bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishment of Warm- and Cool-Season Native Perennial Grasses on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales. I. Dormancy and Germination
Authors: Lodge GM , Whalley RDB
Published: December 2005

The dormancy and germination of two groups of native perennial grasses were investigated in caryopses or
dispersal units. The species were the warm-season native perennial grasses Aristida ramosa R.Br.,
Bothriochloa macra (Steud.) S. T . Blake. Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) Camus, Sporobolus elongatus R.Br.,
Eragrostis leptostachya Steud., Chloris truncata R.Br. and the cool-season species Stipa variabilis Hughes
and Danthonia linkii Kunth.
Optimum temperatures for germination were 20-35°C for A . ramosa; 15-35° for D. sericeum and C.
Truncata; 20-25° for E. leptostachya; 20-30° for B. macra and S. elongatus and 15-25° for D. linkii and S .
Variabilis. At 1O° and 40° D. linkii and A. ramosa respectively were the only species that had high germination
percentages.
Removal of the lemma and palea from freshly harvested units of A. ramosa, B. macra, D. sericeum, C.
Truncata and S. variabilis significantly increased germination. In units stored at 12-27°C there was a
breakdown in dormancy after 2-3 months in A. ramosa and B. macra and after 9 months in S. elongatus. In
the germination of D. sericeum and D. linkii the lemma and palea appeared to have a long-term inhibitory
role.
Twenty-week-old whole dispersal units of B. macra, S. elongatus and E. leptostachya and 40-week-old
units of S. elongatus and E. leptostachya had an obligate light requirement for germination.
The ecological implications of these data in the successful germination of natural seed falls and artificial
seedings are discussed.
Establishment of Warm- and Cool-Season Native Perennial Grasses on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales. Ii. Establishment and Seedling Survival in the Field
Authors: Lodge GM
Published: December 2005

Emergence and survival of the seedlings of warm-season native perennial grasses Aristida ramosa R.Br.,
Bothriochloa macra (Steud.) S . T. Blake, Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) Camus, Sporobolus elongatus R.Br.,
Eragvostis leptostachya Steud. and Chloris truncata R.Br. and the cool-season species Stipa variabilis Hughes
and Danthonia linkii Kunth were studied in both native pastures and sown monospecific plots on the north-
west slopes of New South Wales. The most favourable period for the successful emergence and establishment
of warm-season grasses was from mid summer to early autumn. Cool-season native perennial grasses
established best from seedlings that appeared from mid autumn to late winter. Few seedlings were observed
to germinate in spring, probably as a result of large variations in temperature, low minimum temperatures or
intra and interspecific competition.
Seedlings growing in native pasture spent long periods in the vegetative phase compared to the early
flowering of seedlings in the sown plots. In the pasture studied only two seedlings flowered over 700 days
after emergence, and many others after persisting for up to 2 years died without producing seed. These
findings indicate that the seedlings in these native pastures were under considerable stress and that the adult
populations of the species examined were relatively stable and little recruitment occurred.
Nitrogen Fixation by Native Australian Legumes
Authors: Lawrie AC
Published: December 2005

Nitrogen fixation was studied by the acetylene-reduction technique in root nodules of 10 native Australian
legumes in three habitats in Victoria: low open-forest. sandy heathland and coastal sand dunes. Nodular
activity reached a maximum in spring (and in autumn in sand-dune species), declined to a minimum in late
summer and continued at a low level throughout winter. Mean nitrogenase activity was 1.73 μmol C2H2
reduced g-1 fresh wt nodules h-1, with spring maxima 8-250 times summer minima. It is suggested that
variations in rainfall and temperature were the major factors influencing seasonal variations in nodular
activity. Estiniates of minimum acetylene reduction per hectare per year were derived from measurements of
seasonal and diurnal variations in acetylene reduction and abundance of nodules per hectare, and were used
to derive approximate minimum values for nitrogen fixation of 0.004-0.746 kg ha-1 yr-1. The quantities of
nitrogen fixed are compared with other reports and the significance of nitrogen fixation by these native
legumes is discussed.
Pollen Morphology in the Subtribe Metrosiderinae of the Leptospermoideae (Myrtaceae) and Its Taxonomic Significance.
Authors: Gadek PA , Martin HA
Published: December 2005

The pollen morphology of 28 species from the subtribe Metrosiderinae (s.Bentham) is described and compared in the light of several recent taxonomic revisions of this subtribe. All species have the same basic Myrtaceous pollen type, but there is intra and interspecific variability seen in a number of the pollen characters. Intraspecific variability is related either to changes in volume and size of the pollen grain or to the occurrence of polar islands. It is concluded that the character of syncolpy or parasyncolpy as relating to the presence or absence of polar islands may not be taxonomically reliable at the species level. Interspecific variation. and thus those characters most useful in assessing the taxonomy, relate to the structure of the angle of the amb, the exine structure and sculpture and the definition, form and type of colpi and apocolpia. One species shows a difference in polarity from the rest. Three basic exine sculpture types were defined, but it was necessary to examine them under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) because their patterns could not be resolved under the light microscope. Acetolysis enhanced the definition of the smaller basic sculptures under the SEM. Generally, the pollen morphology of these species was found to support the recent taxonomic revisions of this subtribe.
Frost Resistance of Subalpine Eucalyptus Species. II. Experiments Using the Resistance Index Method of Damage Assessment
Authors: Harwood CE
Published: December 2005

