bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term permanent plot observations of vegetation dynamics in Budongo, a Ugandan rain forest
Authors: SHEIL DOUGLAS , JENNINGS STEPHEN , SAVILL PETER
Published: July 2002

Species composition and turnover that have occurred in a series of permanent
sample plots established during the 1930s and 1940s in Budongo, a
semi-deciduous Ugandan forest, are reported. The plots were established
as part of a sequence first used to describe forest succession, five of
which have been maintained and which were last measured in 1992-1993. One
plot (plot 7) provides 53 y of data from old-growth pristine forest. Plot
15 was established in wooded grassland at the forest edge and is now closed
high forest. Evaluation of the remaining three plots is complicated by
silvicultural interventions carried out in the 1950s. Forty species have
been added since the first evaluations and a total of 188 tree species (over
80% of Budongo's forest tree flora, and including two exotics) has now
been recorded from within the plots. The pattern of shade-tolerance in the
original plot series conforms to patterns expected for succession with an
increasing proportion of shade-tolerant species with development, and large
stems appearing to ‘lag behind’ smaller stems in this respect. The time
series data are less consistent, and while plot 7 increased in the
proportion of shade-tolerant stems through time, the proportion of
shade-tolerant species actually declines. Stem-turnover (the mean of
mortality and recruitment) slowed with implied successional stage. Most
species have a higher recruitment than mortality rate and stem numbers have
thus increased in all plots. This is most pronounced in the putatively
‘early successional’ plot. Stem size structure has changed
within the plots, with an increased proportion of smaller stems. Species
show different rates of turnover and these vary from plot to plot and period
to period. In plot 7, the overall mortality rate decreased with initial stem
size. Estimates imply that some tree species may easily live longer than 500
y after reaching 10 cm DBH, and that 1000 y is possible. The importance of
large trees in determining forest dynamics is illustrated by the finding
that death of only seven stems in plot 7 contributed over 60% of net basal
area losses recorded over the 53-y observation period. Many of the observed
patterns were not predicted and could only have been found by long-term
studies.
An analysis of the floristic composition and diversity of Amazonian forests including those of the Guiana Shield
Authors: TER STEEGE HANS , SABATIER DANIEL , CASTELLANOS HERNAN , VAN ANDEL TINDE , DUIVENVOORDEN JOOST , ADALARDO DE OLIVEIRA ALEXANDRE , EK RENSKE , LILWAH RAMESH , MAAS PAUL , MORI SCOTT
Published: July 2002

A large number of newly published and unpublished hectare plots in Amazonia
and the Guiana Shield area allow an analysis of family composition and
testing of hypotheses concerning alpha-diversity in the south American rain
forest. Using data from 94 plots the family-level floristic patterns in wet
tropical South America are described. To test diversity patterns, 268 plots
are used in this large area. Contrary to a widely held belief, western
Amazonian plots are not necessarily the most diverse. Several central
Amazonian plots have equal or even higher tree diversity. Annual rainfall is
not a good estimator for tree diversity in the Amazonia area and Guiana
shield. Plots in the Guiana Shield area (and eastern Amazonia) usually have
lower diversity than those in central or western Amazonia. It is argued that
this is not because of low rainfall or low nutrient status of the soil but
because of the small area of the relatively isolated rain forest area in
eastern Amazonia and the Guiana Shield. The low diversity on nutrient-poor
white sand soils in the Amazon basin is not necessarily due to their low
nutrient status but is, at least partly, caused by their small extent and
fragmented nature.
Utilization of seed reserves during germination and early seedling growth by Dryobalanops lanceolata (Dipterocarpaceae)
Authors: ICHIE TOMOAKI , NINOMIYA IKUO , OGINO KAZUHIKO
Published: July 2002

We studied the resource allocation process of a large-seeded species, Dryobalanops lanceolata, during
germination and early stages of seedling growth in Sarawak, East Malaysia. The seeds contained high contents of
starch (74.3% of the total 1.57 g mean dry weight of the cotyledon) and lipid (15.0%). All of these reserves were
exhausted by the time the first two pairs of leaves had developed (about 40 d after planting), but relatively little had
been reserved in leaf or root by that time. This suggests that the large amount of seed reserve of D. lanceolata is
necessary just to form a certain size of stem and the necessary number of leaves to set the plant up for photosynthesis.
After seed reserves were exhausted, shoot elongation and new leaf production stopped, and most photosynthate was
allocated to the expansion of the root system and to storage in the root as starch. The storage reserves in the root are
thought to be used for the next growing stage, not to act as insurance for sprouting in case of shoot damage.
Pollination and breeding system of a neotropical palm Astrocaryum vulgare in Guyana: a test of the predictability of syndromes
Authors: CONSIGLIO TRISHA K. , BOURNE GODFREY R.
Published: July 2002

