bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conjunto de dos escuelas, en Zellerstrasse, Stuttgart, Alemania
Authors: Kammerer Hans , Belz Walter , Roder Hans , Lutz Dieter Lutz
Published: May 2015

El conjunto construido agrupa dos nuevas Escuelas: la «Lehenschule » para niños retrasados y la «Sprachheilschule» para niños sordos o que tienen algún defecto de pronunciación.
Cada escuela posee un gimnasio propio; y concretando, la «Lehenschule» dispone: de ocho clases; una sala de Ciencias Naturales y dos de carpintería; una cocina para la enseñanza de la confección de guisos domésticos; una sala de costura y otra para instrucción religiosa, y una biblioteca.
En la «Sprachheilschule» se distribuyen: cinco clases para niños sordos y cuatro para niños con defectos de dicción; una sala de Ciencias Naturales, otra de costura, dos de carpintería, una de instrucción religiosa y otra de audiometría, y una biblioteca.
El sistema constructivo no ofrece novedades de interés, pero se ha dotado al edificio de todos los adelantos técnicos, incorporándole obras de arte que resaltan su categoría.
Ayuntamiento de Olten, Suiza
Authors: Frey & Egger Arquitectos , Peterhans W.
Published: May 2015

El edificio consta de tres volúmenes:
— el cuerpo bajo, de una planta, que aloja el Salón del Concejo;
— el cuerpo más alto, de 10 plantas, que se apoya sobre los soportes verticales de la planta baja; y
— un cuerpo, de 5 plantas, que contiene la Central de Correos, además de una serie de viviendas.
El bloque más alto contiene: las oficinas propiamente dichas, organizadas en torno a un núcleo central en U; y provisionalmente, las aulas y dependencias del Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de Olten; salas de exposiciones; etc.
El cuerpo bajo, por su parte, aloja: la Sala del Concejo; los servicios de registro; archivo; recepción; etc.
Han sido estudiados cuidadosamente la composición volumétrica, el funcionamiento general y el tratamiento de fachadas, así como la incorporación de obras de arte actual que se integran con la arquitectura del conjunto.
La fisuración en vigas de hormigón armado
Authors: García Meseguer A.
Published: May 2015

Se pasa revista a diversas teorías existentes sobre fisuración, justificando al paso las fórmulas contenidas en la nueva Instrucción de Hormigón E. H. 68, recientemente aprobada en España con carácter interministerial. Se ofrecen diversas fórmulas y ábacos de comprobación y se exponen los trabajos más recientes del Comité Europeo del Hormigón sobre la materia.
Centro estudiantil de Dípoli, en Helsinki, Finlandia
Authors: Pietila R. , Paatelainen R.
Published: May 2015

El Centro Estudiantil de Dípoli consta, en esencia, de cuerpos de edificio que crecieron juntos pero independientes y que cuando estuvieron terminados constituyeron un todo; no es una obra arquitectónica completa, sino más bien un intento, una dirección; es una experiencia que se aparta de las reglas ya conocidas y aceptadas de composición.
El edificio presenta en planta una superficie útil de 10.500 m2, de los que 3.855 m2 están dedicados a restaurantes.
Para cumplir su cometido como Centro de descanso fue creado con un ambiente interior diferente al de la escuela, a fin de que sirviera a los estudiantes como un fuerte contrapeso de la formación eminentemente específica que reciben en la escuela; en él tienen lugar reuniones y funciones para grandes grupos; posibilita el descanso y reposo individual; dispone de salas de juego, de entretenimiento, etcétera.
Un método para el proyecto de muros de contención
Authors: Calavera Ruiz J. , Cabrera Bellmont A.
Published: May 2015

Los autores describen un procedimiento para el dimensionamiento de muros de contención que evita los tanteos previos para el encaje de las dimensiones del muro. Los gráficos que se incluyen permiten, en función de las características del terreno contenido y de las del suelo de cimentación, calcular las distintas dimensiones del muro. Aparte del análisis de la situación del muro en condiciones de servicio, se incluye el estudio bajo la acción de un valor mayorado del empuje.
El método, para el caso de muros usuales con terreno horizontal, proporciona una precisión suficiente para el trabajo práctico. Se incluyen gráficos para el caso de que se considere una distribución linealmente variable de las presiones del suelo sobre el cimiento, y para el caso de que esta distribución se considere con valor constante.
Las obras de acondicionamiento del Salto del Mont-Cenis
Authors: Vié Georges
Published: May 2015

La capacidad de la nueva presa del Mont-Cenis ha aumentado con estas obras desde 32 hasta 320 millones de m3, permitiendo el abastecimiento de una energía potencial de 650.000 millones de Mp x m.
En el artículo se describen las obras y operaciones necesarias para ello; entre otras, que las aguas captadas han sido llevadas al embalse por una red de galerías de sección variable de 28 km de longitud; y que la conducción forzada, de 18 km de longitud, fue dimensionada para un caudal de 51 m3/s, con un diámetro comprendido entre 4 y 5 metros.
Las nuevas centrales de Villarodin están alimentadas por una desviación de 3,6 km de longitud y 3 m de diámetro. Este conducto, colocado en un foso inclinado para aislarlo del ter reno, en esa zona de yesos y anhidritas, principalmente, tiene un peso de 10.000 Mp, lo que constituye un récord europeo.
La Central comprende dos grupos verticales de turbinas Pelton de 195 MVA cada uno, con una productividad de 485 millones de kWh.
Iglesia católica, en Sinsheim, Alemania
Authors: Gieselmann R.
Published: May 2015

