bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Inevitability of Property Rights
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

Widespread IP skepticism reflects the view that innovation ecosystems can thrive without robust intellectual property rights. The evolution of digital content markets suggests otherwise. At the start of the digital transition, both video-sharing and digital music markets were characterized by mass infringement and ineffective legal or technological limitations on unauthorized usage. In both cases, the market has recognized that, without exclusivity protections to regulate and price usage, content production cannot elicit investment, and the flow of new content falters. In the video-sharing market, YouTube now offers content owners a share of advertising revenue and has entered into licensing relationships with content owners. In digital music, the market recovered once streaming platforms emerged, which rely on technological controls to regulate user access and licensing agreements with content owners.
Recuperating Selfhood
Authors: Wiebe Heather
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the figure of the damaged wartime pianist-composer in two films: the melodrama Love Story (1944) and Men of Two Worlds (1943-46), a colonial propaganda film about an African pianist. Both films feature fictionalized versions of the wartime National Gallery concerts, and address questions of how to mobilize music, feeling, and subjects marked in various ways as liminal. Men of Two Worlds brings into view complex issues of race and empire as they relate to the ideals of inclusiveness with which music was strongly associated in wartime, while Love Story suggests a certain resistance to mobilization, finding a positive role for music as escape even as it ultimately affirms music’s role in total war.
Anti-Parliamentary Politics
Authors: Palonen Kari
Published: October 2024

The chapter situates certain rhetorical topoi of contemporary “populist” politics with respect to anti-parliamentary thinking in Western Europe since the mid-nineteenth century. The populist tradition deviates from classical anti-parliamentarism in an important respect: it shows no nostalgia toward monarchy and the order of estates, but considers itself “democratic” in its explicit appeal to “the people.” It combines, however, four different, but interconnected, anti-parliamentary topoi. In line with older anti-parliamentarism, the contemporary populists reject or denigrate political representation, parliamentarism’s “empty talk,” political professionalism, and the procedural style of politics. The chapter aims to discuss the political significance of these anti-parliamentary topoi in a wider historical perspective. The common consequence of these varieties of anti-parliamentary thinking lies in their attempt to depoliticize politics. Contemporary populists give this depoliticization some new nuances, while still longing to do away with politics, just as the other anti-parliamentary styles of thinking and acting did.
Digital Flows
Authors: Gamble Steven
Published: October 2024

Digital Flows provides a radical study of the most recent chapter in the life of hip hop, one closely intertwined with the networked cultural flows of the internet. Some fifty years after its birth in the Bronx, hip hop is one of the most significant cultural forms of the internet age. Now that the internet is enmeshed in our everyday lives, hip hop is predominantly encountered and experienced online, where it comprises a third of all streamed music. People are constantly making, sharing, and commenting on hip hop—from Drake memes through viral TikTok dances to AI-generated rappers—challenging hip hop’s conventional connections to place, authenticity, and community. Digital Flows uses an innovative method encompassing music and cultural analysis, ethnography, and web data analysis. It extensively draws on scholarship in hip hop studies, internet studies, popular music studies, media studies, communication studies, cultural studies, Black studies, intersectional feminism, and more. The latest practices in digital humanities and data ethics underlie Gamble’s interdisciplinary approach. The book provides in-depth insights into hip hop in the internet age, new net-native genres like SoundCloud rap and YouTube lofi beats, communities on social media and streaming platforms, online hip hop feminism in rap music videos, cultural appropriation and callout/cancel culture, and hip hop concerts on video game platforms. This book uncovers what happens when a cultural form born on the streets thrives on transformative technologies of global reach.
Internet Rap and Generational Tensions in Hip Hop’s SoundCloud Era
Authors: Gamble Steven
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on a genre of hip hop born online, internet rap, more popularly (albeit reductively) known as SoundCloud rap. This music—by artists like Playboi Carti, Lil Uzi Vert, and 6ix9ine—is controversial, provocative, and remarkably viral. For hip hop fans and listeners, it represents a distinctly youthful generation of hip hop practice, one often viewed with disdain. This chapter first analyses a body of lyrics to consider how rappers have typically expressed a variety of views about the internet. Through analysis of music, videos, and new media, it then homes in on how internet rap creates tensions by subverting or rejecting traditional hip hop values like representing locality and authenticity. With reference to the concepts of cultural platformization, the attention economy, clout, and virality, the chapter argues for seeing internet rap as a net-native example of hip hop youth at their most creative and web-savvy.
Lofi Hip Hop and Community in YouTube Comments During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Gamble Steven
Published: October 2024

