bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
α-TYPE CHEVALLEY–EILENBERG COHOMOLOGY OF HOM-LIE ALGEBRAS AND BIALGEBRAS
Authors: HURLE BENEDIKT , MAKHLOUF ABDENACER
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this paper is to define an α-type cohomology, which we call α-type Chevalley–Eilenberg cohomology, for Hom-Lie algebras. We relate it to the known Chevalley–Eilenberg cohomology and provide explicit computations for some examples. Moreover, using this cohomology, we study formal deformations of Hom-Lie algebras, where the bracket as well as the structure map α are deformed. Furthermore, we provide a generalization of the grand crochet and study, in a particular case, the α-type cohomology for Hom-Lie bialgebras.
Cochlear patency following translabyrinthine vestibular schwannoma resection: implications for hearing rehabilitation
Authors: Carswell V , Crowther J A , Locke R , Taylor W , Kontorinis G
Published: July 2019

Objective

To examine when cochlear fibrosis occurs following a translabyrinthine approach for vestibular schwannoma resection, and to determine the safest time window for potential cochlear implantation in cases with a preserved cochlear nerve.

Methods

This study retrospectively reviewed the post-operative magnetic resonance imaging scans of patients undergoing a translabyrinthine approach for vestibular schwannoma resection, assessing the fluid signal within the cochlea. Cochleae were graded based on the Isaacsonet al. system (from grade 0 – no obstruction, to grade 4 – complete obliteration).

Results

Thirty-nine patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The cochleae showed no evidence of obliteration in: 75 per cent of patients at six months, 38.5 per cent at one year and 27 per cent beyond one year. Most changes happened between 6 and 12 months after vestibular schwannoma resection, with cases of an unobstructed cochlear decreasing dramatically, from 75 per cent to 38.5 per cent, within this time.

Conclusion

The progress of cochlear obliteration that occurred between 6 and 12 months following vestibular schwannoma resection indicates that the first 6 months provides a safer time window for cochlear patency.
Long-term status of middle-ear aeration post canal wall down mastoidectomy
Authors: Ezulia T , Goh B S , Saim L
Published: July 2019

Background

Retraction pocket theory is the most acceptable theory for cholesteatoma formation. Canal wall down mastoidectomy is widely performed for cholesteatoma removal. Post-operatively, each patient with canal wall down mastoidectomy has an exteriorised mastoid cavity, exteriorised attic, neo-tympanic membrane and shallow neo-middle ear.

Objective

This study aimed to clinically assess the status of the neo-tympanic membrane and the exteriorised attic following canal wall down mastoidectomy.

Methods

All post canal wall down mastoidectomy patients were recruited and otoendoscopy was performed to assess the neo-tympanic membrane. A clinical classification of the overall status of middle-ear aeration following canal wall down mastoidectomy was formulated.

Results

Twenty-five ears were included in the study. Ninety-two per cent of cases showed some degree of neo-tympanic membrane retraction, ranging from mild to very severe.

Conclusion

After more than six months following canal wall down mastoidectomy, the degree of retracted neo-tympanic membranes and exteriorised attics was significant. Eustachian tube dysfunction leading to negative middle-ear aeration was present even after the canal wall down procedure. However, there was no development of cholesteatoma, despite persistent retraction.
Surgical approaches for definitive treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: results of a survey in 178 patients
Authors: Yang Chuang , He Jingyu , Yang Xianwei , Wang Wentao
Published: July 2019

Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a potentially fatal disease caused by the larval growth of Echinococcus multilocularis. We analysed the clinical data of 178 consecutive HAE patients treated with definitive radical surgery at our institution. According to the surgical approach: group A patients underwent direct radical hepatic resection; group B patients first underwent percutaneous puncture external drainage, followed by radical hepatic resection 2 months later; group C patients underwent a two-step hepatic resection; and group D patients underwent liver transplantation. The baseline characteristics, mortality, postoperative complications and recurrence rates were evaluated. Symptoms were present in 79.8% (142/178) patients. Bi-lobar lesion was found in 34 (19.1%, 34/178) patients, 47.2% (84/178) of whom had ⩾2 lesions each. There were no intraoperative deaths. The postoperative mortality was 2.29% in group A, 8.62% in group D and 0% in groups B and C. The main cause of death was a serious postoperative complication (Clavien–Dindo grades III–V). Patients were followed-up systematically for a median of 35.8 months (8–72) without recurrence. Active HAE should be treated by radical liver resection, and the complicated alveolar echinococcosis of the liver has been managed whenever possible using principles of radical liver resection by experienced hepatic surgeons.
On Reading Scruton: Art, Truth, and Temperament
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: July 2019

Art is the one corner of human life in which we may take our ease. To justify our presence there the only thing that is demanded of us is a passion for representation. In other places our passions are conditional and embarrassed; we are allowed to have only so many as are consistent with those of our neighbours; with their convenience and well-being, with their convictions and prejudices, rules and regulations. Art means an escape from all this. Wherever her brilliant standard floats the need for apologies and exonerations is over; there it is enough simply that we please or that we are pleased. There, the tree is judged only by its fruits. If these are sweet, one is welcome to pluck them.1
A comparison of different definitions of social isolation using Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) data
Authors: Newall Nancy E. G. , Menec Verena H.
Published: July 2019

