bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Alternative Approach in Fabrication of Fixed Complete Dentures Using a Duplicate Denture
Authors: Afshari Fatemeh S. , Hallas Matthew B. , Knoernschild Kent L.
Published: June 2012

The traditional prosthetic steps in the fabrication of a fixed complete denture after implant osseointegration include final impression, verification of implant positioning in the working cast, mounting of the working cast, and mock denture wax trial insertion prior to the laboratory fabrication of the metal substructure; however, in patient scenarios of immediate loading of implants, the interim conversion prosthesis can be used to advance from the final impression to the milling of the underlying framework in one appointment. Consistency in the initial wax trial insertion, radiographic guide, and intraoral positioning of the conversion prosthesis can result in a well‐designed definitive prosthesis in less time with the use of the existing duplicate complete denture.
A Comparative In Vitro Study of Two Denture Cleaning Techniques as an Effective Strategy for Inhibiting Candida albicans Biofilms on Denture Surfaces and Reducing Inflammation
Authors: Ramage Gordon , Zalewska Adriana , Cameron Donald A. , Sherry Leighann , Murray Colin , Finnegan Mary Beth , Loewy Zvi G. , Jagger Daryll C.
Published: June 2012

Purpose: Candida albicans is the predominant oral yeast associated with denture‐induced stomatitis, and with an increasing population of denture wearers its incidence is increasing. Maintaining good oral and denture hygiene, through chemical and/or mechanical intervention, is essential to reducing this disease. The aim of this study, using a robust adherent C. albicans cell model system, was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of a novel denture cleanser to the efficacy of a commonly used dentifrice coupled with brushing.

Materials and Methods: Four C. albicans strains isolated from individuals diagnosed as having denture‐induced stomatitis, were adhered to denture acrylic resin sections (1 cm2 by 1 mm thickness) and after 4 hours of growth, challenged daily sequentially for 4 days with a denture cleanser (Polident) or intermittently with denture cleanser (day 1), then dentifrice (Colgate Cavity Protection Toothpaste) and brushing (days 2 and 3) and denture cleanser (day 4). Colony forming units were evaluated for each treatment, as were the levels of regrowth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also performed. Microbial susceptibility testing and time‐kill studies were performed on biofilms. A coculture model was also used to assess interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) production from treated biofilms.

Results: It was shown that sequential treatment with the denture cleanser killed and inhibited regrowth each day. Intermittent treatment showed that viable C. albicans biofilms were only retained rather than being dispersed, which could be visualized by SEM. Time‐kill studies demonstrated that the novel denture cleanser was highly active and killed quickly, unlike the dentifrice. IL‐8 was expressed in greater levels in 24‐hour biofilms than in 4‐hour biofilms, but treatment with denture cleanser reduced IL‐8 output.

Conclusions: The data indicate that maintaining good oral health for denture wearers requires daily use of a denture cleanser rather than an alternating regimen. The inability of the denture cleanser to sterilize during intermittent treatments demonstrates the difficulty in controlling established biofilm. Moreover, the presence of mature biofilm may result in high levels of inflammation, but this can be controlled through denture cleansing.
Residual Thermal Stress Simulation in Three‐Dimensional Molar Crown Systems: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Bonfante Estevam A , Rafferty Brian T. , Silva Nelson R.F.A. , Hanan Jay C. , Rekow Elizabeth Dianne , Thompson Van P. , Coelho Paulo G.
Published: June 2012

Purpose: To simulate coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)‐generated stress fields in monolithic metal and ceramic crowns, and CTE mismatch stresses between metal, alumina, or zirconia cores and veneer layered crowns when cooled from high temperature processing.

Materials and Methods: A 3D computer‐aided design model of a mandibular first molar crown was generated. Tooth preparation comprised reduction of proximal walls by 1.5 mm and of occlusal surfaces by 2.0 mm. Crown systems were monolithic (all‐porcelain, alumina, metal, or zirconia) or subdivided into a core (metallic, zirconia, or alumina) and a porcelain veneer layer. The model was thermally loaded from 900°C to 25°C. A finite element mesh of three nodes per edge and a first/last node interval ratio of 1 was used, resulting in approximately 60,000 elements for both solids. Regions and values of maximum principal stress at the core and veneer layers were determined through 3D graphs and software output.

Results: The metal‐porcelain and zirconia‐porcelain systems showed compressive fields within the veneer cusp bulk, whereas alumina‐porcelain presented tensile fields. At the core/veneer interface, compressive fields were observed for the metal‐porcelain system, slightly tensile for the zirconia‐porcelain, and higher tensile stress magnitudes for the alumina‐porcelain. Increasingly compressive stresses were observed for the metal, alumina, zirconia, and all‐porcelain monolithic systems.

Conclusions: Variations in residual thermal stress levels were observed between bilayered and single‐material systems due to the interaction between crown configuration and material properties.
Nanoparticle Loading Level and Properties of Experimental Hybrid Resin Luting Agents
Authors: Habekost Luciano V. , Camacho Guilherme B. , Lima Giana S. , Ogliari Fabrício A. , Cubas Glória B. , Moraes Rafael R.
Published: June 2012

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of nanoparticle loading level on properties of experimental hybrid resin luting agents.

