bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urodynamic predictors of de novo overactive bladder after single‐incision sling
Authors: Manodoro Stefano , Barba Marta , Locatelli Luca , Palmieri Stefania , Marino Giuseppe , Frigerio Matteo
Published: November 2020

Objective

To identify urodynamic predictors for de novo overactive bladder (OAB) after single‐incision sling implantation.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed women with pure, urodynamically proven stress urinary incontinence, without OAB, between 2008 and 2015, in a university hospital. De novo OAB was investigated during clinical interviews.

Results

A total of 192 patients were analyzed; 21 patients with de novo OAB were considered as group A while 171 control patients formed group B. Univariate analysis demonstrated that patients with de novo OAB have the first desire to void at a lower bladder volume (124 mL versus 160 mL, P = 0.0052), smaller maximum cystometric capacity (357 mL versus 406 mL, P = 0.0061), lower maximum flow (17 mL/s versus 23 mL/s, P = 0.0006), and higher bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI; −11 versus −23, P = 0.0022) compared with controls. According to multivariate analysis, maximum cystometric capacity (parameter estimate [PE] =0.008, P = 0.04) and BOOI (PE = −0.029, P = 0.01) were independent urodynamic predictors of de novo OAB. The final model showed good predictive accuracy (area under the curve =0.81).

Conclusion

The present study identified maximum cystometric capacity and BOOI as independent predictors of de novo overactive bladder after single‐incision sling implantation. Therefore, preoperative urodynamics may be useful to improve preoperative counseling and to tailor surgical treatment.
Efficacy of plasmapheresis and semi‐selective immunoadsorption for removal of anti‐HLA antibodies
Authors: Jambon Frédéric , Merville Pierre , Guidicelli Gwendaline , Taton Benjamin , De Précigout Valérie , Couzi Lionel , Moreau Karine , Visentin Jonathan
Published: November 2020

Background

In organ transplantation, apheresis is frequently used for removal of anti‐HLA antibodies. However, it is unclear whether plasmapheresis (PP) or semi‐selective immunoadsorption (IA) should be employed, and the optimal number of apheresis sessions required to reach post‐treatment objectives is also unknown.

Methods

We enrolled 43 patients from Bordeaux University Hospital who were treated with PP (n = 29) or IA (n = 14) for antibody‐mediated rejection or pre‐transplant desensitization. Using Luminex single‐antigen flow beads, we assessed the initial mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 1416 positive beads with MFIs obtained after 7 to 8 apheresis sessions (extended protocol) and, if a serum was available, after the first four sessions (short protocol).

Results

MFI reduction after extended apheresis protocol was stronger with IA [87% (61%‐100%)] than with PP [73% (22%‐100%)] (P < .001). Indeed, 59% of the beads had a final MFI < 2000 with IA, whereas only 38% with PP (P < .001). The efficacy of removal depended on initial MFI but not on HLA specificity. A short protocol of apheresis showed excellent results without superiority of IA over PP for antibodies with an initial MFI < 3000. For antibodies showing MFI ≥2000 after four sessions, the residual MFI predicted the effectiveness of four additional sessions.

Conclusion

Monitoring the MFI of anti‐HLA antibodies before and during apheresis protocol can guide physicians in the selection of apheresis technique and the number of sessions to be performed.
Melatonin impedes prostate cancer metastasis by suppressing MMP‐13 expression
Authors: Wang Shih‐Wei , Tai Huai‐Ching , Tang Chih‐Hsin , Lin Liang‐Wei , Lin Tien‐Huang , Chang An‐Chen , Chen Po‐Chun , Chen Yi‐Hsuan , Wang Po‐Chuan , Lai Yu‐Wei , Chen Shiou‐Sheng
Published: November 2020

Prostate cancer has high metastatic potential. Men with higher urinary levels of the sleep hormone melatonin are much less likely to develop advanced prostate cancer compared with men with lower levels of melatonin. Melatonin has shown anticancer activity in experimental investigations. Nevertheless, the therapeutic effect of melatonin in metastatic prostate cancer has largely remained a mystery. Analyses of Gene Expression Omnibus data and human tissue samples indicated that levels of matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP‐13) expression are higher in prostate cancer patients than in healthy cancer‐free individuals. Mechanistic investigations revealed that melatonin inhibits MMP‐13 expression and the migratory and invasive capacities of prostate cancer cells via the MT1 receptor and the phospholipase C, p38, and c‐Jun signaling cascades. Importantly, tumor growth rate and metastasis to distant organs were suppressed by melatonin in an orthotopic prostate cancer model. This is the first demonstration showing that melatonin impedes metastasis of prostate cancer by suppressing MMP‐13 expression in both in vitro and in vivo models. Thus, melatonin is promising in the management of prostate cancer metastasis and deserves to undergo clinical investigations.
Utility of lavage in addition to native fluid collection during fluoroscopically guided joint aspiration in infection diagnosis
Authors: Nwawka O. Kenechi , Tischler Brian , Lin Bin , Ko Lydia , Schneider Robert , Miller Theodore T.
Published: November 2020

