bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Collected Writings of Samson Occom, Mohegan
Authors: Brooks Joanna
Published: November 2023

This volume brings together for the first time the known writings of the pioneering Native American religious and political leader, intellectual, and author, Samson Occom (Mohegan; 1723-1792). The largest surviving archive of American Indian writing before Charles Eastman (Santee Sioux; 1858-1939), Occom's writings offer unparalleled views into a Native American intellectual and cultural universe in the era of colonialization and the early United States. His letters, sermons, journals, prose, petitions, and hymns--many of them never before published--document the emergence of pantribal political consciousness among the Native peoples of New England as well as Native efforts to adapt Christianity as a tool of decolonialization. Presenting previously unpublished and newly recovered writings, this collection more than doubles available Native American writing from before 1800.
Ancient Mesopotamia The Earliest and Best-Documented Textual/ Educational System
Authors: Carr David M
Published: November 2023

The starting point for study of textuality in the Near East necessarily must be Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia is likely the earliest origin point for writing in the Near East. Moreover, Mesopotamia developed one of the earliest and most influential educational systems. It is in Mesopotamia that we see the first possible attempt to systematically collect texts into a library. And, most important of all, the literary remains of Mesopotamia are better preserved than those of any other—thanks to the custom of writing so many types of documents on clay tablets that have withstood the test of time. As Klaas Veen hof in his helpful survey of relative preservation of archives in the Near East points out, sites elsewhere in the Near East (and in later Mesopotamia) often feature large finds of clay bullae and other wrappers of now destroyed papyrus and parchment—signs of a huge range of texts now lost to scholarly inquiry.
Temple- and Priest-Centered Textuality and Education in Hellenistic Judaism
Authors: Carr David M
Published: November 2023

Though there is much debate about whether early Israel had schools, most scholars agree that this mention of a bet hammidrash (“house of study”) in Ben Sira represents an unambiguous reference to some sort of formal school in early Judaism. Yet, as I will show, this quotation is part of a range of data testifying to fundamental shifts in textuality and education in Judaism during the “Hellenistic” portion of the Second Temple period (333 b.c.e.–70 c.e.). Ben Sira/ Sirach is but one book that testifies to the merging of Torah and education, a development already begun in the pre-Hellenistic period. Furthermore, we see testimony in 2 Maccabees to the collection of Jewish books by Judas Maccabeus, creating a temple library within Hellenistic Judaism that parallels the indigenous Egyptian libraries discussed in Hellenistic Egypt.
Popular Stories Of Ancient Egypt
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

Translated for the modern reader, these popular stories have been revived to give fresh insight into one of the oldest civilisations. Unlike compiling folktales from more modern societies these rare gems have been translated from original hieroglyphic manuscripts, often damaged and fragmentary, to give a unique insight into the imagery and ideas which captivated the popular psyche in Ancient Egypt, and the cultural differences and assumptions of the storytellers about what their audiences would understand and enjoy.
The Memoirs Of Sinuhit
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

The memoirs of Sinuhit appear to have been held in high estimation in the literary circles of Pharaonic Egypt, for they were frequently copied either in whole or in part, and we still possess the remains of three manuscripts which contained them complete-the Berlin Papyrus No. 1, to which the fragments of the Amherst Papyrus belong, the Golensfchejf Papyrus and the Ramesseum Papyrus No. 1 at Berlin (Berlin 3022). The Berlin Papyrus No. 1, bought by Lepsius in Egypt, and inserted by him in the Denkmaler au /Egypten und /Ethiopien, vi, pl. ro4-ro7, is imperfect at the beginning. It has been published in photographic facsimile with a hieroglyphic transcription by Alan H. Gardiner, die Ezralung des Sinuhe und die Hirtengeschichte, in Erman, Hieratische Texte des Mittleren Reichies, 8vo, Leipzig, 1909, vol. ii, pl. 5-15. In its present state it contains three hundred and eleven lines of text. The hundred and seventy-nine lines of the commencement are vertical; followed immediately by ninety-six horizontal lines (180-276); but from line two hundred and seventy-seven to the end the scribe has reverted to the system of vertical columns. The first forty lines of the part that has survived have suffered more or less from wear and tear; some of them (lines 1, 13, 15, 38) have lacuna: that I should have been unable to fill in, had I not been fortunate enough to discover another copy at Thebes. The end is intact and closes with the wellknown formula: It has come from its beginning to its end, as it has been found in the book. The writing, which is very good and bold in the vertical portions, becomes thick and confused in the horizontal lines, and full of ligatures and cursive forms, which in places render decipherment difficult. Some scraps of the parts that are missing at the beginning have been found among fragments belonging to the collection of the late Lord Amherst of Hackney. They have been published in hieroglyphic transcription by F.
The Veritable History of Satni-Khamois and His Son Senosiris
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

