bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical and Non-Technical Programme Students’ Attitudes and Reasons for Plagiarism
Authors: Harji Madhubala Bava , Ismail Zalina , Chetty Thiba Naraina , Letchumanan Krishnaveni
Published: October 2017

To date, plagiarism continues to be a widespread problem in higher education. Deemed to be endemic, researchers continue to examine various aspects of plagiarism, including students’ perception, practices, attitudes and reasons for plagiarism, in addressing this growing concern. Most studies, however, tend to examine these aspects independently. This paper reports on a study that examined both the students’ attitudes and reasons for plagiarism, particularly among the Technical and Non-Technical programme students. A questionnaire was administered to 120 students, i.e. 60 each from each programme to gather quantitative data on their attitudes and reasons for plagiarising. The study found that students in both groups hold negative attitudes towards plagiarism. They deem it synonymous to cheating in final examinations and advocate severe penalty to offenders who submit free downloaded or purchased articles. However, they disagree on being penalised for permitting their peers to plagiarise their work. Significant differences were found for the latter two attitudes between the groups. Albeit, disfavouring plagiarism, the two most cited reasons that compel students in both groups to plagiarise are their self-inadequacy in writing skills and poor time management, followed by the temptation and opportunity to plagiarise from the internet and to cope with the institutional load. With an understanding of these variables, all parties will be able to make more informed decisions in addressing this malpractice and upholding academic integrity.
Influence of Crop Growth Stages and Management Practices on Soil Water Content at Different Soil Depths under Dryland Conditions
Authors: Sebetha E. T. , Modi A. T.
Published: October 2017

Soil water loss through evaporation plays a role on low crop productivity and this is due to poor cropping systems and soil surface coverage. The study was carried out at three locations of North-West province of South Africa, which were Potchefstroom, Taung and Rustenburg during 2011/12 and 2012/13 planting seasons. The experimental design was a factorial experiment laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The experiment consisted of five cropping systems, which were monocropping cowpea, monocropping maize, cowpea followed by maize in rotation, maize followed by cowpea in rotation and intercropping maize-cowpea. The three crop growth stages compared in this study were before tasselling/flowering, during tasselling/pod formation and during physiological maturity of maize and cowpea. Soil was sampled for the 0-0.15, 0.15-0.3, 0.3-0.6 and 0.6-0.9 m depth increments and soil water content determined using the Gravimetric method. The crop growth stage before tasselling/flowering in maize/cowpea had significantly (P < 0.05) higher water content of 10.2, 10.8, 12.5 and 13.3% at the depth of 0-0.15, 0.15-0.3, 0.3-0.6 and 0.6-0.9 m respectively. Soil collected at Rustenburg and Potchefstroom had significantly (P < 0.05) higher water content of 13.5 and 10.2; 15.9 and 10.9; 18.3 and 12.8; 18.4 and 14.5% at the depths of 0-0.15, 0.15-0.3, 0.3-0.6 and 0.6-0.9 m respectively. Monocropping cowpea plots had significantly (P < 0.05) higher water content of 12.4% than other cropping systems at the soil depth of 0.3-0.6 m. Monocropping plots of cowpea had the ability to hold soil water and this depends on the type of cowpea cultivar and canopy cover. The stage before tasselling/flowering of maize-cowpea (V10/Vn) was found to have high soil water content. Soil water content differs across locations due to different soil physical properties.
Synchronous malignant neoplasm in the oral cavity - case report
Authors: Korc Agata , Braun Marcin , Kubiak Marcin , Niedźwiecka Izabela , Morawiec-Sztandera Alina , Kaczmarczyk Dariusz
Published: October 2017

Approximately 555,000 new cases of head and neck cancer (HNC) are diagnosed annually worldwide. Moreover, second
primary malignancy (SPM) occurs more commonly in the head and neck than in any other body region.
A 67-year-old female patient was admitted to our Department for removal of an upper lip tumor. The patient underwent
excision of the lip tumor under general anesthesia. Postoperative histopathology revealed a polymorphic, low-grade adenocarcinoma.
Three weeks later, the patient was re-admitted to extend the margin of excision and perform lymphadenectomy.
On physical examination, a second primary synchronous lesion was found on the left side of the hard palate.
Lymphoscintigraphy was performed to determine the lymph node field and the sentinel lymph node. On ultrasonography,
the lymph nodes were not enlarged. Extended excision of the upper lip was performed, and a 5-mm, hard palate tumor
was removed with a margin of unchanged tissue. The patient was scheduled for adjuvant treatment.
The criteria for a synchronous malignancy are as follows: both tumors must be malignant on histopathology, there must be
a distance of at least 2 cm of unchanged mucosa between the index tumor and the primary tumor, the possibility that the
second tumor is the metastasis of the index tumor needs to be excluded. In our patient, all these criteria were met. A thorough
workup should include medical history, physical evaluation, and imaging, and it should be carried out on every step of
treatment and during long-term follow-up in patients after cancer treatment. This is crucial, because not only is there a possibility
of recurrence or metastases, but also a considerable percentage of patients may have a second primary lesion.
Deep-sea spider crabs of the families Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838 and Inachidae MacLeay, 1838, from the South China Sea, with descriptions of two new species (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majoidea)
Authors: Lee Bee Yan , Richer de Forges Bertrand , Ng Peter K.L.
Published: October 2017