There are many definitions of social isolation which draw on structural indicators (e.g. living alone), functional indicators (e.g. social support) or both. This makes comparing prevalence rates across studies difficult and provides little guidance for practitioners and service providers to identify and target socially isolated clients. The purpose of the present study was to compare, within one large population-based data-set of Canadians aged 45–85, single-item and composite indicators of social isolation, by total sample and by socio-demographics (age, sex) and health. Data were from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) which assessed features of social network, social support and social participation. Two composite scales were created to compare prevalence rates based on structural only or both structural and functional indicators. Results indicated overall low prevalence rates of social isolation, regardless of the measure used. A composite scale using only structural features identified 5.8 per cent socially isolated adults aged 45–85. This compared with a structural and functional scale that identified 9.8 per cent socially isolated adults. The composite measures showed less variation across socio-demographics than single-item measures. Results shed light on different ways in which social isolation can be defined and how single-item and composite definitions impact our understanding of identifying socially isolated adults in a given population. Results add to discussion of measures that can be used by researchers, services providers and practitioners.
The use of English in movies in Turkey
Authors: Arik Beril T. , Arik Engin
Published: July 2019

According to Kachru's (1992) concentric circles framework, the use of English across countries can be grouped into three circles: an inner circle in which English is the native language, e.g., the UK; an outer circle in which English serves certain functions due to colonization, e.g., India; and an expanding circle in which English is taught as a foreign language, e.g., Turkey. Although many studies have examined the role of English in higher education in Turkey (e.g., Arik & Arik, 2014; Karakaş, 2016), the use of English in the media has not been explored to the same extent. The present study addresses the use of English in movies in theaters in Turkey. The study shows that English is the language of 50% of the movies shown in theaters in Turkey. Therefore, our findings provide further evidence showing the prevalence of English in Turkish movie theaters.
Disqualified Witnesses between Tannaitic Halakha and Roman Law: The Archeology of a Legal Institution
Authors: Malka Orit
Published: July 2019

Contemporary Western legal systems allow any individual to serve as a witness and to testify in court. However, in legal regimes from late antiquity we find strict limitations on the eligibility of certain types of people to serve as witnesses. Some of the lists of disqualified witnesses are very particular, thus inviting explanation of the reasons for the specific rules of disqualification. Such is the case regarding both Jewish and Roman rules of disqualification, which are the topic of this paper. Tannaitic halakha, composed in Roman Palestine between the first and third centuries CE, includes a list of four characters disqualified from giving testimony, which has long defied interpretation: “a dice player, a usurer, pigeon flyers, and traders in Seventh Year produce”. This paper offers a novel approach to the study of this list, suggesting that the rabbis drew on the Roman legal institution of infamia when constructing their own laws regarding disqualified witnesses. Beyond solving a puzzle relating to Jewish law, the paper also sheds light on the inner logic of Roman law, maintaining that Jewish and Roman rules of disqualified witnesses are commonly grounded in an ethics of self-control. By drawing attention to this previously unnoted theoretical subtext, the paper contributes to a missing chapter in the global history of evidence admissibility rules.
History of the reciprocal lattice
Authors: Fathi Mohammad Bagher
Published: July 2019

History of the development of the reciprocal lattice is reviewed. The reciprocal lattice as an essential tool for the study of diffraction experiments by ordered structures and characterization of their structural properties is widely taught in any text of solid state or chemistry, but usually without discussion of its history. This article aims to give a coherent historical perspective on the reciprocal lattice. First, a basic introduction to the reciprocal lattice concept, its mathematical foundation and physical origin, and its relationship with the direct lattice is provided. Then a detailed chronicle of ideas leading to the concept of the reciprocal lattice is presented, including a review of the contributions of Gibbs, Ewald, and others. The polar lattice concept, the great ancestor of the reciprocal lattice, is presented.
Scattering coefficients of inhomogeneous objects and their application in target classification in wave imaging
Authors: BALDASSARI LORENZO
Published: July 2019

The aim of this paper is to provide and numerically test in the presence of measurement noise a procedure for target classification in wave imaging based on comparing frequency-dependent distribution descriptors with precomputed ones in a dictionary of learned distributions. Distribution descriptors for inhomogeneous objects are obtained from the scattering coefficients. First, we extract the scattering coefficients of the (inhomogeneous) target from the perturbation of the reflected waves. Then, for a collection of inhomogeneous targets, we build a frequency-dependent dictionary of distribution descriptors and use a matching algorithm in order to identify a target from the dictionary up to some translation, rotation and scaling.
ON A FUNCTION MODULE WITH APPROXIMATE HYPERPLANE SERIES PROPERTY
Authors: GRANDO T. , LOURENÇO M. L.
Published: July 2019

We present a sufficient and necessary condition for a function module space $X$ to have the approximate hyperplane series property (AHSP). As a consequence, we have that the space ${\mathcal{C}}_{0}(L,E)$ of bounded and continuous $E$-valued mappings defined on the locally compact Hausdorff space $L$ has AHSP if and only if $E$ has AHSP.
From theBulletin International des Sociétés de la Croix Rougeto theInternational Review of the Red Cross: The Great War as a revelator
Authors: Becker Annette
Published: July 2019

