bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Suppurative Encephalomyelitis in Cats Suggestive of a Viral Origin
Authors: Hoff E. J. , Vandevelde M.
Published: January 2017

In 10 of 16 domestic cats with spontaneous non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, lesions were multifocal but relatively few and were considered nonspecific as to cause, although viral agents could not be excluded. Six cats had polioencephalomyelitis or polioencephalitis suggestive of viral infection. The clinical and morphological features are compared with those of previous reports of feline encephalitis possibly of viral origin. Some previously reported epidemiological and serological surveys suggest a possible role for arborviruses.
Feline Insular Amyloid: Histochemical Distinction from Secondary Systemic Amyloid
Authors: Yano B. L. , Johnson K. H. , Hayden D. W.
Published: January 2017

Amyloid in islets of Langerhans from 48 domestic cats, one human, one non-human primate, and one raccoon was compared with secondary systemic amyloid from three domestic cats, one dog, one human, and one cow to determine affinity for Congo red dye after treatment of paraffin-embedded tissue sections with potassium permanganate and dilute sulfuric acid.

Insular amyloid from all six species was resistant to pretreatment with potassium permanganate, i.e., affinity for Congo red was retained, whereas secondary systemic amyloid from all species was sensitive to the potassium permanganate pretreatment. Other stains did not distinguish between insular and secondary systemic amyloid. The potassium permanganate-Congo red staining procedure thus can be used to differentiate insular from secondary systemic amyloid in the cat and other species. The results also indicate that insular amyloid and secondary systemic amyloid are of different chemical composition and pathogenesis.
A Canine Testicular Tumor Resembling Gonadoblastoma
Authors: Turk J. R. , Turk M. A. M. , Gallina A. M.
Published: January 2017

A tumor of the left testicle resembling a gonadoblastoma was an incidental finding at necropsy in a 15-year-old male Shetland Sheepdog. This neoplasm was characterized by discrete intratubular aggregates of intimately mixed germ cells and smaller cells resembling Sertoli cells. The latter small cells often formed a single cell layer surrounding the margin of eosinophilic, PAS-positive Call-Exner-like bodies. Electron microscopy showed these bodies to be composed of whorled laminae resembling basement membrane.
Case Report: Necrotizing Vasculitis in the Central Nervous Systems of Two Dogs
Authors: Hoff E. J. , Vandevelde M.
Published: January 2017

Two dogs with rapidly progressing paralysis had polyarteritis involving mediumsized to large arterioles and small arteries of the spinal meninges. Rupture of structurally weakened vessels caused massive hemorrhage with compression and infarction of the spinal cord. The cause of the vasculitis was not determined.
Canine Angiosarcoma (Lymphangiosarcoma): A Case Report
Authors: Kelly W. R. , Wilkinson G. T. , Allen P. W.
Published: January 2017

After injury to the left foreleg, a 2 1/2-year-old Great Dane bitch developed severe oedema of the limb, which did not respond to pressure bandaging or a proteolytic agent. Skin breakdown occurred over the metacarpal region and lymph could be expressed from this lesion. The oedema spread, anaemia and dyspnoea developed and the animal died of respiratory insufficiency 55 days after the initial injury. Autopsy showed widespread infiltration of subcutis, fascial planes and some muscles of the leg by invasive cords and sheets of small endothelial-type cells which formed channels sometimes filled with blood. There was widespread diffuse metastatic neoplasm throughout the lung but no cavernous blood sinus formation. There were small metastases in local lymph nodes, kidney, bone marrow and spleen. It was concluded that the injury made obvious an oedema caused by pre-existing angiosarcoma.
Monocytic Leukemia in a Horse
Authors: Burkhardt E. , Saldern F. v. , Huskamp B.
Published: January 2017

On clinical examination, a six-year-old Hassian gray gelding with a history of impaired performance, slight cough, colic, and edema of the ventral abdomen, prepuce and the legs had reduced skin turgor, pale mucous membranes, forced costoabdominal breathing, reduced venous return, enlarged lymph nodes, and splenomegaly. Hematologic findings revealed anemia, leukocytosis and a high percentage of monocytoid leukemic cells.

Generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, ascites, hydrothorax, and a diffusely thickened gut wall were found at necropsy. Massive infiltration with monocytoid leukemic cells was detected in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver, gut wall, kidneys, and choroid plexus.

Incubation of living cells obtained from a leukocyte concentrate with latex particles revealed phagocytosis in the leukemic cells on light and electron microscopy. The leukemic cells also had a marked α-naphthyl-acetate and naphthol-AS-acetate esterase activity, but were only weakly positive to naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase. A very weak alkaline phosphatase activity only was demonstrated in a few leukemic cells. On scanning electron microscopy, the leukemic cells had prominent ruffles and ridge-like profiles.

These features of the leukemic cells excluded lymphocytic and granulocytic leukemia, and monocytic leukemia was diagnosed.
Prednisone-Induced Morphologic and Chemical Changes in the Liver of Dogs
Authors: Fittschen C. , Bellamy J. E. C.
Published: January 2017

Glucocorticoid treatment in dogs is known to cause hepatocellular swelling due to accumulation of cytoplasmic compounds which variably have been identified histochemically as fat, glycogen, or water. In the present study changes in dog liver, after treatment for 15 days with two different doses of oral or intramuscular prednisone, were examined using histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural techniques as well as quantitative chemical analysis.

