bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comment on "Tropospheric temperature response to stratospheric ozone recovery in the 21st century" by Hu et al. (2011)
Authors: McLandress C. , Perlwitz J. , Shepherd T. G.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. In a recent paper Hu et al. (2011) suggest that the recovery of stratospheric ozone during the first half of this century will significantly enhance free tropospheric and surface warming caused by the anthropogenic increase of greenhouse gases, with the effects being most pronounced in Northern Hemisphere middle and high latitudes. These surprising results are based on a multi-model analysis of IPCC AR4 model simulations with and without prescribed stratospheric ozone recovery. Hu et al. suggest that in order to properly quantify the tropospheric and surface temperature response to stratospheric ozone recovery, it is necessary to run coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models with stratospheric ozone chemistry. The results of such an experiment are presented here, using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model coupled to a three-dimensional ocean model. In contrast to Hu et al., we find a much smaller Northern Hemisphere tropospheric temperature response to ozone recovery, which is of opposite sign. We argue that their result is an artifact of the incomplete removal of the large effect of greenhouse gas warming between the two different sets of models.
Three representative UK moorland soils show differences in decadal release of dissolved organic carbon in response to environmental change
Authors: Stutter M. I. , Lumsdon D. G. , Rowland A. P.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Moorland carbon reserves in organo-mineral soils may be crucial to predicting landscape-scale variability in soil carbon losses, an important component of which is dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Surface water DOC trends are subject to a range of scaling, transport and biotic processes that disconnect them from signals in the catchment's soils. Long-term soil datasets are vital to identify changes in DOC release at source and soil C depletion. Here we show, that moorland soil solution DOC concentrations at three key UK Environmental Change Network sites increased between 1993–2007 in both surface- and sub- soil of a freely-draining Podzol (48 % and 215 % increases in O and Bs horizons, respectively), declined in a gleyed Podzol and showed no change in a Peat. Our principal findings were that: (1) considerable heterogeneity in DOC response appears to exist between different soils that is not apparent from the more consistent observed trends for streamwaters, and (2) freely-draining organo-mineral Podzol showed increasing DOC concentrations, countering the current scientific focus on soil C destabilization in peats. We discuss how the key solubility controls on DOC associated with coupled physico-chemical factors of ionic strength, acid deposition recovery, soil hydrology and temperature cannot readily be separated. Yet, despite evidence that all sites are recovering from acidification the soil-specific responses to environmental change have caused divergence in soil DOC concentration trends. The study shows that the properties of soils govern their specific response to an approximately common set of broad environmental drivers. Key soil properties are indicated to be drainage, sulphate and DOC sorption capacity. Soil properties need representation in process-models to understand and predict the role of soils in catchment to global C budgets. Catchment hydrological (i.e. transport) controls may, at present, be governing the more ubiquitous rises in river DOC concentration trends, but soil (i.e. source) controls provide the key to prediction of future C loss to waters and the atmosphere.
The role of orbital forcing, carbon dioxide and regolith in 100 kyr glacial cycles
Authors: Ganopolski A. , Calov R.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The origin of the 100 kyr cyclicity, which dominates ice volume variations and other climate records over the past million years, remains debatable. Here, using a comprehensive Earth system model of intermediate complexity, we demonstrate that both strong 100 kyr periodicity in the ice volume variations and the timing of glacial terminations during past 800 kyr can be successfully simulated as direct, strongly nonlinear responses of the climate-cryosphere system to orbital forcing alone, if the atmospheric CO2 concentration stays below its typical interglacial value. The existence of long glacial cycles is primarily attributed to the North American ice sheet and requires the presence of a large continental area with exposed rocks. We show that the sharp, 100 kyr peak in the power spectrum of ice volume results from the long glacial cycles being synchronized with the Earth's orbital eccentricity. Although 100 kyr cyclicity can be simulated with a constant CO2 concentration, temporal variability in the CO2 concentration plays an important role in the amplification of the 100 kyr cycles.
Experiences of using mobile technologies and virtual fieldtrips in Physical Geography: implications for hydrology education
Authors: Kingston D. G. , Eastwood W. J. , Jones P. I. , Johnson R. , Marshall S. , Hannah D. M.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Education in hydrology is changing rapidly due to diversification of students, emergent major scientific and practical challenges that our discipline must engage with, shifting pedagogic ideas and higher education environments, the need for students to develop new discipline specific and transferrable skills, and the advent of innovative technologies for learning and teaching. This paper focuses on new technologies in the context of learning and teaching in Physical Geography and reflects on the implications of our experiences for education in hydrology. We evaluate the experience of designing and trialling novel mobile technology-based field exercises and a virtual field trip for a Year 1 undergraduate Physical Geography module at a UK university. The new exercises are based on using and obtaining spatial data, operation of meteorological equipment (explained using an interactive DVD), and include introductions to global positioning systems (GPS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The technology and exercises were well received in a pilot study and subsequent rolling-out to the full student cohort (∼150 students). A statistically significant improvement in marks was observed following the redesign. Although the students enjoyed using mobile technology, the increased interactivity and opportunity for peer learning were considered to be the primary benefits by students. This is reinforced further by student preference for the new interactive virtual field trip over the previous "show-and-tell" field exercise. Despite the new exercises having many advantages, exercise development was not trivial due to the high start-up costs, the need for provision of sufficient technical support and the relative difficulty of making year-to-year changes (to the virtual field trip in particular). We believe our experiences are directly relevant to the implementation of such novel learning and teaching technologies in hydrology education.
Enterococci and their ability live out activity of sanitation detergents
Authors: Lavová Monika , Ducková Viera , Čanigová Margita , Kročko Miroslav
Published: December 2011

