bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NK Cell–Derived IFN-γ Protects against Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Infection
Authors: Lai Hsin-Chih , Chang Chih-Jung , Lin Chuan-Sheng , Wu Tsung-Ru , Hsu Ya-Jing , Wu Ting-Shu , Lu Jang-Jih , Martel Jan , Ojcius David M. , Ku Cheng-Lung , Young John D. , Lu Chia-Chen
Published: July 2018

In developed countries, pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are more prevalent than Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Given the differences in the pathogenesis of NTM and M. tuberculosis infections, separate studies are needed to investigate the pathological effects of NTM pathogens. Our previous study showed that anti–IFN-γ autoantibodies are detected in NTM-infected patients. However, the role of NK cells and especially NK cell–derived IFN-γ in this context has not been studied in detail. In the current study, we show that NK1.1 cell depletion increases bacterial load and mortality in a mouse model of pulmonary NTM infection. NK1.1 cell depletion exacerbates NTM-induced pathogenesis by reducing macrophage phagocytosis, dendritic cell development, cytokine production, and lung granuloma formation. Similar pathological phenomena are observed in IFN-γ–deficient (IFN-γ−/−) mice following NTM infection, and adoptive transfer of wild-type NK cells into IFN-γ−/− mice considerably reduces NTM pathogenesis. Injection of rIFN-γ also prevents NTM-induced pathogenesis in IFN-γ−/− mice. We observed that NK cells represent the main producers of IFN-γ in the lungs and production starts as soon as 1 d postinfection. Accordingly, injection of rIFN-γ into IFN-γ−/− mice 1 d (but not 2 wk) postinfection significantly improves immunity against NTM infection. NK cells also stimulate mycobacterial killing and IL-12 production by macrophages. Our results therefore indicate that IFN-γ production by NK cells plays an important role in activating and enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses at early stages of pulmonary NTM infection.
Progression from the Common Lymphoid Progenitor to B/Myeloid PreproB and ProB Precursors during B Lymphopoiesis Requires C/EBPα
Authors: Guo Hong , Barberi Theresa , Suresh Rahul , Friedman Alan D.
Published: July 2018

The C/EBPα transcription factor is required for myelopoiesis, with prior observations suggesting additional contributions to B lymphopoiesis. Cebpa expression is evident in common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) and preproB cells but is absent in proB and preB cells. We previously observed that marrow lacking the Cebpa +37 kb enhancer is impaired in producing B cells upon competitive transplantation. Additionally, a Cebpa enhancer/promoter-hCD4 transgene is expressed in B/myeloid CFU. Extending these findings, pan-hematopoietic murine Cebpa enhancer deletion using Mx1-Cre leads to expanded CLP, fewer preproB cells, markedly reduced proB and preB cells, and reduced mature B cells, without affecting T cell numbers. In contrast, enhancer deletion at the proB stage using Mb1-Cre does not impair B cell maturation. Further evaluation of CLP reveals that the Cebpa transgene is expressed almost exclusively in Flt3+ multipotent CLP versus B cell–restricted Flt3− CLP. In vitro, hCD4+ preproB cells produce both B and myeloid cells, whereas hCD4− preproB cells only produce B cells. Additionally, a subset of hCD4− preproB cells express high levels of RAG1-GFP, as seen also in proB cells. Global gene expression analysis indicates that hCD4+ preproB cells express proliferative pathways, whereas B cell development and signal transduction pathways predominate in hCD4− preproB cells. Consistent with these changes, Cebpa enhancer–deleted preproB cells downmodulate cell cycle pathways while upregulating B cell signaling pathways. Collectively, these findings indicate that C/EBPα is required for Flt3+ CLP maturation into preproB cells and then for proliferative Cebpaint B/myeloid preproB cells to progress to Cebpalo B cell–restricted preproB cells and finally to Cebpaneg proB cells.
Porcine zona pellucida vaccine immunocontraception of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) cows: A review of 22 years of research
Authors: Bertschinger Hendrik J. , Delsink Audrey , Van Altena J.J. , Kirkpatrick Jay F.
Published: July 2018

Background: The native porcine zona pellucida (pZP) vaccine has been successfully used for immunocontraception of wild horses, white-tailed deer and approximately 90 zoo species for more than 25 years.Objectives: To provide proof of concept and test contraceptive efficacy of pZP in African elephants. Once completed, test the population and behavioural effects on cows in the Greater Makalali Private Game Reserve (GMPGR). Following the GMPGR, test efficacy, population effects, safety and reversibility in 25 reserves with populations ranging from 9 to 700 elephants.Method: Histological sections were reacted with anti-pZP antibodies to provide proof of concept. From 1996 to 2000, 21 and 10 cows were treated with pZP vaccine in the Kruger National Park (KNP) and monitored for pregnancy. Population effects of pZP with Freund’s adjuvants (three vaccinations in Year 1 with one annual booster) were studied on 18 cows in the GMPGR. Another six game reserves with a total of 90 cows were added to the project. The project was then expanded to include another 18 reserves.Results: Binding of anti-pZP antibodies to elephant zona proteins was demonstrated in vitro. The KNP provided efficacy results of 56% and 80%, respectively. The contraceptive efficacy in the GMPGR and additional six reserves was 100% following calving of pregnant cows. Safety and lack of impact on social behaviour were demonstrated. In larger populations, efficacy was 95%.Conclusion: Contraceptive efficacy and safety of pZP vaccine could be demonstrated in small to large populations. The methodology is now being implemented in approximately 800 cows on 26 reserves across South Arica.
Martin Luther se veelkantige verhouding tot die filosofie
Authors: Van Wyk Ignatius W.C.
Published: July 2018