Thirty mongrel dogs were divided into two control groups and three treatment groups of six dogs each. Dogs which received prednisone orally at 1.2 mg/kg body weight/day, or 4 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively, or received intramuscular prednisone injections of 4 mg/kg body weight/day had hepatomegaly due primarily to hepatocellular accumulation of glycogen. Compared to controls, no changes in the hepatic water concentration were observed, whereas the relative amounts of liver fat were decreased slightly and those of protein were decreased markedly. Hepatocellular glycogen could be demonstrated histochemically in tissues fixed in absolute alcohol, but not in tissues treated with aqueous fixative, such as 10% buffered formalin or Bouin's solution. Glycogen deposition occurred predominantly in the midzone of hepatic acini. Affected hepatocytes varied in size and shape. The most severely affected cells were enlarged five to ten fold with glycogen occupying most of the cytoplasmic space restricting the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and other organelles to a narrow zone around the cell periphery and the nucleus. It was concluded that treatment with prednisone causes hepatomegaly due to glycogenosis in the dog.
Cellular Lesions in Intestinal Mucosa of Gnotobiotic Calves Experimentally Infected with a New Unclassified Bovine Virus (Breda Virus)
Authors: Pohlenz J. F. L. , Cheville N. F. , Woode G. N. , Mokresh A. H.
Published: January 2017

Four gnotobiotic calves were inoculated intranasally with Breda virus within two hours after cesarean section. Three calves developed diarrhea between 48 and 60 hours after inoculation; one calf was killed at 36 hours. Consistent microscopic findings in the intestinal mucosae of calves with diarrhea were cytopathologic changes in enterocytes of the lower small intestine, large intestine, and dome epithelial cells and an acute inflammatory response with cellular infiltration and subtle changes in capillaries. Virions with average dimensions of 35 × 80 nm were seen in rounded cells that had severe cell swelling, dilatation of the cytocavitary network, and hydropic degeneration. Virions were most often in multiple, large autophagolysosomes. There was a good correlation in detection of virus in cells with electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. No lesions were detectable in two control calves killed five days after inoculation.
Relapse Infection After Chemotherapy in Goats Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma brucei: Pathological Changes in Central Nervous System
Authors: Moulton J. E.
Published: January 2017

Fourteen goats were experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei with the following results: Four animals became terminally ill 24 to 47 days after inoculation of trypanosomes and were killed for necropsy. A second group of four goats became sick, had signs of systemic trypanosomiasis, were treated with diminazine aceturate (Berenil) and recovered showing no signs of disease over observation periods of 151 to 163 days. A third group of six goats, were treated with Berenil and temporarily recovered and in 60 to 79 days after therapy; four of these goats underwent relapse infection characterized by severe central nervous system (CNS) disease. Two of these goats were necropsied 45 days after chemotherapy, before clinical signs were evident, to show early neurological lesions. In group 3 (the relapse group), the microscopic changes became more severe as relapse infection progressed. Microscopically, the central nervous system lesions were edema, hyperemia, and infiltration of plasma cells, small lymphocytes, and some macrophages in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and brain parenchyma. Relapse infection is discussed from the standpoint of an occult phase of the disease where parasites are protected from the effects of trypanocidal drugs by the blood-brain barrier.
Ileal Peyer's Patches in Experimental Infections of Calves with Rotaviruses and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: A Light and Electron Microscopic and Enzyme Histochemical Study
Authors: Pospischil A. , Stiglmair-Herb M. T. , Hess R. G. , Bachmann P. A. , Bauer G.
Published: January 2017

The effect of rotaviruses and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli administered in various sequences to cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived calves was studied using light and electron microscopy. The structure of the lymphoid tissue in the ileum, the number of mitoses in the crypts, number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and enzyme histochemistry (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, β-galactosidase, and leucinaminopeptidase) of the ileal dome epithelium were evaluated. The area of lymphoid follicles in Peyer's patches of the ileum was investigated morphometrically. Monoinfections with either rotavirus or enterotoxigenic E. coli induced a significant increase in lymphoid follicle area, but did not affect dome epithelial cells. Dual infections did not consistently affect the follicle area, but the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and the mitotic indices exceeded those of comparable monoinfections. Changes in activity of enzymes in the ileal dome epithelial area were minor.
Central Nervous System Lesions in Suckling Mice and Rats Inoculated Intranasally with Sialodacryoadenitis Virus
Authors: Percy D. H. , Lynch J. A. , Descôteaux J-P.
Published: January 2017