Recent expeditions (NANHAI 2014, DONGSHA 2014 and ZHONGSHA 2015) conducted in deep waters of the South China Sea obtained interesting material of various spider crabs (Majoidea) including several new records for the area, and two new species of epialtids of the genera Oxypleurodon Miers, 1885 and Stegopleurodon Richer de Forges & Ng, 2009. Two poorly known species, previously only known from their types, Rochinia strangeri Serène & Lohavanijaya, 1973 and R. kagoshimensis (Rathbun, 1932) comb. nov., are redescribed, refigured, and their taxonomy discussed.
Les pratiques évaluatives et leurs effets dans l’intervention sociale
Authors: Artois Pierre
Published: October 2017

Le principe de l’évaluation semble être devenu une norme d’organisation dans le secteur de l’intervention sociale. À partir d’une approche critique et réflexive basée sur une étude de cas dans le secteur de l’insertion socioprofessionnelle, nous interrogeons les nouvelles formes de rationalité que produit cette normalisation du « couple inséparable » qu’est l’évaluation-indicateur. Les effets se font ainsi sentir tant au niveau de la construction des politiques publiques, que sur l’organisation du travail et des services d’intervention sociale. Enfin, un troisième niveau d’analyse, souvent oublié, peut être convoqué. Celui de l’impact sur les destinataires des dispositifs sociaux ainsi que les travailleurs eux-mêmes.
Le travail de rue et l’environnement social des jeunes
Authors: González Castillo Eduardo
Published: October 2017

Cet article discute de la manière dont la pratique du travail de rue s’insère dans l’environnement social des jeunes. Il parle notamment de l’importance de nuancer la notion de rupture sociale, qui est souvent utilisée pour décrire la situation des jeunes ayant accès à des intervenants de ce domaine. Une contribution de cet article est de montrer que le travail de rue prend de l’importance aux yeux des jeunes grâce à son insertion dans l’environnent social immédiat de ces derniers. Cette insertion concerne le genre, la famille, la socialité. L’article est élaboré à partir d’une recherche réalisée à Montréal de 2012 à 2013.
Proposition d’un cadre conceptuel illustrant trois dimensions des relations entre chercheurs et partenaires de la pratique
Authors: Gervais Mathieu-Joël , Chagnon François , Houlfort Nathalie
Published: October 2017

La valeur ajoutée d’établir des relations entre chercheurs et milieux de pratique pour favoriser l’utilisation des connaissances scientifiques n’est plus à démontrer. Il est cependant difficile de s’assurer que de telles relations amènent réellement une augmentation de l’utilisation des connaissances scientifiques dans la prise de décision. En prenant appui sur la théorie du capital social, cet article illustre trois dimensions (structurelle, relationnelle, cognitive) selon lesquelles les relations recherche-pratique devraient se construire afin de maximiser l’utilisation des connaissances scientifiques. Une réflexion critique entourant les indicateurs actuellement disponibles afin de mesurer le concept de « relations recherche-pratique » est également présentée.
El desayuno escolar; una intervención educativa en alimentación y nutrición saludable
Authors: Cubero Juánez Javier , Franco-Reynolds Lourdes , Calderón Manuel , Caro Berta , Rodrigo Maximiliano , Ruiz Constantino
Published: October 2017

El Desayuno Completo y Saludable es básico para el crecimiento además favorece un mayor rendimiento físico e intelectual durante la mañana. Dicho Desayuno debe ser siempre: Lácteos, Cereales, Frutas y sus derivados, sin olvidarnos de nuestro Aceite de Oliva. Saltarse o realizar un desayuno de mala calidad es un factor que, además, origina sobrepeso y obesidad infantil. Por ello las Organizaciones Promotoras de la Salud fomentan la intervención de hábitos saludables en Alimentación y Nutrición. Siendo uno de los objetivos este Desayuno Completo y Saludable el cual desde la escuela debe promocionarse, sobre todo fomentando la ingesta de fruta. En base a lo expuesto nuestro trabajo diseña una intervención escolar para un Desayuno Completo y Saludable, centrada en el consumo de fruta.
“Tras las huellas del maestro”: Una propuesta didáctica para el tratamiento de la represión de la memoria en el aula
Authors: Morgade Valcárcel Iria
Published: October 2017

La “represión de la memoria” es un fenómeno que reconstruye y tergiversa los recuerdos en torno al periodo de ciudadanía activa anterior a la Guerra Civil Española y en torno al brutal proceso represivo del régimen franquista, afectando así a la propia configuración de la sociedad actual.En este trabajo se realiza una diagnosis de este fenómeno en el espacio educativo y se presenta una propuesta didáctica que luche contra esta represión llevando la propia memoria al aula como objeto de estudio e intentando convertir a los alumnos en investigadores y, lo más importante, en ciudadanos críticos.
La diversidad cognitiva como criterio de selección de equipos de aprendizaje cooperativo
Authors: Pereira Nuñez Raúl Adolfo , Nuñez Benavidez Graciela Inés , Naranjo Rodríguez José Antonio
Published: October 2017

Se exponen resultados de la indagación sobre la utilización de la diversidad cognitiva como criterio de selección para constituir equipos de trabajo, en el Modelo de Aprendizaje Cooperativo. La diversidad cognitiva se determinó con la interpretación que realizaron los estudiantes basándose en la Naturaleza Corpuscular de la Materia. Se presentan resultados obtenidos con equipos homogéneos y heterogéneos conformados con distinto criterio. La muestra estuvo constituida por alumnos universitarios de tercer año del Profesorado en Química. Los resultados alcanzados muestran que la heterogeneidad cognitiva puede ser utilizada como un criterio válido para la formación de equipos cooperativos.
Las representaciones sociales del alumnado sobre la crisis. ¿Qué soluciones ofrece el alumnado ante los problemas económicos?
Authors: Olmos Vila Rafael , González Monfort Neus , Pagès Blanch Joan
Published: October 2017

