bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful treatment of hypereosinophilic syndrome in a dog
Authors: PERKINS MC , WATSON ADJ
Published: March 2008

An 11‐year‐old crossbred dog was presented with a history of episodic vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort and coughing. These signs had been present for several years. Marked peripheral eosinophilia (10.3 × 109/L) was found. No underlying cause of reactive eosinophilia was apparent. Bone marrow aspiration biopsy showed hyperplasia of the eosinophilic cell line, with some increase in immaturity, although all cells were morphologically normal. There were numerous eosinophils in bronchial wash fluid and eosinophilic infiltrates were evident in biopsies of pancreas, liver, small intestine and colon but not stomach. Hypereosinophilic syndrome was diagnosed. The dog responded well to twice daily treatment with hydroxyurea and prednisolone. Clinical signs are well‐controlled 16 months later.
Suppression of ovarian progesterone production in dairy cows using an implant of GnRH‐agonist (deslorelin) for the purpose of evaluating progesterone metabolism
Authors: RABIEE AR , MACMILLAN KL , SCHWARZENBERGER F , THALLER D , RATHBONE MJ , TRIGG TE
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the potential of an implant of a GnRH‐agonist (deslorelin) to create a progesterone free animal suitable for studying progesterone (P4) metabolism in intact cows by measuring blood P4 and faecal P4 metabolites.

Methods Experiment 1: Eighteen non‐lactating cycling Holstein‐Friesian cows, 4 to 7 years old, were allocated to one of three groups to study plasma P4 concentrations preceding an intravaginal insert. These groups comprised: i) a deslorelin group (GnRH‐agonist implanted); ii) a PGF group receiving two injections of prostaglandin (PGF2a) 12 days apart; and, iii) an ovariectomised (OVX) group. An intravaginal device (CIDR) was inserted into the vagina of each animal and left in place for 11 days. Plasma P4 concentrations were measured during the study period.

Experiment 2: Twelve non‐lactating cycling Holstein‐Friesian cows, 4 to7 years old, were allocated to two groups: i) a deslorelin group (GnRH‐agonist implanted); and ii) an ovariectomised group. Plasma P4 and faecal P4 metabolites (20‐oxo‐pregnanes, 20a‐OH and 20b‐OH) were monitored for a period of 5 weeks.

Results Experiment 1: Average plasma P4 concentration did not differ between the three groups (1.28, 1.43 and 1.55 ng/mL for deslorelin, OVX and PGF cows, respectively, P = 0.8) during the period of supplementation.

Experiment 2: There was no difference in plasma P4 (mean plasma P4 < 0.02 ng/mL, P = 0.9) and faecal P4 metabolites between deslorelin and OVX cows 2 weeks after the implantation (P = 0.7).

Conclusions These data showed that a GnRH‐agonist (deslorelin) implant may be used as an alternative to ovariectomy to create a progesterone free animal suitable for studying the metabolism of administered P4.
Concurrent Cryptosporidium and parvovirus infections in a puppy
Authors: DENHOLM KM , HAITJEMA H , GWYNNE BJ , MORGAN UM , IRWIN PJ
Published: March 2008

Cryptosporidium parvum, an intestinal coccidian parasite, was isolated from faeces and intestinal biopsies of a 9‐week‐old puppy with acute parvoviral gastroenteritis. Gene sequence analysis identified aCryptosporidiumgenotype not previously recorded in Australia. The puppy recovered after treatment with crystalloid fluids, synthetic and natural colloids and jejunostomy tube feeding.
Canine coronavirus in Australian dogs
Authors: NAYLOR MJ , MONCKTON RP , LEHRBACH PR , DEANE EM
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the frequency of serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) to canine coronavirus (CCV) in the Australian dog population and evaluate the role of CCV as a causative agent of gastroenteritis.

Design A serological survey of antibodies to CCV among different dog populations.

Procedure The development and characterisation of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies (IgG and IgM) to CCV was undertaken. Sera collected from both diarrhoeal and non‐diarrhoeal dogs from various populations throughout Australia were tested for these antibodies to CCV.

Results Serum samples (1396) collected from 1984 to 1998 were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to CCV. Samples were divided into two categories on the basis of the number of dogs housed together. The groups were either an open population containing dogs housed as groups of three or less, or kennel populations. Sera from 15.8% of the open population and 40.8% of kennelled dogs were positive for CCV antibodies. The prevalence of antibodies varied from zero to 76% in kennelled dogs. About 23% of 128 dogs positive for IgG antibodies to CCV were also positive for IgM antibodies to CCV, indicating recent CCV infection. Of those dogs that were presented with clinical signs of gastroenteritis such as diarrhoea and vomiting(n = 29), 85% were positive in the IgM ELISA and 85.7% in the IgG ELISA for antibodies to CCV. In comparison, for those dogs presented without any history of gastroenteritis only 15% were positive for IgM and 30% positive for IgG.