The Veritable History of Satni-Khamois and his son Senosiris was discovered on Papyrus DCIV of the British Museum, and published, transcribed, and translated into English by E LI. Griffith, Stories of the High Priests of Memphis, the Sethon of Herodotus, and the Demotic Tales of Khamuas, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1909, 8vo, pp. 41-66,142-207, and Atlas of xiv plates, folio, since analysed, commented on, and partially translated into French by G. Maspero, Contes relatifs aux grands-pretres de Memphis, in the Journal des Savants, 1911, pp. 473-504, finally transcribed into hieroglyphs and translated by Revillout, Le Roman de Satme, Second Roman du Satme Khaemouas, in Revue egyptologique, vol. xii, pp. 107-109, vol. xiii, pp. 29-38.
The Exploits of Osimandyas
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

The Theban versions of the legend of Ramses II were attached to the funerary temple that this prince had built on the left bank at the Ramesseum, and as one of the names of this temple was ta haft Uasimariya Maiamanu, “the castle ofUasimariya Maiamanu,” and, as an abbreviation, “the castle of Uasimariya,” the prenomen Uasimariya caused his proper name Ramses to be forgotten; transcribed Osimanduas in Greek, as I have said in the Introduction (p. cxv, note 87), it passed into the writings of Hecatreus of Abdera and Artemidorus, and thence into Diodorus as the name of a king other than Sesostris-Sesoosis. That which now remains of his Exploits is merely the description of the Ramesseum and of the sculpture which decorated the different parts. Nevertheless, one recognises that, like the Exploits If Sesostris, it included an important account of battles in Asia against the Bactrians. Osimanduas besieged a fortress surrounded by a river, and he exposed himself to the blows of the enemy, accompanied by a lion, who afforded him powerful assistance in the fight.
‘The ‘Doomed ‘Prince
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

It is said that the manuscript was intact when it was found, and that it was injured in Egypt, several years later, by the explosion of a powder magazine, which partially destroyed the house in Alexandria in which it was. It is supposed that a copy, made by Mr. Harris before the disaster, contains the destroyed portions of the original; but at present no one knows where the copy is to be found. In its present state the Story of the Doomed Prince covers four and a half pages.
The High Emprise far the Throne of Amon
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

THE second romance has come down to us in a Theban manuscript, which dates from the first half of the first century A.D. The fragments of it were bought from a dealer at Gizeh in 1904 by Borchardt and Rubensohn, and in 1905 by Seymour de Ricci. The larger part, which was acquired by Borchardt and Rubensohn, has gone to the University of Strasburg, where Spiegelberg discovered the subject of it. It has been published, as well as the pieces recovered by Ricci in W. Spiegelberg, Der Sagenkreis des Konigs Petubastis, nach dem Strassburger Demotischen Papyrus sowie den Wiener und Pariser Bruckstucken, 4to, Leipzig, 1910, So and 102 pages, and 22 plates in phototype. So far as it is possible to judge at present, it contains the Theban version of the theme dealt with in the first romance. The cuirass is replaced by the throne of Amon, probably, as I have said in the Introduction (p. cxxiii), by the sacred throne on which the priests placed the strangely shaped emblem, representing one of the types of the god of the Gr.-eco-Roman period. The personages that surround Pharaoh in the narrative are many of them the same as those of the previous story-Pakrur prince of the East, Pemu son of Eienharerou-Inaros prince of Heliopolis, Ankhhoru son of Pharaoh and his son Tak.hos, and Minnebmei prince of Elephantine; and yet, as Spiegelberg has justly observed (Der Sagenkreis, p. 8), years have passed since the affair of the cuirass, and new personages have arisen-Pesnufi, the son of Pakrur, and a young prophet of Horus of Buto who is not named anywhere, but whose auxiliaries are named generally as the Ameu. This name, which Spiegelberg translates literally as the Shepherds, and interprets as the Asiatics, affords the basis for a very ingenious comparison with the legend of Osarsuph, the priest of Heliopolis, the Moses of Jewish tradition, and his companions the shepherds or the Impure of Asia;
Story Of A Mariner
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan
Published: November 2023

This fragment is taken from the great Demotic Papyrus of the Bibliotheque Nationale of Paris. The document, brought to France at the beginning of the nineteenth century by one of the members of the expedition to Egypt, until 1873 remained forgotten among a mass of family papers. Offered by the Maisonneuve library to the Bibliotheque Nationale, it was purchased by it, on my representations, for the moderate sum of a thousand francs. It is written on both sides, and contains several compositions of a special character-Messianic prophecies, semi-religious dialogues, and apologues. The only fragment that is clearly marked out for insertion in this collection is this one of which I give a translation in the following pages. The credit for having discovered and published the text belongs to Eugene Revillout, who was then co-conservator of the Egyptian Museum at the Louvre:
“The Way Things Look Each Day” Poetry, Description, Nature
Authors: Spiegelman Willard
Published: November 2023

