bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Augalinės kilmės aliejų, naudojamų pusiau kietų vaistų formų gamyboje Lietuvos vaistinėse, asortimento tyrimas
Authors: Kizevičienė Edita , Jonaitienė Laimutė , Daukšienė Jurgita , Dieninytė Eglė , Pečiūra Rimantas
Published: January 2017

Didelę dalį vaistinėje gaminamų vaistų sudaro pusiau
kietos vaistų formos. Pusiau kieta vaisto forma
yra greitai pagaminama, lengvai taikoma ir geba
lokaliai pristatyti platų spektrą vaistų molekulių.
Šio straipsnio autoriai atliko tyrimą tikslu nustatyti
asortimentą augalinių aliejų, naudojamų pusiau
kietų vaistų formų gamyboje Lietuvos vaistinėse.
Atliekant tyrimą, taikyti metodai: mokslo šaltinių,
profesinės literatūros analizė, apklausa telefonu, pateikiant
respondentams klausimus pagal iš anksto
sudarytą uždaro tipo klausimų apklausos anketą.
Tyrimui pasirinkta 35 vaistinės, kurios turėjo licencijas
vaistų gamybai, jose buvo gaminamos įvairios
pusiau kietos vaistų formos. Analizuota mokslo ir
profesinės literatūros šaltiniai – žinynai, kuriuose
pateikiama informacija apie 346 Lietuvos vaistinėse
gaminamus vaistus pagal gydytojų išrašytus receptus.
Nustatyta, kad iki 2014 metų pagal pateiktus
receptus vaistinės galėjo gaminti septyniasdešimt
vieno pavadinimo (21% visų pateiktų žinynuose receptų)
įvairiems sveikatos sutrikimams gydyti ekstemporalius
vaistus, į kurių sudėtį įeina lipofilinės
medžiagos: augaliniai, mineraliniai aliejai, gyvulinės
kilmės riebalai.
Lietuvos vaistinėse gaminamos pusiau kietos vaistų
formos – tepalai, linimentai, kremai ir geliai, kurių
gamybai yra naudojami alyvuogių, saulėgrąžų, ricinų
ir migdolų aliejai. Alyvuogių aliejų pusiau kietų
formų vaistų gamyboje dažniausiai vartoja 88,6%,
saulėgrąžų aliejų - 80,0%, ricinų aliejų – 65,7%,
migdolų aliejų – 22,9% apklaustųjų vaistinių.
Nemedikamentiniai ir medikamentiniai gimdymo skausmo malšinimo būdai: gimdyvių turimos ir gaunamos žinios bei pasirinkimas
Authors: Arlauskaitė Rūta , Baliulienė Vilda , Zavackienė Asta , Tomkevičiūtė Jūratė , Macas Andrius , Rimaitis Kęstutis
Published: January 2017

Tyrimo tikslas. Įvertinti nėščiųjų turimas ir gaunamas
žinias apie gimdymo skausmo malšinimo būdus.
Tyrimo metodika. 2015 08-09 universitetinėje
ligoninėje atliktas retrospektyvinis tyrimas. Visoms
gimdyvėms po gimdymo išdalintos anketos.
Rezultatai. Išdalinta 110 anketų. Atsako dažnis –
94,5 proc. Pacienčių žinios apie galimus gimdymo
skausmo malšinimo būdus buvo pakankamos. Atitinkamai
žinomiausi nemedikamentinio ir medikamentinio
gimdymo skausmo malšinimo būdai yra
kvėpavimo pratimai ir epidurinė analgezija. Trūksta
informacijos apie gimdymo analgezijos privalumus
ir trūkumus. Panašus gimdyvių skaičius rinkosi medikamentinius
ir nemedikamentinius metodus. Išvados.
Dauguma gimdyvių žinojo apie epidurinę gimdymo
analgeziją, tačiau buvo girdėję tik kelis natūralius
gimdymo skausmo malšinimo būdus. Tikslinga
moterims nėštumo metu suteikti daugiau informacijos
apie gimdymo skausmo malšinimo būdus.
Sergamumas lytiškai plintančiomis infekcijomis Vilniaus mieste 2009–2015 metais
Authors: Štaras Kęstutis , Juodaitė-Račkauskienė Audronė , Čepuraitė Daiva
Published: January 2017

Straipsnyje pateikiami 2009 – 2015 metų VšĮ Centro poliklinikoje vykdytos visuomenės sveikatos priemonės, finansuojamos Vilniaus miesto savivaldybės visuomenės sveikatos rėmimo specialiosios programos lėšomis „Lytiškai plintančių infekcijų profilaktika“ duomenys. Nustatyta, kad 2009 – 2015 m. didžioji dalis moterų (net 86,4 proc.) dėl lytiškai plintančių infekcijų atvyko pasitikrinti profilaktiškai, ir tik 13,6 proc. moterų - turėdamos simptomatiką. Atlikti tyrimai rodo, kad iki 19 m. amžiaus grupėje Mycoplasma genitalium infekcijos paplitimas yra žymiai didesnis negu 40 – 50 m. amžiaus grupėje. Didžiausias sergamumas Chlamydia trachomatis lytiškai plintančia infekcija yra 20 – 29 m. amžiuje. Vertinant atliktų tyrimų rezultatus, nustatyta, kad amžiaus grupėse 20 – 29 m. ir 30 – 39 m. Ureaplasma urealyticum infekcijos paplitimas yra rečiausias, tačiau 40 – 50 m. amžiaus grupėje – dažniausias iš visų lytiškai plintančių infekcijų tirtų tarp moterų.
Vaistažolių arbatų kokybinis vertinimas pagal fenolinių junginių kiekį ir antiradikalinį aktyvumą
Authors: Barragan Ferrer Diana , Barragan Ferrer Jesus Manuel , Aukštikalnė Inga , Viliušienė Ingrida
Published: January 2017

