bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mecoptera, or Scorpionflies, of Illinois
Authors: Webb Donald W. , Penny Norman D. , Marlin John C.
Published: May 2020

The objective of this study is to update our knowledge of the distribution and natural history of Mecoptera, particularly in relation to the biogeographic history of Illinois. Synoptic descriptions, keys, and illustrations have been prepared to provide an insight into this primitive and interesting group of insects.

The emphasis of this study is on the fauna of Illinois, but other species occurring in the Midwest have been included. Collecting data are listed for those Illinois species known from fewer than ten localities. Records for other species are plotted on distribution maps.
The Diptera, or True Flies, of Illinois
Authors: Pechuman L. L. , Webb Donald W. , Teskey H. J.
Published: May 2020

The tabanids, or horse flies and deer flies, are well known to dairy farmers and livestock producers as well as to campers, fishermen, and outdoor enthusiasts as annoying and pain-inflicting inhabitants of most wooded areas of Illinois. These large and persistent flies impart a painful bite and can occur in large enough numbers to make canoeing and hiking virtually impossible. The tabanid fauna of Illinois has never been studied, although several of the surrounding states have published various reports: Indiana (Burton 1975; Meyer & Sanders 1975), Wisconsin (Roberts & Dicke 1958), Iowa (Richards &: Knight 1967), Missouri (Andrews & Wingo 1975), Tennessee (Goodwin 1966), Michigan (Hays 1956), Ohio (Hine 1903), Minnesota (Philip 1931), and Arkansas (Schwardt 1936; Schwardt & Hall 1930). This study is intended to make available in brief form our present knowledge of the tabanids in the central United States, with keys for their determination, and the distribution of those species occurring in Illinois. No attempt is made to give detailed taxonomic descriptions of species. If needed, these can be found for most species in the papers of Brennan (1935) and Stone (1938). Philip (1954, 1955) has keys to all the North American Pangoniinae and Chrysopsinae known at that time. The most recent list of the North American species of Tabanidae is given by Philip (1965).
The Fishes of Champaign County, Illinois, During a Century of Alterations of a Prairie Ecosystem
Authors: Larimore R. W. , Bayley Peter B.
Published: May 2020

Streams and their aquatic communities are directly and indirectly influenced by the past and present activities of humans. In Champaign County, marshes and tallgrass prairie have been converted to farmland, cities, and highways. With these changes, former natural areas have become the dumping ground of domestic and agricultural wastes, with farmland being subjected to intense fertilizer and pesticide applications. Such practices can be expected to have significant influences on aquatic communities. Historical information on the fish communities inhabiting the streams of Champaign County (Forbes and Richardson 1908; Thompson and Hunt 1930; and Larimore and Smith 1963) in conjunction with data collected in the present study provide a unique opportunity to relate a century of biological observations to dramatic changes in land use. The importance of such a study is not restricted to its geographic location, nor to a unique assemblage of fishes, but rather to long-term patterns in fish community composition and structure in a midwestern, agricultural setting. Understanding the long-term implications of such changing land-use practices on stream fish assemblages is critical to sound environmental management and planning.
A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere
Authors: LaBerge Wallace E. , Thorp Robbin W.
Published: May 2020

The subgenus Onagrandrena was first recognized and described by Linsley and MacSwain (1956) to include those black Andrena that are oligolectic on plants of the family Onagraceae and have pollen-collecting hairs modified to collect the specialized pollen from those plants. The males are more difficult to recognize than the females and most males are very similar to those of Melandrena. Since first described, two species of Onagrandrena have been recognized that have pale vestiture in both sexes. However, the pollen collecting hairs of both of these are of the Onagrandrena type, both sexes have well-formed pronotal angles and lateral ridges, and the males have relatively narrow, long mandibles with reduced or absent subapical teeth. The species of Onagrandrena are very similar and are difficult to tell apart. Populations seem to be relatively isolated in desert locations with habitats amenable to the host plants. This, we believe, has led to a proliferation of species and we can detect slight average differences between populations from different geographic locations within some species. A few of these microgeographic races have been recognized in the literature as subspecies, but the present authors prefer not to formally recognize these races with names. The reader is referred to earlier sections of this revision (LaBerge l967, l969, l97l, 1973, l977, l980, l986, l989; LaBerge and Bouseman 1970, 1987; LaBerge and Ribble 1972, 1975; Bouseman and LaBerge 1979; Thorp, 1969; Donovan, 1977) for details of morphology and for a more complete bibliography of the literature on Andrena. No new morphological terms have been introduced in the present work and the bibliography presented includes only references cited in the text or not listed in earlier parts of the revision. Published locality and floral records are included in the appropriate sections near the end of each species account. Maps showing the known distributions of species (Figs. 2-6) do not have all listed localities spotted on them. Localities that could be located only in a general way, such as county, or could not be found on maps or in gazetteers are omitted. Considerable detailed information is available concerning the floral activity of several species of Onagrandrena in papers by Linsley, MacSwain, Raven and Thorp (1963a and b, 1964) and MacSwain, Raven, and Thorp (1973). These papers also provide brief notes on nesting burrows and an earlier paper by Linsley, MacSwain and Smith (1955) gives details on the nesting biology of a few species of Onagrandrena.
A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere
Authors: Thorp Robbin W. , LaBerge Wallace E.
Published: May 2020

