bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How, What, Why, and More of Writing Farm Processes
Authors: Bennett James
Published: February 2023

Deming said that when any process is in control, variability will be only 6%. He defined two types of variation. Special cause variation is unpredictable and represents a process that is out of control. 94% of the variability in a process under control is common cause. Common cause variation represents the normal ebb and flow of things that affect the process output. This could be the small number of new mastitis infections that occur on a dairy on a regular basis, for example. When a process is out of control, more of the variability in results is due to special cause variation, such as a malfunctioning milking system or irregular prep procedure. The process is in control when the product or output falls within theupper and lower control limits. Proper documentation of protocols on a dairy can help keep variability within 6%. Most dairies probably never approach this level of consistency in critical process, yet in any environment consistent execution of processes is the key to consistent results. Dairies, like any other small business must learn to define processes for critical areas of the business. If they do this, and have methods in place to ensure that employees will execute the processes correctly, they can predict results and achieve their goals. If they don't results will be inconsistent. This inconsistency will be blamed on the weather, bad luck, bad employees, or a bad advice. You, astute diagnostician, expert veterinary consultant, and super duper management consultant can help dairies achieve this consistency of results. You can help them achieve their goals.
Will Large Dairy Herds Lead to the Revival of Metabolic Profile Testing?
Authors: Herdt T. H. , Dart B. , Neuder L.
Published: February 2023

All techniques that monitor changes in metabolic or nutritional status could reasonably be considered part of a "metabolic profile" or MPT. This would clearly include examination of such variables as body condition score, milk composition, urine pH, and fecal consistency. These variables are monitored in many dairy herds currently and should be considered the basic MPT. The emphasis of this discussion, however, will be on blood components as variables in the MPT. We hope, however, that no one loses sight of the importance of nonhematogenous components of metabolic monitoring.
Vaccines
Authors: Henry Steve
Published: February 2023

These notes have as their goal a broad overview and a framework for consideration of the many contemporary issues surrounding vaccines and immunization. The devil, however, is in the details. Even as the critical review of pharmaceuticals and the production of safe food from medically well-cared-for animals emerged as a topic nearly 20 years, so too will the present vaccine concerns demand study and understanding by the profession. There is much to know. Hopefully, this paper can serve as a starting point.
Plasma 3-methylindole and Blood 3-methyleneindolenine in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Loneragan Guy H. , Morley Paul S. , Wagner John J. , Gould Daniel H. , Mason Gary S. , Yost Garold S.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) results from an interaction of stressors, animal susceptibility and respiratory pathogens. Well known factors that increase the likelihood of BRD development include young animals, long transportation distances and dehydration. Rumen-generated toxins, such as 3-methylindole (3MI), may also be an important BRD-propagating factor.

Animals challenged with both bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and 3MI developed more severe respiratory disease than animals challenged with BRSV or 3MI alone.1 Further, animals with greater serum 3MI concentrations at feedlot arrival had greater odds of being treated for respiratory disease than animals with lower serum 3MI.2

3-methylindole must be metabolized to induce toxicity. Enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of 3MI are P450s and prostaglandin H synthetase (PHS).3,5 These enzymes are found in high concentrations in the bovine Clara cells. The putative pneumotoxic metabolite of3MI thought responsible for 3MI-induced disease is 3-methyleneindolenine (3MEIN).4 Pulmonary injury is prevented if bioactivation of 3MI is blocked.
Ranch Management Factors Associated with Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum Beef Calves
Authors: Barling K. S. , McNeill J. W. , Paschal J. C. , McCollum F. T. , Craig T. M. , Adams L. G. , Thompson J. A.
Published: February 2023

A study was conducted with a retained-ownership population of Texas beef calves to determine ranch management practices associated with calf seroprevalence to Neospora caninum.
Determination of the role of Clostridium perfringens Type A in Intraluminal Intestinal Hemorrhage Syndrome in Dairy Cows
Authors: Ivany Jennifer , Anderson David E. , Miesner Matthew D.
Published: February 2023

Intraluminal intestinal hemorrhage syndrome (IIHS) is a relatively recently recognized disease in adult dairy cows which results in obstruction of the jejunum with blood clots and sloughing of the mucosal surface of the jejunum. Many of the affected cows die acutely despite medical and/or surgical treatment. Clostridium perfringens Type A is suspected to be involved in development of this disease, as it is commonly cultured from the intestinal contents of affected cows. The objective of this study was to determine if the disease could be reproduced by intraluminal inoculation of a pure culture into the abomasum or the jejunum of normal cows fed high-energy rations.
Pre-calving Administration of a Rumensin® Controlled Release Capsule for the Prevention of Energy-Associated Disease
Authors: Duffield Todd , Bagg Randal , DesCôteaux Luc , Bouchard Emile , Brodeur Marcel , DuTremblay Denis , LeBlanc Stephen , Keefe Greg , Dick Paul
Published: February 2023

