bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The phenotype of murine wound macrophages
Authors: Daley Jean M , Brancato Samielle K , Thomay Alan A , Reichner Jonathan S , Albina Jorge E
Published: October 2009

Wound macrophages exhibit a complex phenotype, which changes as the wound matures and develops independently of IL-4 or IL-13.

The phenotype of wound macrophages has not been studied by direct examination of these cells, yet macrophages recruited to sites of injury are described as alternatively activated macrophages, requiring IL-4 or IL-13 for phenotypic expression. This study characterized wound macrophage phenotype in the PVA sponge wound model in mice. Eighty-five percent of wound macrophages isolated 1 day after injury expressed Gr-1, but only 20% of those isolated at 7 days expressed this antigen. Macrophages from 1-, 3-, and 7-day wounds expressed markers of alternative activation, including mannose receptor, dectin-1, arginase 1, and Ym1, but did not contain iNOS. Day 1 wound macrophages produced more TNF-α, more IL-6, and less TGF-β than Day 7 wound macrophages. Wound macrophages did not produce IL-10. The cytokines considered necessary for alternative activation of macrophages, IL-4 and IL-13, were not detected in the wound environment and were not produced by wound cells. Wound macrophages did not contain PStat6. Wound fluids inhibited IL-13-dependent phosphorylation of Stat6 and contained IL-13Rα2, a soluble decoy receptor for IL-13. The phenotype of wound macrophages was not altered in mice lacking IL-4Rα, which is required for Stat6-dependent signaling of IL-4 and IL-13. Wound macrophages exhibit a complex phenotype, which includes traits associated with alternative and classical activation and changes as the wound matures. The wound macrophage phenotype does not require IL-4 or IL-13.
Adiponectin Deficiency, Diastolic Dysfunction, and Diastolic Heart Failure
Authors: Sam Flora , Duhaney Toni-Ann S. , Sato Kaori , Wilson Richard M. , Ohashi Koji , Sono-Romanelli Saki , Higuchi Akiko , De Silva Deepa S. , Qin Fuzhong , Walsh Kenneth , Ouchi Noriyuki
Published: October 2009

Aldosterone infusion results in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and hypertension and may involve profibrotic and proinflammatory mechanisms. In turn, hypertension is the major cause of diastolic heart failure (HF). Adiponectin, an adipose-derived plasma protein, exerts antiinflammatory and anti-hypertrophic effects and is implicated in the development of hypertension and systolic HF. We thus tested the hypothesis that hypoadiponectinemia in aldosterone-induced hypertension exacerbated cardiac remodeling and diastolic HF. Wild-type (WT) or adiponectin-deficient (APNKO) mice underwent saline or aldosterone infusion and uninephrectomy and were fed 1% salt water for 4 wk. Blood pressure was increased in aldosterone-infused WT (132 ± 2 vs. 109 ± 3 mm Hg; P < 0.01) and further augmented in APNKO mice (140 ± 3 mm Hg; P < 0.05 vs. aldosterone-infused WT). LVH was increased in aldosterone-infused WT vs. WT mice (LV/body weight ratio, 4.8 ± 0.2 vs. 4.1 ± 0.2 mg/g) and further increased in aldosterone-infused APNKO mice (LV/body weight ratio, 6.0 ± 0.4 mg/g). Left ventricular ejection fraction was not decreased in either aldosterone-infused WT or APNKO hearts. Pulmonary congestion however was worse in APNKO mice (P < 0.01). The ratio of early ventricular filling over late ventricular filling (E/A) and the ratio of mitral peak velocity of early filling to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/e’), measures of diastolic function, were increased in aldosterone-infused WT hearts and further increased in APNKO hearts (P < 0.05 for both). Renal function and cardiac fibrosis were no different between both aldosterone-infused groups. Aldosterone increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in WT hearts (P < 0.05 vs. WT and P < 0.01 vs. APNKO). Myocardial atrial natriuretic peptide, interferon-γ, and TNF-α expression were increased in aldosterone-infused WT hearts. Expression of these proteins was further increased in aldosterone-infused APNKO hearts. Therefore, hypoadiponectinemia in hypertension-induced diastolic HF exacerbates LVH, diastolic dysfunction, and diastolic HF. Whether or not adiponectin replacement prevents the progression to diastolic HF will warrant further study.
Informatics approaches to understanding TGFβ pathway regulation
Authors: Kahlem Pascal , Newfeld Stuart J.
Published: October 2009

In recent years, informatics studies have predicted several new ways in which the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway can be post-translationally regulated. Subsequently, many of these predictions were experimentally validated. These approaches include phylogenetic predictions for the phosphorylation, sumoylation and ubiquitylation of pathway components, as well as kinetic models of endocytosis, phosphorylation and nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling. We review these studies and provide a brief `how to' guide for phylogenetics. Our hope is to stimulate experimental tests of informatics-based predictions for TGFβ signaling, as well as for other signaling pathways, and to expand the number of developmental pathways that are being analyzed computationally.
The regulation of TGFβ signal transduction
Authors: Moustakas Aristidis , Heldin Carl-Henrik
Published: October 2009

