bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sintering Conditions on the Microstructure of an FeCrMnNiCo High-Entropy Alloy
Authors: Park Seonghyun , Lee Sang-Hwa , Lee Junho , Lee Seok-Jae , Jung Jae-Gil
Published: October 2024

We investigated the microstructure of an FeCrMnNiCo alloy fabricated by spark plasma sintering under different sintering temperatures (1000–1100°C) and times (1–600 s). All sintered alloys consisted of a single face-centered cubic phase. As the sintering time or temperature increased, the grains of the sintered alloys became partially coarse. The formation of Cr7C3 carbide occurred on the surface of the sintered alloys due to carbon diffusion from the graphite crucible. The depth of the layer containing Cr7C3 carbides increased to ~110 μm under severe sintering conditions (1100°C, 60 s). A molten zone was observed on the surface of the alloys sintered at higher temperatures (>1060°C) due to severe carbon diffusion that reduced the melting point of the alloy. The porosity of the sintered alloys decreased with increasing time at 1000°C, but increased at higher temperatures above 1060°C due to melting-induced porosity formation.
Recovery of Barium, Nickel, and Titanium Powders from Waste MLCC
Authors: Shin Haein , Lee Kun-Jae
Published: October 2024

The development of the electronics industry has led to an increased demand for the manufacture of MLCC (Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors), which in turn is expected to result in a rise in MLCC waste. The MLCC contains various metals, notably barium, titanium, and nickel, whose disposal is anticipated to increase correspondingly. Recently, recycling technologies for electronic waste have garnered attention as they address waste management and raw material supply challenges. This paper investigates the recovery of barium, nickel, and titanium from the MLCC by a hydrometallurgical process. Using citric acid, which is an organic acid, the metal inside the MLCC was leached. Additionally, metal materials were recovered through precipitation and complexing processes. As a result, barium and titanium were recovered from the leachate of the waste MLCC, and 93% of the nickel-based powder was recovered. Furthermore, the optimal recovery process conditions for recycling these metal elements were investigated.
Psycho-spatial predictors of drug use among Inner City Youths in Uyo
Authors: Akpan Wilson Eseme , Abikoye Gboyega Emmanuel
Published: October 2024

This study examined psycho-spaal predictors (psychological – opmisc bias and stress: spaal-drug availability, neighborhood density and  proximity) of drug use among inner city youths of Uyo. A descripve cross-seconal survey design was used to interview 228 youths in Uyo,  Akwa Ibom State. Parcipants, with an average age of 31.46, were 75% male. A standardized quesonnaire, consisng of Drug Use Disorder  Idenficaon Test (DUDIT), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and the Revised Life Orientaon Test-Revised (LOT-R) were used for data  collecon. Drug availability was assessed in this study in terms of ease of difficulty in obtaining the drug ranging from very easy to very  difficult. Environmental proximity was assessed by asking the respondents the proximity between their residence and where the drug  they used are sold- ranging from “On the same street” to “not available in my neighborhood”. Neighborhood density was assessed by  asking the respondents their area of residence in Uyo – as high density or low density. Result showed that drug availability [β= -4.23; t = -  4.22; p < 0.05] stress level [β=0.33; t =2.96; p < 0.05] and opmisc bias [β= - 0.52; t=-3.18; p< 0.05] predicted drug use. The study concluded  that these psychospaal variables are very important in understanding drug use among young persons and the need to situate intervenon  within this psychospaal domain was emphasized.
Role of type a personality and substance use on perceived social stigma among undergraduates
Authors: Umoren Eene N. , Ukor Ruth E. , Okoye Cynthia A. , Ajibola Abdul-Rahman A. , Udo-Okuk Erikan N. , Okediji Abayomi A.
Published: October 2024

This study explored the relaonship between Type A personality, substance use and perceived social sgma among university  undergraduates. The study was a survey research which adopted the cross-seconal (exploratory) design. The Social Interaconist Theory  by Goffman guided the study. A hypothesized model was developed and its empirical suitability was tested with three clearly delineated  hypotheses. A sample of three hundred and ninety-seven (397) parcipants consisng of two hundred and two (202) males and one  hundred and ninety-five (195) females, was surveyed. They were selected from twelve facules from three Universies. Parcipants' age  ranged from 18 to 50 with a mean age of 34 years. The independent t-test was used to test hypotheses 1 and 2, while mulple regression  was used for hypothesis 3. The first finding of the study revealed a significant influence of Type A personality on social sgma among the parcipants, thus the hypothesis was accepted. The second finding revealed a significant influence of substance use on social sgma among  the parcipants, the hypothesis was also accepted. The third finding showed that Type A personality and substance use significantly and jointly predicted social sgma, the hypothesis was accepted. The findings of this study provide a beer understanding of  the social sgma surrounding substance use and how it is perceived by students with Type A personality. The findings were discussed in relaon with past theorecal and empirical literature. Conclusions were drawn and recommendaons advanced in line with the study's  findings.
Changing composition of street drug nyaope and its implications in South Africa
Authors: Khine Aye Aye , Mokwena Kebogile Elizabeth , Tsoka-Gwegweni Joyce Mahlako
Published: October 2024