Since most metabolic disease occurs in the first month of lactation, efforts in prevention have focused on the transition period (six weeks centered around calving). Previous research in Ontario has shown that, in addition to good nutritional management, administration of a Rumensin controlled release capsule (CRC) two to four weeks pre-calving may reduce the incidence of clinical ketosis and displaced abomasum post-calving. The objective of this study was to confirm previous findings of the Rumensin CRC in different herds, regions and years.
Inhibition of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Replication by Genistein
Authors: Peterson D. , Shaw A. , El-Sheikh A. A. , Braun L. J. , Wang C. Y. , Chase C. C. L.
Published: February 2023

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1, IBR), an alphaherpesvirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus, are important cattle pathogens. Genistein, a naturally occurring flavonoid in soybeans, inhibits in vitro replication of herpes simplex virus 1, another alphaherpesvirus. Genistein has also been used to protect against a wide range of animal and human conditions including cancer, cardiovascular disease, loss of brain function, osteoporosis and menopausal symptoms. This makes genistein an excellent candidate for use as an anti-viral drug. Genistein was tested for its ability to inhibit the replication of BHV-1 and BVDV.
Evaluation of the Embryo Transfer Procedure Proposed by the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) as a Method of Controlling Vertical Transmission of Neospora caninum in Cattle
Authors: Baillargeon Paul , Fecteau Gilles , Paré Julie , Lamothe Pierre , Sauvé Roger
Published: February 2023

New infections by Neospora caninum in cattle occur primarily following vertical transmission, and there is no proven way to prevent it. The embryo transfer procedure proposed by the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) has been proven effective against transmission of many pathogens in cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of the IETS embryo transfer procedure into seronegative recipients to prevent vertical transmission of N. caninum in cattle.
Accuracy of Blood Electrolyte Measurements Taken with a Portable Measuring Device (PalmLab™) Compared to Standard Laboratory Procedures
Authors: Janssen Dorothee , Seymour-Stefanski Michelle , Stokol Tracy , Warnick Lorin
Published: February 2023

Large animal practitioners frequently must make treatment decisions without accurate knowledge of their patients' exact blood electrolyte status. The PalmLab™ device was specifically developed for veterinary practice. This trial was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of measurements of the major blood electrolytes of interest in dairy practice (Ca, Mg, K, P) as measured by the PalmLab™, compared to results obtained from standard laboratory procedures performed by the Cornell University Clinical Pathology Laboratory.
Stillbirths Associated with Neospora caninum and BVDV type II in Dairy Heifers
Authors: Thurmond Mark C. , Hietala Sharon K. , Muñoz-Zanzi Claudia
Published: February 2023

Although stillbirths can contribute significantly to dairy heifer replacement costs, causes of most stillbirths are unknown, partly because of the high diagnostic costs and difficulty interpreting results. Costs can be prohibitive for necropsy and diagnostic work-up of dead calves of sufficient numbers to obtain a confident herd diagnosis, and interpretation of case-control-type of serology data for cows at calving can be confusing. Even though there has been little documentation, agents typically considered when investigating a stillbirth problem include leptospira, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (IBRV), and Neospora caninum. The objective of the present study was to assess, using a prospective diagnostic approach, the extent to which these agents were associated with a high rate of stillbirths that had appeared among heifers on a large dairy.
Comparison of Acute-phase Protein Responses of Cattle in Naturally Acquired Respiratory Disease
Authors: Carter J. N. , Meredith G. L. , Gill D. R. , Confer A. W.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease continues to be a major problem in shipped cattle. Development of an analytical tool for predicting severity of respiratory disease and as a prognostic tool would be valuable to bovine practitioners. Measurement of acute-phase proteins as a screening test for overall health status of groups of cattle has potential for assessing severity of infection.
Productive Evaluation Program For Dairy Cattle
Authors: Drake Thomas , Griswold David , O'Connor Michael , Beech James , Ferguson James
Published: February 2023

A two-year study of the entire reproductive cycle of the cow, heat detection to calving, in well-managed Pennsylvania dairy herds was just completed. Objectives of the study were to collect and store significant individual animal and herd information in order to evaluate and problem-solve the management, nutritional, genetic, and infectious influences on reproductive performance. Stored data was used to (1) define expected reproductive performance standards and goals for Pennsylvania dairy operations and (2) develop a multidisciplinary approach to reproductive problem solving where performance does not measure up to these standards.
Relationship between Neospora caninum Seropositivity and Udder Health in Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: Duffield T. , Wideman G. , Kelton D. , Peregrine A. , Cramer G. , Hietala S.
Published: February 2023

