bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chantal Akerman
Authors: Walsh Maria
Published: October 2017

Chantal Akerman (b. 1950, Brussels, Belgium–d. 2015, Paris, France) was a Belgian film director who made over forty films, including features, documentaries, and shorts, many of which were created for French television. She also made over ten video art installations and wrote two autobiographical novellas and one play. Akerman’s desire to become a filmmaker was inspired by seeing Jean-Luc Godard’s Pierrot le fou (1965) when she was fifteen. Her first film, the thirteen-minute Saute ma ville (Blow Up My Town, 1968) was made shortly after leaving the Belgian film school INSAS, which she attended briefly in 1967. She also briefly attended the Université Internationale du Théâtre in Paris, leaving to pursue her own projects. After completing a second film in 1971, Akerman left Europe for New York, where she discovered the structuralist cinema of Michael Snow and the experimental autobiographical films of Jonas Mekas at the Anthology Film Archives. Both of these were lasting influences, informing her commitment to alternative ways of telling stories without using conventional narrative. She also met Babette Mangolte, who became her cinematographer for her New York films, as well as for the films she made between her two trips to the city in the early 1970s: Je tu il elle (1974) and Jeanne Dielman, 23, Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975). The latter film promoted her to auteur status and heralded her as a feminist director, its release coinciding with heated debates about women’s cinema and feminist film theory. In the 1980s and 1990s, Akerman drew on the clichés and tropes of genres such as romance, melodrama, comedy, and the musical, subjecting them all to her signature hyperreal, deconstructive style. While many of these films evidenced permutational narrative structures, her films are more generally associated with static camera shots and durational tracking sequences, making her foray into installation art in 1995 a logical extension of her work. Akerman’s documentaries, located in different corners of the world, extend the nomadic dimension of her cinema. From the late 1980s onward, themes of the Holocaust and Jewish diaspora became more overt in her work. Her final film, No Home Movie (2015), was an autobiographical documentary about her mother’s illness and death, the mother-daughter relationship being a predominant theme throughout her oeuvre. While Akerman is well regarded as a European/French cineaste, exhibitions of her installations and related feature films became an important form of distribution. A major touring US survey of Akerman’s installations was organized in 2009 by Blaffer Gallery, the Art Museum of the University of Houston, the MIT List Visual Arts Center, MAC@MAM, and the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis. A major UK exhibition of her installation works was held at Ambika P3, London, in 2015 as a finale to a unique year-long screening of all of her films at the ICA, London, organized with film collective A Nos Amours.
Eugene and Howard Odum
Authors: Hagen Joel
Published: October 2017

Eugene P. (b. 1913–d. 2002) and Howard T. (b. 1924–d. 2002) Odum were leading figures in the development of ecosystem ecology after the Second World War. They were from a prominent academic family. Their father, the sociologist Howard Washington Odum, was a leading organicist thinker. From their father, Eugene and Howard took the idea of the integration of parts to form a larger social whole, which they later expanded in their holistic ecosystem thinking. The New Deal progressivism that their father espoused became the basis for the Odums’ optimism about protecting the environment through rational planning based on the application of ecological principles. More generally, Howard Washington Odum encouraged his sons’ boyhood interests in science, particularly ornithology. Despite their close identification with the study of ecosystems, both of the younger Odums maintained a strong interest in natural history throughout their careers. The two brothers had contrasting personalities, intellectual perspectives, and styles of research. Yet, despite the differences and some sibling rivalry, they collaborated in a number of significant ways to influence the direction of modern ecology. Most importantly, their deep commitment to the ecosystem as the central concept in ecology and environmental sciences shaped their work, both independently and collaboratively. During the early 1950s, they conducted an important study of ecosystem function on Eniwetok Atoll, the site of US nuclear weapons testing. Like much of their ecosystem research, the study was supported by the US Atomic Energy Commission. Although not directed specifically toward environmental issues of radiation, the work highlighted the coral reef ecosystem as a highly integrated and cooperative assemblage of organisms. The resulting publication was awarded the Mercer Prize from the Ecological Society of America in 1956. Three years later, the second edition of Eugene Odum’s Fundamentals of Ecology was published. This was an expanded edition that included important new chapters on ecosystem energetics and biogeochemical cycling written by H.T. After these early collaborative projects, the Odums pursued largely independent careers and rarely co-authored publications. Nonetheless, their interests in ecosystems continued to intertwine, and although H.T. did not directly contribute to later editions of Fundamentals of Ecology, his important contributions to a theoretical systems ecology continued to inform his brother’s highly influential textbook. The symbiotic relationship between the Odum brothers was recognized later in their careers when they were jointly awarded the Prix de l’Insitut de la Vie in 1975 by the French government and the 1987 Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Substance abuse screening in adolescents
Authors: DelRosario Genevieve , Kahle Laura , Lewis Kimberly , Lepper Leigh Tenkku
Published: October 2017