Nyaope is a Novel Psychoacve Substance (NPS) that connues to bring major challenges to the health and social well-being of users and  their communies in South Africa. The acve ingredients that make up this cocktail drug Nyaope were first idenfied in 2015 using Time-of- flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) in the samples collected from the surrounding areas of the capital city Pretoria, and they were found  to be variable across the samples. This variability had posed challenges to the treatment and rehabilitaon programmes. The current study  was conducted in 2020, and included significantly a larger number of Nyaope samples collected from two provinces: Gauteng and  Kwa Zulu-Natal of South Africa. The analycal method applied was also an improved model of TOF-MS analyser with a larger library of  various drugs and their metabolites for matching the ingredients. Strikingly, many non-addicve drugs that were found in the previous  samples were not found in this study. The new trend of formulaon has become more addicve and compact with major opiates and a few  selected opioids, and with paracetamol and caffeine in different combinaons. This study reports differences in the physical appearance  and the chemical composion of street drug Nyaope across the 2 provinces of South Africa: Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal (KZN), and also  compared with the previous findings of 2015 in the samples collected in Gauteng province. The drug appears to be widely consumed and  has serious health consequences as per previous studies, and therefore, understanding the chemical substances used in the drug will be  helpful in both treatment and rehabilitaon efforts.
Prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti and Plasmodium Spp. infection in Anopheles mosquitoes and human blood sampled from Matayos in Busia County, Western Kenya
Authors: Maina Caroline , Bargul1 Joel , Kinyatta Nancy , Getange Dennis , Kamau Luna
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION
Lymphatic filariasis and malaria are mosquito-borne diseases and are co-endemic in coastal Kenya. We evaluated the occurrence of co-infections with Wuchereria bancrofti and Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agents of Lymphatic filariasis and malaria, respectively, in humans and known Anopheles vectors from Matayos constituency, Busia County, western Kenya.
MATERIALS AND METHODS                             
 The samples were collected purposively based on clinical case reports. Members of the An. gambiae and An. funestus species complexes present and the presence of W. bancrofti and P. falciparum were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Positive PCR amplicons were purified and Sanger sequenced.
RESULTS                                                                   
 In this study, 292 Anopheles mosquitoes were analyzed, and 288 of these (98.63%) were successfully identified by PCR. The majority of mosquitoes identified belonged to the An. funestus complex (85.76%) while An. gambiae complex mosquitoes comprised 14.24%. Two W. bancrofti infections were detected in the mosquitoes, one each in An. leesoni and An. funestus s.s. with an infection rate of 0.46% and 4.17% respectively. No P. falciparum was detected in the mosquito or human blood samples and only 2 blood samples (2.17%) were positive for W. bancrofti. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequenced 18S rRNA gene showed that all W. bancrofti sequences from this study shared a close relationship with W. bancrofti sequences distributed in other regions. No case of co-infection of P. falciparum and W. bancrofti was found in the mosquito or blood samples analyzed.
CONCLUSION                                                     
 This study confirms the presence of W. bancrofti infection in the human population and mosquito vectors in Matayos. The study also indicated that the majority of Anopheles mosquitoes from the study area belong to An. funestus complex. This study recommends additional screening before Mass Drug Administration, and that mosquito control programs be strengthened in the study area.
Evaluating quality of services in community differentiated service delivery model. A case of Kakamega county
Authors: Owiti Winnie Sarah , Njoroge Kezia , Mapesa Job
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND                                                 
The provision of high-quality services is a prerequisite for the successful implementation of community-differentiated service delivery. The service quality influences the clients' satisfaction, perceived value trust in the model and eventual utilization. Evaluating the quality of services in community differentiated service delivery will inform policymakers of existing quality gaps and in turn, this will assist in formulating strategies that will improve service quality and increase utilization.
METHODOLOGY                                           
 This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Kakamega County between September and December 2021 involving 402 participants. using purposive sampling, clients already established on ART were selected and data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data using SPSS version 25.
RESULTS                                                       
The results on dimensions of service quality established a high mean score (4.27) related to client literacy and a low score (2.64) on the package of services. There was a moderate positive relationship between client literacy and package of services (0.641) and a strong positive relationship between package of services and competence of the service provider (0.894). On the package of services (79.9%) of participants reported that ART refill and referral services were available, (12.7%) adherence and psychosocial support, 11.7% and 5% viral load sample collection. Regarding quality, the Freidman test ranged from client literacy (7.84), cost of services (7.79), accessibility (5.71), competence of the provider (4/06) and comprehensive package (2.54).
CONCLUSION                                                 
The study established a service quality gap in the package of services and the competence of the provider. The package of service provided is not comprehensive enough to address the needs of the clients.
RECOMMENDATION                     
Policymakers and leaders should re-distribute resources to allow for the training of providers using the differentiated service delivery manual 2023. The dimensions of quality can be reorganized to prioritize the appropriate package of services followed by the competence of lay health providers and lastly client literacy.
Prevalence and determinants of distress at the start of chemotherapy among adult cancer patients in two tertiary hospitals in Kenya
Authors: Mwangangi Francisca Mumbua , Makworo Drusilla , Aluoch Joash Ronald , Mageto Irene
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND                                   
