bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deficiency for endoglin in tumor vasculature weakens the endothelial barrier to metastatic dissemination
Authors: Anderberg Charlotte , Cunha Sara I. , Zhai Zhenhua , Cortez Eliane , Pardali Evangelia , Johnson Jill R. , Franco Marcela , Páez-Ribes Marta , Cordiner Ross , Fuxe Jonas , Johansson Bengt R. , Goumans Marie-José , Casanovas Oriol , ten Dijke Peter , Arthur Helen M. , Pietras Kristian
Published: February 2013

Therapy-induced resistance remains a significant hurdle to achieve long-lasting responses and cures in cancer patients. We investigated the long-term consequences of genetically impaired angiogenesis by engineering multiple tumor models deprived of endoglin, a co-receptor for TGF-β in endothelial cells actively engaged in angiogenesis. Tumors from endoglin-deficient mice adapted to the weakened angiogenic response, and refractoriness to diminished endoglin signaling was accompanied by increased metastatic capability. Mechanistic studies in multiple mouse models of cancer revealed that deficiency for endoglin resulted in a tumor vasculature that displayed hallmarks of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process of previously unknown significance in cancer biology, but shown by us to be associated with a reduced capacity of the vasculature to avert tumor cell intra- and extravasation. Nevertheless, tumors deprived of endoglin exhibited a delayed onset of resistance to anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) agents, illustrating the therapeutic utility of combinatorial targeting of multiple angiogenic pathways for the treatment of cancer.
Molecular mechanism of voltage sensing in voltage-gated proton channels
Authors: Gonzalez Carlos , Rebolledo Santiago , Perez Marta E. , Larsson H. Peter
Published: February 2013

Voltage-gated proton (Hv) channels play an essential role in phagocytic cells by generating a hyperpolarizing proton current that electrically compensates for the depolarizing current generated by the NADPH oxidase during the respiratory burst, thereby ensuring a sustained production of reactive oxygen species by the NADPH oxidase in phagocytes to neutralize engulfed bacteria. Despite the importance of the voltage-dependent Hv current, it is at present unclear which residues in Hv channels are responsible for the voltage activation. Here we show that individual neutralizations of three charged residues in the fourth transmembrane domain, S4, all reduce the voltage dependence of activation. In addition, we show that the middle S4 charged residue moves from a position accessible from the cytosolic solution to a position accessible from the extracellular solution, suggesting that this residue moves across most of the membrane electric field during voltage activation of Hv channels. Our results show for the first time that the charge movement of these three S4 charges accounts for almost all of the measured gating charge in Hv channels.
Potentiation in mouse lumbrical muscle without myosin light chain phosphorylation: Is resting calcium responsible?
Authors: Smith Ian C. , Gittings William , Huang Jian , McMillan Elliott M. , Quadrilatero Joe , Tupling A. Russell , Vandenboom Rene
Published: February 2013

The increase in isometric twitch force observed in fast-twitch rodent muscles during or after activity, known universally as potentiation, is normally associated with myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation. Interestingly, fast muscles from mice devoid of detectable skeletal myosin light chain kinase (skMLCK) retain a reduced ability to potentiate twitch force, indicating the presence of a secondary origin for this characteristic feature of the fast muscle phenotype. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in intracellular cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) after a potentiating stimulus in mouse lumbrical muscle (37°C). Lumbricals were loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent indicators fura-2 or furaptra to detect changes in resting and peak, respectively, intracellular Ca2+ levels caused by 2.5 s of 20-Hz stimulation. Although this protocol produced an immediate increase in twitch force of 17 ± 3% (all data are n = 10) (P < 0.01), this potentiation dissipated quickly and was absent 30 s afterward. Fura-2 fluorescence signals at rest were increased by 11.1 ± 1.3% (P < 0.01) during potentiation, indicating a significant increase in resting [Ca2+]i. Interestingly, furaptra signals showed no change to either the amplitude or the duration of the intracellular Ca2+ transients (ICTs) that triggered potentiated twitches during this time (P < 0.50). Immunofluorescence work showed that 77% of lumbrical fibers expressed myosin heavy chain isoform IIx and/or IIb, but with low expression of skMLCK and high expression of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 2. As a result, lumbrical muscles displayed no detectable RLC phosphorylation either at rest or after stimulation. We conclude that stimulation-induced elevations in resting [Ca2+]i, in the absence of change in the ICT, are responsible for a small-magnitude, short-lived potentiation of isometric twitch force. If operative in other fast-twitch muscles, this mechanism may complement the potentiating influence of myosin RLC phosphorylation.
Comparing the distribution of various suprema on two-parameter Wiener space
Authors: Pierce Ian , Skoug David
Published: February 2013

Let

Q
=
[
0
,
S
]
×
[
0
,
T
]

Q=[0,S]\times [0,T]

and let

C
2

(
Q
)

C_2(Q)

be two-parameter Wiener space. In this note we consider the ratios of the probabilities

P

[
x
(
S
,
T
)
≥
c
]

\mathbb {P}[x(S,T)\geq c]

