bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Disability With Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Different Subgroups: A Hierarchical Linear Regression Analysis
Authors: Miki Takahiro , Higuchi Daisuke , Takebayashi Tsuneo , Samukawa Mina
Published: June 2021

Purpose: To systematically explore how disability is influenced with layers　(demographic level, pain level and psychosocial factors) in nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) in different subgroups.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that compared two different subgroups in NSLBP at two hospitals. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to analyse factors affecting disability in different groups (overall group, acute group and subacute/chronic group).Results: In the overall group (n = 235), explanatory power increased with each additional variable in the order of demographic characteristics, pain intensity and psychosocial factors. Pain intensity (ß = 0.219), Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS) (ß = 0.175) and Pain Self-Efficiency Questionnaire (PSEQ) (ß = −0.370) were significantly associated with disability. In the acute group (n = 65), explanatory power improved with each additional variable for the disability in the order of demographic characteristics, pain intensity and psychosocial factors. Ultimately, pain intensity and PSEQ had significant explanatory power, with pain having the most influence. However, in the subacute/chronic group (n = 170), explanatory power increased with each additional variable in the order of demographic characteristics, pain intensity and psychosocial factors and all, including psychosocial factors, had a strong impact, with self-efficacy having the most substantial impact on disability.Conclusion: Depending on the duration of the disease, the factors affecting the disability differed, with pain having more influence than psychosocial factors in the acute phase and psychosocial factors having more influence in the chronic phase.
Observations of Deterministic Quantum Correlation Using Coherent Light
Authors: Kim Sangbae , Ham Byoung S.
Published: June 2021

Complementarity theory is the essence of the Copenhagen interpretation in quantum mechanics. Since the Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiments, the particle nature of photons has been intensively studied for various quantum phenomena such as anticorrelation and Bell inequality violation over the last several decades. Regarding the quantum features based on the particle nature of photons, however, no clear answer exists for how to generate such an entangled photon pair or what causes the maximum correlation between them. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the physics of quantumness on anticorrelation using well defined and nearly sub-Poisson distributed coherent photons, where a particular photon number is post-selected using a photon resolving coincidence measurement technique. As a results, unprecedented wavelength dependent first-order intensity correlation has been observed in the two-photon second-order intensity correlation with 99.9 % visibility, where this result demonstrates the anticorrelation theory in Scientific Reports 10, 7309 (2020) and opens the door to the on-demand quantum correlation control.
Inherent Sex Differences in the Expression of the Endocannabinoid System within V1M Cortex and PAG of Sprague Dawley Rats
Authors: Levine Aidan , Liktor-Busa Erika , Lipinski Austin A , Couture Sarah , Balasubramanian Shreya , Aicher Sue A , Langlais Paul R , Vanderah Todd W , Largent-Milnes Tally M
Published: June 2021

Background: Several chronic pain disorders, such as migraine and fibromyalgia, have an increased prevalence in the female population. The underlying mechanisms of this sex-biased prevalence have yet to be thoroughly documented but could be related to endogenous differences in neuromodulators in pain networks, including the endocannabinoid system. The cellular endocannabinoid system is comprised of the endogenous lipid signals 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) and AEA (anandamide); the enzymes that synthesize and degrade them; and the cannabinoid receptors. The relative prevalence of different components of the endocannabinoid system in specific brain regions may alter responses to endogenous and exogenous ligands. Methods: Brain tissue from naïve male and female Sprague Dawley rats was harvested from V1M cortex, periaqueductal gray, trigeminal nerve, and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Tissue was analyzed for relative levels of endocannabinoid enzymes, ligands, and receptors via mass spectrometry, unbiased proteomic analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Mass spectrometry revealed cortical AEA levels were significantly higher in males compared to females (p<0.001), whereas 2-AG levels in periaqueductal grey were significantly higher in females compared to males (p<0.0001). Immunohistochemistry followed by unbiased proteomics confirmed the prevalence of 2-AG-endocannabinoid system enzymes in the female PAG.Conclusions: Our results suggest that sex differences exist in the endocannabinoid system in two CNS regions relevant to cortical spreading depression (V1M cortex) and descending modulatory networks in pain/anxiety (PAG). These basal differences in endogenous endocannabinoid mechanisms may facilitate the development of chronic pain conditions and may also underlie sex differences in response to therapeutic intervention.
Gastric Metastasis and Transformation of Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma to Small Cell Cancer After Acquired Resistance to EGFR-TkIs: A Case Report
Authors: Liu Jing , Xia Lei , Peng Yuan , Huang YuSheng , Yang ZhenZhou
Published: June 2021