Fue diseñada esta iglesia católica con una «forma» reposada y concentrada, pensando preponderantemente en los actos que se iban a celebrar en su interior.
Los cuerpos del edificio, puros y blancos, dominan los alrededores, y sus volúmenes aparecen escalonados y ascendentes: atrio, nave, zona del altar y, finalmente, la torre.
Aunque el edificio se proyectó antes del Concilio, se ha cumplido la exigencia de ver y oír bien la Misa; la posición del altar ha hecho posible la «celebratio versus populum», y su interior disfruta un ambiente claro y alegre, propio a la apertura del espíritu hacia Dios.
Capilla del Hospital Municipal de Mannheim, Alemania
Authors: Mutschler C.
Published: May 2015

Construida a raíz de la ampliación del Hospital Municipal de Mannheim y su conversión en Facultad de Medicina, sirve indistintamente para la celebración de los actos litúrgicos de ambas confesiones.
El visitante, por un camino suavemente inclinado, ingresa en el interior del edificio, cuyo núcleo focal está constituido por la zona del altar y las sacristías.
Subiendo por una rampa se accede a una galería que permite el que los enfermos, en sillones con ruedas, o en Ja cama, etc., puedan participar desde allí en los actos litúrgicos.
Los materiales fundamentales empleados son: ladrillo a cara vista y hormigón, igualmente visto.
Estación de energía nuclear, en Hinkley Point, Inglaterra
Authors: Gibbertd F.
Published: May 2015

Comprende una serie de edificios reunidos en dos grupos:
Uno principal, del que forman parte: los dos reactores gemelos —de 54,86 m de altura cada uno— y el edificio que aloja las turbinas; todos estos edificios están desarrollados dentro de una composición sensiblemente simétrica.
El otro grupo comprende los edificios de: administración, cantina, etc., dispuestos en torno a un jardín rectangular; otros bloques menores acogen los numerosos servicios auxiliares necesarios.
Todos los edificios fueron diseñados con líneas precisas y elegantes, y a una escala que refleja cierta grandiosidad.
Almazara en Cazorla, España
Authors: Alamán A. , Fernández R. , Ruiz Duerto A.
Published: May 2015

Describe este artículo la construcción y organización de un complejo industrial dedicado a la producción de aceite de oliva.
Debido al corto plazo de construcción impuesto —cuatro meses— se ha elegido estructura metálica, por su rapidez de montaje. Asimismo, toda la obra ha estado condicionada a esta circunstancia de urgencia. No obstante, se cuidaron, detenida y acertadamente, todos los aspectos técnicos y estéticos, a fin de lograr un conjunto funcional y armónico.
Sintasol extra 2 - extra 1,5 - universal – record D. I. T., n. 22, Renovación D.I.T., n. 15
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: May 2015

No disponible
Depósito de agua 1.500 m3 en Getafe – España
Authors: Del Pozo Florencio , Fernández Fernández Álvaro
Published: May 2015

Por exigencias y reestructuración de la empresa propietaria, que ha orientado en forma nueva la producción de sus talleres, ha sido necesario modificar y ampliar todo el circuito de agua de refrigeración, lo que ha obligado a construir un depósito de agua elevado, con cota mínima de + 30 m, de hormigón pretensado y sin cubierta, cuyas características, Ba cálculo y proceso constructivo se describen somera, pero claramente, en este artículo.
Central térmica de Puente Nuevo – España (I)
Authors: Sánchez Conde Enrique
Published: May 2015

La Empresa Nacional Eléctrica de Córdoba, S. A., ha montado, cerca de esta ciudad, la Central Térmica de Puente Nuevo para aprovechar los carbones de la zona Peñarroya-Bélmez-Espiel, de escasa salida en el mercado.
Aparte de las dificultades constructivas que se han resuelto durante su instalación, la Central es interesante, especialmente, por el logrado intento de utilizar en ella la primera maquinaria de fabricación nacional, tanto en lo que se refiere a generadores eléctricos como a los de vapor. Se ha encabezado así el montaje de una serie que ha tenido su continuación en los dos grupos de la ampliación de la Central Térmica de Almería y en los otros dos de la Central de San Juan de Dios, de Palma de Mallorca, todos ellos funcionando en la actualidad.
Cálculo racional de firmes flexibles
Authors: Kucera Karel
Published: May 2015

Expone el autor la necesidad de llegar a un método de cálculo de firmes flexibles que nos acerque a soluciones óptimas en el aspecto económico-funcional. El trabajo es una puesta al día del problema del dimensionamiento, que se define en la breve descripción de ocho métodos actualmente en uso, ilustrada con los correspondientes ábacos o diagramas.
La conclusión del Prof. Kucera es que estos métodos, de base racional o empírica, a pesar de sus diferentes concepciones y datos de partida, ofrecen resultados comparables para el cálculo de espesores del firme.
Hotel "Nagoya Castle", Japón
Authors: Takenaka Komuten Co. Ltd.
Published: May 2015

