bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereological Methods for Estimating the Myelin Sheaths of the Myelinated Fibers in White Matter
Authors: Li Chen , Yang Shu , Chen Lin , Lu Wei , Qiu Xuan , Gundersen Hans Jorgen G. , Tang Yong
Published: August 2009

In the present study, efficient and unbiased stereological techniques to investigate the myelin sheaths of the myelinated fibers in rat white matter were established. In the present design, four tissue blocks were obtained from the entire white matter of rat brain in a uniform, random fashion. Isotropic, uniform random (IUR) sections were ensured by the use of the isector technique. One section with the thickness of 60 nm was cut from the center of each epon block. Eight to 10 fields of vision were randomly photographed under a transmission electron microscope. The total length of the myelinated fibers and the total volume of the myelin sheaths in the white matter were the products of the length density, volume density, and the volume of the white matter obtained with the Cavalieri principle. The mean areas of the myelinated fibers profiles and myelin sheaths were estimated with the point counting technique. The inner and outer perimeters of the myelin sheaths were estimated by the use of a line grid, and the thickness of the myelin sheaths was estimated by direct orthogonal measurements in uniform, random locations. The described methods will provide very useful tools for future quantitative studies of changes in the myelin sheaths of white matter in various experimental conditions and in various neurodegenerative diseases. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microfluidic biochip for the perifusion of precision‐cut rat liver slices for metabolism and toxicology studies
Authors: van Midwoud Paul M. , Groothuis Geny M.M. , Merema Marjolijn T. , Verpoorte Elisabeth
Published: August 2009

Early detection of kinetic, metabolic, and toxicity (ADME‐Tox) profiles for new drug candidates is of crucial importance during drug development. This article describes a novel in vitro system for the incubation of precision‐cut liver slices (PCLS) under flow conditions, based on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) device containing 25‐µL microchambers for integration of the slices. The microdevice is coupled to a perifusion system, which enables a constant delivery of nutrients and oxygen and a continuous removal of waste products. Both a highly controlled incubation environment and high metabolite detection sensitivity could be achieved using microfluidics. Liver slices were viable for at least 24 h in the microdevice. The compound, 7‐ethoxycoumarin (7‐EC), was chosen to test metabolism, since its metabolism includes both phase I and phase II metabolism and when tested in the conventional well plate system, correlates well with the in vivo situation (De Kanter et al. 2004. Xenobiotica 34(3): 229–241.). The metabolic rate of 7‐EC was found to be 214 ± 5 pmol/min/mg protein in the microdevice, comparable to well plates, and was constant over time for at least 3 h. This perifusion system better mimics the in vivo situation, and has the potential to significantly contribute to drug metabolism and toxicology studies of novel chemical entities. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 184–194. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Supported Copper Hydroxide on Titanium Oxide as an Efficient Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Organic Azides to Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuya , Oishi Takamichi , Katayama Tatsuyori , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: August 2009

An easily prepared supported copper hydroxide on titanium oxide (Cu(OH)x/TiO2) showed high catalytic performance for the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of organic azides to terminal alkynes in non‐polar solvents under anaerobic conditions. The reactions of various combinations of organic azides (four examples, including aromatic and aliphatic ones) and terminal alkynes (eleven examples, including aromatic, aliphatic, and double bond‐containing ones) exclusively proceeded to give the corresponding 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazole derivatives in a completely regioselective manner. For the transformation of benzyl azide and ethynylbenzene with 0.12 mol % of Cu(OH)x/TiO2, the turnover frequency was 505 h−1 and the turnover number reached up to 800. These values were the highest among those with previously reported heterogeneous catalysts including Cu(OH)x/Al2O3. The observed catalysis was truly heterogeneous and the retrieved catalyst after the reaction could be reused at least three times with retention of its high catalytic performance. It was confirmed by the UV/Vis spectrum of Cu(OH)x/TiO2 and the amount of diyne formed that the CuII species in Cu(OH)x/TiO2 were reduced to CuI species by the alkyne–alkyne homocoupling at the initial stage of the reaction (during the pretreatment of Cu(OH)x/TiO2 with an alkyne). The catalytic reaction rate for the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition linearly increased with an increase in the amount of in situ generated CuI species. Therefore, the in situ generated CuI species would be the catalytically active species for the present 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition.
Infinite energy solutions to the homogeneous Boltzmann equation
Authors: Cannone Marco , Karch Grzegorz
Published: August 2009

The goal of this work is to present an approach to the homogeneous Boltzmann equation for Maxwellian molecules with a physical collision kernel that allows us to construct unique solutions to the initial value problem in a space of probability measures defined via the Fourier transform. In that space, the second moment of a measure is not assumed to be finite, so infinite energy solutions are not a priori excluded from our considerations. Moreover, we study the large‐time asymptotics of solutions and, in a particular case, we give an elementary proof of the asymptotic stability of self‐similar solutions obtained by A. V. Bobylev and C. Cercignani [J. Stat. Phys. 106 (2002), 1039–1071]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Planar Source Line‐of‐Sight Model with Automatically Adjusting Time Increment and Local Sticking Factors
Authors: Jilesen Jonathan , Lien Fue‐Sang
Published: August 2009