A pollination and breeding system study was conducted on a neotropical palm, Astrocaryum vulgare, in
Guyana, South America, to better understand its reproductive character evolution, and test the predictability of pollination
syndromes. The pollination syndrome approach was used because it integrates characteristics of flowers and their
pollinators into an evolutionary framework that allowed experimental testing of predictions. The flowers of A. vulgare
displayed traits that were typical of both beetle and wind pollination syndromes. The protogynous inflorescences
produced heat and odour during nocturnal anthesis, had numerous stamens with copious, light pollen, and were visited
by hordes of beetles that used the inflorescences as feeding, mating and oviposition sites. In contrast, some of these
features, such as numerous stamens with copious, light pollen, a high pollen to ovule ratio, and no obvious production
of visitor rewards, were also typical of the wind pollination syndrome. However, floral rewards appeared to be tissues
of the fleshy staminate petals and pollen that were readily devoured by the beetles. In addition to the Coleoptera, insect
visitors to A. vulgare inflorescences included several species of Hymenoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera. However, only
Nitidulidae and Curculionidae beetles were effective insect pollinators. Pollination treatments showed that wind pollination was possible, but fruit set was significantly higher for female flowers visited by beetles. Although a pollen/ovule ratio of 50 000:1 and outcrossing index confirmed an outcrossing breeding system, pollination experiments
suggested that A. vulgare had the potential for self pollination. Therefore, the breeding system might be best classified
as facultatively xenogamous (cross fertilizing). The predictive value of potential pollinator agents for A. vulgare was
inadequate because its floral traits were indicative of both cantharophilous and anemophilous pollination syndromes.
PROCESSABILITY IN SCANDINAVIAN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Authors: Glahn Esther , Håkansson Gisela , Hammarberg Björn , Holmen Anne , Hvenekilde Anne , Lund Karen
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on a test of the validity of Pienemann's (1998) Processability Theory
(PT). This theory predicts that certain morphological and syntactic phenomena are acquired in a
fixed sequence. Three phenomena were chosen for this study: attributive adjective morphology,
predicative adjective morphology, and subordinate clause syntax (placement of negation). These
phenomena are located at successive developmental stages in the hierarchy predicted by PT. We
test whether they actually do appear in this predicted hierarchical order in the L2 of Danish,
Norwegian, and Swedish learners. The three languages mentioned are very closely related and
have the same adjective morphology and subordinate clause syntax. We can, therefore, treat them
as one language for the purposes of this study. Three analyses have been carried out: The first
follows Pienemann's theory and is concerned only with syntactic levels; the second is a
semantic analysis of the acquisition of number versus that of gender; the third analysis studies the
various kinds of mismatches between the inflection of the noun, the controller, and the adjective.
The results are the following: The first test supports PT as it has been described by Pienemann.
The second analysis shows that there is an acquisitional hierarchy such that number is acquired
before gender (in adjectives), and the mismatch analysis raises questions about the fundamental
assumptions of the theory.
Comprehension and production of relative clauses:
a comparison between Swedish impaired and
unimpaired children
Authors: HÅKANSSON GISELA , HANSSON KRISTINA
Published: July 2002

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between
language comprehension and language production in Swedish children.
This was done longitudinally with 10 children with specific language
impairment (SLI), aged 4;0 to 6;3 at Time I, and 10 children with
unimpaired language development, aged 3;1 to 3;7 at Time I. The
target structure was subordination, more precisely relative clauses. The
children's comprehension was tested with picture pointing, act-out and
oral response tests. Their production was tested with elicited imitation
and sentence completion tests. Data were collected twice, with an
interval of six months. The results from the unimpaired children at
Time I showed a difference between comprehension and production. At
Time II these children scored higher on production than on comprehension.
The children with SLI scored significantly higher on
comprehension than on production at Time I. In half of the SLI group
there was a clear development between the two data collection sessions,
diminishing the dissociation. On neither testing did the children with
SLI differ significantly from the unimpaired children in comprehension.
At both testings, however, the children with SLI had significantly more
responses where they did not insert the complementizer in relative
clauses. The results indicate that the relationship between comprehension
and production is different at different stages in development.
They also show that structures involving dependency relations are
particularly difficult to produce for children with SLI.
Infant vocabulary development assessed with a British communicative development inventory
Authors: HAMILTON ANTONIA , PLUNKETT KIM , SCHAFER GRAHAM
Published: July 2002

Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) were collected from

669 British children aged between 1;0 and 2;1. Comprehension and

production scores in each age group are calculated. This provides

norming data for the British infant population. The influence of socio-economic group on vocabulary scores is considered and shown not to

have a significant effect. The data from British infants is compared to

data from American infants (Fenson, Dale, Reznick, Bates, Thal &

Pethick, 1994). It is found that British infants have lower scores on both

comprehension and production than American infants of the same age.
Application of the Least Squares
Method for Determining Magnetic
Compass Deviation
Authors: Felski Andrzej
Published: July 2002

This paper describes an algorithm for evaluation of magnetic compass deviation based
on the least squares method. An automatic system was built, coupled with a magnetic
compass recording device, for fine estimation of the deviation curve on the basis of an
incomplete compass swing circulation.
Wavelet Multi-scale Edge Detection
for Extraction of Geographic
Features to Improve Vector Map Databases
Authors: Gendron Marlin L. , Ioup Juliette W.
Published: July 2002

