bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linear stability analysis of two fluid columns of different densities and viscosities in a gravity field
Authors: Prathama Aditya Heru , Pantano Carlos
Published: June 2021

The linear stability of a vertical interface separating two miscible fluid columns of different densities and viscosities under the influence of gravity is investigated. This flow possesses a time-dependent reference state (each column accelerates at different rates owing to their different densities) and the interface thickness grows as the square root of time (by diffusion). Numerical integration of the linear initial-value problem is carried out and discussed in detail as a function of vertical and spanwise wavenumbers and the flow parameters. Adjoint-based optimization is performed in order to determine initial conditions that lead to maximum growth of disturbances in finite time. Results indicate that the rate of growth of the perturbation energy at small wavenumbers (less affected by viscosity initially) is dominated by two-dimensional modes (no spanwise variation). Substantial transient growth is observed at higher wave modes initially, followed by asymptotic decay of the perturbations at large time. Sensitivity of perturbation growth with respect to initial time, density and viscosity ratios is investigated. This work is complementary to previous inviscid analysis of this configuration, which showed that the interface was unconditionally unstable at all wave modes, even in the presence of surface tension, and that instability grew as the exponential of time squared.
Networking in Weak Institutions: When Is It Good for Small Business Investment? The Case of Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Bach
Published: June 2021

This study investigates the influence of business-specific, bank-specific, and political-specific networks on small firm investments in Vietnam. Also, I aim to explain how these social networks substitute the weaknesses of local institutions. Examining a set of more than 9,800 firm-year observations of small businesses in Vietnam from 2005–2015, I find that social ties with bank officials can boost firm investments; social ties with government officials can help firms overcome institutional voids; whereas social ties with businesspeople appear trivial to investment decisions. More importantly, I propose that networking, especially networks built upon connections with government officials, can substitute local institutions by addressing weaknesses in (1) inefficient legal enforcement, (2) corruption, (3) bureaucratic compliance, and (4) non-transparent governance system.
Right-angled Artin groups, polyhedral products and the -generating function
Authors: Aguilar-Guzmán Jorge , González Jesús , Oprea John
Published: June 2021

For a graph $\Gamma$, let $K(H_{\Gamma },\,1)$ denote the Eilenberg–Mac Lane space associated with the right-angled Artin (RAA) group $H_{\Gamma }$ defined by $\Gamma$. We use the relationship between the combinatorics of $\Gamma$ and the topological complexity of $K(H_{\Gamma },\,1)$ to explain, and generalize to the higher TC realm, Dranishnikov's observation that the topological complexity of a covering space can be larger than that of the base space. In the process, for any positive integer $n$, we construct a graph $\mathcal {O}_n$ whose TC-generating function has polynomial numerator of degree $n$. Additionally, motivated by the fact that $K(H_{\Gamma },\,1)$ can be realized as a polyhedral product, we study the LS category and topological complexity of more general polyhedral product spaces. In particular, we use the concept of a strong axial map in order to give an estimate, sharp in a number of cases, of the topological complexity of a polyhedral product whose factors are real projective spaces. Our estimate exhibits a mixed cat-TC phenomenon not present in the case of RAA groups.
COVID-19 and ECMO support after neonatal congenital heart surgery: a case report
Authors: Cicek Murat , Onalan Mehmet Akif , Yurtseven Nurgul
Published: June 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 causes respiratory and systemic disease and has led to a sudden epidemic affecting people of all ages. Patients with congenital heart disease represent a high-risk population. In this article, we present a newborn who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for acute respiratory failure in the early postoperative period due to exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 after aortic arch repair and ventricular septal defect closure. To the best of our knowledge, this patient represents the first neonatal case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection after congenital heart surgery and is the youngest patient to need extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support.
Secularity and the Limits of Reason in Swinburne's “Hymn to Proserpine” and “Hymn of Man”
Authors: Çelikkol Ayşe
Published: June 2021

As the philosopher Charles Taylor argues, some experiences of the secular have surprisingly little to do with the “self-sufficient power of reason” that Kant celebrates in “What Is Enlightenment?” This essay argues that Algernon Charles Swinburne offers such a novel strand of secularity in his “Hymn to Proserpine” and “Hymn of Man.” In these poems, time is a power external to the self that is not transcendent yet which the mind cannot fully grasp. Exploring the age of the Earth and the process of evolution, Victorian scientists had been suggesting that the depths of time lie beyond what the human mind may observe or understand, and this notion of time surfaces in Swinburne's poetry. “Hymn to Proserpine” attends to the limits of reason as it evokes deep time. “Hymn to Man,” in which humans channel the power of time, presentslogosas both external and internal to the individual subject. By representing and formally registering deep time, Swinburne's poems restore awe and wonder to a world in which God remains absent. Swinburne presents an enchanted vision of the secular and contributes to the pluralization of nontheistic perspectives.
Realism's Forms
Authors: Duncan Ian
Published: June 2021

Not to mince words: everyone seriously interested in Victorian fiction should read the newest books by Elaine Freedgood and Anna Kornbluh—and preferably read them together, as I've read them for this review.Worlds EnoughandThe Order of Formsmount sharp, polemical, hugely stimulating arguments about the basic categories, form and realism, that structure their topic. A side-by-side reading highlights radical differences between the two in their conception and use of those categories, as well as their shared political commitment to a criticism that reaches beyond tearing down received pieties to elicit alternative ways of imagining and inhabiting what we take to be the real world.
Matthew Arnold and the Institutional Imagination of Liberalism
Authors: Lecourt Sebastian
Published: June 2021

