bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
B2B Social Media Marketing Mix Optimization Model: A Case Study of a SME in Corporate Training Services
Authors: Devi Prasad Ghosh
Published: February 2022

The paper conceptualized a B2B Social Media Marketing Optimization Model by using Linear Programming mathematical technique. Social Media Marketing as part of digital marketing mix is seen as an effective one-to-one communication and an interactive media. But Social Media Marketing channels suffers from its poor reach compared to other digital media. As a practice, social media marketing is chosen as per ease of operation, lower cost and not on any quantitative measurements. The optimization model is first of its type since it uses media effectiveness (reach), media efficiency (Cost) and media quality (engagement) as the basis for building the optimization model. The concept presented takes into account complete cost of social media marketing that includes operations cost, production cost and design cost. The other model limits cost of Social Media Marketing to media cost only and usually account for production cost and design cost as a common marketing support cost, which in social media cases may consume a large portion of resources and cost. This also create problems to ascertain the cost in case of owned media or earned media where paid  media cost is zero. The model also present a case that if Social Media Marketing Mix is chosen on basis of mathematical calculation, the outcome can be enhanced.
The Effect of Corporate Culture on Good Government Governance, Survey of Provincial, Regency and City Governments in the South Sumatra Region.
Authors: Irlan Fery
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Corporate Culture on Good Government Governance. The unit of analysis in this study is the regional government in South Sumatra, Palembang-Indonesia City. The results of the study show that the Corporate Culture has a significant effect on Good Government Governance which has characteristics possessed by someone to produce accurate information. Furthermore, it was found that corporate culture has implications for Good Government Governance.
Effect of Investment Climate on Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Growth in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State Nigeria
Authors: Garba Adamu
Published: February 2022

This study evaluated the effect of investment climate on Small and Medium Scale Enterprises growth in Makurdi Metropolis. The study was anchored on The Neoclassical Approach, Financial Growth Theory and Theory of diffusion of innovation. The researcher used both primary and secondary sources from  a sample of 250 respondents obtained by the use of a well structured questionnaire from the study areas. The demographic data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, simple percentage and the relationship between the variables of the study were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The hypotheses of the study were tested using the probability value of the estimates. The result of the regression analysis indicates that a negative relationship exist between access to credit (ACTC) and Small and Medium Scale Enterprises growth in Makurdi Metropolis Nigeria (SGT) and the relationship is not statistically significant (p>0.05) and not in line with a priori expectation. Power supply (PWSP) was positively related to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Growth in Makurdi Metropolis Nigeria (SGT) and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05) and in line with a priori expectation. A positive relationship exist between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Growth in Makurdi Metropolis Nigeria (SGT) and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05) and in line with a priori expectation. It was concluded that for this growth to be achieved, the climate of investment must be addressed and made favourable for business start-up and growth. It was recommended that government should effectively regulate the power sector as there are still lingering challenges with billings, tariffs and metering processes after privatization. To ameliorate the problem faced by SMEs in the study area, government can create hubs for SMEs in the study area and provide them with adequate electricity or develop renewable energy such as solar energy to improve entrepreneurs' access and growth.
Effect of Microfinance Banks on the Growth of Selected Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State
Authors: Garba Adamu
Published: February 2022

This study examined the effect of microfinance banks on the growth of selected small and medium scale enterprises in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State.The study was anchored on Pecking Order theory. The researcher used both primary and secondary sources from a population of 960 and a sample of 282 respondents obtained by the use of a structured questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, simple percentage and the relationship between the variables of the model was tested using multiple linear regression analysis. The result of the regression analysis indicates that a positive relationship exist between Credit by Microfinance (CMF) Job Creation (JOC) of selected SMEs in Makurdi Metropolis and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05). A positive relationship exist between Credit by Microfinance and Business Expansion (BEX) of selected SMEs in Makurdi Metropolis and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05). A negative relationship exist between Savings Mobilization and the Growth of Small and Job Creation (JOC) of selected SMEs in Makurdi Metropolis and the relationship is not statistically significant (p>0.05). A positive relationship exist between Savings Mobilization (SMB) and Business Expansion (BEX) of selected SMEs in Makurdi Metropolis and the relationship is statistically significant (p<0.05). It was concluded that micro finance does enhance the job creation and expansion capacity of small business in Nigeria. It was recommended among others that microfinance bank should adopt similar strategies adopted by deposit money banks in deposit mobilization because it is by so doing that they will be able to grant quality loans to entrepreneurs which will lead to job creation in the economy.
Cali?Anlarin Korunmasina Yönel?k ??Letme Oncel?k ve ?sg Pol?t?Kalari Kapsaminda Cali?Anlarda k???sel Koruyucu Donanim Kullanma Farkindali?i ve b?l?nç Düzey?n?n ?Ncelenmes?- ç?Ftay a.?. ??Letmes? Maden Sahasi Kkd Kullanim etk?nl??? Cali?Masi
Authors: Hasanhanoglu Cihandar
Published: February 2022