Suckling CD-1 and CFW mice and WI Wistar rats were inoculated intranasally with sialodacryoadenitis virus. In animals inoculated during the first week of life, there was an acute necrotizing encephalitis with malacia and minimal inflammatory cell response. In mice and rats which survived for up to 12 days post inoculation, loss of brain substance, gitter cells and occasionally mineralized debris were seen. Viral antigen was readily demonstrated in neurons and nasal epithelium in trypsin-treated, paraffin-embedded sections, and corresponded with the presence of lesions. There was no compelling evidence that sialodacryoadenitis virus invaded the central nervous system directly via the cribriform plate, and hematogenous spread was considered to be a likely route of spread to the brain. An age-related resistance to the encephalitic form was evident beginning at 10 days of age in both species. Thus it is conceivable that encephalitis could occur in young suckling rats exposed during naturally-occurring epizootics of sialodacryoadenitis.
Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Features of Two Spontaneous Peripheral Nerve Tumors in Wistar Rats
Authors: Gough A. W. , Hanna W. , Barsoum N. J. , Moore J. , Sturgess J. M.
Published: January 2017

Morphologic features and S-100 protein immunoreactivity of a benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor were studied in two Wistar rats. Neoplasms that developed in untreated control rats from tumor bioassays were S-100 protein positive and had similar histopathologic features. Each peripheral nerve sheath tumor was encapsulated and composed of spindle cells arranged around small thin-walled blood vessels. Palisaded tumor cells were in the benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor while cells of the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor had cellular atypia and moderate numbers of mitoses. Ultrastructural examination of the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor revealed cells with external lamina and interdigitation of cytoplasmic processes. Intracytoplasmic concentric lamellae were seen; they were regularly spaced with a periodicity of about 15 nm. Such structures, indistinguishable from myelin sheaths, have not been commonly associated with peripheral nerve sheath tumors in man. Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were useful in the diagnosis of these tumors as Schwannomas and in differentiation from other spindle cell tumors.
Assessment of Olfactory Memory in Olfactory Dysfunction
Authors: Kollndorfer Kathrin , Reichert Johanna , Braunsteiner Josephine , Schöpf Veronika
Published: January 2017

To assess all clinically relevant components of olfactory perception, examinations for olfactory sensitivity, discrimination, and identification are performed. Besides the standard perceptual test battery, episodic olfactory memory might offer additional information about olfactory abilities relative to these standard clinical tests. As both olfactory deficits and memory deficits are early symptoms in neurodegenerative disorders, olfactory memory may be of particular interest. However, to date little is known about episodic olfactory memory performance in patients with decreased olfactory function. This study includes the investigation of olfactory memory performance in 14 hyposmic patients (8 female, mean age 52.6 years) completing two episodic odor memory tests (Sniffin’ Test of Odor Memory and Odor Memory Test). To control for a general impairment in memory function, a verbal and a figural memory test were carried out. A regression model with multiple predictors was calculated for both odor memory tests separately. Odor identification was identified as the only significant predictor for both odor memory tasks. From our results, we conclude that currently available olfactory memory tests are highly influenced by odor identification abilities, implying the need for the development and validation of additional tests in this field which could serve as additional olfactory perception variables for clinical assessment.
Ear Advantage for Musical Location and Relative Pitch: Effects of Musical Training and Attention
Authors: Hutchison Joanna L. , Hubbard Timothy L. , Hubbard Nicholas A. , Rypma Bart
Published: January 2017

Trained musicians have been found to exhibit a right-ear advantage for high tones and a left-ear advantage for low tones. We investigated whether this right/high, left/low pattern of musical processing advantage exists in listeners who had varying levels of musical experience, and whether such a pattern might be modulated by attentional strategy. A dichotic listening paradigm was used in which different melodic sequences were presented to each ear, and listeners attended to (a) the left ear or the right ear or (b) the higher pitched tones or the lower pitched tones. Listeners judged whether tone-to-tone transitions within each melodic sequence moved upward or downward in pitch. Only musically experienced listeners could adequately judge the direction of successive pitch transitions when attending to a specific ear; however, all listeners could judge the direction of successive pitch transitions within a high-tone stream or a low-tone stream. Overall, listeners exhibited greater accuracy when attending to relatively higher pitches, but there was no evidence to support a right/high, left/low bias. Results were consistent with effects of attentional strategy rather than an ear advantage for high or low tones. Implications for a potential performer/audience paradox in listening space are considered.
Attendants of Yahweh's House: Priesthood in the Old Testament
Authors: Leithart Peter J.
Published: January 2017

Priests have been the target of such sustained attacks in modern theology, philosophy, sociology and biblical studies that a thorough reconsideration of the meaning of priestly ministry is required. Common scholarly descriptions of priests as mediators, sacrificial experts, oracular consultants or sanctuary guardians fail to encompass all the biblical data. Arguing from ancient Near Eastern parallels, the usage of in conjunction with and , and the usage of these verbs in non-liturgical contexts, this article concludes that priests are essentially ‘personal attendants to Yahweh in his house’ and briefly underscores the significance of priesthood for ecclesiology and a theology of vocation.
The Delay of Salvation Within Deutero-Isaiah
Authors: Labahn Antje
Published: January 2017

