bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ice‐marginal debris‐flow deposits in western Allgau, southern West Germany
Authors: JONG MAT G.G. DE , RAPPOL MARTIN
Published: July 2010

Ice‐marginal debris‐flow deposits (comparable to deposits elsewhere described as flow tills) are described from glacier‐proximal sediments in an Alpine foreland area. Debris‐flow deposits are characteristically interstratified with subaeric or subaquatie meltwater deposits, and occur in a wide variety of geomorpho‐logical settings. The granulomctric composition of debris‐flow deposits is more variable than that of subglacial tills. Within‐flow variability may occur as a result of the formation of graded bedding, lateral as well as vertical. Clast fabrics show both random and preferred orientations; unequivocal interpretation of these is not possible. Debris‐flow deposits are composed of material derived from various sources: sources from subglaeially‐derived debris as well as from previously deposited tills and walerlain sediments can be demonstrated.
Microfossils from the Cambrian to the Recent
Authors: ALHONEN PENTTI
Published: July 2010

Books reviewed in this article:

Bate, R. H., Robinson. E. & Shcppard, L. M. (eds.) 1982: Fossil and Recent Ostracods.

Neale, J. W. & Brasicr, M. D. (cds.) 1981: Microfossils from Recent and Fossil Shelf Seas.
A model for Scottish interstadial marine palaeotemperature 13,000 to 11,000 B.P.
Authors: PEACOCK JAMES D.
Published: July 2010

From a study of molluscan assemblages it is suggested that sea temperatures, particularly in the period 12,500 to 12,000 B.P., were 3°C lower than they are today for all but surface waters, implying that the interstadial North Atlantic Drift was weaker than the present Drift where it extends into the Norwegian Sea. An early interstadial ‘warm’ event may relate to a period when temperatures in the Bay of Biscay exceeded those of the present day. A later ‘warm’ episode may correlate with the warmest part of the interstadial deduced from the deep sea succession west of Ireland.
Amino acid ratios in Quaternary molluscs and foraminifera from western Norway: correlation, geochronology and paleotemperature estimates
Authors: MILLER GIFFORD H. , SEJRUP HANS PETTER , MANGERUD JAN , ANDERSEN BJØRN G.
Published: July 2010

Isoleucine epimerization (alle/Ue) ratios in the pelecypod Mya truncata and benthic foraminifer Cibicides lobalulus from emerged marine units in western Norway allow construction of a regional relative chronostratigraphy for the Ecmian and Weichselian. Two in situ interglacial sections are considered correlative by the similar biostratigraphy and alle/Ile ratios in C. lobalulus. Overlying sediments at the two sites are of both marine and glacial origin. Neither site contains a complete Weichselian record, but allelic ratios, lithostratigraphy and fauna! changes suggest at least four stadial and three interstadial events occurred along the western Norwegian coast during Early and Middle Weichselian time. Kinetic data defining the relationship between the isoleucine epimerization rate constant and temperature for the species studied allow the estimation of paleotemperatures for samples of known age. Accepting published age estimates for the Eemian interglacial beds, the average Weichselian temperature in western Norway is calculated to have been ca. 4°C below the average Holocene temperature, whereas the last interglacial was 1 to 2°C warmer that the Holocene. The limited temperature depression over this region during the Weichselian implies that coastal western Norway was ice‐covered only about 30% of this period, and that Atlantic water, although not necessarily in a warm surface current as today, entered the Norwegian Sea during much of marine isotope stage 5 and intermittently during stage 3. Interpolated amino acid ages date interstadial events at ca. 94 ka, 78 ka and 52 ka, B.P., whereas glacial events are dated ca. 103 ka and bracketed by limiting dates between 78 and 89 ka, between 52 and 63 ka and less than 36 ka B.P.
Geomorphology of the Ablation Point massif, Alexander Island, Antarctica
Authors: CLAPPERTON CHALMERS M. , SUGDEN DAVID E.
Published: July 2010

A coloured geomorphological map at the approximate scale of 1:50,000 is presented for the Ablation Point massif area. The main gcomorphological features have been described, such as ice and snow cover, glacial landforms and deposits (and chronology), ice marginal lakes, melt pools, gelifluction landforms and patterned ground and valley‐slope landforms. The area is thought to be a good analogue for glacial‐age maritime northwest Europe.
Quaternary stratigraphy in the northern North Sea
Authors: SKINNER ALISTER C. , GREGORY DIANE M.
Published: July 2010

Core recovered from IGS Borehole 78/9 is described and suhsamples have been examined for geotechnical properties, palaeomagnelic events and microfauna content. It was hoped that this approach would provide a Quaternary stratigraphy for the area by assuming that significant geological events correlate with simultaneous changes in the lithology, gcotechnical properties, geomagnetic polarity and climatic regime. The magnetic reversals observed were linked to the existing palaeomagnelic time scale and stratigraphic ages assigned to the various units obtained on a ‘best fit’ to this time scale. The stratigraphic succession and geological history deduced for the borehole are compatible with other borehole and vibrocore data available from the area.
Composition and formation of laminated sediments in Diss Mere, Norfolk, England
Authors: PEGLAR SYLVIA M. , FRITZ SHERILYN C. , ALAPIETI TUOMO , SAARNISTO MATTI , BIRKS H. JOHN B.
Published: July 2010

