bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adult Education in Tanzania
Authors: Heisel Marsel A.
Published: March 2008

Since the Arusha Declaration in 1967, Adult Education in Tanzania has become a major instrument in national development. Programs in literacy, health care and hygiene, and in the acquisition of technical competence have been parti cularly successful because adult education has been approached as an intrinsic and meaningful part of the learner's life.

The purpose of education has changed from the learning of skills to the learn ing of self-reliance and the improvement of life in both individual and national levels. For example, in the teaching of literacy, attention is focused on subjects such as health, agricultural techniques, or political responsibilities and literacy is included in response to demand as the learners become aware of its functional importance. This paper critically reviews various adult education programs in Tanzania, particularly focusing on "Literacy for Working" and radio programs with discussion groups.
Group Care for Children: an Emergent Perspective
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Pulcher Leon C.
Published: March 2008

[This paper outlines the concept of group care as it relates to services for children and youth. It begins with a consideration of group care as an occupational focus, identifying those structural and social variables which distinguish this focus from others. Group care is then identified as a field of study, highlighting the extent to which group care structures have developed as society's response to social problems and human needs. Finally, consideration is given to group care as a practice domain where the services of large institutions, residential group living and day care facilities can be located across society's four major resource networks, including the health care, education, social welfare and justice systems.]
Perspectives and Multiple Realities in Social Work and Social Control
Authors: Day Peter R.
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses the 'caring' and 'controlling' aspects of social workers' roles and some ways in which role conflict and ambiguity are dealt with in client-social worker interaction. The ways in which individuals interpret each other's behaviour and reveal their motives and the meanings of their communications are considered and some studies of client-social worker relationships are reviewed. Practitioners' perspectives on social work are examined with reference to certain aspects of the relationship between probation officers and their clients. A study of the views of one hundred probationers and their officers is reported: it was found that a large number of probationers saw 'care' and 'control' as complementary. For probation officers the dual function was regarded as problematic: their ways of dealing with this role conflict and dissonance are described and discussed. The care and control debate is regarded as continuing and it is argued that attempting to separate these functions of social work is questionable both in principle and in practice because of possible failure of attempts to meet clients' needs and to protect their interests and those of other citizens. Further, in carrying out these functions it is suggested that social workers should continue to adopt and articulate a critical stance so that they can resist pressures to exercise control when this can be shown to be undesirable.
A Study of Common Dimensions of Social Work Practice in Field Instruction
Authors: Constable Robert , Wickell Barbara , Cabral Robert
Published: March 2008

{This study of the content of field instruction at one U.S. school of social work is focused on utilization of methods, selection of targets for change and exposure to social problem areas. Findings indicated that students used a range of methods in all placements. There was an underlying order to the range of methods and targets chosen and considerable agreement among field instructors on this range. Findings are discussed in relation to education for social work practice.]
The Role of the Helping Professional in South-East Asian Communities: a Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Smith Kent
Published: March 2008

[South-East Asian minority groups are becoming an increasingly visible element within the Australian social fabric, due to greater Asian immigration and the Indo chinese refugee situation. Consequently, they are becoming increasingly significant client groups, demonstrating patterns of need and seeking help which challenge many traditional assumptions about social work intervention and counselling. Counselors in Australia working with Asians and in particular with Indochinese refugees, are in the process of developing an alternative set of skills, methods and values to assist them to intervene effectively with a fairly distinctive client group].
Generic Correctional Programming for Mentally Ill Offenders
Authors: Ashford José B. , Wong Kai W. , Sternbach Katherine O.
Published: March 2008

This pilot study examined differences in criminal attitudes and hostile attribution biases among three groups of offenders diagnosed with serious mental disorders. It also compared the criminal outcomes for a sample of mentally ill offenders (MIO's) who completed a modified version of the Options cognitive skills program with a treatment-as-usual sample of MIO's. Results showed that pre- and posttest change scores for the Overgeneralization subscale of the Hostile Interpretations Questionnaire (HIQ), the Identification with Criminal Others subscale of the Criminal Sentiments Scale—Modified (CSS-M), and the HIQ Authority subscale differed between the groups of offenders with serious mental disorders. Participants identified for treatment by the pilot program (intended treatment group) and participants who completed the entire intervention had fewer arrests, including fewer arrests for violent offenses, but had higher technical probation violations than a treatment-as-usual comparison group.
Predicting Recidivism in Probationers With the Youth Level of Service Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI)
Authors: Onifade Eyitayo , Davidson William , Campbell Christina , Turke Garrett , Malinowski Jill , Turner Kimberly
Published: March 2008

Justice systems depend on risk assessment instruments to identify juveniles who have the greatest likelihood to re-offend. This study was an attempt to validate the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory as a predictor of re-offense for young offenders between the ages of 10 and 16. Although 26% of youth in the sample ( n = 328) re-offended, there were significant differences in offense rates among juveniles classified as high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. The YLS/CMI also had a high correct classification rate, which was reflected in an AUC of .62. Finally, youth of different risk levels also showed differences in time to re-offense rates. Results indicate further study of the YLS/CMI's validity with girls and minorities is necessary. Furthermore, risk prediction could be improved by inclusion of ecological predictive variables related to delinquency.
Which Master? Whose Steward? Metalepsis and Lordship in the Parable of the Prudent Steward (Lk. 16.1-13)*
Authors: Schellenberg Ryan S.
Published: March 2008

