bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Two Chemotypes of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. through DNA Barcodes
Authors: He Yang , Wan Feng , Xiong Liang , Li Dong-Mei , Peng Cheng
Published: June 2014

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. is an important medicinal plant in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Because of differences in the chemical composition, this species has been classified into two major chemotypes, i. e. the patchouliol-type and the pogostone-type; however, no quick and effective method is presently available for the precise identification of these two chemotypes. DNA barcoding, using a standardized DNA fragment, is a promising molecular diagnostic method for species identification. We have established a reliable and quick method for the identification of the P. cablin chemotypes. Of five potential barcodes [rbcL, psbA-trnH, rpoB, ITS (internal transcibed spacer), and ndhJ], tested among 103 samples, ITS was the best candidate, as comparative studies between patchouliol-type and pogostone-type P. cablin revealed that ITS had more variable regions among these five barcodes. We suggest that ITS can serve as the most suitable barcode for differentiating between the chemotypes of P. cablin
Preconcepciones y actitudes del profesorado de Magisterio ante la incorporación en su docencia de competencias para la sostenibilidad
Authors: Ull M.Angeles , Piñero Albert , Martínez Agut M.Pilar , Aznar Minguet Pilar
Published: June 2014

Se ha realizado un estudio empírico con una muestra de profesores de Magisterio de la Universidad de Valencia para analizar sus preconcepciones y actitudes respecto a la incorporación de la sostenibilidad en la docencia de sus asignaturas. La metodología utilizada conforma una estructura descriptivo-exploratoria y evaluativa basada en un diseño de encuesta. Los datos objetivos nos permiten conocer la situación del profesorado en relación a la introducción de la sostenibilidad en las titulaciones de Maestro de Educación Infantil y Maestro de Educación Primaria, y el desarrollo de competencias para la sostenibilidad pertinentes.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Efficacy of C1-C2 Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide (SNAG) Versus Posterior Anterior Vertebral Mobilization (PAVMs) in the Management of Cervicogenic Headache
Authors: Muhammad Khan  , Syed Shahzad Ali  , Rabail Rani Soomro
Published: June 2014

Objectives: To determine the effect of a C1-C2 sustained natural apophyseal glide (SNAG) as compare to posterior anterior (PA) vertebral mobilization on cervicogenic headache.Study Design: Randomized Control Trial.Method: The study was conducted on 60 patients with CGH. In this study, patients were divided into two groups, group A and group B equally. Group A of 30 patients received SNAG and at the same time Group B of 30 patients were treated with PAVMs. A pre tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS 19.Outcome Measures: Pain and disability was measured on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (0-10) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) before and after the treatment.Results: The study showed significant results for both the interventions in the treatment of CGH but SNAG mobilization has been more effective in reducing pain in CGH patients.Conclusions: On the basis of this study, it is proved that cervical SNAGS is more effective for the treatment of cervicegenic headaches as compared to PAVMs.
Effect of Stocking Density on the Survival Rate and Growth Performance in Penaeus monodon
Authors: C. Shakir  , A.P. Lipton  , A. Manilal  , S. Sugathan  , J. Selvin
Published: June 2014

In this study, effect of stocking density and water exchange rate on the survival, growth and apparent feed conversion ratio of Penaeus monodon were evaluated. For that, shrimps were cultured at two different stocking densities such as six and twelve post larvae m?3 for a period of four months. The experimental ponds were harvested after four months of culture. The results revealed that survival rate of shrimps cultured in low density ponds (LD) was higher (68.4%) whereas a lower rate (51.7%) was observed at high density ponds (HD). In the case of average body weight and length, the shrimps reared at LD experimental ponds were 27.8 g and 18.5 cm respectively. In addition, the average FCR value of shrimps reared at LD ponds was higher (1.8) when compared to the shrimps cultured in HD ponds (2.3). Therefore, stocking density of 6 PL/m3 is recommend for culturing P. monodon in Kollam coast of India under these experimental conditions.
Comparison of Maternal Feeding Practices and Child Weight Status in Children from Three Countries
Authors: Williams Keith E. , Petty Maria Blanques , Schimith-Escrivão Maria Arlete M. , Chung Kyong-Mee , Jung Woo Hyun , Hendy Helen M.
Published: June 2014

The present study considered three samples of mothers from Brazil, South Korea, and the United States to determine whether mothers demonstrate a consistent pattern of feeding practices associated with child overweight. Participants included 1204 mothers of children 6-10 years old.
Mothers completed questionnaires to report their children's demographics and their feeding practices with the Parent Mealtime Action Scale (PMAS). The South Korean children showed significantly less obesity (10.4%) than children from Brazil (17.0%) or the United States (19.6%). Confirmatory factor analysis for mothers from all three samples revealed good fit for the same nine PMAS dimensions of feeding practice. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that after taking into account child age and gender, heavier child weight was found associated with more Fat Reduction and less Insistence on Eating by mothers from all three samples. Results from past experimental research suggest that these two maternal feeding practices would be counter-productive for teaching children's self-regulation of diet and weight management. Alternative maternal feeding practices are suggested.
Attitudes of Saudi Mothers Towards Breastfeeding: A Cross–Sectional Survey in Taif Region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Elbur Abubaker Ibrahim , A. Yousif M. , Albarraq Ahmed Abdulrahman , Abdallah Mustafa A.
Published: June 2014

