bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the effectiveness of nitrogen oxide reductions as a control over ammonium nitrate aerosol
Authors: Pusede S. E. , Duffey K. C. , Shusterman A. A. , Saleh A. , Laughner J. L. , Wooldridge P. J. , Zhang Q. , Parworth C. L. , Kim H. , Capps S. L. , Valin L. C. , Cappa C. D. , Fried A. , Walega J. , Nowak J. B. , Hoff R. M. , Berkoff T. A. , Beyersdorf A. J. , Olson J. , Crawford J. H. , Cohen R. C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have fallen steadily across the US over the last fifteen years. At the same time, due to patterns diesel truck activities, NOx concentrations decrease on weekends relative to weekdays, largely without co-occurring changes in other gas-phase emissions. These trends taken together provide two independent constraints on the role of NOx in the nonlinear chemistry of atmospheric oxidation. In this context, we interpret interannual trends in wintertime ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) in the San Joaquin Valley of California, a location with the worst aerosol pollution in the US and where a large portion of aerosol mass is NH4NO3. Here, we show that NOx reductions have simultaneously decreased nighttime and increased daytime NH4NO3 production over the last decade. We find a substantial decrease in NH4NO3 since 2000 and conclude that this decrease is due to reduced nitrate radical-initiated production at night in residual layers that are decoupled from fresh emissions at the surface. Further reductions in NOx are imminent in California, and nationwide, and we make a quantitative prediction of the response of NH4NO3. We show that the combination of rapid chemical production and efficient NH4NO3 loss via deposition of gas-phase nitric acid implies high aerosol days in cities in the San Joaquin Valley air basin are responsive to local changes in NOx within those individual cities. Our calculations indicate that large decreases in NOx in the future will not only lower wintertime NH4NO3 concentrations, they will also cause a transition in the dominant NH4NO3 source from nighttime to daytime chemistry.
Monitoring and tracking the trans-Pacific transport of aerosols using multi-satellite aerosol optical depth retrievals
Authors: Naeger A. R. , Gupta P. , Zavodsky B. , McGrath K. M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The primary goal of this study was to generate a near-real time (NRT) aerosol optical depth (AOD) product capable of providing a comprehensive understanding of the aerosol spatial distribution over the Pacific Ocean in order to better monitor and track the trans-Pacific transport of aerosols. Therefore, we developed a NRT product that takes advantage of observations from both low-earth orbiting and geostationary satellites. In particular, we utilize AOD products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellites. Then, we combine these AOD products with our own retrieval algorithms developed for the NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-15) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT-2) to generate a NRT daily AOD composite product. We present examples of the daily AOD composite product for a case study of trans-Pacific transport of Asian pollution and dust aerosols in mid-March 2014. Overall, the new product successfully tracks this aerosol plume during its trans-Pacific transport to the west coast of North America. However, we identify several areas across the domain of interest from Asia to North America where the new product can encounter significant uncertainties due to the inclusion of the geostationary AOD retrievals. The uncertainties associated with geostationary AOD retrievals are expected to be minimized after the successful launch of the next-generation advanced NOAA GOES-R and recently launched JMA Himawari satellites. Observations from these advanced satellites will ultimately provide an enhanced understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols over the Pacific.
Imager-to-radiometer inflight cross calibration: RSP radiometric comparison with airborne and satellite sensors
Authors: McCorkel J. , Cairns B. , Wasilewski A.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. This work develops a method to compare the radiometric calibration between a radiometer and imagers hosted on aircraft and satellites. The radiometer is the airborne Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) that takes multi-angle, photo-polarimetric measurements in several spectral channels. The RSP measurements used in this work were coincident with measurements made by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), which was on the same aircraft. These airborne measurements were also coincident with an overpass of the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). First we compare the RSP and OLI radiance measurements to AVIRIS since the spectral response of the multispectral instruments can be used to synthesize a spectrally equivalent signal from the imaging spectrometer data. We then explore a method that uses AVIRIS as a transfer between RSP and OLI to show that radiometric traceability of a satellite-based imager can be used to calibrate a radiometer despite differences in spectral channel sensitivities. This calibration transfer shows agreement within the uncertainty of both the various instruments for most spectral channels.
Frequency, magnitude and character of hyperthermal events at the onset of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum
Authors: Lauretano V. , Littler K. , Polling M. , Zachos J. C. , Lourens L. J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Recent studies have shown that the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) was preceded by a series of short-lived global warming events, known as hyperthermals. Here we present high-resolution benthic stable carbon and oxygen isotope records from ODP Sites 1262 and 1263 (Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic) between ~ 54 and ~ 52 million years ago, tightly constraining the character, timing, and magnitude of six prominent hyperthermal events. These events, which include Eocene Thermal Maximum (ETM) 2 and 3, are studied in relation to orbital forcing and long-term trends. Our findings reveal an almost linear relationship between δ13C and δ18O for all these hyperthermals, indicating that the eccentricity-paced covariance between deep-sea temperature changes and extreme perturbations in the exogenic carbon pool persisted during these events towards the onset of the EECO, in accordance with previous observations for the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and ETM2. The covariance of δ13C and δ18O during H2 and I2, which are the second pulses of the "paired" hyperthermal events ETM2-H2 and I1-I2, deviates with respect to the other events. We hypothesize that this could relate to a relatively higher contribution of an isotopically heavier source of carbon, such as peat or permafrost, and/or to climate feedbacks/local changes in circulation. Finally, the δ18O records of the two sites show a systematic offset with on average 0.2 ‰ heavier values for the shallower Site 1263, which we link to a slightly heavier isotopic composition of the intermediate water mass reaching the northeastern flank of the Walvis Ridge compared to that of the deeper northwestern water mass at Site 1262.
The role of spatial scale and background climate in the latitudinal temperature response to deforestation
Authors: Li Y. , de Noblet-Ducoudré N. , Davin E. L. , Zeng N. , Motesharrei S. , Li S. C. , Kalnay E.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Previous modeling and empirical studies have shown that the biophysical impact of deforestation is to warm the tropics and cool the extra-tropics. In this study, we use an earth system model to investigate how deforestation at various spatial scales affects ground temperature, with an emphasis on the latitudinal temperature response and its underlying mechanisms. Results show that the latitudinal pattern of temperature response depends non-linearly on the spatial extent of deforestation and the fraction of vegetation change. Compared with regional deforestation, temperature change in global deforestation is greatly amplified in temperate and boreal regions, but is dampened in tropical regions. Incremental forest removal leads to increasingly larger cooling in temperate and boreal regions, while the temperature increase saturates in tropical regions. The latitudinal and spatial patterns of the temperature response are driven by two processes with competing temperature effects: decreases in absorbed shortwave radiation due to increased albedo and decreases in evapotranspiration. These changes in the surface energy balance reflect the importance of the background climate on modifying the deforestation impact. Shortwave radiation and precipitation have an intrinsic geographical distribution that constrains the effects of biophysical changes and therefore leads to temperature changes that are spatially varying. For example, wet (dry) climate favors larger (smaller) evapotranspiration change, thus warming (cooling) is more likely to occur. Further analysis on the contribution of individual biophysical factors (albedo, roughness, and evapotranspiration efficiency) reveals that the latitudinal signature embodied in the temperature change probably result from the background climate conditions rather than the initial biophysical perturbation.
Earthquakes and depleted gas reservoirs: which comes first?
Authors: Mucciarelli M. , Donda F. , Valensise G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. While scientists are paying increasing attention to the seismicity potentially induced by hydrocarbon exploitation, so far, little is known about the reverse problem, i.e. the impact of active faulting and earthquakes on hydrocarbon reservoirs. The 20 and 29 May 2012 earthquakes in Emilia, northern Italy (Mw 6.1 and 6.0), raised concerns among the public for being possibly human-induced, but also shed light on the possible use of gas wells as a marker of the seismogenic potential of an active fold and thrust belt. We compared the location, depth and production history of 455 gas wells drilled along the Ferrara-Romagna arc, a large hydrocarbon reserve in the southeastern Po Plain (northern Italy), with the location of the inferred surface projection of the causative faults of the 2012 Emilia earthquakes and of two pre-instrumental damaging earthquakes. We found that these earthquake sources fall within a cluster of sterile wells, surrounded by productive wells at a few kilometres' distance. Since the geology of the productive and sterile areas is quite similar, we suggest that past earthquakes caused the loss of all natural gas from the potential reservoirs lying above their causative faults. To validate our hypothesis we performed two different statistical tests (binomial and Monte Carlo) on the relative distribution of productive and sterile wells, with respect to seismogenic faults. Our findings have important practical implications: (1) they may allow major seismogenic sources to be singled out within large active thrust systems; (2) they suggest that reservoirs hosted in smaller anticlines are more likely to be intact; and (3) they also suggest that in order to minimize the hazard of triggering significant earthquakes, all new gas storage facilities should use exploited reservoirs rather than sterile hydrocarbon traps or aquifers.
Patterns and trends of high-impact weathers in China during 1959–2014