Having addressed one distinctly internet-infused hip hop genre in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 looks at a very different one, lofi beats on YouTube. This chapter delves into data-driven methods through thematic analysis of YouTube comments. It addresses lofi hip hop in a period of transition, as a community once reputed for its friendliness saw an influx of new users during the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter analyses the shifting aesthetics, conventions, and values of lofi hip hop music and culture, supported by reading comments posted before and after the onset of the pandemic. It considers how commercial and political appropriations of lofi as general conventions of internet culture, especially memes, reshape formerly established conventions. The chapter reveals how internet users interact with online music cultures and how platforms like YouTube (at their best) afford communities the space to express sentiments about belonging, identity, and social connection, within the broader context of networked publics.
Hip Hop and Online Cultural Appropriation Discourse
Authors: Gamble Steven
Published: October 2024

Having established hip hop’s vast popularity and immersion in mainstream online culture, this chapter explores how social media users understand the racial politics of borrowings by non-Black pop musicians. The chapter focuses on accusations of Blackfishing (i.e., deceptively appearing Black) levelled at Ariana Grande on social media. Her internet-mediated public image and her song and music video ‘7 rings’ provoked a wide range of social media commentary in the context of callout/cancel culture and heated debates about cultural appropriation. By listening to the musical and cultural values disputed by users on Reddit, Twitter, and Tumblr alongside a close reading of ‘7 rings’, the chapter sheds light on how pop music’s adoption of trap musical and visual aesthetics is both thoroughly normalized and contested online. In doing so, the chapter serves as a model for analysing online discourse about popular music and culture.
Virtual Hip Hop Concerts in Video Games
Authors: Gamble Steven
Published: October 2024

The book’s final full chapter focuses on online hip hop mediated by video game platforms. Rappers have broken records for audience size and made headlines concerning their video game concerts, such as Travis Scott’s Astronomical event in Fortnite. Yet the ‘live and direct’ performance quality of hip hop is called into question by these prepared interactive game experiences. With reference to concepts of virtuality and liveness, and other kinds of online music performance, this chapter disentangles the complex mediation of virtual hip hop concerts. It contrasts corporate efforts like the Fortnite show with DIY-inspired charity events in Minecraft, namely the alternative hip hop and hyperpop benefit concerts organized by Open Pit. The chapter concludes that although the commercial logics of video game platforms can constrain hip hop’s cultural priorities, grassroots virtual concerts show that the ethos of hip hop communality still thrives online.
Standing Up
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

Humans stand up many times a day. Although they hardly think about it, that movement requires the coordination of many muscles, a solid skeletal system, a keen sense of balance, control of blood pressure, and much more. All of these systems evolved along with different strategies used by other organisms to stand up. Trees and plants use cellulose and lignin for support so they can obtain more exposure to sunlight. All of these changed when plants and animals crawled out of the sea and onto land. Standing up and moving are critical for human health. A sedentary existence (being a “couch potato”) has a high cost in terms of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and more. These “diseases of affluence” have changed the way humans die over the years.
Sleep and Consciousness
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

Humans all need sleep, but its purpose is still not understood. All animals also seem to require sleep or something that has aspects of sleep. When animals sleep, they are relatively defenseless. The evolutionary benefit of sleep must be enormous to overcome the many seemingly negative pressures against sleep. Sleep is one aspect of a larger issue that concerns the relationship between consciousness and the physical brain. What is the relationship among sleep, consciousness, anesthesia, and coma? What are dreams? Understanding these is the ultimate goal of neurobiology, but there is much work to be done to tie together ion fluxes, electrical currents, axons and neurites, and thoughts and memories.
Telling Time
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

Many physiological processes in humans, other animals, and even some bacteria obey a regular pattern based on a 24-hour solar day. These circadian rhythms are the most obvious way humans “tell time.” They are controlled by molecular clocks and genes in cells and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in brains. Those clocks can be thrown off by jet lag, daylight savings time, and other external influences. However, there are also other clocks, such as hormonal cycles and sleep phases. For example, human development involves complex programs of genetic pathways that must be turned on or off at the proper times, and aging involves many unanswered questions. Animals also respond to lunar, seasonal, and other clocks.
What’s Next?
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

To a great extent, humans now control their biology. They mitigate the effects of evolution with heating, food, eyeglasses, hearing aids, and other devices that blunt evolutionary forces. They have even extended their life span significantly over the last few hundred years. Yet, for all their modern inventions, humans are all still part of biology and evolution. Unfortunately, their modern practices are changing the Earth and its atmosphere and climate. In fact, many scientists believe there is a sixth mass extinction already in process, and this time the cause is humans. The big question is whether humans will recognize the seriousness of the threat in time to change the course they are on.
The Perceptions of Korean Americans on the Rise of Anti-Asian Racial Discrimination and the Negative Impact on Psychological Distress
Authors: Choi Shinwoo , Hong Joo Young , Hawkins Catherine , Park Hyejoon
Published: October 2024