,

P

[

sup

Q

x
(
s
,
t
)
≥
c
]

\mathbb {P}[\sup _{Q} x(s,t)\geq c]

and

P

[

sup

∂
Q

x
(
s
,
t
)
≥
c
]

\mathbb {P}[\sup _{\partial Q} x(s,t)\geq c]

.
Measuring Root Disease Suppression in Response to a Compost Water Extract
Authors: Curlango-Rivera Gilberto , Pew Tom , VanEtten Hans D. , Zhongguo Xiong , Yu Naitong , Hawes Martha C.
Published: February 2013

Commercial application of compost to prevent plant disease is hindered by variable performance. Here, we describe the use of a growth pouch assay to measure impact of a compost water extract (CWE) on root infection under controlled conditions. Most pea roots (≥95%) inoculated with Fusarium solani or Phoma pinodella spores rapidly develop a single local lesion in the region of elongation. In the presence of CWE, infection of pea roots grown in pouches was reduced by 93 to 100%. CWE used as a drench on pea seedlings grown in sand also resulted in 100% protection but, in a heavy clay soil, infection was reduced by <50%. CWE filtered to remove microorganisms did not inhibit frequency of F. solani infection, and resulted in increased local lesion development on individual roots. CWE inhibited mycelial growth of both pea- and cucumber-infecting isolates of F. solani in culture but exerted <40% protection against cucumber root infection. CWE treatment of pea but not cucumber was associated with retention of a sheath of border cells interspersed with bacteria covering the region of elongation. Growth pouch assays may provide a system to monitor effects of specific compost mixtures on root–rhizosphere interactions, and to identify variables influencing disease control.
High Serum Retinol and Lung Function in Young Patients With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Rivas‐Crespo M. Francisco , Jiménez David González , Acuña Quirós Maria D. , Aguirre Amaia Sojo , González Soledad Heredia , Díaz Martín Juan J. , Garagorri Otero Jesús M. , Almarza Aurora Lázaro , Bousoño‐García Carlos
Published: February 2013

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to explore the relation between lung function and serum retinol (SR) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients.

Methods:

This was a cross‐sectional study conducted in a group of 98 young patients with CF (6.8–22.3 years), after the exclusion of those with pulmonary exacerbation, vitamin A deficiency, or other risks, from an initial group of 124 cases.

Results:

Data of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were widely scattered (87.7% ± 16.9%). These were similar in the 78 pancreatic insufficient and 11 pancreatic sufficient patients. SR (56.6 ± 18.4 μg/dL) was >2.5th percentile of healthy people in the whole group, although 31 patients were situated above the 97.5th percentile (higher value: 110 μg/dL). The FEV1 was noticeably higher in these than in those within the normal range (93.6 ± 14.0 vs 85.0 ± 17.6 μg/dL; P < 0.05). The z score of SR correlated positively with FEV1 (r = 0.364; P = 0.000), after adjusting data for sex, age, body mass index, and pancreatic function. The odds ratio for a FEV1 >80% is 3.78 in patients with SR above the 97.5th percentile, versus only 0.26 in those within the normal range. There were no cases with retinol toxicity.

Conclusions:

FEV1 of young patients with CF correlates positively with SR, regardless of age, pancreatic function, or nutritional condition. Those with a moderately high retinol (up to 110 μg/dL) maintain the best respiratory function (FEV1 ≥80% in >90% of them) without any signs of toxicity.
Oral Health Status and Salivary Properties in Relation to Gluten‐free Diet in Children With Celiac Disease
Authors: Shteyer Eyal , Berson Tamar , Lachmanovitz Odelia , Hidas Ariela , Wilschanski Michael , Menachem Moti , Shachar Edna , Shapira Joseph , Steinberg Doron , Moskovitz Moti
Published: February 2013

Background:

Patients with celiac disease (CD) have a wide variety of symptoms, from being asymptomatic to having chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and extraintestinal symptoms. In the oral cavity, enamel defects and recurrent aphthous stomatitis are the most common symptoms. The aim of the study was to assess oral health, bacterial colonization and salivary buffering capacity of patients with CD at diagnosis were compared with patients with CD receiving a gluten‐free diet (GFD) and healthy children.

Methods:

Three groups were prospectively investigated: newly diagnosed CD, CD treated with GFD, and a control group. All of the children were examined by pediatric dentists, and saliva samples were collected for bacterial and pH analysis.

Results:

Ninety children were enrolled in the study, 30 in each group. A higher prevalence of enamel hypoplasia (66%) was found in children with CD. Plaque index was significantly lower in the celiac‐treated group, which correlated with oral health behavior: teeth brushing and frequency of eating between meals. Children receiving GFD brushed their teeth and used fluoride significantly more often than other children in the study. No difference between groups was found in snack consumption, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts in saliva, as well as pH and buffer capacity.

