bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Health Locus of Control Scale: Psychometric Properties
Authors: Gutkin Terry B. , Robbins Julene R. , Andrews Lester
Published: July 2017

This study examined selected psychometric properties of the Health Locus of Control Scale (HLOC) (Wallston, Wallston, Kaplan, and Maides, 1976). Specifically, the HLOC factor structure, factor score reliabilities, and correlations with social desirability were investigated.
The Concurrent Validity of Teachers' Judgments of the Abilities of Preschoolers in a Daycare Setting
Authors: Stoner Sue , Purcell Karyn
Published: July 2017

Teachers of 43 preschool children (17 boys and 26 girls) enrolled in an educational program in a daycare setting were asked to indicate on the record form of the Daberon those tasks that the child could or could not perform. One week later the preschoolers were administered the Daberon by trained examiners. Correlations between scores on teacher form and those on the examiner form were significant for the total group and for subgroups differentiated by sex.
Original Verbal Imagery and Its Sense Modality Correlates
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: July 2017

77 college adults (33 men and 44 women) were divided into two treatment groups using the two groups randomized posttest only design. Experimentals were asked to rate the vividness of their auditory imagery on a 5 point scale and then instructed to use the auditory sense modality to produce images in response to the sound stimuli of Sounds and Images Form 2A, a measure of verbal originality. Following this training, subjects of both treatment groups were administered Onomatopoeia and Images Form 2A, another measure of verbal originality as the dependent variable. The verbal images produced on Onomatepoeis and Images were scored for (1) originality and (2) use of various sense modalities. The results of (1) showed no significant differences in mean originality scores due to training, sex, or training x sex. The results of (2) showed that there were no significant differences in mean sense modality scores due to training, originality level, training x originality level, and training x originality level x sense modality; however, significant differences in mean scores were found for the use of the several sense modalities (viz., visual, auditory, organic, visual-auditory, other 2 modalities combined, more than 2 modalities combined, and symbolic) and for interaction effects of level x sense modality. Generally it was found that the visual, auditory, visual-auditory, and other two or more than two sense modalities combined were used in the production of verbal images. It was concluded that these results may have positive implications for learning relative to the verbal processes and its physiological correlates; and that some problems in need of study related to other groups of adults and adolescents, and people denied the use of the' sense of sight or hearing.
Creativity, Teaching Style and Pupil Control
Authors: Raina M.K. , Vats Arunima
Published: July 2017

The hypothesis that the more creative teachers would have a teaching style which favours creativity and would be more humanistic in their pupil control orientation in comparison to low creative teachers was tested. Sample consisted of 60 teacher educators from all over India. The hypothesis was retained. Sex differences and effect of years of teaching experience on creative personality, teaching style and pupil control orientation were also studied and it was found that there are not significant sex differences on the above three variables. However, it was found that teachers with more years of experience have teaching style favouring creativity.
Teacher Perception of Creativity, Intelligence and Achievement
Authors: Mayfield Betty
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to explicate the relationships between student test performance on standardized intelligence, achievement and creativity tests and teacher perceptions of these abilities. Third grade students were administered a battery of tests, and their teachers rated their intelligence, academic achievement, and creativity in comparison with all other same-aged children and in comparison with the other children in the class [Q-sort parallel]. Pearson product-moment correlations revealed that all teacher responses were significantly related to each other; they were also significantly correlated with the achievement test scores and the Cognitive Abilities Test scores. Global creativity ratings did not correspond well with the standardized test scores, but the creativity Q-sort responses were significantly related to the creativity test scores.
Genius Creativity and Eminence
Authors: Rekdal C.K.
Published: July 2017

Large bodies of literature have supported the necessity of gifted programs for either the intellectually superior or the creative-productive thinker, but few have actively sought to establish programs which systematically combine the two. A promising union of these two categories may identify a group previously ignored, but whose characteristics merit closer examination. This paper attempts to establish a theory of eminence based on the notion that the potential genius will very likely be found among this special group. While eminence is viewed as a rare ability which is to some extent predetermined, the capacity of society to significantly influence its fruition is regarded as dependent on its power or skill to increase individual faculty for creative behavior.
Some Linguistic Features of Speech from Aphasic Patients
Authors: Fillenbaum Samuel , Jones Lyle V. , Wepman Joseph M.
Published: July 2017

The free speech of each of twelve adult aphasic patients was examined with reference particularly to (1) the distribution of words according to grammatical function, (2) sequential dependencies in form-class usage, and (3) stereotypy in vocabulary. The majority of the aphasic records departed considerably from normal usage (as defined by analysis of twelve control records), with similarity among some patients in the pattern of divergence. The measures used appear to be of particular value in revealing (i) semantic difficulties in word selection and (ii) difficulties in the sequencing of speech that occur along with syntactic losses.
Antagonistic Functions of Verbal Pauses: Filled and Unfilled Pauses in the Solution of Additions
Authors: Livant William Paul
Published: July 2017