Martin Luther lectured moral philosophy in Wittenberg. He was therefore a well-trained philosopher in the tradition of Willem Ockham. Throughout his academic career, he respected the important contribution of philosophy to life. Without philosophy, the world cannot function properly! He, however, rejected the idea that Aristotelian philosophy should be the guiding principle of theology. A philosophy that concentrates on what man could and should do, cannot be the cradle of the New Testament notion of justification without works. The God of the New Testament could therefore not be discovered by philosophical reflexion, but should rather be discovered by the preaching of the gospel. Theology, for Luther, is ‘science of conflict’ – it is in conflict with human logic and science. Theology offers a truth that is not scientifically intelligible. This truth is a matter for faith and not reason. By saying this, the importance of human reasoning is not denied.
Joseph Smith’s plain and precious truths restored: A Christian apologetic response
Authors: Stoker Hendrik G. , Derengowski Paul
Published: July 2018

It has been the claim of Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints that ‘many plain and precious truths’ have been removed from the Bible, although Smith did not explicitly or concisely elaborate on what those missing truths were. Later, Dr Clyde J. Williams of Mormon-owned Brigham Young University provided that concise list. Writing for Ensign magazine in October 2006, Williams argued for at least eight specific doctrines that were ‘restored’. Upon examination and rebuttal, it is demonstrated that the Bible remains sufficient for all matters pertaining to Christian faith and practice, as John Calvin and the Reformers concluded years ago, and is emphasised in their stance on Sola Scriptura.
From pencil and eraser to blending materials and flipping the classroom: A short history of Teksredaksie and Text Editing
Authors: Van de Poel Kris
Published: July 2018

This article will take a historical perspective on the topic of text editing and highlight the following: (1) The origin and history of the Text Editing project and book productions in different languages (2003–2018) and (2) The latest programme developments from printed book to teaching with it, or learning from it and especially the development of a state-of-the-art training approach. In an attempt to evaluate whether these developments are defensible, also from the point of view of its users, a small-scale usability study was carried out among two groups of master’s degree students (N = 37) who undertook inverted and/or flipped-blended-collaborative text editing. As inverting classrooms with blended materials (online and contact) and introducing a collaborative approach to learning are innovative within this domain, the question of the programme’s effectiveness deserves central attention. Quantitative and qualitative student evaluation data (online Likert-scale questionnaire with open questions and critical evaluation reports) show that Text Editing is more than a well-founded theoretical guide or handbook. The programme is experienced as authentic and effective and has a high impact on the users’ self-efficacy and professional profile. As such the project is sustainable.
Global XCO2 anomalies as seen by Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2
Authors: Hakkarainen Janne , Ialongo Iolanda , Maksyutov Shamil , Crisp David
Published: July 2018

Abstract. NASA's carbon dioxide mission, Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2, has been operating for three full years (2015–2017). Here, we provide a global (60° S–60° N) view of the XCO2 anomalies along with their annual variations and seasonal patterns. We show that the XCO2 anomaly patterns are robust and consistent from year-to-year. We compare these anomalies to fluxes from anthropogenic, biospheric and biomass burning and to model-simulated local concentration enhancements. We find that, despite the simplicity of the method, the anomalies describe the spatio-temporal variability of XCO2 (including anthropogenic emissions and seasonal variability related to vegetation and biomass burning) consistently with more complex model-based approaches. We see, for example, that positive anomalies correspond to fossil fuel combustion over the major industrial areas (e.g., China, eastern USA, central Europe, India, and the Highveld region in South Africa), shown as large positive XCO2 enhancements in the model simulations. Also, we find corresponding positive anomalies and fluxes over biomass burning areas during different fire seasons. On the other hand, the largest negative anomalies correspond to the growing season in the northern middle latitudes, characterized by negative XCO2 enhancements from simulations and high SIF values (indicating the occurrence of photosynthesis). Finally, we show how XCO2 anomalies facilitate the detection of anthropogenic signatures for several local scale case studies, both in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. The results demonstrate the potential of satellite-based XCO2 observations for understanding the role of man-made and natural contributions to the atmospheric CO2 levels.
The efficacy of aerosol-cloud-radiative perturbations from near-surface emissions in deep open-cell stratocumulus
Authors: Possner Anna , Wang Hailong , Wood Robert , Caldeira Ken , Ackerman Thomas
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Aerosol-cloud-radiative effects are determined and quantified in simulations of deep open-cell stratocumuli observed during the VOCALS-REx campaign off the West coast of Chile. The cloud deck forms in a 1.5 km deep boundary layer with cell sizes reaching 50 km in diameter. Global data bases of ship tracks suggest that these linear structures are seldom found in boundary layers this deep. Here, we quantify the changes in cloud-radiative properties to a continuous aerosol point source moving along a fixed emission line releasing 1017 particles per second. We show that a spatially coherent cloud perturbation is not evident along the emission line. Yet, our models simulates an increase in domain-mean all-sky albedo of 0.05 corresponding to a diurnally-averaged cloud-radiative effect of 20 W m−2 given the annual mean solar insolation at the VOCALS-REx site. Therefore, marked changes in cloud-radiative properties in precipitating deep open cells may be driven by anthropogenic near-surface aerosol perturbations such as ships. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these changes in cloud-radiative properties are masked by the natural variability within the organised cloud field. A clear detection and attribution of cloud-radiative effects to a perturbation in aerosol concentrations becomes possible when sub-filtering of the cloud field is applied utilising the spatio-temporal distribution of the aerosol perturbation. Therefore, this work has implications for the detection and attribution of effective cloud-radiative forcing in marine stratocumuli, which constitutes one of the major physical uncertainties within the climate system. Our results suggest that ships may sometimes have a substantial radiative effect on marine clouds and albedo even when ship tracks are not readily visible.
The impact of multi-species surface chemical observations assimilation on the air quality forecasts in China
Authors: Peng Zhen , Lei Lili , Liu Zhiquan , Sun Jianning , Ding Aijun , Ban Junmei , Chen Dan , Kou Xingxia , Chu Kekuan
Published: July 2018

