bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terminal Posterior Tilted Implants Planned as a Sinus Graft Alternative for Fixed Full‐Arch Implant‐Supported Maxillary Restoration: A Case Series with 10‐ to 19‐Year Results on 44 Consecutive Patients Presenting for Routine Maintenance
Authors: Fortin Yvan , Sullivan Richard M.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Posterior maxillary tilted implants are gaining prevalence as an alternative to sinus grafts supporting fixed maxillary restorations. This paper reports long‐term results after loading using this technique.

Materials and Methods

Consecutive patients presenting for either routine hygiene maintenance or unplanned emergency care who had received tilted implants as a sinus graft alternative to support fixed fully implant‐supported restoration of an edentulous maxilla and were followed for a minimum of 10 years from initial implant placement were included in this evaluation.

Results

Forty‐four patients were identified: 40 with bilateral tilted implants and 4 with one tilted and one axial posterior implant. Eight patients received one‐piece fixed porcelain‐to‐gold screw‐retained restorations, and thirty‐six patients received a fully implant‐supported patient‐removable Marius Bridge. Seventy‐nine out of 84 originally loaded posterior tilted implants survived a minimum of 10 years loading; one tilted implant was lost at 10 years. Eight additional posterior implants were placed for either these lost tilted posterior implants or as proactive supplemental support; one of these replacement tilted implants survived for at least 10 years and is included in the data. All patients have maintained continuous fixed function throughout the follow‐up period. Forty‐one out of 44 patients continue with the original restoration, 33 without modification or removal of the fixed restoration or implant‐connecting bar. One porcelain‐to‐gold and seven Marius Bridges had framework modifications to accommodate additional implants; 3 Marius Bridge restorations were replaced with a newer generation.

Conclusion

Within the limits of this retrospective study, the results show that continuous fixed function of fully implant‐supported maxillary restorations using posterior tilted implants in terminal positions of support as a sinus graft alternative combined with axial anterior implants is possible over a prolonged period. Loss of a posterior tilted implant after loading is treatable with another tilted, zygomatic or axial implant, typically requiring only modification of the fixed restoration.
Mainstreaming the social sciences in conservation
Authors: Bennett Nathan J. , Roth Robin , Klain Sarah C. , Chan Kai M. A. , Clark Douglas A. , Cullman Georgina , Epstein Graham , Nelson Michael Paul , Stedman Richard , Teel Tara L. , Thomas Rebecca E. W. , Wyborn Carina , Curran Deborah , Greenberg Alison , Sandlos John , Veríssimo Diogo
Published: June 2016

Despite broad recognition of the value of social sciences and increasingly vocal calls for better engagement with the human element of conservation, the conservation social sciences remain misunderstood and underutilized in practice. The conservation social sciences can provide unique and important contributions to society's understanding of the relationships between humans and nature and to improving conservation practice and outcomes. There are 4 barriers—ideological, institutional, knowledge, and capacity—to meaningful integration of the social sciences into conservation. We provide practical guidance on overcoming these barriers to mainstream the social sciences in conservation science, practice, and policy. Broadly, we recommend fostering knowledge on the scope and contributions of the social sciences to conservation, including social scientists from the inception of interdisciplinary research projects, incorporating social science research and insights during all stages of conservation planning and implementation, building social science capacity at all scales in conservation organizations and agencies, and promoting engagement with the social sciences in and through global conservation policy‐influencing organizations. Conservation social scientists, too, need to be willing to engage with natural science knowledge and to communicate insights and recommendations clearly. We urge the conservation community to move beyond superficial engagement with the conservation social sciences. A more inclusive and integrative conservation science—one that includes the natural and social sciences—will enable more ecologically effective and socially just conservation. Better collaboration among social scientists, natural scientists, practitioners, and policy makers will facilitate a renewed and more robust conservation. Mainstreaming the conservation social sciences will facilitate the uptake of the full range of insights and contributions from these fields into conservation policy and practice.
The 6‐month effectiveness of Internet‐based guided self‐help for depression in adults with Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ebert D. D. , Nobis S. , Lehr D. , Baumeister H. , Riper H. , Auerbach R. P. , Snoek F. , Cuijpers P. , Berking M.
Published: June 2016

Aim

The aim of this research is to examine the 6‐month effects of an Internet‐based guided self‐help intervention for comorbid depressive symptoms in people with diabetes.

Methods

Participants (n = 260) with Type 1 or 2 diabetes and elevated depressive symptoms [Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) ≥ 23] were randomly assigned to a guided Internet‐based self‐help intervention or a control condition (treatment as usual + online psychoeducation about depression). The primary outcome was a change in depressive symptom severity (CES‐D) from baseline to 6‐month follow‐up. The secondary outcomes included numbers of people achieving treatment response (reliable change of depressive symptoms) and remission (CES‐D ≤ 16), as well as the effects on glycaemic control, diabetes‐related emotional distress and diabetes acceptance. Repeated measures analysis of variance examined between‐group differences using intent‐to‐treat principles.