I first took up Matthew Arnold's essays as a dissertation writer circa 2008. Although I had not read much of Arnold's prose beyond the commonly anthologized pieces (“The Function of Criticism at the Present Time,” “The Study of Poetry,” bits ofCulture and Anarchy), he was a figure very much out of favor, and I brought to the table a strong preconception of his polemic. Arnold, I had learned, was a kind of cultural nationalist trying to fight class divisions within Britain by prescribing a narrow canon of books that could shore up a common language for his compatriots. His main claim was that there was a singular tradition of great books called “culture” that embodied “the best that is known and thought in the world.” Everyone in Britain needed to keep reading these books if the nation were to retain a shared identity and not fall into chaos. Furthermore, as I understood it, Arnold thought that to experience culture you needed to remain “disinterested” and “aloof from what is called ‘the practical view of things’” (5:252). Arnold was a Victorian Mortimer Adler who sought to defend the authority of traditional literary canons as well as a Victorian Wimsatt-and-Beardsley who upheld disinterested close reading against hyperpolitical Theory.
Examining recent trends in the racial disparity gap in tap water consumption: NHANES 2011–2018
Authors: Rosinger Asher Y , Patel Anisha I , Weaks Francesca
Published: June 2021

Objective:

As tap water distrust has grown in the USA with greater levels among Black and Hispanic households, we aimed to examine recent trends in not drinking tap water including the period covering the US Flint Water Crisis and racial/ethnic disparities in these trends.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis. We used log-binomial regressions and marginal predicted probabilities to examine US nationally representative trends in tap and bottled water consumption overall and by race/ethnicity.

Setting:

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, 2011–2018.

Participants:

Nationally representative sample of 9439 children aged 2–19 years and 17 268 adults.

Results:

Among US children and adults, respectively, in 2017–2018 there was a 63 % (adjusted prevalence ratio (PR): 1·63, 95 % CI (1·25, 2·12), P < 0·001)) and 40 % (PR: 1·40, 95 % CI (1·16, 1·69), P = 0·001)) higher prevalence of not drinking tap water compared to 2013–2014 (pre-Flint Water Crisis). For Black children and adults, the probability of not drinking tap water increased significantly from 18·1 % (95 % CI (13·4, 22·8)) and 24·6 % (95 % CI (20·7, 28·4)) in 2013–2014 to 29·3 % (95 % CI (23·5, 35·1)) and 34·5 % (95 % CI (29·4, 39·6)) in 2017–2018. Among Hispanic children and adults, not drinking tap water increased significantly from 24·5 % (95 % CI (19·4, 29·6)) and 27·1 % (95 % CI (23·0, 31·2)) in 2013–2014 to 39·7 % (95 % CI (32·7, 46·8)) and 38·1 % (95 % CI (33·0, 43·1)) in 2017–2018. No significant increases were observed among Asian or White persons between 2013–2014 and 2017–2018. Similar trends were found in bottled water consumption.

Conclusions:

This study found persistent disparities in the tap water consumption gap from 2011 to 2018. Black and Hispanics’ probability of not drinking tap water increased following the Flint Water Crisis.
Multi-Spectral Studies of the Nearby Dwarf Galaxies UGCA 86 and LMC/SMC
Authors: Richter G.M. , Braun M. , Assendorp R.
Published: June 2021

UGCA 86 is an irregular dwarf galaxy in the 1C 342 / Maffei I group, just next to the Local Group. It was first mentioned by Zwicky (1968) as VII Zw 009, but not contained in his “Catalogue of Selected Compact Galaxies and of Post-eruptive Galaxies” (1971). It was independently rediscovered by Nilson (1974) and Rots (1979) as UGCA 86 and A 0355 resp. Rots found it by HI observations, and from peculiarities in the HI morphology and kinematics he suspected that it was interacting with 1C 342. Thus, the tentatively interesting items: a starforming, low surface brightness dwarf galaxy in an interacting system (one of the nearest), triggered us to engage in more detailed studies.

In a first step, we made detailed surface photometry in U, B and V (Richter et al. 1991). UGCA 86 proved to be one galaxy (which was not trivial; Saha & Hoessel 1991 discussed if it could be a chance superposition or a collision of two independent galaxies, due to the very different appearence of the southern and the central starburst; Miller & Hodge 1992 and the distance measurements of Karachentsev & Tikhonov 1993 support our result) with the typical exponential brightness profile of a spheroidal dwarf galaxy, and contains at least two starburst regions of very different color: a central red one and a blue one in the southern outskirts. There is an infrared source in the IRAS Point Source Catalogue coincident with UGCA 86. The amount of dust indicated by this source is in very good quantitative agreement with what would be required to redden the central starburst by the observed color difference compared to the southern burst. Nevertheless, the straightforward hypothesis, that the color of the central burst is due to dust extinction, is contradicted by the improved, higher resolution data.
Compact SIW filters with transmission zeros: A review and current trends
Authors: Macchiarella Giuseppe , Tomassoni Cristiano , Bozzi Maurizio
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a review of the recent advances in the field of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filters, with particular emphasis on the techniques adopted to increase the out-of-band rejection of the filters and on the miniaturization strategies. After an overview of classical approaches to introduce transmission zeros in SIW filters, a number of recently introduced techniques are presented. In particular, the use of specially implemented extracted-poles topologies and of pre-filters is described, discussed, and compared. For each of these techniques, numerical and experimental results are reported for validation.
The effectiveness of volunteer befriending for improving the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia in Bosnia and Herzegovina – an exploratory randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sikira H. , Janković S. , Slatina Murga S. , Muhić M. , Sajun S. , Priebe S. , Džubur Kulenović A.
Published: June 2021

