bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective behaviour change techniques in smoking cessation interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Bartlett Yvonne K. , Sheeran Paschal , Hawley Mark S.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) that are associated with greater effectiveness in smoking cessation interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted. Web of Knowledge, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE were searched from the earliest date available to December 2012. Data were extracted and weighted average effect sizes calculated; BCTs used were coded according to an existing smoking cessation‐specific BCT taxonomy.

Results

Seventeen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified that involved a total sample of 7446 people with COPD. The sample‐weighted mean quit rate for all RCTs was 13.19%, and the overall sample‐weighted effect size was d+ = 0.33. Thirty‐seven BCTs were each used in at least three interventions. Four techniques were associated with significantly larger effect sizes: Facilitate action planning/develop treatment plan, Prompt self‐recording, Advise on methods of weight control, and Advise on/facilitate use of social support. Three new COPD‐specific BCTs were identified, and Linking COPD and smoking was found to result in significantly larger effect sizes.

Conclusions

Smoking cessation interventions aimed at people with COPD appear to benefit from using techniques focussed on forming detailed plans and self‐monitoring. Additional RCTs that use standardized reporting of intervention components and BCTs would be valuable to corroborate findings from the present meta‐analysis.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject? Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is responsible for considerable health and economic burden worldwide, and smoking cessation (SC) is the only known treatment that can slow the decline in lung function experienced. Previous reviews of smoking cessation interventions for this population have established that a combination of pharmacological support and behavioural counselling is most effective. While pharmacological support has been detailed, and effectiveness ranked, the content of behavioural counselling varies between interventions, and it is not clear what the most effective components are.

What does this study add?

Detailed description of ‘behavioural counselling’ component of SC interventions for people with COPD.

Meta‐analysis to identify effective behaviour change techniques tailored for this population.

Discussion of these findings in the context of designing tailored SC interventions.
Connexin pathology in chronic multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Kleopa Kleopas A. , Sargiannidou Irene , Markoullis Kyriaki
Published: October 2013

Central nervous system (CNS) glia are extensively coupled through gap junctions (GJ) formed by a highly cell‐specific set of connexins. Recently characterized inherited human disorders and respective animal models highlight the crucial role of glial GJ in CNS myelination and homeostasis. These emerging roles of connexins have generated interest into their possible involvement in common acquired demyelinating disorders, especially multiple sclerosis (MS). Analysis of post‐mortem brain samples from MS patients, including morphological, biochemical, and gene expression studies, showed significant alteration in glial connexins not only in lesions, but also extending into the normal appearing white matter (NAWM). Compared with non‐MS cases, the oligodendrocyte connexins, Cx32 and Cx47, were reduced in and around chronic MS lesions, whereas Cx43, the major astrocytic partner in oligodendrocyte–astrocyte (O/A) GJ, was increased, reflecting astrogliosis. Furthermore, in the NAWM, Cx32 GJ were significantly reduced along myelinated fibers, whereas Cx47 showed increased expression mainly in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC). However, OPC showed only limited connectivity to astrocytes. These alterations were replicated in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, with persistent loss of Cx47 and Cx32 GJ even away from lesions. Additionally, Cx43 was severely reduced in acute EAE with disruption of O/A GJ, followed by increased Cx43 expression at chronic stages of astrogliosis, but without complete re‐establishment of GJ to oligodendrocytes. Thus, loss of oligodendrocyte GJ in myelinated fibers, and disrupted O/A GJ connectivity in MS lesions and in NAWM in the setting of persistent inflammation and astrogliosis emerge as important aspects of MS pathology, and might have implications for disease progression.
How many Gilles de la Tourette syndromes?
Authors: Cavanna A. E. , Martino D.
Published: October 2013

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this issue.
Impact of next generation sequencing on diagnostics in a genetic skin disease clinic
Authors: Takeichi Takuya , Nanda Arti , Liu Lu , Salam Amr , Campbell Patrick , Fong Kenneth , Akiyama Masashi , Ozoemena Linda , Stone Kristina L. , Al‐Ajmi Hejab , Simpson Michael A. , McGrath John A.
Published: October 2013

Individuals with inherited skin diseases often pose one of the most difficult diagnostic challenges in dermatology. The hunt for the underlying molecular pathology may involve candidate gene screening or linkage analysis, which is usually determined by the initial history, the physical findings and laboratory tests. Recent technical advances in DNA sequencing, however, are shifting the diagnostic paradigm. Notably, next‐generation sequencing allows a more comprehensive approach to diagnosing inherited diseases, with potential savings of both time and money. In the setting of a paediatric dermatology genetics clinic in Kuwait, we therefore performed whole‐exome sequencing on seven individuals without a priori detailed knowledge of the patients’ disorders: from these sequencing data, we diagnosed X‐linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (two cases), acrodermatitis enteropathica, recessive erythropoietic protoporphyria (two siblings) and localized recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (two siblings). All these groups of disorders are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, but the sequencing data proved inherently useful in improving patient care and avoiding unnecessary investigations. Our observations highlight the value of whole‐exome sequencing, in combination with robust bioinformatics analysis, in determining the precise molecular pathology and clinical diagnosis in patients with genetic skin disorders, notably at an early stage in the clinical evaluation of these often complex disorders and thereby support a new paradigm for future diagnostics.
Efficacy of oregonin investigated by non‐invasive evaluation in a B16 mouse melanoma model
Authors: Lee Onseok , Kim Jaeyoung , Choi Young Wook , Lee Minwon , Park Gyuman , Oh Chilhwan
Published: October 2013

