bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocular myasthenia gravis with anti‐muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase antibodies: Two new cases and a systematic literature review
Authors: Kamada Masaki , Nakane Shunya , Matsui Naoko , Higuchi Osamu , Sakai Waka , Fujita Koji , Izumi Yuishin , Matsuo Hidenori , Kaji Ryuji
Published: March 2016

Objective

Many myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with anti‐muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies have prominent oculobulbar symptoms or weaknesses of the neck and respiratory muscles. An ocular form of MG having anti‐MuSK antibodies (MuSK‐OMG) is very rare. We review the clinical features of two such cases.

Methods

We reviewed cases of patients with an ocular form of MG having anti‐MuSK antibodies, including two new cases.

Results

We found seven published cases, plus two cases described in this report. The mean age at onset of these nine patients was 37.0 ± 17.7 years, and the mean disease duration (from ocular MG onset to report) was 47.0 ± 43.1 months. The clinical courses appeared benign, but heterogeneous. Five of the patients responded to pyridstigmine. Four patients received immunotherapy, which resulted in improvement. Our two patients had mild ocular symptoms. One patient was stable with no immunosuppressive treatment, and the other patient was treated with prednisolone and tacrolimus.

Conclusions

Cases of an ocular form of MG having anti‐MuSK antibodies do exist. The benign clinical courses and pharmacological responses to cholinesterase inhibitors imply that the antibodies might have different pathogenicities and specificities from those of MuSK‐generalized MG. The presence of anti‐MuSK antibodies should therefore be determined in ocular MG patients negative for anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibodies.
A method for dyeing cotton fabric with anthocyanin dyes extracted from mulberry (Morus rubra) fruits
Authors: Wang Huayin , Tang Zhirong , Zhou Wenlong
Published: March 2016

For the first time, the natural anthocyanin dyes (mainly consisting of cyanidine 3‐glycoside) extracted from mulberry (Morus rubra) fruits has been successfully used to dye cotton fabric, with a dyeing property performance good enough for potential commercial applications. In this study, succinic acid was firstly incorporated into cotton fabrics by esterification to the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, forming an anionic site for the dyes. The performance of the modified material was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and tensile strength. Results showed that the tensile strength of cotton fabrics was mostly retained after modification. The anthocyanin extracts from mulberry fruits were used to study the dyeability of the control and modified cotton fabrics. Red and deep purple (aubergine) are two main shades of cotton fabrics dyed with mulberry fruit extracts. Most importantly, aubergine shade is rare in cotton fabrics dyed with natural dyes. Modification with succinic acid clearly increased the colour strength of the dyed cotton fabric. The colour strength of dyed cotton fabric was improved from 2.7 to 5.3 in the case of dyeing without mordants, and from 3.2 to 6.9 in the case of dyeing with tin mordanting. Meanwhile, the colour fastness was improved by 0.5–2 grades with increasing succinic acid concentration in the finish solution. The colour fastness to perspiration, crocking, light, and washing of fabric dyed with simultaneous tin mordanting and modified with 30 g l−1 of succinic acid was found to be acceptable, with a grey scale grade of at least 3. As for home laundering, neutral soapy solution was more acceptable than alkaline soapy solution.
Influence of reconstruction algorithms on image quality in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging
Authors: Davidsson Anette , Olsson Eva , Engvall Jan , Gustafsson Agnetha
Published: March 2016

Introduction

We investigated if image‐ and diagnostic quality in SPECT MPI could be maintained despite a reduced acquisition time adding Depth Dependent Resolution Recovery (DDRR) for image reconstruction. Images were compared with filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction using Ordered Subsets Expectation Maximization with (IRAC) and without (IRNC) attenuation correction (AC).

Materials and methods

Stress‐ and rest imaging for 15 min was performed on 21 subjects with a dual head gamma camera (Infinia Hawkeye; GE Healthcare), ECG‐gating with 8 frames/cardiac cycle and a low‐dose CT‐scan. A 9 min acquisition was generated using five instead of eight gated frames and was reconstructed with DDRR, with (IRACRR) and without AC (IRNCRR) as well as with FBP. Three experienced nuclear medicine specialists visually assessed anonymized images according to eight criteria on a four point scale, three related to image quality and five to diagnostic confidence. Statistical analysis was performed using Visual Grading Regression (VGR).

Results

Observer confidence in statements on image quality was highest for the images that were reconstructed using DDRR (P<0·01 compared to FBP). Iterative reconstruction without DDRR was not superior to FBP. Interobserver variability was significant for statements on image quality (P<0·05) but lower in the diagnostic statements on ischemia and scar. The confidence in assessing ischemia and scar was not different between the reconstruction techniques (P = n.s.).