Results

Both conditions showed improvements in depression severity: intervention condition, d = 1.48 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.21 to 1.76]; control condition d = 0.55 (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.80). Changes were significantly greater in the intervention condition with a large between‐group effect size (d = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.08). Accordingly, effects on response [relative risk (RR) = 2.60 (95% CI: 2.01 to 3.36), P < 0.001] and remission [RR = 3.36 (95% CI: 2.98 to 5.44), P < 0.001] were in favour of the intervention group, as were differences in change in diabetes emotional distress (d = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.54), and physical and mental functioning [Short Form Health Survey (SF‐12) Physical d = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.51) and SF‐12 Mental d = 0.68 (95% CI: 0.11 to 0.40)]. The intervention group was not superior with regard to glycaemic control, diabetes self‐management and diabetes acceptance.

Conclusions

The trial indicates that Internet‐based guided self‐help treatments for depression in people with diabetes can have sustained effects on depressive symptoms, well‐being and emotional distress associated with diabetes.
Neural activity of orbitofrontal cortex contributes to control of waiting
Authors: Xiao Xiong , Deng Hanfei , Wei Lei , Huang Yanwang , Wang Zuoren
Published: June 2016

The willingness to wait for delayed reward and information is of fundamental importance for deliberative behaviors. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is thought to be a core component of the neural circuitry underlying the capacity to control waiting. However, the neural correlates of active waiting and the causal role of the OFC in the control of waiting still remain largely unknown. Here, we trained rats to perform a waiting task (waiting for a pseudorandom time to obtain the water reward), and recorded neuronal ensembles in the OFC throughout the task. We observed that subset OFC neurons exhibited ramping activities throughout the waiting process. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that neural activities during the waiting period even predicted the trial outcomes (patient vs. impatient) on a trial‐by‐trial basis. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of the OFC during the waiting period improved the waiting performance, but did not influence rats’ movement to obtain the reward. Taken together, these findings reveal that the neural activity in the OFC contributes to the control of waiting.
Concussive convulsions: A YouTube video analysis
Authors: Tényi Dalma , Gyimesi Csilla , Horváth Réka , Kovács Norbert , Ábrahám Hajnalka , Darnai Gergely , Fogarasi András , Büki András , Janszky József
Published: June 2016

Objective

To analyze seizure‐like motor phenomena immediately occurring after concussion (concussive convulsions).

Methods

Twenty‐five videos of concussive convulsions were obtained from YouTube as a result of numerous sports‐related search terms. The videos were analyzed by four independent observers, documenting observations of the casualty, the head injury, motor symptoms of the concussive convulsions, the postictal period, and the outcome.

Results

Immediate responses included the fencing response, bear hug position, and bilateral leg extension. Fencing response was the most common. The side of the hit (p = 0.039) and the head turning (p = 0.0002) was ipsilateral to the extended arm. There was a tendency that if the blow had only a vertical component, the bear hug position appeared more frequently (p = 0.12). The motor symptom that appeared with latency of 6 ± 3 s was clonus, sometimes superimposed with tonic motor phenomena. Clonus was focal, focally evolving bilateral or bilateral, with a duration of 27 ± 19 s (5–72 s). Where lateralization of clonus could be determined, the side of clonus and the side of hit were contralateral (p = 0.039).

Significance

Concussive convulsions consist of two phases. The short‐latency first phase encompasses motor phenomena resembling neonatal reflexes and may be of brainstem origin. The long‐latency second phase consists of clonus. We hypothesize that the motor symptoms of the long‐latency phase are attributed to cortical structures; however, they are probably not epileptic in origin but rather a result of a transient cortical neuronal disturbance induced by mechanical forces.
Improved Vertical Streambed Flux Estimation Using Multiple Diurnal Temperature Methods in Series
Authors: Irvine D. J. , Briggs M. A. , Cartwright I. , Scruggs C. R. , Lautz L. K.
Published: June 2016

Analytical solutions that use diurnal temperature signals to estimate vertical fluxes between groundwater and surface water based on either amplitude ratios (Ar) or phase shifts (Δϕ) produce results that rarely agree. Analytical solutions that simultaneously utilize Ar and Δϕ within a single solution have more recently been derived, decreasing uncertainty in flux estimates in some applications. Benefits of combined (ArΔϕ) methods also include that thermal diffusivity and sensor spacing can be calculated. However, poor identification of either Ar or Δϕ from raw temperature signals can lead to erratic parameter estimates from ArΔϕ methods. An add‐on program for VFLUX 2 is presented to address this issue. Using thermal diffusivity selected from an ArΔϕ method during a reliable time period, fluxes are recalculated using an Ar method. This approach maximizes the benefits of the Ar and ArΔϕ methods. Additionally, sensor spacing calculations can be used to identify periods with unreliable flux estimates, or to assess streambed scour. Using synthetic and field examples, the use of these solutions in series was particularly useful for gaining conditions where fluxes exceeded 1 m/d.
Optimising germinated conditions to enhance yield of resveratrol content in peanut sprout using response surface methodology
Authors: Miao Yu , Hong‐zhi Liu , Ying Yang , Ai‐min Shi , Li Liu , Hui Hu , Qiang Wang , Hong‐wei Yu , Xiao‐he Wang
Published: June 2016