Materials and Methods: Silanated 2‐μm barium borosilicate glass microparticles and 7‐nm silica nanoparticles were used. Five materials were obtained by loading a photocurable Bis‐GMA/TEGDMA co‐monomer with a total mass fraction of 60% inorganic fillers. The mass fraction of nanoparticles was set at 0% (control), 1% (G1), 2.5% (G2.5), 5% (G5), or 10% (G10). The properties evaluated were flexural strength (σ) and modulus (Ef), Knoop hardness number (KHN), and film thickness (FT). Dispersion/interaction of the particles with the resin phase was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were submitted to statistical analysis (5%).

Results: For σ, G1 > G2.5 = G5 = G10, and control > G10. For Ef, G2.5 > control = G1 > G5 > G10. For KHN, G5 = G10 > control = G1 = G2.5. For FT, G10 = G5 > control = G1, and G10 > G2.5. Incorporation of nanoparticles was associated with observation of clusters in the SEM analysis. The clusters were more frequent for higher nanoparticle loadings.

Conclusion: Modest incorporation of nanoparticles may improve the properties of resin luting materials. Nanofiller mass fractions above 2.5% should, however, be avoided because they may be detrimental to the properties of the resin luting agents.
Prosthodontic Treatment and Medical Considerations for a Patient with Turner Syndrome: A Clinical Report
Authors: Nguyen Caroline T. , Hofstede Theresa M.
Published: June 2012

This clinical report describes a multidisciplinary approach in the rehabilitation of a 23‐year‐old Caucasian woman affected with Turner's syndrome and subsequently diagnosed with T4 Giant cell reparative granuloma of the right maxillary sinus. The surgical treatment included a maxillectomy and infratemporal fossa dissection followed by a free fibula palatal reconstruction, fibula bone graft of the orbital floor, dental implant placement, and prosthodontic rehabilitation. Prosthodontic planning and treatment considerations in an adult patient with Turner Syndrome are discussed.
Perinatal Outcomes and Satisfaction with Care in Women with High Body Mass Index
Authors: Hildingsson Ingegerd , Thomas Jan
Published: June 2012

Introduction: The majority of studies on pregnant women with high body mass index (BMI) have focused on medical complications and birth outcome, rather than these women's encounters with health care providers. The aims were to identify the proportion of pregnant women with high BMIs (≥30); compare maternal characteristics and pregnancy and birth outcomes; and assess the experiences of prenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care in women with high (≥30) and lower (<30) BMIs.

Methods: Data were collected through questionnaires and antenatal records from 919 women recruited in mid‐pregnancy at 3 hospitals in the north of Sweden, with a follow‐up questionnaire 2 months after birth.

Results: The prevalence of obesity was 15.2%. Women with high BMIs were more often aged 35 years or older and less likely to have a university education. They had more negative attitudes regarding being pregnant and reported more childbirth fear compared to women with lower BMIs, but they did not differ in regard to their feelings about the approaching birth or the first weeks with the newborn. They reported more pregnancy complications and had less continuity of caregiver. High BMI was associated with labor induction and emergency cesarean birth. No differences were found in birth complications; birth experience; or satisfaction with prenatal, intrapartum, or postnatal care.

Discussion: The findings reveal that women who are obese have more complicated pregnancies and births but are generally satisfied with the care they receive. There are some differences in the way they experience care. Health care providers have a delicate task to provide sufficient information about health risks while still offering respect, encouragement, and support.
Patient Safety in Midwifery Care for Low‐Risk Women: Instrument Development
Authors: Martijn Lucie , Jacobs Annelies , Harmsen Mirjam , Maassen Irma , Wensing Michel
Published: June 2012

Introduction: Few studies have examined the safety of midwife‐led care for low‐risk childbearing women. While most women have a low‐risk profile at the start of pregnancy, validated measures to detect patient safety risks for this population are needed. The increased interest of midwife‐led care for childbearing women to substitute for other models of care requires careful evaluation of safety aspects. In this study, we developed and tested an instrument for safety assessment of midwifery care.

Methods: A structured approach was followed for instrument development. First, we reviewed the literature on patient safety in general and obstetric and midwifery care in particular. We identified 5 domains of patient risk: organization, communication, patient‐related risk factors, clinical management, and outcomes. We then developed a prototype to assess patient records and, in an iterative process, reviewed the prototype with the help of a review team of midwives and safety experts. The instrument was pilot tested for content validity, reliability, and feasibility.

Results: Trained reviewers with clinical midwifery expertise applied the instrument. We were able to reduce the original 100‐item screening instrument to 32 items and applied the instrument to patient records in a reliable manner. With regard to the validity of the instrument, review of the literature and the validation procedure produced good content validity.