The debate regarding the identity of the κύ ριoς at the conclusion of the parable of the Prudent Steward (Lk 16.8a) has not been satisfactorily resolved. Gérard Genette's study of narrative level, which helpfully illuminates the relationship between parables and their embedding narratives, provides a fresh perspective. Luke frequently employs a narrative trope that Genette calls metalepsis: the transgression of the boundary between narrative levels. An understanding of the puzzling denouement of the parable, as well as the morals appended to it (vv. 9-13), emerges from an appreciation of Luke's employment of metalepsis, which effects a collision between the cultural mores of stewardship that are operative within the parable and the very different understanding of faithful stewardship promoted on Luke's primary narrative level. The surprising intrusion into this parable of a κύ ριoς who approves of debt relief compels the parable's audience to reconsider their own loyalties and vindicates the debt relief scheme of a prudent steward.
Clinical and Benefit—Cost Outcomes of Teaching a Mindfulness-Based Procedure to Adult Offenders With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. , Lancioni Giulio E. , Winton Alan S. W. , Singh Ashvind N. , Adkins Angela D. , Singh Judy
Published: March 2008

The effects of a mindfulness-based procedure, called Meditation on the Soles of the Feet, were evaluated as a cognitive-behavioral intervention for physical aggression in 6 offenders with mild intellectual disabilities. They were taught a simple meditation technique that required them to shift their attention and awareness from the precursors of aggression to the soles of their feet, a neutral point on their body. Results showed that physical and verbal aggression decreased substantially, no Stat medication or physical restraint was required, and there were no staff or peer injuries. Benefit—cost analysis of lost days of work and cost of medical and rehabilitation because of injury caused by these individuals in both the 12 months prior to and following mindfulness-based training showed a 95.7% reduction in costs. This study suggests that this procedure may be a clinically effective and cost-effective method of enabling adult offenders with intellectual disabilities to control their aggression.
A Review of the Potential of Bio-Ethanol in New Zealand
Authors: Acharya Vishesh , Young Brent R.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a study of the techno-economical feasibility of manufacturing biofuel ethanol at small scale from agricultural sources in New Zealand. It investigates possible agricultural products and wastes as potential feedstock and looks at laboratory-scale fermentation trials to determine their ethanol yields. The ethanol requirement to replace all gasoline in New Zealand with a 10 vol% blend (E10) is 300 ML/yr. Current production is derived from whey with output being about one sixth of this requirement. Sugarcane, sugar beets, maize, potato waste, and spoilt kiwifruit possess potential for use as feedstock. New Zealand currently grows approximately 150,000 t/yr maize, sufficient for making 45 ML/yr ethanol, and also has the potential to exploit 100,000 t/yr potato processing waste and 18,000 t/yr spoilt kiwifruit. Sugarcane and sugar beets are currently not grown on a large scale in New Zealand. However, sugarcane is of particular interest because of its high ethanol yield (7,750 L/Ha) and ease of processing.
The Biorefinery—Challenges, Opportunities, and an Australian Perspective
Authors: Rowlands William N. , Masters Anthony , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: March 2008

Biomass provides the only sustainable source of organic carbon for the production of chemicals used in manufacturing and as liquid transportation fuels. In this article, the authors examine some of the challenges that society faces in the transition from a global economy in which transportation fuels are derived from fossil fuels to one in which they are derived from renewable biomass via a “biorefinery.” In so doing, the authors present an overview of the technology currently available to society and highlight some of the key issues that must be resolved in order to grasp the opportunities that stem from the transition. They conclude by considering the situation of their own country, Australia, to illustrate that the solutions to the challenges will likely depend not only on technology development but also on social, political, and geographical factors.
Babel as a Blessing? Strategies for Communication within the World Library Community
Authors: Deschamps Christine
Published: March 2008

Christine Deschamps, IFLA's President, has been the Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes) since 1993. From 1989 until 1993 she was Chef de Bureau in the Ministère de l'Education Nationale, in charge of all academic libraries' automation, networking, interlibrary loan and union catalogues. In 1988 she was Director of the ISSN Centre. She spent 13 years working as a medical librarian in the largest medical library in France, first as a reference librarian and then as Director of the Library of the University of Paris VII (Denis Diderot). Ms Deschamps may be contacted at Bibliothèque de l'Université Paris V (Rene Descartes), 49, rue des Saints-Pères, 75005 Paris, France (fax: (+33-1) 45449545; e-mail: deschamps@citi2.fr).
Library-Publisher Relations in the Next Millennium: The Library Perspective
Authors: Scott Marianne
Published: March 2008