The time required for the mental solution of addition problems is much greater if the subject fills the pause with vocalization habitually used to fill pauses in speaking (e.g.: ah, er, um), than if the pause is filled with silence. This supports previous results of Goldman-Eisler with thematic materials. Practice reduces solution time under both filled and unfilled pauses by an identical proportion whose magnitude varies from subject to subject. It is argued that filled pauses serve antagonistic functions, increasing the speakers control of conversation, but decreasing the quality of his production; filled pauses in speech without an audience may serve an analogous function of controlling distractions introduced by anxiety.
Interaction of Two Sources of Verbal Context in Word Identification
Authors: Pollack Irwin
Published: July 2017

Incomplete eight-letter target words in the final position of 9- or 10-word sentences were presented to college students for completion. With separate groups of subjects, the number of context letters of the target word varied from 0 to 6; and, the number of context words preceding the target word varied from 0 to 8. It was found that the obtained proportions of correct word identifications with combined word and letter contexts were substantially greater than predicted by an independence model of interaction between the effects of letter context alone and word context alone. This finding was verified by a letter by letter analysis of the results. Two alternative quantitative descriptions of the interaction of word and letter context in word identification were also examined. The predicted proportions of correct word identifications with these models more nearly approached the obtained scores.
Transitions in Fricative Noise
Authors: Uldall Elizabeth
Published: July 2017

The successful synthesis of English consonant clusters /sps/, /sts/ and /sks/ calls for the use of “transition” type frequency changes in the fricative noise.
Social Class Language Differences in Group Discussions
Authors: Lawton Denis
Published: July 2017

This report deals with the second stage of a three-part study of groups of working-class and middle-class boys of average intelligence aged 12 and 15. The first part (Lawton, 1963) consisted of an analysis of the written language of these boys; the second part is an analysis of some aspects of the speech of the same boys in group discussions; the final stage will deal with the speech of the same subjects in individual interviews.

The purpose of this second part of the study was to provide data comparable with that contained in Bernstein's paper (1962b), to compare the results of 15 year old boys with those of boys aged 12, and also to make possible a comparison of the written and spoken modes of language of the same subjects.
Some Aspects of the Production of Oral and Nasal Labial Stops
Authors: Harris Katherine S. , Lysaught Gloria F. , Schvey Malcolm M.
Published: July 2017

Various measures were made of the electromyographic output of the muscles of the lips during the production of /p/, /b/, /m/, /mp/ and /mb/, to see if there was a difference in the amount or patterning of activity between sounds usually described as “tense” and “lax”. Overall, there is some slight average tendency for “tense” sounds to be produced more forcefully than “lax”, but this tendency is present only for some subjects and when large numbers of responses are averaged. It is not large enough to serve as the basis for a phonemic distinction based on muscular effort. We conclude that the essential difference between /p/ and /b/ lies elsewhere. The present results support a conclusion drawn from other studies that the real difference is in the relative timing of events at the glottis and at the place of oral occlusion.
Hesitation and Grammatical Encoding
Authors: Boomer Donald S.
Published: July 2017

The occurrence of filled and unfilled pauses was examined with respect to their location in phonemic clauses. Both types of hesitation were most frequent after the first word in the clause, regardless of length. These data are regarded as directly challenging the transitional probability theory of hesitations. The phonemic clause is proposed as the encoding unit of speech at the grammatical level.
Lexicality and Its Statistical Reflection
Authors: Herdan Gustav
Published: July 2017

This paper puts forward the point of view that lexicality is a property of language at the lexical level which is comparable with grammaticality and phonemicality at the levels of grammar and phonology. The statistical reflection of lexicality is to be found in vocabulary connectivity, which in turn may be measured by a suitable statistical technique.
Crosslanguage Study of Vowel Perception
Authors: Stevens K.N. , Libermann A.M. , Studdert-Kennedy M. , Öhman S.E.G.
Published: July 2017

