bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Servants
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Servants were ubiquitous in medieval London, as in all the large cities of Europe. The title included a range of unskilled and skilled workers who either lived in their master’s house and received compensation in the form of room and board and wages or worked only for wages and lived in rented rooms. The age range was from seven to seventy, with the majority being in their teens or early twenties.
Return To Negation
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

A basic debate over Indian policy developed in the yearsimmediately after World War II. The debate was at first a minor play within a general dialogue concerned with government spending and the growth of “big government.” It began as a demand that trusteeship over Indian property be curtailed and that some functions of the Bureau of Indian Affairs be transferred to other agencies, but it soon broadened into a full attack on the Indian reform program. In and out of Congress there was an increasing tendency to view trusteeship as a failure. It had not provided a method by which the United States might bring its responsibilities to an end. It had not even earned the United States a good name for its efforts.
Against The Protestant Gnostics
Authors: Lee Philip J
Published: November 2023

Gnosticism is a term covering a group of heresies that for a time had great influence within the early church, including: belief in the existence of a hidden or secret revelation available only to the initiated; rejection of the physical world as evil or impure; and stress on the radical individuality of the spiritual self. In this book Philip Lee finds parallels between gnosticism and belief and practice in contemporary North American Proestantism. Sharply attacking conservatives and liberals alike, Lee spares no one in this penetrating and provocative assessment of the current stage of religion and its effects on values and society at large. The book concludes with a call for a return to orthodoxy and a series of prescriptions for reform. Lee will add a short preface for this paperback edition.
Child Welfare Reform through Research and Demonstration: Permanency Planning
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

Of all the children we studied, better than half of them gave promise of living a major part of their childhood years in foster families and institutions. Among them were children likely to leave care only when they came of age, often after having had many homes—and none of their own—for ten or so years.
Developing a Child’s Future Security Account Program
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

Freedom is not enough. You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: Now you are free to go where you want, do as you desire, choose the leaders you please.
Greece and the art of the word
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Muses from Pieria, who glorify by songs, come to me, tell of Zeus your father in your singing. Because of him mortal men are unmentioned and mentioned, spoken and unspoken of, according to great Zeus’ will. For easily he makes strong, and easily he oppresses the strong, easily he diminishes the conspicuous one and magnifies the inconspicuous, and easily he makes the crooked straight and withers the proud-Zeus who thunders on high, who dwells in the highest mansions.
An Indo-European theme and formula: Imperishable fame
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

That there is a metrical and formulaic seam at the bucolic diaeresis ( following ) does not affect the syntactic structure where noun and attribute are dominated by a single node.
The hidden track of the cow: Obscure styles in Indo-European
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

It should be emphasized that in the early Indo-European world the primary form of artistic expression is precisely verbal.Visual art typically plays a distinctly limited role until relatively late in the tradition. In Indo-European-speaking areas from the British Isles, the Celtic, Germanic, Baltic, and Slavic continent, Italy and Hellas, to Anatolia, Iranian Asia, and Western India the discrepancy in sophistication between plastic and verbal art at the dawn of our documentation is striking.
The root *g4hen-: Hittite kuen- and the Indo-European theme and formula
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

It is most important to note that the Hittite sentence, like the Vedic and Avestan, focusses on the object; the subject is known from the preceding clause, but not overt in its own clause, regardless of the order of Verb and Object. As in normal unmarked word order in Hittite narrative prose, the sentence begins with a particle sequence and concludes with the verb.
First variant: The root *uedh-
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

The beginning strophes of the latter hymn with its series of ‘memorative’ injunctive verb forms recalling the scene of Indro’s birth and deeds are effectively analyzed in Hoffmann 1967: 178-80. The remarkable grammatical figure of ten, perhaps originally twelve, successive injunctives in strophes 1-4 is forcefully underlined by the word order: all but the last of the twelve verbs are phrase-initial.
The myth in Greece: Variations on the formula and theme
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

First he sent him away with orders to slay the Chimaira none might approach; a thing of immortal make, not human, lion-fronted and snake behind, a goat in the middle, and snorting out the breath of the terrible flame of bright fire. He slew Chimaira, obeying the portents of the immortals.
Nektar and the adversary Death
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

The same inverted formula is used by Euripides in the Alcestis with an entirely different tone. The coldness, impersonalness, and inflexibility of Death come through vividly in the abrupt shift in pronominalization from the first person singular (before and after) to first person plural in his dialogue with Apollo, line 49 (Death speaking).
From god to hero: The formulaic network in Greek
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