This chapter presents the history, cultural background, mental health challenges, and experiences of racial discrimination among Korean Americans. Among the various Asian groups in the United States, Korean American comprise the fifth largest subgroup. Korean Americans are likely to have higher educational attainment and socioeconomic status than the general US population and other immigrant groups. Moreover, Korean American adults often remain monolingual, speaking the Korean language most of the time and socializing with co-ethnics including Korean religious groups, resulting in cultural and ethnic isolation as well as psychological distress and malfunctioning. The coping strategies that Korean Americans use when faced with racial discrimination and their implications for practice, policy, and research are presented.
Bahaghari
Authors: Maglalang Dale Dagar , Peregrina Hillary Nicole
Published: October 2024

Filipinx American lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer plus (LGBTQ+) are an understudied population. With the continued increase of anti-LGBTQ+ policies concerning and attacks toward Asian Americans—including Filipinx Americans—in the United States, it is important to examine the identity formation, experiences, and current conditions of Filipinx American LGBTQ+. This chapter discusses the precolonial and colonial history of the conceptualization of what society understands today as the Filipino and Filipinx American LGBTQ+ identity. Furthermore, it examines how these identities are further shaped and in contention with religion, familism, race and ethnicity, im/migration, and education that influence the contemporary experiences and issues facing LGBTQ+ Filipino and Filipinx Americans. Despite such challenges, LGBTQ+ Filipinx Americans continue to resist through organizing and community building. The chapter concludes with implications for conducting research with and providing social work services to the Filipinx LGBTQ+ community.
The Role of Social Work and Storytelling in Eliminating Anti-Asian Racism and Hate Crimes
Authors: Aaron Sofie Hana , Li Verdugo Juliann , Lee Jane J. , Kang Hye-Kyung , Dinh Tam Q. , Spencer Michael S.
Published: October 2024

Historically, members of the Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) diaspora have been instrumental to social work activism, demonstrating resilience in combatting systemically oppressive systems and holding crucial and indispensable roles in the shaping of the profession. Namely, storytelling has been a traditional way for communities to disseminate information, destigmatize culturally taboo topics, and amplify marginalized voices while creatively sharing individual perspectives. Further demonstrating the essential role of storytelling from those in the Asian diaspora, this chapter provides personal narratives of the authors’ own lived experiences—ranging from the personal to institutional levels—of witnessing and navigating hate and oppressive systems as AANHPI individuals and social workers. The authors conclude with a collaborative discussion on the implications for social work practice, policy, research and discuss a call to action and forward steps in countering anti-Asian racism and hate.
Ethical Principles for AI in Defence
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria
Published: October 2024

Defence agencies across the globe have identified AI as a key technology to maintain an edge over adversaries. As a result, efforts to develop or acquire AI capabilities for defence are growing on a global scale. Unfortunately, they remain unmatched by the efforts to define ethical frameworks to guide the use of AI in the defence domain. This chapter offers one such framework. It identifies five principles—justified and overridable uses; just and transparent systems and processes; human moral responsibility; meaningful human control; and reliable AI systems—and related recommendations to foster ethically sound uses of AI for national defence purposes. It also provides a methodology to interpret AI ethics principles to extract effective guidelines to shape the decisions and conduct of those developing, providing, and using AI in defence.
Public Support for Judicial Reforms
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 11 presents the results of a survey experiment that assesses public support for a mandatory retirement age and term limits for federal judges. The experiment asks respondents to rate their support for various reforms as a function of who proposed them, the costs associated with the reforms, and a series of arguments in support or opposition to them. The results show that a majority of both Democrats and Republicans support institutional reform. Support for reform dampens when respondents receive information suggesting there might be significant costs to bear to effectuate those reforms. Lastly, support for reform is greatest when arguing that they would bring the courts closer to the public’s beliefs and remove mentally unfit judges.
Social Issues
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

Catholics have a long history of engaging with social issues and doing the work of social justice, and attitudes about social issues—those concerning how people interact with each other—are critical for understanding who Catholics are today. Social issues can be highly controversial because they often invite evaluations of how people should interact. Thus, attitudes about social issues can say a great deal about deeply held beliefs that define individuals and that affect decision-making. This chapter explores Catholic attitudes regarding significant contemporary social issues and shows that white and Latino Catholics agree on most social issues, including gender roles, economic inequality, suicide, and capital punishment. However, Catholics differ in their levels of generalized trust: white Catholics are more likely than Latino Catholics to express high levels of trust. White Catholics and white mainline Protestants have notably similar views of social issues
Intimacies of Violence
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: October 2024