Conclusion

SPECT MPI collected in 9 min, reconstructed with DDRR and AC, produced better image quality than the standard procedure. The observers expressed the highest diagnostic confidence in the DDRR reconstruction.
Patients on state organ donor registries receive similar levels of intensive care compared to those who are not: an opportunity to increase public intent to donate
Authors: Patel Madhukar S. , Raza Shariq S. , Bhakta Akash , Ewing Tyler , Bukur Marko , Vagefi Parsia A. , Salim Ali , Malinoski Darren J.
Published: March 2016

The intent to donate organs is affected by the public perception that patients on state registries receive less aggressive life‐saving care in order to allow organ donation to proceed. However, the association between first person authorization to donate organs and the actual care received by eventual organ donors in hospitals is unknown. From August 2010 to April 2011, all eight organ procurement organizations in United Network for Organ Sharing Region 5 prospectively recorded demographic data and organ utilization rates on all donors after neurologic determination of death (DNDDs). Critical care and physiologic parameters were also recorded at referral for imminent neurologic death and prior to authorization for donation to reflect the aggressiveness of provided care. There were 586 DNDDs and 23% were on a state registry. Compared to non‐registered DNDDs, those on state registries were older but were noted to have similar critical care parameters at both referral and authorization. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in organs procured per donor or organs transplanted per donor between registered and non‐registered DNDDs. Thus, DNDDs who are on state donor registries receive similar levels of intensive care compared to non‐registered donors. The association noted in this study may therefore help to dispel a common misperception that decreases the intent to donate.
Health Systems Research Consortia and the Promotion of Health Equity in Low and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Pratt Bridget , Allen Katharine A. , Hyder Adnan A.
Published: March 2016

Health systems research is widely identified as an indispensable means to achieve the goal of health equity between and within countries. Numerous health systems research consortia comprised of institutions from high‐income countries and low and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are currently undertaking programs of research in LMICs. These partnerships differ from collaborations that carry out single projects in the multiplicity of their goals, scope of their activities, and nature of their management. Recent conceptual work has explored what features might be necessary for health systems research consortia and their research programs to promote health equity. Identified features include selecting research priorities that focus on improving access to high‐quality health services and/or financial protection for disadvantaged populations in LMICs and conducting research capacity strengthening that promotes the independent conduct of health systems research in LMICs. Yet, there has been no attempt to investigate whether existing consortia have such characteristics. This paper describes the results of a survey undertaken with health systems research consortia leaders worldwide to assess how consistent current practice is with the proposed ethical guidance. The findings suggest that consortia may be fairly well organised to promote health equity, but have scope for improvement, particularly in terms of achieving inclusive priority‐setting.
Capturing the Familiness of Family Businesses: Development of the Family Influence Familiness Scale (FIFS)
Authors: Frank Hermann , Kessler Alexander , Rusch Thomas , Suess–Reyes Julia , Weismeier–Sammer Daniela
Published: March 2016

This article develops a familiness scale measuring the family influence on the business via decision premises that express familiness. In three studies, we examine familiness with qualitative and quantitative approaches based on new systems theory. Narrative interviews are employed to generate items. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses led to a multidimensional scale (Family Influence Familiness Scale [FIFS]) comprising six dimensions: (1) ownership, management, and control; (2) proficiency level of active family members; (3) sharing of information between active family members; (4) transgenerational orientation; (5) family–employee bond; and (6) family business identity. Results indicate high reliability and validity levels.
Diagnosis of severe traumatic brain injury using multimodal imaging in a donkey
Authors: Junge H. K. , Mitchell K. J. , Hoey S.
Published: March 2016

A 6‐month‐old donkey presented with recumbency after rearing and falling over. A presumptive diagnosis of traumatic brain injury secondary to a skull fracture was made following the clinical examination, although a fracture could not be identified on radiography. To provide a definitive diagnosis, for planning any surgical intervention and to obtain prognostic information, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed. An occipital depression skull fracture with secondary haemorrhage and oedema of the cerebellum and brainstem were identified. The imaging findings were confirmed at pathological examination. This report describes the imaging features of a traumatic brain injury in a donkey.
Biphasic increase in scratching behaviour induced by topical application of Dermatophagoides farinae extract in NC/Nga mice
Authors: Yamada Yoshihito , Ueda Yuhki , Nakamura Aki , Kanayama Shoji , Tamura Rie , Hashimoto Kei , Kido Hiroko , Matsumoto Tatsumi , Ishii Ritsuko
Published: March 2016