The first is an equipollent opposition of noble adversaries, like Hector and Patroklos, Achilles and Hector; an example of the second, where the anti-hero is assimilated to a monster, would be Odysseus and the suitors, or Orestes and Klutaimestra. In both the action is bidirectional, potentially reciprocal; either member may be the subject of the verb.
The charms of Indo-European
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

We have now for the first time, in Jamison’s work, an arbitrary list which is a structural set. The sequence is conceptually similar, at times virtually identical in India (where it can be observed over more than a millennium) and Iran, and therefore necessarily of at least common Indo-Iranian antiquity. As such it can serve as a solid point of departure for comparison further afield.3
Law and Providence in Joseph Bellamy’s New England
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: November 2023

This study of religious thought and social life in early America focuses on the career of Joseph Bellamy (1719–1790), a Connecticut Calvinist minister noted chiefly for his role in originating the New Divinity—the influential theological movement that evolved from the writings of Bellamy’s teacher, Jonathan Edwards. Tracing Bellamy’s contributions as a preacher, noted controversialist, and church leader from the Great Awakening to the American Revolution, Mark Valeri explores why the New Divinity was so immensely popular. Set in social contexts such as the emergent market economy, the war against France, and the politics of rebellion, Valeri shows, Bellamy’s story reveals much about the relationship between religion and public issues in colonial New England.
Back into the Lion’s Jaws: A Note on Jewish Return Migration to Nazi Germany(1933-1938)
Authors: Niederland Doron
Published: November 2023

Scholarly literature dealing with the migration of German Jews under the Nazi regime has been concerned exclusively with “outward-bound migration,” i.e., emigration. Such an emphasis derives from a basic assumption that the Nazi’s anti-Jewish policy resulted in a forced migration. However, when the question of German-Jewish migration is examined in all its aspects, an interesting phenomenon emerges: thousands of Jews who had emigrated from Nazi Germany after 1933 came back, although the “push factor”-the Nazi regime and its anti-Jewish policy-continued to exist. This fact, which demands an explanation, also calls into question the accepted approach that views the German Jews as refugees and classifies their migration as a “forced” one.
Coming of Age in Phaiakia: The Meeting of Odysseus and Nausikaa
Authors: Shapiro H A
Published: November 2023

If, as A. J. Graham demonstrates elsewhere in this volume, Odysseus’ far-flung travels reflect the large-scale colonization movement of the Greek Renaissance, then Scheria, the land of the Phaeacians, the setting of nearly one quarter of the poem, is surely the ultimate Greek colonist’s fantasy of a faraway paradise. It has often been noted that one conspicuous fantasy element of Phaeacian society is a kind of gender reversal at the court. It is Arete, the queen, whom Odysseus is advised to supplicate on his entry into the palace (6.304-5); it is Arete upon whose favor Odysseus, the shipwrecked stranger, will depend for his success.
Homer in the Early Church
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald
Published: November 2023

“This poet,” Plato said of Homer, “educated Greece,”1 a statement that would hold true for nearly two millennia. Greek youngsters learned their ABrs from lists of Homeric names; one of the first sentences they wrote was “Homer was not a man but a god”; and among their first reading assignments was a selection of verse from The Odyssey.  2 Among papyri that survive from the early empire are scraps of lines from The Iliad and The Odyssey copied as a writing exercise,3 a school manual quoting from The Odyssey and containing an elegy celebrating a temple in Homer’s honor,4 an epitome of Books 3 and 5 of The Odyssey,5 and student essays on Homeric themes, such as the preparations for the Trojan War,6 events of the war after the death of Achilles,7 and the sufferings of Philoctetes.8
Philodemus on the Technicity of Rhetoric
Authors: Blank David
Published: November 2023

It is one thing to attack the practice of an art or arts as useless or even harmful and quite another to say that a certain practice is not an art at all, but rather a mere knack, and then to claim that any attempt to make that practice into an art will fail. In his attacks on the liberal arts, Sextus Empiricus employs both these arguments, claiming, for example, that rhetoric teaches falsehood, that it does not achieve its end of persuasion with any regularity, and that if it is considered as a science, its principles (words, propositions, etc.) are non-existent. He informs us (Adv. math. 6.4-5; cf. 1.1) that Epicureans argue dogmatically that an art is not necessary for happiness, but is rather harmful, while others aporetically attack the fundamental principles of an art, thereby destroying it entirely.
The Reemergence of Political Abolitionism
Authors: Haines Herbert H
Published: November 2023

