarding the payment of dues to the provincial governments for timber cut on provincial lands, established the precedent for provincial jurisdiction over the forest resource. But continued exploitation of the forest also gave rise to the conservation movement and a climate conducive to the initiation of forestry practice in Canada. In 1899, in response to public pressure for forestry on Dominion lands the federal government appointed Elihu Stewart Chief Inspector of Timber and Forestry. His forestry philosophy and program emphasized conservation and propagation. Stewart's skills in organizing an effective forestry group were only surpassed by his ability to communicate with farmers, lumbermen and politicians alike. During his tenure in office, he initiated a system of fire guarding, expanded the Forest Reserves, and commenced to regulate the harvest on Dominion lands. He was responsible for the program of tree planting on the plains of western Canada and founded the Canadian Forestry Association and served as its first secretary. Before resigning from federal service in 1907 he supported the establishment of the forestry schools at the Universities of Toronto and New Brunswick and played a key role in organizing the first Canadian Forestry Convention.
Effects of Spruce Budworm Outbreaks on the Productivity and Stability of Balsam Fir Forests
Authors: MacLean David A.
Published: February 2014

Effects of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks on the productivity and stability of forests in eastern Canada are reviewed and discussed. Defoliation results in reduced growth of trees, widespread tree mortality, and loss of wood production, and thereby causes major forest management problems. At present, the only feasible method for limiting damage and losses from budworm outbreaks over large areas is to apply chemical or biological insecticides periodically to kill larvae and protect the forest from defoliation and tree mortality. Although budworm outbreaks definitely disrupt the wood-producing capacity of forests (or the short-term "stability of forests for human usage"), in terms of overall ecological stability, outbreaks apparently act as a cycling mechanism that allows advance fir-spruce regeneration to succeed the fir-spruce overstory.
Growth of a 25-Year-Old Pacific Silver Fir Plantation in Western Washington
Authors: Murray Marshall D.
Published: February 2014

About 1900 Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis (Doug.) Forbes) seedlings per ha were planted in the Black Hills, western Washington, on an area clearcut and burned. Twenty-five years after planting the plantation had 1393 trees per ha 2.5 cm dbh and larger. The largest dbh class was 17.5 cm. Average height ranged from 2.4 m for trees of the 2.5 cm dbh clas to 9.1 m for trees of the 17.5 cm dbh class. Average annual diameter and height growth for trees 12.5 cm dbh and larger during the 5-year period 21 years to 25 years after planting was 1.1 cm and 0.62 m, respectively. Diameter and height growth of each dbh class has increased during the recent 5-year period compared with the previous 5-year period. Key words: Abies amabilis, Pacific silver fir plantations, plantation growth.
A Power-driven Increment Borer
Authors: Hall A. A. , Bloomberg W. J.
Published: February 2014

A power-driven increment borer was developed from commercially available components. The power source is a 58-cc gasoline chainsaw motor which provided power sufficient to bore conifers up to 80 cm in diameter. The chain drive was converted to the rotary action needed for turning the increment borer by an Atom drilling attachment. This attachment can be adapted to all standard chainsaw motors and has forward, neutral and reverse gears. The borer was tested on over 200 western hemlock 30–60 cm dbh, over 1000 lodgepole pine with dbh up to 30 cm and a number of Douglas-fir up to 30 cm dbh. The cores were clean and easily read and the mechanical efficiency of power boring greatly exceeded that of manual operation. The unit is portable and can easily be handled by one person.
A Comparison of Planting Stock Characterization with Root Area Index, Volume and Dry Weight
Authors: Racey G. D.
Published: February 2014

Volume, area and weight methods for characterizing tops and roots of coniferous nursery stock were compared for accuracy, reproducibility and practicality using 60 seedling samples of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Root volume estimates as determined by the volume displacement method were as accurate and reproducible as root area index estimates determined by the rhizometer. Root volume determination was faster than root area index while producing information of comparable quality and usefulness. White roots measured by a rhizometer can be underestimated by as much as 50% when a high light intensity is used. Dry weight is a reliable indicator of biomass but is time consuming compared with either root volume or root area index.
Forest Succession Following a Spruce Budworm Outbreak in Minnesota
Authors: Batzer Harold O. , Popp Michael P.
Published: February 2014

Plots in 24 spruce-fir stands in northeastern Minnesota studied throughout the period 1957 to 1962 at the time of a spruce budworm outbreak were remeasured in 1979. Composition of the overstory changed from an average of 79% of the basal area in host species before to 31% after the budworm outbreak. Twelve percent of the stands showed growth in nonhost species that more than offset the loss in balsam fir and white spruce. The understory was minimally stocked with balsam fir in two-thirds of the stands. Only 4% of the regeneration was spruce. Even so, some well-established white spruce seedlings were found in two-thirds of the stands. Red maple was the most abundant hardwood invader. Raspberry, hazel and mountain maple were the principal shrub species limiting balsam fir reproduction Shrubs were most abundant in stands where balsam fir mortality had exceeded 80%. Half of the stands had seedlings that originated both before and after the outbreak; 45% had seedlings that originated only after the outbreak; and 5% had seedlings that originated only before the outbreak. Stands having moderate mixture of nonhost species in the over-story prior to the budworm outbreak had the most balsam fir regeneration. This resulted from seed produced by surviving balsam fir trees after the outbreak. Key words: Choristoneura fumiferana, Abies balsamea, Balsam fir, spruce-fir shrubs
Obstacles to Silviculture in Canada
Authors: Pearse Peter H.
Published: February 2014

As the source of raw material for Canada's forest industry shifts from the frontier of original timber to managed crops, the policy framework influencing investments in silviculture assumes critical importance. Opportunities for economically beneficial silviculture are probably substantial, but policy makers have been provided with surprisingly little evidence of the kind they need to allocate budgets appropriately. Moreover, governments have created serious obstacles to silviculture through property tax systems that generate disincentives to forest enhancement, through forest tenure arrangements that are insecure or dampen regional timber markets, and through regulations that impede or distort silvicultural effort. Removal of these obstacles, and provision of information and guidance about silvicultural opportunities, would give considerable stimulus to improved forest management in Canada and undoubtedly at less cost than new governmental silvicultural programs. Key words: forest policy economic opportunities, incentives and obstacles for forestry, silvicultural investments, forest regulations.
Common Law, Statutes and Conservation Values: Do They Have Anything in Common?
Authors: Thompson Andrew
Published: February 2014

Basic values in Canadian society are thought to be moving toward an expanded conservation ethic. There are two schools of thought. "Wise-use" conservation signifies management of forests and wildlife to maximize utilitarian values. "Preservationist" conservation is more concerned with intrinsic values in nature. Canadian common law and statutes are examined to determine what support they provide for "wise-use" conservation or a "preservationist" approach to resource management. Deficiencies are identified. Moreover, where statutes do impress on resource managers a duty to employ "wise-use" principles, noncompliance is often tolerated and Canadian courts are reluctant to hold public servants to the letter of the law. Integrated management is a precondition to making the trade-offs between forests and wildlife required by a "wise-use" policy, but by itself, provides no measure by which to make such trade-offs. "Wise-use" principles do provide such a measure, but their utilitarian emphasis invariably reduces wildlife to second place in competition with trees. If society wants to preserve intrinsic values in wildlife, the only alternative strategies available are raw potential power or charterlike laws that express clear principles of preservation. These laws would be society's choice in favour of arresting the deterioration in the natural environment documented in the World Conservation Strategy. Key words: Resource, Conservation, Conservation policy, Conservation law, Integration.