Image‐guided prosthetic joint aspirations have been criticized in the literature as having poor sensitivity and specificity. Native fluid is typically analyzed for the presence of infection. Joint lavage during fluoroscopically guided aspiration of prosthetic joints is not routinely performed, and the lavage aspirate is not typically analyzed unless native fluid could not be aspirated for culture. This study aims to determine if concordance of culture results from native fluid and an additional joint lavage sample improves sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection by fluoroscopically guided joint aspiration. A retrospective review of the fluoroscopically guided joint aspirations at our institution between December 2007 and December 2009 was performed. Data collected from the electronic medical record included culture results for both native fluid and lavage aspirate, histopathology results, final clinical diagnosis, as well as clinical/surgical management. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratio for infection were calculated for the following culture analysis scenarios: native fluid alone; lavage aspirate alone; native fluid; and lavage aspirate. Five hundred sixty‐three aspirations, mostly prosthetic joints, were identified in the reviewed time period, of which 397 were sent for both native fluid and lavage aspirate analysis. Concordance between positive culture results from native fluid and joint lavage aspirate markedly increased the likelihood ratio for infection from 23.8 to 138.7 and improved specificity and PPV of fluoroscopically guided joint aspiration, with similar sensitivity and NPV to that of native fluid culture alone.
Testes of DAZL null neonatal sheep lack prospermatogonia but maintain normal somatic cell morphology and marker expression
Authors: McLean Zachariah L. , Appleby Sarah J. , Wei Jingwei , Snell Russell G. , Oback Björn
Published: November 2020

Multiplying the germline would increase the number of offspring that can be produced from selected animals, accelerating genetic improvement for livestock breeding. This could be achieved by producing multiple chimaeric animals, each carrying a mix of donor and host germ cells in their gonads. However, such chimaeric germlines would produce offspring from both donor and host genotypes, limiting the rate of genetic improvement. To resolve this problem, we disrupted the RNA‐binding protein DAZL and generated germ cell‐deficient host animals. Using Cas9‐mediated homology‐directed repair (HDR), we introduced a DAZL loss‐of‐function mutation in male ovine fetal fibroblasts. Following manual single cell isolation, 4/48 (8.3%) of donor cell strains were homozygously HDR‐edited. Sequence‐validated strains were used as nuclear donors for somatic cell cloning to generate three lambs, which died at birth. All DAZL null male neonatal sheep lacked germ cells on histological sections and showed greatly reduced germ cell markers. Somatic cells within their testes were morphologically intact and expressed normal levels of lineage‐specific markers, suggesting that the germ cell niche remained intact. This extends the DAZL mutant phenotype beyond mice into agriculturally relevant ruminants, providing a pathway for using absolute germline transmitters in rapid livestock improvement.
Trajectory correction based on the gradient impulse response function improves high‐resolution UTE imaging of the musculoskeletal system
Authors: Kronthaler Sophia , Rahmer Jürgen , Börnert Peter , Makowski Marcus R. , Schwaiger Benedikt J. , Gersing Alexandra S. , Karampinos Dimitrios C.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

UTE sequences typically acquire data during the ramping up of the gradient fields, which makes UTE imaging prone to eddy current and system delay effects. The purpose of this work was to use a simple gradient impulse response function (GIRF) measurement to estimate the real readout gradient waveform and to demonstrate that precise knowledge of the gradient waveform is important in the context of high‐resolution UTE musculoskeletal imaging.

Methods

The GIRF was measured using the standard hardware of a 3 Tesla scanner and applied on 3D radial UTE data (TE: 0.14 ms). Experiments were performed on a phantom, in vivo on a healthy knee, and in vivo on patients with spine fractures. UTE images were reconstructed twice, first using the GIRF‐corrected gradient waveforms and second using nominal‐corrected waveforms, correcting for the low‐pass filter characteristic of the gradient chain.

Results

Images reconstructed with the nominal‐corrected gradient waveforms exhibited blurring and showed edge artifacts. The blurring and the edge artifacts were reduced when the GIRF‐corrected gradient waveforms were used, as shown in single‐UTE phantom scans and in vivo dual‐UTE gradient‐echo scans in the knee. Further, the importance of the GIRF‐based correction was indicated in UTE images of the lumbar spine, where thin bone structures disappeared when the nominal correction was employed.

Conclusion

The presented GIRF‐based trajectory correction method using standard scanner hardware can improve the quality of high‐resolution UTE musculoskeletal imaging.
Keto‐enol tautomerism of the 4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)imidazole in water solution: Modeling equilibrium between neutral forms and accurate assignment of the absorption bands
Authors: Kapusta Dmitry P. , Mulashkin Fedor D. , Khrenova Maria G.
Published: November 2020

