bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical properties of wurtzite/zinc-blende heterostructures in GaN nanowires
Authors: Jacopin G. , Rigutti L. , Largeau L. , Fortuna F. , Furtmayr F. , Julien F. H. , Eickhoff M. , Tchernycheva M.
Published: September 2011

The optical and structural properties of wurtzite GaN nanowires containing zinc-blende GaN inclusions of different thicknesses are investigated. Micro-photoluminescence spectra of single nanowires exhibit a series of narrow emission peaks with linewidth as low as 0.8 meV in the interval 3.1–3.42 eV. The peak energy blue-shifts with increasing excitation power following a ∼I1/3 law due to the progressive band filling and to the screening of the internal field. The quantum confinement in these type-II crystal phase heterostructures was simulated in the framework of a one-dimensional effective mass model, accounting for the internal electrical polarization of the wurtzite GaN. The predicted transition energies are in good agreement with the energy statistics realized on more than 30 single nanowire emission spectra.
Full counting statistics of one and two-electron systems in the presence of external gaussian white noise
Authors: Amiri M. , Ebrahimi F.
Published: September 2011

In this paper, we consider the effects of external gaussian white noise on the full counting statistics (FCS) of non-interacting coherent electrons in mesoscopic systems. We first, derive the wave packet formalism of FCS in the presence of time dependent random potential. We then determine the steady state probability distributions of all the moments and cumulants of particle currents, specially, the shot-noise, the Fano factor, and the distribution in the noise-charge plane by numerically solving the stochastic time dependent Schrödinger equation (STDSE) for one and two-electron systems with transparent boundary conditions, using Numerov extension of Crank-Nicolson method.
Infinite series models of flux relaxation and vortex penetration constructed at critical points and their unification
Authors: Ma Rongchao
Published: September 2011

The information about the current-carrying ability of a type-II superconductor can be obtained by studying the flux relaxation and vortex penetration phenomena in the superconductor. In early studies, the infinite series models of the flux relaxation and vortex penetration phenomena were constructed at a vanishing current density and vanishing internal field, respectively. However, this is not the only possibility. Here, it is shown that one can reconstruct the theoretical models at the critical points. The new polynomial model of the flux relaxation (vortex penetration) phenomenon was constructed by expanding the vortex activation energy as an infinite series of the current density (internal field) about the critical current density (equilibrium internal field). The unification of the polynomial models was proposed. The inverse model of the flux relaxation (vortex penetration) phenomenon was also constructed by expanding the vortex activation energy as an infinite series of the inverse current density (inverse internal field) about the critical current density (equilibrium internal field).
Characterization of single domain Pb(In0.5Nb0.5)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 crystals with monoclinic phase
Authors: Zhang Shujun , Liu Gang , Jiang Wenhua , Luo Jun , Cao Wenwu , Shrout Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

Ternary single crystals Pb(In0.5Nb0.5)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 with monoclinic phase poled along [011] direction show single domain state (1O state) with macroscopic mm2 symmetry. The complete set of material constants was determined using the combination of impedance and ultrasonic methods. The thickness shear vibrations in the single domain state give the highest piezoelectric coefficients, with values being on the order of d15 = 4550 pC/N and d24 = 4100 pC/N. The rotated value of d33* along [001], calculated using the single domain data, is in good agreement with the [001] poled multidomain crystal, being 1790 pC/N versus 2010 pC/N, exhibiting the high longitudinal piezoelectric in multidomain comes from the high shear properties in single domain state, with the extrinsic contribution about ∼11%, induced by the phase boundary motion.
Marginal states in a cubic autocatalytic reaction
Authors: Das Debojyoti , Ghosh Pushpita , Ray Deb Shankar
Published: September 2011

Marginal steady state belongs to a special class of states in nonlinear dynamics. To realize this state we consider a cubic autocatalytic reaction A + 2B → 3B in a continuous-stirred-tank-reactor, where the flow rate of the reactant A can be controlled to manipulate the dynamical behavior of the open system. We demonstrate that when the flow rate is weakly noisy the autocatalytic reaction admits of a steady state which is marginal in nature and is surrounded by infinite number of periodic trajectories. When the uncatalyzed reaction A → B is included in the reaction scheme, there exists a marginal steady state which is a critical state corresponding to the point of transition between the flow branch and the equilibrium branch, similar to gas-liquid critical point of transition. This state loses its stability in the weak noise limit.
Note: Single-ultraviolet-photon dissociation dynamics of ${\rm CS}_{\rm 2}^ + (\tilde X{}^2\Pi _g)$ CS 2+(X̃2Πg) in 227–243 nm revealed by time-sliced velocity map imaging
Authors: Li Jialin , Zhang Cuimei , Zhang Qun , Chen Yang , Huang Cunshun , Yang Xueming
Published: September 2011

