bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Machiavellian theses "The strategy of the role of the absurd state as a model"
Authors: Hameed Ali Hussein , AL.Husainy Saif Hayder
Published: July 2020

In the anarchism that governs the nature and patterns of international relations characterized by instability and uncertainty in light of several changes, as well as the information revolution and the resulting developments and qualitative breakthroughs in the field of scientific and advanced technological knowledge and modern technologies.  All of these variables pushed toward the information flow and flow tremendously, so rationality became an indispensable matter for the decision maker as he faces these developments and changes. There must be awareness and rationality in any activity or behavior because it includes choosing the best alternative and making the right decision and selecting the information accurately and mental processing Through a mental system based on objectivity, methodology, and accumulated experience away from idealism and imagination, where irrationality and anarchy are a reflection of the fragility of the decision-maker, his lack of awareness of the subject matter, his irresponsibility, and recklessness that inevitably leads to failure by wasting time and Effort and potential. The topic acquires its importance from a search in the strategies of the frivolous state and its characteristics with the ability to influence the regional, and what it revealed is a turning point in how to adapt from the variables and employ them to their advantage and try to prove their existence. Thus, the problem comes in the form of a question about the possibility of the frivolous state in light of the context of various regional and international events and trends. The answer to this question stems from the main hypothesis that (the aim which the frustrating state seeks to prove is that it finds itself compelled to choose several strategies that start from the nature of its characteristics and the goals that aim at it, which are centered in the circle of its interests in the field of its struggle for the sake of its survival and area of influence).
Strategic Challenges of the Iraqi National Security According to The International Variables
Authors: Ali Marwan Salam
Published: July 2020

National security is considered a complex and renewed concept. As a result of the increasing complexity in the regional and international environment, the concept of "national security" has shifted from its narrow concept - military and political - to a comprehensive and broad field. Iraq and its national security system suffer from two forms of challenges that hinder its progress and require a lot of effort and work to ensure that they are avoided; visible strategic challenges, whose implications and effects can be sought directly in kind, and invisible strategic challenges. These challenges pose a major dilemma for the stable governments. how then to the Iraqi state, with its current and foreseeable circumstances. to face it, especially as the security system that was built according to the immediate requirements in the absence of a comprehensive strategic vision, is now suffering from a large sagging at the level of preparation, leadership and lack of armament. The Applies to the rest of our country.

    Therefore, formulating any kind of strategy, whether comprehensive or sub in Iraq in order to meet these challenges needs, among other things, to analyze the internal and external environments to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the internal environment of Iraq, and to analyze the opportunities and threats that occur in the regional and international environment. Our country can face and deal with them according to rational planning methods and come up with rational decisions, by taking advantage of strengths and opportunities, and addressing internal weaknesses and external threats.
US-Chinese competition against the South China Sea (A study of geo-strategic dimensions)
Authors: Mohamed Zaydan Rasha Suhail
Published: July 2020

International balances, especially the geostrategic balances the United States and China, are among the most important regional and international balances of the new international order, specifically the Asia-Pacific region. In addition to the importance of the strategic environment over which the two countries compete, if the South China Sea occupies a geostrategic position as a result of the political, economic and military security capabilities that it enjoys, then China regards it as a part of its territory and is subject to its regional sovereignty. The Asia_ Pacific region, and preventing the United States from competing with it and controlling it as a vital economic, commercial and military field, is security for it.
Review of Seismic Characteristics in Erbil City, the Capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: AbdulJaleel Zina A. , Taha Bahman O.
Published: July 2020

Erbil city essentially suffers from the risk of earthquakes generated by Zagros-Taurus Belt. The central objective of this study is to identify the seismic characteristics and required seismic parameters for structural analysis. The methodology concentrated on reviewing the seismology and geology of Erbil city. It was concluded that the tectonically classified by an outer platform of the low folded zone in the position of Western Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt of the Arabian plate, geologically covered by Quaternary sediments and lithologically described by fluvial sediments, and the dynamic soil properties classified by site Class D. Seismicity review indicated that the seismic source is characterized by strike-slip (normal) fault and majority events exhibit at the shallow crustal with expected moment magnitude between 6 and 7.5. It was observed that the peak ground acceleration (PGA) has been updated, especially after the last cyclic earthquake in the region. The summary of the previous seismic hazard indicates that the PGA according to the World Health Organization, Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program, and Uniform building code is identified by the value higher than 0.3 g for 475 years return period, while according to national probabilistic seismic hazard analysis studies in Iraq and Arabian Peninsula is identified by 0.4 g for 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years (2475 years return period), and estimated PGA to be 0.25 g for 10% likelihood of exceedance in 50 years (475 years return period), in a term of 5% damped at bedrock condition. Proposed spectral acceleration (Sa) in Erbil city at 0.2 and 1.0 s evaluated to be 1.0 g and 0.53 g, for the site Class D and compared with Sa in the literature.
Recent advances and future trends in microendoscopic spine surgery
Authors: Ruparel Sameer , Patel Ankit , Kundnani Vishal , Chaddha Ram
Published: July 2020

Micro Endoscopic Spine Surgery (MISS) aims to achieve the goals of conventional techniques with minimum collateral damage. Though initial reports date back to the early 20th century, drive to implement these in routine practice have been recent with technological advances. Presently, the indications and its applications are ever expanding such that they can be used to tackle most pathologies right from cervical to lumbar spine. The advantages of MIS techniques like faster recover and less post-operative pain have been documented in numerous studies but so are also its drawbacks related to the learning curve and radiation exposures. To tackle these, we see future trends like Navigation and Robotics, along with ever decreasing incision size supplementing Endoscopic procedures. This manuscript aims to give a brief outlook of recent advances and future trends in MISS.
Synthesis, Characterization and Photophysical Properties of a New 2,5-Di(aryl)phosphole Derivative and Their Trigonal Copper-Phosphole Complexes
Authors: Rios Neskarlys , Fuentes Franmerly , Garcia Garfido Juan Manuel , Otero Yomaira
Published: July 2020