Substance abuse among adolescents is a significant public health challenge. This article reviews changes to the American Academy of Pediatrics' policy statement recommending the use of SBIRT (screening, brief intervention, and referral for treatment) to screen adolescents for substance abuse.
EQual, a Novel Rubric to Evaluate Entrustable Professional Activities for Quality and Structure
Authors: Taylor David R. , Park Yoon Soo , Egan Rylan , Chan Ming-Ka , Karpinski Jolanta , Touchie Claire , Snell Linda S. , Tekian Ara
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) have become a cornerstone of assessment in competency-based medical education (CBME). Increasingly, EPAs are being adopted that do not conform to EPA standards. This study aimed to develop and validate a scoring rubric to evaluate EPAs for alignment with their purpose, and to identify substandard EPAs.

Method

The EQual rubric was developed and revised by a team of education scholars with expertise in EPAs. It was then applied by four residency program directors/CBME leads (PDs) and four nonclinician support staff to 31 stage-specific EPAs developed for internal medicine in the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada’s Competency by Design framework. Results were analyzed using a generalizability study to evaluate overall reliability, with the EPAs as the object of measurement. Item-level analysis was performed to determine reliability and discrimination value for each item. Scores from the PDs were also compared with decisions about revisions made independently by the education scholars group.

Results

The EQual rubric demonstrated high reliability in the G-study with a phi-coefficient of 0.84 when applied by the PDs, and moderate reliability when applied by the support staff at 0.67. Item-level analysis identified three items that performed poorly with low item discrimination and low interrater reliability indices. Scores from support staff only moderately correlated with PDs. Using the preestablished cut score, PDs identified 9 of 10 EPAs deemed to require major revision.

Conclusions

EQual rubric scores reliably measured alignment of EPAs with literature-described standards. Further, its application accurately identified EPAs requiring major revisions.
Learning From Patients: Why Continuity Matters
Authors: Asgarova Sevinj , MacKenzie Mark , Bates Joanna
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Patient continuity, described as the student participating in the provision of comprehensive care of patients over time, may offer particular opportunities for student learning. The aim of this study was to describe how students experience patient continuity and what they learn from it.

Method

An interpretive phenomenological study was conducted between 2015 and 2016. Seventeen fourth-year medical students were interviewed following a longitudinal clinical placement and asked to describe their experiences of patient continuity and what they learned from each experience. Transcripts were analyzed by iteratively refining and testing codes, using health system definitions of patient continuity as sensitizing concepts to develop descriptive themes.

Results

Students described three different forms of patient continuity. Continuity of care, or relational continuity, enabled students to build trusting and professional relationships with their patients. Geographical continuity allowed students to access information about patients from electronic records and their preceptors which allowed students to achieve diagnostic closure and learn to reevaluate their decisions. Students valued the learning that accrued from following challenging patients and addressing challenging decisions over time. Although difficult, these patient continuity experiences led students to critical reflection that was both iterative and deep, leading to intentions for future behavior.

Conclusions

Patient continuity in medical education does not depend solely on face-to-face continuity. Within various patient continuity experiences, following challenging patients and experiencing unanticipated diagnostic and management outcomes trigger critical reflection in students, leading to deep learning.
Validity Evidence and Scoring Guidelines for Standardized Patient Encounters and Patient Notes From a Multisite Study of Clinical Performance Examinations in Seven Medical Schools
Authors: Park Yoon Soo , Hyderi Abbas , Heine Nancy , May Win , Nevins Andrew , Lee Ming , Bordage Georges , Yudkowsky Rachel
Published: October 2017

Purpose

To examine validity evidence of local graduation competency examination scores from seven medical schools using shared cases and to provide rater training protocols and guidelines for scoring patient notes (PNs).

Method

Between May and August 2016, clinical cases were developed, shared, and administered across seven medical schools (990 students participated). Raters were calibrated using training protocols, and guidelines were developed collaboratively across sites to standardize scoring. Data included scores from standardized patient encounters for history taking, physical examination, and PNs. Descriptive statistics were used to examine scores from the different assessment components. Generalizability studies (G-studies) using variance components were conducted to estimate reliability for composite scores.

Results

Validity evidence was collected for response process (rater perception), internal structure (variance components, reliability), relations to other variables (interassessment correlations), and consequences (composite score). Student performance varied by case and task. In the PNs, justification of differential diagnosis was the most discriminating task. G-studies showed that schools accounted for less than 1% of total variance; however, for the PNs, there were differences in scores for varying cases and tasks across schools, indicating a school effect. Composite score reliability was maximized when the PN was weighted between 30% and 40%. Raters preferred using case-specific scoring guidelines with clear point-scoring systems.