During the Great War, theBulletin International des Sociétés de la Croix Rougecovered the immense work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (National Societies). This article focuses on one particular angle of that work: the tensions and even contradictions between the ICRC's duty of neutrality and impartiality, on the one hand, and the national and sometimes nationalistic commitments of National Societies, which were naturally opposed to each other in wartime, on the other. While some of theBulletin’s articles revealed real advances in thought on war and the protection of victims, others reflected the inertia caused by this fundamental contradiction.
Having Workplace Friends Is Not Always Fun
Authors: Hommelhoff Sabine
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Workplace friendships can be joyful for employees and conducive to positive organizational outcomes. However, recent research has suggested that there are also dark sides and complexities associated with workplace friendships, which are not well understood. This exploratory critical incident study of 201 employees therefore focuses on conflicts that can arise among friends when work and friendship norms clash. Incidents were coded in terms of conflicting resources and broken friendship rules. Results showed that conflicts most often revolved around the resources status and affection. That is, hierarchies and promotions collided with friendship. Moreover, two friendship rules were broken frequently, the intimacy and the third-party rule. That is, either trust was betrayed, or a friend did not act like a friend when a third person, for example, a supervisor, became involved. In demonstrating potential downsides of workplace friendships, this study aims to help employees in understanding and maintaining good workplace relationships.
The Coping Scales From the German Stress and Coping Questionnaire for	Children and Adolescents
Authors: Eschenbeck Heike , Heim-Dreger Uwe , Kerkhoff Denise , Kohlmann Carl-Walter , Lohaus Arnold , Vierhaus Marc
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The coping scales from the Stress and Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (SSKJ 3–8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Heßling, 2018 ) are subscales of a theoretically based and empirically validated self-report instrument for assessing, originally in the German language, the five strategies of seeking social support, problem solving, avoidant coping, palliative emotion regulation, and anger-related emotion regulation. The present study examined factorial structure, measurement invariance, and internal consistency across five different language versions: English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Ukrainian. The original German version was compared to each language version separately. Participants were 5,271 children and adolescents recruited from primary and secondary schools from Germany ( n = 3,177), France ( n = 329), Russia ( n = 378), the Dominican Republic ( n = 243), Ukraine ( n = 437), and several English-speaking countries such as Australia, Great Britain, Ireland, and the USA (English-speaking sample: n = 707). For the five different language versions of the SSKJ 3–8 coping questionnaire, confirmatory factor analyses showed configural as well as metric and partial scalar invariance (French) or partial metric invariance (English, Russian, Spanish, Ukrainian). Internal consistency coefficients of the coping scales were also acceptable to good. Significance of the results was discussed with special emphasis on cross-cultural research on individual differences in coping.
Powerful Individuals Behave Less Cooperatively in Common Resource	Dilemmas When Treated Unfairly
Authors: Wang Xiuxin , Wang Mengli , Sun Qian , Gao Qianyun , Liu Yongfang , Deng Mianlin
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Previous research has suggested that power undermines cooperation in social dilemmas. However, the story may not be so simple. Guided by recent findings that power heightens sensitivity to unfairness, we examined the moderating effect of distributive justice on the association between power and cooperation. Across two experiments, when treated unfairly, high-power (vs. low-power) participants perceived greater unfairness. Moreover, high-power (vs. low-power) participants behaved less cooperatively not only when they interacted with the offender who treated them unfairly (Experiment 1), but also when they interacted with innocent third parties (Experiment 2). However, high-power and low-power participants showed no difference in perceived fairness and cooperation when treated fairly. These findings shed light on the association between power and cooperation by suggesting the modulating role of distributive justice, and they remind us that researchers should take participants’ personal sense of power into account when manipulating fairness.
High‐Resolution40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of the Louisville Seamounts IODP Expedition 330 Drill Sites: Implications for the Duration of Hot Spot‐related Volcanism and Age Progressions
Authors: Heaton D. E. , Koppers A. A. P.
Published: July 2019

The Louisville Seamounts display age progressive volcanism and are thought to have formed as the Pacific Plate moved over a long‐lived primary hot spot. Here we present 70 new40Ar/39Ar age results from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Sites U1372, U1375, U1376, and U1377 drilled and cored during Expedition 330 to the northern, older end of the Louisville Seamounts. The five seamounts drilled are flat‐topped guyots with ages ranging from ∼74 Ma (Canopus Guyot) to ∼51 Ma (Hadar Guyot) recovering up to ∼510 m of basaltic material beneath thin sediment interfaces. Our40Ar/39Ar measurements reveal that throughout each drill hole, most dates are constant within ∼500‐900 kyr at the 2σ confidence interval. In this study we use the new Louisville age information to compare against the Hawaiian‐Emperor trail on the Pacific Plate. The Louisville hot spot trail is low volume, dominantly alkali basalt, and seamounts have a relatively short lifespan up to ∼4 Myr, whereas the Hawaiian hot spot trail is high volume, has a tholeiitic shield‐building stage capped by an alkalic post‐shield stage, and has a lifespan up to ∼6‐7 Myr. Here we show a new approach to estimating a seamount's inception age based on the known cumulative age distributions for seamounts in the Louisville Seamount and Hawaii‐Emperor Seamount trails. Based on our new40Ar/39Ar analyses, we conclude that existing absolute plate motion models misrepresent the age progression of Louisville Seamounts and that the timing of the Hawaiian‐Emperor Bend and the 169°W bend in the Louisville Seamounts are asynchronous by ~3.7 Myr.
An Advanced Multiple‐Layer Canopy Model in the WRF Model With Large‐Eddy Simulations to Simulate Canopy Flows and Scalar Transport Under Different Stability Conditions
Authors: Ma Yulong , Liu Heping
Published: July 2019