This work reports on a study of 1,200 specimens segregated into 9 species, 4 of which are new to science. One name is relegated to synonymy. The relationships within the subgenus and with other subgenera of Andrena are briefly discussed. The subgenus Hesperandrena was recognized and described by Timberlake in Lanham 1949 (p. 208) to include two previously described species, Andrena escondida Cockerell and Andrena baeriae Timberlake. These two species have in common a propodeum which, Timberlake described as having the dorsal surface, “... broad, gently curved and inclined from base to apex, without definite truncation, the lateral margins distinctly carinate and convexly arcuate.” This is the main character separating this subgenus (Fig. 4) from other subgenera of Andrena except that in the males of Hesperandrena the lateral margins of the propodeum are not carinate. Other characters are given in the description of the subgenus below. The species of this subgenus are very similar to one another and difficult to tell apart. The species are known only from California and Baja California. The reader is referred to earlier sections of this revision (LaBerge 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1989; LaBerge and Bouseman 1970, 1987; LaBerge and Ribble 1972, 1975; Bouseman and LaBerge 1979; Thorp 1969; Donovan 1977) for details of morphology and a more complete bibliography on the genus Andrena. No new terms have been introduced and the bibliography presented here includes only references cited. Published locality and floral records are included in the sections at the end of each species account.
Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Associations of Franklin’s Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus franklinii Sabine 1822)
Authors: Huebschman J. J.
Published: May 2020

To better inform conservation and management strategies directed at Franklin’s ground squirrel, Spermophilus franklinii, I reviewed published and unpublished accounts of the squirrel’s distribution, abundance, and principally, habitat associations. I present the body of literature on S. franklinii and include portions of original accounts to avoid potential bias from paraphrasing. A consensus of the literature indicates that S. franklinii is most frequently associated with habitat characterized by a mixture of grassy and woody vegetation, referred to as savanna-like or parkland habitat. Moreover, S. franklinii has had an affinity for this type of habitat throughout its geographic range in recent, historic, and even prehistoric times. This is in contrast to a view of the species as primarily associated with tallgrass prairie habitat. As indicated in the literature, populations of S. franklinii are subject to marked fluctuations, which probably are influenced by local disturbances in addition to regular dispersal events. In the southern part of its geographic range, S. franklinii is currently limited in its occurrence principally to roadside and railroad right-of-ways. In these southern regions S. franklinii is justifiably of conservation concern. I suggest that more detailed surveys for the species (such as those that have recently occurred in Illinois and Missouri) take place in Iowa and Kansas.
Status of Endangered and Threatened Sand Area Species of the Illinois Flora
Authors: Phillippe Loy R. , Molano-Flores Brenda , Murphy Michael J.C. , Marcum Paul B. , Ebinger John E.
Published: May 2020

This study was undertaken to determine the distribution and habitat requirements of many of the endangered and threatened plant species associated with the sand deposits of Illinois. Approximately 70 species of endangered and threatened plants are known to grow in these deposits. The habitat fidelity and natural community types were determined for 40 of these species that are restricted to these glacial drift sand habitats. Plant community types, associated species, moisture requirements, and other data concerning each of the plant species were determined by reviewing the pertinent literature, searching the Illinois Department of Natural Resources Natural Heritage Database, through discussions with botanists and natural heritage biologists, examination of herbarium specimens, and our studies of the vegetation of the Illinois sand deposits. Throughout the course of these studies, most of the nature preserves, state parks, and identified natural areas in the sand regions were visited on numerous occasions and vegetation surveys undertaken. The information presented in this paper could allow rare plant conservation in Illinois to become more proactive by encouraging the selection of sites where in situ conservation efforts could be conducted by state, local, and nongovernmental organizations.
Distribution, Habitat, and Zoogeography of the Semifossorial Red-bellied Snake Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer) in Illinois
Authors: Brown Lauren E. , Phillips Christopher A.
Published: May 2020

The examination of 387 preserved red-bellied snakes, Storeria occipitomaculata, from 18 museums and collections, literature records, and unpublished records revealed distributional records throughout much of Illinois, in contrast to earlier studies which found a more limited distribution. Seventy-one records of habitat types from museum records, field notes, and literature indicated that the species occupies woodlands but is not primarily forest adapted. It also inhabits prairie and prairielike habitats in Illinois. The common occurrence of this species in this type of habitat has not heretofore been reported elsewhere in the range of the snake. Our findings do not support an older zoogeographic theory that assumed the snake was nonadapted for prairie and thus excluded from the Prairie Peninsula. We propose that the species was able to occupy the area near the ice rim of the Wisconsin Episode glaciation, and followed the glaciation as it retreated because of the snake’s cold tolerance, ability to inhabit northern prairies and coniferous forests, vivipary which allows thermoregulation by gravid females, and the relatively temperate climate along the glacial rim. Within recent times, it seems likely that the snake was extirpated throughout much of the former prairie by destructive changes associated with agriculture.
Descriptions of New Species of Rotifera and Protozoa from the Illinois River and Adjacent Waters
Authors: Hempel Adolph
Published: May 2020

