bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sociability, Interpersonal Relations, and the Internet
Authors: NIE NORMAN H.
Published: July 2003

During the course of the past year, at least four different academic surveys have been conducted, each focusing to some extent on the impact of Internet use on the quantity and quality of interpersonal communication and sociability. Remarkably, these studies arrive at starkly different conclusions regarding the social repercussions of Internet use. At the heart of this debate is whether Internet use can be a potentially isolating activity or one that leads to substantially greater communication among people and thus enhances human connectivity and sociability. Based on an analysis of these studies' key findings and methodological approaches, this article attempts to understand the role of the Internet in shaping our interpersonal relations. The key findings suggest that Internet users do not become more sociable; rather, they already display a higher degree of social connectivity and participation, due to the fact that they are better educated, better off financially, and less likely to be among the elderly. And simply because of the inelasticity of time, Internet use may actually reduce interpersonal interaction and communication.
Does the Internet Increase, Decrease, or Supplement Social Capital?
Authors: WELLMAN BARRY , HAASE ANABEL QUAN , WITTE JAMES , HAMPTON KEITH
Published: July 2003

How does the Internet affect social capital? Do the communication possibilities of the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement interpersonal contact, participation, and community commitment? This evidence comes from a 1998 survey of 39,211 visitors to the National Geographic Society Web site, one of the first large-scale Web surveys. The authors find that people's interaction online supplements their face-to-face and telephone communication without increasing or decreasing it. However, heavy Internet use is associated with increased participation in voluntary organizations and politics. Further support for this effect is the positive association between offline and online participation in voluntary organizations and politics. However, the effects of the Internet are not only positive: The heaviest users of the Internet are the least committed to online community. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the Internet is becoming normalized as it is incorporated into the routine practices of everyday life.
Long Distance Community in the Network Society
Authors: HAMPTON KEITH , WELLMAN BARRY
Published: July 2003

The authors examine the experience of the residents of Netville, a suburban neighborhood with access to some of the most advanced new communication technologies available, and how this technology affected the amount of contact and support exchanged with members of their distant social networks. Focusing exclusively on friends and relatives external to the neighborhood of Netville, the authors analyze community as relations that provide a sense of belonging rather than as a group of people living near each other. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is treated as one of several means of communication used in the maintenance of social networks. Contrary to expectations that the Internet encourages a global village, those ties that previously were just out of reach geographically experience the greatest increase in contact and support as a result of access to CMC.
The Impact of Community Computer Networks on Social Capital and Community Involvement
Authors: KAVANAUGH ANDREA L. , PATTERSON SCOTT J.
Published: July 2003

This article adds to the debate over whether easy access to the Internet is the only outcome of community computer network projects or if there are tangible impacts to these initiatives. Building from Putnam's links between quality of life, community involvement, and social capital, the authors provide evidence as to the quality-of-life implications of the community computer network known as the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV). The results of the longitudinal study indicate frequent and increasing use of the BEV and the Internet for local, social-capital-building activities. However, there is no trend toward an increase in community involvement or attachment except in a subset of the population that scores high on measures of preexisting community involvement. The results offer Putnam justification for his claims about the Internet's role in social capital formation.
Ethno-National Conflict and Hate Crime
Authors: GINTY ROGER MAC
Published: July 2003

This article will examine the role of hate crime in situations of ethno-national conflict. It will examine the nature of violence used in ethno-national conflict before going on to examine some of the factors that may limit the incidence or visibility of hate crime in cases of ethnic conflict. These factors include the dynamic of the conflict, ethnic segregation, and paramilitary monopolization of violence. The article will also examine the impact of peace processes, or attempts to reach political settlements in ethno-national conflicts, on hate crime. It will conclude by highlighting some of the contextual differences between the United States and other deeply divided societies in relation to hate crime.
Family Economic Hardship and Depressed Mood Among Young Adolescents From Former East and West Germany
Authors: FORKEL INES , SILBEREISEN RAINER K.
Published: July 2003

In line with earlier research, the authors propose a family process model that indirectly links economic hardship to depressed mood of young adolescents via the parental perception of economic pressure, an increase of parental depressed mood, and the deterioration in positive family climate. The model was tested with samples of young adolescents and their parents who had lived in former East and West Germany in 1993. The mediation model predicted interindividual differences in adolescents' depressed mood in the West but not in the East. The regional differences in responses to economic hardship are interpreted as rooted in different personal attributions of and public attitudes toward the causes of hardship.
Subjective Experiences of Social Change in East and West Germany
Authors: NOACK PETER , KRACKE BÄRBEL , WILD ELKE , HOFER MANFRED
Published: July 2003