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre las representaciones sociales de adolescentes de 16 a 18 años de la actual crisis económica. Estos adolescentes pertenecen a dos  grupos de bachillerato de un mismo centro educativo y provienen de contextos socioeconómicos similares, sin embargo uno de los dos cursa las asignaturas de Historia Contemporánea y Economía (Grupo A) y el otro no (Grupo B). Se recopila la información a partir de un cuestionario escrito sobre noticias actuales y de un grupo de discusión  sobre el tema. Los resultados muestran la influencia de los medios de comunicación en las respuestas de ambos grupos y una mayor viabilidad de las soluciones propuestas por los estudiantes de Economía e Historia.
RAZLIKE U STAVOVIMA O UČEŠĆU U REKREATIVNIM AKTIVNOSTIMA ISPITANICA RAZLIČITE DOBI
Authors: Jovanović Saša , Zrnić Radomir , Novaković Violeta
Published: October 2017

Proces starenja generalno posmatrano dovodi do različitih promjena motoričkihsposobnosti. Govoreći o efektima rekreativnog vežbanja, prema većini dosadašnjihistraživanja, uglavnom se navode: poboljšanje emocionalnog zdravlja, raspoloženja imotivacije, pozitivni efekti na emocionalnu i socijalnu prilagođenost, jačanje osećanja ličnevrednosti; dolazi do smanjenje agresivnosti, smanjenje generalnog zamora, pozitivni efektina formiranje stavova prema rekreativnim aktivnostima. Upravo ta motivacija za bavljenjerekreativnim aktivnostima je različita i sve je više u porastu. Cilj rada je pokušajidentifikovanja i vrednovanja nekih stavova vježbača prema rekreativnim aktivnostima pogodinama života, vremenu i učestalosti vježbanja, zdravstvenom statusu te samoj motivacijiza učešćem u aktivnostima. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 134 osobe ženskog pola.Ispitanice su se prije ispunjavanja upitnika bavile redovno različitim rekreativnimaktivnostima. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da postoji dovoljno veliika svjesnost ispitanica,u oba subuzorka, da se redovnim učešćem u rekreativnim aktivnostima kroz duži niz godina iredovnim sedmičnim treniranjem može pozitivno uticati na zdravstvene potrebe ispitanica.Zrelost kod pripadnica grupe preko 30 godina ukazuje na to da su spremnije da odvoje neštoviše vremena u toku sedmice za vježbanje što se može povezati i sa ukupnim socijalnim iporodičnim uređenjem njihovih života. Dobijeni rezultati generalno ukazuju na pozitivan stavispitanica ka učešću u rekreativnim aktivnostima uz određene razlike posmatrane pogodinama starosti. Neki od itema upitnika pokazali su potrebu za daljim istraživanjem u tompravcu, kako bismo imali što veći broj zadovoljnih učesnika rekreativnih aktivnosti i potrebudaljeg angažmana ljudi iz struke te potrebu za njihovim daljim usavršavanjem u područjumotivacije i animacije potencijalnih vježbača.
RAZLIKE U EKSPLOZIVNOJ SNAZI DONJIH EKSTREMITETA IZMEĐU MLADIH ODBOJKAŠICA RAZLIČITOG UZRASTA
Authors: Ranitović Vladana
Published: October 2017

Pliometrija je savremen metod rada koji dozvoljava pojedincu veći razvoj sile nego štoje moguće, koristeći jednostavni trening snage. Eksplozivna snaga izražena kroz eksplozivneskokove je sposobnost neuromuskularnog sistema ispitanika da ispolji naprezanje mišića unajmanjem vremenskom intervalu. Cilj istraživanja je ispitati postoje li statistički značajnerazlike pri radu vežbi za eksplozivnu snagu donjih ekstremiteta izmedju mladih odbojkašicarazličitog uzrasta Uzrok ispitanika sačinjavalo je 20 mladih odbojkašica Odbojkaškog kluba“Klenak”, 12 devojčica urzasta 10-12 godina i 8 devojčica uzrasta od 12-14 godina.Zaistraživanje je korištena baterija testova od 6 valjanih i pouzdanih testova sa procenumotoričkih obeležja eksplozivne snage nogu:Maksimalan dohvat sa dve ruke iz mesta(DOH2RM); Maksimalan dohvat u smeču (DOHSM); Maksimalan dohvat u bloku iz mesta(DOHBLM); Maksimalan dohvat u bloku iz zaleta (DOHBLZ); Skok u dalj iz mesta (MDM);Skok u dalj iz zaleta (MDZ). Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na povezanost dve grupedevojčica različitog uzrasta, gde ima značajne razlike u proceni motoričih testovaeksplozivne snage donjih ekstremiteta. Na osnovu dobijenih vrednosti rezultata može sezaključiti da su se u ovom uzrastu na ovim grupama sportista izdiferencirale razlike upogledu eksplozivne snage donjih ekstreniteta.
Food science and technology students self-evaluate soft and technical skills
Authors: M. Flynn Katherine , Ho Peter , C. Vieira Margarida , Pittia Paola , Dalla Rosa Marco
Published: October 2017

