bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic use on acute respiratory tract infection nonpneumonia and nonspecific diarrhea in Primary Health Care Centre in Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Wardani Rizky Liestya , Suharjono  , Kuntaman  , Widjaja Agus
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) nonpneumonia and nonspecific diarrhea are the most common cases in primary health care centre (PHCC) in Indonesia with the enormous use of antibiotics. The aims of this study were to analyze the antibiotic use and factors affected to the quality of antibiotic use in PHCC in Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Methods

The study was conducted in four PHCCs, two in urban and two in rural areas. All of the patients visited these PHCCs since March to April 2018 were recruited as samples after signing informed consent. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.

Results

There were no significant difference in antibiotic use between urban and rural PHCC, both on ARTI nonpneumonia and nonspecific diarrhea. The most prescribed antibiotics were amoxycillin and cephadroxil. Based on DDD/1,000 patients-day calculation, the quantity of antibiotics in urban PHCC was 3,544.4 and in rural PHCC was 3,478.6. Physicians with more than seven years of service, both in rural and urban PHCCs, were prescribe the antibiotics higher than who had been working for shorter period. There were no significant difference between physicians who had trained on rational drug use and had not trained yet in urban PHCC (p=0.874), while in rural PHCC there were a significant difference among them.

Conclusions

The quantitative analysis showed that the antibiotics use in DDD in urban PHCC was 3,544.416 and in rural PHCC was 3,478.693. Factors affected to the quality of antibiotic use were physician’s years of service and rational drug use training’s.
Thymoquinone and its derivatives against breast cancer with HER2 positive: in silico studies of ADMET, docking and QSPR
Authors: Wulandari Adinda Adelia , Choiri Achmad Aziz , Fitria  , Widiandani Tri
Published: July 2021

Objectives

The high prevalence of HER2-positive breast cancer has become a significant concern in the health sector. The problem is more complex with the side effects of breast cancer drugs currently used. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main bioactive compound in Nigella sativa, has been shown to have anticancer activity. However, it is necessary to modify the structure of the thymoquinone derivatives to improve drug bioavailability. This study uses an in silico approach to predict pharmacokinetic profile, docking, quantitative structure–properties relationship (QSPR) of new thymoquinone-derived compounds as candidates cytotoxic agent for breast cancer with HER-2 positive.

Methods

The prediction of ADMET was using pkCSM online. Molecular docking was used to determine thymoquinone derivatives activity using Molegro Virtual Docker version 5.5 by docking the thymoquinone derivatives to the HER2 receptor targets, PDB ID 3PP0 and QSPR analysis using the IBM SPSS 21 version.

Results

The 35 thymoquinone derivatives showed good physicochemical and absorption properties and not hepatotoxic, so they are suitable for oral drugs. The molecular docking of 35 thymoquinone derivatives against 3PP0 proteins showed better activity than thymoquinone. One of the thymoquinone derivatives, TQ 15, showed the largest negative RS value, meaning that is predicted to have the highest anticancer activity. Based on the QSPR analysis, the essential parameter in determining 35 thymoquinone derivatives activity was the lipophilic and steric parameter.

Conclusions

Based on in silico test, thymoquinone derivative, TQ 15, had the potential to be further developed as a HER2-positive breast cancer drug.
Attenuation of hyperplasia in lung parenchymal and colonic epithelial cells in DMBA-induced cancer by administering Andrographis paniculata Nees extract using animal model
Authors: Budiatin Aniek Setiya , Sagitaras Ilham Bagus , Nurhayati Ika Putri , Khairah Nismatun , Nisak Khoirotin , Susilo Imam , Khotib Junaidi
Published: July 2021

Objectives

This study was designed to evaluate the potential of Andrographis paniculata ethanolic extract to inhibit the increase in proliferation and induction of abnormal cell death.

Methods

The hyperplasia stage as an early stage of cancer development was induced by oral administration of 20 mg/Kg BW DMBA to SD rats twice a week for 5 weeks. There were five groups in this study include negative control, positive control, and treatment groups of DMBA induction followed by administration of A. paniculata ethanolic extract in doses equivalent to 10, 30 or 100 mg/Kg BW andrographolide once per day for 6 consecutive weeks. On the last day, rats were sacrificed, lung and colon tissues were collected. Histological examination by HE staining and immunohistochemistry using p53, telomerase, and caspase-3 antibodies were aimed at observing hyperplasia state in these tissues.

Results

DMBA induction to SD rats was able to produce hyperplasia in lung parenchymal and colon epithelial tissue. This can be showed by the increasing number of proliferated cells and as indicated by the number of brown-colored nuclei with sharper intensity. As well telomerase appears to be overexpressed strongly, while p53 and caspase-3 show low intensity. The administration of A. paniculata extract for 6 weeks showed a decrease in the number of cells that actively proliferate, a decrease in telomerase activity, and an increase in caspase-3 levels which indicate cellular death activity.

