bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cottage Economy
Authors: Cobbett William
Published: August 2010

William Cobbett (1763–1835) was at various times a soldier, a farmer, a radical activist and politician, and a journalist. At a time when the Industrial Revolution was dramatically changing the face of rural Britain, Cobbett was constantly concerned with improving the living conditions of the labouring classes. First published in 1821 as a series of pamphlets that sold over 30,000 copies, Cottage Economy demonstrates Cobbett's philosophy that the labourer should be taught industry, sobriety, frugality and 'the duty of using his best exertions for the rearing of his family'. With practical instructions, still relevant to those who seek to become self-reliant, Cobbett teaches the labouring classes of the nineteenth century the arts of brewing beer, keeping livestock, making bread, and 'other matters deemed useful in the conducting of the Affairs of a Labourer's Family.' Cottage Economy performs timelessly as the quintessential guide to self-sufficiency.
The Amateur Poacher
Authors: Jefferies Richard
Published: August 2010

Richard Jefferies (1848–87) remains one of the most thoughtful and most lyrical writers on the English countryside. He had aspirations to make a living as a novelist, but it was his short factually based articles for The Live Stock Journal and other magazines, drawn from a wealth of knowledge of the rural community into which he had been born, which when brought together in book form brought him recognition (though not wealth) and which continued to be read and admired after his early death. The Gamekeeper at Home (also reissued in this series) and The Amateur Poacher were both collections of essays in the style of reminiscences of a rural way of life which, though never idyllic, was by the 1870s beginning to undergo a period of rapid change, through both the onset of mechanisation and agricultural depression.
The Gamekeeper at Home
Authors: Jefferies Richard
Published: August 2010

Richard Jefferies (1848–87) remains one of the most thoughtful and most lyrical writers on the English countryside. He had aspirations to make a living as a novelist, but it was his short factually based articles for The Live Stock Journal and other magazines, drawn from a wealth of knowledge of the rural community into which he had been born, which when brought together in book form brought him recognition (though not wealth) and which continued to be read and admired after his early death. The Gamekeeper at Home and The Amateur Poacher (also reissued in this series) were both collections of essays in the style of reminiscences of a rural way of life which, though never idyllic, was by the 1870s beginning to undergo a period of rapid change, through both the onset of mechanisation and agricultural depression.
The New Flora of the Volcanic Island of Krakatau
Authors: Alfred Ernst
Published: August 2010

On 27 August 1883, the island of Krakatau was destroyed in one of the most violent volcanic events ever recorded. This caused the 'year without a summer', thousands of deaths (mainly from tsunamis), fabulous sunsets and a measurable cooling of the oceans over nearly a century. Krakatau also provided evolutionary biologists with a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms of plant dispersal. This had been the subject of laborious research for Charles Darwin, who had speculated upon and, it seems, accurately postulated how an 'unstocked island' might be recolonised. In this 1908 volume, Alfred Ernst analysed the effects of wind, birds and sea currents in the transport not only of seeds but also of trees, branches and even of substantial animals. Krakatau's ecosystem, at a more primitive stage than that Darwin had seen on the Galapagos Islands, demonstrated how simple but continuous natural forces might re-establish a complex ecology.
Fitzwilliam Museum McClean Bequest
Authors: Dalton O.M.
Published: August 2010

Frank McClean (1837–1904) was not only a civil engineer, astronomer and pioneer of objective prism spectrography, but also an accomplished and systematic collector of ancient and medieval art. McClean's collections, which were left to the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, on his death, were at that time the most notable bequest since the Museum's foundation. They included illuminated manuscripts, early printed books, and the ancient and medieval decorative objects described in this catalogue. The medieval applied arts in particular were of immense value to the Museum's holdings, including extremely rare items not hitherto represented there. This catalogue, prepared in 1911–12 by O. M. Dalton, assistant keeper of British and medieval antiquities at the British Museum, lists over 140 items: ivory carvings, enamels, jewellery, gems and a smaller number of Chinese, Japanese and Egyptian objects.
Catalogue of the Osteological Portions of Specimens Contained in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Cambridge
Authors: Clark William
Published: August 2010