Aims

Social isolation in people living with schizophrenia is associated with poor quality of life and increased symptom severity. Volunteer befriending interventions are a potential strategy for addressing social isolation, but evidence of their effectiveness is limited, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We assessed the experiences of volunteer befriending and tested its effectiveness for improving the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Methods

Between March 2018 and July 2020, we conducted a parallel-group, randomised controlled trial in adults with schizophrenia and poor quality of life at an outpatient clinic in Sarajevo. Patients were randomised to either the intervention, in which they were matched with a volunteer befriender with whom they met fortnightly over the 6-month intervention period, or treatment as usual. The primary outcome was quality of life measured on the Manchester Short Assessment and secondary outcomes were psychiatric symptoms and objective social outcomes. Outcome measurement was conducted by blinded researchers at 6- and 12-months.

Results

In total, 65 patients were randomised into the intervention (n= 33) and control arms (n= 32) and 55 (85%) completed follow-up assessments at 6 months. Patients in the intervention showed a significantly more favourable quality of life at 6 months (primary outcome; mean difference: 0.7, 95% CI [0.3–1.1],p= 0.003) and 12 months (mean difference: 1.7, 95% CI [1.1–2.3],p< 0.001). They also had significantly lower symptom levels at both follow-ups, and a significantly more favourable objective social situation after 12 months. Participants reported largely positive experiences.

Conclusion

The exploratory trial conducted at one site found sustained improvements in quality of life and reductions in psychiatric symptoms. This suggests that volunteer befriending may be a feasible and effective treatment for patients with schizophrenia in resource-limited contexts, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Anforderungen, Ressourcen und Arbeitsengagement Pflegender während der zweiten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Dürr Lena , Forster Andrea , Bartsch Christina E. , Koob Clemens
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Pflegenden kommt eine entscheidende Rolle in der COVID-19-Pandemie zu. Von Bedeutung ist insbesondere ihr Arbeitsengagement, das von Arbeitsanforderungen und -ressourcen abhängt. Bisher gab es nur vereinzelte und auf die erste Welle bezogene Hinweise, wie sich in Deutschland während der COVID-19-Pandemie Arbeitsanforderungen, -ressourcen und -engagement Pflegender darstellen. Ziel: Für die zweite COVID-19-Pandemiewelle sollte eine Bestandsaufnahme pflegeberufsspezifischer Schlüsselanforderungen und -ressourcen sowie des Arbeitsengagements erfolgen. Dabei sollte auch zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen von Pflegenden differenziert werden. Methode: Die Studie wurde im Querschnittdesign durchgeführt und richtete sich an Pflegende in der direkten Gesundheitsversorgung in Deutschland. Die Daten wurden per Online-Fragebogen in der zweiten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie mit Messinstrumenten erhoben, die sich in früheren Studien als valide und reliabel erwiesen haben. Es konnten 1027 Fälle ausgewertet werden. Ergebnisse: Anforderungsseitig zeigte sich die Arbeitsbelastung als noch höher als vor der COVID-19-Pandemie. Konflikte zwischen Arbeits- und Privatleben waren weniger ausgeprägt. Die Ressourcenarchitektur wurde durch die COVID-19-Pandemie nicht grundlegend verändert, zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen und Autonomie jedoch positiver bewertet. Beschäftigte in der ambulanten Pflege urteilten positiver über Anforderungen und Ressourcen als Pflegende anderer Sektoren. Die Betreuung von COVID-19-Erkrankten ging mit einem kritischeren Urteil einher. Das Arbeitsengagement war während der zweiten COVID-19-Pandemiewelle höher als in der ersten Welle, insgesamt aber dennoch gering. Schlussfolgerungen: Aufgrund der Bedeutung des Arbeitsengagements für die Gesundheit und Arbeitsleistung der Pflegenden und damit die Versorgungsqualität ist die Anforderungs- und Ressourcensituation weiter zu verbessern. Ansatzpunkte sind zum Beispiel die Förderung des Zusammenhalts unter Pflegenden, die Stärkung der Autonomie und eine professionelle Belastungssteuerung.
Ernährungseffekten auf der Spur – Wie die Genetik helfen kann, Zusammenhänge zwischen Ernährung und seelischer Gesundheit aufzudecken
Authors: Libuda Lars , Hebebrand Johannes , Föcker Manuel , Peters Triinu , Hinney Anke
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung. Einleitung: Klassische ernährungsepidemiologische Studien (Beobachtungsstudien und randomisierte Interventionsstudien) zeigen, dass die Ernährung ein wichtiger Ansatzpunkt für die Prävention und Therapie psychischer Störungen sein könnte. Diese Studientypen haben allerdings Limitationen, die bei der Ergebnisinterpretation berücksichtigt werden müssen. In dieser narrativen Übersichtsarbeit wird beschrieben, wie genetische Studien ein Bindeglied darstellen können, um einen Zusammenhang zwischen Ernährung und psychischen Störungen herzustellen. Methodik: Im Artikel werden verschiedene Ansätze genetischer phänotypübergreifender Analysen sowie Beispiele für deren Anwendungen in der ernährungspsychiatrischen Forschung beschrieben. Darüber hinaus werden spezifische Voraussetzungen sowie Stärken und Schwächen diskutiert. Ergebnisse: Als Methoden genetischer phänotypübergreifender Analysen sind im Rahmen ernährungspsychiatrischer Forschung bislang genetische Korrelationsanalysen, Look-up-Analysen sowie Mendelsche Randomisierungsstudien (MR-Studien) eingesetzt worden. Genetische Korrelationsanalysen und Look-up-Analysen geben erste Hinweise auf mögliche genetische Überlappungen zwischen einer psychischen Störung und einem Stoffwechselweg und/oder der Versorgung mit einem spezifischen Nährstoff. MR-Studien sind weitergehende Detailanalysen mit dem Ziel, Kausalzusammenhänge zu identifizieren, beinhalten allerdings sehr spezifische Grundvoraussetzungen für ihre Durchführung. Schlussfolgerung: Genetische phänotypübergreifende Analysen sind eine sinnvolle Ergänzung der klassischen Ernährungsepidemiologie. Insbesondere signifikante Ergebnisse von MR-Studien sind eine wichtige Grundlage zur Entwicklung geeigneter Ernährungsinterventionen, die in nachfolgenden randomisiert kontrollierten Interventionsstudien mit deutlich erhöhter Erfolgsaussicht getestet werden können. Sie sind somit wichtige Instrumente einer effizienten ernährungspsychiatrischen Forschung.
Modeling of Coastal Inundation in Response to a Tropical Cyclone Using a Coupled Hydraulic HEC‐RAS and ADCIRC Model
Authors: Pandey Smita , Rao A. D. , Haldar Raktim
Published: June 2021

