bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extraction and bioactivity assessment of bio‐oil from Kappaphycus alvarezii biomass using the Bligh, Dyer and Soxhlet method
Authors: James Jerin , Sharma Nishesh , Joshi Harish Chandra , Kumar Sanjay , Kumar Avvaru Praveen , Hussain Afzal
Published: December 2024

The lipid composition and algal oil content in red macroalgae play a crucial role in sustainable biofuel and bioactive compound production. In the present study, various extraction methods including biomass pretreatment through ultrasonication and conventional lipid extraction techniques such as Bligh & Dyer and Soxhlet were employed for lipid extraction from Kappaphycus alvarezii. Among these methods, pretreatment of ultrasonication combined with solvent extraction (PT + SE) resulted in highest extraction yield of 21.5% ± 0.38%, surpassing the yield achieved by the Bligh‐Dyer method (PT + BD) and the control method, which yielded 19.42% ± 0.1% and 10.7% ± 0.15%, respectively. PT + SE oil possesses lower values in molecular weight, viscosity, and density when compared to PT + BD oil. The trans‐esterified samples of PT + BD (T1) and PT + SE (T2) respectively demonstrated greater efficiency in converting methyl esters, with T2 achieving a conversion rate of 92% ± 0.21%, while T1 achieved 84.15% ± 0.15%. It was observed that T2 had a high scavenging rate of 86.42% ± 0.22% indicating its significant ability to neutralize free radicals. In contrast, T1 exhibited a slightly lower scavenging rate of 69.56% ± 0.1%, when compared to T2. T2 sample demonstrated remarkable proteinase inhibition of 79.16% ± 0.18, comparable to salicylic acid, indicating the presence of potent anti‐inflammatory salicylic acid analogues in the algal oil. Both lipid‐extracted oil (T1and T2) showcased significant antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities, with T2 oil demonstrating superior inhibition of free radicals and proteinase enzymes.
Structural and Performance Effects of Self‐Assembled Composite Antibacterial Additives on PP Melt‐Blown Nonwovens Based on Melt Reaction Extrusion
Authors: Ma Teng , An Yaxin , Zhang Jiaxin , Wen Zengliang , Lian Dandan , Lu Jianjun , Wang Hua
Published: December 2024

In this study, a hybrid microsphere structure with a polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) core and a nano‐zinc oxide (Nano‐ZnO) antibacterial additive shell was designed through the reaction extrusion in polypropylene (PP). The realization of this structure enabled the successful resolution of the agglomeration problem of Nano‐ZnO and achieved a synergistic antibacterial effect between Nano‐ZnO and PHMG. Special attention was paid to the interaction between Nano‐ZnO and PHMG through the organic–inorganic hybridization. In addition, the nonwoven materials with different Nano‐ZnO and PHMG contents were prepared via a melt‐blown technique in PP, and their antibacterial properties were evaluated as well. Based on the findings, the synergistic antimicrobial mechanism of Nano‐ZnO/PHMG structures was established. The results showed that the addition of 2% Nano‐ZnO and 1% PHMG in PP (PP/2%ZnO/1%PHMG) allowed for the production of a melt‐blown nonwoven material with an antibacterial efficiency of 99.99% against
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Escherichia coli
. Besides that, the material exhibited the outstanding performance and durability (the breaking strength of 2.43 N, the air permeability of 537 mm/s, the filtration efficiency of 97.25%, and the filtration resistance of 28.38 Pa).
Biodegradable Mechanically Robust PCL/Oligomeric PCL‐Diol/Laponite Antifouling Porous Membrane as a Versatile Adsorbent of Water Contaminants: A Sustainable Approach to Membrane Disposal
Authors: Upreti Divyansh , Upreti Chitransh , Patro T. Umasankar
Published: December 2024

Biodegradable polymeric membranes can reduce the environmental impact of polymer waste from discarded membranes used in water treatment and desalination. Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), a promising biodegradable material, faces limitations due to its hydrophobicity, affecting salt and contaminant adsorption. To overcome this, PCL was blended with oligomeric PCL‐diol (PCL‐D) in ratios of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30. Additionally, 12 wt% laponite (Lap), an anionic synthetic clay, was incorporated to enhance mechanical strength and functionality. The addition of PCL‐D improved porosity, hydrophilicity, and antifouling properties, while Lap enhanced mechanical strength and performance. The pure water flux (PWF) increased from ~188 Lm−2 h−1 for neat PCL to 1124 Lm−2 h−1 for the 70:30 PCL blend with 12 wt% Lap (P7D3‐L12), and the water contact angle (WCA) decreased from ~96° to ~49°. The P7D3‐L12 membrane exhibited excellent adsorption of heavy metals (Pb2+ ~84.9 and Cd2+ ~90.6 mg/g) and dyes (MB ~45 and NR ~57 mg/g). It also showed ~36%–40% salt retention after multiple cycles and a fouling recovery rate (FRR) of ~82% after five cycles. Additionally, P7D3‐L12 demonstrated 78% weight loss in compost over 54 days, indicating enhanced biodegradability. These modified membranes offer a promising solution for sustainable water treatment.
Black Liquor as a Multifunctional Additive for Enhancing Mechanical and Antioxidant Properties of Natural Rubber Latex
Authors: Zhong Kai , Jiang Guangzhen , Yan Sitong , Wang Zhifen , Fang Lin
Published: December 2024