??yerlerinde sa?l?k ve güvenlik uygulamalar?n?n etkinli?i, yönetimin i?çi sa?l??? ve güvenli?ikonusundaki temel yakla??m? ile yak?ndan ilgilidir. Bununla birlikte, çal??anlar?n ki?isel özellikleri vekendi sa?l?klar? üzerindeki kontrol duygular?n?n da etkisi vard?r. Sa?l?k ve güvenli?in sa?lanmas? ileçal??anlar?n güvenlik davran??lar?n?n etkile?imi incelenirken, söz konusu uygulamalar?n çal??anlarcaalg?lan??? belirlenmelidir. Bu nedenle, makalede i?yerinde i? sa?l??? ve güvenli?i uygulamalar?konusunda çal??anlar?n tutumlar?, güvenlik davran???, güvenlik ihtiyac? gibi bireysel etkenler yan?ndayöneticilerin konuyla ilgili yakla??m ve uygulamalar?n?n çal??anlarca alg?lan???n?n belirlenmesi deamaçlanm??t?r.Makalenin odak noktas?n? güvenli davran???n bir göstergesi olarak “ki?isel koruyucu donan?mkullan?m?” olu?turmaktad?r. Bu kapsamda gerçekle?tirilen amprik çal??mada, “ki?isel koruyucu donan?mkullan?m?” ile ili?kili oldu?u varsay?lan de?i?kenler güvenlik etkinli?i, güvenlik ihtiyac?, yöneticitutumlar? ve koruyucu donan?m olanaklar?d?r.Ara?t?rma, anket tekni?i ile gerçekle?tirilmi?tir. Çok tehlikeli i? kolu olarak kabul edilen maden ç?karmai?leminin yap?ld??? maden sahalar?nda çal??an ki?ilerin korunma ve ki?isel koruyucu donan?mlar?kullanma konusundaki bilinç düzeyi, fark?ndal??? ve sistemsel yakla??mlar?n belirlenmesi kapsam?ndahaz?rlanan anket her iki sahada çal??an 498 ki?iye uygulanm??t?r.Ara?t?rman?n temel hipotezi, ki?isel koruyucu donan?m kullan?m?n?n bireysel ve tehlike de?i?kenler ileili?ki içinde oldu?u yönündedir. Ara?t?rma bulgular?, çal??anlar?n güvenlik ihtiyac?n? hissetmelerininyan?nda, ki?isel koruyucu donan?m?n ula??labilirli?inin onlar? güvenli davran??a ya da koruyucudonan?m kullan?m?na sevk etti?ini göstermektedir.Anket çal??mas? sonuçlar? SPSS 16,0 istatistik veri analizi program? ile analiz edilmi? olup, istatistikselanlaml?l?k p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmi?tir. Tan?mlay?c? istatistikler ve Ki-kare Testi kullan?lm??t?r.
Internal Audit Profession And Financial Performance In Commercial Banks In Rwanda
Authors: Mustari Kahambu , Rusibana Claud , Nzamalu Ambrose
Published: February 2022

In all the countries in the world, commercial banks contribute greatly in the economic development of a country (Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt & Levine, 2006). Therefore, tracking the performance of commercial banks has been of great importance both for scholars and for policy makers. The main objective of this research was to investigate the role played by internal audit profession in the financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, taking a case of Kenya Commercial Bank, Rwanda plc. The research followed three specific objectives, namely, to investigate internal audit profession in KCB Bank Rwanda plc; to determine the level of financial performance of KCB Bank Rwanda plc and to find out the relationship between internal audit profession and financial performance of KCB Bank Rwanda plc. The research used descriptive and correlational research design with a target of 87 employees all taken as the sample for this research. Structured questionnaires were distributed to the sample and 79 were filled and returned. The collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22. The results showed that the most of the employees in KCB Bank Rwanda plc are male who represent 72.15% of the total respondents, majority of the respondents were between 31-35 years represented by 42(53.2%) of the respondents. The findings on objective one revealed that 57% of the respondents strongly agreed that audit independence is important for the internal auditing at 32.9% agreed. The findings on objective two revealed that 73.4% of the respondents indicated high level of satisfaction in terms of financial performance of the Bank. On objective three, the findings revealed that all the indicators used for measuring internal audit were positive and significantly related to ROA, ROE and interest margin (some at 5% and others at 10%), except for audit due care which was not significantly related to ROE and interest margin. The findings further revealed that the adjusted R2=0.81 for ROA, adjusted R2=0.164 for ROE and adjusted R2= 0.292 for interest margin. Further, the ANOVA analysis for ROA, ROE and interest margin revealed that all the three models were significant at 5%. The regression equations with audit independence, professional competence and audit due care as predictor variables showed that both audit independence and professional competence have positive coefficient on ROA, ROE and interest margin. The researcher highly recommends prudential adoption of internal auditing function within the banking sector. Policy makers should come up with standardized measures in relation to internal auditing. The managers should be at the forefront to ensure that the internal auditing function operates independently without managerial influences and with due diligence. This recommendation is informed by the positive effect that auditing has on the financial performance of commercial banks.
The effect of the quality of financial reporting on the development of the level of quality of profits declared in the financial reports of banks listed on the Palestine Exchange-An Empirical Study
Authors: AL TaweeL Issam M. A.
Published: February 2022