Neospora caninum is the most common infectious cause of abortion in Ontario dairy cattle. Most studies to assess the economic impact of N. caninum have identified losses associated with reproduction, milk production or culling. Few studies have investigated any potential influence of N. caninum serological status on udder health parameters. One European study reported an association between cows having moderate (200,000 to 400,000 cells/ml) somatic cell counts and N. caninum infection. The objective of this study was to determine if N. caninum serological status was associated with linear score or risk of elevated linear score in Ontario Holstein dairy cows.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections in Commingled and Transported Calves
Authors: Fulton R. W. , Saliki J. T. , Confer A. W. , Purdy C. W. , Briggs R. E. , Ridpath J. F. , Duff G. C. , Loan R. W. , Step D. L. , Burge L. J.
Published: February 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections, in both persistently infected (PI) and/or acutely infected calves, were investigated in commingled and transported calves. Other viral infections such as bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV), parainfluenza-3 virus (Pl-3V), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and bovine adenoviruses (BAV) were monitored, as well as interactions with Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida.
Tongue Mutilations in a Beef Backgrounding Feedlot
Authors: Grotelueschen D. , Ensley S. , Slattery M. , Smith D. , Doster A. , Steffen D. , Rogers D. , Brodersen B.
Published: February 2023

Over 1,000 beef cattle have been observed with tongue lesions over a 12-month period in an ongoing problem in a backgrounding feedlot having 11 pens and about 3,000 head capacity. The objective of this case investigation is to characterize and determine causation of the lesions.
Acute and Chronic Effects of Intravenous Hypertonic Saline Solution and Rehydration Fluid on Plasma Electrolyte Concentrations and Renal Function in Holstein Steers
Authors: Hammer Jordan D. , Robinson Todd F. , Roeder Beverly L.
Published: February 2023

Intravenous (IV) administration of 7.0-7.5% hypertonic saline solution (HSS) is commonly used in dehydrated dairy cows with endotoxic shock and endotoxemia associated with environmental mastitis. Cows are given an IV empirical dose of one to two liters ofHSS (4-5 ml/kg BW) followed by immediate access to drinking water and supportive therapy (anti-inflammatory drugs, oxytocin and frequent milk-out for mastitis). Intravenous small-volume HSS, in conjunction with voluntary oral water consumption, is purported to totally alleviate dehydration without the need for large-volume IV balanced replacement fluids. Use of HSS as the resuscitation fluid for hypovolemia associated with hemorrhagic shock or with loss of vascular tone, as in sepsis or neurogenic shock, remains controversial. HSS resuscitation may detrimentally affect renal function and survival when used in dehydrated patients. This study was conducted to determine detrimental effects on renal function using HSS as the resuscitation fluid in dehydrated cattle.
Cowside Diagnostic Blood/Serum Chemistry Device
Authors: Haupert John C.
Published: February 2023

Over the past two years Palmlab, Inc has intensely investigated and developed methodology for rapid cowside blood chemistry diagnostics. Personnel at Palmlab have developed a multitude of blood-serum (plasma)-, and milk-analysis test procedures. These procedures incorporate miniaturized chemistry analyzers that operate in remote scenarios utilizing liquid chemistry reagents.
Economic Assessment of Twinning in a Dairy Herd in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Hovareshti P. , Bolourchi M. , Niesari A.
Published: February 2023

Detrimental effects of twinning have been reported in dairy herds. Dystocia, premature calving, retained placenta, abortion and delivery of freemartins, and their subsequent effects on reproductive indices and milk production, have been studied extensively. In the present report, negative effects and losses of twinning on reproductive indices, postpartum conditions and milk production were studied retrospectively in a large dairy herd.
Postpartum use of Lutalyse*/Dinolytic* Sterile Solution in Problem Cows
Authors: Luchsinger J. H. , Boucher J. F.
Published: February 2023

To evaluate the effect of Lutalyse/Dinolytic on future reproductive performance when administered to problem cows postpartum either once on days 21-28, or twice on days 21-28 and again 14 days later, when compared to non-treated control cows.
Epidemiologic Method to Determine Losses Associated with Subclinical Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Yearling Cattle
Authors: Mertz Keith , Epperson Bill , Hildreth Mike
Published: February 2023

In many northern regions of the United States, gastrointestinal nematode infections are largely subclinical, with relatively few cases of clinical disease. At subclinical levels the effects of nematodes are less apparent but lead to decreased rates of production and decreased immunity to various infectious diseases. Subclinical burdens may make it difficult for producers to recognize the loss, and the need to control these parasites. A convenient method to measure subclinical losses under actual herd production conditions is needed to enhance producers' ability to evaluate the cost-benefit of nematode control programs. The objective of this project was to evaluate an epidemiologic-based methodology, which measures losses due to subclinical gastrointestinal nematode infections in yearling cattle on a single pasture.
Impact of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Lactating Cattle
Authors: Nødtvedt A. , Dohoo I. , Sanchez J. , Conboy G. , Keefe G. , DesCôteaux L. , Leslie K. , Campbell J.
Published: February 2023