The black liquor (B)L produced in the alkaline pulping process of the paper industry is currently mainly used as fuel, which has low utilization efficiency and causes significant environmental pollution. This study leverages the alkaline nature of BL, which easily mixes with natural rubber latex (NRL), and the antioxidant properties of its main component, lignin, to use it as an additive in NRL, enhancing the strength and antiaging properties of rubber latex products and compares it with commercial lignin. The research results indicate that BL can reduce the viscosity of NRL and enhance its mechanical and thermal stability, which is beneficial for the processing of NRL products. BL improves the mechanical and antioxidant properties of NRL films, outperforming commercial lignin in both reinforcement and antioxidant effects. With the addition of 1.25 phr BL, the tensile strength and tear strength of the vulcanized rubber latex film are enhanced by 46.74% and 36.47%, respectively, compared to NRL film and by 15.79% and 12.16% compared to commercial lignin. This paper not only provides insights into the green and high‐value utilization of BL but also offers new methods for exploring eco‐friendly additives for NRL.
Genetic Warfare: The Plant Genome's Role in Fending Off Insect Invaders
Authors: Alam Aleena , Abbas Sohail , Waheed Noman , Abbas Arzlan , Weibo Qin , Huang Jingxuan , Khan Khalid Ali , Ghramh Hamed A. , Ali Jamin , Zhao Chen Ri
Published: December 2024

The plant defense against insects is multiple layers of interactions. They defend through direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defenses include both physical and chemical barriers that hinder insect growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast, indirect defenses do not affect insects directly but instead suppress them by releasing volatile compounds that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. Insects overcome plant defenses by deactivating biochemical defenses, suppressing defense signaling through effectors, and altering their behavior through chemical regulation. There is always a genetic war between plants and insects. In this genetic war, plant–insect co‐evolution act as both weapons and messengers. Because plants always look for new strategies to avoid insects by developing adaptation. There are molecular processes that regulate the interaction between plants and insect. Here, we examine the genes and proteins involved in plant–insect interactions and explore how their discovery has shaped the current model of the plant genome's role. Plants detect damage‐associated and herbivore‐associated molecular patterns through receptors, which trigger early signaling pathways involving Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. The specific defense mechanisms are activated through gene signaling pathways, including phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Expanding plant genome approaches to unexplored dimensions in fending off insects should be a future priority in order to develop management strategies.
Effect of the field strength on the MAS NMR spectra: Comparative study between diamagnetic and paramagnetic systems
Authors: Shin Yoonju , Min Sunghee , Ahn Sangdoo , Lee Young Joo
Published: December 2024

Solid‐state NMR spectroscopy has gained increasing attention as a probe to investigate structures and dynamics of various solid materials, in particular, materials for rechargeable batteries. Cathodes and anodes for rechargeable batteries contain unpaired electrons (paramagnetic), which generate localized magnetic fields at molecules. Owing to this paramagnetic interaction, it is often complicated to measure and interpret the NMR spectra of the paramagnetic systems. Thus, understanding the effect of the interaction between unpaired electrons and nuclei is important. NMR spectroscopy at higher magnetic fields has been perceived as beneficial since this can provide higher sensitivity and resolution. However, the response to the magnetic field strength varies depending on the nuclei of interest and material properties because various factors affect NMR characteristics. In this work, we performed a systematic study of the effect of the field strength on the magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR characteristics by comparing diamagnetic and paramagnetic systems at two different magnetic fields. As diamagnetic materials, LiCoO2 (LCO) and Li2O are examined. As paramagnetic materials, LiFePO4(LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (LiNixMnyCo1–x–yO2) with different compositions are investigated. We have demonstrated that higher signal intensity and narrower linewidths can be obtained at higher magnetic fields for diamagnetic systems, whereas higher signal intensity and better resolution are obtained at lower magnetic fields for paramagnetic systems. Our research will provide systematic and experimental evidence about the field strength dependence of paramagnetic systems and rationalized grounds for choosing proper NMR spectrometers for each material.
Primary Amenorrhea in a 15‐Year‐Old Girl Leading to the Diagnosis of Bardet‐Biedl Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Noor Azka , Kunwar Digbijay , Tasneem Zahra , Ishaq Saad Ameer
Published: December 2024

This case report highlights the clinical complexity of Bardet‐Biedl syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder, emphasizing reproductive anomalies to aid in diagnosis and management. It underscores the importance of thorough assessment and advocates for genetic testing to optimize care, despite current financial, and laboratory constraints.
Intraperitoneal Steroid Therapy for Recurrent Malignant Ascites in Advanced Cancer Patients: A Case Series
Authors: Islam Nashid , Biswas Jheelam , Sarker Shima Rani , Khanam Salma Ahsan
Published: December 2024