The chemical and biological composition of laminated lake‐sediments deposited between about 2,500 and 5,500 years B.P. in Diss Mere, Norfolk, England is described. The distribution of Ca, Fe, S, and Si in pale and dark laminae is established by energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis. The pale laminae consist primarily of calcium carbonate and the dark layers contain mainly Fe, S, Si, and dark organic material. The diatom composition of 16 individual light and dark laminae shows no consistent differences between light and dark layers. There are, however, higher frequencies of chrysophycean cysts in seven of the eight dark layers, suggesting these layers were deposited in late summer or fall. Pollen analyses of the pale and dark layers show that pollen percentages of early‐flowering trees and shrubs are highest in the dark laminae and that pollen values of late‐flowering plants are highest in the pale layers. The biological data indicate that the pale layers were formed in the late spring and early summer, whereas the dark laminae were deposited in late summer, fall, winter, and the early spring. Seasonal supply of CaCO3 was the major variable responsible for couplet formation.
A Late Weichselian find of polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) from Denmark and reflections on the paleoenvironment
Authors: AARIS‐SØRENSEN KIM , PETERSEN KAJ STRAND
Published: July 2010

The mandible of a polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) found in about 1920 at Kjul Å, North Jutland, and described by Nordmann & Degerbol in 1930. has been l4C dated to 11.100 ± 160 B.P. It is so far the only find of polar bear in Denmark. Comparison with recent 14C datings of Swedish and Norwegian polar bears shows that the Danish specimen was a member of a southern Scandinavian Late Weichselian population. The contemporaneous Zirphaeu sea deposits can be regarded as the boreal‐arctic shallow water equivalent of the arctic Upper Saxicava sand deposits from northern Jutland. The polar bear mandible, however, was deposited on land, as was the metacarpal bone of a brown bear (Ursus arctos) from the nearby Nr. Lyngby locality of Allerød age. The overall picture of the Late Weichselian mammal fauna in Denmark shows a mixed composition of different ecotypes. Their sympatric occurrence points at a unique environment not comparable to any now existing, and probably related to the very low latitude of the Weichselian ice sheet.
Analysis of kames for palaeogeographical reconstructions
Authors: KLAJNERT ZBIGNIEW
Published: July 2010

A well‐pronounced order in the vertical and horizontal arrangement of sediments was observed in the kames ridges occurring within the compass of the Middle Polish (Riss) glaciation on the Lódź Upland in Central Poland. The order was also noticed in the distribution of the kamc sediments and in the directions of dips of layers. Palaeogeographical conclusions could be drawn concerning the mechanism of waning of the dead‐ice cover, the directions of outflow of the ablation waters, the relief of surface underlying the glacier and its influence upon the present‐day relief. Analysis of the Pleistocene kames brings new elements into the discussion on the course and extension of postglacial, mainly periglacial, denudation of the kamc landscape.
Modern and Holocene foraminifera and sediments on the continental shelf off Troms, North Norway
Authors: HALD MORTEN , VORREN TORE O.
Published: July 2010

Based on studies of gravity cores from two transverse troughs on the shelf and earlier investigations, the surface sediments are divided into three main facies: bouldery and pebbly sand on the banks and the shelf break; sand on the flanks and outer parts of the troughs and sandy mud in the inner parts of the troughs. Besides a depth control, the distribution must have been influenced by relatively rapidly moving bottom currents in the outer parts of the troughs. The distribution and composition of the modern benthic foraminiferal fauna (e.g.C. lobatulus/T. angulosain the outer reaches andC. obtusalBolivinaspp. in the inner reaches) is mainly controlled by the bottom current regime and sediments. The planktic fauna dominated byN. pachyderma(R) correlates well with the winter surface temperatures. The stratigraphi‐cal analysis shows that the 10,000–9,600 years B.P. period experienced high rates of deposition probably due to meltwater runoff from the continental ice sheet. At ca. 9,700 B.P. a minimum in the production ofN. pachyderma(R) indicates a temporary cooling of the surface water. During the 9,600–7,800 B.P. period the rate of deposition was reduced. At the end of this period the foraminiferal fauna changed towards one like the modern fauna, reflecting improving ecological conditions. At ca. 7,800 B.P. the sediments became coarser due to reduced input of detrital sediments and an increased production of sand‐sized biogenic material. Since then the shelf environment has been fairly stable up to the present time.
Holocene shore displacement and shorelines in Hordaland, western Norway
Authors: KALAND PETER EMIL
Published: July 2010

A new shore displacement curve from Fonnes, ca. 50 km NW of Bergen, and a revised curve from Bømlo, ca. 80 km S of Bergen, are presented, based on pollen and phytoplankton analysis of organic sediments in present and ancient lake basins. The transitions between marine and lacustrine sediments have been radiocarbon‐dated. The Fonnes and Bømlo curves are closely related and show a rapid regression between 10,000 and 8,700 years B.P., from 30 m above sea level to ca. 4 m above sea level. A transgression took place between 8,500 and 7,200 years B.P. when the shore level rose to ca. 11 m above sea level. Between 7,200 and 6,000 years B.P. the shore level was almost constant, before a slow regression took place. The earlier interpretation of the Tapes transgression including two shore level oscillations at Bømlo is rejected. A method is presented for constructing an equidistant shoreline diagram on the basis of three radiocarbon‐dated shore displacement curves from three areas arranged in a triangle (Fonnes, Sotra, Ostereidet). When followed along the projection plane, a working model of the shore displacement curve from Fonnes and an approximation of the change in shoreline gradient during the Holocene indicate that the transgression maximum is metachronous.
Pleistocene paleoecology of the Don and Scarborough Formations, Toronto, Canada, based on cladoceran microfossils at the Don Valley Brickyard
Authors: HANN BRENDA J. , KARROW PAUL F.
Published: July 2010

