bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermostability of glycolytic enzymes from thermophilic Clostridia
Authors: Howell Neil , Akagi James M. , Himes Richard H.
Published: February 2010

The relative heat stabilities of the glycolytic enzymes and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from autolysates of the mesophile C. pasteiirianum and the two thermophiles C. tartarivorum and C. thermosaccharolyticum are compared. Pyruvate kinase from all three organisms is quite stable at elevated temperatures. All other enzymes studied from the thermophiles show less susceptibility to heat inactivation than the corresponding enzymes from the mesophile.
A microbiological assay system for naturally occurring folates
Authors: Bird Orson D. , McGlohon Virginia Mims , Vaitkus John W.
Published: February 2010

For the first time nonformylated tetrahydrofolic acid is shown to be a major form of folic acid in rat liver, along with N5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. A system of differential microbiological assays that will identify the folates occurring naturally in tissues is presented. It involves rapid heat inactivation of natural enzymes, cleavage of folate polyglutamates with conjugase, and assay with three microorganisms under standardized conditions that allow identification and quantitation of both free and conjugated forms of four folate derivatives. Evidence is presented that the procedures outlined produce a minimum of change in the naturally occurring folate derivatives.
Soil bacteria: comparisons of rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere populations
Authors: Skyring G. W. , Quadling C.
Published: February 2010

Four sets, each of 100 bacterial isolates, were derived from two different flax rhizosphere and corresponding control (nonrhizosphere soil) samples. A two-stage principal component analysis was used to compare the nature and properties of these bacterial cultures which were selected by a random sampling method from primary isolation plates. These 400 experimental isolates were characterized by their reaction to a set of 98 tests. Principal component analysis was applied separately to the data for each of the four sets of cultures. The sets were then compared both in terms of the leading discriminating tests and of the detailed properties of the clusters of isolates detected. Because these isolates and a set of 100 named cultures (previously studied) were subjected to the same tests, the properties of groups of isolates from different sets could be directly compared. The kinds of isolates predominant in the rhizosphere samples were not represented amongst isolates derived from the corresponding control soil populations. The specific kinds of amino-acid-requiring isolates present in the control soil populations were not found in the corresponding rhizosphere populations. The two control soil sets of isolates (predominantly arthrobacter–coryneform-like organisms) were generally similar in their reactions to the tests used, but the two sets of rhizosphere isolates (predominantly pseudomonas-like organisms) were relatively dissimilar. The named species studied previously were not sufficiently indicative of the diversity found in the experimental isolates: this was especially true of the arthrobacter-like isolates. The numerical analyses yielded useful groupings of tests and of cultures and aided in their evaluation.
Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of isolates of Rhizobium japonicum
Authors: Elkan Gerald H.
Published: February 2010

The DNA base composition (expressed as mean molar percentages of guanine and cytosine) of 25 strains of Rhizobium japonicum was determined to study the genetic relatedness of these strains. The mole percentage GC ranged from 61.47 to 64.09. Statistical analysis of the DNA base ratios of the 25 isolates revealed that 16 of these differed significantly in GC ratios from some of the other strains.
Transformation of aflatoxin B1 by steroid-hydroxylating fungi
Authors: Detroy R. W. , Hesseltine C. W.
Published: February 2010

Numerous organisms were examined to find a fungal system capable of catalyzing aflatoxin transformations. Some fungi, particularly Dactylium dendroides, Absidia repens, and Mucor griseo-cyanus, transform about 50–60% of aflatoxin B1 in shake cultures to a new fluorescent-blue compound (R0), with a lower Rf (0.57) than B1 (0.69) on silica gel thin-layer chromatographic plates (acetone:CHCl3, 20:80). In a separate assay, washed fungal mycelium suspended in 0.02 M PO4 buffer catalyzed a 25–30% conversion in 20 h. The new fluorescent compound was separated from the unchanged B1 by column chromatography on silica gel G with washed CHCl3 containing 6% acetone and 0.75% ETOH as solvent. The ultraviolet spectrum showed maxima of 325, 261, and 254 mμ. Its infrared spectrum, showing a shift in absorption peaks at 1760 and 1685 cm−1, indicated a change in the functional carbonyls of B1; in addition, a broad band at 3400 cm−1 indicated a hydroxylated compound.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by a species of Cryptosporiopsis
Authors: Stillwell M. A. , Wood F. A. , Strunz G. M.
Published: February 2010

A growth inhibitor with the molecular formula C10H10O4Cl2 was isolated from a medium which had supported growth of a species of Cryptosporiopsis, an imperfect fungus. The compound was named cryptosporiopsin and was characterized on the basis of its physical and chemical properties. Cryptosporiopsin was active in vitro against many wood-rotting basidiomycetes as well as some phycomycetes, ascomycetes, and deuteromycetes. It was more effective than Dithane M-22 or nystatin against the in vitro spore germination of Phytophthora infestans. It was active to varying degrees against six species of bacteria. Cryptosporiopsin was compared with Orbenin and streptomycin against a penicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus.
Induction de l'oogénèse par les antibiotiques polyéniques et interaction avec le cholestérol chez un Pythium sp. PRL 2142
Authors: Défago G. , Child J. J. , Haskins R. H.
Published: February 2010

