bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CUE Effectiveness of Word vs Color as a Function of Categorical Relatedness of Word CUES
Authors: Fantetti Donna J. , Fingeret Allan L.
Published: September 2011

The relative effectiveness for recall of color and/or category member cues from a compound stimulus was studied in 108 Ss as a function of the number of categories (1 to 8) in the presentation list. As the number of categories decreased, effectiveness of color increased and category member remained relatively unchanged. Results may reflect cue-selection.
Agonistic Behavior of Pregnant Female Monkeys (Macaca Nemestrina): Possible Influences of Fetal Gonadal Hormones
Authors: Erwin J. , Anderson Brian
Published: September 2011

15 pregnant female monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina) were observed and the frequencies of 14 categories of agonistic behavior were recorded. Predictions of sex of fetus were based on relative frequencies of aggressive and submissive behaviors. Correct predictions were made in 11 of 15 cases (P < .06). The relative aggressiveness of females carrying male fetuses (by contrast with those carrying female fetuses) suggests that the secretion of androgens by male fetuses may masculinize the behavior of the female host.
Personal and Vocational Interest Orientations: Comparison of Undergraduates in Two Programs
Authors: Norton Steven , Marco Nicholas Di
Published: September 2011

To compare the vocational interests and degree of self-actualization of males and females involved in two business programs, the University-Year-for-Action and the traditional area, the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and Personal Orientation Inventory were administered to 26 male and 6 female students and 86 male and 15 female students in Action and traditional programs. The Action men were higher than the traditional men on the Personal Orientation Inventory scales for self-actualizing value, spontaneity and synergy and the Action women were higher than the traditional women on self-actualizing value, self-regard, and capacity for intimate contact. Both Action males and females had Strong basic interests and occupational scale scores reflecting a higher social service and lower business orientation than the traditional students.
Effect of Priming upon Perceived Proficiency, Specific Goals, and Performance on a Verbal Analogy Test
Authors: Strang Harold R. , Byrd Elaine K. , Bridgeman Brent
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of success or failure priming under timed or untimed conditions on (1) perceived task proficiency, (2) goal setting for subsequent performance and (3) performance on a verbal analogy test given to 160 female undergraduates. Ss who had experienced success perceived higher percentile rankings in a group of peers and set higher goals than Ss who had experienced failure. Priming, whether success or failure, had no effect on test performance, and a post hoc analysis failed to show a relationship between goal-setting and performance.
Category Selection and Encoding as a Function of Overtraining
Authors: Richman Charles L. , Kutteh Costi
Published: September 2011

Following undertraining, criterion training, or overtraining on two sets of four nonsense figures each, 40 male and 20 female undergraduates were administered a questionnaire designed to investigate the way in which they transformed the nominal figures to functional stimuli. Overtraining resulted in subjects identifying the four nonsense figures within a stimulus set from the same representational category, e.g., trees, dragons, sharp points, etc. Half the overtrained subjects employed stimulus encoding and the other half used transformations of stimulus selection. None of the undertrained or criterion trained subjects transformed entire stimulus sets into representational categories.
Anomie and Level of Suicidality in Individuals
Authors: Wenz Friedrich Volker
Published: September 2011

The empirical relationship between anomie and suicidal individuals is largely overlooked by sociologists and psychologists. This article reports on whether (a) suicidal individuals are anomic and (b) whether anomie increases monotonically in nonsuicidal individuals to serious suicide attempters. The Srole anomie scale was administered to 60 serious suicidal subjects, 60 not-so-serious suicidal subjects, and to 60 nonsuicidal subjects. The results show that anomie as measured by the Srole scale is positively related to the degree of lethality.
Relating Multidimensional Sets of Variables: Canonical Correlation or Factor Analysis?
Authors: Morris John D. , Guertin Wilson H.
Published: September 2011

Several prominent multivariate psychological methodologists recommend the use of canonical correlation to relate multidimensional sets of variables. This method along with separate factor analyses of the sets is considered in relation to the questions they may be able to answer on a specific research problem. Alternate analyses of data from the social sciences illustrate the value of common factor analysis compared with canonical analysis as a method for relating the underlying constructs across sets of variables.
Linguistic Nonimmediacy and Attribution of Communicator's Attitudes
Authors: Conville Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Linguistic nonimmediacy refers to the degree of verbal indirectness with which a person refers to himself or to that about which he communicates. Mehrabian's (1966b, 1967a) research indicates that the greater this indirectness of verbal reference in a message, the greater the negative attitude attributed by a reader to the communicator of the message toward his referent. The purpose of this investigation was to test the reliability of this finding using samples of extended discourse collected in a naturalistic setting. The results of the previous research were replicated. Implications of the findings were discussed.
Self-Referent Language and Need for Approval
Authors: Gaines Lawrence S. , Fretz Bruce R. , Helweg Gregory C.
Published: September 2011