Although it was not clear at the time, 1983 was a turning point in the national struggle over capital punishment in the United States. The justices of the U.S. Supreme Court retreated from their involvement in the procedural details of capital sentencing. As a result, many of the available grounds for lifesaving appeals began to evaporate and the pace of executions started to climb gradually from year to year. These were bad omens for a movement that had for almost 20 years leaned heavily on the skills of lawyers to combat the state-sanctioned extermination of convicted killers. But the legal setbacks of the period from 1983 to the present did not diminish the intensity of the abolitionist movement. Rather, they stimulated a change in its strategic direction. Litigators are still involved, to be sure. But now they struggle to save individual lives rather than mount coordinated challenges to the institution of capital punishment itself, as they did in the 1960s and 1970s. The broader attack has shifted from the courts to the arenas of legislative politics and public persuasion. Activists have emphasized new issues, including the danger of fatal miscarriages of justice, the fiscal and system costs of the death penalty for the criminal justice system, and the unique ethical dilemmas of juvenile and mentally retarded offenders. The shift has been fraught with difficulties – few abolitionists expect the nation to stage its final execution any time soon – but it has not been totally without signs of success. Cracks in public support for the death penalty have been exposed but not fully exploited. A backlog of death-sentenced inmates is building, one which dwarfs that of the 1960s moratorium years, and the willingness of Americans to endorse really large numbers of executions every year is still very much in doubt.
Reframing Capital Punishment: Pragmatic Abolitionism
Authors: Haines Herbert H
Published: November 2023

The beginning of this book posed the question of why the death penalty shows signs of flourishing in the United States when it is disappearing from the rest of the Western democratic world. For various reasons, most of those nations did not require a groundswell of popular pressure before they renounced the state’s right to kill lawbreakers. The United States seems to be different in that regard; apparently a vigorous anti-death penalty movement is a prerequisite to any prospects for abolition in the future. Part of the answer to why capital punishment seems to be so well entrenched here is the current weakness of that opposition movement. In a nation where policy advocacy has become a capital-intensive enterprise, death penalty opponents have little money. On an issue that is fought mostly at the state level, abolitionism consists primarily of eastern-based national organizations with weak state affiliates and few local ones. These two disadvantages are linked intimately to a third. In the cynical and angry climate that exists in America, abolitionists have trusted mostly in their ability to bring about not just a national change of mind, but a change of heart. What has remained underdeveloped within the movement is a more pragmatic vocabulary, capable of more than just preaching to the choir.
An Introduction to Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Joy David C
Published: November 2023

The interaction of an electron beam with a solid is complex. Within a distance of a few tens to a few hundreds of angstroms of entering the target, the electron will interact with the sample in some way. The interaction could be the result of the attraction between the negatively charged electron and the positively charged atomic nucleus (and equally the repulsion between the negatively charged atomic electrons and negative charge on the incident electron), in which case the electron will be deflected through some angle relative to its previous direction of travel, but its energy will remain essentially unaltered. This is called an elastic scattering event. Alternatively, the incident electron could cause the ionization of the atom by removing an inner-shell electron from its orbit, so producing a characteristic x-ray or an ejected Auger electron; it could have a collision with a valence electron to produce a secondary electron; it could interact with the crystal lattice of the solid to generate phonons; or, in one of several other possible ways, it could give up some of its energy to the solid. These types of interactions in which the electron changes both its direction of travel and its energy are examples of inelastic scattering events. After traveling a further distance, the electron will then again be scattered, either elastically or inelastically as before, and this process will continue until either the electron gives up all of its energy to the solid and comes to thermal equilibrium with it or until it manages to escape from the solid in some way.
The Single Scattering Model
Authors: Joy David C
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will develop a Monte Carlo model for the interaction of an electron beam with a solid using the “single scattering” approximation. Within the limits discussed below, this model is the most accurate representation of the electron interaction that we can construct, and it is capable of giving excellent results over a wide range of conditions and materials. This program, together with the faster but less detailed “plural scattering” model developed in the following chapter, will form the framework around which specific applications of Monte Carlo modeling to problems in electron microscopy and microanalysis will be generated in subsequent chapters. The single scattering Monte Carlo simulation calculates the passage of the electron through the solid by tracking it from one interaction to the next. In principle, these interactions could be either elastic or inelastic, so the resultant changes in the direction of motion and the energy of the electron would be computed on the basis of the specific sequence of scattering events that each electron suffered. While this is a feasible way of tackling the problem, it has the disadvantage that because not all scattering events are equally important-in terms of their effect on the trajectory or energy-or probable, the amount of computation required becomes excessively large. The procedure described here makes two significant assumptions to provide an accurate simulation while minimizing the amount of calculation required.
What next in monte carlo simulations?
Authors: Joy David C
Published: November 2023