The major objective of the present study was to elucidate factors influencing experiences of the societal situation and its changes as reported by adolescents and their parents. Earlier analyses involving an instrument developed to capture perceptions of macrosocial conditions suggested that family members' perceptions do reflect actual processes on the societal level but cannot be interpreted as a mirror-image of these processes. In the present study, experiences of social change were treated as dependent variables to identify variations as a function of individual and family characteristics. Family income, aspects of individual psychosocial adjustment, the quality of family relations, and satisfaction with the political system were examined as possible antecedents of adolescent and parental perceptions of their societal context. Analyses based on longitudinal data from about 150 East and West German adolescents and their parents confirmed the expected effects of income and political satisfaction on perceived change.
Adolescents' Career Choices in East and West Germany After Reunification
Authors: CHRISTMAS-BEST VERONA E. , SCHMITT-RODERMUND EVA
Published: July 2003

A sample of East and West German adolescents who had made career decisions were drawn from data collected in 1991, 1996, and in 1998 for the East only. Focusing on gender typicality of career choice, the level of East and West differences that were awaited in 1991, particularly for female adolescents, was expected to be lower in 1996. Overall, due to ongoing economic and social changes, male adolescents were expected to show increased interest in gender neutral occupations, such as trade and commerce, and female adolescents an increasing concentration into female typical occupational areas, such as health services. This trend was found in the West but not in the East until 1998.
Prevalence, Course, and Risk Factors for Mental Disorders in Young Adults and Their Parents in East and West Germany
Authors: IHLE WOLFGANG , ESSER GÚUNTER , SCHMIDT MARTIN H. , BLANZ BERND , REIS OLAF , MEYER-PROBST BERNHARD
Published: July 2003

In this article, the authors present data from two longitudinal studies starting long before German reunification in East and West Germany. After unification, 533 twenty-five-year-olds and their parents were interviewed about mental health status, experience of life events and difficulties, and social support. The findings show that (a) externalizing disorders were more common in West Germany, whereas internalizing disorders were more common in East Germany; (b) there was a generation-specific differential course of disorders in East Germany after unification; and (c) the detrimental effect of life events and chronic difficulties on mental health could be weakened by kin and nonkin social support.
The Clinton Factor in the Presidential Contest of 2000
Authors: GOLDEN JAMES L.
Published: July 2003

This article uses Chaim Perelman's philosophy of associative and dissociative techniques to examine the Clinton Factor in the presidential contest of 2000. Three claims, all of which are based on the coverage of the campaign by The New York Times and The Washington Post (from March through December 2000), are advanced in the study. The first two arguments focused on ways George W. Bush, Richard Cheney, and the other Republicans, on one hand, and Al Gore, Joseph Lieberman, and the Democrats, on the other, sought to dissociate themselves from Clinton's character while at the same time expressing their support for his attitude toward the size of the federal government. The third claim argues that Clinton, much to his displeasure, failed to have a well-defined role in 2000, guided by a policy of association, which would enable him to contribute directly to Gore's election, and thereby strengthen the Clinton legacy.
Ending the 2000 Presidential Election
Authors: RITTER KURT , HOWELL BUDDY
Published: July 2003

In an effort to bring closure to the 2000 presidential election, Al Gore and George W. Bush adapted the traditional themes of victory and concession speeches to the extraordinary circumstances of the 2000 campaign. They amplified the more salient of the traditional themes—declaring victory or defeat, calling for national unity, and praising American democracy. The unconventional election result required the speakers to make artful reinterpretations of the theme on American democracy. At the same time, the speakers truncated the remaining traditional themes for victory and concession speeches—affirming the candidate's campaign, assuming a postcampaign role, and thanking supporters. Both speeches included religious references in a greater degree than has normally been the case in such addresses. In addition, the candidates created settings for their speeches that served their political and rhetorical purposes.
Contrasts in Presidential Campaign Commercials of 2000
Authors: DEVLIN L. PATRICK
Published: July 2003

This article examines television advertising used during the 2000 presidential campaign. Based on interviews with the advertising creators and on repeated viewings by the author and his graduate and undergraduate students, it describes, analyzes, and evaluates the ads. The study reveals massive spending, totaling $240 million, with party spending superceding candidate spending, Bush outspending Gore, and differences in when and where ads were placed. Bush using fewer ads had primarily positive ads showing he was a different kind of Republican. Ads on his behalf by the Republican National Committee were mostly negative. In contrast, Gore and the Democratic National Committee aired many more ads and many state-specific ads. His ads were mostly comparative and negative. Third-party-candidate ads, although innovatively humorous, were not a factor in 2000, whereas political action committee ads were more dominant.
TechnoDistortions and Effects of the 2000 Political Advertising
Authors: KAID LYNDA LEE
Published: July 2003

