bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River Area N. T, III.* Growth, Movement and the Population Age Structure
Authors: Webb GJW , Manolis SC , Buckworth R
Published: June 2005

Regression constants for predicting C. johnstoni body measurements from each other are presented.
In the McKinlay River area, C. johnstoni grow primarily in the wet season, dry-season growth appearing
negligible. Males grow faster and attain larger sizes than females, and those downstream in the study
area grow faster than those upstream. Neither sex nor location (upstream v. downstream) accounts
for a significant proportion of the variation in growth of C. johnstoni of <210 mm HL (head length).
A single exponential curve is a poor fit to the size-age relationship, which is more adequately modelled
by two exponentials. Separate mean age-size curves for C. johnstoni <200 and >200 mm HL are
derived, and methods for predicting (and correcting) the age of individuals are tested. Accuracy of
prediction is increased by using C. johnstoni recaught at least once (n = 240), and the age structure
of this segment of the population is derived. The size range of animals recaught is not significantly
different from that of those originally marked, so this age structure is considered a good estimate of
the total population age structure.
Between 3 and 4% of the number of eggs laid annually are represented as 2-year-olds, indicating
a high mortality before this age. In general, mortality appears greater downstream than upstream,
and may be independent of crocodile density; in the few years before and after the introduction of
protection (1964) recruitment downstream was still minimal, even though numbers of crocodiles had
been much reduced. Females mature when between 9 and 14 years of age, with a mean age of about
12 years (240-254 mm HL). For the small sample of males examined, half of those 15-19 years of
age (n = 4) and all of those 20 years or older (n = 7) were mature. A 13-year-old male had two sperm
cells in its smear, and maturity may be attained then, although 16-17 appears a more usual age (17 y;
287-294 mm HL).
Of all C. johnstoni recaught after 1 year, 83.4% were within 1 km of the pool in which they had
been marked and released. Of those which had moved, more were upstream than downstream of
their capture site, and there was no difference between the proportions of males and females moving.
Younger animals moved more than older ones, and those from upstream in the study area moved
more than those from downstream.
Small Mammals in a South-East Queensland Rainforest: the Effects of Soil Fertility and Past Logging Disturbance.
Authors: Barry SJ
Published: June 2005

Comparisons are reported of the small mammal fauna of three distinct rainforests of south-east
Queensland, with emphasis on the faunal response to indirect effects of low soil fertility and past logging
disturbance. Cooloola rainforest sites (on infertile podzol soils) supported significantly fewer small
mammals than did those at Mt Glorious (on fertile krasnozem soils). This was particularly evident
where past logging disturbance was high. However, small mammal species differed in their response to
site according to their degree of specialization. The relative abundance of species within Mt Glorious
rainforest was comparatively even. In contrast, the small mammal fauna of Cooloola rainforest showed
a high dominance-diversity relation with more opportunistic species predominant. Rodent movements
and possibly diurnal activity also increased within disturbed secondary Cooloola rainforest. It is
proposed that soil infertility, a strong plant commitment to chemical defence against herbivory, and a
history of early logging, combine to suppress the abundance and diversity of small mammals within
Cooloola rainforests.
Population Density and Habitat Use by Megapodius freycinet eremita in West Britain
Authors: Broome LS , Bishop KD , Anderson DR
Published: June 2005

The population densities of volcano scrubfowl Megapodius freycinet eremita were assessed in breeding
grounds and in other habitat types throughout West New Britain. In the breeding grounds densities
reached 1384 birds per sq km in the Garu study area and 7468 birds per sq km at Pokilli during the peak
of the breeding season in June. Birds were absent from the breeding areas during the wet season from
December until late March, and appear to disperse widely throughout lowland rainforests when not
involved in egg-laying activities. Only light use was made of swamp forests, garden regrowth areas and
hill forests, and birds were virtually absent from palm plantations and clear-felled seedling areas. The
prime foraging habitat was lowland rainforests, forests rich in commercial timber trees which are
supporting a rapidly growing timber industry. Although these unique and socially valuable birds appear
to be fairly tolerant of light selective logging, heavy disturbance or clear-felling represents a major loss of
habitat to them. The breeding population is also very susceptible to any disturbances near the breeding
grounds, and to the possibility of overharvesting of eggs.
Diet of Leadbeaters Possum, Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri (Marsupialia).
Authors: Smith A
Published: June 2005

Diet of Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) in Victoria, Australia, in a forest dominated by Eucalyptus regnans was found by examination of faeces and limited direct observation. It included arthropods, particularly tree crickets, beetles, moths, and spiders, plant exudates such as Acacia gum, nectar and manna, and the insect exudate psyllid honeydew. Arthropods were calculated to provide less than 20% of daily energy requirements. The overall pattern of ingestion was similar to that previously reported for the related sugar glider, but seasonal shortage of exudates was more pronounced during winter.
Predation of Fish in Farm Dams by Cormorants, Phalacrocorax Spp.
Authors: Barlow CG , Bock K
Published: June 2005