Although numerous at smaller geographic scales, vector databases often do not exist at the
more detailed, larger scales. A possible solution is the use of image processing techniques to
detect edges in high-resolution satellite imagery. Features such as roads and airports are
formed from the edges and matched up with similar features in existing low-resolution vector
map databases. By replacing the old features with the new more accurate features, the
resolution of the existing map database is improved. To accomplish this, a robust edge
detection algorithm is needed that will perform well in noisy conditions. This paper studies
and tests one such method, the Wavelet Multi-scale Edge Detector. The wavelet transform
breaks down a signal into frequency bands at different levels. Noise present at lower scales
smoothes out at higher levels. It is demonstrated that this property can be used to detect
edges in noisy satellite imagery. Once edges are located, a new method will be proposed for
storing these edges geographically so that features can be formed and paired with existing
features in a vector map database.
Test Implications for Approval of
76–77 GHz Radar Systems in Vehicles
Authors: Lawton Sarah , Andrews Chris , Topham Debra
Published: July 2002

The idea of incorporating radar systems into vehicles to improve road traffic safety dates
back to the 1970s. Such systems are now reaching the market as recent advances in
technology have allowed the signal processing requirements and the high angular resolution
requirements from physically small antennas to be realised. Automotive radar systems have
the potential for a number of different applications including adaptive cruise control (ACC)
and anti-collision devices. This paper summarises recent developments in test methods that
have been made to satisfy the compliance requirements for emissions and immunity.
Human Factors Issues in Advanced Moving-map Systems
Authors: Ruffner John W. , Lohrenz Maura C. , Trenchard Michael E.
Published: July 2002

Vector-based maps are an advanced capability of digital moving-map systems that are easily
customised and can be powerful aids to aircrew information processing and decision-making. However, they may place excessive demands on an aircrew's information processing
requirements, cause an increase in workload, and degrade situational awareness if the user
interface is not designed properly. There is little information available about the human
factors and situational awareness issues relevant to vector-based maps. In this paper, we
summarise relevant research on human factors and situational awareness aspects of using
vector-based maps, identify key issues, and recommend directions for future research.
Assessment of fuel resource diversity and utilization patterns in Askot
Wildlife Sanctuary in Kumaun Himalaya, India, for conservation and management
Authors: SAMANT SHER S. , DHAR UPPEANDRA , RAWAL RANBEER
S.
Published: July 2002

A general decrease in abundance of wild plant species used as sources of fuel suggests
that more detailed information is urgently needed on species-level trends and their conservation. Such
studies have not been carried out so far in India and elsewhere; we therefore quantified the
species-wise extraction of fuel from a site (Gori Ganga Valley) in Askot Wildlife Sanctuary in the
Kumaun Himalaya. In all, 31 species (26 trees and 5 shrubs) were used as fuel, of which 14 were native
to the Himalaya. Utilization patterns, distributions, probabilities of use (PU), resource use indices
(RUI), preferences and availabilities in forest communities of these species were determined. Use
pattern did not vary much amongst low altitude villages (Similarity: 52–74%), whereas along the
vertical (elevational) gradient it varied considerably (Similarity: 15–31%). Woodfordia
fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Pinus roxburghii Sarg., Quercus leucotrichophora A.Camus,
Macaranga pustulata King ex Hk. f., Quercus lanuginosa Don, Engelhardtia
spicata Bl. and Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell. contributed most to collections,
while Pyracantha crenulata (Don) Roem., Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels, Alnus
nepalensis Don and Bauhinia vahlii Wt. & Arn. were in lesser demand. W.
fruticosa, P. roxburghii, M. pustulata, Casearia elliptica Willd.,
E. spicata, M. philippensis, Q. leucotrichophora and Phoebe
lanceolata (Nees) Nees showed high values of PU and RUI, indicating high pressure. High density
of P. roxburghii, Rhododendron arboreum Sm., Q. lanuginosa, Q.
leucotrichophora, Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude, C. elliptica and M.
pustulata amongst trees and Maesa indica A.DC., P. crenulata and W.
fruticosa amongst shrubs exhibited high density but the remaining species showed low density
indicating their possible depletion. Intensive management of natural habitats of species
highly-preferred for fuel, diversification of choice of species from natives to non-natives, large
scale propagation of highly preferred taxa and plantation of seedlings in the degraded, uncultivated
and marginal lands through peoples’ participation should promote conservation and management of
fuel resources.
Adaptive management in transboundary protected areas: The Bialowieza National Park and Biosphere Reserve as a case study
Authors: Agrawal Arun
Published: July 2002

