bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malaria survey of the Arakan region of Bengal and Burma
Authors: Macan T. T.
Published: June 2009

1. The area (Fig. 1) may be divided into a forested uninhabited mountain region, a region of low hillocks with between them marshy bottoms, many of which had been cleared and cultivated, and a flat coastal plain protected from the sea by a wall which leaked. Rain fell from early June till late September, and the rest of the year was mainly rainless.

2. Little is known about the mountain region. A. minimus was found infected in April, at which time, however, most potential breeding-places were dry. Larvae of A. maculatus were abundant, but the adults did not bite man.

3. Malaria was intense locally in the hillocks and coastal plain region, but uneven in distribution (Fig. 1). Evidence of active transmission in March and April, during the rains, and in October was found, there was a lull in May and June, but any other lulls there may have been were not discovered, since observations through the year were not possible.

4. Observations at night revealed A. leucosphyrus, A. jeyporiensis and A. minimus near man and rarely near cattle. A. sundaicus, A. philippinensis, A. annularis and A. hyrcanus attacked both man and cattle, though some, at least, would attack man only in the absence of cattle. A. aconitus was found near man at night, but nearly all the specimens contained old blood.

5. A. subpictus and A. vagus fed on cattle and entered houses at dawn in search of shelter for the day. The man-biters mainly sought shelter in some outdoor resting-place. The conclusion was that the standard practice of searching for mosquitoes in houses early in the morning gave results which were not only valueless, but misleading (Fig. 2).

6. Few dissections were made and sporozoites were found only in A. jeyporiensis (2/126= 1·6%), which was thought to be responsible for most of the malaria transmitted early in the year. It is suggested that the results of night catching provide valuable circumstantial evidence about vectors.

7. The night catches also gave information about time of biting, and yielded two observations of importance in control work. A. minimus, A. jeyporiensis, A. philippinensis and A. sundaicus did not attack until several hours after nightfall. A. philippinensis, in late May, when it was not raining, preferred to bite persons sleeping out of doors. Elsewhere it was observed that A. philippinensis did this and also did not rest nearby before or after feeding as other species did. It might, therefore, avoid a contact insecticide. A. sundaicus, baulked of a feed by night, attacked after sunrise.
The excystation of Entamoeba histolytica without bacteria in microcultures
Authors: Rees Charles W. , Reardon Lucy V. , Bartgis Ida Louise
Published: June 2009

1. Formulae developed by Anfinsen et al. (1946) for a medium used in the cultivation of Plasmodium knowlesi were used for media in which excystation of Entamoeba histolytica without bacteria was investigated.

2. The following media were used: (i) an inorganic fluid containing carbon dioxide and chlorides, phosphates, and bicarbonates, of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium; (ii) an inorganic fluid of chlorides and phosphates of the above metals without bicarbonates; (iii) the same respective fluids plus glucose, and (iv) the same plus enrichments with B vitamins, cocarboxylase, vitamin C, purines, pyrimidines, folic acid, glucosamine, cholesterol, and amino-acids. The oxygen content of all media was lowered either by cysteine or glutathione.

3. Some excystation occurred in all media, the percentages were lowest in the inorganic fluid without bicarbonates, highest in fluid with bicarbonates plus all of the listed organic compounds, and intermediate in the inorganic bicarbonate fluid plus glucose. Amino-acids were not required for good percentages of excystation.

4. Excystation occurred when cysts were isolated in medium with Trypanosoma cruzi.

5. The data show that organic compounds in the medium are necessary for high percentages of excystation.
A record of some parasitic worms from whales in the Ross Sea area
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

The material examined in the present investigation was given to the writer by Mr W. Ross Cockrill, F.R.C.V.S., Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Carmarthen. The specimens were collected by Mr Ross Cockrill on the whale factory ship Balaena when he accompanied the Antarctic Whaling Expedition in the winter of 1951–2 for the purpose of making investigations into the pathology of whales. The whales were caught in the Ross Sea area roughly between 67° 51′ S. and 71° 13′ S., and the parasitic worms recovered from them include cestodes, nematodes and Acanthocephala. The worms were fixed at the time of collecting, the cestodes in 5% formalin and the nematodes and Acanthocephala in hot 70% alcohol. When only one or a few specimens were found they were all fixed, but if the infestation was heavy a sample was collected. In addition, portions of infested kidney and lesions from other parts of the body thought to be associated with parasitic infestation were included in the collection. The writer is greatly indebted to Mr Ross Cockrill for the gift of this material.
Human trichostrongylosis and its relationship to ancylostomiasis in southern Iraq, with comments on world incidence
Authors: Watson J. M.
Published: June 2009

An investigation of the occurrence of helminthic intestinal parasites in the population of central and southern Iraq led to the discovery that human trichostrongylosis is relatively common in man along the banks of the Shatt-al-Arab and the lower course of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In the Basrah area the incidence is 25·4% and at Nasriyah 14·2% but it falls rapidly along the northward course of the rivers and is absent in the centre and north of the country. This is correlated with the occurrence of heavy shade cast by palm forest, high humidity due to the presence of perennial swamps, and the occurrence of grass and other carpet plants in the south; which jointly provide the conditions necessary for the development and survival of the free-living stages ofTrichostrongylus.

Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale) is more evenly distributed over the area and is common farther north where conditions are more arid; owing to the fact that the free-living stages can develop under much drier conditions than those ofTrichostrongylus, probably mainly on moist defaecation sites near irrigation channels.

The species ofTrichostrongylusinvolved is not known but is probablyT. colubriformiswhich is common locally in sheep and has been found in man at Abadan by Marsh (1949). Infection is presumably contracted by ingestion of greenstuff carrying infective juveniles.

Since infections are light, symptoms minimal and treatment ineffective care should be taken to differentiate trichostrongylosis from ancylostomiasis in order that no unnecessary medication be undertaken.

The world incidence of human trichostrongylosis is higher than was formerly believed. The available reports are reviewed, and it is concluded that not less than fifty million persons harbour this worm throughout the globe.
A key to the Ethiopian species of the genus Polyplax (Anoplura), with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Paterson H. E. , Thompson P. M.
Published: June 2009

We believe that the publication of a new key to the species of the genus Polyplax, so soon after that contained in Ferris's recent monograph (Ferris, 1951), is justified since it includes two new species and three species, praomydis Bedford, subtaterae Bedford and cummingsi Ferris, which appear to require some re-definition as Ferris placed all three in synonymy.
The host relationships ofIxodes hexagonusLeach in Britain
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

On the available data from south Wales and southeast England, the tickIxodes hexagonusLeach has spring and autumn peaks of activity on hedgehogs, stoats and weasels.

One or more stages of this tick have been recorded on fifteen mammalian hosts. All stages have been collected from hedgehogs, stoats, foxes, polecats and ferrets. The weasel is probably the smallest habitual host. No specimens ofI. hexagonushave been found on birds.

Man is an ‘accidental’ host and records of this tick on man in the London area are given. From the present information it seems that ill-effects following the bite of this parasite are rare. In built-up areas the probable sources of infestation are dogs, cats and hedgehogs. Air-raid shelters and similar constructions which have harboured these hosts at one time or another may provide a centre of infestation of man. Our observations indicate that the number of ticks in most hedgehogs' nests is not large. Nothing is known of the tick population in the habitats of other hosts. It is suggested tentatively that the ticks may drop off hedgehogs away from the nest and that after further development (i.e. hatching of eggs and metamorphoses of later stages) they are picked up by such animals as foxes, stoats, weasels.

The records of this tick in Britain are summarized and they indicate thatI. hexagonusis a southern species.
A study ofTrypanosoma cruziwith the electron microscope
Authors: Meyer Hertha , Porter Keith R.
Published: June 2009

Trypanosoma cruzihas been examined with the electron microscope. Crithidia and metacyclic forms of a blood agar culture have been studied and compared with the adult tissue forms, obtained in tissue cultures, from the same strain.

In all the forms studied, the internal structure of the body is not revealed because it is too thick for electron penetration. In places where a good penetration has been obtained the cytoplasm shows a fine striation in spiral or parallel arrangement. This striation can be digested with trypsin or by prolonged osmic acid fixation.

Dense spherical bodies of variable size can also be observed in the body portion. They can be dissolved with xylene.

The whole body of the trypanosome is covered by a fine, transparent sheath.

The flagellum is formed by the axoneme which consists of five or nine fibres. It can be followed throughout the whole length of the metacyclic and of the adult tissue forms. In the crithidia forms of the blood-agar culture, it disappears in the anterior part of the body. The whole flagellum is covered by a fine sheath. The axial fibre bundle can be digested with trypsin or by prolonged osmic-acid fixation. Both, the striation and the fibre bundle are contractile structures which could explain the movements of the trypanosome.

Some dividing forms are also described.
Rhipicephalus hurti n.sp. (Ixodidae) from Kenya game and domestic animals
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: June 2009

A new species of Rhipicephalid tick, Rhipicephalus hurti, is described from game animals from the Rift Valley of Kenya. The new species is compared with R. capensis, R. serranoi and R. jeanneli.

My thanks are due to Dr G. Theiler, Onderstepoort, who confirmed that R. hurticould be correctly regarded as a new species and has been most generous in her assistance. My thanks are also due to Dr Santos Dias and Dr Hoogstraal for their most helpful criticisms; to Lieut.-Col. Hurt for his interest and care in sending me numerous tick-collections from the Naivasha area of Kenya; to Mr Alex Wiley and Mr Guggesburg for their careful drawings; and to Miss Walker, E.A.V.R.O., and
my colleague Mr Pollard, for their generous help at all times.
The life cycle of Paramphistomum microbothrium Fischoeder, 1901 (Trematoda, Paramphistomidae)
Authors: Dinnik J. A. , Dinnik N. N.
Published: June 2009

The whole life cycle of Paramphistomum microbothrium Fischoeder, 1901, found in cattle of Kenya, East Africa, has been established experimentally.

In laboratory conditions, the eggs hatched miracidia on the 14th to 16th day, if they were kept in water at a temperature of 26–28° C.

In a snail, Bulinus alluaudi (Dautzenberg), kept at the temperature of 18–20° C., the miracidium developed into a sporocyst, the elongated body of which, containing young rediae, reached a length of 3·6 mm. in about 2 weeks.