Authors: Shi J. , Wen K. , Cui L.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The spatial and temporal characteristics in the frequencies of four types of high-impact weathers (HIWs), i.e. snowfall, thunderstorm, foggy and hailstorm weathers were analyzed in China by using daily weather phenomenon data from 604 stations. Results indicate that snowfall, thunderstorm, foggy and hailstorm days showed significant decreasing trends with rates of 2.5, 2.6, 0.8 and 0.5 days per decade respectively, and snowfall, thunderstorm, foggy and hailstorm weather processes decreased significantly at rates of 0.3, 0.4, 0.1 and 0.1 times per decade during 1959–2014. Spatially, snowfall weathers were more in northeastern and western China, and thunderstorm weathers were more in southern and southwestern China. Foggy weathers were more in some high mountain stations, eastern China and central China, and hailstorm weathers were concentrated on Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Over the past 56 years, snowfall days, thunderstorm days and thunderstorm weather processes decreased in most parts of China, with decreasing rates of 1.0–6.0 days, 1.5–8.0 days and 0.2–1.0 times per decade respectively. Hailstorm days decreased in northeastern China and most parts of northern and western China at a rate of 0.2–4.5 days per decade. The spatial trends of foggy days, foggy weather processes and snowfall weather processes were not significant in most parts of China. With climate change and rapidly economic development, more policies and strategies of reducing social vulnerabilities and/or exposures to HIWs are essential for the government and social publics.
Identification of magnetic anomalies based on ground magnetic data analysis using multifractal modelling: a case study in Qoja-Kandi, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Authors: Mansouri E. , Feizi F. , Karbalaei Ramezanali A. A.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Ground magnetic anomaly separation using the reduction-to-the-pole (RTP) technique and the fractal concentration–area (C–A) method has been applied to the Qoja-Kandi prospecting area in northwestern Iran. The geophysical survey resulting in the ground magnetic data was conducted for magnetic element exploration. Firstly, the RTP technique was applied to recognize underground magnetic anomalies. RTP anomalies were classified into different populations based on the current method. For this reason, drilling point area determination by the RTP technique was complicated for magnetic anomalies, which are in the center and north of the studied area. Next, the C–A method was applied to the RTP magnetic anomalies (RTP-MA) to demonstrate magnetic susceptibility concentrations. This identification was appropriate for increasing the resolution of the drilling point area determination and decreasing the drilling risk issue, due to the economic costs of underground prospecting. In this study, the results of C–A modelling on the RTP-MA are compared with 8 borehole data. The results show that there is a good correlation between anomalies derived via the C–A method and the log report of boreholes. Two boreholes were drilled in magnetic susceptibility concentrations, based on multifractal modelling data analyses, between 63 533.1 and 66 296 nT. Drilling results showed appropriate magnetite thickness with grades greater than 20 % Fe. The total associated with anomalies containing andesite units hosts iron mineralization.
Volume transport and mixing of the Faroe Bank Channel overflow from one year of moored measurements
Authors: Ullgren J. E. , Darelius E. , Fer I.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. One-year long time series of current velocity and temperature from ten moorings deployed in the Faroe Bank Channel (FBC) are analysed to describe the structure and variability of the dense overflow plume on daily to seasonal time scales. Mooring arrays are deployed in two sections: located 25 km downstream of the main sill, in the channel that geographically confines the overflow plume at both edges (section C), and 60 km further downstream, over the slope (section S). At section C, the average volume transport of overflow waters (< 3 °C) from the Nordic Seas towards the Iceland Basin is 1.3 ± 0.3 Sv; at Section S, transport of modified overflow water (< 6 °C) is 1.8 ± 0.7 Sv. The volume transport through the slope section is dominated by mesoscale variability at 3–5 day time scale. A simplified view of along-path entrainment of a gravity current is not accurate for the FBC overflow. As the plume proceeds into the stratified ambient water, there is substantial detrainment from the deeper layer (bounded by the 3 °C isotherm), of comparable magnitude to the entrainment into the interfacial layer (between the 3 and 6 °C isotherms). Time series of gradient Richardson number suggests a quiescent plume core capped by turbulent near bottom and interfacial layers in the channel. At section S, in contrast, the entire overflow plume is turbulent. Based on a two-layer heat budget constructed for the overflow, mean diffusivities across the top of the bottom layer, and across the interfacial layer are (30 ± 15) × 10−4 m2 s−1 and (119 ± 43) × 10−4 m2 s−1, respectively.
An investigation of the influence of supraglacial debris on glacier-hydrology
Authors: Fyffe C. L. , Brock B. W. , Kirkbride M. P. , Mair D. W. F. , Arnold N. S. , Smiraglia C. , Diolaiuti G. , Diotri F.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The influence of supraglacial debris on the rate and spatial distribution of glacier surface melt is well established, but its potential impact on the structure and evolution of the drainage system of extensively debris-covered glaciers has not been previously investigated. Forty-eight dye injections were conducted on Miage Glacier, Italian Alps, throughout the 2010 and 2011 ablation seasons. An efficient conduit system emanates from moulins in the mid-part of the glacier, which are downstream of a high melt area of dirty ice and patchy debris. High melt rates and runoff concentration by intermoraine troughs encourages the early-season development of a channelized system downstream of this area. Conversely, the drainage system beneath the continuously debris-covered lower ablation area is generally inefficient, with multi-peaked traces suggesting a distributed network, which likely feeds into the conduit system fed by the upglacier moulins. Drainage efficiency from the debris-covered area increased over the season but trace flow velocity remained lower than from the upper glacier moulins. Low and less-peaked melt inputs combined with the hummocky topography of the debris-covered area inhibits the formation of an efficient drainage network. These findings are relevant to regions with extensive glacial debris cover and where debris cover is expanding.
Psychiatrische patiënten in detentie: het belang van etnische achtergrond
Authors: De Wilde Sara , Harte Joke , Denzel Dorina
Published: October 2015