Transboundary protected areas (PAs) currently represent nearly 10% of the world's network of PAs. The protection of their biological wealth poses special challenges because of the need for cooperation among sovereign states. Adaptive management strategies offer hope for a more accurate assessment of ecological conditions within PAs, and have the potential for furthering one of the major objectives of these PAs, namely enhancing environmental cooperation between countries across whose boundaries the protected area complex is situated. This paper examines the implications of adaptive management for transboundary PAs by using the Polish/Belarusian Bialowieza PAs as a case study. Managers of PAs have conventionally aimed at accurate predictions and short-term system equilibrium through ‘top-down’ policies of control and exclusion. In the case of PAs, these objectives have meant limiting use and employing models of linear growth. Adaptive management strategies rely instead on long-term experience, assessment of experimental interventions, and collection of greater amounts of information to assess future outcomes. They aim at the satisfaction of objectives that may include equilibrium changes. These features of adaptive management imply attention over time to the interactions between different key species, greater involvement of local populations in the collection of information about the resources, and experimenting with different levels of use to infer the most suitable protection strategies.
Trampling associated with bait-collection for sandprawns Callianassa kraussi Stebbing: effects on the biota of an intertidal sandflat
Authors: WYNBERG RACHEL P. , BRANCH GEORGE M.
Published: July 2002

Previous studies have inferred that the side effects of physical disturbance associated with bait-collecting for the sandprawn Callianassa kraussi are more deleterious than the actual removal of the prawns. The present study was specifically designed to disentangle the side-effects of trampling and disturbance associated with using suction pumps for bait-collecting. Separate areas were sucked over with a prawn pump at three different intensities, and the prawns collected from these areas subsequently returned to them. A parallel treatment involved trampling the sediment at levels comparable to the 'sucking' intensities, without removing the prawns. The responses of the meiofauna, macrofauna and microflora were assessed six weeks after this disturbance.

Prawn densities were depressed six weeks following both sucking and trampling but recovered by 32 weeks. The meiofauna responded positively to some of the disturbance treatments; macrofaunal numbers on the other hand, declined in most treatment areas, and similarity analysis and multidimensional scaling showed that macrofaunal community composition in the most-disturbed areas was distinct from that in other areas. Chlorophyll levels were reduced at the more intensely-disturbed sites.

The results corroborate the conclusion that trampling per se has almost the same effect as sucking for prawns, on both the prawns and on the associated biota. This has important implications in terms of managing the use of lagoonal and estuarine ecosystems.
Languages and semantics of grammatical discrete structures
Authors: SHEA KRISTINA , CAGAN JONATHAN
Published: July 2002

Applying grammatical formalisms to engineering problems
requires consideration of spatial, functional, and
behavioral design attributes. This paper explores structural
design languages and semantics for the generation of feasible
and purposeful discrete structures. In an application of
shape annealing, a combination of grammatical design generation
and search, to the generation of discrete structures, rule
syntax, and semantics are used to model desired relations
between structural form and function as well as control
design generation. Explicit domain knowledge is placed
within the grammar through rule and syntax formulation,
resulting in the generation of only forms that make functional
sense and adhere to preferred visual styles. Design interpretation,
or semantics, is then used to select forms that meet functional
and visual goals. The distinction between syntax used in
grammar rules to explicitly drive geometric design and
semantics used in design interpretation to implicitly guide
geometric form is shown. Overall, the designs presented
show the validity of applying a grammatical formalism to
an engineering design problem and illustrate a range of
possibilities for modeling functional and visual design
criteria.
Interactive generative systems for conceptual design: An
empirical perspective
Authors: ECKERT CLAUDIA , KELLY IAN , STACEY MARTIN
Published: July 2002

This paper argues from extensive research findings
in design psychology and industrial design processes, as
well as our own observations, that interactive generative
systems can be powerful tools for human designers. Moreover,
interactive generative systems can fit naturally into human
design thinking and industrial design practice. This discussion
is focused on aesthetic design fields like knitwear and
graphic design, but is largely applicable to major branches
of engineering. Human designers and generative systems
have complementary abilities. Humans are extremely good
at perceptual evaluation of designs, according to criteria
that are extremely hard to program. As a result, they can
provide fitness evaluations for evolutionary generative
systems. They can also tailor the biases that generation
systems use to reach useful solutions quickly. We discuss
an application of these approaches: Kelly's evolutionary
systems for color scheme design. Automatic design systems
can work interactively with human designers by generating
complete designs from partial specifications, that can
then be used as starting points for designing by modification.
We discuss an application of this approach: Eckert's
garment shape design system.
Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae

infections in adults in Finland
Authors: SANKILAMPI U. , HERVA E. , HAIKALA R. , LIIMATAINEN O. , RENKONEN O.-V. , LEINONEN M.
Published: July 2002

Laboratory-based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal

infections in adults in Finland from 1983 to 1992 identified 862

episodes of pneumococcal bacteraemia and 97 episodes of meningitis.