A new phosphole derivative 2,5-di(2-quinolyl)-1-phenylphosphole (1) was synthesized by using the Fagan-Nugent method. Phosphole was obtained as an air stable solid in high yield (73%). Additionally, two new copper phosphole complexes [CuX(Phosphole)2] (X = Cl (2a), I (2b), Phosphole = 1) have been synthesized by reaction of CuX (X = Cl, I) and phosphole derivative (1). All compound were characterized by NMR, ESI-MS, UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The photophysical properties of all compounds were analyzed, UV-Vis spectra of the complexes 2a-b shown π–π* transitions with shift very similar to the found in the free phosphole due to that their symmetrical structures inhibits efficient ILCT. We have found that the compounds 1, 2a-b exhibited fluorescence between 460 and 583 nm with quantum yields of Φf = 0.04 – 0.11. The emission energy of 2b is higher than 2a, suggesting that λmax is affected by the ligand-field strength of the halogen ions in the complexes (I- < Cl- ).
时尚元素在陶瓷设计中的运用探究
Authors: 辛 梦园
Published: July 2020

中华民族历史悠久，陶瓷文化也十分深厚，对陶瓷造型、图案、色彩等不断进行创新设计，也是陶瓷文化流传至今的根本原因。尤其是在现代社会经济不断发展下，人们精神文化需求发生极大改变，更加倾向于融入时尚元素的陶瓷工艺品，时尚元素如何在陶瓷设计中进行准确运用，并推动陶瓷业健康持续发展也成为当前人们密切思考和讨论的问题。论文也联系时尚元素对陶瓷设计的影响，详细阐述了时尚元素融入陶瓷设计中的重要意义，并从造型设计、装饰设计和色彩设计三方面探讨了时尚元素在陶瓷设计中的实践应用。
关于陶瓷艺术设计思维的分析
Authors: 亓 金亮
Published: July 2020

设计思维属于一种无形的脑力活动，但它往往借助于各种表现特点来展现内在的思想和规律。在陶瓷艺术设计中，设计思维属于基础条件，它需要对复杂的内容、概念、情感以及信息等要素进行分析、整合，从而通过联想、想象，或者是反向来构思，形成有效的视觉表现形式，最终主导艺术设计工作目标的达成。所以，设计思维扮演着至关重要的角色，在现代化的艺术设计领域，针对于陶瓷艺术的设计，需要在把握规律的基础上进行创新，以在市场上取得好的发展效果。
试论博物馆文旅融合的现状和对策
Authors: 戚 颖群
Published: July 2020

2018 年，根据国务院机构改革方案，文化和旅游部正式挂牌，开启了文化和旅游融合发展的大幕，“文旅融合发展”已经成为现时文化旅游界的关键词。博物馆充分认识到当前形势下自身在文旅融合发展中的神圣使命，大力普及和倡导文旅融合理念，努力思考在文旅融合背景下的发展方向。论文对博物馆文旅融合现状进行了分析，并进一步探讨深化博物馆文旅融合发展的思路和对策。
现代文化产业中的动画和数字娱乐设计研究
Authors: 李 怿
Published: July 2020

随着社会经济的不断发展和人们生活水平的提高，人们的审美水平越来越高，现代文化产业获得了迅猛的发展。数字化时代的全面到来给传统文化产业带来了新的生命力，现代文化产业中的动画和与数字娱乐设计技术融合计算机技术获得了持续稳定的发展，能够为人们提供更好的艺术体验。论文主要针对现代文化产业中动画与数字娱乐设计的相关策略以及主要方法进行了探究。
新时期传统电视媒体与新媒体的融合途径探析
Authors: 董 金鑫
Published: July 2020

在科学技术日新月异的背景下，智能手机、无线网、电视机等各种新媒体在日常生产生活中的应用愈加广泛，为社会生产和人们生活提供了极大的便利，也在很大程度上改变了传统的思想观念，冲击着传统电视媒体的发展。在新时期，只有加强新媒体与传统电视媒体的融合，注重两者的相互借鉴，方可发挥出两者的优势，实现新旧媒体的长远发展。论文针对新时期传统电视媒体与新媒体的融合途径展开分析。
探讨艺术设计的未来发展
Authors: 黄 以丽
Published: July 2020

随着社会生产力水平的发展进步 , 设计在社会中所起的作用越来越大。世界的发展是无尽的 , 设计也将是无限发展的。只有更好地了解设计发展的历史 , 才能更好地设计未来。
浅谈二胡表演技巧及代表人物
Authors: 沈 中兴
Published: July 2020

二胡是一门大家所熟知的民间艺术，要想更好地为观众带来听觉上视觉上美的感受，二胡演奏人员不仅应该具有高水平的演奏技术，而且应该深入理解二胡曲目中所表达出来的情感，并将其展示在自身的演奏中。为了帮助二胡演奏人员实现技术与情感的统一，论文详细分析了二胡表演技巧以及代表人物，希望能够为二胡演奏人员提供一些有价值的信息。
论述琵琶音乐的发展历史
Authors: 田 文娟
Published: July 2020

琵琶曲现代音乐民族音乐音乐风格元素融合中国的民族音乐拥有众多风格，这源于中国几千年的悠久历史和多民族组成方式。民族音乐风格在形成和发展的过程中，蕴藏了太多的民族文化、民族特色、民族风俗以及民族审美方式等元素 , 成为体现和记载民族和地域特色的载体，琵琶在中国古代音乐发展史中占据着十分重要地位。
Ekstrak Ethanol Kulit Jeruk Purut (Citrus hystrix) Berpotensi sebagai Agen Penurun Kolesterol : Studi In Vivo
Authors: Deliara Henas , Kartikadewi Arum , Nugraheni Dyah Mustika
Published: July 2020

