bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrologic regulation of gross methyl chloride and methyl bromide uptake from Alaskan Arctic tundra
Authors: TEH YIT ARN , MAZÉAS OLIVIER , ATWOOD ALYSSA R. , ABEL TRIFFID , RHEW ROBERT C.
Published: December 2008

The Arctic tundra has been shown to be a potentially significant regional sink for methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (CH3Br), although prior field studies were spatially and temporally limited, and did not include gross flux measurements. Here we compare net and gross CH3Cl and CH3Br fluxes in the northern coastal plain and continental interior. As expected, both regions were net sinks for CH3Cl and CH3Br. Gross uptake rates (−793 nmol CH3Cl m−2 day−1 and −20.3 nmol CH3Br m−2 day−1) were 20–240% greater than net fluxes, suggesting that the Arctic is an even greater sink than previously believed. Hydrology was the principal regulator of methyl halide flux, with an overall trend towards increasing methyl halide uptake with decreasing soil moisture. Water table depth was one of the best predictors of net and gross uptake, with uptake increasing proportionately with water table depth. In drier areas, gross uptake was very high, averaging −1201 nmol CH3Cl m−2 day−1 and −34.9 nmol CH3Br m−2 day−1; in flooded areas, gross uptake was significantly lower, averaging −61 nmol CH3Cl m−2 day−1 and −2.3 nmol CH3Br m−2 day−1. Net and gross uptake was greater in the continental interior than in the northern coastal plain, presumably due to drier inland conditions. Within certain microtopographic features (low‐ and high‐centered polygons), uptake rates were positively correlated with soil temperature, indicating that temperature played a secondary role in methyl halide uptake. Incubations suggested that the inverse relationship between water content and methyl halide uptake was the result of mass transfer limitation in saturated soils, rather than because of reduced microbial activity under anaerobic conditions. These findings have potential regional significance, as the Arctic is expected to become warmer and drier due to anthropogenic climate forcing, potentially enhancing the Arctic sink for CH3Cl and CH3Br.
A case of factor XI deficiency caused by compound heterozygous F11 gene mutation
Authors: WANG JING , WANG XUEFENG , DAI JING , DING QIULAN , FU QIHUA , WANG HONGLI , SHEN LISONG , LI DAO
Published: December 2008

Summary.  Inherited factor XI (FXI) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder in most populations except for Ashkenazi Jews. In this report, a 25‐year‐old Chinese female FXI deficiency case has been studied. Routine clotting tests showed significantly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (69.5 s, control 35 ± 10 s) while prothrombin time (12.3 s, control 13 ± 3 s) was normal. FXI:C and FXI:Ag were 2.6% and 2.5%, respectively, indicating that this case was cross‐reacting material negative. The activities of other coagulation factors and liver function were in normal range. The DNA sequence results of the 15 exons and their boundaries of F11 gene revealed a novel G3733C missense mutation in exon 2, and a recurrent C16642T nonsense mutation in exon 8. The G3733C mutation caused G‐1R substitution in FXI signal peptide, which might impair the protein’s secretion and introduced a new BssSI enzyme digestion site. The C16642T mutation led a premature stop codon at amino acid position 263(Q263Term). G‐1R and Q263Term compound heterozygous mutations in F11 gene were the cause of FXI deficiency for this proband. G‐1R mutation was a novel F11 gene mutation causing inherited FXI deficiency.
A novel synthetic adjuvant enhances dendritic cell function
Authors: Phillipps Karen S. M. , Wykes Michelle N. , Liu Xue Q. , Brown Melissa , Blanchfield Joanne , Toth Istvan
Published: December 2008

The lipid core peptide (LCP) is a novel, synthetic, self‐adjuvanted vaccine delivery system that neatly incorporates the adjuvant, carrier and antigenic peptides of a vaccine into a single molecular entity. This system has been previously shown to efficiently deliver vaccines and induce immunity. Because adjuvants target sentinels of the immune response, such as dendritic cells (DCs), that are widely distributed throughout the body to initiate specific immune responses, we investigated the effects of the adjuvant on DCs. Here we show that LCP targets vaccines to DCs and induces their activation.
In vivo spectroradiometric evaluation of colour matching errors among five shade guides
Authors: LI Q. , YU H. , WANG Y. N.
Published: December 2008

Summary  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the colour errors of visual shade selection by five different shade guides. The maxillary left central incisors of sixty participants were visually evaluated by two groups of prosthodontists, with different clinical experience. The shade selection results were recorded and the most selected tab was determined as the resultant shade for each tooth. If totally different opinions were obtained, consensus was needed to determine the resultant shade among the observers. The colour distributions (L*, a* and b*) of each tooth and shade tab were measured using a spectroradiometer. The coverage errors (CEs) of each shade guide and colour differences (ΔE values) between a tooth and the selected shade tabs were calculated. Two‐way anova and Tukey’s post hoc analysis were used to evaluate the differences of CE and ΔE values among shade guides and clinical experience (α = 0·05). Coverage errors and ΔE values in all of the five shade guide systems were all beyond the clinical threshold of 3·3 units. The consensus led to a better colour matching than that of the single decision group in Vitapan 3D‐Master and Shofu NCC shade guides. A significant difference (P < 0·001) was found among ΔE values of the shade guide system and clinical experience. In conclusion, all five of the shade guide systems used did not achieve clinically compatible shade matching. However, the Vitapan 3D Master shade guide system resulted in the lowest CEs and ΔE values. Consensus could be helpful in enhancing the aesthetic results using Vitapan 3D Master and Shofu NCC shade guides.
A retrospective analysis of temporomandibular findings among Israeli‐born patients based on the RDC/TMD
Authors: WINOCUR E. , STEINKELLER‐DEKEL M. , REITER S. , ELI I.
Published: December 2008

