bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ozanimod for treating relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: July 2021

Ozanimod (Zeposia) is a new sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor modulator for the treatment of adults with active relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis. This article discusses its efficacy, adverse effects and place in therapy.
Sensitivity of snowfall forecast over North China to ice crystal deposition/sublimation parameterizations in the WSM6 cloud microphysics scheme
Authors: Ma Zhanshan , Milbrandt Jason A. , Liu Qijun , Zhao Chuanfeng , Li Zhe , Tao Fa , Sun Jian , Shen Xueshun , Kong Qi , Zhou Feifei , Huang Liping , Dai Kan , Sun Leqiang , Chen Jiong , Jiang Qingu , Fan Hao , Yang Yikun , Hu Xiangfeng
Published: July 2021

Ice‐phase cloud microphysical processes are very complicated, and there are still many uncertainties in current microphysics parameterization schemes. In this study, two alternative ice crystal deposition/sublimation (ICDS) parameterizations, following the Harrington et al., Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 1995, 52, 4344–4366 and Koenig, Monthly Weather Review, 1972, 100, 417–423 methods, were implemented into the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) Single‐Moment 6‐class Microphysics (WSM6) scheme in the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) regional operational model to investigate their impact on overestimation of snowfall over North China. The results show that the snowfall amount and cloud particle composition are very sensitive to the ICDS parameterization. Sensitivity tests with WSM6 using the Harrington and Koenig ICDSs, referred to as WSM6_H and WSM6_K, respectively, notably reduced overestimation of the snowfall amount and simulated more realistic supercooled cloud water content compared with ERA5 reanalysis data. The vertical distributions, intensities, and duration of radar echoes simulated by WSM6_H are the most consistent with millimeter‐wavelength cloud radar observations. There is competition for water vapor in WSM6 due to the sequential order in which processes are updated. This tends to weaken the deposition of snow and graupel and the condensation of cloud water when the deposition of ice crystals is too strong in a cold region. In both WSM6_H and WSM6_K, the deposition processes of ice crystals are reduced and the other microphysical transformation processes become more active compared with WSM6. Overall, the WSM6_H configuration improves the forecast performance as evaluated by Taylor diagrams for eight snowfall days over North China. The ICDS parameterizations must therefore be handled carefully due to their large uncertainties in the development of the cloud microphysics schemes.
Potency of BNT162b2 and mRNA‐1273 vaccine‐induced neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome‐CoV‐2 variants of concern: A systematic review of in vitro studies
Authors: Noori Maryam , Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria , Arshi Shahnam , Carson‐Chahhoud Kristin , Ansarin Khalil , Kolahi Ali‐Asghar , Safiri Saeid
Published: July 2021

BNT162b2 and mRNA‐1273 are two types of mRNA‐based vaccine platforms that have received emergency use authorization. The emergence of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS‐CoV‐2) variants has raised concerns of reduced sensitivity to neutralization by their elicited antibodies. We aimed to systematically review the most recent in vitro studies evaluating the effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA‐1273 induced neutralizing antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in addition to bioRxiv and medRxiv with terms including ‘SARS‐CoV‐2’, ‘BNT162b2’, ‘mRNA‐1273’, and ‘neutralizing antibody’ up to June 29, 2021. A modified version of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist was used for assessing included study quality. A total 36 in vitro studies meeting the eligibility criteria were included in this systematic review. B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS‐CoV‐2 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern. Included studies implemented different methods regarding pseudovirus or live virus neutralization assays for measuring neutralization titres against utilized viruses. After two dose vaccination by BNT162b2 or mRNA‐1273, the B.1.351 variant had the least sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies, while B.1.1.7 variant had the most sensitivity; that is, it was better neutralized relative to the comparator strain. P.1 and B.1.617.2 variants had an intermediate level of impaired naturalization activity of antibodies elicited by prior vaccination. Our review suggests that immune sera derived from vaccinated individuals might show reduced protection of individuals immunized with mRNA vaccines against more recent SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern.
Model estimated baseflow for streams with endangered Atlantic Salmon in Maine,USA
Authors: Lombard Pamela J. , Dudley Robert W. , Collins Mathias J. , Saunders Rory , Atkinson Ernie
Published: July 2021

We present a regression model for estimating mean August baseflow per square kilometer of drainage area to help resource managers assess relative amounts of baseflow in Maine streams with Atlantic Salmon habitat. The model was derived from mean August baseflows computed at 31 USGS streamflow gages in Maine. We use an ordinary least squares regression model to estimate mean August baseflow per unit drainage area from two explanatory variables: percentage of the basin underlain by sand and gravel aquifers and mean July precipitation in the basin. This model provides the ability to estimate mean August baseflow in cubic meters per second per square kilometer of basin area on user‐selected, ungaged sites throughout Maine south of 46° 21′55″ N latitude. The model has an adjusted R2of 0.78 and a mean 95% prediction interval of plus or minus 0.002 cubic meters per second per square kilometer. A map of the Narraguagus watershed in eastern coastal Maine shows reaches color coded by relative amounts of baseflow predicted by the model as an example of how this method could be applied throughout Maine. The map can be used to identify reaches with relatively higher amounts of baseflow during summer low flows for habitat conservation and restoration work. These areas have the potential to be high‐quality habitat for Atlantic salmon and other cold‐water fish because baseflows are known to moderate stream temperatures in summer low‐flow periods.
Computational fluid dynamics simulations of water flow on a studded upstream eel pass
Authors: Ibnu Syihab Abu B. M. , Verdin Patrick G. , Wright Rosalind M. , Piper Adam T. , Rivas Casado Monica
Published: July 2021

