bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures Caused by Orbital Space Debris
Authors: Aïssa Brahim , Khayyat Maha Mohamed
Published: May 2014

The presence in space of orbital debris, particularly in low earth orbit, presents a continuous hazard to orbiting satellites and spacecrafts. The development of self-healing materials offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional materials capable of counteracting service degradation whilst still achieving the primary, usually structural, requirement. This chapter reviews the various self-healing technologies currently being developed. Self-healing systems can be made from a variety of polymers and metallic materials. An overview of various self-healing concepts over the past two decades is presented. Finally, a perspective on current and future self-healing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered. The intention is to stimulate debate and reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this exciting field.
Pharmacokinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles at Whole Body, Organ, Cell, and Molecule Levels
Authors: Li Mingguang
Published: May 2014

Polymeric nanoparticles have been increasingly studied and applied in a variety of areas, most commonly in biomedicine. The efficiency and toxicity are two aspects that need to be considered for nanoparticles, and both are closely related to the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles. In this chapter, the pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles were introduced at the whole body level (including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), organism level (transportation within organs and pass through physiological barriers), cell levels (binding to cell surface, endocytosis, intracellular transition, and exocytosis), and molecule level (protein binding and ligand-receptor binding). Examples were also given to illustrate the modeling of the pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles at different levels. A comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles will facilitate the applications in various areas such as drug delivery and disease diagnosis.
Understanding the Numerical Resolution of Perturbed Soliton Propagation in Single Mode Optical Fiber
Authors: Boumaza Nawel , Benouaz Tayeb , Goumri-Said Souraya
Published: May 2014

The authors solve the propagation soliton perturbation problem in a nonlinear optical system based on a single mode optical fiber by introducing Rayleigh's dissipation function in the framework of variational approach. The adopted methodology has facilitated the variational approach to be applied on a dissipative system where the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian are difficult to solve. The authors model the propagation in a nonlinear medium by using a nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). This is a mathematical model used to describe the optical fiber. The chapter is focused on the propagation of perturbed solitary waves in single mode fiber.
Creating an Emotionally Resilient Virtual and On-Campus Student Community at K-State through the University Life Café
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: May 2014

A vibrant community of learners benefits from the well-being and health of all. The connectedness of today's students through social media presents a powerful opportunity for K-State, which built the University Life Café to strengthen the emotional health of K-State's students and to optimally prevent student suicides. This site provides opportunities for student intercommunications and interactivity; it offers access to counseling professionals. The site also provides relevant and original information on a variety of issues that affect students' lives: methods for handling stress, dealing with Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), maintaining healthy eating, strengthening social bonds and friendships, and problem-solving. The University Life Café team sponsors on-campus talks and events (including an annual art show). This team reaches out to traditional and non-traditional students and strives to create contents that speak to various demographic niches in the student population. The work of the University Life Café supports student retention by supporting learner well-being and self-efficacy through nonformal and informal learning outreaches. This chapter introduces the work of the University Life Café and the efforts made to understand who its users are in the first few years of the site's launch. This work shows the limits of the inferences that may be made about the site visitors and their possible needs and suggests more formal and informal channels for information may enhance this situation of limited information.
An E-Portfolio to Support E-Learning 2.0
Authors: Sellami Hedia Mhiri
Published: May 2014

ePortfolios have been in use in university for nearly a decade. Students' learning is changing, and the university is faced with e-learning 2.0, which is based on Web 2.0. This chapter introduces e-learning 2.0 and shows that the ePortfolio is currently the ideal environment to accompany it. To emphasize e-learning 2.0, the authors propose to enrich the ePortfolio's structure by adding an item corresponding to e-learning 2.0 artifacts as well as to other new learning sources. Some ePortfolio standards are described to show the lack of such a dedicated item. It is stressed that this proposition concerns the conceptual aspect and not the technical one. It may help follow the current students' tendency as well as the market demand for use. The end of this chapter addresses some difficulties in introducing the ePortfolio and stresses that it is still relevant for e-learning 2.0.
Application of Social Media Tools by Retailers
Authors: Alarcón-del-Amo María-del-Carmen , Lorenzo-Romero Carlota , Constantinides Efthymios
Published: May 2014

The chapter explores the factors influencing the adoption process and the degree of engagement of the social media as part of the online marketing strategy by Spanish retailers. A retail industry survey identifies four different segments of retailers depending on the level of implementation of social media marketing strategies. The study examines the antecedents of the social media tools' adoption process across the dimensions of a Technology Adoption Model (TAM) and assesses various other factors likely to affect the degree of the adoption. One essential conclusion is that the company size is not important but that the level of adoption social media marketing is related to the organizational maturity in the areas of management attitudes, employee empowerment, access to Internet technologies, and technological infrastructure. The study proposes a future research agenda including cross-cultural studies for better understanding the global business attitudes in this area and underlines the need for development of benchmarks and metrics necessary for better assessing the value of social media marketing.
US Cities and Social Networking
Authors: Northrop Alana
Published: May 2014