The first rediae which emerged from a sporocyst were observed on the 14th day, and on the 20th day the first generation rediae began to produce second-generation rediae. From the 28th day onward the first-generation parent rediae ceased to produce daughter rediae and began to develop cercariae only. This period of production of cercariae by the redia lasted about 30 days, and when the life of the first-generation rediae drew to its close, the old rediae developed a few daughter rediae again.

Cercariae began to emerge from the first-generation rediae 30 days after exposure of the snail to miracidia. The cercariae left the parent redia in a very immature state and further development occurred in the liver of the snail. The emergence of cercariae from the infected snail began on the 43rd day after exposure to miracidia. Shortly after emerging from the snail, the cercariae attached themselves to vegetation and encysted.

Development of rediae of the second, third, fourth and apparently more successive generations followed an identical course to that outlined for the rediae of the first generation. As a result the successive generations of rediae maintain the infection going in an intermediate host and the infected snails were continually shedding cercariae as long as they lived. In the laboratory experiments the life span of some of the infected snails exceeded a year.

In cattle infected experimentally P. microbothrium reached maturity and began passing out the eggs about a 100 days after the encysted cercariae were fed to the animals.
Amoebae found in the intestine of lizards from the Sudan
Authors: Neal R. A.
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology of an Entamoeba from the Sudanese lizards Mabuya quinquetaeniata, M. striata and Tarentola annularis is described. It was similar to Entamoeba coli of man.

2. It is referred to the species E. flaviviridis, Knowles & Das Gupta (1935).

3. An ‘Amoeba’ was observed in Tarentola annularis which was similar in size to the Entamoeba. The nuclear structure, however, was distinctive, with a very large karyosome and no peripheral chromatin. The cysts were uninucleate.

4. It is very similar to the organism described as Vahlkampfia reynoldsi by McFall (1926).
On the Biology and Life History of Rhabditis Pellio (Nematoda)
Authors: Otter G. W.
Published: June 2009

1. Accurate measurements were made of adults, larvae and eggs of Rhabditis pellio, representing an average selection for comparison with Johnson's figures.

2. The most satisfactory method of culturing the nematodes was in hanging drops, in a medium free from an excess of putrefying bacteria.

3. A medium poor in food was found to prolong life (up to 40 days), while a rich medium quickened up the life processes thereby causing death sooner. It is probably partial starvation which prevents the larvae from becoming mature while in the living earthworm.

4. In a medium favourable for prolonging life, the males were found to live about one-third as long as the females (F generation). It is probable that the females only live for about 4–8 days in a decaying earthworm after attaining maturity.

5. The maximum number of eggs laid per female was 257 (F generation) and 197 (F1 generation). It is probable that between 150 and 300 eggs are laid per female in the natural state. No information was obtained regarding the effect of the various media on egg production.

6. In most cases the females died when spent of eggs.

7. Vivipary is considered to be due to a favourable environment probably aided by a high temperature.

8. Larvae were found to be more susceptible to cultural conditions than the adults, especially those (F generation) which were not bred from females in culture media. The growth-rate of F1 generation larvae was found to be slightly faster in a natural medium, such as earthworm broth, than in peptone.

9. The chief food is considered to be bacteria.

10. During this work R. pellio behaved entirely as a bisexual species. A few cases of copulation were observed, showing that some of the males had not lost their “sexual instinct.”

11. Rhabditis pellio is considered to be a species in which hermaphroditism is just commencing and in which true males and females exist together with hermaphrodite females whose numbers fluctuate, the degree of hermaphroditism possibly bearing some relation to the sex ratio.

12. The sex ratio was about 1 ♂: 2 ♀♀, in both the F and F1 generations, but varied considerably. There were a few cases in which the male proportion was equal, or higher, than the female.

13. Four different species of British earthworms were examined, each being infected by Rhabditis pellio to a varying extent. Eisenia foetida was, however, rarely infected. Size of the earthworm, in proportion, played no part regarding the degree of infection. There is an indication that the head (segment I to the beginning of the clytellum) is the most heavily infected region.

14. A few specimens (larval stage) of an Ascarid, a species of Porrocaecum, a parasite of small mammals and birds, were found in three of the species of earthworms examined.

15. A probable course of the life history is given, based on this work and that of Johnson (1913).
The Life History of Onesia accepta Malloch (Diptera, Calliphoridae)
Authors: Fuller Mary E.
Published: June 2009

The life history of Onesia accepta Mall. is described. This species is parasitic on the earthworm Microscolex dubius Fletcher. The first and second larval instars are passed under the skin and the third instar in the body cavity of the host. The feeding period of the maggot is approximately 20 days, and the pupal stage about 12 days.

