bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Πληθυσμοί και υποπληθυσμοί κυττάρων του BAL σε ασθενείς με καρκίνο πνεύμονος, προ και μετά χημειοθεραπείας
Authors: Μιχαηλίδης Βασίλειος
Published: September 2021

Εισαγωγή: Μελέτες έχουν επισημάνει την πνευμονική τοξικότητα που προκαλεί η χημειοθεραπεία η/και η ακτινοθεραπεία σε ασθενείς με καρκίνο του πνεύμονα, Ωστόσο οι μελέτες αφορούν στον πνεύμονα που φέρει τον πρωτοπαθή όγκο, ενώ ελάχιστα γνωρίζουμε για την συμπεριφορά του απέναντι «υγειούς» πνεύμονα.Σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση της σύστασης του BAL και η ανάλυση των υποπληθυσμών των Τ-λεμφοκυττάρων σε ασθενείς με μεταστατικό καρκίνο του πνεύμονα που έλαβαν 3 διαφορετικούς πλατινούχους συνδυασμούς στο επίπεδο του πνεύμονα που δεν φέρει τον πρωτοπαθή όγκο. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκαν οι μεταβολές της αναπνευστικής λειτουργίας των ασθενών και οι πιθανές ιστολογικές βλάβες του πνευμονικού παρεγχύματος μετά από την χημειοθεραπεία ή/και ακτινοθεραπεία.Υλικό και μέθοδοι: Δεκαπέντε ασθενείς συμμετείχαν στην μελέτη και υποβλήθηκαν σε BAL, στον ετερόπλευρο από την βλάβη πνεύμονα, πριν και μετά από 6 κύκλους πλατινούχας χημειοθεραπείας – 6 ασθενείς με βινορλεβίνη, 4 με γεμσιταμπίνη και 5 με ετοποσίδη - και σε έλεγχο της αναπνευστικής λειτουργίας πριν και μετά την χημειοθεραπεία και την ακτινοθεραπεία. Μελετήθηκαν και συγκρίθηκαν οι υποπληθυσμοί των CD4+ και CD8+ Τ-λεμφοκυττάρων και οι αναπνευστικές παράμετροι που περιελάμβαναν τις FEV1, FVC, TLC, DLCO και KCO.Αποτελέσματα: Όλοι οι ασθενείς εκτός από έναν ήταν άνδρες και καπνιστές (14/15 - 93.3%) με μέση τιμή 76.4 ± 29.4 πακέτα-έτη. Η μέση ηλικία των ασθενών ήταν 58 ± 9.4 έτη και κυμαινόταν από 42 μέχρι 75 έτη.Από την σύγκριση των Τ λεμφοκυτταρικών υποπληθυσμών (CD4+, CD8+) στο BAL δεν προέκυψαν σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ των τριών ομάδων ασθενών (p=ns). Ωστόσο, διαπιστώθηκαν μεταβολές στους πληθυσμούς των CD4+ λεμφοκυττάρων κάθε ομάδας ασθενών πριν και μετά από την χημειοθεραπεία : βινορλεβίνη (p = 0.05), γεμσιταμβίνη (p=0.03), ετοποσίδη (p=0,3). Η ανάλυση και σύγκριση των CD8+ λεμφοκυττάρων στο BAL της κάθε ομάδας δεν ανέδειξε σημαντικές διαφορές σε κανένα πλατινούχο συνδυασμό.Από την σύγκριση των τιμών αναπνευστικής λειτουργίας στο σύνολο των ασθενών προέκυψαν σημαντικές διαφορές στην FEV1 (p=0.012), στην FVC (p=0.046), στην DLCO (p=0.002) και στην KCO (p=0.008) από την έναρξη έως την ολοκλήρωση της θεραπείας Ανάλογη μείωση στις τιμές της αναπνευστικής λειτουργίας με αυτή στο σύνολο των ασθενών, διαπιστώθηκε μόνο στην ομάδα των ασθενών που έλαβαν τον συνδυασμό σισπλατίνης/γεμσιταμβίνης.Συμπεράσματα: Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματά μας, προκύπτει ότι η χημειοθεραπεία προκαλεί αλλαγές στους λεμφοκυτταρικούς υποπληθυσμούς του BAL, καθώς και μεταβολές στην αναπνευστική λειτουργία των ασθενών σε συνδυασμό με την ακτινοθεραπεία.
Intelligent protocols for access and backbone networks
Authors: Κυριακόπουλος Κωνσταντίνος
Published: September 2021

Τα οπτικά δίκτυα υπολογιστών παρέχουν τα μέσα για αξιόπιστες επικοινωνίες δεδομένων με χαμηλή καθυστέρηση μετάδοσης και διάδοσης, χαμηλό ρυθμό σφαλμάτων και συγχρόνως, υψηλή ρυθμαπόδοση. Ο ρυθμός υιοθέτησής τους σταθερά αυξάνεται για την εκπλήρωση των αναγκών συνδεσιμότητας στον δικτυακό κορμό μεγάλων χωρών ή τη σταθερή ανάγκη για πρόσβαση από τη σκοπιά του τελικού χρήστη. Η αύξηση της χρήσης πόρων οδηγεί σε υψηλότερη ενεργειακή κατανάλωση, η οποία αποτελεί παράγοντα για αντιμετώπιση, ενσωματώνοντας την ενεργειακή αποδοτικότητα στην υπολογιστική λογική καθώς μεταφέρονται τα δεδομένα. Οι ενεργειακά αποδοτικοί αλγόριθμοι σχεδιάζουν τη λογική τοπολογία κορμού του δικτύου με χαμηλή κατανάλωση ενέργειας και τη διατήρηση της απόδοσης σε υψηλό επίπεδο. Από την άλλη πλευρά, τα οπτικά δίκτυα πρόσβασης μεσολαβούν ανάμεσα στους χρήστες και το δίκτυο κορμού, καλύπτοντας το τελευταίο μίλι της συνδεσιμότητας. Η γρήγορη πρόσβαση σε αυτά τα δίκτυα από τη σκοπιά του τελικού χρήστη, βελτιώνει την ποιότητα των υπηρεσιών τους και τη συνολική ρυθμαπόδοση. Οι τεχνητά νοήμονες αλγόριθμοι εκμεταλλεύονται την κατάσταση λειτουργίας του δικτύου με προσαρμογή στις συνθήκες της, εναποθέτοντας πόρους πιο αποδοτικά συγκριτικά με τις στατικές εναλλακτικές. Οπότε, όντας κατάλληλοι είτε για τον κορμό, είτε για το μέρος πρόσβασης του δικτύου. Δύο τύποι με τεχνητά νοήμονες αλγορίθμους έχουν σχεδιαστεί και αξιολογηθεί, οι οποίοι είναι ικανοί για την επίτευξη τον προαναφερθέντων στόχων, σχετιζόμενοι με ενεργειακή αποδοτικότητα στην υπολογιστική λογική για το δίκτυο κορμού. Επιπλέον, αυτοί που προσφέρουν προσαρμοστική κατανομή του εύρους ζώνης στην πλευρά πρόσβασης του δικτύου.
Dissecting the role of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and amiloride sensitive epitherial sodium channel (ENaC) in pleural mesothelioma biology
Authors: Τζάγκιρνταρ Ράτζες
Published: September 2021