Conclusions

This multisite study presents validity evidence for PN scores based on scoring rubric and case-specific scoring guidelines that offer rigor and feedback for learners. Variability in PN scores across participating sites may signal different approaches to teaching clinical reasoning among medical schools.
Diaphyseal Nonunion in Children
Authors: Yeo Je Hyoung , Jung Sung Taek , Kim Min Cheol , Yang Hong Yeol
Published: October 2017

Objectives:

To delineate the contributing factors of diaphyseal fracture nonunion in children and to determine suggested treatment based on the cohort examined.

Design:

Retrospective review.

Patients:

16 children who underwent operative treatment for diaphyseal nonunion from January 1995 to December 2009.

Intervention:

Stabilization by internal or external fixators with or without bone grafting.

Main Outcome Measure:

Clinical reviews were evaluated by the side of the injury, mechanism of injury, time interval between injury and surgery, operation time, initial treatment type, and nonunion treatment type, and demographic date including age, sex, the presence or absence of pediatric diabetes, and follow-up duration. Radiographic evaluations were obtained to confirm the fracture site and the classification of the fracture pattern preoperatively, and they were used to postoperatively detect the type of nonunion, the time interval between the treatment of nonunion to bony union, and the residual deformity.

Results:

The youngest patient was 6 years with the average age being 11.1 years. Only one of the patients was younger than 8 years, so the distribution was a closed interval beginning at this age. Regardless of age, 16 of the patients were likely to experience nonunion if high-energy traumas and iatrogenic soft tissue injuries caused by the open-reduction procedure were abundant at the time of the fractures.

Conclusions:

The frequency of occurrence was affected by the age of the patient, and it increased when there was extensive iatrogenic soft tissue or insufficient fixation at the time of fracture. Close attention should be paid when dealing with nonunion so that iatrogenic damage is not caused, and sufficient fixation should be performed with adequate tools. Also, it should be noted that it is not unusual for deformities to occur and correction for such deformities should also be considered at the time of surgery.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Three Hundred Sixty-Degree Fuchs Superficial Marginal Keratitis Managed With Annular Lamellar Keratoplasty
Authors: Cheung Albert Y. , Sarnicola Enrica , Kurji Khaliq H. , Genereux Brad M. , Holland Edward J.
Published: October 2017

Purpose:

To report a case of extensive Fuchs superficial marginal keratitis managed with annular lamellar keratoplasty.

Methods:

Interventional case report.

Results:

A 72-year-old man presented with 20/80 best-corrected visual acuity in his left eye and demonstrated 360-degree peripheral deep immune stromal keratitis and pseudopterygia with peripheral stromal thinning. During superficial keratectomy with amniotic membrane transplantation, the thin cornea was perforated while excising pseudopterygia in the superonasal quadrant. Surgery was aborted. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography demonstrated a severely thinned cornea (240 μm nasally, 360 μm temporally) with overlying pseudopterygia peripherally. After allowing 3 months for the cornea to heal, the decision was made to perform lamellar annular (or “donut”) keratoplasty. The patient had an unremarkable postoperative course, with 20/50 best-corrected visual acuity 10 months after keratoplasty.

Conclusions:

We report an extensive case of Fuchs superficial marginal keratitis treated with 360-degree annular lamellar keratoplasty. This technique provides tectonic support to decrease the likelihood of future perforation while also improving vision by modifying the ectatic cornea. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography may be a helpful tool preoperatively to avoid severely thinned areas (eg, during pseduopterygium removal) and to ensure complete removal of the ectatic cornea.
A Pilot Study to Examine the Relationship Between Napping and Fatigue in Nurses Practicing on the Night Shift
Authors: Neville Kathleen , Velmer Gillian , Brown Shari , Robol Nancy
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship of night-shift napping on fatigue.

BACKGROUND

Nurses' fatigue, especially at night, interferes with quality of life and job performance and impacts safety and health.

METHODS

Night-shift nurses completed the Brief Fatigue Inventory and a demographic information sheet to determine differences in fatigue between nurses who napped during their night shift as compared with nurses who did not nap.