Discussion: A valid and feasible instrument to assess patient safety in low‐risk childbearing women is now available and can be used for quantitative analyses of patient records and to identify unsafe situations. Identification and analysis of patient safety incidents required clinical judgment and consultation with the panel of safety experts. The instrument allows us to draw conclusions about safety and to recommend steps for specific, domain‐based improvements. Studies on the use of the instrument for improving patient safety are recommended.
Rosacea
Authors: Fuller Dianne , Martin Suzanne
Published: June 2012

Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that is diagnosed frequently in women. It can occur at any age but is most commonly diagnosed in women aged between 30 and 50 years. The National Rosacea Society organizes rosacea into 4 primary subtypes: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular. There are no diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis of rosacea, and skin biopsy is warranted solely to rule out alternative diagnoses. While there is no known cure for rosacea, a number of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management strategies are available. Management is tailored to disease subtype, severity, and emotional impact as well as to clinical response and patient preferences.
Uremic pleuritis in chronic hemodialysis patients
Authors: Rashid‐Farokhi Farin , Pourdowlat Guitti , Nikoonia Mohammad‐Reza , Behzadnia Neda , Kahkouee Shahram , Nassiri Amir‐Ahmad , Masjedi Mohammad‐Reza
Published: June 2012

Chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients are predisposed to several complications associated with pleural effusion. In addition, uremia can directly cause pleuritis. However, there are inadequate data about pathogenesis and natural course of uremic pleuritis. In this study, 76 chronic HD patients with pleural effusion admitted to the Respiratory Center of Masih Daneshvari Hospital, in Tehran, Iran between June 2005 and May 2011 were evaluated to figure out the etiology of their pleural disease. Among these patients, patients with uremic pleuritis were identified and studied. The rate of uremic pleuritis was 23.7%. Other frequent etiologies of pleural effusion were parapneumonic effusion (23.7%), cardiac failure (19.7%), tuberculosis (6.6%), volume overload, malignancy, and unknown. In patients with uremic pleuritis, dyspnea was the most common symptom, followed by cough, weight loss, anorexia, chest pain, and fever. Compared to patients with parapneumonic effusion, patients with uremic effusion had a significantly higher rate of dyspnea and lower rate of cough and fever. Pleural fluid analysis showed that these patients had a significantly lower pleural to serum lactic dehydrogenase ratio, total pleural leukocytes, and polymorphonuclear count compared to patients with parapneumonic effusion. Improvement was achieved in 94.1% of patients with uremic pleuritis by continuation of HD, chest tube insertion or pleural decortication; an outcome better than the previous reports. Despite the association with an exudative effusion, inflammatory pleural reactions in patients with uremic pleuritis may not be as severe as infection‐induced effusions. Owing to the advancement in HD technology and other interventions, outcome of uremic pleuritis may be improved.
Receptivity toward Immigrants in Rural Pennsylvania: Perceptions of Adult English as Second Language Providers*
Authors: Prins Esther , Toso Blaire Willson
Published: June 2012

Abstract

This article uses interview and questionnaire data to examine how adult English as a second language (ESL) providers in rural Pennsylvania perceive community receptivity toward immigrants and the factors they believe foster or hinder receptivity and immigrants' integration. ESL providers' depictions of local responses to immigrants ranged from welcoming to hostile. They identified four constellations of factors that influenced receptivity: national and local politics, the labor market and immigrant occupations, immigrants' ability to look or act like native‐born residents, and community institutions. This study reveals how differing contexts of reception are believed to influence immigrants' incorporation into rural communities. It also highlights the role of educators and educational institutions in creating a welcoming atmosphere that supports immigrants' socioeconomic well‐being.
Polarized Light Spectroscopy for Measurement of the Microvascular Response to Local Heating at Multiple Skin Sites
Authors: TESSELAAR ERIK , BERGKVIST MAX , SJÖBERG FOLKE , FARNEBO SIMON
Published: June 2012

Please cite this paper as: Tesselaar E, Bergkvist M, Sjöberg F, Farnebo S. Polarized light spectroscopy for measurement of the microvascular response to local heating at multiple skin sites. Microcirculation 19: 705–713, 2012.

Objective:  To evaluate whether TiVi, a technique based on polarized light, could measure the change in RBC concentration during local heating in healthy volunteers.

Methods:  Using a custom‐made transparent heater, forearm skin was heated to 42 °C for 40 minutes while the change in RBC concentration was measured with TiVi. The perfusion response during local heating was measured at the same time with Laser Doppler flowmetry.

Results:  Mean RBC concentration increased (91 ± 34 vs. 51 ± 34 A.U. at baseline, p < 0.001). The spatial heterogeneity of the RBC concentration in the measured skin areas was 26 ± 6.4% at baseline, and 23 ± 4.6% after 40 minutes of heating. The mean RBC concentrations in two skin sites were highly correlated (0.98 at baseline and 0.96 after 40 minutes of heating). The change in RBC concentration was less than the change in perfusion, measured with LDF. Unlike with LDF, a neurally mediated peak was not observed with TiVi in most of the test subjects.

Conclusions:  TiVi is a valuable technique for measuring the microvascular response to local heating in the skin, and offers a high reproducibility for simultaneous measurements at different skin sites, provided carefully controlled experiments are ensured.
Multi‐Layer Deposition and Characteristics of Nanocrystal CdS Thin Films by an In situ Chemical Reaction Process
Authors: Chu Juan , Jin Zhengguo , Yang Jingxia , Hong Zhanglian
Published: June 2012

In this work, an in situ chemical reaction deposition technique using solid cadmium precursor films as reaction source and ammonium sulfide‐based solutions as anionic reaction medium was presented to deposit uniform, crack‐free, densely packed nano‐crystalline, hexagonal wurzite structure Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films. Influence of the Cd:S molar concentrations in separate cationic and anionic precursor solutions, deposition cycle numbers, and annealing treatment in Ar atmosphere on structure, morphology, film growth, chemical composition, and optical properties of the in situ chemical deposited films are investigated based on XRD, FESEM, AFM, HRTEM, EDS, SAED, and UV–Vis measurements.
Urbanization, nestling growth and reproductive success in a moderately declining house sparrow population
Authors: Seress Gábor , Bókony Veronika , Pipoly Ivett , Szép Tibor , Nagy Károly , Liker András
Published: June 2012