Conclusions:

A lower degree of plaque was found in children with CD receiving GFD. This finding could not be explained by salivary properties or bacteria, but rather by better oral hygiene. The results should raise the awareness of pediatric gastroenterologists toward oral health–related issues in children with CD.
Diagnostic Utility of Modified Gliadin Peptide Antibody Assays in New Zealand Children
Authors: Hope Benjamin C. , Ameratunga Rohan , Austin Paul M. , Evans Helen M. , MacFarlane Jeannette , Mouat Stephen , Chin Simon E.
Published: February 2013

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate a panel of different antibody assays, including second‐generation antigliadin kits, in a local paediatric population thought to be at risk for coeliac disease (CD).

Methods:

Seventy‐nine children, who tested positive for immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TG), underwent duodenal biopsy. At endoscopy, serum was collected from all of the patients, and 9 different coeliac antibody assays were performed, both as isolated assays and in combination. These included immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti‐tissue transglutaminase (TGA), and IgA plus IgG anti‐deamidated gliadin peptide (DGPAG). A diagnosis of CD was made if the biopsies showed Marsh grade 3 lesions.

Results:

Twenty‐four of 79 children had CD confirmed histologically. Only 39 of 79 were positive for Inova TGA, and 35 of 79 were positive for Inova DGPAG. Twenty‐four of 39 who were TGA positive and 24 of 35 who were DGPAG positive had confirmed CD on biopsy. There was good correlation between TGA and DGPAG‐positive predictive values. None of the modified gliadin tests produced false‐negative results, and neither did the TGA.

Conclusions:

The Inova DGPAG and TGA assays have similar use in predicting CD in a selected paediatric population; however, in children who are positive for TGA when screened for CD, more than half have negative TGA serology when repeat testing is done at the time of biopsy. Those with persistent TGA positivity have only a 61.5% probability of having histologic CD, compared with 68.6% of those children positive for DGPAG.
Health Priorities in Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Cervesi Chiara , Battistutta Sara , Martelossi Stefano , Ronfani Luca , Ventura Alessandro
Published: February 2013

Objectives:

Adolescence is a tough age for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because they transition from child to adult medicine. Although a better understanding of the experience of illness and therefore a better response to the patient's needs have often been stressed, no studies have yet investigated the paediatricians' insight into their IBD adolescent patients.

Methods:

A group of adolescents (ages 12–19) diagnosed as having IBD was administered a questionnaire listing 22 items of concern. They were asked to rank each item on a 5‐point scale according to the degree of effect on the quality of their everyday life. The same questionnaire was administered to a group of paediatricians experienced in treating IBD and to a group of paediatric residents. Paediatricians and residents were asked to estimate how much each item would affect the quality of an average patient's life, according to the same scale. The questionnaire was also used in a face‐to‐face approach, asking a paediatrician to apply the estimation to an individual patient, instead of an average imaginary one.

Results:

Fifteen paediatric gastroenterologists, 11 paediatric residents, and 28 patients (female:male = 16:12; median age 16.3 years) took part in the study. The majority of patients experienced Crohn disease (17 vs 11 with ulcerative colitis). We found only 6 items overlapping when comparing the top 10 items ranked by patients and paediatricians. The patients' number 1 concern occupies the ninth position in the paediatricians' list. The number 1 item for paediatricians is not even mentioned in the patients' top 10 list. Overall, both paediatricians' and residents' rankings were significantly higher than those given by patients.

Conclusions:

We found a significant misalignment in the estimation of health concerns between IBD adolescent patients and their paediatricians. A better insight into IBD patients' worries and concerns is crucial for the improvement of the patient's quality of life and disease outcome.
Profiling Provider Outcome Quality for Pay‐for‐Performance in the Presence of Missing Data: A Simulation Approach
Authors: Ryan Andrew M. , Bao Yuhua
Published: February 2013

Objective

Provider profiling of outcome performance has become increasingly common in pay‐for‐performance programs. For chronic conditions, a substantial proportion of patients eligible for outcome measures may be lost to follow‐up, potentially compromising outcome profiling. In the context of primary care depression treatment, we assess the implications of missing data for the accuracy of alternative approaches to provider outcome profiling.

Data

We used data from the Improving Mood‐Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment trial and the Depression Improvement across Minnesota, Offering a New Direction initiative to generate parameters for a Monte Carlo simulation experiment.

Study Design

The patient outcome of interest is the rate of remission of depressive symptoms at 6 months among a panel of patients with major depression at baseline. We considered two alternative approaches to profiling this outcome: (1) a relative, or tournament style threshold, set at the 80th percentile of remission rate among all providers, and (2) an absolute threshold, evaluating whether providers exceed a specified remission rate (30 percent). We performed a Monte Carlo simulation experiment to evaluate the total error rate (proportion of providers who were incorrectly classified) under each profiling approach. The total error rate was partitioned into error from random sampling variability and error resulting from missing data. We then evaluated the accuracy of alternative profiling approaches under different assumptions about the relationship between missing data and depression remission.

Principal Findings

Over a range of scenarios, relative profiling approaches had total error rates that were approximately 20 percent lower than absolute profiling approaches, and error due to missing data was approximately 50 percent lower for relative profiling. Most of the profiling error in the simulations was a result of random sampling variability, not missing data: between 11 and 21 percent of total error was attributable to missing data for relative profiling, while between 16 and 33 percent of total error was attributable to missing data for absolute profiling. Finally, compared with relative profiling, absolute profiling was much more sensitive to missing data that was correlated with the remission outcome.