Conclusion Serological evidence indicates that infection with CCV in dogs is widespread throughout the Australian mainland. The prevalence of antibodies varies greatly among different populations, with an average of 40.8% positive in kennelled populations and 15.8% in the open population.
Lateral canthoplasty for facial nerve paralysis and exposure keratitis in a mouse
Authors: HARDMAN C , STANLEY RG
Published: March 2008

An 11‐month old entire male mouse was presented with mucopurulent discharge and corneal scarring of the left eye. This mouse previously had a history of ear mites that responded to therapy, and had undergone surgery to remove a large discharging mass from the left side of the neck. The eye problem was noted prior to surgery, but after the ear mite infection. Examination revealed absence of a palpebral reflex in the left eye, and no spontaneous movements of the left ear or lip and whiskers. Examination of the left eye revealed extensive corneal vascularisation and pigmentation. Intraocular structures were not visible. A diagnosis of facial nerve paralysis and secondary exposure keratitis was made. Surgery was performed to close the lateral canthus and reduce corneal exposure. Following surgery the eye discharge ceased and corneal vascularisation resolved, however corneal pigmentation persisted.
Identification of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: VARRASSO A , DYNON K , FICORILLI N , HARTLEY CA , STUDDERT MJ , DRUMMER HE
Published: March 2008

Objective To develop and validate specific, sensitive and rapid (< 8 hour) diagnostic tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of abortion and respiratory disease caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1; equine abortion virus) and EHV4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus).

Design Primer sets based on nucleotide sequences encoding glycoprotein H (gH) of EHV1 and gB of EHV4 were designed and used in single round and second round (seminested) PCRs, and in a multiplex PCR for the diagnosis of EHV1 and EHV4 infections.

Methods Oligonucleotide primers were designed for each virus, PCR conditions were defined and the specificity and sensitivity of the assays were determined. The tests were applied to tissue samples from aborted equine foetuses and to nasopharyngeal swabs from horses with acute febrile respiratory disease.

Results Individual single round and a second round (seminested) EHV1 and EHV4 PCRs were specific in that EHV1 primers amplified all (n = 30) EHV1 isolates and did not amplify EHV4. Similarly EHV4 primers amplified all (n = 6) EHV4 isolates and did not amplify EHV1. Both PCRs were sensitive in that the first round EHV1 PCR detected 1220 molecules of EHV1 plasmid DNA and the first round EHV4 PCR detected 7280 molecules of EHV4 plasmid DNA. The EHV1 second round PCR was 100 times more sensitive in that it detected 12 molecules of EHV1 DNA and the EHV4 second round PCR was 1000 times more sensitive in that it detected 8 molecules of EHV4 DNA. There was a high correlation between detection of EHV1 by virus isolation and PCR when tissue samples from 71 aborted foetuses were examined; all samples positive by virus isolation were positive by PCR. Similarly the EHV4 PCR was at least as sensitive as virus isolation when applied to nasaopharyngeal swabs from horses with respiratory disease in that all samples positive by virus isolation were also positive by PCR.

Conclusion Individual single round and second round (seminested) PCRs and a seminested multiplex PCR were developed that enabled reliable, rapid detection of EHV1 and EHV4 in aborted foetal tissues and nasopharyngeal swab samples.
Immune responses of teleost fish
Authors: WATTS M , MUNDAY BL , BURKE CM
Published: March 2008

In fish all the pre‐requisites to mount a specific immune response are present, but the main differences from the mammalian system are that the secondary response is relatively minor and IgG is not present. In teleosts mainly IgM is present, and IgD has been recently described but its function is, as yet, unknown. However, different forms of fish IgM and its observed flexibility of structure may compensate for a lack of Ig class diversity. The innate immune response of teleosts is highly developed. Multiple forms of key constitutive and inducible components, such as lysozyme, C3, a 2‐macroglobulin and C‐reactive protein, are present, and may enhance immune recognition. Low ambient temperature appears to have an impact on all aspects of the immune response, particularly the T‐dependent specific immune response due to the non‐adaptive lipid composition of T‐cell membranes. Temperature effects on the nonspecific immune system are less well characterised, but there is evidence that low temperatures are also suppressive. Knowledge of immune system function becomes essential for disease prevention strategies such as the development of vaccines, selection for increased disease resistance and identification of genes suitable for trangenesis
Primary anconeal fracture in a boxer
Authors: THRUPP JP , WONG WT , CHARLES JA
Published: March 2008

A 14‐month‐old speyed female Boxer was presented with acute non‐weight‐bearing lameness in the right forelimb. Radiography revealed separation of the anconeal process, which was thence surgically removed. Histological examination of the anconeal process confirmed a primary fracture. Isolated unilateral anconeal process fracture in the dog is rare and this report includes histopathological findings of a primary anconeal fracture.
The effect of three different doses of sodium pentosan polysulphate on haematological and haemostatic variables in adult horses
Authors: DART AJ , PERKINS N , DOWLING BA , BATTERHAM T , LIVINGSTON C , HODGSON DR
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the effects of three different doses of sodium pentosan polysulphate (PPS) on haematological and haemostatic variables in adult horses.