The main theme of Isaiah 40–55, so-called Deutero-Isaiah, is that Yahweh will grant forgiveness and deliverance to his people in order to provide a new beginning. In time, however, it became apparent that the salvation proclaimed by the prophet had not materialized. In response to a growing unease, therefore, the adherents of Deutero-Isaiah offered a reassurance to the people that salvation was imminent. In later days, however, a new explanation was offered for the fact that the prophetic pronouncement remained unfulfilled—the delay of salvation was blamed on the people of Israel's guilt. In order to explain the failure of Israel, and the subsequent withholding of Yahweh's salvation, the adherents of Deutero-Isaiah borrowed parts of the Deuteronomistic scheme concerning the history of Israel. By making observations on the tradition-historical connections in Isaiah 40–55, traces of Deuteronomistic theology in Deutero-Isaiah can be found. Further, it is also possible to draw some general conclusions about the relationship between the Deutero-Isaiah (respectively Isaian) school and the Deuteronomistic movement.
Aspects of Esther: A Phenomenological Exploration of the Megillah of Esther and the Origins of Purim
Authors: Polish Daniel F.
Published: January 2017

Among the puzzles in the book of Ester is that of its origins. It is commonly agreed that its inclusion in the canon justified the Jewish community's appropriation of a holiday non-Jewish in origin. Many candidates have been suggested as the Ur-celebration upon which Purim is based. My effort employs a phenomenological, rather than historical or linguistic, analysis of various holidays to establish the identity of the proto-Purim. This article examines Esther's Haman/Mordecai doppelgänger figure and its correlation to the substitute king component of Sacae, the Babylonian New Year celebration. Other elements of the Purim celebration underscore this association with the New Year motif, leading us to identify Purim's origins with the Babylonian New Year festival.
Cannibal Mothers and Me: A Mother's Reading of 2 Kings 6.24–7.20
Authors: Lanner Laurel
Published: January 2017

The cannibal mother of 2 Kgs 6.24—7.20 has had little critical attention. Her story becomes an illustration of the results of covenantal disobedience. Her consumption of her child is considered an extreme and disturbing example of inhumanity. However, if the story is read with the position of the mother in focus, an equally disturbing picture of betrayal and powerlessness is revealed. I offer a reading informed by my own experience of motherhood and then engage with recent critical attention, particularly that of Stuart Lasine. Finally the story is brought into conversation with a contemporary story from my own social context in an effort to underline the continuing danger of mis(sed)-readings.
Micah 2–3: Literary Artistry, Ethical Message, and Some Considerations about the Image of Yahweh and Micah
Authors: Dempsey Carol J.
Published: January 2017

Current Micah studies focus on the questions of the book's coherence and its ethical message. But little attention has been given to the book's literary aspects that impact on its ethical message. This article focuses on Micah 2–3, and looks at how the literary character Micah uses various literary forms and techniques not only to evoke a response from both intended and unintended readers but also to provoke their moral conscience. Consideration is given to how the text portrays Yahweh and the related questions and that arise from such a characterization. The article suggests that an interplay exists between literary form, technique, and the ethical message of Micah 2–3.
Biomechanical Modification and Sense Motor Control of Body Posture after Plastic Surgery
Authors: Saggini R. , Iodice P. , Saggini A. , Scuderi N. , Bellomo R.G.
Published: January 2017

Plastic surgery offers a quite unique window on abrupt and permanent modifications of a human's body schema. Its impact is comparable to amputations or other severe injuries, with the evident advantage from the experimenter's (and patient's) point of view that it is planned, allowing longitudinal studies and quantification of the weight and distribution of modified bodily masses (e.g., weight of the prosthesis). One potential drawback is that modifications due to (aesthetic) plastic surgery are often too little to be revealed by motor control tasks, making it difficult to measure the time course of body schema readaptation. The aim of our study is measuring the capability of the body schema to readapt to significant and abrupt changes, such as the distribution of mass centers, and in particular to assess what is the time course of such re-adaptation. For this reason, we have carried out a longitudinal study on postural modifications on a population of female patients (N = 30) who were subjected to additive or reductive plastic surgery. Posture and stabilometry evaluations were performed before surgery (TO), and after 1 months (T1), 4 months (T2), and 1 year (T3). Posture was reconstructed from spatial tracking system (Fastrack™ Polhemus) recordings. Stabilometry analysis was performed by force platform (Globus Italia). The results document a modification in posture and a significant increase in the sway area after body mass alterations. Posture and stabilometry data return to equilibrium after 1 year. Our data suggest that posture control relies on, at least in part, feedforward than only on feedback strategies.
Visual Sensory Disability: Rehabilitative Treatment in an Aquatic Environment
Authors: Bellomo R.G. , Barassi G. , Iodice P. , Di Pancrazio L. , Megna M. , Saggini R.
Published: January 2017