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease accompanied by severe itching and eczematous lesion. In this study, we applied an ointment containing Dermatophagoides farinae body (Dfb) extract repeatedly on the dorsal skin of NC/Nga mice with barrier disruption to investigate the characteristics of this murine model of human AD. Following repeated topical application of Dfb ointment twice weekly for 2 weeks, the dermatitis score increased gradually, accompanied by an elevation of total immunoglobulin E level in plasma. Topical application of Dfb ointment also caused epidermal hyperplasia and accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lesional skin and increased expression of T‐helper (Th) 1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in axillary lymph node cells. Furthermore, increased sprouting of intraepidermal nerve fibres was observed with an increase in the content of nerve growth factor and decrease in that of semaphorin 3A in the lesional skin. These findings suggest that the characteristics in this model were similar to those observed in patients with AD. Interestingly, it was observed for the first time that scratching behaviour increased in a biphasic fashion by topical application of Dfb ointment in addition to an increase in spontaneous scratching behaviour in this model. It is also suggested that further clarifying the underlying mechanisms of scratching behaviour in this model leads not only to elucidating the pathogenesis of AD but also to discovering novel therapeutic drugs for AD.
Structural studies of neuropilin‐2 reveal a zinc ion binding site remote from the vascular endothelial growth factor binding pocket
Authors: Tsai Yi‐Chun Isabella , Fotinou Constantina , Rana Rohini , Yelland Tamas , Frankel Paul , Zachary Ian , Djordjevic Snezana
Published: March 2016

Neuropilin‐2 is a transmembrane receptor involved in lymphangiogenesis and neuronal development. In adults, neuropilin‐2 and its homologous protein neuropilin‐1 have been implicated in cancers and infection. Molecular determinants of the ligand selectivity of neuropilins are poorly understood. We have identified and structurally characterized a zinc ion binding site on human neuropilin‐2. The neuropilin‐2‐specific zinc ion binding site is located near the interface between domains b1 and b2 in the ectopic region of the protein, remote from the neuropilin binding site for its physiological ligand, i.e. vascular endothelial growth factor. We also present an X‐ray crystal structure of the neuropilin‐2 b1 domain in a complex with the C‐terminal sub‐domain of VEGF‐A. Zn2+ binding to neuropilin‐2 destabilizes the protein structure but this effect was counteracted by heparin, suggesting that modifications by glycans and zinc in the extracellular matrix may affect functional neuropilin‐2 ligand binding and signalling activity.
Distribution, body length, and abundance of blue shark and shortfin mako offshore of northeastern Japan, as determined from observed pelagic longline data, 2000–2014
Authors: Ohshimo Seiji , Fujinami Yuki , Shiozaki Ko , Kai Mikihiko , Semba Yasuko , Katsumata Nobuhiro , Ochi Daisuke , Matsunaga Hiroaki , Minami Hiroshi , Kiyota Masashi , Yokawa Kotaro
Published: March 2016

Longline surveys have been conducted in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 2000 to 2014 using chartered commercial longline vessels. Each year, two cruises were conducted offshore of northeastern Japan from mid‐April to mid‐June. For each longline set during the surveys, onboard scientists collected detailed biological information about the species caught, such as the size and sex, and recorded the catch numbers for all species. Blue shark (Prionace glauca) and shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) have eurythermal distributions, but the application of a generalized additive model (GAM) showed that the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) at catch sites positive for shortfin mako were warmer than those for blue shark. On the basis of the GAM, the probabilities of occurrence of both sharks differed by size category: small sharks had a narrower SST range than that of large sharks. Most catches of both sharks were juveniles, and the nominal catch rate of blue shark was more than 10 times that of shortfin mako. The standardized catch per unit effort (CPUE) for both species was calculated using a generalized linear model (GLM) with negative binomial errors, or a delta‐lognormal GLM. The standardized CPUE for blue shark in the second quarter of the year peaked in the mid‐2000s and then decreased, but it has been increasing since 2012. The CPUE for shortfin mako in the second quarter generally increased, with fluctuations.
Trait flexibility of generalist invertebrates exposed to contrasting predation and drying stressors
Authors: Galatowitsch Mark L. , McIntosh Angus R.
Published: March 2016

How different generalist species are able to exploit heterogeneous landscapes likely depends on whether their life‐history strategies confer resilience to multiple environmental selection pressures.

We investigated the life‐history strategies of two generalist invertebrates,Xanthocnemis zealandicadamselflies andSigara argutawaterboatmen, which inhabit ponds varying in drying and predator presence. Using mesocosm experiments with temporary‐ and permanent‐pond nymphs, we determined the flexibility of their predator avoidance and drying resistance.

Xanthocnemis zealandicawas most susceptible to predatory fish regardless of natal habitat, with permanent‐pond nymphs more likely to have reduced movement, higher refuge use and slower growth than temporary‐pond nymphs; growth was, however, not influenced by predator presence.Xanthocnemis zealandicahad a fixed response to drying stress, with high survival rates (80–90%) during short drying periods (2–8 days), regardless of natal habitat.

In contrast toX. zealandica,S. argutahad a completely inflexible life‐history with no differences in predator avoidance between permanent‐ and temporary‐pond nymphs, and a complete inability to survive drying.

Without flexible traitsS. argutamay counter potentially high costs of predation in permanent ponds and drying mortality in temporary ponds through rapid development and terrestrial dispersal.Xanthocnemis zealandica's flexible life‐history is likely driven by longer nymphal development which requires adaptation to both predator and drying stressors to complete their life‐cycle over the range of habitats they occupy.