Frost damage to leaves of Eucalyptus pauciflora seedlings was measured by an electrical resistance ratio
method. Leaves were exposed to below-freezing temperatures by a liquid bath apparatus that allowed
accurate temperature control.
Unhardened seedlings exposed to an 18/9°C temperature regime with 12 h-photo- and thermoperiod did
not harden significantly, the minimum temperature producing 50% leaf death (T50) remaining higher than
- 5° An 18/4°C regime lowered the T50 to - 14° in 50 d, but exposure of hardened seedlings to 18/9°C
produced rapid dehardening back to a T50 higher than - 5°.
Rapid (1-2°C min-I) cooling to the frost minimum was much more damaging than was the standard
(2-4°C h-I) rate used in the experiments.
Studies of Central Australian Semidesert Rangelands. I. Range Condition and the Biomass Dynamics of the Herbage Layer and Litter.
Authors: Friedel MH
Published: December 2005

Following a sequence of years of above-average rainfall, standing biomass, rates of production and quantities of litter were high in the ground storey of three central Australian rangeland plant communities. Standing biomass was of the order of 4000 kg ha-1 in Astrebla grasslands, 2600 kg ha-1 in open woodlands and 1300 kg ha-1 in Acacia shrublands, and litter biomass was c. 1300 kg ha-1, 1600 kg ha-1 and 4000 kg ha-1 respectively. Levels of biomass and production rates were comparable with those of some semiarid and temperate sown pastures in average seasons, but they appeared to have reached their natural limit. Total standing biomass, production rates, species diversity, litter biomass and decomposition rates were not correlated with range condition assessments of the experimental sites. Species frequency was the only characteristic measured which was related to range condition other than botanical composition, the basis of site selection.
Studies of Central Australian Semidesert Rangelands. II. Range Condition and the Nutrient Dynamics of the Herbage Layer, Litter and Soil.
Authors: Friedel MH
Published: December 2005

The levels and turnover of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in the herbage layer: litter and soil of three
central Australian plant communities were investigated, following several years of above-average rainfall,
and the possibility of a relationship between nutrient levels and range condition assessment was examined.
There were only a few positive correlations between range condition and phosphorus levels, and they
were not associated with the susceptibility of different soils to erosional losses. There were no positive
correlations between range condition and the levels of either nitrogen or sulfur.
The herbage and litter layers together, of the three plant communities, contained 30-72 kg ha-1 of total
nitrogen, 4 kg ha-1 of total phosphorus and 4-7 kg ha-1 of total sulfur. These quantities were comparable
to those of arid regions in other parts of the world, but the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in soils,
estimated by incubation or extraction to be available to plants, were comparatively low. Incubated nitrogen
in the 0-10 cm depth of soils was 9-14 ppm and extractable phosphorus was 3-1 1 ppm. The 0-4 cm depth of
soil contained 0.5-3 ppm extractable sulfur, and concentrations decreased with depth. Total soil nitrogen
was lower than that in other arid regions whereas the amount of organic carbon in soil was comparable, so
that C:N was relatively high.
Substantial withdrawal of nutrients from senescing plant parts and rapid cycling of nutrients through litter
appeared to be responsible for maintaining the level of nutrients in the herbage layer.
Changes in the Vegetation of Sclerophyll Shrubby Woodland Associated With Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Weste G
Published: December 2005

Changes in the vegetation of a sclerophyll shrub woodland community growing on deep infertile sands at the
northern end of Wilson's Promontory National Park were monitored for infected and control plots over a 5-
year period and compared with changes due to disease on a ridge site. In all cases disease appeared as a
mosaic of chlorotic and dying plants. The plant community changed to an open sedge woodland
characterized by a rediction in tree density, loss of susceptible species, an increase in cover by resistant
sedges and increased amount of bare ground. There were highly significant changes in plant density for 12 of
the 16 species and in the proportion of these species in the total vegetation. The changes are continuing and
there is no evidence as to whether they are irreversible or likely to become part of a cyclic process of disease
and recovery. Changes in soil temperature and soil matric water potential were monitored continuously
during the 5 years and were correlated with changes in pathogen disease potential, symptom expression and
deaths. Disease was most severe not on the plots but on nearby ridge sites with exposed shallow, gravelly
soils, and in these plant deaths were more frequent and occurred in more species.
An early pliocene pollen assemblage from Lake Tay, south-western Australia, and its phytogeographic implications
Authors: Bint AN
Published: December 2005

Pollen assemblages indicate an Early Pliocene age for sediments in the Lake Tay area, south-west of Norseman, W.A. They also show unexpected similarities to assemblages of the same age from south-eastern Australia and suggest that regional phytogeographic differentiation of the flora of southern Australia was less pronounced in the Early Pliocene than usually supposed. This implies that considerable regional differentiation of southern Australian floras has taken place in a relatively short period, principally during the past 4 or 5 million years. Although the dominant elements in the pollen spectrum indicate a warm temperate open-forest with a lake edge or marsh component, small numbers of the pollen of Nothofagus (brassii-type) and some podocarpaceous conifers are also present. These suggest a wetter climate and may have derived from small stands surviving in refugia on high country to the east or south of Lake Tay.
Ant-Seed Interaction in Dry Sclerophyll Forest on North Stradbroke Island, Queensland
Authors: Drake WE
Published: December 2005

