bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Catalyst Binder: Greatly Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Stability of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Photocathode for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Koo Bonhyeong , Byun Segi , Nam Sung‐Wook , Moon Song‐Yi , Kim Suncheul , Park Jeong Young , Ahn Byung Tae , Shin Byungha
Published: February 2018

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) photocathode covered with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a catalyst binder for solar‐driven hydrogen evolution are reported. Chemically reduced rGO with various concentrations is deposited as an adhesive interlayer between CIGS/CdS and Pt. PEC characteristics of the CIGS/CdS/rGO/Pt are improved compared to the photocathode without rGO due to enhancement of charge transfer via efficient lateral distribution of photogenerated electrons by conductive rGO to the Pt. More importantly, the introduction of rGO to the CIGS photocathode significantly enhances the PEC stability; in the absence of rGO, a rapid loss of PEC stability is observed in 2.5 h, while the optimal rGO increases the PEC stability of the CIGS photocathode for more than 7 h. Chemical and structural characterizations show that the loss of the Pt catalyst is one of the main reasons for the lack of long‐term PEC stability; the introduction of rGO, which acts as a binder to the Pt catalysts by providing anchoring sites in the rGO, results in complete conservation of the Pt and hence much enhanced stability. Multiple functionality of rGO as an adhesive interlayer, an efficient charge transport layer, a diffusion barrier, and protection layer is demonstrated.
Fast and Accurate Imaging of Lymph Node Metastasis with Multifunctional Near‐Infrared Polymer Dots
Authors: Cao Fengwen , Guo Yixiao , Li Yao , Tang Shiyi , Yang Yidian , Yang Hong , Xiong Liqin
Published: February 2018

Metastasis to regional lymph nodes is a significant prognostic indicator for cancer progression. There is a great demand for rapid and accurate diagnosis of metastasis to the lymph nodes. In this work, folate receptor‐targeted trimodal polymer dots are designed for near‐infrared (NIR)/photoacoustic (PA)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of lymph node metastasis. Confocal microscopic analyses and flow cytometry show that pulmonary mucosa epithelial cell carcinoma NCI‐H292 with expression of the folate receptor is positive for folate‐functional polymer dots. In vivo and ex vivo NIR imaging results verify that prepared polymer dots show rapid and high uptake in the metastatic lymph nodes, can effectively distinguish metastatic and normal lymph nodes for 1 h postinjection, and have great potential in real‐time imaging‐guided surgery. Furthermore, ten metastatic lymph nodes from the tumor‐bearing mice are detected by NIR imaging via intratumoral injection of polymer dots. Moreover, in vivo PA and MR imaging confirm the enhanced PA and MR signals of polymer dots in the metastatic lymph nodes as well as enlarged lymph nodes in tumor‐bearing mice. The results of this study provide a unique approach using trimodal polymer dots for the rapid and precise diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in vivo.
Advancements and Challenges in Multidomain Multicargo Delivery Vehicles
Authors: Pugliese Eugenia , Coentro João Q. , Zeugolis Dimitrios I.
Published: February 2018

Reparative and regenerative processes are well‐orchestrated temporal and spatial events that are governed by multiple cells, molecules, signaling pathways, and interactions thereof. Yet again, currently available implantable devices fail largely to recapitulate nature's complexity and sophistication in this regard. Herein, success stories and challenges in the field of layer‐by‐layer, composite, self‐assembly, and core–shell technologies are discussed for the development of multidomain/multicargo delivery vehicles.
A Three‐component Cascade Cyclization to Construct 3‐(2‐Oxopropyl)‐2‐arylisoindolinone Derivatives via Copper‐catalyzed Annulation
Authors: Liu Li , Bai Shu‐Hua , Li Yang , Ding Xiao‐Dan , Liu Qian , Li Jian
Published: February 2018

An efficient synthesis of a variety of poly‐substituted isoindolinone derivatives via copper‐catalyzed three‐component cascade cyclization among 2‐formylbenzonitriles, alkyl aryl ketones/prop‐1‐en‐2‐ylbenzene and diaryliodonium salts is achieved. Various isoindolinone derivatives could be obtained in good to excellent yields. A concise synthesis of dihydroisoindolo[2,1‐a]quinolin‐11(5H)‐ones have been achieved using this method.

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Construction of Isoxazolidin‐5‐ones with a Tetrasubstituted Carbon Center: Enantioselective Conjugate Addition Mediated by Phase‐Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Cadart Timothée , Levacher Vincent , Perrio Stéphane , Brière Jean‐François
Published: February 2018

An efficient enantioselective Michael reaction of readily available α‐substituted N‐Boc isoxazolidin‐5‐ones is described under phase transfer conditions with up to 95:5 er. The organocatalytic process is promoted by a low catalytic loading of a commercially available N‐spiro quaternary ammonium salt. This sequence opens an entry to chiral heterocyclic platforms displaying a β‐amino carbonyl motif with an α‐all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center. The methodology was also successfully extended to the asymmetric amination reaction using an azodicarboxylate electrophile.

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Mechanical implications of the mandibular coronoid process morphology in Neandertals
Authors: Marom Assaf , Rak Yoel
Published: February 2018

Objectives

Among the diagnostic features of the Neandertal mandible are the broad base of the coronoid process and its straight posterior margin. The adaptive value of these (and other) anatomical features has been linked to the Neandertal's need to cope with a large gape. The present study aims to test this hypothesis with regard to the morphology of the coronoid process.