The 1954 Fall Term had begun. Again the marble neck of a homely Venus in the vestibule of Humanities Hall received the vermilion imprint, in applied lipstick, of a mimicked kiss. Again the Waindell Recorder discussed the Parking Problem. Again in the margins of library books earnest freshmen inscribed such helpful glosses as “Description of nature,” or “Irony”; and in ‘l pretty edition of Mallarme’s poems an especially able scholiast had already underlined in violet ink the difficult word oiseaux and scrawled above it “birds.” Again autumn gales plastered dead leaves against one side of the latticed gallery leading from Humanities to Frieze Hall. Again, on serene afternoons, huge, amber-brown Monarch butterflies flapped over asphalt and lawn as they lazily drifted south, their incompletely retracted black legs hanging rather low beneath their polka-dotted bodies. It is time to reconsider description. It struck Elizabeth Bishop as the antithesis to philosophy, religion, indeed, to thought itself. And it may strike impatient general readers, especially of prose fiction, as a superfluous or extraneous interruption of the dialogue and narrative action.
What is Biodivesity ?
Authors: Pimm Stuart L , Alves Maria Alice S , Chivian Eric , Bernstein Aaron
Published: November 2023

Biological diversity, or biodiversity for short, is the variety of life on Earth—its genes, species, populations, and ecosystems. Human actions that have degraded land, bodies of fresh water, and the oceans have already caused biodiversity to decline sharply, and even greater losses are expected if humanity continues its current unsustainable use of natural resources. Although such activities as the release of greenhouse gases have exacted heavy, and in some cases potentially catastrophic, tolls on the global environment, the loss of biodiversity is the only truly irreversible consequence of environmental degradation. When a gene, a species, a population, or an ecosystem is lost, it is gone forever.
Desire: Emma In Love
Authors: Dussinger John
Published: November 2023

When characters play games in Austen’s fiction, we are led to believe, they may be sublimating “real-life” conflicts or actually revealing quite serious, even dangerous, intentions within the encounter. As we ponder their behavior, moreover, we are subscribing to a more fundamental game that the author has initiated in her parodic text—namely, the metaphor of lived experience. In this quixotic reflexivity, as the reader watches characters play tricks on other characters, he or she forgets about being manipulated within the linguistic frames arranged by Austen. Without quite knowing it, once our curiosity about the players is aroused, we fall into the role of spectators at an event and project our wishes onto the story. To begin with, even before the reader himself can become actively engaged with the text, characters are already shown to be prying into each other’s affairs and thus stirring up trouble; and almost at once patterns of discourse are set in motion to elicit a finite set of responses among the actors and external witnesses involved. At one level of abstraction, the narrative text insinuates itself like a crossword puzzle, providing just enough information to stir the reader’s interest in filling in the empty spaces. Similarly, the charades in Emma function reflexively as a play-within-a-play, imitating in miniature the whole enterprise of constituting the text of the novel.
Tristram Shandy as Aesthetic Object
Authors: De Voogd Peter J
Published: November 2023

Laurence sterne published his masterpiece The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman in nine slender volumes in the final decade of his life, between 1759 and 1767. The first two volumes appeared in York, Dublin, and London by January 1760. On 25 March the advertisement for the second (London) edition proudly announced a frontispiece designed by William Hogarth. Volumes 3 and 4 (again with a frontispiece by Hogarth) appeared a year later, in January 1761, and in December of that same year volumes 5 and 6 came out, with the unusual announcement that “Every book is signed by the author.” And indeed, to protect his book from being pirated, Sterne signed all copies of the first and second (revised) editions of volume 5, and of the first editions of volumes 7 and 9 on the first text page: 12,750 signatures in a neat (and still perfectly legible) hand.
Tristram Shandy and the Wound of Language
Authors: King Ross
Published: November 2023

During the eighteenth century, philosophy combines with physiology in such a way that, for some philosophers, all human faculties are traced back to their origins in sensation. As a result, mental experience is often contextualized by writers— by novelists as well as philosophers—within the sensory networks of the physical body. If the cult of sensibility and corollaries like sentimental fiction mark this turn, so also do aesthetic theory and the “aestheticization” of politics and ethics after 1688. However, perhaps the exemplary literary genre in the first decades of the century, satire, maintains a more historically sustained preoccupation with the body: From Rabelais and Cervantes to Swift and Sterne, somatic space, often filthy or deformed, represents a profitable site of a satirical humor. The nature of the preoccupations with the gross materiality of the flesh differs within the genre, of course, with Swift generally singled out as the writer whose “hatred and horror of physiological degradation,” as Henri Fluchère puts it, “have never been surpassed.”
The Lion’s Claws
Authors: Feingold Mordechai
Published: November 2023

Ironically, the Principia, as we have seen, may have owed its publication to the persistent efforts of Robert Hooke to elicit from Newton a solution to his question regarding the shape of an orbit given force. Frustrated by Newton’s unwillingness to posit an answer, Hooke kept returning to what he perceived as both his finest accomplishment and greatest challenge: how to make the grand leap from a partly intuitive, partly experimental conception of a central force to a mechanics of orbital motion? Indeed, it was precisely his deep awareness of the enormous difficulties involved that had prompted him to seek Newton’s assistance. After the Lucasian Professor turned a cold shoulder, Hooke continued to dwell on the problem with his friends the architect Sir Christopher Wren and the astronomer (and Clerk of the Royal Society) Edmond Halley.
The Enlightenment Religion of Deism
Authors: Holmes David L
Published: November 2023

