bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confined vortex breakdown generated by a rotating cone
Authors: PEREIRA J. C. F. , SOUSA J. M. M.
Published: July 2002

Confined vortex breakdown generated by a rotating cone within a closed cylindrical

container has been studied both by numerical simulation and by experimental

techniques. A comprehensive investigation of the various flow regimes has been carried out

by flow visualization. From laser–Doppler measurements of the entire flow field (three

velocity components) detailed maps of the time-averaged flow structures for single and

double breakdown have been constructed. Three-dimensional time-dependent simulations

of steady and unsteady breakdown have been performed. Steady numerical and

experimental flow fields obtained at Reynolds number 2200 for a gap ratio of 2 show

notable agreement. At critical Reynolds numbers of approximately 3095, for a gap

ratio of 2, and 2435, for a gap ratio of 3, the flow was observed becoming unsteady.

The periodic behaviour exhibited by the unsteady flow suggested the occurrence of a

supercritical Hopf bifurcation. This conjecture was confirmed by the evolution of the

oscillation amplitude as a function of criticality, measured for a gap ratio of 3. The

dynamical behaviour of unsteady vortex breakdown structures is depicted by numerical

simulation of two distinct oscillatory regimes, at Reynolds numbers 2700 and 3100. A

thorough analysis of the numerical results has shown that whereas the former regime

is characterized by the steady oscillation of closely axisymmetric breakdowns, the latter

displays precession of breakdown structures about the central axis. Additionally, it

was observed that the mode bringing about the Hopf bifurcation is non-axisymmetric,

with azimuthal periodicity of π/2 radians. From examination of measured velocity

power spectra at higher Reynolds numbers, a transition scenario was also educed. In

the present case, the Ruelle–Takens–Newhouse theorem has been shown to apply.
Natural convection flow far from a horizontal plate
Authors: NOSHADI VALOD , SCHNEIDER WILHELM
Published: July 2002

Plane and axisymmetric (radial), horizontal laminar jet flows, produced by natural
convection on a horizontal finite plate acting as a heat dipole, are considered at
large distances from the plate. It is shown that physically acceptable self-similar
solutions of the boundary-layer equations, which include buoyancy effects, exist in
certain Prandtl-number regimes, i.e. 0.5<Pr[les ]1.470588 for
plane, and Pr>1 for
axisymmetric flow. In the plane flow case, the eigenvalues of the self-similar solutions
are independent of the Prandtl number and can be determined from a momentum
balance, whereas in the axisymmetric case the eigenvalues depend on the Prandtl
number and are to be determined as part of the solution of the eigenvalue problem.
For Prandtl numbers equal to, or smaller than, the lower limiting values of 0.5 and
1 for plane and axisymmetric flow, respectively, the far flow field is a non-buoyant
jet, for which self-similar solutions of the boundary-layer equations are also provided.
Furthermore it is shown that self-similar solutions of the full Navier–Stokes equations
for axisymmetric flow, with the velocity varying as 1/r, exist for arbitrary values of
the Prandtl number.

Comparisons with finite-element solutions of the full Navier–Stokes equations show
that the self-similar boundary-layer solutions are asymptotically approached as the
plate Grashof number tends to infinity, whereas the self-similar solution to the full
Navier–Stokes equations is applicable, for a given value of the Prandtl number, only
to one particular, finite value of the Grashof number.

In the Appendices second-order boundary-layer solutions are given, and uniformly
valid composite expansions are constructed; asymptotic expansions for large values of
the lateral coordinate are performed to study the decay of the self-similar boundary-layer flows; and the stability of the jets is investigated using transient numerical
solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations.
Analytical solution for fully developed channel and pipe flow of
Phan-Thien–Tanner fluids
Authors: OLIVEIRA PAULO J. , PINHO FERNANDO T.
Published: July 2002

Analytical expressions are derived for the velocity vector, the stress components
and the viscosity function in fully developed channel and pipe flow of Phan-Thien–Tanner
(PTT) fluids; both the linearized and the exponential forms of the PTT
equation are considered. The solution shows that the wall shear stress of a PTT
fluid is substantially smaller than the corresponding value for a Newtonian or upper-convected Maxwell fluid, with implications for comparing predicted and measured
values in a non-dimensional form.
Gravito-inertial waves in
a rotating stratified sphere or spherical shell
Authors: DINTRANS B. , RIEUTORD M. , VALDETTARO L.
Published: July 2002

The properties of gravito-inertial waves propagating in a stably stratified rotating
spherical shell or sphere are investigated using the Boussinesq approximation. In
the perfect fluid limit, these modes obey a second-order partial differential equation
of mixed type. Characteristics propagating in the hyperbolic domain are shown to
follow three kinds of orbits: quasi-periodic orbits which cover the whole hyperbolic
domain; periodic orbits which are strongly attractive; and finally, orbits ending in a
wedge formed by one of the boundaries and a turning surface. To these three types
of orbits, our calculations show that there correspond three kinds of modes and give
support to the following conclusions. First, with quasi-periodic orbits are associated
regular modes which exist at the zero-diffusion limit as smooth square-integrable
velocity fields associated with a discrete set of eigenvalues, probably dense in some
subintervals of [0, N], N being the
Brunt–Väisälä frequency. Second, with periodic
orbits are associated singular modes which feature a shear layer following the periodic
orbit; as the zero-diffusion limit is taken, the eigenfunction becomes singular on a
line tracing the periodic orbit and is no longer square-integrable; as a consequence
the point spectrum is empty in some subintervals of [0, N].
It is also shown that these internal shear layers contain the two scales
E1/3 and E1/4 as pure inertial modes
(E is the Ekman number). Finally, modes associated with characteristics trapped by
a wedge also disappear at the zero-diffusion limit; eigenfunctions are not square-integrable and the corresponding point spectrum is also empty.
Contesting Hybridity: Evangelistas and Kataristas in Highland Bolivia
Authors: CANESSA ANDREW
Published: July 2002