RESULTS

No statistically significant differences in global fatigue were found; differences in rotating shift, age, and, gender were identified. Rotating shifts, a 2nd job, and caring for family predicted fatigue.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on this pilot study, further investigations of fatigue among night-shift nurses are needed as well as evidence-based support to promote sleep.
The Spectrum of Thyroid Gland Pathology in Carney Complex
Authors: Carney J. Aidan , Lyssikatos Charalampos , Seethala Raja R. , Lakatos Peter , Perez-Atayde Antonio , Lahner Harald , Stratakis Constantine A.
Published: October 2017

The initial description of Carney complex (CNC) in 1985 included myxomas, spotty skin pigmentation, and endocrine overactivity (of the adrenal, the pituitary, and the testis). In 1997, thyroid neoplasms were found in 3 patients with CNC and involvement of the gland in the syndrome was apparent. Herein, we describe the clinical, pathologic, and follow-up findings in 26 patients with CNC and a disorder of the thyroid gland. The patients were predominantly middle-aged women with an asymptomatic thyroid mass. Four patients had hyperthyroidism, which was caused by follicular hyperplasia in 2 patients and by toxic adenoma in 2 others. Pathologic findings included benign lesions (follicular hyperplasia, nodular hyperplasia, and follicular adenoma) in 16 patients and carcinomas (follicular or papillary) in 10 patients. The follicular carcinomas had unusual features, multifocality, bilaterality, and lymph node metastasis. The tumor was fatal in 3 of 4 patients with a tumor ≥3 cm in diameter. One patient had an unusual multifocal microscopic follicular hyperplasia. Detection and treatment of the thyroid neoplasms in patients with CNC requires long-term follow-up of patients with the syndrome.
Solution structure of CXCL13 and heparan sulfate binding show that GAG binding site and cellular signalling rely on distinct domains
Authors: Monneau Yoan R. , Luo Lingjie , Sankaranarayanan Nehru Viji , Nagarajan Balaji , Vivès Romain R. , Baleux Françoise , Desai Umesh R. , Arenzana-Seidedos Fernando , Lortat-Jacob Hugues
Published: October 2017

Chemokines promote directional cell migration through binding to G-protein-coupled receptors, and as such are involved in a large array of developmental, homeostatic and pathological processes. They also interact with heparan sulfate (HS), the functional consequences of which depend on the respective location of the receptor- and the HS-binding sites, a detail that remains elusive for most chemokines. Here, to set up a biochemical framework to investigate how HS can regulate CXCL13 activity, we solved the solution structure of CXCL13. We showed that it comprises an unusually long and disordered C-terminal domain, appended to a classical chemokine-like structure. Using three independent experimental approaches, we found that it displays a unique association mode to HS, involving two clusters located in the α-helix and the C-terminal domain. Computational approaches were used to analyse the HS sequences preferentially recognized by the protein and gain atomic-level understanding of the CXCL13 dimerization induced upon HS binding. Starting with four sets of 254 HS tetrasaccharides, we identified 25 sequences that bind to CXCL13 monomer, among which a single one bound to CXCL13 dimer with high consistency. Importantly, we found that CXCL13 can be functionally presented to its receptor in a HS-bound form, suggesting that it can promote adhesion-dependent cell migration. Consistently, we designed CXCL13 mutations that preclude interaction with HS without affecting CXCR5-dependent cell signalling, opening the possibility to unambiguously demonstrate the role of HS in the biological function of this chemokine.
Predicting virus emergence amid evolutionary noise
Authors: Geoghegan Jemma L. , Holmes Edward C.
Published: October 2017

The study of virus disease emergence, whether it can be predicted and how it might be prevented, has become a major research topic in biomedicine. Here we show that efforts to predict disease emergence commonly conflate fundamentally different evolutionary and epidemiological time scales, and are likely to fail because of the enormous number of unsampled viruses that could conceivably emerge in humans. Although we know much about the patterns and processes of virus evolution on evolutionary time scales as depicted in family-scale phylogenetic trees, these data have little predictive power to reveal the short-term microevolutionary processes that underpin cross-species transmission and emergence. Truly understanding disease emergence therefore requires a new mechanistic and integrated view of the factors that allow or prevent viruses spreading in novel hosts. We present such a view, suggesting that both ecological and genetic aspects of virus emergence can be placed within a simple population genetic framework, which in turn highlights the importance of host population size and density in determining whether emergence will be successful. Despite this framework, we conclude that a more practical solution to preventing and containing the successful emergence of new diseases entails ongoing virological surveillance at the human–animal interface and regions of ecological disturbance.
Multiple optimality criteria support Ornithoscelida
Authors: Parry Luke A. , Baron Matthew G. , Vinther Jakob
Published: October 2017

A recent study of early dinosaur evolution using equal-weights parsimony recovered a scheme of dinosaur interrelationships and classification that differed from historical consensus in a single, but significant, respect; Ornithischia and Saurischia were not recovered as monophyletic sister-taxa, but rather Ornithischia and Theropoda formed a novel clade named Ornithoscelida. However, these analyses only used maximum parsimony, and numerous recent simulation studies have questioned the accuracy of parsimony under equal weights. Here, we provide additional support for this alternative hypothesis using Bayesian implementation of the Mkv model, as well as through number of additional parsimony analyses, including implied weighting. Using Bayesian inference and implied weighting, we recover the same fundamental topology for Dinosauria as the original study, with a monophyletic Ornithoscelida, demonstrating that the main suite of methods used in morphological phylogenetics recover this novel hypothesis. This result was further scrutinized through the systematic exclusion of different character sets. Novel characters from the original study (those not taken or adapted from previous phylogenetic studies) were found to be more important for resolving the relationships within Dinosauromorpha than the relationships within Dinosauria. Reanalysis of a modified version of the character matrix that supports the Ornithischia–Saurischia dichotomy under maximum parsimony also supports this hypothesis under implied weighting, but not under the Mkv model, with both Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha becoming paraphyletic with respect to Ornithischia.
Phylogenetically informed spatial planning is required to conserve the mammalian tree of life
Authors: Rosauer Dan F. , Pollock Laura J. , Linke Simon , Jetz Walter
Published: October 2017