Conclusions

A. paniculata ethanolic extract can inhibit the development of cancer at the hyperplasia stage by reducing telomerase activity and increasing apoptosis, marked by an increase of caspase-3 expressions.
Cocrystal formation of loratadine-succinic acid and its improved solubility
Authors: Setyawan Dwi , Adyaksa Firdaus Rendra , Sari Hanny Lystia , Paramita Diajeng Putri , Sari Retno
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Loratadine belongs to Class II compound of biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) due its low solubility and high membrane permeability. Cocrystal is a system of multicomponent crystalline that mostly employed to improve solubility. Succinic acid is one of common coformer in cocrystal modification. This research aims to investigate cocrystal formation between loratadine and succinic acid and its effect on solubility property of loratadine.

Methods

Cocrystal of loratadine-succinic acid was prepared by solution method using methanol as the solvent. Cocrystal formation was identified under observation of polarization microscope and analysis of the binary phase diagram. The cocrystal phase was characterized by differential thermal analysis (DTA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Solubility study was conducted in phosphate-citrate buffer pH 7.0 ± 0.5 at 30 ± 0.5 °C.

Results

Loratadine is known to form cocrystal with succinic acid in 1:1 M ratio. Cocrystal phase has lower melting point at 110.9 °C. Powder diffractograms exhibited new diffraction peaks at 2θ of 5.28, 10.09, 12.06, 15.74, 21.89, and 28.59° for cocrystal phase. IR spectra showed that there was a shift in C=O and O–H vibration, indicating intermolecular hydrogen bond between loratadine and succinic acid. SEM microphotographs showed different morphology for cocrystal phase. Loratadine solubility in cocrystal phase was increased up to 2-fold compared to loratadine alone.

Conclusions

Cocrystal of loratadine and succinic acid is formed by stoichiometry of 1:1 via C=O and H–O interaction. Cocrystal phase shows different physicochemical properties and responding to those properties, it shows improved loratadine solubility as well.
Effectiveness of citicoline in pediatric patients with refractive amblyopia in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Loebis Rozalina , Zulkarnain Bambang Subakti , Siswanto Fitri Amalia
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Amblyopia is a decrease of visual acuity that cannot be attributed to any structural abnormality of the eye or visual system, causing a partial or complete loss of vision due to inadequate stimulation in early life. Citicoline has been reported to improve visual acuity in amblyopic eyes as adjuvant treatment. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of citicoline in pediatric patients with refractive amblyopia in ophthalmology daily practices.

Methods

This was a retrospective–descriptive study with a time limited sampling method. This study was conducted at Surabaya Eye Clinic, East Java, Indonesia, by reviewing medical records for the period of January 2018 to December 2019.

Results

A total of 34 eyes were included in the study with the majority aged five years (41.2%) and six years (35.3%). The severity of amblyopia varied among patients, 21 eyes (61.76%) had mild amblyopia, seven eyes (20.59%) had moderate amblyopia, and two eyes (5.88%) had severe amblyopia. The duration of given therapy also varied, 18 eyes (52.94%) were given 3 months therapy, two eyes were given 4 months therapy, 12 eyes were given 6 months therapy, and two eyes were given 8 months therapy. Citicoline was found effective in mild and moderate amblyopia and for the duration of 3 and 6 months (p<0.05). In others group who did not showed statistically significant improvement was due to inadequate samples but clinically significant improvement was noted.

Conclusions

Citicoline therapy resulted in a clinically and statistically improvement in refractive amblyopia patients.
Cost of illness of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia: a systematic review
Authors: Patty Yohana Febriani Putri Peu , Mufarrihah  , Nita Yunita
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of insulin metabolism disorder that affects the socio-economic conditions of the community. The cost of treating diabetes in 2019 was USD 760 billion and by 2045 there are predicted to be 700 million people living with diabetes. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the economic burden caused by Diabetes Mellitus for the government, health care providers, and for the community.

Methods

This systematic review was carried out by considering the related studies about the cost of illness, evaluation of disease costs, or therapeutic costs for various types of diabetes mellitus that were published in both English and Indonesian. The search engines PUBMED, DOAJ, SCOPUS, SCIENCE DIRECT, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were used without date published restrictions.

Results

A systematic search identifies 18 eligible studies conducted in various regions in Indonesia. The study was retrospective with variation in their perspectives and methods to estimate the diabetes cost. Drug cost was the major contributor to direct medical cost followed by complications cost while other cost was affected by transportation cost, productivity losses, and time spent by family accompanying patients.