Chemotherapy is considered the cornerstone in the treatment of many cancers, but it also comes with its challenges. The distress experienced by patients at the commencement of chemotherapy is a critical aspect of their cancer journey, with profound implications for their overall well-being and treatment outcomes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of distress before the first dose of chemotherapy among adult cancer patients in two tertiary hospitals in Kenya.
METHODOLOGY                                               
This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 438 patients who were scheduled for the first dose of chemotherapy were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Those who were not able to give consent, those who were only on oral chemotherapy and those who were not chemotherapy naïve were excluded. Distress was measured using the Distress thermometer with a cutoff point of four. Data analysis was performed using SPSS V26.
RESULTS                                                             
 The study participants interviewed were predominantly women (63%), older than 50 (53%), unemployed (87%), married (65%), Christian (99%), lived less than 100 Kilometers (55%), lived with family (90%), educated up to the primary level (49%), and had insurance (92%). The most prevalent cancers were reproductive organ tumours, and 43% of the participants had stage four disease. A total of 89 % of the participants were clinically distressed (DT ≥ 4). In a chi-square analysis, there was a significant relationship between unemployment (P=0.003), residence (P=0.002), income level (P=0.001), insurance status (P= 0.004), living conditions (P=0.003), education level (P=0.001), tumour type (P=0.004), goal of therapy (P=0.001) and stage of disease (P=0.000) with clinical distress. On a multi-variate regression analysis, the strongest predictors were the cancer stage with (aOR: 8.4 P=0.000), education level (aOR: 8.3 P=0.001) along with unemployment (aOR: 4.1 P=0.003) and goal of therapy (aOR: 6.32 P=0.001)
CONCLUSION                                                   
 The prevalence of distress at the start of chemotherapy is high, and interventions should be initiated before chemotherapy. Sociodemographic and disease characteristics should be considered when developing targeted interventions to manage distress among patients starting chemotherapy.
Effect of an educational intervention program on pregnant women’s ability to cope with childbirth pain in Western Kenya
Authors: Wanyonyi Mable , Wanzala Maximilla , Kipmerewo Mary , Raballah Evans
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION                                   
Childbirth pain has remained a major challenge to women of child-bearing age over the years. Studies have shown that most women are not aware of the coping strategies to employ during childbirth. Severe childbirth pain can lead to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Therefore, it is imperative to develop safe and innovative methods to cope with childbirth pain. The study aimed to investigate the effects of an educational program on women's ability to cope with childbirth pain in the context of lower and middle-income countries.
MATERIALS AND METHODS                   
 A Quasi-experimental design was used to assess the impact of an educational intervention built on self-efficacy theory. Pregnant mothers were recruited at antenatal care services and were assigned to either the control group or the intervention group. The intervention group received two sessions of 2 hours each of the intervention between the 32nd– 35th weeks of gestation. Follow-up and evaluation on outcome measures were conducted within 48 hours after delivery. The strength of pain was measured by the visual analogue pain scale and the Mac-Gill pain questionnaire.
RESULTS                                             
Findings indicate that relative to the control group, the intervention group was significantly more likely to demonstrate lower perceived pain both on the visual analogue scale (P<0.001) and the McGill pain questionnaire (P<0.001). Further analysis revealed that the non-intervention group had increased severe pain [OR=3.099,95% CI (1.080-8.887), P=0.035], unbearable pain [OR=27.930,95% CI (9.354-83.399), P=<0001], while permanent employment reduced unbearable pain [OR=0.038 95% CI (0.003-0.549), P=0.016].
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS   
 The educational intervention program was effective in decreasing pain intensity and severity during childbirth. Training programs should be integrated into the antenatal care program and offered to mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy to enhance women's coping skills during childbirth.
Factors influencing healthcare access for persons with disabilities in Kakamega County, Kenya during COVID-19: A qualitative study
Authors: Maende Stephene Osongo , Godia Pamela , Mactaggart Islay , Davey Calum , Olenja Joyce
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION                                         
Access to healthcare for persons with disabilities is an indicator of the overall effectiveness of the healthcare system in terms of equity, accessibility and the right to health. This study explores factors affecting access to healthcare among persons with disabilities in Kakamega County in the context of COVID-19.
MATERIALS AND METHODS               
 Materials used in this study are part of a larger study that looked at access to healthcare and its effect on the quality of life of persons with disabilities in Kakamega County. In this paper, we present data generated from the qualitative component of the study that comprised 7 focus group discussions, 15 in-depth interviews, and 8 key informants who provided contextual information on health services for persons with disabilities. Data was coded and analysed thematically.
RESULTS                                                     
The study established key barriers to healthcare access for persons with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic period ranging from availability, affordability, discrimination, accommodation, assistive devices, and appropriateness of healthcare. In addition, the results show that these obstacles are not limited to the pandemic, but represent everyday challenges that persons with disability experience; but were exacerbated during the pandemic.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS   
This study highlights the need for disability-friendly infrastructure in healthcare facilities, subsidized medical costs, and the provision of assistive technologies to improve healthcare access for persons with disabilities. We also recommend increasing community and provider awareness of disability rights, enforcing existing laws and policies, and ensuring equal employment opportunities to support full social participation for individuals with disabilities.
Synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant activity of novel diorganotin(IV) complexes derived from Ibuprofen-5-aminosalicylic acid ligand
Authors: Ali Abed-Al Zahra Mohanned , G. Hadi Angham
Published: October 2024