The European eel population has undergone a significant decline in recruitment over the last 3–4 decades. Anthropogenic riverine barriers that disrupt the eel's life cycle when migrating upstream are contributory factors in this decline. The development of eel passage facilities is one of many attempts to mitigate this problem. In upstream passes, eels rely on a substrate in the base of the pass to assist their ascent by climbing and/or swimming. This study numerically evaluates, using computational fluid dynamics, the hydrodynamic characteristics of water flow on a studded substrate, under a range of installation angles and water flowrates. To assess and predict the efficiency of the pass, simulated flow field data were used to create pass‐ability maps by comparing simulated velocity data with eel swimming capabilities. An 11° installation angle with a ramp flowrate of 1.12 × 10−3 m3/s per metre width was shown to be likely most suitable for 70 mm long eels, and could be used by eels with sizes up to 150 mm. The numerical study has also shown that under specific water flowrates, installation angles of 30° or more can make the water level fluctuate and splash out of the eel pass, resulting in potential inefficiency in ramp water supply, while posing additional challenges for eels ascending the pass.
Ni/Cu Regulating Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon as Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Hu Hao , Liang Jia‐Hao , Zu Zhao‐Yang , Mi Jian‐Li , Xiao Bei‐Bei , Zhang Peng
Published: July 2021

Transition metal and nitrogen co‐doped carbon materials have been widely investigated as promising electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Incorporating two different metals in N‐doped carbon may synergistically improve the catalytic activity. Herein, Ni/Cu incorporated N‐doped porous carbon materials (Ni1‐xCux‐N−C) with different Ni/Cu ratios were prepared by a direct carbonization of the metal‐organic complexes which were obtained via a NaOH‐mediated organometallic reaction of metal ions and benzimidazole. It is found that the Ni/Cu ratio significantly alters the Ni1‐xCux particle sizes, the surface morphology, the specific surface area, and the pore structure of the catalysts, eventually affecting the ORR activities. Ni0.7Cu0.3‐N−C exhibits the best ORR activity among the studied Ni1‐xCux‐N−C catalysts with a half‐wave potential of 0.783 V and a limiting current density of 4.85 mA cm−2 in alkaline medium. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the synergistic effect of bimetallic Ni/Cu can optimize the adsorption/desorption features and promote the ORR catalytic activities.
A Porphyrin‐Based 5‐Fluorouracil and Its Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Antitumor Activity
Authors: Lin Zunxian , Chen Zhengwang , Zhong Guanlin , Long Lipeng , He Peng , Luo Guotian
Published: July 2021

The novel porphyrin‐based 5‐fluorouracil and its metal complexes were synthesized. Through the combination of porphyrin and anticancer drug 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), it provides ideas for how to maximize the antitumor activity of drugs. The new porphyrin and its metal complexes take advantage of the enrichment of porphyrins in tumor cells, which makes them have higher cytotoxicity to tumor cells than normal cells, thus reducing the toxic and side effects. Excellent photophysical properties were illustrated by UV‐vis absorption and emission spectra with enhanced absorbance between 650 and 750 nm and fluorescence emission within 600–800 nm. Besides, manganese porphyrin and non‐central metalloporphyrin were evaluated in vitro by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2‐H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against MCF‐7, HepG2, and HeLa. In addition, compared with free 5‐fluorouracil, the novel manganese porphyrin shows higher antitumor activity. Therefore, the novel manganese porphyrin‐based 5‐fluorouracil is a promising drug for cancer treatment due to its effective antitumor activity, and near‐infrared absorption.
Zinc‐ion Hybrid Capacitor with High Energy Density Constructed by Bamboo Shavings Derived Spongy‐like Porous Carbon
Authors: Zhang Xiaopeng , Zhang Yihe , Zhang Hanfang , Zhang Yingge , Ma Zequn , Sun Li
Published: July 2021

The preparation of functional biomass‐derived porous carbon with developed pore structures has always been a challenge without using acids and bases. Herein, a simple and green method is proposed to synthesize bamboo shavings derived porous carbon materials (BSCS) with large specific surface area and spongy‐like structure. The unique porous and loose structure ensures that the electrolyte ions can be quickly transported in the electrode material during the process of charge and discharge, thus making full use of the active surface. As a result, the assembled zinc‐ion hybrid capacitor (ZIHC) based on BSC4 displays a high specific capacity of 104 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and an excellent capacity retention of 106.1 % after 10000 cycles. Importantly, the solid‐state ZIHC delivers high capacity of 124 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, high power density of 15221.2 W kg−1, and remarkable energy density of 197.7 Wh kg−1. This work provides a green strategy to construct functional carbon materials from biomass waste for ZIHCs.
ZnSe Modified Zinc Metal Anodes: Toward Enhanced Zincophilicity and Ionic Diffusion
Authors: Li Tian Chen , Lim Yew Von , Xie Xuesong , Li Xue Liang , Li Guojing , Fang Daliang , Li Yifan , Ang Yee Sin , Ang Lay Kee , Yang Hui Ying
Published: July 2021

