bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associative memory persistence in 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds
Authors: Saragosa‐Harris Natalie M. , Cohen Alexandra O. , Shen Xinxu , Sardar Haniyyah , Alberini Cristina M. , Hartley Catherine A.
Published: February 2021

Adults struggle to recollect episodic memories from early life. This phenomenon—referred to as “infantile” and “childhood amnesia”—has been widely observed across species and is characterized by rapid forgetting from birth until early childhood. While a number of studies have focused on infancy, few studies have examined the persistence of memory for newly learned associations during the putative period of childhood amnesia. In this study, we investigated forgetting in 137 children ages 3–5 years old by using an interactive storybook task. We assessed associative memory between subjects after 5‐min, 24‐h, and 1‐week delay periods. Across all delays, we observed a significant increase in memory performance with age. While all ages demonstrated above‐chance memory performance after 5‐min and 24‐h delays, we observed chance‐level memory accuracy in 3‐year‐olds following a 1‐week delay. The observed age differences in associative memory support the proposal that hippocampal‐dependent memory systems undergo rapid development during the preschool years. These data have the potential to inform future work translating memory persistence and malleability research from rodent models to humans by establishing timescales at which we expect young children to forget newly learned associations.
Redesigning neurorehabilitation services for children with acquired brain injury
Authors: Lam Wai Shun Priscilla , Swaine Bonnie , Bottari Carolina
Published: February 2021

This commentary is on the original article by Keetley et al. on pages 824–830 of this issue.
Effects of 6 weeks of treatment with dapagliflozin, a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor, on myocardial function and metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, placebo‐controlled, exploratory study
Authors: Oldgren Jonas , Laurila Sanna , Åkerblom Axel , Latva‐Rasku Aino , Rebelos Eleni , Isackson Henrik , Saarenhovi Maria , Eriksson Olof , Heurling Kerstin , Johansson Edvin , Wilderäng Ulrica , Karlsson Cecilia , Esterline Russell , Ferrannini Ele , Oscarsson Jan , Nuutila Pirjo
Published: February 2021

Aim

To explore the early effects of dapagliflozin on myocardial function and metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes without heart failure.

Materials and Methods

Patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin treatment were randomized to double‐blind, 6‐week placebo or dapagliflozin 10 mg daily treatment. Investigations included cardiac function and structure with myocardial resonance imaging; cardiac oxygen consumption, perfusion and efficiency with [11C]‐acetate positron emission tomography (PET); and cardiac and hepatic fatty acid uptake with [18F]‐6‐thia‐heptadecanoic acid PET, analysed by ANCOVA as least square means with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Evaluable patients (placebo: n = 24, dapagliflozin: n = 25; 53% males) had a mean age of 64.4 years, a body mass index of 30.2 kg/m2 and an HbA1c of 6.7%. Body weight and HbA1c were significantly decreased by dapagliflozin versus placebo. Dapagliflozin had no effect on myocardial efficiency, but external left ventricular (LV) work (−0.095 [−0.145, −0.043] J/g/min) and LV oxygen consumption were significantly reduced (−0.30 [−0.49, −0.12] J/g/min) by dapagliflozin, although the changes were not statistically significant versus changes in the placebo group. Change in left atrial maximal volume with dapagliflozin versus placebo was −3.19 (−6.32, −0.07) mL/m2 (p = .056). Peak global radial strain decreased with dapagliflozin versus placebo (−3.92% [−7.57%, −0.28%]; p = .035), while peak global longitudinal and circumferential strains were unchanged. Hepatic fatty acid uptake was increased by dapagliflozin versus placebo (0.024 [0.004, 0.044] μmol/g/min; p = .018), while cardiac uptake was unchanged.

Conclusions

This exploratory study indicates reduced heart work but limited effects on myocardial function, efficiency and cardiac fatty acid uptake, while hepatic fatty acid uptake increased, after 6 weeks of treatment with dapagliflozin.
Neurological manifestations in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19: A retrospective analysis from a large cohort in Northern Italy
Authors: Travi Giovanna , Rossotti Roberto , Merli Marco , D’Amico Federico , Chiappetta Stefania , Giussani Giuditta , Panariello Adelaide , Corradin Matteo , Vecchi Marta , Raimondi Alessandro , Baiguera Chiara , Nocita Benedetta , Epis Oscar Massimiliano , Tarsia Paolo , Galbiati Filippo , Colombo Fabrizio , Fumagalli Roberto , Scaglione Francesco , Moreno Mauro , Percudani Mauro Emilio , Agostoni Elio Clemente , Puoti Massimo ,   the Niguarda COVID‐19 Group
Published: February 2021