Crystals of the polyene antibiotics amphotericin B, candicidin, candidin, and nystatin placed on the hyphae of Pythium sp. PRL 2142 induce the formation of many oogonia. Candidin incorporated into agar plates, at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml, promotes abundant oospore production which can be completely inhibited by 5 μg/ml of cholesterol. Conversely, cholesterol by itself, at 4 g per kilogram dry mycelium stimulates oogonial formation which can be inhibited by the antibiotics listed above. Filipin induces the formation of only one or two oogonia and causes lysis of the mycelium growing in the presence of cholesterol. Amphotericin B increases slightly the mycelial yield of cholesterol-grown mycelium. High concentrations of filipin and amphotericin B increase the dry weight of mycelium growing in the absence of sterol.
The effect of growth temperature on the fatty acid composition of fungi in the order Mucorales
Authors: Sumner J. L. , Morgan E. D. , Evans H. C.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acid composition of the lipids of some newly isolated thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi in the Mucorales has been compared with that of some psychrophilic and mesophilic Mucor species. For each species the fatty acid composition varied with the age of the culture and the temperature at which it was grown. The optimum growth temperatures were found to be 40°–50° for the thermophilic and thermotolerant species, 20°–25° for the mesophiles, and 10°–20°forthepsychrophiles. The lipids of the mesophilic and psychrophilic fungi examined had similar degrees of unsaturation. At 28° the degree of unsaturation of the lipids of thermotolerant species was not significantly different from those of psychrophiles and mesophiles, but thermophilic species were significantly less unsaturated. At higher temperatures the degree of unsaturation of thermotolerant and thermophilic species fell, until at 48°, they had similar degrees of unsaturation.
Experimental nephritis due to type specific streptococci. V. Attempted use of tissue cultures and mice for the assay of nephrotoxic streptococcal polypeptides
Authors: Franklin M. , Matheson B. H. , Reed R. W.
Published: February 2010

Because the assay of streptococcal polypeptides for nephrotoxic activity has so far depended on extensive and time-consuming rabbit experiments, alternative shorter bioassay methods were sought. Rabbit kidney cell monolayers were exposed to nephrotoxic type 12 and non-nephrotoxic type 6 streptococcal filtrates, dialysates, and polypeptides for varying periods; the latter were in doses of 1–10 mg per tube. In all cases both type 12 and type 6 products proved to be cytotoxic to the monolayers, although, in rabbits, only type 12 products were nephrotoxic. Injection of mice with similar products in varying doses and by varying routes of administration failed to distinguish between nephrotoxic and non-nephrotoxic preparations in terms of renal damage, for all preparations produced similar renal changes. It must be concluded that neither rabbit kidney cell monolayers nor mice can replace rabbits for bioassay of the nephrotoxic potency of streptococcal products.
Gamma-irradiation resistant mutants of Escherichia coli: modified enzyme synthesis repressible by arginine and uracil
Authors: Robern Haskel , Thatcher F. S.
Published: February 2010

The levels of ammonia- or glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), aspartate transcarbamylase (ATC), and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) were determined in wild-type Escherichia coli and in three mutants resistant to γ-irradiation designated as 1γ, 6γ, and 12γ. Enzyme assays were conducted on the cultures after growth in an arginine–uracil-free medium (AUF) or in AUF medium supplemented with arginine and uracil (C).The growth rate of the wild type and 1γ was the same in AUF or C medium but the levels of CPS, ATC, and OTC in the 1γ mutant ranged from two to four times as high as in the wild-type strain when grown in AUF medium. The 6γ mutant grew more slowly than the wild type and 1γ strains but its rate of growth was the same in all media. When this mutant was grown in AUF medium, the levels of CPS and OTC were as high as in the 1γ mutant but the level of ATC was about the same as in the wild-type strain. The 12γ mutant was the slowest growing and required both arginine and uracil. When we grew the culture in limiting amounts of uracil and excess arginine or vice versa, the ammonia-dependent activity of CPS was higher than in the wild-type strain, but glutamine-dependent CPS, OTC, and ATC were not synthesized by this mutant. Cultures grown in medium C showed only residual activity of all enzymes tested. These results suggest that (1) the 1γ, 6γ, and 12γ mutants have abnormally low pools of arginine and uracil; (2) the mechanism for feedback inhibition is more sensitive to ionizing radiation than the catalytic mechanism; (3) all damage caused by γ-radiation is at the gene level; (4) the locus controlling the synthesis of the ammonia-dependent activity of CPS is the least sensitive to γ-radiation, and is subject to cumulative repression by uracil and arginine.
Microbiology of domestic wastes. II. A comparative study of the seasonal physiological activity of bacteria indigenous to a sewage lagoon
Authors: Halvorson Harvest , Ishaque M. , Lees H.
Published: February 2010

