bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune Cells Have Sex and So Should Journal Articles
Authors: Klein Sabra L.
Published: March 2012

Males and females have the same immunological cells, proteins, and pathways in place to protect against the development of disease. The kinetics, magnitude, and skewing of the responses mounted against pathogens, allergens, toxins, or self-antigens, however, can differ dramatically between the sexes. Generally, females mount higher innate and adaptive immune responses than males, which can result in faster clearance of pathogens but also contributes to increased susceptibility to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in females compared with males. Hormonal and genetic factors contribute significantly to sex differences in immune function and disease pathogenesis. In particular, the expression of X-linked genes and microRNA as well as sex steroid hormones signaling through hormone receptors in immune cells can affect responses to immunological stimuli differently in males and females. Despite data illustrating profound differences between the sexes in immune function, sex differences in the pathogenesis of disease are often overlooked in biomedical research. Establishing journal policies that require authors to report the sex of their cells, animals, and subjects will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases, with the long-term goal of personalizing treatments for immune-mediated diseases differently for males and females in an effort to protect us equally.
Active echolocation beam focusing in the false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens
Authors: Kloepper Laura N. , Nachtigall Paul E. , Donahue Megan J. , Breese Marlee
Published: March 2012

The odontocete sound production system is highly complex and produces intense, directional signals that are thought to be focused by the melon and the air sacs. Because odontocete echolocation signals are variable and the emitted click frequency greatly affects the echolocation beam shape, investigations of beam focusing must account for frequency-related beam changes. In this study we tested whether the echolocation beam of a false killer whale changed depending on target difficulty and distance while also accounting for frequency-related changes in the echolocation beam. The data indicate that the false killer whale changes its beam size according to target distance and difficulty, which may be a strategy of maximizing the energy of the target echo. We propose that the animal is using a strategy of changing the focal region according to target distance and that this strategy is under active control.
The Restricted-Subduced-Cycle-Index (RSCI) Method for Symmetry-Itemized Enumeration of Kekulé Structures and Its Application to Fullerene C60
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku
Published: March 2012

The restricted-subduced-cycle-index (RSCI) method for symmetry-itemized enumeration of Kekulé structures has been developed as an extension of the unit-subduced-cycle-index (USCI) approach (S. Fujita, “Symmetry and Combinatorial Enumeration in Chemistry,” Springer-Verlag, 1991). In the RSCI method, such Kekulé structures are considered to be generated by edge substitution of a skeleton under a restricted condition that no selected edges have a common vertex. The restricted condition is formulated by means of the concept of territory indicators and territory discriminants, by which subduced cycle indices (SCIs) derived from unit subduced cycle indices (USCIs) are converted into restricted subduced cycle indices (RSCIs). The resulting RSCIs are used to evaluate marks (numbers of fixed points) in place of the SCIs used in the USCI approach, so that the numbers of Kekulé structures are calculated in a symmetry-itemized fashion. Moreover, the resulting data of enumeration are used to draw respective Kekulé structures by means of orbit indicators and edge indicators. The application of the RSCI method to fullerene C60 of Ih-symmetry is discussed in detail.
Endovascular treatment of eight renal artery aneurysms
Authors: Abdel-Kerim Amr , Cassagnes Lucie , Alfidja Agaicha , Gageanu Cristian , Favrolt Gregory , Dumousset Eric , Ravel Anne , Boyer Louis , Chabrot Pascal
Published: March 2012

Background

Renal artery aneurysms (RAA) are a relatively rare vascular entity. Treatment could be either surgical or via an endovascular route. The main aim of therapy is to prevent lethal rupture.

Purpose

To evaluate the angiographic and clinical results after endovascular treatment (EVT) of eight renal artery aneurysms.

Material and Methods

From January 2000 to June 2011, 18 patients presented with 18 renal artery aneurysms. One was classified as Rundback type I, 15 were type II, and two aneurysms were type III. Endovascular treatment was considered unsafe in 10 cases (all were Rundback type II), and were referred to surgery. The remaining eight aneurysms were treated endovascularly during altogether nine sessions. Among these, four patients were asymptomatic, three were hypertensive, and one presented with ipsilateral flank pains. Aneurysmal sac diameter varied between 12 and 50 mm. EVT included selective coil embolization in five cases, covered stents in two cases, and parent artery occlusion in one.

Results

Follow-up with CT angiography was obtained in all endovascularly treated aneurysms (range 6–54 months, mean 15 months). Complete durable occlusion was achieved in all aneurysms except one, which showed re-expansion after 20 months and was retreated with covered stent implantation. Clinically silent, branch occlusion occurred after four procedures with subsequent limited (less than 25%) ischemic parenchymal loss. All patients were discharged with preserved renal function. Clinical improvement was noted in all symptomatic patients.