Το Κακόηθες Μεσοθηλίωμα του Υπεζωκότα (ΚΜΥ) που προκαλείται απόπεριβαλλοντική έκθεση σε αμίαντο, είναι ένας επιθετικός καρκίνος της υπεζωκοτικήςκοιλότητας του θώρακα. Ο ρόλος της Υδατοπορίνης-1 (AQP1) και του επιθηλιακούδιάυλου νατρίου (ENaC) χαρακτηρίστηκε στα πλαίσια της βιολογίας του ΚΜΥ. Ηαναστολή της λειτουργίας της AQP1 και του ENaC σε κύτταρα μεσοθηλιώματος μεΧλωριούχο Υδράργυρο (HgCl2) και Αμιλορίδη αντίστοιχα, εξετάστηκαν στα πλαίσιατης κυτταρικής προσκόλλησης, κυτταρικής μετανάστευσης, σχηματισμούσηραγγωδών νανοσωλινίσκων (TnT), κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού, σχηματισμούσφαιροειδών, διήθησης σφαιροειδών και συστολής γέλης κολλαγόνου. Καλοήθημεσοθηλιακά κύτταρα (MeT-5A), κύτταρα επιθηλιοειδούς (M14K), διφασικού(MSTO) και σαρκωματώδους (ZL34) τύπου ΚΜΥ χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για ναχαρακτηριστούν οι παραπάνω φαινότυποι σε υπόστρωμα ομόλογης κυτταρικάπροερχόμενης εξωκυττάρια μήτρα (ECM) ή ινωδονεκτίνης (FN). Η αναστολής τηςAQP1 με HgCl2 μείωσε την κυτταρική προσκόλληση των κυττάρων MeT-5A καιM14K, την κυτταρική μετανάστευση των κυττάρων ZL34, τον σχηματισμό TnT στακύτταρα MeT-5A, τον κυτταρικό πολλαπλασιασμό και τον σχηματισμό σφαιροειδώνσε όλους τους κυτταρικούς τύπους. Η διήθηση σφαιροειδών και η συστολής γέληςμειώθηκε επίσης σημαντικά. Η αναστολή του ENaC με αμιλορίδη αύξησε τηνκυτταρική προσκόλληση των κυττάρων ΚΜΥ αλλά μείωσε την κυτταρικήμετανάστευση των κυττάρων MeT-5A, MSTO και ZL34. Επίσης μείωσε τοσχηματισμό TnT στα κύτταρα ZL34 καθώς και τον κυτταρικό πολλαπλασιασμό καισχηματισμό σφαιροειδών των κυττάρων MeT-5A, M14K και ZL34. Η διήθησησφαιροειδών μειώθηκε μόνο στην περίπτωση των κυττάρων MSTO. Η συστολή γέληςκολλαγόνου μειώθηκε σε όλους τους κυτταρικούς τύπους. Τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα αναδεικνύουν ένα σημαντικό ρόλο για την AQP1 και το ENaC στηβιολογία του ΚΜΥ.
Κοινωνικές επιστήμες και συμβολικός έλεγχος
Authors: Σπυριδάκης Κωνσταντίνος
Published: September 2021

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας έρευνας είναι η διερεύνηση των όρων συγκρότησης και μετασχηματισμού των κοινωνικών κατηγοριών. Μία τέτοια κατηγορία είναι αυτή της εφηβείας. Με δεδομένο ότι στις σύγχρονες κοινωνίες οι επιστήμες, κατά κύριο λόγο οι κοινωνικές, μεσολαβούν ανάμεσα στις κοινωνικές δομές –κυρίως τις κοινωνικές τάξεις, που συνδέονται με τον καταμερισμό της εργασίας– και στις θεσμικές παγιώσεις νοητικών σχημάτων, η μελέτη του μετασχηματισμού των κοινωνικών κατηγοριών μάς δίνει ένα προνομιακό πεδίο έρευνας των σχέσεων ανάμεσα σε τρία αναλυτικά επίπεδα: πρώτον, τον καταμερισμό της εργασίας και τις σχέσεις δύναμης ανάμεσα στις κοινωνικές τάξεις, δεύτερον, τις θεωρίες που παράγουν οι κοινωνικές επιστήμες, και τρίτον, τις θεσμικές παγιώσεις των θεωριών που έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα τη ρύθμιση με τον ένα ή τον άλλον τρόπο της κοινωνικής πρακτικής. Η περίπτωση της εφηβικής ηλικίας στις ΗΠΑ, όπου η κοινωνική πολιτική στηρίζεται στις κοινωνικές επιστήμες και όπου εμφανίζεται στο τέλος του 19ου αιώνα η επιστημονική αιτιολόγηση της εφηβικής συμπεριφοράς, είναι ένα προνομιακό πεδίο για τη διερεύνηση των εν λόγω σχέσεων.
Μηχανές διανυσμάτων υποστήριξης για θορυβώδεις και ασαφείς ετικέτες
Authors: Σαράφης Ιωάννης
Published: September 2021