Oksidacijos reakcijas gali suaktyvinti įvairūs aplinkos veiksniai, tokie kaip šviesa, šiluma, deguonies dariniai. Oksidacijos procesai in vivo skatina senėjimo procesus bei gali būti įvairių ligų priežastimi. Natūralūs antioksidantai yra reali alternatyva efektyviai blokuoti oksidacijos procesus. Dėl šių tendencijų per paskutiniuosius 10 metų vykdomi intensyvūs natūralių antioksidantų, gautų iš vaistinių augalų, tyrimai. Vaistažolių arbatose yra aptinkama įvairių fitokomponentų, tokių, kaip fenoliniai junginiai. Jie veikia kaip natūralūs antioksidantai, neutralizuojantys laisvuosius radikalus. Šio tyrimo tikslas nustatyti lietuviškų vaistažolių arbatų kokybę pagal bendrą fenolinių junginių kiekį ir antiradikalinį aktyvumą. Tyrimo metu buvo analizuojamos lietuviškos vaistažolių (liepų, ramunėlių, medetkų, čiobrelių, mėtų, aviečių, melisų, bruknių, kmynų, ąžuolo žievės) arbatos. Vaistažolių arbatų kokybei nustatyti buvo įvertintas bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis ir antiradikalinis aktyvumas. Iš gautų rezultatų nustatyta, kad fenolinių junginių kiekis arbatose priklauso nuo ekstrakcijos laiko. Fenolinių junginių kiekis didėjo ilgėjant ekstrakcijos laikui. Ištyrę vaistažolių arbatas nustatėme, kad visos arbatos pasižymėjo antioksidaciniu aktyvumu, o bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis skirtingose vaistažolių arbatose kito ribose nuo 21,37 iki 664,66 mg/g galo rūgšties ekvivalentų (GEA). Mažiausiu antiradikaliniu aktyvumu ir fenolinių junginių kiekiu pasižymėjo paprastais kmynas. Didžiausias bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis buvo nustatytas vaistiniame čiobrelyje, o antioksidacinis aktyvumas paprastojoje avietėje.
The Prevalence Of Acute Neuropathic Pain After Surgery In Hospital Of Lithuanian University Of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics
Authors: Brogienė Liuda , Bendinskaitė Dovilė , Siderkevičiutė Miglė , Kinderytė Aida , Žemgulytė Gintarė , Macas Andrius
Published: January 2017

Background. Acute neuropathic pain can be one of
the post-surgical pain components, which is often
under-recognized and complicated to treat. The prevalence
of pain with neuropathic characteristics in
general population is about 6 – 8%. Moreover, it
might to progress and become as a persistent pain
and cause a disability. This type of study has never
been performed in Lithuania.
Methods. Investigators conducted a survey, which
consisted of the following visual and verbal analogue
and Dolour Neuropathique 4 scales to identify
pain intensity and neuropathic pain after surgery.
Risk factors of neuropathic pain were evaluated
with Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, demographic
characteristics and data, which represents
possible risk factors.
Results. The survey included 170 participants: 68
males (40%) and 102 females (60%). Average age
of patients was 59.66 years (SD 15.9). During the
first day after surgery 7.1% patients felt neuropathic
pain, on the second day – 8.2%, and the third
postoperative day – 7.6% of patients. A prevalence
of neuropathic pain depends on gender and anxiety
before surgery.
Conclusion. A prevalence of acute neuropathic pain
after surgery in Hospital of Lithuanian University of
Health Sciences is 7 – 8%. The risk factors of neuropathic
pain development are patient’s gender and
anxiety before surgical procedure.
Choroidal Thickness and Structural Glaucoma Parameters in Glaucomatous, Preperimetric Glaucomatous, and Healthy Eyes using Swept-Source OCT
Authors: Akil Handan , Al-Sheikh Mayss , Falavarjani Khalil Ghasemi , Francis Brian , Chopra Vikas
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To evaluate choroidal thickness (CT) and its relationship with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness (GCIPLT) in glaucomatous, preperimetric glaucomatous, and healthy eyes using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).

Methods

Fifty eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma, 20 eyes with preperimetric glaucoma, and 20 age-matched healthy eyes were enrolled. Three-dimensional wide-field (12 × 9 mm) images were obtained using a SS-OCT instrument. Peripapillary CT and RNFL thickness, as well as macular CT and GCIPLT, were recorded. The correlation of the CT with nerve fiber layer and GCIPLT measurements was assessed. The association between CT and potential confounding variables including age, sex, axial length, intraocular pressure, and central corneal thickness was also examined.

Results

Mean peripapillary CTs were 111.7 ± 41.7, 127.7 ± 40.1, and 120.8 ± 35.4 μm in glaucomatous, preperimetric glaucomatous, and normal eyes, respectively. There was statistically significant but weak correlation for the mean RNFL and mean peripapillary CT in glaucomatous subjects (r = 0.341, p = 0.04). There was a significant correlation between RNFL thickness and peripapillary CT in 1, 2, 5, and 6 clock hours of glaucomatous eyes (r = 0.410, p = 0.005; r = 0.316, p = 0.03; r = 0.346, p = 0.02; r = 0.35, p = 0.04, respectively). Mean macular CT was 181.5 ± 70.5, 187.4 ± 65.5, and 185.4 ± 76.4 μm in glaucomatous, preperimetric glaucomatous, and healthy eyes, respectively (p = 0.7). There was no statistically significant correlation between the mean GCIPLT and mean macular CT in all subjects (p>0.05).

Conclusions

Choroidal thinning and its correlation with other parameters in patients with glaucoma should be further investigated with the proprietary software of SS-OCT.
A Novel Digital Templating Methodology for Arthroplasty: Experience from Patients with Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
Authors: Dong Ning , Yang Chen , Li Shu-Qiang , Gao Yu-Hang , Liu Jian-Guo , Qi Xin
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To assess the accuracy of a novel digital templating methodology for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH).