Zinc metal is an ideal candidate for aqueous rechargeable batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and natural abundance. However, its commercialization is inevitably challenged by several critical factors such as dendrite growth and parasitic side‐reactions, leading to low coulombic efficiency and a limited lifespan. Herein, a modified Zn foil with a zincophilic ZnSe layer deposited by a simple selenization process is proposed. An order of magnitude stronger adsorption capability toward Zn2+ ions and uniform ion diffusion tunnels of ZnSe enables lower nucleation energy barrier and faster ion‐diffusion kinetics. Meanwhile, detrimental Zn corrosion in aqueous system is also effectively mitigated. As a result, ZnSe@Zn anode shows reversible Zn plating/stripping (1700 h at 1 mA cm−2) with ultra‐low voltage hysteresis (41 mV), contributing to exceptional cycling stability over 500 cycles with negligible capacity fading for the ZnSe@Zn/MnO2 full cell.
Novel Core–Shell Polyamine Phosphate Nanoparticles Self‐Assembled from PEGylated Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) with Low Toxicity and Increased In Vivo Circulation Time
Authors: Andreozzi Patrizia , Simó Cristina , Moretti Paolo , Porcel Joaquin Martinez , Lüdtke Tanja Ursula , Ramirez Maria de los Angeles , Tamberi Lorenza , Marradi Marco , Amenitsch Heinz , Llop Jordi , Ortore Maria Grazia , Moya Sergio Enrique
Published: July 2021

An approach for reducing toxicity and enhancing therapeutic potential of supramolecular polyamine phosphate nanoparticles (PANs) through PEGylation of polyamines before their assembly into nanoparticles is presented here. It is shown that the number of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains for polyamine largely influence physico‐chemical properties of PANs and their biological endpoints. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) are functionalized through carbodiimide chemistry with three ratios of PEG molecules per PAH chain: 0.1, 1, and 10. PEGylated PAH is then assembled into PANs by exposing the polymer to phosphate buffer solution. PANs decrease size and surface charge with increasing PEG ratios as evidenced by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements, with the ten PEG/PAH ratio PANs having practically zero charge. Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) proves that PEG chains form a shell around a polyamine core, which is responsible for the screening of positive charges. MTT experiments show that the screening of amine groups decreases nanoparticle toxicity, with the lowest toxicity for the 10 PEG/PAH ratio. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) proves less interaction with proteins for PEGylated PANs. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 18F labelled PANs shows longer circulation time in healthy mice for PEGylated PANs than non‐PEGylated ones.
Earliest fossil record of the genus Tetradium (Rutaceae) in Asia: implications for its evolution and palaeoecology
Authors: Huang Lu‐Liang , Jin Jian‐Hua , Quan Cheng , Oskolski Alexei A.
Published: July 2021

A new species, Tetradium nanningense sp. nov. (Rutaceae), is described on the basis of well‐preserved mummified wood from the upper Oligocene Yongning Formation of Nanning Basin, Guangxi Province, South China. This species represents the most ancient fossil evidence of the genus Tetradium in Asia, the region of its modern distribution. Its occurrence in the late Oligocene is consistent with the diversification age of the modern Asian species within this genus as estimated by molecular dating: T. nanningense could be closely related to an ancestor of extant Tetradium species. The fossil record of Tetradium suggests that this genus migrated from North America to eastern Asia in the Oligocene. The presence of (semi‐)ring‐porous wood and helical thickenings on vessel walls in T. nanningense provides new evidence for the independent gains of these traits in the course of evolution among different plant groups from eastern and south‐eastern Asia in the Oligocene. These wood features might have arisen in response to the increase in climate seasonality following the abrupt climate cooling across the Eocene–Oligocene boundary.
Evolution of thermal parameters of wet‐screened dam concrete after different freeze–thaw deterioration
Authors: Huang Yaoying , Ding Qian , Wang Yu , Liao Zaiyi , Yin Xiaohui
Published: July 2021

Even with specialized equipment, it is difficult to measure the thermal parameters of dam concrete during freeze–thaw testing. In addition, numerical calculations usually assume that freeze–thaw cycling does not change the thermal parameters of the aggregate and mortar of dam concrete, which makes it difficult to accurately determine how these parameters evolve during freeze–thaw deterioration. To address this challenge, we propose herein a new method to determine the thermal parameters of wet‐screened dam concrete during freeze–thaw deterioration. This method involves freeze–thaw testing, temperature perturbation, numerical calculation, and optimization inversion. First, 200 rapid freeze–thaw tests and 5 temperature perturbation tests of 5 concrete specimens were carried out. Next, orthogonal design parameters were used to calculate the temperature field of the specimens via the finite‐element method. A neural network was then established based on the difference between the measured and calculated temperatures. The expected difference and measured density were fed into the model to invert the thermal parameters of the concrete for different water–cement ratios, ages, and content of the air‐entraining agent. The results show that, upon increasing the number of freeze–thaw cycles, the thermal conductivity of wet‐screened dam concrete gradually decreases, the specific heat remains relatively constant, and the surface heat‐transfer coefficient gradually increases.
Steady‐State Dual‐Rate Open‐Loop Transfer Function Model‐Based Ripple‐Free Design
Authors: Yasui Ryota , Kawaguchi Natsuki , Sato Takao , Araki Nozomu , Konishi Yasuo
Published: July 2021