In the face of the current extinction crisis and severely limited conservation resources, safeguarding the tree of life is increasingly recognized as a high priority. We conducted a first systematic global assessment of the conservation of phylogenetic diversity (PD) that uses realistic area targets and highlights the key areas for conservation of the mammalian tree of life. Our approach offers a substantially more effective conservation solution than one focused on species. In many locations, priorities for PD differ substantially from those of a species-based approach that ignores evolutionary relationships. This discrepancy increases rapidly as the amount of land available for conservation declines, as does the relative benefit for mammal conservation (for the same area protected). This benefit is equivalent to an additional 5900 Myr of distinct mammalian evolution captured simply through a better informed choice of priority areas. Our study uses area targets for PD to generate more realistic conservation scenarios, and tests the impact of phylogenetic uncertainty when selecting areas to represent diversity across a phylogeny. It demonstrates the opportunity of using rapidly growing phylogenetic information in conservation planning and the readiness for a new generation of conservation planning applications that explicitly consider the heritage of the tree of life's biodiversity.
Mortality risk and social network position in resident killer whales: sex differences and the importance of resource abundance
Authors: Ellis S. , Franks D. W. , Nattrass S. , Cant M. A. , Weiss M. N. , Giles D. , Balcomb K. C. , Croft D. P.
Published: October 2017

An individual's ecological environment affects their mortality risk, which in turn has fundamental consequences for life-history evolution. In many species, social relationships are likely to be an important component of an individual's environment, and therefore their mortality risk. Here, we examine the relationship between social position and mortality risk in resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) using over three decades of social and demographic data. We find that the social position of male, but not female, killer whales in their social unit predicts their mortality risk. More socially integrated males have a significantly lower risk of mortality than socially peripheral males, particularly in years of low prey abundance, suggesting that social position mediates access to resources. Male killer whales are larger and require more resources than females, increasing their vulnerability to starvation in years of low salmon abundance. More socially integrated males are likely to have better access to social information and food-sharing opportunities which may enhance their survival in years of low salmon abundance. Our results show that observable variation in the social environment is linked to variation in mortality risk, and highlight how sex differences in social effects on survival may be linked to sex differences in life-history evolution.
Repetitive DNA reeling by the Cascade-Cas3 complex in nucleotide unwinding steps
Authors: Loeff Luuk , Brouns Stan J.J. , Joo Chirlmin
Published: October 2017

CRISPR-Cas loci provide an RNA-guided adaptive immune system against invading genetic elements. Interference in type I systems relies on the RNA-guided surveillance complex Cascade for target DNA recognition and the trans-acting Cas3 helicase/nuclease protein for target degradation. Even though the biochemistry of CRISPR interference has been largely covered, the biophysics of DNA unwinding and coupling of the helicase and nuclease domains of Cas3 remains elusive. Here we employed single-molecule FRET to probe the helicase activity with a high spatiotemporal resolution. We show that Cas3 remains tightly associated with the target-bound Cascade complex while reeling in the target DNA using a spring-loaded mechanism. This spring-loaded reeling occurs in distinct bursts of three base pairs, that each underlie three successive 1-nt unwinding events. Reeling is highly repetitive, compensating for inefficient nicking activity of the nuclease domain. Our study reveals that the discontinuous helicase properties of Cas3 and its tight interaction with Cascade ensure well controlled degradation of target DNA only.
Infant Weight Gain Trajectories Linked to Oral Microbiome Composition
Authors: Craig Sarah J. C. , Blankenberg Daniel , Luisa Parodi Alice Carla , Paul Ian M. , Birch Leann L. , Savage Jennifer S. , Marini Michele E. , Stokes Jennifer L. , Nekrutenko Anton , Reimherr Matthew , Chiaromonte Francesca , Makova Kateryna D.
Published: October 2017