The single-UV-photon (227–243 nm) dissociation of ${\rm CS}_2^ + (\tilde X{}^2\Pi _{g,3/2,1/2})$ CS 2+(X̃2Πg,3/2,1/2) into the S+(4S)CS(X1)Σ+ channel was investigated by means of time-sliced velocity map imaging technique. In the high-energy region of the $\tilde B{}^2\Sigma _u^ +$B̃2Σu+ state, a rather subtle photodissociation dynamics was observed, i.e., a slight variation in the excitation photon energy may lead to a drastic change in the vibronic distributions of the CS(X1Σ+) fragments originating from the two spin-orbit $\tilde X{}^{\rm 2}\Pi _g$X̃2Πg states. The photodissociation mechanisms involved here may be interpreted as being due to the complex interplay among various vibronic and spin-orbit interactions in this energy region of ${\rm CS}_{\rm 2}^ +$ CS 2+. It is quite impressive that, for such a simple triatomic cation species, ${\rm CS}_{\rm 2}^ +$ CS 2+, there exhibits such complexity and subtlety in its photodissociation dynamics.
Gate bias-stress induced hump-effect in transfer characteristics of amorphous-indium-galium-zinc-oxide thin-fim transistors with various channel widths
Authors: Mativenga Mallory , Seok Manju , Jang Jin
Published: September 2011

A hump in the subthreshold regime of the transfer characteristics is reported for amorphous-indium-galium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) when they are exposed to large positive gate bias-stress. As stress time progresses, transfer characteristics shift in two opposite directions; the main transistor shifts in the positive, while the hump shifts in the negative gate-voltage direction. The hump occurs at the same current level in all TFTs with channel widths ranging from 10 to 200 μm, which supports the exclusion of bulk and back surface effects. We therefore propose the accumulation of positive charge at the interface of the channel edges, along the channel width direction, as the origin of the hump effect.
Multiferroic behaviour of nanoporous BaTiO3
Authors: Banerjee Shilpi , Datta Anindya , Bhaumik Asim , Chakravorty Dipankar
Published: September 2011

Nanoporous BaTiO3 particles with an average diameter of 27 nm have been synthesized using a soft template based on poloxamer. The pore width has been found to be ∼10 nm. The nanoporous particles have a surface area of 107 m2gm−1. This introduces a large surface area leading to the creation of a large number of oxygen vacancies. The latter contributes to the ferromagnetic behavior of the nanoparticles. A multiferroic property was exhibited by these particles. The oxygen vacancy concentration decreased as the BaTiO3 particle size increased. The magnetization decreased with an increase in the particle size. A magnetodielectric parameter of 11% has been observed in this system corresponding to an applied magnetic field of 10 kOe.
Morphology and structure of mono- and few-layer graphene produced by jet cavitation
Authors: Yi Min , Li Jinzhi , Shen Zhigang , Zhang Xiaojing , Ma Shulin
Published: September 2011

We prepared mono- and few-layer graphene with micrometer-sized dimensions in aqueous solution by a jet cavitation method starting from common crystal graphite, which is totally green, facile, low-cost, and laborsaving. The graphene yield by our method is estimated as ∼4 wt. % by statistical analysis. Diverse microscopy is used to characterize the morphology, microstructure, and near-edge fine structure of the prepared nanosheets. It is found that partial folding allows realization of rotational stacking fault in otherwise perfect samples. The folded graphene with Morié patterns could be ideal specimens for experimentally probing band structure and electronic properties of graphene with different stacking styles.
Photovoltaic property of BiFeO3 thin films with 109° domains
Authors: Guo Rui , You Lu , Chen Lang , Wu Di , Wang Junling
Published: September 2011

We report the photovoltaic effect of multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films with 109° domains under white light illumination. BiFeO3 thin films that contain well-aligned 109° domains with mainly two polarization variants were prepared by using miscut DyScO3 substrates. We have conduced piezoelectric force microscopy study using a planar device. A direct correlation between the 109° domains switching and the photovoltaic response of the films was established. The polarity of the photovoltage is switchable upon polarization reversal.
Hydrogen impurities and native defects in CdO
Authors: Amini M. N. , Saniz R. , Lamoen D. , Partoens B.
Published: September 2011

We have used first-principles calculations based on density functional theory to study point defects in CdO within the local density approximation and beyond (LDA+U). Hydrogen interstitials and oxygen vacancies are found to act as shallow donors and can be interpreted as the cause of conductivity in CdO. Hydrogen can also occupy an oxygen vacancy in its substitutional form and also acts as a shallow donor. Similar to what was found for ZnO and MgO, hydrogen creates a multicenter bond with its six oxygen neighbors in CdO. The charge neutrality level for native defects and hydrogen impurities has been calculated. It is shown that in the case of native defects, it is not uniquely defined. Indeed, this level depends highly on the chemical potentials of the species and one can obtain different values for different end states in the experiment. Therefore, a comparison with experiment can only be made if the chemical potentials of the species in the experiment are well defined. However, for the hydrogen interstitial defect, since this level is independent of the chemical potential of hydrogen, one can obtain a unique value for the charge neutrality level. We find that the Fermi level stabilizes at 0.43 eV above the conduction band minimum in the case of the hydrogen interstitial defect, which is in good agreement with the experimentally reported value of 0.4 eV.
Influence of substrates on epitaxial growth of B-site-ordered perovskite La2NiMnO6 thin films
Authors: Sakurai Y. , Ohkubo I. , Matsumoto Y. , Koinuma H. , Oshima M.
Published: September 2011