Methods

A retrospective study was carried out on 77 hips in 58 patients who had undergone uncemented THA for ONFH. Pre-Operative radiographs were templated using a 2-step procedure: (i) calculation of basic cup and stem sizes based on the anatomical morphology; (ii) adjustment of the basic sizes to account for variables such as femoral external rotation, osteoporotic changes in the femur, osteosclerotic changes in the acetabulum, and the type of stem. Basic and adjusted sizes were compared with the actual sizes of the implants used.

Results

Before adjustment, the overall accuracy was 69% and 70% for stem size and the cup respectively. Among all the cases, 31 femoral components (40%) and 17 acetabular components (22%) required adjustment. After adjustment, the accuracy of templating for stem and cup sizes in these adjusted cases improved from 52% to 87% (p = 0.002), and 41% to 82%, respectively (p = 0.032). And the overall templating accuracy improved to 83% on the stem side (p = 0.038) and 79% on the cup side (p = 0.195).

Conclusions

Pre-Operative digital templating was useful in predicting cup and stem sizes in patients with ONFH. Radiographic signs of femoral rotation or osteoporotic changes call for appropriate adjustment to improve the accuracy of templating for THA.
The RM Pressfit Vitamys: 5-Year Swiss Experience of the First 100 Cups
Authors: Wyatt Michael , Weidner Jan , Pfluger Dominik , Beck Martin
Published: January 2017

Background

The RM Pressfit vitamys is a titanium particle-coated monoblock cup with vitamin E stabilised highly cross-linked polyethylene. Initial fixation is achieved via press-fit with subsequent stability by bone on-growth. This is the first study to report the 5-year results of this design.

Methods

We performed a prospective cohort study according to STROBE guidelines of 100 consecutive total hip replacements (THRs) in 92 patients all with ceramic heads. Demographic data, pre/postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and satisfaction, Harris Hip Scores (HHS) and complications were recorded. Radiographic analysis of osteolysis and loosening was complemented by EBRA (Einzel-Bild-Röntgen-Analyse) evaluation of cup movement.

Results

Our cohort comprised 48 women (mean age 67; SD 10.4) and 44 men (mean age 69; SD 7.8). The mean body mass index was 27 kg/m2 (SD 4.6). Surgical indications were osteoarthritis 96%, avascular necrosis 3% and fracture 1%. 82% had a direct anterior approach, 15% anterolateral and 3% trans-gluteal. 4 surgeons were involved. 1 cup was repositioned and fixed with screws within a week of index surgery. There were 2 intraoperative femoral fractures, 3 haematomata with 1 requiring drainage and 1 deep infection settling with an open washout and modular exchange. Mean VAS satisfaction increased from 3.8 (SD 2.0) to 8.8 at 6 weeks (SD 1.4) and 9.5 (SD 1.3) at 5 years. The HHS functional scores were 58.9 (SD 13.2) preoperatively and 94.6 (SD 6.6) at 5 years. Radiographic analysis showed neither progressive radiolucency nor osteolysis. Mean migration was 1.5 mm after 5 years.

Conclusions

Mid-term results of the RM Pressfit vitamys cup are encouraging.
A randomized controlled trial of Mediterranean diet and metformin to prevent age-related diseases in people with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Pasanisi Patrizia , Gargano Giuliana , Gaetana Di Mauro Maria , Cortellini Mauro , Casagrande Alice , Villarini Anna , Bruno Eleonora , Roveda Eliana , Saibene Gabriella , Venturelli Elisabetta , Berrino Franco
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

Age-related non-communicable chronic diseases (ArCDs) are the leading cause of mortality. The major metabolic risk factor for their development is the metabolic syndrome (MetS), defined as a clustering of risk factors of metabolic origin such as abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and high fasting glycemia. There is increasing observational and experimental evidence that improving diet and the use of metformin (a calorie-restriction mimetic drug) may modify the risk of developing MetS and ArCD. We designed a phase III randomized controlled trial (the Me.Me.Me trial) to evaluate the effect of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention (including moderate physical activity and a Mediterranean-macrobiotic diet) and the effect of treatment with metformin in the prevention of ArCDs in healthy people with MetS. This report describes the scientific protocol of this trial.

Methods:

The design of the study is 2 × 2 factorial with 2,000 volunteers to be randomized into 4 equal groups of 500 each, which are allocated to the following treatments: metformin (1,700 mg/day) + active lifestyle intervention, placebo + active lifestyle intervention, metformin (1,700 mg/day) alone, and placebo alone. The metformin/placebo component of the study is double blind. The study is planned for a term of 5 years.

Results:

The Me.Me.Me. trial is ongoing and recruitment of participants is underway. No patient has completed the 5 years of follow-up.

Conclusions:

We believe that the results of the trial will clarify the importance of lifestyle for primary prevention and the role of metformin as a potential chemopreventive agent. The trial is registred on ClinicalTrials.gov with the identification NCT02960711.
John Gower Copies Geoffrey Chaucer
Authors: Cole Andrew
Published: January 2017

Gower borrows from Chaucer's legends of Cleopatra and of Thisbe in the Legend of Good Women. He copies Chaucer in a way similar both to how medieval readers gloss texts in their focus on keywords and to how scribes sometimes copy Chaucer by rewriting his text and flattening his poetry. This article proposes to detect literary borrowing through shared textual shapes and patterns, marked by keywords. It also suggests that Chaucer and Gower know that each adheres to different schools of source interpretation. With the phrase “moral Gower,” Chaucer describes Gower's method of moralizing Ovidian texts—thus evoking the common locution “ethicus Ovidius” as well as the familiar work Ovide Moralisé. And when Gower praises Chaucer as the author of great love poetry, he refers to Chaucer's persona in the Prologue to the Legend as a poet who adopts Ovid in a more literal, poetic, and courtly fashion.
Catholic Activism: How Religious Identity Shaped College Peace and Anti-ROTC Movements in Philadelphia
Authors: De Angelis Lauren Michele
Published: January 2017