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathways are implicated in metazoan development, adult homeostasis and disease. TGFβ ligands signal via receptor serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate, and activate,intracellular Smad effectors as well as other signaling proteins. Oligomeric Smad complexes associate with chromatin and regulate transcription, defining the biological response of a cell to TGFβ family members. Signaling is modulated by negative-feedback regulation via inhibitory Smads. We review here the mechanisms of TGFβ signal transduction in metazoans and emphasize events crucial for embryonic development.
Zebrafishzic2apatterns the forebrain through modulation of Hedgehog-activated gene expression
Authors: Sanek Nicholas A. , Taylor Aaron A. , Nyholm Molly K. , Grinblat Yevgenya
Published: October 2009

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common congenital malformation of the forebrain in human. Several genes with essential roles during forebrain development have been identified because they cause HPE when mutated. Among these are genes that encode the secreted growth factor Sonic hedgehog (Shh)and the transcription factors Six3 and Zic2. In the mouse, Six3 and Shh activate each other's transcription, but a role for Zic2 in this interaction has not been tested. We demonstrate that in zebrafish, as in mouse, Hh signaling activates transcription of six3b in the developing forebrain. zic2a is also activated by Hh signaling, and represses six3b non-cell-autonomously, i.e. outside of its own expression domain, probably through limiting Hh signaling. Zic2a repression of six3b is essential for the correct formation of the prethalamus. The diencephalon-derived optic stalk (OS) and neural retina are also patterned in response to Hh signaling. We show that zebrafish Zic2a limits transcription of the Hh targets pax2a and fgf8a in the OS and retina. The effects of Zic2a depletion in the forebrain and in the OS and retina are rescued by blocking Hh signaling or by increasing levels of the Hh antagonist Hhip, suggesting that in both tissues Zic2a acts to attenuate the effects of Hh signaling. These data uncover a novel, essential role for Zic2a as a modulator of Hh-activated gene expression in the developing forebrain and advance our understanding of a key gene regulatory network that, when disrupted, causes HPE.
Cell competition, growth and size control in theDrosophilawing imaginal disc
Authors: Martín Francisco A. , Herrera Salvador C. , Morata Ginés
Published: October 2009

We report here experiments aimed at understanding the connections between cell competition and growth in the Drosophila wing disc. The principal assay has been to generate discs containing marked cells that proliferate at different rates and to study their interactions and their contribution to the final structure. It is known that single clones of fast-dividing cells within a compartment may occupy the larger part of the compartment without affecting its size. This has suggested the existence of interactions involving cell competition between fast- and slow-dividing cells directed to accommodate the contribution of each cell to the final compartment. Here we show that indeed fast-dividing cells can outcompete slow-dividing ones in their proximity. However, we argue that this elimination is of little consequence because preventing apoptosis, and therefore cell competition, in those compartments does not affect the size of the clones or the size of the compartments. Our experiments indicate that cells within a compartment proliferate autonomously at their own rate. The contribution of each cell to the compartment is exclusively determined by its division rate within the frame of a size control mechanism that stops growth once the compartment has reached the final arresting size. This is supported by a computer simulation of the contribution of individual fast clones growing within a population of slower dividing cells and without interacting with them. The values predicted by the simulation are very close to those obtained experimentally.
Mitochondrial protein Preli-like is required for development of dendritic arbors and prevents their regression in theDrosophilasensory nervous system
Authors: Tsubouchi Asako , Tsuyama Taiichi , Fujioka Makio , Kohda Haruyasu , Okamoto-Furuta Keiko , Aigaki Toshiro , Uemura Tadashi
Published: October 2009

Dynamic morphological changes in mitochondria depend on the balance of fusion and fission in various eukaryotes, and are crucial for mitochondrial activity. Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a common theme that underlies numerous neurological disorders, including neurodegeneration. However, how this abnormal mitochondrial activity leads to neurodegenerative disorders is still largely unknown. Here, we show that the Drosophilamitochondrial protein Preli-like (Prel), a member of the conserved PRELI/MSF1 family, contributes to the integrity of mitochondrial structures, the activity of respiratory chain complex IV and the cellular ATP level. When Prel function was impaired in neurons in vivo, the cellular ATP level decreased and mitochondria became fragmented and sparsely distributed in dendrites and axons. Notably, the dendritic arbors were simplified and downsized, probably as a result of breakage of proximal dendrites and progressive retraction of terminal branches. By contrast, abrogation of the mitochondria transport machinery per se had a much less profound effect on the arbor morphogenesis. Interestingly, overexpression of Drob-1 (Debcl), a DrosophilaBax-like Bcl-2 family protein, in the wild-type background produced dendrite phenotypes that were reminiscent of the prel phenotype. Moreover,expression of the Drob-1 antagonist Buffy in prel mutant neurons substantially restored the dendritic phenotype. Our observations suggest that Prel-dependent regulation of mitochondrial activity is important for both growth and prevention of breakage of dendritic branches.
The establishment of sexual identity in theDrosophilagermline
Authors: Casper Abbie L. , Van Doren Mark
Published: October 2009