The study aimed to demonstrate the impact of the quality of financial reporting on developing the level of the quality of profits announced in the financial reports of banks listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange. The study relied on a sample of (6) banks listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange during the period (2014-2017). The study developed the level of profits quality as a dependent variable, while the independent variables included accuracy, appropriateness and appropriate timing for financial reporting, and the results of the study showed that there is a positive impact at the level of significance (? ? 0.05) of accuracy on the level of profit quality declared for banks listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange. There is an adverse effect at the level of significance (? ? 0.05) of the suitability and the appropriate timing at the level of the quality of profits declared for the banks listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange. By providing information to its users in a timely manner, otherwise, this information will lose its value, and the need for continuous development of financial reporting reports in light of the emerging and changing needs of users of financial reports or other stakeholders.
Risk Management Tools and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda: A Case Study of Banque Populaire Du Rwanda Public Limited Company
Authors: Bahati Aimable , Kamande Mercyline
Published: February 2022

The study is about risks management tools on financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, the case study of BPR Plc. The general objective of this research was to assess the contribution of risks management tools on financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, taking a case study of BPR. Specific objectives includes to ascertain risks management tools used by BPR in managing its asset; to analyze the financial performance of BPR in Rwanda since 2015 to 2018 and to find the link amid risks management tools and financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda. The results of this research are useful for academic purpose as reference, to institutions, which will access the findings to address risk issues and improve their control measures against risk. The main theory applied in this research is Agency theory. This research adopted descriptive and correlation research designs and is both qualitative and quantitative research. Forty-two (42) is target population used; census was applied in this research as the sampling technique since the target population is small and data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 to generate frequency tables, charts, and regression analysis. The research revealed that at BPR Plc, use of risk management tools has a great positive relationship with the financial performance of BPR as it is being indicated by the respondents about standard and reports, position limit and rules, investment guideline and strategies whether help in financial performance in BPR, many respondents were in agreement with this statement as it is indicated by a high means and homogeneity in responses as the standard deviations obtained for all items of independent variables were less than one (SD<1). for objective two, it was seen that BPR Plc financial performance increased considerably since 2015 to 2018 as results of risk management tools; for relationship, the results found that risk management tools greatly influence BPR financial performance as justified by P-values which are positive and statistically significant respectively for position limit and rules (p=0.003), standard and reports (p=0.034), investment guideline and strategies (p=0.023) which are less than the significance level (P<0.05) from multiple regression analysis. The conclusion is that risk management tools greatly influence banks financial performance. So far, much is already done by the Bank to overcome and mitigate risk in all BPR operations but there is need to emphasize on new strategies to improve on standards, rules and regulation to enforce risk mitigation. In today’s BPR daily business; technology is increasing, process and procedures are tightened, account manipulation are restricted. This has greatly reduced reputation and financial risk leading to increase in financial performance. The further studies should be carried out on implementation of risk management strategies and financial performance in banking industry.
Effect of tax system on the economic development of a nation: Nigeria experience
Authors: Olalekan Oladipo Akinrinola , Bamidele Oreoluwa
Published: February 2022

The economic development of Nigeria has been trembling over the years, even when the country has been acclaimed the biggest economy in Africa since 2014. This is in contrast to other developing countries and sub-Saharan countries that have up-scaled and accelerated their economic development in contemporary times. Such nations have utilised tax revenue to galvanise their economic development, but Nigeria does not have much to show for this. The country records one of the lowest percentage of tax revenue to GDP of about 6% compared to an average of 17% for sub-Saharan African countries and about 30% for OECD countries. This study examined the effect of the tax system on the economic development of the nation, using the human development index as the parameter for measuring economic development while assessing the tax system by the tax to GDP ratio. A qualitative research method was adopted by reviewing empirical studies and analysing secondary data gathered from relevant sources. From the reviews, discussions and analysis, there abounds compelling data to show that there is significant positive relationship between the tax system and the economic development of a nation. However, in the case of Nigeria, there appears to be uncoordinated and ineffective tax system that has inadequately impacted on her economic development. Taking a lead from other developing countries like Rwanda, recommendations were made for restructuring and synergising the tax system while utilizing information technology and ensuring accountability and transparency.
Implementation Strategies and Performance of Non-Governmental Organization Projects in Rwanda: A Case of Faith Victory Association Projects, Kayonza District
Authors: Kwizera Bosco N. , Munene Paul
Published: February 2022