Latar Belakang: Hiperkolesterolemia dapat menyebabkan penyakit cerebrovaskuler bahkan kematian. Salah satu pencegahan hiperkolesterolemia adalah dengan pemberian suplemen contohnya menggunakan kulit jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) yang mengandung saponin, tanin dan flavonoid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuktikan adanya pengaruh pemberian ekstrak ethanol kulit jeruk purut terhadap kadar kolesterol total pada tikus wistar jantan yang diberi diet tinggi lemak. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental  ini menggunakan metode post test only control group design. Jumlah sampel 30 ekor tikus wistar jantan dikelompokkan secara simple random sampling menjadi kelompok kontrol negative (K-), kontrol positif (K+), perlakuan 1 (P1), perlakuan 2 (P2) dan perlakuan 3 (P3). Pada kelompok K+, P1,P2 dan P3 tikus diberi minyak babi sebanyak 3 mg/200grBB/hari selama 3 minggu. Kelompok P1, P2 dan P3 diberikan ekstrak ethanol kulit jeruk purut sebesar 35 mg/200grBB/hari, 70 mg/200grBB/hari, dan 140 mg/200grBB/hari selama 3 minggu. Kadar kolesterol total dihitung dengan metode CHOD-PAP lalu dianalisis secara statistic dengan uji One Way Annova dan uji beda dengan Pos Hoc. Hasil: Dari 25 sampel, rerata kadar kolesterol total (K-):73,90 mg/dl±19,11 mg/dl; (K+):80,00 mg/dl±4,72 mg/dl; (P1):69,94 mg/dl±6,52 mg/dl; (P2):59,10 mg/dl±11,70 mg/dl; (P3):59,74 mg/dl±7,52 mg/dl. (p=0,032). Hasil uji Pos Hoc kelompok yang berbeda signifikan adalah K- dengan P2 (p=0,049), K+ dengan P2 (p=0,008) dan K+ dengan P3 (p=0,010). Kesimpulan: Terdapat pengaruh pemberian ekstrak ethanol kulit jeruk purut terhadap kadar kolesterol total pada tikus wistar jantan yang diberi diet tinggi lemak. Dosis terendah ekstrak kulit jeruk purut yang dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol total adalah 70 mg/200 grBB/hari.
Analisis Receive pada Pertandingan Final Sepak Takraw Pomda Jatim 2017
Authors: Ramadhan Akbar , Bulqini Arif
Published: July 2020

Secara umum pengertian olahraga adalah  salah satu aktivitas fisik maupun psikis seseorang yang berguna untuk menjaga dan meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan seseorang setelah olahraga. Olahraga adalah suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk melatih tubuh seseorang, baik secara jasmani ataupun rohani. Kebanyakan orang biasanya hanya mengartikan olahraga berupa kegiatan yang disengaja dilakukan untuk bisa meningkatkan atau menjaga kesehatan tubuh. Oleh sebab itu, orang yang melakukan suatu aktivitas gerak tubuh dinamakan olahraga. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui persentase kesalahan receive tiap posisi dan mengetahui hasil analisis receive tim unesa. Kedua aspek ini dideskripsikan untuk menganalisis receive pada pertandingan final Sepak Takraw Pomda Jatim 2017. Teknik lanjutan/teknik khusus dalam permainan Sepak Takraw adalah cara bermain Sepak Takraw yang bagaimana permainan itu dimulai dan apa yang harus dilakukan dalam permainan. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif. Pendekatan dalam penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif  adalah suatu metode penelitian yang dilakukan dengan tujuan utama untuk membuat gambaran atau deskripsi tentang suatu keadaan secara obyektif. Hasil penelitian adalah pembahasan tentang menerangkan efektifitas keterampilan bermain tim Unesa Surabaya pada final sepak takraw pomda jatim 2017 di Unipa Adibuana Surabaya.
Analisis Keberhasilan Servis Atlet Tenis pada Kejuaraan Popda Kota Semarang Tahun 2018
Authors: Hidayat Rahmat
Published: July 2020

Olahraga tenis merupakan olahraga yang sudah dimainkan oleh anak usia dini hingga dewasa. Olahraga ini juga sudah mulai menjadi olahraga prestasi maka tidak sedikit pertandingan tenis yang diadakan di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti memfokuskan pada analisis keberhasilan servis yang dilakukan atlet pada kejuaraan POPDA kota Semarang. Yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan servis didalam pertandingan. Dan dapat menjadi bahan evaluasi bagi pelatih. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu penelitian deskriptif yang hanya menggambarkan dan menjelaskan suatu fenomena. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa atlet yang mengikuti kejuaraan POPDA kota Semarang masih banyak melakukan kesalahan ini dilihat dari data yang diambil yaitu 795 kali melakukan fault. 141 kali melakukan double dan hanya 13 kali melakukan ace total terdapat 949 kali percobaan melakukan servis. Dari data yang didapat hendaknya atlet dan pelatih dapat memperbaiki servis yang masih menjadi kelemahan.
Pengaruh Latihan High Intensity Interval Training (Hiit) dan Circuit Training Terhadap Kecepatan, Kelincahan, dan Power Otot Tungkai
Authors: Wahyudi Arief Nur
Published: July 2020