Conclusion

Endovascular treatment of renal artery aneurysms is an adequate treatment and can be proposed, if feasible, as first step.
The value of early second trimester PAPP-A and ADAM12 in screening for pre-eclampsia
Authors: Bestwick Jonathan P , George Lynne M , Wu Tiesheng , Morris Joan K , Wald Nicholas J
Published: March 2012

Objective

To estimate the pre-eclampsia screening performance of PAPP-A (pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A) and ADAM12 (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 12) in the early second trimester of pregnancy.

Methods

Stored frozen serum samples from a previously published nested case-control study comprising 77 women who developed pre-eclampsia and 224 unaffected controls were thawed and assayed for PAPP-A and ADAM12. Levels were converted into multiple of the unaffected median (MoM) values.

Results

Neither PAPP-A or ADAM12 were significantly different in women who developed pre-eclamspia compared with unaffected controls (PAPP-A: 0.97 MoM [95% confidence interval 0.73 to 1.25], ADAM12: 1.01 MoM [0.91 to 1.13]).

Conclusion

Our results do not support the use of PAPP-A or ADAM12 in early second trimester antenatal screening for pre-eclampsia
Roflumilast: A Novel Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Reid Debra J , Pham Nga T
Published: March 2012

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of roflumilast, approved by the Food and Drug Administration in February 2011 as a treatment to reduce the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations in patients with severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations.

Data Sources:

Literature was retrieved through MEDLINE (1977-December 2011), using the terms roflumilast and COPD. In addition, US government Web sites, including clinicaltrials.gov and fda.gov, were reviewed for pertinent information. Lastly, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All articles published in English identified from the data sources were evaluated. For the evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety, only Phase 3 studies were included.

Data Synthesis:

Limited treatment options are available for patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and repeated exacerbations. In 6 published Phase 3 trials to date, roflumilast 500 μg daily exhibited modest improvements in lung function, measured by pre- and postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and reduced rates of moderate and severe exacerbations. Roflumilast was generally well tolerated, with diarrhea, nausea, and headache the most common adverse events seen in clinical trials, although it has also been associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric abnormalities and dose-limiting weight loss. The greatest benefit seen with roflumilast was among patients with moderate-to-severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis along with a recent history of exacerbations. The benefits were demonstrated with monotherapy and in combination with long-acting β2-agonists or anticholinergic agents.

Conclusions:

Despite its only modest benefits in improving lung function and reducing exacerbation rates, roflumilast serves as a safe and effective option in the treatment of COPD.
Sex-specific young adult reference ranges for sex hormone concentrations measured on the Siemens ADVIA Centaur/Geschlechtsspezifische Referenzbereiche für Sexualhormonkonzentrationen junger Erwachsener gemessen auf dem Siemens ADVIA Centaur
Authors: Hannemann Anke , Friedrich Nele , Spielhagen Christin , Nauck Matthias , Haring Robin
Published: March 2012

The present study aims to determine reference ranges for sex hormone concentrations measured on the Siemens ADVIA Centaur

The study sample consisted of 1638 individuals (814 men and 824 women) aged 18–60 years with measured serum concentrations of total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). Values for free testosterone (free T) and free androgen index (FAI) were calculated. Sex- and age-specific (18 to <25, 25 to <35, 35 to <45, and ≥45 years) reference ranges for these sex hormones were determined using quantile regression models for each sex hormone separately.

Sex hormone reference ranges were determined across each single year of age separately for men (TT: 5.60–29.58 nmol/L, SHBG: 17.65–73.64 nmol/L, DHEAS: 0.96–4.43 mg/L, free T: 0.10–0.51 nmol/L, and FAI: 15.04–70.37 nmol/L) and women (TT: 0.77–2.85 nmol/L, SHBG: 27.06–262.76 nmol/L, DHEAS: 0.50–3.15 mg/L, free T: 0.005–0.05 nmol/L, and FAI: 0.51–8.30 nmol/L), respectively.
Neugeborenenscreening auf Endokrinopathien und Stoffwechselstörungen/Newborn screening for endocrine and metabolic disorders
Authors: Müller Cornelia
Published: March 2012

Das Neugeborenenscreening in Deutschland umfasst zurzeit die Suche nach zwei Endokrinopathien und 12 Stoffwechselerkrankungen. Die beiden häufigsten endokrinen Störungen im Kindesalter, primäre angeborener Hypothyreose und klassisches Adrenogenitales Syndrom, werden durch die Bestimmung von TSH und 17-OH-P detektiert. Weiterhin wird mittels Tandem-Massenspektrometrie nach Erkrankungen im Bereich des Aminosäurenstoffwechsels, der Fettsäurenoxidation und der Organoacidurien gesucht. Die Probennahme erfolgt optimal am 3. Lebenstag, wobei Fersen-oder Venenblut ohne Zusätze auf Filterpapier getropft wird, nach dem Trocknen muss die Probenkarte unverzüglich an das Screeninglabor geschickt werden. Korrekte Präanalytik, umgehender Postversand, schnelle Bearbeitung der Analysen, unverzügliche Konfirmationsdiagnostik und die Behandlung durch Endokrinologen bzw. Stoffwechselspezialisten sind Vorraussetzungen für ein erfolgreiches Neugeborenenscreening.
Withdrawn: SiO2 nanoparticles' effects on properties of concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag as binder
Authors: Nazari Ali , Riahi Shadi
Published: March 2012