Ecological conditions are likely to change with increasing urbanization, influencing the demography and size of animal populations. Although one of the most tightly linked species to humans, the house sparrow has been suffering a significant decline worldwide, especially in European cities. Several factors have been proposed to explain this conspicuous loss of urban sparrows, but studies evaluating these factors are usually restricted to Britain where the decline was very drastic, and it is unclear whether similar or different processes are affecting urban populations of the species elsewhere. In this study we investigated the reproductive success of urban and rural sparrows in a central European country, Hungary where our census data indicate a moderate decline during the last decade. We found that rural pairs produced more and larger fledglings than suburban pairs, and the difference remained consistent in two years with very contrasting meteorological conditions during breeding. This difference is likely explained by habitat differences in nestling diet, because we found that 1) rural parents provided large prey items more often than suburban parents, 2) birds from differently urbanized habitats produced fledglings of similar number and size in captivity under identical rearing conditions with ample food for nestlings, and 3) in a cross‐fostering experiment, nestlings tended to grow larger in rural than in suburban nests irrespective of their hatching environment. These results agree with those found in a recent British study, indicating that poor nestling development and survival due to inadequate diet may be widespread phenomena in urbanized habitats.
The effect of different surface treatments on the bond strength of a gingiva‐colored indirect composite veneering material to three implant framework materials
Authors: Koizuka Mai , Komine Futoshi , Blatz Markus B. , Fushiki Ryosuke , Taguchi Kohei , Matsumura Hideo
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To evaluate and compare the shear‐bond strength of a gingiva‐colored indirect composite material to three different implant framework materials (zirconia ceramics, gold alloy, and titanium), and to investigate the effect of surface pretreatment by air‐particle abrasion and four priming agents.

Material and methods

A gingiva‐colored indirect composite (Ceramage) was bonded to three framework materials (n = 80): commercially pure titanium (CP‐
Ti
), ADA (American Dental Association)‐type 4 casting gold alloy (Type IV), and zirconia ceramics (Zirconia) with or without airborne‐particle abrasion. Before bonding, the surface of the specimens was treated using no (control) or one of four priming agents: Alloy Primer (ALP), Estenia Opaque Primer (EOP), Metal Link Primer (MLP), and V‐Primer (VPR). Shear‐bond strength was determined after 24‐h wet storage. Data were analyzed using Steel–Dwass for multiple comparisons, and Mann–Whitney U‐test (P = 0.05).

Results

For both CP‐
Ti
and Zirconia substrates, three groups, ALP, EOP, and MLP, showed significantly higher bond strengths (P < 0.05) than the other groups with or without airborne‐particle abrasion. For Type IV substrates, significantly higher bond strengths were obtained in ALP and MLP groups (P < 0.01) compared with the other groups with airborne‐particle abrasion.

Conclusions

Application of priming agents containing specific phosphoric ester groups significantly enhances the bond strength of a gingiva‐colored composite material to commercially pure titanium and zirconia frameworks. Combined use of a thione monomer with a phosphoric monomer enhances the bond strengths to airborne‐particle abraded type IV gold alloy.
Non‐invasive ventilation abolishes the IL‐6 response to exercise in muscle‐wasted COPD patients: A pilot study
Authors: Hannink J. D. C. , van Hees H. W. H. , Dekhuijzen P. N. R. , van Helvoort H. A. C , Heijdra Y. F.
Published: June 2012

Systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been related to the development of comorbidities. The level of systemic inflammatory mediators is aggravated as a response to exercise in these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether unloading of the respiratory muscles attenuates the inflammatory response to exercise in COPD patients. In a cross‐over design, eight muscle‐wasted stable COPD patients performed 40 W constant work‐rate cycle exercise with and without non‐invasive ventilation support (NIV vs control). Patients exercised until symptom limitation for maximally 20 min. Blood samples were taken at rest and at isotime or immediately after exercise. Duration of control and NIV‐supported exercise was similar, both 12.9 ± 2.8 min. Interleukin‐ 6 (IL‐6) plasma levels increased significantly by 25 ± 9% in response to control exercise, but not in response to NIV‐supported exercise. Leukocyte concentrations increased similarly after control and NIV‐supported exercise by ∼15%. Plasma concentrations of C‐reactive protein, carbonylated proteins, and production of reactive oxygen species by blood cells were not affected by both exercise modes. This study demonstrates that NIV abolishes the IL‐6 response to exercise in muscle‐wasted patients with COPD. These data suggest that the respiratory muscles contribute to exercise‐induced IL‐6 release in these patients.
Influence of the timing of ultrasound application on the penetration of corticosteroids
Authors: Clijsen R. , Baeyens J. P. , Barel A. O. , Clarys P.
Published: June 2012

Background

The application of ultrasound to enhance the transdermal transport of drugs is often referred to as ‘sonophoresis’. In physiotherapy sonophoresis is applied to the skin through two different procedures: (1) the pre‐treatment procedure where the skin is treated with ultrasound irradiation prior to the drug application and (2) a simultaneous treatment mode, where the skin is treated with ultrasound during the application of the pharmacologic substance. The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability of halcinonide in the stratum corneum comparing the ultrasound pre‐treatment vs. the simultaneous treatment method.

