bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professional Persons in Public Organizations
Authors: Corwin Ronald G.
Published: August 2008

Empirical evidence from the study he reports here suggests to Professor Corwin that there is a consistent pattern of conflict between teachers and school administrators over the control of work, and that professionaliza tion is a militant process. These results may justify challenging the indi vidual-versus-the-organization hypothesis as obscuring some potential contributions that studies of conflict can make to organization theory. They also have important implications for the simultaneous professional ization and bureaucratization of American society now taking place. Mr. Corwin is assistant professor in the department of sociology and anthro pology at The Ohio State University.
Social Science, Ideology, and the Professor of Educational Administration
Authors: Hills Jean
Published: August 2008

Though he sees some relevance in the "applied science" approach to the study of educational administration which is generally supported by pro fessors who thus perpetuate the prevailing ideology and status quo, Professor Hills identifies a process of structural differentiation within the field and describes emerging, specialized scholarly roles for professors. Mr. Hills is associate professor of education and a staff member in the Center for the Advanced Study of Educational Administration at the University of Oregon.
Hypotheses on the School as a Social System
Authors: Willower Donald J.
Published: August 2008

In illuminating our understanding of the nature of schools as social sys tems, Professor Willower advances a set of propositions of the "middle range" which are based on a study of a single organization and which are related to the problem of pupil control within the school as an inte grative theme. The article is a clear example of the researcher's develop ment of conceptual tools within the framework of a theoretical formula tion. Mr. Willower is associate professor of education at The Pennsylvania State University.
Understanding and Respect Between "Traditionalists" and Newcomers
Authors: Stout Robert T.
Published: August 2008

In this editorial "traditionalists" is used with the special denotation of those whose educational training and viewpoint are cast basically in terms of the classroom or attendance unit or local school system. New comers, then, is used generally but with special emphasis on those ap pearing in state and federal education departments and offices whose background differs from customary teacher education programs.
Stability and Change in Human Characteristics: Implications for School Reorganization
Authors: Bloom Benjamin S.
Published: August 2008

In his response to a request from the editors Professor Bloom has sug gested some policy implications growing out of his research on the development and change of human characteristics. Mr. Bloom discovered that a fundamental order characterized his data, and from these regulari ties he outlines some specific implications for school reorganization. Mr. Bloom is Professor of Education at the University of Chicago.
Stability and Change in Human Characteristics: A Superintendent's Response
Authors: Pierce Wendell H.
Published: August 2008

Since Professor Bloom suggested a number of policy implications grow ing out of his research, the editors asked a city school superintendent to react to the preceding article. Mr. Pierce asserts that the findings on human characteristics are not surprising and that most practitioners already knew what the research revealed. Nevertheless the findings are welcomed, for they provide scientific underpinnings for administrative decisions. We suspect that there is a precision in Mr. Bloom's findings not heretofor available to school administrators. Mr. Pierce is Super intendent of Schools in Cincinnati.
Essay Review: An Axiomatic Study of Administration
Authors: Lipham James M.
Published: August 2008

In his reading of Bertram M. Gross's two-volume study The Managing of Organizations: The Administrative Struggle (New York: The Free Press, 1964) Professor Lipham finds that the author fails to accom plish his primary objective and offers few new insights to the reader. Mr. Lipham is chairman of the Department of Educational Administra tion at the University of Wisconsin.
National Grants for Elementary and Secondary Schools in England
Authors: Lindman Erick L.
Published: August 2008

It may be useful for school administrators in the United States and Canada to know about the experience of other nations in financing their educational systems. The author discusses how funds for education have been distributed in England prior to and since 1958, when the general grant for local government services was instituted. Mr. Lindman is pro fessor of education at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Federal Aid to Education and Low Income Areas
Authors: Weidenbaum Murray L. , Swenson Norman P.
Published: August 2008

Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 is the focus of the following investigation. A principal finding is that Title I is highly progressive and does act as a regional income equalizer to a con siderable degree. Mr. Weidenbaum is associate professor of economics at Washington University, St. Louis; Mr. Swenson is a graduate student at the University.
Some Comments on James G. Anderson's "Bureaucatic Rules-Bearers of Organizational Authority"
Authors: Hills Jean
Published: August 2008

Drawing principally upon the writings of the sociologist Talcott Parsons, the author examines James Anderson's recent treatment of bureaucratic rules in the Quarterly. The author asserts that Anderson's definition of bureaucratic rules lacks specificity and that many of Anderson's con cepts clarify little the problems with which he is attempting to deal. The editors strongly welcome this kind of critical analysis of previously published pieces. Jean Hills is research associate at the Center for the Advanced Study of Educational Administration at the University of Oregon.
Some Uncongenial Comments
Authors: Haller Emil J.
Published: August 2008