Two of the most striking aspects of social change in recent decades in
Latin America have been the rise of indigenist movements and the spread of
evangelical Protestantism. To date they have been analysed separately, but this
article shows that a comparison of the two in the context of Bolivia can prove
highly productive. Although in many respects evangelismo and katarismo are
diametrically opposed, there are some striking similarities. They draw their
adherents from the same social base, undermine the notion of a homogeneous
nation-state and also clearly reject the position of cultural mestizaje at the root of
Bolivian state ideology. Thus, at a time when ‘hybridised’ cultural forms are
supposed to be becoming more common in Latin America and around the world,
these two social movements explicitly contest hybridity.
Stochastic modelling of turbulence and anomalous transport in plasmas
Authors: VANDEN EIJNDEN E. , GRECOS A.
Published: July 2002

Stochastic modelling of turbulence is considered. Exact and approximate
solution
procedures based on projection techniques are briefly reviewed. Procedures
leading
to equations that are local in time are discussed. Two different approximations
of
this type are presented, whose performances are tested and compared on
a simple
model case.
The Cystoseira spp. communities from the Aegean Sea (north-east Mediterranean)
Authors: Montesanto B. , Panayotidis P.
Published: July 2002

Multivariate analysis of qualitative and quantitative data from algal communities, collected at three coastal areas of the Aegean Sea in the upper infralittoral zone, has been carried out using the PRIMER software. The aim was to detect groups of species reflecting differences in environmental conditions. A multidimensional scaling of the results demonstrated the presence of three different groups of Cystoseira species, corresponding to different hydrodynamic conditions.
Larval development of Capitulum mitella (Cirripedia: Pedunculata) reared in the laboratory
Authors: Lee Chu , Shim Jeong Min , Kim Chang Hyun
Published: July 2002

Larval development of Capitulum mitella (Cirripedia: Pedunculata) comprises six nauplius stages and a cyprid. Unilobed labrum, a larval trait of pedunculate and chthamalid barnacles, bears two groups of slender hairs and two pairs of strong teeth on the distal labral margin, and a pair of teeth on the lateral labral margin. Frontolateral horns extended under the anterior cephalic shield margin are diagnostic features through all nauplius stages. The posterior border of the cephalic shield bears a pair of distal cephalic shield spines in nauplius stages II and III, and a pair of long posterior shield spines in nauplius stages IV, V and VI. A hispid seta is consistently found at the fourth group of the antennal endopodite through stages II–VI. The dorsal thoracic spine, abdominal process and the paired posterior shield spines have numerous small spines. Morphological features such as the cephalic shield, labrum, abdominal process, antennules, antennae and mandibles in all nauplius and cyprid stages are illustrated and described. In this species, the numerical setations of the antennule are found to be beneficial for intra-specific identification of barnacle nauplius stages without the need for dissection.
Seasonal organization patterns of demersal assemblages in the Gulf of Lions (north-western Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Gaertner J.C.
Published: July 2002

The seasonal organization patterns of demersal assemblages (fish and cephalopods) in the Gulf of Lions were investigated on the basis of a set of bottom trawl surveys. The use of Partial Triadic Analysis (PTA) provided a detailed representation of: (1) the common part of the spatial organization of demersal assemblages at seasonal scale; and (2) the seasonal variability of each species around this common structure. During the course of the study, demersal assemblages exhibited a strong seasonal stability in their organization patterns and only few species showed a strong seasonal variation in their spatial distribution. Demersal assemblages of the Gulf of Lions were structured primarily on the basis of a non depth coast–open sea gradient, which occurred from the coast to the midshelf region. The influence of depth on the structure of fish assemblages appeared to be only of limited importance and mainly restricted to the continental slope area. The PTA combined with contouring technics could be used to improve our knowledge of community structuring factors, and offers a theoretical framework to assess the reproducibility of multispecies structures.
Infection of intertidal barnacles by the parasitic isopod Hemioniscus balani in north-east England
Authors: Arnott Stephen A.
Published: July 2002

Prevalence of the parasite Hemioniscus balani (Isopoda: Cryptoniscidae) was determined in intertidal barnacles Semibalanus balanoides collected from north-east England during winter 1989–1990 and March 2000. Infection by female and male stages of the parasite were low (0·0–13·6% and 0·0–9·9%, respectively). Female stages were usually more prevalent lower down the shore, and were more common among larger barnacles. The observed rates of parasitism are similar to those recorded in the region 40–50 years ago.
Exploitation of white-lipped peccaries Tayassu pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
Authors: Altrichter Mariana , Almeida Roberval
Published: July 2002