This study examines the discrimination and identification of synthetic rounded and unrounded vowels by speakers of two languages (English and Swedish). The unrounded vowels are phonemic in both languages, whereas the rounded vowels are phonemic only in Swedish. A subsidiary aim of the study is to compare the perception of the synthetic vowels with that of synthetic consonant-vowel syllables in which the consonants are stops arranged along a continuum from /b/ to /d/ to /g/. The data indicate that the ability of subjects to discriminate between the vowels is relatively independent of their linguistic experience: Swedish and American English subjects exhibit similar performance in the discrimination tests, though they have somewhat different identification functions. The discrimination functions are characterized by peaks and valleys, suggesting that listeners can discriminate given shifts in the vowel formant frequencies more readily in some vowel regions than in others. Comparison of the data on stop-consonant and vowel perception is consistent with earlier findings: the number of discriminable tokens along the stop-consonant continuum is roughly equal to the number of absolutely identifiable items (three in this case) ; on the other hand, the number of discriminable vowels is much greater than the number that can be absolutely identified. The data are in accord with the view that a human listener uses different modes in the perception of steady-state vowels and stop consonants.
Some Electromyography Data Towards a Model of Speech Production
Authors: Tatham M.A.A. , Morton Katherine
Published: July 2017

An experiment in electromyography is described ; data on action potentials obtained from m. orbicularis oris is presented. There is every indication that the EMG signal is statistically insignificantly different in duration and amplitude for initial and final /p/ and /b/ in context with several vowels in monosyllabic words. The data is linked to a provisional theory of production.
The Phonetic Feature of Vowel Length in Dutch
Authors: Nooteboom S.G. , Slis I.H.
Published: July 2017

A basic assumption of the research reported upon here is that measurable vowel duration is at least partly controlled by an independent phonetic feature of vowel length. We have studied manifestations of this feature by measuring articulatory segment durations of a number of Dutch short vowels, long vowels and diphthongs, in nonsense words of the form /pVpVpVp/ of which the second syllable was stressed. /V/ was the same vowel in each syllable. The /p/ durations and the total word durations were also measured. The durations were defined by the moments of lip opening and closure measured with a lip contact. The results can be explained by assuming that on a programming level of speech production there are only two possible specification values of the feature of vowel length for Dutch vowels, one for the short vowels /α, , œ, I, ε, u, y, i/ and one for the long vowels /a:, o:, ø:, e:/, plus the diphthongs /αu, Λy, εi/. The programming level of speech production is taken to correspond to the linguistic level of phonetic representation. Durational variations within each of the two phonetic categories of vowel length can be explained by peripheral properties of the speech production system. Variations due to stress and position are accounted for by assuming that prosodic patterns may affect the amount of deviation of the actual duration from the specified ideal duration.
The Effect of Relative Formant Amplitude on the Perceived Identity of Synthetic Vowels
Authors: Ainsworth W.A. , Millar J.B.
Published: July 2017

The perceptual effect of varying the relative amplitude of the formants in two-formant synthetic vowels has been investigated. It was found that as the amplitude of the second formant was reduced the identity of each sound was firstly independent of the relative amplitude, then became ambiguous and finally changed to that of a vowel of correct first formant frequency. These experiments were performed with isolated vowel sounds of 240 and 480 msec. duration, and with vowels in an /h-d/ context. The shift in the mean second formant frequency of the vowel areas in the F1-F2 space which accompanied the change in perceived identity was gradual for isolated vowels but abrupt for /h-d/ words. A greater uniformity between the responses of different listeners was observed with the vowels in context. These results are interpreted to indicate that a perceptual mechanism behaviourally similar to peak-picking operates when the format amplitudes are within 28 db. but that various biases of the listeners, and a possible subsidiary mechanism which cannot be precisely evaluated, dominated responses when the formant amplitudes differed by more than 28 db.
Linguistic Relativity and Colour Terminology
Authors: Michaels David
Published: July 2017

In the recent anthropological-linguistic literature attention has been given to the study of basic colour terminology across languages and cultures in an effort to learn if different cultures see the world in different ways, and if language contributes to the way in which we see the world. One of the most influential of these studies (Berlin and Kay, 1969) suggests that there is a hierarchy of basic colour terminologies across cultures, that, for example, if a culture has two basic colour terms, they will be the terms for black and white, if three, black, white, and red, and so on up to eleven such terms. Furthermore, they suggest that there is a correlation between the number of basic colour terms in a particular language, which is a cultural product, and the level of technological achievement in that culture. Thus Walbiri, an aboriginal Australian language has just two, while English has all eleven. We find the following facts, however, which contradict their analysis of the colour terminology situation in languages around the world: (1) The linguistic criteria by which colour term studies define what is and what is not a basic colour term are ad hoc and ethnocentric. That is, the criteria cannot serve to define semantic domains other than colour, and, furthermore, the criteria seem chosen specifically to characterize the English terms. (2) When we remove these criteria and consider directly the way in which different languages characterize the colour spectrum, we find an overwhelming uniformity. (3) When we look at the history of the basic colour terms in English, we find that for the most part they were available to earlier stages of the language when the culture could hardly have been described as technologically advanced.
Sex-Related Differences in Colour Vocabulary
Authors: Rich Elaine
Published: July 2017