Background: Transformation to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the mechanisms of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). However, no standard treatment is available after the transformation. In addition, gastric metastasis of primary lung cancer is rarely observed, thus, little is known about its metastasis characteristics. Case presentation: A 58-year-old male patient was treated with osimertinib (80 mg/day) as the 2st line treatment due to recurrence and metastasis after surgical resection first-line gefitinib for EGFR exon 19 mutation pulmonary adenocarcinoma. 1 year and 3 months after osimertinib initiation, all the lesions are increased. He complained stomachache, and a diagnostic gastroscopy biopsy confirmed small cell lung cancer in the gastric body, indicating osimertinib-induced phenotypic transformation. He was treated with etoposide and los platinum chemotherapy and the maintenance therapy with osimertinib. Finally, the patient achieved a partial response after four cycles. Conclusions: Timely second biopsy should be valued in the diagnosis of phenotypic transformation. After transformation, a chemotherapeutic treatment with etoposide and platinum and maintenance therapy with osimertinib inhibited the progress of the disease.
High-grade ductal carcinoma in-situ detected by microcalcification within borderline phyllodes tumour: A report of a case and literature review
Authors: Yuen Wing Nam , Li Joshua Jing Xi , Chan Man Yi , Tse Gary M
Published: June 2021

BackgroundPhyllodes tumour is a rare biphasic neoplasm of the breast that mostly affects middle aged women. Ductal carcinoma in-situ and microcalcifications occurring within phyllodes tumours are documented but are rare findings. Primary surgical excision with adjuvant therapies remains the mainstay of treatment.Case presentationWe report a case of a 42-year-old woman with high-grade ductal carcinoma in-situ within a borderline phyllodes tumour. Radiologically, clumps of microcalcification were detected within the lesion. Local excision followed by total mastectomy with axillary dissection was then performed. No tumour recurrence was detected up to a period of 8 years.ConclusionPresence of microcalcifications within a phyllodes tumour should alert clinicians and pathologists of possible coexisting carcinoma components. Stromal and epithelial components of these lesions should be evaluated separately when formulating a management plan.
Inter-ischial spine distance is a simple index of narrow pelvis that may predict difficulty during laparoscopic low anterior resection: a retrospective study
Authors: Ichikawa Nobuki , Homma Shigenori , Yoshida Tadashi , Imaizumi Ken , Miyaoka Yoichi , Matsui Hiroki , Taketomi Akinobu
Published: June 2021

Background

A narrow pelvis makes laparoscopic rectal resection difficult. This study aimed to evaluate whether a simple measurement on computed tomography can predict procedural difficulty.
Methods

A total of 62 patients with low rectal cancer underwent conventional laparoscopic low anterior resection. The inter-ischial spine (IS) distance (i.e., distance between the ischial spines) was measured on an axial computed tomography slice. Operative time, blood loss, and time from insertion of linear staplers to completion of clamping on the distal end of the rectum (clamp time) were compared.
Results

Overall, 42 men and 20 women with low rectal cancer were assessed. The mean tumor size was 34.5 mm. Total or tumor-specific mesorectal excisions were performed in all cases; high ligation and resection of the inferior mesenteric arteries were carried out in 92% of patients. The mean operative time, and blood loss were 206 min, and 15 mL respectively. Four patients (6.5%) experienced postoperative complications, including two anastomotic leaks (3.2%). The mean IS distance was 93.3 mm. With simple linear regression, shorter IS distance correlated with longer operative time (R2 = 0.08, P = 0.030) and clamp time (R2 = 0.07, P = 0.046). Using an receiver operating characteristic curve, a narrow pelvis was defined as IS distance < 94.7 mm. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that IS distance < 94.7 mm (odds ratio, 3.51; P = 0.04) was independently associated with a longer clamp time.
Conclusions

The IS distance is a simple and useful measurement for predicting the difficulty of laparoscopic low anterior resection.
Thermal Conductivity and Sintering Behavior of Sm2Zr2O7 Ceramics with Y3+ Substitution for Different Lattices
Authors: Xue Zhaolu , Wang Xin , Shi Mengchuan , Yu Haiyuan , Zhang Xin , Zhang Shihong
Published: June 2021

Sm2Zr2O7 is one of the most promising candidate materials for ultra-high temperature thermal barrier coatings. In this paper, a series of (Sm1-x1Yx1)2(Zr1-x2Yx2)2O7-x2 ceramics with different lattice sites replaced by Y3+ ions were successfully prepared by the high-temperature solid-phase sintering method. The effect of Y3+ doping on microstructure, phase composition, thermal conductivity and sintering behavior of modified Sm2Zr2O7 ceramics were investigated, respectively. The results showed that (Sm1-x1Yx1)2(Zr1-x2Yx2)2O7-x2 were composed of a single pyrochlore crystal phase within 20% Y3+ ions doping concentration. Compared with pure Sm2Zr2O7, the fracture toughness of each (Sm1-x1Yx1)2(Zr1-x2Yx2)2O7-x2 ceramic was significantly reduced. In terms of reducing the thermal conductivity of Sm2Zr2O7, the substitution of Y3+ ion for Zr4+ was more obvious than the substitution of Y3+ for Sm3+. Thermal conductivity of Sm2(Zr0.9Y0.1)2O6.9 was 1.315 W·m-1·K-1 at 1200 °C, which was the lowest among the studied ceramics.. Sm2(Zr0.9Y0.1)2O6.9 ceramic exhibited a lower grain growth rate at 1400 °C, and still remained a single pyrochlore crystal phase after sintering for 100 h, indicating that Sm2(Zr0.9Y0.1)2O6.9 had good high-temperature stability at 1400 °C.
Screening and Absolute Quantification of a β-lactamase Resistance Gene NDM-1 in Lake Sediment
Authors: Ranjan Rajeev , Thatikonda Shashidhar
Published: June 2021