We studied movements of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) throughout the Osa Peninsula and their use by local people during 1997–2000, using interview techniques. We draw five main conclusions: 1) White-lipped peccaries living on the Osa Peninsula range within Corcovado National Park for most of the year. 2) Peccaries travel beyond the Park boundaries to the north and south-east of the Peninsula at the end of the wet season when a fruit shortage occurs in Corcovado. 3) The local people hunt peccaries as the herds move through the Peninsula. 4) Current small herd sizes observed by locals in the Peninsula and by researchers in the Park may indicate a decline of the peccary population. 5) Peccaries constitute neither an important source of food nor a source of cash income for local people. We suggest that sustainable use of peccaries in this region is neither realistic nor necessary. Instead of trying to legalize and regulate hunting, effective systems to control illegal hunting should be implemented, especially outside the Park boundary from October to January when the animals are on the move.
A comparative analysis of parasite species richness of Iberian rodents
Authors: FELIU C. , RENAUD F. , CATZEFLIS F. , HUGOT J.-P. , DURAND P. , MORAND S.
Published: July 2002

Data on parasites of rodents, collected over an 18-year period
on
the Iberian peninsula, were used to find the determinants
of parasite species richness. A total of 77 species of helminth parasites
(nematodes, cestodes and digeneans) was identified
among 16 species of rodents. Parasites were classified into groups according
to their specificity towards their host and their
life-cycle. A working phylogeny of the rodents was proposed on the basis
of molecular and paleontological data and for
each host the following parameters were recorded: sample size, weight,
geographical range, longevity, and life-style. Two
comparative methods were used, the independent comparisons method of Pagel
(1992) and the distance matrix method
of Legendre, Lapointe & Casgrain (1995). The second method has the
advantage of measuring the relative contribution
of phylogeny. Both methods gave similar results. Overall parasite species
richness correlated only with host sample size.
Host body size does not correlate with any subset of parasite species richness.
However, host phylogeny is a good predicator
of specific parasites and the species richness of digeneans correlates
with
host geographical range. A phylogenetic
reconstruction of host relations was performed using the parasites belonging
to subgroups in which richness is correlated
with host phylogeny. These parasite species were treated as Dollo characters,
i.e. we made the assumption that the loss
of a parasite species is irreversible. The consensus tree obtained reflects
the major phylogenetic divisions of the host group.
Finally, this study illustrates the relative importance of processes acting
at different temporal and spatial scales (evolutionary time and actual
geographical range of hosts) in determining the structure of helminth parasite
fauna.
Novel lineages of Giardia intestinalis identified
by genetic analysis of organisms isolated from dogs in Australia
Authors: MONIS P. T. , ANDREWS R. H. , MAYRHOFER G. , MACKRILL J. , KULDA J. , ISAAC-RENTON J. L. , EY P. L.
Published: July 2002

Infection of suckling mice with Giardia trophozoites
recovered from the intestines of 11 dogs autopsied in Central and
Southern Australia in each case produced an established isolate.
In contrast, only 1 isolate was obtained by inoculation
of faecal cysts. The organisms grew poorly in comparison with
isolates from humans or non-canine animal hosts. Light
microscopy revealed that the trophozoites had median bodies with the
‘claw hammer’ appearance typical of G. intestinalis
(syn. G. duodenalis, G. lamblia) but that they
differed in shape and nuclear morphology from axenic isolates of human or
canine origin. Allozymic analysis of electrophoretic data
representing 26 loci and phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide
sequences obtained from DNA amplified from the glutamate dehydrogenase
locus showed that the 11 isolates examined
from Australian dogs were genetically distinct from all isolates of
G. intestinalis that have been established previously from
humans and animals, and also from G. muris. Both
analytical methods placed 10 of the Australian canine isolates into a
unique genetic lineage (designated Assemblage C) and the eleventh
into a deep-rooted second branch (designated
Assemblage D), each well separated from the 2 lineages (Assemblages
A and B) of G. intestinalis that encompass all the
genotypes known to infect humans. In contrast, 4 axenic isolates
derived from dogs in Canada and Europe (the only other
isolates to have been established from dogs) have genotypes
characteristic of genetic Assemblages A or B. The findings
indicate that the novel Giardia identified in these rural
Australian dogs have a restricted host range, possibly confined to
canine species. The poor success rate in establishing Giardia
from dogs in vitro suggests, further, that similar genotypes
may predominate as canine parasites world-wide. The absence of
such organisms among isolates of Giardia that have been
established from humans by propagation in suckling mice indicates that
they are unlikely to infect humans. However,
infection of humans by those dog-derived genotypes that grow
in vitro cannot be excluded.
CuZn superoxide dismutase activities from Fasciola hepatica
Authors: PIACENZA L. , RADI R. , GOÑI F. , CARMONA C.
Published: July 2002