Design Eight adult standardbred horses were used. All horses received a single injection of 0, 3, 6, and 10 mg/kg of PPS at the beginning of each treatment week for 4 weeks so that by the end of the study all horses had received all four doses of PPS. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 168 h after each weekly injection of PPS. Variables measured were packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, platelet count, white cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, eosinophil count, monocyte count, serum protein, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT). Data were analysed using an ANOVA. Significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results There was a dose‐dependent increase in PTT. A significant increase in PTT occurrred in all treatment groups when compared to horses receiving 0 mg/kg in which there was no change over time. The PTT values all returned to baseline by 48 h after treatment. The mean neutrophil count was higher 3 h after treatment when compared to time 0. Horses receiving 3 mg/kg of PPS had a higher lymphocyte count 4 h after injection, and those receiving 6 and 10 mg/kg had higher counts at 3,4,6 and 8 h after injection when compared to time 0. At 8 h after injection horses receiving 6 and 10 mg PPS had higher lymphocyte counts than horses not receiving PPS.

Conclusions PPS causes a dose‐dependent prolongation of PTT in horses. At the dose rates currently recommended for treatment of joint problems in horses this increase was small and remained elevated from baseline for up to 24 h. Based on these findings doses of PPS up to 3 mg/kg should not be administered to horses within 24 h of high stress activities or where physical injury may occur.
Principles for the use of macrocyclic lactones to minimise selection for resistance
Authors: DOBSON RJ , BESIER RB , BARNES EH , LOVE SCJ , VIZARD A , BELL K , Le JAMBRE LF
Published: March 2008

Objective To provide principles for the appropriate use of avermectin/milbemycin or macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics in sheep, to ensure effective worm control and to minimise selection for ML resistance.

Strategy The principles were based on an assessment of the information currently available. The MLs were categorised into three groups (ivermectin [IVM], abamectin [ABA] and moxidectin [MOX]) based on structural differences, persistence and efficacy against ML resistant strains. The reported order of activity or efficacy against ML resistant worm strains was IVM<ABA<MOX. General treatment schemes were considered for Australian conditions and were divided into the following situations: 1. quarantine treatment, 2. treatment on/to clean pasture, 3. treatment on/to safe pasture, 4. treatment on/to moderate/heavily contaminated pasture. For each of these situations a strategy was considered for farms where ML resistance was present or absent. It was assumed that resistance commonly occurs in some or all other broad spectrum anthelmintics, and even where ML resistance has been detected, the ML group remains the most effective. The guidelines provided are general and it is expected that state agencies and sheep/veterinary advisers would give specific advice to suit their environments and drug resistance/worm problems.

Conclusions The primary recommendation is to use a mixture of effective drugs when treating sheep. However, unless the combination treatment is highly effective it is unlikely to delay selection for ML resistance if sheep are being treated and moved to a clean or safe pasture. Where possible, reliance on the ML anthelmintics should be reduced by not using them every year, not using them in low risk stock or by using narrow spectrum and low efficacy drugs such as naphthalophos when appropriate. Anthelmintic treatment should be given as part of a strategic worm control program. It is suggested that IVM‐oral and IVM‐capsules should not be used when ML resistance is present. In this situation MOX or ABA should be used in combination with other drugs, provided that the chosen ML is effective against the resistant parasite. It is essential to monitor the efficacy of ML and drug combinations by post‐treatment worm egg counts, particularly when ML resistance has been detected.
Genotyping Shorthorn cattle for generalised glycogenosis
Authors: DENNIS JA , HEALY PJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To develop a procedure for routine genotyping of Shorthorn cattle for the generalised glycogenosis allele in exon 18 of the acidic α‐glucosidase gene.

Procedure Allele‐specific amplification and double mismatch amplification procedures for the discrimination of the exon 18 alleles were evaluated using leucocytes and hair roots as sources of target DNA.

Results Allele‐specific amplification was effective for genotyping Shorthorn cattle at the 2454 site when purified DNA was used as target for the polymerase chain reaction. However, when the target DNA was derived from hair roots, differences in the relative yield of wild‐type and mutant amplicons were observed. The double mismatch amplification procedure was effective in genotyping all subjects, independent of the source of DNA. The unique cleavage sites for Drd I and Psh A I within exon 18 are present and absent respectively in the wildtype amplicon, and are lost and acquired, respectively, in the mutant amplicon. In addition, the Drd I and Psh A I mismatching cleavage sites incorporated into the primers serve as internal controls for Drd I and Psh A I cleavage.

Conclusion The double Drd I /Psh A I mismatch amplification procedure using hair root samples as the source of DNA is a robust method for genotyping Shorthorns for generalised glycogenosis.
Prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats and related‐breeds in Sydney and Brisbane
Authors: BARRS VR , GUNEW M , FOSTER SF , BEATTY JA , MALIK R
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveA form of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease has been identified in Persian cats and related breeds. Two features make elimination of this disease from future generations an achievable goal: the autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and the availability of a noninvasive technique, renal ultrasonography, to identify affected cats. The aims of this study were; to determine the prevalence of the disease in Persian cats and related breeds in Sydney and Brisbane, to determine any effect of domicile and breed on disease prevalence, to alert veterinary practitioners to the prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and to propose methods of eliminating the disease from future generations of cattery‐bred cats.

DesignTo be included in this scheme, cats had to be of Persian or related breed and be older than 10 months‐of‐age. Younger cats were excluded because of the increased likelihood of a false negative result. Renal ultrasonography was performed using either a Medison 600 with a 7.5 MHz mechanical sector scanner (n = 228, Brisbane) or using an ATL UltraMark‐9 with a 5 to 10 MHz linear array transducer (n = 92, Sydney). The effects of domicile (Sydney versus Brisbane) and breed on the prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease were tested using two‐tailed Fisher's Exact tests.