Cladoceran microfossil evidence has confirmed that a disjunction in environmental conditions existed during deposition of the Don and Scarborough Formations in Toronto, Ontario. Although mean annual temperatures were distinctly warmer during the Don interval than in the Scarborough, they were probably similar to the present‐day regime. The cladoceran community was almost exclusively composed of littoral species throughout the sequence, suggesting that the deposition site was a shallow‐water lentic habitat. Chydorid cladoceran species richness in the Don Formation averaged four times that in the Scarborough. Past community structure, water depth, and trophic state changes at the site were reconstructed from the proportions of littoral to planktic species, the proportions of sediment‐ to vegetation‐preferring chydorids, and the species diversity and equitability.
Lithology and palynology of Weichselian alluvial fan deposits near Eerbeek, The Netherlands
Authors: MEER JAAP J. M. VAN DER , SLOTBOOM RUUD T. , VIRES‐BRUYNSTEEN IRENE M. E. DE
Published: July 2010

In a sandpit in an alluvial fan in the central Netherlands, four interstadials could be recognized. The upper two are 14C‐dated and assigned to Hengelo and Moershoofd, while the lower two belong to either Odderade or Brorup. Lithological evidence suggested the existence of two zones indicative of permafrost separated by a zone in which running water was more important. The lower permafrost zone was found to be situated between the Moershoofd and Odderade interstadials, the younger zone to belong to the Upper Pleniglacial.
Late Quaternary glaciation and environmental change on St. Kilda, Scotland, and their palaeoclimatic significance
Authors: SUTHERLAND DONALD G. , BALLANTYNE COLIN K. , WALKER MICHAEL J. C.
Published: July 2010

On Hirta, the largest island of the St. Kilda archipelago near the western edge of the Scottish continental shelf, evidence has been found for four cold periods and one intervening mild period. During the most recent cold period (the Loch Lomond Stadial), two protalus ramparts were formed. Prior to this there occurred two periods of valley glaciation separated by a mild interval during which the local vegetation was dominated by grasses and sedges. For the most recent valley glaciation (= Late Devensian glacial maximum) a mean July temperature of 4°C is inferred. At this time intensive periglacial processes were operative down to present sea level. At some earlier, pre‐Dcvensian, time St. Kilda was invaded by the Scottish ice sheet.
The status of the ‘Little Ice Age’ in southern Norway: relative‐age dating of Neoglacial moraines with Schmidt hammer and lichenometry
Authors: MATTHEWS JOHN A. , SHAKESBY RICHARD A.
Published: July 2010

A Schmidt hammer was used in conjunction with lichenometry to examine the relative age of the outermost Neoglacial moraines in front of glaciers in the Jotunheimen mountains of southern Norway. Particular attention was directed at (1) the magnitude of the ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier expansion episode relative to any others of Neoglacial age, and (2) the potential and limitations of the Schmidt hammer in the context of Holocene glacial chronologies. Schmidt hammer R‐values were measured at 34 glaciers and the sizes of the lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum agg. at 80 glaciers. Unusually low R‐values and large lichens suggest the occurrence of pre‐ ‘Little lee Age’ Neoglacial moraines at only a small minority (< 10 %) of the sampled glaciers. The traditional model of relatively large southern Norwegian glaciers during the ‘Little Ice Age’ is substantiated and it is tentatively suggested that differences in climate or glacier type may account for a regional difference in the status of the ‘Little Ice Age’ between northern and southern Scandinavia. The incorporation of weathered boulders into ‘Little Ice Age’ moraines by glacier push mechanisms, and the altitudinally‐related variation in boulder surface textures, are identified as major sources of potential error in the use of the Schmidt hammer R‐values for relative‐age determination of Neoglacial surfaces.
The origin of the glacio‐dynamic structure of the Bride Moraine, Isle of Man
Authors: THOMAS GEOFFREY S. P.
Published: July 2010

In general terms the form of the Bride Moraine, its internal structure, and part of its stratigraphy result from a minor ice‐sheet readvance during a late stage of the Devensian deglaciation of the Irish Sea basin. Four major structural styles are identified and are related to four structural zones that run parallel to the crest of the ice‐thrust ridge. The structures result from the development of differential permafrost in a sequence of highly contrasting lithologies and the consequent generation of high pore‐water pressures during ice‐marginal loading. This caused mobilisation of water‐saturated clays in the sequence and the development of large‐scale diapiric structure in the core of the moraine and low‐angles overthrust faulting on the flanks.
The Dimlington Stadial/Dimlington Chronozone: a proposal for naming the main glacial episode of the Late Devensian in Britain
Authors: ROSE JAMES
Published: July 2010