The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in detergent-soluble,
somatic and excretion–secretion (E–S)
preparations from adult Fasciola hepatica using the xanthine oxidase
system and visualized in substrate gels. Compared
to detergent-soluble and somatic extracts, E–S products showed the
highest SOD activity (88 ·5 U/mg), indicating active
release to the medium in which parasites were maintained. SOD specific
activity was also detected at high levels in E–S
products from 3-week-old and 5-week-old immature migrating flukes (25 and
143 U/mg, respectively). In all preparations
except for the somatic extract, the activity was characterized as cyanide-sensitive
CuZn SOD. Differences in SOD
isoenzyme profiles between the extracts were observed in native polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis: the somatic and
detergent-soluble extracts exhibited 1 band of activity while the E–S
products from immature and adults flukes contained
2 and 3 migrating bands, respectively. SOD was purified from the detergent-soluble
extract and E–S products of adult
worms by a combination of ultrafiltration, gel filtration on Sephacryl
S-200 HR and ion-exchange chromatography on
QAE Sephadex A-50. The SOD from detergent-soluble extract showed, by SDS–PAGE
analysis, 1 band of 16 kDa
apparent molecular weight. The SOD from E–S products showed 2 bands
of 16 and 60 kDa apparent molecular weight.
N-terminal sequence analysis of the 16 kDa band from the detergent-soluble
preparation showed some similarity with
Schistosoma mansoni cytoplasmic SOD. These enzymes may have a
potential role in the evasion of the oxidative burst killing
mechanism by immune cells.
Identification of a subpopulation of merozoites of
Sarcocystis singaporensis that invades and partially develops

inside muscle cells in vitro
Authors: JÄKEL T. , ARCHER-BAUMANN C. , BOEHMLER A. M. , SORGER I. , HENKE M. , KLIEMT D. , MACKENSTEDT U.
Published: July 2002

The affinity of merozoites of Sarcocystis singaporensis

obtained from the lungs of acutely infected rats to muscle cells and
other cell lines grown in vitro was examined. Two distinct types
of mature
schizonts developed in the lungs 11–13 days
p.i. with sporocysts: those containing PAS−
merozoites (type 1) which mainly reacted with antibodies prepared against

sporozoites, and others containing PAS+
merozoites (type 2) which were antigenically close to bradyzoites. When

inoculated onto cell cultures, type 1-merozoites induced schizogonic development
in brain capillary endothelial cells of
the rat. In contrast, type 2-merozoites invaded L6 myoblasts. In long-term
cultures (50 days) of L6 cells, zoites
transformed to a 8–15 μm long uninucleate stage which, tentatively,
could be unizoite sarcocysts. Although the observed
dichotomy in merozoite development is unprecedented in this form, evidence
from previous work suggests that these
observations are relevant to other Sarcocystis species. The presented
cell culture system could be a first step towards
successful growth of sarcocysts in vitro.
Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of Wuchereria
bancrofti infection: a model-based analysis of trial results
Authors: PLAISIER A. P. , CAO W. C. , VAN OORTMARSSEN G. J. , HABBEMA J. D. F.
Published: July 2002

Ivermectin is a promising drug for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. A meta-analysis of trials investigating the effects
of a single treatment suggested a dose-dependent effect on the production of microfilariae (mf) by adult Wuchereria
bancrofti parasites. A mathematical model that describes the parasite dynamics in the human host and the impact of
ivermectin treatment is presented and its outputs compared with these trials. The calculated trend in mf density after
treatment appears to be particularly sensitive to the assumption about the mean life-span of mf. Adopting 0.5–2 years
as a range of plausible values for this mf life-span, the model is used to estimate the impact of treatment on the parasite.
It is found that irrespective of dosage, ivermectin eliminates 100% of the blood mf from a patient. Furthermore, at a
dosage level of 400 μg/kg a single treatment irreversibly reduces the mf production of the adult parasites by at least 65%.
For a dosage of 200 μg/kg this reduction is at least 35%. No such effect can be concluded from the results of trials using
lower dosages.
Physiological status of wild European eels (Anguilla
anguilla) infected with the parasitic nematode, Anguillicola
crassus
Authors: KELLY C. E. , KENNEDY C. R. , BROWN J. A.
Published: July 2002

The effect of the parasitic swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus, on the physiological status of wild European eels
(Anguilla anguilla) was investigated during an 18 month survey (February 1995 until September 1996), and compared
with that of wild uninfected eels collected over the same time-period. Despite the occurrence of up to 15 blood-feeding
adults in the swimbladder lumen of the infected eels and as many as 25 additional larvae in the swimbladder wall, there
were no major differences in hormonal, metabolic or osmoregulatory status of the 2 groups of eels. Wild European eels
appear to adapt to chronic parasitism with Anguillicola crassus. The possible adverse effects of additional simultaneous
stressors are discussed.
Characterization of the Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) DNA
Authors: COLLINS C. M. , CUNNINGHAM C. O.
Published: July 2002