Η διατριβή ασχολείται με το πρόβλημα της αναγνώρισης προτύπων για δεδομένα εκπαίδευσης με θόρυβο ετικετών ή ασάφεια παραδειγμάτων. Ο θόρυβος ετικετών αναφέρεται σε λανθασμένες αναθέσεις στις τιμές των ετικετών ενώ η ασάφεια αναφέρεται στο διαφορετικό βαθμό συμμετοχής των παραδειγμάτων στην κλάση τους. Η επίλυση αυτών των προβλημάτων μπορεί να γίνει με μοντελοποίηση του θορύβου ή της ασάφειας κάθε παραδείγματος και τη χρήση κατάλληλων βαρών παραδειγμάτων σε σταθμισμένους αλγορίθμους μάθησης. Η εργασία εντοπίζει δύο βασικές προκλήσεις: (α) πώς μπορεί να μοντελοποιηθεί ο θόρυβος και η ασάφεια των παραδειγμάτων· και (β) πώς μπορούν να αξιοποιηθούν οι μοντελοποιήσεις για την παραγωγή βέλτιστων βαρών παραδειγμάτων. Για την αντιμετώπιση των παραπάνω προκλήσεων, η διατριβή προτείνει στρατηγικές βασισμένες σε σταθμισμένες εκδοχές του αλγορίθμου Μηχανών Διανυσμάτων Υποστήριξης (Support Vector Machines, SVM). Σε θεωρητικό επίπεδο, η κύρια συνεισφορά της εργασίας εντοπίζεται σε μεθόδους επιλογής υπερ-παραμέτρων για θορυβώδη και ασαφή δεδομένα. Αρχικά, επεκτείνεται η θεωρία εκτίμησης της πιθανότητας σφάλματος με βάση το span των Vapnik και Chapelle στον αλγόριθμο fuzzy SVM και αποδεικνύονται η αμεροληψία της εκτιμήτριας της πιθανότητας σφάλματος και το άνω φράγμα της πιθανότητας σφάλματος με βάση το span. Επίσης, ορίζονται εκτιμήτριες της πιθανότητας σφάλματος για προβλήματα όπου υπάρχουν μοντελοποιήσεις της πιθανότητας σωστής ανάθεσης των ετικετών και αποδεικνύεται η αμεροληψία τους. Σε εφαρμοσμένο επίπεδο, η εργασία προτείνει και αξιολογεί στρατηγικές εκπαίδευσης ταξινομητών εικόνων από θορυβώδη δεδομένα clickthrough που περιλαμβάνουν την αυτόματη δημιουργία συνόλων εκπαίδευσης, τη μοντελοποίηση του θορύβου και την παραγωγή βαρών για σταθμισμένους αλγορίθμους SVM. Επίσης, αξιοποιούνται οι νέες μέθοδοι επιλογής υπερ-παραμέτρων για τη βέλτιστη επιλογή των βαρών σε ταξινομητές fuzzy SVM. Επιπλέον, η εργασία προτείνει και αξιολογεί στρατηγικές συνεχούς εκπαίδευσης αποδοτικών ταξινομητών εικόνων SVM από ροές δεδομένων clickthrough. Οι στρατηγικές αυτές κατασκευάζονται ώστε να είναι θεωρητικά ισοδύναμες με αυτές των σταθμισμένων ταξινομητών συνόλου. Τέλος, η εργασία προτείνει μία στρατηγική εκπαίδευσης μοντέλων ερμηνείας της ανθρώπινης συμπεριφοράς από μετρήσεις. Αυτή εξειδικεύεται σε μεθόδους πρόβλεψης διατροφικών κινδύνων από μετρήσεις της συμπεριφοράς κατά το γεύμα. Τα παραδείγματα λαμβάνουν βαθμούς συμμετοχής στις κλάσεις από ειδικούς εμπειρογνώμονες και η επιλογή των βαρών γίνεται με χρήση των νέων μεθόδων. Η πειραματική ανάλυση στις παραπάνω εφαρμογές δείχνει ότι η μοντελοποίηση του θορύβου και της ασάφειας σε συνδυασμό με την παραγωγή βαρών παραδειγμάτων με τις νέες μεθόδους επιλογής υπερ-παραμέτρων μπορεί να βελτιώσει σημαντικά την απόδοση και την ευρωστία σε σχέση με τις μη-σταθμισμένες λύσεις.
Η επίδραση της διακοπής καπνίσματος με τη χορήγηση φαρμακευτικών σκευασμάτων τις ιδιότητες του αρτηριακού τοιχώματος και στον ενδοθηλιακό γλυκοκάλυκα σε καπνιστές που εντάσσονται σε πρόγραμμα διακοπής καπνίσματος
Authors: Μαρίνου Μαργαρίτα-Χριστίνα
Published: September 2021

Το πρόγραμμα διακοπής καπνίσματος χρησιμοποιώντας είτε βαρενικλίνη είτε NRT για χρονική περίοδο τριών μηνών οδήγησε σε μείωση των CO, των δεικτών οξειδωτικού στρες , της αρτηριακής σκληρίας καθώς και βελτίωση του ενδοθηλιακού γλυκοκάλυκα. Αυτές οι επιδράσεις ήταν πιο εμφανείς στην ομάδα που έλαβαν βαρενικλίνη, πιθανώς λόγω της σπουδαιότερης μείωσης των επιπέδων CO και διατηρήθηκαν στο ένα έτος μόνο σε όσους απέφυγαν το κάπνισμα.
AQUA: an Advanced QUery Architecture for the SPARC Portal
Authors: Shahidi Niloofar , Lin Xuanzhi , Munarko Yuda , Rasmy Laila , Ngo Tram
Published: September 2021