A simple feature‐scale model is developed to simulate the low pressure (LP)CVD process. The direct deposition for this model is modeled as arriving from a source plane. A line‐of‐sight model and cylindrical co‐ordinates are used to form an analytical equation to describe the direct flux of particles arriving from the source plane. The use of a source plane allows for easier linking in multiscale simulations through the use of effective reactivity maps. A method of automatically adjusting the time increment to decrease the number of time steps required to accurately simulate the deposition process is also introduced.
Cyclosporine Therapeutic Monitoring With CMAX in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Impact of Schistosomal Infection
Authors: El‐Agroudy Amgad E. , Ismail Amani M. , Nassar Mohamed , Ghoneim Mohamed A.
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was to assess whether the C2 level is a good parameter to predict a drug's maximal concentration (CMAX) values in Egyptian kidney transplant recipients (KTR).

METHODS

A total of 50 stable KTRs with a previously confirmed diagnosis of schistosomal infection compared to KTRs (n = 50) without schistosomal infection regarding cyclosporine (CsA) concentrations at time 0 (trough), 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 hours post‐CsA. The statistical significance of linear regression between different CsA time concentrations and drug dosages was calculated.

RESULTS

Patients in the schistosomal group had significantly lower C2 levels (511 ± 118 ng/mL) compared with the control group (669 ± 213 ng/mL; p < 0.05), whereas the C2.5 level was significantly higher (730 ± 215 and 527 ± 129 ng/mL, respectively; p < 0.05). Only C2.5 in the schistosomal group had a significant linear regression relationship with both morning CsA dose and CsA dose expressed as mg/kg/d (p = 0.0123, r = 0.573018).

CONCLUSIONS

Egyptian patients have special characteristics in drug absorption and metabolism, mostly due to schistosomal infection, and they may need the use of C2.5 for monitoring of CsA. If confirmed by subsequently larger studies, these findings may have a significant impact on our management of CsA immunosuppression in clinical renal transplantation in certain ethnicities.
Successful Treatment of Recurrent Wegener's Granulomatosis in a Transplanted Kidney with Rituximab, Plasmapheresis, and Steroids
Authors: Dalal Pranav , Shah Gaurav , Tripathi Shreyank , Patel Nilang
Published: August 2009

Wegener's granulomatosis can recur in a transplanted kidney. We present a case of treatment wtih rituximab of recurrent Wegener's granulomatosis in a transplanted kidney.
The Effect of Low Calcium Dialysate on Calcium‐Phosphate Metabolism and Its Correlation With Other Coefficient Factors in CAPD
Authors: Sun Jing , Wang Rong , Yu Kezhou , Wang Qun , Wang Xining
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE

It has been suggested that low calcium concentration dialysate could be used in the treatment of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients with renal osteodystrophy. This study aims to investigate the effect and safety of low calcium concentration dialysate (1.25 mmol/L) compared with high calcium concentration dialysate (1.75 mmol/L) in treating CAPD‐caused renal osteodystrophy, and the correlation between clinical parameters and the serum calcium level in CAPD patients.

METHODS

The study was performed on 57 clinically stable CAPD patients with hypercalcemia. All patients were randomized to switch to 1.25 mmol/L calcium dialysate (group A) or continue on 1.75 mmol/L calcium dialysate (group B) for a period of 48 weeks. Biochemical data was evaluated at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 32, and 48 weeks. The clinical manifestations were recorded.

RESULTS

A total of 53 patients completed the study. After 48 weeks of observation there was no difference in the level of blood albumin, volume of dialysate, and ultrafiltration (p > .05). After 8 weeks, the level of serum calcium, as well as phosphate and magnesium, showed a significant decrease in the patients of group A (p < .05). Comparison between the 2 groups showed an increase in serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level in group A (p < .05). But the biochemical data was no different in group B. The intake of calcium carbonate increased significantly in group A after 8 weeks (p < .05). The decrease percentage index of calcium showed a negative correlation with age and a positive correlation with volume of dialysis.

CONCLUSIONS

The administration of 1.25 mmol/L calcium dialysate may benefit abnormal calcium‐phosphate metabolism and decrease suppression of parathyroid hormone in CAPD patients with adynamic bone diseases. Individualization should be noticed with low calcium dialysate.
Visualizing canonical Wnt signaling during mouse craniofacial development
Authors: Mani Preethi , Jarrell Andrew , Myers John , Atit Radhika
Published: August 2009

Wnt signaling is critical for proper development of the head and face in the mouse embryo, playing important roles in various aspects of craniofacial development ranging from axis formation to survival of cranial neural crest cells to patterning of the brain. The signaling requirements for the development of different cell lineages in the head and face are active areas of investigation. In this study, we use a recently developed TCF/Lef‐LacZ transgenic reporter mouse to characterize the expression of canonical Wnt signaling activity during craniofacial development. We present an atlas of representative sections to show embryonic craniofacial development. Our results demonstrate a pattern of sustained Wnt signaling reporter activity in most tissues which suggests sequential roles in craniofacial development. Developmental Dynamics 239:354–363, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The measure of a man: Associations between digit ratio and disordered eating in males
Authors: Smith April R. , Hawkeswood Sean E. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: August 2009

Objective

The current study sought to determine whether there is a relationship between prenatal testosterone exposure, as indicated by the digit ratios of the second to fourth fingers (2D:4D ratio), and disordered eating and drive for muscularity in men.