Gut and oral microbiome perturbations have been observed in obese adults and adolescents. Less is known about how weight gain in early childhood is influenced by gut, and particularly oral, microbiomes. Here we analyze the relationships among weight gain and gut and oral microbiomes in 226 two-year-olds who were followed during the first two years of life, as part of a larger study, with weight and length measured at seven time points. We used these data to identify children with rapid weight gain (a strong risk factor for childhood obesity), and to derive growth curves with novel Functional Data Analysis (FDA) techniques. The children’s oral and gut microbiomes were sampled at the end of the two-year period, and surveyed with 16S sequencing. First, we show that growth curves are associated negatively with diversity and positively with Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio of the oral microbiome – a relationship that is also observed in children with rapid (vs. non-rapid) weight gain. We also demonstrate an association between the gut microbiome and child growth, but only when considering the effect of diet on the microbiome. Lastly, we identify several bacterial genera that are associated with child growth patterns. These results suggest that by the age of two, the oral microbiome may have already begun to establish patterns often seen in older obese individuals. They also suggest that the gut microbiome, while strongly influenced by diet, at age two does not harbor obesity signatures many researchers identified in later life stages.
Origins of the current outbreak of multidrug resistant malaria in Southeast Asia: a retrospective genetic study
Authors: Amato Roberto , Pearson Richard D. , Almagro-Garcia Jacob , Amaratunga Chanaki , Lim Pharath , Suon Seila , Sreng Sokunthea , Drury Eleanor , Stalker Jim , Miotto Olivo , Fairhurst Rick M. , Kwiatkowski Dominic P.
Published: October 2017

Background

Antimalarial failure is rapidly spreading across parts of Southeast Asia where dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ) is used as first line treatment. The first published reports came from western Cambodia in 2013. Here we analyse genetic changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population of western Cambodia in the six years prior to that.

Methods

We analysed genome sequence data on 1492 P. falciparum samples from Southeast Asia, including 464 collected in western Cambodia between 2007 and 2013. Different epidemiological origins of resistance were identified by haplotypic analysis of the kelch13 artemisinin resistance locus and the plasmepsin 2-3 piperaquine resistance locus.

Findings

We identified over 30 independent origins of artemisinin resistance, of which the KEL1 lineage accounted for 91% of DHA-PPQ-resistant parasites. In 2008, KEL1 combined with PLA1, the major lineage associated with piperaquine resistance. By 2012, the KEL1/PLA1 co-lineage had reached over 60% frequency in western Cambodia and had spread to northern Cambodia.

Interpretation

The KEL1/PLA1 co-lineage emerged in the same year that DHA-PPQ became the first line antimalarial drug in western Cambodia and spread aggressively thereafter, displacing other artemisinin-resistant parasite lineages. These findings have significant implications for management of the global health risk associated with the current outbreak.

Funding

Wellcome Trust, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Medical Research Council, UK Department for International Development, and Intramural Research Program of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
Reconstructing deep-time paleoclimate legacies unveil the demise and turnover of the ancient (boreo)tropical flora
Authors: Meseguer Andrea S. , Lobo Jorge M. , Cornuault Josselin , Beerling David , Ruhfel Brad R. , Davis Charles C. , Jousselin Emmanuelle , Sanmartín Isabel
Published: October 2017

Aim

Since the Late Cretaceous, the Earth has gone through periods of climate change similar in scale and pace to the warming trend observed today in the Anthropocene. The impact of these ancient climatic events on the evolutionary trajectories of organisms provides clues on the organismal response to climate change, including extinction, migration or persistence. Here, we examine the evolutionary response to climate cooling/warming events of the clusioid families Calophyllaceae, Podostemaceae and Hypericaceae (CPH), and the genusHypericumas test cases.

Location

Holarctic.

Time period

Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic

Major taxa studied

angiosperms

Methods

We use paleoclimate simulations, species distribution models and phylogenetic comparative approaches calibrated with fossils.

Results

Ancestral CPH lineages could have been distributed in the Holarctic 100 Ma, occupying tropical subhumid assemblages, a finding supported by the fossil record. Expansion to closed-canopy tropical rain forests occurred after 60 Ma, in the Cenozoic, in agreement with earlier ideas of a post-Cretaceous origin of current tropical rain forest. Cooling during this period triggered diversification declines on CPH tropical lineages, and was associated with a climatic shift towards temperate affinities inHypericum.Hypericumsubsequently migrated to tropical mountains where it encountered different temperate conditions than in the Holarctic.