The general objective of this study is to assess the  effect of implementation strategies on performance of NGO projects with specific reference to Gikuriro project implemented by Faith Victory Association in Kayonza. The specific objectives were to examine the community empowerment, capacity building and community participation on performance of NGO projects. The study played a significant role to various people including researcher, the management of the project itself, government and academic researchers. When conducting this study, a descriptive research design with two mixed methods such quantitative and qualitative approach was used. The target population was project beneficiaries who were given questionnaires and the project administrators as well as staff who were interviewed. In total the total target population was 13250 people, from whom a sample of 400 was selected using Sloven’s formula. The study used a stratified random sampling technique and data were collected using questionnaires and interviews .The analysis of data was done using SPSS version 22.0 and Microsoft Excel.  Both inferential (correlation and regression analysis)and descriptive statistics(mean and standard deviation) were used. The findings pertaining research objectives showed that the community empowerment, capacity building and community participation affect performance of NGO projects. On community empowerment 95% of the respondents Community training, Farmer learning schools, Village NS as capacity building strategies affected performance of NGO projects. The study findings further showed that 89%) of respondents community empowerment through saving groups affected performance of NGO projects. The study findings showed  the community participation in utilities or consumable types agriculture  was e 61%  community participation animal type of assets wwas24% community participation in agricultural tools represent 47% while community participation in house and land 54.8%. When assessing the relationship between implementation strategies and performance of NGO projects with specific reference to Gikuriro project implemented by Faith Victory Association in Kayonza, the study findings showed that  there is a significant relationship between implementation strategies and performance of NGO projects presented a positive correlation with p-value (r = 0.092, p = 0.067), (r = -0.008, p = 0.000), (r = 0.016, p = 0.000), (r = 0.042, p = 0.000), (r = 0.006. p = 0.000) and (r = -0.036, p = 0.000).  The study concludes that community empowerment, capacity building and community participation on performance of NGO projects are important strategies for ensuring project sustainability. The study, recommended that NGO funded projects in Kayonza District should be have clear guiding implementation strategies and procedure, community participation strategy in place and integrating monitoring in their implementation strategies at all stages.
The Reality of the Practice of Strategic Management Techniques for Palestinian Industrial Corporations and Specialists on the Role and Impact They Play
Authors: Alhelo Etidal , Nashwan Iskandar M. H. , AL TaweeL Issam M. A. , Kullab Yarob J.
Published: February 2022

The study aimed primarily to examine the reality of the practice of strategic management techniques for Palestinian industrial enterprises and the guidance of specialists on the role and impact they play and to achieve this. The study concluded that industrialized enterprises in the Gaza Strip attached great attention to strategic administrative accounting techniques and their use in cost accounting, oversight and performance measurement, competitors' accounting, and strategic decision-making, but still require further strengthening and guidance. The strategic administrative accounting techniques play an important role in the perspective of industrialized companies. Study the need for partners using modern methods of management accounting and performance evaluation, leading to new measurement methods related to customer's satisfaction, preservation and satisfaction of employees and developing their skills as basic factors to assess how these companies work and to develop management accounting techniques to suit its philosophy and objectives with modern requirements Industrial, technological, environmental and economic. Palestinian industrial enterprises can be competitive and continuity.
Employee Turnover and Operational Performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda
Authors: Kayumba Ephrem , Rusibana Claude
Published: February 2022

Employee turnover was the movement through which an organization hired and missed its employees. This might be voluntary, involuntary, internal transfer, and retirement turnover. The objective of this study was to analyse the employee turnover and operational performance of commercial banks in Rwanda, a case of KCB Bank Rwanda located in Nyarugenge District, Rwanda. The specific objectives were to analyse the effect of employee compensation on operational performance, to determine the impact of employee overscheduling on operational performance, and to find out the impact of employee favouritism on the operational performance of KCB Bank Rwanda. This quantitative research used the descriptive research survey design with questionnaire as research instrument where 80 questionnaires were distributed to 80 employees by using both physical and digital approaches forms due to situations of COVID-19. The data collection took six months and consisted of 15 Microsoft forms, 40 physical forms, and 25 emails responses. The data analysis was done by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 through which the census method was applied, and the descriptive method was used to make the conclusion and has been applied to determine the reliability and validity at 0.8%. This research contributed to the management of employee turnover to improve operational performance of commercial banks in Rwanda. It indicated that KCB Bank Rwanda recognized a considerable rate of employee turnover at a percentage of 46.5% since its creation in 2008 year to December 2020 where the low number of recruited employees compared to the number of employees who exited. This was caused by factors including poor employee compensation, employee overscheduling and employee favouritism. The study discovered that the research objectives were major causes of employee turnover that affected the operational performance of KCB Bank Rwanda at a percentage of 13.8%. Data analysis showed that compensation affected the bank’s operations at a percentage of 73.8% (see table 4.9.), overscheduling at 50.1% (see table 4.7), and favouritism at 56.3% (see table 4.8). The study discovered that the most concern of KCB Bank Rwanda was not the relevance of number of employees who left but the quality of those employee and the targets they had set during the set and submission of the annual balanced scorecard, which affects the operational performance review. The research recommended that the management should review the compensation policy to match the operational performance, reduce favouritism by approaching marginal employees, and reduce overscheduling by re-examining the job descriptions and visiting employee’s office to discover added and non-corresponding duties that attracted the employee turnover in the KCB Bank Rwanda.
Stakeholder Participation and Project Sustainability: A Case of Deaf Donor Funded Project in Kicukiro, Rwanda
Authors: Uwamariya Alexia , Safari Ernest , Kengere Osiemo A.
Published: February 2022