The effect of cormorants on the survival of native warm-water fishes in farm dams in south-western
New South Wales was monitored during 1979 and 1980. Three species of cormorants frequented the
dams: the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, the little pied cormorant P. melanoleucos, and the little
black cormorant P. sulcirostris. In dams fished by cormorants, more than 50% ofthe fish were consumed
unless abundant alternative prey, in this case crayfish Cherax destructor, was present. Dams stocked
with few fish (approximately 150 ha-1) were less commonly fished than those stocked with many fish
(more than 450 ha-1). The majority of dams in the study area were fished by cormorants, which were
present from midwinter to midsummer in both years. The results, and an examination of aspects of
cormorant biology and methods used to prevent birds eating fish at hatcheries, indicated that buffer
populations of crustaceans and low fish stocking rates are suitable methods for minimizing predation of
fish in farm dams by cormorants.
Reproduction, Growth and Age Determinatipon in the Yellow Footed Rock Wallaby Petrogale xanthopus Gray, in Captivity
Authors: Poole WE , Merchant JC , Carpenter SM , Calaby JH
Published: June 2005

Yellow-footed rock-wallabies were studied in captivity over 13 years. Individuals of both sexes attained
sexual maturity from age 18 months and were capable of breeding throughout the year. The ranges
recorded were: for length of oestrous cycle 32-37 days; gestation 31-33 days; pouch life 190-201 days.
Parturition was usually followed by an oestrus and mating with a consequent lactation-controlled
embryonic quiescence. The mean interval from removal of pouch young to birth was 31.5 days, and to
oestrus without an intervening birth, 34 days. Weight of the neonate within the 1st day was <500 mg;
the sex ratio of 62 young of known sex revealed a significant departure from parity with 41 boys and 21 girls
(100:51).
Growth curves were fitted for length of head, ear, arm, leg, foot, tail and weight. These measurements
provided a useful means of determining age within the 1st year and to a lesser extent the 2nd year, length
of head being the best criterion. Both sexes maintained similar growth rates when within the pouch, but
males grew larger once they vacated it. Patterns of molar eruption and molar progression provided a
useful means of determining age in older animals but, on the data available, accuracy was restricted to
the year and possibly no more than the season of birth.
The Ecology of the Dingo in North-Eastern New South Wales. 3. Analysis of Macropod Bone Fragments Found in Dingo Scats.
Authors: Robertshaw JD , Harden RH
Published: June 2005

From a study in New South Wales, Australia, of fragments of macropod bone in 951 samples of the faeces of dingoes, it was concluded that field estimates of dingo predation on macropods from carcass remains were heavily biased towards older and larger wallabies. Young wallabies separated from the mother or ejected from the pouch of a hunted female tended to be eaten whole or to leave remains too small to be noticed in the field.
The Response of Rabbit Populations and Vegetation to Rabbit Control on a Calcareous Shrubby Grassland in Central Australia
Authors: Foran BD , Low WA , Strong BW
Published: June 2005

The effect of rabbit control methods on rabbit populations and subsequent changes in vegetation were
assessed over 2 years on a calcareous shrubby grassland in central Australia. Warren ripping and
fumigating decreased mean population levels to four rabbits per kilometre of spotlight transect, and
1080 poisoning decreased mean levels to 9 km-1, compared to the untreated levels of 20 km-l. Release
of European rabbit fleas did not have any significant effect on rabbit populations. In the untreated rabbit
populations, 68% of the fluctuation in numbers was accounted for by total rainfalls in the previous
summer and the previous winter, and by a forage greenness rating. Experimental control of rabbits
combined with exclosures indicated that grazing by high numbers of rabbits reduced the frequency of
Enneapogon spp. at one site whereas levels rose in all other sites during the two years of good rainfall.
The frequency of several species, such as Chenopodium cristatum, Phyllanthus rhytidospermus and
Portulaca oleracea, was highly correlated with rabbit density in the previous year, suggesting that rabbit
grazing promotes their increase. Grazing'by rabbits alone depressed standing biomass in the following
season by 300 kg ha-1 from a maximum 1200 kg ha-1 within the exclosures. Cattle grazing further
decreased biomass by 150 kg ha-1. Seedlings of Acacia kempeana were almost absent in those areas
open to rabbit grazing, but they were reasonably dense where rabbits were excluded. However, the
vegetation response over the 2 years of experiment was due mainly to seasonal changes rather than
rabbit control, and does not justify the expense of rabbit control at this stage. Substantial improvement
in vegetation composition over the longer term may alter this conclusion.
Studies on the Purple Swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio, in Victoria
Authors: Norman FI , Mumford L
Published: June 2005