This study assesses the effects of the 2000 presidential spots of Gore and Bush. Findings from a national experimental study suggest that Bush benefited more from the ads, even among female voters who have traditionally favored Democrats. The study also examined the effects of technological distortions by testing the famous Bush “RATS” ad. However, the presence of the so-called subliminal technique used by the Bush campaign did not affect voter response to the ad.
The Candidates' View of the Power of the Incumbency in Campaign 2000
Authors: DONNELLEY SHAWN M.
Published: July 2003

Even in an age of unprecedented television advertising as the major medium between the candidate and the voter, the power of the incumbency in the form of an incumbent's endorsement can be a major asset in a primary campaign. This essay provides readers with a unique vantage point from a candidate involved in a U.S. congressional primary campaign in Illinois.
Framing the Fight
Authors: BYSTROM DIANNE G. , ROBERTSON TERRY A. , BANWART MARY CHRISTINE
Published: July 2003

The few research studies that explore the media's portrayal of female candidates in comparison to male candidates have been limited to general election campaigns and usually to one level of office. To expand this area of research, this study examines the media's portrayal of female and male candidates in primary races at two levels of political leadership in which the representation of women is strikingly low—state governor and U.S. senator—in the 2000 campaign. This study's exploration of how the media portrays female and male candidates relies on a content analysis of articles from major national newspapers and representative major regional newspapers. By studying the media's portrayal of male and female candidates during primary elections at two levels of political leadership, this study provides an understanding about how men and women are framed differently even when vying for their own party's bid and, thus, new insights into how such primary framing can translate into bias during the general elections.
“New York, New York”
Authors: COS GRANT C. , SNEE BRIAN J.
Published: July 2003

The authors argue that a critical approach to identity politics posits that identity can be discursively constructed for a group, particularly within a political context. The authors take this general view to study the identity discourses of Hillary Rodham Clinton and Rick Lazio in the 2000 New York Senate Race. The following article describes and analyzes how each campaign created an identity for themselves through general strategies of definition and opposition. The authors hope to illustrate the rhetorical dichotomy formed between the constructed identities of the true New Yorker and the fake New Yorker. It will examine how each campaign's efforts to create an identification with the New Yorker as an ideal was, in a very Burkean sense, founded upon a parallel opposition to or division from the non-New Yorker. Second, it will assess the rhetorical strategies utilized to create a subculture of the New Yorker through their discourse.
Image, Media Bias, and Voter Characteristics
Authors: TRENT JUDITH S. , SHORT-THOMPSON CADY , MONGEAU PAUL A. , NUSZ ANDREW K. , TRENT JIMMIE D.
Published: July 2003

The view of image as a transaction between what candidates say and do and the way in which voters compare that behavior to their beliefs of what candidates should be or do stimulates three critical questions important to political communication. First, although the power of the media to affect the outcome of political campaigns and candidates is believed by citizens and has been documented by researchers, do the views of individual members of the media regarding the ideal qualities required of presidential candidates differ significantly from those of the voters? Second, do the criteria of the “ideal presidential candidate” vary across elections? And finally, do the evaluative dimensions of idealness differ by party affiliation, age, or gender? The answers to these and related questions were determined from a survey of 562 journalists covering, and 1,246 citizens attending, political rallies in New Hampshire during the presidential primaries of 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000.
Suffer the Children
Authors: STILLION JUDITH M. , PAPADATOU DANAI
Published: July 2003

Although deaths in childhood and adolescence have decreased greatly across the past century, they remain a reality and a challenge. This article points out specific problems in caring for dying children, including the amount of concern that must be given to age and developmental levels as well as to family and school issues. A brief review of the literature regarding causes of death, children's understanding of death, how children cope with terminal illness, choices and decisions that families must make, and pediatric palliative care services is included. Cultural and legal issues are also addressed.
Family Issues in End-of-life Decision Making and End-of-life Care
Authors: HALEY WILLIAM E. , ALLEN REBECCA S. , REYNOLDS SANDRA , CHEN HONGBIN , BURTON ALLISON , GALLAGHER-THOMPSON DOLORES
Published: July 2003