Intraperitoneal administration of depot corticosteroids following an initial paracentesis reduces ascitic fluid formation and extends the interval between subsequent paracentesis sessions. This approach may effectively manage recurrent malignant ascites and enhance patients' quality of life.
A young adult patient with Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting with extreme hyperleukocytosis
Authors: Tikit Gulten , Yucesu Elif , Sarıfakıoglu Aliye Serpil , Dilek Imdat , Bakanay Sule Mine
Published: December 2024

Key Clinical Message

Extreme hyperleukocytosis (Leukocyte count >200 × 109/L) in an adolescent young adult (AYA) patient with B‐ALL could result in mild symptoms of leukostasis. Hyperleukocytosis requires prompt initiation of therapy with adequate hydration, cytoreduction and prevention of tumor lysis. Ph + B‐ALL may present with extreme hyperleukocytosis and may be resistant to initial pre‐phase therapy. In such cases, leukocytapheresis is beneficial in reducing the leukocyte count as well as controlling the symptoms.
Direct Observation of Dioxymethylene and Formaldehyde as Hydrogenation Products of Formate Species on the Hydrogen‐Adsorbed Cu(997) Surface
Authors: Yoshioka Haruka , Osada Wataru , Mukai Kozo , Tanaka Shunsuke , Yoshinobu Jun
Published: December 2024

To elucidate the hydrogenation process of formate species on Cu‐based model catalysts, we investigated the thermal process of formic acid on the clean Cu(997) surface and the H‐adsorbed Cu(997) surface using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high‐resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). In the TPD spectra of HCOOH/H/Cu(997), desorption of formaldehyde was observed at 260–410 K. By comparing the results for the clean Cu(997) surface with those for the H‐adsorbed Cu(997) surface, we have found that hydrogenated species are newly formed by the presence of hydrogen on Cu(997) after heating to 300 K using HREELS; the intermediate species is assigned to dioxymethylene. These results indicate that some of formate species are hydrogenated to dioxymethylene below 300 K and the dioxymethylene is decomposed and desorbed as formaldehyde between 260 and 410 K. In addition, the bidentate formate species at step sites are predominantly involved in the hydrogenation reaction. On the other hand, most of the bidentate formate species on the terrace are decomposed and desorbed as CO2 and H2; these formate species may appear as spectator species. We conclude that the Cu step site plays an important role in the hydrogenation of formate species to dioxymethylene and formaldehyde.
Identifying the Impact of Stakeholder Empowerment During the Social Innovation Journey
Authors: Salmon Jessica , Satoğlu Emine Beyza , Ogutu Vincent , Gisleson Samantha
Published: December 2024

Social innovation has been widely studied as an approach to mitigate wicked problems and their associated grand challenges. Even so, there are a myriad of location‐specific hurdles to successful formation, design, implementation, and scaling that require the expertise and integration of local partner knowledge. In this regard, there is a dearth of research identifying the impact of such stakeholder empowerment when potential solutions, ideas, and projects are forming—particularly in an international context. To address this gap, we used a qualitative case study approach with semi‐structured interviews to follow projects through the initial, developmental, and implementation/termination periods of the social innovation journey. Sample projects include solar power technology for off‐grid rural populations, the development of a mobile app to facilitate the movement of time‐sensitive goods, and the development of a compostable toilet to replace pit latrines. The findings indicate the stakeholder empowerment criteria of (1) collective action and (2) the reconfiguration of social relations are most impactful during the initial idea gestation component of the journey and serve as an early signal of project survival or termination. In addition, they are also most impactful during the setbacks and criteria shift components, wherein local partners signal practical constraints from institutional voids that must be addressed alternatively. This research provides a foundation for future studies on the early formation of social innovations and their likelihood of survival with stakeholder empowerment.
Taxonomic Blind Spots: A Limitation of Environmental DNA Metabarcoding‐Based Detection for Canadian Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Morey Kevin C. , Myler Erika , Hanner Robert , Tetreault Gerald
Published: December 2024