Peanut sprout has associated with enhance the content of a nonflavonoids known as resveratrol, which influences a variety of functions including against cancer, cardiovascular and delaying ageing. Peanut from Liaoning province of China was used as a material to accumulate resveratrol during germination. The individual effects of soaking temperature and time as well as germination temperature, time and humidity on resveratrol accumulation in 5 days germinated peanut were investigated. Then, based on Box–Behnken design, interactive effects of the germination parameters were evaluated by response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were as follows: soaking temperature at 35 °C, soaking time at 8 h, germination temperature at 29 °C, germination humidity at 90%, and germination time at 5 day. Under the optimum condition, resveratrol content reached 32.87 μg g−1, which was almost 9.78 times higher than that in the peanut which did not germinate.
Effect of starter cultures on the quality of Suan yu, a Chinese traditional fermented freshwater fish
Authors: Zeng Xuefeng , Zhang Wei , Zhu Qiujin
Published: June 2016

The generation of volatile compounds of four starter cultures composed of isolated microorganisms from traditional Suan yu was investigated. The cultures included two pure starters (PS1: Lactobacillus plantarum 120 and PS2: Pediococcus pentosaceus 220) and two mixed starters (MS1: L. plantarum 120, Staphylococcus xylosus 135 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 31 at 1:1:1; MS2: P. pentosaceus 220, S. xylosus 135 and S. cerevisiae 31 at 1:1:1). Naturally fermented Suan yu was used as control. The volatile compounds were collected from the headspace of the samples by Solid‐phase microextraction and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The type and total content of volatile compounds in the mixed‐starter‐fermented fish were higher than those of the pure‐starter‐fermented samples and control. A total of seventy nine and eighty volatile compounds were detected in Suan yu fermented with MS1 and MS2, respectively, with ethanol as the predominant compound and hexanal, ethyl acetate, 3‐methylbutanol, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, hexanoic acid ethyl ester and 2,3‐butanedione as the other compounds. Furthermore, the sensorial acceptance of the different products with mixed starter cultures seemed to improve the quality of Suan yu products.
Effect of monosodium glutamate on physicochemical properties and quality of Alkali‐treated Pacific white shrimp
Authors: Benjakul Soottawat , Kingwascharapong Passakorn
Published: June 2016

Physicochemical properties and quality of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) treated with alkaline soaking solution (ASS; 0.75% NaOH with 2.5% NaCl) containing 3% monosodium glutamate (MSG), pH 11.5 (ASS+3% MSG) were investigated, in comparison with those treated with mixed phosphates or ASS alone. Muscle proteins underwent conformational changes as evidenced by the shift of Tmax to the lower temperature and the increased negative charge when treated with ASS+3% MSG. This coincided with the higher moisture and NaCl contents (P < 0.05). Such a treatment led to the pronounced swelling of muscle fibrils as visualised by scanning electron microscope. Highest likeness score for all attributes except for flavour was observed in sample treated with ASS+3% MSG. Slightly fishy odour in the treated sample was associated with higher abundance of volatile compounds, especially alcohol and aldehyde. Thus, ASS+3% MSG could be used as the replacer of phosphate and bicarbonate for shrimp processing.
Interrupting Everyday Life: Public Interventionist Art as Critical Public Pedagogy
Authors: Desai Dipti , Darts David
Published: June 2016

In this article we explore two urban interventions art projects in the public sphere designed by our Masters’ students at New York University as they set the stage for a discussion on how urban art interventions can function as a form of critical public pedagogy. We argue that these kinds of public art projects provided a space for dialogue with people on the streets about the increased corporatisation of the public sphere. This kind of urban interventionism, we believe, is needed in art education today, as the public sphere is increasingly being eroded by private interests and it is only by reclaiming the public sphere that we can develop a cultural politics that in turn renews our democracy.
Reconstructing Imagined Finnishness: The Case of Art Education through the Concept of Place
Authors: Paatela‐Nieminen Martina , Itkonen Tuija , Talib Mirja‐Tytti
Published: June 2016

This multidisciplinary article presents a methodology, a research project and selected outcomes from an environmental art education course for teacher students. The course is part of an art education minor at the University of Helsinki, Department of Teacher Education. The students were asked to construct their place through an intertextual art method that provided them the means to study their place open‐endedly as a space of plural cultural meanings. Applying the results from their intertextual process, they reconstructed their place artistically. The end product was a personal work of art that included traces of their chosen places, and created a new meaning for it. The outcome is a visual space of compacted meanings from different places. Places contain history and memories important to identity construction. The results show that the intertextual reading extends the students’ concept of place as a space for relational and plural cultural meanings. Foucault's concept of heterotopia, as it applies to otherness of places and spaces, was used alongside the intertextual art method.
Developing the personal narratives of children with complex communication needs associated with intellectual disabilities: What is the potential of Storysharing®?
Authors: Bunning Karen , Gooch Lynsey , Johnson Miranda
Published: June 2016

Background

Sharing personal experience in narrative is challenging for individuals with intellectual disabilities. The aim was to investigate the potential of Storysharing® (Storysharing is an innovative communication method based on personal narrative, which has been developed to support conversations with people who have severe difficulties in communication) intervention.