Forest canopies play a critical role in affecting momentum and scalar transfer. Although there have been recent advances in numerical simulations of turbulent flows and scalar transfer across plant canopies and the atmosphere interface, few models have incorporated all important physical and physiological processes in subcanopy layers. Here we describe and evaluate an advanced multiple‐layer canopy module (MCANOPY), which is developed based largely on the Community Land Model version 4.5 and then coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model with large‐eddy simulations (WRF‐LES). The MCANOPY includes a suite of subcanopy processes, including radiation transfer, photosynthesis, canopy layer energy balance, momentum drag, and heat, water vapor, and CO2 exchange between canopy layers and the canopy atmosphere. Numerical schemes for heat and water transport in soil, ground surface energy balance, and soil respiration are also included. Both the stand‐alone MCANOPY and the coupled system (the WRF‐LES‐MCANOPY) are evaluated against data measured in the Canopy Horizontal Array Turbulence Study field experiment. The MCANOPY performs reasonably well in reproducing vertical profiles of mean and turbulent flows as well as second‐order statistical quantities including heat and scalar fluxes within the canopy under unstable stability conditions. The coupled WRF‐LES‐MCANOPY captures major features of canopy edge flows under both neutral and unstable conditions. Limitations of the MCANOPY are discussed for our further work. Our results suggest that our model can be a promising modeling system for a variety of applications to study canopy flows and scalar transport (e.g., CO2).
A Modified Particle Filter‐Based Data Assimilation Method for a High‐Precision 2‐D Hydrodynamic Model Considering Spatial‐temporal Variability of Roughness: Simulation of Dam‐Break Flood Inundation
Authors: Cao Yin , Ye Yuntao , Liang Lili , Zhao Hongli , Jiang Yunzhong , Wang Hao , Yi Zhenyan , Shang Yizi , Yan Dengming
Published: July 2019

The particle filter‐based data assimilation method is an effective tool to adjust model states based on observations. In this study, we proposed a modified particle filter‐based data assimilation method with a local weighting procedure (MPFDA‐LW) for a high‐precision two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model (HydroM2D) in dam‐break flood simulation. Moreover, a particle filter‐based data assimilation method with a global weighting procedure (PFDA‐GW) for the HydroM2D model was also investigated. The MPFDA‐LW and the PFDA‐GW for the HydroM2D model, respectively, adopted spatially nonuniform and uniform Manning's roughness coefficients. The MPFDA‐LW considering spatial‐temporal variability of Manning's roughness coefficient could significantly improve the performances of the HydroM2D model in simulating water stages at all gauges simultaneously, whereas the PFDA‐GW considering temporal variability of Manning's roughness coefficient could only slightly improve the performances of the HydroM2D model in simulating water stages at a few gauges. The MPFDA‐LW is more suitable for improving the performance of 2‐D hydrodynamic models in flood inundation simulation than the PFDA‐GW.
How Do Variably Striking Faults Reactivate During Rifting? Insights From Southern Malawi
Authors: Williams Jack N. , Fagereng Åke , Wedmore Luke N. J. , Biggs Juliet , Mphepo Felix , Dulanya Zuze , Mdala Hassan , Blenkinsop Thomas
Published: July 2019

Crustal extension is commonly thought to be accommodated by faults that strike orthogonal and obliquely to the regional trend of the minimum compressive stress (σ3). Activation of oblique faults can, however, be conceptually problematic as under Andersonian faulting, it requires preexisting crustal weaknesses, high fluid pressures, and/or stress rotations. Furthermore, measurements of incremental fault displacements, which are typically used to identify oblique faulting, do not necessarily reflect regional stresses. Here, we assess oblique faulting by calculating the stress ratio (σ3/σ1, where σ1 is the maximum compressive stress), slip tendency, and effective coefficient of friction (μs′) required to reactivate variably striking normal faults under different trends of σ3. We apply this analysis to NW and NNE striking active faults at the southern end of the Malawi Rift, where NE‐SW, ENE‐WSW, E‐W, and SE‐NW σ3 trends have previously been proposed. A uniform σ3 trend is inferred for this region as recent joints sets do not rotate along the rift. With a NE‐SW trending σ3, NW‐striking faults are well oriented, however, NNE‐striking faults require μs′ < 0.6 to reactivate. This is inconsistent with a lack of frictionally weak phyllosilicates detected in the fault zone rocks. With an ENE‐WSW to E‐W trending σ3, all faults can reactivate at μs′ > 0.55. These σ3 trends are also comparable to a focal mechanism stress inversion, regional joint orientations, and previously reported geodetically derived extension directions. We therefore conclude that unlike typical models of oblique rifting, the southern Malawi Rift consists of faults that all strike slightly oblique to σ3.
Internal Tide Attenuation in the North Pacific
Authors: Alford Matthew H. , Simmons Harper L. , Marques Olavo B. , Girton James B.
Published: July 2019

