bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success
Authors: MEGUID BONNIE M.
Published: October 2005

What accounts for variation in the electoral success of niche parties? Although institutional and sociological explanations of single-issue party strength have been dominant, they tend to remove parties from the analysis. In this article, I argue that the behavior of mainstream parties influences the electoral fortunes of the new, niche party actors. In contrast to standard spatial theories, my theory recognizes that party tactics work by altering the salience and ownership of issues for political competition, not just party issue positions. It follows that niche party support can be shaped by both proximal and non-proximal competitors. Analysis of green and radical right party vote in 17 Western European countries from 1970 to 2000 confirms that mainstream party strategies matter; the modified spatial theory accounts for the failure and success of niche parties across countries and over time better than institutional, sociological, and even standard spatial explanations.
Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace
Authors: DOYLE MICHAEL W.
Published: October 2005

Sebastian Rosato (2003) finds the logic of the “democratic peace” flawed in his “The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory,” and he cites my work and other studies as examples of the flawed logic. Some of the logic he describes is flawed, and it may characterize some of the literature in the wide field of “democratic peace,” but it is not the logic underlying the core of liberal peace theory. Indeed, the persuasive core of the logic underlying the theory of liberal democratic peace is missing from Rosato's account. Republican representation, an ideological commitment to fundamental human rights, and transnational interdependence are the three pillars of the explanation. The logic underlying the peace among liberal states rests on a simple and straightforward proposition that connects those three causal mechanisms as they operate together and only together, and not separately as Sebastian Rosato claims.
The Resonance of “Culture”: Framing a Problem in Global Concept-History
Authors: Sartori Andrew
Published: October 2005

In the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, “culture” achieved the status of a truly global concept. We find discourses of “culture” emerging to prominence in the German-speaking world during the second half of the eighteenth century (with the closely associated linguistic arenas of the Netherlands and Scandinavia rapidly following suit); in the English-speaking world starting in the first half of the nineteenth century; in Eastern Europe, East Asia, and South Asia starting in the second half of the nineteenth century; and just about everywhere else in the course of the twentieth century. “Culture” began to circulate far beyond the European sites of its modern genesis, sometimes through the direct transfer of lexical items from Western European languages (e.g., Russian kulءtura; the use of kalcar in various South Asian languages); and more often through the construction of new translative equivalencies with preexisting words or concepts most often signifying purification, refinement, or improvement (e.g., Japanese bun-ka; Chinese wen-hua; Bangla and Hindi sanskriti; Urdu tamaddun).
The Early Days of Johane Masowe: Self-Doubt, Uncertainty, and Religious Transformation
Authors: Engelke Matthew
Published: October 2005

In 1932 a young man called Shoniwa Masedza was working for a cobbler near Salisbury, the capital of Southern Rhodesia. Masedza had come from his home in Makoni, near the border with Portuguese East Africa, in the late 1920s. He had held a number of odd jobs in and around the capital: driving wagons, working as a “garden boy,” apprenticing with a carpenter. Just after starting with the shoemaker, some time around May 1932, Shoniwa fell ill, suffering from “severe pains in the head.” He lost his speech for four months and was “unable to walk about.” During his sickness he studied the Bible “continuously.” He dreamt that he had died, and in the dream he heard a voice saying he was now Johane Masowe—Africa's “John the Baptist.” Upon recovering, Johane went to a nearby hill called Marimba. He stayed there for forty days, praying to God “day and night” without sleep. He survived on wild honey. Johane was told by a voice (which he believed to be the Voice of God) that he had been “sent from Heaven to carry out religious work among the natives.” He was told also that Africans must burn their witchcraft medicines, and must not commit adultery or rape. After these experiences, Johane no longer suffered from pains in the head.
Serial Murder in Tehran: Crime, Science, and the Formation of Modern State and Society in Interwar Iran
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus
Published: October 2005

Tehran, 1934. Introducing his newest book, Mental Diseases, Dr. Muhammad-עAli Tutiyā hits a raw nerve. Iran's capital is abuzz with news about עAli Asghar Borujerdi. Earlier on that year, the man soon dubbed Asghar Qātel (the murderer) confessed to having had sexual intercourse and subsequently killed thirty-three adolescent boys. Born in 1893 in the Western Iranian town of Borujerd, at the age of eight he left with his mother and siblings for Karbalā, Iraq. Six years later, he moved on to Baghdad, and began to sexually abuse adolescents. Eventually, he began to murder them, according to his initial testimony in order to trick the police that were observing him. In 1933, after having taken twenty-five lives, he only escaped Baghdad and arrest by the skin of his teeth. Arriving in Tehran, he worked as porter and vegetable-seller, and took up residence in Bāgh-e Ferdous, a neighborhood in Tehran's poor popular south. He carried on with his deeds, killing eight boys, most of them homeless vagrants. The first bodies, heads severed, were found on 31 December 1933. Borujerdi was arrested once and released for lack of evidence, but in early March of 1934, the police detained him again, and this time he confessed. He was tried, convicted, and, after an unsuccessful appeal, was hung in front of an immense crowd in Tehran's Sepah Square on 26 June.
Scott Cook. Understanding Commodity Cultures: Explorations in Economic Anthropology with Case Studies from Mexico. Lanham, Rowman & Littleford Publishers, Inc., 2004, xi, 349 pp.
Authors: Gregory Chris
Published: October 2005

