bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of full‐arch mandibular reconstruction with dental implants using completely splinted or segmentally splinted prostheses with two different occlusal schemes: A finite‐element analysis
Authors: Abrishamkar Sarah , Fathi Amirhossein , Ghorbani Mahsa , Mosharraf Ramin
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to comparatively analyze full‐arch mandibular reconstruction using dental implants. It focused on two distinct prosthesis configurations: completely splinted and segmentally splinted. These configurations were evaluated under two different occlusal schemes—group function and canine guidance—utilizing finite element analysis (FEA).

Materials and Methods

The methodology involved developing three‐dimensional finite element models from computed tomography data acquired from an edentulous patient. Six dental implants were utilized to complete the mandibular reconstruction. Prosthetic reconstruction was conducted with completely and segmentally splinted prostheses, each employing group function and canine guidance occlusal schemes. Consequently, four distinct models were analyzed. Following meshing, a 200 N load was applied at a 30‐degree angle. Subsequent evaluation encompassed stress, strain distribution, and the overall deformation of the implants, crowns, and underlying bone structure assessment.

Results

The group function occlusal scheme generally exhibited lower stress values than the canine guidance occlusal scheme, with three‐piece prostheses demonstrating even lower stress levels than one‐piece prostheses. Conversely, the canine guidance occlusal scheme exhibited higher stress values overall.

Conclusion

The findings of this study may assist clinicians in selecting the most effective occlusal scheme and prosthetic configuration for implant‐supported mandibular restorations, potentially enhancing treatment outcomes and reducing the risk of mechanical complications. In summary, results indicated that group function loading, irrespective of prosthesis type, offers more uniform load distribution and lower stress values, making it a preferable choice over canine guidance. Within the group function occlusal scheme, three‐piece prostheses demonstrated lower stress values than one‐piece prostheses, but the clinical significance of this difference appears to be minimal.
Examination of the relationship between ABO/Rh blood groups and dietary compliance in children with coeliac disease: A single‐centre experience
Authors: Yavuz Sibel , Çil Metin , Turgut Mehmet
Published: September 2024

Aim

Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy that develops upon ingestion of food containing gluten. The established link between ABO blood groups and numerous infectious and non‐infectious illnesses prompted this investigation into blood group distribution and its relationship with dietary compliance among children diagnosed with CD.

Methods

In this retrospective study, patients with CD who were followed for ≥1 year at the paediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic of our hospital were evaluated. History, physical examination and coeliac serology results were reviewed for each patient. Patients were divided into two groups based on self‐reported compliance to a gluten‐free diet: diet‐adherent and non‐diet‐adherent. Patient and control groups were examined in terms of ABO blood groups.

Results

A total of 177 patients with CD were included in the study. A control group of 211 age‐ and sex‐matched children without any chronic disease who had undergone blood group testing for various reasons was included for comparison. A total of 65% (n = 115) of the patients were girls, and 35% (n = 62) were boys. No significant relationship was found between CD diagnosis and ABO blood groups among patients (P = 0.559). Furthermore, the dietary compliance status of the patients was not associated with any specific blood group (P = 0.951).

Conclusion

No notable difference was found between patients with CD with or without gluten‐free diet compliance in terms of the distribution of ABO blood groups and Rhesus (Rh) factor. Therefore, it can be inferred that all blood groups and subgroups carry an equal risk for CD.
Embracing Biological Control of Septoria Tritici Blotch for Sustainable Wheat Protection
Authors: Suarez‐Fernandez Marta , De Francesco Agustina
Published: September 2024

Wheat, one of the top‐produced cereals worldwide, is affected by many abiotic and biotic stresses, such as the ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB). STB has historically been managed with fungicides, but the pathogen readily overcomes chemical control because of its rapid genetic evolution. In addition, many fungicides are now being banned or limited by governments aiming for more environment‐friendly methods for pest management. This scenario gave rise to thinking about alternative control means such as biological control agents (BCAs) and organism‐derived biomolecules (ODBs). In this work, we review microbial BCA candidates and ODBs currently studied for the control of STB. Key studies have identified successful candidates including bacterial strains of the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus, and fungal strains such as Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium olsonii and Acremonium alternatum. In addition, lesser‐studied fungi, bacteria and compounds have been tested. Despite promising research, no BCA or ODB has been registered or commercially used against STB, and field trials are notably lacking, with existing studies being limited in scale. Further understanding of the interactions between Z. tritici and the wheat microbiome may uncover new potential candidates for STB biocontrol.
Additional criteria on scintigraphic testing for diagnosis of rapid colonic transit in patients with chronic diarrhea
Authors: Lupianez‐Merly Camille , Dilmaghani Saam , Jencks Kara , Eckert Deborah , Ryks Michael , Burton Duane , Camilleri Michael
Published: September 2024

Background

Colonic transit (CT) measured by validated scintigraphy using 111In‐labeled activated charcoal particles is summarized using geometric center (GC) of isotopic distribution in four colonic regions and stool at 24 and 48 h. Diagnosis of rapid CT is currently based on GC24 ≥4.4 in females and >4.7 in males, which lack sensitivity. Our aim was to evaluate, in patients with chronic diarrhea with normal CT by GC24 and GC48, the diagnostic utility of CT change (∆GC) relative to sex‐matched normal values.