Family members are involved in every aspect of end-of-life decision making and care. The present article reviews family involvement in providing care during chronic and terminal illness, in discussions and plans for advance directives, in decision making during chronic illness, in executing advance directives and making critical decisions near the end of life, and the long-lasting effects of caregiving and difficult decisions on the family member during bereavement. Although legal standards and much of the research on end of life emphasize individual decision making and the value of autonomy, end-of-life care and decisions should be increasingly understood within a family context. There is also increasing need to study how issues of race, ethnicity, and culture affect end-of-life care and decisions within families.
Our Patients, Our Families, Ourselves
Authors: KATZ RENEE S. , GENEVAY BONNIE
Published: July 2003

As professionals working in end-of-life care, awareness of our emotional responses to the people with whom we work is critical for good diagnosis, treatment, and service delivery. Understanding the personal and professional connections between our own losses, life experiences, and intimacy needs is essential in this work. If we fail to recognize our personal feelings about mortality, suffering, and powerlessness that are evoked in the clinical situation, and if we allow ourselves to be “hooked” by situations and dynamics that push our buttons, we may find our patient care compromised. Five common issues arising for the professional working in end-of-life care are delineated and illuminated by case examples in this article: unresolved griefwork, threats to professional omnipotence and to professional omniscience, overidentification, and intimacy needs. The authors present a framework that professionals can use to begin to discern the potential convergence of personal and professional issues and their impact on end-of-life care.
Legal and Ethical Considerations for Mental Health Professionals Related to End-of-life Care and Decision Making
Authors: WERTH JAMES L.
Published: July 2003

This article reviews legal and ethical considerations that mental health professionals will want to consider when being involved with people who are considering end-of-life care options and making end-of-life decisions. The author discusses legal issues (case law and state statutes), ethical issues (professional codes of ethics, ethical metaprinciples, cultural considerations, and ethical decision-making models), and standards of care (attitudes of mental health professionals, positions of large national mental health professional associations, and acceptable actions in end-of-life situations) related to end-of-life care and decision making.
Making Ourselves Useful
Authors: HOOVER JUDITH D.
Published: July 2003

This article explores the professional and attitudinal boundaries that render much of our academic knowledge largely irrelevant to all but the members of each specific discipline. It further acknowledges the power of such knowledge to reinforce inequalities between teachers and learners. As a remedy, it proposes that the international medical aid agency Doctors Without Borders may be seen as an example of the potential for academics to cross or eliminate their own professional borders to generate knowledge useful in shaping a humane world.
Researching Across Difference
Authors: SCULCO LOIS
Published: July 2003

This article tells of a process in which African American female college students became co-researchers in a project in which they told of their experiences on a predominantly White campus. They later engaged in the reflection of those stories and then met in succeeding sessions to discuss their reactions and share their hopes for changing the situations. The researcher employed participatory research methods, strategies of group narrative, and individual interviews. She then recorded the discussions of all sessions, identifying major themes and analyzing data in categories titled voices of self, voices of distress, and voices of empowerment. She also recorded observable actions illustrating the students were empowered to change situations on campus. The author's self-reflection links her story with the co-researchers' stories and tells of the transformation that takes place in her. Her present reflection on her experience concludes that dealing with difference in higher education is a continuing struggle.
Researching White Racial Identity
Authors: STODDART KELLIE
Published: July 2003

This article is about the methodological considerations that went into designing the author's first major research project about the learning that occurs for White women as they become aware of their racial identity. The author articulates her attempts to fashion a research project that was responsive to the needs of participants while trying to minimize the influence of the dominant paradigm. Meanwhile, as a researcher, she was firmly entrenched in the dominant paradigm.
Vanilla Voices
Authors: WELP MICHAEL
Published: July 2003

Utilizing research methods incorporating validation across difference, the author researched how other White men who are diversity advocates evolved in their diversity learning. By exploring the often unspoken realm of White male culture and identifying the benefits to White men in pursuing diversity learning, he creates a roadmap for helping White men more successfully integrate the lessons of diversity. Specifically, his research points to the value of White men educating each other within differences—as a more effective way of ultimately connecting across difference.
Capacity Building for Ecological Modernization
Authors: WEIDNER HELMUT
Published: July 2003

Environmental policy development in 30 advanced and developing countries is examined using the capacity-building approach. Findings indicate that an appropriate mix of institutions is decisive for policy performance and that formal institutionalization is helpful for longer term policy-learning processes. Globalization is not found to be negative, as often claimed: Rather, the globalization of environmental policies and proponents counteracts ecologically ignorant economic interests and fosters diffusion of environmental innovations. Assistance from international organizations and regimes plays an increasingly critical role. Environmental and politico-administrative reforms appear to be mutually supportive. Democratic structures and institutions are a basic precondition for effective environmental policies. Although many countries have been able to achieve environmental gains from new technologies, policies, and forms of stakeholder cooperation, even the most advanced need to strongly increase environmental policy and management capacities to meet the continuing challenge of sustainable development.
Ecological Modernization or Subversion?
Authors: ANDERSEN MIKAEL SKOU
Published: July 2003