Coastal flooding as a combined effect of storm‐tides, river discharge (RD) and rainfall during a cyclone period is of a major concern, particularly, in the river delta regions. The low‐lying Mahanadi river delta located in the maritime state of Odisha along the east coast of India is highly prone to inland flooding due to any impinging cyclone in the region. Hence, computation of coastal flooding is seen for the 1999 Super cyclone and the 2013 Phailin cyclone using a standalone Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) and a coupled Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System and ADCIRC model. The Mahanadi, Brahmani, and Baitarani rivers are included in the computational domain with representative depths based on available river cross‐sectional data. The model simulations infer that inundated coastal area is enhanced by 64% after representing the river delta in the domain, while the RD from the upstream contributes an additional 14%. The effect of RD and the role of land use/land cover on the computation of flooding during the 1999 Super cyclone is also investigated. The coupled system is used to quantify the contribution of precipitation on inland flooding during the cyclone period. The results signify that the inundated area becomes almost double after including rainfall data in both the cyclonic events. Also, the model generated inundated area during the Phailin cyclone is in a better match with the satellite image, demonstrating the coupled system can simulate a reliable inland flooding in the delta region. It concludes further that it is essential to resolve the river systems and incorporate hydrological components, like RD and precipitation for precise computation of inundation.
Floodplain Large Wood and Organic Matter Jam Formation After a Large Flood: Investigating the Influence of Floodplain Forest Stand Characteristics and River Corridor Morphology
Authors: Lininger K. B. , Scamardo J. E. , Guiney M. R.
Published: June 2021

The controls on large wood (LW; wood >1 m in length and >0.1 m in diameter) and coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM; organic material >1 mm in diameter) deposition on floodplains have rarely been assessed, and there are few studies that explore the bidirectional interactions between wood, standing trees, and geomorphic processes. We use field data from West Creek, Colorado, USA, to assess the influence of river corridor morphology and forest stand density on the depositional patterns of floodplain LW and CPOM accumulations (jams) resulting from an extreme flood. Relatively high LW loads per area (mean ± SE = 678.6 ± 192.3 m3 ha−1) point to the importance of extreme floods for LW deposition on floodplains. We find that LW jams decreased in size with distance from and elevation above the channel, but that CPOM jams did not, demonstrating that the relatively smaller CPOM can be more easily transported within a forested floodplain. Steeper reaches contained smaller LW and CPOM loads per area, which may indicate that reaches with higher stream power during the flood were less depositional. As forest stand density increased, the number of CPOM jams per area increased, and a majority of jams were pinned by standing trees. Trees were trapping locations for LW and CPOM, highlighting the importance of preserving riparian forests. Floodplain LW and CPOM provide habitat and nutrients to floodplain ecosystems and influence geomorphic processes, creating an opportunity to use LW in restoration while reducing potential hazards caused by in‐channel LW.
An Improved Solar Spectral Irradiance Composite Record
Authors: Woods Thomas N. , DeLand Matthew T.
Published: June 2021