Method

Digit ratios were calculated by measuring photocopies of participants' finger lengths. Self‐reported body image and eating attitudes and behaviors were assessed.

Results

There were significant correlations between 2D:4D ratio and disordered eating and drive for leanness, indicating that greater prenatal testosterone exposure was associated with less disordered eating and increased drive for muscularity.

Discussion

This suggests that greater prenatal testosterone exposure may be protective factor against the development of eating disorders in men. Potential mechanisms are discussed. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:543–548
Narcissistic characteristics and eating‐disordered behaviors
Authors: Campbell Mari , Waller Glenn
Published: August 2009

Objective

There is evidence that core narcissism and the narcissistic defenses have a role in the emotions and cognitions associated with the eating disorders. However, there is little understanding of its relationship with behaviors seen in this population. This study aimed to examine the relationship between narcissism and eating‐disordered behaviors (e.g., bingeing and purging).

Method

The participants, 110 women presenting with an eating disorder, completed measures of narcissism and eating disorder psychopathology.

Results

Associations were found between patients who engaged in excessive exercise and levels of narcissism. There were also dimensional associations between eating‐disordered behaviors and specific aspects of narcissism.

Discussion

Clinical implications and limitations of the study are discussed, and future directions for research suggested. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:560–564
Mobile therapy: Use of text‐messaging in the treatment of bulimia nervosa
Authors: Shapiro Jennifer R. , Bauer Stephanie , Andrews Ellen , Pisetsky Emily , Bulik‐Sullivan Brendan , Hamer Robert M. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: August 2009

Objective

To examine a text‐messaging program for self‐monitoring symptoms of bulimia nervosa (BN) within the context of cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT).

Method

Thirty‐one women participated in 12 weekly group CBT sessions and a 12 week follow‐up. Participants submitted a text message nightly indicating the number of binge eating and purging episodes and rating their urges to binge and purge. Automatic feedback messages were tailored to their self‐reported symptoms.

Results

Fully 87% of participants adhered to self‐monitoring and reported good acceptability. The number of binge eating and purging episodes as well as symptoms of depression (BDI), eating disorder (EDI), and night eating (NES) decreased significantly from baseline to both post‐treatment and follow‐up.

Discussion

Given the frequent use of mobile phones and text‐messaging globally, this proof‐of‐principle study suggests their use may enhance self‐monitoring and treatment for BN leading to improved attendance, adherence, engagement in treatment, and remission from the disorder. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:513–519
A prospective study of cognitive tests to predict performance on a standardised road test in people with dementia
Authors: Lincoln Nadina B. , Taylor Jenny L. , Vella Kristina , Bouman Walter P. , Radford Kathryn A.
Published: August 2009

Objective

Previous work by Lincoln and colleagues produced a cognitive test battery for predicting safety to drive in people with dementia. The aim was to check the accuracy of this battery and assess whether it could be improved by shortening it, including additional cognitive tests, and a measure of previous driving.

Methods

Participants with dementia, who were driving, were recruited. They were assessed on cognitive tests including measures of concentration, executive function, visuospatial perception, verbal recognition memory, and speed of information processing. Patients were then assessed on the Nottingham Neurological Driving Assessment (NNDA) by an approved driving instructor (ADI), blind to cognitive test results.

Results

Seventy‐five patients were recruited and completed the cognitive tests. Of these, 65 were assessed on the road. These participants were aged 59–88 (mean = 75.2, SD = 6.8) and 49 were men. Time driving varied from 19 to 73 years (mean = 52.5, SD = 10.0). Thirteen participants were unsafe and 52 safe to drive. Using a cut‐off of > 0 to indicate safety to drive, the original predictive equations correctly classified 48 (76.2%) of 63 participants with complete data. Logistic regression including additional tests reduced misclassifications.

Conclusions

A lower proportion of participants were found to be unsafe on the road than in previous studies. Nevertheless, the previously identified equation predicted safety to drive in most patients. Including additional tests reduced the misclassification rate but requires independent validation. We suggest that the cognitive test battery might be used in clinical practice to identify patients with dementia who would benefit from on‐road assessment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging of tumor vasculature using Twente photoacoustic systems
Authors: Jose Jithin , Manohar Srirang , Kolkman Roy G. M. , Steenbergen W. , van Leeuwen Ton G.
Published: August 2009

Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid imaging modality based on the detection of acoustic waves generated by the absorption of short laser pulses in biological tissue. It combines the advantages of excellent contrast achieved in optical techniques with the high resolution of ultrasound imaging. In this article we present a review of the work done at the University of Twente to image tumor angiogenesis in vivo using this technique. We start with a description and the technical details of the different photoacoustic systems developed in our laboratory, with their validation on phantoms. We then discuss small‐animal studies with results of serial imaging of angiogenesis over a 10‐day period at the site of tumor induction in a rat. Further, we present clinical results using a photoacoustic mammoscope of breast cancer imaging based on angiogenesis‐driven optical absorption contrast. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tissue viability (TiVi) imaging: temporal effects of local occlusion studies in the volar forearm
Authors: McNamara Paul M. , O'Doherty Jim , O'Connell Marie‐Louise , Fitzgerald Barry W. , Anderson Chris D. , Nilsson Gert E. , Toll Rani , Leahy Martin J.
Published: August 2009