A comparative study was made of the physiological activity of bacteria seasonally present in a sewage lagoon which experiences warm summers and very cold winters. Bacteria recovered from surface samples of lagoon water during summer were able to metabolize glucose, acetate, palmitate, creatinine, vitamin-free casamino acids, egg albumin, and urea aerobically at 25 °C, the highest prevailing temperature of the lagoon during summer. Under anaerobic conditions, acetate and palmitate were the only substrates not metabolized. Bacteria recovered from samples of lagoon water taken during winter were able to metabolize aerobically glucose, acetate, palmitate, creatinine, and urea at 2 °C, the prevailing temperature of lagoon water under ice cover, but casamino acids and egg albumin were not metabolized aerobically at 2 °C or 25 °C. Acetate, palmitate, casamino acids, and egg albumin were not metabolized anaerobically by bacteria in winter samples. Urea was hydrolyzed much more rapidly by bacteria in winter samples than by those present in summer samples and is probably the preferred nitrogen source for growth under winter conditions. The optimum pH for oxidation of acetate and casamino acids by bacteria in summer samples was 7.0; only 50% of the maximum activity was obtained at pH 9.0, virtually the highest pH that was found in the lagoon under natural conditions.The results show that bacteria active at low temperatures contribute appreciably to the stabilization of domestic wastes by the lagooning method even under severe winter conditions.
Microbiology of domestic wastes. III. Metabolism of LAS-type detergents by bacteria from a sewage lagoon
Authors: Halvorson Harvest , Ishaque M.
Published: February 2010

Linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) detergents Liqui-nox, commercial LAS, C11.3 LAS, C13.3 LAS, α-11 LAS, and α-14 LAS were metabolized very readily by mixed cultures of bacteria recovered during summer from a sewage lagoon; at least 97.5% of each LAS detergent was biologically removed under the experimental conditions used. The organisms were sensitive to temperature changes; α-14 LAS and Liqui-nox were used more slowly at 10 °C than at 25 °C but were not metabolized at 2 °C. Liqui-nox, the only detergent tested anaerobically, was not degraded in the absence of molecular oxygen. ABS was not metabolized under any of the experimental conditions.Bacteria recovered from under an ice cover during winter were not able to metabolize any of the detergents under any of the experimental conditions tested.The significance of these results is discussed for lagoon management in respect to seasonal change.
Effects of trypsin on replication of parainfluenza-3 virus in HEp-2 cell cultures
Authors: Sabina L. R. , Munro T. W.
Published: February 2010

Trypsin enhancement of parainfluenza-3 virus infectivity in HEp-2 cells was demonstrated. A substantial enhancement of infectivity was observed when cell cultures were exposed to trypsin during the adsorption period or when subcultured with trypsin late in the eclipse phase. Time-course studies on virus development indicated that treatment of cells with puromycin or cycloheximide for 1 h postinfection markedly inhibited the synthesis of infectious virus. However, this inhibitory effect could be reversed by the removal of drug and subsequent subculture of trypsinized cells.
The effect of cholesterol and polyene antibiotics on the permeability of the protoplasmic membrane of Pythium PRL 2142
Authors: Child J. J. , Défago G. , Haskins R. H.
Published: February 2010

Intracellular constituents of Pythium PRL 2142 leak from the mycelium when it is placed in distilled water. The effect of cholesterol association with the protoplasmic membrane of this fungus is to decrease leakage of nucleotide, nitrogen, and protein constituents of the mycelium but leakage of carbohydrate is significantly increased.The polyene antibiotics, amphotericin B, nystatin, candidin, and candicidin, whilst ineffective on mycelium grown in the absence of sterol, increase leakage of these intracellular components from sterol-grown mycelium, particularly the carbohydrate and protein components, but do not cause lysis of the organism.
Mutation to auxotrophy and prototrophy as related to symbiotic effectiveness in Rhizobium leguminosarum and R. trifolii
Authors: Schwinghamer E. A.
Published: February 2010

Auxotrophs were isolated from four effective strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum and R. trifolii for a study of the relationship between metabolic defects and loss of ability for symbiosis. Most auxotrophs were isolated indirectly by prior isolation of mutants for resistance to metabolic inhibitors, especially D-alanine and D-histidine. The likelihood of some nutritional requirement was greatly increased among such resistant mutants, and was very high for derivatives of the R. trifolii strains. The complexity of growth factor requirement varied greatly between auxotrophs, and few had simple requirements. The most common requirement was for vitamins, notably thiamine. Partial or full restoration of effectiveness in symbiosis often accompanied reversion to prototrophy in some ineffective auxotrophs. The frequency of some degree of restoration among prototrophs varied from 0% to 100%, depending on the auxotrophic mutant involved. In one ineffective auxotroph of R. trifolii strain T1 the level of reversion (partial to complete) in vitro varied considerably and generally paralleled the degree of restoration of effectiveness. Biochemical deficiency appeared to be meaningfully related to impaired symbiosis in some auxotrophs but the relationship was probably incidental in most others. These auxotroph–prototroph studies are considered from the standpoint of relationship to several areas of research on Rhizobium.
Variation in "Map Distance" in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Mitchell Mary B.
Published: February 2010

Determinations of the same map distance in different crosses often give divergent results, whereas values for unrelated map regions are often strikingly similar. This situation has been examined in samples of serially isolated spore octets, mainly from two-marker crosses. Observed ratios of phenotype distribution classes suggest more systematic modifications of random distributions than would be expected from reassociations, through crossing-over, of chromosome segments chosen unsystematically. Detailed interpretation appears impracticable, since complexities in the general behavior of the organism indicate that the ratios observed may reflect opportunities, occurring at different stages of the life cycle, for successive reassociations of genetic units.
Influence of refrigeration on aflatoxin production by strains of Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Walbeek W. van , Clademenos T. , Thatcher F. S.
Published: February 2010