The solar spectral irradiance (SSI) data set is a key record for studying and understanding the energetics and radiation balance in Earth’s environment. Understanding the long‐term variations of the SSI over time scales of the 11‐years solar activity cycle and longer is critical for many Sun‐climate research topics. There are satellite measurements of the SSI since the 1970s that contribute to understanding the solar variability over Solar Cycles (SC) 21–24, with most of these SSI measurements in the ultraviolet and only recently in the visible and near‐infrared for SC‐23 and SC‐24. A limiting factor for the accuracy of the previous results is the uncertainties for the instrument degradation corrections. Analyses of the past SSI data sets have identified some irradiance offsets and some small residual instrumental trends. These corrections are applied and then combined with a previous SSI composite data set, called the GSFCSSI2 composite, to provide a new SSI composite, called the LASP GSFC SSI #3 (or SSI3). This improved composite extends the wavelength coverage down to 0.5 nm and up to 1,600 nm and the time coverage up to 2020. The solar variability results from the SSI3 are consistent, of course, with the observations that are used to create the SSI3, but they do differ with some solar variability models, in particular at wavelengths longer than 900 nm. The development of the SSI3 composite also clarifies the importance of overlapping missions for studying the 11‐years solar activity cycle, especially so for wavelengths longer than 200 nm.
Drivers of Organic Molecular Signatures in the Amazon River
Authors: Kurek Martin R. , Stubbins Aron , Drake Travis W. , Moura Jose M. S. , Holmes R. Max , Osterholz Helena , Dittmar Thorsten , Peucker‐Ehrenbrink Bernhard , Mitsuya Miyuki , Spencer Robert G. M.
Published: June 2021

As climate‐driven El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are projected to increase in frequency and severity, much attention has focused on impacts regarding ecosystem productivity and carbon balance in Amazonian rainforests, with comparatively little attention given to carbon dynamics in fluvial ecosystems. In this study, we compared the wet 2012 La Niña period to the following normal hydrologic period in the Amazon River. Elevated water flux during the La Niña period was accompanied by dilution of inorganic ion concentrations. Furthermore, the La Niña period exported 2.77 Tg C yr−1 more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) than the normal period, an increase greater than the annual amount of DOC exported by the Mississippi River. Using ultra‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry, we detected both intra‐ and interannual differences in dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition, revealing that DOM exported during the dry season and the normal period was more aliphatic, whereas compounds in the wet season and following the La Niña event were more aromatic, with ramifications for its environmental role. Furthermore, as this study has the highest temporal resolution DOM compositional data for the Amazon River to‐date we showed that compounds were highly correlated to a 6‐month lag in Pacific temperature and pressure anomalies, suggesting that ENSO events could impact DOM composition exported to the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, as ENSO events increase in frequency and severity into the future it seems likely that there will be downstream consequences for the fate of Amazon Basin‐derived DOM concurrent with lag periods as described here.
Contribution of Electron Pressure to Ring Current and Ground Magnetic Depression Using RAM‐SCB Simulations and Arase Observations During 7–8 November 2017 Magnetic Storm
Authors: Kumar S. , Miyoshi Y. , Jordanova V. K. , Engel M. , Asamura K. , Yokota S. , Kasahara S. , Kazama Y. , Wang S.‐Y. , Mitani T. , Keika K. , Hori T. , Jun C. , Shinohara I.
Published: June 2021

Understanding the physical processes that control the dynamics of energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere is important for both space‐borne and ground‐based assets essential to the modern society. The storm time distribution of ring current particles in the inner magnetosphere depends strongly on their transport in the evolving electric and magnetic fields along with particle acceleration and loss. In this study, we investigated the ring current particle variations using observations and simulations. We compared the ion (H+, He+, and O+) and electron flux and plasma pressure variations from Arase observations with the self‐consistent inner magnetosphere model: Ring current Atmosphere interactions Model with Self Consistent magnetic field (RAM‐SCB) during the 7–8 November 2017 geomagnetic storm. We investigated the contribution of the different species (ions and electrons) to the magnetic field deformation observed at ground magnetic stations (09°–45° MLat) using RAM‐SCB simulations. The results show that the ions are the major contributor with ∼88% and electrons contribute ∼12% to the total ring current pressure. It is also found that the electron contribution is non‐negligible (∼18%) to the ring current in dawn‐side during the main phase of the storm. Thus, the electron contribution to the storm time ring current is important and should not be neglected.
Spatio‐Temporal Evolution of Global Ionospheric Storm Drivers and Hemispherical Asymmetry During 17–18 March 2015 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Terefe Dejene Ambisa , Nigussie Melessew
Published: June 2021

The local, regional, and global morphology of the ionospheric response of the March 2015 geomagnetic storm has been investigated by different studies. However, the spatio‐temporal evolution of the drivers of the global ionospheric response to this storm has not yet been investigated, using multi‐data sources, in detail. Therefore, in this study drivers of the ionospheric response to the March 17–18, 2015 storm are investigated. Spatial and temporal variations of deposition of solar wind energy are found to be the cause for hemispherical asymmetry of the response of the ionosphere; the American‐Canada‐Greenland sector, Northern Hemisphere high‐latitude ionosphere responded about 12 h earlier than the Southern Hemisphere (SH) high‐latitude ionosphere, resulted from hemispherical energy imbalance as detected from Hemispherical Power. The positive ionospheric storm observed in the high‐latitude regions is found to be due to solar wind energy deposition at high latitudes. Interestingly, it is found that the Northern hemisphere ionospheric positive storm shifted to the mid‐latitude and disappeared there whereas the SH ionospheric positive storm shifted to mid‐latitude and then farther to the low‐latitude with time; this spatio‐temporal evaluation of positive ionospheric storm is found to be due to the spatio‐temporal enhancement of the O/N2 ratio. Also, the mid (Europe‐African)and low (Brazilian) latitudes positive ionospheric storms prevailed due to prompt penetration electric fields, disturbance dynamo electric fields, and enhancement of the O/N2 ratio. Moreover, the negative ionospheric storm, observed at the NH high and mid‐latitudes in the American and Asian sectors, is linked to the reduction of the O/N2 ratio.
Delineation of an insula-BNST circuit engaged by struggling behavior that regulates avoidance in mice
Authors: Luchsinger Joseph R. , Fetterly Tracy L. , Williford Kellie M. , Salimando Gregory J. , Doyle Marie A. , Maldonado Jose , Simerly Richard B. , Winder Danny G. , Centanni Samuel W.
Published: June 2021