Tissue Viability (TiVi) imaging is a promising new technology for the assessment of microcirculation in the upper human dermis. Although the technique is easily implemented and develops large amounts of observational data, its role in the clinical workplace awaits the development of standardised protocols required for routine clinical practice. The present study investigates the use of TiVi technology in a human, in vivo, localized, skin blood flow occlusion protocol. In this feasibility study, the response of the cutaneous microcirculation after provocation on the volar surface of the forearm was evaluated using a high temporal‐low spatial resolution TiVi camera. 19 healthy subjects – 10 female and 9 male – were studied after a localized pressure was applied for 5 different time periods ranging from 5 to 25 seconds. Areas corresponding to 100 × 100 pixels (2.89 cm2) were monitored for 60 seconds prior to, during and after each occlusion period. Our results demonstrated the removal of blood from the local area and a hyperaemic response supporting the suitability of TiVi imaging for the generation of detailed provocation response data of relevance for the physiological function of the skin microcirculation in health and disease. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alternative splicing of ADAM15 regulates its interactions with cellular SH3 proteins
Authors: Kleino Iivari , Ortiz Rebekka M. , Yritys Miljamartta , Huovila Ari‐Pekka J. , Saksela Kalle
Published: August 2009

A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease (ADAM15) is a member of the adamalysin protein family and has been associated with cancer, possibly via its role in ectodomain shedding of cadherins. Alternative mRNA splicing generates several ADAM15 isoforms containing different combinations of putative Src homology‐3 (SH3) domain binding sites in their cytosolic tails. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of SH3 binding potential of different ADAM15 isoforms. Alternative use of ADAM15 exons was found to profoundly influence selection of SH3‐containing cellular partner proteins, including the avid interactions with nephrocystin and sorting nexin‐33 (SNX33 a.k.a. SNX30). Specifically, strong co‐precipitation of nephrocystin from cell lysates was specific to ADAM15 isoforms i4, i5, and i6. These isoforms contain one or both of the two almost identical proline‐rich regions encoded by exons 20 and 21, wherein the residues RxLPxxP were found to be indispensable for nephrocystin SH3 binding. Similarly, robust cellular association with SNX33 was observed only for ADAM15 isoforms containing the most carboxyterminal proline cluster lacking in isoforms i1 and i3. Thus, alternative mRNA splicing provides a versatile mechanism for regulation of intracellular protein interactions and thereby likely the cellular functions of ADAM15, which could explain the association with cancer of some but not all ADAM15 isoforms. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 877–885, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of caveolin‐1 in hepatic cells increases oxidized LDL uptake and preserves the expression of lipoprotein receptors
Authors: Truong To Quyen , Brodeur Mathieu R. , Falstrault Louise , Rhainds David , Brissette Louise
Published: August 2009

Oxidized LDL (OxLDL) that are positively associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases are ligands of scavenger receptor‐class B type I (SR‐BI) and cluster of differentiation‐36 (CD36) which can be found in caveolae. The contribution of these receptors in human hepatic cell is however unknown. The HepG2 cell, a human hepatic parenchymal cell model, expresses these receptors and is characterized by a very low level of caveolin‐1. Our aim was to define the contribution of human CD36, SR‐BI, and caveolin‐1 in the metabolism of OxLDL in HepG2 cells and conversely the effects of OxLDL on the levels/localization of these receptors. By comparing mildly (M)‐ and heavily (H)‐OxLDL metabolism between control HepG2 cells and HepG2 cells overexpressing CD36, SR‐BI, or caveolin‐1, we found that (1) CD36 increases M‐ and H‐OxLDL‐protein uptake; (2) SR‐BI drives M‐OxLDL through a degradation pathway at the expense of the cholesterol ester (CE) selective uptake pathway; (3) caveolin‐1 increases M‐ and H‐OxLDL‐protein uptake and decreases CE selective uptake from M‐OxLDL. Also, incubation with M‐ or H‐OxLDL decreases the levels of SR‐BI and LDL‐receptor in control HepG2 cells which can be overcome by caveolin‐1 expression. In addition, OxLDL move CD36 from low to high buoyant density membrane fractions, as well as caveolin‐1 in cells overexpressing this protein. Thus, hepatic caveolin‐1 expression has significant effects on OxLDL metabolism and on lipoprotein receptor levels. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 906–915, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient identification of tubby‐binding proteins by an improved system of T7 phage display
Authors: Caberoy Nora B. , Zhou Yixiong , Jiang Xiaoyu , Alvarado Gabriela , Li Wei
Published: August 2009