Salah satu tujuan latihan adalah untuk mengembangkan dan meningkatkan kondisi fisik atlet secara secara maksimal. Untuk mencapai kemampuan puncak, pelatih harus membuat program latihan dan mencari metode latihan yang efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan HIIT dan circuit training terhadap kecepatan, kelincahan, power otot tungkai, dan apakah terdapat perbedaan pengaruh latihan HIIT dan circuit training terhadap kecepatan, kelincahan, dan power otot tungkai. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelompok umur 15 dan 16 tahun sebanyak 36 siswa subangkit soccer school yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan matching only design, serta analisis data menggunakan uji-T dan MANOVA. Hasil penelitian metode latihan HIIT menunjukkan tingkat signifikansi dari masing-masing variabel sebesar 0.000 hal ini berarti P <0.05 yang artinya terdapat pengaruh latihan HIIT terhadap ketiga variabel terikat. Metode latihan circuit training menunjukkan tingkat signifikansi dari masing-masing variabel sebesar 0.000 hal ini berarti P <0.05 yang artinya terdapat pengaruh latihan circuit training terhadap ketiga variabel terikat. Selain itu terdapat perbedaan pengaruh melalui uji MANOVA nilai sig dari Wilks’ Lambda 0,000, karena itu nilai sig <0,05 sehingga menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan pengaruh latihan HIIT dan circuit training pada kecepatan, kelincahan dan power otot tungkai.
Pengaruh Latihan Tuck Jump dan Barrier terhadap Power dan Kekuatan Otot Tungkai
Authors: Putri Saraswati Dharani , Wiriawan Oce , Mintarto Edy
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh yang diberikan oleh dua jenis latihan tuck jump dan barrier terhadap power dan kekuatan otot tungkai. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu rancangan penelitian Non Equivalent (pre test and post test) control group design. Kelompok pertama merupakan kelompok yang mendapatkan perlakuan berupa latihan barrier. Kelompok kedua merupakan kelompok yang mendapatkan perlakuan berupa latihan tuck jump kelompok ketiga adalah kelompok yang tidak mendapat perlakuan apapun. Terdapat tiga tahapan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu pre-tes, perlakuan, dan pos-tes. Waktu penelitian yang digunakan adalah selama enam Minggu. Syarat uji hipotesis adalah variansi dan homogen. Pada variable power otot tungkai memiliki signifkan 0,006 pada kelompok Barrier dan 0,001 pada Tuck jump. Kedua latihan juga memiliki perbedaan pengaruh terhadap power otot tungkai (0,034) dan kekuatan otot tungkai (0,031). Hasil penelitian ini memberikan kesimpulan bahwa latihan barrier dan tuck jump memberikan pengaruh, baik terhadap power otot tungkai maupun kekuatan otot tungkai. Pengaruh yang diberikan dari kedua jenis latihan juga berbeda.
Efek Suhu Lingkungan Terhadap Fisiologi Tubuh pada saat Melakukan Latihan Olahraga
Authors: Mintarto Edy , Fattahilah Muhammad
Published: July 2020

Peningkatan suhu lingkungan berpengaruh terhadap performa tubuh pada saat melakukan aktifitas olahraga. Suhu lingkungan yang terlalu rendah (10 o+1 oC) dan terlalu tinggi (37 oC) mampu meningkatkan kadar asam laktat lebih tinggi, serta proses oxygen intake (VO2Max) yang kurang optimal. Pada suhu ruangan tinggi, tubuh mengalami peningkatan suhu tubuh lebih tinggi dan dan tekanan terhadap kardiovaskuler lebih tinggi sehingga mengakibatkan proses dehidrasi lebih tinggi sebagai bentuk perlawanan terhadap peningkatan suhu tersebut. Proses review dilakukan untuk mengetahui dari berbagai sumber dan mengumpulkan data-data yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan kondisi lingkungan dan tubuh saat latihan. Indikator yang banyak disebut dalam penelitian ialah kondisi kandungan pada cairan ludah, suhu tubuh, komposisi cairan tubuh dan tingkatan kandungan asam laktat. Suhu lingkungan optimal yang dianjurkan pada saat melakukan aktifitas olahraga yaitu berada pada kisaran 20 o-23o Celcius.
PENGEMBANGAN VARIASI LATIHAN KEKUATAN OTOT TUNGKAI DAN OTOT PERUT UNTUK ATLET FUTSAL PADA TIM PUTRI UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG
Authors: Khoiriah Sintia Nur , Sulistyorini Sulistyorini , Fadhli Nurrul Riyad
Published: July 2020

Tujuan dari penelitian dan pengembangan ini adalah untuk mengembangkan variasi latihan kekuatan otot tungkai dan otot perut untuk atlet futsal pada tim putri Universitas Negeri Malang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian pengembangan ini yaitu dengan menggunakan pendekatan Research and Development (R&D) yang diadobsi dari Borg and Gall. Subyek penelitian ini melibatkan 20 atlet futsal putri Universitas Negeri Malang, pelatih, dua ahli media, dan dua ahli kepelatihan futsal. Data yang terkumpul dari ahli media dengan persentase sebesar 90%, ahli kepelatihan futsal sebesar 88,61%, uji coba kelompok kecil atlet futsal putri Universitas Negeri Malang sebesar 83,56%, uji coba kelompok besar atlet futsal putri Universitas Negeri Malang sebesar 91,13%. Dari hasil penelitian dan pengembangan dapat disimpulkan bahwa variasi latihan kekuatan otot tungkai dan otot perut untuk atlet futsal pada tim putri Universitas Negeri Malang sangat valid atau layak digunakan sebagai referensi sumber latihan.
Clusterization of the Economic Space as a Factor in the Growth of the National Economy Competitiveness
Authors: Ovchinnikova A. V. , Topoleva T. N.
Published: July 2020

The paper is dedicated to the study of the features of cluster development in Russia. The methodological base of the study includes a set of concepts and theories of special organization of the economy, cluster development concept, theories of network economy and open innovations. We have proved that economy clusterization is a mechanism of efficient productional, science and technological and innovative cooperation of real economy sector enterprises in conditions of strategical tasks of its competitiveness increase. The analysis of the stages of cluster development allowed us to ascertain the initial level of the process being considered under the progressive dynamics of the main functional indicators and increase of business motivation to the economic interaction. There were singled out the main factors of cooperation inside clusters for Russian conditions. We have presented a review of the key directions and events of national economy clusterization. Decentralization of cluster development management contributes to the strengthening of regional economic systems and active advancement of regional cluster initiatives. The creation of digital intracluster interaction platforms in the regions of presence is proposed. It has been noted that to stimulate the process of continuous innovation in clusters of state subsidies allocated to date, it is not enough. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of their use in the development of development strategies and programs at the regional and national levels.
Improvement of Tax Service Efficiency Management
Authors: Borshchevskii G. A.
Published: July 2020