The rate of removal by ants of diaspores of 15 species, 10 with elaiosomes, was studied in dry sclerophyll forest. Two ants were largely responsible, Rhytidoponeva metallica and Aphaenogaster longiceps. The rapid removal of diaspores by ants greatly depletes in a very short time the readily available seed supply for regeneration, especially if diaspores are taken to an unsuitable germination site. All plant species but one (Lepidospevma laterale) are placed in established ant dispersal types. A new type, Lepidosperma, is proposed. Eucalyptus seeds lack an appendage and the ant relationship to them is complex. Nevertheless, ants rapidly remove seeds of Eucalyptus when they are offered. Oil in the embryonic cotyledons is probably the food supply. Nests of R. metallica are mostly built in association with pieces of wood while those of A. longiceps occur in the soil. Rate of removal is influenced by distance from the nest, number of ants, time of day or year, size and shape of diaspores and intensity of 'scent'. Successful dispersal by ants is related to the food source and the type and depth of nest. Food is obtained from appendaged diaspores without damage to the embryo. Seeds in R. metallica nests are unlikely to germinate. Depth of burial will affect germination. seedling emergence and dormancy breaking. Seeds for regeneration of Eucalyptus are probably available through predator satiation. Ants appear to be successful short-distance dispersal agents for a small proportion of diaspores that remain undamaged and are buried in a suitable germination site.
A Hydrological Study of a Subtropical Semiarid Forest of Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. Ex Benth. (Brigalow)
Authors: Tunstall BR , Connor DJ
Published: December 2005

Water input, soil water storage and plant water status were measured at monthly intervals over 2� years In a mature brigalow (Acacla harpophylla) forest. Redistribution of rainfall by the canopy was slight and stem flow averaged only 1.8%, but the direct loss of intercepted water accounted for 15% of the Annual ramfall In the wettest condltlon the soil stored 890 mm of water to a depth of 3 m The minimum sod water store measured under severe drought conditions was 840 mm when the dawn values of plant water potential were -6.8 MPa The soil water potentials below 1 m were consistently around -3.5 MPa due largely to high salt concentrations The tendency in a drying soil was towards a uniform profile of soil water potentlal, and soil water at depths below 1 m was extracted only when dawn plant water potentials were less than - 3.5 MPa Over monthly Intervals the maximum and minimum rates of evapotransplratlon were 3.3 and 0 .46 mm/d respectively, and the pattern of community water use was related to rainfall and not to potentlal evaporation.
To survive in such an environment the plants develop and withstand extremely low water potentials associated wlth the low availability of water and the high evaporative demand.
Spatial and Size-Class Patterns in a Central Australian Spinifex Grassland
Authors: Bell DT
Published: December 2005

The spatial and size-class patterns in a central Australian stand of Triodia basedowii Pritzel near the
Hermannsburg Aboriginal Mission are described. Cover values of two subsampling areas averaged
574 m2 ha-1 and 433 m2 ha-1, relatively low in comparison with spinifex stands reported elsewhere in
Australia. Densities for the two sites were 16 11 1 and 18 333 plants ha-1 respectively. Size-class structure of
both study areas fitted the expected negative exponential curve but the smallest size-class numbers were less
than expected, indicating that loss of small individuals could be occurring. Spacing patterns also suggested
the presence of intraspecific interference.
Floristic and leaf structure patterns along a shallow elevational gradient
Authors: Goble-Garratt EM , Bell DT , Loneragan WA
Published: December 2005

The floristic and leaf structure changes occurring on an elevational gradient in the Yule Brook Botany Reserve at Kenwick, W.A. are described. Species compositional changes observed included both apparent discontinuous and continuous elements. A major change in the floristic gradient appeared to correlate with a zone of winter soil saturation, although the major elevational gradient seemed to be one of increasing soil moisture availability. This same discontinuity was indicated by the average leaf size response. Leaf area index, specific leaf weights, leaf length : width ratios. leaf thickness, leaf margin and surface characteristics as well as leaf stomatal, cuticle, palisade and epidermal characters, however, did not show patterns relating to the environmental gradient, but did indicate, on the basis of leaf morphology, a vegetation generally adapted to hot, dry conditions.
Coniochaeta angustispora sp. nov. from roots in Australia, with a key to the species known in culture
Authors: Hawksworth DL , Yip HY
Published: December 2005

The new species Coniochaeta angustispora sp. nov, is described from isolates obtained from roots of Gahnia radula in Victoria. It is distinguished by the particularly narrow ascospores. A key to the 11 species of Coniochaeta now known to occur in pure culture is provided together with notes on their habitats and distribution. The following species are also reported from Australia, most for the first time: Coniochaeta leucoplaca (Berk. & Rav.) Cain, C. ligniaria (Grev.) Massee, C. nepalica Minoura et al, and C. tetraspora Cain.
Floral Development in Acacia pycnantha Benth. In Hook
Authors: Buttrose MS , Grant WJR , Sedgley M
Published: December 2005