Need for approval and impression value of verbs were examined as two conditions hypothesized to influence the generation of self-referent statements. 52 male college students who varied in need for approval did not vary in their production of self-referent language except when impression value of the stimuli was also considered. The data included the finding that all subjects, including those with low need for approval, responded to stimuli expressing negative impression with fewer self-referent responses. The unexpected result is considered in relation to normative aspects of the need for approval measure in this population.
Further Validation of a Scale of Academic Curiosity
Authors: Vidler Derek C. , Rawan Hashim R.
Published: September 2011

An 80-item self-report scale of academic curiosity was correlated with five measures of academic performance and teachers' ratings of students' curiosity for 611 undergraduates. Point biserial correlations of the items of the scale were also calculated and a factor analysis was carried out. Evidence for the validity of the academic curiosity scale is presented and discussed.
Correlations of Scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test for Adolescents in a Special Educational Program
Authors: Pilley John , Harris Chrys , Miller John , Rice Donadrian
Published: September 2011

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were administered to 159 socio-economically deprived Negro adolescents who had been placed in a special educational setting. Ages ranged from 12 to 15 yr., with a mean age of 138 yr. The Wechsler mean Full Scale IQ was 72.4 with a standard deviation of 9.8. Analyses yielded no significant differences between the Verbal and Performance sections of the Wechsler scale and there were no distinctive Wechsler subtest profiles discernible. Inter-correlations of the Wechsler subtests were similar to those reported in the Wechsler manual. While the obtained mean Peabody IQ closely approximated the mean Wechsler IQ, intercorrelations between the Peabody IQ and the Wechsler Full Scale, the Wechsler Verbal, and the Wechsler Performance IQs were relatively low. A statistical test showed a clear cumulative age deficit.
Parents' and Teachers' Perceptions of Personality Characteristics of Children Selected for Classes for the Learning Disabled
Authors: Hampe Edward
Published: September 2011

Clinical observation of children in classes for learning disabled raises the suspicion that children are selected for such a class not only because of their learning problems but also because they are regarded as hard to manage. Evidence from this study of 43 disabled children suggests that their teachers ( n = 8) and their parents focus not only on academic performance but also on activity level, impulse control, attention span, and freedom from distractibility in nominating children for such classes. Moreover, these teachers did discriminate emotionally disturbed children from learning disabled children.
Sex Differences in Delayed Matching-to-Sample Performance of Chimpanzees
Authors: Grilly David M.
Published: September 2011

The short-term memory for visual stimuli was tested in 17 chimpanzees, 7 females and 10 males, with the delayed matching-to-sample technique. A statistically significant superiority of females in matching accuracy was exhibited over an extended period of time and under at least two different retention intervals. The results were consistent with those obtained with rhesus monkeys on similar tasks. The possibility that this difference was attributable to factors other than experience was suggested.
Interaction of Age and Cue Validities in Multiple-Cue Probability Learning by Children
Authors: Miklich D. R. , Gillis J. S.
Published: September 2011

Two studies are reported which tested the hypothesis that in comparison with older children (early teens) younger children (ages 8 to 9) would learn multiple-cue probability tasks with equal cue-criterion validities relatively better than tasks with multiple cues and a single cue of high validity. The predicted interaction was found in both studies but the pattern differed. This difference was probably due to the variations of the tasks used in the studies. While the age-cue validity interaction is plausible, further research will be required to determine its precise relevance for developmental theory.
Birth Order, Sex of Subject and Sex of Sibling as Factors in Extraversion and Neuroticism in Two-Child Families
Authors: McCormick Kathleen , Baer Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

Using the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Extraversion and Neuroticism scores were obtained for 120 college students from two-child families. When the effects of birth order and sex of S were examined, a significant interaction occurred for Extraversion, with firstborn males and second-born females reporting higher scores. Higher Neuroticism scores occurred for Ss with opposite-sexed siblings than for those with the same-sexed sibling. Results suggest that Extraversion and Neuroticism are influenced by position in the two-child family.
Effect of Signal Duration on Preference for Signalled Reinforcement
Authors: Moon Laurie , Lewis Paul
Published: September 2011

By responding on a changeover key, subjects could change the prevailing unsignalled VI 65-sec. schedule to a signalled, but otherwise identical, schedule. On the signalled schedule a brief tone preceded reinforcement. Regardless of the duration of the signal (5.0, 3.0, 1.0, 0.5, or 0.1 sec.), subjects strongly preferred the signalled schedule. Withdrawal of the signal produced a rapid decline in the changeover key response rate, demonstrating that production of the signalled condition maintained the responding. Results support the information hypothesis.
Mediational Effects in Originality, Creativity, and Letter-Frequency Hierarchy
Authors: Rossi Bart
Published: September 2011