Este hotel consta de 254 habitaciones, de ellas: 138 individuales, 99 dobles con una cama, 9 dobles con dos camas, 5 suites y 3 habitaciones ambientadas al estilo japonés. Tiene capacidad de alojamiento para 370 personas.
Entre sus instalaciones especiales figuran: un gran salón de banquetes —para 3.000 comensales—, que es el mayor del Japón central; una bella piscina al aire libre; un magnífico jardín; y un estacionamiento con capacidad para aparcar 400 turismos.
Acueducto de Sevilla
Authors: Fernández Casado Carlos
Published: May 2015

La conducción de agua a Hispalis arrancaba en Alcalá de Guadaira recogiendo unos manantiales que llevaba a la ciudad en canal cerrado, el cual empieza enterrado con registros uniformes distribuidos cada 100 pasos aproximadamente, e iba surgiendo a la superficie, primero sobre muro, para terminar sobre arcadas en el tramo final.
Centro cívico, en Gateshead – Inglaterra
Authors: Luder Owen
Published: May 2015

Construido con una estructura realizada a base de hormigón armado, comprende un total de 53 tiendas: unas con fachada a las calles circundantes y otras agrupadas alrededor de dos recintos interiores.
El bloque central alberga: dos supermercados y un gran almacén de ventas, coronados por aparcamientos desarrollados en varias plantas. La parte más alta de la torre de aparcamiento aloja un restaurante, desde el cual los visitantes pueden contemplar unas bellas vistas del estuario del río Tyne.
Difusora de TV y diario de Shizuoka –Tokyo
Authors: Tange Kenzo
Published: May 2015

El edificio está organizado alrededor de un eje vertical constituido por una columna central —de 7,70 m de diámetro y 57 m de altura—, a base de estructura mixta —metálica y de hormigón armado—, y que consta de: sótano y doce plantas de altura.
No obstante las extremadamente reducidas dimensiones del solar, el edificio «destaca» del conjunto urbano y sirve como punto de referencia a los viajeros que acceden al centro de Tokyo procedentes de las autopistas o del super-expreso Shinkauzen (el más rápido del mundo).
Nuevo Liceo Francés, en Madrid – España
Authors: Rodríguez Orgaz A. , Sonrel P. , Duthilleul J.
Published: May 2015

El edificio está situado en la Urbanización «Parque del Conde de Orgaz» y ocupa una gran parcela —de 10 Ha—, lo que ha permitido distribuir las diferentes secciones en bloques abiertos, tratándose el conjunto como un «Campus universitario», a la vez que crear amplias zonas ajardinadas y espacios deportivos.
Se han previsto todos los servicios docentes,-administrativos, viviendas de dirección, salón de actos, comedores, etcétera.
Destaquemos, en su distribución interior, la modulación según normas francesas con retícula básica de 1,75x1,75 metros; y en su tratamiento exterior, el hormigón visto y las vigorosas bóvedas de cañón que constituyen el elemento más significativo de la composición.
Puente sobre el río Severn – Inglaterra
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: May 2015

El puente que se describe en el artículo ha venido a resolver el problema del tráfico creciente en el SO. del País de Gales. La obra completa comprende: el puente colgante propiamente dicho, otro puente sobre el río Wye y un viaducto metálico, de 10 tramos, que une a ambos, sobre la península de Beachley. Se trata de una solución muy interesante, por sus torres de suspensión, por la construcción compacta de su tablero y por la disposición oblicua de los cables, entre otros detalles.
Patología de las obras de fábrica
Authors: García Meseguer A.
Published: May 2015

Este artículo recoge y amplía la conferencia pronunciada por su autor, bajo el mismo título, en el Ministerio de Obras Públicas, el 12 de febrero de 1970.
Tras una breve referencia a las obras metálicas y de madera, se analiza con detalle la patología del hormigón como material estructural, estudiando las diversas fisuras que pueden presentarse y su significado. Se sistematizan y clasifican después las causas más frecuentes de anomalías en las estructuras de hormigón, presentando ejemplos ilustrativos y terminando con una breve exposición de las ajnudas que pueden encontrar en los laboratorios especializados los técnicos que han de enfrentarse con problemas de patología en sus obras.
Colegio Hersberg – Alemania
Authors: Haindl Friedrich F.
Published: May 2015

Se trata de un conjunto formado por el antiguo edificio y la ampliación —que exigían las necesidades actuales— con la que se complementa el recinto docente, dotándole de aulas, gimnasio, dormitorios y capilla adecuados. Se ha cuidado especialmente de armonizar la fisonomía diferente de la parte primitiva y la nueva, ambientando todo el conjunto en el bello paisaje circundante.
La torre de telecomunicación de Hamburgo, Alemania
Authors: Trautwein F. , Leonhardt F. , Behn R.
Published: May 2015

Este artículo describe, con precisión y minuciosidad, las características de proyecto y constructivas de tan importante obra de ingeniería, así como los detalles de su ejecución y montaje, con ilustración de numerosos planos y fotografías.
La casa Harry Seidler – Australia
Authors: Seidler Harry , Seidler Penelope
Published: May 2015