Methods

The effect of pre and simultaneous ultrasound treatment (1 MHz, 1 W/cm2) was evaluated on the halcinonide blanching response using tristimulus colorimetry 2 h after the initial application.

Results

Within the evaluation period, only the ultrasound pre‐treatment method resulted in a significant blanching response.

Conclusion

Timing of the ultrasound application seems to influence the availability and percutaneous penetration process and should be taken into account when estimating the ultrasound enhancing effect.
Genome‐wide approaches (GWA) in oral and craniofacial diseases research
Authors: Kim H , Gordon S , Dionne R
Published: June 2012

Oral Diseases(2012)

Underlying molecular genetic mechanisms of diseases can be deciphered with unbiased strategies using recently developed technologies enabling genome‐wide scale investigations. These technologies have been applied in scanning for genetic variations, gene expression profiles, and epigenetic changes for oral and craniofacial diseases. However, these approaches as applied to oral and craniofacial conditions are in the initial stages, and challenges remain to be overcome, including analysis of high throughput data and their interpretation. Here, we review methodology and studies using genome‐wide approaches in oral and craniofacial diseases and suggest future directions.
Cellulite – an overview of non‐invasive therapy with energy‐based systems
Authors: Gold Michael H.
Published: June 2012

Cellulite is one of the most common skin care concerns seen in modern dermatology. The presence of cellulite in the 21st century is now considered a major “problem” whose treatment options are varied and numerous, all with hopes of improving the appearance of cellulite and maintaining its response over a period of time. The purpose of this article is to review cellulite, its predisposing factors, its classification, and some of the more common devices now in use to treat the disorder.
Microcomputed Tomographic Analysis of the Alveolar Ridge Alteration around Extraction Sites with and without Immediate Implants Placement: In Vivo Study
Authors: Al‐Hezaimi Khalid , Al‐Shabeeb Munirah Saleh , Al‐Askar Mansour , Javed Fawad , Nooh Nasser , Al‐Rasheed Abdulaziz , Babay Nadir , Al‐Hamdan Khalid Saleh , Wang Hom Lay
Published: June 2012

Background: The aim was to assess the alveolar ridge alteration around extraction sites with and without immediate implants according to extraction socket classification (ESC) using microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT).

Material and Methods: Ten beagle dogs (mean age and weight: 24 ± 0.83 months and 13.8 ± 0.49 kg, respectively) were randomly divided into three groups according to the ESC. In Group 1 (ESC‐I), bilateral first and third premolars were extracted and replaced with immediate implants. In Group 2 (ESC‐II), two adjacent premolars were extracted with one immediate implant placement in the mesial socket in the maxilla and in the distal socket in the mandible. In Group 3 (ESC‐III), three adjacent teeth were extracted and an immediate implant was placed in the central socket. Primary closure was achieved using resorbable sutures. Buccal sites with dehiscence defects were excluded. After 4 months, subjects were sacrificed and alveolar ridge widths were measured at 1 mm interval in axial and sagittal views, using micro‐CT in sites with and without immediate implants.

Results: In sites without immediate implant placement, alveolar ridge width was significantly higher in Group 1(6.1 ± 1.35 mm) than Group 3 (4.14 ± 1.53 mm) (p < .05). In sites with immediate implant placement, the alveolar ridge width was higher among sites in Group 1 (6.4 ± 3.8 mm) than Group 2 (4.8 ± 0.46 mm) (p < .05) and Group 3 (5.02 ± 0.84 mm) (p < .05). Overall, between each corresponding group in both sites with and without immediate implant placement at 1 mm thickness, there was no significant difference in the alveolar ridge widths.

Conclusion: With the exception of Group 1 (ESC‐I), immediate implant placement did not prevent or minimize bone remodeling in extraction sites according to ESC.
A Retrospective Comparison of Oxidized and Turned Implants with Respect to Implant Survival, Marginal Bone Level and Peri‐Implant Soft Tissue Conditions after at Least 5 Years in Function
Authors: Jungner Måns , Lundqvist Peter , Lundgren Stefan
Published: June 2012

Background: Long‐term clinical follow‐up studies comparing different implant surfaces with regard to survival and marginal conditions are rare.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the clinical performance of turned and oxidized implants after more than 5 years of loading

Material and Methods: One hundred three patients (43 men, 60 women; mean age 67.4 years, range 32–90) previously treated with 287 implants (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden), 133 with turned surface (MKIII, Nobel Biocare AB) and 154 with an oxidized surface (MKIII, TiUnite, Nobel Biocare AB) were examined after at least 5 years of loading (mean 82 months, range 60–93 months). The implants had been used for support of single crowns (33 patients/36 implants), partial bridges (39 patients/103 implants), or full bridges (31 patients/148 implants) following an early loading protocol (14 patients /54 implants), a one‐stage protocol (32 patients/59 implants) or a two‐stage protocol (57 patients/174 implants). Clinical examinations of bleeding on probing (BoP) and pocket depth (PD) were performed. Intraoral radiographs were used for assessments of marginal bone levels (MBLs).