ResultsA total of 320 cats were tested comprising 230 Persians, 48 Himalayans, 17 Exotics, 14 Burmillas, 6 Ragdolls and 5 Chinchillas. The prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Sydney (45%) and Brisbane (42%) was comparable and no sex predilection was identified. The disease was not detected in Ragdolls, although only a small number was tested. Two of 14 Burmilla cats were positive (14%), demonstrating that long hair coat and brachycephalic features do not segregate with the polycystic kidney disease trait.

ConclusionThese results show that the prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease amongst purebred, long‐haired cats in Australia is currently very high. Ultrasound detection schemes are easy to establish and breeder participation can be encouraged through subsidisation.
Progress towards understanding the spread, detection and control of Mycobacterium avium subsp para‐tuberculosis in animal populations
Authors: WHITTINGTON RJ , SERGEANT ESG
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo review and interpret aspects of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) for veterinarians involved in current Johne's disease control programs.

ProcedureAn electronic and manual search was undertaken to identify published information which, together with limited unpublished data, was interpreted and summarised.

ConclusionsParatuberculosis, a chronic enteropathy of ruminants, is caused byMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisand is transmitted mainly in faeces to young animals by infected adults, some of which may not have clinical signs. The incubation period is inversely related to the size of the challenge dose but can be extremely prolonged. Clinical cases may not be seen within the economic lifespan of farm animals, particularly when stocking rates are low, pasture is spelled, or when animals are culled at a relatively young age. Other as yet unknown influences may determine the rate of progression or recovery from infection. Paratuberculosis appears in a range of forms from a disease with high prevalence and significant mortality through to one with very low prevalence and little obvious morbidity or mortality. Detection of infected flocks and herds relies on use of laboratory tests. Bacteriological culture of faeces is the most sensitive herd‐level test. The passage of time and repeated testing are the greatest allies in detecting paratuberculosis because infected animals progress in the disease process and most tests are more effective in the later stages of the disease. These factors generally cause the prevalence of paratuberculosis to be underestimated at both herd or flock and regional level. Greater understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis ofM a paratuberculosisinfection is critical in order to design improved diagnostic strategies, assess the feasibility of eradication and develop control options, particularly in small ruminants.
The susceptibility of two species of wallaby to infection with Trypanosoma evansi
Authors: REID SA , HUSEIN A , PARTOUTOMO S , COPEMAN DB
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the susceptibility of the agile wallaby (Macropus agilis) and the dusky pademelon (Thylogale brunii) to infection with Trypanosoma evansi.

Method Two agile wallabies and three dusky pademelons were experimentally infected with between 5times104 and 10times104T evansi from a cryopreserved stabilate isolated from an Indonesian buffalo. Animals were observed twice daily for clinical signs and blood was collected every 3 days to determine parasitaemia. Necropsy was conducted on animals that died or were euthanased when in extremis and representative tissue sections examined.

Results All wallabies developed a high parasitaemia by 6 days after infection, which persisted until death or euthanasia in extremis, between days 8 and 61. Clinical signs included anorexia, weakness and ataxia. Anaemia occurred in one wallaby that survived for 61 days. Gross pathological changes varied between animals. They included pericarditis, serous atrophy of fat, splenomegaly, ulcerative gastritis and enteritis. Histological changes were characterised by a mononuclear cell infiltration of the connective tissue of most organs with little cellular destruction. Striking lesions were seen in the choroid, heart, stomach and small intestine.

Conclusion Agile wallabies and pademelons are highly susceptible to infection with T evansi. Wallabies, therefore, have the potential to spread T evansiwithin New Guinea and Australia if infection is introduced. Mortality is likely to be high thereby acting as an indicator of recent introduction. Histological changes seen in wallabies infected with T evansi are diagnostic for infections occurring in Australia and Papua New Guinea.
Letters
Authors: Collier Dr Stephen , Bradley Dr Bob , Rosson Faith , Gartrell Will , Bradley Dr Bob , Webb Alistair , Thompson Dr Graham , Cebuliak Dr Elaine
Published: March 2008

Editor's note: The AVJ welcomes letters from members in all areas of the profession on matters of importance to you. Please keep them brief ‐ to meet our space constraints. Letters will be subject to minimal editing procedures. Subject to letters complying with the AVJ's legal responsibilities, they will not be censored. Nor will individuals or groups waging'‘campaigns’ be permitted to abuse these pages. If submitting a letter intended for publication, kindly identify it as such. Letters to the Editor can be sent by mail, fax or e‐mail at the contact points listed at the start of the News Section. Writers may use a pseudonym to protect their identities ‐ but must supply the Editor with verifiable names and points of contact.
Myelodysplasia, hypophosphataemia, vitamin D and iron deficiency in an alpaca
Authors: MURRAY SL , LAU KW , BEGG A , JACOBS K
Published: March 2008

A pregnant 2‐year‐old alpaca was presented for evaluation of progressive weight loss, decreased appetite and lethargy that developed in winter. Haematologic and serum biochemical analyses revealed marked anaemia, leukopenia, severe hypophosphataemia and mild hypocalcaemia. Evaluation of bone marrow core biopsies and aspirates revealed an increased proportion of immature haematopoietic cells, without sufficient numbers of blast cells to be termed an acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).1 The haematological and bone marrow findings were suggestive of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The anaemia, leukopenia, lethargy and weight loss remained refractory to medical therapy and the alpaca was euthanased on humane grounds.
Surveys to assess the amount of pesticide in wool and the use of pesticides by woolgrowers in Queensland
Authors: WARD MP , ARMSTRONG RTF
Published: March 2008

Objective To measure the amounts of pesticide residue in wool grown in Queensland between 1997 and 1999, and to describe the use of pesticides for the control of lice infestations and blowfly strike in Queensland sheep flocks.