It is free from all those invented and torturing articles that shock our reason ... with which the Christian religion abounds. Its creed is pure and sublimely simple. It believes in God, and there it rests. It honours Reason as the choicest gift of God to man and the faculty by which he is enabled to contemplate the power, wisdom, and goodness of the Creator displayed in the creation; And reposing itself on his protection, both here and hereafter, it avoids all presumptuous beliefs and rejects, as the fabulous inventions of men, all books pretending to revelation.
The Founding Fathers and Deism
Authors: Holmes David L
Published: November 2023

Among educated eighteenth-century Americans, however, the idea of reason as a liberator from the shackles of repressive religion and tyrannical government won widespread acclaim. By the 1750s, orthodox clergy had begun to warn against the movement. Deism became especially fashionable at American colleges in the decades immediately following the Revolution. In those decades Enlightenment rationalism unseated Christian orthodoxy at Yale, Harvard, and other denominational colleges.
The Religious Views of George Washington
Authors: Holmes David L
Published: November 2023

Historians have learned much about George Washington’s religious practices and beliefs, not only from his own writings but also from the observations and experiences of persons who knew him. In the twenty-first century, Washington’s religious views continue to be the subject of controversy. Washington was baptized and raised in the Established Church of Virginia. His wife, Martha, was a devoted Anglican and regular churchgoer. By the standards of the eighteenth century, Washington was religiously active.
Letters to Mollie
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda
Published: November 2023

The documentation of the beginnings of the love affair between Susan and Jig is unusual because it exists almost entirely embedded in the love letters of another couple: Jig and Mollie Price. Jig began to write to Mollie on August 1, 1906, four days after they met in Moline, Illinois, at a Chicago Press Club outing, and he continued the correspondence until she arrived in Davenport in February 1908 tobecome his second wife and sporadically thereafter until their divorce in April 1911. This collection of 106 letters is fascinating, since it reveals not only their personal love but also the mores of the time concerning sexuality and divorce. Iowa then required a two-year period after divorce before individuals were free to remarry. For the thrice-married Cook that meant that between 1902 and 1913 he was married for a total of seven years and was awaiting divorce decrees for four. With birth control virtually nonexistent, and with the possibility of pregnancy being grounds for criminal charges against the divorcing party, not to mention the scandal of illegitimacy, it is not surprising that Jig saw himself as someone hounded by society and deprived of sexual relations on the turn of a law. His letters to Mollie reflect his state. They are erotic, highly charged, and explicitly sexual, giving vent to deep frustration and lashing out at the community that had ostracized him because of his marital position. To make matters worse, the waiting took place while he lived in plain view of the Davenport community.
Fire from Heaven on MacDougal Street
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda
Published: November 2023

The summer of 1917 in Provincetown was different from the last two. The Wharf Theatre was still there, but no longer being used for productions. The focus of the group was now New York, and there was no time or energy to plan a summer season, even if the inclination had been there. The Hapgoods were in town, but Neith had stopped writing plays after negative reaction to The Two Sons, which Louise Bryant reported caused the audience to burst into laughter. Mary Vorse, who from the start was peripheral to the group and had written nothing the Players would accept, was busy packing to move to Washington, D.C., where she would work for the Committee for Public Education during the remainder of the war. Wilbur Daniel Steele had just returned from the Caribbean and was completing short stories based on his experiences, while he and Margaret awaited the birth of their second child. And Louise Bryant and John Reed, progressively limiting involvement with the Players throughout the winter-Louise announcing that they “give me a pain in the stomach”-had married the previous November and taken up residence in Croton-on-Hudson, a community that other Villagers, including Mabel Dodge, were using as a city retreat.
The Illinois and Wabash Land Companies Purchases and Petitions
Authors: Robertson Lindsay G
Published: November 2023

On a cold Friday evening, February 14, 1823-St. Valentine’s Day-a group of about thirty lawyers and judges gathered at the White House in Washington, D.C., for a supper hosted by President James Monroe. Scuppernong and Constantia wines flowed freely, as did extravagant con versation. Guests debated the hotly contested presidential race, the first in the history of the new republic to attract a field of credible candidates. An drew Jackson, William Crawford, Henry Clay, and the ultimately successful John Quincy Adams all vied for the honor of succeeding Monroe. Henry Clay, who was at the dinner, assured all who cared to know that the “miser ably cold” rooms in the Executive Mansion would be “better warmed dur ing his tenure.” Others in attendance, including Robert Goodloe Harper, former congressman from South Carolina and now a Baltimore attorney, no doubt spoke more about the important cases they would soon argue at the new term of the Supreme Court. Of this group, none topped young Henry Murray of Annapolis, Maryland, who during the evening boasted of being in Washington to argue a case in which “seven[ty] millions of acres of land are in controversy, . . . more land;’ it occurred to another attendee, “than all England.”
Before the Court
Authors: Robertson Lindsay G
Published: November 2023

Thirty years after the ratification of the Constitution, the United Illinois and Wabash Land Companies finally had a route by which to bring their claim before the Supreme Court of the United States. No further petitions would be submitted to Congress, at least until the Companies had received a favorable decision from the high court. All of the Companies’ re sources, and all of Robert Goodloe Harper’s creative energies, would be devoted to crafting and prosecuting a suit to win such a decision.