Marianne Scott has been National Librarian of Canada since February 1984. She served as Director of Libraries, McGill University, from 1975 until 1984. Prior to that position she was Law Librarian at McGill University for almost 20 years. She was President of the Canadian Association of Law Libraries from 1963 until 1969; President of the Canadian Association of Research Libraries from 1978-1979, President of the Canadian Library Association from 1981-1982 and served on a number of committees of these associations. Ms Scott was Chair of CDNL (Conference of Directors of National Libraries) from 1988 until 1992, and served on the Standing Committee of the IFLA Section of National Libraries from 1993 until 1997. She has been Chair of the UNESCO Sub-Commission on Communication, Information and Informatics since 1995. Ms Scott was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1995, and received the IFLA Medal in 1996. She currently chairs the IFLA CLM (Copyright and other Legal Matters) Committee. She may be contacted at the National Library of Canada, 395 Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario K I A ON4, Canada (fax: +(1-613) 9967941; e-mail: marianne. scott@nlc-bnc.ca).
A Functional Approach to Reducing Runaway Behavior and Stabilizing Placements for Adolescents in Foster Care
Authors: Clark Hewitt B. , Crosland Kimberly A. , Geller David , Cripe Michael , Kenney Terresa , Neff Bryon , Dunlap Glen
Published: March 2008

Teenagers' running from foster placement is a significant problem in the field of child protection. This article describes a functional, behavior analytic approach to reducing running away through assessing the motivations for running, involving the youth in the assessment process, and implementing interventions to enhance the reinforcing value of placements for adolescents, thereby reducing the probability of running and associated unsafe periods. A case study illustrates this approach and a study compares 13 adolescents who ran away frequently and received interventions with a group of matched adolescents who had similar patterns of running but received only services as usual. The percentage of days on runaway status showed a significant pre-post reduction for those in the functional group, in contrast to no statistical change in the comparison group. Potential benefits this approach may have for foster care and child protection in improving youth safety, permanence, and connections for life are discussed.
The Evolving Relationship Between Open Space Preservation and Local Planning Practice
Authors: Schmidt Stephan J.
Published: March 2008

This work argues that open space has been utilized by local planning practice for numerous reasons that have reflected the shifting concerns of the planning profession since the nineteenth century. An intellectual movement that romanticized nature as distinct from social processes and a changing political economy made it possible for open space to serve an interventionist role in addressing social concerns. Consequently, open space has been used to address urban concerns of health and sanitation, suburban concerns of exclusionary zoning, and more recently, to protect ecological functions and guide urban development. This has prevented a more thorough examination of the relationship between nature and society.
Communicating Female and Minority Interests Online: A Study of Web Site Issue Discussion among Female, Latino, and African American Members of Congress
Authors: Gershon Sarah Allen
Published: March 2008

Previous communication studies have noted the imGortance of descriGtive reGresentation for increasing elected officials' discussion of women's and minority issues. While increased attention to these issues is imGortant for the symbolic reGresentation of these Golitically marginalized grouGs, women's and minority issues often constitute a minor Gortion of reGresentatives' agendas. Strategically, female, Latino, and African American U.S. House members may Grovide greater symbolic reGresentation for women and minorities by including their interests and concerns in discussion of more general issues that commonly toG the Golitical agenda. Relying on a content analysis of 1R1 official congressional Web sites, the author examines the extent to which reGresentatives address the needs of their female and minority constituents in their general issue discussion. Results demonstrate that female, Latino, and African American House members more freOuently connect general issues to race, ethnicity, and gender comGared with their Anglo and male counterGarts. The imGlications of reGresentatives Giggybacking the interests of female and minority constituents on more Golitically salient issues are discussed.
Molecular evolution of dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes in wild emmer wheat and its ecological association
Authors: Wang Ji-Rui , Wei Yu-Ming , Long Xiang-Yu , Yan Ze-Hong , Nevo Eviatar , Baum Bernard R , Zheng You-Liang
Published: March 2008

Background

α-Amylase inhibitors are attractive candidates for the control of seed weevils, as these insects are highly dependent on starch as an energy source. In this study, we aimed to reveal the structure and diversity of dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes in wild emmer wheat from Israel and to elucidate the relationship between the emmer wheat genes and ecological factors using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Another objective of this study was to find out whether there were any correlations between SNPs in functional protein-coding genes and the environment.

Results

The influence of ecological factors on the genetic structure of dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes was evaluated by specific SNP markers. A total of 244 dimeric α-amylase inhibitor genes were obtained from 13 accessions in 10 populations. Seventy-five polymorphic positions and 74 haplotypes were defined by sequence analysis. Sixteen out of the 75 SNP markers were designed to detect SNP variations in wild emmer wheat accessions from different populations in Israel. The proportion of polymorphic loci P (5%), the expected heterozygosity He, and Shannon's information index in the 16 populations were 0.887, 0.404, and 0.589, respectively. The populations of wild emmer wheat showed great diversity in gene loci both between and within populations. Based on the SNP marker data, the genetic distance of pair-wise comparisons of the 16 populations displayed a sharp genetic differentiation over long geographic distances. The values of P, He, and Shannon's information index were negatively correlated with three climatic moisture factors, whereas the same values were positively correlated by Spearman rank correlation coefficients' analysis with some of the other ecological factors.