The overall incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections was

9·1 per 100000 for all adults per year, but 27·1,

35·8, and 44·5 per 100000 in those aged 65 years or

over, 75 years or over, and 85 years or over, respectively. Most

(99·7%) of the pneumococcal strains were sensitive to

penicillin. Ninety-five percent of the strains belonged to

serogroups/types present in the 23-valent pneumococcal

polysaccharide vaccine. Group/type distribution was different in

patients aged 16–64 years compared to those 65 years or over

(P < 0·001), in bacteraemia compared to meningitis

(P < 0·001), and in the years 1983–7

compared to 1988–92 (P < 0·05).
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of some antibiotics

against Vibrio cholerae O139 isolates from Pondicherry
Authors: VIJAYALAKSHMI N. , RAO R. S. , BADRINATH S.
Published: July 2002

The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Vibrio cholerae

O139, Bengal, an emerging intestinal

pathogen has been determined by the Kirby Bauer technique and the MIC values
of some

antibiotics against these strains by agar dilution technique. All the

strains were susceptible to

tetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and a majority was

susceptible to gentamicin (95·7%)

and nalidixic acid (82·9%). Only 51% were susceptible to cefotaxime

and most strains were

resistant to furazolidone (95·7%), ampicillin (87·3%) and

co-trimoxazole (91·5%). The study

shows the importance of judicious use of antibiotics in cholera cases

and the need for

monitoring the susceptibility status of these strains particularly

because of their ability to cause

extra-intestinal infections like septicaemia.
Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens β2-toxin amongst
animals, determined using genotyping and subtyping PCR assays
Authors: GARMORY H. S. , CHANTER N. , FRENCH N. P. , BUESCHEL D. , SONGER J. G. , TITBALL R. W.
Published: July 2002

Clostridium perfringens isolates are currently classified into one of five biotypes on the basis of
the differential production of α-, β-, ε- and ι-toxins. Different biotypes are associated with
different diseases of man and animals. In this study a multiple PCR assay was developed to
detect the genes encoding these toxins. In addition, detection of the genes encoding the C.
perfringens enterotoxin and β2-toxin allowed subtyping of the bacteria. C. perfringens isolates
taken from a variety of animals, including foals, piglets or lambs, were genotyped using this
assay. Most of the isolates were found to be genotype A and the gene encoding β-toxin was
present in 50% of the isolates genotyped. A significant association between C. perfringens
possessing the β2-toxin gene and diarrhoea in piglets was identified, suggesting that β2-toxin
may play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Genetic analysis of IgG subclass responses against RESA and
MSP2 of Plasmodium falciparum in adults in Papua New Guinea
Authors: STIRNADEL H. A. , BECK H.-P. , ALPERS M. P. , SMITH T. A.
Published: July 2002

Contributions of environmental and genetic factors to IgG subclass responses against
Plasmodium falciparum antigens RESA and MSP2 were investigated among adults in a highly
endemic area of Papua New Guinea. Heritabilities were estimated using variance component
analysis. Familial aggregation of several responses was found, including IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3
responses against RESA, IgG1 and IgG3 responses against the 3D7 form of MSP2 and IgG1,
IgG2 responses against the FC27 form of MSP2. Allowance for sharing of houses explained
some of the non-genetic variance but not the familial aggregation. The variance of IgG3
responses against RESA and IgG1, IgG2 against MSP2 (FC27) was partly explained by
sharing of HLA class II genotypes, although heritability was low. Segregation analyses
indicated that any genetic regulation was more complex than governed by a single major gene.
Such host genetic variation in responses to specific malaria antigens has implications for
immuno-epidemiology and vaccine development.
Variation in abundance and distribution of the chiton Acanthopleura japonica and associated molluscs on a seasonal, tropical, rocky shore
Authors: Harper Kathryn D. , Williams Gray A.
Published: July 2002

Temporal and spatial distribution of the chiton Acanthopleura japonica and associated molluscs were recorded on a semi‐exposed tropical rocky shore in Hong Kong over 24 months. Most molluscs showed a clear vertical distribution pattern which varied with season. Many mobile gastropods, e.g. Monodonta labio, Cellana toreuma, Nerita albicilla and Thais clavigera, were found lower on the shore in summer (June–September), presumably as a response to the hot, desiccating conditions, but extended their range during winter (December–March). Acanthopleura, was distributed throughout the eulittoral and did not show such strong seasonal patterns, possibly due to the ability to use spatial refuges (specifically crevices) as a result of its flexible body‐plan. Chitons exposed on horizontal rocks lost more body water during periods of emersion as compared to those in vertical or crevice habitats and, in summer, all animals on horizontal surfaces died. It is suggested that A. japonica uses cracks and crevices, which are not available to hard‐shelled molluscs, throughout the year to reduce the impact of heat and desiccation stress during periods of emersion. This ability may explain the slight seasonal changes seen in Acanthopleura as compared to other species, and the dominance of chitons as herbivores on tropical shores.
Structure and function in armadillo limbs (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae)
Authors: Vizcaíno S. F. , Milne N.
Published: July 2002