Food Scientists and Technologists (FS&T) need diverse skills in the globalized food and drink sector: Food-specific or scientific / technical skills and generic or intuitive soft skills. This study determined how satisfied FS&T students were with overall improvement, and in key technical and soft skills, based on their university work; and if satisfaction was linked to geography, degree in progress, anticipated degree, anticipated work place or anticipated job responsibility. An on-line survey was completed by 267 students in over 20 countries using a 5-point Likert scale to evaluate satisfaction. Responses were analyzed by the Friedman or Kruskal Wallis tests for more than two groups, otherwise by the Wilcoxon Signed Rank or Mann-Whitney tests. There were no differences in Overall Satisfaction with technical and soft skills training. Among soft skills, training in Working with Others and Being Responsible were more often rated “Excellent” and students were more satisfied with their training than with Solving Problems, Communication and Positive Attitude. Students anticipating a job with high responsibility were more satisfied with overall soft skill training and with 3 of the 5 specific soft skills. Among technical skills, students were more satisfied with improvement in basic sciences (Microbiology, Chemistry, Processing, Safety), and those in Northern Europe were more satisfied with overall technical training. These data show variations in perception and/or efficacy of technical and soft skill training in Food Science programmes and underline the need for separate attention to the incorporation of soft skill training into the design of FS&T courses.
Drying characteristics of zucchini and empirical modeling of its drying process
Authors: Kutlu Naciye , Isci Asli
Published: October 2017

The aim of the study was to dry zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) by two different methods (convective hot-air (CHD) and microwave-assisted drying (MWD)). The effect of air temperature (60, 70 and 80°C), microwave (MW) power (180, 360, 540 W) and sample thickness (5 and 10 mm) on some drying characteristics of zucchini were investigated. Thirteen mathematical models available in the literature were fitted to the experimental moisture ratio data. The coefficients of the models were determined by non-linear regression analysis. It was determined that the model that fits the moisture ratio data the best varies at different drying conditions. Increasing drying temperature and MW power and reducing sample thickness improved the drying rate and drying time. Drying in microwave has reduced the drying time by 52-64% for zucchini. It was found that the effective moisture diffusivities increased with increasing temperature and MW power. MWD samples had better rehydration ratios compared to ones dried only in tray drier for 5 mm thickness.
RNA polymerase II stalling at pre-mRNA splice sites is enforced by ubiquitination of the catalytic subunit
Authors: Milligan Laura , Sayou Camille , Tuck Alex , Auchynnikava Tatsiana , Reid Jane EA , Alexander Ross , Alves Flavia de Lima , Allshire Robin , Spanos Christos , Rappsilber Juri , Beggs Jean D , Kudla Grzegorz , Tollervey David
Published: October 2017

Numerous links exist between co-transcriptional RNA processing and the transcribing RNAPII. In particular, pre-mRNA splicing was reported to be associated with slowed RNAPII elongation. Here, we identify a site of ubiquitination (K1246) in the catalytic subunit of RNAPII close to the DNA entry path. Ubiquitination was increased in the absence of the Bre5-Ubp3 ubiquitin protease complex. Bre5 binds RNA in vivo, with a preference for exon 2 regions of intron-containing pre-mRNAs and poly(A) proximal sites. Ubiquitinated RNAPII showed similar enrichment. The absence of Bre5 led to impaired splicing and defects in RNAPII elongation in vivo on a splicing reporter construct. Strains expressing RNAPII with a K1246R mutation showed reduced co-transcriptional splicing. We propose that ubiquinitation of RNAPII is induced by RNA processing events and linked to transcriptional pausing, which is released by Bre5-Ubp3 associated with the nascent transcript.
Observing the Impact of Calbuco Volcanic Aerosols on South Polar Ozone Depletion in 2015
Authors: Stone Kane A. , Solomon Susan , Kinnison Doug E. , Pitts Michael C. , Poole Lamont R. , Mills Michael J. , Schmidt Anja , Neely Ryan R. , Ivy Diane , Schwartz Michael J. , Vernier Jean‐Paul , Johnson Bryan J. , Tully Matthew B. , Klekociuk Andrew R. , König‐Langlo Gert , Hagiya Satoshi
Published: October 2017

The Southern Hemisphere Antarctic stratosphere experienced two noteworthy events in 2015: a significant injection of sulfur from the Calbuco volcanic eruption in Chile in April and a record‐large Antarctic ozone hole in October and November. Here we quantify Calbuco's influence on stratospheric ozone depletion in austral spring 2015 using observations and an Earth system model. We analyze ozonesondes, as well as data from the Microwave Limb Sounder. We employ the Community Earth System Model, version 1, with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) in a specified dynamics setup, which includes calculations of volcanic effects. The Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization data indicate enhanced volcanic liquid sulfate 532 nm backscatter values as far poleward as 68°S during October and November (in broad agreement with WACCM). Comparison of the location of the enhanced aerosols to ozone data supports the view that aerosols played a major role in increasing the ozone hole size, especially at pressure levels between 150 and 100 hPa. Ozonesonde vertical ozone profiles from the sites of Syowa, South Pole, and Neumayer display the lowest individual October or November measurements at 150 hPa since the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption period, with Davis showing similarly low values, but no available 1990 data. The analysis suggests that under the cold conditions ideal for ozone depletion, stratospheric volcanic aerosol particles from the moderate‐magnitude eruption of Calbuco in 2015 greatly enhanced austral ozone depletion, particularly at 55–68°S, where liquid binary sulfate aerosols have a large influence on ozone concentrations.
The Challenge Posed by Geomagnetic Activity to Electric Power Reliability: Evidence From England and Wales
Authors: Forbes Kevin F. , St. Cyr O. C.
Published: October 2017