With increasing utilization of eDNA metabarcoding for fish community assessment, it is critical to identify, address, and communicate its capabilities and limitations. One limitation of great concern is the reliability of taxonomic coverage. Taxonomic blind spots, defined as consistent false negatives for specific taxa despite known presence, reduce corroboration with conventional surveys and can limit the uptake of eDNA metabarcoding for biomonitoring. These blind spots result from gaps in reference sequence libraries, issues with taxonomic resolution, inefficient binding of universal primers to the DNA of certain species, and ineffective collection during the sampling of eDNA. To explore this, a multiproject empirical dataset was compiled and analyzed to evaluate the taxonomic coverage of eDNA metabarcoding for a subset of Canadian freshwater fishes using a standardized workflow for two genetic markers: 12S MiFish‐U and Vertebrate COI. The compiled dataset consists of species lists generated by eDNA surveys, paired conventional surveys, and historical records. In total, 59 fish species across 15 families were evaluated of which approximately 40% were unable to be consistently detected by either marker because of a blind spot. The 12S and COI markers also differed in which kinds of blind spots were most frequently observed, with 12S markers exhibiting more reference and resolution blind spots and the COI marker exhibiting more unclassified blind spots. Additionally, in silico primer testing exhibited inconsistent predictions for amplification when using multiple software packages, suggesting the need for further in vitro analysis to troubleshoot primer‐related blind spots. This study highlights the impact of these blind spots in taxonomic coverage on eDNA metabarcoding studies of Canadian freshwater fishes. The limitations imposed by taxonomic blind spots should be addressed in future optimization efforts as eDNA metabarcoding sees broader acceptance as an applied method for fish biomonitoring.
The transcriptional profile of iron deficiency in patients with heart failure: Heme‐sparing and reduced immune processes
Authors: Grote Beverborg Niels , Alnuwaysir Ridha I.S. , Markousis‐Mavrogenis George , Hoes Martijn F. , van der Wal Haye H. , Romaine Simon P.R. , Nath Mintu , Koekoemoer Andrea , Cleland John G.F. , Lang Chim C. , Anker Stefan D. , Dickstein Kenneth , Metra Marco , Ng Leong L. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Voors Adriaan A. , Samani Nilesh J. , van der Meer Peter
Published: December 2024

Aims

Iron deficiency (ID) is highly prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF) and associated with morbidity and poor prognosis, but pathophysiological mechanisms are unknown. We aimed to identify novel biological pathways affected by ID.

Methods and results

We studied 881 patients with HF from the BIOSTAT‐CHF cohort. ID was defined as a transferrin saturation <20%. Transcriptome profiling was performed in whole blood. Identified targets were validated in a human in vitro stem cell‐derived cardiomyocyte ID model utilizing deferoxamine as iron chelator. ID was identified in 554 (62.9%) patients, and 89 differentially expressed genes between ID and non‐ID were identified, of which 60 were up‐ and 29 were downregulated. Upregulated genes were overrepresented in pathways of erythrocyte development and homeostasis. Heme biosynthetic processes were confirmed as relatively upregulated in ID, while iron–sulfur cluster assembly was downregulated. Downregulated processes further included natural killer cell and lymphocyte mediated immunity. In agreement with patient data, cardiomyocyte iron depletion significantly induced the expression of two genes (SIAH2 and CLIC4), which could be normalized upon iron supplementation. Both SIAH2 and CLIC4 are associated with increased mortality in patients with HF (hazard ratio 2.40, 95% confidence interval 1.86–3.11, p < 0.001 hazard ratio 1.78, 95% confidence interval 1.53–2.07, p < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Iron deficiency is associated with the preservation of heme‐related processes at the cost of iron–sulfur clusters. Immune processes are downregulated, uncovering another high energy demand system affected. SIAH2 and CLIC4 might be modifiable factors in the relation between ID and impaired prognosis.
Monitoring Chronic Non‐Cancer Pain in Denmark Over Two Decades: Prevalence, Mental Health and Loneliness
Authors: Ekholm Ola , Herling Suzanne Forsyth , Lykke Camilla , Skurtveit Svetlana , Hamina Aleksi , Sjøgren Per , Kurita Geana Paula
Published: December 2024

Background

Epidemiological surveys have monitored chronic non‐cancer pain (CNCP) and investigated associated factors in Denmark for more than 20 years. This study aimed to analyse CNCP prevalence in the Danish population from 2000 to 2023 and its associations with mental health status and loneliness.

Methods

Population‐based surveys were conducted between 2000 and 2023. In all waves, residents aged ≥ 16 years were randomly selected to complete a self‐administered questionnaire. Samples included 10,089 respondents in 2000, 5292 in 2005, 14,330 in 2010, 13,429 in 2013, 13,050 in 2017, 10,384 in 2021 and 9303 in 2023. CNCP was defined as pain lasting ≥ 6 months. Mental status was assessed by Mental Component Summary score of Short Form‐12 and severe loneliness by the Three‐Item Loneliness Scale. Calibration weighting was applied to reduce potential non‐response bias.

Results

The prevalence of CNCP increased steadily by 9.4 percentage points from 2000 (19.5%) to 2023 (28.9%), but with a downward tick during the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2021 (25.3%). Women aged 45 years or older had the highest prevalence in all waves. Results showed a worsening of mental health over time in both individuals with and without CNCP; however, the lowest scores were reported by individuals with CNCP. Severe loneliness seemed to be a substantial problem in individuals with CNCP (17.3% in 2021).

Conclusions

In summary, CNCP was highly prevalent over the given period and associated with mental health status and severe loneliness in recent years.