The subject of dispute in the following two articles is a paper entitled "Perceived Need Deficiencies of Teachers and Administrators" written by Francis Trusty and Thomas J. Sergiovanni, published in the Autumn 1966 issue of the Quarterly. Emil J. Haller, author of the first article is As sistant Professor, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto.
Teacher and Administrator Need Deficiencies Revisited
Authors: Trusty Francis M. , Sergiovanni Thomas J.
Published: August 2008

This reply to the preceding article is written by Francis Trusty, Head of the Department of Educational Administration and Supervision, Uni versity of Tennessee; and by Thomas Sergiovanni, Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Administration, University of Illinois.
A Comment on "The Authority Structure of the School"
Authors: Solomon Benjamin
Published: August 2008

In this article the author offers some comments on "The Authority Structure of the School: System of Social Exchange" by James Ander son, which appeared in the spring issue of this journal. The author is Research Associate and Director, White Collar Studies, Industrial Re lations Center, University of Chicago.
Occupations, Personnel, and Careers
Authors: Thompson James D. , Avery Robert W. , Carlson Richard O.
Published: August 2008

The concepts of job, career, and career strategy are among those carefully analyzed in the early section of this paper. Following a discussion of the social structure of occupations and patterns of dis rupted careers, the authors conclude with some implications for per sonnel management in the form of seven propositions. James D. Thompson is Professor of Business Administration and Professor of Sociology, Indiana University; Robert W. Avery is Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Pittsburgh; Richard O. Carlson is Professor of Education and Research Associate, Center for the Advanced Study of Educational Administration, University of Oregon.
The Superintendent's Use of Cooptation in Handling Internal Interest and Pressure Groups: Its Effects and Consequences
Authors: Walker Hill M.
Published: August 2008

This paper illustrates how the school superintendent may use coopta tion to cope with the pressures upon the school system, sometimes as a final resort after trying the usual methods of arbitration, negotiation, and compromise. Cooptation is examined as a means whereby the organization can adapt to its environment, often defensively. Distin guishing between formal and informal cooptation, the author hypoth esizes that there are fewer detrimental consequences in formal than in informal cooptation. The author is Assistant Professor in the De partment of Special Education, University of Oregon.
Teacher Expectations of Administrative Behavior
Authors: Goldman Harvey , Heald James E.
Published: August 2008

An examination of the relationship between principals' behavioral pat terns and teachers' attitudes toward their building administrators is undertaken in this paper. The findings suggest that a discrepancy exists between those goals teachers claim to seek and those which are actually prized. Harvey Goldman is Assistant Professor of Educational Administration at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; James E. Heald is Professor of Educational Administration and Head, Office of Planning and Development, the College of Education, Michigan State University.
Woodrow Wilson: Educational Innovator
Authors: Frankie Richard J.
Published: August 2008

This article is an analysis of selected administrative theories and practices of Woodrow Wilson in the field of education. In this complex field, Wilson stands out as an early pioneer and a major educational innovator. Mr. Frankie is Assistant Professor of Education at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
The Elementary School Cabinet: Report of an Experience in Participative Decision-Making
Authors: Blumberg Arthur , Wayson William , Weber Wilford
Published: August 2008

Changes in processes, problems, costs, and benefits develop when the decision-making prerogatives in a school are shifted from a hierarchical pattern to a participative one in which the principal shares power with teachers. A critical variable related to the success of a participative de cision-making mode is the congruence between attitude set-behavior mix of the principal and the teachers. Arthur Blumberg is Associate Professor of Education, Syracuse University, William Wayson is Principal of the Martin Luther King Elementary School, Syracuse, N.Y., and Wilford Weber is Assistant Professor of Education, Syracuse University.
Dimensions of Student Academic Alienation
Authors: Long Samuel
Published: August 2008

In this study of 460 Southern Illinois University-Carbondale stu dents surveyed in May, 1973, five dimensions of student academic alienation are investigated: (1) feelings of cynicism regarding basic academic values and the means by which these values are achieved, (2) feelings of meaninglessness concerning the purposes and operation of the university system, (3) feelings of powerlessness in attempting to participate in the university governance process, (4) feelings of negative affect in evaluating university administrators, and (5) evaluations of university administrators as exhibiting mediocre performances and inferior attributes. Five tasks are addressed: (1) What are the levels of academic alienation among these students? (2) Are the five academic alienation scales employed reliable? (3) Are the academic alienation scales valid indicators? (4) To what extent are the five alienation mea sures intercorrelated? (5) What is the effect of categoric-demographic variables on students' responses to the academic alienation scales? The results of this study are discussed in relation to a political model of the university, conceptualizing students as quasi-citizens.
The Influence of an Antistrike Injunction
Authors: Colton David L.
Published: August 2008