Materials and Methods

This admittedly simple, intuitive hypothesis was tested here via a comparative finite‐element study of the primitive versus modified state of the coronoid process, using two‐dimensional models of the mandible.

Results

Our simulations demonstrate that a large gape has an unfavorable effect on the primitive state of the coronoid process: the diagonal, almost horizontal, component of the temporalis muscle resultant (relative to the long axis of the coronoid process) bends the process in the sagittal plane. Furthermore, we show that the modification of the coronoid process morphology alone reduces the process' bending in a wide gape increasing the compression to tension ratio.

Discussion

These results provide indirect evidence in support of the hypothesis that the modification of the coronoid process in Neandertals is necessary for enabling their mandible to cope with a large gape.
Dimensions of the medial wall of the prelacrimal recess
Authors: Kashlan Khaled , Craig John
Published: February 2018

Background

Addressing anterior maxillary sinus pathology endoscopically that is inaccessible with an endoscopic modified medial maxillectomy requires either a prelacrimal approach (PLA) or an endoscopic Denker's approach (EDA). The PLA involves removing the medial wall of the prelacrimal recess (PLR), which is the bone between the pyriform aperture (PA) and nasolacrimal duct (NLD), from nasal floor to orbital floor. The PLA preserves the inferior turbinate and NLD, whereas both are sacrificed during an EDA. The purpose of this computed tomography (CT)‐based study was to determine the anteroposterior and superoinferior dimensions of the medial wall of the PLR.

Methods

One hundred thirty‐one triplanar sinus CT scans of patients with various rhinologic diseases, but with intact bony PLR walls, were reviewed to assess dimensions of the medial wall of the PLR. The anteroposterior distances from the PA to the inferior‐most, middle, and superior‐most aspects of the NLD were measured. The height from the nasal floor to orbital floor was also measured. Combining left and right sides, there were 262 measurements.

Results

The anteroposterior distances between the PA and the NLD were as follows: inferior: mean, 8.4 mm (standard error [SE], 0.2; range, 1.9–14.2); middle: mean, 7.6 mm (SE, 0.2; range, 0–13.6); and superior: mean, 5.5 mm (SE, 2.5; range, 0–11.9). The mean height of the medial wall of the PLR was 26.5 mm (SE, 0.2; range, 18.5–39.9).

Conclusion

The anteroposterior and superoinferior dimensions of the medial wall of the PLR are variable, with the anteroposterior dimension being widest inferiorly. Its dimensions should be evaluated preoperatively when considering endoscopic approaches to or through the anterior maxillary sinus.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Umpolung Arylation of Ambiphilic α‐Bromoalkyl Boronic Esters
Authors: Sun Shang‐Zheng , Martin Ruben
Published: February 2018

A nickel‐catalyzed reductive arylation of ambiphilic α‐bromoalkyl boronic esters with aryl halides is described. This platform provides an unrecognized opportunity to promote the catalytic umpolung reactivity of ambiphilic reagents with aryl halides, thus unlocking a new cross‐coupling strategy that complements existing methods for the preparation of densely functionalized alkyl‐substituted organometallic reagents from simple and readily accessible precursors.
Stereodivergent Evolution of Artificial Enzymes for the Michael Reaction
Authors: Garrabou Xavier , Macdonald Duncan Stuart , Wicky Basile I. M. , Hilvert Donald
Published: February 2018

Enzymes are valuable biocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis due to their exacting stereocontrol. Changing the selectivity of an existing catalyst for new applications is, however, challenging. Here we show that, in contrast, the stereoselectivity of an artificial enzyme created by design and directed evolution is readily tunable. We engineered a promiscuous artificial retro‐aldolase into four stereocomplementary catalysts for the Michael addition of a tertiary carbanion to an unsaturated ketone. Notably, this selectivity is also preserved with alternative Michael nucleophiles. Complete stereodiversification of other designer enzymes should similarly be possible by extension of these approaches.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Cyclopropenes Based on Asymmetric Direct Functionalization of Three‐Membered Carbocycles
Authors: Dian Longyang , Marek Ilan
Published: February 2018

A variety of highly diastereo‐ and enantiomerically enriched arylcyclopropanes is obtained through the asymmetric rhodium‐catalyzed arylation reaction of achiral nonfunctionalized cyclopropene derivatives with commercially available aryl boronic acids in the presence of (R,S)‐Josiphos.
Stabilizing and Organizing Bi3Cu4 and Bi7Cu12 Nanoclusters in Two‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Networks
Authors: Yan Linghao , Xia Bowen , Zhang Qiushi , Kuang Guowen , Xu Hu , Liu Jun , Liu Pei Nian , Lin Nian
Published: February 2018