Conclusion

The populations of wild emmer wheat showed a wide range of diversity in dimeric α-amylase inhibitors, both between and within populations. We suggested that SNP markers are useful for the estimation of genetic diversity of functional genes in wild emmer wheat. These results show significant correlations between SNPs in the α-amylase inhibitor genes and ecological factors affecting diversity. Ecological factors, singly or in combination, explained a significant proportion of the variations in the SNPs, and the SNPs could be classified into several categories as ecogeographical predictors. It was suggested that the SNPs in the α-amylase inhibitor genes have been subjected to natural selection, and ecological factors had an important evolutionary influence on gene differentiation at specific loci.
The immunomodulator PSK induces in vitro cytotoxic activity in tumour cell lines via arrest of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis
Authors: Jiménez-Medina Eva , Berruguilla Enrique , Romero Irene , Algarra Ignacio , Collado Antonia , Garrido Federico , Garcia-Lora Angel
Published: March 2008

Background

Protein-bound polysaccharide (PSK) is derived from the CM-101 strain of the fungus Coriolus versicolor and has shown anticancer activity in vitro and in in vivo experimental models and human cancers. Several randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that PSK has great potential in adjuvant cancer therapy, with positive results in the adjuvant treatment of gastric, esophageal, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. These studies have suggested the efficacy of PSK as an immunomodulator of biological responses. The precise molecular mechanisms responsible for its biological activity have yet to be fully elucidated.

Methods

The in vitro cytotoxic anti-tumour activity of PSK has been evaluated in various tumour cell lines derived from leukaemias, melanomas, fibrosarcomas and cervix, lung, pancreas and gastric cancers. Tumour cell proliferation in vitro was measured by BrdU incorporation and viable cell count. Effect of PSK on human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) proliferation in vitro was also analyzed. Studies of cell cycle and apoptosis were performed in PSK-treated cells.

Results

PSK showed in vitro inhibition of tumour cell proliferation as measured by BrdU incorporation and viable cell count. The inhibition ranged from 22 to 84%. Inhibition mechanisms were identified as cell cycle arrest, with cell accumulation in G0/G1 phase and increase in apoptosis and caspase-3 expression. These results indicate that PSK has a direct cytotoxic activity in vitro, inhibiting tumour cell proliferation. In contrast, PSK shows a synergistic effect with IL-2 that increases PBL proliferation.

Conclusion

These results indicate that PSK has cytotoxic activity in vitro on tumour cell lines. This new cytotoxic activity of PSK on tumour cells is independent of its previously described immunomodulatory activity on NK cells.
Increased expression of EphA7 correlates with adverse outcome in primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme patients
Authors: Wang Lin-Fang , Fokas Emmanouil , Juricko Janko , You An , Rose Frank , Pagenstecher Axel , Engenhart-Cabillic Rita , An Han-Xiang
Published: March 2008

Background

Malignant gliomas are lethal cancers, highly dependent on angiogenesis and treatment options and prognosis still remain poor for patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Ephs and ephrins have many well-defined functions during embryonic development of central nervous system such as axon mapping, neural crest cell migration, hindbrain segmentation and synapse formation as well as physiological and abnormal angiogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that Eph and ephrins are frequently overexpressed in different tumor types including GBM. However, their role in tumorigenesis remains controversial, as both tumor growth promoter and suppressor potential have been ascribed to Eph and ephrins while the function of EphA7 in GBM pathogenesis remains largely unknown.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of EphA7 in a series of 32 primary and recurrent GBM and correlated it with clinical pathological parameters and patient outcome. In addition, intratumor microvascular density (MVD) was quantified by immunostaining for endothelial cell marker von Willebrand factor (vWF).

Results

Overexpression of EphA7 protein was predictive of the adverse outcome in GBM patients, independent of MVD expression (p = 0.02). Moreover, high density of MVD as well as higher EphA7 expression predicted the disease outcome more accurately than EphA7 variable alone (p = 0.01). There was no correlation between MVD and overall survival or recurrence-free survival (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant correlation between lower MVD and tumor recurrence was observed (p = 0.003).

Conclusion

The immunohistochemical assessment of tissue EphA7 provides important prognostic information in GBM and would justify its use as surrogate marker to screen patients for tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
Process and effects of a community intervention on malaria in rural Burkina Faso: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kouyaté Bocar , Somé Florent , Jahn Albrecht , Coulibaly Boubacar , Eriksen Jaran , Sauerborn Rainer , Gustafsson Lars , Tomson Göran , Becher Heiko , Mueller Olaf
Published: March 2008

Background

In the rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the majority of young children affected by malaria have no access to formal health services. Home treatment through mothers of febrile children supported by mother groups and local health workers has the potential to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality.