To appreciate the ingenuity brought to bear on this task, it is essential to understand the structure-and deficiencies-of the judicial system in which Harper operated, as well as the various procedural devices available to him. In the federal court system in the early twenty-first century, most cases heard by the Supreme Court are first tried in a federal district court, then reviewed by the federal circuit court of appeals with jurisdiction over the district, and finally reach the Supreme Court by writ of certiorari.
The American Reception of Melville’s Short Fiction in the 1850s
Authors: Machor James L
Published: November 2023

Melville’s career as a short story writer was a brief but productive one. In the wake of a steady decline in both his reputation and the sales of his novels— from the initial stunning success of Typee in 1846 to the disastrous reception of Pierre, his seventh novel—Melville in the spring of 1853 first tried his hand at short fiction, producing four stories by the summer, including one of his most remarkable, “Bartleby, the Scrivener.” In a brief span of three years, he would write a total of sixteen stories and would publish all but one, “The Two Temples.” Financially, his foray into short fiction was comparatively successful, since he was paid the unusually high sum of $5 per page (the customary fee was $3) by both Putnam’s Monthly and Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, the two periodicals in which all but one of his published short stories appeared. Besides earning nearly $1,000 for his fourteen magazine tales, which was substantially more than his royalties for Moby-Dick and Pierre combined, he produced at least four stories that modern Melville critics have come to regard as some of the best fictions in his entire oeuvre, after Moby-Dick: “Bartleby,” “The Encantadas,” “The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids,” and “Benito Cereno.”1 study are also called into question.
Placing Readers at the Forefront of Nowhere Reception Studies and Utopian Literature
Authors: Roemer Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

What could be more out of fashion than a book like Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward (1888)? Witness the didacticism, the monologic guide-visitor talks masquerading as dialogical argument, the now obsolete gadgets served up as newness, the values grounded in white, male, middle-class nineteenth-century-isms, and the advocacy of a socialistic system at the opening of a twenty-first century when, for many American readers, the word “liberal” is an anathema (socialism is not even on their radar screen).
Hands
Authors: Garland-Thomson Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

Hands make us human, or so we are told. Our opposable thumbs, the prehensile utility, agile fingers, exquisite sensitivity, sleek hairlessness, and protective nails distinguish our hands. We grasp tools, partners, enemies, and food with more accuracy and grace than our hoofed, pawed, or finned fellow creatures. Uprightness frees our hands, providing us with the evolutionary advantage denied to our knuckle-walking cousins. Poised for action at the ends of generous and flexible arms, our hands are implements of our wills. Civilization sprung from the marriage of our capable hands to our prodigious brains (Wilson 1998). The devoted teamwork between brain and hand outstrip the utility of our legs. In this technological age, hands ensure our survival the way that legs did for hunters, gatherers, and farmers. We do not need to flee on legs from predators and toward food; we need to manipulate keyboards, cell phones, pens, and paper to survive.
Pastoral Perspectives On The Church In The Modern World
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: November 2023

Part two of Gaudium et spes flows from the pastoral constitution’s goal, stated at the outset of the document: This sacred synod, proclaiming the noble destiny of man and championing the godlike seed which has been sown in him, offers to mankind the honest assistance of the Church in fostering that brotherhood of all men which corresponds to this destiny of theirs. Inspired by no earthly ambition, the Church seeks but a solitary goal: to carry forward the work of Christ under the lead of the befriending Spirit. And Christ entered this world to give witness to the truth, to rescue and not sit in judgment, to serve and not to be served. (GS 3) Gaudium et spes takes as a guiding principle, then, that human beings have a ‘‘noble destiny’’ of ‘‘brotherhood,’’ communion in the triune God. This destiny comes from Christ, who in word and deed witnessed to the truth of God’s merciful love for human beings. Christ has rescued us, who have rebelled against God, and he has done this by laying down his life and taking the humblest place, so that we might be reconciled to God and attain the graced fulfillment that God intends for us. Guided by Christ’s spirit, the Church, according to Gaudium et spes, seeks to imitate Christ’s action in the world and to lay down her life so as to serve the graced fulfillment of human beings. The key theme of Gaudium et spes thus is that the Church’s teachings do not oppose human development, as many modern thinkers have postulated, but rather that the Church, knowing the glorious destiny of human beings and following the path of Christ, has as her very mission authentic human development.
Old Faiths in New Times
Authors: Braude Ann
Published: November 2023