We evaluated the effect of temperature decrease of sanitation solutions (35 °C) in condition of organic load (1% reconstituted powdered milk) and varying hardness of the water used for solution preparation (0 °, 15 °, 30 ° and 45 °) on the ability to randomly selected strains of enterococci survive exposure to acidic and alkaline sanitation solution (0.5% concentration, contact time 15 minutes) in model experiments. Increasing water hardness also increases the number surviving enterococci. Presence of organic loads and lower temperatures decreased the sanitation effect of the test solutions. The tested strains showed different tolerances to applied sanitation solutions. We found a weaker powerful of acid sanitation solution on base phosphoric acid after its application.https://doi.org/ 10.5219/166
Evaluation of the growth of selected Lactobacilli in pseudocereal substrate
Authors: Pelikánová Jana , Liptáková Denisa , Valí­k Ľubomí­r , Stančeková Katarí­na
Published: December 2011

The growth dynamics of Lactobacillus spp. in sweet water- and milk-based substrates from cooked buckwheatand amaranth flour were studied in this work. The numbers of lactobacilli were observed during fermentation in 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 °C and storage (3 weeks at 6 °C). The earned data and estimated growth parameters showed that certain strains grew well in the milk-based gruels, even water-based amaranth gruel. This was also the case of the species under study characterized with the fastest growth. Based on the rates, only the strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and VT1 were able to grow with the values higher than 0.6 log CFU.ml-1.h-1 that can be expressed as the times to double (td) lower than 0.5 h. This was found in both the amaranth and buckwheat milk-based gruels and water-based amaranth gruels but fermented only by the probiotic GG strain. The 3-week storage tests aimed on survival of the lactobacilli at 6 °C showed minimal decrease of the counts in buckwheat gruels with the average rates of -0.084 and -0.004 log CFU.ml-1.d-1 in water- and milk-based gruels, respectively. On the other hand in amaranth gruels, the numbers of lactobacilli slightly increased with the rate of 0.02 log CFU.ml-1.d-1, on average. The results of this pilot study pointed out that the selection of suitable lactic acid bacteria should be performed for optimal fermentation of pseudo-cereal substrates. The numbers of lactobacilli at the end of fermentation were not or very slightly affected by the type of substrate at 6 °C during three weeks.
On the Favard-Type Theorem and the Jackson-Type Theorem (II)
Authors: Jung Hee Sun , Sakai Ryozi , Suzuki Noriaki
Published: December 2011

Let , and let be an even function. We consider the exponential weights , . In this paper we investigate the relations between the Favard-type inequality and the Jackson-type inequality. We also discuss the equivalence of two K-functionals and the modulus of smoothness.
Frederick Douglass and the Atlantic World
Authors: Sweeney Fionnghuala
Published: December 2011

This book takes as its subject the effect of extraterritorial sites - Ireland, Haiti, Egypt - on Frederick Douglass writing, self-construction, national, class and racial identity, and status as representative US American man. The most prolific African American writer of the nineteenth century embarked, after his escape from slavery in 1838, on a public career that would span the century and three continents. The narrative of his life in slavery remains a seminal work in the literary and historical canons of the United States, and has recently been included in the corpus of the American Renaissance. Much critical attention has been placed on Douglass activities within the United States, his effect on socio-political reform, and relationship to an oppressed and marginalized community of African Americans. Yet much of his literary and political development occurred outside the United States. This innovative book focuses specifically on Douglass Atlantic encounters, literal and literary, against the backdrop of slavery, emancipation, and western colonial process. Sweeneys study will be of interest to those working in the fields of history, literature and cultural studies; to scholars of Douglass; those interested in American and Irish Studies, Black Atlantic studies and postcolonialism; and those engaged in critical work on the literary and historical implications of the United States as empire.
Beyond the Slave Narrative
Authors: Jenson Deborah
Published: December 2011

The Haitian Revolution has generated responses from commentators in fields ranging from philosophy to historiography to twentieth-century literary and artistic studies. But what about the written work produced at the time, by Haitians? This book is the first to present an account of a specifically Haitian literary tradition in the Revolutionary era. Beyond the Slave Narrative shows the emergence of two strands of textual innovation, both evolving from the new revolutionary consciousness: the remarkable political texts produced by Haitian revolutionary leaders Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and popular Creole poetry from anonymous courtesans in Saint-Domingue's libertine culture. These textual forms, though they differ from each other, both demonstrate the increasing cultural autonomy and literary voice of non-white populations in the colony at the time of revolution. Unschooled generals and courtesans, long presented as voiceless, are at last revealed to be legitimate speakers and authors. These Haitian French and Creole texts have been neglected as a foundation of Afro-diasporic literature by former slaves in the Atlantic world for two reasons: because they do not fit the generic criteria of the slave narrative (which is rooted in the autobiographical experience of enslavement); and because they are mediated texts, relayed to the print-cultural Atlantic domain not by the speakers themselves, but by secretaries or refugee colonists. These texts challenge how we think about authorial voice, writing, print culture, and cultural autonomy in the context of the formerly enslaved, and demand that we reassess our historical understanding of the Haitian Independence and its relationship to an international world of contemporary readers.
Octupolar Films with Large Second Harmonic Generation and Electro‐Optical Effects
Authors: Jeong Mi‐Yun , Brasselet Sophie , Lim Tong‐Kun , Cho Bong Rae
Published: December 2011