Methods

A cluster-randomized controlled effectiveness trial was implemented from 2002–2004 in a malaria endemic area of rural Burkina Faso. Six and seven villages were randomly assigned to the intervention and control arms respectively. Febrile children from intervention villages were treated with chloroquine (CQ) by their mothers, supported by local women group leaders. CQ was regularly supplied through a revolving fund from local health centres. The trial was evaluated through two cross-sectional surveys at baseline and after two years of intervention. The primary endpoint of the study was the proportion of moderate to severe anaemia in children aged 6–59 months. For assessment of the development of drug efficacy over time, an in vivo CQ efficacy study was nested into the trial. The study is registered under http://www.controlled-trials.com (ISRCTN 34104704).

Results

The intervention was shown to be feasible under program conditions and a total of 1.076 children and 999 children were evaluated at baseline and follow-up time points respectively. Self-reported CQ treatment of fever episodes at home as well as referrals to health centres increased over the study period. At follow-up, CQ was detected in the blood of high proportions of intervention and control children. Compared to baseline findings, the prevalence of anaemia (29% vs 16%, p < 0.0001) and malaria parameters such as prevalence of P. falciparum parasitaemia, fever and palpable spleens was lower at follow-up but there were no differences between the intervention and control group. CQ efficacy decreased over the study period but this was not associated with the intervention.

Discussion

The decreasing prevalence of malaria morbidity including anaemia over the study period can be explained by an overall increase of malaria prevention and treatment activities in the study area. The lack of effectiveness of the intervention was likely caused by contamination, pre-existing differences in the coverage of malaria treatment in both study groups and an unexpectedly rapid increase of resistance against CQ, the first-line treatment drug at the time of the study.
A stochastic automaton shows how enzyme assemblies may contribute to metabolic efficiency
Authors: Amar Patrick , Legent Guillaume , Thellier Michel , Ripoll Camille , Bernot Gilles , Nystrom Thomas , Saier Milton H , Norris Vic
Published: March 2008

Background

The advantages of grouping enzymes into metabolons and into higher order structures have long been debated. To quantify these advantages, we have developed a stochastic automaton that allows experiments to be performed in a virtual bacterium with both a membrane and a cytoplasm. We have investigated the general case of transport and metabolism as inspired by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) for glucose importation and by glycolysis.

Results

We show that PTS and glycolytic metabolons can increase production of pyruvate eightfold at low concentrations of phosphoenolpyruvate. A fourfold increase in the numbers of enzyme EI led to a 40% increase in pyruvate production, similar to that observedin vivoin the presence of glucose. Although little improvement resulted from the assembly of metabolons into a hyperstructure, such assembly can generate gradients of metabolites and signaling molecules.

Conclusion

in silicoexperiments may be performed successfully using stochastic automata such as HSIM (Hyperstructure Simulator) to help answer fundamental questions in metabolism about the properties of molecular assemblies and to devise strategies to modify such assemblies for biotechnological ends.
Research Note—Interbrand Variant Overlap: Impact on Brand Preference and Portfolio Profit
Authors: Aribarg Anocha , Arora Neeraj
Published: March 2008

Firms often carry a portfolio of multiple brands within a product category to target different quality tiers in the market. Furthermore, to satisfy heterogeneous consumer preferences within each quality tier, these firms also offer several variants for each brand. A natural outcome of this practice is interbrand variant overlap that could occur across tiers or within a tier. In this paper, we show that across-tier variant overlap is likely to diminish the preference of an upper-tier brand and enhance the preference of a lower-tier brand. We also find that variant overlap within a tier is likely to increase preferences of a brand belonging to the tier. Such variant overlap effects have important brand portfolio management implications for a multibrand firm. Specifically, we demonstrate that such a firm can enhance its portfolio profit under certain conditions by pruning its variants to reduce variant overlap. Because our paper relies on aggregate data, future research should investigate variant overlap at the individual level using panel or experimental data.
Research Note—Optimal Mechanism for Selling a Set of Commonly Ranked Objects
Authors: Feng Juan
Published: March 2008

This paper designs an optimal mechanism for selling a set of commonly ranked objects. Although buyers rank these objects in the same order, the rates at which their valuations change for a less-preferred object might be different. Four stylized cases are identified according to this difference: parallel, convergent, divergent, and convergent-then-divergent. In general, the optimal mechanism cannot be interpreted as a conventional second-price auction. A reserve price is imposed for each object. Depending on which of the four stylized cases is considered, a higher-value bidder may be allocated a higher-ranked or lower-ranked object. There is also a positive probability that a higher-ranked object is not allocated while a lower-ranked one is allocated. In a departure from the extant mechanism-design literature, the individual-rationality constraint for a mid-range type of bidder can be binding.
N,O-Heterocycles as synthetic intermediates
Authors: Bates Roderick W. , Boonsombat Jutatip , Lu Yongna , Nemeth Joseph A. , Sa-Ei Kanicha , Song Ping , Peiling Cai Melody , Cranwell Philippa B. , Winbush SusAnn
Published: March 2008

Hydroxylamines can be cyclized under various conditions according to the nature of the unsaturation in the N-substituent. Both isoxazolidines and tetrahydrooxazines can be formed with good synthetic control. The choice of the appropriate cyclization reaction leads to syntheses of the natural products sedamine and monomorine. The related N,O-acetals are shown to undergo efficient ring-opening under Sakurai conditions.
Heterocycle synthesis via radical reactions
Authors: Naito Takeaki
Published: March 2008