Tautomerizarion between keto, cis‐ and trans‐enol forms of the 4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)imidazole (DMHI) is studied using molecular dynamics simulations with the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) potentials. We applied the live solvent selection approach that presumes division of water molecules to either QM or MM subsystems on the fly depending on their distances from the chromophore. This allowed us to treat a water shell around the chromophore at the QM level and to describe properly all chromophore‐water interactions. According to the calculated Gibbs energy profiles the most stable is a keto form and a cis‐enol form is ~1 kcal/mol higher. The trans‐enol form is much higher in energy and should not be observed in experiment. Vertical S0,min − S1 excitation energies of all neutral tautomers were calculated at the XMCQDPT2 level: both enol forms have similar values ~4 eV and keto form is red‐shifted, with the excitation energy of 3.3 eV. Thus, we conclude that two absorption bands in experimental absorption spectrum of DMHI in water solution are due to the presence of cis‐enol and keto forms of the chromophore.
Improvement of COVID‐19 with renal failure and paralytic ileus by using steroids
Authors: Kitamura Atsushi , So Clara , Jinta Torahiko
Published: November 2020

A 51‐year‐old man attended our hospital with chief complaints of fever and diarrhoea for the past eight days. Chest computed tomography showed peripherally dominant ground‐glass opacity. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) RNA was detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and the patient was diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). His clinical course included respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, and paralytic ileus. Systemic management was difficult, but he recovered with high‐dose steroids, temporary haemodialysis therapy, and a nasointestinal tube, without antiviral drugs. COVID‐19 can be associated with multiple organ failure due to vascular endothelial injury.
Recent Developments in the Synthetic Strategies of 4‐Quinolones and Its Derivatives
Authors: Singh Gurpreet , Devi Varsha , Monga Vikramdeep
Published: November 2020

The ubiquitous presence of 4‐quinolones and its derivatives in a wide range of natural as well as synthetic drug molecules made them molecule of utmost importance for organic and medicinal chemists. Their wide array of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti‐HIV, genitourinary infection, antifilarial, etc., has augmented their appeal both for synthetic and medicinal chemistry campaigns. Moreover, they are valuable intermediates for the synthesis of various fused heterocyclic compounds of synthetic and medicinal importance. Considering their array of synthetic and biological importance, new strategies for the synthesis of 4‐quinolones and their derivatives have been designed and successfully demonstrated by researchers around the globe. The present review covers recent advances in the synthetic chemistry of 4‐quinolones since 2015 along with an insight into their mechanistic studies. We hope that the review article will serve as a valuable tool for the scientific community engaged in the synthesis and utilization of 4‐quinolones and their derivatives.
Diffusion Along Dislocations Mitigates Self‐Limiting Na Diffusion in Crystalline Sn
Authors: Byeon Young‐Woon , Ahn Jae‐Pyoung , Lee Jae‐Chul
Published: November 2020

The diffusion of carrier ions in alloying anodes often develops compressive stresses in front of the propagating interface, suppressing the carrier‐ion diffusion and limiting their full penetration into alloying anodes during battery cycles. This phenomenon, termed “self‐limiting diffusion (SLD)”, reduces the rate performance of batteries and hinders the full usage of anode materials. However, SLD is mitigated in some systems where tensile residual stresses develop at the interface, causing them to manifest significantly improved rate performance and energy capacity. Here, a comparative study of LiSi and NaSn systems to elucidate how the differing diffusion kinetics displayed by the two systems can influence SLD behaviors and the rate performance of batteries is performed. Experiments show that the Na diffusion into soft Sn crystals induces tensile stresses near the interface, promoting the nucleation of high‐density dislocations. Thus‐formed dislocations facilitate Na diffusion at ultrafast rates by providing pathways for dislocation pipe diffusion and alleviate SLD, making crystalline Sn suitable for fast‐charging anode material. The outcomes of this study, while filling the knowledge gaps on the reasons for SLD, offer some guidelines for the appropriate choice of potential anode materials with superior rate performance and energy capacity suitable for future applications.
Phylogenetic relationships and sectional delineation within Gentiana (Gentianaceae)
Authors: Favre Adrien , Pringle James S. , Heckenhauer Jacqueline , Kozuharova Ekaterina , Gao Qingbo , Lemmon Emily Moriarty , Lemmon Alan R. , Sun Hang , Tkach Natalia , Gebauer Sebastian , Sun Shan‐Shan , Fu Peng‐Cheng
Published: November 2020

Gentiana is a sub‐cosmopolitan temperate genus among the most species‐rich in Gentianaceae. Although molecular data (produced via Sanger sequencing) allowed the resolution of phylogenetic relationships between Gentiana and other genera in subtribe Gentianinae, the validity of sections within the genus remains largely untested. In this study, we evaluated the monophyly of all 14 sections attributed to Gentiana, using 294 unlinked anchored loci, the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) cistron as well as plastid genomes, all produced by anchored hybrid enrichment. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships by conducting maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. These analyses represent a significant improvement over previous taxonomic studies using molecular tools. Our results partly correspond to traditional taxonomic treatments, with several sections being well supported as monophyletic, including Gentiana sect. Calathianae, sect. Ciminalis, sect. Cruciata, sect. Frigida, sect. Gentiana and sect. Pneumonanthe. In contrast, G. sect. Isomeria, sect. Microsperma and sect. Monopodiae were found to be polyphyletic, whereas sect. Dolichocarpa and sect. Fimbricorona were nested within sect. Chondrophyllae. We here provide new taxonomic treatments for these sections, mostly based upon the traditional delineation of their series, which were recovered as monophyletic. In our new treatment, Gentiana encompasses 13 sections. A new determination key to the sections of Gentiana is provided.
Pushing the Bounds of Olefin Metathesis with Vanadium
Authors: Farrell Wesley S.
Published: November 2020