Armadillos are a very diverse group ranging from non‐fossorial Tolypeutini through to the powerful diggers like the giant armadillo Priodontes maximus to the totally subterranean Chlamyphorini. A previous study demonstrated a close relationship between the relative length of the olecranon of the ulna (index of fossorial ability, IFA) and the fossorial ability of armadillos. This study examines a wide range of limb proportions to explore the biomechanical correlates with fossorial ability. The study demonstrates that the indices of the forelimb (brachial index, shoulder moment index and IFA) do correlate well with digging habits, but also reveals some interesting exceptions, particularly in the most fossorial and most cursorial forms. On the other hand, the hindlimb indices apparently do not correlate with digging habits, but seem to be influenced more by body size. The correlations among the forelimb indices are quite strong and positive but correlations between forelimb and hindlimb indices are negative or very low. It is apparent that there is still much to be learned about structure and function in armadillos.
Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges
Authors: RUTTER MICHAEL , SROUFE L. ALAN
Published: July 2002

The defining features of developmental psychopathology concepts include attention to the
understanding of causal processes, appreciation of the role of developmental mechanisms, and
consideration of continuities and discontinuities between normality and psychopathology.
Accomplishments with respect to these issues are reviewed in relation to attachment disorders,
antisocial behavior, autism, depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual development.
Major research challenges remain in relation to measurement issues, comorbidity, gender
differences, cognitive processing, nature–nurture interplay, heterotypic continuity,
continuities between normal variations and disorders, developmental programming, and
therapeutic mechanisms in effective treatments.
The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies
Authors: LUTHAR SUNIYA S. , CICCHETTI DANTE
Published: July 2002

The focus of this article is on the interface between research on resilience—a construct

representing positive adaptation despite adversity —and the applications of this work to the

development of interventions and social policies. Salient defining features of research on resilience

are delineated, as are various advantages, limitations, and precautions linked with the application

of the resilience framework to developing interventions. For future applied efforts within this

tradition, a series of guiding principles are presented along with exemplars of existing programs

based on the resilience paradigm. The article concludes with discussions of directions for future

work in this area, with emphases on an enhanced interface between science and practice, and a

broadened scope of resilience-based interventions in terms of the types of populations, and the

types of adjustment domains, that are encompassed.
Mother–toddler interaction patterns associated with maternal depression
Authors: JAMESON PENNY B. , GELFAND DONNA M. , KULCSAR ELISABETH , TETI DOUGLAS M.
Published: July 2002

Interactive coordination was observed in laboratory play interactions of pairs of 29 clinically

depressed and 14 nondepressed mothers and their 13–29-month-old children

(M = 18.9 months). Nondepressed mothers and their children displayed more

interactive coordination than depressed-mother dyads (p < .001). Depressed

mothers were less likely to repair interrupted interactions, and their toddlers were less likely to

maintain interactions than nondepressed controls. Toddlers matched their nondepressed but not

their depressed mothers' negative behavior rates. Results suggested that early interventions

focus on training mothers to attend to, maintain, and repair mother–child interactions to

more closely approximate normal levels of interactive coordination.
A Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST): A self-organization

perspective in context
Authors: SPENCER MARGARET BEALE , DUPREE DAVIDO , HARTMANN TRACEY
Published: July 2002

A framework that emphasizes and integrates individuals' intersubjective experiences

with Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory (PVEST) is introduced and compared

with self-organizational perspectives. Similarities, differences and advantages of each framework

are described. In a demonstration of PVEST's utility, a subset of data from the 3rd year of

a longitudinal study (14- to 16-year-old middle adolescent African–Americans) is used for

examining an achievement variable: negative learning attitude. Explored separately by gender, a

regression model that contained risk, stress, and a reactive coping variable for the prediction of

negative learning attitudes was investigated. For boys, stress was an independent stressor across

steps independent of the other variables entered; social support was particularly important for

males. For girls, not only was stress not important but it was also only the social support variable,

perceived unpopularity with peers, that was a significant predictor of girls' negative

learning attitude. Particularly for boys, the findings suggest critically important roles for teachers

and peers in the negative learning attitude of midadolescent economically disadvantaged

African–American students.
Contextualism and
developmental psychopathology
Authors: CICCHETTI DANTE , ABER J. LAWRENCE
Published: July 2002

The field of developmental psychopathology has grown rapidly over the past
several decades and research conducted within this framework has made substantial contributions
to our understanding of human adaptation and maladaptation (Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995a,
1995b; Cicchetti & Richters, 1997; Cicchetti & Toth, 1998a). Influenced by the
theoretical expositions of several prominent developmentalists, including Jay Belsky (1984), Uri
Bronfenbrenner (1979), Robert Emde (1994), Donald Ford and Richard Lerner (1992), Michael
Lewis (1997), Patricia Minuchin (1985), Arnold Sameroff (1983; Sameroff & Emde, 1989),
Alan Sroufe (Sroufe, Egeland, & Kreutzer, 1990), and Esther Thelen and Linda Smith
(1994), theorists have called attention to the importance of viewing the development of
psychopathology within a continuously unfolding, dynamic, and ever changing context (see, for
example, Belsky, 1993; Cicchetti & Aber, 1986; Cicchetti & Lynch, 1993; Cicchetti
& Toth, 1998b; Coie & Jacobs, 1993; Jensen & Hoagwood, 1997; Richters
& Cicchetti, 1993; Susman, 1993). Moreover, we now know that social contexts exert
effects not only on psychological processes but also on biological structures and processes
(Boyce, Frank, Jensen, Kessler, Nelson, Steinberg, et al., 1998; Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994;
Eisenberg, 1995; Nelson & Bloom, 1997).
The co-occurrence of depression and substance abuse in late adolescence
Authors: ASELTINE ROBERT H. , GORE SUSAN , COLTEN MARY ELLEN
Published: July 2002