This study focuses on the preparations of a new ligand prepared by the condensation reaction between two substances ibuprofen and 5-aminosalicylic acid, and complexes of di organotin(IV) salts were prepared using this produced ligand to yield the appropriate complexes. The generated compounds were identified using FTIR and elemental analysis, in addition (tin, proton and carbon) magnetic resonance (119Sn, 1H, and 13C, NMR). Octahedral geometry was suggested for the synthesized complexes based on the observations of the spectra. Two techniques were used to examine the antioxidant activity of the compounds: DPPH and CUPRAC. Because the tin element was present, the resultant complexes exhibited a higher rate of inhibition than the ligand. Di-methyltin-di-IAS also showed a greater effect as antioxidants than the other compounds.
KEY WORDS: Diorganotin(IV), Antioxidant activity, Ligand (IAS), DPPH method, CUPRAC method
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2025, 39(1), 101-110.                                                          
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i1.8
Evaluation of some haemostatic indices of selected women on hormonal contraceptives in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Obazelu P.A. , Emokpae M.A. , Iyawe E. , Ogbodo F. C.
Published: October 2024

Thrombotic disorder has been associated with especially older versions of hormonal contraceptives. Even with development of modern version of the medication, the controversies concerning their thrombotic effects still remain. However, screening of women on hormonal contraceptive for the presence of any derangement in the haemostatic profile is not routinely carried out in Nigeria. This study investigated the effects of hormonal contraceptives on haemostatic profile among women. This was a cross-sectional study carried out on 200 apparently healthy female subjects on hormonal contraceptives. They comprised of 50 non- contraceptive users (control subjects) (group A), fifty (50) non-hormonal contraceptive users (group B), 50 subjects on progestin-only contraceptive (POC) (group C) and 50 women on combined oral contraceptive (COC) (group D). Exactly 4.5mL of venous blood was collected aseptically from each participant into a plain container containing 0.5mL of 3.1% tri-sodium citrate anticoagulant, followed by proper mixing. The citrated plasma obtained after centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes and separation, was used for the determination of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Data analysis was carried out using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 software and a p-value <0.05 was considered significant. The Mean±SD prothrombin time {PT (seconds)} was significantly higher (p<0.001) among women on combined hormonal contraceptive than progestin-only contraceptive, non-hormonal contraceptive and controls. Similarly, the activated partial thromboplastin time {APTT (seconds)} was significantly higher (p<0.05) among subjects on combined hormonal contraceptive than progestin-only and non-hormonal contraceptive users but not different when compared with controls. The use of hormonal contraceptives results in altered PT and APPTT and may be an increased risk of thrombogenic among users.
Theoretical examination of molecular docking, pharmacokinetics and in-silico design of specific tacrine derivatives as anti-Alzheimer agents
Authors: Akinbo Ibrahim Abdulganiyyu , Ajala Abduljelil , Rufai Maimuna Shehu , Baiwa Fatima Ibrahim , Kurawa Muslim Musa , Jackson Graham E , Ismaila Sadiq Shina , Babalola Balogun Joshua , Ufeli Balogun Sadiya , Adamu Lawan Hassan , Mustapha Abdullahi , Yahaya Nafiu , Abba Justina E. , Hussaini Haruna , Kazaure Mustapha Bashir , Garba Auwalu
Published: October 2024