This article traces the emergence of activism on two Catholic campuses in Philadelphia during the Vietnam War: St. Joseph's College and La Salle College. Unlike previous histories relating to campus protests, the article connects participants' Catholic beliefs to their activism. Although affiliated with different religious orders, both of these colleges embraced Vatican II reforms, which engendered dialogue in their communities, allowed lay professors a more prominent voice, and created a debate on war and violence in the modern world. In academic communities where religion was deeply entrenched, students, faculty, and staff formed their antiwar debates around core Catholic doctrines. The importance of religion when initiating social change is underscored by analyzing newspapers, speeches and events on their respective campuses.
Holstein-Friesian milk performance in organic farming in North Spain: Comparison with other systems and breeds
Authors: Rodríguez-Bermúdez Ruth , Miranda Marta , Orjales Inmaculada , Rey-Crespo Francisco , Muñoz Nieves , López-Alonso Marta
Published: January 2017

Organic systems are highly dependent on the environment and require animals well adapted to local conditions. In Spain, organic dairy farmers are not satisfied with the productive performance of their herds and ask for technical advice to obtain suitable animals for organic systems. The milk productive performance (milk yield, nutritional composition, and somatic cell count) of Holstein-Friesian cows in organic farming in North Spain compared with conventional farms has been analysed. When breed diversity was present in the same organic farm, Holstein-Friesian milk performance was compared with other breeds and/or crosses. Holstein-Friesian cows in organic farming produce slightly less milk than grazing conventional cows, but milk was similar in composition and somatic cell count across systems. The limited data from organic farms where breed diversity exists indicate that Holstein-Friesian cows produce numerically more milk than other breeds and crosses but with statistically lower protein content. Considering that in Spain organic milk production is mostly used for liquid milk consumption and that the payment system is based only on milk volume, Holstein-Friesian cows would better fit the farmer interests than other breeds or crosses. However, in addition to productive performance, reproductive efficiency, animal health and consumer’s preferences should be fully considered when selecting a breed for organic production. If Holstein-Friesian was the selected breed, efforts should be made to identify cows within the breed that are best adapted to organic conditions. New productive, reproductive, nutritional and economic studies would be needed to develop a genetic merit index for organic systems.
Left main coronary artery compression due to pulmonary artery aneurysm: Three-year clinical and angiographic follow-up after stenting
Authors: Barbosa Roberto Ramos , Mario Afonso Dalmazio Souza , Dadalt Darlan , De Sá Nicholas Loureiro , Serp Renato Giestas , Jacques Tiago De Melo , Calil Osmar De Araujo , Barbosa Luiz Fernando Machado
Published: January 2017

We report a case of a 53-year-old male patient with typical angina and dyspnea with moderate exertion due to extrinsiccompression of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) by a pulmonary artery aneurysm. Coronary angiography demonstrated 90% stenosis of the LMCA ostium. Percutaneous coronary intervention was successfully performed with implantation of a 6.0 mm × 12 mm bare-metal stent guided by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). He remained asymptomatic at three-years evaluation, and angiographic and IVUS follow-up showed no significant in-stent neointimal hyperplasia or luminal loss, with excellent apposition and covering of stent struts and minimal luminal area 23.3 mm 2 as measured by IVUS.
Iš XX a. Lietuvos parlamentarizmo istorijos: deputato Virgilijaus Čepaičio byla ir Seimo nario Vytauto Petkevičiaus valdžios kritika laikraštyje Opozicija
Authors: Tamošaitis Mindaugas
Published: January 2017

Pasirėmus gausia dokumentine medžiaga, straipsnio pirmoje dalyje išsamiai aptariama vieno iš Lietuvos persitvarkymo sąjūdžio (LPS) lyderių – Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausiosios Tarybos-Atkuriamojo Seimo (1990–1992) deputato Virgilijaus Čepaičio išskirtinio dėmesio visuomenėje sulaukusi byla, kurioje jis viešai buvo apkaltintas sąmoningai bendradarbiavęs su Sovietų Sąjungos specialiąja tarnyba  –  KGB. Antroje straipsnyje dalyje išskirtinis dėmesys skiriamas visuomenėje prieštaringai vertinamo buvusio LPS Iniciatyvinės grupės ir Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo nario (1992–1996) Vytauto Petkevičiaus išdėstytai viešai valdžios kritikai jo įkurtame laikraštyje Opozicija. Straipsnio pabaigoje pateikiamas aprašytos V. Čepaičio ir V. Petkevičiaus veiklos bendras įvertinimas.
Romėniška moneta iš Panemunės pilies
Authors: Malonaitis Arvydas
Published: January 2017

Straipsnyje apžvelgiama 2011 m. archeologinių tyrinėjimų metu Panemunės pilies (Jurbarko r. sav., Pilies I k., Skirsnemunės sen.) kieme rasta romėniška Gordiano III (valdė 238–244 m.) moneta. Daroma prielaida, kad moneta į pilį galėjo patekti kaip kolekcijos dalis arba iš netoliese pažeisto senojo geležies amžiaus objekto (kapo ar gyvenvietės) ir kartu su žvyru atsidurti tarp statybinių atliekų. Straipsnyje pateikiamos monetos radimo situacijos, jos iliustracijos.
Tillegg: Transkribert dagbok til Jonas Carisius
Authors: Carisius Jonas
Published: January 2017