Strains of Aspergillus flavus that produce high concentrations of aflatoxin in cultures incubated at room temperature also produced these toxins in significant concentrations under conditions simulating household refrigeration (7.5° to 10 °C). The rate of toxin production at 10 °C was markedly influenced by preincubating cultures at room temperature for 24 hours. Solid cultures yielded higher concentrations of toxin than liquid cultures under the prevailing experimental conditions.
Plaque assay and some characteristics of Egtved virus (virus of viral hemorrhagic septicemia of rainbow trout)
Authors: Campbell James B. , Wolf Ken
Published: February 2010

A plaque assay and some growth characteristics of Egtved virus in a line of rainbow trout cells (RTG-2) are described. Preliminary experiments with metabolic inhibitors suggest that the viral genome is ribonucleic acid.
Some observations on the physiology of Erwinia herbicola and its possible implication as a factor antagonistic to Erwinia amylovora in the "fire-blight" syndrome
Authors: Chatterjee A. K. , Gibbins L. N. , Carpenter J. A.
Published: February 2010

Erwinia herbicola, which is often associated with E. amylovora in "fire-blight" diseased tissues, possesses a β-glucosidase which cleaves arbutin to yield hydroquinone and D-glucose. Hydroquinone accumulated in cultures of E. herbicola grown on arbutin broth to a concentration of ca. 1000 μg/ml after 24 hours. Accumulation of hydroquinone occurred to a much lesser extent in E. amylovora cultures. Hydroquinone inhibited the oxidative metabolism of D-glucose by E. amylovora, but not by E. herbicola. The implication of these observations to the development of the "fire-blight" syndrome is discussed.
Evidence against involvement of pectic enzymes in the invasion of root hairs by Rhizobium trifolii
Authors: Macmillan James D. , Cooke Roderic C.
Published: February 2010

It has been postulated that polygalacturonase is significant in the infection of root hairs of leguminous plants by Rhizobium spp. Recently this theory has been strongly questioned. Evidence for polygalacturonase was based on methods which would not distinguish between this enzyme and other pectic glycosidases. The possibility that pectin lyase or polygalacturonate lyase is involved in the invasion of red clover by Rhizobium trifolii was investigated. Weak pectin lyase activity was detected in uninoculated seedlings, but no increase in the activity was produced in inoculated seedlings. It was concluded that neither of the lyases has significance in the infection process.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase in pseudomonads
Authors: Razzell W. E. , Blackmore R. W.
Published: February 2010

The aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in 21 species or strains of the genus Pseudomonas was determined in cell-free extracts prepared by a standard procedure. Organisms grown in a salts – yeast extract – tryptone – ethanol medium all possessed an enzyme active on glycolaldehyde, using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as electron acceptor, which was activated by potassium ion. None of the organisms possessed an aldehyde dehydrogenase activated by phosphate or arsenate, regardless of the degree of use of ethanol from the medium.
Use of coumarin by soil fungi
Authors: Shieh H. S. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: February 2010

Use of coumarin by soil fungi has been studied. The route of coumarin degradation was suggested to proceed first by reduction to dihydrocoumarin and then by hydration to melilotic acid.
Le bactériologiste clinique face à un problème de classification : Moraxella, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter
Authors: Leduc André , Fontaine Jean , Brazeau Michel , Panisset Louise C. , Montplaisir Serge
Published: February 2010

The clinical bacteriologist faces a taxonomical problem concerning a group of Gram-negative, non-chromogenous, oxydase-negative bacilli, isolated on MacConkey agar and which produce no modification of Kligler medium (glucose, lactose, SH2).A review of the literature on the subject is made and allows the authors to adopt M. Piéchaud's nomenclature, which uses the term Moraxella and divides this genus in two groups:group I, oxydase-positive, is briefly discussed;group II, oxydase-negative, contains two species:(a) Moraxella lwoffi, which is synonymous with Mima polymorpha, Achromobacter, and Acinetobacter lwoffi,(b) Moraxella glucidolytica, also termed Herellea vaginicola, B5W, Bacterium anitratum, Achromobacter, and Acinetobacter anitratum.Table III is suggested for the differential diagnosis of these Gram-negative bacteria of medical interest, which do not belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. This diagram also indicates the position that the authors think Moraxella, Achromobacter, and Acinetobacter should have in bacterial taxonomy.
The chemical composition of the cell envelope of Streptobacillus moniliformis
Authors: Knipp L. H. , Sokatch J. R.
Published: February 2010

The chemical composition of the cell envelope of the bacillary form of Streptobacillus moniliformis was investigated to determine if there were any unusual features which might account for the ability of this organism to produce L forms spontaneously. A procedure was developed for the preparation of particles of the cell envelope using sonic oscillation to disrupt the cells. Particles of the cell envelope of E. coli B prepared by this method were comparable to those preparations obtained by other methods. The percentages of the major chemical components of the cell envelope of S. moniliformis were 64% protein, 28% lipid, and 6% carbohydrate. Cell envelope preparations made from E. coli B contained 66% protein, 18% lipid, and 10% carbohydrate. All common amino acids were present in hydrolysates of the cell envelope of S. moniliformis with the exception of cysteine. The monosaccharides detected in hydrolysates of the cell envelope of S. moniliformis were glucose, galactose, heptose, glucosamine, and muramic acid. The amounts of glucosamine and muramic acid (and presumably therefore mucopeptide) present in the cell envelope of S. moniliformis were much less than those amounts detected in the cell envelope of E. coli B. It is suggested that the low content of mucopeptide may be related to the ability of S. moniliformis to produce L forms spontaneously.
Microbial use of podzol Bh fulvic acids
Authors: Mathur S. P.
Published: February 2010