Multinuclear heterometallic nanoclusters with controllable stoichiometry and structure are anticipated to possess promising catalytic, magnetic, and optical properties. Heterometallic nanoclusters with precise stoichiometry of Bi3Cu4 and Bi7Cu12 can be stabilized in the scaffold of two‐dimensional metal–organic networks on a Cu(111) surface through on‐surface metallosupramolecular self‐assembly processes. The atomic structures of the nanoclusters were resolved using scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. The nanoclusters feature highly symmetric planar hexagonal shapes and core–shell charge modulation. The clusters are arranged as triangular lattices with a periodicity that can be tuned by choosing molecules of different size. This work shows that on‐surface metallosupramolecular self‐assembly creates unique possibilities for the design and synthesis of multinuclear heterometallic nanoclusters.
Crosslinking assisted fabrication of ultrafine poly(vinyl alcohol)/functionalized graphene electrospun nanofibers for crystal violet adsorption
Authors: Chailek Nirumon , Daranarong Donraporn , Punyodom Winita , Molloy Robert , Worajittiphon Patnarin
Published: February 2018

This article reports the fabrication of water‐stable electrospun mats made from water‐soluble poly(vinyl alcohol) and comprising ultrafine nanofibers for a high surface area to volume ratio as required for the adsorption of crystal violet. Acid‐catalyzed crosslinking is uniquely demonstrated as a facile strategy to improve water stability and, just as importantly, fine‐tune the nanofiber size of the electrospun mats. Amine‐functionalized graphene nanoplatelets are incorporated as an adsorption performance enhancer instead of the more widely reported graphene oxide. The functionalized graphene also facilitates fabrication of the composite electrospun mats by direct mixing of the water‐dispersible graphene with the aqueous polymer solution. The enhanced adsorption performance of the polymer nanocomposite mats is explained in detail at the molecular level, while the adsorption mechanism is supported by adsorption isotherm and related kinetic data. Moreover, the adsorbent mats can be removed from the water after use with the mat integrity still maintained. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46318.
Studies on a novel anion‐exchange membrane based on chitosan and ionized organic compounds with multiwalled carbon nanotubes for alkaline fuel cells
Authors: Zhou Tianchi , He Xuemei , Lu Zhenqian
Published: February 2018

In this work, a novel hydroxyl‐anion‐conducting membrane composed of chitosan (CTS), an ionized organic compound ([QAIM]OH), and hydroxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐OH) has been fabricated through a blending‐casting method assisted by a glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking process that can improve the mechanical properties of the membrane effectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy revealed that [QAIM]OH and MWCNTs‐OH were successfully introduced into the CTS matrix. A chemical crosslinking reaction between CTS and GA could be confirmed by FTIR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle tests. By tuning the mass fraction of [QAIM]OH and MWCNTs‐OH in the membrane, the maximum OH−conductivity (5.66 × 10−3S cm−1at room temperature) could be achieved for the composition CTS:[QAIM]OH (1:0.75 in mass) blend doped with 3% MWCNTs‐OH. At a current density of 59.9 mA cm−2, a membrane electrode assembly fabricated with the CTS/[QAIM]OH/ MWCNTs‐OH membrane (1:0.5/3%) achieved a power density of 31.6 mW cm−2in a H2/O2system at room temperature. Under the condition of intermediate temperature (100–140 °C) without water, the conductivities of the membranes increased with increasing temperature and the amount of [QAIM]OH, which acted as an ionic liquid in the membrane, indicating that the ionic transport behaviors could still be occurring. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46323.
Electroactive PVDF thin films fabricated via cooperative stretching process
Authors: Wang Hui , Chen Qiusong , Xia Wei , Qiu Xunlin , Cheng Qian , Zhu Guodong
Published: February 2018

Ferroelectric polymers have obtained much attention in low cost and flexible electronics. As one representative ferroelectric polymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has been comprehensively studied. Due to its complicated phase composition, fabrication of electroactive phases has been an open question especially for PVDF thin films deposited on solid substrates. Here cooperative stretching process is introduced for the fabrication of electroactive PVDF thin films. PVDF thin films are coated on stretchable poly(vinyl alcohol) substrates and mechanically stretched under optimized stretching parameters. Structural, spectral, and electrical measurements indicate that cooperative stretching process can effectively convert the nonpolar α phase to the electroactive β and γ phases companied by an enhancement of film crystallinity. Stretched PVDF films present a reverse piezoelectric coefficient of −37 pm/V, comparable with the results from films fabricated by the other techniques. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46324.
Oncogenesis as a Selective Force: Adaptive Evolution in the Face of a Transmissible Cancer
Authors: Russell Tracey , Madsen Thomas , Thomas Frédéric , Raven Nynke , Hamede Rodrigo , Ujvari Beata
Published: February 2018

Similar to parasites, malignant cells exploit the host for energy, resources and protection, thereby impairing host health and fitness. Although cancer is widespread in the animal kingdom, its impact on life history traits and strategies have rarely been documented. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), a transmissible cancer, afflicting Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii), provides an ideal model system to monitor the impact of cancer on host life‐history, and to elucidate the evolutionary arms‐race between malignant cells and their hosts. Here we provide an overview of parasite‐induced host life history (LH) adaptations, then both phenotypic plasticity of LH responses and changes in allele frequencies that affect LH traits of Tasmanian devils in response to DFTD are discussed. We conclude that akin to parasites, cancer can directly and indirectly affect devil LH traits and trigger host evolutionary responses. Consequently, it is important to consider oncogenic processes as a selective force in wildlife.
Simultaneous determination of 10 kinds of biogenic amines in rat plasma using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection
Authors: Wang Xinna , Liang Yawei , Wang Yaqi , Fan Mingqin , Sun Yanni , Liu Jianli , Zhang Ning
Published: February 2018