The Stimulating Peripheral Activity to Relieve Conditions (SPARC) program integrates biological and neural information to create anatomical and functional maps of the peripheral nervous system. The SPARC Portal hosts a dynamic storage for the datasets, models, and resources to help the researchers find and produce data. Currently, the SPARC Portal provides a primary search tool, which lacks some features to improve the search experience. To purposefully retrieve the required information from the stored datasets and resources, we have developed an Advanced QUery Architecture (AQUA) for the SPARC Portal. Near-real-time auto-completion of the queries, close-matches suggestions, and multiple filters to narrow or sort the results are the major features of AQUA with the goal to enhance the usability of the SPARC search engine. AQUA is available from: https://github.com/SPARC-FAIR-Codeathon/aqua
LAS MATRONAS ROMANAS ANTE LA VIDA PÚBLICA: UTILIZACIÓN DE LA PALABRA.
Authors: López Aurora
Published: September 2021

Las mujeres romanas, incluso las pertenecientes a las clases superiores, carecieron por completo de representatividad en la vida política. Observadas desde la perspectiva de la “Gouvernance” y de la “Citoyenneté” su significado fue prácticamente nulo. Analizamos aquí de qué manera pudieron utilizar públicamente la palabra como medio de expresión de sus ideas y posibles reivindicaciones.
“LA CAUSA DELLE DONNE” Y LOS DERECHOS POLÍTICOS DE LAS MUJERES DURANTE EL TRIENIO JACOBINO ITALIANO.
Authors: Martín Clavijo Milagro
Published: September 2021

Durante el Trienio jacobino, 1796-1799, en Italia se empiezan a implantar los principios fundamentales para el ser humano que se encuentran en la base de la Revolución francesa. En estos años un número considerable de mujeres va a tomar parte activa en reuniones públicas de carácter político, social y cultural y se convierten en protagonistas de discursos importantes, que suscitarán, entre algunos, la admiración y, entre otros, el escándalo. Entre los discursos más importantes se encuentra el de La causa delle donne, probablemente de Annetta Vadori: una reivindicación explícita y determinada, sin tapujos ni eufemismos, sin medias palabras, a la igualdad entre sexos.
LAS VESTALES ANTE LOS PODERES PÚBLICOS ROMANOS.
Authors: Pociña Andrés
Published: September 2021

En la Roma antigua las mujeres, incluso las pertenecientes a las clases superiores, no gozaron nunca del reconocimiento de plenos derechos ciudadanos, estan apartadas siempre de los cargos políticos y de gobierno. En el poderoso mundo de los sacerdocios, el único importante concedido a las mujeres, el colegio de las Vestales, demuestra con su historia y sus exigencias una vez más la relegación legal de las mujeres romanas.
HITOS PARA UN ITINERARIO: LOS NOMBRES DE LUGAR EN LA PEREGRINATIO EGERIAE.
Authors: Tormo-Ortiz Mercedes
Published: September 2021

Peregrinatio Egeriae es un manuscrito que narra el viaje de Egeria, una mujer del siglo IV. El documento está escrito a modo de diario de viaje, por lo que proporciona multitud de detalles. Este artículo tiene como objetivo profundizar en el estudio de los topónimos que aparecen en este manuscrito.
AUX ANTIPODES DE LA LITTÉRATURE ANTIPPUTANESCA VÉNITIENNE.
Authors: Coletti Fabien
Published: September 2021

Cet article est l´édition critique des Stanze in lode delle più famose cortigiane di Venegia par Marco Bandirini, publiés à Vénice à 1540, dont l´exemplaire est part de la collection de la British Library. Comme ses oeuvres montrent, l´auteur, partisan d´Ariosto, est plus intéressant pour comprendre les modes littéraires du temps que par son valeur poétique. En suivant le genre de las Stanze in lode di nobildonne, il loue ainsi les courtisanes plus célèbres de Vénice comme modéles de vertu et honnêteté, loin des canon de la poésie pornographique par Pietro Aretino ou Lorenzo Venier.
“I AM DISAPPEARING/ INTO THE UNCERTAIN LIGHT”: LA PAROLA COME STRUMENTO DI CITTADINANZA E AUTODEFINIZIONE NELLE POESIE DI JACKIE KAY.
Authors: Micaela Coppola Maria
Published: September 2021

L’opera di Jackie Kay è un’esplorazione della materia intricata e complessa dell’identità. Al centro delle sue narrazioni spesso vi è un soggetto che non si può definire in base alle singole categorie di cittadinanza, nazionalità o razza. D’altronde, la stessa identità di Kay, così come emerge dalle sue opere dichiaratamente autobiografiche (la raccolta di versi The Adoption Papers e il racconto Red Dust Road) appare di non facile catalogazione: di origine afro-scozzese (nata a Edimburgo nel 1961 da madre scozzese e padre nigeriano), ed è cresciuta in un ambiente sociale tradizionale (a Glasgow) da genitori tutt’altro che tradizionali (è stata adottata da una coppia di bianchi pacifisti e comunisti radicali).
The Value and Cost of Crop Minimum Support Price: Farmer and Consumer Welfare and Implementation Cost
Authors: Chintapalli Prashant , Tang Christopher S.
Published: September 2021

In many developing countries, crop minimum support price (MSP) is a subsidy scheme to (i) improve farmer welfare by safeguarding farmers’ incomes against vagaries in crop price and (ii) improve consumer surplus by ensuring sufficient crop production. Among different mechanisms to operationalize an MSP scheme, we focus on credit-based MSPs under which the government credits farmers should the prevailing market price be below the prespecified MSP. By accounting for the implementation cost of the MSP, we examine the effectiveness of the MSP in terms of net benefit (i.e., farmer’s surplus minus the implementation cost) and net social value (i.e., sum of farmer’s and consumer’s surpluses minus the implementation cost) in a market that consists of risk-averse farmers with heterogeneous production costs. Also, farmers face two types of uncertainties: (1) market and (2) production yield uncertainty. We find that a credit-based MSP can induce crop production, which is intuitive. However, we find some more interesting results: (i) offering a higher MSP may not improve farmer’s surplus, (ii) the net benefit of an MSP can be negative—the cost of offering an MSP can exceed the farmer’s surplus, and (iii) there exists an MSP that maximizes the net social value. We extend our single-crop model to the case of two crops to capture the intercrop MSP interaction. We show that when one crop is more rewarding but riskier than the other crop, then it is sufficient to offer an appropriate MSP for one of the two crops while offering no MSP to the other crop.