Thin films that benefit from efficient octupolar molecular packing are prepared for second harmonic generation (SHG) and electro‐optic (EO) applications. The films are composed of 1,3,5‐tricyano‐2, 4,6‐tris(p‐diethylaminostyryl)benzene (TTB) in a ploymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) matrix on aluminum/BK7 glass (Al/BK7) and polyimide/indium tin oxide (PI/ITO) substrates. Octupolar films prepared on both substrates display polycrystalline and cylindrical domains. The molecular orientation, SHG efficiencies, and EO coefficients of the crystalline domains are measured. In the cylinders, the molecular crystal planes are oriented perpendicularly to the major cylinder axis, whereas in the polycrystals, the planes are randomly oriented. While both structures exhibit high and stable SHG and EO efficiencies, the cylinders, in particular, exhibited a very large SHG, a large EO coefficient, and high thermal stability; these characteristics will be useful in second order nonlinear optical applications.
Microwave properties of selected thermoplastic conducting composites
Authors: Lakshmi K. , John Honey , Joseph Rani , Mathew K.T. , George K.E.
Published: December 2011

Thermoplastic conducting composites of polyparaphenylene diazomethine (PPDA), polythiophene (PTH), poly‐3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), and polyaniline (PANI) with polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyurethane (PU) were prepared. Conducting composites were prepared by in situ polymerization of thiophene, ethylene dioxy thiophene, and aniline in the presence of polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane using FeCl3 as the oxidizing agent. PPDA composites were prepared by dispersing PPDA powder in the polymer solution followed by casting. The microwave properties of all the composites were studied in the S band using Vector Network Analyzer and the best composite was selected based on the dielectric properties for microwave applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Relationship between placenta growth factor 1 and vascularization, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to dehydroepiandrosterone conversion, or aromatase expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and patients with osteoarthritis
Authors: Lowin Torsten , Weidler Claudia , Jenei‐Lanzl Zsuzsa , Capellino Silvia , Baerwald Christoph G. O. , Buttgereit Frank , Straub Rainer H.
Published: December 2011

Objective

Proliferating pannus is in many aspects similar to placental tissue. Both fibroblast‐rich tissues have high vascularity, and tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) demonstrates conversion of androgenic prehormones to downstream estrogens. We undertook this study to investigate similarities between proliferating pannus and placental tissue by focusing on angiogenic placenta growth factor 1 (PlGF‐1) in patients with OA and patients with RA.

Methods

We used immunohistochemistry to study the presence of PlGF‐1, its synovial distribution, and the PlGF‐1–expressing synovial cell type. The relationship between PlGF‐1 and conversion of the biologically inactive placental prehormone dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to the biologically active dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was investigated in mixed synovial cells. The effects of DHEA on PlGF‐1 expression were studied by intracellular fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis.

Results

PlGF‐1–positive cells were detected in the lining and sublining areas in patients with RA and patients with OA, and cellular density was similar. Double staining revealed that PlGF‐1–positive cells were macrophages. In RA and OA, the density of PlGF‐1–positive cells correlated positively with the density of macrophages and the density of type IV collagen–positive vessels. The supernatant concentration of 3H‐DHEA after conversion from 3H‐DHEAS and the density of aromatase‐positive cells were positively correlated with the density of PlGF‐1–positive cells only in OA. Low DHEA concentrations (≤10−9M) had stimulatory effects on PlGF‐1 when compared to serum concentrations (10−8M to 10−7M) in the monocytic cell line THP‐1 and in primary mixed synovial cells.

Conclusion

PlGF‐1 functions similarly in inflamed synovium and in the placenta. It is related to vessel formation and, in OA patients, to androgen/estrogen conversion. Evolutionarily conserved functions of PlGF‐1 for placental phenomena are obviously also present in synovial inflammation.
In‐line near infrared spectroscopy monitoring of pharmaceutical powder moisture in a fluidised bed dryer: An efficient methodology for chemometric model development
Authors: Demers Anne‐Marie , Gosselin Ryan , Simard Jean‐Sébastien , Abatzoglou Nicolas
Published: December 2011

This work proposes a novel chemometric methodology for in‐line near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring of pharmaceutical powder moisture in a fluidised‐bed dryer. The collected spectra are analysed by multivariate chemometrics involving the preparation of numerous laboratory samples. A different methodology, using only plant samples, was tested in real‐time. A specially designed probe tip, allowing for robust in‐situ spectral acquisition, was designed. The results prove that NIRS can be as efficient as traditional quality analyses, e.g. loss‐on‐drying, in measuring powder moisture content in a fluidised bed dryer with a calibration model based only on plant samples. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Prediction of molecular weight distributions in polymers using probability generating functions
Authors: Sarmoria Claudia , Asteasuain Mariano , Brandolin Adriana
Published: December 2011