The importance of gastrointestinal parasites in young cattle on pasture is well established, with clinical signs of nematode infestations commonly observed during the animals' first grazing season. The impact of these parasites in mature animals is less certain. Adult cows with exposure to pasture will harbour worms, but will usually not display the clinical signs seen in younger stock. There is, however, some evidence of increased milk production in lactating animals following anthelmintic treatment.1
Managing the Risk of Cryptosporidium on Dairy Farms in Watersheds
Authors: Nydam D. V. , Wade S. E. , Mohammed H. O.
Published: February 2023

Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian protozoan that many published reports designate as the most prevalent organism isolated from diarrheic dairy calves. It is also zoonotic, potentially contaminating the environment with infective oocysts. To control this pathogen on dairy farms, rational and cost-effective measures need to be implemented. This study evaluated several management and therapeutic interventions for cost-effectiveness.
Studies on Milk Flow in Cows with Acquired Milk-flow Disorders
Authors: Querengässer Julia , Geishauser Thomas , Querengässer Klaus , Bruckmaier Rupert , Fehlings Klaus
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to determine milk flow in cows with acquired milk-flow disorders.
Variability Factors of Milk Fat-Protein Concentration Ratio
Authors: Rapheal William , Bartlett Paul , Kopcha Michelle , Herdt Thomas
Published: February 2023

The milk fat-protein concentration ratio (FPR) may be an important index of cow health and rumen fermentation in diary herds. This is supported by research that indicates FPR may be useful in the diagnosis of negative energy balance and in predicting abomasal displacement. Additionally, FPR will vary by rumen fermentation-acid profile because diets rich in starches and sugars commonly depress milk fat concentration and increase milk protein concentration. This is possibly mediated by rumen hydrogenation of fats to the trans-configuration and the insulin response to propionic acid production. Interpretation of FPR is currently difficult because variability factors are not completely known. The objectives of this report are to describe nonnutritional factors affecting the variability of FPR and improve diagnostic interpretation of FPR in dairy herds.
Treatment of Oleander Poisoning with V285
Authors: Sakha Mehdi , Rezakhani Ali
Published: February 2023

Poisoning with toxic plants, because of the high rate of mortality, has its own significance in veterinary medicine. Oleander (nerium oleander) one of the highly toxic plants, originally was a Mediterranean and Asian plant and now is widely distributed in the world. It grows rapidly, and consequently needs frequent pruning. All parts of oleander are toxic to animals and human beings, although it is said that the seeds are more toxic than the other parts. Most common manifestations of oleander poisoning are cardiac rhythm disturbances, arrhythmias or dysrhythmias. Cardiac glycosides, such as poison of oleander, are responsible for these signs and act pharmacodynamically similar to digitalis.

In this study, efficacy of V285 (vinegar) on calves experimentally poisoned with oleander was evaluated. This treatment has had good results in previous experimental studies.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Determinations for Ceftiofur and Spectinomycin against Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia spp. and Haemophilus somnus from France, The Netherlands, and Germany
Authors: Salmon S. A. , Watts J. L. , Van den Eede C. A. , Bils A. , Goldenstein F. , Acar J. , Kehrenberg C. , Schwartz S.
Published: February 2023

Ceftiofur is an extended-spectrum cephalosporin approved in many countries worldwide for treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), as well as respiratory disease of other animals. Ceftiofur has demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against bacteria of importance in BRD: Mannheimia spp., Pasteurella multocida, andHaemophilus somnus. Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antimicrobial agent. Spectinomycin sulfate was recently approved in the United States for treatment of BRD caused by P. multocida, Mannheimia spp., and H. somnus; approvals are currently pending in other countries. To determine the in vitro activity of ceftiofur and spectinomycin against recent BRD pathogens from France, The Netherlands and Germany, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined.
Footbathing in the Management of Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis
Authors: Seymour Joy , Durkin Jeff , Bathina Harinath , Hemling Tom
Published: February 2023

Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD), or hairy heel warts, continues to be a growing problem among the nation's dairies, and the corresponding profit loss associated with the disease continues to rise. While much of the work to date has focused on the treatment of lesions in lame animals, minimal investigation has been done on pro-active approaches to controlling the spread of PDD. Footbathing is the most commonly used method in the attempt to prevent hairy warts. Often it is used with solutions containing antibiotics, copper sulfate or formaldehyde. Concern has been expressed about the use of such products and the health and environmental consequences of farmers disposing large amounts of these residues into watercourses after treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, non-antibiotic compound in controlling papillomatous digital dermatitis when used in a footbath application.
Comparison of Serologic Responses to Type 1 and 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viruses in Naturally Exposed Dairy Cattle
Authors: Tremblay R. R. M. , Power C. A. , Jordan L. T. , Carman P. S.
Published: February 2023