The external morphology of the three larval instars and of the puparium is described in detail.
Two New Species of Ticks from Panama (Amblyomma tapirellum and A. pecarium)
Authors: Dunn Lawrence H.
Published: June 2009

On March 7th, 1931, the writer collected numerous ticks (six species) from an adult tapir, Tapirella, bairdii (Gill), soon after it had been killed near Summit, Canal Zone, Isthmus of Panama. By far the greater number belonged to a species somewhat resembling Amblyomma cajennense in general appearance, but showing characteristics readily separating it from that species. Two young tapirs, of the same species as the foregoing, that were examined more recently were also found to be heavily infested with this species of tick. Since this species is apparently a new one it is herewith described under the name of Amblyomma tapirellum.
Studies on some New Ophidian and Avian Coccidia from Uganda, with a Revision of the Classification of the Eimeriidea
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

This paper contains an account of four new Coccidia from Uganda: Caryospora legeri sp.n., from a snake, Psammophis sibilans; Isospora dirumpens sp.n., from a snake, Bitis arietans; Wenyonella africana gen.n., sp.n., from a snake, Boaedon lineatus; and Eimeria urnula sp.n., from a bird, Phalacrocorax carbo lugubris. Eimeria dukei. Lavier 1927, is recorded from a new host, Chaerephon (= Nyctinomus) limbatus (bat).

The characters of the new Coccidia are summarised in the diagnoses (pp. 364, 369, 373, 378). There is a list of all the known species of Isospora found in snakes and lizards. It is noted that I. coelopeltis Galli-Valerio 1926, is actually an Eimeria, and its name is amended to E. coelopeltis. The diagnostic characters of the three species of Caryospora are given in tabular form.

The discovery of a new type of Coccidia, with oocysts containing sixteen sporozoites, divided between two sporocysts in Dorisiella Kay 1930, and between four in Wenyonella gen.n., necessitated a revision of the systematics of the Eimeriidea.

When the genera comprising this suborder (with a few exceptions) are arranged in the ascending order of the number of structural elements (sporocysts and sporozoites) contained in their oocysts, they form parallel series or groups in the horizontal and vertical directions, which consist of homologous members, as represented graphically in Fig. VI (p. 383). The oocyst characters of each genus are determined by those of its four neighbours in the horizontal and vertical groups.

This scheme serves as the basis for the new classification proposed, which is represented in Table III (p. 385). The higher systematic units (subfamilies) are distinguished from each other by the number of sporocysts within the oocyst, while the genera of each subfamily differ from each other in the number of sporozoites within each sporocyst, thus forming a homologous series.
Coccidia of the Felidae
Authors: Yakimoff W. L. , Matikaschwili I. L. , Rastegaïeff E. F. , Lewkowitsch E. N.
Published: June 2009

Two species of coccidia have been found in captive Felidae examined by us in Russia:

(1) Isospora felis Wenyon 1923, in lion, tiger and lynx.

(2) Isospora rivolta (Grassi 1879), in tiger, leopard and jungle cat.
The Possible Rôle of Inheritance in the Quantitative Character of a Coccidian Infection of the Rat
Authors: Becker E. R. , Hall Phoebe R.
Published: June 2009

The writers (1932) have previously reported on the surprisingly great individual variability in susceptibility to infection with Eimeria miyairii which they encountered among white rats taken at random. It was learned in the study that young rats of from 65 to 149 g. in weight would eliminate from 14 to 169 million oocysts during immunisation produced by inoculation per os with 1500 sporulated oocysts daily over a period of 5 days. The question naturally arises whether different strains of the host exhibit differences in susceptibility similar to those noted in individuals.
Distribution of Snails serving as Intermediate Hosts of Flukes in South Africa
Authors: Cawston F. G.
Published: June 2009

When, in 1917–18, I made a microscopic examination of freshwater snails at Potchefstroom, Transvaal, I found 10 per cent, of the examples of Isidora schackoi Jickeli infested with eye-spotted cercariae which Dr E. C. Faust recognised as amphistomes. Some shells which I collected from the same pools and considered to be immature examples of Isidora schackoi have been identified as Sericima. It is possible that the two species are identical. I found Isidora forskali at Cato Manor, outside Durban, infested with amphistomes, and confirmed this observation by isolating similar cercariae from the same freshwater snail on the Umgeni flats. I have obtained examples of Isidora forskali from Amanzimtoti, Isipingo, Clairwood, Umhl-a-tazana, Cato Manor, Inchanga station, Umgeni, Tongaat, Nonoti, Umzindusi, at Pietermarizburg, Lourenço Marques and Beira. These places constitute several new localities for the species and no Isidorae had previously been recorded from Beira. This mollusc is common in small shallow spruits and is often attached to small plants or water-lily leaves. It is seldom more than 10 mm. in length.
On the Life History of Anthomyia procellaris Rond. and A. pluvialis L. inhabiting the Nests of Birds
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

Anthomyia pluvialis Linn. (1761) is a very common and beautiful fly, widely distributed in the old world, and easily recognisable by having characteristic black spots on the thorax and abdomen.
On a New Gregarine, Gregarina segmentata n.sp., an Intestinal Parasite of Cis bidentatus Olivier (Coleoptera)
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: June 2009

Cis Bidentatus, which acts as host to this gregarine, is a small fungus-eating beetle. Almost all the beetles examined proved to be infected, but the parasites were never very numerous in each host. As a rule the infected beetles contained from four to eight of the sporont associations, and sometimes a few of the cephalont stages or cysts. The adult gregarines may be seen by transparency through the wall of the mesenteron: they lie either straight or else bent in the form of a U, but always with their long axis parallel to the sides of the gut. They are restricted to the posterior region of the midgut, and are never distributed along its whole length.
A New Trematode, Oculotrema hippopotami n.g., n.sp, from the Eye of the Hippopotamus
Authors: Stunkard H. W.
Published: June 2009