Mutation in the tubby gene causes adult‐onset obesity, progressive retinal, and cochlear degeneration with unknown mechanism. In contrast, mutations in tubby‐like protein 1 (Tulp1), whose C‐terminus is highly homologous to tubby, only lead to retinal degeneration. We speculate that their diverse N‐terminus may define their distinct disease profile. To elucidate the binding partners of tubby, we used tubby N‐terminus (tubby‐N) as bait to identify unknown binding proteins with open‐reading‐frame (ORF) phage display. T7 phage display was engineered with three improvements: high‐quality ORF phage display cDNA library, specific phage elution by protease cleavage, and dual phage display for sensitive high throughput screening. The new system is capable of identifying unknown bait‐binding proteins in as fast as ∼4–7 days. While phage display with conventional cDNA libraries identifies high percentage of out‐of‐frame unnatural short peptides, all 28 tubby‐N‐binding clones identified by ORF phage display were ORFs. They encode 16 proteins, including 8 nuclear proteins. Fourteen proteins were analyzed by yeast two‐hybrid assay and protein pull‐down assay with ten of them independently verified. Comparative binding analyses revealed several proteins binding to both tubby and Tulp1 as well as one tubby‐specific binding protein. These data suggest that tubby‐N is capable of interacting with multiple nuclear and cytoplasmic protein binding partners. These results demonstrated that the newly‐engineered ORF phage display is a powerful technology to identify unknown protein–protein interactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cupric ion enhanced molecular imprinting of bovine serum albumin in hydrogel
Authors: Li Sheng‐Hua , Wang Jun , Zhao Mei‐Ping
Published: August 2009

A novel molecularly imprinted hydrogel for bovine serum albumin (BSA) was prepared using cupric ion as the bridge between the template BSA and the functional monomer 4‐vinylpyridine. N‐Isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) was used as an assistant monomer to provide the stimuli‐responsibility of the polymer. The adsorption conditions of BSA on the BSA‐Cu(II)‐imprinted hydrogel were optimized considering the influences of pH, temperature, and salt concentration. The proteins bound on the imprinted hydrogel can be easily recovered under mild conditions by using 10 mmol/L ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (pH 7.0) containing 150 mmol/L NaCl as the eluting solution. The imprinting effect and adsorption capacity of the polymer were found to be significantly improved compared to the hydrogel prepared in the absence of cupric ion. The results demonstrated the advantages of using a template‐metal ion‐monomer coordination system to strengthen the interaction between the protein and monomer. The effects of different metals ions including Zn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II), and Al(III) on the recognition ability of the BSA‐Cu(II)‐imprinted hydrogel were also investigated. The polymer showed high selectivity toward both the template protein and the cupric ion.
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Yuqing , Wang Wenzhong , Shi Zhanbiao , Shen Jianhua , Li Ming , Xin Yong
Published: August 2009

The study investigated the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated risk factors among adult survivors 3 months after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China. One thousand five hundred sixty‐three earthquake survivors in two communities participated in the study. The prevalence of probable PTSD was 37.8% and 13.0%, respectively, in the two communities that were affected differently by the earthquake. The significant predictive factors for the severity of PTSD symptoms were female gender, subnationality, lower educational level, lower social support, and higher initial exposure level. The results indicate that PTSD is also a common mental health problem among earthquake survivors in China. Given inadequate knowledge and practices concerning the mental health of disaster victims in China, the information provided by this study is useful for directing, strengthening, and evaluating disaster‐related mental health needs and interventions after the earthquake.
Spectral, cepstral, and multivariate exploration of tracheoesophageal voice quality in continuous speech and sustained vowels
Authors: Maryn Youri , Dick Catherine , Vandenbruaene Caroline , Vauterin Tom , Jacobs Tinne
Published: August 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The quality of tracheoesophageal voice can vary substantially. Although previous research has identified acoustic differences between various types of voicing (i.e., laryngeal, tracheoesophageal, esophageal, etc.), acoustic analysis has failed to quantify the degree of alaryngeal voice quality. This study assessed the value of several cepstral, spectral, and perturbation measures in quantifying the overall quality of tracheoesophageal voice production.

Study Design:

Cross‐sectional, correlational.

Methods:

Continuous speech and sustained vowel samples from 16 tracheoesophageal speakers were concatenated and perceptually rated in a paired comparison paradigm on overall voice quality by four experienced clinicians. After removing the nonvoiced fragments within the continuous speech samples, the concatenated samples were analyzed with 47 perturbation, spectral, and cepstral measures. Correlation between perceptual ratings and acoustic measures was assessed. Multiple regression analysis resulted in a two‐factor acoustic model for the measurement of overall voice quality of the concatenated samples.

Results:

The reliability of the perceptual judgements was moderate to high. The prominence of the cepstral peak (CPP) and of the first two spectral harmonics appeared to be the strongest correlates of tracheoesophageal voice quality. A linear regression‐based combination of CPP and the height of the second harmonic produced a correlation of 0.87 with listener judgments.

Conclusions:

It is clinically feasible to investigate both continuous speech and sustained vowel samples of tracheoesophageal speakers with acoustic methods described and assessed in this report. Results are discussed in the context of existing literature. Laryngoscope, 2009
Application of SNaPshot multiplex assays for simultaneous multigene mutation screening in patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing impairment
Authors: Wu Chen‐Chi , Lu Ying‐Chang , Chen Pei‐Jer , Liu Alyssa Yan‐Zhen , Hwu Wuh‐Liang , Hsu Chuan‐Jen
Published: August 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To develop a cost‐effective and robust genetic diagnostic tool for patients with idiopathic nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing impairment.