The outcome of this study is based on the concept of the enormous potentiality that is “expressed”, after the elimination of myofascial and articular compensation, from the body system. 10 low vision and blind subjects aged between 35 and 50 years. The subjects performed 10 sessions (2/week) for 5 weeks. Each session consisted of a training in the gym (30 minutes) and hydrokinetic therapy (45 minutes) All the subjects at the beginning (T0) and at the end (T1) of the rehabilitation program were tested by static baropodometry and the stabilometric (Milletrix, Diagnostic support, Rome, Italy). Our results shows an increase of the total area of support surface (p<0.05). The stabilometry results shows an improvement of the orthostatic balance, sway area and the ellipse area decrease respectively 15% (236,9vs201 p<0.05) and 41% b(p<0.05). Thus, the energy expenditure of the patient in maintaining the orthostatic position without visual afferences is lower. Rehabilitative treatment in an aquatic environment resulted effective in improving posture and balance in all patients with increased precision in the execution of the step, wich implies less effort during walk, less energy consumption and better quality of life.
Botulinum Toxin Type a in Cervical Dystonia
Authors: Marvulli R. , Ianieri G. , Megna G. , Lancioni G. , Saggini R. , Ranieri M. , Cristella G. , Megna M.
Published: January 2017

Cervical dystonia is a syndrome characterized by anomalous postures and unintentional repetitive movements of the head and the neck. Aim of this study is to show the effectiveness of the combined treatment botulinum toxin-FKT through the use of a recent methodic of investigation, myoton, and of the classical clinical evaluations, such as Tsui and VAS scales. 15 patients (9 females, 6 males) have been selected. During the initial visit and in the following controls, performed every month, patients have been submitted to physiatric examination, clinical evaluation of the dystonia through the Tsui scale, clinical evaluation of the pain through the VAS scale, myometric evaluation. We obtained statistically reduction of muscular tone's value in passive elongation (t0=16,34±l,23) until 4 month (t4 =16,11±1,23), when we performed a second infiltration. After 4 months from the second infiltration (t8=15,99±1,11) value did not present more some statistical correlation and was necessary to perform a new infiltration. Values of elasticity, stiffness, Tsui and VAS scale followed the same course of the tone. Our study demonstrates that combined treatment botulinum toxin-FKT is effective. It emerges that if to the treatment with botulinum toxin follows a suitable FKT treatment, the effect of the drug lasts 4 months and not 3 months as described by the literature. Our study has underlined that using myometric measurement we can consider least changes in muscular tone, elasticity and stiffness; we have a broader view of the spastic muscle, and we can better plan appropriate rehabilitative care for each patient.
Reducing Wage Inequality
Authors: Bosch Gerhard , Weinkopf Claudia
Published: January 2017

This article concurs with Weiss’s critique of the myth of the powerless state, which underestimates the possibilities that remain open to nation states to take action. Even today in an environment characterized by globalized markets, nation states have at their disposal instruments that can effectively ensure high job quality. The Swedish and French examples show that the state, by means of various combinations of participative and protective labor standards, can ensure that there is a low share of low-wage workers and a high rate of coverage by collective agreements. Given sufficient political pressure, new standards, such as the minimum wage in Germany, can be put in place.
Opportunity Knocks? The Possibilities and Levers for Improving Job Quality
Authors: Findlay Patricia , Warhurst Chris , Keep Ewart , Lloyd Caroline
Published: January 2017

This article focuses on demands and interventions to improve or maintain job quality. There is a need for better understanding of what can be done, by whom, and with what impacts. The article provides a framework for reflection focused on interventions within and outwith the workplace. Drawing on secondary data, it outlines the renewed policy and academic interest in job quality, examines the multilevel reasons for intervention and the factors that shape this intervention, and evaluates the loci of intervention. On the basis of the evidence to date, it argues that there is scope for intervention and that intervention can be effective.
The Depressor Supercilii Muscle: Anatomy, Histology, and Cosmetic Implications
Authors: Cook Briggs E. , Lucarelli Mark J. , Lemke Bradley N.
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

This article describes the anatomy and histology of the depressor supercilii muscle and discusses cosmetic implications.

Materials and Methods:

The depressor supercilii muscle was studied in detail by using gross anatomic dissections carried out on 8 sides of 4 fresh cadaver heads and 10 sides of 5 preserved cadaver heads. Histologic analysis was performed on parasagittal sections of one side of a preserved cadaver head. Measurements were taken on cadaver specimens to determine the insertion point of the depressor supercilii muscle onto the undersurface of the skin.

Results:

The depressor supercilii muscle was demonstrated to be a muscle distinct from the corrugator supercilii muscle and the medial head of the orbital portion of the orbicularis muscle. The depressor supercilii muscle was noted to be vertical in orientation and redder in color than the orbicularis oculi muscle. The depressor supercilii muscle arose from the frontal process of the maxilla approximately 1 cm above the medial canthal tendon and appeared to originate from 2 distinct heads in most specimens — a novel finding. In specimens containing 2 heads of the depressor supercilii muscle, the angular vessels passed between the 2 muscle heads. In specimens containing 1 muscle head, the angular vessels were found anterior to the muscle. The insertion of the depressor supercilii muscle into the dermis lay approximately 13 to 14 mm directly above the medial can-thal tendon.