This paper describes an experiment designed to test the hypothesis that women have larger colour vocabularies than men. The results indicate that they do. The results also indicate that, in at least one social class, younger men have larger colour vocabularies than do older men. No such difference exists for women. However, a group of Catholic nuns did score lower than the rest of the women but still higher than the men.
Stylistic Variation and Evaluative Reactions To Speech: Problems in the Investigation of Linguistic Attitudes in Scotland
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: July 2017

This paper describes some of the difficulties involved in conducting language evaluation tests in Edinburgh and reports some results of a pilot study. Samples of speech were obtained from six different speakers, each one reading a text and speaking casually. These were presented to 10 subjects using Lambert's matched-guise technique. Subjects were asked to evaluate the speakers in terms of paired characteristics on a semantic differential scale. As in other evaluation experiments, the responses to linguistic behavior appeared to be mediated through the reaction to social groups. In this case, two dimensions of evaluation were highly salient: perceived identity of the speaker and the way in which the speech style of the speaker was evaluated in two different contexts.
Testing the Psychological Reality of Phonemes
Authors: Jaeger Jeri J.
Published: July 2017

One important aspect of the current growing interest in testing claims about the psychological reality of various linguistic phenomena is the exploration of new experimental paradigms for accomplishing this testing. This paper explores the use of the standard classical conditioning and concept-formation paradigms, using the notion of the phoneme (in particular the claim that naïve speakers perceive allophones of a phoneme as being "the same"), as the focus of the inquiry. In Experiment 1, subjects were trained by classical conditioning (shock-GSR) to respond to words containing what is analyzed as one allophone of the phoneme /k/ in English (the aspirated allophone), and then were played words containing other allophones ([k], [k°] ) as well as non-/k/-words, to see if there was generalization of response to these phonetically different but phonologically "same" sounds. In Experiment 2, subjects were asked to perform a category-formation task: they were trained that the correct category was words containing the aspirated allophone of /k/; they were then tested to see if they would include other allophones in the category. (Particular attention was paid to the categorization of the [k] after word-initial /s/.) The subjects in both experiments made phoneme-like responses. Implications of these results for the theory of the phoneme and for future experimentation are discussed.
A Comparison of the Oral Syntactic Performance of Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Adults
Authors: Collins Patrick J.
Published: July 2017

Oral language samples of alcoholic and non-alcoholic male and female adults were compared to determine the effects of the chronic ingestion of alcohol on oral syntax. Subjects viewed a series of selected pictures, and audio recordings were made of their spoken reactions. Transcriptions of the linguistic output of each subject were analyzed according to Laura Lee's Developmental Sentence Scoring procedure. Syntactic performance was examined in reference to the occurrence of eight grammatical items, the degree of syntactic completeness and the mean syntactic complexity. Alcoholic subjects committed a greater number of syntactic and semantic errors than did non-alcoholics and displayed a minimal deficit in the integrative aspect of expressive language. Further investigation is suggested in such areas as the effect of other neurotoxins on language performance and the effect of pre-morbid alcoholism on patterns of aphasic disturbance and recovery.
Word Boundaries in the French Language
Authors: Rietveld A.C.M.
Published: July 2017

We tried to investigate the existence of word boundaries between noun and adjective in the French language. Some acoustical features of these boundaries — fundamental frequency, duration and intensity — were investigated. It appeared that all three parameters could be considered as possible acoustical correlates of word boundaries. A perception test indicated, with certain restrictions, that the temporal structure of the speech material was the most important cue for the detection of the word boundaries involved.
On Defining the Vowel Duration That Cues Voicing in Final Position
Authors: Raphael Lawrence J. , Dorman Michael F. , Libeman Alvin M.
Published: July 2017

Most investigations into the perceptual relevance of vowel duration have employed patterns of synthetic speech in which only the steady-state portions of syllables have been used as the variable. The experiments reported here were designed to discover if CV transitions are also included by the listener in determining the effective duration of the "vowel." More specifically, they measured the contribution of syllable-initial formant transitions to that "vowel" duration on which the voicing of a stop in syllable-final position can be made to depend. It is clear from the results that the syllable-initial transitions do contribute to that duration; indeed, they appear to contribute to the same degree as an equal duration of steady-state. Apparently, the effective duration of a vowel extends over all parts of the acoustic signal that may be said to have been influenced by it, including especially the transitions that reflect the consequences of the coarticulation of vowel and consonant.
Intonational Accompaniments of Japanese Morphemes WA and GA
Authors: Finn Alice Nancy
Published: July 2017