The two genotypes of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) are designated as types 1 and 2. Type 1 BVDV can be further subdivided into types 1a and 1b. Although the differences between types 1 and 2 are based on the viral genome, there are also antigenic differences. Veterinarians routinely use serology as a tool to diagnose BVDV infections, but it is unclear if serologic testing for antibody against a type-1 BVDV will reliably detect cattle exposed to a type-2 BVDV. In 1999 in Ontario, 50% of BVDV isolated from diagnostic samples were type-2 BVDV (1). This study was undertaken to evaluate serologic response to a type-1 and a type-2 BVDV following natural exposure in dairy heifers.
Hepatic Trace-mineral Concentrations in the Bovine Fetus and Neonate
Authors: Van Saun Robert J. , Herdt Thomas H. , Braselton W. Emmett
Published: February 2023

Mineral deficiencies affect a variety of physiologic functions, including immunity, fetal development and metabolism. Understanding the role of mineral nutrition in animal health has prompted a need for accurate assessment and interpretation of mineral status relative to disease potential. Newer analytical technologies allow rapid measurement of multiple mineral concentrations in blood or tissue samples. Diagnostic interpretation of adult animal tissue mineral concentrations has been well defined. In contrast, diagnostic criteria for fetal and neonatal hepatic mineral concentrations are not well established. The objective of this study was to generate preliminary criteria for assessing bovine fetal and neonatal hepatic mineral concentrations.
Prevalence of Antibodies to Mycoplasma avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease) in Saskatchewan Beef Cows on Community Pasture
Authors: Waldner Cheryl , Cunningham Gail , Campbell John , Janzen Eugene , Copeland Sheila
Published: February 2023

Most of what we know about Johne's disease comes from dairy herds. Relatively little information is available on either the prevalence of this infection or risk factors for Johne's disease in commercial cow-calf operations.
Economic Value of Early Cytogenetic Testing of Potential Cattle Breeding Stock
Authors: Weber Alvin F. , Buoen Lance
Published: February 2023

In light of continued shrinkage of the cattle genetic pool and an increase in pre-sale cytogenetic certification requests, it is important for those engaged in the cattle industry to be aware of the need for selective early cytogenetic testing.
Management Guidelines During Harvest and Storage of Silage
Authors: Kung Limin , Neylon Jeanne
Published: February 2023

Management techniques during harvest and storage can have marked effects on the quality of forages stored as silage. Wilting to correct moistures and chopping forages to recommended particle lengths will help during the silo packing process. High cutting of corn silage may be an option for some producers to consider in the future. However, no recommendations can be made until more research is completed. Mechanical processing of corn silage can help to improve its nutritive value by improving starch and fiber digestion. Rapid packing to recommended densities and excluding air from the forage mass stimulates a more optimal fermentation in the silo. To help with the ensiling process, microbial inoculation encourages a more efficient fermentation. When forages are drier than 40% DM, inoculants are more effective if applied in a liquid form. All silage additives should be added such that they are distributed evenly throughout the forage mass. Covering bunk and pile silos with plastic is a cost efficient mechanism to save nutrients during storage. Finally, good feedout and silo face management can also help to maintain silages with a high nutritive value.
Feedlot Biosecurity-Security in the Real World
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: February 2023

Biosecurity and security are different production issues, but both are important and must be properly addressed to protect the health oflivestock in an operation. The introduction of disease causing organisms (pathogens) into a livestock operation can either be intentional, as would be the situation with bioterrorism, or unintentional, as is often the case with improper biosecurity application procedures. The biosecurity and security activities will have unique standard operating procedures (SOP) and good management practices (GMP). The security and biosecurity SOP and GMP standards can vary between operations depending on the type and class of cattle raised or produced by the operation, and the operation's biosecurity goals and objectives. The security and biosecurity SOP and GMP outlined in this paper are generic and may not match the needs of different cattle operations. It will be important to evaluate the specific biosecurity and security needs of each production location and make adjustments in the generic checklists included in this paper. The biosecurity and security needs of each production location should be reevaluated on a regularly scheduled basis.
Fertility Factors
Authors: Senger P. L.
Published: February 2023

The goal of every dairy management team should be to maximize the efficiency of high producing dairy cows so that profitability will increase. The standards which define a high producing dairy cow will move upward as long as genetic progress continues to be made, management priority is placed on cow comfort and improving milk yield, nutrition is improved and new technology is developed and implemented.