To a group of 36 male and 24 female college students without previous experience with the Skeleton Word Test, Alternate Uses Test, and Remote Associates Test, each test was administered on separate occasions. Correlations indicated that letter-frequency hierarchy as measured by the Skeleton Word Test was significantly related to hierarchical features explored by the Alternate Uses Test and Remote Associates Test. Differences in magnitude of relation indicated that the Alternate Uses Test explored hierarchical features more like the Skeleton Word Test than the Remote Associates Test.
Development of a Screening Scale for Programming Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Authors: Colten Sterling I. , Langlois Joseph
Published: September 2011

A functional screening scale was developed to assess quality and presence of behavior which may be related to adjustment. The purpose was to assess hospital adjustment and identify patients most capable of entering rehabilitation. Scores on the scale were correlated with ratings of the MACC Behavioral Adjustment Scale to measure the functional adjustment of 110 chronic psychiatric patients ( r = .64, p = .001). The Functional Screening Scale may assess the chronics current behavioral capacities as they relate to treatment planning and their potential for rehabilitation.
Characteristics of Organizational Climate and Managerial Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study
Authors: Schwartz Theodore M. , Moscato Donald R. , Shapiro H. Jack
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the impact of perceived organizational climate on managerial job satisfaction of 114 managerial personnel who completed a three-part questionnaire which solicited demographic information and the identification of and preferences for specific characteristics of organizational climate. The surveyed personnel had a strong preference for open as opposed to closed characteristics of organizational climate; to the degree they claimed to be familiar with the behavioral science theories of management there is an increasingly favorable disposition toward the theories; and among those Ss who perceived closed characteristics, there was a desire for a diminution of the impact of those characteristics.
Affective Outcomes of Evaluation Strategies by Self and Another in Children's Learning from Textbook Material
Authors: Brady Peter J. , Rickards John P. , Felker Donald W.
Published: September 2011

78 fourth grade children were randomly assigned to one of two evaluation groups which read and answered questions on textbook material. One group (self-evaluation) judged the correctness of their answers and reinforced themselves, while the other group (other-evaluation) was judged and reinforced by some other person. Results showed that girls accepted more responsibility for unsuccessful academic performance than boys and that in the self-evaluation condition boys were significantly less anxious than girls and less likely to lie. The results further suggested that boys who evaluated themselves tended to experience reduced anxiety and have enhanced self-concept more than boys who were evaluated by others.
The “Gambler Effect”: Choice and the Probability of Reinforcement of Small Response Outputs
Authors: Boeving R. S. , Randolph J. J.
Published: September 2011

Several types of concurrent-chains studies in which preference was found disproportionate to the rate of primary reinforcement were discussed. The disproportionality was attributed to the unusual effect on preference of the smallest interreinforcement interval components of schedules of reinforcement. The present study investigated an aspect of this factor in the control of preference. Concurrently available fixed-ratio 10 schedules were chained to a fixed-ratio 30 schedule on one key and a multiple fixed-ratio 5 fixed-ratio 80 on the alternative key. In the course of the study the relative frequency of the smallest interreinforcement interval (FR 5) in the multiple schedule option was reduced from 0.50 to 0. Pigeons could maximize reinforcement by always choosing the FR 30 schedule or choosing the multiple schedule and “gambling” that the FR 5 would be produced. Three pigeons chose the multiple schedule exclusively with one exception until the FR 5 was removed entirely from the multiple schedule. At this point, all birds chose the fixed schedule exclusively. Preference defined as rate of initial links responding was, in most instances, inversely related to rate of primary reinforcement.
Personality Characteristics of Women's Liberation Activists as Measured by the Mmpi
Authors: O'Neil Harold F. , Teague Mary , Lushene Robert E. , Davenport Sue
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to explore the validity of notions held by the women's liberation movement regarding personality characteristics of movement activists. Two groups, one composed of 19 college student activists in the women's liberation movement and the other composed of 34 female college students, were given a computer-administered MMPI. The results do not support the imputations that these college student activists in the women's liberation movement exhibit deviant personality characteristics or that they are more maladjusted than control subjects.
Storage and Retrieval of Verbal Information under Various Cueing Conditions in a Multitrial Experiment
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: September 2011

A multitrial experiment examined the availability-accessibility hypothesis concerning recall for meaningful words. Ten subjects were assigned to one of four cueing conditions: cued learning, cued recall; cued learning, noncued recall; noncued learning, cued recall; and noncued learning, noncued recall. The stimuli were 40 meaningful words, each from a different category of either high or low taxonomic frequency. Trial 1 recall demonstrated that cued recall was significantly more effective than noncued recall and high taxonomic frequency words were more frequently recalled than low taxonomic frequency words. A trend analysis of the six trials showed similar results.
Evidence for Inter-Item Associations following the Learning of a Categorized List
Authors: Koppell Steven , McClure Michael K. , Schulte Ann
Published: September 2011