A novel synthetic method for the preparation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles via the route involving domino-type radical addition/cyclization reaction of oxime ethers is described. Alkyl radical addition/cyclization of oxime ethers carrying an appropriate leaving group proceeded smoothly to form the alkylated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. Additionally, tin-mediated radical addition/cyclization/elimination (RACE) reaction of oxime ethers is newly found and successfully applied to an asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-martinellic acid.
Exploiting the borono-Mannich reaction in bioactive alkaloid synthesis
Authors: Pyne Stephen G. , Au Christopher W. G. , Davis Andrew S. , Morgan Ian R. , Ritthiwigrom Thunwadee , Yazici Arife
Published: March 2008

We have demonstrated that the borono-Mannich reaction is a versatile and efficient reaction for the diastereoselective preparation of chiral 1,2-amino alcohols. These Mannich products are valuable starting materials as shown in this report by the synthesis of bioactive polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine and indolizidine alkaloids. Initial studies, directed at the more complex Stemona alkaloids and using the borono-Mannich reaction on cyclic N-acyliminium ions, are encouraging, as demonstrated by the synthesis of the pyrido[1,2-a]azepine core structure of stemocurtisinol.
Greener and expeditious synthesis of bioactive heterocycles using microwave irradiation
Authors: Polshettiwar Vivek , Varma Rajender S.
Published: March 2008

The utilization of green chemistry techniques is dramatically reducing chemical waste and reaction times as has recently been proven in several organic syntheses and chemical transformations. To illustrate these advantages in the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles, we have studied various environmentally benign protocols that involve greener alternatives. Microwave (MW) irradiation of neat reactants catalyzed by the surfaces of recyclable mineral supports, such as alumina, silica, clay, or their "doped" versions, enables the rapid one-pot assembly of heterocyclic compounds, such as flavonoids, related benzopyrans, and quinolone derivatives. The strategy to assemble oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles from in situ generated reactive intermediates via enamines or using hypervalent iodine reagents is described. Examples of multicomponent reactions that can be adapted for rapid parallel synthesis include solventless synthesis of dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-ones (Biginelli reaction), imidazo[1,2-a]annulated pyridines, pyrazines, and pyrimidines (Ugi reaction). The relative advantages of greener pathways, which use MW irradiation and eco-friendly aqueous reaction medium, for the synthesis of various heterocycles, such as N-aryl azacycloalkanes, isoindoles, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, pyrazole, and diazepines, are also summarized.
Multiple Family Group Therapy in a Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation Centre
Authors: Schaefer Gabriele
Published: March 2008

In the last decade there has been increasing interest in working systemically with groups of families. Multiple family groups (MFGs) have been used in mental health settings with schizophrenia, eating disorders and drug and substance abuse. This article describes the MFG program used in Higher Ground Alcohol and Drug Rehabilitation Trust, a rehabilitation centre in Auckland, (New Zealand). Higher Ground provides an 18‐week residential therapeutic program for people with a severe substance abuse disorder. The MFG in Higher Ground focuses on developing better communication patterns and better boundaries between family members, fostering mutual support, and promoting self‐responsibility.
Ajustes aos US-GAAPS: estudo empírico sobre sua relevância para empresas brasileiras com ADRs negociados na bolsa de Nova Iorque
Authors: Costa Fábio Moraes da , Lopes Alexsandro Broedel
Published: March 2008

A relevância das informações disponibilizadas ao mercado por empresas brasileiras com American Depositary Recepts (ADRs) negociados na Bolsa de Nova Iorque foi avaliada neste trabalho. Essas empresas devem atender à exigência da Securities and Exchange Commission e elaborar suas demonstrações contábeis de acordo com os United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US-GAAP) até 30 de junho, anualmente. Diante desse fato, dois conjuntos de informações estão disponíveis, promovendo a base de dados para o estudo da relevância das variáveis lucro líquido e patrimônio líquido para o período entre 1999 e 2003. Após a utilização do modelo desenvolvido por Ohlson (1995) e de seus desdobramentos posteriores, os resultados evidenciam que (1) as informações elaboradas segundo os princípios de contabilidade geralmente aceitos no Brasil são relevantes; (2) as informações em US-GAAP disponibilizadas em junho possuem menor ou igual relevância do que as divulgadas em abril e (3) os ajustes aos US-GAAP efetuados no patrimônio líquido são relevantes para o mercado de capitais brasileiro.
Seven new species of the killifish genus Rivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the Paraná, Paraguay and upperAraguaia river basins, central Brazil
Authors: Costa Wilson J. E. M.
Published: March 2008