Summary  The purpose of this study was to evaluate temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Axis I and II among Israeli‐Jewish patients using the Hebrew version of the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for TMD and to compare the results with Swedish, United States, Asian and Israeli‐Arab populations. The study consisted of 298 Israeli‐born, Jewish patients (male/female ratio 3·5:1), arriving at an Orofacial Pain Clinic during the year 2001–2004. A complete clinical examination was carried out according to the RDC/TMD protocol. Axis I diagnoses: 65% of the Israeli‐Jewish patients exhibited myofacial pain (Group I disorder), 38% disc displacement (Group II disorder) and 18% arthralgia, osteoarthritis or osteoarthrosis (Group III disorder). Axis II diagnoses: 20% of the patients scored severe depression and 35% scored somatization. Pain was reported in 82% of the patients (mean pain duration 35·7–33·8 months for women, 44·1 for men). Patients had an average disability score of 30·0 ± 30·2. Chronic pain grade IV was present in 4% of the patients. Israeli‐Jewish temporomandibular disorder patients showed results similar to those reported for other countries, further supporting the use of the RDC/TMD internationally as a reliable epidemiological tool. Globally, Axis I scores were similar, while Axis II scores were more susceptible to geographic/ethnic differences. Gender can influence Axis I and Axis II as well as possible gender specific association with socio‐economic status. In future comparisons, men and women should be considered separately.
Impacts on daily performances attributed to malocclusions by British adolescents
Authors: BERNABÉ E. , SHEIHAM A. , De OLIVEIRA C. M.
Published: December 2008

Summary  The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of condition‐specific impacts on daily performances attributed to malocclusion in British adolescents. Two hundred 16‐ to 17‐year‐old adolescents were randomly selected from 957 children attending a public college in London, UK. During interviews, participants provided information about demographic variables and socio‐dental impacts on quality of life attributed to malocclusions, using the Condition‐Specific form of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (CS‐OIDP) index. Adolescents were also clinically examined using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Statistical comparison by covariates was performed using chi‐squared test and chi‐squared test for trends. The prevalence of oral impacts on daily performances attributed to any oral condition was 26·5% whereas the prevalence of CS‐OIDP attributed to malocclusion was 21·5%. There was no statistically significant difference by sex, age, ethnicity or orthodontic treatment status of schoolchildren in the prevalence of CS‐OIDP attributed to malocclusion (P ≥ 0·243 for all cases). However, there was a linear trend for the prevalence of CS‐OIDP attributed to malocclusion, by level of normative orthodontic treatment need (P = 0·042). The prevalence of such impacts increased from 16·8% for adolescents with no/slight need for orthodontic treatment, to 31·7% for those with definite need for orthodontic treatment. Although findings support the idea that malocclusion has physical, psychological and social effects on quality of life of these adolescents, the inconsistencies in findings between the self‐reports of impacts of malocclusion and the assessment of normative needs highlight the shortcomings of using only clinical indexes to estimate orthodontic treatment needs.
Wear of human enamel and nano‐filled composite resin denture teeth under different loading forces
Authors: GHAZAL M. , KERN M.
Published: December 2008

Summary  To evaluate and correlate the two‐body wear of human enamel and nano‐filled composite resin teeth with the loading forces used in a dual‐axis chewing simulator. Three groups of human enamel and three of nano‐filled composite resin teeth were tested in a chewing simulator. Zirconia ceramic balls were used as antagonists. The teeth were tested with three different loading forces (20, 49 and 78 N). Wear was analysed by measuring the volume and vertical substance loss using a laser scanner after 300000 chewing cycles. Data were statistically analysed using two‐way anova followed by the Scheffé test (P ≤ 0·05). Spearman correlation test was used to determine whether there was a relationship between the loading force and the degree to which the human enamel and composite resin had worn. An increase in the loading force significantly increased the wear of composite resin and of human enamel. The effect of the loading force on the wear was statistically significant at the 0·001 level. Human enamel showed a lower volume and vertical substance loss than composite resin under loading forces of 20 and 49 N and lower vertical loss under loading force of 78 N. The correlation between the volume loss and loading force was statistically significant (r = 0·616, P < 0·001). Nano‐filled composite resin and human enamel exhibited different amount of wear under different loading forces. In general, human enamel showed less vertical substance loss than nano‐filled composite resin.
Effect of awareness through movement on the head posture of bruxist children
Authors: QUINTERO Y. , RESTREPO C.C. , TAMAYO V. , TAMAYO M. , VÉLEZ A. L. , GALLEGO G. , PELÁEZ‐VARGAS A.
Published: December 2008