The extensive usage of antibiotics in humans and veterinary medicine and their discharge into the aquatic environment hasten the growth, selection, and horizontal transmission of ARGs in a given bacterial community. New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1(NDM-1) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes a wide range of β-lactams antibiotics, including carbapenems. The rapid distribution of NDM-1 harboring bacteria accounts for a significant public health menace worldwide. The presence of the NDM-1 inhibited the potential of β–lactam antibiotics for treating infections caused by bacterial strains carrying such resistances, leaving minimal treatment options available. NDM-1 harboring bacteria have been detected in clinical specimens and environmental compartments where bacterial infections are ubiquitous. In this study, identification and absolute quantification of NDM-1 in sixteen lake sediment samples collected in and around Hyderabad, India, was carried out using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and results were expressed in gene copy number/ng (nanogram) of template DNA. 13 samples (out of 16) shown a positive signal for NDM-1 during qPCR analysis. Durgamcheru lake, Kandi lake, and Singur dam showed a negative signal for the NDM-1 during qPCR analysis among the tested samples. The remaining sampling locations tested positive with the highest gene copy number/ng of template DNA observed in the Amberpet STP (71.8). Hierarchical clustering analysis was performed to categorize the sampling location into different clusters based on pollution sources and observed results expressed in the form of a dendrogram.
Magnetite-rutile symplectite in ilmenite records magma hydration in layered intrusions
Authors: Tan Wei , Wang Christina Yan , Reddy Steven M. , He Hongping , Xian Haiyang , Xing Changming
Published: June 2021

The textures and geochemical characteristics of the rocks in layered intrusions potentially provide insights into the physicochemical processes that have taken place in mafic magma chambers. Diverse exsolution textures of Fe-Ti oxides in layered intrusions may record the variation of subsolidus temperature and oxygen fugacity (fO2) of cooling magma chambers. Here we investigated ilmenitehematite solid solution (Ilmss) relationships evident in preserved intergrowths of magnetite-rutile and ilmenite-hematite in the gabbro of the Xinjie layered intrusion. The crystallographic orientation and 3D morphology of the two intergrowth types constrain the transformation mechanism of the exsolution textures from Ilmss. The results reveal that the interface of the ilmenite-hematite intergrowth is more energetically favorable than that of the magnetite-rutile symplectite when they are transformed from Ilmss on cooling. The QUILF equilibria suggests that the magnetite-rutile symplectite can be transformed from Ti-rich ilmenite with Ilm≥0.85 above 550 °C when the subsolidus T-fO2 trend is buffered by the biotite-ilmenite-feldspar-ulvöspinel (KUIlB) mineral assemblages crystallized from hydrated mafic magmas. The magnetite-rutile symplectite may be used as a unique texture indicator of magma hydration in the evolution history of terrestrial, martian, and lunar magmas.
Genuine multipartite entanglement in time
Authors: Milz Simon , Spee Cornelia , Xu Zhen-Peng , Pollock Felix , Modi Kavan , Gühne Otfried
Published: June 2021

While spatial quantum correlations have been studied in great detail, much less is known about the genuine quantum correlations that can be exhibited by temporal processes. Employing the quantum comb formalism, processes in time can be mapped onto quantum states, with the crucial difference that temporal correlations have to satisfy causal ordering, while their spatial counterpart is not constrained in the same way. Here, we exploit this equivalence and use the tools of multipartite entanglement theory to provide a comprehensive picture of the structure of correlations that (causally ordered) temporal quantum processes can display. First, focusing on the case of a process that is probed at two points in time -- which can equivalently be described by a tripartite quantum state -- we provide necessary as well as sufficient conditions for the presence of bipartite entanglement in different splittings. Next, we connect these scenarios to the previously studied concepts of quantum memory, entanglement breaking superchannels, and quantum steering, thus providing both a physical interpretation for entanglement in temporal quantum processes, and a determination of the resources required for its creation. Additionally, we construct explicit examples of W-type and GHZ-type genuinely multipartite entangled two-time processes and prove that genuine multipartite entanglement in temporal processes can be an emergent phenomenon. Finally, we show that genuinely entangled processes across multiple times exist for any number of probing times.
Molecular Docking Studies of Curcumin Analogues against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
Authors: Nogueira Jéssica , Verza Flávia , Nishimura Felipe , Das Umashankar , Caruso Ícaro , Fachin Ana , Dimmock Jonathan , Marins Mozart
Published: June 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of the current pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has inflicted the loss of thousands of lives worldwide. The coronavirus surface spike (S) glycoprotein is a class I fusion with a S1 domain which is attached to the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, and a S2 domain which enables fusion with the host cell membrane and internalization of the virus. Curcumin has been suggested as a potential drug to control inflammation and as a potential inhibitor of S protein, but its therapeutic effects are hampered by poor bioavailability. We performed a molecular docking and dynamic study using 94 curcumin analogues designed to have improved metabolic stability against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and compared their affinity with curcumin and other potential inhibitors. The docking analysis suggested that the S2 domain is the main target of these compounds and compound 2606 displayed a higher binding affinity (-9.6 kcal mol-1) than curcumin (-6.8 kcal mol-1) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug hydroxychloroquine (-6.3 kcal mol-1). Further additional validation in vitro and in vivo of these compounds against SARS-CoV-2 may provide insights into the development of a drug that prevents virus entry into host cells.
Dynamic processes in the pulsation chamber vibration machine for disinfection of water
Authors: Kostyuk Nazar , Hordieiev Anatoliy , Bubulis Algimantas , Hordieiev Oleksii
Published: June 2021