Active responses to stressors involve motor planning, execution, and feedback. Here we identify an insular cortex to BNST (insula→BNST) circuit recruited during restraint stress-induced active struggling that modulates affective behavior. We demonstrate that activity in this circuit tightly follows struggling behavioral events and that the size of the fluorescent sensor transient reports the duration of the struggle event, an effect that fades with repeated exposure to the homotypic stressor. Struggle events are associated with enhanced glutamatergic- and decreased GABAergic signaling in the insular cortex, indicating the involvement of a larger circuit. We delineate the afferent network for this pathway, identifying substantial input from motor- and premotor cortex, somatosensory cortex, and the amygdala. To begin to dissect these incoming signals, we examine the motor cortex input, and show that the cells projecting from motor regions to insular cortex are engaged shortly before struggle event onset. This study thus demonstrates a role for the insula→BNST pathway in monitoring struggling activity and regulating affective behavior.
Asymmetric Rydberg blockade of giant excitons in Cuprous Oxide
Authors: Heckötter Julian , Walther Valentin , Scheel Stefan , Bayer Manfred , Pohl Thomas , Aßmann Marc
Published: June 2021

The ability to generate and control strong long-range interactions via highly excited electronic states has been the foundation for recent breakthroughs in a host of areas, from atomic and molecular physics to quantum optics and technology. Rydberg excitons provide a promising solid-state realization of such highly excited states, for which record-breaking orbital sizes of up to a micrometer have indeed been observed in cuprous oxide semiconductors. Here, we demonstrate the generation and control of strong exciton interactions in this material by optically producing two distinct quantum states of Rydberg excitons. This is made possible by two-color pump-probe experiments that allow for a detailed probing of the interactions. Our experiments reveal the emergence of strong spatial correlations and an inter-state Rydberg blockade that extends over remarkably large distances of several micrometers. The generated many-body states of semiconductor excitons exhibit universal properties that only depend on the shape of the interaction potential and yield clear evidence for its vastly extended-range and power-law character.
Database of ab initio L-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure
Authors: Chen Yiming , Chen Chi , Zheng Chen , Dwaraknath Shyam , Horton Matthew K. , Cabana Jordi , Rehr John , Vinson John , Dozier Alan , Kas Joshua J. , Persson Kristin A. , Ong Shyue Ping
Published: June 2021

The L-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) is widely used in the characterization of transition metal compounds. Here, we report the development of a database of computed L-edge XANES using the multiple scattering theory-based FEFF9 code. The initial release of the database contains more than 140,000 L-edge spectra for more than 22,000 structures generated using a high-throughput computational workflow. The data is disseminated through the Materials Project and addresses a critical need for L-edge XANES spectra among the research community.
Effects of stereopsis on vection, presence and cybersickness in head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality
Authors: Luu Wilson , Zangerl Barbara , Kalloniatis Michael , Kim Juno
Published: June 2021

Stereopsis provides critical information for the spatial visual perception of object form and motion. We used virtual reality as a tool to understand the role of global stereopsis in the visual perception of self-motion and spatial presence using virtual environments experienced through head-mounted displays (HMDs). Participants viewed radially expanding optic flow simulating different speeds of self-motion in depth, which generated the illusion of self-motion in depth (i.e., linear vection). Displays were viewed with the head either stationary (passive radial flow) or laterally swaying to the beat of a metronome (active conditions). Multisensory conflict was imposed in active conditions by presenting displays that either: (i) compensated for head movement (active compensation condition), or (ii) presented pure radial flow with no compensation during head movement (active no compensation condition). In Experiment 1, impairing stereopsis by anisometropic suppression in healthy participants generated declines in reported vection strength, spatial presence and severity of cybersickness. In Experiment 2, vection and presence ratings were compared between participants with and without clinically-defined global stereopsis. Participants without global stereopsis generated impaired vection and presence similarly to those found in Experiment 1 by subjects with induced stereopsis impairment. We find that reducing global stereopsis can have benefits of reducing cybersickness, but has adverse effects on aspects of self-motion perception in HMD VR.
Global climatology and trends in convective environments from ERA5 and rawinsonde data
Authors: Taszarek Mateusz , Allen John T. , Marchio Mattia , Brooks Harold E.
Published: June 2021