The intergenic spacer of the ribosomal RNA gene array from the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris was isolated using PCR
amplification. PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Three different fragments of 0·63, 1·0 and 2·62 kb, were
consistently obtained. These showed homology at the 5′ and 3′ termini but differed in their overall size and intervening
sequence. The 5′ end showed homology to various 28S ribosomal RNA gene sequences, suggesting that this represented
the 3′ terminus of the G. salaris 28S ribosomal RNA gene. A number of features common to other eukaryotic intergenic
spacers were found in the longest sequence, including A + T rich sequences, palindromic sequences and tandemly repeated
elements. Two regions of 23 bp sequences arranged in non-identical tandem repeats were identified. There were 9 repeats
in both regions, separated by 81 bp of non-repetitive sequence. The repeat units from the two regions shared some
similarity at their 3′ ends. The G. salaris intergenic spacer sequence was examined for sequence motifs involved in the
transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes in other species. Several regions with homology to transcription start sites were
identified.
Animal Belief
Authors: Fellows Roger
Published: July 2002

Non language-using animals cannot have beliefs, because believing entails the ability to distinguish true from false beliefs and also the ability to distinguish changes in belief from changes in the world. For these abilities we need both the fixation of belief and counter-factual thought, for both of which language is necessary. The argument of the paper extends Davidson's argument to the same conclusion (which is found wanting). But denying beliefs to animals has no moral implications.
Depression and social stress in Pakistan
Authors: HUSAIN N. , CREED F. , TOMENSON B.
Published: July 2002

Background. The high prevalence of depression in developing countries is not well understood. This
study aimed to replicate the previous finding of a high prevalence of depression in Pakistan and
assess in detail the associated social difficulties.

Method. A two-phase survey of a general population sample in a Pakistani village was performed.
The first-phase screen used the Personal Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and the self-rating
questionnaire (SRQ). A one in two sample of high scorers and a one in three sample of the low
scorers were interviewed using the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (PAS) and Life Events and
Difficulties Schedule (LEDS).

Results. A total of 259 people were screened (96% response rate). The second stage yielded 55 cases,
of whom 54 had depressive disorder, and 48 non-cases. The adjusted prevalence of depressive
disorders was 44·4% (95% CI 35·3 to 53·6): 25·5% in males and 57·5% in females. Nearly all cases
had lasted longer than 1 year. Comparison of the cases and non-cases indicated that cases were less
well educated, had more children and experienced more marked, independent chronic difficulties.
Multivariate analysis indicated that severe financial and housing difficulties, large number of
children and low educational level were particularly closely associated with depression.

Conclusion. This study confirms the high prevalence of depressive disorders in Pakistan and
suggests that this may be higher than other developing countries because of the high proportion of
the population who experience social adversity.
The association between obstetric complications and childhood-onset schizophrenia: a replication study
Authors: MATSUMOTO H. , TAKEI N. , SAITO F. , KACHI K. , MORI N.
Published: July 2002

Background. Many previous studies have shown that individuals who develop schizophrenia in adult life are more likely than normal controls to have a history of obstetric complications (OCs) at birth. However, little attention has been paid to the involvement of OCs in the risk of developing childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS). In our earlier report, we found an association between OCs and the development of COS. In this study, we determined whether the association could be replicated in another, independent set of patients with COS.

Methods. OCs, birth weight and gestational age were retrospectively assessed in 35 children, aged between 14 and 15 years old (average 15·4 years), who met the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia, and in age- and gender-matched controls (children with anxiety disorders).

Results. The COS patients showed significantly greater scores in all of the three measures of OCs according to the Parnas et al. scale compared to controls. Moreover, individuals exposed to OCs were about 3·2 times (odds ratio = 3·22; 95% confidence interval, 1·1–9·8) more likely to develop schizophrenia than those without a history of OCs. The mean birth weight was significantly lower in schizophrenics than in controls (P < 0·05). The frequency of prematurity signs with weight < 2500 g was significantly higher in schizophrenics than in controls (P < 0·05).

Conclusion. Repeatedly reported association between OCs and adult-onset schizophrenia have also been demonstrated in patients with COS. This suggests that there may be a continuity between childhood- and adult-onset schizophrenia.
Aberrant brain activation following motor skill learning in schizophrenic patients as shown by functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: KODAMA S. , FUKUZAKO H. , FUKUZAKO T. , KIURA T. , NOZOE S. , HASHIGUCHI T. , YAMADA K. , TAKENOUCHI K. , TAKIGAWA M. , NAKABEPPU Y. , NAKAJO M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Motor skill learning may be impaired in schizophrenia. While functional brain imaging studies have shown reduced activation during motor task performance in schizophrenic patients, brain activity changes with motor skill learning in these patients have not been studied by functional imaging.

Methods. A sequential complex motor task involving the right hand was performed by nine medicated schizophrenic patients and 10 age-matched healthy controls. Functional magnetic resonance images were obtained using a gradient echo, echoplanar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence before and after 1 week of training in performing the task.

Results. Bilaterally, patients showed significantly less blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal response in the premotor area (PMA) before beginning motor training than controls. BOLD signal response increased in the left PMA of schizophrenic patients after 1 week of motor training; in contrast, the signal decreased in the left PMA of control subjects. Training effects concerning the number of finger movement sequences achieved did not differ between groups. Daily neuroleptic dose did not significantly affect changes with training in BOLD signal response in the PMA.