Following study of a categorized list of words, 20 subjects were tested for free- and cued-recall. Order of words within categories was preserved and utilized by subjects in both tests. The results cannot be accounted for by Slamecka's (1968, 1972) or by Rundus' (1973) model of recall from categorized lists, or by a model in which order information is preserved by simply tagging items with their serial position. Data are consistent with the simple hypothesis that subjects learning categorized lists do acquire inter-item associations.
Free Association Anxiety and Hostility: View from a Junior High School
Authors: Silbergeld Sam , Manderscheid Ronald W. , O'Neill Patricia H.
Published: September 2011

This study reports component and summary levels of free association anxiety and hostility in junior high school adolescents. Counselor ( n = 24) and Noncounselor ( n = 19) groups derive from four, brief interpersonal coping classes held at a recently integrated school. These groups consist, respectively, of those referred and those not referred by school guidance personnel. Both groups exhibit higher mean anxiety and hostility levels than do previously studied, normative adult samples. Adolescent development provides one explanation for these differences. Comparison of the two adolescent groups shows that members of the Counselor Groups come from somewhat lower status backgrounds, experience more academic difficulties, and exhibit higher mean anxiety and hostility levels. Three-way analyses of variance discriminate differences due to group, gender, and ethnicity. The concept of role incumbency is useful for explaining the variations observed.
Projected Social Distances from Mental Patient Related Items by Male and Female Volunteers and Nonvolunteers
Authors: Adler Leonore Loeb , Graubert Jean G.
Published: September 2011

A figure-placement procedure was used to measure projected social distances which students ( N = 179) perceived between themselves and several stimulus objects. Subjects ( N = 72) applying for a college volunteer program placed themselves significantly closer to “mental patient,” “retardate,” and related stimuli than did nonvolunteering subjects. No differences were found with control stimulus items. Although volunteers were similar to nonvolunteers, the critical difference between them was the projected distances they placed between themselves and “mental patient” and related stimuli. Dividing the data by sex showed that among nonvolunteers, males placed themselves significantly farther than females from “retardate,” “mental patient,” and to a lesser degree from “mental hospital.” For the male nonvolunteers, stimulus items, conveying a negative affect, elicited greater projected social distances than did the responses to stimulus objects conveying a positive or neutral affect.
Dimensions of Locus of Control in Children
Authors: Milgram Norman A. , Milgram Roberta M.
Published: September 2011

A multidimensional measure of locus of control, which included three dimensions of content, time, and orientation toward success-failure outcomes, was administered to non-gifted ( N = 298) and gifted ( N = 166) Israeli children in Grades 4 through 8. Content was measured in three important settings in the child's life: school, home, and neighborhood. The time dimension referred to the difference between assuming responsibility for events of the present and past versus the expression of competence to affect future outcomes. Internal consistency and reliabilities of the new instrument were adequate, especially for the Future Scale, and the three dimensions were empirically distinguishable. Relationships were found between locus of control and age, scholastic achievement, and personality variables.
Differences between Blacks' and Whites' Expectations of Control by Chance and Powerful others
Authors: Garcia Claudia , Levenson Hanna
Published: September 2011

Black and white college students ( N = 194) completed the Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance locus of control scales. Findings indicated that students from low-income families had stronger perceptions that their lives were controlled by chance forces than wealthier students ( p < .05). Analyses of covariance controlling for level of socioeconomic status showed that blacks scored significantly higher than whites in their perception of control by powerful others ( p < .05) and chance forces ( p < .001).
Application of Faschingbauer's Abbreviated MMPI to Parents of Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Finch A. J. , Kendall Philip C. , Nelson W. M. , Newmark Charles S.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the potential usefulness of Faschingbauer's (1974) abbreviated MMPI with parents of emotionally disturbed children referred for residential treatment 180 MMPI profiles were scored for this short form and scores compared with norms from the standard MMPI. While correlations were significant, many mean scores on the Faschingbauer were significantly different from those on the full MMPI. Modest correspondence between the two formats on indexes of psychopathology, profile peaks, and validity criteria was found. Use of this form is not justified with the present population.
Cooperative Problem Solving by Albino Rats: A Re-Evaluation
Authors: Marcucella Henry , Owens Kathleen
Published: September 2011

Previous work demonstrated that rats behave cooperatively when placed in pairs in an apparatus that requires the simultaneous emission of topographically incompatible responses to escape shock and obtain food. Not only does one rat prevent occurrence of shock while the second obtains food but they shift positions (mutual shifts) frequently enough to allow an equitable division of reinforcers. The present study demonstrated that both the frequency and type of mutual shifting behavior was a function of length of the chamber. Increasing the length so physical contact between pairs of subjects was impossible completely eliminated shifting behavior. These results suggested that the mutual shifting behavior was under the control of a discriminated avoidance procedure in which physical contact between animals was essential for the maintenance of the cooperative-like behavior.
Analysis of Research Efficiency: Costs and Information Gain
Authors: Midlarsky Manus , Midlarsky Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