The goal of this paper is to present a reasonable case that successful reproductive management in high producing cows can be realized best by focusing on the right factors; the ones that impact fertility the most. This paper will not provide specific programs or recommendations for improvements. These are available from numerous other sources and specific programs must be custom-designed for each herd.
Thinking Outside the Box
Authors: Stevenson Deborah
Published: February 2023

Do the veterinarians in your clinic work too many hours and still not have time to get everything accomplished? There are many traditional options to remedy this situation, such as working more hours or not taking any new clients. However, there is another option ... hiring a Registered (Certified) Veterinary Technician. You're probably asking yourself "How will this help me?" We will answer that question during this presentation and have you beginning to "think outside the box"! Each practice situation will bring unique opportunities based upon the type of practice and applicable laws for its location. These tasks, delegated by the veterinarian to the technician, may include both traditional "nursing" skills as well as tasks in your herd health programs. This team approach, though new in food animal practice, has been long used in the human nursing and dental professions. The bottom line is that utilizing technicians as part of the veterinary team will positively impact the clinic business ... the doctors are more efficient, the technicians are challenged to do what they are trained to do and the client gets outstanding service.
BGA Guidelines
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: February 2023

National Cattlemen's Beef Association's (NCBA) and state cattlemen's association BQA Program is designed for our industry, and all cattlemen ... the cattlemen are in charge! The program began in 1980 and has grown to include 47 states. Nebraska began its third revitalization of the BQA program in February of 1997. The development and coordination of the revitalization program has been through the Nebraska Cattlemen, Nebraska Beef Council, Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association and University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. Other states have started revitalization programs similar to the BQA program.
Regulations Concerning Food Animal Drug Use
Authors: Apley Mike
Published: February 2023

As a Veterinary Technician, you are involved daily in the practice of administering medications to animals. These administrations may be done according to the label directions, or the treatment regimen may be altered from the label. This altered use is referred to as extralabel, or off-label use. The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) has moved extralabel drug use in veterinary medicine from an approach of "illegal but tolerated if you do it this way" to "legal if you follow specific guidelines". This paper presents portions of the AMDUCA regulations as published in the Federal Register. These sections have been selected to highlight key areas of the regulations and should not be treated as the full text of the regulations. Directions for obtaining the full text of appropriate documents are included below. In addition, anyone working with dairy animals should be aware of the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO) regulations and their state regulations regarding drugs on dairies.
Health and Performance Effects of Inadequate Colostral Transfer in Beef Calves
Authors: Dewell R. D. , Hungerford L. L. , Keen J. E. , Hruska Roman L. , Grotelueschen D. M. , Rupp G. P. , Griffin D. D.
Published: February 2023

Study objectives were to evaluate associations between serum IgG 1 level, measured 24 to 48 hours after birth, and preweaning or feedlot morbidity, mortality, and average daily gain.
Effect of Metaphylactic Antimicrobial Use on the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal E. coli Isolates of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Checkley Sylvia , Chirino-Trejo Manuel , Janzen Eugene , Waldner Cheryl , Campbell John
Published: February 2023

Much of the long-term economic and environmental stability of beef production seems to be driven by marketplace issues such as food safety and quality assurance that would include the potential presence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Long-acting injectable antimicrobials are widely used for metaphylaxis in calves on arrival at the feedlot. Previous feedlot trials by other researchers have associated metaphylaxis with lowered rates of morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease. Average daily gain, feed efficiency, case fatality rates, treatment rates, and relapse rates for bovine respiratory disease have also improved in animals where metaphylaxis is used. Metaphylaxis, therefore, has great industry significance from both an economic and animal welfare perspective. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the prevalence of fecal E. coli resistant to antimicrobials in auction-mart derived weaned calves, 2) to determine the effect of metaphylactic antimicrobial usage on the development of fecal E. coli resistant to various antimicrobials, and 3) to determine the persistence of antimicrobial resistant fecal E. coli and to evaluate the potential risk of their presence preslaughter.
Effect of Dose of GnRH Used in the Ovsynch System on AI Pregnancy Rates in Beef Cows
Authors: Whittier W. Dee , Hall John B. , Britt Amanda , Cline Mark
Published: February 2023

Estrous synchronization advances have the potential to dramatically increase the utilization of artificial insemination (AI) in beef cattle operations. Ultimately, the level of usefulness of these programs and AI in general will be the cost effectiveness of programs which are developed. Programs involving the use of GnRH and prostaglandins have been reported that allow for acceptable pregnancy rates using timed insemination and thus dramatically reducing handling, a significant deterrent to AI in beef cattle. One such scheme, Ovsynch, has utilized 100mg of GnRH for each of two injections in the scheme. Research conducted with dairy cattle has suggested that 50 mg GnRH provides similar pregnancy rate outcomes. Beef cow reproduction is significantly different than dairy reproduction due to different body composition, lactational demands and typical nutritional provision. If a lower dose of GnRH produces similar pregnancy outcomes, a significant economic advantage to the program would result. This trial was designed to compare the outcome of the four different combinations of 50 mg and 100 mg of GnRH in Ovsynch protocols.
Treatment for Bovine Respiratory Disease in U.S. Feedlots
Authors: Loneragan Guy H. , Dargatz David A. , Wagner Bruce A. , Wineland Nora E.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in U.S. feedlots. It is generally accepted that BRD results from an interaction of stressors, animal susceptibility and pathogens. Viral respiratory pathogens are believed to be primary invaders that allow bacterial colonization of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) which leads to bronchopneumonia. Prompt treatment of BRD-affected calves early in the course of disease with an appropriate antimicrobial appears to be the best strategy to effect a cure. Delayed or inappropriate treatment often leads to treatment failure, chronic disease, or death.
Effect of Tail Docking on Udder Hygiene and Milk Quality
Authors: Schreiner D. A. , Ruegg P. L.
Published: February 2023