Olefin metathesis has been a key player in organic and polymer synthesis for over 50 years. While countless catalysts have been reported over this time, new compounds that offer improved selectivity, efficiency, robustness, and/or cost‐effectiveness are still highly desired. This minireview will detail efforts made in this regard through the development of catalysts based on abundant and inexpensive vanadium. Special attention will be given to reports within the past three years concerning ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of low ring‐strain cyclic olefins and expansion to other olefin metathesis transformations, such as cross‐metathesis.
Livestock Breeders’ Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change in Morocco’s Arid Rangelands
Authors: Snaibi Wadii , Mezrhab Abdelhamid
Published: November 2020

Since the mid-1970s, the high plateaus of eastern Morocco have experienced proven trends of climate change (CC) such as a significant decrease in rainfall amounts and an increase in the droughts’ frequency. Consequently, the CC threatens the sustainability of this pastoral ecosystem and negatively affects the breeding of small ruminants, the main local-level livelihood, which becomes more vulnerable due to its high dependence on climatic conditions. This article aims to analyze breeders’ adaptation practices by taking into account their social stratification based on the size of the sheep flock in possession. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests to examine the differences in the adoption’ frequency of CC adaptation measures according breeders’ classes and Chi-square independence test to identify the factors explaining these observed differences. The analysis of local adaptation practices reveals that they are endogenous but above all curative, aiming at a short-term logic and have a low to medium relevance compared to the specific objective of adaptation to CC. In addition, there are significant differences in the frequency of adoption of CC adaptation strategies (chi-square value = 8.1112, p = 0.017, df = 2) within categories of breeders, in particular between small and larger breeders (U statistic = 58.000, p = 0.008). The significant factors explaining these differences are socioeconomic (age, household size, equipment, training, and membership of a basic professional organization). It is therefore recommended to target small breeders as a priority and to set up support measures (equipment, training, funding, organization of breeders).
Epilogue
Authors: Ouahes Idir
Published: November 2020

In this epilogue, Ouahes considers the context of cultural diplomacy through secular networks within a broader Arab milieu, both in the Eastern Mediterranean and in Europe. Comparing the complexities of three politicised arenas of cultural diplomacy—education, newspapers and humanitarianism—this epilogue considers the interactions between various Western powers and new Arab political formations. Contrasting the French Mission Laique, the secularisation of American apparatus and the rise of Bolshevism after the Russian Revolution in 1917, it shows the strong competition among foreign powers for spheres of influence in Arab communities. Just as importantly, it also shows Arab contestations of colonial ambitions and the ways in which cultural diplomacy was deployed in aid of Arab political agendas.
The Melkite Community, Educational Policy and French Cultural Diplomacy: Archbishop Grigorios Hajjar and Mandatory Galilee
Authors: Nassif Charbel
Published: November 2020

The British Mandate over Palestine did not prevent France from exercising its cultural influence over the Melkite community. This chapter analyses the ways in which the French deployed cultural diplomacy in relation to the Melkites, attempting to use culture as a means to politically influence the Melkite community in Palestine. It highlights the role of Archbishop Gregorios Hajjar (1875–1940, in post 1901–1940), a central figure in the Melkite Arabic community as well as a francophone and francophile personality. In particular, it considers Hajjar’s efforts to expand education for Melkite children in northern Palestine, and how both Hajjar and the French used aspects of cultural diplomacy to achieve their respective aims in funding the building and staffing schools, versus the expansion of francophone education in Mandate Palestine.
Mechanized Significance and Machine Learning: Why It Became Thinkable and Preferable to Teach Machines to Judge the World
Authors: Mendon-Plasek Aaron
Published: November 2020

The slow and uneven forging of a novel constellation of practices, concerns, and values that became machine learning occurred in 1950s and 1960s pattern recognition research through attempts to mechanize contextual significance that involved building “learning machines” that imitated human judgment by learning from examples. By the 1960s two crises emerged: the first was an inability to evaluate, compare, and judge different pattern recognition systems; the second was an inability to articulate what made pattern recognition constitute a distinct discipline. The resolution of both crises through the problem-framing strategies of supervised and unsupervised learning and the incorporation of statistical decision theory changed what it meant to provide an adequate description of the world even as it caused researchers to reimagine their own scientific self-identities.
South Africa in Global Development Fora: Cooperation and Contestation
Authors: Sidiropoulos Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