William Clark was Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge for nearly fifty years, collecting many specimens of bones for use in the study of comparative anatomy, physiology and osteology. These formed a principal part of the collection that eventually became the university's Museum of Zoology. He wished to support students of natural sciences in acquiring knowledge from direct observation of well arranged and accurately identified specimens. The 1,289 items, catalogued in 1862, include 128 from humans of various races and dates. These include masks of the faces of Isaac Newton, William Pitt and Benjamin Franklin. This focus reflects, in part, the nineteenth-century fascination with phrenology. A regular participant in the influential Cambridge Philosophical Society, in May 1860 William Clark made there what Darwin perceived to be a 'savage onslaught' on his recently published On the Origin of Species. This book reveals Clark's very different approach to studying the tree of life.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Authors: James Montague Rhodes
Published: August 2010

M. R. James (1862–1936) is probably best remembered as a writer of chilling ghost stories, but he was an outstanding scholar of medieval literature and palaeography, who served both as Provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and many of his stories reflect his academic background. His detailed descriptive catalogues of manuscripts owned by colleges, cathedrals and museums are still of value to scholars today. This two-volume catalogue contains James' description of the manuscript holdings of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and will be welcomed by librarians and researchers alike.
Richard Wagner and the Music of the Future
Authors: Hueffer Francis
Published: August 2010

Francis Hueffer (1843–1889) was music critic for The Times from 1878 to 1889 and was also secretary of the Wagner Society founded in 1873. This 1874 book, much of it originally published in the Fortnightly Review, considers Wagner's role in the musical developments of the nineteenth century that followed the watershed of Beethoven's ninth symphony. It is one of the first works in English to explore the nature of Wagner's genius, and builds on an essay published by the author in The Academy about Wagner's own pamphlet on Beethoven. Hueffer's analysis of the formation of Wagner's artistic values and musical philosophy as embodied in his writings and music dramas is complemented by discussion of the songs of Schubert, Schumann and Liszt. The appendix provides an account of the performance of Beethoven's ninth which Wagner conducted at Bayreuth in 1872, and the laying of the foundation stone of the Festspielhaus.
Treatise on Natural Philosophy
Authors: Thomson William , Tait Peter Guthrie
Published: August 2010

'The term 'natural philosophy' was used by Newton, and is still used in British Universities, to denote the investigation of laws in the material world, and the deduction of results not directly observed.' This definition, from the Preface to the second edition of 1879, defines the proposed scope of the work: the two volumes reissued here are the only completed part of a survey of the entirety of the physical sciences by Lord Kelvin and his fellow Scot, Peter Guthrie Tait, first published in 1867. Although the partnership ceased after eighteen years of collaboration, the published books, containing chapters on kinematics, dynamics and statics, had a great influence on the development of physics in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Atomicity and Quanta
Authors: Jeans James
Published: August 2010

This is the full text of James Jeans's Rouse Ball Lecture given in 1925 at Cambridge University, and surveys the field of atomic and subatomic physics in the early days of quantum mechanics, with a brief historical perspective on measurement.
As You Like It
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
The Comedy of Errors
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
The Second Part of King Henry VI
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
King Henry the Eighth
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
Measure for Measure
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
Othello
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
The Tempest
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
The Two Gentlemen of Verona
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
Erasmus Darwin
Authors: Krause Ernst , Darwin Charles Robert
Published: August 2010

The author of this life of Erasmus Darwin, published in 1879, is given as Ernst Krause (1839–1903) a German biologist, but in fact more than half the book is a 'preliminary notice' by Charles Darwin, who explains in the preface that he has written it because of his access to family papers which add 'to the knowledge of Erasmus Darwin's character'. Krause wrote his original article in a German periodical because, in turn, he was intrigued by a reference made by Charles Darwin in the later editions of On the Origin of Species to his grandfather's anticipation in his Zoonomia (also reissued in this series) of Lamarckian theory: 'I thought immediately ... that this ancestor of his must certainly deserve considerable credit in connection with the history of the Darwinian theory.' The German text was translated by W. S. Dallas, who had previously collaborated with Darwin as both indexer and translator.
Bibliophobia
Authors: Dibdin Thomas Frognall
Published: August 2010