Injunction proceedings in a four-week teacher strike are analyzed in terms of the French-Raven model ofpower and influence. The analysis suggests a reconsideration of both practice and policy affecting the use of injunction actions in teacher strikes.
Participation in Decision Making: A Multidimensional Perspective
Authors: Mohrman Allan M. , Cooke Robert A. , Mohrman Susan Albers
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the importance of treating participation in decision making in a multidimensional manner. Ques tionnaire results indicate that participation in different decision domains is differentially related to teacher satisfaction. A practical implication is that efforts to increase teacher influence should focus on particular kinds of decisions.

Allan M. Mohrman, Jr., is on the Faculty of Management Science, College of Administrative Science, The Ohio State University; Robert A. Cooke is a Study Director at the Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; Susan Albers Mohrman is a graduate student in the Organization Behavior Depart ment of the Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University.
Practical Significance and Statistical Models
Authors: McNamara James F.
Published: August 2008

The results of an extensive analysis of the statistical methodology employed by researchers whose manuscripts were published in the first twelve volumes of the Educational Administration Quarterly are re ported. It is concluded that univariate analysis has been utilized pre dominately in the treatment of data ivhile tests for practical significance and significance of relationships have been largely ignored. A case is made for the application of the omega, squared statistical index to esti mate the proportion of the variance of the dependent variable accounted for by a given independent variable.

James F. McNamara is Professor of Interdisciplinary Education and Educational Administration at Texas A &M University.
From Scopes to Scope: The Genetic Mutation of the School Control Issue
Authors: Kerchner Charles T.
Published: August 2008

The historical background of restricted scope of bargaining is traced, and factors that have contributed to an expansion of scope are identified and discussed. A case is then developed to support the idea that broader scope of bargaining coupled with wider avenues for citizen participation would constitute betterpublicpolicy.

Charles T. Kerchner is Assistant Professor, Education Faculty, Clare mont Graduate School.
Isolation and Alienation in Educational Organizations
Authors: Forsyth Patrick B. , Hoy Wayne K.
Published: August 2008

Power and friendship networks in academic organizations are exam ined to see what effects selected dimensions of interaction have on the work alienation of educators. Findings suggest that interaction with friends and respected coworkers is more important to professional educa tors than contacts with those in authority.

Patrick B. Forsyth is Assistant Professor of Educational Administra tion, Oklahoma State University; Wayne K. Hoy is Professor and Chair- person of the Department of Educational Administration, Rutgers Uni versity.
Scientific Research in Educational Administration
Authors: Hoy Wayrte K.
Published: August 2008

Wayne K. Hoy is Professor of Educational Administration and Chair man of the Department of Educational Adntinistration and Supervision at Rutgers University.

(This perspective paper was presented originally as a Presidential Ad dress to the Plenary Session of the University Council for Educational Administration in February, 1978. The point-of-view developed by Pro fessor Hoy is worthy of examination and discussion on the basis of its own merits. In addition, however, it offersyet another perspective on the present state and future direction of theory and research development in educational administration. As such, it is a valuable extension and in some ways a stimulating contradiction of the thought pieces written by Jean Hills, Daniel E. Griffiths, and Thomas B. Greenfield, which have been published in this section of recent issues of the Educational Admin istration Quarterly. We acknowledge with appreciation the cooperation of UCEA and of the editors of the UCEA Review in permitting us to make the paper available to the readers of the EAQ — eds.)
Beyond Management Information Systems
Authors: Clemson Barry
Published: August 2008

Conventional management information systems attempt to aid deci sion making by providing administrators with all of the potentially rele vant data. The critique of this approach is theoretical (from information theory) and practical (from the characteristics of organizational decision makers). An alternative approach, based on general systems theory con siderations, is presented.

Barry Clemson is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Admin istration, Supervision, and Curriculum at the University of Maryland.
Supervisory Effectiveness
Authors: Martin Yvonne M. , Isherwood Geoffrey B. , Rapagna Socrates
Published: August 2008

The underlying assumption that the supervision of teachers has posi tive effects on subsequent teacher classroom behavior has not been sub jected to a rigorous empirical test. The findings of this study support the practice of goal-oriented supervision and do not isolate any differential effects of direct and indirect supervisory styles.

Yvonne M. Martin is Assistant Professor of Educational Administra tion, Geoffrey B. Isherwood is Associate Professor of Educational Ad ministration, and Socrates Rapagna is Associate Professor of Education al Psychology and Sociology, McGill University.
The Education of Swedish School Leaders — A Brief Description
Authors: Ekholm Mats
Published: August 2008

Mats Ekholm is Director of the School Leader Educational Project in Sweden.