Economic anthropology has two ‘sacred' field sites—one in Melanesia, the other in Central America—and the empirical data gathered from these sites has set the theoretical agenda for the sub-discipline. Malinowski conducted seminal fieldwork in both of these areas and the respective subjects of his investigations tells us much about the socio-economic concerns of people in Melanesia and Central America. His classic ethnography on the Kula exchange system of the Milne Bay area of Papua New Guinea, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, established Melanesia as the classic home of gift exchange. The postwar ethnographies have only served to confirm the passion Melanesians have for creating intricate forms of gift exchange: Andrew Strathern's The Rope of Moka, introduced us to the ties that bind the ‘big men' in the Highlands; Michael Young's Fighting with Food: Leadership, Values and Social Control in a Massim Society, challenged us to rethink the social role of food, and so on. These ethnographies, and many others like them, have provided the ethnographic base on which general theories of the gift have risen, Marilyn Strathern's The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia, being the best-known recent synthesis. The product of Malinowski's Central American fieldwork, Malinowski in Mexico: The Economics of a Mexican Market System (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982), which he wrote with J. de la Fuente, has not had the impact of Argonauts, for a number of reasons, including the fact that an English translation of the 1957 Spanish edition took some twenty-five years to appear, and that his research, carried out in 1940, was not pioneering in the same ethnographic and theoretical way that Argonauts was. His Mexican work was part of a long tradition of American scholarship on the peasant-artisan commodity producers of this area. Commodity production and exchange is to the people of Central America what gift exchange is to Melanesians. However, the exchange of commodities in Central America is a not ceremonial ritual, but rather everyday reality that the people must undertake in order to survive. It has been this way for centuries, which is why Central American ethnographers have devoted so much time to describing and analyzing petty commodity reproduction. This is not to say that market exchange is unimportant for the people of Melanesia, but what sets Melanesia apart is that gift exchange has flourished under the impact of capitalism, and it is this question that commentators have tried to describe and explain. What then are the peculiar social conditions found in Central America that account for the specificities of the economy found there? What conceptual frameworks have economic anthropologists developed to come to terms with these facts?
THE GREEK ORTHODOX PATRIARCHATE OF JERUSALEM AND ITS CONGREGATION: DISSENT OVER REAL ESTATE
Authors: Katz Itamar , Kark Ruth
Published: October 2005

Dissent between the clerical establishment and lay followers is not an infrequent phenomenon and has often focused on church appointments, leadership, and political issues. In the Middle East, such tensions are found between churches usually led by European clergy and their predominantly Arab congregations. Here we combine historical and geographical research methods to investigate a neglected source of contention—that of property held by the church. We reconstruct, analyze, and present detailed case studies of long-term disputes over real estate between the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (its Greek patriarch and clergy), and its lay Arab community, known as Rum Orthodox, Roman Christians, or Greek Orthodox, and which number about 71,000 members.
DEVIANT DERVISHES: SPACE, GENDER, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF ANTINOMIAN PIETY IN OTTOMAN ALEPPO
Authors: Watenpaugh Heghnar Zeitlian
Published: October 2005

In the letters he wrote from Aleppo in 1600, the British merchant William Biddulph described the daily life of this dynamic center of the East–West trade, the city where spices and silks from India and Iran were exchanged for English broadcloth and New World silver in one of the world's largest covered bazaars. He also presented Muslim practices and religious beliefs, emphasizing those features that seemed to him most unusual and reprehensible. His contempt fell firmly on a fixture of the early modern Islamic street, the ecstatic, antinomian Muslim saint:
They also account fooles, dumbe men, and mad men,…Saints. And whatsoever such mad men say or doe…or strike them, and wound them, yet they take it in good part, and say, that they shall have good lucke after it. And when such mad men die, they Canonize them for Saints, and erect stately Monuments over their graves, as we have here many examples, especially of one (who being mad) went always naked, whose name was Sheh Boubac…they…erected an house over his grave, where…they are Lampes burning night and day, and many idle fellows (whom they call Darvises) there maintained to looke unto his Sepulchre…
irrelevant or malevolent? un arms embargoes in civil wars
Authors: tierney dominic
Published: October 2005