In 1809, Thomas Frognall Dibdin (1776–1847) published the first edition of Bibliomania, focussing on the contemporary craze for book collecting. Introduced in English at the end of the eighteenth century, the term 'bibliomania' - or 'book-madness' - gained popularity with the publication of Dibdin's book, in which bibliophiles conduct dialogues on the nature and history of book collecting, and the symptoms of and possible remedies for this 'fatal disease'. Published in 1832 under the pseudonym Mercurius Rusticus, Bibliophobia is a short pamphlet, which presents itself as a letter to the author of Bibliomania. The narrator, a book-lover himself, goes on a 'bibliopolistic pilgrimage', only to find out that 'bibliomania is no more', and that 'books are only the shadow of what they were'. From book-lovers to collectors, and from booksellers to libraries, the narrator carries out his entertaining yet melancholic investigation all the way to the Bodleian Library.
Genomic and metabolomic patterns segregate with responses to calcium and vitamin D supplementation
Authors: Elnenaei Manal O. , Chandra Rama , Mangion Tina , Moniz Caje
Published: August 2010

Inter-individual response differences to vitamin D and Ca supplementation may be under genetic control through vitamin D and oestrogen receptor genes, which may influence their absorption and/or metabolism. Metabolomic studies on blood and urine from subjects supplemented with Ca and vitamin D reveal different metabolic profiles that segregate with genotype. Genotyping was performed for oestrogen receptor 1 gene (ESR1) and vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) in fifty-six postmenopausal women. Thirty-six women were classified as low bone density as determined by a heel ultrasound scan and twenty women had normal bone density acting as ‘controls’. Those with low bone density (LBD) were supplemented with oral Ca and vitamin D and were classified according to whether they were ‘responders’ or ‘non-responders’ according to biochemical results before and after therapy compared to controls receiving no supplementation. Metabolomic studies on serum and urine were done for the three groups at 0 and 3 months of therapy using NMR spectroscopy with pattern recognition. The ‘non-responder’ group showed a higher frequency of polymorphisms in the ESR1 (codons 10 and 325) and VDR (Bsm1 and Taq1), compared with to the ‘responders’. The wild-type genotype for Fok1 was more frequent in those with LBD (70 %) compared with the control group (10 %). Distinctive patterns of metabolites were displayed by NMR studies at baseline and 3 months of post-treatment, segregating responders from non-responders and controls. Identification of potential ‘non-responders’ to vitamin D and Ca, before therapy, based on a genomic and/or metabolomic profile would allow targeted selection of optimal therapy on an individual basis.
Reduction of common cold symptoms by encapsulated juice powder concentrate of fruits and vegetables: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Roll Stephanie , Nocon Marc , Willich Stefan N.
Published: August 2010

Dietary supplements have been suggested in the prevention of the common cold, but previous investigations have been inconsistent. The present study was designed to determine the preventive effect of a dietary supplement from fruits and vegetables on common cold symptoms. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, healthcare professionals (mainly nursing staff aged 18–65 years) from a university hospital in Berlin, Germany, were randomised to four capsules of dietary supplement (Juice Plus+®) or matching placebo daily for 8 months, including a 2-month run-in period. The number of days with moderate or severe common cold symptoms within 6 months (primary outcome) was assessed by diary self-reports. We determined means and 95 % CI, and differences between the two groups were analysed by ANOVA. A total of 529 subjects were included into the primary analysis (Juice Plus+®: 263, placebo: 266). The mean age of the participants was 39·9 (sd 10·3) years, and 80 % of the participants were female. The mean number of days with moderate or severe common cold symptoms was 7·6 (95 % CI 6·5, 8·8) in the Juice Plus+® group and 9·5 (8·4, 10·6) in the placebo group (P = 0·023). The mean number of total days with any common cold symptoms was similar in the Juice Plus+® and in the placebo groups (29·4 (25·8, 33·0) v. 30·7 (27·1, 34·3), P = 0·616). Intake of a dietary supplement from fruits and vegetables was associated with a 20 % reduction of moderate or severe common cold symptom days in healthcare professionals particularly exposed to patient contact.
Winter wheat yield response to climate variability in Denmark
Authors: KRISTENSEN K. , SCHELDE K. , OLESEN J. E.
Published: August 2010

Data on grain yield from field trials on winter wheat under conventional farming, harvested between 1992 and 2008, were combined with daily weather data available for 44 grids covering Denmark. Nine agroclimatic indices were calculated and used for describing the relation between weather data and grain yield. These indices were calculated as average temperature, radiation and precipitation during winter (1 October–31 March), spring (1 April–15 June) and summer (16 June–31 July), and they were included as linear and quadratic covariates in a mixed regression model. The model also included an effect of year to describe the change in yield caused by unrecorded variables such as management changes. The final model included all effects that were significant for at least one of the two soil types (sandy and loamy soils). Seven of the nine agroclimatic indices were included in the final model that was used to predict the wheat grain yield under five climate scenarios (a baseline for 1985 and two climate change projections for 2020 and 2040) for two soil types and two locations in Denmark.