Study Design:

Development of a diagnostic tool and validation in a prospective cohort.

Methods:

Twenty common sequence variants in GJB2, SLC26A4, and the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene were selected based on our previous epidemiological study. These variants were analyzed using the SNaPshot technique. The efficacies of the SNaPshot multiplex assays were determined by using a prospective cohort composed of 214 unrelated Taiwanese patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing impairment. The results of the assays were compared to the results obtained by direct sequencing.

Results:

We developed a diagnostic technique consisting of two consecutive panels of SNaPshot multiplex assays, with each panel screening 10 common sequence variants. Theoretically, this design can detect more than 98% of the known deafness‐associated sequence variants in Taiwanese individuals. A total of 126 (58.9%) patients were diagnosed as having at least one sequence variant using the SNaPshot multiplex assays. In total, the SNaPshot assays yielded an accuracy of more than 99%.

Conclusions:

The strengths of SNaPshot multiplex assays include high accuracy, high sensitivity, high flexibility (the examination panel can be easily expanded for additional mutations), low cost (less than US $10 per patient), and easy implementation for any institute with a DNA sequencer. Although only 20 to 30 mutations can be examined in two to three runs of the SNaPshot assay, this technology may be suitable for first‐pass screening of deafness‐associated mutations in populations with a relatively homogeneous ethnic background. Laryngoscope, 2009
Looking around the corner: A review of the past 100 years of frontal sinusitis treatment
Authors: Close Lanny Garth , Stewart Michael G.
Published: August 2009

Over the past 100 years, developments in imaging studies, endoscopic evaluation, medical treatment, and surgical techniques, particularly those employing endoscopic approaches, have led to improvements in our ability to treat frontal sinusitis. Providing “around the corner” views of the frontal recess, 30° and 45° endoscopes have allowed the meticulous preservation of the mucoperiosteum and restoration of normal sinus physiology, even in difficult areas of the frontal sinus outflow tract. Rarely is it necessary to perform radical or obliterative frontal sinus procedures, although the osteoplastic flap obliteration approach advocated by Montgomery continues to be the gold standard for treatment of frontal sinusitis, which has failed medical treatment and endoscopic approaches, at least in the minds of many prominent surgeons. The endoscopic modification of Lothrop's approach has gained favor in the experience of many, however, despite its technical difficulty and failure rate of up to 20%. Technical advances, such as computer‐assisted endoscopic surgery and, more recently, intraoperative imaging have shown promise and may lead to further improvement in treatment outcomes. Finally, we will all benefit from further advances in outcomes assessment, which will provide better scientific proof of our clinical observations. Laryngoscope, 2009
Mucin gene polymorphisms in otitis media patients
Authors: Ubell Matthew L. , Khampang Pawjai , Kerschner Joseph E.
Published: August 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis.

Mucin genes MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC5B have been identified as major gel‐forming mucins in the middle ear (ME). This study compared polymorphisms in MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC5B genes in otitis media (OM) patients and controls.

Study Design.

Cross‐sectional case‐control study. Patients age 6 months to 14 years undergoing routine tympanostomy tube insertion for recurrent otitis media (RecOM) or chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) were compared to control patients with no history of OM undergoing an unrelated procedure.

Methods.

Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples was analyzed by Southern blots using gene‐specific probes to determine sizes of MUC2 and MUC5AC genes. Polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the size of MUC5B genes.

Results.

Twenty RecOM patients, 20 OME patients, and 40 control patients were analyzed. There were no statistically significant differences in polymorphism expression identified between groups for MUC2 and MUC5B genes. OME patients were more likely than controls or RecOM patients to carry the longer MUC5AC‐b allele.

Conclusions.

Differences in mucin polymorphisms have been demonstrated in other diseases. In otitis media, OME patients are more likely than controls or RecOM to carry the longer MUC5AC‐b allele. MUC5AC is a primary innate defense mechanism for ME epithelium, and alterations in protein structure have the potential to affect that defense and predispose patients to disease. This study demonstrates that the properties of post‐transcriptionally modified MUC5AC deserve further study, and specific pathogen‐host interactions studies should explore the impact of this polymorphism. Laryngoscope, 2010
Liver transplantation outcomes among Caucasians, Asian Americans, and African Americans with hepatitis B
Authors: Bzowej Natalie , Han Steven , Degertekin Bulent , Keeffe Emmet B. , Emre Sukru , Brown Robert , Reddy Rajender , Lok Anna S.
Published: August 2009