Withdrawn due to redundant publication (self-plagiarism).
The Relationship Between Restoration and Furcation Involvement on Molar Teeth
Authors: Wang Horn‐Lay , Burgett Frederick G. , Shyr Yu
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to examine the correlation between the presence of a crown (CR) or a proximal restoration (RE) and furcation involvement (FI) on molar teeth. Data were collected from 134 periodontal maintenance patients who had restored and non‐restored molars present both with and without FI. A majority of the restorations that were present in these patients had been in place for at least 5 years prior to the study. First and second molars were examined clinically using the following criteria: CR, RE, FI, mobility (MO), and probing periodontal attachment level (AL). Data were analyzed with a statistical program utilizing Pearson chi‐square and the pairdifference t test. The results indicated that molars with CR or RE had a significantly (P < 0.01) higher percentage of FI but no greater mobility when compared to molars without restorations. Mean probing periodontal attachment loss was greater for restored than nonrestored molars but only with marginal significance (P = 0.051). There was a greater difference in mean AL between restored versus non‐restored maxillary molars than for mandibular molars. This cross‐sectional study provides evidence that molars with crowns or restorations involving the proximal tooth surfaces had a higher prevalence of FI and greater AL than molars without restorations. J Periodontol 1993;64:302–305.
Expression of the Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule‐1 (ELAM‐1) on Endothelial Cells in Experimental Gingivitis in Humans
Authors: Nylander Karin , Danielsen Bo , Fejerskov Ole , Dabelsteen Erik
Published: March 2012

In inflammatory conditions, mediators such as interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) are released by resident tissue cells as well as by infiltrating inflammatory cells. IL‐1 activates endothelial cells causing them to express an adhesion molecule called endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule‐1 (ELAM‐1). IL‐1 is produced by macrophages, but can also be produced by activated keratinocytes. Here we present data from a study of experimentally induced gingivitis, showing the expression of ELAM‐1 on endothelial cells even in tissue with little or only minor signs of clinical or histological inflammation. These results indicate that ELAM‐1 is found on endothelial cells of the gingiva early in the course of experimental gingivitis, before overt clinical or histological evidence of inflammation is apparent. J Periodontol 1993; 64:355–357.
Controlled‐Release Local Delivery Antimicrobials in Periodontics: Prospects for the Future
Authors: Kornman Kenneth S.
Published: March 2012

New knowledge about the microbial etiology of periodontal diseases emerged in the 1970s and 1980s and led to widespread interest in the use of antimicrobial agents to treat periodontitis. The controlled‐release delivery of antimicrobials directly into the periodontal pocket has received great interest and appears to hold some promise in periodontal therapy. Some techniques for applying antimicrobials subgingivally, such as subgingival irrigation, involve local delivery but not controlled‐release. Controlled‐release local delivery systems, in which the antimicrobial is available at therapeutic levels for several days, have been evaluated in several forms and using different antimicrobials. Although most studies with such systems have focused on drug delivery kinetics and “proof of principle” evaluations, some controlled clinical trials have recently been reported. The most widely tested system, monolithic tetracycline‐containing fibers, has shown significant clinical benefit when used alone as compared to no subgingival therapy. Similarly, controlled trials involving chlorhexidine strips used subgingivally every 3 months in place of routine supportive periodontal therapy have shown significant clinical benefit for up to 2 years. Although these data are now emerging, many questions concerning the optimal use and role of this therapy in clinical practice remain. This review attempts to summarize and interpret current data and to outline key remaining questions that must be addressed as this technology is transferred into clinical practice. J Periodontol 1993; 64:782–791.
A Cross‐Sectional Study on Osteocalcin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid From Periodontal Patients
Authors: Kunimatsu Kazushi , Mataki Shiro , Tanaka Hidetaka , Mine Naoko , Kiyoki Mamoru , Hosoda Kenji , Kato Yuzo , Kato Ihachi
Published: March 2012

The purpose of the present study was to determine the levels of osteocalcin, a bone specific matrix protein, in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from periodontal disease patients and to investigate the relationship between GCF osteocalcin levels and clinical parameters. Nineteen initial visit patients, 5 patients with gingivitis and 14 patients with adult Periodontitis, participated in this study. The clinical parameters including probing depth, attachment level, gingival index, and tooth mobility were recorded following careful sampling of GCF with a filter paper strip harvested for 3 minutes. Osteocalcin adsorbed on a strip was extracted in a plastic tube containing 150μ1 of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5). GCF osteocalcin was determined by a newly‐developed, high sensitive enzyme immunoassay which could recognize the N‐terminal 20 residue peptide. In gingivitis patients, no significant amounts of osteocalcin were detected. In Periodontitis patients, on the other hand, osteocalcin levels were detected, ranging between 0 and 540 pg/tube and positively correlated with these clinical parameters (P <0.01). Moreover, in several sites in GI = 3 group, extremely higher levels of GCF osteocalcin were detected. These results strongly suggest that in addition to the presence of GCF osteocalcin the levels of osteocalcin may reflect the degree of the periodontal inflammation at the sampled sites. J Periodontol 1993; 64:865–869.
Effect of a Collagen Matrix on Healing in Periodontal Fenestration Defects in Dogs
Authors: Choi Seong Y. , Nilvéus Rolf E. , Minutello Regina D. , Zimmerman Grenith J. , Wikesjö Ulf M. E.
Published: March 2012

