bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive perspectives on memory recovery
Authors: Morton John
Published: June 2007

There are strong parallels between recovered memories and multiple personality disorder, both are associated with child sexual abuse and both involve dense amnesia of one kind of another. Recovered memory is inherently unstable. Since it is relatively stable, the properties of multiple personality disorder have been investigated experimentally in one or two cases. This enables psychology modelling to be carried out with more confidence. The Headed Records Model (Morton, Hammersley and Bekerian, 1985) is used to develop a concept of self which provides leverage in understanding, M.P.D. Recovered memories can be understood in a similar way. False memories are only slightly, though significantly different. There is no bar to this coexistence.
In a dim light: Admissibility of child sexual abuse memories
Authors: Sales Bruce D. , Shuman Daniel W. , O'Connor Maureen
Published: June 2007

The scientific basis for recovering repressed memories of child sexual abuse raises important but different concerns for both clinical practice and expert testimony in the courts. This article identifies these concerns, particularly focusing upon the admissibility of expert witnesses in litigation. After considering the different standards for the admissibility of scientific evidence and the policies underlying these standards, the issue of the courts employing a lower threshold for admitting mental health professional testimony about the same or similar information (i.e. recovered repressed memories) that could not be pxesented by a scientist is confronted. Two solutions are proposed.
Where did I park? A naturalistic study of spatial memory
Authors: Lutz John , Means Larry W. , Long Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

A naturalistic study of spatial memory having temporary utility was conducted using 32 faculty and staff of a university, who park in non‐reserved parking spaces, as subjects. The subjects, who were unaware of the study until interviewed, were asked to indicate on a map the exact location where they had parked their car on that day and on each of the three preceding days. Whereas retention accuracy decreased significantly across days, the recency effect was weak and overall retention proved to be very accurate. Of the subjects who varied their parking location, 88 per cent were able to indicate within three spaces where they parked on the day of the interview, and 58 per cent on the most remote day. Younger females made significantly larger retention errors across the four days than older females and younger and older males. Subjects' overall retention accuracy correlated with their overall confidence in their recollections (γ = .72). Daily ratings of ‘how busy on the job’, reported times left campus each day, parking location variability, particular parking lot used, and number of parking spaces in the distinct locations used were not significantly correlated with retention errors. In follow‐up interviews, subjects reported preferring a behavioural, ‘park in a favourite spot’ strategy, with several types of imagery‐based cognitive strategies being cited less frequently, and verbal encoding being the least often cited strategy.
Using elaborative interrogation to facilitate acquisition of factual information in cooperative learning settings: One good strategy deserves another
Authors: Kahl Barbara , Woloshyn Vera E.
Published: June 2007

The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether providing 6th‐grade students with cooperative elaborative interrogation instruction would facilitate learning relative to providing them with cooperative learning, elaborative interrogation or reading‐for‐under‐standing instructions. All students were presented with 36 factual statements about six animals. Cooperative elaborative interrogation students were instructed to work collaboratively and use their prior knowledge to state why each fact is true. Cooperative learning students were told to work collaboratively to learn target materials, while elaborative interrogation students were instructed to generate answers to the why questions on their own. Reading‐control students were also on their own and instructed to read the animal facts for understanding. For immediate free recall and immediate associative matching tests, students in the experimental conditions outperformed those in the control condition. Cooperative elaborative interrogation and elaborative interrogation students maintained this advantage on a 30‐day follow‐up associative matching test, with elaborative interrogation students maintaining a significant advantage relative to reading controls on a 60‐day associative matching follow‐up. (There was also a strong trend favouring the cooperative elaborative interrogation condition on this 60‐day measure.) The quality of the ‘why’ answer affected learning: Generating and listening to scientifically correct answers that used relevant prior knowledge to clarify target information was associated with better memory for facts than were other types of study responses. Students in this study learned the most when they were explicitly directed to activate relevant prior knowledge that supports and clarifies new information–processing that occurs following either small‐group or individual elaborative interrogation instruction.
How much is ‘quite a bit’? Mapping between numerical values and vague quantifiers
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Gaskell George D. , O'Muircheartaigh Colm A.
Published: June 2007

Vague quantifiers, terms like “quite a bit” and “hardly ever”, are often used in the response scales of psychology and social science questionnaires to measure the frequency of certain behaviours. However, responses to such questions arc confounded because people differ in their interpretations of vague quantifiers. We propose that people interpret vague quantifiers by constructing a notion of how most people behave. Examining a critical topic for media researchers–estimating the amount of television walched–we conducted two split‐ballot experiments in national surveys. Our first study (n = 1028) demonstrates that the amount people think other people watch varies according to how much television they watch themselves and the behaviour of their social group. Our second experiment (n = 1106) extends this result to the interpretation of vague quantifiers. These findings shed light on the psychological processes involved when interpreting vague quantifiers, and bring into question the validity of many survey results.
Errors in everyday routefinding: A classification of types and possible causes
Authors: Williamson Janis , Barrow Corinne
Published: June 2007