A Trichoderma viride, a Penicillium frequentons, and an Aspergillus fumigatus were isolated from fulvic acid enrichment cultures. These and a white rot fungus, Poria subacida 17780, were tested for their ability to decompose fulvic acids (FA) in liquid cultures. All of the organisms tested were totally inhibited by the presence of FA at 1% concentration. The soil isolates brought about transformation of the FA to humic acids. In 48 h, the Poria subacida used 66% of the FA (0.05%) present as the sole source of carbon in static replacement culture, and up to 45% in 24 days in a static culture. Loss of FA was measured by photometry and confirmed by determination of the carbon content of FA precipitated as iron complex before and after attack. Phenol oxidase of the Poria subacida apparently had no role in degradation of the FA but could darken the color of a well-aerated medium through oxidative transformation of FA products.Preliminary studies with cell-free preparations of the P. subacida indicated that the breakdown is initiated by an enzyme present in particulate fraction of the cells and this activity is extended or facilitated by a factor present in the soluble fraction of the cells. FA-cleaving enzymes(s) may thus be available for use in controlled FA degradation studies aimed at characterizing soil humus.
Effect of carbon and nitrogen nutrition on growth and sporulation of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries
Authors: Aube C. , Gagnon C.
Published: February 2010

Three isolates of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries were grown in liquid cultures. The isolates grew best on media containing glucose, sucrose, cellobiose, and mannitol.Asparagine and ammonium nitrate proved to be the best sources of nitrogen for the three isolates although isolate 1503 did not show any significant preferences for the five sources of nitrogen. The amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the basal medium significantly influenced the growth of the three isolates. However, the addition of asparagine alone did not produce a better growth than in the control. There is no correlation between sporulation and dry weight of culture, the amounts of carbon in the medium, and C/N ratio. Implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
Effects of growth-regulating substances on fungi
Authors: Leelavathy K. M.
Published: February 2010

The effects of four growth-regulating substances, viz. indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, and naphthalene acetic acid on the linear growth of Penicillium herquei, Fusarium nivale, Thielavia terricola, and Cunninghamella echinulata were studied. Gibberellic acid at 400 p.p.m. did not reduce fungal growth, whereas the remaining substances at this rate inhibited fungal growth completely. Certain concentrations of the latter substances reduced while others had no influence on growth rate. Gibberellic acid at 1 and 5 p.p.m. was the only substance causing some stimulation of Fusarium nivale. Neither this stimulation nor the inhibition in other cases was constant with regard to growth-regulating substances and fungal species. In general, low concentrations of the growth-regulating substances had no effect on the growth of any of the fungi tested while high concentrations mostly inhibited growth to various extents.
Correlation of virulence with growth rate in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Chesbro W. R. , Wamola I. , Bartley Clara H.
Published: February 2010

One hundred and fifty strains of Staphyloccocus aureus were tested for mouse virulence. Eighteen strains killed mice in less than 120 h when 109 cells were injected intraperitoneally, while similar injections of 130 strains failed to kill. The known virulence of five strains for cattle agreed with their virulence for mice and the virulence of 11 strains for embryonated eggs correlated well with both murine and bovine virulence. Neither nuclease, fibrinolysin, and hemolysin production, nor mouse-plasma coagulase activity correlated well with virulence and none of the high-virulence strains were demonstrably encapsulated. Possession of both gelatinase activity and litmus milk reducing ability correlated well with virulence. Rapidity of growth in batch or continuous culture agreed completely with virulence for seven high- and seven low-virulence strains. The importance of a rapid growth rate for high virulence is indicated, and growth rate in vitro is predictive of virulence for embryonated eggs, mice, and cattle.
Carbohydrate metabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a procedure for accumulating phosphorylated intermediates
Authors: Kay W. W. , Gronlund Audrey F.
Published: February 2010

A procedure for accumulating phosphorylated intermediates during carbohydrate degradation by P. aeruginosa has been developed. The method is dependent upon the increased permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane to phosphorylated compounds at low temperatures.
Carbohydrate metabolism of lactic acid cultures. III. Glycolytic enzymes of Streptococcus lactis and their sensitivity to antibiotics
Authors: Vakil J. R. , Shahani K. M.
Published: February 2010

Streptococcus lactis UN possessed galactokinase, uridine diphosphate glucose epimerase (galacto-waldenase), hexokinase, aldolase, lactic dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme systems. The presence of galactokinase, galactowaldenase, and hexokinase indicated that monosaccharides, galactose, and glucose were phosphorylated and converted into glucose-6-phosphate, which then enters the glycolytic cycle. Galactokinase and UDPG epimerase enzymes were found to be adaptive in nature. However, hexokinase, aldolase, and dehydrogenases for lactate, alcohol, and aldehyde were found to be constitutive in nature, as the organism, regardless of the substrate used, always possessed these five enzymes. Both alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases were NAD-specific rather than NADP-specific.Penicillin, streptomycin, aureomycin, and terramycin inhibited the activities of these enzyme systems to varying degrees. Also, penicillin and streptomycin inhibited the production of galactokinase and UDPG epimerase by the organism, but had no effect upon the production of hexokinase.
Structure of the proximal ends of flagella of Clostridium sporogenes
Authors: Betz John V.
Published: February 2010