Discussion:

The origin, insertion, and anatomy of the depressor supercilii muscle help it to act as a depressor of the eyebrow. Histologically, the depressor supercilii muscle arises distinctly from bone and has a unique insertion. The depressor supercilii muscle can be addressed and inactivated through the placement of botulinum toxin into its muscle belly or subcutaneously along its course. The depressor supercilii can also be inactivated by surgical resection through an upper eyelid blepharoplasty incision in concert with corrugator supercilii or procerus resection.
Laser Hair Removal and the Influence of Spot Size
Authors: Newman Nathan , Eremia Sorin
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

The purpose of this study is to critically and prospectively examine the role of spot size in laser hair treatment when all other variables are kept the same.

Materials and Methods:

Fifteen women aged 17 to 37 years were enrolled in this prospective study. Laser hair removal was performed in the axillae, using a 755-nm alexandrite laser with an 8-mm and a 12-mm spot size. Each patient underwent a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 4 treatment sessions spaced 6 weeks apart.

Results:

Results 6 months after the last treatment were quite good (83% reduction) with the 12-mm spot size but far less impressive (56% reduction) with the 8-mm spot size. In other words, treatment with the 8-mm spot size resulted, on average, in 2.6 times more residual hairs than treatment with the 12-mm spot size.

Discussion:

Fluences in the range of 30 to 40 J/cm2 with spot sizes of 12 mm or greater are highly effective at achieving long-term hair reduction with a 3-ms-pulse-width 755-nm Alexandrite laser.
A Comparative Study of Scalp Tension with and without Intraoral Subperiosteal Release of the Midface in Laser-Assisted Endoscopic Browlift
Authors: Stone Thomas L. , Watson Stephen W. , Throckmorton Gaylord S. , Tharanon Wichit , Sinn Douglas P.
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

Since the introduction of the endoscopic browlift, several techniques have been advocated to improve long-term stability and results. These include extensive undermining of the flap, muscle plication, and a variety of fixation techniques. At our institution, intraoral subperiosteal dissection is used in combination with the laser-assisted endoscopic browlift. No clinical studies have compared flap tension using the different methods of periosteal release. The purpose of this study was to compare scalp tension when the flap was pulled posteriorly 10 mm and 15 mm with and without intraoral subperiosteal release of the midface.

Materials and Methods:

This study included 37 patients and consisted of 4 men and 33 women. They underwent a laser-assisted endoscopic browlift with general anesthesia or intravenous sedation. Scalp tension was measured with a spring scale. Scalp tension was measured at 6 locations (the incisions over the right and left medial brows, brow heights, and temporal regions). After the laser-assisted endoscopic browlift, measurement of scalp tension at each location was recorded while the scalp was pulled posteriorly 10 mm and then 15 mm. Tensions were measured prior to and after intraoral subperiosteal release of the midface. Tensions at each incision site before and after subperiosteal release were compared using paired t tests. Tensions between the medial brow, brow height and temporal flaps for each side were also compared using paired t tests.

Results:

Subperiosteal release of the midface significantly reduced tension at every incision site by more than 200 g. The average amount of tension reduction gradually increased from the midline sites to the temporal sites prior to subperiosteal release of the midface. Tension was reduced by more than 300 g at the temporal sites after subperiosteal release of the midface.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that by including intraoral broad subperiosteal detachment of the midface, there is less tension on the flap at all incision sites. Reduced tension and more equally distributed tension would be expected to contribute to better would healing, improved predictability, and assumed longevity of results.
Laser Resurfacing with a Dual-Mode, Long-Pulse Erbium:YAG Laser Compared to the 950-μs Pulsed CO2 Laser
Authors: Rostan Elizabeth F. , Goldman Mitchel P. , Fitzpatrick Richard E.
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

Laser resurfacing with the 950-μs pulsed CO2 laser (UPCO2) is an effective treatment for photodamage and acne scarring. Adverse sequelae such as prolonged erythema and delayed would healing are not uncommon after resurfacing. Less adverse sequelae are seen with the use of erbium lasers alone; however, the same degree of improvement cannot be achieved as with the CO2 laser. New long-pulse erbium:YAG lasers (LP Er:Yag) have been developed to deliver increased thermal effects to tissue. It is hypothesized that, with use of these lasers, improved clinical outcomes may be achieved while still allowing for diminished erythema and improved wound healing.

Materials and Methods:

Nineteen patients were randomized to receive laser resurfacing with the UPCO2 followed by short-pulse erbium:YAG ablation on one half of the face and LP Er:YAG followed by traditional short-pulse erbium laser on the other half. Patients were evaluated clinically before resurfacing and at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Histologic samples taken at various time periods before and after resurfacing were also evaluated.

Results:

Overall clinical improvement was equal for both UPCO2 and LP Er:YAG treated sides, with an average improvement in photoaging scores of 53%. In 5 patients, greater clinical improvement in periorbital lines, perioral lines, or both was noted on the UPCO2 side, but overall average photoaging scores were equal. There was a tendency toward faster healing and less edema on the LP Er:YAG-treated side. Histologic examination of tissue taken after resurfacing revealed greater thermal damage on the UPCO2-treated side, and both sides showed evidence of new collagen formation 3 months after the procedure.