El fuerte declive que presentaba la parcela fue aprovechado por los arquitectos —que al mismo tiempo son propietarios— para crear diferentes niveles, y en ellos diversos ambientes, y lograr la máxima adaptación de la edificación a la topografía del terreno.
La casa adopta en planta ima forma rectangular, y en su interior se pueden apreciar: una soleada zona en la que desarrollan sus moradores «usos y actividades diurnas», y una sombreada zona destinada a «usos pasivos, tranquilos».
En su interior se respira una sensación de desahogo y de libertad visuales tanto en el sentido horizontal como en el vertical. En todo el conjunto, sus diseñadores han conseguido acertados efectos, con la iluminación, y con la textura y color de los materiales empleados.
Casa en Feock, Cornwall - Gran Bretaña
Authors: Rogers R. , Foster N. , Foster W.
Published: May 2015

El proyecto ha sido orientado al logro de una máxima integración de la casa en el paisaje circundante. Desde su interior se disfruta de las bellas vistas panorámicas exteriores, y la distribución i)ennite que sus propietarios puedan lucir una excepcional colección de pinturas y esculturas modernas y gran número de libros que poseen.
En esta edificación pueden distinguirse dos ejes: uno que conduce desde la carretera y la zona de aparcamiento —a través de un puente—, a la puerta principal; y otro, materializado por una galería que, además de relacionar todas las dependencias, sirve para la exhibición de cuadros y esculturas antes citados.
Poblado de vacaciones en Seignosse le Penon – Francia
Authors: Hebrard J. B. , Gresy A. , Percillier J.
Published: May 2015

Este conjunto urbanístico consta de: un grupo de 125 apartamentos, de 2 habitaciones, sin cocina; 124 apartamentos, de 2 habitaciones, con cocina; un hotel de 6 plantas, destinado a alojar jóvenes familias; un pabellón central, que alberga los salones y las dependencias en las que se desarrollan actividades de tipo comunitario; una gran piscina de agua salada; alojamientos para empleados; etc.
Las familias que vienen a pasar aquí sus vacaciones estivales pueden disfrutar de toda clase de comodidades. El resto del año, el conjunto es utilizado para la celebración de congresos y seminarios. Es ocupado, asimismo, por personas jubiladas que aprovechan determinadas épocas del año para gozar de unos merecidos y gratos descansos.
PD-1 Upregulated on Regulatory T Cells during Chronic Virus Infection Enhances the Suppression of CD8+ T Cell Immune Response via the Interaction with PD-L1 Expressed on CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Park Hyo Jin , Park Joon Seok , Jeong Yun Hee , Son Jimin , Ban Young Ho , Lee Byoung-Hee , Chen Lieping , Chang Jun , Chung Doo Hyun , Choi Inhak , Ha Sang-Jun
Published: May 2015

Regulatory T (Treg) cells act as terminators of T cell immuniy during acute phase of viral infection; however, their role and suppressive mechanism in chronic viral infection are not completely understood. In this study, we compared the phenotype and function of Treg cells during acute or chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Chronic infection, unlike acute infection, led to a large expansion of Treg cells and their upregulation of programmed death-1 (PD-1). Treg cells from chronically infected mice (chronic Treg cells) displayed greater suppressive capacity for inhibiting both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell proliferation and subsequent cytokine production than those from naive or acutely infected mice. A contact between Treg and CD8+ T cells was necessary for the potent suppression of CD8+ T cell immune response. More importantly, the suppression required cell-specific expression and interaction of PD-1 on chronic Treg cells and PD-1 ligand on CD8+ T cells. Our study defines PD-1 upregulated on Treg cells and its interaction with PD-1 ligand on effector T cells as one cause for the potent T cell suppression and proposes the role of PD-1 on Treg cells, in addition to that on exhausted T cells, during chronic viral infection.
A Novel Lung Explant Model for the Ex Vivo Study of Efficacy and Mechanisms of Anti-Influenza Drugs
Authors: Nicholas Ben , Staples Karl J. , Moese Stefan , Meldrum Eric , Ward Jon , Dennison Patrick , Havelock Tom , Hinks Timothy S. C. , Amer Khalid , Woo Edwin , Chamberlain Martin , Singh Neeta , North Malcolm , Pink Sandy , Wilkinson Tom M. A. , Djukanović Ratko
Published: May 2015

Influenza A virus causes considerable morbidity and mortality largely because of a lack of effective antiviral drugs. Viral neuraminidase inhibitors, which inhibit viral release from the infected cell, are currently the only approved drugs for influenza, but have recently been shown to be less effective than previously thought. Growing resistance to therapies that target viral proteins has led to increased urgency in the search for novel anti-influenza compounds. However, discovery and development of new drugs have been restricted because of differences in susceptibility to influenza between animal models and humans and a lack of translation between cell culture and in vivo measures of efficacy. To circumvent these limitations, we developed an experimental approach based on ex vivo infection of human bronchial tissue explants and optimized a method of flow cytometric analysis to directly quantify infection rates in bronchial epithelial tissues. This allowed testing of the effectiveness of TVB024, a vATPase inhibitor that inhibits viral replication rather than virus release, and to compare efficacy with the current frontline neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir. The study showed that the vATPase inhibitor completely abrogated epithelial cell infection, virus shedding, and the associated induction of proinflammatory mediators, whereas oseltamivir was only partially effective at reducing these mediators and ineffective against innate responses. We propose, therefore, that this explant model could be used to predict the efficacy of novel anti-influenza compounds targeting diverse stages of the viral replication cycle, thereby complementing animal models and facilitating progression of new drugs into clinical trials.
Apigenin induces dermal collagen synthesis via smad2/3 signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Y. , Wang J. , Cheng X. , Yi B. , Zhang X. , Li Q.
Published: May 2015