Multisatellite altimetry and an eddy‐resolving model with tides are used to quantify the attenuation of the mode‐1 M2 internal tide as it propagates from three major sources in the North Pacific. The model is used to correct the altimetric fluxes for the nonstationary signal that altimeters cannot detect. Because internal tides in the North Pacific are highly stationary, these corrections do not materially impact the decay rate estimates. Fluxes are integrated in wedges extending from the sources to account for interference and radial spreading. Observed attenuation rates are consistent with e‐folding scales between 750 and 3,000 km, suggesting weak dissipation rates (≤10−10 W/kg or 0.75×10−3 W/m2) compared to typical open‐ocean turbulence levels, implicating near‐inertial waves and higher‐mode internal tides in providing the balance of the dissipation in the ocean interior.
A 4,500‐Year‐Long Record of Southern Rocky Mountain Dust Deposition
Authors: Routson Cody C. , Arcusa Stéphanie H. , McKay Nicholas P. , Overpeck Jonathan T.
Published: July 2019

Dust emissions from southwestern North America (Southwest) impact human health and water resources. Whereas a growing network of regional dust reconstructions characterizes the long‐term natural variability of dustiness in the Southwest, short‐term fluctuations remain unexplored. We present a 4.5‐millennia near‐annual record of dust mass accumulation rates from the southern Rocky Mountains, CO. Using microscanning X‐ray fluorescence and a geochemical end‐member mixing model, the record confirms dust increased with human disturbance beginning around 1880 CE, reversing a long‐term decreasing trend potentially related to changes in effective moisture, wind, and vegetation. However, increases in dust mass accumulation rates do not correspond to years or periods of drought, as characterized by tree rings. This result suggests sediment supply and transport mechanisms have a strong influence on dust deposition. The record shows the Southwest is naturally prone to dustiness; however, human disturbances have a large influence on dust emissions, which can be mitigated by changing land use.
Constraints on Venus Lightning From Akatsuki's First 3 Years in Orbit
Authors: Lorenz Ralph D. , Imai Masataka , Takahashi Yukihiro , Sato Mitsuteru , Yamazaki Atsushi , Sato Takao M. , Imamura Takeshi , Satoh Takehiko , Nakamura Masato
Published: July 2019

Observations by the Lightning and Airglow Camera on Japan's Venus Climate Orbiter “Akatsuki” over its first 3 years in orbit are reported. Forty‐two opportunities during low‐altitude nightside passes have accumulated 16.8 hr of observation, yielding an area‐time product of 81.6 ×106 km2‐hr, by far the largest at Venus itself to date. No flashes attributable to lightning have been detected, whereas similar observations at Earth would yield thousands of detections. A low flash rate of ~0.005 per million km2‐hr indicated in ground‐based observations is not excluded (but would require that there are not many more smaller flashes). The allowable flash rate is incompatible with the much higher rates of bursts recorded by magnetic and electric field sensors at Venus, indicating that electrical discharges at Venus lack optical emission or that the electromagnetic detections have a nonlightning explanation or both.
A Fast Fermi Acceleration at Mars Bow Shock
Authors: Meziane K. , Mazelle C. X. , Mitchell D. L. , Hamza A. M. , Penou E. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: July 2019

We report, for the first time, strong evidences that a fast Fermi mechanism is taking place at the Mars bow shock. The MAVEN spacecraft observations from the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer instrument show electron flux spikes with energies up to ∼1.5 keV. These spikes are associated with sunward propagating electrons and appear when the interplanetary field line threading the spacecraft is connected near the Martian bow shock tangency point. The observed loss cone distribution is a salient feature of these backstreaming electrons as the phase space density peaks on a ring centered along the magnetic field direction. Moreover, the data show no evidence of any effect due to a hypothetical cross‐shock electric potential on the observed angular distributions. Although similar distributions are seen at the terrestrial bow shock, the quantitative analysis of the measurements strongly indicates that the electrons are produced at the shock foot and escape upstream before exploring the entire shock structure.
Density‐Driven Convection in a Fractured Porous Media: Implications for Geological CO2 Storage
Authors: Kim Minji , Kim Kue‐Young , Han Weon Shik , Oh Junho , Park Eungyu
Published: July 2019