Til grunn for følgende transkripsjon av dagboken er valgt en av de to håndskriftene som finnes i Det Kongelige Bibliotek i København, katalogisert som Uldall 364,4.
What we can learn from measurements of air electric conductivity in 222Rn‐rich atmosphere
Authors: Seran E. , Godefroy M. , Pili E. , Michielsen N. , Bondiguel S.
Published: January 2017

Electric conductivity of air is an important characteristic of the electric properties of an atmosphere. Testing instruments to measure electric conductivity ranging from ~10−13 to 10−9 S m−1 in natural conditions found in the Earth atmosphere is not an easy task. One possibility is to use stratospheric balloon flights; another (and a simpler one) is to look for terrestrial environments with significant radioactive decay. In this paper we present measurements carried out with different types of conductivity sensors in two 222Rn‐rich environments, i.e., in the Roselend underground tunnel (French Alps) and in the Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety BACCARA (BAnC de CAllibrage du RAdon) chamber. The concept of the conductivity sensor is based on the classical time relaxation method. New elements in our design include isolation of the sensor sensitive part (electrode) from the external electric field and sensor miniaturization. This greatly extends the application domain of the sensor and permits to measure air electric conductivity when the external electric field is high and varies from few tens of V m−1 to up to few tens of kV m−1. This is suitable to propose the instrument for a planetary mission. Two‐fold objectives were attained as the outcome of these tests and their analysis. First was directly related to the performances of the conductivity sensors and the efficiency of the conductivity sensor design to shield the external electric field. Second objective aimed at understanding the decay mechanisms of 222Rn and its progeny in atmosphere and the impact of the enclosed space on the efficiency of gas ionization.
Reflecting upon 10 years of geoengineering research: Introduction to the Crutzen + 10 special issue
Authors: Boettcher Miranda , Schäfer Stefan
Published: January 2017

Ten years ago, Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen called for research into the possibility of reflecting sunlight away from Earth by injecting sulfur particles into the stratosphere. Across academic disciplines, Crutzen's intervention caused a surge in interest in and research on proposals for what is often referred to as “geoengineering”—an unbounded set of heterogeneous proposals for intentionally intervening into the climate system to reduce the risks of climate change. To mark the 10‐year anniversary of the publication of Paul Crutzen's seminal essay, this special issue reviews the developments in geoengineering research since Crutzen's intervention and reflects upon possible future directions that geoengineering research may take. In this introduction, we briefly outline the arguments made in Paul Crutzen's (2006) contribution and describe the key developments of the past 10 years. We then proceed to give an overview of some of the central issues in current discussions on geoengineering, and situate the contributions to this special issue within them. In particular, we contend that geoengineering research is characterized by an orientation toward speculative futures that fundamentally shapes how geoengineering is entering the collective imagination of scientists, policymakers, and publics, and a mode of knowledge production that recognizes the risks that may result from new knowledge and that struggles with its own socio‐political dimensions.
Drivers of uncertainty in simulated ocean circulation and heat uptake
Authors: Huber Markus B. , Zanna Laure
Published: January 2017

The impact of uncertainties in air‐sea fluxes and ocean model parameters on the ocean circulation and ocean heat uptake (OHU) is assessed in a novel modeling framework. We use an ocean‐only model forced with the simulated sea surface fields of the CMIP5 climate models. The simulations are performed using control and 1% CO2 warming scenarios. The ocean‐only ensemble adequately reproduces the mean Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the zonally integrated OHU. The ensemble spread in AMOC strength, its weakening, and Atlantic OHU due to different air‐sea fluxes is twice as large as the uncertainty range related to vertical and mesocale eddy diffusivities. The sensitivity of OHU to uncertainties in air‐sea fluxes and model parameters differs vastly across basins, with the Southern Ocean exhibiting strong sensitivity to air‐sea fluxes and model parameters. This study clearly demonstrates that model biases in air‐sea fluxes are one of the key sources of uncertainty in climate simulations.
Coseismic deformation and triggered landslides of the 2016 Mw 6.2 Amatrice earthquake in Italy
Authors: Huang Mong‐Han , Fielding Eric J. , Liang Cunren , Milillo Pietro , Bekaert David , Dreger Douglas , Salzer Jacqueline
Published: January 2017

The Central Apennines in Italy have had multiple moderate‐size but damaging shallow earthquakes. In this study, we optimize the fault geometry and invert for fault slip based on coseismic GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) for the 2016 Mw 6.2 Amatrice earthquake in Italy. Our results show that nearly all the fault slip occurred between 3 and 6 km depth but extends 20 km along strike. There was less than 4 cm static surface displacement at the town Amatrice where the most devastating damage occurred. Landslides triggered by earthquake ground shaking are not uncommon, but triggered landslides with submeter movement are challenging to be observed in the field. We find evidence of coseismically triggered deep‐seated landslides northwest and northeast of the epicenter where coseismic peak ground acceleration was estimated >0.5 g. By combining ascending and descending InSAR data, we are able to estimate the landslide thickness as at least 100 and 80 m near Monte Vettore and west of Castelluccio, respectively. The landslide near Monte Vettore terminates on the preexisting fault Monte Vettore Fault (MVEF) scarp. Our results imply that the long‐term fault slip rate of MVEF estimated based on paleoseismic studies could potentially have errors due to triggered landslides from nearby earthquake events.
IUVS echelle‐mode observations of interplanetary hydrogen: Standard for calibration and reference for cavity variations between Earth and Mars during MAVEN cruise
Authors: Mayyasi Majd , Clarke John , Quémerais Eric , Katushkina Olga , Bhattacharyya Dolon , Chaufray Jean‐Yves , Bertaux Jean‐Loup , McClintock Bill , Stewart Ian , Holsclaw Greg , Deighan Justin , Chaffin Michael , Schneider Nick , Jakosky Bruce
Published: January 2017