(Structured preparatory progrants for educational administrators, which historically have been viewed in many countries of the world as unneces sary, or undesirable, or both, are experiencing notable growth in num bers and in diversity of designs. Evidence of the expanding interest in the formalization of administrator preparation in Western Europe was pro vided at an international conference of educational leaders held in Ober wesel, West Germany, in the fall of 1977. At the final session, represen tatives of six countries described the conceptualization and implementa tion of administrator preparation in their homelands. This article is an adaptation of an address delivered at Oberwesel by Mats Ekholm in which an experimental effort, evolved from the literature on change and developed to meet the particular needs of the Swedish educational sys tem, was discussed — eds.)
Choosing health in prison: Prisoners' views on making healthy choices in English prisons
Authors: Condon Louise , Hek Gill , Harris Francesca
Published: August 2008

Objective To explore the views of prisoners on making healthy choices in prison.

Design In-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with 111 prisoners in 12 prisons between September and November 2005. Prisoners interviewed included women, older prisoners, young offenders and prisoners from Black and minority ethnic groups.

Setting Prisons in the north and south of England, including men's prisons (categories A—D), young offenders' institutions and a women's prison.

Method Prisoners were interviewed individually by pairs of interviewers, using a topic guide concerned with experiences of health care in prison. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Data were analysed thematically. This article presents prisoners' views on making healthy choices in the areas identified in the 2004 white paper Choosing Health, as priorities for action in public health.

Results All the priority areas of Choosing Health were relevant to the self-identified health needs of prisoners. Opportunities to make healthy choices varied between prisons, particularly in relation to diet, exercise and access to smoking cessation support. Alcohol misuse was considered insufficiently addressed in prison.

Conclusion While imprisonment offers prisoners an opportunity to access health promotion services, in the priority areas identified in Choosing Health prisoners are often prevented from making healthy choices by the prison setting. Barriers exist within the prison setting which limit the ability of prisoners to maintain and improve their health.
Physical education in primary schools: Classroom teachers' perceptions of benefits and outcomes
Authors: Morgan Philip J , Hansen Vibeke
Published: August 2008

Objective The aim of the current study was to examine the perceptions of classroom teachers regarding the benefits and outcomes of their PE programs.

Design Cross-sectional.

Setting Thirty eight randomly selected primary schools in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.

Method A mixed-mode methodology was utilized, incorporating semi-structured interviews of 31 classroom teachers and questionnaire responses of 189 teachers from 38 randomly selected schools in NSW.

Results Results indicated teachers believed PE: (1) provides children with opportunities to improve fitness and be active to counter societal trends towards obesity and increased sedentary behaviours; (2) impacts positively on learning and behaviour in the classroom; (3) helps children to improve social skills and allows some children an opportunity to experience success in a unique learning environment. The teachers in the current study believed their programmes were only somewhat successful in achieving outcomes relating to physical activity, self-esteem, motor skills and fitness.

Conclusion Teachers believed PE was beneficial as a vehicle for physical activity and positively impacted on learning and behaviour in the classroom. However, the reasons provided for including PE in their daily programmes were reflected in the delivery of programmes of little educational value.
Chronic disease risk reduction with a community-based lifestyle change programme
Authors: Merrill Ray M , Aldana Steven G , Greenlaw Roger L , Salberg Audrey , Englert Heike
Published: August 2008

Objective To assess whether reduced health risks resulting from the Coronary Health Improvement Project (CHIP) persist through 18 months.

Methods The CHIP is a four-week health education course designed to help individuals reduce cardiovascular risk by improving nutrition and physical activity behaviours. Analyses were based on 211 CHIP enrollees, aged 24—81 years from Rockford, IL.

Results Improvements in BMI, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and glucose continued through 18 months for those who started the programme with higher risk status at baseline.

Conclusion The CHIP is an intensive lifestyle change programme that lowers cardiovascular risks through 18 months.
THE PATHWAYS OF PARENTAL SOCIALIZATION
Authors: DALTON RUSSELL J.
Published: August 2008

This research examines two pathways of family influence in the socialization process. The attitudinal pathway is based on direct interpersonal value transfer and is the major source of parental influence for partisanship, racial attitudes, and other core beliefs. The socialmilieu pathway represents the effects of social characteristics shared between generations and is the major source of parental influence for political efficacy, political knowledge, and civic tolerance. Based on the workings of these two pathways, we conclude that socialization research is too concerned with simple comparisons of the amount of parent-child agreement. Greater attention to the nature of specific beliefs and the means of influence is necessary to understand and explain the socialization process.
HERBERT McCLOSKY AND FRIENDS REVISITED
Authors: JACKSON JOHN S. , BROWN BARBARA LEAVITT , BOSITIS DAVID
Published: August 2008