Dissolution trapping is one of the primary mechanisms of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in a geological formation. In this study, a numerical model was used to examine the impacts of single and multiple fractures on the transport of dissolved CO2 plumes in various geological settings. The effects of the fracture angle, fracture‐matrix permeability ratio, fracture intersection, and matrix heterogeneity on density‐driven CO2 convection were systematically investigated. The fractures were found to play time‐varying roles in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media by serving as preferential pathways for both CO2‐rich plumes (fingers) and CO2‐free water. The competition between the enhancement of convective mixing and the inhibition of finger growth by the upward flow of freshwater generated a complex flow system. The interaction between the strong upward flow of freshwater through the fractures and the falling CO2‐rich fingers through the porous matrix induced a positive feedback, resulting in accelerated domain‐scale circulation and CO2 dissolution. While the CO2‐rich fingers grew relatively evenly at the top boundary in the homogeneous media, they selectively developed through the high permeable zones in the heterogeneous media. Compared with homogeneous media, the heterogeneous media preserving fractures particularly generated a more dynamic fracture‐matrix mass transfer, resulting in more rapid CO2 dissolution. The findings of this study were extended to examine the effects of fracture connectivity on the enhancement of CO2 transport and dissolution on a field scale.
Multichannel direct transmissions of near-field information
Authors: Wan Xiang , Zhang Qian , Yi Chen Tian , Zhang Lei , Xu Wei , Huang He , Kun Xiao Chao , Xiao Qiang , Jun Cui Tie
Published: July 2019

A digital-coding programmable metasurface (DCPM) is a type of functional system that is composed of subwavelength-scale digital coding elements with opposite phase responses. By configuring the digital coding elements, a DCPM can construct dynamic near-field image patterns in which the intensity of each pixel of the image can be dynamically and independently modulated. Thus, a DCPM can perform both spatial and temporal modulations. Here, this advantage is used to realize multichannel direct transmissions of near-field information. Three points are selected in the near-field region to form three independent channels. By applying various digital phase codes on the DCPM, independent binary digital symbols defined by amplitude codes (namely, weak and strong amplitudes) are transmitted through the three channels. The measured near-field distributions and temporal transmissions of the system agree with numerical calculations. Compared with the conventional multichannel transmission, the proposed mechanism achieves simultaneous spatial and temporal modulations by treating DCPM as an energy radiator and information modulator, thereby enduing DCPM with high potential in near-field information processing and communications.
Mendelian randomisation analysis of the effect of educational attainment and cognitive ability on smoking behaviour
Authors: Sanderson Eleanor , Davey Smith George , Bowden Jack , Munafò Marcus R.
Published: July 2019

Recent analyses have shown educational attainment to be associated with a number of health outcomes. This association may, in part, be due to an effect of educational attainment on smoking behaviour. In this study, we apply a multivariable Mendelian randomisation design to determine whether the effect of educational attainment on smoking behaviour is due to educational attainment or general cognitive ability. We use individual data from the UK Biobank study (N = 120,050) and summary data from large GWA studies of educational attainment, cognitive ability and smoking behaviour. Our results show that more years of education are associated with a reduced likelihood of smoking that is not due to an effect of general cognitive ability on smoking behaviour. Given the considerable physical harms associated with smoking, the effect of educational attainment on smoking is likely to contribute to the health inequalities associated with differences in educational attainment.
An integrated genomic regulatory network of virulence-related transcriptional factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Huang Hao , Shao Xiaolong , Xie Yingpeng , Wang Tingting , Zhang Yingchao , Wang Xin , Deng Xin
Published: July 2019

The virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, is regulated by many transcriptional factors (TFs) that control the expression of quorum sensing and protein secretion systems. Here, we report a genome-wide, network-based approach to dissect the crosstalk between 20 key virulence-related TFs. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq), as well as RNA-seq, we identify 1200 TF-bound genes and 4775 differentially expressed genes. We experimentally validate 347 of these genes as functional target genes, and describe the regulatory relationships of the 20 TFs with their targets in a network that we call ‘Pseudomonas aeruginosa genomic regulatory network’ (PAGnet). Analysis of the network led to the identification of novel functions for two TFs (ExsA and GacA) in quorum sensing and nitrogen metabolism. Furthermore, we present an online platform and R package based on PAGnet to facilitate updating and user-customised analyses.
Design and fabrication of flexible DNA polymer cocoons to encapsulate live cells
Authors: Gao Tao , Chen Tianshu , Feng Chang , He Xiang , Mu Chaoli , Anzai Jun-ichi , Li Genxi
Published: July 2019

The capability to encapsulate designated live cells into a biologically and mechanically tunable polymer layer is in high demand. Here, an approach to weave functional DNA polymer cocoons has been proposed as an encapsulation method. By developing in situ DNA-oriented polymerization (isDOP), we demonstrate a localized, programmable, and biocompatible encapsulation approach to graft DNA polymers onto live cells. Further guided by two mutually aided enzymatic reactions, the grafted DNA polymers are assembled into DNA polymer cocoons at the cell surface. Therefore, the coating of bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells has been achieved. The capabilities of this approach may offer significant opportunities to engineer cell surfaces and enable the precise manipulation of the encapsulated cells, such as encoding, handling, and sorting, for many biomedical applications.
E2F4 regulates transcriptional activation in mouse embryonic stem cells independently of the RB family
Authors: Hsu Jenny , Arand Julia , Chaikovsky Andrea , Mooney Nancie A. , Demeter Janos , Brison Caileen M. , Oliverio Romane , Vogel Hannes , Rubin Seth M. , Jackson Peter K. , Sage Julien
Published: July 2019