Design Pesticide residues were measured in a random sample of wool from Queensland clips offered for sale during 1998 and 1999. Information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace‐back postal survey.

Procedure Samples taken from wool lots were tested for the presence and amount of organophosphorus (OP), synthetic pyrethroid (SP) and insect growth regulator pesticides. A questionnaire seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample was tested.

Results The mean amount of OP and SP residue was 2.0 and 0.8 mg/kg, respectively. Ninety‐five and 98% of wool samples contained <9 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The mean amount of cyromazine, diflubenzuron and triflumuron was 12.7, 5.8 and 13.0 mg/kg, respectively. The amounts of OP, cyromazine and triflumuron residues were greater in wool from flocks located in southern Queensland.

Conclusion Most (95%; 95% CI,92–97%) Queensland wool clips grown between 1997 and 1999 meet the suggested Australian maximum acceptable residue amounts for OP and SP pesticides.
Thoracic actinomycosis (arcanobacteriosis) or nocardiosis causing thoracic pyogranuloma formation in three dogs
Authors: SIVACOLUNDHU RK , O'HARA AJ , READ RA
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe three cases of canine thoracic actinomycosis (arcanobacteriosis) or nocardiosis in which the primary pathological lesion was a pyogranulomatous abscess in the mediastinum. Clinical signs, difficulties in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are examined. Comparisons are made between human and veterinary literature to assist in formulating a rational treatment plan.

DesignRetrospective clinical study.

ProcedureReview of case records from 1984 to 1998.

ResultsThree dogs presented with large intrathoracic pyogranulomas producing variable clinical signs, not necessarily associated with the respiratory tract. Ages ranged from 2 to 5 years old. Two dogs responded to surgical opening and passive drainage of the abscess, or surgical excision of the granuloma with associated structures, and medical therapy. One dog died intra‐operatively.

ConclusionA combination of surgical and antimicrobial therapy may carry a fair‐to‐good prognosis for thoracic granuloma caused by actinomycosis (arcanobacteriosis) or nocardiosis. The extent of surgery should be based on assessment of individual cases and must include surgical biopsy for histology and culture to enable a specific diagnosis to be made. Complete surgical excision is not necessarily required. Prolonged antimicrobial therapy is indicated.
Simian immunodeficiency virus infections in vervet monkeys (Clorocebus aethiops) at an Australian zoo
Authors: JOY AK , VOGELNEST L. , MIDDLETON DJ , DALE CJ , CAMPAGNA D. , PURCELL DFJ , KENT SJ
Published: March 2008

A number of monkey species, including African green monkeys and African vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops), are frequently infected in the wild and in captivity with a Simian immunodeficiency virus strain, SIVagm, a primate lentivirus. Up to 50% of African green monkeys are estimated to be infected with SIVagm. SIV strains are very closely related to HIV‐2 strains, which are a cause of AIDS in humans, predominantly in western Africa, although cases in Australia have also been reported. It is generally thought that SIV is non‐pathogenic in several natural hosts, including African green monkeys. Nevertheless many SIV strains induce a profound immunodeficiency virtually identical to HIV‐1 induced AIDS in humans when administered to Asian macaque species such as rhesus (Macaca mulatta) or pigtailed macaques (M nemestrina). SIV infection of Asian macaque species is frequently employed as an animal model for AIDS vaccine studies.

In November 1996 a group of 10 African vervet monkeys were imported from the USA for display at Victoria's Open Range Zoo in Werribee. Two animals in this group of monkeys later developed a fatal gastroenteric illness. These diagnoses led us to initiate SIV testing of the colony.
Acute pancreatitis in parrots
Authors: DONELEY RJT
Published: March 2008

Acute pancreatitis was diagnosed in three parrots. Ante‐mortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in the avian patient is rarely documented, and should be suspected in birds showing clinical signs attributable to abdominal pain or gastro‐intestinal dysfunction. However, not all birds with confirmed pancreatitis display these signs. A serum amylase level greater than 1,500 U/L is suggestive of pancreatitis and pancreatic biopsy can be used to confirm a diagnosis. The aetiology of acute pancreatitis in parrots is discussed and a suggested treatment protocol is described.
Prospective survey of tick paralysis in dogs
Authors: ATWELL RB , CAMPBELL FE , EVANS EA
Published: March 2008

Objective To obtain information on tick paralysis in dogs, including the nature of disease, host signalment, tick‐host relationship, treatment, disease progression and recovery, and preventive measures.