Background: Mothers’ attitudes are strong predicators of choice of infant feeding method. This study was conducted to measure attitudes towards breastfeeding among Saudi mothers.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during April 2013 among Saudi nursing mothers in Taif Region; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Data was collected by trained pharmacy female students through face-to-face interview method using structured questionnaire. Mothers’ attitudes towards breastfeeding were assessed by The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS).
Results: A total of 387 mothers were included of them 204 (52.7%) aged < 32 years and 334 (86.3%) were residents in the town. University or college graduates were 262 (67.7%). Overall 181 (46.8%) of the mothers had positive attitudes towards breastfeeding, while 206 (53.2%) held negative ones. Correlating mothers’ total attitudes towards breastfeeding to their demographics showed that; out of the mothers aged < 32 years 118 (57.8%) had significantly more positive attitudes than older ones (aged > 32 years) 63 (34.4%), (P < 0.001). Cross tabulation of the method of infant feeding and mothers’ total attitudes towards breastfeeding showed that mothers used formula feeding or mixed feeding method 120 (49.0%) had significantly positive attitudes towards breastfeeding more than breastfeeding ones 61(43.0%), (P =0.025).
Conclusion: The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was low. Positive attitudes towards breastfeeding was found to be more among mothers used formula or mixed feeding method. Educational interventions are needed to raise awareness and upgrade mothers’ knowledge on infant breastfeeding.
Viscosities of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Acetylene Tetrachloride with Benzene, Toluene, p-xylene, Acetone & Cyclohexane at 303.15K
Authors: Tripathi Atri Deo , Agrawal Meenu
Published: June 2014

Viscosities which are accurate to ± 0.01mP, have been measured for binary liquid mixtures of acetylene tetrachloride (CHCl2CHCl2, hereafter abbreviated simply as ATC) with benzene, toluene, p-xylene, acetone and cyclohexane at 303.15 ±0.01K. The values of the quantity Δη, which refer to the deviations of the experimental values of the dynamic viscosities of the mixtures from the mole fraction mixture law values, have been found to be negative for the systems ATC-benzene, ATC-toluene, ATC-p-xylene and ATC-cyclohexane. For ATC-acetone, Δη has been found to be negative at low mole fractions of ATC and positive at high mole fractions. Also the values of the parameter d have been calculated from the equation ln η = x1 ln η1+x2 ln η2 +x1 x2 d, where η1 & η2 refer to the dynamic viscosities of the two pure liquids 1 and 2 whose mole fractions in the mixtures are x1 & x2 respectively. The values of d indicate the existence of specific interaction of ATC with benzene, toluene, p-xylene and acetone. The viscosity data have been analysed in the light of absolute reaction rate and free volume theories of liquid viscosity.
How Multi-Step versus One-Step Preparation Method Affects the Physicochemical Properties and Transfection Efficiency of DNA/DODAB:MO Lipoplexes
Authors: Oliveira M. Real , Silva J. Neves , Oliveira A. C. , Lucio Marlene , Gomes A. F.
Published: June 2014

The consequences for the transfection efficiencies of different lipoplexes preparation methods, largely remain to be explored, but the knowledge of how different experimental approaches can affect the physicochemical properties and transfection efficiency is essential for a proper tailoring of transfection complexes to particular applications. Therefore, the influence of the number of mixing steps (one-step addition versus multi-step addition of liposomes to plasmid DNA (pDNA)) and lipoplex incubation temperature on the final physicochemical properties and transfection efficiency of pDNA/ Dioctadecyldimethylammonium Bromide (DODAB):1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol (MO) complexes was studied in three distinct DODAB:MO molar ratios: 4:1, 2:1 and 1:1. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta (ζ) Potential, Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) exclusion assays were used to assess the formation, structure and destabilization of the lipoplexes, whereas in vitro transfection assays with pSV-β-gal plasmid DNA were performed to evaluate their transfection efficiency on the 293T mammalian cell line.
Results indicate that the morphology of pDNA/DODAB:MO complexes is dependent on the lipoplex preparation method, resulting in particles of distinct size, surface charge and membrane fluidity. These variations are visible during the complexation dynamics of pDNA and continue throughout the profile of pDNA release from pDNA/DODAB:MO lipoplexes upon incubation with Heparin (HEP), as well as in the in vitro transfection assays.
The stepwise addition of DODAB:MO vesicles to pDNA decreases the transfection efficiency of the lipoplexes, while the effect of the lipoplex preparation methods is dependent on the MO content.
Du colporteur au conseiller financier : la professionnalisation des agents d’assurance-vie, 1930-19601
Authors: Fournier Jonathan
Published: June 2014