The proximal ends and cellular attachment sites of flagella of the obligate anaerobe Clostridium sporogenes were examined by electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations of cells lysed by several methods. Terminal flagellar structures similar to those found in other Gram-positive bacilli were seen. The helical filament terminates in a hook region which is attached to specialized areas of the cytoplasmic membrane by a short, conical "connecting structure". The holes in the cell wall through which the flagella pass are surrounded by a circular structure, attached to the cell wall surface, described herein as a "grommet" or "eyelet". This structure is also attached to the flagellum at the juncture of the hook and filament regions, and may appear as a "collar" on detached flagella. This previously undescribed structure is shown to consist of 16 radially arranged subunits.
Experimental production of diarrhea in rabbits with Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Duncan Charles L. , Strong Dorothy H.
Published: February 2010

Diarrhea, the principal symptom of human food poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens, was experimentally produced in rabbits by intraluminal injection of C. perfringens, but not by oral challenge. The ability to induce diarrhea was dependent not only on the strain but also on the method of preparation of cells for challenge and the number of cells in the challenge. Good correlation was obtained between the ability of the strains to produce fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops and overt diarrhea after injection into the normal ileum.
Chromosomal regions which control sporulation in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Rogolsky Marvin
Published: February 2010

Large quantities of sporulation mutants have been isolated with a variety of mutagens. The genetic sites for asporogeny have been localized on the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis through transduction with phage PBSI. Through these procedures specific portions of the chromosome which are associated with sporulation have been identified. Although asporogenic (Sp−) defects were observed to be scattered throughout the four linkage groups of the genetic map of B. subtilis, only three extensive Sp− linkage groups were identified. The first linkage group of Sp− markers is located at the proximal end of the chromosome between the cys A and ery markers. The second cluster of spore genes mapped to the right of ura, and the third linkage group of spore markers mapped to the left of lys-2. Defects within specific regions of the first and third spore gene clusters obstructed some early products of sporogenesis.
Persistence and effects of some chlorinated anilines on nitrification in soil
Authors: Thompson F. R. , Corke C. T.
Published: February 2010

A study was made of the effects of aniline and monochlorine-substituted, and dichlorine-substituted anilines on nitrification in Guelph loam. These compounds were shown to be inhibitory against the oxidation of ammonium-nitrogen to nitrite-nitrogen, but not nitrite-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen. The chlorinated derivatives showed increased toxicity against Nitrosomonas in the following order, 4-chloroaniline, 3-CA, 2,6-DCA, 2-CA, 2,4-DCA, 3,5-DCA and 2,5-DCA. Two patterns of inhibition of the process of nitrification were noted in these experiments which were, in part, dependent on structure of the compound used.Decomposition studies of these compounds in soil indicated that the dichloroanilines were more persistent than aniline or the monochloroanilines. The disappearance of 3,4-DCA from soil was primarily due to chemical degradation, although bacterial participation was also involved.A discussion of the relationships of molecular configuration, lipophilic properties, and persistence of aniline and monochlorine- and dichlorine-substituted anilines to toxicity is presented.
Comparative studies on succinate and terminal oxidase activity in microbial and mammalian electron-transport systems
Authors: Jurtshuk Peter , May Ann K. , Pope Leodocia M. , Aston Patricia R.
Published: February 2010

A comparative study was undertaken to examine the succinate and terminal oxidase activities of the electron-transport systems of Azotobacter vinelandii and mammalian mitochondria. For succinate oxidation, both systems exhibited similar relative specificities for the electron acceptors phenazine methosulfate, O2, methylene blue, K3Fe(CN)6, nitrotetrazolium blue, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), and cytochrome c. They differed in that DCIP and cytochrome c were less active in the Azotobacter electron-transport system (R3 fraction) than in the bovine mitochondrial system. Comparative studies with known inhibitors of mammalian mitochondrial electron-transport demonstrated that the succinoxidase activity of the Azotobacter R3 fraction was, at least, 2000 times less sensitive to antimycin A, 700 times less sensitive to thenoyl-trifluoroacetone, and 30 times less sensitive to 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide. Both systems were equally sensitive to KCN, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, and chlorpromazine.The ability of the two systems to use tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) and its derivatives as electron donors, for terminal oxidation, was also similar. Studies on steady state reduction revealed that in the Azotobacter R3 fraction, the cytochromes (a2, a1, b1, c4 + c5) and flavoprotein components were reduced substantially by succinate as well as by TMPD in the presence of ascorbate. Ultrastructure analyses of the Azotobacter R3 electron-transport fraction revealed the vesicular membranous components identified as oxidosomes according to the terminology used by DeLey and contained spherical headpiece units of 80 Å in diameter which appeared to be morphologically identical with the tripartite units or the elementary particles described by Green and associates, viz., Kopaczyk et al., and by Fernandez-Moran et al.
Uptake of pimelic acid by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas denitrificans
Authors: Pai C. H. , McLaughlin G. E.
Published: February 2010