Overall, these two species exemplify how generalists can strongly differ in their life‐history strategies but still persist across a similar range of habitats.
Effectiveness of a computerized decision support system for anticoagulation management in hemodialysis patients: A before–after study
Authors: Clark Edward G. , Rodger Marc A. , Ramsay Tim O. , Knoll Greg A.
Published: March 2016

Introduction The risk‐benefit profile for warfarin anticoagulation in hemodialysis (HD) patients differs compared with the non‐HD population. HD patients are at increased risk of both thromboembolism and bleeding related to anticoagulation therapy. In addition, anticoagulation control may be more difficult to achieve in the HD population due to frequent comorbidities, subclinical Vitamin K deficiency, altered pharmacokinetics due to uremia and the concurrent use of multiple medications. While computerized decision support systems (CDSS) to assist with anticoagulation management are safe and effective in the non‐HD population, they have not been well studied in HD outpatients.

Methods A before–after study compared anticoagulation control for HD outpatients receiving warfarin at a tertiary medical center in Canada during two time periods: an initial period of nephrologist‐led anticoagulation management and a second period after implementation of a pharmacist‐led, CDSS‐assisted anticoagulation management strategy.

Findings Forty‐two patients were included. Following implementation of the CDSS‐assisted strategy, there was no significant change in median therapeutic time‐in‐range (3.7% difference (IQR, −9.5% to 20.6%); P = 0.247). Median change in INR testing frequency was 1.2 (IQR, 0.1–2.2; P = 0.0001) fewer tests per patient per month, which equates to approximately 15 fewer tests per patient per year. Adverse events were similar.

Discussion Implementing a CDSS‐assisted strategy for anticoagulation management in HD outpatients is effective. Doing so may lead to modest cost savings related to less frequent INR testing.
Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis‐associated hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in a combined mouse model of genetic modification and dietary challenge
Authors: Amano Yuichiro , Shimizu Fumi , Yasuno Hironobu , Harada Ayako , Tsuchiya Shuntarou , Isono Osamu , Nagabukuro Hiroshi , Tozawa Ryuichi
Published: March 2016

Aim:

Experimental models of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are still required for understanding the pathophysiology of this disease. This study aimed to examine whether disease progression is accelerated by combining dyslipidemic genetic modification and dietary challenges and develop NASH‐associated hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma in a short period.

Methods:

Low‐density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice were fed a modified choline‐deficient amino acid‐defined diet, including 1 w/w% cholesterol and 41 kcal% fat, and was comprehensively profiled over 1 year.

Results:

Microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis in the liver was observed from the first week after starting the modified choline‐deficient amino acid‐defined diet. Macrovesicular steatosis was exacerbated with time and was observed in almost all hepatocytes at week 8, but slightly decreased at week 16. Infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, and upregulation of hepatic inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β were also observed from week 1. Plasma hepatic transaminase activities were increased at week 1, reached a peak at week 4, and gradually decreased thereafter. In parallel with increases in hepatic gene expression of collagen‐I, the hepatic fibrosis area expanded after week 4 and massively spread all over the liver by week 8. Hepatocellular hyperplasia was observed from week 24. Hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma were observed from week 31 and 39, respectively.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that, in a rodent NASH model with the combination of genetic modification and dietary challenges, hepatic steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatic injury, hepatic fibrosis, hepatocellular hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma can be developed in a relatively short period.
Differences in size between first and replacement clutches match the seasonal decline in single clutches in Tree Swallows Tachycineta bicolor
Authors: Karagicheva Julia , Liebers Matthew , Rakhimberdiev Eldar , Hallinger Kelly K. , Saveliev Anatoly , Winkler David. W.
Published: March 2016

The seasonal decline in clutch size in birds can be a response to the environmentally conditioned decrease in prospects for offspring or a consequence of a lower physical ability of late‐breeding females. To find out which of the explanations apply in Tree Swallows Tachycineta bicolor, we assessed whether replacement clutch size in this species is affected by an individual female's ability to lay a certain number of eggs. To do this, we measured the decline in clutch size as a function of laying date between first and replacement clutches in individuals that re‐nested following natural failure, and compared this with the rate of decline in clutch size with laying date for Tree Swallows that laid only a single clutch in that season. Additionally, we assessed whether the clutch size and the rate of its seasonal decline varied across years. We accounted for the truncated and under‐dispersed nature of clutch size data by using a Bayesian approach in the analysis. We found little variation in the rate of clutch size decline across years at our breeding site. Accounting for this seasonal decline in clutch size, mean clutch size was similar between single‐time breeding females and those that laid replacement clutches, implying that the number of eggs laid on the second attempt by female Tree Swallows is determined by laying date, rather than by the female's physical ability to produce a clutch of a certain size.
European Society of Endodontology position statement: Revitalization procedures
Authors: Galler K. M. , Krastl G. , Simon S. , Van Gorp G. , Meschi N. , Vahedi B. , Lambrechts P.
Published: March 2016