Epitaxial La2NiMnO6 films were grown on (100)-oriented SrTiO3 and (LaAlO3)0.3-(SrAl0.5Ta0.5O3)0.7 (LSAT) substrates under various growth conditions by pulsed laser deposition. Ferromagnetism and transport properties of B-site-ordered perovskite are greatly influenced by growth conditions. Optimum growth conditions of epitaxial La2NiMnO6 films, which exhibit the ferromagnetism similar to bulk properties, are different for SrTiO3 and LSAT substrates probably due to the difference in surface migration. Since the initial stage of epitaxial growth might vary with the type of substrates, the ordering of Ni and Mn ions is different. Therefore, the ferromagnetism of La2NiMnO6 depends on the epitaxial growth conditions and type of substrates.
Contrary luminescence behaviors of InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes caused by carrier tunneling leakage
Authors: Huang Shanjin , Xian Yulun , Fan Bingfeng , Zheng Zhiyuan , Chen Zimin , Jia Weiqing , Jiang Hao , Wang Gang
Published: September 2011

The luminescence properties of InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different quantum-well (QW) thicknesses were investigated. It is found that with decreasing the QW thicknesses, the integrated intensities of the photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) peaks demonstrate a contrary changing trend. The PL results show that the luminescence efficiency is improved by using thinner QWs. However, in the EL process, such a positive effect is counteracted by the low carrier injection efficiency in the thin QW LEDs, and consequently leads to a lower light output. Based on our experimental results, it is inferred that the tunneling leakage current associated with dislocations should be responsible for the low carrier-injection efficiency and the observed weaker EL integrated intensity of the LEDs with thin QWs.
Effect of the Oersted field on a vortex core switching by pulse spin current
Authors: Nakatani Yoshinobu , Ono Teruo
Published: September 2011

We report the effect of the Oersted field on a vortex core switching in a circular magnetic disk by a pulse current obtained by simulation. The Oersted field of more than 500 Oe is appeared on the top and the bottom surfaces of the disk by the application of the pulse current of 1.57 × 1012 A/m2. The vortex core on each surface moves to the opposite direction each other by this field. The switching current decreases by half compared with the simulation without taking the Oersted field into account, and the switching current almost agrees with the experimental value.
A theory of energy cost and speed of climbing
Authors: Tosi Paolo , Ricci Leonardo , Rosponi Alessandro , Schena Federico
Published: September 2011

Climbing is an interesting form of quadrupedal locomotion on vertical substrates, and also a popular recreational activity. However, a theory of locomotor energetics of climbing has not been devised yet. Here we discuss an analytical model, based on simple physical principles, that gives the energy cost as a function of the vertical speed. We found that the energy cost monotonically decreases with speed, so that to minimize the energy spent to climb one should ascend at the highest possible speed. We propose that the actual climbing speed derives from the requirement of minimizing simultaneously the work per unit time as well as the work per unit length. Our predictions are in excellent agreement with measurements carried out on elite climbers.
Quantization of Planetary Systems and its Dependency on Stellar Rotation
Authors: Zoghbi Jean-Paul A.
Published: September 2011

With the discovery of now more than 500 exoplanets, we present a statistical analysis of the planetary orbital periods and their relationship to the rotation periods of their parent stars. We test whether the structural variables of planetary orbits, i.e. planetary angular momentum and orbital period, are ‘quantized’ in integer or half-integer multiples of the parent star's rotation period. The Solar System is first shown to exhibit quantized planetary orbits that correlate with the Sun's rotation period. The analysis is then expanded over 443 exoplanets to statistically validate this quantization and its association with stellar rotation. The results imply that the exoplanetary orbital periods are highly correlated with the parent star's rotation periods and follow a discrete half-integer relationship with orbital ranks n = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, etc. The probability of obtaining these results by pure chance is p < 0.024. We discuss various mechanisms that could justify this planetary quantization, such as the hybrid gravitational instability models of planet formation, along with possible physical mechanisms such as the inner disc's magnetospheric truncation, tidal dissipation, and resonance trapping. In conclusion, we statistically demonstrate that a quantized orbital structure should emerge from the formation processes of planetary systems and that this orbital quantization is highly dependent on the parent star's rotation period.
A Gaseous Group with Unusual Remote Star Formation
Authors: Santiago-Figueroa N. , Putman M. E. , Werk J. , Meurer G. R. , Ryan-Weber E.
Published: September 2011