Methods

We evaluated two adult patient cohorts: 701 clinical patients (1994–2023) with chronic diarrhea and 76 research participants with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (N = 63) or bile acid diarrhea (BAD, N = 13). Results of ∆GC were compared to 220 healthy controls' 95th percentiles (%ile) (≥2.0 females and ≥2.2 males). In the research cohort, we also analyzed (Spearman correlation) colonic ∆GC with ascending colon emptying T1/2 (AC T1/2), average stool frequency and consistency based on a daily diary, total fecal bile acid (BA) concentration, and % primary BA in a single stool sample.

Key Results

Among 701 clinical patients with normal GC24, 160 (22.3%) had rapid CT based on ∆GC 95th %ile in health. Among 76 research participants, an additional 20.6% IBS‐D and 23% BAD had rapid CT ∆GC. Younger age and absence of diabetes mellitus were predictive of rapid ∆GC. ∆GC significantly correlated with AC T1/2 and with fecal BA.

Conclusions & Inferences

∆GC identified an additional 21%–23% patients with rapid colonic transit among patients with diarrhea and normal GC24.
Correlation of deglutitive striated esophagus motor function and pharyngeal phase swallowing biomechanical events
Authors: Shaker Reza , Kern Mark , Edeani Francis , Mei Ling , Yu Elliot , Sanvanson Patrick
Published: September 2024

Background

The functional relationship of striated esophagus (St.Eso) motor function with pharyngeal deglutitive biomechanical events has not been systematically studied. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio‐temporal characteristics of St.Eso function and its correlation with pharyngeal biomechanics and bolus transport.

Methods

We studied 50 healthy volunteer subjects (age range: 21–82 years, 31 female) by digital videofluoroscopy. All subjects were studied in a seated, upright position. Thirteen of these 50 volunteers also underwent high‐resolution manometry (HRM) concurrent with fluoroscopy. We used laryngeal excursion as a surrogate for St.Eso excursion.

Key Results

Median duration of St.Eso excursion was 2.35 [1.93,2.85, 5th and 95th percentile] seconds. Mean maximum extent of St.Eso excursion was 2.84 ± 0.72 cm. We identified four distinct periods in deglutitive St.Eso motor function: P1. Anterosuperior ascent without bolus or peristaltic activity, P2. Non‐peristaltic bolus receiving at the apogee of St.Eso excursion concurrent with UES opening and pharyngeal peristalsis P3. Peristaltic bolus transport as St.Eso descends and P4. Continued peristalsis in resting position.

Conclusions and Inferences

1. St.Eso motor function spans both pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing for receiving and transporting the bolus, 2. Pressure signatures in HRM recordings currently attributed to St.Eso deglutitive motor activity does not represent the entirety of St.Eso peristalsis, only the part that occurs in its resting position. St.Eso peristalsis that occurs during its descent is recorded by pressure sensors initially in the pharynx. This finding needs to be considered when interpreting HRM recordings of the pharynx and proximal esophagus.
The impact of behavioral weight management interventions on eating behavior traits in children with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Colombo Patricia Eustachio , Wickramarachchi Milindu , Lakshmi Aiswarya , Kudlek Laura , Ahern Amy , Tait Struan , Reid Natasha , Jones Rebecca A. , Smith Andrea D.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Behavioral weight management interventions (BWMIs) are an evidence‐based strategy for addressing childhood obesity. Targeting eating behavior traits (EBTs; individual tendencies determining food intake/occasions) could play a pivotal role in improving the effectiveness of these behavioral interventions. The present study describes a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the impact of BWMIs on eating behavior traits in children with overweight or obesity.

Methods

Seven databases were searched, and eligible studies included randomized controlled trials reporting EBT outcomes following BWMIs delivered to children with overweight or obesity (<18 years of age). Random effects meta‐analyses were conducted to compare EBT outcomes for intervention and control groups. Synthesis without meta‐analysis (SWiM) was applied for EBTs where meta‐analysis was not feasible.

Results

The review identified eight trials characterizing the impact of BWMIs on 15 EBTs. Meta‐analyses of data from three trials at intervention completion and post‐intervention (average of 28 weeks [±8]) revealed positive short‐term increases in dietary restraint (SMD random effect 0.42 [95% CI 0.13, 0.70]). However, these effects were not sustained at follow‐up. Improvements in emotional eating, external eating, food responsiveness, and enjoyment of food were shown in studies which could not be pooled quantitatively.

Conclusion

BWMIs in children living with overweight/obesity are beneficial for the improvement of some EBTs at intervention completion including dietary restraint, emotional eating, external eating, food responsiveness, and enjoyment of food. However, this remains a relatively unexplored area and more research is needed to strengthen understanding of the multifaceted impact of child BWMIs on a comprehensive range of EBTs.
Raynaud's phenomenon involving the tongue
Authors: Yogarajah Sangeetha , Carey Barbara , Willis Amanda
Published: September 2024

Aims

Raynaud's phenomenon is a recognised vascular disorder typically involving the digits. Here we present two cases of Raynaud's phenomenon involving the tongue in the absence of a secondary autoimmune cause; an uncommon clinical entity.