Contralateral periodontal fenestration defects in seven beagle dogs were used to evaluate influence of a collagen matrix on periodontal wound healing. The defects (6 × 4 mm) were created through the buccal cortical plates of the maxillary canine teeth following elevation of mucoperiosteal flaps. The collagen was fitted to the defects on one side. Contralateral defects served as controls. Flaps were repositioned and sutured. Dogs were sacrificed 4 weeks after surgery and block sections including teeth and surrounding structures were prepared for histometric analysis. No meaningful differences in cementum and bone regeneration were observed between treatments. There was seemingly more bone regeneration in the apical than in the coronal aspect of the defects and significantly more cementum regeneration. Root resorption was observed in one collagen and one control defect. Ankylosis was not observed. The results suggest that the maxillary canine periodontal fenestration defect can be used as a model to evaluate factors that may enhance cementum and bone regeneration. The collagen matrix neither enhanced nor inhibited periodontal wound healing in this model. J Periodontol 1993; 64:878–882.
Why Choose Online Learning: Relationship of Existing Factors and Chronobiology
Authors: Luo Yi , Pan Rui (Celia) , Choi Jea H. , Mellish Linda , Strobel Johannes
Published: March 2012

Existing research on choice of online learning utilized factors such as perceived level of control, independence, and satisfaction, yet the relationship among these factors is under-researched. Due to the value of “learning anytime,” biological factors underlying “choice of time” might provide additional insights. This article presents findings of a study with two aims: (1) investigating the relationship between previously described factors; and (2) researching the impact of a different theoretical framework, chronobiology, to provide insights in students' choices for online learning. Our research with traditional students taking online courses shows a statistically significant correlation between students' perceived independence, level of control, and satisfaction. Although there is no statistical significance between the three factors and the new factor of chronobiology, we found statistically significant results between students' chronotype and their choice of learning time for online classes. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Effect of Chemical and Mechanical Degradation on Surface Roughness of Three Glass Ionomers and a Nanofilled Resin Composite
Authors: Carvalho FG , Sampaio CS , Fucio SBP , Carlo HL , Correr-Sobrinho L , Puppin-Rontani RM
Published: March 2012

Nanofillers have been incorporated into glass ionomer (GI) restorative materials to improve their mechanical and surface properties. The aim of this present laboratory study was to compare the superficial roughness (Ra) of nanofilled GI (Ketac N100) with that of conventional GI (Fuji IX GP), resin-modified GI (Vitremer), and a nanofilled resin composite (Filtek Supreme) after pH cycling and toothbrush abrasion. Ten specimens of each material were made using Teflon molds, which were polished using aluminum-oxide abrasive disks. Three measurements of Ra were made of each specimen to serve as baseline values. The specimens were submitted to pH cycling for 10 days in a demineralization solution for six hours (pH 4.3) and were then stored in remineralization solution for 18 hours (pH 7.0). Ra measurements were recorded after the pH cycling. Specimens were then submitted to toothbrush abrasion in a brushing machine with a 200g load for 30,000 cycles at 250 cycles/min. The Ra values were then recorded. The surface morphology of specimens from each group was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Tukey, and t-tests. After toothbrushing, only Fuji IX GP (1.10 ± 0.80) showed Ra values that were statistically different from those of the other materials evaluated. Ketac N100 (0.68 ± 0.16) showed intermediate Ra values, but it did not differ statistically from the results associated with Vitremer (1.04 ± 0.46) and Filtek (0.30 ± 0.15). Ketac N100 showed intermediate values of superficial roughness among the conventional glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cements, and the nanofilled resin after chemical and mechanical degradation.
Comparison of Two At-home Whitening Products of Similar Peroxide Concentration and Different Delivery Methods
Authors: da Costa JB , McPharlin R , Hilton T , Ferracane JL , Wang M
Published: March 2012

Purpose

This study compared the whitening efficacy, side effects, and patients' preferences/perceptions of two whitening systems of similar peroxide concentration but different formulation and delivery methods.

Methods

The tooth color change of 24 participants was measured using a shade guide (BSG) and a spectrophotometer (ES). Color difference was calculated: ΔE* = [(ΔL*)2 + (Δa*)2 + (Δb*)2]1/2. One whitening treatment was randomly applied to the right or left maxillary anterior teeth and the other was applied to the contralateral teeth, at-home with 35% carbamide peroxide in a tray (TW) or with 14% hydrogen peroxide in strips (WS). The tooth color was evaluated at baseline, 15 and 30 days (15 days postwhitening). Participants rated their tooth and soft tissue sensitivity (1–10 scale) and completed a questionnaire on their preferences. Results were analyzed by repeated measurement regression analysis/Tukey and Mann-Whitney (p<0.05).