Summary  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy to improve the head posture and reduce the signs of bruxism in a group of bruxist children. A single‐blind randomized clinical trial was performed. All the subjects were 3‐ to 6‐year old, had complete primary dentition, dental and skeletal class I occlusion and were classified as bruxist according to the minimal criteria of the ICSD for bruxism. For each child, a clinical, photographic and radiographic evaluation of the head and cervical posture were realized with standardized techniques. The children were randomized in an experimental (n = 13) and a control (n = 13) group. A physiotherapeutic intervention was applied to the children of the experimental group once a week, until 10 sessions were completed. Afterwards, the cephalogram and the clinical and photographic evaluation of the head posture were measured again. The data were analysed with the t‐test and Mann–Whitney test. The subjects of the experimental group showed statistically significant improvement in the natural head posture. The physiotherapeutic intervention showed to be efficient to improve the head posture at the moment of measurement in the studied children. The relationship between bruxism and head posture, if exists, seems to be worthwhile to examine.
Nitrate and glutamate as environmental cues for behavioural responses in plant roots
Authors: FORDE BRIAN G. , WALCH‐LIU PIA
Published: December 2008

As roots explore the soil, they encounter a complex and fluctuating environment in which the different edaphic resources (water and nutrients) are heterogeneously distributed in space and time. Many plant species are able to respond to this heterogeneity by modifying their root system development, such that they colonize the most resource‐rich patches of soil. The complexities of these responses, and their dependence on the implied ability to perceive and integrate multiple external signals, would seem to amply justify the term ‘behaviour’. This review will consider the types of behaviour that are elicited in roots ofArabidopsis thalianaby exposure to variations in the external concentrations and distribution of two different N compounds, nitrate and glutamate. Molecular genetic studies have revealed an intricate N regulatory network at the root tip that is responsible for orchestrating changes in root growth rate and root architecture to accommodate variations in the extrinsic and intrinsic supply of N. The review will discuss what is known of the genetic basis for these responses and speculate on their physiological and ecological significance.
Genetically Engineered Lactococcus lactis Secreting Murine IL‐10 Modulates the Functions of Bone Marrow‐Derived Dendritic Cells in the Presence of LPS
Authors: Loos M. , Remaut E. , Rottiers P. , De Creus A.
Published: December 2008

Oral delivery of IL‐10 by genetically modified Lactococcus lactis (LL‐pTmIL10) has been shown to efficiently reduce intestinal inflammation in mice with chronic colitis, but the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. It has been suggested that IL‐10 controls intestinal inflammation by inhibiting microbe‐induced activation of dendritic cells. We therefore investigated whether LL‐pTmIL10 can modulate the functions of bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BM‐DC) responding to LPS. Incubation of these cells with LL‐pTmIL10 or with the control strain LL‐pTREX reduced their ability to activate allogeneic T‐cell proliferation. However, in contrast to LL‐pTREX, LL‐pTmIL10 inhibited the LPS‐stimulated secretion of MCP‐1 by BM‐DC and reduced the synergistic up‐regulation of IL‐12/IL‐23p40. In addition, LL‐pTmIL10 treatment of LPS‐stimulated BM‐DC significantly inhibited their capacity to induce strong secretion of IL‐17 by CD4+ T cells. Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of LL‐pTmIL10 treatment during chronic colitis might involve inhibition of CD4+ Th17 cells and a reduced accumulation of these cells as well as other immune cells at the site of inflammation.
Access, sources and value of new medical information: views of final year medical students at the University of Nairobi
Authors: Gituma Adrian , Masika Moses , Muchangi Eric , Nyagah Lily , Otieno Vincent , Irimu Grace , Wasunna Aggrey , Ndiritu Moses , English Mike
Published: December 2008

Objectives  To evaluate final year medical students’ access to new medical information.

Method  Cross‐sectional survey of final year medical students at the University of Nairobi using anonymous, self‐administered questionnaires.

Results  Questionnaires were distributed to 85% of a possible 343 students and returned by 44% (152). Half reported having accessed some form of new medical information within the previous 12 months, most commonly from books and the internet. Few students reported regular access; and specific, new journal articles were rarely accessed. Absence of internet facilities, slow internet speed and cost impeded access to literature; and current training seems rarely to encourage students to seek new information.

Conclusion  Almost half the students had not accessed any new medical information in their final year in medical school. This means they are ill prepared for a career that may increasingly demand life‐long, self‐learning.
The prevalence of melasma and its association with quality of life in adult male Latino migrant workers
Authors: Pichardo Rita , Vallejos Quirina , Feldman Steven R. , Schulz Mark R. , Verma Amit , Quandt Sara A. , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: December 2008

Background  Melasma is a common condition of Latino women that detracts from their quality of life (QOL). The prevalence and impact of melasma in Latino men is not well characterized.