SARS‐CoV2 infection is a systemic disease that may involve multiple organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). Aims of our study are to describe prevalence and clinical features of neurological manifestations, mortality and hospital discharge in subjects hospitalized with COVID‐19. All individuals admitted for to our hospital COVID‐19 were retrospectively included. Patients were classified according to the symptoms at hospital entry in (1) isolated respiratory, (2) combined respiratory and neurologic, (3) isolated neurologic and (4) stroke manifestations. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests to compare the groups were calculated. Kaplan Meier probability curves and multivariable Cox regression models for survival and hospital discharge were applied. The analysis included 901 patients: 42.6% showed a severe or critical disease with an overall mortality of 21.2%. At least one neurological symptom or disease was observed in 30.2% of subjects ranging from dysgeusia/anosmia (9.1%) to postinfective diseases (0.8%). Patients with respiratory symptoms experienced a more severe disease and a higher in‐hospital mortality compared to those who showed only neurologic symptoms. Kaplan Meier estimates displayed a statistically significant different survival among groups (p = 0.003): subjects with stroke had the worst. After adjusting for risk factors such as age, sex and comorbidity, individuals with isolated neurologic manifestations exhibited a better survival (aHR 0.398, 95% CI [0.206, 0.769], p = 0.006). Neurologic manifestations in COVID‐19 are common but heterogeneous and mortality in subjects with isolated neurologic manifestations seems lower than in those with respiratory symptoms.
Protein S‐Palmitoylation: advances and challenges in studying a therapeutically important lipid modification
Authors: Main Alice , Fuller William
Published: February 2021

The lipid post‐translational modification S‐palmitoylation is a vast developing field, with the modification itself and the enzymes that catalyse the reversible reaction implicated in a number of diseases. In this review, we discuss the past and recent advances in the experimental tools used in this field, including pharmacological tools, animal models and techniques to understand how palmitoylation controls protein localisation and function. Additionally, we discuss the obstacles to overcome in order to advance the field, particularly to the point at which modulating palmitoylation may be achieved as a therapeutic strategy.
Druggable genome and precision medicine in cancer: current challenges
Authors: Dupont Camille Amandine , Riegel Kristina , Pompaiah Malvika , Juhl Hartmut , Rajalingam Krishnaraj
Published: February 2021

The past decades have seen tremendous developments with respect to “specific” therapeutics that target key signaling molecules to conquer cancer. The key advancements with multiomics technologies, especially genomics, have allowed physicians and molecular oncologists to design “tailor‐made” solutions to the specific oncogenes that are deregulated in individual patients, a strategy which has turned out to be successful though the patients quickly develop resistance. The swift integration of multidisciplinary approaches has led to the development of “next generation” therapeutics and, with synergistic therapeutic regimes combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors to reactivate the dampened immune response, has provided the much‐needed promise for cancer patients. Despite these advances, a large portion of the druggable genome remains understudied, and the role of druggable genome in the immune system needs further attention. Establishment of patient‐derived organoid models has fastened the preclinical validation of novel therapeutics for swift clinical translation. We summarized the current advances and challenges and also stress the importance of biobanking and collection of longitudinal data sets with structured clinical information, as well as the critical role these “high content data sets” will play in designing new therapeutic regimes in a tailor‐made fashion.
Heterogeneity effect on fracture parameters of a multilayer asphalt pavement structure containing a top‐down crack and subjected to moving traffic loading
Authors: Aliha M.R.M. , Ziari Hassan , Sobhani Fard Ehsan , Jebalbarezi Sarbijan Majid
Published: February 2021

A part of the multilayer pavement structure containing top‐down crack in the hot mix asphalt (HMA) layer and subjected to loading of a moving vehicle is simulated using the finite element method. Aggregate distribution and packing algorithm was used for modeling the HMA layer around the top‐down crack as a heterogeneous two‐phase (aggregate/fine aggregate matrix [FAM]) medium. By considering the heterogeneity aspects of the asphalt mixture, the influence of traffic loading location, aggregate distribution, crack length, thickness layer, and mechanical properties of layers and components were investigated on the fracture parameters. The results showed that for different locations of vehicle wheels relative to the top‐down crack, the magnitude and sign of the fracture parameters in heterogeneous modeling were significantly different from the similar values of the homogeneous simulation. The stress intensity factors and especially the T‐stress were significantly sensitive to the crack tip location that can be placed either inside the stiffer aggregate or the softer FAM part.
Impaired instrumental learning in Spred1−/− mice, a model for a rare RASopathy
Authors: Borrie Sarah C. , Horner Alexa E. , Yoshimura Akihiko , Legius Eric , Kopanitsa Maksym V. , Brems Hilde
Published: February 2021

RASopathies are neuro‐cardio‐facio‐cutaneous disorders stemming from mutations in genes regulating the RAS‐MAPK pathway. Legius syndrome is a rare RASopathy disorder caused by mutations in the SPRED1 gene. SPRED1 protein negatively regulates activation of Ras by inhibiting RAS/RAF and by its interaction with neurofibromin, a Ras GTPase‐activating protein (RAS‐GAP). Cognitive impairments have been reported in Legius syndrome as well as in other RASopathy disorders. Modelling these cognitive deficits in a Spred1 mouse model for Legius syndrome has demonstrated spatial learning and memory deficits, but other cognitive domains remained unexplored. Here, we attempted to utilize a cognitive touchscreen battery to investigate if Spred1−/− mice exhibit deficits in other cognitive domains. We show that Spred1−/− mice had heterogeneous performance in instrumental operant learning, with a large subgroup (n = 9/20) failing to reach the standard criterion on touchscreen operant pretraining, precluding further cognitive testing. To examine whether targeting the RAS‐MAPK signalling pathway could rescue these cognitive impairments, Spred1−/− mice were acutely treated with the clinically relevant mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD325901. However, MEK inhibition did not improve their instrumental learning. We conclude that Spred1−/− mice can model severe cognitive impairments that cannot be reversed in adulthood.
Forage yield trend of alfalfa cultivars in the Canadian prairies and its relation to environmental factors and harvest management
Authors: Ren Lei , Bennett Jonathan A. , Coulman Bruce , Liu Jushan , Biligetu Bill
Published: February 2021