Design prospective survey of 577 dogs affected by tick paralysis was conducted during 1998. Forty‐two veterinary clinics along the eastern coast of Australia were instructed to complete survey forms for the first 15 dogs that presented with tick paralysis during September to November.

Results Five percent of dogs died from tick paralysis. Younger dogs were more likely to survive. Long coat length was associated with a greater tick burden but not greater tick size, whereas coat thickness had no bearing on either. Dogs with mild disease recovered more quickly from tick paralysis. Respiratory and gait scores reflected disease severity and were good prognostic indicators. The size of the tick did not reflect the severity of the clinical condition it induced in the host. No method of tick removal or in situ treatment improved recovery time or reduced mortality. However, the time spent in hospital was significantly less for dogs from which the live tick was manually removed. Inspiratory stridor, evident in some dogs with tick paralysis, was not related to tick attachment on the neck. The use of acepromazine maleate or dexamethasone did not reduce recovery time or mortality. Increasing the dose of tick antitoxin serum (TAS) above 0.1 mL/ kg had no effect on mortality or recovery time. Dogs with severe disease that received an additional dose of TAS were significantly less likely to survive. Subcutaneous use of TAS at the site of tick attachment was of no benefit in reducing mortality or time to initial clinical improvement. A registered preventative product had not been used on the majority of dogs. Clipping the coat to search for ticks did not reduce mortality.

Conclusions Therapy needs to address cardiopulmonary dysfunction that may be due directly to the effect of tick toxin and not just respiratory compromise caused by progressive respiratory muscle failure.
Serological examination for evidence of infection with Hendra and Nipah viruses in Queensland piggeries
Authors: BLACK PF , CRONIN JP , MORRISSY CJ , WESTBURY HA
Published: March 2008

Objective To examine piggeries in Queensland for evidence of infection with Hendra virus and Nipah virus.

Design serological survey was designed to provide 99% confidence of detecting at least one infected pig herd in Queensland, assuming that for each virus, at least 5% of herds would have been exposed to virus and that at least 40% of the finisher pigs in these herds would have detectable antibodies to virus.

Procedure A two stage sampling regimen was used. All samples were tested with serum neutralisation tests developed and performed at the Australian Animal Health Laboratory.

Results There was no evidence of antibody to either virus in the 500 samples collected from 100 herds.

Conclusion The results of the survey support a case that commercial pigs in Queensland are free of both Hendra virus and Nipah virus infections.
Eradication of ovine footrot by repeated daily footbathing in a solution of zinc sulphate with surfactant
Authors: JELINEK PD , DEPIAZZI LJ , GALVIN DA , SPICER IT , PALMER MA , PITMAN DR
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the effect on ovine footrot of repeated daily footbathing in a solution of zinc sulphate with surfactant.

Design Merino sheep were allocated to control and treatment groups of 119 sheep each at week 0. The sheep had a history of S1, U1, T and/or U6 types of Dichelobacter nodosus in interdigital and underrunning footrot lesions. Feet were not pared prior to treatment.

Procedure Treatment sheep were footbathed in a 15 to 18% (w/v) solution of zinc sulphate with surfactant for 10 min on five consecutive days during week 1. At week 2, and fortnightly to week 52, all feet were inspected, lesion scores were recorded and samples were taken for laboratory tests. At week 53, all feet with no lesions at week 52, but with underrunning lesions prior to week 1, were pared and samples were taken.

Results After footbathing, there were no lesions in any treatment sheep at any inspection to week 52. The percentage of feet of control sheep with lesions increased from 9% (391 of 4284) between weeks 20 and 36, to 14% (593 of 4284) between weeks 36 and 52. Ninety‐five of 96 control sheep with no lesions at week 20 were still asymptomatic at week 52. D nodosus was not isolated from samples taken from 99 and 87 pared feet of treatment and control sheep, respectively.

Conclusion Repeated daily footbathing combined with prolonged exposure to a dry environment eradicated footrot in sheep with both interdigital and underrunning lesions in feet that were not pared prior to treatment.
Ovine Johne's disease in Australia ‐ the first 20 years
Authors: SERGEANT ESG
Published: March 2008

Objective To review the history of ovine Johne's disease in Australia.

Procedure Relevant publications and reports were identified and reviewed to document the spread of ovine Johne's disease (OJD) from1980 until the end of 2000, as well as the response of industry and government to the spread of this disease.

Results OJD was first diagnosed in the central tablelands region of New South Wales in 1980. Since then it has spread, either from the initial focus or through separate introductions so that by December 2000 a total of 823 infected flocks had been identified. Cases have been confirmed in New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory, on Flinders Island in Tasmania, on Kangaroo Island in South Australia and in Western Australia. In early 1999, agreement was reached to fund and implement a 6‐year, £40 million National OJD Control and Evaluation Program (NOJDP). This program is jointly funded by the sheep industries (national and state), and Commonwealth and State governments, and is managed by Animal Health Australia.