We present VLA 21-cm observations of the spiral galaxy ESO 481-G017 to determine the nature of remote star formation traced by an Hii region found 43 kpc and ∼800 km s−1 from the galaxy center (in projection). ESO 481-G017 is found to have a 120 kpc Hi disk with a mass of 1.2 × 1010M⊙ and UV GALEX images reveal spiral arms extending into the gaseous disk. Two dwarf galaxies with Hi masses close to 108M⊙ are detected at distances of ∼200 kpc from ESO 481-G017 and a Hi cloud with a mass of 6 × 107M⊙ is found near the position and velocity of the remote Hii region. The Hii region is somewhat offset from the Hi cloud spatially and there is no link to ESO 481-G017 or the dwarf galaxies. We consider several scenarios for the origin of the cloud and Hii region and find the most likely is a dwarf galaxy that is undergoing ram pressure stripping. The Hi mass of the cloud and Hi luminosity of the Hii region (1038.1 erg s−1) are consistent with dwarf galaxy properties, and the stripping can trigger the star formation as well as push the gas away from the stars.
In Support of Nagorno-Karabakh: Social Components of the Armenian Nationalist Movement
Authors: Huttenbach Henry R.
Published: September 2011

Without a thorough grounding in the pre- and post-1917 historical dimension of the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute, one will have difficulty comprehending the depth of sentiment, indeed passion, it arouses among the disputing parties, in this case among Armenians, whether inside or outside the Soviet Union.

The roots of prying Nagorno-Karabakh from Muslim control via Russian intervention go back to the seventeenth century when Armenian emissaries contacted the Romanovs and urged them to liberate fellow Christians from Muslim domination. This, in part, led to the eighteenth century Russian campaign to conquer Transcaucasia, the Tsarist court encouraged by the possibility of local Christian support. Through Muslim eyes (a conviction held to this day), this was an act of political sabotage casting the Armenians in the role of political collaborators in collusion with the new Tsarist overlords, a suspicion that finds its modern echoes today as Armenia and Azerbaijan compete for Moscow's support in determining the status of the autonomous region.
Informal Activity and the Soviet Working Class
Authors: Bova Russell
Published: September 2011

I will be focusing on unofficial or informal social-political activities that Soviet workers have been engaged in over the course of the last several years and, particularly, over the course of the last several months. But first, as a way of introducing that discussion of informal or unofficial activity, I would like to step back to 1987 and look at attempts on the part of the Gorbachev regime to preempt unofficial activity on the part of workers, both in order to be better able to control those activities and to use them for Gorbachev's own political purposes. From this discussion I would make the case that the failure of those attempts has lead more recently to the growth of unofficial activity among Soviet workers.
The Role of Informal Groups and Independent Associations in the Evolution of Civil Society in the Soviet Union
Authors: Pomar Mark
Published: September 2011

There has been a tremendous proliferation of informal groups in the Soviet Union, by which I mean any organization that comes into being that is independent of the state, where citizens come together, create a group, promote their various intersts, be they political or nonpolitical. Pravda estimates approximately 60,000 of them this year alone; it gave a figure of 30,000 just one year ago. This phenomenon is hard to measure and most Soviet commentators, writers and sociologists basically throw up their arms and say that there are thousands and thousands of these various groups popping up everywhere: some small, some obviously larger with greater networks. I would like to sketch out some of the problems that I found, some of the areas that are worth investigating, and put forward some proposals that we may want to tackle in the discussion subsequent to this panel presentation.
A Pamyat Manifesto: Introductory Note and Translation
Authors: Garrard John
Published: September 2011

The following is a complete, unabridged translation of a document obtained in Moscow in 1989. The manifesto belongs to a Pamyat group that clearly shares many of the views of other groups outlined in my article published elsewhere in this issue, though it reveals a heavier emphasis on the Orthodox Church.
The Challenge of Glasnost:Ogonek'sHandling of Russian Antisemitism
Authors: Garrard John
Published: September 2011

When antisemites call me a Jew, I never deny it. My feeling is that if Jews are persecuted in my country, then I too am a Jew. In fact, I am not Jewish. But as long as Jews are persecuted, I will never refuse to be a Jew.

Vitalii Korotich, chief editor ofOgonek

Revolutions devour their children; Nationalism eats its parents.

Jack Gallagher, late Professor of Imperial History, Cambridge University

American citizens have had over two hundred years to judge the differences between liberty and license, but for Russians freedom of expression is a new, heady, unsettling experience. Glasnost has not only permitted them to print liberal, democratic sentiments, but opened up a Pandora's Box of suppressed anger and frustration at what many Russians consider the systematic destruction of their culture during the Soviet period. An ugly side to this eruption of patriotic outrage has resulted in the public expression of violent hostility to the tiny fraction (less than 1%) of the Soviet population who are Jewish. It is in this context thatOgonek'ssophisticated handling of certain unsavory aspects of the Russian nationalist movement deserves special attention. Under the guidance of its chief editor, Vitalii Korotich, the weekly magazine has not limited its coverage to such neo-Nazi organizations as Pamyat (Memory) and “Otechestvo” (Fatherland), but focussed attention also on the important role in fomenting antisemitism being played by certain prominent members of an immensely important but little known organization, the Russian Republic Writers' Union.Ogonekhas handled both sources of antisemitism with the traditional weapons of democratic pluralism: exposure to public scrutiny, and deflation through satire and ridicule.
The Post-Soviet Nations Without Gorbachev: Common Challenges
Authors: Hazard John N.
Published: September 2011