A diary study is reported in which volunteers kept records of naturally occurring lapses in the efficiency of everyday travel throughout the environment. Forty‐nine volunteers kept structured diaries over a 4‐week period, in which they supplied a free written description of each error, its possible cause and other standardized information relating to the error. The resulting data were classified into nine distinct categories of error, which occurred with varying degrees of frequency, and which ranged from wrong turnings to return route problems. The proposed causes of errors were then classified independently, resulting in five categories, which can be described under two major headings: environmental causes and cognitive causes. Finally, the error types and their causes were mapped together to provide an overall indication of their distribution. The data provide a descriptive classification of naturally occurring errors in routefinding, along with possible causes. The findings are consistent with the general finding within the cognitive mapping literature that humans possess a heuristic representation of the environment that mostly allows for efficient navigation, and that errors are more likely to occur through inattention or environmental factors rather than deficiencies within the cognitive map itself.
How learning contexts facilitate strategy transfer
Authors: Muthukrishna Nithi , Borkowski John G.
Published: June 2007

The present study assessed the role of context in the acquisition and transfer of a mathematical strategy. One hundred and six children were assigned to four conditions: direct strategy instruction, guided discovery, direct teaching plus discovery, or a control condition. The intervention consisted of fourteen sessions during which the number‐family strategy, useful for addition and subtraction, was taught. Third grade students in the guided discovery condition performed better than those in the direct instruction condition on far transfer problems that measured deep conceptual understanding. Students who had total or partial exposure to guided discovery held stronger beliefs and adopted more positive goals about the importance of mathematical understanding and peer collaboration, attributed less importance to task extrinsic reasons for success, and reported greater use of deep processing strategies than students exposed to direct, explicit instructions. Finally, students in the discovery conditions were able to communicate more effectively during problem solving than students in the direct instructions condition.
Cognitive processes in well‐defined and ill‐defined problem solving
Authors: Schraw Gregory , Dunkle Michael E. , Bendixen Lisa D.
Published: June 2007

We investigated the relationship between two kinds of problem solving using Kitchener's model of hierarchical cognitive processing. We predicted that performance on well‐defined problems (i. e. those with a single, guaranteed solution) would be independent of ill‐defined problems (i. e. those with multiple, non‐guaranteed solutions). We also predicted that self‐reported epistemic beliefs (i. e. assumptions about the nature and acquisition of knowledge) would be related to ill‐defined, but not well‐defined, solutions. Results confirmed these predictions. We concluded that well‐defined and ill‐defined problems require separate cognitive processes and that epistemic beliefs play an important role in ill‐defined problem solving. These findings supported Kitchener's three‐level model of problem solving.
The effects of objective workload on cognitive performance in a field setting: A two‐period cross‐over trial
Authors: Parkes Katharine R.
Published: June 2007

In this field study, the work schedules of Driving Test Examiners1 were systematically manipulated in a two‐period cross‐over trial designed to evaluate the effects of workload reduction (from the normal level of nine Driving Tests per day to either eight or seven Tests per day) on alertness. The research formed part of a wider study undertaken at the request of the Department of Transport to determine whether workload reduction should be introduced on a national basis to enhance working effectiveness and well‐being in this occupational group.

Search‐and‐memory (SAM) tasks (with three levels of memory load) were administered at the start, middle, and end of the workday on pre‐determined days in each experimental period. Data analysis (n=49) showed that, with accuracy statistically controlled, speed of search improved more rapidly during the morning work period under reduced workload conditions (four Tests) than under normal workload (five Tests). This difference was maintained during the afternoon but did not increase. The effects of the seven Tests schedule were not found to be markedly different from those of the eight Tests schedule. The findings and recommendations are discussed with reference to relevant literature.
On the Resolution of Chiral Substrates by a retro‐Claisenase Enzyme: Biotransformations of Heteroannular Bicyclic β‐Diketones by 6‐Oxocamphor Hydrolase
Authors: Hill Cheryl L. , Hung Lee Chiang , Smith Derek J. , Verma Chandra S. , Grogan Gideon
Published: June 2007