Conclusion A national program is now in place to support the control of OJD and research to determine the feasibility and cost‐effectiveness of eradication. The development of new diagnostic techniques, such as abattoir surveillance and pooled faecal culture, provide opportunities to refine surveillance strategies and to define better the distribution and prevalence of this disease, as required by the national program. Effective control measures, combined with quality surveillance data, will enable informed decision making for the future national management of OJD.
Pharmacokinetics and residues in milk of oxytetra‐cyclines administered parenterally to dairy goats
Authors: RULE R. , MORENO L. , SERRANO JM , ROMAN A GARCIA , MOYANO R. , GARCIA J.
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine for two commercial preparations of oxytetracycline (OTC) the pharmacokinetic behaviour, the presence of detectable milk residues and the penetration in milk of OTC administered by intravenous (IV) (conventional formulation [CF]) and intramuscular (IM) routes (CF and long‐acting [LA] formulations) in goats producing milk. The effects of these formulations on plasma activity values of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also determined as indicators of tissue damage.

Procedure Five healthy lactating goats producing 1.5 ± 0.5 L/d milk and weighing 56.0 ± 4.8 kg were used. Single doses of OTC chlorhydrate (CF) were administered (20 mg OTC/kg) by IV (Trial 1 IV) and IM (Trial 1 IM) routes and OTC dehydrate (LA) by the IM route. The same goats were first given IV CF, then IM CF followed by IM LA with 3 weeks between each treatment. Blood and milk samples were taken. The quantification of OTC was performed by HPLC and the plasma activities of CK and LDH enzymes were determined by spectrophotometry. The presence of OTC residues in milk was determined by a commercial reagent. The plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a two‐compartment model.

Results Estimates of kinetic variables following IV administration were: Vss= 400.0 ± 120.0 mL/kg and CL= 110.0 ± 14.0 (mL/h)/kg. The tfi for IV= 3.0 ± 0.3 h; IM, CF = 10.5 ± 2.1 h and IM, LA = 15.1 ± 3.1 h. The concentration of OTC in milk at 48 h was: IV= 0.6 ± 0.4; IM CF= 1.1 ± 0.2 and at 72 h (IM LA)= 0.6 ± 0.1 μg/mL and the penetration in milk of OTC was: IV= 70.0 ± 18.0; IM CF= 79.0 ± 14.0 and IM LA= 66.0 ± 6.0 %. The areas under the curve of CK and LDH activities in plasma were calculated by the trapezoidal method. Values of CK and LDH IM, LA were greater (P < 0.05) than those observed for IM, CF at 2 and 3 days after administration of the antibiotic. Finally, the bioavailability of OTC CF = 92.0± 22.0 and LA= 78.0 ± 23.0 % was suitable for its usage by the IM route in lactating goats.

Conclusion Plasma concentration‐time values of OTC administered parenterally in production dairy goats showed similar bioavailability for the two pharmaceutical preaprations. The presence of detectable residues in milk indicates that milk should not be used for human consumption for 2 and 3 days after administration of conventional and long‐acting formulations, respectively. The increments in CK and LDH activities after the IM administration of LA are consistent with the presence of tissue damage provoked by the pharmaceutical preparations at the injection site.
Cyclosporin and ketoconazole interaction for treatment of perianal fistulas in the dog
Authors: MOUATT JG
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the use of concurrent ketoconazole and low dose cyclosporin administration in a group of dogs with clinical evidence of perianal fistulas, and to determine if this combination could be used to manage perianal fistulas effectively.

Design Prospective clinical trial

Procedure Sixteen dogs with clinical evidence of perianal fistulas were given ketoconazole (10 mg/kg once daily) and cyclosporin (1 mg/kg twice daily initially) for 16 weeks. Blood cyclosporin assays were performed regularly and cyclosporin doses were altered to achieve a stable blood level above 200 ng/mL. Regular examinations assessed the dogs general health, changes in clinical behaviour, fistula size and number. A complete blood count and serum biochemical analysis was performed in all dogs before and after the treatment period, and after 8 weeks of treatment in 12 dogs. Dogs were assessed for recurrence of lesions at 1, 3 and 12 months after the trial.

Results All dogs showed marked improvement in lesions and behaviour within 14 days of the medication. Fourteen dogs completed the trial. Two dogs were excluded due to concurrent disease. Thirteen dogs (93%) showed complete resolution of fistulas during the treatment period. Seven dogs (50%) had no recurrence after 12 months. Recurrence was seen in three dogs (21%) at 8, 10 and 12 months after treatment, and in three dogs (21%) within 1 month of treatment. The medication was well tolerated. Side effects included transient anorexia, vomiting and lethargy in some dogs, increased shedding of hair and gingival hyperplasia. Ketoconazole administration allowed a dramatic reduction in cyclosporin dose (over 90% in 12 dogs and 80% in the other two) compared to previously reported cases treated with cyclosporin alone.

Conclusion The use of combined ketoconazole and cyclosporin provided an effective treatment for perianal fistulas. Outcomes were similar to those seen with cyclosporin alone, but allowed a significant reduction in cyclosporin dose and, therefore, cost. The use of immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of perianal fistulas was effective and avoided many of the problems associated with surgical treament.
Cytological and microbiological findings in guttural pouch lavages of clinically normal horses with head restraint
Authors: CHIESA OA , CUENCA R , MAYAYO E , GUARRO J , SANTAMARIA J , STCHIGEL AM
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the cytological and microbiological contents of guttural pouch washes of ten randomly selected horses restrained so as to prevent them lowering their heads, and to assess the possible effects on the guttural pouch environment in these horses.