E2F transcription factors are central regulators of cell division and cell fate decisions. E2F4 often represents the predominant E2F activity in cells. E2F4 is a transcriptional repressor implicated in cell cycle arrest and whose repressive activity depends on its interaction with members of the RB family. Here we show that E2F4 is important for the proliferation and the survival of mouse embryonic stem cells. In these cells, E2F4 acts in part as a transcriptional activator that promotes the expression of cell cycle genes. This role for E2F4 is independent of the RB family. Furthermore, E2F4 functionally interacts with chromatin regulators associated with gene activation and we observed decreased histone acetylation at the promoters of cell cycle genes and E2F targets upon loss of E2F4 in RB family-mutant cells. Taken together, our findings uncover a non-canonical role for E2F4 that provide insights into the biology of rapidly dividing cells.
DNA assembly for nanopore data storage readout
Authors: Lopez Randolph , Chen Yuan-Jyue , Dumas Ang Siena , Yekhanin Sergey , Makarychev Konstantin , Racz Miklos Z , Seelig Georg , Strauss Karin , Ceze Luis
Published: July 2019

Synthetic DNA is becoming an attractive substrate for digital data storage due to its density, durability, and relevance in biological research. A major challenge in making DNA data storage a reality is that reading DNA back into data using sequencing by synthesis remains a laborious, slow and expensive process. Here, we demonstrate successful decoding of 1.67 megabytes of information stored in short fragments of synthetic DNA using a portable nanopore sequencing platform. We design and validate an assembly strategy for DNA storage that drastically increases the throughput of nanopore sequencing. Importantly, this assembly strategy is generalizable to any application that requires nanopore sequencing of small DNA amplicons.
Iron-dependent histone 3 lysine 9 demethylation controls B cell proliferation and humoral immune responses
Authors: Jiang Yuhang , Li Cuifeng , Wu Qian , An Peng , Huang Laiquan , Wang Jia , Chen Chen , Chen Xi , Zhang Fan , Ma Li , Liu Sanhong , He Hanqing , Xie Shuyun , Sun Yangbai , Liu Hanshao , Zhan Yu , Tao Yu , Liu Zhi , Sun Xiaohua , Hu Yiming , Wang Qi , Ye Deji , Zhang Jie , Zou Shanhua , Wang Ying , Wei Gang , Liu Yongzhong , Shi Yufang , Eugene Chin Y. , Hao Yongqiang , Wang Fudi , Zhang Xiaoren
Published: July 2019

Trace elements play important roles in human health, but little is known about their functions in humoral immunity. Here, we show an important role for iron in inducing cyclin E and B cell proliferation. We find that iron-deficient individuals exhibit a significantly reduced antibody response to the measles vaccine when compared to iron-normal controls. Mice with iron deficiency also exhibit attenuated T-dependent or T-independent antigen-specific antibody responses. We show that iron is essential for B cell proliferation; both iron deficiency and α-ketoglutarate inhibition could suppress cyclin E1 induction and S phase entry of B cells upon activation. Finally, we demonstrate that three demethylases, KDM2B, KDM3B and KDM4C, are responsible for histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) demethylation at the cyclin E1 promoter, cyclin E1 induction and B cell proliferation. Thus, our data reveal a crucial role of H3K9 demethylation in B cell proliferation, and the importance of iron in humoral immunity.
Neuroepigenetic signatures of age and sex in the living human brain
Authors: Gilbert Tonya M. , Zürcher Nicole R. , Catanese Mary C. , Tseng Chieh-En J. , Di Biase Maria A. , Lyall Amanda E. , Hightower Baileigh G. , Parmar Anjali J. , Bhanot Anisha , Wu Christine J. , Hibert Matthew L. , Kim Minhae , Mahmood Umar , Stufflebeam Steven M. , Schroeder Frederick A. , Wang Changning , Roffman Joshua L. , Holt Daphne J. , Greve Douglas N. , Pasternak Ofer , Kubicki Marek , Wey Hsiao-Ying , Hooker Jacob M.
Published: July 2019

Age- and sex-related alterations in gene transcription have been demonstrated, however the underlying mechanisms are unresolved. Neuroepigenetic pathways regulate gene transcription in the brain. Here, we measure in vivo expression of the epigenetic enzymes, histone deacetylases (HDACs), across healthy human aging and between sexes using [11C]Martinostat positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging (n = 41). Relative HDAC expression increases with age in cerebral white matter, and correlates with age-associated disruptions in white matter microstructure. A post mortem study confirmed that HDAC1 and HDAC2 paralogs are elevated in white matter tissue from elderly donors. There are also sex-specific in vivo HDAC expression differences in brain regions associated with emotion and memory, including the amygdala and hippocampus. Hippocampus and white matter HDAC expression negatively correlates with emotion regulation skills (n = 23). Age and sex are associated with HDAC expression in vivo, which could drive age- and sex-related transcriptional changes and impact human behavior.
Temperatures and blood counts in pediatric patients treated with chemotherapy for cancer, NCT01683370
Authors: Lavieri Luana , Koenig Christa , Teuffel Oliver , Agyeman Philipp , Ammann Roland A.
Published: July 2019