Methods

Clinical notes for two patients diagnosed with lingual Raynaud's phenomenon were evaluated.

Results

Case 1: A 61‐year‐old female presented with intermittent paraesthesia and blue/white discolouration of the tongue only. Episodes were of sudden onset, usually precipitated by periods of exertion in cold weather. Medical history was negative for underlying connective tissue disease. She had a positive family history for ischaemic heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmune screening bloods, MRI tongue and exercise stress tests were unremarkable. A working diagnosis of primary lingual Raynaud's phenomenon was made. She commenced nifedipine 15 mg daily and reported an improvement in symptoms.

Case 2: A 62‐year‐old male presented with intermittent episodes of sudden onset dysarthria, paraesthesia and white discolouration involving the anterior tongue, precipitated by cold weather. Medical history was negative for underlying connective tissue disease. Review by Stroke Medicine excluded transient ischaemic attack. Bloods including FBC, ANA, ENA, dsDNA, anti‐CCP, RF, ESR and CRP were negative. He was diagnosed with primary lingual Raynaud's phenomenon and recommended to commence calcium‐channel blocker antihypertensive medication.

Conclusion

Oral manifestations of Raynaud's phenomenon in the absence of connective tissue disease is rare and may mimic neurological conditions, requiring multidisciplinary collaboration. General dental practitioners should recognise deviations from baseline clinical features which would prompt referral to allied specialties.
Pseudomonas fluorescens Inoculation Enhances Salix matsudana Growth by Modifying Phyllosphere Microbiomes, Surpassing Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Li Qing , He Yue , Feng Jian , He Yutong , Zhang Sheng
Published: September 2024

The enhancement of plant growth by soil fertilization and microbial inoculation involves different mechanisms, particularly by altering the phyllosphere microbiome. This study investigated how nitrogen (N) fertilization, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain R124 inoculation and their combined effects influence the growth of different‐aged Salix matsudana cuttings by modulating N dynamics within the phyllosphere microbiome. Results showed that P. fluorescens inoculation was significantly more effective than N fertilization alone, enhancing biomass, plant nutrient uptake, soil nutrient content and root development by 90.51%, 18.18%, 72.74% and 126.20%, respectively. Crucially, the inoculation notably shifted the beta‐diversity of the phyllosphere microbial community, with K‐strategy fungi enhancing plant N fixation and subsequent plant growth. Cuttings from middle‐aged forests displayed more robust growth than those from young‐aged, associated with a varied impact on phyllosphere fungi, notably increasing the relative abundance of Myriangiales in young (76.37%) and Capnodiales in middle‐aged cuttings (42.37%), which improve phyllosphere stability and plant health. These findings highlight the effectiveness of microbial inoculation over N fertilization in promoting plant growth and provide valuable insights for the sustainable management of willow plantations at different stages of development.
Decarbonization under geoeconomic distress? Energy shocks, carbon lock‐ins, and Germany's pathway toward net zero
Authors: Babić Milan , Mertens Daniel
Published: September 2024

How can decarbonization governance endure under increasing geoeconomic distress? Global tensions threaten to divert financial and political resources from the green transition toward national security issues. However, we lack the analytical tools to assess decarbonization governance in this age of global rivalries. To address this gap, we develop an analytical framework to study the effects of geoeconomic shocks through investment, operational, and political channels. Using macro‐ and company‐level data and document analysis, we empirically test our framework using Germany's decarbonization governance following the cutoff of its Russian gas supply in 2022 as a case study. We find that this shock had negative short‐term effects on decarbonization via the operational channel, mixed effects via the political channel, and positive long‐term effects via the investment channel. Our framework and findings contribute to establishing climate change and energy politics as core issues for future political economy research.
Factors related to parents’ perceptions of oral health for children with Down syndrome in Japan
Authors: Onishi Tomoyuki , Funatsu Takahiro , Ooka Takafumi , Okada Yoshiyuki , kadena Miki , Kawaai Hiroyoshi , Sekino Jin , Marks Luc A. M. , Hironaka Shouji , Ogasawara Tadashi
Published: September 2024

Aims:

To evaluate the perceptions of parents on general health, oral health, and dental care for children with Down syndrome (DS), and to investigate factors related to parents’ perceptions of oral health.

Methods and results

An online questionnaire survey was conducted of parents of children with DS. Forty‐three percent and 81% of the parents rated their child's oral health and general health as good, respectively. Parent‐rated oral health was strongly associated with general health, followed by the parents’ satisfaction with their child's dentist, halitosis, difficulty in dental examination, and the number of times they helped their child with toothbrushing. Seventy‐seven percent of the parents were satisfied or rather satisfied with their child's dentist. The parents expected the dentist to reassure their child and to be specialized in the treatment of persons with disabilities. Seventy‐three percent of the parents brushed their child's teeth at least once a day, and 92% brushed their own teeth at least twice a day. The number of times the parents brushed their own teeth was strongly associated with the frequency of brushing their child's teeth.