Oregonin has been reported to act as a mediator of antibiosis, a liver‐protective agent, an antioxidant, an anti‐inflammatory agent, and to prevent cancer outbreaks. B16 melanoma cells were separated with trypsin‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, resuspended in 50 μl of phosphate‐buffered saline and transplanted into the backs of 6‐ to 8‐week‐old male Balb/c nude mice through subcutaneous injection. Treatment doses of oregonin were administered three times weekly, for 30 days from the 11th day after transplantation of the melanoma cells, in each group. The study consisted of a control group, a dacarbazine group, an oregonin group and a dacarbazine + oregonin group. Measurements were taken before treatment and on the 5th, 7th, 10th and 15th days after treatment for each group. Based on survival rates after transplantation, the control group showed less than 50% survival after 20 days, while the treatment groups showed at least 50% survival up to the 41st day.
Structure of human Sp140 PHD finger: an atypical fold interacting with Pin1
Authors: Zucchelli Chiara , Tamburri Simone , Quilici Giacomo , Palagano Eleonora , Berardi Andrea , Saare Mario , Peterson Pärt , Bachi Angela , Musco Giovanna
Published: October 2013

Sp140 is a nuclear leukocyte‐specific protein involved in primary biliary cirrhosis and a risk factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The presence of several chromatin related modules such as plant homeodomain (PHD), bromodomain and SAND domain suggests a role in chromatin‐mediated regulation of gene expression; however, its real function is still elusive. Herein we present the solution structure of Sp140‐PHD finger and investigate its role as epigenetic reader in vitro. Sp140‐PHD presents an atypical PHD finger fold which does not bind to histone H3 tails but is recognized by peptidylprolyl isomerase Pin1. Pin1 specifically binds to a phosphopeptide corresponding to the L3 loop of Sp140‐PHD and catalyzes cis–trans isomerization of a pThr‐Pro bond. Moreover co‐immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate FLAG‐Sp140 interaction with endogenous Pin1 in vivo. Overall these data include Sp140 in the list of the increasing number of Pin1 binders and expand the regulatory potential of PHD fingers as versatile structural platforms for diversified interactions.
Chilling outweighs photoperiod in preventing precocious spring development
Authors: Laube Julia , Sparks Tim H. , Estrella Nicole , Höfler Josef , Ankerst Donna P. , Menzel Annette
Published: October 2013

It is well known that increased spring temperatures cause earlier onset dates of leaf unfolding and flowering. However, a temperature increase in winter may be associated with delayed development when species' chilling requirements are not fulfilled. Furthermore, photosensitivity is supposed to interfere with temperature triggers. To date, neither the relative importance nor possible interactions of these three factors have been elucidated. In this study, we present a multispecies climate chamber experiment to test the effects of chilling and photoperiod on the spring phenology of 36 woody species. Several hypotheses regarding their variation with species traits (successional strategy, floristic status, climate of their native range) were tested. Long photoperiods advanced budburst for one‐third of the studied species, but magnitudes of these effects were generally minor. In contrast to prior hypotheses, photosensitive responses were not restricted to climax or oceanic species. Increased chilling length advanced budburst for almost all species; its effect greatly exceeding that of photoperiod. Moreover, we suggest that photosensitivity and chilling effects have to be rigorously disentangled, as the response to photoperiod was restricted to individuals that had not been fully chilled. The results indicate that temperature requirements and successional strategy are linked, with climax species having higher chilling and forcing requirements than pioneer species. Temperature requirements of invasive species closely matched those of native species, suggesting that high phenological concordance is a prerequisite for successful establishment. Lack of chilling not only led to a considerable delay in budburst but also caused substantial changes in the chronological order of species' budburst. The results reveal that increased winter temperatures might impact forest ecosystems more than formerly assumed. Species with lower chilling requirements, such as pioneer or invasive species, might profit from warming winters, if late spring frost events would in parallel occur earlier.
Projecting the impacts of climate change on skipjack tuna abundance and spatial distribution
Authors: Dueri Sibylle , Bopp Laurent , Maury Olivier
Published: October 2013

