bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atribuição de falsas crenças no desenvolvimento de linguagem de crianças com síndrome de Down
Authors: Silva Tatiana Pires da , Silva Amanda Fernandes da , Tamanaha Ana Carina , Perissinoto Jacy
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Avaliar atribuição de falsa crença em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down. MÉTODOS: Onze crianças usuárias de comunicação verbal, com síndrome de Down, retardo mental de grau leve a grave, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária entre quatro e oito anos e atendidas em instituição compuseram o Grupo Down (GD). Além disso, 85 crianças sem alterações do desenvolvimento, na faixa etária entre quatro e seis anos, matriculadas em EMEI, constituíram o Grupo Controle (GC). Foram utilizados o Teste de Vocabulário por Imagem Peabody (TVIP) para a comparação do nível de compreensão verbal dos grupos, e o "teste dos smarties" adaptado, para avaliar a atribuição de falsa crença. RESULTADOS: Na análise do TVIP verificou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos, sendo que o GD apresentou pontuação abaixo do terceiro desvio-padrão e, as crianças do GC, abaixo do primeiro desvio-padrão. Em relação à análise da atribuição de falsa crença, o GC apresentou progressão de acertos em todas as questões conforme o aumento da faixa etária. O mesmo não foi observado para o GD, sendo que os melhores resultados foram os dos indivíduos com maior tempo de terapia fonoaudiológica na instituição. Não houve correlação entre o nível de vocabulário receptivo e a habilidade de falsa crença. CONCLUSÃO: Em todas as questões houve melhor desempenho do GC em comparação ao GD. Sendo assim, foi possível analisar a falsa crença em crianças com síndrome de Down.
A Safety and Survival Analysis of Neoadjuvant Bevacizumab with Standard Chemoradiation in a Phase I/II Study Compared with Standard Chemoradiation in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: Willett Christopher G. , Duda Dan G. , Ancukiewicz Marek , Shah Mira , Czito Brian G. , Bentley Rex , Poleski Martin , Fujita Hiroshi , Lauwers Gregory Y. , Carroll Madeline , Tyler Douglas , Mantyh Christopher , Shellito Paul , Chung Daniel C. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Jain Rakesh K.
Published: July 2010

Introduction.

Bevacizumab is increasingly being tested with neoadjuvant regimens in patients with localized cancer, but its effects on metastasis and survival remain unknown. This study examines the long-term outcome of clinical stage II/III rectal cancer patients treated in a prospective phase II study of bevacizumab with chemoradiation and surgery. As a benchmark, we used data from an analysis of 42 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with a contemporary approach of preoperative fluoropyrimidine-based radiation therapy.

Materials and Methods.

Outcome analyses were performed on 32 patients treated prospectively with neoadjuvant bevacizumab, 5-fluorouracil, radiation therapy, and surgery as well as 42 patients treated with standard fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiation.

Results.

Overall survival, disease-free survival, and local control showed favorable trends in patients treated with bevacizumab with chemoradiation followed by surgery. Acute and postoperative toxicity appeared acceptable.

Conclusions.

Neoadjuvant bevacizumab with standard chemoradiation and surgery shows promising long-term efficacy and safety profiles in locally advanced rectal cancer patients.
Genes involved in human premature ovarian failure
Authors: Persani Luca , Rossetti Raffaella , Cacciatore Chiara
Published: July 2010

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is an ovarian defect characterized by the premature depletion of ovarian follicles before the age of 40 years, representing one major cause of female infertility. POF relevance is continuously growing because women tend to conceive ever more frequently in their thirties and forties. POF can present very early with a pubertal defect. More frequently, it is the end stage of an occult process (primary ovarian insufficiency, POI) affecting ∼1–2% of under-40 women. POI is a heterogeneous disease caused by a variety of mechanisms. Though the underlying cause remains unexplained in the majority of cases, various data indicate that POI has a strong genetic component. These data include the existence of several causal genetic defects in humans, experimental and natural models, as well as the frequent familiarity. The variable expressivity of POI defect in women of the same family may indicate that, in addition to some monogenic forms, POI may frequently be considered as a multifactorial defect resulting from the contribution of several predisposing alleles. The X chromosome-linked defects play a major role among the presently known causal defects. Here, we review the principal X-linked and autosomal genes involved in syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of POI with the wish that this list will soon become upgraded because of the discovery of novel contributing mechanisms. A better understanding of POI pathogenesis will indeed allow the construction of tests able to predict the age of menopause in women at higher risk of POI.
Influence of activation temperature of kaolinite-based clay wastes on pozzolanic activity and kinetic parameters
Authors: Frías M. , Rodríguez O. , Nebreda B. , García R. , Villar-Cociña E.
Published: July 2010