Several previous studies found that Asians transplanted for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection had worse post-transplant outcomes than Caucasians. Data on post-transplant outcomes of African Americans and waitlist outcomes of Asian Americans and African Americans with hepatitis B are scant. The aim of this study was to compare waitlist and post-transplant outcomes among Asian Americans, African Americans, and Caucasians who had HBV-related liver disease. Data from a retrospective-prospective study on liver transplantation for HBV infection were analyzed. A total of 274 patients (116 Caucasians, 135 Asians, and 23 African Americans) from 15 centers in the United States were enrolled. African Americans were younger and more Asian Americans had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the time of liver transplant listing. The probability of undergoing transplantation and the probability of survival on the waitlist were comparable in the 3 racial groups. Of the 170 patients transplanted, 19 died during a median follow-up of 31 months. The probability of post-transplant survival at 5 years was 94% for African Americans, 85% for Asian Americans, and 89% for Caucasians (P = 0.93). HCC recurrence was the only predictor of post-transplant survival, and recurrence rates were similar in the 3 racial groups. Caucasians had a higher rate of HBV recurrence: 4-year recurrence was 19% versus 7% and 6% for Asian Americans and African Americans, respectively (P = 0.043). In conclusion, we found similar waitlist and post-transplant outcomes among Caucasians, Asian Americans, and African Americans with hepatitis B. Our finding of a higher rate of HBV recurrence among Caucasians needs to be validated in other studies.
Liver transplantation using controlled donation after cardiac death donors: An analysis of a large single-center experience
Authors: Grewal Hani P. , Willingham Darrin L. , Nguyen Justin , Hewitt Winston R. , Taner Bucin C. , Cornell Danielle , Rosser Barry G. , Keaveny Andrew P. , Aranda-Michel Jamie , Satyanarayana Raj , Harnois Denise , Dickson Rolland C. , Kramer David J. , Hughes Christopher B.
Published: August 2009

The use of donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors may provide a valuable source of organs for liver transplantation. Concerns regarding primary nonfunction (PNF) and intrahepatic biliary stricture (IHBSs) have limited the enthusiasm for their use. A retrospective analysis of 1436 consecutive deceased donor liver transplants performed between December 1998 and October 2006 was conducted. These included 108 DCD liver transplants, which were compared to 1328 transplants performed with organs from donors meeting the criteria for donation after brain death (DBD). The median follow-up was 48 months. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival and graft survival for DCD donors were 91.5%, 88.1%, and 88.1% and 79.3%, 74.5%, and 71.0%, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival and graft survival for DBD donors were 87.3%, 81.1%, and 77.2% and 81.6%, 74.7%, and 69.1%, respectively. Patient survival and graft survival were not significantly different between DCD donors less than 60 years old, DCD donors greater than 60 years old, and DBD donors. Causes of graft loss included IHBSs (n = 9), PNF (n = 4), recurrent hepatitis C virus (n = 4), hepatic artery thrombosis (n = 1), rejection (n = 2), and patient death (n = 13). Contrary to previously published data, excellent long-term patient survival and graft survival can be obtained with DCD allografts, and in our experience, they are equivalent to those obtained from DBD allografts.
Liver transplantation following donation after cardiac death: An analysis using matched pairs
Authors: Pine James K. , Aldouri Amer , Young Alistair L. , Davies Mervyn H. , Attia Magdy , Toogood Giles J. , Pollard Stephen G. , Lodge J. P. A. , Prasad K. R.
Published: August 2009

Grafts from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors are used to increase the number of organs available for liver transplantation. There is concern that warm ischemia may impair graft function. We compared our DCD recipients with a case-matched group of donation after brain death (DBD) recipients. Between January 2002 and April 2008, 39 DCD grafts were transplanted. These were matched with 39 DBD recipients on the basis of identified variables that had a significant impact on mortality. These were used to individually match DCD and DBD patients with similar predictive mortality. We compared patient/graft survival, primary non-function (PNF), and rates of complications. Of all liver transplants, 6.1% were DCD grafts. PNF occurred twice in the DCD group. The incidence of nonanastomotic biliary strictures (NABS; 20.5% versus 0%, P = 0.005) and hepatic artery stenosis (HAS; 12.8% versus 0%, P = 0.027) in the DCD group was higher. One-year (79.5% versus 97.4%, P = 0.029) and 3-year (63.6% versus 97.4%, P = 0.001) graft survival was lower in the DCD group. Three-year patient survival was also lower (68.2% versus 100%, P < 0.0001). Our study is the first to use case-matched patients and compare groups with similar predictive mortality. There was a higher incidence of NABS and HAS in the DCD group. NABS were likely a result of warm ischemia. HAS may have been due to ischemia or arterial injury during retrieval. The DCD group had significantly poorer outcomes, but DCD grafts remain a valuable resource. With careful donor/recipient selection, minimization of ischemia, and good postoperative care, acceptable results can be achieved.
Electrochemical and surface analytical studies of synergistic effect of phosphonate, Zn2+ and ascorbate in corrosion control of carbon steel
Authors: Rao B. V. Appa , Rao S. Srinivasa
Published: August 2009