Abstract. An Ensemble Kalman Filter data assimilation (DA) system has been developed to improve air quality forecasts using surface measurements of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3 and CO together with an online regional chemical transport model, WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry). This DA system was applied to simultaneously adjust the chemical initial conditions (ICs) and emission inputs of the species affecting PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3 and CO concentrations during an extreme haze episode that occurred in early October 2014 over the North China Plain. Numerical experimental results indicate that ICs play key roles in PM2.5, PM10 and CO forecasts during the severe haze episode. The 72-h verification forecasts with the optimized ICs and emissions performed very similarly to the verification forecasts with only optimized ICs and the prescribed emissions. For the first-day forecast, near perfect verification forecasts results were achieved. However, with longer range forecasts, the DA impacts decayed quickly. For the SO2 verification forecasts, it was efficient to improve the SO2 forecast via the joint adjustment of SO2 ICs and emissions. Large improvements were achieved for SO2 forecasts with both the optimized ICs and emissions for the whole 72-h forecast range. Similar improvements were achieved for SO2 forecasts with optimized ICs only for just the first 3 h, and then the impact of the ICs decayed quickly. For the NO2 verification forecasts, both forecasts performed much worse than the control run without DA. Plus, the 72-h O3 verification forecasts performed worse than the control run during the daytime, due to the worse performance of the NO2 forecasts, even though they performed better at night. However, relatively favorable NO2 and O3 forecast results were achieved for the Yangtze River delta and Pearl River delta regions.
Transport and storage of anthropogenic C in the North Atlantic Subpolar Ocean
Authors: Racapé Virginie , Zunino Patricia , Mercier Herlé , Lherminier Pascale , Bopp Laurent , Pérèz Fiz F. , Gehlen Marion
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The North Atlantic Ocean is a major sink region for atmospheric
CO2 and contributes to the storage of anthropogenic carbon (Cant).
While there is general agreement that the intensity of the meridional
overturning circulation (MOC) modulates uptake, transport and storage of Cant
in the North Atlantic Subpolar Ocean, processes controlling their recent
variability and evolution over the 21st century remain uncertain. This
study investigates the relationship between transport, air–sea flux and
storage rate of Cant in the North Atlantic Subpolar Ocean over the past 53
years. Its relies on the combined analysis of a multiannual in situ data
set and outputs from a global biogeochemical ocean general circulation model
(NEMO–PISCES) at 1∕2∘ spatial resolution forced by an atmospheric
reanalysis. Despite an underestimation of Cant transport and an
overestimation of anthropogenic air–sea CO2 flux in the model, the
interannual variability of the regional Cant storage rate and its driving
processes were well simulated by the model. Analysis of the multi-decadal
simulation revealed that the MOC intensity variability was the major driver
of the Cant transport variability at 25 and 36∘ N, but not at OVIDE.
At the subpolar OVIDE section, the interannual variability of Cant transport
was controlled by the accumulation of Cant in the MOC upper limb. At
multi-decadal timescales, long-term changes in the North Atlantic storage
rate of Cant were driven by the increase in air–sea fluxes of anthropogenic
CO2. North Atlantic Central Water played a key role for storing Cant
in the upper layer of the subtropical region and for supplying Cant to
Intermediate Water and North Atlantic Deep Water. The transfer of Cant from
surface to deep waters occurred mainly north of the OVIDE section. Most of
the Cant transferred to the deep ocean was stored in the subpolar region, while the
remainder was exported to the subtropical gyre within the lower MOC.
Merging bio-optical data from Biogeochemical-Argo floats and models in marine biogeochemistry
Authors: Terzić Elena , Lazzari Paolo , Organelli Emanuele , Solidoro Cosimo , Salon Stefano , D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Conan Pascal
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The present work is based on a dataset comprised of 31 Biogeochemical (BGC) Argo floats that collected 0–1000 m vertical profiles of biogeochemical and optical data from 2012 to 2016 in the Mediterranean Sea. The dataset was integrated in 1-dimensional model simulations following the trajectories of each float and considering measured photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) profiles as the reference light parameterization. The simulations were aimed to be consistent with data measured by float sensors, especially in terms of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) depth. Moreover, we tested several light models in order to estimate their impact on modeled biogeochemical properties, including self-shading dynamics based on chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentrations. The results, evaluated with the corresponding in-situ BGC-Argo chlorophyll data, indicate that the proposed approach allows to properly simulate the chlorophyll dynamics and illustrate how PAR and vertical mixing are essential environmental regulation factors driving primary producers dynamics. The higher skills are reached using in-situ PAR, but some of the alternative bio-optical models here presented show comparable skill in reproducing DCM depth spatial variability. Simulation results show that during the stratification phase the diel cycle has significant impact on the surface chlorophyll regimes. The approach here presented serves as a computationally smooth solution to analyse BGC-Argo floats data and to corroborate hypotheses on their spatio-temporal variability.
OLYMPUS v1.0: Development of an integrated air pollutant and GHG urban emissions model – Methodology and calibration over the greater Paris
Authors: Elessa Etuman Arthur , Coll Isabelle
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Air pollutants and greenhouse gases have many effects on health, economy, urban climate and atmospheric environment. At the city level, the transport and heating sectors contribute significantly to air pollution. In order to quantify the impact of urban policies on anthropogenic air pollutants, the main processes leading to emissions need to be understood: they mainly include mobility for work and leisure and household behavior, themselves impacted by a variety of social parameters. In this context, the Olympus modeling platform has been designed for environmental decision support. It generates a synthetic population of individuals and defines the mobility of each individual in the city through an activity-based approach of the travel demand. The model then spatializes road traffic taking into account congestion on the road network. It also includes a module that estimates the energy demand of the territory by calculating the unit energy consumption of households and the tertiary sector. Finally, the emissions associated with all the modeled activities are calculated using the COPERT emission factors for the traffic, and the European Environmental Agency (EEA) methodology for heating-related combustions. The comparison of emissions with AIRPARIF's regional inventory shows discrepancies that are consistent with differences in assumptions and input data, mainly in the sense of underestimation. The methodological choices, as well as the potential ways of improvement, including the refinement of traffic congestion modeling and of the transport of goods, are discussed.
Synergy between satellite observations and model simulations during extreme events
Authors: Wiese Anne , Staneva Joanna , Schultz-Stellenfleth Johannes , Behrens Arno , Fenoglio-Marc Luciana , Bidlot Jean-Raymond
Published: July 2018