Conclusions

Relative profiling approaches for pay‐for‐performance were more accurate and more robust to missing data than absolute profiling approaches.
Stock weighting and nontrading bias in estimated portfolio returns
Authors: Gray Philip
Published: February 2013

Liu and Strong (2008) note that researchers often employ a simple (but incorrect) averaging approach that induces significant error into estimated buy‐and‐hold portfolio returns. This study explores the additional challenges that arise when stocks are subject to nontrading. We develop a decomposition of the total bias in estimated return into the components attributable to the stock weighting approach and the treatment of nontrading. While the latter is shown to be negligible, the former can approach 150 basis points per month. Our empirical analysis of Australian equities shows that the simple averaging approach tends to overstate the size and book‐to‐market effects, and understate the momentum effect.
Induced abortion and breast cancer among parous women: a Danish cohort study
Authors: Braüner Christina Marie , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Attermann Jørn
Published: February 2013

Objective

We investigated whether induced abortion is associated with breast cancer when lifestyle confounders, including smoking and alcohol consumption, are adjusted for. Design. Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Danish women from the Diet, Cancer and Health study.

Population

A total of 25 576 women.

Methods

We obtained exposure data from baseline questionnaires filled in by the women between 1993 and 1997. Information on breast cancer and emigration was retrieved from Danish national registries. The study power was approximately 85% when applying a minimum detection hazard ratio of 1.2.

Main outcome measures

Long‐term effects of induced abortion on the risk of breast cancer among women above 50 years of age.

Results

During a follow up of approximately 12 years, 1215 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. When comparing parous women who had an abortion with parous women who never had an abortion, there was no association between breast cancer risk and induced abortion (ever vs. never), with a hazard ratio 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.83–1.09), regardless of whether the abortion occurred before the first birth (hazard ratio 0.86; 95% confidence interval 0.65–1.14), or after the first birth (hazard ratio 0.97; 95% confidence interval 0.84–1.13).

Conclusions

Our study did not show evidence of an association between induced abortion and breast cancer risk.
Latent interaction effects in the theory of planned behaviour applied to quitting smoking
Authors: Hukkelberg Silje Sommer , Hagtvet Knut A. , Kovac Velibor Bobo
Published: February 2013

Objectives

This study applies three latent interaction models in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1988, Attitudes, personality, and behavior. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press; Ajzen, 1991, Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process., 50, 179) to quitting smoking: (1) attitude × perceived behavioural control on intention; (2) subjective norms (SN) × attitude on intention; and (3) perceived behavioural control × intention on quitting behaviour.

Methods

The data derive from a longitudinal Internet survey of 939 smokers aged 15–74 over a period of 4 months. Latent interaction effects were estimated using the double‐mean‐centred unconstrained approach (Lin et al., 2010, Struct. Equ. Modeling, 17, 374) in LISREL.

Results

Attitude × SN and attitude × perceived behavioural control both showed a significant interaction effect on intention. No significant interaction effect was found for perceived behavioural control × intention on quitting.

Conclusions

The latent interaction approach is a useful method for investigating specific conditions between TPB components in the context of quitting behaviour. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Statement of contribution

What is already known about the subject? Although research on quitting smoking in the context of TPB is gradually growing, the exploration of latent interaction effects of TPB variables on quitting intentions and subsequent quitting behaviour is scarce. The double‐mean‐centred unconstrained approach is proposed as a new and user‐friendly alternative to estimate interaction effects. This study investigated three latent interaction effects in TPB, as applied to quitting smoking using a double‐mean‐centred unconstrained approach.

What does this study add?

This study provides evidence for an interaction effect for attitude × subjective norm on intention and attitude × perceived behavioural control on intention.

No significant interaction effect was found for perceived behavioural control × intention on quitting behaviour.

This study latent variable approach used to investigate interaction effects in the TPB was shown to be valuable.
A cluster‐based factor rotation
Authors: Yamamoto Michio , Jennrich Robert I.
Published: February 2013

A new oblique factor rotation method is proposed, the aim of which is to identify a simple and well‐clustered structure in a factor loading matrix. A criterion consisting of the complexity of a factor loading matrix and a between‐cluster dissimilarity is optimized using the gradient projection algorithm and the k‐means algorithm. It is shown that if there is an oblique rotation of an initial loading matrix that has a perfect simple structure, then the proposed method with Kaiser's normalization will produce the perfect simple structure. Although many rotation methods can also recover a perfect simple structure, they perform poorly when a perfect simple structure is not possible. In this case, the new method tends to perform better because it clusters the loadings without requiring the clusters to be perfect. Artificial and real data analyses demonstrate that the proposed method can give a simple structure, which the other methods cannot produce, and provides a more interpretable result than those of widely known rotation techniques.
Visualization Mosaics for Multivariate Visual Exploration
Authors: MacNeil S. , Elmqvist N.
Published: February 2013