Since 1994, post-apartheid South Africa has embraced its Southern and African identity, with its foreign policy reflecting its aim to engage in international fora to advance Southern principles and the African voice. It also developed instruments to undertake South-South cooperation that focused largely on sharing its own lessons from its political transformation with post-conflict countries. This chapter explores the tensions between cooperation and contestation in South Africa’s involvement in global development and in its own development cooperation. South Africa has worked on global reforms with large emerging powers, but their interests are not always aligned with those of Africa. South Africa and Africa have derived leverage from their numbers and the related legitimacy in selecting what initiatives of more influential actors they will support.
Maximising Goal Coherence in Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Development? Polycentricity and Coordination in Governance
Authors: Chan Sander , Iacobuta Gabriela , Hägele Ramona
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that most efforts to mobilise non-state and subnational actor engagement so far has insufficiently contributed to goal coherence—the balanced implementation of internationally agreed goals. Despite the increased level of attention being given to the polycentric nature of sustainable development and climate governance—especially the role of non-state and subnational actors—the predominant focus of both policy-makers and researchers has been on filling functional gaps, for example closing the global mitigation gap, or financing gaps. As a result, voluntariness and self-organisation in polycentric governance could increase the level of incoherence. Insights on emerging polycentric structures should be combined with tools that map (goal) coherence. The combination of these fields of knowledge could inform supportive policies, for instance in development cooperation to ensure greater coherence in implementing sustainable development priorities.
“The Asian Century”: The Transformational Potential of Asian-Led Development Cooperation
Authors: Mulakala Anthea
Published: November 2020

Asia’s rise is having a profound impact on the policies and practices of development and South-South cooperation (SSC). This chapter describes the contours of these trends in relation to the sustainable development agenda. China and India are dominant players with their large-scale connectivity schemes, increasing multilateralism, and diversified partnerships. The author discusses the controversy, contestation, and opportunities these approaches generate. Finally, this chapter offers a set of recommendations for improving the effectiveness of Asian SSC to deliver the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
South Africa as a Development Partner: An Empirical Analysis of the African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund
Authors: Mthembu Philani
Published: November 2020

As South Africa looks to consolidate its role as a development partner, it remains an open question whether it can maintain a strong presence in Africa while facing significant challenges at home. With the economy struggling to grow and the government increasingly cutting back on expenditure, one has to wonder whether these cuts are translating into a reduction of its role as a development partner in Africa. With the eagerly awaited South African Development Partnership Agency in mind, this chapter examines data from the African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund (ARF) between 2003 and 2015. It shows empirically that, despite increasing allocations and disbursements in the years following its inception, the global financial crisis and domestic challenges have taken their toll on the ARF’s activities.
Development Finance and the 2030 Goals
Authors: Mawdsley Emma
Published: November 2020

In their attempt to stimulate an exponential financing rise of “billions to trillions”, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda are helping to normalise and promote a radical shift in development finance. A growing concern is that private finance is not forthcoming, calling into question the “billions to trillions” model. In this chapter, however, I focus on the risks of “successfully” moving in this direction. The mainstream bilateral and multilateral community appear too sanguine, and even naïve, about the financial sector. Any analysis of the SDGs must be attentive to the possibilities and risks of the emerging development finance regime that they are helping to legitimate.1
Getting in Line with the Office
Authors: Affolter Laura
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores how asylum caseworkers are socialised on the job and thereby acquire an institutional habitus. Decision-makers are disciplined, incentivised, compelled, but also “ideationally conditioned” (Gill inTransactions of the Institute of British Geographers34 (2): 215–233, 2009) to think, act and feel in certain ways. The chapter argues that how organisational socialisation works can only be understood by taking three factors into account: what belonging to the office and to different “communities of interpretation” (Affolter, Miaz, and Poertner inAsylum Determination in Europe: Ethnographic Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 263–284, 2019; Wenger inKnowing in Organizations: A Practice-Based Approach. M.E. Sharp, Armonk, pp. 76–99, 2003) within the office means; how decision-makers acquire, and are taught, the necessaryDienstwissen(Weber inEconomy and Society. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2013 [1978]) for carrying out their tasks; and the accountability decision-makers feel towards other actors: peers and superiors, but also politicians, the media and “the public”. Together these aspects of organisational socialisation shape what decision-makers come to perceive as “normal” and “appropriate” practices. Through becoming members of the office, they develop a “socialised subjectivity” (Bourdieu and Wacquant inAn Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Polity Press, Cambridge, pp. 61–215, 1992) which, in turn, shapes their everyday decision-making practices.
The Good Decision-Maker or Protecting the System
Authors: Affolter Laura
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores how “digging deep”, which stands for the active “search for” inconsistencies in asylum seekers’ narratives in asylum interviews, becomes the morally correct thing for decision-makers to do. Building on Eckert (The Bureaucratic Production of Difference. transcript, Bielefeld, pp. 7–26, 2020) I challenge the depiction of bureaucracies as anethical and amoral. Ethics I understand not in a normative, but rather in an empirical sense, as the common good the administration is oriented towards. The chapter brings to light how particularly through fairness—both as a procedural norm and ethical value—digging deep is established as a routine, professionally necessary and desirable practice, which is connected to decision-makers’ role as “protectors of the system”. I argue that digging deep actively generates the “liars” and “false refugees” it sets out to “uncover”, thereby reinforcing the perception that, indeed, there “are” many false refugees which, again, strengthens the office’s and individual decision-makers’ endeavours to identify and exclude them from asylum.
Econometric Modelling: Extensions
Authors: Mariel Petr , Hoyos David , Meyerhoff Jürgen , Czajkowski Mikolaj , Dekker Thijs , Glenk Klaus , Jacobsen Jette Bredahl , Liebe Ulf , Olsen Søren Bøye , Sagebiel Julian , Thiene Mara
Published: November 2020