Results

At 15 days, the teeth treated with TW and WS presented ΔE* = 7 and 6, respectively (ΔBSG=3 for both), and at 30 days, they presented ΔE* = 7.5 and 6.5, respectively (ΔBSG=3 for both). There was no significant difference in tooth and soft tissue sensitivity between treatments. No participant reported tooth and gingival sensitivity at the postwhitening appointment. Of the participants, 83% preferred the TW over WS.

Conclusion

Both ΔE* and ΔBSG showed no significant difference in tooth color change between TW and SW at either time point. By the end of the study no participants reported tooth and gingival sensitivity. Participants preferred TW over SW.
User Response to the Simulation of a Virtual Patient with Cranial Nerve Injury
Authors: Lin Chen , Laserna Candelario , Lind D. Scott , Kalaria Chandni , Aryal Tia , Lok Benjamin , Johnsen Kyle , Kotranza Aaron , Cendan Juan , Pruitt J. Ned
Published: March 2012

Technology has rarely attempted to simulate a CN exam. NERVE simulates a life-size virtual patient (VP), using speech recognition with a Nintendo Wiimote� serving as a virtual hand, ophthalmoscope, and eye-chart. This study assesses the introductory reception, ability to identify the CN lesion, and students' preference of NERVE. Our goal is to evaluate the responses from medical students, residents, and clinicians using the Neurological Examination Rehearsal Virtual Environment (NERVE), a cranial nerve (CN) exam simulator. Medical College of Georgia participants from a variety of medical specialties, including 9 clinicians, 7 residents, and 8 MS3 and 4s, 20 MS 2s, and 25 MS 1s performed a CN examination on a VP. There were no statistically significant differences in measures related to the actual performance of the exam, the controller, overall benefit of the experience, use of technology or satisfaction with the technology. Even with technical limitations, overall medical student's reported NERVE having educational value. Residents had the lowest rate of correct CN identification, indicating they could be the group that most benefits from repeat exposure to CN exams. Medical students and clinicians were the best groups at identifying the correct deficit for our simulation. The next step is to assess NERVE's capability to teach students and residents the cranial nerve exam.
Automatic Protein Abbreviations Discovery and Resolution from Full-Text Scientific Papers: The PRAISED Framework
Authors: Toti Daniele , Atzeni Paolo , Polticelli Fabio
Published: March 2012

This paper describes a methodology for discovering and resolving protein names abbreviations from the full-text versions of scientific articles, implemented in the PRAISED framework with the ultimate purpose of building up a publicly available abbreviation repository. Three processing steps lie at the core of the framework: i) an abbreviation identification phase, carried out via domain-independent metrics, whose purpose is to identify all possible abbreviations within a scientific text; ii) an abbreviation resolution phase, which takes into account a number of syntactical and semantic criteria in order to match an abbreviation with its potential explanation; and iii) a dictionary-based protein name identification, which is meant to select only those abbreviations belonging to the protein science domain. A local copy of the UniProt database is used as a source repository for all the known proteins.
The PRAISED implementation has been tested against several known annotated corpora, such as the Medstract Gold Standard Corpus, the AB3P Corpus, the BioText Corpus and the Ao and Takagi Corpus, obtaining significantly high levels of recall and extremely fast performance, while also keeping promising levels of precision and overall f-measure, in comparison to the most relevant similar methods. This comparison has been carried out up to Phase 2, since those methods stop at expanding abbreviations, without performing any entity recognition. Instead, the entity recognition performed in the last phase provides PRAISED with an effective strategy for protein discovery, thus moving further from existing context-free techniques. Furthermore, this implementation also addresses the complexity of full-text papers, instead of the simpler abstracts more generally used. As such, the whole PRAISED process (Phase 1, 2 and 3) has been also tested against a manually annotated subset of full-text papers retrieved from the PubMed repository, with significant results as well.
A survey of FPGA implementations of Artificial Spiking Neurons Models
Authors: Maślanka Michał , Gorgoń Marek
Published: March 2012

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) seems to be now the best way to model and simulate brain structures and functions. SNNs give also possibilities to better understanding of mechanism that are responsible for consciousness and abstract thinking. Furthermore they can also change our look on information processing and modern computing. Most common software implementations need great computing power and because of that they are not suitable for real time applications. Additionally, biological neurons process information in parallel which is impossible with simulation on conventional computer. Thus we present alternative way to implement models of SNNs incorporating FPGAs. In this paper we compared most common models that are used to implement SNNs in reconfigurable hardware and also we made review of recent works that were done in this subject.
New Approach to Prostate Diagnosis - Perfusion CT Images Analysis using "Life Belt" Method
Authors: Śmietański Jacek , Tadeusiewicz Ryszard
Published: March 2012