Materials and Methods

The study involved eleven pupil‐educational supporter dyads at a special school. Storysharing® was implemented over a 15‐week period. Personal narratives were captured on video pre‐ and post‐intervention. The data were analysed for discourse and narrative.

Results

Significant differences revealed a decline in ‘query‐answer’ sequences and an increase in supporter use of ‘prompts’. After intervention, there were fewer story episodes. Narrative structure showed gains in action sequences leading to climax, and in closing elements, indicating a more complete narrative.

Conclusions

The Storysharing® intervention appears to be associated with changes to the dyadic, personal narratives illustrating its potential.
When endemic coral‐reef fish species serve as models: endemic mimicry patterns in the Marquesas Islands
Authors: Delrieu‐Trottin E. , Planes S. , Williams J. T.
Published: June 2016

This article documents several cases of widespread species, which usually mimic other widespread species throughout the Indo‐Pacific, using endemic Marquesan species as a model and displaying endemic mimicry patterns. This discovery adds a new line of evidence to the uniqueness of the Marquesas Islands, which not only host a high number of endemic reef‐fish species, but also endemic mimicry patterns.
Feasibility of Water Efficiency and Reuse Technologies as Demand‐Side Strategies for Urban Water Management
Authors: Berhanu Bruk M. , Blackhurst Michael , Kirisits Mary Jo , Jamarillo Paulina , Carlson Derrick
Published: June 2016

Potable residential water efficiency and reuse technologies have seen increasing adoption in recent years and have been estimated to reduce demands by up to 50%. In this work, we used an engineering economic model to estimate the technically feasible levelized cost of water provided by seven above‐code water efficiency (i.e., beyond that required by building code) and reuse technologies within the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA) in central Texas. Unlike other demand‐side studies of residential water use, we model uncertainty and variation in technology adoption cost and performance; include reuse technologies; and differentiate between new construction and retrofits. We developed a conservation supply curve to compare the levelized cost of efficiency and reuse technologies with conventional supply‐side water management strategies. We estimate that efficiency and reuse in the residential sector can meet 85% of 50‐year projected needs (the difference between projected demand and estimated supplies) for the LCRA service area. We also estimate lower levelized costs for immediate retrofits of most technologies, promoting incentives for early technology adoption. However, efficiency and reuse technology performance demonstrates considerable uncertainty and variability. The fraction of demands met by demand‐side strategies range from around 60% to 100%. Occupancy drives much of the variability because it significantly affects demand. These results promote designing incentives for adoption of water efficiency and reuse technologies based upon use. We find that water‐efficient showerheads and bathroom faucet aerators perform well over a variety of assumptions, indicating that these technologies should be a priority for municipalities seeking water demand reductions.
WHEELS OF FORTUNE: SUBWAY EXPANSION AND PROPERTY VALUES IN BEIJING
Authors: Li Shanjun , Yang Jun , Qin Ping , Chonabayashi Shun
Published: June 2016

China is experiencing rapid urbanization. Its capital city, Beijing, experienced a 53 percent increase in population from 2001 to 2013. To address traffic congestion and air pollution, two of the most pressing urban challenges, Beijing has been investing heavily in transportation infrastructure. In particular, the subway system added 15 new subway lines with a total length of 410 km of over the 12‐year period. We quantify the capitalization of large‐scale subway construction into property values in a first‐differenced hedonic price framework while controlling for confounding factors and reverse causality. Our analysis finds a positive and significant impact of subway proximity on property values: a reduction in the distance to a subway station by 1 km increases the value of properties within 3 km of the station by 15 percent, and by 3.4 percent for properties within 3–5 km. Our analysis shows that the increase in property values can more than cover the capital cost of subway construction.
Voltage-operated potassium (Kv) channels contribute to endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of carvacrol on rat aorta
Authors: Testai Lara , Chericoni Silvio , Martelli Alma , Flamini Guido , Breschi Maria Cristina , Calderone Vincenzo
Published: June 2016

Objectives

Carvacrol, a monoterpene widely present in nature, is commonly used in the food industry and in cosmetics, besides to possess a plethora of pharmacological properties, among these also in vitro vasorelaxing effects and in vivo hypotensive responses. Although in rat aortic rings carvacrol evoked a vasodilatation both in the presence and in the absence of endothelium, in preparations with intact endothelial layer its vasoactive response markedly improved.

Methods

This study aimed at investigating the mechanism of action responsible for the endothelial component of the carvacrol-induced vasorelaxing response observed in rat isolated aortic rings.