This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
Missing Women in Tech: The Labor Market for Highly Skilled Software Engineers
Authors: Murciano-Goroff Raviv
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the behavior of job seekers and recruiters in the labor market for software engineers. I obtained data from a recruiting platform where individuals can self-report their computer programming skills and recruiters can message individuals they wish to contact about job opportunities. I augment this data set with measures of each individual’s previous programming experience based on analysis of actual computer source code they wrote and shared within the open-source software community. This novel data set reveals that candidates’ self-reported technical skills are quantitatively important predictors of recruiter interest. Consistent with social psychology and behavioral economics studies, I also find female programmers with previous experience in a programming language are 11.07% less likely than their male counterparts to self-report knowledge of that programming language on their resume. Despite public pronouncements, however, recruiters do not appear more inclined toward recruiting female candidates who self-report knowing programming languages. Indeed, recruiters are predicted to be 6.47% less likely to express interest in a female candidate than a male candidate with comparable observable qualifications even if those qualifications are very strong. Ultimately, a gender gap in the self-reporting of skills on resumes exists; but recruiters do not appear to be adjusting their response to such signals in ways that could increase the representation of women among software engineering recruits.

This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis.
Casting Light on the Hidden Bilevel Combinatorial Structure of the Capacitated Vertex Separator Problem
Authors: Fabio Furini , Ivana Ljubić , Enrico Malaguti , Paolo Paronuzzi
Published: September 2021

Exploiting Bilevel Optimization Techniques to Disconnect Graphs into Small Components

In order to limit the spread of possible viral attacks in a communication or social network, it is necessary to identify critical nodes, the protection of which disconnects the remaining unprotected graph into a bounded number of shores (subsets of vertices) of limited cardinality. In the article “'Casting Light on the Hidden Bilevel Combinatorial Structure of the Capacitated Vertex Separator Problem”, Furini, Ljubic, Malaguti, and Paronuzzi provide a new bilevel interpretation of the associated capacitated vertex separator problem and model it as a two-player Stackelberg game in which the leader interdicts (protects) the vertices, and the follower solves a combinatorial optimization problem on the resulting graph. Thanks to this bilevel interpretation, the authors derive different families of strengthening inequalities and show that they can be separated in polynomial time. The ideas exploited in their framework can also be extended to other vertex/edge deletion/insertion problems or graph partitioning problems by modeling them as two-player Stackelberg games to be solved through bilevel optimization.
Knowledge of stoma care among nurses working in acute settings: an integrated review
Authors: Dunne Aisling , Doody Owen , Bradshaw Carmel
Published: September 2021

Background:

Ostomy formation is life-changing surgery, and patient numbers are increasing globally. Knowledge of stoma care and management among nurses in acute settings is vital to provide holistic care, support patients' return to normal life and prevent complications.

Aim:

To estimate the knowledge of stoma care among nurses working in acute settings using an integrative review.

Method:

Five databases were searched between 2009 and 2020. A methodological approach for integrative reviews and a thematic analysis framework were used to identify themes from 10 papers. Reporting followed PRISMA guidelines, and quality appraisal was conducted.

Findings:

Nurses working in acute care settings have limited knowledge of stoma care, and confidence in care provision to patients with ostomies is affected by a lack of exposure. Confusion exists regarding the responsibilities of nurses when stoma care is required for an inpatient.

Conclusion:

Knowledge deficits regarding stoma care need to be addressed via exposure and support to deliver stoma care, access to evidence-based policies and protocols and clear referral pathways.
Empathy and prosocial behaviour in early childhood: A review
Authors: Combe Katherine L
Published: September 2021

The ability to empathise and understand others' emotions has been shown to have an impact on social interactions and prosocial behaviours. The objective of this review was to exploring the effect of parental empathy on the development of early childhood empathy and prosocial development. Seven databases were searched, including Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. A quality assessment rating showed studies relatively strong in methodology. The findings highlighted the association between empathetic parenting and the development of prosocial behaviour and empathy in early childhood. Research concluded that the quality of parental empathy was important alongside the increasing age of the child. Clinical studies would aid understanding into parental empathy, child empathy and prosocial behaviours.
Nursing the homeless: health care on the streets
Authors: Whiting Julia
Published: September 2021

Homeless adults often present at a medical centre or A&E with advanced symptoms of acute conditions because of the low priority given to their own health care and unreliability to attend appointments or wait. By establishing a walk-in medical service at a drop-in centre and building relationships with users, treatment intervention through accessibility and promoting positive behaviour changes using a visiting multidisciplinary team approach can be acheived. This article highlights some of the challenges in prescribing for this client group.
The impact of non-medical prescribing on practice
Authors: Avery Graham , Todd Jennie , Green Gill , Sains Katherine
Published: September 2021

Non-medical prescribing has undergone radical changes in recent years, and there is clearly a need to evaluate its impact on practice. The study reported in this article focused on one county in the south-east of England. A two-part strategy was adopted: a questionnaire was distributed to all nurses who held the non-medical prescribing qualification; and interviews conducted with a variety of nurses, pharmacists, doctors and managers. An earlier paper ( Avery et al, 2007 ) focused on the extent to which effectiveness of non-medical prescribing was associated with the doctor–nurse relationship, but this article examines its impact for all the stakeholders involved. The findings suggested that, in a number of areas, patient throughput was increasing, nurses and doctors were re-assessing their roles, and that the qualification enhanced personal feelings of job satisfaction and autonomy. Moreover, although patients were not directly involved in the study, the overall perception was that they too were experiencing satisfaction with a system that enabled speedier access to treatment.
Understanding the pharmacology of heart failure
Authors: Easa Jamshid , Easa Najma , Chappell Jacob , Warriner David
Published: September 2021

The prevalence of heart failure is increasing worldwide. Jamshid Easa, Najma Easa, Jacob Chappell and David Warriner provide an overview of the pharmacology of the drugs used to manage the condition

Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical syndrome with ever-increasing prevalence in the Western world. It is associated with extensive morbidity and mortality, as well as being a significant burden on global healthcare systems. It is due to impairment of ventricular filling or contraction, resulting in a constellation of physical symptoms and signs, primarily due to salt and water retention. An understanding of the pharmacological options to manage the condition is imperative to quickly alleviate symptoms and avert a rapidly progressive downward spiral, improving not only quality but also quantity of life.
Compassion in leadership: staff morale and burnout
Authors: Odell Jennifer
Published: September 2021

Increased work-related stress and burnout has been reported in nursing. Jennifer Odell explores the impact of leadership on the wider team

An awareness of the impact of leadership is central to the challenge of understanding and upholding the delivery of compassionate patient care. The increasing scope of nursing practice in primary care and the challenge of meeting rising patient and colleague expectations to alleviate pressure and improve access has led to increased work-related stress. An understanding and evaluation of leadership in the nursing team, and the wider practice team, will help promote cohesion and a renewed focus on a positive and optimistic team attitude.
Raising awareness: ‘but you don't look like you have a stoma…’
Authors: Jensen Katy
Published: September 2021

A significant number of people in the UK live with a stoma. Katy Jensen explains why it is important for nurses to have good knowledge of this topic in order to support their patients
Study on the Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic Tunnels With High Ground Temperature and the Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Plastic Zone
Authors: Wang Haijuan , Jiang Haibo , Yang Fengchun
Published: September 2021

In order to explore the temporal and spatial evolution of the mechanical characteristics of hydraulic tunnels with high ground temperature during construction, a numerical simulation study was performed on the construction process of the tunnel using finite element calculation software, and the results were compared with the field monitoring results. The results showed that the displacements of the top arch and waist arch of the tunnel increased with time, and the top arch of the tunnel entrance was greatly affected by the excavation. The plastic zone was larger in the top arch and the bottom arch of surrounding rock, and smaller in the waist arch. The plastic strain of the top arch and bottom arch of surrounding rock was smaller, while the plastic strain of the waist arch was larger. The parallel excavation and lining construction have less impact on the surrounding rock.
48 -cm-long room-temperature cavities in vertical and horizontal orientations for Sr optical clock
Authors: Zhadnov N. O. , Kudeyarov K. S. , Kryuchkov D. S. , Vishnyakova G. A. , Khabarova K. Yu. , Kolachevsky N. N.
Published: September 2021

The development of an optical clock with ultimate accuracy and stability requires lasers with very narrow linewidths. We present two ultrastable laser systems based on 48-cm-long Fabry–Perot cavities made of ultralow expansion glass in horizontal and vertical configurations operating at 698 nm. Fractional frequency instability of the beat signal between the two lasers reaches

1.6

×

10

−
15

at the averaging time of 1 s. We experimentally characterized the contribution of the different noise sources (power fluctuations, residual amplitude modulation, the Doppler noise, and sensitivity to the shock impact) and found that in our case the laser frequency instability to a large extent is determined by an optoelectronic feedback loop. Although the vertical configuration was easier to manufacture and transport, it is much more sensitive to acoustics and horizontal accelerations compared to the horizontal one. Both laser systems were transported over a 60 km distance from the Lebedev Physical Institute to the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology (VNIIFTRI), where they serve as local oscillators for spectroscopy of the clock transition in the recently developed strontium optical clock.
Nomogram model combining macro and micro tumor-associated collagen signatures obtained from multiphoton images to predict the histologic grade in breast cancer
Authors: Xi Gangqin , He Jiajia , Kang Deyong , Xu Shuoyu , Guo Wenhui , Fu Fangmeng , Liu Yulan , Zheng Liqin , Qiu Lida , Li Lianhuang , Wang Chuan , Chen Jianxin
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a new nomogram model combining macro and micro tumor-associated collagen signatures obtained from multiphoton images to differentiate tumor grade in patients with invasive breast cancer. A total of 543 patients were included in this study. We used computer-generated random numbers to assign 328 of these patients to the training cohort and 215 patients to the validation cohort. Macroscopic tumor-associated collagen signatures (TACS1-8) were obtained by multiphoton microscopy at the invasion front and inside of the breast primary tumor. TACS corresponding microscopic features (TCMF) including morphology and texture features were extracted from the segmented regions of interest using Matlab 2016b. Using ridge regression analysis, we obtained a TACS-score for each patient based on the combined TACS1-8, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to select the most robust TCMF features to build a TCMF-score. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrates that the TACS-score and TCMF-score are significantly associated with histologic grade (odds ratio, 2.994; 95% CI, 2.013-4.452; P < 0.001; 4.245, 2.876-6.264, P < 0.001 in the training cohort). The nomogram (collagen) model combining the TACS-score and TCMF-score could stratify patients into Grade1 and Grade2/3 groups with the AUC of 0.859 and 0.863 in the training and validation cohorts. The predictive performance can be further improved by combining the clinical factors, achieving the AUC of 0.874 in both data cohorts. The nomogram model combining the TACS-score and TCMF-score can be useful in differentiating breast tumor patients with Grade1 and Grade2/3.
Tomography of a seeded free-electron laser focal spot: qualitative and quantitative comparison of two reconstruction methods for spot size characterization
Authors: Simoncig Alberto , Manfredda Michele , Rösner Benedikt , Mahne Nicola , Raimondi Lorenzo , Capotondi Flavio , Pedersoli Emanuele , De Ninno Giovanni , Parisse Pietro , Zangrando Marco
Published: September 2021

Performing experiments at free-electron lasers (FELs) requires an exhaustive knowledge of the pulse temporal and spectral profile, as well as the focal spot shape and size. Operating FELs in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray (SXR) spectral regions calls for designing ad-hoc optical layouts to transport and characterize the EUV/SXR beam, as well as tailoring its spatial dimensions at the focal plane down to sizes in the few micrometers range. At the FERMI FEL (Trieste, Italy) this task is carried out by the Photon Analysis Delivery and Reduction System (PADReS). In particular, to meet the different experimental requests on the focal spot shape and size, a proper tuning of the optical systems is required, and this should be monitored by means of dedicated techniques. Here, we present and compare two reconstruction methods for spot characterization: single-shot imprints captured via ablation on a poly(methyl methacrylate) sample (PMMA) and pulse profiles retrieved by means of a Hartmann wavefront sensor (WFS). By recording complementary datasets at and nearby the focal plane, we exploit the tomography of the pulse profile along the beam propagation axis, as well as a qualitative and quantitative comparison between these two reconstruction methods.
Towards a metasurface adapted to hyperspectral imaging applications: from subwavelength design to definition of optical properties
Authors: Billuart Jules , Héron Sébastien , Loiseaux Brigitte , Amra Claude , Lequime Michel
Published: September 2021