There is a design of vibrating machine proposed in this paper. In this vibrating machine low-frequency vibrations are used to form cavitation cavities in a liquid substance in order to disinfect it. To study the dynamics of a vibrating machine, an analytical model has been created, which makes it possible to determine the change in the maximum pressure in the working body of a vibrating machine and analyze the influence of drive operating modes and design parameters on the efficiency of the water disinfection process. From the accomplished experimental studies, graphical dependences of the influence of design parameters and drive operating modes on the change in maximum pressure in the working body of a vibrating machine are obtained. Using video, we visualized the processes taking place in the working body of the vibrating machine, and analyzed the occurrence of cavitation phenomena in the working body of the vibrating machine. According to the results of the studies, it is recommended for practical use in vibration machines the frequency boundaries of the drive’s vibrations, the oscillation amplitude, the size of the piston and the holes in it, and their ratio.
Withdrawal Notice: New Aspect of Chirality or Mirror Symmetry Effect in Organic Chemistry, Physics, and Two-Component Biostructures
Authors: Pavlov Valerii A.
Published: June 2021

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Functional Group Interconversion Reactions in Continuous Flow Reactors
Authors: Leslie Alexander , Joseph Angel Maria , Baumann Marcus
Published: June 2021

:

An overview of the current uptake of continuous flow techniques for various functional
group interconversion reactions is presented. Besides highlighting a variety of prominent
examples and their main features, this review provides insights into specific reaction
classes, such as oxidations, reductions, rearrangements as well as different C-H functionalization
processes. While this review can only include key examples from the last decade, the
reader will find a solid foundation of important transformations along with further references
to inform and appreciate the opportunities arising from modern synthesis technologies such as
flow synthesis.
Исследование прохождения электронов с энергией 10 keV через керамический макроканал
Authors: Вохмянина К.А. , Мышеловка Л.В. , Сотникова В.С. , Кубанкина А.А. , Пятигор А.Д. , Кубанкин А.С. , Григорьев Ю.В.
Published: June 2021

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the passage of electrons through a ceramic macrocapillary with energy of 10 keV in the position when the axis of the channel is parallel to the axis of the incident beam. Measurements were made of the current and energy spectrum of electrons passing through the channel, depending on the value of the current of the beam incident into it and the irradiation time of the channel. The change in the transmission of electrons through the sample as a function of time after the formation of a conductive carbon deposit on the inner surface of both ends of the channel is demonstrated.
Clustering of Unhealthy Behaviors: Protocol for a Multiple Behavior Analysis of Data From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: van Allen Zack , Bacon Simon L , Bernard Paquito , Brown Heather , Desroches Sophie , Kastner Monika , Lavoie Kim , Marques Marta , McCleary Nicola , Straus Sharon , Taljaard Monica , Thavorn Kednapa , Tomasone Jennifer R , Presseau Justin
Published: June 2021

Background

Health behaviors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, smoking tobacco, and alcohol use are leading risk factors for noncommunicable chronic diseases and play a central role in limiting health and life satisfaction. To date, however, health behaviors tend to be considered separately from one another, resulting in guidelines and interventions for healthy aging siloed by specific behaviors and often focused only on a given health behavior without considering the co-occurrence of family, social, work, and other behaviors of everyday life.

Objective

The aim of this study is to understand how behaviors cluster and how such clusters are associated with physical and mental health, life satisfaction, and health care utilization may provide opportunities to leverage this co-occurrence to develop and evaluate interventions to promote multiple health behavior changes.