Climate‐induced changes in the physical, chemical, and biological environment are expected to increasingly stress marine ecosystems, with important consequences for fisheries exploitation. Here, we use the APECOSM‐E numerical model (Apex Predator ECOSystem Model ‐ Estimation) to evaluate the future impacts of climate change on the physiology, spatial distribution, and abundance of skipjack tuna, the worldwide most fished species of tropical tuna. The main novelties of our approach lie in the mechanistic link between environmental factors, metabolic rates, and behavioral responses and in the fully three dimensional representation of habitat and population abundance. Physical and biogeochemical fields used to force the model are provided by the last generation of the IPSL‐CM5 Earth System Model run from 1990 to 2100 under a ‘business‐as‐usual’ scenario (RCP8.5). Our simulations show significant changes in the spatial distribution of skipjack tuna suitable habitat, as well as in their population abundance. The model projects deterioration of skipjack habitat in most tropical waters and an improvement of habitat at higher latitudes. The primary driver of habitat changes is ocean warming, followed by food density changes. Our projections show an increase of global skipjack biomass between 2010 and 2050 followed by a marked decrease between 2050 and 2095. Spawning rates are consistent with population trends, showing that spawning depends primarily on the adult biomass. On the other hand, growth rates display very smooth temporal changes, suggesting that the ability of skipjack to keep high metabolic rates in the changing environment is generally effective. Uncertainties related to our model spatial resolution, to the lack or simplification of key processes and to the climate forcings are discussed.
Analysis of stable states in global savannas: is the CART pulling the horse?
Authors: Hanan Niall P. , Tredennick Andrew T. , Prihodko Lara , Bucini Gabriela , Dohn Justin
Published: October 2013

Multiple stable states, bifurcations and thresholds are fashionable concepts in the ecological literature, a recognition that complex ecosystems may at times exhibit the interesting dynamic behaviours predicted by relatively simple biomathematical models. Recently, several papers in Global Ecology and Biogeography, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Science and elsewhere have attempted to quantify the prevalence of alternate stable states in the savannas of Africa, Australia and South America, and the tundra–taiga–grassland transitions of the circum‐boreal region using satellite‐derived woody canopy cover. While we agree with the logic that basins of attraction can be inferred from the relative frequencies of ecosystem states observed in space and time, we caution that the statistical methodologies underlying the satellite product used in these studies may confound our ability to infer the presence of multiple stable states. We demonstrate this point using a uniformly distributed ‘pseudo‐tree cover’ database for Africa that we use to retrace the steps involved in creation of the satellite tree‐cover product and subsequent analysis. We show how classification and regression tree (CART)‐based products may impose discontinuities in satellite tree‐cover estimates even when such discontinuities are not present in reality. As regional and global remote sensing and geospatial data become more easily accessible for ecological studies, we recommend careful consideration of how error distributions in remote sensing products may interact with the data needs and theoretical expectations of the ecological process under study.
Isoprenoid emission in hygrophyte and xerophyte European woody flora: ecological and evolutionary implications
Authors: Loreto Francesco , Bagnoli Francesca , Calfapietra Carlo , Cafasso Donata , De Lillis Manuela , Filibeck Goffredo , Fineschi Silvia , Guidolotti Gabriele , Sramkó Gábor , Tökölyi Jácint , Ricotta Carlo
Published: October 2013

Aim

The relationship between isoprenoid emission and hygrophily was investigated in woody plants of the Italian flora, which is representative of European diversity.

Methods

Volatile isoprenoids (isoprene and monoterpenes) were measured, or data collected from the literature, for 154 species native or endemic to the Mediterranean. The Ellenberg indicator value for moisture (EIVM) was used to describe plant hygrophily. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out at a broader taxonomic scale on 128 species, and then refined on strong isoprene emitters (Salix and Populus species) based on isoprene synthase gene sequences (IspS).

Results

Isoprene emitters were significantly more common and isoprene emission was higher in hygrophilous EIVM classes, whereas monoterpene emitters were more widespread and monoterpene emission was higher in xeric classes. However, when controlling for phylogeny, isoprene emission was not associated with EIVM, possibly due to the large presence of Salicaceae among hygrophilous isoprene emitters. Moreover, the distribution of isoprene emitters among EIVM classes was not related to IspS‐based phylogenesis in Populus and Salix, suggesting that the gene has not undergone evolution linked to ecological pressure. In contrast, the monoterpene emission pattern is independent of phylogeny, suggesting that the evolution of monoterpenes is associated with transitions to more xeric habitats.

Main conclusions

Our results reveal an interesting ecological pattern linking isoprenoids and water availability. We suggest that isoprene is a trait that: (1) evolved in plants adapted to high water availability; (2) is replaced by more effective protection mechanisms, e.g. more stable isoprenoids, in plants adapting to more xeric environments; and (3) being strongly constrained by phylogeny, persists in Salicaceae adapted to more xeric environments.
Carbon stock and density of northern boreal and temperate forests
Authors: Thurner Martin , Beer Christian , Santoro Maurizio , Carvalhais Nuno , Wutzler Thomas , Schepaschenko Dmitry , Shvidenko Anatoly , Kompter Elisabeth , Ahrens Bernhard , Levick Shaun R. , Schmullius Christiane
Published: October 2013

Aim

To infer a forest carbon density map at 0.01° resolution from a radar remote sensing product for the estimation of carbon stocks in Northern Hemisphere boreal and temperate forests.