The dual‐rate control system, in which the sampling interval is an integer multiple of the holding interval, is designed using the null‐space of the steady‐state characteristic of the controlled plant. In the proposed method, a dual‐rate control law is extended independent of the steady‐state discrete‐time output response. As a result, the intersample ripples caused by the input oscillation are eliminated by reallocating the control input. The proposed method based on the steady‐state characteristic is a simple strategy compared with conventional methods based on the dynamic characteristic. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Study on No‐Load Loss and Rotor Contact Resistance of Asynchronous Motor
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Guo Yali , Bai Lianping
Published: July 2021

In induction motor no‐load test, the no‐load losses usually include the stator copper loss, iron loss, the friction, and the windage losse, and the stray loss, and the rotor aluminum loss often is ignored. In this paper, a new method that separates the rotor aluminum loss from the no‐load losses is mentioned. Although, in IEEE Standard 112 and IEC34‐2, the rotor aluminum loss is neglected in no‐load test. However, in proposed method, the rotor aluminum loss is considered as an important part of the no‐load loss. Therefore, this paper intends to develop a new testing method to obtain the rotor aluminum loss under no‐load condition. In this case, six induction motors of the same kind (3 kW, four‐poles) are chosen to carry out no‐load and ideal no‐load tests. Through the comparative analysis of experimental data, the no‐load rotor aluminum loss accounts for about 13.4% of the no‐load loss, and the test approach can also explain that this part loss is not generated by higher harmonics. Based on these results, this paper demonstrates that the rotor contact resistance has great influence for the no‐load rotor aluminum loss, and a rotor resistance analysis model with rotor contact resistance is proposed. Final, the proposed method offers the possibility of taking measures on rotor resistance to improve motor efficiency. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Sterically Encumbered Coordination Sites. Iron(II) Complexes of Jäger‐type ligands with a Terphenyl Backbone
Authors: Dürrmann Andreas , Hörner Gerald , Wagner Stefan , Breuning Matthias , Weber Birgit
Published: July 2021

A Schiff base‐like ligand H2LTerPh featuring a para‐terphenyl backbone was synthesized and converted in two steps to an octahedral iron(II) coordination polymer with 1,2‐bis‐(4‐pyridyl)‐ethylene as bridging ligand. Single crystal X‐ray structure analysis was possible for the free ligand and the two octahedral iron(II) complexes. The Schiff base‐like ligand features a [N2O2]2− coordination sphere for the metal center and the para‐terphenyl backbone introduces intrinsic steric constraint. Characterization of the coordination polymer with an N4O2 coordination sphere around the iron center via magnetic measurements (SQUID) and room temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed HS character in the entire temperature range investigated. Structure modelling with DFT calculations supports the findings, but support also the possibility of spin crossover in solution.
Alternative Routes
Authors: Jonker Jan , Faber Niels
Published: July 2021

This book is designed to support you to work through the ten building blocks of the Business Model Template (BMT), grouped into three stages, from left to right and top to bottom. The underlying idea is to develop a business model from scratch by following the various steps in the Business Model Template in a straightforward and almost linear manner. There is nothing wrong with your first attempt at developing a business model. But there are many other possible routes. Here we outline five possible alternatives: (1) Idea-driven, (2) Proposition-driven, (3) Network-driven, (4) Impact-driven, and (5) Competence-driven. Depending on your circumstances, the networks you have access to, and the nature of the idea you would like to pursue, an alternative route might be worth looking at. You can still use all of the building blocks of the Business Model Template, but in a different order. That part is up to you.
The Art of Doing
Authors: Jonker Jan , Faber Niels
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the Business Model Template (BMT) is to help you turn your idea into a viable project or organization. To illustrate this, two real-life case studies are offered in this chapter. Firstly, the KipCaravan project, which is a mobile home—a caravan—for chickens. It involves low-scale egg production in several locations. Secondly, the Sun at School NSV2 project in the city of Nijmegen. For both projects you will find a step-by-step description of the different routes followed. As you will see, the interpretation of the building blocks is different for every project and there is no best order in which to stack the building blocks. Bear in mind that both projects are still up and running successfully at the time of writing. These examples are shown in simplified versions and with the benefit of hindsight, of course. Perhaps the essence of doing business is having the courage to start without a ready-made recipe.
Business Modelling
Authors: Jonker Jan , Faber Niels
Published: July 2021