Conclusions

Diabetes mellitus creates a significant financial burden and affects the health care system as well as the individual and society as a whole. Research about the cost of diabetes in the future should be carried out on a large scale in order to get a more specific cost estimation.
The BNSR-invariants of the Stein group 𝐹2,3
Authors: Spahn Robert , Zaremsky Matthew C. B.
Published: July 2021

The Stein group

F

2
,
3

F_{2,3}

is the group of orientation-preserving piecewise linear homeomorphisms of the unit interval with slopes of the form

2
p

⁢

3
q

2^{p}3^{q}

(

p
,
q

∈
Z

p,q\in\mathbb{Z}

) and breakpoints in

Z
⁢

[

1
6

]

\mathbb{Z}[\frac{1}{6}]

.
This is a natural relative of Thompson’s group 𝐹.
In this paper, we compute the Bieri–Neumann–Strebel–Renz (BNSR) invariants

Σ
m

⁢

(

F

2
,
3

)

\Sigma^{m}(F_{2,3})

of the Stein group for all

m
∈
N

m\in\mathbb{N}

.
A consequence of our computation is that (as with 𝐹) every finitely presented normal subgroup of

F

2
,
3

F_{2,3}

is of type

F
∞

\operatorname{F}_{\infty}

.
Another, more surprising, consequence is that (unlike 𝐹) the kernel of any map

F

2
,
3

→
Z

F_{2,3}\to\mathbb{Z}

is of type

F
∞

\operatorname{F}_{\infty}

, even though there exist maps

F

2
,
3

→

Z
2

F_{2,3}\to\mathbb{Z}^{2}

whose kernels are not even finitely generated.
In terms of BNSR-invariants, this means that every discrete character lies in

Σ
∞

⁢

(

F

2
,
3

)

\Sigma^{\infty}(F_{2,3})

, but there exist (non-discrete) characters that do not even lie in

Σ
1

⁢

(

F

2
,
3

)

\Sigma^{1}(F_{2,3})

.
To the best of our knowledge,

F

2
,
3

F_{2,3}

is the first group whose BNSR-invariants are known exhibiting these properties.
New insights into neural networks of error monitoring and clinical implications: a systematic review of ERP studies in neurological diseases
Authors: Lenzoni Sabrina , Baker Joshua , Sumich Alexander L. , Mograbi Daniel C.
Published: July 2021

Error monitoring allows for the efficient performance of goal-directed behaviors and successful learning. Furthermore, error monitoring as a metacognitive ability may play a crucial role for neuropsychological interventions, such as rehabilitation. In the past decades, research has suggested two electrophysiological markers for error monitoring: the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe), thought to reflect, respectively, error detection and error awareness. Studies on several neurological diseases have investigated the alteration of the ERN and the Pe, but these findings have not been summarized. Accordingly, a systematic review was conducted to understand what neurological conditions present alterations of error monitoring event-related potentials and their relation with clinical measures. Overall, ERN tended to be reduced in most neurological conditions while results related to Pe integrity are less clear. ERN and Pe were found to be associated with several measures of clinical severity. Additionally, we explored the contribution of different brain structures to neural networks underlying error monitoring, further elaborating on the domain-specificity of error processing and clinical implications of findings. In conclusion, electrophysiological signatures of error monitoring could be reliable measures of neurological dysfunction and a robust tool in neuropsychological rehabilitation.
Evelyne Sanchez, El juez, el notario y el caudillo: análisis de un juicio verbal en Tlaxcala durante la Revolución
Authors: Pulido Esteva Diego
Published: July 2021

Reseña a: Evelyn Sanchez, El juez, el notario y el caudillo: análisis de un juicio verbal en Tlaxcala durante la Revolución
Pablo Whipple, La gente decente de Lima y su resistencia al orden republicano
Authors: Sánchez Parra Cristina
Published: July 2021

Reseña a: Pablo Whipple, La gente decente de Lima y su resistencia al orden republicano
Presentación tema central. México y los intercambios académicos latinoamericanos durante el siglo XX
Authors: Rivera Mir Sebastián
Published: July 2021

Los textos reunidos en este expediente investigan los flujos de profesores chilenos, médicos costarricenses y agrónomos guatemaltecos y sus experiencias de estudio, formación o capacitación en México. Dos elementos centrales que sirvieron de base para desarrollar los presentes textos son, en primer lugar, la necesidad de analizar los intercambios académicos más allá de las relaciones de desequilibrio establecidas entre Estados Unidos y los países latinoamericanos y, en un segundo nivel, la exigencia de pensar los intercambios como viajes de ida y vuelta.
К вопросу совершенствования финансирования научных проектов в Российской Федерации
Authors:   Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Novikov Oleg
Published: July 2021