Conclusion

General health, a trusting relationship with the dentist, and parental perceptions of oral hygiene affect parent‐rated oral health of children with DS.
Co‐worker phubbing: A qualitative exploration of smartphone use during work breaks
Authors: Martinsson Per , Thomée Sara
Published: September 2024

Introduction

The present study qualitatively explores co‐worker “phubbing” (from “phone” and “snubbing”) during communal work breaks. Phubbing, or ignoring others by paying attention to one's phone, has been linked to a range of negative interpersonal and intrapersonal outcomes. Although most research has targeted private relationships, there are indications that lateral work relationships may be similarly affected, with potential consequences at the individual, group, and organizational levels.

Methods

Interviews were conducted with 25 Swedish employees in the electrical trade (n = 13) and health care (n = 12), groups that typically work alongside colleagues and regularly take communal breaks. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Five main themes were identified: (1) phubbing as a social barrier, (2) the socially integrated smartphone, (3) intentional and unintentional phubbing, (4) navigating phubbing norms, and (5) generational differences in phubbing behavior and attitudes.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that work break phubbing could potentially undermine interpersonal aspects of the psychosocial work environment. However, this was also seen as contingent on social norms and individual needs and preferences. Discussing phubbing in the workplace may be a way of mitigating negative effects by bridging disparate expectations.
Refractory solar lentigines successfully treated with 532‐nm nanosecond Nd:YAG Vasculature Salvage Laser Surgery (VSLS) system: Case series
Authors: Lee So Young , Kim Ka Ram , Kim Seunghyeon , Han Hye Sung , Hong Ji Yeon , Seok Joon , Park Kui Young
Published: September 2024

Background

Solar lentigo, a common epidermal hyperpigmented lesion found in sun‐exposed areas, results from the proliferation of melanocytes and the accumulation of melanin. Although various treatments for solar lentigo have been explored, they often lead to complications, including prolonged erythema and post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), posing significant concerns.

Objectives and methods

This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of the Vasculature Salvage Laser Surgery (VSLS) system. We treated six Korean patients, each with solar lentigo, in a single session using the 532‐nm nanosecond neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) VSLS system, with follow‐up periods ranging from 3 to 10 weeks.

Results

The treatment led to the complete removal of pigmented lesions in all patients without resulting in PIH, even in cases where previous laser treatments had failed. The only side effect observed was mild erythema, which resolved over the long term in most instances.

Conclusions

The VSLS system emerges as a safe and effective treatment for pigmented lesions, including refractory solar lentigines. Nonetheless, additional studies are required to verify its long‐term efficacy.
The Effect of Polynucleotide‐Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel in the Recovery After Mechanical Skin Barrier Disruption
Authors: Ha Ye Jin , Tak Ka Hee , Jung Jin‐Min , Lee Jong Lyul , Kim Chan Wook , Ah Young‐Chang , Kim Seok‐Soon , Moon Ik Jun , Yoon Yong Sik
Published: September 2024

Background

The epidermal barrier acts as a defense against external agents as well as helps to maintain body homeostasis. Polynucleotides (PN), exogenous DNA fragments, promote wound repair through their stimulatory and anti‐inflammatory effects. Recent findings indicate a synergistic effect of PN and hyaluronic acid (HA) combinations in regulating inflammation and promoting cell proliferation. This study aims to elucidate the effects of PN and HA on repairing the epidermal barrier following its disruption by tape stripping (TS) in a mouse model.

Materials and Methods

After disrupting the epidermal barrier using TS, a formulation containing PN (14 mg/mL) and HA (6 mg/mL) was applied. Trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured at 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h. Mice were euthanized after the final application at 72 h, and tissue samples were analyzed for epidermal/dermal thickness, neutrophil infiltration, and filaggrin expression.

Results

We observed a significant reduction in TEWL in the PN+HA group compared to that in the control group (20.8 ± 0.5 vs. 43.7 ± 0.5 g/m2h at 72 h, p < 0.05), indicating an improvement in barrier function. Histological evaluation showed decreased epidermal and dermal thickening in the PN+HA group compared to that in the control group (epidermal: 29.4 ± 2.2 vs. 57.9 ± 3.5 μm; dermal: 464.8 ± 25.9 vs. 825.9 ± 44.8 μm, both p < 0.05). Additionally, neutrophil infiltration in the dermis was significantly reduced, and filaggrin protein levels were significantly higher in the PN+HA group compared to those in the control group (4.8 ± 0.4 vs. 21.1 ± 3.3 for neutrophils; 0.84 ± 0.04 vs. 0.42 ± 0.03 for filaggrin, both p < 0.05).