We describe a simple, rapid, selective and sensitive HPLC method coupled with fluorescence detection for simultaneous determination of 10 kinds of biogenic amines (BAs: tryptamine, 2‐phenethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, tyramine, spermidine, dopamine and spermine). BAs and IS were derivated with dansyl chloride. Fluorescence detection (λex/λem = 340/510 nm) was used. A satisfactory result for method validation was obtained. The assay was shown to be linear over the ranges 0.005–1.0 μg/mL for tryptamine, 2‐phenethylamine and spermidine, 0.025–1.0 μg/mL for putrescine, 0.001–1.0 μg/mL for cadaverine, 0.25–20 μg/mL for histamine, 0.25–10 μg/mL for 5–hydroxytryptamine and dopamine, and 0.01–1.0 μg/mL for tyramine and spermine. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification were 0.3–75.0 ng/mL and 1.0–250.0 ng/mL, respectively. Relative standard deviations were ≤5.14% for intra‐day and ≤6.58% for inter‐day precision. The recoveries of BAs ranged from 79.11 to 114.26% after spiking standard solutions of BAs into a sample at three levels. Seven kinds of BAs were found in rat plasma, and the mean values of tryptamine, 2‐phenethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermidine and spermine determined were 52.72 ± 7.34, 11.45 ± 1.56, 162.56 ± 6.26, 312.75 ± 18.11, 1306.50 ± 116.16, 273.89 ± 26.41 and 41.51 ± 2.07 ng/mL, respectively.
Light‐Dependent Cytoplasmic Recruitment Enhances the Dynamic Range of a Nuclear Import Photoswitch
Authors: Yumerefendi Hayretin , Wang Hui , Dickinson Daniel J. , Lerner Andrew M. , Malkus Per , Goldstein Bob , Hahn Klaus , Kuhlman Brian
Published: February 2018

Cellular signal transduction is often regulated at multiple steps to achieve more complex logic or precise control of a pathway. For instance, some signaling mechanisms couple allosteric activation with localization to achieve high signal to noise. Here, we create a system for light‐activated nuclear import that incorporates two levels of control. It consists of a nuclear import photoswitch, light‐activated nuclear shuttle (LANS), and a protein engineered to preferentially interact with LANS in the dark, Zdk2. First, Zdk2 is tethered to a location in the cytoplasm that sequesters LANS in the dark. Second, LANS incorporates a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that is sterically blocked from binding to the nuclear import machinery in the dark. If activated with light, LANS both dissociates from its tethered location and exposes its NLS, which leads to nuclear accumulation. We demonstrate that this coupled system improves the dynamic range of LANS in mammalian cells, yeast, and Caenorhabditis elegans and provides tighter control of transcription factors that have been fused to LANS.
Prognostic value of the index of microcirculatory resistance after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Murai Tadashi , Yonetsu Taishi , Kanaji Yoshihisa , Usui Eisuke , Hoshino Masahiro , Hada Masahiro , Hamaya Rikuta , Kanno Yoshinori , Lee Tetsumin , Kakuta Tsunekazu
Published: February 2018

Background

The prognostic value of physiological indices in non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE‐ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unknown. We investigated the prognostic efficacy of physiological indices obtained after PCI in patients with NSTE‐ACS.

Methods

Eighty‐three patients (men: n = 70, age: 63.7 ± 9.7 years) undergoing PCI for NSTE‐ACS within 48 hr postadmission were investigated. Fractional flow reserve (FFR), coronary flow reserve (CFR), and the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) of the culprit vessels were measured after the completion of PCI. The patients were clinically followed up to determine major cardiac adverse events (MACE), including death, congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization, and remote coronary revascularization.

Results

The median FFR, CFR, and IMR values were 0.90 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.86–0.95), 2.38 (IQR 1.75–4.17), and 22.9 (IQR 11.2–31.5), respectively. During a median follow‐up of 20.7 months, 19 MACEs (22.9%) were documented. No significant difference in baseline patient characteristics, except for age, was detected between patients with and without MACE. Patients with MACE showed higher IMR and lower CFR than those without (IMR: 27.2 vs. 16.3; P = 0.001, CFR: 1.82 vs. 2.55; P = 0.04), whereas FFR was not significantly different (0.92 vs. 0.89; P = 0.72), irrespective of the MACE occurrence. Post‐PCI IMR was the only independent predictor of MACE (hazard ratio 1.033, 95% confidence interval 1.013–1.052, P = 0.001). The MACE‐free survival was significantly worse in patients with high post‐PCI IMR (χ2 7.12; P = 0.008).