Results: Seven turned implants and one oxidized implant failed, giving overall cumulative survival rates of 94.7 and 99.4%, respectively. There were no differences for BoP scores (0.5 ± 0.7 vs 0.4 ± 0.6) and PD measurements (1.7 ± 0.8 mm vs 1.8 ± 1.0 mm) parameters when comparing turned and oxidized implants, respectively. The mean MBL was 1.8 ± 0.8 mm and 2.0 ± 0.9 mm for turned and oxidized implants, respectively, after more than 5 years in function (NS). Frequency distribution of MBL loss showed no statistically significant differences between the two surfaces. A total of four implants (1.4%) (three oxidized and one turned) showed a PD > 3 mm, MBL > 4 mm, and BoP. However, none of these were associated with suppuration on examination.

Conclusion: The present study does not state any differences in implant failure, MBL, presence of bleeding or PD around implants when comparing turned and oxidized titanium implants after at least 5 years of function.
Dynamical properties of the loop 320s of substrate‐free and substrate‐bound muscle creatine kinase by NMR
Authors: Rivière Gwladys , Hologne Maggy , Marcillat Olivier , Lancelin Jean‐Marc
Published: June 2012

Muscle creatine kinase (MCK; EC2.7.3.2) is a 86 kDa homodimer that belongs to the family of guanidino kinases. MCK has been intensively studied for several decades, but it is still not known why it is a dimer because this quaternary structure does not translate into obvious structural or functional advantages over the homologous monomeric arginine kinase. In particular, it remains to be demonstrated whether MCK subunits are independent. Here, we describe NMR chemical‐shift perturbation and relaxation experiments designed to study the active site 320s flexible loop of this enzyme. The analysis was performed with the enzyme in its ligand‐free and MgADP‐complexed forms, as well as with the transition‐state analogue abortive complex (MCK–Mg–ADP–creatine–nitrate ion). Our data indicate that each subunit can bind substrates independently.
Dogmas and controversies in compression therapy: report of an International Compression Club (ICC) meeting, Brussels, May 2011
Authors: Flour Mieke , Clark Michael , Partsch Hugo , Mosti Giovanni , Uhl Jean‐Francois , Chauveau Michel , Cros Francois , Gelade Pierre , Bender Dean , Andriessen Anneke , Schuren Jan , Cornu‐Thenard André , Arkans Ed , Milic Dragan , Benigni Jean‐Patrick , Damstra Robert , Szolnoky Gyozo , Schingale Franz
Published: June 2012

The International Compression Club (ICC) is a partnership between academics, clinicians and industry focused upon understanding the role of compression in the management of different clinical conditions. The ICC meet regularly and from these meetings have produced a series of eight consensus publications upon topics ranging from evidence‐based compression to compression trials for arm lymphoedema. All of the current consensus documents can be accessed on the ICC website (http://www.icc‐compressionclub.com/index.php). In May 2011, the ICC met in Brussels during the European Wound Management Association (EWMA) annual conference. With almost 50 members in attendance, the day‐long ICC meeting challenged a series of dogmas and myths that exist when considering compression therapies. In preparation for a discussion on beliefs surrounding compression, a forum was established on the ICC website where presenters were able to display a summary of their thoughts upon each dogma to be discussed during the meeting. Members of the ICC could then provide comments on each topic thereby widening the discussion to the entire membership of the ICC rather than simply those who were attending the EWMA conference. This article presents an extended report of the issues that were discussed, with each dogma covered in a separate section. The ICC discussed 12 ‘dogmas’ with areas 1 through 7 dedicated to materials and application techniques used to apply compression with the remaining topics (8 through 12) related to the indications for using compression.
Comparison of bacteria and fungus‐binding mesh, foam and gauze as fillers in negative pressure wound therapy – pressure transduction, wound edge contraction, microvascular blood flow and fluid retention
Authors: Malmsjö Malin , Ingemansson Richard , Lindstedt Sandra , Gustafsson Lotta
Published: June 2012

Bacteria‐ and fungus‐binding mesh binds with and inactivates bacteria and fungus, which makes it an interesting alternative, wound filler for negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). This study was conducted to compare the performance of pathogen‐binding mesh, foam and gauze as wound fillers in NPWT with regard to pressure transduction, fluid retention, wound contraction and microvascular blood flow. Wounds on the backs of 16 pigs were filled with pathogen‐binding mesh, foam or gauze and treated with NPWT. The immediate effects of 0, −40, −60, −80 and −120 mmHg, on pressure transduction and blood flow were examined in eight pigs using laser Doppler velocimetry. Wound contraction and fluid retention were studied during 72 hours of NPWT at −80 and −120 mmHg in the other eight pigs. Pathogen‐binding mesh, gauze and foam provide similar pressure transduction to the wound bed during NPWT. Blood flow was found to decrease 0·5 cm laterally from the wound edge and increase 2·5 cm from the wound edge, but was unaltered 5·0 cm from the wound edge. The increase in blood flow was similar with all wound fillers. The decrease in blood flow was more pronounced with foam than with gauze and pathogen‐binding mesh. Similarly, wound contraction was more pronounced with foam, than with gauze and pathogen‐binding mesh. Wound fluid retention was the same in foam and pathogen‐binding mesh, while more fluid was retained in the wound when using gauze. The blood flow 0·5–5 cm from the wound edge and the contraction of the wound during NPWT were similar when using pathogen‐binding mesh and gauze. Wound fluid was efficiently removed when using pathogen‐binding mesh, which may explain previous findings that granulation tissue formation is more rapid under pathogen‐binding mesh than under gauze. This, in combination with its pathogen‐binding properties, makes this mesh an interesting wound filler for use in NPWT.
Deposition Via Dip Coating Technique of Dense Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia Layers
Authors: Gurauskis Jonas
Published: June 2012