Details are presented of gonad parameters and reproductive status, body measurements, moult, and
food taken by purple swamphens collected in the Gippsland Lakes area between July 1971 and July
1973. Information from other studies is also discussed. Plant material (76% estimated average volume)
dominated gizzard contents, particularly when inorganic material (23%) was discounted, and animal
remains (c. 1%) were found in only 51 of the 234 gizzards with food examined. Mostly semi-aquatic
plants were eaten, predominantly from Gramineae (59%), Cyperaceae (17%) and Hydrocharitaceae
(11%), and Phragrnites australzs was the main species identified. The proportion of roots, rhizomes and
tubers in gizzards increased in autumn samples. Monthly variations in the grit content of gizzards were
significant; males (which were larger than females) held more large-sized fragments than females, and
there was a moderate negative correlation between hard seeds and grit. Ovarian follicles were generally
largest between July and November and seminiferous tubule diameters in males increased from June
and July to reach a maximum from September to November; sperm were present from July to
November. There were no simple correlations between gonad parameters and local rainfall in the
preceding 30 days. The presence of a bursa of Fabricius did not successfully exclude reproductively
active birds, but male swamphens with cloaca1 papillae and no bursa had larger testes than those with a
bursa but no papillae. Colour scores for bill and tarsus showed some seasonal variation in subsamples of
males and females. Management of wetlands for this species must take account of its requirement for a
relatively restricted range of food types.
Estimated Forest Bird Densities by Variable Distance Point Counts
Authors: Pyke GH , Recher HF
Published: June 2005

During variable distance point counts a stationary observer records the species and distance for all birds
detected during a fixed time interval. Such counts, repeated throughout the area of interest, can be used
to estimate bird density so long as the following assumptions are made: (1) the distribution of birds is
unaffected by the observer; (2) observers are certain of detecting near birds; (3) there is no error in
measurement or estimation of distances; and (4) birds are stationary. Data collected during the present
study indicated that at least two of these assumptions are not satisfied: estimates of distance based on
sound are inaccurate and observers do not always detect near birds. No effect of observer presence on
bird distribution was detected nor did there appear to be any significant movement of birds during
counts. We recommend that bird counts be based only on sight detections and that, when bird
movement is significant, instantaneous counts be used.
Overbrowsing, and decline of a population of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, in Victoria. III. Population dynamics
Authors: Martin R. W.
Published: June 2005

The demography of a population of koalas at Walkerville, Victoria, which was severely defoliating its preferred food trees was monitored for 3 yr from Aug. 1977. Population density declined from 3.0 animals/ha in winter 1978 to 0.7/ha in winter 1980. Population density also fluctuated seasonally, with a max. in autumn/winter and a min. in spring. Fertility rate was low compared with that of other populations and declined over the period of the study. This was due to depressed fertility among the younger females and substantial infertility among the older females. Mortality was heaviest in the winter, and the majority of carcasses found were of old females. A sharp decline in population density, caused by the dispersal of many of the residents, occurred in winter 1980 when the defoliation of the preferred food species, Eucalyptus ovata, was most advanced.
Reproduction in Sminthopsis-Longicaudata (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) - Laboratory Observations
Authors: Woolley PA , Valente A
Published: June 2005

Observations on the pattern of reproduction in Sminthopsis longicaudata, at present considered to be
an endangered species, are presented. S. longicaudata is polyoestrous and in the laboratory females are
in breeding condition from late winter (August) to early summer (December). They enter oestrus up to four
times during the breeding season. Two litters were born 17 and 19 days post-mating, but the gestation period
may be less than 15 days. The mean length of the oestrous cycle is 34.4 days. Both males and females may
be able to breed in more than one season.
Rattus-Lutreolus, Colonizer of Heathland After Fire in the Absence of Pseudomys Species
Authors: Catling PC
Published: June 2005

The recolonization of heathland habitats by small mammals after wildfire was examined in Nadgee Nature
Reserve, south-eastern New South Wales. The first native small mammal to arrive was R. lutreolus.
Thickets of tall vegetation were very important and these were colonized via a network of runways leading
from one thicket to another. R. lutreolus were reproductively active at a lower body weight on previously
empty (marginal) heathland habitats than in preferred habitats. After fire, abundance and species diversity
of small mammals increased as habitats aged and grew in complexity. Survival was best on the most structurally
complex habitats. Different requirements of habitat and water are suggested as the main reasons R. lutreolus
were first to colonize heathland, rather than R. fuscrpes. It is also proposed that the lack of competition
from Pseudomys spp. may cause R. lutreolus to switch from the usual 'late regeneration niche' to an 'early'
one. Past studies have proposed the reduction in burning since European settlement as a cause of the
decline in several pseudomyine species. This paper proposes that too frequent burning may have the
same result.
The Ecology of the Dingo in Northeastern New-South-Wales .4. Prey Selection by Dingoes, and Its Effect on the Major Prey Species, the Swamp Wallaby, Wallabia-Bicolor (Desmarest)
Authors: Robertshaw JD , Harden RH
Published: June 2005

Prey selection and its effect on the major prey species was examined between 1979 and 1980 by comparing
the diet of dingoes and the biology of the swamp wallaby at two sites where the relative numbers of dingoes
and wallabies differed. Selection of prey by dingoes was not opportunistic but demonstrated a preference
for larger native species, and was similar to that found in the same area between 1972 and 1974. In particular,
dingoes had a strong preference for swamp wallaby, the occurrence of which in the diet was disproportionate
to its observed numbers; and switching was not observed even when numbers of swamp wallaby were reduced
and alternative macropod prey present. Contrary to Optimal Foraging Theory predictions that the predator
should become more catholic in prey selection, this species was more frequent in the diet when its availability
was lower. At one site the major effect of this predation was the disruption of the breeding cycle, as a
result of the loss of large pouch young because of the harassment of their mothers.
Aggressive-Behavior in 2 Female Peradorcas-Concinna (Macropodidae) and Its Relation to Estrus
Authors: Goldstone AD , Nelson JE
Published: June 2005