The monogenetic trematodes have long been known as parasites of the lower aquatic vertebrates and many forms have been described from fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. They are largely ectoparasitic, although a few members of the group infest the oronasal cavities and urinary bladder of frogs and turtles. Up to the present there appears to be no record of their occurrence on either birds or mammals and consequently the unusual case here reported seems worthy of note. The material consists of five polystomes which bore the label, “from the eye of hippopotamus.” Presumably they were collected by the late Professor A. Looss from a Nile hippopotamus in the Giza Zoological Gardens of Cairo, Egypt, but unfortunately no particulars are available. The specimens were given to me for identification by Dr Edward Hindle, recently Professor of Biology, School of Medicine, Cairo, to whom I wish here to express my thanks. Grateful acknowledgments are due also to Professor George H. F. Nuttall, Director of the Molteno Institute for Research in Parasitology, where the study was made.
Longistriata Skrjabini n.sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) from the Ussuri Squirrel
Authors: Schulz R. E. , Lubimov M. P.
Published: June 2009

The 60th Union Helminthological Expedition (Skrjabin, Podjapolskaja and Schulz, 1929) to the Far East examined many squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris mantshuricus Thom. 1909), and among other helminths found a new species belonging to the genus Longistriata Schulz, 1926 (subfam. Heligmosominae Travassos, 1914). The same species had also been found by one of us (M. P. L.) in Ussuri squirrels at the Moscow Zoo.
Malayan Trombidiid Larvae, Part I. (Acarina: Trombidiidae)
Authors: Gater B. A. R.
Published: June 2009

In 1915 Dowden reported a suspected case of tsutsugamushi disease, or Japanese river fever, from the Federated Malay States. Twelve years later Fletcher and Field (1927) were able to examine a series of cases and established Allothrombium. This spelling is adopted by Oudemans. In the absence of definite evidence of the original derivation, it would appear, in the light of Opinion 34 of the Rules, that the original spelling should be preserved, and Trombicula is therefore used in this paper.
Protozoa in Termites of the Genus Amitermes
Authors: Kirby Harold
Published: June 2009

1. Six species of Amitermes, one from Panama and five from California, have been examined for protozoa. Certain protozoa have been found in many or all individuals examined of all species, but they are much less abundant than are flagellates in termites of the three xylophagous families below the Termitidae.

2. Trichomonas lighti n.sp. has been found in all species, but not in all individuals.

3. Chilomastix minuta n.sp. occurs in Amitermes beaumonti.

4. Embadomonas termitis n.sp. is described from Amitermes beaumonti.

5. Endamoeba beaumonti n.sp. has been observed in five host species. In its size and nuclear structure it resembles Endamoeba disparata of Mirotermes hispaniolae.

6. Nyctotherus silvestrianus n.sp. has been found in three of the Californian species. It resembles N. termitis and N. ovalis, but is larger than the former and smaller than the latter. A long filament is attached to the end of the cytopharynx. A thickened, V-shaped structure lies against the cyto-pharynx. Several deeply staining fibrils arise from this V.

7. A coccidian has been found in one individual of Amitermes minimus. This forms sixteen banana-formed merozoites and three sporoblasts as in Chagasella.

8. Micro-organisms other than protozoa are very abundant in the intestines of all six species of Amitermes, and they are similar in all.
A Rapid Method of Staining and Mounting Mid-guts of Mosquitoes for the Demonstration of Oöcysts
Authors: Green Richard
Published: June 2009

It is often desirable that a mid-gut showing oocysts be preserved for demonstration purposes or for record. The method herein described seems to have certain advantages over those usually recommended in saving considerable time during fixation, staining and mounting of the specimen, also in permitting pigment within oocysts being seen on any part of the mid-gut. The stain used (toluidine blue) is not taken up to any great extent by the nuclei of the gut cells, but appears to have some degree of selective action on the younger oocysts.
Coccidiosis in Raccoons: Eimeria nuttalli n.sp., Parasite of Procyon lotor
Authors: Yakimoff W. L. , Matikaschwili I. L.
Published: June 2009

Early this year (1932) we examined eight American raccoons (Procyon s. Notocyon lotor) whose faeces, according to Darling, contained Coccidia of our species.
New species of Ixodes ticks from eastern Africa, with a description of the male and nymph of Ixodes oldi Nuttall, 1913
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

The following new species of Ixodes from eastern Africa are described and figured: I. rotundatus, I. auriculaelongae, I. nchisiensis, I. latus, I. loveridgei, I. spinae, and I. euplecti.

The female of I. oldi is redescribed and the hitherto unknown male and nymph are described and figured. Some consideration is given to two specimens from Uganda which differ in certain particulars from typical specimens from East and West Africa.
Experimental Eimeria mitis infections in chickens
Authors: Joyner L. P.
Published: June 2009

1. Methods are described for the isolation and maintenance of a pure strain of Eimeria mitis.

2. The prepatent period of the infection in chicks was 101 hr. The mean dimensions of the oocysts were 15·38 × 13·83μ, and sporulation occurred after 48 hr. at 60° F. (15·5° C.). The production of oocysts following infection with known numbers of oocysts is recorded.