‘‘Women are becoming ever more conscious of their human dignity,” Pope John XXIII declared in 1963. “They will not tolerate being treated as mere material instruments, but demand rights befitting a human person both in domestic and public life,” he wrote. Women’s organizations had made extraordinary contributions to churches and synagogues during the first half of the twentieth century, but it was not until the 1960s that women began to ask for an equal say in the institutions sustained by their efforts. “The times they are a-changin’” sang Bob Dylan in 1963, and this was as true of religion as any other part of American life. Issues involving the role of women would be among the greatest challenges facing religious groups in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same time, America’s religious landscape was changing. The decade of the 1960s saw the end of legal quotas that had previously prevented entry to the United States from most countries with non-Christian populations.
Keep On Truckin’:The Southern Cycle and the Invention of the Good Ole Boy
Authors: Nystrom Derek
Published: November 2023

Deliverance’s Ned Beatty soon appeared on screen in a canoe once more. During the opening credits of 1973’s White Lightning, in what would seem to be a deliberate allusion to Boorman’s 1972 film, we see Beatty paddling with a partner in a canoe down a still, tree-lined river while another canoe follows closely behind. When the name “Burt Reynolds” appears in the credits, one could be forgiven for thinking that what was unfolding on screen was a sequel to Deliverance. Upon closer inspection, though, the second canoe is revealed to be tied to the first, its two young, long-haired male passengers bound and gagged. Beatty, it turns out, is no middle-class vacationer but instead a vicious southern sheriff, who, at the close of the opening sequence, shoots a hole in the young men’s canoe, causing them to sink and drown. Reynolds’s character is also not a member of the Sunbelt’s rising PMC; instead, he plays an easy going, fun-loving moonshine runner, who nonetheless seeks revenge against Beatty’s sheriff for killing his brother. In short, despite the film’s almost uncanny resemblance to Deliverance in its opening moments, White Lightning’s central conflict is not between a southern past, figured as a regressive working class, and the Sunbelt present, embodied by the PMC. Instead, the film, like the great bulk of films in the Southern cycle, turns on a battle between two representatives of southern white workingclass masculinity: the redneck and the good ole boy.
Costs of Arbitration
Authors: Madsen Finn
Published: November 2023

The parties shall be jointly and severally liable to pay reasonable compensation to the arbitrators for work and expenses. However, where the arbitrators have stated in the arbitral award that they lack jurisdiction to try the dispute, the party that did not request arbitration shall be liable to pay only to the extent that special circumstances so require. In a final arbitral award, the arbitrators may order the parties to pay compensation to them, together with interest from the date occurring one month following the date of the rendering of the arbitral award. The compensation shall be stated separately for each arbitrator. The Model Law does not contain provisions governing the arbitrators’ right to compensation.
International Matters
Authors: Madsen Finn
Published: November 2023

This Act shall apply to arbitral proceedings which take place in Sweden notwithstanding the fact that the dispute has an international connection. The provisions of sections 46-60 replace the earlier legislation in the Foreign Arbitration Agreements and Awards Act (1929:147).1 Certain provisions in the Act lack, though, any corresponding provisions in the 1929 Act. Sections 46-60 have been formulated taking into consideration Sweden’s international obligations pursuant to the 1923 Geneva Protocol, 1927 Geneva Convention,2 and the New York Convention.3 In disputes with international connections, questions concerning applicable law may arise in a number of respects. This section states which law shall govern the actual proceedings (lex arbitri)4 when they take The earlier legislation had been amended, inter alia in connection with Sweden’s accession to the New York Convention in 1972.
Entry into Force and Transitional Provisions
Authors: Madsen Finn
Published: November 2023

This Act shall enter into force on 1 April 1999, at which time the Arbitration Act (SFS 1929:145) and the Foreign Arbitration Agreements and Awards Act (SFS 1929:147) shall be repealed. The previous Act shall apply to arbitral proceedings which have been commenced prior to the entry into force or, with respect to enforcement of a foreign arbitral award, if the application for enforcement was made prior to the entry into force. Where an arbitration agreement has been concluded prior to the entry into force, the provisions of section 18, second paragraph, section 21, first paragraph, sub-section 1, and section 26, second and third paragraphs of the Arbitration Act (SFS 1929:145) shall apply, insofar as the period of time within which the award shall be rendered is concerned, to proceedings that are commenced within two years from the date of the entry into force of the new Act.
A New Role for Litigation in CISG Contracts: The 2005 Hague Choice of Court Convention
Authors: Brand* Ronald A
Published: November 2023