The establishment of sexual identity is a crucial step of germ cell development in sexually reproducing organisms. Sex determination in the germline is controlled differently than in the soma, and often depends on communication from the soma. To investigate how sexual identity is established in the Drosophila germline, we first conducted a molecular screen for genes expressed in a sex-specific manner in embryonic germ cells. Sex-specific expression of these genes is initiated at the time of gonad formation (stage 15), indicating that sexual identity in the germline is established by this time. Experiments where the sex of the soma was altered relative to that of the germline (by manipulating transformer) reveal a dominant role for the soma in regulating initial germline sexual identity. Germ cells largely take on the sex of the surrounding soma, although the sex chromosome constitution of the germ cells still plays some role at this time. The male soma signals to the germline through the JAK/STAT pathway, while the nature of the signal from the female soma remains unknown. We also find that the genes ovo and ovarian tumor (otu) are expressed in a female-specific manner in embryonic germ cells, consistent with their role in promoting female germline identity. However, removing the function of ovo and otu, or reducing germline function of Sex lethal, had little effect on establishment of germline sexual identity. This is consistent with our findings that signals from the soma are dominant over germline autonomous cues at the initial stage of germline sex determination.
Brucella endocarditis: a report from Iran
Authors: Esmailpour Negin , Borna Sima , Nejad Mehrnaz Rasooli , Badie Sina Moradmand , Badie Banafsheh Moradmand , Hadadi Azar
Published: October 2009

Endocarditis is a rare focal complication of brucellosis but the most common cause of mortality. The diagnosis of the complications of endemic diseases is therefore important. We evaluated Brucella endocarditis cases in a teaching hospital in Iran between April 1998 and March 2006. Nine patients with a median age of 38.11 years were recorded, of whom seven (77.7%) were male. Underlying cardiopathy was present in three patients (33.3%). The median duration of the symptoms prior to diagnosis was 5.33 months. Endocarditis involved the aortic valve in six cases (66.6%), the mitral valve in two cases (22.2%) and the aortic valve plus the mitral valve in one case (11.1%). Serologic tests were positive in eight (88.8%) and blood culture was positive in two (22.2%). Aortic valve replacement surgery was undertaken for five patients (55.5%). One patient died due to arrhythmia. A high degree of suspicion is therefore necessary in order to ameliorate the course of Brucella endocarditis.
The Statistical Analysis of Golf Performance
Authors: James Nic
Published: October 2009

This paper reviews the limited published research on golf statistics, including round scores from amateur and professional golfers, in terms of understanding golf performance. The statistical analysis of golf involves using either scores (hole and round) or particular elements of the game that are thought to be indicative of success called performance indicators. The author reflects upon and extends some of the published research with some small studies he carried out over the last few years with his colleagues. The main conclusion is that the commonly collected performance indicators, such as ‘greens in regulation,’ need to be improved upon. In this regard, the ShotLink statistics, such as how close to the hole a player gets from within 100 yards, which are now collected at most US PGA tournaments using specialist distance-measuring devices, would seem to be the future of performance analysis in golf.
Swedish Golf Success: Its History and Future
Authors: Mattsson Peter , Hassmén Peter , McCullick Bryan , Schempp Paul
Published: October 2009

Swedish elite golfers have been unusually successful on the golf circuit, despite coming from a country with only 9 million people and with a climate that makes it impossible to play golf for more than 6 months a year. The study aimed to find an explanation for this success through interviews with professional players, their coaches and other experts in the field. Results point to a number of factors, including: A): the structure and organization of Swedish golf, b) well established training programs in the clubs, c) motivated and skilful coaches, d) a priority on developing the whole person rather than a singular focus on the golfer, and e) a team spirit that made golf the most fun sport imaginable for the players. As for the future, many respondents stressed the importance of: a) all-round training, b) a higher priority on developing the mental side of the game, and c) the need for a holistic approach to developing the player Organization and structure seem to be what most respondents –players and experts alike – consider the key factor when trying to explain the success of Swedish golf. Yet, at the same time having fun emerges as an important aspect
Effects of Trust Training on Tee and Pitch Shots in Golf
Authors: Stevenson John , Moore Bill , Pinter Matt , Stephenson Paul , Liley Mark , Elliot Doug , Brossman Michael
Published: October 2009

This study assessed the effects of a training program designed to enhance trust in the performance of a full swing tee shot and a greenside pitch shot using a repeated measures design with a cohort group. Skilled golfers with an average age of 21.3 years, average golf experience of 11.6 years, and a USGA handicap index of less than 7.0 served as participants. Following baseline performance assessment of six pitch shots, each participant completed a 2-day trust training program. Post-training measurements were taken during blocks of 10 trials for each test shot condition, a 25 m (30-yd) greenside pitch shot and a full swing tee shot with a driver, at 1 and 2 weeks following training Dependent measures included effective distance from a target, self-report measures of tempo, target and trust; process measures of last look at target to backswing start; and body position measures using both digital video and the GolfTEC system Statistical analyses revealed that tempo, target, hip and shoulder tilt were significant predictors of trust, while tempo and trust were significant predictors of effective distance. Results for the pitch shot revealed that when golfers trusted their swing, tempo was rated high and they hit their target, resulting in a 60% improvement in getting closer to the hole. Results for the tee shot suggest that when subjects trusted their swing and tempo was rated one interval higher than when they didn't trust their swing, effective driving distance increased an average of 18.3 m (20 yards). These results suggest that when skilled golfers access trust, their execution of golf shots markedly improves.
The Use of Swing Keys by Elite Tournament Professional Golfers
Authors: Jenkins Simon
Published: October 2009