The stated aim of this book was to develop Monte Carlo simulations that were accurate enough to be useful predictive tools but simple enough to be accessible to nonspecialists. The previous chapters of the book have demonstrated that, within these limits, a great deal can be done. However, in meeting these goals, approximations and simplifications have had to be made. Specifically, we have made the assumptions that only elastic scattering, as described by the Rutherford cross section, need be considered and that energy loss can be treated as a continuous rather than as a discrete process. Such assumptions are not essential to the construction of a Monte Carlo simulation of electron scattering, and so the obvious and desirable move is to remove these approximations for those cases where they represent an unacceptable restriction.
Conclusion
Authors: Thompson John
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, some of the main issues that are involved in the modern debate on the Trinity were outlined. In this light then what can we say about the being of the triune God? In this concluding chapter, we look at several issues involved in such a reassessment, especially the meaning of unity in Trinity and Trinity in unity. Each issue raises the further question of the validity of the Eastern and Western views, and how far each is right or needs correction. It also leads into ecumenical perspectives. I look first at the unity of the triune God.
The Politics of Child Abuse in America
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

Child abuse policy in the United States contains dangerous contradictions, which have only intenstified as the public slowly accepted it as a middle class problem. One contradiction is the rapidly expanding child abuse industry (made up of enterprising psychotherapists and attorneys) which is consuming enormous resources, while thousands of poor children are seriously injured or killed, many while being “protected” by public agencies. This “rediscovery” has also led to the frenzied pursuit of offenders, resulting in the sacrifice of some innocent people. Moreover, the media’s focus on the sensational details of high-visibility sexual abuse cases has helped to trivialize, if not commercialize, the child abuse problem. As such, child abuse has gone from a social problem to a social spectacle. By the 1980s the child welfare system had become a virtual “nonsystem,” marked by a staggering turnover of staff, unmanageable caseloads, a severe shortage of funding, and caseloads composed of highly dysfunctional families (many with drug-related problems). To make room for these families, public agencies rationed services by increasingly screening-out child abuse reports which contained little likelihood of serious bodily harm. In The Politics of Child Abuse in America, the authors argue that child abuse must be viewed as a public safety problem. This redefinition would make it congruent with other family-based social trends, including the crackdown on domestic violence. Children must have the same legal protection currently extended to physically and sexually abused women. This can be done by creating a “Children’s Authority,” which would have the overall charge for protecting children. Specifically, Children’s Authorities would have the responsibility for providing the six main functions of child protection: investigation, enforcement, placement services, prevention and education, family support, and research and development. Offering a unique perspective on the cold reality of this crisis, The Politics of Child Abuse in America will be a provocative work for social workers and human service personnel, as well as the general reader concerned with this timely issue.
E
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Eachtra. [I] Adventure. A class of tales in mythology usually connected with a mortal’s journey to the Otherworld. The eachtra became very popular in Irish literature in the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries.
Illusions of Prosperity
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Faith in the free market--the idea that, for instance, profit-seeking managed care companies will improve the health care delivery system--has become a basic tenet of public policy debate. But as Joel Blau demonstrates in this eye-opening book, so-called “free market” programs have been a dismal failure, heightening inequality, lowering the median standard of living, and steadily eroding the quality of our social and political life. In Illusions of Prosperity, Blau launches a far-reaching assault on idea that “the market” knows best. Blau writes that while the share of the national income held by the bottom four fifths of the population (the poor and broad middle class combined) has continued to decline, the top fifth gained 97 percent of the increase in total household income between 1979 and 1994. “Few experiments,” Blau comments, “yield such clear outcomes. Although many had hoped to benefit from the new market economy, this affluent fifth is the only segment of the population that truly has.” Blau looks at recent reforms in NAFTA, education, job training, welfare, and much more, showing that the new social policies have made matters worse, because reforms that rely on the market can’t compensate for the market’s deficiencies. Instead, he calls for a stronger, more caring government to counter the debilitating effects of the market, and he urges the development of the broadest possible political alliances to ensure economic security. Sure to raise controversy, Illusions of Prosperity turns today’s conventional wisdom inside out, making a profound case for the importance of a strong government in a world where markets do not have all the answers.
Business Moves: Markets, Nations, And Inequality
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