An experiment was conducted to study intonational characteristics that accompany the grammatical morphemes wa and ga in Japanese utterances. Twelve native speakers of Japanese read aloud twelve sentences that contained various sub-types of wa and ga. Acoustical analysis of fundamental frequency and pause durations revealed that wa was preceded by a larger fall in fundamental frequency than ga and that wa was frequently followed by a pause, unlike ga. Thematic and contrastive sub-types of wa were differentiated by pauses as well as fundamental frequency fall. Three sub-types of ga were not clearly differentiated by pauses, although differences were observed in the patterns of fundamental frequency.
“Voicing” in English: A Catalogue of Acoustic Features Signaling /b/ Versus /p/ in Trochees
Authors: Lisker Leigh
Published: July 2017

The English category sets /b, d, g/ and /p, t, k/ are now usually referred to as voiced and voiceless stops respectively, although it is recognized that membership in these sets is not entirely determined by whether, according to commonly accepted definitions, a given phonetic element is voiced or voiceless; nor need it even be described as a stop. What is true is that if a phonetic element is phonetically a voiced stop then it will be assigned to the /b, d, g/ set, and if it is a voiceless stop it may, but need not be, assigned to /p, t, k/. A context in which the stop members of the two phonological sets may be distinguished simply on the basis of voicing (as narrowly defined with respect to stop consonants) is between vowels, as for example in the pair rabid-rapid. Acoustically, however, as many as 16 pattern properties can be counted that may play a role in determining whether a listener reports hearing one of these words rather than the other. In purely acoustic terms these properties are rather disparate, although most of them show variations that can plausibly be considered to be primarily the diverse effects of a relatively simple difference in the management of the larynx together with the closing and opening of the mouth. This diversity makes it difficult to rationalize a purely acoustic account of the rabid-rapid opposition, — i.e., one that makes no reference to the articulatory mechanisms and maneuvers by which the common linguistic effect of varying these acoustic properties might be explained.
Limits on Later-Occurring Rate Information for Phonetic Perception
Authors: Miller Joanne L.
Published: July 2017

It has been shown that when listeners identify monosyllabic target words as beginning with /b/ versus /w/ on the basis of the duration of the initial formant transitions, they do so in relation to the rate of the word. Specifically, as speaking rate decreases such that the word becomes longer, the transition duration required to perceive /w/ as opposed to /b/ also becomes longer. We investigated whether the rate of speech subsequent to the target word also influences perception of the word-initial /b/—/w/ contrast. In a series of studies focusing on the monosyllabic target words bill and will, we found no evidence for the influence of this later-occurring rate information on identification. In each case, however, we did find the expected influence of the rate of the word itself. These results indicate that the domain of the relevant later-occurring rate information is limited. Possible temporal, structural, and lexical factors underlying this limitation are discussed.
Syntactic Representations in Agrammatic Aphasia: The Case of Prepositions
Authors: Grodzinsky Yosef
Published: July 2017

The focus of this paper is the syntactic deficit in agrammatic aphasia. The specific issue is the extent to which prepositions are impaired in this syndrome. This category is of particular interest because of the unique role its members play in the grammar. This is the organization of the paper: First, several descriptive generalizations are examined critically, and arguments against them are advanced. Then, a new hypothesis is formulated, stated in terms of current linguistic theory. This hypothesis views the deficit as being partial from a syntactic point of view. The relevant notion to account for the data (i.e., partitioning the impaired from preserved prepositions) is Government, a structural relation that must hold between the preposition at issue and the verb. The consequences of this hypothesis are derived, and an experiment that was conducted to test them is reported. The findings of this experiment not only support the hypothesis, but also suggest that the impairment is unique to agrammatic aphasic patients, since the performance of a control group of fluent aphasics was different. Finally, several theoretical issues are discussed in light of the findings and of the proposed description of the agrammatic deficit.
English Compound Versus Non-Compound Noun Phrases in Discourse: An Acoustic and Perceptual Study
Authors: Farnetani Edda , Torsello Carol Taylor , Cosi Piero
Published: July 2017

The aim of the present paper is to describe, in acoustic and perceptual terms, the prosodic pattern distinguishing English compound and non-compound noun phrases, and to determine how information structure and position affect the production and perception of the two forms. The study is based on the performance of ten English-speaking subjects (five speakers and five listeners). The test utterances were three minimal-pair noun phrases of two constituents, excised from conversational readings. These were analyzed acoustically, and submitted to the listeners for semantic identification. The results indicate that the distinction, when effective, lies primarily in the different prominence pattern: a sequence of an accented constituent followed by an unaccented one in compounds, and of two accented constituents (the second heard as stronger than the first) in non-compounds. It is also based on a different degree of internal cohesion, stronger in compounds and weaker in non-compounds. F0, associated or trading with intensity, has proved to be the main cue to this distinction — more than duration, the major differentiating parameter in production. When an item is excised from the context, the perception of the intended category depends heavily on the communicative importance it had in the discourse. This means that information structure, through its effects on accentuation, becomes the determining factor in the perception of the distinction. The distinctive accentual pattern weakens or is completely neutralized when the test items convey old information. The degree of deaccentuation also seems to be affected by an immediately following focus, and, to a certain extent, by position. The data are viewed in the framework of speaker-listener interaction, and it is argued that deaccentuation, as well as accentuation, can have a communicative function.
The Emphatic and Pharyngeal Sounds in Hebrew and in Arabic
Authors: Laufer Asher , Baer Thomas
Published: July 2017