Psychiatric patients in prison: the relevance of ethnic background

Immigrants are overrepresented in Dutch crime rates and in forensic psychiatric care. The current research explored the relation between delinquency, psychiatric problems and ethnicity. General characteristics, judicial history and history of mental health care of male detainees which reside in a penitentiary psychiatric centre, have been investigated and the relation of these factors with ethnicity is examined. Results show that in particular second-generation non-western immigrants are highly represented. It seems that it had been more difficult for them to get adequate treatment.
Kinderrechten in hart, hoofd en hand ter bevordering van veiligheid
Authors: Al Channa
Published: October 2015

Children’s rights in our head, heart and hands to promote child safety. Are they sufficiently implemented in the Netherlands?

Child safety is an important condition for the healthy development of children. Child maltreatment is an extensive problem in society with significant medical, emotional, cognitive, social and economic consequences. In policy-making, attention for this phenomenon has increased, resulting in new laws and measures. However, the Committee for Childs Rights of the United Nations formulated numerous recommendations for a better implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the Netherlands. This article focuses on how child safety and children’s rights are related and explores the implementation of the convention, considering relevant new laws and scientific (field) research.
De stekker eruit? Over de relatie tussen cybercrime en geweld in afhankelijkheidsrelaties
Authors: Janssen Janine
Published: October 2015

On the relationship between cybercrime and violence in dependency relationships

People have all kinds of dependency relationships, for example in family life and on the work floor. Since almost a decade, the Dutch government uses the term ‘violence in dependency relationships’ for all kinds of violence that are applied in these dependency relationships: domestic violence, honour-based violence, child abuse, abuse of the elderly, abuse by professionals for example in homes for children or the elderly and violence related to prostitution and the trafficking of humans. In this article an overview is given that demonstrates how in all these forms of violence elements of cybercrime can be recognized.
Oral-based rubrics design: A case study with undergraduate Spanish students in ESP settings
Authors: Girón-García Carolina , Llopis-Moreno Claudia
Published: October 2015

During several decades, considerable attention has been paid to speaking assessment procedures. Probably, the reason for this relevance lies in the difficulties in dealing with oral assessment and in determining the adequate type of assessment (Campbell, Mothersbaugh, Brammer & Taylor, 2001; Stoynoff, 2013; Schwartz & Arena, 2013). The main aim of this article is to analyze to what extent students’ oral competences (such as their English competence and fluency) affect their peers’ English oral production. More precisely, we intend to study effective procedures to assess oral production in ESP contexts. In order to assess our students, we have designed a speaking-based rubric as the main instrument (called ‘Speaking Diagnostic Test’), based on previous research (Wilson, 2006; Spandel, 2006). A total number of 10 participants were selected in the 1st year course at Universitat Jaume I (Spain). In order to carry out our investigation two different instruments were used for data collection: (1) A ‘Student Questionnaire’ to reflect students’ preferences towards taking an oral exam with their peers; and a (2) ‘Speaking Diagnostic Test’ so as to assess students’ oral production in English concerning the following variables: fluency, vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, coherence, and communicative ability. The results obtained from both questionnaires will help us identify to what extent students’ preferences in working with other classmates influence their English oral production and therefore to what extent these results could lead to the reformulation and modification of the assessment methods.
Histoire vécue, histoire transmise : regards de psychiatres sur l’évolution du Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal
Authors: Younsi Ouanessa
Published: October 2015

Objectifs À travers des entretiens de psychiatres de diverses générations du Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal (UdeM), nous cherchons à cerner l’histoire vécue et transmise par ceux qui ont fait, et font, l’histoire du Département. Cette démarche vise à saisir le passé pour éclairer l’avenir, soit fournir des pistes d’orientation pour la suite du Département de psychiatrie de l’UdeM.

Méthode Des entretiens ont été effectués auprès de treize psychiatres du Département de psychiatrie de l’UdeM, à partir de questions sur le passé et l’avenir du Département. Ces psychiatres proviennent de diverses générations, certains ayant commencé leur résidence avec le Département, soit dans les années 60, d’autres ayant amorcé leur pratique dans les années 2000.

Résultats Les entretiens menés ont mis en lumière une méconnaissance de l’histoire du Département par les psychiatres de générations plus récentes, qui n’ont pas participé aux balbutiements du Département, ce qui suggère un problème de transmission de l’histoire. Ceux ayant assisté et contribué à ses débuts relatent l’importance du Dr Camille Laurin dans la genèse du Département. L’histoire du Département de psychiatrie de l’UdeM rejoint l’évolution globale de la psychiatrie en Occident. La psychothérapie, l’enseignement et la dimension clinique sont des phares ayant éclairé, et guidant encore, l’évolution du Département.

Conclusion L’histoire du Département de psychiatrie de l’UdeM apparaît méconnue des psychiatres issus des plus jeunes générations. Un cours d’histoire de la psychiatrie, comprenant une partie sur l’histoire du Département, gagnerait à être intégré au cursus des résidents en psychiatrie.
50 ans de service public pour les politiques et l’organisation des services de psychiatrie communautaire au Québec
Authors: Lesage Alain
Published: October 2015

Cet essai, rédigé en deux articles compagnons (Partie I & II), est destiné mettre en valeur le service public de psychiatres du Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal ayant oeuvré au niveau du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) pour les politiques de désinstitutionnalisation et l’organisation des services de psychiatrie communautaire pour les personnes avec des troubles mentaux graves. Il s’agit des Drs Camille Laurin, Denis Lazure, Arthur Amyot, Luc Blanchet et André Delorme.