The pan-European conference at Czechoslovakia's Dobris Castle in 1991 was the beginning of an unusual era of Europeanization of environmental policy. Two contrasting hypotheses have been advocated regarding the effect of Europeanization on ecological modernization in Central and Eastern Europe. On one hand, proponents of the caterpillar hypothesis expect the transition process to have led toward ecological modernization. On the other hand, proponents of the capacity-building hypothesis posit an interdependence between ecological and political modernization. Even cursory analysis of environmental performance indicates that there has been much less ecological modernization in Eastern Europe than was expected 10 years ago. In fact, what might be termed ecological subversion, involving the dismantling of environmental institutions and entailing increased pollution per unit of gross domestic product, is the pattern in several countries, hence falsifying the caterpillar hypothesis. The subtle interplay between political and ecological modernization is evident but remains to be fully clarified.
In Search of the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: SALAMON LESTER M. , DEWEES SARAH
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this article is to assess the data resources currently available to measure the scope and structure of the nonprofit sector and to describe an effort underway to fill some of the existing knowledge gaps. This article discusses a rich but so far underutilized source of data on nonprofit employment: the ES-202 data program managed by State Employment Security Agencies under the supervision of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This article first identifies a set of criteria for evaluating existing data on nonprofit institutions, then applies these criteria to the existing sources of empirical data on these institutions, and finally describes the effort now underway through the Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Employment Data Project to produce employment data from the ES-202 system to close some of the gaps that currently exist in our ability to measure the scope and structure of the nonprofit sector.
Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale in India
Authors: PIEDMONT RALPH L. , LEACH MARK M.
Published: July 2003

Spirituality can be perceived as a universal human experience, as evidenced by recent advances in theobiology and neurotheology. Our aspiration to find meaning within our own mortality is fundamental to human strivings. Spirituality has been found to comprise a unique factor to explain human behavior above and beyond the heritable features that comprise personality. However, little research has been conducted validating spiritual transcendence across diverse religious and cultural groups. The Spiritual Transcendence Scale (STS) along with additional attitude and personality measures were administered in an Indian sample of Hindus, Christians, and Muslims. Results showed structural validity of the STS and predictive validity independent of personality factors, consistent with U.S. samples. Gender differences between the three religions indicated that religiousness and spirituality are not isomorphic constructs. These results provided support for use of the STS in diverse samples and evidence of the universality of spiritual experience.
Matter, Divinity, and Number
Authors: DERRY GREGORY N.
Published: July 2003

Conceptualizations of the Divine Mind as being profoundly mathematical have appeared in many cultures over thousands of years and have given rise to various forms of number mysticism. The deeply mathematical structure of physics, which has become ever more predominant as the field progresses, suggests that such conceptualizations are consistent with those attributes of the Divine that can be inferred from empirical knowledge of the world. This way of thinking, although clearly limited and partial, has considerable value in the discourse between science and religion.
The Ripple Effect of the Matthew Shepard Murder
Authors: NOELLE MONIQUE
Published: July 2003

This research investigated the psychological impact of the Shepard murder, a widely publicized antigay hate crime in 1998, on nonvictims who were members of the targeted group, through the lens of assumptive world theory. Nine people with minority sexual identities who indicated that they were deeply affected by this murder participated in semistructured interviews of 60 to 90 minutes, and verbatim transcripts were coded and analyzed using qualitative data analysis software. Participants were five men and four women ranging in age from 17 to 51. Results illustrate a vicarious traumatization effect; that is, this event challenged participant fundamental assumptions of benevolence and meaningfulness of the world and worthiness of self. Findings also reflect positive aftereffects. Strengths and limitations of the study, as well as future research possibilities, are discussed.
Defending the Color Line
Authors: PERRY BARBARA
Published: July 2003

Drawing on structured action theory, the author examines the ways in which racially and ethnically motivated hate crime emerges as a forceful means of constructing identity and difference within the institutional settings of culture, labor, sexuality, and power. The author summarizes the trends in racially and ethnically motivated violence nationwide and then explores hate crimes as a readily available means of doing difference. The author argues that racially motivated violence is not an aberration associated with a lunatic or extremist fringe. Instead, it is a normative means of asserting racial identity relative to the victimized other ; it is an enactment—of the racism that allocates privilege along racial lines.
The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990
Authors: NOLAN JAMES J. , AKIYAMA YOSHIO , BERHANU SAMUEL
Published: July 2003