Alexander Motyl (Chair): Introductory Remarks

This is the fourth and final Conference sponsored by the Program on Nationality and Siberian Studies. While you are witnessing the final act of this particular institution, the traditions of this program—that is, the study of the former Soviet republics and their nationalities—will be carried on by the Harriman Institute.
Human Rights in the Ex-Soviet Successor States: A Case of the Bends
Authors: Juviler Peter
Published: September 2011

The Bends, otherwise known as Caisson Disease, is according to my dictionary, “a condition marked by paralysis, pain, etc., developed in coming from an atmosphere of high pressure, as in a caisson, to air of ordinary pressure, and caused by the formation in the blood of bubbles…” The malady of Bends, provides a metaphor, if not too closely scrutinized, for the condition of the successor states of the former USSR.
The Bittersweet Taste of Independence in Central Asia
Authors: Allworth Edward
Published: September 2011

This is a presentation that will be more concerned with impressions than with numbers. I suppose we could count the number of theaters or schools that have gone out of business. Yet I am not sure that would be an advantage in a presentation about culture. Two years ago, I was having lunch at a Theater Institute in Alma-Ata. It was a very special occasion because that morning they had just slaughtered a horse for us. And as my host told me this, he loooked me right in the eye and said, “You know, this is freshly-killed horse meat. We did it just for you.” As I responded, I returned his gaze, and said: “I love it.” And actually, it was very good, but remember that the Kazakhs, like all people of the East, are very sensitive to how people from the West regard them. That is but one small demonstration of this tendency. Another was that in the course of the meal someone suddenly came in and whispered something to someone else—remember the date, late May 1990—and everyone stood up and cheered. And I asked, “What's happened?” Somebody else said, “Yeltsin has been elected.” Two people at the table subsequently made mention of Yeltsin's popularity in the non-Russian areas and said that that this was an exciting development. Kazakhs really thought that this was a change for the better. And they were right.
Foreign Policy
Authors: Matlock Jack
Published: September 2011

We should not be surprised if we find each of the former republics of the Soviet Union placing foremost in their foreign policy the desire to achieve a truly recognized statehood. Obviously, developing their constitutions, and internal political and economic structures, is an internal matter, but it is closely related, of course, with the foreign policy that they can pursue. The principal aim of a foreign policy—just as perhaps the principal aim of an individual—is self-preservation. And once the entity has been created, either because of a long struggle of important forces within the society or, in a few cases, because independence is handed to them due to events elsewhere, the fact is that once you are independent you must act in a way that defends your independence. You defend the ability of whatever political system you have to make its own autonomous decisions. And I believe that what we are seeing today reflects this imperative. We see it most spectacularly, of course, in the jockeying of Russia and Ukraine within the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Negotiating a New Life: Burdens of Empire and Independence—the Case of the Balties
Authors: Clemens Walter C.
Published: September 2011

Walter C. Clemens, Jr. Negotiating a New Life: Burdens of Empire and Independence—the Case of the Baltics

The Soviet Union disappeared in 1991 but, dying, gave birth to many new shoots of life, each struggling to survive and flourish despite great difficulties. Devolution of empire rarely proceeds without pain; it often causes, or results from, great violence. The first year of independent life for the successor states of the USSR witnessed much less violence than attended the demise of other great empires in this century. None had to fight for liberation as did Algeria and Angola. The fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh and South Ossetia does not approach the violence seen in the breakup of India, the attempted secessions of Katanga and Biafra, or the Croatian-Serbian war.
A Tree Grows in Ukraine
Authors: Furtado Charles
Published: September 2011

In the aftermath of the coup of August 19,1992, the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet or Verkhovna Rada passed a Declaration of Independence whose approval was to be put to a referendum three months later. Shortly thereafter, as happened in many other republics, the local Communist Party was banned. Even though its organizational existence may have been snuffed out, its representatives continued to live on in posts both in the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet and within the state and economic structures. Throughout the fall of 1991, Ukraine attempted to steer clear of participation in the decaying structures of central power, seeking to remain aloof from the Nova Ogoreva process that sought to fashion a new Union Treaty. Ukrainian elites pursued such a course even though the newly envisioned Union would provide the republics with powers beyond those that were ceded to the republics under the previous Union Treaty of Sovereign States. The ostensible reason for their political demurral was the unwillingness of Ukrainian elites to compromise the forthcoming referendum on independence by getting involved in any organization or structures that would unduly constrain the exercise of independence. On December 1, 1991, the referendum on Ukrainian national independence was finally held. As far as Ukrainian nationalists were concerned, the referendum was a great success: with strong support not only where one would expect it, i.e., in the Western and Central Ukraine, but also in regions considered most likely to fear, and thus least likely to support, Ukrainian independence—Russians in Eastern and Southern Ukraine. Russians in Crimea, and Ruthenians, Hungarians, and Romanians in Western Ukraine. The strong support of these minorities notwithstanding, it is not a forgone conclusion that secessionist politics within Ukraine (rather than of Ukraine) has been finally been put to rest. In fact, this trend bears watching in coming years in Ukraine.
The Nationality Problem—Round II
Authors: Walker Edward W.
Published: September 2011