This position statement represents a consensus of an expert committee convened by the European Society of Endodontology (ESE) on revitalization procedures. The statement is based on current clinical and scientific evidence as well as the expertise of the committee. The goal is to provide suitably trained dentists with a protocol including procedural details for the treatment of immature teeth with pulp necrosis as well as a patient consent form. Revitalization is a biologically based treatment as an alternative to apexification in properly selected cases. Previously published review articles provide more detailed background information and the basis for this position statement (Journal of Endodontics, 39, 2013, S30; Journal of Endodontics, 39, 2013, 319; Journal of Endodontics, 40, 2014, 1045; Dental Traumatology, 31, 2015, 267; International Endodontic Journal, 2015, doi: 10.1111/iej.12606). As controlled clinical trials are lacking and new evidence is still emerging, this position statement will be updated at appropriate intervals. This might lead to changes to the protocol provided here.
Knowledge Transfer as Translation: Review and Elements of an Instrumental Theory
Authors: Røvik Kjell Arne
Published: March 2016

Based on a literature review, this paper investigates the potential of translation theory to energize the study of knowledge transfer between source and recipient organizational units. The central assumption is that translation theory is not only useful for analyzing knowledge‐transfer processes, but also has the potential to guide deliberate interventions in such processes. Based on this premise, and drawing on insights from the neighboring academic discipline of translation studies, the author outlines the elements of an instrumental translation theory, with the aim of developing knowledge about how to conduct translations of practices and ideas to achieve various organizational ends in knowledge transfers. The instrumental theory is founded on two main arguments. The first is that knowledge transfers between organizations are rule‐based translation processes. The second is that the way in which translators use various translation rules and perform translations may be decisive for outcomes of knowledge‐transfer processes. This study develops a typology of three translation modes (the reproducing, the modifying and the radical mode) and four appurtenant translation rules (copying, addition, omission and alteration), and discusses which translation rules fit which conditions. The author identifies three critical conditional variables in knowledge transfers – the translatability of the source practice, the transformability of the transferred knowledge, and the similarity between source and recipient units – and discusses the appropriateness of each translation rule in relation to these variables.
‘Pedagogy as Translation’: Extending the Horizons of Translation Theory
Authors: Lamb Peter , Örtenblad Anders , Hsu Shih‐wei
Published: March 2016

This paper extends the horizons of scholarly work within the bounds of translation theory by moving away from the tradition of presenting descriptive and historical accounts of translation. It departs from this tradition by offering a guide for intentional or rationally calculated translation applied to cross‐cultural management learning. It synthesizes key issues from translation theory with management learning literature, which calls for more critically oriented and more cross‐culturally sensitive pedagogy. It then outlines a five‐stage pedagogic translation process, termed ‘Pedagogy as Translation’ (PaT), which is designed to create the necessary space for students to develop and extend their translation capacity. The paper also opens up scope for further exploration into the conditions and scope of intentional and rationally calculated translation as a pedagogic innovation within management learning, and more generally with respect to knowledge transfer.
Prognostic model to predict survival in patients with metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with cisplatin‐based chemotherapy
Authors: Hsieh Meng‐Che , Su Yu‐Li , Chiang Po‐Hui , Rau Kun‐Ming , Chen Yen‐Yang , Huang Cheng‐Hua
Published: March 2016

Objectives

To create a novel prognostic model to predict survival in metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients treated with cisplatin‐based chemotherapy.

Methods

After institutional review board approval, patients who had metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma and were treated with cisplatin based chemotherapy from 2000 to 2012 at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Significantly predictive factors were identified by multivariate Cox regress analyses. Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted to estimate overall survival. Several prognostic models were validated by using our cohort, and Harrell's c‐index was calculated to evaluate their predicting performances.

Results

The present study consisted of 136 patients with a median age of 62 years and a median follow‐up visit of 13.6 months. Multivariate analyses showed that renal function, performance status, liver metastasis and number of metastatic sites was independently related to survival. Based on these four variables, we constructed a prognostic model “renal function, performance status, liver metastasis, number of metastatic sites” with significantly different survival (P < 0.001). C‐index results were renal function, performance status, liver metastasis, number of metastatic sites model 0.80 (0.69–0.90), Bajorin model 0.72 (0.61–0.83), Taguchi model 0.77 (0.67–0.87) and Tanaka model 0.78 (0.69–0.88). Our renal function, performance status, liver metastasis, number of metastatic sites prognostic model achieved the highest c‐index in this study.