A swing key (swing thought) is a conscious thought or image that is used just before and/or during the execution of a golf shot. 113 players who were competing in tournaments on the PGA European Tour (1989–1991) were interviewed about their use of swing keys. It was found that all these players reported use of swing keys for full shots either on the practice ground and/or on the course. The nature, origin and function of swing keys are discussed especially with regard to imitational and instructional learning. At any one time on the Tour, there were not many players using swing keys on chipping. The use of swing keys in chipping is discussed in terms of theory in cognitive psychology about conscious control of action Finally, there is a discussion of what is written about swing keys in Bob Rotella's influential books on golf psychology
Effect of Training for Trust in Putting Performance of Skilled Golfers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Stevenson John , Stephenson Paul , Hoffman Matt , Jager Travis , VanEngen Erika , Pinter Matt
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of trust education and training on putting performance of skilled golfers using a randomized control design and vision occlusion goggles in a controlled putting environment. Subjects were 46 skilled golfers, randomly assigned to 2 groups – training and control. Following group assignment both groups received a 90-min trust education session in order to fully understand the skill for self-report measures used throughout the study. All golfers completed baseline testing consisting of 18 putts on a GL Technologies Putting Challenge, Ultimate Edition system, outfitted with a custom putting analysis system, on one of two randomly determined difficulty levels under two alternating condition orders (visual knowledge of results (KR) vs. no visual KR) that were also randomly determined. Putting measures included outcome and self-report measures (tempo, target, and trust) following each putt, and the Flow State Scale (FSS) following completion of their putting performance. The training group then received a trust skills training program consisting of six specific practice drills designed to enhance the golfer's ability to access trust during putting performance. Five practice sessions of the trust training drills were completed and post-training measures were repeated 5–7 days later for both groups. Chi-square analyses of the self-report measures and ANOVA for the FSS measures revealed: A) golfers who trusted their stroke were more likely to make the putt; b) visual occlusion did not affect skilled golfers' ability to report whether they trusted their stroke; c) there was no difference between groups on putting performance following trust training for these skilled golfers; and d) FSS measures were not adequate predictors of whether a golfer trusts his or her putting stroke, suggesting that flow and trust in motor skill execution are different phenomena.
Golf Coaching and Swing Plane Theories
Authors: Jenkins Simon
Published: October 2009

Most commonly associated with the legendary golfer, Ben Hogan in his famous golf instruction book, the concept of swing plane is used by many contemporary golf coaches – including Hank Haney, who is Tiger Woods' current coach. While contemporary golf coaches point to flaws in Hogan's concept of swing plane, their own concepts do not fit easily with scientific accounts of swing plane, such as that in the book, The Search for the Perfect Swing, published in connection with the research carried out by the Golfing Society of Great Britain Scientific Working Party in the 1960s. There are clearly differences between ‘scientific’ and ‘teaching’ theories of swing plane. This article attempts to reconcile the science of the swing plane with the art of coaching this concept to players.
The flavivirus NS5 protein is a true RNA guanylyltransferase that catalyzes a two-step reaction to form the RNA cap structure
Authors: Issur Moheshwarnath , Geiss Brian J. , Bougie Isabelle , Picard-Jean Frédéric , Despins Simon , Mayette Joannie , Hobdey Sarah E. , Bisaillon Martin
Published: October 2009

The 5′-end of the flavivirus genome harbors a methylated m7GpppA2′OMe cap structure, which is generated by the virus-encoded RNA triphosphatase, RNA (guanine-N7) methyltransferase, nucleoside 2′-O-methyltransferase, and RNA guanylyltransferase. The presence of the flavivirus guanylyltransferase activity in NS5 has been suggested by several groups but has not been empirically proven. Here we provide evidence that the N-terminus of the flavivirus NS5 protein is a true RNA guanylyltransferase. We demonstrate that GTP can be used as a substrate by the enzyme to form a covalent GMP–enzyme intermediate via a phosphoamide bond. Mutational studies also confirm the importance of a specific lysine residue in the GTP binding site for the enzymatic activity. We show that the GMP moiety can be transferred to the diphosphate end of an RNA transcript harboring an adenosine as the initiating residue. We also demonstrate that the flavivirus RNA triphosphatase (NS3 protein) stimulates the RNA guanylyltransferase activity of the NS5 protein. Finally, we show that both enzymes are sufficient and necessary to catalyze the de novo formation of a methylated RNA cap structure in vitro using a triphosphorylated RNA transcript. Our study provides biochemical evidence that flaviviruses encode a complete RNA capping machinery.
Improved RNA preservation for immunolabeling and laser microdissection
Authors: Brown Amanda L. , Smith Doug W.
Published: October 2009