The most important task that could improve the efficacy of managing the prostate cancer (PCa) is to develop the technique which will be able to detect an existing PCa even in cases when currently used methods are insufficient.
It is supposed that the perfusion computed tomography technology (p-CT) can improve the diagnosis of early PCa. Unfortunately, the perfusion prostate images are very difficult to analyze especially for doctors who are not enough experienced with such a kind of images. Therefore there is a need to find a computational method which could help the doctors to make the decision whether the prostate cancer exists or not and (if the results are positive) to correctly point out the cancerous region.
In research which results are presented in the paper we analyzed a great number of prostate images derived from over 50 patients with proven or suspected PCa. We propose the new method, named "life-belt" which has significant potential for identifying cancerous regions.
A Quadratic Convergence Yielding Iterative Method for Nonlinear Ill-posed Operator Equations
Authors: George Santhosh , Elmahdy Atef Ibrahim
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we consider an iterative method for the approximate
solution of the nonlinear ill-posed operator equation Tx = y. The
iteration procedure converges quadratically to the
unique solution of the equation for the regularized approximation. It is known that (Tautanhahn (2002)) this solution converges
to the solution of the given ill-posed operator equation. The convergence analysis and
the stopping rule are based on a suitably constructed majorizing
sequence. We show that the adaptive scheme considered by
Perverzev and Schock (2005) for choosing the regularization
parameter can be effectively used here for obtaining an optimal
order error estimate.
Editorial
Authors: Domek Stefan , Pałka Ryszard
Published: March 2012

Editorial
Computer Integrated Enterprise in the MRP/ERP Software Implementation
Authors: Kamiński Andrzej
Published: March 2012

Computer Integrated Enterprise in the MRP/ERP Software Implementation

The aim of this elaboration is to present selected methodology, application and design issues connected with the process of complex enterprise informatization in the implementation process of an IT system. Role of the integration process in economic information processing and directions of integration activities in the scope of the IT systems of the enterprise are presented in the first part of this elaboration. Afterwards, technical features of an integrated IT system are characterized. Thesis that particular systems are comparable in the scope of functionality of the basic areas of activity of the enterprise, such as: accounting, material and stock planning, sales and invoicing, human resources, wages, can be formulated on the basis of the national portfolio of ERP (Enterprise Recourses Planning) packages. On the other hand, the cost of license purchase as well as the implementation activities, reaches the level from tens of thousands to few million PLN. Differences in the levels of investments are determined with: scope and complexity of the endeavor, functionality and system architecture as well as the cost of extension and modification of provided program modules.
Functional Enhancements to Project Management Information Systems
Authors: Moszkiewicz Jacek , Rostek Katarzyna
Published: March 2012

Functional Enhancements to Project Management Information Systems

Presented research work relates to information systems of projects management support. The aim of the work is to propose solutions, that will help achieve improved efficiency of information systems class PMIS implementations (Project Management Information System) especially given the scope of functionalities and implementation process realization. Presented in this article research results were obtained in the analysis of projects implemented in enterprises of the sector: construction and building, service with particular emphasis on the IT industry, and investment. Summary of the article includes both the results of the research analysis and proposed directions for their further development.
How to Perform Discounted Cash Flow Valuation?
Authors: Janiszewski Sławomir
Published: March 2012

How to Perform Discounted Cash Flow Valuation?

Within the last few decades the quickly accelerating globalization processes contributed to rapid increase in the value of the global capital markets, and mergers and acquisitions transactions. This implicated the rising importance of methodologies that enable investors to efficiently value the companies. The aim of this elaboration is to present practical approach towards the discounted cash flow company valuation method, considered one of the most effective but simultaneously one of the most sophisticated among all. The article comprises purely theoretical as well as practical knowledge, based on the author's broad professional experiences.
Evaluation of the Effects of Quality Management System Improvement
Authors: Szczepańska Katarzyna , Urbaniak Maciej
Published: March 2012

Evaluation of the Effects of Quality Management System Improvement

The article presents the tools that enable organizations to assess the effects of improvement of the quality management system, such as internal and external audits; risk management, measures of effectiveness and efficiency of processes, evaluation of customer satisfaction, quality cost analysis; analysis of best practices and self-assessment. The effectiveness use of these tools depends on the progress of the efforts of organizations in activities related to its improvement, knowledge and skills of employees and managers, who should show the positive attitude of leadership and involvement.
Soil microbial activity as influenced by compaction and straw mulching
Authors: Siczek A. , Frąc M.
Published: March 2012

Soil microbial activity as influenced by compaction and straw mulching

Field study was performed on Haplic Luvisol soil to determine the effects of soil compaction and straw mulching on microbial parameters of soil under soybean. Treatments with different compaction were established on unmulched and mulched with straw soil. The effect of soil compaction and straw mulching on the total bacteria number and activities of dehydrogenases, protease, alkaline and acid phosphatases was studied. The results of study indicated the decrease of enzymes activities in strongly compacted soil and their increase in medium compacted soil as compared to no-compacted treatment. Mulch application caused stimulation of the bacteria total number and enzymatic activity in the soil under all compaction levels. Compaction and mulch effects were significant for all analyzed microbial parameters (P<0.001).
Comparison of soil texture determined by two dispersion units of Mastersizer 2000
Authors: Sochan A. , Bieganowski A. , Ryżak M. , Dobrowolski R. , Bartmiński P.
Published: March 2012