This study addresses physiological, acoustic, and linguistic issues in the production of the emphatic sounds // and the pharyngeal sounds //. Approximately 300 minutes of video recordings were obtained from nine Hebrew and Arabic speakers; using a fiberscope positioned in the upper pharynx and simultaneous audio recording through an external microphone. We also studied a cineradiographic film of three Arabic speakers. Results clearly show that all the emphatic sounds, when pronounced as such, share pharyngealization as a secondary articulation. A constriction is formed between the pharyngeal walls and the tip of the epiglottis, which tilts backwards. To a lesser degree, the lower part of the root of the tongue is also retracted. The data show that all the emphatic and pharyngeal sounds we studied are made with qualitatively the same pharyngeal constriction. However, the pharyngeal constriction is more extreme and less variable for the pharyngeal sounds, where it is the primary articulation, than for the emphatic sounds, where it is a secondary articulation. Because the same sort of pharyngealization is seen for all the emphatics, we use a common notational symbol, [~], for all of them, including // in place of /q/. We note that where pharyngeals and pharyngealized sounds were realized, the Hebrew and Arabic speakers produced them in essentially the same way.
Methods and Goals of Speech Production Research
Authors: Fujimur Osamu
Published: July 2017

A personal view of current issues in speech production research is presented with some historical comments. Particular emphasis is placed on issues directly concerned with the relation between abstract phonological representations and speech signals, using a model of speech organization in reference to articulatory movement patterns. Experimental methods to support such linguistic research efforts, including some instrumental methods for recording articulatory data, are also reviewed from this particular point of view. Preparatory sections review the physical process and some physiological studies. The discussion focuses on the temporal organization of speech, deviating from the classical segmental concatenation and coarticulation principles, and discussing new possibilities about phonetic implementation in conjunction with an abstract representation framework of nonlinear phonology.
The Syllabic Structure of Spoken Words: Evidence from the Syllabification of Intervocalic Consonants
Authors: Schiller Niels O. , Meyer Antje S. , Levelt Willem J. M.
Published: July 2017

A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the syllable affiliation of intervocalic consonants following short vowels, long vowels, and schwa in Dutch. Special interest was paid to words such as letter [l∊[UNKNOWN]t] “id.,” where a short vowel is followed by a single consonant. On phonological grounds one may predict that the first syllable should always be closed, but earlier psycholinguistic research had shown that speakers tend to leave these syllables open. In our experiments, bisyllabic word forms were presented aurally, and participants produced their syllables in reversed order (Experiments 1 through 5), or repeated the words inserting a pause between the syllables (Experiment 6). The results showed that participants generally closed syllables with a short vowel. However, in a significant number of the cases they produced open short vowel syllables. Syllables containing schwa, like syllables with a long vowel, were hardly ever closed. Word stress, the phonetic quality of the vowel in the first syllable, and the experimental context influenced syllabification. Taken together, the experiments show that native speakers syllabify bisyllabic Dutch nouns in accordance with a small set of prosodic output constraints. To account for the variability of the results, we propose that these constraints differ in their probabilities of being applied.
Prosody in the Comprehension of Spoken Language: A Literature Review
Authors: Cutler Anne , Dahan Delphine , van Donselaar Wilma
Published: July 2017

Research on the exploitation of prosodic information in the comprehension of spoken language is reviewed. The research falls into three main areas: the use of prosody in the recognition of spoken words, in which most attention has been paid to the question of whether the prosodic structure of a word plays a role in initial activation of stored lexical representations; the use of prosody in the computation of syntactic structure, in which the resolution of global and local ambiguities has formed the central focus; and the role of prosody in the processing of discourse structure, in which there has been a preponderance of work on the contribution of accentuation and deaccentuation to integration of concepts with an existing discourse model. The review reveals that in each area progress has been made towards new conceptions of prosody's role in processing, and in particular this has involved abandonment of previously held deterministic views of the relationship between prosodic structure and other aspects of linguistic structure.
Metrical Segmentation in Dutch: Vowel Quality or Stress?
Authors: Quené Hugo , Koster Mariëtte L.
Published: July 2017

Previous experiments using a word-spotting task suggest that English listeners use metrically strong syllables to segment continuous speech into discrete words (Cutler & Norris, 1988). The present study is concerned with this metrical segmentation strategy in Dutch. Although Dutch and English share general metrical properties, they differ in ways that may affect segmentation. First, the acoustic cues for metrically strong syllables are less salient in Dutch than in English; hence a metrical segmentation strategy is less likely to be applied by Dutch listeners. Second, vowel quality depends less on metrical structure in Dutch than in English; hence segmentation in Dutch is presumably triggered by other acoustic cues, namely, those related to stress.