If the eight months since the August coup have shown us nothing else, it is that the “nationalities problem” not only will survive the death of the Soviet Union but may well intensify. For Russia in particular the past year has witnessed what might be called the “The Nationality Problem—Round II” whereby many of the same pressures that brought down the Soviet Union are now mounting within the Russian Federation (or simply, “Russia”—the delegates at the recent Congress of Peoples’ Deputies were unable to settle on a single name). There are many ironies about all this, but let me just cite a few.
Soviet Centrifugalism: Republics as Independent Actors*
Authors: Clemens Walter C.
Published: September 2011

Empire depends not only upon the strength of the center but upon compliant behavior in the periphery, and the nature of interactions between center and periphery. Each of these three variables is changing rapidly in the former Soviet empire.
The Lithuanian Concept of Statehood
Authors: Senn Alfred , Motulaite Violeta
Published: September 2011

In the spring of 1990, Lithuanians surprised the world by first declaring their independence and then, after Moscow had declared the act illegal, refusing to retract their declaration even in the face of military occupation and economic blockade. Many foreign observers despaired of their “stubbornness,” but the Lithuanians' determination was based on their newly regained national pride as expressed in their concept of statehood (valstybingumas in Lithuanian and gosudarstvennost' in Russian). Lithania, they insisted, had a right and a historical destiny to be an independent state.
The SS Division ‘Galicia’: Its Genesis, Training, Deployment
Authors: Dmytryshyn Basyl
Published: September 2011

It is an indisputable historical fact that between 1933 and 1945 groups and individuals in many countries of Europe, as well as in other parts of the world, sympathized (for different reasons and motives) with Nazi public pronouncements, especially those critical of the post-World War I settlement. It is also an indisputable historical fact that other groups and individuals in many European countries resisted (for different reasons and motives) Nazi domination, policies and practices. Unfortunately, current historical literature does not reflect clearly this dichotomy. Some nations, because of the activities of a few, are portrayed as Nazi collaborators, regardless of the human losses they suffered under Nazi rule; and, conversely, others are presented as anti-Nazi resisters, regardless of their actual contributions.
Orthodoxy and Bulgarian Ethnic Awareness Under Ottoman Rule, 1396-1762 Orthodoxy and Bulgarian Ethnic Awareness Under Ottoman Rule
Authors: Hupchick Dennis P.
Published: September 2011

By the year 1453, when the vestigial remains of the Byzantine Empire were destroyed with the fall of Constantinople, much of the Balkan peninsula was already in the hands of the conquering Ottoman Turks. The overthrow of Byzantium in that year was the capstone in a century-long process that transformed an originally militant Muslim Anatolian border emirate into a powerful Muslim empire that straddled two continents and represented a major contender in contemporary European great power politics. Over half of the population subject to the Ottoman sultan were Christian European inhabitants of the Balkans: Greeks, Serbs, Vlahs, Albanians and Bulgarians. With the conquest of Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II Fatih, the victorious Turkish ruler, faced the quarrelsome problem of devising a secure means of governing his vast, Muslim-led empire that contained a highly heterogeneous non-Muslim population.
The Congress of the Youngslovak Intelligentsia, June 1932: Its Context, Course and Consequences
Authors: Felak James
Published: September 2011

When the editorial board of the bi-weekly current affairs journal Politika decided, in early 1932, to organize a congress of members of the so-called young Slovak generation, its intent was to find a solution to Slovakia's pressing political, economic, social, and cultural problems. Attended by approximately five hundred members of the intelligentsia, most of them in their late twenties or early thirties, the congress was held on June 25 and 26 in the health resort town of Trencianski Teplice in western Slovakia. The Congress of the Young Slovak Generation attracted the attention of its contemporaries for two reasons. First, it marked the first time since at least 1920 that Slovaks from across the political spectrum came together to discuss issues of mutual concern relating to Slovakia. Second, the congress provided an opportunity for observers of Slovak political life to gauge the mood and become acquainted with the ideas of Slovakia's future leaders, especially as far as the crucial question of relations between Czechs and Slovaks in the Czechoslovak Republic was concerned. From the vantage point of the present-day historian, a further factor enhances the congress's importance: as a manifestation of Slovak national discontent, it was a milestone on Slovakia's road to autonomy. An in-depth examination of the Trencianske Teplice Congress, its background, its course, and its consequences, will illustrate the congress's importance for Slovak national and political development.
II. “Current Developments in the Jewish Community in the USSR”
Authors: Altschuler Mordechai
Published: September 2011

Professor Altschuler launched his discussion of the volatile status of Jews living in the USSR by challenging the popular understanding of ‘Soviet Jewry.’ Fundamental questions arise: how many Soviet Jews are there? What are the various types of Jewish communities within the Soviet Union, and how do they differ one from another? What are the distinguishing cultural activities of Soviet Jews? and what is the status of their emigration from the USSR?
III. “Geographic Perspectives on Soviet Central Asia”*
Authors: Lewis Robert A.
Published: September 2011