Researches has shown that due to less participation of stakeholders in project sustainability, most of donor funded projects fail or get stuck just after withdrawal of funds by donors. Hence, the purpose of this study of assessing the contribution of stakeholder’s participation in promoting project sustainability with a case study of Deaf Donor Funded Project in Kicukiro. The researcher used descriptive research design to a target population of 246 people in which 152 respondents’ were chosen using the formula of Yamane (1967) with census and purposive sampling techniques. The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents because the researcher did self – administration of questionnaires while collecting data, but a sign language translator was hired to help capture all the necessary information. The analysis of the questionnaire was done through use of SPSS version 21.0 hence the use of descriptive, regression and correlation tables within this study about participation of stakeholders and project sustainability. The findings also prove that there is a relationship between Skills and Ownership (p=.851 and sig=.000), between skills and continuation (p=.786 and sig=.000), between material and effective leader (p=.899 and sig=.000) because all calculated p- values are less than 0.01 level of significance.
Financial Inclusion Support and Performance of Livelihood Project in Rwanda: A Case of Street Vendors' Project in Gasabo District
Authors: Tuyisenge Sosthene , Munene Paul
Published: February 2022

This paper aims at examining the influence of financial inclusion support on performance of livelihood project among street vendors. Data for this study was collected from livelihood projects in Kigali City; Rwanda. The paper tested the hypothesis that there is significant influence of financial inclusion support on performance of livelihood project among street vendors. This study used correlation research design in order to evaluate the influence of project financial inclusion support on performance of livelihood project in Gasabo district; Rwanda. The population of this research were 200 people including street vendors and head of departments as well as managers of financial institutions; while sample size were 134 respondents that was obtained by using Slovin’s formula. Questionaires and guided interview were used as data collection instruments where descriptive statistics was used for quantitative data analysis through the software of statistical package for the social sciences(SPSS) version 21;qualitative data were analysed by using thematic method ; Karl  Pearson  product moment correlation coefficient was used to establish relationship between variables while regression analysis was  used to check the influence of project financial inclusion support to performance of livelihood project at 16.9 percent of R -square. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 77 percent showed that the instruments were reliable while the validity was established by peer discussion with experts. This study will be significant to head departments, financial inclusion managers, street vendors and MINECOFINE. The findings on the first objective showed that table banking and saving account are considered as capacity building as it was confirmed by 55.5 percent of street vendors that they save money after selling. The findings on the second objective showed that 91.8 percent of the street vendors agreed that they use cashless payment .The findings on the third objective showed that entrepreneurial activities support; monitoring and evaluation influence livelihood project performance , it was also shown that there is significant low degree of positive correlation of 0.402 between capital support and improvement of street vendors' quality and that every increase on us of start-up capital leads to livelihood performance increase  somewhere between 7.7 percent and 36.1 percent. It was concluded that effective implementation of project financial inclusion support leads to positive performance of livelihood project.  The study recommends that national budget planners and intervening people should provide financial facilities and make effective set up that should enhance performance of livelihood project. The researcher suggests that further research can be done to examine the influence of financial inclusion support on development of livelihood project among street vendors in Rwanda so as to come up with comparative analysis.
Electives in Zimbabwean High Schools: Examining Attributes which Influence Prospective Students for Physical Education and Home Economics in Masvingo
Authors: Manwa Lilian , Mudekunye Jenet , Mpofu Molyn , Manwa Lokadhia
Published: February 2022

This interpretive inquiry sought to establish the attributes which influence prospective students for electives such as Home Economics (HE) and Physical Education (PE)  in Zimbabwean High Schools. The study employed a qualitative descriptive survey to solicit data on choice of electives from a pollution of about four hundred students. A sample of forty (40) students was randomly selected from the four (4) schools in the district. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were the tools used to collect data. The findings from this study revealed that high school students faced numerous challenges which were related to factors such as failure of the government, parents and the community to adequately fund electives (HE and PE). Hence, resource provision/ sponsorship of the practical subjects discouraged students from selecting the subjects. The findings also revealed that the selection process of electives in Zimbabwean high schools leaves a lot to be desired in that it is stressful and confusing. This study recommends that policies regarding subject grouping and student selection of subjects be revisited by the government after wide consultation with all the stake holders in order to reduce the flaws of the current one. Resource provision and sponsorship for electives need to be greatly improved as a means to attract subject takers for electives.
Corruption and Crime: Upshot on the Standard of Education in Nigeria (Case Study of Imo State University, Owerri)
Authors: Ihenetu Stanley , Samuel E. Opara , R. Urenyere , Francis Ihenetu
Published: February 2022