Abstract. In this study, the quality of wind and wave data provided by the new Sentinel-3A satellite is evaluated. We focus on coastal areas, where altimeter data are of lower quality than those for the open ocean. The satellite data of Sentinel-3A, Jason-2 and CryoSat-2 are assessed in a comparison with in situ measurements and spectral wave model (WAM) simulations. The sensitivity of the wave model to wind forcing is evaluated using data with different temporal and spatial resolution, such as ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalyses, ECMWF operational analysis and short-range forecasts, German Weather Service (DWD) forecasts and regional atmospheric model simulations -coastDat. Numerical simulations show that both the wave model forced using the ERA5 reanalyses and that forced using the ECMWF operational analysis/forecast demonstrate the best capability over the whole study period, as well as during extreme events. To further estimate the variance of the significant wave height of ensemble members for different wind forcings, especially during extreme events, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is performed. Intercomparisons between remote sensing and in situ observations demonstrate that the overall quality of the former is good over the North Sea and Baltic Sea throughout the study period, although the significant wave heights estimated based on satellite data tend to be greater than the in situ measurements by 7 cm to 26 cm. The quality of all satellite data near the coastal area decreases; however, within 10 km off the coast, Sentinel-3A performs better than the other two satellites. Analyses in which data from satellite tracks are separated in terms of onshore and offshore flights have been carried out. No substantial differences are found when comparing the statistics for onshore and offshore flights. Moreover, no substantial differences are found between satellite tracks under various metocean conditions. Furthermore, the satellite data quality does not depend on the wind direction relative to the flight direction. Thus, the quality of the data obtained by the new Sentinel-3A satellite over coastal areas is improved compared to that of older satellites.
Review of Women and Liberty, 1600-1800 by Jacqueline Broad and Karen Detlefsen (eds.)
Authors: Sheridan Patricia
Published: July 2018

A review of Jacqueline Broad and Karen Detlefsen's recent book Women and Liberty, 1600-1800 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017).
Empreendedorismo na enfermagem: comparação com outras profissões da saúde
Authors: Colichi Rosana Maria Barreto , Lima Silvana Andrea Molina
Published: July 2018