This chapter presents the results of a random study of US cities' and mayors' uses of five social networking features: Facebook, MySpace, YouTube, Twitter, and LinkedIn as well as city use of online surveys. Data from a random sample of fifty cities stratified on population indicates that only Facebook is used by a majority of cities' websites and mayors. The lower level of use of Twitter and YouTube and less than universal use of Facebook is complemented by a very low level of citizen followers, viewers, and friends. Most cities also do not use online surveys on their websites. This low use likely just reflects government's tendency to follow trends rather than lead and is not a statement about cities' lack of citizen orientation. It also appears to be a reflection of smaller cities adopting information technologies more slowly than larger cities when we compare 2010 data with that from early in 2011. Nonetheless, the result is that the potential positive opportunities for cities and mayors to connect and converse with citizens via Web 2.0 are under-realized if we just look at the Internet social networking face presented, and if cities do not get on the Web 2.0 bandwagon in this regard, citizens, especially younger ones, may feel that it is another example of government being out of touch with what is happening in the “real” world.
A Framework for Customer Knowledge Management based on Social Semantic Web
Authors: Chaves Marcirio Silveira , Trojahn Cássia , Pedron Cristiane Drebes
Published: May 2014

Social websites contain a wealth of data that constitute new information sources to be integrated in Customer Knowledge Management (CKM) companies' initiatives. The hotel sector is strongly affected by the comments written in such sites. These comments often help guests decide whether making a reservation. Hotel managers need Information Systems to better explore customers knowledge from Social Web to support decision making. In this chapter, we propose a framework to integrate knowledge from Social Web to support CKM. This framework is supported by a strong CKM theoretical referential, principles of Social Web, and the core of Semantic Web, an ontology. This is a new multilingual ontology for the hotel sector. We are researching the hotel sector and analysing the actual use of emerging technologies in order to customize the framework proposed.
Al-Qaeda on Web 2.0
Authors: Gerdes Anne
Published: May 2014

This chapter investigates al-Qaeda's use of Web 2.0 as a tool for radicalization and recruitment. The media network of al-Qaeda is described in order to demonstrate the impact of their well structured media strategy for harnessing the power of the Web. They use a strategy that makes them stand out from other extremist groups, who in most cases lack an overall approach towards branding and Web communication. It is shown why this strategy works and enables al-Qaeda to set the agenda for online global jihadism and cultivate virtual communities of engaged jihobbyists. Finally, a virtue ethical perspective demonstrates the shortcomings of the al-Qaeda Web 2.0 strategies, by which it is suggested that their Achilles' heel is exactly the ideas inherent to Web 2.0, which are reflected in a bottom up participatory perspective. Thus, the Al-Qaeda online social movement does allow for engaged user participation, but without providing opportunities for free spirited critical reflection and self articulation of goals.
Motivating Cybersecurity
Authors: Lawson Sean
Published: May 2014

Based on an analysis of key policy documents and statements from civilian policymakers, military leaders, and cybersecurity experts, this chapter demonstrates that although there is still concern over cyber threats to critical infrastructure, other threat objects have begun to figure more prominently in public policy discourse about cybersecurity in the United States. In particular, intellectual property and government secrets are now identified most often as the primary object of cyber threats. When critical infrastructure is mentioned, it is often used as a motivational tactic, with collapse of critical infrastructure serving as a central theme of hypothetical scenarios meant to motivate a policy response. This chapter documents and critically evaluates this shift in U.S. cybersecurity discourse.
Using Hybrid Attack Graphs to Model and Analyze Attacks against the Critical Information Infrastructure
Authors: Hawrylak Peter J. , Hartney Chris , Papa Mauricio , Hale John
Published: May 2014

The Smart Grid will incorporate computer networking technologies into the electrical generation, transmission, and distribution sectors. Thus, there will be an underlying Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) based on these network connections. This CII is vulnerable to traditional cyber or computer based attacks typically geared toward disabling devices or networks. However, the Smart Grid is also vulnerable to physical attacks where sensors are tricked into reporting false conditions that cause the control system to react in an inappropriate manner. Cyber-physical attacks blending both cyber and physical attack components are also a possibility. Techniques to model cyber-attacks exist, and this chapter presents a modeling methodology, termed hybrid attack graphs, to model cyber-physical attacks. The hybrid attack graph formalism can be applied to develop best practice guidelines and security patches for the Smart Grid. This formalism can also be applied to other cyber-physical domains as well to help bridge the gap between the physical, logical, and network domains.
Knowledge and Technologies for Learning and Action Network
Authors: García Juan de Dios
Published: May 2014