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the world. The objectives of this study were to assess alfalfa yield improvement in the Canadian prairies, and determine critical climatic factors influencing alfalfa yield in different soil zones. Forage yield data of alfalfa cultivars tested from 1997 to 2011 in the Western Forage Variety Testing System were used for the analysis. There was no significant trend of alfalfa yield increase in western Canada except at Saskatoon, SK. Regrowth yield of alfalfa cultivars released from 2000 to 2011, however, showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase under irrigation. Based on structural equation modelling (SEM), at rain‐fed sites, precipitation from April to June was the most important driver for the farm hay yield (1st‐cut). Forage yield of alfalfa, however, was not associated with winter extreme temperatures, or number of days with freeze‐thaw temperatures in April. Alfalfa yields were greatest under a 3‐cut than 1‐ or 2‐cut systems in the first production year, but this difference declined as stands became older. Alfalfa stands that were harvested more frequently were less responsive to growing season rain, but responded more strongly to increased snow cover, which may indicate reduced growth and less winder hardiness. At the irrigated sites, 1st‐cut forage yield increased with accumulated temperatures above 5°C from April to June. Development of alfalfa cultivars with tolerance to early season drought and improved regrowth, without reducing winter hardiness, would be necessary to stabilize alfalfa production under changing climate in the Canadian prairies.
Home sweet home: Creating a sense of place in globally mobile working lives
Authors: Ridgway Maranda , Kirk Susan
Published: February 2021

Globalization has transformed spatial relations, increasing the demand for mobility. Literature tends to see the de‐emphasizing of national identity and the foregrounding of a cosmopolitan identity as central to an individual's ability to navigate this global landscape. For individuals who are constantly moving the question is how do globally mobile workers navigate the intersection of identity, meaningfulness and place? This interpretivist study explores this question through an analysis of 68 semi‐structured interviews with individuals engaged in different forms of global mobility, ranging from traditional expatriate assignments through to global commuting and business travel. Our findings highlight how a complex interplay between national and cosmopolitan identities influences the search for meaningfulness in the lives of these workers. Drawing on notions of meaning and place, we argue that employers should provide opportunities to access identity narratives though networking and other international human resource management (IHRM) practices that enable these workers to create a sense of meaningfulness in their lives. Thus, we offer a contribution to identity studies and the field of global mobility.
Human SIRT2 and SIRT3 deacetylases function in DNA homologous recombinational repair
Authors: Yasuda Takeshi , Takizawa Kazuya , Ui Ayako , Hama Michio , Kagawa Wataru , Sugasawa Kaoru , Tajima Katsushi
Published: February 2021

SIRT2 and SIRT3 protein deacetylases maintain genome integrity and stability. However, their mechanisms for maintaining the genome remain unclear. To examine the roles of SIRT2 and SIRT3 in DSB repair, I‐SceI‐based GFP reporter assays for HR, single‐strand annealing (SSA) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair were performed under SIRT2‐ or SIRT3‐depleted conditions. SIRT2 or SIRT3 depletion inhibited HR repair equally to RAD52 depletion, but did not affect SSA and NHEJ repairs. SIRT2 or SIRT3 depletion disturbed the recruitment of RAD51 to DSB sites, an essential step for RAD51‐dependent HR repair, but not directly through RAD52 deacetylation. SIRT2 or SIRT3 depletion decreased the colocalization of γH2AX foci with RPA1, and thus, they might be involved in initiating DSB end resection for the recruitment of RAD51 to DSB sites at an early step in HR repair. These results show the novel underlying mechanism of the SIRT2 and SIRT3 functions in HR for genome stability
Longitudinal study of physical activity with various methods in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: Zhang Lu , Luo Hongmei , Kang Geping
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The purpose was to make longitudinal measurements of physical activity and study whether physical activity decreases over time in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.

Methods

This was an observational study, where MHD patients were considered in a 12‐month follow‐up. Laboratory variables and physical activity were tested three times over 12‐months in 124 hemodialysis patients. Physical activity was measured using the Human Activity Profile (HAP), the Stanford 7‐day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire (PAR), and walking speed. Repeated measure variance analysis was used to analyze changes of physical activity. The Bonferroni method was used to do pairwise comparisons.