The agroclimatic index for summer temperature showed the strongest effect causing lower yields with increasing temperature, whereas yield increased with increasing radiation during summer and spring. Winter precipitation and spring temperature did not affect grain yield significantly. Grain yield responded non-linearly to mean winter temperature with the highest yield at 4·4°C and lower yields both below and above this inflection point.

The application of the model predicted that the average yield would decrease under projected climate change. The average decrease varied between 0·1 and 0·8 t/ha (comparable to a relative reduction of 1·6–12.3%) depending on the climate projection, location and soil type. On average, the grain yield decreased by about 0·25 t/ha (c. 3.6%) from 1985 to 2020 and by about 0·55 t/ha (c. 8·0%) from 1985 to 2040. The predicted yield decrease depended on climate projection and was larger for wheat grown in West Zealand than in Central Jutland and in most cases also larger for loamy soils than for sandy soils.

The inter-annual variation in grain yield varied greatly between climate projections. The coefficient of variation (CV) varied between 0·16 and 0·46 and was smallest for wheat grown on loamy soils in Central Jutland in the baseline climate and largest for winter wheat grown under one of the 2040 climate projections. The increase in CV is not so much an effect of increased climatic variability under the climate change projections, but more an effect of increased winter temperature, where more extreme winter temperatures (lower or higher than the inflection point at 4·4°C) increased the effect of winter temperatures.
Large-eddy simulation of large-scale structures in long channel flow
Authors: CHUNG D. , McKEON B. J.
Published: August 2010

We investigate statistics of large-scale structures from large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent channel flow at friction Reynolds numbers Reτ = 2K and 200K (where K denotes 1000). In order to capture the behaviour of large-scale structures properly, the channel length is chosen to be 96 times the channel half-height. In agreement with experiments, these large-scale structures are found to give rise to an apparent amplitude modulation of the underlying small-scale fluctuations. This effect is explained in terms of the phase relationship between the large- and small-scale activity. The shape of the dominant large-scale structure is investigated by conditional averages based on the large-scale velocity, determined using a filter width equal to the channel half-height. The conditioned field demonstrates coherence on a scale of several times the filter width, and the small-scale–large-scale relative phase difference increases away from the wall, passing through π/2 in the overlap region of the mean velocity before approaching π further from the wall. We also found that, near the wall, the convection velocity of the large scales departs slightly, but unequivocally, from the mean velocity.
Research synthesis
Authors: Norris John M. , Ortega Lourdes
Published: August 2010

When in the late 1990s we set out to review the accumulated research on second language (L2) instructional effectiveness, it was with a sense – though no certainty – that a journey into the uncharted territory of systematic research synthesis would eventually prove worth the effort. In order to find a fitting methodology, and in the absence of any guidance within applied linguistics, we willingly delved into challenging techniques and debates from other disciplines. A few years later, we had to search long and hard to find enough synthesists working on language learning and teaching issues to warrant a book, but we did, and we saw that new effort as an important, if initial, step towards the adoption and adaptation of research synthesis, and particularly the subset of methods known as meta-analysis, to the problems of applied linguistics. Now, some ten years after our first publication on the topic, applications of meta-analysis have increased dramatically in the field, as this Timeline clearly shows. For some topics (e.g. interaction, corrective feedback), we have even seen several studies replicating and building on each other. We are pleased with these developments and welcome the efforts of the field to engage in rigorous and meaningful reviews of L2 research, with an eye towards cumulative explanation of key phenomena. At the same time, we also hope that researchers will avail themselves of the full potential of systematic research synthesis, which considerably transcends the narrower domain of meta-analysis and includes other quantitative as well as qualitative methods that more fully enable the task of synthesizing accumulated knowledge in the increasingly diverse research landscape of applied linguistics.
How to model planning and scheduling problems using constraint networks on timelines
Authors: Verfaillie Gérard , Pralet Cédric , Lemaître Michel
Published: August 2010