Microdissection techniques have the potential to allow for transcriptome analyses in specific populations of cells that are isolated from heterogeneous tissues such as the nervous system and certain cancers. Problematically, RNA is not stable under the labeling conditions usually needed to identify the cells of interest for microdissection. We have developed an immunolabeling method that utilizes a high salt buffer to stabilize RNA during prolonged antibody incubations. We first assessed RNA integrity by three methods and found that tissue incubated in high salt buffer for at least 20 h yielded RNA of similar quality to that for RNA extracted from fresh-frozen tissue, which is considered highest quality. Notably, the integrity was superior to that for RNA extracted from tissue processed using rapid immunolabeling procedures (5 min total duration). We next established that high salt buffer was compatible with immunolabeling, as demonstrated by immunofluorescent detection of dopamine neurons in the brain. Finally, we laser microdissected dopamine neurons that were immunolabeled using high salt buffer and demonstrated that RNA integrity was preserved. Our described method yields high quality RNA from immunolabeled microdissected cells, an essential requirement for meaningful genomics investigations of normal and pathological cells isolated from complex tissues.
Filtering of deep sequencing data reveals the existence of abundant Dicer-dependent small RNAs derived from tRNAs
Authors: Cole Christian , Sobala Andrew , Lu Cheng , Thatcher Shawn R. , Bowman Andrew , Brown John W.S. , Green Pamela J. , Barton Geoffrey J. , Hutvagner Gyorgy
Published: October 2009

Deep sequencing technologies such as Illumina, SOLiD, and 454 platforms have become very powerful tools in discovering and quantifying small RNAs in diverse organisms. Sequencing small RNA fractions always identifies RNAs derived from abundant RNA species such as rRNAs, tRNAs, snRNA, and snoRNA, and they are widely considered to be random degradation products. We carried out bioinformatic analysis of deep sequenced HeLa RNA and after quality filtering, identified highly abundant small RNA fragments, derived from mature tRNAs that are likely produced by specific processing rather than from random degradation. Moreover, we showed that the processing of small RNAs derived from tRNAGln is dependent on Dicer in vivo and that Dicer cleaves the tRNA in vitro.
Active Surveillance Systems for Early Detection and Improved Recall Decision Making
Authors: Tolomeo Deborah
Published: October 2009

Medical device recalls have received significant publicity regarding the timeliness and breadth of the response by the manufacturer. It has been suggested that third party oversight and enhanced public disclosure would improve the recall process. This paper discusses the limitations of passive surveillance systems and proposes new active surveillance systems to support early detection and improved recall decision making. This paper also describes additional benefits of obtaining surveillance information to support iterative design changes and product enhancements.
Ein Energie-Management-System für wärmeintensive ProduktionsprozesseEnergy-Management-System for Heat Intensive Production Plants
Authors: Sommer Steffen , Böhm Jens , Kienle Achim
Published: October 2009

Ziel des vorgestellten Energie-Management-Systems für Produktionsbetriebe ist die Minimierung der Energiekosten während des Produktionsprozesses unter gleichzeitiger Einhaltung von Zusatzbedingungen bezüglich Temperatur und Belüftung der Werkhalle. Dieses System realisiert eine dynamische Lastverteilung, welche unnötige Lastspitzen begrenzt. Das Problem wird mit Hilfe einer Optimierung gelöst. Hierfür wird der Produktionsprozess mathematisch modelliert. Das Energie-Management-System führt zu einer erheblichen Reduktion der Energiekosten.
A lower bound estimation for the Ricci curvature of a hypersurface in a hyperbolic space
Authors: Erdoğan Mehmet
Published: October 2009

In some previous papers the author gave an upper bound estimation for the Ricci curvature of a hypersurface in a hyperbolic space and in a sphere, see [4] and [5]. In the present paper, we give a lower bound estimation for the Ricci curvature of a compact connected embedded hypersurface in a hyperbolic space via the maximum principle given by H. Omori in [11].
Technical attainment, practical success and practical knowledge: hermeneutical bases for child nursing care
Authors: Mello Débora Falleiros de , Lima Regina Aparecida Garcia de
Published: October 2009

This reflective study aimed to present some aspects of the concepts technical attainment, practical success and practical knowledge, with a view to a broader understanding of child nursing care. Health care is considered in the perspective of reconstructive practices, characterized as contingencies, highlighting the importance of the connection between technical attainment and practical success and the valuation of practical knowledge, based on philosophical hermeneutics, in the context of practical philosophy. Child health nursing can deal with technical attainment and practical success jointly, and also understand practical knowledge in the longitudinality of care. Health promotion, disease prevention, recovery and rehabilitation of child health should be indissociably associated with contextualized realities, shared between professionals and families, aiming to follow the child's growth and development, produce narratives, identify experiences, choices and decision making to broaden health care.
Epidermal growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor cooperate to enhance cell proliferation, scatter, and invasion in murine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Accornero Paolo , Miretti Silvia , Starvaggi Cucuzza Laura , Martignani Eugenio , Baratta Mario
Published: October 2009