Conclusions

Our renal function, performance status, liver metastasis, number of metastatic sites prognostic model could be useful for providing prognostic information on survival in patients with metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
Foreign Student Emigration to the United States: Pathways of Entry, Demographic Antecedents, and Origin-Country Contexts
Authors: Thomas Kevin J. A. , Inkpen Christopher
Published: March 2016

This study uses data from various sources to examine the determinants of trends in international student migration to the United States. Our results highlight the differential contributions to these trends made by various entry pathways. For example, we find that the overall growth was driven by students using visas that offered the least possibility of US employment following the completion of their studies. We also find that overall student migration trends were significantly affected by global demographic changes. For example, student emigration from Europe was negatively affected by declining fertility trends, percentage of youths, and youth population size. In Asia and Africa, contrasting demographic trends explained the substantial student migration increases observed from these regions. Increases in youth population size had a particularly positive effect on student migration in contexts of economic growth. Finally, the analysis finds a declining significance of English language contexts for fueling overall student migration trends.
A new nomogram score for predicting surgery‐related pressure ulcers in cardiovascular surgical patients
Authors: Lu Cai‐Xia , Chen Hong‐Lin , Shen Wang‐Qin , Feng Li‐Ping
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to build a new nomogram score for predicting surgery‐related pressure ulcers (SRPU) in cardiovascular surgical patients. We performed a prospective cohort study among consecutive patients with cardiovascular surgery between January 2015 and December 2015. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the risk factors for SRPU. A nomogram‐predicting model was built based on the logistic regression model. Then, calibration and discrimination were tested. A total of 149 patients with cardiovascular surgery were included in the study. Thirty‐seven patients developed SRPUs, with an incidence rate of 24·8% (95%CI: 18·1–32·6%). The logistic regression model for predicting SRPU with four risk factors was Logit(P) = (1·861 × VDH, OR 2·174 × CAD, OR 1·747 × TAA) − 0·029 × weight + 0·005 × surgery duration + 1·241 × perioperative corticosteroids administration (P = 0·003, R2 = 0·1181). The goodness‐of‐fit test (Pearson χ2 = 150·69, P = 0·217) indicated acceptable calibration, and the C‐index (0·725) indicated moderate discrimination. When the probability cut‐off is 0·25 (total score 12), the nomogram model has the best sensitivity and specificity in predicting SRPU. We established a new nomogram model that can provide an individual prediction of SRPU in cardiovascular surgical patients. When the probability is more than 0·25 (total score 12), the cardiovascular surgery patients should be considered at high‐risk.
Determination of Crystal Growth Rates in Glasses Over a Temperature Range Using a Single DSC Run
Authors: Reis Raphael M. C. V. , Fokin Vladimir M. , Zanotto Edgar D.
Published: March 2016

In this work, we propose and test a simple and accurate technique capable of determining the crystal growth rate, U(T), over a fairly wide temperature range by means of a single differential scanning calorimetry run. This method is based on using 50–200 μm‐thick samples with parallel rough surfaces so that crystal growth is effectively unidirectional and the crystallization fronts have a constant area during the entire crystallization process. Growth rates are calculated from the expression U(T) = L·q·DSC(T)/Apeak, where DSC(T) is the value of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) crystallization curve at each temperature T, Apeak is the overall peak area, L is half the sample thickness, and q is the heating rate. This method has been tested for different values of L and q for three glasses undergoing predominantly surface nucleation, that possess distinctly different crystallization behaviors: stoichiometric lithium disilicate and diopside (CaO·MgO·2SiO2) and a nonstoichiometric lithium‐calcium metasilicate. Growth rates spanning temperature intervals of more than 100 K, including temperature ranges where literature data are scarce due to experimental difficulties, were determined using a single DSC run. The resulting U(T) data were compared with literature data obtained using optical microscopy. The growth rates determined using the proposed method show excellent agreement with the published data for both stoichiometric glasses and only small errors for the nonstoichiometric glass.
Human trafficking: factors that influence willingness to combat the issue
Authors: Honeyman Katherine L. , Stukas Arthur A. , Marques Mathew D.
Published: March 2016

Human trafficking involves severe violations of human rights and social action is required to combat it. Past research has identified emotional reactions to victims of trafficking, as well as the perceived cost and efficacy of actions, as significant predictors of willingness to get involved. We surveyed 216 Australians (70% female) to assess their perceptions of sex and labor trafficking and actions to reduce them. Results demonstrated that women reported greater personal distress (but not empathy) for victims than men, which was associated with greater willingness to take action. Women also perceived available actions to be more efficacious than men, which predicted willingness, while perceived cost of actions did not. Implications for promoting social action to reduce human trafficking are discussed.
The use of coancestry based on shared segments for maintaining genetic diversity
Authors: Gómez‐Romano F. , Villanueva B. , Sölkner J. , de Cara M.A.R. , Mészáros G. , Pérez O'Brien A.M. , Fernández J.
Published: March 2016