The Hate Crime Statistics Act (HCSA) of 1990 set into motion the structure and mechanisms for identifying and collecting data on the occurrence of hate crimes in this country. In this article, the authors briefly describe the data-collection program that was developed by the FBI and others in response to the HCSA. The authors also examine the FBI's progress in implementing this program as an adjunct to the widely known Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program. Trends in law enforcement participation in the national program, along with steps being taken to improve this participation, are also examined. Also, the authors explore the future benefits that are anticipated as the UCR program shifts from a summary-based program to one that collects data on each criminal incident. Finally, the authors make general observations about hate crime in the United States based on the data currently held by the FBI.
Presidential Politics
Authors: KELLNER DOUGLAS
Published: July 2003

In an age of spectacle politics, presidencies are staged and presented to the public in cinematic terms, using media spectacle to sell the person, policies, and image of the president to vast and diverse publics. This study depicts the relationship between media and politics from the Kennedy administration to Bush II in terms of the narrative and cinematic spectacles that framed these respective presidencies. The author argues that in contemporary era, politics is becoming a mode of spectacle where the codes of media culture determine the form, style, and look of presidential politics while party politics in turn becomes more cinematic and spectacular in the sense of Guy Debord's concept of spectacle.
The Post-auratic President
Authors: ROJEK CHRIS
Published: July 2003

Americans have been taught to expect their presidents to be exalted figures. But the postwar figures, from JFK to LBJ, Nixon, Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton, have presented a sorry roll call. Each figure possessed deep personality flaws. This article argues that Nixon was the last truly auratic president, that is, a leader who presented himself as being an exalted representative of the people in terms of his insight, courage, and convictions. However, the disastrous circumstances of his departure from the White House have punctured the auratic ideal. In contrast, Clinton's foibles bring him closer to public life. The sympathy that exists for his plight among large numbers of the public signifies the recognition that his weaknesses are common. This article argues that Clinton is the first post-auratic president, a fitting, depthless leader for an American polity in an age of media-based celebrities as leaders.
Gender and Labor in Asian Immigrant Families
Authors: ESPIRITU YEN LE
Published: July 2003

This article explores the effects of employment patterns on gender relations among contemporary Asian immigrants. The existing data on Asian immigrant salaried professionals, self-employed entrepreneurs, and wage laborers suggest that economic constraints and opportunities have reconfigured gender relations within contemporary Asian America society. The patriarchal authority of Asian immigrant men, particularly those of the working class, has been challenged due to the social and economic losses that they suffered in their transition to the status of men of color in the United States. On the other hand, the recent growth of female-intensive industries—and the racist and sexist “preference” for the labor of immigrant women—has enhanced women's employability over that of some men. In all three groups, however, Asian women's ability to transform patriarchal family relations is often constrained by their social positions as racially subordinate women in U.S. society.
The Global Context of Gendered Labor Migration From the Philippines to the United States
Authors: TYNER JAMES A.
Published: July 2003

Throughout the 20th century, international labor migration from the Philippines has exhibited a shift both in global points of destination and in gender composition. Whereas early Philippine immigration consisted predominantly of male laborers to the United States, current flows are directed to more than 130 countries, each revealing distinctive sex differences in composition. To understand fully the gendered dimensions of this global shift, it is necessary to situate current patterns within a global context. The migration of Filipinos to the United States and the rest of the world must be seen as part of an institutional response to a changing world economy. Findings suggest that the role of government and private institutions is deeply implicated in the gendering of international labor migration. Moreover, a state's position in the global economy translates into different institutional pursuits and, hence, different processes and patterns of international labor migration.
Academic Professionalism and the Betrayal of the Land-Grant Tradition
Authors: COOPER DAVID D.
Published: July 2003

Contemporary academic professionalism undercuts the moral imperative of the land-grant tradition in America. The author is primarily concerned with assessing the impact of post-modern modes of thought on both the rise of academic professionalism and the decline of civic engagement at the heart of the land-grant mission. A revitalization of the land-grant tradition, he argues, requires the rebuilding of the social personae of the academic professions not on the logic of commercial free agency or through the spiritually empty traces of theory, but in the language of ethics and through moral praxis.
The University and the Hamlets
Authors: WEINBERG ADAM S.
Published: July 2003