Discussions of international transactions often include statements about the value of arbitration as a method for resolving disputes. Among other advantages, arbitration provides respect for party autonomy; it facilitates the selection of a neutral site, it allows for the application of a neutral set of procedural rules; it offers the possibility of finality of decision that may not be available in judicial decisions subject to appeal; and it affords the opportunity to select decision-makers who are experts in the particular economic relationship involved. One of the most commonly-heard justifications for selection of arbitration over litigation, however, is the existence of the New York Arbitration Convention (“New York Convention’’), and the fact that more than 130 states are party to its rules providing for judicial enforcement (with limited exceptions) of both the agreement to arbitrate and the resulting award.
The CISG: Perspectives from an Economist
Authors: Lehn* Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The CISG is a potential hotbed for research by scholars in the field of law and economics. One probably would not have been able to say that back in 1966 when the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law embarked on drafting its second international sales convention, culminating in the adoption of the CISG in Vienna in 1980. Economists would not have had much to say about the topic in 1966. The dominant paradigm in economics at the time was the neoclassical model in which consumers maximize utility subject to budget constraints and businesses maximize profits subject to production function constraints. The neoclassical model assumed, for purposes of mathematical convenience, that transaction costs were zero. As Professor Harold Demsetz of UCLA has pointed out, this assumption is appropriate for some issues, such as understanding how resources are allocated in decentralized price systems, which was the focus of economists’ attention for much of the 19th and 20th centuries.1 But a model that assumes that contracting is costless does not have much to offer to scholars and practitioners trying to understand the economics of international sales conventions.
Delays in Performance UnderCISG
Authors: Magnus* Ulrich
Published: November 2023

“Time is a strange thing” says the Duchess in Richard StrauB’s “Rosenkavalier;’ and the same sigh may be heard from lawyers considering whether time is of the essence with respect to the fate of a contract. Indeed, delays in performance have to do with time, and they are among the most common breaches of contracts in general and of sales contracts in particular—encompassing late delivery, late payment or late performance of any other obligation. In theory, there exist three clearly distinguishable categories of breach of contract, namely non-performance, non-conforming performance and late performance. Non-conforming and late performance are distinguishable in most but not all cases. It is only a matter of time when delayed performance turns into non-performance; what starts as delay may end as complete non-performance. Because of this effect of time, the question that frequently arises is, which remedy is appropriate in case of delayed performance-will damages suffice, or should termination of the contract be granted (and if so, at what point)? The following chapter will first discuss how the CISG, or to be more precise, the practice under the CISG, deals with delay as a specific form of breach of contract. Then I shall examine whether and how parties can, through careful drafting, avoid or minimize legal problems in case of delay in performance.
A Well-Regulated Militia
Authors: Cornell Saul
Published: November 2023

Americans are deeply divided over the Second Amendment. Some passionately assert that the Amendment protects an individual's right to own guns. Others, that it does no more than protect the right of states to maintain militias. Now, in the first and only comprehensive history of this bitter controversy, Saul Cornell proves conclusively that both sides are wrong. Cornell, a leading constitutional historian, shows that the Founders understood the right to bear arms as neither an individual nor a collective right, but as a civic right--an obligation citizens owed to the state to arm themselves so that they could participate in a well regulated militia. He shows how the modern "collective right" view of the Second Amendment, the one federal courts have accepted for over a hundred years, owes more to the Anti-Federalists than the Founders. Likewise, the modern "individual right" view emerged only in the nineteenth century. The modern debate, Cornell reveals, has its roots in the nineteenth century, passed and the first cases on the right to bear arms came before the courts. Equally important, he describes how the gun control battle took on a new urgency during Reconstruction, when Republicans and Democrats clashed over the meaning of the right to bear arms and its connection to the Fourteenth Amendment. When the Democrats defeated the Republicans, it elevated the "collective rights" theory to preeminence and set the terms for constitutional debate over this issue for the next century. A Well Regulated Militia not only restores the lost meaning of the original Second Amendment, but it provides a clear historical road map that charts how we have arrived at our current impasse over guns. For anyone interested in understanding the great American gun debate, this is a must read.
Rights, Regulations, Revolution: The Antebellum Debate over Guns
Authors: Cornell Saul
Published: November 2023

During his travels in the United States, the young Charles Dickens noted Americans’ penchant for arming themselves with a grisly assortment of guns and knives. The English novelist recounted one story that was emblematic of the growing problem of interpersonal violence in the early Republic. The bloody incident recounted by Dickens involved a verbal exchange that turned deadly. Angry words led to an exchange of blows, and when one of the disputants in this altercation attempted to cane the other, pistols were drawn by the two men and gunfire exchanged. The fatal wound, however, was not inflicted by either man’s handgun. The mortal wound, Dickens recalled, was delivered with “one of those never failing weapons, a bowie-knife.”
Individual or Collective Right: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Origins of the Modern Gun Debate
Authors: Cornell Saul
Published: November 2023

On April 12, 1861, soldiers from the Palmetto Guard, an elite volunteer unit of South Carolina’s militia, fired on the Union forces garrisoned in Fort Sumter. The Confederacy’s attack on the fort plunged the nation into the bloodiest conflict in American history. The Civil War proved to be a watershed moment in the contentious history of the Second Amendment. The actions of the South Carolina militia took the antebellum states’ rights interpretation of the Second Amendment to its logical conclusion. The idea that a state might use its militia against the federal government, an idea vaguely theorized during the original debate over the Constitution in 1788 and that had been elaborated by Jeffersonians in the decade after ratification, was finally put into practice with tragic results. The Union’s triumph over the South discredited this insurrectionary theory of states’ rights, much as John Brown’s prewar raid on Harpers Ferry had discredited the radical abolitionist idea that individuals might take up arms against their government. After the defeat of the Confederacy the notion that a state or an individual might exercise such a right was simply no longer tenable.
Options to Establish an Appellate Mechanism for Investment Disputes
Authors: Legum Barton
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores options to establish an appellate mechanism for investment disputes. First, I will review the options that have been tabled for establishing such an investment mechanism. This section can be summarized in four words: there are no options. Second, I will examine why, despite the substantial discussion of this topic over the past four years, there are no options on the table. In this part of the chapter, I will show that the current investment law environment is not well suited to an appellate mechanism. I will then explore whether a compelling need for such a mechanism has been established, and finally argue that the cure in this case could well be worse than the disease.
Exemptions
Authors: Zeller Bruno
Published: November 2023