In April, 1894, the Biological Experiment Station ofthe University of Illinois was established on the Illinois River at Havana, Illinois. Collections were made from various substations, located upon the river and adjacent lakes, at stated periods, the intervals varying from one week to one month. Nearly all of the towings made were examined by me, and the list of animals includes ninety species of Rotifera and eighty species of Protozoa.Among the Rotifera there are three presumably hitherto undescribed species of the genus Brachionus. This genus is well represented by ten species and two varieties, and affords an interesting field for study.
A Contribution to a Knowledge of North American Fresh-Water Cyclopidae
Authors: Forbes Ernest
Published: May 2020

It is my purpose in this paper to make a first contribution to a revision of the nomenclature of this genus, such as is usually found necessary when, for the first time, the work of unaffiliated investigators is brought into careful comparison. I have embodied in this paper, not a complete revision of the American species of Cyclops, but only such results of my study on that group as have now been brought to a satisfactory conclusion.
Plankton Studies.
Authors: Kofoid C. A.
Published: May 2020

On June 16, 1898, a form which may be referred to the genus Pleodorina was found in the Illinois River in water entering the stream in large part from Cook's Slough and Quiver Lake.
First Supplement to the Check-list of the Coccidae
Authors: Cockerell T. D. A.
Published: May 2020

Since the publication of the Check-List* in 1896 no less than three hundred and twenty-two species have been added. A few of these are old species which had been accidentally omitted or improperly reduced to synonyms, but the number of actually new species is very great, and bears witness tothe activity of coccidologists. Forty species, given as valid in the Check-List, are here reduced to varieties or synonyms.

As before, I have included a number of names of species (mostly by Green) which I know to be either in press or awaiting very early publication.
A Review of the Sunfishes of the Current Genera Apomotis, Lepomis, and Eupomotis, with Particular Reference to the Species Found in Illinois
Authors: Richardson R. E.
Published: May 2020

During the progress of studies on material from the large collection of Illinois sunfishes belonging to the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, a striking and, as it appeared later, fundamental difference in form was observed between the lower pharyngeals of specimens of Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill) and Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnaeus).
On a New Shovelnose Sturgeon from the Mississippi River
Authors: Forbes S. A. , Richardson R. E.
Published: May 2020

Mr. H. L. Ashlock of this firm expressed at this time his belief that a distinct sturgeon, known to the fishermen of the locality as the "white sturgeon," was occasionally obtained among the catches of the common shovelnose locally called the"switch-tail," an opinion presently confirmed by the receipt of one specimen of this species and the head of another, brought in by his fishing crews.
An Ornithological Cross-section of Illinois in Autumn
Authors: Forbes S. A.
Published: May 2020

The present paper is a discussion of the product of one of their earlier trips, made from August 28 to October 17, 1906, across the state from east to west, from the Indiana line beyond Danville, Ill., to Quincy, on the Mississippi River. It has to do with autumnal conditions in the central part of the state, and is merely preliminary to a comprehensive report on the whole investigation.
A Study of the Mammals of Champaign County, Illinois
Authors: Wood Frank
Published: May 2020

This paper discusses all the mammals found in Champaign County, Illinois.
The Vegetation of the Beach Area in Northeastern Illinois and Southeastern Wisconsin
Authors: Gates Frank
Published: May 2020

The aim of the work was to obtain a clear idea of the extent and floristic composition of the associations of the region to serve as a foundation for further work upon the successional relationships between the competing associations of the three provinces which are represented in the area.
The Midsummer Bird Life of Illinois: A Statistical Study
Authors: Forbes Stephen
Published: May 2020

The present paper is a report of a few of the more general results of a study of the materials thus brought together, illustrating the numbers and ecological distribution of the birds of Illinois during the relatively stable period of their summer residence—the time between the conclusion of the spring migration and the beginning of the fall movement to the southward. It is a period of breeding and steady habitation for our most permanent and characteristic birdpopulation, and will best help us to an understanding of the main normal ecological significance of Illinois birds.
Observations on the Breeding of the European Carp in the Vicinity of Havana, Illinois
Authors: Richardson R. E.
Published: May 2020

Observations on the breeding habits of the European carp were begun at the opening of the Illinois Biological Station in late April,1910, and carried on throughout the remainder of the spawning season; while the search for fry and fingerlings, with the object of ascertaining their habits, habitat, local preferences, etc., was continued until the Station closed in September. In the season of 1911 similar observations were in progress, practically continuously, from April 15to June 8.
Observations on the Breeding Habits of Fishes at Havana, Illinois, 1910 and 1911
Authors: Richardson R. E.
Published: May 2020