This paper addresses whether geomagnetic activity challenged the reliability of the electric power system during part of the declining phase of solar cycle 23. Operations by National Grid in England and Wales are examined over the period of 11 March 2003 through 31 March 2005. This paper examines the relationship between measures of geomagnetic activity and a metric of challenged electric power reliability known as the net imbalance volume (NIV). Measured in megawatt hours, NIV represents the sum of all energy deployments initiated by the system operator to balance the electric power system. The relationship between geomagnetic activity and NIV is assessed using a multivariate econometric model. The model was estimated using half‐hour settlement data over the period of 11 March 2003 through 31 December 2004. The results indicate that geomagnetic activity had a demonstrable effect on NIV over the sample period. Based on the parameter estimates, out‐of‐sample predictions of NIV were generated for each half hour over the period of 1 January to 31 March 2005. Consistent with the existence of a causal relationship between geomagnetic activity and the electricity market imbalance, the root‐mean‐square error of the out‐of‐sample predictions of NIV is smaller; that is, the predictions are more accurate, when the statistically significant estimated effects of geomagnetic activity are included as drivers in the predictions.
Analog‐Based Postprocessing of Navigation‐Related Hydrological Ensemble Forecasts
Authors: Hemri S. , Klein B.
Published: October 2017

Inland waterway transport benefits from probabilistic forecasts of water levels as they allow to optimize the ship load and, hence, to minimize the transport costs. Probabilistic state‐of‐the‐art hydrologic ensemble forecasts inherit biases and dispersion errors from the atmospheric ensemble forecasts they are driven with. The use of statistical postprocessing techniques like ensemble model output statistics (EMOS) allows for a reduction of these systematic errors by fitting a statistical model based on training data. In this study, training periods for EMOS are selected based on forecast analogs, i.e., historical forecasts that are similar to the forecast to be verified. Due to the strong autocorrelation of water levels, forecast analogs have to be selected based on entire forecast hydrographs in order to guarantee similar hydrograph shapes. Custom‐tailored measures of similarity for forecast hydrographs comprise hydrological series distance (SD), the hydrological matching algorithm (HMA), and dynamic time warping (DTW). Verification against observations reveals that EMOS forecasts for water level at three gauges along the river Rhine with training periods selected based on SD, HMA, and DTW compare favorably with reference EMOS forecasts, which are based on either seasonal training periods or on training periods obtained by dividing the hydrological forecast trajectories into runoff regimes.
Experimental Investigation of Hysteretic Dynamic Capillarity Effect in Unsaturated Flow
Authors: Zhuang Luwen , Hassanizadeh S. Majid , Qin Chao‐Zhong , de Waal Arjen
Published: October 2017

The difference between average pressures of two immiscible fluids is commonly assumed to be the same as macroscopic capillary pressure, which is considered to be a function of saturation only. However, under transient conditions, a dependence of this pressure difference on the time rate of saturation change has been observed by many researchers. This is commonly referred to as dynamic capillarity effect. As a first‐order approximation, the dynamic term is assumed to be linearly dependent on the time rate of change of saturation, through a material coefficient denoted by τ. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out to quantify the dynamic capillarity effect in an unsaturated sandy soil. Primary, main, and scanning drainage experiments, under both static and dynamic conditions, were performed on a sandy soil in a small cell. The value of the dynamic capillarity coefficient τ was calculated from the air‐water pressure differences and average saturation values during static and dynamic drainage experiments. We found a dependence of τ on saturation, which showed a similar trend for all drainage conditions. However, at any given saturation, the value of τ for primary drainage was larger than the value for main drainage and that was in turn larger than the value for scanning drainage. Each data set was fit a simple log‐linear equation, with different values of fitting parameters. This nonuniqueness of the relationship between τ and saturation and possible causes is discussed.
Soil nutrients and pre‐European contact agriculture in the leeward Kohala field system, Island of Hawai‘i
Authors: LADEFOGED THEGN N. , PRESTON ALISON , VITOUSEK PETER M. , CHADWICK OLIVER A. , STEIN JULIE , GRAVES MICHAEL W. , LINCOLN NOA
Published: October 2017

Studies in the leeward Kohala field system on Hawai‘i Island have considered the processes and timing of agricultural development associated with sociopolitical transformations and the production of agricultural surpluses. Using extensive soil sampling, we explore the use of relatively mobile and immobile soil parameters within the agricultural landscape to interpret the development and maintenance of the system over time. Results show that in the context of the leeward Kohala field system, the immobile element niobium can be used to interpret the location of ancient ground surfaces and that phosphorus is stable enough to be used to understand anthropogenic influences. In contrast, total and exchangeable calcium are too mobile to indicate purely anthropogenic processes. Data suggest that there was more intensive depletion of soil phosphorus on agricultural alignments than in field areas between the alignments, potentially explained by traditional cropping methods associated with the system. Spatial analyses within the field system identifies an area with high naturally occurring soil nutrient levels.
Genetic background effects in Neuroligin‐3 mutant mice: Minimal behavioral abnormalities on C57 background
Authors: Jaramillo Thomas C. , Escamilla Christine Ochoa , Liu Shunan , Peca Lauren , Birnbaum Shari G. , Powell Craig M.
Published: October 2017