Conclusions. These preliminary results suggest that schizophrenic patients have dysfunction of neural networks in areas including the PMA that are involved in executing a complex motor task. In terms of brain activity, motor learning may be less efficient or slower in the patients than in healthy subjects.
Psychosocial sequelae of the 1989 Newcastle
earthquake: II. Exposure and morbidity profiles
during the first 2 years post-disaster
Authors: CARR V. J. , LEWIN T. J. , WEBSTER R. A. , KENARDY J. A. , HAZELL P. L. , CARTER G. L.
Published: July 2002

Background. A sample of 1089 Australian adults was selected for the longitudinal component of
the Quake Impact Study, a 2-year, four-phase investigation of the psychosocial effects of the
1989 Newcastle earthquake. Of these, 845 (78%) completed a survey 6 months post-disaster as
well as one or more of the three follow-up surveys.

Methods. The phase 1 survey was used to construct dimensional indices of self-reported
exposure to threat the disruption and also to classify subjects by their membership of five ‘at
risk’ groups (the injured; the displaced; owners of damaged small businesses; helpers in threat
and non-threat situations). Psychological morbidity was assessed at each phase using the 12-item
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Impact of Event Scale (IES).

Results. Psychological morbidity declined over time but tended to stabilize at about 12 months
post-disaster for general morbidity (GHQ-12) and at about 18 months for trauma-related (IES)
morbidity. Initial exposure to threat and/or disruption were significant predictors of psychological
morbidity throughout the study and had superior predictive power to membership of the
targeted ‘at risk’ groups. The degree of ongoing disruption and other life events since the earthquake
were also significant predictors of morbidity. The injured reported the highest levels of
distress, but there was a relative absence of morbidity among the helpers.

Conclusions. Future disaster research should carefully assess the threat and disruption experiences
of the survivors at the time of the event and monitor ongoing disruptions in the aftermath in
order to target interventions more effectively.
Qualitative magnetic resonance imaging findings in geriatric
depression. Possible link between later-onset depression and
Alzheimer's disease?
Authors: GREENWALD B. S. , KRAMER-GINSBERG E. , BOGERTS B. , ASHTARI M. , AUPPERLE P. , WU H. , ALLEN L. , ZEMAN D. , PATEL M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Several clinical and neuroimaging
investigations support the notion that underlying brain changes may
relate to depression in older patients, especially those with a
later-age initial episode. However uncertainty still exists about
diagnostic and pathogenic significance of structural brain
abnormalities in aged depressives, in part because many studies lack
all-elderly and age-similar normal comparison populations.

Methods. Brain morphology of elderly depressives
(N = 30) and normal controls (N = 36) was compared
by assessing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans with
qualitative criteria-based scales. Ratings included lateral and third
ventricle enlargement, and cortical, medial temporal, and caudate
atrophy.

Results. Significant differences between depressed and
control groups were not demonstrated. Later-onset depressives had
significantly more left medial temporal and left caudate atrophy than
early-onset counterparts of similar age. Medial temporal atrophy
significantly correlated with cognitive impairment and was not related
to physical illness. Depressives with medial temporal atrophy
(N = 7) were older and had later age at onset of depression
than those without such changes. Cerebrovascular disease risk factors
did not predict MRI abnormalities.

Conclusions. Results indicate non-specificity and lack of
homogeneity of qualitatively measured structural brain changes in
geriatric depression, but suggest that pathology of specific,
lateralized brain regions may be implicated in some later-onset
patients. The relationship between medial temporal atrophy and
late-onset depression raises the possibility that such patients may
suffer from as-yet undeclared Alzheimer's disease. Lack of
association between cerebrovascular disease risk factors and brain
changes suggests other pathophysiological contributions.
Late-onset depressive disorders: a preventable variant of cerebrovascular
disease?
Authors: HICKIE IAN , SCOTT ELIZABETH
Published: July 2002

The severe depressive disorders of late life are associated with

high rates of medical morbidity and
mortality, cognitive impairment, suicide, disability, complex treatment
regimens,
institutionalization and high costs to the community (Murphy, 1983;
Murphy et al. 1988; Bruce & Leaf,
1989; NIH Consensus Development Panel, 1992; Alexopoulos
et al. 1993a, b; Brodaty et al. 1993;

Bruce et al. 1994; Forsell et al. 1994; Hickie et
al. 1995;
Blazer, 1996). Those disorders that are
accompanied by cognitive impairment and/or concurrent medical morbidity
have a particularly
poor outcome (Bruce & Leaf, 1989; Alexopoulos et al.
1993b; Hickie et al. 1995, 1997a). Although

psychosocial models of late-life depression place considerable importance
on age-related
psychological and social risk factors, those who survive into
later life may actually be characterized
by psychological resilience (Henderson, 1994; Blazer, 1997).

Current aetiological research in late-life depression, therefore,
places particular emphasis on the
potential role of biological risk factors. The potential importance
of vascular risk factors is receiving
renewed attention and may provide opportunities for specific prevention

and intervention strategies
in high-risk populations. This emphasis on possible vascular
risk factors, and the wider importance
of vascular pathologies in late-life neuropsychiatric disorders,
mirrors the emphasis of much earlier
clinico-pathological studies (Binswanger, 1894; Alzheimer, 1895). The specific
focus on the
importance of small progressive changes within the subcortical
white matter, as distinct from more
discrete cortical infarcts (Olszewski, 1962), is now supported by the emerging
neuroimaging
literature and theoretical constructs in late-life depression
(Krishnan, 1991, 1993; Hickie et al. 1996, 1997b;
Krishnan et al. 1997).
Long-term outcome of severe puerperal psychiatric illness: a 23 year follow-up study
Authors: ROBLING S. A. , PAYKEL E. S. , DUNN V. J. , ABBOTT R. , KATONA C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although there have been many follow-up studies of severe puerperal psychiatric
illness, few have been very long-term.