Decrease in fibroblast-produced collagen has been proven to be the pivotal cause of skin aging, but there is no satisfactory drug which directly increases dermal thickness and collage density. Here we found that a flavonoid natural product, apigenin, could significantly increase collagen synthesis. NIH/3T3 and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were incubated with various concentrations of apigenin, with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) serving as the negative control. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western Blot, and Toluidine blue staining demonstrated that apigenin stimulated type-I and type-III collagen synthesis of fibroblasts on the mRNA and protein levels. Meanwhile, apigenin did not induce expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (Î±-SMA) in vitro and in vivo, a fibrotic marker in living tissues. Then the production of collagen was confirmed by Massonâ€™s trichrome stain, Picrosirius red stain and immunohistochemistry in mouse models. We also clarified that this compound induced collagen synthesis by activating smad2/3 signaling pathway. Taken together, without obvious influence on fibroblastsâ€™ apoptosis and viability, apigenin could promote the type-I and type-III collagen synthesis of dermal fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo, thus suggesting that apigenin may serve as a potential agent for esthetic and reconstructive skin rejuvenation.
Efficiency of Health Care in State Correctional Institutions
Authors: Hollenbeak Christopher S. , Schaefer Eric W. , Penrod Janice , Loeb Susan J. , Smith Carol A.
Published: May 2015

Little is known about the efficiency of health care in correction settings. This article reports an efficiency analysis of health care in state correctional institutions (SCIs) in a single, mid-Atlantic state from 2003 to 2006. A two-stage data envelopment analysis was used to estimate the technical efficiency of prison health care and determine inmate and institutional characteristics that were associated with efficiency. Our output variable was the number of infirmary inpatient days for each year of study. The input variable for the first stage was the sum of personnel medical staff costs and other medical operating costs. SCIs with more white prisoners, older prisoners, and higher proportions of inmates with parole violations were significantly less efficient in their provision of health care than other SCIs. There were no SCI characteristics that were predictive of efficiency. These results suggest that healthcare efficiency in corrections may decline as the prison population continues to age.
Genetic Diversity of Venezuelan Alphaviruses and Circulation of a Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Subtype IAB Strain During an Interepizootic Period
Authors: Medina Gladys , Garzaro Domingo J. , Barrios Miguel , Auguste Albert J. , Weaver Scott C. , Pujol Flor H.
Published: May 2015

Several species of alphaviruses have been previously described in the Americas, some of which are associated with encephalitis and others are associated with arthralgia. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) are endemic to Venezuela, with the former being responsible for major outbreaks of severe and often fatal disease in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of Venezuelan alphaviruses isolated during two decades (1973–1999) of surveillance in northern Venezuela. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the circulation of a VEEV subtype IAB strain 8 years after the last reported outbreak. Thirteen strains within two subclades of South American lineage III of EEEV were also found in Venezuela. Considerable genetic variability was observed among Venezuelan Una virus strains, which were widely distributed among the clades. The first Venezuelan Mayaro sequence was also characterized.
Role of GIS, Rfid and Handheld computers in emergency management: an exploratory case study analysis
Authors: Ahmed Ashir
Published: May 2015