Significance

This study demonstrated alarming trend on chronic non‐cancer pain prevalence over time in Denmark. The high estimates of prevalence and related issues, such as mental health and severe loneliness deserve further investigation and prioritisation in the public health agenda.
Chemical Imaging Optimization of Light Addressable Potentiometric Sensor on Amplitude‐Phase Mode
Authors: Luo Jiezhang , Liu Shibin , Chen Yinghao , Tan Jie , Zhao Wenbo , Zheng Yaoxin , Yang Yongyi , Zhang Yun , Pan Yiming , Tan Yue , Li Guifang , Du Yongqian , Li Huijuan
Published: December 2024

Light‐addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is one of the label‐free chemical imaging sensors and attractive for its flexible imaging capability coming from its unique addressing mechanism. Imaging quality of LAPS is limited by illumination intensity and stability of light source. In this study, the amplitude‐phase mode, which combines the advantages of constant‐bias mode and phase mode, is proposed. The role of amplitude‐phase mode in suppressing illumination interference and improving imaging quality has been theoretically proven. Better spatial resolution and the more realistic imaging effect are realized by LAPS in amplitude‐phase mode. The amplitude‐phase mode LAPS provides a feasible implementation for improving LAPS spatial resolution under a reducing illumination intensity.
The sphingosine‐1‐phosphate signaling pathway (sphingosine‐1‐phosphate and its receptor, sphingosine kinase) and epilepsy
Authors: Wang Lin , Kong Qingxia , Leng Xinyi , Leung Howan , Li Yang
Published: December 2024

Epilepsy is one of the common chronic neurological diseases, affecting more than 70 million people worldwide. The brains of people with epilepsy exhibit a pathological and persistent propensity for recurrent seizures. Epilepsy often coexists with cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction, depression, etc., which seriously affects the patient's quality of life. Although our understanding of epilepsy has advanced, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to epileptogenesis, drug resistance, and associated comorbidities remain largely unknown. The use of newer antiepileptic drugs has increased, but this has not improved overall outcomes. We need to deeply study the pathogenesis of epilepsy and find drugs that can not only prevent the epileptogenesis and interfere with the process of epileptogenesis but also treat epilepsy comorbidities. Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is an important lipid molecule. It not only forms the basis of cell membranes but is also an important bioactive mediator. It can not only act as a second messenger in cells to activate downstream signaling pathways but can also exert biological effects by being secreted outside cells and binding to S1P receptors on the cell membrane. Fingolimod (FTY720) is the first S1P receptor modulator developed and approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. More and more studies have proven that the S1P signaling pathway is closely related to epilepsy, drug‐resistant epilepsy, epilepsy comorbidities, or other epilepsy‐causing diseases. However, there is much controversy over the role of certain natural molecules in the pathway and receptor modulators (such as FTY720) in epilepsy. Here, we summarize and analyze the role of the S1P signaling pathway in epilepsy, provide a basis for finding potential therapeutic targets and/or epileptogenic biomarkers, analyze the reasons for these controversies, and put forward our opinions.

Plain Language Summary

This article combines the latest research literature at home and abroad to review the sphingosine 1‐phosphate signaling pathway and epileptogenesis, drug‐resistant epilepsy, epilepsy comorbidities, other diseases that can cause epilepsy, as well as the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate signaling pathway regulators and epilepsy, with the expectation of providing a certain theoretical basis for finding potential epilepsy treatment targets and/or epileptogenic biomarkers in the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate signaling pathway.
Management and outcomes among older adults with generalized epilepsy in routine clinical practice
Authors: Byrnes MarieElena , Alzahrany Majed , Punia Vineet
Published: December 2024

Generalized epilepsy is classically thought of as a disease of the young and adolescent, with rarely reported cases among older adults. We aimed to analyze management and outcomes in a population sparsely described in the literature through a retrospective single‐center cohort design. After excluding individuals without follow‐up, we identified 151 people ≥50 years at the time of electrographically confirmed generalized epilepsy. Just over a quarter were late‐onset (≥26 years), and 77% were diagnosed with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). Active seizures (in the last year of follow‐up) were present in 57% of individuals, despite most of them having experienced prolonged seizure remission periods (median 7 years) in the past. Only five people were off antiseizure medication (ASM) at their last appointment, with most on an average of 2 ASMs. The odds of active epilepsy at the last follow‐up were significantly higher among those with polyspikes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–6.01), myoclonic seizure history (OR = 2.88, 1.23–6.96), and developmental delay (OR = 4.75, 1.45–19.3). The odds were 60% lower in older adults with family history (OR = 0.4, 0.17–5.68). Our findings suggest that most older adults with generalized epilepsy achieve years of seizure remission, but the likelihood of epilepsy resolution is low.

Plain Language Summary

Generalized epilepsy is seldom seen in older adults. We looked at 151 patients diagnosed with generalized epilepsy over the age of 50 to see how they are managed and what influences their outcomes. We found that although these patients can control their seizures with medication, the chance that their epilepsy resolves is low. Patients with certain characteristics classically seen in an epilepsy called “Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy” (JME) may have a more intractable course.
Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Steel Frames with External BRBs: Pseudo‐Dynamic Hybrid Testing and Numerical Parametric Analysis
Authors: Freddi Fabio , Wu Jing‐Ren , Cicia Massimo , Di Sarno Luigi , D'Aniello Mario , Gutiérrez‐Urzúa Fernando , Landolfo Raffaele , Kwon Oh‐Sung , Bousias Stathis , Park Jamin , Stathas Nikolaos , Strepelias Elias
Published: December 2024