The high‐resolution echelle mode of the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission has been designed to measure D and H Lyman α emissions from the Martian atmosphere to obtain key information about the physical processes by which water escapes into space. Toward this goal, the absolute calibration of the instrument is critical for determining the D and H densities, the D/H ratio, and the escape flux of water. The instrument made observations of interplanetary hydrogen (IPH) along multiple look directions and conducted several postlaunch calibration campaigns during cruise as well as during orbit around Mars. The calibration efforts monitored instrument degradation and produced a consistent calibration factor at the hydrogen Lyman α wavelength (121.567 nm). The instrument was calibrated with the diffuse emission of interplanetary hydrogen (IPH) as a standard candle using measurements and model results from the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) instrument. Validation of the calibrated instrument was made by (1) comparisons to simultaneous observations of the IPH made with the lower resolution FUV mode of the IUVS instrument that were independently calibrated by using standard stars and by (2) comparisons to same‐day observations of Mars at hydrogen Lyman α made with the Hubble Space Telescope that were calculated with a radiative transfer model. Adopted FUV mode values and Hubble Space Telescope‐based model results agreed with the echelle SWAN calibrated values to within 6% and 4%, respectively. The calibrated IUVS instrument can be used to interpret emissions of atmospheric species at Mars for insights into water evolution at the planet, as well as observed IPH measurements made during cruise for further insights into dynamics of the inner heliosphere.
Along‐arc variation in short‐term slow slip events caused by 3‐D fluid migration in subduction zones
Authors: Morishige M. , van Keken Peter E.
Published: January 2017

A strong correlation exists between the average slip rate by short‐term slow slip events (SSEs) and changes in the slab geometry in Cascadia and Nankai. The generation of short‐term SSEs is generally assumed to be related to the presence of fluids and we investigate the hypothesis that fluids released by metamorphic dehydration reactions migrate in 3‐D due to complex slab geometry. The associated along‐arc focusing of fluid flux is likely to cause higher average slip rate in certain patches. To test this hypothesis, we investigate how fluid migration is modified by along‐strike changes in slab geometry. We use a numerical model of two‐phase flow in subduction zones. In this model fluids migrate subparallel to the slab surface due to the anisotropic permeability inside a serpentinite layer just above the slab. In 3‐D, we find that fluids migrate in the maximum‐dip direction of the slab, rather than subparallel to the plate motion. As a result fluid paths concentrate with increasing porosity where the slab has a convex shape (and diverge with decreasing porosity where it has a concave shape). These results suggest that regions with a high average slip rate by short‐term SSEs in Cascadia and Nankai can be explained by 3‐D focusing of fluid migration. We predict a defocusing of fluids below the Kii Channel, Nankai, which may be the reason for the observed small slip by short‐term SSEs in this location.
Temperature‐dependent residual shear strength characteristics of smectite‐bearing landslide soils
Authors: Shibasaki Tatsuya , Matsuura Sumio , Hasegawa Yoichi
Published: January 2017

This paper presents experimental investigations regarding the effect of temperature on the residual strength of landslide soils at slow‐to‐moderate shearing velocities. We performed ring‐shear tests on 23 soil samples at temperatures of 6–29°C. The test results show that the shear strength of smectite‐rich soils decreased when temperatures were relatively low. These positive temperature effects (strength losses at lower temperatures) observed for smectite‐bearing soils are typical under relatively slow shearing rates. In contrast, under relatively high shearing rates, strength was gained as temperature decreased. As rheological properties of smectite suspensions are sensitive to environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, and dissolved ions, we inferred that temperature‐dependent residual strengths of smectitic soils are also attributed to their specific rheological properties. Visual and scanning electron microscope observations of Ca‐bentonite suggest that slickensided shear surfaces at slow shearing rates are very shiny and smooth, whereas those at moderate shearing rates are not glossy and are slightly turbulent, indicating that platy smectite particles are strongly orientated at slow velocities. The positive temperature effect is probably due to temperature‐dependent microfriction that is mobilized in the parallel directions of the sheet structure of hydrous smectite particles. On the contrary, the influence of microviscous resistance, which appears in the vertical directions of the lamination, is assumed to increase at faster velocities. Our results imply that if slip‐surface soils contain high fractions of smectite, decreases in ground temperature can lead to lowered shear resistance of the slip surface and trigger slow landslide movement.
Intermittent and lateral varying ULVZ structure at the northeastern margin of the Pacific LLSVP
Authors: Zhao Chunpeng , Garnero Edward J. , Li Mingming , McNamara Allen , Yu Shule
Published: January 2017

Thin patches with ultralow velocities have been proposed to exist at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB). The detection and mapping of ultralow velocity zones (ULVZs) are difficult, in part, because of limited source‐receiver geometries of seismic phases used in ULVZ modeling. Here we develop a new approach that simultaneously utilizes ScS precursor and postcursor energies to investigate the CMB region for ULVZ structure. We stacked source‐deconvolved ScS waveforms within 1.5° geographic bins to extract ScS precursor and postcursor energies, if present, with ScS effectively removed from waveforms. We investigate the CMB beneath the central Pacific Ocean, and evidence for ULVZs is clearly apparent. Geographic bin stacks possessing similar ScS precursor‐plus‐postcursor behavior are grouped by using cluster analysis to produce more robust waveforms by enhancing the signal‐to‐noise ratios. Synthetic seismograms that demonstrate the amplitude and timing of the ULVZ arrivals are sensitive to ULVZ thickness and internal velocities. To pursue local ULVZ properties we processed 13,850 1‐D synthetic models with various ULVZ thicknesses and internal properties, using the identical ScS‐stripping method as with the data. A best fitting model was found for each geographical bin cluster by using an amplitude‐sensitive cross‐correlation algorithm. While limitations exist due to 1‐D modeling, strong lateral variations are clearly apparent in ULVZ thickness and properties across the large low shear velocity province (LLSVP) margin in our study area. Inside hypothesized LLSVP edges, ULVZs appear to distribute unevenly, suggesting 3‐D variations of convection currents.
Effect of magnetic anisotropy on the natural remanent magnetization in the MCU IVe' layer of the Bjerkreim Sokndal Layered Intrusion, Rogaland, Southern Norway
Authors: Biedermann A. R. , Jackson M. , Bilardello D. , McEnroe S. A.
Published: January 2017