This paper underlines the task characteristics of the emergency management life cycle. Moreover, the characteristics of three ubiquitous technologies including RFID, handheld computers and GIS are discussed and further used as a criterion to evaluate their potential for emergency management tasks. Built on a rather loose interpretation of Task-technology Fit model, a conceptual model presented in this paper advocates that a technology that offers better features for task characteristics is more likely to be adopted in emergency management. Empirical findings presented in this paper reveal the significance of task characteristics and their role in evaluating the suitability of three ubiquitous technologies before their actual adoption in emergency management.
Concentrations and solubility of trace elements in fine particles at a mountain site, southern China: regional sources and cloud processing
Authors: Li T. , Wang Y. , Li W. J. , Chen J. M. , Wang T. , Wang W. X.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The concentrations and solubility of twelve trace elements in PM2.5 at Mt. Lushan, southern China, were investigated during the summer of 2011 and the spring of 2012. The average PM2.5 mass was 55.2 ± 20.1 μg m-3 during the observation period. Temporal variations of all trace elements including total and water-soluble fractions with several dust storm spikes for total fraction Al and Fe were observed. The enrichment factor (EF) values were one order of magnitude higher for the water-soluble fractions vs. the total fractions of trace elements. Four major emission sources were classified by principal component analysis (PCA), namely nonferrous metal mining and smelting (for Cr, As, Ba and parts of Zn), coal combustion (for Pb, Zn, Se, Cu and Mn), crustal materials (for Al and Fe) and municipal solid waste incineration (for Cd and Mo). Trajectory cluster analysis and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) consistently identified the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and parts of Hunan and Jiangxi as the major source regions and pathways for anthropogenic elements, while northern China was identified for crustal elements. In contrast, the local Jiangxi area has become the most significant contributor to the solubility of most trace elements, apart from the YRD with severe air pollution. In addition, the solubility alteration of trace elements in cloud events was investigated and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicated that the irreversible alteration of particle morphology by cloud processing was highly responsible for the enhancement of element solubility. Our work implies an important role of regional anthropogenic pollution and cloud processing in the evolution of trace element solubility during transport.
Actual evapotranspiration and precipitation measured by lysimeters: a comparison with eddy covariance and tipping bucket
Authors: Gebler S. , Hendricks Franssen H.-J. , Pütz T. , Post H. , Schmidt M. , Vereecken H.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. This study compares actual evapotranspiration (ETa) measurements by a set of six weighable lysimeters, ETa estimates obtained with the eddy covariance (EC) method, and evapotranspiration calculated with the full-form Penman–Monteith equation (ETPM) for the Rollesbroich site in the Eifel (western Germany). The comparison of ETa measured by EC (including correction of the energy balance deficit) and by lysimeters is rarely reported in the literature and allows more insight into the performance of both methods. An evaluation of ETa for the two methods for the year 2012 shows a good agreement with a total difference of 3.8% (19 mm) between the ETa estimates. The highest agreement and smallest relative differences (< 8%) on a monthly basis between both methods are found in summer. ETa was close to ETPM, indicating that ET was energy limited and not limited by water availability. ETa differences between lysimeter and EC were mainly related to differences in grass height caused by harvest and the EC footprint. The lysimeter data were also used to estimate precipitation amounts in combination with a filter algorithm for the high-precision lysimeters recently introduced by Peters et al. (2014). The estimated precipitation amounts from the lysimeter data differ significantly from precipitation amounts recorded with a standard rain gauge at the Rollesbroich test site. For the complete year 2012 the lysimeter records show a 16 % higher precipitation amount than the tipping bucket. After a correction of the tipping bucket measurements by the method of Richter (1995) this amount was reduced to 3%. With the help of an on-site camera the precipitation measurements of the lysimeters were analyzed in more detail. It was found that the lysimeters record more precipitation than the tipping bucket, in part related to the detection of rime and dew, which contribute 17% to the yearly difference between both methods. In addition, fog and drizzle explain an additional 5.5% of the total difference. Larger differences are also recorded for snow and sleet situations. During snowfall, the tipping bucket device underestimated precipitation severely, and these situations contributed also 7.9% to the total difference. However, 36% of the total yearly difference was associated with snow cover without apparent snowfall, and under these conditions snow bridges and snow drift seem to explain the strong overestimation of precipitation by the lysimeter. The remaining precipitation difference (about 33%) could not be explained and did not show a clear relation to wind speed. The variation of the individual lysimeters devices compared to the lysimeter mean are small, showing variations up to 3% for precipitation and 8% for evapotranspiration.
Organizational Hiring Preferences: Comparison of Traditional and Non-traditional Hiring and Recruitment Practices
Authors: McKnight Mark A. , Plouchard Sherrie , Bizal Nancy
Published: May 2015

Social media is working its way into the modern organization in a more productive manner, and at an aggressive pace, as organizations are beginning to learn how to best implement and use social media practices.  The present research investigates the role of social media and other technology related to the staffing function in organizations.  Specifically, the data reveals tendencies related to how the employment process is anticipated to change in the near future.  Namely, the data suggests that employers will significantly change their usage of video resumes, cover letters, and social and professional networking sites related to the recruitment of new employees in the near future.
As pesquisas sobre turismo, hospitalidade e lazer submetidas ao sistema de revisão ética de pesquisas com seres humanos no Brasil
Authors: Rezende Ricardo De Oliveira
Published: May 2015

Este artigo surgiu de um questionamento acerca do conhecimento e utilização do Sistema CEP/CONEP - Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa/Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa pelos docentes e discentes dos cursos de pós-graduação em turismo, hospitalidade e lazer. Eis o resultado. Trata-se de um artigo em que se buscou analisar as pesquisas cujo tema fosse o turismo, a hospitalidade e o lazer e que se submeteram a análise ética para pesquisas com seres humanos no âmbito do Sistema CEP/CONEP por meio do sistema Plataforma Brasil. Em primeiro lugar, descobriu-se que os protocolos das áreas escolhidas representavam uma baixa porcentagem em relação à totalidade dos protocolos submetidos; em segundo lugar, identificou-se que havia subtemas mais recorrentes em cada uma das três áreas escolhidas para análise. Além disso, examinou-se que os cursos de mestrado profissional, mestrado e doutorado nas áreas delimitadas em sua maioria não exigiam revisão ética e que havia pouca preocupação por parte do corpo docente e pouco conhecimento do corpo discente em esclarecer/entender a relevância de tal procedimento.
The Changing International Order and Mongolia’s Security
Authors: Bold K
Published: May 2015

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.1 1994: 9-14
Current Sino-Russian Relations and Their Impact on Mongolia
Authors: Hashbat L
Published: May 2015

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.1 1994: 23-28
Similarities and Differences of the 1911 Revolutions in Mongolia and China
Authors: Jamsran Khereid L
Published: May 2015

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.1 1994: 64-66
Phase I Trial of Repeated Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Oh Ki-Wook , Moon Chanil , Kim Hyun Young , Oh Sung-il , Park Jinseok , Lee Jun Ho , Chang In Young , Kim Kyung Suk , Kim Seung Hyun
Published: May 2015