We review the work of our group in the area of mathematical modelling of polymerisation reactors and processes, with emphasis in the prediction of molecular weight distributions using probability generating functions (pgfs). We apply the method to a polymerisation example for which the analytic solution is known, and show that its predictions are very accurate. We also compare the performance of the method to that of the straightforward integration of the mass balances of the reacting system, showing that the pgf method results in very fast calculations. We end by discussing ongoing and future applications of the method. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
New Acylhydrido‐ and Diacylrhodium(III) Organocomplexes Derived from 8‐Quinolinecarbaldehyde and/or o‐(Diphenylphosphanyl)benzaldehyde
Authors: Barquín Montserrat , Garralda María A. , Hernández Ricardo , Ibarlucea Lourdes , Mendicute‐Fierro Claudio , Torralba M. Carmen , Torres M. Rosario , San Nacianceno Virginia , Zumeta Itziar
Published: December 2011

The acylhydridorhodium(III) complex [RhHCl{PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(py)2] (1) reacts with 8‐quinolinecarbaldehyde (C9H6NCHO) to afford mixed diacyl [RhCl(C9H6NCO){PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(py)] (2) with acyl groups trans to chlorine and to pyridine. Complex 1 undergoes displacement of pyridine by 2‐(aminomethyl)pyridine (ampy) or diphosphanes to give hydridoacyl neutral [RhHCl{PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(LL)] [LL = ampy (3), bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane (dppm, 5), 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)propane (dppp, 6), 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane (dppe, 7)] with hydride trans to chloride. Complex 3 exchanges hydride with chloride to give [Rh(Cl)2{PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(ampy)] (4). The reaction of 2 with bidentate N‐donor ligands yields cationic mixed diacyl [Rh(C9H6NCO){PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(NN)]+ species [NN = 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy, 8), ampy (9)]. Neutral or cationic diacyl complexes that contain two acylquinoline fragments can be obtained by the reaction of dimer [Rh(μ‐Cl)(C9H6NCO)2]2 (10) with pyridine to give [Rh(Cl)(C9H6NCO)2(py)] (11) or with bidentate N‐ or P‐donor ligands (LL) to afford [Rh(C9H6NCO)2(LL)]+ [LL = dppm (12), dppe (13), dppp (14), 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)butane (15), ampy (16), 8‐aminoquinoline (17), biacetyldihydrazone (18), bipy (19)] with the acyl groups trans to LL. Complex 11 is highly fluxional in solution. At low temperatures, the acylquinoline chelate opens to allow an intramolecular exchange between 11a and 11b (ΔH‡ = 10.1 ± 0.2 kcal mol–1 and ΔS‡ = 1.0 ± 0.1 cal K–1 mol–1), and pyridine dissociation occurs at room temperature. All the complexes were characterized spectroscopically. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis was performed on 2.
Control of Diastereoselectivity in Orthoester Johnson–Claisen Rearrangement of Tartrate‐Based Allyl Alcohol: An Efficient Synthesis of Arundic Acid, a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Fernandes Rodney A. , Ingle Arun B. , Chaudhari Dipali A.
Published: December 2011

A diastereoselective orthoester Johnson–Claisen rearrangement has been employed in the synthesis of both enantiomers of arundic acid, a potential therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease. The effect of solvent, olefin geometry and alcohol chirality on the diastereoselectivity of the orthoester Johnson–Claisen rearrangement of a tartrate‐based allyl alcohol has been studied.
Predicament and promise: The internal evaluator as ethical leader
Authors: Schweigert Francis J.
Published: December 2011

Internal evaluators encounter risks but also significant opportunities to strengthen organizational and professional ethics. Potential contributions depend, in part, on the conjunction of ethics and evaluation in the role of the internal evaluator as the person specially commissioned to investigate value and render judgment based on evidence gathered. At the same time, risks increase when evaluation and ethics are brought together. In the words of one evaluator, “These are rather dangerous moments because a lot of energy is created when an evaluator expresses ethical values such as these. We have a great deal of power, whether we like to think so or not” (Cartland, 2010). This article clarifies the risks in order to free up the potential. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Fossil Mammals and Paleoenvironments in the Omo‐Turkana Basin
Authors: Bobe René
Published: December 2011

Although best known for its fossil hominins, the Omo‐Turkana Basin of Kenya and Ethiopia is the source of one of the best records of vertebrate evolution from the Late Cenozoic of Africa. Located near the heart of the East African Rift Valley, the basin serves as an important frame of reference for the continent. The fossil record from this region plays a key role in our efforts to understand the environmental and ecological context of human evolution in Africa. The Omo‐Turkana faunal data shed light on key questions of human evolution: What kinds of environments did early humans inhabit? How did these environments change over time? What is the relationship between faunal change in East Africa and broader patterns of climatic change? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potentially malignant lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract
Authors: Dreyer Thomas , Kreisel Melanie
Published: December 2011