Main conclusions

We hypothesize that most clusioid CPH lineages failed to adapt to temperate regimes during periods of Cenozoic climate change, and thus went extinct in the Holarctic. In contrast, boreotropical descendants includingHypericumthat underwent niche evolution demonstrated selective advantages as climates became colder. Our results points toward macroevolutionary trajectories involving the altering fates of closely related clades that adapt to periods of global climate change versus those that do not. Moreover, they suggest the hypothesis that potentially many clades, particularly inhabitants of boreotropical floras, were likely extirpated from the Holarctic and persist today (if at all) in more southern tropical locations.
Bivalent complexes of PRC1 with orthologs of BRD4 and MOZ/MORF target developmental genes in Drosophila
Authors: Kang Hyuckjoon , Jung Youngsook L. , McElroy Kyle A. , Zee Barry M. , Wallace Heather A. , Woolnough Jessica L. , Park Peter J. , Kuroda Mitzi I.
Published: October 2017

Regulatory decisions in Drosophila require Polycomb group (PcG) proteins to maintain the silent state and Trithorax group (TrxG) proteins to oppose silencing. Since PcG and TrxG are ubiquitous and lack apparent sequence specificity, a long-standing model is that targeting occurs via protein interactions; for instance, between repressors and PcG proteins. Instead, we found that Pc-repressive complex 1 (PRC1) purifies with coactivators Fs(1)h [female sterile (1) homeotic] and Enok/Br140 during embryogenesis. Fs(1)h is a TrxG member and the ortholog of BRD4, a bromodomain protein that binds to acetylated histones and is a key transcriptional coactivator in mammals. Enok and Br140, another bromodomain protein, are orthologous to subunits of a mammalian MOZ/MORF acetyltransferase complex. Here we confirm PRC1–Br140 and PRC1–Fs(1)h interactions and identify their genomic binding sites. PRC1–Br140 bind developmental genes in fly embryos, with analogous co-occupancy of PRC1 and a Br140 ortholog, BRD1, at bivalent loci in human embryonic stem (ES) cells. We propose that identification of PRC1–Br140 “bivalent complexes” in fly embryos supports and extends the bivalency model posited in mammalian cells, in which the coexistence of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 at developmental promoters represents a poised transcriptional state. We further speculate that local competition between acetylation and deacetylation may play a critical role in the resolution of bivalent protein complexes during development.
The effects of retail store characteristics on in-store leisure shopping experience
Authors: Triantafillidou Amalia , Siomkos George , Papafilippaki Eirini
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of store characteristics (i.e. product availability, product quality, store layout, employee politeness, décor, music, lighting, and aroma) on the various dimensions of in-store leisure shopping experience (i.e. hedonic, flow, escapism, challenge, learning, socialising, and communitas).

Design/methodology/approach

In order to achieve the study’s objectives, a quantitative on-site survey was conducted. Respondents were interviewed upon exiting fashion retail stores.

Findings

Findings indicate that not all store characteristics impact the various dimensions of experience in the same way. Product quality and in-store music were found to be the most important in-store characteristics that affected the majority of experience dimensions. Other important store attributes that emerged were store layout and ambient scent. Conversely, product range actually had a negative impact on in-store experience.

Practical implications

By orchestrating the most influential in-store characteristics, fashion retailers could be delivering unique in-store experiences to their customers. This research shows that they would benefit from designing experiential strategies that focus on merchandise quality, price, and availability while simultaneously carefully managing ambient (music and scent) alongside design factors (store layout and décor). Careful consideration should be paid to merchandise variety in order to avoid potentially negative effects on customers’ shopping experience.

Originality/value

Until now most studies that document the relationship between store elements and shopping experiences have examined the effects of store characteristics on a limited number of experience dimensions. This study adds to the body of research into in-store leisure shopping experience in two ways: by shedding light on its multi-dimensional nature, and by analysing the effect of the different store elements on the various components of the in-store experience.
New urban tourism and new urban citizenship: researching the creation and management of postmodern urban public space
Authors: Mordue Tom
Published: October 2017

Purpose

In recent decades western cities have slowly evolved to extend their cultural offer to “the postmodern mixing of public and commercial culture” (Richards, 2014, p. 120) as a major plank of urban regeneration and development strategies. Urban tourism has been central to this and tourists are now an ever present temporary population of cultural consumers in so many of our towns and cities, even in those industrial cities that until recently would not have been imagined as tourist places. Tourism is thus a part of everyday urban life (Urry, 2002) whether we gaze on tourists going from one cultural space to another in our home towns or whether we ourselves are transformed into tourists as we conduct our cultural consumption in places distant to our usual workaday lives. This research note considers the impact such consumption is having on our urban centres. The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect on the way our urban centres are managed, who the urban citizen now is, and in what direction could tourism research take to shed further light on the way we manage, create and reproduce urban life in the increasingly diverse postmodern city.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is a critical reflection on urban tourism and offers a future research orientation.

Findings

The argument is that in light of new mobilities urban tourism research needs to be more politically reflexive than it often is.

Research limitations/implications

There is no empirical research content so this does not apply.

Practical implications

The practical implications are that urban tourism research should be about making cities better places and not simply about being policy performing vehicles in a politically light sense.