The triumph of the market has eroded most Americans’ standard of living. It has rent the safety net and exacerbated inequality. If it had just happened in the United States, the triumph of the market would have made these outcomes possible. In a global economy, the increasing mobility of business made these outcomes likely.
The Low-Wage, Low-Skill Strategy
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Downsizing is a powerful tool for disempowering and enfeebling labor. So are threats to move, the expressed willingness to automate, and the proliferation of part-time work. The top fifth of the labor market is increasingly hi-tech and competes globally: it benefits from, or else is comparatively immune to, these phenomena. Within the specifically American labor market, however, the impact of these changes is not nearly so benign. Competition in the international labor market demands workers of high wage and high skill. For the remaining U.S. workers, however, all that is left is a low-wage, low-skill strategy, one that is often played out with special force on women and people of color.
Jobs And Job Training: The Field Of Dreams
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Reform of the educational system is one imagined remedy for declining income. Jobs and job training are the other. Here too, however, the prospects are limited, because neither a trained nor an educated workforce is, by itself, a guarantee of future employment. Employment programs confront just too many barriers to success. A trained worker may be hired over an untrained worker, but without a specific government commitment to job creation, businesses still determine the total number of workers they are going to employ. And if together, all their individual judgments threaten to create too many jobs, the Federal Reserve can be counted on to raise interest rates before unemployment gets too low.
Managing Nuclear Terror
Authors: Oakes Guy
Published: November 2023

In the early years of the Cold War, American national security planners arrived at an interpretation of the probable reaction of the American people to a nuclear attack on the United States. They argued that the public would respond to the prospect of nuclear war with expressions of panic or terror. Such a response, however, was inconsistent with the role that the planners had reserved for the American people in the contest with the Soviet Union. The policy of containment by means of deterrence required the public to exhibit credible expressions of determination to fight a nuclear war. Acting on this interpretation, civil defense specialists developed a plan to bring the public psychology into conformity with the requirements of national security policy. This plan was a comprehensive system of emotion management designed to sup press an irrational terror of nuclear war and foster in its stead a more pragmatic nuclear fear. Once the passage from nuclear terror to nuclear fear had been completed, civil defense organizations would be in a position to employ nuclear fear in their programs of human resource management. Properly channeled, nuclear fear would motivate the public to deliver the support regarded as essential to deterrence.
The Nuclear Family
Authors: Oakes Guy
Published: November 2023

In a speech during his first year in office, President Eisenhower declared that an effective civil defense program required sober training and self discipline. In the final analysis, the American response to a nuclear attack depended on a moral regime to which the American people would subject themselves.1 The main training site where civil defense discipline would be cultivated was the home. The decisive role assigned to the household in Cold War national security planning was a consequence of the fundamental premise of civil defense: In World War III, the American people would be responsible for protecting themselves. Because the federal government had ruled out a publicly financed program of civil defense, survival would largely be a do-it-yourself enterprise. The state would provide a central organization, a national plan, education and training, modest financial assistance, and the consolidation and standardization of operations across the country. But in the end, civil defense was essentially self help, which meant that its success depended on the traditional American virtues of self-determination, personal responsibility, and voluntary cooperation. These virtues were believed to be anchored in the family, the primary locus of their inculcation and practice. There fore, civil defense rested on moral foundations that were situated in the home.
Mechanical Properties of Levers
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

The heart of a scanning force microscope is a sharp tip that interacts with a force at the surface of a sample. The tip, therefore, must have certain material properties, such as conductivity and permeability, that determine the strength of the interaction. The tip is mounted on a flexible beam whose geometrical and material properties make it possible to probe the force with a high sensitivity. The interaction of the tip with the force is sensed by the resultant deflection of the beam on which the tip is mounted. The role of the beam is to translate the force acting on the tip into a deflection that subsequently can be monitored by various means. Among these, tunneling of electrons, capacitance, optical interferometry, optical polarization, and optical deflection have recently been developed to a high degree of sophistication. To understand the particular properties required of the beam, we outline in this chapter the theory that models deformation and resonance frequencies of the beam as a function of material and geometrical parameters (Shigley 1963, Harris 1988). The discussion will pertain to mechanical beams that are supported at one end, and are therefore called cantilevers, or in short, levers. The forces acting on such a lever are: (J) its weight, which is a distributed force; (2) the weight of a tip attached at the free end, which is a concentrated force; and (3) a driving force acting on the lever that acts as a concentrated force. The number of degrees of freedom of the lever will equal the number of its natural frequencies of vibration. In particular, since the lever has a distributed weight, it can vibrate at an infinite number of frequencies. In reality, however, the lever will vibrate at a few or at only one frequency, where each frequency has a deformation profile, called the normal mode of vibration. Each point along the length of the lever can oscillate with a harmonic motion, except for the support and node points, which are stationary. For the fundamental vibration frequency, the only point that is stationary is the support at one end of the lever. Clearly, if the lever vibrates at more than one frequency, it will assume a shape composed of a linear combination of its normal modes, provided the amplitude of vibration is small enough.
Prelude to the Fifth Column Scare
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war against Germany. The President argued that Berlin’s resort to unrestricted submarine warfare undermined freedom of the seas, violated the rights of neutrals, and jeopardized American lives and property. Though Wilson focused principally on Berlin’s submarine warfare as the source of conflict between the two nations, he also cited as a casus belli the Imperial Government’s willingness to run espionage, sabotage, and subversion campaigns in America: One of the things that has served to convince us that the Prussian autocracy was not and could never be our friend is that from the very outset of the present war it has filled our unsuspecting com munities and even our offices of government with spies. Indeed, it is now evident that it spies and sets criminal intrigues everywhere afoot against our national unity of counsel, our peace within and without, our industries and our commerce. Indeed, it is now evident that its spies were here even before the war began; and it is unhappily not a matter of mere conjecture but a fact proved in our courts of justice that the intrigues which have more than once come perilously near to disturbing the industries of the country have been carried on at the instigation, with the support, and even under the personal direction of official agents of the Imperial Government ac credited to the Government of the United States.
“Perfidious Albion”
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as the Prime Minister of Great Britain on May 10, 1940. The Churchill government initiated a new intimacy in Anglo-American relations. From the beginning of his tenure in office, Churchill pursued policies aimed at fully involving the United States in the war effort against Hitler. In 1940 and 1941 the United States and Great Britain jointly undertook a series of dramatic steps which served to draw the two English-speaking powers together: these steps included the destroyers for bases deal (August 1940), the Lend-Lease bill (March 1941), and the drafting of the Atlantic Charter (August 1941).
United States Penitentiary, Atlanta
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