The experience gained over the last 20 years of working with the Third Sector (in different organizational, sectoral, and territorial areas), as well as the study of literature, invites us to reflect and analyze, in a world which is complex, uncertain, and with plenty of information and knowledge, on the need to produce a new innovation and transformation strategy. This “Great Transformation” will allow NGOs to have a greater global impact thanks to the development of new approaches, new relational models and the creation of value with their environment and stakeholders. To this end, this chapter analyzes and makes a concrete proposal about the role that technology (especially the Internet) and social networks can play in the co-production and distribution of knowledge and the role of participation in communities to learn and innovate, but in order to move forward in this challenge, requires addressing the difficulties and reluctance in the NGOs, which are not only technological, but conceptual, structural, relational, and cultural. As stated in the conclusion of the chapter, the key to success lies in the purpose and vision of what is to be achieved rather than on the technology used.
The Role of Early Learning Experience in Shaping Teacher Cognition and Technology Use
Authors: Attia Mariam
Published: May 2014

This chapter explores the role of teachers' early learning experiences in shaping their pedagogical beliefs and practice specifically in relation to technology use. Following a case study approach, the accounts of three in-service Arabic language teachers from a private institution of higher education in Cairo, Egypt, were examined. Practitioners with years of professional experience are not expected to have encountered elements of technology as we know today in their schooling. Nevertheless, findings suggest that conceptions formed early in life of what constitutes “good” or “bad” teaching act as filters through which new experiences, including the use of digital media, are internalized. As imprints of early learning experiences are manifested in teaching, it is the responsibility of teachers to look back on them for possible influences on their pedagogical theories. In complementary fashion, the study foregrounds the role of teacher education in mediating initial conceptualizations of teaching and learning and accentuates the value of reflective practice for continuing teacher development.
A Case Study of Transformational Teaching Experiences of Higher Education Faculty in the United States
Authors: Kumi-Yeboah Alex
Published: May 2014

This chapter is a study of teacher experience amongst higher education faculty in the United States, drawing on a theoretical framework shaped by Mezirow's transformative learning theory, which first emerged in the late 1970s and has seen subsequent adaptations. Mixed-method research was used to analyze data on the transformational teaching experiences of faculty and examine the narratives of teacher experience based on this transformative learning theory framework. Data collected from 90 higher education faculty members were analyzed with regard to their transformational teaching experiences. Results indicate that the majority of faculty experienced transformational teaching. Mentoring, dialogue, critical reflection, personal reflection, scholarship, and research emerged as the educational factors shaping these experiences while relocation or movement, life changes, and other cultural influences were revealed as the non-educational factors. In addition to this, the chapter entails discussion of the theoretical framework of transformative learning as it applies to this research.
Philosophies, Traditional Pedagogy, and New Technologies
Authors: Breen Paul
Published: May 2014

This chapter reports on a study of teachers in transition, developing their practice and their cognitions regarding the integration of learning technologies with traditional approaches to the teaching of English for Academic Purposes (EAP). Taking a case study approach, it examines developments in the practice of three teachers during and after a teacher education programme on the use of technology in the EAP classroom. This is a study of cognition, teaching philosophy, and the relationship between pedagogy, technology, and content, and how teachers situate these within their own practice. The setting is the rapidly changing UK higher education environment, where the speed of change is such that today's latest fashions and gadgets may well be yesterday's news tomorrow. Thus, this is not a tale of individual technologies or tools to make teachers' lives better. This is a story of people, of pedagogy's traditional values intersecting with technology, and the issues arising from this, alongside the evolution of strategies for dealing with these issues.
The Marketing Implications of International Sports Rating Systems
Authors: Stefani Raymond T
Published: May 2014

Recognized world sports federations appear to have chosen their official rating systems with marketing in mind. 87% of the 105 official rating systems involve the simple accumulation of points, which encourages top competitors to enter as many tournaments as possible. Most of those systems recognize a seasonal champion. A marketer can exploit the importance of the end-of-season events and the appearance of top athletes. To be successful in a combat sport like wrestling, boxing, and judo, physically overcoming the opponent is intensely personal. Top competitors can be advertised in personal terms to encourage the awaiting audience to buy into the upcoming contest on an equally personal level. In other sports such as running, swimming, and rowing, each competitor performs unimpeded by the opponent. Often the best performance for a season is used to crown a yearly champion. A rating in seconds and meters is more tangible than one in points. A marketer can illustrate the small gap between top competitors making every stride important to potential ticket buyers. Some of the object-control sports like basketball, cricket, ice hockey, rugby, soccer, and tennis are rated by point accumulators and some are rated by more sophisticated systems that self adjust, based on the relative strengths of the opponents. Mind sports such as chess and bridge are included because these competitions are recognized by the International Olympic Committee and by SportAccord. The specifics of those rating systems are provided in this chapter as are suggested marketing opportunities.
Fan Attitudes of Basketball
Authors: Dannenberg Kevin , Kraynik Sarah
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this chapter is discovering the basis of fan attitudes towards collegiate and professional basketball and the factors that influence them. The findings are then compared and contrasted between the two types of basketball to determine where the greatest fan attitudes lie. Fan attitudes have been broken down into three components: motivation, knowledge, and identity. Attendance, television ratings, and consumer spending are all outputs of fan attitudes that help quantify it. It was found that respondents had stronger fan attitudes towards collegiate basketball. However, they had a greater knowledge of professional basketball. The results from this study will help those companies that are currently involved and those companies that plan on being involved with collegiate and professional basketball to understand the optimal target market for their marketing efforts.
Ambush Marketing
Authors: Liu Ran , Thwaites Des
Published: May 2014