The enzyme 6‐oxocamphor hydrolase (OCH) from Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784 catalyses the cleavage of a carbon‐carbon bond between two carbonyl groups in both mono‐ and bicyclic non‐enolisable β‐diketone substrates. In this mode OCH has been shown to effect the desymmetrisation of both bridged symmetrical bicyclic [2.2.1] and [2.2.2] systems and a series of 1‐alkylbicyclo[3.3.0]octane‐2,8‐diones, yielding chiral substituted cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone products in high optical purity. In the present study, OCH has been challenged with a series of heteroannular substrates including 1‐methylbicyclo[4.3.0]nonane‐2,9‐dione (7a‐methylhexahydroindene‐1,7‐dione) in an effort to assess the competence of the enzyme for kinetic resolutions of asymmetric, racemic substrates. OCH was shown to catalyse the resolution of 1‐methylbicyclo[4.3.0]nonane‐2,9‐dione with an E value of 2.9. The effect of increasing the length of the alkyl chain in the 1‐position, or enlarging one of the rings, was to increase the enantioselectivity of the enzyme to 5.7 and 3.1 for the substrates 1‐allylbicyclo[4.3.0]nonane‐2,9‐dione (7a‐allylhexahydroindene‐1,7‐dione) and 1‐methylbicyclo[5.3.0]decane‐2,10‐dione (8a‐methyloctahydroazulene‐1,8‐dione), respectively. 1‐Methylbicyclo[5.4.0]undecane‐2,10‐dione (9a‐methyloctahydrobenzocycloheptene‐1,9‐dione) was not a substrate for OCH. These experiments constitute the first description of the resolution behaviour of such a retro‐Claisenase enzyme, and suggest a maximum steric limit for substrate recognition by OCH.
Hydroxynitrile Lyase‐Catalyzed Enzymatic Nitroaldol (Henry) Reaction
Authors: Gruber‐Khadjawi Mandana , Purkarthofer Thomas , Skranc Wolfgang , Griengl Herfried
Published: June 2007

The hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis not only catalyzes – according to the natural activity of this enzyme – the formation and cleavage of cyanohydrins but also the reaction of nitroalkanes with aldehydes (Henry reaction). This is the first example of an enzymatic nitroaldol reaction. With nitromethane and nitroethane a broad range of aldehydes can be transformed into the corresponding nitro alcohols in yields up to 77 % and enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 99 %.
Patterns of Expression of the Follistatin and Follistatin‐Like1 Genes During Chicken Heart Development: A Potential Role in Valvulogenesis and Late Heart Muscle Cell Formation
Authors: Van Den Berg Gert , Somi Semir , Buffing Anita A.M. , Moorman Antoon F.M. , Van Den Hoff Maurice J.B.
Published: June 2007

The regulation of concentration and function of growth factors is of crucial importance to proper embryonic development of the heart. The patterns of expression of three extracellular modulators of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily of growth factors, Follistatin, Follistatin‐like1, and Follistatin‐like3, are described with respect to heart development. Follistatin is highly localized in the endocardium covering the developing cardiac valves. Follistatin‐like1 is localized in the mesenchymal filling of the pharyngeal arches and broadly expressed in cells directly bordering myocardium. Follistatin‐like3 is not expressed in the heart. Taken together, these observations are suggestive for a role for Follistatin in cardiac valvulogenesis and a role for Follistatin‐like1 in controlling late heart muscle cell formation. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modellversuche und numerische Simulationen mit der Diskrete‐Elemente‐Methode zum räumlichen passiven Erddruck
Authors: Neuberg Carsten , Franke Dietrich , Engel Jens
Published: June 2007

Bei der Bemessung tiefer Baugruben im innerstädtischen Bereich sind die Verschiebungsabhängigkeit und die Verteilung des stützenden Erddrucks wirklichkeitsnah zu berücksichtigen. Zur besseren Erfassung des räumlichen passiven Erddrucks vor Trägern wurden Modellversuche durchgeführt, bei denen durch spezielle Messtechnik die Erfassung der Spannungsverteilung entlang des Trägers möglich war.

Für numerische Simulationen wurde ein neues Berechnungsverfahren auf Grundlage der “Diskrete‐Elemente‐Methode” (DEM) entwickelt, der erforderliche Programmcode geschrieben und auf Personalcomputern implementiert.