We present a new model for creating composite visualizations of multidimensional data sets using simple visual representations such as point charts, scatterplots and parallel coordinates as components. Each visual representation is contained in a tile, and the tiles are arranged in a mosaic of views using a space‐filling slice‐and‐dice layout. Tiles can be created, resized, split or merged using a versatile set of interaction techniques, and the visual representation of individual tiles can also be dynamically changed to another representation. Because each tile is self‐contained and independent, it can be implemented in any programming language, on any platform and using any visual representation. We also propose a formalism for expressing visualization mosaics. A Web‐based implementation called MosaicJS supporting multidimensional visual exploration showcases the versatility of the concept and illustrates how it can be used to integrate visualization components provided by different toolkits.
Curve Style Analysis in a Set of Shapes
Authors: Li H. , Zhang H. , Wang Y. , Cao J. , Shamir A. , Cohen‐Or D.
Published: February 2013

The word ‘style’ can be interpreted in so many different ways in so many different contexts. To provide a general analysis and understanding of styles is a highly challenging problem. We pose the open question ‘how to extract styles from geometric shapes?’ and address one instance of the problem. Specifically, we present an unsupervised algorithm for identifying curve styles in a set of shapes. In our setting, a curve style is explicitly represented by a mode of curve features appearing along the 2D silhouettes of the shapes in the set. Unlike previous attempts, we do not rely on any preconceived conceptual characterisations, for example, via specific shape descriptors, to define what is or is not a style. Our definition of styles is data‐dependent; it depends on the input set but we do not require computing a shape correspondence across the set. We provide an operational definition of curve styles which focuses on separating curve features that represent styles from curve features that are content revealing. To this end, we develop a novel formulation and associated algorithm for style‐content separation. The analysis is based on a feature‐shape association matrix (FSM) whose rows correspond to modes of curve features, columns to shapes in the set, and each entry expresses the extent a feature mode is present in a shape. We make several assumptions to drive style‐content separation which only involve properties of, and relations between, rows of the FSM. Computationally, our algorithm only requires row‐wise correlation analysis in the FSM and a heuristic solution of an instance of the set cover problem. Results are demonstrated on several data sets showing the identification of curve styles. We also develop and demonstrate several style‐related applications including style exaggeration, removal, blending, and style transfer for 2D shape synthesis.
Drivers of fish diversity, homogenization/differentiation and species range expansions at the watershed scale
Authors: Głowacki Łukasz B. , Penczak Tadeusz
Published: February 2013

Aim

Determination of taxonomic diversity changes, and patterns and drivers of homogenization/differentiation processes in fish (meta)communities at spatial watershed and temporal decadal scales.

Location

The 333‐km‐long lowlandPilicaRiver, with a solitary large dam reservoir constructed in the early 1970s, centralPoland.

Methods

Fish data sets obtained along the river upstream and downstream of the reservoir in the 1960s and 2000s are compared in terms of several community properties. The true gamma diversity of order one (1Dγ), decomposed into true alpha (1Dα) and true beta (1Dβ) components, is calculated for the taxonomic classification of the sets. Pairwise community distances against the fluvial distances of each course and period are also assessed using theBray–Curtis measure (BC) applied to occurrence and by1Dβ, applied to abundance.

Results

Based on1Dβ, the fish fauna became homogenized taxonomically by 33.0% upstream, while it differentiated by 8.6% downstream.1Dαand1Dγdecreased considerably in both courses. The changes in diversity were due to the range expansions of the native species. Despite the exposure to alien invasive species, the Pilica was not invaded by any of them between the surveys, although one species probably established itself in the lower course.

Main conclusions

Decreases in1Dαand1Dγin both Pilica courses and in1Dβupstream were not sharp enough to allow the invasions of alien species to which the Pilica was exposed. Consequently, either other drivers than river fragmentation, introductions, climate warming and improvement in water quality may be essential for such invasions, or longer time periods than those presently considered are necessary for them to occur. An individual species' occurrence and abundance analysis suggests that the homogenization and differentiation resulted from variously combined impacts of several natural and human‐mediated drivers. The river fragmentation exerted both course‐specific and species‐specific impacts.
There is a world beyond protein mutations: the role of non‐coding RNAs in melanomagenesis
Authors: Swoboda Rolf K. , Herlyn Meenhard
Published: February 2013

Until recently, the general perception has been that mutations in protein‐coding genes are responsible for tumorigenesis. With the discovery of V600EBRAF in about 50% of cutaneous melanomas, there was an increased effort to find additional mutations. However, mutations characterized in melanoma to date cannot account for the development of all melanomas. With the discovery of microRNAs as important players in melanomagenesis, protein mutations are no longer considered the sole drivers of tumors. Recent research findings have expanded the view for tumor initiation and progression to additional non‐coding RNAs. The data suggest that tumorigenesis is likely an interplay between mutated proteins and deregulation of non‐coding RNAs in the cell with an additional role of the tumor environment. With the exception of microRNAs, our knowledge of the role of non‐coding RNAs in melanoma is in its infancy. Using few examples, we will summarize some of the roles of non‐coding RNAs in tumorigenesis. Thus, there is a whole world beyond protein‐coding sequences and microRNAs, which can cause melanoma.
Metabolic reprogramming as a novel regulator of skeletal muscle development and regeneration
Authors: Ryall James G.
Published: February 2013