This study provides a method for the examination of research efficiency in terms of costs to the subjects, and information gain for the researcher. The basic problem of maximizing the differentiations among subjects on a dependent variable is equivalent to the problem of maximizing information gain for a given cost in behavioral science research procedures. The distribution resulting from this maximization process, under certain circumstances, also minimizes two cost quantities of interest in such procedures, the average cost per subject and the average cost per unit information. Two data sets are examined in order to illustrate the use of this criterion of research efficiency.
Locus of Control of Reinforcement and Attraction in Sensitivity Group Settings
Authors: Levenberg Stephen B. , Spares J. William
Published: September 2011

In five sensitivity groups 64 undergraduate and graduate students participated. It was predicted that internal Ss would indicate greater interpersonal attraction for other internals while externals would be attracted to group members with an external orientation. Results showed that amount of verbalizations was related to attractiveness but not to own locus of control score. Ss showed no preference for others having a locus of control orientation similar to their own. Internals preferred others with locus of control orientations similar to each other but in no clear relation to their own internal orientation. Methodological problems with locus of control research were discussed.
Correlation: Its Visual Presentation and Logical Interpretation
Authors: Mayo Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Three conceptual representations of correlation are presented and evaluated in terms of the extent to which they deal with various sources of respondent bias. The basic hurdles the researcher must overcome before the results of simple correlational analysis allow inferences to be drawn are discussed, along with potential misinterpretations involving the level of significance and various other issues surrounding the use of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
RN Transitions: Frustration, Inhibition or Aversion?
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Thomas J. Dwight , Payne James H. , Davis Stephen F.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of rats were trained and extinguished (Phase I) in an alley, and retrained and extinguished (Phases II and III) under RN, NR, and RR reward schedules. An exhaust system was operative in the alley in Phases I and III but inoperative in Phase II. The results show that with the simple schedules employed, odors do not appear to mediate the running responses. Ss which received the RN schedule were generally less resistant to extinction than Ss receiving the other schedules. Following Phase III, Ss in Group RN were retrained and extinguished under the NR sequence, and Ss in Group NR were shifted to the RN sequence. The results showed that if S received an NR sequence at some point in training later behavior was much more influenced by this schedule than the previous RN sequence. Also, it appeared that RN schedules are aversive, perhaps like the “Time-out” phenomenon.
Attitudes toward the Aged and Frequency of Thoughts about Death
Authors: Thorson James A. , Ackerman Spencer
Published: September 2011

130 subjects attending an institute on death and dying completed Kogan's Attitudes Toward Old People scale and a list of items designed to indicate their frequency of thoughts about death. No correlation (.03) was found between scores on the two instruments. The pattern of scores for subjects for the variable of years of education was consistent with earlier research.
Personality Patterns among Short-Term Prisoners Undergoing Presentence Evaluations
Authors: Holland Terrill R. , Holt Norman
Published: September 2011

The MMPI profiles of 295 short-term prisoners undergoing presentence evaluations were cluster-analyzed, resulting in four distinct groups. These groups differed in IQ, on recidivism-related characteristics reflected in a Base Expectancy score and an estimate of extensiveness of arrest record, and on type of psychiatric-psychological recommendation made to the referring courts. However, they did not differ on age, educational level, or the severity of their offenses. In comparing these results with those of other typological investigations of offender groups, it was tentatively concluded that these short-term prisoners being considered for probation seem less emotionally disturbed than those serving sentences for custodial or other purposes.
Caudate Nucleus Lesions and Rearing Responses
Authors: Kirkby Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Lesioned rats were observed for 10-min. in a wooden enclosure. Frequencies of rearing were greatest for unoperated, frontal lesioned, and least for those with caudate lesions. Increased arousal of rats with caudate lesions was suspected.
Format for Exposure and Complexity of Array in Observational Rule-Attainment
Authors: Robert Michèle , White Glenn M. , Rosenthal Ted L.
Published: September 2011

Two conceptions of observational learning were compared using a domino selection task that allowed subjects to follow a modeled response rule, to match particular numerical instances, or both. 80 college students showed strong rule-adoption and identification but very little mimicry of specific instance values. Live modeling produced stronger rule-adoption than did modeling a target through presentation of completed arrays, but live modeling and modeling a target led to comparable rule-description. There was greater mimicry of simple than more complex modeling sequences, but no difference between live and target-modeling conditions. The results supported a symbolic concept-attainment view of observational learning phenomena rather than an operant response-marching explanation.
Hippocampal Lesions and Performance on a Geometric Progressive Ratio Schedule
Authors: Stewart W. J. , Blampied N. M.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has frequently reported that hippocampally lesioned rats perseverate. On a geometric progressive ratio schedule, in which reinforcement contingencies became gradually more adverse, rats with dorsal or ventral hippocampal lesions did not perseverate more than cortically lesioned or unoperated controls ( ns = 7, 8). There was a significant reduction in the number of responses per session over the 10 experimental days, for all groups.
Effectiveness of Crisis Center Volunteers and the Personal Orientation Inventory
Authors: Otten Mark W. , Kahn Malcolm
Published: September 2011