Findings

The proportion of decreased physical activity increased (P < 0.05). The maximal activity score (MAS), adjusted activity score (AAS), HAP dimension scores, and walking speed all decreased at the three time points studied (P < 0.001). At the same time, moderate physical activities and PAR values changed at three time points (P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons showed that between the baseline and the 6‐month follow‐up, MAS, AAS, the scores of personal/household work, entertainment/social, independent exercise, leg effort, and back effort, all decreased(P < 0.05). Between the baseline and the 12‐month follow‐up, and between the 6‐month follow‐up and the 12‐month follow‐up, all the scores of HAP and walking speed decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Between the baseline and the 6‐month follow‐up, moderate physical activities and PAR values increased (P < 0.05). However, between the baseline and the 12‐month follow‐up, and between the 6‐month follow‐up and the 12‐month follow‐up, moderate physical activities and PAR did not change statistically.

Conclusion

Physical activity decreased in hemodialysis patients in the 12‐month follow‐up.
Potential drug‐drug interactions with psychotropic drugs in paediatric inpatients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yalçın Nadir , Özdemir Nesligül , Çak Esen Halime Tuna , Çengel Kültür Sadriye Ebru , Demirkan Kutay
Published: February 2021

Aims

Polypharmacy and drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) are important problems that necessitate more attention in paediatric inpatients. This study aimed to determine and evaluate DDIs in paediatric inpatients using psychotropic drugs.

Methods

It was conducted as a retrospective cross‐sectional study. Inpatients consulted by child and adolescent psychiatrists (CAPs) and had at least one psychotropic drug‐using between January 2016 and September 2017 were retrospectively included. To determine the clinical significance of DDIs by Micromedex® and DDI Predictor online databases. DDIs between psychotropic and other drugs, the type, severity, and duration of potential DDIs were evaluated.

Results

During the study period, 564 patients’ records were reviewed and 200 patients were considered eligible and included in the study. The median (min‐max) age was 13.70 (1.5‐17.83) years. The mean (SD) number of psychotropics used during hospitalisation was 1.29 (0.55) and the total number of drugs was 7.39 (4.45). A total of 336 potential DDIs were detected (2.19 DDIs/patient) in all patients. The most common potential outcome of psychotropic DDIs was drug‐induced QTc prolongation (67.56%). While 92.85% of the potential DDIs were “contraindicated” or “major,” only 18.46% had a “good” or “excellent” strength of evidence. The risk of psychotropic polypharmacy (OR:0.73, 95% CI 0.59‐0.92; p:0.006) and DDIs (OR:0.69, 95% CI 0.35‐0.76; p:0.033) was significantly higher in patients without primary psychiatric disorders. When the total number of drugs and the total number of potential DDIs were compared amongst all inpatient units, significant differences were found between paediatric hematology‐general paediatrics (mean difference: 2.002; P < .001) and paediatric hematology‐paediatric ICU (mean difference: 1.650; P = .012), respectively.

Conclusion

Psychotropic drug‐related DDI is a major problem in the paediatric population and the clinical significance of the potential DDIs’ risk should be determined in patient‐centred care and managed by the multidisciplinary team.
The association between dietary acid load with cardiometabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers amongst elderly men: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Jafari Alireza , Ghanbari Mahtab , Shahinfar Hossein , Bellissimo Nick , Azadbakht Leila
Published: February 2021

Background

Existing epidemiological data on dietary acid load and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are controversial. There is no literature evaluating the association between dietary acid load (DAL) with cardiometabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers in elderly.

Objective

To evaluate the association between DAL and cardiometabolic risk factors amongst Iranian elders.

Method

A cross‐sectional study was completed using 357 Iranian elders above >60 years of age. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical measurements were performed. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire. DAL was estimated using the Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) score, Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP) and the Net Endogenous Acid Excretion (NAE) score. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the ATP‐III criteria. Multivariable‐adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of CVD risk factors were estimated using logistic regression.

Results

After adjustment for confounders, a higher PRAL score was associated with higher odds of hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.15, 4.50). We also observed that the NEAP score was positively associated with MetS (OR: 17.2, 95% CI: 2.34, 127). Finally, there was a positive association between NAE and lipid accumulation product (LAP) (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.04, 3.17) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 2.46 95% CI: 1.22, 4.95).

Conclusion

Men with higher DAL scores had a higher risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia and LAP. Our findings suggest that further prospective studies are required to appraise DAL‐CVD risk factors in populations with varying dietary patterns.
The effect of secukinumab treatment on inflammatory parameters in patients with psoriasis: A multicentre restrospective study
Authors: An İsa , Aksoy Mustafa , Ayhan Erhan , Ozturk Murat
Published: February 2021

Aim

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with remission and relapses. The aim of this study was to investigate the change in inflammatory parameters such as neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) in patients receiving secukinumab treatment for psoriasis vulgaris (PV).

Materials and methods

In this retrospective study, we evaluated the laboratory results of 40 patients who were followed up with a diagnosis of PV and received secukinumab treatment in three different dermatology clinics between July 2018 and September 2019.

Results

Neutrophil count and leukocyte count were significantly decreased after secukinumab treatment. (P < .001) There was no statistically significant difference between lymphocyte count, platelet count, MPV, NLR and PLR values before treatment and at the 4th month of treatment (P values .230, .065, .110, .915 and .365, respectively).