A strong negative magnetic anomaly, caused by an intense natural remanent magnetization (NRM) approximately opposite today's geomagnetic field, is observed above the MCU IVe' unit of the Bjerkreim Sokndal Layered Intrusion. The anomaly is strongest in the east, close to Heskestad, and decreases when following the layer toward the north and west. This study investigates how the NRM changes along the layer and how its direction and intensity are affected by magnetic fabrics in the intrusion. NRM, low‐field anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence have been measured on 371 specimens from 46 sites. The orientation of both the magnetic fabrics and the NRM changes for different locations along the layer, and it appears that the NRM is tilted away from the mean paleofield and toward the direction of maximum susceptibility and maximum anhysteretic remanence. When NRM directions are corrected for magnetic fabrics, the angle between the NRM and mean paleofield direction generally decreases for specimens with a single‐component NRM. No correlation was found between the NRM intensity and the directional relationship between NRM, magnetic fabric, and mean paleofield.
Dancing sprites: Detailed analysis of two case studies
Authors: Soula Serge , Mlynarczyk Janusz , Füllekrug Martin , Pineda Nicolau , Georgis Jean‐François , van der Velde Oscar , Montanyà Joan , Fabró Ferran
Published: January 2017

On 29–30 October 2013, a low‐light video camera installed at Pic du Midi (2877 m), recorded transient luminous events above a very active storm over the Mediterranean Sea. The minimum cloud top temperature reached −73°C, while its cloud to ground (CG) flash rate exceeded 30 fl min−1. Some sprite events have long duration and resemble to dancing sprites. We analyze in detail the temporal evolution and estimated location of two series of sprite sequences, as well as the cloud structure, the lightning activity, the electric field radiated in a broad range of low frequencies, and the current moment waveform of the lightning strokes. (i) In each series, successive sprite sequences reflect time and location of corresponding positive lightning strokes across the stratiform region. (ii) The longer time‐delayed (>20 ms) sprite elements correspond to the lower impulsive charge moment changes (iCMC) of the parent strokes (<200 C km), and they are shifted few tens of kilometers from their SP + CG stroke. However, both short and long time‐delayed sprite elements also occur after strokes that produce a large iCMC and that are followed by a continuing current. (iii) The long time‐delayed sprite elements during the continuing current correspond to surges in the current moment waveform. They occur sometimes at an altitude apparently lower than the previous short time‐delayed sprite elements, possibly because of changes in the local conductivity. (iv) The largest and brightest sprite elements produce significant current signatures, visible when their delay is not too short (~3–5 ms).
Using a biologically annotated library to analyze the anticancer mechanism of serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT) inhibitors
Authors: Sano Osamu , Kazetani Ken‐ichi , Adachi Ryutaro , Kurasawa Osamu , Kawamoto Tomohiro , Iwata Hidehisa
Published: January 2017

Mechanistic understanding is crucial to anticancer drug discovery. Here, we reveal that inhibition of serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT), the rate‐limiting enzyme in sphingolipid synthesis, induced death in a lung cancer cell line via a necrosis‐dependent pathway. To elucidate the mechanism of cell death induced by SPT inhibition, a biologically annotated library of diverse compounds was screened with an SPT inhibitor. This analysis identified suppressors of SPT inhibitor‐mediated cell death. Further analysis using hit compounds from this screening revealed that SPT inhibitors induce COX‐2 expression, leading to necrosis‐dependent cell death. SPT inhibitors might therefore represent novel candidates for cancer therapy via necrosis pathway regulation. Our data illustrate that compound combination screening of biologically annotated libraries could be used for mechanistic elucidation.
Buried Interfaces Effects in Ionic Conductive LaF3–SrF2 Multilayers
Authors: Koshmak Konstantin , Banshchikov Alexander , Ciancio Regina , Orgiani Pasquale , Borgatti Francesco , Panaccione Giancarlo , Giglia Angelo , Céolin Denis , Rueff Jean‐Pascal , Sokolov Nikolai S. , Pasquali Luca
Published: January 2017

In multiphase/multilayer solid electrolytes, the composition, reactivity, and structure of interfaces between materials and phases play a fundamental role for fast ion‐conduction. Here, the properties of buried interfaces in prototypical fast ion‐conducting LaF3/SrF2 epitaxial multilayers are investigated. Photoelectron spectroscopy—both with soft‐X and high‐energy photons—is applied to separate composition and reactivity of buried interfaces with respect to the outermost surface. X‐ray reflectivity, high‐energy electron diffraction, X‐ray diffraction, atomic force and transmission electron microscopies are used to study morphology, layer crystallinity, epitaxy relations, and buried interface structure. It is found that while the alternated layers present good crystallinity and high lattice matching, with formation of almost ideal sharp interfaces, buried interfaces show a sizeable reduction of the energy barrier for F vacancy formation with respect to bare materials. A density higher by a factor of six of fluorine vacancies is observed at buried interfaces in multilayers with respect to the bare materials. This is correlated to the formation of space charge regions, favoring ion conduction. The formation of F depleted La fluoride regions at interfaces is also promoted by annealing. This is associated to the increase of ion conductivity in annealed heterostructures reported in literature.
Phase II study of imatinib‐based chemotherapy for newly diagnosed BCR‐ABL‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Fujisawa Shin , Mizuta Shuichi , Akiyama Hideki , Ueda Yasunori , Aoyama Yasutaka , Hatta Yoshihiro , Kakihana Kazuhiko , Dobashi Nobuaki , Sugiura Isamu , Onishi Yasushi , Maeda Tomoya , Imai Kiyotoshi , Ohtake Shigeki , Miyazaki Yasushi , Ohnishi Kazunori , Matsuo Keitaro , Naoe Tomoki
Published: January 2017