Experiment 1 shows that stress strongly affects Dutch listeners' ability and speed in spotting Dutch monosyllabic words in disyllabic nonwords. Experiment 2, however, finds the same stress effect when only the target words are presented, without a subsequent syllable triggering segmentation. A third experiment shows a small effect of vowel quality on error scores, but not on latencies. These results suggest that Dutch listeners do not apply a metrical segmentation strategy. The discrepancy between the two languages suggests that segmentation strategies may depend on language-specific regularities in the phonology and in the lexicon.
Cowpeas from Nigeria: A Silent Food Revolution
Authors: Ortiz Rodomiro
Published: July 2017

Cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) are an important native African legume crop, whose seeds are sold in local urban and rural markets. West Africa is the main centre of diversity for cowpeas. Nigeria is the world's largest producer and second in acreage. The production trend shows a significant improvement of cowpea cultivation in this country from 1961 to 1995. In this period, Nigerian cowpea production increased by 441% according to available statistics of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This paper discusses the evolution of cowpea production from the early 1960s until recent years in Nigeria, along with new technology for cultivation (for example, improved cultivars) of this crop developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria.
Controllable Development of the Food Sector in Tropical Areas: Main Challenges, Fields of Research and Research Procedures
Authors: Raoult-Wack Anne-Lucie , Bricas Nicolas
Published: July 2017

Half a century of agronomic research has shown that the problem of food sufficiency cannot be defined simply in terms of chasing after a constantly rising demographic curve and proposing more productive crop varieties. New priorities have emerged which are not solely production-oriented. The key issues in today's debate are urbanization, globalization, disparity and poverty, health risks, long-term planning, social control of technology, identity, and ethics. An analysis of these issues reveals that one of the crucial questions for the future of the planet is the relationship between production and consumption, in other words the food sector. In tropical countries the food sector is still regarded as being less important a field of research than agriculture, although these days its importance tends to be better understood. In this situation, it seems appropriate to learn from the directions followed in the past and the new approaches adopted over recent years. This diagnosis serves as a background against which to examine possible new fields of research. It also indicates the need for a reform of current research and development practices and an expansion of scientific resources in the South.
Livestock in Resource-Poor Farming Systems
Authors: Udo Henk , Cornelissen Ton
Published: July 2017

Current views underlying livestock research and development have to be reconsidered to understand the possibilities for a more sustainable animal production in resource-poor farming systems. Animal production systems are complex and dynamic and they provide more than just food through their versatile roles in supporting human welfare. The intangible products are important in areas lacking formal insurance and developed financial markets. The objectives of research, education and extension should be set in relation to this broad perspective on livestock keeping. Changes in land use and economic conditions are the driving forces for change in animal production systems. A systems approach is needed to assess disciplinary research focused on production levels of individual animals, and sustainability prospects of new technologies within the context of the farming system. This can help us to plan for the future.
Milk Systems of Smaller African Cities: Two Examples from Tanzania
Authors: Nyamrunda Charles , Sumberg James
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the milk systems supplying Mwanza and Shinyanga in northern Tanzania. Two primary sources of fresh liquid milk: grade dairy cattle kept in the urban areas and indigenous cattle kept in hinterland areas, are identified, and their respective contributions to daily milk supply are quantified. These sources appear to serve a market segmented by concerns over price, quality and trust. It is hypothesized that the dramatic increase in urban dairy cattle over the last decade has resulted in increased milk availability and lower consumer prices. Further developments within the urban dairy sector will potentially have significant impacts on hinterland producers and urban consumers. The eventual success of the government's economic structural adjustment programme will be an important factor in shaping the future size of the dairy sector and the interplay of urban and hinterland production.
Integrated Management of Cotton Insect Pests in India
Authors: Sundaramurthy V.T. , Gahukar R.T.
Published: July 2017