At present, the problems of funding research activities and taxation of research grants are inextricably linked. Science financing, according to the leadership of our country, is of paramount importance and must be accompanied by breakthrough discoveries in its various fields. At the same time, in practice, there are questions of how the grantees will receive full budget funds for scientific research. The Author in a series of articles explores the mechanism of appointment, the use of grants as well as controversial issues of their taxation and makes suggestions for improvement in this area.
Digitalization and remote communication with the tax administrator in the time of Covid and post-covid
Authors:   Masaryk University, Czech Republic, Křížová Tereza
Published: July 2021

Today’s rapid times with the rapid development of technology require a change in the performance of obligations of citizens and companies to the state. Whereas in the past we were content with the paper form of communication, now we are slowly abandoning it. The entire process has now been accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the reaction time varies from industry to industry. In public administration in general, gradual digitalization is inevitable, but very slow. This happens due to a number of factors, such as the transparency of public procurement, insufficient system readiness or insufficient staff qualifications. Last but not least, a lot of sensitive data is sent when communicating with the tax administrator, so emphasis must also be placed on cyber security and data protection. It is the public sector in the Czech Republic that often faces the problem of outdated systems that have not been improved and changed for many years. Another long-discussed issue is the interconnectivity of individual systems that did not communicate with each other. This paper deals with changes in communication with the tax administrator on the example of the Czech Republic. The paper emphasizes the state before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, and predictions of the future development of digitalization in the tax administration.
Obyś cudze dzieci uczył (np. na Wołyniu lub Polesiu)! O szkole we wschodnich województwach międzywojennej Polski
Authors:   Instytut Filologii Polskiej, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Kopeć Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The article attempts to analyze the functioning of Polish schools in the interwar period in the eastern regions of the Second Polish Republic. The common stereotypes, rooted also in literature, projected a popular image of backwardness, in comparison with the population from other parts of Poland. For that reason, education was determined as a high priority after 1918. The schools in eastern regions, beside performing their educational function, also disseminated information and political propaganda. The teaching conditions in such schools were also complex, given the national and ethnic composition of children. Ksawery Pruszyński in his reportage Prawo do Wołynia demonstrates that not all efforts were equally satisfactory.
Hermeneutyka pamięci. O Domu z dwiema wieżami Macieja Zaremby Bielawskiego
Authors:   Wydział Humanistyczno-Społeczny, Akademia Techniczno-Humanistyczna w Bielsku-Białej, Kopczyk Michał
Published: July 2021

This article concerns an autobiographical narrative written by a Polish-Swedish writer and journalist Maciej Zaremba Bielawski (born in 1951). It focuses on the process of translating concepts and categories related to the Polish realities into the language and system of concepts that are comprehensive to Swedish readers. This process occurs at three levels: linguistic (Polish versus Swedish), cultural (realities related to the Polish, Swedish and Jewish cultures), and identity (a narrator who identifies himself with three cultures, though to a different degree and in different ways). The narrator lives in a few cultural and linguistic spaces, distancing himself from each of them. Keeping the distance allows him to focus on himself and to practice self-reflection (the main motivation for writing the book in question). It also instigates a process that is not only self-cognitive but also self-therapeutic for the writer.
Czym bywa most Mirabeau – o śmierci (nie) w Paryżu
Authors:   Instytut Filologii Polskiej, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Czyżak Agnieszka
Published: July 2021

This article presents the connections between geography and literature leaning on the material of texts written in the 20th century by authors from many different countries. Poems from the body of work by Guillaume Apollinaire, C´esar Valejo, Jorge Luis Borges, Natałka Biłocerkiweć, Antoni Pawlak and their common main theme “death in Paris” are treated as examples of unique and significant evidence of the human experience of space. The interpretations of those literary creations may help us to understand the processes of locating a single existence. This is understood as a path that leads to self-awareness.
Nekrolog jako składnik elegijnego świata poetyckiego i jako tekst metapoetycki w wybranych utworach Eugeniusza Tkaczyszyna-Dyckiego
Authors:   Kolegium Literaturoznawstwa, Wydział Filologiczny, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Trusewicz Szymon
Published: July 2021

The article interprets the selected poems by Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki which use the trope of obituary. The author points out its functions. First, the obituary introduces an elegiac tone that characterizes the poet as a melancholic subject, focused on the theme of a funeral. Second, this form has a meta-poetic function which allows an affective and linguistic reflection on the experience of death.
Od czego zależy charakter recenzji? Analiza funkcjonowania gatunku w czasopismach XIX i XX wieku
Authors:   Wydział Polonistyki, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Matoga Paweł
Published: July 2021

The review as a genre has not so far received enough critical attention. Its various forms have been acknowledged but without a deeper consideration for the evolution of the genre. The article analyzes the reviews from the periodicals and newspapers from the 19th and 20th centuries. The author points out that the character of reviews depended on the type of a periodical, the section, and the character of the reviewed work. He also outlines the development of the genre, starting from the reviews focused on book summary and ending with the reviews that aim at assessment and interpretation.
Stereotypy i fantazje. Science fiction i psychologia
Authors:   Kolegium Literaturoznawstwa, Wydział Filologiczny, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Leś Mariusz M.
Published: July 2021