Comme l’assurance n’est pas une marchandise qui se vend mais qui s’achète, les agents d’assurance se doivent d’être particulièrement convaincants. Plusieurs d’entre eux possèdent une mauvaise réputation. Ce n’est pas étonnant si l’on considère le spectaculaire taux de roulement dans cette profession où l’on embauche par milliers des gens sans formation préalable. Cette industrie en pleine consolidation travaille pourtant à redorer son blason en soulignant, à qui veut bien l’entendre, que l’agent fait la promotion de la sécurité, de l’épargne, de la famille. L’objet de cet article est d’analyser les stratégies déployées afin de relever le niveau professionnel des agents au Québec durant la période 1930-1960. Ces stratégies s’articulent généralement autour de deux axes principaux, soit développer l’efficacité des agents et de l’industrie en général, et améliorer l’image de la profession.
High Serum Concentration of Interleukin-18 in Diabetic Patients with Foot Ulcers
Authors: Sabuncu Tevfik , Eren Mehmet Ali , Tabur Suzan , Dag Omer Faruk , Boduroglu Omer
Published: June 2014

Background

It is well known that interleukin-18 (IL-18) plays a key role in the inflammatory process. However, there are limited data on the role IL-18 plays with diabetic foot ulcers, an acute and complex inflammatory situation. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum IL-18 levels of diabetic patients with foot ulcers.

Methods

Twenty diabetic patients with acute foot ulcers, 21 diabetic patients without a history of foot ulcers, and 21 healthy volunteers were enrolled in our study. Circulating levels of IL-18, and other biochemical markers are parameters of inflammation and were measured in all three groups.

Results

Diabetic patients both with and without foot ulcers had high IL-18 concentrations (P < 0.001 and P = 0.020, respectively) when compared with the nondiabetic volunteers. Those with foot ulcers had higher levels of IL-18 level (P < 0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (P = 0.001), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P < 0.001) than those without foot ulcers.

Conclusions

We found that serum IL-18 concentrations were elevated in diabetic patients with acute diabetic foot ulcers. However, these findings do not indicate whether the IL-18 elevation is a cause or a result of the diabetic foot ulceration. Further studies are needed to show the role of IL-18 in the course of these ulcers.
Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction as a Complementary Test to Improve the Detection of Dermatophyte Fungus in Nails
Authors: Sánchez María José Iglesias , Pico Ana María Pérez , Tejedor Félix Marcos , Sánchez María Jesús Iglesias , Acevedo Raquel Mayordomo
Published: June 2014

Background

Dermatomycoses are a group of pathologic abnormalities frequently seen in clinical practice, and their prevalence has increased in recent decades. Diagnostic confirmation of mycotic infection in nails is essential because there are several pathologic conditions with similar clinical manifestations. The classical method for confirming the presence of fungus in nail is microbiological culture and the identification of morphological structures by microscopy.

Methods

We devised a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that amplifies specific DNA sequences of dermatophyte fungus that is notably faster than the 3 to 4 weeks that the traditional procedure takes. We compared this new technique and the conventional plate culture method in 225 nail samples. The results were subjected to statistical analysis.

Results

We found concordance in 78.2% of the samples analyzed by the two methods and increased sensitivity when simultaneously using the two methods to analyze clinical samples. Now we can confirm the presence of dermatophyte fungus in most of the positive samples in just 24 hours, and we have to wait for the result of culture only in negative PCR cases.

Conclusions

Although this PCR cannot, at present, substitute for the traditional culture method in the detection of dermatophyte infection of the nails, it can be used as a complementary technique because its main advantage lies in the significant reduction of time used for diagnosis, in addition to higher sensitivity.
The Subtalar Joint Axis Palpation Technique—Part 1
Authors: Van Alsenoy Ken K. , De Schepper Joris , Santos Derek , Vereecke Evie E. , D'Août Kristiaan
Published: June 2014

Background

Locating the position of the subtalar joint axis can be a predictive clinical variable in biomechanical analysis and a valuable tool in the design of functional foot orthoses. Before testing Kirby's palpation technique to locate the subtalar joint axis in cadavers, it was important to develop and test the experimental methods in a mechanical model in which the exact location of the hinge joint can be controlled.

Methods

Four testers determined the hinge joint location and moved it through its range of motion, capturing the movement of the joint axis using a kinematic model. The joint axis location was determined and validated by comparing the actual hinge joint location on the mechanical model with the location determined by the palpation technique described by Kirby in 1987 and the location determined by the helical joint axis method using three-dimensional kinematic data.

Results

The overall angles result in mean slopes and intersections of 87° and 92 mm, 86° and 97 mm, 85° and 92 mm, and 88° and 91 mm for testers 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Testers 1 and 3 were able to determine the location to 1° and 1 mm accuracy, tester 2 to 0° and 4 mm, and tester 4 to 2° and 2 mm compared with the kinematic data.

Conclusions

The technique of determining the points of no rotation as described by Kirby could be validated by using a three-dimensional kinematic model to determine the helical axis.
The Consistency of Individual-Selected Versus Rater-Determined Angle and Base of Gait
Authors: McPoil Thomas G. , Cornwall Mark W. , Taylor Olivia , Pomeroy Mary , Mufti Judy , Kuhlman Holly , Ehlers Derrik , Carrell Drew
Published: June 2014

Background

Several studies have reported the necessity of using a standardized foot placement to improve reliability when performing standing foot posture measurements. The intent of this study was to determine whether individuals can reliably place their feet in the same standing position after marching in place or whether the standing position must be determined by a rater observing the angle and base of gait during walking to ensure the consistency of foot placement.