A transition from a linear economy to a more sustainable and circular economy requires different business models. In this chapter, we provide you with an introduction to the nature and logic of business models. In essence, a business model is a description of how value creation between parties or partners is organized, at a particular moment, in a specific context, and given available resources. Conventional business modelling approaches have several weaknesses—the main point of criticism being their focus on creating financial value. With the Business Model Template (BMT), we try to resolve most of these criticisms. To do so we introduce three archetypal business models: the platform, community, and circular economy business models. This chapter provides an overview on how, over three stages and ten building blocks that together make up the Business Model Template, these archetypal business models will be used.
Strategy
Authors: Jonker Jan , Faber Niels
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, we explore the nature of strategy. We have touched upon the subject in earlier chapters but here we present a typology of strategies. We define strategy as a route consisting of a set of deliberate actions leading to realizing your sustainable value proposition. Strategy can be approached as a plan or a process. Six strategies are distinguished: (1) eco-efficiency, (2) product as a service, (3) use optimization, (4) lifespan extension, (5) cascading, and (6) community building. Each of these strategies can be used as a stand-alone strategy or in a balanced combination while developing one of the business model archetypes. Which of these strategies or combinations you choose depends on the specific circumstances and stakeholders involved and the context in which you are seeking to realize your business model, as well as the underlying value proposition. A functional strategy is fundamentally a matter of clear, reasoned and actionable choices.
Co-constructing an Opportunity with a Community of Inquiry
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Patzelt Holger
Published: July 2021

Entrepreneurs can learn about potential opportunitiesthrough social interactions with communities of inquiry. However, how do entrepreneurs build such communities, and how do they engage community members over time to develop their potential opportunities? Building on a recent study of eight new ventures and their communities of inquiry over nine months (Shepherd et al. in Journal of Business Venturing, 106033), this chapter presents a social model of opportunity development. The chapter explains how entrepreneurial teams that progress well toward market launch consist of varied specialists who openly engage their communities of inquiry. This open engagement leads such teams to gather diverse information, generate multiple alternatives (technology and market), and test conjectures about their potential opportunities through disconfirmation. In contrast, unsuccessful entrepreneurial teams rely on focused engagement with their communities of inquiry. This focused engagement leads these teams to gather specific information, generate a few related alternatives, and seek to confirm their opportunity conjectures. This chapter highlights new insights into entrepreneurial teams’ engagement with communities of inquiry to explain opportunity development and, ultimately, new venture progress.
Managing New Ventures
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Patzelt Holger
Published: July 2021

The creation of new ventures and growing them into well-established organizations is the key purpose of managing new ventures. This chapter explains the 10 most essential subtopics for managing new ventures (Shepherd et al. in Journal of Management 47:11–42, 2021): (1) lead founder, (2) founding team, (3) social relationships, (4) cognitions, (5) emergent organizing, (6) new venture strategy, (7) organizational emergence, (8) new venture legitimacy, (9) founder exit, and (10) entrepreneurial environment. This chapter ties these “managing” subtopics into the three major stages of the entrepreneurial process—co-creating, organizing, and performing. The framework provides a cohesive story of managing new ventures.
Scaling New Ventures
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Patzelt Holger
Published: July 2021

Although scaling is a “hot topic” in the practitioner literature, it has mostly been ignored (at least explicitly) in the academic literature. Building on a recent editorial, this chapter highlights the importance of scaling for new venture growth. Scaling refers to spreading excellence within a venture as it grows (organically or through acquisition) from a new (and often small) organization to an established, large organization (Shepherd & Patzelt in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720950599, 2020). In this chapter, we explore the drivers and consequences of scaling and explain how knowledge management facilitates scaling, how founder replacement impacts scaling, and how current scaling influences subsequent scaling.
(Un)doing gender in den räumlichen Arrangements der Kita
Authors: Vogt Franziska
Published: July 2021

Um Alltagspraktiken desdoingundundoing genderin der Kita zu beschreiben, muss auch der Raum einbezogen werden. Wie die Kita alsgendered organisation(Acker 1990) verstanden wird, zeigt sich auch der Kitaraum alsgendered. Die Pädagogik der frühen Kindheit weist dem Raum und den Spielmaterialien eine hohe Bedeutung zu. Im Kontext des Forschungsprojekts stellt sich die Frage, welche Möglichkeiten fürdoingundundoing genderin den räumlichen Arrangements der Kitas bereitgestellt werden und auf welche Weisen der geplante Raum mit seinen Ordnungsstrukturen und Repräsentationendoingoder aberundoing gendervermittelt und nahelegt. Auf der Basis der visuellen Ethnographie (Pink, 2008) wurden in Raumbegehungen in zwanzig Kitas Fotos der Räume und Spielangebote sowie Raumskizzen gemacht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Zuteilung von Spielangeboten als Jungen- oder Mädchenspiel die räumliche Anordnung in mehreren Bereichen stärker strukturiert als die ebenfalls traditionellen Zuordnungen zu Spielformen oder Bildungsbereichen. Genderismen (Goffman 1994) als Differenzvorstellungen sind nach wie vor im räumlichen Arrangement der Kitas verankert.
(Un)doing gender in organisationalen Rhythmen und Routinen
Authors: Nentwich Julia C.
Published: July 2021