This uprising by Cuban nationals lasted 11 days, involved more than 100 hostages, and required protracted negotiations to resolve. It occurred concurrently with a nine-day disturbance, also by Cuban nationals, at the Federal Detention Center, Oakdale, Louisiana. The combined cost of the two riots to the federal government was over $100 million. (Both the Atlanta and Oakdale facilities are part of the Bureau of Prisons [BOP], U.S. Department of Justice.)

Like the Attica riot of 15 years earlier, the Atlanta and Oakdale incidents became benchmarks against which to compare other prison disturbances and strategies to resolve them. The BOP itself undertook the task of redesigning its emergency response strategy based on what it learned from Atlanta and Oakdale. Those changes were put to the test in the summer of 1991 when Cuban detainees rioted at Talladega, Alabama (see chapter 3).
Mack Alford Correctional Center, Oklahoma
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

The May 1988 riot at Oklahoma’s Mack Alford Correctional Center did not take prison officials by surprise. Before the disturbance, and in the course of its development, prison officials took what seemed to be reasonable and correct actions to prevent it, and then to limit its expansion.

But expand it did. Over a two-hour period, inmates were able to seize eight hostages and take over two-thirds of the prison. The causes of this riot lay not so much in the conditions of confinement or the structural features of the situation as in the spiral of conflict itself. Despite the absence of substantive issues, a negotiated settlement was achieved, raising the more general question of what negotiations are about.
Coxsackie Correctional Facility, New York
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

Collective violence is a continuation of politics by other means, says sociologist William Gamson. It is as “instrumental in its nature as a lobbyist trying to get special favor for his group or a major political party conducting a presidential campaign.” The Tillys maintain that urban riots, like the ones in the U.S. cities in the 1960s, deserve a “strongly political interpretation.”

The argument—or image—is not implausible, even for prison riots. We know that inmates have used riots to advance political agendas, as the Atlanta riot illustrates. It is a mistake, however, to spin such occurrences into a general theory of what prison riots are like and are about.

This disturbance in a New York prison is very far from politics. It would be a stretch of some length to argue that the key demand, a telephone call by the inmate leader to his stepfather, flowed out of collective interest. By any reasonable standard, the means used were grossly disproportionate to the ends sought. The outcome was not any sort of prison reform, other than tighter security, but rather long prison sentences for the instigators.
Before the Riot
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

It is unrealistic to expect that any process can produce a riot control plan that anticipates all possible occurrences. Unexpected turns of event force officials to improvise. The riot may be of much greater scope than thought possible, or it may occur without warning. In matters of organization and strategy, corrections professionals are still learning and sometimes disagree. They must make instantaneous decisions with incomplete information; almost inevitably, hindsight will reveal some of these decisions to be mistakes.

But this does not mean that riot resolution must be left to chance or that riot control plans are useless exercises. Vigilance by correctional staff may thwart a planned rebellion. A rapid mobilization of force may prevent an incident involving a few inmates in a small area from mushrooming into a full-scale disturbance. In appropriate circumstances, either negotiation or the use of force may result in a speedier resolution with fewer casualties.
After the Riot
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

The tasks to be accomplished in the aftermath of a riot, properly considered, may involve a period of years. They consist not only of the shortterm task of rescoring the prison, but also of repairing the damage, returning staff to work, and in the long-term restoring or changing the structure of the institution or department.