Objetivou-se caracterizar as empresas de enfermagem e outras profissões da saúde, comparando indicadores relacionados ao empreendedorismo entre essas categorias profissionais. Estudo de abordagem quantitativa, caráter exploratório e descritivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada em junho e julho de 2017 nos sites da Junta Comercial do Estado de São Paulo, conselhos de classe e Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Com baixo capital social e concentrada em grandes centros, a maioria das empresas foi aberta a partir de 2000, como sociedade limitada, microempresa ou empresa de pequeno porte. O número de empresas de enfermagem é muito inferior ao das relacionadas à fisioterapia, psicologia, nutrição e fonoaudiologia. A área de enfermagem revela as menores relações empresas/profissionais, empresas/cursos e empresas/vagas anuais. Os indicadores reforçam a necessidade da inserção de conteúdos de empreendedorismo nos cursos de graduação em enfermagem,visando preparo para novos mercados de trabalho.
Predicting Egyptian Banks Distress
Authors: EL-Ansary Osama , Saleh Mohamed
Published: July 2018

Purpose – the main purpose of the study is to investigate an accurate prediction method for banking distress applied on a set of Egyptian banks.Methodology - the researchers have compared the prediction accuracy of the discriminant analysis and logistic regression model, to choose the most appropriate one. The data has been collected from the “Bank scope” data base and for the period of 2002–2016.Findings – the results of the study revealed that the predictive accuracy of discriminant analysis outperformed that of the logistic regression model.Originality - The study adds value to the literature as it is one of the few studies that is concerned with predicating the banking financial distress especially in Egypt.
Determinants of Economic Growth in BRICS Countries: A Panel Data Analysis Approach
Authors: Al-Jafari Mohamed Khaled
Published: July 2018

This study investigates the driving forces of economic growth in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries. Therefore, explanatory variables including foreign direct investment, investment in information and technology, inflation rate, economic size and domestic credit provided to private sectors are utilized. In addition, unit root tests and the error correction model are employed on a data collected from 2000 till 2014. Results indicate that variables are stationary and integrated at the first order. On the other hand, foreign direct investment found to have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long-run. In contrary, investment in information and technology, inflation rate and economic size exhibited a negative and significant effect on economic growth. The short-run results show that the economic size variable has a negative and significant effect on economic growth, while the rest of the other variables found to be insignificant. The findings are consistent with previous literatures suggesting that BRICS policymakers must encourage foreign direct investments and eliminate any obstacles in order to achieve a high and sustainable economic growth.
Moderate Transhumanism and Compassion
Authors: Göcke Benedikt
Published: July 2018

Transhumanism is a political agenda according to which we should deploy the means provided by the sciences to change human nature to meet our ends. Reactions to the transhumanist agenda range from naïve endorsement in one corner, to naïve rejection in the other. Some assume that it will inevitably lead to utopian heaven, others that it will lead directly to dystopian hell. These extreme reactions to the transhumanist agenda, however, are often due to unclarity and imprecision with respect to the ends that the transhumanist is said to have in mind. To avoid this vagueness, I start by clarifying what I call a moderate thesis of transhumanism. Once this thesis is clarified, I present an argument in favor of moderate transhumanism that is based on the concept of compassion.
Buceo responsable en El Salvador
Authors: Barraza Enrique
Published: July 2018

El buceo deportivo, extractivo y recreativo que se practica a nivel nacional, mediante apnea o con equipo autónomo en el área natural protegida Complejo Los Cóbanos, lagos de Coatepeque e Ilopango, principalmente, requiere de ordenamiento para evitar los impactos ambientales negativos que ha causado hasta la fecha. La coordinación entre autoridades pertinentes e implementación de protocolos nuevos, así como reglamentos son importantes para prevenir daños a los ecosistemas acuáticos involucrados.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 18, No 47, 48 Enero-Junio 2018; pp.13-20
El arte en el desarrollo integral del niño
Authors: Orellana Alvarado Frederick Ludwig
Published: July 2018

Las artes plásticas en los niños potencian sus capacidades intelectuales, los hace entes interculturales, más sociables, logran desenvolverse mejor en un mundo globalizado, que busca la individualidad multimedia digital, es por esa razón que luego de una observación con los padres de familia de una institución privada de educación básica de San Salvador, con una serie de preguntas abiertas, se buscaron las razones de la importancia que estos le dan a las artes en la educación integral de sus hijos, los resultados: la mayoría, desconoce los beneficios que las artes visuales aportan a la formación integral del niño.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 18, No 47, 48 Enero-Junio 2018; pp.86-91
Aplicación del método de agrupamiento de grises para evaluar la eutrofización en seis humedales de Colombia
Authors: Torres-Velásquez Brenda C. , Paredes Marlio
Published: July 2018