During oestrus, two captive and isolated female Peradorcas concinna increased their grooming behaviour,
especially of the pouch-urogenital area, but the frequency of other behaviours did not change. In encounters,
females were very aggressive to other females, males and young during their oestrus, and even killed
other adults. Fighting in Peradorcas is unique among macropodids in that it may involve kicking to the
lower back while jumping over another animal, as well as attacks from the rear which involve severe
biting to the back and neck. The vocalizations associated with these interactions are described.
Ecology of Small Mammals in Coastal Heathland at Anglesea, Victoria
Authors: Wilson BA , Bourne AR , Jessop RE
Published: June 2005

Aspects of ecology and reproduction of small mammals in a heathland community near Anglesea were
investigated in the field by means of mark-recapture trapping. Population size, animal movements and
reproductive state were estimated. The floristic and structural habitat preferences were also determined.
The most common species were Antechinus stuartii, A. minimus maritimus, Sminthopsis leucopus, Rattus
fuscipes assimilis and R. lutreolus. For Antechinus the populations were maximal throughout February-June
(A. stuartii) and December-June (A. minimus) inclusive. A marked decline in numbers of Antechinus
during late winter and early spring was associated with the total loss of males from the population.
The maximal numbers of animals (per hectare) were 21 (A. stuartii), 14 (A. m. maritimus), 14 (R. f.
assimilis) 7 (R. lutreolus), and 8 (S. leucopus). Young were born to A. m. maritimus during August,
and 1 month later to A. stuartii. R. f. assimilis bred during late winter and spring, and S. leucopus
from September to November. None of the species showed an overall preference for any floristic or
structural vegetation type. This study confirms male 'die-off' in A. m. maritimus. The data also
indicate that the difference in breeding times of A. m. maritimus between Anglesea and Dartmoor,
Vic., is due to climatic or habitat differences rather than to sympatry with A. stuartii.
Distribution and Abundance of the Mountain Pygmy-Possum, Burramys-Parvus Broom, in Kosciusko-National-Park
Authors: Caughley J
Published: June 2005

The distribution of Burramys parvus in Kosciusko National Park was determined by defining the habitat
of the species and then mapping that habitat. Habitat was determined by trapping in a diversity of sites
within the alpine and subalpine zones of the Park. Designated habitat was then identified on coloured
aerial photographs; this was followed by further trapping and extensive ground inspection. The resultant
areas of habitat were digitised to give a planar projection of 8 km*2 within a geographic range of
300 km*2. The number of B. parvus in this area was estimated from trapping data to be around 500
adults, which increases to some 2000 individuals when juveniles enter the population each year in
February.
A Technique to Simplify Herbivore Diet Analysis
Authors: Barker RD
Published: June 2005

A technique for the analysis of the diet of herbivores has been developed, which is much faster and
no less accurate than the traditional method of counting particles in a sample from the alimentary canal
or faeces. Known characteristics of plants are used to categorise the amount of the species (or group
of species) present as: none, a little, some, or a lot.
The Cattle Egret, Ardeola-Ibis, in Southeast Queensland
Authors: Woodall PF
Published: June 2005

Annual counts made by the Queensland Ornithological Society (1972-83) were used to monitor cattle
egret numbers in south-east Queensland. Numbers in coastal areas were reasonably stable during this
period but, after an initial stage of low numbers, the inland population increased rapidly from 1975
to 1981. An exponential equation, N=0.752 exp(0.320t), gave the best fit to these data. Declines
in numbers in 1977 might have been associated with low rainfall in the Moreton meteorological region.
At the start of the survey the cattle egret was the most abundant ardeid in coastal areas and, as its numbers
increased in inland areas, there was a coincidental decline in numbers of great egret Egretta alba.
Macropod studies at Wallaby Creek. 3. The effect of fire on pasture utilization by macropodids and cattle
Authors: Southwell C. J. , Jarman P. J.
Published: June 2005

Utilisation of pasture in relation to time since burning occurred was assessed on a monthly basis for 16 months, for three species of macropodids and cattle. Utilisation by the eastern grey kangaroo, red-necked wallaby and cattle increased after burning, but the magnitude and particularly the timing of the responses differed between species. Burning did not affect utilisation by the whiptail wallaby. Differential preferences for and utilisation of regrowth pasture, and interference interactions between cattle and macropods, are suggested as possible reasons for the differing responses.
Practical and economic aspects of rabbit control in hilly semiarid South Australia
Authors: Cooke B. D. , Hunt L. P.
Published: June 2005