The CNT framework (Constraint Network on Timelines) has been designed to model discrete event dynamic systems and the properties one knows, one wants to verify, or one wants to enforce on them. In this article, after a reminder about the CNT framework, we show its modeling power and its ability to support various modeling styles, coming from the planning, scheduling, and constraint programming communities. We do that by producing and comparing various models of two mission management problems in the aerospace domain: management of a team of unmanned air vehicles and of an Earth observing satellite.
Freezing injuries in the embryos of Piaractus mesopotamicus
Authors: Fornari Darci Carlos , Ribeiro Ricardo Pereira , Streit Danilo Pedro , Vargas Lauro , Barrero Nelson M. Lopera , de Moraes Gentil Vanini
Published: August 2010

Cryopreservation of mammal embryos has been technically feasible for many years, but morphological injuries still persist in fish embryos during cryopreservation. Thus, the objective of the present study was to describe these freezing injuries in Piaractus mesopotamicus embryos. Two hundred and twenty-five embryos were collected at the post-gastrula stage and assigned into four treatments of sucrose at 8.5, 17.0, 25.0 or 34.0% plus 9.0% methanol. The control was prepared with distilled water only. The gradual decrease in the temperature was 0.5°C/min. After the seeding stage, the fish embryos were stored in liquid nitrogen at −33°C. Thereafter, they were thawed for evaluating per cent hatching, and the samples collected from every treatment were submitted to scanning electron microscopy for morphological analysis. The micrographic images showed that there was substantial alterations in embryo morphology under the highest concentrations of sucrose. These solutions did not prevent the formation of ice crystals, which lead to deformities and killed the embryos, but the observed reduced level of morphological structure in these embryos when treated with 17.0% sucrose plus 9.0% methanol is a compelling argument for additional studies.
Response to Melanye T. Price's review of In the Shadow of Du Bois: Afro-Modern Political Thought in America
Authors: Gooding-Williams Robert
Published: August 2010

In In the Shadow of Du Bois, I argue that Du Bois' early political thought, as mainly expressed in The Souls of Black Folk, turns on three critical claims: 1) that African American politics is a practice of group leadership—thus, a practice of group rule, or governance, for Du Bois interprets leadership as a form of rule, or governance; 2) that African American politics should take the form of political expressivism, such that it expresses the spiritual identity of the black folk; and 3) that African American struggles to counter white supremacy are best understood as struggles against social exclusion. In her review of In the Shadow, Melanye Price notes that the “book emphasizes” claims 1 and 2, yet neglects to discuss its treatment of 3, which is no less critical to the book's argument and to which I will return.
Appearance and extension of airglow depletions
Authors: Rajesh P. K. , Liu J. Y. , Sinha H. S. S. , Banerjee S. B.
Published: August 2010

Previous observations using all‐sky imagers show that the field‐aligned airglow depletions propagate poleward in the low‐latitude and/or equatorial ionosphere. This paper reports the first observations of 630.0 nm depletions that appear to be extending equatorward during the premidnight hours in the all‐sky camera observations at the low‐latitude station Kavalur (12.5°N, 78.8°E; 3.9°N geomagnetic), India. The airglow imager and two ionosondes at the geomagnetic and off‐equator along the same longitude are used to understand the appearance and extension/development of depletions. The F layer peak height gradient along the meridional direction is obtained using the ratio of simultaneous 777.4 and 630.0 nm airglow intensities, and the observed apparent equatorward propagation of ionospheric depletions is explained in terms of such equatorial dynamics and photochemical processes, consistent with the poleward propagation previously reported.
Intrusions and anomalous Vp/Vsratios associated with the New Madrid seismic zone
Authors: Powell Christine A. , Withers Mitchell M. , DeShon Heather R. , Dunn Meredith M.
Published: August 2010