Conclusion:

The LP Er:YAG laser can achieve a similar degree of improvement as seen with short-pulse CO2 laser resurfacing, with decreased thermal tissue effects and decreased risk for adverse sequelae.
Endoscopic CO2 Laser-Assisted Capsulotomy (Minimally Invasive Method for Treatment of Capsular Contracture)
Authors: Karlinsky-Bellini Victoria , Tobin Howard , Perenack Jon
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

Capsular contracture is a common problem faced by cosmetic/plastic surgeons and their patients. This retrospective study looks at the effectiveness of and overall patient satisfaction with endoscopic laser-assisted capsulotomy and suggests it is a safe and effective method of treating capsular contracture while minimizing morbidity and scarring and allowing patients to return to their daily activities almost immediately.

Materials and Methods:

The authors present their experience with 56 patients over a 7-year period. The operation is performed through a small (5–7 mm) periareolar access incision into the capsule, followed by horizontal and radial release of the capsular contracture using a CO2 laser visualized with a 4-mm endoscope with a specialized sleeve designed and built by the senior surgeon. Each patient was assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Capsular contracture was graded based on Baker's classification method. The procedure was performed on patients with silicone and saline implants. Postoperative complications and patient satisfaction were noted.

Results:

Of 56 patients in the study, 6 (10.7%) were excluded: 2 had prior radiation therapy, 1 had reconstructive breast surgery for cancer prior to having the implant put in, 2 had a deflation 3 months postprocedure, and 1 had the procedure to treat an implant that had not adequately settled. Many of the patients had been previously treated elsewhere 1 or more times with recurrent capsule formation. One of the 50 patients (2%) presented with Baker II capsular contracture but was lost to follow-up. According to the chart review, the patient was happy with the results postprocedure, and Baker I score was achieved. Thirty-six of 50 patients (72%) presented initially with a Baker III capsular contracture, and of these, 20 (55%) were lost to follow-up, and thus long-term results of the procedure could not accurately be established. Of 16 patients with long-term follow-up, 6 (38%) achieved a score of Baker I and were pleased with the results. Ten patients (62%) experienced improvement initially but recurred shortly after (2–6 months). Thirteen of 50 patients (26%) presented initially with a Baker IV capsular contracture of which 7 (54%) were lost to long-term follow-up, and long-term results could not accurately be established. Two of 6 patients (34%) followed long term achieved a score of Baker I and were pleased with the results. Four patients (66%) recurred shortly after the procedure (2–6 months). Complications included 1 infection postprocedure requiring removal of the implant (in the patient excluded from the study) and 2 drain placements (both patients were lost to follow-up). The mean follow-up was 21 months.
A Cost-Savings Analysis of Skin Closure Devices: Incorporating Opportunity Cost into Operating Time Efficiency
Authors: Chatterjee Abhishek , Kerrigan Carolyn
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

The surgeon's armamentarium of skin closure techniques is abundant. This research aims to show the potential costs savings using 3M's Steri-Strip S (3S) when compared with sutures for skin closure. The current goal was to translate time savings into cost savings using 2 models: (1) the historical model is a strict analysis of variable (operating room [OR] time costs) and fixed (material) cost and (2) the true cost model estimates the opportunity cost available and adds this to the costs of the historical model.

Materials and Methods:

OR time costs per minute ($OR/min) were computed based on hospital estimates. Direct material costs were based on purchase prices of 4–0 PDS and 3S. Historical cost was computed from the equation OR procedure closure time × $OR/min + device costs. To assess opportunity cost, the potential time saved in an average surgeon's full OR day by using 3S instead of sutures was estimated. This available time was then revalued using the profit from an additional surgical procedure that could be performed in the time saved.

Results:

The hospital $OR/min is estimated to be $30. 4–0 PDS costs are $3.75 per suture, and 3S costs are $14.82 per device. The average breast reduction used 6 sutures or 16 3S devices for the final layer of skin closure. Similarly, the average abdominal case used 2 sutures and 14 3S devices. When using 3S instead of 4–0 PDS, time saved in the OR was noted to be 19.74 and 11.6 minutes per breast reduction and abdominal case, respectively. This resulted in historical cost savings of $377.58 and $148.02 per breast reduction and abdominal case, respectively. By using profit margin data from carpal tunnel release (a procedure that could be performed during the time saved), we estimated an opportunity cost of $97.30 per minute. By incorporating the opportunity cost, the true cost savings by using 3S instead of 4–0 PDS was $2298.28 and $1276.70 per bilateral breast reduction and abdominal case, respectively.

Conclusion:

Given that there is a significant time saving in using 3S over suture closure in approximating the skin, the authors conclude that 3S allows for greater efficiency in operating time use that leads to potential cost savings. Furthermore, although there appears to be cost savings in the historical model, there is a demonstration of greater cost savings if the opportunity cost is applied.
A Combination Technique for Resection of Redundant Scrotal Skin
Authors: Lombardo Maria A. , Jackson Robert F.
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

This article describes a combination technique to restore normal anatomy, appearance, and function to the mons pubis and scrotal skin following massive weight loss.