Die Diskurse der Betreuung und Bildung erweisen sich für die geschlechterdifferenzierende Konstruktion des Berufsbilds in historischer Perspektive wie für die Organisation der Rhythmen und Routinen im Kita-Alltag als äußerst relevant. Unsere ethnografische Erforschung der beobachtbaren Routinen in Kombination mit den Interviews mit Kinderbetreuenden erlauben uns, die gendered practices in der Kita herauszuarbeiten. In den organisationalen Rhythmen und Routinen der Kitas findet doing gender in Form einer Dramatisierung einer "hauswirtschaftlichen Weiblichkeit" statt, während ein undoing gender mit der im Idealbild guter Kinderbetreuung als guter Pädagogik stattfindenden Dethematisierung von Geschlecht einhergeht. Ein ethnografischer Zugang ist hier wesentlich, da das in die Rhythmen und Routinen eingeschriebene Wissen über gute Kinderbetreuung nicht explizit sprachlich zur Verfügung steht und erst durch Interpretation zugänglich wird.
SLC4A2 anion exchanger promotes tumour cell malignancy via enhancing net acid efflux across golgi membranes
Authors: Khosrowabadi Elham , Rivinoja Antti , Risteli Maija , Tuomisto Anne , Salo Tuula , Mäkinen Markus J. , Kellokumpu Sakari
Published: July 2021

Proper functioning of each secretory and endocytic compartment relies on its unique pH micro-environment that is known to be dictated by the rates of V-ATPase-mediated H+ pumping and its leakage back to the cytoplasm via an elusive “H+ leak” pathway. Here, we show that this proton leak across Golgi membranes is mediated by the AE2a (SLC4A2a)-mediated bicarbonate-chloride exchange, as it is strictly dependent on bicarbonate import (in exchange for chloride export) and the expression level of the Golgi-localized AE2a anion exchanger. In the acidic Golgi lumen, imported bicarbonate anions and protons then facilitate a common buffering reaction that yields carbon dioxide and water before their egress back to the cytoplasm via diffusion or water channels. The flattened morphology of the Golgi cisternae helps this process, as their high surface-volume ratio is optimal for water and gas exchange. Interestingly, this net acid efflux pathway is often upregulated in cancers and established cancer cell lines, and responsible for their markedly elevated Golgi resting pH and attenuated glycosylation potential. Accordingly, AE2 knockdown in SW-48 colorectal cancer cells was able to restore these two phenomena, and at the same time, reverse their invasive and anchorage-independent growth phenotype. These findings suggest a possibility to return malignant cells to a benign state by restoring Golgi resting pH.
Gravity Field Recovery and Error Analysis for the MOCASS Mission Proposal Based on Cold Atom Interferometry
Authors: Reguzzoni Mirko , Migliaccio Federica , Batsukh Khulan
Published: July 2021

Satellite missions providing data for a continuous monitoring of the Earth gravity field and its changes are fundamental to study climate changes, hydrology, sea level changes, and solid Earth phenomena. GRACE-FO (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On) mission was launched in 2018 and NGGM (Next Generation Gravity Mission) studies are ongoing for the long-term monitoring of the time-variable gravity field. In recent years, an innovative mission concept for gravity measurements has also emerged, exploiting a spaceborne gravity gradio-meter based on cold atom interferometers. In particular, a team of researchers from Italian universities and research institutions has proposed a mission concept called MOCASS (Mass Observation with Cold Atom Sensors in Space) and conducted the study to investigate the performance of a cold atom gradiometer on board a low Earth orbiter and its impact on the modeling of different geophysical phenomena. This paper presents the analysis of the gravity gradient data attainable by such a mission. Firstly, the mathematical model for the MOCASS data processing will be described. Then numerical simulations will be presented, considering different satellite orbital altitudes, pointing modes and instrument configurations (single-arm and double-arm); overall, data were simulated for twenty different observation scenarios. Finally, the simulation results will be illustrated, showing the applicability of the proposed concept and the improvement in modeling the static gravity field with respect to GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer).
Full-body MR imaging: a retrospective study on a novel diagnostic approach for children sustaining high-energy trauma
Authors: Ludwig Johanna , Heumann Peter , Gümbel Denis , Rechenberg Ulrike , Goelz Leonie , Mutze Sven , Ekkernkamp Axel , Bakir Sinan
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Severe accidents are the leading cause of long-term impairment and death in children. A common diagnostic procedure for children exposed to high-injury trauma is full-body contrast-enhanced CT (fbCT). However, the number of fbCT without detected injuries is relevant. In 2007, full-body MRI (fbMRI) was implemented as a diagnostic approach for children sustaining high-energy trauma.

The aim of this cross-sectional retrospective study was to analyze fbMRI as a diagnostic tool for children after high-energy trauma focusing on feasibility, radiological findings, and limitations.

Methods

Diagnostics using fbMRI (from apex of the head to the pelvis) was performed if a child was stable and suffered a high-energy trauma in a Level I Trauma Center in Germany. 105 fbMRIs in patients exposed to high-energy trauma aged ≤ 16 years were performed between January 2007 and December 2018. Four fbMRIs were excluded as conducted for reasons other than trauma. Time between arrival in the emergency department and fbMRI, additional diagnostic procedures, injuries, and non-trauma related pathologies were analyzed.