Neuroligin‐3 (NLGN3) is a postsynaptic cell adhesion protein that interacts with presynaptic ligands including neurexin‐1 (NRXN1) [Ichtchenko et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 2676–2682, 1996]. Mice harboring a mutation in the NLGN3 gene (NL3R451C) mimicking a mutation found in two brothers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were previously generated and behaviorally phenotyped for autism‐related behaviors. In these NL3R451C mice generated and tested on a hybrid C57BL6J/129S2/SvPasCrl background, we observed enhanced spatial memory and reduced social interaction [Tabuchi et al., Science, 318, 71–76, 2007]. Curiously, an independently generated second line of mice harboring the same mutation on a C57BL6J background exhibited minimal aberrant behavior, thereby providing apparently discrepant results. To investigate the origin of the discrepancy, we previously replicated the original findings of Tabuchi et al. by studying the same NL3R451C mutation on a pure 129S2/SvPasCrl genetic background. Here we complete the behavioral characterization of the NL3R451C mutation on a pure C57BL6J genetic background to determine if background genetics play a role in the discrepant behavioral outcomes involving NL3R451C mice. NL3R451C mutant mice on a pure C57BL6J background did not display spatial memory enhancements or social interaction deficits. We only observed a decreased startle response and mildly increased locomotor activity in these mice suggesting that background genetics influences behavioral outcomes involving the NL3R451C mutation. Autism Res 2018, 11: 234–244. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Behavioral symptoms of autism can be highly variable, even in cases that involve identical genetic mutations. Previous studies in mice with a mutation of the Neuroligin‐3 gene showed enhanced learning and social deficits. We replicated these findings on the same and different genetic backgrounds. In this study, however, the same mutation in mice on a different genetic background did not reproduce our previous findings. Our results suggest that genetic background influences behavioral symptoms of this autism‐associated mutation.
Iron‐Catalyzed C−O Bond Activation: Opportunity for Sustainable Catalysis
Authors: Bisz Elwira , Szostak Michal
Published: October 2017

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Michal Szostak at the University of Opole. The image shows how the oxygen‐based electrophiles can be merged with sustainable iron catalysis to create an environmentally friendly platform for cross‐coupling. The Minireview itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201701287.
Integrated in silico and in vivo approaches to investigate effects of BDE-99 mediated by the nuclear receptors on developing zebrafish
Authors: Zhang Li , Jin Yaru , Han Zhihua , Liu Hongling , Shi Laihao , Hua Xiaoxue , Doering Jon A. , Tang Song , Giesy John P. , Yu Hongxia
Published: October 2017

One of the most abundant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99), which persists and potentially bioaccumulates in aquatic wildlife. Previous studies in mammals have shown that BDE-99 affects development and disrupts certain endocrine functions through signaling pathways mediated by nuclear receptors. However, fewer studies have investigated the potential of BDE-99 to interact with nuclear receptors in aquatic vertebrates such as fish. In the present study, interactions between BDE-99 and nuclear receptors were investigated by in silico and in vivo approaches. This PBDE was able to dock into the ligand-binding domain of zebrafish aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AhR2) and pregnane X receptor (PXR). It had a significant effect on the transcriptional profiles of genes associated with AhR or PXR. Based on the developed cytoscape of all zebrafish genes, it was also inferred that AhR and PXR could interact via cross-talk. In addition, both the in silico and in vivo approaches found that BDE-99 affected peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor alpha (PPARα), glucocorticoid receptor, and thyroid receptor. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time detailed in silico evidence that BDE-99 can bind to and interact with zebrafish AhR and PXR. These findings can be used to elaborate the molecular mechanism of BDE-99 and guide more objective environmental risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:780–787. © 2017 SETAC

Abstract

BDE-99 was drawn by ChemBioDraw (ChemBioOffice 2008, CambridgeSoft, Corp., USA). In the part of “in silico investigations”, the picture of NRs and the interaction between BDE-99 and z-AhR2, z-PXR were generated and captured in PyMol (Version 0.99, open source), and the plot of RMSDs was generated by Origin 8 (OriginLab Corp, Northampton, MA, USA). The pictures of “in vivo investigations” were taken in the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse at School of the Environment of Nanjing University. The panoramic map of signaling pathways was integrated within Cytoscape software v3.1.1 (Cytoscape consortium, San Diego, CA, USA). Morphology effects on embryos/larvae were taken by an inverted stereomicroscope in the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse at School of the Environment of Nanjing University. All pictures were either drawn or taken by the authors of this study.
Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging hepatic proton density fat fraction in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Middleton Michael S. , Van Natta Mark L. , Heba Elhamy R. , Alazraki Adina , Trout Andrew T. , Masand Prakash , Brunt Elizabeth M. , Kleiner David E. , Doo Edward , Tonascia James , Lavine Joel E. , Shen Wei , Hamilton Gavin , Schwimmer Jeffrey B. , Sirlin Claude B. ,   for the NASH Clinical Research Network
Published: October 2017