Synergistic inhibition of corrosion of carbon steel in low chloride environment using ascorbate as a synergist along with 2‐phosphonobutane‐1,2,4‐tricarboxylic acid (PBTC) and Zn2+ is presented. The synergistic effect of ascorbate has been established from the present studies. In the presence of ascorbate, lower concentrations of PBTC and Zn2+ are sufficient in order to obtain good inhibition, thus making this formulation more environmentally friendly. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies inferred that this mixture functions as a mixed inhibitor, predominantly cathodic. Impedance studies revealed that an immersion period of 24 h is necessary for the formation of the protective film, with a very high charge transfer resistance. The film is stable even at 60 °C in the presence of the inhibitor in the corrosive environment. The surface analysis by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the presence of iron, oxygen, phosphorus, carbon and zinc in the protective film. The XPS spectra inferred the presence of oxides/hydroxides of iron(III), Zn(OH)2 and [Zn(II)–PBTC–ascorbate] complex in the surface film. This inference was further supported by the reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the surface film. A plausible mechanism of corrosion inhibition has been proposed.
Influence of microstructure on the corrosion resistance of hyperduplex stainless steel
Authors: Tavares S. S. M. , Pardal J. M. , Ponzio E. , Loureiro A. , de Souza J. A.
Published: August 2009

Hyperduplex UNS S32707 is a newly developed austenitic–ferritic stainless steel. The steel contains about 27%Cr, 7%Ni, 4.5%Mo, and 0.4%N, which results in a pitting resistance equivalent factor (PRE) equal to 49. In this study, the pitting corrosion resistance of this new grade of stainless steel was investigated by varying the microstructure using different thermal processes. The critical pitting temperature measurement and cyclic polarization tests confirm the high corrosion resistance of the hyperduplex steel in the solution treated condition. However, deleterious phases form easily during thermal processing and cause a drastic decrease in the corrosion resistance.
Trends in long‐term opioid therapy for chronic non‐cancer pain
Authors: Boudreau Denise , Von Korff Michael , Rutter Carolyn M. , Saunders Kathleen , Ray G. Thomas , Sullivan Mark D. , Campbell Cynthia I. , Merrill Joseph O. , Silverberg Michael J. , Banta‐Green Caleb , Weisner Constance
Published: August 2009

Objective

To report trends and characteristics of long‐term opioid use for non‐cancer pain.

Methods

CONSORT (CONsortium to Study Opioid Risks and Trends) includes adult enrollees of two health plans serving over 1 per cent of the US population. Using automated data, we constructed episodes of opioid use between 1997 and 2005. We estimated age–sex standardized rates of opioid use episodes beginning in each year (incident) and on‐going in each year (prevalent), and the per cent change in rates annualized (PCA) over the 9‐year period. Long‐term episodes were defined as > 90 days with 120+ days supply or 10+ opioid prescriptions in a given year.

Results

Over the study period, incident long‐term use increased from 8.5 to 12.1 per 1000 at Group Health (GH) (6.0% PCA), and 6.3 to 8.6 per 1000 at Kaiser Permanente of Northern California (KPNC) (5.5% PCA). Prevalent long‐term use doubled from 23.9 to 46.8 per 1000 at GH (8.5% PCA), and 21.5 to 39.2 per 1000 at KPNC (8.1% PCA). Non‐Schedule II opioids were the most commonly used opioid among patients engaged in long‐term opioid therapy, particularly at KPNC. Long‐term use of Schedule II opioids also increased substantially at both health plans. Among prevalent long‐term users in 2005, 28.6% at GH and 30.2% at KPNC were also regular users of sedative hypnotics.

Conclusion

Long‐term opioid therapy for non‐cancer pain is increasingly prevalent, but the benefits and risks associated with such therapy are inadequately understood. Concurrent use of opioids and sedative‐hypnotics was unexpectedly common and deserves further study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2‐D PAGE and MS analysis of proteins from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Addis Maria Filippa , Tanca Alessandro , Pagnozzi Daniela , Rocca Stefano , Uzzau Sergio
Published: August 2009

In the past decade, encouraging results have been obtained in extraction and analysis of proteins from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues. However, 2‐D PAGE protein maps with satisfactory proteomic information and comparability to fresh tissues have never been described to date. In the present study, we report 2‐D PAGE separation and MS identification of full‐length proteins extracted from FFPE skeletal muscle tissue. The 2‐D protein profiles obtained from FFPE tissues could be matched to those achieved from frozen tissues replicates. Up to 250 spots were clearly detected in 2‐D maps of proteins from FFPE tissue following standard mass‐compatible silver staining. Protein spots from both FFPE and frozen tissue 2‐D gels were excised, subjected to in situ hydrolysis, and identified by MS analysis. Matched spots produced matched protein identifications. Moreover, 2‐D protein maps from FFPE tissues were successfully subjected to Western immunoblotting, producing comparable results to fresh‐frozen tissues. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that, when adequately extracted, full‐length proteins from FFPE tissues might be suitable to 2‐D PAGE‐MS analysis, allowing differential proteomic studies on the vast existing archives of healthy and pathological‐fixed tissues.
Organisational theory perspective on process capability measurement scales
Authors: McBride Tom
Published: August 2009

Capability and maturity models are widely accepted. Generally, the first three levels of the most capability models have the same general goal, a defined repeatable process, but may differ in their implementation of that goal. In addition, organisations are more likely to involve multiple independent parties in the development or service management processes. Organisation and control theories provide principles that support the first three levels of most capability models. However, different forms of organisational control and coordination require that the evidence used to assess achievement of the different capability levels must broaden from its current focus on activities and tasks to include work products, their characteristics and verification, and skills, competence and training. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.