Methods

Twenty individuals (12 women and 8 men; mean age, 24.8 years) consented to participate. All of the participants were asked to march in place for 10 sec and then to stop in their preferred angle and base foot placement. Participants then walked over an 8-m walkway so that one of two raters could observe the participant's angle and base while walking. An angle and base of gait tracing was then made for each participant's foot placement.

Results

The two raters and all of the participants demonstrated high levels of reliability for foot placement between the two sessions. The results indicate that asking the participant to march in place provides a more consistent angle and base foot placement between two sessions compared with having a rater determine the angle and base of gait foot placement after observing the participant while walking.

Conclusions

Based on these findings, we recommend using marching in place to position a patient in his or her angle and base foot placement when the measurement or visual assessment of foot posture must be performed for more than one clinical visit.
“Step Up for Foot Care”
Authors: Chen Bright , Mitchell Analiza , Tran David
Published: June 2014

Background

Studies have shown that lower-extremity problems in the homeless population have significant public health and economic implications. A combined community service and research project was performed to identify and address the foot and ankle care needs in a sample homeless population in San Francisco, California.

Methods

A 37-question survey regarding general demographic characteristics, foot hygiene practices, associated risk factors, and self-reported lower-extremity pathologic conditions was completed by 299 homeless individuals who met the inclusion criteria. The service project included education on proper foot care and the distribution of footwear.

Results

The participants demonstrated mostly good efforts regarding foot hygiene but had high-risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and extended hours on their feet. More than half of the homeless individuals surveyed experienced foot pain. Approximately one in five had edema and neuropathic symptoms. The most commonly reported foot problems were dermatologic, but these conditions could pose serious sequelae in the setting of risk factors. The community service project was well received by the homeless community.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates lack of resources and high-risk factors for lower-extremity complications in the homeless individuals studied. It is important in the realm of public health to keep lower-extremity health in mind because it plays an important role in preventing the spread of infection and lowering the social economic burden.
A New Snowboard Injury Caused by “FLOW” Bindings
Authors: Haverkamp Daniel , Hoornenborg Daniel , Maas Mario , Kerkhoffs Gino
Published: June 2014

We present a case of a snowboard injury that caused a combination of a complete deltoid and anterior talofibular ligament rupture, without bony or syndesmotic injury. Initial surgical repair for both ligaments was performed. We describe the etiology of this injury to demonstrate the cause and existence of medial and lateral ankle ligament rupture without osseous and syndesmotic involvement and to create awareness of these types of injuries.
Active alkaline traps to determine acidic‐gas ratios in volcanic plumes: Sampling techniques and analytical methods
Authors: Wittmer J. , Bobrowski N. , Liotta M. , Giuffrida G. , Calabrese S. , Platt U.
Published: June 2014

In situ measurements have been the basis for monitoring volcanic gas emissions for many years and—being complemented by remote sensing techniques—still play an important role to date. Concerning in situ techniques for sampling a dilute plume, an increase in accuracy and a reduction of detection limits are still necessary for most gases (e.g., CO2, SO2, HCl, HF, HBr, HI). In this work, the Raschig‐Tube technique (RT) is modified and utilized for application on volcanic plumes. The theoretical and experimental absorption properties of the RT and the Drechsel bottle (DB) setups are characterized and both are applied simultaneously to the well‐established Filter packs technique (FP) in the field (on Stromboli Island and Mount Etna). The comparison points out that FPs are the most practical to apply but the results are error‐prone compared to RT and DB, whereas the RT results in up to 13 times higher analyte concentrations than the DB in the same sampling time. An optimization of the analytical procedure, including sample pretreatment and analysis by titration, Ion Chromatography, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, led to a comprehensive data set covering a wide range of compounds. In particular, less abundant species were quantified more accurately and iodine was detected for the first time in Stromboli's plume. Simultaneously applying Multiaxis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX‐DOAS) the chemical transformation of emitted bromide into bromine monoxide (BrO) from Stromboli and Etna was determined to 3–6% and 7%, respectively, within less than 5 min after the gas release from the active vents.
Canonical correlation analysis of the combined solar wind and geomagnetic index data sets
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E.
Published: June 2014

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) will evaluate the degree of correlation between two multivariate data sets and will uncover patterns of correlation between the two data sets. Here CCA is applied to the multivariate solar wind data set and the multivariate geomagnetic index data set. CCA creates a new set of solar wind variables and a new set of Earth variables. The first of the new solar wind variables can be used as a solar wind driver function for the magnetosphere; the conjugate Earth variable can be used as an Earth vector to describe global geomagnetic activity in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. The CCA‐generated driver functions are found to be superior in accuracy to other driver functions in the literature. CCA of the combined data sets provides information about (1) differences in the solar wind driving of high‐latitude geomagnetic indices (AE,AU,AL, and polar cap index) versus magnetospheric‐convection geomagnetic indices (Kpand midnight boundary index), (2) the properties of electric field‐based driver functions versus reconnection‐based driver functions, and (3) improvements to solar wind/magnetosphere correlations produced by time averaging the solar wind clock angle. The CCA process tends to focus on the magnetospheric‐convective indices over other indices: this may indicate that there is more predictable variance in the global‐convective indices than in the others.
A practical formulation of snow surface diffusion by wind for watershed‐scale applications
Authors: Ohara Noriaki
Published: June 2014