In this book, Murshid demonstrates how transnational middle-class Bangladeshi women personally embody structural violence to shed light on the ways in which violence is produced, perpetuated, and resisted. Transnational Bangladeshi women are individuals who occupy space in both the US and Bangladesh, living bilocating yet bordered lives. Four broad arguments are forwarded. First, a transnational feminist approach documents what Meena Alexander refers to as the “shock of arrival,” to provide an examination of how social locations and associated status impact the intimate economies in which women experience inequities related to love, sex, and desire. Second, drawing on theories from social work, transnational feminism, Bangladesh studies, and migration studies, the book shows how social norms produced at the familial level serve to link the structural and the intimate. Third, the book illustrates how nationalist narratives about Bangladesh’s history of wartime rape inform women’s construction of violence. Finally, the institutions of home, immigration, and the criminal legal system are implicated as sites of violence for transnational Bangladeshi women.
Civilities
Authors: Beneke Chris
Published: October 2024

George Washington has been well represented in the historical literature. But his role as a shaper of the cultural norms that sustained religious liberty has not. This chapter focuses on Washington’s moderate approach to religious matters and his dogged pursuit of civility. It considers how Washington was able to countenance religious diversity but not civic disunity, symbolic state support for religion but not a full-fledged establishment. The chapter also explores Washington’s subtle and elliptically expressed deism. It demonstrates how Washington was influenced by his experience with Virginia Anglicanism and contemporary Freemasonry, and how he crafted military and political strategies that reflected both his pragmatism and his religiously accommodating inclinations.
Recruiting the Science of Happiness
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses how philosophical objections to unjust inequalities can draw on and be informed by insights from the new science of happiness. Instead of drawing direct and general conclusions from that science about the impact of inequality on well-being, the chapter defends a refined version of the so-called Easterlin paradox. In addition, it focuses explicitly on market societies and their ideological narratives and develops the notion of an “emotional regime”. This makes it possible to situate the contribution of this book to the literature in relation to the work of others, such as Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett.
Emotions, Explanations, and Emotional Regimes
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart
Published: October 2024

This chapter distinguishes emotions from related phenomena such as sensations, moods, and drives and discusses how emotional states can change. It introduce the notions of an “interest”, “ceteris paribus laws”, and Elster’s conception of mechanism to explain the role emotions can play in social scientific explanations and in normative claims. It compares and contrasts universalist and constructivist conceptions of emotions. Building on this, it introduces William Reddy’s conception of an emotional regime and how that idea relates to related notions such as “emotional labor” (Hochschild), “emotional hegemony” (Jaggar), and “emotional regulation” (Gross, Burkitt). It analyses the significance emotions have in social relationships and practices more broadly but also focuses on the specific emotions that are key to what Boltanski and Chiapello call “the new spirit of capitalism”.
Experiments in Living Together
Authors: Fuerstein Michael
Published: October 2024

This book argues that democracy enables progress through “experiments in living”: trying out new moral ideas and learning from the experience of acting on them together. Drawing on research in social psychology and several detailed historical case studies—same-sex marriage, women’s integration into the workforce, and school desegregation—the book illuminates the role of novel experience in building community: linkages of emotion and identity across a democratic public. And it shows how these linkages enable diverse citizens to flourish together. Democracy promotes valuable forms of experimentation through its distinctive egalitarian architecture. By distributing basic powers indiscriminately, it gives the most aggrieved a fulcrum to initiate changes in practice. By refiguring patterns of social interaction, such changes generate transformative changes in social experience that support moral learning. Prevailing “deliberative” approaches to democracy, by contrast, neglect the role of such experience in shaping citizens’ deliberative reasoning. Likewise, technocratic (or “epistocratic”) skeptics of democracy focus on short-term measures of voter competence but neglect the impact of experience on long-term changes in social beliefs and practice. The moral rationality of democracy cannot be gauged from surveys of “voter knowledge.” The book’s analysis yields a prescription for democracy’s contemporary malaise: repairing democracy in the face of populist threats requires attending to failures of community more than improving knowledge or competence.
Experiments in Living Together
Authors: Fuerstein Michael
Published: October 2024

This chapter presents a Deweyan model of democratic social progress via experiments in living. It focuses on the history of same-sex marriage in the United States as a detailed illustration of the model. The definitive feature of the same-sex marriage case is that so many citizens had to live in a society reorganized by gay rights before they could recognize the validity of same-sex marriage. In cases such as this, experimental interventions in practice alter patterns of social interaction, and that enables “transformative experiences” that change the values which make us who we are. Those changes, in turn, reshape the background linkages of emotion and identity which enable us to represent the concerns of others through deliberation. Deliberation then enables further expansion of experimental interventions, and the cycle repeats until moral innovations stabilize in social thought and practice.
Traces of the Bombing of the Russian Trade Delegation (April 1971)
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