A dramatic population increase coupled with a reduction in per capita investment is producing a “demographic cauldron” in Soviet Central Asia. This was the focus of Professor Lewis's December 7 lecture. In his presentation, Professor Lewis outlined the political, economic and social conditions that frame a grim picture for Central Asia. The region is plagued by an unfavorable convergence of factors: a rapidly growing rural population, especially the indigenous population which is concentrated in rural areas, labor surpluses, relatively little rural or northward out-migration, deteriorating economic conditions especially in rural areas and environmental degradation, along with significant social development and, thus, rising expectations and national awareness. At current growth rates, the indigenous, the rural, the total, and the rural working-age populations will double about every generation or less. Besides, there has been little effort on the part of the central government to shift investment and resource allocation priorities to accommodate the demographic changes.
VIII. “Soviet Ethnic Issues and Their Implications for National Security”
Authors: Snyder Jack
Published: September 2011

With the imminent collapse of the Soviet Union, what will be the impact of resurgent nationalism on international and regional military conflict? This was the central question addressed by Jack Snyder, a specialist on international relations. He outlined the trends that give cause for optimism and those trends that should generate concern regarding peace and stability.
IX. “Human Rights and the Quest for Peace in the Transcaucasus”
Authors: Mekhtiev Nadir
Published: September 2011

What are the chances for peace and stability in the Transcaucasus—a region that has been plagued by decades of exploitation and colonization and has recently been the setting for a violent conflict between neighboring nationalities? Nadir Mekhtiev, Chairman of the Human Rights Commission of the Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet and Chairman of the Azerbaijani Helsinki Committee, offered some thoughts and impressions on this matter.
‘Ethnic’ Disturbances in Tannu-Tuva in 1990
Authors: Mongush Mergen
Published: September 2011

Until recently, the words “nationalism in the USSR” would conjure up images of violent clashes among different nationalities in the republics of the Caucasus and Central Asia or the political struggle of the Baltic states to secede. But last year, the Soviet media began reporting for the very first time about an armed confrontation between a tiny Asian minority and the Russians; that is how the Tuva ASSR emerged from obscurity. It is always difficult for Western scholars to discern the truth of what they are told, especially if their only access to the information is through articles and programs on TV or radio emanating from the central Soviet press which may be patchy in coverage, uneven in quality, or sometimes written by journalists who have never been to the part of the country they are writing about.
Demography and Ethnic Politics in Independent Latvia: Some Basic Facts
Authors: Vebers Elmars
Published: September 2011

Latvia is not a large country and, therefore, does not usually attract much attention. In addition, for several postwar decades, it did not exist as an independent country.
The Uighurs in the Future of Central Asia
Authors: Rudelson Justin Jon
Published: September 2011

With the end of the Cold War, the Great Game in Central Asia has heated up once again. Once more, Central Asia has become a place for international rivalry. But this time the Great Game is not between Britain and Russia. In this second half of the Great Game, Turkey, Russia, Iran, India, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and even Israel are all vying for influence. China, the key player, however, is left out of the game in most accounts and is overlooked as a Central Asian power. Moreover, it is forgotten that China won the first half of the Great Game, at least as far as Xinjiang is concerned. It is my contention that China will catch everyone by surprise once again and win the second half of the Great Game in Central Asia; the Uighurs of Xinjiang will play a predominant role in this victory.
Western Ukraine in the Interwar period
Authors: Himka John-Paul
Published: September 2011

The concept of “Western Ukraine” is not entirely a static one. As a valid unit of historical analysis it first appears in the late eighteenth century, when the Habsburg monarchy added Galicia (1772) and Bukovina (occupied 1774, annexed 1787) to its collection of territories; already part of the collection was the Ukrainian-inhabited region of Transcarpathia (depending on how one counts, it had been Habsburg since as early as 1526 or as late as the early eighteenth century). Of course, one can also read back certain features unifying Western Ukraine prior to the 1770s, such as the culturally formative influence on all three regions of the medieval Rus’ principality, later kingdom, of Galicia and Volhynia, as well as the presence of the Carpathian mountains, which was much more than a matter of mere geology (hence the Russophiles’ preferred name for Western Ukraine—Carpathian Rus'). Still, in the centuries prior to their incorporation into the Habsburg monarchy, the three regions had experienced such disparate political histories—Galicia as part of Poland, Bukovina of Moldavia, and Transcarpathia of Hungary—that there is little validity in treating them then as a historical unit.
National Radicalization in Estonia: Legislation on Citizenship and Related Issues
Authors: Kask Peet
Published: September 2011

There is certainly some sound logic in the observation by Trivimi Velliste, the former Foreign Minister of Estonia: “The safer Estonians feel about their independence, the more convinced they are that no one will enslave them again [and] the more likelihood they will be more generous [about Russians in Estonia].” The sad conclusion of this article is, however, that the gain of Estonians’ security has not given way to a spirit of generosity but to a more restrictive and irrational citizenship policy.
Poland's Policy Towards Its National Minorities
Authors: Gwiazda Adam
Published: September 2011