In a study of the biosynthesis of biotin in microorganisms it was observed that pimelic acid had no stimulatory effect on biotin production in Escherichia coli. By comparison Pseudomonas denitrificans was shown to produce significantly higher levels of biotin when grown in the presence of pimelic acid. The use of 1,7-14C-pimelic acid demonstrated that the uptake of the radioactive compound by P. denitrificans occurred rapidly whereas the uptake was negligible in E. coli. The permeability block to pimelic acid can explain the non-stimulatory effect of this compound on biotin production by E. coli.
The fatty acid composition of four entomogenous imperfect fungi
Authors: Tyrrell D.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acid compositions of total, neutral, and polar lipids of Beauveria bassiana, Metarrhizium anisopliae, Isaria farinosa, and Hirsutella gigantea were determined. Major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic; smaller amounts of palmitoleic, stearic, and α-linolenic were also present. Neutral lipid contained a higher proportion of oleic and stearic acids than did total and polar lipid, whilst polar lipid had the highest proportion of linoleic acid. The rest of the acids were evenly distributed between the two fractions.
A new feature of the ascospores of Saccharomycodes ludwigii Hansen
Authors: Rij N. J. W. Kreger-van
Published: February 2010

Electron microscope studies of ultrathin sections of the ascospores of Saccharomycodes ludwigii revealed the presence of a narrow, but distinct ledge which had not been described before.
Light and electron microscopy of virus-associated, intranuclear paracrystals in cultured cells infected with types 2, 4, 6, and 18 human adenoviruses
Authors: Weber J. , Liao S. K.
Published: February 2010

Light and electron microscopic studies of human adenovirus types 2, 4, 6, and 18 infected HEp-2 cells revealed the induction of virus-associated, intranuclear paracrystalline formations. None of these crystalline structures were observed in abortively infected BHK-21 cells by these viruses. By histochemical techniques, the crystals only in Ad. 2 and Ad. 6 infected cells were visualized with the phase-contrast microscope and shown to be protein in nature but devoid of detectable amounts of nucleic acids. The crystals induced by Ad. 2 and Ad. 6 were frequently large, were polygonal in shape, appeared early after infection, and consisted of parallel tubules with a periodicity of 700 Å, whereas those induced by Ad. 4 and Ad. 18 were small, were irregular in shape, appeared later after infection, and consisted of parallel filaments with periodicities of 250 Å and 400 Å, respectively. Neither crystals nor virions were found in uninfected control cells. The relationship of the virus-associated crystals reported in the present study to those observed to date in other adenovirus–host systems was discussed.
Ultrastructure des phages de lysotypie des Escherichia coli 0127 :B8
Authors: Ackermann H.-W. , Berthiaume L.
Published: February 2010

The nine typing phages of the enteropathogenic E. coli 0127:B8 have been studied by negative staining. They represent five morphological types. The phages 3, 7, and 9 possess tails with contractile sheath and belong to the group A of Bradley. Phages 2, 4, 5, and 6 have long tails without sheath (group B). Phages 1 and 8 show short tails of only 190 Å length (group C). Groups A and B include both phages with elongated heads (phages 3 and 5) and isometric heads. All isometric heads are octahedra. Phage 3 resembles T-even phages.
Metabolism of rutin by Polyporus versicolor PRL 572
Authors: Pickard M. A. , Westlake D. W. S.
Published: February 2010

Polyporus versicolor degrades rutin by a route differing from that established in Aspergillus flavus. Carbon monoxide is not a product of the reaction and hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond is not a prerequisite for oxidative attack of the flavonol nucleus.Culture filtrates of Polyporus versicolor readily degrade rutin, producing a dark brown pigment. This degradation of rutin appears to be mediated by a polyphenol oxidase type of enzyme as all attempts to separate flavonol oxidation from pigment production were unsuccessful. The results indicated that both activities were associated with a single protein. Other enzymes involved in rutin breakdown by the Aspergillus system (i.e. the hydrolases: glycosidase and the depside esterase) were not present in rutin-grown filtrates of Polyporus versicolor.
Comparison of chemical and mechanical methods of isolating cell wall mucopeptide
Authors: Hatton M. P.
Published: February 2010

Cell wall mucopeptide of Micrococcus lysodeikticus was isolated by the fractionation procedure of Park and Hancock. The mucopeptide resembled cell wall, isolated by mechanical disintegration, with regard to quantitative chemical composition and susceptibility to lysozyme. Drying of cell wall or mucopeptide at 105 °C before analysis rendered it more susceptible to solubilization by trichloroacetic acid.
The effect of organic amendment, water content, and oxygen on the incorporation of 15N2 by some agricultural and forest soils
Authors: Brouzes R. , Lasik J. , Knowles R.
Published: February 2010