un arms embargoes have been increasingly applied to civil wars, yet these embargoes have tended to be either irrelevant or malevolent in their effects. arms embargoes are rarely enforced in a civil war; they undermine the credibility of the un; they are unlikely to change the political positions of civil war participants; they criminalise target societies; and they benefit arms suppliers willing to break the rules. this article argues for the reform of partial arms embargoes, which target select groups in a civil war. it also argues for the restriction in use of impartial embargoes, which apply to all sides in a civil war. enforcing impartial embargoes can actually make the situation worse, by shaping the course of the civil war in unpredictable and immoral ways.
power and production: rethinking china’s global economic role
Authors: breslin shaun
Published: October 2005

when gerry segal asked ‘does china matter?’ in 1999, his answer was an unequivocal ‘no’:

the country that is home to a fifth of humankind is overrated as a market, a power, and a source of ideas. at best, china is a second-rank middle power that has mastered the art of diplomatic theater: it has us willingly suspending our disbelief in its strength. in fact, china is better understood as a theoretical power – a country that has promised to deliver for much of the last 150 years but has consistently disappointed. after 50 years of mao’s revolution and 20 years of reform, it is time to leave the theater and see china for what it is. only when we finally understand how little china matters will we be able to craft a sensible policy toward it.
breeding a reluctant dragon: can china rise into partnership and away from antagonism?
Authors: shih chih-yu
Published: October 2005

the rise of china became a popular subject in china comparatively recently, gaining prominence only in the last decade. for those in china who were used to understanding modern chinese history as a history of victimisation at the hands of imperialism, recognising such a return to the world stage was an uneasy shift. in the context of international concerns that china’s rise poses a threat to world peace or a contribution to the clash of civilisations, chinese narrators initially refused to portray a ‘rising china’ because this could easily lead to china becoming the target of a us-organised containment policy in the post-cold war era. shortly before the chinese communist party (ccp) outlined new policy directions at its fifteenth congress in 1997, leaders in beijing began to think about a way of describing china’s rise as unthreatening. yet this was a reluctant change because beijing was willing to acknowledge china’s rise only indirectly. what came out of the congress was the recognition of the necessity that beijing should frame its foreign policy to emphasise its relations with the other great powers more than those with the third world. accordingly, they decided that beijing should develop a distinctive strategy specifically to deal with the other great powers.
DEPENDENCE, DISPERSIVENESS, AND MULTIVARIATE HAZARD RATE
ORDERING
Authors: Khaledi Baha-Eldin , Kochar Subhash
Published: October 2005

To compare two multivariate random vectors of the same dimension, we
define a new stochastic order called upper orthant dispersive
ordering and study its properties. We study its relationship with
positive dependence and multivariate hazard rate ordering as defined by
Hu, Khaledi, and Shaked (Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 2002).
It is shown that if two random vectors have a common copula and if their
marginal distributions are ordered according to dispersive ordering in the
same direction, then the two random vectors are ordered according to this
new upper orthant dispersive ordering. Also, it is shown that the marginal
distributions of two upper orthant dispersive ordered random vectors are
also dispersive ordered. Examples and applications are given.
CHARACTERIZATIONS OF THE RHR AND MIT ORDERINGS AND THE DRHR AND IMIT
CLASSES OF LIFE DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Ahmad I. A. , Kayid M.
Published: October 2005

Two well-known orders that have been introduced and studied in
reliability theory are defined via stochastic comparison of inactivity
time: the reversed hazard rate order and the mean inactivity time order.
In this article, some characterization results of those orders are given.
We prove that, under suitable conditions, the reversed hazard rate order
is equivalent to the mean inactivity time order. We also provide new
characterizations of the decreasing reversed hazard rate (increasing mean
inactivity time) classes based on variability orderings of the inactivity
time of k-out-of-n system given that the time of the
(n − k + 1)st failure occurs at or sometimes
before time t ≥ 0. Similar conclusions based on the inactivity
time of the component that fails first are presented as well. Finally,
some useful inequalities and relations for weighted distributions related
to reversed hazard rate (mean inactivity time) functions are obtained.
STOCHASTIC MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MODEL FOR GENERATION PLANNING
Authors: Barquín J. , Centeno E. , Reneses J.
Published: October 2005

It is widely accepted that medium-term generation planning can be
advantageously modeled through market equilibrium representation. There
exist several methods to define and solve this kind of equilibrium in a
deterministic way. Medium-term planning is strongly affected by
uncertainty in market and system conditions; thus, extensions of these
models are commonly required. The main variables that should be considered
as subject to uncertainty include hydro conditions, demand, generating
units' failures, and fuel prices. This paper presents a model to
represent a medium-term operation of the electrical market that introduces
this uncertainty in the formulation in a natural and practical way.
Utilities are explicitly considered to be maximizing their expected
profits, and biddings are represented by means of a conjectural variation.
Market equilibrium conditions are introduced by means of the optimality
conditions of a problem, which has a structure that strongly resembles
classical optimization of hydrothermal coordination. A tree-based
representation to include stochastic variables and a model based on it are
introduced. This approach to market representation provides three main
advantages: Robust decisions are obtained; technical constraints are
included in the problem in a natural way, additionally obtaining dual
information; and large-size problems representing real systems in detail
can be addressed.
Localization of ionotropic glutamate receptors to invaginating dendrites at the cone synapse in primate retina
Authors: CALKINS DAVID J.
Published: October 2005