Nachdem die Berechnungen an Messungen kalibriert worden sind, konnten experimentelle Untersuchungen durch simulierte Versuche ergänzt und damit eine breitere Datenbasis für die Ableitung eines Berechnungsvorschlags bereitgestellt werden.
A comprehensive institutional treatment program for aggressive‐ disruptive high functioning mentally retarded persons
Authors: Foxx R. M. , Bechtel D. R. , Bird C. , Livesay J. R. , Bittle R. G.
Published: June 2007

A unit wide behavioral programming system for high functioning mentally retarded clients who displayed maladaptive behavioral excesses was developed and implemented on a coeducational institutional living unit for 7 months. Significant clinical reductions were achieved in client injuries, broken windows, emergency restraint usage, the percent of clients receiving psychotropic medications and medication dosages. These reductions continued during the program's maintenance phase. A number of factors are discussed that appear to have contributed to the program's success.
Increasing volunteering at a residential facility: An experimental evaluation of a volunteer assistance program
Authors: Lagomarcino Ann , Reid Dennis H. , Phillips James F. , Wilson Philip G.
Published: June 2007

A helpful component for comprehensive residential services for developmentally disabled persons is volunteer assistance. This investigation involved the evaluation of a program developed to increase the amount of volunteer assistance provided to a public residential facility. The program consisted of three types of related procedures: systematic volunteer recruitment steps, specific volunteer activities at the facility, and consequence/recognition for the volunteer assistance. The program was successively implemented to involve students as volunteers from two local universities, and resulted in an increase in new students volunteering from both universities. Additionally, the frequency with which the students volunteered at the residential facility increased substantially from both universities relative to control periods during which the volunteer program was not in effect. Results are discussed in terms of the benefits of volunteers and continued research to increase involvement of other prospective groups of volunteers.
The use of a resident daily scheduling procedure to increase appropriate social, ward, and scheduling behavior in adult psychiatric residents (patients)
Authors: Fuoco Frederick J. , Naster Barry J. , Vernon Janice B. , Morley Robert T. , Smith Betty L. , Cancelliere Andy E. B.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the efficacy of a goal orientation procedure in their treatment of apathy, isolation, and insufficient goal setting skills in chronic psychiatric residents. The experiment was conducted in a behaviorally‐oriented deinstitutionalization program in a state psychiatric hospital. Three male and four female chronic psychiatric residents served as research participants. A group repeated measures design with four within‐participant phases (ABA‘B’) was utilized. The goal orientation procedure included a written schedule that was completed by each research participant daily. This Daily Living Schedule required that a behavior be specified by the participant for every half‐hour period during the day (8:30 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.). During all four phases of the experiment, research participants were observed on the ward from 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon and 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. for engagement in scheduled target behaviors. The daily scheduling procedure produced substantial increases in appropriate behavior such as social activities, ward jobs, and participation in treatment programs, whereas decrease were produced in inappropriate behavior such as isolation and day time sleeping.
Management of hyperactive children through correspondence training procedures: A preliminary study
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: June 2007

This study examined the clinical effects of correspondence training procedures in the management of three hyperactive boys between the ages of seven and 10 years. Two subjects were intervened with the “reinforcement of corresponding reports” procedure: reports about the inhibition of hyperactivity (inattention and overactivity) were reinforced only if they corresponded with the actual inhibition of hyperactivity. The “reinforcement set up contingent upon promises” procedure was used with the third subject: the reinforcer was set up (or displayed) contingent on the patient's promises about the inhibition of hyperactivity in the immediate future, and delivered contingent upon fulfillment of the promise (actual inhibition of hyperactivity). These interventions were programmed in a multipie baseline design across two subjects and a multiple baseline design across two behaviors. A changing‐criterion design was also used with all subjects: the nonoccurrence of hyperactivity had to be observed across a pre‐established criterion level for the actual delivery of the reinforcer. Consistently higher levels of correspondence occurred during treatment, relative to baseline observations. The results also demonstrated the generalization and maintenance of treatment effects. The use of correspondence training as a potential alternative in the development of hyperactive children's self‐control is discussed.
Characteristics of residential retarded clients as predictors of staff expectations and frustrations
Authors: Burke David , Burke Marie , Forehand Rex
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of four client characteristics—functioning level, aggressive behavior, self‐injurious behavior, and attractiveness—with staff expectations of and frustration with clients. Forty staff members who worked with severely and profoundly retarded individuals served as participants. Staff members rated each client with whom they worked on the extent to which the client could behave better and learn faster as well as the level of frustration experienced in working with the client. A client's functioning level was related to staff perceptions such that the higher the functioning level, the more the client was seen as having the potential to behave better or learn faster than (s)he was presently demonstrating. Staff frustration was related to client aggression indicating that as aggression increased so did staff frustration in working with that client. Implications of the results are discussed.
A comparison of ready foods to institutional food
Authors: Wilson Helen C. , Favell James E. , Keller C. Thomas , Phillips James F.
Published: June 2007