Adult skeletal muscle contains a resident population of stem cells, termed satellite cells, that exist in a quiescent state. In response to an activating signal (such as physical trauma), satellite cells enter the cell cycle and undergo multiple rounds of proliferation, followed by differentiation, fusion, and maturation. Over the last 10–15 years, our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of this stem cell population has greatly expanded, but there remains a dearth of knowledge with regard to the initiating signal leading to these changes in transcription. The recent renewed interest in the metabolic regulation of both cancer and stem cells, combined with previous findings indicating that satellite cells preferentially colocalize with blood vessels, suggests that satellite cell function may be regulated by changes in cellular metabolism. This review aims to describe what is currently known about satellite cell metabolism during changes in cell fate, as well as to describe some of the exciting findings in other cell types and how these might relate to satellite cells.
A new data analysis technique to examine crack tip opening angle values tested in API X65 pipe steel
Authors: Hashemi S. H. , Dastani H. , Sadri J.
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a new data analysis technique to rapidly identify the region of stable crack growth in crack tip opening angle (CTOA) testing of a modified double cantilever beam. The technique basically used the load–displacement data from CTOA testing on API X65 steel, which demonstrated a region of constant slope after the peak load. In total, 22 data points (out of 90) fell in this region, for which the variation of CTOA versus crack length remained almost constant. The CTOA measurement was conducted from crack edges and from a fine reference grid, using photographs from two cameras in front and rear sides of the CTOA specimen. As the visual analysis of the individual photographs is tedious and rather lengthy, the presented technique can be easily used for rapid and precise identification of the mean CTOA from those data in the constant slope region of the load–displacement plot.
International mobility of professional knowledge from the Global South: Indian IT workers in the Netherlands
Authors: BURGERS JACK , TOUBURG GIORGIO
Published: February 2013

Although there are many studies on both expatriates and the phenomenon of brain drain, there are few on those professionals who move from a less to a more advanced economy through a transfer from one division of a transnational corporation to another. In a study of Indian IT professionals employed by the Dutch division of the producer‐service company Capgemini, we assessed the reasons for their recruitment and the type of professional knowledge they bring to the job. Our main findings are that the international mobility of Indian professionals is not just a matter of reducing labour costs and that, though some Indian IT professionals engage in routine programming activities, others are involved in activities that require tacit forms of knowledge. This applies to those who link the Dutch and Indian offices of Capgemini and to those who acquire assignments operating in the epistemic community of the international business milieu.
Visits to the country of origin: how second‐generation British Pakistanis shape transnational identity and maintain power asymmetries
Authors: BOLOGNANI MARTA
Published: February 2013

In this article, I identify the need for more nuanced approaches to transnational emotional attachment, especially with regard to the second generation. Interviewing second‐generation British Pakistanis while on their holidays in Pakistan and comparing the findings with data collected in the UK provides a more realistic exploration of the phenomenon than would have been possible with only narratives collected before and after the trips. In contrast to current utopian views of egalitarian transnationalism negotiated at a personal level, known in the literature as transnationalism from below, I argue that the visits of second‐generation British Pakistanis perpetuate global power asymmetries. Furthermore, such visits may help British Pakistanis redefine their identity in relation to Pakistan, the UK and Islam, thus contributing to the formation of a new transnational identity. In the conclusion, I suggest that leisure visits can still carry the potential for important political and economic relations for Pakistan in times of need.
Understanding the position of end nodes in the world city network: using peer city analysis to differentiate between non‐hub cities
Authors: MANS ULRICH
Published: February 2013

In the current debate on the world city network and inter‐city connectivity, a large number of cities, particularly in developing countries, have received limited attention. Despite a growing interest in emerging market cities, many scholars still focus on the more affluent parts of the global economy. In an attempt to redress this imbalance, I present an assessment for use on cities that are not at the centre of the network; but what we consider ‘end nodes’. I build my argument on Taylor's interlocking model for assessing city connectivity and zoom in on the types of networks that non‐hub cities create through their inter‐linkages with so‐called peer cities in the same economic sector. I take these ego networks as a starting point and then lead the argument on to view city networks from a non‐hub perspective. This allows me to identify the existing linkages between different peer cities within as well as between selected city networks. The renewable energy business in India puts this argument to an empirical test. My findings confirm that this way of looking at city connectivity allows one to assess specifically for city end nodes and thereby contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the world city network.
Outcome of pure mucocele‐like lesions diagnosed on breast core biopsy
Authors: Rakha Emad A , Shaaban Abeer M , Haider Syeda Asma , Jenkins Jacquie , Menon Sindhu , Johnson Christopher , Yamaguchi Rin , Murphy Alison , Liston Joyce , Cornford Eleanor , Hamilton Lisa , James Jonathan , Ellis Ian O , Lee Andrew H S
Published: February 2013

Aim

Current guidelines recommend that mucocele‐like lesions (MLL) of the breast diagnosed on needle core biopsy (NCB) should be categorized as a lesion of uncertain malignant potential (B3). However, data on the outcome of MLL diagnosed on NCB remains limited due to the rarity of this lesion. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of pure MLL without atypia diagnosed on NCB using a large series of cases and a review of the literature to provide evidence that can guide management.