The rapid growth in sponsorship throughout the world has been accompanied by a parallel growth in ambush marketing practice over the last two decades, particularly in the context of major sporting events. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the concept of ambush marketing, discuss the moral and ethical issues surrounding ambush practice, and provide solutions and recommendations in dealing with ambushing issues from the perspective of different parties. This chapter begins with an introduction of ambush marketing and explanation of how it has evolved over time. The different types of ambush marketing strategies are then identified, followed by an exploration of the effectiveness of ambush marketing and its influence on sponsorship activity. The main focus then turns to the moral and ethical debate on ambush marketing among events owners, sponsors, and ambushers. Finally, the future development of ambush marketing is discussed and suggestions are made in terms of how to cope with the ambushing issues in the future.
Getting Brand Commitment through Internet and Mobile Sports Marketing
Authors: Baena Verónica
Published: May 2014

This chapter provides a better understanding of the impact that the Internet and mobile sports marketing are having on a business's ability to achieve customer engagement. To achieve this goal, the case of Real Madrid football team is analyzed, as it is calculated to have over 200 million supporters worldwide. Information about Real Madrid was gathered from September 2012 to March 2013 by repeatedly browsing the team's Website, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and apps. Data from interviews of Real Madrid's marketing department published in business press and posts was also compiled. Additionally, a focus group was conducted to discuss the customer engagement of Real Madrid's fans. The findings offer new opportunities to get customer engagement. They also highlight the important role of social media to gain insight about the fans.
Predicting the Attentional Effect of Sport Sponsorship Information as an Innovative Evaluation Approach
Authors: Rumpf Christopher , Breuer Christoph
Published: May 2014

Most major sports events can no longer exist without the investments of sponsors. However, financially strong companies are increasingly adopting a critical attitude towards sponsorship since their strategic investments in a sports event cannot be evaluated sufficiently. Against this backdrop, the current approaches to the evaluation of sponsorship are discussed critically in this chapter before a more innovative approach is suggested. The new evaluation approach directs sports viewers' attention to sponsorship information, the central valuation object. At the core, it involves measuring the visual and cognitive attention in standardized experiments and using the identified patterns to predict sponsorship effectiveness. In this regard, the theoretical and methodological fundamentals of the new approach are introduced in the main part of the chapter before their applicability is illustrated based on three typical phases in sponsorship management. To close this chapter, the authors suggest topics for future research.
Item difficulty analysis of a high-stakes mathematics examination using Rasch analysis: The case of sequences and series
Authors: Jacobs Mark , Mhakure Duncan , Fray Richard L. , Holtman Lorna , Julie Cyril
Published: May 2014

The National Senior Certificate examination is the most important school examination in South Africa. Analysis of learners’ performance in Mathematics in this examination is normally carried out and presented in terms of the percentage of learners who succeeded in the different bands of achievement. In some cases item difficulties are presented – item refers to the subsection of each examination question. Very little attention is paid to other diagnostic statistics, such as the discrimination indices and item difficulties taking into consideration partial scores examinees achieve on items. In this article we report on a study that, in addition to the usual item difficulties, includes a discrimination index of item difficulties taking into account partial scores examinees achieved. The items, considered individually, are analysed in relation to the other items on the test. The focus is on the topic sequences and series and the data were obtained from a stratified sample of the marked scripts of the candidates who wrote the National Senior Certificate examination in Mathematics in November 2010. Rasch procedures were used for the analysis. The findings indicate that learners perform differently on subsections of topics, herein referred to as items, and that focusing on scores for full topics potentially mask these differences. Mathematical explanations are attempted to account for difficulties learners exhibit in these subsections, using a hierarchy of scale. The findings and our analysis indicate that a form of measurement-driven testing could have beneficial results for teaching. Also, for some items the difficulty obtained from the work of examinees runs counter to the commonly perceived wisdom that an examination ought to be structured in such a way that the less difficult items are at the start of a topic. An explanatory device anchored around the construct of ‘familiarity with problem types through repeated productive practice’ is used to account for the manifested hierarchy of difficulty of the items.
Transgenderzorg als zorgpraktijk - De werking van cultuur, geld en instituties in een genderidentiteitskliniek in de Verenigde Staten
Authors: van Eijk Marieke
Published: May 2014

Transgender health care as a care practice. Culture, money, and institutions at work in a gender identity clinic in the United States