Conclusion

Post‐PCI IMR may help identify patients at high risk for subsequent adverse coronary events who require adjunctive therapeutic strategies.
α‐Hydroxy Ketones as Masked Ester Donors in Brønsted Base Catalyzed Conjugate Additions to Nitroalkenes
Authors: Olaizola Iurre , Campano Teresa E. , Iriarte Igor , Vera Silvia , Mielgo Antonia , García Jesús M. , Odriozola José M. , Oiarbide Mikel , Palomo Claudio
Published: February 2018

The catalyst‐controlled enantioselective direct addition reaction of enolizable esters and related carboxylic acid derivatives to π electrophiles remains a difficult synthetic transformation. In this study, the suitability of α‐hydroxy ketones as ester equivalents capable of being activated by bifunctional Brønsted base catalysts in the context of conjugate addition reactions to nitroolefins is demonstrated. The scope of the reaction, which affords the corresponding Michael adducts with very high stereoselectivity (diastereomeric ratio (d.r.) ≥95:5, up to 99 % enantiomeric excess (ee)), and its limitations are explored, as is the aftermath elaboration of adducts into densely functionalized enantioenriched products.
Experimental and Theoretical Identification of the Origin of Magnetic Anisotropy in Intermediate Spin Iron(III) Complexes
Authors: Wang Lianke , Zlatar Matija , Vlahović Filip , Demeshko Serhiy , Philouze Christian , Molton Florian , Gennari Marcello , Meyer Franc , Duboc Carole , Gruden Maja
Published: February 2018

The complexes [FeLN2S2X] [in which LN2S2=2,2′‐(2,2′‐bipryridine‐6,6′‐diyl)bis(1,1′‐diphenylethanethiolate) and X=Cl, Br and I], characterized crystallographically earlier and here (Fe(L)Br), reveal a square pyramidal coordinated FeIII ion. Unusually, all three complexes have intermediate spin ground states. Susceptibility measurements, powder cw X‐ and Q‐band EPR spectra, and zero‐field powder Mössbauer spectra show that all complexes display distinct magnetic anisotropy, which has been rationalized by DFT calculations.
A Step into the Future: Applications of Nanoparticle Enzyme Mimics
Authors: Korschelt Karsten , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: February 2018

We describe elementary concepts, up‐to‐date developments, and perspectives of the emerging field of nanoparticle enzyme mimics (so‐called “nanozymes”) at the interface of chemistry, biology, materials, and nanotechnology. The design and synthesis of functional enzyme mimics is a long‐standing goal of biomimetic chemistry. Metal complexes, polymers and engineered biomolecules capturing the structure of natural enzymes or their active centers have been made to achieve high rates and enhanced selectivities. Still, the design of new “artificial enzymes” that are not related to proteins but with capacity of production and stability at industrial level, remains a goal. Inorganic nanoparticles bear this potential. Although it seems counterintuitive to compare nanoparticles and natural enzymes because they appear very different they share many common features: nano‐size, irregular shape, and rich surface chemistry. These features enable nanomaterials to mimic reactions of natural enzymes. Representative examples with biomedical and environmental applications are given.
Assessing Die Filling Using High‐Speed Camera Imaging
Authors: Hildebrandt Claudia , Loerzer Jost , Gopireddy Srikanth R. , Urbanetz Nora
Published: February 2018

The study presents the die filling process of pharmaceutical powders using high‐speed camera imaging. The objectives are to qualitatively visualize and to quantify the powder flow. A model die filling system with a shoe for powder storage and a moving die underneath the shoe was designed. The die filling process is captured through a high‐speed camera and the images allow flow type identification and flow rate calculation. Correlations are generated to predict the fill ratios and flow rates based on particle size data, which could help in process understanding and optimization of die filling.
Evaluation of Processes for Mechanical Manufacturing of Composite Materials for Li‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Titscher Paul , Zellmer Sabrina , Burmeister Christine F. , Schmidt Lars O. , Breitung‐Faes Sandra , Garnweitner Georg , Kwade Arno
Published: February 2018

Lithium‐sulfur batteries are a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries due to their low weight and the high availability of sulfur. In addition to research on material aspects, scalable processes are needed to manufacture tailored sulfur cathodes with high‐energy densities. Therefore, this work focuses on the usage of mechanical processes to prepare defined carbon‐sulfur composite materials that are subsequently processed to electrodes. DEM simulations are used to calculate the necessary power input and the resulting stress energy for different mechanical processes.
How Well Do Owner–Managers Forecast Potential Future Bankruptcy? Assessing Fear of Failure Using Employment Insurance for SMEs
Authors: Pommet Sophie , Sattin Jean‐François
Published: February 2018

The literature so far has not addressed how owner–managers deal with the risks associated with potential future bankruptcy. We propose here a new way to assess the fear of failure experienced by SME owner–managers and examine whether these risks are being anticipated accurately, by focusing on the benefits to be gained from French unemployment insurance. We compare the valuation of the benefits of the unemployment insurance scheme for the two populations of insured and uninsured owner–managers after matching. We rely on matching procedures and a five‐step protocol. Our results show that owner–managers' awareness of possible future problems increases when becoming insured and after experiencing a failure, suggesting some business failure myopia in this population. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attachment and therapeutic alliance in psychological therapy for people with recent onset psychosis who use cannabis
Authors: Berry Katherine , Palmer Tom , Gregg Lynsey , Barrowclough Christine , Lobban Fiona
Published: February 2018