Globally, thunderstorms are responsible for a significant fraction of rainfall, and in the mid-latitudes often produce extreme weather, including large hail, tornadoes and damaging winds. Despite this importance, how the global frequency of thunderstorms and their accompanying hazards has changed over the past 4 decades remains unclear. Large-scale diagnostics applied to global climate models have suggested that the frequency of thunderstorms and their intensity is likely to increase in the future. Here, we show that according to ERA5 convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective precipitation (CP) have decreased over the tropics and subtropics with simultaneous increases in 0–6 km wind shear (BS06). Conversely, rawinsonde observations paint a different picture across the mid-latitudes with increasing CAPE and significant decreases to BS06. Differing trends and disagreement between ERA5 and rawinsondes observed over some regions suggest that results should be interpreted with caution, especially for CAPE and CP across tropics where uncertainty is the highest and reliable long-term rawinsonde observations are missing.
Prospects challenges and stability of 2D MXenes for clean energy conversion and storage applications
Authors: Bhat Anha , Anwer Shoaib , Bhat Kiesar Sideeq , Mohideen M. Infas H. , Liao Kin , Qurashi Ahsanulhaq
Published: June 2021

Two-dimensional materials have gained immense attention for technological applications owing to their characteristic properties. MXene is one of the fast-growing family of 2D materials that exhibits remarkable physiochemical properties that cater numerous applications in the field of energy and storage. This review comprises the significant advancement in the field of 2D MXene and discusses the evolution of the design, synthetic strategies, and stability. In addition to illuminating the state-of-the-art applications, we discuss the challenges and limitations that preclude the scientific fraternity from realizing functional MXene with controlled structures and properties for renewable clean energy conversion and storage applications.
AGO2 localizes to cytokinetic protrusions in a p38-dependent manner and is needed for accurate cell division
Authors: Pantazopoulou Vasiliki I. , Delis Anastasios D. , Georgiou Stella , Pagakis Stamatis N. , Filippa Vicky , Dragona Eleni , Kloukina Ismini , Chatzitheodoridis Elias , Trebicka Jonel , Velentzas Athanassios D. , Thiele Maja , Gagos Sarantis , Thanos Dimitris , Tseleni-Balafouta Sofia , Stravopodis Dimitrios J. , Anastasiadou Ema
Published: June 2021

Argonaute 2 (AGO2) is an indispensable component of the RNA-induced silencing complex, operating at the translational or posttranscriptional level. It is compartmentalized into structures such as GW- and P-bodies, stress granules and adherens junctions as well as the midbody. Here we show using immunofluorescence, image and bioinformatic analysis and cytogenetics that AGO2 also resides in membrane protrusions such as open- and close-ended tubes. The latter are cytokinetic bridges where AGO2 colocalizes at the midbody arms with cytoskeletal components such as α-Τubulin and Aurora B, and various kinases. AGO2, phosphorylated on serine 387, is located together with Dicer at the midbody ring in a manner dependent on p38 MAPK activity. We further show that AGO2 is stress sensitive and important to ensure the proper chromosome segregation and cytokinetic fidelity. We suggest that AGO2 is part of a regulatory mechanism triggered by cytokinetic stress to generate the appropriate micro-environment for local transcript homeostasis.
LPMO-oxidized cellulose oligosaccharides evoke immunity in Arabidopsis conferring resistance towards necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea
Authors: Zarattini Marco , Corso Massimiliano , Kadowaki Marco Antonio , Monclaro Antonielle , Magri Silvia , Milanese Irma , Jolivet Sylvie , de Godoy Mariana Ortiz , Hermans Christian , Fagard Mathilde , Cannella David
Published: June 2021

Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs) are powerful redox enzymes able to oxidatively cleave recalcitrant polysaccharides. Widely conserved across biological kingdoms, LPMOs of the AA9 family are deployed by phytopathogens to deconstruct cellulose polymers. In response, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense cell wall damage and thus self-triggering Damage Triggered Immunity responses. Here, we show that Arabidopsis plants exposed to LPMO products triggered the innate immunity ultimately leading to increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. We demonstrated that plants undergo a deep transcriptional reprogramming upon elicitation with AA9 derived cellulose- or cello-oligosaccharides (AA9_COS). To decipher the specific effects of native and oxidized LPMO-generated AA9_COS, a pairwise comparison with cellobiose, the smallest non-oxidized unit constituting cellulose, is presented. Moreover, we identified two leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, namely STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 and 4, playing a crucial role in signaling the AA9_COS-dependent responses such as camalexin production. Furthermore, increased levels of ethylene, jasmonic and salicylic acid hormones, along with deposition of callose in the cell wall was observed. Collectively, our data reveal that LPMOs might play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions.
Structural basis of coronavirus E protein interactions with human PALS1 PDZ domain
Authors: Javorsky Airah , Humbert Patrick O. , Kvansakul Marc
Published: June 2021

SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is associated with severe and life-threatening pneumonia and respiratory failure. However, the molecular basis of these symptoms remains unclear. SARS-CoV-1 E protein interferes with control of cell polarity and cell-cell junction integrity in human epithelial cells by binding to the PALS1 PDZ domain, a key component of the Crumbs polarity complex. We show that C-terminal PDZ binding motifs of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 E proteins bind the PALS1 PDZ domain with 29.6 and 22.8 μM affinity, whereas the related sequence from MERS-CoV did not bind. We then determined crystal structures of PALS1 PDZ domain bound to both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 E protein PDZ binding motifs. Our findings establish the structural basis for SARS-CoV-1/2 mediated subversion of Crumbs polarity signalling and serve as a platform for the development of small molecule inhibitors to suppress SARS-CoV-1/2 mediated disruption of polarity signalling in epithelial cells.
Plasma methionine metabolic profile is associated with longevity in mammals
Authors: Mota-Martorell N. , Jové M. , Berdún R. , Pamplona R.
Published: June 2021