The development of the mammary gland requires an integrated response to specific growth factors and steroid hormones. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor, MET, are expressed and temporally regulated during mammary development and differentiation. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands have also been implicated in mammary gland growth and morphogenesis. Since both cytokines seem to exert a morphogenic program in this tissue, we have investigated the possible concerted action of EGF and HGF on the HC11 cell line, a widely used model of nontumorigenic mammary cells. Western blot analysis indicated that HC11 expressed MET and EGFR, and showed ERK1/2 and AKT activation following HGF or EGF treatment. Analysis by real-time PCR and western blot showed that after an EGF but not HGF or insulin-like growth factor-I treatment, HC11 mammary cells exhibited an increase in MET expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, which was dependent on the AKT pathway. Simultaneous treatment with HGF and EGF increased proliferation, scatter, and invasion as assessed by cell count, cell cycle, scatter, and transwell assays. AKT inhibition did not influence the cooperation on proliferation or invasion after HGF+EGF treatment, while ERK1/2 inhibition abolished MET/EGFR cooperation on proliferation. HGF+EGF treatment increased the duration of ERK1/2 and AKT activation compared to HGF or EGF alone. All these data indicate that a crosstalk between the EGF and HGF pathways in mammary epithelial cells may modulate the development of the mammary gland.
Rosiglitazone activation of PPARγ suppresses fractalkine signaling
Authors: Wan Yihong , Evans Ronald M
Published: October 2009

The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key transcriptional regulator of both lipid metabolism and inflammation. The importance of PPARγ is accentuated by the widespread use of synthetic PPARγ agonists, thiazolidinediones (such as rosiglitazone), as drugs for insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Fractalkine (FKN) and FKN receptor (FR) play an important role in the immune responses by regulating leukocyte migration and adhesion to inflamed peripheral tissues. In this study, we have identified a novel link between PPARγ activation and FKN signaling. On one hand, the activation of PPARγ by rosiglitazone in macrophages not only represses the transcription of the FR gene, but also prevents the plasma membrane translocation of the FR protein. On the other hand, the activation of PPARγ by rosiglitazone in endothelial cells also impedes the nuclear export of FKN. Together, these data suggest that PPARγ activation represses FKN signaling. These findings indicate a previously unrecognized mechanism that may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of PPARγ.
Retinal HDR images: Intraocular glare and object size
Authors: McCann John J. , Rizzi Alessandro
Published: October 2009

Abstract— Starting from measured scene luminances, the retinal images of high‐dynamic‐range (HDR) test targets were calculated. These test displays contain 40 gray squares with a 50% average surround. In order to approximate a natural scene, the surround area was made up of half‐white and half‐black squares of different sizes. In this display, the spatial‐frequency distribution approximates a 1/f function of energy vs. spatial frequency. Images with 2.7 and 5.4 optical density ranges were compared. Although the target luminances are very different, after computing the retinal image according to the CIE scatter glare formula, it was found that the retinal ranges are very similar. Intraocular glare strongly restricts the range of the retinal image. Furthermore, uniform, equiluminant target patches are spatially transformed to different gradients with unequal retinal luminances. The usable dynamic range of the display correlates with the range on the retina. Observers report that appearances of white and black squares are constant and uniform, despite the fact that the retinal stimuli are variable and non‐uniform. Human vision uses complex spatial processing to calculate appearance from retinal arrays. Spatial image processing increases apparent contrast with increased white area in the surround. Post‐retinal spatial vision counteracts glare.
Color‐breakup evaluation of spatio‐temporal color displays with two‐ and three‐color fields
Authors: Langendijk Erno H. A. , Cennini Giovanni , Belik Oleg
Published: October 2009

Abstract— Spatio‐temporal color displays have higher transmission and resolution than conventional LCDs, but suffer from color breakup. In this paper, a 120‐Hz display with two‐color filters and two‐color fields is described and the amount of color breakup is compared with that of a 180‐Hz full‐color‐sequential display with no color filters and three‐color fields. The results indicate that color breakup in a color‐filterless display is annoying, whereas it is just visible in displays with two‐color filters even though the refresh rate is much lower.
Roll‐to‐roll manufacturing of electronics on flexible substrates using self‐aligned imprint lithography (SAIL)
Authors: Kim Han‐Jun , Almanza‐Workman Marcia , Garcia Bob , Kwon Ohseung , Jeffrey Frank , Braymen Steve , Hauschildt Jason , Junge Kelly , Larson Don , Stieler Dan , Chaiken Alison , Cobene Bob , Elder Richard , Jackson Warren , Jam Mehrban , Jeans Albert , Luo Hao , Mei Ping , Perlov Craig , Taussig Carl
Published: October 2009