Materials and Methods:

A 51-year-old man with excessive suprapubic/mons and scrotal skin redundancy was treated with a combination surgical technique of a modified Avelar abdominoplasty and scrotal skin resection. The details of the procedure are presented.

Results:

Postoperative follow-up showed a satisfactory result, with cessation of recurrent intertriginous infections and restoration of urinary and sexual function.

Discussion:

The combination technique presented is a straightforward procedure that can be used for the correction of scrotal skin redundancy. The relevant anatomy must be understood to preserve function and avoid complications.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Cleary Anne
Published: January 2017

Being a man has become a more complex issue in Ireland today. To quote Harry Ferguson, ‘while men were and are everywhere in Irish society, little attention was given to them as men, as gendered subjects' (2003: 1). Their emergence from (gender) invisibility is taking place in the midst of unprecedented social and economic change in Ireland. It has been suggested that present socio-cultural conditions adversely affect young people in giving rise to a sense of liminality, of living between cultures and identities (Keohane and Chambers, 2003: 48). Yet generalised explanations of change outcomes, and the crisis discourse which surrounds young men in particular, need careful examination. These accounts frequently make assumptions of causal links between change indictors and ‘negative’ outcome where none exist and rarely highlight socio-economic, age and within-gender variations. We live in a more individualistic and globally defined society than heretofore, but while the ‘moral certainties of being’ (Haywood and Mac an Ghaill, 2003) are gone, strong belief and value systems are still in evidence (Fahey, Hayes and Sinnott, 2005: 219; Cleary, 2005). Furthermore, change has had much positive impact, as reflected in high levels of satisfaction amongst Irish people (Fahey and Smyth, 2004). With so little evidence of a negative effect on people generally how has societal change become a crisis for men?
Autobiography, Nation, Postcolonialism and Gender Relations: Reflecting on Men in England, Finland and Ireland
Authors: Hearn Jeff
Published: January 2017

This article seeks to develop multi-layered reflections on men in England, Finland and Ireland. It connects autobiographical memories, the politics and the problematic of men, studies on men, and men's situation in three countries and societies, and their postcolonial contexts. In each case, personal, political and academic connections with the countries concerned are explored and interlinked. Though postcolonial studies have been developed mainly by those who are members of or in an ambiguous relation to social categories that have been marginalised by colonialism and imperialism, these perspectives are drawn on to interrogate and deconstruct the dominant. Postcolonialism figures in different ways in the three countries, providing multiple means to deconstruct men, the unified, coherent, individual and collective male subject. ‘Men’, the mystified/mythologised One(s), are made material Other(s). Studying men needs to be less ethnocentric, less national(istic), and more fully located in transnational contexts.
Portrait of the ‘Absent’ Father: The Impact of Non-Residency on Developing and Maintaining a Fathering Role
Authors: Corcoran Mary P.
Published: January 2017

This paper reports on an exploratory study conducted with non-resident fathers, to elucidate the key issues affecting the development and maintenance of a fathering role after a relationship has ended. In particular, the paper focuses on the contingent nature of fatherhood for young marginalised men in Dublin. The extent to which fathers identify with a fathering role is explored and comparisons are drawn between the experiences of estranged, committed and activist fathers. Key factors that militate against fathers maintaining an active role in their children's lives are identified. The paper concludes that while the experiences of fatherhood vary across different categories of fathers, the majority of them aspire toward and value their fathering role. However, their capacity to adopt a positive fathering role is affected by a range of institutional, economic and social barriers.
Gender and Children's Social World: Esteemed and Marginalised Masculinities in the Primary School Playground
Authors: Lodge Anne
Published: January 2017

This article examines the role played by the social worlds of primary school children in producing and reproducing a range of masculine identities. It describes the relatively gender-segregated nature of the culture of middle-childhood, arguing that the specific institutional context reinforces this segregation. The article outlines the range of masculinities documented in the primary school playground and examines the ways in which both the school institution and the peer-group define and police the boundaries of masculinity. The school negatively labels dominant, assertive males through certain institutional practices and attitudes. Certain boys with more androgynous styles are of higher status with peers in this context. The impact of other identities on the relative status of boys is examined. It is shown how those boys who are differently abled are of lower status. Peers perceive them as less socially mature. Their relative invisibility and stigmatisation is partly a consequence of institutional practices.
Feminisation and Schooling: Re-Masculinisation, Gendered Reflexivity and Boyness
Authors: Haywood Chris , Popoviciu Liviu , Ghaill Máirtín Mac An
Published: January 2017

Across media and academic accounts in western societies there is much talk of an implosion of the modernist gender order. One way of capturing this shift is through the deployment of the concept of feminisation and an accompanying masculinity crisis. This paper draws upon empirical work in a specific context, that of the contemporary English schooling of boys. We critically explore the different meanings ascribed to the notion of feminisation. In exploring the changing labour process of teaching, we pose the suggestion of its remasculinisation. Having considered this broader picture, we focus on the meanings that circulate through teaching and more specifically address the question through a consideration of the disconnection of gendered styles from sexed bodies. In the final section this leads to the exploration of the putative ‘crisis of boys' by addressing the dynamic cultural inter connections between the categories of age and gender.