While often approached as a field structured by stringent socio-medical ideas about gender and sex, transgender health care is, in addition, like any other medical field, also shaped by local ideologies of health and well-being, health insurance regulations, and institutional administrative processes. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a gender identity clinic in the Midwestern United States, I offer a tripartite approach to understanding the interactions among culture, money, and institutions for the constitution of transgender health care. This tripartite model shows the dilemmas clinicians and transgender people are confronted with when providing help in or seeking access to an ideologically fragile field of medicine, in which the various parties involved raise questions of what constitutes transgenderism, who should cover the costs of care, and how to use mandatory diagnostic criteria. This article demonstrates that transgender care is as much about health and care, as it is about gender and sex.
‘Ik wil niet dat mijn moeder achter me staat snap je?’ - Hoe Marokkaans-Nederlandse jongeren zich het internet eigen maken
Authors: Leurs Koen
Published: May 2014

This article charts to what extent Moroccan-Dutch young people (12-18 years old) negotiate the affordances of Internet platforms to engage in multi-layered gender identity constructions. I disentangle how the informants creatively make do with the affordances of online discussion forums, MSN Messenger and social networking sites to come to terms with contradictory parental, religious and youth-cultural gender norms. Gender is mobilized as the key analytical category, but intersecting age-specific, religious, migration and youth-cultural power relations are also taken into consideration. The analysis is grounded in quantitative survey data of 344 Moroccan-Dutch students, in-depth interviews with 43 Moroccan-Dutch young people as well as participatory-observations conducted on online discussion forums, MSN Messenger and online social networking sites. The article draws on fieldwork carried out in the context of the Utrecht University research project Wired Up: Digital Media as Innovative Socialization Practices for Migrant Youth.
‘There are no men here, so why should I be a woman?’ - Franse en Angelsaksische verpleegsters in hun omgang met gewonde soldaten en lichamelijkheid tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog
Authors: Van Wesemael Fabian
Published: May 2014