To what extent can a university be a resource in the revitalization of a low-income community? This article explores an effort by Colgate University to enhance economic development in two low-income hamlets in Central New York through community visioning programs. Community visioning is a process that helps communities identify indigenous assets and use them to develop action plans for community development. The author argues that Colgate has been instrumental in three respects: (a) by making the process knowable and doable; (b) by playing the needed role of outsider, which helped the community to progress beyond internal political divides; and (c) by involving students, which changed the social interactions, increasing both the depth and breath of public participation. The author presents ethnographic and interview data and finishes by arguing that universities are better suited to playing these roles than are government agencies, nonprofits, and private consultants.
Whose Millennium?
Authors: GREENWOOD M. R.C. , NORTH KAREN KOVACS , DOLLENMAYER JUDITH
Published: July 2003

Since the medieval university was established in Padua and Bologna, and throughout the development of the American research university, institutions of higher education have provided vital representations of culture, and perhaps more important, they have been instrumental in shaping culture and society. In recent years, however, the university has been criticized for a range of reasons, including rising tuition, declining standards, pursuing basic research that is too ethereal, or selling out to the demands and financial incentives of industry and government. Yet, the university is not “in ruins.” Indeed, society continues to look to the university for answers to the problems that intrigue us. As the new millennium approaches, universities have to rise to the challenges posed by the complex environment in which they thrive and strive.
Forums, Not Temples
Authors: ADAMS ROBERT McC.
Published: July 2003

Converging forces for change reflect the increasing dependence of most museums on public participation and support, as well as the rising scholarly, curatorial, and exhibition standards expected of them. Museums accordingly cannot escape, and instead are tending to become a focus for some of the multicultural divisions and tensions that are characteristic of our times. The role of institutional authority and expertise is an increasingly contingent and contested one, not only among sponsoring bodies and specialists but necessarily also shared with many contending public interests and constituencies. The ends of widening public education and cultural enrichment are best served by recognizing the diverse audiences and many legitimate aspirations and interests that museums can help to meet in a broad array of alternate ways.
Higher Education as a Medium for Culture
Authors: HACKNEY SHELDON
Published: July 2003

The American university is at risk because of the very fact that it is so culturally important and because it is so consonant with American cultural values. As cultural values become more contentious in the public arena, the university becomes more tempting as a trophy and as a weapon in the culture wars. Ironically, the university can best protect itself using the camouflage provided by its historical accumulation of multiple functions, by accepting the ambiguity of the cultural role it plays, and by simultaneously emphasizing the way it faithfully reflects American culture and the way its special mystique sets it apart as a different kind of institution in American life.
Social Origins of Press Cynicism in Portraying Politics
Authors: SCHUDSON MICHAEL
Published: July 2003

Scholars and journalists both confirm that the U.S. news media have grown increasingly cynical in portraying politics over the past generation. There is an antipolitics bias as well as a corporate tilt toward infotainment. But why? This article argues that journalists' apparent cynicism stems from the same factors that have made news increasingly plentiful, credible, and analytical. These factors include journalists' declining deference to authority, greater professionalism, growing emphasis on thematic coherence, and greater insistence on providing coherent and comprehensive news.
Critical Delays in HIV Testing and Care
Authors: CHESNEY MARGARET A. , SMITH ASHLEY W.
Published: July 2003

When learning of a positive HIV test, individuals face a host of psychological and social stresses. HIV-related stigma is associated with psychological distress and can interfere with coping, adjustment, and management of HIV disease. Effective management of HIV disease requires timely testing for HIV infection so that persons who are infected can learn of their serostatus and gain access to care, therefore benefiting from available treatment options. This article discusses the impact that HIV-related stigma has on HIV testing and care. Specifically, problems associated with delays in testing, disclosure of seropositive status, and implications for health care are presented.
Utility Maximization as a Solution
Authors: BARON JONATHAN
Published: July 2003

The distinction between economic and environmental values is, in part, the result of a historical accident in which economics separated itself from its roots in utilitarianism. Much of economics now concerns itself with what is priced easily, so it leaves out much of the value of natural resources. We can solve this problem by replacing monetary value, as the summary measure of what we seek, with the older concept of utility, or good, in the analysis of policy. Utility can include both that of natural resources and that of the goods we buy and sell. This change of approach has two problems, both potentially solvable. One is the difficulty of distinguishing people's good from their political aims. The second is the public resistance to utilitarian thinking, which will persist even if the first problem is solved, and which may require cultural change to overcome.
Trust as an Obstacle in Environmental-Economic Disputes
Authors: TENBRUNSEL ANN E.
Published: July 2003

At the core of environmental-economic disputes is an inherent distrust of “the other side.” This article draws on past research to identify factors that contribute to and exacerbate these negative expectations. Contextual features of these negotiations—including uncertainty, power asymmetries, and standard and surveillance systems—are argued to produce construal discrepancies and thus to act as generators of distrust and expectations of unethical behavior. In turn, these negative expectations and actions decrease the likelihood that optimal agreements will be formed. Recommendations directed toward improving the resulting hostile atmosphere are provided.
En el Norte la Mujer Manda
Authors: HIRSCH JENNIFER S.
Published: July 2003