Prediction of snow drift is of importance for structure design and traffic management on snowy and windy prairie landscapes. The snow redistribution by wind is also regarded as one of the largest sources of error in hydrologic snowmelt models. In this study, a snow movement equation was generalized and customized for horizontal two‐dimensional watershed‐scale applications by incorporating snow transport, wind snow diffusion, and snow gravitational movement. Then, the snow surface diffusion process by wind turbulence was formulated in terms of the autocorrelation functions of the measurable wind velocity field using G.I. Taylor's theorem. However, analysis of the example wind data suggested a delta correlation in wind turbulent component that resulted from subtracting their moving average values from the original wind speed data. The dynamic model based on the proposed formulation was able to effectively reproduce the observed equilibrium snow profiles affected by wind drifting. A two‐dimensional model simulation using a 10 m digital elevation model in Muddy Gap, Wyoming was also presented for qualitative validation of the model in the watershed‐scale applications. Additionally, the theoretical extension for preferential snow accumulation process was presented in Appendix . These modeling results together with the observations on the prairie suggested the importance of the snow surface diffusion process in addition to the snow transport.
Excitation of EMIC waves detected by the Van Allen Probes on 28 April 2013
Authors: Zhang J.‐C. , Saikin A. A. , Kistler L. M. , Smith C. W. , Spence H. E. , Mouikis C. G. , Torbert R. B. , Larsen B. A. , Reeves G. D. , Skoug R. M. , Funsten H. O. , Kurth W. S. , Kletzing C. A. , Allen R. C. , Jordanova V. K.
Published: June 2014

We report the wave observations, associated plasma measurements, and linear theory testing of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave events observed by the Van Allen Probes on 28 April 2013. The wave events are detected in their generation regions as three individual events in two consecutive orbits of Van Allen Probe‐A, while the other spacecraft, B, does not detect any significant EMIC wave activity during this period. Three overlapping H+ populations are observed around the plasmapause when the waves are excited. The difference between the observational EMIC wave growth parameter (Σh) and the theoretical EMIC instability parameter (Sh) is significantly raised, on average, to 0.10 ± 0.01, 0.15 ± 0.02, and 0.07 ± 0.02 during the three wave events, respectively. On Van Allen Probe‐B, this difference never exceeds 0. Compared to linear theory (Σh > Sh), the waves are only excited for elevated thresholds.
Characterizing interplanetary shocks for development and optimization of an automated solar wind shock detection algorithm
Authors: Cash M. D. , Wrobel J. S. , Cosentino K. C. , Reinard A. A.
Published: June 2014

Human evaluation of solar wind data for interplanetary (IP) shock identification relies on both heuristics and pattern recognition, with the former lending itself to algorithmic representation and automation. Such detection algorithms can potentially alert forecasters of approaching shocks, providing increased warning of subsequent geomagnetic storms. However, capturing shocks with an algorithmic treatment alone is challenging, as past and present work demonstrates. We present a statistical analysis of 209 IP shocks observed at L1, and we use this information to optimize a set of shock identification criteria for use with an automated solar wind shock detection algorithm. In order to specify ranges for the threshold values used in our algorithm, we quantify discontinuities in the solar wind density, velocity, temperature, and magnetic field magnitude by analyzing 8 years of IP shocks detected by the SWEPAM and MAG instruments aboard the ACE spacecraft. Although automatic shock detection algorithms have previously been developed, in this paper we conduct a methodical optimization to refine shock identification criteria and present the optimal performance of this and similar approaches. We compute forecast skill scores for over 10,000 permutations of our shock detection criteria in order to identify the set of threshold values that yield optimal forecast skill scores. We then compare our results to previous automatic shock detection algorithms using a standard data set, and our optimized algorithm shows improvements in the reliability of automated shock detection.
Dependence of IMF By penetration into the neutral sheet on IMF Bz and geomagnetic activity
Authors: Cao JinBin , Duan Aiying , Dunlop M. , Wei Xinhua , Cai Cunlin
Published: June 2014

The penetration of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By into the magnetosphere plays an important role in determining magnetospheric configuration and its dynamics. In this paper, using 9 years of Cluster data at the center of neutral sheet, we statistically study the relations of the penetration of IMF By in the neutral sheet (NS) with IMF Bz and the Kp index. The correlation coefficient between NS By and IMF By is enhanced during the periods of southward IMF Bz and large Kp indexes. The penetration efficiency of IMF By, which is defined as the slope of the linear fit of the points in the By‐IMF By space, is larger during southward IMF Bz than during northward IMF Bz. The penetration efficiency of IMF By also increases with increasing Kp index. Since the Kp index can be considered as an index of magnetospheric convection, this means that the penetration of IMF By into the magnetosphere is enhanced during the periods of strong magnetospheric convection. These results indicate that the IMF Bz and magnetospheric convection can influence the neutral sheet By and even magnetotail dynamics by changing the penetration of IMF By.
Comparison of interplanetary signatures of streamers and pseudostreamers
Authors: Crooker N. U. , McPherron R. L. , Owens M. J.
Published: June 2014