A deposition of yttrium stabilized zirconia layer for its use as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cell was performed using dip coating technique. Two commercially available surfactant systems were evaluated; nonionic surfactant which stabilizes only by steric repulsion and anionic surfactant which provides both steric and electrostatic repulsion. Dip coating process was optimized to two step deposition process. Uniform 10–15 μm thick yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte layer is obtained after the final sintering step at 1400°C. Impedance spectroscopy measurements showed that selected phosphate ester based surfactant has negligible effect on the performance of the YSZ material as electrolyte.
Effect on Extrapulmonary Sepsis‐Induced Acute Lung Injury by Hemoperfusion With Neutral Microporous Resin Column
Authors: Huang Zhao , Wang Si‐rong , Yang Zi‐li , Liu Ji‐yun
Published: June 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neutral microporous resin hemoperfusion on oxygenation improvement, removal of inflammatory cytokines in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage, and mortality in acute lung injury induced by extrapulmonary sepsis. Forty‐six patients with acute lung injury induced by extrapulmonary sepsis were randomized to HA type hemoperfusion treatment (N = 25) or standard therapy (N = 21). Those undergoing hemoperfusion treatment received HA330 hemoperfusion. We measured the plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage concentrations of TNF‐α and IL‐1, and the following parameters were compared between the control group and the hemoperfusion group on days 0, 3 and 7: lung injury measurements (arterial oxygen tension/fractional inspired oxygen ratio, lung injury score, chest X‐ray score); interstitial edema of lung (extravascular lung water). Duration of mechanical ventilation, hospital, 28‐day, and intensive care unit mortality were also observed. Patients treated with HA hemoperfusion showed a significant removal of plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage TNF‐α and IL‐1 over time while in the study. Patients in the HA group also demonstrated not only significant improvement of PaO2/FiO2, but also decreased Lung Injury Score and chest X‐ray score at days 3 and 7. Furthermore, the measurements of the arterial oxygen tension/fractional inspired oxygen ratio, lung injury score and extravascular lung water (EVLWI) significantly correlated with and the concentration of cytokines in the plasma (all P < 0.05). The HA hemoperfusion treatment group had a significant reduction in duration of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit stay, and intensive care unit mortality. Significant removal of inflammatory cytokines from circulation and lung by hemoperfusion treatment using the HA type cartridge may contribute to the improvement of lung injury and intensive care unit outcome in extrapulmonary septic patients.
Design, Facile Synthesis, and Antibacterial Activity of Hybrid 1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐1,3,5‐triazine Derivatives Tethered via –S– Bridge
Authors: Dubey Vaibhav , Pathak Manish , Bhat Hans R. , Singh Udaya P.
Published: June 2012

Some hybrid 1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐1,3,5‐triazine derivatives tethered via –S– bridge were synthesized and characterized with the aid of spectroscopic and elemental analysis. These hybrid conjugates were then investigated for their antibacterial activity against selected Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Excellent to moderate antibacterial activity was presented by the target compounds.
Evaluation of Structurally Diverse Benzoazepines Clubbed with Coumarins as Mycobacterium tuberculosis Agents
Authors: Upadhyay Kuldip , Manvar Atul , Rawal Kena , Joshi Sudhir , Trivedi Jalpa , Chaniyara Ravi , Shah Anamik
Published: June 2012

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide into 21st century. In continuation with our anti‐tuberculosis research programme, in this work, we have prepared molecularly diverse coumarins clubbed with benzothiazepines as well as its aza‐analogues‐benzodiazepines by molecular hybridization. The resulting compounds were screened for their M. tuberculosis activity against H37Rv strains using microplate alamar blue assay. Among the designed diversity, the compounds 5k, 5n and 5o were found significantly active in primary anti‐tuberculosis assay at minimum inhibitory concentration <6.25 μm. Moreover, the IC50 values of 5k and 5o in level‐2 screening were observed as >10 μg/mL and 3.63 μg/mL, respectively. Design and synthesis of more focused library and its three‐dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship analysis are underway.
Improving Executive Function and Its Neurobiological Mechanisms Through a Mindfulness‐Based Intervention: Advances Within the Field of Developmental Neuroscience
Authors: Tang Yi‐Yuan , Yang Lizhu , Leve Leslie D. , Harold Gordon T.
Published: June 2012