The article presents a critical analysis of a monograph by Gavin Miller, Science Fiction and Psychology (2020), and offers a subjective reading of the book. The author of the article believes that Miller’s book presents an inspirational and thorough reading of the classical and contemporary science fiction which revises the interaction between two spheres of human activity, cultural and scientific. By analyzing the presence of utopian thinking which provides the groundwork for Miller’s considerations, the author notes that the scholar places great emphasis on scientific discourse and methodology.
Conan Edogawa – detektyw z komiksów Gōshō Aoyamy jako superbohater
Authors:   Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych, Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN w Krakowie, Chudoba Marcin
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper is a character analysis of Conan Edogawa – the protagonist of Meitantei Conan by Gōshō Aoyama – as a variation of the superhero. The research material includes manga, animated series adaptation and related cinematic films. The broadly understood criminal novel (mostly the Sherlock Holmes cycle by Arthur Conan Doyle) was the source of inspiration for the Japanese artist. The analysis of the collected material demonstrates that the described franchise used a transmedia narration. Both Aoyama and the authors of animated adaptations use transfictionality in their works. With the combined usage of the criminal and superhero elements, the Japanese artist created an omnipotent and omniscient superhero detective who can solve any mystery.
Ewolucja władzy rodzicielskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem instytucji pieczy naprzemiennej (joint physical custody)
Authors:   Uniwersytet Śląski, Kamińska Katarzyna
Published: July 2021

The article is intended to determine the legal character and substance of joint physical custody in Polish family law, with a special focus on American experiences with joint custody. To this date, the institution of joint physical custody has not been regulated expressis verbis in Polish family law. However, current provisions do not preclude de lege lata such a manner of exercising parental authority. The term joint physical custody, although not mentioned in the text of the Family and Guardianship Code, does appear in the text of the State Aid for Child Support Act, but without a definition or any specification. Furthermore, provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure make reference to a judgment, in which the court deemed that the child would reside with each of the parents over recurring periods of time. It is appropriate to presume that these provisions, introduced by the Act of 25 June 2015, are intended to apply to joint physical custody, although it should be stressed that the term in question is not used in the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, either. Hence, the matter in question is surrounded by considerable legal uncertainty, causing citizens to be treated differently by courts and public administration authorities. The above-mentioned general objective were achieved through method of analysis of the content of Article 58 § 1 and Article 107 § 1 of the Family and Guardianship Code, as well as method of conceptual analysis - analysis of the following concepts: ,,joint physical custody” and ,,alternating parental authority”. Furthermore, it has been explained why a concept of ,,joint physical custody” is better than ,,joint physical care”. In the article, the standard of the ,,best interest of the child” (which is an American equivalent of the ,,child welfare”) was discussed. This standard is not easy as it might seem. In this context, there has been intense discussion in case law and legal literature on implementation of two heuristics: ,,tender years presumption” and ,,primary care-taker preference”. Based on American legal literature, the following types of joint physical custody have been discussed: long-term block time, alternating short-term block time, birdnest and free access. Furthermore, most popular in the United States joint physical custody schedules were collected and collated. An analysis of the selected American case-law was dedicated to ascertain that institution of joint physical custody is not uniform and may cause problems in the courts. This problem was also dealt with in the context of approximation standard, otherwise known as past caretaking standard. The main research hypothesis is as follows: joint custody does not denote only symmetrical child care arrangements, and its correct application by courts is contingent upon courts taking into account a number of individual factors.
Protección jurídica de la infancia y la adolescencia en España tras la aprobación de la Convención de las naciones unidas de los derechos del niño de 1989
Authors:   Universidad de La Laguna, Capote Pérez Luis Javier , Calzadilla Medina Mª Aránzazu ,   Universidad de La Laguna
Published: July 2021