Conclusion

These results suggest that PN+HA may be an effective therapeutic strategy for repairing skin barrier damage.
Mechanistic Insights Into an Ancient Adenovirus Precursor Protein VII Show Multiple Nuclear Import Receptor Pathways
Authors: Nematollahzadeh Sepehr , Athukorala Ajani , Donnelly Camilla M. , Pavan Silvia , Atelie‐Djossou Victoria , Di Iorio Enzo , Nath Babu , Helbig Karla J. , McSharry Brian P. , Forwood Jade K. , Sarker Subir , Alvisi Gualtiero
Published: September 2024

Adenoviral pVII proteins are multifunctional, highly basic, histone‐like proteins that can bind to and transport the viral genome into the host cell nucleus. Despite the identification of several nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in the pVII protein of human adenovirus (HAdV)2, the mechanistic details of nuclear transport are largely unknown. Here we provide a full characterization of the nuclear import of precursor (Pre‐) pVII protein from an ancient siadenovirus, frog siadenovirus 1 (FrAdV1), using a combination of structural, functional, and biochemical approaches. Two strong NLSs (termed NLSa and NLSd) interact with importin (IMP)β1 and IMPα, respectively, and are the main drivers of nuclear import. A weaker NLS (termed NLSb) also contributes, together with an additional signal (NLSc) which we found to be important for nucleolar targeting and intranuclear binding. Expression of wild‐type and NLS defective derivatives Pre‐pVII in the presence of selective inhibitors of different nuclear import pathways revealed that, unlike its human counterpart, FrAdV1 Pre‐pVII nuclear import is dependent on IMPα/β1 and IMPβ1, but not on transportin‐1 (IMPβ2). Clearly, AdVs evolved to maximize the nuclear import pathways for the pVII proteins, whose subcellular localization is the result of a complex process. Therefore, our results pave the way for an evolutionary comparison of the interaction of different AdVs with the host cell nuclear transport machinery.
Interleukin‐15 and high‐intensity exercise: relationship with inflammation, body composition and fitness in cancer survivors
Authors: Farley Morgan J. , Boytar Alexander N. , Adlard Kirsten N. , Salisbury Chloe E. , Hart Nicolas H. , Schaumberg Mia A. , Jenkins David G. , Skinner Tina L.
Published: September 2024

Pre‐clinical murine and in vitro models have demonstrated that exercise suppresses tumour and cancer cell growth. These anti‐oncogenic effects of exercise were associated with the exercise‐mediated release of myokines such as interleukin (IL)‐15. However, no study has quantified the acute IL‐15 response in human cancer survivors, and whether physiological adaptations to exercise training (i.e. body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness) influence this response. In the present study breast, prostate and colorectal cancer survivors (n = 14) completed a single bout of high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE) [4×4 min at 85–95% heart rate (HR) peak, 3 min at 50–70% HR peak] before and after 7 months of three times weekly high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) on a cycle ergometer. At each time point venous blood was sampled before and immediately after HIIE to assess the acute myokine (IL‐15, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐1ra) responses. Markers of inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness and measures of body composition were obtained at baseline and 7 months. An acute bout of HIIE resulted in a significant increase in IL‐15 concentrations (pre‐intervention: 113%; P = 0.013, post‐intervention: 102%; P = 0.005). Post‐exercise IL‐15 concentrations were associated with all other post‐exercise myokine concentrations, lean mass (P = 0.031), visceral adipose tissue (P = 0.039) and absolute peak (P = 0.032). There was no significant effect of 7 months of HIIT on pre‐ or post‐HIIE IL‐15 concentrations (P > 0.05). This study demonstrates HIIE is a sufficient stimulus to increase circulating IL‐15 and other myokines including IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐1ra which may be clinically relevant in the anti‐oncogenic effect of exercise and repetitive exposure to these effects may contribute to the positive relationship between exercise and cancer recurrence.

image

Key points

Exercise has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.

Pre‐clinical murine and in vitro models have demonstrated that exercise suppresses tumour and cancer cell growth, mediated by exercise‐induced myokines (IL‐6 and IL‐15).

High‐intensity interval exercise significantly increased myokines associated with the anti‐oncogenic effect of exercise and the magnitude of response was associated with lean mass, but training did not appear to influence this response.

Given IL‐15 has been implicated in the anti‐oncogenic effect of exercise and is being explored as an immunotherapy agent, high‐intensity interval exercise may improve outcomes for people living beyond cancer through IL‐15‐mediated pathways.

Interventions that increase lean mass may also enhance this response.
Improving a Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Model for High-Rayleigh-Number Natural-Convection Flows Using Machine Learning
Authors: Haghiri Ali , Xu Xiaowei , Sandberg Richard D. , Tanimoto Koichi , Oda Takuo
Published: September 2024