Poisoning, ripping of warrens and a combination of both techniques were assessed as means of controlling rabbits in steep areas of the southern Flinders Ranges in semiarid South Australia. The number of active warren entrances was reduced significantly by poisoning and by ripping. One month after treatment, untreated plots contained an average of 72.2 active entrances whereas the poisoned and ripped plots averaged 27.1 and 7.3 active entrances, respectively. A combination of both techniques reduced the number of active warren entrances even further, but this is not recommended because it increases the cost of control substantially. The efficiencies of a large and a small crawler tractor were compared. Costs of ripping were similar, and the suitability of each tractor is discussed. In the southern Flinders Ranges rabbit control is clearly economical in relation to the improvements in sheep production likely to be obtained.
Habitat Use by Sminthopsis-Crassicaudata, Planigale-Gilesi and Planigale-Tenuirostris (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) in Semiarid New-South-Wales
Authors: Read DG
Published: June 2005

Habitat use by Sminthopsis crassicaudata, Planigale gilesi and P. tenuirostris was investigated in the
arid zone of New South Wales. All species showed considerable flexibility in habitat use at all times,
and abundance was poorly predicted from easily measured parameters of the habitat. However, evidence
was found for separation of microhabitat among these sympatric species. Multiple regression analysis
indicated that abundance of S. crassicaudata was negatively associated with height of vegetation and
the depth and density of soil cracks, and that of P. gilesi was positively associated with these habitat
variables. Plant height was positively associated with abundance of P. tenuirostris and it was the only
important predictor for this species. These results are discussed in conjunction with trapping records
from other habitats.
Distribution, Habitat and Conservation Status of the Squirrel Glider Petaurus-Norfolcensis (Petauridae, Marsupialia) in Victoria
Authors: Menkhorst PW , Weavers BW , Alexander JSA
Published: June 2005

The results of a trapping and spotlighting survey in Victoria of the squirrel glider, Petaurus norfolcensis,
coupled with examination of historical records showed that the species is restricted to the Riverine
Plains, Northern Uplands and northern slopes of the Western Highlands. Within these regions squirrel
gliders inhabit remnant woodlands or open-forests which have mature or mixed-age stands of more than
one eucalypt species, or riparian open-forests of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The mixed-species stands
which support squirrel gliders invariably include gum-barked and high nectar-producing species including
some which flower in winter. The riparian open forests typically contain mature Acacia dealbata which
may provide an important winter carbohydrate source. The squirrel glider was often the only arboreal
mammal detected at a site; if another species was present it was usually the common brushtail possum,
Trichosurus vulpecula. Other petaurids rarely occurred at the same site. We suggest that in Victoria
the ecological tolerance of the squirrel glider is narrow 'and that the species should be considered
vulnerable because most of its habitat has been cleared for farming. Commercial exploitation of timber
and grazing of stock in much of the remaining habitat places further stress upon the small, fragmented
populations of this species.
Winter Ecological Energetics of 2 Passerine Bird Species in Temperate Wet Forest
Authors: Haylock J , Lill a
Published: June 2005

Autumn and winter time-energy budgets were constructed for brown thornbills, Acanthiza pusilla, and
eastern yellow robins, Eopsaltria australis, inhabiting a temperate wet forest in south-eastern Australia.
Birds spent 84-88% of daylight hours foraging in both seasons, but decreased the metabolic cost of
other activity in winter by spending more time on energetically inexpensive behaviours. Estimated daily
energy expenditures were either seasonally constant or increased (thornbill) or decreased (robin) in winter
by no nore than l0%, depending on the assumed degree of substitution for the thermoregulatory
requirement. Thornbills increased foraging efficiency in winter to compensate for the reduction in
absolute foraging time. Less dramatic changes in behavioural strategies were required to achieve energy
balance than have been recorded for many small north temperate birds.
Brown thornbills used an energetically expensive, active search foraging technique to capture small,
cryptic prey at a fast rate. Yellow robins employed an inexpensive, 'sit-and-wait' strategy to capture
larger, more conspicuous prey at a slower rate. Both species had similar time investments in foraging,
but allocated greatly differing proportions of energy to active foraging and resting alert. These contrasting
strategies offer the potential for performing several activities simultaneously in the yellow robin
and for reducing foraging and vigilance investments through exploiting gregariousness in the brown
thornbill.
A Technique for Marking Marsupial Pouch Young With Fluorescent Pigment Tattoos
Authors: Soderquist TR , Dickman CR
Published: June 2005

Small quantities of fluorescent pigments were tattooed into the pinnae of pouch young Dasyurus
geoffroii and Isoodon obesulus (Marsupialia), and into the pinnae of 5-day-old Mus rnusculus
(Rodentia). The tattoos contrasted sharply with natural skin pigmentation when scanned with a UV
light. Of 11 pigments tested, Flare 610 pigments were the most persistent, remaining visible for a
minimum of 6 months. The technique facilitates rapid, cheap and reliable marking of marsupial pouch
young, and should be generally applicable for determining filial relationships in a wide range of
marsupial species.
Relative Efficiency of Different Pit-Trap Systems for Sampling Reptiles in Spinifex Grasslands
Authors: Morton SR , Gillam MW , Jones KR , Fleming MR
Published: June 2005