Methods. Sixty-four subjects from 85 (75·3%) in an unselected sample of women admitted to a
psychiatric hospital within 6 months of childbirth were successfully followed up a mean of 23 years
(range 17–28) later. Most subjects were interviewed in detail, with further information obtained
from general practice and hospital records. Data included subsequent illnesses and diagnoses,
subsequent childbirth, longitudinal social function, current symptoms and social function.

Results. Seventy-five per cent of subjects had further psychiatric illnesses, most of them unrelated
to childbirth, and 37% had at least three subsequent episodes. The risk of puerperal psychiatric
illness was 29% in subsequent pregnancies. At outcome interview the majority of subjects were well,
with satisfactory social adjustment. Diagnoses in subsequent psychiatric illnesses showed
considerable consistency with index diagnoses, with some shift to bipolar disorder. Further illnesses
were less likely to occur where the index illness occurred with first child, onset was within 1 month
of delivery, and where the index diagnosis was unipolar depression.

Conclusions. There is a high risk of subsequent non-puerperal recurrences following severe
puerperal psychotic illness, showing considerable diagnostic consistency with the index episode, but
with good functional outcome. Puerperal illnesses showed strong continuities with non-puerperal
illnesses in these women.
History of childhood sexual or physical abuse in
Japanese patients with eating disorders: relationship
with dissociation and impulsive behaviours
Authors: NAGATA T. , KIRIIKE N. , IKETANI T. , KAWARADA Y. , TANAKA H.
Published: July 2002

Background. Empirical data regarding prevalence of sexual and physical abuse histories in Japanese
patients with eating disorders is lacking, in contrast to Western countries. This study investigated
the prevalence of traumatic events in Japanese patients with eating disorders, and examined the
relationship between such traumatic events and clinical features.

Methods. Subjects consisted of 33 patients with anorexia nervosa restricting type (RAN), 40
patients with anorexia nervosa binge eating/purging type (AN–BP), 63 patients with bulimia
nervosa purging type (BN) and 99 healthy controls. All were female and diagnoses were based on
DSM-IV. The Physical and Sexual Abuse Questionnaire (PSA), Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)
and Dissociation Experience Scale (DES) were administered to all of the subjects.

Results. Paradoxically, victims of minor sexual abuse committed by Chikan (a Japanese word
indicating a person who commits minor sexual crimes) were more prevalent among controls than
among patients with RAN, AN–BP or BN. However, physical punishment histories tended to be
more prevalent among patients with AN–BP or BN than among RAN or controls. Only AN–BP
and BN patients with physical punishment histories had twofold higher scores for DES and
significantly more frequent histories of self-mutilation (67% v. 33%) compared with patients
without such histories.

Conclusion. An abuse history is not essential or a prerequisite to developing an eating disorder in
Japan.
Intermediate filaments: molecular architecture,
assembly, dynamics and polymorphism
Authors: Parry David A. D. , Steinert Peter M.
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 100