A common neurological illness that affects many individuals globally is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its cause is currently unknown. One of the symptoms of AD is a reduction in cholinergic transmission, which has been linked to memory loss and cognitive impairment. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors such as donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine are used in medicine. However, their unfavourable side effects have caused them to be taken off the market. Because tacrine inhibits the enzyme AChE, molecular docking modelling has been used to simulate and create a variety of derivatives. The purpose of this work was to develop some strong Alzheimer's inhibitors and to calculate the binding scores of tacrine derivatives theoretically. Following docking, molecule A8 was selected as a template for creating new compounds since it had the greatest binding scores (-9.8 kcal/mol). The B3, B5, B6, B8, and B10 hypothetical molecules were constructed. The developed compounds' ADMET prediction and drug-likeness demonstrate strong pharmacokinetic properties. Furthermore, comparable strong inhibitor drugs against AD might be created using the in-silico methodologies used in this work.
An appraisal of phase change materials: characteristics, categorization, benefits, drawbacks and utilizations. A review
Authors: Musa Bilyaminu , Nasir Salisu , Idris Mustapha Balarabe , Muhammad Yahaya Abdullahi , Muhammad Nasiru , Nuhu Ma’aruf
Published: October 2024

A new era of energy-efficient solutions has arrived thanks to the revolutionary class of substances known as phase change materials (PCMs), which have the extraordinary capacity to store and release thermal energy during phase transitions. The defining characteristics of PCMs, such as their well-defined melting and freezing temperatures, high latent heat of fusion, and variety of material types, including organic and inorganic PCMs, as well as eutectic combinations, are thoroughly examined in this thoroughly analysis. PCMs are divided into groups according to the physical shape they take and the temperature range in which they are used. These groups include low-temperature variations, high-temperature variants, encapsulated forms, and nanocomposite forms. PCMs provide a wide range of advantages, including effective thermal energy storage, cost-effective energy use, consistent temperature maintenance and small light designs. However, they do have some restrictions, such as compatibility issues and slow heat transfer rates. However, PCMs are used in a wide range of industries, from electronics and renewable energy to building and construction, revolutionizing temperature control, thermal management and energy efficiency. The future of PCM technology offers promise, with ongoing improvements aiming at improving heat transmission, integrating with renewable energy sources and enhancing encapsulation processes. This technology's vital position in a sustainable and efficient energy future is apparent, as it continues to transform our world in the hunt for responsible and green energy solutions.
Mapping of soil erosion risk in Ezeagu Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Ishaya S. , Onyia Francisca N. , Ikediashi Tochukwu
Published: October 2024

This study centres on mapping soil erosion risk in Ezeagu Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. A multi-criteria research design was adopted in carrying out this study by using remote sensed images, topographic, soil and rainfall data. K Factor, R Factor, P Factor, K Factor and Digital Elevation Model were generated. SWAT model was used to generate surface runoff and sediment yield and AHP model were used to identify and map levels of soil erosion risk in the study area. Loamy sandy soil with a K Factor value of 0.23 – 0.34 (t h MJ-1 mm-1) and loam soil with a K factor Value of 0.08 – 0.14 (t h MJ-1 mm-1) dominates the study area. The organic matter contents for all the soils were rated low with an average measured organic matter of 0.97 (%). The rainfall erosivity factor (R-factor) results showed variations across the study area from 1029.295 to 1343.092, 1343.092 to 1589.713, 1589.713 to 1744.922, 1744.922 to 1965.777, and 1965.777 to 2060.864 MJ mm ha year-1, h-1 year-1. Areas with dense vegetation had lower P-factors indicating better protection against erosion, while areas under cultivation, especially those with poor management practices and without cover crops show higher P-factors. Almost all the area has a moderate (0.5-0.6) C factor which means moderate protection, areas with higher protection (0.6-1) C factor occupied a small portion towards the east while patches of low C factors are found scattered in the north, west northwest, south and eastern part of the study area. The eastern part of the study area are more susceptible to soil erosion with value ranging from 3.2-5.8, 5.9-9.9 and 10.0-19. Slope steepness and slope length is lower in the northern, western and south-west of the study area. Areas with annual soil loss between 0 to 10 grams, 10 to 20 grams and 30 to 40 grams dominates the northern, western and southern parts of the study area. The erosion risk map depicts that very low-risk area coverage of 24.06%, low risk covers 20.29%, moderate risk occupies 17.75% and high risk erosion risk covers 21.30% while very high risk occupies 16.61% of the total area. This study recommends terracing and gabions in areas identified at risk of erosion, promotion and adoption of agronomic soil conservation methods of mulching, cover cropping and planting plants to enhance soil stability and reduce erosion.
Synthesis, characterization, and biological potential of 2-thiophene carbaldehyde o-phenylenediamine Schiff base and its Cr(II), Mn(II), and Fe(II) Complexes
Authors: Ado Habibu Bashir , Durumin iya Naseer Inuwa , Rabiu Nura Nasiru , Ahmad Baffa , Abdulkadir Abdulmalik , Muhammad Abubakar Abba , Balah Shamsu Shuaibu
Published: October 2024