The separation of OFF pathways that signal light decrements from ON pathways that signal light increments occurs at the first retinal synapse. The dendrites of OFF bipolar cells abut the cone pedicle at basal positions distal to the site of glutamate release and express ligand-gated or ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluR). The dendrites of ON bipolar cells penetrate narrow invaginations of the cone pedicle proximal to the site of release and express the G-protein-coupled, metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR6. However, recent studies demonstrating the expression of GluR subunits in the rodent rod bipolar cell, known to yield an ON response to light, call this basic segregation of receptors into question. The light-microscopic distribution of many glutamate receptors in the primate retina is now well established. We reexamined their ultrastructural localization in the outer retina ofMacaca fascicularisto test systematically whether invaginating dendrites at the cone synapse, presumably from ON bipolar cells, also express one or more ionotropic subunits. Using preembedding immunocytochemistry for electron microscopy, we quantified the distribution of the AMPA-sensitive subunits GluR2/3 and GluR4 and of the kainate-sensitive subunits GluR6/7 across 207 labeled dendrites occupying specific morphological loci at the cone pedicle. We report, in agreement with published investigations, that the majority of labeled processes for GluR2/3 (70%) and GluR4 (67%) either occupy basal positions or arise from horizontal cells. For GluR6/7, we find a significantly lower fraction of labeled processes at these positions (47%). We also find a considerable number of labeled dendrites for GluR2/3 (10%), GluR4 (21%), and GluR6/7 (18%) at invaginating positions. Surprisingly, for each subunit, the remainder of labeled processes corresponds to “fingers” of presynaptic cytoplasm within the cone invagination.
Spatiotemporal integration of light by the cat X-cell center under
photopic and scotopic conditions
Authors: TROY J.B. , BOHNSACK D.L. , CHEN J. , GUO X. , PASSAGLIA C.L.
Published: October 2005

Visual responses to stimulation at high temporal frequency are
generally considered to result from signals that avoid light adaptive gain
adjustment, simply reflecting linear summation of luminance. Under
conditions of high photopic illuminance, the center of the receptive field
of the cat X-cell has been shown to expand in size when stimulated at high
temporal frequency, raising the possibility that there is spatiotemporal
interaction in luminance summation. Here we show that this expansion
maintains constant the product of the center's luminance summing area
and the temporal period of luminance modulation, implying that spatial and
temporal integration of luminance can be traded for one another by the
X-cell center. As such the X-cell has a spatiotemporal window for
luminance integration that fuses the classical concepts of a spatial
window of luminance integration (Ricco's Law) with a temporal window
of luminance integration (Bloch's Law). We were interested to
determine whether this tradeoff between spatial and temporal summation of
luminance occurs also at lower light levels, where the temporal-frequency
bandwidth of the X-cell is narrower. We found that it does not. Center
radius does not expand with temporal frequency under either low photopic
or scotopic conditions. These results are discussed within the context of
the known retinal circuitry that underlies the X-cell center for photopic
and scotopic conditions.
An integrated methodology to select the optimum site of an airport on an island using limited meteorological information
Authors: Kassomenos Pavlos A. , Panagopoulos Ioannis K. , Karagiannis Athanasios
Published: October 2005

Limited meteorological monitoring networks provide insufficient information for determining the suitability of a specific location for an airport runway. These data limitations are compounded by the constraints imposed by the terrain itself. Clusters of small islands (archipelagos) generally lack dense meteorological monitoring networks, while the land–water distribution induces different meteorological regimes on neighbouring islands. In this paper we present an integrated methodology to study the meteorological characteristics of potential runway sites on a medium‐size island in the Aegean Sea in Greece. The methodology is based on studying the three scales of motion : (i) the synoptic scale, through a synoptic classification scheme,

(ii) the mesoscale circulations with the aid of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, and

(iii) micro‐scale characteristics of each potential runway site through in‐situ inspections. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Lessons from the unusual impacts of an abnormal winter in the USA
Authors: Changnon Stanley A. , Changnon David
Published: October 2005

Economic impacts from the near record warm and snow‐free winter of 2001–2 in the United States were assessed to ascertain their dimensions and relevance to issues like climate prediction and climate change. Unusual impacts resulted and embraced numerous sectors (heating/energy use, construction, tourism, insurance, government, and retail sales). Many outcomes were gains/benefits totalling $19.6 billion, with losses of $8.2 billion. Some economists identified the sizable positive impacts as a factor in the nation's recovery from an on‐going recession stemming from the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001. Understanding the impacts of such a winter reveals how climate predictions of such conditions could have great utility in minimising the losses and maximising the gains. The results also have relevance to the global warming issue since most climate models project future average winter temperature and snowfall conditions in the United States to be similar to those experienced in 2001–2. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Identification of patients with noncancer diseases for palliative care services
Authors: GRBICH CAROL , MADDOCKS IAN , PARKER DEBORAH , BROWN MARGARET , WILLIS EILEEN , PILLER NEIL , HOFMEYER ANNE
Published: October 2005

Objective: To identify criteria for measuring the eligibility of patients with end-stage noncancer diseases for palliative care services in Australian residential aged care facilities.