This chapter is devoted to advanced issues of econometric modelling. The topics covered are, among others, models in willingness to pay space, the meaning of scale heterogeneity in discrete choice models and the application of various information processing rules such as random regret minimisation or attribute non-attendance. Other topics are anchoring and learning effects when respondents move through a sequence of choice tasks as well as different information processing strategies such as lexicographic preferences or choices based on elimination-by-aspects.
A Critical Outlook on Assumptions—Decision Systems in Transformation Towards Sustainability
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac
Published: November 2020

Some assumptions about decision systems in the context of transformation towards sustainability will be presented in this chapter. These assumptions are backed by rationales, which highlight the utility preferences of agents and audience. In addition, trade-offs reflect the selection of the most important caveats that decision-makers are confronted with.
Ideal Types—Theoretical Models as Agent of Transformation Towards Sustainability
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac
Published: November 2020

This chapter introduces the ideal types of a transformative policy pathway as the agencies of transformation: democratic, authoritarian, institutional, activistic, technocratic or bureaucratic, and post-democratic. Functioning as ‘corridors’ where transformation is facilitated, each of these ideal types of policy models may have distinct preferences regarding procedures of collective decision-making. These procedures are, for example, highly dependent upon existing path dependencies defined by how each ideal type tends to draw legitimacy in front of its audience.
Gastronomie und Kulinarik
Authors: Lund-Durlacher Dagmar , Gössling Stefan , Antonschmidt Hannes , Obersteiner Gudrun , Smeral Egon , Wildenberg Martin
Published: November 2020

Die Gastronomie ist einerseits ein wichtiger Abnehmer der Landwirtschaft und der Nahrungsmittelindustrie, anderseits liefert sie wichtige Serviceleistungen an Touristen (touristischer Konsum von In- und Ausländern) und die lokale Bevölkerung (privater Konsum) sowie an aus- und inländische Dienst- und Geschäftsreisende. Gerade für Touristen stellt das Speise- und Getränkeangebot ein wichtiges Element nahezu jeder Urlaubsreise dar. Für Hotel- und Gastronomiebetriebe ist es daher wichtig, ein exzellentes Speisen- und Getränkeangebot zu gestalten, das auch die für den Gast wichtigen Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte v. a. auch in Hinblick auf den Klimawandel berücksichtigt (Lund-Durlacher et al. 2016). Insgesamt bieten sich den Hotel- und Gastronomiebetrieben einige Handlungsoptionen hinsichtlich einer klimaschonenden Angebotsgestaltung, die in diesem Kapitel detailliert abgehandelt werden.
Wie Klima funktioniert und warum sich die Atmosphäre erwärmt
Authors: Wittpahl Volker
Published: November 2020

Klima ist im engeren Sinn definiert als das durchschnittliche Wetter bzw. als die statistische Beschreibung relevanter Größen mittels der Ermittlung von Durchschnitt und Variabilität über Zeitspannen im Bereich von Monaten, Jahren oder gar von Millionen von Jahren. Die Weltorganisation für Meteorologie (WMO)10 definiert den Zeitraum zur Mittelung einer Variable mit 30 Jahren; die wesentlichen Variablen sind Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind. In einem weiter gefassten Sinn ist Klima der Zustand des Klimasystems einschließlich einer statistischen Beschreibung wie zum Beispiel mittlere Jahrestemperatur und -niederschlag aber auch die Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit bzw. Häufigkeit von Ereignissen wie die mittlere Dauer von Dürren, Sturmhäufigkeit und Starkniederschlagen.
Wie Industrieproduktion nachhaltig gestaltet werden kann
Authors: Wolf Stefan , Jordan Max Michael , Seifert Inessa , Evertz Marco , Korzynietz Roman
Published: November 2020

Auch wenn bereits Fortschritte hin zu einer nachhaltigeren Industrieproduktion erzielt wurden, so ist der Status quo noch weit von wirklicher Nachhaltigkeit entfernt. Um einen nachhaltigen Gleichgewichtszustand zu erreichen, muss die Emission von Treibhausgasen fossilen Ursprungs in die Atmosphäre gänzlich eingestellt werden. Dieses ist verbunden mit einer tiefgreifenden Transformation der Industrie.
Space Are Places in Which We Learn
Authors: Kvan Thomas
Published: November 2020

We make and occupy spaces for purposeful activities. Significant investments are made in learning spaces in schools without adequate consideration of pedagogical and architectural issues. This chapter notes that it is a broad and multifaceted challenge to guide capital investments that deliver better learning outcomes in schools. It introduces the research presented in this volume and some of the underlying concepts and considerations embedded in the work of LEaRN and the projects described in following chapters.
Creating a Space for Innovative Learning: The Importance of Engaging the Users in the Design Process
Authors: Bøjer Bodil
Published: November 2020