Aim  To assess the prevalence of melasma and its association with QOL in Latino men from Mexico and Central America working in the USA.

Methods  The prevalence of melasma was assessed in three studies of Latino men: by direct examination in a study of 25 Latino poultry workers; by direct examination in a study of 54 Latino farm workers; and by examination of store‐and‐forward teledermatology images in a study of 300 Latino farm workers. QOL was assessed with a Spanish version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI).

Results  The prevalence of melasma was 36.0%, 7.4%, and 14.0% in the three studies. The prevalence of melasma was greatest amongst those aged 31 years and older, who were from Guatemala, and who spoke an indigenous language. The presence of melasma was associated with higher DLQI scores, indicating a poorer QOL, in the poultry worker population.

Conclusions  Melasma is a common condition in Latino men and is associated with a poor QOL in some affected individuals. Clinicians should be aware that melasma may be a concern for their male Latino patients. Research on the association of skin conditions with QOL amongst minority men is needed.
Does tachyphylaxis occur in long‐term management of scalp seborrheic dermatitis with pyrithione zinc‐based treatments?
Authors: Schwartz James R. , Rocchetta Heather , Asawanonda Pravit , Luo Fangyi , Thomas Jennifer H.
Published: December 2008

Background  Scalp seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff (SD/D) are chronic conditions requiring long‐term treatment. There is a common belief that patients frequently experience decreasing benefits over time when using a single product. This physiologic accommodation is termed tachyphylaxis.

Aim  To systematically investigate the anecdotal belief that tachyphylaxis occurs in long‐term treatment of SD/D using quantitative clinical assessments.

Methods  An international questionnaire completed by 722 dermatologists assessed the belief of tachyphylaxis incidence with pyrithione zinc (PTZ)‐based shampoos, time course, occurrence relative to active ingredients, and effect of switching products. Two double‐blind, randomized, clinical evaluations were conducted, 24‐ and 48‐week studies, whereby a 1% PTZ shampoo, a 2% PTZ shampoo, or a matched placebo control shampoo was used by each subject for the duration of the study. Dermatologists assessed the adherent scalp flaking (scale of 0–10) at baseline and at specified intervals.

Results  Sixty‐four per cent of responding dermatologists believed tachyphylaxis occurred with PTZ products, and most felt that tachyphylaxis occurred within 3 months of use. Evaluation of mean treatment responses vs. placebo and individual responses as a function of study duration showed a consistent benefit for all products at all time points; therefore, no evidence for tachyphylaxis was found (within 48 weeks of treatment).

Conclusion  No evidence for tachyphylaxis in SD/D treatment by PTZ‐based shampoos was found. Compliance could explain the decreasing response rate seen over time; the solution is to choose an affordable therapeutic product that is effective long term without cosmetic trade‐offs.
The changing patterns of hair density and thickness in South Korean women with hair loss: clinical office‐based phototrichogram analysis
Authors: Kang Hoon , Kang Tae Wook , Lee Seung Dong , Park Young Min , Kim Hyung Ok , Kim Si Yong
Published: December 2008

Background  The principal objective of this study was to investigate the clinical office‐based phototrichogram (PT) findings of multiple scalp areas in South Korean women with hair loss.

Methods  Two hundred and fifty‐eight women with hair loss were classified into 155 female pattern hair loss (FPHL) and 103 telogen effluvium (TE) patients. Hair density and thickness were measured via computer software‐assisted PT. Eleven scalp sites, including the three points of the front, top, and back of the head and the right and left sides of the head area, were targeted in this investigation.

Results  PT profiles of the patients with hair loss showed significantly reduced hair density and thickness relative to the controls. The TE group showed the same order distribution as the control group, but the density and thickness were significantly lower than those of the controls. The values for the FPHL patient group declined with increasing Ludwig grade. The curve patterns of mean hair density and thickness by scalp site were shown to differ from group to group and to have a peculiar distribution.

Conclusion  The results of this study indicate that hair density and thickness vary over the entire scalp area in patients suffering from hair loss. The measurement of multiple scalp sites and the observation of changing patterns of hair parameters are very informative in terms of differentiating less apparent hair loss disorders. Through this study, we wish to introduce a doctor‐ and patient‐friendly hair evaluation tool for use in clinic offices.
Comparison of depression, anxiety and life quality in acne vulgaris patients who were treated with either isotretinoin or topical agents
Authors: Kaymak Yesim , Taner Ender , Taner Yasemen
Published: December 2008

Background  Since the introduction of isotretinoin to the market, many adverse psychiatric effects, including depression, anxiety and suicide attempts were reported. The aim of this study was to determine whether patients with acne who were treated with isotretinoin experienced significant increases in psychiatric symptoms over a 4‐month period compared with patients who received topical acne therapy.

Methods  Seventy‐eight acne patients were allocated either to isotretinoin treatment (study group) (n = 37) or to topical treatment (control group) (n = 41). Their psychological status was evaluated at the baseline, second and fourth months of the treatment. All patients were required to complete the dermatology life quality index (DLQI), the Hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, and the beck depression inventory (BDI).