On 25 April 1971, the seat of the Russian Trade Delegation at Museumplein 1, in Amsterdam, was attacked. Someone had attached an improvised explosive device of twenty-five kilos to the front of an adjacent part of the building. The Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) launched their own investigation not least because, in addition to finding the perpetrators, this provided them with more information about the organization of Soviet diplomats (and intelligence officers) in the Netherlands. The BVD’s intelligence used all means at their disposal to find information about the attackers and their organization: they met with agents and informants, investigated anonymous postcards, answered telexes from partner services abroad, forensically analyzed parts of the explosive materials, interviewed personnel from the Russian Trade Delegation, checked the hotel control system, employed their mobile and static surveillance teams, and even considered in sending encrypted messages to anonymous tipsters.
The Terrorist Future in the Present
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

This chapter analyzes how the future of terrorism had practically arrived when, in December 1975, South Moluccan youth hijacked a train near Beilen and not long after stormed the Indonesian consulate in Amsterdam, too. These large-scale, long-lasting, and highly violent attacks changed terrorism’s face for good. The Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)’s role during and in the aftermath of these attacks became increasingly important. While Yugoslavian terrorism, the hijacking of a KLM airplane, and attacks by the Rood Verzetsfront also took place, the South Moluccan attacks of 1977 (a train and a primary school) and 1978 (the Provincial House in Assen) made themselves felt the most. Whereas the outside world increasingly said that the BVD had failed to forewarn and the BVD understood the point, they pushed back, underscoring their advisory, expertise role and pointing out that operational work in South Moluccan circles was extremely challenging.
Introduction
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2024

The topic of this book is universal fatalism, the theory that everything happens out of necessity. There are three historically important forms of it that have the same structure and are all forms of the same problem in the logic of time. Logical fatalism is the position that the truth of propositions about the future entails fatalism. Theological fatalism is the position that God’s infallible knowledge of the future entails fatalism. Causal fatalism is the position that the state of the world in the distant past in conjunction with the laws of nature entails fatalism. Each argument gets its force from the combination of two common principles. One is the principle of the necessity of the past, which we can loosely express as the principle that the past is fixed and beyond anyone’s control. The other is a transfer of necessity principle, the principle that if p is necessary in some sense or other, and p entails q, then q is necessary in the same sense as p.
The (Incoherent) Root of Traditional Fatalist Arguments
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2024

Standard arguments for logical fatalism, theological fatalism, and causal fatalism have been formulated in parallel ways, arising from the combination of the necessity of the past and a transfer of necessity principle. But these arguments have an even deeper structure that is not about fatalism, but about the logic of time. Well-known “solutions” to these arguments that refer to attributes of God, the requirements for free will, or the truth value of future contingents do not touch the deeper problem, which is the inconsistency between a modal arrow of time (the past is necessary, the future is contingent) and the entailment between a proposition about the past and a proposition about the future. Fatalists use a confused notion of the modal arrow at the beginning of their argument in order to reject it at the end. Past/future entailment should lead us to conclude that the modal arrow is incoherent.
Policy Formulation
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia
Published: October 2024

Chapter 4 explores resistance in the policy formulation phase (2002–2003). When Uruguayan quota proponents form a cross-party women’s caucus and make a strategic move that sends a quota bill to plenary debate, status quo defenders are forced to recognize and, for the first time, openly discuss the problem of women’s underrepresentation. Resistance strategies are thus adapted to a changing context: status quo defenders must abandon strategies such as silence and inaction and instead formulate arguments against quotas. This chapter recounts the power struggles leading up to the first quota debate in 2003 and provides an analysis of this debate. Here, open resistance to quotas reaches its high point as openly arguing against the reform is not yet attached to sanctions. Ultimately, the quota proposal failed to reach the required majority, resulting in nonadoption.
Team State versus Outsider State
Authors: Forrat Natalia
Published: October 2024

This chapter lays out the evidence highlighting the contrasting views of the state and the different structure of public organizations in the two pairs of regions—Tatarstan and the Kemerovo region, on the one hand, and Altai and the Rostov region, on the other. People in Tatarstan and the Kemerovo region viewed the state and state officials as members of their team and considered cooperation with state officials a part of their civic duty. Such logic of teamwork made it easy for state officials to build centralized organizational structures. In contrast, for the people in Altai and the Rostov region, the state was largely an outsider and a source of perks and punishment. Their goal in relations with the state was to maximize the perks and minimize the punishment. This utility maximization logic, widespread in relations with the state, was a fertile ground for the spread of political clientelism.
Introduction
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath
Published: October 2024