We have evaluated the use of genomic coancestry coefficients based on shared segments for the maintenance of genetic diversity through optimal contributions methodology for populations of three different Austrian cattle breeds. This coancestry measure has been compared with the genomic coancestry coefficient calculated on a SNP‐by‐SNP basis and with pedigree‐based coancestry. The regressions of the shared segments coancestry on the other two coefficients suggest that the former mainly reflect Identity By Descent but with the advantage over pedigree‐based coancestry of providing the realized Identity By Descent rather than an expectation. The effective population size estimated from the rate of coancestry based on shared segments was very similar to those obtained with the other coefficients and of small magnitude (from 26.24 to 111.90). This result highlights the importance of implementing active management strategies to control the increase of inbreeding and the loss of genetic diversity in livestock breeds, even when the population size is reasonably large. One problem for the implementation of coancestry based on shared segments is the need of estimating the gametic phases of the SNPs which, given the techniques used to obtain the genotypes, are a priori unknown. This study shows, through computer simulations, that using estimates of gametic phases for computing coancestry based on shared segments does not lead to a significant loss in the diversity maintained. This has been shown to be true even when the size of the population is very small as it is usually the case in populations subjected to conservation programmes.
Towards general models of effective science inquiry in virtual performance assessments
Authors: Baker R.S. , Clarke‐Midura J. , Ocumpaugh J.
Published: March 2016

Recent interest in online assessment of scientific inquiry has led to several new online systems that attempt to assess these skills, but producing models that detect when students are successfully practising these skills can be challenging. In this paper, we study models that assess student inquiry in an immersive virtual environment, where a student navigates an avatar around a world, speaking to in‐game characters, collecting samples and conducting scientific tests with those samples in the virtual laboratory. To this goal, we leverage log file data from nearly 2000 middle school students using virtual performance assessment (VPA), a software system where students practice inquiry skills in different virtual scenarios. We develop models of student interaction within VPA that predict whether a student will successfully conduct scientific inquiry. Specifically, we identify behaviours that lead to distinguishing causal from non‐causal factors to identify a correct final conclusion and to design a causal explanation about these conclusions. We then demonstrate that these models can be adapted with minimal effort between VPA scenarios. We conclude with discussions of how these models serve as a tool for better understanding scientific inquiry in virtual environments and as a platform for the future design of evidence‐based interventions.
Using U‐Pace instruction to improve the academic performance of economically disadvantaged undergraduates
Authors: Fleming R. , Stoiber L.C. , Pfeiffer H.M. , Kienzler S.E. , Fleming R.R. , Pedrick L.E. , Barth D.J. , Reddy D.M.
Published: March 2016

This study was undertaken to evaluate whether the student success associated with the U‐Pace instructional approach, which integrates mastery‐based learning with proactive instructor support in an online learning environment, would replicate for both economically disadvantaged students and students who are not economically disadvantaged. Undergraduates were enrolled in U‐Pace (intervention) or comparison sections of a gateway course at two universities with different learning management systems. Course content was held constant. At both universities, intervention students earned a significantly greater percentage of objectively determined final grades of A or B. This academic success was found for both economically disadvantaged intervention students and intervention students who were not economically disadvantaged. Improvement from the beginning to the end of the semester in intervention students' rate of mastering concepts was found at University 1, but not at University 2. The assessment of learning conducted at University 1, independent of final course grades, showed that intervention students scored significantly higher on the proctored cumulative exam than comparison students. Findings suggest that the U‐Pace instructional intervention holds promise for increasing the success of undergraduates regardless of economic status.
Analysis of lipophilic fluorescent products in blood of Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Chmátalová Zuzana , Vyhnálek Martin , Laczó Jan , Hort Jakub , Skoumalová Alice
Published: March 2016

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline. Prodromal stage of AD, also called mild cognitive impairment (MCI), especially its amnestic type (aMCI), precedes dementia stage of AD. There are currently no reliable diagnostic biomarkers of AD in the blood. Alzheimer's disease is accompanied by increased oxidative stress in brain, which leads to oxidative damage and accumulation of free radical reaction end‐products. In our study, specific products of lipid peroxidation in the blood of AD patients were studied. Lipophilic extracts of erythrocytes (AD dementia = 19, aMCI = 27, controls = 16) and plasma (AD dementia = 11, aMCI = 17, controls = 16) were analysed by fluorescence spectroscopy. The level of these products is significantly increased in erythrocytes and plasma of AD dementia and aMCI patients versus controls. We concluded that oxidative stress end‐products are promising new biomarkers of AD, but further detailed characterisation of these products is needed.
Molecular insights into cell toxicity of a novel familial amyloidogenic variant of β2‐microglobulin
Authors: Leri Manuela , Bemporad Francesco , Oropesa‐Nuñez Reinier , Canale Claudio , Calamai Martino , Nosi Daniele , Ramazzotti Matteo , Giorgetti Sofia , Pavone Francesco S. , Bellotti Vittorio , Stefani Massimo , Bucciantini Monica
Published: March 2016