Capture rates of reptiles in four pit-trap systems were compared in arid spinifex grasslands of the
Northern Territory. Analysis showed that drift fences significantly increased capture rates, and that
pit-traps of larger diameter captured more animals. Pit-traps with an additional drift fence at right
angles to the main fence running along the line of traps tended to capture more animals than those with
the single main fence. The results suggest that an optimal system for this habitat may be large pit-traps
and drift fences arranged in the form of a cross.
Lead Shot and Ducks on Lake Cowal.
Authors: Kingsford RT , Flanjack J , Black S
Published: June 2005

We determined the amount of lead shot left after shooting, in the sediment and also the occurrence of
lead shot in the gizzards of waterfowl shot at Lake Cowal. We also investigated levels of lead in livers.
Livers and gizzards of 342 ducks, Pacific black duck (96), grey teal (122), maned duck (102), pink-eared
duck (15) and Australasian shoveler (7), were collected during the 1987 duck shooting season. Few birds
had ingested shot (1.5%). Black ducks had more grit, the size of shot, in their gizzards than did grey
teal or maned duck. Total grit contents in the gizzards were of a similar weight for black duck and
maned ducks but less for grey teal. Two ducks had lead levels in the liver indicative of lead poisoning
(>6 ppm) wet weight. Lead levels in the liver were generally low, 0.32 � 0.76 ppm (mean + s.d.).
There were no differences between species or sexes in levels of lead in livers. There was also no
difference between lead levels of ducks shot on opening day compared to those shot 4 weeks later.
Crude density estimates, extrapolated from 77 samples of sediment (800 cm2), averaged 16 000 shot
per hectare for areas close to where hunters camped. Crude density, extrapolated from 100 samples,
was 3400 shot per hectare for areas of low hunter density.
Foraging Behavior of Glossy Black-Cockatoos
Authors: Clout MN , Clout MN
Published: June 2005

The foraging behaviour of glossy black-cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus lathami) was studied in eucalypt
forests near Eden, New South Wales, Australia, from June 1982 to February 1983. In this area, the
cockatoos fed solely on Allocasuarina littoralis seeds that they extracted from closed cones, leaving
characteristic feeding litter beneath favoured trees. The cockatoos bred in winter and apparently raised
their young entirely on A. littoralis seeds. They spent 88% of the day foraging. The basis on which
the cockatoos selected particular A. littoralis trees in which to forage was investigated. They chose
trees with larger cone crops but showed no evidence of selecting trees on the basis of cone size.
They concentrated their foraging in trees bearing cones with a high ratio of total seed weight to cone
weight, which is an index of the potential return (i.e. seeds) from each cone-opening effort.
Effect of Presentation on the Attractiveness and Palatability to Wild Dogs and Other Wildlife of 2 Unpoisoned Wild-Dog Bait Types
Authors: Allen LR , Fleming PJS , Thompson JA , Strong K
Published: June 2005

Factory-prepared beef crackle cubes and fresh meat baits are routinely used with the poison 1080 to
prevent or reduce predation by wild dogs, Canis familiaris. Four field trials totalling 674 bait nights
per bait type were conducted in southern Queensland to assess the relative attractiveness and palatability
of the two baits to wild dogs and non-target animals. Buried meat and surface-laid meat baits were also
compared to assess the effect that bait presentation can have on control programme efficiency and
non-target hazard. Fresh meat was found to be significantly more palatable to wild dogs than factory
baits. Factory baits, despite being equally attractive to wild dogs as fresh meat, had significantly more
visits by wild dogs where baits were not eaten. Fresh meat was significantly more attractive and
palatable to non-target species than factory baits. Buried baits were equally attractive and palatable
to wild dogs compared with surface-laid meat baits, yet had greatly reduced non-target bait take.
The significance of the results is discussed with regard to the potential 1080 hazard to birds and reptiles
(which removed 28% and 10% of baits, respectively) and the influence that non-target removal of
baits may have on the efficiency and design of wild-dog control programmes.
Extra keywords: Compound 1080, poison, SEA, sodium fluoroacetate.
An Experimental Evaluation of Dugong and Sea Turtle Aerial Survey Techniques
Authors: Marsh H , Sinclair DF
Published: June 2005

Some factors which affect the aerial counts of dugongs and sea turtles were examined experimentally.
There was no significant difference in the observed density of dugongs when survey height was doubled
from 137 m to 274 m with an accompanying doubling of transect width on either side of the aircraft
from 200 m to 400 m. In contrast, a significantly higher density of turtles was observed at the lower
heightharrower transect width. The higher level of glare on the exposed side of the aircraft, the time
of day and the time from high tide made no significant difference to the observed densities of dugongs
or turtles. The survey crew included a tandem team of two observers on each side of the aircraft,
who reported their uncolluded observations into separate tracks of a two-track tape recording system.
This allowed the reports of tandem observers to be compared in order to assess observer reliability.
Overall, observers missed over 40% of dugong groups and over 80% of turtles visible within the
transect including groups of more than 10 dugongs. The chance of observers missing a group of
dugongs was independent of group size. There was little disagreement between tandem observers about
the identification of animals, or the position of animals in the water column. However, observers
differed markedly in their categorisation of dugong behaviour and in their counts of animals
(particularly dugong calves) in larger groups.
Evaluation of a Warfarin Poisoning Programme for Feral Pigs (Sus Scrofa).
Authors: Saunders G , Kay B , Parker B
Published: June 2005