Conclusion

In conclusion, it can be concluded that parameters such as NLR, PLR and MPV are not suitable parameters for monitoring the effects of secukinumab treatment on inflammation.
Decision difficulties of long‐term‐care facility nurses in transferring residents to the emergency department: A cross‐sectional nationwide study
Authors: Chen Bor‐An , Lai Fu‐Chih , Tsao Lee‐Ing , Chien Hui‐Hui , Chen Chun‐Fu , Jeng Chii
Published: February 2021

Aims

To examine the level of decision difficulties of long‐term‐care facility (LTCF) nurses when transferring residents to the emergency department (ED) and associated influencing factors.

Design

A cross‐sectional nationwide study.

Methods

The LTCFs were selected through random stratified sampling across the whole Taiwan during February 2018 to January 2019. LTCF nurses who met the selection criteria were invited to participate with two or three nurses selected from each LTCF. The Patient Transfer Decision Difficulty Scale (PTDDS) was used to measure the level of difficulty in making decisions related to the transfer of residents to the ED. Data were collected by mailing the questionnaires and asking the nurses to return the completed form in 2 weeks. Data were analysed using simple linear regression and multiple regression with stepwise methods.

Results

In total, 618 valid questionnaires with an 85.32% response rate from 319 LTCFs were used for the data analysis. Decision difficulties that LTCF nurses experienced were moderate, the nursing personnel‐bed ratio, LTCF professional training and basic life support training were predictive factors of the level of difficulty experience (scores of PTDDS) for the LTCF nurse (F = 6.81, p < .001).

Conclusions

Enhancing emergency training in LTCF can improve nurses' decision‐making ability to refer LTCF residents to emergency treatment.

Impact

What problem did the study address? The study addressed the difficult decision LTCF nurses may experience when transferring a resident to the emergency department.

What were the main findings? All LTCF nurses faced a moderate level of difficulty in decision‐making. ‘Transfer timing’ was most often considered in the decision‐making process when a resident was transferred to the ED.

Where and on whom will the research have impact? Results of this study have considerable reference value for LTCF managers and nurses in the decision‐making ability and suitability of transferring residents for emergency treatment.
Predictors of myocardial recovery in arrhythmia‐induced cardiomyopathy: A multicenter study
Authors: Gopinathannair Rakesh , Dhawan Rahul , Lakkireddy Dhanunjaya R. , Murray Andrew , Angus Christopher R. , Farid Talha , Mar Philip L. , Atkins Donita , Olshansky Brian
Published: February 2021

Background

Arrhythmia‐induced cardiomyopathy (AIC) is characterized by improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) following arrhythmia treatment. Predictors of recovery in LVEF are not well understood.

Objective

We evaluated predictors of AIC recovery in a large multicenter cohort.

Methods

In total, 243 patients (age 65 ± 11, 73% male) with AIC caused by atrial fibrillation (49%), atrial tachycardia (20%), and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs; 31%) were treated and included. LVEF was assessed before and after treatment. Patients were stratified by arrhythmia duration (known [KN, n = 132] vs. unknown [UKN, n = 111]), arrhythmia type, LVEF, and presence of structural heart disease (SHD).

Results

Arrhythmia treatment was rhythm control in 95%. Median arrhythmia duration in the KN group was 47 months (25–75th percentile, 24–80 months). Post treatment LVEF was higher in KN group (55.9 ± 7 vs. 46.2 ± 12%; p < .0001) but the degree of LVEF improvement was similar (21.2 ± 9 vs. 19.4 ± 11; p = .16). Comparing highest quartile (longest arrhythmia duration) versus the rest of the KN group, the extent of LVEF improvement was similar (21.5 ± 8 vs. 21 ± 9%; p = .1). Patients in lowest index LVEF quartile (n = 74) had more PVC‐induced AIC, greater EF improvement after treatment (24 ± 17 vs. 19 ± 7%; p < .0001) but lower post treatment EF (45 ± 14 vs. 54 ± 8%; p < .0001) versus other patients. Patients with SHD had lower index EF (28 ± 8 vs. 34 ± 8%; p < .0001) and lower final EF (47 ± 12 vs. 56 ± 7; p ≪ .0001). In multivariate regression, low index LVEF predicted myocardial recovery (odds ratio, 11.4; p < .005).

Conclusions

In this AIC cohort, LVEF improved regardless of arrhythmia duration or type but those with PVCs had lower index LVEF and had less recovery. Low index LVEF predicted LVEF recovery following arrhythmia treatment.
Commentary on “The risk of anti‐osteoporotic agent‐induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions and their association with HLA” by W‐H Chung et al
Authors: Shiohara T.
Published: February 2021

Linked article: C.‐B. Chen et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35: 712‐720. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16924.
Commentary: Atypical melanocytic skin lesions – does the anatomical location have an impact on their clinical and dermoscopic appearance?
Authors: Deinlein T.
Published: February 2021

Linked article: L. Tognetti et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35: 650–657. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16847.
Effects of early crush on aging wild type and Connexin 32 knockout mice: Evidence for a neuroprotective state in CMT1X mouse nerve
Authors: Peinado Alejandro , Asche‐ Godin Samantha L. , Freidin Mona M. , Abrams Charles K.
Published: February 2021