DetailedPwave velocity (Vp) andSwave velocity (Vs) models and Vp/Vsratios were determined for a major portion of the New Madrid seismic zone using arrival times recorded by the New Madrid seismic network and Portable Array for Numerical Data Acquisition (PANDA) stations. We performed a simultaneous inversion forPandSwave velocities and hypocentral locations, yielding the most detailed tomographic image of the upper portion of the crust to date. Low Vpand high Vsanomalies resulted in low Vp/Vsratios that correspond to the major arms of seismicity north of the intersection of the Cottonwood Grove–Blytheville Arch (CG‐BA) fault with the Reelfoot fault. The unusual low Vp/Vsvalues can be attributed to the presence of quartz‐rich rocks. Two regions contain anomalous Vpand Vsvalues and Vp/Vsratios that cannot be attributed to variations in rock composition and are probably produced by overpressured fluids. One region is located on the hanging wall of the northern portion of the Reelfoot fault and is aseismic. The other region corresponds to a portion of the southern Reelfoot fault that experiences swarm activity. A distinct velocity contrast exists across the CG‐BA fault at depths exceeding 4.65 km; basement rocks southeast of the fault have Vpvalues that are 4%–6% slower than values for rocks located to the northwest. The most logical explanation is that the fault follows a preexisting structural feature or lithologic change in basement rocks.
On the diagnosis of radiative feedback in the presence of unknown radiative forcing
Authors: Spencer Roy W. , Braswell William D.
Published: August 2010

The impact of time‐varying radiative forcing on the diagnosis of radiative feedback from satellite observations of the Earth is explored. Phase space plots of variations in global average temperature versus radiative flux reveal linear striations and spiral patterns in both satellite measurements and in output from coupled climate models. A simple forcing‐feedback model is used to demonstrate that the linear striations represent radiative feedback upon nonradiatively forced temperature variations, while the spiral patterns are the result of time‐varying radiative forcing generated internal to the climate system. Only in the idealized special case of instantaneous and then constant radiative forcing, a situation that probably never occurs either naturally or anthropogenically, can feedback be observed in the presence of unknown radiative forcing. This is true whether the unknown radiative forcing is generated internal or external to the climate system. In the general case, a mixture of both unknown radiative and nonradiative forcings can be expected, and the challenge for feedback diagnosis is to extract the signal of feedback upon nonradiatively forced temperature change in the presence of the noise generated by unknown time‐varying radiative forcing. These results underscore the need for more accurate methods of diagnosing feedback from satellite data and for quantitatively relating those feedbacks to long‐term climate sensitivity.
Fingerprinting the impacts of aerosols on long‐term trends of the Indian summer monsoon regional rainfall
Authors: Lau William K. M. , Kim Kyu‐Myong
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we present corroborative observational evidences from satellites, in‐situ observations, and re‐analysis data showing possible impacts of absorbing aerosols on subseasonal and regional summer monsoon rainfall over India. We find that increased absorbing aerosols in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain in recent decades may have led to long‐term warming of the upper troposphere over northern India and the Tibetan Plateau, enhanced rainfall in northern India and the Himalayas foothill regions in the early part (May–June) of the monsoon season, followed by diminished rainfall over central and southern Indian in the latter part (July–August) of the monsoon season. These signals, which are consistent with current theories of atmospheric heating and solar dimming by aerosol and induced cloudiness in modulating the Indian monsoon, would have been masked by conventional method of using all‐India rainfall averaged over the entire monsoon season.
Surface wave dispersion across Tibet: Direct evidence for radial anisotropy in the crust
Authors: Duret F. , Shapiro N. M. , Cao Z. , Levin V. , Molnar P. , Roecker S.
Published: August 2010

Recordings in western Tibet of Rayleigh and Love waves at periods less than 70 s from aftershocks of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake cannot be matched by an isotropic velocity model beneath Tibet. These intermediate‐period Rayleigh and Love waves require marked radial anisotropy in the middle crust of Tibet, with the vertically polarized S‐waves propagating more slowly than S‐waves with horizontal polarization. The magnitude of anisotropy inferred using paths entirely within Tibet is slightly greater than that obtained previously from a tomographic inversion of a dataset covering a larger region. Anisotropy in the middle crust likely reflects deformation of the middle crust, and is consistent with the notion of mid‐crustal flow and thinning of the crust.
Enhanced primary production in the oligotrophic South China Sea by eddy injection in spring
Authors: Lin I‐I , Lien Chun‐Chi , Wu Chau‐Ron , Wong George T. F. , Huang Chih‐Wei , Chiang Tzu‐Ling
Published: August 2010