Dans cette seconde partie, la période 2003-2015 sera couverte. Elle marque la fin du Comité de la santé mentale du Québec (1971-2003), et ses travaux féconds interdisciplinaires. 2003, c’est l’entrée au ministère du Dr André Delorme qui y détient sans doute un des records de longévité, servant depuis 2003 à la Direction de la santé mentale transférée sous la nouvelle Direction des affaires médicales et universitaires du MSSS également créée en 2003.

Cette phase voit l’émergence depuis le modèle de psychiatrie communautaire d’une approche différentiée, les cliniques spécialisées ou l’approche par programme-clientèle. Mais ce dernier modèle ne dispose pas des ressources nécessaires pour s’étendre et éviter des difficultés d’accès. L’essai conclut avec une discussion sur l’impact de la toute nouvelle gouvernance du système de la santé et des services sociaux du Québec, la loi 10. En simplifiant le système de santé en deux lignes (soins primaires dans les bureaux des médecins de famille, avec soutien infirmier et social ; soins spécialisés par le personnel des centres intégrés de santé et de services sociaux [CISSS]), il sera soutenu qu’il y a des opportunités pour un financement plus équitable et un système plus équilibré de santé mentale au Québec.
Considérations sur la place de la psychiatrie en autisme, à partir de l’histoire récente des rôles professionnels vis-à-vis de l’autisme au Québec
Authors: Mottron Laurent
Published: October 2015

À partir de l’histoire récente du partage des tâches professionnelles dans le diagnostic et le support de l’autisme au Québec, cet article expose comment la prise en compte du discours autiste, ainsi qu’une interdisciplinarité organisée et une confrontation pacifique entre science et clinique préviennent le détournement de l’autisme à des fins corporatistes ou idéologiques.
L’Institut Philippe Pinel et le Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal : des parcours intriqués
Authors: Bouchard Anne-Marie , Morissette Louis , Millaud Fédéric
Published: October 2015

L’Institut Philippe-Pinel (IPPM) et le Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal, qui célèbrent tous deux leurs 50 ans, ont des parcours intriqués et une longue histoire de collaboration. Dès sa conception d’ailleurs à partir de l’Hôpital psychiatrique de Bordeaux, l’IPPM se destinait à devenir un lieu de formation et d’enseignement dans le giron de l’Université de Montréal.

Unique dans sa mission d’offrir des soins psychiatriques de pointe et des évaluations médico-légales à une clientèle présentant un risque élevé de violence, l’Institut Pinel a aussi su, au fil des ans, faire sa marque dans l’enseignement aux résidents et stagiaires, dans l’organisation de colloques nationaux et internationaux, dans la recherche et la publication d’ouvrages reconnus dans le champ de la psychiatrie légale.

Avec à sa tête des directeurs généraux qui ont tous été psychiatres de formation, l’Institut a de tout temps contribué largement à la vie universitaire, par un engagement marqué de ses psychiatres au sein du Département. Avec l’arrivée de la surspécialité en psychiatrie légale, cet engagement et ce rayonnement ne peuvent que se poursuivre.
Qu’est-ce qu’une institution psychiatrique ?
Authors: Kapsambelis Vassilis
Published: October 2015

Une institution psychiatrique se définit comme un groupe de professionnels de compétences différentes, se réunissant autour du projet d’accueillir et de soigner des personnes ayant des troubles psychiques. Cette définition est examinée dans ses différentes dimensions : groupe, et donc collectif constituant un organisme vivant ; complémentarité ; élaboration d’un ensemble cohérent et sens de la notion de cohérence ; actions communes et objet de cette pulsionnalité collective : le patient ou ses soins. Les questions du lieu de l’institution, et aussi de la nature du trouble psychique, sont également évoquées.
La solidarité et la justice reconsidérées
Authors: Haker Hille , Côté Richard
Published: October 2015

En commençant par déplorer l’absence de place pour la solidarité dans l’interprétation de la « justice de marché » au xxie siècle, l’article propose une autre voie, soit la relation dialectique entre la justice et la solidarité. Alors que la justice met l’accent sur l’« égalité » pour tous, la solidarité s’attarde surtout sur la « différence » et la diversité. Le pont entre les deux concepts peut être trouvé dans les récentes réinterprétations de la théorie de la reconnaissance, qui touche les sphères privée, sociale et politique. L’article préconise toutefois une approche critique, qui prend le manque de reconnaissance, plutôt que la reconnaissance, comme point de départ. L’éthique en général et l’éthique chrétienne en particulier doivent prêter attention aux expériences et aux récits des personnes qui semblent invisibles et inaudibles dans les systèmes de justice fondés sur le mérite et les accomplissements, et ce, dans le but d’identifier les violations de droits aussi bien que les pratiques d’exclusion subies par ces personnes. En se préoccupant d’abord des expériences réelles d’injustice au lieu de la théorie normative de la justice, la relation dialectique entre la justice et la solidarité devient claire : la solidarité révèle non seulement le fossé entre la théorie et la pratique, ou l’inévitable côté aveugle de la justice, mais elle s’affiche aussi clairement en faveur des personnes souffrant d’injustice. La solidarité est orientée vers l’action. Elle fait pression sur les institutions pour qu’elles deviennent justes, tout en prônant des changements pour ceux et celles qui souffrent le plus d’injustice, et tout en accompagnant ces personnes. Par ailleurs, la solidarité critique mais aussi partisane nécessite la vision impartiale et égalitaire d’une justice en tant que critique d’une idéologie potentielle qui est liée à un concept identitaire et à une politique identitaire.
La charismatisation de la religion
Authors: Lucchetti Bingemer Maria Clara
Published: October 2015