Purpose of the paper is to assess the effectiveness of the Russian tax system in comparison with the development of public service in tax authorities. We use both quantitative methods (e.g. factor analysis, principal component analysis, economic and statistical methods, econometrics, content analysis of legal acts, tabular and graphical visualization, monitoring of tax authorities’ performance indicators) and qualitative methods (comparative legal and comparative historical analysis). The main research results: we proposed a comprehensive methodology for assessing the development of the tax system and service of the Russian Federation in 1991–2018; we have tested this methodology on statistical data and calculated the indices; compiled a chronology of key events in the tax system and tax authorities development of the Russian Federation. We conclude the high degree of statistical compliance of the tax system development indices and the tax service indices. Mismatch in the dynamics of the development of the tax system and tax service in the recent period of 2014–2018 caused by both the post-crisis slowdown in economic growth and negative trends in government regulation (the emergence of new taxes, increased tax burden on businesses etc.). Identified patterns can be used to assess the effectiveness and reform of service in the tax authorities.
Corporate Governance Development with E-voting Services
Authors: Bataeva B. S.
Published: July 2020

The paper discribes the method of remote voting at shareholders meetings via the Internet. The methodology of the study is based on the theory of agent costs. It means that costs associated with the exercise of control are important to investors within making investment decisions. The author considers conditions to the digitalization of voting processes: the Russian legislative framework; Internet access in the country; development of digital voting services; the provision of remote voting services by registrars and the Information Disclosure Center of JSC National Settlement Depository. The paper presents results of the analysis of the practice of using electronic voting services in Russian public companies. It has been proved that the creation of the Internet voting infrastructure has contributed to the activity growth of shareholders’ participation in Annual General Meetings. This, in turn, has a positive effect on the quality of corporate governance in these companies. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is to generalize the practice of using electronic voting technology in Russian corporations.
Perbandingan Karakteristik Manajemen Risiko Konstruksi Pada Kontraktor Bumn Dan Swasta
Authors: Milyardi Roi
Published: July 2020

Adanya peningkatan volume pekerjaan konstruksi terkait program pemerintah Indonesia dalam pembangunan infrastruktur, membuat sektor konstruksi mengalami pertumbuhan yang cukup besar dibanding sektor ekonomi lainnya, dimana entitas yang mendominasi adalah kontraktor BUMN dan kontraktor swasta. Perbedaan utama kontraktor BUMN dan swasta tersebut adalah aspek finansial. Dalam usaha pendanaan investor, langkah IPO (Initial Public Offering) dan strategi perusahaan, terutama manajemen risiko menjadi hal penting untuk meyakinkan investor untuk berinvestasi pada perusahaan masing-masing. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini bertujuan membahas perbandingan karateristik identifikasi risiko dan respon risiko dalam manajemen risiko perusahaan pada kontraktor BUMN dan kontraktor swasta yang memiliki manfaat pada pengambilan keputusan investor sektor konstruksi. Analisis dilakukan dengan analisis perbandingan kualitatif sederhana manajemen risiko pada studi kasus 4 kontraktor BUMN dan 4 kontraktor swasta yang telah melakukan IPO. Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa pada identifikasi risiko, kontraktor BUMN memiliki top risk secara umum pada risiko-risiko di tingkat perusahaan pada hirarki proses konstruksi, sementara pada kontraktor swasta secara umum berfokus pada risiko-risiko di tingkat proyek pada hirarki proses konstruksi. Perbedaan signifikan yang ditemukan adalah pada perencanaan respons terhadap risiko persaingan usaha, dimana kontraktor BUMN berfokus pada tingkat perusahaan dan memanfaatkan hubungan entitas dengan pemerintah, sementara kontraktor swasta berfokus pada tingkat meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualita proyek yang dikerjakan.
PENGARUH ENERGI PEMADATAN DI LABORATORIUM TERHADAP PARAMETER KOMPAKSI MATERIAL CRUSHED LIMESTONE PADALARANG
Authors: Nugraha Andrias Suhendra
Published: July 2020

Pelaksanaan konstruksi timbunan jalan (road embankment) merupakan suatu pekerjaan yang memerlukan kajian geoteknik. Kajian geoteknik dilakukan terhadap material timbunan (fill material) yang akan digunakan pada saat tahapan pemadatan (kompaksi) di lapangan. Evaluasi terhadap hasil suatu proses kompaksi mengacu terhadap parameter kompaksi dari fill material yang telah disyaratkan oleh spesifikasi desain. Parameter kompaksi tersebut  antara lain adalah  kadar air optimum (optimum moisture content, wopt) dan berat isi kering maksimum (maximum dry density, ?dry max).

Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mengevaluasi pengaruh energi pemadatan di laboratorium terhadap parameter kompaksi material crushed limestone yang berasal dari daerah Padalarang, Jawa Barat. Terdapat 4 (empat) variasi energi pemadatan (E) yang ditinjau  pada studi ini yaitu : 605 kN.m/m3 (energi standard Proctor, E1); 1.4 E1; 2.2 E1 dan 3.0 E1. Keseluruhan uji kompaksi di laboratorium menggunakan mold dan rammer untuk standard Proctor test (ASTM D 698).

Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan energi pemadatan untuk kompaksi di laboratorium  sebesar 3 kali energi pemadatan standard Proctor, hanya menghasilkan kenaikan gdry max sebesar 5% dan merubah nilai wopt sebesar 3%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan energi pemadatan di laboratorium tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap nilai gdry max maupun wopt , untuk kondisi crushed limestone  bergradasi buruk (poorly graded) dengan rentang ukuran butir  0.85mm – 4.75mm.
PARAMETER KONSOLIDASI TANAH ORGANIK BERDASARKAN UJI LABORATORIUM AKIBAT PENGARUH KANDUNGAN BATU BARA
Authors: Sandy Johan , Desiani Asriwiyanti
Published: July 2020

Kekurangan dari tanah organik pada sektor pembangunan yaitu: tanah organik mudah mengalami penurunan yang besar, serta memiliki daya menahan atau (bearing capacity) yang rendah sehingga menyulitkan beroperasinya alat berat dilapangan serta menyulitkan untuk sampling tanah, maka dari itu tanah organik disimulasikan menggunakan campuran tanah lempung dengan batubara. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh kandungan batubara sebagai media organik didalam tanah, dilakukan penelitian pada parameter konsolidasi akibat pengaruh dari pemberian batubara pada sampel uji dengan besar campuran batubara yang digunakan yaitu 25% dan 50%. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai pengaruh dari pemberian batubara terhadap parameter konsolidasi yaitu cc (indeks pemampatan), cr (indeks pemampatan kembali), dan cv (koefisien konsolidasi). Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada nilai cc dan cv, maka dari itu disarankan saat melakukan pengujian pastikan besar kadar air campuran harus sama.
Suprapubic Erythematous Nodules in an Elderly Patient
Authors: Esteves Mariana , Vide Júlia , Azevedo Filomena
Published: July 2020