Results  The two groups were not different from each other in terms of DLQI, BDI, HAD‐A, HAD‐D and total HAD scores at baseline. However, at the end of the second month quality of life was more impaired in the topical treatment group compared to the isotretinoin group (P < 0.05), and there were no difference between two groups in terms of BDI, HAD‐A, HAD‐D, and total HAD scores (P > 0.05). At the end of fourth month quality of life and all psychological test scores had improved more in the isotretinoin group compared to topical treatment group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  Results of the present study indicate that there is no increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms in the isotretinoin treatment group compared to that in the topical group. Instead, successful treatment of acne seems to improve both depressive and anxiety symptoms and improve quality of life.
Local nasal immunotherapy: experimental evidences and general considerations
Authors: Passalacqua G. , Albano M. , Riccio A. M. , Scordamaglia A. , Canonica G. W.
Published: December 2008

The possibility of local hyposensitization in allergies was envisaged since the first decades of the century and then sporadically employed, whereas controlled clinical trials of local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT) were performed only during the last 20 years. Studies currently available agree on the clinical efficacy of the treatment. LNIT was demonstrated capable of reducing symptoms both in pollen‐ and mite‐induced rhinitis, and of modifying the specific target organ responsivity. Indeed, aqueous extracts appeared to be more effective than modified ones but were also charged by troublesome local side effects, while the recently introduced powdered extracts seemed to overcome this problem, maintaining a favourable clinical effectiveness. In a recent study we demonstrated a significant effect of LNIT on local allergic inflammation. LNIT reduced both the inflammatory infiltration and ICAM‐1 expression on nasal epithelial cells upon specific nasal challenge. The effects on specific challenge appeared long‐lasting, but the clinical efficacy seemed to depend strictly upon preseasonal treatment. LNIT with powdered extracts appears an effective, safe and well‐tolerated treatment for allergic rhinitis. Nevertheless, its particular administration technique requires a careful choice of patients. Finally, a socioeconomical analysis shows a favourable costbenefit ratio for LNIT if compared to classic subcutaneous immunotherapy.
Pharmacokinetics of allergens ‐after local administration
Authors: Falagiani P. , Mistrello G.
Published: December 2008

The authors review the status of knowledge on absorption and kinetic of allergens administered on nasal mucosa. Intranasal administration is well known in pharmacology, and has been used for a long time for peptide drugs, mainly hormones. The immunological response to intranasally administered antigens have been studied in some experimental models: bovine Rnase, dextran, KLH, tetanus toxoid. These studies showed in atopic people a greater absorption of antigens by nasal mucosa compared to normal individuals, a difference that might be of importance in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. The absorption rate of peptides through nasal mucosa has been studied biologically by PK‐test with Rnase and peanut allergen, and a consistent passage of intact molecules has been observed. Using as tracer 125I‐labelled human albumin, transport across the nasal mucosa has been demonstrated in 319 normal subjects, 1/9 patients with extrinsic asthma and 9/10 patients with atopic rhinitis. In experimental animals (rabbits) the assage of allergens through the nasal mucosa has been confirmed using 125I‐labelled Parietaria allergens that showed a peak in the bloodstream 60 min after administration. It is concluded that peptide molecules such as allergens can be absorbed through the nasal mucosa and reach the bloodstream, and that in atopic patients nasal permeability is enhanced.
Monitoring: methods for local nasal irnmunothgrapy
Authors: Passali D. , Bellussi I.
Published: December 2008

When a patient is affected by specific vasomotor rhinopathy (allergic rhinitis), both perennial and seasonal, all the nasal functions are altered to various degrees. For this reason, in the evaluation of the efficacy of an antiallergic therapy we include: 1) anterior rhinoscopy; 2) active anterior rhinomanometry; 3) positioned acoustic rhinometry; 4) determination of mucociliary transport time; and 5) specific nasal provocation test. Active anterior rhinomanometry performed according to the directions of the International Committee on Standardization allows reliable assessment of the nasal respiratory function. Acoustic rhinometry is an objective method to assess the geometry of nasal cavities but, as a new method, needs more standardization with particular care in connecting the nose‐piece to the nostril. Both these tests performed before and after local administration of nasal decongestants allow quantification of the congestion degree of the nasal mucosa. Determination of mucociliary transport time, according to the method of coloured tracer, is easy to perform and may be considered a reliable indicator of the mucosa eutrophism. In our clinical experience we have often found mucociliary transport times delayed or even blocked, especially in patients affected by perennial allergic rhinitis. According to our experience the specific nasal provocation test is one of the most important tests in this field: it is more sensitive than skin tests and RAST in the asymptomatic phase and it is able to show organ allergies. In this paper we review the importance of this test, the methodology we currently use as well as changes after local nasal immunotherapy.
Ultrastructural localization of histamine in human basophils and mast cells; changes associated with anaphylactic degranulation and recovery demonstrated with a diamine oxidase‐gold probe
Authors: Dvorak Ann M.
Published: December 2008