In India, cotton ( Gossypium spp) is an important fibre crop. However, on a world basis, productivity is quite low (average of 280 kg/ha). The major reasons for such low yields are drought and attacks of insect pests and plant diseases. Pesticides are therefore widely used to such an extent that >50% of total production cost is attributed to pesticides alone. Aphids, jassids, mites and whiteflies are major pests during the vegetative phase of crop growth, and bollworms during the reproductive and maturity phase. Various control measures, individually or in combination, are adopted against these pests but their efficacy, application cost and dangers to the agroecosystem are often unknown or neglected. The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) is discussed in this paper and its large scale application throughout the country has been recommended. The benefits derived from IPM, directly or indirectly, are long-lasting, economical and ecofriendly.
Livestock Species Composition and Herd Size in Relation to Household Farm Resources in Mixed Farming Systems in the Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Dibissa Niftalem , Peters K.J.
Published: July 2017

This paper summarizes the relationships between farming family size, food crop production, land and livestock holding of smallholder farmers in mixed farming systems in the Ethiopian highlands. The findings show farming family size, among all the factors studied, to be the single most important factor affecting herd size. Area cultivated and quantity of grain produced were limited only by landholding size. As farm sizes were small, owning animals for traction did not make a difference in the area cultivated and quantity of grain produced. As livestock production in the study area predominantly depends on communal grazing lands, livestock holdings were not influenced by individual landholding or grazing land size. Thus, land size can be a deceptive criterion for identifying small-scale farmers for livestock-related studies and projects, especially where farmers employ extensive methods of livestock production.
Goats: Challenges for Increased Productivity and Improved Livelihoods
Authors: Devendra C.
Published: July 2017

In animal production systems, the value of a species increases in relation to its adaptation, capacity to make socioeconomic contributions, capacity to fill market opportunities, and potential for increasing productivity. In the case of goats, their role and potential contribution to increased productivity are impeded by controversy about their destructive habits, poor understanding of their attributes, functional values, and links to the poverty focus, which together have not helped their contribution to improving natural resource management. Research and development efforts that can significantly improve productivity from goats can simultaneously enhance the livelihoods of the poor. Resource allocation by national programmes and donor agencies to research and development projects on these animals is generally poor. In the search for efficiency in the improved use of the available animal genetic resources, more enlightened thinking is necessary about the role that goats could play. This must be backed by more resources and the use of interdisciplinary systems in priority agroecological zones to increase their productivity, and by so doing, this will enhance the livelihoods of the poor, and protect the environment.
Progress on Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines for the Control of Human and Animal Diseases
Authors: Kanellos Theophanis S. , Ambali A.G. , Russell Peter H.
Published: July 2017

Vaccination still remains the most widely used method of controlling infectious diseases in both humans and animals. In view of this, considerable research effort is being devoted to the discovery of new vaccines, and to the refinement of existing ones, with the aim of making them safer, cheaper, and above all, more efficacious. Among the novel developments in vaccine technology is the use of naked DNA encoding the relevant immunogenic component of pathogens, which has been shown to confer protection on animals. Several advantages, such as stability, stimulation of both cellular and humoral immune responses, and antigen expression over prolonged periods, make DNA vaccines an attractive alternative to conventional ones. This paper highlights the progress made so far with the new technology in terms of its immunogenicity, concerns regarding its safety, and future research directions.
The Psychological Importance of Youth Culture
Authors: JANSSEN JACQUES , DECHESNE MARK , VAN KNIPPENBERG AD
Published: July 2017

In the literature, youth culture has been addressed in two distinct ways: the aesthetic approach, which has led to criticism of youth culture, and the empirical approach, in which the functions and benefits of youth culture have been stressed. In this article, Terror Management Theory (TMT) is used to provide a functional approach to youth culture. According to TMT, culture is conceived of as a buffer against the awareness of death. To assess the anxiety-buffering function of youth culture, an experiment was conducted in which awareness of death (mortality salience) was manipulated. In the experimental condition, results showed more extreme evaluations of pro-youth and anti-youth essays and their authors, suggesting that awareness of death increases allegiance to youth culture. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of the nature of youth culture and its relation to larger society.
Local-Global Mission: The Cutting Edge
Authors: George Sherron Kay
Published: July 2017

In the search for new paradigms and models of mission, one cutting edge in the 1990s is local-global mission with emphasis placed on the hyphen. The primary mission agents today are the local congregation and the global church. Not only are the local-global players significant, but also the networking that goes on between them and the diverse challenges and barriers that we encounter in our community and world. It is essential to move beyond dichotomies and isolation to develop a symbiotic relationship between local and global and between sending and receiving.
The Major Model of Muslim Ministry
Authors: Dixon Roger L.
Published: July 2017

In the history of Islam, probably the most significant turning of Muslim people to Christianity has been among the Javanese of Indonesia. Their experience gives us special insight into principles of church planting among Muslims and implications for ministry among other unreached peoples. This article gives a general introduction to the Javanese story and lists some of the major principles of Muslim evangelism and church planting used to reach them, as well as some implications that are relevant today for anyone involved in an approach to Muslims.