Los humedales son recursos naturales invaluables amenazados por el exceso de nutrientes que desencadena el proceso de eutrofización. Evaluar la eutrofización es el primer paso para restaurar humedales. Una metodología para clasificar humedales por nivel de eutrofización es necesaria ya que las actuales usan índices específicos por nutrientes sin considerar su interacción. El Método de Agrupamiento de Grises (MAG) permite el uso de diferentes estándares e incluye la interacción. Usamos MAG con dos estándares (Internacional y Chino) y dos parámetros (fósforo total y nitrógreno total) para evaluar la eutrofización de seis humedales Colombianos: Tibanica, Capellanía, De Techo, La Vaca, La Conejera y Fúquene. Usando ambos estándares Laguna Fúquene clasificó como eutrófica mientras que los demás clasificaron como eutróficos bajo el estándar internacional e hipereutróficos con el estándar Chino. El análisis de orden mostró que Tibanica, Capellanía, De Techo, La Vaca y La Conejera son más eutróficos que la Laguna de Fúquene utilizando el estándar internacional.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 18, No 47, 48 Enero-Junio 2018; pp.147-162
As vilas de índios dos sertões do norte e do estado do Maranhão: desenho, território e reforma urbana no século XVIII
Authors: Arraes Esdras Araujo
Published: July 2018

Em decorrência da política de Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, futuro marquês de Pombal, um novo paradigma urbano apareceu nos sertões do Norte por meio da criação de vilas de índios voltadas à civilização dos nativos segundo os modelos do Iluminismo europeu. Logo, o objetivo deste ensaio é refletir sobre o efeito que as vilas de índios trouxeram à urbanização das zonas interiorizadas das capitanias do Norte, assim como interpretar o desenho urbano à luz das cartas régias (e outros documentos oficiais) de fundação de vilas e dos encontros culturais realizados entre indígena e europeu. Pretende-se, ainda, demonstrar que a forma urbis adquirida por esses núcleos urbanos apresentou vestígios tanto da normativa estética do século das Luzes como da cultura nativa resignificada pelo adventício.
A ´moderna Botucatu´: a imagem de cidade moderna no interior paulista (1928-1934)
Authors: Oliveira Eduardo Romero de , Botaro Luis Gustavo Martins
Published: July 2018

O artigo tem como objetivo abordar a imagem da cidade moderna no interior paulista a partir do estudo de caso da cidade de Botucatu entre os anos de 1928 a 1934. Para tal, utilizamos os jornais local (Correio de Botucatu, Jornal de Notícias e Folha de Botucatu) e a percepção dos mesmos sobre os aspectos e elementos que categorizam uma imagem de cidade moderna. Dentre estes elementos, destacamos a ênfase no uso da energia elétrica para fins comerciais e cotidianos, as indústrias da cidade e a ferrovia. Em relação ao transporte e à modernidade, temos como hipótese de que a estrada de ferro não é o único elemento modernizador: a presença do automóvel e da estrada de rodagem ganha espaço nos jornais como meio de dinamizar o comércio e a indústria local, condições para a modernização do espaço urbano de Botucatu, segundo os jornais.
Os estudos sobre o Ciclo Confederativo e a história da integração latino-americana no século XIX
Authors: Casa Grande Dirceu Junior
Published: July 2018

Os esforços de integração das nações latino-americanas ocorreram imediatamente após os processos de independência das colônias da América e ficaram conhecidos como Ciclo Confederativo Latinoamericano. Fortemente influenciado pelas anfictionias europeias, o ciclo reuniu as nações recém emancipadas pela primeira vez no Congresso do Panamá, em 1826. Apesar das intenções integracionistas, malogrou precocemente diante de inúmeros conflitos entre os países, da resistência de grupos locais, das pressões dos Estados Unidos, entre outros fatores. Os objetivos deste trabalho são descrever os principais aspectos e elementos que configuraram o Ciclo Confederativo e analisar os estudos sobre o tema da integração latino-americana a partir da perspectiva singular do historiador mexicano, Gérman Adolfo de la Reza.
O samba tinha mais vida: memória de músicos e integrantes das comunidades do samba em Florianópolis/SC
Authors: Pinheiro Lisandra Barbosa Macedo
Published: July 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os discursos em torno da identidade cultural através das manifestações da música popular em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, a partir de entrevistas com músicos e participantes das comunidades do samba, enfatizando, principalmente, a questão das formas musicais e melódicas que compunham em meados do século XX. Pautadas na valorização dos antigos instrumentos, na forma como eram confeccionados, nos formatos dos conjuntos, grupos e nos gêneros musicais, estas memórias nos conduzem e nos auxiliam para uma reflexão historiográfica sobre experiências musicais enquanto formas de lazer, de afirmação e representação cultural, aqui se entendendo como linguagens e representações de mundo, tal como esta se configura nos pressupostos teóricos da Historia do Tempo Presente. A música, nesse sentido, se torna um dos agentes formadores dos discursos em torno da identidade cultural das populações que compõe as regiões periféricas urbanas.
Mundos do trabalho no Amazonas: as lideranças operárias socialistas – Joaquim Azpilicueta, Nicodemos Pacheco, Manoel Sérvulo e Cursino da Gama (1914-1928)
Authors: Teles Luciano Everton Costa
Published: July 2018

O presente artigo tem como finalidade explicitar a atuação de quatro lideranças operárias socialistas no Amazonas que marcaram presença na produção de jornais, na organização de associações de trabalhadores e na fundação de um partido operário entre os anos de 1914 e 1928. Para esse propósito a imprensa operária foi peça documental fundamental, pois em suas páginas ficaram impressas informações sobre a parcela organizada dos trabalhadores, tornando possível, então, observar os referidos militantes.
Las reducciones de la Compañía de Jesús: una introdución
Authors: Martins Maria Cristina Bohn , Paz Carlos Daniel
Published: July 2018