A warfarin poisoning programme to control feral pigs was evaluated on agricultural land in eastern Australia between July and September, 1987. The estimated total population before the poisoning programme was 189 pigs within the 94.4 km2 study area. Poisoned and free-fed bait was offered initially at 69 sites and over a period of 57 days. Only two pregnant sows were believed to have survived the programme which was equivalent to a 98.9% reduction. As a result of breeding and re-invasion a further 38 pigs were removed in the 12 months after the control programme. Cost of initial control was $A39 per pig while cost of maintenance control was $A47 per pig.
Distribution and Abundance of Ducks in the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory
Authors: Morton SR , Brennan KG , Armstrong MD
Published: June 2005

Aerial surveys between 1981 and 1984 were used to identify monthly trends in the abundance of wandering whistling-duck Dendrocygna arcuata, plumed whistling-duck D. eytoni, radjah shelduck Tadorna radjah, Pacific black duck Anas superciliosa, and grey teal A. gibberifrons on five floodplains of the Alligator Rivers region, 250 km east of Darwin in the monsoonal north of the Northern Territory. Ground surveys were conducted during the same period on one of the floodplains, the Magela plain, to provide more detailed information. The Magela floodplain was inhabited by few ducks during the wet season (November to March), but numbers then increased to dramatic peaks in the late dry season. The Nourlangie floodplain and Boggy Plain (a large backswamp of the South Alligator floodplain) showed similar patterns, but the numbers of ducks were usually fewer. Ducks were uncommon on the shallower East Alligator and Cooper floodplains except for relatively brief periods in the wet season. The ground surveys suggested that ducks sought out the persistent swamps that characterise the Magela floodplain in the dry season. Ground surveys also indicated that aerial surveys underestimated densities; on the basis of correction factors calculated from the ground surveys, peak numbers on the five floodplains were roughly estimated to be 400 000 wandering whistling-ducks, 70 000 plumed whistling-ducks, 20 000 radjah shelducks, 50 000 Pacific black ducks, and 50 000 grey teal. Pink-eared ducks Malacorhynchus membranaceus and hardhead Aythya australis were recorded sporadically in low numbers. The Alligator Rivers region acted as a dry season refuge for large concentrations of ducks because of the atypical persistence of freshwaters on the Magela and Nourlangie floodplains and some of the backswamps of the South Alligator, such as Boggy Plain. The large aggregations appear to be unique in Australia.
Water and Energy Turnover in a Small Monitor Lizard, Varanus-Acanthurus
Authors: Dryden G , Green B , King D , Losos J
Published: June 2005

The field metabolic rates and water influxes of Varanus acanthurus were determined by means of doubly-labelled water during late spring. The mean metabolic rate was 0.101 +/- 0.032 mL CO2 g-1 h-1, which was equivalent to an energy expenditure of 63 kJ kg-1 day-1 and a fresh food consumption rate of 13.2 g kg-1 day-1. The mean rate of water influx was 15.9 +/- 6.8 mL kg-1 day-1 and it is suggested that up to 30% of water influxes are via pulmo-cutaneous exchange and drinking. It is considered that V. acanthurus is a secretive 'sit and wait' predator and that this accounts for the lower than predicted water influx and metabolic rates of this species.
Evaluation of Bromadiolone Against House Mouse (Mus Domesticus) Populations in Irrigated Soybean Crops. I. Efficacy of Control.
Authors: Twigg LE , Singleton GR , Kay BJ
Published: June 2005

The effectiveness of bromadiolone for controlling breeding house mouse [M. musculus] populations in irrigated soyabean crops was tested when mouse densities were around 200-300/ha. A single application of wheat with 0.005% bromadiolone, placed in bait stations (200 g/station) 20 m apart throughout the crop, effectively reduced mouse numbers at 1 of 2 sites. Where few other irrigated summer crops were close by, bromadiolone reduced mouse numbers relative to the unbaited control by 43-62% within 22 d, depending upon the index of mouse abundance used. Because of a general decline in mouse abundance after this time, the effect of baiting lasted through days 22 to 42. The overall benefit from baiting was marginal, because mouse numbers just before harvest (42 d after baiting) were still around 43% of pre-baiting levels. Where other irrigated summer crops were in close proximity, the single application of bromadiolone did not reduce mouse numbers, and there were no effects which could be attributed to baiting, either at day 22 or 42. Although few marked individuals survived baiting, mice from neighbouring crops apparently replaced those killed. When the baiting trials commenced, growers had just become aware that mice were causing noticeable damage to soyabean crops. By this time, mice were evenly distributed from 0.5 to 90 m into the crop and, as the mean movement of resident mice was 10.9 m, perimeter baiting only would have been ineffective. It was concluded that the distance between bait stations in irrigated soyabean crops should not exceed 20 m.
The Influence of Proximity of Plantation Edge on Diversity and Abundance of bird species in an exotic pine plantation in north-eastern New South Wales
Authors: Curry GN
Published: June 2005