We examine associations between client attachment style and therapeutic alliance in a 3‐arm randomized controlled trial of brief motivational interviewing and cognitive–behavioural therapy compared with longer term motivational interviewing and cognitive–behavioural therapy or standard care alone. Client self‐report measures of attachment style were completed at baseline, and both clients and therapists in the treatment arms of the trial completed alliance measures 1 month into therapy. We found that insecure–anxious attachment was positively associated with therapist‐rated alliance, whereas clients with insecure–avoidant attachment were more likely to report poorer bond with therapist. There was no evidence that client attachment significantly predicted clinical or substance misuse outcomes either directly or indirectly via alliance. Nor evidence that the length of therapy offered interacted with attachment to predict alliance.
Model‐Informed Drug Development for Ixazomib, an Oral Proteasome Inhibitor
Authors: Gupta Neeraj , Hanley Michael J. , Diderichsen Paul M. , Yang Huyuan , Ke Alice , Teng Zhaoyang , Labotka Richard , Berg Deborah , Patel Chirag , Liu Guohui , van de Velde Helgi , Venkatakrishnan Karthik
Published: February 2018

Model‐informed drug development (MIDD) was central to the development of the oral proteasome inhibitor ixazomib, facilitating internal decisions (switch from body surface area (BSA)‐based to fixed dosing, inclusive phase III trials, portfolio prioritization of ixazomib‐based combinations, phase III dose for maintenance treatment), regulatory review (model‐informed QT analysis, benefit–risk of 4 mg dose), and product labeling (absolute bioavailability and intrinsic/extrinsic factors). This review discusses the impact of MIDD in enabling patient‐centric therapeutic optimization during the development of ixazomib.
Improved protocols to accelerate the assembly of DNA barcode reference libraries for freshwater zooplankton
Authors: Elías‐Gutiérrez Manuel , Valdez‐Moreno Martha , Topan Janet , Young Monica R. , Cohuo‐Colli José Angel
Published: February 2018

Currently, freshwater zooplankton sampling and identification methodologies have remained virtually unchanged since they were first established in the beginning of the XX century. One major contributing factor to this slow progress is the limited success of modern genetic methodologies, such as DNA barcoding, in several of the main groups. This study demonstrates improved protocols which enable the rapid assessment of most animal taxa inhabiting any freshwater system by combining the use of light traps, careful fixation at low temperatures using ethanol, and zooplankton‐specific primers. We DNA‐barcoded 2,136 specimens from a diverse array of taxonomic assemblages (rotifers, mollusks, mites, crustaceans, insects, and fishes) from several Canadian and Mexican lakes with an average sequence success rate of 85.3%. In total, 325 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) were detected with only three BINs (two cladocerans and one copepod) shared between Canada and Mexico, suggesting a much narrower distribution range of freshwater zooplankton than previously thought. This study is the first to broadly explore the metazoan biodiversity of freshwater systems with DNA barcodes to construct a reference library that represents the first step for future programs which aim to monitor ecosystem health, track invasive species, or improve knowledge of the ecology and distribution of freshwater zooplankton.
Synthesis of 2‐Acetylbenzonitriles and Their Reactivity in Tandem Reactions with Carbon and Hetero Nucleophiles: Easy Access to 3,3‐Disubstituted Isoindolinones
Authors: Di Mola Antonia , Di Martino Miriam , Capaccio Vito , Pierri Giovanni , Palombi Laura , Tedesco Consiglia , Massa Antonio
Published: February 2018

2‐Acetylbenzonitriles have been conveniently synthesized by the oxidation of the respective 2‐ethylbenzonitriles, combining in a one‐pot procedure radical bromination and hydrolysis reactions. The obtained ketones reacted under very mild conditions with carbon and hetero nucleophiles to give a wide range of 3,3‐disubstituted isoindolinones in yields of 80–99 % by a tandem process consisting of an addition step and a subsequent Dimroth‐type rearrangement. Among the tested nucleophiles, the addition of water in the presence of a catalytic amount of KOH allowed a convenient access to an unprecedented variety of novel 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylisoindolinones.
Influence of climate on building codes: Comparative analysis of indian cities
Authors: Dash Monalipa , Chakraborthy Manjari
Published: February 2018

Rapid urbanization is altering the micro climate of Indian cities by reducing the wind flow and increasing the temperature in heavily dense areas. Since there is no appropriate guidelines related to climate in building regulations, human comfort is largely compromised. Although the major role of building code is to provide healthy environments for the citizens, the available road width is becoming the foremost aspect in deciding the setback, ground coverage and FAR regardless the region's climate and its design prerequisite. To understand various issues related to existing building regulations for different climates, a study is conducted on building regulations enforced in hot and dry and warm and humid climates for major cities like Jaipur, Trichy, and Bhubaneswar. Existing building regulations for the three cities are compared and analyzed in respect to their climate in the first stage of study. In the second stage, a Multi‐storeyed group housing development from Bhubaneswar is considered for experimentation. Similar Hypothetical samples for Trichy and Jaipur are created keeping the site extent fixed, number of Blocks constant and simulated using Cradle‐ sc STREAM for wind flow. Considerations for revised building regulations are suggested so that quality of comfort can be improvised for different regions. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1901–1907, 2018
Comorbid depressive symptoms and self‐esteem improve after either cognitive‐behavioural therapy or family‐based treatment for adolescent bulimia nervosa
Authors: Valenzuela Fabiola , Lock James , Le Grange Daniel , Bohon Cara
Published: February 2018