Abstract— The manufacture of large‐area arrays of thin‐film transistors on polymer substrates using roll‐to‐roll (R2R) processes exclusively is being developed. Self‐aligned imprint lithography (SAIL) enables the patterning and alignment of submicron‐sized features on meter‐scaled flexible substrates in the R2R environment. SAIL solves the problem of precision interlayer registry on a moving web by encoding all the geometry information required for the entire patterning steps into a monolithic three‐dimensional imprint with discrete thickness modulation. The pre‐aligned multiple‐step mask structure maintains its alignment regardless of subsequent substrate distortion. Challenges are encountered in relation to the novel nature of using flexible substrates and building toolsets for the R2R processing. In this paper, methods of the SAIL process, the resulting active‐matrix backplanes, the trajectory of SAIL process development, and the remaining issues for production are presented.
New electrode structure for reducing power consumption of PDPs
Authors: Jung Hae‐Yoon , Lee Tae‐Ho , Cheong Hee‐Woon , Whang Ki‐Woong
Published: October 2009

Abstract— A new electrode structure for plasma‐display panels (PDPs) is proposed, which decreases the panel capacitance by effectively decreasing the electrode area and increasing the discharge efficacy. Although the electrode area is decreased, the proposed structure does not require an increase in operating voltage and can improve the discharge efficacy by limiting the discharge current. The effect of panel capacitance reduction of the suggested electrode structure contributes to power‐consumption reduction in the entire PDP system by reducing the dissipative power due to the charging current of the panel capacitance. The effects of panel‐capacitance reduction by using the new electrode structure were confirmed by comparing the charging‐current waveforms and directly measuring the capacitances of various panels with conventional and new electrode structures.
Potential Impact on Activated Sludge Treatment from the Implementation of Cellulosic Ethanol Production at a Pulp and Paper Mill
Authors: Brault Jean-Martin , Kouakou Edouard , Chambost Virginie , Stuart Paul
Published: October 2009

The potential impacts of additional flow and organic loads resulting from the production of cellulosic ethanol on an existing integrated newsprint mill were simulated in this paper. It was found that depending on the ethanol production rate and the existing spare capacity for additional biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), treatment plant modifications may be required. In terms of operating costs, it was found that nutrients use could increase by 50% to 150%, while aeration flow could increase by 5% to 140% depending on the desired level of dissolved oxygen in the aeration basin. Significant increases in polymer use for mixed sludge dewatering could result due to additional biosolids production. Additional capital costs for air blowers could also be necessary unless the mill has existing spare capacity. It was also found that ethanol recovery efficiency and production rate had little impact on BOD removal up to a certain ethanol production level, and that the impact on operating costs decreased with increasing recovery.
Exploratory Analysis of Accelerated Wear Testing to Evaluate Performance of Pavement Markings
Authors: Donnell Eric T. , Chehab Ghassan R. , Tang Xiaochao , Schall Donald
Published: October 2009

Wear testing of pavement markings in the United States is commonly performed by AASHTO's National Transportation Product Evaluation Program. The pavement markings evaluated in this program are applied in a transverse manner along existing roadways, and a variety of objective measures are collected over a 2-year period. This paper reports the findings from an exploratory study on using the Model Mobile Load Simulator, third scale (MMLS3), to evaluate pavement marking performance along transverse test sections. Accelerated trafficking on wet and dry pavement surfaces was applied on sections of markings consisting of various waterborne paint products, marking thicknesses, and bead types and densities. Pavement marking retroreflectivity measurements were recorded at various stages of MMLS3 trafficking and compared with measurements of a test deck consisting of the same pavement markings subjected to live traffic. The findings suggest that the MMLS3 can consistently replicate the degradation pattern of the various pavement markings with regard to loss of retroreflectivity as a function of traffic passages. Performance varied among the various types of markings, with higher retroreflectivity observed for thicker markings with higher bead densities. Trafficking on wet pavement surfaces accelerated the degradation of the markings’ retroreflectivity.
Thermoplastic Inlay Pavement Markings
Authors: Johnson Eddie N. , Izevbekhai Bernard I. , Olson Roger C.
Published: October 2009

This report documents the study of the field performance of an inlay type of thermoplastic pavement marking material along with the 2-year-old bituminous pavement to which it was applied. Evaluation included physical performance of the product and the effect on overall durability of the pavement surface. The installation was performed in May 2006 on a bituminous test cell at the Minnesota Road Research Project's Low Volume Road. A total of 524 ft2 of inlaid thermoplastic pavement marking material was installed on a 4-in. surface of Superpave® hot-mix asphalt, including one segment installed along 100 ft of the left wheel path of a lane that received standard truck load configurations, and two crosswalks that received load configurations that varied by lane. From May 16, 2006, to August 1, 2007, the installations received 6,809 and 2,003 repetitions of the standard 80K and overloaded 102K truck configurations, respectively. The installation was a decorative treatment, not a retrofit of longitudinal lines on the existing pavement.
Precipitation Variation and the Identification of High-Risk Wet Accident Locations in California
Authors: Veneziano David A. , Wang Shaowei , Shi Xianming
Published: October 2009

To improve safety continually along California's roadways, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) developed a list of high-collision concentration locations that required further evaluation and treatment. One version of this list, Wet Table C, analyzes only wet accidents (those during or following precipitation). In developing Wet Table C, wet percent factors–-which quantify the proportion of time per year during which pavement is damp enough to cause traffic accidents (measured on an hourly basis)–-are employed. These factors were originally developed at the county level (i.e., one factor per county). A recent updating of factors allowed for their development at a finer spatial level (quarter-mile segments of roadway). This research examined whether such finer-resolution factors produced different results when incorporated into the Caltrans Wet Table C process. Results of McNemar tests indicated that there was no statistical difference between lists produced using a singular wet percent factor and ones produced using finer resolution factors.
Preoperative evaluation of neurovascular relationships for microvascular decompression in the cerebellopontine angle in a virtual reality environment
Authors: Du Zhuo-Ying , Gao Xiang , Zhang Xiao-Luo , Wang Zhi-Qiu , Tang Wei-Jun
Published: October 2009

Object

In this paper the authors' goal was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a virtual reality (VR) system in preoperative planning for microvascular decompression (MVD) procedures treating idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. The system's role in surgical simulation and training was also assessed.