43 university students who had volunteered for crisis center work were initially evaluated for positive characteristics via the Personal Orientation Inventory, then later rated on semantic differential scales for effectiveness as volunteers. Among the rating scales were those purported to measure empathy, nonpossessive warmth, and genuineness. In the present study, positive characteristics as inventoried yielded more negative significant than positive correlations with supervisors' ratings of effectiveness. All were small to moderate in magnitude. Strong, active, energetic, self-directed, and genuine gave the largest negative rs with inventory scales. This study does not confirm earlier findings with somewhat similar samples and procedures. The Personal Orientation Inventory might be measuring positive characteristics of the more tender-minded, while supervisors of crisis workers were favoring the strong, active, and genuine.
Need Structure Analysis of Organizational Policies
Authors: Elster Richard S. , Githens William H. , Senger John D.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of policy changes issued within an organization suggests these may be classified according to Maslow's needs and Herzberg's two-factor approach and provide guidelines for management.
Assessment of Preferences among Company Names by Semantic Differential and Free Association Techniques
Authors: Weigel Richard G. , Weigel Virginia M. , Thornton George C. , Magnusson Finn
Published: September 2011

Semantic differential and free-association techniques were used to assess preferences for two company names among 20 big game hunters (aged 20 to 43 yr.) from Colorado. One name had more positive stimulus value and more favorable associations. The two techniques provided both confirming and unique data and illustrated the advantages of multiple methods of measurement.
Adjustment of Chippewa Indian Alcoholics to a Predominantly White Treatment Program
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Noem Avis A.
Published: September 2011

Indian (51, Mage = 41.8) and non-Indian (1474, Mage = 46.4) male alcoholic admissions to a state hospital alcohol treatment unit over a 2-yr. period were compared on background, admission, and discharge variables. Indian alcoholics differed significantly from non-Indian alcoholics on the background variables of mean number of times fired (7.5 vs 4.0), mean years of longest job held (5.3 vs 9.4), mean highest income ($3,300 vs $6,900), and mean income just prior to treatment ($1,200 vs $3,300). Significant differences between Indian and non-Indian alcoholics were found for the admission variables of voluntary admission (76% vs 63%), admission from own home (15% vs 37%), and spouse responsible for admission (11% vs 34%), but no significant difference was found for the number of admissions. No significant differences were found between Indian and non-Indian alcoholics for the discharge variables of discharge with approval (42% vs 56%), hospital stay of one month or less (62% vs 47%), and judged improvement during treatment (18% vs 24%). These results seem to indicate that Indian alcoholics benefited from an integrated treatment program.
Effects of A-B Similarity and Dissimilarity in a Dyadic Interaction
Authors: Kulberg Gordon E. , Franco Edward A.
Published: September 2011

Both similarity and complimentary hypotheses have been advanced to explain the operation of the A-B variable in patient-therapist interaction. It was hypothesized that matching on A-B would not affect perceived similarity or ratings of regard and empathy while perceived similarity would affect regard and empathy. Thirty pairs of male undergraduates were selected on the basis of their A-B scores (As, ABs, and Bs) to provide ten subjects in all possible A-B pairings. Each dyad was instructed to talk about personally relevant topics. At the end of 40 minutes the subjects rated their partners on Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventories and a seven point bi-polar rating scale of similarity. The similarly paired subjects did not perceive themselves as more similar nor did they report greater empathy or regard than the dissimilar pairs. Perceived similarity, however, did relate to the perception of regard and empathy. Results were interpreted as consistent with studies indicating that the effect of A-B is due to personality qualities of A and B individuals and not matching.
Biased Attitudes toward Females as Indicated by Ratings of Intelligence and Likeability
Authors: Lao Rosina C. , Upchurch Wilhelmina H. , Corwin Betty J. , Grossnickle William F.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to unveil some unconscious negative stereotyped views toward females shared by male and female college students. It was hypothesized that generally males will be judged as being more intelligent and likeable than females. Furthermore, females acting in an inappropriate sex-role manner, such as being high assertive, will be evaluated as even less intelligent and likeable than males. A total of 643 undergraduates viewed video tapes in which two males and two females in turn played high, medium, and low assertive roles. Pretesting was used to assure that the role players' physical attractiveness had been equated and levels of assertiveness had been effectively manipulated. After viewing the tapes subjects rated the role players on intelligence and likeability. Results supported the hypotheses, suggesting that unfavorable attitudes toward females do exist.
Group Discussion Effects on Conflict Behavior and Self-Justification
Authors: Myers David G. , Bach Paul J.
Published: September 2011