The first genetic variant of β2‐microglobulin (b2M) associated with a familial form of systemic amyloidosis has been recently described. The mutated protein, carrying a substitution of Asp at position 76 with an Asn (D76N b2M), exhibits a strongly enhanced amyloidogenic tendency to aggregate with respect to the wild‐type protein. In this study, we characterized the D76N b2M aggregation path and performed an unprecedented analysis of the biochemical mechanisms underlying aggregate cytotoxicity. We showed that, contrarily to what expected from other amyloid studies, early aggregates of the mutant are not the most toxic species, despite their higher surface hydrophobicity. By modulating ganglioside GM1 content in cell membrane or synthetic lipid bilayers, we confirmed the pivotal role of this lipid as aggregate recruiter favouring their cytotoxicity. We finally observed that the aggregates bind to the cell membrane inducing an alteration of its elasticity (with possible functional unbalance and cytotoxicity) in GM1‐enriched domains only, thus establishing a link between aggregate‐membrane contact and cell damage.
A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication‐treated adolescents
Authors: Sprich Susan E. , Safren Steven A. , Finkelstein Daniel , Remmert Jocelyn E. , Hammerness Paul
Published: March 2016

Objective

To test cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for persistent attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a sample of medication‐treated adolescents.

Methods

Forty‐six adolescents (ages 14–18), with clinically significant ADHD symptoms despite stable medication treatment were randomly assigned to receive CBT for ADHD or wait list control in a cross‐over design. Twenty‐four were randomized to CBT, 22 to wait list, and 15 crossed‐over from wait list to CBT. A blind independent evaluator (IE) rated symptom severity on the ADHD Current Symptom Scale, by adolescent and parent report, and rated each subject using the Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGI), a global measure of distress and impairment. These assessments were performed at baseline, 4‐months (post‐CBT or post wait list), and 8‐months (post‐treatment for those originally assigned to the wait list condition and 4‐month follow‐up for those originally assigned to CBT). Trial Registration: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01019252.

Results

Using all available data, mixed effects modeling, and pooling for the wait list cross‐over, participants who received CBT received a mean score 10.93 lower on the IE‐rated parent assessment of symptom severity (95% CI: −12.93, −8.93; p < .0001), 5.24 lower on the IE‐rated adolescent assessment of symptom severity (95% CI: −7.21, −3.28; p < .0001), and 1.17 lower IE‐rated CGI (95% CI: −1.39, −.94; p < .0001). Results were consistent across 100 multiple imputations (all p < .0001). There was a greater proportion of responders after CBT by parent (50% vs. 18%, p = .00) and adolescent (58% vs. 18% p = .02) report.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates initial efficacy of CBT for adolescents with ADHD who continued to exhibit persistent symptoms despite medications.
β‐Cell glutamate signaling: Its role in incretin‐induced insulin secretion
Authors: Yokoi Norihide , Gheni Ghupurjan , Takahashi Harumi , Seino Susumu
Published: March 2016

Insulin secretion from the pancreatic β‐cell (referred to as β‐cell hereafter) plays a central role in glucose homeostasis. Impaired insulin secretion is a major factor contributing to the development of diabetes and, therefore, is an important target for treatment of the disease. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a key second messenger in β‐cells that amplifies insulin secretion. Incretins released by the gut potentiate insulin secretion through cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling in β‐cells, which is the basis for the incretin‐based diabetes therapies now being used worldwide. Despite its importance, the interaction between glucose metabolism and incretin/cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling in β‐cells has long been unknown. A recent study showed that cytosolic glutamate produced by glucose metabolism in β‐cells is a key signal in incretin‐induced insulin secretion. Here we review the physiological and pathophysiological roles of β‐cell glutamate signaling in incretin‐induced insulin secretion.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1: The missing link in the metabolic clock?
Authors: Brubaker Patricia L , Gil‐Lozano Manuel
Published: March 2016

Circadian expression of clock genes in peripheral tissues is critical to the coordinated regulation of intestinal digestive and absorptive functions, insulin secretion, and peripheral tissue nutrient deposition during periods of nutrient ingestion, thereby preventing metabolic dysregulation. As glucagon‐like peptide‐1 is a key incretin hormone that regulates glucose‐dependent insulin secretion, we hypothesized that this intestinal hormone is a player in the peripheral metabolic clock, linking nutrient ingestion to insulin secretion. We have now established that secretion of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 from the intestinal L cell shows a rhythmic pattern in rats and humans in vivo that is altered by circadian disruptors, such as constant light exposure, consumption of a Western diet and feeding at inappropriate times (i.e., during the light period in rodents). Interestingly, the alterations in the rhythm of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretory responses were found to parallel the changes in the pattern of insulin responses in association with significant impairments in glucose tolerance. Furthermore, we have detected circadian clock gene expression, and showed circadian secretion of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 from both the murine and human L cell in vitro. These findings demonstrate that glucagon‐like peptide‐1 is a functional component of the peripheral metabolic clock, and suggest that altered release of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 might play a role in the metabolic perturbations that result from circadian disruption.