Seven new species of the Rivulus punctatus group collected during recent field studies in central Brazil are described. Rivulus dapazi n. sp., from the upper rio Correntes drainage, rio Paraguay basin, is diagnosed by a unique color pattern of the anal and caudal fins in males; R. cyanopterus n. sp., from the upper rio São Lourenço drainage, rio Paraguay basin, is diagnosed by a unique color pattern of the anal fin in both sexes; R. rossoi n. sp., from the rio Inhanduí drainage, rio Paraná basin, is diagnosed by a unique color pattern of the caudal fin in males and a reduced number of gill rakers on the first branchial arch; R. litteratus n. sp., from the upper rio Araguaia basin, is diagnosed by unique color patterns of flank in males and caudal fin in females; R. rutilicaudus n. sp., from the rio Verde drainage in Goiás, rio Paraná basin, is diagnosed by a unique color pattern of the caudal fin in females; R. scalaris n. sp., from the rio Sucuruí, rio Aporé, rio Correntes and rio Taquari drainages, rio Paraná basin, is diagnosed by a unique color pattern of the flank in males; and, R. egens n. sp., from the upper rio Verde drainage in Mato Grosso do Sul, rio Paraná basin, is distinguished by a combination of frontal E-scale pattern and the absence of red marks on the caudal fin in males. Combinations of other color patterns and morphological features, including number of scales of the longitudinal series, number of dorsal, anal, caudal and pectoral fin-rays, relative position of dorsal-fin origin and anal-fin rays, and number of vertebrae, are also useful in identification of the new species, but phylogenetic relationships among them are unknown at the present. A key to identification of species of Rivulus from the rio Paraná-Paraguay basin and adjacent headstreams is provided.
Shear behaviour of perfobond rib shear connector under static and cyclic loadings
Authors: Ahn J.-H. , Kim S.-H. , Jeong Y.-J.
Published: March 2008

In this study, a series of push-out tests for perfobond rib shear connectors were conducted to examine their shear behaviour under static and cyclic loading. The test specimens were designed to examine the effects of the concrete dowel actions, transverse rebars in the rib holes and cyclic load. The effect of the pure concrete dowel actions was observed as 65% of the static shear capacity in test specimens without transverse rebars, and the transverse rebars in the rib holes increased the shear capacity about twofold. After the cyclic load, the residual shear capacity of specimens without transverse rebars decreased to about 65% that of static shear capacity. However, the residual shear resistance of the specimens assembled with transverse rebars did not decrease. Thus, perfobond rib shear connector specimens with transverse rebars in their holes show an increase in shear capacity under cyclic load as well as static load. Therefore, it is considered that if perfobond rib shear connectors are used in bridges subjected to cyclic loads, transverse rebars should be installed in their holes to prevent a decrease in their shear capacity owing to cyclic loads.
Chemotactic Sensitivity of Escherichia coli to Diffusion Perturbations in Narrow Tubes
Authors: Patnaik Pratap R.
Published: March 2008

Diffusion resistance hinders the free chemotactic motility of bacteria through narrow tubes and capillaries. In
many such situations, diffusion is significant and often subject to environmental perturbations. This problem has been
analyzed through the sensitivities of Escherichia coli cells, a secreted chemoattractant (aspartase) and a nutrient. Differences
and similarities among the sensitivity profiles with respect to the three diffusion coefficients reveal useful information
about interactions between diffusion and chemotaxis. The results are consistent with the concept of stabilization created
by negative feedback, either within the chemosensory network or from outside. Their implications for some real systems
are discussed.
Descriptive set Theory of Families of Small Sets
Authors: Matheron Étienne , Zelený Miroslav
Published: March 2008

This is a survey paper on the descriptive set theory of hereditary families of closed sets in Polish spaces. Most of the paper is devoted to ideals and σ-ideals of closed or compact sets.
Classifying Borel automorphisms
Authors: Clemens John D.
Published: March 2008

§1. Introduction. This paper considers several complexity questions regarding Borel automorphisms of a Polish space. Recall that a Borel automorphism is a bijection of the space with itself whose graph is a Borel set (equivalently, the inverse image of any Borel set is Borel). Since the inverse of a Borel automorphism is another Borel automorphism, as is the composition of two Borel automorphisms, the set of Borel automorphisms of a given Polish space forms a group under the operation of composition. We can also consider the class of automorphisms of all Polish spaces. We will be primarily concerned here with the following notion of equivalence:

Definition 1.1. Two Borel automorphisms f and g of the Polish spaces X and Y are said to be Borel isomorphic, f ≅ g, if they are conjugate, i.e. there is a Borel bijection φ: X → Y such that φ ∘ f = g ∘ φ.

We restrict ourselves to automorphisms of uncountable Polish spaces, as the Borel automorphisms of a countable space are simply the permutations of the space. Since any two uncountable Polish spaces are Borel isomorphic, any Borel automorphism is Borel isomorphic to some automorphism of a fixed space. Hence, up to Borel isomorphism we can fix a Polish space and represent any Borel automorphism as an automorphism of this space. We will use the Cantor space 2ω (with the product topology) as our representative space.
QL(ℂn) determines n
Authors: Hagge Tobias J.
Published: March 2008

This addendum to [2] shows that the set of tautological quantum logical propositional formulas for a finite dimensional vector space ℂn is different for every n, affirmatively answering a question posed therein.
Intuitionistic logic freed of all metarules
Authors: Corsi Giovanna , Tassi Gabriele
Published: March 2008