Introdução ao dossie "As reduções da Companhia de Jesus na América Colonial: diálogos de realidades missionárias e debates intelectuais sobre a ação jesuítica".
Hybrid guidewires: Analysis and comparison of the mechanical properties and safety profiles
Authors: Hinck Bryan D. , Emmott Anthony S. , Omar Mohamed , Tarplin Sarah , Chew Ben H. , Monga Manoj
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Hybrid guidewires are commonly used in urology due to the advantage of an atraumatic hydrophilic tip, which facilitates negotiating tight areas, coupled with an unkinkable nitinol core shaft that is easy to work over due to the Teflon coating. Our aim was to compare the physical and mechanical properties of five commercially available hybrid guidewires to assess their characteristics and functionality.
Methods: In vitro testing was performed on the following straighttipped 0.035 inch guidewires: Sensor™ (Boston Scientific), Solo™ Plus (Bard), UltraTrack (Olympus), Rio Tracer™ (Rocamed), and Motion™ (Cook). We evaluated characteristics impacting function (tip flexibility, shaft stiffness, lubricity) and safety (perforation force). Measurements included tip flexibility, lubricity, shaft buckling, and force required to perforate a sheet of aluminum foil.
Results: The Motion had the highest tip-bending force (p<0.00001). The Rio Tracer had the stiffest shaft (p<0.00001), followed by the Solo Plus and the Motion, which were significantly stiffer than the Sensor and UltraTrack (p<0.00001). The Solo Plus and UltraTrack had the greatest perforation force (p=0.00023), and the Rio Tracer had the lowest perforation force (p=0.016) when compared to the Sensor. There was no significant difference in frictional force between the five guidewires (p=0.1516).
Conclusions: The Solo Plus and UltraTrack required the greatest force to perforate, which conveys a higher safety margin. The RioTracer is the stiffest guidewire, which may be beneficial for instrument insertion with the tradeoff of having a lower perforation force. The clinical significance of higher tip-bending forces (unfavourable) and higher shaft-bending forces (favourable) deserve further investigation.
Can Ants Apply What They Acquired Through Operant Conditioning?
Authors: Cammaerts Marie-Claire , Cammaerts Roger
Published: July 2018

Can an act learned through conditioning be adequately presented in a subsequent different situation under which it may be useful to the individuals? We approached this question, working on ants, and staying at a level basic compared to the largely developed Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) discipline. We simply conditioned the ants of both colonies A and B to a green hollow cube (= the conditioned stimulus CS1) associated with sugar water (= the unconditioned stimulus US1), and to basilica (= the conditioned stimulus CS2) associated with meat (= the unconditioned stimulus US2). We then deprived colony A of sugar water and colony B of meat. Thereafter, when confronted to the two conditioned stimuli at the same time, the ants of colony A chose CS 1 (previously associated with sugar water), and the ants of colony B chose the CS 2 (previously associated with meat). The ants chose thus the CS corresponding to the US of which they were deprived. They applied thus a behavior learned through conditioning in a subsequent situation under which this behavior may be useful. During our test experiment, the ants strongly responded to the adequate CS due to their high motivation resulting from starvation. Conditioning techniques might also be usefully used during humans’ treatment under the ABA discipline. Increasing the patients’ motivation during some conditioning performed for caring them may enhance the impact of that conditioning on the treatment efficiency.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Food Research, Vol. 7 No. 4
Authors: Dong Bella
Published: July 2018

Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jfr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to jfr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 4Ancuta Elena Prisacaru, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, RomaniaAnna Iwaniak, Warmia and Mazury University, PolandAntonello Santini, University of Napoli "Federico II", ItalyAsima Asi Begic-Akagic, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, BosnianBülent Ergönül, Celal Bayar University, TurkeyCorina-aurelia Zugravu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, RomaniaDiego A. Moreno-Fernández, CEBAS-CSIC, SpainHaihan Chen, University of California, United StatesMarco Iammarino, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, ItalyPalmiro Poltronieri, National Research Council of Italy, ItalyPoonam Singha, South Dakota State University, USA
Evaluating Urban Status of Informal Settlements in Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis of Three Case Studies in North Jakarta
Authors: Alzamil Waleed S
Published: July 2018

Informal settlements have become one of the most important issues facing urban areas in Indonesia. The emergence of informal settlements, called ‘kampungs’, in Jakarta has accompanied the rapid urbanization, and it has become more serious in recent decades. This paper evaluates the urban status of informal settlements in Jakarta. The methods used include a comparative analysis of three case studies in North Jakarta: A. Kampung Bandan; B. Kampung Luar Batang; and C. Kampung Muara Baru. This paper founds that upgrading these settlements must be in accordance with a comprehensive plan that includes priority improvements. The paper proposes integrating the local community into informal area improvement processes because they are aware of their actual needs.
Economic Growth and Population Ageing in Nigeria: Innovation Accounting Techniques
Authors: Young Ademola Obafemi
Published: July 2018