The use of buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) is an effective strategy for improving the seismic performance of existing structures. BRBs can be included within existing frames, creating an additional load path and contributing to their strength, stiffness, ductility, and, in turn, energy dissipation capacity. However, BRBs are typically inserted within the structural mesh of the existing frames, thus requiring the demolition and reconstruction of non‐structural components. The present study explores the seismic retrofitting of existing steel structures, considering an external placement of BRBs to minimize the invasiveness of the intervention scheme and, consequently, business interruptions and indirect losses. A two‐story steel moment‐resisting frame (MRF) designed primarily for gravity loads and retrofitted with BRBs placed externally to the frames were considered for case study purposes. The research includes large‐scale Pseudo‐Dynamic Hybrid tests performed as part of the HITFRAMES (i.e., HybrId Testing of an Existing Steel Frame with Infills under Multiple EarthquakeS) project funded by the EU‐H2020 SERA Consortium in Europe. The experimental results provided significant insights into the seismic response of the retrofitted structure and allowed the calibration of advanced 3D finite element models. An extensive numerical parametric analysis was performed to investigate some of the key variables affecting the local and global response of the structure. The results provide valuable insights into effectively implementing this retrofit solution and the influence of BRB eccentricity on the seismic response.
Fire Protection of Steel Beam by OSB Claddings—A Fire Experiment and Numerical Models
Authors: Šejna Jakub , Šálek Vojtěch , Šulc Stanislav , Cábová Kamila , Šmilauer Vít , Zbirovský Slávek , Jahoda Milan , Wald František
Published: December 2024

This paper presents the results of a standard fire resistance test of a loaded steel beam in a horizontal furnace. The beam was tested in three configurations: (1) unprotected, (2) protected with a single 22 mm layer of oriented strand board, and (3) protected with a double layer of the same cladding. The study also describes the development of a model in Fire Dynamics Simulator to predict the thermal conditions in the furnace and to observe the temperature trends on the beam surface, on the cladding, and at various depths in the cladding. A comparison between calculated and measured temperatures showed good agreement for the unprotected beam. However, for the protected beams, the model underestimated temperatures after 15 and 30 min for the single‐layer and double‐layer protection, respectively. Several potential sources for the discrepancies are identified. The main reason lies probably in the model's inability to correctly account for the effect of gaps in the cladding joints. Future work will focus on improving the accuracy of the model by removing these identified limitations, with particular attention to the behavior of the cladding as a passive fire protection material.
An Improved Single‐Layer Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Model for Water–Soil Two‐Phase Flow
Authors: Zhan Zi‐Yang , Zhou Zi‐Xin , Chen Zhen
Published: December 2024

In coastal and offshore engineering, the intense water–soil motion poses significant challenges to the safety of buildings and structures. The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, as a mesh‐free Lagrangian solver, has considerable advantages in the numerical resolution of such problems. SPH models for the water–soil two‐phase flow can be categorized into the multilayer type and the single‐layer type. Although the single‐layer model envisions a simpler algorithm and higher computational efficiency, its accuracy, stability, and recovery of interfacial details are far from satisfactory. In the present work, an improved single‐layer model is established to alleviate these limitations. First, the soakage function, which takes effect near the phase interface, is introduced to characterize the two‐phase coupling status. Additionally, the stress diffusion term and a modified density diffusion term applicable in density discontinuity scenario are introduced to ease the numerical oscillation. Finally, to remove the unphysical voids in the interfacial region, the particle shifting technique with special treatment tailored for free‐surface particles is implemented. Validations of the proposed model are carried out by a number of numerical tests, including the erodible dam‐break problem, the wall‐jet scouring, the flushing case, and the water jet excavation. Appealing agreements with either experimental data or published numerical results have been achieved, which verifies the accuracy, stability, and robustness of the proposed model for water–soil two‐phase flows.
Antioxidant, Alpha‐Amylase Inhibitory and Hypoglycemic Activity of Smallanthus sonchifolius Leaves from Nepal: An Integrated In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approach
Authors: Rawal Prakash , Pandey Bipindra , Yadav Ram Kishor , Panta Sushil
Published: December 2024