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Srdžba Ivana Karamazova
Authors: Pobrić Edin
Published: July 2020

Roman Braća Karamazovi F. M. Dostojevskog sa pitanjima koje postavlja – timotika čovjeka – ništa nije izgubio od svoje aktuelnosti. Ovaj rad je pokušaj da se savremenom čovjeku približe teme sa kojima se tzv. prva pitanja svode na egzistencijalna pitanja, metafizika na etiku. Dostojevski za čitatelje, putem svojih junaka, iznosi misli o povijesti življenja čovjeka na zemlji i njegovoj patnji, o slobodi i vjeri, vlasti i tajni, o autoritetu i moralu, te o samoj čovjekovoj prirodi. Zašto postoji zlo u svijetu, zašto postoji patnja?, da li čovjek, uopšte, može voljeti drugog čovjeka, može li voljeti „bez Boga“, je li u stanju „djelotvorno voljeti“, i može li, na koncu, Thanatos biti inkorporiran u Eros!? – pitanja su koja opsjedaju junake Dostojevskog. Dostojevski je u ovom romanu prikazao sukob nekoliko svjetova koji je u konačnici nerazrješiv bilo kakvim sistemom binarnih opozicija. Pojedinačni principi Ivana ili Zosime, Krista ili Velikog Inkvizitora, Aljoše ili Smerdjakova, uz svjetove svih drugih likova, čitamo kao jedan univerzum suprotnosti i, u isto vrijeme, neke čudne veze među svim tim svjetovima koji se, čini se, ne mogu do kraja razumski dokučiti. Stoga, dva oprečna pogleda na jednu te istu stvar ovdje ne znače raslojavanje stvarnosti, nego znače govor o njenoj suštini, njenoj očiglednoj istini.
Uloga scenskoga prostora u produkcijsko-recepcijskom procesu na primjeru engleske topografske drame i dubrovačke komedije
Authors: Krtinić Ivana
Published: July 2020

U ovomu radu autorica istražuje ulogu izvedbenoga prostora stavljajući u komparativni odnos izvedbenu praksu engleskih i dubrovačkih komedija 17. stoljeća. Predstava se promatra kao složen produkcijsko-recepcijski proces u kojem odabir scenskoga prostora igra bitnu ulogu u oblikovanju predstave. U središtu su istraživanja javni prostori sa svojom konotativnom i denotativnom ulogom. Stavljajući u suodnos dubrovačke smješnice i englesku topografsku dramu analizira se percepcija sličnih ili gotovo istovjetnih prostora – poput gradskoga trga. Pojavljivanje trga u komedijama 17. st., označavao on realan ili imaginaran prostor izvedbe, značajno je iz razloga što scenski prostor s njime prestaje biti samo scenska kulisa već, kao na primjeru smješnica, postaje i mjesto izvedbene autohtonosti. Upravo stoga što u sebi nosi šire semantičko polje životne dramatike i specifične prepoznatljive dinamike takav scenski prostor gledatelja poziva na aktivno sudjelovanje i formiranje vlastita metajezika te istovremeno stvara kontrapunkt između scenskog i dramskog prostora koji kreira gledatelj. I engleski i dubrovački dramatičari 17. stoljeća prepoznaju važnost scenskoga prostora u ostvarivanju izvedbene uvjerljivosti svojih komedija, ali otvoreni prostor trga doživljavaju na različite načine. Uz standardnu konvenciju scenskoga prikaza komedije 17. stoljeća, i engleska i dubrovačka komedija u svojem će uprizorenju posegnuti za denotativima koji su bliski očekivanjima vlastite publike, ostvarujući na taj način određenu autohtonost izvedbe. Prizivajući društvenu dimenziju prostora autorica otkriva međuzavisnost recepcije utemeljene na mentalitetu pojedinoga naroda i odabira scenskoga prostora.
Karikatüre Dayalı Uygulamaların Okul Öncesi Çocuklarının İletişim Becerilerine Etkisi
Authors: KOÇ AKRAN Sevda , KOCAMAN GELİR İnci
Published: July 2020

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, karikatüre dayalı uygulamaların okul öncesi çocuklarının iletişim becerilerine etkisini belirlemektir. Baskın-az baskın karma deseninin kullanıldığı araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Bitlis’in Tatvan ilçesine bağlı iki anaokulu ve bu anaokullarında öğrenim gören 5 yaş grubu çocukları oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen iletişim becerileri gözlem formu ve doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama aracından elde edilen veriler, nicel ve nitel veri analiz yöntemlerine tabi tutulmuştur. Nicel verilerin analizinde Mann Whitney U-Testi, Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar Testi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca deneysel uygulamanın etki büyüklüğünü tespit etmek için Cohen d değerine bakılmıştır. Nicel verileri desteklemek amacıyla deney grubundaki çocukların etkinliklerine yer verilmiştir. Nitel verilerde ise doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda karikatüre dayalı uygulamalar, deney grubundaki katılımcıların duygu ve düşüncelerini aktarmalarına, kendilerini ifade etme ve empati kurma becerilerine katkı sağladığı görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlardan hareketle, çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.
Branding a Memorable: Case Study on Residivist Streetwear Bandung
Authors: Zakiyah Safiratul , Yulianti Yulianti
Published: July 2020