McClosky's classic study of party leaders and followers is replicated and extended using 1980 data on party elites, party followers, and the mass public. Dramatic interparty differences emerge in terms of liberalism-conservatism and views on public policy issues. As in the McClosky study, party elites tend to take relatively extreme issue positions, while the mass public continues to occupy a centrist position.
THE DYNAMICS OF PRESIDENTIAL POPULARITY SHIFTS
Authors: WANAT JOHN
Published: August 2008

This article analyzes shifts in public opinion on presidential approval surrounding certain salient international events. It estimates the relative size of approvers, disapprovers, and neutral respondents in Gallup polls who shifted to other responses in polls before and after the events. This is done by analyzing all possible nonnegative, integer solutions to the 3 × 3 tables representing the pre- to postevent change. By examining the relations among cell values in all the solutions, it is shown that most of the increase in support accruing to the president comes from those who had disapproved of his performance before and not from those who held no opinion.
CHANGE IN ELECTION CALENDARS AND TURNOUT DECLINE
Authors: COHEN JEFFREY E.
Published: August 2008

Richard Boyd has argued that the proliferation of elections across the calendar is one source contributing to the decline in turnout over the past two decades. Two such election calendar reforms, the adoption of the presidential primary and the separation of the election of the governor from the election of the president, were used to test the thesis. Cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, and multiple regression tests indicate no support for the Boyd thesis.
BORN-AGAIN CHRISTIANS IN THE BIBLE BELT
Authors: PATEL KANT , PILANT DENNY , ROSE GARY
Published: August 2008

We have investigated the extent to which “born-again” Christians constitute a distinct political subgroup. Our specific research concerns are essentially twofold. First, we have examined the attitudes of born-again Christians compared to those who are not born-again toward clerical involvement in political activity. Second, orientations toward four salient issues have been examined: the proposed Equal Rights Amendment, a balanced federal budget, increased military spending, and the proposed constitutional amendment to ban abortion. Concerning the second set of orientations, the effects of education and age have been examined as well. In general, the findings reveal that born-again Christians do constitute a distinct political subgroup. They are inclined to support religious leaders taking a public stand on political issues, although there are clear limits on what they perceive as legitimate involvement. Political conservatism of born-again Christians is revealed by the fact that they consistently take a more conservative position on contemporary political issues compared to those who are not born-again. The findings also show that, in general, the born-again Christian identity is more important than education or age in the structuring of political orientations.
REALIGNMENT BEGINS?
Authors: BECK PAUL ALLEN
Published: August 2008

Results from statewide surveys contain signs of an emerging partisan realignment in Florida since early 1980. After a period of stability in the relative sizes of the mass party coalitions, a surge in Republican Party identifiers and a parallel decline in Democrats appeared in the months after the 1980 presidential election. This surge has been sustained through January 1982. Partisan changes during this period were pronounced among conservatives and the young, where they also have a distinct ideological flavor. Aggregate partisan shifts appear among older voters as well, but they are smaller and can be accounted for largely by the acquisition of partisanship by nonpartisans. The Florida data provide a snapshot of partisan movements during the realignment process—serving to both test and refine realignment theory.
VOTER TURNOUT IN PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARIES
Authors: MORAN JACK , FENSTER MARK
Published: August 2008

This article examines changes in the turnout of registered voters in presidential primaries over the last 12 years that result from changes in the primary environment. While previous research has been limited to static, cross-sectional analysis, we undertake a diachronic analysis of the link between changes in voter turnout and changes in the electoral framework and strategic campaign components of the primary environment. By making a controlled comparison of the impact of such changes on voter turnout, we are able to gauge the sensitivity of electorate responsiveness to primary environment change. In contrast to previous research, we find little or no difference between the behavior of Republican and Democratic electorates and no spillover effect on voter turnout. It is suggested that those interested in increasing voter turnout in the presidential primaries should focus on the design of competition, since turnout is considerably more sensitive to changes in strategic campaign factors than to changes in electoral framework factors.
THE POLICY IMPACT OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PROCEDURES
Authors: ETHRIDGE MARCUS E.
Published: August 2008