This study was conducted as a preliminary investigation of Ready Foods versus Institutional Food in a state residential facility serving approximately 500 mentally retarded residents. One administrative unit of the facility serving approximately 160 residents was used as the setting for the study. Along with residents in this unit, a variety of staff, client advocates, and volunteer workers participated in the investigation. Results were: (1) staff, client advocate, and volunteer worker responses significantly favored Ready Foods; (2) residents selected Ready Foods significantly more than Institutional Food; (3) residents displayed greater overall food waste with the Institutional Food as compared to the Ready Foods; (4) some residents displayed less choking or gagging with ready foods than with Institutional Food; and (5) out of 6 residents who were chronically overweight displayed statistically significant weight gain within one week after beginning Ready Foods and significant weight loss after the return to Institutional Food. Advantages of a Ready Foods System are discussed.
Evaluation of fee collection policy changes in an alcohol halfway house
Authors: Kenney Jay , Rosenberg Harold
Published: June 2007

This study used an ABAB design and 1‐year retrospective baseline to evaluate the impact of a contingency management and feedback policy on payment of fees by clients in a halfway house for substance abusers. The results indicated no consistent effect of the intervention on halfway house income, but some clients did appear to increase their saving and decrease their spending behavior while making sufficient fee payments to avoid the policy contingencies.
The effects of a critical television viewing curriculum on the behavior and viewing skills of emotionally disturbed adolescents in residential treatment
Authors: Massa Salvatore P. , Primavera Louis H.
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the effects of training critical TV viewing skills on the subsequent attitudes and behaviors of emotionally disturbed adolescents in residential treatment. In order to test these effects, 48 institutionalized adolescents ranging from 12–18 in age, served as subjects. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Pre‐ and posttests utilized three measures of television knowledge and attitudes. Eighteen variables comprising three dependent measures were analyzed utilizing a 2 × 2 split‐plots design. Training in the technical aspects of viewing proved successful in reducing susceptibility to the negative effects of the medium and provided skills that were effective in dealing with generalized aggressive behavor.
Reduction of feces smearing in a profoundly retarded resident through contingent behavior‐specific restraint and reduced attention
Authors: Pappadake William I. , Kirby Franklin
Published: June 2007

A 20‐year‐old profoundly retarded male resident of a state institution with a 12‐year history of faces smearing (FS) was treated using an A‐B design employing response contingent elbow restraint and reduced‐attention. The rate of FS dropped sharply after the first week of treatment and then declined steadily until stabilizing at a relatively low rate. Incidental behaviors indicated that aversive effects of the treatment procedure were both mild and behavior specific. Procedures and results are compared with other behavioral approaches to treatment of self‐injurious behavior.
A computer‐aided program to supervise occupational engagement of severely mentally retarded persons
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Smeets Paul M. , Oliva Doretta
Published: June 2007

The present study assessed a computer‐aided program devised to supervise (e.g., to prompt with the display of slides and reinforce with tokens) the occupational engagement of severely mentally retarded individuals. The program was assessed with two subjects who engaged in few constructive activities without supervision. The subjects were capable of responding to pictorial prompts. The results showed that both subjects learned to perform scheduled activities independent of staff supervision. Their performance was maintained over time and could be made progressively more meaningful with minimal staff involvement. Generalization across settings and across settings and conditions was observed. The findings are discussed in terms of program components as well as in terms of cost and benefits.
Clinical effects of correspondence training in the management of hyperactive children
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A. , Pumariega Andrés J. , Black Sandra A.
Published: June 2007

Overactivity, inattention, and noise in three hyperactive children were intervened with correspondence training procedures. One subject was intervened with the “reinforcement of corresponding reports” procedure: true reports about the inhibition of hyperactivity were reinforced. Another subject's hyperactive behaviors were managed with the “reinforcement of fulfillment of promises” procedure: the reinforcer was delivered contingent upon the presence of both promising to inhibit hyperactivity and fulfillment of the promise. The third subject received the “reinforcement of corresponding reports” and the “reinforcement set up on promises” procedures: the reinforcer was set up or displayed contingent upon the subject's promises and delivered contingent upon fulfillment of the promise (actual inhibition of hyperactivity). These procedures were programmed in a multiple baseline design across two settings (a treatment room and a classroom). A changing‐criterion design was employed with all subjects: the nonoccurrence of hyperactivity had to be observed across a pre‐established criterion level for the actual delivery of the reinforcer. In general, consistently higher levels of correspondence were noted during each procedure, relative to baseline. However, with the third subject the overall clinical effects of the reinforcement set up on promises phase were more dramatic than the overall effects of the reinforcement of corresponding reports condition. The results for Subject 2 and Subject 3 demonstrated the maintenance of treatment effects in a follow‐up phase.
Balancing right to treatment with intrusiveness: The psychotherapist judgment rule
Authors: Thomas Don R. , McGuire Patricia S.
Published: June 2007