In this paper is presented a summary of all our notes of the seasons of 1910 and 191 1, concerning the breeding of fishes other than carp. They were made principally at Havana, Illinois, but include in a few cases observations made in the vicinity of Beardstown, Meredosia, and Grafton.
A Cyber-Physical System for Near Real-Time Monitoring of At-Home Orthopedic Rehabilitation and Mobile–Based Provider-Patient Communications to Improve Adherence: Development and Formative Evaluation (Preprint)
Authors: Stevens Timothy , McGinnis Ryan S , Hewgill Blake , Choquette Rebecca H , Tourville Timothy W , Harvey Jean , Lachapelle Richard , Beynnon Bruce D , Toth Michael J , Skalka Christian
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Knee extensor muscle performance is reduced after lower extremity trauma and orthopedic surgical interventions. At-home use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) may improve functional recovery, but adherence to at-home interventions is low. Greater benefits from NMES may be realized with closer monitoring of adherence to at-home prescriptions and more frequent patient-provider interactions.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to develop a cyber-physical system to monitor at-home adherence to NMES prescription and facilitate patient-provider communications to improve adherence in near real time.

METHODS

The RehabTracker cyber-physical system was developed to accomplish this goal and comprises four components: (1) hardware modifications to a commercially available NMES therapy device to monitor device use and provide Bluetooth functionality; (2) an iPhone Operating System–based mobile health (mHealth) app that enables patient-provider communications in near real time; (3) a clinician portal to allow oversight of patient adherence with device use; and (4) a back-end server to store data, enable adherence analysis, and send automated push notifications to the patient. These four elements were designed to be fully compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. The system underwent formative testing in a cohort of patients following anterior cruciate ligament rupture (n=7) to begin to assess face validity.

RESULTS

Compared with the NMES device software–tracked device use, the RehabTracker system recorded 83% (40/48) of the rehabilitation sessions, with 100% (32/32) of all sessions logged by the system in 4 out of 7 patients. In patients for whom tracking of automated push notifications was enabled, 100% (29/29) of the push notifications sent by the back-end server were received by the patient. Process, hardware, and software issues contributing to these inaccuracies are detailed.

CONCLUSIONS

RehabTracker represents a promising mHealth app for tracking and improving adherence with at-home NMES rehabilitation programs and warrants further refinement and testing.

CLINICALTRIAL
Using Intervention Mapping to Develop a Digital Self-Management Program for People With Type 2 Diabetes: Tutorial on MyDESMOND (Preprint)
Authors: Hadjiconstantinou Michelle , Schreder Sally , Brough Christopher , Northern Alison , Stribling Bernie , Khunti Kamlesh , Davies Melanie J
Published: May 2020

UNSTRUCTURED

Digital health interventions (DHIs) are increasingly becoming integrated into diabetes self-management to improve behavior. Despite DHIs becoming available to people with chronic conditions, the development strategies and processes undertaken are often not well described. With theoretical frameworks available in current literature, it is vital that DHIs follow a shared language and communicate a robust development process in a comprehensive way. This paper aims to bring a unique perspective to digital development, as it describes the systematic process of developing a digital self-management program for people with type 2 diabetes, MyDESMOND. We provide a step-by-step guide, based on the intervention mapping (IM) framework to illustrate the process of adapting an existing face-to-face self-management program (diabetes education and self- management for ongoing and newly diagnosed, DESMOND) and translating it to a digital platform (MyDESMOND). Overall, this paper describes the 4 IM steps that were followed to develop MyDESMOND—step 1 to establish a planning group and a patient and public involvement group to describe the context of the intervention and program goals, step 2 to identify objectives and determinants at early design stages to maintain a focus on the strategies adopted, step 3 to generate the program components underpinned by appropriate psychological theories and models, and step 4 to develop the program content and describe the iterative process of refining the content and format of the digital program for implementation. This paper concludes with a number of key learnings collated throughout our development process, which we hope other researchers may find useful when developing DHIs for chronic conditions.
Similarities and Differences in COVID-19 Awareness, Concern, and Symptoms by Race and Ethnicity in the United States: Cross-Sectional Survey (Preprint)
Authors: Jones Jeb , Sullivan Patrick S , Sanchez Travis H , Guest Jodie L , Hall Eric W , Luisi Nicole , Zlotorzynska Maria , Wilde Gretchen , Bradley Heather , Siegler Aaron J
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Existing health disparities based on race and ethnicity in the United States are contributing to disparities in morbidity and mortality during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We conducted an online survey of American adults to assess similarities and differences by race and ethnicity with respect to COVID-19 symptoms, estimates of the extent of the pandemic, knowledge of control measures, and stigma.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to describe similarities and differences in COVID-19 symptoms, knowledge, and beliefs by race and ethnicity among adults in the United States.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional survey from March 27, 2020 through April 1, 2020. Participants were recruited on social media platforms and completed the survey on a secure web-based survey platform. We used chi-square tests to compare characteristics related to COVID-19 by race and ethnicity. Statistical tests were corrected using the Holm Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