Location

The study area extends from 30° N to 80° N, covering three forest biomes – temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (TBMF), temperate conifer forests (TCF) and boreal forests (BFT) – over three continents (North America, Europe and Asia).

Methods

This study is based on a recently available growing stock volume (GSV) product retrieved from synthetic aperture radar data. Forest biomass and spatially explicit uncertainty estimates were derived from the GSV using existing databases of wood density and allometric relationships between biomass compartments (stem, branches, roots, foliage). We tested the resultant map against inventory‐based biomass data from Russia, Europe and the USA prior to making intercontinent and interbiome carbon stock comparisons.

Results

Our derived carbon density map agrees well with inventory data at regional scales (r2 = 0.70–0.90). While 40.7 ± 15.7 petagram of carbon (Pg C) are stored in BFT, TBMF and TCF contain 24.5 ± 9.4 Pg C and 14.5 ± 4.8 Pg C, respectively. In terms of carbon density, we found 6.21 ± 2.07 kg C m−2 retained in TCF and 5.80 ± 2.21 kg C m−2 in TBMF, whereas BFT have a mean carbon density of 4.00 ± 1.54 kg C m−2. Indications of a higher carbon density in Europe compared with the other continents across each of the three biomes could not be proved to be significant.

Main conclusions

The presented carbon density and corresponding uncertainty map give an insight into the spatial patterns of biomass and stand as a new benchmark to improve carbon cycle models and carbon monitoring systems. In total, we found 79.8 ± 29.9 Pg C stored in northern boreal and temperate forests, with Asian BFT accounting for 22.1 ± 8.3 Pg C.
One‐Day Behavioral Intervention in Depressed Migraine Patients: Effects on Headache
Authors: Dindo Lilian , Recober Ana , Marchman James , O' Hara Michael W. , Turvey Carolyn
Published: October 2013

Objective

To determine whether a 1‐day behavioral intervention, aimed at enhancing psychological flexibility, improves headache outcomes of migraine patients with comorbid depression.

Background

Migraine is often comorbid with depression, with each disorder increasing the risk for onset and exacerbation of the other. Managing psychological triggers, such as stress and depression, may result in greater success of headache management.

Method

Sixty patients with comorbid migraine and depression were assigned to a 1‐day Acceptance and Commitment Training plus Migraine Education workshop (ACT‐ED; N = 38) or to treatment as usual (TAU; N = 22). Patients completed a daily headache diary prior to, and for 3 months following, the intervention. Clinical variables examined included headache frequency/severity, medication use, disability, and visit to a health care professional. Comparisons were made between baseline findings and findings at the 3‐month follow up.

Results

Participants assigned to the ACT‐ED condition exhibited significant improvements in headache frequency, headache severity, medication use, and headache‐related disability. In contrast, the TAU group did not exhibit improvements. The difference in headache outcomes between ACT‐ED and TAU was not statistically significant over time (ie, the treatment by time interaction was nonsignificant). These results complement those of a previous report showing effects of ACT‐ED vs TAU on depression and disability.

Conclusion

A 1‐day ACT‐ED workshop targeting psychological flexibility may convey benefit for patients with comorbid migraine and depression. These pilot study findings merit further investigation using a more rigorously designed large‐scale trial.
A Preliminary Investigation of the ISG Glass Vapor Hydration
Authors: Abdelouas Abdesselam , El Mendili Yassine , Aït Chaou Abdelouahed , Karakurt Gokhan , Hartnack Christoph , Bardeau Jean‐François , Saito Takumi , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki
Published: October 2013

During the geological disposal of high‐level waste, the nuclear glass is expected to be first hydrated in water vapor prior to liquid alteration. In the present work, we investigated the vapor hydration of the International simple glass (ISG) at 175°C and different relative humidities (60%, 80% and 98%). The glass hydration was investigated by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) and Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of the alteration products were studied using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) and μ‐Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The NRA results gave water diffusion coefficients of 2.31–7.34 × 10−21 m2/s, in good agreement with the literature data on borosilicate glasses altered in aqueous media. The glass hydration increased with relative humidity percentage and the SEM‐EDS analysis showed a slight enrichment in Si and loss of Na in the hydrated glass layer compared with the pristine glass. The hydration rate of the ISG glass was little higher than that of the French SON68 glass hydrated using water vapor. The corrosion products were analcime, tobermorite, and calcite, which were typical of the SON68 glass hydrated in similar conditions.
The effect of organic loads on stability of various chlorine‐based sanitisers
Authors: Waters Brian W. , Hung Yen‐Con
Published: October 2013