Subcellular sites of histamine in purified human lung mast cells and human peripheral blood basophils were determined using a newly developed enzyme‐gold affinity method for ultrastructural analysis. The evolving morphologies of regulated secretion and recovery from regulated secretion in each cell showed that granule stores of histamine were released at early times after stimulation and re‐accumulated at later times post‐stimulus. Renewal of histamine granule stores occurred by multiple mechanisms including synthesis and conservation of granule materials and membranes.
Molecular events in allergic inflammation: experimental models and possible modulation
Authors: Canonica Giorgio Walter , Ciprandi Giorgio , Passalacqua Giovanni , Pesce Giampaola , Scordamaglia Antonio , Bagnasco Marcello
Published: December 2008

In recent years, a complex molecular network involving cytokines kinins and adhesion molecules has been demonstrated to operate in allergic inflammation. In particular, the adhesion machinery plays a crucial role for the recruitment and locomotion of the inflammatory cells and the Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) is a hallmark of the allergic inflammatory process. The role and possible modulation of ICAM‐1 can be investigated using both eye and nose experimental models. Conjunctiva and nasal epithelium are easy to study either under natural allergen exposure or after specific/aspecific provocation tests; furthermore the nasal/conjuctival challenge is well tolerated by the patients. These experimental models have allowed us to investigate in vivo the antiallergic properties of several compounds. Many of the new antihistamines, but also deflazacort and local nasal immunotherapy, were demonstrated capable of reducing both inflammatory infiltration and ICAM‐1 expression on epithelia. Because of the central role of adhesion molecules in allergic inflammation, their pharmacological modulation can be regarded as a promising therapeutic approach.
Allergic rhinitis and inflammation: the effect of nasal corticosteroid therapy
Authors: Fokkens W. J. , Godthelp T. , Holm A. F. , Blom H. , Klein‐Jan A.
Published: December 2008

Topical corticosteroids have proved to be effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The symptomatology of allergic rhinitis is considered to be the result of the accumulation and activation of inflammatory cells and cytokine release and hence the efficacy of corticosteroids is associated with their anti‐inflammatory action. New advances in allergic inflammation now suggest that not only mast cells and eosinophils but also T‐lymphocytes and antigen‐presenting dendritic cells, play an important role in the inflammatory reaction. The effect of topical fluticasone propionate on cellular infiltration in the nasal mucosa is examined, with an emphasis on two studies performed in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The cells influenced most by corticosteroid therapy were Langerhans' cells (antigen‐presenting cells), which were almost completely eradicated, possibly resulting in diminished antigen presentation, and eosinophils. There was a reduction in the number of epithelial mast cells, but the number of T‐lymphocytes only decreased following high doses of corticosteroid therapy or long‐term treatment. However, T‐lymphocyte function was influenced, as shown by the reduction in the T‐helper, (ThJ‐related cytokines, interleukin (1L)‐4 and IL‐5. Topical corticosteroid therapy had no effect on the accumulation of macrophages. The reduction in antigen presentation, and the decrease in T‐lymphocyte stimulation and cytokine production, may cause a reduced influx of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells, resulting in diminished symptomatology.
Epidemiology of pollution‐induced airway disease: urban/rural differences in East and West Germany
Authors: NICOLAI T.
Published: December 2008

Nicolai T. Epidemiology of pollution‐induced airway disease: urbadrural differences in East and West Germany.

The prevalence of asthma and allergic disorders was assessed in 9–11 year‐old children in Leipzig and Halle in East Germany, as well as in Munich, West Germany. Both East German cities are heavily polluted due to private burning of coal and industrial emissions, while Munich has low smoke emissions but heavy road traffic. All fourth grade pupils in Munich were compared with those in Leipzig and Halle. Non‐specific airway disease (bronchitis), cough, and autudwinter nasal symptoms were most prevalent in Leipzig and Halle. Hay fever and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens were higher in West Germany compared with East Germany. Furthermore, the prevalence of asthma was also higher in the West German study area. Increased skin prick test reactivity in the West explained the increased prevalence of asthma. Longitudinal analysis showed increased respiratory symptoms on days with high mean levels of sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, as well as on days with a high peak level of 10 μ respirable particles (PM10) in East Germany. The effects of these pollutants were additive. Exposure to heavy road traffic in Munich was related to decreased pulmonary function and non‐specific airway symptoms, but not to allergic sensitization and asthma.
The role of diesel exhaust particles and their associated polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the induction of allergic airway disease
Authors: DIAT‐SANCHEZ D.
Published: December 2008

Diaz‐Sanchez D. The role of diesel exhaust particles and their associated polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the induction of allergic airway disease.