A total of 1435 participants completed the survey; 52 (3.6%) were Asian, 158 (11.0%) were non-Hispanic Black, 548 (38.2%) were Hispanic, 587 (40.9%) were non-Hispanic White, and 90 (6.3%) identified as other or multiple races. Only one symptom (sore throat) was found to be different based on race and ethnicity (P=.003); this symptom was less frequently reported by Asian (3/52, 5.8%), non-Hispanic Black (9/158, 5.7%), and other/multiple race (8/90, 8.9%) participants compared to those who were Hispanic (99/548, 18.1%) or non-Hispanic White (95/587, 16.2%). Non-Hispanic White and Asian participants were more likely to estimate that the number of current cases was at least 100,000 (P=.004) and were more likely to answer all 14 COVID-19 knowledge scale questions correctly (Asian participants, 13/52, 25.0%; non-Hispanic White participants, 180/587, 30.7%) compared to Hispanic (108/548, 19.7%) and non-Hispanic Black (25/158, 15.8%) participants.

CONCLUSIONS

We observed differences with respect to knowledge of appropriate methods to prevent infection by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Deficits in knowledge of proper control methods may further exacerbate existing race/ethnicity disparities. Additional research is needed to identify trusted sources of information in Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black communities and create effective messaging to disseminate correct COVID-19 prevention and treatment information.
Artificial Intelligence for Rapid Meta-Analysis: Case Study on Ocular Toxicity of Hydroxychloroquine (Preprint)
Authors: Michelson Matthew , Chow Tiffany , Martin Neil A , Ross Mike , Tee Qiao Ying Amelia , Minton Steven
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Rapid access to evidence is crucial in times of an evolving clinical crisis. To that end, we propose a novel approach to answer clinical queries, termed rapid meta-analysis (RMA). Unlike traditional meta-analysis, RMA balances a quick time to production with reasonable data quality assurances, leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to strike this balance.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to evaluate whether RMA can generate meaningful clinical insights, but crucially, in a much faster processing time than traditional meta-analysis, using a relevant, real-world example.

METHODS

The development of our RMA approach was motivated by a currently relevant clinical question: is ocular toxicity and vision compromise a side effect of hydroxychloroquine therapy? At the time of designing this study, hydroxychloroquine was a leading candidate in the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We then leveraged AI to pull and screen articles, automatically extract their results, review the studies, and analyze the data with standard statistical methods.

RESULTS

By combining AI with human analysis in our RMA, we generated a meaningful, clinical result in less than 30 minutes. The RMA identified 11 studies considering ocular toxicity as a side effect of hydroxychloroquine and estimated the incidence to be 3.4% (95% CI 1.11%-9.96%). The heterogeneity across individual study findings was high, which should be taken into account in interpretation of the result.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate that a novel approach to meta-analysis using AI can generate meaningful clinical insights in a much shorter time period than traditional meta-analysis.
Landscape of COVID-19 Treatments on Media and Internet Trends: Observational Study (Preprint)
Authors: Niburski Kacper , Niburski Oskar
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Individuals with large followings can influence public opinions and behaviors, especially during a pandemic. In the early days of the pandemic, US president Donald J Trump has endorsed the use of unproven therapies. Subsequently, a death attributed to the wrongful ingestion of a chloroquine-containing compound occurred.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated Donald J Trump’s speeches, Twitter posts, Google searches and purchases, Amazon purchases, and television airtime for mentions of hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, and remdesivir.

METHODS

Twitter sourcing was catalogued with Factba.se, and analytics data, both past and present, were analyzed with Tweet Binder to assess average analytics data on key metrics. Donald J Trump’s time spent discussing unverified treatments on the United States’ 5 largest TV stations was catalogued with the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone, and his speech transcripts were obtained from White House briefings. Google searches and shopping trends were analyzed with Google Trends. Amazon purchases were assessed using Helium 10 software.

RESULTS

From March 1 to April 30, 2020, Donald J Trump made 11 tweets about unproven therapies and mentioned these therapies 65 times in White House briefings, especially touting hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. These tweets had an impression reach of 300% above Donald J Trump’s average. Following these tweets, at least 2% of airtime on conservative networks for treatment modalities like azithromycin and continuous mentions of such treatments were observed on stations like Fox News. Google searches and purchases increased following his first press conference on March 19, 2020, and increased again following his tweets on March 21, 2020. The same is true for medications on Amazon, with purchases for medicine substitutes, such as hydroxychloroquine, increasing by 200%.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals in positions of power can sway public purchasing, resulting in undesired effects when the individuals’ claims are unverified. Public health officials must work to dissuade the use of unproven treatments for COVID-19.
Kidney Disease, Race, and GFR Estimation
Authors: Levey Andrew S. , Titan Silvia M. , Powe Neil R. , Coresh Josef , Inker Lesley A.
Published: May 2020