The present paper is about the regulation appliable to childhood and adolescence in the Spanish Law, with special emphasis on the changes derived from the entry into force of the 1978 Spanish Constitution and its influence in the Civil Law area. The article hast two parts. First one begins with the description of origins of the preoccupation for children and teenagers, at the end of the 18th century and the progressive development of politics focused on their protection during de 19th century. Below, there is a brief exposition of the international dimension of scientific and legal treatment, beginning with the celebration of conferences and congresses dedicated to children and continuing with 1924 y 1959 declarations of the rights of the child. Finally, there is another brief description, focused on the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child. The second part is centered on the Spanish Law and its rules for the protection of children and teenagers. Firstly, there is a brief historical description, centered over the Spanish perspective in the progressive and growing interest in childhood. Secondly, there is a legal description of Spanish Law rules on the subject, beginning with 1978 Spanish Constitution and continuing with the enumeration of modifications of Civil Law acts, derived from the return of Spain to democracy and the ratification of 1989 Convention.
Convention on the Rights of the Child and some aspects of civil law and family law
Authors:   Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Szeibert Orsolya
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper is to have a look at some institutions of civil law and family law in the light of the requirements of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of this Convention. The child’s incapacity or limited capacity to act, the child marriage and the child’s right to be heard shall be envisaged from a legal historical perspective with a special regard to the age-limits and the modifications of these age-limits on the field of civil law and family law. The subject of the historical overview is the concerned regulations of Hungary, namely the changes in the Hungarian legal rules and the regulations of the effective Hungarian Civil Code which entered into force in 2014. The paper would like to provide a guide for a travel from the end of the nineteenth century to today’s legal rules on the field of age-limits in connection with the above-mentioned institutions which designate the child’s legal position concerning some children’s rights. Some issues of the judiciary concerning the child’s right to be heard in family law proceedings will be mentioned as well to highlight a problem of the everyday legal life. The final aim of this historical travel is to discover whether the discussed legal rules being in force today meet the requirements of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and to compare the legal attitude behind the effective legal rules and the attitude of the child-focused thinking, which shall be also analysed.
Wolność religijna dziecka a władza rodzicielska
Authors:   Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Błasiak-Czerniakowska Patrycja
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this article is to analyze the child's right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion guaranteed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in the background of the parental authority. This topic in Poland is ambiguous. Poland has ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child with reservations and declarations. The declarations concerned on the rules on children's religious freedom. According to Poland, the exercise of these rights "is performed with respect for parental authority, in accordance with Polish customs and traditions, concerning the place of the child within and outside the family". Moreover, there is a certain gap between Polish Family Law and the provisions of the Convention. The Polish legislator places emphasis on the right of parents to raise children in accordance with their own beliefs, while the provisions of the Convention prioritize the child's autonomy. An additional problem in this matter is also the lack of detailed national regulations that would guarantee religious freedom for children, and also ensure the possibility of exercising these rights in practice. The legislator did not include any practical guidelines on how the child's religious freedom should be exercised and how to determine the moment when the child will be mature enough to take advantage of these guarantees. The basic research method that I used was the analysis of legal acts. I also relied on monographs and collective works devoted to family law. Due to the specific nature of the subject, Poland lacks case law of common courts on this subject.
La tutela penale del minore migrante in Italia
Authors:   Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Pighi Giorgio
Published: July 2021

Providing specific criminal protection for migrant minors requires the balance of two legal aspects related to the specific weaknesses of the children; on the one hand, the condition of the minor is characterized by the inadequate experience and specific risks of victimization; on the other hand, the migrant status is related to the lack of social and family references, economic need and diversity of culture. The protection the two mentioned legal aspects requires the enforcement of both different rules to be combined; the application of existing regulations, with the evaluation of the crime’s circumstances, as well as the definition of new criminal figures, who identify some peculiar forms of possible aggression or endangerment, are both useful solutions for the very problematic balance of the two goods. In order to provide effective protection for migrant minors, it is essential to fully implement the principle of “last resort”. Criminal protection, in fact, should only intervene in support and completion of priority preventive administrative safeguards; the administrative protection has to intervene before the commission of serious crimes, which risk compromising, even irremediably, the personality of the vulnerable minor. Otherwise, the administrative action would provide only indirect protection, with no effects on weak persons; an efficient intervention aims to preserve the fragility of the migrant child taking into account the objective risks, often very serious, due to the simultaneous of the two conditions (minor age and migration status). Criminal protection alone would not prevent the maturing of trauma, harassment, exploitation, material and educational deprivation. The law of 7 April 2017, n. 47 «Provisions regarding the protection measures for unaccompanied foreign minors» is significant in this regard.
Minori stranieri non accompagnati: ordinamenti a confronto
Authors:   Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Valente Cinzia
Published: July 2021

The contribution aims to illustrate the evolution of national and European legislation on the subject of the protection of unaccompanied minors; the effectiveness of the Italian discipline and the French one in a comparative perspective as well as the European strategy are the core of the analysis. The adoption of the Italian Law 7 Aprile 2017 n. 47, so called Zampa Law, represents an important step towards the recognition of a complete protection of migrant child in the national background; the study on the enforcement of the reform will allow the evaluation of the Italian legal system’s efficiency. On the other hand, I will analyze the remedies offered by the French system; in this context the regulation concerning children in civil code gets along with different legal source. Particular attention will be paid to the state of art in the European context looking for common rules or guidelines. The analysis of national and European results will be the objective of some conclusive remarks.
Il MSNA, tra diritti consolidati e nascenti esigenze di tutela. Il punto di vista di un ufficio Tutele Metropolitano
Authors:   Ufficio Tutele Metropolitano presso il Comune di Bologna, Vinci Dario
Published: July 2021