For several years, professionals who provide services to persons with mental retardation have been divided about the use of aversive treatment procedures. Some professionals argue that aversive procedures should never be used on the grounds that they are intrusive and dehumanizing. Others have taken a position that any procedures that predictably alter the behavior of clients have the potential to be viewed as intrusive and to violate the constitutional rights of clients. This article reviews the controversy and proposes that the court system has provided some of the elements that are necessary to guide the behavior of members of the professional community. Those elements are presented as the “Psychotherapist Judgment Rule.”
A behavioral approach to substance abuse prevention in the correctional setting: A preliminary report
Authors: Yen Sherman , Peyrot Mark , Prino Claudia T.
Published: June 2007

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a substance abuse program in a correctional institution using social skills training for secondary prevention. Forty‐four male inmates with a history of substance use participated in the pilot program. Program topics included drug, alcohol, and substance abuse treatment knowledge and development of anger and stress management skills. A pretest‐posttest analysis revealed significant improvement in overall knowledge of program topics and within specific areas. Areas of greatest improvement were drugs and alcohol. Clients and group leaders reported that the program was effective in facilitating attitude and behavior change regarding substance abuse. Results suggest a social competence approach to substance abuse rehabilitation in correctional institutions holds promise for both increasing knowledge and teaching effective skills to resist future substance abuse.
Inpatient intervention for chronic functional encopresis in psychiatrically disturbed children
Authors: Kolko David J.
Published: June 2007

Twelve children referred for short‐term inpatient psychiatric treatment also received intervention for Functional Encopresis. Treatment consisted of an initial regimen of cathartic medication (CATH MED) followed by prompted toileting trips after meals for bowel retraining (TRIPS). Maintenance medications were given throughout both conditions. Staff records were used to document the integrity and impact of treatment. Compared to baseline, CATH MED was associated with an increase in independent toileting but no reduction in accidents. Significant improvements were obtained on both of these measures during the subsequent TRIPS condition. Some association among demographic, integrity, and outcome measures was detected. There was modest evidence for maintenance of improvements at one‐year follow‐up. Implications for the delivery and evaluation of inpatient treatment for encopretic children are discussed.
Behavioral staff management: An analogue study of acceptability and its behavioral correlates
Authors: Davis John R. , Russell Robert H.
Published: June 2007

This study examined the acceptability of four behavioral staff management techniques: instruction/ modeling, reinforcement, punishment, and self‐management. Staff working with developmentally handicapped clients were randomly assigned to these conditions, which were presented in role‐plays with a handicapped confederate, while the experimenter directed the management techniques toward the reinforcing behaviors of staff. Dependent variables included number of reinforcers delivered by the staff person, number of problems attempted by the confederate, and ratings of acceptability from staff. Instruction/modeling was most acceptable, followed, in order, by self‐management, reinforcement, and punishment. A significant interaction showed number of reinforcers to increase only for instruction/modeling and self‐management conditions.
Comparative costs for institutional services and services for selected populations in the community
Authors: Schalock Mark , Fredericks H. D. Bud
Published: June 2007

Deinstitutionalization of large institutions for individuals with mental retardation has been an ongoing process for almost 20 years. Because the process continues and because there are still many concerns about deinstitutionalization, especially for populations with more challenging behaviors, the question of relative costs of institutional services and community services is raised periodically by legislators, bureaucrats, and advocates. This study compares the costs within one institution, Fairview, in Oregon, with the costs of providing community‐based services in five small group homes and an apartment complex serving populations with more challenging behaviors. In general, institutional costs are slightly higher than the community‐based programs. However, after equalizing salary rates between the two environments, community‐based residences that serve individuals with challenging behaviors are more expensive than the institution.
Use of delayed feedback and reinforcement for reducing inappropriate behaviors with chronically institutionalized mental clients
Authors: Curran James P. , Licht Mark H. , Himadi Bill
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the efficacy of: (a) delayed feedback; (b) delayed feedback and social reinforcement; or (c) delayed feedback, social reinforcement, and tangible reinforcement for reducing the rate of bizarre motoric behaviors for 2 female and 1 male chronically institutionalized mental clients. These treatments were consecutively employed with each subject, utilizing a multiple baseline across subjects experimental design. Results indicated that these subjects were able to retain and understand the feedback on both their problem and alternative behaviors but that reductions in the inappropriate motoric behaviors resulted only when tangible reinforcers were included in the treatment. Implications for further investigations and for the utility and efficiency of delayed feedback and reinforcement with chronically institutionalized adults are discussed.
Assessment of the use of timeout in an inpatient child psychiatry treatment unit
Authors: Jones Robert N. , Downing Robert H.
Published: June 2007