Floral buds of Acacia pycnantha were produced in every month of the year on new shoot growth. The buds produced between November and May developed through to flowering but those produced between June and October aborted at an early stage. Differences in the rate of floral development caused buds produced several months apart to flower in the same month in late winter. Developmental stages from newly produced flower heads to anthesis were studied by light microscopy. Pollen development preceded ovule development and the 16-celled polyads were formed 1 month prior to flowering and before development of the embryo sac.
Effects of inflorescence height and number of flowers per inflorescence on fruit set in waratahs (Telopea speciosissima)
Authors: Pyke GH
Published: December 2005

Fruit set per inflorescence in Telopea speciosissima tends to increase with increases in both the number of flowers per inflorescence and inflorescence height. This could be due to larger and higher inflorescences being more conspicuous, receiving more pollinator visits and thereby receiving more pollen than smaller and lower inflorescences or to patterns of resource allocation within plants.
Biosystematics of the Brachyscome aculeata (Labill.) Less. sensu G.L. Davis species complex (Compositae: Asterae).
Authors: Stace HM
Published: December 2005

B. aculeata (Labill.) Less. (New South Wales and Victoria), B. cuneifolia Tate (South Australia), B. sieberi var. gunnii DC. (Tasmania) and B. spathulata Gaudich. ( = B. scapiformis DC.) (New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania) are names shown to refer to separate species. The two varieties of B. spathulata have been recognized as two subspecies: subsp. spathulata (mainland Australia) and subsp, glabra (Tasmania). All species are n = 9 or polyploid on n = 9. Small B-chromosomes have been found at high frequency in B. sieberi var. gunnii and B. aculeata, but rarely in B. spathulata. Strong genetic barriers separate pairs of sympatric species.
Stereological Analysis of the Dermal System of Fruit of the Grape Vitis vinifera L.
Authors: Considine JA
Published: December 2005

Changes in cell vdume and shape in different layers of the dermal system of the grape Vitis vinifera have
been analysed in relation to position along the radius of the fruit and fruit shape. Fruit surface area was
found to be a function of changes in both cell area and cell number, though cell number effects were
predominant. Cell volume generally increased exponentially from the epidermis inwards, though no single
function adequately described the pattern for all cultivars. Deviations from a continuous pattern of change
of volume were compatible with the possible occurrence of polyploid periclinal chimeras or endoploids.
These results suggest that differences in cellular structure were determined by mechanisms that were
independent of potential stresses associated with differences in fruit size and shape.
Factors Influencing Suppression of Root Rot of Eucalyptus sieberi and E. obliqua Caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Marks GC , Smith IW
Published: December 2005

A krasnozem from the foothills of Mt Dandenong, Victoria, was found to strongly suppress root disease of
Eucalyptus sieberi and E. obliqua seedlings caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi.
Soil factors associated with disease suppression were examined in a phytotron by altering soil structure,
using a hammer mill, sieves of various sizes and changing the soil microflora with steam at 60 and 100°C. E.
sieberi, E. obliqua and E. globoidea were used as test seedlings.
The results showed that the suppressive activity depended on the soil microflora and their association
with the aggregates in the krasnozem.
P. cinnamomi was found to kill seedlings by girdling the base of the stem and/or major roots. Some
evidence showed that in unsteamed krasnozem aggregates many small roots were infected but few large roots
and no stems were girdled, suggesting that post-infection antagonism occurred within the root.
Field isolations from dead and dying E. sieberi, E. obliqua and E. regnans showed that P. cinnamomi
infected the stems and major roots.
Accumulation of Mineral Nutrients by Developing Fruits of Prickly Plume Grevillea (Grevillea annulifera F. Muell.)
Authors: Hocking PJ
Published: December 2005

The nutrition of developing fruits of Grevillea annulifera was studied in its natural habitat on sandy heathland 600 km N. of Perth, W.A. Seeds made up 33% of the dry matter of the fruit at maturity and accumulated over 70% of the Mg, Cu, N, Zn and P, 42-61% of the S, K, Fe, Ca and Mn but less than 20% of the Na. Follicles lost most of their P, Zn and N during fruit ripening and small quantities of Mg and Cu. Dry matter, K, S, Ca, Na, Fe and Mn were not withdrawn from follicles. Retranslocation from follicles could have provided from 24 to 41% of the P, Zn and N in seeds. The seed coat made up 60% of the dry matter of seeds and had most of the K, Ca, Na, Fe and Cl; the embryo had most of the N, P, S, Mg, Zn, Mn and Cu. Levels of most nutrients in embryos of G. annulifera were very high when compared with those in seeds of crop species. Leaves had low levels of most nutrients. The results suggest that G. annulifera has the nutritional characteristics common to xeromorphs and the ability to transport nutrients very efficiently to fruits, and especially to embryos. An ecological survey of nutrient levels in fruits at three localities revealed that within-locality variation was as great as or greater than that between localities. Nutritional information is discussed in relation to flower and fruit shedding by the species. It is
suggested that spatial restrictions to fruit growth contribute partly to fruit shedding.
Fire effects on seed relaease and the emergence and establishment of seedlings in Banksia ericifolia. L.f
Authors: Bradstock RA , Myerscough PJ
Published: December 2005