Key findings

Pharmacological characterization led us to exclude the involvement of NO pathway (neither L-NAME, NO biosynthesis inhibitor, nor ODQ, guanylate cyclase inhibitor, was able to modify the vascular effects of carvacrol) and of arachidonic acid cascade (no inhibitor intercepting the cascade influenced the endothelial-dependent vasodilatation of the monoterpene). Moreover, endothelial TRP channels were also not involved, as capsazepine did not antagonize vasorelaxing effect.

Finally, endothelial potassium channels were considered as possible targets of carvacrol; indeed, two voltage-operated potassium (Kv) channel blockers, 4-aminopyridine and quinine, significantly reduced carvacrol potency and efficacy indices.

Conclusions

Kv channels seem to be responsible for vascular effects of the monoterpene typical of Labiatae family.
The evolution of silicon transporters in diatoms
Authors: Durkin Colleen A. , Koester Julie A. , Bender Sara J. , Armbrust E. Virginia
Published: June 2016

Diatoms are highly productive single‐celled algae that form an intricately patterned silica cell wall after every cell division. They take up and utilize silicic acid from seawater via silicon transporter (SIT) proteins. This study examined the evolution of the SIT gene family to identify potential genetic adaptations that enable diatoms to thrive in the modern ocean. By searching for sequence homologs in available databases, the diversity of organisms found to encode SITs increased substantially and included all major diatom lineages and other algal protists. A bacterial‐encoded gene with homology to SIT sequences was also identified, suggesting that a lateral gene transfer event occurred between bacterial and protist lineages. In diatoms, the SIT genes diverged and diversified to produce five distinct clades. The most basal SIT clades were widely distributed across diatom lineages, while the more derived clades were lineage‐specific, which together produced a distinct repertoire of SIT types among major diatom lineages. Differences in the predicted protein functional domains encoded among SIT clades suggest that the divergence of clades resulted in functional diversification among SITs. Both laboratory cultures and natural communities changed transcription of each SIT clade in response to experimental or environmental growth conditions, with distinct transcriptional patterns observed among clades. Together, these data suggest that the diversification of SITs within diatoms led to specialized adaptations among diatoms lineages, and perhaps their dominant ability to take up silicic acid from seawater in diverse environmental conditions.
Deliberation, Leadership and Information Aggregation
Authors: Rivas Javier , Rodríguez‐Álvarez Carmelo
Published: June 2016

We analyze a committee of voters who take a decision via a two‐stage process. In a discussion stage, voters share non‐verifiable information about a private signal concerning what is the best decision. In a voting stage, a decision is taken by voting. We introduce the possibility of leadership whereby a certain voter, the leader, is more influential than the rest at the discussion stage even though she is not better informed. We study the effects of leadership on information transmission and the quality of the choice made by the committee, and how these effects depend on the specific voting rule employed. We find that how truthful voters are at the discussion stage depends non‐monotonically on how influential the leader is. Moreover, when the leader's influence is relatively high, supermajority voting rules may increase the probability of choosing the best option when compared with the majority voting rule.
A case of chromoblastomycosis by Fonsecaea nubica indicating a possible insect route of transmission
Authors: Chen Yingdan , Yin Songchao , Li Meirong , Chen Rongzhang , Wei Ling , Ma Han , Deng Shuwen , de Hoog Gert Sybren , Lai Wei , Lu Chun , Feng Peiying
Published: June 2016

A first auricular case of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea nubica is reported in a 42‐year‐old Chinese male. He presented a slightly verrucous, erythematous plaque on his right auricle which had gradually extended over a 10‐year period, and the patient reported a history of dog flea sting before onset of the lesions. Diagnosis was based on histopathological and mycological examination of clinical samples, which revealed muriform cells. Identification of the aetiological agent was assessed by morphological characteristics and confirmed at species level by sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The patient showed marked clinical improvement after 3 months combination therapy with itraconazole and terbinafine. The possible mode of transmission of auricular chromoblastomycosis is discussed.
Subacute lobar encephalitis presenting as cerebellar ataxia and generalized cognitive impairment with positive anti‐glutamate receptor antibodies
Authors: Nagasako Yuki , Sakurai Yasuhisa , Sugimoto Izumi , Takahashi Yukitoshi
Published: June 2016

We report a patient with anti‐glutamate receptor (GluN2B, GluN1 and GluD2) antibody‐positive and anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antibody‐negative encephalitis presenting as cerebellar ataxia and generalized cognitive impairment. Intravenous corticosteroid pulse therapy markedly resolved his symptoms 6 weeks after onset. Marked impairment of the cortical function with a relatively preserved level of consciousness, and a favorable response to corticosteroid therapy might occur in immune‐mediated lobar encephalitis associated with anti‐glutamate receptor antibodies.
Pragmatic hydraulic theory predicts stomatal responses to climatic water deficits
Authors: Sperry John S. , Wang Yujie , Wolfe Brett T. , Mackay D. Scott , Anderegg William R. L. , McDowell Nate G. , Pockman William T.
Published: June 2016

Ecosystem models have difficulty predicting plant drought responses, partially from uncertainty in the stomatal response to water deficits in soil and atmosphere. We evaluate a ‘supply–demand’ theory for water‐limited stomatal behavior that avoids the typical scaffold of empirical response functions. The premise is that canopy water demand is regulated in proportion to threat to supply posed by xylem cavitation and soil drying.