Bombing to Provoke puts forward a novel claim, arguing that aerospace weapons provoke and coerce by weaponizing fear and triggering a sense of defenselessness. Historically, aerospace weapons—rockets, missiles, and drones—have proved surprisingly effective in provoking targeted states to engage in an attritional and diversionary military response in the hopes of redressing the threat from the aerospace bombardment. Furthermore, if the targeted state is unable to extinguish the aerospace threat, it may weaken its resolve and lead to political concessions. This book relies on five critical case studies that vary in time, geography, technology, type of government of the targeted state, and military capabilities of warring pairs to illuminate the mechanisms that enable aerospace weapons to manipulate fear, provoke and coerce the targeted states.
Bombing to Provoke
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath
Published: October 2024

Bombing to provoke theory postulates that states and their citizens subjected to bombardment with rockets, missiles, and drones experience fear and a sense of defenselessness. Decisionmakers in the target state face political pressure to take military action to redress the threat. In essence, aerospace weapons—rockets, missiles, and drones—weaponize fear and provoke a visceral overreaction, particularly a large diversion of military effort and resources despite the relative inefficiencies of these weapons to cause fatalities. The diversion of military resources may prolong the war effort and increases the cost of prosecuting the war, thereby weakening resolve and coercing the target state to offer concessions to terminate the war.
Hezbollah’s Katyusha Rockets and the Rules of Engagement
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath
Published: October 2024

In the 2006 Second Lebanon War, Hezbollah’s Katyusha rockets became its most valuable weapons in the war. Israel had hoped to win a decisive war and disarm Hezbollah. It failed. As the rockets kept falling on Israel, Prime Minister Olmert and his cabinet came under increasing pressure to commit more airpower and then ground troops to eradicate the rocket bombardment. It is worthwhile to stress that the provocative and coercive value of the Katyusha rockets did not emerge from their destructive potential. Instead, the rockets weaponized fear and terrorized Israelis. The rockets provoked the Israelis into an attritional and diversionary campaign, exploited Israel’s political vulnerabilities and eventually exhausted the resolve of its decisionmakers. By the end of the war, Israel was coerced to withdraw, unable to accomplish the missions it had embarked upon, including the retrieval of two kidnapped soldiers. The rules of engagement between Israel and Hezbollah were reestablished.
Conclusion
Authors: Sankaran Jaganath
Published: October 2024

Bombing to Provoke offers a theory to understand and systematically explore the increasingly dangerous global security threats from rockets, missiles, and drones. It argues that rockets, missiles, and drones remain potent in inducing fear and panicking an adversary. These fears amplify the political vulnerabilities of the target state. The fears and political vulnerabilities provoke the target state to overreact and divert substantial military resources to redress the threat. If the targeted state is unable to extinguish the aerospace threat, it may weaken its resolve and lead to political concessions. The book examined the empirical validity of these arguments using five case studies. The findings that emerge in the book have immediate policy relevance. The findings aid American policymakers’ in better understanding the character of the threat posed by Iranian, North Korean, and Chinese aerospace weapons to the United States and its allies.
The Logic of Causal Inquiry
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

‘The Logic of Causal Inquiry’ lays out the basic logic which underpins all efforts to derive causal knowledge from empirical evidence. Contrary to common supposition, causal inquiry starts with the provision of empirical support for statements, such as ‘the short circuit caused the fire’, concerning specific events located in space and time. If evidence can be found which rules out competing accounts of how ‘the fire’ was brought about, then it follows that there must be a corresponding causal propensity (but not a statistical tendency): ‘short circuits cause fires’. This knowledge can then be applied to generate further causal explanations, predictions, and policy prescriptions. This logic is not well understood either in International Relations or in the broader social sciences, where it is obscured by the predominant ‘culture of generalization’. However, it holds whenever causal inquiry is conducted, regardless of which methods for gathering and analysing empirical evidence are used.
Wedding, Gender, and Performance in Ancient Greece
Authors: Karanika Andromache
Published: October 2024