Assessment of GFR is central to clinical practice, research, and public health. Current Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines recommend measurement of serum creatinine to estimate GFR as the initial step in GFR evaluation. Serum creatinine is influenced by creatinine metabolism as well as GFR; hence, all equations to estimate GFR from serum creatinine include surrogates for muscle mass, such as age, sex, race, height, or weight. The guideline-recommended equation in adults (the 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation) includes a term for race (specified as black versus nonblack), which improves the accuracy of GFR estimation by accounting for differences in non-GFR determinants of serum creatinine by race in the study populations used to develop the equation. In that study, blacks had a 16% higher average measured GFR compared with nonblacks with the same age, sex, and serum creatinine. The reasons for this difference are only partly understood, and the use of race in GFR estimation has limitations. Some have proposed eliminating the race coefficient, but this would induce a systematic underestimation of measured GFR in blacks, with potential unintended consequences at the individual and population levels. We propose a more cautious approach that maintains and improves accuracy of GFR estimates and avoids disadvantaging any racial group. We suggest full disclosure of use of race in GFR estimation, accommodation of those who decline to identify their race, and shared decision making between health care providers and patients. We also suggest mindful use of cystatin C as a confirmatory test as well as clearance measurements. It would be preferable to avoid specification of race in GFR estimation if there was a superior, evidence-based substitute. The goal of future research should be to develop more accurate methods for GFR estimation that do not require use of race or other demographic characteristics.
Teacher Preparedness in the Implementation of Early Childhood Development Education in Kericho County, Kenya
Authors: Manduku Joshua , Cherop Reginah , Muia Zipporah
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was geared towards the analysis of the teacher’s preparedness and their attitudes towards the selection and use of the instructional resources in ECDE centers in Kericho County, Kenya. The research was based on the ideas and concepts of curriculum theorists; Gross et al. (1971), Tyler (1949), Fullan (1982) and Shiundu and Omulando (1992). A conceptual framework showing the relationship between the independent and dependent variables was also conceptualized. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and utilized a mixed methods methodology and was carried out in Kericho Municipality Zone, Kericho County. Simple random and stratified sampling techniques were used to select respondents who comprised of a target population of 84 head teachers and 180 pre-school teachers to get the sample size of 25 head teachers and 54 pre-school teachers from the selected ECDE centers. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation checklists and an interview schedule. The instruments for data collection were piloted in the neighboring Belgut Zone to validate the tools and determine their reliability. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, this included frequencies and percentages and the hypotheses were tested using Chi-Square test of association. Data was presented in the form of graphs, charts, and tables. The study provides useful information for the education policy makers to produce relevant learning resources and course books for the ECDE teachers. The Government of Kenya (GoK) can use the findings to consider funding the pre-school education and improve teacher preparedness and attitudes towards the use of instructional resources. Teachers can use the findings to improve on their preparedness and attitudes towards the selection and use of instructional resources. The major findings of the study showed that teachers were prepared, and had a positive attitude towards the selection and use of Instructional Resources. However, the status of the available materials in the centers were either inadequate, obsolete, dilapidated or unsuitable for use.
A Tentative Study of the Historical Themes in Toni Morrison’s Paradise
Authors: Xu Yuemeng , Liu Yongjie
Published: May 2020

Paradise is Toni Morrison’s major work after her winning of the Nobel Prize which expresses complex themes and her hopes for the reconciliation between the black and the white. Race issue and the oppression of minorities are entrenched in American history which was reflected in the novel. This paper intends to analyze the themes of racism and oppression in terms of Ruby’s death and Delia’s fate from the historical perspective in search of Morrison’s ideal ‘Paradise’ which is inclusive, accessible to everyone.
Perceiving the Materiality of Language in Teaching English Language Arts
Authors: Fonseka, PhD E.A. Gamini
Published: May 2020

As language is the medium of an art or a configuration of arts focused on communication, it is indispensable to realize the materiality of language with its potential to interpret the numerous phenomena in the environment. Our individual microcosms filled with messages on various complex situations received through our sensory channels exist in terms of strings of verbal language that help to re-create them for communication in whatever fashion we want. We experience language in meaningful utterances that function in singles or clusters to represent the life world in numerous registers. Our expressions inspired by our experiences of the life world are communicated through words orchestrated in grammatically patterned sentences. Like in other forms of art, in English language arts, teachers and learners can behave with confidence, when they realize the substance they deal with as oral sounds that gradually evolve into syllables, morphemes, signs, symbols, metaphors, and images, which creatively represent the life world. Against this background, I intend to demonstrate here the relevance of perceiving the materiality of language under the framework of a multifaceted unity of several disciplines, namely, phonology, morphology, semiotics, rhetoric, and stylistics that altogether contribute to a holistic approach to language. A concrete perception of language achieved in this manner helps to recover the learning process not only from inhibition and anxiety but also from fossilization and ephemerality.
Clasificación del deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Authors: Ramos Domínguez Ana Cristian , Vilchis Chaparro Eduardo , Espinoza Anrubio Gilberto , Chaparro Anaya María Elena
Published: May 2020