Stem cell therapy is an emerging alternative therapeutic or disease-modifying strategy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The aim of this open-label phase I clinical trial was to evaluate the safety of two repeated intrathecal injections of autologous bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in ALS patients. Eight patients with definite or probable ALS were enrolled. After a 3-month lead-in period, autologous MSCs were isolated two times from the BM at an interval of 26 days and were then expanded in vitro for 28 days and suspended in autologous cerebrospinal fluid. Of the 8 patients, 7 received 2 intrathecal injections of autologous MSCs (1 × 106 cells per kg) 26 days apart. Clinical or laboratory measurements were recorded to evaluate the safety 12 months after the first MSC injection. The ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R), the Appel ALS score, and forced vital capacity were used to evaluate the patients' disease status. One patient died before treatment and was withdrawn from the study. With the exception of that patient, no serious adverse events were observed during the 12-month follow-up period. Most of the adverse events were self-limited or subsided after supportive treatment within 4 days. Decline in the ALSFRS-R score was not accelerated during the 6-month follow-up period. Two repeated intrathecal injections of autologous MSCs were safe and feasible throughout the duration of the 12-month follow-up period.

Significance

Stem cell therapy is an emerging alternative therapeutic or disease-modifying strategy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To the authors' best knowledge, there are no clinical trials to evaluate the safety of repeated intrathecal injections of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in ALS. After the clinical trial (phase I/II) was conducted, the stem cell (HYNR-CS, NEURONATA-R) was included in the revision of the regulations on orphan drug designation (number 160; December 31, 2013) and approved as a New Drug Application (Department of Cell and Gene Therapy 233; July 30, 2014) by the Korean Food and Drug Administration. The phase II trial is expected to be reported later.
Targeting Disease Persistence in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Ordog Tamas , Zörnig Martin , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: May 2015

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent 20%–40% of human sarcomas. Although approximately half of GISTs are cured by surgery, prognosis of advanced disease used to be poor due to the high resistance of these tumors to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. The introduction of molecularly targeted therapy (e.g., with imatinib mesylate) following the discovery of the role of oncogenic mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and platelet-derived growth factor α (PDGFRA) significantly increased patient survival. However, GIST cells persist in 95%–97% of imatinib-treated patients who eventually progress and die of the disease because of the emergence of clones with drug-resistant mutations. Because these secondary mutations are highly heterogeneous, even second- and third-line drugs that are effective against certain genotypes have only moderately increased progression-free survival. Consequently, alternative strategies such as targeting molecular mechanisms underlying disease persistence should be considered. We reviewed recently discovered cell-autonomous and microenvironmental mechanisms that could promote the survival of GIST cells in the presence of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. We particularly focused on the potential role of adult precursors for interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), the normal counterpart of GISTs. ICC precursors share phenotypic characteristics with cells that emerge in a subset of patients treated with imatinib and in young patients with GIST characterized by loss of succinate dehydrogenase complex proteins and lack of KIT or PDGFRA mutations. Eradication of residual GIST cells and cure of GIST will likely require individualized combinations of several approaches tailored to tumor genotype and phenotype.

Significance

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are one of the most common connective tissue cancers. Most GISTs that cannot be cured by surgery respond to molecularly targeted therapy (e.g., with imatinib); however, tumor cells persist in almost all patients and eventually acquire drug-resistant mutations. Several mechanisms contribute to the survival of GIST cells in the presence of imatinib, including the activation of “escape” mechanisms and the selection of stem-like cells that are not dependent on the expression of the drug targets for survival. Eradication of residual GIST cells and cure of GIST will likely require individualized combinations of several approaches tailored to the genetic makeup and other characteristics of the tumors.
Improving evaluation of predicted hydrocarbon reserve zones
Authors: Qin Weijun , Fu Zhaohui
Published: May 2015

Predicted hydrocarbon reserves were studied, and four evaluation methods for improving reserve estimates were proposed, including possibility evaluation, upgrading rate evaluation, economic evaluation and comprehensive evaluation. A difficulty index was used to evaluate the possibility of reserve upgrading. Reserve upgrading probability calculation and test were used to evaluate the upgrading rate. A discounted cash flow method was applied in the economic evaluation. The difficulty index, probability calculation and economic methods were jointly used in the comprehensive evaluation. The predicted hydrocarbon reserve blocks were classified into four types according to the comprehensive evaluation, including the blocks with large or medium potential for upgrading, the blocks with medium or small potential for upgrading, the blocks remaining for evaluation, and the blocks not to upgrade at present.
Reserves growth trend and potential analysis of Junggar Basin
Authors: Chen Ping , Zhang Ling , Wang Huimin
Published: May 2015

The Junggar Basin is one of early explored petroliferous basins in China. Since the discovery of the Karamay Oil Field in 1955, over 30 oil fields have been found. The geologic features, hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms and distribution characteristics of the Junggar Basin were studied in this paper. The basin has under-gone rapid and effective exploration in past years, which helped potential prediction. The present estimate of recoverable oil and gas resources in the basin is 45.3% and 30.3%, respectively. Exploration is in the middle and late stages. There are (9.42~16.92)×108 t oil remaining unproved. Lithologic, igneous rocks and tight sand-stones are the main targets for future exploration in the basin.
Disaster Vulnerability of Upland and Lowland Riverine Communities in Iligan City, Philippines
Authors: BRACAMONTE NIMFA L.
Published: May 2015