We numerically demonstrate the capability of a single metasurface to simultaneously separate and focus spectral features in accordance with the specifications of a pushbroom hyperspectral imager. This is achieved through the dispersion engineering of a library of two-level TiO2 nano-elements. Sommerfeld integrals are used to confirm our numerical simulations provided by our solver based on Fourier modal method. As a proof of concept, a metasurface with a 175 µm diameter is designed to be compatible with hyperspectral imaging over a spectral range of ± 50 nm around 650 nm with a spectral resolution of 8.5 nm and a field of view of 8° around the normal incidence (angular resolution of 0.2°).
Generation of perfect helical Mathieu vortex beams
Authors: Li Xiaoxiao , Ren Zhijun , Xu Fuyang , Song LvBin , Lv Xiang , Qian Yixian , Yu Ping
Published: September 2021

We introduced a kind of novel perfect optical vortex beam, which we termed herein as perfect helical Mathieu vortex (PHMV) beams. The theoretical mechanism regarding the construction of PHMV beams was divided into two parts: generation of helical Mathieu (HM) beams using the stationary phase method and then Fourier transform of HM beams into the PHMV beams. Accordingly, the experimental system for generating PHMV beams was built as follows. Based on the complex amplitude modulation method, HM beams of different orders and ellipticity were generated using an amplitude–type spatial light modulator (SLM) and a radial–helical phase mask. Subsequently, an achromatic Fourier transform lens was illuminated using the HM beams, and the PHMV beams were presented on the focal plane after the Fourier transform lens. The experimental results were consistent with theoretical predictions. Compared with the classical perfect optical vortex (POV) beams, the PHMV beams still retained the property of ring radius independent of topological charge values. The distribution pattern of the PHMV beams can be controlled by the topological charges and elliptical parameters. Furthermore, two important optical properties of the PHMV beams were theoretically elucidated. First, we proved that the PHMV beams carry a fractional order orbital angular momentum (OAM). Second, we found that the complex amplitudes of any two PHMV beams with the same elliptical parameter but different order numbers are orthogonal to each other.
Single pixel wide gamut dynamic color modulation based on a graphene micromechanical system
Authors: Xu Yanli , Li Hongxu , Zhang Xin , Liu Wenjing , Zhang Zhengping , Qin Shuijie , Liu Jiangtao
Published: September 2021

Dynamic color modulation in the composite structure of a graphene microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-photonic crystal microcavity is investigated in this work. The designed photonic crystal microcavity has three resonant standing wave modes corresponding to the three primary colors of red (R), green (G) and blue (B), forming strong localization of light in three modes at different positions of the microcavity. Once graphene is added, it can govern the transmittance of three modes. When graphene is located in the antinode of the standing wave, it has strong light absorption and therefore the structure’s transmittance is lower, and when graphene is located in the node of the standing wave, it has weak light absorption and therefore the structure’s transmittance is higher. Therefore, the graphene absorption of different colors of light can be regulated dynamically by applying voltages to tune the equilibrium position of the graphene MEMS in the microcavity, consequently realizing the output of vivid monochromatic light or multiple mixed colors of light within a single pixel, thus greatly improving the resolution. Our work provides a route to dynamic color modulation with graphene and provides guidance for the design and manufacture of high resolution, fast modulation and wide color gamut interferometric modulator displays.
Coherent X-ray beam expander based on a multilens interferometer
Authors: Zverev D. , Snigireva I. , Sorokovikov M. , Yunkin V. , Kuznetsov S. , Snigirev A.
Published: September 2021

A coherent X-ray beam expander based on a multilens interferometer is proposed in this paper. The multilens interferometer allows efficient generation of a highly diverging coherent beam up to several milliradians in the hard X-ray energy range. The optical properties of the interferometer were experimentally demonstrated at the ESRF ID13 undulator beamline (Grenoble, France), using 12.4 keV X-rays. The beam expander allowed us to control the angular size and photon flux density of the formed beam and enabled operation in both coherent and incoherent modes. The experimental results were fully consistent with the theoretical concepts and appropriate computer simulations. Future design improvements and related applications are also discussed.
Improving the quality of active millimeter wave standoff imaging by incorporating the cross-polarized scattering wave
Authors: Shojaeian Seyedehzahra , Ahmadi-Boroujeni Mehdi , Hajitabarmarznaki Shiva
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we study the feasibility of incorporating the cross-polarized scattered wave in active standoff millimeter-wave imaging in order to improve the edge detection and background suppression for metallic objects. By analyzing the scattering from a perfectly conducting (PEC) patch of a simple geometrical shape we show that the edge diffraction is the major source of cross-polarized scattering. A similar scattering behavior is also observed for a PEC patch placed on a dielectric medium. Hence, the cross-polarized scattered field conveys valuable information about the edges of the object. In addition, the cross-polarized scattering can be utilized to resolve the object from an unstructured reflective background. To put these ideas to the test, a standoff imaging system composed of a continuous-wave (CW) semiconductor source, a focal plane array detector (camera), and collimating and objective lenses at 95 GHz is utilized to image the co- and cross-polarized reflection from metallic patches both in the presence and in the absence of a background medium. In agreement with theory, the experiments reveal that the edges of the object can be enhanced and reflections from a smooth background medium can be suppressed by using the cross-polarized scattering. In this regard, the conducted experiments on the metallic patches placed on the human body also yield promising results.
RoF distributed antenna architecture– and reinforcement learning–empowered real-time EMI immunity for highly reliable railway communication
Authors: Bai Wenlin , Zou Xihua , Li Peixuan , Li Yang , Pan Wei , Yan Lianshan , Luo Bin
Published: September 2021