In 2019, diabetes mellitus affected 9.3% of the global population and accounted for one in nine adult deaths. Plant‐based antioxidants neutralize harmful free radicals, mitigate oxidative stress, and significantly prevent diabetes and its complications. This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, alpha‐amylase inhibitory, in vivo oral hypoglycemic, and in silico antidiabetic potential of Smallanthus sonchifolius (S. sonchifolius) leaf extract. Mice (n = 25) were divided into five groups after a 16‐h fast with access to water. The groups received distilled water (normal control), metformin (100 mg/kg, standard), or S. sonchifolius ethanolic extract at 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg to compare the antidiabetic potential of the extract with that of the control. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured in tail vein blood before the experiment and at 30, 60, and 120 min post‐administration to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of the extract and standard drug. The ethanolic extract exhibited dose‐dependent alpha‐amylase inhibition (IC50 value 0.136 mg/mL) and significant hypoglycemic effects, reducing blood glucose levels similar to those of the standard drugs voglibose and metformin. The maximum blood glucose reduction was 17.99% and 15.74% in the normal and glucose‐loaded mice, respectively, at 500 mg/kg within 120 min. In silico analysis shows, polymatin B and chlorogenic acid demonstrating the highest binding affinity of −8.2 and −7.2 kcal/mol, respectively, in PPAR‐γ (3G9E). Polymatin B and chlorogenic acid showed strong binding affinities of −7.3 and −7.5 kcal/mol, respectively, in alpha‐amylase (4W93). These findings indicate that S. sonchifolius possesses significant hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties, suggesting its potential as an antidiabetic agent, warranting further clinical research.
Activity–Stability Relationship in Compositionally Tuned Magnetron Co‐Sputtered Bimetallic Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Orság Martin , Mohandas Sandhya Athira Lekshmi , Xie Xianxian , Kučera Jan , Rodriguez Miquel Gamon , Yakovlev Yurii , Dopita Milan , Matolínová Iva , Khalakhan Ivan
Published: December 2024

In the present study, magnetron‐sputtered PtxM100−x (M = Co, Cu, and Y; x = 25, 50, 75, and 100) bimetallic alloys were investigated as PEMFC cathodes. Accurate composition and layer thickness control enabled a systematic study of the correlation between the alloy composition, its activity, and stability. The catalysts underwent thorough characterization, employing a diverse portfolio of characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry. The activity of all investigated alloys was tested directly in a fuel cell device, whereas stability was assessed through potentiodynamic cycling in a half‐cell. The activity–stability index, considering experimental results for both activity and stability, was calculated and compared for all investigated catalysts. All alloys exhibited a volcano‐type trend in the activity–stability index as a function of the concentration of the alloying element with maxima observed for Pt50Co50, Pt50Cu50, and Pt75Y25 for respective alloys, surpassing that of monometallic platinum. Overall, Pt50Co50 emerged as a catalyst with the highest activity–stability ratio.
Diagenesis and Reservoir Evolution of Low Permeability Sandstones: A Case Study of the Second Member of the Jurassic Sangonghe Formation, Central Junggar Basin, China
Authors: Cao Zheng , Qing Hairuo , Azmy Karem , Zhang Lei , Li Zhipeng , Zhu Shijie , Han Changcheng , Wei Qinglian , Yin Nanxin
Published: December 2024

The low‐permeability oil‐bearing tuffaceous sandstones of the second member of the lower Jurassic Sangonghe Formation (J1s2) in the Well Pen‐1 west sag of the central Junggar Basin occur in a deep burial setting (> 4000 m). They contain abundant oil and gas shows and hold promising exploration prospects. However, the reservoir heterogeneity is strong due to complex lithofacies and diagenesis, leading to significant productivity differences between adjacent wells. Therefore, identifying the lithofacies and diagenesis of the J1s2 sandstones and elucidating their influence on the evolution of relatively high‐quality reservoirs is of utmost importance for oil and gas exploration and development in this area. Samples from the Well Pen‐1 west sag, representing the J1s2 sandstones, were investigated utilising core and thin section observations, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, fluid inclusions and carbon and oxygen isotope analyses. The J1s2 sandstones are mainly medium‐ to fine‐grained and moderate‐ to‐well‐sorted feldspathic litharenites and litharenites. The tuffaceous contents range from 2.6% to 25% and the authigenic clay contents, produced by diagenesis, range from 0.6% to 12%, although carbonate cements are not abundant (av. 3.1%). Four sandstone lithofacies have been identified based on mineral compositions, leading to variations in diagenetic evolution and reservoir quality. Early diagenetic events included compaction, alteration of tuffaceous matrix and feldspar, and development of smectite, chlorite, kaolinite and early calcite. Mesogenic alteration included feldspar and tuffaceous matrix dissolution, alteration of kaolinite, chlorite and illite, and precipitation of quartz, anhydrite, late calcite and ferrocalcite. The alteration of the tuffaceous matrix resulted in a complex pore‐throat structure in the J1s2 sandstones. The pebbly sandstone and conglomerate (SC) and fine‐grained sandstone (Sm) lithofacies are generally characterised by high compaction resistance, low tuffaceous matrix and cement contents, and abundant secondary dissolution pores, and they exhibit better reservoir quality and great potential for oil and gas enrichment.
Factors associated with not smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adolescents and young people: Analysis of data from the 2014 to 15 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey
Authors: Cameron Emilie , Freund Megan , Eades Sandra , Turner Nicole , Davis Robert , Heris Christina , Rumbel Jennifer , Clapham Matthew , Bryant Jamie
Published: December 2024

Issue Addressed

Smoking rates have been steadily declining among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Examining the factors associated with not smoking in young people is crucial for understanding the motivations and influences that lead individuals to adopt healthy behaviours.

Methods

Secondary analysis was undertaken of data collected as part of the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (NATSISS) 2014–15 (n = 1456). Factors associated with not smoking were explored with three multivariate regressions: (1) socio‐demographic characteristics; (2) health, social and emotional factors; and (3) cultural identity characteristics.