Identifying risks and vulnerabilities before and after the occurrence of disasters are important in disaster management. Using the vulnerability framework, this study examines the disaster preparedness of Iligan City communities when Tropical Storm Sendong (Washi) and Typhoon Pablo (Bopha) came. Employing a qualitative approach, this study included 129 research participants from Barangay Mandulog and Pugaan (upland) and Hinaplanon and Palao (lowland). Findings showed that communities which are lying close to Mandulog River are more vulnerable to flooding and were devastated more by Sendong than those living along Pugaan River. These Barangay were structurally ill-prepared before Sendong and even before Typhoon Pablo with respect to complete crafting and implementation of a functional DRRM Plan as mandated by RA 10121. The findings have implications to effective disaster governance of the local governmentunits. Keywords - Vulnerability, disaster preparedness, exposure, descriptive design, Philippines
Layered crustal anisotropy around the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, California
Authors: Audet Pascal
Published: May 2015

The rheology of the Earth's crust controls the long‐term and short‐term strength and stability of plate boundary faults and depends on the architecture and physical properties of crustal materials. In this paper we examine the seismic structure and anisotropy of the crust around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) near Parkfield, California, using teleseismic receiver functions. These data indicate that the crust is characterized by spatially variable and strongly anisotropic upper and middle crustal layers, with a Moho at ∼35 km depth. The upper layer is ∼5–10 km thick and is characterized by strong (≥30%) anisotropy with a slow axis of hexagonal symmetry, where the plane of fast velocity has a strike parallel to that of the SAF and a dip of ∼40∘. We interpret this layer as pervasive fluid‐filled microcracks within the brittle deformation regime. The ∼10–15 km thick midcrustal layer is also characterized by a weak axis of hexagonal symmetry with ≥20% anisotropy, but the dip direction of the plane of fast velocity is reversed. The midcrustal anisotropic layer is more prominent to the northeast of the San Andreas Fault. We interpret the mid crustal anisotropic layer as fossilized fabric within fluid‐rich foliated mica schists. When combined with various other geophysical observations, our results suggest that fault creep behavior around Parkfield is favored by intrinsically weak and overpressured crustal fabric.
Interhemispheric controls on deep ocean circulation and carbon chemistry during the last two glacial cycles
Authors: Wilson David J. , Piotrowski Alexander M. , Galy Albert , Banakar Virupaxa K.
Published: May 2015

Changes in ocean circulation structure, together with biological cycling, have been proposed for trapping carbon in the deep ocean during glacial periods of the Late Pleistocene, but uncertainty remains in the nature and timing of deep ocean circulation changes through glacial cycles. In this study, we use neodymium (Nd) and carbon isotopes from a deep Indian Ocean sediment core to reconstruct water mass mixing and carbon cycling in Circumpolar Deep Water over the past 250 thousand years, a period encompassing two full glacial cycles and including a range of orbital forcing. Building on recent studies, we use reductive sediment leaching supported by measurements on isolated phases (foraminifera and fish teeth) in order to obtain a robust seawater Nd isotope reconstruction. Neodymium isotopes record a changing North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) component in the deep Indian Ocean that bears a striking resemblance to Northern Hemisphere climate records. In particular, we identify both an approximately in‐phase link to Northern Hemisphere summer insolation in the precession band and a longer‐term reduction of NADW contributions over the course of glacial cycles. The orbital timescale changes may record the influence of insolation forcing, for example via NADW temperature and/or Antarctic sea ice extent, on deep stratification and mixing in the Southern Ocean, leading to isolation of the global deep oceans from an NADW source during times of low Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. That evidence could support an active role for changing deep ocean circulation in carbon storage during glacial inceptions. However, mid‐depth water mass mixing and deep ocean carbon storage were largely decoupled within glacial periods, and a return to an interglacial‐like circulation state during marine isotope stage (MIS) 6.5 was accompanied by only minor changes in atmospheric CO2. Although a gradual reduction of NADW export through glacial periods may have produced slow climate feedbacks linked to the growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, carbon cycling in the glacial ocean was instead more strongly linked to Southern Ocean processes.
Holocene multidecadal‐ to millennial‐scale variations in Iceland‐Scotland overflow and their relationship to climate
Authors: Mjell Tor Lien , Ninnemann Ulysses S. , Eldevik Tor , Kleiven Helga Kikki F.
Published: May 2015

The Nordic Seas overflows are an important part of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. While there is growing evidence that the overflow of dense water changed on orbital time scales during the Holocene, less is known about the variability on shorter time scales beyond the instrumental record. Here we reconstruct the relative changes in flow strength of Iceland‐Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), the eastern branch of the overflows, on multidecadal‐millennial time scales. The reconstruction is based on mean sortable silt (
) from a sediment core on the Gardar Drift (60°19′N, 23°58′W, 2081 m). Our
record reveals that the main variance in ISOW vigor occurred on millennial time scales (1–2 kyr) with particularly prominent fluctuations after 8 kyr. Superimposed on the millennial variability, there were multidecadal‐centennial flow speed fluctuations during the early Holocene (10–9 kyr) and one prominent minimum at 0.9 kyr. We find a broad agreement between reconstructed ISOW and regional North Atlantic climate, where a strong (weak) ISOW is generally associated with warm (cold) climate. We further identify the possible contribution of anomalous heat and freshwater forcing, respectively, related to reconstructed overflow variability. We infer that ocean poleward heat transport can explain the relationship between regional climate and ISOW during the middle to late Holocene, whereas freshwater input provides a possible explanation for the reduced overflow during early Holocene (8–10 kyr).