The Italian Juvenile Law guarantees protection to unaccompanied foreign minors, which is a child coming from non-EU countries without parents. This phenomenon, in recent years, concerns the migratory flows of refugees, who arrive from Turkey or Libya to the coasts of Italy; the journey is often dramatic and sometimes it requires to pass through other European countries. The EU Regulation - Dublin III, which entered into force on 1 January 2014, points at the competence of the EU State in which the minors arrived at first; further transfers, except the need to be reunited with family members in other EU States, are not significant for the European law. The current system of granting refugee or other forms of international protection is based on this fundamental principle. The protection of unaccompanied foreign minors in Italy is achieved through a form of "multidisciplinary" support; the legal data is only one component. In addition, there are social and educational projects as well as protection for health; the need of an effective integration is perceived. Together with the social intervention, a legal public representative, the Guardian, is appointed for unaccompanied minor. The competence belongs to the Municipality in which the minor is found or where, following a first reception, will be transferred on the basis of a regional territorial assignment, within the national system of Italian reception for refugee minors, called "SIPROIMI". The legal Guardian’s role is to guarantee children’s rights and an adequate assistance. It’s a very thorny topic in the Metropolitan Area of Bologna, which has more than a million inhabitants; all the local offices created a "Public Metropolitan Protection Office" with the aims to manage these aspects. Promoting the function of these public offices confers the role of a “third party” in the protection of the children with the assistance of social and health services.
Ocena krajowych gwarancji prawa do zdrowia dziecka po 30 latach obowiązywania Konwencji o Prawach Dziecka
Authors:   Uniwersytet Łódzki, Czechowicz Sebastian
Published: July 2021

The right to health is an intrinsic right of every person. It is counted among the fundamental rights. Nowadays, it is difficult to imagine living and functioning in society without a high level of health. This is due to the evolution of international and national health legislation and public health policies - different in each country. Undoubtedly, children and their rights are being given more and more attention in law. In this current, too, many legal acts of international importance have emerged, implemented into the national order. Among them is the postulate of the right to the health of the child, but an important right, due to the special position of the child in law. This article is devoted to the right to health. It focuses on the child as a subject of the law, who is particularly cared for by the legislator. On the basis of the present study, an analysis of legal acts concerning the right to health of a child was made. Particular attention was paid to the Convention on the Rights of the Child in view of the 30th anniversary of its entry into force. The analysis of the national legislation on the expressions of legal thought on the specific right to the health of the child gave an assessment of the level of protection of this right in Poland in the light of international standards. In the course of the analysis of national legislation, attention was drawn to selected specific regulations relating to the right to health of the child. Normative regulations were also examined in terms of their precision and continuation of the idea of continuous improvement of standards of protection of the right to child's health resulting from the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Burzliwe posiedzenie sądu pokoju w Sztabinie na tle okupacji Suwalszczyzny przez Niemców w latach 1915–1919
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Ułanowicz Mateusz
Published: July 2021

The occupation of the Suwałki Region by the Germans in years 1915-1919 is an often forgotten period in the history of this region. It is all the more amazing that the activities of the occupation forces were aimed at plunder and repression of the local population. In those years, the Polish-Lithuanian conflict also intensified, which resulted in the outbreak of the Sejny Uprising, which was victorious for Poles. When Warsaw, Kraków, or Poznań exulted with regaining their independence - terror was still going on in the Suwałki region. That is why I wrote this article, to revive the memory of those events. The impulse to write the text was that I became acquainted with the minutes of the session of the Peace Court in Sztabin, which was held on 11th June 1919. On that day, German soldiers entered the building where the court was sitting. They started beating the people who were there and they almost took Judge Leopold Zatryb's life. The angry soldiers first wanted to stab him with a bayonet and then smash the judge's head with a metal crucifix. Only the reaction of the German officer prevented more bloodshed. The mentioned minutes is the most important source that I have used. It is in the collection of the State Archives in Suwałki, along with the rest of the documents relating to the activities of German soldiers. Moreover, the memories of Jakób Rółkowski - the parish priest in Sztabin, who was persecuted by the Occupant, were also very helpful. I also used the works of, among others, G. Ryżewski and S. Buchowski.
Obraz sądownictwa i adwokatury w generalnym gubernatorstwie w okresie II wojny światowej w twórczości Karola Pędowskiego
Authors:   Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Mielnik Hubert
Published: July 2021