The increase in allergic airway disease has paralleled the increase in the use of fossil fuels. Studies were undertaken to examine whether extracts of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from diesel exhaust particles (DEP) (PAH‐DEP) acted as mucosal adjuvants to help initiate or enhance immunoglobulin E (IgE) production in response to common inhaled allergens. In vitro studies demonstrated that PAH‐DEP enhanced IgE production by tonsillar B‐cells in the presence of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and CD40 monoclonal antibody, and altered the nature of the IgE produced, i.e. a decrease in the CH4′‐CHe5 variant, a marker for differentiation of IgE‐producing B‐cells, and an increase in the M2′ variant. In vivo nasal provocation studies using 0.30 mg DEP in saline also showed enhanced IgE production in the human upper respiratory mucosa, accompanied by a reduced CH4′‐CHe5 mRNA splice variant. The effects of DEP were also isotype‐specific, with no effect on IgG, IgA, IgM, or albumin, but it produced a small increase in the IgG4 subclass. The ability of DEP to act as an adjuvant to the ragweed allergen Amb a I was examined by nasal provocation in ragweed allergic subjects using 0.3 mg DEP, Amb a I, or both. Although allergen and DEP each enhanced ragweed‐specific IgE, DEP plus allergen promoted a 16‐times greater antigen‐specific IgE production. Nasal challenge with DEP also influenced cytokine production. Ragweed challenge resulted in a weak response, DEP challenge caused a strong but non‐specific response, while allergen plus DEP caused a significant increase in the expression of mRNA for Th˜ and TH2‐type cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐13) with a pronounced inhibitory effect on IFN‐y gene expression. These studies suggest that DEP can enhance Bell differentiation, and by initiating and elevating IgE production, may play an important role in the increased incidence of allergic airway disease.
Factors influencing the quality of food extracts for in vitro and in viio diagnosis
Authors: Vieths S. , Hoffmann A. , Holzhauser T. , Müller U. , Reindl J. , Haustein D.
Published: December 2008

Food extracts for diagnostic purposes often lack sufficient activity and consistency. Biologically standardized food extracts are not available on the market. Using extracts from plant‐derived foods as examples, we investigated factors which may be important for the quality of such extracts. Divergent allergenic activities were found between strains of apples, but not within varieties of celery tuber (celeriac), hazelnut, and peanut, respectively. Heating of the food remarkably reduced the activity of apple, hazelnut, and celeriac, but had little effect on peanut. By contrast, heating of semipurified protein extracts from celery tuber and apple for 30 min at 100°C did not deplete the immunoreactivity of the major allergens, indicating that this is an inappropriate test for identifying labile food allergens. Due to their high endogenous enzyme activities, apples and other fruits require special extraction procedures applying either low temperature or enzyme inhibitors. Variation of extraction conditions had little effect on the composition and activity of extracts from hazelnut. The storage stability of skin test solutions from plant foods can be improved by avoiding phenol as an additive and by including 50% of glycerol. For model studies considering neoallergens, IgE was raised in mice against native and heated celery tuber, respectively. When extracts from nonthermally and thermally processed celeriac were subjected to an RBL‐cell mediator release assay with these sera, an inverse ranking was obtained with anti‐heated celeriac IgE and anti‐native celeriac IgE, respectively. These data indicated that new epitopes had been formed by the heating process. Since all parameters were tested in model experiments with either human or murine IgE, their relevance has to be proven in further clinical investigations.
Accuracy of in vivo and in vitplo tests
Authors: Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Podsen L. K.
Published: December 2008

Any new diagnostic test should be validated by standard procedures, and must be validated by the outcome of double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenges (DBPCFC), except in infants, with strict adherence to the EAACI guidelines. Available data should include calculations on sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and concordance and must be calculated on the basis of patients in whom the diagnosis has been established by DBPCFC. Furthermore, data on possible cross‐reacting foods and their clinical relevance should be available.
Practical aspects of preparation of foods for double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food
Authors: Noe D. , Bartemucci L. , Mariani N. , Cantari D.
Published: December 2008

Recipes for double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge developed and tested in our department are presented. The taste and smell of offending foods were disguised by using substances with a strong taste and flavor. The texture of active foods was more difficult to simulate in the placebo food.
Protein modification by thermal processing
Authors: Davis P. J. , Williams S. C.
Published: December 2008

This paper is a review concerning the way in which heat treatment can modify the allergenicity of food proteins. Any food protein may be allergenic if it can be absorbed intact, or as substantial fragments, through the gut mucosa and then evoke an immune (allergic) response. The intrinsic properties of the protein, the overall composition of the food, and the past processing history (especially thermal processing) all have an effect on the allergic potential. When a protein is denatured by heat, most of the original tertiary structure is lost, so that many of the sites recognized by antibodies on the native molecule are destroyed. There are many examples of allergenicity being reduced, but not eliminated, by heating. But heat‐denatured proteins can also present new antigenic sites, uncovered by the unfolding process or created by new chemical reactions with other molecules present in the food (e.g., β‐lactoglobulin associating with a‐lactalbumin in milk). We have found that heat‐denatured β‐lactoglobulin has at least one new epitope, not found in the native state. Therefore, thermal processing can be part of a procedure for making hypoallergenic food, but will rarely be sufficient on its own. Increased understanding will help in evaluating novel proteins and processes.
Identification of hidden allergens within foods
Authors: Brett G. M. , Bull V. J. , Morgan M. R. A.
Published: December 2008