Although most social conflicts involve opposing groups of people, experimental research on conflict behavior has almost exclusively utilized individual participants. The present research compared the conflict behavior of individuals and groups using an expanded prisoner's dilemma matrix cast in the language of an economic (gas war) simulation. There was no difference in the conflict behavior of individual and group players, both being highly noncooperative. But on post-experimental scales assessing subjects' evaluations of their own and opponent's behavior, individuals tended to justify their own behavior and groups were even more inclined toward self-justification. This result confirms the group polarization hypothesis and supports the contention of Janis (1972) that in situations of intergroup conflict, intragroup communication is likely to strengthen the group's perception of the inherent morality of its actions.
Usefulness of Situation-Specific Trait and State Measures of Anxiety
Authors: Lamb Douglas H.
Published: September 2011

25 high- and 25 low-anxiety prone Ss were exposed to a stress situation involving public speaking. General and situation-specific measures of trait and state anxiety were obtained. Results indicated high correlations between trait and state measures when these measures were related to the specific stress of speaking.
Adolescent Drug Use: An Analysis
Authors: Sorosiak Florence M. , Thomas L. Eugene , Balet Fred N.
Published: September 2011

In a survey of self-reports to a 60-item questionnaire from 3,348 students in Grades 8 to 12, an increase with age was found in the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and the hallucinogens. Interestingly, the female Ss reported greater use of tobacco from Grades 8 to 11 than males. Alcohol still headed the list of favorite drugs, with 73% of the seniors reporting its use. Adequacy of family communication was negatively associated with drug usage, with peer advice and help being sought more frequently when youth were involved with drugs. Fear of harmful physiological effects was an important deterrent to the use of these substances; fear of arrest was not. Of the different hypotheses for drug use, strongest support was shown for differential association. Peer use of illegal drugs was an important correlate of the adolescents' use of these substances
Multiple-Choice Feedback by Categorization of Errors
Authors: Ward Robert P. , Prytula Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Students in three advanced classes (replications) were given specific graphical feedback ( n = 35) concerning errors made on a paper-and-pencil multiple-choice test. When compared with a control group who were not given information ( n = 40), Ss performed more poorly when given specific graphical feedback.
Self-Monitoring in the Treatment of Nose Squeezing and Daydreaming
Authors: Jason Leonard A.
Published: September 2011

Self-monitoring was successfully used in modifying a patient's undesirable behaviors. The initial unwanted behavior, nose squeezing, was appreciably decreased over a 2-mo. period and gains were maintained for over 2 yr. While self-monitoring also reduced a second disruptive behavior, daydreaming while studying, the onset of abdominal pains forced the termination of this study. The present study, therefore, demonstrated a successful and unsuccessful application of self-monitoring.
Translations as Interpair Right and Wrong Items in Double-Function Verbal Discrimination Learning
Authors: Newby Robert W.
Published: September 2011

60 subjects learned one of five verbal discrimination lists, a Spanish single-function, an English single-function, a mixed double-function, a Spanish double-function, or an English double-function. The results indicated superior performance on the single-function lists, intermediate performance with the mixed list, and poor performance on the two double-function lists. The results indicated that translations are of intermediate similarity when used as interpair right and wrong items in verbal discrimination learning.
Effects of Verbal Labeling on Reproduction of Visually Perceived Forms as a Function of Instructions, Delay of Reproduction, and Age
Authors: Ardila Rubén
Published: September 2011

The influence of instructions, delay of reproduction, and age of subjects, on the reproduction of 12 visually perceived forms, was investigated. A 2 (age: 17 to 19 vs 8 to 10) × 2 (instructions: “later on you will be asked to reproduce the figure in the most exact way” vs no mention of later reproduction) × 2 (delay: immediate reproduction vs reproduction 48 hr. later) factorial design was used. Significantly more approximation was evidenced by the university students than children ( N = 120); instructions to remember interacted with age.
Pitfalls in Research: The Interview as an Illustrative Model
Authors: Johnson R. F. Q.
Published: September 2011