The term Dimlington Stadial is proposed as a climatostratigraphic name fer the main glacial episode of the Late Devensian in Britain, in preference to stratigraphically unsatisfactory terms, such as Late Devensian Glaciation (which includes the Windermere Interstadial and the Loch Lomond Stadial), icesheet glaciation or maximum of ice expansion, that are currently in use. The name is selected from a site on the East Yorkshire coast and refers to the interval between 26,000 and 13,000 radiocarbon years B.P. Dimlington Chronozone is the formal chronostratigraphic term for the equivalent period of time, and comprises the main part of the Late Devensian Sub‐stage.
Thermoluminescence dating of Dimlington Stadial deposits in eastern England
Authors: WINTLE ANN G. , CATT JOHN A.
Published: July 2010

The loess component of a solifluction deposit of the Dimlington Stadial exposed at the inland site of Eppleworth in eastern England gave a thermoluminescence date of 17.5 ± 1.6 × 103 years. The solifluction deposit is overlain by a slightly weathered till correlated with the Skipsea Till of coastal exposures. which lies between organic horizons with radiocarbon dates of 18,500–18,240 B.P. and 13,045 B.P. Although the till must have been deposited during the Dimlington Stadial (after 18,240 B.P. at Dimlington and after 17,500 B.P. at Epplcworth), it gave apparent TL dates of 42.1 ± 3.6 × 103 years at Eppleworth and 102 ± 9 × 103 years at Dimlington, indicating that the components of the till were not exposed to light immediately before deposition.
Surging of the southwestern part of the Laurentide Ice Sheet
Authors: CLAYTON LEE , TELLER JAMES T. , ATTIG JOHN W.
Published: July 2010

The southwestern part of the Laurentidc Ice Sheet, in central North America, repeatedly surged during the last part of the Wisconsin Glaciation. Evidence includes the extreme lobation of the ice margin, the gentle slopes of lateral moraines and other marginal features, a radiocarbon chronology indicating extremely rapid marginal advance and retreat, and the abundance of supraglacial flow till. Rapid ice movement was caused by subglacial water and was probably limited to areas of slowly permeable substrate, which slowed the escape of the water.
A symposium on dating methods covering the period 15–130 ka before the present
Authors: MANGERUD JAN
Published: July 2010

A Nordic symposium, with several invited speakers from other countries, was held in Lund, Sweden, in February 1985. The aim was to evaluate dating methods that could be used within the project ‘Late Quaternary stratigraphy in Norden’. Some of the conclusions were: A more optimistic view was expressed about uranium‐series dating of molluscs. The radiocarbon method offers a potential for some samples of an age up to 40–50 ka. Thermoluminescence dating is now established as an important method for some sediments of Late Quaternary age. Aminoacid analysis is used with success to establish a relative chronology on carbonate fossils.
The compressibility of sediments and its importance on Flandrian Fenland deposits
Authors: SMITH MICHAEL V.
Published: July 2010

In the Flandrian Fenland sediments of the Nar Valley, Norfolk, an upper clay and thick upper peat overlie lower clay and lower peat units thinning eastwards up the valley. Lithostratigraphic and altitudinal variations in less than thirty metres led to the application of a soil mechanics technique, the oedometer test, to the sediment units in order to estimate amounts of compression and corrections for the altitudinal displacements. The principles and assumptions behind the oedometer test are reviewed and results from compression tests on Flandrian Fenland deposits in the Nar Valley discussed in relation to interpretation of stratigraphic data, especially in terms of reconstruction of former sea levels. Limitations of the technique, particularly with reference to peats, are discussed.
Compositional variability of Saalian till in The Netherlands and its origin
Authors: RAPPOL MARTIN , STOLTENBERG HENK M. P.
Published: July 2010

Variations in composition between and within Saalian till types of The Netherlands are demonstrated with reference to grain‐size distribution, fine‐gravel petrography and heavy‐mineral composition. Several factors explain different aspects of the compositional variations. Firstly, a compositional layering results from differences in the amount of local material that has been assimilated in successive till hands. Secondly, a petrographic stratification is present in the erratic components, which is most strikingly expressed by the occurrence of flint‐poor till overlying till rich in flints. This feature is interpreted to have been inherited from an englacial debris stratification which is related to the distribution of source rock types in the up‐glacier area. Finally, a predominantly lateral variation in till composition is present, reflected best in the assemblages of the indicator pebbles, resulting from deposition by ice streams of different source and direction of flow.
Palaeoclimate modeling
Authors: ERONEN MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Cihazi, A. (ed.) 1983: Palaeoclimatic Research and Models. Report and Proceedings of the Workshop held in Brussels.
The geomorphology and stratigraphy of the Lizard Loess in south Cornwall, England
Authors: ROBERTS MICHAEL C.
Published: July 2010