Mucosal lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract usually concern the squamous epithelium of the surface. Many precancerous alterations now designated as potentially malignant are caused by DNA damage resulting from long term exposure to tobacco and alcohol consumption. The distinction from conditions with a similar phenotype but caused by different reasons such as viral infection may be difficult. Furthermore, a magnitude of similar appearing lesions with different clinical background and different biological behavior are discussed in this paper. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NALP‐3 inflammasome silencing attenuates ceramide‐induced transepithelial permeability
Authors: Kolliputi Narasaiah , Galam Lakshmi , Tamarapu Parthasarathy Prasanna , Tipparaju Srinivas M. , Lockey Richard F.
Published: December 2011

The hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI) is the influx of proinflammatory cytokines into lung tissue and alveolar permeability that ultimately leads to pulmonary edema. However, the mechanisms involved in inflammatory cytokine production and alveolar permeability are unclear. Recent studies suggest that excessive production of ceramide has clinical relevance as a mediator of pulmonary edema and ALI. Our earlier studies indicate that the activation of inflammasome promotes the processing and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and causes alveolar permeability in ALI. However, the role of ceramide in inflammasome activation and the underlying mechanism in relation to alveolar permeability is not known. We hypothesized that ceramide activates the inflammasome and causes inflammatory cytokine production and alveolar epithelial permeability. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the lung ceramide levels during hyperoxic ALI in mice. The effect of ceramide on activation of inflammasome and production of inflammatory cytokine was assessed in primary mouse alveolar macrophages and THP‐1 cells. Alveolar transepithelial permeability was determined in alveolar epithelial type‐II cells (AT‐II) and THP‐1 co‐cultures. Our results reveal that ceramide causes inflammasome activation, induction of caspase‐1, IL‐1β cleavage, and release of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, ceramide further induces alveolar epithelial permeability. Short‐hairpin RNA silencing of inflammasome components abrogated ceramide‐induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Inflammasome silencing abolishes ceramide‐induced alveolar epithelial permeability in AT‐II. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time that ceramide‐induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and alveolar epithelial permeability occurs though inflammasome activation. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3310–3316, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated quantification of muscle and fat in the thigh from water‐, fat‐, and nonsuppressed MR images
Authors: Makrogiannis Sokratis , Serai Suraj , Fishbein Kenneth W. , Schreiber Catherine , Ferrucci Luigi , Spencer Richard G.
Published: December 2011

Purpose:

To introduce and validate an unsupervised muscle and fat quantification algorithm based on joint analysis of water‐suppressed (WS), fat‐suppressed (FS), and water and fat (nonsuppressed) volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the mid‐thigh region.

Materials and Methods:

We first segmented the subcutaneous fat by use of a parametric deformable model, then applied centroid clustering in the feature domain defined by the voxel intensities in WS and FS images to identify the intermuscular fat and muscle. In the final step we computed volumetric and area measures of fat and muscle. We applied this algorithm on datasets of water‐, fat‐, and nonsuppressed volumetric MR images acquired from 28 participants.

Results:

We validated our tissue composition analysis against fat and muscle area measurements obtained from semimanual analysis of single‐slice mid‐thigh computed tomography (CT) images of the same participants and found very good agreement between the two methods. Furthermore, we compared the proposed approach with a variant that uses nonsuppressed images only and observed that joint analysis of WS and FS images is more accurate than the nonsuppressed only variant.

Conclusion:

Our MRI algorithm produces accurate tissue quantification, is less labor‐intensive, and more reproducible than the original CT‐based workflow and can address interparticipant anatomic variability and intensity inhomogeneity effects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1152‐1161. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional profile of cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific CD8+ T cells and kinetics of NKG2C+ NK Cells associated with the resolution of CMV DNAemia in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Muñoz‐Cobo Beatriz , Solano Carlos , Benet Isabel , Costa Elisa , Remigia María José , de la Cámara Rafael , Nieto José , López Javier , Amat Paula , Garcia‐Noblejas Ana , Bravo Dayana , Clari María Ángeles , Navarro David
Published: December 2011

Immune mechanisms involved in control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the allogeneic stem cell transplantation setting have not been fully disclosed. CMV pp65 and IE‐1‐specific CD8+ T cells expressing IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and CD107a, alone or in combination, and NKG2C+ NK cells were prospectively enumerated during 13 episodes of CMV DNAemia. The expansion of monofunctional and polyfunctional CD8+ T cells was associated with CMV DNAemia clearance. The size and functional diversity of the expanding CD8+ T‐cell population was greater in self‐resolved episodes than in episodes treated with antivirals. These differences were related to the magnitude of expansion of cognate antigen IFN‐γ CD4+ T cells. The resolution of CMV DNAemia was associated frequently with a marked expansion of both CD56dim/CD16+ NK cells and NKG2C+ CD56bright/CD16− NK cells. The data lend support to the role of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in controlling CMV replication in the allogeneic stem cell transplantation setting, and suggest that NKG2C+ NK cells may be involved critically in the resolution of CMV DNAemia episodes. J. Med. Virol. 84:259–267, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Possible implication of NFKB1A and NKG2D genes in susceptibility to HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in Peruvian patients infected with HTLV‐1
Authors: Talledo Michael , López Giovanni , Huyghe Jeroen R. , Verdonck Kristien , González Elsa , Clark Daniel , Vanham Guido , Gotuzzo Eduardo , Van Camp Guy , Van Laer Lut
Published: December 2011