Methods

Using cross-sectional baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, we will perform a predefined set of exploratory and hypothesis-generating analyses to examine the co-occurrence of health and everyday life behaviors. We will use agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis to cluster individuals based on their behavioral tendencies. Multinomial logistic regression will then be used to model the relationships between clusters and demographic indicators, health care utilization, and general health and life satisfaction, and assess whether sex and age moderate these relationships. In addition, we will conduct network community detection analysis using the clique percolation algorithm to detect overlapping communities of behaviors based on the strength of relationships between variables.

Results

Baseline data for the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging were collected from 51,338 participants aged between 45 and 85 years. Data were collected between 2010 and 2015. Secondary data analysis for this project was approved by the Ottawa Health Science Network Research Ethics Board (protocol ID #20190506-01H).

Conclusions

This study will help to inform the development of interventions tailored to subpopulations of adults (eg, physically inactive smokers) defined by the multiple behaviors that describe their everyday life experiences.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/24887
Muscular Assessment in Patients With Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Protocol for a Case-Control Study
Authors: Borrmann Paz Francisca , O'Connor-Reina Carlos , Ignacio Jose M , Rodriguez Ruiz Elisa , Rodriguez Alcala Laura , Dzembrovsky Florencia , Baptista Peter , Garcia Iriarte Maria T , Casado Alba Carlos , Plaza Guillermo
Published: June 2021

Background

Myofunctional therapy is currently a reasonable therapeutic option to treat obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). This therapy is based on performing regular exercises of the upper airway muscles to increase their tone and prevent their collapse. Over the past decade, there has been an increasing number of publications in this area; however, to our knowledge, there are no studies focused on patients who can most benefit from this therapy.

Objective

This protocol describes a case-control clinical trial aimed at determining the muscular features of patients recently diagnosed with severe OSAHS compared with those of healthy controls.

Methods

Patients meeting set criteria will be sequentially enrolled up to a sample size of 40. Twenty patients who meet the inclusion criteria for controls will also be evaluated. Patients will be examined by a qualified phonoaudiologist who will take biometric measurements and administer the Expanded Protocol of Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores (OMES), Friedman Staging System, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaires. Measures of upper airway muscle tone will also be performed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument and tongue digital spoon devices. Evaluation will be recorded and reevaluated by a second specialist to determine concordance between observers.

Results

A total of 60 patients will be enrolled. Both the group with severe OSAHS (40 patients) and the control group (20 subjects) will be assessed for differences between upper airway muscle tone and OMES questionnaire responses.

Conclusions

This study will help to determine muscle patterns in patients with severe OSAHS and can be used to fill the gap currently present in the assessment of patients suitable to be treated with myofunctional therapy.

Trial Registration

ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN12596010; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12596010

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

PRR1-10.2196/30500
"СЕТЬ-2030": ВЗГЛЯД МСЭ-Т НА БУДУЩЕЕ СЕТЕЙ ФИКСИРОВАННОЙ СВЯЗИ
Authors: Росляков А.
Published: June 2021

Представлен обзор результатов исследования "Сеть-2030" (Network 2030), выполненного фокус-группой МСЭ-Т FG NET-2030 по изучению возможностей и принципов построения фиксированных сетей связи на период до 2030 года и в дальнейшей перспективе. Показана эволюция концепций сетей фиксированной связи, приведены проблемы современных сетей, которые необходимо решить при построении "Сети-2030". Рассмотрены базовые принципы и архитектура "Сети-2030", а также базовые и составные услуги, которые будет поддерживать новая сетевая инфраструктура.
ЗАДАЧА ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ УМНЫХ ГОРОДОВ В ТЕРМИНАХ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОГРАММИРОВАНИЯ
Authors: Горлинский Б. , Круглов О. , Леончиков В.
Published: June 2021

Рассматривается общий подход к планированию инфраструктуры умного города на базе массового использования модульных многофункциональных опор освещения. Предлагается использовать аппарат математического программирования для оптимизации параметров бизнеса инфраструктурных операторов. Показаны пути разрешения некоторых проблем при создании математической модели.
Una primera estimación del transporte de SO² sobre la Ciudad de México
Authors: Jauregui E. , Klaus D. , Lauer W.
Published: June 2021

Correlation coefficients SO², CO and suspended particles between four monitoring stations located in extreme NW, NE, SW and SE comers of Mexico City urban area are found to be significantly high. The air quality standard for SO² (0.10ppm) was exceeded more than 10% of the time in January 1976. SO² concentrations as well as wind intensity at the same four stations were found to be log·normally distributed for the January data. Space-time correlations between the different stations and at different time-intervals were also studied to establish the transport length scale of SO² Lover the city. A distinct peak of correlation at two-hour interval over the center west of city (Chapultepec Park) indicates a southward flow of contaminants along the foot hills of mountains to the west.
Conciencia moral, pensamiento lógico y continuidad en el esfuerzo: Tres lecciones del profesor Quintín Alfonsín en su “segunda vida”
Authors: Garcé García y Santos Álvaro
Published: June 2021