Karol Pędowski was an attorney who, apart from his professional, social, and political activities, also published several historical works. During the Second World War, he passed the official attorney exam and worked as an attorney, especially in the charity organization that helped prisoners. His publications contain many themes about the Warsaw judiciary and attorneys during the German occupation. These themes are shown directly, as a main topic, and indirectly in the Karol Pedowski works. The purpose of the article will be to present the image of the judiciary and attorneys in the General Government during the Second World War, which Karol Pędowski made in his publications. To achieve this purpose articles, books, and stories that contained descriptions and memories of real and fictionalized events in the history of the judiciary and attorneys during World War II were analyzed. In the article assumption was made that even in fictionalized events the author shown real and truth background, important for the topic of the article. The article, devoted to the issues of law and judiciary presented in the literature, pretends to be a study in the field of "law and literature". The issues of the judiciary and advocacy in the General Government, primarily about the Polish (non-German) judiciary, are still an undeveloped and therefore unknown research area. The assessment of the image presented by Karol Pędowski in his work shows that it has a credible character, thanks to which it complements known historical facts.
BgHSt 20, 22 und die Neubürger-Klausel des deutschen Strafanwendungsrechts – ein deutsch-polnischer Fall schreibt Rechtsgeschichte bis heute
Authors:   Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Heger Martin
Published: July 2021

In its judgment of the 4th September 1964 the German Federal Court of Justice had to deal with a German-Polish case of murder. The accused persons were members of the German minority in Poland and lived in the Western part of Poland, when German troops occupied that territory in the autumn of 1939. Short after the invasion they killed the members of a Jewish family living in the same territory. Both, the perpetrators as well as the victims were Polish nationals, when the crime was committed. The perpetrators have got the German nationality in the following. It is not clear, whether they have been naturalized by German authorities during WW II, but if not, they were seen as German nationals with the Getting-into-Force of the German Basic Law (Constitution), because they were refugees from Poland to Germany. Therefore, Article 116 § 1 Basic Law naturalized them as German nationals. For the criminal case it was crucial whether the later naturalization can give the German Justice system jurisdiction over a case which happened before the perpetrator has reached the German nationality, as it was (and still is) stated in section 4 (resp. today section 7) of the German Criminal Code. The paper should deal with the implications of this so-called "New Citizenship Clause" and with the circumstances of the case and the following cases at Western German Courts against German people for committing murder in the occupied Polish territories during WWII. Shortly after the named case, the Auschwitz trial started in Frankfurt. On that background, the paper reflects on the situation between West and East Germany as well.
Odpowiedzialność Skarbu Państwa za przejęcie nieruchomości rolnych na mocy dekretu PKWN z 6 września 1944 r. o przeprowadzeniu reformy rolnej na przykładzie majątku Lubowicz Wielki
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Stokowski Michał Paweł
Published: July 2021

The decree of the Polish Committee of National Liberation of September 6, 1944 on the land reform nationalized numerous agricultural properties, changing the ownership structure of the Polish countryside at that time. The aim of the article will be to present the actual state of the property of Lubowicz Wielki, which became a victim of the expropriation contrary to the law at that time. The current proceedings of the legal successors of the former property owners to declare the invalidity of expropriation judgments will be analyzed, as well as the issue of the State Treasury's liability for damages. The considerations will show the unprecedented nature of the facts, the negligence of the current legislator in the issue of re-privatization and the conclusions that result from the implementation of the land reform. The work was largely based on court findings, decisions of administrative bodies, memories of the current heir of Romuald K., testimonies of witnesses, as well as documents that were addressed to numerous bodies and institutions in the years 1949 - 1990. In the facts described by me, there were numerous violations by the expropriation authority, which allowed for the annulment of nationalization judgments by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2009, and then seeking compensation for damage resulting from the issue of a defective administrative decision, as well as bringing an action to establish the content of the land and mortgage register with the actual legal status, towards real estate owned by the State Treasury. The described facts are a unique and unprecedented example of the restitution of legal successors more than 70 years after the expropriation of their predecessors. The aim of the study is to answer the question of the expropriated owners or their legal successors, whether they can claim any compensation from the State Treasury today for the damage caused as a result of a faulty land reform.
IV Revolución industrial y mercado laboral en España: un escenario post covid-19
Authors: López Rodríguez Alfonso A. , González Gómez Álvaro
Published: July 2021

Resumen: el modelo de la IV Revolución industrial emerge como un nuevo paradigma productivo, basado en el cambio tecnológico, con un enorme impacto en los mercados laborales con cambios estructurales y permanentes. El caso español es relevante por ser una economía vinculada a una organización supranacional de integración a la que ha cedido su soberanía monetaria. Las peculiaridades de la estructura económica del país explican el funcionamiento del mercado laboral muy expuesto a los embates de la pandemia. Sin embargo, los poderes públicos cuentan con la legitimidad y capacidad jurídica para implementar un plan integral centrado en la inversión y el desarrollo junto con políticas activas de empleo que permita afrontar los desafíos del escenario post COVID-19.