This book traces the wedding song tradition, its imagery, and its tropes as a genre that gets crystallized throughout the ages. It explores how wedding poetics permeates ancient Greek literature. It first analyzes how explicit or implicit matrimonial references shape archaic epic diction and become an integral part of epic discourse; orally circulating texts, such as wedding songs, could have a life of their own but, beyond their original context, could also become an integral part of a different genre, especially epic and drama. This work discusses the multiple platforms that enrich the wedding song tradition, including children’s songs, hymns, paeans, and ululations, arguing for a combination of ritualized discourse with ludic childhood poetics. With an approach from cognitive and trauma studies, such references can be more revealing of the female experience than previously acknowledged. This book resists the idea that a wedding constitutes an initiation ritual, arguing that what on the surface may seem like a transition to a new phase reveals other underlying trends that work against the concept of a passage. It further considers how emotion is staged and revisits the poetics of return by looking at patterns such as the eloping, returning, failed, and dead bride. Finally, the theme of separation and return as an exemplification of a distinct female nostos is revisited in female-authored poetry, which helps us decode the complex interweaving of wedding performances and lamentation, among other types of performance.
Decoding the Nuptial Poetics
Authors: Karanika Andromache
Published: October 2024

The fourth and final chapter delves into decoding emotions through the wedding song motifs. It revisits the representation of spinning in ancient Greek literature and art. From Homer to Erinna, spinning is a consistent motif that alludes to a nuptial context mobilizing female social networks as it becomes a coded reference for double entendre, depending on the audience. The chapter then moves to the bodyscape of the nuptial tradition, how certain parts of the body, especially women’s cheeks, become steering focal points for ancient narratives. The following section returns to the notion of materiality and looks at gifts as props in wedding narratives, both visual and literary. The final section examines a famous scene in the Iliad, the Dios Apatē, when Hera tricks Zeus to distract him from the war, and argues that this is an early Ars Amatoria, a didactic type of narrative, remnant of a tradition of sensual discourse.
Conclusions
Authors: Karanika Andromache
Published: October 2024

The concluding chapter recaps how nuptial poetics in ancient Greece are stylized, yet easily adapted, appropriated, and utilized in literature in ways that complicate narratives. It reiterates that beyond the more explicit nuptial elements, though, the wedding theme is present in more intriguing and often coded ways and intersects with more extensive narratives that have embraced wedding scenes or performances. The wedding poetics dwell on emotion, even if in elusive ways. Vase iconography and literary narratives point to the centrality of the theme, its flexibility as a distinct feature, and its multiplicity in meaning. Nuptial performances can be light or crude, just as they can be solemn and heavily ritualized representing a diverse poetic tradition.
Polarized Light Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the qualitative and quantitative techniques of polarized light microscopy. It includes a description of the types of polarized light, how polarized light can be created, and how it can be exploited to investigate and identify unknown crystalline samples. The phenomenon of birefringence is defined and discussed. Included is an extensive description of the behavior of linear polarized light as it passes into a birefringent medium. Having described the generation and properties of linear polarized light, the chapter continues on to the concept of polarized light microscopy. This section describes how the addition of polarizing filters can create a qualitative polarized light microscope to easily identify the presence of birefringent substances. The chapter ends with a discussion of quantitative polarized light microscopy, or the identification of birefringent substances through the use of an additional optical device such as a full-wave retardation plate and the Michel-Lévy Color Chart.
Two-Photon Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the phenomenon of two-photon (2P) absorption and fluorescence emission. Included is a thorough discussion of the Göppert Mayer phenomenon, which is the absorption under extraordinary circumstances of two infrared (IR) photons with the emission of a single visible wavelength photon. This has implications for microscopy as IR light scatters less than visible light, and this allows samples to be imaged as far as 1 mm into transparent samples than the usual visible excitation light. The concepts of fluorophore action cross-section and 2P absorption wavelength are discussed. The necessary microscope hardware is presented, including the titanium-sapphire pulse laser for IR excitation and the non-descanned detectors. Lateral and axial resolution is also discussed.
Spontaneous Order
Authors: Young H. Peyton
Published: October 2024

This book argues that equilibrium behaviors often coalesce from the interactions and experiences of many dispersed individuals acting with fragmentary knowledge of the world, rather than from the actions of fully rational agents with commonly held beliefs, as is often assumed in economic theory. The book presents a unified and rigorous account of how such “bottom-up” evolutionary processes work using recent advances in stochastic dynamical systems theory. The framework illuminates how social norms and institutions evolve, how social and technical innovations spread in society, and how these processes depend on adaptive learning behavior by human subjects. The theory also has important applications to the design of distributed systems of interacting components in computer science and engineering. The evolutionary framework described here has major ramifications across a wide range of academic disciplines, including economics, sociology, philosophy, biology, computer science, and engineering.
Spontaneous Order
Authors: Young H. Peyton
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the concept of spontaneous order and its antecedents in economics, law, political science, and philosophy. It argues that evolutionary processes in which forms of order coalesce from the actions of many dispersed individuals with partial knowledge and bounded rationality are more plausible than the high-rationality paradigm in economics. It also argues that equilibrium solutions are not meaningful unless they are grounded in a coherent theory of out-of-equilibrium dynamics, which is a core theme of the book.
The Speed of Innovation Diffusion in Social Networks
Authors: Young H. Peyton , Arieli Itai , Babichenko Yakov , Peretz Ron
Published: October 2024