In May 2003, a phytoplankton bloom of chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration of 0.3–0.4 mgm−3 was observed at the centre of northern South China Sea (SCS) by NASA's Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐View sensor. As this region is remote and known to be oligotrophic in spring (Chl‐a concentration typically at ∼0.05–0.08 mgm−3), it is intriguing to explore this unusual happening. Based on six different remote sensing data and numerical modelling, the results suggest that the injection of an ocean eddy is the most likely cause of the bloom. Due to long‐range transport of a large (700 × 500 km) anti‐cyclonic ocean eddy, coastal nutrients and plankton could be brought across hundreds of kilometres to the centre of northern SCS and impact the biogeochemistry. The open ocean part of the northern SCS basin has long been considered generally free from coastal influences. This work provides new evidence that proves otherwise. Moreover, from the perspective of physical oceanography, it is interesting to observe that, outside the monsoon seasons, there can be well‐defined anti‐cyclonic ocean circulation existing in the SCS without the prevailing monsoonal wind.
Preparation and characterization of RGD tumour‐homing‐peptide‐modified plasminogen K5
Authors: Wang Yang , Guo Zhongqiang , Ge Qing , Wang Enhua , Zhang Xiuli , Jin Guanghui
Published: August 2010

Plasminogen K5 (kringle 5) has strong inhibitory effects on endothelial‐cell proliferation and migration. It was reported that K5 can reduce tumour neovascularization, resulting in clinically relevant antitumour effects. To determine whether addition of a tumour‐targeting peptide could improve the tumour homing and antitumour activities of K5, we genetically modified K5 with an RGD (Arg‐Gly‐Asp) motif, which is a ligand with high affinity for αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins. The fusion protein RGD‐K5 was expressed in the Pichia pastoris system and the biological activity of RGD‐K5 was assessed in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the RGD‐K5 exhibited a more potent effect of inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration compared with that of traditional K5. RGD‐K5 also displayed stronger anti‐angiogenic activity in a CAM (chick chorioallantoic membrane) assay. Furthermore, RGD‐K5 also showed stronger anti‐angiogenic and antitumour effects in B16F10 melanoma‐bearing mice compared with traditional K5. In conclusion, the biological activity of K5 can be further improved by the addition of a tumour‐homing peptide, and the RGD‐K5 may prove to be a promising novel candidate for cancer therapy.
Spatial organization of the transforming MHC class II compartment
Authors: van tot Pannerden Hezder E. Nispen , Geerts Willie J. , Kleijmeer Monique J. , Heijnen Harry F.G.
Published: August 2010

Background information. DC (dendritic cells) continuously capture pathogens and process them into small peptides within the endolysosomal compartment, the MIIC (MHC class II‐containing compartment). In MIICs peptides are loaded on to MHC class II and rapidly redistributed to the cell surface. This redistribution is accompanied by profound changes of the MIICs into tubular structures. An emerging concept is that MIIC tubulation provides a means to transport MHC class II—peptide complexes to the cell surface, either directly or through vesicular intermediates. To obtain spatial information on the reorganization of the MIICs during DC maturation, we performed electron tomography on cryo‐immobilized and freeze‐substituted mouse DCs after stimulation with LPS (lipopolysaccharide).

Results. In non‐stimulated DCs, MIICs are mostly spherical. After 3 h of LPS stimulation, individual MIICs transform into tubular structures. Three‐dimensional reconstruction showed that the MIICs frequently display fusion profiles and after 6 h of LPS stimulation, MIICs become more interconnected, thereby creating large MIIC reticula. Microtubules and microfilaments align these MIICs and reveal physical connections. In our tomograms we also identified a separate population of MIIC‐like intermediates, particularly at extended ends of MIIC tubules and in close proximity to the trans‐Golgi network. No fusion events were captured between reticular MIICs and the plasma membrane.

Conclusions. Our results indicate that MIICs have the capacity to fuse together, whereby the cytoskeleton possibly provides a scaffold for the MIIC shape change and directionality. MIIC‐like intermediates may represent MHC class II carriers.
Masking of the Fc region in human IgG4 by constrained X-ray scattering modelling: implications for antibody function and therapy
Authors: Abe Yuki , Gor Jayesh , Bracewell Daniel G. , Perkins Stephen J. , Dalby Paul A.
Published: August 2010