Based on an empirical case study, this chapter puts forward the thesis that in order for an innovative learning environment (ILE) to work as intended, three things must be aligned: teaching (the teacher), space (the designer) and organisation (the school management). Ideally, when designing new ILEs all three factors are considered in the design process in order to ensure a common goal: creating the best space for innovative learning. In reality, this rarely happens and the users are left with a physical learning environment where the intentions do not always match educators’ expectations and established practices. To remedy this dilemma, the chapter proposes an additional activation phase in the design process after implementation—that is, the early use phase of a new build—where the intentions of the space are translated into actions, and refinements negotiated through discussions with the users through a participatory process. The purpose of this phase is to match pedagogies with spatial possibilities. The methodology used is Research through Design.
Medienberichterstattung zu Präventions- und Therapiemöglichkeiten an den Beispielen Diabetes mellitus und Depression
Authors: Reifegerste Doreen , Wiedicke Annemarie , Temmann Linn Julia
Published: November 2020

Hintergrund

Diabetes mellitus und Depression sind Erkrankungen mit einer steigenden Prävalenz in Deutschland. Die Bevölkerung über die entsprechenden Präventions- und Therapiemöglichkeiten zu informieren ist beispielsweise durch journalistische Medienberichterstattung möglich. Denn Untersuchungen zeigen, dass mediale Darstellungen von Präventions- und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten das Gesundheitsverhalten, aber auch die Zustimmung zu bestimmten Maßnahmen und somit die strukturelle Gesundheitsversorgung beeinflussen können.

Ziel der Arbeit (Fragestellung)

Über die Berichterstattung deutscher Medien zur Vorbeugung und Behandlung von Diabetes mellitus und Depressionen ist bislang nur wenig bekannt. Diese Arbeit untersucht, wie diese beiden Erkrankungen in deutschen Medien dargestellt werden. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf den Präventions- und Therapieoptionen.

Material und Methoden

Es wurde eine quantitative Inhaltsanalyse von deutschen Qualitätsmedien (Print und Online) im Zeitraum 2012–2018 durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden N = 645 Artikel analysiert, n = 219 davon zum Thema Diabetes mellitus und n = 426 zum Thema Depression.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Diabetes mellitus und Depression sind trotz ihrer hohen Prävalenz nur selten Hauptthema in der deutschen Medienberichterstattung. Über Depression wird deutlich häufiger berichtet als über Diabetes mellitus – oftmals jedoch im Zusammenhang mit Suizid oder Prominenten. Bei Diabetes mellitus differenzieren Berichte nur unzureichend zwischen den unterschiedlichen Typen. Eine medikamentöse Therapie wird bei beiden Erkrankungen häufiger erwähnt als niedrigschwellige Maßnahmen und (strukturelle) Präventionsoptionen, was sich ungünstig für Hilfesuchende auswirken kann. Um Prävention und niedrigschwellige Behandlungsformen als Lösungen in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung zu etablieren, sollten strategische Kommunikator*innen diese stärker in ihrer Pressearbeit fokussieren.
Exploration of a disrupted road network after a disaster with an online routing algorithm
Authors: Reyes-Rubiano Lorena , Voegl Jana , Rest Klaus-Dieter , Faulin Javier , Hirsch Patrick
Published: November 2020

This paper considers the problem of supporting immediate response operations after a disaster with information about the available road network to reach certain locations. We propose an online algorithm that aims to minimize the route length required by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to explore the road accessibility of potential victim locations. It is assumed that no information about disruptions in the road network is available at the start of the exploration. The online algorithm applies two movement and three orientation strategies. Additionally, a cutting strategy is used to restrict the search space after new information about the state of single roads is obtained. We consider a road and an aerial network for the movements of the UAV, since it is not necessary to follow the route of a road any longer, if it can be marked as disrupted. In extensive numerical studies with artificial and real-world test instances, it is evaluated for different disruption levels, which combinations of movement and orientation strategies perform best. Additionally, we propose different refuelling strategies for the UAV and present how they differ in the number of refuelling operations and the required additional route length. The results show that an efficient online algorithm can save valuable exploration time.
Analyzing Liver Surface Indentation for In Vivo Refinement of Tumor Location in Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Yang Yingqiao , Yung Kai-Leung , Hung Tin Wai Robert , Yu Kai-Ming
Published: November 2020

Manual palpation to update the position of subsurface tumor(s) is a normal practice in open surgery, but is not possible through the small incisions of minimally invasive surgery (MIS). This paper proposes a method that has the potential to use a simple constant-force indenter and the existing laparoscopic camera for tumor location refinement in MIS. The indenter floats with organ movement to generate a static surface deformation on the soft tissue, resolving problems of previous studies that require complicated measurement of force and displacement during indentation. By analyzing the deformation profile, we can intraoperatively update the tumor’s location in real-time. Indentation experiments were conducted on healthy and “diseased” porcine liver specimens to obtain the deformation surrounding the indenter site. An inverse finite element (FE) algorithm was developed to determine the optimal material parameters of the healthy liver tissue. With these parameters, a computational model of tumorous tissue was constructed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of the tumor location on the induced deformation. By relating the experimental data from the “diseased” liver specimen to the computational results, we estimated the radial distance between the tumor and the indenter, as well as the angular position of the tumor relative to the indenter.
Gendered Pathways to Integration: Why Immigrants’ Naming Practices Differ by the Child’s Gender
Authors: Gerhards Jürgen , Tuppat Julia
Published: November 2020