We assessed the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in children to stratify hepatic steatosis grade before and after treatment in the Cysteamine Bitartrate Delayed‐Release for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children (CyNCh) trial, using centrally scored histology as reference. Participants had multiecho 1.5 Tesla (T) or 3T MRI on scanners from three manufacturers. Of 169 enrolled children, 110 (65%) and 83 (49%) had MRI and liver biopsy at baseline and at end of treatment (EOT; 52 weeks), respectively. At baseline, 17% (19 of 110), 28% (31 of 110), and 55% (60 of 110) of liver biopsies showed grades 1, 2, and 3 histological steatosis; corresponding PDFF (mean ± SD) values were 10.9 ± 4.1%, 18.4 ± 6.2%, and 25.7 ± 9.7%, respectively. PDFF classified grade 1 versus 2‐3 and 1‐2 versus 3 steatosis with areas under receiving operator characteristic curves (AUROCs) of 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80, 0.94) and 0.79 (0.70, 0.87), respectively. PDFF cutoffs at 90% specificity were 17.5% for grades 2‐3 steatosis and 23.3% for grade 3 steatosis. At EOT, 47% (39 of 83), 41% (34 of 83), and 12% (10 of 83) of biopsies showed improved, unchanged, and worsened steatosis grade, respectively, with corresponding PDFF (mean ± SD) changes of –7.8 ± 6.3%, –1.2 ± 7.8%, and 4.9 ± 5.0%, respectively. PDFF change classified steatosis grade improvement and worsening with AUROCs (95% CIs) of 0.76 (0.66, 0.87) and 0.83 (0.73, 0.92), respectively. PDFF change cut‐off values at 90% specificity were –11.0% and +5.5% for improvement and worsening. Conclusion: MRI‐estimated PDFF has high diagnostic accuracy to both classify and predict histological steatosis grade and change in histological steatosis grade in children with NAFLD. (Hepatology 2018;67:858–872)
The appeal of doing business in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Shanghai
Authors: Chauvin Clémence , Chenavaz Régis
Published: October 2017

Why do Hong Kong, Singapore, and Shanghai boast so many head offices of foreign companies in the Asia‐Pacific region? A review of the social and economic policies of those megalopolises, complemented with feedback from 52 businesspeople who have lived and worked there, reveals that to varying degrees, each of these urban centers offers a business‐friendly environment, political stability, advantageous tax policies, and a highly educated workforce. These characteristics appeal to the leaders of multinational firms, as well as to individuals seeking an international experience with an established organization or their own startup.
Preoperative Ultrasonographic Assessment of the Anterior Pelvic Plane for Personalized Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Kochman Andrzej , Goral Adrian , Kozak Josef , Marek Wojciech , Morawska‐Kochman Monika , Synder Marek
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Correct positioning of the acetabular component is a key factor in minimizing the risk of dislocation after total hip replacement (THR) surgery. A “safe” orientation of the cup is usually defined by 2 angles measured between its geometric axis and the anterior pelvic plane. However, in the current state‐of‐the‐art approach to THR surgery, the intraoperative orientation of the anterior pelvic plane cannot be measured. Even less is known about the functional orientation of the pelvis, which determines the postoperative orientation of the cup during the patient's everyday activities. The aim of this article is to present an original approach to personalized THR surgery, in which the necessary measurements are done preoperatively without interfering with the surgical work flow, and the individual orientation of the cup is obtained without navigation using standard tools that are available in the operating room.

Methods

To quantify the effect of the anatomic conditions on the final orientation of the cup, we measured the orientation of the anterior pelvic plane in 43 patients scheduled for THR using a newly developed noninvasive method based on ultrasonography and mobile devices.

Results

Our results confirm a large variability of the pelvic orientation in both supine and standing positions. We further show how this variability affects the final position of the cup and discuss its consequences for the patient. Finally, we explore a few practical solutions for individualized cup placement, including our own approach, which is based on tilting of the operating table.

Conclusions

In this work, we show that the common guidelines used today for cup implantation can only be effectively applied to a small portion of the population. In most cases, it is crucial that the orientation of the cup is readjusted for the particular anatomy of the individual patient.
Advancing Prenatal Detection of Congenital Heart Disease: A Novel Screening Protocol Improves Early Diagnosis of Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Letourneau Karen M. , Horne David , Soni Reeni N. , McDonald Keith R. , Karlicki Fern C. , Fransoo Randy R.
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Prenatal diagnosis of complex congenital heart disease (CHD) during routine obstetric ultrasound (US) examinations improves postnatal outcomes, but sensitivity is low (<40%). Our objective was to improve our prenatal detection of complex CHD with implementation of a specific screening protocol.

Methods

From January 2003 to December 2013, 506 consecutive confirmed cases of complex CHD in the province of Manitoba, Canada, were analyzed to compare the sensitivity and positive predictive value of prenatal US detection of complex CHD before and after the introduction of a novel prenatal screening protocol. The intervention was done in October 2004, emphasizing screening and not diagnosis of complex CHD. It involved education, practical scanning tips, a checklist, and feedback on cases. We also assessed the effect of the intervention in different screening settings: community hospitals, tertiary hospitals, and fetal assessment units.

Results

The sensitivity for detecting complex CHD increased from 29.8% to 88.3% (P < .0001), while the positive predictive value remained high. The largest improvement in detection was found for US units in community hospitals (52.4% higher; P < .0001), followed by tertiary hospitals (39.9%; P = .0004), and fetal assessment units (7.2%; P = .16). Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the presentation of neonates in critical condition from before to after the implementation (24.3% to 13.1%, respectively; P = .0165).