Procedure Cytological and microbiological studies were performed on guttural pouch washes of ten clinically normal horses restrained in a standing position so as to prevent them from lowering their heads below normal, as would happen during transportation on long journeys. They were restrained for 12 or 24 h and cytological, bacteriological and mycological findings in guttural pouch washes were recorded.

Results The cytological gradings and neutrophil concentrations of guttural pouch washings were higher in horses that had their heads restrained for a longer period. Washings from these horses were more likely to contain cultivable bacteria and were the only washes yielding potentially pathogenic bacterial species.

Conclusion Variation in the cytological differential counts and bacterial cultures of guttural pouch lavages may be found in clinically normal horses which have had their heads restrained in an elevated position for periods from 12 to 24 h. This should be considered when examining this site and care must be taken when interpreting cytology of guttural pouch lavages in samples taken after transportation for more than 12 h. Restriction of head movement could also affect the normal pouch enviroment and predispose it to disease.
Use of mandibular symphysiotomy to allow extensive caudal hemimaxillectomy in a dog
Authors: MOUATT JG , STRAW RC
Published: March 2008

A 5‐year‐old dog was presented with a large caudal maxillary osteosarcoma, which was causing extreme pain on opening of the mouth. The mass was not resectable through a standard oral approach. This article describes the successful use of mandibular symphysiotomy to allow extensive caudal hemi‐maxillectomy to remove the mass and provide excellent postoperative quality of life for the dog.
Genotyping Brahman cattle for generalised glycogenosis
Authors: DENNIS JA , HEALY PJ , REICHMANN KG
Published: March 2008

Objective To develop procedures for genotyping Brahman cattle for loss‐of‐function alleles within the acidic α ‐glucosidase gene and to assess the risk of generalised glycogenosis in Australian Brahman cattle.

Design PCR assays for three loss‐of‐function alleles were designed to exploit internal restriction sites within acidic α ‐glucosidase amplicons that are independent of allelic variants at the mutant sites.

Results Genotyping 8529 clinically normal Brahmans between August 1996 and August 2001 revealed 16.4% were heterozygous for the more common of the two mutations (1057Δ TA, often referred to as the ‘E7’ mutation) that cause generalised glycogenosis in this breed. The less common 1783T mutation (often referred to as the ‘E13’ mutation) was restricted to descendants of one imported bull, and was not detected in 600 randomly selected Brahmans. Prior to definition of these two disease‐causing mutations, 640 (18%), and 14 (0.4%), of 3559 clinically normal Brahmans analysed between January 1994 and December 1996, were heterozygous, and homozygous, respectively, for a silent polymorphism (2223GA) that is associated with generalised glycogenosis. In addition to the 1057Δ TA and 1783T mutations, approximately 15% of Brahmans were found to be heterozygous for a single base substitution in exon 9 (1351T, commonly referred to as the ‘E9’ mutation) that significantly reduces acidic α ‐glucosidase activity, but has not been associated with clinical disease. These three loss‐of‐function alleles were found in Brahmans imported, or selected for import, from the USA.

Conclusion The PCR procedures reported here represent a significant improvement in reliability and accuracy over previous published methods. Utilisation of these PCR/restric‐tion enzyme based assays will facilitate precise selection against the 1057Δ TA and 1783T alleles, and consequently reduce the incidence of generalised glycogenosis in registered and commercial Brahman herds.
Characterisation of the first Australian isolate of Neospora caninum from cattle
Authors: MILLER CMD , QUINN HE , WINDSOR PA , ELLIS JT
Published: March 2008

Objective To isolateNeospora caninumfrom a congenitally infected calf.

ProcedureA calf was obtained from aN caninuminfected dam maintained in a dairy herd of Holstein‐Friesian cattle located on the south coast of NSW near Nowra. The calf was euthanased and samples collected for serology and pathology. Samples of brain and spinal cord of the calf were homogenised and injected into immunocompromised mice in an attempt to recover protozoa by in vivo culture. Sequential passage of brain homogenate through IFNgR KO mice was performed and tissue culture flasks were inoculated with brain homogenate. Parasites were identified by electron microscopy and DNA sequencing. The antigen profile of the isolate was analysed using Western blotting. Pathogenicity was examined in BALB/c mice and transmission of the parasite during pregnancy was examined in Qs mice.

ResultsThe calf was seropositive forN caninumand histopathological examination of sections of cerebrum identified lesions consistent with a very mild infection withN caninum. The parasites isolated using tissue culture were identified asN caninum, based on the sequence of the ribosomal DNA and electron microscopy. The antigen profile of the new isolate was similar to that of the NC‐Liverpool isolate, but quite different from that ofToxoplasma gondii. In BALB/c mice inoculated with the new isolate, severe clinical signs developed in only three of ten infected mice, compared with six of ten mice infected with NC‐Liverpool. Mild to moderate nonsup‐purative encephalitis was observed in BALB/c mice infected with the new isolate, compared with mice infected with NC‐Liverpool, that developed severe nonsuppura‐tive encephalitis. Transplacental transmission of the isolate arising from an acute infection during pregnancy occurred in about 87% of pups.

ConclusionThis is the first isolation of bovineNeospora caninumin Australia. This isolate, called NC‐Nowra, appears to be a less virulent form and may prove to be a suitable candidate for vaccine development.