This study examined the effect of pH of chlorine‐based sanitisers on the reaction of free chlorine with compounds present in a variety of food environments. A model food system was first used to determine chlorine reactions with individual organic compounds. Different classes of organic compounds were added to chlorinated water at three different pHs (2.5, 6.0 and 9.3). Free and total chlorine concentrations were recorded in each sample by titrimetric assay. The results show that the level of free chlorine loss is both organic species dependent and pH dependent. Wash water from six different food sources was added to chlorinated water at three different pHs. The peptone plus catechol model appeared to be the best general predictor of free chlorine loss across all the treatments. GC‐MS analysis of samples with resorcinol added indicated that chloroform is produced as a primary trihalomethane product at higher pH values. The findings of this study indicate that solution pH, along with types of organic compound, plays a significant role on free chlorine loss, and chlorine loss can be predicted by the protein and phenolic content of the wash solution.
Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity during convective drying of murta (Ugni molinae T.) berries
Authors: Rodríguez Katia , Ah‐Hen Kong , Vega‐Gálvez Antonio , López Jessica , Quispe‐Fuentes Issis , Lemus‐Mondaca Roberto , Gálvez‐Ranilla Lena
Published: October 2013

Murta (Ugni molinae T.) berries were air‐dried at five temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C), and the changes in β‐carotene, phenolic acids, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacities (DPPH and ORAC) were investigated. The berries showed a high content of β‐carotene, which decreased during drying temperature between 40 °C and 80 °C. Free and bound phenolic acids were also determined, showing gallic acid to be the prevalent phenolic acid. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the dried berries showed a higher decrease at lower temperature due to longer drying time. The radical‐scavenging activity also showed higher antioxidant activity at higher drying temperatures (70–80 °C) than at lower drying temperatures (40–50 °C). Total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoids showed good correlation with antioxidant capacity. Murta berries proved to be an excellent source of antioxidants and bioactive compounds and are therefore a potential ingredient for new functional food products.
Job satisfaction, organisation commitment and retention in the public workforce: a survey among pharmacists in Malaysia
Authors: Chua Gin Nie , Yee Lai Jiuan , Sim Bee Ai , Tan Keat Hin , Sin Ng Khai , Hassali Mohammed Azmi , Shafie Asrul Akmal , Ooi Guat See
Published: October 2013

Objectives

The aims of the study were to assess job satisfaction and organisational commitment among pharmacists working in the public sector and its influence on their likelihood to stay within the public workforce.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among all fully registered pharmacists (FRPs) in the northern states of Malaysia in 2009 (n = 467). The questionnaire consisted of three sections to capture the demographic characteristics of the respondents, assess job satisfaction and organisational commitment of the respondents and their likelihood of staying in public service.

Key findings

A total of 247 FRPs (response rate 52.9%) in the northern region of Malaysia participated in this survey. Majority of the respondents were women (n = 205, 83.0%), of Chinese ethnicity (n = 155, 62.8%), graduates from public universities (n = 173, 70.0%), single (n = 172, 69.6%), with a median age of 27 years (interquartile range (IQR) 2.0) and had worked with the Ministry of Health for a median of 2.75 years (IQR 1.63). The mean job satisfaction and organisational commitment score were 58.09 (standard deviation (SD) 11.83) and 53.46 (SD 6.65) respectively out of a maximum possible score of 90. Majority of the respondents claimed that they were likely to stay in public service (n = 176, 71.3%). Their likelihood of staying in public service was affected by respondents’ gender, ethnicity, job satisfaction and organisational commitment.

Conclusions

The findings from this study provide stakeholders with evidence on factors and issues affecting pharmacists’ job satisfaction and commitment in the public workforce as well as the likely turnover rate with an early cohort of pharmacists affected by the compulsory service.
The ThPOK transcription factor differentially affects the development and function of self‐specific CD8+T cells and regulatory CD4+T cells
Authors: Twu Yuh‐Ching , Teh Hung‐Sia
Published: October 2013

The zinc finger transcription factor ThPOK plays a crucial role in CD4 T‐cell development and CD4/CD8 lineage decision. In ThPOK‐deficient mice, developing T cells expressing MHC class II‐restricted T‐cell receptors are redirected into the CD8 T‐cell lineage. In this study, we investigated whether the ThPOK transgene affected the development and function of two additional types of T cells, namely self‐specific CD8 T cells and CD4+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells. Self‐specific CD8 T cells are characterized by high expression of CD44, CD122, Ly6C, 1B11 and proliferation in response to either IL‐2 or IL‐15. The ThPOK transgene converted these self‐specific CD8 T cells into CD4 T cells. The converted CD4+ T cells are no longer self‐reactive, lose the characteristics of self‐specific CD8 T cells, acquire the properties of conventional CD4 T cells and survive poorly in peripheral lymphoid organs. By contrast, the ThPOK transgene promoted the development of CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells resulting in an increased recovery of CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells that expressed higher transforming growth factor‐β‐dependent suppressor activity. These studies indicate that the ThPOK transcription factor differentially affects the development and function of self‐specific CD8 T cells and CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells.
Betamethasone valerate dressing is non‐inferior to calcipotriol–betamethasone dipropionate ointment in the treatment of patients with mild‐to‐moderate chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a randomized assessor‐blinded multicentre trial
Authors: Ortonne J.‐P. , Esposito M. , Chimenti S. , Kapińska‐Mrowiecka M. , Grodzińska A. , Naldi L. , Frangione V.
Published: October 2013

Background

A ready‐to‐use betamethasone valerate 0.1% (BMV) dressing was found to be superior to placebo dressing and a reference 0.1% BMV cream in the treatment of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis (CPP).