The theory was implemented in a trait‐based soil–plant–atmosphere model. The model predicted canopy transpiration (E), canopy diffusive conductance (G), and canopy xylem pressure (Pcanopy) from soil water potential (Psoil) and vapor pressure deficit (D).

Modeled responses to D and Psoil were consistent with empirical response functions, but controlling parameters were hydraulic traits rather than coefficients. Maximum hydraulic and diffusive conductances and vulnerability to loss in hydraulic conductance dictated stomatal sensitivity and hence the iso‐ to anisohydric spectrum of regulation. The model matched wide fluctuations in G and Pcanopy across nine data sets from seasonally dry tropical forest and piñon–juniper woodland with < 26% mean error.

Promising initial performance suggests the theory could be useful in improving ecosystem models. Better understanding of the variation in hydraulic properties along the root–stem–leaf continuum will simplify parameterization.
The Humanbecoming theory as a reinterpretation of the symbolic interactionism: a critique of its specific nature and scientific underpinnings
Authors: Tapp Diane , Lavoie Mireille
Published: June 2016

Discussions about real knowledge contained in grand theories and models seem to remain an active quest in the academic sphere. The most fervent of these defendants is Rosemarie Parse with her Humanbecoming School of Thought (1981, 1998). This article first highlights the similarities between Parse's theory and Blumer's symbolic interactionism (1969). This comparison will act as a counterargument to Parse's assertions that her theory is original ‘nursing’ material. Standing on the contemporary philosophy of science, the very possibility for discovering specific nursing knowledge will be questioned. Second, Parse's scientific assumptions will be thoroughly addressed and contrasted with Blumer's more moderate view of knowledge. It will lead to recognize that the valorization of the social nature of existence and reality does not necessarily induce requirements and methods such as those proposed by Parse. According to Blumer's point of view, her perspective may not even be desirable. Recommendations will be raised about the necessity for a distanced relationship to knowledge, being the key to the pursuit of its improvement, not its circular contemplation.
Role of the calcium plateau in neuronal injury and behavioral morbidities following organophosphate intoxication
Authors: Deshpande Laxmikant S. , Blair Robert E. , Phillips Kristin F. , DeLorenzo Robert J.
Published: June 2016

Organophosphate (OP) chemicals include nerve agents and pesticides, and there is a growing concern of OP‐based chemical attacks against civilians. Current antidotes are essential in limiting immediate mortality associated with OP exposure. However, further research is needed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying long‐term neurological deficits following survival of OP toxicity in order to develop effective therapeutics. We have developed rat survival models of OP‐induced status epilepticus (SE) that mimic chronic mortality and morbidity following OP intoxication. We have observed significant elevations in hippocampal calcium levels after OP SE that persisted for weeks following initial survival. Drugs inhibiting intracellular calcium–induced calcium release, such as dantrolene, levetiracetam, and carisbamate, lowered OP SE–mediated protracted calcium elevations. Given the critical role of calcium signaling in modulating behavior and cell death mechanisms, drugs targeted at preventing the development of the calcium plateau could enhance neuroprotection, help reduce morbidity, and improve outcomes following survival of OP SE.
Efforts toward treatments against aging of organophosphorus‐inhibited acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Zhuang Qinggeng , Young Amneh , Callam Christopher S. , McElroy Craig A. , Ekici Özlem Dogan , Yoder Ryan J. , Hadad Christopher M.
Published: June 2016

Aging is a dealkylation reaction of organophosphorus (OP)‐inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Despite many studies to date, aged AChE cannot be reactivated directly by traditional pyridinium oximes. This review summarizes strategies that are potentially valuable in the treatment against aging in OP poisoning. Among them, retardation of aging seeks to lower the rate of aging through the use of AChE effectors. These drugs should be administered before AChE is completely aged. For postaging treatment, realkylation of aged AChE by appropriate alkylators may pave the way for oxime treatment by neutralizing the oxyanion at the active site of aged AChE. The other two strategies, upregulation of AChE expression and introduction of exogenous AChE, cannot resurrect aged AChE but may compensate for lowered active AChE levels by in situ production or external introduction of active AChE. Upregulation of AChE expression can be triggered by some peptides. Sources of exogenous AChE can be whole blood or purified AChE, either from human or nonhuman species.
Working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to obtain approval of products under the Animal Rule
Authors: Park Glen D. , Mitchel Jules T.
Published: June 2016