After the inmates have surrendered, prison officials must search for contraband, move inmates to secure units, assess damage, and clear the count. Medical care must be provided to hostages and inmates as needed. Evidence must be collected for future prosecutions. If outside staff or law enforcement personnel were requested, they must be released from duty as the danger recedes.

At Camp Hill, some of the essential postriot tasks were not completed. Weapons and other debris were left in the hallways of the blocks and the locking mechanisms operating cell doors had been compromised. The prison administration was eager to return the prison to normal and geared its action toward that goal rather than first ensuring that the facility was really secure.
Introduction
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y
Published: November 2023

In 1900, Max Planck postulated that the energy spectrum of blackbody radiation is quantized. Five years later, Albert Einstein introduced the notion of light quanta. Physicists realized that quantum ideas are essential to the understanding of atomic structures; classical physics is inadequate. It took two decades of intensive research and the fresh minds of a new generation that included Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, and Paul Dirac to develop nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics quickly became the basis of a large part of physics including atomic, molecular, and solid-state phenomena. However, in nuclear and high-energy physics, it is unsatisfactory because it is incompatible with the principle of special relativity advanced by Einstein in 1905.
Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y
Published: November 2023

Quantum mechanics was developed to understand atomic structures. In 1925, Heisenberg introduced observables, which embodies the concept of quantum dynamical variables. Unlike classical variables, observables can be incompatible with each other. With Max Born, Paul Dirac, Pascual Jordan, and Wolfgang Pauli, they developed matrix mechanics. Six months later Schrodinger, working independently, launched wave mechanics. It introduced the wave function, which embodies the concept of quantum-mechanical states and the principle of superposition.
Relativity and Symmetry
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y
Published: November 2023

What is geometry, as distinct from other mathematics? Nowadays the branches of mathematics are so intermingled a clear delineation is hard to make. Loosely speaking, algebraic structures are characterized by a set of operations or laws of composition such as addition or multiplication. Topological structures incorporate the concepts of neighborhood, limit, and continuity, which give rise to the idea of abstract spaces. The fundamental relations of topology, such as that of inclusion or “part of,” are qualitative. Algebraic topology and algebraic geometry make a topological structure quantifiable by coordinating it to an algebraic structure, for instance, the real number system.
Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y
Published: November 2023

James Clerk Maxwell synthesized the works of Michael Faraday and others and originated the theory of electromagnetism in 1865. It is our first field theory; it introduced a new form of matter, the electromagnetic field. At first, people accustomed to mechanical models thought that the field needed a medium of propagation, the ether. Soon they found the mechanical scaffold was theoretically superfluous and experimentally dubious. Any lingering predilection for the ether was dashed by the failure of Albert Michelson’ s heroic effort to detect it. The compatibility of the behavior of the electromagnetic field with the motions of its sources, which are ponderous bodies, became the outstanding problem in physics. It drew the efforts of many physicists, including Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincare, and was solved by Einstein’ s theory of special relativity.
Introduction
Authors: Osterman Paul
Published: November 2023

America is reinventing how it works. Battered by international competition from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s and chastened by lagging productivity, American firms invested heavily in new technology; experimented widely with workplace innovations such as self-managed work teams; climbed on the quality bandwagon, making Total Quality Management and customer satisfaction the new mantra; reengineered the structure of the corporation; and divested themselves of both businesses and employees that were not seen as “core.” The result is that for nearly every group of employees the terms and conditions of employment have changed, in many cases quite dramatically. Whether these changes are on balance good or bad is by no means clear. For many workers, jobs require more diverse activities with more responsibility, the demand for skills is rising, and the rate of job creation has itself been impressive. Offsetting this are stagnating incomes for most Americans and insecurity even in the face of declining unemployment rates.
Evolution Of Management Roles In A Networked Organization:An Insider’s View of the Hewlett-Packard Company
Authors: Beckman Sara L
Published: November 2023

A new organizational form is capturing the attention of practitioners and academics alike. This form, described in the management literature as the “virtual corporation” (Davidow and Malone, 1992), by economists as a “Mobius strip” organizational form (Sabel, 1991) residing somewhere between the hierarchical and market forms, and by organizational behaviorists, (e.g., Miles and Snow, 1986), as a highly evolved form of the “organic” organization, originally defined by Bums and Stalker in 1961, applies to organizations operating in highly fluid environments for which managing numerous internal and external relationships in a dynamic, real-time fashion is critically important.
Redefining Success:Ethnographic Observations on the Careers of Technicians
Authors: Zabusky Stacia E , Barley Stephen R
Published: November 2023