The human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) is the etiological agent of HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a progressive disease causing paraparesis of the lower limbs. Only a minority of persons infected with HTLV‐1 develop HAM/TSP. Universal susceptibility factors for HAM/TSP are not known. The viral genotype is similar in asymptomatic carriers and HAM/TSP patients. High proviral load has been associated consistently with HAM/TSP, but this factor does not explain fully the presence of disease in HTLV‐1‐infected subjects. Most likely, host genetic factors will play an important role in HAM/TSP development. A two‐stage case‐control study was carried out to evaluate the association between HAM/TSP and candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 45 genes in addition to six human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Ancestry‐informative markers were used to correct for population stratification. Several SNPs belonging to NFKB1A and NKG2D showed a trend of association in both stages. The fact that the direction of the association observed in the first stage was the same in the second stage suggests that NFKB1A and NKG2D may be implicated in the development of HAM/TSP. Further replication studies in independent HTLV‐1 patient groups should validate further these associations. J. Med. Virol. 84:319–326, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A point mutation at Asn‐534 that disrupts a conserved N‐glycosylation motif of the E2 glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus markedly enhances the sensitivity to antibody neutralization
Authors: Sasayama Mikiko , Shoji Ikuo , Adianti Myrna , Jiang Da‐Peng , Deng Lin , Saito Takafumi , Watanabe Hisayoshi , Kawata Sumio , Aoki Chie , Hotta Hak
Published: December 2011

The molecular basis of antibody neutralization against hepatitis C virus (HCV) is poorly understood. The E2 glycoprotein of HCV is critically involved in viral infectivity through specific binding to the principal virus receptor component CD81, and is targeted by anti‐HCV neutralizing antibodies. A previous study showed that a mutation at position 534 (N534H) within the sixth N‐glycosylation motif of E2 of the J6/JFH1 strain of HCV genotype 2a (HCV‐2a) was responsible for more efficient access of E2 to CD81 so that the mutant virus could infect the target cells more efficiently. The purpose of this study was to analyze the sensitivity of the parental J6/JFH1, its cell culture‐adapted variant P‐47 possessing 10 amino acid mutations and recombinant viruses with the adaptive mutations to neutralization by anti‐HCV antibodies in sera of HCV‐infected patients. The J6/JFH1 virus was neutralized by antibodies in sera of patients infected with HCV‐2a and ‐1b, with mean 50% neutralization titers being 1:670 and 1:200, respectively (P < 0.00001). On the other hand, the P‐47 variant showed 50‐ to 200‐times higher sensitivity to antibody neutralization than the parental J6/JFH1 without genotype specificity. The N534H mutation, and another one at position 416 (T416A) near the first N‐glycosylation motif to a lesser extent, were shown to be responsible for the enhanced sensitivity to antibody neutralization. The present results suggest that the residues 534, and 416 to a lesser extent, of the E2 glycoprotein are critically involved in the HCV infectivity and antibody neutralization. J. Med. Virol. 84:229–234, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐circulation of two Puumala hantavirus lineages in Latvia: A russian lineage described previously and a novel Latvian lineage
Authors: Razzauti Maria , Plyusnina Angelina , Niemimaa Jukka , Henttonen Heikki , Plyusnin Alexander
Published: December 2011

Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) causes a mild form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Europe. Seven genetic lineages of PUUV have thus far been recorded, which exhibit geographic structure within the distribution of its natural host, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). This study presents evidence for two distinct PUUV lineages co‐circulating in Latvia: one previously described from Russia and a novel one that appears to be endemic. The Latvian lineage (LAT) is considerably divergent and several amino acid markers make it easily distinguishable. Phylogenetic analysis suggested a possibility of different evolutionary histories for the PUUV genome segments of LAT. J. Med. Virol. 84:314–318, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immune evasion strategies of the human gamma‐herpesviruses: Implications for viral tumorigenesis
Authors: Zhang Xiangning , Dawson Christopher W. , He Zhiwei , Huang Peichun
Published: December 2011

Two human gamma‐herpesviruses, Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 display oncogenic potential, causing benign and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders in genetically susceptible or immunosuppressed individuals. As a family of viruses that establish persistent life‐long infections, herpesviruses have evolved strategies to limit innate antiviral responses and evade host immune surveillance. Herpesviruses have developed mechanisms to disrupt antigen presentation, pirate the production of immune regulating cytokines, and inhibit pro‐apoptotic signaling pathways. Although these strategies are designed to facilitate the long‐term persistence of herpesviruses, in certain circumstances they can contribute to viral‐driven carcinogenesis. J. Med. Virol. 84:272–281, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of enterovirus infections in IgE sensitization
Authors: Seiskari Tapio , Kondrashova Anita , Tauriainen Sisko , Knip Mikael , Viskari Hanna , Haapala Anna‐Maija , Hyöty Heikki
Published: December 2011