The long‐term sequelae of nerve injury as well as age‐related neurodegeneration have been documented in numerous studies, however the role of Cx32 in these processes is not well understood. There is a need for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie long‐term suboptimal nerve function and for approaches to prevent or improve it. In this communication we describe our studies using whole animal electrophysiology to examine the long‐term sequelae of sciatic nerve crush in both WT and Cx32KO mice, a model of X‐linked Charcot Marie Tooth disease, a subtype of inherited peripheral neuropathies. We present results from electrical nerve recordings done 14 to 27 days and 18 to 20 months after a unilateral sciatic nerve crush performed on 35 to 37‐day old mice. Contrary to expectations, we find that whereas crush injury leads to a degradation of WT nerve function relative to uninjured nerves at 18 to 20 months, previously crushed Cx32KO nerves perform at the same level as their uninjured counterparts. Thus, 18 to 20 months after injury, WT nerves perform below the level of normal (uninjured) WT nerves in both motor and sensory nerve function. In contrast, measures of nerve function in Cx32KO mice are degraded for sensory axons but exhibit no additional dysfunction in motor axons. Early nerve injury has no negative electrophysiologic effect on the Cx32 KO motor nerves. Based on our prior demonstration that the transcriptomic profile of uninjured Cx32KO and injured WT sciatic nerves are very similar, the lack of an additional effect of crush on Cx32KO motor nerve parameters suggests that Cx32 knockout may implement a form of neuroprotection that limits the effects of subsequent injury.
Association between the dental occlusion and perceived ability to eat foods of Taiwanese older adults
Authors: Lin Ying‐Chun , Du Je‐Kang , Lin Pei‐Chen , Kabasawa Yuji , Lin Pi‐Li , Hsiao Szu‐Yu , Huang Hsiao‐Ling
Published: February 2021

Tooth loss is a common problem among older adults that affects masticatory function (MF) and food selection. Financial burden is a reason that some older adults in Taiwan with this condition forgo dental restoration. To identify the number of posterior occlusal support areas (POSAs) associated with MF. Large‐scale cross‐sectional study included 1100 community‐dwelling participants of Taiwan aged ≥65 years. Participants completed dental examination and questionnaires through personal interviews. Masticatory performance was evaluated using a colour‐changeable chewing gum. Masticatory ability was evaluated on the basis of how many of 14 common foods the participants were able to eat. Participants were grouped into 10 categories (A1‐A3, B1‐B4 and C1‐C3) according to the Eichner index (EI) of posterior occlusal contacts. Multivariable regression models were used to analyse the association between the EI groups and MF. More than 80% of the participants with two or more POSAs (those in groups A1‐B2) could easily eat various foods. Compared with those in groups A1‐B2, those in groups in B3, B4, C1, C2 and C3 exhibited a significantly different masticatory performance (all P < .001) and significantly higher difficulty in eating fruits and vegetables. A dose‐response effect between POSAs and perceived masticatory ability to eat fruits and vegetables was observed (P < .05 for both trends). Preservation of at least two POSAs is essential for MF. Older adults with tooth loss can undergo the restoration of two POSAs to improve MF and increase food intake.
Assessment of kidney disease knowledge among chronic kidney disease patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almutary Hayfa H.
Published: February 2021

Background

The persistent global increase in chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence highlights the importance of providing patients with sufficient knowledge to allow them to self‐manage their disease.

Objectives

To gain insights into non‐dialysis CKD patients' knowledge of their disease, and assess associations between knowledge and sample characteristics.

Design

A descriptive cross‐sectional design was undertaken.

Participants

A convenience sample of 203 stages 3–5 CKD patients was recruited.

Measurements

The Kidney Disease Knowledge Survey (KiKs) was used.

Results

This study revealed that the mean age of the patients was 47.34 years. 50.2% were male and most (75.9%) were married. The mean score of knowledge (measured using KiKs) relating to kidney disease was 17.87 ± 3.212. The lowest scores were related to knowledge of effects of proteinuria (13.3%), meanings of “glomerular filtration rate” (29.6%) and “targeted blood pressure” (31.5%). Although more than 60% of participants knew about some kidney functions, they misunderstood others, including those related to glucose control (23.6%) and blood pressure (54.7%). Patients displayed knowledge scores >70% for five other areas, including disease stage and time since diagnosis. Almost all participants did not know that chronic kidney disease (CKD) could be asymptomatic. The results showed that late‐stage CKD (Stages 4 and 5) and longer time since diagnosis of CKD were independently associated with a higher score of knowledge (r = 0.18, p = 0.017; r = 0.41, p < 0.001; r = 0.26, p = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

This study provided initial insights on CKD‐related knowledge among patients with Stage 3–5 CKD in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Many gaps in knowledge were identified, especially those relating to blood pressure. More studies are required to fully understand the extent of the knowledge deficit in the wider population; however, these findings will allow nurses to address significant gaps.
Novel handheld ultrasound technology to enhance non‐expert screening for rheumatic heart disease in the Republic of Palau: A descriptive study
Authors: Voleti Sonia , Adelbai Myra , Hovis Ian , Colyer Jessica , Burns Kristin M , Lewis Elway Olkeriil , Arurang Jason Kalei , Kikuharu Allyne , Gonzales Maanne , Pedro Sheila Judy , Zimmerman Meghan , Krishnan Anita , Beaton Andrea , Sable Craig , Dougherty Scott
Published: February 2021

Aim

Non‐expert training in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) detection is a valuable strategy in resource‐limited settings. Here we present an innovative handheld ultrasound application featuring views of correct probe position, imaging protocol and echocardiographic loops of RHD pathology versus normal, accessible during real‐time scanning.