Objetivo: clasificar el deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (dm2) adscritos a una Unidad de Medicina Familiar (umf) de la Ciudad de México. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado de marzo a junio de 2018. Se incluyeron 139 pacientes con dm2, de ambos sexos, mayores de 60 años, sin diagnóstico de demencia o deterioro cognitivo. Se utilizó el cuestionario Mini Mental de Folstein para clasificar el grado de deterioro cognitivo. Resultados: en deterioro cognitivo moderado, el sexo femenino representó 7.2% (n=10%). Los adultos mayores que tuvieron de seis a diez años de diagnóstico de dm2 reportaron 5% de deterioro cognitivo leve (n=7) y aquellos con más de diez años de diagnóstico representaron 5.8% (n=8). La hipertensión arterial sistémica fue la comorbilidad mayormente asociada a dm2 para desarrollar deterioro cognitivo grave en 4% (n=6).Conclusiones: el sexo femenino fue el más afectado, con mayor porcentaje en deterioro cognitivo leve y moderado, los factores asociados a mayor riesgo de presentarlo fueron más de seis años de evolución del diagnóstico de dm2 y su asociación con hipertensión arterial sistémica.
Social support and parental perception in smoking and non-smoking adolescents
Authors: Villar Aguirre Everardo , Tamayo Calderón Jehú Arturo
Published: May 2020

Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre el apoyo social funcional y la percepción de la relación con sus padres en adolescentes fumadores y no fumadores. Métodos: estudio transversal analítico realizado en la Unidad de Medicina Familiar (umf) no. 64 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (imss) de marzo a mayo de 2018; participaron 250 adolescentes de trece a diecisiete años de edad, contestaron la escala argentina de percepción de la relación con los padres y el cuestionario de apoyo social funcional Duke-unc. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, cálculo de frecuencias y relación de variables mediante χ2. Resultados: la relación entre apoyo social funcional y ser o no fumador reportó una χ2 de 0.733 con una p=0.392; la asociación percepción de la relación con el padre o la madre con ser o no fumador registró una χ2 de 2.147 y 3.129 respectivamente, con un valor de p>0.05 para ambos casos. Conclusiones: no existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el apoyo social funcional y la percepción de la relación con sus padres con el tabaquismo en los adolescentes evaluados.
El impacto de la obra de Miguel Covarrubias en los artistas de Shangai
Authors: Bevan Paul
Published: May 2020

La isla de Bali de Miguel Covarrubias se ha mantenido como uno de los tratamientos más consolidados acerca del tema, desde su publicación original en 1937. La facilidad que tiene el libro con las palabras se iguala con la elegancia del dibujo. El libro se hizo en un contexto colonial, escrito por un mexicano que a su vez era parte de un grupo euro americano de intelectuales y artistas cosmopolitas. A Miguel Covarrubias se le ha criticado por “orientalista” y se le ha elogiado como un visionario transpacífico. El encuentro de Covarrubias con Bali fue especialmente un encuentro con el arte balinés, en específico con una nueva forma de modernismo que emergió en los años treinta. El interés de Covarrubias por la magia coincidió con las preocupaciones balinesas por las fuerzas espirituales, algo que Covarrubias buscó con su estudio de los textos balineses. Para Covarrubias, el arte era un vehículo para lograr una liberación. A pesar de haber tenido una fuerte intervención editorial externa, La isla de Bali adelantó una visión global de las conexiones entre sociedades a través del arte.
El dibujo como una práctica etnográfica: los dibujos y bocetos balineses de Miguel Covarrubias como antropología visual
Authors: Luktehaus Nancy C.
Published: May 2020

In recent years the use and significance of drawing as a research meth-od for recording ethnographic information has undergone renewed analysis by anthropologists. Their interests have ranged from a focus on the epistemological status of the line to the dialogical dimension of drawing as social practice. While art historians have celebrated Covarrubias’s work in terms of his “drawing a cosmopolitan line” and archaeologists have acknowledged the importance of his Olmec draw-ings to Meso-American archaeology, cultural anthropologists have over-looked Covarrubias as a visual anthropologist. His drawings in Island of Bali (1937) as well as his archived sketches are important contributions to the ethnographic record of Balinese culture at a significant moment in the transformation of Balinese society. His sketches, in particular, offer a rich corpus of cultural information on everyday life in Bali in the early 1930s, as well as ethnographic information about non-verbal dimensions of the Balinese that complements other anthropologists’ analyses of Balinese culture. In contrast to the more Orientalist images he produced for murals, maps, and paintings, Covarrubias’s drawings and sketches warrant new appreciation as ethnographic documents and visual anthropology.
La cultura como dinámica: el arte cartográfico de Miguel Covarrubias
Authors: Ramírez Bernal Mónica
Published: May 2020

Miguel Covarrubias formó parte de un grupo de artistas, como Roberto Montenegro, Antonio Ruiz y Carlos Mérida, que se preocuparon por profundizar en el estudio y el diseño de mapas. Ya sea en formato mural o como ilustraciones de un libro, Covarrubias cuenta con un acervo considerable de mapas artísticos que revelan el atento conoci-miento que tenía de las tradiciones cartográficas. El propósito de este artículo es desentrañar y explorar la manera en la que Miguel Covarrubias trasladaba ideas propias de los estudios sobre el arte para resolver algún problema geográfico. Para lograrlo, tomaré como caso de estudio algunos mapas de Covarrubias para relacionarlos con las ideas contemporáneas acerca de la geografía cultural. Quienes se dedicaban a su estudio reconocían que una de las principales cualidades de esta rama de la geografía era la facilidad con la que quienes la practicaban podían transitar entre la antropología, la arqueología o la historia y los asuntos eminentemente geográficos sin importar las fronteras disciplinares.
El ojo cautivo. Ornamentación y tatuajes marquesanos en la obra de Miguel Covarrubias
Authors: Luna Anahí
Published: May 2020