It is well known that the transformation of some clay minerals into pozzolanic materials for the manufacture of Portland cements depends on the activation conditions. In the current paper, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of activation temperature in the range of 500–700°C on the characteristics of thermally activated clay wastes (ACWs). Different chemical, morphological, mineralogical and pozzolanic characteristics as well as kinetic parameter determinations were analysed in order to provide a complete study of the activated products and the viability of their use in the manufacture of blended cements. The results obtained showed that activation temperature plays a special role in the mineralogy of ACWs as well as their pozzolanic behaviour. Mineralogically, the ACWs were essentially formed from calcite and talc; kaolinite and chlorite were also identified depending on activation conditions. The values of the kinetic parameters indicated different pozzolanic activity of the ACWs, mainly over the short term.
A comparative study of the evaluation methods for pozzolans
Authors: Pourkhorshidi A.R. , Najimi M. , Parhizkar T. , Hillemeier B. , Herr R.
Published: July 2010

The range of methodologies available for pozzolan classification, predicated on different viewpoints, may occasionally offer conflicting judgements regarding pozzolans. The present study compared the results obtained by assessing several natural pozzolans, silica fume and fly ash within the requirements of ASTM C618 and ASTM C1240. In addition, binary combinations of the pozzolans and Portland cement were investigated using EN 196-5. The outcomes manifested some anomalies between the different approaches. Complementary observations (such as environmental scanning electron microscope, insoluble residue and hardened concrete properties) were conducted to further clarify the results. The compressive strength and depth of water penetration of the concrete specimens containing the pozzolans revealed that EN 196-5 had superior compatibility with real concrete performance. This suggests that EN 196-5, which was originally developed for pozzolanic cements, can successfully determine the activity of Portland pozzolanic cements containing natural pozzolans, silica fume and fly ash.
Use of cement kiln dust in blended cement concretes
Authors: Maslehuddin M. , Al-Amoudi O. S. B. , Rahman M. Kalimur , Shameem M. , Ibrahim M.
Published: July 2010

This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate certain mechanical properties and durability characteristics of blended cement concretes, such as silica fume, fly ash and blastfurnace slag, incorporating up to 15% cement kiln dust. The results indicate that the compressive strength of silica fume and fly ash cement concretes with up to 10% kiln dust was marginally less than that of type I cement concrete. The compressive strength of slag cement concrete incorporating kiln dust was lower than that of other blended and type I cement concretes. A significant increase in the drying shrinkage was noted in the blended cement concretes. The electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes was, however, generally more than that of type I cement concrete. It is recommended to use 5% silica fume plus 10% kiln dust or 10% fly ash plus 10% kiln dust as a replacement of type I cement. Such usage would lead to technical, economic, and environmental benefits in terms of a reduction in the quantity of cement and utilisation of waste industrial by-products. As the electrical resistivity of blended cement concretes incorporating kiln dust is more than that of type I cement without kiln dust, it is expected that the useful service-life of the former would be more than that of the latter. As the compressive strength of slag cement concretes, incorporating up to 10% kiln dust, is low, it may be used in low-strength applications. It should, however, be noted that blended cement concretes require good curing to minimise drying shrinkage cracks.
Recycling of metamorphic rock waste in ecological cement
Authors: Ding Y. , Jalali S. , Niederegger C.
Published: July 2010

Metamorphic waste can cause much damage to the environment and so the partial substitution of Portland cement with metamorphic rock waste to produce environmentally-friendly cement/concrete has been suggested. In the present study, the pozzolanic reactivity of metamorphic rock waste was investigated and the possibility of the partial replacement of Portland cement blended with rock waste powder was analysed. The results indicate that the compressive strengths of mortar containing slate waste at both early age and after 28 days were generally increased as the slate ratio increased up to at least 15% replacement. The dry shrinkage of mortar with or without rock powder was measured from 3 days up to 56 days. The results show that the replacement of Portland cement with 15% rock waste yielded high pozzolannic reactivity, cost advantages and environmental benefits as a green material.
Briefing: Blast tests of fibre-reinforced concrete panels
Authors: Barnett S. J. , Millard S. G. , Schleyer G. K. , Tyas A.
Published: July 2010

This briefing paper describes explosion testing of ultra-high-performance, fibre-reinforced concrete panels. Four panels measuring 3·5 m × 1·3 m × 100 mm were subjected to 100 kg trinitrotoluene-equivalent explosion loading. Variables included type and quantity of fibre reinforcement, the use of conventional steel reinforcing bars and the stand-off distance of the panels from the explosive charge. The panels were found to resist explosion loading without creating shrapnel. Panels without secondary steel reinforcement were severely cracked but remained standing after testing at a stand-off distance of 12 m. Panels with steel reinforcing bars withstood the explosion at closer stand-offs (down to 7 m) with only minor cracking.
Z-spike rejuvenation of timber railroad bridge members
Authors: Gutkowski R. M. , Miller N. J. , Radford D. W. , Balogh J.
Published: July 2010