Results

Mean time between arrival in the emergency department and fbMRI was 71 min (± SD 132 min). Two scans were discontinued and changed to a faster diagnostic procedure. 45% of children had additional X-rays and 11% CT scans. The MRIs showed intracranial abnormalities in 27%, extremities injuries in 26%, spinal injuries in 18%, pelvic, and thoracic injuries in 7% of the cases.

Conclusion

Overall fbMRI is a diagnostic alternative for hemodynamically stable, conscious children after high-energy trauma with the advantages of a radiation-free technique. However, MRI diagnostics take longer than CT scans. Prospective studies will be needed to identify the limiting factors of fbMRIs as primary diagnostic procedure compared to CT scans.

Trial registration

German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS; DRKS00017015).

Level of evidence

Case series, level of evidence V.
Self-harm in children 12 years and younger: characteristics and outcomes based on the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England
Authors: Geulayov Galit , Casey Debbie , Bale Liz , Brand Fiona , Townsend Ellen , Ness Jennifer , Rehman Muzamal , Waters Keith , Clements Caroline , Farooq Bushra , Kapur Nav , Hawton Keith
Published: July 2021

Background

Very little is known about self-harm in children. We describe the characteristics and outcomes of children under 13 years who presented following self-harm to five hospitals in England.

Methods

We included children under 13 years who presented after self-harm to hospitals in the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England. Information on patients’ characteristics and method of self-harm was available through monitoring of self-harm in the hospitals. Area level of socioeconomic deprivation was based on the English Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD).

Results

387 children aged 5–12 years presented to the study hospitals in 2000–2016, 39% of whom were 5–11 years. Boys outnumbered girls 2:1 at 5–10 years. The numbers of boys and girls were similar at age 11, while at 12 years there were 3.8 girls to every boy. The proportion of study children living in neighbourhoods ranked most deprived (43.4%) was twice the national average. 61.5% of children self-poisoned, 50.6% of them by ingesting analgesics. Of children who self-injured, 45.0% self-cut/stabbed, while 28.9% used hanging/asphyxiation. 32% of the children had a repeat hospital presentation for self-harm, 13.5% re-presented within a year.

Conclusions

Gender patterns of self-harm until age 11 years are different to those of adolescents, with a male preponderance, especially in 5–10 years, and hanging/suffocation being more common. The frequent use of self-poisoning in this age group highlights the need for public health messages to encourage safer household storage of medicines. Self-harm in children is strongly associated with socioeconomic deprivation; understanding the mechanisms involved could be important in effective prevention.
The descriptional power of queue automata of constant length
Authors: Jakobi Sebastian , Meckel Katja , Mereghetti Carlo , Palano Beatrice
Published: July 2021

We consider the notion of a constant length queue automaton—i.e., a traditional queue automaton with a built-in constant limit on the length of its queue—as a formalism for representing regular languages. We show that the descriptional power of constant length queue automata greatly outperforms that of traditional finite state automata, of constant height pushdown automata, and of straight line programs for regular expressions, by providing optimal exponential and double-exponential size gaps. Moreover, we prove that constant height pushdown automata can be simulated by constant length queue automata paying only by a linear size increase, and that removing nondeterminism in constant length queue automata requires an optimal exponential size blow-up, against the optimal double-exponential cost for determinizing constant height pushdown automata. Finally, we investigate the size cost of implementing Boolean language operations on deterministic and nondeterministic constant length queue automata.
Prophylactic Onlay Mesh Repair (POMR) Versus Primary Suture Repair (PSR) for Prevention of Incisional Hernia (IH) After Abdominal Wall Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Hassan Maha Awaiz , Yunus Rossita Mohamad , Khan Shahjahan , Memon Muhammed Ashraf
Published: July 2021

Background

With many different operative techniques in use to reduce the incidence of incisional hernias (IH) following a midline laparotomy, there is no consensus among the clinicians on the efficacy and safety of any particular repair technique. This meta‐analysis compares the prophylactic onlay mesh repair (POMR) and primary suture repair (PSR) for the incidence of IH.

Methods

A meta‐analysis and systematic review of MEDLINE, PubMed Central (via PubMed), Embase (via Ovid), SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SCI and Cochrane Library databases were undertaken. Seven randomized controlled trials assessing the outcomes of PSR and POMR were analyzed in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The risk of bias was assessed using the Rob2 tool.

Results

According to the pooled analysis, POMR significantly reduced the incidence of IH compared to the PSR (OR 5.82 [95% CI 2.69, 12.58] P < 0.01) with a significantly higher seroma formation rate post‐surgery (OR 0.35 [95% CI 0.18, 0.67] P < 0.01). Furthermore, the length of hospital stay (WMD −0.78 [95% CI −1.58, 0.02] P = 0.05) was significantly shorter for PSR compared to POMR group. Comparable effects were noted for reintervention, postoperative ileus, postoperative hematoma, postoperative mortality, long‐term intervention and long‐term deaths between the two groups.

Conclusions

POMR significantly reduces the risk of IH when compared to the PSR, with an increased risk of postoperative seroma formation and longer hospital stay. However, more RCTs with standardized protocols are needed for meaningful comparisons of the two interventions, along with longer duration of follow‐up to assess the impact on the occurrence of IH.
Effects of sevoflurane exposure during different stages of pregnancy on the brain development of rat offspring
Authors: Cui Feng-he , Li Jie , Li Ke-zhong , Xie Yong-gang , Zhao Xiao-ling
Published: July 2021

Objective

This study explored the effects of sevoflurane exposure during different stages of pregnancy on the brain development of offspring.