Methods

Between May 2008 and April 2009, the authors used the Dextroscope system to visualize the neurovascular complex and simulate MVD in the cerebellopontine angle in a VR environment in 16 patients (6 patients had trigeminal neuralgia and 10 had hemifacial spasm). Reconstructions were carried out 2–3 days before MVD. Images were printed in a red-blue stereoscopic format for teaching and discussion and were brought into the operating room to be compared with real-time intraoperative findings.

Results

The VR environment was a powerful aid for spatial understanding of the neurovascular relationship in MVD for operating surgeons and trainees. Through an initial series of comparison/confirmation experiences, the senior neurosurgeon became accustomed to the system. He could predict intraoperative problems and simulate surgical maneuvering, which increased his confidence in performing the procedure.

Conclusions

The Dextroscope system is an easy and rapid method to create a stereoscopic neurovascular model for MVD that is highly concordant with intraoperative findings. It effectively shortens the learning curve and adds to the surgeon's confidence.
Food Safety and its Medico-Legal Thoughts for Bangladesh
Authors: Ali Shah Md Keramat
Published: October 2009

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3606 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 30
Need Assessment of Psychologically Hurt Young spinal Injured Patients in National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation
Authors: Ahmed Sk Abbas Uddin , Alam AbuSaleh Mohammed Monirul , Kairy RR
Published: October 2009

Dhaka the capital of Bangladesh is very densely populated. As unemployment increase with every moment, factory owners attract young group to job. So, without training and ability many workers embrace accident, even in crowd situation due to RTA and fall from tree and buildings thus some suffer from spinal injury with or without paraplegia. This paraplegic group of patients are not provided with psychiatric treatment during normal physical treatment due to our unawareness and suffer psychological distress which delay normal usual recovery. Objectives were to explore depth of psychological injury to plan treatment, reassurance and rehabilitation; assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression and change psychological adjustment after initial rehabilitation. This Study was done to find out psychological distress and also to highlight the need of psychological management. The study design was randomized prospective. Data gathered by questionnaire (face to face, telephone and by mail) and in-depth interview. The study was conducted from January to December 2004 at paraplegic ward of Tertiary referral Orthopaedic Institute (NITOR), Dhaka.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3609 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 39-41
Lifestyle, Nutritional Status and Seroclinical Profile of Liver Cirrhotic Patients
Authors: Ahsan Touhida , Ahsan Monira , Kamal Md Mustafa , Hossain Kaji Jahangir , Haque Mohammed Emdadul , Islam SK Nazrul
Published: October 2009

Liver cirrhotic patients were investigated for their lifestyle, energy intake, BMI, biochemical and serological indices and prevalent clinical signs. The study included 50 liver cirrhotic patients who were hospitalized in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and BIRDEM Hospital during the period of 1999-2000. Of the fifty cirrhotic patients, hepatitis B virus infection was found responsible for 52% (n=26) of liver cirrhosis, hepatitis C was for only 6% (n=3) patients and etiology for the rest 42% (n=21) patients could not be identified. It was observed that literate, low-mid income and productive male were being suffering from the liver cirrhosis. The patients had good housing status. Low energy intake (1670.6±42.9) and low BMI (19.52±3.48) were present in almost all of the patients. Mean serum haemoglobin, total proteins, and albumin were 96.2±20.5g/L, 63.1±1.01g/L, and 31.30±0.93g/L respectively. Serum bilirubin was raised in 50% patients. Serum SGPT and SGOT levels were increased from 2 to 4 folds in 50% of the patients; alkaline phosphatase was increased only in 8% cirrhotic patients. Anaemia, PEM, ascities, oedema, muscle wasting were prevalently present in vast majority of the patients. Key words: Liver cirrhosis, nutritional status, liver function determinants   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3611 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 44-47
In-Office Bleaching in Tetracycline Stained Teeth: A Case Study
Authors: Bashar AKM , Afsar BR , Alam MS
Published: October 2009

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of In-office bleaching protocol in tetracycline stained teeth. Discolored dentition diagnosed as homogenous dark brown tetracycline stained teeth was treated with in office bleaching protocol. Desired bleaching has achieved after six sessions of In-office bleaching protocol and satisfactory whitening was apparent throughout the postoperative two-year observation period.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3613 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 52-55
Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Strategic Position in Bangladesh
Authors: Bhuiyan AB
Published: October 2009

DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i1.3598 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(1) 2008 1