The problem of the detection of “hidden” allergens in food is a major concern for both the industry and consumers at present. The production of specific antibodies against two such food components, peanut and sesame, is described. Immunoassays are presently the method of choice for detection and identification of a wide range of food components, and ELISAs (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays) for both peanut and sesame have been set up. Who might use such assays for maximum benefit, and in what format they should be provided, are key questions for food analysts, and the issues are discussed.
Reflections on the control of mites and mite allergens
Authors: de Boer R.
Published: December 2008

In cool climates, the humidity circumstances in a home during the summer months are more important for allergen accumulation than those in the winter months. For the same reasons, a reduction of humidity will have a much greater impact during the summer months. Not only the relative humidity, but also the removal of the dust mites' food by cleaning can be an important factor in determining the ultimate level of mite allergens. These theoretic deductions remain to be experimentally tested. An understanding of the dynamics of mite populations and allergen concentrations in homes and public buildings is still hampered by gaps in our knowledge. These gaps mainly concern the food availability and food requirements of dust mites and the kinetics of mite allergens.
Clinical and immunologic aspects of storage mite allergy
Authors: van Hage‐Hamsten M. , Johansson E.
Published: December 2008

Exposure to storage (nonpyroglyphid) mites has been increasingly recognized as a cause of asthma and rhinitis. Several species have been identified in Europe: e.g., Lepidoglyphus destructor, Acarus farris/siro, Tyrophagus spp., Glycyphagus domesticus, and Blomia tjibodas. Blomia tropicalis, on the other hand, predominates in subtropical and tropical areas. Studies from several countries have shown that IgE‐mediated allergy in rural populations is of considerable importance and that storage mites are major allergens. Since these mites are found in homes, especially in regions with damp housing conditions, urban populations are at risk of becoming sensitized. Therefore, sensitization is not restricted only to those with occupational exposure. Several major allergens from storage mites have been identified and characterized. There seems to be a limited allergenic cross‐reactivity between storage‐and house dust mites. Molecular cloning has demonstrated that the Group 2 allergens from storage mites (Lep d 2 and Tyr p 2) show more than 40% sequence identity with the Group 2 allergens from Dermatophagoides spp. The availability of a large number of recombinant dust mite allergens will make it possible to investigate their homology and the number of allergens required for the diagnosis and treatment of storage mite allergy.
House‐dust mite hypersensitivity, eczema, and other nonpulmonary manifestations of allergy
Authors: Tupker R. A. , de Monchy J. G. R. , Coenraads P.‐J.
Published: December 2008

The pathogenetic role of house‐dust mites (HDM) in atopic dermatitis (AD) remains controversial, mainly because there is no common agreement on a provocation test that mimics ordinary exposure to HDM. This is related to the lack of knowledge of the mechanism of how HDM allergens enter the body. Theoretically, there are two possible routes: directly through the epidermis, or by inhalation. In “atopy patch testing”, a concentrated HDM suspension is tested on the skin under occlusion. This method is frequently used as a model of the epidermal route. The clinical relevance of this method as a provocation test for AD is discussed. As opposed to atopy patch testing, we describe another method, namely, “allergen inhalation testing”, as a model of the respiratory route. Twenty patients with AD underwent bronchial provocations with HDM extract in a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. In nine out of 20 AD patients, bronchial challenge with HDM evoked skin symptoms. All patients with HDM‐induced dermatitis had a history of asthma, and as a group they had a higher mean total log‐transformed IgE level than the “negative skin responders”. Thus, the respiratory route may be relevant in the provocation of AD in a subset of AD patients and may represent an appropriate model of provocation in these patients. Furthermore, the role of HDM in urticaria and allergic rhinitis is discussed.
House dust mite exposure as a risk factor for asthma: benefits of avoidance
Authors: Marks G. B.
Published: December 2008

There is a dose‐response relation between the level of exposure to house dust mite allergen and the risk of acquiring sensitization to this allergen as well as the risk of developing asthma. This relation is apparent at levels of exposure below 10 μg/g. In communities where nearly all houses have house dust mite allergen levels above this threshold, all susceptible individuals will be affected, and the relation to house dust mite exposure will not be apparent. Although these observational data would suggest that reducing exposure to house dust mite allergen should lessen the risk of developing sensitization and asthma, definitive evidence from randomized controlled trials is not yet available. Of the many clinical trials of house dust mite avoidance as therapy for asthma, only a few have produced sustained, substantial reductions in allergen levels in the bed. These effective interventions all included allergen‐impermeable encasement of mattresses along with other strategies. In most trials where allergens levels were successfully reduced, there were clinical benefits for patients with asthma.
Allergen‐specific immunotherapy. Present state and directions for the future
Authors: Mailing H.‐J.
Published: December 2008

To cite this article:

Mailing H.‐J. Allergen‐specific immunotherapy. Present state and directions for the future. Allergy 1999, 54, 30–33.

Copyright © Munksgaard 1999 ISSN 0108–1675