If the source of the slow solar wind is a web comprising pseudostreamer belts connected to the streamer belt, then one expects the properties of interplanetary pseudostreamer flows to be similar to those of streamer flows. That expectation is tested with data from the slow wind preceding stream interfaces in stream interaction regions at 1 AU, where the interfaces separate what was originally slow and fast wind. Pseudostreamer cases were separated from streamer cases with the aid of the streamer identification tool developed by Owens et al. (), and superposed epoch analysis was performed to compare the patterns of a number of plasma and composition parameters. The results reveal that pseudostreamer flows have all of the slow‐wind characteristics of streamer flows except that they are slightly less pronounced than streamer characteristics when compared to fast wind. The results are consistent with the concept that the solar wind displays a continuum of dynamic states rather than only slow and fast states.
Optimal plant water‐use strategies under stochastic rainfall
Authors: Manzoni Stefano , Vico Giulia , Katul Gabriel , Palmroth Sari , Porporato Amilcare
Published: June 2014

Plant hydraulic traits have been conjectured to be coordinated, thereby providing plants with a balanced hydraulic system that protects them from cavitation while allowing an efficient transport of water necessary for photosynthesis. In particular, observations suggest correlations between the water potentials at which xylem cavitation impairs water movement and the one at stomatal closure, and between maximum xylem and stomatal conductances, begging the question as to whether such coordination emerges as an optimal water‐use strategy under unpredictable rainfall. Here mean transpiration  is used as a proxy for long‐term plant fitness and its variations as a function of the water potentials at 50% loss of stem conductivity due to cavitation and at 90% stomatal closure are explored. It is shown that coordination between these hydraulic traits is necessary to maximize , with rainfall patterns altering the optimal range of trait values. In contrast, coordination between ecosystem‐level conductances appears not necessary to maximize . The optimal trait ranges are wider under drier than under mesic conditions, suggesting that in semiarid systems different water use strategies may be equally successful. Comparison with observations across species from a range of ecosystems confirms model predictions, indicating that the coordinated functioning of plant organs might indeed emerge from an optimal response to rainfall variability.
Association of Exercise Therapy and Reduction of Pain Sensitivity in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Henriksen Marius , Klokker Louise , Graven‐Nielsen Thomas , Bartholdy Cecilie , Schjødt Jørgensen Tanja , Bandak Elisabeth , Danneskiold‐Samsøe Bente , Christensen Robin , Bliddal Henning
Published: June 2014

Objective

Exercise has beneficial effects on pain in knee osteoarthritis (OA), yet the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise on pressure–pain sensitivity in patients with knee OA.

Methods

In a randomized controlled trial, participants were assigned to 12 weeks of supervised exercise therapy (ET; 36 sessions) or a no attention control group (CG). Pressure–pain sensitivity was assessed by cuff pressure algometry on the calf of the most symptomatic leg. The coprimary outcomes were pressure–pain thresholds (PPTs) and cumulated visual analog scale pain scores during constant pressure for 6 minutes at 125% of the PPT as a measure of temporal summation (TS) of pressure–pain. Secondary outcomes included self‐reported pain using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire. Analyses were based on the “per‐protocol” population (participants following the protocol).

Results

Sixty participants were randomized (31 in ET group, 29 in CG), and the per‐protocol population included 48 participants (25 in ET group, 23 in CG). At followup, mean group differences in the change from baseline were 3.1 kPa (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.2, 6.0; P = 0.038) for the PPT, 2,608 mm × seconds (95% CI 458, 4,758; P = 0.019) for TS, and 6.8 points (95% CI 1.2, 12.4; P = 0.018) for KOOS pain, all in favor of ET.

Conclusion

Pressure–pain sensitivity, TS, and self‐reported pain are reduced among patients completing a 12‐week supervised exercise program compared to a no attention CG. These results demonstrate beneficial effects of exercise on basic pain mechanisms and further exploration may provide a basis for optimized treatment.
Risk of Bias and Brand Explain the Observed Inconsistency in Trials on Glucosamine for Symptomatic Relief of Osteoarthritis: A Meta‐Analysis of Placebo‐Controlled Trials
Authors: Eriksen Patrick , Bartels Else M. , Altman Roy D. , Bliddal Henning , Juhl Carsten , Christensen Robin
Published: June 2014

Objective

To determine whether study sponsor, chemical formulation, brand of glucosamine, and/or risk of bias explain observed inconsistencies in trials of glucosamine's efficacy for treating pain in osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

A systematic review and stratified meta‐analysis of randomized placebo‐controlled trials was performed, and random‐effects models were applied with inconsistency (I2) and heterogeneity (tau2) estimated using Review Manager and SAS, respectively. The major outcome was reduction of pain; the standardized mean difference (SMD [95% confidence interval (95% CI)]) served as effect size.