2. Molecular architecture 107

2.1 Primary structure 108

2.1.1 Homologous regions 109

2.1.2 Chain typing 115

2.1.3 Post-translational modifications 117

2.2 Secondary structure 118

2.2.1 Central rod domain 118

2.2.2 Head and tail domains 119

2.3 Tertiary structure 123

2.3.1 Coiled-coil rod domain 123

2.3.1.1 Specificity through salt bridges 124

2.3.1.2 Specificity through apolar interactions 127

2.3.1.3 A consensus trigger sequence for two-stranded coiled-coils 128

2.3.2 Discontinuities in the rod domain 128

2.3.2.1 Links 129

2.3.2.2 Stutter 131

2.3.3 Head and tail domains 131

2.4 Electron microscope observations 133

3. Assembly 136

3.1 Role of the coiled-coil rod domain 137

3.2 Role of end domains 141

3.3 Experimentally induced crosslinks and modes of assembly 145

3.4 Naturally occurring crosslinks for tissue coordination 154

3.5 STEM data 154

4. Quaternary structure 160

4.1 Protofilaments and protofibrils 160

4.2 Head and tail domains 163

4.3 Surface lattice structure 164

4.4 Crystal studies on intermediate filament fragments 168

5. Polymorphism 169

5.1 Variations on a theme 170

5.1.1 Axial structure 170

5.1.2 Lateral structure 171

6. Keratin intermediate filament chains in diseases 172

7. Concluding remarks 175

8. Acknowledgments 176

9. References 176

Three types of intracellular filament have been identified in eukaryotic cells, and together they
constitute the key elements of the cytoskeleton. They are the microtubules, the actin-containing microfilaments and the intermediate filaments. The uniqueness of the former two
types of filament in cells has been well known for a long time but, in contrast, the intermediate
filaments have been a relative new-comer to the scene. The microtubules and the
microfilaments have always been easy to distinguish from one another on the grounds of their
respective sizes (microtubules are about 25 nm in diameter and microfilaments are about
7–10 nm in diameter). Additionally, microtubules were capable of being disaggregated by the
action of colchicine, and microfilaments could be disassembled by other drugs or be decorated
with heavy meromyosin to generate arrowhead-like structures. Importantly, in both
microtubules and microfilaments the constituent protein subunits were arranged to give the
filaments a directionality, and the ability of these filaments to function in vivo depended
crucially on this feature of their structure. Microtubules, for example, are involved in mitosis,
motility and transport within the cell: each of these functions is clearly a ‘directional’ one.
With this background the discovery and characterization of the intermediate filaments can
begin.
Eliade, phenomenology, and the sacred
Authors: STUDSTILL RANDALL
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this article is to clarify some of the areas considered
most problematic in Mircea Eliade's approach to religion. One of its principal goals
is to show that Eliade's method is primarily phenomenological rather than
theological, as some interpreters of his work maintain. In presenting this
phenomenological interpretation of Eliade four areas of his approach are addressed:
(1) the extent to which it incorporates historical method; (2) the meaning of religion
as sui generis and irreducible; (3) Eliade's use of the term ‘sacred’; and (4) Eliade's
hierarchalizing of religious phenomena. Eliade's departure from phenomenology to
explain the causes of religious experience is also addressed.
What price neutrality? a reply to Paul Helm
Authors: JANTZEN GRACE M.
Published: July 2002

Paul Helm's discussion of my book is a clear illustration of some of my
central claims about Anglo-American philosophy of religion: he instantiates its
undue preoccupation with beliefs, and its erasure of gender. In my reply I show how
Helm conflates my objection to such preoccupation with the absurd claim that
beliefs are unnecessary, and how he conflates philosophy of religion – even
rationality itself – with its Anglo-American variants. He refuses to engage with the
masculinism implicit both in his selectivity and in the boundaries he seeks to
maintain around the discipline; boundaries which, I argue, need to be opened up
for philosophy of religion to flourish.
Can science explain mysticism?
Authors: FALES EVAN
Published: July 2002

Jerome Gellman has recently disputed my claim that a naturalistic
explanation for mystical experiences is available, a better explanation than any
current attempt to show that God is sometimes perceived in those experiences.
Gellman argues (i) that some mystics do not ‘fit’ the sociological explanation of I.
M. Lewis; (ii) that the sociological analysis of tribal mysticism cannot properly be
extended to theistic experiences; and (iii) that mystical experiences merit prima facie
credence, so the burden of proof falls on the naturalist. I reply (i) that the alleged
counter-examples either do fit Lewis's explanation or are too poorly known to judge;
(ii) that Lewis's theory, supplemented by recent neurophysiological findings,
provides a strong explanation for all mystical experiences; and (iii) that the burden
of proof, if there is one, now falls on the theist.
Health Visitors Work in a Multi-ethnic Society: a Qualitative Study of Social Exclusion
Authors: BOWES A. M. , MEEHAN DOMOKOS T.
Published: July 2002

Health visiting is adopting an enabling model of practice, which
may
promote social inclusion, but is under pressure to justify itself. The
article
focuses on health visitors' work with Pakistani women and comparable

white women in Glasgow, examining the nature of health visiting and
women's responses to it. Health visitors' perspectives involve
the appreciation
of cultural differences, building relationships with clients, and some

stereotyping of clients. Techniques include highly valued home visiting,

and processes of negotiation with clients. Problems faced include difficulties

with interpreters, lack of training, relationships with other professions,

recent changes in the NHS, and issues of stress and personal
safety. Women's views of health visitors are generally positive, especially

concerning home visits, time spent with clients, and gate-keeping access

to GPs. Negative views came mostly from white women, and concerned
the more controlling models of health visiting. Thus, enabling health
visiting practice was widely appreciated, and could act as an inclusionary

force, facilitating access to and use of health services. Exclusion was

operating at institutional level, towards minorities and women of lower

socio-economic groups, but was being actively resisted by practitioners.
English as a central component of success in the professional
and social integration of scientists from the former Soviet
Union in Israel
Authors: KHEIMETS NINA G. , EPSTEIN ALEK D.
Published: July 2002

More than 13,000 scientists from the former Soviet Union
have arrived in Israel since 1988. The purpose of this
study is to analyze certain factors that influence immigrant
scientists' integration into the society and academic
community of Israel, with special attention to multilingual
identity. Previous studies in this field emphasize the
significance of Hebrew and juxtaposed Russian with Hebrew;
however, in Israel, especially in the educated classes,
English is an important status symbol and boundary marker.
The data demonstrate that English is crucial in shaping
the patterns of immigrants\' social integration. Results
of statistical tests demonstrate significant differences
between those who studied English and those who studied
either German or French regarding feelings of personal
self-actualization and job satisfaction. Moreover, command
of English proved to be the determining factor for risk
of losing a job. The implication is that Israeli language
policy, which has traditionally taken the acquisition of
Hebrew by immigrants as its major goal, should be reformulated
to include access to English instruction, since without
it they are unlikely to become equal members of the Israeli
middle class.