A Schiff base was produced through the chemical reaction of 2-thiophene carbaldehyde with o-phenylenediamine. The corresponding metal (II) chlorides were refluxed with the Schiff base to produce the complexes of Cr (II), Mn (II), and Fe (II). These complexes were then characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, atomic absorption spectroscopy, solubility, melting/decomposition temperature, and magnetic susceptibility. The vibrational peak at 1622 cm̄1 in the FT-IR spectral data of the Schiff base was ascribed to the vibration frequencies of azomethine u(C=N). But in the complexes, it was discovered that the azomethine band shifted between 1614 and 1659 cm̄1 , suggesting that they were involved in the complexes’ creation. The complexes’ measured absorption bands in the range of 713–769 cm1 were attributed to the M–N bond, indicating the occurrence of metal–nitrogen bonds. The complexes exhibit non-electrolyte properties attributed to their low molar conductance values ranging from 8.00 to 29 Ohm̄1 cm̄ ²mol̄¹. The determination of the melting point of the Schiff base yielded 120 °C, while the decomposition temperature fell within the range of 149–160 °C for the complexes, indicating their thermal stability. Analysis of magnetic susceptibility indicated an octahedral geometry for all the complexes, with values ranging from 2.24 to 3.12 BM. The elemental should analysis of both the Schiff base and its metal (II) complexes for C, H, and N indicated a close agreement between observed and calculated percentages, suggesting a consistent 1:2 metal-Schiff base ratio across all complexes. The qualitative analysis of the compounds confirmed the presence of chloride, which was quantified and determined to range from 4.62% to 7.90%. The prepared Schiff base and its metal (II) complexes underwent evaluation for their antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as their antifungal properties against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The results of the experiments indicated that the metal complexes displayed notable antimicrobial effects.
PyPCRtool: A python package for in silico PCR and primer verification
Authors: Waziri Ibrahim Zubairu , Usman Mustapha Ibrahim , Dandalma Zainab Ali
Published: October 2024

In Silico PCR is a computational technique used to predict PCR outcomes, improve primer specificity, and optimize experimental conditions prior to conducting laboratory work. Numerous web-based tools with pre-loaded genome templates have been developed for conducting In Silico PCR simulations. However, there is an increasing demand for a flexible, user-friendly package that allows users to upload or define their own custom template sequences and operates offline, ensuring data privacy and security during In Silico PCR simulations and primer verification. This paper introduces PyPCRtool, a Python package designed to perform In Silico PCR simulations and verify primer specificity. The tool aims to offer a flexible, user-friendly solution that handles data locally, facilitating the prediction of DNA fragment amplification and the visualization of PCR product bands through gel electrophoresis simulations. PyPCRtool allows users to input and specify template DNA sequence files, forward and reverse primer sequences and customize mismatch tolerances. An example scenario demonstrates PyPCRtool's functionality, showcasing its ability to predict PCR product formation and visualize gel electrophoresis results. The tool provides detailed outputs, including PCR product sequences, sizes, and binding site information, assisting in experimental planning and analysis. PyPCRtool offers a robust and versatile solution for In Silico PCR and primer verification. By integrating flexible Python-based operations with local data handling for privacy, it serves as an invaluable resource for students and researchers in molecular biology and biotechnology, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of PCR experimental planning and result interpretation.
Genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance estimates in selected groundnut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) for agro-morphological and yield traits.
Authors: Abubakar Usman , Sani Lawan Abdu , Mayaki Bashir Mohammed , Mohammed Jibril Sani , Muhammed Nuraddeen
Published: October 2024

Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), is a crucial food and oil crop in the tropics, require genetic variability assessment for efficient breeding programs using appropriate parameters like genetic coefficient of variation, heritability estimates, association among yield related traits and genetic advance. This study aims to identify genotypes with desirable traits to improve yield and adaptability, contributing to better crop improvement strategies. The study used a randomized complete block design with three replications, consisting of fourteen selected genotypes. Quantitative traits were used to estimate genetic variability parameters, heritability, and genetic advance. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences (p < 0.005) for all studied traits, indicating greater variability in genotypes. Characters exhibited different levels of variability, heritability, and genetic advance among the genotypes. The estimate of the broad-sense heritability ranged from 13.33% to 33.33% for canopy spread and days to maturity respectively. Low to high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were recorded. The study found that traits such as number of branches, pods per plant, fresh and dry plant weight, kernel yield, pod yield, and shelling percentage showed high genotypic coefficient of variation, moderate broad sense heritability, and high genetic advance. These traits can be beneficial for groundnut improvement through effective phenotypic selection, resulting in high expected genetic gain. The study found that pod yield is significantly correlated with kernel yield, grain length, grain width, 100-seed weight, fresh and dry 100-pod weight, and number of pods per plant. Kernel yield is positively correlated with the number of branches per plant, pod per plant, fresh and dry 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, grain length, and grain width. In addition, the first four principal components accounted for 90.37% of total variation in all morphological traits.
Isolation and antibiogram of some bacterial isolates from patients with ear infection in a tertiary health care facility at Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Babaiwa Upe Francisca , Ikolah Cyprian Osilama
Published: October 2024