Results

The inclusion criteria yielded 25 trials (3,458 patients). Glucosamine moderately reduced pain (SMD −0.51 [95% CI −0.72, −0.30]), although a high level of between‐trial inconsistency was observed (I2= 88%). The single most important explanation (i.e., covariate) was brand, reducing heterogeneity by 41% (P = 0.00032). Twelve trials (1,437 patients) using the Rottapharm/Madaus product resulted in significant pain reduction (SMD −1.07 [95% CI −1.47, −0.67]), although a sensitivity analysis of 3 low risk of bias trials using the Rottapharm/Madaus product showed less promising results (SMD −0.27 [95% CI −0.43, −0.12]), which is only a small effect size. Thirteen trials (1,963 patients) using non–Rottapharm/Madaus products consistently failed to show a reduction in pain (SMD −0.11 [95% CI −0.46, 0.24]). The second most important explanation was overall risk of bias (reducing heterogeneity by 32%).

Conclusion

Most of the observed heterogeneity in glucosamine trials is explained by brand. Trials using the Rottapharm/Madaus glucosamine product had a superior outcome on pain in OA compared to other preparations of glucosamine. Large inconsistency was found, however. Low risk of bias trials, using the Rottapharm/Madaus product, revealed a small effect size.
Linkage of a De‐Identified United States Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry With Administrative Data to Facilitate Comparative Effectiveness Research
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , Chen Lang , Bharat Aseem , Delzell Elizabeth , Greenberg Jeffrey D. , Harrold Leslie , Kremer Joel , Setoguchi Soko , Solomon Daniel H. , Xie Fenglong , Yun Huifeng
Published: June 2014

Objective

Linkages between registries and administrative data may provide a valuable resource for comparative effectiveness research. However, personal identifiers that uniquely identify individuals are not always available. Here we describe methods to link a de‐identified arthritis registry and US Medicare data. The linked data set was also used to evaluate the generalizability of the registry to the US Medicare population.

Methods

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients participating in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry were linked to Medicare data restricted to rheumatology claims or claims for RA. Deterministic linkage was performed using age, sex, provider identification number, and geographic location of the CORRONA site. We then searched for visit dates in Medicare matching visit dates in CORRONA, requiring ≥1 exact matching date. Linkage accuracy was quantified as a positive predictive value in a subcohort (n = 1,581) with more precise identifiers.

Results

CORRONA participants with self‐reported Medicare (n = 11,001) were initially matched to 30,943 Medicare beneficiaries treated by CORRONA physicians. A total of 8,431 CORRONA participants matched on ≥1 visit; 5,317 matched uniquely on all visits. The number of patients who linked and linkage accuracy (from the subcohort) were high for patients with >2 visits (n = 3,458, 98% accuracy), exactly 2 visits (n = 822, 96% accuracy), and 1 visit (n = 1,037, 79% accuracy) that matched exactly on calendar date. Demographics and comorbidity profiles of registry participants were similar to nonparticipants, except participants were more likely to take disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents.

Conclusion

Linkage between a national, de‐identified outpatient arthritis registry and Medicare data on multiple nonunique identifiers appears feasible and valid.
Predictors and Outcome of Pain‐Related Avoidance of Activities in Persons With Early Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Five‐Year Followup Study
Authors: Holla Jasmijn F. M. , van der Leeden Marike , Knol Dirk L. , Roorda Leo D. , Hilberdink Wim K. H. A. , Lems Willem F. , Steultjens Martijn P. M. , Dekker Joost
Published: June 2014

Objective

It has been hypothesized that pain and low vitality lead to an increase in avoidance of activities in persons with early symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA), and that avoidance of activities leads to an increase in activity limitations. The present study aimed to evaluate these hypotheses.

Methods

Baseline, 2‐year, and 5‐year followup data of 828 participants from the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee Study with early symptomatic knee OA were used. Autoregressive generalized estimating equations and linear regression models were used to analyze the longitudinal and cross‐sectional associations between self‐reported knee pain, vitality, pain‐related avoidance of activities, and activity limitations. The models were adjusted for the covariates age, sex, education level, body mass index, comorbidity, radiographic severity, and hip pain.

Results

In longitudinal analyses, knee pain and vitality predicted a subsequent increase in avoidance of activities. Pain‐related avoidance of activities predicted a subsequent increase in activity limitations; however, this relationship lost statistical significance (P = 0.089) after adjustment for covariates. Cross‐sectional analyses showed strong relationships between knee pain, low vitality, pain‐related avoidance of activities, and activity limitations at all time points.