In this paper we present two calculi for intuitionistic logic. The first one. IG, is characterized by the fact that every proof-search terminates and termination is reached without jeopardizing the subformula property. As to the second one, SIC, proof-search terminates, the subformula property is preserved and moreover proof-search is performed without any recourse to metarules, in particular there is no need to back-track. As a consequence, proof-search in the calculus SIC is accomplished by a single tree as in classical logic.
A note on subsystems of open induction
Authors: Mohsenipour Shahram
Published: March 2008

We completely characterize the logical hierarchy of subsystems of open induction introduced by Boughattas [1].
Consequences of the provability of NP ⊆ P/poly
Authors: Cook Stephen , Krajíček Jan
Published: March 2008

We prove the following results: (i) PV proves NP ⊆ P/poly iff PV proves coNP ⊆ NP/O(1). (ii) If PV proves NP ⊆ P/poly then PV proves that the Polynomial Hierarchy collapses to the Boolean Hierarchy, (iii) proves NP ⊆ P/poly iff proves coNP ⊆ NP/O(log n). (iv) If proves NP ⊆ P/poly then proves that the Polynomial Hierarchy collapses to PNP[log n]. (v) If proves NP ⊆ P/poly then proves that the Polynomial Hierarchy collapses to PNP.

Motivated by these results we introduce a new concept in proof complexity: proof systems with advice, and we make some initial observations about them.
An untyped higher order logic with Y combinator
Authors: Andrews James H.
Published: March 2008

We define a higher order logic which has only a notion of sort rather than a notion of type, and which permits all terms of the untyped lambda calculus and allows the use of the Y combinator in writing recursive predicates. The consistency of the logic is maintained by a distinction between use and mention, as in Gilmore's logics. We give a consistent model theory, a proof system which is sound with respect to the model theory, and a cut-elimination proof for the proof system. We also give examples showing what formulas can and cannot be used in the logic.
Research on Computer-Mediated Instruction for Students with High Incidence Disabilities
Authors: Fitzgerald Gail , Koury Kevin , Mitchem Katherine
Published: March 2008

In this literature review, the effects of computer-mediated instruction on the learning of students with mild and moderate disabilities are synthesized from 1996 onward that extends our previously published synthesis for the period 1987–1995. Empirically based findings are reviewed and discussed in the basic skills areas of reading, writing, and mathematics, as well as in the content areas of social studies and science. Results are interpreted and discussed regarding traditional teaching methodologies in special education as well as changes in the instructional ecology and expectations for students created by the inclusion movement and reforms in general education. Limitations found in the reviewed studies are described and future directions for research in special education technology for students with high incidence disabilities are identified.
Leaching of Sodium Sulphide Roasted Ilmenite Sand
Authors: Hasan MK , Begum DA , Islam MF
Published: March 2008

The possibilities of co-leachings of Ti(IV) and Fe(III) from the roasted product of ilmenite sand with sodium sulphide at the optimum conditions by hydrochloric and sulphuric acid were investigated. The leaching was dependent on hydrochloric and sulphuric acid concentrations, temperature and leaching time. The optimum conditions for the best dissolution of Ti(IV) and Fe(III) were: temperature 100°C, time 60 min for 1:1 ilmenite to sodium sulphide weight ratio roasted product and 10 min for 1:2 ilmenite to sodium sulphide weight ratio roasted product, acid concentration 4-6 N and agitation speed 400 rpm. About 95 % Ti(IV) and 93 % Fe(III) dissolutions were obtained from hydrochloric acid leaching and 95 % Ti(IV) and 91 % Fe(III) were obtained from sulphuric acid leaching at a solid to liquid phase ratio (S/L) of 0.10 kg dm-3.

Keywords: Ilmenite sand, Roasting of ilmenite sand, Sodium sulphide roasted ilmenite, Leaching of roasted product, Dissolution of titanium and iron.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(4), 367-376, 2007
Microbial Antagonism and Induction of Mutation in Neurospora Crassa by Crude Leaves Extract of Averrhoa carambola.L.
Authors: Bhuiyan Md Nazrul Islam , Mozmader TIMA , Rahman Siddiqur
Published: March 2008

Crude extract of leaves from Averrhoa carambola .L showed significant inhibition of growth and mutagenesis in Neurospora crassa. Result showed that 1 ml extract reacted with the test organism, N. crassa very much. During the period of 24 hours it gave only 2.4 cm linear vegetative growth of the mycelia. Whereas 0.5 ml and 0.25 ml extracts gave less reactions (1.75 cm and 2.25 cm respectively). The linear growth decreased with the increased of the concentration of the extracts. Conidia of Ema (5297) of N. crassa were treated for 3-4 hours separately in 100% and 50% concentration of the extracts. 100% extracts produced 4 types mutants namely ropy, albino, dirty and buff. 50% extracts produced 4 types of mutants namely- plug, vigorous, pigmented and conidial band.

Key words: Neurospora crassa, Averrhoa carambola, mutants, ropy, albino, dirty, buff, plug, vigorous, pigmented and conidial band.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(4), 483-488, 2007