Pre-milking udder hygiene can affect the rate of intramammary infection and bacterial numbers in milk. A study which monitored 413 dairy cows for two months to determine effects of tail docking on cow cleanliness and udder health reported no significant effect, but the study's ability to detect differences was low. This study looked at the specific effect of tail docking on somatic cell count (SCC), intramammary infection (MI) and udder and leg cleanliness in commercial dairy herds.
Persistent Infection of Ovine Herpes virus Type 2 in a Dairy Herd
Authors: Callan Robert J. , Van Metre Dave C. , Powers Jenny G. , Carbone Cameo , Carman Jane , Dinsmore R. Page , Li Hong , Collins James K.
Published: February 2023

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a frequently fatal viral disease of cattle and other ruminants. Sheep-associated MCF is caused by ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2). Over 95% of domestic sheep are asymptomatic carriers of OvHV-2 and serve as a source of infection for cattle. Previous studies demonstrated a significant high prevalence of asymptomatic OvHV-2 infection in adult dairy cattle from a herd housed in close proximity to sheep. While sheep are considered to be the primary source of infection in cattle, there are reports of MCF in cattle that are not in direct contact with sheep. The hypothesis for this study is that cattle infected with OvHV-2 can remain asymptomatic for extended periods of time and may transmit the virus to offspring through placenta and/or colostrum. The study's objectives were to monitor a group of adult cattle for evidence of OvHV-2 persistent infection and evaluate possible transmission of OvHV-2 to calves.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Isolated from Organic and Conventional Dairy Farms in the Midwestern and Northeastern United States
Authors: Halbert L. W. , Kaneene J. B. , Ruegg P. L. , Warnick L. D. , Wells S. J. , Mansfield L. , Green A. , Geiger A. , Fossler C.
Published: February 2023

Campylobacter infections are the most commonly identified cause of human gastroenteritis in the United States. Increased resistance to several antimicrobials is being observed in Campylobacter from humans, swine, and poultry. Meanwhile, dairy cattle have been identified as sources of Campylobacter infection in humans through consumption of raw milk, educational visits to farms , or water contamination. Thus, dairy's role in dissemination of this foodborne pathogen warrants further study.
Evaluation of a Modified Heatsynch Estrus Synchronization Program on a California Commercial Dairy
Authors: Bos A. P. , Belschner A. P. , Michael N.
Published: February 2023

This study compares the number of pregnant animals by 120 days after calving using three different breeding systems. The breeding programs include an aggressive, timed artificial insemination (AI) program that incorporates treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), estradiol cypionate (ECP), prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGF2a) and a 20-day post-breeding progesterone test; a prostaglandin-based heat detection program; and a bull-bred string.
Health Impact of a Stall Divider Raised Nine Inches in Side-lunge Stalls for 900 Cows
Authors: Nordlund Ken , Peek Simon , Bennett Tom , Gaska Jerry
Published: February 2023

Clinicians associate deficits in freestall design with cows lying in alleys, increased dirtiness, increased mastitis, and increased risk of entrapment injury. However, there is a paucity of published case reports that document the risks. This report documents mastitis and injury rates as three different stall configurations were introduced sequentially to a herd of approximately 1,000 Holstein cows.
APPROACHES AND METHODS EMPLOYED IN REVITALISING THE SEPEREWA MUSICAL TRADITION IN GHANA
Authors: Agyefi Papa Kow Mensah
Published: February 2023

This article examines how Osei Korankye, a seperewa (a west African harp) player in Ghana, managed to thrive in an often unfavourable environment for traditional musicians. The seperewa is a Ghanaian harp with a likeness to the kora. The article examines Korankye’s efforts to preserve and restore local interest in seperewa music. The conflict between traditional musical practices and the multiplicity of sounds and ideologies brought by globalisation and cultural imperialism after contact with Europe in the fifteenth century is critical to the discourse in this article. As a result of these encounters, Ghanaian communities have lost much of their musical traditions; those remaining are cherished by a small number of individuals. Many see such traditions as a building block to most of Ghana’s cultural heritage, hence the call for cultural revitalisation in many quarters. Drawing on the available literature and ethnographic interviews, I position Korankye, and his methods, as a powerful example of such a strategy for revitalisation while outlining many of the struggles he negotiated. This article corroborates existing arguments made by many that globalisation and cultural imperialism profoundly influenced African civilisations, threatening a loss of contact between communities and their customs.
Sing and Sing On: Sentinel Musicians and the Making of the Ethiopian American Diaspora
Authors: Kumar Rakesh
Published: February 2023