Conclusions

In persons with early symptomatic knee OA, knee pain and low vitality lead to a subsequent increase in avoidance of activities. Pain‐related avoidance of activities is related to activity limitations at inception of symptoms, but also years later. Therefore, it can be recommended to monitor and target avoidance of activities at various stages of the disease.
Nanostructured Li2MnSiO4/C Cathodes with Hierarchical Macro‐/Mesoporosity for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: He Guang , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: June 2014

Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite with hierarchical macroporosity is prepared with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) colloidal crystals as a sacrificial hard‐template and water‐soluble phenol‐formaldehyde (PF) resin as the carbon source. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirm that the periodic macropores are ≈400 nm in diameter with 20–40 nm walls comprising Li2MnSiO4/C nanocrystals that produce additional large mesopores (< 30 nm) between the nanocrystals. The nanostructured Li2MnSiO4/C cathode exhibits a high reversible discharge capacity of 200 mAh g−1 at C/10 (16 mA g−1) rate at 1.5–4.8 V at 45 °C. Although the discharge capacity can be further increased on operating at 55 °C, the sample exhibits a relatively fast capacity fade at 55 °C, which can be partially solved by simply narrowing the voltage window to avoid side reactions of the electrolyte. The good performance of the Li2MnSiO4/C cathodes is attributed to the unique macro‐/mesostructure of the silicate coupled with uniform carbon coating.
Efficient Cisplatin Pro‐Drug Delivery Visualized with Sub‐100 nm Resolution: Interfacing Engineered Thermosensitive Magnetomicelles with a Living System
Authors: Vitol Elina A. , Rozhkova Elena A. , Rose Volker , Stripe Benjamin D. , Young Natalie R. , Cohen Ezra E. W. , Leoni Lara , Novosad Valentyn
Published: June 2014

Temperature‐responsive magnetic nanomicelles can serve as thermal energy and cargo carriers with controlled drug release functionality. In view of their potential biomedical applications, understanding the modes of interaction between nanomaterials and living systems and evaluation of efficiency of cargo delivery is of the utmost importance. In this work, we investigate the interaction between the hybrid magnetic nanomicelles engineered for controlled platinum complex drug delivery and a biological system at three fundamental levels: subcellular compartments, a single cell and whole living animal. Nanomicelles with polymeric P(NIPAAm‐co‐AAm)‐b‐PCL core‐shell were loaded with a hydrophobic Pt(IV) complex and Fe3O4 nanoparticles though self‐assembly. The distribution of a platinum complex on subcellular level is visualized using hard X‐ray fluorescence microscopy with unprecedented level of detail at sub‐100 nm spatial resolution. We then study the cytotoxic effects of platinum complex‐loaded micelles in vitro on a head and neck cancer cell culture model SQ20B. Finally, by employing the magnetic functionality of the micelles and additionally loading them with a near infrared fluorescent dye, we magnetically target them to a tumor site in a live animal xenografted model which allows to visualize their biodistribution in vivo.
Chemical Synthesis of the O‐Antigen Repeating Unit of Escherichia coli O86 by an N‐Formylmorpholine‐Modulated One‐Pot Glycosylation Strategy
Authors: Ingle Arun B. , Chao Chin‐Sheng , Hung Wei‐Cheng , Mong Kwok‐Kong Tony
Published: June 2014

The synthesis of the O‐antigen pentasaccharide repeating unit of the cell wall of Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli O86 is reported. The synthesis features the use of an N‐formylmorpholine (NFM)‐modulated glycosylation method for the construction of 1,2‐cis α‐glycosidic linkages and an [1+1+2] iterative one‐pot α‐glycosylation strategy to accelerate the assembly of the tetrasaccharide backbone.
Gold‐Catalyzed C(sp3)H/C(sp)H Coupling/Cyclization/Oxidative Alkynylation Sequence: A Powerful Strategy for the Synthesis of 3‐Alkynyl Polysubstituted Furans
Authors: Ma Yuanhong , Zhang Shuai , Yang Shiping , Song Feijie , You Jingsong
Published: June 2014

In sharp contrast to the gold‐catalyzed reactions of alkynes/allenes with nucleophiles, gold‐catalyzed oxidative cross‐couplings and especially CH/CH cross‐coupling have been under represented. By taking advantage of the unique redox property and carbophilic π acidity of gold, this work realizes the first gold‐catalyzed direct C(sp3)H alkynylation of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with terminal alkynes under mild reaction conditions, with subsequent cyclization and in situ oxidative alkynylation. A variety of terminal alkynes including aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyl, and cyclopropyl alkynes all successfully participate in the domino reaction. The protocol offers a simple and region‐defined approach to 3‐alkynyl polysubstituted furans.
A Strongly Coupled Graphene and FeNi Double Hydroxide Hybrid as an Excellent Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Long Xia , Li Jinkai , Xiao Shuang , Yan Keyou , Wang Zilong , Chen Haining , Yang Shihe
Published: June 2014

Cost‐effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are critical to energy conversion and storage processes. A novel strategy is used to synthesize a non‐noble‐metal‐based electrocatalyst of the OER by finely combining layered FeNi double hydroxide that is catalytically active and electric conducting graphene sheets, taking advantage of the electrostatic attraction between the two positively charged nanosheets. The synergy between the catalytic activity of the double hydroxide and the enhanced electron transport arising from the graphene resulted in superior electrocatalytic properties of the FeNi‐GO hybrids for the OER with overpotentials as low as 0.21 V, which was further reduced to 0.195 V after the reduction treatment. Moreover, the turnover frequency at the overpotential of 0.3 V has reached 1 s−1, which is much higher than those previously reported for non‐noble‐metal‐based electrocatalysts.