Fire intensity and seasonality affected the release of seed in Banksia ericifolia L.f, and the post-fire emergence of seedlings. Mean maximum temperatures recorded in a heathland burn in May 1977 at heights of 0.5, 2 and 3 m were about 400, 275 and 175°C respectively. Variability in maximum temperature was dependent on the age and position of B. ericifolia stands. Release of seed held on B. ericifolia bushes increased significantly after fire. The proportion of seed released on unburnt controls stayed constant. Seeds were released earlier and quicker from cones exposed to high fire temperature maxima than from those exposed to low fire temperature maxima. Up to 80% of the seed bank was released 95 days after the fire. A greater proportion of the seed bank emerged and established as seedlings 5 months after the fire in May than after a fire the previous February. Seedling emergence and mortality were broadly related to rainfall over this period. The relationship between various fire regimes and abundance in B. ericifolia populations is discussed.
Changes in the Quantitative Floristics in Some Astrebla Spp. (Mitchell Grass) Communities in South-Western Queensland in Relation to Trends in Seasonal Rainfall
Authors: Orr DM
Published: December 2005

Seasonal changes in the quantitative floristics at a wide range of Astrebla grassland sites in south-western
Queensland were monitored between 1972 and 1980 with a wheel point apparatus.
Changes in the floristics were measured in terms of both relative abundance and basal cover. A large
increase in the relative abundance of perennial grasses, particularly Aristida latifolia, Astrebla spp. and
Dichanthium sericeum, occurred between 1972 and 1976. This increase was at the expense of annual grasses
and forbs which declined in both relative abundance and number of genera present. The relative abundance
of perennial grasses declined between 1978 and 1980 and this was associated with a large increase in the forbs
such as Daucus glochidiatus and Plantago spp., particularly at southern sites. The contribution of annual
grasses to botanical composition remained low throughout the period.
Total basal cover differed between years although these differences were not significant. As perennial
grass, particularly Astrebla spp., was the major vegetation component of total basal cover, changes in the
latter were associated mainly with changes in the basal cover of Astrebla spp. Changes in the contribution of
individual species to total basal cover were related to changes in the relative abundance of those species.
Changes in botanical composition in Astrebla grassland may be influenced more by trends in seasonal
rainfall than by grazing pressure.
Mangrove Litter Fall in North-Eastern Australia. I. Annual Totals by Component in Selected Species
Authors: Duke NC , Bunt JS , Williams WT
Published: December 2005

Annual totals of the components of litter fall (leaves, reproductive parts, stipules, wood and residual debris)
are presented for Rhizophora apiculata, R. lamarckii and R. stylosa as well as for Sonneratia alba, Avicennia
sp., Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and B. parviflora from a large number of sites at Hinchinbrook
Island (lat. 18°15'S.; long. 146°15'E.). Annual total litter fall among all species ranged from 3.8 to
19.6 Mg ha-1. The mean value among the Rhizophora spp., the most extensively sampled was 9.6 Mg ha-1
yr-1. Leaves, generally, made up the most important component of all litter materials. The results are
compared with records in the literature for tidal as well as non-tidal forests elsewhere in the tropics.
Surface Root System of Eucalyptus marginata Sm.: Anatomy of Non-Mycorrhizal Roots.
Authors: Dell B , Wallace IM
Published: December 2005

The anatomy of surface feeder roots of Eucalyptus marginata was investigated. Two types of long roots were recognized: (a) those with thick-walled epidermal cells, and (b) those with a lignified outer cortex. The hypodermis of short roots was often suberized and the inner layers of the cortex had lignified secondary walls. The occurrence of lignified and suberized layers is discussed in relation to possible infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi.
Pattern of Geographic Variation, Based on Seedling Morphology, in Eucalyptus Ovata Labill. And E. Brookerana A.m. Gray [Provenances From Victoria, Tasmania and King Island] and Comparisons With Some Other Eucalyptus Species.
Authors: Ladiges PY , Gray AM , Brooker MIH
Published: December 2005

Fourteen populations of Eucalyptus brookerana. a newly described species, and 11 populations of E. ovata were selected throughout the species' distribution ranges in southern Victoria, King Island and Tasmania, and the morphology of seedlings compared by classification and ordination techniques. Although adult trees of the two taxa can be similar in the field. seedlings are distinctly different. Both species, however, show interpopulation variation. Populations of E. brookerana from King Island. Bass Strait, and the Otway Ranges of southern Victoria were similar to one another and different as a group from the Tasmanian populations. Both E, brookerana and E. ovata showed evidence of clinal variation, e.g. increased oil gland density with increased latitude. These seedling populations were also compared with E. barberi, E. yarraensis and E. subcrenulata, and the possible evolutionary relationships of E. ovnta, E. brookerana and E. barberi are discussed.
The Volatile Leaf Oils of Eucalyptus Ovata Labill. And E. Brookerana A.m. Gray (Myrtaceae).
Authors: Brooker MIH , Lassak EV
Published: December 2005

The taxonomic importance of the volatile leaf oil constituents is discussed.
Cell Development in the Young Seed of Two Inbred Lines of Pearl Millet, Pennisetum Americanum.
Authors: Rao MK , Kumari KA
Published: December 2005

Rate of cell development in embryo and endosperm during the 1st 4 days after pollination was similar in 2 lines of P. americanum under field conditions. 1st division of the endosperm nucleus was complete within 6 h after pollination. Synchronous mitoses, the mitotic cycle, divisions within the embryo and the endosperm and embryo volume increases are described.
Bird Pollination and the Mating System of Eucalyptus Stoatei.
Authors: Hopper SD , Moran GF
Published: December 2005