This article represents an effort to assess empirically some of the hypotheses suggested in the citizen participation literature. Selected measures of the strictness of state environmental regulations are used as indicators of the aggressiveness of policy implementation. Simple, partial, and multiple correlation and regression techniques are used to determine whether these substantive aspects of policy vary with the effectiveness of certain citizen participation procedures. The findings suggest that greater opportunities for citizen involvement are associated with more aggressive regulation, but the procedural changes apparently have their greatest effect where “public interest” groups are not already effective.
ECONOMIC INDIVIDUALISM AND AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION
Authors: FELDMAN STANLEY
Published: August 2008

This article presents an initial step toward integrating cultural beliefs into the empirical study of public opinion and mass belief systems. The specific focus of the analysis is economic individualism—beliefs in the work ethic and quality of opportunity. After a short theoretical and conceptual discussion, a measurement strategy is proposed and explored using the Center for Political Studies 1972 national election study. The effects of these two beliefs on attitudes toward social welfare and black welfare issues are then examined. Implications for the structure of belief systems and patterns of public support for various policies are discussed.
A THEORY OF CONGRESSIONAL ORGANIZATION
Authors: WHITEMAN DAVID
Published: August 2008

The increasing size of committees in the House of Representatives has never been satisfactorily explained. By exploring the source of two previously unexamined anomalies within the existing theory of congressional committee size, this article develops an alternative explanation of the phenomenon. The new theory emphasizes the importance of membership motivations and organizational constraints, and it proposes two factors to account for committee expansion. One factor is the existence of personal and group “rights” to certain committee seats, coupled with the disruption produced by biennial change in the House party ratio. The second factor is membership demand for dual committee assignments, coupled with the constraints placed on assignment pairs. A model based on these factors is found to have substantial explanatory power. Because the analysis suggests inherent organizational forces for committee expansion, the findings have important implications for committee reorganization and reform.
HOUSE-SENATE BUDGET CONFERENCES
Authors: IPPOLITO DENNIS S.
Published: August 2008

In 1975, the power of the purse was set within a new congressional budget process. Taxing and spending decisions that previously had been handled in a piecemeal and uncoordinated fashion became subject to comprehensive congressional budget resolutions that set fiscal policy and spending priorities. This represented an important change in executive-legislative relations. It also created, however, another arena for House-Senate conflicts over control of the purse. This article examines the conflicts that subsequently have emerged and how they have been resolved by House-Senate conference committees. It suggests that institutional theories about the House and Senate do not satisfactorily explain budget conference outcomes. Strategic advantages associated with preconference positions must be taken into account, as well.
BEYOND COMMITTEE CONTROL
Authors: FLEISHER RICHARD , BOND JON R.
Published: August 2008

In this article we test several hypotheses—committee unity, committee chairman support, majority leader support, minority leader support, timing during the session, and type of policy issue—that previous research identifies as explanations of variation in the success or failure of floor amendments. We find that committee unity is the most important variable in all contexts—if the committee is unified for or against an amendment, its position is almost certain to prevail on the floor. Party leaders, also, often exert significant independent effects on the success of floor amendments. The extent of their influence, however, varies with the context and with the degree of committee unity. And even when party leaders exert significant independent effects, their support for a floor amendment results in very small changes in the probability of passage, except when the committee reporting the bill is divided. Although committees may dominate the amending process if they are unified, achieving unity on the floor may be beyond committee control to manipulate. Because committees are usually divided on the floor, influence over policymaking in Congress is typically shared among different institutional actors.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN POLITICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION 1956-1980
Authors: WASSENBERG PINKY S. , WOLSBORN KAY G. , HAGNER PAUL R. , PIERCE JOHN C.
Published: August 2008

The American Voter published 1956 data showing males to be more likely than females to conceptualize politics in abstract terms. This article extends that analysis through 1980, using data from the CPS National Election Studies. The aggregate gender differences in conceptualization persist throughout the entire period. Controls for education and political involvement fail to diminish the gender gap in conceptualization. However, for the 1972 to 1980 period, controlling for women's sex-role orientations substantially reduces male-female differences in conceptualization.
WOMEN'S RIGHTS BEFORE THE FEDERAL DISTRICT COURTS, 1971-1977
Authors: STIDHAM RONALD , CARP ROBERT A. , ROWLAND C. K.
Published: August 2008

This study analyzes opinions published by federal district judges in women's rights and racial minority discrimination cases in the period 1971-1977. Our analysis revealed that the petitioner in women's rights cases was only slightly more likely to be victorious than litigants from other disadvantaged groups. Using a regional variable, we found no significant differences between northern and southern judges deciding women's rights cases. However, the judge's political party identification proved to be an important variable, and a meaningful split was found to exist between Democratic and Republican jurists in women's rights decisions.
POPULARITY AND THE VOTE
Authors: KENNEY PATRICK J. , RICE TOM W.
Published: August 2008