We analyze gender differences in immigrants’ ethnic boundary making using the example of name giving. We draw on the well-established finding that immigrants are more likely to choose a name that is common in the host country (strategy of boundary crossing) for female than for male descendants. We distinguish between two dimensions that help us to understand the gender gap in naming: the impact of origin-specific factors (institutionalization of gender equality in the country of origin and religious affiliation) and immigrants’ level of integration into the host country. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study on immigrants from 49 countries, we show that both sets of factors have a strong impact on immigrants’ boundary making in naming, as well as on the extent of the difference between daughters and sons: traditional gender role attitudes foster the gender gap in naming, whereas integration into the host country reduces it.
Benders decomposition with adaptive oracles for large scale optimization
Authors: Mazzi Nicolò , Grothey Andreas , McKinnon Ken , Sugishita Nagisa
Published: November 2020

This paper proposes an algorithm to efficiently solve large optimization problems which exhibit a column bounded block-diagonal structure, where subproblems differ in right-hand side and cost coefficients. Similar problems are often tackled using cutting-plane algorithms, which allow for an iterative and decomposed solution of the problem. When solving subproblems is computationally expensive and the set of subproblems is large, cutting-plane algorithms may slow down severely. In this context we propose two novel adaptive oracles that yield inexact information, potentially much faster than solving the subproblem. The first adaptive oracle is used to generate inexact but valid cutting planes, and the second adaptive oracle gives a valid upper bound of the true optimal objective. These two oracles progressively “adapt” towards the true exact oracle if provided with an increasing number of exact solutions, stored throughout the iterations. These adaptive oracles are embedded within a Benders-type algorithm able to handle inexact information. We compare the Benders with adaptive oracles against a standard Benders algorithm on a stochastic investment planning problem. The proposed algorithm shows the capability to substantially reduce the computational effort to obtain an $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
-optimal solution: an illustrative case is 31.9 times faster for a $$1.00\%$$

1.00
%

convergence tolerance and 15.4 times faster for a $$0.01\%$$

0.01
%

tolerance.
The measure mix matters: multiple-component plant protection is indispensable for coping with the enormous genome plasticity and mutation rates in pathogenic microorganisms
Authors: Oliveira Garcia Ely , von Tiedemann Andreas , Deising Holger B.
Published: November 2020

Efficient plant protection is of fundamental importance in order to warrant food security. Here, we present arguments that a coordinate approach in plant protection is urgently required, taking advantage of a broad mix of measures, including modern synthetic chemistries, capable of protecting plants from adverse organisms.
Thermodynamics
Authors: Turns Stephen R. , Pauley Laura L.
Published: November 2020

Fully revised to match the more traditional sequence of course materials, this full-color second edition presents the basic principles and methods of thermodynamics using a clear and engaging style and a wealth of end-of-chapter problems. It includes five new chapters on topics such as mixtures, psychrometry, chemical equilibrium, and combustion, and discussion of the Second Law of Thermodynamics has been expanded and divided into two chapters, allowing instructors to introduce the topic using either the cycle analysis in Chapter 6 or the definition of entropy in Chapter 7. Online ancillaries including a password-protected solutions manual, figures in electronic format, prepared PowerPoint lecture slides, and instructional videos are available.
Who are the champions? Inequality, economic freedom and the Olympics
Authors: Kufenko Vadim , Geloso Vincent
Published: November 2020

Does inequality affect outcomes? To answer, we use the microcosm of Olympic competitions by asking whether a country's level of inequality diminishes its performance. If it does, is it conditional on institutional factors? We argue that the ability of economically free societies to win medals will not be affected by inequality. In these societies, institutions generate incentives to invest in the talents of individuals at the bottom of the income distribution (potential athletes otherwise constrained in the ability to expend resources on training). These effects mitigate those of inequality. The incentives that promote investments in skills across the income distribution are weaker in unfree societies and they cannot mitigate the effects of inequality. Using the Olympics of 2016 in combination with the Economic Freedom data, we find that inequality only matters in determining medal numbers for unfree countries. We link these results to inequality and its effects on economic outcomes.
Dynamical amplification of electric polarization through nonlinear phononics in 2D SnTe
Authors: Shin Dongbin , Sato Shunsuke A. , Hübener Hannes , De Giovannini Umberto , Park Noejung , Rubio Angel
Published: November 2020

Ultrafast optical control of ferroelectricity using intense terahertz fields has attracted significant interest. Here we show that the nonlinear interactions between two optical phonons in SnTe, a two-dimensional in-plane ferroelectric material, enables a dynamical amplification of the electric polarization within subpicoseconds time domain. Our first-principles time-dependent simulations show that the infrared-active out-of-plane phonon mode, pumped to nonlinear regimes, spontaneously generates in-plane motions, leading to rectified oscillations in the in-plane electric polarization. We suggest that this dynamical control of ferroelectric material, by nonlinear phonon excitation, can be utilized to achieve ultrafast control of the photovoltaic or other nonlinear optical responses.