3. When 500,000 or more oocysts of E. mitis were given to chicks aged 6, 17 or 26 days the growth rate of the birds was markedly reduced. Young chicks were most susceptible and a few deaths occurred when 6-day-old chicks received 2·5 million oocysts. E. mitis is unlikely to be of pathological importance under normal conditions of good husbandry practice.

4. Pathological lesions due to this species of Eimeria were not found in sections of intestinal tissues.

5. Developmental stages of this parasite were found throughout the whole of the small intestine.

6. The growth-retarding effects and oocyst production by E. mitis were controlled when 0·2% sodium sulphadimidine was given in the drinking water.
The effects of trematode metacercariae (Brachylaemidae) on the slugsMilax sowerbiiFérussac andAgriolimax reticulatusMüller
Authors: Foster R.
Published: June 2009

1. Infestation of the kidney ofM. sowerbiiandA. reticulatusby unencysted brachylaemid metacercariae led to a widespread necrosis of the organ. The necrotic debris was ingested into the gut crura of the parasites.

2.M. sowerbiiis considered to be a natural intermediate host of the parasite andA. reticulatusto be an unnatural host, because inA. reticulatusparasitization led to a host mortality closely related to the degree of infestation, whereasM. sowerbiiwithstood the damaging effects of parasitization until the parasites reached maturity.

3. InA. reticulatusthe rate of ingestion of food and the rate of egg production were reduced during parasitization.

4. No further effects were observed in either host species.

5. The possibilities and difficulties of using unencysted metacercariae to control pests are discussed.
The sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus L. II. Keds acquired by a lamb from its mother
Authors: Tetley J. H.
Published: June 2009

The daily rate at which a young lamb acquired keds from its mother was studied. Keds applied themselves closely to the skin of the lamb, many on the under, sheltered parts of the body. It is concluded that there was almost completely oneway traffic of keds from the ewe to the lamb. A fall in the rate of transfer of keds to the lamb was attributed to declining frequency of contact between the latter and its mother, associated with transition from a wholly milk diet to one in which pasture became of increasing importance. It was found that during the hours of darkness and some hours of daylight few, if any, keds were acquired by the lamb. Keds tended to accumulate on the lamb in greater numbers during periods of many hours of bright sunshine and little rain than those of few hours of sunshine and much rain. The running totals of keds acquired by the lamb more nearly paralleled the running totals of hours of bright sunshine than other meteorological factors. It is concluded that the connexion was indirect and that sunshine raised the temperature of the fleece of the mother in the regions directly exposed to the rays, causing greater numbers of keds to appear on the surface, so that the lamb was exposed to a risk of heavier infestation. At one stage of the experiment a greater proportion of the males than females transferred from the ewe to the lamb. This is explained in terms of there being a higher proportion of males in the hinder part of the body of the ewe, a region with which the lamb, in feeding, came more frequently into contact. The higher ratio of males to females in the posterior half of the lamb than in the anterior is explained by the more pronounced habit of males than females to migrate through the fleece.
The vector of Hepatozoon sciuri
Authors: Dasgupta B. , Meedeniya Kamani
Published: June 2009

A description is given of the stages of sporogony of Hepatozoon sciuri, which have been found in three wild fleas (Orchopeas wickhami) out of a total of nearly sixty specimens collected from squirrels in England. Although an attempt to infect the fleas in the laboratory, by feeding them on infected squirrels, failed, the above findings indicate that these fleas may act as vectors of the squirrel parasite.

We wish to record our thanks to Professor P. C. C. Garnham for his kind interest and constructive suggestions regarding this work. We are specially indebted to Mrs M. Vizoso and to Dr J. F. D. Frazer for sending us fleas and squirrels from time to time. Our thanks are due to the authorities of the British Museum of Natural History for the identification of the flea.
Digestion in Leidynema appendiculata (Leidy, 1850), a nematode parasitic in cockroaches
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

1. A study of the digestive enzymes present in the nematode Leidynema appendiculata, parasitic in the cockroach, gave the following results.

2. An amylase with optimum activity at pH 4·5, is present. Sodium chloride increases activity by 29 % at this pH.

3. A maltase, with maximum activity at pH 5·0–6·0, is present. It is completely inhibited by 15 % glycerin.

4. Lactase and invertase were not detected.

5. A protease, capable of clotting calcified milk, and of splitting gelatin and edestin, with maximum activity at pH 6·0, is present. KCN does not increase activity.

6. Peptidases splitting glycyl-glycine, dl-leucyl-glycine and dl-leucyl-glycyl-glycine, and a prolidase splitting glycyl-l-proline are present.

7. A lipase hydrolysing glycerol tributyrate, with maximum activity at pH 7·0 is present. Hydrolysis of olive oil and ethyl butyrate was not detected.