Methods

This prospective study was implemented into a pre‐existing school health screening programme at an elementary school in Koror, Palau. Six learners with no prior ultrasound experience were taught a simplified screening protocol in which a mitral regurgitation jet ≥1.5 cm and/or presence of aortic insufficiency were considered a positive screen. All consented children underwent echocardiographic screening by experts with standard portable echocardiography. All positive cases and 25% of negative cases were referred for handheld scans by learners.

Results

A total of 26 (4.1%) children were diagnosed with borderline or definite RHD. Mean sensitivity and specificity compared to expert RHD diagnosis over all learners was 71% (standard deviation (SD) 11.3) and 92% (SD 4.9), respectively. For the three highest scanning learners, mean sensitivity was 88% (SD 4.9) and mean specificity was 90% (SD 5.7). For all definite RHD cases, sensitivity was 100% for all but one learner, who achieved sensitivity of 60%. The novel application was used in 229 of 624 (36%) of all handheld scans and 50 of 112 (45%) of expert‐diagnosed positive scans, with protocol and reference features most frequently used. Utilisation of the novel application overall decreased per day of scanning per learner.

Conclusion

Adjunctive handheld ultrasound technology may help ease non‐experts into RHD screening.
Changes in Religious Doubt and Physical and Mental Health in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Upenieks Laura
Published: February 2021

Researchers are increasingly identifying a number of elements of the “dark side” of religion that undermine its overall positive relationship with well‐being. This study assesses the impact of changes in religious doubt for physical health and depression in emerging adulthood, a life course stage when individuals begin to form their own religious identity. Using Waves 3 and 4 of the National Study of Youth and Religion, a latent class growth analysis was used to derive four trajectories of religious doubt (stable no doubt, stable doubt, increasing doubt, decreasing doubt). Regression results suggest that those in the increasing doubt class reported higher depression and worse self‐rated health than with stable no doubt. Causal mediation analyses revealed that a decreased sense of meaning in life was found to mediate this relationship. This study sets forth implications for future research centered on religion and health over the life course.
Insights into marine otter (Lontra felina) distribution along the Peru coastline
Authors: Ortiz‐Alvarez Clara , Alfaro‐Shigueto Joanna , Mangel Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2021

The marine otter (Lontra felina) has a patchy distribution associated with rocky coastlines along the Pacific coast of South America. In Peru marine otters are found from La Libertad (8°04′S) to Tacna (18°09′S), however, few studies have assessed its population and conservation status. To assess marine otters' current distribution along the Peru coastline, we conducted visual surveys and collected environmental characteristics such as human presence and habitat type. We surveyed 20 locations from five regions where otter presence was based on signs of detection (spraints, food leftovers, tracks, or direct observations). In addition, data on human presence, habitat type, and geographic location were also collected. Across the 20 locations, 268 sections were scanned, and marine otters were detected in 90% (n = 18) of locations and in 19% (n = 52) of sections. Spraints were the most frequent sign detected while direct observations occurred only in seven locations. Our analysis indicates habitat features play an important role in marine otter presence, with habitats with large rocks providing preferred conditions. Our study provides information on marine otter distribution along the Peru coastline that can assist in the identification of locations for focused conservation initiatives and strategies, which should be coordinated among regions to strengthen their design and implementation.
Novice nurses' readiness to practice in an ICU: A qualitative study
Authors: Serafin Lena , Pawlak Natalia , Strząska‐Kliś Zuzanna , Bobrowska Anna , Czarkowska‐Pączek Bożena
Published: February 2021

Background

Novice nurses (newly qualified within the first 3‐year period of professional practice after registration) must first face the reality and complexity of caring for high‐acuity patients in the critical care setting, which can be an unfamiliar and demanding environment. The successful transition from education to professional practice of novice nurses hired for intensive care must be supported.

Aim

To explore Polish novice nurses' readiness to practice in an intensive care unit (ICU). Our study objectives included investigating pre‐registration preparation for work in an ICU, identifying the most needed competencies to work in an ICU, and analysing organizational aspects of the professional orientation period.

Study design

A qualitative phenomenology design was applied.

Methods

We conducted qualitative content analysis based on individual semi‐structured in‐depth interviews. Study recruitment was performed using a purposeful and network sampling strategy. The final number of participants was 17 Polish novice nurses.

Results

The majority of responders replied that they were not prepared to work in an ICU after graduation. Professional orientation was planned—generally for a period of 3 months; however, in most places it was shortened. The respondents identified the five competencies most needed to work in an ICU: communication, teamwork, professional self‐confidence, and knowledge and its practical use. Their enhancement could be achieved through simulations during both pre‐registration and professional training.