The quality and standard of education in Nigeria is one of the most pressing subjects in the minds of Nigerians who value education as far as education is concerned. Inferable from the escape clauses found in the educational arrangement of Nigeria today. Like, silly alumni, absence of legitimate educational direction on understudies and educators, deficient norm and accessibility of educational offices, arrangement of inadequate educational framework, degenerate educational personals or expert and so forth In any case, there are a few educational wrongdoings and debasement that militate against the achievement and acknowledgment of the ideal norm of training in Nigeria. A portion of these violations are pay off, cultism, drug misuse, lewd behavior/indiscrimination, assessment misbehavior from staff and understudies separately, theft of assets and so forth Consequently, in this undertaking, the specialist is examining about the falling norm of instruction because of wrongdoing, the different kinds of wrongdoing found in the educational framework and proffered answer for a decrepit educational framework. Despite the fact that, checking these educational wrongdoings and defilement should be an aggregate obligation of the guardians, educators, strict pioneers, specialists of the establishments just as the public authority. From the result obtained in this study, the Chi-square value calculated is greater than expected (critical), therefore the null hypothesis was reject and conclude that the low standard of education is as a result of crimes and corruption in the sector.
El fin del partido de la Transición. La división interna como causa de la desaparición de UCD
Authors: Villar Romero José Ignacio
Published: February 2022

El auge y caída de Unión de Centro Democrático ha sido uno de los grandes interrogantes de la Historia Contemporánea de España. La desaparición del que se ha considerado como el partido de la Transición, se debió, entre otros factores, a la aguda división existente en la formación desde sus orígenes. Democristianos, socialdemócratas, liberales, azules, regionalistas, o sectores muy próximos a determinados barones, vivieron una lucha interna tan polémica como las que mantuvieron con los partidos de la oposición.

En este artículo se analizará cómo las graves disputas internas se convirtieron en un factor precipitante del ocaso de UCD. Un proyecto político que lo había llegado a ser todo bajo el liderazgo de Adolfo Suárez, y que se desmembró por completo tan sólo cinco años después de su creación. En las elecciones generales de 1982 perdió la inmensa mayoría de su representación en el Congreso, pasando de 168 a 11 diputados.

El equilibrio y los juegos de poder entre las “familias”, tanto en la estructura orgánica del partido, como en el grupo parlamentario, así como en el Gobierno; se convirtieron en un obstáculo insalvable para su consolidación, provocando así su descalabro.
TOWARDS A HUMANISTIC APPROACH TO INCLUSIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORT: A CRITICAL CASE STUDY OF DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Luckan Y
Published: February 2022

This paper argues that the core of the problem hinges on exclusive thinking and practice within disciplinary silos, disconnected from the multi-layered, subjective experience of urban place through movement in space and time. The problem was traced back to the conceptual approaches to urban mobility.
THE PLANNING DILEMMA IN UPGRADING OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES: A PRACTITIONERS PERSPECTIVE ON THE INCLUSIVITY PARADOX
Authors: Hayangah R A
Published: February 2022

This article examines the inclusivity paradox and the interplay of power and influence that has led to the planning dilemmas observed in the upgrading of informal settlements in South Africa. It is based on the perspectives of practising planner that recognizes that inclusivity can facilitate the development of socially cohesive and sustainable settlements. The planning dilemmas are apparent at all levels of the planning process, from conceptualization, design, preparation, and implementation when the voices of planners can be subsumed or lost given the dynamic working environments in the local authorities. There is also a strong correlation between the historical exposition to colonialism and the apartheid legacy that was oppressive and racially discriminatory. This has led to the adoption an empathetic approach in development control in the cities and towns. The consequence of the post-democratic freedom and mobility is the increase in formalization of many municipalities with varying degrees of expansion and growth. The planning fraternity has no desire to replicate the oppressive land use zonings and forced removals of the past. It is concluded that inclusivity through an elusive concept is necessary in the upgrading of informal settlements occupied by some of the most vulnerable members of the society and with a background of oppression, aggression and bias in the allocation and development
Review of the genus Carinapex Dall, 1924 with the description of ten new species (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Horaiclavidae) from the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wiedrick Shawn
Published: February 2022