This study examined the effect of family‐based treatment for bulimia nervosa (FBT‐BN) and cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents (CBT‐A) on depressive symptoms and self‐esteem in adolescents with BN. Data were collected from 110 adolescents, ages 12–18, who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐Fourth Edition, text revision criteria for BN or partial BN. Participants were randomly assigned to FBT‐BN or CBT‐A and completed measures of depressive symptoms and self‐esteem before and after treatment and at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up assessments. Depressive symptoms and self‐esteem significantly improved in both treatments, and neither treatment appeared superior on these clinical outcomes. Parents often worry whether FBT‐BN addresses comorbid depressive symptoms and low self‐esteem. Our findings address this concern, as they demonstrate that FBT‐BN does not differ from CBT‐A in improving depressive symptoms and self‐esteem, and both treatments result in symptom improvement. These findings can help clinicians guide families to choose a treatment that addresses BN and depressive symptoms and low self‐esteem.
Laboratory based continuous bedload monitoring in a model retention basin: Application of time domain reflectometry
Authors: Miyata Shusuke , Fujita Masaharu
Published: February 2018

In this study, we applied time domain reflectometry (TDR) to determine the deposition height and porosity of sediment at a fine spatiotemporal resolution, and developed a continuous bedload monitoring method that can be applied to pools in steep mountain rivers. The TDR monitoring system consisted of sensor probes, a cable tester, multiplexers and coaxial cables. When the embedded probes penetrated both water and sediment, the boundaries of the sediment and water were consistent with the transition points in the observed waveforms of each TDR measurement. A semi‐automatic analysis of the recorded TDR waveforms, which did not require calibration or parameter fitting, was conducted to establish continuous monitoring. In addition, a flume experiment was performed to test the monitoring system in a model retention basin connected to a flume, with sand of uniform grain size (1.4 mm diameter) supplied for 30 min. The sediment volume in the container representing the model basin was monitored using a load cell underlying the container and eight sensor probes, with a length of almost 0.27 m. The sediment thickness determined by the TDR indicated a gradual deposition, and was consistent with manual measurements. Despite a marginal overestimation of 13% for a sand feed of 30 kg, the sediment volume in the model retention basin and the bedload transport rate were successfully estimated. A combination of our monitoring system and other indirect methods, such as geophones, can potentially serve as useful tools for better understanding bedload transport processes in steep mountain streams. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sydney Metro – ground characterisation and TBM selection for the Sydney Harbour crossing
Authors: Och David J. , Bateman Geoff , Maidl Ulrich , Comulada Marc
Published: February 2018

The Sydney Harbour crossing is a key element of Sydney Metro City & Southwest, which includes 15.5 km of twin tube running tunnels extending from Chatswood at the north through to Sydenham, south of the Central Buisness District (CBD). One of the key features is the 1 % length of the alignment that passes under Sydney Harbour. The rest of the alignment is through rock, but the harbour crossing is designed to pass through harbour sediments and mixed face conditions undersea. An in depth study and analysis was required to confirm the feasibility of the safe construction of this short length of the tunnel in sub‐aqueous, soft ground conditions. It was necessary to carry out detailed, targeted investigation of the ground to enable the selection of an appropriate tunnelling technique for constructing the tunnels.
Challenges and innovative solutions at the new construction of the Bözberg Tunnel
Authors: Zieger Thomas , Bühler Martin , Rick Beat , Schmid Werner , Grossauer Karl
Published: February 2018

In order to further increase the transfer of transalpine traffic through Switzerland from road to rail, the Gotthard axis is to be improved to a 4 m corridor. For this purpose altogether 270 km of railway line between Basel and the Italian border is to be improved to a corner height of 4 m by 2020. The largest individual structure is the new Bözberg Tunnel in the canton Aargau. Various options were investigated for the preliminary design. The best variant turned out to be the new construction of a two‐track tunnel parallel to the existing tunnel. The existing two‐track Bözberg Tunnel, which is not suitable for upgrading to the 4 m standard, will be used as a service and escape tunnel. Various emergency exits lead through five cross passages from the new to the old tunnel. The short construction time of five years until opening on the one hand, and the challenging geology in the Faltenjura with swelling rock mass on the other pose great problems for client, designers, and the contractor. This article reports on these challenges and describes how they have also led to innovative solutions.
How does retirement affect healthcare expenditures? Evidence from a change in the retirement age
Authors: Bíró Anikó , Elek Péter
Published: February 2018

Using individual‐level administrative panel data from Hungary, we estimate causal effects of retirement on outpatient and inpatient care expenditures and pharmaceutical expenditures. Our identification strategy is based on an increase in the official early retirement age of women, using that the majority of women retire upon reaching that age.

According to our descriptive results, people who are working before the early retirement age have substantially lower healthcare expenditures than nonworkers, but the expenditure gap declines after retirement. Our causal estimates from a two‐part (hurdle) model show that the shares of women with positive outpatient care, inpatient care, and pharmaceutical expenditures, respectively, decrease by 3.0, 1.4, and 1.3 percentage points in the short run due to retirement. These results are driven by the relatively healthy, by those who spent some time on sick leave and by the less educated. The effect of retirement on the size of positive healthcare expenditures is generally not significant.
Dietary intake of nutrients involved in one‐carbon metabolism and risk of urothelial cell carcinoma: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Dugué Pierre‐Antoine , Brinkman Maree T. , Hodge Allison M. , Bassett Julie K. , Bolton Damien , Longano Anthony , Hopper John L. , Southey Melissa C. , English Dallas R. , Milne Roger L. , Giles Graham G.
Published: February 2018