The Quaternary deposits of south Cornwall are described with an emphasis placed on the loess component. A formal lithostratigraphic name – the Lizard Loess – is proposed for the loess formation with a holostratotype designated from the Lizard Peninsula. Two environments of loess deposition are distinguished on the basis of geomorphic position and degree of solifluction activity.
Quaternary research in the United States
Authors: HYVÄRINEN HANNU
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Wright. H. E., Jr. (ed.) 1983: Late‐Quaternary Environments of the United States. Vol. 1 The Late Pleistocene, edited by Stephen C. Porter.
Progress in Quaternary studies
Authors: TOLONEN KIMMO
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Bowen. D. O. (ed.) 1954: Quaternary Science Reviews
Unravelling the evidence of climatic change
Authors: HICKS SHEILA
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Mörner, N‐A. & Karlén, W. (eds.) 1984: Climatic Changes on a Yearly to Millennial Basis.
Inventory of deformational structures as a tool for unravelling the Quaternary geology of glaciated areas
Authors: BRODZIKOWSKI KRZYSZTOF , LOON ANTONIUS J. VAN
Published: July 2010

Glaciated areas often show strongly deformed deposits which are difficult to correlate. It may he possible, however, to analyse the relative frequency and nature of sedimentary and glacitectonic deformations in isolated exposures. Their comparison may provide a differentiation of stratigraphic and structural units with identical properties. Such an analysis has been carried out in a small Polish area (the Jaroszów Zone) where the Quaternary and part of the Tertiary sediments show a chaotic character, due to a variety of deformational processes. Deformations took place syndepositionally, metadepositionally and postdepositionally. It appears that the deformation was more or less continuous, but nevertheless some stages with more intensive deformational activity occurred. This resulted in two levels (called structural floors) that represent intervals in which the main type of deformation changed: the lowermost sedimentary unit is characterized by glacitectonic and glacidynamic structures, the middle unit by largescale load casts and associated structures, whereas the top part shows a high frequency of smallscale syn‐ and metasedimentary deformations. This analysis enabled the unravelling of the sedimentary and deformational history of the area; a similar approach might be applicable to other Quaternary areas that have been strongly deformed as a result of glaciations.
The Holocene fossil marine macrofauna of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica
Authors: PICKARD JOHN
Published: July 2010

The Holocene (< 10,000 years old) fossil marine macrofauna (molluscs, polychaetes, mammals and birds) of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica (68°30'S, 78°00'E) is described. All species are extant, with circumantarctic or wider distributions and wide depth ranges. At Heidemann Bay, Pleistocene‐age (> 30 ky old) shell fragments occur in a Holocene moraine. These are interpreted as being glacially reworked fossil shells. Holocene benthic estuarine and coastal molluses and serpulid worm tubes are abundant on the flanks of terraces above saline and hypersaline lakes. Extensive radiocarbon dating gives a chronology of these deposits which were not synchronous. Mummies of seals and penguins, which are concentrated on the shores of the saline lakes and scattered across the Hills, are of no use in dating geomorphological events. Marine fossils in moraines are difficult to interpret because they can be glacially‐transported live or fossil shells, or deposited after wind transport. The fossil fauna has such a wide ecological range that it indicates only in general terms that for part of the Pleistocene and most of the Holocene, climatic conditions were broadly similar to the present.
The development and succession of taxa within the diatom genus Fragilaria Lyngbye as a response to basin isolation from the sea
Authors: STABELL BJØRG
Published: July 2010

Thirteen lake basins isolated during the Late Weichselian and Holocene are studied. The lakes are situated in two study areas, one on the west coast and one on the south coast of Norway. The diatom, genus Fragilaria shows a predominance in sediments deposited around the isolation independent of when the basins were isolated. The highest percentages may occur before, during or after the actual isolation from the sea based on diatom taxa other than Fragilaria spp. Predominance of Fragilaria spp. seems to develop in accordance with the local environment and more or less independently of the regional differences. The large Fragilaria abundances might be caused by the same effect as in recently deglaciated basins situated above marine limit in Late Weichselian, mainly dependent on the nutrient supply.

A diatom analytical study has been made of eight lakes in Hordaland, western Norway and five lakes in Telemark, southern Norway, to investigate their changing environment during isolation from the sea. These lakes have been isolated at different ages, spanning from BØlling in Late Weichselian to Subatlantic in Holocene. The aim of the investigation was to determine whether regional differences or differences in time of isolation would affect the general trend in the development of such basins. The rate of the isolations is more rapid in Late Weichselian and Preboreal than in the remaining Holocene. The pH‐values and trophic status indicate a development from nutrient rich (alkaline and eutrophic) to nutrient poor (acid and oligotrophic) conditions, regardless of geographical position.

Large abundances of Fragilaria spp. occur around the isolations. Peaks in Fragilaria spp. may occur before, during or after the isolation from the sea. Therefore Fragilaria taxa are not good isolation indicators for detailed stratigraphic investigations. It is evident that a predominance of Fragilaria spp. may occur in any chronozone. In the two areas investigated there is a tendency for F. construens to reach its highest frequency values in basins isolated between 10,000 and 8,000 years B.P.