Methods: No validated set if guidelines were available so five instruments were used: an adaptation of the American National Hospice Association Guidelines; a recent adaptation of the Karnofsky Performance Scale; the Modified Barthel Index; the Abbey Pain Score for assessment of people who are nonverbal and a Verbal Descriptor Scale, also for pain measurement. In addition, nutritional status and the presence of other problematic symptoms and their severity were also sought.

Results: The adapted American National Hospice Association Guidelines provided an initial indicative framework and the other instruments were useful in providing confirmatory data for service eligibility and delivery.
Factors associated with difficulties encountered by nurses in the care of terminally ill cancer patients in hospitals in Japan
Authors: SASAHARA TOMOYO , MIYASHITA MITSUNORI , KAWA MASAKO , KAZUMA KEIKO
Published: October 2005

Objective:To identify the factors associated with difficulties encountered by nurses working in general wards in hospitals in Japan.

Methods:Questionnaires including items regarding difficulties in providing care to terminally ill cancer patients, the existence of a mentor regarding end-of-life issues, awareness of end-of-life issues, and demographic factors were administered to 375 staff nurses working in general in-patient wards. Multivariate regression analyses were employed to investigate correlations between factors.

Results:Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the existence of a mentor for end-of-life issues was associated with fewer difficulties in all areas other than “Knowledge and skill of nurses.” Clinical experience was inversely related to difficulties in “Communication with patients and families” and “Personal issues.” Greater awareness of end-of-life issues was related to higher difficulties in most areas.

Significance of results:The existence of a mentor was correlated with fewer difficulties in most areas. Support by a palliative care team might be effective in reducing difficulties experienced by nurses and in improving care for terminally ill cancer patients. Basic communication training undertaken sooner after registration might be also useful.
Social aspects of caregiving for people living with motor neurone disease: Their relationships to carer well-being
Authors: LOVE ANTHONY , STREET ANNETTE , RAY ROBIN , HARRIS ROD , LOWE ROGER
Published: October 2005

Objective:To investigate social aspects of caregiving for people living with motor neurone disease (MND) and examine their relationships to carers' well-being.

Methods:A questionnaire was developed to assess carers' perceptions of their social support network (the Caregiver Network Scale, CNS), including measures of sociodemographic status and general well-being (GHQ-12), and mailed to carers of people living with MND.

Results:Seventy-five surveys were returned (response rate: 33%). In univariate analyses, relationships between well-being and carer age, time as caregiver, and four subscales of the CNS were found to be significant. However, multivariate analyses combining their effects revealed that stress on carer social networks was the best single contributor to predictions of carer well-being.

Significance of results:Results indicate that prolonged caring for others living with MND has substantial costs for the carer in terms of loss of social support, which affects carer well-being and impacts ultimately on those living with MND. The CNS offers promise as a measure for screening at-risk carers; those who are distressed become candidates for professional intervention to help them cope better. Further research, providing validation of the scale for this task, is recommended.
Challenging the representations of cancer pain: Experiences of a multidisciplinary pain management group in a palliative care unit
Authors: CHAPMAN ELIZABETH , HUGHES DAVID , LANDY ANNETTE , WHALE JUDITH , SAUNDERS MARGARET
Published: October 2005

Objective:This article describes how a Multidisciplinary Pain Management Group was set up in a palliative care unit, and outlines the ways that the group works with different patients. We place these comments in the context of the wider representations of pain.

Methods:Our observations of patients seen by the multidisciplinary team.

Results:We tentatively propose that where the patient's pain has certain characteristics it may require a different approach. Patients who are older, with a lengthy treatment history, may require a different input than younger patients, who may have a number of factors that further complicate their experience of pain. We use our extensive experience with mesothelioma patients to draw a further important distinction between this patient group and other patients.

Significance of research:Our observations suggest the need to allow sufficient time for intensive psychological work to be done with mesothelioma patients in order for pharmacological interventions to be effective.
James Madison: Republican or Democrat?
Authors: Dahl Robert A.
Published: October 2005

Although James Madison is best known for the views he expressed in the
Federalist, as he gained greater experience in the new American
political system he rejected some of these early views and increasingly
emphasized four propositions: (1) the greatest threat in the American
republic comes from a minority, not the majority; (2) to protect their
rights from minority factions, members of the majority faction must
organize their own political party; (3) the danger that majorities might
threaten property rights could be overcome by enabling a majority of
citizens to own property, a feasible solution in America; and (4) in a
republic, majorities must be allowed to prevail. Even Madison's
post-1787 constitutional views, however, were flawed in at least three
serious ways: (1) as an empirical proposition, his conjecture that
increased size reduces the danger of factionalism is contradicted by
subsequent experience; (2) in his conception of basic rights, Madison
excluded more than half the adult population: women, African Americans,
and American Indians; and (3) he actively supported the provision in the
Constitution that gave to slave states an increase in representatives
amounting to three-fifths of the slave population.
Historical Schools and Political Science: An Arab-Israeli History of
the Arab-Israeli Conflict
Authors: Pressman Jeremy
Published: October 2005