While the development of medical products and approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is well known, the development of countermeasures against exposure to toxic levels of radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents requires special consideration, and there has been, to date, little experience in working with the FDA to obtain approval of these products. The FDA has published a regulation entitled “Approval of Biological Products when Human Efficacy Studies are not Ethical or Feasible.” This regulation, known simply as the “Animal Rule,” was designed to permit approval or licensing of drugs and biologics when efficacy studies in humans are not ethical or feasible. To date, 12 products have been approved under the Animal Rule. It is highly recommended that sponsors of products that are to be developed under the Animal Rule meet with the FDA and other government entities early in the development process to ensure that the efficacy and safety studies that are planned will meet the FDA's requirements for approval of the product.
Old Pursuit, New Methods: Promising Benefits amid Familiar Challenges
Authors: Yang Kaifeng
Published: June 2016

Results First is a practice that uses new methods to pursue an old objective: to fill the gap between policy making and knowledge. With innovative evidence aggregation tools and implementation instruments, it has many potential benefits for decision makers. In the meantime, it also faces familiar challenges discussed in the literature.
A Solution of the Graetz Problem in Tubes of Arbitrary Cross-Section Shape for Viscoelastic Fluids
Authors: Barrera H. Cristian , Letelier Mario F. , Siginer Dennis A.
Published: June 2016

The Graetz problem is addressed for the case of steady laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluids obeying the Modified Phan-Thien-Tanner Model (MPTT) in tubes of arbitrary cross-section. The method herein presented models the velocity and temperature fields so that the corresponding non-slip and thermal boundary conditions are met at the walls of the tube for a wide range of different shapes. The main results are the general temperature distribution for different duct geometries that include the triangular and square cases as particular examples.
Model Calculations on Micropump Using Reciprocating Motion of Magnetic Material Ball
Authors: Kumamaru Hiroshige , Fujiwara Hayata , Nomura Yoshihisa , Itoh Kazuhiro
Published: June 2016

The authors are developing a micropump which combines reciprocating motion of a magnetic material ball in a pumping channel and four passive check valves. An additional experiment has been performed for one combination of the ball outer diameter and the channel inner diameter, and results of this experiment are presented in this paper. Including the previous experiments performed by the authors, the maximum pump head of ∼620 mm and the maximum flow rate of ∼7.5 mL/min have been obtained in the present micropump. Also, in this study, model calculations have been performed in order to predict the pump performance, i.e. the relation between pump head and flow rate. Calculated flow rates agree well with experimental data for larger gaps between the ball outer diameter and the pumping-channel inner diameter; however, calculated flow rates are larger than the experimental data for smaller gaps. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the calculation models, in particular by calculating leak flow rate in the pumping channel as a flow through a nozzle instead of that through an orifice.
Planar PIV Experiments Inside a Transparent Shell-and-Tube Exchanger
Authors: Talapatra Siddharth , Farrell Kevin
Published: June 2016

The detailed flow inside a shell-and-tube exchanger remains an open area of research, despite its relevance to the heat exchanger industry. We present some of our recent efforts in this field based on Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experiments within a transparent shell-and-tube exchanger (TSTX) at the Research and Technology Center at HTRI. The single-phase flow in the window region of the TSTX is resolved by mapping the two-dimensional velocity field in multiple planes. Different shell-side geometries were tested. Time-averaged results indicate flow patterns that are different from the idealized flow assumptions that form the conceptual basis of commercially available shell-side flow solvers.
Simulation of Viscous Fingering Phenomenon Using CFD Tools
Authors: González Diana , Asuaje Miguel
Published: June 2016

The world energy crisis requires better and better oil production processes. Oil is stored inside a porous medium in reservoirs several kilometers below the earth’s surface. Over the years, the study and understanding of the physics and fluid phenomena occurring within the porous media have been of great interest. A very common phenomenon within the porous media that has significant impact on production is what is known as viscous fingering. Viscous fingering is an instability that occurs at the interface between two fluids of different viscosity, under certain conditions of speed and pressure, this phenomenon results in undesired production of water together with oil. Experiments and analytical models, trying to reproduce and predict the conditions under which the fingering appears, have extensively studied this phenomenon. The aim of this study is to simulate the phenomenon of viscous fingering using computational fluid dynamics tools. A 2D CFD model of an Oil-Water mixture inside a porous medium using commercial software ANSYS FLUENT v.14 was created. In this model, water enters at a rate of 0.15cm/s to an oil-filled domain. Water drives the oil and forms finger-shaped patterns. It was possible to represent the phenomena using CFD tools. Results show a similar behaviour to that obtained by Brock et al (1991): as fingers grew, they spread transversely, split into smaller fingers, coalesced and blocked the growth of other fingers. It was also observed that water fingers have greater velocity, showing its preferential flow through the formed channels and thus leading to inefficient oil extraction.
Detection of Selected Pharmaceutical Contaminants and Removal Efficiency of Emerging Contaminants by Application of Membrane Filtration Technology
Authors: Liu Yanghe , Sheng Chenguang , Nnanna George Agbai
Published: June 2016