Ear infection has been reported as a common health concern globally, impacting individuals across diverse demographic factors. Causative bacterial agents of this infection are constantly changing and require continuous surveillance to monitor emerging trends. This study investigated the bacterial etiologic agents and their susceptibility patterns among patients with ear infection at the study Centre. A total of 43 patients who visited the Ear, Nose and Throat clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital that were diagnosed with ear infection were evaluated. Patient data and specimen were collected after which isolated bacteria were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against some antibiotics (Sparfloxacin, Azythromycin Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and amoxicillin) using standard methods. Results obtained showed that patients aged 16-25 years were more predisposed to ear infection and substantial number of them (60.5%) reported previous history of the infection. Staphylococcus (48.70%) and Pseudomonas (26.30%) were the most predominant bacterial isolated from these patients. Other isolates included; Bacillus (14.5%), Corynebacterium (3.90%), Enterobacterium (1.30%), and Klebsiella (3.9%). Antibiogram revealed that 78.9% of the isolates were susceptible to the killing effects of Azithromycin and only 39.3% were susceptible to amoxicillin. However. 69.8% of isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin- clavulanic acid combination therapy. Conclusively, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, were the leading cause of ear infection at the study center. Azithromycin as well as amoxicillin- clavulanic acid combination were the most effective antibiotics against the encountered bacterial isolates and these antibiotics can be used as a first line drug in the management of ear infection at the study.
Recent advancements and perspectives on entrance skin dose and cancer risk for patients undergoing diagnostic x-ray examination
Authors: Yushau Yahaya , Usman Ahmed Rufai , Zangina Tasiu , Dankawu Umar Muhammad , Hafeez Hafeez Yusuf , Zarma Suleiman Saidu , Ahmed Abdullahi
Published: October 2024

Advancements in technology and medicine have increased radiation use, with radiology examinations being the primary man-made source of radiation exposure for the general public. Over 90% of the ionizing radiation exposure today comes from man-made sources. However, because ionizing radiation is linked to a cancer risk, its use in medical imaging for diagnosis should adhere to safety regulations and be optimized. This study aims at providing recent advancements and perspectives on entrance skin dose and cancer risk. Many studies have been published around the world on how to tackle the dangers behind the ionizing radiation that is exposed to patients. The Recent advancements and perspectives on entrance skin dose and cancer risk undergoing diagnostic x-ray examination were discussed in detail, including how the dose was reduced for patients and even the best method to adopt, as well as the concept of absorbed dose in the human body from exposure to radiation, particularly in the context of diagnostic X-ray examinations. It emphasizes the importance of measuring the energy deposited per unit mass, expressed in joules per kilogram (Jkg-1) or in the unit gray (Gy). The review also touches on equivalent dose, which takes into account the type and energy of the radiation, and effective dose, which is designed for radiogenic risk assessment. The study reviewed various methods for calculating entrance skin dose (ESD) in X-ray examinations, including both direct and indirect methods, and presents results from different research studies that have used these methods to measure ESD in patients undergoing diagnostic X-ray examinations. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of monitoring and optimizing radiation doses in medical imaging to ensure patient safety.
Relationship between triradii angles and blood pressure among adolescents of Ebira ethnic group of Kogi State, Nigeria
Authors: Yusuf A. O. , Danborno B. , Timbuak J. A. , Suleiman M. O. , Umar H. O.
Published: October 2024

Dermatoglyphics have been wildly studies to identify and classify individual and population. Several health and disease conditions have been reported to present unique dermatoglyphic patterns. This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between triradii angles on the palm and the blood pressure of selected dialects of Ebira ethnic group. A total of 591 subjects (Ebira-Tao, n=199; Ebira-Etuno, n=196; Ebira-Koto, n=196), both males and females randomly selected participated in this study. The palm prints of participants were collected using the ink and roller method and analyzed for the triradii points and measurements of triradii angles using a hand magnifying lens. The participants’ resting blood pressure; systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured by manual auscultation using a sphygmomanometer. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and Chi-Square. The three dialects had mean SBP and DBP within the normal range. The triradii angles revealed mean acute angles across the three dialects in the order atd < dat < adt angles. There were differences in means triradii angles across the blood pressure categories (normal, low and high) for the three dialects in males and females as higher atd and dat angles were significantly related to higher blood pressure. This was also corroborated by the test for association. In conclusion, there was a significant relationship between blood pressure and some triradii angles in two out of the three dialects. Hence, triradii angles may be an indicator for individuals with the tendency to develop high blood pressure.
Physio-chemical and microbial assessment of the source of drinking water and the prevailing waterborne diseases in Gwagwalada Municipal Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Adamu S.U. , Saliu O.A. , Okoroiwu G. , Ebhodaghe F.
Published: October 2024