Methods

This multicentre, prospective, randomized, investigator‐blinded, controlled, non‐inferiority trial compared the efficacy and safety of the BMV dressing to the calcipotriol–betamethasone dipropionate (CBD) ointment during a 4‐week treatment of patients with mild to moderate CPP. The primary efficacy endpoint was the 4‐item psoriasis total severity score (TSS‐4) at week 4, and the associated non‐inferiority margin was 1 point. Secondary outcome measures included the psoriasis global assessment (PGA) score and patients’ quality of life (QoL). Safety was assessed through adverse events (AE) reporting in each treatment group.

Results

Of 325 screened patients, 324 were randomized to BMV (N = 165) or CBD (N = 159), and were considered evaluable for the safety and intention‐to‐treat (ITT) efficacy analyses. Per protocol (PP) populations included 133 and 131 patients in the BMV and CBD groups respectively. The mean adjusted TSS‐4 significantly decreased through the study from baseline in both groups. The PP (primary) analysis of week 4 data revealed a −0.288 (95% CI: −0.610 to 0.034) not significant between‐group difference in adjusted means, demonstrating non‐inferiority of BMV to CBD. Non‐inferiority was also demonstrated in the ITT analysis. The PGA and other secondary outcomes were significantly improved from baseline in both groups at week 4. The QoL score was slightly better in the CBD group at week 4, but no difference was observed at follow‐up. No safety or tolerability concerns were observed in either group.

Conclusions

BMV dressing is non‐inferior to CBD ointment in patients with mild to moderate CPP. Both treatments significantly improve patients’ psoriasis and QoL.
Prevalence of unintended pregnancy and its associated factors among sexually active never‐married youth in Shanghai
Authors: He Huan , Blum Robert W
Published: October 2013

Aims

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the associated factors for unintended pregnancy among never‐married sexually active youth (15–24 years old) in Shanghai.

Methods

Using a probability sample (n = 765, including 502 males and 263 females) from 2006, we estimated prevalence of unintended pregnancy involvement for females and males by demographic factors and its associations with contextual and behavioural factors, guided by a social‐ecological framework.

Results

Weighted proportion analyses estimated that 13.8% of females and 17.7% of males had been involved in an unintended pregnancy, and 99.0% and 90.5% of such pregnancies were reported to have ended in abortion by females and males, respectively. Controlling for sexual behaviour factors and residence history, multivariate hazard analyses with Weibull functions found increased hazard among older female youth (19–21 vs. 15–18 years old) but decreased hazard among older male youth (15–18 vs. 19–21/22–24 years old) as compared with the younger groups. Parallel analyses of unintended pregnancy's associations with contextual factors by sex also suggested that female unintended pregnancy involvement was more likely to be associated with family factors (family living arrangements and maternal education), while unintended pregnancy involvement among males was only associated with school factors (school climate and sex education on pregnancy) and perceived neighbourhood contraceptive services access.

Conclusions

Sexually active and never‐married youth are at considerable risk of unintended pregnancy and abortion in Shanghai. Age‐ and sex‐specific strategies will be needed if China is going to be successful in addressing unintended pregnancy.
Effects of the oophagous bivalve Acesta oophaga on the morphology and fecundity of its deep‐sea tubeworm host, Lamellibrachia luymesi
Authors: Burris Zair P. , Lord Joshua P. , Young Craig M.
Published: October 2013

The deep‐sea bivalve Acesta oophaga lives attached to the anterior end of the vestimentiferan tubeworm, Lamellibrachia luymesi, at cold methane seeps. The bivalve is found almost exclusively on female tubeworms, where it consumes the lipid‐rich eggs of L. luymesi that are spawned year round (Biological Bulletin, 209, 2005, 87). It is apparent that A. oophaga benefits directly from this close association, but the consequences for the tubeworm host may be more complicated than just a simple predator–prey interaction. Since A. oophaga completely surrounds the tube opening and plume of the worm, it is likely that its presence would limit oxygen uptake by L. luymesi, thereby inhibiting worm growth and reproduction. We hypothesized that occupied tubeworms would compensate for this by growing larger plumes for oxygen uptake. To explore the effects of bivalve presence/absence on female tubeworms, several morphological features, including body size, plume length, tube diameter, and tube segment length, as well as instantaneous fecundity, were compared. Results suggest that the mere presence of A. oophaga has a significant impact on the morphology of its host worm, as all measures of worm size, except for tube segment length, were significantly greater with clams present. Additionally, instantaneous fecundity was 3.5 times higher in occupied worms, implying that tubeworms are not oxygen‐deprived or energy limited as a result of bivalve presence. Our findings suggest that the association between these two deep‐sea organisms may be a more complex form of symbiosis than the simple predator–prey relationship, as previously thought.
Clinical consequences of human herpesvirus‐6 DNAemia in peripheral blood in pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Al Fawaz Tariq , Ng Vicky , Richardson Susan E. , Barton Michelle , Allen Upton
Published: October 2013