In this article the cultural reaction of French and Anglo-Saxon voluntary nurses to the impact of the First World War on the soldier’s body is analyzed by means of a discourse analysis of their (wartime) writings. It enriches the historiography that successfully corrects and deconstructs the traditional view of the Great War as a male-only, trench-fighter’s war. The descriptions and meanings given to the bodies are related to the identities of the authors. Both French and Anglo-Saxon nurses use two seemingly contradictory discourses. On the one hand they reveal the horrors of war by describing the bodies as maimed. On the other hand they idealize and masculinize the wounded body; it is represented as the site through which masculine identity is performed and thus constructed. The flip side of this representation is that the nurses appropriate an eternal femininity. This general tendency contrasts with the exceptional writings of three nurses: Enid Bagnold, Ellen La Motte, and Mary Borden, who deliver potent critiques of war and war nursing and contest the gendered war ideology by questioning (or even negating) ‘the male body’ and conventional notions of masculinity and femininity.
Resonant scattering of energetic electrons in the plasmasphere by monotonic whistler-mode waves artificially generated by ionospheric modification
Authors: Chang S. S. , Ni B. B. , Bortnik J. , Zhou C. , Zhao Z. Y. , Li J. X. , Gu X. D.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Modulated high-frequency (HF) heating of the ionosphere provides a feasible means of artificially generating extremely low-frequency (ELF)/very low-frequency (VLF) whistler waves, which can leak into the inner magnetosphere and contribute to resonant interactions with high-energy electrons in the plasmasphere. By ray tracing the magnetospheric propagation of ELF/VLF emissions artificially generated at low-invariant latitudes, we evaluate the relativistic electron resonant energies along the ray paths and show that propagating artificial ELF/VLF waves can resonate with electrons from ~ 100 keV to ~ 10 MeV. We further implement test particle simulations to investigate the effects of resonant scattering of energetic electrons due to triggered monotonic/single-frequency ELF/VLF waves. The results indicate that within the period of a resonance timescale, changes in electron pitch angle and kinetic energy are stochastic, and the overall effect is cumulative, that is, the changes averaged over all test electrons increase monotonically with time. The localized rates of wave-induced pitch-angle scattering and momentum diffusion in the plasmasphere are analyzed in detail for artificially generated ELF/VLF whistlers with an observable in situ amplitude of ~ 10 pT. While the local momentum diffusion of relativistic electrons is small, with a rate of < 10−7 s−1, the local pitch-angle scattering can be intense near the loss cone with a rate of ~ 10−4 s−1. Our investigation further supports the feasibility of artificial triggering of ELF/VLF whistler waves for removal of high-energy electrons at lower L shells within the plasmasphere. Moreover, our test particle simulation results show quantitatively good agreement with quasi-linear diffusion coefficients, confirming the applicability of both methods to evaluate the resonant diffusion effect of artificial generated ELF/VLF whistlers.
Impact of the Last Glacial Cycle on Late-Holocene temperature and energy reconstructions from terrestrial borehole temperatures in North America
Authors: Beltrami H. , Matharoo G. S. , Tarasov L. , Rath V. , Smerdon J. E.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Reconstructions of past climatic changes from borehole temperature profiles are important independent estimates of temperature histories over the last millennium. There remain, however, multiple uncertainties in the interpretation of these data as climatic indicators and as estimates of the changes in heat content of the continental subsurface due to long-term climatic change. One of these uncertainties is associated with the often ignored impact of the last glacial cycle on the subsurface energy content, and on the estimate of the background quasi steady-state signal associated with the diffusion of accretionary energy from the Earth's interior. Here we provide the first estimate of the impact of the development of the Laurentide ice sheet on the estimates of energy and temperature reconstructions from measurements of terrestrial borehole temperatures in North America. We use basal temperature values from the data-calibrated Memorial University of Newfoundland Glacial Systems Model to quantify the extent of the perturbation to estimated steady-state temperature profiles and to derive spatial maps of the expected impacts on measured profiles over North America. Furthermore, we present quantitative estimates of the potential effects of temperature changes during the last glacial cycle on the borehole reconstructions over the last millennium for North America. The range of these possible impacts are estimated using synthetic basal temperatures for a period covering 120 ka to the present day that include the basal temperature history uncertainties from an ensemble of results from the calibrated numerical model. For all the locations, we find that within the depth ranges that are typical for available boreholes (≈600 m), the induced perturbations to the steady-state temperature profile are on the order of 10 mW m−2, decreasing with greater depths. Results indicate that site-specific heat content estimates over North America can differ by as much as 50%, if the energy contribution of the last glacial cycle in those areas of North America that experienced glaciation is not taken into account when estimating recent subsurface energy change from borehole temperature data.
Distributions of nonlinear wave amplitudes and heights from laboratory generated following and crossing bimodal seas
Authors: Petrova P. G. , Guedes Soares C.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This paper presents an analysis of the distributions of nonlinear crests, troughs and heights of deep water waves from mixed following sea states generated mechanically in an offshore basin and compares with previous results for mixed crossing seas from the same experiment. The random signals at the wavemaker in both types of mixed seas are characterized by bimodal spectra following the model of Guedes Soares (1984). In agreement with the Benjamin–Feir mechanism, the high-frequency spectrum shows a decrease in the peak magnitude and downshift of the peak with the distance, as well as reduction of the tail. The observed statistics and probabilistic distributions exhibit, in general, increasing effects of third-order nonlinearity with the distance from the wavemaker. However, this effect is less pronounced in the wave systems with two following wave trains than in the crossing seas, given that they have identical initial characteristics of the bimodal spectra. The relevance of third-order effects due to free modes only is demonstrated and assessed by excluding the vertically asymmetric distortions induced by bound wave effects of second and third order. The fact that for records characterized by relatively large coefficient of kurtosis, the empirical distributions for the non-skewed profiles continue deviating from the linear predictions, corroborate the relevance of free wave interactions and thus the need of using higher-order models for the description of wave data.
Use of Avocado and Tomato Paste as Ingredients to Improve Nutritional Quality of Pork Frankfurter
Authors: Valenzuela-Melendres Martin , Torrentera-Olivera Noemi Guadalupe , Gonzalez-Aguilar Gustavo , Villegas-Ochoa Monica , Cumplido-Barbeitia Luis German , Camou Juan Pedro
Published: May 2014

The objective of this research was to study the effect of avocado pulp (A) and tomato paste (T) addition on the physicochemical, nutritional and sensory quality of pork frankfurters. Treatments were: 1) Control; 2) A10 = 10% A; 3) A20 = 20% A; 4) T10 = 10% T; 5) T20 = 20% T; and 6) A10+T10 = 10% A+10% T. Colour (L*, a* and b*), fatty acid profile, contents of phenols and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity were measured. In the same way, sensory analysis was evaluated. Tomato paste decreased L* but increased (P < 0.05) a* and b* values. On the other hand, A did not affect L*, decreased a* and increased b*. Avocado pulp increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids in the finished product. Antioxidant activity increased (P < 0.05) with incorporation of T, much higher than that observed by adding A. Frankfurters with T and with a combination of T and A had the best acceptance by the sensory panel. The use of T and A can be a good strategy to improve nutritional quality and antioxidant properties of pork frankfurters.
Emulsifying and Antioxidant Properties of a Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Hydrolysate Conjugated With Xylose or Dextran Through the Maillard Reaction by Dry-Heating in Mild Conditions
Authors: Decourcelle Nicolas , Sabourin Claire , Aubry Thierry , Guerard Fabienne
Published: May 2014