In “Writing the Arab-Israeli Conflict” (Perspectives
on Politics 3:1), Jonathan B. Isacoff does a great service by
bringing together the study of the Arab-Israeli conflict and the study of
international relations (IR). All too often, political scientists shy away
from the ongoing conflict and the heat such work could generate on campus.
At the same time, Isacoff's application of his multiple-schools model
reveals some limitations with respect to political scientists' use of
history generally and the Arab-Israeli conflict in particular. In this
essay, I note four areas where his argument merits further scrutiny.
The Comparative Politics of Women's Movements
Authors: Beckwith Karen
Published: October 2005

The comparative study of women's movements is developing within
the political science subfield of women and politics, largely by drawing
on concepts and findings from several disciplines. From political science
it borrows theories of the state, political development, democracy, and
democratization. Sociology offers insights on social movements and the
gendered nature of societies. Women's studies scholarship enables us
to understand systematic gendered arrangements of power and privilege,
including those fragmented or reinforced by class, race, sexuality, and
ethnicity. The subfield of women and politics contributes both feminist
theoretical insights and scholarship on elected women, female leaders, and
women's policy preferences; these contributions inform comparative
research on women's movements.
Justice and Democracy: Essays for Brian Barry
Authors: Stone Peter
Published: October 2005

Justice and Democracy: Essays for Brian Barry. Edited by
Keith Dowding, Robert E. Goodin, and Carole Pateman. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2004. 242p. $70.00 cloth, $25.99 paper.

Getting academics to focus on a single topic can be a bit like herding
cats. Present them with a theoretical problem and they tend to write about
whatever they want, making only the merest nod in the direction of the
problem specified. The result is that many edited volumes ostensibly
devoted to a common theme wind up containing myriad papers that do little
to speak to either the common theme or one another.
Feminist Interpretations of Niccolo Machiavelli
Authors: Parel Anthony
Published: October 2005

Feminist Interpretations of Niccolo Machiavelli. Edited by
Maria J. Falco. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press,
2004. 422p. $95.00 cloth, $39.50 paper.

This volume of 14 essays makes a valuable contribution to three
related academic fields: history of feminist thought, history of political
thought in North America, and the general history of political thought. In
her Introduction, editor Maria Falco has done an excellent job of bringing
her readers up to date on the evolving state of the feminist critiques of
Machiavelli.
The Prospects of Democracy and Economic Reform in the Arab
World
Authors: Jamal Amaney
Published: October 2005

While it is hard to predict where the Palestinian-Israeli conflict
will be in ten years, one thing is certain: a peaceful reconciliation
between Israel and Palestine, based on a two-state solution that
guarantees Palestinians and Israelis territorial integrity and security,
would have a positive impact on economic and democratic developments in
the Arab world. These developments, however, will not occur easily; such
transitions are often chaotic, shocking, and painful.
Why China's Rise Will Be Peaceful: Hierarchy and Stability in
the East Asian Region
Authors: Kang David C.
Published: October 2005

Will China's expected emergence as the predominant state in East
Asia result in hierarchy or balancing? At least three major bodies of
literature predict that a rising China will be destabilizing. Realpolitik
pessimists see China's rise as inherently so. John Mearsheimer writes
that if China threatened to dominate the entire region, “It would be
a far more dangerous place than it is now … Engagement policies and
the like would not dull China's appetite for power.” Power
transition theorists also see rapidly rising power as a likely cause of
conflict. Robert Powell writes that, “A rapidly shifting
distribution of power combined with the states' inability to commit
to an agreement can lead to war.” Finally, those who focus on
signaling emphasize that an authoritarian state has more difficulty in
making credible statements about its intentions than a democratic
state.
The Re-Politicization of Religion in Europe: The Next Ten
Years
Authors: Klausen Jytte
Published: October 2005

In the coming decade religion will become an increasingly salient
issue in European politics. This prediction runs counter to the
conventional wisdom that Europeans are “post-Christian.” When
comparing Europe to the United States, observers note that church pews are
empty, that fewer people profess to believe in God, and that Europeans are
moral relativists who shy away from principled positions against
authoritarian countries. In the European view, modernization implies
secularization, and by this standard Europeans are modern while Americans
are, depending on who the observer is, either postmodern or irrational.
Why then are we flooded with evidence of the
“re-Christianization” of Europe?
Leo Strauss and the Politics of American Empire
Authors: Cooper Barry
Published: October 2005

Leo Strauss and the Politics of American Empire. By Anne
Norton. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. 256p. $25.00 cloth, $16.00
paper.