Of the four human IgG antibody subclasses IgG1–IgG4, IgG4 is of interest in that it does not activate complement and exhibits atypical self-association, including the formation of bispecific antibodies. The solution structures of antibodies are critical to understand function and therapeutic applications. Thus IgG4 was studied by synchrotron X-ray scattering. The Guinier X-ray radius of gyration RG increased from 5.0 nm to 5.1 nm with an increase of concentration. The distance distribution function P(r) revealed a single peak at 0.3 mg/ml, which resolved into two peaks that shifted to smaller r values at 1.3 mg/ml, even though the maximum dimension of IgG4 was unchanged at 17 nm. This indicated a small concentration dependence of the IgG4 solution structure. By analytical ultracentrifugation, no concentration dependence in the sedimentation coefficient of 6.4 S was observed. Constrained scattering modelling resulted in solution structural determinations that showed that IgG4 has an asymmetric solution structure in which one Fab–Fc pair is closer together than the other pair, and the accessibility of one side of the Fc region is masked by the Fab regions. The averaged distances between the two Fab–Fc pairs change by 1–2 nm with the change in IgG4 concentration. The averaged conformation of the Fab regions appear able to hinder complement C1q binding to the Fc region and the self-association of IgG4 through the Fc region. The present results clarify IgG4 function and provide a starting point to investigate antibody stability.
Activation of RASSF2A by p300 induces late apoptosis through histone hyperacetylation
Authors: Liu Chungang , Pan Yunhui , Wang Xiuli , Lu Jun , Huang Baiqu , Li Xiaoxue
Published: August 2010

Both RASSF2A (Ras‐associated family 2A) and p300 are implicated in apoptosis. However, little is known about the interrelationship between these two proteins in induction of apoptosis. Here we show that p300 was able to induce late apoptosis through up‐regulation of RASSF2A in human gastric cancer cells SGC‐7901 (p53‐mutant). Our data demonstrated that p300 stimulated RASSF2A expression in 293T cells in cooperation with the transcription factor Sp1. Results of ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assays revealed that p300 induced histones H3 and H4 hyperacetylation at RASSF2A promoter. Moreover, p300 and Sp1 reciprocally facilitated their binding to RASSF2A promoter. Overall, data arising from this study indicate that Sp1‐mediated RASSF2A gene transcription is activated by p300 through histone acetylation, and this activation plays an important role in inducing late apoptosis.
Targeting P2X7 receptor inhibits the metastasis of murine P388D1 lymphoid neoplasm cells to lymph nodes
Authors: Ren Shuangyi , Zhang Yi , Wang Yujing , Lui Yuejian , Wei Wei , Huang Xiaohua , Mao Wenjuan , Zuo Yunfei
Published: August 2010

The P2X7R (P2X7 receptor) is an ATP‐gated cation channel expressed in normal cells that participates in both cell proliferation and apoptosis. Here, we have confirmed P2X7R expression on murine P388D1 lymphoid neoplasm cells. In addition, ATP‐stimulated P2X7R expression was found to trigger increased intracellular calcium flux. Furthermore, silencing with short hairpin RNA and blocking with P2X7R antibody significantly reduced the metastasis of P388D1 cells to lymph nodes. These results indicate that inhibition of the expression and function of P2X7R attenuates the metastatic ability of murine lymphoid neoplasm cell line P388D1, which represents a new potential target for anti‐metastatic therapy.
Thermally enhanced mechanical properties of arc evaporated Ti0.34Al0.66N/TiN multilayer coatings
Authors: Knutsson A. , Johansson M. P. , Karlsson L. , Odén M.
Published: August 2010

Cubic metastable Ti0.34Al0.66N/TiN multilayer coatings of three different periods, 25+50, 12+25, and 6+12 nm, and monoliths of Ti0.34Al0.66N and TiN where grown by reactive arc evaporation. Differential scanning calorimetry reveals that the isostructural spinodal decomposition to AlN and TiN in the multilayers starts at a lower temperature compared to the monolithic TiAlN, while the subsequent transformation from c-AlN to h-AlN is delayed to higher temperatures. Mechanical testing by nanoindentation reveals that, despite the 60 vol % TiN, the as-deposited multilayers show similar or slightly higher hardness than the monolithic Ti0.34Al0.66N. In addition, the multilayers show a more pronounced age hardening compared to the monolith. The enhanced hardening phenomena and improved thermal stability of the multilayer coatings are discussed in terms of particle confinement and coherency stresses from the neighboring TiN-layers.