Comparison of soil texture determined by two dispersion units of Mastersizer 2000

The comparison of particle size distributions measured by sedimentation methods and laser diffraction shows the underestimation of the fine (clay) fraction. This is attributed mainly to the shape of clay particles being different than spherical. The objective of this study was to demonstrate differences in the results of particle size distributions of soils determined with the method of laser diffraction using two different dispersion units of the Malvern Mastersizer 2000.
Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Modification of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Cytotoxicity and Gene Expressions in Human Cell Lines
Authors: Mano Sharmy Saimon , Kanehira Koki , Sonezaki Shuji , Taniguchi Akiyoshi
Published: March 2012

Nanoparticles (NPs) are tiny materials used in a wide range of industrial and medical applications. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a type of nanoparticle that is widely used in paints, pigments, and cosmetics; however, little is known about the impact of TiO2 on human health and the environment. Therefore, considerable research has focused on characterizing the potential toxicity of nanoparticles such as TiO2 and on understanding the mechanism of TiO2 NP-induced nanotoxicity through the evaluation of biomarkers. Uncoated TiO2 NPs tend to aggregate in aqueous media, and these aggregates decrease cell viability and induce expression of stress-related genes, such as those encoding interleukin-6 (IL-6) and heat shock protein 70B’ (HSP70B’), indicating that TiO2 NPs induce inflammatory and heat shock responses. In order to reduce their toxicity, we conjugated TiO2 NPs with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to eliminate aggregation. Our findings indicate that modifying TiO2 NPs with PEG reduces their cytotoxicity and reduces the induction of stress-related genes. Our results also suggest that TiO2 NP-induced effects on cytotoxicity and gene expression vary depending upon the cell type and surface modification.
A pilot survey for Fusarium mycotoxin biomarkers in women from Golestan, northern Iran
Authors: Turner P.C. , Gong Y.Y. , Pourshams A. , Jafari E. , Routledge M.N. , Malekzadeh R. , Wild C.P. , Boffetta P. , Islami F.
Published: March 2012

Fusarium mycotoxins are frequent contaminants of cereals in many world regions, and are suggested risk factors for various acute and chronic human diseases. To date a lack of exposure tools has restricted epidemiological studies of the potential health effects. Recently established exposure biomarkers for deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins are now available and here a pilot biomarker survey of 110 women (aged 39 to 72 years) from Golestan, northern Iran was conducted on samples collected at one time point during August-September 2007. Urinary DON and DON-glucuronide combined were detected frequently (79/110, 72%), mean 1.3 ng DON/ml urine, range not detected (nd)-6.5 ng/ml; mean creatinine adjusted levels were 1.5 ng DON/mg creatinine, range nd-7.1 ng/mg). Neither urinary de-epoxy DON (DOM-1) and DOM-1 glucuronide combined, nor urinary fumonisin B1 were detected. This study is the first reported biomarker based exposure assessment of DON and fumonisins in this region. Overall DON exposure at this time point appears modest compared to other world regions where data are available.
Application of Wireless Sensor Networks in Industrial Settings
Authors: Jain P C
Published: March 2012

Recent advances in computing and communication have caused a significant shift in wireless sensor network (WSN) research and brought it close to achieving its original vision. WSNs have gained much attention in both public and research committees, because they are expected to bring the interaction between humans, environment, and machines to a new paradigm. The development of WSN requires technology from three different research areas: sensing, communication, and computing (including hardware, software, and algorithms). Combined and separate advancements in each of these areas have driven research in WSN. Small and inexpensive sensors based on Micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) technology, wireless networks, and inexpensive low power processors allow the deployment of wireless ad-hoc networks for various applications. This chapter discusses about WSN, industrial WSN, and technical challenges. One of the major challenges is reduction in power consumption. The chapter also discusses some of the major industrial applications and two case-studies of fire-fighting and home healthcare.
Intelligent Techniques for the Analysis of Power Quality Data in Electrical Power Distribution System
Authors: Paracha Zahir Javed , Kalam Akhtar
Published: March 2012

This chapter is about the intelligent techniques for the analysis of power quality problems in electrical power distribution system. The problems related with electrical power industry are becoming more widespread, complex, and diversified. The behaviour of power distribution systems can be monitored effectively using artificial intelligence techniques and methodologies. There is a need of understanding the power system operations from power utility perspectives and application of computational intelligence methods to solve the problems of the power industry. The real power quality (PQ) data is taken from a power utility in Victoria Australia. Principal Component Analysis Technique (PCAT) is used to reduce the large number of PQ data attributes of the power distribution system. After the pre-processing of PQ data using PCAT, intelligent computational techniques will be used for the analysis of power quality data. Neural network techniques will be employed to estimate the values of PQ parameters of the power distribution system. The Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBP) neural network and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) are used for intelligent estimation of PQ data. The results obtained through these intelligent techniques are compared with the real data of power utility in Victoria, Australia for stability, reliability and enhanced power systems performance.
Egyptian Local Government Website Portals
Authors: Abdelsalam Hisham M. , Reddick Christopher G. , ElKadi Hatem A.
Published: March 2012