8. It is concluded that these enzymes are quite distinct from those of the host and that digestion probably takes place over the range of pH 5·5–6·0.
The epidemiology of the infestation of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., by the mite Acarapis woodi Rennie and the mortality of infested bees
Authors: Bailey L.
Published: June 2009

The proportion of young honeybees which became infested with Acarapis woodi Rennie rose with an increased degree of infestation of the older bees and increased temperatures. But the most important influence controlling infestation seems to be the frequency with which young and old bees come into contact; this is probably determined by the foraging activity of the bees and the ratio of young bees to old bees; the percentage of infested bees in colonies diminished rapidly during nectar-flows and rose in periods of little nectar-flow.

The mortality of infested bees was only slightly greater than that of non-infested bees and became evident only after the bees had been in prolonged unfavourable circumstances. There were no obvious signs of disease in heavily infested colonies in summer. Colonies with more than about 30 or 40 % of infested bees seemed more likely to die in winter than non-infested colonies, but few colonies became so heavily infested even after a very poor season.
Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

1. This memoir amplifies my accounts ofEndolimax nanapublished in 1919 and 1933. The complete life-history, as observable in cultures, is now described—special attention being devoted to the nuclear structure at all stages.

2. Additional information is also given about methods of cultivation, viability of the cystsin vitro, the ‘nucleal reaction’, natural parasites (Sphaerita, etc.), and other details.

3. The life-history has been found to comprise trophic, precystic, cystic, and metacystic stages, comparable with those described inEntamoeba histolytica(1928) andE. coli(1938).

4. The trophic amoeba is redescribed, with special reference to the polymorphism of its karyosome.

5. Division of the trophic amoeba (by binary fission) has been studied, and the mitosis of its nucleus is now first described in detail. It is characterized by the formation of an intranuclear spindle, with well-developed centrioles and centrodesmus. The granular chromosomes are 10 in number, and arranged in a ring on the equatorial plate.

6. Precystic amoebae are smaller than trophic forms —the reduction in size being effected during the last two divisions before encystation.

7. The cyst is formed by a precystic amoeba in the usual way. Inside the cyst, the nucleus undergoes two successive mitotic divisions similar to those seen in trophic forms. The ripe cyst is therefore 4-micleate, though supernucleate specimens—which are viable— occur occasionally. Glycogen is normally present in young (1- and 2-nucleate) cysts, but not in those which are mature.

8. The process of excystation is described for the first time, and closely resembles that seen inE. histolytica. The entire protoplasmic contents emerge as a single 4-nucleate amoeba through a minute pore in the cyst wall.

9. Metacystic development—not previously studied —consists in simple division, by successive cytoplasmic bipartitions without division of the nuclei, into 4 uninucleate amoebulae. These grow into trophic amoebae once more.

10. The whole life-history is thus asexual, with no gametes, conjugation, or autogamy, at any stage.
The isolation of viruses by means of the electrically driven Sharples supercentrifuge
Authors: Markham Roy
Published: June 2009

The use of an electrically driven Sharples super-centrifuge for isolating viruses is described. The theory of sedimentation in such centrifuges is discussed and curves of the theoretical minimum sedimentation rates are given. The probability that convectionless sedimentation cannot take place in high-speed preparative centrifuges is discussed in relation to the theory of ‘differential centrifugation’.
The development of symptoms, parasitic infection and immunity in human scabies
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

1. Scabies is usually transmitted by intimate personal contact.

2. The young, newly fertilized adult female Sarcoptes is the stage usually responsible for transmission.

3. Patients with a high parasite rate (over 100 adult female mites) are much more likely to spread scabies than those with few parasites.

4. The distribution of the parasites in clinical scabies gives no clue to the original sites of infection.

5. When a volunteer is infected for the first time he gives no reaction for about a month. During this period he may be quite unaware that the parasites are burrowing in his cuticle.

6. After a month the patient becomes sensitized, itching and other symptoms develop.

7. In a first infection the mites increase in numbers far less rapidly than is theoretically possible. A parasite rate of about 25 may be reached in 50 days and of up to 500 in 100 days; after this the number of mites decreases rapidly.

8. The second time an individual has scabies he itches at the sites of infection within 24 hr. His mite population seldom rises to a fraction of the height reached in his first infection.

9. Reinfection of cured cases is much more difficult than infection for the first time.

10. Sarcoptes causes antibody function in man. This causes a partial immunity.

11. The mechanism of immunity is due to three reactions: (a) scratching by the host which removes the parasites mechanically; (b) oedema renders the cuticle unsuitable for colonization and causes the mites to vacate their burrows; (c) scratching produces sepsis which is fatal to Sarcoptes.

12. The partial immunity obtained may account for fluctuations in the incidence of the disease.
The parasitology of human scabies (women and children)
Authors: Bartley W. C. , Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper (Johnson & Mellanby, 1942) an account was given of the numbers ot adult female Sarcoptes and their distribution in 886 cases of scabies. These cases were all adult males and it was desired to complete the study by a similar analysis of the parasitic infection in women and children. The following is an account of the numbers and distribution of mites in 119 women and eighteen children. Owing to the small number of children these figures are only suggestive. As described in the previous paper the mites are first located with the help of a watchmaker's lens and the parasite is then extracted with a mounted needle. Only adult females are extracted. The number of parasites per case is called ‘the parasite rate’.
The mechanism of the attachment ofKuhnia scombri(Kuhn, 1829) (Trematoda: Monogenea) to the gills of its hostScomber scombrusL. including a note on the taxonomy of the parasite
Authors: Llewellyn J.
Published: June 2009

The manner by whichKuhnia scombri(Kuhn, 1829) Sproston, 1945, attaches itself to the gills ofScomber scombrusL. is described.