This article describes the use of response contingent brief social isolation (i.e., timeout) with 770 children admitted to an inpatient child psychiatry treatment unit during a 2‐year study period. A total of 2,256 timeouts were recorded during the study period. Preliminary normative frequency, duration, and reason for timeout information are reported for age and sex groups and for common diagnostic categories. Only a third (255) of the inpatients earned one or more timeouts during their hospitalization. The results suggest 2 trends for timeout in this inpatient setting. First, there was an inverse relationship between timeout frequency and subjects' age; i.e., frequency of timeouts tended to decrease as subjects' age increased. Second, there was a positive relationship between timeout duration and subjects' age; i.e., older subjects required longer timeouts. A third and tentative finding suggested that the frequency of timeout was differentially associated with primary diagnosis for some groups. Alternative treatment procedures are discussed.
Case study: Reinforcement control of severe aggression exhibited by a child with autism in a family home
Authors: Paisey Timothy J. , Fox Sheila , Curran Christopher , Hooper Kristina , Whitney Robert
Published: June 2007

This clinical case study describes in‐home treatment of severe aggression and tantrum behavior exhibited by an 11 ‐year‐old child with autism, using methods of differential reinforcement comparable to those of a case study by Luiselli (1990). No significant reductions in problem conduct occurred when a parent implemented differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) in conjunction with publicly posted ‘good behavior rules,’ physical management training, and redirection to relaxation. Control was established when the child was reinforced for compliance with task demands in conjunction with extinction, implemented directly by professional support staff working in the home. Despite demonstrable parental consistency, systematic training, and fading of supports, results were not maintained at follow‐up. The generality of differential reinforcement as a practical intervention for severe aggression in family homes is questioned.
Assessment of delusional beliefs during the modification of delusional verbalizations
Authors: Himadi Bill , Osteen Frances , Kaiser Andrew J. , Daniel Kimberly
Published: June 2007

This study examined the strength of delusional beliefs during the modification of delusional verbalizations of a 51 year‐old chronically mentally ill inpatient. The changing‐criterion design was used to document the effectiveness of a behavioral treatment package to alter the rate of delusional responses to personal background questions. The results revealed a stepwise decline in the frequency of delusional responses. Generalization effects to novel interviewers were obtained. No changes were obtained on the subject's ratings of delusional beliefs, with the subject assigning ratings of absolute conviction to his beliefs throughout the duration of the study.
Employee recognition: A procedure to reinforce work attendance
Authors: Werner Glenn A.
Published: June 2007

An employee recognition program to improve work attendance was conducted for one year in 1986 as part of a 3‐year study using the awarding and posting of attendance certificates as the primary method of employee recognition. Compared to sick leave usage during 1985, those employees in the recognition group decreased their use of sick leave by 28%. In 1987, the year following the end of the recognition program, the average sick leave returned to a level higher than the 1986 level. In addition, the sick leave of a nonintervention control group of employees showed a sequential increase each year from 1985 to 1987, with their use in 1986 being 16% greater than those employees in the employee recognition group.
Reducing problem behaviors in a residential unit using structural analysis and staff management procedures: A preliminary study
Authors: Bodfish James W. , Konarski Edward A.
Published: June 2007

A structural analysis of the problem behaviors of 32 adults with mental retardation living together in a residential facility showed that a disproportionate number of these behaviors were associated with a period of time scheduled for leisure activities. A staff management program was implemented during this time which included activity and staff scheduling, staff inservice training, and staff performance monitoring and feedback. The results showed an 83% decrease in problem behaviors when the program was implemented during the leisure period and no decrease in problem behaviors during adjacent time periods where the program was not utilized. Follow‐up assessments indicated maintenance of these decreased levels of behavior at 3 and 6 months. It was concluded that this approach of combining a structural analysis with staff management procedures was effective in reducing a high level of problem behavior in a residential setting. The results are discussed with regard to pragmatic strategies for the pretreatment analysis of problem behaviors in residential settings, and the role of organizational behavior management techniques in habilitative programing for individuals with behavior disorders.
A program for increasing manual signing by a nonvocal adult within the daily environment
Authors: Schuebel Christine L. , Lalli Joseph S.
Published: June 2007

An instructional program was implemented to increase an adult's repertoire of manual signlanguage skills. The participant was a 39‐year‐old male with mental retardation who had never demonstrated vocal speech. The program used modified incidental teaching strategies consisting of modeling, verbal prompts, physical guidance, positive reinforcement, and naturally occurring reinforcers within the participant's daily environment. The teaching program was implemented by eight direct care personnel who interacted with the participant and five other residents in a community living arrangement (CLA) on a daily basis. Results indicated that the participant learned to independently use manual signing during structured interactions and that the independent levels of responding were maintained for the duration of this study. Results are discussed regarding the potential benefits of teaching manual signs to nonvocal individuals.
Prevalence of severe behavior disorders in persons with mental retardation and treatment procedures used in community and institutional settings
Authors: Meador Darlene M. , Osborn Robert G.
Published: June 2007