The significance of HHV6 DNAemia after solid organ transplantation has not been fully determined. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of HHV6 DNAemia in pediatric liver transplant recipients and to describe the associated clinical characteristics and outcomes. This was a retrospective case–control study. Eligible liver transplant patients aged ≤ 18 yr with HHV6 DNAemia were matched with two subjects without HHV6 DNAemia. Matching was by age ± 6 months. Among 154 subjects, 25 patients (16%) had HHV6 DNAemia detected by PCR in whole blood or plasma (M:F ratio = 0.9:1). While 28% of subjects with DNAemia (7/25) had symptoms consistent with HHV6 infection, active infection was detected in only four subjects (2.6% of liver transplant patients). The major symptoms/signs were fever, vomiting, lethargy, splenomegaly, bone marrow suppression, and elevated transaminases. The prevalence of DNAemia due to other herpesviruses in cases vs. controls was EBV 56% vs. 60%, CMV 12% vs. 12%, HHV7 20% vs. 12%; p value is not significant for all pairwise comparisons. HHV6 DNAemia in pediatric liver transplant patients is not an uncommon entity. While the clinical relevance is still not entirely established, active HHV6 infection and attributable symptoms are relatively rare.
The successful use of alemtuzumab for treatment of steroid‐refractory acute graft‐versus‐host disease in pediatric patients
Authors: Khandelwal Pooja , Lawrence Julia , Filipovich Alexandra H. , Davies Stella M. , Bleesing Jacob J. , Jordan Michael B. , Mehta Parinda , Jodele Sonata , Grimley Michael S. , Kumar Ashish , Myers Kasiani , Marsh Rebecca A.
Published: October 2013

SR‐aGVHD remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic HCT recipients. Alemtuzumab has been used with success in adult patients but has not been studied in the pediatric setting. To estimate the effectiveness of alemtuzumab for the treatment of SR‐aGVHD in pediatric patients, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of 19 patients (median age 4 yr, range 0.5–28 years) with grades II (n = 3), III (n = 10), or IV (n = 6) SR‐aGVHD who received alemtuzumab treatment. Patients received a median dose of 0.9 mg/kg alemtuzumab (range 0.3–2 mg/kg) divided over 2–6 days. Eighty‐nine percent of patients received additional courses. A complete response, defined as GVHD of grade 0 at four wk following the first alemtuzumab course, was observed in nine patients (47%). A partial response, defined as an improvement in grade after four wk, was observed in five patients (26%). There was no response in five patients (26%). The overall response rate at four wk was 73%. Infectious complications included bacteremia (47%), presumed or documented fungal infections (21%), adenovirus viremia (52%), EBV viremia (36%), and CMV viremia (36%). We conclude that alemtuzumab is effective for SR‐aGVHD in pediatric patients with a tolerable spectrum of complications.
Evaluation of Tendon Anchorage Zone Stresses in Prestressed Concrete Nuclear Containment Using Detailed Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Wang Shen , Munshi Javeed A.
Published: October 2013

Nuclear containments serve the critical function of providing a leak proof boundary for containment of radiation in nuclear power plants. The containments are, generally, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete depending upon the diameter and internal design pressure. Prestressed concrete containments are used in large nuclear containments with significant design internal pressure. In these situations, the externally applied prestressing serves to counter internal design pressure due to LOCA (loss of coolant accident) and other accident loads thus reducing the required thickness and reinforcement demand. The prestressing tendons are placed in sheathing within the concrete. After the concrete achieves its required strength, the tendons are stretched and locked off against the ends of the concrete called anchorage zones. These anchorage zones are thus subjected to substantial compressive and splitting stresses and need to be properly designed and detailed. Since anchorage zones are the primary location of the prestressing force transfer to concrete, they experience very large and localized bearing and splitting stresses which can have significant safety and structural consequences for the containment integrity.

Simple analysis based on strut-and-tie model is generally used for design of prestressed concrete anchorage zones. But because of the stress concentrations and potential impact to structural integrity, it is prudent to utilize detailed finite element method to verify and/or substantiate the results from simple analysis. The finite element (FE) analysis of tendon anchorage zone requires a refined mesh in order to capture the geometry of details surrounding tendons.