This study presents data-driven modeling of the Reynolds stress tensor and turbulent heat flux vector for improving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) predictions of natural convection problems. While RANS-based calculations are cost-effective, conventional models fail to deliver the requisite predictive precision for high-Rayleigh-number practical engineering flows. To rectify this limitation, a gene-expression programing (GEP)-based machine-learning technique was employed to train novel models using a high-fidelity dataset from a vertical cylinder case with Ra = O(1013), which was generated using LES and validated against experimental data from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). The newly developed data-driven closures for Reynolds stress and turbulent heat flux were then used to extend the realizable k-epsilon (RKE) turbulence model. The efficacy of these models was rigorously tested through a full a posteriori approach, involving URANS calculations with the newly constructed closures for the training case and two different testing cases. The results show that for cases with high Ra number (≥1011), the Nusselt number, temperature profiles, and velocity profiles exhibit significant enhancements due to the application of the GEP-based closures, initially developed using the Ra = O(1013) training case. However, for cases featuring lower Ra numbers, where standard RANS models already perform relatively well, the utilization of the current data-driven closures becomes un-necessary, potentially even leading to reduced simulation accuracy. This investigation carries implications for cost reduction in the design process of thermal engineering applications involving high-Rayleigh-number natural convection flows.
Impact of Fluid Vibration and Temperature Gradient on Thermocapillary Droplet Flow
Authors: Alhendal Yousuf , Touzani Sara
Published: September 2024

To study the migration of droplets in a static and vibrating fluid in a zero-gravity environment, where the droplet moves from the bottom of the cylinder to its top under the action of the flow of thermocapillary force (Marangoni phenomenon), Ansys-Fluent software v.14.5 is used to create a 2D and 3D CFD based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model. The results obtained show good agreement with literature data, indicating that the Marangoni phenomenon could be investigated numerically. Additionally, previously discovered results may be confirmed and supported with appropriate figures and flow patterns, and previously unresearched scenarios may be examined. According to the findings, droplet migration rate can be controlled by varying the temperature gradient. Three different cylinder dimensions were used in the investigation to determine the effects of a constant 0.01s−1 vibration frequency and vibration amplitudes of 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.02 m/s2 on the behavior and migration of an isolated droplet. This resulted in three different Marangoni numbers. Findings corroborated by flow pattern indicate that slight vibrations, insignificant in the Earth’s gravitational field, affect the behavior of the droplets.
Natural Convection in an Enclosure With Multiple Heat Sources Filled With a Hybrid Nanofluid
Authors: Alasiri Abdulaziz , Sakr Ramadan Y.
Published: September 2024

The objective of current research was to investigate the fluid flow properties and features of heat transfer by natural convection in a rectangular enclosure containing a hybrid nanofluid and equipped with multiple isothermal heat source devices mounted on the left vertical side wall and the opposite side was subjected to isothermal cooling. The heat sources used are protruding heaters where two, three, and four heaters are used. The upper and lower boundary walls in addition to the spaces between heat sources of enclosure were kept insulated. Effective characteristics of hybrid water-based Cu-Al2O3 nanofluid, including its density, specific heat, and coefficient of thermal expansion, were modelled using mixture theory. Also, the thermal conductivity and effective viscosity were modelled using Brinkmann and M-G models respectively. Mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations describing the system were formulated employing a 2-dimensional model and computationally solved applying the finite element technique via the Galerkin method. Results were presented for a wide range of pertinent factors (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106) and volume fraction (Vol.% concentration) of nanoparticles of (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.10). The influence of Rayleigh number, volume percentage of nanoparticles, and heat sources (number or geometry) were investigated. The current model results were verified by comparing with data existing in literature. The findings demonstrated that higher mean Nusselt number was obtained as Rayleigh number and vol% concentration of nanoparticles increased. Correlation formulae are derived for the Nusselt number of each heater, considering the hybrid nanoparticles’ volume percentage and Rayleigh number.
Substantial Phonon Nonequilibrium Near Nanoscale Hotspots in Ⅲ-Ⅴ Semiconductors
Authors: Xu Jiaxuan , Bao Hua
Published: September 2024

At nanoscale, as the heat carriers in semiconductors, phonons exert a significant impact on the performance of modern nanoelectronics. This paper reveals substantial phonon nonequilibrium near nanoscale hotspots in some III-V semiconductors based on the first-principle-based phonon Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), including wurtzite gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, and zinc-blende boron arsenide. We have illustrated that this unusually pronounced phonon nonequilibrium stems from two effects, i.e., the ballistic phonon transport and the selective phonon excitation. On one hand, the broad phonon mean free path (MFP) distributions of III-V semiconductors cause dominant ballistic phonon transport near nanoscale hotspots, where phonons with various MFPs are in strong nonequilibrium. On the other hand, the large electronegativity difference between constitute atoms leads to intense Fröhlich coupling between electrons and the longitudinal optical phonons, which indicates a strong selective phonon excitation and directly induces significant phonon nonequilibrium. These results provide an in-depth understanding of phonon dynamics in semiconductors and have a significant impact on improving the performance of advanced nanodevices.
Transition in Droplet State on Heated Structured Hydrophobic Substrates
Authors: Venkitesh Venugopal , Agrawal Pranjal , Dash Susmita
Published: September 2024