The parasite lies between the primary gill lamellae with its posterior attachment organs ‘upstream’ with respect to the gill ventilating current of the host.

The adhesive mechanism consists of two sets of organs which become attached to the secondary lamellae: a pair of hooks, provided with powerful muscles, perforates three or four secondary lamellae; and each of the members of four pairs of hinged clamps, operated by its own extrinsic muscle, grasps one or two secondary lamellae.

The description of the adhesive mechanism given differs substantially from that given by Sproston. Sproston's classification of the Diclidophoroidea, being based mainly on her interpretation of the structure of the clamps ofKuhnia, is therefore open to criticism.
New larval mites of the family Trombiculidae (Acarina: Prostigmata)
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

In a collection of parasitic mites from Palestine sent by Prof. O. Theodor, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, the author found several larval mites which prove to be new species, one in the genus Euschöngastia the other two in the genus Trombicula. These are described and figured in the present paper along with a new species of the genus Blankaartia taken on a bird in Uganda and sent for identification by G. H. E. Hopkins, O.B.E. (formerly Senior Medical Entomologist, Kampala). The author wishes to acknowledge his thanks to the above donors for having given him the opportunity to examine these specimens.
Knemidokoptes pilae Lavoipierre & Griffiths, 1951, found on Palaeornis torquatus and Ara sp., with a special note on the bases of the adscutal setae
Authors: Jansen J.
Published: June 2009

Lavoipierre & Griffiths (1951) described the female, and Lavoipierre (1953) described the male, of Knemidokoptes pilae found on a budgerigar. Later, Oldham & Beresford (1954) and Evans & Browning (1955), respectively, added Psittacula nipalensis and Upupa epops to the host-list of this species. The present author (1956) has also mentioned the occurrence of Knemidokoptes pilae on a budgerigar and a parrakeet, Palaeornis torquatus, and an unknown species of the genus Ara may now be added to the list.
Observations on laboratory colonies of the tsetse flies Glossina morsitans West. and Glossina austeni Newstead
Authors: Foster R.
Published: June 2009

(a) Glossina morsitans

1. A method of maintaining a breeding colony is described. The flies were best kept singly in tubes.

2. The optimum temperature and humidity ranges were 74–80° F. and 60–75% R.H., respectively. Young flies failed to tolerate a lower minimum temperature.

3. A light intensity of at least one foot-candle was needed at the feeding site.

4. The method of feeding the flies was of prime importance. Best results were obtained by offering food every fourth day, at a temperature of 80–81° F. The best feeding animal was sheep, but guinea-pig was useful for inducing newly emerged flies to feed. The condition of the skin at the feeding site was important, and it is suggested that frequently changing the feeding animal will lead to better feeding.

5. Female flies lived longer than male flies, and in both sexes the highest mortality was during the first 20 days of life.

6. The optimum age for mating was 10–14 days for males and 3–4 days for females; 90–100% of the first and second generation females were fully inseminated.

7. Each generation was less virile than the preceding one. Pupa production was decreased and the abortion rate increased from each generation to the next. Pupal viability, however, remained constant throughout all generations but the mean pupal weight showed a progressive decrease, except for the pupae from the second and third generation flies.

8. The mean interval without food during an interlarval period did not affect the duration of the period.

9. Feeding on the day of parturition did not significantly affect the length of the succeeding interlarval period.

10. The duration of an interlarval period was directly correlated with the length of the maximum interval without food during the period.

(b) Glossina austeni

11. A colony was maintained in a manner similar to that used for G. morsitans, but best results were obtained at 80–85° F. and 77–82% R.H.

12. Feeding was more satisfactory than in G. morsitans.

13. In longevity and reproduction the flies were superior to G. morsitans.
The merthiolate iodine formaldehyde concentration technique for the detection of parasitic material in faecal samples
Authors: Jayewardene L. G.
Published: June 2009

The results of the examination of 543 faecal specimens by the Merthiolate Iodine Formaldehyde Concentration (M.I.F.C.) technique, Willis's salt flotation method and by direct saline smear are given.

The appearances of helminth ova and protozoan parasites in M.I.F.C. preparation are described.

The M.I.F.C. method showed a much greater efficiency for the detection of helminth ova over the other two methods. It did not prove as satisfactory for the detection of protozoan parasites. Effective concentration of trophozoite forms was not observed. The possible reasons for this are discussed.

It is proposed to adopt this method in combination with the direct saline smear for routine use in this laboratory.
Studies on the biological control of schistosome-bearing snails. Predators and parasites of fresh-water mollusca: a review of the literature
Authors: Michelson Edward H.
Published: June 2009

Although the biological control of medically important snails has been suggested from time to time during the past quarter of a century (Nagano, 1927; Bequaert, 1928; Mozely, 1939, 1951; McMullen, 1952), the subject has, as yet, received but little serious consideration. Upon the initiation of our studies (Chernin, Michelson & Augustine, 1956a,b) the literature was searched for references to predators, parasites and diseases of molluscs which might furnish leads for experimental investigation.