Originality/value

The originality of this piece is in the way it mixes urban studies, social theory and tourism studies together to come out with a view and argument on a way forward in researching tourism and cities.
Positioning maps: a conjoint analysis tool for festival or event application
Authors: van Zyl Cine
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to describe a novel tool (conjoint analysis (CA)) for application by explaining the theory behind it; second, how the tool was developed; and third, how it can be used to ensure an optimal festival/event offering. In this way, the research needed on the individual behavioural and psychological factors of the events-tourism sector are addressed.

Design/methodology/approach

Planned events in this case the three largest arts festivals in South Africa (SA) (in Potchefstroom – Festival A, Grahamstown – Festival B and Oudtshoorn – Festival C) were studied. Five different attributes – festival brands, ticket prices, entertainment activities, food and beverages and transport to venues – were developed to describe arts festivals. The data were analysed using CA. CA was used in a linear regression model with individual ratings for each arts festival product. In addition, two techniques often used as complementary to and in conjunction with CA, namely, cluster and correspondence analysis were also used. K-means clustering constructed a four-factor solution, which categorised and labelled the attributes as, brand-, price-, activity- and transport-sensitive. The software package STATISTICA used the results for the correspondence analysis to draw maps between the arts festivals and attribute importance, age groups and festival attributes, arts festivals and language.

Findings

Festival A and B preferred the attribute level quality music, whilst Festival C preferred quality performances on the attribute entertainment. On the attribute refreshments, Festivals B and C preferred value for money and Festival A, a wide variety of good quality refreshments. On the attributes transport and ticket prices, all three festivals agreed for safe and secure parking and at the same price.

Research limitations/implications

This paper demonstrates, by applying the recommended tool, how it can be used to distinguish festivals/events in an overcrowded SA market with the possibility of providing a competitive advantage. In that all three festivals researched preferred the attribute festival brand held in the region which destination marketing organisations (DMOs) can use to their advantage.

Practical implications

This paper demonstrates, by applying the recommended tool, how it can be used to distinguish festivals/events in an overcrowded SA market with the possibility of providing a competitive advantage. In that all three festivals researched preferred the attribute festival brand held in the region which DMOs can use to their advantage.

Originality/value

The description of the development of the model could illustrate how market positioning (by way of revitalizing older theories), in the arts festival context can be approached to ensure an optimal arts festival offering. By so doing the paper strives to make an academic contribution.
Biological Flora of the British Isles:Neottia cordata
Authors: Kotilínek Milan , Tatarenko Irina , Jersáková Jana
Published: October 2017

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology ofNeottia cordata(L.) Rich. (Lesser Twayblade;Listera cordata(L.) R. Br.) that are relevant to an understanding of its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of theBiological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive characteristics, herbivores, history and conservation.

Neottia cordatais an inconspicuous orchid, confined to humid heathlands and woodlands rich in bryophytes in the British Isles.

Neottia cordatais a polycarpic, perennial herb with populations maintained predominantly by vegetative reproduction from root suckers. The main perennating organ is a short rhizome that produces two new internodes each year. The long adventitious roots are mainly colonized not only by mycorrhizal basidiomycetes from the Sebacinales (clade B, Serendipitaceae) but also by several other fungal groups.

The species flowers from mid‐April to August depending on latitude and altitude. The flowers possess a sensitive rostellum that releases a viscid fluid when touched, ensuring that the pollinia are glued to the pollinator. The flowers produce nectar and are pollinated mainly by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae). Between 60% and 80% of open flowers set fruits.

Neottia cordatais classified as Least Concern in Great Britain. It is still locally abundant in north and west Scotland but has declined elsewhere, especially at lower altitudes, because of burning on grouse moors, drainage of swamps and cutting of wet forests. It is likely to have been under‐recorded throughout its range, particularly in earlier surveys, due to its inconspicuousness.
Determining returns to bidding firms’ shareholders using different benchmark methods: an Australian study
Authors: Akhtar Farida
Published: October 2017

This article revisits the determinants of cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) for bidder firm shareholders around takeover bid announcements and in particular, if bidder CAR estimates differ significantly between conditional and unconditional models. The results indicate that CAR estimation is significantly different between the two models. The conditional model is theoretically superior to the traditional unconditional model due to the former controlling for unobservable factors surrounding the bid announcement. This study shows that it is important to account for unobservable factors in growth (organic versus takeover) strategies to infer the true effect of the bidder's characteristics on CAR.
Informed trading in public debt markets
Authors: Folkinshteyn Daniel
Published: October 2017

This study examines the occurrence of informed trading in public debt issued by companies in the United States. I find that earnings surprises are positively associated with bond price changes prior to the release of financial report data to the public, for firms with non‐investment‐grade ratings. Additionally, I find that the effect appears to be driven by firms with publicly traded equity. Evidence further indicates an increase in trading activity during the time window between report period end date and filing date, for firms with larger earnings surprises.