Large abundances of F. pinnata are not restricted to specific chronozones and the species appear to have a wide salinity range. F. virescens var. subsalina is also present from BØlling to the Subatlantic chronozone and indicates a preference for saline water. It seems plausible that the large abundances of Fragilaria spp. around the isolation levels are mainly caused by the same effect as in recently deglaciated basins above the marine limit in Late Weichselian and seems to be dependent on the nutrient supply. The predominance of Fragilaria spp. seems to develop according to the local ecology of the separate basins more or less independently of the regional differences.
Formation of a string and pool topography as expressed by morphology, stratigraphy and current processes on a mire in Kuusamo, Finland
Authors: SEPPÄLÄ MATTI , KOUTANIEMI LEO
Published: July 2010

A review is made of earlier work and theories on a formation of string mires, together with a report on detailed investigations carried out over seven years on a small string (aapa) mire in eastern Finland, to determine the applicability of earlier hypotheses on the explanation of string and pool patterning. Attention is paid to the topography of the surface and bottom of the mire and to the peat and pollen stratigraphy. Results are presented of year‐round temperature measurements and long sequences of snow and frost depth readings from both pools and strings. Snow depth is shown to be a decisive factor in ground frost formation. The strings are shown by a series of repeated Geodimeter measurements to move partly upslope, partly downslope and partly in a sideways direction. The maximum cumulative movement recorded was about 1 m in seven years. Some of the pools remained unfrozen even in midwinter because of groundwater flow. Uneven retention and discharge of the surface water causes the strings to be in a labile state and promotes their movement. The initial formation of the string and pool topography is dated to 2,000–3,000 radiocarbon years B.P. and attributed to a rise in the groundwater table due to climatic change. The resulting fluviodynamics of the mire surface led to the accumulation of loose material into ramparts at the spring flood season and led in time to differential peat formation conditions, progressive peat accumulation on the strings, and regressive peat degradation in the pools. Thus the strings became higher and the pools deeper. The authors believe the importance of frost action, ice expansion and solifluction on the development of string and pool patterns is frequently overestimated.
Middle Pleistocene glacial and glaciomarine sedimentation in the west central North Sea
Authors: STOKER MARTYN S. , BENT ALISTAIR
Published: July 2010

A sequence of Middle Pleistocene (approximately early ‘Cromerian Complex’) sediments has been subdivided into subglacial, proximal glaciomarine, distal glaciomarine and marine facies. The subglacial facies represents lodgement till deposited during the final stages of ice‐sheet advance. At the onset of ice‐sheet retreat, streams deposited their load into a shallow‐water; glaciomarine environment; gravelly sediments immediately in front of the ice‐grounding line and finer material, in suspension, to more distal areas. Ice‐rafting, slumping and traction currents were also active within the glaciomarine environment. The lithofacies characteristics of this sequence are consistent with deposition from a grounded tidewater ice‐sheet. The glacigenic succession is restricted to the Forth Approaches area, which implies that the ice‐sheet had a limited offshore extent.
Age, origin and development of blanket mires in Sør‐Trøndelag, Central Norway
Authors: SOLEM THYRA
Published: July 2010

Pollen analysis, 14C datings and peat stratigraphy from blanket mires overlying two of the six drumlins in the Momyr area NW of the Trondheimsfjord in Sør‐Trøndelag county are presented in order to trace the peat development and vegetational history. 14C datings of the mineral soil/peat transition in 9 of the II profiles indicate that peat formation started about 7,800 years ago on the drumlin plateaux which at that time had a vegetation of scattered birch trees. From the plateaux the peat formation spread slowly down the slopes. Eventually, the mire surface bore a cover of pines which disappeared about 4,900 years ago, at the same time as peat formation commenced at the foot of the drumlins. This was probably a result of a change in the water table and onset of erosion in the already existing peat on the drumlin plateaux. During a period of about 1,000 years this new peat buried a dense birch vegetation existing at the lower part of the drumlins. Peat growth then spread upslope, and the drumlins' overall blanket of peat was completed well before the Subatlantic chronozone.
Nature and palaeoenvironmental significance of a buried soil sequence from Magilligan Foreland, Northern Ireland
Authors: WILSON PETER , BATEMAN RICHARD M.
Published: July 2010

Soil horizons delimit three periods of sand deposition and subsequent topographic stability at Magilligan Foreland, Co. Londonderry. All the deposits are composed of texturally and mineralogically similar material. The earliest topography is a beach ridge plain; podzols cap the ridges and peats occur in the inter‐ridge depressions, together comprising a buried palaeocatena. The podzols are visually distinct but chemically and mineralogically immature. Peat and podzol genesis probably began between 3,000 and 2,500 years B.P., and were terminated between c. 1,100 years B.P. and c. 600 years B.P. by burial under an extensive layer of aeolian sand. This sand was eroded to a planar surface before developing a sand‐pararendzina, which represents a second period of surface stability. The third deposit, a discontinuous dune sand, is presently also developing a sand‐pararendzina. Difficulties of using 14C dates to erect absolute chronologies are discussed.
Glacial tectonics and deposition of stratified drift during formation of tills beneath an active glacier – examples from Skåne, southern Sweden
Authors: ÅMARK MAX
Published: July 2010

Åmark, Max 1986 06 01: Glacial tectonics and deposition of stratified drift during formation of tills beneath an active glacier – examples from Skåne, southern Sweden. Boreas, Vol. 15, pp. 155–171. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Three exposures in till have been investigated in Skåne, southern Sweden. The tills were deposited at the base of an active glacier, and are largely made up of subglacially deposited stratified drift. Deformation of the till took place syndepositionally, resulting in high‐angle fractures, clastic dikes, shear planes and folds, and in irregular deformational structures. The stratified drift was transformed into a more or less diamicton‐like material by the deformation. The orientation of clasts was influenced by the action of the subglacial meltwater and the shearing from the overriding glacier. The tills accumulated at most 100 km inside the margin of the receding glacier.
The pre‐Landnám fauna of Iceland: a palaeontological contribution
Authors: BUCKLAND PAUL C. , PERRY DAVID W. , GISLASON GÍSLI M. , DUGMORE ANDREW J.
Published: July 2010