Material examined in the LACM collection and the author’s collection has resulted in ten species of Carinapex new to science. Two known Carinapex Dall, 1924 species, Carinapex papillosa (Garrett, 1873) and C. minutissima (Garrett, 1873), are compared with ten new species from the Indo-Pacific, Carinapex albarnesi n. sp., C. alisonkayae n. sp., C. amirowlandae n. sp., C. cernohorskyi n. sp., C. chaneyi n. sp., C. johnwiedricki n. sp., C. lindseygrovesi n. sp., C. mooreorum n. sp., C. philippinensis n. sp. and C. solomonensis n. sp.
Vepricardium eichhorsti, a new species from Vietnam (Bivalvia: Cardiidae)
Authors: Thach Nguyen
Published: February 2022

A new species of genus Vepricardium Iredale, 1929 is described from Nha Trang, Khánh Hòa, Central Vietnam and compared to four other species of this genus.
Iconography and Distribution of the Cape Verde Island Abalone, Haliotis tuberculata fernandesi Owen & Afonso, 2012, with Comparisons to H. tuberculata coccinea Reeve, 1846, of the Canary Islands
Authors: Owen Buzz , Ryall Peter , Pan Aaron
Published: February 2022

Specimens of Haliotis tuberculata fernandesi collected from Santa Luzía Island, Cape Verde Islands, are illustrated to provide additional representatives of this subspecies. Comparisons are made with Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve, 1846, of the Canary Islands. Differences in shell morphology between the two subspecies are discussed in greater detail.
Viduoliva tricolor abbasi, new subspecies (Gastropoda: Olividae) from Indonesia
Authors: Thach Nguyen , Berschauer David
Published: February 2022

A new Viduoliva Petuch & Sargent, 1986 taxon is described from Solor Island, Indonesia and compared with Viduoliva tricolor (Lamarck, 1811), Viduoliva vidua form cincta (Dautzenberg, 1927), Viduoliva reticulata form azona (Dautzenberg, 1927), Miniaceoliva irisans (Lamarck, 1811) and Mineaceoliva caerulea (Röding, 1798).
Camaena chuongi, a new species (Gastropda: Camaenidae) from Vietnam
Authors: Thach Nguyen
Published: February 2022

A new species of genus Camaena Albers, 1850 is described from Tân Lạc, Hòa Bình, Vietnam and compared to two other species and a form of this genus: Camaena gabriellae Dautzenberg & d’hammonville, 1887, Camaena hainenensis (H. Adams, 1870) and Camaena gabriellae f. subhainenensis (Pilsbry, 1890). It is characterized by slightly flat base and very few spiral bands (only one band at periphery and another band along suture of each whorl) on pure white background color.
Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas, 1845 – a Single Species, not a Pair of Subspecies
Authors: Owen Buzz , Raffety Arjay
Published: February 2022

Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana Jonas, 1845, and Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis Dall, 1878, are shown to represent a single species, Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas, 1845. This conclusion is reached by an extensive examination of shell specimens throughout the range of the species and of the animal itself. This conclusion is corroborated by no genetic differentiation existing between the subspecies at the molecular level (Gruenthal and Burton, 2005; Supernault, et al., 2010). Photoplates of specimens illustrate differences in shell morphology and colorations at various locations throughout the range of the species.
New Species of Jaspidiconus (Conidae: Conilithinae) from the Carolinian and Caribbean Molluscan Provinces
Authors: Petuch Edward , Berschauer David , Poremski Andre
Published: February 2022

Seven new species of the western Atlantic endemic genus Jaspidiconus Petuch, 2004 are described from the Carolinian and Caribbean Molluscan Provinces. These new taxa include: J. chaac and J. ixchel, which are restricted to the eastern Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico (Yucatanean Subprovince of the Carolinian Molluscan Province); J. chinchorroensis, which is endemic to the Banco Chinchorro Atoll off Quintana Roo State, Mexico (Antillean Subprovince of the Caribbean Molluscan Province); J. lusca, which is endemic to the Turks and Caicos Islands (Antillean Subprovince of the Caribbean Molluscan Province); J. kellyae, which is endemic to the San Blas Islands of northern Panama (Nicaraguan Subprovince of the Caribbean Molluscan Province); J. tayrona, which is endemic to northern Colombia (Venezuelan Subprovince of the Caribbean Molluscan Province); and J. booti, which is endemic to Aruba (Grenadian Subprovince of the Caribbean Molluscan Province).
Marine boring bivalve mollusks from Isla Margarita, Venezuela
Authors: Velasquez Marcel , Valentich-Scott Paul , Capelo Juan
Published: February 2022