Fever in neutropenia (FN) is the most frequent potentially lethal complication of chemotherapy in patients with cancer. The temperature limit defining fever (TLDF) for FN is based on scarce evidence. This prospective, single center observational study recruited non-selected pediatric patients diagnosed with cancer between ≥1 and ≤17 years in 2012 and 2013. Of 40 patients potentially eligible, 39 participated. Data of 8896 temperature measurements and 1873 complete blood counts (CBCs) were recorded over 289 months (24.1 years) of chemotherapy exposure time. During this time 43 FN episodes were diagnosed. In 32 episodes, FN diagnosis was based on reaching the local (i.e. Bern, Switzerland) standard TLDF of 39.0 °C; another 11 episodes had been captured by clinical judgement (i.e. temperature < 39.0 °C). These data can be used to simulate the effects of various TLDFs on the rate of FN diagnosis. We assume merging these data with other data sets is feasible.
A high-resolution gridded dataset to assess electrification in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Falchetta Giacomo , Pachauri Shonali , Parkinson Simon , Byers Edward
Published: July 2019

Spatially explicit data on electricity access and use are essential for effective policy-making and infrastructure planning in low-income, data-scarce regions. We present and validate a 1-km resolution electricity access dataset covering sub-Saharan Africa built on gridded nighttime light, population, and land cover data. Using light radiance probability distributions, we define electricity consumption tiers for urban and rural areas and estimate the by-tier split of consumers living in electrified areas. The approach provides new insight into the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of electricity access, and a measure of its quality beyond binary access. We find our estimates to be broadly consistent with recently published province- and national-level statistics. Moreover, we demonstrate consistency between the estimated electricity access quality indicators and survey-based consumption levels defined in accordance with the World Bank Multi-Tier Framework. The dataset is readily reproduced and updated using an open-access scientific computing framework. The data and approach can be applied for improving the assessment of least-cost electrification options, and examining links between electricity access and other sustainable development objectives.
Methylnaltrexone is safe in cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Nelson Kirbylee K. , Schattner Mark A. , Mendelsohn Robin B.
Published: July 2019

Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) has become increasingly prevalent with the rise of prescription opioid use and can significantly impact quality of life, especially in patients with advanced illness. Methylnaltrexone has proven effective in treating cancer patients with OIC who have not responded adequately to conventional laxative therapy, though use is relatively contraindicated in those with peritoneal carcinomatosis due to theoretical risk and reported cases of perforation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of methylnaltrexone in patients with carcinomatosis. We performed a retrospective review of 3058 pediatric and adult patients who received methylnaltrexone at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from 2009–2016. Data collected included age, cancer diagnosis, history of abdominal surgery, prior radiation therapy, evidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis, and complications. Charts were reviewed for any complications at 24 hours, 72 hours, and one week following drug administration, as well as at present. We identified 3058 patients (median age 56, range 1–95) who received a total of 3995 doses of methylnaltrexone. Three hundred thirty three (median age 55, range 4–88) had peritoneal carcinomatosis. The most common primary malignancies included pancreatic (17.7%), ovarian (13.5%), colon (7.2%), and lung (6.6%). 228/333 (68.4%) had a history of abdominal surgery and 85/333 (25.5%) underwent prior radiation therapy. Three patients had adverse outcomes or complications, with only one (0.3%) thought to be related to methylnaltrexone use. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to evaluate the outcomes of patients with carcinomatosis receiving methylnaltrexone and the first to include pediatric patients. We found one perforation attributed to methylnaltrexone. Methylnaltrexone should be considered for treatment of refractory OIC in cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis due to low risk of complications.
Multiparametric rapid screening of neuronal process pathology for drug target identification in HSP patient-specific neurons
Authors: Rehbach Kristina , Kesavan Jaideep , Hauser Stefan , Ritzenhofen Swetlana , Jungverdorben Johannes , Schüle Rebecca , Schöls Ludger , Peitz Michael , Brüstle Oliver
Published: July 2019

Axonal degeneration is a key pathology of neurodegenerative diseases, including hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a disorder characterized by spasticity in the lower limbs. Treatments for HSP and other neurodegenerative diseases are mainly symptomatic. While iPSC-derived neurons are valuable for drug discovery and target identification, these applications require robust differentiation paradigms and rapid phenotypic read-outs ranging between hours and a few days. Using spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4, the most frequent HSP subtype) as an exemplar, we here present three rapid phenotypic assays for uncovering neuronal process pathologies in iPSC-derived glutamatergic cortical neurons. Specifically, these assays detected a 51% reduction in neurite outgrowth and a 60% increase in growth cone area already 24 hours after plating; axonal swellings, a hallmark of HSP pathology, was discernible after only 5 days. Remarkably, the identified phenotypes were neuron subtype-specific and not detectable in SPG4-derived GABAergic forebrain neurons. We transferred all three phenotypic assays to a 96-well setup, applied small molecules and found that a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist rescued all three phenotypes in HSP neurons, providing a potential drug target for HSP treatment. We expect this multiparametric and rapid phenotyping approach to accelerate development of therapeutic compounds for HSP and other neurodegenerative diseases.