This article examines the role of adolescent social relationships in fostering the occurrence
and co-occurrence of depression and substance abuse, using two waves of data from a
community sample of adolescents (N = 900). Multinomial logistic response models
were estimated to identify the extent to which risk and protective features of youths'
family and peer relations were differentially linked with depressive symptoms, substance abuse,
and their co-occurrence. Taking a within-person, configurational approach to adolescent
adaptation, contrasts involved four subgroups of adolescents: those high on both depressed mood
and substance abuse, those who experience neither problem, those evidencing high levels of
depressive symptoms only, and those high on substance abuse only. Risk for depressive
symptoms was differentiated by its association with conflict and lack of support in the friendship
domain. Substance abuse was associated with negative peer pressure, but these youth were
otherwise little different from youths with no problems. Whereas co-occurrence of depression
and substance use was associated with more difficulties in both the family and peer
environments, the most distinctive risk was that of low family support. Discussion centers on the
developmental antecedents of co-occurring problems and family relations during
adolescence.
Cognitive impact of traumatic events
Authors: BOWER GORDON H. , SIVERS HEIDI
Published: July 2002

The impact of traumatic experiences on cognitive processes,
especially memory, is reviewed. The major psychological sequelae of trauma (reexperiencing,
avoidance, hypervigilance) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are noted and related to
traditional views of fear conditioning. Evidence indicating enhanced memory for the gist of
emotional events is reviewed as are psychological and neurophysiological mechanisms
underlying this enhancement. This view is updated by introducing the distinction between
explicit and implicit memory and its relevance to traumatic memory and PTSD. The central role
of “the experiencing ego” in the storage and retrieval of episodic memories is
postulated. This leads into discussion of dissociative experiences during traumas and the
occasional amnesia for voluntary recall of the trauma accompanied by involuntary,
uncontrollable flashbacks of it. The relationship of dissociative experiences to hypnotizability
and to pathological reactions to traumas is discussed, although the interpretation of those
correlations is questioned. The article concludes by noting that beyond conditioning of fear,
traumas often violate and shake the victims' basic assumptions about the benevolence,
justice, and meaningfulness of their physical and social worlds. Psychotherapy with trauma
victims then needs to attend not only to extinguishing the victims' fear and feelings of
extreme vulnerability, but also to rebuilding their basic beliefs about the relative benevolence of
the world.
Implications of attachment theory for developmental
psychopathology
Authors: SROUFE L. ALAN , CARLSON ELIZABETH A. , LEVY ALISSA K. , EGELAND BYRON
Published: July 2002

Bowlby's attachment theory is a theory of psychopathology as well as a theory
of normal development. It contains clear and specific propositions regarding the role of early
experience in developmental psychopathology, the importance of ongoing context, and the nature
of the developmental process underlying pathology. In particular, Bowlby argued that adaptation
is always the joint product of developmental history and current circumstances (never either
alone). Early experience does not cause later pathology in a linear way; yet, it has special
significance due to the complex, systemic, transactional nature of development. Prior history is
part of current context, playing a role in selection, engagement, and interpretation of subsequent
experience and in the use of available environmental supports. Finally, except in very extreme
cases, early anxious attachment is not viewed as psychopathology itself or as a direct cause of
psychopathology but as an initiator of pathways probabilistically associated with later
pathology.
Symmetry and self-similarity in rupture and pinchoff: a geometric bifurcation
Authors: VAYNBLAT DIMITRI , LISTER JOHN R. , WITELSKI THOMAS P.
Published: July 2002

Long-wavelength models for van der Waals driven rupture of a free thin viscous sheet and
for capillary pinchoff of a viscous fluid thread both give rise to families of first-type similarity
solutions. The scaling exponents in these solutions are independent of the dimensionality of
problem. However, the structure of the similarity solutions exhibits an intriguing geometric
dependence on the dimensionality of the system: van der Waals driven sheet rupture proceeds
symmetrically, whereas thread rupture is inherently asymmetric. To study the bifurcation of
rupture from symmetric to asymmetric forms, we generalize the governing equations with
the dimension serving as a control parameter. The bifurcation is governed by leading-order
inviscid dynamics in which viscous effects are asymptotically small but nevertheless provide
the selection mechanism.
Model of a viscous layer deformation by thermocapillary forces
Authors: PUKHNACHOV V. V.
Published: July 2002