Highly reliable wireless train-ground communication immune to the electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) is of critical importance for the security and efficiency of high-speed railways (HSRs). However, the rapid development of HSRs (>52,000 km all over the world) brings great challenges on the conventional EMIs mitigation strategies featuring non-real-time and passive. In this paper, the convergence of radio-over-fiber distributed antenna architecture (RoF-DAA) and reinforcement learning technologies is explored to empower a real-time, cognitive and efficient wireless communication solution for HSRs, with strong immunity to EMIs. A centralized communication system utilizes the RoF-DAA to connect the center station (CS) and distributed remote radio units (RRUs) along with the railway track-sides to collect electromagnetic signals from environments. Real-time recognition of EMIs and interactions between the CS and RRUs are enabled by the RoF link featuring broad bandwidth and low transmission loss. An intelligent proactive interference avoidance scheme is proposed to perform EMI-immunity wireless communication. Then an improved Win or learn Fast-Policy Hill Climbing (WoLF-PHC) multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm is adopted to dynamically select and switch the operation frequency bands of RRUs in a self-adaptive mode, avoiding the frequency channel contaminated by the EMIs. In proof-of-concept experiments and simulations, EMIs towards a single RRU and multiple RRUs in the same cluster and towards two adjacent RRUs in distinct clusters are effectively avoided for the Global System for Mobile communications–Railway (GSM-R) system in HSRs. The proposed system has a superior performance in terms of circumventing either static or dynamic EMIs, serving as an improved cognitive radio scheme to ensuring high security and high efficiency railway communication.
Sub-sampled modal decomposition in few-mode fibers
Authors: Choi Kyuhong , Jun Changsu
Published: September 2021

Retrieving modal contents from a multimode beam profile can provide the most detailed information of a beam. Numerical modal decomposition is a method of retrieving modal contents, and it has gained significant attention owing to its simplicity. It only requires a measured beam profile and an algorithm. Therefore, a complicated setup is not necessary. In this study, we conceived that the modal decomposition can be notably improved by data-efficiently sub-sampling the beam image instead of using full pixels of a beam profiler. By investigating the window size, the number of pixels, and algorithm for sub-sampling, the calculation time for the algorithm was faster by approximately 100 times than the case of full pixel modal decomposition. Experiments with 3-mode and 6-mode beams, which originally span 201×201 and 251×251 pixels, respectively, confirmed the remarkable improvement of calculation speed while maintaining the error function at a level of ∼10−3. This first demonstration of sub-sampling for modal decomposition is based on the modified stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm. However, it can be applied to other numerical or artificial intelligence algorithms and can enhance real-time analysis or active control of beam characteristics.
Solar background noise mitigation using the orbital angular momentum mode in vertical FSO downlink transmissions
Authors: Lee J. W. , Choi J. Y. , Hyun Y. J. , Han S. K.
Published: September 2021

Free-space optical communication (FSO) is used to provide network configuration flexibility. A network-flying platform-based vertical FSO connection can be employed to enhance mobile network coverage and capacity. Solar background noise can be a potential risk that disrupts the seamless connection in the vertical FSO downlink channel. In this paper, we propose signal transmission using an orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam. The OAM demodulation process can filter sunlight out of the optical receiver except for the signal corresponding to the azimuthal state. We experimentally verified that most of the solar background noise could be reduced. To verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme in a vertical FSO channel, we modeled a FSO vertical downlink with an OAM modulation/demodulation process.
New method for residual amplitude modulation control in fibered optical experiments
Authors: Descampeaux Maxime , Feugnet Gilles , Bretenaker Fabien
Published: September 2021

When locking the frequency of a laser to an optical cavity resonance, the residual amplitude modulation (RAM), which accompanies the phase modulation necessary to build the error signal, is a major limitation to the frequency stability. We show that the popular method demonstrated by Wong and Hall to cancel this effect, based on the measurement of the RAM using an auxiliary detector, is limited in the case of optical setups exhibiting polarization dependent losses and an imperfect polarizer at the modulator output, such as guided-wave optical systems.We propose and demonstrate a new method, using a single photodetector, to generate the two error signals and demonstrate its usefulness in the case of fibered systems.
Few-cycle mid-infrared laser based on nonlinear self-compression in solid thin plates
Authors: Qian Junyu , Peng Yujie , Li Yanyan , Shao Beijie , Liu Zhe , Li Wenkai , Feng Renyu , Shen Liya , Leng Yuxin , Li Ruxin
Published: September 2021

A few-cycle mid-infrared (MIR) laser is demonstrated via nonlinear self-compression in solid thin plates. In this novel solution, the anomalous material dispersion in the MIR band and the chirp induced by self-phase modulation are mutually compensated, which can achieve self-compression. Finally, with the 4 µm laser injection with 4.8 mJ/155 fs and few-cycle pulses with 3.44 mJ, 29.4 fs are generated with a high efficiency of 71.7%, and the system maintains very good spectral stability in 10 days. Compared with other post-compression methods, this self-compression technique has the advantages of high efficiency and robust and large energy expansion scale, which can be further extended to MIR lasers with other wavelengths and higher peak power.
Refractive index sensing and switching of leaky states in a metasurface
Authors: Muhammad Naseer , Wang Guo Ping
Published: September 2021

We theoretically propose leaky states in an electro-optic (EO)-based all-dielectric metasurface. The EO substrate tunes leaky modes to the desired wave band with changes in applied voltage (

V

a
p
p

). For refractive index (RI) sensing, the highest figure-of-merit (FoM) in this work is 9166, quality factor (

Q

-factor) is

1.7450

e

4

, sensitivity is 407 nm/RIU (in RI range of 1.00–1.03), minimum detectable RI is

1.0542

e

−
4

, and relative sensitivity is

9.94

e

−
4

V

−
1

. The structure sustains the figure and line shape of leaky modes, high

Q

-factor, and FoM at different

V

a
p
p

and EO-coefficients. Our FoM and

Q

-factor are high, and the minimum detectable RI is smaller than previously reported. The giant

Q

-factor is promising for optical filters, modulation, and slow-light device applications.