During the last three years, extensive academic as well as public discussions of national minorities’ rights have taken place in Poland. Scholars can be roughly divided into a pro-national minorities rights group and an anti-national minorities rights group. Some strive to reconcile these two disparate positions. Similar groups can be found in the Sejm (Polish Parliament) which has been discussing the draft of a law on national minorities since Autumn 1993. This brief article investigates the situation of national minorities in Poland ever since a “specific” policy towards ethnic minorities was carried out in Poland by communist governments (though it focuses primarily on the German minority). It also reviews changes in the official policy of the Polish government, the Sejm, and assesses the prospects for the adoption of a Minorities Law, by discussing the major arguments of those groups proposing national minorities rights and those of its opponents.
Reviews
Authors: Parfitt Trevor W.
Published: September 2011

Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics: The World Bank/ECA Structural Adjustment Controversy
The crisis of the nation‐state in Africa
Authors: Davidson Basil , Munslow Barry
Published: September 2011

This discussion on the crisis of the nation‐state in Africa is an edited transcript of a conversation recorded at Basil Davidson's home in Somerset. He is currently writing a book, provisionally entitled ‘The Nation‐State Dead‐End: Africa and Europe After Imperialism’ which is expected to be completed in 1991. The book draws the historical parallels between Central and Eastern Europe on the one hand and Africa on the other. Each were incorporated into Empires, were eventually decolonised, yet remained within other's spheres of influence. Each attempted to build a network of sovereign states, and although nominally committed to democracy were governed by civil/military bureaucracies. Each came to a dead‐end of violence, with the states losing their legitimacy and needing to find a new way ahead. Finally in the book, one possible route forward is explored, that of decentralisations and devolutions of power to regional and local forms of participation. Although the following discussion concentrates on the situation in Africa the still relevant comparative experience of Central and Eastern Europe is interwoven throughout.
Sierra Leone: crisis and despair
Authors: Zack‐Williams A.B.
Published: September 2011

This article examines the recent performance of the Sierra Leone economy; looks at the nature of the crisis facing the country; the Government's policy response; and explores the responses of individuals to coping with the crisis. The author argues that the economic crisis is very much tied up with the wider political question concerning the need for democratic accountability.
The effects of structural adjustment in Kandjadja, Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: Rudebeck Lars
Published: September 2011

A major cost of structural adjustment is the undermining of private extended family and official socio‐economic security networks and a consequent diminishment of confidence in the state's ability to perform even minimal welfare functions, which undermines the legitimacy of the state. Politically disillusioned with ‘national’ solutions, people increasingly may seek ‘traditional’ solutions to their daily welfare problems defined in cultural/ethnic terms.
Reviews
Authors: Zack‐Williams A.B. , Simon David
Published: September 2011

Debt and Imperialism

A Fate Worse than Debt: A Radical New Analysis of the Third World Debt Crisis by Susan George, London, Penguin, 1988; The Debt Squads: The US, the Banks and Latin America by Sue Branford and Bernardo Kucinski, London, Zed Books, 1988.

Exploited Earth: Britain's Aid and the Environment by Teresa Hayter, London: Earthscan, 1989, £7.95, ISBN 1–85383–048–8.
No problem here! The supply of physics teachers in Scotland
Authors: SPARKES ROBERT A.
Published: September 2011

The paper discusses the situation in England and Scotland with regard to the supply of well‐qualified physics teachers. The results of two surveys are described, which support the assertion that there is no shortage of such teachers in Scotland. Some of the suggested reasons for the shortage in England are then discussed in the light of this finding. The main conclusion is that there is no shortage of physics teachers in Scotland because the pool of potential physics teachers is larger as a result of more university students taking physics‐based courses. More students take physics courses because more youngsters study physics beyond sixteen, and more youngsters study physics beyond sixteen because they are taught by well‐qualified physics teachers. The cycle is, therefore, self‐perpetuating.
Regenerating curriculum and pedagogy: the English experience
Authors: Moon Bob
Published: September 2011

This article identifies two traditions in the development of curriculum theory and practice in England. The first, it is suggested, grew from the Nuffield tradition of investigative subject‐based enquiry and has evolved in a broadly social constructivist and child‐focused way. The second, with origins in the Humanities Curriculum Project, has developed through action research and professional, reflective practice and is teacher focused. The paper argues for the integration of these interrelated perspectives to embrace the emergent field of study around pedagogic content knowledge (in the USA) and didactic transposition (in France).
The Crisis of 1992–1994 and the Reform of Italian Public Broadcasting
Authors: Gundle Stephen , O'Sullivan Noëlleanne
Published: September 2011

Many Italian institutions deteriorated in the 1980s as the struggle to consolidate and extend party influence led to the spoils system (lottizzazione) becoming the norm throughout virtually the whole of the public sector. Yet perhaps none was more affected than the public broadcasting company RAI. Once an organization with a strong corporate identity and sense of mission, it lost its sense of purpose as it faced the unprecedented challenge of competition from an unregulated private sector and simultaneously became a resource in the unceasing battle for position between parties and factions. By the early 1990s RAI's credibility had declined dramatically, it was riddled with debts, it lacked a strategy, and it was faring badly in the ratings. Yet the full extent of its crisis was revealed only with the collapse of the parties that had for so long ‘protected’ it from serious scrutiny and genuine public accountability.