Interaction of a droplet on a heated substrate is a subject of extensive research due to its application in spray cooling of surfaces, thermal management of micro-scale devices, water harvesting etc. Depending on the surface temperature the droplet shows nucleate, transition boiling and Leidenfrost state. The presence of surface textures gives rise to various hydrodynamic outcomes such as droplet atomization, interfacial oscillations, and lift off. When a drop is deposited on a textured surface, it typically exists in two states called Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel depending on the substrate wettability and liquid-solid contact area. In the present work we explore a unique lift off mechanism at temperature range of (140–170°C) attributed to the excessive vapor force generated due to droplet impalement into the gap between the textures followed by evaporation of the imbibed liquid. The presence of microtextures (solid fraction) offers flow resistance to the escaping vapor which leads to increase in vapor pressure underneath the drop. When the vapor force exceeds the pinning force and weight of the drop, an explosive lift off occurs. We develop a force-based model to estimate the droplet volume corresponding to lift off on substrates with different morphologies and temperatures.
Thermal and Fluid Flow Behavior Within an Organ-on-a-Chip Model: A Numerical Study
Authors: Barbosa Filipe , Carvalho Violeta , Nobrega Glauco , Pinho Diana , Dueñas-Pamplona Jorge , Abreu Cristiano , Teixeira Senhorinha , Lima Rui A. , Moita Ana
Published: September 2024

Organ-on-a-Chip (OoC) technology is an ever-evolving field that combines engineering and biological sciences. These offer advantages such as reduced sample consumption, faster and cheaper analysis, and improved microenvironment control. For these reasons, researchers have increasingly used OoCs platforms to deepen the understanding of disease mechanisms. However, ensuring accurate temperature control within these systems has been a challenge, and this is a critical factor influencing cellular behavior and experimental outcomes. For this reason, the integration of heating elements directly into the OoC devices has been explored.

The aim of the present work is to study the heat transfer from a generating element positioned at the bottom of the device and the fluid flow behavior within the OoC. To this end, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using Ansys Fluent software. The findings indicate that the flow is laminar, and the temperatures obtained in the organoid allow to reproduce hyperthermia conditions.
Capillary-Driven Passive Fog Harvesting With Cones From 3D Printing
Authors: Omer Abubaker S. , Raza Aikifa , AlShehhi Maryam , AlMarzooqi Faisal , Zhang TieJun
Published: September 2024

Capillary pressure induced by the shape gradient of micro-cones can enable self-propelled droplet transport and promise great potential in many applications, including atmospheric water harvesting, self-cleaning surfaces, and condensation heat transfer. In order to enhance droplet mobility for fog harvesting, micro-cones are fabricated by 3D printing. Small water droplets in fog form a clamshell shape on the surface initially; then, they transition into a non-axisymmetric or axisymmetric barrel shape when growing and moving along the cone axis. In comparison with a smooth micro-cone, a rough micro-cone exhibits a reduction in water contact angle from 49o to 35o and causes different dynamics of droplet growth and transport. Preliminary results from a three-minute fog harvesting experiment show that clamshell water droplets on smooth cones remain stationary, and only half of them coalesce after growth, while barrel-shaped droplets on the rough cones fully coalesce and travel longer distances along the axis. Our analysis shows that as the droplet grows on the rough cone, it moves proportionally towards a higher cone radius, confirming the improvement of fog harvesting with rough cones.
The physics of “everesting” on a bicycle
Authors: Bier Martin
Published: September 2024

Among cycling enthusiasts the word “everest” has also become a verb over the last few years. “To everest” means going up and down the same hill or mountain until the elevation of Mount Everest (8848 m) has been accumulated in the course of the repeated ascents. It has been suggested that considerable advantage can be obtained by having a strong tailwind on the climbs. We make a quantitative assessment and show that the effect of a tailwind is small. Using control coefficients, we furthermore assess how factors such as weight reduction, increased power output, and improved aerodynamics can enhance the performance.
Analysis of infrasound array data from tornadic storms in the southeastern United States
Authors: Waxler Roger , Frazier Wm. Garth , Talmadge Carrick L. , Liang Bin , Hetzer Claus , Buchanan Hank , Audette William E.
Published: September 2024

Data recorded by several infrasound sensor arrays deployed in the southeastern United States during the spring of 2018 have been analyzed during a period when a storm front passed through and spawned several tornado touchdowns. The tornadoes ranged from EF-0 to EF-2. Accurate bearings have been obtained, corresponding to tornadoes at ranges up to more than 100 km. Earlier in the day, a convective storm cell passed and triggered a tornado warning but no verified tornado touchdowns. During this earlier passage, a weaker signal was detected with bearings that tracked this convective storm cell. The analyses reveal that on the systems deployed, the dominant band of coherent infrasound measured from the tornadic storms was between 2 and 6 Hz. Atmospheric conditions are known to have a significant influence on signal detection because of propagation effects and local wind noise conditions. Propagation modeling and wind noise analysis were undertaken and are observed to be consistent with signal detection from the tornadoes. Because of the static sources, as well as the multiple strong cells that were in the region simultaneously, it was necessary to use array signal processing methods that are capable of resolving multiple sources.
Toowoomba Healthy Towns: A Citizen Science Initiative on Active Transport in Regional South East Queensland, Australia
Authors: Kolbe-Alexander Tracy , Gardiner Paul A. , Banchoff Ann , Schmidt Adam , Covey-Hansen Melinda , King Abby C.
Published: September 2024