This study investigated the efficacy of imatinib based therapy with intensified consolidation therapy in patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to prevent early relapse. We conducted a phase II trial of imatinib‐combined chemotherapy for newly diagnosed BCR‐ABL‐positive ALL in adults. Sixty‐eight patients were included in the trial between October 2008 and December 2010. The median age was 49 years, with 28 patients >55 years of age. Sixty‐five patients achieved CR (95.6%). The estimated 2‐year event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 62.3% and 67.4%, respectively. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT) at initial CR was performed in 43 patients. Thirty‐five of 39 patients <55 years and 8 of 26 patients >55 years underwent allo‐SCT at first CR. The 3‐year OS in patients <55 years receiving allo‐SCT at first CR, patients >55 years receiving allo‐SCT at first CR, patients <55 years not receiving allo‐SCT at first CR, and patients >55 years not receiving allo‐SCT at first CR were 80.4%, 41.1%, 32.5%, and 52.0%, respectively (P = 0.058). The three‐year EFS in each group was 76.7%, 53.6%, not reached, and 26.4%, respectively (P = 0.150). A high CR rate was observed with imatinib‐based chemotherapy allowing allo‐SCT in a high proportion of patients, particularly those <55 years. Moreover, intensified consolidation therapy reduced early relapse rates following induction therapy and resulted in improved OS and EFS rates following allo‐SCT. This trial was registered with the UMIN (000001226).
Do same‐sex mounts function as dominance assertion in male golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)?
Authors: Huang Pengzhen , He Xin , Zhang Endi , Chen Min
Published: January 2017

It has been hypothesized that same‐sex mounts can reflect the hierarchical relationship in a mounting dyad and it is widely deemed that mounting and being mounted are demonstrations of dominant and subordinate status, respectively. In this research, we aimed to test whether same‐sex mounts function as dominance assertion in male golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). We investigated this behavior in eight‐individuals, captive all‐male unit (AMU) in Shanghai wild animal park, China. Behavioral observations were conducted with a total of 1,855 mounts recorded from November, 2014 to June, 2015, during which the alpha male was replaced in the beginning of April. In support to the dominance assertion hypothesis, we found that during the entire study period the higher‐ranking male was more likely to be the mounter than the lower‐ranking one, except the mounts that happened among juveniles in peaceful and playful social contexts. Our study indicates that the hierarchical relationship of a mounting dyad can be influenced by the age‐class of the participants and the social context where mounting occurs. We suggest that same‐sex mounts might have different functions in different age groups and be multifunctional in a species.
Reaktion von UDP‐Apiose/UDP‐Xylose‐Synthase mit isotopenmarkierten Substraten: Hinweise auf einen Mechanismus mit gekoppelter Oxidation und Aldolspaltung
Authors: Eixelsberger Thomas , Horvat Doroteja , Gutmann Alexander , Weber Hansjörg , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: January 2017

Der C‐verzweigte Zucker d‐Apiose (Api) ist essenziell für die Entwicklung der pflanzlichen Zellwand. Eine enzymkatalysierte Decarboxylierungs‐Pyranosidringkontraktions‐Reaktion führt von UDP‐α‐d‐Glucuronsäure (UDP‐GlcA) zur Api‐Vorstufe UDP‐α‐d‐Apiose (UDP‐Api). Der Mechanismus von UDP‐Api/UDP‐α‐d‐Xylose‐Synthase (UAXS) wurde mittels ortsspezifisch 2H‐markierter sowie desoxygenierter Substrate untersucht. Aus dem Analogon UDP‐2‐Desoxy‐GlcA, das die C‐2/C‐3‐Aldolspaltung als den wahrscheinlichen Schritt zur Einleitung der Pyranosid‐zu‐Furanosid‐Umwandlung verhindert, bildete sich kein entsprechendes Api‐Produkt. Die kinetischen Isotopeneffekte stützen einen UAXS‐Mechanismus, in dem die Substratoxidation durch Enzym‐NAD+ und die Retroaldol‐Zuckerringöffnung gekoppelt in einem einzelnen geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt auftreten, der zur Decarboxylierung führt. Eine Neuanordnung und ringkontrahierende Aldoladdition in einem offenkettigen Zwischenprodukt ergeben dann UDP‐Api‐Aldehyd, der durch Enzym‐NADH reduziert wird.
Orthogonale Oberflächenmarkierungen für die Ganzzellkatalyse
Authors: Peschke Theo , Rabe Kersten S. , Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: January 2017

Wir beschreiben die Entwicklung von E.coli‐Stämmen, die einerseits auf ihrer Oberfläche orthogonale Markierungen präsentieren und andererseits einen funktionellen heterologen “Proteininhalt” im Cytosol überexprimieren. Die Verwendung des äußeren Membranproteins Lpp‐ompA zur Zelloberflächenpräsentation des Streptavidin‐Bindepeptids, des SpyTag/SpyCatcher‐Systems oder einer HaloTag‐Variante führte zur Entwicklung von Bakterienstämmen, die selektiv auf festen Trägern binden, was anhand magnetischer Mikropartikel gezeigt wurde. Gleichzeitig konnte die cytosolische Expression des funktionellen “Proteininhalts” anhand fluoreszierender Proteine und stereoselektiver Ketoreduktasen gezeigt werden. Die letztgenannten Stämme zeigten sowohl die spezifische Immobilisierung auf komplementären Oberflächen als auch höchste Selektivitäten bei der stereospezifischen Ganzzellbiotransformation des prochiralen Cs‐symetrischen Nitrodiketons.