Este ensayo examina las fuentes intelectuales y etnográficas de Miguel Covarrubias en torno a la ornamentación y los tatuajes de las islas Marquesas. En específico, analiza su comprensión del diseño y desarrollo de los motivos de este arte polinesio y su posicionamiento frente al campo de la morfología y la antropología europea de finales del siglo XIX, de cuya rama se desprende la biología del ornamento. A partir del análisis de los dibujos y bosquejos de Covarrubias sobre el tatuaje de las islas Marquesas, es posible reconstruir el proceso creativo y cognitivo detrás de las ilustraciones que en 1935 realizó para una edición especial de Typee, la primera novela de Herman Melville.
PENERAPAN MODEL SINEKTIK BERBANTUAN LKPD DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS CERPEN KELAS IX MTs. MUHAMMADIYAH 1 MALANG
Authors: M.Si Gigit Mujianto, , Pangesti Fida
Published: May 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) penerapan modelSinektik berbantuan LKP interviu dan peta pikiran dan (2) kendala yang dialami guru dalam penerapan model Sinektik berbantuan LKP beserta alternatif solusinya. Untuk memenuhi tujuan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian dilakukan di MTs. Muhammadiyah 1 Malang dengan subjek penelitian siswa kelas IX-B yang berjumlah 21 orang. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa dokumen dan catatan lapangan yang diperoleh melalui teknik dokumentasi, observasi, dan wawancara. Data yang telah terkumpul kemudian dianalisis melalui kegiatan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modelSinektik diterapkan dengan 5 tahapan yakni (1) mendeskripsikan masalah, (2) analogi langsung, (3) analogi personal, (4) konflik padat, dan (5) menulis cerpen. Model sinektik ini telah diterapkan dengan baik sehingga berimplikasi positif terhadap proses maupun hasil belajar siswa yang mencapai rata-rata kelas 86. Namun demikian, terdapat tiga kendala yang dihadapi guru yakni (1) kurangnya alokasi waktu pembelajaran, (2) kurangnya pemahaman siswa terhadap model yang diterapkan, dan (3) kurangnya penguasaan diksi dan gaya bahasa. Kendala tersebut diatasi melalui manajemen waktu, manajemen pengelolaan kelas, dan pemanfaatan media pembelajaran.
How many qubits are needed for quantum computational supremacy?
Authors: Dalzell Alexander M. , Harrow Aram W. , Koh Dax Enshan , La Placa Rolando L.
Published: May 2020

Quantum computational supremacy arguments, which describe a way for a quantum computer to perform a task that cannot also be done by a classical computer, typically require some sort of computational assumption related to the limitations of classical computation. One common assumption is that the polynomial hierarchy (PH) does not collapse, a stronger version of the statement thatP≠NP, which leads to the conclusion that any classical simulation of certain families of quantum circuits requires time scaling worse than any polynomial in the size of the circuits. However, the asymptotic nature of this conclusion prevents us from calculating exactly how many qubits these quantum circuits must have for their classical simulation to be intractable on modern classical supercomputers. We refine these quantum computational supremacy arguments and perform such a calculation by imposing fine-grained versions of the non-collapse conjecture. Our first two conjectures poly3-NSETH(a) and per-int-NSETH(b) take specific classical counting problems related to the number of zeros of a degree-3 polynomial innvariables overF2or the permanent of ann×ninteger-valued matrix, and assert that any non-deterministic algorithm that solves them requires2cntime steps, wherec∈{a,b}. A third conjecture poly3-ave-SBSETH(a′) asserts a similar statement about average-case algorithms living in the exponential-time version of the complexity classSBP. We analyze evidence for these conjectures and argue that they are plausible whena=1/2,b=0.999anda′=1/2.Imposing poly3-NSETH(1/2) and per-int-NSETH(0.999), and assuming that the runtime of a hypothetical quantum circuit simulation algorithm would scale linearly with the number of gates/constraints/optical elements, we conclude that Instantaneous Quantum Polynomial-Time (IQP) circuits with 208 qubits and 500 gates, Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) circuits with 420 qubits and 500 constraints and boson sampling circuits (i.e. linear optical networks) with 98 photons and 500 optical elements are large enough for the task of producing samples from their output distributions up to constant multiplicative error to be intractable on current technology. Imposing poly3-ave-SBSETH(1/2), we additionally rule out simulations with constant additive error for IQP and QAOA circuits of the same size. Without the assumption of linearly increasing simulation time, we can make analogous statements for circuits with slightly fewer qubits but requiring104to107gates.