Dans le monde d’aujourd’hui, nous voyons, d’un côté, que de nombreuses personnes perdent le sens transcendantal de leur vie et abandonnent les pratiques religieuses et, de l’autre côté, un nombre significatif de catholiques est en train d’abandonner l’Église pour entrer dans d’autres groupes religieux. Ce texte essaie d’examiner le « cas » brésilien. Nous prendrons comme cadre les chiffres fournis par le dernier recensement de 2010 sur le champ religieux au Brésil, récemment divulgué. Nous risquerons alors quelques interprétations à partir de ce recensement et finirons par identifier certains défis qui apparaissent pour la théologie et la pastorale au Brésil. Nous finirons notre réflexion par quelques observations sur les changements apportés par le nouveau pontificat du pape François, qui permettent d’espérer certains changements à court et moyen termes dans l’Église brésilienne et tout le continent latino-américain.
Amérique latine, terre aux couleurs multiples
Authors: Susin Luiz Carlos , Roy Raymond
Published: October 2015

L’article rappelle d’abord les racines écologiques des cultures latino-américaines, toujours très vigoureuses. Il évoque quelques éléments communs aux cultures ancestrales pour ensuite se pencher sur la façon dont elles ont composé avec l’hégémonie de la culture coloniale baroque latino-américaine afin d’accoucher d’un syncrétisme à saveur chamanique et magique. Avec l’irruption de la modernité, cette matrice culturelle, dont l’expérience religieuse constitue l’âme, est de nos jours le lieu d’un épanouissement renouvelé. L’article s’achève en s’interrogeant sur la façon d’aborder cette richesse multicolore des cultures latino-américaines dans un esprit pastoral.
Dans la trace du bélier
Authors: Ombrosi Orietta
Published: October 2015

Dans cet article, je cherche à envisager un certain judaïsme de Derrida ou ce qui reste du judaïsme dans sa pensée, en suivant les traces qu’un animal — le bélier — laisse dans les écrits du philosophe. En effet, les deux sujets, celui de l’animalité et celui de la judéité se croisent et se côtoient précisément autour de cette figure animale, qui n’est pas pourtant une figure ou une métaphore uniquement. Je choisis donc de suivre le bélier pour suivre l’adresse de Derrida qui appelle les philosophes à répondre philosophiquement de l’« animal », c’est-à-dire à s’interroger de la « question animale », d’une part ; d’autre part et en même temps, je le suis pour voir les moments essentiels les plus représentatifs dans le rituel juif, où cet animal se montre, et pour discerner ce qu’il révèle justement en relation au judaïsme tel que le philosophe Derrida l’a vécu ou conçu. L’article se divise donc en trois grandes parties qui correspondent aux trois scènes où le bélier, les béliers plutôt, fait/font son/leur apparition : la première scène est celle du bélier de la prière, se montrant et se cachant dans le tallith ; ensuite, la scène sacrificielle par excellence (Gen 22) où le bélier du sacrifice est sacrifié par Abraham ; enfin, le bélier eschatologique, ainsi nommé parce qu’il est celui qui porte ou porterait l’autre, dans une dimension eschatologique à venir, selon une des dernières lectures derridiennes de Paul Celan, donnée dans le livre Béliers.
50 ans après Vatican II
Authors: Ollivry-Dumairieh Florence
Published: October 2015

Dans les textes relatifs à l’islam produits par le Concile, nous pouvons lire, par exemple dansNostra Ætate, que « L’Église regarde aussi avec estime les musulmans, qui adorent le Dieu Un, vivant et subsistant, miséricordieux et tout-puissant, Créateur du ciel et de la terre, qui a parlé aux hommes [...] ». Les textes de Vatican II semblent proposer une attitude à l’égard de l’islam qui rappelle celle de Louis Massignon (1883-1962) : ne retrouve-t-on pas dans les textes du Concile l’écho de la révolution copernicienne qu’opéra Massignon en islamologie ? Dans quelle mesure cet islamologue catholique a-t-il impulsé le renouveau du regard chrétien à l’égard de l’islam ? Cet article, grâce à une étude approfondie de l’oeuvre de Massignon, de sa vie et de sa correspondance, révèle les liens qui existaient entre ce grand islamologue et les protagonistes du Concile, au nombre desquels le Cardinal Montini (Paul VI). Il analyse ainsi la contribution de Massignon au renouvellement du regard porté par l’Église sur l’islam, afin d’évaluer son influence sur le Concile.
The impact of scaling‐up combination antiretroviral therapy on patterns of mortality among HIV‐positive persons in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Lima Viviane Dias , Eyawo Oghenowede , Ma Huiting , Lourenço Lillian , Chau William , Hogg Robert S , Montaner Julio SG
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Despite the tremendous improvements in survival, some groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV) continue to have lower survival rates than the overall HIV‐positive population. Here, we characterize the evolving pattern of mortality among PLHIV in British Columbia since the beginning of the expansion of antiretroviral treatment in 2003.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 3653 individuals ≥20 years old, who enrolled on treatment between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2012, and were followed until December 31, 2013. All‐cause mortality rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to compare mortality outcomes of PLHIV to the general population. Abridged life tables were constructed to estimate the life expectancy at age 20 years for PLHIV.