En julio de 1961 el profesor Quintín Alfonsín, principal referente histórico de los estudios de Derecho Internacional Privado en Uruguay y uno de los más importantes juristas nacionales del siglo XX, murió luego de un desastre aeronáutico ocurrido en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Su grandeza ante el trágico destino —pudiendo salvarse luchó hasta el límite de sus fuerzas intentando salvar a su esposa— realzan una personalidad en la que la conciencia del deber moral, la búsqueda de la excelencia y la fuerza de voluntad fueron valores de principio. Este trabajo no se propone resumir su obra ni insistir en el tópico de su temprana pérdida, lo que con sobrada justicia ya se ha hecho, sino destacar algunas de sus cualidades personales y resaltar su vigente magisterio jurídico y humano.
La protección jurídica del derecho humano al medio ambiente sano en Uruguay
Authors: Brun Pereira Martina
Published: June 2021

El presente artículo tiene como propósito analizar la protección jurídica del derecho al medio ambiente en Uruguay para observar si dicho sistema responde a la regulación y los estándares desarrollados en el sistema regional. Para ello se analiza jurisprudencia nacional junto a diversos trámites parlamentarios que llevaron a la aprobación de normas referentes a la protección del derecho mencionado. El artículo reflexiona, en suma, respecto del tratamiento que ha tenido el derecho al medio ambiente en Uruguay, además de considerar algunos aspectos competenciales que significan los desafíos actuales de tal derecho. Entre las conclusiones se destaca que los estándares regionales constituyen directrices interpretativas que incentivan a países como Uruguay a adoptar actitudes jurídicas más eficaces para la protección del medio ambiente, y que, pese al amplio respaldo que posee el ordenamiento interno, este no se ha aplicado de forma significativa en el país.
Percepción del programa de alimentación escolar (pae) en el colegio municipal aeropuerto, comuna 6 del municipio san José de Cúcuta bajo el enfoque de seguridad alimentaria
Authors: Palencia-Botello Rosa Elvira , Reales-Duarte Paola Andrea , Cordero Diaz Marling Carolina
Published: June 2021

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general analizar la percepción del Programa de Alimentación Escolar (PAE) en la institución educativa Colegio Municipal Aeropuerto ubicado en la comuna 8 del municipio San José de Cúcuta, bajo el enfoque de Seguridad Alimentaria, teniendo en cuenta que ello garantiza el derecho fundamental que contribuye al desarrollo de la población y también al progreso del Estado; para lo cual se llevó a cabo una investigación de campo, bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando como técnica la encuesta, y como instrumento de recolección de información el cuestionario estructurado de preguntas cerradas, para una muestra no probabilística e intencional, conformada por 25 padres y/o cuidadores del Colegio Municipal Aeropuerto, el Comité de Alimentación Escolar de esta institución (7 personas), a quienes fue dirigido el cuestionario.  Los resultados arrojaron que no existen indicadores de seguimiento  y monitoreo para la fase de ejecución del PAE, tampoco lo hacen las instituciones educativas, quienes simplemente elaboran actas con la lista de los estudiantes atendidos y las porciones o alimentos entregados. Por esa razón, se llegó a la conclusión de que es necesario optimizar estos pasos con la implementación de indicadores de seguimiento, los cuales fueron formulados por los autores de esta investigación, con el interés de que las instituciones educativas lleven un control oportuno de este importante beneficio.
Exploring the Impact of Peer Assessment on EFL Students’ Writing Performance
Authors: Meletiadou Eleni
Published: June 2021

Lately, researchers have expressed their concern for EFL students’ poor writing performance and exam failure. They have indicated that peer assessment (PA) can be successfully employed to support a better integration of teaching/instruction with assessment of progress in learning. Bearing this in mind, the current study employed a pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design and aimed to explore the effect of PA on 200 Greek Cypriot EFL students’ writing performance. These adolescent learners attended two writing classes per week (90 minutes) for a full school year. Teachers received training in PA skills and then had to train their own students. Students were asked to use a PA rubric which was also devised by the researcher but negotiated between the students and their teachers during the training sessions. Paired T-tests were performed to investigate whether students in the control (n=100 students and 10 teachers) and the experimental groups (n=100 students and 10 teachers) enhanced their writing performance comparing their pre- to post-test scores. The study outcomes indicated that PA could have a moderately positive impact on students’ writing performance. The use of PA improved students’ writing performance in 5 aspects: mechanics, organisation, content, focus, and vocabulary and language use. In response to the need for more experimentation, this study provides recommendations for PA implementation in secondary school EFL writing classes which enable teachers to improve students’ writing performance.
Development and Clinical Validation of a Droplet Digital PCR Method for Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumonia in Patients with Suspected Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Zheng Yang , Jin Jun , Shao Ziqiang , Liu Jingquan , Zhang Run , Sun Renhua , Hu Bangchuan
Published: June 2021