Nutrients involved in one‐carbon metabolism may play a role in carcinogenesis through DNA replication, repair and methylation mechanisms. Most studies on urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) have focused on folate. We sought to examine the association between B‐group vitamins and methionine intake and UCC risk, overall and by subtype, and to test whether these associations are different for population subgroups whose nutritional status may be compromised. We followed participants in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (N = 41,513) for over 20 years and observed 500 UCC cases (89% originating in the bladder; superficial: 279, invasive: 221). Energy‐adjusted dietary intakes of B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9 and B12) and methionine were estimated from a 121‐item food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline (1990–1994), using the residuals method. We used Cox regression models to compute hazard ratios (HRs) of UCC risk per standard deviation (SD) of log‐transformed nutrient intakes and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for potential confounders. We investigated associations by tumor subtype, and tested interactions with sex, country of birth, smoking and alcohol drinking. The risk of UCC appeared not to be associated with intake of B‐group vitamins or methionine, and findings were consistent across tumor subtypes and across demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the participants. A potential interaction between vitamin B1 and alcohol drinking was observed (all participants: HR per 1 SD = 0.99 (0.91–1.09), never drinkers: HR = 0.81 (0.69–0.97),p‐interaction = 0.02), which needs to be confirmed by other studies. Our findings do not indicate that dietary intake of nutrients involved in one‐carbon metabolism are associated with UCC risk.
Novel calcitonin gene‐related peptide/chitosan‐strontium‐calcium phosphate cement: Enhanced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro
Authors: Lv Tiancheng , Liang Wei , Li Li , Cui Xu , Wei Xiaomou , Pan Haobo , Li Bing
Published: February 2018

Bone cement materials have some disadvantages, including slow degradation and no biological activity, which greatly weakens their clinical application. Therefore, the search for a multifunctional bioactive bone cement has become urgent. In this study, a novel bone cement sample of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)/chitosan‐strontium (Sr)‐calcium phosphate cement (CPC) was developed. The structure and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cytotoxicity and proliferation of CGRP/chitosan‐Sr‐CPC were also measured. The expression of CGRP receptor 1 was measured using an immunofluorescence assay. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were employed to quantify the VEGF mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Finally, the ability of the material to improve angiogenesis was assessed by using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) tube formation assay. The results showed that CGRP/Chitosan‐Sr‐CPC had the characteristics of a good orthopedic material without showing cell cytotoxicity to HUVECs. Meanwhile, CGRP/chitosan‐Sr‐CPC could release CGRP and enhance the proliferation of HUVECs via CGRP receptors. Moreover, CGRP/chitosan‐Sr‐CPC significantly upregulated the expression of the VEGF gene and protein in HUVECs, which might help improve the angiogenesis microenvironment. Besides, CGRP/chitosan‐Sr‐CPC could significantly improve angiogenesis of HUVECs. These findings provide new therapeutic material for the treatment of osteoporotic bone injury. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 107B: 19–28, 2019.
Accelerated T2 mapping combining parallel MRI and model‐based reconstruction: GRAPPATINI
Authors: Hilbert Tom , Sumpf Tilman J. , Weiland Elisabeth , Frahm Jens , Thiran Jean‐Philippe , Meuli Reto , Kober Tobias , Krueger Gunnar
Published: February 2018

Background

Quantitative T2 measurements are sensitive to intra‐ and extracellular water accumulation and myelin loss. Therefore, quantitative T2 promises to be a good biomarker of disease. However, T2 measurements require long acquisition times.

Purpose

To accelerate T2 quantification and subsequent generation of synthetic T2‐weighted (T2‐w) image contrast for clinical research and routine. To that end, a recently developed model‐based approach for rapid T2 and M0 quantification (MARTINI) based on undersampling k‐space, was extended by parallel imaging (GRAPPA) to enable high‐resolution T2 mapping with access to T2‐w images in less than 2 minutes acquisition time for the entire brain.

Study Type

Prospective cross‐sectional study.

Subjects/Phantom

Fourteen healthy subjects and a multipurpose phantom.

Field Strength/Sequence

Carr–Purcell–Meiboom‐Gill sequence at a 3T scanner.

Assessment

The accuracy and reproducibility of the accelerated T2 quantification was assessed. Validations comprised MRI studies on a phantom as well as the brain, knee, prostate, and liver from healthy volunteers. Synthetic T2‐w images were generated from computed T2 and M0 maps and compared to conventional fast spin‐echo (SE) images.

Statistical Tests

Root mean square distance (RMSD) to the reference method and region of interest analysis.

Results

The combination of MARTINI and GRAPPA (GRAPPATINI) lead to a 10‐fold accelerated T2 mapping protocol with 1:44 minutes acquisition time and full brain coverage. The RMSD of GRAPPATINI increases less (4.3%) than a 10‐fold MARTINI reconstruction (37.6%) in comparison to the reference. Reproducibility tests showed low standard deviation (SD) of T2 values in regions of interest between scan and rescan (<0.4 msec) and across subjects (<4 msec).

Data Conclusion

GRAPPATINI provides highly reproducible and fast whole‐brain T2 maps and arbitrary synthetic T2‐w images in clinically compatible acquisition times of less than 2 minutes. These abilities are expected to support more widespread clinical applications of quantitative T2 mapping.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2018;48:359–368.