Review of "Sing and Sing On: Sentinel Musicians and the Making of the Ethiopian American Diaspora. Kay Kaufman Shelemay, 2022. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 57 b/w illustrations, bibliography, index, 432 pages."
Financial Management of Village Savings and Loans Associations in West Nile, Uganda
Authors: Lagu Yanga  Elias
Published: February 2023

Village savings and loans associations (VSLA) groups have recently garnered popularity in rural and urban settings. This study aimed to assess the relevant financial management practices in the context of VSLA in West Nile, Uganda, and provide recommendations for robust and sound VSLA financial management practices for the effective management of grouped financial resources. This study adopted a quantitative research design, used a questionnaire to conduct a field survey, and employed SPSS for data analysis. Descriptive statistics, frequency, and percentile were utilized to analyze data collected from the study sample of 196 VSLA groups whose management committees were the unit of enquiry. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used. The study found that the number of members that a VSLA group has typically ranged between 25 and 30, of which 87% were between 34–54 years, and 62% of the groups had saved for 1–5 years. This study identified the interest earned, penalties or fines charged, savings of members, and support from non-governmental organizations and government in the forms of donations and grants as major sources of income of the VSLA group. Record keeping, security of savings from members who saved by keeping their money in banks, budgeting, segregation of duties among management committees, registration status, and the availability of a functional constitution to members were identified as good financial management practices. This study indicates that good financial management practices yield an opportunity for VSLA groups to borrow large amounts from financial institutions for investments. It also ensures proper planning, revenue and expenditure monitoring, transparency, and better utilization of hard-earned financial resources, while also boosting the confidence and trust of the group members. Keywords: Associations, Financial, Loans, Management, Savings, and Village.
The Effect of Human Resource Management on Performance of Employees with Mediating Effect of Work-Life Balance in Nigeria
Authors: Kusena Priscilla
Published: February 2023

This paper examined the effect of human resource management on the performance of public sector organizations with the mediating effect of the work-life balance of the Nigerian Federal Inland Revenue (FIRS). The specific objectives of the study were to ascertain the practices of Human Resource Management (HRM) regarding work-life balance and to examine the level of effectiveness of Human Resource Management of FIRS regarding work-life balance. The study also investigated the challenges of work-life balance faced by Human Resource Management in FIRS and suggested probable measures to improve the HRM system at FIRS. The study was hinged on the Easton System theory of 1979. The study adopted a quantitative survey with data collected from one hundred and thirty-two (132) respondents from the Federal Inland Revenue Service, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Findings from the study reveal that there is an average level of practices of HRM regarding work-life balance in FIRS. Further, the findings revealed that the level of effectiveness of Human Resource Management of FIRS regarding work-life balance is poor. It also revealed that challenges include employers’ difficult policies and practices, lack of duty control, unsupportive employee relationships, inadequate human resources, increasingwork–life pressures, and high-stress levels. The study, therefore, recommends that the organization employs strategies that will boost staff morale, motivate workers, reduce absenteeism, and improve organizational productivity. This can be done through an efficiently managed work-life balance among employees at FIRS. Keywords: Human Resource Management, Performance, Public Sector, Work-life Balance, and Nigerian Federal Inland Revenue Service.
Exploring resilience interactions and its driving forces in the land–water–biodiversity nexus at the watershed scale
Authors: Li Qingpu , Zhang Zhengdong , Li Cheng , Wan Luwen , Yang Yang
Published: February 2023

This study took the Meijiang River Basin, China, as an example, to simulate the resilience interactions of three key subsystems of land, water and biodiversity from 2000 to 2015, using a spatially explicit model. Twelve environmental variables were selected from natural, landscape pattern and socioeconomic dimensions to detect the dominant factors of system resilience interactions using a geographic detector model. We found that the resilience of water yield, soil retention and biodiversity were mainly influenced by landscape pattern factors. Additionally, terrain is a main driver of soil retention resilience, precipitation plays a critical role influencing water yield resilience variations and biodiversity resilience variations remain stable influenced by landscape pattern. Larger synergy and loss occurred between water yield resilience and biodiversity resilience compared with other pairs of resilience, while greater tradeoffs occurred between soil retention resilience and biodiversity resilience. The interactions among landscape pattern, precipitation, terrain and GDP were the main driving forces of land and water resilience interactions. The interactions of landscape pattern and terrain were the main driving forces of land and biodiversity resilience interactions. The interactions of landscape pattern, precipitation and GDP were the main driving forces of water and biodiversity resilience interactions. Our study implied that improving habitat connectivity could maximize benefits.