New ways of doing things often get started through the actions of a few innovators, then diffuse rapidly as more and more people come into contact with prior adopters in their social network. Much of the literature focuses on the speed of diffusion as a function of the network topology. In practice, the topology may not be known with any precision, and it is constantly in flux as links are formed and severed. This chapter establishes an upper bound on the expected waiting time until a given proportion of the population has adopted that holds independently of the network structure. The bound holds for directed and undirected networks of arbitrary size and degree distribution, and for multiple competing innovations with different payoffs.
Changing Generations, Changing Styles
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: October 2024

This chapter analyses the reaction of Irish playwrights of the 1990s against the tradition of theatrical eloquence pioneered by J. M. Synge, Sean O’Casey, and Brian Friel. By contrast, Martin McDonagh uses a deliberately ungainly dialect in his satiric view of the west of Ireland in The Beauty Queen of Leenane. Billy Roche, with the small-town setting of Poor Beast in the Rain, and Conor McPherson, in the rural pub of The Weir, give their characters a hesitant, low-key realistic voice. Enda Walsh, in the Cork imagined by the two teenagers in Disco Pigs, and Mark O’Rowe, with the Dublin underworld of Howie the Rookie, develop dramatic idiolects to evoke their strangely distorted worlds. Close readings of these five plays tease out the implications of the shift in style in this emerging generation of playwrights.
Patrimonialism and ninth-century government
Authors: Page Edward C.
Published: October 2024

Patrimonialism has a variety of different meanings, and Weber seems to use it to describe many non-bureaucratic systems of government. Looking primarily at the Carolingian empire and the Umayyad emirate, where available detail for ninth-century arrangements is more plentiful, this chapter offers an account of the secretariat, territorial, and service officialdoms that ran these two rather different systems. When looked at through the perspective of our three officialdoms, the similarities between the systems start to appear stronger. What we know about ninth-century England, Sweden, and Hungary fits some of the broad tendencies observed in the Carolingian and Umayyad systems. The conclusion discusses in what senses these systems can be considered ‘patrimonial’ and how far we can detect developments towards functional differentiation, professionalization, formalism, and monocracy in the structure and operation of their officialdoms.
Weber’s scorecard
Authors: Page Edward C.
Published: October 2024

In assessing the scorecard of Weber’s account, we can point to the clear accuracy of two of the four features of development as characterizing the progress towards ‘bureaucratic’ government. The functional division of labour within officialdom and the growth of professionalism seem to be long-running threads through the development of officialdom since the ninth century. The third, formalism, if we are scoring, is probably best attributed as a half mark not least because its impact, though substantial, appears to be very different from the way Weber envisaged. The very patchy progress of monocracy makes it least likely to regard this feature as a trend in bureaucratization. Two and a half ‘correct’ items might not be such a bad scorecard to end with. Yet the one and a half incorrect scores are essential to the whole notion of bureaucracy as ‘domination’.
The Spanish Tragedy and the English Tradition
Authors: Publicover Laurence
Published: October 2024

Though moving across several plays, and returning more than once to Hamlet, this chapter focuses on Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy, arguing that its influence on the English tragic tradition can be felt not only in its representation of revenge and madness, but also in its evocation of unfathomable mysteries. The chapter begins by briefly pointing to images of depth in plays by Seneca and Sophocles, showing how these resonate with The Spanish Tragedy, and in particular its Ghost of Andrea, and arguing that what makes this figure especially significant is its association with a deep space to which the play’s protagonist, Hieronimo, appears to gain unusual and inexplicable access. In making this argument, the chapter also explores several concepts relevant to subsequent chapters: the understage; the ‘distraction’ experienced by tragic figures; and tragedy’s moral complications.
Introduction
Authors: Ferrara Silvia , Montecchi Barbara , Valério Miguel
Published: October 2024

This Introduction briefly outlines the background, aims, and methods of this book. The book was inspired by a seminar series devoted to the invention and development of writing, from its earliest records to more recent newly created scripts, including the alphabet. The seminar series was sponsored by the ERC Consolidator project, INSCRIBE Invention of Scripts and their Beginnings, based at the University of Bologna. The focus is wide but targeted: it runs from invention to decipherment, passing through state-of-the-art approaches in the ways in which we can reconstruct how ancient cultures experienced and gave value to the writing they created. All three subjects of the book—invention, decipherment, and perception—are treated through different case studies of script invention and script practices, from different areas of the world, and from different periods of our history.