Maillard Reaction (MR) was performed in ‘dry’ conditions at 50 °C for 48 h between native shrimp hydrolysate (HN) and xylose or dextran. Resulting emulsifying and antioxidant properties were assessed. HN was compared with a native sodium caseinate (CN) and its glycoconjugates, obtained in the same conditions. Compared to dextran, xylose resulted in significant browning after MR with HN or CN, but HN-xylose conjugates showed the most functional modifications. Increasing xylose/HN ratios led to significant molecular rearrangements in the peptide populations and intermediate aromatic compounds of the MR detected at 220 and 294 nm, respectively. Consequently, HN-xylose conjugates had higher reducing power than HN. Conversely, at 0.5% (w/w), a sharp increase in consistency index and apparent viscosity of emulsions after a 4-h ageing period was obtained with the lowest xylose/HN ratio. These results confirm that MR is a promising process for the production of new natural food ingredients from marine-derived protein sources.
Inferring eye position from populations of lateral intraparietal neurons
Authors: Graf Arnulf BA , Andersen Richard A
Published: May 2014

Understanding how the brain computes eye position is essential to unraveling high-level visual functions such as eye movement planning, coordinate transformations and stability of spatial awareness. The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is essential for this process. However, despite decades of research, its contribution to the eye position signal remains controversial. LIP neurons have recently been reported to inaccurately represent eye position during a saccadic eye movement, and to be too slow to support a role in high-level visual functions. We addressed this issue by predicting eye position and saccade direction from the responses of populations of LIP neurons. We found that both signals were accurately predicted before, during and after a saccade. Also, the dynamics of these signals support their contribution to visual functions. These findings provide a principled understanding of the coding of information in populations of neurons within an important node of the cortical network for visual-motor behaviors.
The dark side of DNA repair
Authors: Wilson Samuel H
Published: May 2014

The BER pathway is widely used to repair DNA damage in cells, but it can also introduce unwanted mutations and is sometimes hijacked by other pathways.
Determinants of Voting Behavior in Roxas City, Philippines
Authors: Gigawin Randy R.
Published: May 2014

Voting is a complex form of public opinion that is always surrounded by the unfamiliar issues and diversified opinions. This descriptive-correlational study determined the voting behavior of voters in Banica, Roxas City. The respondents were 246 randomly selected registered voters taken from 18 polling precincts using the stratified proportional sampling. The data needed were gathered using the researcher-made Social Group Context Voting Behavior Questionnaire and Attitudinal Context Voting Behavior Questionnaire that underwent content and construct validation and reliability analysis. The statistical tools used were mean, standard deviation, t-test for independent samples, One-way ANOVA, and Multiple Regression (Enter Method). Under the social group context, voters were generally regionalistic except those who have not availed formal schooling and have reached mastersâ€™ level and above that were found to be popularity-oriented and those who were earning P 10,001 to P 20,000 and Non-Roman Catholic that were found to be particularistic. For their voting behavior under the attitudinal context, voters were typically idealistic except those who have reached elementary level that were found to be pragmatic and voters who were earning P 20,001 and above that were issue-oriented. In addition, their voting behavior under the social group context did not significantly differ when classified according to their age, sex, educational attainment, monthly income level, and religion.
Instruction, Not Inclusion, Should Be the Central Issue in Special Education: An Alternative View from the USA
Authors: Kauffman James M. , Badar Jeanmarie
Published: May 2014

A focus on anything other than instruction undercuts the legal and moral rights of students with disabilities to an appropriate education and fails to produce substantive social justice. Differences among differences must be recognized to guarantee the civil educational rights to which people with disabilities are entitled. Instructionally-relevant differences include many disabilities, but they do not include such differences as skin hue, parentage, sexual orientation, national origin, and many other kinds of diversity. If special education's focus is inclusion rather than effective instruction of students with disabilities or if all differences are assumed to be equal and have the same remedy, then special education will one day be looked upon as having gone through a period of shameful neglect of students' needs.
Aktuelle Fragen des UKlaG im AGB-Recht
Authors: Niebling Jürgen
Published: May 2014

Die Verbandsklage ergänzt den Schutz gegen unwirksame AGB im Individualverfahren, weil der Einzelne nicht umfassend zur Beseitigung unwirksamer AGB im Rechtsverkehr beitragen kann (zum Stand des AGBRechts Niebling, MDR 2012, 886; MDR 2011, 961 sowie MDR 2011, 1399 - zu b2b-Verträgen). Auf dieser Linie liegt es, wenn nunmehr der EuGH entschieden hat, die EU-Mitgliedstaaten dürften regeln, dass missbräuchliche AGB, die aufgrund einer im öffentlichen Interesse von einer Verbraucherschutzbehörde erhobenen Klage gegen einen Gewerbetreibenden für nichtig erklärt wurden, für keinen Verbraucher verbindlich sind, der mit diesem Gewerbetreibenden einen Vertrag mit den gleichen AGB geschlossen hat (EuGH, Urt. v. 26.4.2012 - C-472/10). Das hat der EuGH auf Vorlage eines ungarischen Gerichts entschieden. Eine solche Regelung stelle ein angemessenes und wirksames Mittel dar, damit der Verwendung missbräuchlicher AGB ein Ende gesetzt wird. Das wirft die Frage auf: Gilt dies auch in Deutschland und wie effektiv ist das UKlaG?
Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Rechtsprechung zur Prozesskostenhilfe und Beratungshilfe
Authors: Nickel Michael
Published: May 2014