It is universally recognized that one of the important principles in contract law is the maxim pacta sunt servanda. This maxim supports the most fundamental principle of contract law, namely the sanctity of contracts.
Introduction
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

I Before trying to answer Benjamin’s question,1 one he never explicitly answers himself, it might be worth wondering why he poses it at all. It does not seem a particularly characteristic inquiry, coming from a writer usually thought of as “intransigently melancholic, fixed to his work and the sadness of it,”2 whose only full-length published work was on the German tragic drama. And yet, in all of Benjamin’s speculations on the political significance of film, Chaplin is virtually the only performer mentioned by name, with the significant exception of Mickey Mouse. Thus, the very serious questions raised by the invention of mechanically reproduced works of art are approached primarily by way of comic examples, which sometimes seem to embody the most positive aspects of the new media. Benjamin even suggests in an early essay on Chaplin that laughter is “the most international and the most revolutionary emotion of the masses” (SW, 2:224).
The Playwright and the Audience: The Outrageousness of King Lear
Authors: Hapgood Robert
Published: November 2023

They walk out on Edward Bond’s adaptation, Lear (London, 1972j. They did so both times I have seen it performed, at Yale when it was new, and at its revival in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1982. Both productions were good. The audience was simply repelled by what it was seeing. The first scene includes a rash execution of a worker by Lear, and the fourth scene, the mutilation of one of Lear’s counsellors by his two rebellious daughters. The mutilation includes cutting his tongue out (one of the daughters laments, ‘O Christ, why did I cut his tongue out? I want him to scream!’), smashing his hands, and deafening him (the other daughter interrupts her knitting, and coolly pokes the knitting needles into the victim’s ears: ‘I’ll just jog these in and out a little. Doodee, doodee, doodee, doo.
Johnson’s Shakespeare
Authors: Parker G F
Published: November 2023

This study concerns itself with Shakespeare no less than with Johnson. For Johnson;s account of ’the poet of nature’ is here maintained to be no dead commonplace but a radically challenging proposition; its cutting edge is brought out by a series of contrasts with the leading Romantic critics - Coleridge, Schlegel, and Hazlitt - and the dichotomies which emerge are found to reflect tensions exhibited by or explored within the plays themselves. The need for unexpectedly fundamental choices in our own reading of Shakespeare is implied. The author relates Johnson's feeling for general nature to the scepticism characteristic of his thought, and concludes with a fresh and provocative discussion of Johnson’s response to the ‘unnatural deeds of Shakespearean tragedy. The Central section of the Preface to Shakespeare is reprinted here, as are many of the most critically interesting notes, so that this book offers a virtual anthology of Johnson’s Shakespeare criticism as well as a commentary upon it. evaluation of Shakespeare as ‘the poet of nature’ was no mere commonplace but a radically challenging proposition. In this study his ideas are contrasted with the leading Romantic critics Coleridge, Hazlitt, and A. W. Schlegel. A large part of his Preface to Shakespeare is reprinted as are many of the most critically interesting notes, providing a virtual anthology of Johnson’s Shakespeare criticism.
Introduction
Authors: Newlyn Lucy
Published: November 2023

The first rule I have observed in notes on Milton and others is to take for granted that no man had ever a thought onginate in his own mind; in consequence of which, if there is anything in a book like It before, it was certainly taken from that. And you may go on, particularly by their likenesses, to the time of the deluge, and at last it amounts to this: that no man had a thought but some one found it, and It has gone down as an heirloom which one man is lucky enough to get and then another.
Reception
Authors: Newlyn Lucy
Published: November 2023

‘I am sick of hearing of the sublimity of Milton’, complains Mary Wollstone-craft, m the chapter on reading m her Education of Daughters (1787). Even without entering mto the quest10n of Milton’s patriarchal reputation (which, according to Joseph Wittreich’s research, was less widespread m the eighteenth century than we might assume), it is not difficult to imagine the causes of her impatience. Between 1705 and 1800, Paradise Lost alone was published over a hundred times: along with The Pilgrim’s Progress and the Bible, it was the most widely read book of the century Passages from it were excerpted and anthologized for the moral edificat10n of the young and the female, not least by Wollstonecraft herself. Children, familiarized with it during the early stages of their education, were encouraged to read it as a kmd of primer; and in the popular imagination it acquired the status of a biblical text.