This paper presents a detailed and practical finite element model used to perform a comprehensive stress analysis of an anchorage zone of a large post-tensioned containment. Both local and general anchorage zones are evaluated. A fictitious case of tendon anchorage zone is established as an example case based on typical parameters of nuclear plants. A 3D finite element model is then developed using ANSYS Version 13.0, in which the effect of tendon sleeve / sheathing into concrete is modeled explicitly. This paper also discusses anchorage zone analysis approaches in various state-of-the-practice codes and standards using hand calculations. The result of finite element analysis are compared with analyses using various hand calculation approaches.

In particular, importance of adequate reinforcement design and detailing in anchorage regions is discussed based on the stress profiles from FE analysis and compared with hand calculation methods. It is concluded that a detailed finite element evaluation of anchorage regions is necessary to develop a level of confidence required for ensuring safety and integrity of nuclear containments. The FE modeling also serves as verification for results from simple hand calculation methods.
Researches of Bypass Flows From Cold Plenum to Hot Plenum in HTR-PM by the Flow Network Method
Authors: Sun Jun , Zheng Yanhua , Li Fu
Published: October 2013

Many graphite blocks in the core of the HTR-PM serve as the construction material, the neutron reflector and the flow paths of the helium. A small part of helium gas may flow in widely distributed gaps among graphite blocks and enter the hot plenum at low temperature. In our previous paper, a simple flow network combined with CFD simulations of complex flow paths was established to analyze the bypass flow in HTR-PM. In the present paper, the flow network was detailed by assigning more inner nodes and links in the pebble bed. In all kinds of bypass flow paths, only the bypass flow from cold plenum to hot plenum (P-P) was considered. Horizontal flow between the core and the P-P bypass flow path was also added into the flow network in various heights from the top to the bottom. The existence of the horizontal flow enhanced the helium exchange between the core and the bypass flow to different extent in different position, and finally changed the P-P bypass flow ratio. Moreover, gaps in larger sizes had more significant effects on the P-P bypass flows.
Model for Choking of Subcooled Flashing Flow Through a Steam Generator Tube Crack
Authors: Wolf Brian , Revankar Shripad T. , Riznic Jovica R.
Published: October 2013

Recently there is some database available on choking flow through cracks relevant to steam generator (SG) tubes to model the critical flow. A one dimensional mechanistic model was developed to model two-phase choking flow through slits from conservation principles. The model takes into account channel entrance loss as well as frictional pressure drop for single-phase subcooled liquid. Flashing criteria are defined and temperature and pressure of the fluid are assumed to follow the saturation curve. The two-phase mixture was treated as a quasi-fluid with mixture properties and both homogenous equilibrium (HE) and homogeneous non-equilibrium models were considered. The models were compared with the choking flow rates for various experimental conditions for subcooled flashing flow through narrow slits with L/D varying from small values ( 5) to large values (100). Results are presented on the effects of thermal non-equilibrium on the choking flow for small L/D channels. A comparison of model results to experimental data shows that the HE based models grossly under predict choking flow rates in such geometries. As subcooling increases, and channel length decreases the non-equilibrium effects play a greater role in the choking phenomenon, therefore the difference in model predictions and experimental results increases for HE case.
Parametric and Uncertainty Study of a Counter Current LBE-Water Heat Exchanger With TRACE and SUSA
Authors: Jäger Wadim , Sánchez Victor , Castelliti Diego
Published: October 2013

Due to the variety of existing physical models for the heat transfer and for the description of thermo physical properties, the modeling results of different users for the same design can be different. These discrepancies can be rather big and have therefore a big impact on the thermo hydraulic performance of the investigated design proposals, in the present case a LBE-water counter current heat exchanger. A parametric, and a subsequent uncertainty and sensitivity study, is performed with different LBE to wall heat transfer models and different sets of the thermo physical properties of the heat exchanger material, steel and oxide layer. The investigations reveal that with best practice models the transferred power of the investigated heat exchanger design can range from 26 MW to 31 MW, with a target value of 27.5 MW. For the parametric study the thermal conductivity range of the oxide has the biggest impact on the results while for the uncertainty analysis the heat transfer model and the thermal conductivity of the oxide layer are of importance.
Experiments on Choking Flow of Subcooled Liquid Through a Simulated Steam Generator Tube Crack
Authors: Wolf Brian , Revankar Shripad T. , Riznic Jovica R.
Published: October 2013

The ability to estimate the leak rates from the through wall cracks in a steam generator tube is important in terms of radiological source terms and overall operational management of steam generators as well as demonstration of the leak-before-break condition. A literature survey showed that there are few data sets available on crack geometries related to steam generator tubing. In this study an experimental program was developed to measure the choking flow rate of subcooled water through well defined simulated steam generator tube crack geometries with L/D < 5.5, and results are compared with models in literature. Two types of test specimens were used in the experimental program. One, a round orifice like hole is created to simulate a pitting type flaw. The others are laser cut slits representing axial cracks. A pressure differential across the crack/break of 6.8 MPa is achieved. As subcooling increasing the flashing discharge rate also increases. A modified Burnel model was identified which predicts experimentally observed choking discharge rates from such geometries well.