Methods and results

Patients who underwent diagnostic excision biopsy after a core biopsy diagnosis of MLL without atypia were identified from several centres. Two of 54 patients (4%) with MLL without atypia on core biopsy had ductal carcinoma in situ in the subsequent excision specimen. This is similar to the rate in previous studies of 4% (four of 106). If there is atypia in the core biopsy, previous studies found that the frequency of malignancy is much higher at 21% (seven of 33).

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence that pure MLL without atypia diagnosed on NCB is usually associated with a benign outcome.
Efficacy of reciprocating and rotary techniques for removing filling material during root canal retreatment
Authors: Zuolo A. S. , Mello J. E. , Cunha R. S. , Zuolo M. L. , Bueno C. E. S.
Published: February 2013

Aim

To compare the efficacy of reciprocating and rotary techniques with that of hand files for removing gutta‐percha and sealer from root canals.

Methodology

The root canals of fifty‐four human extracted maxillary central incisors were cleaned and shaped using a crown‐down technique to a size 40 and filled with gutta‐percha and a zinc oxide–eugenol‐based sealer using a lateral compaction technique. Teeth were divided into three groups according to the technique used for removing the root filling material: group I – Gates–Glidden burs and stainless steel hand files up to size 50; group II – rotary technique with NiTi Mtwo R files and additional Mtwo files to size 50, 0.04 taper; group III – reciprocating technique with the Reciproc instrument R50, size 50, 0.05 taper. Chloroform was used as a solvent in all groups. Teeth were then split longitudinally and photographed under 8× magnification. The images were transferred to a computer, and the total canal space and remaining filling material were quantified. The ratio of remaining filling material to root canal periphery was computed with the aid of Image Tool 3.0 software. The mean percentages of remaining filling material and time required to remove it were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests (P < 0.05).

Results

The mean percentage of remaining filling material was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group II, with Mtwo rotary files (12.17%), than in group I, with the hand file technique (7.19%), and group III, with Reciproc instruments (4.57%), which were statistically similar (P > 0.05). The time required to remove filling material was significantly shorter (P < 0.05) in group III (194 s), followed by group II (365 s) and group I (725 s) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Remaining endodontic filling material was observed on the canal walls of all teeth regardless of the technique used. Hand files combined with Gates–Glidden burs (group I) and the reciprocating technique (group III) removed more filling material from the canal walls than the Mtwo R files. The reciprocating technique was the most rapid method for removing gutta‐percha and sealer, followed by the rotary technique and the hand file technique.
Factors affecting the viscosity of sodium hypochlorite and their effect on irrigant flow
Authors: Bukiet F. , Soler T. , Guivarch M. , Camps J. , Tassery H. , Cuisinier F. , Candoni N.
Published: February 2013

Aim

To assess the influence of concentration, temperature and surfactant addition to a sodium hypochlorite solution on its dynamic viscosity and to calculate the corresponding Reynolds number to determine the corresponding flow regimen.

Methodology

The dynamic viscosity of the irrigant was assessed using a rotational viscometer. Sodium hypochlorite with concentrations ranging from 0.6% to 9.6% was tested at 37 and 22 °C. A wide range of concentrations of three different surfactants was mixed in 2.4% sodium hypochlorite for viscosity measurements. The Reynolds number was calculated under each condition. Data were analysed using two‐way anova.

Results

There was a significant influence of sodium hypochlorite concentration (P < 0.001) and temperature (P < 0.001) on dynamic viscosity: the latter significantly increased with sodium hypochlorite concentration and decreased with temperature. A significant influence of surfactant concentration on dynamic viscosity (P < 0.001) occurred, especially for high surfactant concentrations: 6.25% for benzalkonium chloride, 15% for Tween 80 and 6.25% for Triton X‐100. Reynolds number values calculated for a given flow rate (0.14 mL s−1), and root canal diameter (sizes 45 and 70) clearly qualified the irrigant flow regimen as laminar.