Results

The overall crude mortality rate was 28.57 per 1000 person‐years, the SMR was 3.22 and the life expectancy was 34.53 years. Interestingly, if we considered only individuals alive after the first year, the life expectancy increased to 48.70 years (41% increase). The SMRs for males and females decreased over time. Although females had higher SMRs in 2003 to 2008, this difference no longer existed in 2009 to 2011. There were also important differences in mortality outcomes for different clinical and demographical characteristics.

Conclusions

Mortality outcomes of PLHIV who initiated antiretroviral treatment have dramatically improved over the last decade. However, there is still room for improvement and multilateral efforts should continue to promote early, sustained engagement of PLHIV on treatment so that the impact of treatment can be fully realized.
A Self‐Standing High‐Performance Hydrogen Evolution Electrode with Nanostructured NiCo2O4/CuS Heterostructures
Authors: An Li , Huang Liang , Zhou Panpan , Yin Jie , Liu Hongyan , Xi Pinxian
Published: October 2015

An efficient self‐standing 3D hydrogen evolution cathode has been developed by coating nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4)/CuS nanowire heterostructures on a carbon fiber paper (CFP). The obtained CFP/NiCo2O4/CuS electrode shows exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance and excellent durability in acidic conditions. Remarkably, as an integrated 3D hydrogen‐evolving cathode operating in acidic electrolytes, CFP/NiCo2O4/CuS maintains its activity more than 50 h and exhibits an onset overpotential of 31.1 mV, an exchange current density of 0.246 mA cm−2, and a Tafel slope of 41 mV dec−1. Compared to other non‐Pt electrocatalysts reported to date, CFP/NiCo2O4/CuS exhibits the highest HER activity and can be used in HER to produce H2 with nearly quantitative faradaic yield in acidic aqueous media with stable activity. Furthermore, by using CFP/NiCo2O4/CuS as a self‐standing electrode in a water electrolyzer, a current density of 18 mA cm−2 can be achieved at a voltage of 1.5 V which can be driven by a single‐cell battery. This strategy provides an effective, durable, and non‐Pt electrode for water splitting and hydrogen generation.
Benzyl Esters of Vegetable Oils as Processing Oil in Carbon Black–Filled SBR Compounding: Chemical Modification, Characterization, and Performance
Authors: Boontawee Hasleena , Nakason Charoen , Kaesaman Azizon , Thitithammawong Anoma , Chewchanwuttiwong Sopa
Published: October 2015

Three different types of benzyl ester were synthesized from vegetable oils (i.e., coconut oil, palm oil, and soybean oil). They were then utilized in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compound reinforced with carbon black. First, the benzyl esters were investigated by varying the molar ratio of fatty acids in vegetable oil to benzyl alcohol, the catalyst concentration, the reaction time, and the reaction temperature, observing the yield of benzyl ester. Then SBR was compounded with the benzyl esters, observing cure characteristics, mechanical properties, and morphologies of the SBR compounds, with the control compound containing conventional aromatic oil. The highest 96% yield of benzyl ester was obtained with palm oil fatty acid. Furthermore, the benzyl ester oils consumed less energy during processing but gave comparable carbon black dispersion, in comparison with the conventional aromatic oil.
Individual, occupational, and workplace correlates of occupational health and safety vulnerability in a sample of Canadian workers
Authors: Lay A. Morgan , Saunders Ron , Lifshen Marni , Breslin Curtis , LaMontagne Anthony , Tompa Emile , Smith Peter
Published: October 2015

Objective

To describe OH&S vulnerability across a diverse sample of Canadian workers.

Methods

A survey was administered to 1,835 workers employed more than 15 hrs/week in workplaces with at least five employees. Adjusted logistic models were fitted for three specific and one overall measure of workplace vulnerability developed based on hazard exposure and access to protective OH&S policies and procedures, awareness of employment rights and responsibilities, and workplace empowerment.

Results

More than one third of the sample experienced some OH&S vulnerability. The type and magnitude of vulnerability varied by labor market sub‐group. Younger workers and those in smaller workplaces experienced significantly higher odds of multiple types of vulnerability. Temporary workers reported elevated odds of overall, awareness‐ and empowerment‐related vulnerability, while respondents born outside of Canada had significantly higher odds of awareness vulnerability.