Poor executive function (EF) has been associated with a host of short‐ and long‐term problems across the lifespan, including elevated rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, drug abuse, and antisocial behavior. Mindfulness‐based interventions that focus on increasing awareness of one's thoughts, emotions, and actions have been shown to improve specific aspects of EF, including attention, cognitive control, and emotion regulation. Reflecting a developmental neuroscience perspective, this article reviews research relevant to one specific mindfulness‐based intervention, integrative body‐mind training (IBMT). Randomized controlled trials of IBMT indicate improvements in specific EF components, and uniquely highlight the role of neural circuitry specific to the anterior cingulate cortex and the autonomic nervous system as two brain‐based mechanisms that underlie IBMT‐related improvements. The relevance of improving specific dimensions of EF through short‐term IBMT to prevent a cascade of risk behaviors for children and adolescents is described and future research directions are proposed.
A Review of Private Regulation: Codes and Monitoring in the Apparel Industry
Authors: Esbenshade Jill
Published: June 2012

This article reviews the last decade of scholarship on a leading corporate social responsibility initiative: the use of codes of conduct and monitoring in the global garment industry. The review focuses on three debates in the field: the evaluation of code and monitoring effectiveness, the problematic of various relationships in transnational anti‐sweatshop campaigns, and the meaning of private regulation vis‐a‐vis state enforcement. The article concludes that codes and monitoring do not constitute a solution to the sweatshop problem and certainly cannot substitute for state enforcement or worker organizing. If private regulation is to contribute to a solution in a meaningful way, it must move from a model that presumes compliance and, therefore, focuses on ferreting out violators, to one that assumes non‐compliance, and so concentrates on altering the structure of the industry.
The Treadmill of Destruction and the Environmental Impacts of Militaries1
Authors: Clark Brett , Jorgenson Andrew K.
Published: June 2012

This brief article considers the environmental impacts of militaries from a sociological perspective. The authors begin with an overview of treadmill of destruction theory, which highlights the expansionary tendencies and concomitant environmental consequences of militarism. This discussion is followed by a narrative assessment of military developments and expenditures, with a particular focus on the US military over the past century. Next, the authors detail the increasing environmental impacts associated with the growth and structure of militarization, and conclude by calling for future sociological research to seriously consider the environmental impacts of the world’s militaries.
Response of Algal Biomass to Large‐Scale Nutrient Controls in the Clark Fork River, Montana, United States1
Authors: Suplee Michael W. , Watson Vicki , Dodds Walter K. , Shirley Chris
Published: June 2012

Suplee, Michael W., Vicki Watson, Walter K. Dodds, and Chris Shirley, 2012. Response of Algal Biomass to Large‐Scale Nutrient Controls in the Clark Fork River, Montana, United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1008‐1021. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00666.x

Abstract:  Nutrient pollution is an ongoing concern in rivers. Although nutrient targets have been proposed for rivers, little is known about long‐term success of programs to decrease river nutrients and algal biomass. Twelve years of summer data (1998‐2009) collected along 383 km of the Clark Fork River were analyzed to ascertain whether a basin‐wide nutrient reduction program lowered ambient total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and bottom‐attached algal biomass. Target nutrient and algal biomass levels were established for the program in 1998. Significant declines were observed in TP but not TN along the entire river. Downstream of the city of Missoula, TP declined below a literature‐derived TP saturation breakpoint and met program targets after 2005; TN was below targets since 2007. Algal biomass also declined significantly below Missoula. Trends there likely relate to the city’s wastewater facility upgrades, despite its 20% population increase. Upstream of Missoula, nutrient reductions were less substantial; still, TP and TN declined toward saturation breakpoints, but no significant reductions in algal biomass occurred, and program targets were not met. The largest P‐load reduction to the river was from a basin‐wide phosphate laundry detergent ban set 10 years before, in 1989. We document that nutrient reductions in rivers can be successful in controlling algal biomass, but require achievement of concentrations below saturation and likely close to natural background.
Aquatic insect assemblages associated with subalpine stream segment types in relict glaciated headwaters
Authors: Kubo Joshua S. , Torgersen Christian E. , Bolton Susan M. , Weekes Anne A. , Gara Robert I.
Published: June 2012

Aquatic habitats and biotic assemblages in subalpine headwaters are sensitive to climate and human impacts. Understanding biotic responses to such perturbations and the contribution of high‐elevation headwaters to riverine biodiversity requires the assessment of assemblage composition among habitat types. We compared aquatic insect assemblages among headwater stream segment types in relict glaciated subalpine basins in Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington, USA.

Aquatic insects were collected during summer and autumn in three headwater basins. In each basin, three different stream segment types were sampled: colluvial groundwater sources, alluvial lake inlets, and cascade‐bedrock lake outlets. Ward's hierarchical cluster analysis revealed high β diversity in aquatic insect assemblages, and non‐metric multidimensional scaling indicated that spatial and temporal patterns in assemblage composition differed among headwater stream segment types. Aquatic insect assemblages showed more fidelity to stream segment types than to individual basins, and the principal environmental variables associated with assemblage structure were temperature and substrate.

Indicator species analyses identified specific aquatic insects associated with each stream segment type. Several rare and potentially endemic aquatic insect taxa were present, including the recently described species, Lednia borealis (Baumann and Kondratieff).

Our results indicate that aquatic insect assemblages in relict glaciated subalpine headwaters were strongly differentiated among stream segment types. These results illustrate the contribution of headwaters to riverine biodiversity and emphasise the importance of these habitats for monitoring biotic responses to climate change. Monitoring biotic assemblages in high‐elevation headwaters is needed to prevent the potential loss of unique and sensitive biota.