Water contamination poses a serious threat to the wellbeing of people globally. In Nigeria, there have been increasing cases of waterborne diseases owing to water contamination, thus becoming public health concerns. This study investigated the physio-chemical properties, microbial loads of borehole water samples from Gwagwalada area council of Abuja and its prevailing waterborne diseases. Borehole water samples were collected from five wards of the council area (Gwagwalada central (YZTM), University of Abuja Staff quarters (YZTMB), Dobi (SBWTM), Tunga Maje (TMCBW), and Ikwa (YZBTM) in triplicate and analyzed for physiochemical properties (temperature, conductivity, pH, turbidity, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and heavy metals) and microbial contamination using standard methods. Surveillance to determine the prevalence of waterborne diseases was also carried out in the health facilities of the area council. All samples showed variable concentrations in most of the physiochemical parameters and were within the recommended thresholds except for conductivity (596.01 ± 0.00 μS/cm) and chlorine (254.18 ± 0.00 mg/l) in TMCBW sample and total dissolved solids in TMCBW (948.01 ± 14.14 mg/l) and YZTM (GC) (1871.00 ± 55.15 mg/l) water samples. E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp., Lactobacillus spp., Pseudomonas ssp., and Proteus ssp. were bacteria isolates of the samples. Principal component analysis of interrelationship showed a strong positive relationship between some physio-chemical parameters and sampling locations. Also, there was heavy burden of gastrointestinal (waterborne) diseases. The study concludes that the borehole samples from the area were contaminated and maybe unfit for consumption. Thus, call for interventions that provide safer portable water or treat existing water sources towards achieving SDG No. 6 and to prevent outbreaks of waterborne diseases that could emanate from the consumption of unsafe water.
Assessment of the extent of community preparedness to flood risk in Jigawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Aliyu Zakaria , Mukhtar Ibrahim , Muhammad Alhassan Yusuf , Abdulkadir Suleiman
Published: October 2024

Jigawa State faces annual flood disasters that have resulted in significant loss of life and property, putting many communities at risk. This study aim to evaluate the preparedness for flood risk in Jigawa State, Nigeria. A sample of 666 respondents was selected for a self-administered questionnaire, with 601 fully completed. The collected data were analyzed descriptively to determine the preparedness index. (PI). From the result of the findings, a majority (77.7%) of the respondents agreed that the community is aware of flood risks. There was also a provision of a neighborhood directory (97.8%), local shelter (75.9%) and emergency contacts (55.4%) during floods. The PI (92.6%, 98.6% 84.1% and 85.1% respectively), are above the 65% threshold and hence considered ‘prepared’ in this regard; but, ‘somewhat prepared’ (PI of 61.7%) regarding awareness of flood disaster risk management strategies; ‘and unprepared’ (PI of 55.5%, 50.5%, 50.5%, 50.8% and 54.3% respectively) in terms of community organization of public education and training of flood risk reduction (66.6%); engagement on rehearsals/emergency drills (51.6%); good community-based warning system (51.4%); and a standalone system for property protection measures during floods (52.4%); as well as an active recovery plan (62.9%). It was recommended that proper embankment protection and water regulation outlets be established. Additionally, real-time flood forecasting and effective early warning systems should be developed. Communities should be assessed to identify flood risk zones before construction activities begin, or alternatively, resettlement to safer areas should be considered for those living in flood-prone regions.
Evaluation of Onchocerca volvulus infectivity status of black flies in post-ivermectin regime in Kachia, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Akafyi Danlami Elisha , Habila Amaya Jobin , Ojeleye Folashade Serah , Aminuwa Hyelamada Abuh , David Theresa Shuni , Dan Divine
Published: October 2024

The infectivity status of Simulium species is an important factor in assessing the transmission of Onchocerca species. In this study, we determined the biting rate and presence of the larval stage of the parasite to determine the status of onchocerciasis in the post-ivermectin era in the study area. A total of 1.063 black flies were collected in September and October 2023. Dissection was carried out under a microscope to examine the internal organs for the presence of microfilaria and record their condition. The findings indicated that parous flies 311(29.3%) were markedly less prevalent compared to nulliparous flies 752(70.7%). Among the dissected flies, a total of 14 (1.3%) were found to be infected with Onchocerca species. The flies exhibited a bimodal biting pattern, with a peak in the morning occurring between 9 and 10 am and afternoon between 4:00 and 5:00 pm. The monthly biting rates of 5177.0 and 5807.3 in September and October respectively exceeded the World Health Organization's threshold of 1,000 bites per person per month. It is essential to investigate the potential resurgence of onchocerciasis in the study area, which may be attributed to the overlapping presence of cattle, Simulium vectors, and humans.