The origins of the Icelandic biota are discussed with particular reference to recent work on Coleopteran (beetle) and Trichopteran (caddis fly) fossils from deposits which are earlier than the arrival of man (Landnám) in the country. The hypothesis of survival through Pleistocene glaciations inrefugiais discounted in favour of immigration on ice floes during Late Glacial/Early Holocene deglaciation. Consideration of the nature of the insect fauna and the extent of Late Glacial ice sheets, with the evidence from ocean circulation patterns, suggests a source area in the fjords of south‐west Norway. The model is applicable to the origins of the biota on all the North Atlantic islands, east of the Davis Strait.
Dinoflagellate cysts in Upper Quaternary sediments from southwestern Norway and potential correlations with the oceanic record
Authors: BAKKEN KNUT , DALE BARRIE
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐two samples from two locations at the Foss‐Eigeland clay and gravel pit, Jæren, southwestern Norway were analysed for dinoflagellate cysts. Cyst recovery was generally poor and cyst assemblages indicate a cold temperate to arctic glacimarine environment. The percentage composition of a total of 19 cyst species identified allowed the recognition of five assemblage zones. These are thought to reflect fluctuating minor climatic changes during an interstadial period preceding the last glacial advance in the region. Cyst assemblages from these supposedly Middle Weichselian sediments at Foss‐Eigeland are similar to those found in the northern North Sea and the Norwegian Sea in probably similarly aged sediments. This suggests a potential for using dinoflagellate cysts to correlate land‐based Quaternary sequences with the deep sea record.
Relative sea‐level change in the Beauly Firth, Scotland
Authors: HAGGART B. ANDREW
Published: July 2010

Relative sea‐level changes in the Beauly Firth have been inferred from stratigraphy, pollen and diatom analyses and by radiocarbon dating of former coastal reedswamp deposits. Using lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic arguments for establishing the changes in coastal environment at the site, a preliminary scheme of positive and negative tendencies of sea‐level is produced. This may be related to changes in relative sea‐level. Two periods of falling relative sea‐level have been identified: (1) between c. 9,600 B.P. and c. 8,800 B.P. and (2) post c. 6,400 B.P. The period of rising relative sea‐level between c. 8,800 B.P. and c. 6,400 B.P. was interrupted briefly by a possible storm surge event which took place between c. 7,200 B.P. and c. 7,300 B.P.
A mountain icefield of Loch Lomond Stadial age, western Grampians, Scotland
Authors: THORP PETER W.
Published: July 2010

The extent of a large mountain icefield that existed in the western Grampians during the Loch Lomond stade has been mapped. The main types of evidence used in establishing the limits comprise moraines, thick drift, fluvioglacial landforms, erratics, ice‐smoothed bedrock, striae, friction cracks and relict periglacial forms. Trimlines on 198 spurs, and various forms of glacial and periglacial evidence on 73 cols and in c. 200 cirques, enable the upper limits and morphology of the icefield to be reconstructed. Abundant striae and friction cracks in many areas enable ice‐flow directions and the surface form of the icefield to be inferred in some detail. The icefield had ice‐shed altitudes of c. 750 m, a maximum width of 80 km and an area over 2,000 km2. At least 60 nunataks stood above the icefield, and on its western side outlet glaciers reached the sea and flowed for as much as 28 km along major tidal water lochs.
The research front in Arctic Quaternary geology
Authors: HJORT CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Andrews, J. T. (ed.) 1985. Quaternary Environments: Eastern Canadian Arctic, Baffin Bay and Western Greenland
Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of late Quaternary Arctic sediments
Authors: GARD GUNILLA
Published: July 2010

Calcareous nannofossil assemblages of late Quaternary age have been investigated in short sediment cores from the eastern Arctic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea. The ages estimated in these cores are mainly based on calibration with northern North Atlantic reference material, where the first appearance of Emiliania huxleyi occurs in oxygen isotope stage 8 at 264,000 years B.P., and its sharp increase in relative abundance occurs in oxygen isotope stage 4 at 61,000 years B.P. Minor amounts of reworked Cretaceous and Tertiary specimens are present throughout the cores. Intervals where nannofossils occur in abundance represent warmer interstadial or interglacial conditions, whereas barren intervals represent glacial conditions. Holocene open water conditions are recognized by high frequencies of Coccolithus pelagicus. Sediment accumulation rates show considerable variation and range between 1 and 13 cm/ka.
Stratigraphy of eolian deposits in Wolin Island and the surrounding area, North‐West Poland
Authors: BORÓWKA RYSZARD K. , GONERA PRZEMYSLAW , KOSTRZEWSKI ANDRZEJ , NOWACZYK BOLESAW , ZWOLIŃSKI ZBIGNIEW
Published: July 2010