Background: Engaging in active transport will enable individuals across the life course to increase their habitual levels of physical activity. The aim of this study was to engage citizen scientists (CS) to identify factors that influence active transport in their community. Methods: The Our Voice citizen science methodology developed at Stanford University was employed. CS completed a “discovery walk,” taking photos of things that help or hinder active transport. Three groups were recruited: children aged 10–12 years (n = 11), adults (n = 12), and older adults >65 years (n = 10). CS rated each photo and provided a narrative explaining their reason for taking the photo. Once all CS in a specific age group had completed the walk, they met for a group discussion. The CS worked together to analyze the data, arranging them into themes and identifying priority actions. Two CS representatives from each age group presented their findings to the local council decision makers. Results: Children highlighted the need for safer crossings, especially from their school to the local park, and suggested zebra crossings as a solution. The adults highlighted that road signs prioritized vehicles, not pedestrians, and requested that this be reversed. Older adults noted that the poor condition of the pavements made it harder for people in wheelchairs to navigate. The CS recommendations have informed the council’s walking and cycling network program. Conclusion: Engaging with citizen science provided the community with an opportunity to advocate for meaningful yet realistic improvements in the built environment that could promote neighborhood active transport and physical activity across the lifespan.
Driving Change? Field Containment of Gender Equality Committees in International Sports Governance
Authors: Schoch Lucie , Pape Madeleine
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the ability of Gender Equality Committees (GECs) to drive change in the governance of International Federations, particularly in the overrepresentation of men in leadership roles. We situate GECs within the gendered fields of strategic action, whose change efforts must engage diverse actors beyond the immediate organizational context of a given International Federation. In examining the GECs of two gender-progressive International Federations through semistructure interviews, we develop the concept of “field containment” and show that the political and material conditions of the GEC constrain its ability to perform impactful work and particularly to achieve field-wide change, ultimately resulting in the containment of the GEC. The article concludes with practical implications.
Structural insights into polyamine spermidine uptake by the ABC transporter PotD-PotABC
Authors: Qiao Zhu , Do Phong Hoa , Yeo Joshua Yi , Ero Rya , Li Zhuowen , Zhan Liying , Basak Sandip , Gao Yong-Gui
Published: September 2024

Polyamines, characterized by their polycationic nature, are ubiquitously present in all organisms and play numerous cellular functions. Among polyamines, spermidine stands out as the predominant type in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The PotD-PotABC protein complex in
Escherichia coli
, belonging to the adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporter family, is a spermidine-preferential uptake system. Here, we report structural details of the polyamine uptake system PotD-PotABC in various states. Our analyses reveal distinct “inward-facing” and “outward-facing” conformations of the PotD-PotABC transporter, as well as conformational changes in the “gating” residues (F222, Y223, D226, and K241 in PotB; Y219 and K223 in PotC) controlling spermidine uptake. Therefore, our structural analysis provides insights into how the PotD-PotABC importer recognizes the substrate-binding protein PotD and elucidates molecular insights into the spermidine uptake mechanism of bacteria.
Exceptional hardness in multiprincipal element alloys via hierarchical oxygen heterogeneities
Authors: Beaudry David C. , Waters Michael J. , Valentino Gianna M. , Foley Daniel L. , Anber Elaf , Rakita Yevgeny , Brandenburg Charlie J. , Couzinié Jean-Philippe , Perrière Loïc , Aoki Toshihiro , Knipling Keith E. , Callahan Patrick G. , Redemann Benjamin W.Y. , McQueen Tyrel M. , Opila Elizabeth J. , Rondinelli James M. , Taheri Mitra L.
Published: September 2024

Refractory multiprincipal element alloys (RMPEAs) are potential successors to incumbent high-temperature structural alloys, although efforts to improve oxidation resistance with large additions of passivating elements have led to embrittlement. RMPEAs containing group IV and V elements have a balance of properties including moderate ductility, low density, and the necessary formability. We find that oxidation of group IV-V RMPEAs induces hierarchical heterogeneities, ranging from nanoscale interstitial complexes to tertiary phases. This microstructural hierarchy considerably enhances hardness without indentation cracking, with values ranging between 12.1 and 22.6 GPa from the oxide-adjacent metal to the surface oxides, a 3.7 to 6.8× increase over the interstitial-free alloy. Our fundamental understanding of the oxygen influence on phase formation informs future alloy design to enhance oxidation resistance and obtain exceptional hardness while preserving plasticity.
Tracing horseback riding and transport in the human skeleton
Authors: Hosek Lauren , James Robin J. , Taylor William T. T.
Published: September 2024

Among the most widely used methods for understanding human-horse relationships in the archaeological record is the identification of human skeletal pathologies associated with mounted horseback riding. In particular, archaeologists encountering specific bony changes to the hip, femur, and lower back often assert a causal link between these features and prolonged periods of mounted horseback riding. The identification of these features have recently been used to assert the early practice of mounted horseback riding among the Yamnaya culture of western Eurasia during the third and fourth millennium BCE. Here, we summarize the methodological hurdles and analytical risks of using this approach in the absence of valid comparative datasets and outline best practices for using human osteological data in the study of ancient animal transport.