Eucalyptus stoatei C. A. Gardn., a small tree endemic in south-western Australia, is unusual in the genus in being predominantly if not exclusively pollinated by birds. Many individual honeyeaters but no insects were recorded feeding on its nectar during the 1980 flowering season. The large pendulous flowers deny entry to most large insect visitors because the stamens form an impenetrable dome over the floral cup. Access to nectar is only possible through a narrow opening lined with anthers in the centre of the staminal dome.
Honeyeaters visited few flowers per tree (average 1-5) and about 18% of the movements of individual birds from one flower to another were between flowers on different trees. Most intertree movements were between trees farther apart than nearest-neighbours. Hence a high rate of outcross pollination is inferred. Analysis of the mating system of E. stoatei using allozyme seed markers in one population indicated an average level of outcrossing of 82%, among the highest so far recorded for eucalypts. The study therefore supports the hypothesis that bird pollinators may effect high levels of outcrossing, although other factors such as protandry and incompatibility probably are also involved. Adaptations favouring exclusive bird pollination in E. stoatei may have evolved to promote outcrossing and heterozygosity in the face of inbreeding depression imposed by a dissected population structure. and in response to the relatively low number of seeds per plant produced by the species.
Morphological forms and polyploidy in Triglochin procea agg. in Victoria.
Authors: Robb L , Ladiges PY
Published: December 2005

A numerical analysis of intraspecific variation within the Triglochin procera aggregate in Victoria suggests four morphologically distinct forms. Cytological studies indicate the polyploid series 2n = 16, 32, 64, the counts corresponding to three of the morphological forms. The diploid. designated form A. is found in north-central Victoria. It has distinctively small fruits, with 4-6 carpels. The pericarp is membranous, and the seed testa brown, hard and three-ridged. Flowering scapes are reddish. in comparison with the green scapes of the other forms. The tetraploid, designated form B, found in Gippsland, has globose, smooth, untwisted fruits on very short pedicels and terete leaves and scapes. In common with form C, it has a constant carpel number of 6, fruit with a fleshy pericarp, and seed with a smooth, pale, soft testa. The octoploid; form C, is the most widely distributed and the most variable form, particularly with regard to leaf morphology and degree of twisting of the carpels. Leaves are generally fleshy and broad, but may be thinner and trailing in fast-flowing water. Fruits are large. The fourth morphological form; D, is also an octoploid, with fruits like form C, but it has thin trailing. submerged, conspicuously veined leaves which contrast with the robust. emergent leaves of the other forms. It is found in the fast-flowing streams of east Gippsland.
Eucalyptus Physiology. III. Frost Resistance.
Authors: Paton DM
Published: December 2005

The effects of different hardening regimes were studied in E. viminalis by varying temperature, light
conditions and photoperiod. The role of root temperature in dehardening was investigated in E. grandis. The
relationship between leaf glaucousness and frost resistance was reexamined in E. urnigera and in crosses
between the glaucous frost-resistant species E. pulverulenta and the green. less-resistant species E. grandis.
These studies involved seedlings but adult material was also used when checking the association between
frost resistance and G, the growth regulator in E. grandis.
Provided that night temperatures were close to freezing, rapid hardening was independent of
photoperiod, light source and day/night temperature differentials. No significant relationship between level
of frost resistance and intensity of leaf glaucousness was observed in a segregating progeny of E. urnigera. In
F2 and backcross progenies between E. pulverulenta and E. grandis, no evidence was obtained for either
physiological or genetical links between glaucousness and frost resistance. As in several other Eucalyptus
species, low root temperatures delayed rapid dehardening in E. grandis.
Increased frost resistance towards the top of E. grandis seedlings was associated with marked ontogenetic
increases in G content. The G content of a 2 m sapling was highest in winter when maximum frost resistance
had developed. This and other supporting evidence suggests that G has a role in the frost resistance of E.
Grandis perhaps by affecting active electron transport properties of membranes. No information of this kind
is available for other Eucalyptus species.
Thermophilic Fungi Isolated From Some Australian Soils
Authors: Ellis DH , Keane PJ
Published: December 2005

Altogether 13 species of thermophilic fungi were isolated from soil samples collected at 100 sites in six
climatic regions in Australia. The range of species was found to be similar to that in soils of other continents.
All except two species were common cosmopolitan fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus and Thermomyces
lanuginosus were the most common species. being found in more than 60% of soils tested. The widest range of
species was found in soils of the cool, moist, south-eastern climatic zone.
Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of the Forests of Central Victoria. I. Invasion Patterns and Plant Morphology
Authors: Gleadow RM , Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

Pittosporum undulatum is invading eucalypt open forests in south-central Victoria, 200 km west of its native
habitat in eastern Australia. This is due to horticultural plantings of P. unduiatum and to the suppression of
wildfires: it has thin bark and is killed by fires which most eucalypts can survive. Near Melbourne,
P. undulatum preferentially establishes around the butts of eucalypts and other established trees although in
denser forests this clumping is not so obvious. Seedlings of other weed species such as Ilex aquifolium and
Cotoneaster pannosa similarly aggregate around established shrubs and trees. Classification of quadrats by
monothetic division showed P. undulatum to be the most important species in the community. The weedy
nature of P. undulatum is clear from its rapid dispersal, early seed production and fast growth. The dense
canopy dramatically reduces the light intensity and completely suppresses the original sclerophyllous
understorey: only Gahnia radula remains. Soil beneath the canopy is fertile and the litter is high in nutrients
but bioassays indicate that inhibitors may be present. The root system is variable, depending on soil texture
and compaction. The invasion of forest remnants by P. undulatum and other weeds is threatening the
survival of the eucalypt forests in urban areas.
A morphological and embryological study of Callicoma serratifolia Andr. (Cunoniaceae).
Authors: Kennedy MJ , Prakash N
Published: December 2005