The trust issue occurred toward the former prisoners made it difficult for them to return to society. Based on this issue, an effort was made to counter the stereotypes developed in the community. Unlike other clothing businesses, Residivist Streetwear has a unique concept, which manifested in the design of its products. Residivist Streetwear uses the idea of "Prison Culture" in every designs. Moreover, 99% of its employees are recidivists. With the stigma and discrimination that the ex-prisoners received, it is not easy for Residivist Streetwear to make its brand known and accepted by the community. This article aims to find and to analyze Residivist Streetwear’s branding strategies. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a case study approach. Based on the research, it was found that Residivist Streetwear’s branding strategies included, (1) increasing brand appeal through product maker’s background, brand name, product hang tag, and the use of product design with the "Prison Culture” concept; (2) communicating brands through endorsement, sales promotion, social media, television, and various events and programs of the Anugerah Insan Residivist Foundation; (3) the use of product design with the concept of “Prison Culture” is a hallmark of Residivist Streetwear in changing the stigma aimed by the community to ex-convicts.
Dedi Mulyadi Political Branding in Identifying Sundanese Purwakarta Characters
Authors: Nurlimah Nila , Hirzi Aziz Taufik , Kamila Leti , Fitriastuti Nur
Published: July 2020

This study examines how the politics of branding conducted by the Regent of Purwakarta Dedi Mulyadi in organizing and actualizing Purwakarta as a city with Sundanese characters. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach, intending to map various political branding efforts undertaken by Dedi Mulyadi, both from policies in different sectors and implementation in the field. The qualitative data analysis steps such as data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion carried out simultaneously.The results of this research are Dedi Mulyadi has taken political branding strategies and has been carrying out Sundanese nuanced political activities consistently and intensively, both through policy and direct socialization to citizens practically in an interactive, consistent, active, and participatory manner. Sundanese culture in the vision and mission of the local government implemented in local government policies in various sectors; education, tourism, and spatial sector. Dedi Mulyadi internalized Sundanese culture through innovative and creative ideas by following the changing times. Dedi Mulyadi's has brought Purwakarta as a city of culture as "Purwakarta Istimewa."
Sadfishing Phenomenon of #Justiceforaudrey (Hashtag) on Twitter
Authors: Putri Citra Eka , Damayanti Novita , Hamzah Radja Erland
Published: July 2020

People use social media as a means to share everything about themselves and their daily lives. Many users tell stories or things they see that can attract the attention and sympathy of many people in social media. One of the cases that went viral at the beginning of 2019 was a case of alleged violence that had befallen 17-years old Pontianak SMPN (junior high school) student named Audrey who claimed to have been persecuted by several high school students. The Audrey case drew attention of many circles and was viral through the hashtag JusticeForAudrey on Twitter social media in April 2019. The hashtag had even occupied the world trending. The viral hashtag 'JusticeForAudrey' and the reaction of a number of public figures to this case made many people sympathetic and gave support to Audrey. Through the power of social media, this case was widespread and reached various groups in cyberspace. The issue of humanity is indeed an issue that is able to bring sympathy from everyone, but this can immediately change and turn around against the victim when unexpected new evidence & findings are revealed. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of sadfishing (provoking sadness) from a teenager named Audrey who intentionally uploaded and portrayed her sadness on social media to be viral and brought a lot of public attention. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The theory applied in this study is related to the use of social media, namely media system dependency theory (MSD) or media dependency.
Media Literacy in Information Chaos Era (Qualitative Study Bandung Literacy Activist)
Authors: Taufik Cevi Mochamad
Published: July 2020

Media must get control in order that the practice is not authoritative. In the context, when it is defined in on individualist form, it tends to produce information without considering the norm. In the individualist characteristic, the information spread massively with the tendency for thick interest. To find out literacy activities in this chaotic era, research was designed using qualitative descriptive methods to uncover the minds of literacy avtivists in the information chaos era.  The aim is to find out the form of literacy in accordance with the chaotic conditions of information and literacy activities in growing public awareness in information management. The results showed that literacy forms were carried out through the introduction of media (media knowledge) concerning the credibility of the media and recognizing the nature of mainstream and non-mainstream media. Another form is digital literacy and management of public information. Meanwhile, to raise public awareness is done by producing digital content in anticipation of hoax news, making fact check content, media practices through radio broadcasts and websites, introduction to news construction.
Can Panax Ginseng Aqueous Extract Improve Chilled and Cryopreserved Bull Spermatozoa?
Authors: Baiee Falah , Haron Abd Wahid , AL-mudhafr Murtadha A. , Peter Innocent Damudu , Yimer Nurhusien
Published: July 2020

This study was to evaluate the influence of Panax ginseng aqueous extract on chilled and frozen-thawed bull sperm quality. Samples of semen were acquired from four bulls through the use of an electro-ejaculator. Extension of the semen was done with tris-egg yolk diluent which was augmented with 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/mL Panax ginseng aqueous extract. Diluted chilled portions of the semen were chilled for 6 days at 5 ̊C whereas the frozen semen was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Results revealed that in chilled and frozen-thawed semen, the control group, T1 and T2 recorded higher percentages in terms of sperm motility and viability in all three groups evaluated compared to others, while the high dose of Panax ginseng aqueous extract in T6 and T5 recorded the lowest percentage. Moreover, the values of sperm morphology for chilled and frozen-thawed semen were not significant among the groups. The results of chromatin stability of the present study showed that T2 and control were higher than for other groups. In conclusion, the low dosage groups (T1, T2 and T3) which were received (0.25 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL, respectively) from Panax ginseng aqueous extract were not significant as compared with the control group while high-dosage groups (T4, T5 and T6) which were received (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 7.5 mg/mL, respectively) from Panax ginseng aqueous extract were highly decreased spermatozoa characteristics.
ANALISIS PARAMETER FISIKA DAN KESADAHAN AIR PDAM WAINITU AMBON
Authors: Latupeirissa A N , Manuhutu J B
Published: July 2020