Methods

Thirty-six pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, sevoflurane exposure in early (S1) pregnancy, sevoflurane exposure in middle (S2) pregnancy, and sevoflurane exposure in late (S3) pregnancy. After natural birth, the learning and memory capacity of offspring rats was analyzed using the Morris water maze experiment. The hippocampi of offspring rats were collected. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the hippocampus were measured by ELISA. Additionally, the Nissl bodies in the hippocampus were analyzed using Nissl staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of BDNF and CPEB2 in the hippocampus of offspring. Proteins related to the NR4A1/NF-κB pathway were analyzed using western blotting.

Results

The memory and learning capacity of offspring rats was significantly reduced in the S1 and S2 groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05), while there was no obvious difference between the control and S3 groups (p > 0.05). The level of IL-1β was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the S1 group compared with the control group. Sevoflurane anesthesia received in early and middle pregnancy could significantly affect the formation of Nissl bodies in the hippocampi of offspring rats. In addition, the expression of BDNF and CPEB2 in the hippocampi of offspring rats was greatly decreased in the S1 group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The expression of NR4A1 in the hippocampi of rat offspring was significantly decreased in the S1 and S2 groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The expression of proteins related to the NF-κB pathway was increased in the S1 group compared to the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The neurotoxic effect of maternal sevoflurane anesthesia on the brain development of offspring is higher when the exposure occurs in early pregnancy than in late pregnancy, and its mechanism might involve the NR4A1/NF-κB pathway to increase the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
Disentangling the relative importance of spatio-temporal parameters and host specificity in shaping arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus communities in a temperate forest
Authors: Grünfeld Leonie , Mola Magkdi , Wulf Monika , Hempel Stefan , Veresoglou Stavros D.
Published: July 2021

Many woody and herbaceous plants in temperate forests cannot establish and survive in the absence of mycorrhizal associations. Most temperate forests are dominated by ectomycorrhizal woody plant species, which implies that the carrying capacity of the habitat for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is relatively low and AMF could in some cases experience a limitation of propagules. Here we address how the AMF community composition varied in a small temperate forest site in Germany in relation to time, space, two plant host species, and also with regard to the degree to which plots were covered with AMF-associating woody species. The AMF communities in our study were non-random. We observed that space had a greater impact on fungal community composition than either time, mycorrhizal state of the close-by woody species, or the identity of the host plant. The identity of the host plant was the only parameter that modified AMF richness in the roots. The set of parameters which we addressed has rarely been studied together, and the resulting ranking could ease prioritizing some of them to be included in future surveys. AMF are crucial for the establishment of understory plants in temperate forests, making it desirable to further explore how they vary in time and space.
Caregiver burden in patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and non-fluent variant and semantic variant primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Guger Michael , Raschbacher Stefan , Kellermair Lukas , Vosko Milan R. , Eggers Christian , Forstner Thomas , Leitner Karin , Fuchs Alexandra , Fellner Franz , Ransmayr Gerhard
Published: July 2021

Studies on caregiver burden in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration are rare, differ methodologically and show variable results. Single center longitudinal pilot study on caregiver burden and potential risk factors in patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and semantic (svPPA) and non-fluent variants (nfvPPA) primary progressive aphasia. Forty-six bvFTD, nine svPPA, and six nfvPPA patients and caring relatives were analysed for up to 2 years using the Mini-Mental State Examination as global measure for cognitive performance, Frontal Assessment Battery (frontal lobe functions), Frontal Behavioural Inventory (personality and behaviour), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (dementia-related neuropsychiatric symptoms), Barthel Index and Lawton IADL Scale (basic and instrumental activities of daily living), the Caregiver Strain Index (CSI), and in most participants also the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). CSI baseline sum scores were highest in bvFTD (mean ± SD 5.5 ± 3.4, median 5, IQR 6), intermediate in svPPA (2.9 ± 2.3; 3; 3.5) and low in nfvPPA (1.6 ± 2.1; 1; 2). Similar differences of caregiver burden were found using the ZBI. During follow-up, CSI and ZBI sum scores deteriorated in svPPA, not in bvFTD and nfvPPA, and correlated significantly with personality and behaviour, neuropsychiatric symptoms, caregiver age, and instrumental, but not basic activities of daily living, Mini-Mental State Examination scores or frontal lobe functions. This study reveals differences in caregiver burden in variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Caregivers should be systematically asked for caregiver burden from the time of the diagnosis to provide comprehensive support in time.
Automorphism Groups of Certain Enriques Surfaces
Authors: Brandhorst Simon , Shimada Ichiro
Published: July 2021

We calculate the automorphism group of certain Enriques surfaces. The Enriques surfaces that we investigate include very general n-nodal Enriques surfaces and very general cuspidal Enriques surfaces. We also describe the action of the automorphism group on the set of smooth rational curves and on the set of elliptic fibrations.