The morphological and anatomical features of Callicoma serratifolia populations on the New England Tablelands reveal the existence of two distinct groups, here designated A and B. Major morphological differences between these groups include leaf margin serration, distribution of hairs on stems and branches, possession of one trichome type in group A in contrast to two types found in group B, overall leaf size and venation patterns. At the anatomical level the differences are in vessel dimensions and the number of bars on perforation plates. Features common to both groups include bisexual, pentamerous and apetalous flowers, tetrasporangiate versatile anthers with a glandular tapetum, simultaneous cytokinesis in pollen mother cells and colporate pollen which is released at the 2-celled stage. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate with a polygonum type of embryo sac development. The endosperm is of the nuclear type. Both integuments contribute to the formation of the seed coat. The embryo is straight. While in its vegetative anatomy C. serratifolia resembles members of the families Eucryphiaceae, Saxifragaceae and Escalloniaceae, embryologically it closely resembles Baueraceae and less closely the subfamily Hydrangeoideae of the Saxifragaceae.
Structure and Histochemistry of the Stigma and Style of Some Australian Species of Acacia
Authors: Kenrick J , Knox RB
Published: December 2005

The structure and histochemistry of the stigma and style of Acacia conferta, A , dealbata, A . iteaphylla, A .
mearnsii, A. retinodes and A. subulata were investigated in relation to the pathway of pollination. The stigma
is non-papillate and forms a cup-shaped depression at the tip of the style that glistens with exudate at
anthesis. This exudate is heterogeneous in microscopic appearance and stained positively for proteins,
carbohydrates and lipids. No cuticle is detectable over the stigma surface and living stigma cells showed a
high permeability to staining by both the periodic acid-Schiff's reaction and ruthenium red. Esterase
activity, detected cytochemically in fresh stigmas, is present in the surface exudate and in the walls of the
transmitting cells in the upper style. The style has a central transmitting tissue, consisting of longitudinally
elongated rows of cells loosely packed in a mucilaginous extracellular matrix. The cytoplasm of the
transmitting cells stained intensely for proteins.
Invasion of coastal heaths of Victoria by Leptospermum laevigatum (J. Gaertn.) F. Muell
Authors: Burrell JP
Published: December 2005

Ecological and biological characteristics of the seral species Leptospermum laevigatum and the climax community, heath, are described. L. laevigatum invades only disturbed heathlands on sand podzols. On undisturbed soil, seedling survival is low and seedlings which survive are stunted. Stunting is attributed to the failure of mycorrhizal infection on soil of very low nutrient status. The addition of phosphorus ensured normal growth of seedlings on these soils. Top dressing with calcareous sand proved a poor source of additional phosphorus. To produce the observed densities of L. laevigatum in extensive areas of invaded heathland three factors are necessary: disturbed topsoil; a temporary increase in the soil phosphorus level; and release of the accumulated reservoir of seed. Fire is suggested as the factor likely to produce these conditions.
Anatomy of Pilostyles hamiltonii C. A. Gardner (Rafflesiaceae) in stems of Daviesia
Authors: Dell B , Kuo J , Burbidge AH
Published: December 2005

In Daviesia stems the vegetative body of Pilostyles hamiltonii occurs as thin strands of undifferentiated cells within the secondary phloem of the host. Parasite cells have prominent nuclei, extended plasmalemma, and lack chloroplasts and amyloplasts. Plasmodesmata are abundant between parasite and host cells. Early vegetative growth of the parasite appears to depend on host phloem tissues for its nutrient requirements. At flower initiation Pilostyles taps the host xylem by producing pegs of tissue across the vascular cambium of the host.
A Forest Soil Suppressive to Phytophthora cinnamomi and Conducive to Phytophthora cryptogea. II. Suppression of Sporulation.
Authors: Halsall DM
Published: December 2005

Extracts of soil from a wet sclerophyll eucalypt forest suppressed the formation of Phytophthora cinnamomi sporangia but facilitated production of P. cryptogea sporangia and zoospores. This suppressive
action was shown to be associated in part with the microbial components of the extract and in part with the
soluble components.
The microbial population of the suppressive soil contained significantly greater numbers of
actinomycetes than the conducive soil tested at the same time. All Streptomyes isolates from the suppressive
soil were shown to be antagonistic to certain of the aerobic bacteria from the same soil and to directly inhibit
mycelial growth of P. cinnamomi.
The soluble component of the soil extract inhibited growth of P. cinnamomi to a greater extent than P.
Cryptogea.
Interactions between soil microorganisms and inhibitory compounds in the soil are considered to be the
cause of the suppressive action of the soil against P. cinnamomi whilst facilitating sporulation of P.
Cryptogea.
Fruit set in Lambertia formosa Sm. (Proteaceae)
Authors: Pyke GH
Published: December 2005