While global ageing suggests a triumph of social, economic, and medical advances over diseases, however, in economics regarding the growth implications of ageing, it is a puzzle as to what direction the effect will go. This motivates the current study to investigate empirically the economic growth consequences of population ageing in the context of Nigerian economy spanning between the period 1970 and 2015. Innovation Accounting Techniques was applied to assess the dynamic interactions among the variables. The results obtained revealed that the innovation in life expectancy and change in adult age dependency had the least contribution to the variation in per capita real GDP growth rate. The magnitude ranges between 1.45 and 8.33 percent. These results, thus, lend credence to the pessimistic view which contend that the inequality in a country’s population age structure, particularly, a greater share of the population of the elderly, depresses the country’s productivity level. Hence, the study recommends that any long term growth strategy aimed at boosting per capita income at a sustainable rate over the next ten (10) to fifteen (15) years needs to envision policies and reforms that are likely to foster savings and boost returns on them.
Advancing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): An Analysis of How Non- Financial Services of Microfinance Insitutions Facilitate Human Capital Development of Clients in Ghana
Authors: Antoh Ernestina Fredua , Arhin Albert A
Published: July 2018

In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, together with seventeen goals that are collectively called the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study examined the effects of non-financial microfinance services on human capital development of clients and discusses its implications on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The case is drawn from Sinapi Aba Trust (SAT), which is a microfinance institution of Ghana. Primary data were collected from 361 clients in seven districts of the Ashanti Region, Ghana. The results of the ordinary least square (OLS) regression showed that non-financial services offered by SAT had positive significance on human capital development of the clients. This finding shows how additional services from microfinance institution could help clients to maximise the value of loans offered to support income-generating economic activities. For clients, the study also draws attention to the need for them to take non-financial services offered by microfinance institutions seriously to improve on their own human capital development in the context of the SDGs.
Ownership Changes and Harvesting Patterns Associated with the Forest Products Industry in West-Central Alabama from 1984 to 2014
Authors: Hunt Seth David , Barlow Rebecca , Kush John , Teeter Larry , Bailey Conner
Published: July 2018

Since the beginning of the 1980s, vertically integrated forest products companies have divested their forestland with much of the new ownership being real estate investment trusts (REITs) and timberland investment management organizations (TIMOs). These new landowners and their associated behavior of intensive timber management and higher and better use conversion has given rise to issues such as land-use change, fragmentation, and conservation. To better gauge harvesting patterns and ownership changes associated with the divestment of forestland by forest industry and the arrival of TIMOs and REITs on the forested landscape, eleven Landsat scenes were used to detect harvest activity within the Alabama counties of Bibb, Hale, Pickens, and Tuscaloosa from 1984 to 2014. Detected harvesting activity was paired with county parcel data and then classified based on landowner type: REITs, TIMOs, forest product industry, government, and non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners. Overall harvest trends showed a decrease in harvest rates from 1984 to 2005 with a slight increase in harvest rates after 2005. Per scene interval, acres harvested were highly variable for NIPF and relatively stable for forest industry during this time. Government ownership maintained relatively low and stable harvesting behavior throughout the study period. Acres harvested by REITs was relatively low. TIMOs showed an ever increasing rate of harvest within the study area until the last scene interval (2011-2014).
Howell-Jolly Body–Like Inclusions in Neutrophils of Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A Novel Correlation
Authors: Tong Yi Tat , Nguyen Nghia D. , Wahed Amer
Published: July 2018

Context.—

Howell-Jolly body–like inclusions have been previously associated with patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected, taking antiviral medications, and immunosuppressed. These inclusions appear in neutrophils and resemble Howell-Jolly bodies of normoblasts in abnormal erythropoiesis. In granulocytes, they are thought to represent detached nuclear fragments produced from dysplastic granulopoiesis. To the best of our knowledge, no association of Howell-Jolly body–like inclusions and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has been reported previously.

Objective.—

To establish an unprecedented correlation of Howell-Jolly body–like inclusions in patients with MDS.

Design.—

Eleven bone marrow cases from patients diagnosed with MDS and 20 bone marrow cases with no significant pathologic alterations were retrospectively reviewed. Detailed medical record review was performed to ensure none of the patients had a history of HIV, or was taking immunosuppressants and/or antiviral medications.

Results.—

Eight of 11 cases (72%) from the study group show detached intracytoplasmic inclusions in a minority (<5%) of mature neutrophils consistent with Howell-Jolly body–like inclusions. No Howell-Jolly body–like inclusions were identified in the control group. Notably, none of the selected patients had a history of HIV or was taking immunosuppressants and antiviral medications.

Conclusions.—

In review of the literature, Howell-Jolly body–like inclusions seem to correlate with immunosuppression and antiviral therapies with nucleoside analogs. We propose that the formation of Howell-Jolly body–like inclusions is the consequence of dysplasia, and hence its correlation not only with the abovementioned conditions, but also with MDS. The inclusions are, however, seen in only a minority of white cells (<5%), which is probably why they were not brought to practicing pathologists' awareness in the past. This study aims to raise awareness and correlate the presence of Howell-Jolly body–like inclusions in MDS.