Conclusions

Implementing a focused routine prenatal screening protocol can vastly improve detection rates of critical cardiac abnormalities. The improvement in community hospitals was particularly important because early detection ensured that the birth was planned to take place in an appropriate facility. Our novel protocol can be performed by all sonographers, regardless of experience, equipment used, and hospital setting.
Investigation into the cellular origins of posterior regeneration in the annelid Capitella teleta
Authors: de Jong Danielle M. , Seaver Elaine C.
Published: October 2017

Many animals can regenerate, although there is great diversity in regenerative capabilities. A major question in regenerative biology is determining the cellular source of newly formed tissue. The polychaete annelid, Capitella teleta, can regenerate posterior segments following transverse amputation. However, the source, behavior and molecular characteristics of the cells that form new tissue during regeneration are largely unknown. Using an indirect cell tracking method involving 5′‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, we show that cell migration occurs during C. teleta posterior regeneration. Expression of the multipotency/germ line marker CapI‐vasa led us to hypothesize that stem cells originate from a multipotent progenitor cell (MPC) cluster, migrate through the coelomic cavity, and contribute to regeneration of tissue. We show that the capacity for posterior regeneration and segment formation is greater with than without the MPC cluster. Finally, we propose a working model of posterior regeneration in C. teleta. This work is the first in C. teleta that addresses the potential source of cells contributing to posterior regeneration, and may provide clues as to why some animals are highly successful regenerators.
Fresh Noncultured Endothelial Progenitor Cells Improve Neonatal Lung Hyperoxia-Induced Alveolar Injury
Authors: Firsova Alexandra B. , Bird A. Daniel , Abebe Degu , Ng Judy , Mollard Richard , Cole Timothy J.
Published: October 2017

Treatment of preterm human infants with high oxygen can result in disrupted lung alveolar and vascular development. Local or systemic administration of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is reported to remedy such disruption in animal models. In this study, the effects of both fresh (enriched for KDR) and cultured bone marrow (BM)-derived cell populations with EPC characteristics were examined following hyperoxia in neonatal mouse lungs. Intraperitoneal injection of fresh EPCs into five-day-old mice treated with 90% oxygen resulted in full recovery of hyperoxia-induced alveolar disruption by 56 days of age. Partial recovery in septal number following hyperoxia was observed following injection of short-term cultured EPCs, yet aberrant tissue growths appeared following injection of long-term cultured cells. Fresh and long-term cultured cells had no impact on blood vessel development. Short-term cultured cells increased blood vessel number in normoxic and hyperoxic mice by 28 days but had no impact on day 56. Injection of fresh EPCs into normoxic mice significantly reduced alveolarization compared with phosphate buffered saline-injected normoxic controls. These results indicate that fresh BM EPCs have a higher and safer corrective profile in a hyperoxia-induced lung injury model compared with cultured BM EPCs but may be detrimental to the normoxic lung. The appearance of aberrant tissue growths and other side effects following injection of cultured EPCs warrants further investigation.
Ambient‐Temperature Energy Storage with Polyvalent Metal–Sulfur Chemistry
Authors: Yu Xingwen , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: October 2017

Electrochemical energy storage with ambient‐ or room‐temperature (RT) non‐aqueous sulfur chemistry has attracted much attention. In addition to the great attention to lithium–sulfur chemistry and sodium–sulfur chemistry, the attention toward polyvalent metal–sulfur chemistry has increased. RT sulfur batteries with magnesium, calcium, and aluminum anodes are of particular interest. In comparison to alkali metal (lithium and sodium) anodes, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum offer multiple advantageous features in terms of safety, abundance, and cost. Therefore, rechargeable battery systems with magnesium–sulfur (Mg–S), calcium–sulfur (Ca–S), and aluminum–sulfur (Al–S) chemistries are promising low‐cost options for large‐scale electrical energy storage. However, the research on these battery chemistries/technologies is still in its infancy and is currently hampered by many critical challenges. Here, the historical development, fundamental principles, recent progress, and key challenges of Mg–S, Ca–S, and Al–S batteries are summarized. Similarities and differences between the alkali metal (Li, Na, and K)–sulfur chemistries and the polyvalent metal (Mg, Ca, and Al)–sulfur chemistries are discussed. Finally, future research and development directions are suggested.
Unanimous Consensus Against AGM?
Authors: Stewart Rush T. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2017

Given the role consensus is supposed to play in the social aspects of inquiry and deliberation, it is important that we may always identify a consensus as the basis of joint inquiry and deliberation. However, it turns out that if we think of an agent revising her beliefs to reach a consensus, then, on the received view of belief revision, AGM belief revision theory, certain simple and compelling consensus positions are not always available.
Atomism and Composition
Authors: Uzquiano Gabriel ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2017

Atomism is the thesis that every object is composed of atoms. This principle is generally regimented by means of an atomicity axiom according to which every object has atomic parts. But there appears to be a sense that something is amiss with atomistic mereology. We look at three concerns, which, while importantly different, involve infinite descending chains of proper parts and have led some to question standard formalizations of atomism and composition in mereology.
Cover Image, Volume 4, Issue 6
Authors: Pfister Laurent , Wetzel Carlos E. , Klaus Julian , Martínez‐Carreras Núria , Antonelli Marta , Teuling Adriaan J. , McDonnell Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

The cover image, by Laurent Pfister et al, is based on Advanced Review Terrestrial diatoms as tracers in catchment hydrology: a review, DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1241.

image