Methionine metabolism arises as a key target to elucidate the molecular adaptations underlying animal longevity due to the negative association between longevity and methionine content. The present study follows a comparative approach to analyse plasma methionine metabolic profile using a LC-MS/MS platform from 11 mammalian species with a longevity ranging from 3.5 to 120 years. Our findings demonstrate the existence of a species-specific plasma profile for methionine metabolism associated with longevity characterised by: i) reduced methionine, cystathionine and choline; ii) increased non-polar amino acids; iii) reduced succinate and malate; and iv) increased carnitine. Our results support the existence of plasma longevity features that might respond to an optimised energetic metabolism and intracellular structures found in long-lived species.
Sulfonated tryptanthrin anolyte increases performance in pH neutral aqueous redox flow batteries
Authors: Pinheiro Daniela , Pineiro Marta , de Melo J. Sérgio Seixas
Published: June 2021

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) hold great promise as low-cost, environmentally friendly and safe alternative energy storage media. Here we present aqueous organometallic and all-organic active materials for RFBs with a water-soluble active material, sulfonated tryptanthrin (TRYP-SO3H), working at a neutral pH and showing long-term stability. Electrochemical measurements show that TRYP-SO3H displays reversible peaks at neutral pH values, allowing its use as an anolyte combined with potassium ferrocyanide or 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt monohydrate as catholytes. Single cell tests show reproducible charge-discharge cycles for both catholytes, with significantly improved results for the aqueous all-organic RFB reaching high cell voltage (0.94 V) and high energy efficiencies, stabilized during at least 50 working cycles.
How choosing random-walk model and network representation matters for flow-based community detection in hypergraphs
Authors: Eriksson Anton , Edler Daniel , Rojas Alexis , de Domenico Manlio , Rosvall Martin
Published: June 2021

Hypergraphs offer an explicit formalism to describe multibody interactions in complex systems. To connect dynamics and function in systems with these higher-order interactions, network scientists have generalised random-walk models to hypergraphs and studied the multibody effects on flow-based centrality measures. Mapping the large-scale structure of those flows requires effective community detection methods applied to cogent network representations. For different hypergraph data and research questions, which combination of random-walk model and network representation is best? We define unipartite, bipartite, and multilayer network representations of hypergraph flows and explore how they and the underlying random-walk model change the number, size, depth, and overlap of identified multilevel communities. These results help researchers choose the appropriate modelling approach when mapping flows on hypergraphs.
Physical and chemical imaging of adhesive interfaces with soft X-rays
Authors: Yamane Hiroyuki , Oura Masaki , Takahashi Osamu , Ishihara Tomoko , Yamazaki Noriko , Hasegawa Koichi , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Takagi Kiyoka , Hatsui Takaki
Published: June 2021

Adhesion is an interfacial phenomenon that is critical for assembling carbon structural composites for next-generation aircraft and automobiles. However, there is limited understanding of adhesion on the molecular level because of the difficulty in revealing the individual bonding factors. Here, using soft X-ray spectromicroscopy we show the physical and chemical states of an adhesive interface composed of a thermosetting polymer of 4,4’-diaminodiphenylsulfone-cured bisphenol A diglycidyl ether adhered to a thermoplastic polymer of plasma-treated polyetheretherketone. We observe multiscale phenomena in the adhesion mechanisms, including sub-mm complex interface structure, sub-μm distribution of the functional groups, and molecular-level covalent-bond formation. These results provide a benchmark for further research to examine how physical and chemical states correlate with adhesion, and demonstrate that soft X-ray imaging is a promising approach for visualizing the physical and chemical states at adhesive interfaces from the sub-mm level to the molecular level.
Counter-rotatable dual cinchona quinuclidinium salts and their phase transfer catalysis in enantioselective alkylation of glycine imines
Authors: Oh Jiin , Park Jihyeon , Nahm Keepyung
Published: June 2021

Phase transfer catalysts of counter-rotatable dual cinchona quinuclidinium salts with diphenyl ether linker show powerful efficiency in α-alkylation of glycine and alanine imines.
Intermetallic phases meet intermetalloid clusters
Authors: Schütz Max , Gemel Christian , Klein Wilhelm , Fischer Roland A. , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: June 2021

In this article intermetalloid clusters of Cu–Zn, Cu–AI, Cu–Sn, and Cu–Pb are discussed.
Emerging contrast agents for multispectral optoacoustic imaging and their biomedical applications
Authors: Wu Yinglong , Zeng Fang , Zhao Yanli , Wu Shuizhu
Published: June 2021

This tutorial review covers the introduction to multispectral optoacoustic imaging, emerging contrast agents, and their preclinical and clinical applications.
Synthesis of functionalized nanoporous biocarbons with high surface area for CO2 capture and supercapacitor applications
Authors: Singh Gurwinder , Bahadur Rohan , Ruban Ajanya M. , Davidraj Jefrin M. , Su Dawei , Vinu Ajayan
Published: June 2021

The article highlights the green synthesis of nanoporous biocarbons and their utilization as adsorbents for CO2 capture and electrode materials for supercapacitors.