This study examined the effectiveness of using fibreglass reinforced polymer (FRP) spikes in rejuvenating naturally damaged and deteriorated timber railroad bridge chord members. Shear spiking involves inserting the spikes vertically into the members. They are held in place by an adhesive and serve to improve horizontal shear transfer at cracks in the members. Past research had shown that this process can be highly effective in improving the effective stiffness of bridge chord members that were intentionally damaged. This study included four specimens that were salvaged from the field with varying damage conditions. The effect of shear spiking on the effective stiffness of the members was examined by means of load testing. It was observed that the increase in the effective stiffness of the specimens was highly dependent on the initial condition of the specimens. Members with modest damage and deterioration exhibited only a modest benefit from shear spiking. The two most damaged specimens used in the study showed the most promising results, displaying a 267 and 291% increase in effective stiffness, respectively, after completing the spiking. This result suggests the potential for shear spiking as a highly effective technique for in situ repair of damaged or deteriorated timber railroad bridge chord members.
Whitewood–limecrete joints of supplementary stud-slip angles
Authors: Sebastian W. , Sellwood J. , Walworth T.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes longitudinal shear tests on limecrete slabs connected to whitewood glulam joists by means of inclined iroko studs fastened to the joists by transverse ramin dowels. Seven single-stud joints of stud-slip angles arranged in supplementary pairs of 45 and 135°, 60 and 120°, 75 and 105°, and 90° were tested to failure. For any given stud-slip angle the test data show consistency in shear capacity, but variation in working slip stiffness. Joint shear capacity changed dramatically (46·7 kN at 75° to 12·5 kN at 105°) in proceeding from acute to obtuse stud-slip angles, but varied modestly within each of the acute and obtuse regimes. Joints with two studs at 45° and 135° stud-slip angles in V and Λ layouts were also tested, giving force-slip plots (including ductility) that match the superposition of plots from the constituent single-stud joints. After testing, the joints of acute stud-slip angles exhibited residual features including narrowing and flexing of the stud's shank near the slab-joist interface, slip of the stud within the joist with associated double shearing of the dowel, and shearing of the stud's head overhang off the shank. For obtuse stud-slip angles, pronounced residual flexing of the stud in the slab was noted.
The Use of Small Silos to Determine Dry Matter Losses during Ensiling1
Authors: Allred K. R. , Kennedy W. K.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Small experimental silos provided a means of comparing 8 preservatives for succulent forage on the basis of reduced losses of juice and total dry matter. It appeared that wilting immature forage before ensiling is more economical than any preservatives now available to farmers.
Genetic Studies of Resistance to Helminthosporium turcicum in Maize by Means of Chromosomal Translocations
Authors: Jenkins Merle T. , Robert Alice L. , Findley William R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Reciprocal translocations were utilized to identify the chromosome arms associated with resistance to the leaf blight caused by Helminthosporium turcicum. Tests involving resistant Mo21A indicated 8 arms of this inbred line were associated with resistance and 2 associated with susceptibility. The short arm of chromosome 1 was associated with resistance in some tests and susceptibility in others. Resistance was associated with 6 chromosome arms in tests with the resistant line NC34.
The Influence of Genotype and Temperature on Flowering in Trifolium repens1
Authors: Britten E. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Great variation in different clones of clover occured with respect to flowering. Cold night treatments in the laboratory and growth at high altitudes in the field induced flowering in the clones which did not flower under natural conditions at sea level.
Effect of Weather Factors on the Kernel Moisture of a Standing Crop of Wheat1
Authors: Dodds M. E. , Pelton W. L.
Published: July 2010

The rate of reduction of kernel moisture in a standing crop of wheat between the physiologic and harvest stages of maturity was influenced by the vapor pressure deficit of the air, hours of sunshine, evaporation, and wind. The date when the crop reached the physiologic stage of maturity varied from year to year and was related to the available soil moisture at the time of seeding and rainfall during the growing season.
Interrelation of Carbohydrate Metabolism, Seedling Development, and Seedling Growth Rate of Several Species of Phalaris1
Authors: Derwyn R. , Whalley B. , McKell Cyrus M.
Published: July 2010

Phalaris tuberosa var. stenoptera, P. tuberosa var. hirtiglumis, and P. coerulescens are reported to differ significantly in their degree of seedling vigor during plant establishment. To determine the relationship of carbohydrate metabolism to seedling growth and development, seeds of each species and variety were analyzed for starch, total sugars, reducing sugars, and nonreducing sugars during the first 15 days after initiation of germination in the dark. Seedling growth during the same period was also observed.

Seedling growth in P. coerulescens was greater and more rapid than in the other two species. Radicle emergence in all species was closely associated with a rapid rise in sugar content. Seedling growth in the dark continued after starch exhaustion, but declined as the sugar levels in the seedlings decreased.

Seedling growth rate is an important part of seedling vigor. Evidence is presented which suggests that the growth rate of hardinggrass seedlings is limited by the ability of the seedlings to use the sugars supplied by the endosperm. With perlagrass and Phalaris coerulescens, the limit appears to be in the ability of the endosperm to supply sugars.
Growth and Yield of Maize as Affected by Early‐Season Defoliation1
Authors: Johnson R. R.
Published: July 2010

Complete defoliation of maize (Zea mays L.) at the five‐leaf stage has been reported to increase the grain yield of early‐season hybrids in the northern U.S. corn belt while similar treatments have generally reduced yields of full‐season hybrids. The objective of this study was to extend this research to the central corn belt by measuring the effect of defoliation at the five‐leaf stage on grain yield of maize hybrids differing in maturity. Yield responses were related to growth characteristics. Field experiments conducted at two Illinois locations during a 2‐year period indicated that defoliation reduced average grain yields 10 to 13% regardless of maturity class. Defoliation also reduced plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and percentage grain protein. Defoliation delayed pollen shed and silking but did not change the pollen shed to silking interval. In some experiments lower grain yields from defoliation were associated with a slight decrease in plant population, but reduced ear size was the primary factor causing the decreases in yields. Reduced leaf area probably decreased the supply of photosynthate resulting in smaller ear weight.
Response of Sugarcane to Silicate Source and Rate. II. Leaf Freckling and Nutrient Content1
Authors: Elawad S. H. , Street J. J. , Gascho G. J.
Published: July 2010

Sugarcane (a complex trispecies hybrid of Saccharum is one of the few agronomic crops known to be responsive to silicon. Field experiments were conducted on a Pahokee muck soil (euic, hyperthermic Lithic Medisaprist) to evaluate the effects of silicate sources and rates on the incidence of leaf freckling and chemical composition of sugarcane. Data were collected from the initial planting and the subsequent ratoon crop of variety ‘C.P. 63‐588.’ Application of silicate materials increased leaf chlorophyll and decreased leaf freckling in both crops. Application of 15 metric tons/ha of silicates increased leaf chlorophyll by 78 and 65%, and decreased leaf freckling by 46 and 41% in plant and ratoon crops, respectively. Although there was no significant difference among the silicate materials in the plant crop, Florida slag increased leaf chlorophyll and decreased leaf freckling more than TVA slag and cement in the ratoon crop. Application of silicate materials increased the levels of Si, P, Ca, and Cu, and reduced the levels of N, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the leaf. Florida slag increased Si and P in the leaf more than the other two materials. Silicate materials also increased soil pH, soil Si, soil P, soil Ca, and soil Mg. Florida slag and TVA slag increased soil P more than cement, whereas cement increased soil pH more than either slag. The increase in leaf P is attributed to the amount and solubility of P applied and not to any solubilization of soil P by silicates.
Effects of Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sulfur on Alfalfa Nitrogen‐Fixation under Field Conditions2
Authors: Collins Michael , Lang D. J. , Kelling K. A.
Published: July 2010

The influence of P, K, and S on symbiotic fixation of N2 in alfalfa nodules under field conditions is not well documented, even though through this mechanism shoot yield may be limited. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of P, K, and S fertilization on alfalfa shoot yield, nodule numbers, and N2‐fixation as estimated by acetylene reduction by taking core samples (80 mm diam) at two sampling times at two locations (a silt loam and a loamy sand soil). Potassium fertilization increased shoot weight per plant, nodule number per core, and N2‐fixation rate at both locations more than the other nutrients studied. Shoot weight per plant increased 166% on the silt loam soil and 178% on the sandy soil with the addition of 448 kg K ha−1. Phosphorus fertilization also increased shoot weight at both sites but less than did K fertilization. Addition of P and S increased nodule numbers on the sandy soil but not on the silt loam soil. Nitrogen‐fixation rate was increased by 2.8 fold with the addition of 224 kg K ha−1 on the sandy soil and 1.7 fold on the silt loam soil. Increased N2‐fixation resulted from K fertilization only when P was added to the silt loam soil. Phosphorus addition increased nodule numbers and N2‐fixation only on the sandy soil. The presence of a K ✕ S interaction for N2‐fixation but not for shoot weight or nodule number per core indicates that some differences in fertility response exist between N2‐fixation and other variables, even though all tend to be positively correlated. Sulfur fertilization had no effect on shoot weight but increased nodule numbers in alfalfa grown on sandy soil.
Yield and Persistence of Tall Fescue in the Southeastern Coastal Plain after Removal of Its Endophyte
Authors: Bouton J. H. , Gates R. N. , Belesky D. P. , Owsley M.
Published: July 2010

The coastal plain of the southeastern USA lacks a dependable perennial cool season forage crop, but tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) germplasms have been developed which show greater persistence and yield than currently marketed cultivars in this region. Since these germplasms were found to be infected with the tall fescue endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan‐Jones and Gams), the contribution of the endophyte to their performance was unknown. The objective of this study was to compare yield and stand survival of endophyte‐infected (El) and endophyte‐free (EF) (achieved by removal of its endophyte) versions of four persistent germplasms (GA‐5, GA‐Jesup, GA‐Jesup Improved, and GA‐Ecotype KY31) in clipped small plots at three locations in Georgia (Americus and Tifton in the coastal plain and Watkinsville located in the fescue growing area of the southern piedmont region) for a 3‐yr period. The El version of each germplasm showed greater stand survival and yield than its EF version at Americus and Tifton, but no differences were recorded for infection status for the same parameters at Watkinsville. These findings indicate that endophyte removal greatly reduces the ecological fitness of tall fescue by possibly allowing less tolerance to summer drought. Presently, only El tall fescue can be dependably recommended for perennial pasture in the southeastern coastal plain.
Ryegrass Companion Crops for Alfalfa Establishment: I. Forage Yield and Alfalfa Suppression
Authors: Sulc R. M. , Albrecht K. A. , Casler M. D.
Published: July 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is often established with a small grain companion crop in the northcentral USA. Information on alternative companion crop species is limited. This study was conducted to evaluate forage yield and alfalfa establishment when ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) are used as companion crops. Five ryegrass cultivars representing four species were sown at 215, 430, and 645 seeds m−2 with alfalfa at two locations in Wisconsin in April of 1988, 1989, and 1990. Alfalfa was also established alone or with oat (Avena saliva L. ‘Ensiler’). Three harvest schedules, based on oat maturity at the first harvest, were imposed during the seeding year. The ryegrass‐alfalfa mixtures usually had lower forage yields in the seeding year than the oat companion treatment. But mixtures with the diploid annual ryegrass (L. muliflorum Lam. ‘Surrey’) yielded up to 1.17 Mg ha−1 more than the oat companion treatment in environments with adequate rainfall. When rainfall was limiting during early establishment, alfalfa predominated in all ryegrass‐alfalfa mixtures, and forage yield and alfalfa plant density the next year were excellent in the ryegrass companion treatments. Ryegrass was very competitive with alfalfa in seeding years with adequate rainfall, and forage yield and alfalfa plant density the next year varied considerably with ryegrass cultivar, ryegrass seeding rate, and harvest schedule. The diploid annual ryegrass (Surrey) sown at 215 seeds m−2 was the most suitable ryegrass companion crop for alfalfa establishment because it established rapidly, produced high forage yields in the establishment year, and had the least detrimental effect on forage yield and alfalfa plant density the year after seeding.
Agronomic Value of Alkaline‐Stabilized Sewage Biosolids for Spring Barley
Authors: Christie Peter , Easson D.Lindsay , Picton Jane R. , Love Stanley C.P.
Published: July 2010

Land application of sewage biosolids is a cheap disposal method that permits recycling of plant nutrients, but there are concerns about its long‐term agronomic value and environmental effects. This study investigated the fertilizer value of alkaline‐stabilized biosolids applied annually to spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Dewatered biosolids [320–350 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)] were alkaline stabilized by mixing them with cement kiln dust and composting aerobically. The product had some liming value (300 g kg−1 DM CaCO3 equivalent on average) and contained an average of 7.2, 2.3, and 19.5 g kg−1 DM of N, P, and K. Two field experiments compared the P or K value of the biosolids with inorganic fertilizer P or K for seven consecutive annual spring barley crops on two contrasting soils. All biosolid and fertilizer treatments gave higher yields than the controls. Biosolids gave higher grain and straw yields than fertilizer P, similar grain and straw yields to fertilizer K, and higher grain weights and more grains per ear than fertilizer P or K. These effects may have been due to, inter alia, higher soil pH and S inputs. An increasing soil pH from biosolid application was associated with lower shoot Mn concentrations, but no Mn deficiency symptoms were observed. Alkaline biosolids acted as a slow‐release P fertilizer, and biosolid P was at least as available to the crops as inorganic fertilizer P. Biosolid K was also as available as fertilizer K. A calculation of nutrient balances indicated that current fertilizer P recommendations could be lowered.
Production and Water Use Efficiency of Three Old World Bluestems
Authors: Philipp D. , Allen V. G. , Lascano R. J. , Brown C. P. , Wester D. B.
Published: July 2010

Information on water use efficiency (WUE) of forage grasses is needed to select appropriate species for improved productivity in semiarid environments. Three old world bluestem species—[Bothriochloa bladhii(Retz) S.T. Blake ‘WW‐B. Dahl’], [Bothriochloa ischaemum(L.) Keng. var.ischaemum(Hack.) ‘WW‐Spar’], and [Bothriochloa caucasica(Trin.) C.E. Hubbard ‘Caucasian’]—were surface drip‐irrigated with zero (dryland) and low, medium, and high levels to determine dry matter (DM) yield and WUE in 2001, 2002, and 2003 in Lubbock, TX. Water applied in the high irrigation level equaled 100% of grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo); low and medium levels were calculated as 33 and 66% of irrigation applied in the high level; the dryland treatment received no irrigation. Maximum DM yield was obtained withB. caucasicaunder high irrigation (18.0 Mg ha−1) vs.B. bladhii(15.2 Mg ha−1) andB. ischaemum(12.6 Mg ha−1) averaged over all years. The WUE ofB. caucasicaunder low, medium, and high irrigation was higher thanB. ischaemumin 2001 (P< 0.05), andB. ischaemumandB. bladhiiin 2003. Maximum and minimum WUE of all treatment combinations and years were 24 and 6 kg DM ha−1mm−1inB. caucasicawith low irrigation andB. bladhiiunder dryland, respectively. Results showed that differences exist in WUE among species ofBothriochloaunder irrigation. On the basis of WUE and potential DM yield,B. caucasicamay be better suited for forage production in the Texas High Plains than eitherB. bladhiiorB. ischaemum.
Pollen‐Mediated Gene Flow in Wheat at the Commercial Scale
Authors: Matus‐Cádiz M.A. , Hucl P. , Dupuis B.
Published: July 2010

Currently, information is lacking on gene flow in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at distances greater than 300 m based on commercial‐scale fields. The objective of this research was to measure pollen‐mediated gene flow rates from a blue‐aleuroned pollinator (T. aestivum cv. ‘Purendo‐38’) to neighboring commercial fields of common wheat grown within a 10‐km radius of a central pollinator field. In the 2‐yr study, 33‐ha (2002) and 20‐ha (2003) fields of Purendo‐38 were sown 200 km east‐northeast of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Sixty‐nine fields in 2002 and 76 fields in 2003 were identified as having overlapping flowering relative to Purendo‐38. At maturity, up to 2 m2 samples were harvested from each corner of each recipient field. Gene flow was identified by the expression of a light‐blue pigment in the aleurone layer of F1 hybrid seed. In 2002 one case of gene flow was confirmed at 190 m northeast of the pollinator at a rate of 0.01%. In 2003 nine putative hybrid seeds were confirmed to be the result of gene flow between Purendo‐38 and the recipient field using gliadin fingerprinting. Consequently, gene flow was confirmed at 0.01% at 500 m northeast, 630 m southeast, and 2.75 km northwest from the pollinator. In commercial production, gene flow in wheat occurs at trace levels (≤ 0.01%) at distances up to 2.75 km.
Syncytes in Meiosis of Polyploid Sorghum1
Authors: Merwine Norman C. , Bennett Hugh W.
Published: July 2010

Syncytes occurred in a triploid and tetraploid progeny of an interspecific hybrid between Sorghum bicolor and S. halepense. That they originated by the fusion of two or more microsporocytes as a result of environmental conditions of high temperature and moisture stress is suggested. Meiosis was relatively regular in material collected from the same plants during favorable growing conditions. Coalescence of pollen mother‐cells varied from complete fusion into one polyploid cell to merely peripheral connection. Although meiosis was very irregular in these fusion bodies, sufficiently regular and functional fusion bodies, sufficiently regular and functional polyploid polyploid spores could be formed which may subsequently give rise to a polyploid series within a species.
Male Sterility and Partial Male Sterility in Sunflowers1
Authors: Putt Eric D. , Heiser Charles B.
Published: July 2010

Two types of genetic male sterility in sunflowers are described. The first, discovered at Bloomington, Indiana, produces no pollen or pollen grains of uneven size which are clumped and do not stain with aceto‐carmine. The second, found at Morden, Manitoba, always produces pollen. The grains are smaller than normal, nonstaining and not clumped. Three crosses of the Bloomington stock indicated the character is controlled by a single recessive gene and two others indicated duplicate genes. More consistent results with the Morden stock showed a single recessive gene governs the male sterility in it, and that this gene is not linked to a recessive gene for branching or to another for dwarf plant. The F1 of reciprocal intercrosses of the two stocks was normal indicating that genetic control of the male sterility in them differs.

Partial male sterility, characterized by varying proportions of normal pollen, occurred in breeding material of two lines. It appears possible to select lines with only 10 to 20% normal pollen and that such lines can be maintained easily. These lines cross well when naturally pollinated and it is concluded that they offer a better prospect for producing commercial hybrid seed of sunflowers than the genetic male sterility.
Nitrate Reductase Activity of Maize Hybrids and Their Parental Inbred1
Authors: Schrader L. E. , Peterson D. M. , Leng E. R. , Hageman R. H.
Published: July 2010

Field experiments were conducted over a 4‐year period to compare the level of nitrate reductase (NR) activity of corn hybrids with their respective inbred parents. From previous experiments, two groups of inbreds, ranked “high” and “low” with respect to seasonal mean NR activity were selected and used to obtain FI hybrids representing the following categories: “high ✕ high”, “high ✕ low”, and “low ✕ low”.

The level of NR activity in the lq hybrid appeared to differ from category to category. In the “high ✕ high” category, the level of NR activity of the hybrids of all three sets of material was lower than the mean of the respective parental inbreds. In the “high ✕ low” category, the hybrids were essentially intermediate in NR activity with respect to their parental inbreds and lower, in all cases, than the higher inbred parent. Two hybrids of the “low ✕ low” category exhibited heterosis for this character. That is, the level of NR activity of the hybrids was significantly higher than the level of the higher inbred parent. Other hybrids of this category were not significantly different in NR activity than the mean of their respective inbred parents or the higher inbred.

Since it is accepted that the mechanism of gene action is at the biochemical level through the control of protein synthesis, this work provides some insight into the mode of gene action and outlines an approach to the knowledgeable synthesis of hybrids with specified metabolic characteristics.
Gene Interaction for Quantitative Changes in Carbohydrates in Maize Kernels1
Authors: Creech R. G. , McArdle F. J.
Published: July 2010

The results of chemical analyses for carbohydrates in mature maize kernels of 30 genotypic combinations of the genes ae, du, sh2, su1 su2, and wx were presented. Taste panel ratings were reported for kernels 28 days after pollination. These data presented new information and supported previous findings that specific genes were involved at various points in carbohydrate synthesis and each was discussed. Certain gene combinations were indicated to be useful in sweet corn quality improvement. Problems associated with specific gene combinations were discussed.
Effects of Leaf Age on Efficiency1
Authors: Brown R. H. , Cooper R. B. , Blaser R. E.
Published: July 2010

In experiments with reed canarygrass, white clover, and alfalfa, efficiency of leaves of different ages was measured in terms of growth and CO2 uptake. Reed canarygrass plants with upper leaves remaining grew more rapidly than those with lower leaves. Plants with only one bottom leaf remaining grew slower than completely defoliated plants. White clover plants with 1‐ or 2‐week old leaves produced more dry matter and absorbed more CO2 than plants with 3‐ or 4‐week old leaves. Leaves taken from the bottom of alfalfa plants in a 4‐week old stand were about half as efficient in CO2 uptake as top leaves. Bottom leaves were light saturated at lower intensities than top leaves. Data presented in this paper indicate that leaf age is an important consideration in the manipulation of LAI for increased yields.
Estimates of Natural Crosspollination in Jackson Soybeans in Arkansas1
Authors: Caviness C. E.
Published: July 2010

Rather wide year‐to‐year fluctuations in natural crosspollination were found to occur when the Lee and Jackson varieties were planted in adjacent rows in Arkansas during a 3‐year period. Natural cross‐pollination was 0.44% in 1961 and 0.03% in 1962 and 1963 when the varieties were grown in adjacent rows. With distances of more than 15 feet from the pollen source, natural crosspollination was rare and did not vary greatly during the 3‐year period in these experiments.
An Embryo Marker for Detecting Monoploids Of Maize (Zea Mays L.)1
Authors: Nanda D. K. , Chase S. S.
Published: July 2010

The use of an embryo marker of commercial value for detecting monoploids of maize is described. This system utilizes a male parent called the Purple Embryo Marker (b pl A C Rnj:Cudu pr Pwr) which produces a deep purple pigment in the embryo and red or purple aleurone color in the endosperm. Kernels of a marked progeny which do not exhibit purple color in the embryo but do have red or purple aleurone pigment are saved for the putative monoploid embryos contained. In this study, nine single crosses of commercial value were pollinated with the Purple Embryo Marker stock. Of the 194,157 kernels classified, it was possible to discard more than 98% before germination, l~rom the kernels with putative monoploids 201 actual monoploids were realized.
Foam Formation from Extracts of 27 Legume Species in Vitro1
Authors: Cooper Clee S. , Eslick Robert F. , McDonald Paul W.
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐seven legume species were evaluated for bloat potential by determining foam formation from legume extracts. A good relationship was found between foam formation and known bloat potential. Extracts from legumes such as birdsfoot trefoil and sainfoin formed negligible amounts of foam whereas extracts of legumes known to cause bloat formed relatively large amounts of foam.

Foam formation from extracts of mixtures of a lowfoaming legume, sainfoin, and a high‐foaming legume, alfalfa was measured. The amount of foam formed from extracts from a mixture containing one part sainfoin and three parts of alfalfa was far in excess of that predicted. Mixtures containing a larger proportion of sainfoin formed amounts of foam below that expected at one sampling date but slightly above at another sampling date.
Product‐Quantity Measures of Earliness of Crop Maturity in Cotton1
Authors: Richmond T. R. , Ray L. L.
Published: July 2010

We used 3 stocks of American Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and the 3 possible crosses among them, as experimental materials for a study of productquantity estimates of earliness of crop maturity. The investigation involved 3 measures of earliness: (1) amount of crop harvested (ACH); (2) percentage of crop harvested (PCH); and (3) mean maturity date (MMD). We took data and calculated genetic and statistical parameters on the parental lines and the F2 populations of the 3 crosses. MMD, which gave the highest heritability values, was considered to be the most discriminating and the most reliable of the 3, both for studies of the genetics of earliness and for use in breeding programs in which earliness, without regard to total or potential yield, is the prime objective. The reliability of ACH and PCH measures in genetic analyses of earliness is subject to further question because of the correlation between their variabilities and the percentage of bolls open at the time of measurements. Since the method of calculating MMD does not take yield into account directly, ACH or PCH measures will be more effective in those phases of the breeding program in which maximum‐yield‐in‐minimumtime is a major consideration. Of the two, ACH appears to be the more desirable. The importance of the proper date or period on which to base the calculations is emphasized. while no single measure stood out as being completely acceptable in all breeding situations or under all conditions, the experiments show that reasonably reliable measures or estimates of earliness of crop maturity in cotton are available for application to specific, welldefined plant breeding problems or crop improvement objectives.
Scissor‐Emasculation of Bromus inermis Leyss1
Authors: Wright J. A. , Dunn G. M.
Published: July 2010

Bromus inermis was emasculated by clipping the florets with scissors, including about 25% of the anthers, a few days before anthesis. The objectives were: (a) determine the effectiveness of scissor‐emasculation for bromegrass; (b) to determine when scissor‐emasculation should be done in relation to anthesis; and (c) to compare seed set following scissor‐emasculation, manual removal of anthers, and open pollination.

Scissor‐emasculation was quite effective in the greenhouse but less effective in the field. Emasculation 4 days before anthesis produced maximum seed set in the field. This treatment produced higher seed set than did manual removal of anthers and only slightly less than the controls. Scissor‐emasculation appears more satisfactory than methods previously used if only limited seed is required.
Inheritance of Resistance to Diplodia Stalk‐Rot in Corn1
Authors: Kappelman A. J. , Thompson D. L.
Published: July 2010

Inheritance of resistance to Diplodia zeae in eight populations of corn was studied. Generation mean analyses were used to detect the types of gene action important in host resistance to stalk‐rot of corn caused by D. zeae. Six of 8 populations studied consisted of P1, P2, F1, F2 B1, and B2 generations. Two populations had an additional generation, a composite F3. All plants were artificially inoculated and subsequently rated for stalk‐rot development on a scale from 0 to 6.