Removal of emerging contaminants is considered to be one of the most important processes within advanced Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) system. Pharmaceutical contaminants in drinking water could potentially lead to human’s increasing risks of heart attacks, organ damage, mental health and even cancer. This paper investigates the emerging contaminant removal efficiencies of technologies employed by local WWTPs. After determining the presence of selected emerging contaminants (17β-estradiol, Acetaminophen, Carbamazepine, Diclofenac, Erythromycin, Estrone, Bezafibrate, Fluoxetine, Gemfibrozil, Ibuprofen, Lincomycin, Metoprolol, Naproxen, Ofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole and Triclosan) in the waterbodies within the watershed of Lake Michigan in Northwest Indiana (NWI). Three of the contaminants above are chosen for lab experiments by considering their effects on human’s health and environment. A membrane filtration experiment is conducted in Purdue Water Institute (PWI) as preliminary studies on the removal of selected emerging contaminants. Meanwhile, application of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and simulation of coagulation/flocculation are designed as combined experiment with membrane filtration for evaluation of feasibility of using these techniques.
Transient Two-Phase Flow Model for High Viscous Liquids Over Hilly Terrain
Authors: Parra Abraham , Asuaje Miguel
Published: June 2016

This paper presents the detailed development of a multiphase model to predict the behavior of terrain-induced slugging, influenced by the viscous effects and hilly terrain.

Currently, high viscosity heavy crude oil represents most of the available fossil resources. This crude flows inside long and expensive pipelines, usually over hilly terrain, causing the formation of slug flow. A very common flow pattern produces critical effects on pipelines in terms of modelling, mechanical stress, induced oscillations, fatigue, production losses, and other negative effects for the system. An accurate characterization of this pattern may give critical data for the mechanical design of piping systems and provide valuable information for the downstream process equipment selection.

At present, most of the existing models to predict the behavior of slug flow neglect relevant parameters such as the effect of liquid viscosity and the effect of topographic terrain profile. The objective of this study is to present a mechanistic fluid model to determine the behavior of slug flow affected by the hilly terrain using viscous fluids. The model predicts the four stages of slug flow proposed by Schmidt et al. [1], and extends these stages to hilly terrain systems. The model is valid for a wide range of fluid viscosities and considers a range of pipe inclinations between 0° and 90°. Model validation with available literature and experimental data, shows a maximum deviation of 6%.
Dynamics of a Micro-Bubble Between Two Spherical Particles
Authors: Hasan Mainul
Published: June 2016

The effects of high intensity ultrasound field in water and the resulting volume oscillations of one underwater micron-sized gas bubble initially resting between two larger but micron-sized solid particles are numerically studied. The model assumes that the two particles remain at rest while the bubble changes its shape in the presence of the particles. Specifically, this study predicts the bubble’s expansion, collapse, and interaction effects with the adjacent two solid spherical particles which are not necessarily of equal size. The model assumes that the flow surrounding the bubble and two particles is incompressible. A 2-D Finite Element method which is capable of tracking the ultra fast moving boundary of the bubble is developed and an associated computer program is written to solve the modeled equations and boundary conditions. In the absence of a similar study in the literature, the validation (although not shown here) of the numerical method is carried out by solving the expansion and collapse of a single bubble initially resting in an infinite extent of fluid for which theoretical results are well-known in the literature. A good agreement is obtained between the numerical and theoretical results [18]. Numerical results for the temporal shapes of the bubble, its lifetimes for various parametric cases are provided and discussed. The variations of the pressure and the velocity fields in the liquid surrounding the bubble and two particles are also analyzed and discussed.
Surface Texture Effect on Momentum Transfer Behavior in Ultimate Taylor-Couette Flow
Authors: Xue Yabo , Yao Zhenqiang , Cheng De , Shen Hong , Wang Shengde
Published: June 2016

Torque behavior in Taylor-Couette flow has been discussed for decades of years and a series of torque behavior models have been proposed to deepen the understanding of dynamic behavior. In industry fields, the empirical relations based on torque measurement of scaled models in laboratory have been widely used to predict the torque behavior of rotating machinery. However, they fail sometimes, especially in ultimate flow regime. Therefore, a uniform theory based on physical mechanism is needed to model the torque behavior. Under the efforts of many scholars, fortunately, Eckhardt-Grossmann-Lohse theory throws light upon this problem from momentum transfer behavior based on N-S equations. It argues that angular velocity current seems to be constant in the gap, meanwhile, bulk flow theory shows that turbulent bulk and boundary layer play different roles in momentum transfer behavior. Compared with the thickness of boundary layer, surface texture is the same level in dimension. What is the interaction mechanism between the boundary layer and surface texture and how much does surface texture affect torque behavior? In this paper, we mainly focus on how surface texture affects the momentum transfer behavior. To investigate the surface effect on momentum transfer behavior, global torque behavior was measured through rotating multicomponent dynamometer of Kistler and surface texture effect on dynamic behavior of boundary layer was observed through high speed camera of Phantom. To compare the effect of different surface texture, the surface morphology was mapped by stereoscopic microscope of Zeiss. The results indicate that irregular surface texture strengthens the momentum transfer behavior through boundary layer transportation.