Three-dimensional nonstationary flow of a viscous incompressible liquid is investigated in
a layer, driven by a nonuniform distribution of temperature on its free boundaries. If
the temperature given on the layer boundaries is quadratically dependent on horizontal
coordinates, external mass forces are absent, and the motion starts from rest then the free
boundary problem for the Navier–Stokes equations has an ‘exact’ solution in terms of two
independent variables. Here the free boundaries of the layer remain parallel planes and the
distance between them must be also determined. In present paper, we formulate conditions
for both the unique solvability of the reduced problem globally in time and the collapse of
the solution in finite time. We further study qualitative properties of the solution such as its
behaviour for large time (in the case of global solvability of the problem), and the asymptotics
of the solution near the collapse moment in the opposite case.
On the approximation of the eigenvalues of an
annulus using complex rays
Authors: CHAPMAN S. J.
Published: July 2002

The use of both higher-order amplitude corrections and complex rays to increase the accuracy
of the approximation of the eigenvalues of Helmholtz equation on an annulus is demonstrated.
Trust in the λ-calculus
Authors: ØRBÆK P. , PALSBERG J.
Published: July 2002

This paper introduces trust analysis for higher-order

languages. Trust analysis encourages the

programmer to make explicit the trustworthiness of data, and

in return it can guarantee that

no mistakes with respect to trust will be made at run-time.

We present a confluent λ-calculus

with explicit trust operations, and we equip it with a

trust-type system which has the subject

reduction property. Trust information is presented as

annotations of the underlying Curry

types, and type inference is computable in

O(n3) time.
Red-black trees in a functional setting
Authors: OKASAKI CHRIS
Published: July 2002

Everybody learns about balanced binary search trees in their introductory computer
science classes, but even the stouthearted tremble at the thought of actually
implementing such a beast. The details surrounding rebalancing are usually just too
messy. To show that this need not be the case, we present an algorithm for insertion
into red-black trees (Guibas and Sedgewick, 1978) that any competent programmer
should be able to implement in fifteen minutes or less.
A tutorial on the universality and expressiveness of fold
Authors: HUTTON GRAHAM
Published: July 2002

In functional programming, fold is a standard operator that encapsulates a simple pattern of
recursion for processing lists. This article is a tutorial on two key aspects of the fold operator
for lists. First of all, we emphasize the use of the universal property of fold both as a proof
principle that avoids the need for inductive proofs, and as a definition principle that guides
the transformation of recursive functions into definitions using fold. Secondly, we show that
even though the pattern of recursion encapsulated by fold is simple, in a language with tuples
and functions as first-class values the fold operator has greater expressive power than might
first be expected.
Epilepsy
Authors: Tallis Raymond
Published: July 2002

Only a tiny proportion of the huge epilepsy literature is devoted to elderly people. In recent years, however, this important and under-researched area in geriatric neurology has started to attract the attention it deserves. A small trickle of publications has started to swell and symposia or workshops devoted specifically to older people with seizures are becoming increasingly common.
Unpacking the black box
Authors: Mickelborough Jane
Published: July 2002

There are two black boxes. One is Pandora's, stuff of myth and
legend, and remembered for releasing into the world all its cares and
troubles, leaving only hope behind in the bottom of the box. The other,
more recent and less mythical, is the in-flight recorder, used to
monitor the events in an aircraft's flight, for later analysis in case
of difficulty. Both these boxes have their analogy when we consider the
role and current state of rehabilitation research in physiotherapy.
Research in biomedical gerontology in the Millennium
Authors: O’Mahony M. Sinead
Published: July 2002

In the United Kingdom, the number of people aged 65 years and over increased from 7.4 million (13% of the total population) in 1971 to 9.2 million (16%) in 1996, and is projected to increase further to 14.5 million (24%) by 2061. Because of the strong association between aging and chronic disease, the numbers of people in the United Kingdom suffering from chronic illness and disabilities are projected to increase two to threefold by the middle of the next century. These changes in population age structure are particularly marked in the developing world, such that the greatest increases in both total numbers and proportions of older people will be experienced by Asia, China and Africa.
Care of disabled older people in the community
Authors: Edwards Nia I , Meara Joly
Published: July 2002

With significant demographic changes already apparent amongst the older population, care of elderly people in the community is becoming ever more important. It is predicted that the number of elderly people aged 65 years and over will rise from 8.4 million in 1985 to 9 million by the year 2001. The most significant growth will be found amongst those aged 85 years and over, with a projected rise from 8-13% of the population by the millennium.
The neglected diabetic foot
Authors: Pollard NA
Published: July 2002

As the number of elderly people in society increases then the number of those with diabetes will increase. The prevalence of diabetes varies both geographically and between different ethnic groups. The large population study NHANES 2 in the USA showed rates of 9.3% and 8.4% for diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, respectively, in those aged 66-74 years. These figures have been roughly corroborated, using similar diagnostic criteria, in a more recent population-based study in Italy (10% and 5% respectively). Although known risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) such as family history, obesity and central distribution of fat are important in the elderly, aging itself seems to be a stronger risk factor.
The theoretical implications and practical applications of follicular Doppler
Authors: Bhal PS , Shaw RW
Published: July 2002

Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive method of investigating patterns of blood flow and its changes in the human circulatory system. Its use in the assessment of vascular disease is well established. Its application in gynaecology was first documented over a decade ago.