A statewide survey of moderate and severe behavior disorders in persons with mental retardation in institutional and community settings was conducted. Information on the treatment procedures used and the adequacy of available resources in both settings was also gathered. Results indicated that community staff had considerably less experience than institutional staff in dealing with serious behavior disorders exhibited by persons with substantial cognitive and physical impairments. The types of aberrant behaviors with the highest prevalence rates showed differences in the institutions and the community. The largest differences in prevalence rates for severe behavior disorders in the two settings occurred for aggressive and self‐injurious behaviors. Community staff thus had appreciably less experience than institutional staff in designing interventions for severe aggressive and self‐injurious behaviors. About half of the identified individuals in both settings received psychotropic medications. Institutional staff were most likely to use restrictive behavioral procedures than community staff. Findings indicated that the most restrictive procedures were used primarily with only certain severe behavior disorders. Subjective ratings of the overall effectiveness of interventions were lower by community than institutional staff. The usefulness of the obtained data base for statewide planning in the area of behavioral supports is discussed.
The pattern of child sexual abuse in northern ireland
Authors: Kennedy M. T. , Manwell M. K. C.
Published: June 2007

A team from the Departments of Child Psychiatry, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, and of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queens University Belfast, conducted a study in 1987 of the reported incidence of child sexual abuse in Northern Ireland. The incidence rate of established cases of child sexual abuse was 0.9 per 1000 children under the age of 17 years. Further analysis of all the cases of sexual abuse (suspected, alleged and established) and an estimation of the potential under‐ascertainment indicated that the actual rate was between 0.9 per 1000 and 1.85 per 1000 children. Data obtained from a detailed structured questionnaire on each sexually abused child was analysed. The results are presented in relation to the child, age and sex; the abuse, type and duration; the abuser, sex, age and relationship to the child; and outcome factors, initial psychological sequelae, physical signs and symptoms, and social sequelae.
Children's comprehension of war
Authors: Miljević‐Ridjički Renata , Lugomerarmano Goranka
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to show how pre‐school children, both from Zagreb and refugees, experienced and comprehended the war during 1992. The study included 98 children from Zagreb kindergartens (pre‐school nurseries). The children were asked five questions about the war in Croatia. Each was interviewed individually. A content analysis of the answers revealed that the children, in defining the warring parties and the causes of the war, besides using much information obtained through the media, based their concepts of the war on personal experience. The worst war‐related experience for Zagreb children was the air‐raid alarms, while the displaced or refugee children felt worst when there were bombardments, destruction and shooting—mostly personally experienced events. Generally, the children's answers suggest more mature comprehension of war than usually expected and found at the pre‐school age.
Getting to know you … young people's knowledge of their partners at first intercourse
Authors: Ingham Roger , Woodcock Alison , Stenner Karen
Published: June 2007

One aspect of the British public health campaigns in the field of the sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS has encouraged people to ‘get to know their partners’. This article draws on interview material (n = 95) to explore the extent to which such advice is followed amongst young people in relation to first‐ever intercourse. There was very little evidence that attempts are made to assess HIV risk factors in prospective partners, and a number of powerful reasons for not doing so emerged. Time to intercourse since becoming ‘a couple’ was 2 weeks or less for half the sample and within 24 hours for a quarter. Roughly equal proportions of respondents knew their partner's sexual status, assumed their sexual status or knew nothing. Condom use was more frequent amongst older females who progressed to intercourse later in relationships. The implications of the results for HIV/AIDS interventions are discussed, as well as some problems with health belief models based on notions of rational decision‐making.
Risk‐taking, control over partner choice and intended use of condoms by virgins
Authors: Breakwell G. M. , Fife‐Schaw C. , Clayden K.
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses a model to predict intended condom use among a sample of British, 16‐20 year old virgins (n = 571). This group are of interest as they hold attitudes and have beliefs about condoms and their ability to use them that are not based upon experience of condom use. In particular the paper focuses upon intentions to use condoms despite the possible disadvantages that condoms are perceived by some to have (e.g. lost spontaneity, the need to carry them etc.). The resulting model suggests that perceptions of personal control over sexual relationships and the perceived ability to use condoms whatever the situation can predict intentions to use condoms. Where respondents expect not to have control, either over sexual relationships generally or condom use specifically, they are less likely to intend to use condoms. A willingness to take risks as a general trait of individuals also provides additional predictive power in the model. The results are discussed with reference to Bandura's (1989) theory of self‐efficacy and health education policy.