In this article we examine the relationship between incumbent governors' popularity ratings and their subsequent vote percentages. Analysis shows that the popularity ratings are clearly related to the vote percentages. Specifically, our model suggests that an incumbent governor can be confident of reelection with a popularity “approval” rating above approximately 48%.
THE SIMPLE ACT OF VOTING IN 1980 DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARIES
Authors: WATTIER MARK J.
Published: August 2008

Studies of presidential primary elections have not focused on how voters decide for whom to vote. This article tests a modified Kelley-Mirer rule with data from CBS News/ New York Times exit polls for the 1980 Democratic primary elections in California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. The article focuses on (1) considerations, what voters take into account; and (2) a decision rule, how voters make decisions. Of the factors that voters take into account in general elections—candidate images, issues, ideology, and party identification—a person's image of the candidates and ideological identification seem to be the most relevant considerations in primary elections. Voters in primaries canvass their likes and dislikes of the leading candidates. Weighing each like and dislike equally, they vote for the candidate toward whom they have the greatest net number of favorable attitudes. If no candidate has such an advantage, the voter votes consistently with his or her ideological identification. This voter's decision rule correctly predicts 85.4% of the 8607 votes recorded in the ten exit polls, a level of accuracy that compares favorably with studies of general elections.
CITIZENS' EVALUATIONS OF 1980 PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES
Authors: GANT MICHAEL M.
Published: August 2008

In this article, the content of citizens' evaluations of the candidates in the 1980 presidential campaign is explored. Using the “likes/dislikes” questions from the 1980 CPS American National Election Study, responses are placed into two broad categories: policy and personal evaluations. The content of these evaluations is then linked to the strategies followed by Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter. Five logically necessary conditions for concluding that the campaign strategies had an effect on citizen evaluations of the candidates are stipulated. The data analysis supports all five conditions, and leads to the conclusion that the strategies of the candidates may very well have influenced the outcome of the 1980 presidential election.
ELECTION NIGHT PROJECTIONS AND VOTER TURNOUT IN THE WEST
Authors: DUBOIS PHILIP L.
Published: August 2008

A persistent debate over the last two decades has been whether election night television broadcasts of election results influence the behavior of West Coast voters. Consistent with prior survey analyses of the question, a recent study relying upon aggregate data has also concluded that the 1980 election night network projections of a Reagan landslide had no measurable part in depressing the rate of participation among western voters. Using a different data base subjected to similar analytical methods, the following analysis concludes that there is considerable evidence of a decline in western voter turnout in 1980 that is attributable to the network television broadcasts. The unusual circumstances of the 1980 election that produced this anomalous result are then explored.
INTERPRETING EXPERIENCE
Authors: LIENESCH MICHAEL
Published: August 2008

Political scientists are predisposed to view the American constitution as the product of pragmatic politics. In part, this interpretation has been inspired by the founders themselves, who frequently spoke of the importance of political experience in framing the constitution. Yet the framers held a different definition of experience from our own. By “experience” they meant not only the practical participation in immediate events, but also the theoretical knowledge gained from the study of history, philosophy, and science. This article examines their changing concept of experience. Relying primarily on the debates in the federal and state ratifying conventions, it reviews the intellectual conflicts that took place between Federalists and Antifederalists concerning the roles of historical, philosophical, and scientific theories in the creation of the constitution. The contradictions that resulted within constitutional theory, and the importance of these contradictions for later politics are discussed.
ELITE TOLERANCE OF NAZI RIGHTS
Authors: GIBSON JAMES L. , BINGHAM RICHARD D.
Published: August 2008

This article reports an effort to assess the extent and causes of inconsistency in the political tolerance attitudes of elites, based on the conflict in Skokie, Illinois, over the right of American Nazis to hold demonstrations. Relying on data from a survey of the membership and leadership of the American Civil Liberties Union and of Common Cause, the degree of congruence between abstract civil liberties attitudes and specific opinions on the Skokie dispute is assessed. We conclude that among the members of these elite groups, abstract commitments to democratic norms played a very significant role in structuring responses to the conflict. Thus, this analysis suggests that the attitudes of the democratic elite are vitally important to the protection of the civil liberties of minority political groups.
STATUTORY INTERPRETATIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT
Authors: HENSCHEN BETH
Published: August 2008