The interview is used as a model to illustrate how many common sources of bias, or pitfalls, can influence behavioral research. The interview is shown to be susceptible to at least eight of the major “pitfalls in research” outlined by Barber (1973). In addition, the interview is shown to be susceptible to a separate series of pitfalls which are of particular relevance to interview situations. Researchers are cautioned to be on the lookout not only for the sources of bias outlined in this paper but also for sources of bias that may be unique to their own particular area of research.
A Dynamic Conceptual Framework of Generalized Adaptation to Stressful Stimuli
Authors: Wild Bradford S. , Hanes Carolyn
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews the currently popular definitions and theoretical arguments of the so-called “stress” perspective with the purpose of integrating this material into one general paradigm. The literature has been concerned primarily with two parallel processes which purport to account for the individual's coping and adaptive behavior, one characterized by the interplay of internal, psychological forces, and the other by external, environmental factors. These two general processes have been integrated in this paper by expanding upon the general models presented by Dohrenwend (7) to include important feedback processes. It is argued that adaptation to stress is a dynamic process and that the failure to adapt is often the result of a continuing process of past failures by the organism effectively to cope with less severe stressful stimuli, each failure feeding back to affect future attempts to cope with new environmental demands. The implications of the approach presented in this paper for future empirical investigation are discussed.
Application of Premack's Principle to Multiple-Contingency Chains
Authors: Pielstick N. L. , Washer P. L.
Published: September 2011

Schaeffer (1967) and Wasik (1967) attempted to test the applicability of the Premack principle to response chains and concluded that some modification of the principle was necessary in order to apply to chains involving. more than a single contingency. This conclusion was challenged by the present experiment in which it was shown that the response probabilities of reinforcement schedules are altered by being placed within a chain. Taking this into consideration, it was found that it was unnecessary to alter the Premack principle even in the case of multiple-contingency chains.
Effects of Depression and Target Status on Aggressive Responding
Authors: Miller Howard L. , McManus B.
Published: September 2011

The aggressive responding (on a Buss “aggression” machine) of psychiatrically hospitalized depressives was compared with controls under two conditions. The conditions varied in that the aggression target was defined as high status (physician) in one and low status (orderly) in the other. There was no threat of retaliation in either condition. While there was no significant over-all main effect of depression, the aggressive response of the depressives was significantly inhibited by the high-status condition, while the aggression scores of the controls were virtually unaffected. This resulted in a significant over-all effect of status and a significant two-way interaction between depression and target's status. The results were discussed and interpreted in a predominantly analytic framework.
Diurnal Variation in Performance of Free-Operant Avoidance Behavior of Rats
Authors: Ghiselli William B. , Patton Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Possible daily periodicity in experiments involving conditioned behaviors has not usually been investigated or controlled. The present experiment argues for such studies in that variation in the performance of a free-operant avoidance task by 30 rats was detected as a function of when during the 24-hr. day behavioral testing occurred. In terms of shocks avoided, performance was best in the middle of the dark phase of the day and worst late in the light phase. The absence of a similar rhythm in the operant response rate suggests the 24-hr. periodic change in efficacy of avoidance was not related to diurnal variation in general activity levels. Implications of daily periodicity are discussed in terms of experimental procedures and controls.
Efficiency of Peabody Picture Vocabulary in Estimating WISC Scores for Delinquents
Authors: Condit Jeffrey E. , Lewandowski Denis G. , Saccuzzo Dennis P.
Published: September 2011

IQs on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test for 106 males 13 to 16 yr. and of lower class status were related to WISC IQs (assessed by student examiners) in three different ranges (80–89, 70–79, Below 70) as a function of race. Both group and individual results were consistent with previous data showing the Peabody scale generally overestimates the IQs of retarded subjects. The present results, however, also indicate that the Peabody tended to underestimate the IQs of 34 “Dull Normal” subjects. Thus, there appears to be an interaction between the Peabody, the WISC, and IQ level. Individual analysis corroborated the group analysis in that 77% of the 26 black subjects and 93% of the 15 white subjects in the range below 70 IQ obtained Peabody scores which overestimated Full Scale WISC IQs. In the “Dull Normal” IQ range the Peabody underestimated WISC performance for 89% of the 18 black subjects and 81% of the 16 white subjects. When the Wechsler mean IQ for both blacks and whites was between 60 and 83 the Peabody tended to produce a mean IQ score between 70 and 78. Thus, irrespective of the Wechsler IQ, the mean Peabody IQ showed little variability. The utility of the Peabody in estimating the Wechsler IQ of juvenile offenders is of doubtful value.
Belief in the Omnipotence of Love
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R.
Published: September 2011

The possibility of loving one's own love and the existence of an unverbalized belief in the omnipotence of one's love are utilized to account for one's being contented with merely thinking about and talking about one's “love for humanity” without doing anything to improve the human condition.
Actor-Observer Differences in Perceived Locus of Control
Authors: Scharf Sidney , Newman Alexander
Published: September 2011

Recent literature in attribution theory leads to the prediction that actors will tend to perceive their locus of control as internal. In the present study, a group of adolescents (2 boys, 7 girls) were administered a locus of control scale and were photographed. Based on these photographs, 47 boys and 56 girls in Grade 9 answered the items on the I-E scale according to their perception of these ratees. Compared with ratings made by the observer, actors rated themselves as more internal ( t = 5.87, df = 8, p < .001).