Anne Norton's book combines analysis of texts, which can be
checked, with oral history or gossip, which cannot. Norton also shares her
opinions and judgments about U.S. foreign policy. The mixed nature of the
book makes for a difficult academic review.
The Illusion of Public Opinion: Fact and Artifact in American Public
Opinion Polls
Authors: Berinsky Adam J.
Published: October 2005

The Illusion of Public Opinion: Fact and Artifact in American
Public Opinion Polls. By George F. Bishop. Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers, 2004. 223p. $80.00 cloth, $27.95 paper.

With another campaign season behind us, it is not hard to make the
case that opinion polls pervade politics. Even casual observers of
politics are inundated with polling results from media and academic
organizations. But just because surveys are ubiquitous does not mean they
are useful. In his book, George Bishop makes the provocative argument that
just about every bit of evidence that academics, journalists, and
policymakers draw from opinion polls is erroneous. This argument will be
controversial—indeed this book is clearly intended to provoke
controversy—but the force of evidence that Bishop presents demands
to be taken seriously by even the staunchest defenders of opinion
polls.
Expression vs. Equality: The Politics of Campaign Finance
Reform
Authors: Green Joanne Connor
Published: October 2005

Expression vs. Equality: The Politics of Campaign Finance
Reform. By J. Tobin Grant and Thomas J. Rudolph. Columbus: The Ohio
State University Press, 2004. 144p. $59.95 cloth, $21.95 paper.

Through a series of experiments embedded in a national survey, J.
Tobin Grant and Thomas J. Rudolph systematically examine attitudes toward
campaign finance reform in a very interesting and compelling manner. In a
thorough analysis, they examine the commitment citizens have to the
competing democratic values of political equality and political
expression, finding that opinion varies depending upon perceptions of
whose rights are being threatened. The central thesis of the research,
which is well established with a comprehensive literature review and
theoretical analysis, is that public opinion on campaign finance reform is
group-centric, a function of the views individuals have toward groups that
are thought to be affected by the proposed reform. If individuals feel
positively about a group that is seen as being threatened by the reform,
they will be negatively inclined toward the reform. Conversely, if
individuals view the group with suspicion or negativity, they will favor
the reforms. The research represents a systematic analysis of public
opinion on campaign finance reform on a nation level, examining the
factors that impact opinions and the dynamic manner in which opinions are
formed and maintained.
Distorting the Law: Politics, Media, and the Litigation Crisis
Authors: Lawrence Susan E.
Published: October 2005

Distorting the Law: Politics, Media, and the Litigation
Crisis. By William Haltom and Michael McCann. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2004. 332p. $55.00 cloth, $20.00 paper.

If you, or anyone you know, believes that America is in the midst of a
litigation crisis, then you must read this book.
The Most Activist Supreme Court in History: The Road to Modern
Judicial Conservatism
Authors: McLauchlan William P.
Published: October 2005

The Most Activist Supreme Court in History: The Road to Modern
Judicial Conservatism. By Thomas M. Keck. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2004. 370p. $65.00 cloth, $24.00 paper.

The title of this work presents its thesis at the macrolevel, but it
is with limited support that the author claims that the current Supreme
Court is the “most activist.” The core argument of the book is
actually presented in the last chapter in clear fashion. There, the author
explicitly refers to the Court as the O'Connor Court since he
determines that it is largely the blend of political conservatism and
judicial moderation, long displayed by Sandra Day O'Connor, that
encapsulates the modern Court. So the thesis is no more than stated as
something of a straw man at the outset. Thomas Keck “reveals”
that the political ideology (liberal/conservative) dimension of
justices is not identical to the judicial activism/restraint dimension
of their judicial perspectives. These are and always have been two
separate dimensions, even if they may not be orthogonal. It is not clear
why this is the first major point of the discussion.
Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis
Authors: Bensel Richard
Published: October 2005

Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis.
By Paul Pierson. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. 108p. $49.50
cloth, $19.95 paper.

Paul Pierson opens his book with a fictional metaphor in which he
imagines “the trendiest new restaurant in town, charmingly named
‘The Modern Social Scientist.’” He invites you to tour
the restaurant as “the chef explains that the kitchen is divided
into two parts.” On one side, the chef proudly points out the
ingredients, called “variables.” On the other side are
lovingly arrayed an “extraordinary profusion of measuring
devices.” In order to prepare your favorite culinary delight, all
the chef need do is combine the correct ingredients, properly measured and
calibrated. In this kitchen, the length of time in which the variables are
cooked, the order in which the ingredients are combined, and the relative
skill of the chef are unimportant to the preparation of the meal. (Later
on, the book makes it clear that the specialty of this particular
establishment is something called the “multiple regression.”)
Pierson concludes this metaphor with the observation that
“[f]ew would want to patronize a restaurant with such a
philosophy of cooking, but most social scientists are working in that kind
of kitchen” (p. 1).
The Congressional Experience: Third Edition
Authors: Franklin Daniel P.
Published: October 2005

The Congressional Experience: Third Edition. By David E.
Price. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004. 336p. $25.00 paper.