Marine endolithic and wood-boring bivalve mollusks living in rocks, corals, wood, and shells were surveyed on the Caribbean coast of Venezuela at Isla Margarita between 2004 and 2008. These surveys were supplemented with boring mollusk data from malacological collections in Venezuelan museums. A total of 571 individuals, corresponding to 3 orders, 4 families, 15 genera, and 20 species were identified and analyzed. The species with the widest distribution were: Leiosolenus aristatus which was found in 14 of the 24 localities, followed by Leiosolenus bisulcatus and Choristodon robustus, found in eight and six localities, respectively. The remaining species had low densities in the region, being collected in only one to four of the localities sampled. The total number of species reported here represents 68% of the boring mollusks that have been documented in Venezuelan coastal waters. This study represents the first work focused exclusively on the examination of the cryptofaunal mollusks of Isla Margarita, Venezuela.
Replacement name for Marginella puniceus S.G. Veldsman, 2014: Marginella (Piperamarginella) jeffreysbayensis
Authors: Veldsman Stephan
Published: February 2022

A replacement or substitute name is given for Marginella puniceus S.G. Veldsman, 2014, as Marginella (Piperamarginella) jeffreysbayensis to correct a nomenclatural error which led the original name to be invalid under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
Insights on the genus Callonia (Mollusca: Urocoptidae) from Western Cuba
Authors: González-Guillén Adrián , de Leon Luis , Berschauer David
Published: February 2022

Specimens of all western Cuban species of Callonia are illustrated, together with images of live animals and their habitat, followed by comments about recent field work. The putative relationships among species based on the morphological characteristics of last whorl soluteness and rib shape-orientation could be biased. Seemingly ecologic equivalent pairs C.lowei-C.dautzenbergiana and C.elliotti–C.gemmata are much alike in external appearance although genetic similarities, which have not yet been assessed, could be higher between species sharing the same range. A co-occurrence of Callonia snails with blackish lichen is discussed, raising the inference that Callonia use lichens as food source.
Allometric Estimations of Biomass of Important Shrubs of Western Himalaya
Authors: Thakur N. S. , Gupta B. , Gupta N. K.
Published: February 2022

The article highlights the regression models to estimate the biomass of twelve shrub species commonly found in the Western Himalaya. After analysis it was found that for most of the species log linear and curvilinear prediction equation gave coefficient of determination (R2) with higher value which, show the fitness of the equation to precision. However, for species like Leptodermis lanceolata, Justica adhatoda, Vitex negundo and Mimosa himalayana, girth and length are not good predictors for leaf biomass estimation. Thus both girth and length should be used to predict branch and total biomass of shrubs. The prediction equations developed in the present study can be used to provide the precise biomass estimate corresponding to any girth and length. This can be done by converting girth and length to a natural logarithm. The natural logarithm of biomass in grams can then be obtained by solving the equation. After measuring the girth and length of stems and using prediction equation the precise estimate of total yield of any shrub can be obtained.
Survival and growth of exotic grasses under plantations of Eucalyptus tereticornis in north-west Himalaya
Authors: Gupta B. , Thakur N. S. , Chib Bandana
Published: February 2022

The present study was conducted in established plantations of Eucalyptus tereticornis in Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni (Solan), Himachal Pradesh. Three plantations with 1200 (D1), 2800 (D2) and 5200 (D3) tree density/ha having LAI 1.08, 1.54 and 1.79 respectively were selected. In these plantations improved grasses Setaria sphacelata vars. Narok (S1) and Kanjungula (S2) and Panicum maximum(S3) were planted with plant to plant and row to row spacing of 30cm through grass-tufts in the beginning of rainy season. Likewise, these grasses were also planted in adjacent grassland (control). Survival percent of these grasses was 73.33 to 82.22 in grassland and it ranged from 63.33 to 83.34 under E. tereticornis. Mean density of the three grasses under trees S1, S2 and S3 was statistically at par with values of 33.58, 32.66 and 29.24 tillers/m2, respectively. The basal area (cm2/m2) of exotic grasses revealed that S. sphacelata var. Kanjungula had significantly higher (28.83) basal area whereas S3 had the least basal area (6.99). However the density and basal area of grasses was higher in grassland as compared to their values under trees. It was observed that growth of grasses S2 and S3 was favoured by D1 density of trees as the density and basal area of these grasses increased under trees as compared to grassland (control).
Osteoarthritis
Authors: Fitriati Ratih
Published: February 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder in the community and is chronic in nature and is the most common joint disease in adults to the elderly worldwide. The disease most commonly affects the joints in the knees, hands, feet, and spine and is relatively common in the shoulder and hip joints. The diagnosis of OA was made on the basis of appropriate radiological and clinical findings. The most common predilection for OA is the lower extremities, namely the knees and hips so that OA is the most common cause of lower extremity disability in the elderly. Method: The method used in writing this literature review is a literature review. The writing of this article is based on data from several sources originating from related, latest journals and from trusted journal publication websites such as NCBI, Pubmed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, and other related portals. Conclusion: Osteoarthritis is a joint disorder that is often found in adults and the elderly. OA is known to most commonly affect the knee joint. There are several risk factors for OA, namely age, gender, obesity, genetics, excessive physical activity, history of trauma and joint surgery, and other disease conditions that usually attack the joints. Diagnosis is made clinically, radiologically, and with laboratory assistance. Management includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy