bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Year Three: Resolutions
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

Gerald Adcock, the academic dean, expects the new energy and high expectations he detects to enliven the annual fall faculty retreat that precedes the orientation of new students. For the third consecutive year, the retreat is being held at a Roman Catholic facility about two hours from campus.
The Process of Education and Formation
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

The educational processes in both schools we studied have the character of a contest. Students arrive imbued with the ideas, habits, and values of the very religious and social cultures that the school seeks to reshape. They encounter the school’s dominant message and its variations, in explicit statements by pivotal figures, in the affect and behavior of those figures, and in the norms and activities of institutional life. They test the central message; they try it on; they resist and oppose it; they experiment with the variant possibilities. Both schools provide considerable freedom and opportunity for this struggle, and both also ratify what is usually the result: a compromise. Most students’ views, values and, it appears, habits are reshaped by the ideas and behaviors the school promotes, but students do not entirely surrender the commitments, opinions, and tastes that they came with. Their goals, outlook, language, and manners when they leave are a melding often painfully forged in intense engagements with each other and with those who represent the school-of what they brought with them and what the school has insistently set before them.
Culture and Educational Practice: A Concluding Unscientific Postscript
Authors: Carroll Jackson W , Wheeler Barbara G , Aleshire Daniel O , Marler Penny Long
Published: November 2023

After completing the fieldwork for this project, we made several presentations of our findings to scholarly meetings and groups of theological educators, including the faculty of one of the institutions we studied. At all these gatherings, we were asked to suggest what educators can and should do differently in light of our conclusions.
Situating Evangelical Responses to Evolution
Authors: Livingstone David N
Published: November 2023

In recent years there has been a remarkable “spatial tum” among students of society and culture. The genealogy of this twist of events is both multifaceted and complex. But among philosophers, social theorists, and historians of science there has been a renewed emphasis on the significance of the local, the specific, the situated. Some philosophers thus argue that what passes as a good reason for believing a claim is different from time to time, and from place to place. Rationality, it turns out, is in large measure situation specific such that what counts as rational is contingent on the context within which people are located. “Good grounds” for holding a certain belief is evidently different for a twelfth-century milkmaid, a Renaissance alchemist, and a twentieth-century astrophysicist. Among social theorists there has also been a recovery of spatiality. The importance of the diverse locales within which social life is played out has assumed considerable significance with such writers as Clifford Geertz, Erving Goffinan, Anthony Giddens, Michel Foucault, and Edward Said.
Figures of Play, Part 2
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

Aristophanes’ Akharnians, the earliest extant Greek comedy, is a natural point of departure chronologically and technically for a presentation of the third metafictional mode briefly outlined in chapter 2. This comedy has recently received considerable scholarly attention, much of which has b een directed at the contrafact-the “improvisation” of a new stage play from tragedy that is transposed into a comic key. Euripides and his Telephos are integral to the design of Akharnians in a sophisticated sequence that serves well as a paradigm for other contrafacts whose technique may appear, superficially at least, quite different.
Bellerophontes
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

Moving from the tragic figures of the last two chapters to the hybrid comic figures of chapters 6, 7, and 8, we encounter an important shift in metafictional strategy that involves the mediation of a fully articulated tragic text between comedy and tradition. While tragedy alludes, comedy is free to quote. The respective maddenings of Aias and Pentheus, as we have seen, were reinvented as spectacles informed by the new reflexive poetics of Athenian tragedy. There, familiar con figurations and narrative patterns were transformed into phenomenologically distinct moments of theatrical and political self-study, as myth became theater.
Tereus
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

This chapter follows a sustained conversation between genres that begins in the 430s with Sophokles’ Tereus, a performance anticipating Bakkhai in its use of disguise and the forms of Dionysiac cult. Following a review of the evidence for Tereus and possible reconstructions of the fragmentary script, the connection be tween it and Aristophanes’ Birds is explored. The latter is presented as an extended contrafact of Sophokles’ play, a comic extravaganza that marks its relation to Tereus in a series of specific transformations of character and situation.
Herakles
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

Immediately after the parabasis (lines 738 ff.), Aristophanes’ Frogs starts over with a new “prologue” symptomatic of the play’s double plan that has long troubled critics. First, there is the retrieval of Euripides played out in two sequences involving katabasis and comic business at the door to Hades. Second, there is the poetic agon that is already in progress and for which Dionysos is recruited as judge. Considerable attention has been paid recently to the problem of why and how Dionysos impersonates Herakles.
The Collection of the Qur’an
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS The way the Qur’an was collected; a review of the traditions about the collection of the Qur’an; their contrariety and inconsistency; their discord with those accounts that indicate that the Qur’an was collected during the lifetime of the Prophet; their incongruity when compared with the Book and the intellect; their disagreement with the consensus of the Muslims that the Qur’an cannot be established except through its uninterrupted [transmission]; using these traditions as evidence necessitates maintaining the belief in tatirif [in the sense of] addition, whose invalidity has been accepted [by all the scholars].

The manner in which the Qur’an was collected is among the issues that have been used by those who maintain the belief in tatirif (alteration) to prove that there has been tatirif [in the sense of the corruption of the text] as well as taghyfr (change) in the Qur’an, and that the very manner of the Qur’an’s collection would, in the normal course of events, involve this corruption and change in it. Hence, it is imperative that the discussion [in this chapter] should be undertaken in order to complete the treatment of the subject regarding the protection of the Qur’an from corruption and its freedom from omission or any alteration.
Abrogation in the Qur’an
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS The lexical and technical meaning of al-naskh (abrogation); the possibil ity of abrogation; its occurrence in the Torah; its occurrence in the Islamic Shari’a; the three kinds of abrogation; the verses that are said to be abrogated, and the proof that they belong to the clear (muJ:ikama) type of verses; the verse about temporary marriage (muta) and its proof, demonstrating the lawfulness of the mut’a type of marriage; stoning because of mut ‘a marriage; the legal opinion of Abu I:Ianifa re garding the inapplicability of the punishment for adultery on mut’a marriage; his ruling regarding the inapplicability of the punishment for adultery if a man hires a woman and commits adultery with her; the attribution of this ruling to ‘Umar; allegations regarding the mut’a; the open prejudice involved in the Companions’ refraining to act upon the al-najwa verse; al-Razi’s opinion and its rebuttal.
What Is Evil?
Authors: Stackhouse John G
Published: November 2023

what evil is not. Almost every time I discuss this issue, whether in university classes or public lectures or conversations over coffee, I come across the same assumption about the nature of evil. It shows up particularly in the common question, “Why did God create evil?” There are respects in which this is a perfectly sensible question. But lurking within it, I believe, is a fallacy of what philosophers call “reification”-that is, a “making real” of what is actually only an abstraction. For evil is not a “something” that God could “create.” It isn’t a kind of molecule or virus or forcefield or giant black nebula that courses through the universe, infecting or affecting everything it encounters.
Thinking and Living
Authors: Stackhouse John G
Published: November 2023

God and evil and pose it in stark terms: Why? This book hasn’t answered that question as we might like. We want to know why the person we love has become sick. We want to know why the person we trusted has betrayed us. We want to know why wars rage on, why earthquakes and hurricanes keep destroying, why diseases devastate, why criminals succeed. We want to know why we cannot rid our own hearts of evil: evil ideas, evil memories, evil desires.
Translator’s Note: Hesiod’s Works and Days
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A
Published: November 2023

I had wanted for a long time to do a translation of the Works and Days but had been deterred by some of the special features of the poem that make for difficulties in translating it. When Stephanie Nelson asked me to do a poetic version, so that, at least on the Greek side of her book on the Works and Days and Vergil’s Georgics, the reader might have between the covers an English translation to refer to, the temptation proved too much for my misgivings. This was especially true because the manuscript of the book, which I knew well, seemed to present the Hesiodic poem in much the same fashion as I saw it. I thought that the translation might give some further illumination to the argument of the book and the book to the translation.
Introduction: The Unfurnished Eye
Authors: Brockelman Paul
Published: November 2023

I remember those warm summer evenings of my youth when, finished with after-supper playing and before going home for the night, my friends and I would lie on our backs on the grass and gaze up in wonder at the infinity appearing before our eyes as the stars and galaxies emerged in the unfolding night. As I recall, the evening breeze had diminished to a near hush, the air itself was still warm, soft, and full of the moist perfumes of pine and freshly mowed grass. We would quiet ourselves down as we pointed out emerging star figures-there is the big dipper, there are the Pleiades and the evening star-just as had countless human generations before us. The ancient world, we are told by scholars of those past times and places, thought they were seeing heaven and the gods themselves, or at least the lights of heaven shining through the canopy of the sky to impress us with its mysterious and wonderful sacredness. We were full of wonder, for this was “seeing” things in a new and different way, seeing nature and life itself not as merely a local and practical affair (although of course it is that too), but as a kind of epiphany in which we felt part of a much larger and more interesting reality than we were conscious of while playing earlier. That earlier reality was there to run on, to hide behind, to use to hit the ball. But the reality we encountered there on our backs as the night came on, the reality we perceived through the billions of stars hurled infinitely across the black sky, was less useful, more mysterious, an encompassing universe of which we were part that took our breaths away.
Wonder and the Miracle of Being
Authors: Brockelman Paul
Published: November 2023

Thomas Berry, Jay McDaniel, Sallie McFague, John Haught, and a number of others have argued that this new cosmology is indeed both scientific and religious. It is a widely accepted narrative, a scientific understanding of the whole that also provides a meta-scientific, religious awareness of a reality beyond and yet inclusive of us. Cosmology affords a glimpse of that wider reality by showing that nature is the outcome of an originating mystery or what Vaclav Havel calls “the miracle of Being” which shines through it. It is this mysterious force that we directly encounter and perceive in the experience of wonder and awe that the cosmology induces in scientist and nonscientist alike. It is this sense of wonder, then, that we must explore if we are to clarify precisely the sense of divine reality which the cosmology makes available.
Reflections on Plutarch, A Consolation to His Wife
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

To the modern reader a letter addressed by one parent to another offering consolation on the death of their young child may seem a distinctly odd creation. The sharing of grief is the intention; but the very fact that the writer can marshal his thoughts and create a work of literary merit would seem to betray a lack of feeling. Knowledge of the personal and historical circumstances in which Plutarch wrote this letter should assuage, though perhaps not expunge, any suspicions we may harbor about the genuineness of his own sentiments. First of all, Plutarch was away from home when the two-year-old Timoxena died. Apparently he had told his wife that he was going to be in Athens, for she had sent a messenger there. The messenger missed him, and Plutarch did not hear the news until he reached Tanagra. Thus his letter reached his wife after the funeral, and after her initial, and presumably most uncontrollable, experience of grief. Considering that Tanagra is at most two days’ journey from Chaeronea and that Plutarch would have been able to reach home soon after his wife had received the letter, why did he delay his return home by writing? In fact, why did he write at all?’ Of course, it is always possible that he did not dash back home, especially since the funeral was already over.
Philosophos kai Philandros Plutarch’s View of Women in the Moralia and the Lives
Authors: Stadter Philip A
Published: November 2023

The evident admiration and affection Plutarch shows his wife Timoxena in Consolation sit uneasily with the subservience he seems to recommend to the young bride Eurydice in Advice. Plutarch often shows women in action in his works, but they rarely pursue their own agendas, and when they do, they are usually criticized. Still, Plutarch urges women to study, and firmly states that “virtue is the same in man and woman” (Virtues in Women 242F). How then did women fit into his thinking? In what follows, I will first define more precisely the level of education he expected in women, as seen in his writing for his friend Clea. Then, I will use the discussion in Isis and Osiris to consider his metaphysical basis for the virtues and limits of female action. Finally, I will show that the examples of women’s virtue in Virtues in Women and the Lives suggest that he expected women to act to supplement and support men, or in response to male deficiency or violence, rather than as independent agents.
The Lorentz Transformation
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Constantia enters your room. “What’s all the commotion?” You whisper to Mr. Veil, “Breathe none of this to her.” You turn to Constantia. “Ready for the next lesson?” Around Constantia’s neck is a pearl necklace giving her the vague appearance of a young Jacqueline Kennedy. Her shirt is covered with musical notes. Her shirt’s buttons are shaped like little pianos. You stare for a few seconds and wonder where she gets these strange outfits. “Sir,” she says. “I’m ready. These time-travel lessons are wonderful.
Three Important Rules for Time Travelers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

You are silent for a few moments and then walk into her room. You notice some changes since last time. This is still the room where she relaxes and reads and studies music and holds her stringed instruments close to her body. But now there are comfortable small couches fitted with heaps of pillows. There are halogen lamps of black iron so delicate and easy to maneuver that they look like praying mantises posed on tables. You sit down on Constantia’s bed. “Both of you, sit next to me.”
Rotating Cylinders and the Possibility of Global Causality Violation
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Vienna should be fun. If the people have any leaning toward pomposity, it is balanced by a habit of self-mockery, as expressed in their saying, “The situation is hopeless but not serious!’ The city’s tourism and trade thrives on Gemiltlichkeit (untranslatable but akin to “cozi ness”). The sentimental image of the Viennese-the nostalgia for wine, women, and song-is part of the city’s allure.
Yoruba Goddesses and, Sovereignty in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Olúpóná Jacob K
Published: November 2023

As the recitation by an Qsun priestesses clearly shows, the beautiful river goddess of the Yoruba, Qsun, plays many roles; not only is she a savior and a healer, it is she who bestows gifts of kingship on the ruler, the Qba. Further, she is one of many Yoruba goddesses connected with the living rulers of several Yoruba towns and cities where the river Qsun passes through.
Public, Pubic, and Private: Religion in Political Discourse
Authors: Sands Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

In recent decades, religion in America has gone both public and pubic, not only for the Right, but for the wide swaths of the “middle” who live under the dispensation of “family values.” This image of religion in America, of course, is distorted: it leaves out the diversity of belief and unbelief, and the diversity—not to say pitched battles—within most religious groups on matters social and sexual. Religious progressives, in particular, are missing faces in snapshots of the national “family.” And that is not simply due to the shortcomings of religious progressivism itself. The effective identification of religion with social conservatism rests on economic and ideological forces that are global in scope, as other essays in this volume ably document. But precisely because the course and character “religion” are bound at every point to the political economy, to query this category may allow us to imagine a public ethic that is less fixedly pubic and a religious discourse that is more authentically public.
The Goddess^ Woman Nexus in Popular Religious Practice
Authors: Dasgupta Manasi , BOSE Mandakranta
Published: November 2023

A striking cultural phenomenon of medieval eastern India, most notably Bengal, was the rise and spread of a variety of śakti cults-that is, beliefs and rituals centered on the idea of powerful female deities. Grounded in esoteric Hindu philosophical systems, these cults gained their largest following among the masses, dominated popular religious life for centuries, and are still in evidence in some locations and among some communities, though in a greatly debilitated form. The practice of these regimens of worship is of particular interest as the domain of women. The women of a family or a neighborhood rather than an official priest would organize and perform the ceremonies, an essential part of which was the recitation of the story of the particular deity worshiped. The following two-part chapter-the first by Manasi Dasgupta, the second by Mandakranta Bose-discusses aspects of the narrative of one of the most awe-inspiring of these deities and one of the most intriguing, Manasā, the goddess of serpents.
Concepts of Memory
Authors: Ving Endel Tul
Published: November 2023

Scientific research can be thought of as a game of communication involving two parties: scientists and nature. In some fields scientists do experiments that put questions to nature. If the questions are posed intelligibly, nature yields bits and pieces of clues and hints of answers. It is then up to the scientists to make sense of these bits and pieces, to have fruitful ideas about them, and ideally to come up with coherent descriptions of their subject-matter domain. In other situations, nature has voluntarily strewn bits and pieces of various answers around for the scientists to notice and to make up questions about them.
Distortions of Memory
Authors: Roediger Henry L , Mcdermott Kathleen B
Published: November 2023

There are two general classes of errors in remembering: omission and commission. In the former, people fail to recollect a prior event when they try to retrieve it. In the latter, people remember events quite differently from the way they happened, or they remember an event that never happened at all. No one doubts the reality of the first error; forgetting of needed information happens to everyone dozens of times each week.
Recollection and Familiarity: Process-Dissociation
Authors: Kelley Colleen M , Jacoby Larry L
Published: November 2023

Alan Baddeley (1982) recounted the following story to illustrate the active processes involved in recollection. He was traveling to London by train when he noticed a familiar face. As the person did not recognize him, he assumed it was someone he had seen on the train before or around Cambridge. When he got off the train he noticed the man again, and because he had been thinking about memory and retrieval, he resolved to attempt to re member who the person was.
Socialization of Memory
Authors: Nelson Katherine , Fivush Robyn
Published: November 2023

Socialization of memory implies that basic memory functions, skills, strategies, and practices are affected by social learning; that in some way and for some purposes memory is improved, generally in accord with dominant cultural values, through exposure to training or practices by socialization agents, parents, teachers, or other adults. In contrast, psycho logical studies of memory often appear to focus on basic processes that are assumed to be unlearned and universal in nature based in neurophysiological systems.
Long-Term Maintenance of Knowledge
Authors: Bahrick Harry P
Published: November 2023

The retention of knowledge was a neglected domain of memory research before the 1970s because memory scholars remained commit ted to an experimental paradigm that could not accommodate the long periods involved in the acquisition and maintenance of knowledge. Semb and Ellis (1994) reviewed earlier scholarship dealing with the retention of knowledge acquired in schools; however, these investigations had little impact because they were widely scattered, they covered relatively short retention intervals, and they lacked essential controls. Memory research focused on the retention of episodic content over short time periods. As a result, memory scholarship could not address the needs of educators, whose memory-related concerns pertain to the maintenance of knowledge, not to memory for events (Kintsch, 1974). Neisser (1978) described this neglect as “scandalous.” The zeitgeist of the 1960s demanded that scientific scholarship become more responsive to the solution of societal problems, and memory scholars responded to this demand by adopting more eclectic methods.
Remembering Spaces
Authors: Tversky Barbara
Published: November 2023

From the moment we enter the world, we are engaged in spatial cognition, in interacting with the world around us and in constructing mental representations of that world and our own place in it. Yet we do not conceive of the world as a geometer might, as space with three extrinsic orthogonal coordinates that specify the locations of points, objects, or regions. Rather, we adopt different frames of reference and incorporate different elements in constructing mental spaces for the real spaces important in our lives. Two milestones of the first year of life illustrate two of these functional spaces. Around the third month of life, babies begin to reach for and later manipulate objects in their environments. At the end of the first year, they begin to walk on their own. The space around the body and the space of navigation constitute natural breaks in our perception and our behavior, and in our con sequent conceptions of space.
Event-Related Potential Studies of Memory
Authors: Rugg Michael D , Allan Kevin
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review studies employing event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neural correlates of human longterm memory. Such studies have a relatively long history dating from the early 1980s (e.g., Sanquist, Rohrbaugh, Syndulko, & Lindsley, 1980). These early studies, along with those reported up to around 1994, are already the subject of comprehensive reviews (Johnson, 1995; Rugg, 1995a). Accordingly, we concentrate here on research published since that time, and focus on studies of retrieval from long-term memory, where progress has been both substantial and reasonably cumulative. We give only brief consideration to work on memory encoding, since there is little to add to the discussions of this topic in the two reviews cited above.
Psychopharmacological Perspectives on Memory
Authors: Curran H Valerie
Published: November 2023

Drugs that act on the brain-psychoactive drugs-have been taken for their mood-altering effects ever since history was first recorded. For centuries, drugs were derived from natural plants and often used to treat ailments of the spirit as well as the body. It was not until the middle of the twentieth century that a major development occurred in the discovery of psychoactive drugs that were effective in treating many psychiatric disorders. For example, it is widely held that antischizophrenic (or neuroleptic) drugs are the most important drugs in the history of psychiatry.
The Adaptive Nature of Memory
Authors: Anderson John R , Schooler Lael J
Published: November 2023

Most research on human memory has mainly focused on the question of understanding what memory does and not on why memory does what it does. There have been requests that the field focus more on the function of memory and perhaps as a consequence applied research on memory has been a growing field. Neisser (1976, 1978, 1982) argued that the field should adopt an “ecological approach” to memory and study how memory is used in the real world. He suggests that the principles of memory in the real world might be different from the ones uncovered in the laboratory.
Memory Models
Authors: Ratcliff Roger , Mckoon Gail
Published: November 2023

The study of models of memory often seems like a backwater in the overall study of memory. Models do not have a prominent place in experimental studies of memory and they are not used or examined by most researchers in the field. This review examines the various questions that models can address, discusses why theory is not as prominent in the memory domain as in other domains of science, and presents an overview of current models. The aim is to show why models should have greater prominence and wider use.
Episodic Memory and Autonoetic Awareness
Authors: Wheeler Mark A
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most remarkable achievement of human memory is the ability to think back and relive happenings from the past. In response to such a simple cue as, say, “high school graduation night,” it is possible to mentally transport oneself back many years or decades and to reexperience parts of life that probably have not been considered in a long time. The type of memory that allows people to reflect upon personal experiences is called episodic memory (Tulving, 1983, 1993).
Theories of Memory and Consciousness
Authors: Moscovitch Morris
Published: November 2023

Having been banished from scientific investigation for nearly a century, the study of consciousness has made a triumphant return and secured a prominent place in research in cognitive neuroscience. There is no better example of this development than in research on human memory, where issues related to consciousness have been a central concern since the early 1980s. Much of the research has focused on distinguishing among types or aspects of memory that are accompanied by conscious awareness from those that are not, and on identifying the neural substrates that mediate each.
Rethinking Authority
Authors: Berger Michael S
Published: November 2023

The image most people have of textual interpretation is similar to observing a painting: there is an object outside us with a clearly independent existence (i.e., if we walk away from it, it presumably remains hanging on the wall), whose meaning we, the observers, try to understand. We arc all aware that not everyone will appreciate the painting or articulate its meaning in the same way; we admit that in most cases, to be able to “see” the significance of various motifs in the work of art requires training or at least exposure to certain cultural artifacts. If the artist intended to evoke specific themes by incorporating into the painting salient elements associated with earlier works of art, then viewers unacquainted with those other paintings would fail to “see” these allusions; they would be “missing” something that is “there” for those trained to notice it. Of course, this is not a permanent handicap; viewers can be instructed to see things they did not “see” before. Just think of the recorded tours a person may listen to while touring an exhibit: the oral tour guide “points things out” that one may not have known before, after which one “sees” the work of art in a new light.
The Economy of Kudos
Authors: Kurke Leslie
Published: November 2023

THIS volume was organized (at least partly) to see if the methods and interests of the New Historicism could fruitfully be applied to the study of archaic Greece. “CULTURAL POETICS,” the term Stephen Greenblatt coined to characterize his approach, aims to break down the barriers between literary text and cultural/ historical context. It encourages us to “read” texts as context, and history itself as text, both informed by multiple, competing symbolic strategies and symbolic economies. My aim in this essay is to develop a cultural poetics of athletic victory in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E., drawing on the “high art” of epinikion, but not depending on it exclusively to establish the circulation of powers and honors that subtended athletic success.
Thucydides’ Solonian Reflections
Authors: Szegedy-Maszak Andrew
Published: November 2023

To a large degree, Solon’s absence from this part of the historical record is due to the paucity of fifth-century theorizing about democratic institutions. In the words of Nicole Loraux, “It can be said with some semblance of certainty that Athens had no theory of democracy that was both systematic and Athenian.’’ Despite such a lack, however, Loraux affirms that “we may gather together the scattered lineaments of a body of democratic thought, if not a systematic examination of the theory of democracy, for the fifth century. “5 In a splendid article, Kurt Raaflaub has recently outlined a method for discussing what evidence there is.6 One of his basic principles is to avoid the more abundant fourth-century sources, except where the information in Aristotle’s Athenaion Politeia is indispensable.7 I have followed Raaflaub’s lead despite the fact that virtually all modem discussions of Solon’s position within Athenian democratic ideology are directed at his “afterlife” in the fourth century. So, for example, E. Ruschenbusch has argued that before 356 Solon was invoked as a poet, a lawgiver, and one of the Seven Sages, but not as the framer of a constitution.8 While Ruschenbusch’s contention is too stark, it does contain a large measure of truth. Instead of trying to define the dimensions of an absence or a negative space - that is, where does Solon not appear in fifth-century prose? - it seemed more feasible to borrow a leaf from American Studies.
The Myth of Perseus and Medusa
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

ON A MAP OF THE EASTERN Mediterranean, Greece looks like a great threefingered hand reaching down toward Crete. It is a right hand, with its palm down on the Aegean Sea, and it is nearly severed at the wrist by the Bay of Corinth, so that the hand-the Peloponnese-is nearly an island. Many of the historically and archaeologically important sites of early Greece lie on that al¬ most-severed hand. Sparta is there, and Corinth, along with Olympia and Mycenae.
The Gorgon in Art
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

Depictions Of The Gorgon First appeared around the eighth century B.C.E, and the image has been with us ever since. That’s about as far back as what we would call Greek art goes, so the Gorgon is indeed one of the oldest figures in Greek art. As with all images, it has undergone changes through the years, but most of the important features held constant through classical times. In 1896 Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher analyzed the Gorgon in art, and his description of its evolution is still the standard one. According to Roscher, the development of the Gorgon can be divided into three stages. The oldest, the Archaic Gorgon, runs from about the eighth century B.C.E. through about the fifth. The Gorgons that appear in “The Shield of Hercules” are perfect examples of Archaic Gorgons. They have wide-open, staring eyes and a broad grinning or snarling mouth filled with prominent teeth, usually with both upper and lower fangs. Despite the toothy display, there is a prominent, painfully protruding tongue. The extreme facial expression usually produces strongly drawn lines at the edges of the mouth and on the forehead.
Parallels from Around the World
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

Striking Parallels to The Greek Gorgon can be found in mythologies around the world. Any serious investigation of the origin of the Gorgon has to examine these figures as well. Before we take a look, however, it would be good to ask what constitutes a Gorgon parallel. No single definition precisely fits all the different examples. (I am tempted to say that I know a parallel when I see one.) A true parallel should have a number of features in common with the Gorgon myth, and few with anything else (aside from another Gorgon parallel, of course). To place one of the best examples first, consider the face in the center of the Aztec Calendar Stone. This is the face of the sun, usually taken to be the deity Tonatiuh, although more recently it has been suggested that the face is that of Xochipilli-Piltzintecuhtli.1 The figure is a frontal depiction of a wide-eyed, staring face with a broad nose. The forehead is marked with lines, and the hair is carefully and stylistically portrayed. The mouth is wide open in a painful grimace, from which the tongue protrudes grotesquely. The head even wears earrings, as do many.
Gorgons and Gargoyles
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

BERNARn’s Apologia, IN PARTICULAR the section that has been designated “The Things of Greater Importance,” has often been cited as an example of a medieval ascetic condemning the apparently useless and pointless extravagance of gargoyles on cathedrals.1 In fact, a careful reading of the work shows that he never mentions gargoyles by name, and that he is probably referring to carvings on the capitals of columns (since he refers to them as being inside buildings), and possibly to those depicted in illuminated manuscripts and wooden carvings. As I will show in due course, medieval gargoyles are thought
Primary Care
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

This volume provides innovative methods to evaluate the attainment and contributions of primary systems and practitioners. It extends Starfield's 1992 book by highlighting two additional areas: equity in health services and health, and overlap between clinical medicine and public health. It provides an important basis for future directions in health policy.
Quality of Primary Care Services: A Clinical View
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

In the context of optimizing effectiveness and equity, quality of care is the extent to which health needs, both current and potential, are being optimally met by health services, given current knowledge about the distribution, recognition, diagnosis, and management of health problems and health concerns. Thus, high-quality services take into account awareness of health problems in the population as well as characteristics of populations and subpopulations that create both threats to, as well as potential for, health in the future. High-quality health services are concerned not only with adequacy of services for disease diagnosis and management but also with adequacy of services that prevent future disease and promote improved health.
Primary Care Systems in Western Industrialized Nations
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 contains a description of the relationship between the characteristics of primary care in 11 different western industrialized nations and their relationship with health levels and costs of health services. That study used information concerning the late 1980s. Since that time, the health systems of many countries have undergone reforms in financing and organization. Most of the reforms, which are still ongoing, were designed to reduce the inexorable rise in the costs of health care worldwide, as a result of new and expensive technologies, ageing of the population, arid changing morbidity patterns. The extent to which the reforms have changed the practice of primary care is not well known; only some of them were specifically designed to do so. Although the philosophical underpinnings of most national health systems may not have been affected, this might not be the case for specific health policies related to the achievement of primary care objectives.
Primary Care Research Needs
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Continuous accrual of evidence-based knowledge is the basis for progress in every field of endeavor. Primary care is no exception. The previous chapters of this book have documented the current state of knowledge of the organization and delivery of primary care services; the astute reader will recognize that there is still much to learn! This chapter identifies those areas that are of high priority for research in primary care in the hope that an increasing number of academicians and clinical practitioners will become engaged in the exciting process of contributing knowledge to improve the effectiveness, efficacy, and equity of the basic level of all health services systems.
Health Policies to Achieve Effectiveness and Equity
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

The Alma-Ata Declaration (see Chapter 1) recognized that primary care “reflects and evolves from the economic conditions and socio-cultural and political characteristics of a country and its communities” (World Health Organization, 1978). The characteristics of each primary care system are therefore unique. No two countries will ever configure their systems in identical ways, and the primary care system may even differ within countries if there are regions with different historical, political, cultural, and economic characteristics.
Andromache
Authors: Stewart Susan , Smith Wesley D
Published: November 2023

Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly re-create the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the Greek Tragedy in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the general editorship of Peter Burian and Alan Shapiro, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the play. In Andromache, Euripides challenges our concept of tragic character as he transforms our expectations of tragic structure. Through its subtly varied metrics, the play develops an increasingly complex plot and concludes with a simultaneous realization of realism and supernaturalism. The play takes place in the aftermath of the Trojan War. Andromache has become a concubine to Achilles' son, Neoptolemus, bearing him a child, Molossus. The captive Andromache is haunted by memories of her former life and by her love for Hector and their son Astyanax, both slain by the Greeks who are now her masters. As the play opens, Andromache and Molossus are threatened with death by Neoptolemus' young wife, Hermione, who has been unable to conceive a child and is fiercely jealous. The struggle between the two women is mirrored in the conflict between Peleus, who arrives to defend Andromache, and Menelaus, who arrives to help his daughter Hermione complete her bid for power.
The Perception of Features and Objects
Authors: Treisman Anne
Published: November 2023

This paper describes some recent research exploring the visual perception of features and objects, and the role of attention in creating the integrated and organized representations that we consciously experience. Some years ago, I summarized a set of findings from experiments on visual search, texture segregation, and the perception of brief, masked displays (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). The results seemed to fit together coherently: search for feature-defined targets is parallel, but search for a conjunction of features seems to require attention. Texture segregation is easy when based on simple features, but difficult or impossible when the boundaries are defined only by conjunctions. Cuing attention in advance helps us to identify a conjunction much more than it helps with any of its features. When attention is overloaded, illusory conjunctions are formed, and so on. These findings fit nicely together to support what I labelled feature integration theory (see Treisman, 1988, p. 202). The claims were that simple features are registered in parallel across the visual field, in a number of specialized subsystems. Information from the resulting feature maps is localized and recombined to specify objects through the use of focused attention, scanning serially through a master-map of locations and giving access to the features currently occupying the attended location. These are then integrated to form a representation of the object in that location.
The Control of Visual Attention
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

But [attention’ s] towering growth would appear to have been achieved at the price of calling down upon its builders the curse of Babel, “to confound their language that they may not understand one another’ s speech.” For the word “attention” quickly came to be associated ... with a diversity of meanings that have the appearance of being more chaotic even than those of the term “intelligence.” (Spearman, 1937, p. 133) Attention is a foundational concept in cognitive psychology. Many re searchers have credited it with a central role in the “cognitive revolution” of the 1950s and 1960s (e.g., Broadbent, 1958; Egeth, 1992; Neisser, 1967). It is, however, a concept with a stormy history, as the above quotation indicates, and there was little agreement until recently about how it should be defined. Spearman (1937) chronicled many pro posed definitions including clearness, vivacity or intensity of percepts or concepts, an attitude of mind, a definite process or special stage in a process, the relative proportion of activated traces to all memory traces, some form of energy or desire involving will or effort, and the sensation of exertion of will. Since 1937, definitions or metaphors such as a filter (Broadbent, 1958), a skill (Neisser, 1976), a selective attenuator (Treisman, 1964), a resource (Kahneman, 1973), a “spotlight beam” within which processing is enhanced (Posner, 1980), a “zoom lens” (Eriksen & Yeh, 1985), a “glue” that binds features together (Treisman & Gelade, 1980), and a decoupler of modules from public communication channels (Navon, 1989), among others, have added to the confusion. Moreover, a number of different aspects of attention (e.g., capacity, selectivity, control, relation to consciousness, relation to arousal) have been engaged by specific paradigms and emphasized by particular writers (e.g., Solso, 1991). Recently, however, some definite progress has been made in understanding how attention to locations and/orobjects in visual space is controlled. This research has been carried out within several closely related experimental paradigms including those that allow conclusions to be made about physiological mechanisms.
Objects, Attention and Perceptual Experience
Authors: Yantis Steven
Published: November 2023

Visual perception is the process of constructing an internal representation of the local environment, based on patterns of light reflected from objects and surfaces in the scene. It is convenient to categorize the operations that contribute to visual perception according to the relative influence of bottom-up information (e.g., properties of the stimulus) and top-down information (e.g., memory and expectation) upon their normal functioning (and keep in mind that these groupings are by no means well defined or universally recognized). Early vision refers to the functioning of the retina and early cortical areas in response to pat terns of light and dark that vary over space and time. Much is known about the neural basis for early vision from neurophysiological and psychophysical investigations, although much still remains to be learned. High-level vision is concerned with complex operations such as object and face recognition, mental imagery, and other forms of visual cognition; these operations interact heavily with memory and knowledge. Most of the evidence for high-level vision comes from behavioural studies of normal human observers or from the analysis of patterns of impairment in brain-damaged patients.
Attentional Emphasis in Visual Orienting and Resolving
Authors: LaBerge David
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the role of attention in the perception of an object, particularly when an object is displayed with other objects. Attention is typically directed to a particular object (termed the target object) by a cue which, through training or instructions, indicates the location of that object in the visual field. Other objects that appear with the tar get object are typically referred to as distractors, and subjects may or may not be explicitly instructed to ignore them. Despite the label, dis tractors may not always exert an observable distracting effect on the processing of the target. A major purpose of this essay is to describe some general task conditions together with two neuroanatomical mechanisms that seem to influence how a distractor may or may not affect the processing of a target.
The Blood of the Martyr
Authors: Thuesen Peter J
Published: November 2023

Rarely in its six-hundred-year history has the English Bible functioned merely as a book. During the sixteenth century it became an icon, the object represented in paintings and woodcuts to replace the defaced images of saints. During the nineteenth century it became an idea, the historiographical construct of Protestants bent on glorifying the Anglo-American imprint upon God’s Word. During this century the English Bible has lost none of its paradoxical force; at once concrete and abstract, it provides justification for religious movements working both evil and good.
Cult Wars 1969-1985
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

The path of the cults leads to Jonestown. However misleadingly, religious change from the late 1960s on wards was perceived by Americans as a threat to their youth. In response to the supposed cult explosion, an ant cult movement developed, which enjoyed great success in projecting its distinctive interpretation as the dominant view accepted by the mass media and the general public” Between 1976 and 1981, America experienced an ant cult Reaction phase as intense as any in its history.