This chapter examines the development of e-Government in selected Egyptian local governments. A content analysis of 25 local government website portals was conducted examining categories of e-Management, e-Services, e-Democracy, and e-Decision making. The study first sets out to examine the overall level of maturity of local government websites in these four areas in Egypt. Second, this study examines whether Egyptian human development indicators explain the maturity of local government websites. Firstly, the overall results indicated that e-Government maturity in Egypt was primarily in the information dissemination stage. Secondly, local governments had a greater population in social services industries which indicated a greater level of e-Government maturity. Out of 17 variables tested, there were very few human development indicators related to e-Government website maturity. The results of this chapter showed the maturity of e-Government in local governments in a developing country matched against developed nations. Also, the results showed the limited impact of human development indicators to predict e-Government website maturity.
E-Government Strategy in Turkey
Authors: de Kervenoael Ronan , Kocoglu Ipek
Published: March 2012

Market orientation strategies are now expected to be integrated and enacted by firms and governments alike. While private services will surely continue to take the lead in mobile strategy orientation, others such as government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are also becoming prominent Mobile Players (m-Players). Enhanced data services through smart phones are raising expectations that governments will finally deliver services that are in line with a consumer ICT lifestyle. To date, it is not certain which form of technological standards will take the lead, e.g. enhanced m-services or traditional Internet-based applications. Yet, with the introduction of interactive applications and fully transactional services via 3G smart phones, the currently untapped segment of the population (without computers) have the potential to gain access to government services at a low cost.
Looking at Science through Water
Authors: Ursyn Anna
Published: March 2012

This chapter is focused on creating the visual approach to natural processes, concepts, and events, rather than their description for learning. It has been designed as an active, involving, action-based exercise in visual communication. Interactive reading is a visual tool aimed at communication, activation, and expansion of one’s visual literacy. It addresses the interests of professionals who would like to further their developments in their domains. The reader is encouraged to read this chapter interactively by developing visual responses to the inspiring issues. This experience will be thus generated cooperatively with the readers who will construct interactively many different, meaningful pictorial interpretations. “How to produce texts by reading them,” asks a philosopher, semiotician, and writer Umberto Eco, (1984, 2). The chapter comprises two projects about water-related themes; each project invites the reader to create visual presentation of this theme. Selected themes involve: (1) States of matter exemplified by ice, water, and steam, and (2) Water habitats: lake, river, and swamp.
drawing//digital//data
Authors: Harty Deborah
Published: March 2012

In the context of contemporary fine art, the chapter discusses the translation (the finding of equivalences) of a phenomenological experience of water during the activity of swimming repetitive strokes in a swimming pool into drawing with both traditional drawing media and a tablet computer – an Apple iPad. Firstly, through the identification of various physical and psychological elements that appear to consciousness whilst swimming repetitive strokes, the chapter furthers understanding and gives insights into human interaction and relationship with water during this specific activity. Secondly, the research uses the data collected from personal experience of this activity in order to explore and discuss the premise that drawing is phenomenology, considering whether this premise is compromised when drawing with an Apple iPad rather than traditional drawing media. The text considers the phenomenological approach to the research through an engagement with both philosophy (including Merleau-Ponty 1964, 2002, 2004) and theoretical research (including Rosand 2002), to underpin and generate understanding of experiences of water during the activity of swimming and the process of translation of those experiences into drawing.
Digital gangrene in a patient with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon
Authors: Ravindran V , Rajendran S
Published: March 2012

Digital gangrene is not usually associated with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP). Its presence should therefore alert the healthcare provider to look for an alternative explanation. A 19-year-old female patient with primary RP developed digital gangrene following surgical management of acute paronychia. The possible mechanism in this patient appears to be the augmentation of the vasoconstrictive response due to the local infiltration of epinephrine mixed with lignocaine prior to the incision and drainage of her infected finger.
Schistosomiasis
Authors: MacConnachie A
Published: March 2012

Human schistosomiasis is a common blood fluke infection in the tropics and subtropics. The organism requires a specific fresh water snail intermediate as host and this determines its geographical distribution. Humans become infected following water exposure, with rural communities and children having the highest burden of disease. Travellers to areas of high endemicity are at risk of infection as they frequently engage in pursuits that expose them to fresh water. Disease manifestations range from acute hypersensitivity reactions to chronic illness with intestinal, hepatic and bladder disease. Infection can often be asymptomatic and travellers to endemic areas should be screened for schistosomiasis after return. Treatment is highly effective, even in advanced disease, and the diagnosis should be considered in individuals with possible clinical illness who have travelled to or lived in endemic areas.