Conclusion

Analysis of the novice nurses' orientation period revealed many difficulties that indicated a lack of readiness to practice in an ICU after graduation. Identifying novice nurses' strengths and weaknesses regarding clinical competence is important to guide the design of orientation programmes in ICU settings and nursing education programmes.

Relevance to clinical practice

Readiness for ICU work may be improved by enriching education with simulations that enable training in the practical use of knowledge and critical care procedures. A supportive work environment is crucial during professional orientation.
Impact of different training modalities on anthropometric outcomes in patients with obesity: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Morze Jakub , Rücker Gerta , Danielewicz Anna , Przybyłowicz Katarzyna , Neuenschwander Manuela , Schlesinger Sabrina , Schwingshackl Lukas
Published: February 2021

Obesity management guidelines consistently advise aerobic training for weight loss, whereas recommendations for other training modalities are sparse. This systematic review and network meta‐analysis (NMA) aimed to compare the long‐term effects of different training modalities on anthropometric outcomes in patients with obesity. MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science were searched to identify the following: (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs); (2) conducted in adults with a mean body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2; (3) comparing aerobic, resistance, combined, or high‐intensity interval training head‐to‐head or to control for ≥6 months; and (4) reporting changes in body weight (BW), BMI, waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), or fat‐free mass (FFM). Random‐effects NMA models were fitted in a frequentist approach. GRADE framework was used to assess certainty of evidence. Thirty‐two RCTs with 4774 participants with obesity were included in this review. Aerobic training was ranked as best for improving BW, BMI, and WC and combined training for improving FM, as well as equally with resistance training most effective for improving FFM. Low to moderate certainty of evidence supports use of aerobic training to improve anthropometric outcomes in obesity, and its combination with resistance training provides additional benefit for reducing FM and increasing FFM.
The prognostic value of J‐wave pattern for recurrence of ventricular tachycardia after catheter ablation in patients with myocardial infarction
Authors: Naruse Yoshihisa , de Riva Marta , Watanabe Masaya , Wijnmaalen Adrianus P. , Venlet Jeroen , Timmer Marnix , Schalij Martin J. , Zeppenfeld Katja
Published: February 2021

Background

J‐waves and fragmented QRS (fQRS) on surface ECGs have been associated with the occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Whether these non‐invasive parameters can also predict ventricular tachycardia (VT) recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is unknown. Of interest, patients with a wide QRS‐complex have been excluded from clinical studies on J‐waves, although a J‐wave like pattern has been described for wide QRS.

Methods

We retrospectively included 168 patients (67 ± 10 years; 146 men) who underwent RFCA of post‐infarct VT. J‐wave pattern were defined as J‐point elevation ≥ 0.1 mV in at least two leads irrespective of QRS width. fQRS was defined as various RSR` pattern in patients with narrow QRS and more than two R wave in those with wide QRS. The primary endpoint was VT recurrence after RFCA up to 24 months.

Results

J‐wave pattern and fQRS were present in 27 and 28 patients, respectively. Overlap of J‐wave pattern and fQRS was observed in nine. During a median follow‐up of 20 (interquartile range 9–24) months, 46 (27%) patients had VT recurrence. Kaplan–Meier curves revealed that both J‐wave pattern and fQRS were associated with VT recurrence. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of J‐wave pattern (hazard ratio [HR] 2.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45–5.58; P = .002) and greater number of induced VT (HR 1.29; 95% CI 1.15–1.45; P < .001) were the independent predictors of VT recurrence.

Conclusions

A J‐wave pattern—but not fQRS—is independently associated with an increased risk of post‐infarct VT recurrence after RFCA irrespective of QRS width. This simple non‐invasive parameter may identify patients who require additional treatment.
Photochemical Synthesis of Lactic Acid Esters at Ambient Temperature Employing Sulfonically Fuctionalized N/W‐Doped Nano‐semiconductor
Authors: Verma Priyanka , Wanchoo Ravinder Kumar , Toor Amri Pal
Published: February 2021

Appreciating the wide array of applications of lactic acid esters in the flavoring industry as well as in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, respectively, their clean and green synthesis gain immense importance. Therefore, traditional ester synthesis processes, involving high‐temperature requirements, need to be replaced. A photochemical route has been adopted where visible light illumination was used as the major driving force to synthesize lactic acid esters. This process involves the application of sulfonically functionalized nitrogen/tungsten‐doped nanotitania as photocatalysts. These functionalized catalysts efficiently and repeatedly catalyzed the esterification of lactic acid at ambient temperature. The photo‐activity of these catalysts is attributed to the presence of a large number of active sulfonate sites on its surface. As per the proposed photochemical mechanism, illumination initiates the electron discharge from the conduction band, which migrates toward absorbed lactic acid through sulfonate sites forming lactic acid radical. This radical in turn attracts the alcohol molecules producing the desired ester. Reaction parameters were optimized to maximize the product yield. The economic validity of the photocatalyst was specked by repetitive experiments, and both the catalysts were found to be efficient even after five reusability cycles. The development of these catalysts can completely replace commercial ester synthesis strategies.