Telah dilakukuan penelitian tentang analisis parameter fisika dan kesadahan air PDAM Wainitu Ambon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Untuk menentukan uji parameter fisika serta pH dan kesadahan pada sumber air PDAM Wainitu, air pada instalasi pengolahan air PDAM Wainitu dan air pada kran pelanggan PDAM Wainitu meliputi: bau, rasa, warna, suhu dan jumlah zat padat terlarut (TDS), serta pH dan kesadahan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi di lapangan pada saat pengambilan sampel dan pengukuran dan analisis di laboratorium. Adapaun hasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa parameter fisika air yaitu: bau, rasa, warna, jumlah zat padat terlarut (TDS), serta pH dan kesadahan sudah memenuhi standar kualitas air minum menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor. 492/Menkes/per /IV/2010
ANALISIS KADAR KALSIUM (Ca) DAN FOSFOR (P) PADA DAUN KECIPIR (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L) DI PULAU AMBON DAN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT
Authors: Lesnussa Tryvena , Hattu Nikmans , Dulanlebit Yeanchon H
Published: July 2020

One of the leaves that can be consumed to fill nutritional need for people’s is kecipir leaves (Phosphocarpus tetragonolobus L). This leave contains minerals among them caloium, potassium and phosphorus but the level is calcium potassium and phosphorus at kecipir not yet know. Therefor this study was making conduoted to find out level of caloium, potassium and phosphorus in kecipir leave at two different location that is Urimesing village and Eti village. Calcium and potassium levels are analyzed SSA while phosphorus levels are analyzed UV-VIS analysis result indicate calcium, potassium, phosphorus level in kecipir leaves at urimeseng village is 904,25 mg/100g, is 100,46 mg/100g and calcium potassium, phosphorus levels in kecipir leave at Eti village is 1.162,59 mg/100g and 190,498 mg/100g. based on these result obtained calcium, potassium and phosphorus levels with different values from each sampling location. This happened because of geographic location, soil structure and water content greatly affect the levels of calcium, potassium, and phosphorus.
ANALISIS KOMPONEN ASAM AMINO IKAN LAYANG DELES (Decapterus Makrosoma) HASIL OLAHAN TRADISIONAL BERDASARKAN LAMA PENYIMPANAN
Authors: Lumamuly Vhindra Engson , Hattu Nikmans , Unwakoly Semuel
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the amino acid composition of traditional processed Layang Deles fish (Decapterus macrosoma) which was stored for 2 months. Analysis of amino acid content using by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) instrument after content of water and lipid in sample was removed. The results of the analysis showed that there was a change in the concentration of 15 amino acids measured ranging from 85.17% to 2,873.42% in acid hydrolysis and 88.18% to 28.73% in alkaline hydrolysis. The biggest changes occurred in histidine, arginine and serine amino acid concentrations of 2,873.42%, 2,606.74% and 900.00% in acid hydrolysis and in amino acids serine, aspartic acid and histidine which were 88.17%, 62, 99% and 40.02% in alkaline hydrolysis. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the processing of inmana fish with a storage period of 2 months affects the amino acid components of Layang Deles fish (Decapterus macrosoma).
KARAKTER PARAMETER METEO-OSEANOGRAFI DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP DISTRIBUSI SALINITAS DI PERAIRAN UTARA DAN SELATAN JAWA TIMUR
Authors: Alfian Erfanda  , Supriyatno Widagdo
Published: July 2020

Curah hujan merupakan unsur iklim yang sangat penting dalam siklus hidrologi. Untuk mengetahui parameter pendukung curah hujan yang lebih kompleks maka dilakukan analisis parameter Met-Ocean antara perairan Utara dan Selatan Jawa. Penelitian ini penting mengingat pulau Jawa merupakan pusat perekonomian,pertanian serta perikanan di Indonesia sehingga memiliki kaitan yang erat dengan perubahan curah hujan dan berkaitan dengan perubahan salinitas yang merupakan salah satu parameter penunjuk terjadinya upwelling yang berpengaruh pada faktor kesuburan dan pertumbuhan di sektor perikanan. Untuk mencapai tujuan yang dimaksudkan, penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis dan deskriptif dengan menggunakan korelasi pearson linear antara perairan Utara dan Selatan Jawa sebagai patokan penentu interaksi Met-Ocean pada area penelitian. Dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan peta sebaran untuk penguat dan sebagai referensi penguat hasil dan analisis data. Hubungan parameter Met-Ocean terhadap curah hujan selama 2014-2015 memperlihatkan bahwa angin merupakan parameter yang paling berpengaruh terhadap curah hujan. Derajat hubungan angin dan curah hujan memperlihatkan hubungan korelasi positif (+) dengan nilai r=0,9 yang merupakan hubungan korelasi kuat. Fluktuasi dan sebaran salinitas permukaan air laut pada area Utara dan Selatan perairan Jawa timur dipengaruhi oleh curah hujan. Curah hujan lebih berpengaruh pada SPL saat berada pada musim Timur, korelasi menunjukkan adanya hubungan korelasi yang berbanding terbalik (-) dengan hubungan korelasi berkekuatan cukup. Berdasarkan hasil analisis parameter Met-Ocean berhubungan saling berkesinambungan dalam menyebabkan terjadinya hujan yang akan mempengaruhi tingkat SPL pada perairan.
IMPLIKASI HUKUM PENGUJIAN PERATURAN DAERAH PASCA AMANDEMEN UNDANG-UNDANG DASAR 1945
Authors: Sulaiman King Faisal
Published: July 2020

This study aims to explain in detail why the dualism of local regulations testing after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution Research is also directed to provide a testing system solutions in the future regulation. Legal discourses are still academic debate is when the right of judicial review by the Supreme Court Regulation hostage by Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government. Supremacy of the constitution as part of the main characteristics of the legal state impressed distorted due to the duality of the regulation testing including how the implications of the Constitutional Court Number 137 PUU-XIII / 2015 Jo Court Number 56 / PUU-XIV / 2016 on June 14, 2017 last. Position regulation as executive versus legislative product as much a part of this study in order to find the ideal solution testing legislation in the future.The research method used was a normative legal research (legal research) which is based on the study of literature or secondary data divided form the primary legal materials, secondary law material and tertiary legal materials. Models used approach is the approach of law (statute aproach) and conceptual approach (conceptual aproach). A number of secondary data collected will be analyzed by descriptive qualitative where the process used deductive thinking. To get accuracy of understanding (subtilitas itellegendi) and accuracy translating (subtilitas explicandi) to solve the problem formulation.