Dunes and eolian cover sands play an important role in the morphology of Wolin Island and the surrounding area. From radiocarbon dates, palynological data, archaeological evidence and the study of Swedish maps from 1694, it can be inferred that the above forms accumulated in the Late Vistulian (Older Dryas and Younger Dryas) and Holocene periods, mostly in the Subboreal and Sub‐Atlantic periods. The development of eolian processes was due to climatic conditions during the Late Vistulian as well as the Holocene human involvement in the environment of dune‐covered areas and the absence of a vegetation cover on sand spits emerging successively from the sea.
An international drumlin bibliography
Authors: DROZDOWSKI EUGENIUSZ
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Menzies. J. 1984: Drumlins: a Bibliography
Three frost wedge casts from Jutland (Denmark) and TL dating of their infill
Authors: KOLSTRUP ELSE , MEJDAHL VAGN
Published: July 2010

Excavations for an oil pipeline in western Jutland provided the opportunity to study geological features in the trenches. Among these were ice wedge casts, composite wedge casts, and wedges with primary infilling of eolian sand. In this paper the characteristics of three wedges with a high proportion of primary infill of eolian sand are described in some detail. Thermoluminescence (TL) dating was made on the eolian sand using 0.1–0.3 mm grains of quartz and potassium feldspar. The TL ages are: 39,000 ± 5,000, 24,000 ± 3,000, and 17,000 ± 3,000 years B.P. These ages are discussed and compared with indirect datings. Palaeoenvironmental conditions at the time of maximum cold during the upper part of the Weichselian are briefly considered.
A pollen record from the Agassiz Ice Cap, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada
Authors: BOURGEOIS JOCELYNE C.
Published: July 2010

A continuous pollen record from the last glacial period to 100 B.P. was obtained from an ice core drilled in 1977 near the top of the Agassiz Ice Cap. Pollen concentrations are low (c. 15–173 grains/100 I) through‐out the core and exotic pollen grains (from distant sources) dominate over regional pollen grains (from Ellesmere Island). The very low concentrations during the Wisconsinan glacial period and the early Holocene are attributed to the increased distance of potential sources as most of northern North America was ice‐covered or supported tundra vegetation. An increase of exotic grains (mainly birch and alder) atc. 7,600 B.P. corresponds to the period of alder migration into the Low Arctic regions. The subsequent fluctuations of exotic pollen, especially the increase atc. 3,100 B.P., are unexplained at present. Regional pollen concentrations start to increase atc. 6,100 B.P. and a maximum concentration is reached atc. 3,100 B.P. The pollen record suggests that plant migration into northern Ellesmere was limited until 6,100 B.P., then increased gradually and continued to do so for about 1,000 years after the climate had started to deteriorate at about 4,000 B.P.
Thermoluminescence dating of sediments from Oulainen and Vimpeli, Ostrobothnia, Finland
Authors: JUNGNER HÖGNE
Published: July 2010

Mean ages of 94 ka and 121 ka were obtained at Oulainen for two sand layers situated above and below an organic deposit previously correlated with the Brörup interstadial. At Vimpeli, TL dates obtained for sand layers embedded in an organic deposit suggest an age for this deposit of 107 ka. The uncertainty in this result is considerable, however. Problems encountered in dating these sediments and the reliability of the results are discussed.
Genesis of the Woodstock drumlin field, southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: PIOTROWSKI JAN A.
Published: July 2010

The Woodstock drumlin field was formed about 15,000 years ago during the Port Bruce Stadial of the Late Wisconsinan. It consists of three sections, each composed of texturally different till sheets (Tavistock A, B and C Tills) deposited during marginal oscillations of the Huron ice lobe advancing from the Lake Huron depression. A statistically significant relation between till texture and drumlin morphometry has been determined. Features composed of clayey‐silt Tavistock A Till are smaller and more elongate than those built up of sandy‐silt Tavistock C Till, which reflects a different susceptibility of the drumlin deposits to the moulding action of the glacier. Based on the field data it is suggested that the drumlinizing glacier was temperate all the way up to its margin and basal sliding occurred also at its outermost peripheries. In the drumlin region immediately behind end moraines the shear strength/shear stress ratio was around I and increased progressively in the upstream direction. In the proposed mechanism of drumlin formation the key factor is pore water dissipation (1) through the permeable substratum and (2) into dilatantly expanding granular deposits, both resulting in the necessary increase of the basal till strength.
The need for Quaternary geological knowledge in geotechnical engineering
Authors: FOGED NIELS
Published: July 2010

Engineering geology, like geotechnical engineering, is a new scientific subject in Denmark. Experience in the period since 1924 is laid down in the Danish Code of Practice for Foundation Engineering, which states that the geological conditions establish the foundation class and must be determined as early as possible during the soil investigations by experienced geologists and engineers. The consequences are illustrated by some examples from geotechnical investigations performed at the Danish Geotechnical Institute:

• The economic foundation of a small wooden building on the brink of a postglacial lake and fiord basin at Vedbæk.

• The deep excavation for and foundation of a huge commercial center at Lyngby situated in the middle of a tunnel valley with more than 12 m late‐ and postglacial organic deposits, based on design and control in the high foundation class.

• The engineering geological modelling of the Quaternary development in the Danish North Sea. Applied geology plays an increasing part in geotechnical engineering as a prerequisite for economic and safe technical solutions. The future use of geological and geotechnical data bases will bring Quaternary geological knowledge into focus.