Additive gene effects were significant for all 8 populations, dominance effects were significant for 6 populations and deviations were significant for 3 populations. It was concluded that selection among inbreds for stalk‐rot resistance should be effective, but that it would probably be necessary to invoke additional breeding techniques to obtain maximum resistance in hybrid combination.
Pollen and Anther Development in Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Wheat, (Triticum aestivum L.)1
Authors: Joppa L. R. , McNeal F. H. , Welsh J. R.
Published: July 2010

Microgametogenesis was compared in anthers of fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile winter wheat. Tapetal cells formed less starch and persisted longer in male sterile than in fertile anthers. Meiosis in pollen mother cells of sterile anthers was normal, but little or no starch was observed in the mature pollen. We suggest that male sterility in wheat may be caused by vascular deficiencies in the stamen.
Proline Accumulation in Wilted Ladino Clover Leaves1
Authors: Routley D. G.
Published: July 2010

Ladino clover plants were allowed to wilt in the field and in the greenhouse to determine the effects of wilting on soluble nitrogen compounds. Wilting caused a slight decrease in total nitrogen but little change in amount of soluble nitrogen. A large increase in free proline occurred in all wilted leaves. Free asparagine was abundant in unwilted leaves but varied considerably during wilting. Other free amino acids occurred in small amounts. Only traces of glutamine were found.

Two light intensities were used in the greenhouse experiment. During severe wilting, the higher intensity stimulated proline synthesis. The results suggest that proline accumulation during wilting is influenced by available carbohydrate.

The results of these experiments show that marked changes in free nitrogen compounds occur during wilting. These changes may aid in conserving nitrogen and carbon during moisture stress.
Seed Set in Alfalfa as Related to Pollen Tube Growth, Fertilization Frequency, and Post‐fertilization Ovule Abortion1
Authors: Sayers E. R. , Murphy R. P.
Published: July 2010

A technique employing the fluorescent properties of pollen tubes stained with aniline blue dye was utilized to determine the extent to which pollen tube growth, frequency of fertilization, and post‐fertilization ovule abortion influenced self‐ and cross‐fertility in alfalfa.

It was found that the frequency with which fertilization occurred and the incidence of ovule abortion were the two main factors controlling the differential self‐ and cross‐fertility observed among clones. Selling generally led to a lower frequency of fertilization and a higher incidence of ovule abortion than did crossing. The frequency with which fertilization occurred after both selling and crossing appeared to be controlled by the number of pollen tubes gaining entry into ovaries, by the depth of pollen tube penetration in ovaries, and by the frequency with which pollen tubes entered ovules. The number of pollen tubes entering an ovary was controlled in turn by the receptivity of the stigma to penetration by pollen tubes. None of these factors associated with seed set varied significantly when different pollen parents were used in pollinating a commonfe male.
Self‐Compatibility Studies with Diploid Alsike Clover, Trifolium hybridum L. II. Inheritance of a Self‐Compatibility Factor with Gametophytic and Sporophytic Characteristics1
Authors: Townsend C. E.
Published: July 2010

A type of self‐compatibility, differing from the S1 gene, was observed in diploid alsike clover. A factor, nonallelic to, but modifying the S locus was postulated. This locus was designated as the A locus and was inherited independently of the S locus. The A1 allele and an allele of the S locus (S1) interacted to change the compatibility reaction of the pollen from self‐incompatibility to self‐compatibility. Dominance was not expressed at the A locus. The self‐compatibility genotype of the source plant was considered to be A1A2S1S2. Variation for self‐compatibility was continuous, ranging from a single seed per several hundred manipulated florets to 95% of the florets setting seed. I1, I2, I3, and I4 progenies of self‐compatible plants segregated I self‐incompatible (SI) 1 self‐compatible (SC) plant. One of the sterility allele homozygotes was missing in the SI group of the I1 progeny. The sporophytic effect was shown also by SI ✕ SC sib crosses. The compatibility reaction of A1S1 gametes from a SI source differed from those with a SC origin.
Genetic Variances and Interrelationships of Six Traits in a Hybrid Population of Zea mays L.1
Authors: Stuber C. W. , Moll R. H. , Hanson W. D.
Published: July 2010

Genetic variability and interrelationships of six characters in the cross of two maize populations were investigated. An evaluation of the epistatic components of variation received primary consideration. Design I and II mating schemes were employed in the study. Results for yield indicated that the magnitudes of the additive variance and the dominance variance were similar. Additive variance was found to be larger than dominance variance for ear number, days to tassel, tiller number, plant height, and ear height. Epistatic variability was not detected in the interpopulation variance component analyses for the characters studied. Sizeable genetic interrelationships were indicated between: (1) yield and number of ears; (2) number of ears and number of tillers; (3) days to tassel and plant height; (4) days to tassel and ear height; and (5) plant height and ear height.