Studies of the Supreme Court-Congressional relationship have concentrated on the interaction that occurs between the two institutions in constitutional policy areas while ignoring the presumably more routine aspects of the relationship involving statutory issues. This article focuses on the less visible side of Court-Congressional interaction by examining Congress' response to the Court's interpretations of labor and antitrust statutes. Patterns of reaction are delineated, and several hypotheses linking Congressional response to characteristics of the Court's decision are tested. Factors such as the unanimity and direction of the Court's decision, which are often thought to have some bearing on the response of other political actors to the Court, do not, however, provide clear-cut explanations for Congressional reaction to the Court's statutory decisions. Striking differences are found between the labor and antitrust policy areas, suggesting that those who study judicial impact need to be careful in generalizing about the variables and conditions that affect response to the Court.
PARTY REALIGNMENT AND CONGRESSIONAL CHANGE
Authors: PIPER J. RICHARD
Published: August 2008

This study conceptualizes party realignment in terms of interrelated and durable shifts on four “levels”. Several ways in which these levels may relate to one another are suggested, including the possibility of discontinuities among them. The study focuses on elite party composition and balance and roll-call behavior in the U. S. House of Representatives in the period between the Civil War and the 1890s. It concludes that a “minor” party realignment occurred between 1873 and 1877, that veterans' shifts from their previous positions and an influx of Democratic newcomers were major factors effecting Congressional policy-behavior change at that time, but that elite party balance conducive to policy stalemate or complex compromises and Congressional reluctance to embrace some potentially polarizing issues were obstacles to a “major” realignment.
POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN THE AMERICAN STATES
Authors: NICE DAVID C.
Published: August 2008

Political corruption is less common in states that have Moralistic political cultures and more educated populations. Contrary to expectations, however, political corruption is not related to crime rates or urbanization.
THE SOUND OF THE GUNS
Authors: STOLL RICHARD J.
Published: August 2008

This article examines whether, during the 1946-1982 time period, presidents achieve more success in Congress on important international issues in the wake of dramatic military operations. The analysis shows that, at least for a short period of time after visible uses of U.S. military force, a president will generally have a greater chance of congressional support on key international issues.
CABINET TRANSFERS AND DEPARTMENTAL PRESTIGE
Authors: WEISBERG HERBERT F.
Published: August 2008

The transfers of cabinet secretaries from one department to another are analyzed from the perspective of progressive ambition as an indicator of departmental prestige. Through the end of 1985, 59 transfers are found. Transfers are more frequent among the generalist inner cabinet departments. However, the frequency of transfers among the outer cabinet departments and between the inner and outer cabinet is sufficient to question the view of outer cabinet as specialists. This supports classifying the secretaries rather than the departments. The obtained prestige hierarchy of departments is similar to the order of succession to the presidency, but with some deviations.
CONCEPTIONS OF REPRESENTATION
Authors: CARLSON JAMES M. , MARTIN RICHARD M.
Published: August 2008

Using Q-technique, we examined conceptions of representation among a sample of delegates to the 1984 Democratic and Republican National Conventions. Analysis of the data revealed four perspectives on representation in the sample: the “trustee,” the belief that group interests should be represented, the belief that representation is a matter of the representative's conscience, and the “delegate-servant.” Surprisingly, no delegates saw themselves as representatives of party officials or presidential candidates. We conclude that representation is a subjective process and should be examined from that perspective.
REGIONAL LEADERSHIP PATTERNS IN THE DIFFUSION OF PUBLIC POLICIES
Authors: LUTZ JAMES M.
Published: August 2008

The possibility that the American states will emulate the policy adoptions of their neighbors has been suggested in the literature on policy outputs of the states. The present study compares times of adoptions for 47 policies for all pairs of neighboring states and identifies the regional leaders present. The patterns of regional leadership changed over time, becoming less pronounced from the pre-World War I era, to the period between the wars, to the post-World War II era. Still, there were distinctive patterns of regional leadership, and cuetaking among the American states is a factor in the spread of policies.
SECOND THOUGHTS ON SECOND-GENERATION DISCRIMINATION
Authors: WAINSCOTT STEPHEN H. , WOODARD J. DAVID
Published: August 2008

This study analyzes patterns of resegregation in 345 public school systems in five southern states. We find that the phenomenon known as “second-generation discrimination” is more complex and multidimensional than has been assumed. We conclude that while racial disparities exist in many aspects of public education in the South, generalizations about the resegregative impact of second-generation discrimination are exaggerated.
STUDYING CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS ON POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
Authors: BOOKS JOHN , PRYSBY CHARLES
Published: August 2008

The study of contextual effects on political behavior has expanded dramatically in the last two decades. In this article we review the recent progress of the field in an attempt to develop a coherent framework for categorizing and analyzing contextual effects. We note that some types of effects have been understudied and that the processes by which context affects individuals have not received sufficient attention. Taking an information approach, we argue that context works through individual perceptions of contextual phenomena and that many sources of and reactions to information condition contextual effects. Finally, we suggest profitable future research efforts based on previous research and our preferred approach to the field.