Fruit and seed set in Lambertia formosa were unaltered by artificial supplement pollination but did vary spatially. Fruit and seed set are probably limited by availability of resources within each plant and not by the level of pollinator visitation.
Lime-Chlorosis and the Effect of Fire on the Growth of Three Seedling Populations of Eucalyptus obliqua L'hérit.
Authors: Anderson CA , Ladiges PY
Published: December 2005

A field experiment confirmed the existence of intraspecific variation in E. obliqua in relation to edaphic
factors. A population from an acidic soil showed severe chlorosis, slow growth and low survival when grown
on more alkaline calcareous soils, but was the fastest-growing population on fertile acidic soils. Seedling
deaths in the field suggested that an interaction between mineral-nutrient and drought stress may be
important in the survival of E. obliqua on the calcareous soils.
Foliar analysis of seedlings from the acidic populations grown on calcareous soil in the field showed that
chlorosis was closely correlated with high levels of phosphorus, low levels of iron and increased
phosphorusliron ratios. In contrast, seedlings from the calcareous population showed only a mild chlorosis
when grown on alkaline calcareous soils, with seedlings maintaining low levels of phosphorus. higher levels
of iron and correspondingly low phosphorus/iron ratios. I t is suggested that lime-chlorosis exhibited by the
acidic population may be the result of either an internal inactivation or reduced uptake of iron.
A glasshouse experiment showed that the effects of the calcareous soil could be ameliorated by burning.
Seedlings from both the acidic and calcareous populations showed increased growth, alleviation of chlorosis
and reduced mycorrhizal infection when grown on burnt calcareous soil. Furthermore, the alleviation of
chlorosis in seedlings from the acidic population was concomitant with a reduction in phosphorus content
and phosphorushron ratios. However, in this experiment trends indicated higher levels of iron in chlorotic
tissue compared with green tissue.
Seedling establishment and survival on calcareous soils are likely to depend on both the seedling
genotype and direct environmental factors, e.g. fire, operating at the time of regeneration.
Nutrient Cycling in a Stand of Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. Ex G. Don. I. Measurements of Precipitation, Interception, Seasonal Acetylene Reduction, Plant Growth and Nitrogen Requirement
Authors: Langkamp PJ , Farnell GK , Dalling MJ
Published: December 2005

Measurement of precipitation intercepted by a 3-year-old Acacia holosericea plantation (1111 trees ha-2)
revealed a positive relation between tree stem diameter (2 cm above ground) and stemflow, and quadratic
relations between throughfall; stemflow and rainfall interception with area precipitation. No relation was
found between rainfall intensity and nitrogen concentration in any rainfall component and no seasonal trend
was evident. Total nitrogen was significantly increased in throughfall and stemflow compared with that in
area precipitation due to enrichment of the NH4+ and organic nitrogen components.
The weight of the trees was estimated using allometric relations in which stem diameter was the indepen-
dent variable. Total plant weight increased from 2 . 4 (s.d. = 0.1) to 5.5 (s.d. = 0.2) t dry wt ha-1 over
the period January 1979-February 1980. Phyllode area index increased from 0.89 to 1.86 over the same period.
Acetylene reduction by detached but rooted nodules was greatest in the wet season and almost
undetectable in the dry season. Integration of the seasonal patter? of acetylene reduction allowed an
estimate of the annual fixation of nitrogen of 6.4 kg N ha-1. Of the gross demand for nitrogen of
33.6 (s.d. = 1.3) kg N ha-1, 12% was supplied by mobilization from senescing tissues, 19% by nitrogen
fixation, 7% by leaching of readily mineralized nitrogen from plant parts, 15% from area precipitation and
the remainder (47%) by mineralization of soil organic materials. The view that nitrogen fixation provides
legumes with an ecological advantage over other plants in the invasion of disturbed sites is discussed.
Nutrient Cycling in a Stand of Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. Ex G. Don. II. Phosphorus and Endomycorrhizal Associations
Authors: Langkamp PJ , Dalling MJ
Published: December 2005

The cycling of phosphorus was studied in a 3-year-old plantation of Acacia holosericea (1111 trees ha-1). Over a 13-month period, the gross demand by the plantation for phosphorus was estimated to be 1260 g ha-1. Of this, 17% was supplied through biochemical cycling within the plants and the balance was obtained from the soil. Of the total phosphorus in the phyllodes, approximately 85% was remobilized into the tree before phyllode fall. A total of 148 g P ha-1 was estimated to be cycled in litter over the study period. Topsoil samples collected from several points within the Eucalyptus tetrodonta open-forest contained three mycorrhizal Endogone spore types. Type GE1 appeared to be a strain of Gigaspora gilmoreii, type GE2 was an undescribed Gigaspora species and type GE3 was similar to Gigaspora gigantea. Only one sporocarpic Endogone species was found which was similar to Sclerocystis coremioides. Type GE1 was the dominant type in the E. tetrodonta open-forest and significantly greater numbers of it occurred around the roots of native legumes in a survey which included Brachysema uniflora, Calopogonium mucunioides, Galactia tenuiflora, Acacia aulacocarpa, A. holosericea, A. latescens, A. torulosa and A. yirrkallensis. All the plants examined except Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Calytrix laricina and Rhychelytrum repens were infected by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The results of this study suggest that the infection of plant species by mycorrhizal fungi is a prerequisite for successful long-term vegetation establishment on areas rehabilitated after mining.