Rarely do we have an opportunity to see the intimate workings of one
of our major political institutions through the eyes of not just a
participant but a participant who is a political scientist as well. And
that is probably both the strength and weakness of the third edition of
this excellent memoir by David Price. His account of running for and
serving in Congress is often, at the same time, too in depth and too
superficial to find the right audience.
Divided Union: The Politics of War in the Early American
Republic
Authors: Robinson Donald L.
Published: October 2005

Divided Union: The Politics of War in the Early American
Republic. By Scott A. Silverstone. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press, 2004. 278p. $42.50.

Is it possible, by constitutional arrangements, to reduce the
likelihood that a nation will go to war? This is the question to which
Scott Silverstone addresses this informative and carefully argued
book.
Civil Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and
Contracting Democratic Space
Authors: Hoston Germaine A.
Published: October 2005

Civil Society and Political Change in Asia: Expanding and
Contracting Democratic Space. Edited by Muthiah Alagappa. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 2004. 552p. $85.00 cloth, $34.95 paper.

Muthiah Alagappa has assembled an impressive number of essays in this
volume, which is the product of two workshops in Honolulu and Phnom Penh
held in 2002. It offers contributions covering 12 countries by 14
contributors, organized by country.
Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico
Authors: Klesner Joseph L.
Published: October 2005

Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico. By
Caroline C. Beer. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. 208p.
$45.00 cloth, $20.00 paper.

A growing literature argues that understanding Mexico's
protracted transition from one-party rule requires exploring the dynamics
of political competition as they emerged at the state and local levels.
Caroline Beer makes an important contribution to this approach to Mexican
democratization by examining state-level electoral competition in the
1990s and its impact on institutional development, particularly of state
legislatures, and on political recruitment, especially of gubernatorial
candidates. She argues that democratization resulted from a “complex
interplay between opposition victories in subnational elections and
important democratic advances in the national political arena” (pp.
9–10).
Interpreting British Governance
Authors: Appleton Andrew M.
Published: October 2005

Interpreting British Governance. By Mark Bevir and R. A. W.
Rhodes. New York: Routledge, 2003. 256p. $150.00 cloth, $40.95 paper.

Those tempted to pick up this volume and read a straightforward and
unambiguous analysis of British governance in the modern era should
consider the following: By the seventh page of the introductory chapter,
the authors are engaged in a discussion of the contributions of Michel
Foucault to postmodern and interpretive theory (giant, by the way), while
narry a drop of ink has been spilled about either Britain or governance.
In fact, this book will be of interest to many political scientists who
are less than interested in the substantive case, but who are engaged in
reflections about the epistemological characteristics of modern political
science and the ontological claims that it makes. Interpreting British
Governance is a fascinating entry into the debates that are raging in
our profession, and it stakes out a clear set of claims in unequivocal
terms.
The Rules of Federalism: Institutions and Regulatory Politics in the
EU and Beyond
Authors: Sellers Jefferey M.
Published: October 2005

The Rules of Federalism: Institutions and Regulatory Politics in
the EU and Beyond. By Daniel Kelemen. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2004. 256p. $49.95.

In this engaging, clearly written volume, Daniel Kelemen synthesizes
and elaborates a theoretical model that contributes to several
literatures. As a study of the European Union, it stands at the logical
endpoint of a growing trend toward the application of analytical tools
drawn from conventional comparative politics. As an account of
governmental institutions, the broad analytic narrative breaks new ground
in sorting out the consequences of federalism. As an analysis of public
policy, especially environmental policy, the book offers a new argument
about the institutional sources of regulatory politics.
Downsizing the State: Privatization and the Limits of Neoliberal
Reform in Mexico and Democratization Without Representation: The
Politics of Small Industry in Mexico
Authors: Beer Caroline
Published: October 2005

Downsizing the State: Privatization and the Limits of Neoliberal
Reform in Mexico. By Dag MacLeod. University Park: The Pennsylvania
State University Press, 2004. 320p. $65.00 cloth, $29.00 paper.

Democratization Without Representation: The Politics of Small
Industry in Mexico. By Kenneth C. Shadlen. University Park: The
Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004. 224p. $65.00 cloth, $27.00
paper.

Mexico's dramatic shift from state-led development to
neoliberalism in the 1980s and subsequent transition to democracy in the
1990s has been the subject of extensive scholarly research. These two
well-researched and empirically rich books further our understanding of
these important processes by providing in-depth analyses of privatization
and the decline of small industry. They represent a new generation of
scholarship that presents a long-term perspective on Mexico's
political economy, beginning with the emergence of state-led development
and corporatism in the early twentieth century through to the contemporary
era of neoliberalism and multiparty democracy.