Conclusions

Dynamic viscosity increased with sodium hypochlorite and surfactant concentration but decreased with temperature. Under clinical conditions, all viscosities measured led to laminar flow. The transition between laminar and turbulent flow may be reached by modifying different parameters at the same time: increasing flow rate and temperature whilst decreasing irrigant viscosity by adding surfactants with a high value of critical micellar concentration.
The Importance of Developing Employability
Authors: Harms P. D. , Brummel Bradley J.
Published: February 2013

The focal article by Hogan, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Kaiser is timely. With persistently high unemployment levels in the United States and across the globe it is clear that we need not only an understanding of what makes people successful in the jobs that they have but also an understanding of how to get them into the workforce and keep them there. To make the problem even clearer, consider the fact that despite the high unemployment rates and increasing numbers of students attending college, there are an estimated 3.5 million unfilled job openings (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/jolts.nr0.htm) at this very moment. Industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists need to come to a better understanding of the nature of this problem and the potential solutions. The focal article represents an important first step in this process, but we believe that there are some areas of neglect in the model presented. In particular, we would like to focus our commentary on the development of both character and knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary for employment.
What Employers Want: A Postmodern Framework
Authors: Graen George B. , Wakabayashi Mitsuru , Hui Chun
Published: February 2013

Hugo Munsterberg, the father of our field, created the structure of our applied psychology theory in hisPsychology and Industrial Efficiency(1913). His three research questions were (a) “How we can find the men whose mental qualities make them best fitted for work which they do?” (b) “Under what psychological conditions we can secure the greatest and most satisfactory output of work from every man?” (c) “How we can produce most completely the influences of human minds which are desired in the interest of business?”
It's Not Us, It's You: Why Isn't Research on Minority Workers Appearing in Our “Top-Tier” Journals?
Authors: Diaz Ismael , Bergman Mindy E.
Published: February 2013

Ruggs et al. (2013) argued that industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists have “gone fishing” insofar as we (as a field) have neglected conducting research on minority groups in the workplace. They offer interesting and insightful suggestions for researching the seven groups named in their paper. We believe that many of these ideas can be extended to other minority groups as well. It is our sincere hope that the focal article will attract the attention of both new and established researchers interested in studying minority group members' experiences in the workplace. We also hope that the article will validate and motivate researchers who already study these issues and confirm the importance of including minority perspectives in the I–O literature.
Colorism: Ubiquitous Yet Understudied
Authors: Marira Tiwi D. , Mitra Priyanka
Published: February 2013

We agree whole-heartedly with Ruggs et al. (2013) call to focus more research attention on the workplace experiences of marginalized employees. Indeed, the authors raised many valid points concerning the needed contributions of industrial and organizational (I–O) psychology to both research and public policy as it relates to marginalized groups. However, we believe that the authors also missed an opportunity to highlight the workplace discrimination experienced by those individuals who are marginalized by their darker skin tones. This form of discrimination is more commonly known as colorism. Subsequently, our commentary focuses on defining this form of discrimination that is not well known among I–O psychologists, explaining why our field should be concerned with studying colorism, and making recommendations regarding how our field can better study colorism, affect jurisprudence on the issue, and ameliorate colorism's effects in workplace settings.
Dysprosium‐Doped (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Thin Films on Nickel Foilsfor Capacitor Applications
Authors: Bretos Iñigo , Schneller Theodor , Waser Rainer , Hennings Detlev F. , Park Daesung , Weirich Thomas
Published: February 2013

The substitution in (Ba0.70Sr0.30)TiO3 thin films by the rare‐earth element dysprosium prepared at 1000°C by chemical solution deposition on nickel foils was investigated. The relatively large thermal budget applied (via annealing temperature) is shown to enhance the solubility of the Dy3+doping ion into the crystal lattice of the perovskite films. Preference for B‐site occupancy of this amphoteric cation was further promoted by the addition of BaO excess (1 mol%), which results in slightly larger grains in the films as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Despite this Ba‐rich composition, the presence of secondary phases in the thin films was not detected by X‐ray diffraction. Transmission electron microscopy revealed no evidence for local segregation of Dy at grain boundaries, neither the formation of NiO at the interface between the film and the metal foil was observed. The substitution of Ti4+ by Dy3+ leads to the formation of strong electron acceptors in the system, which balance the number of ionized oxygen vacancies arisen from the reductive crystallization atmosphere used during processing. As a consequence, the dielectric loss (tan σ) and leakage conduction measured in the resulting thin‐film capacitors were significantly reduced with respect to nominally undoped samples. The improvement of this capacitor feature, combined with the relatively high permittivities obtained in the films (490–530), shows the effectiveness of dysprosium doping within a thin‐film fabrication method for potential application into the multilayer ceramic capacitor technology.
Catalytic Combustion‐Type Hydrogen Sensor Using BaTiO3‐based PTC Thermistor
Authors: Yuasa Masayoshi , Nagano Takahito , Tachibana Naoki , Kida Tetsuya , Shimanoe Kengo
Published: February 2013

A catalytic combustion‐type gas sensor using a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, which shows a sharp resistance change around Curie temperature, was developed for the detection of hydrogen. La‐doped BaTiO3 (Ba0.998 La0.002 TiO3) was prepared through a solid‐state method and an oxalic acid method. La‐doped BaTiO3 obtained by the oxalic acid method showed improved PTC properties, due to the formation of fine particles, as compared to that prepared with the solid‐state method. The resulting sensor device showed a fairly high H2 sensitivity in the range of 100–1000 ppm. In addition, the H2 sensitivity and response speed were improved by coating a Pt/SiO2 catalyst on the sensor device because the catalytic combustion efficiency of H2 was improved by the catalyst coating.