Conclusion

Knowing how labor market sub‐groups experience different types of vulnerability can inform better‐tailored primary prevention interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:119–128, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Platelet lysate and adipose mesenchymal stromal cells on silk fibroin nonwoven mats for wound healing
Authors: Theodora Chlapanidas , Sara Perteghella , Silvio Faragò , Alessandra Boschi , Giuseppe Tripodo , Barbara Vigani , Barbara Crivelli , Sabrina Renzi , Silvia Dotti , Stefania Preda , Mario Marazzi , Maria Luisa Torre , Maura Ferrari
Published: October 2015

In this work platelet lysate (PL) and adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) seeded on nonwoven fibroin mats were in vitro and in vivo evaluated for tissue regenerative applications. Nonwoven mats obtained by a large scale water entanglement technique were characterized for their physico‐chemical properties. Results indicated a high purity of fibroin fibers, their stability after sterilization process and appropriate technological properties suitable for tissue engineering. Moreover, the scaffolds in vitro supported adhesion and migration of ASCs and the presence of PL improved the cell proliferation. The products were then applied on epithelial/dermal wounds carried out on the dorsal surface of rabbit: the skin reparative process was solved in 9 days, with a completely restitutio ad integrum of the epithelium in animals treated with PL alone; ASCs did not further improve the wound healing. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42942.
Enhanced stem cell‐derived cardiomyocyte differentiation in suspension culture by delivery of nitric oxide using S‐nitrosocysteine
Authors: Hodge Alexander J. , Zhong Juming , Lipke Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2015

The development of cell‐based treatments for heart disease relies on the creation of functionally mature stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes employing in vitro culture suspension systems, a process which remains a formidable and expensive endeavor. The use of nitric oxide as a signaling molecule during differentiation has demonstrated the potential for creating increased numbers of spontaneously contracting embryoid bodies in culture; however, the effects of nitric oxide signaling on the function and maturation of stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes is not well understood. In this study, the effects of nitric oxide on mouse embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocyte contractile activity, protein, and gene expression, and calcium handling were quantified. Embryoid bodies (EBs) formed using the hanging drop method, were treated with the soluble nitric oxide donor S‐nitrosocysteine (CysNO) over a period of 18 days in suspension culture and spontaneous contractile activity was assessed. On day 8, selected EBs were dissociated to form monolayers for electrophysiological characterization using calcium transient mapping. Nitric oxide treatment led to increased numbers of stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (SC‐CMs) relative to non‐treated EBs after 8 days in suspension culture. Increased incidence of spontaneous contraction and frequency of contraction were observed from days 8–14 in EBs receiving nitric oxide treatment in comparison to control. Expression of cardiac markers and functional proteins was visualized using immunocytochemistry and gene expression was assessed using qPCR. Cardiac‐specific proteins were present in both CysNO‐treated and control SC‐CMs; however, CysNO treatment during differentiation significantly increased βMHC gene expression in SC‐CMs relative to control SC‐CMs. Furthermore, increased calcium transient velocity and decreased calcium transient duration was observed for CysNO‐treated SC‐CMs in comparison to control SC‐CMs. Soluble nitric oxide donors, including S‐nitrosocysteine, have advantages over other bioactive molecules for use in scalable culture systems in driving cardiac differentiation, since they are inexpensive and the diffusivity of nitric oxide is relatively high. By enabling maintenance of spontaneous contraction in suspension culture and progressing electrophysiological function of resulting SC‐CMs toward a more mature phenotype, long‐term application of S‐nitrosocysteine was shown to be beneficial during cardiac differentiation. Taken together, these results demonstrate the efficiency of nitric oxide as a signaling compound, with implications in the improvement of pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocyte maturation in large‐scale culture systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 882–894. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy and development of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature: Its role in injury and disease
Authors: Norman Sophie , Riley Paul R.
Published: October 2015

Lymphatic vessels are present throughout the entire body in all mammals and function to regulate tissue fluid balance, lipid transport and survey the immune system. Despite the presence of an extensive lymphatic plexus within the heart, until recently the importance of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature and its origins were unknown. Several studies have described the basic anatomy of the developing cardiac lymphatic vasculature and more recently the detailed development of the murine cardiac lymphatics has been documented, with important insight into their cellular sources during embryogenesis. In this review we initially describe the development of systemic lymphatic vasculature, to provide the background for a comparative description of the spatiotemporal development of the cardiac lymphatic vessels, including detail of both canonical, typically venous, and noncanonical (hemogenic endothelium) cellular sources. Subsequently, we address the response of the cardiac lymphatic network to myocardial infarction (heart attack) and the therapeutic potential of targeting cardiac lymphangiogenesis. Clin. Anat. 29:305–315, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bilateral renal lymphoma: rapid recovery from an acute kidney injury after open renal biopsy
Authors: Mitome Taku , Furuya Kazuhiro , Imano Masashi , Osaka Kimito , Yokomizo Yumiko , Hayashi Narihiko , Nakaigawa Noboru , Yamanaka Shoji , Yao Masahiro
Published: October 2015

Key Clinical Message

Renal lymphoma as an initial lesion is relatively rare. Bilateral renal lymphoma frequently presents as acute kidney injury. With systematic chemotherapy for the lymphoma, patients usually recover their kidney function. However, in the case we describe here, the patient's kidney function recovered greatly after an open renal biopsy. Here, we review and discuss this unique case.