Results

Overall, 66% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people aged 15–24 years did not smoke. Factors associated with not smoking included being younger, female, and engaged in study or employment. Those who lived with no smoking in the house, had lower illicit drug and alcohol use, and participated in Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander sports carnivals were also more likely to be non‐smokers.

Conclusions

Study findings reinforce the influence of social determinants on smoking behaviour. Efforts to reduce smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people should focus on removing barriers to education and employment, promoting positive peer and family influences within households, taking a multi‐drug approach to cessation, and considering cultural identity and its role in promoting healthy lifestyles.

So What?

Understanding the protective factors associated with not smoking in young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people will help with developing effective policies and initiatives to improve health outcomes.
Prognostic and predictive implications of sterile alpha motif and HD domain‐containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) expression in breast cancer
Authors: Kouvaraki Maria , Zerdes Ioannis , Sifakis Emmanouil G. , Sarafidis Michail , Matikas Alexios , Tzoras Evangelos , Kjällquist Una , Stathopoulou Konstantina , Lövrot John , Alkodsi Amjad , Hartman Johan , Sotiriou Christos , Richard Francois , Hatschek Thomas , Herold Nikolas , Bergh Jonas , Rassidakis George Z. , Foukakis Theodoros
Published: December 2024

Sterile alpha motif and HD domain‐containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a dNTP hydrolase important for intracellular dNTP homeostasis and serves as tumor suppressor and modulator of antimetabolite efficacy in cancer, though largely unexplored in breast cancer (BC). A cohort of patients with early BC (n = 564) with available gene expression data (GEP) was used. SAMHD1 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry performed on tissue microarrays. A large pooled transcriptomic dataset was used for validation (n = 2402). GEP data from the metastatic TEX randomized phase III trial (NCT01433614) were used for SAMHD1 predictive evaluation in response to capecitabine. SAMHD1 protein and mRNA levels were higher in HER2‐enriched/HER2+ and basal‐like (BL)/ER‐/HER2‐ BC. Both SAMHD1 gene and protein expression were independently associated with favorable outcomes in BL tumors. In the pooled dataset, SAMHD1 gene expression was independently associated with favorable disease‐free survival in the entire population and within the BL and HER2‐enriched molecular subtypes. In metastatic BC, SAMHD1 mRNA levels were higher in responders receiving capecitabine. In conclusion SAMHD1 gene and protein expression represent promising prognostic biomarkers in BL early BC.
Impact of strength‐based video‐feedback intervention on maternal sensitivity in mother–infant dyads with maternal depressive symptoms
Authors: Olhaberry Marcia , Morán‐Kneer Javier , Sieverson Catalina , Costa‐Cordella Stefanella , Muzard Antonia , Honorato Carolina , León María José , Leyton Fanny
Published: December 2024

Strength‐based video‐feedback (SB‐VF) is an attached base and culturally sensitive video‐feedback intervention which promotes maternal well‐being and sensitivity through using mentalization technics. The goals of this study were to investigate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of internet‐delivered SB‐VF to mother with post‐partum depression during COVID‐19 pandemic. A pilot randomized, two arm controlled trial was conducted (trial registration NCT04748731) with depressive symptoms’ women (n = 172) from Chilean public primary health centers, 79 were randomized to either experimental group (on‐line SB‐VF plus treatment as usual [TAU], n = 41) or control group (TAU, n = 38). Primary outcomes were feasibility measured by eligibility rate, recruitment rate and intervention completion, and acceptability measured by in depth interviews to mothers and therapists. Secondary outcomes were change in depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity and parental reflective function. The study demonstrated favorable feasibility and acceptability. Despite moderate recruitment rates, the completion rate was notably high in comparison to other online interventions. Participants reported positive experiences, though some faced challenges with internet access and privacy. Maternal sensitivity improved in the intervention group with a small to large effect size. The SB‐VF intervention is feasible and preliminarily effective in public health system, with potential for scaling up in similar contexts.
Ethnic‐Racial Socialization Through the Lens of German Young Adults of Turkish, Kurdish, East, and Southeast Asian Heritage
Authors: Aral Tuğçe , Juang Linda P.
Published: December 2024

The present study explored how racially marginalized German young adults narrate their ethnic‐racial socialization (ERS) growing up in Germany. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 26 German young adults of Turkish, Kurdish, East and Southeast Asian heritage (aged 18–32 years, Mage = 26.7, SD = 3.08, 16 women, seven men, and three nonbinary). Reflexive thematic analysis resulted in five themes: (1) family and community heritage culture socialization, (2) family survival vs. liberation‐based preparation for bias, (3) family mistrust toward the oppressing community, (4) school and neighborhood lack of support against discrimination, and (5) marginalized peers and siblings as sources of support against discrimination. The findings highlight marginalized peers as an important source of support and suggest the need for considering the complexity of racism and ERS for participants of minoritized communities within minoritized communities in Europe. The findings also inform interventions designed for families and schools to protect youth from varied forms of bias and discrimination.