This study explores generational and migration-related changes in gender and marriage in two locations of a transnational community of Mexicans: the sending community in western Mexico and the receiving community in Atlanta. The principal method was life histories, focusing on 13 women in Atlanta and their sisters or sisters-in-law in Mexico; life history informants' mothers and husbands were also interviewed. A generational paradigm shift in marital ideals has occurred, from an ideal of respeto (respect) to one of confianza (trust), characterized by cooperative decision making, heterosociality, a less gendered division of labor in social reproduction, and a new role for marital sexuality. Although women on both sides of the frontera (border) share this companionate ideal, economic opportunities, more privacy, and some legal protection from domestic violence gave women in Atlanta more leverage to push for these companionate marriages.
Transnational Community and Its Ethnic Consequences
Authors: TAKENAKA AYUMI
Published: July 2003

This article examines the consequences of transnational community formation for immigrants' communities and ethnic identity. Focusing on a culturally, nationally, and racially mixed group of Japanese Peruvians who are dispersed across Peru, Japan, and the United States, the author examines how their communities and ethnic identity are transformed as a consequence of their migrations and transnational ties. During ethnographic fieldwork in their communities, the author found that Japanese Peruvians across the Pacific create their own ethnic identity as Nikkei, distinct from others, by exploiting their international ties and resources. She argues, therefore, that migrants' transnational ties can accentuate their group boundaries both within the sending and receiving countries, particularly when migrants perceive that there are benefits. Hence, the process of transnational community formation can hinder migrants' assimilation in nations.
From Welfare State to Opportunity, Inc.
Authors: ROM MARK CARL
Published: July 2003

In the old days, our governments provided cash assistance to the poor. Today, our governments increasingly contract with nongovernmental organizations, both nonprofit and for-profit, to deliver a wide range of services to the poor so that they may become less so. Will these new public-private partnerships solve our nation's welfare poverty problems? It is far too early to tell. However, now is the time to begin assessing these partnerships, and find out how they are arranged, what their goals are, what they do, and how they will be evaluated. This is an initial step toward this assessment.
Coming to Terms With the Public-Private Partnership
Authors: LINDER STEPHEN H.
Published: July 2003

This essay critically examines the multiple meanings that the term, public-private (P-P) partnership, assumes in contemporary discussions. A brief deconstruction of this term not only clarifies these meanings, but also exposes to scrutiny their underlying premises and ideological commitments. Six distinct uses of the term are identified and linked to their respective meanings in neoconservative and neoliberal ideologies. Instead of focusing on partnership's conceptual definition, the term's strategic uses by political actors are attended to, consistent with the author's interest in partnership as a political symbol and policy tool. Accordingly, the claims of these actors about partnerships receive primary attention here. Their actual partnership practices and the distributional effects that partnering has on power and resources are left for others to consider.
Public-Private Technology Partnerships
Authors: STIGLITZ JOSEPH E. , WALLSTEN SCOTT J.
Published: July 2003

The U.S. government has a long history of supporting private sector research and development (R & D). The economic justification for government R & D support is clear. Primarily because of knowledge spillovers, profit-maximizing firms invest less than the socially optimal level of R & D. This market failure creates the possibility that government can help mitigate the underinvestment problem. Public-private technology partnerships are the newest approach to funding R & D. Technology partnerships include public funding of industry-led R & D projects and private research consortia, and collaborations between industry and government scientists. These programs hope to generate research that yields commercial products and innovations. This article discusses the rise of these programs, the theory supporting them, the types of research projects they must fund to be successful, the technical and political obstacles they face in funding these projects, and the evaluations of the largest partnership programs. This article concludes with policy recommendations, recognizing that these programs have potential but must overcome significant hurdles.
Whistle-Blowers
Authors: ALFORD C. FRED
Published: July 2003

Based on intensive interviews with several dozen whistle-blowers, this article asks what they have to teach about the organizations in which they worked. The most important thing they have to teach is that organizations are deeply threatened by what Kant called ethical autonomy (Mündigkeit). Organizational life is dedicated to the destruction of ethical autonomy for much the same reason that Freud saw social life as dedicated to the suppression of sex and aggression. Ethical autonomy threatens to explode the organization. This may not in fact be the case, but most organizations act as if they believe it. The purpose of sacrificing the whistle-blower is to prevent the outbreak of an epidemic of ethical and moral responsibility that threatens to engulf the organization in a competitive world.