The relatively long turnaround time and low sensitivity of traditional
blood culture may delay the effective antibiotic therapy in patients
with bloodstream infection (BSI). To reduce the morbidity and mortality
of BSI, a rapid and sensitive pathogen detection method is urgently
required. Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumonia are two major
microorganisms responsible for BSI. Here we reported a novel droplet
digital PCR (ddPCR) method that can detect A. baumannii and K. pneumonia
in whole blood samples within 4 h, with a specificity of 100% for each
strain and limit of detection at 0.93 copies/microliter for A. baumannii
and 0.27 copies/microliter for K. pneumonia. Clinical validation in 170
patients with suspected BSIs showed that, compared with blood culture
that reported 4 (2.4%) A. baumannii cases and 7 (4.1%) K. pneumonia
cases, ddPCR detected 23 (13.5%) A. baumannii cases, 26 (15.3%) K.
pneumonia cases, and 4 (2.4%) dual infection cases, including the 11
positive patients reported by blood culture. In addition, the positive
patients reported by ddPCR alone (n = 42) had significantly lower serum
concentrations of procalcitonin and lactate, SOFA and APACHE II scores,
and 28-day mortality than those reported by both blood culture and ddPCR
(n = 11), suggesting that patients with less severe manifestations can
potentially benefit from the guidance of ddPCR results. In conclusion,
our study suggests that ddPCR represents a sensitive and rapid method to
identify causal pathogens in blood samples and to guide the treatment
decisions in the early stage of BSI.
Efficacy of Brucella abortus S19 and RB51 vaccine strains: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dorneles Elaine , Oliveira Marina Martins de , Pereira Carine , Oliveira Izabela , Godfroid Jacques , Lage Andrey
Published: June 2021

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to recalculate the
efficacy of these two vaccine strains, and to discuss the main variables
associated with controlled trials to evaluate bovine brucellosis
vaccines efficacy. The most used vaccine strain was S19, at the dose of
10 colony forming units (CFU), followed by the
vaccine strain RB51 at 10 CFU. The most used
challenge strain was B. abortus 2308, at the dose of 10
CFU by intraconjunctival route. For the
meta-analysis, trials were grouped according to the vaccine strain and
dose to recalculate protection against abortion (four groups) or
infection (five groups), using pooled risk ratio (RR) and vaccine
efficacy (VE). For protection against abortion (n = 15 trials), S19
vaccine at 10 CFU exhibited the highest protection
rate (RR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.52; VE = 75.09%, 95% CI: 48.08 –
88.05), followed by RB51 10 (RR = 0.31, 95% CI:
0.16 to 0.61; VE = 69.25%, 95% CI: 39.48 – 84.38). For protection
against infection (n = 23 trials), only two subgroups exhibited
significant protection: S19 at 10 CFU (RR = 0.28,
95% CI: 0.14 to 0.55; VE = 72.03%, 95% CI: 57.70 – 81.50) and RB51
at 10 CFU dose (RR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.84;
VE = 57.05%, 95% CI: 30.90 – 73.30). In conclusion, our results
suggest that the dose of 10 CFU for S19 and 10
CFU for RB51 are the most suitable for the
prevention of abortion and infection caused by B. abortus.
Outside Opportunities, Managerial Risk Taking, and CEO Compensation
Authors: Chen Wen , Jung Sumi , Peng Xiaoxia , Zhang Ivy Xiying
Published: June 2021

Exploiting the setting of staggered adoption of the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine (IDD) in U.S. state courts, we examine how quasi-exogenous restrictions of outside employment opportunities affect CEO compensation structure. The IDD adoption constrains executives' ability to work for competitors, which likely decreases CEOs' tendency to take risks by increasing the cost of job loss and reducing the reward to risk taking. We expect the board to respond by increasing the sensitivity of CEO wealth to stock volatility (vega) to encourage risk taking. We find a significant increase in vega post-IDD adoption. The effect is stronger among CEOs with greater career concerns. The effect also increases with the ex ante CEO mobility and the importance of trade secrets, suggesting the board increases vega more when there is a greater reduction in CEO outside opportunities. Overall, we provide new evidence on how external labor market frictions affect the convexity of CEO compensation.

JEL Classifications: G32; M12; J60.
Epigenome-Wide Association Study Reveals Methylation Loci Associated With Offspring Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Exposure and Maternal Methylome
Authors: Canouil Mickaël , Khamis Amna , Keikkala Elina , Hummel Sandra , Lobbens Stephane , Bonnefond Amélie , Delahaye Fabien , Tzala Evangelia , Mustaniemi Sanna , Vääräsmäki Marja , Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta , Sebert Sylvain , Kajantie Eero , Froguel Philippe , Andrew Toby
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of obesity and insulin resistance in offspring later in life, which might be explained by epigenetic changes in response to maternal hyperglycemic exposure.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We explored the association between GDM exposure and maternal blood and newborn cord blood methylation in 536 mother-offspring pairs from the prospective FinnGeDi cohort using Illumina MethylationEPIC 850K BeadChip arrays. We assessed two hypotheses. First, we tested for shared maternal and offspring epigenetic effects resulting from GDM exposure. Second, we tested whether GDM exposure and maternal methylation had an epigenetic effect on the offspring.