Among other infectious agents, enteroviruses have been associated with protection against allergic diseases. The aim of the present study was to confirm these findings using a highly sensitive and specific neutralization antibody assay and to investigate whether the protective effect is related to certain enterovirus serotypes. Antibodies against 12 enterovirus serotypes were measured in 60 children who were positive for allergen‐specific IgE and in 190 control children. Echoviruses seemed to be more protective than coxsackie‐B‐viruses and echovirus 11 had the strongest independent protective effect (P = 0.001; OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.18–0.67). The results support previous observations suggesting that infections by certain enterovirus types are associated with protection against IgE sensitization. J. Med. Virol. 84:268–271, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Representation of the Australian sub‐tropical ridge in the CMIP3 models
Authors: Kent David M. , Kirono Dewi G. C. , Timbal Bertrand , Chiew Francis H. S.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the representation of one of the key drivers of southeastern Australian rainfall, the sub‐tropical ridge (STR) in mean sea level pressure, in the World Climate Research Programme's Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 multi‐model dataset. In particular, the mean state and variability of the ridge's intensity and position is diagnosed and compared to observations for the 20th Century. The mean annual cycle of the STR intensity and position are found to be moderately well represented compared to two observational datasets. The models project that STR intensity will increase over the 21st Century whilst its mean position will be further south. Given the historical relationship between the STR and rainfall, this suggests that southeastern Australia will most likely be drier in the future. Most models fail to reproduce the spatial pattern of correlation between the STR intensity and precipitation but some models show a correlation (significant in some cases) between high rainfall and a weaker STR intensity. However, these correlations are much weaker than the observations. Given that the annual cycle of the STR has significant implications for rainfall in southeastern Australia, this is of some concern and leads to questions about which processes are driving rainfall in the models. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Water, NaHCO3−, NaH2PO4− and NaCl‐extractable SO42− in acid forest soils
Authors: Alewell Christine , Matzner Egbert
Published: December 2011

A variety of different methods have been used for the determination of inorganic soil SO42− in the past, which makes it difficult to compare SO42− contents of soils.

Sulfate was extracted with the four commonly used extraction solutions 0.5 M NaHCO3, 0.02 M NaH2PO4, 0.1 M NaCl and H2O from A‐, Bw‐ and Bs‐horizons of six acid forest soils. 5 g of field moist soil were percolated with a flow rate of 5 ml/h and percolations were repeated as long as SO42− was detectable in the percolate (> 0.5 mg SO4·l−1).

NaCl and NaHCO3 extracted highest amounts of total inorganic SO42− in A‐horizons, but NaHCO3 caused analytical problems. NaHCO3 and NaH2PO4 yielded highest amounts in B‐horizons. With the exception of Bs‐horizons more than 70% of the total inorganic SO42− was H2O‐soIuble. Thus, if H2O‐soluble SO42− is defined as reversibly bound, the greater part of the inorganic SO42− in the investigated acid forest soils was reversibly bound. This SO42− fraction can potentially be released, if SO42− deposition decreases.
Ökologische Standorteigenschaften urban‐industriell überformter Böden des Brücktorviertels in Oberhausen (Ruhrgebiet)
Authors: Hiller Dieter A.
Published: December 2011

Es werden Untersuchungsergebnisse zu den Sorptionseigenschaften und Nährstoffgehalten von 8 urban‐industriell überformten Böden in Oberhausen — deren anthropogen aufgeschütteter Bereich zu einem großen Anteil aus alkalisierendem, technogenem Ausgangssubstrat aufgebaut ist — vorgestellt und mit denen einer nahegelegenen Braunerde verglichen. Die Alkalinität der technogenen Ausgangssubstrate im Oberbodenbereich bis 3 dm Tiefe der Auftragsböden wäre in der Lage, einen atmosphärischen H+‐Eintrag von 0.2 Mol pro m2 und Jahr noch für mindestens 185 bis 1630 Jahre (im medianen Mittel nahezu 1000 Jahre) abzupuffern. Gleichzeitig ist aber das Kationenaustauschpotential auf nahezu allen Standorten als niedrig einzustufen, und in den Auftragsschichten dominieren ferromagnetische Eisenoxide mit vergleichsweise geringem P‐Sorptionspotential. Außerdem sind die industriell‐urban überformten Böden teilweise tiefgründig mit Nährstoffen angereichert (z.B. bis > 2.5 kg N/m3 oder > 1 kg P/m3). Die sehr stark skeletthaltigen und teilweise verfestigten Auftragsschichten weisen keine oder nur eine geringe Durchwurzelungstiefe auf. Auch die nutzbare Feldkapazität im Wurzelraum ist bei den Auftragsböden gering. Diese Merkmale bedingen, daß lösliche Nährelemente nicht von der Vegetation aufgenommen und im Profil zum Liegenden hin verlagert werden können.
Soil organic matter composition in three humus profiles of the western Taurus, Turkey, as revealed by wet chemistry and CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Miltner Anja , Zech Wolfgang , Çepel Necmettin , Eler ünal
Published: December 2011

In this study three soil profiles located in the Western Taurus (Turkey) at different altitudes (10, 1900, and 3080 m a.s.l.) were compared with respect to their soil organic matter characteristics. The soil samples were fractionated by density to plant residues, slightly altered plant material, organo‐mineral complexes, and organic‐free minerals. Bulk samples and fractions were analyzed for C and N, the bulk samples additionally for total sugars, lignin signature, and bulk soil organic matter composition by CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy.