Data were collected in summer and winter in a 15-year-old plantation of Pinus taeda, at Clouds Creek,
north-eastern New South Wales. In summer, diversity and abundance of bird species declined over a
distance of 900 m into the plantation. However, in winter this progressive decline in bird densities
was limited to within the first 200 m of the plantation periphery. At greater distances into the
plantation, the floristic and structural characteristics of the vegetation (including windrows) were
of more importance than the proximity of the plantation edge in accounting for variations in the
abundance and diversity of birds. Food for insectivorous birds (the dominant feeding guild) is probably
restricted in the plantation because few local species of invertebrates are likely to be adapted to living
on exotic pines; invertebrate mobility as well as abundance is probably less in winter, so that fewer
invertebrates enter the plantation from adjacent native forest. Windrows are an important habitat
feature contributing to the diversity and abundance of birds within plantations, probably serving
as 'corridors' through the alien habitat of exotic pines, thus enabling birds to range further into
plantations. For approximately 40 per cent of the plantation life cycle, the influence of proximity
of plantation edge on diversity and abundance of bird species is probably of limited importance,
particularly in winter. Reducing plantation size in order to increase the diversity and abundance of bird
species is not realistic, because plantations would have to be very small. Instead, emphasis should be
placed on increasing the structural and floristic diversity of plantations by creating a broad range of
successional stages throughout the plantation complex, by enhancing the habitat value of windrows,
and by retaining native vegetation within and near plantations.
Effects on non-target animal populations of a rabbit trail-baiting campaign with 1080 poison
Authors: Mcilroy JC , Gifford EJ
Published: June 2005

Populations of non-target birds and mammals on a semi-cleared grazing property near Braidwood,
New South Wales, did not appear to be affected by a trail-baiting campaign against rabbits, Oryctolagus
cuniculus, using pellet bait and 1080 poison. Rabbit numbers were reduced by about 90% and those
of the fox, Vulpes vulpes, another exotic pest, by about 75%. Populations of both pest species began
recovering soon after the campaign, indicating the need for continued control measures.
Biology of the Wild Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales
Authors: Parer I , Libke JA
Published: June 2005

Shot samples of rabbits were taken every eight weeks for two years at four sites in the Southern
Tablelands of New South Wales. Age structure differed between sites. The two sites at which rabbits
were controlled by poisoning had the youngest age structures; the site where rabbits were not controlled
had the the oldest age structure, the lowest density, the least myxomatosis and the highest production
of young per female. The seasonal percentages of males in the samples were inversely proportional
to the percentages of lactating females. Rabbits that were recovering from myxomatosis had higher
infestations of Graphidium strigosum than rabbits that had active myxomatosis or no symptoms.
At one of the sites, rabbits with myxomatosis were shot on every sampling occasion. Differences
between sites, in duration and timing of reproduction, were very small compared with differences
between rabbit populations from climatically different regions of Australasia; annual production of
young per female older than six months varied between sites from 23.7 to 26.5 compared with the
range of 15-53 for Australasia. The percentage of pregnant females and fertile males was highest
in late spring and fell to zero for 1-2 months in summer. This seasonal pattern of reproduction is
intermediate between the pattern found in some high-rainfall Australasian environments, where more
than 30% of the females are pregnant in all months, and the patterns in arid, semi-arid and subalpine
environments, where no females are pregnant for 3-6 months of the year.
Diets of Black-stripped wallabies in New South Wales
Authors: Jarman PJ , Phillips CM , Rabbidge JJ
Published: June 2005

In both the wet and dry extremes of its remnant range in northern New South Wales, the black-striped
wallaby, Macropus dorsalis, eats predominantly monocotyledonous plants, selecting leaves and, in some
seasons, seedheads. The wallabies eat a wide range of monocot species, taking these from the habitat
in which they shelter in the daytime as well as from that in which they forage at night. This study
suggests that reserves for the conservation of the species need to include nocturnal foraging as well as
diurnal sheltering habitats.
Assessing the Habitat of the parma wallaby, Macropus parma (Marsupialia : Macropodidae)
Authors: Read DG , Fox BJ
Published: June 2005

Sites at which parma wallabies, Macropus parma, were present were compared with apparently similar
sites in nearby areas from which M. parma were absent. The structure of the habitat and the availability
of different grasses as potential diet items at each site were compared using both univariate and multivariate
statistical techniques, including analysis of variance and factor analysis. Sites with M. parma
appeared to have more Blady grass and Tussock grass and fewer Herbs and Other grass than sites
without M. parma. However, it was difficult to unequivocally allocate structural parameters that
determined the presence or absence of M. parma. Several reasons for this were considered, and it
appears most likely that some of the sites from which M. parma were absent did indeed meet the
habitat requirements of this species but remained unoccupied. This situation may result from the low
population densities and relatively sparse, disjunct distribution of this rare species. However, it will not
be possible to answer these questions, and to adequately determine details of the habitat requirements
of M. parma, without the results from studies using radiotelemetry to assess habitat use, and microscopic
techniques to assess the relative importance of items in the diet.