Thirty samples of nine soil profiles were variously treated and incubated in aerobic and in anaerobic 15N-labelled atmospheres in the laboratory. The addition of glucose to agricultural soils stimulated nitrogen fixation, especially under anaerobic conditions, but glucose had little or no consistent effect in most forest soils. The addition of straw litter to aerobically incubated waterlogged agricultural soils caused increased fixation. In general, however, and especially in forest soils, there was no consistent effect of either litter addition or waterlogging. It may be noted that in many cases greater fixation occurred in waterlogged soil–litter mixtures when incubated anaerobically than when incubated aerobically. About 80% of all treatments showed greater fixation under anaerobic than under aerobic conditions. Nitrogen incorporation during 28 days at 25 °C ranged from 0 to 70 μg N/g dry weight. Estimates on an area basis for a 17-cm profile depth ranged from 2 to 200 kg N fixed/ha per year.Azotobacter was confined to agricultural soils above about pH 6.5. Clostridium was widely distributed and usually abundant even in soils with pH values as low as 3.3. "Oligonitrophiles" were abundant but their significance remains uncertain.
Gaffkemia, a bacterial disease of the lobster, Homarus americanus: effects of the pathogen, Gaffkya homari, on the physiology of the host
Authors: Stewart James E. , Arie B. , Zwicker B. M. , Dingle J. R.
Published: February 2010

Gaffkya homari, the pathogen causing gaffkemia, was observed in vivo to reach its stationary growth phase (approximately 108 bacteria/ml of lobster hemolymph) in 4 days at 15 C. The bacterial totals at death ranged between 5 × 108 and 1 × 1010/ml of hemolymph. Among the main effects of the infection was the great increase in hemolymph clotting times followed by the essential elimination of clotting. The impaired clotting mechanism was a result of the drastic reduction in circulating hemocyte numbers rather than a reduction in hemolymph fibrinogen levels. Hepatopancreatic glycogen levels and hemolymph non-protein nitrogen concentrations dropped to minimal levels but hepatopancreatic lipid levels, hemolymph lactic acid, carbohydrate, and pH values were not significantly affected by the infection. An extreme hyperglycemic effect, attributed to stress, was observed in both control and infected lobsters. Death from gaffkemia, other than that stemming from a wounded animal bleeding to death because of the impaired clotting mechanism, was considered a result of an unsuccessful competition on the part of the lobster for its own readily available storage material. Gaffkemia appears to be a wasting type of disease produced by the bacterium, G. homari, which is resistant to the lobster's intrinsic defense mechanisms and finds lobster hemolymph an excellent medium for growth.
Cytotoxic activity of hemolysin from Listeria monocytogenes on L-M strain of mouse cells
Authors: Siddique I. H.
Published: February 2010

After the addition of partially purified hemolysin from Listeria monocytogenes (9-125) on L-M strain of mouse cells cultured in medium 199, the following cellular alterations were observed. Within 20 minutes of hemolysin addition the dense appearance of the cell was decreased in some cells. Most granules were retained, some being more dense with increase in the inclusions and vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Later, the cytoplasmic membrane became irregular, then it ruptured and the cell died. The effects observed on the cellular response to hemolysin are markedly different from those obtained either with the neutralized hemolysin or the BSS during the same period of time.
Antistaphylococcal hemolysins and delta hemolysin inhibitor in adult human serum
Authors: Donahue John A.
Published: February 2010

The quantities of antistaphylococcal hemolysins in sera from 105 adult humans were determined. Ninety-six percent of the samples contained detectable levels of anti-alpha hemolysin and 80% contained anti-beta hemolysin. All sera had a similar quantity of delta hemolysin inhibitor. This inhibitory factor is believed to be serum lipid and not antibody.
Hemagglutination-inhibition rubella antibody determination
Authors: Chagnon A. , Pavilanis V.
Published: February 2010

Two sets of experiment have been achieved with rubella hemagglutination–inhibition test. First, rubella antibodies have been determined on serum and capillary blood samples to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of adsorbent paper-disc method for collection of specimens. Second, rubella antibodies have been studied in serum samples after treatment by kaolin or by heparin – manganous chloride to remove non-specific inhibitors of rubella hemagglutination. Results have shown that adsorption of capillary blood on filter paper disc and treatment of serum by heparin – manganous chloride should be adequate to perform rubella hemagglutination–inhibition tests.
Fatty acids of the mycelia and conidia of Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium roseum
Authors: Rambo G. W. , Bean G. A.
Published: February 2010

The mycelia and conidia of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. emend. Snyd. et Hans, and F. roseum (Lk.) emend. Snyd. et Hans, were analyzed for fatty acids. The major fatty acids present were 18:1, 18:2, and 16:0 with lesser amounts of 18:0, 18:3, and 14:0. The conidia of F. roseum contained trace amounts of 18:0 whereas the conidia of F. oxysporum contained more 18:0 than any other fatty acid. The mycelia of F. roseum contained 4 times as much 18:3 as did the mycelia of F. oxysporum. The amount of each fatty acid present was always higher in the mycelia than in the conidia.
Oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory control in mitochondria from Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Watson K. , Paton W. , Smith J. E.
Published: February 2010

Mitochondria isolated from Aspergillus oryzae exhibited respiratory control with a range of substrates. Bovine serum albumin was required in the reaction medium to observe adenosine diphosphate (ADP) controlled respiration. The mitochondria carried out active oxidation and phosphorylation with citrate as substrate in the pH range 6–7 and showed a slight optimum for oxidative phosphorylation at pH 6.5. The respiratory properties of the isolated mitochondria were similar to those reported for A. niger and yeast mitochondria.