Two broad interpretations of the apparently dwindling opportunities for advancement are plausible. The most prevalent suggests that the world of work has become leaner and meaner, but that it remains essentially the same. From this perspective advancement is still possible, fewer people will simply succeed. Most commentators on the landscape of changing opportunity adopt this perspective. They counsel aspirants to gird themselves for lives in flatter organizations where assent will not only be precarious, but corporate ladders will look more like step stools. The watchwords of adaptation are flexibility, life-long learning, a willingness to take advantage of openings wherever they lead, and most importantly, increased self-reliance and self-reflection (see Henkoff, 1993; Kiechel, 1994; Sherman, 1994). The new rhetoric of adaptation sounds a familiar theme: rewards will come to those who take responsibility for themselves. Social Darwiists of the late 19th century would feel at home with such advice.
Methodology of Social Sciences
Authors: Sadri Ahmad , Vidich Arthur J
Published: November 2023

It is neither the conventional etiquette of Weberian scholarship nor a peculiar logical predilection that prompts us to begin a book about intellectuals with a chapter on methodology. To console those with a distaste for the formal and the abstract, let us recall that Weber himself regarded the obsessive methodological discus­ sions of his time with a sense of detachment and even irony. Why then did he defer pursuing his main interest in the grand, substan­ tive sociological and historical questions, to dedicate a few years of his life to methodological reflections, ultimately contributing to what he had dubbed the “methodological pestilence “? There are good reasons to believe that the prime motive of Max Weber to work on methodology was to provide a viable answer to the Methodenstreit, the protracted controversy between the legacy of Enlightenment as represented in the theoretically abstract argu­ ments of the Austrian school of economics on the one side, and the Romantic individualism and historicism of the German historical school on the other.1 Without rejecting the prior suggestion, I would like to advance the thesis that the purpose of Weber’s method­ ological reflections was to mend a problem that was intrinsic to his own universe of discourse. Weber’s methodology represents an immanent attempt to bridge the gap that existed between his own individualistic epistemological and methodological premises, on one hand, and the kind of intellectual apparatus he needed for the pursuit of his interest in substantive civilizational and historical analyses, on the other. It is not reasonable to assume that Weber
Some Wavelet Algorithms For Turbulence Analysis and Modeling
Authors: Liandrat J
Published: November 2023

It is well recognized that the physics of transition and turbulence in shear flows is associated with nonhomogeneous data fields due to the occurrence of localized phenomena. For example, intermittency related to high frequency components in fully-developed turbulence, turbulent spots in some transition processes, coherent structures of various types in turbulent shear flows are indeed classical concepts in fluid mechanics. Their analysis, understanding and modeling remain, however, one of the current active topics of research. In all these examples, the definition of local phenomenon is never clear, mainly because of the lack of a good analytical or computational tools suited for their study. For similar reasons, the dynamic (i.e. time-dependent) analysis of these phenomena is still an open problem.
Wavelet Analysis Of Fractals: from the Mathematical Concepts to Experimental Reality
Authors: Arneodo A
Published: November 2023

Fractal and multifractal concepts (Mandelbrot 1977, 1982; Halsey et al. 1986; Paladin & Vulpiani 1987) are now widely used to characterize multiscale phenomena that occur in a variety of physical situations (Stanley & Ostrowski 1986, 1988; Pietronero & Tosatti 1986; Guttinger & Dangelmayr 1987; Feder 1988; Aharony & Feder 1989; Vicsek 1989; Family & Vicsek 1991). In its present form, the multi fractal approach is basically adapted to describe statistically the scaling properties of singular measures (Benzi et al. 1984; Yul et al. 1984; Halsey et al. 1986; Badii 1987; Collet et al. 1987; Feigenbaum 1987; Jensen et al. 1987; Paladin & Vulpiani 1987; Mandelbrot 1989a; Rand 1989). Notable examples of such measures include the invariant probability distribution on a strange attractor (Halsey et al. 1986; Collet et al. 1987; Rand 1989), the distribution of voltage drops across a random resistor network (Stanley & Ostrnwski 1986, 1988; Feder 1988; Bunde & Havlin 1991), the distribution of growth probabilities on the boundary of diffusion-limited aggregate ( Feder 1988; Meakin 1988; Vicsek 1989) and the spatial distribution of the dissipation field of fully developed turbulence (Mandelbrot 1974; Pal adin & Vulpiani 1987; Frisch & Orszag 1990; Meneveau & Sreeni va.san 1991).