The first step of litter decomposition and humification is a very strong degradation of polysaccharides without the loss of O‐alkyl structures. This process is slowing down very fast and the polysaccharides are stabilized. Lignin is decomposed as fast or even faster than polysaccharides. The data obtained by wet‐chemical analysis and by NMR spectroscopy are not or only weakly correlated to each other. This leads to the conclusion that the two types of methods give complementary rather than equivalent information. For the study of soil organic matter it is important to combine different methods and to draw the advantages of either type.
Ertragsentwicklung im Dauerversuch Ewiger Roggenbau Halle nach den 1990 vorgenommenen Umstellungen in der Düngung
Authors: Garz Joachim , Stumpe Hermann , Schliephake Wilfried , Hagedorn Edgar
Published: December 2011

In dem 1878 auf einer Tschernosem‐Braunerde (aus Sandlöß) angelegten Dauerdüngungsversuch Ewiger Roggenbau wurde 1990 die Variante mit ausschließlicher N‐Düngung (N) durch eine solche mit organisch‐mineralischer Volldüngung (Stallmist + NPK) ersetzt. Wegen der in den vorangegangenen 112 Jahren eingetretenen Verarmung des betreffenden Bodens an verfügbarem P und K erfolgte im Herbst 1990 außerdem eine einmalige zusätzliche Gabe von 200 kg P ha−1 und 400 kg K ha−1. Der bis dahin eingetretene Ertragsrückgang von ∼ 30% auf der N‐Variante gegenüber der mineralischen Volldüngung (NPK) oder der alleinigen Stallmistdüngung (St I) wurde bereits im ersten Jahr nach der Umstellung auf St + NPK (Ernte 1991) vollständig überwunden. Mehrerträge bei ST + NPK gegenüber den anderen Varianten (NPK, St I) wurden bisher nur unter besonders günstigen Bedingungen für die Ertragsbildung erzielt, so 1993 und 1995.
Activity measurements of Ni2+ in soils
Authors: Aboulroos Samir A. , El‐Falaky Assia A. , Lindsay Willard L.
Published: December 2011

Nickel activities were measured in 11 alkaline and slightly acidic soils using the chelate method. The measured activities ranged from 10−6.82 to 10−8.78 M and were inversely related to the pH of the soils. The measured Ni2+ activities in the 11 soils could be predicted using the following expression: (Ni2+) = 106.95 (H+)2. The solubility of Ni was plotted on a log (Ni2+) vs. pH solubility diagram for various Ni solid phase compounds. It is most likely that NiFe2O4 (trevorite) is the solid phase controlling Ni solubility in these soils. Identification of the presence of this mineral needs further investigation.
Influence of sample pretreatment on the extractability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from forest floor horizons
Authors: Guggenberger Georg , Pichler Martin , Zech Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

Extraction of PAH from Oh‐horizon material after dispersion of air‐dried samples in water resulted in a 80% higher yield of 20 PAH species compared to extraction of air‐dried, freeze‐dried or ground samples. Concurrently, the free surface area (BET method) of the organic matter increased. It was assumed that dispersion resulted in a disaggregation and/or stretching of organic aggregates, which makes interior aggregate regions available to the extractant that were pre‐viously not accessible for the extractant due to diffusion barriers.
Effect of modifications of the P‐Bray no. 1 method on soil test results
Authors: Drechsel Pay , Mutwewingabo Bernard , Hagedorn Frank
Published: December 2011

The importance of typical modifications of the Bray no. 1 procedure for the determination of “available” soil phosphorus was assessed using soil samples from Rwanda. Variations in shaking time (1 or 5 min.), soil to extraction solution ratio (1:7 or 1:10), and soil sieve size (2 mm vs. 0.5 mm) were found to significantly affect available P values. The modifications gave values which were up to 75 % higher than those of the original Bray no. 1 procedure.
Distribution pattem, genesis and classification of soils of an arid dune area in Northern Negev
Authors: Pfisterer Ulrich , Blume Hans‐Peter , Beyer Lothar
Published: December 2011

A dune area of 2 km2 in the Negev (Israel) with an annual precipitation of 90 mm was mapped. The soils developed from eolic and fluviatile sediments were Arenosols, Calcisols. Solonchaks, Regosols and Fluvisols. The Arenosols of the dunes are more homogeneous in texture and salt content than the soils of the interdunal corridors: Besides the Fluvisols, also the Calcisols, Solonchaks and Regosols are stratified due to episodic flooding by a wadi, and are rich in salts and lime. The soils are of minor development. Aggregation and enrichment of lime, enrichment and movement of salts, and the enrichment of organic substances are indications of soil formation.

The distribution of salts within the profiles was calculated by their solubility. High and low soluble salts appear together in thin layers of Calcisols, Solonchaks and Fluvisols, while the most‐soluble salts appear in deeper layers. The salts, therefore, must have accumulated by lateral movement, precipitation and temporal flooding. Influence of groundwater can therefore be excluded. The Arenosols also show the same sequence of salt types, indicating the accumulation due to precipitation and eolic mass movement. Abandoned arable land sites did not show any different soil characteristics from the unused soils.

On the basis of the distribution of salts in the profiles and soil types genesis and classification of the soils is discussed.