RESULTS

We did not find any epigenetic marks (differentially methylated CpG probes) with shared and consistent effects between mothers and offspring. After including maternal methylation in the model, we identified a single significant (false discovery rate 1.38 × 10−2) CpG at the cg22790973 probe (TFCP2) associated with GDM. We identified seven additional FDR-significant interactions of maternal methylation and GDM status, with the strongest association at the same cg22790973 probe (TFCP2), as well as cg03456133, cg24440941 (H3C6), cg20002843 (LOC127841), cg19107264, and cg11493553 located within the UBE3C gene and cg17065901 in FAM13A, both susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes and BMI, and cg23355087 within the DLGAP2 gene, known to be involved in insulin resistance during pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study reveals the potential complexity of the epigenetic transmission between mothers with GDM and their offspring, likely determined by not only GDM exposure but also other factors indicated by maternal epigenetic status, such as maternal metabolic history.
A Study on Perception on the Malay Language Proficiency among Bangladeshi Migrants Who are Involved in the Business Sector in Kuala Lumpur
Authors: Sayed Mahadi Syed Abdul Razak , Mohd Nizan Ain Shafiqah , Wahab Azhar Ab
Published: June 2021

Malaysia whom with open arms welcomes foreigners to help develop its economy catches the attention of especially the Bangladeshis. Undoubtedly, the presence of Bangladeshis has helped in filling in the vacancies in many sectors such as plantation, construction, services and manufacturing. Their work stint and experience gained leads to a paradigm shift, from an employee to an entrepreneur. Migration to Malaysia demands them to learn and acquire the Malay language for survival. In addition, proficiency in the Malay language is an added value as it makes them feel contented, secure and successful.  This study aims to look at the perception on the proficiency of the Bangladeshis entrepreneurs who are adapting the Malay language as the main medium of communication. The relation between levels of education and proficiency in 1) speaking, 2) reading and 3) writing is analysed. This study also evaluates the importance of the Malay language usage among Bangladeshis in managing businesses. A survey was conducted on 56 Bangladeshi migrants who were involved in the business field in Kuala Lumpur. Surely, it is crucial for Bangladeshis who wish to work in this country to be proficient in the Malay language. This is to ensure their survival strategy is sustained, allowing them to tap a gold mine in Malaysian soil.
Public policy of support for small business innovation in the U.S.: lessons for Russia
Authors: Zinovieva E. A. , Balyshev A.
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes the characteristics of the program of Assistance to Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) in the United States. This program is aimed at support and subsequent commercialization of high technology developed by small firms. The government agencies involved in the implementation of the program determine the research areas manage the allocated funds themselves. The program has been in operation for over 30 years and has proven to be effective. It provides business with funds necessary at the primary, the most risky phase of production of innovative goods and services, and also gives signals to the market about popular areas of innovation development. Participation in the program is a guarantee of a high level for innovative product or service produced by the firm and allows companies to raise additional funds. Conclusions drawn from the analysis of the SBIR may be useful for the policy support of science and technology in Russia. The implementation of programs similar to SBIR in Russia will solve the actual problem of innovation development, to reduce information asymmetry in the market of innovative products and services and help in attracting venture capital in high-technology projects.
The Economic Crisis and the Protestant Congregations in the Contemporary Russia
Authors: Kargina I. G.
Published: June 2021

RETRACTED

The political paradigm shift after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the economic crisis, and the provision of religious freedom were all conducive to the aspirations of a vast majority of the population. They yearn, on one hand, to determine new value guidelines and, on the other, to compensate for the stress, fear, and uncertainty caused by reforms and crisis by means of religion. This can be clearly seen in the unprecedented surge of the levels of religiosity in the country and is directly influenced the dynamic of the diversity of religious organizations. In the last 20 years, a confessional distribution of believers typical of a mosaic cultural tradition and the composition of nationality in Russia has been formed. The overwhelming majority are orthodox, followed by (in descending order) Muslims, Protestants, Catholics, Buddhists, Judaists, and others. At the same time, religiosity in Russia is quite discordant. It is commonplace to consider it to be very spiritual and orthodox-orientated. But research often points at the opposite. For example, the level or religious practice amongst Orthodox Russians is fairly low. In this context, Protestant religious denominations in Russia feature a high level of commitment to all kinds of religious practice within its congregation, extensive involvement in religious dogmas, and a drive towards consolidation and every-day cooperation. Protestants are the most pluralistic and dynamically developing segment of the Russian religious field. Research shows that in the last 20 years, in conditions of the dominant influence of the Orthodox Church on Russian society, a protestant community has been formed, which is economically independent, socially organized, and is one of the most dynamic religious movements. According to expert opinion, even though the number of Protestants is relatively low, the protestant religious denomination can function as a socially and economically active minority, capable of exerting positive influence on the country's development and the overcoming of crises, provided that they will be successful in creating an effective model of internal consolidation.