Die folgende Übersicht schließt an den Bericht des Autors in MDR 2011, 1334 an. Schwerpunkte sind in diesem Jahr u.a. die aktuelle Rechtsprechung zum PKHPrüfungsverfahren, zur Mutwilligkeit, zu den Vermögens- und Einkommensverhältnissen und den Werbungskosten. In der Beratungshilfe ist die Anzahl der „Angelegenheiten“ vor allem in Familiensachen immer noch ein Dauerthema.
Der Privatgutachter im Arzthaftungsprozess
Authors: Hattemer Stefanie , Rensen Hartmut
Published: May 2014

Im Arzthaftungsprozess kommt Privatgutachten eine große Bedeutung zu. Der folgende Beitrag erläutert die Rolle des Privatsachverständigen, die Bedeutung ihrer Gutachten und Stellungnahmen, die Vorgehensweise in Verhandlung und Urteil sowie die Frage der Kostenerstattung.
Strain‐Induced Alignment Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotube Networks
Authors: Downes Rebekah , Wang Shaokai , Haldane David , Moench Andrew , Liang Richard
Published: May 2014

Random networks comprised of millimeter‐long multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown unique microstructure change mechanisms under uniaxial strain. These networks can be modified into highly aligned microstructures from strain‐induced plastic deformation. Applying a treatment consisting of an uncured resin as a load transfer enhancement medium leads to a dramatically increased degree of alignment and final mechanical properties of the CNT networks. The structural evolution of the CNT networks includes different modes: de‐bundling, elongation to reduce waviness, sliding friction, and packing for self‐assembly into large bundles. The high ductility of the treated networks, which allows the network to achieve high degrees of strain‐induced alignment is mainly because the extra high aspect ratios of the individual CNT and their bundles as well as enhanced load transfer. High aspect ratio causes high degrees of entanglement and locking points between the nanotubes in the random network, which are critical to provide adequate nanotube to nanotube load transfer for ductile deformation and lead to substantially increased CNT alignment during mechanical stretching. The classical strain strengthening mechanisms used in metals and polymers such as strain hardening and crystallization of long molecular chains are discussed and compared to CNT network deformation mechanisms. The CNT network strain hardening parameternvalue is as high as 0.65, over three times that of annealed low‐carbon steel and more than four times of polycarbonate plastics. Strength coefficientKvalues for the CNT network also show high values up to roughly 450 MPa, comparable to that of annealed magnesium alloys. The results show how the high degree of alignment of CNT networks and strain strengthening can be achieved through simple uniaxial strain and load transfer medium.
Predictive value of risk assessment scores in patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing reduced‐intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Yamamoto Wataru , Ogusa Eriko , Matsumoto Kenji , Maruta Atsuo , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki , Kanamori Heiwa
Published: May 2014

Reduced‐intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation (RIC allo‐SCT) is associated with less toxicity and is used for older patients. We retrospectively studied the predictive value of two risk assessment scores, which were the hematopoietic cell transplantation‐specific comorbidity index (HCT‐CI) and the pre‐transplantation assessment of mortality (PAM) score, for assessing the outcome of RIC allo‐SCT. Seventy‐eight patients underwent transplantation between 2005 and 2013 at a single institution. RIC was performed with fludarabine and melphalan with/without total body irradiation. The 3‐year overall survival of patients with an HCT‐CI >3 was significantly worse than that of patients with an HCT‐CI 0–3 (31.6% vs. 59.6%, P = 0.020). Also, the 3‐year overall survival of patients with a PAM score >24 was significantly worse than that of those with a PAM score ≤24 (29.2% vs. 61.4%, P = 0.005). The present findings suggest that changing the cut‐off values of these risk assessment scores can improve prediction of outcomes in patients receiving RIC allo‐SCT with this conditioning regimen and we need validation by large‐scale study with other regimens. Am. J. Hematol. 89:E138–E141, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dative Bindungen bei Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen: ein Plädoyer für mehr Pfeile
Authors: Frenking Gernot
Published: May 2014

Eine große Bereicherung der Chemie der sp‐Block‐Elemente folgte aus der Beschreibung der elektronischen Struktur von Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen mithilfe dativer Bindungen. Diese Sichtweise erwies sich als nützlicher Wegweiser für die Synthese von neuartigen Donor‐Akzeptor‐Komplexen und führte zur Entdeckung neuer Verbindungsklassen wie der Carbone CL2 und der Borylenkomplexe (BH)L2 sowie zu einem Verständnis von ungewöhnlichen Molekülstrukturen.